text:
User:Thinktank1987

Well I m a Field Worker in an N.G.O(Non-Governmental Organization).My job is to spot groups which r involved in H.R.A(High Risk Activities)H.R.A means such activities which involve the spreading of (S.T.I) Sexually Transmitted Infections for example:AIDS and Hepatitas B.

i have read all the Harry Potter novels but now i m an adult so now a days i prefer novels by Thomas Leo Clancy Jr. better known as Tom Clancy.

i don`t like pop music and love songs i strictly prefer rock and metal and their all sub-genre techno,electronica,hip hop,rythm and blues aren't bad and completely depends on my mood some of my favorite bands include Linkin Park,Entity Paradigm,Call,Iron Maiden,Papa Roach,The Rasmus,Black Sabbath,ACDC,Pulse Ultra,etc,etc

i m a cyber athlete i just luv 2 play games on my PC mostly playing Defense of The Ancient a.k.a DoTA on LAN wid guyz i have never met physically i mostly luv Real Time Strategy RTS games such as Warcraft 3 frozen Throne,Generals Zero Hour,etc,etc next to these comes Racing games i just luv 2 play Need for Speed Series nd nd if i get bored it also than its the turn of the 1st person shooter nd 3rd person shooter games which include most renowned CS,Unreal Tournament,Half Life 2,etc,etc nd at last but not the least comes the games which i have been playing since i was a kid a traditional platformer "Mega Man X8" i just luv it!!!!!!!!

i m an ultimate couch potato always sitting at my desk playing games,surfing the net,most of my time is spend surfing wikipedia nd listening rock nd metal music a lot which my family refers to as sound torture extreme stage of noise pollution nd if i get tired doing all this i just turn to my left nd start watching TV!!!

I like documentaries nd i love animated cartoons!!!, all the time i prefer to watch discovery channel and cartoon network mostly of the programs which i regularly watch includes Rides,Mythbusters,Men in white,Fight Science,Pimp my Ride,Overhaulin`,Massive Engines,etc,etc.On the other hand i enjoy watching animated cartons alot the cartoons which i like includes Justice League,Batman Beyond,The Batman,A.T.O.M,Megas XLR,Teen Titans,X-Men,Xiaolin Showdown and X-Men Evolution and the anime which i like are beyblade,shaman king,transformers,digimon and Duel Masters.

I like to watch documentaries nd animated cartoons!!!, all the time i just watch discovery channel and cartoon network mostly of the programs which i regularly watch includes Rides,Mythbusters,Men in white,Fight Science,Pimp my Ride,Overhaulin`,Massive Engines,etc,etc.On the other hand i enjoy watching animated cartons alot the cartoons which i like includes Justice League,Batman Beyond,The Batman,A.T.O.M,Megas XLR,Teen Titans,X-Men,Xiaolin Showdown and X-Men Evolution and the anime which i like are beyblade,shaman king,transformers,digimon and Duel Masters.

Matrix Trilogy,Equilibrium,Top Gun,School of Rock,X-Men Trilogy,Power Rangers,Back to the Future Trilogy,The Tuxedo,Batman Begins,Ultra Voilet,Queen of the Damned,V for Vendetta,etc,etc

title: User:Thinktank1987


text:
Talk:Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/Print Version

prove that two adiabatic line never intersect

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:UNIX Computing Security/UNIX filesystem

ACL
i suppose there should be something about ACLs in the article too, simple ownership/permissions are not enough in many cases, and ACL is supported by most of *n*x flavors and many filing systems.--Uwe a 12:37, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

MAC
Mandatory Access Control too ! --Uwe a 21:38, 19 October 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:Wallie

Hi. I'm Wallie. email

I love everybody.

title: User:Wallie


text:
User talk:Wallie

Please add comments
Please feel free to add comments to this talk page. Thank you. Wallie 13:01, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for contributing to Wikijunior and the World War II book. :-) -- xixtas talk 03:29, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Wallie. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Wallie~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:51, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wallie


text:
Talk:ERP5 Handbook/Magic Simulations

We need to analyse associated email thread to be sure, what to put, in which order, and how. http://mail.nexedi.com/pipermail/erp5-dev/2007-September/001366.html Shufla 13:39, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:ERP5 Handbook/Magic Simulations


text:
Eclipse/FAQ/DocBook

Links

 * Build DocBook XML in Eclipse (ant)
 * Writing portable, cross-platform, cross-application documentation in DocBook (using Eclipse Europa)
 * vogella.de (ant)
 * FOP Bridge (embedded)

title: Eclipse/FAQ/DocBook


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O

=Traxler Counterattack=

This is the natural move, defending the f2-pawn. White's king, however, has now committed to the kingside, which can bring some tactical possibilities to Black's play.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4

= Two Knights Defence:Lolli Variation = 6... Bb4+ Black tempts the pawn to c3 preventing the White Knight from developing.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. d4 Bb4+


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3

= Two Knights Defence:Lolli Variation = 7. c3

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. d4 Bb4+


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7

= Two Knights Defence:Lolli Variation = 7... Be7

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. d4 Bb4+ 7. c3 Be7


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7

= Two Knights Defence:Lolli Variation =

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. d4 Bb4+ 7. c3 Be7


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7

= Two Knights Defence:Lolli Variation = 8... Kxf7

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. d4 Bb4+ 7. c3 Be7 8. Nxf7 Kxf7


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3

= Two Knights Defence:Lolli Variation = 9. Qf3+

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. d4 Bb4+ 7. c3 Be7 8. Nxf7 Kxf7


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6

= Two Knights Defence:Lolli Variation = 9.... Ke6

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. d4 Bb4+ 7. c3 Be7 8. Nxf7 Kxf7 9. Qf3+ Ke6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6/10. Qe4

= Two Knights Defence:Lolli Variation =

10. Qe4
The Queen makes way for the f4-pawn, so now f4 and then f5 is threatened, moving the King, which then allows White to take on d5. However Black has a number of resources, either by preventing f5 or by making a diversion on the Queenside.

A better response is simply 10.O-O! an idea of Pincus. White is much better here by at least +/-. Just crunch with a strong computer. Black is busted.

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. d4 Bb4+ 7. c3 Be7 8. Nxf7 Kxf7 9. Qf3+ Ke6 10. Qe4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6/10. Qe4/10...Rf8

= Two Knights Defense:Lolli Variation = 10...Rf8

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. d4 Bb4+ 7. c3 Be7 8. Nxf7 Kxf7 9. Qf3 Ke6 10. Qe4 Rf8


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6

=Traxler Counterattack=

7...d6

 * Allowing the Queenside Bishop to enter the game, the pawn moving forward now protects e5. The downside is that the exchange on c6 can no longer be taken with the d-pawn opening the d-file for the Black Queen.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3

=Traxler Counterattack=

8. c3. This move prepares d4 and allow the White Queen to develop along the d1-a4 diagonal.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4

=Traxler Counterattack=

8... Bg4 Threatens the White Queen but also the f3 square as one possibility for Black is to find a weakness in the light squares around Black's King.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. O-O d6 8. c3 Bg4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3

=Traxler Counterattack=

9. Qb3

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. O-O d6 8. c3 Bg4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6

=Traxler Counterattack=

9... Bb6

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. O-O d6 8. c3 Bg4 9. Qb3 Bb6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6

=Traxler Counterattack=

10. Bxc6

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. O-O d6 8. c3 Bg4 9. Qb3 Bb6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6/10...bxc6

=Traxler Counterattack=

10... bxc6

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. O-O d6 8. c3 Bg4 9. Qb3 Bb6 10. Bxc6 bxc6


text:
Ecology/Resource Competition

<< Chapter 9 | Chapter 10 | Chapter 11 >>

Chapter 10. Resource Competition

Population Growth

A population is defined as a group of interbreeding organisms inhabiting the same region at the same time. In demography, the study of changes in population structures (e.g., birth rates, death rates), the age structure of a population is often considered. Age structure is defined by how many individuals fall within a particular age class. Typically, demography-forming life tables, in which there are several different types, are constructed. Each life table is more advantageous for a specific population structure than other life tables might be.

A time-specific life table, which is a snap-shot of a long-lived species, is one type of life table used. It usually starts out as a survivorship curve and is usually normalized to 1,000 individuals. Time-specific life tables assume that there are equal birth rates among all age classes.

An age-specific life table is another type of life table which works best for short-lived species like insects (butterflies and flies for example). Age-specific life tables follow a cohort. A cohort is a group of individuals sharing an attribute. Age-specific life tables require a little more sampling than the time-specific life tables.

