text:
Conversational Yiddish

Introduction
Welcome to the Yiddish Learning Guide.

There is another Wikibook about Yiddish, aimed at Yeshivah-students who are interested in learning enough Yiddish to understand a lesson taught in Yiddish. It may be used as a substitute until this Wikibook is more developed.

Note that Yiddish is written in the same alphabet as Hebrew, but here the words are also transliterated using the YIVO system.

The Alphabet / Alefbays and guide on how to pronounce:

Vowels:

אַ Pasekh Alef = Aa as in father or o as in stock.

אָ Kumets Alef = Oo as in coffin.

אי Ii as in ski.

או Uu as in ruse.

אױ Oy oy as in boy.

אײ y as in fry, but spelled < Ay ay>.

אײַ Aa as in father or o as in stock.

ע Ee as in ten.

א Shtimer Alef (silent, vocalizes Vuv and Yid)

ב Bays= Bb as in big.

בֿ Vays= Vv as in van (used only in semitic words).

ג Giml= Gg as in game.

ד Dalet= Dd as in deal.

ה Hay= Hh as in help.

װ Vuv= Vv as in van.

ז Zayin= Zz as in zero.

ח Khes= Kh kh/ Ch ch [earlier transliteration] as in loch (Scottish).

ט Tes= Tt as in time.

יִ Yid= Yy/Jj [earlier transcription] as in yak.

כּ Kof= Kk as in kite (used only in semitic words).

כ Khof= Kh or Ch in German

ל Lamed= Ll as in light.

מ Mem= Mm as in much.

נ Nin/Nun= Nn as in next.

ס Samekh= Ss as in stone.

ע Ayin (value described above)

פּ Pay= Pp as in pill.

פֿ Fay= F as in face.

צ Tsadik= Ts ts / Tz tz [earlier transcription]

ק Kif= Kk as in kite.

ר Raysh= Rr, "gargled" as in French or German from the back of the throat, or rolled as in Italian.

ש Shin = Sh sh / Sch sch as in shell. [earlier transcription].

שׂ Sin = Ss as in stone (used only in semitic words).

תּ Tof = Tt (used only in semitic words).

ת Sof = Ss in Seth (used only in semitic words).

Letter combinations:

װ Tsvay Vuvn = Vv, (Ww as in walk.).

זש = Ss as in s in Leisure, but spelt .

דזש = Jj as in Jump.

Five letters are replaced by special forms at the end of a word:

כ khof becomes ־ ךlanger khof

מ Mem becomes ־ םShlus Mem

נNin becomes ־ ןLanger Nun

פֿFay becomes ־ ףLanger Fay

צTsadik becomes ־ ץLanger tsadik

Six letters are only used in words of Hebrew origin:

בֿ Vays

ח Khes

כּ Kof

שׂ Sin

תּ Tof

ת Sof

Vocabulary - װאָקאַבולאַר
Pronouns - פערזענליכער פראנאם
 * I - איך - Ikh
 * You (familiar) - דו Di rhymes with see
 * You (Formal) איר Ir, rhymes with beer
 * He ער Er (rhymes with air)
 * She - זי Zi (rhymes with bee)
 * We - מיר Mir (rhymes with fear)
 * they - זײ Zay (rhymes with fly)
 * It - עס Es

Foods - עסנװאַרג

Vegetables
vegetables di gruntsvaig                     די גרונצווייג

artichoke di kinare                             די קינאַרע

green peas

spinach shpinat                                     שפּינאַט

broccoli

turnip petrushke                                 די פאטרושקע

avocado

radish der retekh

cucumber di ugerke                                די אוגערקע

cauliflower

cabbage dos kroyt                                  דאָס קרױט

lettuce

tomato dos pomidor                                דאָס פּאָמידאָר

celery di selerye                                 די סעלעריע

cucumber kastravet                            קאַסטראַוועט

radish                                                רעטעך

potato di bulbe / di karto                           די בולבע

carrot der mayeren                                     דער מייער

onion di tsibele                                     די ציבעלע

asparagus di sparzhe                                 די שפּאַרזשע

mushroom di shvom(en)                                די שװאָ (ען)

pumpkin kirbes                                        קירבעס

Weather related - דער װעטער
Weather veter װעטער

Air Pressure luft drikung לופֿט דריקונג

Atmosphere di atmosfer די אַטמאָספֿער

Avalanche di lavine די לאַװינע

Barometer der barometer דער באַראָמעטער

Blizzard di zaverukhe די זאַװעכע

Blow bluzn בלאָזן

Breeze vintl װינטל

Clear klor קלאָר

Cloud der volkn דער װאָלקן

Cloudy volkndik װאָלקנדיק

Cold (adj) kalt קאַלט

Cold (n) di kelt די קעלט

Cyclone der tsiklon דער ציקלאָן

Damp fahkht פֿײַכט rhymes with Nacht

Dew der toy דער טױ

Drizzle (n) dos regndl דדאָס רײגנדל

Drizzle (v) shprayen שפּרײן

Drought di triknkayt די טרונקײַט

Dry trikn טריקן

Evaporation

Flood di mabl די מבול

Fog der nepl דער נעפּל

Foggy nepldik נעפּלדיק

Frost dos gefrir דאָס געפֿרער

Frosty frustik פֿראָסטיק

Glacier gletsher גלעטשער

Hail (n) der hugl דער האָגל

Hail (v) huglen האָגלען

Heat di hits די היץ

Hot hays הײס rhymes with lies

How's the weather? vi iz es in droysn? װי איז עס אין דרױסן?

Humid dempik דעמפּיק

Hurricane der huragan דער הוראַגאַן

Lighten (v) blitsn בליצן

Lightning der blits דער בליץ Mist der timan דער טומאַן

Moon di levune די לעװאָנע

Mud di blute די בלאָטע

Muddy blutik בלאָטיק

New Moon der moyled דער מױלעד

Overcast fartsoygn פֿאַרצױגן

Pour (rain) khlyapen כלײַפּען

Rain (n) der reygn דער רעגן

Rain (v) reygenen רעגענען

Rainbow der reygn-boygn דער רעגן בױגן

Rainfall skhim der regn סכום דער רעגן

Rainy reygndik רעגנדיק

Sleet der graypl-regn דער גרײַפּל רעגן Snow (n) der shnay דער שנײ

Snow (v) shnayen שנײען

Snowflake shnayele שנײעלע

Snowstorm der shnayshtirem דער שנײשטורעם

Snowy shnayik שנײיִק

Star der shtern דער שטערן

Starry oysgeshternt אױסגעשערנט

Sun di zin די זון

Sunny zunik זוניק

Sunshine di zin די זון

Thunder der duner דער דונער Tornado der tornado דער טאָרנאַדאָ

Warm varem װאַרעם

Warning vorenung װאָרענונג

Wet nas נאַס

Weather der veter דער װעטער

What is the weather like today? Vos far a veter hobn mir haynt?

