text:
User talk:Aarno

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:04, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Aarno


text:
User talk:Ma5abre

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:10, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ma5abre


text:
Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Number Theory/Basic Results (Divisibility)

Definition of divisibility
An integer b is divisible by an integer a, not zero, if there exists an integer x such that b = ax and we write $$ a|b $$. In case b is not divisible by a, we write $$ a \nmid b$$. For example $$ 3|6$$ and $$ 4 \nmid 6$$.

If $$ a | b$$ and 0 < a < b then a is called a proper divisor of b. The notation $$ a^k || b$$ is used to indicate that $$ a^k | b$$ but $$ a^{k+1} \nmid b$$. For example $$ 3||6$$.

Basic properties

 * 1) $$ a|b$$ implies $$ a|bc$$ for any integer c.
 * 2) $$ a|b$$ and $$ b|c$$ imply $$ a|c$$.
 * 3) $$ a|b$$ and $$ a|c$$ imply $$ a|(bx + cy)$$ for any integers x and y.
 * 4) $$ a|b$$ and $$ b|a$$ imply $$ a=\pm b$$.
 * 5) $$ a|b$$, a > 0, b > 0, imply $$a \le b$$.
 * 6) If $$ m \ne 0$$, $$ a|b$$ implies and is implied by $$ ma|mb$$.

Proof:
 * 1) Clearly if $$ a | b$$ then $$\exists$$ x such that b = ax. Then bc = a(xc) = ay and so $$ a | bc$$.
 * 2) $$ a | b$$ and $$ b | c$$ imply that m,n exist such that b = am and c = bn. Then clearly c = bn = (am)n = ap and so $$ a | c$$.
 * 3) $$ a | b$$ and $$ a | c$$ imply existence of m,n such that b = am and c = an so that bx + cy = amx + any = az and so $$ a | bx + cy$$.
 * 4) $$ a | b$$ and $$ b | a$$ imply that m,n exist such that b = am and a = bn. Then a  = bn = amn and so mn = 1. The only choice for m and n is to be simultaneously 1 or -1. In either case we have the result.
 * 5) b = ax for some x > 0 as otherwise a and b would have opposite signs. So b = (a + a + ...) x times $$ \ge $$ a.
 * 6) $$ a | b$$ implies b = ax for some x which imples mb = amx i.e. $$ ma | mb$$. Conversely $$ ma | mb$$ implies mb = max from which b = ax and so $$ a | b$$ follows.

Remarks:
 * Properties 2 and 3 can be extended by the principle of mathematical induction to any finite set. That is, $$ a_1 | a_2$$, $$ a_2 | a_3$$, $$ a_3 | a_4 \cdots a_{k-1} | a_k$$ implies $$ a_1 | a_k$$; and $$ a | b_1$$, $$ a | b_2 \cdots a | b_n$$ implies that $$ a | \sum_{j=1}^n b_jx _j$$ for any integers $$x_j$$.
 * Property 4 uses the fact that the only units in the set of integers are 1 and -1. (A unit in a ring is an element which possesses a multiplicative inverse.)

The division algorithm
Specifically, the division algorithm states that given two integers a and d, with d ≠ 0

There exist unique integers q and r such that a = qd + r and 0 ≤ r < | d |, where | d | denotes the absolute value of d.

Note: The integer
 * q is called the quotient
 * r is called the remainder
 * d is called the divisor
 * a is called the dividend

Proof: The proof consists of two parts — first, the proof of the existence of q and r, and secondly, the proof of the uniqueness of q and r.

Let us first consider existence.

Consider the set

 * $$S = \left\{a - nd : n \in \mathbb{Z}\right\}$$

We claim that S contains at least one nonnegative integer. There are two cases to consider.

 * If d < 0, then −d > 0, and by the Archimedean property, there is a nonnegative integer n such that (−d)n ≥ −a, i.e. a − dn ≥ 0.
 * If d > 0, then again by the Archimedean property, there is a nonnegative integer n such that dn ≥ −a, i.e. a − d(−n) = a + dn ≥ 0.

In either case, we have shown that S contains a nonnegative integer. This means we can apply the well-ordering principle, and deduce that S contains a least nonnegative integer r. If we now let q = (a − r)/d, then q and r are integers and a = qd + r.

It only remains to show that 0 ≤ r < |d|. The first inequality holds because of the choice of r as a nonnegative integer. To show the last (strict) inequality, suppose that r ≥ |d|. Since d ≠ 0, r > 0, and again d > 0 or d < 0.

 * If d > 0, then r ≥ d implies a-qd ≥ d. This implies that a-qd-d ≥0, further implying that a-(q+1)d ≥ 0.  Therefore, a-(q+1)d is in S and, since a-(q+1)d=r-d with d>0 we know a-(q+1)d 0 was not really the least nonnegative integer in S, after all. This is a contradiction, and so we must have r < |d|. This completes the proof of the existence of q and r.

Now let us consider uniqueness.

Suppose there exists q, q' , r, r'  with 0 ≤ r, r'  < |d| such that a = dq + r and a = dq'  + r' . Without loss of generality we may assume that q ≤ q' .

Subtracting the two equations yields: d(q' - q) = (r - r' ).

If d > 0 then r'  ≤ r and r < d ≤ d+r' , and so (r-r' ) < d. Similarly, if d < 0 then r ≤ r'        and r' < -d ≤ -d+r, and so -(r- r' ) < -d. Combining these yields |r- r' | < |d|.

The original equation implies that |d| divides |r- r' |; therefore either |d| ≤ |r- 'r' | (if |r- r' | > 0 so that |d| is also > 0 and property 5 of Basic Properties above holds), or |r- r' |=0. Because we just established that |r-r' | < |d|, we may conclude that the first possibility cannot hold. Thus, r=r' . Substituting this into the original two equations quickly yields dq = dq'  and, since we assumed d is not 0, it must be the case that q = q'  proving uniqueness. Remarks:
 * The name division algorithm is something of a misnomer, as it is a theorem, not an algorithm, i.e. a well-defined procedure for achieving a specific task.
 * There is nothing particularly special about the set of remainders {0, 1, ..., |d| − 1}. We could use any set of |d| integers, such that every integer is congruent to one of the integers in the set. This particular set of remainders is very convenient, but it is not the only choice.


text:
User:Jorge Morais

I am an user and administrator ( check ) at pt.wikibooks. I live in Brasília and I am here mainly for minor editions.

pt:Usuário:Jorge Morais

title: User:Jorge Morais


text:
User:Mvdvarrier

Hello, I am a linux freek from India (Kerala,palakkad,ottappalam) I want to communicate with persons who have intrest in GNU/Linux. So Feel free to contact me at mvdvarrier@rediff.com

title: User:Mvdvarrier


text:
Cookbook:Honey Gingerbread Cookies

| Cake

Honey gingerbread is a simple and easy to prepare cookie. It may be decorated if desired.

Cookies

 * 500 g all-purpose flour
 * 125 g butter
 * 190 g powdered sugar
 * 1 tablespoon honey
 * 3 eggs
 * 1 teaspoon cinnamon
 * 1 teaspoon baking soda
 * 4 clove

Decoration

 * 1 egg white
 * 150 g or more powdered sugar

Cookies

 * 1) Combine all ingredients in a bowl except 1 egg, and mix until a smooth dough is obtained.
 * 2) Put the last egg in a cup or small bowl and beat it.
 * 3) Divide the dough into 5–6 portions. Take one portion and roll it out about 3 mm thick.
 * 4) Use cookie cutters to cut out shapes. Transfer cookies to a parchment-lined baking sheet.
 * 5) When the baking sheet is full, use the beaten egg to glaze the cookies.
 * 6) Bake at 180°C for a few minutes, until the cookies are light brown.
 * 7) Repeat with the remaining dough.

Decoration

 * 1) Mix the egg white and sugar to make an icing. You may need to add more sugar if the mixture is not firm enough.
 * 2) Place the icing in a piping bag or other plastic bag. Cut a small hole (~1 mm) in the tip.
 * 3) Squeeze the bag to pipe out the icing and decorate the cookies.

title: Cookbook:Honey Gingerbread Cookies


text:
User:Anonymous Dissident

Meta | Matrix

Anonymous Dissident (none) — edits, talk, subpages | work

. content pages. users. edits.

title: User:Anonymous Dissident


text:
Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Archaeology

What is Archaeology?

In a nutshell, Archaeology is the science of finding and examining the things (artifacts or artefacts) which we find there and concluding something about the people and their civilizations who created these objects previously existed in that place. These artefacts can be found both on land and under the sea, and can range from spears made from mammoth bones to an entire city.

