text:
Java Web Application Development With Click Framework/Appendix C: Click DTD

Click application XML descriptor Documentation Type Definition (DTD):


text:
Java Web Application Development With Click Framework/Appendix E: Cheat Sheet

[[Media:Click-cheat-sheet.pdf|PDF version of the Cheat Sheet]]

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Corset/History/Edwardian

The comparison of a girl in a body and in a correct corset of straight front type. Note: The expansion of the top of the chest.

title: Corset/History/Edwardian


text: User talk:67.101.106.163

title: User talk:67.101.106.163


text:
User:JeramieHicks

That's me.

title: User:JeramieHicks


text: User talk:69.114.43.70

title: User talk:69.114.43.70


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Pettigrew's Death

Overview
Sent to investigate a noise in the cellars, Peter Pettigrew (Wormtail) is ambushed by Harry and Ron. Wormtail's silver hand strangles Harry, as Ron struggles with Wormtail's wand hand. Harry reminds Wormtail that he owes a life debt to Harry, and Pettigrew hesitates; sensing the hesitation, Wormtail's silver hand turns on its master and kills him.

Event Details
Harry, Ron, and Hermione are captured by Snatchers, and along with their existing captives Dean Thomas and Griphook, are taken to Malfoy Manor as the Snatchers hope to receive the reward for Harry's capture. Bellatrix Lestrange sees that they have the Sword of Gryffindor, and sends all the captives except Hermione into the cellar, where they also find Luna Lovegood and Mr. Ollivander. Luna has found a nail with which she is able to release Harry's bonds, and Harry, looking again at the shard of Sirius' magic mirror, notices a sky-blue eye looking out of it and pleads for help.

To confirm the story that Hermione has been telling under torture, Bellatrix now sends someone down to the cellar to fetch Griphook. As the door is slamming behind them, Dobby Apparates into the cellar. Harry asks Dobby to take Luna, Ollivander, and Dean to Shell Cottage, and though nervous at being in his erstwhile master's house, Dobby agrees. Bellatrix hears the sound of Dobby Disapparating, and sends Peter Pettigrew (Wormtail) down to the cellar to investigate.

Entering the cellar, Wormtail is momentarily surprised to find that it is lighted by four balls of light (liberated from Ron's Deluminator), and Ron, on his wand side, and Harry on the side where his silver hand was attached, jump him. Ron, manages to wrest Wormtail's wand from his grip, but Harry is being slowly strangled by the silver hand. Harry reminds Wormtail that he owes Harry a life debt, incurred when Harry had prevented Lupin and Sirius from executing Pettigrew in the Shrieking Shack four years earlier. Wormtail hesitates, and the silver hand, sensing this, turns on Wormtail and strangles him, despite Harry's best efforts to save him. With Wormtail dead, the silver hand vanishes.

Notable Consequences
With Pettigrew dead and the cellar door open, Ron and Harry will now be able to ascend to the main floor of Malfoy Manor to rescue Hermione.

The death of Pettigrew frees up a wand. As Ron had captured it from Wormtail, it will shift its allegiance to Ron, and so he can then use it to escape from Malfoy Manor. Ron's own wand had been captured by the Snatchers.

Analysis
Pettigrew's owing a life debt to Harry is another of the connections throughout the length of the series that has been repeatedly debated throughout the publication span of the books. At the end of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, the third book, Professor Dumbledore comments to Harry that Pettigrew now owes Harry a life debt, as Harry had saved Pettigrew's life, and suggests that Voldemort would likely not be happy at the thought that his main lieutenant owed a life debt to his main enemy. After the battle in the cemetery in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, there was endless speculation as to what it would mean in the future of the series, and whether it wold have any effect on the Wizarding War that would follow on Voldemort's return. Some readers may be dismayed at the size of the effect that the eventual revelation has; it seems a lot to go through for a momentary hesitation. However, that one hesitation is likely all that allowed Harry to defeat Pettigrew; we have already seen the superhuman strength of that silver hand. In all honesty, we cannot expect much more than this out of Pettigrew's life debt; we have seen how weak a reed he is, and how menial the duties assigned to him by Voldemort.

The hair-trigger reaction of the silver hand to Pettigrew's momentary hesitation is also telling. Clearly, Voldemort does not trust even his closest allies; earlier in this book, we may have noted that Voldemort seems to be attempting to determine the truth of something Snape is telling him by means of Legilimency, though Snape is at that point his right-hand man and presumably most-trusted Death Eater. The silver hand's immediate and fatal reaction indicates that Voldemort does not trust Pettigrew, the servant who cut off his own hand to restore Voldemort to life, to carry out his commands. More than that, it also shows that Voldemort had chosen to create the silver hand with this retribution built into it some three years before. Clearly, then, Voldemort sees betrayal and planned betrayal on all sides, and even his gifts to those he supposedly trusts will contain potentially fatal assurances that they will always be used to forward Voldemort's plans, rather than their bearers'.

In fact, Voldemort hints at this possibility when he first gives Pettigrew the hand. Immediately after Pettigrew thanks him, Voldemort says "May your loyalty never waver again, Wormtail." While this is a very minute hint, it seems to fit in with the hand being charmed to take serious action should Pettigrew's loyalty so much as waver.

Questions

 * 1) Why did Pettigrew's silver hand turn on its master after something so trivial as a tiny act of mercy?
 * 2) Given the life debt, would Pettigrew have actually been able to kill Harry?
 * 3) How effective might Pettigrew's wand be for Ron, now Ron has it?

Greater Picture
It is interesting also to note that Harry does not actually kill Pettigrew, but that Voldemort's gift kills him despite Harry's efforts to save him. Pettigrew's death is a reaction to his own attempt to kill, or at least, disable Harry, coupled with Voldemort's distrust of his own lieutenant. This will turn out to be something of a pattern for Harry; he will disable several Death Eaters, but will kill none of them, despite having been counseled to use more extreme force by Lupin earlier in this book. And Pettigrew will not be the last foe of Harry's who falls to a reflection of his own malice.