װאָס פֿאַר אַ װעטער האָבן מיר הײַנט?

What is the weather like outside? Vos far a veter es iz in droysn?

װאָס פֿאַר אַ װעטער האָבן מיר הײַנט?

Wind der vint דער װינט

Windy vintik דער װינטיק

In Yiddish there is not a lower or upper case letter system. In the Yiddish transliteration some words have taken on the upper case form for the ease of reading only or to coordinate with the English system. www.myoyvey.com

Greetings and Common Expression - באַגריסונגען און אױסדרוקן
Joe Katz in vaxahatshi, tekses. Joe Katz in Waxahachie, Texas

Sholem-aleykhem Hello! !שלום־עליכם

Aleykhem-sholem Response to sholem-aleykhm !עליכם־שלום

Ikh heys Ruven.

My name is Reuben. (Literally "I am called", from the infinitive heysn)

Mayn nomen iz Beyers in ikh bin oykh fin rusland.

My name is Beyers and I am also from Russia.

מײַן נאָמען איז בײערס און איך בין אױך פֿון רוסלאנד.

Vus makhtsu, Katz? How are you doing, Katz?

Vus hert zikh? How are you? (lit. what is heard?, passive) ?װאָס הערט זיך

Vi heyst ir? What is your name? ?װי הײסט איר

Ikh heys yoysef katz. My name is Josef Katz. איך הײס יוסף קאַץ.

Vus makht a yid? How is it going? (Lit. What does a Jew do?)

Vi voynt ir? Where do you live? װאו װאױנט איר?

Ikh voyn in London, England. I live in London, England.

איך װױן אין לאָנדאָן, ענגלאַנד.

Ikh bin geboyrn gevorn in Brailov. I was born in Brailov.

איך בין געבױרן געװאָרן אין ברײלאָף.

Keyn amerike bin ikh gekumen in 1913. I came to America in 1913.

.קײן אַמעריקע בין איך געקומען אין 1913

Ikh bin geforn mit der shif mit a sakh andere yidn, beyde mener in froyen.

I travelled by ship with many other Jews both men and women.

איך בין געפֿאָרן מיט דער שיף מיט אַ סאַך אַנדערע ייִדן, בײדע מענער און פֿרױען.

Di yidishe agentsyes mit dem bavustn rebenyu henry cohen hot undz zayer

geholfn mit der unkim.

The Jewish agencies along with the well-known Rabbi Henry Cohen helped us

with our arrival.

די ייִדישע אַגענציעס מיט דעם באַװוּסטן רעבעניו הענרי קאָהען האָט אונדז זײער געהאָלפֿן מיט דער אָנקום.

Mayn vayb in mayne kinder zenen geblibn in rusland biz 1922.

My wife and my children remained in Russia until 1922.

מײַן װײַב און מײַן קינדער זענען געבליבן אין רוסלאַנד ביז 1922.

Di dray eltste fin di kinder zenen geblibn in rusland zayer gants leybn.

The three oldest children remain in Russia their entire life.

די דרײַ עלצטע פֿון די קינדער זענען געבליבן אין רוסלאַנד זײער גאַנץ לעבן.

Di dray yingste fun di kinder zenen gekumen in amerike mit zeyer mame in 1922, oykh in shif.

The three youngest children arrived with their mother also by ship in 1922.

דער דרײַ ייִנסטער פֿון די קינדער זענען געקומען אין אַמעריקע מיט זײער מאַמע אין 1922, אױך אין שיף.

Tsvay fin der eltste kinder zenen ibergekimen di shreklekh tsvayte velt-milkhume.

Two of the oldest children had survived the horrible Second World War.

תּסװײ פֿון דער עלצטער קינדער זענען איבערגעקומען די שרעקלעכע צװעיטע װעלט־מילכאָמע. Mr. Beyers freygt, vus tisti far a parnuse?

Mr. Beyers asks what do you do for a living?

Yetst ikh bin a kremer. Nowadays I am a storekeeper.

Ikh hob a klayner shpayzkrom af jackson gas in di komertzyel gegnt.

I have a small grocery store on Jackson Street in the commercial district.

Zayer ungenem It is nice to meet you.

Es frayt mikh eich tsi kenen It is nice to meet you.

Shekoyekh Thank you very much.

More to come from Joe Katz of Waxahachie.

More greetingsItalic text

Vus hert zikh epes?? What is new?

s'iz nishto kayn nayes. There is no new news.

Vus nokh? What else.

Zay gezint Be healthy and goodbye

Abi gezint as long as you are healthy

A gezint of dayn kop. Good health to you. lit (good health on your head)

Zayt azoy git Please (lit. be so good {as to})

Ikh bet aykh Please

Nishto far vos. You're welcome

Vifl kost dos? How much does this cost?

Vi iz der vashtsimer? Where is the bathroom?

Hak mir nisht in kop! Don't bang my head!

Fun dayn moyl in gots oyern From your mouth to G-d's ear.

It's shame that the bride is too beautiful. A khasoren vi di kalleh is tsu sheyn. (An ironic phrase implying that the object spoken of has but one fault: that it is perfect.)

A fool remains a fool. A nar blaybt a nar. A khazer blaybt a khazer.

An unattractive girl hates the mirror. A mi'ese moyd hot faynt dem shpigl.

A silent fool is half a genius. A shvaygediker nar iz a halber khokhem.

As beautiful as the moon. Shayn vi di lavune.

Better to die upright than to live on ones knees. Beser tsi shtarben shtayendik vi tsi leyben of di kni.

Have information at your fingertips. Kenen oyf di finger.

