text:
User talk:Adetunji~enwikibooks

--- Anonymous Dissident  Talk 12:50, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Adetunji. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Adetunji~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:55, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adetunji~enwikibooks


text:
Papermaking

 PAPERMAKING

 > Next: History of paper

This book will describe paper in all its aspects, beginning with the history of paper. The main focus will be on the production of paper, and what kind of paper exist and what their use is. Ecology of paper making and alternatives for paper making will be part of the book as well.

Importance of paper
The invention of paper was of high importance for the social development of the humankind. Keeping information, especially for contractual obligations, was vital for the development of trade. Governing a country or an empire became so much easier, when laws and instructions could be written on paper (or any other information carrier) and could be distributed throughout the country or empire.

Without paper, the reformation (a religious movement in the 16th century led by Marten Luther and John Calvin) would not have been possible. One of the most important reasons the reformation could succeed is the fact that the bible was no longer exclusively for the religious clergy, the ordinary people could have access to God's words. Paper as information carrier lead to education, which helped to develop communities and industry.

There used to be alternatives for paper, but none of them was so cheap and accessible in such huge quantities as paper.

> Next: History of paper

Papier

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Papermaking


text:
Template:Papermaking

Papermaking Chapters
 * 1) History of paper
 * 2) Raw materials
 * 3) Fibres for paper
 * 4) Water
 * 5) Fillers and retention
 * 6) Colours and whiteness
 * 7) Sizing and wet strength
 * 8) Paper production
 * 9) Waste paper preparation
 * 10) Fibre and auxiliary chemicals preparation
 * 11) Paper machine
 * 12) Wet end
 * 13) Press section
 * 14) Dryer section
 * 15) Finishing
 * 16) Process control
 * 17) Types of paper
 * 18) Graphic papers
 * 19) Packaging papers
 * 20) Hygienic papers
 * 21) Special papers
 * 22) Paper properties
 * 23) Paper usage
 * 24) Ecology of papermaking
 * 25) Alternatives for paper
 * 26) External links and afterword

title: Template:Papermaking


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. c4/1...e6/2. Nc3

= English Opening =

Theory table
.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. c4/1...Nf6/2. Nc3

= English Opening =

2. Nc3
White reinforces the attack on the d5 square and keeps his options open. Black has a variety of answers here, aiming for a King's Indian setup with 2...g6 is an interesting option, 2...e6 is also possible although white can choose to disrupt black's plan of reaching a Nimzo-Indian or QID setup by playing 3. e4 leading to the very sharp and tactical variations known collectively as the Mikenas Carls variation, which black is best advised to avoid if not prepared to face them.

2...e5 is also possible leading to the English four knights and the Bremen system

Theory table
.


text:
User:Kusk~enwikibooks

Hello my name is Daniel, and I live in Denmark. I like the idea about open content books, so I spend some of my time on Wikibooks.

My Wikimedia Activity

 * English Wikibooks
 * Danish Wikibooks
 * Danish Wikipedia

Contact Me
Mail: kuskdk@gmail.com

Discussion: My Talk

Links

 * Firefox a great browser.

title: User:Kusk~enwikibooks


text:
User:Kasia1986/polish lessons

Polish=native languages all Poles.

Polish(english)
samochód(car) e.g This car is green - ten samochód jest zielony.

książka(book) e.g He is reading a book - on czyta książkę.

jedzenie(food)e.g He's like a food - on lubi jedzenie.

Money(pieniądze)e.g She's has got money - Ona ma pieniądze.

Pies(dog)e.g This dog is friendly - Ten pies jest przyjacielski.

Autobus(bus) e.g This bus is red - Ten autobus jest czerwony.

title: User:Kasia1986/polish lessons


text:
User talk:212.122.214.173

Kasia vs my talk 17:15, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.122.214.173


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...Nf6

=Marshall Defence= A rarely seen opening at the higher levels of chess. Instead of playing e6, black can play Nf6. Black's knight defends the d5 square, but if white exchanges pawns, it is not too difficult to later gain a tempo by attacking the piece on d5. However, this defense may not be as bad as it seems. After 3. cxd5, black can play 3... c6. In this case, it is best for white to accept the gambit and now, black has a lead in development after 4. dxc6 Nxc6, giving at least partial compensation for the pawn. Usually, in the middlegame that follows, white gets a small advantage, but black usually holds out just fine. Even into the endgame, black may have chances for a draw, despite being a pawn down.

Theory table
.

'''1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 d5'''


text:
User:Dim i as myself/monobook.css

span.rem { color:blue !important; }

title: User:Dim i as myself/monobook.css


text:
Cookbook:Stuffed Kabocha Squash

| Vegan cuisine

Ingredients

 * 4 tbsp peanut oil
 * 2 tbsp chopped shallots
 * 1-inch piece chopped ginger
 * 1 ea. jalapeño, chopped
 * 8 oz tempeh or ground beef
 * 2 tbsp soy sauce
 * 2 cups cooked jasmine rice
 * 1 medium kabocha squash

Procedure

 * 1) Cut off top of kabocha squash and scoop out seeds.
 * 2) Bake the squash for 45 minutes at 375°F (190°C) or until a sharp knife goes through the flesh easily.
 * 3) Meanwhile, fry the tempeh, shallots, ginger, and jalapeño. Cook until tempeh is completely brown, and then add soy sauce and rice. Take off heat and mix thoroughly.
 * 4) Put tempeh mixture into kabocha squash and bake for 30 more minutes.

title: Cookbook:Stuffed Kabocha Squash


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2008/January

Remove page protection
Can someone remove the protection of Programming:C plus plus/ctype.h header, txs... --Panic (talk) 03:11, 5 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Done, not sure why it was protected in the first place. --Az1568(Talk) 03:27, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Txs, I think it was done to enable a merge situation ( Book History )... --Panic (talk) 03:31, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Special:Userrights
Bureaucrats now have access to this special page. I do not think sysops can go here. This page is the page that has been used by the stewards: it combines the abilities of Special:MakeSysop and Special:MakeBot. I've heard some thigns over the grapevine that seem to indicate that maybe b'crats are going to get more "abilities" through this special page, although that might not be accurate. Current b'crats would probably do well to familiarize themselves with this page. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 20:30, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * You are correct, sysops cannot access the page. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 21:36, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Simple, yet refined. -within focus 22:44, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

This can be accessed by sysops in certain cases, I think. For example, if we followed enwiki and allowed sysops to hand out +rollbacker, then sysops could access it, but would only be able to change some of the rights (just like the bcrats can't change all rights through Special:Userrights - ie you can't give +checkuser). I don't think that we need non-admins with rollback; we don't have enough vandalism to need that.

