text:
Expert Systems/Dempster-Shafer Theory

About Dempster-Shafer Theory
The Dempster-Shafer theory is a mathematical theory of evidence based on belief functions and plausible reasoning, which is used to combine separate pieces of information (evidence) to calculate the probability of an event. The theory was developed by Arthur P. Dempster and Glenn Shafer.

Consider two possible gambles
The first gamble is that we bet on a head turning up when we toss a coin that is known to be fair. Now consider the second gamble, in which we bet on the outcome of a fight between the world's greatest boxer and the world's greatest wrestler. Assume we are fairly ignorant about martial arts and would have great difficulty making a choice of who to bet on.

Many people would feel more unsure about taking the second gamble, in which the probabilities are unknown, rather than the first gamble, in which the probabilities are easily seen to be one half for each outcome. Dempster-Shafer theory allows one to consider the confidence one has in the probabilities assigned to the various outcomes.

Formalism
Let X be the universal set: the set of all states under consideration. The power set, $$\mathbb P(X)\,\!$$, is the set of all possible sub-sets of X, including the empty set. For example, if:

 * $$X = \left \{ a, b \right \} \,\!$$

then

 * $$\mathbb P(X) = \left \{ \varnothing, \left \{ a \right \}, \left \{ b \right \}, X \right \}. \,\!$$

The elements of the power set can be taken to represent propositions that one might be interested in, by containing all and only the states in which this proposition is true.

The theory of evidence assigns a belief mass to each subset of the power set. Formally, a function $$m: \mathbb P(X) \rightarrow [0,1]$$, is called a basic belief assignment (BBA), when it verifies two axioms. First, the mass of the empty set is zero:

 * $$m(\varnothing) = 0. \,\!$$

Second, the masses of the remaining members of the power set add up to a total of 1:

 * $$1 = \sum_{A \in \mathbb P(X)} m(A). \,\!$$

The mass m(A) of a given member of the power set, A, expresses the proportion of all relevant and available evidence that supports the claim that the actual state belongs to A but to no particular subset of A. The value of m(A) pertains only to the set A and makes no additional claims about any subsets of A, each of which has, by definition, its own mass.

From the mass assignments, the upper and lower bounds of a probability interval can be defined. This interval contains the precise probability of a set of interest (in the classical sense), and is bounded by two non-additive continuous measures called belief (or support) and plausibility:

 * $$\operatorname{bel}(A) \le P(A) \le \operatorname{pl}(A).\,\!$$

The belief bel(A) for a set A is defined as the sum of all the masses of (not necessarily proper) subsets of the set of interest:

 * $$\operatorname{bel}(A) = \sum_{B \mid B \subseteq A} m(B).$$

The plausibility pl(A) is the sum of all the masses of the sets B that intersect the set of interest A:

 * $$\operatorname{pl}(A) = \sum_{B \mid B \cap A \ne \varnothing} m(B).$$

The two measures are related to each other as follows:

 * $$\operatorname{pl}(A) = 1 - \operatorname{bel}(\overline{A}).\,\!$$

It follows from the above that you need know but one of the three (mass, belief, or plausibility) to deduce the other two, though you may need to know the values for many sets in order to calculate one of the other values for a particular set.

Dempster's rule of combination
The problem we now face is how to combine two independent sets of mass assignments. The original combination rule, known as Dempster's rule of combination, is a generalization of Bayes' rule. This rule strongly emphasises the agreement between multiple sources and ignores all the conflicting evidence through a normalization factor. Use of that rule has come under serious criticism when significant conflict in the information is encountered.

Specifically, the combination (called the joint mass) is calculated from the two sets of masses $$m_1\,\!$$ and $$m_2\,\!$$ in the following manner:

 * $$m_{1,2}(\varnothing) = 0 \,\!$$

 * $$m_{1,2}(A) = (m_1 \bigoplus m_2) (A) = \frac {1}{1 - K} \sum_{B \cap C = A \ne \varnothing} m_1(B) m_2(C) \,\!$$

where

 * $$K = \sum_{B \cap C = \varnothing} m_1(B) m_2(C). \,\!$$

$$K\,\!$$ is a measure of the amount of conflict between the two mass sets. The normalization factor, $$1-K\,\!$$, has the effect of completely ignoring conflict and attributing any mass associated with conflict to the null set. Consequently, this operation yields counterintuitive results in the face of significant conflict in certain contexts.

Discussion
Dempster-Shafer theory is a generalization of the Bayesian theory of subjective probability; whereas the latter requires probabilities for each question of interest, belief functions base degrees of belief (or confidence, or trust) for one question on the probabilities for a related question. These degrees of belief may or may not have the mathematical properties of probabilities; how much they differ depends on how closely the two questions are related. Put another way, it is a way of representing epistemic plausibilities but it can yield answers which contradict those arrived at using probability theory.

Often used as a method of sensor fusion, Dempster-Shafer theory is based on two ideas: obtaining degrees of belief for one question from subjective probabilities for a related question, and Dempster's rule for combining such degrees of belief when they are based on independent items of evidence. In essence, the degree of belief in a proposition depends primarily upon the number of answers (to the related questions) containing the proposition, and the subjective probability of each answer. Also contributing are the rules of combination that reflect general assumptions about the data.

In this formalism a degree of belief (also referred to as a mass) is represented as a belief function rather than a Bayesian probability distribution. Probability values are assigned to sets of possibilities rather than single events: their appeal rests on the fact they naturally encode evidence in favor of propositions.

Dempster-Shafer theory assigns its masses to all of the subsets of the entities that comprise a system. Suppose for example that a system has five members, that is to say five independent states, exactly one of which is actual. If the original set is called S, $$|S|=5$$, then the set of all subsets —the power set— is called 2S. Since you can express each possible subset as a binary vector (describing whether any particular member is present or not by writing a “1” or a “0” for that member's slot), it can be seen that there are 25 subsets possible ($$2^{|S|}$$ in general), ranging from the empty subset (0, 0, 0, 0, 0) to the "everything" subset (1, 1, 1, 1, 1). The empty subset represents a contradiction, which is not true in any state, and is thus assigned a mass of zero; the remaining masses are normalised so that their total is 1. The "everything" subset is often labelled "unknown" as it represents the state where all elements are present, in the sense that you cannot tell which is actual.

Belief and plausibility
Shafer's framework allows for belief about propositions to be represented as intervals, bounded by two values, belief (or support) and plausibility:

 * belief ≤ plausibility.

Belief in a hypothesis is constituted by the sum of the masses of all sets enclosed by it (i.e. the sum of the masses of all subsets of the hypothesis). It is the amount of belief that directly supports a given hypothesis at least in part, forming a lower bound. Plausibility is 1 minus the sum of the masses of all sets whose intersection with the hypothesis is empty (equivalently, it is the sum of the masses of all sets whose intersection with the hypothesis is not empty). It is an upper bound on the possibility that the hypothesis could possibly happen, i.e. it "could possibly happen" up to that value, because there is only so much evidence that contradicts that hypothesis.

