text:
Talk:XML - Managing Data Exchange/RPC

Some things to be aware of:

 * Any user-input that's taken should be considered string when using it for making an XMLRPC request. This means you will have to check the string for valid/invalid XML characters.  Duh!  You knew that already.

 * If you are making a library for xmlrpc, it will be a pain to decide how to do the datetime.iso-whatever datatype. As a design decision, I decided that I would have a valid-int as string.  So before i do my string checking, i check to see if the string is numeric, and if so, is it specifically an integer above a certain number.  This may (read: probably will) really mess things up so i'm going to find some other way to explicitly type this parameter.  Something akin to a namespace identifier.

 * xmlrpc is easier than SOAP, but you can only make one request at a time.

-- mchrisneglia
 * Since no one using xmlrpc (web-apis, blog-apis such as metaweblog/livejournal api/blogger) is really supporting/using the  is it really necessary to implement? I would say only do it if you use it.  Otherwise, I would suggest sending the fields as strings or -in the case of an integer-based unix timestamp- send it as an int.

title: Talk:XML - Managing Data Exchange/RPC


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/Glossary

Glossary

0–9

 * .NET
 * Microsoft .NET Framework
 * Microsoft .NET Framework is a software component that is part of several Microsoft Windows operating systems. It has a large library of pre-coded solutions to common programming problems and manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework.

A

 * ACORD
 * Association for Cooperative Operations Research and Development
 * ACORD is the insurance industry's nonprofit standards developer, a resource for information about object technology, EDI, XML and electronic commerce in the United States and abroad.
 * Among other things, ACORD governs an XML based data model to provide an easy way to exchange data between insurance companies, insurance brokers, other insurance related firms and governments.

 * AJAX
 * Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
 * AJAX is a group of inter-related web development techniques used for creating interactive web applications.
 * A primary characteristic is the increased responsiveness and interactivity of web pages achieved by exchanging small amounts of data with the server "behind the scenes" so that entire web pages do not have to be reloaded each time there is a need to get data from the server. This is intended to increase the web page's interactivity, speed, functionality and usability.

 * ANSI
 * American National Standards Institute
 * ANSI is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. For example, standards make sure that people who own cameras can find the film they need for them anywhere around the globe.

 * API
 * Application Programming Interface
 * API is a source code interface that an operating system, library or service provides to support requests made by computer programs.

 * ASCII
 * American Standard Code InformationInterchange
 * ASCII is a character encoding based on the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that work with text. Most modern character encodings — which support many more characters than did the original — have a historical basis in ASCII.

 * ASP
 * Analog Signal Processing
 * ASP means processing electronic signals that represent continuous variables by use of analog circuitry.

 * ASX
 * Advanced Stream Redirector
 * ASX format is a type of XML metafile designed to store a list of Windows Media files to play during a multimedia presentation.
 * It is used frequently on streaming video servers where multiple ASF files are to be played in succession. Both RTSP and MMS streaming protocols are supported, as well as HTTP.

B

 * BHTML
 * Broadcast HyperText Markup Language
 * BHTML extends HTML by adding attributes for standardizing multimedia object descriptions within HTML OBJECT elements, using the SMIL SWITCH option and introducing an EVENT element to manage the actions to be taken when certain conditions are encountered.

C

 * CGI
 * Common Gateway Interface
 * CGI is a standard protocol for interfacing external application software with an information server, commonly a web server. The task of such an information server is to respond to requests (in the case of web servers, requests from client web browsers) by returning output. Each time a request is received, the server analyzes what the request asks for, and returns the appropriate output.

 * CML
 * Chemical Markup Language
 * CML is a new approach to managing molecular information using tools such as XML and Java. It was the first domain specific implementation based strictly on XML, the most robust and widely used system for precise information management in many areas.

 * CORBA
 * Common Object Request Broker Architecture
 * CORBA is a standard defined by the Object Management Group (OMG) that enables software components written in multiple computer languages and running on multiple computers to work together.

 * ../CSS/
 * Cascading Style Sheets
 * CSS is a language that describes the presentation form of a structured document. An XML or an HTML based document does not have a set style, but it consists of structured text without style information. How the document will look when printed on paper and viewed in a browser or maybe a cellphone is determined by a style sheet.

D

 * DAD
 * Data Access Definition
 * A data access definition (DAD) file is used for both XML Column and XML Collection approaches to define the "mapping" between the database tables and the structure of the XML document.

 * DB2
 * DB2 is one of IBM's families of relational database management system (or, as IBM now calls it, data server) software products within IBM's broader Information Management Software line.

 * DCMI
 * Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
 * The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative is an open organization engaged in the development of interoperable online metadata standards that support a broad range of purposes and business models. DCMI's activities include work on architecture and modeling, discussions and collaborative work in DCMI Communities and DCMI Task Groups, annual conferences and workshops, standards liaison, and educational efforts to promote widespread acceptance of metadata standards and practices.

 * DCOM
 * Distributed Component Object Model
 * DCOM is a proprietary Microsoft technology for communication among software components distributed across networked computers. DCOM, which originally was called "Network OLE", extends Microsoft's COM, and provides the communication substrate under Microsoft's COM+ application server infrastructure. It has been deprecated in favor of Microsoft .NET.

 * DHTML
 * Dynamic HyperText Markup Language
 * DHTML is a collection of technologies used together to create interactive and animated web sites by using a combination of a static markup language (such as HTML), a client-side scripting language (such as JavaScript), a presentation definition language (Cascading Style Sheets, CSS), and the Document Object Model.

 * DOM
 * Document Object Model
 * DOM is a platform- and language-independent standard object model for representing HTML or XML and related formats.

 * DSSSL
 * Document Style Semantics and Specification Language
 * DSSSL is a stylesheet language for both print and online rendering. It is mainly intended to work with SGML.

 * DTD
 * Document Type Definition
 * A DTD is the XML Document Type Definition contains or points to markup declarations that provide a grammar for a class of documents.

 * DTMF
 * Dual Tone Multi Frequency
 * Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the voice-frequency band to the call switching center. The version of DTMF used for telephone tone dialing is known by the trademarked term Touch-Tone (canceled March 13, 1984), and is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. Other multi-frequency systems are used for signaling internal to the telephone network.

 * DVI
 * Digital Visual Interface

E

 * ECMAScript
 * European Computer Manufacturers Association Script
 * ECMAScript is a scripting language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. The language is widely used on the web, and is often referred to as JavaScript or JScript, after the two primary dialects of the specification.

 * EDI
 * Electronic Data Interchange
 * EDI is traditional data exchange standard for large organizations. It supports the electronic exchange of standard business documents and is currently the major data format for electronic commerce.

 * ETSI
 * European Telecommunications Standards Institution
 * ETSI is an independent, non-for-profit, standardization organization of the telecommunications industry (equipment makers and network operators) in Europe, with worldwide projection. It has been successful in standardizing the GSM cell phone system and the TETRA professional mobile radio system.

