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Basic Writing/Public Affairs writing

Public Affairs Writing:

Definition
Public affairs writing is the term used for publications written with the purpose of expressing comments, ideas or concerns to a target the audience. It is also used simply as a source of informing. Some common forms of public affairs writing include letters to the editor, letters to your congressman, or the more recent genre of e-mails and blogs. The content is usually opinion driven with the purpose of informing or persuading the audience.

Importance of Public Affairs Writing
What kind of government would we have if our citizens didn't get involved? If you are reading this, there's a good chance you have the intention of improving your writing, and therefore yourself. You are probably also aware of your political, educational and economic circumstances. Chances are you've also got your own opinions of them. Public affairs writing can be used constructively on a personal or public level to share your thoughts and experiences to a broad range of audiences. It's important to become involved on a civil level with your community and peers. What would you write a letter to your congressman about? What would you say to the editor of that last newspaper article you read? Learning the correct forms of public affairs writing can give you the tools you need to make a difference in the public arena.

Examples of Public Affairs Writing
Editorial or Op-Ed: An editorial or op-ed is an opinion piece that is typically found in newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, or other types of periodical publications. A writer will select a controversial, generally topical or relevant issue and then compose a persuasive piece in which they express their beliefs about the issue. Usually editorials are written by professional writers, but sometimes a magazine or newspaper will publish editorials by “regular people”—even college students, for that matter.

Letter to the Editor: Nearly all periodical publications—newspapers, magazines, online publications—offer the opportunity for the public to interact with the ideas expressed in the publication, allowing their own voices to be heard. The forum for this exchange of information is generally called the “Letters to the Editor” section. The format for these writing samples is similar to ordinary letters that you would perhaps send to a friend or a relative, except the style is usually more formal, the writing more polished, the tone is generally persuasive, and the content involves a reaction to something printed in the publication. Sometimes a letter to the editor is simply a congratulations on a job well done for a particular article or feature. Other times (more frequently) the letter writer takes issue with something printed.

Letter to a Policy Maker (i.e. Congressman, Governor, etc...): A significant part of being an active member of your community is taking an interest in public policy. After all, public policy affects everyone. Thus, it is important to make your voice be heard (an opportunity we all have in our democratic society), and writing to the public officials who directly contribute to the intricacies of daily life is one significant method in achieving this goal.

Proposal: A proposal is a stated plan of action or suggested solution to a problem. Proposals are common in the business world and politics. Examples would include a proposal for a to counter negative employment trends or to improve student performance in education.

Flyer/Brochure/Pamphlet/Advertisement: These are all examples of materials distributed to the public in the hopes of influencing public opinion. These materials often try to appeal to emotion and they tend to include an emphasis on visual literacy.

Internet Journal/Weblog: Welcome to the Information Age! These days the Internet and electronic media are far more prevalent in our society than print material. If you really have an interest in social issues that affect the public, and you want a large audience to read and respond to your ideas, then a weblog or "blog" is the way to go.

Writing an Editorial: A Journey Through the Writing Process
The following is a sample writing process that details a student's writing process for writing an editorial. The assignment states to write a 2-3 page editorial about a controversial issue that interests her.

1. Inventing:

A. The first step is to come up with ideas for the editorial. The student (let's call her Mary) begins by brainstorming a  list of topics that she considers interesting. She lists such various topics as educational issues, birth control rights, and environmental problems. After briefly considering each issue separately, she decides on education, a topic that interests her a great deal.

B. Next, Mary realizes that she will have to narrow her topic down. After all education is a huge topic that includes any number of controversial issues. Once again she brainstorms a list of topics: teacher salaries, standardized testing, student uniforms. Mary considers the scope of her assignment-the page length is 2-3 pages, and she understands that some issues are probably to complex to sufficiently tackle in such a short amount. She decides to write about school uniforms.

C. Finally, before drafting Mary realizes that she will need to have a preliminary thesis in order to begin. After all, the thesis is the main point of a paper, so she needs to have a goal for her paper. Mary decides that she will argue that school uniforms will be beneficial to student performance.

2. Drafting:

A. Next Mary begins the process of drafting, or actually writing, her paper. She begins with an introduction that incorporates her personal experience of attending a high school that did not require uniforms. She briefly details her high school experience as being problematic: poor student behavior, low grades, a surprising high dropout rate.

B. Mary then focuses on her body in which she discusses the possible benefits of school uniforms: more discipline, less focus on materialism and superficial appearances, a more responsible student outlook.

C. Finally, Mary drafts a conclusion in which she reiterates her main thesis and ends by calling her audience to action.

3. Revising:

A. After writing a complete first draft, Mary goes back and considers her paper. She decides that while some personal experience is okay, she has used too much personal narrative and she eliminates some of it. Then she decides to tighten her argument and add more examples of evidence.

B. Then, Mary decides to improve her thesis statement by qualifying it slightly. She writes that school uniforms may improve student performance if integrated into problem schools.

4. Editing:

A. Finally, Mary turns her attention to editing. She reads through everything, catches a few grammatical errors and changes some words in order to clarify her meaning.

B. At last, the assignment is complete.

Writing a Letter to the Editor
If a local issue is weighing heavily on your mind, a letter to the editor can serve as a means to make your voice heard. The following are examples of issues that may prompt a letter to the editor:

 * Local school issues (bond issues, board of education decisions, etc.)

 * Local electoral races

 * Environmental issues

 * A public "thank you"

When writing your letter, think about your audience and reasons one may have to disagree with your opinion. In considering those opinions, address the anticipated disagreements in your letter. Consider what points would make a convincing case, and build your letter to support these points.

Letter to the Editor Exercise
Choose an issue which affects you at the local level. Determine what stance you will take on the issue. Organize your thoughts clearly and concisely. Do not make personal attacks; they make you seem small and petty, and may, in fact, negate your position.

Writing to a Policy Maker
Be brief. Limit your letter to one page if possible, but no more than two pages. Get to the point. Address one issue if possible but never more than two different issues. You can add an attachment to your letter that contains more detail if you wish.

Make no demands. But give the member of congress and staff a recommended course of action to support. Never condemn, threaten or inject partisan politics into your letter. Doing so can only undermine your credibility. Keep your eye on the ball and stick to the points you want to make. All politics is local. Remember to make the link to your member’s district or state. Stress the contributions that your institution can make and the benefits the community and country receives from supporting biomedical research.

Timing matters. A letter arriving by mail or fax after the House or Senate has taken action is meaningless. Get your facts right and make certain your letter is considered in time.

Use caution with e-mail. While many offices are increasingly relying on e-mail for constituent contact, surveys show it is not as effective as a typewritten letter. Members receive a great deal of e-mail from non-constituents, which are dismissed. E-mail correspondence also tends to be written in a faster and more informal style than letters, increasing errors in grammar and syntax and making your message unclear.

Composing Your Letter

 * Know what your purpose is and make it clear early in the letter.

 * Collect all the information you will need for your letter and jot down the basic order in which you plan to cover this information. Organize your material in the most persuasive order.

 * Keep your reader in mind as you write. Select a tone for your letter which is appropriate for the reader. Always be courteous and use positive rather than negative words.

 * Avoid the use of words and phrases which are stiff, technical, or overused. Use a writing style which is natural and easy to read.

 * Read your first draft out loud to test it for overall "sound" and effectiveness. Be sure your letter states clearly what it is you want your reader to know after he or she reads your letter.

 * Follow the correct form for the kind of letter you are writing and use that form throughout your letter.

 * Make sure your final copy is typed or written neatly and is attractive in appearance.

 * Revise and proofread your letter the same way you would any other piece of writing. Look for errors in sentence structure, usage, punctuation, spelling, and capitalization.

Resources
If you are ready to become politically involved but are unsure of who to contact or where here are some resources you can use.

--To find your local congressman or state senators you could go to a major search engine (such as yahoo) and type in the city, county or state which you are targeting and the word "government" or try www.congress.org

--To write a letter to the editor or an opinion piece in your local newspaper, check the publication you are writing to. They will each usually have their own specific instructions.

--To submit a piece to a magazine, it is important to be familiar with the publication. You need to be sure you are addressing your target audience. Instructions for submission are usually found within the magazine itself. Be sure to include a brief description of yourself on a separate paper.

--One resource of influence that is not often thought of in our high-tech society is that of local bulletin boards. We've all seen these at local businesses and government offices, usually those old-fashioned cork boards. Why not use them? You can get your point or idea across to many people quite cheaply if you utilize these free advertising spaces. Once you have your flyer or pamphlet ready don't be shy! Use those public notification spaces. This is especially applicable to government related issues.

Practice Assignment
Let's get a good feel for becoming involved with this assignment-to complete a letter to your local congressman. Follow the suggested steps below to create a letter of your own.

1. First, identify an issue in the current news that has some impact or influence on your life. Also, your teacher may assign a current topic to you. 2. Second, make an outline of your personal ideas on the subject. You may ask questions like: Do I agree with the current actions or issues? How does this affect me or my family? What can be done to improve the situation? Or, you could consider how to thank your representative for a job well done.

3. Follow the outline in the Public Affairs Writing section entitled Formats for your letter.

4. Write your letter!

5. Proofread or revise as necessary. You may workshop these letters in class and focus on issues such as; Is the point clearly stated? Is the wording polite and courteous? Is it an effective argument or could it use some clarification?

6. Send your letters in the mail! This assignment is pointless unless you truly feel that your voice will be heard. Take that final step of dropping it in the mail and know that your hard work will be recognized not only by your instructor, but also by your political representation. Good job!