For example, suppose we have a belief of 0.5 and a plausibility of 0.8 for a proposition, say "the cat in the box is dead." This means that we have evidence that allows us to state strongly that the proposition is true with a confidence of 0.5. However, the evidence contrary to that hypothesis (i.e. "the cat is alive") only has a confidence of 0.2. The remaining mass of 0.3 (the gap between the 0.5 supporting evidence on the one hand, and the 0.2 contrary evidence on the other) is "indeterminate," meaning that the cat could either be dead or alive. This interval represents the level of uncertainty based on the evidence in your system.

The null hypothesis is set to zero by definition (it corresponds to "no solution"). The orthogonal hypotheses "Alive" and "Dead" have probabilities of 0.2 and 0.5, respectively. This could correspond to "Live/Dead Cat Detector" signals, which have respective reliabilities of 0.2 and 0.5. Finally, the all-encompassing "Either" hypothesis (which simply acknowledges there is a cat in the box) picks up the slack so that the sum of the masses is 1. The support for the "Alive" and "Dead" hypotheses matches their corresponding masses because they have no subsets; support for "Either" consists of the sum of all three masses (Either, Alive, and Dead) because "Alive" and "Dead" are each subsets of "Either". The "Alive" plausibility is m(Alive)+m(Either), since only "Either" intersects "Alive". Likewise, the "Dead" plausibility is m(Dead)+m(Either). Finally, the "Either" plausibility sums m(Alive)+m(Dead)+m(Either). The universal hypothesis ("Either") will always have 100% support and plausibility —it acts as a checksum of sorts.

Here is a somewhat more elaborate example where the behaviour of support and plausibility begins to emerge. We're looking at a faraway object, which can only be coloured in one of three colours (red, white, and blue) through a variety of detector modes:

Although these are rather bad examples, as events of that kind would not be modeled as disjoint sets in the probability space, rather would the event "red or blue" be considered as the union of the events "red" and "blue", thereby (see the axioms of probability theory) p(red or white)>= p(white) = 0.25 and p(any)=1. Only the three disjoint events "Blue" "Red" and "White" would need to add up to 1. In fact one could model a probability measure on the space linear proportional to "plausibility" (normalized so that p(red)+p(white)+p(blue) = 1, and with the exception that still all probabilities are <=1)

Combining probability sets
Beliefs corresponding to independent pieces of information are combined using Dempster's rule of combination which is a generalisation of the special case of Bayes' theorem where events are independent (There is as yet no method of combining non-independent pieces of information). Note that the probability masses from propositions that contradict each other can also be used to obtain a measure of how much conflict there is in a system. This measure has been used as a criterion for clustering multiple pieces of seemingly conflicting evidence around competing hypotheses.

In addition, one of the computational advantages of the Dempster-Shafer framework is that priors and conditionals need not be specified, unlike Bayesian methods which often use a symmetry (minimax error) argument to assign prior probabilities to random variables (e.g. assigning 0.5 to binary values for which no information is available about which is more likely). However, any information contained in the missing priors and conditionals is not used in the Dempster-Shafer framework unless it can be obtained indirectly - and arguably is then available for calculation using Bayes equations.

Dempster-Shafer theory allows one to specify a degree of ignorance in this situation instead of being forced to supply prior probabilities which add to unity. This sort of situation, and whether there is a real distinction between risk and ignorance, has been extensively discussed by statisticians and economists. See, for example, the contrasting views of Daniel Ellsberg, Howard Raiffa, Kenneth Arrow and Frank Knight.

Critics
Judea Pearl (1988a, chapter 9; 1988b and 1990); has argued that it is misleading to interpret belief functions as representing either "probabilities of an event," or "the confidence one has in the probabilities assigned to various outcomes," or "degrees of belief (or confidence, or trust) in a proposition," or "degree of ignorance in a situation." Instead, belief functions represent the probability that a given proposition is provable from a set of other propositions, to which probabilities are assigned. Confusing probabilities of truth with probabilities of provability may lead to counterintuitive results in reasoning tasks such as (1) representing complete knowledge, (2) belief-updating and (3) evidence pooling. He further demonstrated that, if partial knowledge is encoded and updated by belief function methods, the resulting beliefs cannot serve as a basis for rational decisions.

title: Expert Systems/Dempster-Shafer Theory


text: User talk:76.22.175.8

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:76.22.175.8


text:
User talk:Charlesgoodall~enwikibooks

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

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title: User talk:Charlesgoodall~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Abonnema

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title: User talk:Abonnema


text:
User talk:Halladba

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title: User talk:Halladba


text:
User talk:Madskaddie

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title: User talk:Madskaddie


text:
Arabic/Basics of Conjugation/Past tense

Conjugating the Past Tense
For basic past tense conjugation, called الماضي in Arabic, the root of the verb, that is دَرَسَ or سَكَنَ, is then followed by a suffix according to who or what it is referring to.
 * When looking at an Arabic-English dictionary the verb will be listed under the root. This root is also the singular male form of the verb. It is very important to note what form the root of the verb takes (this is for when one wants to become advanced). This can cause the root of the verb to change in accordance to the conjugation.

The past tense can be negated by placing “لا” or "ليس" in front of the word, "ما" in Levantine Arabic.

title: Arabic/Basics of Conjugation/Past tense


text:
User talk:194.209.8.145

-- Herby talk thyme 09:39, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:194.209.8.145


text:
User talk:M7

Confirmation edits

 * 1) --M7it (talk) 10:01, 14 December 2007 (UTC) (signed in, temp username)
 * 2) --79.5.236.71 (talk) 10:01, 14 December 2007 (UTC) (signed out, own static IP Address) --79.5.236.71 (talk) 10:01, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:M7


text:
Web 2.0 and Emerging Learning Technologies/Social Network Analysis

Social Network Analysis (SNA), is a type of research method. Since the concept of a social network was first used to analyze the structure of fishing in Norway by Barnes (anthropologist) in 1954, many researchers have been using this method to do research in social structures. With the coming of the era of Internet focusing on interactive communication, this method begins to be used to analyze the more complex Interpersonal communications in Network Virtual Community.

Fields in which SNA plays role

 * 1) Psychology
 * 2) Anthropology
 * 3) Mathematics
 * 4) Communication
 * 5) Sociology
 * 6) Statistics

How to do SNA
About three steps:
 * 1) Record and Analyze original data;
 * 2) Express data in form of visualization with some tool's help;
 * 3) Analyze the above data more, distill the important problems and make conclusion.

