text:
User talk:Ahc~enwikibooks

Removed from Freeware
thought this section would be better under opn source? Lobster 04:06, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

=
== First and foremost you need to find software that will run on your computer. All software will only run on a limited number of computer systems, and you do not want to waste time on software you cannot use (see Determining system hardware below). Most freeware packages come with a listing of basic system requirements, you should review that listing before downloading any software.

Secondly, you want to find software that will do the job you are trying to do. If you are looking for software to do a large important job you should spend a little time thinking about what features are important to you. You should also consider the speed of software and its reliability. 'Great software' that crashes is not as good as simple working programs. Sometimes it is better to use a smaller piece of software that a few things well rather then struggle with a larger package that is unstable, even if you loose some features. Know what features are important to you, and which you can live without.

Thirdly, it is important to know your source. Most of the time you can download and run software and everything will be wonderful, but there are people who may attempt to trick you into downloading and running their software, in order to take advantage of you. (You must particularly watch out for this if you run a version of Microsoft Windows.) One good way to avoid problems is to find reviews of the software from sources other then the site you are planning to download the software from (for instance if you can find a message board where the product is discussed at length and no one seems to have major problems that is often a good sign). Also make sure you have a good virus scanner (again this is more important on Windows) and scan for viruses after every installation. Some open source projects also use a type of encryption to ensure the software you download is the same as the software they published (insurance against a 3rd party tempering with the software), you should take advantage of these digital signatures whenever possible.

One common additional criteria is trying to use software that works on more then one operating system. While this by no means is a rule that must be followed it assures the user of maximum future software skills empowerment, and generally indicates a larger support community behind the software. some people consider programs written in Java a plus as they will also run on all major operating systems along with some mobile phones and PDA's. Sun has concentrated on improving Java and it is likely to find itself embedded in more consumer products). Programs written in C or other languages rely on someone recompiling and setting up for a new environment.

=
==

Probably can just be junked altogether. It doesn't belong in Open Source, but it's not really really written well enough to fit into Ahc 03:02, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Freeware
I apreciate your work on Freeware, especialy the tables/graphics. Maybe you would like to comment on my new project, Wikisolutions and maybe contribute. It should be nice to have tables and pictures for solutions, and make it to look nicer. Moa3333 21:45, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll take a look. Actually Lobster has done most of the work of creating graphics.--Ahc 15:05, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ahc. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ahc~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:55, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ahc~enwikibooks


text:
Quantum Mechanics/Fermions and Boson

The fermions are the particles that obey Pauli's exclusion principle, which states that two particles can not have the same quantic numbers. They also have non integer spin. The fermions are divided in two groups (by the standard model) : leptons and quarks. Some well known fermions are: the electron, muon, tau. They are described by the statistical laws stated by Fermi and Dirac.

The bosons do not obey Pauli's exclusion principle. They have integer spin (or zero). Some common bosons are: the photon, the graviton and the He 4 nuclei; mesons are included here. Bosons are described by statistical laws stated by Bose and Einstein.

Identical Particles
Fermions and bosons arise from the theory of identical particles. Consider two cars. Even if they are the same make and model, you can be fairly sure that there are tiny differences that make each car unique. If even that fails, you know which car is which based on which car is where. But electrons have no similar identifying marks. They only have simple properties, such as intrinsic spin, intrinsic parity, electric charge, and the like. To make it worse, they also may lack well-defined positions. If the wave functions of two electrons mix, when you force those functions to collapse through direct observation, which electron is which?

For a two particle system, if the two particles are not identical (i.e., are of different types), and their Hamiltonian is separable, we can write down their wave function simply. Let us assume that we have one particle in state a, and the other particle in state b. Since the particles are distinguishable, we can tell which particle is which.

$ \Psi(\mathbf{r}_1, \mathbf{r}_2) = \Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_1)\Psi_b (\mathbf{r}_2) $

This is a simple enough exercise. But what if we have the same situation with identical particles? Then we can't tell the difference between having particle 1 in state a, or having it in state b. All we know is that there are two particles, one is in state a and one is in state b.  To account for both of those states, we have to write the total state as a superposition of those two states.

The easiest way to write this, of course would be to write:

$ \Psi_{+}(\mathbf{r}_1, \mathbf{r}_2) = \frac{1} {\sqrt{2}}[\Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_1)\Psi_b (\mathbf{r}_2) {+} \Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_2)\Psi_b (\mathbf{r}_1)] $|undefined

But as we should know from our study of Quantum Mechanics so far, things are not quite this easy. There are actually two different final states that we can end up in, and this is only the first one. The second one is actually:

$ \Psi_{-}(\mathbf{r}_1, \mathbf{r}_2) = \frac{1} {\sqrt{2}}[\Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_1)\Psi_b (\mathbf{r}_2) - \Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_2)\Psi_b (\mathbf{r}_1)] $|undefined

The first expression is the symmetric expression, and the second is the anti-symmetric expression. That difference between + and - looks fairly insignificant, but it is perhaps the fundamental difference between elementary particles. To illustrate this, let us examine the peculiar case when we have two particles in the same state. If a and b are identical, then the symmetric expression is written as:

$ \Psi_{+}(\mathbf{r}_1, \mathbf{r}_2) = \frac{1} {\sqrt{2}}[\Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_1)\Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_2) + \Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_2)\Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_1)] $|undefined

an expression that is fairly easy to simplify. However, the anti-symmetric expression simplifies to something completely different:

$ \Psi_{-}(\mathbf{r}_1, \mathbf{r}_2) = \frac{1} {\sqrt{2}}[\Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_1)\Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_2) - \Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_2)\Psi_a (\mathbf{r}_1)] = 0 $|undefined

Because those two wave function expressions cancel out, the anti-symmetric wave function obeys a fundamental rule, no two identical, anti-symmetric particles can be in the same state. If they were, their wave functions would cancel out to zero, a physical impossibility! This is a theoretical derivation of the famed Pauli Exclusion Principle, whose effect on the world of Chemistry and Particle Physics has been tremendous.

Particles that are symmetric are referred to as bosons. If you examine Fermi and Bose statistics, you will find that bosons tend to congregate in the ground state, because there are no barriers to this accumulations. Anti-symmetric particles are known as fermions, and their inability to stay in the same state as their neighbors has lead to the intricate structure of electron valence orbitals.

Practically speaking, the difference between fermions and bosons is greatest when dealing with elementary particles. There bosons are the force carriers, particles like the graviton and the photon that are the mechanism by which particles interact. Fermions become the building blocks, out of which all matter is made. This distinction is one of the foundations of the Standard Model, a major topic which will be covered later in this book.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Quantum Mechanics/Fermions and Boson


text:
Cookbook:Potato Omelet

| Vegetarian | Breakfast | Omelet Recipes

This recipe is for an omelet with a potato filling.

Omelet

 * 5 eggs
 * 1 teaspoon white granulated sugar
 * ¼ teaspoon salt
 * ¼ teaspoon pepper
 * ½ cup (125 ml) milk
 * 1–2 tablespoons of butter or margarine (optional)

Filling

 * 1 potato, cut into ¼–½-inch (~1 cm) cubes
 * 1 small onion, minced or chopped
 * ½ cup (50 g) shredded cheese

Procedure

 * 1) In a bowl beat together eggs, sugar, salt and pepper. Mix in milk.
 * 2) Heat up two frying pans to a medium temperature.
 * 3) Use butter, margarine, or cooking spray to grease each pan.
 * 4) Add chopped potatoes to one pan.
 * 5) Cook potatoes until light brown, then add onions.
 * 6) Add half of egg mixture to the other pan.
 * 7) Cook omelet mixture until it starts to set (about 1 minute).
 * 8) Add onions, potatoes, and cheese on top of partially set omelet.
 * 9) Fold plain side of omelet over the filling and cook for an additional 30 seconds.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The goal is to get the filling cooked at about the same time the omelette is ready to be folded.

title: Cookbook:Potato Omelet


text:
Quechua/WordEnQu/Cat/Colours

This Module is part of the Quechua wikibook

Sources Cited

Noble, Judith and Jaime Lacasa. Introduction to Quechua: Language of the Andes. 2nd ed. Indianapolis, in: Dog Ear Publishing. 2007. 357-396. Print.

title: Quechua/WordEnQu/Cat/Colours


text:
Quechua/WordEnQu/Cat/Days

This Module is part of the Quechua wikibook

title: Quechua/WordEnQu/Cat/Days


text:
Quechua/WordEnQu/Cat/Months

This Module is part of the Quechua wikibook

Sources Cited Noble, Judith and Jaime Lacasa. Introduction to Quechua: Language of the Andes. 2nd ed. Indianapolis, in: Dog Ear Publishing. 2007. 357-396. Print

title: Quechua/WordEnQu/Cat/Months


text:
Quechua/WordEnQu/Cat/Seasons

This Module is part of the Quechua wikibook

Sources Cited Noble, Judith and Jaime Lacasa. Introduction to Quechua: Language of the Andes. 2nd ed. Indianapolis, in: Dog Ear Publishing. 2007. 357-396. Print.

title: Quechua/WordEnQu/Cat/Seasons


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Wikijunior:Big Cats/Snow leopard

Snow leopards dare to live where icy gales would freeze a human's blood in minutes. Their bodies are adapted to survive and thrive in an icy wilderness of breathtaking beauty and great danger. Until recently, no one had photographed a snow leopard in the wild.The first ever close-up pictures taken by humans were made by program Planet Earth, although very few people have had the privilege of seeing a snow leopard in its native habitat, much less taking its picture. The snow leopards seem to like it that way – they avoid humans with amazing skill. Their fur contains swirls of gray and black, much like the colors of the rocky outcrops where they live. This coloration provides such good camouflage that a snow leopard can seem to disappear just by staying still.

