text:
Wikibooks talk:Deletion policy

Move to enforced
The vote at vote for deletion policy showed consensus. The discussion of a move to enforced at the staff lounge was unopposed. RobinH 11:33, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Removing "Blatant vandalism" from SD criteria
Currently we have these two among the criteria for SD:
 * A page with no meaningful content. Always check the history of the page, as this nonsense may have replaced good content. If this is the case, simply revert to the last good version.

and
 * Blatant vandalism. This would be obvious offensive language or completely unrelated content to the Wikibook it is associated with. Make sure that the page that has been vandalized does not have prior history that can simply be reverted, then blank the page and add the deletion tag.

"Meaningful content" includes:
 * Vandalism (including linkspamming)

I think the former criteria sufficiently includes the latter which I propose we remove. --Swift 17:59, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 *  Agree . The shorter policy pages are the better (in general anyway). --Dragontamer 05:44, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Vandalism isn't really defined under "Meaningful content" as it is for Blatant vandalism. I think perhaps either the definition of vandalism as defined by the blanant vandalism definition should be combined with vandalism definition under "Meaningful content" or it should be expanded to include an alternative definition of vandalism. Without a vandalism definition it is up to interpretation of what vandalism is and leaving vandalism undefined from this policy may not be a good idea as there seems to be some efforts by other contributors to Wikibooks to try to define other unwanted contents in addition to whats already in this policy. Perhaps we could also change the section name to "No meaningful content"? As it is now the name is misleading when what is pointed out is examples of what is not meaningful content rather then what is meaningful content. --dark [[Image:Yin yang.svg|12px]] lama 10:44, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. It's a small change, and while the one might be implied in the definition of the other, I can't see any reason to remove a small amount of text at the expense of removing clarity. Wiki isn't paper, remember, and we can afford to be a little verbose now and again. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:14, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose - As the author who put this phrase into the speedy delete criteria, I wanted to be very plain about the fact that you don't have to hold a VfD over vandalism. There is content that has been added as a deliberately malicious nature sometimes to a page, and an admin should have the authority to get rid of this stuff.  It may be "meaningful content" in some sense of the word, but the person who added it is clearly trying to cause problems for the main contributors of the module or Wikibook.  Yes, this is something that requires good judgement, which is one of the reasons why we get so paranoid about accepting new admins and often turn down requests for adminship.  In most cases the vandalism is so obvious that having a second admin review it is more than sufficient, if there is cause to doubt the actions of a particular admin.  --Rob Horning 08:18, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Moving Content of books
I take this change chance to ask that when people move text out of books (even if they get deleted) should give the right credits on the destination work as requested by the GFDL. --Panic 16:55, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "I take this change to ask..." I don't understand what you've just said. What change? Could you rephrase?

 * Sorry. change -> chance :), besides my normal error level, I have now the flue :)...
 * This refers to (GFDL on 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS), as I it seems to me that most users that move pages from books to books do that without regards to that stipulation. Another point that should be useful to state on the policy it that even if books are deleted on Wikibook there are other servers that can have the old content replicated. --Panic 23:30, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that GFDL documents mustn't break the license ... but what does that have to do with Deletion policy? This policy concerns itself with the criteria and process of removing pages; not combining them. A little context to your suggestion would be useful.

 * It relates to Guidelines for admins, it should be added there as a reminder to admins merging content, nothing more.--Panic 01:35, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "there are other servers that can have the old content replicated." I don't see any reason whatsoever for including this in the page. If you really think it is important, please start a new section for it.
 * Hope your flue gets better! --Swift 01:21, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Most people may interpret that by a decision to delete here, the content is destroyed it can prove advantageous not only to refer that other systems do mirror the content but that the user is free to copy it elsewhere under the GFDL license, this can ease the affected user disposition regarding a passed decision to delete. --Panic 01:35, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with that sentiment, We should make it more clear that content deleted here, since it is under the GFDL, is free to be copied or transferred to another location. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:33, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Vote and changes
Any call for a vote or the approval of this policy must be depend on the approval of What is Wikibooks, this should also be stated on it's text as it may depend on the this other policy. --Panic 16:55, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This policy has already been approved. --Swift 21:34, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well that change is a state of fact, there wouldn't be a need for a formal proposal (on that change) but I came here from a link that stated that it the policy was under discussion... Sorry, but my point remains valid, do you think it changes the actual intention of the policy and a proposal is needed ? --Panic 23:54, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I dont think this policy needs to be altered or updated unless blatant problems can be found in it (and I can't see any on quick inspection). --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:16, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

This policy has been formally approved for some time, and I was involved with the decision. This is the actual page where the voting took place, and IMHO similar kinds of votes should also happen. All of this said, there is some concern over what was voted on and the current state of this policy. See this diff to compare what has changed from the version that was voted upon. While most of what has been modified is relatively benign and insignificant, there are a few points that did make some major policy changes that have crept in. Those changes IMHO are something that can and should be debated upon. --Rob Horning 08:11, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the Decision making policy precludes the use of large, elaborate voting mechanisms as were used when this policy was accepted. Many of the changes that you point out in that diff link were discussed, either in this talk page, or in other locations before they were enacted. In general, I think a less-formal system is far preferred over all sorts of formal nonsense anyway (special voting pages, etc). Regardless, I can't imagine that we need to put the currently accepted text of this policy to a new vote to confirm it. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 01:01, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

To avoid confusing and restatement of the points, the actual policy should be reverted and the now changed text (contested) should be moved to an unstable version of the same policy (I will also add my proposed changes later) and in the talk page should be stated that the text should be analyzed and debated but a formal approval will only be performed after the Decision making policy is closed. Any one disagrees ? --Panic 03:37, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I would disagree, I dont think the text of the page should be reverted unless specific points are challenged. Keep in mind that wikibookians are encouraged to be bold, and many changes, edits, and improvements are instituted by bold wikibookians trying to fix problems without alot of hassle. By all means, create an unstable version if you want (i have some things to add and change as well), but dont revert the current text of the policy. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 03:47, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yup I do agree with you, but under the be bold if a user should make a substantial change to a policy, the points shouldn't be challenged, the opposing user should revert and state why, if the originator of the change should find that the reversion did in some way reduced the advancement of a point or he wishes to propose that point for adoption then he should make an unstable version to propose the change. On simple terms it is up to the one that wants to push a change to get the trouble of defending it, other Wikibookians should prevent any changes that alters the spirit of the adopted policy on the active policy page. --Panic 05:11, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Why
Why did Jimbo Wales order the removal of video game guides from WikiBooks? You can reach me on Wikipedia's 100110100; a response there would be greatly appreciated, thanks!70.74.35.252 07:29, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It wasn't so much an order by Jimbo as it was a manifestation of policy. Videogame strategy guides don't qualify as textbooks under the inclusion criteria, although exceptions have been made in the past. Jimbo's statements weren't so much a mandate against videogame guides as they were a reaffirmation of our pre-existing policy. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 13:33, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I strongly disagree on this point. It was not pre-existing policy, as there was no policy that even governed the concept.  It wasn't even an exception to a particular inclusion policy.  It was a few admins that  took the words of (and IMHO mis-interpreted the suggestion of) Jimbo and did a mass deletion of Wikibooks content.  Jimbo did come swinging onto Wikibooks and said that in his opinion they didn't belong here.  And he tried to give several point that from his perspective, including a violation of the the Wikibooks charter.  But when they were first removed it was in violation of this policy on this page, in both the spirit and the letter here.  And general consensus within the Wikibooks community on this issue was never achieved.  I still don't think it has, other than almost all of the supporters of keeping the video game books have been driven from Wikibooks instead.  --Rob Horning 15:44, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The current text of WB:WIW is essentially the same as it was before Jimbo made his declaration. Some of the vaguarities, especially over the videogame guide issue, are the prime impetus to the new draft of that policy. If you look at the current text of WB:WIW, you will see a number of strong points that can be used to ban videogame strategy guides. Those guides were not banned, as they should have been, both because of rampant inclusionism, and the fact that wikibooks had been used as a dumping ground for lots of inappropriate material early in it's lifetime. The mistakes of the past, while they do form some sort of tradition or inertia, hardly make the fact "not so". Video game guides never really belonged here, nobody ever had the backbone to just kick them out. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:21, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The video game books were not things that were "dumped" onto Wikibooks. I could name several items that were dumped here, but that was not among the problems mentioned here.  Jimbo did change WB:WIW spontaneously and without discussion, and furthermore even after he changed the wording there, he didn't really explain what the change really meant or what the implications of that change would have for the project.  It also created a huge firestorm of discussion for trying to "divine" the implications of the policy change, as Jimbo simply didn't say what he really meant other than three particular books had to be deleted.  It was if the policy was to delete those books alone on his authority.  And video game books were not on that list.
 * Again, Jimbo did suggest that the books didn't belong on Wikibooks, but at the same time concensus simply did not occur. The books were simply deleted.  In regards to the rampant inclusionism, Wikibooks has been narrowing the defintion of what was included here for some time.  But that process was one of a more gradual process.  I will admit that the video game books did have significant opposition even before Jimbo came in and stirred up the pot, and it is possible that they may have eventually gone without Jimbo's interference.  But to say that video game books never really belonged here and there was no support nor legitmate arguments in favor of keeping them on Wikibooks is very much missing the true feelings of Wikibooks at the time.
 * My strongest objection to what happened was that this policy was never even followed (and it did exist at the time!) Books were simply deleted without any discussion, and on the presumed authority of Jimbo.  It wasn't until I started complaining that VfDs were started at all.  And it should be very apparent from the VfDs of the time that substantial books were indeed voted off of this project and whole categories of books (like fiction) were removed as well.  But it as done with widespread concensus.  This did not happen with the video game guides.  That video game books still exist on Wikibooks should be a testament that this concensus simply didn't happen, but that the contributors of those books were kicked off by aggressive administrators.  --Rob Horning 04:16, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Administrators do not need community consensus to delete manifest policy violations. Certainly consensus in those situations is a nice formality, but it isnt strictly required. It's why we have a category for speedy deletions in parallel to our normal VfD mechanism. Things on which there is no doubt about the inappropriateness of inclusion here can be deleted without first acquiring community consensus. The deletion policy says "when in doubt, nominate at VFD", which expressly leaves open an option for issues when there is no doubt. Jimbo did not need to explain his inclusion on the WB:WIW policy, the purpose and the implications were self evident: videogame guides do not belong here, and they should be deleted. When the oldest wikibookians agreed on the original text of WB:WIW (or the equivalent, since that's not what it was called), and agreed that wikibooks was for textbooks and not all manner of written work, consensus was acheived on this issue. We dont need community consensus again to confirm the text of that policy, it stands until the community agrees on a new version of it. Videogame guides always have been inappropriate here, and it was the fault of lazy admins in the past that they weren't removed like they should have been. the "aggressive admins" of the present time (of which I am proud to call myself a member) are simply following policy and making wikibooks a better place because of it.
 * Let's get one thing straight here: video game guides are not and never will be considered "textbooks". The fact that they were included here previously was a gross misjudgment by early wikibookians, and we are still dealing with that mess today. In all your complaints about this issue, Rob, you haven't once given good reason as to why videogame guides should not be summarily deleted. You talk about people not achieving consensus on the matter, you talk about the rashness of the decision, and you talk about Jimbo's lack of authority to make that call, but you are ignoring the fact that it was the right thing to do. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 14:40, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Again, to suggest that there is a right thing to do is patently false because we are not dealing with an ethical decision. There are opinions about what action is most acceptable, but there is not a "right" or a "wrong" course of action. --Iamunknown 19:48, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not implying it's an ethical decision, perhaps i should have used the word "correct" instead of "right". Choice of vocabulary not withstanding, you aren't addressing the issue here: Videogame guides are not textbooks, and they should not be on wikibooks. Me using the wrong word doesnt make the point less valid. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 20:27, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Hm?
Have you guys deleted the game guides because they were subjective, without verifibility?100110100 of Wikipedia70.74.35.252 05:29, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * No, we were deleting the game guides because they are not academic and they are not textbooks. Wikibooks is not a host for all sorts of printed materials, we only host textbooks. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 14:26, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Why do books have to be academic and textbooks?100110100 of Wikipedia198.161.51.2 19:40, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It's part of the inclusion criteria. It's like me asking why do wikipedia articles need to be verifiable? Every project has their own criteria, and our criteria is that things must be "textbooks". Why doesnt wikipedia allow videogame strategy guides? Why doesnt wikinews allow them? Just because you really like the guides, and just because this seems like the best place for them doesnt mean that we should allow them here. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 20:29, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

