text:
User talk:Panic2k4/Archive3

 * I think the issue is there's no universal copyright law and definition for author.

Yes there is, there are UN copyright treaties, that become universal (number of signatories) and are adopted by all countries (not rouge states like China, Cuba, even Brazil is known to have a different understanding on copyright definitions), but Wikimedia Foundation is registered on the US so US law is what we (users) must comply with...

 * How does the author fit into deciding this?

The author is the creator of the work under wikimedia every edit that contributes content to a work grants a derived work status to the result, if the work is merged that also has rules to be fallowed on the GDFL, we must keep the reference to used works (ie: as you have moved content from C++ Programming to other works you had to keep a reference of probably its author (me) or the original work (a previews version of C++ Programming), but small (a phrase or rewording), spell checking or esthetically edits doesn't contribute content so that edits doesn't grant authorship to a work (translations do). ( http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html#wnp ) and a not so clear ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_copyright_law )

 * wikibooks, is that its a community effort

yes all users with any kind of edits (even the ones that doesn't grant authorship), I think its 20 edits, grants a user rights to vote on general wikibooks policies (but those policies must fallow the GFDL).

But to become part of a wikibook community content contributions must be made so a derived work is created in the eyes of the GFDL.

 * Some changes last longer then others, but nothing lasts forever.

Yes it does if not on wikibooks on private copies, mirror images and if not deleted on wikibooks (deletes are not destroyed), in the book history, if I claim a copyright violation on a book by a user a previous version can be restored, every contribution (content) to a existing work is a derived work, heck we may even call it a fork (that may depend on the size as per GFDL).

 * Vandalism is the conspicuous defacement or destruction of a structure or symbol against the will of the owner/governing body. (from wikipedia)

If we take that to the letter that was what you did, note that I'm not calling you a vandal because I think your actions were based in a wrong POV of the moral a legal laws one must obide under wikibooks and the GFDL, and I expect you to see your error...

 * Users are people not part of the community as decided by the community and authors. Users don't get to make any decisions if there's disagreements. Is this correct?

Yup that is correct, users (readers and small editors even anonymous content contributors) do not have the right to claim a vote in a book community they can ask and propose changes but ultimately it falls to the book community to accept or refuse them, this can even lead to a fork (my fork, that I clame wasn't a real fork was based on my different view for the developing of the book and its structure with the previous authors/editors) as they have dropped the work and a merge was imposed (wrongly) my view (as the single active author seems to have become dominant, not by choice but because a book can become orphan of authors or see it's community dissolve with time) a book will outlive any author.

 * BTW do you have any questions for me on my POV that you would like to understand better?

No if I hadn't understood you POV from the beginning I would be really pissed off. You POV is that you are part of the book community, I could even let your changes to become valid (as you didn't have any bad intentions), but I as it seems am the sole voice on the book community you altered, claim you are not, mostly because some of the changes are against my views for the book, and the due to the degree of you contribution to it. Even if you had provide content it's my view that you a latter contributor to the work should at least respect and give some degree of value to others that were there before. (this last part can't be solved by the GFDL but only by a new policy since we now have a rule that prevents forks on wikibooks) --Panic 00:19, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

The author is the creator of the work under wikimedia every edit that contributes content to a work grants a derived work status to the result, if the work is merged that also has rules to be fallowed on the GDFL, we must keep the reference to used works (ie: as you have moved content from C++ Programming to other works you had to keep a reference of probably its author (me) or the original work (a previews version of C++ Programming), but small (a phrase or rewording), spell checking or esthetically edits doesn't contribute content so that edits doesn't grant authorship to a work (translations do). ( http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html#wnp ) and a not so clear ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_copyright_law )

References to its authors (including you) is available to anyone who looks at its page edit history even when moved this is preserved. There's a page here on wikibooks regarding using contents from here on other websites or if printed out. I think it makes refernece to the edit history for finding authors as a means to satisfy GFDL requirements. I can find the link for it if you want. Do you disagree with edit history being a valid source for a authors or document history section?

Referring to http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html#wnp:

Works consisting entirely of information that is common property and containing no original authorship (for example: standard calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures and rulers, and lists or tables taken from public documents or other common sources)

I think Wikibooks contents may fall under "common property". Not sure how US law would interprete orginal authorship though for contents contributed here, since usually/typically there are many authors and there's the GFDL to take into concideration which grants rights not covered by copyright law. I was going by the rather broad GFDL definition of what modification seems to mean rather then what copyright protects and considers to be changes. I agree that US law probably doesn't cover spell checking as being protected or reconized as difference enough to be protected or reconized as an author. By esthetical edits do you mean according to what US copyright law says?

Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents

Again I was going by what seems like a rather broad definition of modification in the GFDL. I may be a bit parniod in trying to comply with GFDL requirements in this regard. I don't think an authors section is needed since edit history fills that purpose, but since its there, all the names listed in the edit history that aren't validism and aren't anonymous users may need to be there to satisfy GFDL requirements. I'm no lawyer though so I don't know as well as a lawyer would if this would be overkill or not.

 * But to become part of a wikibook community content contributions must be made so a derived work is created in the eyes of the GFDL.

Could you explain more your POV on content contributions that the GFDL requires to create a derived work? Perhaps referring to specific wordings in the GFDL that cover this? I don't see anything myself in the GFDL about specific requirements to be considered derived work.

Yup that is correct, users (readers and small editors even anonymous content contributors) do not have the right to claim a vote in a book community they can ask and propose changes but ultimately it falls to the book community to accept or refuse them,

Did you mean to include "they can make changes" in there somewhere too? As in "they can ask and propose changes and make changes, but ultimately it falls on the book community to accept or refuse them"? I was not trying to imply that anyone has the right to claim a vote in a book community, mearly that if they meet wikibook requirements that they do, which I understand to be the same as voting on policies. I guess your POV on this requirement is "if the community regonizes there right to a vote". I also understand that votes concerning book contents are to be avoided and discussion should take place instead to try to reach a concensus even with users who aren't regonized to be members of the community, in order to encourage contributions. Note I'm trying to make a distinction between "discussion", "vote" and "decision" here, but I can understand your POV that "ultimately it falls on the book community to accept or refuse them."

No if I hadn't understood you POV from the beginning I would be really pissed off. You POV is that you are part of the book community, I could even let your changes to become valid (as you didn't have any bad intentions), but I as it seems am the sole voice on the book community you altered, claim you are not, mostly because some of the changes are against my views for the book, and the due to the degree of you contribution to it. Even if you had provide content it's my view that you a latter contributor to the work should at least respect and give some degree of value to others that were there before. (this last part can't be solved by the GFDL but only by a new policy since we now have a rule that prevents forks on wikibooks) --Panic 00:19, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Yes I do think I am part of the book community. I don't think Wikibooks supports your POV on this, but I could be wrong. Basically my POV is I'm a part of the book community because I think Wikibook rules support that I am. If you can prove that I'm wrong, I'll admit that I'm wrong. I think it only takes contributing with good intentions to be considered a member of a book community and a person is no longer a member of a book community if they don't contribute for awhile or starts to vandalising or otherwise does things with bad intentions. I don't have a problem with trying to respect others, but we may have a different POVs on respect. There is Etiquette, but its not a policy or anything, so it probably doesn't satisfy your last part.

I think we could discuss our POVs on the wikibook and come to a reasonable concensus we both could agree to if your open to discussion and willing to agree to any comprised made between us. My main concern was thinking that you thought you owned the book which you've made clear you don't think you do. My main concern now is are you open to doing so without falling on your POV of decision making or if we still need to work out difference of opinion of whether I'm a member of the community. I find it disrepectful to hold "ultimate decision" over my head or anyone elses, especially with such a small contribution base, thats why its a concern to me. --darklama 03:42, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Again... As I said before this discussion is becoming exasperating you repeat points we already came to an understanding or that is not related to the specific differences on our POV...

 * I think it makes refernece to the edit history for finding authors as a means to satisfy GFDL requirements.

Read the GFDL when you edited a work and moved part of it to another that is a merge, even if the original source can then constitute a derived work (as it was altered, even if no content was added only removed), you must respect the original author list, derived work list etc.. as per GFDL if not you are violating the original authors copyright...

I refuse to teach you law or common sense but I now start to believe that either you are lacking a bit of knowledge and ability to use both or this may be some plot form alien to take over the world starting by making lose my time and mind :)

 * Do you disagree with edit history being a valid source for a authors or document history section?

Of course not, but not every edit there are contributions to works, even a user page edit can count for a user to vote on wikibooks...

 * I think Wikibooks contents may fall under "common property".

Well I think you should take your pills because you must be mad :), wikibooks are GFDL, the GFDL protect authors copyrights (the work) no more no less, if you are referring to "common property" as common to all authors then you are correct.

 * GFDL to take into concideration which grants rights not covered by copyright law

Again you should really register yourself into a psychiatric hospital :), some things you say just don't have any logic... Do you know anything of law ?!?! The bases of any country law is the constitution, everything else is just derived from there like a building that grows from it base or even better a tree that has it's root on the constitution, you can't be from the US (I'm not) but your view are a bit bent. If there is a right (or a moral law etc...) there is a reflection of it on the law or a interpretation that refers to it can be gathered from it.

 * modification seems to mean rather then what copyright protects and considers to be changes.

GFDL is a copyright license so you have to take the base definition if it isn't redefined or changes in the GFDL

 * esthetical edits

These are not defined only on the US copyright, I have my own country copyright law (I use it as a mouse pad) and states more or less the same thing as I said before all law cames from things like moral or just good sense (well the basic part) then the politicians fuck it all up to serve their interest...

 * I don't think an authors section is needed since edit history fills that purpose, but since its there, all the names listed in the edit history that aren't validism and aren't anonymous users may need to be there to satisfy GFDL requirements.