Example: There are different format ideals for different types of public affairs writing. A letter to your state congressman would be a good format to learn for the public affairs arena. It should look something like this:

The Honorable (Full Name here)

US House of Representatives

Washington, DC 20515

Dear Representative (Last name here),

This is where you put the content of your letter. It's a good idea to begin with your name and city of residence. Be sure the purpose of your letter is addressed in this first paragraph. Be polite and to the point. Remember to use an appropriate tone for a political representative (you're not talking to your classmate).

Keep the letter one page or less and only address one issue per letter. You only have one chance here to be heard so be sure not to ramble. Use specific real-life examples related to your issue, if possible.

In conclusion be sure to thank your congressman for their time.

Sincerely, Your constituent (your name here)

Another Practice Assignment
The Internet Assignment: The Discussion Board

Due to the rapidly expanding use of technology in our society, many instructors are beginning to incorporate technology into the writing class. One common practice is the use of the Internet discussion board in order to stimulate class discussion in an environment that is outside the classroom. Some students actually feel more comfortable with virtual discussion than regular discussion because they have the chance to express their ideas using an assumed name--thus, they have the freedom of anonymity. Other students who have problems with speaking up in class due to shyness or insecurities have the ability to gather their thoughts before they release them into the public.

The Discussion Board assignment is designed to get students to think about important issues and to express their ideas in an environment where they will get responses to their writing.

Assignment: Let's practice using this medium. Pretend that your instructor has created a discussion board. (Or perhaps he or she actually has.) The discussion board instructs the class to debate whether or not technology has had a positive effect on society as a whole. How would you respond? What aspects of the question should you explore? How would you support your argument?

What makes for effective online discussion? Effective online discussion involves a thoughtful and mature discussion of the question in which each party contributes something worthwhile and bounces ideas off each other. You should be prepared to have other people disagree with you. You should also be prepared to support your own opinions and to not take anything personally.

Rules of Online Discussion:

-Do not take disagreements personally and do not respond to arguments that you disagree with by attacking the person who made them. Do not respond to personal attacks. Keep the discussion on topic.

-Stay focused on the question. Avoid getting off track by asking personal questions or bringing up irrelevant topics.

-Keep your language friendly and appropriate. Avoid profanity, derogatory language, and sexist, racist, or homophobic remarks.

-Do not type your responses in all capital letters. This gives the impression that you are shouting and it is considered rude.

-Keep emoticons such as the smiley face :) to a minimum. One or two is okay, but if you use them constantly then you will appear very unprofessional, and people may not take you seriously.

-Try to use proper spelling and grammar. A few abbreviations are okay, but if you use too many, then other people may become confused and not understand what you are saying. The discussion board should be more formal than an Internet chat with friends.

title: Basic Writing/Public Affairs writing


text: User:.Koen

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:.Koen


text: User talk:.Koen

title: User talk:.Koen


text:
General Astronomy/Galactic Formation

During the early ages of the universe, the universe was very homogeneous and the only structure present was small fluctuations in the density of the primordial gas cloud. This gas cloud, primarily made up of hydrogen and helium, was formed in the first billion years after the big bang during recombination. Small fluctuations in the primordial gas cloud are observed in the cosmic microwave background, homogeneous to one part in one hundred thousand, which is an indication of the density distribution of the universe after recombination. Areas with slightly higher density had enough gravitational attraction to overcome expansion of the universe and collapsed into the first protogalaxies.

Protogalaxies
Over time, areas of higher density began to collapse due to gravitational attraction and formed the first protogalaxies. The first protogalaxies were formed when the universe was approximately 1 billion years old. Though these initial protogalaxies are too young to have formed stars, they emit infrared radiation as gas falls inward and heats due to collisions. Protogalaxies are theoretically observable due to this emission, but they are very dim and far away (approximately 12 billion light years) since they are the earliest structure to be formed after the big bang. Due to these difficulties, protogalaxies have never been observed.

As protogalaxies collapse on themselves, they begin to form a distinct core and halo much like mature galaxies. Particles near the edge of the protogalaxy can lose energy through collisions with the surrounding gas and fall into the core. It has been speculated that the infalling matter forms unstable stars of around 100 solar masses that rapidly collapse into black holes that have been observed at the center of mature galaxies. As matter falls into the black hole throughout the life of the galaxy, it releases large amounts of energy which have been observed as quasars and radio galaxies.

Dark matter is believed to have been present in the protogalaxy. If it exists, it has a weaker interaction with surrounding particles. The dark matter present in the protogalaxy remains in the halo while ordinary matter falls into the core, since the primary mechanism for bringing matter into the core is collisions with surrounding gas. Dark matter, due to its weak interaction, has very few collisions and remains gravitationally bound in the halo.

Star Formation and Death
As gas continues to fall inward towards the core of a protogalaxy, its density continues to increase and dense clouds begin to form. These clouds begin to orbit the center of mass of the protogalaxy due to conservation of angular momentum. When two gas clouds collide, they form an area of higher density at the collision front. These high density regions become gravitationally unstable and collapse into balls of plasma, forming protostars. As material continues to rain in on the protostar, deuterium fusion begins and a star is born. As these stars begin to burn and emit light, they dissipate the surrounding cloud of gas due to solar wind and leave a star cluster. These initial areas of star formation may be the source of globular clusters, some of which have stars which are nearly as old as the universe.

These newly formed stars form the first heavy elements of the new galaxy in their cores as they burn their hydrogen supply. Hydrogen is converted to heavier elements through nuclear fusion until the star has formed a critical mass of iron. Iron is very stable and heavier elements do not release heat from fusion, and the star begins to exhaust its fuel supply. Without a heat source, the star undergoes a catastrophic collapse under its own weight, which ends in a supernova.

As they reach the end of their life, the most massive of these stars explode in supernovae, the explosion from which may outshine the rest of its parent galaxy. As the star explodes, it forms heavy elements (heavier than oxygen) by the process of nuclear fusion. These heavy elements are ejected from the exploding star into the galactic gas cloud. Supernovae are responsible for heavy element formation and distribution through the newly formed galaxy, which previously only contained hydrogen and helium formed during recombination.

Elliptical vs. Spiral Galaxies
A new galaxy will most likely form into either an elliptical or spiral galaxy, though other types of galaxies are present (such as a ring or lenticular galaxy.) The type of galaxy formed depends on the initial rate of star production. If the new galaxy forms stars slowly, then the gas cloud has enough time to exchange energy through collisions and the cloud elongates into a flat disk-shaped spiral as matter falls in to the plane of rotation. If the galaxy forms stars quickly, it can use up its supply of gas before sufficient energy has been exchanged to form a disk. These galaxies resemble their initial elliptical shape before star formation. Other theories speculate that elliptical galaxies are formed from collisions of other spiral galaxies, which distort into the elliptical shape after collision.

Due to their high rate of star production, elliptical galaxies quickly exhaust their gas supply and no longer have active star formation. As such, elliptical galaxies mainly consist of old Population II stars with large numbers of globular clusters. Elliptical galaxies also do not show the characteristic ordered rotation of spiral galaxies since they did not have time to exchange sufficient energy during their formation.

Spiral galaxies, which form stars more slowly, still have ongoing star formation today and as such their star population is much younger. Since spiral galaxies take a long time to form, they exchange considerable energy over their lifetime which collapses matter into a disk with high angular momentum, resulting in the characteristic rotating disk.

Large Scale Interactions
Much like gas clouds in protogalaxies that can interact to form new star clusters, entire galaxies can collide to form new galaxies. As galaxies pass near each other, they can begin to orbit. If the galaxies pass close enough to each other, tidal interactions will cause their orbits to decay and the galaxies consume each other. The shape of the galaxies may be highly distorted during the collision and star formation increases, powering starburst galaxies which are among the most luminous galaxies. This period of increased star formation can last for ten million years or more and the rate of star formation can be ten to one hundred times that of a typical galaxy. The black hole at the center of the galaxy will also show increased emission as material from the collision falls into the galaxy's core.

If galaxies pass near each other but do not fully collide, they can eject large quantities of matter from gravitational interaction, sending gas clouds and lone stars into intergalactic space. These near-collisions also distort the galaxies involved and is one possible mechanism for the formation of lenticular galaxies.

Though large scale interactions were previously thought to be uncommon, the Milky Way was found to have several smaller galaxies orbiting it which suggests that the process is more common. The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy (or SagDEG) is a small dwarf galaxy orbiting the core of the Milky Way at a radius of about 50,000 light years. The SagDEG is currently passing through the disc of the Milky Way and has been greatly distorted due to gravitational interaction. The small and large Magellanic clouds are also dwarf galaxies which will eventually merge with the Milky Way.

title: General Astronomy/Galactic Formation


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User talk:69.181.145.68

I have nominated your recently created page for deletion as it is better suited to Wikipedia. Wikibooks is for the creation of text books.

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

Xania talk 23:20, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.181.145.68


text:
User talk:April Brashear

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! --Herraotic 23:31, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:April Brashear


text:
User talk:Andy919~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! --Herraotic 23:32, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Andy919. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Andy919~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:58, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:32, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andy919~enwikibooks


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Routing

A list of the operations to be performed during the course of manufacturing an item in the sequence in which they will be performed.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Routing


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Call Center/Reports

Call Center generates the following reports:
 * Statistics

Call Center/Reports


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ERP Internals/Modules/Cash Management/Reports

Cash Management generates the following reports:
 * Forecast

Cash Management/Reports


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Currency/Reports

Currency generates the following reports:
 * History

Currency/Reports

title: ERP Internals/Modules/Currency/Reports


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Employee Scheduling/Reports

Employee Scheduling generates the following reports:
 * Summary
 * Detail
 * Employee Schedule

Employee Scheduling/Reports


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Fixed Assets/Reports

Fixed Assets generates the following reports:
 * Summary
 * Detail
 * Trial Balance

Fixed Assets/Reports


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Help Desk/Reports

Help Desk generates the following reports:
 * Statistics

Help Desk/Reports

title: ERP Internals/Modules/Help Desk/Reports


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Inventory/Reports

Inventory generates the following reports:
 * Item List
 * Item Transactions
 * Reorder List
 * Physical Count Worksheet
 * Trial Balance
 * Labels

Inventory/Reports

title: ERP Internals/Modules/Inventory/Reports


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Investment Manager/Reports

Investment Manager generates the following reports:
 * Summary
 * Detail
 * Investment Transactions
 * Trial Balance

Investment Manager/Reports


text:
Horticulture/Magnolia

Magnolia is a large genus of about 210 flowering plant species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the family Magnoliaceae.