Where do snow leopards live?
Snow leopards live in the high mountains of China and Central Asia, particularly throughout the Himalayas. They typically have a hunting range or territory of 100 square miles (260 square km), because very few prey animals live in the harsh, mountain habitat that is home to the snow leopard.

In contrast to most of the inhabited regions, population of the snow leopard in Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh is increasing. Snow leopards can survive in very harsh conditions. They also live in snowy plains and Tundras

What do snow leopards look like?

Snow leopards have grey-and-white fur with long tails and rosettes on the flanks and spots on the head and neck, like jaguars. This color resembles the rocks and snow of their environment and helps them stalk their prey. Their tails are unusually long, thickly furred, and striped. Their paws are covered in fur to keep them warm and to act like snowshoes. During blizzards, they wrap their tail around their face, using it like a muff, to keep warm. Their eyes are round in shape, ranging from pale green to grey in colour. Male snow leopards weigh between 90-115 pounds (40-52 kg), and females weigh between 75-90 pounds (34-40 kg).

What do snow leopards eat, and how do they catch their prey?
Snow leopards eat almost anything they can catch, often hunting animals three times their size. Their main sources of food include wild sheep and goats, pikas, hares, and game birds. In the summer, they eat mostly smaller prey, such as marmots. At other times their prey includes wild boars, gazelles, markhor, Bobak, tahr, ibex, bharal, mice, and deer. The male and female snow leopards have slightly different food that they eat. They stalk their prey and usually begin their attack when they are 20 to 50 feet (6-15 m) away.

The snow leopard's broad paws act as snowshoes and give them traction as they chase their prey across the stone, snow, and icy surfaces. They are at their best when they can run across the hard, icy crusts that form above banks of deep snow while their hooved prey breaks through the crust, getting mired in the soft, underlying snow.

Fun facts

 * Snow leopards will attack prey weighing four times as much as themselves.
 * The large, thickly furred paws of the snow leopard act as built-in snowshoes.
 * Snow leopards have the thickest fur of all cats
 * Unlike most other big cats such as the lion, snow leopards cannot roar.
 * Snow leopards can run across rocky stone surfaces to get to their prey.
 * Their unusually long tail helps maintain balance in the rocky terrains
 * China is said to hold 60% of the snow leopard population—mostly along its far western border and across the Himalayas.
 * Snow Leopard light fur colour and design is used for camouflage in the mountains
 * They are almost extinct.
 * They are almost extinct.
 * They are almost extinct.
 * They are almost extinct.

 * Although concentrated mostly in Central Asia, they have a widespread distribution. They are also found in countries like India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Russia.

 * They prefer living in ridges, cliffs and rock outcrops. These locations are convenient because they provide camouflage for stalking and sneaking up on prey.

 * Although they share a similar name and appearance with the common leopard (Panthera pardus), genetic studies have suggested that snow leopards are more closely related to the tiger (Panthera tigris).

 * Despite the genetic similarities with tigers, snow leopards cannot roar. Instead, they chuff, growl, hiss, mew, and wail.

The classifications of the Snow Leopard
Kingdom; Animalia (Animal, not plant or fungi)

Phylum: Chordata (Animals with backbones)

Class: Mammalia (Have backbones, nourished with milk from young)

Order: Carnivora (Only eat meat) Family: Felidae (Biological family of cats)

Genus: Panthera (Large felines from African and Asian forests)

Scientific name/Species: Panthera uncia

For more information
WWF wildlife Next Topic: Clouded leopards
 * Wikipedia: Snow Leopard

ca:Viquijúnior:Grans felines/Lleopard de les neus Wikijunior Großkatzen/ Schneeleopard

title: Wikijunior:Big Cats/Snow leopard


text:
Talk:Physics Exercises/Physics problems

'Removed the question about anti-matter rocket. After thinking about it for a while, I realized that energy conservation is of NO CONSEQUENCE in rocket propulsion--the type of "collision" occuring in rocket propulsion is exactly the kind of collision (i.e. completely inelastic collision, in reverse, of course) that does not conserve energy (unless we include thermal energy, that is). Besides, having antimatter as "energy source" will give no propulsion as annihilation reaction will give off two photons, going in opposite direction (so that momentum is conserved), and no propulsion for the rocket unless there's a way to redirect those photons (and since annihilation reaction gives gamma rays, I'm not sure how those photons will be redirected--it goes right through most materials).

I know it was only a hypothetical question, but since it is unsolvable without more assumptions, please make sure that it can be solved (and is consistent with conservation of momentum) before reposting it. novakyu 13:23, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know what I was smoking there, but energy is always conserved, even in inelastic collisions. It's "inelastic" because it fails to conserve kinetic energy, but if we include energy in all its forms (including as rest masses), energy is always conserved. Looking at the date, I probably said that loooong before I understood relativity better. novakyu (talk) 07:57, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

For the question What is the average density of a planet if an orbital period of a spacecraft on a low orbit is N minutes ? I tried doing it, but I don't think it can be solved unless we are told what "low orbit" is. Is there a definition of "low orbit" or should we add that information as given (at a distance R or something like that)? novakyu 10:49, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The term low orbit generally refers to an orbit whose radius is approximately R (from the centre of the earth). This is the standard assumption that many courses make in finding orbital velocity, $$ \sqrt(gR) $$. I think it can be given though. studiesrule 10:49, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

all questions merged in
I merged in all "relevant" questions to appropriate sections in Physics Exercises and therefore am turning the module into a redirect. For future reference, these are the questions I did not merge in and why (feel free to add them in, if you can resolve issues I brought up here):

 * 1) What devices are affected by 0 gravity: common electric bulb, candle, mercury thermometer, spirit thermometer, minimum thermometer, hair hygrometer, psychrometer, mercury barometer, aneroid barometer, hypsometer, absorption refrigerator ?
 * 2) * Because this question didn't seem to be ... very quantitative, and it is very vague. To some degree, all these things are affected: electric bulb, when it burns out, it'll probably have blackened marking that's different from if it burned out under gravity; mercury barometer is obviously affected... on the whole, this question does not require much physical insight---more of a bunch of memorization of trivial objects that does not help the student understand the important matter. On the whole, this looks like one of those questions that is easier to come up with than it is to answer (I consider those to be a bad question, because it also means that the question-maker did not really work it through herself).
 * 3) What is the minimum height of a shot tower for a given shot size ?
 * 4) What is the maximum size of a shot that can be produced in a shot tower ?
 * 5) * Above two problems are excluded for the same reason, as follows: not enough information. The student has to look up a lot of information (like ... heat conductivity and emittivity of lead, assuming lead is used), and the essential physics is really "how long does it take for a shot to fall" (the other part, of how fast a spherical object would cool down under a "wind" is too complicated a problem for the student to calculate and should be stated far more clearly, rather than hidden in the term "shot tower").
 * 6) A simple lead-acid battery charger consists of a variable transformer, a rectifier, an ammeter, and a fuse. Why the fuse blows well before the current according to the ammeter reaches its rated value?
 * 7) * Again, not enough information. Questions such as "How are these elements connected? What does ammeter read?" should have been answered on the question. Also, the question seems to essentially shooting for the fact that most ammeters would read the average value, and assuming the rectifier hasn't been connected with a capacitor to smooth out the ripple, the maximum current would be higher than what ammeter reads. But if that's the case, the question-maker missed a far more practical fact of ... that there are such things as "slow-blow" fuses. And even assuming slow-blow fuses are not used, fuses essentially work by thermal heating, so if it's anything like 60 Hz input voltage, essential current that fuse "feels" would be the averaged current that is felt by the ammeter. On the whole, it's a sloppy question that requires more work by student than the questioner. In the case that this question was being asked by an actual mechanic who is wondering why this happens ... a simpler answer might be that the averaging time of the ammeter is far too long. Suppose the averaging time for the ammeter is 30 seconds and the current rises faster than that time scale---in that case, when th ammeter "reads" 10 A, actual current (say, averaged over 1 s) may be 15 A. In any case, this is a bad question; offers no physical insight at all.

title: Talk:Physics Exercises/Physics problems


text:
Category:Subject:Medicine

ja:カテゴリ:医学 th:หมวดหมู่:การแพทย์ ru:Категория:Медицина

title: Category:Subject:Medicine


text:
Japanese/Grammar/Grammar Assorted

Question Word + V-ても
No matter (who/what/when/where/etc.) 例： No matter how many times I see Titanic, it moves me. This soup is gross, no matter who tries it. No matter when you go to Comic Market, it's crowded. No matter how smart someone is, this problem is hard to understand.
 * タイタニックは何回見ても 感動(かんどう) します.
 * このスープは誰が飲んでみても、まずいです.
 * コミケットはいつ行っても、込んでいます.
 * どんなに頭のいい人でもこの 問題(もんだい) は分かりにくいです.

～まま
Do while leaving something in a certain state. While still ～.

* Note that these verbs are transitive. This is a little confusing because in English, we say "I left window open when I left the house." and in Japanese it would be 窓を開けたまま出かけた which is "I left the window in the state of having opened it when I left the house."

例： I went to bed with the lights still on. I went to bed without turning off the lights. (Same meaning as above example.) Please leave it like you found it. (Leave it like it is now.)
 * 電灯をつけたまま寝てしまった.
 * 電灯を消さないまま寝てしまった.
 * このままにしておいて下さい.

title: Japanese/Grammar/Grammar Assorted


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Text IO

is a GNAT implementation-defined package that offers Get_Line and Put_Line functions which work directly on unbounded strings. They are more efficient and easier to use than the standard functions.