I strongly disagree with the general statement "because this seems like the best place for them doesn't mean that we should allow them here." Always put stuff at the best place for that stuff. And there is always a place somewhere for sincere, well-intended stuff. If wikibooks is the best place for some text, then by all means, put that text on wikibooks.

However, I agree with the specific statement that video game strategy guides don't belong on wikibooks. Video game strategy guides don't belong here, because there are much better places for them.

Since one of my pet peeves is when people allude to "other places" but don't give enough information for me to find them, I'm going to list video games wiki here:

 * the WorldForge project
 * WikiXbox360
 * WikiDream
 * wikicheat
 * Wiki.AG: Absolute Games
 * Wiki gamer
 * W.G.G. wiki games guide
 * Unofficial TransGaming Wiki
 * the Underground-Gamer Wiki
 * Strategywiki -- has a nice Interwiki link
 * Strategy Guide Wiki
 * Scientific Study of Video Games a.k.a. The Video Game Player's Encyclopedia
 * RPG, the Wikia for role-playing gamers
 * RPGnetWiki
 * RoleWiki: encyclopedia of roleplay games
 * RPG Maker Wikia
 * PinWiki (for pinball games)
 * the English Nintendo Wikia
 * Nintendopedia
 * My Wiki 360
 * Mod-ified Design Wiki
 * IFWiki : interactive fiction (text adventures)
 * Gp2x dev wiki
 * GeezerMech Games
 * GamerWiki
 * Gamepedia
 * Gamecontractor Wiki
 * the game programming wiki
 * FreeGames wiki
 * Faqs 4 Games wiki
 * Encyclopedia Gamia and Gameinfo Wikia (now merged)
 * CheatBase
 * the Casual Game Wiki
 * Build Your Own Arcade

There are also many other wiki dedicated to one particular video game or another. The next person who starts thinking about writing yet another video game guide on Wikibooks -- is there a better way to redirect him to one of these better locations for his efforts? --DavidCary (talk) 05:52, 19 December 2007 (UTC)
 * We normally direct people to StrategyWiki:, but people are free to take the content to any of the above. The problem is that Wikibooks often seems like the best place to put content that doesn't belong on Wikipedia - if it doesn't fit inside their inclusion policy, it often ends up here. In the exact same way that Wikipedia has a strong inclusion policy, so too does Wikibooks, and it doesn't include video game guides (among other things). Each wiki has a specific scope, and you can't just dump content into any arbitrary wiki without regard for their inclusion policy. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:30, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

User Pages
I was under the impression that this policy contained mention of the fact that userpages may not be used to circumvent a VfD discussion. That is, when we vote to delete a book through VfD, that a person may not copy the book into their userspace and continue work on it from there. I would like to propose adding the following text to the VfD section:
 * A person's user and user talk pages may not be used to store copies of pages deleted through VfD. User pages may not be used to circumvent VfD or other community decisions or site policies.

What use is VfD anyway if people can simply move deleted material to the User: namespace, and continue working on it as usual? Furthermore, if VfD, we are typically voting for the deletion of content, not simply the deletion of particular pages. This would imply that the community is voting to delete the material regardless of what page or pages it is located on. Furthermore, while it hasn't happened in a long time, I'm decently certain that this kind of action has some precidence. although I need to find evidence of that. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:22, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]]  - I'd love to see that added. In the case which prompted this, there was a pre-existing draft in the userspace, so that wasn't actually an attempt to sidestep the VFD. It should be deleted, however. The author can keep the content, just not on Wikibooks (including their userspace). I think you're correct that this has happened in the past, though I'm not sure where. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:27, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Transwikied books
The policy currently states that:
 * "A page which has been transwikied to more appropriate wiki, and is considered to be against one or more policies here."

Pages that go against policy should be deleted whether they have been transwikied out or not. If someone could point out if there was some nuance intended here, this point could use a clarification. If it's just a redundant criteria that slipped in, we might as well remove it. --Swift (talk) 16:40, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, the latter part of this was just recently added. --Swift (talk) 16:43, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * In the past works have been transwikied despite being perfectly within the scope of Wikibooks. I think the intent is to make policy clearer that works that have been transwiki must also be outside project scope before being deleted. --dark lama  21:31, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * In that case, removing the mention of transwikis would have done the trick. --Swift (talk) 21:51, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Edits and fixed version
I recently made 2 edits: 1- one very small, removed the word vote as per the now used language and I expect more in accordance to what was intended in the original text. 2- a somewhat confused duplication of what is written on the active Deletion policy.

I also find that I don't remember this policy being so pro-consensus (the true concept of it) and as is I can point several instances where the policy has been broken, can anyone point to the original approved version ?

To clarify. I like the policy text as it is but I think that it is not what has been applied and probably not what was approved. --Panic (talk) 08:54, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

The only version I know was community approved was the one that is on Policies and guidelines/Vote, [] that makes deletion a personal decission the acting administrator without any special specifications, approved in ~2006 April, 15th 00:01 GMT. --Panic (talk) 09:11, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

Active proposal Since the actual policy and what was approved have diverged significantly a restoration to the approved text should be made, if someone disagrees or has better information to clear this out, I will perform the restoration of that version and move the present text to an unstable version in 7 days. --Panic (talk) 09:16, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I did some rephrasing, to be clear that a user can make multiple comments, just only one declaration of position (keep or delete). I also caught — at the last moment — one use of the word "voting" that we'd both missed up till then (though I also actually put one in, in the context of stating plainly that the declarations of position are not a vote).  --Pi zero (talk) 14:03, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I object to reverting to any earlier revision. I believe that most changes were discussed somewhere before they were made or were small minor changes as mentioned elsewhere on this talk page. I believe even the changes made now while I didn't agree with the wording exactly still reflect the general intended spirit of the policy. I have gone ahead and reworded it some more in an attempt to be more general towards what we actually do. Delete and Keep are hardly the only positions a person can take when discussing a work for example. People can also suggest merging, moving to a different wiki, etc. --dark lama  16:16, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Since no one seems to be extremely hostile to the actual text, I have no problem in letting it stay where it is, but nevertheless it has to be validated by the normal procedural steps to be constituted as a community policy, as such there are several issues that have to be addressed.
 * Establish a static version for the evolution of this procedure. (There is still some minor improvements that are needed to be done before that, especially on the part referencing Transwiki and a more accurate description of the RFD proceedings and the possible outcomes as practiced now).
 * Merge as much as possible with the unstable version and delete that version (since it will be superseded by this one, there is no reason to have multiple discussion on the same subject, this can be done simultaneously with step 1).
 * Advance proposal for alterations to what is now covered. This has to be done after 1), for any contested change done to the text until 1) and for any unmergeable section of the now unstable proposal if someone wishes to champion some of what will be deleted after 2). This will then follow the normal procedure to establish community approval of the policy, which includes the necessary public announcements for participation. --Panic (talk) 17:52, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Proposal for alterations
On the Speedy deletions section, on point 1, "...or any page in which you are the only contributor." if IIRC this was already present on the previous versions in a separated line, in any case this shouldn't be possible, any contribution to Wikibooks constitutes a licensing for the use of that content as such the contributor shouldn't be allowed to request a pull down even if he has clear ownership of it, this is important if the content in question is useful (the no meaningful content is covered on a different line). Clearly blocking those action isn't also useful, since it could promote attempts for circumvention, the best option is not to have it mentioned at all, any such issue should be addressed by the normal copyright policy or RFD (where a dialog would be possible). Since it is clear that that was not the intention of the text. Something similar in its intention but also badly worded on the Speedy deletion section, on point 5, "A page that has been nominated for deletion due to a general reorganization by the contributors. In this situation, please include a link to the relevant discussion that occurred regarding the cleanup." this would also permit content loss, a wording requiring that all useful content was preserved is needed, as promoting the request of history merges. I call the situations similar, in that there will not be an active party defending the community interests (the preservation of content), making it so that no opposition would be expected by those acting toward the speedy deletions (even with the best intentions). In both situation the best option is to remove them as speedy deletions reasons, valid variations are already covered and more complex situations would be addressed by other existing processes. --Panic (talk) 19:24, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

One week
Due to the size of the Wikibooks community, the following sentences should be altered:

 * One week after the last comment if participants have mostly reached consensus about what to do, action will be taken by an administrator. Otherwise discussion may continue until consensus is reached.