The natural range of Magnolia species is rather scattered. It includes eastern North America, Central America and the West Indies and east and southeast Asia. Some species are found in South America. Today many species of Magnolia and an ever increasing number of hybrids can also be found as ornamental trees in large parts of North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. The genus is named after Pierre Magnol, a botanist from Montpellier in France.

Magnolia is an ancient genus. Having evolved before bees appeared, the flowers developed to encourage pollination by beetles. As a result, the carpels of Magnolia flowers are tough, to avoid damage by eating and crawling beetles. Fossilised specimens of M. acuminata have been found dating to 20 million years ago, and of plants identifiably belonging to the Magnoliaceae dating back to 95 million years ago. Another primitive aspect of Magnolias is their lack of distinct sepals or petals. The term tepal has been coined to refer to the intermediate element that Magnolia has instead.

Description
Magnolias are trees or shrubs, generally with smooth gray bark and suckering freely. The flowers are large, showy, ranging from yellow to white through red and purple. Leaves are simple, often quite large.

Uses
In general, Magnolia is a genus which has attracted a lot of horticultural interest. Hybridisation has been immensely successful in combining the best aspects of different species to give plants which flower at an earlier age than the species themselves, as well as having more impressive flowers. One of the most popular garden magnolias is a hybrid, ../Magnolia x soulangeana/ (Saucer magnolia; a hybrid of M. liliiflora x M. denudata).

The bark from M. officinalis has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is known as houpu. In Japan, M. obovata has been used in a similar manner. The aromatic bark contains magnolol and honokiol, two polyphenolic compounds that have demonstrated anti-anxiety and anti-angiogenic properties. Magnolia bark also has been shown to reduce allergic and asthmatic reactions.

Pests and diseases
../Blight/ ../Black Mildews/ ../Leaf Blights/ ../Leaf Spots/ ../Dieback/ ../Cankers/ Nectria magnoliae ../Leaf Scab/ ../Wood Decay/ ../Wilts/ Angular ../Leaf Spot/ ../Algal Spot/: Cephaleuros virescens
 * ../Erwinnia amylovora/
 * Irene araliae
 * Meliola amphitrichia
 * Meliola magnoliae
 * Trichodothis comata
 * Pellicularia koleroga
 * Alternaria tenuis, Cladosporium fasciculatum, Colletotrichum spp., Coniothyrium olivaceum, Epicoccum nigrum, Exophoma magnoliae, Glomerella cingulata, Hendersonia magnoliae, Micropeltis alabamensis, Mycosphaerella milleri, Phyllosticta cookei, Phyllosticta glauca, Phyllosticta magnoliae, Septoria magnoliae, and Septoria niphostoma
 * Phomopsis spp.
 * Elsinoe magnoliae, Sphaceloma magnoliae
 * Fomes geotropus, Fomes fasciatus
 * ../Verticillium albo-atrum/
 * Mycosphaerella milleri

../Aphids/ ../Scales/ ../Whiteflies/ ../Mealybugs/ ../Thrips/ ../Beetles/ ../Weevils/ ../Caterpillars/ ../Slugs and Snails/
 * Tuliptree Aphid: ../Macrosiphium liriodendri/
 * California Red Scale: ../Aonidiella aurantii/
 * Oleander Scale: ../Aspidiotus nerii/
 * Oleander Pit Scale: ../Asterolecanium pustulans/
 * Indian Wax Scale: ../Ceroplastes ceriferus/
 * Florida Wax Scale: ../Ceroplastes floridensis/
 * Greedy Scale: ../Hemiberlesia rapax/
 * Cottony Cushion Scale: ../Icerya purchasi/
 * Magnolia Scale: ../Neolecanium cornuparvum/
 * European Fruit Lecanium Scale: ../Lecanium corni/
 * Common Falsepit Scale: ../Lecanodiaspis prosopidis/
 * Glover Scale: ../Lepidosaphes gloveri/
 * Purple Scale: ../Lepidosaphes beckii/
 * Chaff Scale: ../Parlatoria pergandii/
 * Fern Scale: ../Pinnaspis aspidistrae/
 * False Oleander Scale: ../Pseudaulacapsis cockerelli/
 * Tuliptree Scale: ../Toumeyella liriodendri/
 * Black Scale: ../Saissetia oleae/
 * Citrus Whitefly: ../Dialeurodes citri/
 * Striped Mealybug: ../Ferrisia virgata/
 * Comstock Mealybug: ../Pseudococcus comstocki/
 * Greenhouse Thrips: ../Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis/
 * Hoplia Beetle: ../Hoplia callipyge/
 * Black Twig Borer: ../Xylosandrus compactus/
 * Asian Ambrosia Beetle: ../Xylosandrus germanus/
 * Sassafras Weevil (Yellow Poplar Weevil): ../Odontopus calceatus/
 * Omnivorous Looper Caterpillars: ../Sabulodes aegrotata/, ../Sabulodes caberata/
 * Promethea Moth: ../Callosamia promethia/
 * Eastern Tiger Swallowtail: ../Papilio glaucus/

Giant Leopard Moth.

title: Horticulture/Magnolia


text:
Cookbook:Linguine Primavera Mediterranean

| Italian cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Pasta

Ingredients

 * 1 tablespoon olive oil
 * 2 tablespoons freshly-minced garlic
 * ¼ cup roasted red peppers, julienned
 * ¼ cup sun-dried tomatoes, julienned
 * ¼ cup pitted Kalamata olives
 * 1 artichoke heart (canned is fine), cut into 8 pieces
 * ½ cup dry white wine
 * ½ cup chicken broth
 * ½ teaspoon dried oregano
 * ½ teaspoon dried basil
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste
 * Granulated garlic, to taste
 * ½ cup fresh broccoli florets
 * ½ pound linguine, cooked al dente and drained
 * About ¼ cup crumbled feta cheese for garnish
 * 1–2 tablespoons chopped parsley for garnish

Procedure

 * 1) Heat oil in a sauté pan over high heat.
 * 2) Add garlic, and sauté until it just begins to brown (about 1 minute). Be careful not to burn it.
 * 3) Stir in red peppers, sun-dried tomatoes, olives, and artichoke heart.
 * 4) Add white wine, chicken broth, oregano and basil, and bring to a boil.
 * 5) Season to taste with salt, pepper and granulated garlic.
 * 6) Add broccoli and cook just until bright green and tender (1–2 minutes).
 * 7) Add pasta and toss to combine.
 * 8) Garnish with crumbled feta cheese and chopped parsley, and serve hot.


text:
Cookbook:Party Mix

| American cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Holiday Recipes

Party mix is a great recipe for when you have company over. It stores great in a sealed container, and if you're not too picky you can keep it out overnight. Adjust seasonings to your preference.

Ingredients

 * 6 tablespoons butter or margarine
 * 2 tablespoons Worcestershire sauce
 * 1½ teaspoons seasoned salt
 * ¾ teaspoon garlic powder
 * ½ teaspoon onion powder
 * 3 cups (360g) corn cereal squares
 * 3 cups (360g) rice cereal squares
 * 3 cups (360g) wheat cereal squares
 * 1 cup (100g) mixed nuts
 * 1 cup (120g) bite-size pretzels
 * 1 cup (120g) garlic-flavor bite-size bagel chips or regular-size bagel chips, broken into 1-inch pieces

Oven method

 * 1) Heat oven to 250°F (120°C).
 * 2) In an ungreased large roasting pan, melt butter in oven.
 * 3) Stir in seasonings.
 * 4) Gradually stir in remaining ingredients until evenly coated.
 * 5) Bake for 1 hour, stirring every 15 minutes.
 * 6) Spread on paper towels to cool, about 15 minutes.
 * 7) Store in airtight container.

