text:
QEMU/Images

Once QEMU has been installed, it should be ready to run a guest OS from a disk image. This image is a file that represents the data on a hard disk. From the perspective of the guest OS, it actually is a hard disk, and it can create its own filesystem on the virtual disk.

You can download a few guest OS images from the QEMU website, including a simple 8 MB image of a Linux distro (which is meant primarily for testing; note that it lacks the e1000 driver and therefore cannot do networking out-of-the-box). To run it, download and unzip the image in a folder and run the QEMU command.

qemu linux-0.2.img

When you do not have the plain command qemu try to run:

qemu-system-i386 linux-0.2.img

Replace linux-0.2.img with the name of your guest OS image file. If it has a GUI and you want to use your mouse with it, double-click on the window and QEMU will grab your mouse. To make QEMU release your mouse again, hold down the Control and Alt keys simultaneously, then let go - your mouse will be released back to X.

Aurélien Jarno of Debian has prepared a number of pre-packaged Debian QEMU images for several architectures, including ARM, Sparc, PowerPC, x86_64, and i386. They can be found at http://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/

For some of the test kernels that you get, for example, the Sparc test image, you might get the error "No NFS Server available giving up" or some other message about needing to insert a "Root Floppy" or even a message specifying to fix the root option. If so then specify "root=/dev/ram" as an addition kernel command line option. This will then cause the test system to work. This is specifically true for the Sparc test files available from http://wiki.qemu.org/Testing, but probably for some of the others as well. If you are using the manager program for windows then just add the "root=/dev/ram/" in the advanced tab. Also turn off video and sound and if using qemu-system-sparcw.exe then change the filename to qemu-system-sparc.exe because some renamed it.

Image types
QEMU supports several image types. The "native" and most flexible type is qcow2, which supports copy on write, encryption, compression, and VM snapshots.

QEMU currently can use these image types or formats:

 * raw : (default) the raw format is a plain binary image of the disc image, and is very portable. On filesystems that support sparse files, images in this format only use the space actually used by the data recorded in them.
 * cloop : Compressed Loop format, mainly used for reading Knoppix and similar live CD image formats
 * cow : copy-on-write format, supported for historical reasons only and not available to QEMU on Windows
 * qcow : the old QEMU copy-on-write format, supported for historical reasons and superseded by qcow2
 * qcow2 : QEMU copy-on-write format with a range of special features, including the ability to take multiple snapshots, smaller images on filesystems that don't support sparse files, optional AES encryption, and optional zlib compression
 * vmdk : VMware 3 & 4, or 6 image format, for exchanging images with that product
 * vdi : VirtualBox 1.1 compatible image format, for exchanging images with VirtualBox.
 * vhdx : Hyper-V compatible image format, for exchanging images with Hyper-V 2012 or later.
 * vpc : Hyper-V legacy image format, for exchanging images with Virtual PC / Virtual Server / Hyper-V 2008.

Creating an image
To set up your own guest OS image, you first need to create a blank disc image. QEMU has the  command for creating and manipulating disc images, and supports a variety of formats. If you don't tell it what format to use, it will use raw files. The "native" format for QEMU is qcow2, and this format offers some flexibility. Here we'll create a 3 GB qcow2 image to install Windows XP on:

qemu-img create -f qcow2 winxp.img 3G

The easiest way to install a guest OS is to create an ISO image of a boot CD/DVD and tell QEMU to boot off it. Many free operating systems can be downloaded from the Internet as bootable ISO images, and you can use them directly without having to burn them to disc.

Here we'll boot off an ISO image of a properly licensed Windows XP boot disc. We'll also give it 256 MB of RAM, but we won't use the kqemu kernel module just yet because it causes problems during Windows XP installation.

qemu -m 256 -hda winxp.img -cdrom winxpsp2.iso -boot d

Note: Depending on your distribution, you may need to use qemu-system-x86_64 command (when you using a 64-bit OS, also if you want to use KVM later).

To boot from a real CD or DVD, tell QEMU where to find it. On Linux systems, you can usually use a logical device name like  or , or the physical name of the device, e.g.

qemu -m 256 -hda winxp.img -cdrom /dev/cdrom -boot d QEMU will boot from the ISO image or CD/DVD and run the install program. If you have two screens, move the QEMU screen off to the spare one where you can keep an eye on the installer, but get on with something else - it will take a while!

Once the guest OS has installed successfully, you can shutdown the guest OS (e.g. in Windows XP, click on Start and then Shutdown). Once it has shutdown, start QEMU up with the kqemu kernel module to give it a little more speed.

qemu -m 256 -hda winxp.img -cdrom winxpsp2.iso -enable-kvm

If you are running an x86-64 Linux (i.e. 64-bit), you will need to run the x86-64 version of QEMU to be able to utilise kqemu:

qemu-system-x86_64 -m 256 -hda winxp.img -cdrom winxpsp2.iso -enable-kvm

qemu-img
The qemu-img program is very powerfull. Since you can convert between data formats you can move to an other emulator very quickly. Also can it read RAW-format, that means you can make a dump from a disk and convert it into e.g. qcow2. A feature that comes handy when you need to virtualise a brocken PC.

1. use ddrescue (or dd in case the drive is ok) to make a raw image ddrescue /dev/diskin diskout.img diskout.map
 * note: dev/diskin is a placeholder like diskout.img, read the instructions for ddrescue (man ddrescue) before blindly copying lines, exspecialy on a brocken disk this may take some time

2. now convert the RAW image into qcow2 qemu-img convert -p -f raw -O qcow2 diskout.img target.qcow2 be aware that qemu-img makes a copy, GOOD: you can do it again if something goes wrong; BAD: you need space, check first !
 * note: again use man qemu-img programms evolve

the resulting target.qcow2 can be used als disk with qemu-system-x86_64

Using multiple images
QEMU can utilise up to four image files to present multiple virtual drives to the guest system. This can be quite useful, as in the following examples:

 * a pagefile or swapfile virtual disc that can be shared between QEMU guests
 * a common data drive where all data is stored, accessible from each QEMU guest but isolated from the host
 * giving additional space to a QEMU guest without reconfiguring the primary image
 * separating competing I/O operations onto different physical drive spindles by placing the separate QEMU images on different physical drives
 * emulating a multi-drive physical environment for testing / learning

Bear in mind that only one instance of QEMU may access an image at a time - shared doesn't mean shared simultaneously!

To use additional images in QEMU, specify them on the command line with options -hda, -hdb, -hdc, -hdd.

qemu -m 256 -hda winxp.img -hdb pagefile.img -hdc testdata.img -hdd tempfiles.img -enable-kvm

NB: QEMU doesn't support both -hdc and -cdrom at the same time, as they both represent the first device on the second IDE channel.

Copy on write
The "cow" part of qcow2 is an acronym for copy on write, a neat little trick that allows you to set up an image once and use it many times without changing it. This is ideal for developing and testing software, which generally requires a known stable environment to start off with. You can create your known stable environment in one image, and then create several disposable copy-on-write images to work in.

To start a new disposable environment based on a known good image, invoke the  command with the   option and tell it what image to base its copy on. When you run QEMU using the disposable environment, all writes to the virtual disc will go to this disposable image, not the base copy.

qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file=winxp.img test01.img qemu -m 256 -hda test01.img -enable-kvm &

Nota bene:
 * 1) don't forget to copy any important data out of the disposable environment before deleting it. When developing and testing software in copy-on-write virtual environments, it is a good idea to use version control software like Subversion or CVS on a server external to your virtual environment. Not only is it easy to keep copies of your work outside your virtual environment, it is also very easy to set up a new virtual environment from version control.
 * 2) backing_file image must be set as read-only on VMs, that will be using it directly. Otherwise, other images, based on this backing_file image will be corrupted, if there is some change have been made to the backing_file image.

Mounting an image on the host
Sometimes it is helpful to be able to mount a drive image under the host system. For example, if the guest doesn't have network support, the only way to transfer files into and out of the guest will be by the storage devices it can address.

Linux and other Unix-like hosts can mount images created with the raw format type using a loopback device. From a root login (or using sudo), mount a loopback with offset.

mount -o loop,offset=32256 /path/to/image.img /mnt/mountpoint

To determine the correct offset you can run fdisk -l /path/to/image.img and the offset you need is the start of a partition multiplied by sector size. For example if start is 128 and sector size is 512 then the offset is 65536.

For example, to copy some files across to a FreeDOS hard drive image:

mkdir -p /mnt/freedos mount -o loop,offset=32256 freedos-c.img /mnt/freedos cp oldgames /mnt/freedos umount /mnt/freedos

NB: never mount a QEMU image while QEMU is using it (unless -snapshot is used), or you are likely to corrupt the filesystem on the image.

Note: if you have an image without partitions you should omit the ,offset=32256 part. This is for instance the case if you want to mount linux-0.2.img (which can be found at the qemu web site at the time of writing).

For other types of qemu images, you can use qemu-nbd

modprobe nbd max_part=16 qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 image.qcow2 partprobe /dev/nbd0 mount /dev/nbd0p1 /mnt/image

Using fdisk you can get information regarding the different partitions in nbd0.

$ fdisk /dev/nbd0 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/nbd0: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522 cylinders, total 8388608 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000183ca Device Boot     Start        End      Blocks   Id  System /dev/nbd0p1  *        2048      499711      248832   83  Linux /dev/nbd0p2         501758     8386559     3942401    5  Extended /dev/nbd0p5         501760     8386559     3942400   8e  Linux LVM

LVM type partitions cannot be mounted using 'mount'. In such a case the image could be mounted with:

$ vgscan Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while... Found volume group "ub1110server-qemu" using metadata type lvm2 $ vgchange -ay 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "ub1110server-qemu" now active $ mount /dev/ub1110server-qemu/ /mnt/image

Replace  with the name of the logical volume present in the volume group. Finally, after the usage it's important to unmount the image and reverse other steps (depending on how the image was mounted):

$ umount /mnt/image $ qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0 $ vgchange -an VolGroupName $ killall qemu-nbd

"nbd" stands for "Network Block Device". Here we're using them locally, but one can also export the image for other hosts to use/mount. See qemu-nbd(8), nbd-client(8) for details.