You should live and be well! A leybn oyf dir! (coloq.) / Zeit gesundt uhn shtark

Adjectives - אַדיעקטיװן
dear (as in either dear or expensive) tayer טייַער

alive khay

ancient alttsaytish אַלטצייַטיש

angry broygez, bayz (bad) ברויגעז, בייַז

annoying zlidne זלידנע

anxious bazorgt באַזאָרגט

arrogant gadlen, gayvedik גאַדלען, גייַוועדיק

ashamed farshemen zikh פאַרשעמען זיך

awful shlecht

bad shlekht

beautiful shayn

bewildered farblondzshet, farloyrn

big, large groys

black shvarts

blue bloy or blo

briefly bekitser

bright likhtik/lekhtik

broad brayt

busy farshmayet / farnimen

cautious gevornt

clean puts (v.) / raynik (a.)

clear daytlekh / klor

clever klig

cloudy volkndik

clumsy imgelimpert

colourful filfarbik

condemned fardamt

confused tsemisht, farmisht, gemisht

crazy, flipped-out meshige

cruel akhzer

crowded eng

curious naygerik

cute chenevdik

dangers sakunes סאַקונעס

dangerous mesukn / sakunesdik

dark fintster

darkness khoyshekh

dead toyt

deaf toyb

defeat derekhfal

depressed dershlugn

different andersh

difficult shver

disgusting khaloshesdik

dull nidne

early fri

elegant elegant

evil shlekht or bayz

excited ofgehaytert

expensive tayer

famous barimt

fancy getsatske

fast gikh / shnel

fat fet, dik

filthy shmitsik

foolish shmo, narish

frail shvakh

frightened dershroken far

gigantic, huge rizik

grieving farklemt

helpless umbaholfn

horrible shreklekh

hungry hungerik

hurt vay tin

ill krank

immense, massive gvaldik

impossible ummiglekh

inexpensive bilik

jealous kine

late shpet

lazy foyl

little, small klayn

lonely elnt

long lang

long ago lang tsurik

loud hoyekh

miniature miniyatur

modern modern

nasty paskudne nervous nerveyish

noisy timldik

obnoxious dervider

odd meshune, modne

old alt

outstanding oysgetseykhent

plain daytlekh

powerful koyekhdik

quiet shtil

rich raykh

selfish egoistish

short niderik

shy shemevdik

silent shvaygndik

sleepy shlofndik

slowly pamelekh

smoggy glantsik

soft shtil

tall hoyekh

tender tsart

tense ongeshpant

terrible shreklekh

tiny pitsink, kleyntshik

tired mid

troubled imri'ik

ugly vredne / mi'es

unusual imgeveytlekh

upset tseridert

vast rizik

voiceless shtim

wandering vanderin

wild vild

worried bazorgt

wrong falsh

young ying

Colours - פארבן
Unverified and need original script:
 * Hue - shatirung
 * Orange - oranzh
 * Purple - lila
 * Shade - shotn
 * Tan - bezh
 * Violet - violet

Anatomy - אַנאַטאָמיִע
Abdomen der boykh

Ankle der knekhl

Appendix der blinder kishes

Arm der orem

Artery di arterye

Backbone der ruknbeyn

Beard di bord

Bladder der penkher

Blood dos blit

Body der gif / der kerper (s)

Bodies di gifim

Bone der beyn

Bosom der buzem

Brain der moyekh

Brains di moyekhes

Buttocks der tukhes

Calf di litke

Cartilage der veykhbeyn

Cells di kamern

Cheek di bak(n) Chest brustkastn

Cure di refi'e Curl dos grayzl

Diaphragm di diafragme

Ear der oyer

Earlocks di peyes

Elbow der elnboygn Eye dos oyg

Eye brows di bremen

Eyelash di vie

Eyelid dos ledl

Face dos ponim / dos gezikht-di gezikhter

Finger finger der / di finger

Fingernail der nogl, di negl

Fingerprint der fingerdruk

Fingertip der shpits finger

Fist di foyst

Flesh dos layb

Feet di fis

Foot der fis

Forehead der shtern

Gall bladder di gal

Gland der driz

Gum di yasle

Hair di hor

Hand hant di

Hands di hent

Head der kop

Headache der kopveytik

Heel di pyate

Hip di lend

Hormones der hormon(en)

Hunchback der hoyker

Intestine di kishke

Jaw der kin

Kidney di nir

Knee der kni

Leg der fis

Ligament dos gebind

Limb der eyver

Lip di lip Liver di leber

Lung di lung

Lymph node di lymfe

Moustache di vontses

Mouth dos moyl

Muscle der muskl

Navel der pipik

Neck der kark

Nerve der nerve(n)

Nose di noz

Organ der organ(en)

Nostril di nuzlukh

Palm di dlonye

Pancreas der untermogn driz

Pituatary gland di shlaymdriz

Prostate gland

Rib di rip

Scalp der skalp

Shoulder der aksl

Skin di hoyt

Skull der sharbn

Spine der riknbeyn

Spleen di milts

Spinal chord de khut'hasye'dre

Spleen di milts

Stomach der mogn(s) der boukh

Temple di shleyf

Testicles di beytsim

Thigh dikh, polke

Thorax der brustkasten(s)

Throat der gorgl, der haldz

Thumb der groberfinger

Thyroid di shildriz

Tissue dos geveb(n)

Tongue di tsing

Tongues di tsinger

Tooth der tson

Teeth di tseyn(er) Umbilical cord der noplshnur

Uterus di heybmuter

Vein di oder

Waist di talye

Womb di trakht

Time דיא צײַט
second de sekund

minute di minut

hour di shtunde (n) di shu (shuen)

day der tug (teyg)

night di nakht (nekht)

year dos yor

century dos yorhindert

Telling the time:

s'iz 12(tvelef) a zayger - it's 12 o'clock.

s'iz halb akht in ovent - it's 7.30pm

s'iz fertsn nokh 10 in der fri - it's 10:15 am.

s'iz finef tsi naan in der fri - its five to nine in the morning.

er kimt in shil 9 azayger in der fri. He comes to school at 9 am.

Zi vet tsirik kimen fertl nokh mitug - she will come back at quarter past twelve (noon).