Microwave method

 * 1) In large microwavable bowl, microwave butter uncovered on high about 40 seconds or until melted.
 * 2) Stir in seasonings.
 * 3) Gradually stir in remaining ingredients until evenly coated.
 * 4) Microwave uncovered on high 5–6 minutes, thoroughly stirring every 2 minutes.
 * 5) Spread on paper towels to cool.
 * 6) Store in airtight container.

title: Cookbook:Party Mix


text:
Cookbook:Shrimp Scampi Angel Hair Pasta with Lemon and Pine Nuts

| Italian cuisine | Seafood | Pasta

Ingredients

 * 1 package (12 ounces) shrimp scampi, garlic and butter flavor
 * 12 ounces dry angel hair pasta
 * ½ cup fresh flat-leaf parsley leaves, roughly chopped
 * ⅓ cup pine nuts, toasted
 * Finely grated zest and juice of 1 lemon
 * Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Boil large pot of cold water and salt it generously.
 * 2) Add the pasta and cook, stirring occasionally until al dente, 4–5 minutes.
 * 3) Drain the pasta reserving about 1 cup of the cooking water.
 * 4) Prepare the shrimp in a large skillet according to package directions.
 * 5) Stir the lemon zest and juice into the shrimp.
 * 6) Add the pasta, reserved pasta water, parsley and pine nuts, and toss in the skillet to coat the pasta evenly.
 * 7) Divide shrimp and pasta among warm pasta bowls and serve.


text: User talk:Panic2k4/Decision making and Community consensus on Wikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Herbed Tomato Soup

| American cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Soups

Ingredients

 * 1 tablespoon olive oil
 * ½ cup diced onion
 * 1 can (14 ounces) diced tomatoes
 * 1½ cups chicken or vegetable broth
 * 1 can (16 ounces) tomato sauce
 * 1 tablespoon fresh snipped basil (or 1 teaspoon dried)
 * 1 teaspoon fresh snipped thyme (or ¼ teaspoon dried)
 * 1 dash pepper
 * 2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar (optional)
 * 4–6 fresh basil leaves (optional), sliced thinly into strips

Procedure

 * 1) In a 2-quart saucepan, sauté onion in olive oil until tender but not browned.
 * 2) Add tomatoes, broth, tomato sauce, basil, thyme and pepper.
 * 3) Bring to a boil.
 * 4) Reduce heat, cover and simmer 20 minutes.
 * 5) Stir in vinegar, if desired, just prior to serving.
 * 6) Ladle into bowls and garnish with basil strips.

title: Cookbook:Herbed Tomato Soup


text: User talk:Panic2k4/Arbitration and it's applicability to Administrative actions


text: User talk:Panic2k4/User Blocks (best practices)


text: User talk:Panic2k4/Be Bold and restrictions


text: User talk:Panic2k4/Administrators (users on a task)


text: User talk:Panic2k4/Authors and Contributor


text: User talk:Panic2k4/Forks

title: User talk:Panic2k4/Forks


text: User talk:Panic2k4/GFDL and copyright

title: User talk:Panic2k4/GFDL and copyright


text:
Cookbook:Meringues with Roasted Raspberries and Hazelnut Creme Anglaise

| American cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Holiday Recipes | Dessert

Ingredients

 * 5 egg whites, at room temperature
 * 1 pinch of cream of tartar
 * 1 cup plus 1 tablespoon granulated sugar, divided
 * ⅛ teaspoon cinnamon
 * 1 pint fresh raspberries
 * 1 tablespoon toasted hazelnut oil
 * 1⅓ cups hazelnut creme anglaise, chilled

Procedure

 * 1) Heat the oven to 200°F (90ºC).
 * 2) In the bowl of a standing mixer or with a hand-held mixer, whip egg whites and cream of tartar on high speed until soft peaks form, about 1 minute.
 * 3) Reduce mixer speed to low and add 1 cup sugar in a steady stream; continue whipping until stiff and glossy, about 4 minutes.
 * 4) Whip in cinnamon.
 * 5) Fill a pastry bag fitted with a medium star tip with the meringue.
 * 6) Onto a Silpat or oiled piece of parchment paper, pipe the mixture into rounds, starting in the center and moving outward in a spiral to form a 3-inch disk.
 * 7) Bake for 2 hours, until crisp but not browned.
 * 8) Cool on the Silpat or parchment, then carefully remove the meringues.
 * 9) Set aside, uncovered, on a wire rack in a cool, dry place.
 * 10) Increase oven temperature to 350°F.
 * 11) Toss raspberries with remaining 1 tablespoon sugar and hazelnut oil.
 * 12) Mound the berries on a baking sheet lined with Silpat or parchment paper and roast them for about 5 minutes, until glistening and very fragrant, but not mushy.
 * 13) Remove from the oven.
 * 14) Pour ⅓ cup of chilled hazelnut creme anglaise into the middle of a soup plate.
 * 15) Place a cooled meringue in the center, then spoon ¼ of the roasted raspberries on top of each meringue.
 * 16) Serve immediately.


text:
User talk:209.148.243.29

Regarding edits made during February 27 2007
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 02:36, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:209.148.243.29


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Project Directors

Project Directors

 * /Job Description/
 * /Current Deadlines/
 * /Goals and Objectives/
 * /Other Topics/


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Design Team

Design Team

 * /Goals and Description/
 * /Current Deadlines/
 * /Job Descriptions/
 * /Other Topics/
 * /Meet the Team/
 * /InDesign Basics/
 * /Marketing Approach/

title: Advanced Interactive Media/Design Team


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Interactive Team

Interactive Team

 * /Job Description/
 * /Current Deadlines/
 * /Goals and Objectives/
 * /Other Topics/

 2008 Team Members

Daniel Murphree Grant Eisimenger Sara Harmon Drew Pendleton Renee Burton

 2007 Team Members

Matt Burleson2007

Brandon Fiedler2007

Ryan Combs2007

Andrew Saliga2007

Joe Zimmerman2007


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Audio/Video Team

Audio/Video Team

 * /Job Description/
 * /Goals and Objectives/
 * /Other Topics/

The Audio/Video Team Includes:
 * /Eric Dies2007/
 * /Alyssa Shull2007/
 * /Andy Rojas2007/
 * /Ry Jones2007/


text:
Music Theory/Software Needed

If you don't want to use a computer for your composing, skip to the next chapter.

For this tutorial, you will need notation software, aka a Note Editor. A good point to start is free and open source MuseScore, which works on GNU/Linux, Mac and Windows, and has a built-in synthesizer, eliminating the need for setting up MIDI. There are also several alternatives for Linux. For Windows, Coda Technology offers Finale Notepad as a downloadable, ten dollar version of their commercial Finale notation software. Alternatives include Lilypond, MusiXTeX and various abc notation programs

There's a free music workstation called Frinika that features piano roll, score, and tracker interface as well. It's opensource and written in Java. You can run it without installation through Java Webstart.

(If you are using windows but don't want to pay money, try downloading Ubuntu at http://www.ubuntu.com. If you don't want to put it as a permanent operating system, then you can use VMWare to make a Virtual PC.)

For this tutorial, we will be using NoteEdit. To download it on Ubuntu, go to Application -> Add/Remove. From there make sure 3rd party programs are enabled, then do a search for NoteEdit. Check it, and press OK.

If you aren't hearing any sound, download EasyUbuntu, http://easyubuntu.freecontrib.org/, MAKE SURE YOU CHECK MIDI!!!, then type this into the terminal.

This command only needs to be typed in once, but will have to be redone every time you restart Ubuntu.

title: Music Theory/Software Needed


text:
Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Components

Components are complex Movie Clips with restrictions that you are able to define during the authoring process. Basically, they are a container that can hold many assets that work together to include enhanced interactivity, productivity, or effects to your movies. You can use components to control your movie, such as moving from one frame to another, or to perform more complex tasks, such as sending data to and from a server. Components cover the following areas:
 * /Data/
 * /Playback/
 * /User Interface/

Why Use Components?
Components make it easy for you to rapidly create proof-of concepts or prototypes for larger Rich Internet Application (RIA) frameworks, to share your work with other Flash developers in the Flash community.

Components are a very effective way of making certain that your end-user understands how to use certain elements of your Flash movie. A predictable interface does not have to be boring or common. In addition, because components can be skinned, they can have a unique look from one site to the next. The components shipped with Flash 8 are also reliable. Because components are a quick solution to common interface requirements, you will have more time to spend on more complicated and interesting creative tasks instead of recurring authoring.

Drawbacks Of Using Components
One of the arguments against using components is the increasing of file size added to your productions. Even though this may be the case, there are several reasons to use components apart from the ease of dragging them to your Stage and modifying the parameters.

How To Add Components
You can add a component to your Stage in the following ways:

1. Open the Components panel by going to Window >>> Components or by pressing Ctrl+F7.

2. Add a component to the Stage by:

be added to the center of your Document window's workspace.
 * Double-clicking: You can double-click a component and it will

dragging it onto the Stage.
 * Dragging: You can add an instance by clicking the component icon and

After your component is on the Stage, you can modify its parameters and properties manually in various panels by using ActionScript code on objects or keyframes in a timeline.

Removing Components from your Movie
To remove (V2) components, you simply select the compiled clip in the Library panel, and delete it.


text:
User:Stux

Please Visit: User:Stux

title: User:Stux


text:
User talk:Stux

Please leave messages at my English Wikipedia Talk page.

title: User talk:Stux


text:
User:Nmadhubala

Link to my WP userpage -

title: User:Nmadhubala


text:
Talk:360 Assembly/360 Instructions

Rename page
I think it will be more appropriate to rename this page as 'Instruction Types'. Any suggestions? --Madhu 06:33, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I am sorry, I meant 'Instruction Formats', not 'Instruction Types'. --Madhu 10:46, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Original source for this page?
I am wondering what was the original source for this page as there seem to be some subtle inaccuracies. Perhaps a non English source? Among those of note, which I have revised are BALR BranchAndLinkRegister not load, MVN move numeric not numerico. DGerman (discuss • contribs) 22:00, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

Extended Mnemonics
There are several assembler Extended Mnemonics listed here which are not truly unique instructions. They are know by the assembler and generated with the appropriate instruction opcode. Examples include: NOP (actually Branch Conditions with a mask of 0), all the Branch variants and Branch Register (which aren't listed!)

IMHO they should ALL be listed in a separate section.

DGerman (discuss • contribs) 22:27, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:360 Assembly/360 Instructions


text:
Talk:C++ Programming/Memory Management

Interesting; I set out with a very specific goal with my original C and C++ examples, and it's been long since lost. The goal was to take a simple case, to show somewhat natural C and C++ code to do string input, string concatenation, and string output. The contrasts were between the straightforward ways of coding in the two languages (where C++ is still simpler and more general). I'm not sure what the point of the current examples is! -- James Dennett 07:16, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

I have just added an implementation of homemade smart pointer to this chapter. Would you guys check it for me? - Ron Lau 17:46 23 March, 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:C++ Programming/Memory Management


text:
User talk:Balisiva~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
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 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!.