The same can be done for raw images, but it's a lot less efficient than the loop method described above.

Another alternative for vmdk and raw images is to use vdfuse (http://forums.virtualbox.org/viewtopic.php?f=26&t=33355) which allows to access any image supported by VirtualBox.

Copying an image to a physical device
It may be desired to copy a diskimage to a physical device. An example may be if building a cluster, it might be easier to get everything ready in qemu, then write the final diskimage to all of the hard drives. Of course your image will need to contain all of required configuration and drivers for the new system to boot properly.

The diskimage will need to be in raw format.

$ qemu-img convert -O raw diskimage.qcow2 diskimage.raw

Then you just dd it onto the hard drive.

 * 1) dd if=diskimage.raw of=/dev/sdX

Or, let qemu-img directly write onto the drive in one command:

 * 1) qemu-img convert -O raw diskimage.qcow2 /dev/sdX

Of course you need to be careful that you write it to the correct drive!

Getting information
The  program can tell you about the format, virtual size, physical size, and snapshots inside an image.

$ qemu-img info test.vmdk (VMDK) image open: flags=0x2 filename=test.vmdk image: test.vmdk file format: vmdk virtual size: 20M (20971520 bytes) disk size: 17M

$ qemu-img info image-qcow.qcow2 image: image-qcow.qcow2 file format: qcow2 virtual size: 10G (10737418240 bytes) disk size: 136K cluster_size: 65536

Converting image formats
The  program can be used to convert images from one format to another, or add compression or encryption to an image. Specify the source and target files for the image, and select from the following options:

 * – optional, specify the format of the input file (QEMU can usually detect it)
 * – specify the format of the output file
 * – use encryption in the output file (you will be prompted for a password)
 * – use compression in the output file (can't be used with encryption)
 * – when converting to vmdk (VMware) format, make it compatible with VMware 6

qemu-img convert -O qcow2 test.vmdk test.qcow2

Exchanging images with VirtualBox
qemu also supports the vdi format, so you can convert in both ways: qemu-img convert -O vdi test.qcow2 test.vdi

qemu can use the vdi format for booting as well as a base image; because VirtualBox also supports this type of image, called there differencing image, a single (read-only) base copy could be shared simultaneously.

In any case, you may use the raw format (or an nbd device): To convert a QEMU image for use with VirtualBox, first convert it to raw format, then use VirtualBox's conversion utility to convert and compact it in its native format. Note that the compact command requires the full path to the VirtualBox image, not just the filename. qemu-img convert -O raw test.qcow2 test.raw (1) VBoxManage convertdd test.raw test.vdi VBoxManage modifyvdi /full/path/to/test.vdi compact

(1) or try: VBoxManage convertfromraw -format VDI test.raw test.vdi or VBoxManage clonehd -format VDI test.raw test.vdi

Alternatively, you may use qemu-nbd to make the image available as raw as an nbd device, which VBoxManage can then convert.

qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 test.qcow2 VBoxManage convertfromraw -format VDI /dev/nbd0 test.vdi

To convert a VDI back to raw, one may use VBoxManage again:

VBoxManage clonehd -format RAW test.vdi test.raw or VBoxManage internalcommands converttoraw file.vdi file.raw

To use a VDI image from KVM without converting it, vdfuse may be used again.

vdfuse -f test.vdi ~/some-dir kvm -hda ~/some-dir/EntireDisk ...

title: QEMU/Images


text:
QEMU/Networking

QEMU supports networking by emulating some popular network cards (NICs), and establishing virtual LANs (VLAN). There are four ways that QEMU guests can be connected: user mode, socket redirection, Tap and VDE networking.

User mode networking
If no network options are specified, QEMU will default to emulating a single Intel e1000 PCI card with a user-mode network stack that bridges to the host's network. The following three command lines are equivalent:

qemu -m 256 -hda disk.img & qemu -m 256 -hda disk.img -net nic -net user & qemu-system-i386 -m 256 -hda disk.img -netdev user,id=network0 -device e1000,netdev=network0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 &

To use this network setup with the Linux kernel, you must set the configuration option CONFIG_E1000=y when compiling.

The -net option is superseded by -netdev in newer QEMU versions.

The guest OS will see an E1000 NIC with a virtual DHCP server on 10.0.2.2 and will be allocated an address starting from 10.0.2.15. A virtual DNS server will be accessible on 10.0.2.3, and a virtual SAMBA file server (if present) will be accessible on 10.0.2.4 allowing you to access files on the host via SAMBA file shares.

User mode networking is great for allowing access to network resources, including the Internet. In particular, it allows ssh from the guest to the host. By default, however, it acts as a firewall and does not permit any incoming traffic. It also doesn't support protocols other than TCP and UDP - so, for example, ping and other ICMP utilities won't work.

Redirecting ports
To allow network connections to the guest OS under user mode networking, you can redirect a port on the host OS to a port on the guest OS. This is useful for supporting file sharing, web servers and SSH servers from the guest OS.

Here is how to set up QEMU with a Windows XP guest sharing files and web pages under user mode networking. TCP port 5555 on the host is redirected to the guest's port 80 (the web server) and TCP port 5556 on the host is redirected to the guest's port 445 (Windows networking):

qemu -m 256 -hda disk.img -redir tcp:5555::80 -redir tcp:5556::445 & ... mkdir -p /mnt/qemu mount -t cifs //localhost/someshare /mnt/qemu -o user=test,pass=test,dom=workgroup,port=5556 firefox http://localhost:5555/

NB: When sharing folders from guest to host via Windows networking, you must specify a password for the user that mount will use to login; if you try to use no password, mount will fail with an I/O error.

TAP interfaces
QEMU can use TAP interfaces to provide full networking capability for the guest OS. This can be useful when the guest OS is running several network services and must be connected to via standard ports; where protocols other than TCP and UDP are required; and where multiple instances of QEMU need to connect to each other (although this can also be achieved in user mode networking via port redirects, or via sockets).

In QEMU 1.1 and newer the network bridge helper can set tun/tap up for you without the need for additional scripting.

For older versions, setting up a TAP interface is a bit more complicated than user mode networking. It requires installing virtual private networking (VPN) on the host OS, and then establishing a bridge between the host's networking and the virtual network.

Here's how to do it on Fedora 8 with static IP address assignment. The procedure should be very similar on other Linux distros, and probably not too different on other *nix systems.

TAP/TUN device
According to tuntap.txt, we create the TAP/TUN device first: $ sudo mkdir /dev/net $ sudo mknod /dev/net/tun c 10 200 $ sudo /sbin/modprobe tun

qemu-ifup
First, set up a script to create the bridge and bring up the TAP interface. We'll call this script.

ETH0IPADDR=192.168.0.3 MASK=255.255.255.0 GATEWAY=192.168.0.1 BROADCAST=192.168.0.255 /sbin/ifdown eth0 /sbin/ifconfig eth0 0.0.0.0 promisc up /usr/sbin/openvpn --mktun --dev $1 --user `id -un` /sbin/ifconfig $1 0.0.0.0 promisc up /usr/sbin/brctl addbr br0 /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 eth0 /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 $1 /usr/sbin/brctl stp br0 off /sbin/ifconfig br0 $ETH0IPADDR netmask $MASK broadcast $BROADCAST /sbin/route add default gw $GATEWAY /sbin/service firestarter stop
 * 1) !/bin/sh
 * 2) script to bring up the tun device in QEMU in bridged mode
 * 3) first parameter is name of tap device (e.g. tap0)
 * 4) some constants specific to the local host - change to suit your host
 * 1) some constants specific to the local host - change to suit your host
 * 1) some constants specific to the local host - change to suit your host
 * 1) First take eth0 down, then bring it up with IP address 0.0.0.0
 * 1) First take eth0 down, then bring it up with IP address 0.0.0.0
 * 1) Bring up the tap device (name specified as first argument, by QEMU)
 * 1) Bring up the tap device (name specified as first argument, by QEMU)
 * 1) create the bridge between eth0 and the tap device
 * 1) create the bridge between eth0 and the tap device
 * 1) only a single bridge so loops are not possible, turn off spanning tree protocol
 * 1) only a single bridge so loops are not possible, turn off spanning tree protocol
 * 1) Bring up the bridge with ETH0IPADDR and add the default route
 * 1) Bring up the bridge with ETH0IPADDR and add the default route
 * 1) stop firewall - comment this out if you don't use Firestarter
 * 1) stop firewall - comment this out if you don't use Firestarter

qemu-ifdown
You will also need a script to reset your networking after QEMU exits. To be consistent, we'll call it.

/sbin/ifdown eth0 /sbin/ifdown br0 /sbin/ifconfig br0 down /usr/sbin/brctl delbr br0 /sbin/ifconfig eth0 -promisc /sbin/ifup eth0 /usr/sbin/openvpn --rmtun --dev $1 /sbin/service firestarter start
 * 1) !/bin/sh
 * 2) Script to bring down and delete bridge br0 when QEMU exits
 * 3) Bring down eth0 and br0
 * 1) Bring down eth0 and br0
 * 1) Bring down eth0 and br0
 * 1) Delete the bridge
 * 1) Delete the bridge
 * 1) bring up eth0 in "normal" mode
 * 1) bring up eth0 in "normal" mode
 * 1) delete the tap device
 * 1) delete the tap device
 * 1) start firewall again
 * 1) start firewall again

Allowing users to call the scripts
In qemu 1.1 and above just use the helper program, which doesn't require any scripts and can be setuid root.