F

 * FO
 * Formatting Objects

 * FTP
 * File Transfer Protocol
 * FTP is a file transfer protocol for exchanging files over any TCP/IP based network to manipulate files on another computer on that network regardless of which operating systems are involved (if the computers permit FTP access). There are many existing FTP client and server programs. FTP servers can be set up anywhere between game servers, voice servers, internet hosts, and other physical servers.

G

 * GIF
 * Graphics Interchange Format
 * GIF is an 8-bit-per-pixel bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability.
 * The format uses a palette of up to 256 distinct colors from the 24-bit RGB color space.

 * GML
 * Geography Markup Language
 * GML is the XML grammar defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) to express geographical features.

 * GUID
 * Global Unique Identifier
 * Globally Unique Identifiers are numbers assigned to a data object for use in a remote database. This identifier is assigned by the server.

H

 * HTML
 * Hypertext Markup Language
 * HTML is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document — by denoting certain text as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on — and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML is written in the form of tags, surrounded by angle brackets. HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can include embedded scripting language code (such as JavaScript) which can affect the behavior of Web browsers and other HTML processors.

 * HTTP
 * Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 * HTML is a communications protocol for the transfer of information on the intranet and the World Wide Web. Its original purpose was to provide a way to publish and retrieve hypertext pages over the Internet.

I

 * IDE
 * Integrated Development Environment
 * IDE is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, a compiler and/or interpreter, build automation tools, and (usually) a debugger. IDEs are designed to maximise programmer productivity by providing tightly-knit components with similar user interfaces, thus minimising the amount of mode switching the programmer must do comparing to loose, discrete collections of disparate development programs.

 * IDL
 * Interface Description Language
 * IDL is a specification language used to describe a software component's interface. IDLs describe an interface in a language-neutral way, enabling communication between software components that do not share a language – for example, between components written in C++ and components written in Java.
 * IDLs are commonly used in remote procedure call software. In these cases the machines at either end of the ""link"" may be using different operating systems and computer languages. IDLs offer a bridge between the two different systems.

 * IDREF
 * Identifier REFerence

 * IFX
 * Interactive Financial Exchange
 * IFX is an XML specification for financial transactions such as bill presentment and payment, business to business and consumer to business banking (e.g.: balances, financial transaction information), payments and automated teller machine (ATM) communications.

 * IMEI
 * International Mobile Equipment Identifier
 * ../IMEI/ is a number unique to every GSM and UMTS mobile phone. It is usually found printed on the phone underneath the battery.
 * The IMEI number is used by the GSM network to identify valid devices and therefore can be used to stop a stolen phone from accessing the network. For example, if a mobile phone is stolen, the owner can call his or her network provider and instruct them to ""ban"" the phone using its IMEI number. This renders the phone useless, regardless of whether the phone's SIM is changed.

 * ISO
 * International Organization for Standardization
 * ISO is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates world-wide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

J

 * Java EE
 * Java Platform Enterprise Edition
 * Java EE is a widely used platform for server programming in the Java programming language. The Java EE Platform differs from the Standard Edition (SE) of Java in that it adds libraries which provide functionality to deploy fault-tolerant, distributed, multi-tier Java software, based largely on modular components running on an application server.

 * JAR
 * Java ARchive
 * In computing, a JAR file is used for aggregating many files into one. It is generally used to distribute Java classes and associated metadata.

 * JAVA
 * Java is a programming language originally developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture.

 * JAXP
 * Java API for XML Processing
 * Java API for XML Processing is one of the Java XML programming APIs. It provides the capability of validating and parsing XML documents. The three basic parsing interfaces are the Document Object Model parsing interface (DOM interface), the Simple API for XML parsing interface (SAX interface) and the Streaming API for XML (StAX interface).

 * JAXR
 * Java API for XML Registries (pronounced "jaks-p")
 * JAXR creates a layer of abstraction, so that it can be used with UDDI and other types of XML Registries, such as the ebXML Registry and Repository standard.

 * JCP
 * Java Community Process
 * JCP is a formalized process which allows interested parties to be involved in the definition of future versions and features of the Java platform.

 * JDBC
 * Java DataBase Connectivity
 * JDBC is an API for the Java programming language that defines how a client may access a database. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database. JDBC is oriented towards relational databases.

 * JDNC
 * JDesktop Network Components
 * JDNC is a SwingLab subproject concerning contained components that allow to build easily Swing-based rich-client Java applications. The project is no more actively maintained. It has been replaced by Swing Application Framework (JSR 296)

 * JPEG
 * Joint Photographic Experts Group
 * JPEG is a commonly used method of compression for photographic images. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10 to 1 compression with little perceivable loss in image quality.
 * JPEG is the most common image format used by digital cameras and other photographic image capture devices, and is the most common format for storing and transmitting photographic images on the World Wide Web.

 * JSP
 * JavaServer Pages
 * JSP is a Java technology that allows software developers to dynamically generate HTML, XML or other types of documents in response to a Web client request. The technology allows Java code and certain pre-defined actions to be embedded into static content.
 * The JSP syntax adds additional XML-like tags, called JSP actions, to be used to invoke built-in functionality. Additionally, the technology allows for the creation of JSP tag libraries that act as extensions to the standard HTML or XML tags. Tag libraries provide a platform independent way of extending the capabilities of a Web server.

 * JSPX
 * JSP-page in XML-notation

 * JSTL
 * JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library
 * A collection of four custom-tag libraries which extend the JSP specification. As a component it is allocated in the Java EE Web application development platform.

K

 * KML
 * Keyhole Markup Language
 * KML is an XML-based Markup language for managing the display of three-dimensional geospatial data in the programs Google Earth, Google Maps, Google Mobile, ArcGIS Explorer and World Wind.

 * KMZ files
 * Data compression / zipped KML file

L

 * LUID
 * Local Unique Identifier
 * Locally Unique Identifiers (LUID) are numbers assigned by the client to a data object in a local database (like a field or a row). They are non-reusable numbers assigned to these objects by the SyncML client.

M

 * MD5
 * Message-Digest algorithm 5
 * In cryptography, MD5 is a widely used, partially insecure cryptographic hash function with a 128-bit hash value. As an Internet standard, MD5 has been employed in a wide variety of security applications, and is also commonly used to check the integrity of files. An MD5 hash is typically expressed as a 32 digit hexadecimal number.

 * MIF
 * Maker Interchange Format
 * MIF is a proprietary markup language associated with Adobe Systems' FrameMaker product for technical document preparation.
 * While MIF is essentially specific to a single program (FrameMaker), it was widely used in the complex document workflows of small enterprises, especially in the industrial and manufacturing sector.

