text:
Annotated Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

For example,

The following contains the text from the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms with annotations following each provision with reference to its use and relevant case law. This text is intended as reference to be used by law students, legal practitioners, and those who are writing legal documents and need to find how certain provisions of the constitution have been treated.

Text
Schedule B

Constitution Act, 1982 (79)  Enacted as Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.) 1982, c. 11, which came into force on April 17, 1982

PART I

Canadian charter of rights and freedoms Whereas Canada is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of God and the rule of law:

Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
1. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in it subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.

Cases

 * R. v. Oakes
 * Degenais v Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
 * Sauve v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer)

Fundamental Freedoms
2. Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms:
 * a) freedom of conscience and religion;
 * b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication;
 * c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and
 * d) freedom of association.

Democratic Rights
3. Every citizen of Canada has the right to vote in an election of members of the House of Commons or of a legislative assembly and to be qualified for membership therein. 4.
 * (1) No House of Commons and no legislative assembly shall continue for longer than five years from the date fixed for the return of the writs of a general election of its members.
 * (2) In time of real or apprehended war, invasion or insurrection, a House of Commons may be continued by Parliament and a legislative assembly may be continued by the legislature beyond five years if such continuation is not opposed by the votes of more than one-third of the members of the House of Commons or the legislative assembly, as the case may be.

Comments
This section has never had any judicial treatment. 5. There shall be a sitting of Parliament and of each legislature at least once every twelve months

Mobility Rights
6.
 * (1) Every citizen of Canada has the right to enter, remain in and leave Canada.
 * (2) Every citizen of Canada and every person who has the status of a permanent resident of Canada has the right
 * a) to move to and take up residence in any province; and
 * b) to pursue the gaining of a livelihood in any province.
 * (3) The rights specified in subsection (2) are subject to
 * a) any laws or practices of general application in force in a province other than those that discriminate among persons primarily on the basis of province of present or previous residence; and
 * b) any laws providing for reasonable residency requirements as a qualification for the receipt of publicly provided social services.
 * (4) Subsections (2) and (3) do not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration in a province of conditions of individuals in that province who are socially or economically disadvantaged if the rate of employment in that province is below the rate of employment in Canada.

Legal Rights
7. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.

8. Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure.

9. Everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned.

10. Everyone has the right on arrest or detention
 * a) to be informed promptly of the reasons therefor;
 * 'b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to be informed of that right; and
 * c) to have the validity of the detention determined by way of habeas corpus and to be released if the detention is not lawful.

11. Any person charged with an offence has the right
 * a) to be informed without unreasonable delay of the specific offence;
 * b) to be tried within a reasonable time;
 * c) not to be compelled to be a witness in proceedings against that person in respect of the offence;
 * d) to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal;
 * e) not to be denied reasonable bail without just cause;
 * f) except in the case of an offence under military law tried before a military tribunal, to the benefit of trial by jury where the maximum punishment for the offence is imprisonment for five years or a more severe punishment;
 * g) not to be found guilty on account of any act or omission unless, at the time of the act or omission, it constituted an offence under Canadian or international law or was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations;
 * h) if finally acquitted of the offence, not to be tried for it again and, if finally found guilty and punished for the offence, not to be tried or punished for it again; and
 * i) if found guilty of the offence and if the punishment for the offence has been varied between the time of commission and the time of sentencing, to the benefit of the lesser punishment.

12. Everyone has the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual treatment or punishment.

13. A witness who testifies in any proceedings has the right not to have any incriminating evidence so given used to incriminate that witness in any other proceedings, except in a prosecution for perjury or for the giving of contradictory evidence.

14. A party or witness in any proceedings who does not understand or speak the language in which the proceedings are conducted or who is deaf has the right to the assistance of an interpreter.

Equality Rights
15.
 * (1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.
 * (2) Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.

Cases

 * Quebec v A

Official Languages of Canada
16.
 * (1) English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada.
 * (2) English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the legislature and government of New Brunswick.
 * (3) Nothing in this Charter limits the authority of Parliament or a legislature to advance the equality of status or use of English and French.

16.1.
 * (1) The English linguistic community and the French linguistic community in New Brunswick have equality of status and equal rights and privileges, including the right to distinct educational institutions and such distinct cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation and promotion of those communities.
 * (2) The role of the legislature and government of New Brunswick to preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges referred to in subsection (1) is affirmed.

17.
 * (1) Everyone has the right to use English or French in any debates and other proceedings of Parliament.
 * (2) Everyone has the right to use English or French in any debates and other proceedings of the legislature of New Brunswick.

18.
 * (1) The statutes, records and journals of Parliament shall be printed and published in English and French and both language versions are equally authoritative.
 * (2) The statutes, records and journals of the legislature of New Brunswick shall be printed and published in English and French and both language versions are equally authoritative.

19.
 * (1) Either English or French may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from, any court established by Parliament.
 * (2) Either English or French may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from, any court of New Brunswick.

20.
 * (1) Any member of the public in Canada has the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any head or central office of an institution of the Parliament or government of Canada in English or French, and has the same right with respect to any other office of any such institution where
 * a) there is a significant demand for communications with and services from that office in such language; or
 * b) due to the nature of the office, it is reasonable that communications with and services from that office be available in both English and French.
 * (2) Any member of the public in New Brunswick has the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any office of an institution of the legislature or government of New Brunswick in English or French.

21. Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or derogates from any right, privilege or obligation with respect to the English and French languages, or either of them, that exists or is continued by virtue of any other provision of the Constitution of Canada.

22. Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or derogates from any legal or customary right or privilege acquired or enjoyed either before or after the coming into force of this Charter with respect to any language that is not English or French.

Minority Language Educational Rights
23.
 * (1) Citizens of Canada
 * a) whose first language learned and still understood is that of the English or French linguistic minority population of the province in which they reside, or
 * b) who have received their primary school instruction in Canada in English or French and reside in a province where the language in which they received that instruction is the language of the English or French linguistic minority population of the province, have the right to have their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in that language in that province.
 * (2) Citizens of Canada of whom any child has received or is receiving primary or secondary school instruction in English or French in Canada, have the right to have all their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in the same language.
 * (3) The right of citizens of Canada under subsections (1) and (2) to have their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in the language of the English or French linguistic minority population of a province
 * a) applies wherever in the province the number of children of citizens who have such a right is sufficient to warrant the provision to them out of public funds of minority language instruction; and
 * b) includes, where the number of those children so warrants, the right to have them receive that instruction in minority language educational facilities provided out of public funds.

Enforcement
24.
 * (1) Anyone whose rights or freedoms, as guaranteed by this Charter, have been infringed or denied may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction to obtain such remedy as the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances.
 * (2) Where, in proceedings under subsection (1), a court concludes that evidence was obtained in a manner that infringed or denied any rights or freedoms guaranteed by this Charter, the evidence shall be excluded if it is established that, having regard to all the circumstances, the admission of it in the proceedings would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.

General
25. The guarantee in this Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed so as to abrogate or derogate from any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or freedoms that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada including
 * a) any rights or freedoms that have been recognized by the Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763; and
 * b) any rights or freedoms that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired.

26. The guarantee in this Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed as denying the existence of any other rights or freedoms that exist in Canada.

27. This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians.

28. Notwithstanding anything in this Charter, the rights and freedoms referred to in it are guaranteed equally to male and female persons.

29. Nothing in this Charter abrogates or derogates from any rights or privileges guaranteed by or under the Constitution of Canada in respect of denominational, separate or dissentient schools.(

30. A reference in this Charter to a Province or to the legislative assembly or legislature of a province shall be deemed to include a reference to the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, or to the appropriate legislative authority thereof, as the case may be.

31. Nothing in this Charter extends the legislative powers of any body or authority.

Application of Charter
32.
 * (1) This Charter applies
 * a) to the Parliament and government of Canada in respect of all matters within the authority of Parliament including all matters relating to the Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories; and
 * b) to the legislature and government of each province in respect of all matters within the authority of the legislature of each province.
 * (2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), section 15 shall not have effect until three years after this section comes into force.

33.
 * (1) Parliament or the legislature of a province may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of the legislature, as the case may be, that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of this Charter.
 * (2) An Act or a provision of an Act in respect of which a declaration made under this section is in effect shall have such operation as it would have but for the provision of this Charter referred to in the declaration.
 * (3) A declaration made under subsection (1) shall cease to have effect five years after it comes into force or on such earlier date as may be specified in the declaration.
 * (4) Parliament or the legislature of a province may re-enact a declaration made under subsection (1).
 * (5) Subsection (3) applies in respect of a re-enactment made under subsection (4).

Citation
34. This Part may be cited as the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Canadian Charter of Rights Decision Digest
Explanatory text on judicial consideration of sections of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms is available at via the Canadian Legal Information Institute.


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User talk:Firstlove

Welcome to Wikibooks!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

To add a more personal note, keep in mind that Wikibooks is not Wikipedia. Yeah, I understand that it takes time to develop a stub of a book, there are enough areas to work on with Wikibooks that starting a book with a single sentance and a bunch of red links will never be realisticly developed into Wikibooks in the near term either.

For some details, look at Help:How to start a book, which goes into details that you should consider before starting a whole new Wikibook. And keep in mind that Wikibooks is not about articles but rather whole books. If you want to get an encyclopedia-type of article started, please go to Wikipedia instead, where they specialize in that sort of information.

Still, thanks for trying to contribute to Wikibooks, and I hope that you can help us out here in the future on some of the major projects and books. --Rob Horning 18:29, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Firstlove


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US History/Jeffersonian Democracy

The Election of 1800
John Adams' Presidency was not popular. Adams and Congress enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts, which restricted the free speech of the opposing Democratic-Republicans. Anti-Federalists in Virginia and Kentucky responded by passing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves, written by Jefferson and Madison, which tried to invalidate the Alien and Sedition Acts. Adams even angered his own party by disregarding his cabinet's advice. By 1800, Adams was clearly vulnerable.

The Constitution originally called for the individual with the most votes in an election to become President, and for the runner-up to become Vice President. George Washington, who had approved of this system, had justified it by the belief that it worked against factionalism in political parties. However, it had already resulted in the alienation of Vice President Thomas Jefferson under the Adams administration.

In 1800, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran against Adams and his running mate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. The two Anti-Federalist candidates would have preferred for Jefferson to become President and Burr to become Vice President. But the Electoral College vote was tied between the two of them. The Federalist-controlled House of Representatives was called upon to chose between them. It had to vote thirty-six times before Jefferson was chosen to be President, and then only with the reluctant agreement of Alexander Hamilton. Congress later approved a Constitutional amendment allowing for separate balloting for President and Vice President in the Electoral College. (Vice President Aaron Burr bore a grudge against Hamilton for this. In 1804, when the two ran for Governor of New York, they dueled, and Burr killed Hamilton.)

Jeffersonian Democracy
Jefferson's first term was called the Revolution of 1800, because of the many changes to America resulting from the first transition of power from one party to another. The peaceful transition of power effectively capped the demise of the Federalists, but not before the Federalists had established a strong, working central government structured and principled as described in the Constitution, instituted a sound financial system, and began diversifying the economy. An indirect legacy of the Federalists, via the Judiciary Act of 1801 and the ensuing Marbury v. Madison, was the doctrine of judicial review, or the power of the federal judiciary to invalidate federal laws on constitutional grounds.

Jefferson differed from the Federalists in that he saw government as a threat to individual freedom; the only protection against that threat was democracy and strong protections of personal liberties. He did not, however, reject wholesale the accomplishments of the Federalist administrations that preceded him, and his combination of them with his own beliefs came to be known as Jeffersonian democracy.