To, perhaps, something like:

 * Discussions may not be closed until consensus is reached or one month has elapsed.

How's that? Kayau (talk | email | contribs) 14:44, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure you intended to propose what your wording would do. By my reading, it would eliminate the one-week constraint entirely, and place a one-month lower limit on something else that is now unconstrained.  The two different issues are:
 * How long does an admin wait before declaring a consensus, and taking action?
 * How long does an admin wait before declaring a non-consensus, and closing without action?
 * Taking these one at a time,
 * The existing wording says that consensus has to be stable for a week. The proposed wording would remove that, but I'm not sure you intended to.  Perhaps you intended to propose increasing it?
 * The existing wording places no hard limits on how long a non-consensus will remain open; it's up to the judgment of admins. Presumably that's because closing as no-consensus does no harm, and leaving open does no harm either.  My inclination is toward leaving admins with flexibility in a no-harm situation.
 * --Pi zero (talk) 18:46, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Note that anyone can close the discussions (even if some outcomes can only be implemented by admins). --Panic (talk) 19:20, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't see a need for a change, in the event that the time-frame was problematic we would have seen an increase on undeletion requests. I also like that there is not imposition of a hard limit. --Panic (talk) 19:20, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I do not understand why there has to be an increase on undeletion requests. I am only concerned that admins are no longer able to close discussions within 1 week even if consensus is reached. I'm sure most Wikibookians have noticed by now that the RfDs (as well as most other reading rooms) are much less active than before - perhaps even less active than Adrignola's talk page.

 * I have read Pi zero's comments and decided to re-word the sentence I proposed. Yes, I do plan to get rid of the one-week thing, not lengthen it, to provide room for speedy/snowball keep/delete Feel free to alter it as I know it isn't perfect.

 * Discussions may not be closed until consensus is reached or a significant period of time has elapsed without any progress in discussion, in which case an admin will close the discussion as no consensus and the page shall be kept.

 * Kayau (talk | email | contribs) 01:42, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Anyone can close discussions. In any case we would certainly find people that would be willing to take on that administrative task if it becomes an issue.
 * If it isn't broken it doesn't need fixing and your proposed change would not bring any improvement over the common practice. RfD aren't exactly a priority from most Wikibookians this is clearly seen by the historical lack of participation on the discussions, even by the people that create the works under RfD, but it is one of the easiest areas to be noticed in the project by the active minority, we should also note that there is a finite number of pages that can be deleted and we recently had a some months of above normal activity on the RfDs and the new methods and practices have reduced for some time the chance of creating works that could be targeted by a RfD.
 * I also note that your new wording changes the default to a keep (in case of no participation). Most (but not all) RfDs are a proposal for deletion with a supporting justification for it, in the cases of solitary proposals (not seconded) would automatically result in a block to the proposal. --Panic (talk) 03:20, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Non-admins can only close discussions as speedy keep or, if an admin has deleted already, speedy delete. Could you please explain why you believe that the one week thing should be kept despite common practice? Kayau (talk | email | contribs) 06:52, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Darklama already covered the issue but so to be clear and respond to your question "One week after the last comment..." leaves ample room to any opposition to materialize, it is not "despite common practice" as you state but it is the common practice (and policy). --Panic (talk) 03:19, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Everything about the deletion process seems to be working fine to me. Don't fix what isn't broken. I believe 1 week is seen as a soft limit in any case. Deciding what to do and acting on decisions shouldn't be confused for one another. Everyone is expected to follow the basic principals outlined by the decision making guideline when judging what the consensus is. Anyone, including people without tools, can close deletion discusses as non-speedy keep and delete too. Common practice may be for the person that intends to carry out the clean up to close discussion, but that is not required nor should it be. Being involved in the process of making a call on what the consensus is is one of many ways people can be involved in the community and possible demonstrate whether they would make good use of the tools or not if they had the tools. Making a call on what the consensus is is no big deal and if people believe the call doesn't accurately reflect what the consensus is, discussion will continue, the decision will be ignored, or the decision will be reversed. However using the tools to delete pages is considered a big deal (a high impact decision), which administrators are expected to do there best to get right and only do when appropriate. Assuring consensus is a part of that, but is not exclusive to administrators. --dark lama  01:30, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that the deletion process isn't broken. But that's all I agree with in the above paragraph.  Someone closing a non-speedy discussion without the tools to act on the decision or the explicitly defined community trust to do so is disruptive in my opinion and the idea that it's permissible is news to me. – Adrignola talk 03:46, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The short answer is assume good faith explicitly requires us to trust all members of the community, Administrators are not given any extra authority, and giving people the administrative tools is suppose to be no big deal. We must assume in good faith that anyone that closes a deletion discussion has done so in good faith with good intentions, unless specific reasons to doubt a person's intentions can be given or unless specific reasons to reverse a person's decision to close are given. --dark lama  09:04, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I am also of the opinion the deletion process isn't broken. Actually I quite the fan of the one week rule. I know there was at least one non-speedy RfD that got handled in a speedy way that I objected to (rather heatedly unfortunately).  I personally think that any non-reversible action (including history merges) shouldn't be taken until after the one week after the last comment is up.  But I don't think that needs to be spelled out in policy.   I am in favor of keeping the Deletion policy as is. Thenub314 (talk) 06:48, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Question about Speedy Deletion reason 6 for "orphaned" redirects
E.g. Cookbook:Pumpkin_pie, why is this not a valid redirect? I am relatively new to the project and recently created Cookbook:Custard pie as a redirect. Redirects are cheap and it seems that it would be better for people to hit a valid redirect than a deleted page. The reason I created the redirect is that a Wikipedia article Custard pie linked there. Because it did so, via a standard template, it is likely that hundreds of Wikipedia articles link to such pages (Pumpkin pie does) (and to non-existent pages). I've raised the issue on the relevant wikipedia template talk page but at the same time, I don't see why such redirects are considered "orphaned or broken" (one can only know if it's locally orphaned, not globally orphaned, without using toolserver tools) or why "orphaned" would be a valid reason for redirects to be deleted, that precludes any redirect that isn't used as a wikilink (and could preclude all redirects as all links could be 'fixed' to go around the redirect and link directly to the object). Furthermore, a cross-case redirect seems logical, newcomers are unlikely to know minute rules like the fact that Cookbook namespace uses title case for all articles, especially if they've come here from Wikipedia, which prohibits such names (not to suggest that Wikibooks should follow those rules but it should 'care' about what referers sister projects may be using). I've only been here a couple days and searching even for the rules on this caused me to run into several other deleted redirects (because I was looking where I thought made sense, which usually indicates a redirect is called for), e.g. Help:Redirect (which is even more puzzling to me than Pumpkin Pie). Please explain.--Doug (discuss • contribs) 21:09, 28 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Books are self contained and intended to be capable of standing alone. Links from outside a book into the sub structure of the book are discouraged because they make the navigation confusing. While it may be obvious how links (and redirects are just a special kind of link) work to a Wikipedia user, this isn't Wikipedia and follows a different design for a different readership. To someone used to using books, or textbooks specifically, links that jump into the middle of another book, or out of the book, are confusing. When reading a book on physics you wouldn't expect to suddenly find yourself in a book on computer programming on sub page 6 in chapter 9 reading a paragraph on what a program is because you happened to click on a link "program." Instead you'd expect at the most to be taken to a glossary within the book you were reading that explained "program" within the context of the book you were reading. The problem that redirects create is that it causes inappropriate linking. Let's say there is a redirect from "Program" to "Computer Programming/Definitions/Beginners#Program" - this means every link that was a red link in every book to "Program" will now link out of the book. It also isn't clear this should be the redirect - unlike Wikipedia there are hundreds or thousands of places "Program" could be linked to. But because this isn't an encyclopedia and is structured as books not articles, the DAB pages used in Wikipedia are inappropriate here and won't solve the problem. I've heard this explained before as think about Wikipedia as a single book. So Wikibooks is actually 2,695 individual Wikipedias each of which needs to have unique redirects and links. The only way to do this today is with separate namespaces for each book - which isn't going to happen. The alternative is to try and make the books self contained by not having cross book links - and redirects are just a special form of cross book link. As for the Cookbook - it is the same problem, albeit slightly easier because the Cookbook is in its own namespace. The same issue is there though. Who says "Raspberry Pie" should go to a recipe or a book on programming the Raspberry Pie or a sub page of the computer programming book, or the book on firmware engineering page? Without a massive DAB structure it'll quickly become a huge navigational mess. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 23:44, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

Move for change
In the Copyright section: The user who submitted the work has one week from this date to prove that they had permission to post the work, otherwise it will be deleted. should be reformed into: Violations can be resolved for instance by obtaining express permission from the copyright owner (see Boilerplate request for permission), those should be registered at the Wikimedia's OTRS if possible. While resolution is open to anyone, the user who submitted the content must defend his contribution as a registered Wikibookian with a valid email.