For older versions, the two scripts above need to be run as the superuser, so that they can modify the network settings of the system. The most convenient way to achieve that is to permit users of QEMU to call the scripts using the  command. To set this up, add the following to the file :

User_Alias QEMUERS = fred, john, milly, ... Cmnd_Alias QEMU = /etc/qemu-ifup, /etc/qemu-ifdown QEMUERS ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: QEMU

Starting QEMU with a TAP interface
Now create a script to start QEMU with a VLAN, and clean up after itself when it exits. This one uses tap0. Specifying  tells QEMU to just use the tap device without calling the scripts - we do this so that QEMU can be run as a regular user, not root.

sudo /etc/qemu-ifup tap0 qemu -m 256 -hda disk.img -net nic -net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no,downscript=no sudo /etc/qemu-ifdown tap0
 * 1) !/bin/sh

Run that script, and it will create a TAP interface, bridge it to eth0, run QEMU, and drop the bridge and TAP interface again on exit.

Windows Vista and later – Network Location
Windows Vista and later classify network connections as either public or private. The classification determines the firewall rules that will be applied to that connection. Windows maintains a list of known connections and if it finds a network connection which is not in that list it will prompt the user to indicate whether this is a "Home", "Work" or "Public" network. The network is identified by the MAC address of its default gateway, which QEMU seems to allocate randomly each time it starts. The result is that every time a Windows session is started with QEMU it pops up a window asking you to indicate the "network location". This is not normally a serious problem, but it can be annoying.

The solution is to force the netdev interface to always use the same MAC address. QEMU does not appear to provide an option to set this, but it can be set in the ifup script. Using Iproute2, which has superceded ifconfig, the command:

ip link set dev tapn address 52:54:00:12:34:56

will change the MAC address of the host-side interface to that given, which could be any legal MAC address that is unique within the local network.

Sockets
QEMU can connect multiple QEMU guest systems on a VLAN using TCP or UDP sockets.

described here

SMB server
If the host system has a SMB server installed (SAMBA/CIFS on *nix), QEMU can emulate a virtual SMB server for the guest system using the -smb option. Specify the folder to be shared, and it will be available to the guest as \\10.0.2.4\qemu (or you can put 10.0.2.4 into the hosts or lmhosts file as smbserver and map to \\smbserver\qemu).

qemu -m 256 disk.img -smb /usr/workspace/testing01

This isn't strictly necessary, because guests in QEMU can typically access SMB servers in the host environment. It can be quite useful, however, for setting up independent workspaces for each QEMU guest without needing to configure SMB shares for each one.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: QEMU/Networking


text:
User:Manisankar

--Manisankar (talk) 07:29, 29 February 2008 (UTC)manisankar

title: User:Manisankar


text:
User talk:Jothi86

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--AdRiley (talk) 07:58, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jothi86


text:
User talk:196.20.7.74

doorstest.txt;3;3

title: User talk:196.20.7.74


text: User talk:202.56.138.87

title: User talk:202.56.138.87


text:
ERP5 Handbook/Introduction

= Preface = This book tells about a leading Open Source ERP system. It is of French origin, but multilingual and deployed in many countries. It is versatile, powerful, complex, abstract and free. We (authors) think it is great, and we want it to be used by more people so that there is a community of users supporting each other in a true Open Source spirit. This is why we are writing this handbook.

= Audience = This book is written for people, who are interested in developing, implementing ERP5 - ERP Open Source system. You will learn basics of ERP5 - usage, development - and ways of searching for more help. If you are a technician, consultant or hacker - this book is for you. If you are a businessman without time for hacking through big systems with many connections this book is not for you. Take a look at erp5.org and hand this page over to your IT guy.

Keep in mind that ERP systems are quite complex - you will need time to deploy its test installation.

= What you should know before proceeding =

An ERP5 system uses the following technologies (programming language, server side technology, relational database...). Your set-up should be similar, and familiarity with them will help.

 * Python programming language
 * Zope, version 2, application server
 * XML
 * MySQL relational database
 * Subversion - version control system

Of course experience in business and modelling business processes is quite helpful.

title: ERP5 Handbook/Introduction


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User talk:Oxtoby

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 13:36, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oxtoby


text:
User talk:Sabari1000

Hi, friends i am sabari doing B.E in india .i want to make the new world with the help of NANOTECHNOLOGY.you may with me to make that.

title: User talk:Sabari1000


text:
User talk:202.137.98.88

It is true about the protected keyword, good work.

title: User talk:202.137.98.88


text:
User talk:Thefiestysoldier~enwikibooks

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 16:29, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Linux: How I Learned

 * G'day, this book sounds very much like a blog. See here for acceptable contributions to Wikibooks, and perhaps check out the Linux Guide or some other Linux books to see if you can contribute there instead. Webaware talk 23:42, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Thefiestysoldier. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Thefiestysoldier~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

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User talk:Ujjal iiit

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title: User talk:Ujjal iiit


text: User talk:81.103.193.88

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text:
Talk:Learning the vi Editor/Conventions

Strikeout
why this has <s>??

Something wrong with media wiki?

Template look ok http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Template:Vi/key —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.222.52.217 (discuss • contribs) 2008-03-01T03:55:41

 * Now fixed, template was sticking S between, so we got strikeout. Webaware talk 22:52, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Learning the vi Editor/Conventions


text: User talk:198.30.217.220

title: User talk:198.30.217.220


text: File:Bodytextures.jpg

title: File:Bodytextures.jpg


title: File:Gmax9.jpg


title: File:Gmax10.jpg


title: File:Gmax11.jpg


text:
IIS and FastCGI/Configuring

A default fcgiext.ini file:

title: IIS and FastCGI/Configuring


title: File:Gmax12.jpg


title: File:Gmax13.jpg


text: User talk:130.192.144.204

title: User talk:130.192.144.204


text: User talk:65.18.23.83

title: User talk:65.18.23.83


text:
Talk:Introduction to Crochet/Getting started

Table
Copied from en:Wikipedia, probably useful here. Durova (talk) 18:24, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

too bad this isn't written so the common person can understand it.
I can't make heads or tails out of the instructions. ( and I know how to crochet some.) Popcornboogis (talk) 22:43, 13 June 2010 (UTC)
 * What are the telephone pole things suggposed to be? Popcornboogis (talk) 23:05, 13 June 2010 (UTC)


text:
Introduction to Crochet/Working in rounds

Working in rounds in crochet does not require any special equipment. Unlike knitting, where special needles may be necessary, an ordinary crochet hook can work in rounds.

Getting started
Make a chain of four stitches. Then stitch into the start of the chain to make a loop.


text:
Erlang Programming/Bitsyntax

Bit Strings
Erlang lets us use Bit Strings. They have the form <> or <>

The default bit length is 8. 65> <<1:8>> == <<1>>. true

Integers used in bit strings can be padded on the left with zeroes. 66> <<1:8>> == < >. true

Some bit strings have string-like representations. 38> < >. <<"g">>

Remember that using the default bit length will cause truncation of too-large integers! 39> <<"g">> == < >. true 40> < > == < >. true 41> <<00011111:8>> == < >. true 42> <<00011111:16>> == <<43, 103>>. true 43> <<00011111:24>> == <<0, 43, 103>>. true 44> <<00011111:32>> == <<0, 0, 43, 103>>. true

We cannot specify individual bits with integers. We must use values with a bit length of one. 67> < >. <<"e">> 68> <<1:1, 0:1, 1:1>>. <<5:3>> 69> < > == <<1:1, 0:1, 1:1>>. false 70> < > == <<1:1, 0:1, 1:1>>. false 71> <<1:1, 0:1, 1:1>> == <<5:3>>. true 72> <<0:5, 1:1, 0:1, 1:1>>. <<5>> 73> <<0:5, 1:1, 0:1, 1:1>> == < >. false

We can select parts of a bit string with pattern matching. 45> <> = <<"A">>. <<"A">> 46> H. 1 47> T. 1 86> <<01000001:8>> == <<"A">>. true 87> <<1:2,1:6>> == <<"A">>. true 88> <<65>> == <<"A">>. true

We can match X to a value. 95> <<1:2,X:6>> = <<"A">>. <<"A">> 96> X. 1

We can not match Y to a bit length. 97> <<1:2,1:Y>> = <<"A">>. ** 1: variable 'Y' is unbound **

We can use a bound variable as a bit length. 98> Z = 6. 6 99> <<1:2,X:Z>> = <<"A">>. <<"A">> 100> X. 1

title: Erlang Programming/Bitsyntax


text:
User talk:Tdv285

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User talk:Hsantana

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User talk:Matthiasj

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User talk:Joncomp12~enwikibooks

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Joncomp12. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Joncomp12~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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User talk:59.178.186.41

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User talk:71.126.133.152

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XQuery/Graphing Triples

The RDF Validation service can be used to graph RDF, but since this expands prefixed names to full URIs the graphs can look rather un-readable as examples.

This service is for drawing simple triple graphs where each triple is defined in a local XML format in which each triple has attributes subject, property and object. [XQuery function to convert RDF to N3 needed]

Subjects and objects are drawn as nodes, triples as arcs with the property as the label. If the subject or object contains ':' or starts with 'http://', then the node is shown as an ellipse. If it starts with '_' it is a blank node and an unnamed circle is shown; otherwise the node is assumed to be a literal and is drawn in a box.