Before making potentially controversial edits, such as those you made to Transwiki:Useful unix command, it is recommended that you discuss them first on the article's talk page. Otherwise, people might consider your edits to be vandalism. Thank you. Az1568(Talk) 07:31, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Balisiva. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Balisiva~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:01, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Balisiva~enwikibooks


text:
General Astronomy/Molecular Emission and Absorption

Astronomical spectroscopy is one of the most powerful tools used by astronomers to gain a fundamental understanding of our universe. Astronomical spectroscopy is a technique in which the absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation from stars and other celestial objects are studied. In order to be able to interpret and predict absorption and emission spectra from celestial bodies, one must have a fundamental understanding of molecular emission and absorption. Molecular emission and absorption is the process in which photons are emitted and absorbed when a molecule changes quantum energy states. By studying molecular emission and absorption, the chemical composition, physical properties, and velocities of astronomical objects may be measured.

Quantum Mechanics
One of the key concepts from quantum mechanics essential to the understanding of molecular absorption and emission is the fact that molecular energy is quantized. In other words, molecules can exist only in specific quantum states with each quantum state having a set amount of energy. The quantized energy stored in a molecule can be thought of as the sum of energy stored in three distinct modes: (1) rotation, (2) vibration, and (3) electronic:

$$E_{tot} = E_{rot} + E_{vib} + E_{elec} $$

Since the internal energy levels of the molecules are quantized, discrete differences in energy are observed when molecules change quantum states. These transitions correspond directly with the energy of emitted or absorbed photons in discrete spectra. As stated earlier, emission is the process by which a molecule changes quantum states from a higher to a lower quantum state by the release of a photon. Absorption, on the other hand, is the process in which a molecule changes quantum states from a lower energy level to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon.The total change in energy associated with a molecular transition (emission or absorption), can be described by the following:

$$ \Delta\ E = E_{upper} - E_{lower} = h \nu\ $$

In this equation, $$ \Delta\ E $$ is the energy of the photon which is equal to the difference in energy associated with the molecular transition between two quantum states, $$ \nu\ $$ is the frequency of the corresponding electromagnetic wave, and h is Planck's constant. This relation, known as Planck's Law, is important because it links the concepts of thinking of radiation as both a particle and a wave. Figure 1. illustrates the concept of emission due to the electronic transition of electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom. It should be noted that even though this picture shows electronic transitions for an atom, the same processes govern electronic transitions in molecules. Using Planck's Law, the total change of internal energy in a molecule can be described as:

$$ \Delta\ E = \Delta\ E_{rot} + \Delta\ E_{vib} + \Delta\ E_{elec} $$

This equation states that the total internal energy of a molecule is the sum of the changes in rotational, vibrational, and electronic energy. From quantum mechanics, it can be shown that the quantum energy levels for the different modes of internal molecular energy have different spacing. Electronic states are more widely spaced than vibrational states, which are more widely spaced than rotational states. Because of this different spacing, changes in the different modes of internal energy lead to absorption and emission of electromagnetic energy at different wavelengths. Changes in rotational energy lead to microwave transitions, changes in rotational and vibrational energy (vibrotational) lead to infrared transitions, and changes in rotational, vibrational, and electronic energy (rovibronic) result in ultraviolet transitions. It should be noted that changes in vibrational energy are often accompanied with changes in rotational energy and changes in electronic energy are often accompanied by changes in vibrational and rotational energy.

Emission and Absorption Spectra
The absorption and or emission spectra of a molecule generally consist of a number of "lines". These lines correspond to the discrete differences in the internal energy modes of a molecule. In other words, a line is the part of a spectrum that corresponds to a transition from one quantum state to another. Groups of lines can in turn comprise a vibrational band. The positions, strengths, and shapes of lines can give accurate physical characteristics about the molecules undergoing internal energy transitions. The position of spectral lines reveals various molecular parameters such as internuclear spacing and molecular bond angles. Line strengths and shapes, on the other hand, can reveal the composition, temperature, pressure, and velocity of molecules in a radiating gas. This concept is illustrated in figure 2 which shows the emission spectra of hydrogen plasma. The governing law for absorption spectroscopy that links various molecular properties with the amount of light absorbed in a gas medium is known as Beer's Law. $$T_{\nu} = \left ( \frac{I}{I^o} \right ) = exp(-k_{\nu}L) $$

In this equation, $$ T_{\nu} $$ is the fraction of light transmitted through a gas medium, $$ \nu $$ is the frequency of the EM radiation being transmitted, $$ k_{\nu} $$ is the spectral absorption coefficient, and L is the absorption path length. A diagram of Beer-Lambert absorption is presented in Figure 3. The spectral absorption coefficient is given by:

$$k_{\nu} = S_{i} \times \phi \times P_{i} $$

where $$ S_{i} $$ is the "strength" of the transition, $$ \phi $$ is the "lineshape function", and $$ P_{i} $$ is the partial pressure of the absorbing gas species.

Diatomic Molecular Spectra
The interaction electromagnetic radiation has with matter can be explained through three main types of interactions: electronic dipole moment, induced polarization, and elastic scattering. Interactions with the electric dipole moment result in changes in the absorption and emission of radiation while induced polarization and elastic scattering are a direct result of how a molecule scatters photons. Many diatomic heteronuclear molecules have a permanent dipole. A dipole has a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other end of the molecule. The motion of this dipole, through the rotation and vibration of the molecule, allows the molecule to emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation.

Molecular Rotations
As stated earlier, rotations of molecules correspond to transitions in the microwave region of the EM spectrum. When a diatomic molecule rotates, the molecule's dipole moment also rotates, which allows for the absorption or emission at characteristic resonance frequencies. The simplest rotational model for a diatomic molecule describing this process is the rigid rotor approximation. In this model, the atoms of the molecules are point masses with an equilibrium separation distance that is either constant or rigid. Using classical mechanics, the moment of inertia and angular momentum of a molecule can be determined. This information used in conjunction with the molecule's rotational energy allows one to determine the allowed values of rotational energy as a function of quantum number.

Molecular Vibrations
Much as rotations of a molecule can lead to changes in the electric dipole of a molecule, vibrations can also change the electric dipole of a molecule due to stretching of the molecule's internal bonds. This stretching leads to the possibility of emission or absorption of infrared EM radiation. The simplest model for diatomic vibration is the simple harmonic oscillator. In this model, two masses are separated by an equilibrium separation distance. The bond length between the two masses oscillates about this equilibrium distance much like a spring. By using classical mechanics, the fundamental resonant frequency, which is characterized by the bond stiffness and magnitude of the masses, can be used to determine the potential energy stored in the oscillator.

Electronic Transitions
In addition to rotations and vibrations, a molecule's electronic structure can also interact with EM radiation. If the distribution of electrons in a molecule's shell is changed, energy transitions occur which result in emission and absorption of EM radiation in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic spectra involve the transitions that occur between the potential energy wells which correspond to different electronic configurations. The potential wells represent the variation of electronic forces with internuclear spacing.

Quantum Numbers
There are multiple quantum numbers that define the state of each electron: the principal quantum number $$n$$ representing the electrons energy level, the azimuthal (or angular momentum) quantum number $$\ell$$ denoting the subshell of the electron (i.e. s,p,d,f), the magnetic quantum number $$m$$ specifying the orbital within the subshell, and the spin quantum number $$s$$ defining the spin of the electron (spin up or down). There is also the total angular momentum number: $$j=\ell + s$$.


text:
Cookbook:Olive Ascolane (Stuffed Fried Olives)

Olive ascolane is an Italian starter from Ascoli Piceno made of fried green olives, stuffed with minced meat (beef, pork and chicken liver) and spices. This recipe was contributed to ItaliansRUs.com by Phil and Jackie Cicconi.

Filling

 * Tomato sauce or gravy
 * 1 ½ pounds pork
 * 1 ½ pounds chicken breast
 * ½ cup chopped green olives
 * ⅔ cup Parmesan cheese
 * 1 lemon rind, grated
 * 1 teaspoon freshly-grated nutmeg
 * 1 teaspoon cinnamon
 * ½ teaspoon allspice
 * Salt to taste

Base

 * About 50 large pitted green olives, halved

Breading and frying

 * 2 eggs, beaten
 * Flour
 * Plain bread crumbs
 * Canola oil

Procedure

 * 1) Cook the pork and chicken breast in your favorite tomato gravy recipe.
 * 2) Remove cooked, cooled meats from the sauce and grind them using a meat grinder or food processor.
 * 3) Add the remaining filling ingredients to the ground meat mix (do not over-process). Mix the ingredients into the meat and put into the refrigerator to cool for at least one hour.
 * 4) Remove the mixture from refrigerator and roll meat into balls about the size of a small walnut. Put half of an olive on each side of the rolled ball.
 * 5) Flour each ball, dip in beaten egg, then dip in bread crumbs.
 * 6) Arrange olive balls on a tray. Fry them quickly in about ½ inch of canola oil until golden brown.
 * 7) Drain and serve.


text:
Talk:Chess/Sample chess game

Old Talk
i added this to Brilliant prose. Kingturtle 18:09 26 May 2003 (UTC)

Notation for mate
Mightn't it be wiser to use # for mate (and not ++)?

