text:
Horn/Technique/Breathing

When you breathe for air when playing the horn, make sure that you do so, grabbing as much air as possible in the shortest time possible, without changing your embouchure. A good way to do this is though the nose, or on the sides of the mouth, if your mouth is big enough. But it is important that you never 'fall' from a note to take a breath.

What you can do to conserve more air, is to sit at the very tip-corner right side of the chair. Cushions (sofas, loveseats, ect.) are unacceptable because it is to easy to slouch, even when you do not realize it. So, it is best to play on a actual 'chair', ideally with no backing.

It is often the best to include several breathing exercises in your daily warm-up routine. All are done in common time. When inhaling, make your mouth wider, but when exhaling, make it smaller, so that you have to push air though your mouth. Here are some exercises:

Assume 'b' is beat Assume 'c' is crescendo Assume 'dcr' is decrescendo

Breathe in for 4b, release for 4b

Breathe in for 4b, release for 8b

Breathe in for 4b, release for 12bc

Breathe in for 2b, release for 4b

Breathe in for 4b, release for 10bcd

and so forth.

title: Horn/Technique/Breathing


text:
The Computer Revolution/Hardware/Storage

Types of Computer Storage
Before learning about what different storage devices are available, we need to have an understanding of the types of storage in a computer. The two types of storage are called primary and secondary storage. In devices that provide primary storage capability, the information is only stored temporarily and is easily accessible for processing. These are known as RAM chips (standing for “Random Access Memory”) and are connected to the motherboard as well as video cards. The devices that provide secondary storage capabilities are able to store information permanently, although the information that is stored is not as easily accessible as in primary storage but can still be accessed. Secondary storage devices would include hard drives, CDs, flash drives and the less common floppy disks. To distinguish the important difference between primary and secondary storage, think of being inside the kitchen of your own home. You are preparing a meal out of the family cookbook which you have laid out on top of your kitchen island along with your ingredients and tools sitting within reach. Your kitchen island is your primary storage because it keeps the items that you need to process within easy reach (you can think of yourself as the CPU) but those items do not remain there permanently. Your refrigerator, pantry and kitchen cabinets can be thought of as your secondary storage since items can be kept in these areas permanently, but would take more of your time when trying to cook a meal since you would have to search through them to find what you need.

Floppy
A soft magnetic disk. It is called floppy because it flops if you wave it (at least, the 5¼-inch variety does). Unlike most hard disks, floppy disks (often called floppies or diskettes) are portable, because you can remove them from a disk drive. Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives. Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks and have less storage capacity, but they are much less expensive. And most importantly, they are portable. Floppies come in three basic sizes:

8-inch: The first floppy disk design, invented by IBM in the late 1960s and used in the early 1970s as first a read-only format and then as a read-write format. The typical desktop/laptop computer does not use the 8-inch floppy disk. 5¼-inch: The common size for PCs made before 1987 and the predecessor to the 8-inch floppy disk. This type of floppy is generally capable of storing between 100K and 1.2MB (megabytes) of data. The most common sizes are 360K and 1.2MB. 3½-inch: Floppy is something of a misnomer for these disks, as they are encased in a rigid envelope. Despite their small size, microfloppies have a larger storage capacity than their cousins -- from 400K to 1.4MB of data. The most common sizes for PCs are 720K (double-density) and 1.44MB (high-density). Macintoshes support disks of 400K, 800K, and 1.2MB.

Floppy disk at the time was the only option of removable storage. One major problem with the disk was it was flimsy and easily destroyed. If you touched the exposed area your data could be completely destroyed. You had to use extreme caution when handling it.

The floppy disk evolved to a slightly more durable storage medium. The problem with it was if the metal piece was moved it exposed the data to elements that would destroy the data saved.

Zip
The Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable disk storage system, introduced by Iomega in late 1994. Originally it had a capacity of 100 MB, but later versions increased this to first 250 MB and then 750 MB.

The format became the most popular of the super-floppy type products but never reached the status of a quasi-standard to replace the 3.5-inch floppy disk. It has been superseded by flash-drive systems as well as rewritable CDs and DVDs, and is fading in popularity. The Zip brand was also used for internal and external CD writers known as Zip-650 or Zip-CD.

Hard Drive
A hard disk drive (HDD, also known as hard disk, hard drive, or the now-near-obsolete terms fixed disk, fixed drive, fixed disk drive, hard file) is a digitally encoded non-volatile storage device which stores data on the magnetic surfaces of hard disk platters.

Hard disks were originally developed for use in connection with, or later inside, a single computer. Later, as a way of guarding against hard disk failure, they were arranged into configurations such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID). RAID is a method of storing data on two or more hard drives that work together. One common RAID technique which RAID1 uses is disk mirroring. Disk mirroring is when data is written to two duplicate hard drives at the same time. This way if one hard drive files, the date automatically moves to the other hard drive where you can access it. This technique greatly reduces the chance of loss of data and/or service.

Hard disks are also found in network attached storage (NAS) devices, but for large volumes of data may be most efficiently used in a storage area network (SAN). Over time, applications for hard disk drives have expanded beyond computers to include video recorders, audio players, digital organizers, and digital cameras. In 2005 the first cellular telephones to include hard disk drives were introduced by Samsung and Nokia.

The capacity of hard drives has grown exponentially over time. With early personal computers, a drive with a 20 megabyte capacity was considered large. In the latter half of the 1990s, hard drives with capacities of 1 gigabyte and greater became available. As of 2006, the "smallest" desktop hard disk still in production has a capacity of 40 gigabytes, while the largest-capacity internal drives are a 3/4 terabyte (750 gigabytes), with external drives at or exceeding one terabyte by using multiple internal disks. These new internal drives increased their storage capacities with Perpendicular recording.

The most traditional hard drives are magnetic hard drives, which contains one or more round pieces of metal coated with a magnetisable substance. These hard drives have heads which are used to store and retrieve the data, which directly attached to the access mechanism that helps the heads to move in and out over the surface of hard disk. Different types of hard drives are used for different type of computers. For example desktop computers use 2.5 inch or 3.5 inch hard drives, whereas mobile phones, portable digital media players and other small devices use 1.5 inch or smaller hard drives. But, no matter what the size of the hard drive is, each and every hard drive contains a stack of hard disk.

In recent years the development of network attached hard drives has also increased dramatically, this is commonly referred to as Network Attached Storage (NAS), it's most useful form is the storage area network (SAN) where a single computer hosts many disks and shares access to those disks (presents) them over the network, where they appear as if they were local to the client computer. A good example of this is given at Building A Low Cost SAN.

Solid state drives are a newer type of hard drive that contain no moving parts allowing data to be stored on flash memory technology. Solid state drives or SSDs come in smaller sizes, 64-256GB, compared to traditional hard drives. SSDs are becoming more popular as they perform several times faster than a traditional SSD and have become more popular in ultra light netbooks and notebooks. The prices for SSDs are also coming down as the flash technology becomes more advanced and keeps current with SATA 6Gbit/s speeds.

External Hard Drive

External(portable) hard drives are usually powered by USB. The current capacity limit for a single magnetic hard drive(typical hard drive with moving parts inside) is 500 gigabytes, but a single external hard drive can utilize several internal disks and exceed one terabtye(1,024 gigabytes) of storage. The current capacity limit for SSD(solid state drive) hard drives is 128 gigabytes. External drives are useful for backing up data and keeping it safe.

Hybrid hard drives are composed of a standard magnetic hard drive and a solid state drive (see Flash Memory below). This configuration allows for increased performance, aka speed, of the drive while not sacrificing size. The use of a flash drive can significantly decrease the amount of time it takes for the computer to boot and load applications. These devices are more expensive than standard hard drives, but may be suitable for power users.

USB Flash Drive

USB flash drives sometimes called USB flash memory drives, thumb drives, or jump drives consist of flash memory media integrated into a self contained unit that connects to a computer or other device via a standard USB port and is powered via USB port. USB flash drives are designed to be very small and portable. In order to appeal to a wide variety of users, USB flash drives are available in a range of sizes, colors and appearances – including those designed to be attached to backpacks or worn around the neck, those built into necklaces, wristbands or wristwatches, those thin enough to fit easily into a wallet and those are made into custom shapes. When the USB flash drive is built into a consumer product such as watch, sunglasses or a Swiss Army knife, a retractable cord is used to connect the device to a computer when needed. They are used so widely, additional hardware related to USB flash drives are becoming available such as USB duplicator systems used by educators to copy assignments or other materials to and from a large collection of USB flash drives at one time. To Read or write, you just need to plug it into a USB port. If the USB flash drive is being used with a computer, then it is assigned a drive letter by the computer just like any other type of attached drive and files can be read from or written to the USB flash drive until it is unplugged from the USB port. The capacity of most USB flash drive today ranges from 1 GB to 64 GB. It is most useful to all students, employees to transport files from one computer to another as well as quickly backup important files.