Studying population structure is also associated with studying life expectancy. Life expectancy is the number of additional classes expected. Life expectancy may be used for both time-specific life tables and age-specific life tables. In other words, life expectancy may be used on long-lived or short-lived species. Studying populations also deals with studying the type of organisms that are present in the environment (either K-selected or r-selected organisms). K-selected organisms are those organisms that are adapted to survive and compete in a stable environment with limited resources. K-selected organisms are better competitors when it comes to limited resources as compared to r-selected organisms. An r-selected organism is one that is adapted to reproduce quickly to take advantage of a highly disturbed environment. R-selected organisms are more likely to be generalists.

As previously mentioned, both life tables have their advantages of when and how to be used for a particular population. Both can be used to calculate fecundity. Fecundity is the average number of offspring per breeding individual. They can also be used to see which species are out-competing other species for resources (the species that outcompetes other organisms tend to live longer). Overall, calculating the growth of a population (fecundity) is used by deterministic growth models. Deterministic growth models are usually an exponential curve shape.

Competition Types
Competition is a natural occurrence between organisms occupying the same space at the same time. Thus, competition can occur between organisms of the same species or between organisms of a different species. Hence, two main types of competition exist. Interspecific competition refers to two different species vying for the same resource, and intraspecific competition refers to individuals of the same species competing for the same resource. The term resource can describe water, food, shelter, territory, light, or any means to maintain life and reproduce. Intraspecific competition is usually a major determiner of population density, and interspecific competition can result in the extinction of a local species.

Different theories have been demonstrated by the effect of two species interacting in an environment, especially if the two species are in competition for the same niche. In 1934 G.F. Gauze studied protists and determined that only one species can occupy a single niche. The Competition Exclusion Principle signifies that if two species occupy exactly the same niche, the species that uses the shared resources less efficiently will eventually go extinct where is coexists with the more efficient competitor. In order for competing species to coexist, there must be some difference(s) in their niches.

Competition can take a variety of forms. Exploitation competition is when a species reduces resources, negatively affecting another species using that same resource. This is also called scramble or exploitative competition. It occurs when a number of organisms (of the same or of different species) utilize common resources that are in short supply. Interference competition is when one species physically excludes another species from using a particular resource. Overgrowth competition occurs when an organism physically grows on top of another (usually sessile) organism and, in turn, limits the underlying organism's ability to capture a resource like food or light.

Density-Dependence is a major form of intraspecific competition that regulates population size in an environment. This occurs when an increase in population density slows down or halts population growth or when a decrease in population density stops further decrease in population size. This type of self regulation can be explained by an increase in prey, which will result in an increase in predators, controlling the population. The same decrease in prey will lead to a decrease in predators.

Modeling Interspecific Competition
In the 1920s, Vito Volterra and Alfred Lotka independently developed realistic models of interspecific competition between two species (1932). They took into account that real populations do not live in isolation but share habitats with a variety of other species. These coexisting species interact by predation, parasitism, mutualism or competition. Lotka and Volterra developed a model that investigated the conditions that would allow species who compete for resources to coexist indefinitely.

As mentioned above, the competitive exclusion principle generally says that if there is excessive niche overlap, one species will have to exclude the other to survive. This principle was formed from the Lotka-Volterra Interspecific competition model. The Lotka-Volterra model of two-species competition is as follows:

Population 1: N1,t+1= N1,t+R1N1,t(K1-N1,t-a12N2,t)/K1

Population 2: N2,t+1= N2,t+R2N2,t(K2-N2,t-a21N1,t)/K2

The key component to this model is the competition coefficient, a12, which expresses the effect of one new member of population 2 on the growth rate of population 1, and the opposite for a21, which expresses the effect of one member of population 1 on the growth rate of population 2.

This model was designed to establish conditions in which two species could coexist indefinitely. Although this is pertinent information, the reality of whether two species can coexist depends on more than their competitive interactions with each other. It also depends on their interactions with their abiotic environment and other species not included in the model.

Kin Competition
Kin competition has played a major role in the evolution of social behavior. In turn, kin selection has altered specific behaviors affecting kin competition. Therefore, social behavior and kin structure of a population tend to co-evolve to maximize inclusive fitness. Inclusive fitness, an idea presented by W. D. Hamilton in 1964, states that an organism can increase its genetic success by promoting the reproduction and survival of genetic kin. In other words, social behaviors can enhance the fitness of individuals with closely related genes. Such an action increases the organism's indirect fitness. The forming of family groups is an evolved strategy with the purpose of maximizing inclusive fitness.

Kin competition is most commonly avoided by the evolutionary response of dispersion. In other words, mothers have evolved mechanisms in which they have their offspring in spatially dicrete patches. Also, in some cases, mothers can reduce competition related conflicts by biasing the sex-ratio of her offspring. Again, both the above are evolved strategies that minimize the competition between or among kin. An example of reduced competition can be seen in pollinating fig wasps. Mothers produce female-biased sex ratios to reduce local mate competition between her sons.

Competition Infocus
When thinking about competition, one might imagine two white-tail bucks sparring for the affection of a doe or wolves defending a kill. However, competition comes in many forms.

One great example of interference competition is shown in a study conducted by Rozen D. and his colleagues. In this study, they monitored the life of the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides. This particular beetle uses small mammal carcasses as a food source for growing and feeding their young. Rozen presented the beetles with mouse carcasses that were either freshly thawed or had been at room temperature for seven days. Rozen found that female Nicrophorus preferred to raise their young on freshly thawed carcasses. Rozen also discovered that offspring raised on carcasses at room temperature were on average 10% smaller in size.

This smaller size is due to the presence of microbe competitors. Microbes have a huge advantage. They can rapidly reproduce, and they are found everywhere, including in the gut of the deceased animal. Microbes have the ability to produce secretions that cause a carcass to rot and become toxic to other organisms. Female Nicrophorus have found two ways to fight microbes for resources, avoiding older carcasses and applying an antibiotic. The process of applying an antibiotic to suppress the growth of a competitor is known as antibiosis. The battle of antibiosis between Nicrophorus and microbes is a fascinating example of competition.

Competition can and does occur between wild and domesticated animals. In African savannas, wild herbivore decline can be partially attributed to competition for forage with livestock. Such competition is intensified in periods of drought. Results of a 2008 study indicate that pastoralist decisions may play an important role on the interaction between wild herbivores and livestock through spatial partitioning.

Plants compete for things such as sunlight and nutrients. Gopel and Goal (1993) claimed that floating macrophyte (aquatic plant) species with similar growth rates compete the most for resources. Studies such as this have led to predictions that early stages of succession will be dominated by species with higher growth rates.

title: Ecology/Resource Competition


text:
Ecology/Predation and Herbivory

<< Chapter 10 | Chapter 11 | Chapter 12 >>

Chapter 11. Predation and Herbivory

Introduction: Predation
Ultimately, the source of energy for all life originates from the sun. Plants utilize the sun's energy, animals eat plants and utilize the plants' energy, and some animals eat other animals and utilize their energy. The food chain is a cycle of predation, and although it is necessary for life to exist, it has to have limits. Prey develop defenses against their predators, and predators strive to overcome such obstacles. The balance between survival of prey and predator is part of the reason that our ecosystem is so diverse.

It is easy to think of predation in the context of common sense. Predator eats prey. However, ecologically, predation is defined as any interaction between two organisms that results in a flow of energy between them. This definition is applicable to both plants and animals. There are four commonly recognized types of predation: (1) carnivory, (2) herbivory, (3) parasitism, and (4) mutualism. Each type of predation can by categorized based on whether or not it results in the death of the prey. Carnivory is lethal to the prey, while herbivory and parasitism may or may not be lethal to the prey. Mutualism is not lethal to either predator or prey but, rather, benefits both organisms.

Carnivory
Carnivory is usually the first type of predation that comes to mind when thinking about relationships between predator and prey. Carnivory takes place when a predator consumes meat rather than plants and consequently kills its prey. Organisms that eat meat are accordingly called carnivores. Some types of carnivores do not need to eat meat in order to survive but do so anyway. Obligatory carnivores, on the other hand, cannot survive without meat in their diet. Hypercarnivores are an extreme example of obligatory carnivores and are able to eat only meat due to restricted digestive capabilities. Even though we sometimes associate carnivores with larger animals, carnivorous habits can occur in plants and fungi that feed on insects or microscopic invertebrates. Therefore, the concept of meat in the definition of carnivory is open to interpretation.