Archaeology exists because the wind and dust covers and exposes ancient relics by turns called erosion and stratification. Plants grow in the dust and fix these things more or less in the place that they were discarded. Sometimes, people simply destroy old buildings in order to build new things in the same place, and archaeological sites are routinely exposed in modern cities when new roads or drains are required.

Some of these 'city site' remains can be quite recent, whilst others date from the time when people first settled into agricultural routines and built the first towns and cities, which we think may have occurred about 50,000 years ago, when the remains of clothes, furniture fence-posts and fixed house foundations appear alongside earlier tools and weapons.

Dating archaeological 'finds'
We can discover when things got buried by a number of simple techniques: mainly by noticing the pattern of strata in the earth, and comparing that with growth-rings in trees that are buried nearby. As trees grow, they form rings, which are bigger in 'good' years and smaller in worse conditions. By comparing the size and nature of growth rings in trees of different ages we can build up a sort of 'historical calendar' of good and bad years.

Some other plants prosper in times that trees put down broad rings, others do better in the 'thin-ring' years. By comparing the seeds and plant debris in successive sedimentary layers, we can make an informed guess about when any particular layer was laid down, and thus the age of things buried within it. This science is called Dendrology (from Greek δένδρον, dendron, "tree"; and -λογία, -logia, to know).

Sometimes archaeologists are lucky, and find a scrap of pottery or art-work which will confirm or dispute their age assessment. This is often because similar pieces should appear in strata of similar ages.

More recently archaeology has advanced by the use of carbon dating. A naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (14C) is formed in carbon-rich materials, and disintegrates slowly over time. By analyzing the rate of decay, it is possible to estimate the age of ash, plant and animal remains up to about 60,000 years old. By good luck, this seems to be about the time of the earliest truly human activity.

True or False?
However, archaeology is an art, as much as science! When sea-fossils were first found in mountains, they were thought to be 'figured stones' placed there by God for man's delight, rather than detritus from some ancient sea-bed, as now seems more probable. The truth is, we really do not know for sure. Scientists use the balance of probability that one conclusion is more likely to be right than several other, competing ideas.

That is why scientific researchers today always try to separate their observations from the methods and equipment they used to make measurements, and from their conclusions, so that later generations, with a better understanding, can review their evidence and improve our collective understanding of the past.

That is why, at school, in science, we are taught to use the five steps of scientific investigation. Let's use the Ma Wan Men as an example. First, we must observe the things around us - or the geographical environment, in this case. Ma Wan is a harbour, so people may fish there easily. Then we set a hypothesis, e.g. that a New Stone Age culture lived there. This is very probable as a neolithic culture had been found in nearby Sham Wan as well as in the Mainland.

Next, we must conduct an experiment to figure out whether our hypothesis is correct. However, we must, of course, find te artefacts before we can experiment! So the archaeologists used different tools to unearth tombs, pottery and other artefacts. They figure out that the finds may date back to 4000BC.* Then they think about the rock carvings that they found nearby. Perhaps people might go there for religious rituals, then go fishing! Then, if they go fishing, they might date back to at least the Middle Stone Age. Then they see traces of houses. Yes! It had got to be the old stone age. This process is called the 'recording' and 'analising' of data in science, and is a bit like the DBQs you face and fear in your history tests.

Finally, the archaeologists draw a conclusion that Ma Wan had been populated by an ancient people that was related to the Baiyue tribe (The one that Qin Shihuangdi conquered after conquering the states of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi. He built the Linqu for the soldiers so that they can fight, remember?)

Always remember! Science contains NO absolute truth NOR ANY incontrovertible wisdom. Rather it is a perpetual discussion and review between informed people with different experiences, from which balance of probability our collective human understanding will, we hope, improve!

* Though 4000BC is the time when the Metal Age started, remember that some places, such as Hong Kong, did not start their Metal Ages till 1500BC.


text:
User talk:Anonymous Dissident

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 10:07, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks Herby. --- Anonymous Dissident  Talk 10:27, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Ancient History
I saw you editing the Introduction page earlier. Do you have any desire to work on the project? I'm currently in the process of gathering interested editors. Νεοπτόλεμος 00:36, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, I will certainly help you out. I will join. I may just not be as active on it as I am with astronomy. --- Anonymous Dissident  Talk 00:46, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Any particular section you're interested in? Νεοπτόλεμος 01:44, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Think I'll get to work on the introduction. --- Anonymous Dissident  Talk 07:46, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'd appreciate your input here if you have any suggestions for a standardized layout for the book. Νεοπτόλεμος 05:08, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Deletion type stuff
Saw a speedy you tagged. Don't disagree but there "sort of" is content so I'll leave it for someone else for now I think. This project really does do things a little differently in some ways....:) One template that is useful & does get used is qr-em - may be handy for you.  The pace here is a little slower than some places we know!  Cheers -- Herby  talk thyme 08:46, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, thanks for the advice, I'll take things a wee bit slower. - Anonymous Dissident  Talk 09:04, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't worry about it - I never did! - just saying how it is. The work you are doing is good too - thanks -- Herby  talk thyme 12:22, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

"better image"
That template is used in lots of places, and shouldn't be changed without need. Unless there's agreement of more than just you to change it, please don't. I respect that you're trying to better the project, but that icon just doesn't fit in with the others; that's why we didn't use it. Also, it's used in - one icon per template for clarity. This note may seem abrupt - it's late here; forgive me. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:21, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

 * No, not abrupt at all, I understand. I just thought that the image was more fitting; I don't really care either way. Thanks, --- Anonymous Dissident  Talk 07:32, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Naming
I'm pretty sure that Astronomy/Core of the Black Hole: The Theory of the Naked Singularity should be named Astronomy/Core of the Black Hole/The Theory of the Naked Singularity as the ":" is almost only used as a mainspace designator. Cheers -- Herby talk thyme 13:30, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Right, I see, I will rename, but to "The theory of the naked singularity, because its not a subchapter of "Core of the black hole". Cheers, - Anonymous Dissident  Talk 15:23, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Your nomination
...let me show you it. Let me show you your nomination. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:56, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * done – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:23, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, thank you for that. --- Anonymous Dissident  Talk 23:08, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Your patrols look good; keep it up! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:55, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks Mike. - Anonymous Dissident  Talk 12:47, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Template:Test
I like that edit, I think it makes the template sound so much friendlier. (PS: you're still on holiday at the top of this page) Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 11:45, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
 * LOL! I never saw it!! Thanks for telling me, and thanks for the appreciation. :) - Anonymous Dissident  Talk 11:47, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Haha, no problem. Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 11:47, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

I added the tag for you...
You added AAVE to VfD but forgot to tag it, just to let you know I did it for you... --Panic (talk) 14:00, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * slaps self on forehead* - my mistake. Sorry. - Anonymous Dissident  Talk 21:31, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Traveled / travelled
I noticed that you edited A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Kinematics, and replaced a load of 'travelled's with 'traveled'. Since this textbook is for a UK exam specification, should these be left as the British English spelling 'travelled', or should all pages on the English wikibooks be in US English? (There isn't a British English wikibooks.) --Sjlegg (talk) 13:12, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I am unsure of protocol here... I think it can be interchangeable. I think travelled would be better, as it happens, informed as I am that it is for the UK. - Anonymous Dissident  Talk 16:10, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anonymous Dissident


text:
The Rowers of Vanity Fair

This book provides an annotated set of caricatures from the British weekly Vanity Fair (1868 - 1914), who were featured as rowers or who had a connection with rowing though featured on some other basis. They are listed chronologically by their rowing years, not by the date they happened to appear in Vanity Fair. As noted in the Introduction, the initial set by Wiki author Wat Bradford are of fifty-nine men who rowed in the Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race or at the Henley regatta, or appeared mainly in connection with rowing, but Wiki contributors are welcome to add others who have a rowing connection (such as Thomas Brock); please just be clear what it is.

Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * Editors, Authors, and Artists of Vanity Fair

1839 - 1854: New Traditions

 * 1) Northcote, Stafford Henry (Earl of Iddesleigh) - "He Does His Duty to His Party, and Is Fortunate if It Happens to Be His Duty to His Country" - Ape - October 8, 1870 - The 1836 Eton v. Westminster Boat Race
 * 2) Brett, William Baliol (Lord Esher) - "Popular Judgment" - Ape - January 1, 1876 - The 1838 Cambridge v. Leander Boat Race
 * 3) Boscawen, Evelyn (Viscount Falmouth) - "Never Bets" - Spy - September 1, 1877 - Gambling and Aquatic Nobbling
 * 4) Denman, George - "He Was an Ornament on the Bench" - Stuff - November 19, 1892 - The 1841 Boat Race
 * 5) Waddington, William Henry - "France at the Congress" - T. - September 28, 1878 - The Thames Conservancy
 * 6) De Rutzen, Albert - "A Model Magistrate" - WAG - August 16, 1900
 * 7) Hornby, John James (Provost of Eton) - "The Head" - Spy - January 31, 1901 - The War of the Ribbons
 * 8) Chitty, Joseph William - "The Umpire" - Spy - March 28, 1885 - The Four Secrets of Chitty's Success
 * 9) Peel, Arthur Wellesley (Viscount Peel) - "The Speaker" - Spy - July 2, 1887 - Brutal Athletes and Effeminate Fops
 * 10) Macnaghten, Edward - "He Succeeded Lord Blackburn" - Spy - October 31, 1895 - Sporting Judges

1855 - 1871: Dr. Warre and Fixed-Seat Orthodoxy

 * 1) Warre, Edmond - "The Head" - Spy - June 20, 1885 - On the Grammar of Rowing
 * 2) Smith, Archibald Levin - "3rd Commissioner" - Spy - November 3, 1888 - The 1859 Boat Race: Cambridge Sinks, Smith Too
 * 3) Channell, Arthur Moseley - "An Amiable Judge" - Spy - February 17, 1898 - How to Choose an Oarsman
 * 4) Carter, John Corrie - “Steered Three Winning Crews” - WH - July 3, 1912 - "My Garments Expansion Require"
 * 5) Lawes, Charles Bennett - “Athlete and Sculptor” - Verheyden -May 12, 1883 - Belt v Lawes
 * 6) Dilke, Charles Wentworth - “A Far Advanced Radical” - Coïdé - November 25, 1871 - Crawford v. Crawford
 * 7) Brassey, Albert - “The Master of the Heythrop” - Spy - March 15, 1906 - Blazers
 * 8) Rasch, Frederic Carne - “South-East Essex” - Spy - April 2, 1896 - The 1869 Oxford v. Harvard Boat Race
 * 9) Smith, Ernest John Heriz - “Pembroke” - Hay - January 28, 1888 - Sporting Heads of Colleges

1872 - 1889: Sliding Seats

 * 1) Brock, Thomas - “The Queen's Memorial” - Spy - September 25, 1905 - The 1872 London v. Atalanta Boat Race
 * 2) Brooks, Frederick Vincent - “A Master Craftsman” - WH - September 18, 1912 - Rowing Pictures
 * 3) Lord Barnard (Henry de Vere Vane) - “Raby Castle” - GAF - December 15, 1898
 * 4) Bankes, John Eldon - “Good Form” - Spy - March 29, 1906 - Henley Society and Houseboats
 * 5) Eaton, Herbert Francis (Major General Lord Cheylesmore) - “Brown” - (Spy) - October 31, 1891; and “Arms and Sport” - Ray - July 17, 1912 - Oarsmen at War
 * 6) Fuller-Acland-Hood, Alexander (Baron St. Audries) - "First Conservative Whip" - Spy - November 26, 1903
 * 7) Compton, Lord Alwyne Frederick - “North Bedfordshire” - Spy - April 3, 1902
 * 8) Vincent, Edgar (Viscount D’Abernon) - “Eastern Finance” - Spy - April 20, 1899 - To a Henley Minstrel
 * 9) Angle, Bernard Jack - “Jack in the Box” - F.C.G. - April 5, 1890 - Henley 1878: Thames R.C. in the Grand
 * 10) Grenfell, William Henry (Lord Desborough) - “Taplow Court” - Spy - December 20, 1890 - The 1877 Boat Race: The Dead Heat
 * 11) Lehmann, Rudolf Chambers - “Rudy” - Spy - January 17, 1895 - "The Perfect Oar"
 * 12) Rowe, George Duncan - “A Celebrated Oarsman who prefers cricket to rowing and golf to both” - Spy - July 4, 1906 - Toilettes for Henley Week
 * 13) Shearman, Montague - “A.A.A.” - WAG - July 4, 1895 - The 1878 Boat Race: Oxford Sliding
 * 14) Baring, John (Lord Revelstoke) - “Barings” - Spy - August 11, 1898
 * 15) McCalmont, Harry Leslie Blundell - “Mr. H.L.B. McCalmont” - Spy - October 5, 1889; and “Giralda” - Spy - January 9, 1896 - Henley 1880: Eton in the Ladies'
 * 16) de Havilland, Reginald Suarez - “Havvy” - Spy - July 4, 1901 - The 1884 Torpids
 * 17) McLean, Douglas Hamilton - “Ducker” - Spy - April 8, 1897 - The 1887 Boat Race: McLean's Broken Oar
 * 18) McKenna, Reginald - “In the Winning Crew” - Spy - October 31, 1906; and “The Universal Puzzle Is: Find Mr. McKenna” - Owl - April 23, 1913 - Early Fairbairnism
 * 19) Pemberton, Max - “A Puritan’s Wife” - Spy - February 4, 1897 - Punts Amuck
 * 20) Searle, Henry Ernest - “H. Searle/ Professional Champion Sculler of the World” - Spy - September 7, 1889 - Professional Sculling
 * 21) Douglas-Scott-Montagu, John Walter Edward - “A Southern Scott” - Spy - October 8, 1896
 * 22) Muttlebury, Stanley Duff - “One of the Presidents” - Spy - March 22, 1890 - The 1890 Boat Race, Part I: “A Poorer Lot than Usual”

1890 - 1898: Oxford’s Decade
The 1896 Boat Race]]
 * 1) Nickalls, Guy - “Wingfield Sculls” - Spy - July 20, 1889 - The 1908 London Olympics: Nickalls’ Finale
 * 2) Smith, William Frederick Danvers (Viscount Hambleden) - “Head of the greatest publishing house in Christendom” - Spy - December 8, 1904 - Problems in Pairs
 * 3) Forster, Robert Henry - “Bill” - ELF - July 6, 1910 - A Boat Race Fantasy
 * 4) Lord Ampthill (Oliver Arthur Villiers Russell) - “O.U.B.C.” - Spy - March 21, 1891 - The 1890 Boat Race, Part II: Tom Nickalls’ Insider Trading
 * 5) Fletcher, William Alfred Littledale - “Flea” - Spy - March 18, 1893 - University Sports, Part II: “The Serious Side”
 * 6) Cotton, Hugh Benjamin - "Benjie" - Spy - March 15, 1894 - The 1893 Boat Race: Oxford's Health
 * 7) Fogg-Elliot, Charles Thurston - “Fogg” - Spy - March 22, 1894 - Henley 1893: A Woodgate Sampler
 * 8) Pitman, Charles Murray - “O.U.B.C.” - Spy - March 28, 1895 - The Silvery Thames
 * 9) [[/Crum_WE|Crum, Walter Erskine - “Crumbo” - Spy - March 19, 1896 -
 * 1) Guinness, Rupert Edward Cecil Lee (Lord Iveagh) - “Rupert” - Spy - November 9, 1905 - Henley 1895 and 1896: The Diamond Sculls
 * 2) Gold, Harcourt Gilbey - “Tarka” - Spy - March 23, 1899 - Romance and Rowing

1899 - 1914: Fairbairnism and Foreigners

 * 1) Dudley-Ward, William - "C.U.B.C." - Spy - March 29, 1900 - The 1899 Boat Race
 * 2) Hemmerde, Edward G. - "The New Recorder" - Spy - May 19, 1909 - Romance and Rowing, Part II: “In Which a Hero of Henley Suffers Adversity”
 * 3) Etherington-Smith, Raymond Broadley - “Ethel” - Spy - August 5, 1908 - Staleness in Oarsmen
 * 4) Chapman, Wilfrid Hubert - “C.U.B.C.” - Spy - April 2, 1903 - Henley 1901: Leander v. University of Pennsylvania
 * 5) Johnstone, Banner Carruthers - “Bush” - Spy - July 3, 1907 - Henley 1906: The Debate on Foreign Entries
 * 6) Stuart, Douglas Cecil Rees - “Duggie” - Spy - March 13, 1907 - Stuart on Styles
 * 7) Bourne, Robert Croft - “A Good Stroke” - Ape Junior - March 29, 1911 - The 1911 Boat Race
 * 8) Swann, Sydney Ernest - “The Light Blue Stroke” - WH - April 3, 1912 - The 1912 Stockholm Olympics: English Decadence

title: The Rowers of Vanity Fair


text:
The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Cotton HB

“Benjie” (Spy), March 15, 1894
''The youngest son of the late Lord Justice Cotton, he was born two-and-twenty years ago, went to “Badger” Hale’s House at Eton, and began his aquatic career by steering an Eton Trial Eight to victory. Then he got promoted to an oar, and rowed in a winning Trial; yet did not row in the Eton Eight. Three and a-half years ago he went to Magdalen, Oxford; and being an Eton boy who was found able to pull a lively oar, he became bow of the Dark Blue Eight two years ago. He kept that place last year, and he will again fill it on Saturday; having in the meantime been improved into the smallest President of a University Boat Club on record. For his College he has twice rowed Head of the River. He has also won the University Fours and the University Pairs; while at Henley he has helped a Leander crew to win the Grand Challenge, and his College to win the Stewards’ Cup.''