 * Use "#". It's what PGN uses. -- Dwheeler 18:08, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Two notations: which is better?
(Should we use "x" or "times" when taking a piece?)
 * Rxh5++
 * R×h5++

Michael Hardy 03:32, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd just use "x". I don't think many people can tell the difference. -- Dwheeler 18:10, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Coordinates
Excellent page! What's missing are coordinates on the images, so the lay reader knows where e7 is. Or could that be done by colour-coding, as in "the queen could now move to the red square"? Thore 12:16, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm glad you like the page. Please feel free to take it in whatever direction seems appropriate.  I agree that the images should have coordinates, but I added the images way back when it was still a novelty to have images at all.  Doesn't Wikipedia now have a script for encoding chess positions in a way that folks can modify them?  I've quite fallen out of touch of late, not editing anything but Arimaa, so I'd be happy if someone else brought this old article up to date.  Thanks --Fritzlein 17:30, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. I've changed this over to the new "Chess diagram" template. Chess diagram appears to be the new standard for chess diagrams on Wikipedia. And it so happens that "chess diagram" shows the coordinates. Chess diagram also displays better on some systems; on my system, the old "chess position" has garbage lines between the rows, and Chess Diagram displays correctly. -- Dwheeler 18:06, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Congrats!
This is really an excellent page on chess! Aimed at begginers, it really seems to get it as right as possible!

Shouldn't we name it for «featured article»? Do you know how to do it? Velho 23:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Done! See Featured article candidates/Sample chess game. --ZeroOne 13:31, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * While I don't think this is right for a featured article, I would argue that this page merits its place in Wikipedia. I thought I would copy my argument to that effect here, so it doesn't disappear along with the featured article nomination... DanielCristofani 09:40, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Some paper encyclopedias have full pages which are not mostly text: maps, or diagrams of the legislative process, or little picture galleries with examples of eight different kinds of lace, or whatever. In the more vertical (and more nonlinear) format of a web browser it makes sense to put things like this on their own pages, rather than break up the main text column with them (and they won't necessarily fit to the side of it). So not every Wikipedia page has to be exactly an "article". The page Sample chess game does not belong on Wikibooks because it is not a textbook or part of a textbook. Rather, it is a supplementary document for the encyclopedia articles Chess and Rules of chess. Such supplementary documents should probably never be given featured article status, since they are not encyclopedia articles per se (thus I oppose this nomination), but there is no good reason to delete them, or to transwiki them to other Wiki projects whose stated criteria they are equally unsuitable for, either. (If anyone wants to get gung-ho about every Wikipedia page being an article per se, rather than some pages serving subsidiary functions, they will have to delete or transwiki all "List of" and "Timeline of" pages, to begin with.) DanielCristofani 09:27, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

10%
"White wins 10% more often than Black" would mean "White wins 110% as often as black", whereas it's more like 137%. (Compare with "New Zombinex has 30% more saturated fat than the competition.") Similarly, "white's advantage over black is 10%" gives the same wrong impression plus additional confusion over how ties are figured in. I think my new phrasing makes it clear, but if you can think of another phrasing that also makes it clear, feel free. Also, this is one figure that would be good to cite...DanielCristofani 08:18, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think your edit makes it more accurate without making it unreadable. Sadly, for true accuracy we would have to define expected score and say "White's expected score is 0.55". --Fritzlein 21:48, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

6.... d5
"This move is necessary, since 6...Kg6? 7.Qf5+ Kh6 8.d4+ g5 9.h4! would leave White with a crushing attack." Let's say I'm confused by d4+. 70.129.156.206 04:42, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a "discovered check"; after that move, Black is in check from the bishop on c1, which the d-pawn was blocking before. Does that clear it up? DanielCristofani 07:01, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

7. Bxd5x mistype?
Excerpt from article: 7. Bxd5+ White gives check yet again, keeping Black on the run. Let's review the three ways to get out of check: Capture the piece giving check. Black could play 7...Qxd5. But White would simply take the queen with 8.Qxd5+, giving White a huge material disadvantage, as well as a continuing attack on Black's exposed king.

I may be mistaken, but I believe the author means that the bold type disadvantage remarked above would actually be a material advantage for White, which is why the third listed move is the best move available.

-David Williams

Nice game
Something to point out is that as of white's 7th move, he's taken three pawns (and thus achieved material equality). Of coruse, black didn't *have* to play 6... d5, but white could've forced full material equality (or checkmate!) anyway. On a side note, this reminds me of a win I had as black in summer camp...

1. f3 e5 2. e4 Nf6 3. Na3 Nxe4 4. fxe4 Qh4+ 5. Ke2 Qxe4+ 6. Kf2 Bc5+ 7. Kg3 f5 8. c3 f4+ 9. Kg4 d5+ 10. Kh4 Be7+ 11. Kh5 Qg6#

-- DragonAtma

This is a just plain awful game to show beginners
I am stupid dur dur dur dur Tprev 23:14, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The games fine for beginners. It's quite exciting, especially so for kids.
 * I reduced some of the emphasis on giving up the Knight(Nxe5) and added some comments in like with comments.
 * Morphy's Opera House game would be a nice as a second example. E5ricky 00:57, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * So will the reader believe that moves 2 and 3 are moves of the same caliber as Crafty? Since seemingly the same person chose them? -- That's a specious argument. Top-level grandmasters have been known to make blunders such as failing to notice that their queen was under attack, or overlooking that their opponent could mate in one. Also, most of Black's moves are not hard to see, as Black is often in check (giving him very few possibilities anyway) and most of the moves are the only one to avoid instant disaster. So the Black side of this game could easily be played by a good player who has not seen 2...f6 analysed before and does not realise it leads to a lost game.

I am however going to change the annotation for 3.Nxe5 because at the moment it reads like White is gambling because he can't calculate the result of this sacrifice, whereas in fact it's easy to calculate (as this game itself proves!!!) 91.107.156.17 (talk) 20:42, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how to access what crafty might choose. Moves 2 and 3 are not good in my view, yet it the type of thing that occurs between weaker chess players. So to that end I do think the article is interesting to a wide ranging audience. Is the game a quality game of chess? No, certainly not. But does it matter? SunCreator (talk) 16:04, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Moves 13 and 14
Something really strange is going on with the black queen down there. Admiral Norton (talk) 15:21, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Moves 9 and 12
Why would black bishop take white bishop in the ninth turn? Wouldn't it be more beneficial to threaten the queen with the oter bishop? f8 to d6?

And why woudn't black pawn take white pawn (g5 to h4) instead of queen to e7 in the twelfth turn?

For me, I thought of those moves... Am I stupid? Thymo (talk) 14:48, 17 October 2009 (UTC)
 * 9...Bd6 is a good attempt and most likely better then the given move. 12...gxh4 would be illegal because Bc1 checks King. SunCreator (talk) 19:46, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Second game
This game is one in which Black blunders. Shouldn't we replace it with a balanced game with a tough fight to the finish, or at least add such a game to the page? (I have quite a few stored up in my computer that I could add to fill that gap.) --Whoop whoop pull up Bitching Betty 19:06, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Could you imagine? If as a beginner I had clicked on an article meant for beginners and seen something like this, I would have thrown my chess set off of a bridge. ISaveNewspapers (discuss • contribs) 17:35, 15 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, I suppose the comparison is not so fair. It is possible to use a much shorter game, say, 25 moves. I don't think it'd be good to use a game that reaches some drawn-out endgame, but I can see a game ending with one of those dramatic middlegame mating attacks. ISaveNewspapers (discuss • contribs) 18:14, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chess/Sample chess game


text:
User talk:88.73.8.161

das Schwein = pig, Schweinefleisch or vom Schwein = pork

Marmelade = marmelade, Konfitüre = jam

title: User talk:88.73.8.161


text: User:Joshuacrick

title: User:Joshuacrick


text:
User talk:86.14.19.93

Hello!

Thanks for your work on the Haskell wikibook. One minor quibble though... could you please avoid the use of HTML markup in your text? There are some things we can't avoid, like, but otherwise the markup just makes things a bit more difficult to read/hack on. The wiki markup should do the job just fine otherwise. Note also that putting a space in the beginning of a line Like above, inserts some  tags, which does not seem to be desired effect in your case -- Kowey 08:36, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:86.14.19.93


text:
Cookbook:Penne alla Casa (Penne in Creamy Tomato Sauce)

| Italian cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Pasta

Ingredients

 * 1 tablespoon olive oil
 * ¼ cup freshly chopped garlic
 * 2 cups heavy cream
 * ¼ cup sun-dried tomatoes, julienned
 * 1½ cups marinara sauce
 * Salt, to taste
 * Pepper, to taste
 * Granulated garlic, to taste
 * ½ pound fresh spinach
 * ½ cup grated Pecorino Romano cheese
 * 1 pound penne pasta cooked al dente and drained

Procedure

 * 1) Heat olive oil in a large pot over high heat.
 * 2) Add garlic, and sauté until it just begins to brown (be careful not to burn garlic), about 1 minute.
 * 3) Add cream and sun-dried tomatoes, and bring to a boil.
 * 4) Add marinara sauce.
 * 5) Cook, stirring occasionally, until sauce thickens and is reduced by one-fourth.
 * 6) Season with salt, pepper and granulated garlic.
 * 7) Fold in spinach and Romano, and heat just until spinach is wilted and cheese melted.
 * 8) Toss with pasta and serve hot.


text:
Cookbook:Crock Pot Potato Soup

| American cuisine
 * Soups

Ingredients

 * 5 medium potatoes, diced
 * 3 medium onions, diced
 * 5 cups water
 * 1 tablespoon parsley
 * 1 stalk celery, diced
 * 1 teaspoon salt
 * Black pepper, to taste
 * 4 cups chicken broth
 * 4 to 5 tablespoons butter
 * 1 (13-ounce) can evaporated milk

Procedure

 * 1) In a slow cooker, combine potatoes, onions, water, parsley, celery, salt, pepper, chicken broth and butter.
 * 2) Cook until done -- on low heat, 10 to 12 hours, or on high heat, 3 to 4 hours.
 * 3) When done, add milk and reheat.
 * 4) Serve plain or put mixture in blender for a smoother soup.
 * 5) Reheat if necessary.