Important Supreme Court cases
In 1803, the U.S. Supreme Court established some principles that would have a profound effect in the life of America. The first was the issue of judicial review and the second was the controversial trial of Aaron Burr. The first trial Marbury v. Madison dealt with the court packing policies of the previous president John Adams. This trial introduced the concept of judicial review to the political scene.

Louisiana Purchase
The French province of Louisiana included present-day North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri as well as most of Kansas, the western part of Minnesota, the eastern parts of Montana, Colorado, and Wyoming, and, of course, Louisiana. This big territory, lightly developed by the French, was recognized as a raw asset, and was the object of speculation by many nations.

After the French and Indian War, France ceded all of Louisiana east of the Mississippi to Britain, keeping back only the city of New Orleans. France gave New Orleans and the western part of Louisiana to Spain. It was a Spanish colony after 1762. The Treaty of Paris gave the British part of Louisiana to the United States. Napoleon Bonaparte obtained the return of Louisiana from Spain in 1800, under the Treaty of San Ildefonso. The treaty was kept secret, and Louisiana remained under Spanish control for an interval. The transfer of power finally took place on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the colony was due to be ceded to the United States.

The port of New Orleans was crucial to trade on the Mississippi. President Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris in 1802, seeking to negotiate a treaty with France that would allow the United States to benefit from New Orleans. Jefferson put forth four options: the purchase of only New Orleans, the purchase of New Orleans and Florida, the purchase of some Louisianan land allowing the US to build a port there, or the purchase of navigation rights on the Mississippi. But the French rejected all four options. It was all of Louisiana or nothing. Napoleon was preparing to invade Great Britain. The French faction who wanted funds for war had overruled those like de Talleyrand, who had hoped for French empire in North America. (It is also possible that the French knew that Jefferson was prepared to go to war rather than tolerate a strong French presence in America. Napoleon did not want to fight on two fronts at once.) The U.S. agreed to purchase Louisiana for $15 million. The Senate ratified the treaty in 1803, thus dramatically increasing the size of the United States.

Although Jefferson did make the Louisiana Purchase, he had to stretch the Democratic-Republican view of literal constitutionality. The Constitution did not give a president the right to buy land. Jefferson's excuse was that the land would greatly benefit Americans. The Federalists were opposed to the purchase, arguing that the interests of Louisiana territory settlers would conflict with the interests of the established States, threatening the Union.

The Lewis & Clark Expedition
After purchasing the Louisiana Territory, Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to survey the new land. The two men, and forty or so others, set out from St. Louis in 1804 and traveled northwest over the next two years. They had the help of Sacajawea, a Shoshone Indian who served as their interpreter, and her husband Toussaint Charbonneau, a Canadian fur trapper. Along the way they traded a few goods with the Native Americans. By December 1805, the party had reached the mouth of the Columbia River as it spilled into the Pacific Ocean. The party split into two groups in 1806 -- one led by Lewis, the other by Clark -- eventually reconvening in Fort Mandan, in present-day North Dakota.

The expedition returned to St. Louis by September 1806, Lewis and Clark with journals in hand to report their findings to Jefferson. They had set up diplomatic relations with some of the people they had traded with. In their journals they recorded their native contacts, writing and drawing the shape of the landscape and the new creatures of this Western word. William Clark had also drawn a series of detailed maps, noting and naming rivers and creeks, significant points in the landscape, the shape of river shore, and spots where the expedition had spent each night or camped or portaged for longer periods of time.

The Pike Expedition
In 1805, the soldier Zebulon Pike set out to explore the new territory. Like Lewis and Clark, Captain Pike started in St. Louis, but unlike them he traveled directly west into the Rocky Mountains. He reached Santa Fe, where he was captured briefly by Spanish soldiers. Pike returned to Washington in 1807 to report the number of Spanish forces in the region. More important, however, was his description of the sparsely-vegetated territory, which he called "The Great American Desert." This name deterred settlers from "moving west" for the next thirty to forty years.

Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts
In 1807, Britain and France, frustrated with America's refusal to help either of them in the Napoleonic Wars, were constantly seizing American merchant ships and taking their cargo and sailors.

The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
Britain disregarded American neutrality. It seized American ships and forced their sailors to join the Royal Navy, often without regard for the sailors' nationality. This forced service was known as impressment. The British claim that these impressed sailors were "deserters" was not subject to review, and these sailors were often not really deserters from the Royal Navy. In June of 1807, the commander of the American ship Chesapeake had refused to let an encroaching British ship search it for British deserters. The British ship, Leopard, attacked in American waters. The Chesapeake lost, and four "deserters" were taken from its crew. President Jefferson demanded an apology for the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair from the British, and an end to impressment. Yet while the British government did apologize for the Affair, they did not stop searching American ships or end impressment. British impressment of American citizens, with subsequent personal loss to the families of these sailors and economic problems for their ships, was a major cause of the War of 1812.

The Embargo Act and its aftermath
On June 22, 1807, Jefferson called an emergency Cabinet meeting to discuss continuing British and French disregard for American sea neutrality. The pro-British faction of Americans urged Jefferson to go to war with France. But the Congress kept to its principles in extremis, and on December 22 it passed the Embargo Act. This law stopped American merchants from trading by sea with any other nation. The originators of the law hoped that it would protect all merchant ships, and perhaps weaken the economies of both Great Britain and France. The embargo did indeed stop nearly all trade between America and Europe. But it severely damaged the economy of the United States. Merchants, who mainly belonged to the Federalist Party, howled in complaint. Smuggling flourished. And the embargo made neither Great Britain or France respect US neutrality.

In 1808 the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison was elected. He was also a Virginian and had been Jefferson's Secretary of State. Yet the Democrat-Republicans suffered reverses in the House of Representatives. The Embargo Act was unpopular and had damaged the party. In 1809 Congress modified it with the Non-Intercourse Act, an addendum to the embargo which let merchants trade with any nation other than Britain and France. Although trade improved, British and French ships begin seizing American ships again.

A final change to the Embargo and Non-Intercourse acts was passed in 1810 with Macon's Bill No. 2. The bill said that if either Britain or France dropped trade restrictions against the U.S. and stopped seizing American ships, the United States would trade with them and not with the other. The French Emperor Napoleon consented to the conditions of the Bill. America agreed to trade with France and its colonies, rather than Great Britain and its colonies. The end of an American impartiality maintained for years was a prelude to The War of 1812.

Education
Another product of the Second Great Awakening in America was the appearance of Sunday Schools and adult education in New England and the Middle States. The Sunday School movement began in England, partly as a result of reaction to the Church of England's grip on the British educational system. In America it reached out to children in the cities, often too poor for private schools, and children on the frontier to whom the name of Washington was practically unknown. They taught literacy, primarily of the Bible, basic math, and some principles of cleanliness and decorum. In Northern mill towns such as Lowell, Massachusetts, as well as in the Middle States, the churches reached out to workers in the new factories, some of whom were illiterate. They began teaching adults on Sundays (their only day free), as part of denominational education, as well as in the late evenings. Workers believed that knowing how to read and write meant a chance at a better job, and a few more pennies in the weekly wage. Some factory owners began sponsoring these classes, thinking that an educated man would be a more Christian worker -- and, perhaps, a more docile worker. Yet these efforts would be overtaken by a national system of public elementary schools.

Thomas Jefferson's love of knowledge and hatred of religious denomination persisted through his life. As early as 1778 he had mooted a system of public education. On December 2nd, 1806, he pushed an amendment into congress that would legalize federal support for public education. Congress did not pass it, so Jefferson had it written into the constitution of his home state of Virginia. Jefferson made an understandable plan for education which included the elementary, high school, and college levels. Despite this, Virginia did not adopt his plan.

President Jefferson thought that elementary education was the most important form. He had six goals for education: to allow free-born men to deal with their own business, make them able to express their own opinions and ideas in writing, to better their thoughts and faculties through reading, to comprehend civic duties and the duties of their neighbors, to know their rights and how to use them, and to use what they knew in their social lives. He hoped that this would make all men “productive and informed voters.”

Questions For Review
1. Define Jeffersonian democracy.

2. Why did France sell America its portion in the Louisiana Purchase?

3. Macon's Bill Number 2, The Embargo Act, and The Non-Intercourse Act. Place these laws in their correct order. What were the reasons for and the effects of each of them?

title: US History/Jeffersonian Democracy


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How To Assemble A Desktop PC/External links

Related Wikibooks

 * Basic Computing Using Windows for tips on using your computer.
 * Computer Hardware and A+ Certification for technical details on each part's function.

Related Wikipedia articles

 * Case modding
 * Personal computer
 * IBM PC compatible
 * Desktop computer

Discussion forums

 * Elephant Staircase wiki sometimes discussing computer case modding.
 * "build your own arcade" wiki
 * overclocker's club forum

Operating systems
Here are some links to Windows and Linux pages which might be useful when you have to choose an operating system. Be careful and do your research to make sure you get the OS that's right for you. To download the CD images (*.iso) for making installment CDs, you will want to have a DSL connection or faster, since files are often around 700 MB (the size of one CD). Some distros are larger than one CD.

Downloading tips

 * 1) Download each ISO file separately. If you do them all at the same time, it will eat bandwidth and take lots of time to download.
 * 2) Do not use dial-up! It takes 3 hours to download a 12 MB Internet Explorer install package on dial-up. Dial-up is also shared bandwidth, so if you download, everything for most other people goes extremely slow.
 * 3) Don't download anything you think is unsafe. I recommend downloading items with proper names and the names of companies. Don't download something like "WW32@Bugbear.3.E" or "timestamp maker". Download stuff like "Adobe Acrobat 7.0.7" or "Macromedia Flash Professional".
 * 4) Virus check, and validate with the file's MD5 checksum before using. This ensures the download is not rigged or damaged.

Linux

 * Fedore Core : Based on Redhat, this is the newest Redhat supported distro available. Has most of the features that Redhat once including a new "bleeding edge" interface. This has become about the second most powerful Linux distros on the web.

 * The Mandriva Distribution : A common one with multiple uses.

 * The SUSE Distribution: Comes in all shapes and sizes. The OSS or the "Open Source Edition" is a set of four downloadable isos with many open-source programs that are useful if you want a low cost office. The Novell Edition is the paid for edition including stuff like StarOffice, Mesa, commercial/proprietary software. So if you have a business, where you want quality and good tools for your money then buy that.

 * The Ubuntu distros : A very popular distribution, Ubuntu is an attempt at "user friendly" Linux. Canonical Ltd. started Ubuntu with a 10 million dollar grant, and in less than a year has become a major player in the Linux field. All these distros can be configured as servers as well as running on their own.
 * Ubuntu The standard Ubuntu edition comes packaged with the GNOME desktop environment and lots of other open source software.
 * Kubuntu The same as the Ubuntu edition, except it runs KDE (K Desktop Environment) instead of GNOME.
 * Edubuntu Edubuntu in the educational release of Ubuntu running GNOME or KDE and having more than 100 educational pieces designed for use in the classroom. In fact, five school districts in the United States now use the Edubuntu product, but of its educational functionality.
 * Xubuntu Ubuntu with the Xfce desktop. Good for lower-end systems.

Live CDs
Live CD Linux Distros are some distros that you can use in kiosk mode or just for testing out the system. They are very useful for demonstrating the capabilities of Linux.