Carbone et al. (2007) used mathematical models to predict prey size limitations for carnivorous mammals. These limitations can be divided into two dietary groups: (1) small-bodied species, which feed on prey smaller than themselves, and (2) large-bodied species, which feed on prey of approximately the same size. A daily energy expenditure model was developed that incorporates the energy cost of hunting per unit of body mass. The resulting predictions were compared to daily energy intake estimates for 32 species. The results showed consistent differences in energy and time budgets between small and large-bodied species. Specifically, it was shown that energy expenditure by the predator increased with increasing prey size. That is, large-bodied carnivores expend more energy hunting their prey. Carnivores have, therefore, been assigned a maximum possible body mass of one ton. Even though the largest extant carnivore, the polar bear, weighs only about one half of one ton, there are documented extinct species that tipped the scales at nearly one ton. Interestingly, herbivores can grow to be much larger than carnivores, as they don't need to hunt down their prey and often aren't limited in the way that carnivores are. There are extinct herbivores that weighed in at nearly 15 tons!

[] [] []

Modeling Herbivory
For monophagous herbivores, we use the same model as the Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey model.

 * dP/dt = βαNP - mP

For polyphagous herbivores, assuming a constant rate of herbivory,

 * dN/dt = rN(1 - N/K) - h, where h is a constant

In this population, N is dependent upon r and k, where r is the growth rate of N and k is the carrying capacity.

Parasitism and Mutualism

Parasitism takes place when one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of another (host). This type of interaction usually harms the host but, unlike carnivory, does not always result in the death of the host. In most cases, the parasite is much smaller than the host and has a much faster reproductive rate. The tapeworm is an example of a parasite that can thrive in the human digestive system, where it uses nutrients that are important to its host. This often results in weight loss.

Interestingly, it has been proposed that sleep evolved as a defense against parasitism. Studies have been done in which different mammals slept for varying amounts of time. White blood cell counts were subsequently compared, and parasitism rates for different mammals were analyzed. Based on the data, there was a strong correlation between sleep and immune system strength (white blood cell count). Also, mammals that slept longer were shown to be less prone to parasitic infection. It is questionable whether or not sleep evolved directly to ward off parasitism, but it is clear that sleep has an important role in boosting the human immune system.

Mutualism is similar to parasitism except that the host is not harmed. In fact, both species benefit from the interaction. One example of this type of interaction is called the endosymbiotic theory. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that, at some point in the past, an anaerobic cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium, and a mutualistic relationship resulted. That is, the cell provided food and shelter for the bacterium, and the bacterium made additional energy available to the cell. This mutualistic interaction proved so beneficial that natural selection favored these cells. The bacteria that were engulfed are now commonly known as mitochondria. A similar scenario involving a eukaryotic cell (already possessing mitochondria) engulfing a photosynthetic cyanobacterium is hypothesized to have resulted in chloroplasts.

Prey Defenses

Predation can result in the development of anti-predation strategies by prey populations. Consequently, predator populations develop their own strategies to overcome prey defenses. This phenomenon, known as the red-queen theory, plays an important role in evolution and predator-prey interactions.

Prey defenses can be divided into several different categories. Many organisms utilize chemical defenses in the form of toxic or noxious secretions that cause them to taste or smell bad. Most of these organisms exhibit aposematic coloring patterns, which means that they are characterized by distinct markings or bright colorings that signal to the predator that they are toxic and non-palatable (unpleasant tasting). Due to the success of aposematic organisms, organisms that are not noxious, and therefore vulnerable to predation, may exhibit similar coloring patterns to aposematic organisms in order to falsely repel their predators. This is another type of defense called Batesian mimicry. Batesian mimicry occurs when a palatable species imitates a non-palatable species. This type of mimicry is only successful if the population of the palatable species is smaller than the population of the non-palatable species. Müllerian mimicry occurs when two non-palatable species converge their coloration and patterns for reinforced protection. South American butterflies provide an example of both Batesian and Müllerian mimicry.

For more information, * Read Mimicry

Prey also use coloring patterns to blend into their surroundings. Crypsis or camouflage is a means by which organisms use their shape and their coloring to blend into their environment rather than standing out. Clearly, color is an important defense that can be used in multiple ways to protect prey from their predators.

Fighting, escaping, and armor are three other possible prey responses. Some prey fight back against their predators as a form of self defense. Organisms may also try to escape or flee from their predators by using a startle response or indirection. During this type of defense, the prey perform an action that startles or distracts the predator long enough for them to escape. For example, some toads shoot blood from their eyes, and other animals imitate loud sounds. Armor is a form of physical protection. Things such as the shells on turtles, spines or needles on a pufferfish, and thorns on a plant are examples of different types of armor.

Other organisms employ intimidation or threat techniques that make them appear larger than they really are. Hissing and growling are examples of intimidation techniques that display aggression and create the illusion of an increased threat to predators. Satiation and masting are intertwined ideas that result in the survival of some prey at the expense of others. Masting is more commonly thought of as herding and occurs when organisms travel in very large groups. Because of the size of the groups, predators can only consume so many of them, resulting in the survival of some prey, but not all.

Predation
The predation hypothesis states that predators reduce prey. Fewer prey liberates resources, which in turn are used by other species, which increases species richness. According to Holling (1973), populations of predators and prey often mirror each other. When there is an influx in prey, predator populations tend to rise as well due to an abundance of food. As prey diversity increases, it decreases the likelihood of any single species being overly predated. Therefore this also leads to species richness due to predation. Yoshida et al. supports this idea, and adds that predator density also has a huge impact on species richness. If there is a low predator density, then prey have less of a need to adapt. However, as predator density increases, it forces prey to evolve and to become more resistant to predation, thus forcing more species diversity. Predation also includes the concept of keystone species, or a species that the community is dependent upon, which maintatins stability of the system and increases species richness. Keystone species are often predators, e.g. the African elephant, Loxodonta africana, a keystone species of the savannas. One problem this hypothesis encounters is what drives predator diversity.
 * Read Predation
 * Read Keystone species

The African elephant maintains its habitat by uprooting small trees, which left alone would overtake the savannas and turn them from a grassland into a forest or shrub thicket. By maintaining the grasslands, the elephant ensures the survival of herds of grazing antelope, and the antelope's predators, such as the prides of lions.

The first predator-prey models were proposed in the 1920s by Lotka and Volterra and predict oscillations in populations of predators and prey. Their model was expanded to include heterogeneity so the model could predict actual predator-prey behavior. (Huffaker 1958)
 * Read Lotka-Volterra Equation

Mimicry

 * read Mimicry

Batesian Mimicry
As a defense against predation some species have evolved to mimic the coloration and patterning of species that are poisonous or less palatable. This type of defense mechanism was first recognized by the English naturalist Henry Bates in 1862.

Müllerian mimicry
Two species that are non-palatable converge on a similar pattern or coloration. This is known as Müllerian mimicry and serves as a reinforcing warning to the predator.

Plant defenses
In their fight for survival, plants have evolved defenses against herbivory. There are three main categories of defense that plants use. The first defensive mechanism is mechanical defense, which includes physical features such as thorns and needles. The second type of plant defense is masting, which involves producing more progeny than any predators can consume. An example of this is Oak and Beach trees, which release so many cones that they can not all be consumed by predators. The final type of defense is chemical defense, which is comprised of five subgroups. The first chemical responses are secondary metabolites. This type defense prevents the herbivore from using its central metabolism to digest the plant. The second type of chemical defense is producing unpalatable taste which keeps predators from consuming the plant. These plants normally contain terpenes and phenolics. Some plants that take advantage of this mechanism are milkweed and mustards. The third type of chemical defense is inhibiting absorption. These plants do not allow the predators digestive enzymes to get absorb nutrients during digestion. The more of the plant that the predator eats the greater the effect will be. An example of plants that use this method are tannins and cumerins. The fourth chemical defense is a plant's ability to make toxins. These toxins are usually alkaloids and cyanides. Deadly nightshade is a plant that uses a toxin to protect itself from any predator. The last type of chemical defense is repellants. These plants usually contain one of the chemicals terpenes or amines. Citronella plants take advantage of this method.