But I think we could benefit from handing out +patroller so non-sysops can patrol new pages. (There is an option to allow patrolling of any non-patrolled diff, but I don't think it's useful for us, but that's open for discussion. As well, allowing +patroller for autoconfirmed is too low a threshold, I think.) I think the new page patrol could be much better used if we had more people doing it. If you look at Special:Log/patrol, there are only a few names there. I think it'd be useful to spread the work around by giving +patroller to certain users that would like to help with that. I'd think it'd be a fairly low threshold for getting it - essentially a history of new page patrolling without abuse and a willingness to continue new page patrolling should be enough to get the right since +patroller isn't easily abused. Spreading the work around will make the task much less arduous for those who do it, and this allows us to do that without giving +sysop. New page patrol is essentially a perpetual backlog, and I think this will help us use patrolling much more effectively. It's a great software feature, but the burden to use it well it too concentrated currently. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:32, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I like this idea for two reasons:
 * it would help to take some strain off our current patrollers (new page and vandalism patrolling, which tend to go hand-in-hand) and
 * it would create a more graduated system of "advancement" so that active editors can get a taste of administration without having to pre-emptively request adminship (and then get turned down).
 * If we had such features enabled, I would like to make two requests:
 * That admins can hand out +patroller (and possibly +rollback) privileges, and not require bcrats for that (although a trial run that was bcrat-only would be fine if that's what people wanted)
 * That we have the ability to also remove those privileges without requiring steward intervention. If the bar to receive them is so low, we have to account for the risk of "false positives", or giving the tools to people who can't handle them properly.
 * I would like to see what other people say about it, however. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:04, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Both those requirements can (and should) be met. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:43, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Something I would have been very pleased indeed to have when I started here. There are one or two folk here who I would be very happy to see granted those rights as soon as possible.  +patroller would be good but I would like to see +rollback as well.  Given the variety of .js tools around it will not make a massive difference but with multiple windows and a fairly quick hand a lot of vandalism can be dealt with quite quickly.
 * Are you planning an Rfp/r page or something. In practice anyone watching RC will know most of the people who maybe should be granted the tools anyway?  -- Herby  talk thyme 12:31, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Anything we can do to make page patrolling easier for those who volunteer to do it sounds like a good idea to me. Might even be better if the RC logs could be changed so admins can see just the rollbacks as well, so we can follow up and block if necessary without the necessity of posting on WB:VIP (or whatever we're calling that now :-) ), and thus eliminating yet another hoop to jump through. -- SB_Johnny | PA! 13:46, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It would be useful if the log shows whether edits/pages were patrolled definitely (Meta's does, Commons does not but "new pages" are shown as patrolled or not). The other thing is please can we find a nice simple way of dealing with this.  I just looked at en wp - the drama is well up to their usual standards :)
 * I'm happy to see this 'crat controlled but equally I have no problem with it being an admin controlled issue. It is a pretty stable (!) bunch here mostly and if it is revocable it is hardly a major issue. -- Herby  talk thyme 14:25, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I like Johnny's idea of filtering RC to show only rollbacks. I will submit to bugzilla if not already there. The issue will be knowing what is rollback and what isn't. The only way to do that is the edit summary since there's no log entry, but that's not realiable as &summary= can change the rollback default summary, and you can fake it when rollback isn't used. On second thought, I won't bother. It'd have to be scripted, I think.
 * I agree the process would have to be simple. No enwiki-style drama please. As Herby says, anyone who watches RC already knows who should get +rollbacker. +patroller might be a bit more weighty, but still easy to determine who should get it. A subsection on WB:RFA should do nicely, I think.
 * Special:Log/patrol shows all new page patrols (we don't have diff patrolling, and I don't think we should). Just to reiterate: I think patrolling would be hard to abuse, but there is at least a reliable log entry for every action. Not so with rollback. Nevertheless, if adminship is no big deal, then one or both of these is really no big deal (a lesson enwiki could do to learn).
 * As for the disappearance of WB:VIP, I think we still need to make it clearer that we just want people to start a normal section for "please block this doofus" on WB:AN. I know it's in the intro, but I've seen a few times people going to an admin's talk page. That's fine if they're online or if someone else sees it, but a central location is much more useful & reliable. I may take a look at the intro on that page shortly. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:56, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Only en wp could manage to make a good simple idea take up enough energy to raise Atlantis (I see people are now posting there for admin task - I guess the conventional boards have now been abandoned :)).
 * Personally I don't see "new pages" patrolling as much of a biggie but I guess rather more knowledge of scope etc would be required. Thanks for your work on this Mike, if I can help you knwo where I am, cheers -- Herby  talk thyme 16:02, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Template:SharedIP
I just created some new templates for shared IPs, there's also Template:VirginMediaIP for Virgin Media as well - hope these are of use.

I know I'm not active here much, but if you want help on a module, prod me at my Wikipedia talk page - w:User talk:Solumeiras and I'll see what I can do. --Solumeiras (talk) 17:17, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Another new toy
m:MediaWiki:Titleblacklist seems a useful idea but given the naming conventions here people with a little more knowledge may want to look at getting this underway here. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 14:46, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Forget it - I see it is in hand! -- Herby talk thyme 14:49, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the heads-up Herby! It's always fun getting new toys like this. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 16:56, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * All hail User:VasilievVV - this beats the hell out of over a dozen cascade-protected Hagger pages :) Also, no more spambot pages. /me is ecstatic. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:46, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

I'm a tad late with this, but it's been disabled for performance reasons. Apparently it will make a comeback when it behaves itself. For now, admins can use creation protection for individual pages. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:34, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

This user should be blocked
I have reverted all his edits and they should be viewed as vandalism. Thanks, Laleena (talk) 21:39, 12 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks like they've stopped after your warning because Whiteknight blocked them. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:45, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Automatic deletion summaries
Now that we have the dropdown for deletion reasons (and a good selection, which covers just about anything), I'd like to propose blanking the following MediaWiki: pages to remove the automatic summaries which make the deletion log ugly due to long, unwieldy reasons. These are the things like "Content before blanking was" and "Content was ... and the only contributor was" etc. Those don't really tell you anything useful - it's the other stuff that matters. If you ever need to add something custom, you still can, so you're not restricted to only the dropdown reasons. The relevant pages are MediaWiki:Excontentauthor, MediaWiki:Exblank, and MediaWiki:Excontent. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:16, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree, these pages are typically very unhelpful, and trying to include the entire contents of the page in the edit summary causes it to overflow and it's typically just not helpful. We can make them more concise. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 17:54, 12 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, seeing as we have MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown and there was no objection, I'm going to blank these pages. If you find that you're deleting something but there isn't a suitable deletion reason in the dropdown, either put a custom reason, or edit the dropdown to add another one if that case will come up again. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:39, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * There is currently no way to make the messages consist of blank space. I'm going to submit this to bugzilla (although it's clearly trivial) because there should be some method of getting this behaviour. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:39, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think not having a default comment inside the other reason is a bad idea. However it could be done using javascript placed into a gadget for those who want it. --dark lama  00:15, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * @Mike: Have you tested it with saving as empty page? I think that should work.
 * But I don't think that's a good idea. For "normal" user it's often helpful, at least for me (in german wb). :) Because so they can controll whether sysops do their job right. If they only write that was e.g. a redirect and the summary is further not filled with content was: #REDIRECT ... I am very unsure whether it's right. Of course, there is a risk that the sysop has written it but that's another problem.
 * Regards, heuler06 (talk) 06:58, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * None of the developers could make it work earlier, but someone just suggested putting in a comment like, which I haven't tested yet. Since there's now opposition, I'll leave it be pending further discussion. As for being able to tell that sysops aren't abusing the delete button, it's every admin's reponsibility to leave a half-decent reason. We now have a dropdown combobox for common reasons, but the default reasons still get appended unless you remove them manually. This proposal would remove them by default; if you need to add something extra or if the reason you're deleting isn't adequately covered by an option in the combobox, then you'd have to either add it to the combobox, or add it in the (now blank) deletion reason. Admins shouldn't be deleting stuff with no reason; choosing one from the combobox (and not having these uninformative reasons appended) helps keep the deletion log clean, and keeps reasons standardized. The only downside is that admins can't just hit delete. That might be a good thing - they have to evaluate why they're deleting.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:02, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Temporary Sysopping
I've had a request today for User:Reedy Boy to be promoted to sysop temporarily. He's trying to work out some bugs with w:WP:AWB, a tool that many of our wikibookian administrators use. Apparently, there are some bugs that are specific to wikibooks that simply don't occur on wikipedia. User:Reedy Boy is already an admin on en.wikipedia, and has promised not to do anything bad with the tools. If there are no objections, I would like to grant this temporarily (probably for a week or less), and then we can have the stewards remove the tools after the necessary debugging is performed. Are there any problems with this? If not, I would like to do it soon so that the testing can commence. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 23:43, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * - Reedy Boy is not going to delete the main page. In fact, he probably won't use the rights at all; he only needs them to debug proper detection of the rights in AWB. All the relevant bugs have all been reported by me and can be seen at w:Wikipedia talk:AutoWikiBrowser/Bugs. The issue with converting to talk pages makes AWB useless as a bot for warning uploaders, which was one of the main tasks I've used User:Mike's bot account for. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:56, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

❌ - +sysop wasn't needed and the bugs have been resolved. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:37, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Can I upload this content
Can I upload this content http://www.openicdl.org.za/devcourses/mod3/module3-all.html to wikibooks? It is a creative commons license?