USB keys
USB keys are the new mobile storage unit. It is a flash memory stick with a casing that slides nicely into a computer's USB port for data transfer. USB keys can vary in size, smallest being the 32 MB and the max is currently 4 GB. It can carry any type of data such as your music files, word applications, and even powerpoint presentations, with little problems. USB keys are safer than their predecessors, the floppy drive and zip drive, in fact some USB keys have survived trips through washing machines! The USB keys are compatible to work with windows 98 or higher. They are also Mac and Linux compliant.

Tape Drives
Tape drives research began in 1949 by IBM. The whole process was to find a suitable replacement for punch cards. The necessities being the replacement should be compact, faster, cheaper and reusable. The big difference between a tape drive and a audio cassette tape is in the machinery. The drives themselves are much quicker and more accurate than a home cassette player. The tapes store data in a continuous string of bits, also known as, sequential data, and the need to find a particular part of the information that is being searched for requires a mechanically efficient and accurate machine. They are able to fast-forward and rewind to a particular spot on the tape with high speed and accuracy. This is the image of the large reel-to-reel machines seen in old television and movies, and are still used today for their cost effectiveness for backups. Backups are the recording of data from a computer hard drive to another secondary storage device. Although compact discs are gaining in popularity, tape drives are still widely available. The improvement in tape drives has been dramatic since their inception. The original tape drive, IBM 701 Tape Drive, could store 100 bpi (bits per inch), run at a speed of 70 ips (inches per second) and could be as long as 1400 feet. Since then tapes have evolved to run 200, 556, 800, 1600, and even 6250 bpi. They run at greater speeds than original, and have lengths up to 3600 feet. Tape drives were at their prime up until the 1990's. Then the flexibility, speed, and storage abilities of hard drives overtook tape drives. As mentioned earlier, tape drives are still available, but are now relegated to inexpensive backups of vast amounts of data.

Smart Cards
A smart card is a pocket-sized card with an embedded chip inside of it. There are many uses for these cards from printing applications, Identification, storing memory, credit card and banking. Smart Cards are also being used in SIMS for mobile phones, authorization cards for pay television, high-security identification and access-control cards, and public transport payment cards.

Recently smart cards are starting to be used as electronic wallets. The smart card chip can be loaded with funds which can be spent in parking meters and vending machines or at various merchants. SMart cards are highly effective with all the applications listed above as they are low in cost yet highly effective solution to handle data.

Smart cards store a small amount of data or for identification purposes. The increase in technology have greatly increase the capabilities for the smart cards. They can be used to enhance security at places like an office building. Smart cards are also used worldwide for student id cards. In some smart cards, there is even biometrics data in the card for an even higher level of security. Biometric data is used to ensure authenticity of the card’s user before the smart card releases any data to the user.

In order to use a smart card, you must insert the smart card into the card reader or place it near a card reader. Once the smart card have been verified, the user will be able to complete any transaction they want to make.

Flash memory
Flash memory refers to a memory chip that holds its content without power and that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed without being removed from the circuit board, often used in fax machines. It is called Flash memory because the microchip is organized so that a section of memory cells are erased in a single action or "flash." Flash memory is used in digital cellular phones, digital cameras, LAN switches, PC Cards for notebook computers, digital set-up boxes, embedded controllers, and other devices.

There are three forms of flash memory: 1)flash memory card, 2)flash memory sticks and 3)flash memory drives. first of all, flash memory cards are also known as flash ram. It can be inserted in the memory port of the digital cameras, handheld Pc, or other mobile devices. Moreover, this flash cards are removable storage and it doesn't have processor. The second kind of flash memory is the flash memory stick that is small and holds more than one gigabyte of data. this is inserted into a memory stick port in different devices as digital cameras, camcorders, notebooks, PC among others. The last form is flash memory drive which is also called USB drive flash card. This is typically small, lightweight, removable and rewritable. It  also holds more data, and may be more reliable. The capacity of storage is up to 2 gigabytes, so people do not have to carry their laptops, this flash card can be inserted into computer's USB port or USB hub

Online secondary storage
Do you know that there is another way to storage information besides zip drive, memory stick, and floppy disk?. This is online secondary storage. People also can back up info using this service on internet. This way is utilized by companies to save their information as a backup. In the past, companies have lost lot of information when they experienced flood and fire. Some services are free, but another you have to pay. Some online storage companies offer internet backup as a service online. These companies are Driveway, Magical Desk and Backup among others. Online storage means that companies can storage confidential information in a safety way on internet and they will have a copy if they lost the original information. Also, this info can be shared with employees that are in different parts of the world and can be updated in anywhere. Some companies have decided to store information due to the fact that they are lost very important information due to virus, hardware theft, or when the software is not working properly. This storage is reliable, how does internet backup work? First, people have to buy a software and install it in its hard drive Functionality - Online Backup, Remote Offsite Data Back-up via Internet: PerfectBackup UK -

Holographic Storage
Holographic Storage is just what you can imagine it to be. A type of 3D storage system that records images/data on a holographic disk or cartridge. Why would you use this besides it sounding awesome? It's insanely fast and holds a lot of space. This is possible because this type of storage uses light to send data. One single flash of light holds over one million bits of data. This is what makes it fast and can hold a substantial amount. A hologram is also stored through the thickness of the medium. For example, a disk has a spiral track that holds its data. A hologram on the other had is layered over it almost like a stack of sliced cheese, except much more miniscule. So how is this done? A holographic drive splits the light it is receiving into two beams. The angle of the reference beam determines where the data will be stored. The other beam called the signal beam goes through a device (spatial light modulator) and translates the data in the light into a 3D model. The image describes this process.
 * 1) Laser beam used to write or read data
 * 2) This is where the beam is split
 * 3) This is the reference beams path.
 * 4) This is where the signal beam passes through the spacial light modulator and translates the data
 * 5) This is where the data is read and it is projected onto a detector to be reconstructed

Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is a remote storage device accessed through the internet. This storage can be accessed on demand therefore bringing convenience to you. There are some applications out there like Google Docs and Flickr where you can store things and access. Typically users of site like these would create an password protected account and choose files to be private or shared with specific individuals. This type of storage is increasing in users because of the availability of their files. They can log on to any computer or mobile device to access their files and this ensures that no matter where you are you have your important files with you. Online storage is also convenient because you can back up your files regularly therefore protecting your files even if your computer crashes. Most of these sites offer this type of storage for free.

Deployment

There are also different types of cloud deployment. There is a public cloud in which a provider make the storage accessible to the public either for free or at a fee. Private clouds are used by single organization and are only accessible to users granted access in that organization. Private clouds are either operated internally or externally depending on the organization's needs and capabilities. Community clouds are used by users over a number of organizations that have common concerns such as security, compliance etc. Hybrid models are made up of 2 or 3 of the different types of clouds but still remaining unique in their own opperations but offering communication between the different types without losing their original integrity.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Algebra/Quadratic functions

A Quadratic function is a polynomial where the highest power is two. The basic form of this function is: F(X) = ax² + bx + c. Where, ax² is the quadratic term, bx is the linear term and c is the independent term or "constant", which does not depend on the variable, x. The letters a and b are called "coefficients", a being the "leading coefficient". The standard form is F(X) = ax² + bx + c. The x-intercepts of the function are:

$$ x = \frac{-b + \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{ 2a} $$ OR  $$ x = \frac{-b - \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a} $$

The independent term is also the y-coordinate of the point of intersection with the y-axis (when X=0, F(X)=C).

A quadratic function has a "vertex" or "turning point", which is the point where the function has either a maximum or minimum value. If a is greater than zero, then there will be a minimum and the curve will be concave. If a is less than zero, then there will be a maximum and the curve will be convex. If a = 0, then we have a linear function rather than a quadratic function.The x-coordinate of the vertex is $$ x = -\frac{b}{2a} $$ The y-coordinate of the vertex is $$ F(-\frac{b}{2a}) $$

The general form of a quadratic equation is actually F(X) = ax² + bxy + cy² + dx + ey + f = 0, which can take many shapes including circles, ellipses and parabolas, but in most Western high schools, quadratic equation refers only to those of the form F(X) = ax² + bx + c, which forms a parabola.

title: Algebra/Quadratic functions


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Wikijunior:Style guide

This page describes how to write good content for Wikijunior. It is not intended to substitute for or contradict anything in the Wikibooks Manual of Style. Rather it is intended to clarify and help editors write for the intended audience of Wikijunior.

Think about Your Readers
First, think about your audience. Wikijunior books are for children. Children do not have the same interests or capabilities as adults. Also a twelve-year-old child has vastly different capabilities to process written information from a six-year-old child. Each book should discuss its intended audience including the specific age of the expected readership.

Think about the Whole Book
Remember that each individual article or chapter is part of a larger book. Use a writing style and format that is consistent with the rest of the book. Don't repeat information given in other articles or chapters.

Style
The writing style you use should be simple and direct. Writing so that children can understand is very important. Write conversationally, as you would speak to another person. Write positively and with enthusiasm.

 * Use active voice.
 * For example: Write "The cat ate the bird." instead of "The bird was eaten by the cat."

 * Use correct grammar and spelling.
 * Keep sentences short. Break long sentences into smaller sentences.

Vocabulary
Use common words whenever possible. Do not use big words when simpler language would work.

 * Define uncommon words within the article itself, or in a glossary.