Get_Line Unbounded_String; Get_Line (File : .File_Type) Unbounded_String;

Reads up to the end of the current line, returning the result as an unbounded string of appropriate length. If no File parameter is present, input is from Current_Input. Put     (U    : Unbounded_String); Put     (File : .File_Type;  U : Unbounded_String); Put_Line (U   : Unbounded_String); Put_Line (File : .File_Type; U : Unbounded_String);

These are equivalent to the standard Text_IO routines passed the value To_String (U), but operate more efficiently, because the extra copy of the argument is avoided.

In Ada 2005 the standard equivalent to this package is.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Libraries
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Unbounded
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Text_IO
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Text_IO.Unbounded_IO
 * Ada Programming/Input Output

Ada Reference Manual

|


text:
Robotics/Components/Actuation Devices

Actuation devices are the components of the robot that make it move (excluding your feet). Best known actuators are electric motors, servos and stepper motors and also pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders. Today there are new alternatives, some which wouldn't be out of place in a good SF-movie. One of the new types of actuators are Shape Memory Alloys (SMA). These are metal alloys that shrink or enlarge depending on how warm they are. Another new technique is the use of air-muscles.
 * 1) /Motors/
 * 2) /Shape Memory Alloys/
 * 3) /Air muscle/
 * 4) /Linear Electromagnetic/
 * 5) /Piezoelectric Actuators/
 * 6) Pneumatics/Hydraulics
 * 7) /Miniature internal combustion engines/

title: Robotics/Components/Actuation Devices


text:
Cookbook talk:Loukoumas (Greek Donuts with Honey) I

Warning
I have added a warning, originally added Eadmund about hot oil. I'm kind of neutral as to whether we should have warnings and you're welcome to remove it if you feel we shouldn't. However given this recipe does involve deep frying I felt it might be fair enough to include it. The reason it was removed was AFAIK because Eadmund's edits were mostly disruptive, removing metric measurements. This should be a lesson, to people, if you want to add constructive edits, don't be disruptive because you risk having all your edits reverted... Nil Einne 13:42, 25 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Serbian

Untitled
Okay, so the invitation: Whoever is speaking Serbian please contribute to this article. --ThomasK 17:04, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This is a great start, but it is my understanding that the Ijekavica dialect is used in Croatia, the Ekavica dialect is used in Serbia, while both are used in Bosnia. Maybe then it would be better to reserve Ekavski for Serbian and Ijekavski for Croatian. This is an ongoing debate, though there should probably at least be an explanation and distinction between the two dialects. Also, it would be more useful to write in the accents and to distinguish between long and short vowels, as that is the only differnce between words such as gràd (short vowel: hail) and grád (long vowel: city). --MitchC 15:55, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Dialect and other things
I'm studying Serbian in the Republika Srpska of Bosnia where the ijekavski dialect is used, but with mostly Serbian grammar and vocabulary. That's why the vocab is in that dialect. Maybe a good solution would be to add the ekavski version, where different, in italics or in brackets next to the ijekavski word.

Also, I think the page is getting too long and should be broken up into a few different pages: maybe one for grammar and one for vocab, to start with.

In fact, I want to break up the vocab further into separate lessons, which would be much more useful for someone trying to learn Serbian. User:Dannya222 12:32, 11 August 2005

I believe that Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian should be merged into ONE article (Serbo-Croatian) as they are the SAME language, separated by only a few minimal regional vocabulary differences. Having three is absolutely inefficient

I agree 100%, the page is too long. It'd be great to have real lessons with manageable chunks of vocab and grammar, but breaking it up into seperate grammar and vocabulary sections would be a great start.

As for the dialects, I think it is generally accepted that Ekavski is the main dialect of Serbian (and Serbia) while Ijekavski is that of Croatian; Serbian newspapers and websites use the Ekavica dialect, for example. So as this is an online book for Serbian, I think most students would want to learn the main and most common dialect of Serbian (in Serbia): Ekavski. But Ijekavski should also be included along with an explanation of the usage of different dialects in different regions. Thoughts? --MitchC 17:52, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

That's no true, Ekavski isn't the main Serbian dialect. Both Ekavski and Ijekavski are equal, although Ijekavski is older are more correct to use, since Serbian epic poems and other folk literature is written in it, Ijekavica is the language of Serbs from Montenegro, including Montenegrins, who speak Serbian, too (there's no "Montenegrin" language), Serbs from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbs from Croatia and Western Serbia. Only the people of the Southern, Eastern, Central, and Northern Serbia uses the Ekavica dialect. Plus, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, the most famous Serbian linguist, creator of the Modern Serbian language, was using Ijekavski dialect. When modern Serbian literary language was normed, Ijekavica (also spelled Jekavica) was adopted as the only dialect. Ekavica was accepted later, since the most of the Serbian cultural centres were in Ekavski region, the Northern Serbia (Belgrade, Novi Sad, Subotica...). Croatian language, however, was Ekavski at first, but later Croatian linguists (Ljudevit Gaj was the famous one) accepted Ijekavica. It's also not true that both Ekavica and Ijekavica are used in Bosnia. The whole Bosnia and Herzegovina is Ijekavski region. Difference between Serbian and Croatian isn't dialect, it's the script (of course, there are some words and phrases characteristic only for Croatian). While Serbian uses both Cyrillic and Latin script, Croatian language uses Latin executively. Bosnian uses both scripts, too, and it's more similar to Serbian than Croatian is. These three languages are very, very similar, and they have the same origin. A Serb, a Bosniak, a Montenegrin, and a Croat (native speakers of Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian languages) could always understand each other without any translating. That's why many linguists considered these languages as one single, called Serbo-Croatian or Croato-Serbian.--Ђорђе Д. Божовић 17:42, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Serbian


text:
Talk:Teaching Assistant in France Survival Guide/Preparation

What's the visa process like? If fairly painless, it might be worth stating as much. If not, it wouldn't hurt to touch on the topic. 199.8.171.180 19:08, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Tomos Moped/Sound Clicky

Blue only

title: Talk:Tomos Moped/Sound Clicky


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Cookbook:Organic

Organic food has both a popular meaning, and in some countries, a legal definition. In everyday conversation, it usually refers to all "naturally produced" foods, or the product of organic farming. As a legal and marketing term, it means certified organic. The distinction is important, as the two definitions can represent quite different products.

Types of organic food
Organic foods, like food in general, can be grouped into two categories, fresh and processed, based on production methods, availability and consumer perception.

Fresh food is seasonal and highly perishable. Fresh produce — vegetables and fruits — is the most available type of organic food, and closely associated with organic farming. It is often purchased directly from the growers, at farmers' markets, from on-farm stands, through speciality food stores, and through community-supported agriculture (CSA) projects.

Unprocessed animal products — organic meat, eggs, dairy — are less common. Prices can be higher than for conventional food, and availability is usually lower.

For fresh food, "organic" usually means:
 * produced without synthetic chemicals (e.g., fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, hormones)
 * free of genetically modified organisms
 * (often, but not necessarily) locally grown

Processed organic food products are rarely available, and prices are often higher. The majority of processed organics comes from large food conglomerates, as producing and marketing products like canned goods, frozen vegetables, prepared dishes and other convenience foods is often beyond the scope of small organic producers.

For processed organic food, the general definition is:
 * contains only (or at least a certain specified percentage of) organic ingredients
 * contains no artificial food additives
 * processed without artificial methods, materials and conditions (e.g., no chemical ripening, no food irradiation)

Identifying organic food
Organic consumers are generally looking for chemical-free, fresh or minimally processed food, and originally they had to buy directly from growers: Know your farmer, know your food was a practical reality. Organic food at first comprised mainly fresh vegetables. Personal definitions of what exactly constituted "organic" could be developed and verified through first-hand experience: talking to farmers and directly observing farm conditions and farming activities. Small farms could grow vegetables (and raise livestock) using organic farming practices, with or without certification, and this was more or less something the individual consumer could monitor.

As consumer demand for organic foods continues to increase, high volume sales through mass outlets, typically supermarkets, is rapidly replacing the direct farmer connection. For supermarket consumers, food production is not easily observable. Product labelling, like "certified organic", is relied on. Government regulations and third-party inspectors are looked to for assurance.

Modern food processing is complex and complicated. Commercial preparation methods, the use of food additives, the effects of packaging and storage, and the like are outside the first-hand experience of most people (including organic farmers). Traditional and minimally processed products, baked goods; and canned, frozen, and pickled fruits and vegetables, are somewhat easier for consumers to understand by comparison with home preparation methods, although home and mass-production techniques are quite different. For convenience foods, like frozen prepared foods, cooked breakfast cereals, and so forth, ingredients and methods are quite a mystery to most consumers. A "certified organic" label is usually the only way for consumers to trust that a processed product is "organic".

Organic food and preservatives
Unfortunately, there are no natural models for preserving food the way it's found in supermarkets. Today, food with a long shelf life is the cornerstone of the food industry, providing most of the revenue and profits. In wealthier locales, an impressive array of technologies is used to make food "last" longer: home refrigerators and freezers at the consumer end, and industrial and chemical practices applied along the food production chain, from seed to field to fridge or table.

In general, organic standards cover in detail this entire process, specifying what is an "organic" ingredient or practice. However, since there is little natural reference for preparing, for example, a precooked, frozen dinner, a "certified organic" label on such an item may be hard to understand. The main ingredients are one thing, the processes and additives used to assemble and preserve them are quite another.