 * The short answer: No, sorry.
 * The long answer: All text on Wikibooks is licensed under the GFDL. The Free Software Foundation (who wrote the GFDL) has stated that the GFDL is not compatible with creative commons. Though work is being done to make them compatible, at this point we cannot take text from one to the other without the authors' permissions. That said, since the authors were willing to license their text under CC, it is possible that they would be willing to license it under the GFDL; you're more than welcomed to contact them and find out. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 09:59, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

This user should probably be blocked
I would like to report this user as a consistent vandal. Herby has warned him and so have I. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 23:05, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|15px]] Not yet - Only the one latest edit was recent, and they seem to have stopped. Since the IP belongs to what looks like a university dorm, they may make a comeback. If so, we'll consider blocking at that time. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:17, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree with Mike (& responded on Laleena's page). Blocking is to prevent further disruption - if they stop (& the disruption hasn't been bad) we don't block.  Equally Laleena & I both warned them about teh same edit.  Thanks -- Herby  talk thyme 08:56, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think you are both right, but what do you mean by a "university dorm" and why on earth would such people vandalize? It seems rather strange. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 12:44, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * See here for a little more info. One problem is that now they are blocked for a year on en wp they look for other places to "play".  Other than open proxies (rather rare now!) schools/educational establishments generally are probably the main source of vandalism (perhaps better described as "immature editing" really).  Thanks -- Herby  talk thyme 12:47, 25 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Blender 3D: HotKeys

Hotkeys are also known as key bindings or shortcuts. They can be customized in user preference panel. Keys are named according to these conventions:

 * xKEY — key labelled x on main keyboard (e.g. AKEY for key labelled A)
 * NUMx — key labelled x on numeric keypad (e.g. NUM1 for key labelled 1). You may need to ensure Num Lock is on for these keys to work.
 * xMB — mouse button, x = Left, Middle or Right.
 * MW — mouse wheel.
 * modifier+key — while holding down modifier (ALT, CTRL, SHIFT), press key (e.g. CTRL+XKEY means press XKEY while holding down CTRL). There may be more than one modifier, all of which are to be held down at once.
 * key1 key2 — press key1, let go, then press key2 (e.g. GKEY XKEY to press GKEY followed by XKEY). Sequence may consist of more than two keys. Each key may have its own modifiers.

Contents

 * All HotKeys

3D View by Mode

 * Object Mode
 * Edit Mode
 * Pose Mode
 * Sculpt Mode
 * Vertex Paint Mode
 * Texture Paint Mode
 * Particle Mode
 * UV Face Select Mode

By Key
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

''Please note: The format of this book has changed. Please be careful when making edits. This book now makes use of templates. Please be sure that you understand the Wikibooks Template System before making any edits. Additionally, you should note that each hotkey has its own template. This is so that the hotkey can be used across the different Blender wikibooks. Please study the way templates are being used with these hotkeys before making your own additions.''

title: Blender 3D: HotKeys


text: User:Raimondo

title: User:Raimondo


text:
SilverStripe

The intent of this book is to be a set of solutions for common problems in the SilverStripe CMS ('content management system').

About SilverStripe
SilverStripe is an MVC (model/view/controller) Framework and Content Management System based on PHP5 and MySQL5.

Loading page specific JavaScript and CSS
// controller class Movies_Controller extends Page_Controller {	// init function init {			Requirements::javascript('mysite/javascript/movies.js');

parent::init; } }

CRUD (Create, Read, Update and Delete) in the CMS
Let's say that we need to allow the Administrator to edit the list of coders in the Developers section.

First we need to create the Developers DataObject.

class Developers_DataObject extends DataObject {       // fields static $db = array(		'Name'		=>'Varchar(150)',		'Lastname'	=>'Varchar(150)',);

// edit form in the CMS function getCMSFields_forPopup {		$fields = new FieldSet; $fields->push( new TextField( 'Name', 'Name:' ) ); $fields->push( new TextField( 'Lastname', 'Lastname:' ) ); return $fields; } }

In the same DataObject, we need to define the fields for the form.

Next, we need to create the Page type for the Developers section.

class Developers_Page extends Page {

// make the relation between the section and the list of coders static $has_one = array(       'MyDeveloper' => 'Developers_DataObject'    );

// manage the relation in the CMS function getCMSFields {       // don't overwrite the main fields $fields = parent::getCMSFields;

$tablefield = new HasOneComplexTableField(	   $this,            'MyDeveloper',            'Developers_DataObject',             array( 'Name' => 'Name', 'Lastname' => 'Lastname',),            'getCMSFields_forPopup');

// add a new tab in the CMS $fields->addFieldToTab( 'Root.Content.Coders', $tablefield ); return $fields; } }

Our next step is to create a new page "Developers".

Now we need to go to "Behaviour" and change the page type to Developers.

This new page will have a tab called "Coders", where we can edit the developers list.

Relationing a DataObject with a Module
In this case we'll make a relation between Movies and Cities. Then we'll allow the administrator to add new cities in a page type 'Movies'.

 "Varchar(150)"	); // relation static $has_one = array(		'LocalCities' => 'Movies' // 1-n relation	); // edit form for the CMS function getCMSFields_forPopup {		$fields = new FieldSet; $fields->push( new TextField( 'Name' ) ); return $fields; } }

/** * Defines the Movies page type */ class Movies extends Page {

// relation static $has_many = array(		'LocalCities' => 'LocalCitiesDataObject' // 1-n relation	);

// records list in the CMS function getCMSFields {		// don't overwrite the defaults fields for the Page $fields = parent::getCMSFields;

// for handling 1-n relation $tablefield = new HasManyComplexTableField(			$this,        	'LocalCities', // the name of the relationship         	'LocalCitiesDataObject', // the related table 			array( "Name" => "Name" ),	        'getCMSFields_forPopup' // the function to build the add/edit form         );

$fields->addFieldToTab( 'Root.Content.Cities', $tablefield ); return $fields; } }

Credits
This contribution is courtesy of the following coders:
 * Guy Steuart
 * Leonardo Alberto Celis

title: SilverStripe


text:
Papermaking/History of paper

{| cellpadding="5"  The history of paper started just after the start of the Gregorian calendar.

Papyrus
Paper is derived from the Greek word pápyros, the name for the papyrus plant. This plant grows only on the shore lines of streams in the Middle East, like the river Nile (a river in Africa which flows into the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt). The "paper" from the papyrus plant was first used by the Babylonians and thereafter by the Egyptians (around 3000 B.C.). Also the Greeks and Romans used papyrus, amongst others for contractual obligations.

The "paper" from the papyrus plant was made from the stem of the plant. The outer rind is first stripped off, and the sticky fibrous inner pith is cut lengthwise into thin strips. The strips are then placed next to each other on a hard surface with their edges slightly overlapping, and then another layer of strips is laid on top at a right angle. While still wet, the two layers are hammered together, mashing the layers into a single sheet. The moisture or juice from the strips function as adhesive between the layers. The sheet is then dried under pressure.

Other early information carriers
The oldest known information carriers are cave paintings. The paintings tell us about ordinary life in those days. The Sumer wrote with cuneiform script on soft clay tablets around 3200 B.C. This is about the same time when the Egyptians used soapstone. Other organic information carriers, besides papyrus, were leather, parchment, wood and bark. The Romans also used wax for texts which did not need to last for a long time. Especially for buildings the texts were inscripted into the stone of the building. The early Chinese also used materials like shells, bones and ivory. The early Indians uses leaves of palms. Also used as information carrier were jade, iron, gold, silver, tin, bronze, bamboo and silk.