 * Define technical vocabulary or jargon as it is used.

 * Do not use slang, figures of speech or local idioms.

 * Effective use of adjectives and adverbs make your writing more compelling.

 * For example: In the sentence "She wept bitterly." the verb "wept" is intensified by the adverb "bitterly".

Accuracy
It is important that Wikijunior books are accurate. Wikijunior books should use Neutral Point of View (NPOV). This does not mean that all points of view need to be represented, just that no point of view is given undue weight. If there is a well-known controversy about a subject, simply mentioning that there is a controversy without going into detail may be appropriate.

If the book is about a science topic it should reflect scientific consensus. When you use words and phrases like “probably”, “might have”, and “experts think that”, give more information to explain why people think what they do. It's good to show the scientific method at work, theories being weighed based on evidence.

 * For example: Instead of "Experts think Velociraptor had feathers.", you could say "Experts think that Velociraptor had feathers because related dinosaurs had them."

Sometimes it is necessary to simplify an idea to make it more understandable for children. If you can explain a concept with Newtonian physics, it's not necessary to explain it with quantum physics. However it is important that these simplifications be identified as such within the text.

Analogies can help young people understand complex or unusual concepts. When explaining a challenging concept, think about ways in which it is similar to something kids are likely to have experienced, and write that analogy.

Information to Include
Authors should concentrate on the most important concepts and interesting facts rather than writing about every minor detail. Keep individual articles and chapters concise. Include unique and interesting facts about the subject, facts that could strike the imagination of young readers.

Pictures and Diagrams
Children like books with pictures. Sometimes a photo can convey important and interesting facts about a subject that would be difficult to express in text. Use pictures to help explain ideas and illustrate the subject of the text frequently, whenever it makes sense. Pictures should illustrate what things look like. Captions should explain the photograph or diagram and also include some interesting information about the subject. For example:

 * Instead of “A picture of a lion.” a better caption would be “A sleeping lion. Lions sleep up to 20 hours a day.”

title: Wikijunior:Style guide


text:
Wikijunior talk:Style guide

Comments
This is in rough draft form, but I thought it was needed so I put it up hoping that others can help me clean it up. Comments? --Xixtas 01:31, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

I have put up a set of topics for discussion related to the Style Guide. They are there because I am not sure of the answers. Any constructive input is welcome. --xixtas 14:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Audience
Is there anything additional we should say about the audience for the book? Should we mandate that books describe the intended audience? --xixtas 14:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * From Wikijunior:
 * The aim of this project is to produce a series of full-color booklets for children aged 8 to 11.
 * I think this is fine. --Swift 11:46, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Reading Levels
The reading capabilities of 8 year olds are very different from 12 year olds, do we need to be more specific about the audience of each book? --xixtas 14:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This does makes sense. Unfortunately, however, I'm not sure that the majority of contributors will have a good understanding of what these reading capabilities are. I also think it would be close to impossible to specify any further the audience within the current three or four year range. The Style Guide can certainly mention this dilemma (just avoid instruction creep).
 * I imagine some topics may appeal more to children at a certain level and there contributors should strive to match the text to the most likely audience. --Swift 12:02, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Talking down
Should we mention that talking down should be avoided? How can talking down be recognized/avoided? --xixtas 14:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Grade Level
Is there any way to quantify the reading level that we should mention here?

I'm not sure how useful something like Flesch Grade level is. In the article on Velociraptors, if you change the word velociraptor into a nonsense 2 syllable word like "veepo" It drops the grade level of the text by 1.5 grades. --xixtas 04:06, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Common Words
What constitutes a common word? Should we try to limit ourselves using lists of common words? I don't think so, but it is helpful for me to use http://www.online-utility.org/english/simple_basic_helper.jsp to identify words that might be problematic. --xixtas 04:06, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think so either. This should probably be up to the discretion of the contributors. If that tool is mentioned, it should also be noted that it is by no means normative and simply an aid. --Swift 12:06, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

American or British English
Are American or British English spellings to be used? Should it be mixed or different from book to book? --xixtas 14:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Consistent within a book. Chosen by principle author. This should be in the Manual of Style. --12:11, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
Is Neutral Point of View appropriate for writing for children? -- "All Wikipedia articles must be written from a neutral point of view (NPOV), representing fairly and without bias all significant views that have been published by a reliable source."

Do we really want to represent all significant views? The contrasting points of view seem like they might be confusing and frustrating for kids. --xixtas 04:06, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No, we don't need to represent everything. NPOV is a requirement that those points represented aren't represented unfairly. So if you think there is too much clutter, just reduce the presentation of all evenly, pointing out common threads and just mentioning the areas of disagreement or discreptancy. --Swift 12:14, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Scientific Consensus
Does the term scientific consensus need to be defined? --xixtas 14:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I fear that it cannot be defined. --Swift 12:16, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Weasel Words
Should Weasel words be discussed here?

The example Concerning velociraptor's feathers is a weasely statement. Is the suggestion to stipulate the reasoning when using weasel words adequate? I don't know and would like to hear other opinions. --xixtas 04:06, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Difficult one. I'd propose we don't explicitly say anything about this and address it when we have some more experience with the issues specific to Wikijunior texts. My initial impression is that these aren't really a problem because the WJ modules won't cover as controversial topics as other Wikibooks and thus weasel words will automatically be conservatively used. --Swift 12:24, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Scientific Simplification
Is simplification of scientific concepts advisable? Should we write things that are not strictly true in order to make them more easily understood?

I think scientific simplification will be necessary. --xixtas 04:06, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No. Never should concepts be simplified beyond truth! What use is there in understanding something which has no existance in — only mere similarity to — reality. If parallels are drawn with more conventionally understood concepts, the limits should (as with any audience) be mentioned so that readers don't draw unwarranted conclusions. --Swift 12:43, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. Teaching falsehoods will only hurt readers, who will later have to learn the truth. Also, it may embarrass them if they tell an oversimplified fact to a teacher. If something cannot be simplified, it should not be included. PCU123456789 (talk) 01:04, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Interesting facts
How does one identify which facts are interesting to kids? --xixtas 14:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Ask some or think back to when you were one? --Swift 12:44, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Pictures
Is there anything else we should say about pictures? --xixtas 14:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I wondered if there were any WikiJunior plans/procedures to collaborate on illustrating (Drawing colourful cartoons). It's difficult. A lot of work, and tough to collaborate. I mean different styles of cartoons drawn by different people on different pages of a book might not work so well. But I was half expecting to see some cartoons in the simple ABC book (Discussing here too: Wikijunior talk:Alphabet) -- Harry Wood (discuss • contribs) 00:18, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Style guide


text:
Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/Fibrosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma

Benign Fibrous Histologies

 * Nodular fasciitis: rapid growth over several weeks, pain, tenderness. Plump mature fibroblasts. Self-limiting process; recurrence uncommon after excision
 * Fibroma: nonspecific term. Dense fibrous nodule. Simple excision
 * Elastofibroma: rare, slow-growing benign tumor. Typically lower portion of the scapula. Repetitive manual tasks. Considered reactive lesions. Swollen eosinophilic collagen and elastic fibers. Simple excision
 * Superficial fibromatosis: arise from fascia or aponeuroses, small and slow growing
 * Palmar fibromatosis (Dupuytren's contracture) most common
 * Penile fibromatosis (Peyronie's disease) relatively rare, though more common in men who have palmar fibromatosis
 * Deep fibromatosis: clinically diverse, deep-seated fibrous neoplasms
 * For more detail, please see the Desmoid tumor page

Fibrosarcoma Epidemiology

 * 2-6% of primary malignant bone lesions
 * Arise most commonly in tubular long bones, usually femur or tibia
 * Most patients are 30-70; equal men and women
 * Predisposing factors (~30% cases) include Paget's, fibrous dysplasia, osteomyelitis, bone infarcts, bone cysts, benign giant cell tumors, desmoplastic fibromas, or previous RT treatment

Natural History

 * Locally aggressive
 * Metastatic potential related to grade
 * High grade similar to osteosarcoma: 5-year OS ~25%
 * Low grade: 5-year (and 10-year) OS ~50%. Mets rate 5-15%
 * Survival: 5-year 34%, 10-year 28%, 20-year 25%
 * Children have relatively milder prognosis

Diagnosis

 * Lytic with no reactive sclerosis
 * High grade lesions show cortical destruction and periosteal reaction; sometimes with soft-tissue mass
 * Radiographically very similar to osteosarcoma

Staging

 * Please see the bone staging page

Treatment Overview

 * Aggressive surgical resection
 * Not considered highly radiosensitive, but RT recommended for inoperable tumors, residual disease, and palliation
 * Perez (4th ed) recommends doses 66-70Gy with shrinking-field technique

title: Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/Fibrosarcoma


text:
The Computer Revolution/Hardware/Smartcards

A smart card is a small credit card sized microprocessor that enables us to conduct daily activities much faster and simpler. The inside of a smart card is embedded with a microprocessor (like a brain of a computer) that is responsible for keeping track of the information on the card and processes the use of the smart card. Currently, some smart cards here in North America have magnetic stripes to track the information. The problem with this is that the stripe can be hacked into and read, re-written over, deleted, and changed. In Europe, all smart cards have actual intelligence, where the microprocessor is placed under a contact pad on the back of the card and it is read by computer networks for verification and processing. Smart cards have different amounts of RAM and programmable ROM. The card reader powers it up and reads the information while updating it with every use. Some places you use a smart card include entrance into a building (you scan the card for the door to open every time you enter), banking machines, vending machines, gas pumps, air miles, and even your Mount Royal ID is a smart card.