Parameters

 * url : url of triples in the xml format illustrated above
 * dir : LR - left to right (default), TB - top to bottom [ rankdir in Graphviz]
 * title : title for graph - default none

Example
From page 11 of the RDF primer

dot Output

digraph { rankdir='LR' "exstaff:85740" [label="exstaff:85740" shape=ellipse]; "exaddressid:87540" [label="exaddressid:87540" shape=ellipse]; "1501 Grant Avenue" [label="1501 Grant Avenue" shape=box]; "Bedford" [label="Bedford" shape=box]; "Massachusetts" [label="Massachusetts" shape=box]; "01730" [label="01730" shape=box]; "exstaff:85740" -> "exaddressid:87540" [label="exterms:address"]; "exaddressid:87540" -> "1501 Grant Avenue" [label="exterms:street"]; "exaddressid:87540" -> "Bedford" [label="exterms:city"]; "exaddressid:87540" -> "Massachusetts" [label="exterms:state"]; "exaddressid:87540" -> "01730" [label="exterms:postalcode"]; }

GIF Image

http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~cjwallac/apps/services/dot2media-v2.php?url=http://kitwallace.co.uk/rdf/xquery/triple2dot.xq?url%3Dhttp://kitwallace.co.uk/rdf/data/triplesExample.xml

Usage
Either save the generated gif, or use 5clicks or similar to capture the image on the screen. One way to print large GIF images is to save the image, then insert it into an Excel spreadsheet. Excel will print the image over multiple pages. Reduced in size and with page borders removed, even large graphs can be printed and then taped together.

Source
This script would be improved by the use of an intermediate XML structure and a XSLT script to convert to dot.

title: XQuery/Graphing Triples


text:
User talk:Denis Jaimes

Welcome message
G'day, welcome to Wikibooks. You just created a page that looks like a mistake - /Making an Island - were you looking for Making an Island? Let me know, and I can delete your page if it was in error. Now, here's our standard welcome message:

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Webaware talk 23:11, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Denis Jaimes


text: User talk:216.176.136.101

title: User talk:216.176.136.101


title: File:Gmax10a.jpg


text: File:W importing files into Trainz.jpg

title: File:W importing files into Trainz.jpg


text: File:W importing files into Trainz 2.jpg


text: User talk:71.89.143.75

title: User talk:71.89.143.75


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Platformer: Physics Fixes

Introduction
This tutorial is intended as an improvement on its prequel, Platformer: Creation and Controls, and will require files created through that tutorial. It is also recommended that you read An aMAZEing game engine tutorial as well before beginning this tutorial. It will require a familiarity with the Blender UI, simple commands (such as AKEY to select) and basic modeling skills. This tutorial will introduce the following features and improvements:

 * 1) only letting the character jump while touching the ground
 * 2) stop the character from bouncing greatly upon hitting an object
 * 3) where to adjust material friction

This tutorial was written for version 2.45.

Creating Your Hit Test Object
Copy the cube with SHIFT-D. Go into edit mode, select the bottom four vertices of the cube and delete them. Go back to object mode. Go to the editing panel in the buttons window. In the Link and Materials section, change the ME: value to "Square" and the OB: value to "FloorHit". In the Mesh section, there will be three buttons with the word "center" in them; Center, Center New, and Center Cursor. Press Center New. This will change the origin of the "Square" mesh to the center of all of its vertices, instead of the center of the cube you made it from. Scale it to 0.99% of the original and move it up 0.01 along Z. Now go to the shading panel and make sure you're in the Material buttons subpanel. Find Links and Pipeline, and make sure "ME is selected. Click the X next to the material selection (under the words "Link to Object"). Then select "OB" and press "Add New" and name this material "FloorHit" (again, no quotes). Make it green colored, so you can easily find it while editing, but turn on "Shadeless" and "No Mist" in the Material section and "OnlyCast" in the Links and Pipeline - Render Pipeline section and turn off "Radio", "Traceable", and "Shad(ow)buffer" in the Render Pipeline and "Shadow" in the Shaders section. This will make it completely invisible at runtime and take up little resources.

(question: it wont make it invisible it just flashes rapidly)

Making the sensor require floor contact
Now select Suzanne and go to the logic panel. Add a touch sensor called "jumpcol" (for 'jump collision') and connect it to the same AND controller as the jump keyboard sensor. Set the f to 10 and the MA: to FloorHit. This will make it so your character can only jump while it's touching something with the FloorHit material. By that same token you can link this to all of your movement-related AND controllers so that the player can't adjust it's movements in mid-air. This is a nice physics touch but for most platformer games, where mid-air dexterity is almost essential, it doesn't work. You also have to use Force and not dLoc, otherwise your character won't be able to move at all while jumping, useless your character only needs to hit things with his/her head, and not jump over gaps. Note that this still does not keep the character from jumping while touching the hit test object at the sides, so they could still jump if they were touching the side of the collision surface, but at least they can't jump in mid-air or while touching the bottom of the ground. I have yet to find a solution to this problem not involving Python.

Excessive Bouncing
Another problem with the original model, as you might have noticed, is that when you run into one of the ground cubes you bounce back a great deal. To fix this, turn to the materials panel with one of your green hit test squares selected. Under the color selectors there should be three buttons that say "RGB", "HSV", and "DYN". Select DYN, and turn the restitution most or all the way up. As you can see, you can also find the friction property from here, if you want your ground to be more or less frictional (like mud or ice).

Final Notes
Always copy your floors, their respective hit test objects, and other generic objects with ALT-D and not SHIFT-D. This keeps you from duplicating things that remain the same for every one, like the material and mesh, which quickly drain resources if not recycled. Since there's not much further you can take the Platformer without learning Python, I suggest you start looking up information on the Blender API. Some essential information is to be found in the procedural object creation tutorial. A Blend file of the tutorial's finished product is coming soon.

Note: A (possibly) simpler method for jump limitation can be found on the discussion page for this tutorial.


text:
User talk:82.148.3.124

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text:
Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/Randomized

Soft Tissue Sarcoma Randomized Evidence

Amputation vs Limb-sparing surgery + EBRT

 * National Cancer Institute(1975-1981) -- amputation vs limb-sparing surgery + RT
 * Randomized. 43 patients with high grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities, without distant mets or LN. Randomized to Arm 1) amputation at the joint proximal to the tumor or Arm 2) limb-sparing resection (wide local excision with several cm of normal tissue, SM+ allowed at critical structures) + postop RT. Randomization 2:1 (limb-sparing vs amp). RT 45-50 Gy followed by a boost to 60-70 Gy. All pts received post-op adriamycin + cytoxan (which was concurrent for those in the RT arm) then high-dose methotrexate.  Chemo doses were: ADR (max 70 mg/m^2), CYC (max 700 mg/m^2), MTX (250 mg/kg). SM+ in limb salvage 15% vs amputation 0%
 * 1982 PMID 7114936 — "The treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities: prospective randomized evaluations of (1) limb-sparing surgery plus radiation therapy compared with amputation and (2) the role of adjuvant chemotherapy." (Rosenberg SA et al. Ann Surg. 1982 Sep;196(3):305-15.) Total of 43 pts with highgrade sarcoma randomized; Size of tumor not mentioned; Median F/U 4.8 years
 * Outcome: Local failure limb-sparing 15% vs amputation 0% (p=0.06); of the 4 LRs, 1 was isolated and 3 combined with DM. 5-year DFS 71% vs 78% (NS); 5-year OS 83% vs 88% (NS)
 * Conclusion: Limb-sparing surgery + postop RT is an effective treatment for most patients

Surgery Alone vs Surgery + Postop EBRT

 * National Cancer Institute (1983-1991) -- RT (or chemo-RT) vs observation (or chemo)
 * Randomized. 141 patients with extremity sarcoma (allowed desmoid and DFSP). Limb-sparing surgery, allowed SM+. High-grade (n=91) randomized to Arm 1) Postop RT 63 Gy with concurrent chemo (doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide) x5 cycles vs Arm 2) Chemo alone. Low-grade (n=50) randomized to Arm 1) Same RT without chemo vs Arm 2) observation
 * 1998 PMID 9440743 — "Randomized prospective study of the benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity." (Yang JC et al. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jan;16(1):197-203.) Median F/U 9.6 years
 * High grade: local recurrence chemo-RT 0% vs chemo 19% (SS); 10-year DSS (NS), 10-year OS 75% vs 74% (NS)
 * Low grade tumors: local recurrence RT 4% vs observation 33% (SS); 10-year OS (NS)
 * Toxicity: Decreased muscle strength, joint motion, and worse edema. Little effect on overall satisfaction and daily activities.
 * Conclusions: Postop RT highly effective at preventing local recurrence, though select patients with low risk of LR may not require adjuvant RT

Surgery Alone vs Surgery + Postop Brachytherapy

 * Memorial Sloan Kettering (1982-1992) -- Adjuvant brachytherapy vs observation
 * Randomized. 164 patients, soft tissue sarcoma of extremity or superficial trunk. Gross total resection (en-bloc) with limb sparing surgery. Arm 1) Adjuvant brachytherapy I-192 implant 42-45 Gy over 4-6 days vs. Arm 2) observation. Brachytherapy CTV 2cm around surgical bed, catheters 1 cm apart; no effort to treat surgical scar, drain, or wide margins. Catheters loaded immediately until 1985, then due to complications on postop day 5
 * Long-term; 1996 PMID 8622034 -- "Long-term results of a prospective randomized trial of adjuvant brachytherapy in soft tissue sarcoma." (Pisters PW, J Clin Oncol. 1996 Mar;14(3):859-68.) Median F/U 6.3 years
 * Outcome: 5-year local control BT 82% vs observation 69% (SS); high-grade 89% vs 66% (SS); no difference low-grade. On MVA, local recurrence predicted only by age >60. If SM-, local recurrence BT 13% vs observation 28% (SS); if SM+ 33% vs 36% (NS). DM 17% vs 24% (NS); 5-year DSS 84% vs 81% (NS)
 * Complications: Catheters initially loaded day 0-5, higher wound complication BT 48% vs observation 16%. In 1985 started loading on day 5, and then no difference in rate of complications (14% vs 10%)
 * Conclusion: Adjuvant brachytherapy improves local control, in high-grade histology, but not distant mets or disease-specific survival