Differences in Organic Food
Some of the differences that have been claimed for organic food are:
 * tastier: Organic advocates claim organic food tastes better because of the way it is produced, and because there is generally a greater variety to choose from. There is no body of scientific taste testing to consult.
 * more nutritious: Food produced under organic conditions are somehow structurally different from chemically-raised and processed products. This pro-organic claim is so far beyond the scope of modern science to prove or disprove. The complex make-up of food, the effect of growing and processing methods, and the internal interactions between people and their nutrients are largely unknown. Measurements of some food components — protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins and minerals, and so on — only account for the most obvious factors that have been identified so far, and research is minimal. However, there are scientific indications that, by favoring certain aspects of a plant's development, other aspects may be retarded, resulting in less nutritious food. A study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, entitled Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999, compared nutritional analysis of vegetables done in 1950 and in 1999, and found substantial decreases in six of 13 nutrients examined. Percentage reductions included 6% of protein and 38% of riboflavin. Reductions in calcium, phosphorus, iron and ascorbic acid were also found. The study, conducted at the Biochemical Institute, University of Texas, concluded that the most likely cause was the breeding of crops to maximize yield. Although not on the surface a strictly organic issue, plant breeding objectives for commercial production is completely integrated with industrialized, chemical-based farming.
 * non-toxic: Organic proponents point to potential problems with toxic residues from agricultural chemicals like pesticides. There is no argument that traces do not exist; however, it is widely held that: (a) they are well in "safe" limits (as established by government regulations); (b) washing and other recommended preparation methods eliminate any risk. One potentially relevant new areas is the principle of hormesis, an emerging outlook on the extreme low level effects of substances, that might suggest that exposure to minute quantities of toxic residues on foods may have as specific effects on humans.
 * better for the environment: By this argument, every food purchase supports the system that delivers it: if the large-scale chemical production methods are damaging to the environment, then people who buy these products are directly contributing to the problem. A recent UK study concluded that local food is best for the environment, and recommended food produced within a few miles radius as being the most advantageous. Insofar as organic food is often imported from long distances, local organics would seem environmentally to be the better bet.

To the consumer looking for self-education, a basic awareness of recent food history provides a useful context. Chemical agriculture and mass production of supermarket food have only been big business for about 50 years. During that period, radical changes in the way food is produced have been justified by quoting scientific studies and conducting large-scale advertising and publicity campaigns. In recent years, the negative longer-term effects of many chemical agriculture practices have become increasingly hard to deny, however, the lack of balanced agricultural and food research is still overwhelming. It is unlikely that anything near definitive scientific conclusions will be drawn for years, possibly decades. In the meantime, consumers have to either trust the existing standards and claims, or come to their own common sense conclusions.

Organic Standards
Various alternative organic standards are emerging. They generally bypass formal certification, and provide their own definition of organic food. One such, the Authentic Food standard, proposed by leading US organic farmer Eliot Coleman, includes criteria that are incompatible with current agribusiness:
 * All foods are produced by the growers who sell them.
 * Fresh fruits and vegetables, milk, eggs and meat products are produced within a 50-mile radius of their place of their final sale.
 * The seed and storage crops (grains, beans, nuts, potatoes, etc.) are produced within a 300-mile radius of their final sale.
 * Only traditional processed foods such as cheese, wine, bread and lactofermented products may claim, "Made with Authentic ingredients."

Particularly in developed nations, it is difficult to imagine not having the majority of products found in today's supermarkets. On the other hand, most of those products did not exist 100 years ago, and many of them are only a few decades old.

Legal definition of "Certified Organic"
In the United States, agricultural products that claim to be "organic" must adhere to the requirements of the Organic Food Production Act of 1990 (found in 7 U.S.C.A. § 6501-22) and the regulations (found in 7 C.F.R. Part 205) promulgated by the USDA through the National Organic Program ("NOP") under this act. These laws essential require that any product that claims to be organic must have been manufactured and handled according to specific NOP requirements.

Products that bear the Organic label come from farms and processing facilities that have been certified by a third party certifying organization to meet the USDA National Organic Standards.

The Standards are based on the following rule: any "natural" product may be used in organic production, except for a list of exemptions; and no "synthetic" products can be used in organic production, except for a list of exceptions. Organic farmers are required to have a working management plan, including crop rotation and integrated pest management strategies. They must show that the farm has been organic for at least 3 years before they receive certification.

Defining "natural" and "synthetic" and creating those lists of exemptions has been contentious. An important example of the exemptions that are allowed in organic production despite not being natural is synthetically produced insect pharamones used for management of insect pests, which are allowed provided that they are applied passively (allowed to dissipate from on sponges) rather than sprayed. These exemptions are justified in that they are extremely useful and completely non-toxic. An example of the "natural" products that are disallowed is lead arsenic, a naturally occurring compound that was widely used as an insecticide before DDT was invented. It is disallowed because it is highly toxic to all animals, including humans; it persists in the environment almost forever, and causes even more environmental damage than almost any synthetic insecticide.

title: Cookbook:Organic


text:
Talk:Spanish/The Wrong Way To Learn Spanish/Part 2

Wow, KKS. Good job! Moonlightembrace 07:40, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

What are the specific goals of the "simplification process" to be performed on the english text? Will the simplified text be stripped down to single-clause sentences, or will the vocabulary be simplified?

What exactly is intended here? I'd love to assist in any way possible. I've never wiki'ed before, though.

-KKS

Oh, I see.
I just did a diff on the 2 most recent versions and it was pretty clear what is being done. Cool.

-KKS

I gave it a go.
I gave it the "old college try". I hope my efforts are sufficient.

-KKS

Added next 3 paragraphs
My translation skills are poor at this point, but I'm eager to help with the english. Where will this be archived since the stated goal is to save server space?

Thanks,

-Kevin (KKS)

I'm keeping it in a text file for now.

-ME


text:
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title: User:Poccil/myskin.css


text:
Cookbook:Bean Jahni Soup

| Soups | Cuisine of Albania

Bean Jahni soup, Jani me fasule, is an Albanian dish of bean soup.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups of dry white beans
 * ½ cup chopped onions
 * ½ cup olive oil
 * 2 tablespoons tomato sauce
 * 1 tablespoon chopped parsley
 * 1 tablespoon chopped mint
 * Salt
 * Chile powder

Preparation

 * 1) Boil beans in hot water in an uncovered pot for 5 minutes. Rinse and boil for another 15 minutes in a covered stock pot in 3 cups hot water.
 * 2) Sauté onion in olive oil until it turns yellow. Add 2 tablespoons bean stock from the pot along with tomato sauce, parsley, salt and chili powder for taste. Cook for 10 minutes or until a thick sauce is formed, then pour everything into the pot.
 * 3) Add chopped mint, cover tightly and cook for 2 hours over low heat, or for 30 minutes in a pressure cooker. This should produce a thick juice, covering beans by ½ inch (1.5 cm). Serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Bean Jahni Soup


text:
Cookbook talk:Bean Jahni Soup

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 20:50, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2003-10-02T05:00:51Z] Dori ( new, needs editing )
 * [2003-10-02T05:18:30Z] Dysprosia ( intro )
 * [2003-12-27T20:33:06Z] Moink ( vfd )
 * [2004-08-02T13:44:20Z] Burschik ( added category )

title: Cookbook talk:Bean Jahni Soup


text:
Cookbook:Albanian Meat with Walnuts

Gjellë me arra is an Albanian dish of meat with walnuts. It is often made with veal or chicken.

Ingredients

 * 2 tbsp flour
 * 15 shelled walnuts, finely crushed
 * 2 egg yolks, beaten
 * 1 garlic clove, minced
 * ¼ lb (1 stick / 8 tbsp) butter
 * 2–3 lbs of veal or chicken meat, cut into 1-inch cubes

Procedure

 * 1) Place the meat or chicken in a saucepan, and cook over medium heat until tender.
 * 2) Remove the meat, and set it aside in a dish while leaving the remaining juices in the saucepan.
 * 3) In another saucepan, add the flour and stir over heat until it becomes light brown in color—do not overcook! Then, add half the butter.
 * 4) Add the walnuts, garlic, and egg yolks, stirring constantly.
 * 5) Add the meat juices from the other saucepan, and stir until all the ingredients thicken. Immediately remove from the heat to avoid solidifying the egg yolks. Fold in the meat.
 * 6) Pan fry the remaining half stick of butter until brown, and pour over the dish before serving.

title: Cookbook:Albanian Meat with Walnuts


text:
Cookbook talk:Albanian Meat with Walnuts

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 22:02, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2003-10-02T05:02:58Z] Dori ( new, needs editing )
 * [2003-10-02T05:18:33Z] Dysprosia ( intro )
 * [2003-12-27T20:33:26Z] Moink ( vfd )


text:
Cookbook:Tirana Fërgesë with Peppers

| Cuisine of Albania

Tirana Fergese with peppers (Fergesë e Tiranës me piperka), is an Albanian dish of peppers. It is sometimes served as an appetizer.

Ingredients

 * ½ lb green or red bell peppers
 * 1 lb red tomatoes
 * ½ lb salted cottage cheese or Greek feta cheese
 * 1 tablespoon flour
 * ¼ lb (1 stick) butter
 * 3 tablespoons virgin olive oil
 * Salt to taste
 * Black pepper to taste
 * Chili pepper to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Peel the skin off the tomatoes and peppers. Sauté them with the olive oil in a saucepan for 5–7 minutes. Set them aside to cool for 15 minutes.
 * 2) Chop the tomatoes and peppers the way you like.
 * 3) In another saucepan, melt the butter. Add flour, cottage cheese, and black pepper, salt, and chili pepper to taste. Mix all the ingredients together well, then stir into the vegetable mixture.
 * 4) Bake vegetable mixture in a preheated 350°F (175°C) oven for 15 minutes.
 * 5) Remove from oven and serve immediately.

title: Cookbook:Tirana Fërgesë with Peppers


text:
Cookbook:Tirana Fërgesë with Veal

| Cuisine of Albania

Fërgesë of Tirana with veal (Fergesë e Tiranës me Mish Viçi) is an Albanian dish.