With Pettigrew's death, James Potter's friends are dying in reverse order: Wormtail, Padfoot, Prongs... there is only one name remaining. This may have been a deliberate hint by the author as to a future event.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Amortentia

Overview
Amortentia is an extremely powerful love potion.

Extended Description
The first, and as it turns out, only Love Potion mentioned by name, Amortentia is introduced by Professor Slughorn in Harry's first Potions class in year 6. Discussing the characteristics of the potion, Hermione says that it is mis-named; it does not actually produce love, only infatuation, possibly obsession.

Analysis
Love potions have been a staple of Muggle belief in magic, as long as we have had the concept of love, probably. The need to have someone love you back, and the hope that there would be some magic technique to make that happen, is all too human. Writing a series of books about magic, then, almost requires that love potions be mentioned, and a series such as this one, where the characters are maturing to the stage where love occurs, probably need more than a mention.

In this series, then, we see mention of Amortentia, and we also see that love potions, probably including Amortentia, take a small role in the series. It is in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth book in the series, that we first hear of them, in a story by Rita Skeeter in which she suggests Hermione is using love potions to keep both Harry and Viktor Krum "on a string." However, it is not until the sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, that our protagonists are really old enough to care about romance, and it is possibly because of this that this is also the first book where they are used. An important distinction is drawn immediately by Hermione, who points out that so-called love potions do not create love, but only infatuation; presumably this is why their use is so limited.

In the series, then, we first see Amortentia, described as the strongest of the love potions, in Harry's first Potions class. We then hear that Merope Gaunt had probably used a love potion on Tom Riddle to get him to marry her, and had given birth to Tom Marvolo Riddle as a result. There is some abstract discussion of love potions in the run-up to the Slug Club Christmas party, with Hermione warning Harry that several girls, notably Romilda Vane, had apparently purchased love potions from Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes. Ron samples some of the Chocolate Cauldrons that Romilda had given Harry, and becomes infatuated with her, proving that she had spiked them with love potion. Except for the first instance, in which the potion is explicitly named, we do not know whether any of the other instances are actually Amortentia, though we do know that Hermione identifying it as the "strongest" implies that there are at least a few other love potions available.

We believe that love potions were not introduced until the sixth book because of the age of the protagonists; the Trio would not have wanted the specified effects before they reached that age. Because of the limited interpersonal interaction in the final book, there was no need to include love potions. So their use seems to be entirely restricted to the sixth book of the series.


text: User talk:77.97.156.83

title: User talk:77.97.156.83


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Bat Bogey Hex

Overview
The Bat-Bogey Hex apparently causes the victim to be attacked by large, bat-winged bogies.

Extended Description
While the effect of this spell is never completely defined, we do see or hear of its being used a few times. This is one of Ginny Weasley's specialties, almost a signature spell; she uses it on Draco Malfoy to escape from the Inquisitorial Squad when she is being held captive in Dolores Umbridge's office in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, and it is her use of this spell on another student in the Hogwarts Express in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince that brings her to the attention of Professor Slughorn.


text:
Metabolomics/Metabolites/Carbohydrates/Glucose

Back to Previous Chapter: Introduction to Metabolomics Next chapter: Hormones Next Category: Lipids Go to: Sucrose and Other Dissacharides

=Glycomics and Glycoproteomics=

The fields of glycomics and glycoproteomics involve the study of a cell, tissue, or organism's glycan and glycoprotein content. Among the numerous bioanalytical techniques utilized in these fields are 2D-PAGE, MALDI-TOFMS, LC-QMS, LC-ICRMS, LC-QTOF, and LC-IMS-TOF.

Glycan

Otherwise known as a polysaccharide, a glycan is a polymer of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds. Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins with covalently attached carbohydrates. These carbohydrates can be bonded via the OH group of serine or threonine, resulting in O glycosidic bonds. Carbohydrates may also be bonded via the amide group of asparagine, which results in an N glycosidic bond. Glycome

The glycome represents the total set of glycans present in a cell or an organism. Glycosylation

Technology and Analytical Techniques

A ratiometric lectin microarray approach was employed to analyze the dynamics of the mammalian glycome. In this experiment, the microarray approach was utilized to analyze the rapid evaluation of differences in the glycosylation of heterogeneous mammalian samples. This research is indicative of the significant improvements that have been, and will be made in the field of glycomics. Further research and development of the microarray approach to analyzing glycans is predicted to allow for significant insight into how glycans encode biological information in complex systems.

The approach employed in this experiment, comprising of a biological referencing system coupled to the ratiometric approach, allowed for a sensitive analytical method that enabled researchers to detect the subtle differences between samples. This analytical system has evidently provided reproducible, semiquantitative lectin-binding analyses of complex cell-surface glycosylation, and already been applied to the analysis of blood cell differentiation. By allowing for this simple high-throughput method to obtain an overall view of N- and O-linked glycosylation, this technology has made immeasurable improvement upon past methods of glycomic analysis. In addition, the ratiometric microarray has the potential to obtain an overall view of glycolipid content, at an intermediate level of substructural resolution. Microarray technology may also be used to verify the results from other bioanalytical techniques, such as RT-PCR. Future prospects for the microarray comprise of expanding the array to include antibodies, new more highly selective lectins, as well as other glycan binding proteins. This expansion will allow researchers to gather more detailed information about the mammalian glycome. Fluctuation of glycan content associated with dynamic biological states, including disease states, may also be more systematically identified, as this emerging technology advances. Furthermore, the microarray is expected to reveal direct linkages between the mammalian glycome and genome.

References:

Indiana University National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics

Biology-Online Dictionary

{Text Book}

A ratiometric lectin microarray approach to analysis of the dynamic mammalian glycome

KEGG Pathway
Note: These could not be regularly hyperlinked as for some reason they set off wikibook's spam filters.

Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis

http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00010+C00031

Pentose phosphate pathway

http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00030+C00031

Galactose metabolism

http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00052+C00031

Starch and sucrose metabolism

http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00500+C00031

Streptomycin biosynthesis

http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00521+C00031

Indole and ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis

http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00901+C00031

ABC transporters – General

http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map02010+C00031

Two-component system – General

http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map02020+C00031

Insulin signaling pathway

http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map04910+C00031

Type II diabetes mellitus

http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map04930+C00031

MetaCyc Pathways
Web Resources

Wikipedia: Glucose

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose

This is the Wikipedia entry for glucose. It presents a broad overview of glucose including it physical and chemical properties, chemical structures and isomers, natural and commercial sources of production and roles it plays in cellular metabolism. The site also presents the glycolysis pathway with links to all enzymes and intermediates involved.

New terms:

Chiral – Structural characteristic of a molecule that makes it impossible to superimpose it on its mirror image.

Anomer – A cyclic stereoisomer whose sole conformational difference involves the arrangement of atoms or groups in the aldehyde or ketone group.

Fischer projection – A two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule.

Haworth projection – A way of representing the cyclic structure of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective.

Mutarotation – A change in the optical rotation reducing sugars.

Rotamers – One of a set of conformers arising from restricted rotation about one single bond.

Abiotic – Non-living chemical and physical factors of the environment.

Erythrocyte – Red blood cell.

This site provides background information on the glucose molecule itself as well as a lot of concepts discussed in class such as glycolysis, citric acid cycle, glycogen, protein and lipid synthesis etc. The outline of the glycolysis metabolic pathway with links to all enzymes and intermediates involved would be an especially useful aid in its study.

MedBio

http://www.medbio.info/

This site provides information on carbohydrate structure and function, glucose metabolism and control and diabetes and other related metabolic disorders. The site serves as a great resource because it not only provides information on standalone topics, but contains a large amount or articles and explanations that integrate glucose metabolism into broader concepts that go above and beyond what was covered in class in a manner that is easier to understand than the textbook. The site also has summaries, explanations and links to other medical textbooks and websites on the topic.

New terms:

Glycemic – The presence of glucose in the blood.

Hepatic – Relating to the liver.

Renal – Relating to the kidney.

Lipolysis – The hydrolysis of fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Adsorbtion – The gathering of a substance on the surface of a layer.

Biphasic - Having two distinct phases.

All concepts discussed in class are covered in this site, including, but not limited to, glucose structure and function, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the citric acid cycle, energy storage and metabolic pathways of synthesis and degradation that use glucose as a metabolite.

Glucose Tolerance Test

http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/glucose/test.html

This site describes the nature of the glucose tolerance test in the clinical diagnosis of diabetes. It explains the nature of the disease, and the consequences of hyper and hypoglycemia. It thoroughly explains the process and the meaning of the results, listing detailed information on how blood glucose levels change in a diabetic compared to a healthy individual.

New terms:

Hypoglycemia – An abnormally low level of glucose in the blood.

Hyperglycemia – An abnormally high level of glucose in the blood.

Gestational diabetes – A condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. It is believed that the hormones produced during pregnancy reduce a woman's sensitivity to insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels.

Type I diabetes – An autoimmune disease that results in the permanent destruction of insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas.

Type II diabetes - A metabolic disorder that is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia.

This site provides a good launching off point for a more detailed examination of our brief discussion of diabetes in class. It explains the clinical symptoms of diabetes as well as offering a discussion and links to other medical conditions that affect blood glucose and insulin levels.

Peer-reviewed articles

The Role of Glucose Metabolites in the Activation and Translocation of Glycogen Synthase by Insulin in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/274/39/27497

This study investigated the effects of differing concentrations of various glucose metabolites on the action of glycogen synthase (the enzyme responsible for glycogen synthesis) in mouse adiposite tissue. Its main findings were that increasing the levels of insulin, glucose-6-phosphate and glucosamine-6-phosphate increased the levels if glycogen synthase activity. Conversely, decreasing the levels of available glucose in the cells decreased the activity of glycogen synthase.

New terms:

Glycogenolytic – The biochemical breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

Immunoblot – A laboratory procedure in which proteins that have been separated by electrophoresis are transferred onto nitrocellulose sheets and are identified by their reaction with labeled antibodies.

Isoform – Any of two or more functionally similar proteins that have a similar but not identical amino acid sequence and are either encoded by different genes or by RNA transcripts from the same gene which have had different exons removed.

Endogenous – Pertaining to the metabolism of nitrogenous elements of cells and tissues.

Lysate – The mixture of substances formed by the lysis of cells.

Supernatant – Floating above or on the surface.

Ultracentrifugation – A high-velocity centrifuge used in the separation of colloidal or submicroscopic particles.

Subcellular – Contained within a cell.

As we have seen throughout the course, the regulation of metabolic processes involves the interaction amongst many different integrated metabolic pathways and substances, and the study clearly illustrates this concept. It shows how cellular metabolites have many different roles, with the substrates or products of one pathway actually acting as regulators of another pathway and also illustrates different methods of enzyme regulation such as translocation, sequestration and allosteric control.

Determination of glucose metabolites in stored erythrocytes and in erythrocytes from patients with thalassemia by analytical isotachophoresis

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T28-4JKHJ0G-2&_user=47004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000005018&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=47004&md5=4b9295f2df4db971c81850c26944f7b2

This study used an isotachophoretic method to study the concentrations of all the metabolites of glycolysis in erythrocytes (red blood cells). This is relevant since red blood cells (RBCs) rely on glycolysis as their main source of ATP production. RBCs from healthy individuals as well as those suffering from thalassemia were used in the study. It was found that concentrations of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate were elevated in thalassemia RBCs compared to those from healthy individuals.

New terms:

Isotachophoresis – A technique in analytical chemistry used to separate charged particles using a discontinuous electrical field to create sharp boundaries between the sample constituents.