Do you try hard to came up with this nonsense ?!? or are you joking with me... Read the GFDL at least there is stated black on white about the author section and previous works references, what you and me are discussing are not our likes or dislikes, this is how things ARE.

 * Could you explain more your POV on content contributions that the GFDL requires to create a derived work?

Anything that is not Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents and I think there is a limit in size but you have to check it on your own that is not the basis of our discussion as you DIDN'T contribute anymore that is listed here, except for the violation I have already enumeration on my (and others) copyrights.

 * Yup that is correct, users (readers and small editors even anonymous content contributors) do not have the right to claim a vote in a book community they can ask and propose changes but ultimately it falls to the book community to accept or refuse them,

Herr, small editors == "they can make changes" and heck I made it clear on the front page and I even included a section to guide contributers... What is your point ?!? That if anyone makes a move against my views I would simply revert it ?!? Did I do it to you, even if I'm the single voice of the book community and could by error be confused with a dictator I try to reach a consensus, I have yet to impose my will on others, but I must inform you that we are getting to the my limit on discussing this matter...

 * mearly that if they meet wikibook requirements that they do

They don't...

 * I also understand that votes concerning book contents are to be avoided and discussion should take place instead to try to reach a concensus even with users who aren't regonized to be members of the community, in order to encourage contributions.

Well I do revert pages from time to time without reaching a consensus with the spammer, but I'm taking some time to address your problems, and you can take a look on the book discussion pages...

 * Yes I do think I am part of the book community.

Well I don't and I've now given all the information you needed to reach the same concept...

 * I don't think Wikibooks supports your POV on this, but I could be wrong.

Well you probably are, if not wikibooks would be violating the GFDL and could be liable in court and as I have shown with graphical examples your view simply couldn't work, it would be chaos...

 * If you can prove that I'm wrong, I'll admit that I'm wrong

I did some thousand lines ago, your problem seems to be grasping how law and wikibooks work or even the objective of it. Another example (We have Monalisa (the painting) it's now 2050 and it's decreed that it will fall into GFDL, you make a mustache on it and sign you name next to the master, is that right? does it fell right to you? )

 * a person is no longer a member of a book community if they don't contribute for awhile

Using even your POV this is just wrong, moraly and against the spirit of the wikibooks...

 * My main concern now is are you open to doing so without falling on your POV of decision making or if we still need to work out difference of opinion of whether I'm a member of the community

I, at this moment, will not recognize you as part of the C++ Programming community, as in author or by having contributed content to the book, I recognize and value your work in correcting spelling, the motivation of trying to change the words of phrases so it could be easier to understand to beginners and a will to try to better the work nothing more.

Sorry if I'm being a bit sarcastic but if I can't take some pleasure with the time I'm losing here I would have lost my mind by now...

I'm reaching the limit here, can you find 5 people that in a vote will have a majority (agree with your view, 3 can even be common wikibooks users), if you have difficulty finding willing people just search for books with the author section make some changes to it and add your name (please don't select the other book I'm working on as this would not bring any new people to the discussion). :) --Panic 07:00, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

= Me and darklama =

Well, since we agree in more than we disagree and since we are the only ones working on the book in question you could have just asked my opinion, it would involve less trouble than adding tags...

C++ Programming can and intends to be everything to everyone on the C++ topic, that is the scope of the book, I wish to contribute content were I like and don't expect you to contribute in the same way (Its good that we don't see eye to eye in many thing this only increases diversification and add different POVs to the book), but I take it very badly when you remove content (mostly added by me) from the book, this is were we have a major breakdown on what a contribution to it and edits in good faith means.

The main page will be changed as we agree on the TOC, I like some of your concepts and like you think that some chapters need to be fractioned (that was approved and is a policy of the book), I even agree that a different TOC can and should be displayed to the readers and so avoid content removal and live with your restricted view for the book (I agree that could be helpful l to some readers).

The book was and is far from being stagnant and I only fight for my own view points and work, I as you know perfectly well what our problem is but there isn't a easy solution to it, well, at least I do not delete or revert all of your changes and I'm working around our divergences, and having good faith and accepting some changes that I personally dislike.

We should agree to disagree, that involves each of us trying to respect each others points of view and avoid steeping on each others toes, we agree in more things than we disagree so work can be accomplished if we fallow this simple rules, the other points need clarification for both sides and that will take some time to be reached. --Panic 00:38, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Yes I agree that we simply have to agree to disagree on whats contributions and whats done in good faith, since we cannot seem to agree on it.

My only restricted view of the book per say is that I think the book should try to avoid getting too deeply involved in subjects that requires knowledge about a specific operating system and hardware. I consider it an extention of NPOV if you will, in that it should try to remain neutral in favoring specific operating systems or hardware over another. Trying to be compleat by describing every possible OS, hardware and tool combination imaginable would be one way of remaining neutral, but I don't think its possible and could make it confusing to figure out what applies to what cases with what OS version with what toolset version with what hardware, etc. So stripping such specialization from the general contents makes since to me. If you can find some way to keep it sorted in its own sections like a compramentry thing that explains how X differs from a neutral OS and hardware independent stand point in its own chapter, kinda how there's a chapter explaining how C++ differs from other languages and without duplicating contents covered in other Wikibooks then I may be willing to reconsider my stance on not having it at all.

A real dead tree book couldn't, can't and doesn't cover it all and books on Wikibooks are ment to be printed, so why should books here be any different?

I'm glad you don't revert all my work, to me that would be assuming bad faith, which I don't think you do. If there's changes I've made that you dislike, we can try to discuss them if you wish. I think we both agree we're both trying to make the book better in our own ways even when we don't see eye to eye. I think we're doing an ok job of trying not to step on each others toes and trying to be reasonable with each other when we disagree, so I don't think thats a problem. I'm just suggesting we try to work together rather then fight, like other people suggested too, by coming up with solutions we both can live with, rather then immediately drawing a line in the sand and throwing status quo back in each other's face as a means of ending discussion.

I'm not trying to delete all of your work or anyone elses work either, however I can see how it may seem that way to you, since you've contributed a lot to the book. I'm just trying to improve the book, like you are. I respect everyone's contributions, views and ideas. If there are things I'm doing which you don't understand why I'm doing, you only need to ask, and I'll try to explain why I'm doing it. I'm open to suggestions and feedback. I tend try to only do parts of my ideas I've fully worked out and then try to work from there once done, so I can see how what I do may be mistaken as being unproductive when its incompleat. If I don't end up start somewhere doing something, I tend to never get anything done, from too many compeating ideas. I hope this last bit makes sense to you, it is a bit of a paradox and inconsistent. --darklama 02:15, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

NPOV even an extension couldn't cover your own POV, you are willing to remove/avoid any independent platform or give a multitude of POVs, its like having a cube and you wish to display only one face, I say we should try to provide a view of all faces. As I said many times only content matters the structure is irrelevant in comparison as it's volatile and virtual.

"delete all of your work or anyone else work either", I know that you are only, humm, removing, moving the parts you disagree with, I on the other hand am willing to have all parts and it's basically in the book scope to, it is an orientation I can't and don't intend on forcing contributions only on the subjects I prefer, I think you also could go pass that restriction and accept more in place of less, the moves and reformatting can be left for later if you don't have a problem with it.

We at this time understand each others views and intentions and the conflicting points, I'm sorry I have added the tag on copyright violation without talking to you first, but I also knew that it was a conflicting point of view we have (and not only us), and it was of benefit to the community as a hole to get that clarified, I even knew that if I did ask you to make the changes you would probably do them, but this problem goes beyond us, an I gave previews examples and we both saw how even Admins (that should have a better grasp on this) have dealt with the problem, I'm sorry for the status quo part but it was one of the proposed solutions to face the problem.

Btw I don't know if this was a result of that weak solution but instance when you are refactoring pages (not against it, and it was on the book approved list), the contribution list is lost even more if the moves don't fallow a limited time frame, you would gain authorship if only the contribution "history" was recognized, even on a more serious discussion of copyright infringement the resolution would be very hard, since the history can't be searched, there are problems with the Wiki framework and there are problems with policies and even the interpretation of the law, I don't claim to have a better grasp of things but I refuse to agree with things as they are, and I am trying to clear them out, as I consider to have a vested interest on making wikibooks function but only inside a fixed set or rules not having from time to time to deal with opposing interpretation, this was the 3rd time I had to deal with this void and I should probably have quited by now, well this is my last try, sorry if I gave you a hard time but I think it's worth to battle for what I think is write, even if other disagree, dismiss the problems. Please don't see me as trying to give you troubles or as acting against you personally or even being a "dick". --Panic 02:54, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Panic2k4/Archive3


text:
Linear Algebra/Glossary

A

 * adjugate : Also called classical adjoint. The matrix adj A formed from a square matrix A by replacing the (i, j)-entry of A by the (i, j)-cofactor, for all i and j, and then transposing the resulting matrix.
 * affine transformation : A mapping $$T:\mathbb{R}^n\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^m$$ of the form $$T(x)=Ax+b$$, with A an $$m \times n$$ matrix and b in $$\mathbb{R}^m$$.
 * algebraic multiplicity : The multiplicity of an eigenvalue as a root of the characteristic equation.
 * angle : Between nonzero vectors u and v in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ and $$\mathbb{R}^3$$. The angle $$\vartheta$$ between the two directed line segments from the origin to the points u and v. Related to the scalar product by $$u \bullet v=\left \Vert u \right \Vert \left \Vert v \right \Vert \cos \vartheta$$

C

 * coefficients : A constant by which a variable are multiplied, fx. $$2\,$$ are a coefficient in the following equation $$2x=4\,$$.
 * consistent linear system : A linear system with at least one solution.

E

 * equivalent linear systems : Linear systems with the same solution set.
 * echelon form : Also called row echelon form. An echelon matrix that is row equaivalent to the given matrix.
 * echelon matrix : Also called row echelon matrix. A rectangular matrix that has three properties: (1) All nonzero rows are above any row of all zeros. (2) Each leading entry of a row is in a column to the right of the leading entry of the row above it. (3) All entries in a column below a leading entry are zero.