 * Knoppix
 * Slax
 * (Note: Slax can run on a USB key)

Advanced Linux distros
Note: this section is only for pros. If you do not want to damage your newly built computer, stick with a Linux distribution above, or ask your nearest computer geek to help you. This is your final warning!

 * Gentoo : Gentoo is an advanced Linux distribution with one of a few nice features including Portage. When you connect to the Internet, there is a portage folder which has thousands of software, and software libraries at your disposal. Cons: Need a geek to set it up. Refer to the instruction manual on the Gentoo Documentation page before you commence installation.

 * Slackware : Good Distro, though not up to date with good graphical interfaces. If you want something newer, get a distro above. Cons: Requires a geek to install apps in Slackware.

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is an operating system started in the late 80s after Apple Computer created the Macintosh. This is the OS running on the majority of PCs. Unlike open source systems like Linux, Windows is proprietary, and so must be purchased with a license. It is relatively easy to use, and runs on all PCs (except for Apple PCs, which run Apple's proprietary MacOS).

NLite is a free and legal tool to help you pre-install drivers and customize your Windows setup.


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Statistics/Displaying Data/Comparative Pie Charts

Comparative Pie Charts

The comparative pie charts are very difficult to read and compare if the ratio of the pie chart is not given.

Examine our example of color preference for two different groups. How much work does it take to see that it is quite challenging to work out who ate the pie? First, we have to find Fingerprints on either pie, and then remember how many sensirivity vectors it has. If we did not include the share for blue in the label, then we would probably be approximating the comparison. So, if we use multiple pie charts, we have to expect that comparisions between charts would only be approximate.

What is the most popular color in the left graph? Red. But note, that you have to look at all of the colors and read the label to see which it might be. Also, this author was kind when creating these two graphs because he used the same color for the same object. Imagine the confusion if one had made the most important color get Red in the right-hand chart?

If two shares of data should not be compared via the comparative pie chart, what kind of graph would be preferred? The stacked bar chart is probably the most appropriate for sharing of the total comparisons. Again, exact comparisons cannot be done with graphs and therefore a table may supplement the graph with detailed information.


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Talk:How To Assemble A Desktop PC/External links

Added new helpful tips section, please do not delete, just edit. Had some fun with it.


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Electronics/RTN

RTN (Register Transfer Notation)
Register Transfer Notation is a way of using special math notation to analyze different types of computer architectures. RTN easily shows the number of transfers and clocks required for a given architecture to do a specific process.

title: Electronics/RTN


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Electronics/Registers

Registers
Registers can move two types of digital information: parallel and serial. Registers also have two basic ways of moving it: FIFO and LIFO. The simplest register is a FIFO, which is only one level deep and one bit wide. It is basically a single D Type Flip/Flop.

FIFO
A FIFO (First In First Out) is a digital device that moves data in the same way a queue would. The first chunk of information in is moved over as more is loaded in behind it. This continues until it is pushed out the end. Like a grocery line.

LIFO
A LIFO (Last In First Out) is a like a FIFO only the data comes out in the reverse order it came in. Data is processed like a stack data structure. Imagine putting items onto a stack, the first item taken off would be at the top of the stack. Thus, the last item in (item at the top of the stack), would be the first item out

Parallel
Parallel Registers take in mulitple bits at a time.

Shift Registers
Shift Registers are the simplest serial interfaces. They take serial data in one bit at a time and convert it to parallel form or the other way around. The first way is Serial In Parallel Out and the latter is Parallel In Serial Out. Shift Registers are used to make larger state machines like counters and UARTs.

Serial In Parallel Out
Tons of information about Serial in Parallel out circuits and how they are constructed

title: Electronics/Registers


text:
Talk:Old School RuneScape/Guides/Cheats/History from Wikipedia

The page RuneScape/Guides/Cheats started as a Wikipedia article, RuneScape cheats. Here is its edit history from Wikipedia, including a list of contributors.