Tips, Notes, and Variations

 * Garnish each serving with a dollop of sour cream and chives, if desired.

title: Cookbook:Crock Pot Potato Soup


text:
Cookbook:Twice-Baked Potatoes I

| American cuisine
 * Vegetarian Cuisine
 * Cheese
 * Vegetables

Ingredients

 * 4 medium russet potatoes
 * Vegetable oil to rub on potato skins
 * 2 tablespoons butter
 * ½ cup milk (or less)
 * ½ cup sour cream
 * 4 ounces shredded cheddar cheese
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * A pinch of ground black pepper
 * 1 bell pepper (optional), chopped
 * Green onions (optional), chopped
 * Bacon (optional), chopped

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 400°F (200°C).
 * 2) Rub potato skins with vegetable oil to ensure crispness.
 * 3) Bake potatoes for 1 hour until done.
 * 4) Carefully remove potatoes from oven and cool for 10 minutes.
 * 5) Cut potatoes in half lengthwise and scoop out pulp with a small spoon, leaving only a potato shell.
 * 6) Mash potato pulp with a fork until smooth.
 * 7) Add remaining ingredients until well combined. It is better if the mixture is a bit stiff, rather than entirely wet.  Adjust the amount of milk accordingly.
 * 8) Spoon (or pipe) the mixture into the empty potato shells.
 * 9) If desired, top the potatoes with bell pepper, onions, and/or bacon.
 * 10) Increase oven setting to broil.
 * 11) Broil potatoes 10 or 15 minutes until spotty brown and crisp.

title: Cookbook:Twice-Baked Potatoes I


text:
Cookbook:Three Bean Confetti Salad

| American cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine

Ingredients

 * 1 can (15 oz) pinto beans, rinsed and drained
 * 1 can (15 oz) red kidney beans, rinsed and drained
 * 1 can (12 oz) black beans, rinsed and drained
 * 1 can (8¾ oz) whole kernel corn, drained
 * 1 can (14½ oz) diced tomatoes with roasted garlic, undrained
 * ½ cup fat-free Italian salad dressing
 * 2 teaspoons Italian seasoning
 * ¼ teaspoon pepper

Procedure

 * 1) In a bowl, mix together beans, corn, tomatoes, Italian salad dressing, Italian seasoning and pepper.
 * 2) Serve chilled or at room temperature.

title: Cookbook:Three Bean Confetti Salad


text:
Canne de Combat

= Canne de Combat: The Beginner's Guide =

 * Chapter 1 - Introduction
 * Chapter 2 - What is Canne de Combat?
 * Chapter 3 - Equipments in Canne de Combat
 * Chapter 4 - Warmup exercises
 * Chapter 5 - Strength and stretching exercises
 * Chapter 6 - Basics, stances and footwork
 * Chapter 7 - Attacks
 * Chapter 7 - Defenses
 * Chapter 7 - Lunges
 * Chapter 7 - Hand changes
 * Chapter 8 - Voltes and jumps
 * Chapter 9 - Combinations
 * Chapter 10 - Double canne
 * Chapter 11 - Baton
 * Chapter 12 - Canne chausson
 * Chapter 13 - Canne défense (new)
 * Chapter 14 - Rules
 * Chapter 15 - Grades

title: Canne de Combat


text:
Talk:Western Music History

Western Musical History
Shouldn't that be "Western Musical History" or "the History of Western Music"? 86.147.169.125 14:47, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Western Music History


text:
User talk:Nmadhubala

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!

Very exciting to see a garden editor! Spring where you are? -- SB_Johnny | talk 15:04, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nmadhubala


text:
Piano/Alternative Notation: Klavar

By far the easiest music notation to work with is Klavar (full name Klavarskribo). Klavar is easy to learn and easy to play particularly with keyboard instruments such as piano, organ or synthesizer. The system was invented by a Dutchman called Cornelis Pot.

Some time in the early 1930s Pot had a brilliant idea: he imagined black lines extending upwards from the black keys of a piano keyboard. He realized that if he could transfer that image onto paper and write dots on the lines or spaces formed by the pattern he could write music in a simple, practical way: it would show the performer exactly which notes to play. Pot published his ideas in 1931 and called his system of writing music Klavarskribo which is Esperanto for "Keyboard Writing". Here I will simply refer to it as 'Klavar'.

title: Piano/Alternative Notation: Klavar


text:
Cookbook:Vietnamese Rice Noodle and Beef Soup (Bún bò Huế)

 * Cuisine of Vietnam

Bún bò Huế is a popular Vietnamese noodle soup that originated in the old imperial capital of Huế.

Broth

 * 4 tbsp Huế shrimp paste
 * 1 small onion, finely chopped
 * Vegetable oil
 * 2 fresh medium-sized pigs feet, cut into 1 cm pieces (discard the feet themselves)
 * 2 stalks of lemongrass, cut into 5-inch pieces
 * 1 kg beef shank with cartilage, sliced into 2 mm thick pieces and cut about 4 x 4 cm
 * Nước mắm
 * Sugar
 * Red pigment powder (non-spicy, just for coloring)
 * Chilli powder

Assembly

 * 1 bunch of cilantro leaves, chopped
 * 1 bunch of Italian (flat leaf) parsley leaves, chopped
 * 1 medium onion, finely chopped
 * 1 kg thin rice noodles

Condiments

 * Limes, cut into wedges
 * Fresh chilli peppers, sliced
 * Bean sprouts
 * Banana blossom, thinly sliced
 * Shrimp paste

Equipment

 * A large stockpot (8–10 L)
 * A large mixing bowl (2.5 L)
 * A small frying pan

Broth

 * 1) Add the shrimp paste to a large 2.5 L bowl, and gradually mix in cold water while vigorously stirring the paste. Keep adding water and stirring until you’ve almost reached the rim of the bowl. Don’t let it spill over. Let the paste mixture rest in the bowl for 1.5 hours to allow the mixture to settle.
 * 2) Sauté the small onion in 3 tbsp oil until golden brown.
 * 3) In a stockpot, combine the cooked onion and pig feet with 2 L water. Slowly bring it to the boil over medium heat.
 * 4) Add lemongrass, then slowly and carefully pour in the shrimp paste mixture, making sure to only add the clear liquid and not the silt that has settled at the bottom of the bowl.
 * 5) To the residual shrimp paste, add another litre of water and stir. Again, wait until the mixture has settled before adding it into the stockpot.
 * 6) Simmer the stock for 20 minutes.
 * 7) Add the beef and occasionally skim the broth to ensure you get a nice clear liquid. Cook for another 20 minutes, checking the beef to be sure it’s not overcooked.
 * 8) Add fish sauce and sugar to taste to achieve a nice balance between salty and sweet.
 * 9) While the broth is cooking, heat some oil in a pan and add the red pigment. Cook until the pigment is blended with the oil. Add to the stock. Repeat the process with the chilli powder.

Assembly

 * 1) Combine chopped parsley and cilantro leaves with the uncooked medium onion.
 * 2) If you are using fresh noodles, simply add boiling water to heat them up. If you’re using dried noodles, soak them in boiling water until they are soft then dip in cold water to stop the cooking process. Do not over cook them or you’ll have mush. Dried noodles have already been cooked.
 * 3) In a large soup bowl, place a handful of noodles, top with a handful of the parsley/cilantro/onion mixture, and ladle on generous amounts of steaming hot broth, ensuring there are several pieces of beef and pork.
 * 4) Serve hot with the condiments. You can add a squeeze of lime and chopped fresh chillies if you like your food extra spicy. It is also common to add a small dollop of shrimp paste to the soup, but those unfamiliar with the taste may not like it.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Rice noodles about the size of spaghetti No 5. are preferred.
 * Shrimp paste is essential to this dish, and this cannot be considered bún bò huế without it. Different types of shrimp paste can be found all over Vietnam. Some are of better quality than others. Some purists believe that only Huế shrimp paste is acceptable for this dish as it is smoother and of superior quality than other pastes, which can have trace amounts of sand in them. Unfortunately, it can be hard to find outside of Vietnam, so an "inferior" paste may be substituted.


text:
Cookbook:Bean and Rice Bake

| Vegetarian | Vegan Cuisine

The original recipe contributor noted the following anecdote:"'This recipe originated when I tried to adapt my saffron rice and beans for a barbecue. I planned on heating saffron rice and beans over a wood fire at the barbecue as a vegetarian main course, but didn't make enough rice, and added some raw ingredients at the last minute before slow-cooking over the fire. Later I liked it so much that I made it in the oven.'"

Ingredients

 * ⅓ cup olive oil
 * 2 onions, cut into chunks
 * 3 tomatoes, cut into large chunks
 * Several carrots, cut into large chunks
 * 1 can chickpeas or black beans
 * Other vegetables (e.g. zucchini, bell pepper, etc), cut into chunks
 * 1 tablespoon curry powder
 * 5–10 cloves garlic
 * Spices (suggested: paprika, cumin, ground chile or chili powder, ground oregano)
 * 1 cup basmati rice
 * 750 ml red wine

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 250°F.
 * 2) Heat 1 tablespoon of olive oil in a saucepan.
 * 3) Stir in curry powder and rice. Fry briefly (about 5 minutes) while stirring to lightly brown the rice.
 * 4) Combine vegetables, spices, and garlic in a baking dish with a cover. Stir in rice mixture, beans, and half the wine. Stir briefly to mix, and make sure some at least some rice is on top.
 * 5) Add the rest of the olive oil to the dish, and add enough water or wine until all vegetables, beans, and rice are submerged in liquid.
 * 6) Cover the dish and place in the oven. Let bake for a couple hours, periodically checking to see if rice is soft.
 * 7) Serve hot.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you raise the oven temperature, it'll cook faster. The whole point of the low heat is you can start this Saturday afternoon, forget about it for most of the day, and then have dinner ready.
 * This recipe also works over a campfire.
 * Use the cheapest wine you can stand to drink, as long as it is red.

title: Cookbook:Bean and Rice Bake


text:
Cookbook:Spicy Carrot Aioli

| Vegan Cuisine

Every vegan should know about aioli and related sauces. They add a creaminess which can be otherwise rare in vegan cooking. The key to the not-vegan-tasting deliciousness of an aioli is the garlic/olive oil emulsion. The same principle is at work in hummus (or marinara). Other common emulsifiers are glycerin, soy lecithin (present in soymilk, tofu, etc.) and egg yolk.