The user who submitted the work has one week from this date to prove that they had permission to post the work, otherwise it will be deleted.

After 7 days from the notice date if unresolved the violation will be deleted. Rational for the change: The information is not available in the Copyright policy and it expressly addresses surviving a copyvio notification. Since unregistred user's identity is harder to verify it seems reasonable to require a higher standard as to contest evidential proof of a possible copyright violation and so ease the identification of the one responsible for the added content (and crosschecking the rights). This of course does not exclude the need of a RfD in cases that the danger of using suspect material supplants the benefits to the project. Note that the Copyright policy deals exclusively with clear violations or pull down request not the suspicion of problematic content. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 13:23, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Deletion policy


text:
Botany/Conifer structure laboratory

Chapter 14. Pinophyta Reproduction Laboratory ~ Cones
Questions 1. What is the advantage of the difference between male and female cones? << Return to Chapter 14
 * Read Structure of conifer cones ~ material to be eventually ported over for a laboratory exercise here.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Botany/Conifer structure laboratory


text:
User:F8DLJ~enwikibooks

Hello: Im french and I have a bad english: Je parle donc en francais: Je connais bien 2 langages de programmation: BASIC et ASM pour Z80. Je ferai de mon mieux... Je maitrise pas mal l'électronique, aussi.

title: User:F8DLJ~enwikibooks


text:
User:Ske

 * my user page on fr.wikipedia:
 * ma page utilisateur sur le wikipédia français:

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Ske

title: User:Ske


text:
User:Ehenck

http://cosmeticentry.com

http://www.cdcc.sc.usp.br/quimica/experimentos/sabao.html

http://www.ricardohorta.net/

http://www.vitabrasilnet.com.br/dmae_protient_lift.htm

http://www.freedom.inf.br

É derivado da cana e açúcar e cientificamente chamado de AHA (alfa-hidroxi-ácido). O dermatologista Marcelo Bellini explica que esse ativo melhora a circulação da região em que for aplicado, facilitando a penetração dos nutrientes na pele e a renovação celular. A técnica esteticista e docente do Senac-SP, Janete C. Romano, acrescenta que o ácido glicólico também tem ação esfoliante, o que ajuda a melhorar a textura da pele e atenuar as linhas finas que aparecem com o passar dos anos. Quando utilizado em baixas concentrações, o ácido glicólico pode ser utilizado diariamente, em casa, em forma de creme ou gel. Já em concentrações elevadas, deve ser aplicado em clínicas especializadas, pois existe o risco de causar manchas na pele, se mal administrado.
 * Ácido Glicólico

O ácido retinóico é derivado da Vitamina A, e age na produção de colágeno, uma substância essencial para manter a elasticidade e firmeza da pele. Também é um ativo de ação esfoliante, mas exige um pouco mais de cuidado na manipulação, por isso o tratamento com ácido retinóico deve ser feito apenas por especialistas. Também é possível utilizar o ácido retinóico como componente de géis e cremes de utilização diária, mas neste caso a concentração deve ter no máximo 0,1% do ativo. O dermatologista Marcelo Bellini lembra que quem se submeter a um tratamento com ácido retinóico não deve jamais se expor ao sol, para evitar o aparecimento de manchas.
 * Ácido Retinóico

A Vitamina C, na forma ativa de ácido L-ascórbico, ajuda na hidratação e na produção de substâncias que agem para renovar a pele. Ela tem um poder antioxidante, ou seja, estimula a eliminação de radicais livres da pele, que são pequenas moléculas que causam danos às células acelerando o processo de envelhecimento. A vitamina C também age na produção de colágeno, essencial para qualquer tipo de tratamento rejuvenescedor. É indicada, principalmente, para pessoas que apresentam linhas de expressão, rugas e alguns outros danos causados por alta exposição ao sol.
 * Vitamina C

Quem partir em busca de produtos antienvelhecimento fatalmente vai se deparar com um tal de dimetilaminoetanol, popularmente conhecido como DMAE. Trata-se de uma substância retirada de alguns peixes, como o salmão e a sardinha, e é utilizada para aumentar a produção de colágeno e melhorar a aparência da pele.
 * DMAE

O DMAE já deu muito que falar, mas ainda existem discussões e burburinhos a respeito da eficiência do produto, alguns dermatogistas adoram, outros desconfiam. O dermatologista Marcelo Bellini aposta na eficiência do DMAE, “os efeitos já foram apresentados pelo Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Estética”, argumenta. Mas, para a Dra. Ediléia, esses estudos ainda não são suficientes para comprovar a sua eficácia.

Um dos fatores da polêmica em torno do DMAE é o "efeito Cinderela" (ou “Coup d'eclat"), algo parecido com mágica, que firma a pele instantaneamente. A dúvida é: será que o efeito é apenas momentâneo? Para o dermatologista Marcelo Bellini, a boa aparência pode ser conquistada com o uso contínuo do DMAE.

O dermatologista norte-americano Nicholas Perricone é um dos estudiosos que mais acreditam no poder rejuvenescedor do DMAE combinado com outros produtos. Sua extensa (e cara) linha de cosméticos é pouco conhecida no Brasil, mas já pode ser encontrada na nova loja Daslu.

Perricone também é autor do livro “O Fim das Rugas” (Warner Books/Editora Campus) e conhecido como o médico das celebridades, por atender as maiores estrelas de Hollywood. Segundo o médico americano, o DMAE é indicado para cuidar de peles com perda de firmeza na região do rosto e do corpo, linhas de expressão que aparecem perto dos lábios, peles "estressadas" e até mesmo para dar mais definição aos lábios.

Os estrogênios, utilizados como ativos de cremes, são hormônios sexuais produzidos principalmente pelos ovários, agindo para regular o funcionamento dos órgãos reprodutores femininos. A técnica esteticista Janete C. Romano explica que a pele é um órgão muito reativo a hormônios sexuais, e por isso o estrogênio é utilizado em cosméticos. Sua principal função é aumentar as atividades dos fibroblastos, células responsáveis pela produção de colágeno.
 * Estrogênios

Segundo o Dr. Marcelo Bellini, a saúde das células da pele depende do bom funcionamento das fibras nervosas da mesma, e é este o papel dos neurocosméticos, melhorar e estimular as fibras nervosas da pele por meio de géis e cremes. Os neurocosméticos ainda não são muito populares, pois ainda estão em estudos.
 * Neurocosméticos

title: User:Ehenck


text:
User talk:Akagu

Hello Akagu, I love your link to Stone Soup in the Wiki Science:Article Evolution article. -- Jim Mckeeth 07:08, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I love the people who wrote the stone soup article :) Akagu 17:02, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi. Thank you for helping with the Wiki Science book. -- DavidCary 05:15, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Akagu


text:
User:Finlay McWalter

I'm User:Finlay McWalter on the en wikipedia. I don't visit here very often, so if you need to message me, you probably should do so there, rather than here.

title: User:Finlay McWalter


text:
User:Den fjättrade ankan~enwikibooks

Please, young people... Den fjättrade ankan has left the building. He has gotten in his car and driven away.... Please take your seats.

title: User:Den fjättrade ankan~enwikibooks


text:
Diplomatic History/Definition

The communication and exchange between actors in the political context constitutes the realm of "diplomatic history." Not altogether different from a history of war, or peace, or of great women and men, diplomatic history illuminates the efforts of those who sought the interests of their political incorporation-- or themselves, as well as the complex and ever-changing relationships amongst actors at all levels of political discourse: international, state, and individual.

The Diplomatic History journal, run out of the University of Colorado is primarily concerned with "international history and foreign relations, broadly defined, including grand strategy, diplomacy, and issues involving gender, culture, ethnicity, and ideology," comparing issues in global and comparative contexts.

These are the issues through which diplomatic history is analyzed and framed.

title: Diplomatic History/Definition


text:
User:Admiral~enwikibooks

Classified Starfleet Transmission

SEE: cryptology wikibook

title: User:Admiral~enwikibooks


text:
File:Electrophilic substitutiom sigma complex.png

sigma complex formula


text:
File:Electrophilic substitution pi complex.png

pi complex formula


text:
Phoenix/Enemy 2

"Enemy 2" is the second enemy you encounter. It appears on levels 4, 5, and 6, then comes back to introduce Enemy 3 on levels 8 and 11, and finally takes Enemy 5's place on level 19. It shoots the equivalent of Weapon 1, a 2x2 pixel bullet, straight forward. It has 3 Hit Points.

title: Phoenix/Enemy 2


text:
Using GNOME/Desktop area

< Main Desktop

The desktop lies behind all of the other components on your visible desktop. The desktop is not an active component of the user interface. It displays the image you selected in the Settings app and does nothing else. In particular, you cannot place files on the desktop, even if you store them in the Desktop folder in your home folder.

title: Using GNOME/Desktop area


text:
Using GNOME/Glossary

Using GNOME | Other Jargon

 * applet
 * An applet is a small, interactive application that resides within a panel, for example the CD Player. Each applet has a simple user interface that you can operate with the mouse or keyboard.

 * desktop
 * The part of the GNOME Desktop where there are no interface graphical items, such as panels and windows.

 * desktop background
 * The image or color that is applied to your desktop.

 * desktop object
 * An icon on your desktop that you can use to open your files, folders, and applications. You can use desktop objects to provide convenient access to files, folders, and applications that you use frequently.

 * DNS name
 * A unique alphabetic identifier for a computer on a network.

 * drawer
 * A drawer is a sliding extension to a panel that you can open or close from a drawer icon.