Classroom Items and Teaching with Bloom Taxonomy
Needs to be alphabetised

alphabet                              der alef bays

arts                                  der kunstwerk

blackboard                        der tovl

blocks                                 di blokn

book                             dos bikh

calculator                       di rekhn mashin

chalk                              di krayd

comparison (n)                           farglaykhung

define (n)                                  definitsye

dictionary                        dos verter bikh

difficult                              kompleks or shver

easy                                  gring or nisht shver

eraser                                oysmeker

explanation (n)                          dikhterung

fountain pen                      di feder(n)

homework                           di Haymarket

identification (n)                        identifitsirung

interpretation (n)                       interpretatsye

knowledge                             gebit

paper                             dos papir

paraphrase                                paraphrasing

pencil                          di blayfeder

recess                                  di hafsoke(s)

religious explanation (n)               peyrush

science                     di vizenshaft

sheet of paper                     dos blat

stage                                  di stadye

story                               di mayse(s)

teacher (female)                  di lererin, di lererke

teacher (male)                    der lerer

note In addition to the change of the definite article from der to di for teacher, notice the difference in the ending of the words for the feminine counterpart of the occupation. For the female teacher we use the ending in and ke likewise on other occupations. myoyvey.com

textbook                          der tekst or dos lernbukh

to add                                  tsigeybn

to analyze                           analizir

to comprehend                          farshteyn zikh

to divide                               teylen

to evaluate                              opshatsn

to measure                              mostn

to multiply                             farmeren zikh

to show                                   bavizn

to subtract                             aroprekhenen

to synthesize                            sintezirn

university                         der universitet

weekly reader                     dos vokhn blat or dos vokn leyener

work (physical labor)                     arbet

work (written rather than physical labor) verk

Numbers - נומערס
One - Eyns

Two - Tsvey

Three - Dray

Four - Fier

Five - Finef Six - Zeks

Seven - Zibn

Eight - Akht

Nine - Nayn

Ten - Tsen

Eleven - Elef Twelve - Tsvelef

Thirteen - Draytsn

Fourteen - Fertsn

Fifteen - Fiftsn

Sixteen - Zekhtsn

Seventeen - Zibetsn

Eighteen - Akhtsn

Nineteen - Nayntsn

Twenty - Tsvontsik

Twenty-one - Eyn in Tsvontsik Twenty-two - Tsvay in Tsvontsik

Thirty - Draysik

Thirty-one - Eyns un Drasik

Forty - Fertsik

Fifty - Fiftsik Sixty - Zakhtsik

Seventy - Zibetsik

Eighty - Akhtsik Ninety - Nayntsik One Hundred - Hindert Two Hundred - Tsvey Hindert

Three Hundred - Dray Hindert

Four Hundred - Fir Hindert

Five Hundred - Finef Hindert and same pattern

Thousand - Toyznt

Ten Thousand - Ten Toyznt

Hundred Thousand - Hindert Toyznt

Million - Milyon

Occupations - אָקופּאַציעס
actor der aktyor

actress di aktrise accountant der rekhenmayster, der khezhbnfirer

architect der arkhitekt

artisan der balmelokhe

artist der kinstler

athlete der atlet

author der mekhaber

aviator der flier, der pilot

baker der beker

banker der bankir

barber der sherer

bartender der baal-kretshme

beautician der kosmetiker

blacksmith der shmid

bricklayer der moyerer

broker der mekler

builder der boyer (bauer)

burglar der araynbrekher

butcher der katsev

candidate der kandidat

cantor der khazn

carpenter der stolyer

cashier der kasir

chairman der forzitser

chauffeur der shofer

chef der hoyptkokher

chemist der khemiker

circumciser der moyel

clerk der farkoyfer

coach der aynlerer

coachman der balegole

cobbler der shuster

craftsman der balmelokhe

cook der kokher

criminal der farbrekher

crook der ganev

curator der kurator

dairyman der milkhiker, der milkhhendler

dancer der tentser

dentist der tsondokter

doctor der dokter

driver der firer, der baal-agole dyer der farber

editor der redaktor

electrician der elektrishn (borrowed), der elektriker

engineer der inzhenir

entertainer

farmer der poyer

fireman der fayer-lesher

fire fighter der fayer-lesher

fisherman der fisher

glazier der glezer

governor

guard der shoymer

hairdresser di horshneider

historian der geshikhter

housewife di baalabuste

judge der rikhter

lawyer der advokat

letter carrier der brivn-treger

magician der kishef-makher

maid di veibz-helferte

marine der mariner

mason der mulyer

matchmaker der shatkhn

mathematician der rekhens-khokhm mayor der meyor (borrowed), der shtots-graf

mechanic der maynster

merchant der hendler

moneylender der veksler

musician der klezmer

nurse di krankn-shvester

painter der moler

pharmacist der apotek

pilot der flier, der pilot

plumber der plomer (borrowed)

poet der dikhter, der poet

police officer di politsei (sing. and pl.), der politsyant

politician der politishn

porter der treger

postman briv treger

printer der druker

professor der profesor

publisher redakter

rabbi der ruv

rebbe der rebe

receptionist di maidel beim tur

sailor der matros

salesman der farkoyfer

scientist

secretary di sekreter

shoemaker der shister

singer der zinger

soldier der soldat

storekeeper der kremer

surgeon tailor der shnayder

teacher der lerer

technician der teknik

thief der ganev

veterinarian der veterinar

wagon driver der shmayser

waiter der kelner

waitress di kelnerin

window cleaner

writer der shraiber

Definite articles
Der (דער) is masculine (zokher in Yiddish), Dus (דאָס) is neuter (neytral in Yiddish), Di (די) is feminine (nekeyve in Yiddish) or neuter plural

Family relationships - דיא משפּחה
aunt di mume (mime), di tante

boy der/dos yingl

brother der bruder/der brider (pl. di brider)

brother-in-law der shvoger

child dos kind

children di kinder

cousin (f) di kuzine

cousin (m) der kuzin

cousin (n) dos shvesterkind

daughter di tokhter

daughter-in-law di shnur (shnir)

father der tate / der futer (s)

father-in-law der shver

girl dos/di meydl

great-grandfather der elterzeyde

great-grandmother di elterbobe / elterbabe

great-grandson der ureynikI

grandchild dos eynikI

granddaughter di eynikI

grandson der eynikI

grandfather der zeyde/zayde(s)

grandmother di bobe/babe(s)