Pre-op EBRT vs. Post-op EBRT

 * NCI Canada (1994-97)
 * Randomized. Closed early after interim significant difference for wound healing. Accrued 190 patients out of 266 planned. STS originating in limb without mets, expected to need both surgery and RT. Recurrences allowed. Primary endpoint was major wound complications. Arm 1) Preop RT 50/25, if SM+ additional 16-20 Gy post-op boost vs. Arm 2) Postop RT 50/25 + 16-20 Gy boost. RT initial field 5 cm proximal/distal margin, boost 2 cm proximal/distal margin. Longitudinal strip of skin/SC tissue untreated for at least half the course, unless margin <2 cm not confined by intact fascial boundary. Timing 3-6 weeks apart
 * Function and health status outcome; 2002 PMID: 12431971, 2002 — "Function and health status outcomes in a randomized trial comparing preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy in extremity soft tissue sarcoma." (Davis AM, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Nov 15;20(22):4472-7.
 * Conclusion: The timing of RT has minimal impact on the function of STS patients in the first year after surgery. Tumor characteristics and wound complications have a detrimental effect on patient function.
 * 5-years; 2004 ASCO Abstract -- "Five-year results of a randomized phase III trial of pre-operative vs post-operative radiotherapy in extremity soft tissue sarcoma." (O'Sullivan B, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition). Vol 22, No 14S (July 15 Supplement), 2004: 9007). Median F/U 6.9 years
 * Outcome: 5-year LC preop RT 93% vs. postop RT 92% (NS), RFS 58% vs. 59% (NS), OS 73% vs. 67% (NS). Predictors for outcome SM+ for LC, size and grade for RFS and OS
 * Conclusion: Pre-op and post-op RT equally effective for disease control and survival; different complication profiles should guide treatment by site
 * Late effects; 2005 PMID 15948265, 2005 — "Late radiation morbidity following randomization to preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy in extremity soft tissue sarcoma." (Davis AM, Radiother Oncol. 2005 Apr;75(1):48-53.
 * Post-op RT associated with worse fibrosis as well as joint stiffness (although not statistically significant).
 * Outcome: Grade 2+ fibrosis pre-op RT 31% vs. post-op RT 48% (p=0.07); edema, and joint stiffness also more severe in post-op arm
 * Conclusion: Post-op RT tended to result in more fibrosis, adversely affecting patient function

IORT + Postop EBRT vs Postop EBRT

 * NCI -- Intraop RT + postop RT vs. Postop RT alone
 * Randomized. 35 patients, surgically resected retroperitoneal sarcoma. Arm 1) IORT 20 Gy + Post-op EBRT 35-40 Gy vs. Arm 2) Post-op EBRT 50-55 Gy. Chemotherapy doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, MTX.
 * 1993 PMID 8457152 -- "Intraoperative radiotherapy in retroperitoneal sarcomas. Final results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial." (Sindelar WF, Arch Surg. 1993 Apr;128(4):402-10.) Minimum F/U 5 years
 * Outcome: Median OS IORT 3.7 years vs PORT 4.3 years (NS). Local failure IORT 40% vs. PORT 80%
 * Complications: radiation enteritis IORT 13% vs. PORT 50%, peripheral neuropathy 60% vs. 5%
 * Conclusion: No survival benefit, improved local control with IORT

Surgery Alone vs Surgery + Adjuvant Chemotherapy

 * NCI (1978-1981) -- surgery +/- adjuvant chemotherapy
 * Randomized. 65 patients with STS of the extremities. Arm 1) surgery (limb-sparing or amputation) vs Arm 2) surgery + adjuvant chemo (doxorubicin 70 mg/m2 + cytoxan 700 mg/m2, then high dose MTX 250 mg/kg
 * 1988 PMID 3047339 -- "Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremity." (Chang AE, J Clin Oncol. 1988 Sep;6(9):1491-500.) Median F/U 7.1 years
 * Outcome: 5-year DFS observation 54% vs chemotherapy 75% (SS); 5-year OS 60% vs 83% (NS)
 * Toxicity: Significant doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy
 * Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy improves DFS, but overall survival advantage has diminished. Reduced chemo regimen was found to be comparable

EORTC 62931 Adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and lenograstim for resected soft-tissue sarcoma : a multicentre randomised controlled trial The Lancet Oncology, Volume 13, Issue 10, October 2012, Pages 1045–1054

Between February, 1995, and December, 2003, 351 patients were randomly assigned to the adjuvant chemotherapy group (175 patients) or to the control group (176). 258 (73%) of 351 patients received radiotherapy, 129 in each group. Overall survival did not differ significantly between groups (hazard ratio [HR] 0·94 [95% CI 0·68–1·31], p=0·72) nor did relapse-free survival (HR 0·91 [0·67–1·22], p=0·51). 5-year overall survival rate was 66·5% (58·8–73·0) in the chemotherapy group and 67·8% (60·3–74·2) in the control group. Chemotherapy was well tolerated, with 130 (80%) of 163 patients who started it completing all five cycles. 16 (10%) patients had grade 3 or 4 fever or infection, but no deaths due to toxic effects were recorded.

However Authors also updated the previous SMAC metaanalysis in the article discussiob part and suggested that Adjuvant CT may have ss benefit in some group of patients.

title: Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/Randomized


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/EnergyXT


text:
User talk:24.177.243.244

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title: User talk:24.177.243.244


text: User talk:220.236.248.207

title: User talk:220.236.248.207


text:
Talk:X86 Assembly/Data Transfer

First Example is Confusing Me
Can someone explain the first example in more detail. A few of the lines really confuse me:

1) following _start, in the second mov instruction... I understand that value == 6 because eax was set to 6 previously, but I don't see how in the fifth mov instruction that ebx can equal 2, since value was set to 6 in the second line. 2) And could someone explain what is going on here in the last instruction of _start: movw  value(, %ebx, 1), %bx Am I missing something from the previous sections in this book?

 * Regarding your first question, I'm guessing that the author forgot he'd reset **value** to 6, after initially setting it to 2 in the data section. That's my best guess, anyway.

 * For number 2, I haven't a bloody clue. 74.131.20.28 (talk) 02:48, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Last example
In the last example, it says "due to endianess, the resulting mystr2 would be aAbBcC\0a". This seems wrong because the endianess should be the same during read AND write. Just to confirm, I tried to compile this with nasm : section .code global _start _start: ; copy mystr into mystr2 mov esi, mystr mov edi, mystr2 cld mov ecx, 4 rep movsw mov edx,8 mov ecx,mystr2 mov ebx,1 mov eax,4 int 0x80 mov ebx, 0 mov eax, 1 int 0x80 section .bss mystr2: resb 8 section .data mystr db "AaBbCca", 0x0 And in fact, it prints AaBbCca. Am I right or is it because of my architecture (amd64) or something like that ?

Description of movs/movsx
Is the description of instructions movs/movsx correct?

In any case the sentence should be fixed (but I don't know what it should be).

--Mortense (talk) 19:50, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Can movz extend in-place?
Is it possible to zero extend, say, `AX` to `EAX` by doing `movz %ax, %eax` (in AT&T syntax)? Qwertyus (discuss • contribs) 15:12, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, but the  instruction is more appropriate. Kai Burghardt (discuss • contribs) 21:44, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

missing add esp,12/8
I believe the cmpxchg example is (technically speaking) missing add esp 12/8 after the call pthread_create/pthread_join calls, not that leaving crud on the stack would make it crash.

title: Talk:X86 Assembly/Data Transfer


text:
User talk:Umisis look

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Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --Derbeth talk 08:23, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Umisis look


text:
XQuery/SPARQLing Country Calling Codes

Motivation
Stimulated by Henry Story's blog entry, the following script works on the same problem. This script uses the functions defined in previous module to execute a SPARQL query on the dbpedia server, and to convert SPARQL Query results to tuples.

First attempt
Run

In this script the resource uri is parsed to get the local name part of the resource URI in the fr:clean function.

The more sound alternative is to filter the multilingual rdfs:label property:

SELECT * WHERE { ?resource p:callingCode ?callingCode. ?resource rdfs:label ?name. FILTER (lang(?name) = 'en') }

Run

but this query is naturally much slower.

Discussion
This query returns a set of dbpedia resources which have a callingCode property. However, it includes resources which are not countries and it proves quite difficult to identify which resources are countries. It might be expected that either the skos:subject or rdfs:type predicates would identify countries, but this is not the case.

Of course, what entities are classified as countries is a debatable issue, as is currently illustrated by Kosova and by the documentation on ISO 3166. Perhaps countries are better identified by properties. There is a property countryCode which looks promising:

The SPARQL query becomes:

PREFIX :  PREFIX p:  PREFIX rdfs:  SELECT * WHERE { ?resource p:callingCode ?callingCode. ?resource p:countryCode ?countryCode. }

Run

However this shows that many countries have incomplete data in dbpedia, or that the coding of this property is inconsistent. This is not surprising because there are a number of types of country codes, which result in different definitions of country:

 * ISO 3166-1 alpha-3
 * ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
 * ISO 3166-1 numeric
 * IOC country codes
 * License plate numbers
 * Top-level domain codes

Wikipedia scraping
In fact, International Calling codes are listed in a wikipedia entry Thus a more direct approach would be to generate the table by scraping wikipedia directly. However, now we err in the opposite direction, in that there are calling codes for telecom services as well as countries, and the format of numbers and names is inconsistent - some multiple numbers, some numbers with leading +, some countries with appended synonyms etc.

In this script, the path expression finds the anchor "Alphabetical_Listing" and then finds the following table.

Jan 2010 - the page layout had changed so that the previous path to this table :

let $section := $wikipage//h:a[@name="Alphabetical_Listing"]/../following-sibling::h:table[1]

to the current : let $section := $wikipage//h:table[@class="wikitable sortable"][2] Wikipedia

Export as RDF
An alternative is to export this table as RDF. Here the resource is the dbpedia resource and the property is defined in the dbpedia property namespace.