 * MIME type
 * An Internet media type, originally called a MIME type after MIME and sometimes a Content-type after the name of a header in several protocols whose value is such a type, is a two-part identifier for file formats on the Internet. The identifiers were originally defined in RFC 2046 for use in e-mail sent through SMTP, but their use has expanded to other protocols such as HTTP and SIP.
 * A media type is composed of at least two parts: a type, a subtype, and one or more optional parameters. For example, subtypes of text type have an optional charset parameter that can be included to indicate the character encoding, and subtypes of multipart type often define a boundary between parts.

 * ML
 * Markup Language
 * A markup language is an artificial language using a set of annotations to text that describe how text is to be structured, laid out, or formatted.

 * MMS
 * Multimedia Messaging Service
 * MMS is a standard for telephone messaging systems that allows sending messages that include multimedia objects (images, audio, video, rich text) and not just text as in Short Message Service (SMS). It is mainly deployed in cellular networks along with other messaging systems like SMS, Mobile Instant Messaging and Mobile E-mail.

 * MPEG
 * Moving Picture Experts Group
 * Moving Picture Experts Group, commonly referred to as simply MPEG, is a working group of ISO/IEC charged with the development of video and audio encoding standards. MPEG has standardized a variety of compression formats and ancillary standards.

 * MySQL
 * MySQL is an open source relational database that supports XML. You can use the MySQL command line or a programming language of your choice to convert your MySQL databases and or tables to a well formed XML document.

O

 * ODBC
 * API Open DataBase Connectivity
 * In computing, Open Database Connectivity provides a standard software API method for using database management systems (DBMS). The designers of ODBC aimed to make it independent of programming languages, database systems, and operating systems.

 * OpenGIS Consortium
 * Open Geospatial Consortium
 * The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. is a non-profit, international, voluntary consensus standards organization that is leading the development of standards for geospatial and location based services.

 * OpenOffice
 * OpenOffice.org is exactly what its title suggests: an open source office applications suite. It is based on the source of Sun Microsystems' StarOffice, which was donated to the open source community in 2000. OpenOffice.org will read and save files in several formats used by other office applications, but its default format is OpenDocument, which is an XML format standardized by OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards).

P

 * PDA
 * Personal Digital Assistants
 * PDA a handheld computer, also known as small or palmtop computers.

 * PDF
 * Portable Document Format
 * PDF is a fixed-layout format used for representing two-dimensional documents in a manner independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a 2-D document (and, with Acrobat 3-D, embedded 3-D documents) that includes the text, fonts, images, and 2-D vector graphics that compose the documents.

 * PHP
 * Hypertext Preprocessor
 * PHP is a computer scripting language, originally designed for producing dynamic web pages. It is for server-side scripting, but can be used from a command line interface or in standalone graphical applications.

 * PML
 * Phone Markup Language

 * PNG
 * Portable Network Graphics
 * PNG is a bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression. PNG was created to improve upon and replace the GIF format, as an image-file format not requiring a patent license.

R

 * RDF
 * Resource Description Framework
 * RDF is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates world-wide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It is headquarter

 * RDFS
 * Resource Description Framework Schema
 * RDFS is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates world-wide proprietary industrial and commercial standards.

 * RPC
 * Remote Procedure Call
 * RPC is a protocol that allows a computer program running on one host to cause code to be executed on another host without the programmer needing to explicitly code for this. An RPC is initiated by the caller (client) sending a request message to a remote system (the server) to execute a certain procedure using arguments supplied. A result message is returned to the caller. There are many variations and subtleties in various implementations, resulting in a variety of different (incompatible) RPC protocols.

 * RSS
 * RDF Site Summary
 * RSS is a simple XML format used to syndicate headlines. It is now popularly used by websites that publish new content regularly and provide a list of headlines with links to their latest content. Content such as news feeds, events listings, project updates, blogger and most recently podcasting, video and image distribution can all be distributed by RSS.

 * RTF
 * Rich Text Format
 * RTF is a free document file format developed by Microsoft in 1987 for cross-platform document interchange. Most word processors are able to read and write RTF documents.

S

 * SAMI
 * Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange
 * Microsoft's proprietary alternative to SMIL.

 * SAX
 * Simple API for XML
 * The SAX classes provide an interface between the input streams from which XML documents are read and the client software which receives the data made available by the parser. The parser browses through the whole document and fires events every time it recognizes an XML construct.

 * SFTP
 * Secure File Transfer Protocol
 * SFTP is a program that uses SSH to transfer files. Unlike standard FTP, it encrypts both commands and data, preventing passwords and sensitive information from being transmitted in the clear over the network.

 * SGML
 * Standard Generalized Markup Language
 * The Standard Generalized Markup Language is a metalanguage in which one can define markup languages for documents.

 * SMIL
 * Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (pronounced "smile")
 * SMIL is a specialized language to describe the presentation of media objects. It enables simple authoring of interactive audiovisual presentations. SMIL is a XML based language and typically used for "rich media"/multimedia presentations which integrate streaming audio and video with images, text or any other media type.

 * SOAP
 * Simple Object Access Protocol
 * SOAP is a method for sending information to and from Web Services in an extensible format. SOAP can be used to send information or remote procedure calls encoded as XML. Essentially, SOAP serves as a universally accepted method of communication with web services. Businesses adhere to the SOAP conventions in order to simplify the process of interacting with Web Services.

 * SQL
 * Standard Query Language
 * SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access and control management.

 * SRGS
 * Speech Recognition Grammar Specification

 * SSML
 * Synthesized Speech Markup Language
 * There is an existing set of XML tags for Voice XML, called SSML. This set enables control of enough aspects of speech generation that a personable voice can be generated and manipulated by a user. A Text-to-Speech system uses the tags to take a text file and generate audible text in a voice.

 * SVG
 * Scalable Vector Graphics
 * SVG is a XML based, open-standard vector graphics file format and Web development language created by the W3C, and has been designed to be compatible with other W3C standards such as DOM, CSS, XML, XSLT, XSL, SMIL, HTML, and XHTML. It enables the creation of dynamically generated, high-quality graphics from real-time data. SVG allows you to design high-resolution graphics that can include elements such as gradients, embedded fonts, transparency, animation, and filter effects.

 * Sync4i
 * SyncML for Java

 * SyncML
 * Synthesized Speech Markup Language
 * There is an existing set of XML tags for Voice XML, called SSML. This set enables control of enough aspects of speech generation that a personable voice can be generated and manipulated by a user. A Text-to-Speech system uses the tags to take a text file and generate audible text in a voice.

T

 * TLS / SSL
 * Transport Layer Security and Secure Socket Layer
 * TLS/SSL is a very secure and reliable protocol that provides end-to-end security sessions between two parties. XML adds an extra layer of security to TLS/SSL by encrypting part or all of the data being exchanged and by allowing for secure sessions between more than two parties.

 * TTS
 * Text-To-Speech

U

 * UDDI
 * Universal Description, Discovery and Integration
 * UDDI defines registries in which services can be published and found. The UDDI specification was creaed by Microsoft, Ariba, and IBM and defines a data structure and Application Programming Interface (API).