 * Read Plant defense against herbivory

Predator-Prey Models
In 1965 Rosenweig and McArthur came up with a predator prey model using linked equations that was a modification of the Lotka-Volterra equation.
 * $$\frac{dN}{dt} = rN-\alpha NP$$

 * $$\frac{dP}{dt} =\beta\alpha NP -mP$$

In this model:
 * N=Prey Species Population
 * P=Predator Population
 * $$\alpha$$=Predation Coefficient(consists of searching, catching, and consuming)
 * $$\beta$$=Conversion Factor
 * m=Mortality Coefficient
 * r=Growth Rate

In order to make more sense of these models we need to look at Zero Growth Isoclines(ZGI) also called a Nullcline. This is where $$\frac{dN}{dt}$$ or $$\frac{dP}{dt}$$ is set equal to zero. Then the equation it is solved for P or N. To solve for the prey's ZGI you solve for P when $$\frac{dN}{dt}=0$$. To solve for the predator's ZGI you solve for N when $$\frac{dP}{dt}=0$$.
 * $$ \frac{dN}{dt}=0$$
 * $$rN-\alpha NP=0$$
 * $$rN=\alpha NP$$
 * $$r=\alpha P$$
 * $$P=\frac{r}{\alpha}$$

In order to maintain prey population size at equilibrium, the predator population must increase or become more efficient ($$\alpha$$ increases) predators. The larger $$\alpha$$, the fewer predators that are needed. To maintain P at equilibrium you need N prey; if m is higher you need more N or an increase in $$\alpha \beta$$. Also, the more efficient P (higher $$\alpha \beta$$), the fewer N needed. When you plot the prey's ZGI with N as the horizontal axis and P(r/$$\alpha$$) as the horizontal axis, you get a horizontal line. When you plot the predator's ZGI on the same graph (N=m/$$\beta \alpha$$) you get a vertical line. When you plot the vectors for all different populations, you get a stable limit cycle, which also leads to stable oscillations on a graph where N and P are plotted against time. This is also well known as the common Predator-Prey cycle.

There are also a few assumptions that are built into this model:
 * 1. Size of N is limited only by P
 * 2. N is the only food source for P
 * 3. P can consume infinite amounts of N (never satiated)
 * 4. N & P encounter each other randomly
 * 5. P & N age structure is invariant

Predator-Prey cycles are an important part of understanding the relationships between predator and prey. The first realization of this cycle was believed to be noticed by an Italian mathematician named Volterra. Volterra's equations are extensively used in the study of species relationships. Volterra observed Adriattic fishing fleets rise and fall with the numbers of fish caught. As the number of fish (prey) increased so did the number of fisherman (predator) and as the fish decreased so did the number of fisherman. This cycle will eventually repeat itself.

It has also become apparent that Predator-Prey relationships are a major driving force behind evolution. As predator density increases, the number of prey consumed also increases. This forces the prey to adapt to avoid consumption. In other words, the individuals who are better at avoiding consumption live on. Since the better-adapted individuals survive to reproduce, they pass on their survival skills to their young. With a prey population that is becoming better at avoiding consumption, the predators must also adapt to become more efficient. The individuals who cannot capture any prey die off, and the better-adapted population lives on to pass on their traits. This continues in an evolutionary predator-prey cycle.

The Canadian Lynx and Snowshoe Hare are prime examples of a predator-prey relationship. The Canadian Lynx are considered a specialized predator: they will try to only feed on the Snowshoe Hare. Since the 1720s the Canadian government and the Hudson Bay Company have been keeping meticulous records of the rise and fall of Lynx and Hare numbers. Every eight to ten years, the cycle can be observed. Another excellent example of these relationships is the predation of lemmings in the high-Arctic tundra in Greenland. The lemmings have 4 main predators: the arctic fox, the snowy owl, the stoat, and the longtailed skua. This is a highly observed relationship because the number of prey has no limits other than predation. This means that they have an unlimited habitat available to them and an unlimited food source. Since there are no other factors contributing to the number of prey, scientists are able to find many relationships between predator and prey, such as which predators are more efficient during high and low prey densities, which predators are more effective during certain seasons, and so on.

title: Ecology/Predation and Herbivory


text:
Ecology/Parasitism

<< Chapter 11 | Chapter 12 | Chapter 13 >>

Chapter 12. Parasitism

Symbiosis is a form of living in which two organisms that are phylogenetically different (unrelated) co-exist over a long period of time (usually for the lifetime of one of the individuals). There are several different outcomes of symbiosis. When a symbiote lives with another organism, this can cause commensalism, which is defined as two organisms that co-exist in the same space, with one of the organisms benefiting from the other while neither harming nor helping the other organism. Symbiosis may also take the form of mutualism, in which both organisms benefit. Parasitism occurs when the symbiote (which is usually a smaller organism) benefits from the other organism (the host), which is harmed, sometimes lethally.

The term parasite has come to mean a eukaryotic, pathogenic organism. Some parasites require the use of vectors, such as insects, that carry the parasite to a reservoir.

It is a fact that nearly half of all the animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles. Essentially all free-living animals are host to one or more parasitic taxa at some point in their lives.

Examples of Parasites
Some examples of endoparasites include Giardia lamblia, an anaerobic protozoan parasite which reproduces via binary fission. It affects humans, cats, and dogs, among other wild animals. Another endoparasite is the hookworm, either Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, which infects humans. Examples of ectoparasites include the Rocky mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, and a mosquito. Mistletoe, is an example of an epiparasite, called an aerial parasite. A plant parasite is a parasite that attaches to the branches of trees or shrubs.

Types Of Parasitism
There are several different types of parasites. Parasites that live in the body are called endoparasites. An example of an endoparasite is a hookworm that lives in the host's gut. Parasites that live on the outside of the body are called ectoparasites. An epiparasite is a parasite that feeds off another parasite; this is called hyperparasitism. An example of this situation is a wasp or fly larva being an endoparasite in a wasp larva and the wasp larva being an endoparasite in a wood boring beetle larva.

Endoparasites get access to the host’s body through an organism’s tissue and through ingestion of raw foods. An example of an organism that gains access through raw foods is the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides. It gains access to the human intestine, where it produces large numbers of eggs that are passed out of the host's digestive tract to the external environment, where they may be inadvertently ingested by humans in places without good sanitation.

 * [Examples of Parasitism]
 * [Parasites]
 * [Parasitism in Plants and Animals]

Plasmodium, the protist that causes malaria, is a parasite of humans using the Anopheles mosquito as its vector.

Most epiphytic plants do not harm their host and do not use nutrients from the host, but some, such as mistletoe, are parasitic. The berries from mistletoe are covered with a sticky laxative coating and are spread by birds. These seeds develop haustorium when germination begins and penetrate the bark of young trees. Lethal infections can subsequently occur.

Brood Parasitism
Organisms called Brood parasites[] use the strategy of brood parasitism, which is often an overlooked type of parasitism. This involves the use of host individuals of the same or different species to raise the young of the brood parasite. This therefore leaves the parasite with no responsibility of rearing their young. This leaves them more time to focus on other things such as producing more offspring. The most common types of brood parasites are usually birds and insects. A couple of examples of birds are the Brown-Headed Cowbird, and the Goldeneye duck. Cuckoo bees and wasps are some examples of insects that are brood parasites.

The Cowbird family is the bird family in North America that is an obligate brood parasite (one that must parasitize because they are not capable of building a nest). While most brood parasites have eggs that mimic the host's, eggs the cowbird is again different. The cowbird has been documented to have used over 200 different host species.

Parasitoidism
This phenomenon usually occurs in wasps, where the parasitic association usually results in the death of the host. A wasp will lay her eggs in front of, on, or in another insect, sometimes a grub. The larvae hatch inside of the grub, feeding on it and growing, until they burst out of the organism, killing it in the process.

The Host
The most important aspect of the parasite's life is the selection of a host. Without a host species the parasite does not and can not survive. For a parasite to survive, the host is required to complete the life cycle for the parasite. Since this is a vital part of the parasite's livelihood, the parasite will rarely kill their host species. Unfortunately for both parties, the simple presence of a parasite can cause much harm to the host. The choice of a host species is observed through host specificity and host range.

Host specificity is seen whenever a parasite is supported by only a single host. The host specificity of a parasite is very important to parasites that flourish only in certain environments and conditions. Many parasites in fact are limited to only one or a few closely related host species. Even though it is possible for a parasite to infect different types of species, they still tend to parasitize certain species more than others. An example of this occurrence can be seen in the parasitic flatworm Monogenea. The Monogenea have been known to be parasitic on teleosts, elasmobranchs, amphibians, and reptiles. However, the highest concentration of these flatworms has been seen on the teleosts(ray-finned fishes). The Monogenea show high host specificity for the teleosts.

The host range of a parasite is when that organism is supported by a number of host species. It is also a measurement of the range of host species a parasite will/can infect. An example of a parasite that has a wide range of host species is the common mosquito that not only parasitizes humans, but other animals as well. The mosquito requires the blood of other animals to sustain its life cycle. Host specificity and host range can be compared to the concepts introduced in Chapter 11, Ecology/Predation and Herbivory, that discusses monophagous and polyphagous herbivores that either eat one species of plant and are dependent on that food source or eat many species of plants to have a wider range of possible sustenance.