Thalassemia – Hereditary disease causing faulty haemoglobin synthesis.

Electrolyte – Any inorganic compounds, mainly sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, and bicarbonate, that dissociate in biological fluids into ions capable of conducting electrical currents and constituting a major force in controlling fluid balance within the body.

Electrophoresis – A method of separating substances, especially proteins, and analyzing molecular structure based on the rate of movement of each component in a colloidal suspension while under the influence of an electric field.

Anaemia – A quantitative deficiency of the hemoglobin, often accompanied by a reduced number of red blood cells and causing pallor, weakness, and breathlessness.

Microcytosis – A blood disorder characterized by the presence of microcytes (abnormally small red blood cells) in the blood; often associated with anemia.

Hypochromia – An anaemic condition due to a deficiency of haemoglobin in the red blood cells causing a lack of colour or pigmentation.

This study featured an in depth analysis of the glycolysis pathway, describing an experimental method that can be used to analyse and determine the concentration of glycolysis metabolites. This information would be an excellent supplement to our class study of the glycolysis pathway in terms of proving background information on how the various intermediate metabolites in the pathway can be detected and measured in the first place. It also illustrates another example of the concept of an inborn error of metabolism causing the accumulation of intermediate metabolites in a pathway.

Glucose Metabolites Inhibit Protein Phosphatases and Directly Promote Insulin Exocytosis in Pancreatic ß-Cells

http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/endo;143/12/4592

This study examined the causes of insulin excretion from mice pancreatic β-cells. It fond that metabolites of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle such as fructure-1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, 3-phosphoglycerate, citrate and oxaloacetate significantly enhance insulin exocytosis from pancreatic β-cells by inactivating ser/thr phosphatases.

New terms: Permeabilized – Made permeable.

Homogenize - to form by a consistent solution by blending unlike elements.

Normoglycemia – The presence of a normal concentration of glucose in the blood.

Anaplerosis – Reactions that form intermediates of the TCA or citric acid cycle.

Mitogenesis – The induction of mitosis.

Secretagogue – A substance or situation that promotes secretion.

This article again further expands on our discussions of diabetes, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. It clearly illustrates the concept that metabolic pathways are not simple and linear as may seem when they are presented on a one-by-one in the textbook, but are in fact intrinsically linked and interconnected in terms of locations, metabolites and regulatory enzymes. Finally, since this paper is relatively new, it also shows that we a far from having a complete holistic understanding of cellular metabolism processes and are constantly learning new functions of ‘old’ molecules.

=Articles and Web Pages for Review and Inclusion=


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User talk:Mirage.maverick

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

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User talk:JTFerret

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

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User talk:BigPeteB

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

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User talk:Collinsl

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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Collinsl


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder

Overview
Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder is, as the name suggests, a powder which renders an area instantly dark when it is thrown.

Extended Description
A product of Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes, Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder is one of the more serious products that the Twins sell to the Ministry of Magic and similar organizations. We see it in the back room of the Twins' shop when Fred and George are showing Harry around.

Somehow, Draco Malfoy manages to purchase some of this material, and uses it to mask the invasion of Hogwarts from the Room of Requirement in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. When the powder is thrown at Ron, Ginny, and Neville, they are unable to see anything, which means that it must have blocked all light from entering the region where the powder was thrown; however, Draco, who has a Hand of Glory, is still able to see to lead the invading Death Eaters past them.

Analysis
On its own, this would seem to be not particularly useful; what is the use of having an area suddenly become totally dark? Particularly if you must travel through that area yourself, it seems counter-intuitive to eliminate your own ability to see what you're doing. In the book, however, Draco pairs this with the Hand of Glory, which will illuminate the resulting darkness only for him. He is then able to lead a train of Death Eaters out of the darkened area, while those set to watch him are left in the dark. It is uncertain why the darkness powder does not affect the light of the Hand Of Glory; perhaps the Hand of Glory somehow makes use of a part of the spectrum other than that affected by the darkness powder.

The mature reader can't help wondering if the name of this substance is derived from "Bolivian marching powder", a slang term for cocaine.


text:
User:Schultzter

I'm a Googlenaut, so you can find more information about me here: My blog

title: User:Schultzter


text:
Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/MALDI-MS

Back to Previous Chapter: Hormones Next chapter: Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control Next Category: Sample Preparation Go to: Ion Trap MS

Introduction
MALDI, or Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry. Using this technique allows for the analysis of biomolecules (proteins, peptides, and sugars) and larger organic molecules (polymers and dendrimers). MALDI is used to ionize these molecules because they are very fragile and will usually fragment when ionized by other, more conventional ionization methods. A laser beam is used for ionization, and the biomolecule is protected by a matrix to prevent it from being destroyed, and to allow for optimal vaporization and ionization.

The Matrix
The matrix used in MALDI-MS is a mixture of crystallized molecules, with the most common three being 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). These are mixed into solution in purified water and an organic solvent such as ethanol or acetonitrile.

How it Works
[[Media:Maldi_cartoon.gif]]

The laser is fired at the matrix, with the matrix absorbing the lasers energy, and ionizing the crystals. These crystals then transfer some of their charge to the compound being testing, thus protecting it from the laser's destructive energy, but still allowing it to be ionized. Ions observed after this process consist of a neutral molecule [M] and an added or removed ion. Together, they form a quasimolecular ion, for example [M+H]+ in the case of an added proton, [M+Na]+ in the case of an added sodium ion, or [M-H]- in the case of a removed proton. MALDI generally produces singly-charged ions, but multiply charged ions ([M+nH]n+) can also be observed, usually as a function of the matrix, the laser intensity and/or the voltage used. Note that these are all even-electron species. Ion signals of radical cations can be observed eg. in case of matrix molecules and other stable molecules.

Mass Spectrometer

MALDI (Matrix-Assisted laser desorption/ionization) is usually used with the TOF mass spectrometer. The TOF spectrometer is ideal because of the wide range of masses it can operate with.