Similarly the structure of this table changed so this code needed to be updated.

RDF

title: XQuery/SPARQLing Country Calling Codes


text:
Permaculture Design/Base Map and sector analysis

A base map is a drawing that captures everything that is in place already on a property or space. It includes buildings, fences, trees, hedges, pathways and driveways, power lines and pipes... things that are in place.

A sector analysis map is a drawing that depicts what is happening in that base. What is the sun's path, what are the wind and rain directions, where are the main areas of people activity, where are the shade areas.


text:
User talk:Roylewis

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 12:30, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Roylewis


text:
User talk:59.164.117.35

Join Us!
--Laleena (talk) 12:32, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:59.164.117.35


text:
Talk:How To Build A Teardrop Trailer

Book trailers
What an interesting way to get people interested in reading! Book trailers are like movie trailers, but for books! You can find them all over the internet now, but here is a site that's featuring them on YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/booktrailers

title: Talk:How To Build A Teardrop Trailer


text: User talk:91.191.14.152

title: User talk:91.191.14.152


text: File:HR loco coal.jpg

title: File:HR loco coal.jpg


text: File:Lod 1.jpg

title: File:Lod 1.jpg


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text: File:Lod 6.jpg

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User talk:Nayeret43

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:18, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * You can use bookmarking in your browser to mark a certain module. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:18, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nayeret43


text:
User talk:Karelcar

-Ravichandar84 (talk) 17:24, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Karelcar


text:
User talk:Rosy~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:38, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rosy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rosy~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:39, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:26, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rosy~enwikibooks


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Tennis

title: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Tennis


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/VOIP for the masses


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/How To Build A Teardrop Trailer


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Collaborative Problem-Solving in Educational Settings


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Help:Replies to common objections


text: Talk:Wikimedia/The History of Wikibooks/Growing Wikibooks


text:
User:Ƕ

My Wikipedia account is also called Ƕ.

title: User:Ƕ


text: User talk:70.146.106.217

title: User talk:70.146.106.217


text:
User:Fmc26

The Influences that Impact the “High Expectations for All Students” in the American Education System

Fiona Crawshaw

Introduction
What is the five year old child thinking when they first enter the classroom, are they excited, nervous, fearful, resentful, do they want to be there or do they just not care? Prior to school they were largely influenced by parents and their cultural background. This may range from privileged, where the family has a strong sense of the importance of the child and whose values reflect values of society, to the disadvantaged, where children are negatively impacted by the family culture. Whatever the family life, the philosophy of the school system is to educate everyone to the same high standard with the same high expectations for all. The dilemma is how can these expectations exist for all students and how can they be met when the student body consists of children with such varying backgrounds and where the education in America is impacted by laws, teachers and society?

No Child Left Behind and Title I
The federal government recognized failures in the public school system and introduced rules, regulations and expectations for all schools to improve in performance. The Title I act was introduced to give financial assistance to schools in order to counteract the negative affects of poverty and boost learning in schools. In addition the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was implemented in 2002, “To close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice so that no child is left behind” (National Assessment of Title I Final Report Summary of Key Findings, 2007). Key provisions of NCLB include requiring schools to have a general plan for the education of the student body and specific individual plans for any student identified as having special needs. Schools have to assess all students including major racial/ethnic groups, low income students, students with disabilities, and students with limited English proficiency. If the schools do not make adequate yearly progress NCLB provides directives that should promote achievement in a struggling school. One key aspect is that the school district has to provide schooling elsewhere if parents request it on the basis of an underachieving school. NCLB targets inadequacies in teachers by requiring them to be highly qualified with subject matter competence, a bachelor’s degree and full state certification. (National Assessment of Title I Final Report Summary of Key Findings, 2007)

What difference can the Teacher make?
More than the school facilities, or money spent on each child, the teacher’s ability to teach and their attitude has a bigger impact on high expectations for all students. “Anyone without an unshakeable belief in children’s capacity to learn has no business in the classroom” Margaret Gayle, gifted education expert at Duke University said in an interview with Time Magazine (Wallis, 2008). Within the classroom the teacher is restricted to content (determined by syllabus) and tools used, (determined by school administration) but their attitude and teaching strategies are their own. One such strategy evaluated in a recent study is cooperative learning, “grouping students from different cultural backgrounds into heterogeneous groups and instructing them to collaborate and cooperate with each other on activities and problem solving tasks” (Allison, Rehm, 2007). In this study the teachers rated cooperative learning as being highly effective and that in addition to the students gaining the testable knowledge necessary to succeed, the approach was also shown to, “foster, cross cultural understanding” (Allison, Rehm, 2007). Family culture is a major influence in both a child’s and a teacher’s attitude in the classroom. Teachers often do not have an understanding of the background of students causing a clash of cultures known as “theory of social discontinuity” (Sanacore, 2000). To avoid this clash there is much focus on teachers attending workshops to gain a better understanding and the practice of reflection to see if a plan is working. This awareness has led to more in service teacher education with regard to multicultural classrooms, and a greater appreciation for the diversity of society and its impact on learning.

Society shaping the school.
Society is dynamic; with many cultures, gender issues, socio economic gaps, and the changing expectations of its people. These changes drive the educational establishment to constantly assess their performance in order to provide a better education for all. For one example, the women in society who want to have the same opportunity in the workplace as men have changed the “old establishment” expectations of the female gender. The gender gap is closing with more women entering colleges when previously they were not expected to have academic credentials. In 1974 the ratio in the general population of people entering college was 38 percent of men vs 33 percent of women; in 2003 this had changed to 41 percent of men vs 51 percent of women. (Postsecondary Participation Rates by Sex and Race/Ethnicity: 1974-2003. 2005). This change is obviously beneficial for women but indicates that the emphasis in school on equality has gone too far in the other direction, leaving the male gender behind. Another significant characteristic of this report found that in 2003 there is a 15 point gap in White vs Black and a 26 point gap in White vs Hispanic. These results indicate that the schools have improved their expectations for females to achieve but have not performed as well in the racial/ethnic areas, especially with the Hispanic population. The percentage of Hispanic men attending post secondary education actually dropped over the time of the study.

Summary
The Educational Establishments in America are constantly addressing how each child can have an education that ensures they grow to their fullest potential. The thirteen years in school should be filled with learning and adventure rather than disappointment and frustration. Our world at the moment is constantly changing; technology is being invented at a rate that only the wealthy can keep up with, wars, famine and poverty are widespread causing legal and illegal immigration. America is a dynamic nation and the Education of it’s children is influenced and improved by it’s laws and highly qualified teachers that continue to adapt, monitor, and improve the services they provide to all children.

Test Your Knowledge Questions
1.	What is cooperative learning?

a. 	When one teacher shares her lesson plans with another.

b. 	Grouping students from different cultural backgrounds into heterogeneous groups and instructing them to collaborate and cooperate with each other on problem solving activities.

c.	A student shares her work with the whole class through presentation of material in lecture style.

d.	A teaching tool available through computer software.

2.	What does the No Child Left Behind Act aim to accomplish?

a.	Provide all children with highly qualified teachers and choices in schools

b.	Close the achievement gap.

c	Provide support to schools who do not make adequate yearly progress.

d.	All of the above.

3.	According to Margaret Gayle what do all teachers have to have to be in the classroom?

a.	A good strong middle class background

b.	Intolerance to differences

c.	Unshakeable belief in children’s capacity to learn

d.	Superiority

4.	What were the statistics for women in college in 2003 compared to men?

a.	62%of men vs 31% of women

b.	51% of women vs 41% of men

c.	38% of men vs 33% of women

d.	42% of women vs 41% of men

5.	What does the Title I Act do for schools?

a.	Establishes equal spending on Athletic extracurricular activities for each gender.

b.	Gives financial assistance to schools that have a high percentage of students who live in poverty.

c.	Limits the amount of money each school can spend per child.

d.	Sets the standard for technology in the classroom.

Essay Question
Discuss how the No Child Left Behind Act impacts the teacher, and how it can be improved to provide an educational system that educates everyone, to the same high standard with the same high expectations for all.

title: User:Fmc26


text:
Circuit Idea/How to Reverse Current Direction

<<< contents - page stage >>>

Revealing the Secret of Current Mirror

Circuit idea: Connect a reversed and a direct voltage-to-current converter one after another.

Background
There are many professional publications about the famous current mirror circuit and its versions. Only, as a rule, they look formal, specialized and "sterile". These sources give a lot of details about current mirror versions but they do not show the basic ideas behind them.

Our mission. We, circuit ideators, have a different "mission" in Wikibooks - to reveal the philosophy behind circuits. We know that before showing in detail how to calculate an electronic circuit we have first to show what the very basic idea is behind this circuit. In Circuit Idea, we try to do that relying only on our human intuition, imagination and common sense.

The simple but complex current mirror. At first sight, the current mirror looks a simple circuit (Fig. 1); but actually, it is an odd, strange and exotic circuit that is never explained (there are only some guessworks). It is a great paradox that everyone knows what a current mirror is but nobody knows how it operates.

As a rule, the classic current mirror explanations begin with the assertion that the current-setting transistor Q1 acts as a diode. But it is very primitive and confusing to say "the input transistor Q1 is a diode". Actually, it is not a diode; it is exactly a transistor operating in the active mode. It would be a diode, if its collector was disconnected. Then all the current IREF = VCC/R (R is omitted on the picture) would flow through the base-emitter junction acting really as a diode. But here the output collector-emitter part of the transistor is connected in parallel to the base-emitter "diode". In this way, it serves as a shunting regulating element that diverts the great amount (β/(1 + β)) of the current. But how and why the transistor does this magic?