Ingredients

 * 1 pound veal cutlets, cubed
 * ½ pound salted cottage cheese or Greek feta cheese
 * 1 tablespoon flour
 * ¼ lb (1 stick) butter
 * 3 tablespoons virgin olive oil
 * 1 medium-sized onion, diced

 * Salt
 * Black pepper
 * Chili pepper

Procedure

 * 1) In a saucepan, preheat the olive oil. Sauté the meat and onion for 15 minutes.
 * 2) In another saucepan, melt the butter and add flour, cottage cheese, and black pepper, salt and chili pepper to taste.
 * 3) Mix all the ingredients together (adding the sautéed meat and onions) in the saucepan.
 * 4) Bake in a preheated 350 °F oven for 15 minutes.
 * 5) Take out and serve immediately.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Instead of veal cutlets, beef liver can be used in the same quantity, following the same instructions as above.

title: Cookbook:Tirana Fërgesë with Veal


text:
Cookbook talk:Tirana Fërgesë with Veal

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 20:59, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2003-10-02T05:11:06Z] Dori ( new, needs editing )
 * [2003-10-02T05:14:38Z] Dysprosia ( intro )
 * [2003-12-27T20:34:09Z] Moink ( vfd )

Chili pepper?
What exactly is meant by chili pepper here? The term is ambiguous. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 01:36, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Tirana Fërgesë with Veal


text:
Cookbook:Garlic Lemon Dressing

Ingredients

 * 1 small clove garlic
 * 1 sprig rosemary
 * 1 strip lemon peel (1 x ½ inch)
 * ¾ cup olive oil
 * ¼ cup lemon juice

Procedure

 * 1) Place the garlic and rosemary on a cutting board and lightly crush with the flat side of a heavy knife.
 * 2) Put the rosemary, garlic and lemon peel in a clean bottle with a tight-fitting cap.
 * 3) Pour in the oil and lemon juice. Cap the bottle and shake well.
 * 4) Refrigerate and use within one week.
 * 5) Shake before serving. Drizzle on steamed vegetables, or seafood, pasta, potato salad, or other salads.

title: Cookbook:Garlic Lemon Dressing


text:
Cookbook talk:Garlic Lemon Dressing

This page should be split. Kellen T 06:06, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 21:56, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2003-10-02T05:29:23Z] Dori ( new, needs editing )
 * [2003-12-27T20:34:54Z] Moink ( vfd )

Recommendation for deletion
I have split this page, it now has only one recipe, and a very simple one at that.

It is only linked to by one cookbook article.

Jmsfwk (talk) 19:56, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Garlic Lemon Dressing


text:
Cookbook:Albanian Mixed Vegetables

| Cuisine of Albania

Several different dishes are called "mixed vegetables"; they all consist primarily of different kinds of vegetables cut into pieces and mixed together, then either served as-is or else cooked, typically by sautéing. This recipe is for an Albanian mixed vegetables dish called Turli perimesh.

Ingredients

 * 2 lbs of various vegetables (peppers, eggplant, okra, zucchini, potatoes, etc.)
 * ½ cup oil, divided
 * 1 cup chopped onion
 * 1 cup peeled chopped tomatoes
 * 1 tablespoon chopped parsley
 * Salt
 * Pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Cut off inedible tips of vegetables. Wash and slice them into 1-inch squares.
 * 2) Sauté vegetables in half the oil and remove them from the frying pan.
 * 3) Sauté onion and tomatoes in the remaining oil, and season with parsley, salt, and pepper.
 * 4) Put everything in a stock pot with a cup of water, cover tightly, and simmer until almost all moisture has cooked away.
 * 5) Serve hot, accompanied by steak, meatballs, or any other main dish.

Reference
This article contains information from Frosina.org and it is used with permission.

title: Cookbook:Albanian Mixed Vegetables


text:
Cookbook talk:Albanian Mixed Vegetables

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 22:13, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2003-10-02T05:05:27Z] Dori ( new, needs editing )
 * [2003-10-02T05:18:46Z] Dysprosia ( intro )
 * [2003-10-02T16:56:13Z] Stan Shebs ( not just albanian, plus wiki )
 * [2003-12-27T20:35:16Z] Moink ( vfd )
 * [2004-12-06T22:11:12Z] Poccil

title: Cookbook talk:Albanian Mixed Vegetables


text:
Cookbook:Albanian Stewed Fig Pudding

Stewed dry figs (hoshaf me fiq të thatë) is an Albanian pudding.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (240 g) white granulated sugar
 * 4 cups (900 ml) milk
 * 1 cup (240 g) finely-grated dried figs
 * Ground cinnamon

Procedure

 * 1) Stir sugar into milk, bring to a boil, and remove from heat. Gradually add figs, stirring continuously.
 * 2) Pour into earthenware serving bowls and bake in moderate oven (350°F or 180°C) for 10 minutes.
 * 3) Chill and sprinkle with cinnamon.
 * 4) Serve cold.

title: Cookbook:Albanian Stewed Fig Pudding


text:
Cookbook talk:Albanian Stewed Fig Pudding

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 22:15, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2003-10-02T05:06:39Z] Dori ( new, needs editing )
 * [2003-10-02T05:18:43Z] Dysprosia ( intro )
 * [2003-12-27T20:35:54Z] Moink ( vfd )
 * [2004-11-30T07:33:05Z] Cool Hand Luke ( modern VfD )


text:
Internet Technologies/Usenet

Usenet is a "network" of newsgroup servers (often run by ISPs) working together. Once connected to Usenet one can find everything from logical conversation to porn. One bad thing about Usenet is that it is often used to distribute warez, or illegal digital content like mp3s, Screeners, or cracked video games. In most cases Usenet is the first step in the life of warez. Unfortunately this has caused many newsgroup servers to block access to known warez newsgroups.

Usenet providers normally charge money for access but many ISPs have newsgroup servers running that their customers can access for free. So if you would like to check out Usenet first call your ISP and find out if they have a newsgroup server running.

title: Internet Technologies/Usenet


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/Displaying Chinese Characters

Note: Until a more complete in-house guide is made for this, see the external tutorials and resources at the bottom of the page.

See the directions under your operating system to quickly get your web browser to display Chinese characters.

Cross Platform

 * Make sure you have a Chinese font available. Find somewhere to look at the font lists, and see if you can see something like Chinese characters. If you have one, make it the default in your browser and check.
 * If you don't have a Chinese font:
 * 1) Download A font as in.
 * 2) Install the font. Use right-click install on Windows, the Font Book in Mac OS, or the method provided by your desktop environment in Linux.
 * 3) Make it the default selection in your browser. Just choose your favourite.

Windows Vista
Internet Explorer 7 in Windows Vista displays Chinese characters properly without any configuration.

For program written in non-Unicode, go to Control Panel --> Regional and Language Options --> Administrative tab --> Language for non-Unicode programs, set it to whatever Chinese language you want.

Windows XP
If Chinese character't display properly for you, first check if you need to install East Asian language support files. To do this:

 * 1) Click Start > Control Panel. Select the Date, Time, Regional and Language Options category, then click Regional and Language Options.
 * 2) On the Languages tab, select the checkbox labeled Install files for East Asian languages.
 * 3) Click OK when a dialog box appears informing you of the storage requirements for the language files (230 MB).
 * 4) Click OK on the Languages tab.
 * 5) Another dialog box appears requesting a Windows XP installation disk or network share location where the language support files are located. Insert a Windows XP installation CD or browse to the appropriate network location, and click OK. Windows may not always ask for an installation CD. Microsoft Windows installs the necessary files and prompts for you to restart the computer.
 * 6) Click Yes to restart the computer.

Windows 95, 98 or ME
In order to display Chinese characters properly, you need to download two packages from Microsoft.

If you don't have Office XP:
 * 1) Go to this Microsoft site.
 * 2) Select Chinese (Simplified) - with Language Pack in the dropdown box.
 * 3) Click Go.
 * 4) Download the file scmondo.exe, open it and follow the instructions.
 * 5) Do the same for Chinese (Traditional) - with Language Pack and then tcmondo.exe.

If you do have Office XP:
 * 1) Download this file and this one from Microsoft.
 * 2) Execute imechs.exe.
 * 3) Follow the instructions.
 * 4) Do the same for imecht.exe.

Mac OS
Mac OS (X) should support displaying Chinese characters natively. If it doesn't work, refer to.

Input

 * 1) Click the Apple icon on top left corner.
 * 2) Click System Preferences
 * 3) Click Language and Text icon
 * 4) Click Input Sources tab
 * 5) Tick Chinese Simplified, Pinyin and/or Trackpad Handwriting

(Handwriting feature only available in Snow Leopard or above)

To set up keyboard shortcuts for changing input language (Typical: command + space)
 * 1) Click the Apple icon on top left corner.
 * 2) Click System Preferences
 * 3) Click Keyboard icon
 * 4) Click Keyboard shortcuts tab
 * 5) Click Keyboard & Text Input in the column
 * 6) Check "Select next source in input menu".

Linux
Linux supports Sinitic fonts in a number of formats. in particular LaTeX CJK, and True Type among others.

Just make sure you are using a UTF-8 locale.

Tutorials

 * Univ. of Washington guide to CJK internet/email/word processing for Windows and Mac
 * Excellent guide to displaying Chinese characters for Windows, Mac and Linux.
 * Gentoo Linux Chinese Localisation Guide. ('emerge arphicfonts' to get characters showing in firefox!)

Programs

 * Adobe Reader Asian Font Packs - Allows the display of Asian fonts in Adobe PDF files.
 * NJStar Explorer - Free web browser with hassle-free CJK support as its goal.
 * Source Han Sans - An Apache-Licensed Sans/Hei(黑) font with a huge character coverage by Google and Adobe.
 * WenQuanYi - A set of GPL-Licensed Sans/Hei(黑) fonts by fangq and his community.
 * I.Open Source Fonts - Artistic Chinese fonts.


text:
Cookbook:Stracciatella II

| Soups

Tuscan soup or stracciatella is a simple soup consisting of broth or stock and eggs.