 * UN/EDIFACT
 * United Nations/Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce, and Transport
 * UN/EDIFACT is the international EDI standard developed under the United Nations.

 * URI
 * Uniform Resource Identifier
 * URI is a compact string of characters used to identify or name a resource. The main purpose of this identification is to enable interaction with representations of the resource over a network, typically the World Wide Web, using specific protocols. URIs are defined in schemes defining a specific syntax and associated protocols.

 * URL
 * Uniform Resource Locator
 * URL is a technical, web-related term used in two distinct meanings: In popular usage and many technical documents, it is a synonym for URI. In popular usage, it means a web page address. Strictly it is a compact string of characters for a resource available via the Internet.

V

 * VoiceXML
 * Speaking web data
 * VoiceXML is created to generate audio dialogs that allows the use of synthesized speech, digitized audio, recognition of spoken and DTMF(Dual Tone Multi-Frequency Touch-tone or push-button dialing.) In other words, VoiceXML allows the use of computer speech, recorded audio, human speech, and telephones as input and output devices.

W

 * W3C
 * World Wide Web Consortium
 * W3C is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3).

 * WAP
 * Wireless Application Protocol

 * WBXML
 * WAP Binary XML
 * WAP Binary XML (WBXML) is a form of XML whereby the XML tags are abbreviated in order to shorten the markup for transmission to mobile devices, which commonly have bandwidth and memory limitations. The XML tags are encoded into a binary shorthand to save space.

 * WCDMA
 * Wide-band Code-Division Multiple Access

 * WDDX
 * Web Distributed Data eXchange
 * WDDX was created by Allaire, now known as Macromedia, to solve the problem of exchanging data between different web applications. This XML-based technology enables complex data to be exchanged between totally different Web programming languages by creating 'Web Syndicate Networks.'

 * WiMP
 * Windows Media Player

 * WML
 * Wireless Markup Language

 * WSDL
 * Web Service Description Language (pronounced "wiz-dal")
 * WSDL is an XML-based language that provides a model for describing Web services.

 * WWW
 * World Wide Web (also W3)

X

 * X.12
 * ASC X12 (also known as ANSI ASC X12)
 * X.12 the official designation of the U.S. national standards body for the development and maintenance of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards.

 * XALAN
 * XALAN is a XSLT processor for transforming XML documents into HTML.

 * XBL
 * XML Binding Language
 * XBL describes the ability to associate elements in a document with script, event handlers, CSS and more complex content models, which can be stored in another document.

 * XBRL
 * eXtensible Business Reporting Language

 * XForms
 * XForms are the next generation of HTML forms and is richer and more flexible than HTML forms.
 * XForms uses XML for data definition and HTML or XHTML for data display. XForms separates the data logic of a form from its presentation. Separating data from presentation makes XForms device independent, because the data model can be used for all devices.

 * XHTML
 * eXtensible HyperText Markup Language
 * XHTML is a cross between HTML and XML.

 * XLink
 * A XLink allows elements to be inserted into XML documents that create links between resources such as documents, images, files and other pages. It is similar in concept to an HTML hyperlink, but is more powerful and flexible.

 * XML
 * eXtensible Markup Language
 * XML is a technology for managing data exchange.
 * XML is a general-purpose specification for creating custom markup languages. It is classified as an extensible language because it allows its users to define their own elements. Its primary purpose is to facilitate the sharing of structured data across different information systems, particularly via the Internet, and it is used both to encode documents and to serialize data.

 * XML document
 * A XML document is a XML file containing XML code.

 * XML schema
 * A XML Schema is a XML file that describes the structure of a document and its tags.

 * XML stylesheet
 * An XML file containing formatting instructions for an XML file.

 * XML-RPC
 * XML-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol, which uses XML to encode its calls and HTTP as a transport mechanism. It is a very simple protocol, defining only a handful of data types and commands, and the entire description can be printed on two pages of paper.

 * XMP
 * eXtensible Metadata Platform
 * The XMP is a specification describing RDF-based data and storage models for metadata about documents in any format. XMP can be included in text files such as HTML or SVG, image formats such as JPEG or GIF and Adobe's own formats like Photoshop or Acrobat.

 * XPath
 * XPath is a language for finding information in an XML document. XPath is used to navigate through elements and attributes in an XML document.

 * XQL
 * eXtensible Query Language
 * XQL is a query language designed specifically for XML. In the same sense that SQL is a query language for relational tables and OQL is a query language for objects stored in an object database, XQL is a query language for XML documents.

 * XQuery
 * XQuery is a query language under development by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The ambitious task is to develop the first world standard for querying Web documents. XQuery is a versatile markup language, capable of labeling the information content of diverse data sources including structured and semi-structured documents, relational databases, and object repositories.

 * XSL
 * XML Stylesheet Language

 * XSLT
 * eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations
 * XSLT is an XML-based language used for the transformation of XML documents into other XML or "human-readable" documents.

 * XSP
 * eXtensible Server Pages

 * XSU
 * XML SQL Utility
 * Oracle's XML SQL Utility uses a schematic mapping that defines how to map tables and views, including object-relational features, to XML documents. Oracle translates the chain of object references from the database into the hierarchical structure of XML elements.

 * XUL
 * eXtensible User Interface Language
 * XUL is an XML-based user interface language originally developed for use in the Netscape browser. It is now maintained by Mozilla. Like HTML, in XUL you can create an interface using a relatively simple markup language, define the appearance with CSS style sheets, and use JavaScript to manipulate behavior. Unlike HTML, however, XUL provides a rich set of user interface widgets to create, for example, menus, toolbars and tabbed panels.

 * XULRunner
 * The XULRunner is a Mozilla runtime package that can be used to bootstrap XUL+XPCOM applications that are as rich as Firefox and Thunderbird. It will provide mechanisms for installing, upgrading, and uninstalling these applications. XULRunner will also provide libxul, a solution, which allows the embedding of Mozilla technologies in other projects and products.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: XML - Managing Data Exchange/Glossary


text:
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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:06, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Your new page
This is EN Wikibooks - as such it is not clear how you new page fits in - please could you clarify this - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 08:06, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wangyu0228


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Orchideous

Overview
Orchideous causes a bouquet of flowers to burst out of the end of a wand.

Extended Description
This spell is used by Mr. Ollivander as part of the Weighing of the Wands ceremony; he uses this spell to test Fleur's wand.

Analysis
A minor spell, this is used only to confirm, in a harmless manner, that Fleur's wand can in fact do magic to an acceptable standard.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Avis

Overview
The Avis spell causes a flock of birds to appear out of the end of the caster's wand.

Extended Description
This spell is used by Mr. Ollivander as part of the process of testing Krum's wand in the Wand Weighing ceremony. Krum's wand is a very sturdy wand, made of hornbeam and dragon heartstring, thicker than most; the Avis spell causes it to give a report like a gun as it creates a flock of small, twittering birds that fly off through the open window.