''He is a very muscular, good-looking little fellow of five and a-half feet in height, whose proper weight is ten stone. He is a rather retiring, yet quite independent, amiable boy who can say nasty things when he likes with effect; and he is strong in his antipathies. He is reading law for his Final School, and he reads it at odd times; yet he loves his Shakespeare and is a hardened theatre-goer. He is President of Vincent’s.''

They call him “Ben” and “Benjie”; and they say that he confidently expects to show Cambridge the way to Mortlake on Saturday.

For a five-and-half footer to become a winning oarsman is unusual; to win the Boat Race four times and the Grand twice, remarkable. Hugh Benjamin Cotton (1872-95) did so, albeit with help from crews that outweighed him at least two stone a man (other than the cox, of course). Another of Nickall’s “absolute classics” --  at bow, where he always rowed -- Cotton was the only man in the winning 1895 Oxford boat not to get influenza during race week. But soon thereafter a “severe attack of inflammation of the lungs” kept him out of Henley and the Oxford summer races, and that fall he succumbed to consumption from a chill caught at Oxford while coaching in the floods, and passed away on October 22. In response to his death and those of two other Oxford oarsmen a year and a half later, their coach, Rudie Lehmann, mustered the evidence to show that rowing per se was not the culprit. More sympathetically and for Cotton alone, Lehmann also penned an elegy, “Frater Ave Atque Vale,” concluding:

 * Though lost and dead, you die not here;
 * And, wheresoever men may range
 * Who once at Oxford held you dear
 * And called you friend, you know no change:
 * Still shall we see you stride along,
 * Smiling and resolute and strong.

 * We shall grow old, but you abide
 * In all our hearts as staunch and true
 * And young as when on Thames’s tide
 * You gripped your oar and won your Blue --
 * But hush! I hear the passing bell,
 * Oh dearest friend, farewell, farewell

The 1893 Boat Race: Oxford’s Health
For the 1893 Boat Race, O.U.B.C. President W.A.L. Fletcher needed a No. 7.  He gave one man a long trial, only to find him physically unfit and forbidden to row by the doctors. When he filled the hole with C.M. Pitman, his preferred stroke, new medical problems sprouted: Vivian Nickalls went ill and Fletcher himself got a strain. Training suffered, which showed in the race as W.B. Woodgate noted in Vanity Fair (March 25, 1893):

''The rowing of Oxford was very good in style. The men did not seem to last so well as their style would presuppose. Some of them had been seedy, and work had been shut off; no long rows for fourteen days. The effect of this was that some of them, especially those who had not been invalids, were decidedly gross and overweight, making them short of wind. Nos. 3 and 4, for instance, had put on flesh like prize cattle, and seemed to be blowing badly. No blame to them; healthy men naturally put on flesh when work is light, and in an eight some often get too little work, while others get too much.''

title: The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Cotton HB


text:
The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Introduction

Introduction by Wiki Author Wat Bradford
The serene profile of William Dudley-Ward caught my eye in the fall of 1986. His Vanity Fair print was posted in a bookstore window near Trinity College, Cambridge, where he had been C.U.B.C. President in 1900. Finding the £40 asking price a bit steep for a student budget, I shrugged and walked on, later to reconsider and start sliding down the collector’s slippery slope. At first content with only a few, I soon bought more prints, then will power gave way and finding the rest became an obsession, and then it occurred to me that obtaining the full official list might not complete the collection.

The problem lay in the cataloguing. Over 2300 prints were published in Vanity Fair in its lifetime (1868 - 1914), roughly one a week. The editors never published a comprehensive list but did from time to time offer select groups for sale, such as this one August 5, 1908, the date rower R.B. Etherington-Smith appeared:

The following

UNIVERSITY OARSMEN

HAVE ALREADY APPEARED IN "VANITY FAIR."

_________________________

The price of the above set of twenty-two Pictures is 15s.; or, well framed, from 1s. 9d. each extra. They will be sent, carriage paid, to any address (on receipt of remittance) by the Publisher, 33, Strand, London, W.C.

_________________________

Unfortunately, the list is incomplete as it omits men such as J.J. Hornby, the Provost of Eton, who rowed for Oxford in 1849. It also omits accomplished oarsmen who happened not to row at “University,” i.e., Oxford or Cambridge. H.E. Searle, “Professional Champion Sculler of the World” in 1889, and B.J. Angle, who won the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley in 1878 with Thames R.C., come to mind. Moreover, the list stretches by including three men – Crossley, Bowen, and Jordan -- who may have rowed for their college but not their university.

Somewhat better are the lists later compiled by various dealers and collectors that classify the prints based on the appearance of the subject in Vanity Fair and the accompanying biographical notes. One of the more definitive lists, from Clive A. Burden, Inc., comprises sixty-eight categories. “Sports -- Rowing” lists twenty-two entries, consisting mainly of Oxford and Cambridge rowers and coaches from 1889 to 1912, plus Mr. Searle, the lone professional. But the Clive Burden list, and others like it, omits several men whose connection to rowing was at least as significant as those listed, but who were catalogued differently because they appeared in Vanity Fair for other reasons. J.W. Chitty, for instance, rowed for Oxford in three Boat Races and umpired the event from 1857-71 and 1873-80, but appeared in Vanity Fair as a chancery judge and thus is catalogued among the 200 or so “Legals.”

So who are the rowers of Vanity Fair ? If one finds Vanity Fair ’s list of “University Oarsmen” and the somewhat different Clive Burden list too limiting, the question becomes subjective. One might opt for every man who ever rowed at school, university, or in a club. That would inflate the headcount, due largely to the number of old Etonians who appeared in Vanity Fair at some point in their lives. Or one might raise the bar to admit only those who were genuinely successful on the river. That would cut back the number and improve average quality, but would still be subjective and would knock out one from Clive Burden, Rev. E.J.H. Smith of Pembroke College, Cambridge ( Vanity Fair, January 28, 1888), whose greatest aquatic accomplishment was as a coach “animating the toils of the fifth boat.” I have taken a middle path, not without faults but at least clear and manageable: anyone who appeared in the magazine mainly in connection with rowing (Rev. Smith makes the cut) or who rowed at Henley or for Oxford or Cambridge Universities (the lesser Etonians do not). The result by my reckoning is fifty-eight. Other Wiki authors may of course choose more expansive criteria and add more here accordingly; on such basis Thomas Brock appears, a sculptor and member of the Kensingon Rowing Club.

To be sure, the focus on rowing, and this particular way of focusing on rowing, makes for a strange history. We have great Boat Race and Henley rowers of the era, but not all of the best or only the best. We have most of the “Spy” prints of rowers, but not all as F.I. Pitman, E.G. Williams, and D. Mackinnon appeared in Vanity Fair rather than in The World in the early 1900s. Of the fifty-three, only three managed not to attend Eton, Oxford, or Cambridge, so the selection hardly represents a random sampling of British society. But “men are often known, remembered and immortalized -- especially abroad -- by some idiosyncrasy selected by the capriciousness of time,” observed Leslie Ward in 1915, recalling his long career as “Spy,” Vanity Fair 's most prolific artist. “Looking back to-day it is strange to read in light of great events these miniature biographies of politicians now forgotten, of others who left their party to go over, of statesmen, of judges who sat on important cases and are now only remembered in connection with a trivial poisoner, an impostor in a claim, of careers then unproved but now shining clearly in the light of fame, and of others whose light is extinguished -- all within so short a lapse of time.”