Invention of paper
Paper made out of plant-like fibres was invented by the Chinese Cai Lun, who in the 2nd century China, mixed textile fibres from the bark of the mulberry in water and produced sheets of paper from that. The invention of paper was one of the reasons for the successes of early China, through easier governing of the country.

Archaeological findings have shown that paper was first made from plantlike fibres, were already used from 140 to 87 BC.

Papermaking knowledge moves out of China
The art of papermaking was first exported from China to Korea and Japan around 610 AD. Arabic people have learned the papermaking technique in the 8th century from Chinese, as is being told, from Chinese people skilled in papermaking who were captured. The Arabic people spread the knowledge during their military campaigns in the North of Africa and the South of Europe. The first paper manufacturing in Europe started in 1144 in Xativa (near Valencia) in Spain. The first papermaking in countries in Europe, which were not controlled by the Arabians, was in the 13th century in Italy and Spain, although the usage of paper was already known in Europe since about 1100. A paper mill in Fabriano (near Ascona) in Italy existed in 1276 (and still exists nowadays). Around this time sizing paper with animal glue was invented in Italy. The Germans had their first paper mill in 1389, followed by the rest of Europe at the end of the 15th century. In Belgium the first paper production was in Huy (Hoei) in 1405 and in Holland in Dordrecht in 1586.

Where was the paper production located
The ideal location for paper production was determined by two factors: The presence of raw materials was, before the invention which made the use of fibres from trees possible, depending on availability of rags. The rags, used clothes, were more available in urban areas. The fibres, which were used for producing paper, were cotton.
 * The presence of raw materials
 * The accessibility to power and energy

The presence of power was necessary for the milling process needed to make fibres fit for papermaking. Wind mills or water mills were used as power sources.

So paper mills in the old days were located at urban areas with access to wind or water power. Nowadays the energy source is not important, so that you can see a trend of concentration of paper industry to the areas where raw materials (old paper and trees) are.

Further mechanisation and development of the paper production
An important invention was made around 1670 and was called the "Hollander". This machine improved the milling process of the fibre much, and made it therefore also possible to use other fibres than cotton from rags. Now also (old) ropes and fishing nets could be used. This increased the availability of raw materials much.

In 1744 the bleaching characteristics of chlorine was discovered and at the end of the 18th century this knowledge was used to bleach cotton, the raw material for paper.

The invention of the paper machine at the end of the 19th century increased mechanisation of papermaking further and therefore increased production capacity. Donkin in England and Robert in France developed the first paper machines. Mongolfier and Fourdrinier developed the concept further; a machine with a forming section (wet end), press section and dryer section was developed. The paper machines used nowadays still have a similar build, so that those machines are still often called Foudrinier machines.

In 1806 another important invention was the sizing of the paper. In order to improve the writing characteristics of a paper you need sizing of paper. Until 1806 this was done with animal gelatine. This process was replaced with aluminium sulphate and rosin size.

Around 1845 it became possible to use fibres from wood. The German Friedrich Gottlob developed a process to free the fibres out of wood with a grinding wheel. The development of alternative raw material sources was strengthened by the short supply of rags and at the same time increased demand for paper. Paper made from stone groundwood pulp had more yellowing due to the presence of lignin, so that quality paper was still produced from rags.

At the end of the 19th century a bleaching process was developed in Scandinavia, which made it possible to remove lignin out of stone groundwood. The yellowing of paper decreased much due to this process, so that cotton fibres from rags lost its importance as raw material for paper.

During the 20th century de technology behind the paper machine developed further, so that the production speed and the quality of the produced paper increased. The use of process control and measurement which started in the sixties made even further improvements possible.

Around 1985 a further important development was made in the bleaching technology for fibres. First the bleaching with chlorine was replaced with bleaching with chlorates and chlorine dioxide (Elementary Chlorine Free = ECF) and after that the development of bleaching process without use of chlorine containing agents, like ozone, oxygen and peroxide (Totally Chlorine Free = TCF).

 * valign=top width=210px|

 Summary
 * Paper comes from papyrus; a plant
 * The inventor of paper is Cai Lun in 105 (China)
 * Since the 13th century paper is produced in Europe
 * Paper is produced where raw materials and energy are easily available
 * During the 19th century production of paper was mechanized
 * Only during the 19th century the most important raw material for paper: cotton rags was replaced by wood

 Quote

 * "The paper is patient."

 * Marcus Tullius Cicero - Roman statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and philosopher (106 BC - 43 BC)

 * }

> Next page: Raw materials

title: Papermaking/History of paper


text:
Writing Adolescent Fiction/Revealing personality

OK, so you've created a character who is arrogant, sociable or inquisitive. But how do you get your reader to surmise that she or he is indeed arrogant, sociable or inquisitive? You want your reader to be able to tell.

Action
The most common (and most pervasive) outlet for giving readers an impression of your characters is through the character's actions. A cruel character will do cruel things. Anything from the most ground-quaking event to the most quotidian reveals character.

For instance, if you write:

"Tina dipped her left pinkie delicately into the finger bowl. Oh, how she loved this dinner!"

The reader will get the impression that Tina is dainty and proper.

Having your character tell his mother the truth when she asks what he did on a perfectly ordinary school day does not build the impression that he is an honest character, as only a person suffering from problems with confabulation would find any reason to lie about that. However, suppose you had your character turn in missing tickets she found:

"Her arm shaking, Rachel took one last look at the concert tickets. 'They're all yours', she said quietly."

"'Oh, thank you once again,' the woman with the blue purse said, falling all over Rachel. 'I don't know how I'm ever going to repay you.'"

"'I really wanted to see Fourth Ear Deaf in concert.' Rachel looked down. 'But these tickets weren't really mine.'"

"'Girl', said the woman, 'To see someone with the integrity of you made my day. That will bring me more joy than seeing any concert.'"

"The woman took the tickets from Rachel's hand and put them safely in her purse. She crumpled her hands up, thinking about the upcoming Fourth Ear Deaf concert. Rachel gave one last wistful glare, then turned away."

Then you (and your character) have really impressed the reader!

If you only write parts that advance the plot, you will have to have the characters' personalities be really central to the major events -- they must be behind these events -- if your characters are to come across in the reading. Including chapters that focus more on the everyday life and personality of the characters -- the "packing peanuts" -- gives you more flexibility, as you get more chances to develop every aspect of a character. Using the example of a cruel character doing cruel things, in the major plot-moving sections you can have your character betray another, or even kill off the protagonist at the end. In the more mundane sections, you can have your character find a person who is drowning and begging for help, and your character is able to help, but merely watches with disinterest or perhaps mischievous amusement right before he meets another character in a dark alley, or push over a disabled student on a school day, or crack a tasteless, heartless joke during a conversation at the hamburger joint.

Dialogue
Main chapter: Dialogue

In real life, you draw some major conclusions about the people you meet by listening to what they say. So will your reader draw conclusions from reading what your fictional characters say. Suppose you are reading a novel and hear Mindy speaking:

"'Let's go!', said Mindy. 'Take your sticks and beat Buena Vista over the head! Come on! Come on!'"

"Noelle rubbed the end of her lacrosse stick, glanced up and Mindy and looked back down. 'Wish me luck.'"

"'Luck? We're not going to need luck. We're going to win by our force and strength. What are you waiting for?'"

You get the idea that Mindy is loud, aggressive, a go-getter and much like a sergeant in the army.

Almost every sentence a character speaks can give you some idea of who the character is. A lot of television shows, in order to save time (after all, they only have 20-26 minutes), will have a character slam down the telephone without saying good-bye. "Saving time" like this is a bad idea in written fiction. Saying "Good-bye" after completing a phone call is such an ingrained convention observed by the vast majority of people that not saying good-bye would be a stronger indication of the type of person a character is than actually saying good-bye would.