Contact Smart Cards
Contact Cards require insertion into a smart card reader with a direct connection to a conductive micro-module on the surface of the card.

The basic idea of a smart-card is to transfer and save date to a single chip sized storage. This gives people the freedom of downloading more content compared to not having one and downloading to phone space. Smart cards are made of plastic, generally polyvinyl chloride. They also provide a strong firewall to keep data safe from outsiders. Since smart-cards have become very popular, society has been forced to create numerous smart-card readers ranging from laptop readers to ATM cards. Smart-cards give the best possible way to carry data with such a small chip that can be held by anything you desire.

Contactless Smart Cards
A smart card that uses radio frequencies to provide a wireless connection to the reader. The transmission range is only a couple of inches, but allows the card to be quickly passed by a reader in applications such as secured entrances.

Contactless smart cards use radio frequency (RF) technology to interact with a reader. The market for these cards is growing rapidly, creating tremendous new opportunities for issuers. Popular applications include transit cards for fare payment, employee IDs in government and corporate environments, e-passports and other secure travel documents, and cards for cashless payment. Other high-security applications will appear soon.  Richard F Ruiz rruiz0013@gmail.com

Smart Card/RFID tag Privacy Concerns
While there are many advantages to RFID technology, there are also some disadvantages. Privacy is a concern and because RFID technology is still in the early stages of development, the flaws in security are still prevalent. Until some of the privacy concerns are addressed and resolved RFID/Smart Card technology will have a difficult time gaining widespread acceptance.

RFID will have a difficult time gaining widespread acceptance due to the issues of privacy. What will this type of technology mean for consumers? When consumers buy products, there is a possibility that they can be tracked. Some states are issuing driver licenses with RFID chips, so which mean any driver can be located. It is a fear that RFID can track a person's movement and make that information readily available, and compromise a person's anonymity. It is also a fear of fraud and identity theft. RFID will have a difficult time gaining widespread acceptance until some security measures are put in place.


text: User:MiltonT~enwikibooks

title: User:MiltonT~enwikibooks


text:
Wikijunior talk:How Things Work/Flush Toilet

Nice illustrations, McGill. Really adds a lot to the article. --Xixtas 03:16, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks very much Xixtas. Learning to use Blender 3D. --Mcgill 03:41, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Needs a little something about dual flush, saving water perhaps. Brucelaidlaw (talk) 03:21, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Most of the toilets I have seen use a flapper valve mechanism for dumping water from the tank to the bowl, instead of a siphon. Maybe worth discussing the alternative mechanism, or at least mentioning that it exists. Roger wilco (talk)

The illustrations are great - nice job. However, one might benefit from an animated GIF. Would someone be able to take the models and do that? ~ walle1357 the epic~ (discuss • contribs) 22:25, 10 October 2012 (UTC)


text:
QBasic/Files/2

9.1.2      THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FILES

There are 3 types of files in Qbasic:

1. Sequential files 2. Random-Access files 3. Binary files

Sequential files are the simplest. None too surprisingly, these save records in sequence - like lines in a book. The information in Sequential files is stored as ASCII text, so everything you can see on the screen exists in the computer's memory, and these files can be processed by text editors as well as by Qbasic.

title: QBasic/Files/2


text:
User:Ryulong

 Wikipedia has a user page for: Ryulong

title: User:Ryulong


text:
User talk:Ryulong

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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Good luck! MichaelBillington 06:39, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ryulong


text:
User talk:Triona

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! MichaelBillington 06:49, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Triona


text:
User talk:MichaelBillington

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * Finally! (feels special) MichaelBillington 06:54, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:MichaelBillington


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User talk:Avrajwade

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Good luck! Gentgeen 07:29, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Avrajwade


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User talk:TNN~enwikibooks

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:34, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:TNN~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Wonderwang

This user account is known to be a vandal. It has been blocked forever. Gentgeen 07:32, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wonderwang


text:
User talk:Ninhnguyenxuan~enwikibooks

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Good luck! MichaelBillington 07:37, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ninhnguyenxuan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ninhnguyenxuan~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ninhnguyenxuan~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jewel~enwikibooks

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Good luck! MichaelBillington 07:43, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jewel. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jewel~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:16, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jewel~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:A-level English/Wise Children/Plot Summary

Untitled
how come there is not a summary for wise children on chapter four?

A wise child!!
In chapter 4 of Wise childre, the there is a sense of higher negativity from Carter. we are told of Lady' a's accident and what happen to her, hence the name "wheelchair". On pager 165, low brow gets even lower. Dora and Noras high life decreases to alot less high brow shows such as pantomines in

Expanding Plot Summary for Chapters 3 and 4
noticed that the plot summary on this Wikibook was a mere sentence or two for these chapters, yet the Wikipedia article has a fuller explaination. I've therefore copied them over into this article. I'm personally a little hazy on these chapters, so I can't write my own, and I'm not sure on the policy on copying chunks of information from Wikipedia (articles from both websites are licenced the same), but if there are any objections feel free to revert back.


text:
User talk:210.49.74.218

Thank you for experimenting with the page CCNA Certification/Chapter 0 - Introducing Digital Electronics on wikibooks, for any further tests, please use the Sandbox instead, thank you. MichaelBillington 08:53, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:210.49.74.218


text:
User:Doc glasgow

__NOINDEX__

title: User:Doc glasgow


text:
Suomen kieli ulkomaalaisille/Sisältö/Nominaalien taivutus

  The Conjugation of Nominals

What are Nominals?
In Finnish Grammar, nominals are those words that can take a case form (sijamuoto) usually in either singular or the plural.

These words are in the following word groups

 * Nouns -  the names of things (physical or conceptual) e.g. car, factory, love, wonder.
 * Adjectives – words that add description to nouns e.g. big, green, deep, dark, heavy.
 * Numbers – one, two, three, hundred, thousand, etc.
 * Pronouns – me, you, she, they, it etc.

What are case forms?
Case forms in Finnish add extra description according to the situation. Each case is explained in a different section of this book. The grammatical term for adding a case to a word is known as “inflection”. The Finnish word for this is “taivutus” derived from the word ‘’taivuttaa’’ ‘to bend’. Finnish is a highly inflected language. There are as many as 15 different case forms in Finnish although not every case form can be applied to every word. English by comparison has very few case inflections. The most common in English is the plural s (so cat > cats) and the genitive ‘s (cat > cat’s) and the plural genitive s’ (cat > cats’).

Nominative – the Dictionary Form
Because Finnish has so many case forms, dictionaries usually show just one case form for each word. In the case of NOMINALS, this case form is the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR. It is sometimes called the citation form because it is the declarative form.

If in Finnish we ask "what is this?", and the answer is "a table", the word for table come back in the NOMINATIVE or citation form. Because the nominative singular has no special ending and is the citation form, it is the basic form found in the dictionary.
 * Mikä tämä on? Se on pöytä.
 * What is this? It is a table.
 * Pöytä table (nominative singular)

Stems and endings
Most words when modified according to case (or situation), the word can be thought of as having two parts. The first part called the stem (in Finnish: vartalo), and the second part called the ending (in Finnish: pääte).

Some words have stem forms that are identical to their citation form. For example, the imported word auto meaning car or ''automobile.

Auto  (nominative singular case) car

Autot (nominative plural case)  cars

Auton  (genetive singular case)  car's

Autossa (inessive singular case)  In the car

Here we can see that this word has a stem form

Auto-

onto which the case form ending is added. The nominative plural ending for example is -t and is simply added to the stem.

Plural Stems
In the preceding section we saw that the nominative plural is made by adding the -t ending is added to the stem. But oddly enough, this stem is in fact the singular stem. Most nominals in fact, also have a plural stem. For example if we wanted to say "in the cars" we cannot mix the -t nominative plural ending with the -ssa inessive case. Only one case ending can be added to a word. So instead we add the -ssa case ending to the plural stem.

The plural stem is usually formed by adding the letter i to the singular stem.

Autoissa (inessive plural case)  In the cars
 * ''Auto + i + ssa

So car has a singular stem auto- and a plural stem autoi-. In fact this word has an alternate plural stem autoj- because when the letter i appears between two vowels its pronunciation is more like the y in the word yellow, which in Finnish morphology is written as j. Because Finnish has a letter for this sound, the transcription of the written form of the word follows this pattern.

Thus

Autoja (partitive plural case) = auto + i + a > autoja (because the i in oia is pronounced as j and is therefore spelled that way.