Tools for SNA

 * 1) Description of Ucinet
 * 2) Description of NetDraw
 * 3) Pajek,Pajek is a program (for Windows) for large network analysis and visualization. It is freely available for noncommercial use.Besides ordinary networks,Pajek also supports multi-relational and temporal networks.
 * 4) Onasurveys.com: Online Social Network Analysis survey tool for data collection. Exports data to NetDraw, Inflow and Excel.

Famous SNA Researchers and relative research websites

 * Researchers
 * 1) Linton C. Freeman: Research Professor, Department of Sociology and Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences School of Social Sciences, University of California.
 * 2) Steve Borgatti: Professor at the University of Kentucky in the Gatton College of Business and Economics.
 * 3) John Scott: Professor in the Sosiologisk Institutt at the University of Bergen, Editor of the European Societies, the journal of the European Sociological Association.
 * 4) Patrick Doreian: Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Pittsburgh.
 * 5) Wayne Baker: Professor of Management & Organization Professor of Sociology Faculty Associate, Nonprofit and Public Management Center Faculty Associate, institute for Social Research.
 * 6) Jonathon N. Cummings: Associate Professor of Management Fuqua School of Business Duke University.
 * 7) Ronald L. Breiger: Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona.
 * 8) David Krackhardt: Professor of Organizations at the Heinz School of Public Policy and Management and the Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University

 * Research websites
 * 1) International Network for Social Network Analysis
 * 2) International Center for Research on SNA in Business

Case Study
To prove the key role SNA plays,Professor Steve Borgatti from University of Kentucky has ever conducted a social network analysis of executives in the exploration and production division of a large petroleum organization with his colleagues' help.

This research is interested in assessing the executives'ability as a group to create and share knowledge.The researchers mainly conducted a social network analysis of information flow among the top 20 executives within the Exploration and Production Division.This analysis reveals a striking contrast between the group’s formal and informal structure.

From this contrast,we can find three important points quickly emerge for this group in relation to sharing information and effectively leveraging their collective expertise.

The social network analysis identified mid-level managers who were critical in terms of information flow within the group. A particular surprise came from the very central role that Cole (a member) played in terms of both overall information flow within the group and being the only point of contact between members of the production division and the rest of the network. In this network, Cole is a critical source for all sorts of information.Through no fault of his own, the number of informational requests he received and the number of projects he was involved in had grown excessive,which not only caused him stress but also frequently slowed the group as a whole, because Cole had become a bottleneck. The social network analysis also revealed the extent to which the entire network was disproportionately reliant on Cole.If he were hired away, the efficiency of this group as a whole would be significantly impacted as people in the informal network reestablished important informational relationships. The social network diagram made it very clear that if Cole left, the company would lose both his valuable knowledge and the relationships he had established that in many ways were holding the network together. However, with the analysis' help, we can make a central intervention to reallocate many of the informational requests coming to Cole to other members in the group. Simply categorizing various informational requests that Cole received and then allocating ownership of these informational or decision domains to other executives served to both unburden Cole and make the overall network more responsive and robust.

Just as important, the social network analysis helped to identify highly peripheral people who essentially represented untapped expertise and thus underutilized resources for the group.In particular, it became apparent that many of the senior people had become too removed from the day-to-day operations of this group. The most senior person (Jones) was one of the most peripheral in the informal network. This is a common finding. As people move higher within an organization, their work begins to entail more administrative tasks that makes them both less accessible and less knowledgeable about the day to day work of their subordinates. However, in this case Jones had become too removed,and his lack of responsiveness frequently hold the entire network back when important decisions needed to be made. In this case, the social network diagram helped to make what could have been a potentially difficult conversation with this executive nonconfrontational, and results in more of his time being committed back to the group.

Finally,the social network analysis demonstrates the extent to which the production division has become separated from the overall network.Several months before this analysis,these people had been physically moved to a different floor in the building. Upon reviewing the network diagram,many of the executives realized that this physical separation had resulted in loss of a lot of the serendipitous meetings that occurred when they were co-located.

In this case,the executives decided that they needed to introduce more structured meetings to compensate for this recent loss of serendipitous communication(and they also adopted an instant messaging system to promote communication).


text:
User:M7

M7 (M/)

Steward for Wikimedia wikies.

title: User:M7


text:
Horticulture/Ajuga reptans

Ajuga reptans (Blue bugle, Bugleherb, Bugleweed, Carpetweed, Common bugle, Carpenter's Herb) is a herbaceous flowering plant native to Europe. This plant is often used as medicinal and ornamental plant. Bugle is also known as "carpenter's herb" due to its supposed ability to stem bleeding.

Description
The bugle has dark green leaves with purple highlights. It is a spreading ground cover that grows in a dense mat. The leaves grow 2-3 inches high but in the spring it sends up 4-6 inch tall flower stalks densely covered with numerous purple or blue flowers.

title: Horticulture/Ajuga reptans


text:
Horticulture/Allium aflatunense

Allium aflatuense is one of several species of onion grown for their ornamental flowers.

Description
Leaves are wide, bluish, and straplike, persisting through the year. Flowers in round clusters on upright scapes.

title: Horticulture/Allium aflatunense


text:
Cascading Style Sheets/Syntax

Cascading Style Sheets are most often linked to a web page so that they can be used in an entire site. Because of this they are an independent file and have their own construction.

A stylesheet should begin with a declaration.

After this declaration each CSS rule is independent and made of three parts: a selector, a property and an argument (i.e. a value):

Example:

What this breaks down to here is this:

Each selector can have as many properties as you would like. The properties and values are enclosed in { } tags.

Rules
CSS rules are preceded by the symbol and are often the start of blocks of code. Rules take at least 1 argument. Some examples of rules are, for defining the document character set; , for setting properties for a type of media, often , and ; and  for setting up a web font.

Selectors
Selectors are where most of the power in CSS lies. Selectors allow the author to specifically target an element to apply any given property to. Many different selector types can be combined for the precision application of styles.

Elements
Elements that are specified in CSS definitions (abbreviated E, F, etc.) correspond to the (X)HTML or XML elements in the document. In HTML or XHTML, common elements include,  , and. In XML, the element names will vary with the type of document to be displayed.

Class
Class is the most basic of the selectors. The class operator is a " " and the syntax is.

ID
ID specifies a unique element in the document and in (X)HTML it is also the fragment identifier. The ID operator is a " " and the syntax is.

Attribute
Attribute selection is a newer feature in CSS that allows selection based on any attribute of the element. The syntax is. Attribute supports several different matching operators, including,  ,  ,   and.

Pseudo-class
Pseudo-classes are special classes based on the state of an element and uses the  operator. The syntax is. Commonly used pseudo-classes include,   and  ...

Blocks
Blocks of code are everywhere in CSS. A block is started with  and closed with. Blocks are used to group CSS statements into logical groups based on the author's needs. Blocks are most commonly used by Rules and to group properties to a selector.

Properties
Properties are the meat of CSS. The syntax is quite simple,. Properties are always after a selector and always inside a  block. A property must be ended with a  to close it.