This book presents the rowers in sequence of their rowing careers, from the last days of King William IV through the reign of Queen Victoria to the cusp of the 1914-18 war. As a nod to brevity only the individual portraits are reprinted, though six of the rowers appeared in Vanity Fair semiannual group “doubles”: “” by Théobald Chartran, July 5, 1881 (S.H. Northcote); “The Gladstone Cabinet” also by Chartran, November 27, 1883 (C.W. Dilke); “Tattersall’s, Newmarket” by Liberio Prosperi, December 6, 1887 (E. Boscawen); “In Vanity Fair,” an unsigned composite (November 29, 1890) (A.L. Smith); “Bench and Bar” by “Stuff,” December 5, 1891 (W.B. Brett and A.L. Smith); and “Cycling in Hyde Park” by Hal Hurst, June 11, 1896 (W.H. Grenfell). The chronology bears no relationship to the order in which their prints appeared in Vanity Fair, and thus makes it harder to see the evolution of the graphic and editorial styles, but does cluster contemporaries and facilitates the rowing story. As for the story, Vanity Fair and the rowers themselves tell nearly all of it. Starting with S.H. Northcote and ending with “Cygnet” Swann, the reader will find for each entry the signature lithograph or two from Vanity Fair, the biographical note that accompanied it (set off in italics), a supplemental biography to round out his story, and an excerpt from Vanity Fair or another source, either about the rower in question or a complimentary theme. The sequence is punctuated by the occasional chapter introduction to summarise rowing-related developments for the period mentioned. Photographs, illustrations, and other images out of copyright are sprinkled in.

Throughout all this, my own limited commentary as “an amiable and sympathetic foreigner” aims to “attain the impersonal perspective proper to the true historian,” as T.A. Cook put it. There are three reasons for this approach. First, the magazine was blessed to have Walter Bradford Woodgate provide the rowing coverage in most of the years there was any to speak of. Second, Woodgate, the other Vanity Fair authors, and the rowers themselves provide an authentic period voice, limiting early twenty-first century nostalgia, or anti-nostalgia, from creeping into the mix. Finally, the original sources let one keep one’s head down, a good idea given how prickly rowers can be about their sport. As G.C. Bourne, father of the penultimate Vanity Fair rower R.C. Bourne, observed over sixty years ago during the religious debate over rowing styles: “There is good reason for this wariness, for the rowing fraternity is a close corporation, jealous of its reputation and inclined to be hypersensitive and hypercritical to a degree which would astonish those who do not belong to it.”

Lastly, I would single out for thanks Tom Weil, one of the world's leading historians of rowing and collector of rowing memorabilia, for his encouragement and support, and would commend to anyone interested in rowing history beyond this slice from Vanity Fair the external links below through which, among other avenues, Tom has shared his knowledge and love for the sport; Paul Mainds, Michael Rowe, and their colleagues at the River & Rowing Museum in Henley-on-Thames, for their curatorship and promotion of rowing history, including a 2006 exhibition of the rowers of Vanity Fair ; Chris Dodd, rowing historian extraordinaire, who in his capacity as editor of Rowing & Regatta, the magazine of the Amateur Rowing Association, brought the exhibition to the attention of a broader public; and John Bateman of Auriol Kensington R.C., a fellow compulsive, who politely pointed out six Vanity Fair rowers who had managed to slip through the initial net.

title: The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Introduction


text:
The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Dudley-Ward W

“C.U.B.C” (Spy), March 29th, 1900
''William Dudley Ward is only twenty-three years old, but his grandfather, on his mother’s side, was the late Lord Esher; who, before he was Master of the Rolls, was No. 7 in a winning Cambridge Eight. So there was rowing blood in him when he went to Mr. Ainger’s House at Eton; and he fostered it by rowing in the Eton Eights of 1895 and 1896: winning the Ladies’ Plate on both occasions. At School he was Captain of the Boats, and a member of “Pop”; while he got his football colours at the wall game. Then he became a freshman at Trinity, Cambridge, and rowed No. 7 in the Eight which lost the race of ‘97. So he was made President of the C.U.B.C.; and fetched Fletcher of Oxford to coach his ‘98 crew: in which he rowed in spite of the doctors. He survived, and last year (the doctors having removed their embargo) he helped to beat Oxford for the first time in ten years. Now he again presides over the Light Blues, and again rows at No. 7 in an Eight which, according to the experts, have Saturday’s race at their mercy. Yet he has won nothing at Henley since he left Eton, nor has he rowed Head of the River, nor has he won the Fours at Cambridge: though he has won the Pairs twice. His hair is red, his complexion is pink, and he is smooth and plump and pleasing. His views on punctuality are not ascetic; as a correspondent he is not hasty, and as a keeper of engagements he is casual. Nevertheless, he hopes to take his degree in the summer.''

He has been called “Duddie,” “The Terra Cotta Baby,” and “The Cheaper”; but he is generally known as “Dudley.”

When William Dudley-Ward (1877-1946) went up to Cambridge in 1896, the university had lost the Boat Race six times running. They lost again in 1897 at the hands of “the finest Oxford crew that has ever rowed,” in the judgment of the Official Centenary History, which “won as they liked” by two and a half lengths.” “At this dark hour the C.U.B.C. elected as President its No. 7, freshman Dudley-Ward, another of Nickalls’ “absolute classics.”   It was an unprecedented promotion designed to give him “the maximum of time in which to pull Cambridge rowing together and unite or silence the warring factions,”  a college captain later recalled. That autumn Dudley-Ward brought over W.A.L. Fletcher to coach, proceeded to remove one or two old Blues, and

''then called a meeting of college boat captains in the Goldie Boathouse under the chairmanship of R.C. Lehmann, who had been brought down to see fair play. It was certainly a dramatic occasion. Dudley Ward straightly accused certain persons of deliberately obstructing his efforts to select the most representative and best possible crew. The opposition could only bluster, and Dudley Ward won a complete victory, and in due course Cambridge won the boat race for the first time in 10 years.''

“Due course” meant two years later (1899), for in 1898 illness kept Dudley-Ward out of the race (VANITY FAIR was wrong about his participation) and, more significantly, a gale flooded the Cambridge boat, which would have sunk but for bladders stowed beneath the seats, allowing Oxford to ease home by about a quarter-mile. With better weather in 1899, Cambridge won by three and a quarter lengths and in 1900, with Dudley-Ward again President and Gold gone from Oxford, by twenty. “[The Cambridge 1900] crew and the Oxford one of 1897 stand in a class by themselves,” judged the Official Centenary History, so “it was unfortunate that Oxford brought to Putney one of the poorest that ever came from the Isis.”  So do fortunes change.

Dudley-Ward took his degree in 1903, having won the Goblets once (1902), the Grand twice (1902-03), and the Stewards’ three times (1901-03). He reportedly “had a liking for the fleshpots and was known, on occasions, to turn up for training still dressed in white tie and tails.”  From 1906 to 1922 he was Liberal M.P. for Southhampton, Treasurer for His Majesty’s household from 1909 to 1912, and Vice-Chamberlain from 1917 to 1922. During the 1914-18 war he was a Lieutenant Commander in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve. On retirement from politics he divided his time between England and Canada, dying in Calgary in 1946 after an operation.

The 1899 Boat Race
Woodgate’s account in VANITY FAIR (March 30, 1899):

''The winning crew of Saturday’s Inter-’Varsity Boat Race will be shrined among crews such as Goldie’s 1870 crew, the Oxonians of 1875 and 1878, and other cracks, as being much above the average for speed and style. The merit of their style is due to the coaching which they received, and especially to that of Mr. Fletcher, the Oxonian, on whom fell the brunt of the tuition from the hour when Trial Eight preparation commenced in the autumn. They had undeniably the best of the stations, being to windward and on the inside of the river’s curve for the first two and a-half miles of the course. The wind blew stiffly, and made the leeward station a great drawback. If the stations had been reversed the handicap would have produced a pretty race; but on their form as displayed Cambridge should in the end have pulled through the disadvantage.''

''The best man in the two boats was Etherington-Smith, the Cantab President, whose father was in “Jack” Forster’s winning Grand Challenge crew of 1863. The Cantab No. 6, another very fine oar, is son of the No. 3 of Cambridge at Putney in 1862. The father of C.J.D. Goldie was even more celebrated in aquatic history, as most readers know; and the father of Gibbon, the Cantab stroke, a “dry bob” at Oxford, was notorious for showing season after season the most heart-breaking defence at cricket that ever tried the patience and temper of bowlers, and taking all the edge off their deliveries by the time that freer hitters came in. Such repetition of athletic merit to the several generations in fifty per cent. of a crew is an interesting statistic. It reminds one of Horace (Odes IV., 4):''

 * Fortes creantur fortibus ac bovis,
 * Est in juvencis, est in equis patrum
 * Virtus.