Stem modifications
Because of phonetic modifications, especially the effect known as Consonant Gradation, some words have more than one stem form, though with practise it is usually easy to determine what they are.

tehdas (nominative singular case) factory  (tehdas)

tehtaat (nominative plural case) factories  (tehtaa- + -t)

tehdasta (partitive singular case) factory  (tehdas + -ta)

tehtaan (genitive singular case) factory’s  (tehtaa- + -n)

tehtaiden (genitive plural case) factories’  (tehtai- + -den)

tehtaasta (elative singular case)  from the factory  (tehtaa- + -sta)

tehtaista (elative plural case)  from the factories (tehtai- + -sta)
 * Note that despite appearances, tehdasta is a partitive form and not an elative form!

So we can see that the Finnish word meaning factory basically has a stem tehtaa- in the singular and tehtai in the plural, but an alternative stem form tehdas- which is only seen in the nominative and partitive singular.

In other words, the behaviour of this word is seemingly quite unlike auto.

Do I have to learn the inflections of words?
Yes!

Consider a sentence in English like 'yesterday I bought some expensive new boots'. You will probably find all these words in an English dictionary. If it is a very small dictionary, you may not find the word bought because it is an inflected form of the verb buy. So if you were learning English, you would need to learn the inflections of the verbs, but most nominals would be easy as they are easily recognised even if they are inflected. Not so Finnish. Eilen mä ostin uudet kalliit saappaat. You will only find eilen in the dictionary. Mä is not inflected but is in a common abbreviated form and all the other words are in inflected forms. It is only when you understand how words "bend" into these forms that you can effectively learn to "unbend" them. Eventually you will get the hang of it.

How do I know how to inflect nominals correctly?
This is a good question!

The answer in part is that many words like tehdas follow a pattern, and once you have learned to recognise the pattern, you can follow the rule and apply it to other words of the same type. In the case of tehdas, the rule affects all nominals ending in –is or –as. Most of the sections under the heading of Inflection of Nominals in this book detail the patterns you need to recognise and how to inflect the words.

The bad news is that there are some classes of words where it is completely impossible to tell from looking at the nominal or dictionary form how it will behave. The biggest class of these are words ending in –i, of which there are rather a lot. Most of them fall under one of two headings and which of the two they belong to is a matter of sheer learning and familiarity. It is possible to buy dictionaries that show the correct form (For example the Nykysuomen Keskeinen Sanasto ISBN 951-20-6686-6 or when you find a new word in a text and see how it is used, just remember the way that it was inflected so that you yourself can inflect it correctly the next time you need to use it. So it is not so bad.

Now read on to see how the various types of word inflect.

Good luck!


text:
Practical Electronics/Stepper Motors

Stepper Motors are devices that turn a shaft by a small set angle (usually between 1 and 5 degrees) at a time. This is done very precisely, and so they are very useful for application requiring motion that does not have any feedback to govern the motor speed. However, they cannot be simply driven by a DC or AC voltage like simpler motors; they need more complex circuitry to drive them.

For more information on stepper motors, please visit the "Stepper" page in the Wikibook of Electric Motors and Generators. For this book, we will just look at the basics. There are two kinds of stepper motor - unipolar and bipolar. Bipolar motors are the simplest, so we will look at those first.

Bipolar Motors
Bipolar motors have two coils, each with a connection at each end, giving a total of four wires. It is possible to identify which wires are which, as the resistance between wires of different coils will be infinite. Generally, the connections are named in schematics, 1a and 1b being the two connections for one coil and 2a and 2b being for the other coil.

To drive a bipolar stepper motor by one step, the coils have to be energized in a particular sequence. Consider just one coil; if 1a is held high and 1b is held low, the coil is said to conduct forwards. If 1a is at ground and 1b is high, then it conducts backwards. To drive the stepper motor, the coils have to be switched from conducting forwards to conducting backwards alternately.

The input voltages to the four wires in order to drive the motor forward on step are shown in the table below. The coil polarities generated by this sequence are shown on the far right of the table.

There are many ways to produce this sequence, from using basic logic to incorporating the control into a micro-controller. Below is the circuit diagram for a motor controller made of simple logic components. Every time there is a low-to-high transition on the STEP input, the circuit advances the output on stage. The DIR input controls the direction of the step; if it is high, it steps one way, if it is low it steps the other way.

However, this circuit cannot drive a stepper motor by itself, as the logic outputs cannot supply nearly enough current. Some sort of amplification is needed. A dual H-Bridge arrangement can provide the necessary current and voltage reversal:

Recommended transistors for driving stepper motors are MOSFETs IRF510 or IRF530 (N-channel) and IRF9520 or IRF9530 (P-channel). These have built in clamping diodes, so the D1-D8 in the above circuit are unnecessary. If you are operating at high currents, it is wise to keep them for added protection. However any kind of power transistor (FET or BJT) should be suitable for this, as long as the current required to drive the motor does not exceed the rating of the transistor.

Unipolar Motors
Unipolar motors have a more complex system of coil windings, but a simpler method of driving. Instead of having two connections, a unipolar motor coil has three - there is a centre tap on each coil. Unipolar motors have six leads therefore, in two groups of three. Sometimes there are just five, as the centre taps may be joined internally.

To identify unmarked leads, first find the two triplets of wires - there will be no connection at all between the triplets. Then, find the centre tap - this is the wire with equal resistance between it and the other two wires in the triplet. If the centre taps are joined together internally, this will be more difficult, but by trial and error, it should be possible. Usually, however, the connection can be worked out by looking carefully as the wires as they come out of the motor - they will often be physically grouped into triplets or connected to a small PCB with the connections laid out logically.

By holding this centre tap at a common voltage (probably ground) and switching the voltage used to power to motor from one end of the coil to the other, the direction of voltage flow can be reversed.

The windings in unipolar motors are bifilar, meaning there are two coils wound on top of each other - one connecting the "a" connector to the centre tap and one connecting the "b" connector to the centre tap. Because each half of the bifilar winding is as big as one coil in a bipolar motor, unipolar motors tend to be wider than bipolar motors.

The advantage of unipolar motors is that there is no need for H-bridge drivers because all that needs to be done is to apply a high voltage to one of the connectors when the coil is to be energised - the other end does not need an opposite treatment, it can just be disconnected rather than having to be connected to the opposite power rail.

The sequence of voltages applied to connectors 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b is the same as before, so the system of XOR gates and JK flip-flops (or PIC, etc) can be used for unipolar motors. The transistor driver circuit is simpler, however:

Any kind of power transistor (FET or BJT) should be suitable for this, as long as the current required to drive the motor does not exceed the rating of the transistor. Suggested transistors are IRF520, TIP31, TIP120, etc. Again, if the transistors have built in clamping diodes, the separate diodes are not needed, but will not do any damage if left in (suitable is any diode with voltage and forward current values similar to the transistor).

If need be, unipolar motors can have the centre taps ignored and be used as bipolar motors. This will result in less torque as the coils are twice as long and so have twice the resistance and half the current. Alternatives, ignore one of the end connections and use one half of the winding. This should provide exactly the same characteristics as the motor when used normally. However, care should be taken to insulate the dangling wire as it will act like an auto-transformer and double the voltage applied to the lower half-coil.

title: Practical Electronics/Stepper Motors


text:
XForms/Secret

The XForms secret control
People that are sitting near you should not be able to see your password as you enter it. The   control echos a "*" to the screen for each character you type.

Screen Image
Here is what the user interface would look like:

Testing
The login characters should be echoed back but the password field should just echo a "*" character for every character the user types.

Discussion
The values for the login and password are stored directly in the model.

This example uses a CSS style sheet to put the labels and fieldset legend in bold and align the login and password labels.

By default the fieldset box stretches the entire width of the page. You can make it static by adding a style attribute with the width set to 250 pixels like this:

title: XForms/Secret


text:
Wikijunior:Big Cats/Classification

Scientists classify all living things into different groups. This helps to see what some animals have in common and how related some animals are. It is like building a family tree for living things. They classify cats as well. All cats are in the family Felidae.

In English, a Puma may be called a cougar in one place or a mountain lion somewhere else. Animals also have different names in other languages like Russian, Greek and Spanish. To prevent confusion, scientists agree on a single Latin name for each animal. Some early humans did draw pictures of mammoths, mastodons, and European cave lions, but any common names for these extinct animals are forgotten. That's why many fossil big cats have an odd scientific name like Miraconyx inexpectatus instead of a short, graceful name like Cheetah.

Below is a list of the classification of the cats in this book.