CSS/Regole e sintassi

title: Cascading Style Sheets/Syntax


text:
Horticulture/Allium schoenophrasum

Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) are the smallest species of the onion family Alliaceae, native to Europe, Asia and North America. They are referred to only in the plural, because they grow in clumps rather than as individual plants. Allium schoenoprasum is also the only species of Allium native to both the New and the Old World.

Its species name derives from the Greek skhoinos (sedge) and parson (onion) and prason (onion). Its English name, chive, derives from the French word cive, which was derived from cepa, the Latin word for onion.

Culinary uses for chives involve shredding its leaves (straws) for use as condiment for fish, potatoes and soups. Because of this, it is a common household herb, frequent in gardens as well as in grocery stores. It also has insect-repelling properties which can be used in gardens to control pests.

Biology
The chive is a bulb-forming herbaceous perennial plant, growing to 30-50 cm tall. The bulbs are slender conical, 2-3 cm long and 1 cm broad, and grow in dense clusters from the roots. The leaves are hollow tubular, up to 50 cm long, and 2-3 mm in diameter, with a soft texture, although, prior to the emergence of a flower from a leaf, it may appear stiffer than usual. The flowers are pale purple, star-shaped with six tepals, 1-2 cm wide, and produced in a dense inflorescence of 10-30 together; before opening, the inflorescence is surrounded by a papery bract. The seeds are produced in a small three-valved capsule, maturing in summer. The herb flowers from April to May in the southern parts of its habitat zones and in June in the northern parts.

Chives are the only species of Allium native to both the Old World and New. Sometimes, the plants found in North America are classified as A. schoenoprasum var. sibiricum, although this is disputed. There have been significant differences among specimens: one example was found in northern Maine growing solitary, instead of in clumps, also exhibiting dingy grey flowers.

Albeit repulsive to insects in general, due to its sulfur compounds, its flowers are attractive to bees, and it is sometimes kept to increase desired insect life.

Culinary

Chives are grown for their leaves, which are used for culinary purposes as condiment, which provide a somewhat milder flavour than its neighbouring Allium species.

Chives have a wide variety of culinary uses, such as in traditional dishes in France and Sweden, among others. In his 1806 book Attempt at a Flora (Försök til en flora), Retzius describes how chives are used with pancakes, soups, fish and sandwiches. It is also an ingredient of the gräddfil sauce served with the traditional herring dish served at Swedish midsummer celebrations. The flowers may also be used to garnish dishes.

Chives are one of the "fines herbes" of French cuisine, which also include tarragon, chervil and/or parsley.

Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round, making it a readily available spice herb; it can also be dry-frozen without much impairment to its taste, giving home growers the opportunity to store large quantities harvested from their own garden.

In cultivation
Retzius also describes how farmers would plant chives between the rocks making up the borders of their flowerbeds, to keep the plants free from pests (such as Japanese beetles ). . While the growing plant repels unwanted insect life, the juice of the leaves can be used for the same purpose, as well as fighting fungal infections, mildew and scab.

Its flowers are attractive to bees, which are important for gardens with an abundance of plants in need of pollination.

Medicinal uses
The medicinal properties of chives are similar to those of garlic, but weaker; the faint effects in comparison with garlic are probably the main reason for its limited use as a medicinal herb. Containing numerous organisulplide compounds such as allyl sulfides and alkyl sulfoxides, chives have a beneficial effect on the circulatory system, acting upon it by lowering the blood pressure. As chives are usually served in small amounts and never as the main dish, negative effects are rarely encountered, although digestive problems may occur following over-consumption.

Chives are also rich in vitamins A and C, and contain trace amounts of sulfur and iron.

Cultivation
Chives are cultivated both for its culinary uses as well as its ornamental value; the violet flowers are often used in ornamental dry bouquets.

Chives thrive in well drained soil, rich in organic matter, with a pH of 6-7 and full sun.

Chives can be grown from seed and mature in summer, or early the following spring. Typically, chives need to be germinated at a temperature of 15 °C to 20 °C and kept moist. They can also be planted under a cloche or germinated indoors in cooler climates, then planted out later. After at least four weeks, the young shoots should be ready to be planted out. Some prefer to replant the small clumps of chives available in plastic pots at some markets, thus avoiding unnecessary work with sowing seeds and cloche cultivation.

In the winter, chives die back to the underground bulbs, with the new leaves appearing in early spring. Chives starting to look old can be cut back to about 2-5 cm; this length is also preferred when harvesting, making the unattractive yellowing appear close to the ground, so that the plant can retain its aesthetic value.

History and cultural importance
Chives have been cultivated in Europe since the Middle Ages, although signs of its usage date back to 5000 years ago, used by the Chinese.

The Romans believed chives could relieve the pain from sunburn or a sore throat. They believed that eating chives would increase blood pressure and acted as a diuretic.

Romanian Gypsies have used chives in fortune telling.

It was believed that bunches of dried chives hung around a house would ward off disease and evil.

title: Horticulture/Allium schoenophrasum


text:
Talk:Movie Making Manual/Writing/Certification

None of these are allowed... at all? What?


text:
User:AKCaveman

Web Developer/Student/ and lover of all things electronic and internet related.

I'll be helping mostly with the html and css books, unless I find another place.

title: User:AKCaveman


text:
Template:VHDL for FPGA Design/Principles and Practices

 VHDL for FPGA Design


text:
Cookbook:Alcoholic Beverages

Alcoholic beverages are fermented products used in cooking to provide an additional layer of flavor to dishes.

Characteristics
All alcoholic beverages contain a perceptible amount of ethyl alcohol, which is a bitter and intoxicating substance resulting from fermentation of various food products; the specific ethanol proportion varies by beverage type. Alcoholic beverages develop a further range of flavors based on the initial fermentation material, aging, and any further additives at the end of the process.

Many alcohols are acidic.

Varieties
Alcoholic beverages used in cooking can range from relatively low alcohol-content wine and beer to much stronger liquors. Each has its own particular set of characteristics and applications.

Low-strength

 * Beer
 * Cider

Mid-strength

 * Wine
 * Mead

High-strength

 * Liquor/spirits

Techniques
Alcohol is flammable and can ignite in sufficient concentrations. This property can be used for visual effect, such as in flambéeing. Never pour alcohol into a hot pan directly from the bottle—if it ignites, the bottle can explode.

Because of alcoholic beverages' acidic quality, avoid using aluminum or cast-iron pans when cooking with them. The reactive metals can produce unpleasant flavors when in contact with acidic substances.

Be careful to balance the amount of alcohol in a dish and the cooking time. If there is too much total alcohol in a dish (>1%), it makes it unpleasantly bitter. The alcohol will evaporate over the course of cooking time, which will reduce the bitterness from ethanol but can concentrate other flavors (both good and bad). Note that while you can significantly reduce the alcohol content with long cooking, you're unlikely to cook out all of it.