I

 * inconsistent linear system : A linear system with no solution.

L

 * linear equation : An equation that can be written in the form $$a_1x_1+a_2x_2+...+a_nx_n=b\,$$, where b and the coefficients $$a_1,...,a_n\,$$ are real or complex numbers.
 * linear system : A collection of one or more linear equations involving the same variables, fx. $$x_1,...,x_n\,$$.

R

 * reduced echelon form : Also called reduced row echelon form. A reduced echelon matrix that is row equivalent to a given matrix.
 * reduced echelon matrix : A rectangular matrix in echelon form that has these additional properties: The leading entry in each nonzero row is 1, and each leading 1 is the only nonzero entry in its column.
 * reduced row echelon form : See reduced echelon form.
 * row echelon form : See echelon form.
 * row echelon matrix : See echelon matrix.

S

 * solution : A list $$\left(s_1,s_2,...,s_n\right)\,$$ of numbers that makes each equation in system a true statement when the values $$s_1,...,s_n\,$$ are substituted for $$x_1,...,x_n\,$$ respectively.
 * solution set : The set of all possible solutions of a linear system. The solution set is empty when the linear system is inconsistent.
 * system of linear equations : Also called a linear system, is a collection of one or more linear equations involving the same set of variables, fx. $$x_1,...,x_n\,$$.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Linear Algebra/Glossary


text:
Talk:Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/What Worked for Me

I started stuttering at a very early age. I did have great family problems do to the fact that my mother separated from my father when I was very young. At the beginning I run into a greater problem, because my mother's brother (my uncle),thought that I was stuttering in order to gain attention and he made fun of me constantly. My mother did remarried after my father died. I was then 8 years old. My step-father was a very good man, but a very bossy man too. He was like the old spanish type of men. Very male conscious and made no attempt to hide the fact that he was the undisputable head of the family and the boss. My stuttering increassed accordingly. A friend of the family used to laugh at me for my stuttering and every time I tried to say something, and started stuttering, he laughed and said "say it singing", since I liked to sing and when I did sing, I did not stutter.

At the age of 16 I went into the Military Academy of my country, Colombia, which was considered a very special and distintive honor, but to my desperation, my stuttering made life misserable for me. I did have a class mate, a young boy a little older than me, very handsome and good looking who also stutter. He held the second highest grade in the class and was very popular, in spite of his stuttering. He did not seem to bother at all for his stuttering problem. I really did envy him for being so strong and independent.

When vacation time in December came around, I went home with two big problems: my stuttering and acne. Offcourse my romantic life was also misserable, I could not talk to a girl since I was afraid of stuttering and make a fool of myself. A very good M.D. ,friend of the family, told my mother that he could cure my acne in less than a month. He was specialized in gastric problems. The december vacations in my country are the longest period, around three months and I took advantage of this period to get rid of my acne problem. But I also decided that I would get rid of my stuttering problem.

Thinking of my speach dificulties, I discoverd that I did have problems with certain phrases that started with some specific letters, such as /b/, /d/, /s/, etc. and started creating in my mind a bypass in such a manner that I would never start a sentence with any word that started with the letters that I had difficulties with. When I returned in January of the next year to school, I was the wonder of the class since I had no acne, and I did not stutter. My grades improved a great deal and so did my personal life, specially my romantic life; my personality and my attitude towards life improved also.

Since that time I have used this system which has given me excellent results. If anybody would had told me, when I was 14 or 15 years old, that much later in my life I would be a speacker at important events, I would had told that person that he was crazy; I could not say more than 3 words together without getting stocked. But for the past 20 years I have being a lecturer at many Lions Club events. My speach abilities are well pondered by my fellow lions. The best conference I had delivered has being on the theme "How to speack in Public". I had told my fellow lions friends that one of the reasons I did stutter was because I was shy. I thought that I could not speack to an audience; off course that was part of my problem too. All my chidhood experiences had affected my speach abilities, my self esteem was always very low, and I had a very poor opinion of myself.

The word substituting system, at the beginning of sentences, have worked for me. The important fact is to discover which are the words that affect me. I do not know if for every person there are different words, or the same words seem to bother all people, all I know is that for me this system did worked. I am currently 76 years old and I have not had any problem since the age of 16, so I think that I am cured. By the way, having overcomed my stuttering problem have also improved my self esteem.

Stuttering can become a very complicated problem and may affect a person in many different ways. Not every person can be like my classmate in the military accademy. Many people get frustrated and ruin their lifes on account of this handicap. Today I am a much happier person and I have being able to raise a healthy family full of love. Proffessionally I also have had success. I studied engineering after leaving the Army at the age of 23, and I am retired now, trying to help other people and very happy at doing it. Ramiro Besada--Rbesadal 17:12, 9 October 2006 (UTC) (hr)


text:
Template:Genes, Technology and Policy

 Genes, Technology and Policy Preface — Introduction — The Science — Applications in Medicine — Applications in Agriculture — Ownership Of and Access to Biotechnology — References — Notes — About the Author — Contributors — Acknowledgements

title: Template:Genes, Technology and Policy


text: Genes, Technology and Policy/Contributors


text:
Template:Engineering Analysis

 Engineering Analysis

title: Template:Engineering Analysis


text:
Talk:Conlang/Intermediate/Grammar/Adjectives and adverbs

Untitled
We need an example of a language that has no adjective category, only stative verbs. Anyone? --Jim Henry 18:55, 9 October 2006 (UTC)


text:
Conlang/Intermediate/Grammar/Derivation

So far we've mostly concentrated on using affixes and other processes to create slight variations on the words that we already have. For example, "dogs" is just a variation of "dog" meaning that there is more than one of them, but they still both refer to a particular kind of four-legged animal. This is called inflection.

In contrast, words like "dogpile", "doggedly", and "hot dog" are obviously related to the word "dog", but they don't refer to the same thing. It's time to dive into derivation.

Compounding
There are two major sub-fields of derivation; compounding and affixing. Compounding means putting whole words together to form a new word, as in the following examples:

 * "roommate" (noun + noun)
 * "bluebird" (adjective + noun)
 * "babysit" (noun + verb)

Notice that in all these compound words, the second word determines the general kind of thing the compound refers to, and the first word makes it more specific. A roommate is a kind of mate, not a kind of room; a bluebird is a kind of bird, not a shade of the color blue; to babysit is to take care of (sit with) a baby (or other child), not to baby a sit (if that means anything). Because of this we say that compound words in English follow a modifier-head order: the modifier morpheme comes first, and then the head morpheme. Some other languages have head-modifier order. Some languages also allow more than two words to be combined.

When compounding is used to generate new words, care must be taken not to violate the phonotactics of the language. In the case where an illegal phoneme combination occurs, you will have to decide how to modify the word to follow the phonotactics.

Affixing
Affixing is when you use affixes to change the meaning of a root in a more or less predictable way. Examples from English include:

 * -er, -or : doer, worker, contractor, enabler
 * un-     : unable, unworthy, undo
 * pre-    : prefix, prepay, preauthorize

One of the major uses for derivational affixes is to change the type of word; turn a noun into a verb for example. In the example above you can see that the English affix -er takes a verb (such as "to work") and turns it into a noun ("worker"). There are all sorts of affixes for all the major transformations.

It's possible to apply more than one such transformation at a time; a noun like "concept" can become an adjective with the addition of "-al", "conceptual" can become a verb with "-ize", and "conceptualize" can come full circle to a noun with "-ation", conceptualization.

In some languages these means of deriving new words are more productive than in others. Languages like German and Esperanto give the individual speaker great freedom to coin new compounds and affixed words as needed, while languages like French are more restrictive, usually tending to use phrases for things German might coin a new compound for. English is somewhere in the middle of the spectrum. This may be partly a matter of culture as well as linguistic structure.

title: Conlang/Intermediate/Grammar/Derivation


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Tungsten

What does it look, feel, or taste like?
Tungsten is a heavy metal that can be from grey to white. Tungsten in its pure form is soft enough to cut with a hacksaw. Tungsten carbide is extremely hard and it is very difficult to cut.

How was it discovered?
In 1783, two Spanish chemists, the de Elhujar brothers, were the first to isolate pure tungsten metal. Tungsten was originally found in the mineral wolframite. "Wolframite" means "the devourer of tin."

Where did its name come from?
Tungsten gets its name from the Swedish word tung sten which means "heavy stone." The "W" in its symbol stands for wolfram, tungsten's German name.

 Did You Know?
 * Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals at 3422 °C.

Where is Tungsten found?
Tungsten is found in certain minerals including wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4) and scheelite (CaWO4). Most of the world's tungsten, about 75%, comes from China. Other major deposits of tungsten can be found in California, Colorado, South Korea, Bolivia, Russia and Portugal.

What are its uses?
Tungsten is used in incandescent light bulb filaments as the source of light (although, since they are very inefficient, they are less commonly seen nowadays). It is also used in fluorescent light bulbs, television tubes, and x-ray production.

Tungsten is combined with carbon to make tungsten carbide (WC) which is used to make the tips of drill bits, high-speed cutting instruments and mining machinery.

Is it dangerous?
When electric current is passing through it, tungsten can get very hot and could cause a burn.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Tungsten


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Uranium

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Uranium is silvery-white and metallic. Uranium can appear to be slightly blue.

How was it discovered?
Uranium was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist. Klaproth found uranium while he was analyzing samples of pitchblende, a variety of the mineral uranite, from the Joachimsal silver mines in the Kingdom of Bohemia (now located in the present-day Czech Republic). It was discovered to be radioactive by Henri Becquerel in 1896, and until the discovery that thorium was radioactive two years later, in 1898, it was thought to be the only radioactive element.