Ingredients

 * Stock
 * Eggs

Procedure

 * 1) Whip up 3–4 eggs.
 * 2) Gradually add hot stock to them, and keep on whisking them up until they begin to curdle.
 * 3) Keep the soup hot in a bain-marie.

title: Cookbook:Stracciatella II


text:
Cookbook talk:Stracciatella II

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 03:29, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2002-02-25T15:51:15Z] Conversion script ( Automated conversion )
 * [2003-07-11T10:53:57Z] Malcolm Farmer
 * [2004-08-02T15:35:10Z] Burschik ( added category )
 * [2004-09-18T16:02:32Z] Anthony DiPierro
 * [2004-10-16T11:45:31Z] Wetman ( or Stracciatella )
 * [2004-11-18T19:57:00Z] Triskaideka ( Please help out by clicking here to fix someone else's Wiki syntax )
 * [2004-11-18T20:23:08Z] Triskaideka ( + )
 * [2004-11-30T18:42:35Z] Mirv ( rm vfd, )

title: Cookbook talk:Stracciatella II


text:
Cookbook:Portobello Eggs

Ingredients

 * 4–5 large portobello mushrooms
 * 3 eggs
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Olive oil
 * Shredded Parmesan cheese

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350°F.
 * 2) Wipe mushrooms clean with a damp cloth, then remove stems and discard. Brush the outsides with olive oil.
 * 3) Beat eggs with salt and pepper.
 * 4) Set mushrooms on a cookie sheet and fill each with egg.
 * 5) Top with Parmesan cheese and bake until eggs are fully cooked (about 10 minutes).

title: Cookbook:Portobello Eggs


text:
Cookbook talk:Portobello Eggs

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 03:43, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2003-06-24T01:20:47Z] Pookel ( added recipe )
 * [2004-08-30T02:24:32Z] 68.205.198.0 ( Cleanup tag in..move this to wikibooks )
 * [2004-09-26T21:53:14Z] Cje ( Delete - this belongs in a cook book, not an encyclopedia )
 * [2004-09-27T14:48:26Z] Rossami

title: Cookbook talk:Portobello Eggs


text:
Van Dwelling/Shower

One of the hardest needs to satisfy well on the road is keeping clean.

Important Health Note:whenever you use public facilities, make sure you wear foot protection and touch as little of anything as possible. The recent outbreaks of antibiotic resistant staph and skin infections were all acquired in public facilities.

Gym club
If you can afford it, get a membership at a gym. For between $20 - $50.00/month, you'll have daily access to a hot shower and gym equipment.

Truck Stops
Flying J, Pilot, T/A, and other truck stops offer showers for $7 - $9 (current prices in 2007).

McDonald's/Grocery store
These are good for occasional use, but I always felt uncomfortable using them. It's pretty obvious what you're doing in the bathroom if you go in there bleary-eyed and unshaven, and come out clean, shaved, and well-coiffed. Avoid If you can

"Dundo"/ Sponge Bath method
This is the least water consuming method, and is the easiest method for keeping clean if you're living in a car or other small space.

You can keep reasonably clean at minimum, you will need about 1 quart of water. Heat half the water to boiling on a camp stove. Pour about a 2 cups of water into a bowl, and add a enough cold water to make the temperature comfortable. Wet a small dishrag or sponge with the water. Take off your top, and drape a towel over your shoulders. Wet your hair with the dishrag. Pour a small droplet of soap into your palm and work it into your hair. Repeat until you have a lather. Use as little soap as necessary, so that you don't have to use much water to rinse it out. Leave the soap in your hair to soak while you lather up your face and torso. Bend over a bowl, and pour water over your hair so it drains into the bowl.

Camping shower
A plastic bladder which is clear on one side and black on the other. It can be placed on the dashboard or anywhere in the sun to warm the water. Hang it from something(a tree or part of your van) and the water flows through a tube and out through a shower head. If you prefer to shower outside of your van be sure to find a secluded spot such as behind a grocery store or strip mall. Showering inside a plastic rain poncho can prevent indecent exposure. Fast drying travel towels composed of synthetic materials are available and often preferable over slow to dry cotton towels. Nearly identical towels are available for a much lower price in the automotive or housecleaning section of most grocery and big-box stores.

Built-in Heat Exchanger
Several systems exist for hooking up a hot water heater to your automobile's cooling system.

Truck Shower
There are commercial product for showering in a vehicle, typically designed for truckers. Its a little expensive at around $300.

title: Van Dwelling/Shower


text:
Cookbook:Orange Sherbet Smoothie

Ingredients

 * 2 large scoops of orange sherbet
 * 1 large scoop of vanilla ice cream
 * 6 ounces (170 g) Dr. Pepper (or equivalent) soda
 * 1 large squeeze of chocolate syrup
 * Dash of lime juice
 * 1 pinch of salt (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Combine all the ingredients in a blender.
 * 2) Blend until mixture is thin enough to pour out of blender into a glass.
 * 3) Enjoy with a spoon and/or soda straw.

title: Cookbook:Orange Sherbet Smoothie


text:
Cookbook talk:Orange Sherbet Smoothie

This page was transwikied from en.wikipedia.org. List of contributors: Poccil 03:49, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [2003-07-22T18:29:14Z] 207.233.79.220 ( Sherbet, ice cream and soda dessert )
 * [2003-07-22T18:39:13Z] 207.233.79.220 ( Sherbet, ice cream and soda dessert )
 * [2004-03-17T05:51:32Z] Valluvar
 * [2004-05-30T10:47:18Z] TreyHarris ( Categorized into Category:Desserts )
 * [2004-08-24T10:29:52Z] Nyh ( this belongs in a cookbook, not encyclopedia... )
 * [2004-10-20T06:24:06Z] 217.44.200.240 ( {subst:vfd in place of copy and paste of boiler plate text )
 * [2004-11-10T23:37:24Z] Rossami ( from VfD )

Original recipe by Gary Michael Zager, 1998

title: Cookbook talk:Orange Sherbet Smoothie


text:
Cookbook:Banana Curry

| Curry

Ingredients

 * 750 g banana (slightly unripe)
 * ½ teaspoon cumin seeds
 * ½ teaspoon turmeric powder
 * ½ teaspoon garam masala or good curry powder
 * 2 teaspoons lemon juice
 * ½ glass of milk
 * 4 tablespoons double cream
 * ½ teaspoon chile pepper powder
 * 30 g butter
 * some salt

Procedure

 * 1) Cut banana in 2 cm slices.
 * 2) Add milk, cream, garam masala (or curry) powder, chili, and lemon (add some salt) to the bananas.
 * 3) Melt butter, add cumin seeds and turmeric, and cook at medium low for a couple of minutes until a fragrant smell develops.
 * 4) Add bananas and their sauce.
 * 5) Cook on a gentle flame until ready (depends on banana's ripeness)—do not overcook.

title: Cookbook:Banana Curry


text:
Automobile Repair

If you're trying to repair your automobile, then it's very likely that something is wrong in the first place! The first step is diagnosing the problem. Once you figure out what's wrong, the next step is to remedy the problem. This may or may not involve replacing a part. The final step is putting everything back together.

 * /Introduction/
 * /Before you buy/
 * Diagnosing the problem
 * Steps to take before beginning any auto repair task
 * Why a Wikibook? And a list of reliable resources

Routine Maintenance Tasks

 * /Tire pressure/
 * /Checking the oil level/
 * /Spark plugs/
 * /Oil change/
 * /Radiator flush and fill/
 * /Research/
 * /Transmission fluid change/
 * Battery Checking
 * /Brake fluid change/
 * /Optimizing Fuel Economy/

Understanding Modern Cars

 * Understanding warning light system
 * What you can expect to learn and fix
 * The tire system
 * The engine system
 * The ignition system
 * The starting system
 * The electrical system
 * The cooling system
 * The suspension system
 * The emissions system
 * The fuel system
 * The battery and charging systems
 * The brake system
 * The transmission
 * Wheel alignment
 * "Smart" car systems
 * Electrical and Hybrid Cars

Cars By Make

 * /Acura/
 * /AMC/
 * /Audi/
 * /BMW/
 * /Buick/
 * /Cadillac/
 * /Chevrolet/
 * /Chrysler/
 * /Citroen/
 * /Daihatsu/
 * /DeLorean/
 * /Dodge/
 * /Fiat/
 * /Ford/
 * /Geo/
 * /GMC/
 * /Honda/
 * /Hyundai/
 * /Jaguar/
 * /Jeep/
 * /Kia/
 * /Land Rover/
 * /Lexus/
 * /Lincoln/
 * /Mercedes-Benz/
 * /Mercury/
 * /Mini/
 * /Mitsubishi/
 * /Nissan/
 * /Oldsmobile/
 * /Opel/
 * /Plymouth/
 * /Pontiac/
 * /Porsche/
 * /Proton/
 * /Renault/
 * /Saab/
 * /Saturn/
 * /Scion/
 * /Subaru/
 * /Tesla/
 * /Toyota/
 * /Volkswagen/
 * /Volvo/

Repair jobs to do yourself
There are many jobs which you can do yourself and save money, including:
 * /Replacing the fan belt/
 * Replacing the alternator on a 99 Mercury Cougar
 * /Engine Additives/
 * /Jump start/
 * /Flat tire/

title: Automobile Repair


text:
Persian/Lesson 2

In lesson 1, you learned some greetings, the first nine letters of the Persian Alphabet, and how to spell several words with those letters from right to left. You also learned that short vowels are usually not written, and that many letters change their shape depending on whether they connect with letters before or after them.