 * format
 * To format media is to prepare the media for use with a particular file system. When you format media, you overwrite any existing information on the media.

 * GNOME-compliant application
 * An application that uses the standard GNOME programming libraries is called a GNOME-compliant application. For example, Nautilus file manager and gedit text editor are GNOME-compliant applications.

 * IP address
 * A unique numeric identifier for a computer on a network.

 * keyboard shortcut
 * A keyboard shortcut is a key or combination of keys that provides an alternative to standard ways of performing an action.

 * launcher
 * A launcher starts a particular application, executes a command, or opens a file. A launcher can reside in a panel or in a menu.

 * menubar
 * A menubar is a bar at the top of an application window that contains the menus for the application.

 * MIME type
 * A Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) type identifies the format of a file. The MIME type enables applications to read the file. For example, an email application can use the image/png MIME type to detect that a Portable Networks Graphic (PNG) file is attached to an email.

 * mount
 * To mount is to make a file system available for access. When you mount a file system, the file system is attached as a subdirectory to your file system.

 * pane
 * A pane is a subdivision of a window. For example, the Nautilus window contains a side pane and a view pane.

 * preference tool
 * A dedicated software tool that controls a particular part of the behavior of the GNOME Desktop.

 * shortcut keys
 * Shortcut keys are keystrokes that provide a quick way to perform an action.

 * stacking order
 * The stacking order is the order in which windows are stacked on top of each other on your screen.

 * statusbar
 * A statusbar is a bar at the bottom of a window that provides information about the current state of what you are viewing in the window.

 * symbolic link
 * A special type of file that points to another file or folder. When you perform an action on a symbolic link, the action is performed on the file or folder to which the symbolic link points. In Windows is used a direct access.

 * toolbar
 * A toolbar is a bar that contains buttons for the most commonly-used commands in an application. Typically, a toolbar appears under a menubar.

 * Uniform Resource Identifier
 * A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string that identifies a particular location in a file system or on the Web. For example, the address of a web page is a URI.

 * Uniform Resource Locator
 * A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the address of a particular location on the Web.

 * view
 * A Nautilus component that enables you to display a folder in a particular way. For example, Nautilus contains an icon view which enables you to display the contents of a folder as icons. Nautilus also contains a list view which enables you to display the contents of a folder as a list.

 * viewer component
 * A Nautilus component that enables you to display a particular type of file in the view pane. A viewer component might add menu items that are relevant to the file type to the file manager menus. A viewer component might also enable you to use the Nautilus zoom buttons to change the size of the item in the view pane.

 * workspace
 * A workspace is a discrete area in the GNOME Desktop in which you can work.

title: Using GNOME/Glossary


text:
Scouting/BSA/Citizenship in the World Merit Badge/Requirement 4

This page contains additional information supplemental to the guide to earning the Citizenship in the World merit badge.

Numerous factors can affect national interests besides climate, geography and natural resources. These can include many aspects of culture, history, demographics and politics.

History can include long-ago or recent events that continue to shape a country's actions. These can include wars and injustices leading to rivalries between nations with little ostensible reason for animosity. History can powerfully affect a country's national interest. Bitterness over historical events can last for centuries, while gratitude and goodwill are perhaps more ephemeral.

 * After World War 1, Germany's economy was hardstruck by the effects of the Treaty of Versailles, leading to a national sense of bitterness towards countries like France and the United Kingdom, which help set the stage for World War 2, when Germany invaded many of its neighbors. After World War 2, Japan adopted a constitution that does not allow the creation of a military force, hampering the country's ability to help in military operations with the United Nations and allies like the United States.

 * In the run-up to the 2003 occupation of Iraq, many American commentators expressed bitterness over France's refusal to support the invasion. Many perceived a lack of gratitude for American aid during World War 2, while France's defenders pointed out that country's aid during the American War for Independence.

Culture includes a society's language, religion, lifestyle, clothing, decor and many other aspects. Cultural splits within countries sometimes lead to strife because different parts of the country have different interests. The American Civil War is an example of a country torn apart by the opposing interests of culturally distinct regions.

 * More recently, religious animosity has led to violence and chaos in many Middle-Eastern countries, especially Israel. The creation of Israel was prompted by fears of anti-Semitism leading to a repeat of the attempted genocide of the Jews during the Holocaust, and Israel's foreign relations have long been affected by fears of anti-Semitism harming Jews abroad.  Conflicts over religion, geography, ethnicity and other issues have led to ongoing violence with Palestinians and Arab neighbors like Syria and Egypt.

 * Cultural ties between peoples living in different countries has caused strife and war. For example, the Kurds live in several countries, including Iraq and Turkey, the latter a key US ally in the region.  With Kurdish leaders calling for an independent Kurdistan, the US was torn between supporting its Kurdish allies and the Turkish government, which believed that any independence for Iraqi Kurds could spur a revival of similar hopes among Turkish Kurds.  Nationalism plays an important role in this phenomenon, which has also included calls for a Greater Somalia, a view that has twice led to war with Ethiopia over the Somali Ogaden region, and Greater Serbia|, a motivation for the Kosovo War.

Demographics are the make-up of a country. Some countries have a very young population, such as Zambia, while others have a large elderly population, such as Sweden. Some countries are made up nearly entirely of one ethnic group speaking a single language, such as Iceland, while others are a melting pot of dozens or hundreds of ethnic groups, such as many of the equatorial African countries like the Republic of the Congo.

 * Demographic conflict has long been a source of strife on the diverse continent of Africa. In South Africa, for example, a white minority long controlled a huge black majority (Apartheid), eventually straining relations with countries like the United States, which imposed an embargo as a result.

 * Ethnically diverse states such as most of the Sub-Saharan African countries were created from European colonies in the region, which had no basis in rational geographic or cultural boundaries. As a result, many of the earliest leaders in these countries pursued as a high priority the formation of a national identity; this occurred in nations across Africa, including Zambia and Sudan.  In the rush to create a distinctive culture, minorities and dissenters were often marginalized or oppressed, leading to revolutions and civil strife..

Politics can occur within a single country or among countries. Activities involving the internal political landscape of a country can have an affect on national interests and foreign relations through the election or installment of leaders who enact foreign policy, while laws passed by a particular country may have an affect on the economy of a different country.

 * Internal conflicts between political blocs of capitalists and socialists led to a polarization of international relations. Countries like the United States, France and Italy jockeyed for power with the Soviet Union and satellites in newly-independent countries across Africa, South America and Asia (see The Cold War).

 * Following the internationally divisive US-led occupation of Iraq in 2003, foreign countries around the world were forced to pay close attention to the American political landscape. Some, like Israel, were supportive of the conservative right, while others, like France, supported the liberal left.

More examples
Citizenship in the World Merit Badge/Requirement 4


text:
User:Securiger~enwikibooks

Just wandered over from Wikipedia, where I am en:user:Securiger. I doubt that I'll have time to contribute much here as i already fritter away too much time at WP - but you never know. Securiger 10:12, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Securiger~enwikibooks


text:
Forth

The Forth language is a stack-based language designed for rapid interactive programming in limited-resource environments. Forth is interesting because it can be simple and small, yet it allows for remarkably powerful extensions to be written in Forth itself; most fully-fledged Forth systems are implemented partially in Forth. Forth is most often used to write embedded applications.

Forth emphasizes a number of classic computer ideas, such as Many ritual necessities of other languages and required designer syntax falls away.
 * one pass compilation
 * factoring and subroutines
 * interactivity
 * making an application to get a result greater than the sum of its parts.

Forth is an extensible language, giving the user great flexibility to extend it. This is both a pro and a con. As with modeling clay, in the hands of an architect with a clear philosophy it can work wonders, or it can create a hodgepodge. Much Forth programming consists of "adding words to a dictionary" and learning someone's program, the words they have chosen to create, and their significance is often confused with learning the language itself.

Lessons

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) Core ideas of Forth
 * 3) Parsing in Forth, or "What happened to the Compiler"
 * 4) Structuring vs. words that actually do something
 * 5) Basic Syntax
 * 6) Manipulating the Stack
 * 7) Arithmetics
 * 8) Control Structures
 * 9) Handling Files

Appendices

 * Command Reference
 * Forth/PSoC Forth
 * Forth/Propeller Forth

title: Forth


text:
User:Perl~enwikibooks/manhattan/1

In September, 1941, Enrico Fermi designed what became known as the Chicago Pile, the first controlled nuclear reaction. This proved that nuclear energy was real, and usable, and gave impetuous to those who would use nuclear power for more destructive purposes. Built out of a lattice of Uranium, it used Graphite as a controlling substance, to slow down the rate of fission. December 2, 1942 marked the first successful test of Fermi’s Chicago Pile.

<< | >>

title: User:Perl~enwikibooks/manhattan/1


text:
User:Perl~enwikibooks/manhattan/2

On December 6th, 1941, the Advisory Committee of Uranium created the first timetable for the development of a Nuclear Bomb.

May 23, 1942, marked the decision to proceed with all methods for isotope separation and plutonium production that had been developed to this point.

In June, 1942, Oppenheimer was appointed head of the bomb development group, and investigated the theoretical aspects of the design. Group members include Hans Bethe, Robert Serber, Emil Konopinksi, John Va Vleck, Felix Bloch, Richard Tolman, and Edward Teller. Tolmer suggests fission by implosion.

On September 17th, 1942, Leslie Groves was appointed military head of the project, at which point went about obtaining large amounts of high-grade uranium, created the Oak Ridge site for development of fissionable uranium, and gave the Manhattan Project the top secrecy rating. November, 1942, marked the acquisition and development of the Los Alamos site for development of the bomb platform.

In January, 1943, a large tract of land was acquired in Washington for the construction of the reactors that were to produce plutonium. February 1943 marked the construction of a Y-12 electromagnetic Uranium separation plant begins at Oak Ridge. The next month, construction of Oak Ridge's X-10 reactor site chemical separation plant began.