Beverages
Alcoholic beverages can be consumed as-is or combined with other ingredients to create mixed drinks.

Cooking
For the most part, alcoholic beverages are used in cooking to enhance flavor, either from the specific characteristics of the beverage itself or by helping to solubilize certain flavor compounds in the other ingredients. Alcohol can also be used to affect the texture of foods. For example, it lowers a mixture's freezing point, which can help keep frozen desserts soft.

Often, less-expensive products are used in cooking, as the difference in flavor between higher and lower-quality ones are minimal once cooked.

Warnings
Alcohol can have acute negative health affects, such as intoxication, in relatively low quantities. When using alcohol as an ingredient, pay attention to how much will be consumed in a typical serving.

title: Cookbook:Alcoholic Beverages


text:
Horticulture/Arisaema triphyllum

Description
The leaves are trifoliate, with groups of three leaves growing together at the top of a long stem; each leaflet is 8–15 cm long and 3–7 cm broad. Plants are sometimes confused with Poison-ivy especially before the flowers appear or non-flowering plants. The inflorescences are shaped irregularly and grow to a length of up to 8 cm long. They are greenish-yellow with purple or brownish stripes. The spathe, known in this plant as "the pulpit" wraps around and covers over and contain a spadix ("Jack"), covered with tiny flowers of both sexes. The flowers are unisexual, in small plants most if not all the flowers are male, as plants age and grow larger the spadix produces more female flowers. This species flowers from April to June. The fruit are smooth, shiny green, 1 cm wide berries clustered on the thickened spadix. The fruits ripen in late summer and fall, turning a bright red color before the plants go dormant. Each berry produces 1 to 5 seeds typically, the seeds are white to light tan in color, rounded, often with flattened edges and a short sharp point at the top and a rounded bottom surface. If the seeds are freed from the berry they will germinate the next spring, producing a plant with a single rounded leaf. Seedlings need three or more years of growth before they become large enough to flower.

It is hardy to USDA plant hardiness zone 3.

Chemical composition and medicinal uses
The plant contains calcium oxalate crystals in all parts, and because of this consumption of the raw plant material results in a powerful burning sensation. It can cause irritation of the mouth and digestive system, and on rare occasions the swelling of the mouth and throat may be severe enough to affect breathing.

If the plant is properly dried or cooked it can be eaten as a root vegetable.

A preparation of the root was reported to have been used by Native Americans as a treatment for sore eyes. Preparations were also made to treat rheumatism, bronchitis, and snakebites, as well as to induce sterility.

History and folklore
Some accounts of the Meskwaki Indians state that they would chop the herb's root into meat and leave it for their enemies to find. The taste would not be detectable, but consuming the meat reportedly caused their enemies sufficient pain to be fatal. They also used it to determine the fate of the sick by dropping a seed in a cup of water. If the seed went around four times clockwise, the patient would recover, otherwise they would not.

Warning
According to the website DrKoop.com, the oxalic acid and asparagine in jack in the pulpit are poisonous if ingested. Care should also be taken to avoid confusion with poison ivy, which has 3 leaflets somewhat similar in appearance.

title: Horticulture/Arisaema triphyllum


text:
A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)

Welcome to the Wikibooks textbook on Physics, designed to contain everything you need to know for the OCR Physics B (Advancing Physics) specification. All sorts of useful documents for this specification are available at http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/as-a-level-gce-physics-b-advancing-physics-h159-h559/.

All units are assumed to be SI units, unless stated otherwise. Diagrams can be enlarged by clicking on them.

Chapters are probably marked as 75% complete because they are complete, but may require some attention. Please look at these and check them!

Optics

 * /Lenses/
 * /Refraction/

Communication

 * /Digital Storage/
 * /Digital Processing/
 * /Digitisation/
 * /Signal Frequencies/
 * /Bandwidth/

Electricity

 * /Charge/
 * /Current/
 * /Voltage/
 * /Power/
 * /Resistance and Conductance/
 * /Internal Resistance/
 * /Potential Dividers/
 * /Sensors/
 * /Resistivity and Conductivity/
 * /Semiconductors/

Material Structure

 * /Stress, Strain & Young's Modulus/
 * /Metals/
 * /Polymers/

Waves

 * /What is a wave?/
 * /Phasors/
 * /Standing Waves/
 * /Young's Slits/
 * /Diffraction/
 * /Finding the Distance of a Remote Object/

Quantum Physics

 * /Light as a Quantum Phenomenon/
 * /Quantum Behaviour/
 * /Electron Behaviour as a Quantum Phenomenon/

Mechanics

 * /Vectors/
 * /Graphs/
 * /Kinematics/
 * /Forces and Power/ (and Energy and Work Done)
 * /Fluid dynamics/

Quality of Measurement

 * /Data Handling/

Decay

 * /Exponential Relationships/
 * /Capacitors/
 * /Radioactive Decay/
 * /Half-lives/

Gravity

 * /Gravitational Forces/
 * /Gravitational Fields/
 * /Gravitational Potential Energy/
 * /Gravitational Potential/

Mechanics

 * /Simple Harmonic Motion/
 * /Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion/
 * /Damping/
 * /Resonance/
 * /Conservation of Momentum/
 * /Forces and Impulse in Collisions/
 * /Rockets, Hoses and Machine Guns/
 * /Circular Motion/

Astrophysics

 * /Radar and Triangulation/
 * /Large Units/
 * /Orbits/
 * /Doppler Effect/
 * /Big Bang Theory/

Temperature

 * /Heat and Energy/
 * /Specific Heat Capacity/
 * /Ideal Gases/
 * /Kinetic Theory/
 * /Boltzmann Factor/

Magnetic Fields

 * /Flux/
 * /Induction/
 * /Force/
 * /Transformers/
 * /Motors/
 * /Generators/

Electric Fields

 * /Electric Force/
 * /Electric Field/
 * /Electric Potential/
 * /Electric Potential Energy/

Particle Physics

 * /The Standard Model/
 * /Quarks/
 * /Bosons/
 * /Leptons/
 * /Millikan's Experiment/
 * /Pair Production and Annihilation/
 * /Particle Accelerators/
 * /Cloud Chambers and Mass Spectrometers/

Nuclear Physics

 * /Quantum Principles/
 * /Radioactive Emissions/
 * /Energy Levels/
 * /Fission/
 * /Fusion/
 * /Binding Energy/
 * /Risks, Doses and Dose Equivalents/

title: A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)


text:
Talk:German/Grammar/Cases

Two-way prepositions

 * If the expression contains a two-way preposition, if the verb is transitive, the expression takes the accusative case. If the verb is intransitive, the expression takes the accusative case.