In Harry's sixth year, Hermione performs this spell twice: once in Transfiguration class, where she is the only person to be able to do it, unsurprisingly; and once a week later when she is suffering jealousy from Lavender and Ron's budding romance.

Analysis
This is a sixth-year spell; creation of living creatures, unlike Transfiguration from non-living objects, is not taught to Hogwarts students until quite late in their education. As such, it is a decent test of the capabilities of a wand.

Avis in Latin translates directly to "bird".


text: User:Runnerupnj~enwikibooks/Infobox mockup


text:
User talk:170.145.0.100

Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is intended to be read without the need for external reference and requires content rather than external links particularly those which are for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links may include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that exist to attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page rather than re-adding it. See the welcome page to learn more about Wikibooks. Thank you. -- Herby talk thyme 10:02, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

New pages
Are you claiming copyright for these drink recipes? If so they will be deleted and if not the links will be removed -- Herby talk thyme 10:33, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:170.145.0.100


text:
User talk:Makerjoe

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title: User talk:Makerjoe


text:
User talk:Trebor Rowntree~enwikibooks

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Trebor Rowntree. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Trebor Rowntree~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:48, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:36, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trebor Rowntree~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Phrates

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title: User talk:Phrates


text:
User talk:Eigendude

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title: User talk:Eigendude


text:
User talk:Teachtopia

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title: User talk:Teachtopia


text:
User talk:FlashSheridan

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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title: User talk:FlashSheridan


text:
User talk:Eagleon~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:04, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Eagleon. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Eagleon~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:07, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:55, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eagleon~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Hassanibraheem

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:04, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hassanibraheem


text:
User talk:Alton

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Name Change
It sure is. What would you like the change to be? Please reply on my talk. -within focus 02:56, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. User and user talk pages also moved. -within focus 15:50, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Russian/Lesson 1
You have mixed roman and cyryllic scripts here. As result links to Wiktionary won't work. --Derbeth talk 12:04, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Good Lord, I hurriedly went through and checked all links to everything thinking that it was a huge "I broke WikiBooks" mistake, and then after checking the diff realized you were only talking about a single link. I'm no sure it was necessary to tell me like that! But thanks for the thought. ALTON .ıl  07:01, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alton


text: Miskito/Lesson 2

title: Miskito/Lesson 2


text:
User talk:Michiexile

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title: User talk:Michiexile


text:
Freistil/Content

 Freistil  Actual annotated German texts  How to use this book · Article wishes & feedback · Participate

title: Freistil/Content


text: Freistil/Science

title: Freistil/Science


text: Freistil/Art

title: Freistil/Art


text: Freistil/Exercices

title: Freistil/Exercices


text:
Freistil/Schäden von Orkan Kyrill auf rund sieben Milliarden Euro geschätzt

Auf fünf bis sieben Milliarden Euro die Münchener Rück die durch  Kyrill. Diese ist  eine erste ; die exakte Bewertung wird wegen der vielen kleinen und mittleren Schäden noch etwas. So schätzt die Swiss Re, der größte , den Schaden auf „“ 3,5  Euro. Sollte die Münchener Rück, war Kyrill einer der Orkane. Der teuerste Sturm bisher war „Lothar“ im Jahre 1999, der 7,2 Milliarden Euro kostete.


text:
Wings 3D/User Manual/User Interface/The Information Line

The Information Line
The Information Line runs along the bottom of the main Wings window. This is probably the most important thing to keep your eye on, especially if you are new to Wings. The Information Line's main purpose is to display every possible button option available for any operation, tool, or menu item. Many of the tools and menu options have more than one function, and some of the more advanced options are only displayed in the Information Line. To display any menu item's possible options or described function, simply hover over the item with the mouse cursor.

The Information Line uses the letters L, M and R for the Left, Middle and Right  mouse buttons. When several options are available for a tool, menu item, or during an operation, those options are displayed in the Information Line preceded by L, M, or R. Sometimes the user will be prompted to depress a Modifier Key in conjunction with the designated mouse button. Modifier Keys are often Control , , or , or sometimes a combination of two or more are used with the mouse buttons. There are other instances when Numeric or other keys are used to present option. In cases where Number Keys are used to change the result of a command, Do Not Use The Number Pad Keys. For Number Key Modifiers in the Information Line, use the Number Keys across the top of your keyboard instead.

IMPORTANT: 'The Information Line Displays Important Information About Tools, Menu Items and Other Options Available During An Operation. Remember To Always Keep An Eye On The Information Line.'


text:
User talk:Msuruma

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!-- SB_Johnny | talk 14:33, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Msuruma


text:
Talk:Animal Behavior/Neurophysiology

Forking record
Copied as a fork from Introduction_to_Psychology/chpt3 14:37, 29 January 2007 (UTC) using this revision.

Renamed page
as the content got fuller, i renamed the neurophysiology section of the neuroscience page into a page called neurophysiology. the page named neuroscience will serve as the higher order chapter. Robert Huber 13:09, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Animal Behavior/Neurophysiology


text:
Animal Behavior/Neurophysiology

Neurons
The basic functional unit of the nervous system are neurons, i.e., cells that are specialized for processing and communicating information. Neurons have a basic structure of:
 * The cell body (or soma) is the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus and much of the cells metabolic machinery.
 * The axon carries information away from the cell body and may range in size from several microns to as long as several meters in giraffes and whales. Axons may branch into terminal buttons (designated sites of communication) at its end.
 * Dendrites receive neurotransmitter secreted by the axon of other neurons.
 * Synapse is a specialized junction between cells of the nervous system which permits signalling between them.

Neurophysiology
Neurons are able to conduct and process signals that involve small changes in electrical voltage generated across the neuronal membrane. At rest, the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the cell surround - the resting membrane potential. Individual signals are integrated across different regions of the neuron and throughout sets of neuronal networks in order to determine each unit's response and output. A special type of such voltage changes features a rapid spike in voltage resulting from changes in ion conductances - the action potential. Such signals are predominantly transmitted along axonal lines where neurons interact with other cellular entities over greater distances.

Ohm's Law
Basic familiarity with key concepts in electricity is essential in order to appreciate the neuronal mechanisms active during such integration. Ohm's law holds that the rate at which electric charges flow (i.e., Current or I) depends on the force and its direction exerted onto the charged particle (i.e., Potential, V) and the ease with which the flow can occur (i.e., Conductance, g). The latter can also be expressed as the reciprocal of the conductance, namely as the degree to which the conductor obstructs the flow of charges (i.e., Resistance, R). The flow of electricity is defined as flowing from negative to positive.