Some parasites can manipulate their host’s behavior; a good example of a parasite with this manipulation ability is the hairworm. Their lifecycle consists of a transition from an aquatic habitat, where they live off aquatic insect larvae, to a terrestrial habitat where they live off crickets and or grasshoppers. Studies of crickets infested with mature hairworms have shown that the crickets are more likely to seek water. This is when the hairworms have reached their free living stage. Once the crickets reach the water the hairworms emerge and cause the crickets to struggle about the water. This process causes an increase of predation by fish to prey on the struggling crickets.

Host Defenses
Hosts have evolved various adaptations to combat parasites initial infection and proliferation. These adaptations can be as complex as antigen specific cell mediated responses, which are most common in vertebrates, or simpler, like barrier mechanisms. Hosts also have behavior defenses that reduce the chances of an individual coming in contact with a parasite. Parasites can have an effect on host life-history evolution, sexual selection and also population dynamics.

There are two kinds of host immunities; adaptive immunity, whereby the host produces antibodies which are parasite-specific, and Innate immunity, which are non-specific. Some techniques a host may utilize to defend against parasites include evasion, preening, grooming, and self medication.

Evasion is one of the first immune defense host response against infection as it imposes several barriers to viral replication and spread. The most common type of evasion is when we have a viral or bacterial infection and your mucus glands work to excrete the infection through the nearest exit, such as the nose. Another interesting example of evasion can be found in Infection and Immunity Journal at:[]

Preening is a way to reinforce cospeciation between the host and the parasite. This happens when the host and parasite speciate in tadem, generating congruent phylogenies. To learn more visit:Host defense reinforces host–parasite cospeciation

Grooming is a very common way for hosts to control parasites. An example would be primates sitting together picking them off each other and eating them. Self-medication could be a possibility also: a host could eat a type of plant that might force an evasion.

Certain ectoparasites decrease the reproductive success of breeding birds; an example of one of these ectoparasites is Blow flies Protocalliphora spp., which cause a direct loss of nutrients to the nestlings. Some nestling birds use dietary nutrients such as carotenoids to lessen the effects that parasites have on them.

Parasite Community Effects
The effect of a parasite on the host population can cause an epidemic (outbreak) of a disease in a community. Some diseases may show cycles similar to predator-prey cycles. This shows the struggle that occurs between parasites and their hosts. In humans, whooping cough and measles are examples of diseases where parasites infect hosts. Hosts that have never been infected are susceptible to a disease the first time, but after that they are non-susceptible to the infectious host. After an outbreak enough of the hosts in the community become immune to the disease and the disease will decline in the population. This will cause the epidemic to be wiped out and it will not return until there are a number of new individuals born or new immigrants brought into the community.

Disease Model:   Rp=SBL

 * Rp: The replacement rate of infected hosts.
 * S: The density of the susceptible host.
 * B: Transmission rate
 * L: The average period during which a host will be infectious.

When Rp has a value that is equal to or greater than 1 the outbreak will return in the community. This will start the cycle over again since once there are more non-susceptible hosts the outbreak will die off again. When the disease affects children the cycle will happen very rapidly do to the high turnover rate. When a disease is fatal to an individual host population, the host can be limited and controlled. This means that something as small as a parasite can control the population of large animals.

Parasites can also have an effect on competition between two species. There are some species that compete for food and resources, and parasites can give some species an advantage. One example is white tail deer and their immunity to Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. While the white tail deer are immune to the disease, moose, mule deer, and pronghorns are not immune. This means that the population of these species can be controlled by the parasite that has infected them. Probably the most well known example of parasitism is malaria which is caused by the mosquito.

Read: [Parasitism]

Phoresis
Phoresis is a defined behavior in which less mobile parasite species hitchhike on other, more mobile parasite species. An example of such behavior can be seen in the interaction between feather-feeding lice and louse flies. However, it should be noted that not all species of feather-feeding lice engage in such behavior. Feather lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) are wingless. They are also permanent parasitisers of birds. Transmission to new hosts is made possible by catching a ride (hitchhiking) on parasitic louse flies. Louse flies do have wings and fly between individual hosts. Because every host eventually dies, phoresis, an evolved mode of transmission, is essential for the persistence of many parasite lineages.

Parasitic Castration
The specific blocking of host reproduction by a parasite is known as parasitic castration. This host-parasite interaction is intensity-independent, meaning a single parasite can bring about the blocking of the host's reproductive capability. Parasites benefit from parasitic castrations by diverting the energy a host puts forth in reproduction into their own growth and reproduction. The most studied parasitic castration systems involve invertebrates, particularly crustaceans, echinoderms, and molluscs. Parasitic castrations of vertebrate hosts have been seldomly recognized. In a recent study, it has been demonstrated that a common external cymothoid isopod, Anilocra apogonae, castrates Indo-Pacific reef fish host Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus.

title: Ecology/Parasitism


text:
CAT-Tools/MemoQ/Conflicts

Skype plugin for Firefox
This plugin will make you unable to perform cut-paste in the translation grid, by interfering with the clipboard.

Spyware Doctor
Spyware Doctor blocks access to the setting files of MemoQ, and although MemoQ can run while Spyware Doctor is enabled, it may be unable to write certain files to disk.

Panda security software
You probably have to disable Panda security software [temporarily] if you want to work with MemoQ. Similar problems will arise if working with other security software with rigid firewalls. This problem is therefore not only related to Panda Software.

NOD32 security software
The MemoQ server does not work together with NOD32 if IMON is enabled.

To disable IMON:

Please go to NOD32 Control Center (down by the clock) > IMON > Quit. Now a reboot is necessary.

After rebooting, the icon should be gray.

ESET support response to Kilgray developers:

The next version of NOD32 will be sans IMON. It's being totally eliminated from the program for this very reason.

In 1992, when NOD32 was introduced, very few programs operated at the Winsock level. Today, in addition to Google and Microsoft, 100's of other developers are creating software in this manner. That would be fine, except for the fact that any app that operates here needs the top spot in the stack, and only one program can have it.

As it is now, it can't be enabled at all on a server.

IMON was just the first layer of defense, a supplement. The strengths of NOD32 are AMON, which scans every file that performs an action, as it performs that action and the advanced heuristics which is stopping 90%+ of all new threats, before a definition is even written.

By quitting IMON now, you'll not only allow both programs to operate together, but you'll also lose no coverage.

title: CAT-Tools/MemoQ/Conflicts


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6

=Fried Liver Attack=

7...Ke6
Moving out of check, and attempting to defend the knight.

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3

=Fried Liver Attack= Attacking the central knight. Black must reply by moving the c6-knight to b4 (defending d5 with tempo and preparing c6).

8. ... Ne7?? is a huge mistake that lets white open the center with 9. d4! and strengthen the attack on the black king.

After 8. ... Nd4??, instead, 9. Bxd5+ followed by 10. Qd1 let white get back the piece and defend the c2 pawn. Black has survived the attack but is a pawn down with a very weak e pawn.

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Nb4

=Fried Liver Attack=

8. Nb4
Defending d5 with tempo and preparing c6. White can either sacrifice the rook with 9. a3, with unclear compensation, or defend c2 with 9. Bb3. White should be able to gain back some material and has a strong initiative, but is down a knight and black has survived the attack.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6 8. Nc3 Ncb4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Nb4/9. a3

=Fried Liver Attack=

9. a3?!
White sacrifices a rook for unclear compensation. This move has frequently been recommended in the past, however recent computer-assisted analysis suggests that black is better after 9...Nxc2+ 10.Kd1 Nxa1 11.Nxd5 Qh4!

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6 8. Nc3 Ncb4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Nb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2

=Fried Liver Attack=

9... Nxc2+
=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6 8. Nc3 Ncb4 9. a3 Nxc2+


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Nb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2/10. Kd1

=Fried Liver Attack=

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6 8. Nc3 Ncb4 9. a3 Nxc2+


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Nb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2/10. Kd1/10...Nxa1

=Fried Liver Attack=

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6 8. Nc3 Ncb4 9. a3 Nxc2+ 10 Kd1 Nxa1


text:
Git

Git is an open source distributed version control system (DVCS), mainly used for source code management (SCM), with an emphasis on speed. Git was initially designed and created by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development. Git operates on a decentralized architecture, so every Git working directory is a full-fledged repository with a complete history and full revision-tracking capabilities, and is not dependent upon network access or a central server.

Unlike popular non-distributed predecessors, such as Subversion and CVS, Git only needs a central server for one thing: publishing changes to users of that server. You can equally share changes directly with other people without the need to consult a central hub.