Huh? So it takes the accusative either way? Or is there a mistake here? - Furrykef (talk) 12:53, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:German/Grammar/Cases


text:
A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Lenses

Curvature of Wavefronts
Light can be viewed as beams travelling between points. However, from most light sources, the light radiates outwards as a series of wavefronts or ripples. Light from a light source is bent - wavefronts or ripples of light have a property known as curvature.

As light travels further away from its source, its curvature decreases. Consider a sphere expanding gradually from a point, which represents a given wavefront of light. As the sphere expands, the curvature of its surface decreases when we look at any part of the surface with a constant area. It should be noted at this point that light from a source infinitely far away has 0 curvature - it is straight. This is useful, as ambient light (light from a source that is far away) can be assumed to have a curvature of 0, as the difference between this and its actual curvature is negligible.

The curvature of a wavefront is given as:

$$C = \frac{1}{v}$$,

where v is the distance from the wavefront to the in-focus image depicted by the light. Curvature is measured in dioptres (D).

Power of lenses
The function of a lens is to increase or decrease the curvature of a wavefront. Lenses have a 'power'. This is the curvature which the lens adds to the wavefront. Power is measured in dioptres, D, and is given by the formula:

$$P = \frac{1}{f}$$,

where f equals the focal length of the lens, in meters. This is the distance between the lens and the point where an image will be in focus, if the wavefronts entering the other side of the lens are parallel.

The Lens Equation
Overall, then, the formula relating the curvature of the wavefronts leaving a lens to the curvature of the wavefronts entering it is:

$$\frac{1}{v} = \frac{1}{u} + \frac{1}{f}$$

where v is the distance between the lens (its centre) and the in-focus image formed, u is the distance between the lens (its centre) and the object which the in-focus image is of, and f is the focal length of the lens. The power of the lens can be substituted in for the reciprocal of f, as they are the same thing.

The Cartesian Convention
If we were to place a diagram of the lens on a grid, labelled with cartesian co-ordinates, we would discover that measuring the distance of the object distance is negative, in comparison to the image distance. As a result, the value for u must always be negative. This is known as the Cartesian convention.

This means that, if light enters the lens with a positive curvature, it will leave with a negative curvature unless the lens is powerful enough to make the light leave with a positive curvature.

Types of Lens
There are two types of lens:

Converging lenses add curvature to the wavefronts, causing them to converge more. These have a positive power, and have a curved surface which is wider in the middle than at the rim.

Diverging lenses remove curvature from the wavefronts, causing them to diverge more. These have a negative power, and have a curved surface with a dip in the middle.

Magnification
Magnification is a measure of how much an image has been enlarged by a lens. It is given by the formula:

$$M = \frac{h_2}{h_1}$$

where h1 and h2 are the heights of the image (or object) before and after being magnified, respectively. If an image is shrunk by a lens, the magnification is between 0 and 1.

Magnification can also be given as:

$$M = \frac{-v}{u}$$

where v and u are the image and object distances. Therefore:

$$M = \frac{h_2}{h_1} = \frac{-v}{u}$$

An easy way to remember this in the middle of an exam is the formula:

$$I = AM$$

where I is image size, A is actual size of the object M is the magnification factor.

Questions
1. Light reflected off a cactus 1.5m from a 20D lens forms an image. How many metres is it from the other side of the lens?

3. A lens in an RGB projector causes an image to focus on a large screen. What sort of lens is it? Is its power positive or negative?

4. What is the focal length of a 100D lens?

5. The film in a camera is 5mm from a lens when automatically focussed on someone's face, 10m from the camera. What is the power of the lens?

6. The light from a candle is enlarged by a factor of 0.5 by a lens, and produces an image of a candle, 0.05m high, on a wall. What is the height of the candle?


text:
Horticulture/Barbarea vulgaris

Barbarea vulgaris, also called as Bittercress, Herb Barbara, Rocketcress, Yellow Rocketcress, Winter Rocket, and  Wound Rocket, is a biennial herb native to Europe.

Description
During the autumn and winter, the plant has only a basal rosette of glossy leaves. As it bolts and flowers in the spring, it also has pinnately divided leaves arranges sparsely on the stem. The yellow flowers are borne in dense terminal clusters above the foliage in spring. It grows to about 8-32 inches.

Growing Conditions
It is naturalised in many parts of North America as a weed. Winter Cress prefers moist, disturbed fields.

Uses
Greens are edible and have a similar taste to other mustard greens, but become sour when the plant bolts.

title: Horticulture/Barbarea vulgaris


text:
A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Lenses/Worked Solutions

1. A lens has a focal length of 10 cm. What is its power, in dioptres?

Always use SI units, so 10 cm = 0.1m.

$$P = \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{0.1} = 10\mbox{ D}$$

'''2. Light reflected off a cactus 1.5m from a 20D lens forms an image. How many metres is it from the other side of the lens?'''

u must be negative, as per the Cartesian convention, so u = -1.5.

$$\frac{1}{v} = \frac{1}{-1.5} + 20 = \frac{58}{3}\mbox{ D}$$

$$v = \frac{3}{58} = 0.0517\mbox{ m} = 51.7\mbox{ mm}$$

'''3. A lens in an RGB projector causes an image to focus on a large screen. What sort of lens is it? Is its power positive or negative?'''

The wavefronts are being caused to spread out (diverge) more by the lens. Hence, it is a diverging lens. The wavefronts are losing curvature, so the lens has a negative power.

4. What is the focal length of a 100D lens?

$$100 = \frac{1}{f}$$

$$f = \frac{1}{100} = 0.01\mbox{ m} = 10\mbox{ mm}$$

'''5. The film in a camera is 5mm from a lens when automatically focussed on someone's face, 10m from the camera. What is the power of the lens?'''

5mm = 0.005m

$$\frac{1}{0.005} = \frac{1}{-10}+ P$$

$$200 = P - 0.1$$

$$P = 200.1\mbox{ D}$$

Since lenses are generally made to have nice round powers, this was probably a 200D lens. However, this is in real life, and this an hypothetical question with numbers picked out of thin air by me.