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)
 * Phylum: Chordata (Animals with spinal cords)
 * Subphylum: Vertebrata (Vertebrates)
 * Class: Mammalia (Mammals)
 * Order: Carnivora (most Carnivorous Mammals)
 * Family: Felidae (Cats)
 * Subfamily Acinonychinae
 * Genus Acinonyx
 * Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
 * Subfamily Felinae
 * Genus Caracal
 * Caracal, Caracal caracal
 * Genus Felis
 * Wild Cat, Felis silvestris (of which the domestic cat is a subspecies)
 * Sand Cat, Felis margarita
 * Genus Herpailurus
 * Jaguarundi, Herpailurus yaguarondi
 * Genus Leopardus
 * Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis
 * Margay, Leopardus wiedii
 * Genus Leptailurus
 * Serval, Leptailurus serval
 * Genus Lynx
 * Eurasian Lynx, Lynx lynx
 * Iberian Lynx, Lynx pardinus
 * Canadian Lynx, Lynx canadensis
 * Bobcat, Lynx rufus
 * Genus Otocolobus
 * Pallas Cat, Otocolobus manul
 * Genus Prionailurus
 * Rusty-spotted Cat, Prionailurus rubiginosus
 * Genus Puma
 * Puma, Puma concolor
 * Subfamily Pantherinae
 * Genus Neofelis
 * Clouded Leopard, Neofelis nebulosa
 * Genus Panthera
 * Lion, Panthera leo
 * Tiger, Panthera tigris
 * Leopard, Panthera pardus
 * Jaguar, Panthera onca
 * Liger, Panthera × leogris (hybrid)
 * Tigon, Panthera × tigreo (hybrid)
 * Genus Pardofelis
 * Marbled Cat, Pardofelis marmorata
 * Genus Uncia
 * Snow Leopard, Uncia uncia

For more information
Felidae

Next Topic: Glossary of Terms

title: Wikijunior:Big Cats/Classification


text:
Horticulture/Euphorbia maculata

Euphorbia maculata, variously called Spotted spurge or Prostrate spurge, is an annual plant in the family ../Euphorbiaceae/, native to North America. It grows in sunny locations and a variety of soils, and frequently found as a weed of gardens and lawns, and can also grow well in the cracks of hardscapes or walls.

Description
Euphorbia maculata is a low-growing, spreading, annual plant with reddish stems. The leaves are bluish-green on the margins, and red along the midribs. The flowers are tiny, and are produced within a few weeks of germination, quickly followed by the small seeds.

Control
Early action is crucial with this weed because of the short period between germination and the setting of seeds. The seeds will germinate in wood and stone mulches as well.

title: Horticulture/Euphorbia maculata


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Euphorbia maculata

Transwiki notes
Copied from Euphorbia maculata 14:04, 27 September 2006 (UTC) using this version.

title: Talk:Horticulture/Euphorbia maculata


text:
XForms/Spreadsheet-like Updating

Updating the Model
Many developers of traditional JavaScript-based forms are not accustomed to variables automatically updating for them. With XForms, you can easily create a complex system where XForms automatically figures out what cells to update. This is similar to using a spreadsheet. A dependency graph is automatically created for you and the appropriate cells are automatically updated if an input they depend upon changes.

Here is an example program that demonstrates this.

Screen Image
Here is a screen capture of the application:

Note that top grid is actually just unlabeled input cells. Below that is a sample output inside a table. You should be able to change any of the input cells, enter a tab, and see the output and the footer calculations change.

Link to Working XForms Application
Spreadsheet-like Updating

Sample Program

Discussion
Due to limitations with some of the XForms implementations this example does not use the "repeat" command but just addresses each cell directly by its address.

Suggested Improvements
This example could be a lot simpler if we used the repeat-nodeset statement in a table. This currently does not work with input cells using FormFaces.

title: XForms/Spreadsheet-like Updating


text:
Cookbook:Roast Beef

| Meat recipes | Cuisine of the United Kingdom

Roast beef, or a roast dinner, is a traditional and classic meal across Britain, the Commonwealth, and Ireland, with the focus on some form of roasted meat, vegetables, gravy, and Yorkshire puddings. Roast dinners are traditionally served on Sunday, but can also be eaten throughout the week. The precise recipe of a roast dinner will vary considerably from person to person, so below is a broad overview of common elements that can be adapted and made your own. As a roast dinner is a combination of a number of elements, below links to already established recipes to be combined into the roast dinner itself. Enjoy!

History
Roast Beef has been a staple of many countries diets for centuries, as noted, for example in the English ballad, "The Roast Beef of Old England, written between 1731 and 1751:
 * When mighty Roast Beef was the Englishman's food
 * It ennobled our brains and enriched our blood.
 * Our soldiers were brave and our courtiers were good
 * Oh the Roast Beef of old England and old English Roast Beef

Roast beef

 * 1 joint (about 3 pounds / 1.5 kg) of good quality beef rib or rolled rib beef
 * Extra beef bones (optional)
 * ½ cup sifted all-purpose flour
 * 1 teaspoon (5 ml) salt (rock salt preferred)
 * 1 pinch of ground black pepper (as much as can be held between the finger/thumb)
 * ¼ cup olive oil or other good cooking oil
 * 2 cups water
 * 1 onion
 * 1 glass of full-bodied red wine

Gravy

 * 1 teaspoon (45 ml) red jam (mix with a little water and strain out the seeds if using raspberry or blackberry)
 * 1 pinch of nutmeg
 * 1 teaspoon (5 ml) Lea and Perrin's Worcestershire sauce and/or Maggi stock cube
 * 1 glass of red wine

Roast potatoes

 * 3 lb (1.5 kg) potatoes (preferably Maris Piper)
 * 1 tablespoon (15 ml) all-purpose flour
 * 2 tablespoons (30 ml) goose fat

Recommended accompaniments

 * Yorkshire pudding
 * Roast parsnips
 * Boiled or steamed green beans
 * Cabbage with a little bacon

Condiments

 * Horseradish sauce or creamed horseradish
 * English mustard (preferably mixed from dry ground mustard. Colemans in the yellow tin is still the best)

Roasting

 * 1) On the morning of cooking, get the beef joint out of the fridge, and let it stand to warm up to room temperature.
 * 2) Preheat the oven to 200°C (400°F) and place a roasting tin in the oven to heat up. If you have a spare one, place another onion in the tin as it heats up. Try and use a cast-iron roasting tin since it conducts heat better.
 * 3) Combine some plain flour, a little rock-salt and a good pinch of ground pepper. 'Dust' the fatty edges of the joint with the mixture, moistening the fat first by wiping it with a damp cloth, so the flour sticks better.
 * 4) In a large frying pan, heat some olive oil, then sear (i.e. briefly fry) the fatty edges of the meat until they are a dark brown colour. You may need to hold the joint with a fork whilst you do this to ensure an 'all over tan'. It is a good idea, at this point, to brown the surface of the meat itself. This will trigger Maillard reactions (browning of sugars and amino acids), giving the meat a brown colour, and improving the flavour immensely. At the same time add the spare bones to the frying pan, and make sure these are also well browned.
 * 5) Remove joint and bones from the frying pan. Lower the heat, add the red wine to the frying pan, and deglaze it well. Be careful as the wine might catch on fire!
 * 6) Using the spare beef bones, make a 'bed' for the joint on the bottom of the hot roasting tin, adding a coarsely chopped onion to the bed. The idea is to keep the joint a little raised from the bottom of the tin. It does not need to sit in the cooking juices. Add a cupful of water and pour the contents of the deglazed frying pan, including the onion, over the joint.
 * 7) Place the joint on its bed, or on the rack, and put near the top shelf of the oven. Leave the meat to cook, without opening the oven for about 15 minutes at 200°C (400°F).
 * 8) Open the oven and baste the joint. Reduce the oven temperature to about 180°C (350°F). You no longer need to baste the joint now.
 * 9) Depending on the way you like your beef, leave the joint in the oven for the following time:
 * 10) *Rare: 15 minutes per pound (~450g)
 * 11) *Medium: 20 minutes per pound (~450g)
 * 12) *Well-done: 25 minutes per pound (~450g)

Resting

 * 1) Once the cooking has completed, take the joint out of the roasting tin and place it on its own separate dish.
 * 2) Cover the joint loosely with lots of tin-foil, and leave it to rest for about 15 minutes in a warm part of the kitchen. If the joint can be stood up, sprinkle a very little rock salt over the top to enhance the taste.

Gravy

 * 1) Place the roasting dish on the stove (if need be light 2 rings, one for either end) and allow the juice to heat up a little. Add the red wine to the dish, and thoroughly deglaze the dish on a high heat. This will also evaporate the alcohol from the wine.
 * 2) Add a little water (if you are cooking vegetables, add a little of their water) and the Worcestershire sauce. Bring to a low boil.
 * 3) Stir in the red jam, mustard, and nutmeg. If you are really feeling naughty, you can add some crème fraîche!
 * 4) Continue to heat everything on the stove, adding water (or cream or more red wine) until the gravy begins to thicken just a little. Carefully sieve the lot, reserving the gravy in a bowl.