Where did its name come from?
Uranium is named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered some years before, in 1781, by William Herschel.

 Did You Know?
 * Uranium is the highest-numbered element, with a number of 92, to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth.
 * One ton of natural uranium can create over 40 million kilowatt hours of electricity. This is the same amount of energy that would be created by burning 16,000 tons of coal or the contents of 80,000 barrels of oil.
 * Native Americans living on the Colorado Plateau used the uranium-bearing mineral carnotite to make bright yellow war paint.

Where is it found?
Uranium is found worldwide in soil and rocks. Australia has the largest known reserves, while the most has been mined in recent years from Kazakhstan, which produced about 23,400 tonnes in 2017.

What are its uses?
Uranium is commonly used in nuclear reactors to make electricity, as well as in nuclear weapons.

Uranium is also used to test the age of very old rocks.

Uranium was used to color paints and glazes, although such use is rare today.

Uranium can also be used to color glass yellow; such uranium glass, or "vaseline glass," glows green under ultraviolet light (also known as a black light.)

Because it is so heavy, uranium is used in armor-piercing artillery bullets.

Is it dangerous?
Pure uranium can burst into flames.

Compounds with uranium in them are toxic.

Uranium is radioactive, and can lead to cancer.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Uranium


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Platinum

What does it look like?
Platinum is a heavy metal that is grayish-white.

It has a melting point of one thousand seven hundred sixty-eight degrees Celsius. This is hotter that a Bunsen burner flame. Heating platinum to this temperature makes it glow a reddish-orange color. Heating it up even more, to three thousand eight hundred twenty-five degrees Celsius, will turn it into a glowing orange gas.

How was it discovered?
It was first discovered by South Americans and used by pre-Columbian Indians. It was taken to Europe in the 1750s.

Where did its name come from?
 Did You Know? Its name came from the Spanish word platina (meaning "little silver").
 * Platinum, even though it is a metal, can be scratched by minerals such as fluorite
 * Platinum is a valuable metal, costing just over £1000 per ounce

Where is it found?
Platinum is found in South America and Russia. It is obtained as a by-product of nickel and copper mining and processing.

What are its uses?
Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electical contacts, and dentistry. It is also used in the catalytic converter inside cars.

Is it dangerous?
Yes. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, short-term exposure to platinum salts "may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat" and long-term exposure "may cause both respiratory and skin allergies."

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Platinum


text:
Animal Care/Land hermit crab

Land hermit crabs as pets
Land hermit crabs make good pets, but they are not as easy to care for as some people think, especially since strict humidity and temperature control are required. Before getting a hermit crab, you should learn about hermit crabs in general, about land hermit crabs, and about the requirements of your specific species (temperature, relative humidity, and shells). Have your habitat set up and ready before you bring home your new crabs.

Most land hermit crab owners in the United States have Caribbean hermit crabs (also commonly known as Purple Pinchers), which can live to be over 30 years old (over 40 years in exceptional cases). "Jumbo" Purple Pinchers are thought to already be over 20 years old. This species requires a relative humidity level above 80%, and prefers a temperature of 26 °C (80 °F).

For good health all land hermit crabs need
 * clean air,
 * full spectrum lighting (12 hours per day is optimum),
 * a proper temperature range (75-84 degrees Fahrenheit),
 * a good diet (including various calcium supplements), and
 * two sources of water; fresh and salt
 * Proper humidity range (80-85% relative,)
 * chlorine-free, chloramine-free, fresh water (chlorine burns the gills), plus
 * chlorine-free, chloramine-free, sea water (use sea salt intended for a marine aquarium, not table salt or the "sea salt" sold for table use).

In addition, these territorial, omnivorous scavengers have three very important (and often sorely neglected) requirements for long term survival:
 * social interaction,
 * high relative humidity, and
 * an environment conducive to surviving a growth cycle or molt (shedding the exoskeleton).

Social needs
The name "hermit crab" is a misnomer. Land hermit crabs are very social creatures who live in colonies of 100 or more in the wild and they do not fare well as solitary pets. At times they communicate with each other via chirping sounds known as stridulation.

Since these animals spend long periods (weeks or months) molting below ground, keeping them in groups of three or more will help to keep these pets from being lonely or depressed. The stress from being alone can have serious health effects.

High relative humidity
Land hermit crabs breathe using modified gills rather than lungs. Low relative humidity (below 70%) makes breathing difficult for them and can seriously damage their gills. An hour in normal household humidity (~50%) is not a serious problem, but longer periods are. Frequent misting (with a fine spray) is advisable while your land hermit crab is outside the habitat.

Post-purchase stress
Post-purchase stress (PPS) death "is death as a result of a crab being deprived of the resources he needs to adapt metabolically to conditional changes in his environment (humidity/temperature)." (Coenobita Research)

If a land hermit crab is purchased from a situation where the crab has suffered from improper humidity and/or temperature conditions for a long enough period of time (even as little as a few hours with very low humidity), the crab will be suffering from severe stress. Suddenly putting that crab into good conditions can result in death if the crab is already too weak to make a quick adjustment.

See the Coenobita PPS web page for up-to-date instructions on how to deal with PPS. A gradual adjustment of humidity and temperature is required. The details of treatment are the subject of ongoing research.

Normal molting
In order to grow, a hermit crab must molt. Molting is a strenuous, hazardous, and potentially lethal process for a crab. A molt is the ultimate test of whether the crab is healthy and well nourished, and of whether the owner has provided a good environment (including calcium sources and salt water).

Land hermit crabs normally bury themselves and form an underground cave in which to molt; therein, extended darkness triggers the secretion of a molting hormone called ecdysone. The formation of this cave requires a moist, packable substrate. In captivity, the habitat's substrate needs to be at least twice as deep as your largest hermit crab to facilitate tunneling and digging.

In the cave the hermit crab uses stored water and salts to generate enough pressure to crack open its exoskeleton. It lives off of stored nutrients, plus the old exoskeleton, while the new exoskeleton hardens sufficiently. Any missing limbs are partially or fully regenerated. The molting cave protects the crab and the nutrients in the shed exoskeleton from being eaten by other crabs.

In an environment that is not conducive to a molt, the crab's system will secrete an anti-molting hormone. Nature provides this hormone as a short-term solution to adverse conditions. The full health consequences of a long-term molting delay are unknown, but extended molting delay is not a normal part of a crab's life cycle and may decrease the chances of a successful molt.

CrabWorks has a gallery  of molting pictures. The habitat used was carefully designed so the molting cave could be temporarily exposed for pictures.
 * CAUTION: Never dig up a hermit crab who has buried itself! This is extremely stressful for the crab and could disrupt a molt, possibly killing it! There are some cases, however, in which you may need to dig them up, such as noticing the "death smell" (the strong, fishy smell associated with a dead hermit crab), one crab disturbing another, an outbreak of mold in the habitat, etc. As a general rule, you should not need to dig up hermit crabs.
 * CAUTION: A crab preparing to molt may go limp, appearing dead and lifeless. Even a dip in water may not elicit a reaction. Isolate limp crabs and hold off on the funeral until they smell fishy.

Surface molting
Without an appropriate substrate, eventually the hermit crab's only choice is to molt on the surface instead of underground. Underground cave is optional. They also enjoy huts. You usually can purchase huts where hermit crab are sold or you can make a hut.You need a coconut shell size of coconut matters how big the crab is. After you have cut the shell (over something to catch juice) scoop out all of fruit then cut small door like opening about 2in. wide and 2-3 in. tall. After this is done let set for 2–3 hours to dry from extra juice.

This is dangerous as other crabs may attack the defenseless, weakened crab or eat its shed exoskeleton and deprive it of nutrients. A cylinder with an opening at the top for air circulation can be used to isolate and protect the molting crab and its exoskeleton within the main habitat.

 * CAUTION: The exoskeleton of a surface molting crab may look like the dead body of a crab that has fallen out of its shell. Examine the "body" to see if it is hollow. Don't clean the shell without gently looking for a pale, soft crab huddled in the back of the shell.
 * HOWEVER: In one editor's personal experience, four of his or her hermit crabs perform nothing but surface molts despite having suitable substrate to molt in if they want to. All four crabs are very aggressive and have been separated from other crabs. These crabs all surface molt inside hiding huts, and they do well regardless. He or she has witnessed the shedding of the exoskeleton and watched the crabs eat their exoskeletons over a three-to-four-day period. He or she usually puts black construction paper over the sides and front of the tank to keep it dark once he or she notices the crab has started to slow down, consume lots of food and water (both fresh dechlorinated and sea salt water) and stay close to their hiding huts. Usually he or she finds the shed exoskeleton a few days later. After a few weeks during which their new exoskeletons harden, they come out, ready to eat like crazy. So surface molting isn't always a deadly thing. He or she speculates that his or her hermit crabs regularly molt on the surface because they are kept isolated and know other crabs are not a threat.

Shells
Hermit crabs use land or marine snail shells as homes to protect their fragile bodies. To hermit crabs, shells are extremely important - as or more important than food. Hermit crabs may seek out a larger shell before or after molting, or sometimes a smaller, tighter shell instead, so it will be easier to dig out of the hole they make.

Each crab should have a wide selection of intact shells to choose among; at least four extras for each crab in the habitat. Offer shells the size of its current one, ones slightly larger, and ones slightly smaller. Shell size is measured using the diameter of the opening. A "larger" shell is 1/8" - 1/4" larger in diameter. A desired shell's opening or "mouth" is typically about the size of the large claw, plus about 2½–3 mm (1/10 in to 1/8 in) all around (more for larger crabs). Oblong openings of the right length might be too narrow, so be cautious when purchasing. Hermit crabs are generally drawn to shells with a smooth mother-of-pearl interior.

The more choices you provide, the less likely it is that one of your crabs will decide it wants to fight a neighbor for a shell already being worn. Shell fights can result in loss of limbs or death; a hermit crab will allow itself to be ripped apart rather than abandon its shell.