'''6. The light from a candle is enlarged by a factor of 0.5 by a lens, and produces an image of a candle, 0.05m high, on a wall. What is the height of the candle?'''

$$0.5 = \frac{0.05}{h_1}$$

$$2 = \frac{h_1}{0.05}$$

$$h_1 = 100\mbox{ mm}$$


text:
Template:Wikibooks gazette

This template is used to display news stories. Do not add news stories here directly. See Wikibooks Gazette for more information.

title: Template:Wikibooks gazette


text: Template:Wikibooks gazette/Blank

title: Template:Wikibooks gazette/Blank


text:
Talk:Urdu/Sentence Building

Several things are wrong about this page: 1) When discussing Urdu, but not Hindi, you should use Arabic (nastaliq) script instead of Devanagari, which is used for Hindi only. 2) Split ergativity is not triggered by the subject having a suffix but rather by perfective aspect of the clause predicate.

the text is in hindi not urdu!!!!
the text is in hindi not urdu!!!! look into this matter that though both the languages are similar in speaking, both are written in a completely different way. THIS MATTERS VERY MUCH IF YOU ARE WRITING A GRAMMAR BOOK!!!!

title: Talk:Urdu/Sentence Building


text: User talk:194.82.157.150

title: User talk:194.82.157.150


text:
User talk:Prowerfox

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
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 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 16:14, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prowerfox


text:
User talk:Simpsonjohn2000

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
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 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 16:14, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Simpsonjohn2000


text:
User talk:Chrisdone~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
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 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 16:14, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Chris Done's home page -- Chris (talk) 12:22, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chrisdone. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chrisdone~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:06, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:48, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrisdone~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:AKCaveman

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 16:14, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Wikibooks cannot accept copyrighted content
I am looking into whether this website uses Wikipedia content, and the licensing issues surrounding that. If the content is GFDL, we will still need the edit history, which is unavailable from the site (which is a copyvio on their part). If you want to help out, please do. If you have questions, ask on my talk page please. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:27, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Wapedia is a mirror of enwiki for mobile browsing. Since import from Wikipedia failed, I've placed a template on the talk page which satisfies the GFDL. In the future, please ask for an import of Wikipedia content if you need to use it here. Thanks; happy editing! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:46, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:AKCaveman


text:
User talk:Olaf Davis

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 16:14, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Olaf Davis


text:
User talk:Monaghcv

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 16:14, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Monaghcv


text: Horticulture/Cardamine bulbosa

title: Horticulture/Cardamine bulbosa


text: User talk:64.187.64.195

title: User talk:64.187.64.195


text:
Horticulture/Cardamine impatiens

Cardamine impatiens is a mustard native to Europe, but also established as an invasive in other parts of the world.

Description
The plant is a biennial or winter annual, producing basal whorls of pinnately divided leaves during its vegetative stage, and then a stalk with alternate leaves as it bolts.

Growing Conditions
Prefers good garden soils, tolerant of both full sun and farly dense shade.

title: Horticulture/Cardamine impatiens


text: User talk:169.204.189.69

title: User talk:169.204.189.69


text:
Graph Theory

 * /Weighted graphs and algorithms/

Graph Theory is the study of interactions between nodes (vertices) and edges (connections between the vertices), and it relates to topics such as combinatorics, scheduling, and connectivity making it useful to computer science and programming, engineering, networks and relationships, and many other fields of science. Graph theory can be thought of as the "mathematician's connect-the-dots" but it does not examine graphs as done in Calculus (curves and other related concepts).

Simple Tools

 * 1) Juggling with Binomial Coefficients
 * 2) Dual Graphs
 * 3) Star-Delta and Similar Transformations
 * 4) Hypercubes and Gray Codes

Degrees and Parameters

 * 1) Degree Definitions
 * 2) Theorems using Degrees
 * 3) Regular Graphs
 * 4) Degree Sequences
 * 5) Using matrices to encode graphs

Special Types of Graphs

 * 1) k-Connected Graphs
 * 2) Planar Graphs

title: Graph Theory


text:
User talk:68.153.116.144

If you wish to comment on a module, please do so on the associated talk page. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:17, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.153.116.144


text:
User talk:130.191.152.82

Welcome!
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– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:21, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:130.191.152.82


text: User talk:67.189.43.186

title: User talk:67.189.43.186


text:
Cookbook talk:Alcoholic Beverages

I've renamed this page Alcoholic drinks, just to make it a bit wider in scope. My, we need some content here! Redlentil 21:37, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I think the "Warnings" section is mostly extraneous. A couple of short paragraphs should suffice. I wonder about the selection/veracity of a couple of those items also: particularly, the "abnormally deep sleep, allowing an adult to roll onto a baby" and the one about obese people combusting. PurplePieman 17:33, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Alcohol frequently kills and maims people. I'm sure that most bar patrons are oblivious to this fact; they wouldn't go to bars if they were fully aware now, would they? Most people will ignore the warnings here, as they do elsewhere, but perhaps a few lives might be saved. I kept things factual, avoiding words like "idiot" and "moron". I have shown restraint, resisting the urge to make that warning into a template that goes on every page. AlbertCahalan 18:03, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * As for the two specific items you mention: It is fact that it is safe for a baby to sleep next to an adult (not child; children have different sleep patterns), provided that the adult is not obese or under the influence of alcohol, sleeping pills, or other drugs. (the sleep surface must be appropriate, of course) Human combustion occurs via a candle-like wicking effect, nearly always to those that are obese and drunk. AlbertCahalan 18:03, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see how you can argue with the point of view of dry facts. Were I to express an opinion on the wisdom of drinking alcohol, then you might have a legitimate argument over point of view. I can't help it that the harsh facts are unpleasant and may cause you to question your own point of view. The facts are what they are. AlbertCahalan 18:03, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Regardless of the evils of alcohol, I don't think a cookbook is the proper place to discuss all these possible effects drinking can have on your life. As I said, a warnings section is a good idea, but it should be brief: anybody wanting elaboration can go to the Wikipedia entries on Alcoholism, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, etc. That's exactly why I dispute the NPOV...while the facts may be true (I'm still having trouble with the spontaneous combustion), it is obviously biased against alcohol.From NPOV dispute: "While all facts might be presented fairly, the very selection (and omission) of facts can make an module biased." PurplePieman 19:23, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Being neither Muslim not Protestant, I didn't remember to mention the evils of alcohol. :-) The section does indeed direct readers wanting elaboration to Wikipedia. I agree that omission of facts can be considered bias, and would not be opposed to mentioning that small amounts of alcohol can be useful for cardiovascular reasons. Harvard says "For men, a good balance point is 1 to 2 drinks a day. For women, it's at most one drink a day." The USDA agrees, while also mentioning hypertension and cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and stating that women of childbearing age who could become pregnant should completely abstain. In fact, I'll add this now, hopefully addressing your objections. AlbertCahalan 20:12, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I still think it's much too verbose, but that's more of a style issue. Do you have a source for the "spontaneous combustion"? I'm not sure how controversial that is, but it sounds really bizarre? PurplePieman 21:03, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia covers it pretty well. The BBC has a good article on it. Somebody at the BBC burned a pig corpse in a model house to prove how "spontaneous combustion" happens. Victims tend to be female, obese, not young, smokers, drunk, and dehydrated. Alcohol obviously causes the drunkenness; it can also be a contributing factor to obesity and dehydration. To be clear, there is nothing spontaneous about "spontaneous combustion". (the tabloids gave it that name, making for better headlines) It's very much like a candle burning, and is able to consume most of a human. The person smoulders for many hours, with barely any flame. Being drunk keeps the victim from reacting to the fire. Note that smokers are more at risk; presumably this is the typical ignition source. Strong alcoholic drinks can also burn; a spill would help to get things started. I certainly don't claim that "spontaneous combustion" is a common problem, but it is: real, interesting, and related to the use of alcohol. AlbertCahalan 01:24, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