 * 2005-11-24 19:31:11 User:Aliensvortex (→[Alt + F4] scam, item duplication scam)
 * 2005-11-24 18:57:57 User:OwenX m (Reverted edits by 86.141.144.30 to last version by Jcw69)
 * 2005-11-24 18:36:56 User:86.141.144.30 (→[Alt + F4] scam, item duplication scam)
 * 2005-11-24 17:31:27 User:Jcw69 m (Reverted edits by 24.63.101.94 to last version by 202.7.176.134)
 * 2005-11-24 17:22:10 User:24.63.101.94 (→Macroing)
 * 2005-11-23 23:48:56 User:202.7.176.134 (→Bot/Auto/Macro/Scripting current issues)
 * 2005-11-23 22:19:32 User:JiFish (rvv)
 * 2005-11-23 21:40:43 User:24.64.223.203 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-11-23 17:45:39 User:StoatBringer (→JAGeX rules - replaced painful colours)
 * 2005-11-23 10:49:00 User:220.237.227.82 (→Moderators)
 * 2005-11-23 10:45:59 User:220.237.227.82 (→Moderators)
 * 2005-11-23 10:35:49 User:220.237.227.82 (→JAGeX rules)
 * 2005-11-23 06:32:00 User:139.168.216.99 (→Bot/Auto/Macro/Scripting current issues)
 * 2005-11-23 06:03:00 User:63.99.91.31 (→External links)
 * 2005-11-23 04:52:51 User:Saikiri (rv vandalism)
 * 2005-11-23 04:47:10 User:60.224.177.71
 * 2005-11-23 00:30:25 User:Saikiri (rv scammer, restored the cheating-related links (I don't like them too, but please discuss before removing))
 * 2005-11-23 00:29:51 User:JiFish (Rvv)
 * 2005-11-23 00:22:50 User:69.253.192.202 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-11-22 23:47:39 User:154.20.143.219 (→JAGeX rules)
 * 2005-11-22 23:31:31 User:154.20.143.219 (→External links)
 * 2005-11-22 23:30:19 User:154.20.143.219 (→Moderators)
 * 2005-11-22 20:47:06 User:Jonathan888 (rv to Revision as of 19:46, 22 November 2005 - please don't blank portions of the article, especially without commenting in the talk page... it's going to become a wikibook soon enough.)
 * 2005-11-22 20:35:36 User:Aliensvortex (→External links)
 * 2005-11-22 19:46:52 User:A Man In Black (AFD)
 * 2005-11-22 19:24:55 User:Jonathan888 (rv to Revision as of 16:49, 22 November 2005 - a good article would include sources and supply lines, yes.)
 * 2005-11-22 19:00:47 User:84.12.135.209 (would you include links on "where to buy narcotics?" on an article about narcotics? These links shouldn't be here!)
 * 2005-11-22 16:49:11 User:Anetode m (rv external link removal)
 * 2005-11-22 15:58:04 User:JiFish (→External links - Removed links that show how to cheat as oposed to being ABOUT cheating)
 * 2005-11-22 15:53:34 User:The asdf
 * 2005-11-22 15:50:53 User:The asdf
 * 2005-11-22 09:22:51 User:Jonathan888 (rv to Revision as of 23:05, 21 November 2005 - odd bits were added in between)
 * 2005-11-22 06:45:13 User:Saikiri (rv advertisements by scammer)
 * 2005-11-22 05:59:33 User:24.85.143.115 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-22 05:58:31 User:24.85.143.115 (→Macroing)
 * 2005-11-22 05:57:40 User:24.85.143.115 (→Easy gold)
 * 2005-11-22 05:56:38 User:24.85.143.115 (→Hidden game mechanisms)
 * 2005-11-22 05:56:12 User:24.85.143.115 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-11-22 01:45:09 User:66.112.74.167
 * 2005-11-22 01:43:59 User:66.112.74.167
 * 2005-11-22 01:39:17 User:66.112.74.167
 * 2005-11-22 00:52:51 User:70.114.1.93 (→Members money making)
 * 2005-11-21 23:05:40 User:Jonathan888 (rv to Revision as of 15:48, 21 November 2005)
 * 2005-11-21 22:40:25 User:71.51.42.227 (scaming)
 * 2005-11-21 20:57:20 User:205.213.111.51 (→History)
 * 2005-11-21 15:48:39 User:71.242.25.157 (→Moderators)
 * 2005-11-21 14:52:48 User:Jonathan888 (→External links)
 * 2005-11-21 14:52:11 User:Jonathan888 (→Hidden game mechanisms)
 * 2005-11-21 14:45:14 User:Jonathan888 (rv and edits removed 'motivations')
 * 2005-11-21 14:29:52 User:195.144.131.4 (→JAGeX countermeasures)
 * 2005-11-21 12:53:04 User:Saikiri (rv vandalism)
 * 2005-11-21 12:15:16 User:194.74.162.199 (→Hidden game mechanisms)
 * 2005-11-21 10:00:10 User:83.108.153.225 (→External links)
 * 2005-11-21 09:59:43 User:83.108.153.225 (→External links)
 * 2005-11-21 05:05:30 User:Saikiri (rv to last version by Saikiri (previous rv did not catch some content removal and vandalism), preserved edits by 84.12.135.209)
 * 2005-11-21 01:21:18 User:GreatGatsby
 * 2005-11-20 21:34:58 User:68.33.40.178
 * 2005-11-20 21:33:09 User:68.33.40.178 (→Soliciting email)
 * 2005-11-20 21:32:29 User:68.33.40.178 (→History)
 * 2005-11-20 21:25:33 User:68.33.40.178 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-11-20 21:19:38 User:Revived m (rv vandalism)
 * 2005-11-20 21:18:14 User:68.33.40.178 (→History)
 * 2005-11-20 20:50:17 User:68.118.247.223 (→Hidden game mechanisms)
 * 2005-11-20 15:19:05 User:84.12.135.209 (cheats trying to use this article to sell their dodgy software again!)
 * 2005-11-20 14:50:06 User:81.156.192.114 (→Hidden game mechanisms)
 * 2005-11-20 14:25:24 User:62.253.108.31 (→Two person team trade scam)
 * 2005-11-20 13:16:25 User:70.236.145.119 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-11-20 04:26:37 User:Saikiri (rv content removal)
 * 2005-11-20 04:16:17 User:138.130.225.189 (→Bot/Auto/Macro/Scripting current issues)
 * 2005-11-20 04:15:30 User:138.130.225.189 (→History)
 * 2005-11-20 02:57:31 User:Saikiri (rv vandalism)
 * 2005-11-19 15:32:24 User:71.242.16.51
 * 2005-11-19 13:24:40 User:Mindtempest (→Bot/Auto/Macro/Scripting current issues)
 * 2005-11-19 10:02:36 User:Anetode m (rvv)
 * 2005-11-19 10:01:04 User:82.37.220.19 (→Macroing)
 * 2005-11-19 08:38:38 User:202.67.122.25 (I am a RuneeScape player moderator, and I've removed the links to the cheat sites. Even for the purposes of the article, they should not be linked to and can still cause account stealing.)
 * 2005-11-18 04:45:45 User:144.136.13.113 (→Macroing)
 * 2005-11-18 03:56:23 User:Jiy (WP is not repository for Jagex rules and original research interpretations; rm irrelevent info about easy gold, fmt)
 * 2005-11-18 03:49:04 User:Jiy (removed Motivations and Justifications section as they can be applied to almost any online cheat (and thus belongs in the Cheating in online games) and also have an original research tone)
 * 2005-11-18 01:27:08 User:206.116.47.130 (→Macroing)
 * 2005-11-18 00:21:51 User:71.12.192.164
 * 2005-11-18 00:18:28 User:Jonathan888 (rv to Revision as of 16:42, 17 November 2005 (we need to restore neutral point of view- not sides))
 * 2005-11-18 00:17:49 User:207.255.181.96
 * 2005-11-17 19:33:01 User:69.177.45.185
 * 2005-11-17 16:42:39 User:Saikiri (rv vandalism)
 * 2005-11-17 16:40:48 User:216.79.194.96 (→Easy gold)
 * 2005-11-17 16:22:02 User:216.79.194.96 (→Easy gold and werewolf 2 orb helper)
 * 2005-11-17 16:20:09 User:216.79.194.96 (→Easy gold)
 * 2005-11-17 07:29:13 User:84.12.135.209 (→Justifications)
 * 2005-11-17 07:24:19 User:84.12.135.209 (finished tidy up)
 * 2005-11-17 07:11:08 User:84.12.135.209 (working in progress, still improving motivations and justifications)
 * 2005-11-17 06:58:34 User:84.12.135.209 (this is work in progress, combining, sorting and tidying justifications and motivations sections, another edit coming up)
 * 2005-11-17 06:46:41 User:84.12.135.209 (duplication of above "motivations" section am working on merging 2 together for conciseness)
 * 2005-11-17 05:56:13 User:Jh51681 (rv to last version by Jonathan888)
 * 2005-11-17 05:38:55 User:71.128.94.201 (→Types of cheating)
 * 2005-11-17 04:42:56 User:70.112.73.77 (→External links)
 * 2005-11-16 23:54:10 User:69.171.140.33 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-11-16 20:24:32 User:88.110.90.223 (→JAGeX countermeasures)
 * 2005-11-16 17:10:09 User:195.93.21.104 (→Griefing and violating 'terms of service' agreement)
 * 2005-11-16 17:02:33 User:195.93.21.104
 * 2005-11-16 16:15:23 User:168.9.38.5 (→Cheat communities)
 * 2005-11-16 16:11:01 User:168.9.38.5 (→Hidden game mechanisms)
 * 2005-11-16 11:30:03 User:4.255.35.179
 * 2005-11-16 11:27:11 User:4.255.35.179
 * 2005-11-16 03:59:23 User:68.77.147.78 (→Types of cheating)
 * 2005-11-16 03:06:13 User:Jonathan888 (rv to Revision as of 19:57, 15 November 2005 - wrong version reverted, this is better ordered version)
 * 2005-11-16 03:04:30 User:Jonathan888 (rv to Revision as of 02:40, 15 November 2005 - revert a delete and opinions)
 * 2005-11-16 02:56:17 User:68.8.131.222 (→Cheat communities)
 * 2005-11-16 02:47:13 User:68.8.131.222 (→Standing up to 'the man')
 * 2005-11-16 00:40:54 User:165.247.176.156 (→Hidden game mechanisms)
 * 2005-11-15 19:57:23 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-11-15 02:40:02 User:68.98.72.97 (→Headline text)
 * 2005-11-15 02:39:45 User:68.98.72.97 (→Cheat communities)
 * 2005-11-15 02:39:12 User:68.98.72.97 (→Headline text)
 * 2005-11-15 02:25:59 User:Slade299 m (→Types of cheating)
 * 2005-11-15 01:16:54 User:24.76.186.146 (→Non members)
 * 2005-11-15 01:15:23 User:24.76.186.146 (→Making gold quickly: inside information)
 * 2005-11-14 20:53:59 User:Jonathan888 (rv to 18:25, 14 November 2005)
 * 2005-11-14 18:48:55 User:198.234.224.6 (→Armour trimming)
 * 2005-11-14 18:25:58 User:Peruvianllama m (Reverted edits by 192.85.50.1 to last version by 82.39.247.134)
 * 2005-11-14 18:23:58 User:192.85.50.1
 * 2005-11-14 18:23:44 User:192.85.50.1 (→Macroing)
 * 2005-11-14 18:23:01 User:192.85.50.1 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-14 18:08:58 User:82.39.247.134 (→Two person team trade scam)
 * 2005-11-14 18:07:42 User:82.39.247.134 (→Common ingame scams)
 * 2005-11-14 17:40:18 User:Jonathan888 m (→Bot/Auto/Macro/Scripting current issues -  sp. :P)
 * 2005-11-14 17:33:13 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-11-14 17:21:55 User:85.131.89.12 (→Cheat communities)
 * 2005-11-14 16:18:56 User:212.250.157.251 (→Non members)
 * 2005-11-14 16:09:27 User:82.31.0.63
 * 2005-11-14 16:05:28 User:82.31.0.63
 * 2005-11-14 15:38:23 User:Jonathan888 (rv to Revision as of 10:39, 14 November 2005, added a few minor edits)
 * 2005-11-14 14:00:24 User:167.217.4.123 (→History)
 * 2005-11-14 10:39:17 User:82.112.148.54 (→Non-predatory cheating)
 * 2005-11-14 05:53:58 User:207.200.116.204 (→Members money making)
 * 2005-11-14 04:11:50 User:71.142.210.78 (→Non members)
 * 2005-11-14 01:08:27 User:Ricky81682 (rv to earlier version to rm vandalism)
 * 2005-11-14 00:48:19 User:67.40.46.17 (→Password stealing)
 * 2005-11-14 00:47:19 User:67.40.46.17
 * 2005-11-14 00:47:11 User:70.190.80.177 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-11-13 21:38:49 User:71.114.175.114 (→Password stealing - it is gooood)
 * 2005-11-13 21:37:43 User:71.114.175.114 (→Other websites)
 * 2005-11-13 12:05:56 User:172.170.107.87
 * 2005-11-13 09:15:41 User:210.213.159.230 (→Members money making)
 * 2005-11-13 09:09:29 User:210.213.159.230 (→Armour trimming)
 * 2005-11-13 08:56:51 User:82.31.23.226 (→Armour trimming)
 * 2005-11-13 08:55:20 User:82.31.23.226 (→Members money making)