grandparents zeyde-babe

mother di mame/ di miter

mother-in-law di shviger

nephew der plimenik

niece di plimenitse

parents tate-mame

parents di eltern

relative (f) di kroyve

relative (m) der korev

sibling der geshvister

sister di shvester

sister-in-law di shvegerin

son der zun/der zin

son-in-law der eydem

son-in-law’s or daughter-in-law’s father der mekhutn / der mekhitn

son-in-law’s or daughter-in-law’s mother di makheteniste

son-in-law’s or daughter-in-law’s parents di makhetunim

stepbrother der shtif-brider/shtifbrider

stepfather der shtif-foter

stepmother di shtif-miter/shtif miter

stepsister di shtif-shvester

twin der tsviling

uncle der feter

House items - הױז זאַכן
Air Conditioner der luftkiler

Apartment di dire

Ashtray dos ashtetsl

Attic der boydem

Backdoor di hinten tir

Balcony der balkn

Basement der keler

Bathroom der vashtsimer/der bodtsimer

Bath der vane

Bed di bet

Bedding dos betgevant

Bedroom der shloftsimer

Blanket di koldre

Bolt der rigl

Bookcase di bikhershank, di bokhershafe

Brick der tsigl

Building dos gebayde/ der binyen (di binyunim

Bungalow dos baydl

Carpet der kobrets

Ceiling di stelye

Cellar der keler

Cement der tsement

Chair di shtul

Chimney der koymen

Closet der almer

Computer der kompyuter

Concrete der beton

Couch di kanape

Curtain der firhang

Cushion der kishn

Desk der shraybtish

Dining Room der estsimer

Door di tir

Doorbell der tirglekl

Doorstep di shvel

Door knob di klyamke

Drape der gardin

Dresser der kamod

Driveway der araynfort

Fan der fokher

Faucet der krant

Fireplace der kamin

Floor di padloge

Foundation der fundament

Furnace der oyvn

Furniture mebl

Garden der gortn

Glass dos gloz

Hall der zal

Hinge der sharnir

Key der shlisl

Lamp der lomp

Light dos lekht - no plural

Living Room der voyntsimer

Lock der shlos

Mirror der shpigl

Nail der tshvok

Outside door di droysn tir

Paint di farb

Picture dos bild

Pillar der zayl

Pillow der kishn (s)

Plaster der tink

Plumbing dos vasergerer

Plywood der dikht

Porch der ganik

Programme der program

Quilt/Duvet di koldre

Rafter der balkn

Roof der dakh

Room der tsimer

Rug der tepekh/der treter

Screw der shroyf

Shelf di politse

Shower di shprits - to have a shower - makhn zikh a shprits

Sink der opgos (kitchen sink)

Sofa di sofe

Stairs di trep

Swimming pool der shvimbasyn

Table der tish

Toilet der kloset

Wall di vant

Window der fenster

Window pane di shoyb

Wire der drot

Wood dos holts

Items Found in the House - זאַכן װאָס געפֿינט זיך אין הױז
(Needs alphabetized, and spaced, also English words need highlighted)

armchair                              fotel

attic              boydem

bath room                          vashtsimer

bath                                  vane

bed                                      bet

bedroom                             shloftsimer

blanket                                      koldre

book case                                bikhershank

carpet                                    tepekh

ceiling                                sufit, stelye

cellar                                   keler

chair                                 shtul

cloth                                      shtof

coin                                        matbeye

computer                                kompyuter

corridor                              zal

couch                                  sofe

cupboard                            shafe

curtain                                   forhang

door              tir

faucet                                     kran

floor                                  podloge/der floor

in the house      in hoyz אין הױז/אין שטוב

kitchen                            kikh

living room                        gutsier

mattress                                matrats

mirror                                    shpil (n)

pillow case                             tsikhel

pillow                                     kishen

refrigerator                           fridzhider

roof                                 dakh

room                                 tsimer

sheet                                        boygen

shower                                      shpritsbod

soap                                       zeyf

stairs                              trepel

table                                    tish

television                            televizye

toilet                                   kloset

towel                                     hantekher

wall                                   vant

wardrobe                            garderob

washing machine                          vashmashin

window                    fenster

Vowels - דיא װאָקאַלן
Some vowels are preceded by a silent א (a shtimer alef) when they appear at the beginning of a word.

 * אָ, אַ – pronounced the same as in Ashkenazi Hebrew (Polish: אָ is often oo as in too)
 * ו – Litvish: oo as in too (Polish: usually pronounce ea as in read)
 * ױ – This represents two distinct vowels. 1 Litvish: ey as in say (Polish: oy); 2 Litvish: oy as in boy (Polish: aw as in crawl);
 * י – i as in him (Polish: also ee as in green)
 * ײ – Litvish: ay as in say (Polish: y as in by) (Galician: ey as in say)
 * ײַ – Litvish: y as in by (Polish: a as in car)
 * ע – e as in bed (Polish: also ey as in prey)

Prepositions - נפּרעפּאָזיציעס
In front of - far Near - nuent In - In Inside - inevaynig Behind - hinter Among - tsvishn Between - tvishn Far - vayt Over - iber Under - inter On - oyf (of) At - bay Towards - vihin Everywhere - imetim Anywhere - ergets vi

Classroom - דער קלאַסצימער
Sheet of paper                           dos blat

Paper                                 dos papir

Weekly reader                    dos vokhn blat or dos vokhn leyener

Fountain pen                      di feyder(n)

Pencil                                di blayfeyder

Blackboard                        der tovl

Calculator                           di rekhn mashin

Textbook                              der tekst or dos lernbikh Book                                   dos bikh di bikher

Dictionary                              dos verter bikh University                              der universitet

Homework                               di Haymarket

Chalk                                       di krayd

Teacher (male)                      der lerer

Teacher (female)                     di lererin, di lererke

Easy                                   gring or nisht shver

Difficult                              kompleks or shver

Eraser                                 oysmeker

Storiy                               di mayse(s) Alphabet                             der alefbays

Blocks                                 di blokn

Arts                                      der kinstwerk Stage                                   di stadye

Work (written rather than physical labor) verk

Work (physical labor)             arbet

Recess                                  di hafsoke(s)

To measure                           mostn

To add                                 tsigeybn

To subtract                        aruprekhenen

To multiply                              farmeren zikh

To divide                                  teylen

Knowledge                          gebit

To comprehend                        farshteyn zikh

To analyze                                 analizir

To synthesize                            sintezirn

To evaluate                                opshatsn

Explanation (n)                               dikhterung

Religious explanation (n)               peyrush Comparison (n)                                farglaykhung

Interpretation (n)                             interpretatsye

Paraphrase                                        paraphrasing

Define (n)                                            definitsye To show                                          bavizn

Indetification (n)                               identifitsirung

Vegetables - גרינסן
vegetables artichoke green peas spinach broccoli turnip avocado radish cucumber cauliflower cabbage lettuce tomato celery cucumber radish potato carrot onion asparagus mushroom Pumpkin

Be - זײַן
Were:

איך בין געװען/געװעזן Ikh bin geveyn/geveyzn

דו ביסט געװען/געװעזן Du/Di bist geveyn/geveyzn

און אַזױ װײַטער.... in azoy vayter/and so on...

To Learn - לערנען זיך / To Teach - לערנען
איך לערן זיך אידיש I am learning Yiddish

דו לערנסט זיך אידיש You are learning Yiddish

ער/זי לערנט זיך אידיש He/she is learning Yiddish.