Experiments Done Using MALDI-MS
Effect of Culture Conditions on Microorganism Identification by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Article Link Here

PNNL: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, they are responsible for the making of the data base used to identify the unknown bacteria based on their spectral readings.

Sheep Blood Agar: Link:Blood Agar Types Used in this experiment because it is widely used in differentiating various strains of the Bacillus genus. Some strains exhibit hemolysis, while others do not. This is important to differentiate the form that causes anthrax from other less harmful types.

Spectral signature peaks: Link:Mass Spectrometry Data Representation Peaks in the spectrometry results, that will appear in the majority of a bacteria species, these peaks will represent some sort of protein that the bacteria are making for their own metabolism.

Automated Statistically Based Data Analysis Algorithms: These algorithms are used to compare the signatures of the unknown microorganisms, or in this case the known microorganisms grown on various media, to the extensive library of signatures already in place. The ions that are present in at least 70% of the spectra are included into a signature library for that microorganism.

MALDI-TOF MS is already being used to create a database of characteristic spectral signature peaks of different bacteria genera and species grown on controlled cultures. This group of researchers questioned whether or not bacteria grown on different sorts of media would cause the bacteria to switch on different proteins, and thus change the spectrometry results. According to various reports, use of the minimal medium chosen for this study has been shown to induce physiological changes in both E. Coli and Bacillus subtilis. However, the results have shown that despite being culture in the different media, whole-cell bacteria are still identifiable by MALDI-TOF MS and PNNL's (automated statistically based data analysis algorithms. This is due to the majority of the proteins in a bacteria working in all culture conditions i.e. housekeeping functions, and not involved in metabolizing the culture.

On-Probe Sample Pretreatment for Direct Analysis of Lipids in Gram-Positive Bacterial Cells by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Article Link Here

Peptidoglycan: A polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that makes up bacterial cell walls Wiki Link

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA): is the chemical compound with the formula CF3CO2H. It is a strong carboxylic acid widely used in organic synthesis. Wiki Link

In this experiment, the researchers were testing a new method to analyze the lipid components of bacterial cell walls without doing extensive pre-treatments. This new method is called on-probe sample pretreatment, and involves the transfer of growing bacterial colonies to the matrix surface where they are covered with a microvolume of matrix solution prior to being exposed to the laser. In previous experiments no signature peaks were shown using this method. In this experiment, they added a compound known as TFA to the on-probe treatment to enhance the ion formation of phospholipids in the bacterial cell wall. With this addition of TFA, the signature peaks appeared in the test done on B. subtilus. However, when this same procedure was done on a sample of E.Coli (a gram negative bacteria), the results were not as clear. It is suspected that this is due to TFA hydrolyzing the phospholipids in the thinner peptidoglycan layer of the gram negative bacterium.

Direct Tissue Analysis by MALDI MS: Application to Kidney Biology Article Link

Drug Nephrotoxicity: is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medication, on the kidney. Wiki Link

Glomeruli: is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. Combined with the Bowman's capsule it makes up the renal corpuscle, the basic functional unit of the kidney.

Glomerulosclerosis: Scarring of the glomeruli found in scattered regions of the kidney, it impairs kidney function. MALDI-MS can be used for tissue protein profiling in these diseased regions. Outside Link

This is a very general article describing how MALDI-MS is used to determine biomolecule concentration and location in a tissue sample (in this case, the kidney). MALDI-MS allows for the direct analysis of the molecules in the tissue without special regents specific for various molecules. MALDI-MS can be used to look for certain proteins, peptides, lipids, and drugs (important for the pharmaceutical industry). The ability to detect drug concentrations is key to determining medicinal levels in the kidney, giving the researchers an idea to the effect the drug may have had on the patients kidney. The researchers conclude that the applications that this technology can be used for have only just begun, and that this technology has extraordinary potential.

=Articles and Web Pages for Review and Inclusion=


text:
Arithmetic/Introduction to Exponents

What Are Exponents
Exponents are a short hand that tells us how many times we should multiply a number with itself. If we have to write out every multiplication expressions could get quite long. For example, the number 5×5×5×5×5×5 is often shortened to 56. The number 6 is called an exponent. It tells us how many times we should multiply 5 by itself.

A Focus on Squaring Numbers
In multiplication, there are some common names when we use small numbers. For example, multiplying by two is called "doubling", and by three is "tripling". In the same way, exponentiating with two is called "squaring" and by three is called "cubing".

So, just how $$5*2=5+5$$, $$5^2=5*5$$. Overall, $$x^2=x*x$$. So, 6^2 is 6*6 (36), and 10^2 is 10*10 (100).

You might also notice that the square of a number, as we have learned it, is always positive. For example, 2 squared is 2*2 which is 4; at the same time, -2 squared is -2*-2, which is also 4. Actually, (-x)^2 and (x)^2 equal the same thing.

A Focus on Cubing Numbers
Unlike squaring numbers, cubing them (raising them by three) preserves the original numbers' sign. For example, $$2^3=2*2*2=8$$, while $$(-2)^3=-2*-2*-2=-8$$.

In fact, you might notice that when you raise a number to any even power (2, 4, 6, ...), the sign must be positive, whereas when you raise it to an odd degree (1, 3, 5, 7, ...) the sign will be the same as the original number's.

Properties of Exponents
There are, however, several useful tricks for manipulating exponents. Say we have some powers of $$x$$, for example, $$x^a$$ and $$x^b$$. If we want to figure out the product of these, $$x^a*x^b$$, we can see that it is actually $$x$$ multiplied by itself $$a$$ times, multiplied by itself $$b$$ more times.

In other words, there are a x's in the first term, and b x's in the second, and multiplying the two means that there will be a+b x's in the answer. Therefore, $$x^a*x^b=x^{a+b}$$.