 * 2005-11-13 08:52:15 User:82.31.23.226 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-13 08:50:24 User:82.31.23.226 (→JAGeX rules)
 * 2005-11-13 08:48:37 User:82.31.23.226 (→Non-predatory cheating)
 * 2005-11-13 04:36:53 User:66.134.206.67 (→JAGeX countermeasures)
 * 2005-11-13 00:24:44 User:Dr.alf (rvv)
 * 2005-11-13 00:16:53 User:70.242.200.22 (→Making gold quickly: inside information)
 * 2005-11-13 00:16:15 User:70.242.200.22 (→Current hacks and exploits)
 * 2005-11-12 17:39:39 User:71.247.28.75 (→Bot/Auto/Macro/Scripting current issues)
 * 2005-11-12 16:36:59 User:Ixfd64 m (Reverted edits by 86.130.15.144 to last version by Brian0918)
 * 2005-11-12 16:36:28 User:86.130.15.144 (→JAGeX countermeasures)
 * 2005-11-12 13:40:13 User:Brian0918 m (Reverted edits by 212.69.253.41 to last version by Lupin)
 * 2005-11-12 13:39:23 User:212.69.253.41 (come and get free stuff !!!!!!!!!!!!!)
 * 2005-11-12 00:33:35 User:Lupin m (Reverted edits by 65.80.245.64 to last version by 60.231.66.128)
 * 2005-11-12 00:32:20 User:65.80.245.64 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-11-11 21:25:03 User:60.231.66.128 (→Easy gold)
 * 2005-11-11 21:24:18 User:60.231.66.128 (→Easy gold)
 * 2005-11-11 20:17:17 User:64.107.3.126 (→Censored passwords)
 * 2005-11-11 18:05:56 User:86.193.67.99 (→JAGeX countermeasures)
 * 2005-11-11 14:55:08 User:165.161.3.12 (→History)
 * 2005-11-11 04:28:18 User:Jh51681 (rv)
 * 2005-11-11 04:14:23 User:67.82.65.168 (→Griefing and violating 'terms of service' agreement)
 * 2005-11-11 03:29:04 User:Jh51681 (rv)
 * 2005-11-11 03:25:16 User:69.232.69.245 (→External links)
 * 2005-11-10 22:43:28 User:GregAsche m (Reverted edits by 210.54.53.11 to last version by 216.201.215.50)
 * 2005-11-10 22:43:14 User:210.54.53.11
 * 2005-11-10 22:30:40 User:216.201.215.50 (→Censored passwords)
 * 2005-11-10 19:05:21 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-11-10 18:23:32 User:Jonathan888 (→Easy gold)
 * 2005-11-10 18:23:08 User:Jonathan888 (→Types of cheating)
 * 2005-11-10 03:43:02 User:Jonathan888 (→Macroing - shortening - removing justification (too long))
 * 2005-11-10 03:41:42 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-11-10 03:38:50 User:Jonathan888 (argh, got to shorten this)
 * 2005-11-10 03:33:47 User:Jonathan888 (→JAGeX rules)
 * 2005-11-10 02:46:47 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-11-10 02:43:09 User:Jonathan888 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-10 02:41:28 User:Jonathan888 (→JAGeX rules)
 * 2005-11-10 02:41:03 User:Jonathan888 (→JAGeX rules)
 * 2005-11-10 02:38:12 User:Jonathan888 (→JAGeX rules)
 * 2005-11-10 02:14:03 User:Jonathan888 (→Motivations)
 * 2005-11-10 02:11:51 User:Jonathan888 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-10 02:11:19 User:Jonathan888 m (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-10 02:10:42 User:Jonathan888 (→Motivations)
 * 2005-11-10 02:03:36 User:Jonathan888 (→Motivations)
 * 2005-11-10 01:57:59 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-11-10 01:57:08 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-11-10 01:46:04 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-11-10 00:09:20 User:Jonathan888 (→Trade scams)
 * 2005-11-10 00:08:20 User:Jonathan888 (→Trade scams)
 * 2005-11-10 00:04:57 User:Jonathan888 (rv to Revision as of 12:41, 9 November 2005 - revert changes that didn't apply to article)
 * 2005-11-09 23:55:34 User:24.91.17.59 (→Bot/Auto/Macro/Scripting current issues)
 * 2005-11-09 23:54:57 User:24.91.17.59 (→Bot/Auto/Macro/Scripting current issues)
 * 2005-11-09 15:30:59 User:82.43.217.202 (→Password stealing)
 * 2005-11-09 12:41:11 User:MC MasterChef (rvv)
 * 2005-11-09 12:30:47 User:80.222.27.151 (→Cheat communities)
 * 2005-11-09 12:28:20 User:80.222.27.151 (→Motivations)
 * 2005-11-09 12:27:40 User:80.222.27.151 (→Macroing)
 * 2005-11-08 12:59:25 User:219.78.37.95 (→Trade scams)
 * 2005-11-08 12:58:53 User:219.78.37.95 (→Trade scams)
 * 2005-11-08 03:26:33 User:Cyberjunkie m (Reverted edits by 64.12.117.14 to last version by Jonathan888)
 * 2005-11-08 01:53:45 User:64.12.117.14 (→History)
 * 2005-11-08 01:50:41 User:64.12.117.14 (→Griefing and violating 'terms of service' agreement)
 * 2005-11-07 16:03:35 User:Jonathan888 (→[Alt + F4] scam, item duplication scam)
 * 2005-11-07 15:26:48 User:Robchurch m (Cheating in RuneScape moved to RuneScape cheats)
 * 2005-11-07 01:29:30 User:Redvers m (rvv)
 * 2005-11-07 01:28:28 User:68.114.158.189
 * 2005-11-07 01:25:04 User:68.114.158.189 (→Armour trimming)
 * 2005-11-06 18:26:06 User:69.236.183.164 (→[Alt + F4] scam, item duplication scam)
 * 2005-11-06 05:32:16 User:67.138.66.149 (→[Alt + F4] scam, item duplication scam)
 * 2005-11-05 21:00:14 User:Robchurch m (RuneScape cheats moved to Cheating in RuneScape)
 * 2005-11-05 20:28:32 User:Jonathan888 (→[Alt + F4] scam)
 * 2005-11-05 20:22:17 User:Jonathan888 m (rv to Revision as of 03:41, 5 November 2005 - the name RuneScape has two capital letters)
 * 2005-11-05 17:26:29 User:71.101.10.97 (→Macroing)
 * 2005-11-05 03:41:45 User:69.236.222.105
 * 2005-11-05 03:16:29 User:Melchoir m (rvv to Jonathan888)
 * 2005-11-05 03:02:55 User:64.61.217.156 (→JAGeX rules)
 * 2005-11-04 22:29:04 User:Jonathan888 (rv - vandalism)
 * 2005-11-04 21:56:46 User:24.150.97.231 (→Griefing and violating 'terms of service' agreement)
 * 2005-11-04 17:11:49 User:Jonathan888 (rv- Revision as of 21:49, 3 November 2005 - 'welcomed' our new editors also)
 * 2005-11-04 16:31:48 User:169.204.230.194 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-04 13:46:17 User:151.196.98.42 (→JAGeX rules)
 * 2005-11-04 13:19:11 User:70.224.83.194 (→History)
 * 2005-11-04 11:24:19 User:195.188.250.67 (→JAGeX countermeasures)
 * 2005-11-04 11:23:57 User:195.188.250.67 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-04 11:23:22 User:195.188.250.67 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-04 11:22:55 User:195.188.250.67 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-04 11:19:58 User:195.188.250.67 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-04 11:17:32 User:195.188.250.67 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-03 21:49:45 User:JiFish (rvv)
 * 2005-11-03 21:46:21 User:88.105.206.202 (→Macroing)
 * 2005-11-03 20:40:01 User:Jonathan888 (rv - vandalism and POV comments)
 * 2005-11-03 18:30:28 User:207.63.102.98 (→Armour trimming)
 * 2005-11-03 08:14:56 User:58.235.193.107
 * 2005-11-03 04:03:06 User:151.198.154.217 (→Common ingame scams)
 * 2005-11-02 20:36:38 User:Jonathan888 (→Jagex countermeasures - proper name cap. (from company name))
 * 2005-11-02 20:34:55 User:Jonathan888 m (capitalization fixes)
 * 2005-11-02 20:28:19 User:Jonathan888 (edited to make a sub-section and added variations)
 * 2005-11-02 20:09:41 User:69.85.52.178
 * 2005-11-02 11:12:51 User:Jono Q (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-02 11:12:30 User:Jono Q (→Scamming)
 * 2005-11-02 11:11:43 User:Jono Q (→Types of Cheating)
 * 2005-11-02 02:07:58 User:OwenX m (Reverted edits by 216.160.101.46 to last version by Bmicomp)
 * 2005-11-02 02:07:21 User:216.160.101.46 (→Jagex Countermeasures)
 * 2005-11-01 23:19:26 User:Bmicomp (revert)
 * 2005-11-01 23:17:56 User:Bmicomp m (Runescape cheats moved to RuneScape cheats)
 * 2005-11-01 22:29:24 User:Jonathan888 (couldn't move since page existed... copy pasted and added this redirect... please don't move pages without following wiki procedures)
 * 2005-11-01 21:40:54 User:Jonathan888 m (Runescape Cheats moved to Runescape cheats)
 * 2005-11-01 21:40:06 User:Jonathan888 (→External Links)
 * 2005-11-01 21:31:33 User:Jonathan888 (→External Links)
 * 2005-11-01 21:27:15 User:Jonathan888 m (→External Links)
 * 2005-11-01 21:26:30 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-11-01 21:16:11 User:Jonathan888 m (Cheating in RuneScape moved to Runescape Cheats)
 * 2005-11-01 13:24:03 User:Super Quinn m (RuneScape cheats moved to Cheating in RuneScape)
 * 2005-11-01 05:32:18 User:202.156.6.54
 * 2005-11-01 03:23:13 User:24.12.75.48
 * 2005-10-31 21:19:04 User:Jonathan888 (→Bot/Auto/Macro/Scripting Current Issues - rm vandalism)
 * 2005-10-31 20:30:45 User:24.152.175.45 (→Cheat Communities)
 * 2005-10-30 21:42:04 User:65.27.43.4 (→Bot/Auto/Macro/Scripting Current Issues)
 * 2005-10-30 06:16:03 User:Jonathan888 (rv - added legitimate fixes to revert)
 * 2005-10-29 20:02:55 User:68.251.74.254 (zezimas cheat)
 * 2005-10-29 20:00:08 User:68.251.74.254 (→External Links)
 * 2005-10-29 19:58:36 User:68.251.74.254 (→Two Person Team Trade Scam)
 * 2005-10-29 16:48:27 User:82.27.239.250 (corrected 'rational' to 'rationale')
 * 2005-10-29 16:46:47 User:82.27.239.250 (capitalised 'Runescape')
 * 2005-10-29 00:41:56 User:68.97.185.89 (→External Links)
 * 2005-10-28 21:59:24 User:68.232.27.59 (→External Links)
 * 2005-10-27 21:41:14 User:Jonathan888 m (rv - revert to version prior to letter 'e' removal)
 * 2005-10-27 18:15:12 User:165.138.75.15 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-10-24 16:44:17 User:Jonathan888 (→External Links)
 * 2005-10-24 16:28:49 User:Jonathan888 (rv - 15:36, 20 October 2005 also restored links with warning)
 * 2005-10-22 05:59:11 User:165.21.154.14 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-10-21 21:25:06 User:4.164.162.245 (→Griefing/Violating Terms of Service)
 * 2005-10-20 15:36:49 User:68.97.185.89 (→External Links)
 * 2005-10-18 20:02:47 User:Jonathan888 (→External Links - removed extraneous symbols left over from cut/paste)
 * 2005-10-18 20:01:41 User:Jonathan888 m (→External Links -  layout)
 * 2005-10-18 20:01:06 User:Jonathan888 (→External Links)
 * 2005-10-18 01:15:24 User:Francs2000 (rv further vandalism)
 * 2005-10-18 01:14:41 User:Francs2000 m (Reverted edits by 68.43.232.220 to last version by 69.156.45.112)
 * 2005-10-18 01:08:24 User:68.43.232.220 (→Eddie)
 * 2005-10-18 01:07:51 User:68.43.232.220
 * 2005-10-18 01:06:15 User:68.43.232.220 (→Griefing/Violating Terms of Service)
 * 2005-10-18 01:05:51 User:68.43.232.220 (→Hacking/Com manipulation)
 * 2005-10-17 22:06:11 User:69.156.45.112 (→Scamming)
 * 2005-10-17 21:33:41 User:24.119.216.90 (→sdfjksadfskhskdfjhskjlfhsjkfhasdjklh)
 * 2005-10-17 20:27:04 User:Jonathan888 m (revert to 12:11 17Oct05 Shaun Ee - undo vandalism by 82.33.202.229)
 * 2005-10-17 15:23:01 User:82.33.202.229 (→Buying rare items)
 * 2005-10-17 12:11:08 User:Shaun Ee (→Buying rare items)
 * 2005-10-16 07:11:11 User:Shaun Ee (→External Links)
 * 2005-10-16 07:09:36 User:Shaun Ee (→Password Stealing)
 * 2005-10-16 06:58:43 User:Shaun Ee (→Staying Safe)
 * 2005-10-16 06:55:03 User:Shaun Ee (→Motivations)
 * 2005-10-16 02:21:49 User:68.61.34.228
 * 2005-10-15 22:53:03 User:Splash m (Reverted edits by 70.95.73.124 to last version by Jonathan888)
 * 2005-10-15 22:51:43 User:70.95.73.124 (→External Links)
 * 2005-10-14 07:56:46 User:Jonathan888 (→Staying Safe)