Word choice
The power of dialogue doesn't stop at the sentiments expressed in the character's sentences. The very words themselves can reveal something about his character. Consider the differences between the following characters:

"'I saw Ben crying under the tree in the backlot', said Chris."

"'I saw Ben bawling under the tree in the backlot', said Trav."

"'I saw Ben sobbing under the tree in the backlot', said Mark."

"'I saw Ben wailing under the tree in the backlot', said Denzel."

"'I saw Ben weeping under the tree in the backlot', said Miguel."

"'I saw Ben sniveling under the tree in the backlot', said Billy."

See Dialogue for more on the power of word choice.

Thoughts
In addition to the character's words, the things the character thinks but does not say can reveal him or her.

Suppose your character Natalie sees a boy walking by and thinks the following:

"Natalie looked appraisingly at Josh and then stopped there and stared. As if!, she thought. Is this guy even aware that a choker necklace is dorky and so not hip? I am so not going to date him."

Natalie has not said a word so far, yet the reader will already be sure that Natalie is not only fashion-conscious, but superficial.

When the writer uses this technique extensively, it is called Stream of consciousness. Some examples are Ulysses, by Joyce; Hopscotch, by Julio Cortázar.

Dress
We get our first impressions of people we see by how they are dressed, and so will your reader.

How neatly a character is dressed can provide instant clues as to his or her personality. If Jerry has the top three buttons on his shirt unbuttoned and his baseball cap on at a totally odd angle, with his jacket fit loosely on his back, the reader will conclude that Jerry is rather slipshod. You plant in the reader, among other things, that Jerry does not pay attention to small details and would likely not get a good grade on the upcoming bio quiz on binomial nomenclature. If Phil's shirt is tucked in, on the other hand, your readers will expect Phil to be meticulously conventional. If your character is kind of flaky or if your character has ADD, perhaps she will come to school one day with her sweater inside-out.

The kind of clothes someone is wearing provide a lot of information about who they are. They can identify what clique your character belongs to: someone with a black trenchcoat, black eye make-up and a pentagram necklace could be identified as a goth. Someone who wears a beret to school would probably be artistic. A rugby shirt, or a baby doll dress, or capris, or a ra-ra skirt, or a cowboy hat, or wallet chains all have their associations, and bring certain personality traits to mind.

How the outfit is put together can also give an impression of a person. Someone who wears green sweatpants with a puce sweatshirt is not the same kind of person as someone who comes in blue chinos, white shirt and beige jacket. Often writers, cartoonists or screenwriters show that someone is the absent-minded professor type by having him wear mismatched socks, but this has become a cliché and you should avoid it.

Having your character change and dress differently on two occasions can also reveal something about him or her:

"Cole locked the door and started to throw off his black Chromica T-shirt. About to start class in less than a half-hour, be figured he better throw on a red polo shirt. Then he opened his closet where a cashmere sweater was folded neatly. He put it on over his polo shirt and looked into the mirror."

Cole seems rather like a plastic metalhead. A character who wore the polo shirt and cashmere sweater all the time, or who wore Chromica T-shirts to school, would be quite a different kind of person.

Likes and dislikes
Who doesn't like chocolate ice-cream? Such a statement is used to express how good chocolate ice-cream is, but questions like this can help construct a character's image or personality. If your character likes ice-cream, sure it is helpful to establish that they are rather average. But if a character is a pessimist or more morose or dark character, they may say "Ice-cream? Blech, no. Too sweet." People have just learned something about this character. A character who like football, basketball & jogging obviously likes exercise. A character who is fat might not enjoy such things. One of the things you must remember is that people don't do things that they don't want to do. Even things they don't really want to do, like homework and doing the dishes, they are really choosing the lesser of two evils (they choose to do their chores rather than be punished) so what a character likes gives a little insight into what a character does, or wants to do. Now, of course, you can run at it like a neanderthal and say: Suzie likes cooking and puppy dogs. But both you and the reader will have more fun if you have Suzie cook something and express her delight at doing so, then give the dog the bowl to lick, all the while smiling from ear to ear. Very important however, is that you really shouldn't mention a 'like' unless you are going to write about it. Your readers will feel short-changed if you mention that Gary likes sky-diving, and then never ever mention sky-diving again.

With dislikes however, don't get confused with fear. When I say I hate spiders, I mean that I am afraid of them. If I mention that a character is afraid of spiders, it may be interpretted as a chekov's gun, and people will expect my character to be confronted by spiders at some point. Also, if John hates Ashley, then this is also not dislike, this is rivalry. If John is the protagonist, people will expect Ashley to be the antagonist, if not an obstacle. These can however, both be interpretted in certain ways. Perhaps a fear of spiders is a way of showing that a character is afraid of silly things, and as such is cowardly. Perhaps John hating Ashley shows how John is an aggressive character. Just be careful that you aren't saying something that you don't mean. Otherwise, dislikes are very similar to likes. If Peter dislikes reading, it shows that he is probably a more outgoing or active character than Benjamin, the little bookworm who loves reading science fiction stories.

Which brings us to the main and probably most important feature of likes and dislikes. And that is the question "Why?". Jeremy likes to eat potato chips, but dislikes dogs. This can say something of a character, perhaps Jeremy is lazy, or doesn't like healthy food. Perhaps he is too irresponsible and hates the idea of looking after an animal. You can learn something here. However, what if I told you that Jeremy likes potato chips, because when he was younger he and his father used to sit on the couch, eating potato chips, watching action films. This shows that Jeremy likes his father. Liking potato chips is just one facet of this, and there may be many others. What if Jeremy dislikes dogs, because as a child he was bitten by a dog? Perhaps he is traumatised, or maybe he has scars. This all adds up to what a character is. Think about what you like and dislike and why. Knowing such things helps to construct characters

What other characters say/feel about him or her
If your story has more than one frequently interacting character, there HAS to be some emotions towards each other. If John, the high schooler protagonist, interacts with André, the star quarterback, there are many ways to create their interactions. One common cliché is interpreting André as a bully to John, as his athletic figure is a great obstacle for the protagonist. However, this trope is too overused in high school settings, so try to make a subversion to make this aspect of the story unique. For example, André can be a star student: star quarterback, gets good grades, and has an upbeat attitude, leading him to become very popular with the school, and John might simply admire him, so John will want to befriend him, but André might not even recognize him. Another common trope, particularly in fantasy settings is the protagonist encounters a mythical creature. The protagonist will try to help or get the mythical creature on his side, but the mythical creature refuses. As when the protagonist gives up, he might find himself in danger. As a deus ex machina, the creature will save him, therefore forming a bond between them. Try to subvert these clichés, and you'll create a very unique story.

Describing directly
Of course, there is always outright telling the reader what your character's personality is like:

"Fred was masculine, short-spoken and dependable."

Even when writers do this, their characters' personalities usually shine through anyway through their actions, dialogue, etc. In fact, there is not much use to this direct characterization, as it is called, since if you do also show a character trait through actions or dialogue, describing the character becomes redundant, and if you don't show a personality trait anywhere in the story, the trait is probably not worth mentioning. There is a rule of thumb, don't say "Joey was funny", make him do funny things and the reader may realize that. It is the principle of showing instead of telling.

However, do use direct characterization if your characteristic is so impressionistic that no indirect characterization can perfectly convey it:

"Mandelyn was a light, kelp-free wave briefly visiting upon the shore, with all the simple but mysterious elegance of a Japanese rock garden."

A final word
If you have some packing peanuts in your story -- a chapter or part of a chapter that does not move the plot along -- make the best of it and write parts that really show what your characters are like. A dialogue between two different characters, or even two ostensibly similar characters, can bring out the differences in their personality.


text:
User talk:76.167.171.74

Mattb112885 (talk to me) 23:30, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.167.171.74


text:
Talk:Futurebasic

(Newest post first!)