In the same way, $$\left( \frac{x^a}{x^b} \right)$$ means that there are a x's on the top, divided by b x's on the bottom. As you may see, some of the x's on the bottom will cancel those on the top, particularly, b. This means that the fraction $$\left( \frac{x^a}{x^b} \right)$$ will turn to $$\left( \frac{x^{a-b}}{1} \right) = x^{a-b}$$

title: Arithmetic/Introduction to Exponents


text:
Wikijunior talk:How Things Work/Binary Numbers

Binary picture
I think the binary picture should be removed, it has nothing to do with binary except that pictures can be made with 1s and 0s. --Armiris

Done. RT Jones (talk) 21:28, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Duplicate page
There is already a page in the ready for publication category about binary system

Advait athreya (discuss • contribs) 13:40, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

The explanation on how to go from decimal to binary and vice versa is OK and all that, but It's a bit too much down.
It should be before all of the crazy "   '1 + 1 = 10' and '1 + 10 = 11'  " stuff (I know how to read and write binary from computer science but like, jee, that part did not help me learn binary like, AT ALL, it just confused me when first learning binary rather than "helping me", in fact, I still do not get it to this day.

Like, The order of the article should go like this; (Start of article) Binary is 0 or 1. Computer scientists start counting from Cero. Computers can only read on and off, 1 is on and 0 is off. What is base 10. What is base 2. Why base 2 is based and redpilled. Basic table showing 4-bit values in binary ( 0000 =0 ; 0001= 1 ; 0010= 2 ; 0100= 4 ; 1000= 8) and then the 8-bit table (Goes from 2^0 to 2^7) Asking if the reader notices the pattern NOW YOU TELL THEM HOW TO GO FROM BINATY TO DECIMAL AND VICE-VERSA

NOW THAT THE READER ACTUALLY KNOWS HOW TO UNDERSTAND BINARY, YOU MAY ASK HIM/HER TO DO THE PRACTICE EXERCISE

Now add any extra info/trivia (end of article)

But hey that's just my opinion, dont take it too personal, but take it into consideration.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Percheron

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text:
Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice

Volunteer Editor
 * This is a wiki project - an open source, free access reference book. Anyone is welcome and encouraged to contribute anytime, anything (as long as it relates to Biomedical Engineering).
 * Hanjin Deviasse Toronto,ON,Canada

Table of contents
/Licensing/

/Preface/
 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) /Physiological System/
 * 3) /Physiological Modeling and Simulation/
 * 4) Theory of Bioelectric phenomena
 * 5) /Bioelectric phenomena(Application)/
 * 6) /Neuro engineering/
 * 7) Concept of Biomechanics
 * 8) Biomechanics II,Biomechanics of Bone and Tissue
 * 9) Biomechanics III,Biomechanics of Auditory System
 * 10) Biomechanics IV, Biomechanics of Heart and Blood
 * 11) Biomechanics V, Biomechanics of Blood and Lymphatic transportation
 * 12) /Rehabilitation Engineering/
 * 13) /Biomaterials/
 * 14) /Requirements of Biomaterials/
 * 15) /Classes of Biomaterials/
 * 16) /Oncology/
 * 17) /Medical Imaging & Analysis /
 * 18) /Biotechnology/
 * 19) /Biosensors & Biochips/
 * 20) /Health Informatics/
 * 21) /Clinical Engineering/
 * 22) /Ethics/
 * 23) /The Technological Tools/
 * 24) /Introduction to Biostatistics with R for Bioengineers/
 * 25) /Introduction of R/
 * 26) /R Language/
 * 27) /R Programming/
 * 28) /R Graphics/
 * 29) /Descriptive statistics with R/
 * 30) /A Probability Model from the Sample Data/
 * 31) /Statistical Inference/
 * 32) /Further reading/

Acknowledgements
This Wikibook was inspired by the concept of a Wikibook Class Project and by the good leading example of Embedded Control Systems Design Wikibook.


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Clydesdale


text:
Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Introduction

The biomedical engineer works with the medical doctors, the nurses,the manufacturers and so on. In order to design new device for healthcare, basical understanding human body is prior. In order to find out the requirement of the special medical devices, therapy and so on, when we read the patents,journals, articles and so on and communicate with medical field people, it would be very helpful. In this chapter, fundamental anatomical terms and medical glossary would be introduced.

Anatomical Terms

 * The body is composed of the head, trunk and limbs.

 * The trunk consists of the neck, thorax(chest) and abdomen (belly). The lowest part of the trunk is the perineum. The central axis of the trunk is the vertebral column, and the upper part of it(cervical part) supports the head.

 * The main parts of the upper limb are the arm, forearm and hand. Arm in anatomical form means the part between the shoulder and elbow. But, generally the arm means from the shoulder to before the hand.

 * The main parts of the lower limb are the thigh, leg and foot. Here also leg in anatomical term point out the part from knee to foot.But, generally the leg means from thigh to before the foot.

Anatomical Planes

 * For the positions of structure in human anatomy, the whole body should stand upright with the feet together and the head and eyes looking to the front with the arms straight by the side and the palms of the hands facing forwards.
 * The ‘Median plane’ is an virtual vertical longitudinal line through the middle of the body from front to back, dividing the body into right and left halves.
 * The ‘Coronal planes’ are imaginary planes at right angles to the median plane.
 * The 'Transverse plane' divides the body into head and tail portions.

Anatomical Movement
'See also Wikipedia,Anatomical terms of motion.

 * 1) 'Flexion' means a bending movement that decreases the angle between two parts like bending elbow, sitting down and so on.
 * 2) 'Extension' is the opposite of flexion. It is a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.
 * 3) 'Abduction' is a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body.
 * 4) 'Adduction' is a motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb.
 * 5) 'Elevation' is the movement in a superior direction like raising the arm upwards.
 * 6) 'Depression' is the movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation.
 * 7) 'Internal rotation' (or medial rotation) means rotation towards the axis of the body like the arms against the chest.
 * 8) 'External rotation' (or lateral rotation) means rotation away from the center of the body. For instance, the leg can rotate.