''The Oxford crew did by no means disgrace themselves against such high-class adversaries: they kept together and in stroke all through a hard, stern chase in stormy water. If all of them had copied the body action of their stroke, and had swung back and rowed it well out as he and No. 6 did, they would have been many lengths faster. Their salient failing was want of length of swing-back in the middle of the boat.''

The steering of both coxswains was much above the average; both are Etonians, and by no means novices at rudder-lines, which explains their mutual merit on the first occasion that either has performed in a Putney race.

''The boats used were two good ones. Oxford cannot have much excuse on this score, good though the Cantab ship was. A resumé of the speech Lord Justice Smith (in the chair at the dinner on the 25th) has appeared in sundry dailies, and has rather misrepresented his remarks on boat-building. What he said in effect was this: “It is well known that if a builder does his utmost to produce two or three actually alike boats, nevertheless one will generally be much the faster. Hence, never trust too much to obtaining an exact replica of any favourite vessel. I hear that Cambridge had a prima donna of a boat this year. If so, I would advise keeping her in lavender at Putney for another race, and spare her the concussion of being carted to Cambridge and back for next year, and of meantime being strained round the sharp corners of the Cam course.” This advice of the Lord Justice will be endorsed by every oarsman who has experience in the vicissitudes of boat-building.''

''The Lord Justice also preached from the chair a friendly, paternal, and hard-hitting homily against the recent cabals in Cantab aquatic circles, which disorganised the C.U.B.C. of late, until Fletcher arrived as dictator to reorganise. Fortunately those cabals have now been quenched, and it is to be hoped that after this latest brilliant example of what a united C.U.B.C. can achieve, we shall hear no more of them. Fletcher will now lay down his bâton at Cambridge and place his services and nerve at the disposal of his own University.''

title: The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Dudley-Ward W


text:
User talk:Wat Bradford

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Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 12:16, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

The Rowers of Vanity Fair
I just wanted to check what this is. Is it an Annotated text? Or is it the source text? Also, are you sure it is a textbook? – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:57, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Mike, it's annotated text and images constituting a specialty history book. The structure is: (a) the original image (caricature / portrait) from Vanity Fair (1868 - 1914), (b) the corresponding biography that appeared in Vanity Fair alongside the text (shown here in italics adjacent to the image), (c) supplemental text by me (or other Wiki folks who emerge) to round out the biography, (d) additional text and images from Vanity Fair or another historic source, in either case related to the person or time period involved, and (e) chapter introductions, in the sense of providing an overview (from a rowing history vantage) of developments over a particular time period (e.g. 1839 - 1854, 1855 - 1872). Hope this helps. Wat Bradford
 * Sounds good; keep it up. You may have noticed on Special:Watchlist a notice about a proposal regarding rollbacker and patroller rights; you may want to weigh in, as you've been a good editor that's appeared on RC and newpages quite a bit. Your input is welcome if you care to comment. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:19, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

You missed a license tag for Image:Muttlebury SD Vanity Fair 1890-03-22.jpg :) – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:41, 13 January 2008 (UTC) Mike, thanks for the catch.  Think it's fixed now.  Wat Bradford (talk) 08:01, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Antipodean connection
In the early 1890s Warre organised the donation of the Oxford and Cambridge Cup for Eight Oared races between Australian Universities. Both Melbourne and Adelaide University Boat Club captains were old Etonians. Is it appropriate to mention it in this wiki-book The Rowers of Vanity Fair? 58.160.169.189 (talk)Daren

Daren, apologies for being so late in replying. You're welcome to add this connection if you'd like. If it's explained in Melbourne and/or Adelaide rowing web sites or Wikis, then the connection can be made by adding it as an external site reference to the Warre entry in The Rowers of Vanity Fair. Wat Bradford

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The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Northcote SH

“He Does His Duty to His Party, and Is Fortunate if It Happens to Be Also His Duty to His Country” (Ape), October 8, 1870
''Sir Stafford Northcote is a somewhat colourless politician, of whom all that there is to be said is that he does his duty to his party, and is fortunate if it happens to be also his duty to his country. He is among the favoured ones who have been called to the blessed regions of the Ministry, and thereby has acquired a title to be taken into them again if ever these are again opened to the Conservative party, of whom he is a respectable and reputable member. Diligent especially, and not unsuccessful in the making of local speeches on abstruse subjects during the slack season of the year, he perseveringly keeps before the public the fact that there are still a collection of opinions capable of being called Conservative, and still statesmen capable of seriously adopting and recommending them.''

Stafford Henry Northcote (1818-87) went up to Eton in 1831 where “he was somewhat idle, and, according to his tutor, ‘had a disposition too inclined to sacrifice itself to the solicitations of others,’ until a strong remonstrance produced steadiness of purpose.”  He rowed in the Adelaide (one of the Upper Boats) in 1834-35 and bow in the 1835 Eight. He then went up to Balliol College, Oxford, earning a first in classics in 1839 and rowing No. 2 for the Oxford Etonians the same year at the first Henley Regatta.

After qualifying as a barrister, Northcote became private secretary to W.E. Gladstone, the then Tory president of the Board of Trade. From Gladstone’s slipstream, Northcote moved up the party ranks, serving as secretary to the Great Exhibition of 1851, co-authoring a report on civil service reform, and ultimately building a leadership role as an M.P. for various constituencies more or less from 1855 onward. In 1859 Gladstone left the Conservatives to co-found the Liberal Party. Northcote remained Conservative. Thus when the 1880 election returned a Liberal majority and installed Gladstone as Prime Minister, Northcote became a leader of the opposition tasked with keeping his former mentor in check. This proved difficult, and he was unable to prevent some of his more strident colleagues from forming a de facto “Fourth Party.”  VANITY FAIR bewailed their inability to unite, laying blame in the July 5, 1881 Summer Number double print, entitled “Birth, Behavior and Business,” with the Conservative front bench and with Northcote, Lord John Manners, and Sir Richard Cross in particular:

''Her Majesty’s Opposition in the House of Commons fails only in two respects: in want of leaders and want of followers. There are leaders, but they scarcely lead; there are followers, but they barely follow; and this lamentable result ensues, that a revolutionary Government is left to work its wicked will without being contained or controlled, or even being adequately criticised, by those whose business it is to keep such a Government in order.''

''Yet on the front Opposition Bench there are men of mark. They are not however men of energy, and they disclose a marked want of appreciation of the new order of things, and a profound disinclination to adopt new methods of dealing with it. An overweening caution and an exaggerated respect for the rules of the game are their chief characteristics; and one of their chief troubles is the audacity of some of their followers below the gangway, who are so much more offensive to them than their opponents, that it will be one of their difficulties in returning to office to consider what will be done with Sir Drummond Wolf and Lord Randolph Churchill.''

. . ..

''Sir Stafford Northcote is a man of deportment. He is of good family and of good name -- eminently reputable and very diligent. But he had the misfortune to begin life as a permanent official, and his mind has remained permanent and official ever since. Moreover, he started in politics as Private Secretary to Mr. Gladstone when that gentleman was President of the Board of Trade in the Tory Government. This has been the great disturbing element of Sir Stafford’s life. He has never recovered from the personal awe he then contracted for Mr. Gladstone, or for the hierarchical respect for Ministers and heads of departments, and he has never yet been able to conceive that he himself is their equal. This, added to the inherent good nature which belongs to him, has always made him take an exaggerated view of the decorum which should mark the proceedings of the house of Commons. The result is, that he often offends his followers by official deference to the Government, and generally seems to direct his conduct rather to obtain the approbation of permanent officials than the hearty support of Conservative Members. Recently, indeed, he has roused himself to an intermittent sense of his position; but this awakening, having come late in life, is apt to show itself at the wrong times; so that he is often brisk when he should be quiet, and quiet when he should be brisk. Nevertheless he is a man of integrity, of sixty-three years of age, and of very considerable information. In the result he obtains cheers from his opponents, which seem to please him more than those of his own Party. He has a certain vigour and much dexterity. He is very well-read; but, though a fluent and easy speaker, he is not gifted with any oratorical power.''

When Gladstone’s government collapsed in 1885 and were replaced by the Conservatives, Northcote became First Lord of the Treasury and was raised to the peerage as Earl of Iddesleigh and Viscount St. Cyres. He died in 1887, in the ante-room of the Prime Minister’s house in Downing Street. “He seemed,” recalled Gladstone, “to be a man incapable of resenting an injury: a man in whom it was the fixed habit of thought to put himself wholly out of view when he had before him the attainment of great public objects.”   But Viscount Wolseley (“the very model of a modern Major-General” to Gilbert & Sullivan), on reviewing Northcote’s posthumous biography, declared he “was so essentially my opposite (so much about him of the tomcat that cared neither to fight nor make love) that I never met him without thanking God, like the Pharisee, I was not as he was. He would have made an admirable chief clerk in a bank.”