Untitled
It would be a good idea to reorganize the TOC into task-specific sections. With FBtoC as the only form of FutureBASIC now under development, there is no need to separate the Wikibook based on FBtoC being "different" in some way. It is FutureBASIC now. --C. S. Wyatt (talk) 22:41, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

I'm definitely for setting some standards and those should be part of the documentation. It should be noted that the WikiMedia convention is to not override the Wiki design; there is no easy way to force new styles because the text is meant to be portable -- like the original idea for the Web (content is king).

I will add a "Document Conventions" page, if there isn't one, and we can update that for some uniform guidelines. --C. S. Wyatt (talk) 22:24, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Hi,

I think we need a set of editing rules so that all pages in the book look consistent. For example, I see sometimes keywords written in capitals, some other times in lowercase characters. We must adopt here clear conventions.

I believe also that inline styles are not a good idea. Example :

/* Not Supported in FBtoC */

Although I don't know how CSS files are included in the web pages and how one can acess them to edit them, we will be better off defining CSS rules designed to apply to certain elements. The code above would become something like that:

/* Not Supported in FBtoC */

Furthermore, we should follow as closely as possible the conventions stated in the chapter titled "Introduction to the FB language":  Items in  represent placeholders which should be replaced as indicated in the description; Items in  represent literal text that you should enter exactly as shown; Items in  represent literal text that you should usually enter exactly as shown.

I have the Reference Manual in Word format, for those interested (I guess I must ask Staz Software if I can give it away).

Your thoughts?

As an additional note, someone has to upload the pictures needed for the manual. Who is going to do that job? And once done, is there a way for anyone to browse them to get their reference?

Dim i as myself (talk) 15:06, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Futurebasic


text:
User:Eric Evers

Lets learn to program in:

erlang or   java or    python or ...

Wikibooks for everyone.

title: User:Eric Evers


text:
Erlang Programming/Functions

Erlang Functions
To see a function in erlang we can create the file: even_prime.erl with the following code.

-module(even_prime). % 1 -export([is_even_prime/1]). % 2                                               % 3  is_even_prime(2) ->                            % 4   clause 1 is simple true;                                     % 5 is_even_prime(N) when is_integer(N) ->        % 6   clause 2 has a guard: is_integer(N) false;                                    % 7 is_even_prime(Any) ->                         % 8   clause 3 is simple 'I prefer integer inputs'. % 9

The function clauses are put in the order that they are checked. First  is_even_prime(2)  is checked for a match. If the argument matches then  true  is returned. This clause ends in a semicolon because the function is not finished being defined. If  is_even_prime(2)  fails to match then  is_even_prime(N)  is tried.  is_even_prime(N)  is checked for a match. N is a variable that matches any integer. The statement  when is_integer  is a guard that admits only integer types to N. The semicolon says we have more to go. The period at the end tells us that the function is finished being defined.  is_even_prime(Any)  matches anything of any type and returns the value ''' 'I prefer integer inputs'. ''' The function is now finished. This function is a total function and should cover all possible single argument inputs.

outputs:

''' 2> c(even_prime). ''' ./even_prime.erl:8: Warning: variable 'Any' is unused {ok,even_prime}

''' 3> even_prime:is_even_prime(2). ''' true

''' 4> even_prime:is_even_prime(1). ''' false

''' 5> even_prime:is_even_prime(seven). ''' 'I prefer integer inputs'

================================================================== Syntax/structure of a function: ================================================================== semicolon    - ends a clause period       - ends a function when         - starts a guard arrow        - separates the head from the tail of the function function head - input part of function includes the signature and guard function tail - output/consequence(s) part of function signature    - the function name and argument structure/count ================================================================== rotate_list( [H|T] ) when is_atom(H) -> T ++ [H]. . [signature-] [guard]. .                     [---function head--]. [--function tail--] ==================================================================

title: Erlang Programming/Functions


text:
Erlang Programming/guards

Guard structures
Legal guards in Erlang are boolean functions placed after the key word, "when" and before the arrow, "->". Guards may appear as part of a function definition or in "receive", 'if', "case", and "try/catch" expressions.

We can use a guard in a function definition Example program: guardian.erl

-module(guardian). -compile(export_all). the_answer_is(N) when N =:= 42 -> true; the_answer_is(N) -> false. % ============================================= >% % % Example output: % % c(guardian). % ok % % guardian:the_answer_is(42). % true % % guardian:the_answer_is(21). % false

and Fun definition

F = fun (N) when N =:= 42 -> true; (N) -> false end.

receive expression

receive {answer, N} when N =:= 42 -> true; {answer, N} -> false end.

if expression

if    N =:= 42 -> true; true -> false end.

case expression

case L of   {answer, N} when N =:= 42 -> true; _ -> false end.

and try/catch

try find(L) of    {answer, N} when N =:= 42 -> true; _ -> false catch {notanumber, R} when is_list(R) -> alist; {notanumber, R} when is_float(R) -> afloat _ -> noidea end.

You will notice that in these examples it would be clearer (in real code) to remove the guard and modify the pattern matching instead.

Literate programming note: Anonymous match variables that start with an underscore like "_" are not generally recommended. Rather, it is nice to use some descriptive variable name like "_AnyNode". On the other hand, for tutorial code like this, a descriptive variable is more distracting than helpful.

case L of   {node, N} when N =:= 42 -> true; _AnyNode -> false end.

Multiple guards
It is possible to use multiple guards within the same function definition or expression. When using multiple guards, a semicolon, ";", signifies a boolean "OR", while a comma, ",", signifies boolean "AND".

the_answer_is(N) when N == 42, is_integer(N) -> true; geq_1_or_leq_2(N) when N >= 1; N =< 2 -> true;

Guard functions
There are several built-in-functions (BIFs) which may be used in a guard. Basically we are limited to checking the type with, is_type(A) and the length of some types with, type_size or length(L) for a list length.

is_alive/0 is_boolean/1 is_builtin/3 is_constant/1 is_float/1 is_function/2     is_function(Z, Arity) is_function/1 is_integer/1 is_list/1 is_number/1 is_pid/1 is_port/1 is_record/3 is_record/2 is_reference/1 is_tuple/1 tuple_size/1 is_binary/1 is_bitstring/1 bit_size/1 byte_size/1 length(Z) > N map_size(M)

A > B A < B A == B A =< B A >= B A /= B A =:= B    exactly equal A =/= B    exactly not equal

Note: all erlang data types have a natural sort order.

atom < reference < port < pid < tuple < list ...

title: Erlang Programming/guards


text:
User talk:Eric Evers

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 02:38, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eric Evers


text: User talk:58.110.87.60

title: User talk:58.110.87.60


text: User talk:Mallory333

title: User talk:Mallory333


text:
User talk:Jeremiahdoering

G'day, welcome to Wikibooks. I've marked your new recipe Cookbook:Greek Omelet for more work required, because it isn't yet in a format we like to have recipes in on the Cookbook. Please see the comments at the top of the page. And now, here's our standard Wikibooks welcome:

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Webaware talk 03:00, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeremiahdoering


text:
Clojure Programming

Clojure is a dynamic programming language for the JVM.

Introduction
People come to Clojure from a variety of backgrounds. The purpose of this book is to help everyone get the most out of the Clojure language. It is not meant as a replacement for the documentation, found at the Clojure site. Please do not copy material from there to here!

Feel free to post your own code, written in the Clojure language, here. However, please do not post excerpts, patches or other modifications or derivations of the Clojure source itself, as the license of this Wiki is incompatible with the Clojure license. Instead, post such things to the Clojure discussion group.