Avoid offering painted shells. Even if the paint is advertised as "non-toxic", that only means it is non-toxic to humans. A coat of clear varnish over the paint may not be safe either. Paint and varnish might be non-toxic to the touch, but toxic if consumed. Crabs will eventually chip paint and varnish off their shells, and the chips may be eaten. Paint or paint chips that get inside a shell are uncomfortable for the crab and could cause serious irritation. There are even cases in which hermit crabs forced into newly painted shells with wet paint inside became stuck inside their shells, unable to move their limbs properly, retract inside or leave the shells. This condition usually ends in death unless the crab manages to loosen itself.

The "proper" shell for a given land hermit crab is whatever shell that individual finds comfortable. The crab's abdomen is partially shaped by previous shells and only it knows what is most suitable. A crab may try out a new shell and then decide that the change was a mistake, so don't quickly remove the original shell unless absolutely necessary (e.g. the shell is damaged or painted) unless you intend to clean and promptly return it to the habitat. Boil shells in chlorine-free water to clean and sterilize them (and let them cool) before offering them to your hermit crabs.

Hermit crab species that typically prefer shells with circular openings include: Hermit crab species that typically prefer shells with oblong or D-shaped openings include: These species preferences listed are only guidelines, by no means precise rules. A crab of a species that usually prefers shells with circular openings may pick a shell with an oblong or D-shaped opening. A crab of a species that usually prefers shells with an elliptical or D-shaped opening may pick a shell with a circular opening.
 * Indonesian hermit crabs, or "Indos" (Coenobita brevimanus)
 * Caribbean hermit crabs, or "Purple Pinchers" (Coenobita clypeatus)
 * Strawberry hermit crabs (Coenobita perlatus)
 * Rugosus hermit crabs or, "Ruggies" (Coenobita rugosus)
 * Ecuadorean hermit crabs, or "Es" (Coenobita compressus)
 * Viola hermit crabs (Coenobita violascens)
 * Cavipe hermit crabs, or "Cavs" (Coenobita cavipes)
 * Blueberry hermit crabs (Coenobita purpureus)

Isolation periods
Isolation tanks may be used for newly acquired, sick, injured, or aggressive hermit crabs. New crabs can be treated for PPS symptoms and evaluated for illness and mites. Sick or injured crabs, especially those with shell disease, can be isolated from others. Aggressive crabs can be safely confined until they calm down.

If the main habitat is large enough, a smaller isolation tank with sick, injured, molting, or aggressive crabs can be set within the main tank so the crabs don't have to experience a change of environment. However, an isolation tank with new crabs should always be maintained separately to prevent the spread of mites or other pests to the main tank.

The use of an isolation tank for molting is not necessary, and arguably should be avoided altogether. Providing a proper substrate in the main habitat gives hermit crabs a safe, more natural way to molt and avoids the possibly harmful accumulation of the anti-molting hormone. To avoid stress, surface molting crabs should not be moved unless absolutely necessary.

New crabs
If the new crab arrives in a fancy or painted shell, he or she may have been forced into that shell. This is done by methods that have been criticized as needlessly cruel, such as gassing crabs with nitrogen in the old shell, removing them from the old shell and placing them into the new shell, and reviving them with oxygen. Such a crab may be very stressed from the change and unhappy with its shell. Before purchase, ask Factor the answer into your buying decision.
 * "How did you get the crab to change shells?" and, if it was not a voluntary switch,
 * "How long has the crab had to recover?"

For three to four weeks, a new crab should be allowed to live and eat in the isolation tank without competition from the established crabs. If necessary, the temperature and humidity can be gradually adjusted to match those of the main tank (see Post-purchase stress, above). A new crab may wish to bury itself to de-stress or molt. The owner must decide whether or not to immediately provide enough substrate for that. The crab may need more nourishment before molting and other hiding places can be provided.

If there are any concerns about the new crab's shell, be sure to provide a selection to tempt the new crab to change into a different shell. If no shell switch occurs and the crab is doing very well (eating, exploring, etc.), a new crab's natural shell can be cleaned to remove most organisms living on the shell. Barnacles can be removed with implements such as a dental pick. A toothbrush and sea salt can be used to scrub the shell. Do the cleaning a little at a time to avoid stressing the crab. The idea is to remove organisms, not to polish the shell.

To introduce new crabs to the main tank, dip each established crab briefly into the habitat's fresh water dish. Then, to transfer the smells of the colony, dip each new crab in the dish before putting him or her into the tank.

Toxins
WATER: All water (H2O) for land hermit crabs must be free of any form of chlorine (including chloramine: How to remove chlorine from water . Chloramine removal products may leave toxic ammonia in the water. Read the product label carefully. If ammonia is not mentioned, use a different product.

FOOD: Food should be organic if at all possible to avoid exposing hermit crabs to pesticides. Try not to use commercial hermit crab foods sold from pet stores, as many of these products contain harmful chemical preservatives that have been linked to molt deformities. Any foods cooked for hermit crabs should be prepared in glass, ceramic, or stainless steel containers - not aluminum or Teflon. Kitchen fumes from the ordinary use of Teflon pans may be toxic. Fumes from overheated Teflon pans are definitely very toxic.
 * CAUTION: Those fumes can give people "Teflon flu".

AIR: Insecticides, air fresheners, cleaning products, and many other chemicals are dangerous to hermit crabs. Anything sold in a spray or aerosol container could potentially harm the crabs - even hair spray, perfume, or air fresheners. Think hard before putting any type of substance or fumes into the air and environment around your hermit crabs. Try to avoid cleaners, and anything else that'd leave a fume. If you can smell something, it is in the air.

Survival as pets
Land hermit crab growth is very slow. Captive crabs have survived numerous molts in the wild to become large enough to be captured and sold as pets, but many of them fail to survive even one molt in their new homes due to some combination of
 * post-purchase stress
 * gills damaged by low humidity and/or chlorinated water
 * improper temperature
 * unsuccessful molting
 * lack of a proper substrate
 * molting delay
 * surface molting
 * lack of access to salt water
 * lack of a dietary calcium supplement

 * poor diet
 * chemical or insecticide exposure
 * rough treatment
 * fights with other crabs (may be due to a lack of appropriate spare shells or to a lack of protein in the diet)

Hermit crabs may lose (or autotomize) limbs If this occurs, try to promptly identify and correct the problem.
 * due to illness,
 * due to stress from environmental factors, or
 * to disengage from a shell fight.

Maintenance of a proper hermit crab habitat can be complicated for a beginner, but is no harder than maintaining a fish tank. Once the crab has recovered from post-purchase stress (lived for thirty days from adoption, or survived a molt or two), a careful, informed owner who controls the rest of the issues above should have his pet for a long time.

Pet stores that claim hermit crabs only live six months to one year are really admitting that they don't understand the requirements for the survival of these animals. Avoid post-purchase stress by purchasing from stores that maintain appropriate humidity and temperature in their crab tanks!

Enclosures
The small plastic enclosures typically sold in pet stores do not have much room and will eventually kill hermit crabs housed in them. These habitats are suitable for transportation and for isolation of sick/new crabs, but are inadequate as permanent homes.

Plastic habitats do not hold warmth well. Most of these habitats also will not maintain appropriate humidity without modification, such as affixing plastic wrap over some of the ventilation holes.

Ten-gallon aquarium tanks make good homes for very tiny (7) to medium-sized (4) hermit crabs. These tanks are big enough to hold
 * two water bowls (salt & fresh),
 * several food dishes,
 * hiding/sleeping places,
 * climbing accessories for exercise/play, and
 * optional decorations, plus
 * temperature and relative humidity gauges.

In addition, most ten-gallon aquariums are sturdy enough and tall enough for the amount of substrate needed for medium-sized crabs to molt. Besides glass tanks, the only good commercially available hermit crab home is the Exo-Terra Terrarium. A full setup can be seen at the site of this UK hobbyist. The glass front doors offer easy access to the interior and make the units easy to clean. However, there are some reservations.
 * CAUTION: Exo-Terra brand glass terrariums are the same shape as standard glass aquariums but come with a build-in screen lid, and like glass aquariums these tanks are quite strong; however, many others are not built as strong and could break under the weight of the necessary substrate.

Lids
The lid for the habitat serves three functions:
 * preventing your hermit crabs from escaping their habitat,
 * holding in humidity, and
 * allowing air circulation.

If using a mesh screen cover on an aquarium, one that is hinged across the width will function better than one hinged along the length. For better humidity control, a tight-fitting glass or plexi-glass lid can be used, but holes must be drilled for circulation. Some hinged glass or plexi-glass lids made for aquarium tanks have flexible plastic sections that make it easy to add air holes and spaces for cords.
 * CAUTION: Small hermit crabs can even use aquarium joint sealant to climb to the top of the tank, so keep the lid on tight! They are strong little animals and may push their way out to freedom. If necessary, use velcro closures or weight the top of the lid.

What size crabs to buy
The depth of substrate in a habitat is critical for determining the maximum size of the hermit crabs that should be housed there (see substrate chart, below). Once the size of the crabs has been determined, the enclosure's surface area will determine the maximum number of crabs. There should be at least enough surface for 50% (75% is better) of the crabs to molt simultaneously.

Humidity control
Your tank should have a calibrated humidity gauge (or hygrometer) so you can keep the relative humidity within the appropriate range. This is the most important thing you can do to keep your crabs healthy. As a general rule, the humidity should never drop lower than 70%, nor should it rise above 85% at most, as crabs may smother in air that is too humid! Check for the optimum humidity range for your species of hermit crabs.

There are various ways to increase tank humidity:
 * extra or larger water bowls and sponges,
 * moistened coconut fiber backgrounds,
 * substrate that includes coconut fiber,
 * moistened terrarium moss,
 * humidimats/water pillows,
 * an automatic mister or fogger,
 * a humidifier and air exchanger, etc.