Electrical Properties of Neurons
The voltage present across the cell's membrane can be measured between a reference electrode and a conducting glass capillary tube drawn out to a very fine point, and inserted into the cell. At rest the neuronal interior is negative relative to the outside at between -60 to -80mV, while most non-neuronal cells feature a potential of about -30 mV. The current is carried by ions moving across the membrane at ion conductances when specific channels allow them to pass. Ignoring its active properties, the axon can in electrical terms be viewed as an insulated cable. An electric potential is able to spread passively along any stretch of membrane. In the process its strength decays and the slope of on- and offsets becomes less steep with distance due to the passive cable properties of the membrane. The latter include resistance along its length and both a resistance and a capacitance component across it. Signals will spread fastest when longitudinal resistance is low (e.g., via increased axonal diameter) and they will spread furthest when resistance across the membrane is high (e.g., with layers of myelin for added electrical insulation).

Resting Potential
A neuron is at rest when it has not been activated for some time. At that state it exhibits a negatively charged inside relative to the surrounding environment.

Ionic Basis
The Resting Potential emerges from an unequal distribution of ions across the cell's membrane. An excess of K+ and of various Anions- exists on the inside while Na+ and Cl- exist in higher concentrations on the outside. The membrane is dotted with proteins that permit the flow of ions (i.e., ion pores) or control their flow (i.e., ion channels) across it. In a cell at rest only potassium ions (K+) are able to flow freely between the two compartments. Initially we observe a net flow of positively charged potassium ions from the inside where they are more numerous to the outside where their concentration is much lower (i.e., concentration gradient). With a net flow of positively charged ions from the inside across the membrane, the inside becomes increasingly negative relative to the outside (i.e., charge gradient). The resting potential settles into an equilibrium when as many potassium ions are pushed out of the cell along their concentration gradient, as will enter the cell along the accompanying electrical gradient. This equilibrium potential for potassium can be calculated using the Nernst potential for known inside and outside concentrations of any given ion where R = the gas constant (8.3143 joules/mole-degree); T = absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin (310 degrees); z = ionic valence; F = Faraday's constant (96,487 coulombs/mole).

Depending on their respective inside and outside concentrations at the particular cell, different ions will produce different equilibrium potentials (reversal potentials). The ion concentrations are usually similar to those listed:

The Nernst potential for potassium thus can be simplified to the following formula. and for sodium is:

The cell's resting membrane potential combines all relevant ion currents with K+ ions figuring most prominently due to their high resting conductance. In addition a small number of Na+ ions leak into the cell. The resulting resting membrane potential is thus slightly lower compared to the EK+ at around -65mV. To maintain the concentration gradient across the membrane of resting neurons, ATP continually supplies energy to the Na+/K+ ATPase (ion pump) as ions leak across the axomembrane.

Action potential
An Action potential represents a transient inward current of cations (Na+). It is generated when the graded membrane potential rises above threshold either spontaneously or because of depolarizing input.

Ionic Basis
During the action potential, voltage-gated sodium channels are opened when the potential rises (i.e., depolarizes) from resting potential (-65mV) to the cells threshold (-55mV). These channels close again when the potential further rises to +10mV. As sodium ions spread to neighboring areas of axonal membrane, they open sodium channels there via depolarization and the signal runs the entire length of the cell (i.e., the all-or-none-principle).

A Refractory period follows the action potential during which time the neuron reestablishes its normal resting potential. At the beginning of this period it is impossible for another signal to be transmitted, this is called absolute refractory phase. This is followed by the relative refractory phase where it is possible to send another signal but more exitation than normal is needed.

The Duration of an action potential is 1-2ms in Vertebrates and 1-100ms in Invertebrates. Frequency of firing ranges from <1 to about 100/sec (100 Hz). The Amplitude ranges between 70-80mV when recorded intracellularly and 5-200µV when recorded extracellularly.

Electrotonic Junctions
Two electrically excitable cells, such as neurons or muscle cells, may be electrically coupled where an action potential in one cell moves directly into the other via arrays of gap junctions. Electrical synapses are fast but cannot be modulated. They are mostly used in neuronal circuits for escape behaviors where speed of conduction is essential. Electrical synapses (gap junctions, electrotonic junctions) allow current to flow between separate neurons when ions pass through gap junctions. Connexons (where 6 connexin proteins form a hemi-channel) are the actual pores that allow ions to flow past the two membranes. A connexon in the presynaptic membrane lines up precisely with its respective equivalent in the postsynaptic membrane, forming a continuous channel from one neuron to another. With a pore diameter of about 1.5m-9 many small molecules can pass through efficiently. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration, pH, or phosphorylation of connexins can profoundly alter the easy with which ions annd proteins may pass through the pore. As there is no synaptic delay in transmission of current from cell to another, the conduction of potential changes is considerably faster than through chemical synapses. Although electrical synapses are often bi-directional, some synapses pass current better in one direction than the other (i.e., rectifying synapse) Electrical synapses are commonly used in time-critical processes (escape behaviors), when rapid synchronization of many cells is needed (e.g., vertebrate cardiac muscle), between glial cells, or early in development.

Chemical Junctions
Cells are also able to communicate chemically across a gap (i.e., synapse), which forms a directional connection from one neuron to another cell. The neurotransmitter is emitted from the terminal endings of one cell's axon onto a dendrite or body of a second cell. The arrival of a signal leads to the release of a neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal, diffusion across the synaptic cleft, and binding to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. Ionotropic or metabotropic receptors are binding proteins which alter ion conductances at the postsynaptic cell membrane (e.g., increase in Na+ conductance depolarizes and is excitatory, CL- hyperpolarizes and is thus inhibitory). When excitatory, the postsynaptic cell is depolarized with an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) and an action potential is elicited if the threshold is reached; in inhibitory connections, the postsynaptic cell is hyperpolarized with an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) and it will thus be harder for other inputs to drive the cell towards an action potential. A single input is rarely sufficient to lead to an action potential in the post-synaptic cell. Multiple EPSPs may add and reach the threshold when a series of action potentials arrive at high rate. Chemical synapses are capable of integrating a complex scenario of inputs:

Neurotransmitter refers to a compound that is released at a synapse and diffuses across the synaptic cleft to act on a receptor located on the membrane of a postsynaptic cell, which may be another neurone, a muscle cell or a specialized gland cell. A wide range of chemicals are used as neurotransmitters in the nervous system. Stored in synaptic vesicles. they are released during the arrival of an action potential and produce changes in the excitability of the postsynaptic membrane. Ca2+ influx at the axon terminus is required for synaptic release.

Neuromodulator refers to a compound that is released within a localized region of CNS, the receptor for which is not necessarily sited on an anatomically apposed postsynaptic cell. Thus a neuromodulator may affect several postsynaptic cells with specificity conferred mainly by the distribution of receptors. Main action is on second messenger systems, e.g. cAMP or inositole triphosphate, presumably affecting protein phosphorylation

Sometimes the same neurochemical may have rapid transmitter type effects, followed by longer modulatory influences. This suggests that neurotransmitter and neuromodulator effects may be most effectively classified at the receptor level. Activation of receptors on a protein structure directly incorporating an ion channel (a ionophore) are defined as neurotransmission while activation of receptors coupled indirectly to ion channels (e.g. via second messenger systems) are defined as neuromodulation.