<< | >>

title: User:Perl~enwikibooks/manhattan/2


text:
User talk:F8DLJ~enwikibooks

Enfin un autre passionné de programmation. Bienvenu ! Traroth 18:41, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called F8DLJ. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name F8DLJ~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:09, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:57, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:F8DLJ~enwikibooks


text:
User:Desertfox 59

Just a random Americas Army Gamer.

title: User:Desertfox 59


text:
User:Robin Patterson

Yay! I have a Userpage. Not at all surprising to someone who joined WP several months ago.

Look for me in [http://mi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions

title: User:Robin Patterson


text:
Cookbook:Stuffed Portabella Mushrooms

| Vegetarian cuisine

Ingredients

 * 4 large Portobello mushrooms
 * Balsamic vinegar
 * Garlic, minced
 * 1 egg
 * ½ cup cottage cheese
 * 4 oz mozzarella cheese (fresh or regular), diced or grated
 * 10 Saltine crackers, crushed or ½ cup bread crumbs
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Other seasonings to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Generously sprinkle vinegar over the mushrooms, and top with garlic. Leave for 30 minutes or so.
 * 2) Combine the egg, cheeses, crackers and seasonings in a bowl. Mix well. Spoon the mixture onto the mushrooms.
 * 3) Bake at 350°F for 40 minutes.

title: Cookbook:Stuffed Portabella Mushrooms


text:
User talk:DougHolton~enwikibooks

Hello DougHolton, I´d like we continue preparing the Wikiversity. But I have some doubts about how all these works. Do you know when the www.wikiversity.org will be available? Have you some idea if we could talk with some responsible about this topic? I wouldn't like to build all this for nothing. --Javier Carro 02:14, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Apparently, mav is the person who bought the domain name www.wikiversity.org, so perhaps we could ask him about it. Hopefully, the administrators here might create a new wiki just for the wikiversity.  I don't think your work will be for nothing.  You're doing an incredible job getting the pages started!  I wish I could read Spanish. --DougHolton 19:02, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Hey, I´ve just been a few minutes ago in the web http://wikiguide.coedit.net/ and I think i read your nickname there, it´s really an interesting project also!!! --Javier Carro 21:02, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called DougHolton. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name DougHolton~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:10, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:54, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:DougHolton~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Lentil Soup

 * Vegan Cuisine | Soups

Ingredients

 * 1–2 tablespoons olive oil
 * 1 onion, diced
 * 2 carrots, diced
 * 2 cloves garlic, minced
 * ½ lb dry red lentils
 * 6 cups water or stock
 * 1 bay leaf

Procedure

 * 1) Lentil soup done.jpg over the lentils to remove any debris if needed. Rinse well.
 * 2) Heat the olive oil in a large pan over medium heat. Once oil is hot, add the onion and carrots. Sauté for a few minutes, until the vegetables have started to soften, then add the garlic.
 * 3) Add the lentils, bay leaf, and water to the pot. Simmer over low-medium heat for 20–30 minutes until lentils are softened.
 * 4) Serve hot.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Herbs and/or spices can be added to the sautéing vegetables, such as cumin, thyme, oregano, and/or red pepper flakes.
 * Hot sauce can be added to taste. Freshly-squeezed lemon juice is a nice addition, preferably immediately before serving.

title: Cookbook:Lentil Soup


text:
Cookbook:Shrimp and Sea Bass Ceviche

Ceviche (or cebiche) is traditional Peruvian/Ecuadorian dish in maritime areas. In its classic form, it is composed of chunks of raw fish, lime juice, chopped onion, and minced ají limo or rocoto, both types of chiles. The recipe below for Ceviche of Shrimp and Sea Bass is not "authentic" but should be edible.

Ingredients

 * 1 pound (450 g) shrimp (16/20 per pound), peeled and cleaned
 * 2 pounds (900 g) meaty white fish, such as sea bass, boned and cut into large dice
 * 1 red onion, minced
 * 1 piece ginger, peeled and minced
 * 1 clove garlic, minced
 * ¼ Habañero or Scotch bonnet pepper, seeded and minced
 * 1 celery rib, minced
 * Salt
 * Black pepper
 * 5 lemons, juiced
 * 5 limes, juiced
 * 1 bunch cilantro, chopped
 * 2 ears of corn, grilled with husk on

Procedure

 * 1) Boil salted water. Have ice water ready on the side. Poach shrimp for just 30 seconds in the hot water, then cool in ice water and drain.
 * 2) Combine shrimp with fish, then toss with onion, ginger, garlic, hot pepper, celery, salt, and black pepper. Allow to cool in the refrigerator at least 30 minutes and up to 2 hours.
 * 3) Add lemon and lime juices and refrigerate 1 additional hour. Finish with cilantro and corn.
 * 4) Check seasoning and serve.

title: Cookbook:Shrimp and Sea Bass Ceviche


text:
Cookbook talk:Shrimp and Sea Bass Ceviche

This recipe was originaly posted in the Wikipedia article Ceviche. The page history at the time the text was copied is included below.

 * (cur) (last) . . 00:58, 29 Apr 2004 . . 80.58.0.44
 * (cur) (last) . . 14:55, 28 Apr 2004 . . Hajor (+img)
 * (cur) (last) . . m 19:12, 12 Apr 2004 . . Wmahan (vegtable->vegetable)
 * (cur) (last) . . m 09:39, 26 Mar 2004 . . Hajor (dab Trujillo)
 * (cur) (last) . . 07:00, 13 Dec 2003 . . 62.245.162.40
 * (cur) (last) . . 06:57, 13 Dec 2003 . . 62.245.162.40
 * (cur) (last) . . m 12:58, 29 Jul 2003 . . Viajero (disambig Lima)
 * (cur) (last) . . 11:53, 5 Jul 2003 . . Viajero
 * (cur) (last) . . m 05:22, 5 Jul 2003 . . ( (relink lime)
 * (cur) (last) . . 10:33, 11 Aug 2002 . . Vicki Rosenzweig (layout; how large a piece of ginger, please?)
 * (cur) (last) . . 10:32, 11 Aug 2002 . . Vicki Rosenzweig (note that traditional ceviche uses raw fish)
 * (cur) (last) . . 09:58, 11 Aug 2002 . . 208.60.255.102 (Ceviche)


text:
User talk:Loum

Welcome to wikibooks! I've seen your contributions to the Cookbook, and I wanted to thank you for your help. I saw the edits at the Portabella Mushroom recipe, and would like to suggest that you read How to rename (move) a page on the prefered method to moving the contents of a module. Other than that, great job, and I hope to see you contributing more in the future. Gentgeen 04:24, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Loum


text:
The Linux Kernel/Updating

The most of Linux system distributions update the kernel automatically to recommended and tested release. If you want to research your own copy of sources, compile it and run you can do it manually.

Here is short and fast starting instruction:

git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git cd linux cp /boot/config-$(uname -r) .config # reuse current working config make olddefconfig # configure using current config and default options make sudo make modules_install install

Other make targets for configuration
 * menuconfig
 * requires libncurses5-dev
 * gconfig
 * requires libglade2-dev
 * xconfig
 * requires libqt4-dev

📚 References:
 * https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/BuildYourOwnKernel
 * https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/BuildYourOwnKernel
 * https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/BuildYourOwnKernel

💾 Historical:
 * https://linuxreviews.org/Kernel_Rebuild_Guide

title: The Linux Kernel/Updating


text:
Talk:Music Theory/Scales and Intervals

"Pentatonic scales all have five notes, although this is really a coincidence. They are called pentatonic scales because each note in the scale is a fifth (seven semitones) relative to another note."
 * I don't think this is true; it only holds true for the major pentatonic. -- Jimregan 08:49, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm not 100% sure about it myself, but I think other "pentatonic" scales are just modes of the major pentatonic...I should perhaps look into this further. Speaking of modes, they already have their own chapter. They don't need to be discussed here, just mentioned in brief with a cross-reference.

I think the parts showing the scales really belonged on their own lines. On my video resolution the scales are currently word-wrapped, which is jarring and inhibits clarity. The only way to ensure they won't wrap is to put them on their own lines.

--Furrykef 11:22, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Well, as it is it renders for me like this:

 * Here are two versions of the chromatic scale, one with sharps, the other with flats, each on its own line: C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B C Db D Eb E F Gb G Ab A Bb B

Maybe what you want is this

C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B C Db D Eb E F Gb G Ab A Bb B
 * Here are two versions of the chromatic scale, one with sharps, the other with flats, each on its own line:

-- Jimregan 18:49, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Ah, yeah, sorry. I should check my previews more carefully...

--Furrykef 01:39, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Tables
Do we really need those tone/semitone tables? I don't really think it's a good use of table markup. --Furrykef 15:02, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Can the derivation of the pentatonic scale be discussed further? After reading the docs on pentatonic intervals, I'm a bit confused over the statement that all tones are in relation by a fifth. If one bases that statement on the circle of fifths, then the statement is somewhat true with the exception of E does not repeat to C again. I found the above link very interesting in regards to the derivation of a pentatonic scale.

In summary, to generate a pentonic scale, using the Pythagorean method. Use 5/4f to calcuate a fifth and 4/3f to calculate a forth (note however that the forth is not actually part of the pentatonic scale). So using the Pythagorian method, it looks something like:

 * C = 1f
 * D = 3/2f - 4/3f
 * E = ((3/2f - 4/3f) + 3/2f) - 4/3f
 * G = 3/2f
 * A = (3/2f - 4/3f) + 3/2f
 * c = 2f

That looks confusing, but really it's just a cycle of C up a fifth to G, down a forth to D, up a fifth to A, and back down a forth to E (C -> G -> D -> A -> E). The high c is in there, but really it can't be derived using this natural cycle. It's just there to show an octave.