When selecting water bowls keep in mind that land hermit crabs can drown ! A sloped or terraced entrance to the water, plus objects placed inside the water bowls like stepping stones, will help crabs to climb out and prevent drowning.
 * CAUTION: Do not use metal water bowls or metal mixing buckets. Rust is dangerous; heavy metals build up in hermit crabs' bodies and slowly poison them.

Hygrometer calibration instructions
Relative humidity gauges are delicate and their mechanisms can be easily jarred out of adjustment. This often happens in shipping from the place of manufacture to the retail outlet. As a result, they must be calibrated before their readings can be trusted: Hygrometer calibration instructions.

Temperature control
Your habitat should have both a hygrometer and thermometer positioned an inch or two above the level of the substrate. Keep in mind that the air temperature and the substrate temperature may differ. In a large tank it may be advisable to have thermometers in each corner of the tank, as the temperature may vary significantly. As a general rule, the temperature should be no lower than 22°C (72°F) and no higher than 29°C (85°F). Check for the optimum temperature range for your species.

A good way to heat the habitat is with an under-tank heater at one end. This creates a range of temperatures within the tank, so the hermit crabs can choose the location where they are the most comfortable. In some climates, an under-tank heater may not be enough alone to keep the temperature at an appropriate level. Incandescent lights may be utilized for additional heat, as well as insulating the outside of the habitat with foam panels, or simply increasing the temperature of the room the habitat is kept in.

A substrate thermometer is advisable to be sure that the substrate does not become too hot. Excessive heat could harm a buried crab or cause an uncomfortable crab on the surface to "streak" (leave its shell). A rheostat or thermostat can be used to turn the heat sources on and off as required.

Substrate
Recommended substrates for a hermit crab are sand and coconut husk fiber; these may be combined or used individually. The sand should be clean masonry sand (best) or fine-grade "play" (sand box) sand. Any sand should be carefully checked for mold, insects, bits of metal or debris, or suspicious odors (bad/strange/chemical/etc). Rinse and dry the sand if you have doubts as to its cleanliness.

The sand should be deep enough ( at least twice the height of the largest crab including his or her shell) for the largest crab in the tank to make its underground cave. Without a proper substrate, some land hermit crabs will delay molting and/or surface molt. Either situation should be avoided.

As an example, for a ten-gallon tank and up to medium-sized crabs (6" of substrate), one might use:
 * forty pounds of sand,
 * sixty-four cubic inches of expanded 100% coconut fiber for moisture retention, and
 * optionally, sixteen ounces of oyster shell pieces as a calcium source.

Microwave the coconut fiber for about thirty seconds to kill any mites. Then fully expand it with chlorine-free water (expect 7-8 liters). Wring out the excess water and mix everything together to a damp but not dripping wet consistency.

NOTE: Do not use wood chips (particularly not those made from any type of evergreen wood, all of which are toxic), newspaper or newsprint, synthetic fiber, or gravel. Sanitized beach sand may be used if you can locate a clean, unpolluted beach where it is not illegal to remove items.

Here is a sample supply list for a very nice hermit-crab habitat for tiny to medium-sized hermit crabs: A super ten-gallon tank.

Cleaning
Each hermit crab assessory should be cleaned before use. To avoid attracting insects, the spread of bacteria, mold or fungus, and distasteful odors, the entire habitat must be cleaned regularly. Land hermit crab habitat cleaning requirements and procedure.

Pests
Biting mites and other pests such as fruit flies are attracted by smelly hermit crab habitats and spoiled food. Once established, they thrive in the humid environment. Keep the habitat clean! Putting fresh food in the tank only at night will help. Mites can also be introduced by adding a new hermit crab without putting it through a quarantine period. Mites or mite eggs can be hidden in the new comer's shell.

Take prompt action if you spot an infestation in the habitat. The stress of dealing with this can cause hermit crabs to autotomize limbs, and can eventually lead to death. To eliminate mites, one should
 * carefully wash the tank and all the accessories in chlorine-free, highly concentrated marine salt water or a chlorine-free mixture of water and white vinegar,
 * being careful to clean and vacuum out all the corners, and
 * setting things in the sun to dry thoroughly afterward,

 * replace all the substrate or bake it at 300 °F in the oven for thirty to forty-five minutes to kill the mites with heat, and
 * bathe the hermit crabs themselves in chlorine-free, highly concentrated marine salt water, or
 * optionally, introduce "predatory mites" which will eat the larvae and eggs of other mites but will not harm the crabs.

By putting predatory mites (Hypoaspis mites ) in your habitat, you could avoid a complete habitat cleaning. These mites will gradually get rid of the biting mites by interrupting their reproduction cycle. The rest of the adult mites will die of old age. The number of adult mites can be reduced by cleaning the assessories and bathing the crabs. A drawback to these predatory mites is that they will remain in your tank and you will see them there; some may find this distasteful. They will, however, prevent the re-establishment of mites in the future - just don't sterilize one of the wood pieces when you clean your tank.

Bathing
There are several ways to bathe a hermit crab. Since land hermit crabs can drown, they must either be lifted out of the water or have a way to climb out on their own. Use chlorine-free fresh or salt water at room temperature: Land hermit crab bathing techniques.
 * CAUTION: The practice of bathing hermit crabs is currently under debate. Baths stress the hermit crabs and flush out the self-regulated mix of salt and fresh water they hold in their shells. It is up to the individual to review the facts and make a personal decision whether to bathe his or her hermit crabs, and the frequency and duration of said baths. One should at least consider bathing a crab after purchase to free it of potential mites and other parasites.

Food and water
As omnivorous scavengers, hermit crabs consume both plant and animal matter: Land hermit crab diet discussion. Most experienced hermit crab owners feed their crabs a wide variety of organic fresh foods.
 * For a list of edible and inedible hermit crab foods, visit or.
 * One person's guide to land hermit crab nutrition may be viewed at.
 * CAUTION: Watch out for commercial foods! Many are made with sub-optimal and even outright harmful ingredients. A list of some harmful ingredients commonly found in commercial foods.

Some harmful ingredients

 * menadione: A fungicide.
 * copper sulfate: A pesticide.
 * ferrous sulfate: Used in inks and tanning.
 * propylene glycol: Liquid antifreeze.
 * high fructose corn syrup: Sugar.
 * cobalt sulfate: A toxin.
 * ethoxyquin: A pesticide.
 * Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): An additive also found in embalming fluid, rubber and jet fuel.
 * generic by-products: May contain any of the following: cancerous meat; animal carcasses with euthanasia fluids; animals wearing flea collars; diseased livestock rejected for human consumption; livestock poisoned by chemicals; plastic or styrofoam packaging. Source for by-product information.

Hermit crabs also need fresh and salt water. Both types of water must be free of chlorine. Most products labeled as "hermit crab salt" are actually table salt. Proper marine salt intended for use in salt aquariums is superior and much preferred; it contains many necessary minerals not found in table salt, as well as generally being cheaper to buy than "hermit crab salt." Table salt is harmful to hermit crabs because of the added anti-caking agents and because it is devoid of many needed minerals. Oceanic, Instant Ocean, Red Sea and many other common brands of marine salt are suitable for hermit crabs: [http://www.hermitcrabassociation.com/pages/saltwater.html Instructions for mixing salt water. ]

Alternatives to commercial food

 * The Happy Hermit Crab Store
 * Hermit Crab Addiction Store

 * The Epicurean Hermit

Play and handling
In their search for food, wild land hermit crabs may walk many miles and climb trees every day. They may visit diverse locales such as the ocean, inland lakes, forests, meadows, marshes, etc. Captive crabs also need exercise, although they get fed regularly by their keepers instead of having to search for food themselves. They also need interaction with other hermit crabs of their own species, as they are social animals. Frequent rotation of habitat decorations gives them a change of scenery and new places to explore. Placing food dishes in elevated positions allows them to "forage."

Some individual hermit crabs seem to learn to enjoy interaction with humans. Others may be too aggressive, fearful, or physically delicate to tolerate frequent handling. Misting bottles and hand-feeding can teach "friendly" hermit crabs how to be handled. Some owners even allow their crabs to spend supervised periods roaming around their homes or yards.
 * CAUTION:
 * You will eventually get pinched. Larger hermit crabs can draw blood. Consider this when deciding to purchase a crab. They will pinch if provoked or if afraid of falling. Try to relax until they eventually let go. Misting or running warm, chlorine-free water over the crab may cause it to release its grip faster. Do not try to shake or pull them off ; they will only pinch harder.
 * To avoid being pinched, only hold the crab by the shell ot on a flat open palm. Keep the crab away from the webbing between your fingers. Try not to irritate hermit crabs; they can hold a grudge. For example, if your crab is walking in one direction, towards a dark corner for example, do not repeatedly let it get close to the corner then pull it away again. This will frustrate it and it will be inclined to pinch you to make you leave it alone.
 * Children should always be supervised when handling a hermit crab.
 * Crabs are not insects, but are closely enough related to insects that they can be killed by insecticides. Any insecticidal sprays or compounds can potentially harm your crabs.
 * Hermit crabs are strong, determined little escape artists. They will get behind tank backgrounds. They will pile up on top of each other to get where they want to go, close enough to a lid to push it up. Never allow a crab to wander unsupervised outside of its enclosure.

Breeding and life cycle
If you want to breed and raise land hermit crabs from the egg, and are a dedicated researcher, you can join those who are trying to learn how to do so. You would have to obtain a male and female of the same species and figure out how to induce them to breed. Captive hermit crabs will normally not breed in indoor enclosures, but have done so in outdoor enclosures.