Also unlike the monolithic design of Subversion and CVS, Git follows the typical Unix philosophy with a great many small components that do single atomic tasks. Of course, only a few of the dozens of separate commands are often used. Most commands are for specialized actions, and a good portion are designed to be called by shell scripts rather than users.

Table of Contents

 * /Obtaining Git/
 * /Introduction/
 * /Branching & merging/
 * Beyond the basics
 * /Internal structure/
 * /Interactive staging/
 * /Rebasing/
 * /Submodules and Superprojects/
 * Interacting with other SCMs
 * /git-svn/
 * others?
 * /Hosting/
 * /Setting up a Server/
 * /git-daemon/
 * /Gitosis/
 * /Gerrit Code Review/
 * /GitHub/
 * /Bitbucket/
 * /Repository on a USB stick/
 * Appendixes
 * /Git component programs/
 * /Getting help/

Tutorial de git Git Git Git

title: Git


text:
Git/Submodules and Superprojects

A superproject is a new aspect of git which has been in development for a long while. It addresses the need for better control over numerous git repositories. The porcelain for the superproject functionality is fairly new and was only recently released with Git v1.5.3.

A Git superproject may consist of a set of git repositories and each of these "git repositories" is called a submodule.You can think of a submodule as a subproject, and the superproject as a supermodule. It really doesn't make too much sense why either of these terms would have a sub- or super- prefix without their alternative; nonetheless, that's how the official Git documentation will refer to them.

The only git application specific to the submodule/superproject functionality is git-submodule.

Superprojects
A Superproject, is simply a git repository. To create a superproject, simply git init any directory, and git submodule add all of the git archives you wish to include. A quick aside, you can not currently git submodule add git repositories that are direct children within the same directory.

The resulting structure will look similar to this: |- superproject |- submodule (git archive) [a] |- submodule [b] |- submodule [c] |- submodule [d]

When someone pulls down the superproject, they will see a series of empty folders for each submodule. They can then git submodule init all of those that they wish to utilize.

Submodules
A git archive is said to become a submodule the second after you execute git submodule add in another git repository.

Work Flow
The work flow of superprojects, and submodules should generally adhere to the following:
 * 1) Make change in submodule
 * 2) git commit change in submodule
 * 3) git commit change in superproject
 * 4) git submodule update to push change to the individual repositories that predate the superproject.

title: Git/Submodules and Superprojects


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6

=Two Knights Defence:Morphy Variation= 6...h6

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.d3 h6

Statistics
Estimated next move popularity Nf3 55% Nh3 45%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3

=Two Knights Defence:Morphy Variation= 7. Nf3

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.d3 h6

Statistics
Estimated next move popularity e4 73%, Nxc4 11%, Bd6 11%, Bg4 5%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4

=Two Knights Defence:Morphy Variation= 7... e4

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.d3 h6 7. Nf3 e4

Statistics
Estimated next move popularity Qe2 75%, dxe4 20%, Nd4 5%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2

=Two Knights Defence:Morphy Variation= 8. Qe2

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.d3 h6 7. Nf3 e4

Statistics
Estimated next move popularity Nxc4 95%, Bb4+ 5%


text:
Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Applied Mathematics

-div is adjoint to d
The claim is made that −div is adjoint to d:

 * $$\int_M df(X) \;\omega = - \int_M f \, \operatorname{div} X \;\omega $$

Proof of the above statement:
 * $$\int_M (f\mathrm{div}(X) + X(f)) \omega = \int_M (f\mathcal{L}_X + \mathcal{L}_X(f)) \omega $$

 * $$ = \int_M \mathcal{L}_X f\omega = \int_M \mathrm{d} \iota_X f\omega = \int_{\partial M} \iota_X f\omega$$

If f has compact support, then the last integral vanishes, and we have the desired result.

Laplace-de Rham operator
One may prove that the Laplace-de Rahm operator is equivalent to the definition of the Laplace-Beltrami operator, when acting on a scalar function f. This proof reads as:

 * $$\Delta f =

\mathrm{d}\delta f + \delta\,\mathrm{d}f = \delta\, \mathrm{d}f = \delta \, \partial_i f \, \mathrm{d}x^i$$

- *\mathrm{d}{*\partial_i f \, \mathrm{d}x^i} = - *\mathrm{d}(\varepsilon_{i J} \sqrt{|g|}\partial^i f \, \mathrm{d}x^J)$$

- *\varepsilon_{i J} \, \partial_j (\sqrt{|g|}\partial^i f)\, \mathrm{d} x^j \, \mathrm{d}x^J = - * \frac{1}{\sqrt{|g|}} \, \partial_i (\sqrt{|g|}\,\partial^i f) \mathrm{vol}_n$$

 * $$ = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{|g|}}\, \partial_i (\sqrt{|g|}\,\partial^i f),$$

where ω is the volume form and ε is the completely antisymmetric Levi-Civita symbol. Note that in the above, the italic lower-case index i is a single index, whereas the upper-case Roman J stands for all of the remaining (n-1) indices. Notice that the Laplace-de Rham operator is actually minus the Laplace-Beltrami operator; this minus sign follows from the conventional definition of the properties of the codifferential. Unfortunately, Δ is used to denote both; reader beware.

Properties
Given scalar functions f and h, and a real number a, the Laplacian has the property:

 * $$\Delta(fh) = f \, \Delta h + 2 \partial_i f \, \partial^i h + h \, \Delta f.$$

Proof

 * $$\Delta(fh) =

\delta\,\mathrm{d}fh = \delta(f\,\mathrm{d}h + h\,\mathrm{d}f) =
 * \mathrm{d}(f{*\mathrm{d}h}) + *\mathrm{d}(h{*\mathrm{d}f})\;$$

 * $$ = *(f\,\mathrm{d}*\mathrm{d}h +

\mathrm{d}f \wedge *\mathrm{d}h + \mathrm{d}h \wedge *\mathrm{d}f + h\,\mathrm{d}*\mathrm{d}f) $$

f*\mathrm{d}*\mathrm{d}h + \mathrm{d}h \wedge *\mathrm{d}f) + h*\mathrm{d}*\mathrm{d}f$$
 * (\mathrm{d}f \wedge *\mathrm{d}h +

 * $$ = f\, \Delta h $$

\varepsilon_{jJ} \sqrt{|g|} \partial^j h \, \mathrm{d}x^J + \partial_i h \, \mathrm{d}x^i \wedge \varepsilon_{jJ} \sqrt{|g|} \partial^j f \, \mathrm{d}x^J) $$
 * (\partial_i f \, \mathrm{d}x^i \wedge

h \, \Delta f$$

 * $$ = f \, \Delta h +

(\partial_i f \, \partial^i h + \partial_i h \, \partial^i f){*\mathrm{vol}_n} + h \, \Delta f $$

 * $$ = f \, \Delta h +

2 \partial_i f \, \partial^i h + h \, \Delta f$$

where f and h are scalar functions.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4

=Two Knights Defence:Morphy Variation=

8... Nxc4

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.d3 h6 7. Nf3 e4 8. Qe2 Nxc4

Statistics
Estimated next move popularity dxc4 100%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4

=Two Knights Defence:Morphy Variation=

9. dxc4 Recaptures the piece.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.d3 h6 7. Nf3 e4 8. Qe2 Nxc4 9. cxd4

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood Bc5 65%, Bd6 21%, Be7 14%


text:
Git/Obtaining Git

Git is available for *nix operating systems, as well as MacOS and Windows.

Debian-based distributions (.deb)
Git is available on Debian, and derivatives like Ubuntu. It is currently packaged as. More recent packages of git are available from the Ubuntu Git Maintainers' PPA. You may also want to install some extended git functionality, for example git-svn, which allows two-way interoperability with Subversion, or git-email which provides utility functions for sending and receiving git data (primarily patches) via email.

$ sudo apt-get install git git-svn git-email

RPM-based distributions (.rpm)
Linux distributions using the RPM package format can use yum to get git:

$ sudo yum install git-core

macOS
A graphical installer can be found at Google code. Alternative, if you have MacPorts installed, you can do $ sudo port install git-core

git is also included in the com.apple.pkg.Core package:

Windows
Git for Windows is available as a precompiled binary msysGit. This includes the command line utilities, a GUI, and an SSH client.

Additionally, those with Cygwin can use its setup to obtain Git.

Tarball
You can obtain a copy of the newest stable git from the git homepage at: git.or.cz. In addition, daily snapshots of git are provided by Dave Jones.