The verbal additive זיך is needed when one is "learning". In the past tense (I have learnt, you have learnt etc...) the verbal additive comes directly after the verb:

זי האָט זיך געלערנט the verb being hoben.

To teach is simply לערנען.

דער רב לערנט מיט מיר תּורה Der Rov lernt mit mir Toyre - The Rov is teaching me Toyre.

Another way to say that someone is teaching you is:

דער רב לערנט מיך תּורה Der Rov gelernt mikh Toyre - Der Rov is teaching me Toyre.

So either ער לערנט מיט מיר ...ער לערנט מיך... Er lernt mikh... or er lernt mit mir...

Conjugating verbs with prefixes
Verbs with prefixes like for example:אַרױסגײן, נאָכגײן, אױפֿמאַכן oyf(of)makhn-to open, nokhgayn-to follow and aroys (arusgayn) to go out. When conjugating these verbs one put the last part of the word first for example makhn oyf, gayn nokh, aroys gayn and so on. Lemoshl:

Ikh gay aroys, di gayst aroys, er gayt aroys...

ikh gay nokh, di gayst nokh, er gayt nokh...

Also an adverb can be place in between the verb and prefix:

Ikh gay shnel aroys, di gayst shnel aroys, un afile er gayt zayer shnel aroys in dos glaykhn...

Other verbs - אַנדערע װערבן
To abandon, to give up (Oplozn) ikh loz op di lozst op er  lozt op mir lozn op ir  lozt op zey lozn op

To accomplish (Oysfirn) ikh ikh fir oys(os) di first oys (os) er firt oys (os) mir firn oys (os) ir firt oys (os) zey firn oys (os)

To answer (ענטפערן Entfern) ikh entfer of dayn frage ענטפער אױף דײן פראגע di entferst er entfert mir entfern ir entfert zey entfern

To approach (Tsigayn) ikh gay tsi di gayst tsi er gayt tsi mir gayen tsi ir gayt tsi zey gayen tsi

To argue, to disagree with, to contradict (Opfregn) ikh freg op di fregst op er  fregt op mir fregn op ir  fregt op zey fregn op

To arrive (unkimen) ikh kim un di kimst un er  kimt un mir kimen un ir  kimt un zey kimen un

To ask (Fregn) ikh freg di fregst er fregt mir fregn ir fregt zey fregn

To attack (Bafaln) ikh bafal di bafalst er bafalt mir bafaln ir bafalt zey bafaln

To bake (Bakn) ikh bak di bakst er bakt mir bakn ir bakt zey bakn

To be alive (לעבן Leybn) ikh leyb di leybst er leybt mir leybn ir leybt zey leybn

To believe (גלױבען Gloybn) ikh gloyb di gloybst er gloybt mir gloybn ir gloybt zey gloybn

To belong (Gehern) ikh geher di geherst er gehert mir gehern ir gehert zey gehern

To bend (Beygn) ikh beyg di beygst er beygt mir beygn ir beygt zey beygn

To betray (Farratn) ikh farrat di farrast er farrat mir farratn ir farrat zey farratn

To better (Farbesern) ikh farbeser di farbeserst er farbesert mir farbesern ir farbesert zey farbesern

To bite (Baysn) ikh bays di bayst er bayst mir baysn ir bayst zey baysn

To bleed (Blitikn) ikh blitik di blitikst er blitikt mir blitikn ir blitikt zey blitikn

To boil (Zidn) ikh zid di zidst er zidt mir zidn ir zidt zey zidn

To borrow (Antlayen) ikh antlay di antlayst er antlayt mir antlayen ir antlayt zey antlayen

To borrow (Borgn) ikh borg di borgst er borgt mir borgn ir borgt zey borgn

To break (Brekhn) ikh brekh di brekhst er brekht mir brekhn ir brekht zey brekhn

To breathe (Otemen) ikh otem di otemst er otemt mir otemen ir otemt zey otemen

To build (Boyen) ich boy di boyst er boyt mir boyen ir boyt sei boyen

To burn (Brenen) ikh bren di brenst er brent mir brenen ir brent zey brenen

To burst (Platsn) ikh plats di platst er platst mir platsn ir platst zey platsn

To buy (Koyfn) ikh koyf di koyfst er koyft mir koyfn ir koyft zey koyfn

To calculate (Rekhn) ikh rekh di rekhst er rekht mir rekhn ir rekht zey rekhn

To carry (Trogn) ikh trog di trogst er trogt mir trogn ir trogt zey trogn

To catch (Khapn) ikh khap di khapst er khapt mir khapn ir khapt zey khapn

To choose (Klaybn) ikh klayb di klaybst er klaybt mir klaybn ir klaybt zey klaybn

To clean (Reynikn) ikh reynik di reynikst er reynikt mir reynikn ir reynikt zey reynikn

To climb (Oyfkrikhn) ikh krikh oyf (of) di krikhst of er  krikht of mir krikhn of ir  krikht of zey krikhn of

To close (Farmakhn) ikh farmakh di farmakhst er farmakht mir farmakhn ir farmakht zey farmakhn

To complain (Farklogn) ich baklog di baklogst er baklogt mir baklogn ir baklogt sei baklogn

To confine (Bagrenetsn) ich bagrenets di bagrenetst er bagrenetst mir bagrenetsn ir bagrenetst sei bagrenetsn

To consider (Batrakhtn) ikh batrakht di batrakhst er batrakht mir batrakhtn ir batrakht zey batrakhtn

To count (Tseyln) ikh tseyl di tseylst er tseylt mir tseyln ir tseylt zey tseyln

To create (Bashafn) ikh bashaf di bashafst er bashaft mir bashafn ir bashaft zey bashafn

To creep (Krikhn) ikh krikh di krikhst er krikht mir krikhn ir krikht zey krikhn

To cry (Veynen) ikh veyn di veynst er veynt mir veynen ir veynt zey veynen

To cut or chop (Hakn) ikh hak du hakst er hakt mir hakn ir hakt zey hakn

To dance (Tantsn) ikh tants du tantst er tantst mir tantsn ir tantst zey tantsn

To decide (Bashlisn) ikh bashlis du bashlist er bashlist mir bashlisn ir bashlist zey bashlisn

To decorate (Baputsn) ikh baputs du baputst er baputst mir baputsn ir baputst zey baputsn

To depart (Avekgeyn) ikh  gay avek du/di gayst avek er   gayt avek mir  gayen avek ir   gayt avek zey  gayen avek

To develop (Antvikln) ikh antvikl du antviklst er antviklt mir antvikln ir antviklt zey antvikln