There is something strange and confusing in this arrangement... As everybody knows, the base-emitter voltage VBE is the input quantity of the bipolar transistor and the collector current IREF is the output quantity. But here all is on the contrary - the collector current is the input and the base-emitter voltage is an output!?!? What an idiocy?

Questions to be answered. In order to understand this odd circuit, we need to answer dozens of questions that are never answered. Here are some of them.

''What does the transistor Q1 do in this circuit? What is its function there? What is the difference between it and a diode? Can we replace it by a bare diode or a base-emitter junction (leaving the collector disconnected) as it is shown in another current mirror story? Why and how the collector current IREF serves as an input quantity and the base-emitter voltage as an output one (we thought the base-emitter voltage VBE was the input quantity of the bipolar transistor and the collector current IREF was the output quantity)? What does the transistor Q2 do in this circuit? What is its function there? How do collector voltages vary when we change the input current IREF (the input voltage VREF, the "programming" resistor RREF and the load resistance RL )?''

Since there are no satisfactory answers to these questions, let's forget temporarily all kinds "cut-and-dried" citations and to try disclosing the mystery of the famous circuit by ourselves. Just forget them and begin thinking by yourself!

The general idea behind the whole circuit
It seems our story will be not based on "verifiable sources" just because there are not such sources; so, one can say it is an original research. Only, we will endeavor to explain the famous circuit so simply, clearly and evidently that there is not any need to verify these assertions. By the way, the very NOR stipulates such a possibility - to use sources, "the accuracy of which is easily verifiable by any reasonable adult without specialist knowledge".

The problem: current direction inverter

In circuitry, especially in the area of microelectronics (e.g., inside op-amps), sometimes we need to invert the direction of a current (to make the flowing in current a flowing out one and v.v. - the flowing out current a flowing in one) without changing its magnitude. In this way, the output current just follows, "copies" the input one but this copy is inverted, "mirror" one. In other words, the input current "programs" the output one and the whole circuit serves as a programmed current source (current-controlled or dependent current source).

Obviously, in order to do that, such a current direction inverter (having a more popular name - current mirror) has to be at least a 3-terminal device (Fig. 2). The reason of that is because the two entering currents have to "go out" from somewhere (Fig. 2a) and v.v., the two exiting currents have to "go in" somewhere (Fig. 2b). In this arrangement, the one lead serves as an input, the other - as an output and the third - as a common terminal (usually connected to the positive or negative rail and more rarely - to the ground).

How to create a current mirror
Basic structure. In electronics, we have two kinds of circuits producing or, more frequently, just controlling current - current sources and current sinks. The difference between them is that, regarding to some circuit point, sources "inject" current while sinks "absorb" current. Obviously, in order to implement the general arrangement above (Fig. 2) into a concrete current mirror, we need both the circuits. As a rule, these circuits are voltage-controlled; so, in order to control them by current, we need to connect current-to-voltage converters before them. Let's now draw the block diagram of the two possible current mirror arrangements.

If we have a current source, we convert the input current ("entering" the current mirror) into a voltage and then use this voltage to control a current sink; as a result, we obtain a current sink (Fig. 3a). Conversely, if we have a current sink, we convert the input current ("exiting" the current mirror) into a voltage and then use this voltage to control a current source (Fig. 3b); as a result, now we obtain a current source. We can already generalize this basic current mirror structure in a conclusion:

A current mirror consists of two consecutively connected current-to-voltage and voltage-to-current converters.

Characteristics. It is interesting that the two converters may be linear (then IOUT = V/R = IIN.R/R = IIN) but it is not obligatory. They might be non-linear devices having whatever transfer or IV characteristics that may even depend on other quantity (e.g., temperature); the only requirement is their characteristics to be reverse. In this way, if the one converter implements a function y = f(x) and the other represents the reverse function x = f-1(y) the whole function is y = f(x) = f(f-1(y)). Note that the two converters might be connected in any order, including the direct after the inversed one (Fig. 4). At first sight, this result looks strange and nonsensical but in this way the main problem - reversing the current direction, is solved. So, we can formulate the next conclusion:

A current mirror consists of two consecutively connected converters having reverse characteristics.

Simple reversing. Usually, there is not a couple of direct and reverse converter and we have only one kind of converter. If this is a reversible converter, we can use it as a direct converter and then connect another such converter in an opposite direction to get a reverse converter.

Reversing by negative feedback. The problem is when the converter is not reversible and it is a bare one-way device. In this case, we cannot swap the circuit input and output ports; we cannot apply an input quantity to the circuit output and to get an output quantity from the circuit input (unfortunately, this is our case). Then, the only way to "reverse" the circuit is applying the ubiquitous negative feedback. Only systems with negative feedback have the unique property to reverse the cause and effect relations between the input and output quantities of the objects. They adjust their internal input quantity so that their internal output quantity to become equal to the "true" external input quantity. As a result, the internal input quantity follows, depends on the external input quantity; actually, the internal input quantity serves as an external output quantity. In this way, they can "reverse" the objects.

Implementing the general idea into a BJT electronic circuit
Once revealed the general idea we can create as many as we want current mirror circuits (this is the power of this heuristic approach). In all these versions, only the electronic components (BJT, FET, op-amps, etc.) will be different; the general idea behind them will be the same. Well, let's begin with the most popular of them - the basic BJT current mirror.

An output part
We can drive a bipolar transistor by voltage or by current. If we change the base-emitter voltage as an input and use the collector current as an output (Fig. 5), we can think of a BJ transistor as a non-linear voltage-to-current converter having an exponential characteristic. So, we can use it directly as an output part of our simple BJT current mirror:

The output part of the simple BJT current mirror is just a bipolar transistor acting as an exponential voltage-to-current converter.

Operation. How does the transistor T2 behave in this arrangement? In order to know, let's carry out an experiment - set a constant input voltage VREF = 0.5 ÷ 0.7V and then vary the load resistance RL (with the same success, you can vary the supply voltage V2 or even both the resistance RL and the voltage V2). The result is surprising - the transistor changes its present resistance RT2 between the collector and the emitter so that to keep up a constant total resistance Rtot = RL + RT2 = const (Fig. 6). As a result, the output current remains constant IOUT = V2/Rtot. In this way, the output collector-emitter part of the transistor T2 acts as a current-stable non-linear resistor. They usually say the transistor T2 acts as a simple current sink.

An input part
Now, we need to make the BJ transistor serve as the needed opposite current-to-voltage converter. Only, we cannot "reverse" it directly since the transistor is a one-way device, whose base-emitter junction can control the collector current; the opposite is just impossible. What do we do then?

We have already known the remedy - its name is negative feedback. In our case that means to make the transistor adjust its base-emitter voltage "VOUT" so that the collector current to be IIN = V1/R. For this purpose, we have just to connect its collector to its base, in order to apply a "100% parallel negative feedback" (Fig. 7). As a result, although it seems strange, in this "reversed" transistor the collector current serves as an input quantity while the base-emitter voltage serves as an output quantity!

The input part of the simple BJT current mirror is just a bipolar transistor with 100% parallel negative feedback.

Operation
But how does the transistor T1 behave in this arrangement? In order to know, let's carry out another experiment - set a constant input (supply) voltage V1 and then vary the input current-setting resistance R (again, with the same success, you can vary the input voltage V1 or even both the resistance R and the voltage V1).

The result is still more surprising than before - now, the transistor changes its present resistance RT1 between its collector and emitter so that to keep up an almost constant resistance ratio K = RT1/(RT1 + R) = const. As a result, the output voltage remains almost constant VOUT = VCE1 = VBE = const (Fig. 8). In this way, the output collector-emitter part of the transistor T1 acts as a voltage-stable non-linear resistor. But this is the recipe of making various active diodes ("ordinary", "zener" or "rubber", adjustable...)! It is just a wonder! The parallel negative feedback has made a current-stable resistor (the output part of T1) behave as a voltage-stable one! This is the same transistor but in the first case it serves as a current-stable element while in the second case it serves as a voltage-stable element.

A "reversed" transistor
At the same time, the input voltage source V1 and the current-setting resistor R form a composed current-source that "want" to produce a current IIN = V1/R through a voltage-stable element (the transistor T1). By the way, some mystic cascode circuits are based on the same arrangement (a current source supplies a voltage-stable element and v.v.). It is interesting that, in this situation, the voltage-stable element changes its present resistance, in order to "help" the current source to establish the desired current. For example, if we decrease the resistance R to increase the current, the transistor T1 will also decrease its present resistance thus helping us to increase the current and v.v. Doing that, the transistor T1 adjusts its base-emitter voltage so that the collector current to be always IIN = V1/R. As a result, although it seems strange, the collector current serves as an input quantity while the base-emitter voltage serves as an output quantity! The negative feedback has reversed the one-way transistor!

An equilibrium point

It is interesting to discover how the transistor T1 manages to reach the equilibrium point (a system with negative feedback always reaches the equilibrium). For this purpose, let's change firstly the magnitude of the input voltage V1 or the resistance R. The transistor responses to this "intervention" by changing its present resistance RT1... but till when? In order to understand, let's carry out an interesting experiment - break the feedback loop and drive the "true" base-emitter transistor input by a separate voltage source "VOUT" (Fig. 9). Then, let's begin increasing/decreasing the "true" transistor's input voltage "VOUT"; in return, the transistor will begin dropping/raising its collector voltage VC1 by decreasing/increasing its present resistance RT1. Figuratively speaking, the two voltages "move" against each other. In order to imitate the negative feedback behavior, we have to stop changing "VOUT" when the two voltages become equal (a zero indicator connected between the collector and the base can show this moment); this is the equilibrium point. Now, if we short the zero indicator (connect the collector to the base or, as they say, close the feedback loop), the system will remain at rest as it is at the point of the equilibrium.