Roast potatoes
Start preparing the potatoes about 1 hour before the beef joint roasting will be finished:

 * 1) Peel the potatoes, and trim them so that they are (more or less) the same size. Retain the peelings.
 * 2) Put the potatoes into a large saucepan of boiling salted water with a little olive oil. If you can, place the peelings in a muslin or cheesecloth sack and add to the boiling water to give the potatoes a little more taste (thanks to Heston Blumenthal for this brilliant idea).
 * 3) While you are doing this, heat the goose fat in a large metal oven-safe frying pan.
 * 4) Boil the potatoes for 5 minutes only—no more. Take them off the heat, drain them, and return them to the saucepan dry.
 * 5) Immediately add the flour to the saucepan and cover with a well-fitting lid. Holding the lid in place, violently shake the saucepan for about 15 seconds. The purpose of this dramatic action is to coat the potatoes with the flour and produce a rough and slightly spiky exterior to the potatoes. This will help them roast better and yield a crispy exterior. Using a large metal spoon, lift the potatoes one-by-one out of the saucepan, and place them in the pan of hot goose fat. Roll them around gently so that they take on a little colour. This may take 5–10 minutes.
 * 6) When they have all been in the frying pan, drain the oil from the pan, and separate the potatoes a little, or move them carefully onto a rack above a roasting dish in the oven. Don't place them flat onto a roasting dish or they will tend to become soggy. There should be a gap of about 1 inch (2.5cm) between each potato. This is vital to let air to circulate thus enabling them to become crispy.
 * 7) Bake the potatoes in the oven with the beef. The temperature of the oven really depends on what stage the roast beef is at, about 180°C (350°F). They will take about 30–40 minutes to cook and they should have a golden brown crust.
 * 8) About twice during the cooking process, take out the tray of potatoes, and with a fork, gently turn them through 90 or so degrees so they become cooked all over. This is not as easy as it sounds, as the potatoes may have formed a crust, so work carefully. When finished, they will be crispy on the outside, and delightfully fluffy on the inside.
 * 9) The potatoes will produce steam, so when you are ready to serve them, try and find a serving dish where the potatoes can be laid out next to each other, rather than piled upon each other. This will stop any steam they produce from making them soggy. Sometimes, laying them around the beef joint will serve the purpose.

Serving

 * 1) Carve thin slices of the meat. Serve with the roast potatoes, as well as 3 or more side vegetables such as roast parsnips, green beans, and cabbage with a little bacon.
 * 2) Don't forget some good quality (or better still home made) creamed horseradish sauce, and Coleman's mustard. Yorkshire pudding also goes very well with this dish.

Buying

 * Best buy a 'joint' of Rib, Wing Rib or Sirloin Beef (I believe in the U.S. it is called Prime Rib, and is usually excellent) from a reliable butcher, and preferably not from a supermarket. If rolled, the Sirloin should come preferably 'bone in'. The word 'joint' is used in the U.K. to refer to any large lump of meat for roasting, whether or not it actually contains a joint (hip or shoulder) of an animal.
 * A boneless 3 pound or 1.5 kg 'joint' will be enough for 4 people with some left over. If the meat is bone-in (still has bones in it) then double the weight required.
 * Also best you don't buy simply for the number of people expected at table. Cold roast beef is also delicious. Allow for 'fridge thieves', cold lunches and at least 3 rounds of Beef and Horseradish Sandwiches in the days to come. So, let's be straight here, the larger the joint, the better!

Identifying

 * All meat, and in particular, beef must be well hung. At least 20 days, so the colour of the meat is more a dark maroon, rather than bright red. If a ribbed joint looks just a little shrivelled, that's fine too.
 * Make sure your joint has a good quantity of 'marbling' (cream-coloured fat both around the outside, as well as some through the meat itself). If the joint is coloured bright red, steer clear. It has not been hung long enough. It may be cheaper, but such a cut will sacrifice quality.
 * Supermarket meat has often been treated with a harmless chemical to make it look bright red, before it is sealed in plastic. It is difficult to determine the condition of such meat so unless you have no choice, buy from a specialist butcher.

When to buy

 * If you're planning your roast beef for a Sunday lunch, please remember to buy the joint by Thursday lunchtime. Most butchers sell out fast thereafter as the weekend quickly approaches.
 * When purchased, place the roast high in the fridge on a dish together with the bones and a quartered onion, and cover with foil. Turn it over occasionally making sure you don't drain any juices which may seep out. It's best not to freeze the roast.

Cooking

 * If you don't have extra bones to make a bed, place a roasting rack in the tin. Alternatively, you can sit the joint on roughly chopped sweet vegetables (e.g. carrots, onions, leeks, a small amount of celery).
 * Too much celery will add a bitter note to the gravy.
 * Resting the meat is absolutely essential, as the juices, which has been drawn towards the surface of the joint will "relax" and diffuse back into the joint. The resting time also gives you time to make a delicious gravy and start baking the Yorkshire pudding, if that is required.
 * Remember you need enough gravy for the number of people at the table, and they will take loads of gravy.... it's that good!

Carving

 * A large sharp carving knife is of course essential, and it may well need a little resharpening during the carving process (remember to wipe the blade on a cloth before re-attacking the meat lest you smother the first slice in metal shavings!)
 * If you are carving the joint with the bone in, it is regarded as "de rigueur" to carve from the outside of the joint parallel to the bone. Very difficult to do, difficult to produce uniform, thin slices, and extremely dangerous as often a small slice of finger or knuckle will add to the taste !!
 * I suggest carving across the shortest cross section of the joint, with the joint lying on its side. It is much easier, neater, and affords greater control over the thickness and size of slices you carve. A purist may disagree, but who cares!

title: Cookbook:Roast Beef


text: Talk:Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning/Output


text:
XForms/Delete

Deleting an item from a list
Here is a sample program to delete an item from a list of items. The selected item can be deleted by selecting the row you wish to delete and selecting the "Delete" button. This trigger has the following format:

There are two attributes to the delete element. The nodeset indicates what set of nodes you select the item from and the at indicates the node number. We used the index function to get the number of the selected node.

Screen Image
The form has a list of people. You can add and delete to the selected row.

Discussion
Note that you can still select a row and insert a new record after it. But you can also select any row and now delete it.

To keep this example simple the header of table columns have been forgotten (see ../Repeat into table/ how the table should behave).

The code for the selected line should be: but this doesn't work with Firefox 2.0.0.14 + Mozilla XForms 0.8.5

To Do
Figure out how to modify the style sheet so that the selected row is hilighted. The XForms documentation implies that ::value is the active areas, ::repeat-item is a single item from a list of repeating sequence and that ::repeat-index is the current item of a repeating sequence

These do not appear to work with the style sheet under FireFox 0.6.

Potential problem: when you have deleted all the nodes, the insert trigger does not work anymore. This is because the nodeset selection on the insert element is empty in that situation. If the nodeset selector is empty, the insert trigger has no meaning (see the first rule in 'rules for insert processing')

title: XForms/Delete


text:
Horticulture/Ailanthus altissima

Ailanthus altissima (Tree of Heaven or Ailanthus) is a member of the quassia family, ../Simaroubaceae/, native to northeast and central China, and Taiwan, but now presently an invasive weed throughout much of the world. It is a deciduous tree which grows rapidly and can reach up to 25 m tall, rarely 35 m, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter, rarely 1.5 m diameter. The common name is a direct translation of the Indonesian name ailanto for a closely related species in the same genus. Other common names include china sumac, copal tree, stinktree and ghetto palm.

The tree is occasionally planted in heavily polluted areas as it is tolerant of both particulate and chemical pollutants, as well as saline soils. Outside those areas, it should never be planted due to its invasive nature.

Description
The bark of the tree is smooth and light grey, while the stems are reddish or chestnut. Its large, compound leaves are arranged alternately on the stem, and can be 30–60 cm long (occasionally up to 1 m long on vigorous young sprouts) and contain 11-33 leaflets, occasionally up to 41 leaflets. Each leaflet has one to three teeth on each side, close to the base. This helps distinguish it from sumacs (Rhus spp.).

The flowers are small, yellow-green to reddish, produced in late spring to mid summer in panicles up to 30 cm long. It is dioecious, with trees being either all male or all female. The seed is 5 mm diameter, encapsulated in a samara 4 cm long and 1 cm broad; the samara is twisted, making it spin as it falls, assisting wind dispersal. Female trees can produce more than 300,000 seeds in a year. All parts of the tree produce an unpleasant odour, suggestive of rancid cashews, with male flowers having the strongest smell.

In overall appearance, it is somewhat similar to some species of sumac; Staghorn Sumac ../Rhus typhina/ can be distinguished by sumac's red and slightly hairy stems, as well as leaves that are serrated, instead of having the base teeth of A. altissima. Smooth Sumac ../Rhus glabra/, also lacks the base teeth of A. altissima. Ailanthus also grows much taller than all sumac species. Seedlings of the Black walnut (../Juglans nigra/) can also sometimes be mistaken for this plant, but their trunks are more slender as a sapling.

Ecology
Ailanthus is an opportunistic species, thriving in full sun and in disturbed areas. It does, however, exhibit some shade tolerance. It spreads aggressively both by seeds and vegetatively, through root sprouts. It can resprout rapidly after being cut. Ailanthus is among the most tolerant of all tree species to pollution, including sulfur dioxide, and high soil acidity such as that from acid mine drainage (as low as pH 4.1). It has been noted as drought-tolerant, storing water in its root system. It is frequently found along highways and railroad tracks, in abandoned lots in cities, on abandoned mining sites, and in other areas where few trees can survive. Along highways it often forms dense thickets in which few other tree species are present.

Ailanthus produces allelopathic chemicals, which inhibit the growth of other plants. Resistance in various plant species has been shown to increase with exposure; populations without prior exposure to the chemicals are most susceptible to them. A few plants are resistant to these chemicals and form associations with Ailanthus in areas where it is dominant, such as along highways.