As you play with the numbers, you'll find an exact even interval of 9/8f between C&D,D&E, and G&A, and two larger intervals of 32/27f between E&G and A&c.

A pentatonic scale can also be derived using straight harmonic calculations of:

 * C = 1f
 * D = 9/8f
 * E = 5/4f
 * G = 3/2f
 * A = 5/3f
 * c = 2f

If all these ratios look confusing, just think of 5/4f as f + 1/4f or the base/tonic freq plus a quarter of it's value. 2f of course being double the freq to achieve an octave.

So there you have it, two pentatonic scale derived naturally. The first is called Pythagorean temperament, the second is called Just temperament. Both are interesting in their own respects. The Just temperament uses natural harmonics for all notes. However the interval between each note varies. The Pythagorean temperament is interesting in that the intervals between each tone is exactly 9/8f!

Using the Pythagorean model, a daitonic scale can be produced by splitting the two larger intervals of 32/27f into 9/8f + 256/243f. That 256/243f interval is the definition of a Pythagorean semitone or half tone. When done, you have five 9/8 intervals and two 256/243 intervals in a WWHWWWH pattern and hence the definition of what a diatonic scale is.

I should point out that as cool as the Pythagorean method is, it's not exact. That's because the semitones between E & F and B & c are not exactly a half step (ie: half of 9/8f), it's something like 256/243f. For that reason, the Pythagorean scale is great for music written in one key like so many folk tunes. If one was to switch musical keys with instruments tuned to Pythagorean temperament, one would have to switch instruments as well (ie: one instrument for each musical key). This lead to the adoption of Even termperament. Even temperament essentially devides an octave into 12 equally tuned semitones. This has the advantage in that an Even tuned instrument can be played in any key. The disadvantage of Even temperament is that none of the actual tones in the scale are exact to natual harmonics (other than tonic and octave). The difference is very slight, but it does exist.

The calculations and comparisons between Just, Pythagorean, and Even respectively look something like:

... --releppes 16:18, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * C: J=1f, P=1f E=1f
 * D: J=9/8, P=9/8f, E=2^(2/12)f
 * E: J=5/4f, P=81/64f, E=2^(4/12)f

What about another table for the simple interval section with # intervals as 1 axis and # semitones as the other axis to show how the notation of music deals with the actual number of semitones between notes? i.e. a 13 (including 0)x 8 grid. I have found no such grid when trying to help my daughter with her grade iv theory and wanted to explain the whole concept. C Knox

title: Talk:Music Theory/Scales and Intervals


text:
Cookbook:San Francisco style Scallop Ceviche

| California cuisine | Seafood | Appetizers

A ceviche is a seafood dish, originating in Peru, that relies on acid rather than heat to cook the fish. This recipe adds a bit of a California twist by adding sliced avocado to the dish.

Ingredients

 * 1 pound (450 g) bay scallops
 * ½ cup (125 ml) lemon juice (about 3–4 lemons)
 * 4 red bell peppers, roasted, peeled, and seeded
 * 2 tablespoons (30 ml) balsamic vinegar
 * 2 tablespoons (30 ml) extra-virgin olive oil
 * ½ teaspoon (2.5 ml) ground cayenne pepper
 * Salt, to taste
 * 1 avocado, peeled and sliced

Procedure

 * 1) In a non-reactive bowl, combine the scallops and lemon juice. Add more juice as needed to cover the scallops.
 * 2) Refrigerate, covered, and stir often for 2 hours, until the scallops become opaque.
 * 3) Combine the bell peppers, vinegar, oil, cayenne, and salt into a food processor or blender, and purée.
 * 4) To serve, spoon the sauce onto individual plates, drain the scallops, and place them on the sauce. Garnish with slices of avocado.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * For a more Southwestern flavor, replace ¼ cup lemon juice with lime juice, and replace the bell peppers with New Mexico chili peppers.

Warnings

 * Eating raw seafood can cause illness if it is not fresh.


text:
Programming HP Calculators

Note: Everything mentioned in this manual should work with all Hewlett Packard graphical calculators unless otherwise stated, however this manual has only been tested for commands and variables compatible with the 38g series of calculators.

This book does not work with HP 28 or HP 48 series graphical and scientific calculators. This series used a FORTH like programming language and also provided a symbolic calculation mode. Maybe someone wants to provide material about this series?

Contents

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) /Commands/
 * 3) *Aplet Commands
 * 4) *Branch Commands
 * 5) *Drawing Commands
 * 6) *Graphic Commands
 * 7) *Loop Commands
 * 8) *Matrix Commands
 * 9) *Print Commands
 * 10) *Prompt Commands
 * 11) *Stat Commands
 * 12) *Easter Egg Commands
 * 13) /Variables/

title: Programming HP Calculators


text:
Latin/Lesson 1-Subjunctive

Subjunctives
The Subjunctive is one of the three different moods a Latin verb can take. The two other moods are the Indicative and the Imperative. The subjunctive is perhaps the most common and also most difficult to grasp, and there are a great number of different subjunctive uses.

The subjunctive mainly expresses doubt or potential and what could have been. Whereas the indicative declares "this happened" or "that happened," the imperative is called 'jussive,' which is from 'iubere' - to command, bid.

 * Examples
 * "Let me go" and "May I go?" are statements of potential; the speaker is not entirely certain his/her command will be followed.
 * "Were I a king, I would have a golden throne." -this expresses what could be true, but is not. Speaker is not a king, and so will not get the throne.
 * "May the force be with you!" expresses the hope/potential that the force (Star Wars) will be with you. The essential word here is 'may' - "May the force be with you."

"If this were to happen," or "May this happen!" or "I ask you to make this happen" are all possible uses of the subjunctive.

There are four subjunctives: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. There are no subjunctives in the future tense, which already incorporates an element of doubt.

The Present Subjunctive
The present subjunctive is similar to the present indicative, except marked by a change of the theme vowel.

present stem + theme vowel change + ending

Form
In the present subjunctive, the theme vowel for every conjugation changes; in effect, the first conjugation masquerades as the second conjugation and all the other conjugations take on the appearance of the first.

Some ways to remember this are in the following collapsed table.

Example Conjugation
porto, portare, portavi, portatus (1st conjugation - to carry)

Present Indicative
This is the present active indicative form of portāre, which has already been covered.

Remember the join vowels.

Present Subjunctive
The present active subjunctive of portare would be conjugated as follows:

Notice:
 * The -ā- vowel stem has changed to an -ē-.
 * The personal endings -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt are used, as is done for regular indicative verbs.

Present Subjunctive of Esse
The present active subjunctive of sum, esse, the verb "to be", is conjugated as follows:

Unlike the conjugation of the present active indicative form, the present subjunctive is regular. The same personal endings are affixed to si-.

Present Subjunctive of Posse
Translates as "May I/you/he/we/you/they be able"

Imperfect Subjunctive
The imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the personal endings -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt or the passive endings -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur to the present infinitive active (often the second principal part). In other words, for

vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum

The imperfect subjunctives are formed thus:

For deponent verbs, whose second principal part is the passive infinitive (e.g., cōnārī, verērī, patī, expedīrī) a pseudo present infinitive is used (e.g, cōnāre, verēre, patere, expedīre; although these forms do not exist as stand-alone infinitives, they actually ARE the singular imperatives for these deponent verbs)

The imperfect subjunctive of the verb to be (sum, esse) is conjugated regularly, as are ALL irregular verbs, e.g.: possem, vellem, nollem, ferrem, irem)

Uses of the Subjunctive
Verbs in the subjunctive mood may assume special meaning in specific constructions.

Volitive or Optative Clauses
Subjunctives in independent clauses are often translated as volitive/optative (that is, as a wish). Volitives/optatives show an intention for an action to occur; e.g. "amet" may be translated in volitive/optative context as "may he love"

Hortatory
A suggestion or command in first person (most often plural); e.g. "cedamus" as an hortatory subjunctive is "let us depart"

Jussive
A suggestion or command in third person; e.g. "cedat" as a jussive subjunctive is "let her depart"; "deprehendatur"= "Let him be seized"

Potential
The potential or possibility of something happening, in any person: (Fortasse) te amem. "Perhaps I may love you."

All of these Subjunctive types can be used in an independent (main) clause. Note that all can be translated with "let" or "may"; the differences lie in how English will represent the subjunctive verb:

 * Volitive (Wish): May we be friends forever!
 * Hortatory (Suggestion): Let us be friends!
 * Jussive (Command): Let them be friends!
 * Potential (Possibility): They may be friends; we may be friends; you may be friends.

Purpose Clauses
A purpose clause is a dependent clause used, as the name shows, to show purpose. Often initiated by an indicative verb, the clause contains a subjunctive verb in either the present or imperfect tense. Present and imperfect verbs in purpose clauses should be translated with the auxiliary verbs "may" and "might," respectively. For example, "Marcus urbem condidit ut regeret" should be translated as "Marcus built the city so that he would rule." These appear frequently in Latin.

Relative Clauses
A relative clause is an independent clause introduced by a relative pronoun. When the verb of a relative clause is in the subjunctive mood the clause may express result, purpose, or characteristic.

 * Result: The field is so large that he could not plow it in one day.
 * Purpose: He sent envoys who would pacify the city.
 * Characteristic: Who is so ill-prepared who would fight without a shield?

title: Latin/Lesson 1-Subjunctive


text:
World History/Precolumbian History of the Americas

The Olmec
The Olmec rule lasted from 1200 BC to 600 AD in the swampy lowland regions of Mexico. To deal with this climate, the Olmec built permanent city-temple complexes at sites such as at San Lorenzo, Tenochtitlán, La Venta, Tres Zapotes, Chalcatzingo, and La Mojarra. Olmec culture originated at San Lorenzo, where distinctively Olmec features began to appear at about 1150 BC. As in Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt and other early civilizations, the emergence of the Olmec civilization was assisted by fertile, well-watered alluvial soil.