 * 2005-10-14 07:54:48 User:Jonathan888 (→Cheat Communities)
 * 2005-10-14 07:53:14 User:Jonathan888 (→Cheat Communities)
 * 2005-10-14 07:49:24 User:Jonathan888 m (→Password Stealing -  format)
 * 2005-10-14 07:48:47 User:Jonathan888 (→Staying Safe)
 * 2005-10-14 07:46:54 User:Jonathan888 m (→Moderators -  cap.)
 * 2005-10-14 07:46:20 User:Jonathan888 (→Moderators)
 * 2005-10-14 07:22:35 User:Jonathan888 m (→Two Person Team Trade Scam)
 * 2005-10-14 07:21:53 User:Jonathan888 (→Common Scams)
 * 2005-10-14 07:15:03 User:Jonathan888 (→Trade scams)
 * 2005-10-14 06:59:35 User:Jonathan888 (cleaned)
 * 2005-10-14 06:58:48 User:Jonathan888 m (→Staying Safe)
 * 2005-10-14 06:58:20 User:Jonathan888 m (→Other websites)
 * 2005-10-14 06:57:45 User:Jonathan888 (→Griefing/Violating Terms of Service)
 * 2005-10-14 06:51:27 User:Jonathan888 (→Common Scams)
 * 2005-10-14 06:50:27 User:Jonathan888 (→Staying Safe)
 * 2005-10-14 06:47:51 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-10-14 05:57:41 User:Jonathan888 m (remove 'wikify' template request)
 * 2005-10-14 05:55:46 User:Jonathan888 (→Griefing/Violating Terms of Service)
 * 2005-10-14 05:52:10 User:Jonathan888 (→External Links)
 * 2005-10-14 05:50:23 User:Jonathan888 (→Common Scams)
 * 2005-10-14 05:48:56 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-10-14 05:38:47 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-10-14 05:09:12 User:Jonathan888 (→Types of Cheating)
 * 2005-10-14 05:08:13 User:Jonathan888
 * 2005-10-13 23:46:08 User:Super Quinn (Cleanup stuff and template)
 * 2005-10-13 08:11:24 User:82.31.7.127
 * 2005-10-13 08:08:31 User:82.31.7.127
 * 2005-10-12 21:32:39 User:24.57.23.134
 * 2005-10-12 02:09:32 User:Shadowdancer
 * 2005-10-12 02:09:21 User:Shadowdancer
 * 2005-10-12 02:08:05 User:Shadowdancer
 * 2005-10-11 18:42:20 User:Jonathan888 (revert from scam link to previous version)
 * 2005-10-11 08:22:11 User:68.5.214.3 (fix)
 * 2005-10-11 06:24:42 User:Jni m (Reverted edits by 24.3.178.96 to last version by 66.191.146.92)
 * 2005-10-11 04:49:00 User:24.3.178.96
 * 2005-10-11 04:44:40 User:24.3.178.96
 * 2005-10-11 02:47:57 User:66.191.146.92 (→1. Nobody can hack you.  Ever.)
 * 2005-10-11 00:50:32 User:Doc glasgow m (Reverted edits by 210.54.53.16 to last version by Doc glasgow)
 * 2005-10-11 00:48:23 User:210.54.53.16
 * 2005-10-11 00:47:59 User:Doc glasgow m (Reverted edits by 210.54.53.16 to last version by 82.19.5.140)
 * 2005-10-11 00:47:17 User:210.54.53.16
 * 2005-10-10 20:18:06 User:82.19.5.140
 * 2005-10-10 02:58:35 User:65.190.189.218
 * 2005-10-10 02:38:32 User:65.190.189.218
 * 2005-10-09 00:52:09 User:82.19.1.120
 * 2005-10-07 16:32:02 User:Adashiel (rvv)
 * 2005-10-07 16:31:24 User:82.5.94.2
 * 2005-10-07 16:30:21 User:Adam1213 (rvv)
 * 2005-10-07 16:29:41 User:82.5.94.2
 * 2005-10-05 13:46:19 User:207.179.205.82 (Removed someone's 'hack' website advertisement from the bottom.)
 * 2005-10-05 06:05:21 User:68.5.214.3 (update)
 * 2005-09-30 08:26:41 User:Ben D. m (rv vandalism)
 * 2005-09-30 08:24:24 User:202.74.223.37
 * 2005-09-29 23:06:45 User:69.181.78.251 (→2. Don't type your password anywhere but the Runescape site)
 * 2005-09-28 03:50:06 User:Wikisurfer1 m (→1.  Nobody can hack you.  Ever. -  Social Engineering misspelt+link)
 * 2005-09-26 02:04:47 User:71.240.136.66 (→2. Don't type your password anywhere but the Runescape site)
 * 2005-09-25 23:41:01 User:71.240.136.66 (→2. Don't type your password anywhere but the two login places at http://www.runescape.com/)
 * 2005-09-25 23:38:07 User:71.240.136.66
 * 2005-09-25 23:10:43 User:71.240.136.66
 * 2005-09-25 23:06:16 User:71.240.136.66 (→How to Avoid Keyloggers)
 * 2005-09-25 16:30:28 User:70.188.18.64
 * 2005-09-21 22:42:15 User:24.57.53.51 (→Keyloggers)
 * 2005-09-20 06:13:48 User:68.150.68.188 (Removed a swear that had been inserted in the middle of a sentence. Becauser it was added several revisions ago, I did not revert it.)
 * 2005-09-19 02:54:14 User:141.156.139.61
 * 2005-09-18 04:12:52 User:63.157.129.194
 * 2005-09-18 02:29:13 User:64.12.117.14 (→Player cheating (scamming))
 * 2005-09-17 12:22:44 User:88.109.69.30 (n)
 * 2005-09-17 11:50:26 User:Pearle m (Changing  to )
 * 2005-09-16 04:32:08 User:Ixfd64 (a few changes)
 * 2005-09-10 21:49:07 User:69.163.198.9
 * 2005-09-10 21:48:43 User:69.163.198.9
 * 2005-09-10 01:00:38 User:70.108.55.139 (→key loggers)
 * 2005-09-10 00:59:29 User:70.108.55.139 (→key loggers)
 * 2005-09-09 13:43:21 User:Flameviper12 (→key loggers)
 * 2005-09-09 13:39:54 User:Flameviper12 (→Player Cheating)
 * 2005-09-08 20:52:29 User:207.175.46.5 (→Player Cheating)
 * 2005-09-07 11:59:04 User:80.1.133.251
 * 2005-09-07 00:56:55 User:69.110.90.124
 * 2005-08-27 16:34:31 User:Craigy144 m (Reverted edits by 24.43.159.182 to last version by 66.219.185.156)
 * 2005-08-27 16:33:41 User:24.43.159.182
 * 2005-08-15 12:16:59 User:66.219.185.156
 * 2005-08-12 08:22:49 User:Ixfd64 m (revert scam link)
 * 2005-08-09 00:22:49 User:64.222.105.71
 * 2005-08-09 00:22:35 User:64.222.105.71
 * 2005-08-09 00:21:47 User:64.222.105.71
 * 2005-08-08 18:56:20 User:SimonP (rv)
 * 2005-08-08 18:24:57 User:24.8.21.54
 * 2005-08-08 18:22:46 User:24.8.21.54
 * 2005-08-08 18:20:33 User:24.9.21.119
 * 2005-08-08 18:18:40 User:24.8.21.54
 * 2005-08-05 01:18:57 User:Ryan Delaney (rvv)
 * 2005-08-05 01:18:14 User:24.114.44.41
 * 2005-08-03 07:30:43 User:Ricky81682 (rv 70.70.148.75's edits)
 * 2005-08-02 21:22:43 User:70.70.148.75
 * 2005-07-28 14:44:02 User:24.33.244.93
 * 2005-07-24 07:48:00 User:Ricky81682 m (ital RuneScape)
 * 2005-07-23 21:41:21 User:62.253.96.44 (More facts on moderators added)
 * 2005-07-23 05:31:47 User:Bmicomp (rvv)
 * 2005-07-23 05:31:09 User:152.163.101.14
 * 2005-07-09 16:19:24 User:193.229.40.225
 * 2005-07-07 01:44:39 User:Howabout1 (rv)
 * 2005-07-07 01:42:08 User:200.35.125.207
 * 2005-07-06 07:27:05 User:Ricky81682 (rv vandalism by 69.168.185.68)
 * 2005-07-05 21:28:58 User:69.168.185.68 (runescape cheats)
 * 2005-06-30 23:20:08 User:Y0u m (sentence rewording)
 * 2005-06-20 05:58:32 User:Ricky81682 (copyedit)
 * 2005-06-19 00:40:31 User:Cmdrjameson m (sp)
 * 2005-06-17 03:25:15 User:24.85.101.218
 * 2005-06-15 12:06:37 User:193.173.45.193 (Deleted offensive mentioning of a player moderator by name)
 * 2005-06-15 02:45:20 User:80.44.119.129
 * 2005-06-15 02:43:10 User:80.44.119.129
 * 2005-06-15 02:24:27 User:Supernova314
 * 2005-06-04 23:00:48 User:Ricky81682 m (sorted in RuneScape cat)
 * 2005-06-01 19:16:48 User:Ricky81682 (rm advertising from programs added by 131.109.1.250)
 * 2005-06-01 17:01:53 User:131.109.1.250
 * 2005-05-28 08:55:27 User:Ricky81682 (rm keylogging section as that is already described under keystroke logging)
 * 2005-05-27 23:50:47 User:68.94.120.38
 * 2005-05-27 18:01:48 User:66.185.171.130
 * 2005-05-24 08:29:58 User:Ricky81682 (rm number of years to rm need to change constantly)
 * 2005-05-24 04:55:43 User:RancidKraut (Corrected misconception of Nick Sherlock's Autominer (It didn't go to the bank and deposit, it just kept mining. When the inventory was full, it mined onto the ground).)
 * 2005-05-24 04:52:24 User:RancidKraut (Changed "Over the past three years" to "Over the past four years")
 * 2005-05-17 21:51:18 User:Thecosmos (rv blank vandalism)
 * 2005-05-17 21:50:45 User:68.202.150.249
 * 2005-05-17 21:48:42 User:68.202.150.249
 * 2005-05-17 20:35:58 User:Ricky81682 (unsorted in cat)
 * 2005-05-17 20:34:44 User:Ricky81682 (cat)
 * 2005-05-17 20:32:30 User:Ricky81682 (inserted template back)
 * 2005-05-17 18:19:51 User:64.9.5.21
 * 2005-05-17 12:52:02 User:Tweedy
 * 2005-05-09 22:24:46 User:Ixfd64 m
 * 2005-04-30 18:24:53 User:R Calvete m (rvt edit by 69.76.67.175 to last version by Oven Fresh)
 * 2005-04-30 18:20:14 User:69.76.67.175
 * 2005-04-18 22:17:02 User:Oven Fresh m (grammar/npov/misc)
 * 2005-04-13 07:04:38 User:Ricky81682 m (typo)
 * 2005-04-13 07:03:07 User:Ricky81682 m (wikified)
 * 2005-04-02 00:32:16 User:67.160.3.134
 * 2005-03-19 16:34:48 User:66.69.172.124 (shame on you hackers!)
 * 2005-03-19 15:59:39 User:68.197.123.34
 * 2005-03-18 02:29:46 User:Josh Parris m (disamb hacking)
 * 2005-03-13 01:16:26 User:Ixfd64 m
 * 2005-02-27 03:03:37 User:Ricky81682 (fixed grammar mostly)
 * 2005-02-21 02:37:01 User:Rdsmith4 m (Reverted edits by 24.71.250.49 to last version by MasterRune)
 * 2005-02-21 02:36:03 User:24.71.250.49
 * 2005-02-13 00:01:03 User:MasterRune (added link box thing)
 * 2005-02-13 00:00:20 User:MasterRune (undid someone advertising)
 * 2005-02-12 23:52:34 User:205.188.117.14
 * 2004-12-15 01:19:52 User:Goplat m (rv to 24.96.6.35)
 * 2004-12-14 17:47:15 User:68.59.169.168
 * 2004-12-14 17:44:07 User:68.59.169.168
 * 2004-12-14 13:38:29 User:213.35.168.187
 * 2004-12-14 13:38:07 User:213.35.168.187
 * 2004-12-12 02:45:01 User:24.96.6.35
 * 2004-12-03 00:20:20 User:67.162.220.36
 * 2004-12-03 00:19:12 User:67.162.220.36
 * 2004-11-05 18:47:14 User:Ambush Commander (/deleted text, probably well-meaning, but redundant)
 * 2004-11-05 18:42:41 User:68.38.104.19
 * 2004-10-08 20:08:55 User:Goplat m (rv vandal)
 * 2004-10-08 20:02:38 User:82.223.48.20
 * 2004-09-24 09:11:56 User:202.156.2.210
 * 2004-09-24 09:11:06 User:202.156.2.210
 * 2004-09-05 00:49:58 User:Simfish m (typo)
 * 2004-09-05 00:49:44 User:Simfish m (needs to explain what exactly Runescape is exoterically)
 * 2004-09-02 08:45:45 User:Lupo m (Reverted edits by 24.118.118.43 to last version by Lupo)
 * 2004-09-02 06:17:20 User:24.118.118.43
 * 2004-08-31 15:06:51 User:Lupo m (Reverted edits by 69.179.26.13 to last version by 209.17.165.238)
 * 2004-08-31 15:06:28 User:69.179.26.13
 * 2004-08-29 20:38:39 User:209.17.165.238
 * 2004-08-23 04:33:13 User:Goplat m (rv)
 * 2004-08-23 01:41:56 User:69.209.50.214
 * 2004-08-21 16:06:50 User:Goplat m (rv vandalism)
 * 2004-08-21 07:53:06 User:67.160.6.184
 * 2004-08-17 23:48:30 User:Goplat m (rv vandalism)
 * 2004-08-17 23:47:10 User:206.148.109.169
 * 2004-08-10 00:33:36 User:Goplat m (change underscore in link to space)
 * 2004-08-07 16:42:22 User:212.44.25.17 (Removed vandalism by 144.132.198.33. and added warning about this sort of site since anyone interested in rs-cheating might well be fooled by it.)
 * 2004-08-07 16:28:48 User:212.44.25.17
 * 2004-07-23 13:19:42 User:Phil s m (further minor punctuation edits)
 * 2004-07-22 16:21:49 User:Phil s m (word change - I think this is closer to the intended sentiment)
 * 2004-07-22 11:57:26 User:144.132.198.33
 * 2004-07-15 14:42:38 User:66.49.31.19
 * 2004-07-12 23:42:19 User:Zarxos
 * 2004-06-26 08:53:51 User:68.227.29.3 (~)
 * 2004-06-23 01:55:39 User:68.38.104.19
 * 2004-05-01 19:54:47 User:194.193.195.80 (fixed a lot of typos - more tidying up - added links for technical terms)
 * 2004-05-01 19:24:07 User:194.193.195.80 (created by moving info from runescape page, and a lot of tidying up)