Signal Strength
For the signal to be passed from one neuron to the next it must have enough energy to break a point called the threshold. Once the threshold is broken the signal is transmitted. The neuron fires at the same strength every time. The strength of a signal is decided by how many different neurons are being fired and at what frequency they are being fired.

Glial cells
The amount of' glial cells to every neuron in the nervous system is disputed. Glial cells function as support for the neurons; they produce the myelin sheath which surrounds some neurons and also form part of the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a structure that prevents certain substances in the bloodstream from reaching the brain. Many axons are sheathed with tubes of myelin, which is a fatty material. Myelin is produced by the glial cells. The myelin sheaths on axons have gaps, which are called the nodes of Ranvier. Myelinated sheaths help transmit information quickly and efficiently.

Synaptic Integration
Activity in any presynaptic neuron alone is rarely sufficient to elicit an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. Summation of synaptic inputs, however, can occur when a neuron receives multiple excitatory inputs in short order. Synaptic processing describes the ways in which the electrical events in different neurons may interact through interactions at their synapses. Synaptic inputs are mostly located on the dendritic tree of a neuron, while axonal action potentials represent the neuron's output. In order to drive a neuron the integrated influence of the electrical events generated by the synapses must be sufficient to spread through the dendrites to the soma and into the initial segment of the axon (i.e., the axon hillock, trigger zone). The latter is the site of action potential generation. Synaptic integration is thus key to understanding the contribution of individual neurons to information processing within neural networks.

In spatial summation the cell responds when activity from multiple inputs arrives at the same time. If the combined excitation brings the cell to threshold, an actionpotential is initiated. The arrival of a spike train in a presynaptic neuron may produce multiple EPSPs. If these inputs begin to build on each other, the postsynaptic cell may reach threshold and produce an action potential.

Passive membrane properties are important. Long time constants increase the chances for temporal summation. Large space constants determine the likelihood of spatial integration. The size of the postsynaptic cell counts, as a synaptic current delivered into a small neuron will produce a much greater effect than in a large postsynaptic cell.

Location of synapses is important. Control of the cell's activity usually driven by excitatory synapses on dendrites. Inhibitory synapses located on the cell body are able to shut down activity. Synapses at presynaptic release sites are modulatorym controlling the amount of neurotransmitters released.

Curare
Curare is a complex blend of alkaloids formed by boiling the natural bark extract of a tropical vine (Strychnos toxifera) into a thick, syrupy resin.Indigenous South American tribes poison the tips of arrows and darts for use in hunting and warfare. When the poisoned tip breaks the skin, the alkaloids enter the blood stream and reversibly block the binding site of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the motor endplate. By impeding neural activation of the muscle fiber, curare primarily elicits muscle weakness and paralysis; at sufficiently high doses, it disables the respiratory system, resulting in death by asphyxiation Game killed with curare can safely be eaten as long as the toxins do not gain direct access to the bloodstream. With their relatively large size the alkaloids do not readily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, reducing associated neuromuscular toxicities. Individual alkaloids isolated from curare (e.g., d-tubocurarine) act as highly specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blockers, and have found use in medicine as potent muscle relaxants and paralytics. Patients given curare alkaloids are expected to make a full recovery, as long as respiration is artificially maintained. With no appreciable effect on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, treatment does not elicit psychoactive effects, changes in heart rate, or consciousness. Interestingly, Asiatic members of the genus Strychnos are the source of strychnine, another well-known poisonous alkaloid. While curare induces muscular paralysis, strychnine produces convulsions and sustained muscular contractions by driving motor neurons at very high frequencies.

title: Animal Behavior/Neurophysiology


text: User talk:Intgr

title: User talk:Intgr


text:
Miskito/Development

Setting up
Most of the "Authors' Area" is set up at the time of writing. From now on it will be possible to concentrate more on producing lessons. However, I have been putting in intensive time to get things started, and will soon have to slow down drastically. Ideally I will reach a stable, steady work rhythm soon, and then we shall have to see how fast development of the course moves along. --A R King 15:07, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

"To do" list
Right now, nearly everything :-)

Miskito language expertise
If by any chance there is anybody out there who knows Miskito, we really need your input on this, please! Let me say clearly and for all to hear that I am not a Miskito language specialist. My knowledge about the language is derivative from existing (and available) circulated materials. Until and unless somebody with sufficient knowledge of the language can give us feedback, users of the course are hereby warned!! Caveat emptor.

Any suggestions about what to do about this? --A R King 15:07, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Graphics
I am also somewhat "graphically impaired", so if there is anybody around who thinks they could lend a hand to improve the graphic content of this course, feel free to join in!

Feedback please!
So far nobody has given any feedback on this course. I realise this is a "backwater" given that Miskito is a language fewer people are interested in learning than, say, French or Japanese. That just means that if anyone does happen across this material your opinion of it will be all that much more valuable! So please chip in, at least by saying what you think! I am going to be optimistic and set up a special discussion page for that. --A R King 06:46, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Developer's notes
To keep this section short and simple, new developments that are obvious from a look at the contents page (such as the addition of new lessons) will NOT be noted here.

Added parameters to vocab entries
I've added a fourth parameter to the vocab template for a page-and-section link for each vocabulary item. This is handy when studying vocabulary as a single click takes the learner to the section where the word was introduced for the first time. But the real reason for the change is in order to pave the way for building the general vocabulary, since now I'll be able to copy all the lesson vocabulary items to the general vocabulary file, order them alphabetically, and each item will already include its lesson reference. As well as clicking, you can hover the mouse pointer over an item and see its lesson number! --A R King 07:08, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Have now added a fifth parameter for further grammatical information. This provides a place to indicate ligature forms for nouns, verb classes etc. --A R King 07:58, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

After a long absence (sorry about that)...
--A R King 15:21, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Added navigation links at the bottom of lesson pages (as well as the ones at the top) to facilitate moving on to the next lesson at a single click, following a suggestion made by 122.164.151.90 on the discussion page (which I'm glad to see is starting slowly to come to life!).
 * Finally fixed the template formatting that was making the Proposed syllabus page so unsightly. (Better late than never!)

title: Miskito/Development


text:
Miskito/Aims

Long-range goals
This course is (perhaps) somewhat special, in terms of goals, in that, in my conception (ARK), these actually go beyond the straightforward aim of producing a Miskito language course. From its inception, I have started working on this course with a broader objective in mind: I want to create a model of language course design that will be applicable to a wide range of implementations in different languages.

Admittedly the field of language course production can be considered a very large one, in which a great deal of groundwork already exists "out there". I do consider myself knowledgeable in many aspects of this field given my background; yet I certainly cannot claim to be the last and only authority on the matter of course. To justify the ambition I have just owned to, therefore, let me attempt to make it a bit more specific, and also more pertinent to the present context.

I think it would be a very good thing if many of the authors (or would-be authors) of Wikibooks language courses (among others?) had access to some sound methodological guidance to help them along the way. I am aware of some attempts already made in this direction, so I don't claim to be the first to think of that, but I think there is a need for more - much more.