The 1836 Eton v. Westminster Boat Race
S.H. Northcote never rowed for Eton against Westminster. In his day, the races between the schools were few and far between, and 1835, when he rowed bow in the Eton eight, was an off year. Just as well for him perhaps, for the professional watermen who steered the crews took full advantage of the permissive rules on “fouling” to transform those early races, into no-holds naval battles. Here is an account of the 1836 contest:

''This race took place at Staines on Thursday, May 12. The distance rowed was from Staines Bridge to Penton Hook and back -- about four miles altogether. Lord Orford and Captain Ackers, of the Blues, were appointed Umpires. About four o’clock the Etonians appeared in rowing trim in the Victory, a new boat built by Archer, of Bishop’s Walk, Lambeth. The young gentlemen of Westminster came to Staines in a new eight, called the Fairy Queen, built of fir, expressly for the occasion, by Noulton and Maynard, the well-known watermen, the former taking the lines for his patrons. It was evident, even at a cursory glance, that the Etonians had the decided superiority in weight and strength, and betting was in their favour. Westminster won the choice of station, and they took the south pier of Staines Bridge. Previous to starting, it was agreed upon that no fouling should take place until half a mile of the distance had been rowed. On going away from the bridge the Westminsters went in advance, which position they kept for about a quarter of a mile, Eton pressing them closely. Noulton had by this time steered the Fairy Queen over to the course the Etonians were pursuing, and he bored them so closely in shore that they were obliged either to foul the Westminsters or go into the bank. A foul consequently took place, which lasted five or six minutes, ending in the discomfiture of the Fairy Queen, who had her rudder struck off, an oar broken, and was turned completely around. The Etonians went away with a cheer, but the Umpires, considering that an infringement of the agreement had taken place, called them back to a fresh start, which they immediately complied with. At six o’clock they started from the bridge a second time, with an understanding that each boat should keep its own side of the water for half a mile. The Fairy Queen again took the lead, which she held for about three-quarters of a mile, when the Etonians came upon them, and some smart fouling was the result. Eton at length cleared, and showed the way down the stream. In rounding the distance boat they were close together, and immediately after doubling the station punt the Westminsters caught them on the starboard quarter, which nearly put the Victory into the bank stern up. The Etonians, however, shortly cleared themselves from this awkward situation, and once more went in advance; and notwithstanding they were occasionally bumped by the Fairy Queen in working up against the stream, they maintained the lead, ultimately winning by several boat’s lengths. The match proved a treat throughout, by the spirited and gallant manner in which it was contested by both parties.''

title: The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Northcote SH


text:
The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Brett WB

“Popular Judgment” (Ape), January 1, 1876
''Eight and fifty years ago the Reverend Joseph Brett, of Chelsea, was blessed with a son, whom in due time he sent through Westminster and Oxford to Lincoln’s Inn. The young Barrister plodded with considerable success along the dustier ways of the Law. He did not make the reputation of a great light, neither did he display great powers of advocacy, but his opinion on matters relating to Maritime and Insurance Law was held to be worth having. If not marked as a rising man, he was accounted intelligent; moreover, he married and professed himself a Conservative; yet when, well over his fortieth year, he “took silk,” there seemed but little chance of great promotion for him. He addressed himself, however, to the political avenues, and twice failed to represent Rochdale, and that, of course, gave him a claim to the gratitude of his Party. In 1866, however, Helston returned him to Parliament, and although he achieved no great distinction there as a statesman, he attracted Mr. Disraeli’s attention, so that when eighteen months later much legal patronage fell in, and it became necessary to cast about for Conservative lawyers, he was made Solicitor-General. Six months after this he renounced the Parliamentary career by accepting a puisne judgeship, and he had barely settled himself in the seat of justice when from that serene haven he beheld the crushing defeat of his former Party at a general election.''

''As a Judge Sir William has shown himself strong, ready, and always able to take a firm grasp of any case before him in all of its aspects. He relies entirely upon himself, forms and adheres very strongly to his own opinion, and seeks always to be final, complete, and sufficient in the decision of the Court over which he presides. Yet he is not insensible to the spirit of the times, and his and the popular judgment of a case are often found to coincide. It will be remembered of him that he tried the gas stokers and sentenced Colonel Baker; but he is able, frank, urbane, good-natured, well with Society, and an intimate friend of the Chancellor; and under circumstances he may become Chief-Justice.''

William Baliol Brett (1815-99) was indeed “sent through” Westminster and Lincoln’s Inn, but not Oxford. He was a Caius man, an accomplished boxer, known there as “Bella Brett” for his silk waistcoats. He rowed three years for the C.U.B.C: against Leander in 1837 and 1838, when that club was still based in London, and against Oxford in 1839 for the third Boat Race (the first for the newly-formed O.U.B.C.). He also won the Grand at Henley in 1841 as stroke for the “Cambridge Subscription Rooms,” a London-based private club for Cantabs.

Though Vanity Fair mistook Oxford for Cambridge in Brett’s background and omitted his rowing exploits entirely, it did fairly well project his later career. Within months of his 1876 appearance in Vanity Fair, Brett was elevated to the court of appeals (the Appellate Jurisdiction Act of 1876 having opened the slot at a convenient time) and in 1883 became Master of the Rolls. He became Baron Esher of Surrey in 1885 and on retirement in 1897 was made Viscount Esher, the highest dignity for judicial service since the time of Coke attained by any judge other than a chancellor. He died May 24, 1899, two months after his grandson and fellow rower of Vanity Fair, William Dudley-Ward, rowed No. 7 in the Cambridge crew that ended a nine-year run by Oxford in the Boat Race.

The 1838 Cambridge v. Leander Boat Race
Oxford won the first Boat Race, held at Henley in 1829. Cambridge won the second in 1836, from Westminster to Putney. In 1837, Oxford challenged designating Henley as the venue; Cambridge, with W.B. Brett in the crew, countered-offered London; but the parties were unable to agree and no race occurred. Cambridge then challenged Leander, at the time the leading London amateur club, to a Westminster to Putney race with “gentlemen” steerers and no fouling permitted. Leander accepted on condition they could use their favored waterman steerer, James Parish. Cambridge agreed and located a London waterman of their own, William Noulton, who had steered for Westminster in 1836. In the event Cambridge came from behind to win by seven seconds in a clean race. The next year, Leander challenged and the race went off on the same terms, but with much fouling on both sides and Leander first past the post. Bell's Life, the sporting paper, reported that “[t]he judgment displayed, more particularly by the Leander, in the art of fouling, and the science and tact show by both coxswains, were really beyond conception.” However, due to the fouling the umpire declared the race no contest, so Brett wrote on behalf of his crew to Leander requesting a re-row. Leander declined, stating they rejected the umpire’s decision and viewed themselves the winner. This launched a lively correspondence that led nowhere, other than that “this unfortunate result must have strengthened the University men in their determination to keep clear of professionals,” in R.C. Lehmann’s account. Here is one of Brett’s entries, bringing his undergraduate legal acumen to bear:

''Sir, -- In answer to your letter I can only state to you a few facts connected with the late race. Upon receipt of your challenge to “row the Cambridge crew upon as late a date as they could possibly name,” they appointed for that purpose the 14th June, which day was accepted by you. Upon their arrival in London, you stated that many of your crew wished to attend the Ascot races on that day; that you consequently could not row then, and would not row afterwards. They, considering this match not as one rowed for any large stakes, but merely entered into from a spirit of honorable competition, in which either party would rather give than accept an advantage, did, notwithstanding their great want of practice in London, yield in all things to your wishes.''

''Upon starting for the match we were at first, as in the former year, left behind; but on coming up to you at the Horseferry we most unexpectedly found ourselves against a barge on one side and your boat on the other, fully proving that Parish had closed upon us, and not left us room to proceed on our proper course. Noulton, upon this, was anxious to proceed also to waterman’s practice, and so endeavour to break the rudder of your boat. We, however, thinking that there might have been some accident in the case, insisted upon backing water, and yielding the Middlesex side of the river to you. This we did, gave you a considerable start, pulled up to you on the Surrey side, and were again crossed. We still insisted upon Noulton yielding to you; but at the Red House, finding all hope of being allowed to pass useless, and convinced that you were sanctioning your steerer’s conduct, we told him to run into you, and there broke your oar, etc. We now asked the Umpire whether the race was fair or foul, and upon his answering that it was foul we put up our oars to claim the match.''