A sea water aquarium must also be provided, as fertilized hermit crab eggs are laid and hatch in the ocean. The proper temperature, nutrients, and conditions for the zoea must be determined. The baby hermit crabs, called zoea, drift freely in the ocean for the first weeks of their lives. After about two months they undergo metamorphosis into the "adolescent" megalopa stage. A month thereafter, they seek out their first snail shells and transition to life on land for the remainder of their lives.

Stu Cobb has written a copyrighted booklet on his success in raising Australian land hermit crabs (Coenobita variabilis). Photographs of hermit crabs at different stages of the life cycle and a description of one woman's efforts to breed Caribbean land hermit crabs (Coenobita clypeatus) are located at.

Report Mistreatment
Pet stores that are not keeping their hermit crabs in proper conditions should be reported to the management. If the problem is not corrected, continue reporting that store to higher management. Remember, if nobody speaks up, nothing will change!

These are US phone numbers for reporting the mistreatment of animals:

You can also try e-mailing them, which isn't as effective. Be sure to include the location of the pet store in your e-mail.

Writing a letter is also effective. Be sure to include where the store is. If possible, provide the store's address.

Print sources

 * Hermit Crabs: Complete Pet Owner's Manual  by Sue Fox (Feb 1, 2000; ISBN 0764112295
 * The All-Natural Hermit Crab Sourcebook   by Stacey Arenella & Summer Michaelson (May 2004; Cafe Press ; ISBN 0975588702 )
 * Land Hermit Crabs  by Philippe De Vosjoli (Oct 30, 2005; ISBN 188277082X

title: Animal Care/Land hermit crab


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Silver

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Silver is a soft metal that has a brilliant, white luster. Silver is a little harder than gold. Silver looks a bit like granite when it has been mined.

Silver has a sweet and sour taste.

How was it discovered?
Silver has been known since ancient times. Silver was mentioned in the Genesis chapter of the Bible. Man learned how to separate silver from lead in Asia Minor and islands on the Aegean Sea starting in 3,000 B.C.

Where did its name come from?
Silver gets its name from the Anglo-Saxon seolfor. In Latin, silver was called argentum. Have you heard of the country Argentina? Well, the Spanish at first went to Argentina in search of silver, and that is why that country has been named so.

 Did You Know?
 * Silver conducts electricity better than all other metals.
 * Silver is the whitest metal.
 * Silver is the best known reflector of visible light.

Where is it found?
Mexico is currently the world's largest producer of silver. Other major silver producing countries include Canada, Peru and the United States.

Silver is found in ores such as argentite, light ruby silver, dark ruby silver and brittle silver.

What are its uses?
Silver has been used in jewelry, tableware, and in silver medals. Silver has been used in coin production for centuries. Silver is also used in some mirrors, but these mirrors must be given a protective coating in order to keep them from tarnishing. High energy batteries are made using a combination of silver and zinc or silver and cadmium.

Silver bromide (AgBr) is used to make film. So is silver nitrate (AgNO3), which is a light sensitive compound used to make photographic films and papers. Printed circuits are made using silver based paint. Silver chloride can be made transparent and can also be used as a cement for glass.

Silver can be used to conduct electricity and is better at conducting electricity than any other metal.

Silver iodide (AgI) can be used to make clouds produce rain. It is also used in photography.

Is it dangerous?
Pure silver does not have any health risk, but if mixed with other elements can cause cancer. Silver salts are poisonous. If silver compounds are absorbed by the circulatory system, this can cause a condition known as argyria — a graying of skin pigmentation and mucous membranes.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Silver


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User:Cielomobile

My Wikipedia user page

title: User:Cielomobile


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User talk:Cielomobile

If you want to contact me, please do so on my English Wikipedia talk page.

title: User talk:Cielomobile


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Titanium

What does it look, feel, or smell like?
Titanium is a silvery, light, strong metal. It is odorless. Its texture is rough as well as sharp.

How was it discovered?
Titanium was discovered at Creed, Cornwall in England by amateur geologist Reverend William Gregor in 1791, though he first named it menachite. It was discovered later by German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth who called it titanium.

Where did its name come from?
Titanium is named for the Titans of Greek mythology.

 Did You Know?
 * Titanium is one of the few metals that can fuse with bone.
 * Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust.

Where is it found?
Titanium is never found pure in nature; it is always bonded to other elements.

Titanium is also found in asteroids and on rocks from the moon.

What are its uses?
Because titanium is a light and strong metal, it has a lot of uses. It is used in aircraft, ships, racing bikes, and spacecraft. It can also be found in some computers, golf clubs, and tennis rackets. The compound titanium dioxide is colored bright white, so it used very often in paint.

Is it dangerous?
Titanium is harmless as a metal. However, if titanium is made into powder, or blowed with pure nitrogen gas, it can burn and/or explode.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Titanium


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Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar/Word roots

Word Roots
Words in Esperanto consist of roots, which carry the meaning, and the part-of-speech ending, which indicates the function of the word in the sentence. However, most Esperanto roots exhibit an inherent part of speech; that is, most roots are inherently nouns, verbs or adjectives. Bearing this point in mind makes Esperanto word-building easier to understand.


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Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar/Adjectives

Adjectives
In Esperanto, all singular adjectives end in "-a," regardless of gender.

Adjectives agree in number and case with the nouns they modify; thus, all plural adjectives end in "-aj" and accusative plural adjectives end in "-ajn."

Ordinal numerals
Ordinal numbers are the adjective form of a number, and as so, adding the "-a" suffix is sufficient to change the word.

For example:


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William Shakespeare's Works/Comedies/All's Well That Ends Well/Act II, Scenes I-III

=Act II, Scene I-III=

Summary
In Paris, the King of France bids farewell to a part of lords bound for the war in Florence, declaring that he may well be dead by the time they return. Two brothers, The First Lord and Second Lord Dumaine, urge Bertram to come with them to the war, but he says regretfully that the King has commanded him to remain at court. Parolles, boasting of his own prowess in battle, suggests that Bertram sneak away, and then wishes the two Lords good luck and the blessings of Mars, the god of war.

The King, meanwhile, is in conversation with Lafew, an old lord who was recently visiting Rousillon, and who tells his sovereign that a female doctor (Helena, of course) has recently arrived promising a cure for his ailment. Helena is ushered in, and tells the King that on his deathbed her father gave her a powerful medicine, ordering her to keep it safe--and that she has brought the medicine to save the royal life. The King thanks her for her offer, but says that there is no point in trying, since his doctors insist that the disease is incurable. Helena responds that there is no harm in making an attempt, and then boldly promises that the medicine will restore his health within just two days. She goes further, saying that if the cure fails, her life should be forfeit. If it succeeds, however, she asks permission to choose whomever she desires as a husband. The King agrees to the bargain, and promises to try the medicine immediately.

The Countess, after letting her Clown jest with her for a time, sends him to court with a message for Helena. In Paris, meanwhile, Parolles and Lafew remark on the amazing success of Helena's cure, which has restored the King to good health. True to his word, the King assembles five stalwart young noblemen as potential mates, but Helena passes over them all and selects Bertram. The young Count is taken aback, and declares that she is too far beneath him for the marriage to work. The King rebukes him, saying that inner worth is more important than noble birth, and promises to raise Helena to a higher rank; when Bertram still refuses to agree to the match, his monarch threatens to throw him out of royal favor. Faced with that threat, Bertram unhappily agrees, and the couple is immediately led to the altar. Left behind, Lafew and Parolle argue over the relative worth of the new husband and wife, with Lafew criticizing Bertram's conduct, and Parolles taking offense and trying to pick a fight--only to back away, saying that Lafew is too old for a duel. The old lord sees through the other man's bluster, and calls Parolles a coward. Meanwhile, Bertram returns, newly married, and tells Parolles that he will never consummate the wedding: he plans to send Helena home to his mother, and then run away to war.

Commentary
The central problem of All's Well That Ends Well is illustrated by Bertram's behavior in these scenes. Given that he acts like a cad, treats her terribly, and essentially humiliates her, why does Helena continue to love him and pursue him? Why is she so smitten with a man who is obviously unworthy of her?

In a way, one can almost pity Bertram, who finds himself forced to marry against his will by what is, essentially, a fairy-tale sequence of events--a fair maid saves an dying King and receives her true love's hand as a reward. (The cure effects a change in the King's character, too, as he moves from a resigned passivity to fierce anger when Bertram attempts to refuse Helena's hand.) But the young Count quickly forfeits our pity when he whines "but follows it, my lord, to bring me down / Must answer for your raising? I know her well; / She had her breeding at my father's charge: / A poor physician's daughter my wife!" (Act II, Scene III, Lines 113-116). The arranged marriage--which a nobleman of the era would have been brought up to expect--bothers him less than the fact that Helena is not of noble birth, but only "a poor physician's daughter." In short, he is a snob, and a foolish one at that, since he cannot perceive what all the wiser characters know at once, namely, that Helena is a better woman than he deserves. The King's words put it aptly: "If she be / All that is virtuous, save what thou dislik'st-- / A poor physician's daughter--thou dislik'st / Of virtue for the name" (Act II, Scene III, Lines 122-125). But a noble name, more than virtue, is what matters to the callow Bertram.

Indeed, we should not be surprised that he fails to recognize Helena's worth, given his ridiculously high estimation of Parolles's character. His boastful companion is not a master of deceit, like the great Shakespearean villains (Iago in "Othello," Edmund in "King Lear"); rather, Parolles is easily seen through, and every wise character in the play does so, beginning with Helena in the first act, and continuing here with the able Lafew. Some critics have argued that Parolles leads Bertram astray, but this is putting the cart before the horse--the fact that Bertram is taken in by Parolles is indicative of the weakness and folly that exists, independent of any outside influence, at the heart of his character. And Bertram's foolishness, too, is hardly a secret: just as all the wise characters see through Parolles, so do all of them, beginning with Lafew, perceive that Bertram is committing a great wrong in his treatment of Helena. Shakespeare is not interested in shades of gray here--Bertram is condemned and Helena favored by everyone.