Below is an example of how to compile git from source, change "git-1.5.3.4.tar.gz" to the version you downloaded:

Without the added  argument git will currently install to. This may or may not be what you want, in most distributions  is not in the $PATH. Without the --prefix, you might have to explicitly state the path to the component programs on invocation, i.e.:. You can set  to whatever better suits your particular setup.

Git
The source can additionally be acquired via git using: $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git

Or in the event you have problems with the default Git port of 9418: $ git clone http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git

First configuration
To avoid to reenter one's credential during each sync, register the account:

To check the config:

To avoid the password in Linux, it's necessary to store it in plain text into: vim ~/.netrc With (ex: for github.com): machine github.com login password Please note that GitHub no longer use's Username and Password for authentication since September 2021. Instead, GitHub uses Authentication Tokens generated on https://github.com/settings/tokens. A replacement for the above example would be: machine github.com login password

Other Git clients
Some integrated development environments like or  also provide or complete Git client.

allows to access to its Git commands by right-clicking on the concerned files and folders.

title: Git/Obtaining Git


text:
Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Geometry

Plane Euclidean Geometry
Euclidean geometry is the form of geometry defined and studied by Euclid. It is generally distinguished from non-Euclidean geometries by the parallel postulate, which (in Euclid's formulation) states "that, if a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles".

This section covers theorems that relate to Euclidean geometry in two dimensions.

Solid Euclidean Geometry
This section covers theorems that relate to Euclidean geometry in three dimensions. Many proofs in three-dimensional geometry rely on results in plane geometry.

Elliptic Geometry
Elliptic geometry is a non-Euclidean geometry in which there are no parallel straight lines – any coplanar straight lines will intersect if sufficiently extended. The surface of a sphere, considered as a geometric space in its own right, exhibits this kind of geometry.

Hyperbolic Geometry
Hyperbolic geometry is a non-Euclidean geometry in which every straight line has a continuum of parallel straight lines (in the 'never meeting' sense) through the same point.

title: Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Geometry


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5

=Two Knights Defence:Morphy Variation= 9... Bc5

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.d3 h6 7. Nf3 e4 8. Qe2 Nxc4 9. dxc4 Bc5

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood Nfd2 48%, h3 48%, Bf4 4%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5/10. Nfd2

= Two Knights Defence:Morphy Variation = 10. Nfd2

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.d3 h6 7. Nf3 e4 8. Qe2 Nxc4 9. cxd4 Bc5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5/10. Nfd2/10...O-O

=Two Knights Defence:Morphy Variation=

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.d3 h6 7. Nf3 e4 8. Qe2 Nxc4 9. cxd4 Bc5 10. Nfd2 O-O


text:
Git/Hosting

Here is where you can find a list of public repositories. Feel free to pull down a sample project and play with it.

Free, public, and open source
This is a current list of repositories that will host anything (within reason) free under the condition that it is appropriately licensed and open-source.
 * 1) NotABug
 * 2) git.sv.gnu.org Free Software Foundation's official GNU Savannah Git hosting
 * 3) repo.or.cz Git's primary free repository is maintained by Petr Baudis, who is also the maintainer of the git home page. Numerous notable projects are synced to that repository such as Postgres, and Linus's copy of the linux kernel tree. The repository and all of its projects can be inspected on the web thanks to the mod_perl gitweb interface.
 * 4) Codeberg (non-profit) provides free Git hosting in Europe, for FOSS projects only
 * 5) disroot

The following sites offer free hosting and other services regardless of a project's license.
 * 1) GitHub
 * 2) GitLab
 * 3) Bitbucket

Birds of a Feather (BOF)
Please do not ask to create a project on these public repositories unless your project relates to that of the repository.
 * 1) git.kernel.org Official Kernel git repository
 * 2) gitweb.freedesktop.org X Window System specific git repository
 * 3) git.debian.org Debian specific, hosted by Debian.

Other

 * 1) github.com Offers free and paid repository management with some custom tools.
 * 2) Assembla Offers free public or private repository(500Mb) with Trac tickets or integrated tickets. Commercial subscriptions costs 19$/month for 2Gb of disk space.

title: Git/Hosting


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5/10...Bc5

= Two Knights Defence =

10...Bc5
A suggestion by America Master Steiner.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Be2 h6 9. Nf3 e4 10. Ne5

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood c3 79%, O-O 21%


text:
User:Lordcorvid

I am a part-time graphic designer and full-time student. My aim, in addition to helping wikidome thrive, is to enhance my own learning through teaching. Hence, I shall be contributing to Wikibooks in the following subject areas:

 * Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
 * Physical & Cultural Anthropology
 * Metalwork
 * Typography & Graphic Design

title: User:Lordcorvid


text:
User:Ian.reardon/monobook.css

body { font-family: Skeirs, Code2001, sans-serif; }

title: User:Ian.reardon/monobook.css


text:
Template talk:Plainlinks

That's interesting, I never realized you could import revisions from one wiki to another. You learn something new everyday.-- VectorPotential Talk 19:24, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Plainlinks


text:
User:Vector Potential~enwikibooks/monobook.js

$(function{   /* Fix the title of the history page */    if(wgAction=='history'){        document.title=wgPageName.replace(/_/g,' ')+' - Wikipedia History';        var h=document.getElementsByTagName('H1');        if(h.length){            h=h[0];            while(h.firstChild) h.removeChild(h.firstChild);            h.appendChild(document.createTextNode(wgPageName.replace(/_/g,' ')));        }    } });


text:
User:Vector Potential~enwikibooks/monobook.css

.history-size{display: none;}


text:
User:Vector Potential~enwikibooks

W:User:Vector Potential - I have several contributions here on en.wikibooks, most of which were imported from en.wikipedia prior to me registering here (:

title: User:Vector Potential~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Vector Potential~enwikibooks

W:User_talk:Vector Potential : < If you want to contact me, I'm far more likely to notice it on en.wikipedia.-- VectorPotential Talk 19:31, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:58, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vector Potential. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vector Potential~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:49, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vector Potential~enwikibooks


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6

= Two Knights Defence:Steinitz Variation =

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Be2 h6 9. Nh3 Bd6


text:
User:Ailanto

William PATTERSON

kafejo.com

komputado.com

title: User:Ailanto


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6/10. d3

= Two Knights Defence:Steinitz Variation =

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Be2 h6 9. Nh3 Bd6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6/10. d3/10...O-O

= Two Knights Defence:Steinitz Variation =

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Be2 h6 9. Nh3 Bd6 10. d3 O-O


text:
User:Flickts

Hi!

=My Projects=
 * I'm working on the Spanish book now.
 * I also read alot of the stuff in Wikibooks.

title: User:Flickts


text:
User talk:58.69.179.118

Please remember to keep discussion of modules on the corresponding talk page. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:40, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:58.69.179.118


text:
User talk:Garrydolley

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:41, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Garrydolley


text:
User talk:Ailanto

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:42, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ailanto


text:
User talk:Lordcorvid

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:42, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lordcorvid


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8

= Two Knights:Colman Defence =

8... Rb8
Colman Defence. Black ignores the attacked pawn and develops the Rook.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Qf3 Rb8

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood Bd3 70%, Bxc6 19%, Ba4 6%, Be2 5%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3

= Two Knights:Colman Defence =

9. Bd3
This Bishop retreat while unnatural due to it blocking in the d-pawn gives added protection of the e4 square which the White Knight may soon occupy makes this a tough move for Black to face.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Qf3 Rb8 9.Bd3

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood h6 50%, Bd6 30%, Be7 20%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3/9...h6

= Two Knights:Colman's Defence =

9...h6
The theory move for years, given an exclamation mark by Estrin although quite why is unclear. The White Knight is now forced to make a good move to the e4 square.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Qf3 Rb8 9.Bd3 h6

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood Ne4 100%


text:
User talk:71.88.250.25

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:27, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.88.250.25


text:
Structured Query Language/Return Codes

The return code of programms calling the IBM database DB2 is stored in the field SQLCODE of its SQLCA area. You can find a detailed explanation of SQLCODE's meaning at: DB2 return codes.