In this lesson, you will learn more formal greetings, the next eleven Persian letters and syllable stress.

Dialogue: ‹hâl-e šomâ cetor e?›
Arash sees Peyman:

 * }

Explanation
 * Arash and Peyman are using a more formal style of speech typically used to show respect. That is why they use the formal pronoun  instead of the informal  used in lesson 1.

Vocabulary

د ‹dâl›, ذ ‹zâl›
The next two Persian letters, shown on the right, have the same basic form, but only second one has a dot. Like ا ‹alef›, these two letters do not connect with the letter that follows them.

The letter represents the /d/ sound. It sits on the baseline and is written beginning at the top, ending at the bottom left. Its name sounds like the English word “doll”.

The Persian word is shown on the right. As shown, د does not join with the letter that follows it.

The letter is one of the “foreign” letters in Persian. In Arabic, it represents the consonant [ð], but Persian does not have that sound, so it is pronounced as the closest Persian sound. Thus, ذ ‹zâl› is one of four Persian letters pronounced /z/.

As shown in on the right, the letter ذ also does not join with the letter that follows it.

ر ‹re›, ز ‹ze›, ژ ‹že›
The next three Persian letters, also have the same basic form except for the dots. They are all written with a tail that drops well below the baseline. Like ا ‹alef›, د ‹dâl›, and ذ ‹zâl›, these three letters do not connect with the letter that follows them.

The letter is pronounced as [ɾ], that is, it is produced by striking the tongue against the roof of the mouth just behind the teeth, then expelling air over the middle of the tongue, similar to the r in the Scottish English pronunciation of free or the tt in the American English and Australian English better. Between vowels, it is often trilled like rr in the Spanish word perro. Its name, ‹re›, sounds similar to a quick pronunciation of the English word "ray".

As shown below the word, the letter ر does not join with the letter that follows it.

چ followed by ر and ا spells the word. Recall that ‹e›, like other short vowels, is not usually written in Persian.

The letter is the most common of the four ‹z› letters in Persian.

The word is shown on the right. Recall that ‹o› is usually not spelled in Persian words. Like ر, ز does not join with the letter that follows it.

The letter is transcribed in UniPers and here as ‹ž› and is pronounced as [ʒ], i.e. like the "g" in "mirage" or the s in measure and Persian. If you open your Persian-English dictionary at the letter ژ, you can see that it is not used in very many words. It occurs in many loanwords of French origin.

As shown in the word, ژ does not join with the letter that follows it.

س ‹sin›, ش ‹šin›
The next two Persian letters have the same shape, but one of them has no dots and the other has three.

The letter is the usual Persian letter for /s/. Its name sounds like the English word "seen".

As shown in the word on the right, the letter س joins with the letter that follows it.

The letter is pronounced as [ʃ], that is, like "sh" in English. It is transcribed in UniPers as ‹š›, but in other literature it may be transcribed as sh, sch, ʃ, or ş. Its name sounds like the English word “sheen”.

As shown in the word, the letter ش joins with the letter that follows it.

ص ‹sâd›, ض ‹zâd›
The next two Persian letters have the same shape, but only one has a dot.

The letter is the third Persian letter for the sound /s/.

As shown in the word, on the right, the letter ص joins with the letter that follows it.

The letter is another Persian letter for the sound /z/.

As shown in the word on the right, the letter ض joins with the letter that follows it.

ط ‹tâ›, ظ ‹zâ›
The next two Persian letters have the same shape, but only one has a dot.

The letter is another Persian letter for the sound /t/.

As shown in the word on the right, the letter ط joins with the letter that follows it.

The letter is another Persian letter for the sound /z/. It is rare and only appears in words of Arabic origin.

ظ joins with the letter that follows it.

Exercises

 * What are the names of and sounds represented by the following letters?

 * }

 * Read these words by breaking them down into their component parts.

 * }

 * See if you can recognize these familiar words:

 * }

Review
In this lesson, you learned some greetings, the first nine letters of the Persian Alphabet, and how to spell several words with those letters from right to left. You also learned that short vowels are usually not written, and that many letters change their shape depending on whether they connect with letters before or after them.

Below are all the core vocabulary words from lessons 1 and 2. The far right column shows the words in Persian script. Don't worry if you can't yet read the Persian script:

title: Persian/Lesson 2


text:
Persian/Lesson 3

In lessons 1 and 2, you learned some greetings, the first twenty letters of the Persian Alphabet, and how to spell several words with those letters. You also learned syllable stress in Persian words.

In this lesson, you will learn more about casual and formal speech, the next nine Persian letters, and more about short vowels in Persian.

Dialogue: ‹sobh bexeyr›
Hassan drops by to see his good friend Mohamad:

 * }

Explanation
 * Mohamad and Hassan are using a very casual style of speech because they are close friends. “Mamad” is a common nickname for people named Mohamad.  “Hassani” is a common nickname for people named “Hassan”.

Vocabulary

ع ‹’eyn›, غ ‹qeyn›
The next two letters have the same form except only one has a dot over it. The bottom hook in these letters is a tail that only appears in isolated and final position.

The Persian letter represents the sound [ʔ], i.e. the glottal stop in the middle of “uh-oh” in English. Traditionally, as well as in UniPers it is transcribed as ‹’›. Its name sounds something like the English word “main”, but beginning with a glottal stop instead of an m. The top loop sits on the baseline. When it is the last (or only) letter in a word, its lower loop hangs below the baseline. When another letter follows it, it has a different form.

As shown on the right, the letter ﻉ ‹’eyn› combines with the letter that follows it, e.g. with د in the word.

The Persian letter represents the sound [ɣ], that is, it is produced by placing the back part of the tongue against the soft palate and vibrating the vocal cords while pushing air from the lungs over the middle of the tongue.

The top loop sits on the baseline. When it is the last (or only) letter in a word, its lower loop hangs below the baseline. When another letter follows it, it has a different form.

As shown on the right, the letter ﻍ ‹qeyn› is used to spell.

ف ‹fe›, ق ‹qaf›
The next two letters are shown on the right.

The Persian letter sits on the baseline. Its name sounds like a quick pronunciation of "Faye".

As shown on the right, the letter ف ‹fe› combines with the letter that follows it, e.g. as the first letter in the word.

The Persian letter is pronounced like غ ‹qeyn›, i.e. like [ɣ]. The small loop sits on the baseline and the tail, when present, hangs below the baseline. Like other Persian letters with tails, the tail is only written when no other letter follows.

As shown on the right, the letter ﻕ ‹qaf› combines with the letter that follows, as in.

ک ‹kaf› and گ ‹gaf›
The next two letters are shown on the right.

The Persian letter sits on the baseline. The slash on top ( / ) is written after the connected strokes of the word, along with the dots in any of the word’s dotted letters. Its name sounds a bit like the English word “cough”.

As shown on the right, the letter ک combines with the letter that follows it, e.g. as the first letter in the word.

The Persian letter sits on the baseline. The two slashes on top ( // ) are written after the connected strokes of the word, along with the dots in any of the word’s dotted letters.

As shown on the right, the letter گ is used in the word.

ل ‹lâm›
The letter sits on the baseline and connects with the letter that follows it.

ل is the last letter in.

م ‹mim›
The Persian letter م is pronounced as /m/.

The Persian word, shown on the right, is an example of an initial alef without a “hat” ( ا ) used to indicate that the word begins with a short vowel, in this case, with ‹e›.

ن ‹nun›
The name of this letter "nun" is pronounced rhyming with "noon" and not "nun". Note the difference between nun and  be, in be the dot is below the curve and in nun it is above. The shape of nun is also narrower than the "be, pe, se, te" group of letters.

The Persian word is shown on the right. Note that the written form uses, indicating that the word should be pronounced as ‹nân›, but in standard Persian, is usually pronounced ‹un›, including the word.

Exercises

 * What are the names of and sounds represented by the following letters?

 * }

 * Read these words by breaking them down into their component parts.

 * }

Review
In this lesson, you learned ..., the next seven letters of the Persian Alphabet, and how to spell several words with those letters from right to left. You also learned about syllable stress in Persian words.

title: Persian/Lesson 3


text:
Conworld/Examples

Here are some links to pages — mostly Wikipedia articles — on some famous conworlds:
 * The World of Middle Earth by J.R.R Tolkien
 * The Dune Universe
 * The Star Trek Universe
 * The Star Wars Universe
 * The world of Westeros, Sothyros and the Free Cities by George R. R. Martin
 * Mark Rosenfelder's Almea
 * The Discworld of Terry Pratchett

title: Conworld/Examples


text:
Persian/Lesson 4

In lessons 1, 2, and 3, you learned some greetings, the first twenty-nine letters of the Persian Alphabet, and how to spell and pronounce several words with those letters.

In this lesson, you will learn the final three letters (ﻭ ‹vâv›, ﻩ ‹he› and ى ‹ye›), diacritics, and the remaining rules for reading and writing Persian vowels. You will also learn about a Persian tradition called ‹haft sin›.

Dialogue: ‹esm-e šomâ ci e?›
Reza meets Shirin:
 * The dialogue below and those in subsequent lessons are shown in both Persian script and UniPers. Some of the Persian letters used below are explained later in this lesson, so read the UniPers transcription for now, then come back to read the Persian script version after completing this lesson.

 * }

Explanation
 * Shirin meets Reza.

Vocabulary

و ‹vâv›
The letter و does not connect with the following letter. It is pronounced in different ways, depending on the word: ‹v›, ‹u›, or ‹o›.

The word is shown on the right, demonstrating that و ‹vâv› is pronounced as the consonant ‹v› in some words.