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Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar/Adverbs

Adverbs
Adverbs in Esperanto take the ending -e. Examples of words in Esperanto that are adverbs include: flue, frumatene, senhalte, and senfine.

The accusative ending "-n" can occasionally be applied to adverbs to indicate the subject is moving in the direction indicated by the adverb. For instance: "Ili marŝis flanke" means "They walked in the flank", whereas "Ili marŝis flanken" means "They walked to the flank".


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Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar/Verbs

Verbs
Esperanto has four aspects, three tenses of indicative mood and three other moods, which can be easily determined by looking at the ending of a verb. Verbs are not conjugated for person or number, only tense or mood.

 * Present tense, with the ending -as. Mi kantas = I sing. Ili parolas = they speak.
 * Past tense -is. Mi kantis = I sang.
 * Future tense -os. Mi kantos = I will sing. Ŝi kuiros = she will cook.
 * Conditional mood -us. Se mi kantus = If I would sing.
 * Volitive mood -u. = Kantu! = Sing! Enlitiĝu! = Go to bed!
 * Infinitive mood -i. Kanti = To sing.

The volitive mood, although primarily used to give commands, is also used to indicate that the subject of the sentence has an obligation or should do something. For instance: Mi tajpu la leteron means "I should type the letter". Compare this to Mi devas tajpi la leteron, which suggests more urgency ("I must type the letter").

The active synthetic forms are: The passive synthetic forms are:

Verbal periphrasis are formed with the adjectival participles plus esti (to be) as the auxiliary verb. The participle reflects aspect and voice, while the verb carries tense or mood:
 * Present progressive: mi estas kaptanta (I am catching [something]), mi estas kaptata (I am caught, I am being caught)
 * Present perfect: mi estas kaptinta (I have caught [something]), mi estas kaptita (I have been caught)
 * Present prospective: mi estas kaptonta (I am going to catch / about to catch), mi estas kaptota (I am going to be caught / about to be caught).

These are not used as often as their English equivalents. For "I am going to the store", you would normally use the simple present mi iras in Esperanto.

The tense or mood of esti can be changed in these periphrastic constructions:
 * mi estis kaptinta (I had caught)
 * mi estus kaptonta (I would be about to catch)
 * mi estos kaptanta (I will be catching).

Although such periphrastic constructions are familiar to speakers of most European languages, the option of contracting [esti + adjective] into a verb is often seen for adjectival participles:

 * mi estas kaptinta or mi kaptintas (I have caught)
 * mi estis kaptinta or mi kaptintis (I had caught)
 * mi estos kaptinta or mi kaptintos (I will have caught).

Volitive and infinitive forms are also found. There is a parallel passive paradigm. A few of these forms, notably -intus and -atas, entered common usage, but most of them are very rare because they are difficult to understand.


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Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar/Contractions for poetry

Contractions for Poetry
The final "-o" of a nominative noun may be replaced with an apostrophe. This is called elision (elizono).

The "-a" in the definite article la is also replaced in the same way and becomes l'. This is the only word other than nouns that can be used in this way.

The stress then falls on the last syllable of the word, not the penultimate one. Pierre Janton notes that this can be used to change the scansion of a line of poetry, e.g., from trochaic to iambic.

Elision can only be applied to nouns in the singular nominative case and the word la when preceded by a word ending in a vowel. For clarity, this cannot apply to adjectives or adverbs. Thus l' bona knabo, la bona knab '  and l' bona knab' are all theoretically possible, but it is impermissible to say la bon' knabo.


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Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar/Esperanto on the Web

Esperanto on the Web
Because ASCII-only e-mail clients are still in use, work-arounds are often necessary on the Web. The iksa-sistemo (x-convention) is a way of writing Esperanto that is compatible with ASCII-only systems such as certain e-mail clients. Since Esperanto does not use the letter X in its native words, many Esperanto enthusiasts have taken to using the letter to signal a diacritical mark that is not available in 7-bit ASCII, placing the "x" after the letter that would have the diacritic in a Unicode-compliant application.

For example, the Section 3 of the Declaration of Boulogne reads in part:

 * Ĉar la aŭtoro de la lingvo Esperanto tuj en la komenco rifuzis unu fojon por ĉiam ĉiujn personajn rajtojn kaj privilegiojn rilate tiun lingvon, tial Esperanto estas nenies propraĵo.

Using the x-convention to transmit the document over 7-bit ASCII e-mail, the excerpt would read:

 * Cxar la auxtoro de la lingvo Esperanto tuj en la komenco rifuzis unu fojon por cxiam cxiujn personajn rajtojn kaj privilegiojn rilate tiun lingvon, tial Esperanto estas nenies proprajxo.

Just six mass replace operations would be necessary on either end.


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Engineering Analysis/Spectral Decomposition

If λi are the n distinct eigenvalues of matrix A, and vi are the corresponding n distinct eigenvectors, and if wi are the n distinct left-eigenvectors, then the matrix A can be represented as a sum:

 * $$A = \sum_{i = 1}^n \lambda_i v_i w_i^T$$

this is known as the spectral decomposition of A.


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This Quantum World

Contents

 * 1) Cover and interwiki links
 * 2) Atoms
 * 3) What does an atom look like?
 * 4) Like this?
 * 5) Or like this?
 * 6) Quantum states
 * 7) Fuzzy observables
 * 8) Serious illnesses require drastic remedies
 * 9) Planck
 * 10) Rutherford
 * 11) Bohr
 * 12) de Broglie
 * 13) Schrödinger
 * 14) Born
 * 15) Heisenberg
 * 16) The Feynman route to Schrödinger
 * 17) Two rules
 * 18) An experiment with two slits
 * 19) Why product?
 * 20) Why is the absolute value inverse proportional to the distance?
 * 21) Why is the phase proportional to the distance?
 * 22) Calculating the interference pattern
 * 23) Bohm's story
 * 24) Hidden Variables
 * 25) Propagator for a free and stable particle
 * 26) The propagator as a path integral
 * 27) A free particle
 * 28) A free and stable particle
 * 29) Meaning of mass
 * 30) From quantum to classical
 * 31) Action
 * 32) Geodesic equations
 * 33) Principle of least action
 * 34) Energy and momentum
 * 35) Lorentz force law
 * 36) Whence the classical story?
 * 37) Schrödinger at last
 * 38) The Schrödinger equation: implications and applications
 * 39) How fuzzy positions get fuzzier
 * 40) Time independent Schrödinger equation
 * 41) Why energy is quantized
 * 42) A quantum bouncing ball
 * 43) Atomic hydrogen
 * 44) Observables and operators
 * 45) Beyond hydrogen: the Periodic Table
 * 46) Probability flux
 * 47) Entanglement (a preview)
 * 48) Bell's theorem: the simplest version
 * 49) A quantum game
 * 50) The experiment of Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger
 * 51) Author(s)
 * 1) Author(s)

Appendices

 * 1) Probability
 * 2) Basic concepts
 * 3) Some problems
 * 4) Mathematical tools
 * 5) Elements of calculus
 * 6) A definite integral
 * 7) Differential calculus: a very brief introduction
 * 8) Taylor series
 * 9) The exponential function
 * 10) The indefinite integral
 * 11) Sine and cosine
 * 12) Complex numbers
 * 13) Vectors
 * 14) Fields
 * 15) Gradient
 * 16) Curl
 * 17) Divergence
 * 18) How to solve problems in quantum physics
 * 19) The ABCs of relativity
 * 20) The principle of relativity
 * 21) Lorentz transformations (general form)
 * 22) Composition of velocities
 * 23) Proper time
 * 24) An invariant velocity
 * 25) The case against K>0
 * 26) The case against K=0
 * 27) The actual Lorentz transformations
 * 28) Lorentz contraction and time dilation
 * 29) 4-Vectors

title: This Quantum World


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Nomenclatural Citations/Impatiens/psittacina

Original description (Latin)
Impatiens (Uniflorae) psittacina: annua, erecta, foliosa, ramulis teretibus coloratis, foliis alternia breviter petiolatis ovatia argute serrulatis, dentibus eglandulosis, basi rotundatis subtus ad insertionem petioli glandulis 2 clavellatia erectis instructis, petiolo basi eglanduloso, fleribus axillaribus solitariia 2 poll. longis pallide lilacinis roseo et karmesino pictis, pedicello pollicari decurvo basi v. supra basin bracteolis 1 v. 2 minutis subulatis instructo, sepalis 2 berbaceis oblongo-rotundatia, vexillo orbicularia 2/3 poll. lato emarginato coucavo ecostato pallide roseo, alis 1 1/2 poll. longis lobo basilari rotundato concavo erecto terminali paullo longiore recurvo oblique oblongo apice robundato roseo fasciato, labello amplo incurvo conico-campanulato albo dorso kermesino basi in calcar breve uncivate-incurvrim kermesinum abrupte constricto, filamentis elongatis gracilibus decurvis antheris brevibus, ovario elongato

Translation (English), by Hooker
Descr. -An erect, much-branched, leafy herb. Stem and branches rather stout, terete, coloured. Leaves two to three inches long, ovate, acuminate, serrulate, base rounded, with two clavate, erect glands on the surface at the point of attachment of the petiole which is eglandular. Flowers axillary, solitary, two inches long, pendulous from an arching peduncle an inch long, which bears one or two minute setaceous bracteoles, near, or above the base. Sepals two, orbicular-oblong; obtuse, green. Standard orbicular, concave, pale rose-coloured, two-thirds of an inch broad. Wings one and a half inches long; basal lobe orbicular, concave, erect; terminal longer, obliquely oblong, recurved, suffused and streaked with red. Lip as long as the wings, conico-campanulate, incurved, narrowed at the base into a short, hooked spur, white with an irregular dash of bright carmine on the convex surface towards the base; mouth large, with an obtuse apex.