During the initial phase of the SQL standard SQLCODE was a part of it. But over time it was replaced by the more detailed SQLSTATE.

title: Structured Query Language/Return Codes


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3/9...h6/10. Ne4

= Two Knights:Colman's Defence =

10. Ne4
The Knight moves to a useful central square.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Qf3 Rb8 9.Bd3 h6

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood Nd5 100%


text:
User talk:Doodledoo

Sorry; wrong template. Hope you find this more useful!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:40, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Wikibooks/Logo
We are looking for a new logo for the Wikibooks project. If you like, please participate in the process by giving input or submitting a logo at Meta. Thanks! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:19, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Doodledoo


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Rb8/9. Bd3/9...h6/10. Ne4/10...Nd5

= Two Knights:Colman's Defence =

10...Nd5
Black chooses to keep the Knights on which maintains some attacking chances.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Qf3 Rb8 9.Bd3 h6 10 Ne4 Nd5

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood b3 7%, c3 9%, O-O 9%, Ng3 9%


text:
Cookbook:Velveeta Cheese

Velveeta is a brand of processed cheese similar to cheddar cheese, though it has a thoroughly different consistency. It melts easily and is smooth in texture, which lends it to use in dishes such as casseroles and dips.

title: Cookbook:Velveeta Cheese


text:
Minimizing Hard Disk Drive Failure and Data Loss/Popdisk

Cloning NTFS file systems (and others too)
Backup and restore of NTFS partitions with knoppix to/from a windows share Given: Windows share is at \\192.168.2.3\y The NTFS partitions to backup is the first partition on the primary IDE drive (hda1)

BACKUP 1. Boot from knoppix CD.

2. Bring up a root terminal (click on little penguin at bottom left - select “root shell”) and create mount point: mkdir  x

3. Mount windows share: mount -t smbfs //192.168.2.3/y x or with a password: mount -t smbfs -o username=xxxx,password=xxxx //192.168.2.3/y x

4. Move to mounted destination drive: cd x

5. Create partition backup: ntfsclone -s /dev/hda1 -o - | gzip | split -b 650m - backup.hda1.gz

6. Back up boot sector: dd bs=512 count=1 if=/dev/hda of=bsback.img

7. Back up partition info: sfdisk -d /dev/hda >partitions.txt

RESTORE 1. Boot from knoppix CD.

2. Bring up a root terminal (click on little penguin at bottom left - select “root shell”) and create mount point: mkdir  x

3. Mount windows share: mount -t smbfs //192.168.2.3/y x or with a password: mount -t smbfs -o username=scott,password=xxxx //192.168.2.3/y x

4. Move to mounted destination drive: cd x

5. Restore boot sector: dd count=1 bs=446 bs=if=bsback.img of=/dev/hda Use "bs=446" to exclude the partition table from being written to disk, otherwise 512 will restore that too, but if the disk size is different, the you probably don't want the partition numbers restored. You can manually restore the table from the partitions.txt file info created in step 7 above. Another option, if a backup was not available, would be this command: install-mbr /dev/hda or from a dos boot disk: fdisk /mbr

6. Restore partition: cat backup.hda1.gz* | gunzip -c backup.hda1.gz |ntfsclone -r -O /dev/hda1 -

Example scripts
Before making a backup, a folder can be prepared with the foldername being the hostname of the PC to backup. The backup script should be copied to the folder and customized to match the partitions to backup. Then to create a backup the share is mounted from knoppix and the user moves into the directory and executes the script. The backup is completed.

The restore script should then be copied to the directory and customized to match the partitions (like the backup script) After the backup is made, the backup script can be deleted or moved to a new folder inside the directory for reference. To restore, the same process of mounting the share - navagating to the folder - then executing the restore script will complete the restore.

Backup of sda2 (ntfs partition) ntfsclone -s /dev/sda2 -o - | gzip | split -b 2000m - sda2.gz dd bs=512 count=1 if=/dev/sda of=bsback.img sfdisk -d /dev/sda >partitions_sfdisk.txt fdisk -l >partitions_fdisk.txt

Restore of sda2 (ntfs partition, disk must be the same size as the original) dd bs=512 count=1 if=bsback.img of=/dev/sda sfdisk /dev/sda < partitions_sfdisk.txt cat sda2.gz* | gunzip -c | ntfsclone -r -O /dev/sda2 -

Backup of linux partitions partimage -z1 -c -d -o -b /dev/sda1 sda1.partimage.img partimage -z1 -c -d -o -b /dev/sda2 sda2.partimage.img partimage -z1 -c -d -o -b /dev/sda4 sda4.partimage.img dd bs=512 count=1 if=/dev/sda of=bsback.img sfdisk -d /dev/sda >partitions_sfdisk.txt fdisk -l >partitions_fdisk.txt

Restore of linux partitions (also re-create swap partition sda3) dd bs=512 count=1 if=bsback.img of=/dev/sda sfdisk /dev/sda < partitions_sfdisk.txt partimage -b restore /dev/sda1 sda1.partimg.img.000 partimage -b restore /dev/sda2 sda2.partimg.img.000 mkswap /dev/sda3 partimage -b restore /dev/sda4 sda4.partimg.img.000

Note: Fat32 and other partition types can also be backed up efficiently using partimage. NTFS is one partition type that partimage does not work well with yet (AFAIK), therefore ntfsclone is used above.

Limitations

 * Can only restore to the same size disk, because of the dd and sfdisk method of restoring the master boot record and partitions. There are some ways to overcome this limitation but I have not tested and fine tuned them yet.
 * When restoring a complete linux system, the grub config may have to be adjusted to point to the partitions by number, instead of by name, which many newer linux distributions tend to do nowdays.

Other Thoughts - Wish list

 * The scripts will work on other destination types besides windows shares. That is the beauty of using knoppix type boot disks.  Maybe some howtos on mounting file systems would be in order here.  Live linux CDs can mount at least the following File systems... to send the backups to:
 * Local partitions (NTFS,FAT32,EXT2,EXT3 are the main ones)
 * USB drives
 * NFS shares
 * Would like to create a script generator, that examines the local disks and interactively creates a backup and restore script to match. This will be fun and maybe very useful :)
 * Create some scripts to backup to a local CD/DVD drive, and make them bootable.
 * create a stripped down, fast booting live linux CD that only has the tools for disk imaging

Misc. Tips
Reseting the bad sectors list after cloning

When you clone a partition from a disk with bad sectors to a new disk, Windows still reports bad sectors on the new disk. This is because, by design, ntfsclone copies everything, including the bad sector list.

While this is not strictly ntfsclone-related, some people may use the following procedure to reset the bad sector list after cloning:

 * 1)  Back up important data from partition just in case
 * 2)  Find out size of '$Bad' attribute in $Badclus using ntfsinfo with ntfsinfo -i 8 . It will be the “Allocated size” value in the “Dumping attribute $DATA (0×80)” (there will be two 0×80 attributes. Only one has an “Allocated size” line).
 * 3)  Use ntfstruncate 8 0x80 '$Bad' 0 to set $Bad's attribute length to zero.
 * 4)  Use ntfstruncate 8 0x80 '$Bad'  to set $Bad's attribute length back to proper value which was recorded in step 2.
 * 5)  Boot into Windows and run chkdsk. It will find errors and should fix them.

Unless you're certain that the bad clusters were just an error, It is recommended to do a full surface scan using either your hard disk manufacturer's tools or chkdsk /r after doing this. This paragraph copied from http://www.linux-ntfs.org/doku.php?id=ntfsclone


text: User talk:200.226.134.53

title: User talk:200.226.134.53


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Morality/Murder


text:
Git/Overview/Creating

Creating a local git repository is extremely simple. There are two commands that cover this functionality: git-init, and git-clone, because this is a single-developer overview git-clone is reserved for a later section.

Creating a git repository
Creating a new git repository is simple, in the directory you want to track run git init. Or, if your playing around create a new directory.

Git should immediately come back and tell you: Initialized empty Git repository in .git/

The totality of your repository will be self-contained within the .git directory. Conversely, some SCMs leave droppings all over your working directory (ex, .svn, .cvs, .attic, etc.), git refrains, and puts all things in a subdirectory of the repository root aptly named .git.

Note: You may also want to create a bare repository which does not contain a copy of the working copy.

title: Git/Overview/Creating


text:
Talk:Minimizing Hard Disk Drive Failure and Data Loss/Popdisk

Query
I hope I'm posting this in the right place. Popdisk is a set of notes on backing up and restoring hard disks using open source tools. It was suggested to me that wikibooks maight be a place to put this. Grepdog 00:13, 20 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Has this been previously published? If so, there are probably licensing issues. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:17, 20 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I have removed the query tag, but please confirm that you are the author of this content and/or that it is licensed under the GFDL. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:21, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

I wrote this document using info from man pages, and tests that I have made. I just added a paragraph that I jsut copied at the end, and included a link to the source of that paragraph. Not sure if that is kosher. ~


text: User talk:72.75.206.79

title: User talk:72.75.206.79


text:
User talk:70.160.123.77

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:22, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.160.123.77


text:
Git/Overview/Deleting

Removing Files
To remove files, use the "rm" subcommand of git.

The second variant only deletes the file from the cache, leaving the physical file in place.

title: Git/Overview/Deleting