Medical Terminology
'See also Wikipedia,List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes

Medical Glossary
'See also Wikipedia, Medical Dictionary

Histology
Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues. All organs of the body are formed of tissues. A tissue is a collection of similar type cells associated with some intercellular matrix (ground substance) controlled by some laws of growth and development. These cells perform the same functions. Tissues are usually divided into four categories:muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.

Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue is composed of "excitable" cells which can contract. Muscle tissue include a lot of microfilaments composed of actin and myosin, which are contractile proteins. There are three major types of muscle tissue:

 * Skeletal Muscle:It is attached to bones by tendons and associated with the body's voluntary movements. Skeletal muscle is striated muscle. Unlike cardiac muscle, the cells are not branched.
 * Visceral (Smooth) Muscle:It is found in many parts of the body such as the arteries, the bladder, the digestive tract and so on. Visceral muscle is also called smooth muscle as it doesn't have cross striations. Visceral muscle contracts slower than skeletal muscle, but the contraction can be continued for a longer period.
 * Cardiac muscle:It is so named because it is found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated discs which allow the synchronization of the heart beat. Cardiac muscle is branched, striated muscle.

Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is specialized to sense stimuli and transmit signals to and from different parts of an organism. The nervous system is split into two parts. One is the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system contains the cranial and spinal nervous and provides the communication between the CNS and the rest of the body. Two main cell types are neurons and neuroglia. The neurons are the basic structural units of the nervous system. The neuroglia assist the propagation of the nerve impulse and provide nutrients to the neuron. Neurons transmit electricity through their plasma membrane and lose their ability to split once they commit to their roles (after birth). They last a life time and store memory. However, if they are destroyed they cannot be replaced. However with that said, you cannot avoid other parts of the brain to take over functions. Neurons also needs lots of oxygen and glucose and will die within 5 minutes without oxygen. Nervous tissue is composed of various types of nerve cells, all of which having an axon, the long stem-like part of the cell that sends action potential signals to the next cell. Nervous tissue is discussed more in Chapter 3.

Connective tissue
Connective tissue (CT) supports, connects, or separates various tissues and organs of the body. It is one of the four major type tissues—the others of which are epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissues. Connective tissue can be found everywhere in the body except the central nervous system.

Epithelial tissue
It is one of the four major types tissues. It is related to secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation. In Greek ἐπί (epi) means "on" or "upon", and θηλή (thēlē) means "nipple".

Fill up the gaps

 * 1) The body consists of the head, ______and limbs. ((a) arms (b) trunks)
 * 2) Sagittal plane is parallel to _______ plane.((a)lateral (b) median)
 * 3) Nose is _______ to the ears. ((a) anterior (b) posterior)
 * 4) Rotation is the movement of a part of the body around its _______axis. ((a) central (b) long)
 * 5) All organs of the body are formed of ______.((a) flesh (b) tissue)
 * 6) Epithelium is ______ tissue. ((a) covering (b) connecting)


text:
Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Chapters Description

This page should be some sort of a detailed outline for the rest of the book. It should also focus on the best approach for reading this book. It should also be emphasized that the reading order is totally arbitrary and that each chapter is self-contained. Chapters are linking between each other especially to point out necessary tools.

Chapter # 1 Introduction
1.1 What is biomedical engineering?

1.2 A very brief history biomedical engineering.

1.3 The state of the art.: a broad look at things.

1.4 Opportunities for growth.

Chapter # 2 Biomedical Instrumentation:
2.1 The role of instrumentation in biomedical engineering.

2.2 a very swift review of basic electronics:

Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, Resistance

Kirchhoff ’s Law's, Resistors in Series and Parallel

Voltage and Current Divider Rules

Linear Network Analysis: Nodal Mesh etc

Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems

Inductors, Capacitors & Combinations

2.3 Bioinstrumentation specific stuff:

Amplifiers for Biopotential

Time Variant Signals & Phasors

Passive & Active Filters

instrumentation Design

Waveform Generators for testing

Signal analysis and software

Chapter # 6 Biomechanics:
6.1 A very brief review of basic mechanics:

Vectors and kinematics,Force and Motion, Kinetic and Potential Energy and Work, Conservation of Energy, Energy Absorption, Center of Mass and Linear & Angular Momentum, Rotation, Torque, and Elasticity,Axial Stress and Strain Shear Stress, Bending, Torsion,Failure Under Load,

6.2 Cellular Biomechanics

6.3 Mechanics of Hard &Soft Tissue Tissues

6.4.1 mechanics of the Musculoskeletal & digestive systems

6.4.2 Joint Surface & Lubrication

6.4.3 Analysis of Gait and movement

6.5 Mechanics of the cardiovascular,Lymphatic, andrespiratory systems

6.6 Mechanics of the inner ear


text: C++ Programming/Code/IO/Streams/string/Examples/Accepting and printing a String


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arabian

/Transcluded Modules


text: C++ Programming/Programming Languages/C++/Code/Statements/Variables/Operators/Examples/Adding Integer Numbers


text: File:Clone.jpg

title: File:Clone.jpg


text:
Talk:Biomedical Engineering: A Roadmap

This is the Main Discussion Page for the book of "Biomedical Engineering: A Roadmap"

Scope
Biomedical engineering is an interdiscplinary field! So, writing a textbook about biomedical engineering is a chaleneging task. This book shold just point out the different disciplines needed for a biomedical engineering career; and not duplicating them here! I think of this book as a Roadmap. It should give the students a taste of different disciplines under the biomedical engineering field and guide them about the material they need to learn. Stressing it point again; this book should not duplicated the learning material for different discplines here. It should, however, point out how the materials would be applied in the biomedical engineering field.

For all contributors, please kindly stick to the scope!

Manual of Style
Please see The Local Manual of Style.