To dig (Grobn) ikh grob du grobst er grobt mir grobn ir grobt zey grobn

To dive or dip (Tunken) ikh tunk du tunkst er tunkt mir tunken ir tunkt zey tunken

To drag (Shlepn) ikh shlep du shlepst er shlept mir shlepn ir shlept zey shlepn

To draw (Moln) ikh mol du molst er molt mir moln ir molt zey moln

To dream (Troymn) ikh troym du troymst er troymt mir troymn ir troymt zey troymn

To drink (Trinken) ikh trink du trinkst er trinkt mir trinken ir trinkt zey trinken

To drive (Traybn) ikh trayb du traybst er traybt mir traybn ir traybt zey traybn

To dry (Fartrikn) ikh fartrik du fartrikst er fartrikt mir fartrikn ir fartrikt zey fartrikn

To eat (Esn) ikh es du est er est mir esn ir est zey esn

To fight, struggle (Krign) ikh krig du krigst er krigt mir krign ir krigt zey krign

To fish (Fishn) ikh fish du fishst er fisht mir fishn ir fisht zey fishn

To fly (Flien) ikh flie du fliest er fliet mir flien ir fliet zey flien

To forget (Fagesn) ikh farges du fargest er fargest mir fargesn ir fargest zey fargesn

To freeze (Farfrirn) ikh farfrir du farfrirst er farfrirt mir farfrirn ir farfrirt zey farfrirn

To grow (Vaksn) ikh vaks du vakst er vakst mir vaksn ir vakst zey vaksn

To guard (Hitn) ikh hit du hist er hit mir hitn ir hit zey hitn

To hear (Hern) ikh her du herst er hert mir hern ir hert zey hern

To help (Helfn) ikh helf du helfst er helft mir helfn ir helft zey helfn

To hide (Bahaltn) ikh bahalt du bahalst er bahalt mir bahaltn ir bahalt zey bahaltn

To imitate (Nokhgayn) ikh  gay nokh du/di gayst nokh er   gayt nokh mir  gayen nokh ir   gayt nokh zey  gayen nokh

To jump (Shpringen) ikh shpring du shpringst er shpringt mir shpringen ir shpringt zey shpringen

To laugh (Lakhn) ikh lakh du lakhst er lakht mir lakhn ir lakht zey lakhn

To let in (Araynlosn) ikh loz arayn du lozt arayn er lozt arayn mir lozn arayn ir lozt arayn zey lozn arayn

To lie (Lign) ikh lig du ligst er ligt mir lign ir ligt zey lign

To look in or to peek (Araynkikn) ikh kik arayn du kikst arayn er kikt arayn mir kikn arayn ir kikt arayn zey kikn arayn

To make (Makhn) ikh makh du makhst er makht mir makhn ir makht zey makhn

To mix in (Araynmishn) ikh mish arayn du mishst arayn er misht arayb mir mishn arayn ir misht arayn zey mishn arayn

To move (Rirn) ikh rir du rirst er rirt mir rirn ir rirt zey rirn

To open (Efenen) ikh efen du efenst er efent mir efenen ir efent zey efenen

To play (Shpiln) ikh shpil du shpilst er shpilt mir shpiln ir shpilt zey shpiln

To print (Opdrukn) ikh drik op du drikst op er  drikt op mir drikn op ir  trikt op zey drikn op

To put in (Araynshteln) ich shtel arayn di shtelst arayn er shtelt arayn mir shteln arayn ir shtelt arayn sei shteln arayn

To pour (Gisn) ikh gis du gist er gist mir gisn ir gist zey gisn

To read (Leyen) ikh ley du leyst er leyt mir leyen ir leyt zey leyen

To reach a conclusion (Opgeyn) ikh gey op du geyst op er  geyt op mir geyn op ir  geyt op zey geyn op

To recognize, to introduce (Bakenen) ich baken du bakenst er bakent mir bakenen ir bakent sei bakenen

To remain (Blaybn) ikh blayb du blaybst er blaybt mir blaybn ir blaybt zey blaybn

To reside (Voynen) ich voyn du voynst er voynt mir voynen ir voynt sei voynen

To revolve or rotate oneself (Arimdreyen) ich drey arim du dreyst arim er dreyt arim mir dreyn arim ir dreyt arim sei dreyn arim

To ring (Klingen) ikh kling du klingst er klingt mir klingen ir klingt zey klingen

To rock (Farvign) ikh farvig du farvigst er farvigt mir farvign ir farvigt zey farvign

To run (Loyfn) ikh loyf du loyfst er loyft mir loyfn ir loyft zey loyfn

To run away or to flee (Antloyfn) ikh antloyf du antloyfst er antloyft mir antloyfn ir antloyft zey antloyfn

To see (Zeyn) ikh zey du zeyst er zeyyt mir zeen ir zeyt zey zeyen men zeyt

To send (Shikn) ikh shik du shikst er shikt mir shikn ir shikt zey shikn

To sew (Neyn) ikh ney du neyst er neyt mir neyn ir neyt zey neyn

To shake (Shoklen) ikh shokl du shoklst er shoklt mir shoklen ir shoklt zey shoklen

To sleep (Shlofn) ikh shlof du shlofst er shloft mir shlofn ir shloft zey shlofn

To smell (Shmekn) ikh shmek du shmekst er shmekt mir shmekn ir shmekt zey shmekn

To smile (Shmeykhln) ikh shmeykhl du shmeykhlst er shmeykhlt mir shmeykhln ir shmeykhlt zey shmeykhln

To stand (Oyfshteyn/iz ofgeshtanen - אױפֿשטײן/ איז אױפֿגעשטאַנען ) איך שטײ אױף Ikh shtey of דו שטײסט אױף Du/Di shtayst of ער שטײט אױף Er shteyt of מיר שטײען אױף Mir shteyen of איר שטײט אױף Ir shteyt of זײ שטײען אױף Zey shteyen of

To steal (Ganvenen) ich ganven du ganvenst er ganvent mir ganvenen ir ganvent sei ganvenen

To stop (Oyfheren - אױפֿהערן) איך הער אױף

דו הערסט אױף

ער/זי/עס הערט אױף

איר הערט אױף

מיר/זײ הערן אױף

To surrender, to restore, to dedicate (Opgeybn/opgegeybn - אָפּגעבן/ אָפּגעגעבן)

איך גיב אָפּ ikh gib op

דו גיסט אָפּ du/di gist op

ער/זי/עס גיט אָפּ er/zi/es git op

מיר/זײ גיבן אָפּ mir/zey gibn op

איך האָב אָפּגעגעבן

To swallow (Shlingen) ikh shling du shlingst er shlingt mir shlingen ir shlingt zey shlingen