The Olmec were known for their art, which usually reflected their religion. They created ceramic vessels, figurines, and the unexplained enormous carvings of heads. The jaguar is an important motif throughout Olmec art.

In about 900 BC, San Lorenzo was all but abandoned, and La Venta became the primary city. The reasons behind this move are unknown, but it may have been due to environmental changes or invasions. By 400 BC, La Venta also came to an end.

Rise and Fall of the Maya
One of the three most powerful and interesting cultures to thrive during the Precolumbian period was that of the Maya, which centered on the city of Tikal in the Peten section of Guatemala (delete "the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico"). Though the Maya had existed for some time beforehand, the dates of 300 BC to 800 AD are the most accurate for the height of Maya culture. The Golden Age of the Maya might be described as about 500 to 850 AD, during which the most complex and fascinating parts of Maya culture were invented or built. The Maya political system involved, like other early civilizations, a system of city-states. However, a single king held sway over all the principalities. Mayan religion and daily life were very intertwined. Because of the importance of maize (corn) in their culture, the Maya believed the gods had created them from a stalk and water. They also created elaborate rituals involving dance, sacrifices, and some blood-letting to please their gods. They based their faith on a heaven, the earth (in the middle) and an underworld.

Maya life centered on agriculture. Because of the ease of its growth, the Maya relied heavily on maize as their staple crop. In addition, cotton was grown in abundant quantities and the Maya are known for their cotton textiles. Because the Maya had no large animals, slavery became widespread as a way to solve the labor shortage created by the animals' absence. The Maya were sufficiently developed enough to have a class of skilled artisans and a priesthood. Social structure held the king and nobles at the top, followed by priests, the merchant class, the peasants, and finally slaves. As in other ancient cultures, the peasants and slaves made up the majority of the Mayan population. The slaves were used to construct massive cities, such as Tikal and Chichen Itza. The tiered temple at Chichen Itza (the place of the Itzas or priests) is the greatest remaining relic of the Maya, and is similar in construction to Egyptian step pyramids. During the Fall Equinox on September 22 (and also at the spring equinox on March 21) one can witness the incredible accuracy of Mayan astronomy as it was integrated into architecture. The equinox phenomenon can actually be viewed in Chichen Itza on the El Castillo pyramid for up to four days. During the equinox the sun casts its rays on the pyramid, forming seven isosceles triangles that resemble the body of a serpent 37 yards long slithering downwards until it joins the huge serpent’s head carved in stone at the bottom of the stairway. It is said this snake is trying to make its way to the Sacred Cenote well of sacrifice which is in a straight line from the pyramid. Also at another nearby site, Dzibilchaltun, September 22 at 5 AM is the official day and exact time of the fall equinox when the sun sends its beams through the two windows of the Temple of the Seven Dolls providing a lovely spectacle of Mayan exactitude.

The Maya developed a complex scientific and mathematical knowledge throughout their existence. Their precise astronomical observations allowed them to develop a calendar almost as accurate as our own today. In mathematics, they developed a number system based on bars and dots, and pioneered multiplication and division. They were also the first in the New World to come up with the concept of "zero" (which is not just as in nothing - think as a placeholder in the number 10,000). The number system was also highly accurate. An ingenious alphabet allowed the Maya to record information on their monuments and temples, giving anthropologists an excellent way to learn about Maya life and culture. The system of writing the Maya developed was based on pictograms. Modern science has managed to decipher much of the alphabet.

The Maya began to decline in about 800 AD until the Maya disappeared completely from observable history. Although the cause is unknown, the standard answers of disease, drought, famine, or internal unrest are given. New evidence seems to lend some credence to the thought of a drought-famine connection, but this is unconfirmed. Whatever the reason, the Maya began to abandon their cities which shrank back into the jungle to await discovery by modern archaeologists. Interestingly, a small group of ethnic descendants still live in the jungles of the Yucatan, where they practice a mix of Christianity and traditional religions, as well as speak the same language as their Mayan ancestors.

The Putan Maya
After the fall of the Maya and a period of unrest, the city-state of Chichen Itza developed a confederacy in the north of the Yucatan. The confederacy limped along until around the 13th century when the center of activity was removed to Maryapan, whose rule lasted until about 1450 AD.

Further south, a relatively powerful group known as the Putan Maya established itself in the southwest of the Yucatan peninsula. The main city of Xicalango became the center of a powerful post-classical period maritime trading network which flourished from around 900 AD until the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. The Putan Maya also established trade centers at Cacaxtla and Xochicalco, for interaction with the Toltec. The Putan Maya were heavily influenced by the culture of the Toltecs. In addition to the Putan Maya, several small kingdoms existed throughout Mesoamerica and Mexico under Mayan control, which made the area more resistant to invasion when the conquistadors arrived than their unfortunate cousins in Tenochtitlan.

The Aztecs
The Aztecs were one of the most memorable of all of the ancient Mesoamerican empires. They were located in central Mexico right where Mexico City is today.

Native American cultures north of the Rio Grande
Native American cultures were not as sophisticated as the Mesoamerican or Andean civilizations. Even Cahokia, the largest Precolumbian settlement in the modern United States, had only a small fraction of the population of cities like Teotihuacan or Cuzco. There was no writing north of Mexico, and the ancient civilizations of the Mississippi and the Southwest had long crumbled away by the time Europeans made substantial contact with the natives there. Therefore, study of the history of North America heavily relies on archaeology.


text:
Talk:Active Server Pages/Differences between ASP 3.0 and ASP.NET

What sort of thing do people want to see on this page? Code examples? Philosophical differences? An overview of .NET? Or is there anything else I haven't thought of?

This page has some innaccurate information

Presentation and business logic is intermixed while ASP.NET can be writen in several .NET compliant languages like C#, VB.NET and business logic can be clearly seperated from Presentation logic.

False. It is just as easy to intermix or separate presentation and business logic with both ASP and ASP.NET. You can write ASP.NET just by typing out a aspx file and intermixing 'Response.Write' calls along with any other code. Alternately you can use HTML in your ASP files, and SSI jscript files or COM object (such as what ATL was designed for) to seperate the two. They are just different approaches than the methods used by default in the VS.NET IDE.

To say that ASP does not support this is just wrong. ASP does support it, but differently than in ASP.NET.

ASP.NET features auto wiring up of event handlers, you may just want to say that instead.

ASP had maximum of 4 built in classes like Request,Response, Session and Application whereas ASP.NET using .NET framework classes which has more than 2000 in built classes. Very misleading. ASP has 4 classes that are COM interfaces which are automatically created for you at startup. ASP.NET does not auto create 2000 classes for you at startup.

ASP has many objects (too many to count) that are there waiting for you to use. Just open up the registry and see how many entries there are under CLSID, and remember, most of those ship with every version of Windows and also contain many other aggregated objects not listed.


text:
Talk:Modern Physics/Gravity

Consider moving into this chapter.
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit_derivation
 * and part of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit

Brans-Dicke theory
I would suggest removing the subpage for Brans-Dicke theory from this introductory text on Modern Physics to instead be a subpage of the General Relativity Wikibook, as one of several alternatives to Einsteinian relativity. Nicole Sharp (discuss • contribs) 00:37, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modern Physics/Gravity


text:
Programming HP Calculators/Introduction

This book is an unofficial guide to programming your HP calculator. It will teach you the basic commands mentioned in the official manual but will also include some other commands, such as Easter eggs and glitches.

The fact that HP calculators are programmable means that they are not calculators but computers. Although the language used by the calculators is simple it is similar to many of the complex languages used on PCs, making it a great starting point for people who want to learn more about programming.

'Hello World' Example
1►L: DISP L; "Hello,": DISP 2; "World!": FREEZE:

This program basically does the following: Type this example into a new program so you can see what it does.
 * Store 1 to the variable, 'L'
 * On line 'L' (1) display 'Hello,'
 * On Line 2 display 'World!'
 * Freeze the calculator's display so that the text displayed doesn't disappear.

BTW: 'Hello, World!' is a standard program for most programming tutorials and guides. It has no real significance that I know of.

Storing and Retrieving Variables
On HP calculators you can store numbers into variables. This is done with the '►' or '1►L: DISP L;' symbol, like in the example above. In the example above we store 1 in the variable, 'L'. This means that 'L=1".

On HP calculators there are only prescribed variables, see the variable reference to see them all. Because all variables are prescribed there is no need to declare them at the start of the program like in most languages. Most of the time the A...Z and θ are the only variables used in programs.

Program Commands
Program Commands are instructions for the calculator. A program can contain any number of commands. When your calculator reads a command it will take the appropriate action; however, sometimes we might want that action to be slightly different each time we call it. This is why we have arguments after the command separated by a semicolon. Some commands have an unlimited number of arguments but most have somewhere between 0 and 8 arguments.

So that means that commands are formatted as: '''COMMAND ; ; ... ''' The arguments can be of various types. Sometimes they are numbers and sometimes they are strings (a collection of letters and symbols with quotation marks on each side). The 'DISP' command, for example, uses a number and a string for its arguments. It has the format: DISP ;  The first argument is a number and the second argument is a string. This command basically tells the calculator to write 'string' on line 'line#'. If you want a more detailed description check the command reference.

Also, at the end of every command or variable assignment we need to put a colon so that the calculator knows that the command has ended.

Using Menus
Because it can be slow to type the commands and variables manually and they are easy to misspell you can select them from menus. These menus can be accessed by pressing the MATH button for commands and the VAR button for variables.

title: Programming HP Calculators/Introduction


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Latin/Dictionary

< Latin

title: Latin/Dictionary


text:
User:Christopher Mahan~enwikibooks

About me
I have been a wikipedia contributor since 2002.

Bio Information can be found at: my user page on Wikipedia.

title: User:Christopher Mahan~enwikibooks


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User:Tai

Not much to say, too much to do!

title: User:Tai