The word is shown on the right, demonstrating that و ‹vâv› is pronounced as the long vowel ‹u› in some words.

The long vowel sound ‹u› may also occur at the beginning of a word, in which case it is spelled with initial او, as demonstrated on the right in.

Some Persian words that were originally pronounced with the long vowel sound ‹u› are pronounced today with the sound ‹o›, but their spelling has not changed. So و sometimes represents the sound ‹o› in Modern Persian:

ه ‹he›
The letter is often pronounced like ‹h›, just like the Persian letter. To distinguish between them, a Persian speaker may specify by saying ‹he-ye jimi›, in reference to the similar form shared with. Or, because of the traditional arrangements of letters in chronograms, they may be distinguished as for  and  for.

The connecting forms of ه ‹he› are shown on the right in a typical Persian style. There are several variations, though, so you may run across any of the following:

At the end of a word, often is not pronounced as ‹h›, but just indicates that the word ends in the sound ‹e›:

ی ‹ye›
The last Persian letter,, has a few different pronunciations: ‹y›, ‹i›, or ‹ey›. Its isolated and final forms vary significantly from its initial and medial forms: It has a tail and no dots in the isolated and final forms, but it has two dots and no tail in the initial and medial forms,.

In, ی as the first letter of the word is pronounced ‹y›.

As the examples and  show on the right, ی as the second letter of the word is pronounced as ‹i›.

In, ی as the last letter of the word is pronounced as ‹i›.

 * }

Ligatures
Certain combinations of letters are written in a combined form known as a ligature.

When is followed by, they combine to form the ligature , as shown on the right.

The lâm-alef ligature appears in the greeting.

In an ezafe construction after a word ending in ‹he›, the ی is sometimes written in a small form over the ه, i.e. as. It looks like a hamze, and is considered such by some, but others consider this a ligature of ه‌ی.

Diacritics
Like the accent mark over the e in café, Persian diacritics (symbols written above or below the letters) are not actual letters in the Persian alphabet.

Tashdid is a mark that looks like a small, curly w, placed above a consonant to double or strengthen it. It may be omitted, but is used in many situations for clarity.

The symbol on the right is called. It is never at the beginning of a word and has different pronunciations, depending on whether it is in a native Persian word or one borrowed from Arabic.

In Persian words, hamze may be written over silent final ‹he› ( هٔ ), as shown on the right, to represent the sound ‹ye› in a construction called ‹ezâfe› that will be explained in Lesson 6. The hamze for this purpose is usually left unwritten and is only added for extra clarity. Rarely, it is used in the same way with words ending in ی (that is, ئ ).

Historically, Persian words with the sounds ‹âi› or ‹ui› were written with a hamze (that is, with ائی or وئی ) to show that the vowel sounds were separate, but today such words are usually written with a doubled ی (that is, ‹âi› is written as ایی and ‹ui› as ویی ) instead. Similarly, words ending with ‹ei› were once written as هٔ, but today that ending is written as ه‌ای.

As shown on the right, ئـ is used in some foreign words, like (from French juin), to show a transition between vowels.

 In words taken from Arabic, like the ones on the right, hamze may appear anywhere after the first letter of a word to represent a glottal stop [ʔ], i.e. the same ‹’› sound that represents. Usually, though, أ is written without the hamze, e.g.,.

At the end of an Arabic word, ء is usually silent and written by itself, e.g..

Arabic loanwords ending with a final are sometimes still spelled that way, but the final hamze in such words is silent, so the hamze is usually omitted. For example, is now usually written.

Short vowel marks
In children's books and some other learning resources, short vowel are marked using the following symbols:
 * , called or , is used to represent short ‹a›. E.g.
 * , called or, is used to represent ‹e›.
 * , called or, is used to represent ‹o›.

The short vowel diacritics may be doubled at the end of an Arabic loanword to indicate that the vowel is followed by ‹-n›, known as (also, ). In Arabic, the signs indicate grammatical case endings: (nominative),  (accusative), and  (genitive).

A related mark is, also called. It is used to indicate the absence of a vowel and is written as a superscripted o:

Exercises

 * What are the names of and sounds represented by the following letters?

 * Non-connecting letters.
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

 * Read these words by breaking them down into their component parts.

 * }

 * Determine which of these words has unwritten vowels (vowels not included in the spelling of the word).

 * }

 * See if you can recognize these familiar words.

 * }

Review
In this lesson, you learned the final letters of the Persian Alphabet and some diacritics. You also learned about a Persian tradition called ‹haft sin›.

Congratulations! You now know how to read, write, and pronounce Persian words!

title: Persian/Lesson 4


text:
Category:Subject:Philosophy

fr:Catégorie:Philosophie ko:분류:철학 th:หมวดหมู่:ปรัชญา

title: Category:Subject:Philosophy


text:
Persian/Lesson 5

In lessons 1 through 4, you learned some greetings and how to read, write, and pronounce Persian words.

In this lesson, you will learn about Persian verbs: their agreement with the subject, their location in a sentence, and how to conjugate the most common one,, in the simple present tense.

Dialogue:
Reza and Shirin have just met:

If you intend to help complete this dialogue, please see and Persian/Planning for suggestions that emphasize this lesson's topic: simple present tense forms of بودن.
 * colspan=5 |
 * colspan=5 |
 * }

Explanation
 * Shirin and Reza have just met.
 * While "âqâ" is an honorific used in Persian before Male given names, it is not translated to "Mr." in English.

Vocabulary

Subjects
In both English and Persian, sentences have subjects and verbs. In a sentence that expresses an action, the subject is usually the main actor or agent. In a sentence that makes a comment about a topic, the subject is usually that topic. A verb is a word like talk that expresses an action, or one like is that links the subject to the words that comment about it: Each sentence above, like all complete sentences in English and Persian, has a subject and a verb, even if the subject is only implied. Subjects have grammatical “number” and “person”:
 * First, second, or third person: indicates whether the speaker or addressee is included
 * Singular or plural number: indicates how many people or things are included

Grammatical person and number may be represented by the following pronouns:

Present tense forms of
Persian verbs are conjugated by adding suffixes, similar to the way English verbs like talk take the suffixes -s, -ed, and -ing to make verb forms like talks , talked , and talking . In Persian, though, the verb’s suffix clearly indicates its grammatical person and number. For example, the table on the right shows the simple present tense “full” forms of the Persian verb, consisting of the stem and various suffixes to indicate the person and number:

 * Say each of the personal pronouns from the table above. While saying each one, imagine and point to the people to whom the pronoun might refer.  For example, while saying, imagine another person next to you and point to that person and yourself.
 * Repeat the personal pronouns as above, but after each one, say the corresponding simple present tense full forms of from the table above.  For example, when saying, point to two imaginary addressees and then say.
 * }
 * }

The full simple present tense of appeared as  and  in the first and third lines of the dialogue above.

also appears in abbreviated form above, once as the word and once as the suffix  following. That's because the verb has both a full form using the stem  and a short form. The long form is a bit more formal in tone and often carries the sense of “exists”.

The short form is used more often than the long form, especially in casual speech. As shown below, most of the short form is written as suffixes (technically clitics since they attach to phrases rather than just words) like in , but the third person singular form is written as a separate word:  :

can be used with singular or plural subjects to express existence, like "there is" or "there are" in English.

For plural “animate” subjects (one that refers to multiple people or to a thing that might be thought to behave figuratively like multiple people), existence can also be expressed with the plural form.

Some sources disagree with this and say is only used as a copula, never used for existence.

Colloquially, may be a suffix pronounced ‹an› after consonant or ‹n› after vowel.

Word order
As the previous dialogues have shown, the verb usually comes last in a simple Persian sentence. For example, the last word in each Persian sentence below is a form of the verb :

Grammatically, subjects are optional in Persian. Since the suffix of a conjugated verb clearly indicates the number and person of the subject, subject pronouns are often omitted from Persian sentences, except when used for emphasis.

Exercises

 * Translate the following Persian sentences into English:

 * }

Fill in the blanks.
 * Fill in the blank with someone's name.
 * Fill in the blank with an occupation (e.g. ), a role (e.g. ), or a nationality (e.g. ).
 * Fill in the blank with an occupation.
 * to ask about someone's nationality
 * or other nationalities
 * Translate the following English sentences into Persian:
 * to ask about someone's nationality
 * or other nationalities
 * Translate the following English sentences into Persian:
 * Translate the following English sentences into Persian:
 * Translate the following English sentences into Persian:
 * Translate the following English sentences into Persian:

 * }

Review
In this lesson, you learned how to conjugate two sets of simple present tense forms of the Persian verb ....

title: Persian/Lesson 5


text:
User:GerardM

Meta - nl:WikiWoordenboek - en:Wiktionary - Kladblok

My name is Gerard, I am from the Netherlands. I am intrested in cacti and succulent plants and have created a database on them. The information is largely based on info from IPNI, (IPNI website), created in Microsoft Access and is open source.

Because of this work I am interested in things like taxonomy. I am interested in ecology, have written some articles about area's that are important like the "Oostvaarderplassen" and the "Gelderse poort". (both are in the GOOGLE top 5). My MO is to have a topic and make sure that it relates to a lot of additional pages; the "Gelderse poort" is about rivers and fish, so I started my native fish project.

Projects

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 * Native trees in Belgium and the Netherlands
 * Project to describe plants in our language, a milestone is currently every 250 new articles
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 * To have a word for every language and create a tool to copy translations between the various wiktionaries.
 * en:WikiWoordenboek (Wiktionary in the Dutch language)
 * To have a word for every language and create a tool to copy translations between the various wiktionaries.

Contact
Please leave any messages on my talk page or  leave a new message.

Skype
I can be found as gerardmeijssen on Skype. :)

Thanks, Gerard

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