This article's history is now at "Rune-scape" on the English Wikipedia. 4.245.72.177 03:05, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Touristzach is the best. Mbarmor sucks.


text:
Cookbook:Pufftaloons

In Australia these pufftaloons are usually made with a yeast-based bread dough, but this recipe uses baking powder instead.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups flour
 * 2 tsp baking powder
 * 1 cup milk
 * 1 dessert spoon butter

Procedure

 * 1) Combine flour and baking powder.
 * 2) Rub in the butter.
 * 3) Add enough milk to make a soft dough.
 * 4) Deep fry in hot vegetable oil.
 * 5) Serve hot with jam or golden syrup.

title: Cookbook:Pufftaloons


text:
Ad Hoc Data Analysis From The Unix Command Line

Once upon a time, I was working with a colleague who needed to do some quick data analysis to get a handle on the scope of a problem. He was considering importing the data into a database or writing a program to parse and summarize that data. Either of these options would have taken hours at least, and possibly days. I wrote this on his whiteboard:

 * Your friends: cat, find, grep, wc, cut, sort, uniq

These simple commands can be combined to quickly answer the kinds of questions for which most people would turn to a database, if only the data were already in a database. You can quickly (often in seconds) form and test hypotheses about virtually any record oriented data source.

Intended audience
You've logged into a Unix box of some flavor and run some basic commands like ls and cd and cat. If you don't know what the ls command does, you need a more basic introduction to Unix than I'm going to give here.

Table of Contents

 * 1) Preliminaries
 * 2) Standard Input, Standard Output, Redirection and Pipes
 * 3) Counting Part 1 - grep and wc
 * 4) Picking The Data Apart With cut
 * 5) Joining The Data Together With join
 * 6) Counting Part 2 - sort and uniq
 * 7) Rewriting The Data With Inline perl
 * 8) Quick Plotting With gnuplot
 * 9) Appendices


text:
Talk:Ad Hoc Data Analysis From The Unix Command Line

Book Created
Howdy. I'm John Rauser and I am the lead author on this book. The seed material will come from the the text I wrote for a class I give on this topic. Here's a link to the original material. Jrauser 23:30, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Toc template
A toc template could be added to every page. The cursus would be easier, e.g. :
 * pages 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 instead of
 * pages 1 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 1 - 4 ... Thanks. --193.56.241.75 12:25, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Backticks
Hi, it is worth noting that backticks have been dropped in favour of the $ syntax in Bash.

Ad Hoc Data Analysis From The Unix Command Line
Hello Folks,

Denzel Turner here. If possible, can you contact the Author and inquire about additions to this Book. It is very interesting and would be very useful to the Newbies out there!


text:
DarkBASIC Programming

Learn how to Program DarkBASIC

Started By - Jonathan Skinner
 * Written By - Jonathan Skinner & Others

Credit is appreciated when using

Authors and acknowledgements

 * Jonathan Skinner aka Dbtutor - Wrote most of this book
 * Robert Horning - For some formatting contribution
 * TDK_MAN - For the file manager function off his site http://www.computechtenerife.com/
 * Samji - Corrected second mathematics example in Day 9, Lesson 4
 * All those unnamed formatters
 * A reader who fixed a random number problem, great stuff!
 * Thank you everyone who posts comments on the discussions section

Foreword
DarkBASIC Programming is the first ever Wikibook on DarkBASIC, an open source BASIC programming language for creating Windows applications and games.

You'll go from Hello World, to computing a text adventure, to making a simple first-person shooter (when the book is eventually finished).

Don't worry it's easy! The style is easy for beginners to DarkBASIC & programming.

Before I start, I'd like to thank The Game Creator's forum users for compliments, rants & comments on this book.

Table of contents
Some lessons may be incomplete or not done at all. If you feel you're up to it contribute!!
 * Lesson 1 - Introduction to Programming
 * Lesson 2 - The Hello World Tradition
 * Lesson 3 - Fundamentals of DarkBASIC
 * Lesson 4 - Number Crunching
 * Lesson 5 - Loops
 * Lesson 6 - File Control & Data
 * Lesson 7 - 2D Game Programming Pt 1
 * Lesson 8 - 2D Game Programming Pt 2
 * Final Words By Dbtutor
 * Reference A - Good Programming Habits
 * Reference B - Game Design Books & Sites
 * Original single-page version (for reference during rearrangements)

title: DarkBASIC Programming


text:
Template:Definition

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text: Template:Understanding Darcs/patch property


text:
User talk:87.239.29.201

Please be careful about editing the Rueda stuff, there's (overly) complicated templates that you broke. Ricky Clarkson 23:57, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:87.239.29.201


text:
Ad Hoc Data Analysis From The Unix Command Line/Preliminaries

Formatting
These typesetting conventions will be used when presenting example interactions at the command line:

$ command argument1 argument2 argument3 output line 1 output line 2 output line 3 [...]

The "$ " is the shell prompt. What you type is shown in boldface; command output is in regular type.

Example data
I will use the following sample files in the examples.

The Unix password file
The password file can be found in /etc/passwd. Every user on the system has one line (record) in the file. Each record has seven fields separated by colon (':') characters. The fields are username, encrypted password, userid, default group, gecos, home directory and default shell. We can look at the first few lines with the head command, which prints just the first few lines of a file. Correspondingly, the tail command prints just the last few lines.

$ head -5 /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

Census data
The US Census releases Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) on its website. We will use the 1% sample of Washington state's data, the file pums_53.dat, which can be downloaded here

$ head -2 pums_53.dat H000011715349 53010 99979997 70 15872 639800 120020103814700280300000300409 02040201010103020 0 0 014000000100001000 0100650020 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 05000000000004400000000010 76703521100000002640000000000 P00001170100001401000010420010110000010147030400100012005003202200000 005301000 000300530 53079 53 7602 76002020202020202200000400000000000000010005 30 53010 70 9997 99970101006100200000001047904431M 701049-20116010 520460000000001800000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000001800000018000208

Important note: The format of this data file is described in an excel spreadsheet that can be downloaded here.

Developer efficiency vs. computer efficiency
The techniques discussed here are usually extremely efficient in terms of developer time, but generally less efficient in terms of compute resources (CPU, I/O, memory). This kind of brute force and ignorance may be inelegant, but when you don't yet understand the scope of your problem, it is usually best to spend 30 seconds writing a program that will run for 3 hours than vice versa.

The online manual
The "man" command displays information about a given command (colloquially referred to as the command's "man page"). The online man pages are an extremely valuable resource; if you do any serious work with the commands presented here, you'll eventually read all their man pages top to bottom. In Unix literature the man page for a command (or function, or file) is typically referred to as command(n). The number "n" specifies a section of the manual to disambiguate entries which exist in multiple sections. So, passwd(1) is the man page for the passwd command, and passwd(5) is the man page for the passwd file. On a Linux system you ask for a certain section of the manual by giving the section number as the first argument as in "man 5 passwd". Here's what the man command has to say about itself:

$ man man man(1)                                                       man(1) NAME man - format and display the on-line manual pages manpath - determine user's search path for man pages SYNOPSIS man [-acdfFhkKtwW] [--path] [-m system] [-p string] [-C config_file] [-M pathlist] [-P pager] [-S section_list] [section] name ... DESCRIPTION man formats and displays the on-line manual pages. If you specify section, man only looks in that section of the manual. name is normally the name of the manual page, which is typically the name of a command, function, or        file. [...]


text:
User talk:Bschernekau

About your XML: Managing Data Exchange/ Web Services - ANSWERS page:

You made it blank. Do you want to delete it? If so, you can request a deletion by putting the tag on the page. Please do not leave blank pages on the wiki; they are confusing to readers. --Kernigh 00:02, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bschernekau


text:
Rueda de Casino/Candela

This move is from the Guapea position.

It is normally called with a number from 1 to 3 (Candela con una, Candela con dos, Candela con tres). If the number isn't specified, it's 2.

 * The leaders, on 1, turn away, letting go, and clap 1 to 3 times, then turn back and push as in Guapea.
 * The leaders, on 1, turn away again and clap 1 to 3 times, higher in the air, then turn back and push as in Guapea.
 * The leaders, on 1, turn away again and jump, clapping 1 to 3 times again, then push as in Guapea.
 * Return to Guapea.

title: Rueda de Casino/Candela


text:
Ad Hoc Data Analysis From The Unix Command Line/Standard Input, Standard Output, Redirection and Pipes

"This is the Unix philosophy: Write programs that do one thing and do it well. Write programs to work together. Write programs to handle text streams, because that is a universal interface."—Doug McIlroy, the inventor of Unix pipes

The commands I'm going to talk about here are called filters. Data passes through them and they modify it a bit on the way. These commands read data from their "standard input" and write data to their "standard output." By default, standard input is your keyboard and standard output is your screen. For example, the tr command is a filter that translates one set of characters to another. This invocation of tr turns all lower case characters to upper case characters:

$ tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]" hello HELLO i feel like shouting I FEEL LIKE SHOUTING [ctrl-d]

Ctrl-d is how you tell the command from the keyboard that you're done entering input.

You can tell your shell to connect standard output to a file instead of your screen using the ">" operator. The term for this is "redirection". One would talk about "redirecting" tr's output to a file. Later you can use the cat command to write the file to your screen.

$ tr a-z A-Z > tr_output this is a test [ctrl-d] $ cat tr_output THIS IS A TEST

Many Unix commands that take a file as an argument will read from standard input if not given a file. For example, the grep command searches a file for a string and prints the lines that match. If I wanted to find my entry in the password file I might say:

$ grep jrauser /etc/passwd jrauser:x:7777:100:John Rauser:/home/jrauser:/bin/bash

But I could also redirect a file to grep's standard input using "<" operator. You can see that the "<" and ">" operators are like little arrows that indicate the flow of data.

$ grep jrauser < /etc/passwd jrauser:x:7777:100:John Rauser:/home/jrauser:/bin/bash

You can use the pipe "|" operator to connect the standard output of one command to the standard input of the next. The cat command reads a file and writes it to its standard output, so yet another way to find my entry in the password file is:

$ cat /etc/passwd | grep jrauser jrauser:x:7777:100:John Rauser:/home/jrauser:/bin/bash

For a slightly more interesting example, the mail command will send a message it reads from standard input. Let's send my entry in the password file to me in an email.

$ cat /etc/passwd | grep jrauser | mail -s "passwd entry" jrauser@example.com

= Using output with headers =

In many situations, you end up with output that has a first line that is a header describing the data, and subsequent lines that are the data. An example is ps:

$ ps | head -5 PID TTY          TIME CMD 22313 ttys000   0:00.86 -bash 31537 ttys001   0:00.06 -bash 22341 ttys002   0:00.28 -bash 70093 ttys002   0:00.00 head -5

If you wish to manipulate the data but not the header use tail with -n switch to start at line 2. For example:

$ ps | tail -n +2 | grep bash | head -5 22313 ttys000   0:00.86 -bash 31537 ttys001   0:00.06 -bash 22341 ttys002   0:00.28 -bash 70120 ttys002   0:00.00 -bash

This output shows only "bash" processes (because of grep)


text:
User talk:Dbtutor

Added DarkBASIC Programming to bookshelf
Welcome to Wikibooks!

I added your new DarkBASIC Programming to the Programming languages bookshelf, the big list of books for programming languages. This will let other users at Wikibooks know that your new book exists.