Sorry - but you really need to have watched the actual programme aired by the BBC back in 1998. Through the course of the programme spontaneous combustion as described in this article is rubbished, and explains how bodies 'appear' to have spontaneously combusted in very specific conditions. This kind of non-factual material does not belong in this article. I would also add that this is not a soapbox, and I'm afraid this is how the article reads. --Robins, 23:25, 05 July 2005 (BST)

I agree that the warnings is a bit over the top, perhaps putting a link to a special site.I mean, I know that I keep wanting to add "Yes, but are there any negative effects?" --Frontier 13:07, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

I definitely agree that spontaneoous combustion topic needs to be carefully researched before putting it out under a topic for Cookbook Talk - Alcohol Drink. Apart from the evils of drinking alcohol there is some good news for people suffering from Rhematic diseases are likely to protect themselves (by having alcohol) from the disease by reducing the inflammation within the body like the way red wine helps in protecting the heart. But of course the amount of alcohol consumed should be on moderate levels and not on a high level. -

Nithyap

Suffering from an addiction. This website has a lot of great resources and treatment centers.

http://www.treatmentcenters.org

I don't agree with the warnings. If we keep them we also should start to add warnings everywhere. In the Wikipedia's articles about barbiturates, in recipes containing fat foods and advice on Ferrari's article not to drive at maximum speed. -- Zimbricchio
 * Okay, I toned down the warnings, and removed the NPOV tag. Hopefully, everybody will be happy with this. --- PurplePieman 04:46, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Legal disclaimer, Medical disclaimer. I think thats fairly explicit that any warnings given here should be discarded by the reader so why go into so much depth. At most there should be inter-wiki links to Effects of alcohol on the body Legal considerations and a brief sentence saying you may wish to consult your docter or lawyer Discordance 22:12, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I totally agree Discordance, most people are able to think and judge for themselves, on the same side of the coin, who has a doctor or lawyer sitting next to them, advising them as they surf the pages of Wikipedia?.TrumpyNZ 07:40, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Spirits
I reworded the section to say other drinks are not widely used in cooking but i cant think of many recipes that use whiskey or vodka. Anyway if anyone knows better please calrify the sentence, i was changing it in the first place because it seemed to suggest there were only 4 types of spirit which is far from true, and most glaringly it ommitted tequila and gin which are extremely important as cocktail bases i thought theyd probably been left out as this is a cookbook and not a cocktail recipe guide. Discordance 21:53, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Alcoholic Beverages


text:
User talk:Nmawby

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 19:20, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nmawby


text:
User talk:Arugula

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 19:38, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arugula


text:
User talk:Tally Solleni~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 19:40, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tally Solleni. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tally Solleni~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:35, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tally Solleni~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Lambda (Usurped)

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 19:59, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lambda (Usurped)


text:
User:Prowerfox

At present, I'm a Mathematics major (BSc). I am very nearly graduated, and working towards a second degree in Computing Science.

As such, I tend towards the discrete and algebra-related mathematics.

So far, my wikibook projects are:
 * Graph Theory: at present, I'm working on developing the structure and main ideas.

I will be adding more as I make more significant contributions.

title: User:Prowerfox


text:
Wikibooks:Wikibooks gazette/2008/01

The Wikibooks Gazette
Wikibooks gazette/2008/01/Statistics Wikibooks gazette/2008/01/Editorial

title: Wikibooks:Wikibooks gazette/2008/01


text:
User talk:Youthdevelopmentexchange

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:42, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Youthdevelopmentexchange


text:
Talk:Yet Another Haskell Tutorial/Language advanced/Solutions

Haskell newb, here. Here were my answers to the Partial Application exercises. -- Exercise 7.1 Convert the following functions into point-free style, if possible. func1 x l = map (\y -> y*x) l func2 f g l = filter f (map g l) func3 f l = l ++ map f l func4 l = map (\y -> y+2) (filter (\z -> z `elem` [1..10])                      (5:l)) func5 f l = foldr (\x y -> f (y,x)) 0 l

-- Answers: func12 x = map (*x)                                 -- definitely better func22 f g = filter f. map g                       -- debatably better.. func32 l = (l++). (`map` l)                        -- not really better? func42 = map (+ 2). filter (`elem` [1..10]). (5:) -- shorter, and probably better func52 f = foldr uncurry f 0                        -- better

The function

func3 f l = l ++ map f l

can also be written as...

func32 l = (l++). (`map` l)

It's ugly, and longer, but it does have free-point style, does it not?

-- Chris (talk) 23:49, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

The function

func5 f l = foldr (\x y -> f (y,x)) 0 l

also can be written as...

func52 = flip foldr 0. curry

points for being completely point-free. -- Glen (talk)


text:
Radiation Oncology/Supportive care/Libido

Libido

Women: Testosterone Replacement

 * NCCTG N02C3 (2004-2005)
 * Randomized, cross-over. 150 postmenopausal women, history of cancer but NED, reported decrease in sexual desire, and a sexual partner. None on hormone replacement. Arm 1) 2% testosterone in Vanicream for 10 mg/day x4 weeks vs. Arm 2) placebo Vanicream, then crossed over for additional 4 weeks. Primary endpoint sexual desire/libido assessed at 4 and 8 weeks
 * 2007 PMID 17470735 -- "Randomized controlled trial to evaluate transdermal testosterone in female cancer survivors with decreased libido; North Central Cancer Treatment Group protocol N02C3." (Barton DL, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 May 2;99(9):672-9.
 * Outcome: mean testosterone significantly increased, but average libido change no different
 * Conclusion: No benefit, possibly because women on study were estrogen depleted


text:
User talk:Akyadav~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:13, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Akyadav. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Akyadav~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:56, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Akyadav~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Akyadav66

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:14, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Akyadav66


text:
Radiation Oncology/Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm

Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasms (PEN)

 * Uncommon tumors, incidence ~4/1,000,000
 * Can be either functional or nonfunctional; common functional tumors include insulinoma and gastrinoma (giving rise to Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES))
 * European Neuroendocrine Society suggests TNM staging and grade are predictive of tumor behavior
 * Treatment for localized PENs is surgical resection or enucleation
 * Lymph node status important prognostic factor, so LND should be considered, especially since tumor size does not correlate with LN status
 * Low grade tumors have excellent long-term outcomes, 5-year OS >90%
 * Intermediate grade tumors with LN+ or DM+ have 5-year OS ~58%


text:
User talk:Sallypursell~enwikibooks

Welcome message
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 03:01, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sallypursell. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sallypursell~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:39, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:27, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sallypursell~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:R685wordpress

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 03:01, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:R685wordpress