Implementations
There are a number of different implementations of the Clojure language:

 * Clojure (the original Java-based implementation)
 * ClojureScript (compiles to JavaScript)
 * ClojureCLR (for Microsoft's .NET framework)
 * clojure-py (Python-based)
 * clojure-scheme (compiles to Scheme)
 * ClojureC (compiles to C)

FAQ
Some answers to Frequently Asked Questions.

Getting started
The Getting started section covers obtaining and installing Clojure as well as basic setup of editors such as Emacs or Vim.

Other "Getting Started" guides and documentation:

 * clojure.org/getting_started
 * Confluence Wiki Getting+Started
 * Brief Beginner's Guide

Concepts
The Concepts section covers Clojure language basics, such as supported datatypes, "mutability" or state in Clojure, functional programming and the concurrency features. Also see the book Learning Clojure.

Tutorials and Tips
By Example is an introductory look at Clojure that is heavy on examples to introduce the look and meaning of various constructs.

The Tutorials and Tips section covers differences with other languages and miscellaneous tutorials.

Learning Clojure gives an examination of Clojure's features.

The labrepl is an interactive environment for learning Clojure.

4clojure presents a series of small programming problems to help you learn Clojure (web based, no install required)

clojure-koans is great way for beginners to learn the basic syntax and built in functions of Clojure

Talking to machines clojure script tutorial for beginners with online repl.

Brave Clojure overviews Clojure's main features.

External Articles
Refer to the curated and categorized listing of External Articles for links to informative Clojure-related articles and blog posts.

Examples
This section is a cookbook with various Clojure examples, including

 * Using JDBC
 * Norvig's Spelling Corrector
 * Simple REPL on a Socket
 * Simple GUI : Temperature Converter
 * Lazy Fibonacci
 * Talking to Excel
 * genclass and finalize
 * Invoking Java method through method name as a String
 * Creating an Applet

API Examples
This section is for examples using the Clojure API

Cookbook
A Cookbook of favorite Clojure code examples.

Graphics and Image Processing

 * Context Free Art clone
 * ImageJ and Clojure (via Fiji)
 * OpenGL Tetrahedron ported from Wikipedia JOGL example
 * Simple SparkLine Generator in Clojure

Web Programming

 * Sending Email
 * Webjure: Simple web framework.
 * Compojure: Another web framework.
 * The Joy of Clojure
 * Noir Web Framework: Lightweight web framework (no longer maintained)
 * Enlive: Templating library for HTML with xpath-style selectors.
 * Hiccup: A fast library for rendering HTML in Clojure.
 * Using Google Charts from Clojure
 * Clojure in Action, Second Edition

A library stack for web programming would consist of

 * Ring: Ring provides a standard interface to talk to web servers, and a set of libraries for handling things like sessions and file uploads.
 * Framework: These provide a nice high-level interface that is suited for defining the routes and controller logic of a web application.
 * Clojure Home Page
 * Luminus
 * Compojure
 * Noir
 * Moustache
 * Conjure
 * funkyweb

 * HTML generator: dynamically generate HTML pages.
 * Hiccup
 * Fleet
 * Enlive

 * Other libraries, that don't fit into any of the above categories
 * Sandbar
 * Compojure-Rest.

Miscellaneous

 * "Practical: An MP3 Database" chapter from Practical Common Lisp translated to Clojure
 * Examples from Practical Common Lisp ported to Clojure
 * Socket Programming Walkthrough
 * Destructuring bind in def
 * Embedded REPL (Interactive production applications)
 * Generating the digits of PI in Clojure
 * A Quine in Clojure
 * Clojure Pong port
 * Palindromes in Clojure

title: Clojure Programming


text:
Erlang Programming/Modules

Erlang modules
Each Erlang Programming source file utility.erl

is required to be a separate module. Modules are created with the module statement.

-module(utility). % 1 -export([rotate/1]). % 2                          % 3 rotate([H|T]) ->          % 4 T ++ [H]. % 5

compile with c(utility).

run with utility:rotate([1,2,3]).

and get [2,3,1].

"utility" is the module created by the file utility.erl

utility functions like rotate can be imported elsewhere with: -import(utility).

so now we do not need to use the "utility:" prefix. Importing modules is not generally recommended. This is very similar to python and Java imports.

title: Erlang Programming/Modules


text:
User talk:Richhickey

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 04:34, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Richhickey


text:
User:Domitori

Hello. I am dissatisfied with wikibooks. Instead of to criticize, try to improve.

title: User:Domitori


text:
Maple/Using Maple in Analysis

There are many various kinds of analysis, and in very few of them Maple may help. One of the "maplable" analyses is the Asymptotical analysis. It is typical, that at calculus of cumbersome expressions, small values of some parameters are especially interesting. One can evaluate derivatives and then approximate the function with truncated Taylor series. As these operations often appear together, there is special service called series.

Examples of series
series(sin(x), x, 4)

returns

x-1/6*x^3+O(x^4) because the function sin has known derivatives. If the function is not known, the derivatives remain in general form:

s(0)+(D(s))(0)*x+1/2*((`@@`(D, 2))(s))(0)*x^2+1/6*((`@@`(D, 3))(s))(0)*x^3+O(x^4)

One can guess that the sequence

`@@`(D, 2))(s))(0)

means second derivative of function whose name is s.

In general, arguments of series can be: expression, variable which is supposed to be small, and the minimal power of this argument dropped out.

If no obvious dependency of the expression on the variable is found, the result is just expression:

series(a, b)

returns just

a

Not all functions can be expressed as Tailor expansion. Nevertheless Maple series tries to do its best, for example,

series((1+1/x^2)/(1+2/x+x*log(x)), x, 2)

returns

1/2/x-1/4+(5/8-1/4*ln(x))*x+O(x^2)

which may have sense in asymptotic analysis.

It is not difficult to write a function when the series cannot help, for example,

series(exp(1/x^2), x, 3)

returns

Error, (in series/exp) unable to compute series

although it is easy to see, that, at least for the real values of the argument, all the derivatives in zero are just zero. By default, Maple considers all variables as complex; in the complex plane, behavior of the function in the last example is pretty singular and no simple expansion is possible.

title: Maple/Using Maple in Analysis


text:
User talk:Domitori

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 05:33, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Domitori


text:
Talk:Maple/Graphic functions

export of graphics
Hey, J Darnley; could you provide also an example of export of graphic? How to save figures in a format suitable for wiki? Domitori (talk) 05:34, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maple/Graphic functions


text:
Maple/Sequences, lists, sets, and tables in Maple

In comparison to the standard description of arrays in other languages, the variety of ways to group several elements into a single object in Maple may look a little bit tricky.

If one plots (see ../Graphic functions/) several functions at the same graphic, the correct sequence may have, for example the form

plot([sin(x),cos(x)],x=0..9);

By default, the first function will be plotted with red, second with green, thirds with yellow (almost invisible at the white background) and so on. The similar if can be obtained with

plot({sin(x),cos(x)},x=0..9);

but then the color become dependent on the values of the functions.

Compare, for example,

[1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1]

to

{1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1}

In the first case, a list, the sequence remains the form in which it was typed; in the second case, a set, duplicates are removed and the original order is forgotten.