People have suggested many factors to Ailanthus' success at naturalising, including the absence of insects eating the plant, lack of exposure of native plants to the Ailanthus' allelopathy, and the widespread human disturbances which favour the tree. Regional variation has begun to show throughout its range, with trees in the colder northern regions producing heavier seeds than those in warmer regions.

Uses
Tree of Heaven is a popular ornamental tree in China, valued for its tolerance of difficult growing conditions, and its uses in Chinese traditional medicine. The bark is used to treat dysentery and other bowel ailments. A tincture of the root-bark has been used successfully in cardiac palpitation, asthma and epilepsy. The leaves are also used to feed silkworms of the moth Samia cynthia, which produces silk that is stronger and cheaper than mulberry silk, although with inferior gloss and texture. There are also records of the wood from this tree being used in China. Under the synonymous name "A. glandulosa", an extract of the bark is sometimes touted as an herbal homeopathic remedy for various ailments. However, taken in large doses, the bark extract is highly toxic.

It was first introduced to Europe (France and England) by a French Jesuit priest returning from Nanking in 1751. It was brought to the United States by William Hamilton, a gardener in Philadelphia in 1784 and soon became a favoured ornamental tree in parks and gardens. By 1840, it was available in many nurseries and was planted as an ornamental. The tree arrived in the Western U.S. with the Chinese immigrants who worked the gold mines in California. To this day many abandoned mines have large colonies of it.

In the landscape these trees can cause problems because of their aggressive nature and weak branching habits. As a rule, they should not be planted outside of their native range, and female trees should be killed or kept cut to the ground to prevent further seed production. Male trees can be grown as a fast-replenishing postwood crop or hedge by coppicing at the ground every few years.

Control
Tree-of-heaven has become a problematic invasive species in many areas with warm temperate climates, especially in North America, due to its aggressive spread, vigorous growth and allelopathic chemicals. It often grows directly up against a building or structure, where the roots can damage sewers and housing foundations. The trees grow rapidly and produce many offspring in their root vicinity. They also shed many small branches at regular intervals. It is an agricultural pest as well. These undesirable qualities often lead land and business owners to eradicate the plant.

Many different methods of control have been attempted and the best involve prevention as well as eradication. Means of eradication can be physical, thermal, managerial, biological, or chemical. A combination of these can be most effective, though they must be compatible. Physical methods are desirable due to their high selectivity, but are very labour intensive and thus more expensive. Hand-pulling is a highly effective way to remove young seedlings before the development of a tap root, but thereafter it is ineffective. Cutting and hand digging are options for larger trees, but the former will produce stump sprout which will need to be controlled later and the latter is very time consuming and is only practical for small infestations. Girdling, the removal of the cambial tissue with a hand axe or machete, is effective for very large trees, though re-sprouting often occurs. Thermal control, i.e. controlled burning, is also effective at removing the visible portion of trees, but sprouts will occur shortly after. These methods can be counter-productive if not performed regularly. On their own they are most effective in places with small infestations or in areas with fairly strong shade or competition. The root systems will eventually become exhausted and die if mechanical or thermal control is done thoroughly and consistently, though this may take several years.

Managerial control is not effective with controlling ailanthus as native trees cannot compete easily with the tree and it is unpalatable to animals that could potentially graze on it. Biological control, the use of insects or diseases, is also not in use for ailanthus eradication. Chemical control, however, is quite successful, especially when combined with mechanical methods. Foliar herbicide sprays are very effective when plants are in full leaf, but are difficult to use when desirable plants are in the vicinity. Also very large trees will be out of reach. Herbicides for this use include the non-selective glyphosate, though care must be taken as it is mildly toxic to animals and especially to aquatic life. Its trade names include Accord and Roundup, though the latter contains other harmful surfactants which may be more toxic than the herbicide itself. Triclopyr is another option and is selective for woody plants, making it a better choice for sensitive areas. It is also non-toxic to fish, though it can be toxic to waterfowl. It is sold under brand names such as Garlon. Foliar applications of glyphosate have been shown to be slightly more effective than triclopyr. Dicamba, imazapyr and metsulfuron methyl are also effective, but have not been tested extensively with ailanthus.

Other chemical methods for controlling ailanthus include a basal bark application of oil-soluble triclopyr in late winter or early spring. This method requires no cutting, but is only effective on trees with a diameter of 15 cm (6 inches) or less. For larger trees, an effective method is to cut off strips of bark at the trunk during the summer and spray a 100% concentration of triclopyr, only about 1 or 2 ml per cut, within a few minutes. The tree should not be cut all the way around in a ring, but rather only a ring with 3 to 6 cm (1 to 2 inch) pieces of living bark in between each cut. Cutting a full ring will kill the upper part of the tree and cause root suckers to sprout. Lastly, trees can be cut down and the stump treated with any of the above herbicides, though they must be applied immediately after cutting. This is most effective during the growing season.

title: Horticulture/Ailanthus altissima


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Ailanthus altissima

Transwiki notes
Copied from Ailanthus altissima 16:59, 27 September 2006 (UTC) using this version.

title: Talk:Horticulture/Ailanthus altissima


text:
User:Whispering

Welcome to my small corner of Wiki Books.

I'm also on the En Wikipedia and Wiktionary under the same username.

title: User:Whispering


text:
XForms/Highlight Selected Row

Motivation
It is very often useful to highlight the selected row. This is done with a xform-repeat-index pseudo element in the style sheet.

CSS
By adding the following to your CSS the selected row will be highlighted in blue:

Screen Image
This example highlights the background of the selected row.

This example was run using the FormFaces system.

Discussion
Note that this only works when you select a row an click your cursor on the input field. The result is that the value of the index for the selected list will change. This can be used by the functions that add or delete a selected row.

Known bugs
This appears to not be functional under the FireFox extension as of 0.6.

title: XForms/Highlight Selected Row


text:
Talk:Introduction to Philosophy/Rationalism

Descartes didn't find much truth throughout his entire life. In fact, the only things he really accepted were 1) The fact that he existed (Cogito ergo sum - I think, therefore I am), 2) Reason/logic, 3) Math, and 4) Theological dogma (he was a devout christian).

When he was trying to find truth in something, he was always looking for it to have as much certainly as mathematics; math is ALWAYS the same, regardless of whether or not we're in a dream. That is, you cannot be dreaming and trust in anything except the fact that you exist and 2+2=4. 2+2 is always 4 and a triangle is always a three sided shape whose interior angles add up to 180 degrees.


text:
XForms/Submit

The Submit Element
One of the reasons that we have been careful to store all of our data in the model is that once this is done it makes it easy for a web client to simply serialize this model into XML and send it to a file, a web service, or possibly to a database.

This is all done by using a simple   command. submit is really just a trigger with an attribute of submission that points to a submission element in the model. This is usually a button with the word "Submit" or "Save" on it that appears at the end of the form.

On many HTML forms you fill out the form and press a button at the bottom of the form called "Save" or "Submit". You pressed the button and hoped your data would get saved. This is the same concept. But in this case the submit command can be triggered in many ways other that just a button being pressed and there are explicit ways of getting feedback from the receiver that the submission process succeeded.

The submit event behaves exactly like a trigger but with one key exception, the   event is also dispatched.

A model can have more than one submission identified by id

The first submission sends the data to the specified action, while the second one will expect to get a return xml to update the current document/instance. The third one will save the file locally to the given location /tmp/final.xml

Screen Image
The interface is very simple. It is just a simple "Save" button created by a trigger called submit.

Analysis
The save button is really just a trigger with the name of "submit" and an attribute called submission.

The attribute   points to the ID of the submission element inside the model.

Note that because we used a "relative file name" (relative to the directory that the form was in) it will save the data in the same directory location that the form was located.

Discussion
You can also use absolute path names but you must be careful about how you describe a letter drive since there are no standards for this.

The following format worked for a Microsoft Windows system using the FireFox browser:

Web Server Configuration
Note: This section was written by a person that does not know much about web server administration. Read at your own risk and make sure a security professional reviews any changes to your public web servers.

Most of the examples in this tutorial are about learning XForms, not web server administration. That being said there are a few things we thought might be useful.

By default web servers are usually not configured to write files to your web server. Especially by un-authorized users. If this were the case hackers might use your web server to store their adult content.

To get XForms to save instance using "put", you should only allow writing to authorized users. To do this you will need to be able to administer your web server correctly.

Apache 2.2 Intranet Configuration with DAV
If you have a computer that is only accessible by internal users (usually called an Intranet) you can access, you can add the following to your Apache configuration file (usually called httpd.config and located in /usr/local/etc or similar location):

First, the following modules may have to be loaded: mod_dav, mod_dav_fs, mod_dav_svn, mod_authz_svn.

This can be done by adding the following lines to your httpd.conf file:

LoadModule dav_module libexec/apache22/mod_dav.so LoadModule dav_fs_module libexec/apache22/mod_dav_fs.so

 DAV on  AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all

By turning on DAV you will enable all of the WebDAV operations including "PUT".

IIS Configuration
To be done...

title: XForms/Submit