Ingredients

 * 1 carrot
 * 2 tbsp olive oil
 * 1 pinch salt
 * 5 cloves garlic
 * 1 serrano chile
 * 100–200 ml orange juice (any other citrus works)
 * French-style or Dijon mustard (i.e. one that does not contain "turmeric" in the list of ingredients; optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Cut carrots extremely fine (i.e. 1 mm slivers) so that blender can handle it.
 * 2) Combine all ingredients. Use a blender to start blending everything together.
 * 3) Continue blending in additional olive oil until it reaches desired creaminess.
 * 4) Adjust seasoning to taste.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Carrots can damage some blending equipment. It is recommended to cut them into really small pieces so they're easier to blend.

title: Cookbook:Spicy Carrot Aioli


text:
Talk:Folksprak

Removal of Speedy Delete Status
While I am not necessarily going to assist in trying to keep this Wikibook going, I will note that this language does appear to be a legitimate constructed language that has external references and does not necessarily violation the original research restrictions. For a more detail history of this language, see Folkspraak. The actual spelling of the name of the language doesn't appear to be so standardized, and there are several different efforts to create this language, mainly by Europeans.

If there is a dispute about trying to kill this page, I would recommend that this page be marked with VfD and turn this into a formal VfD review. --Rob Horning 20:28, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Folksprak


text:
Cookbook:New England Clam Chowder

| American cuisine | Seafood | Soups

New England clam chowder is a dairy-based seafood chowder or thick soup originating in the northeastern United States. It is often thickened with a roux, and it usually contains minimal vegetables save for potatoes and onions.

Ingredients

 * 1 pound canned clams, minced, or 12 ounces frozen, thawed
 * 2 tablespoons plain white flour
 * 1 medium potato, diced
 * 1 medium onion, diced
 * 1 cup boiling water
 * 3 ounces salt pork, diced
 * 1½ quarts skimmed or whole milk, scalded
 * 1 tablespoon butter
 * Salt and pepper to taste

Procedure

 * 1) If using frozen clams, drain and reserve liquid.
 * 2) Cut hard parts away and keep them separate.
 * 3) Sauté salt pork in a heavy iron pot until brown and crisp.
 * 4) Remove pork and sauté hard part of clam and onions in hot fat until onion is light brown.
 * 5) Stir in flour, then slowly add boiling water, salt, pepper, and diced potato.
 * 6) Cover and simmer gently 10 minutes or until potato is tender.
 * 7) Add soft parts of clams and liquid.
 * 8) Just before serving, stir in scalded milk and butter.
 * 9) Heat thoroughly, but not to boiling.
 * 10) Serve piping hot with oyster or soda crackers.

title: Cookbook:New England Clam Chowder


text:
Microprocessor Design/Design Steps

When designing a new microprocessor or microcontroller unit, there are a few general steps that can be followed to make the process flow more logically. These few steps can be further sub-divided into smaller tasks that can be tackled more easily. The general steps to designing a new microprocessor are:

 * 1) Determine the capabilities the new processor should have.
 * 2) Lay out the datapath to handle the necessary capabilities.
 * 3) Define the machine code instruction format (ISA).
 * 4) Construct the necessary logic to control the datapath.

We will discuss each of these steps below:

Determine Machine Capabilities
Before you start to design a new processor element, it is important to first ask why you are designing it at all. What new thing will your processor do that existing processors cannot? Keep in mind that it is always less expensive to utilize an existing chip than to design and manufacture a new one.

Some questions to start:
 * 1) Is this chip an embedded chip, a general-purpose chip, or a different type entirely?
 * 2) What, if any, are the limitations in terms of resources, price, power, or speed?

With that in mind, we need to ask what our chip will do:
 * 1) Does it have integer, floating-point, or fixed point arithmetic, or a combination of all three?
 * 2) Does it have scalar or vector operation abilities?
 * 3) Is it self-contained, or must it interface with a number of external peripherals?
 * 4) Will it support interrupts? If so, How much interrupt latency is tolerable? How much interrupt-response jitter is tolerable?

We also need to ask ourselves whether the machine will support a wide array of instructions, or if it will have a limited set of instructions. More instructions make the design more difficult, but make programming and using the chip easier. On the other hand, having fewer instructions is easier to design, but can be harder and more costly to program.

Lay out the basic arithmetic operations you want your chip to have:

 * Addition/Subtraction
 * Multiplication
 * Division
 * Shifting and Rotating
 * Logical Operations: AND, OR, XOR, NOR, NOT, etc.

List other capabilities that your machine has:

 * Unconditional jumps
 * Conditional Jumps (and what conditions?)
 * Stack operations (Push, pop)

Once we know what our chip is supposed to do, it is easier to lay out the framework for our datapath

Design the Datapath
Right off the bat we need to determine what ALU architecture that our processor will use:

 * Accumulator
 * Stack
 * Register
 * A combination of the above 3

This decision, more than any other, is going to have the largest effect on your final design. Do not proceed in the design process until you have made this decision. Once you have your ALU architecture, you create your memory element (stack or register file), and you can lay out your ALU.

Create ISA
Once we have our basic datapath, we can start to design our ISA. There are a few things that we need to consider:
 * 1) Is this processor RISC, CISC, or VLIW?
 * 2) How long is a machine word?
 * 3) How do you deal with immediate values? What kinds of instructions can accept immediate values?

Once we have our machine code basics, we frequently need to determine whether our processor will be compatible with higher-level languages. Specifically, are there any instructions that can be used for function call and return?

Determining the length of the instruction word in a RISC is a very important matter, and one that is worth a considerable amount of thought. For additional flexibility you can utilize a variable-length instruction set instead — like most CISC machines — at the expense of additional—and more complicated—instruction decode logic. If the instruction word is too long, programmers will be able to fit fewer instructions into memory. If the instruction word is too small, there will not be enough room for all the necessary information. On a desktop PC with several megabytes or even gigabytes of RAM, large instruction words are not a big problem. On an embedded system however, with limited program ROM, the length of the instruction word will have a direct effect on the size of potential programs, and the usefulness of the chips.

Each instruction should have an associated opcode, and typically the length of the opcode field should be constant for all instructions, to reduce complexity of the decoder. The length of the opcode field will directly impact the number of distinct instructions that can be implemented. if the opcode field is too small, you won't have enough room to designate all your instructions. If your opcode is too large, you will be wasting precious bits in your instruction word.

Some instructions will need to be larger than others. For instance, instructions that deal with an immediate value, a memory location, or a jump address are typically larger than instructions that only deal with registers. Instructions that deal only with registers, therefore, will have additional space left over that can be used as an extension to the opcode field.

Instruction set design
Picking a particular set of instructions is often more an art than a science.

Historically there have been different perspectives on what makes a "good" instruction set.
 * The early CISC years focused on making instruction sets that expert assembly language programmers enjoyed programming -- " code density" was a common metric.
 * the early RISC years focused on making instruction sets that ran a few benchmark programs in C, when compiled with relatively primitive compilers, really, really fast -- "cycles per instruction", and later "instructions per cycle" was recognized as an important part of achieving low "time to run the benchmark".

 * The rise of multitasking operating systems (and shared-memory parallel processors) lead to the discovery of non-blocking synchronization and the instructions necessary to support it.
 * CPUs dedicated to a single application (ASICs or FPGAs) led to the idea of customizing the CPU for one particular application

 * The rise of viruses and other malware led to the recognition of the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements.

Build Control Logic
Once we have our datapath and our ISA, we can start to construct the logic of our primary control unit. These units are typically implemented as a finite state machine, and we can try to map the ISA to the control unit in a logical way.

We go into much more detail on control unit design in the following sections, ../Control and Datapath and ../Instruction Decoder.

Design the Address Path
If a simple virtual==physical address path is adequate for your CPU, you can skip this section.

Most processors have a very simple address path -- address bits come from the PC or some other programmer-visible register, or directly from some instruction, and they are directly applied to the address bus.

Many general-purpose processors have a more complex address path: user-level programs run as if they have a simple address path, but the physical address applied to the address bus is significantly different than the programmer-visible address. This enables virtual memory, memory protection, and other desirable features.

We talk more about the benefits and drawbacks of an MMU, and how to implement it, in

Verify the design
People who design a CPU often spend more time on functional verification than all other steps combined.

title: Microprocessor Design/Design Steps


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Overhead

Indirect costs such as sales & marketing, administration and rent that must be allocated on some basis to jobs. This is in contrast to materials and labor which are associated with specific jobs.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Overhead


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Purchasing/Reports/Purchase Order Status

This report contains one line per purchase order. Each line contains the following fields:
 * Purchase Order Number
 * Supplier Number
 * Amount
 * Status
 * Date Issued
 * Date Required
 * Buyer

Purchasing/Reports/Purchase Order Status


text:
User talk:65.124.250.132

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

Xania talk 23:30, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.124.250.132