Sequence
The sequence of element can be generated with function seq. Example of use:

seq( n^2, n=-2 .. 2 );

generates

4, 1, 0, 1, 4

Sequences are spliced within the argument list where they occur. This makes seq a rather general tool for writing various kinds of container literals:

foo(5, seq(n^2, n=-2..2), 5); # foo(5, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 5); [5, seq(n^2, n=-2..2), 5]; # [5, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 5]; {5, seq(n^2, n=-2..2), 5}; # {0, 1, 4, 5};

The way of evaluation of expressions may be a little bit different from that we could expect in the command line; compare, for example, outputs of > seq\sin(x), n = -2 .. 2/

which gives 1/sin(x)^2, 1/sin(x), 1, sin(x), sin(x)^2

and sin^(-2)(x), sin^(-1)(x), sin^0(x), sin^1(x), sin^2(x)

1/sin(x)^2, arcsin(x), sin(x), sin(x), sin(x)^2

which gives

(1/sin^2)(x), (1/sin)(x), 1(x), sin(x), (sin^2)(x)


text:
User:Felipe Aira

Hello please go here: w:tl:User:Felipe Aira.

title: User:Felipe Aira


text:
Maple/Saving results of Maple calculations

Export data from a plot
> P := plot3d(sin(x*y),x=-2..2,y=-2..2): > Q:= < op(indets(P,Array))>; [ 25 x 25 Matrix      ] Q := [ Data Type: float[8] ] [ Storage: rectangular ] [ Order: C_order      ]

You can then export this data to a file and insert in a spreadsheet.

1. Export to a tab delimited file:

Right-click on the output and choose:

Export As -> Tab Deliminated

save it to a tab-delimited format file with extension .xls. Click on the file (if the extension is associated) or import as tab delimited. Your data will then be in the spreadsheet.

2. The same result by a command:

> ExportMatrix("plot.xls",Q);

3. Only in Standard GUI (Maple 11 or later), export to .xls format:

> with(ExcelTools); > Export(Q, "plot.xls");


text:
Physics with Calculus/Mechanics/Newton's First Law

Newton's first law states: In an inertial reference frame, unless acted on by a net force, an object at rest stays at rest. This is often referred to as inertia.

First Law (Inertia)
Inertia is based on a simple concept: an object in motion tends to remain in motion. An object at rest tends to remain at rest. This is counterintuitive to us, since we know that if we slide an object along the floor, it will slow down. Similarly, something may decide to fall off a shelf in a way that looks like it decided "all by itself". But Newton understood the basis behind this physical reality. When you slide a book along the floor it slows down, but not because of, as was sometimes thought, some property of matter that makes objects want to slow down. The book slows down because it interacts with the floor. Although this may seem a trivial difference from the way most people think about motion, it is really quite significant.

The concept of inertia refers to the tendency of an object to remain in motion, or to remain at rest. By intuition we can see that the tendency is somehow related to mass. It is easy to catch and stop a baseball; I don't recommend attempting to catch and stop a freight train. It's also a lot harder to move a loaded filing cabinet than it is to slide a single book. In order to measure how hard it was to overcome an object's inertia, Newton discovered another concept:


text:
Physics with Calculus/Mechanics/Newton's Second Law

Newton's second law states: In an inertial reference frame, force is equal to mass times acceleration ($$\vec{F} = m \vec{a}$$). This also defines what force is quantitatively.

Second Law (Force)
Force can be a confusing term because it is an everyday term, as well as a physics term. When we use it in everyday language, we use it in a whole number of different contexts, for instance "He forced the door", "He was forced to take third semester Calculus", or "This justifies the use of force". There are a great many ways in which the word force may be used in casual conversation.

However, in physics, there is only one meaning to force, that which was given to us by Newton's Second Law. For now we will treat force as having been defined by:

$$ \vec F = m \vec a \ $$

where m represents the mass of the object in question and a its acceleration.

When you consider Newton's first law, you have to wonder how an object starts moving. Something has to happen to an object that is standing still to make it move. What happens is that an external object applies some sort of force, which can be summed up as a push or a pull. We know that, of course. Ever since we started observing the natural world around us we have been aware of the way in which things are moved around us.

What is important about this law is that force is now quantified, and can be shared between two objects. For instance I can design a weight that applies a force of thirty Newtons to the end of a lever. I can use this to calculate the force I apply to the other end of the lever. Using force it will become possible to solve complex physical systems for important variables.

It's interesting to note that if Newton's second law is a definition, then it's completely useless unless we know what the force is equal to. The actual physics comes in, for example, when you know that gravity gives a force inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Then you have a physical model and not before. Otherwise all you have is a definition, and you can't define how reality works! However, strangely enough, the concept of force seems to be a deep physical quantity that actually exists. Even though the ma side is wrong at speeds near light, the derivative of momentum is still force, but momentum is not mv. Also, the equations of physics are very elegant when written in terms of force. Maxwell's equations which govern electricity and magnetism can easily be translated into force, and gravity gives an elegant force. Many thing produce an elegant force law, so force seems to be a concept that is more than a definition.

Note: Newton studied the importance of the quantity $$ mv $$, now termed momentum. He stated the his Second Law as

$$ \vec F = \frac{d \vec p}{dt} $$

If the mass of the object is constant,

$$ \vec F = m \frac{d \vec v}{dt} = m \vec a $$

This form of the Second Law is used to prove the conservation of momentum and has significance in relation to Relativity Theory because this form holds true near the speed of light while F = ma breaks down.

There are quantities hidden Newton's second law which give rise to profound laws of physics. For example, the momentum is in there as well as energy. Both energy and momentum are conserved, which means that no matter what interaction takes place, they remain the same for an isolated system. In fact, both energy and momentum are locally conserved, which means that they not only remain the same, but they cannot teleport; it is possible to look at energy flow and momentum flow into and out of a system. In fact, in quantum mechanics, the concepts of energy and momentum remain, while the concept of force fades away to nothing -- energy and momentum are the deeper quantities. It is even possible (and extremely powerful) to reformulate the classical laws of physics in terms of energy and momentum with no reference to force at all!


text:
Physics with Calculus/Mechanics/Newton's Third Law

Newton's third law states: For every force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force ($$\vec{F}_{\mathrm ab} = - \vec{F}_{\mathrm ba}$$). This is the basis of "conservation of momentum" to be covered later.

Third Law (Equal and Opposite Reactions)
Now that we have the concept of force, we can begin exploring how it effects the world around us. Consider this. You are most probably sitting in a chair. How many forces are acting on you at this moment? Since you are not accelerating in any direction it would be easy to think that there are no forces, but that would be incorrect. Instead there are a great many forces that are all balanced. For instance, there is the force of gravity pulling you down. If you were magically suspended there above the Earth, the force of gravity would pull you swiftly, and ungraciously, to the ground. But you do not fall to the ground, instead you exert a force on the seat of the chair.

Here is where Newton's Third Law comes into play. You are exerting a force on the chair equal to your weight (let us assume for a moment that all your weight is resting on the chair). This is equal to:

$$ \vec F = m \vec g \ $$

This is the force that you apply to the seat of your chair. However, thanks to Newton's Third Law, this is also the force that the chair applies upward on you. Because of this, the force of gravity pulling you down is countered by the force of the chair pushing you up, and you do not go sprawling all over the floor.

This is a hard concept, because it always applies, even when you might think it does not. Let us deal with a human attempting to catch a freight train. When the freight train hits the human, which has more force applied to it? The answer is, from the title of this section, that the forces are equal. The force applied to the human by the train is the same as the force applied to the train by the human. Now, you should note that a few thousand Newtons of force has a much greater effect on a human than it does on a barreling freight train, but the force is the same. It is the objects that are different, a trick that is often used to fool students on examinations.

Another example is this. You are standing on a sheet of frictionless ice. You can thrash around, you can flail your arms, but you cannot move your position (your center of mass to be precise). It is because if you try to move one way, and you apply a force to yourself, you are are simultaneously pushing yourself forwards and backwards, which results in nothing. Equivalently, if you put yourself in a basket, and pull on the handles, you can't lift yourself because while your are pulling up with your hands, you are pushing down with your feet. If you shoot a gun, you feel recoil. All of these are examples of the third law.

The third law, however, is not really a law because it is not true! In electrodynamics, it turns out, things can lift themselves by their bootstraps. However, the conservation of momentum, which is very similar to the third law, remains true.


text:
User:CHL~enwikibooks

Hi. I'm CHL. I probably will be adding a bit of stuff to things like programming.

title: User:CHL~enwikibooks


title: User:P858snake