''Our own boat was, at this time, half full of water; but seeing that you had procured a new oar, and had rowed away about 200 yards, we again started after you, and pulled up to you in less than half a mile. After Chelsea Bridge we again left you, and actually crossed and recrossed the river, to try whether or not you would allow us to pass. Being again crossed within ten yards of Wandsworth Meadows, the wrong side of the river, we gave you a last start, and ran into you as you passed through Putney Bridge.''

Knowing all these circumstances in our own boat, and having felt the tremendous labour of starting a heavy eight-oared boat some seven or eight times in one day, which your crew had not to do, we cannot but feel greatly astonished at your claim to “have won the match,” or at your affecting to doubt which is the superior crew.

As far as the technical claim is concerned, we have never heard that an Umpire’s decision could be disputed; and knowing of no other authority to which two rival crews could refer their claims, we feel it, of course, perfectly useless to enter into any further correspondence.

''I remain, Sir, your obedient servant (for the Cambridge crew), WM. BALIOL BRETT.''

In 1839, the newly-formed O.U.B.C. challenged the C.U.B.C. to a third University Boat Race. It was Westminster to Putney, in the Easter vacation, with gentleman steerers, no fouling permitted. “Cambridge still had the better organisation and more material from which to choose; besides, their style had been much improved during the past two years by their Leander matches, and by the coaching which they had in the meantime received from Noulton and other London watermen,” reported the 1929 Official Centenary History. “The race was as hollow as it well could be: from start to finish Oxford were never in it, and Cambridge won in a common canter by upwards of a minute and a half, in 31 min. 0 sec.”

title: The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Brett WB


text:
User talk:Quadrinasir

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User talk:Jdrogers0042

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The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Boscawen E

“Never Bets” (Spy), September 1, 1877
''The Boscawens are a fine old Cornish family which has for centuries furnished to the State distinguished soldiers, sailors, and statesmen, and Lord Falmouth was born with the stuff in him to make him a credit to his ancestry, even had he been restricted to that commoner’s career to which he seemed born eight-and-fifty years ago. At Eton he was a noted “wet-bob” and won the “pulling sweeps,” and while at Christ Church he continued his rowing, and was chiefly instrumental in founding the Henley Regatta. He next read Law at the Middle Temple, married Lady Le Despencer, a maiden baroness in her own right, and turned his attention to his favourite pursuit of agriculture. In this he was very successful, and when, in 1852, he succeeded to the title, on the death of his cousin, he removed his breeding-stock to Tregothnan and still further increased his successes. His cattle and flocks became renowned throughout England, he has won prizes with them at almost every meeting in the country; and this very year his bull, “the only Jones,” swept the board at Bath as the best bull of any breed there.''

''Lord Falmouth is, however, even better known as a breeder and runner of racehorses, and in this also his energy and judgment have made him pre-eminent; while the fact that he has for nearly thirty years won races without losing a friend shows him to be possessed of some very rare qualities. When he first appeared on the Turf it was under the assumed name of “Mr. Valentine,” and as such he won the Thousand Guineas in 1862 with “Hurricane,” and the Oaks of the following year with “Queen Bertha,” an occasion on which he wagered and lost the only sixpence he has ever betted. Throwing off his alias, he now transferred his horses to Newmarket, to which he has ever since remained faithful. He won the Derby with “Kingcraft” in 1870, and again this year with “Silvio”; both these horses having, strangely enough, run third for the Two Thousand Guineas previous to the Derby, behind the horses whom they subsequently defeated. Many other victories than these he has achieved, but he eschews handicaps, avoids overworking his two-year-olds, and altogether declines to race on a Sunday, thereby depriving himself of all chance of winning any of the great French races.''

''Lord Falmouth is remarkable as being the one remaining representative of that original idea of horse-racing, which was to pit one man’s success against another’s in breeding horses; for all the racers which have carried his colours have been bred by himself. Moreover, he has kept his name as a gentleman should, but as few can upon the Turf, untarnished by so much as a whisper of suspicion; and he never bets.''

''With the qualities of patience, judgment, honesty, and perseverance which he has displayed in these pursuits, he might have made himself foremost and trusted as a leader of men in public affairs; and it is to be regretted that he has never taken an active part in politics, which cry aloud for men of his stamp. As a landlord, however, he has made himself to be loved and trusted, and it was and still is a wonder to the world why he was not, twenty years ago, made Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall.''

Evelyn Boscawen (1819-89) rowed in the 1837 Eton eight that lost to Westminster. According to The Eton Boating Book, “It was the first time the Westminsters ever beat the Etonians. This was almost the last time the King [William IV] appeared in public, and the Eton boys believed that their defeat was the immediate cause of the King’s illness.”  At Oxford, Boscawen rowed No. 6 for the Oxford Etonians (with S.H. Northcote at No. 2) in the Grand Challenge Cup in 1839 and 1840. This apparently was the basis for Vanity Fair ’s assertion of his being “chiefly instrumental in founding the Henley Regatta,” though in later years he was a steward as well.

After Oxford, Boscawen became a non-practising barrister, a gentleman farmer, and a peer, who grossed more than £300,000 over his life from horse racing. From 1872 to 1883 he never won less than £10,000 per year, with £38,000 in 1878 the most ever won by a single owner. As for the sixpence: he bet his trainer’s wife that his mare Queen Bertha would not win the 1863 Oaks; on winning the race and losing the bet, then-Lord Falmouth made good by presenting the coin as a brooch set in diamonds. Besides the caricature featured here, Lord Falmouth also appeared in a group of turf and racing figures in Vanity Fair ’s December 6, 1887 Winter Number, entitled “Tattersall’s, Newmarket.”

Gambling and Aquatic Nobbling
Like the turf, the Boat Race was a favorite for Victorian gambling. Vanity Fair (April 1, 1871):

''We have seen the last of the practice of the eights, and almost as soon as this number of the FAIR sees publicity we shall have seen also the race and its result. We never remember a greater excitement than on the present occasion, and never such an infusion of the gambling element as is now unfortunately introduced as a leading feature in the entertainment. City speculators plunge as greedily on light and dark blue as on cotton or indigo; and having never seen either crew in their lives, nor having even succeeded in feathering a scull, gravely tell you that it is a “real good thing” this way or that; that they know on the “very best authority” that A and B in the Oxford boat can’t stay, or C and D of the Cantabs are lamentably over-trained. As for the “ring,” they quote the odds as formally as prices for the Chester Cup and Derby, and only lament that there is no such luck as a possibility of “squaring” it -- judging charitably University probity by their own.''

''This gambling is a serious evil; without raising the abstract question of morality, it puts University men on thorns, lest unscrupulous speculators, finding that they cannot buy or square the crews, should attempt to “nobble” them as a last resource. We more than suspect that this sort of game has been planned, though futilely, before now. We remember how in ‘67, when Oxford were hot favourites, ugly rumours came to our ears from private sources as to whereabouts in the course a boat was provided to run into Oxford, should they be leading. Forewarned, the presidents were forearmed, and though at the expected place a suspicious-looking craft shot erratically into the track, both boats were wide off shore, Cambridge the nearer of the two, and mischief, if intended, was averted. This year Cambridge are public favourites, and the ring are “fielding” at the odds. If any attack is planned, it will be against the light blue, but we sincerely trust that the guard of police at the boat-houses, and in police boats during the race, will suffice to overawe any such villainy.''

Forty years later, “Cambrioleur” told an apocryphal tale in Vanity Fair (March 27, 1912) of an inside job in one of the Cambridge college May races:

''Centuries ago there was a misguided youth at St. Abbs Hall, the son of an American commission agent, who determined to turn an honest penny out of the boat -racing. Under the guidance of friends, who, I fear, judged his leg to be suitable for elongation, he opened a book on the Mays. As soon as the college was aware of this the entire eight, with their cox, came to him secretly by night, one at a time, and asked him what odds he would give against them staying head of the river. He started with cox at evens, but before he had got to bow he was giving three to one. They all invested half-a-crown against their boat. The thing seemed a dead cert. for him after that. When the rest of the college rolled up to back their boat he cheerfully gave them five to one. He booked nearly a hundred bets in sovereigns on those terms. Of course, the boat stayed head -- in fact, it did the course in record time, and the precocious layer found that he had to balance nine half-crowns against five hundred sovereigns.''

title: The Rowers of Vanity Fair/Boscawen E