I hope that you continue working on the DarkBASIC book. If the book becomes long, and you want to split it into multiple pages, read the instructions at Naming policy. --Kernigh 00:27, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dbtutor


text:
Ad Hoc Data Analysis From The Unix Command Line/Counting Part 1 - grep and wc

 * "90% of data analysis is counting" - John Rauser

...well, at least once you've figured out the right question to ask, which is, perhaps, the other 90%.

Example - Counting the size of a population
The simplest command for counting things is wc, which stands for word count. By default, wc prints the number of lines, words, and characters in a file.

$ wc pums_53.dat 85025 1219861 25659175 pums_53.dat

Nearly always we just want to count the number of lines (records), which can be done by giving the -l option to wc.

$ wc -l pums_53.dat 85025 pums_53.dat

Example - Using grep to select a subset
So, recalling that this is a 1% sample, there were 8.5 million people in Washington as of the 2000 census? Nope, the census data has two kinds of records, one for households and one for persons. The first character of a record, an H or P, indicates which kind of record it is. We can grep for and count just person records like this:

$ grep -c "^P" pums_53.dat 59150

The caret '^' means that the 'P' must occur at the beginning of the line. So there were about 5.9 million people in Washington State in 2000. Also interesting, the average household had 59,150/(85,025-59,150) = 2.3 people.


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Ad Hoc Data Analysis From The Unix Command Line/Picking The Data Apart With cut

Fixed width data
How many households had just 1 person? Referring to the file layout, we see that the 106th and 107th characters of a household record indicate the number of people in the household. We can use the cut command to pull out just that bit of data from each record. The argument -c106-107 instructs cut to print the 106th through 107th characters of each line. The head command prints just the first few lines of a file (or its standard input).

$ census_data>grep "^H" pums_53.dat | cut -c106-107 | head -5 03 02  03  02  02

You can give cut a comma separated list to pull out multiple ranges. To see the household id along with the number of occupants of the household:

$ census_data>grep "^H" pums_53.dat | cut -c2-8,106-107 | head -5 000011703 000024602  000231203  000242102  000250202

The -c argument is used for working with so called "fixed-width" data. Data where the columns of a record are found at certain offset in bytes from the beginning of a record. Fixed width data abounds on a Unix system. ls -l writes its output in a fixed width format:

$ ls -l /etc | head -5 total 6548 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          46 Dec  4 12:23 adjtime drwxr-xr-x   4 root     root        4096 Oct  8  2003 alchemist -rw-r--r--   1 root     root        1048 Aug 31  2001 aliases -rw-r--r--   1 root     root       12288 Oct  8  2003 aliases.db

As does ps:

$ ps -u' USER      PID %CPU %MEM   VSZ  RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND jrauser 26870  0.0  0.1  2576 1388 pts/0    S    09:45   0:00 /bin/bash jrauser  8943  0.0  0.0  2820  880 pts/0    R    12:58   0:00 ps -u

Returning to the question of how many 1 person households are there in Washington:

$ grep "^H" pums_53.dat | cut -c106-107 | grep -c 01 7192

7,192, or about 28% of households have only one occupant.

Delimited data
In delimited data, elements of a record are separated by a special 'delimiter' character. In the password file, fields are delimited by colons:

$ head -5 /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

The 7th column of the password file is the user's login shell. How many people use bash as their shell?

$ cut -d: -f7 /etc/passwd | grep -c /bin/bash  170

You can give either -c or -f a comma separated list, so to see a few users that use tcsh as their shell:

$ cut -d: -f1,7 /etc/passwd | grep /bin/tcsh | head -5 iglass:/bin/tcsh svowell:/bin/tcsh dsedaris:/bin/tcsh skine:/bin/tcsh jhitt:/bin/tcsh

Tricky delimiters
The space character is a common delimiter. Unfortunately, your shell probably discards all extra whitespace on the command line. You can sneak a space character past your shell by wrapping it in quotes, like: cut -d" " -f 5

The tab character is another common delimiter. It can be hard to spot, because on the screen it just looks like any other white space. The od (octal dump) command can give you insight into the precise formatting of a file. For instance I have a file which maps first names to genders (with 95% probability). When casually inspected, it looks like fixed width data:

$ head -5 gender.txt AARON          M  ABBEY           F  ABBIE           F  ABBY            F  ABDUL           M

But on closer inspection there are tab characters delimiting the columns:

$ od -bc gender.txt | head 0000000 101 101 122 117 116 040 040 040 040 040 040 011 115 012 101 102           A   A   R   O   N                          \t   M   \n  A   B  0000020 102 105 131 040 040 040 040 040 040 011 106 012 101 102 102 111 B  E   Y                          \t   F  \n   A   B   B   I  0000040 105 040 040 040 040 040 040 011 106 012 101 102 102 131 040 040 E                         \t   F  \n   A   B   B   Y  0000060 040 040 040 040 040 011 106 012 101 102 104 125 114 040 040 040 \t  F  \n   A   B   D   U   L  0000100 040 040 040 011 115 012 101 102 105 040 040 040 040 040 040 040 \t  M  \n   A   B   E

The first thing to do is read your system's manpage on "cut": it may already delimit by tab by default. If not, it requires a bit of trickery to get a tab character past your shell to the cut command. First, many shells have a feature called tab completion; when you hit tab they don't actually insert a tab, instead they attempt to figure out which file, directory or command you want and type that instead. In many shells you can overcome this special functionality by typing a control-v first. Whatever character you type after the control-v is literally inserted. Like a space character, you need to protect the tab character with quotes or the shell will discard it like any other white space separating pieces of the command line.

So to get the ratio of male first names to female first names I might run the following commands. Between the double quotes I typed control-v and then hit tab.

$ wc -l gender.txt 5017 gender.txt $ cut -d" " -f2 gender.txt | grep M | wc -l 1051 $ cut -d" " -f2 gender.txt | grep F | wc -l 3966

Apparently there's much more variation in female names than male names.

If your system's cut command delimits on tab, the above command becomes simply cut -f2 gender.txt.


text:
Talk:French/Cover

The cover page is confusing
I personally thing that this page should be replaced with French/Contents. This page is rather unintuitive and pointless. -Alan Trick (talk) 23:55, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Update: I noticed that this is the wikibook style. It still seems rather confusing in this case because there is a massive picture that links somewhere else and then the much smaller contents link beneath it -Alan Trick (talk) 01:49, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, this isn't the recommended style. I've just moved it. I'll be moving book discussion off this page to Talk:French now. --Swift (talk) 04:01, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I couldn't agree more! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.165.132.252 (talk • contribs) 22:07, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:French/Cover


text:
Orthopaedic Surgery/Cellular Biology

Cellular apoptosis is programmed cell death. The concept has been studied for a century but the idea of programmed cell death was first identified in 1964, and the greek term apoptosis referring to the falling of leaves in autumn coined to describe the process in 1972. In the average human 50 to 70 billion cells undergo aptoptosis, which makes room for cell renewal. Physiologic growth and development as well as tissue homeostatis rely on this ability. Injury results in a period of rapid cell proliferation which can extend over weeks yet at the end of several weeks, there may be the number of cells as there were a few weeks into the process, due to concommitant apoptosis. Orchestrated cell death and proliferation is going on similtaneously.

Under certain conditions a given cell needs to shut down for good,  Blunt trauma to cartilage of sufficient severity is associated by apoptosis of 35% of the cells. In vivo models of osteonecrosis of the femoral head due to glucocorticoids is associated with cellular apoptosis of the osteocyte with resultant loss of their mechanosensing function and with that loss of structural integrity resulting in joint collapse. The apoptosis caused by glucocorticoids in some cell lines in prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis, a point which emphasizes the active nature of the process. Many oncologic treatments work by inducing apoptosis in the neoplastic cell.

If there is a catastrophic failure, say a car crash for instance, if the engine is still going, the concern is for fire or explosion, in other words, wide spread damage due to the continued functioning of the aparatus. It may be that programmed cell death is useful overall in a similar way. If there is sufficient damage to a cell its continued function may it be detrimental to the organism as a whole making programmed cell death the best option.

If you have a breakdown say on a boat far away from land, it may be necessary to pirate the parts from something non essential in order to get the sail or the engine to work. In some cartilage injuries, especially if the full thickness of the cartilage is not violated, there is no migration of pluripotential cells to the sight of injury. The cells that undergo apoptosis, do they provide a local reservoir for recycling of parts, allowing for an in situ healing process?

If a virus infects a cell it takes over the reproductive aparatus for its own purpose. In such a case would not a mechanism for programmed cell death be desirable. Extrinsic triggering of apoptosis in an infected cell or a cell that had undergone malignant transformation is an essential defense mechanism. Not surprisingly then, the search word apoptosis in HighWire Press generates over one hundred thousand references.

Apoptosis is different than necrosis. It is an active process and highly regulated, an orchestrated suicide rather than an accidental demise of the cell. The process requires specific effectors, studies implicate an intrinsic mechanism involving translocation of the cytochrome c aparatus from the mitochondria initiated by a cascade of proteases called caspases. When the effectors are lost apoptosis may fail to occur and the cell continues to proliferate, evading the apoptosis inducing defense mechanism. We can't get to the shut down switch.

http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/full/1010/1/1

title: Orthopaedic Surgery/Cellular Biology


text:
Arabic/Plan

Phrase display
Provide the phrase/sentence/clause in arabetics:

ذهب الولد إلى المدرسة

Provide: Transliteration representing the phonemes: Dħahaba el waladu ilaà el madrasäti.

Transliteration representing newscast pronunciation: dħa-ha-bal-wa-la-du-i-lal-mad-ra-sa

Stopping pronunciation: dħa-hab al-wa-lad i-la al-mad-ra-sa

Non-stopping pronunciation: dħa-ha-bal-wa-lad-i-lal-mad-ra-sa-ti

Book Divisions

 * 1) Alphabet
 * 2) Basic Words and Reading, Subject Pronouns, Possessive adjectives
 * 3) Sentence fragments, questions, and basic sentences
 * 4) More sentences, Verbs
 * 5) Vocab and Morphology
 * 6) Verbs in depth

Order:
 * 1) Nouns
 * 2) Adjectives
 * 3) Two-word equational sentences
 * 4) Two-word Sentence Fragments (Adding adjectives)
 * 5) Three-word equational sentences
 * 6) Relative Pronouns: haadhaa, haadhihii
 * 7) Question words: what, and "hal"
 * 8) Subject Pronouns: anâ, anta, anti
 * 9) Making a equational sentence negative: laisa
 * 10) Linking verbs: badaa,
 * 11) More Linking Verbs: sžaara, asžbahža صار, أصبح
 * 12) Past of to be:kaana, and Negative:
 * 13) Negation of past of to be: maa kaana ما كان, lam yakun لم يكن
 * 14) Verb: "dhahaba", and preposition "ilaa" (only "dhahaba", and "dhahabat")
 * Names of places: madrasa, maktaba, maktab
 * 1) Possessive adjectives: my, our, his, her
 * 2) Coordinate conjunctions: and, but, or
 * 3) Genetive construction (إضافة)
 * 4) Preposition: fii في
 * ka, and mithlu كـَ, مِثْل
 * 1) huwa, hiya   هو, هي

Verbs
 * 1) to eat akala   أكل
 * 2) to drink: sharaba شرب
 * 3) Introduce 1st Person perfect: ex. akaltu
 * 4) to arrive: jaa'a جاء
 * 5) to come: ataa أتى
 * 6) to run: jaraa جرى

title: Arabic/Plan