Another example: a transdiode
By the way, there is another paradoxical circuit that does the same but it is an almost perfect - the logarithmic converter based on the so called transdiode (a BJT transistor connected in the op-amp feedback loop ). As here, in this odd and also never explained circuit configuration, the collector current serves as an input quantity while the base-emitter voltage - as an output quantity?!? The only difference is that there an additional op-amp adjusts the transistor's base-emitter voltage so that its collector current to be exactly equal to the input one. The op-amp does this magic by observing the virtual ground point and keeping it (almost) equal to zero.

Assembling the whole circuit
Finally, we have only to connect the output of the input part (the base-emitter junction of T1) to the input of the output part (the base-emitter junction of T2) to build the famous BJT current mirror circuit!

 +   =

Fig. 10. Assembling the whole BJT current mirror.

The only problem is that the transistor T2 "sucks" another base current IB from the input current. As a result, the output current is smaller than the input one:

Conclusion
What is the use of applying this stiff heuristic approach - step-by-step building instead giving the "cut-and-dry" classical circuit? The benefit is that we can build now various current mirror circuits knowing only one powerful general idea! We know what the transistors T1 and T2 do in this circuit; we know the truth about the basic current mirror circuit!


text:
User talk:81.83.11.19

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:54, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for reverting that edit here. Wikibooks does not appreciate vandalism. Thanks again! Laleena (talk) 20:13, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.83.11.19


text:
User talk:165.138.245.1

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:48, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

}}

Nice Job
Nice job on American History. I have been working on it a little bit too. I would suggest that you disscus before removing entire sections of pages, as you did with the USA-Iran conflict. Consider making an account. (Red4tribe (talk) 20:11, 20 May 2008 (UTC))

 * Hi. It is best to discuss before moving such large amounts of information as you recently did on Hillary's pastor. Red4tribe (talk) 20:17, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:165.138.245.1


text: User talk:71.193.176.29

title: User talk:71.193.176.29


text:
User talk:Kamlesh soul

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:34, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kamlesh soul


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Bulletin Board/2007

December 2007

 * Textbook Standards
 * We need some weight at the discussion here on the real use of textbook standards. Thanks, Laleena (talk)

November 2007

 * Wikibooks Facebook Group
 * There is now a group for Wikibookians and "fans" of Wikibooks on the social networking website Facebook. If you have a Facebook account, you can view and join the group Here.

 * Founding a newspaper
 * I am founding a newspaper (or would like to) and would anyone want to help? Laleena 22:13, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

October 2007

 * Move to enforce blocking guideline
 * A move to enforce Blocking guideline (static) as a guideline is taking place here.
 * Consensus failed. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:16, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * New Reading room
 * The staff lounge has been renamed to the "Reading room" as part of a reorganizational effort. Several pages were renamed to be the "Reading room" instead of the "Staff lounge". The bulletin board (this page) and the administrators noticeboard have also been moved to be sub pages of the reading room.

September 2007

 * New Template
 * The old template was updated to use DPL instead of a manually updated list. This is used in conjunction with the new  template, which is to be used on all new books.

 * Message Box Templates
 * The majority of old message templates, such as and  have been updated to use a new visual style. The new  template contains details about this new formatting.

 * Subject namespace
 * English Wikibooks has added a new Subject: namespace. Discussion about how to use this new namespace is being held at Staff lounge, but is likely to move to a dedicated location eventually. A list of all subject pages is currently located at Subject:All Subjects.

August 2007

 * August 15, 2007
 * Simple English Wikibooks reached 100 book pages.

July 2007

 * Discussion: Google Web Analytics
 * A discussion has been started about inserting Google Web Analytics javascript into the global wikibooks javascript. The discussion is here: Policies and guidelines/Vote/Wiki Analytics.

 * New Administrators
 * Three new candidates have been promoted to administrator:
 * User:Webaware
 * User:Mattb112885
 * User:Mike.lifeguard
 * User:Mike.lifeguard

 * Wikijunior New Book Collaboration
 * There is a new book launching at Wikijunior, and it will be unlike any book we've ever done before.

June 2007

 * Wikibooks logo
 * Wikibookians may well wish to see this on Meta and express their opinions or vote.

May 2007

 * What is Wikibooks
 * A number of small changes to the WB:WIW policy have been proposed, to reduce redundant information, and rewrite confusing or contradictory passages. These changes are proposed on the associated talk page at:
 * Wikibooks_talk:What_is_Wikibooks
 * Wikibooks_talk:What_is_Wikibooks
 * Wikibooks_talk:What_is_Wikibooks
 * Wikibooks_talk:What_is_Wikibooks

 * Milestones reached
 * The English Wikibooks project passed a number of milestones this month. The project exceeded 75,000 total pages and 25,000 non-stub book modules. The number of page views also exceeded 25,000 and the number of registered users will soon exceed 60,000 (currently 59,000). The project features 48 books meeting high criteria on book quality, with several more expected to be added this month.

 * May 7th
 * The Wikijunior namespace has been created. If you are having trouble finding a Wikijunior book, try looking through the new Wikijunior namespace. All books should be fully moved in a few days.

 * What is Wikijunior Referendum
 * A proposal for What is Wikijunior is up for referendum.
 * The discussion is at: Policies and guidelines/Vote/What is Wikijunior
 * All wikijunior contributors and wikibookians are encouraged to read the proposal and make their voices heard.

April 2007

 * Featured books
 * The Featured books pages have been created, and are being used to nominate and feature some of our best books. Wikibookians who know about a good book should nominate it at the nominations page. All Wikibookians are encouraged to vote for the nominated books.

 * Blocking policy Vote
 * The new proposal for Blocking policy is up for a vote at Policies and guidelines/Vote/Blocking policy. All Wikibookians are encouraged to read the new proposal and vote on it.

 * What is Wikijunior Discussion and Vote
 * A proposal for What is Wikijunior is up for discussion and vote at Policies and guidelines/Vote/What is Wikijunior All Wikijunior contributors and Wikibookians are encouraged to read the proposal and contribute to the discussion.

 * Bureaucrat Vote
 * User:SB Johnny has been nominated for promotion to bureaucrat. If elected, SB Johnny will be only the fourth active bureaucrat on this project. Bureaucrats, in addition to being administrators, have the ability to promote new administrators and to rename users. All Wikibookians are encouraged to read the nomination and vote.

 * What is Wikibooks Vote
 * A new proposal for WB:WIW is up for a vote. The text of the proposal is at What is Wikibooks/Unstable.
 * The vote is occurring at Policies and guidelines/Vote/What is Wikibooks.
 * All Wikibookians are encouraged to read the new proposal and vote on it.

March 2007

 * New administrators
 * We now have three new administrators on the project: User:Iamunknown, User:Xixtas, and User:Jomegat.

 * Resolving disputes
 * An important dispute resolution policy has been discussed in the past and progress has recently stagnated. Please voice your opinions regarding any changes to the policy on its talk page or be bold and make changes to the text directly. This policy is the first step in developing several other policies and needs to be approved before other progress can occur.

 * Wikijunior Namespace
 * A bugzilla request has been submitted to create a Wikijunior namespace. All Wikibookians are encouraged to show their support in a straw poll on staff lounge.

 * Cleaned-up Books
 * The following books have been cleaned up.
 * Biblical Studies - This book has been made into one coherent book. It had a lot of pages needing connection to the book.
 * Corset - This book was in dire need of a cleanup. It has been cleaned up now.
 * Dichotomous Key - This book had the obselete colon design. It is now fixed and looks a lot better.
 * English/Grammar - Same as above. I also fixed up the whole book of English as well.

 * Staff Lounge Reorganized
 * Earlier this month, the Staff lounge was reorganized. Instead of being one large discussion room, it has been broken into a number of sub-discussion rooms for specific topics. All Wikibookians should update their watchlists to include the additional discussion rooms.

February 2007

 * Administrator Policies
 * Several proposals that directly affect administrators have been created, including several rewrites of existing policies. These are:
 * Administrators/Unstable
 * Blocking Policy
 * Protected page/Unstable
 * All Wikibookians are encouraged to read these proposals and lend their opinions.

 * Main page of Wikibooks
 * Changes to the "front page" of Wikibooks are being considered and worked on. The main page talk page contains some discussion while there is a proposal here and another one here.  Views from Wikibookians will be very welcome.

January 2007

 * Introduction
 * I have protected this page from editing with hope that this will encourage new editors to pay more attention to our naming policy. Please check periodically whether there are any pages linking to Introduction and remove such links. --Derbeth talk 16:26, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Category:Books with PDF version
 * New category will automatically list all books having PDF version. At the moment the list is outdated.

 * Policy Discussions
 * A number of policies are being actively discussed now, and several of the proposals have the potential to become enforced within the month. All Wikibookians are encouraged to join in the discussions at the following places:
 * What is Wikibooks/Unstable
 * Resolving disputes
 * Deletion policy/Unstable
 * Editorial board
 * Arbitration Committee

 * Oversight Permissions
 * Three users have requested or been nominated for oversight permissions at Requests for adminship. Please vote and express your opinion as to whether each individual user should or should not be granted oversight permission.
 * The oversight votes have been called off, as general community consensus is against granting of this privilege to users without more information about the topic. All oversight requests on this wiki can be sent to the stewards on meta if needed.

 * Wikiprojects
 * A new infrastructure of cooperative wikiprojects is in the works, and all users are encouraged to come participate. Wikiprojects provide a way to coordinate efforts between users who are working towards similar goals. There are only a few wikiprojects started so far, but more can be added.

 * Next Gazette
 * The next "issue" of the Wikibooks "Gazette" will be out shortly. If you want to make sure you receive it please check that your name is on the list of active wikibookians and if not add it or ask someone to do so.

 * New Checkusers
 * User:Herbythyme and User:SBJohnny have been granted checkuser access by the stewards, after receiving 25 votes. Thanks to all for voting.