Figures, Graphs, and Media Policy
Please stick to the official Media policy

= A Reader Request =

I moved this request from the main page to here Islam.badreldin (talk) 21:09, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

"Please add about auto blood analyzer, tissue processor, MPQBC meter and other various analyzing machine"

title: Talk:Biomedical Engineering: A Roadmap


text: Category:Book:US History

title: Category:Book:US History


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title: File:Edit in explorer.jpg


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Shetland

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text: User talk:68.57.5.44

title: User talk:68.57.5.44


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/sscanf

sscanf
The function sscanf is just like scanf, except that the input is read from buffer.

 * Related topics: fscanf - scanf


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/puts

puts
The function puts writes str to stdout. puts returns non-negative on success, or EOF on failure.

 * Related topics: fputs - gets - printf - putc


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/rewind

rewind
The function rewind moves the file position indicator to the beginning of the specified stream, also clearing the error and EOF flags associated with that stream.

 * Related topics: fseek


text:
User talk:Egypt~enwikibooks

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 04:54, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Egypt. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Egypt~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:07, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:55, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Egypt~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Islam.badreldin

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 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
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 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 04:54, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Islam.badreldin


text:
User talk:Armiris~enwikibooks

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 04:54, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Armiris. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Armiris~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:59, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:34, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Armiris~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:MathleteNumber0

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 04:54, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:MathleteNumber0


text:
User talk:Mdt8517

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 04:54, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mdt8517


text:
User:Remi/Notebook

http://bilconference.com/

title: User:Remi/Notebook


text: Category:Book:Linux From Scratch

title: Category:Book:Linux From Scratch


text:
User:Steenari

I'm a native Swedish speaker and I'm mostly here to work on the Swedish language book.

title: User:Steenari


text:
Talk:Swedish/Lesson 1

These phonetic transliteration in the dialogue should be rewritten with use of IPA. Also there shouldn't be so much "oh", "usch", "äh" and "..." in the dialogue since it's confusing for the reader. /Steenari

add audio files...
It'd be great if anyone knowing swedish could add the audio files. It'd not take any time either. It'd be so helpful. I was just checking the pages. :)

thanks!!! Learnerktm (discuss • contribs) 10:12, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swedish/Lesson 1


text:
Trainz/Scriptable Assets

Introduction
Assets which perform sophisticated operations can have GameScript coding associated with them. This coding is referred to as a "Scriptlet". Examples of such assets are the interactive industries.

(This is a placeholder stub only; it needs to be expanded greatly.)

title: Trainz/Scriptable Assets


text:
Trainz/Driver Sessions and Rules

Introduction
A Rule is a command which runs in a Driver session.

In the config.txt file of a Trainz asset, setting  as the parameter of the   tag identifies the asset as a Rule. For this reason, Rules are sometimes also called behaviours.

Rules are not the same as Driver Commands, although they are closely related to each other. The Driver Command Rule specifies which Driver Commands will be available in a Driver session.

Rules are also not the same as Scriptlets. Scriptlets are sections of GameScript coding associated with assets such as rolling stock items and industries.

How Rules Are Specified
Rules and their parameters are specified when a Driver session is created in Surveyor, by means of the "Edit Session Rules" option. A few standard built-in Rules are available by default. Additional built-in and custom Rules can be added as desired.

When Rules Operate
By default Rules commence operation as soon as the Driver session starts to run.

In "Edit Session Rules", Rules can be indented, in which case they will only be obeyed when the Rule immediately above the indented Rule fires its event.

For example, a master Trigger Rule can have a Play Sound Rule indented under it, so that the sound will be played when a train enters a trigger. This is analogous to the ON EVENT concept in traditional programming.

Rules indented under an Ordered List Rule will be run in sequence, each one commencing only after the previous one completes.

More Information

 * TRS2004 World Builders Manual > Section 13 Surveyor Main Menu > Session And Rules Management: Explains the concept of Rules, how to specify Rules and their parameters, and what the standard built-in Rules do.

 * TRS2006 Manual > Section 11.14 Session And Rules Management: Explains the concept of Rules, how to specify Rules and their parameters, but not what the standard built-in Rules do.

 * TRS2006 Sessions & Rules Guide (downloadable from Auran's web site): Covers the subject in detail, except that it has no information about how to create Rules, only how to use them. Most of the material in this document is also applicable to TRS2004.

 * TRS2004 SP2 Variable Rules Tutorial (downloadable from Auran's web site): Explains the usage of the variable Rules which were introduced with TRS2004 SP2. The downloadable package includes a sample tutorial route and Driver session.

title: Trainz/Driver Sessions and Rules


text:
User:Islam.badreldin

This page should contain my profile!

I am renaming my account to islam.badreldin instead of islam.badreldein

title: User:Islam.badreldin


text:
Talk:US History/Preface

His Story
Oh boy. Another "US History," which should actually be spelled "His Story." Basing this document on a patriarchical model that treats the involvement and influence of women on the history of the US does a disservice to Wikibooks readers. Yes, of course we can edit the document, and no doubt more appropriate content will be included, but it'll be like writing your way up Mt. Everest.

So, here's a challenge: Let's make this document reflect the true history of the US, the history that includes the good, the bad and the ugly. Because otherwise, this will simply be another in the long line of lies that have been handed down from one High School generation to the next, a glossy coating of mostly white male-dominated accomplishments that perpetuates the status-quo power structure.

Cheers :) —the preceding unsigned comment is by 65.121.229.5 (talk • contribs) 15:58, 27 October 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm sympathetic to the opinions and perspectives of the anonymous commentator preceeding.

 * Criticism is appropriate, certainly, and appreciated. Contributions, providing an example of overlooked topics and perspectives would be even more appreciated, at least by this contributor. erraunt 19:28, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Length concerns
I could add to this, but i would be seriously annoyed if the book got "too" long. In other words, wikipedia has its uses. - Cyberman —the preceding unsigned comment is by 68.255.69.27 (talk • contribs) 03:54, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:US History/Preface


text:
User talk:Oguhyc

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- Herby talk thyme 15:21, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oguhyc