That being my first point, my second is that I believe this to be quite possible. With time, I have hopes of being able to make a substantial contribution along such lines myself. Because that is both a large task and one that goes very far beyond the writing of a course in Miskito (or language X), this is not the place to expound my views or proposals in detail on the matter, so I will not try to. For now, suffice it to say that I consider it something on my "To Do" list.

Then why am I not doing it? One reason why is that my vision of a handbook for language course authoring is of a practical material that people find easy to use, and one requisite for that to be possible is that there must be real examples previously in existence of what such a handbook tells its users to do. So, I thought it would be a good idea to start by producing a couple of examples myself, before attempting to explain the hows, whys and wherefores on a more general level.

One way in which this larger context affects the present language course is that I am particularly interested in following a strict methodological line, not only because this will hopefully result in a better product, but also because I want to set an example that others can perhaps some day follow.

For this purpose I have chosen to develop a course in Miskito, a relatively important language (all languages are important, so the operative word is relative) of Central America spoken by some 183,400 people (according to the Wikipedia article Miskito language) along the Atlantic seaboard of Honduras and Nicaragua. Although I have lived in Central America and have worked on indigenous languages of the area, I have not had the opportunity to visit the Miskito area myself, and all the knowledge of the language I have is gleaned from materials on the language written by others, many of which are available to the on-line reader of Wikibooks since they either are, or once were, freely available on the Internet (see Links and bibliography for references). Previously I wrote the Miskito Grammar article on Wikipedia, synthesizing some of the information to be found in such materials. In the sense explained, I view this language course as something of an "experiment", and I thought that Miskito was a good a choice as any for a first try at carrying this experiment out.

Objectives for this course
Leaving aside the broader aims alluded to above, the practical objective of the forty-ish lessons projected for the present course (of which, at the time of writing, the first two exist) is to provide a basic level of general knowledge of the Miskito language.

For whom? Target users of this course will be people who can read the language it is in (i.e. are literate in English) and are capable of studying a language on their own from this sort of material, which may be described as a fairly traditional "teach-yourself"-style introductory book. It is a known fact that many people cannot learn a language in this way, while some can. For those who can, I hope the course will prove a useful guide.

What sort of "basic level of general knowledge" are we talking about? This is not a communicative language course in the modern sense (just as none of the "teach-yourself"-style books were or are, and I might add, neither are some of the "modern" books that claim on their covers to be so). I would like to state from the start that this course belongs to a very widespread (and respectable) kind of language courses that have their uses but also their limitations, and actually learning to communicate just from a course such as this is, realistically, outside those limitations. What this course will provide is knowledge of the basic workings, the mechanics, of the language as a system. Such knowledge can be valuable indeed to people who need to acquire communicative competence in a language. It can also have a range of other applications for some people who are not actually aiming to learn to communicate in the language.

What do we mean by "Miskito language"? First and foremost, in the case of a course of these characteristics, the language's grammatical structure: how the language works (as a system, one might add). Secondly in order of priority, some of the language's most basic vocabulary. Thirdly, potentially at least, the possibility of accessing texts in the language in order to continue exploring it at the end of the course.

But as in the case of all "teach-yourself" books, it is in the last resort up to the individual reader or user to determine what the aim is and how to make the best use of the material provided as a help towards achieving that aim.

title: Miskito/Aims


text:
Horticulture/Cornus amomum

The Swamp Dogwood (Cornus amomum) is a shrub native to eastern North America, commonly found in wetlands and along streambanks. It is rarely planted in gardens, but is useful for stabilizing stream and river banks.

Other common names include: Kinnikinnik, Silky Cornel, Blueberry Cornel, Red Osier, Redbrush, Red Willow, Rose Willow and Squaw Bush.

Description
A large, suckering shrub with dark reddish bark.

Growing Conditions
Wet soils, but not in standing water.

Uses
Used to anchor stream banks and for bird and wildlife habitat. Generally a bit wild for garden situations unless regularly cut to the ground to maintain a neat form.

Maintenance
Tolerates cutback cultivation.

Propagation
Propagated by stakes.

title: Horticulture/Cornus amomum


text:
User talk:66.240.36.10

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 15:51, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

You are blocked - when the block expires we hope you will contribute positively to Wikibooks -- Herby talk thyme 15:57, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

I am still around and watching. I have also looked at the blocks on Wikipedia and will not hesitate to follow them here. Thank you -- Herby talk thyme 18:22, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Regarding edits made during April 10 2007
Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 18:36, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Octagon-warning.svg|left|30px]] You have been temporarily blocked from editing Wikibooks for a period of 2 hours as a result of your disruptive edits to Wikijunior Big Cats/Tiger. Please note that page blanking, addition of random text or spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires.

Az1568(Talk) 18:41, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:66.240.36.10


text:
Freistil/Older

Older texts in this section: · · All texts

title: Freistil/Older


text:
Octave Programming Tutorial/Struct Arrays

A structure in Octave groups different data types called fields in a single object. Fields are accessed by their names.

Declaring a structure
A structure is declared by assigning values to its fields. A period (.) separates the name of the field and the name of the structure:

>> city.name = 'Liege'; >> city.country = 'Belgium'; >> city.longitude = 50.6333; >> city.latitude = 5.5666;

The fields of a structure and their value can by displayed by simply entering the name of the struct:

>> city city = {  name = Liege country = Belgium longitude = 50.633 latitude = 5.5666 }

Manipulating structures
A structure can be copied as any objects:

>> city_copy = city;

In most circumstance, the fields of a structure can be manipulated with the period operator. The value of a field can be overwritten by:

>> city.name = 'Outremeuse';

In the same way, the value of a field can be retrieved by:

>> city.name ans = Outremeuse

The function isstruct can be used to test if object is a structure or not. With the function fieldnames all field names are returned as a cell array:

>> fieldnames(city) ans = {  [1,1] = name [2,1] = country [3,1] = longitude [4,1] = latitude }

To test if a structure contains the a given field named, the function isfield can be used:

>> isfield(city,'name') ans = 1

The value of a field can be extract with getfield:

>> getfield(city,'name') ans = Liege

In a similar way, the value of a field can be set with setfield:

>> setfield(city,'name','Outremeuse')

The functions isfield, getfield and setfield are useful when the names of a structure are determined during execution of the program.


text:
Radiation Oncology/Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy

 * General concepts
 * Commonly used radionuclides

See also:
 * Cervical brachytherapy
 * Endometrium
 * Soft tissue sarcoma
 * Prostate
 * NSCLC
 * Bile Duct
 * Liver (brachytherapy or microspheres)
 * Partial breast irradiation (MammoSite Brachytherapy)

title: Radiation Oncology/Brachytherapy


text:
User talk:128.252.10.27

Radiation Oncology
Thanks for your contributions to the Radiation Oncology wikibook! Brim 16:58, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:128.252.10.27