To talk (Redn) ikh red du redst er redt mir redn ir redt zey redn

To taste (Farzukhn) ikh farzukh du farzukhst er farzukht mir farzukhn ir farzukht zey farzukhn

To think (Trakhtn) ikh trakht du trakhst er trakht mir trakhtn ir trakht zey trakhtn

To try (Pruvn) ikh pruv du pruvst er pruvt mir pruvn ir pruvt zey pruvn

To understand (Farshteyn) ikh farshtey du farshteyst er farshteyt mir farshteyn ir farshteyt zey farshteyn

To want (Veln) ikh vel du velst er velt mir veln ir velt zey veln

To wash (Vashn zikh - װאַשן זיך) ikh vash zikh du vashst zikh er vasht zikh mir vashn zikh ir vasht zikh zey vashn zikh

To whip (Shmaysn) ikh shmays du shmayst er shmayst mir shmaysn ir shmayst zey shmaysn

To whistle (Fayfn) ikh fayf du fayfst er fayft mir fayfn ir fayft zey fayfn

To wish (Vintshn) ikh vintsh du vintshst er vintsht mir vintshn ir vintsht zey vintshn

To write (Shraybn/ hoben geshribn) ikh shrayb du shraybst er shraybt mir shraybn ir shraybt zey shraybn

Present tense
Most verbs are conjugated in the same form in present tense, though there are some exceptions. The subject usually comes before the verb (like in English), but sometimes the order is reversed (like Hebrew) to change the tone (most notably, in questions). Here is an example of a regular verb: Verbs that come from Hebrew are usually conjugated together with the word זײַן to be, similar to in Yeshivish (they are Modeh; he is Meyasheiv the Stirah; they are Mechaleik between them). Here is an example:
 * הערן – hear
 * איך הער – I hear
 * דו הערסט – you hear
 * ער הערט – he hears
 * זי הערט – she hears
 * עס הערט – it hears
 * מיר הערן – we hear
 * איר הערט – you (plural or formal) hear
 * זיי הערן – they hear
 * מסכּים זײַן – agree
 * איך בּין מסכּים – I agree
 * דו בּיסט מסכּים – you agree
 * ער/זי/עס איז מסכּים – he/she/it agrees
 * מיר/זיי זײַנען מסכּים – we/they agree
 * איר זענט מסכּים – you agree

איך בין מסכּים געװען Ikh bin maskim geveyn

Past tense
Past tense is conjugated by adding the helping verb האָבּן have, and (usually) adding the letters גע to the verb. This is similar to some past tense words in English ("I have done that.") For words which come from Hebrew, זײַן becomes געווען. Here are some examples:
 * האָבּן געהערט – heard
 * איך האָבּ געהערט – I heard
 * דו האָסט געהערט – you heard
 * ער/זי/עס האָט געהערט – he/she/it heard
 * מיר/זיי האָבּן געהערט – we/they heard
 * איר האָט געהערט – you heard
 * האָבּן מסכּים געווען – agreed
 * איך האָבּ מסכּים געווען – I agreed
 * דו האָסט מסכּים געווען – you agreed
 * ער/זי/עס האָט מסכּים געווען – he/she/it agreed
 * מיר/זיי האָבּן מסכּים געווען – we/they agreed
 * איר האָט מסכּים געווען – you agreed

Future tense
Similar to past tense (and future tense in English), future tense is expressed by adding the helping verb װעלן will. Here are the (now familiar) examples:
 * וועלן הערן – will hear
 * איך װעל הערן – I will hear
 * דו װעסט הערן – you will hear
 * ער/זי/עס װעט הערן – he/she/it will hear
 * מיר/זיי װעלן הערן – we/they will hear
 * איר װעט הערן – you will hear
 * וועלן מסכּים זײַן – will agree
 * איך װעל מסכּים זײַן – I will agree
 * דו װעסט מסכּים זײַן – you will agree
 * ער/זי/עס װעט מסכּים זײַן – he/she/it will agree
 * מיר/זיי װעלן מסכּים זײַן – we/they will agree
 * איר װעט מסכּים זײַן – you will agree

This (Explicit)
There are several ways to indicate "this" in Yiddish, each increasing in strength, א שטײגער:

אָט דעם מאַן קען איך

אָט אָ דעם מאַן קען איך

דעם אָ מאַן קען איך

דעם דאָזיקן מאַן קען איך

אָט דעם דאָזיקן מאַן קען איך

אָט אָ דעם דאָזיקן מאַן קען איך

A lot - א סאך
This takes the plural verb and does not inflect.

א סאך זענען נאך דא

More people are still here.

א סאך זענען שױן אװעק

Many people have already left.

Future tense
איך װעל I will

דו װעסט You will

ער/זי װעט He/She will

איר װעט You will(formal, plural)

מ'װעט One will

To want - װיל
איך װיל א בוך I want a book - Ikh vil a bukh

דוא װילסט א בוך You want a book - Di (rhymes with see) vilst a bukh

ער װיל אַ בוך er (rhymes with air) vil a bukh.

איר װעט אַ בוך

מיר װילן אַ בוך

האלטן אין
האלטן אין In the middle of; in the midst of. Corresponds to the English -ing.

איך האַלט אין שרײבען א בריװ

Ikh halt in shraabn a briv.

I'm in the middle of middle writing a letter.

מיר האַלטן יעצט אין עסן

We're eating now.

האַלטן אין אײן
האַלטן אין אײן To keep on, constantly.

פארװאס האלצטו אין אײן שפּרינגען?

Farvus haltsi in ayn shpringen

Why do you keep jumping?

זײא האַלטן אין אײן לאכן

Zay (rhymes with thy) haltn in ayn (rhymes with fine) lakhn

They keep laughing?

See also - זעהט אױך
Yiddish Dictionary Online

Hasidic grammar project
The Holocaust and the widespread linguistic assimilation of Jews throughout the world have together reduced the population of Yiddish-speakers from an estimated 13 million before the Second World War to perhaps 1 million today. About half of the remaining Yiddish-speakers today are aged European Jews, often Holocaust-survivors, while the other half are chareidim, mostly Hasidim, mostly young. Unsurprisingly, most Hasidim speak a southern dialect of Yiddish which was the majority dialect pre-World War II, and is somewhat distant from the Lithuanian dialect that forms the basis for the standard YIVO pronunciation. Although the Hasidim reject some of the reforms made by the YIVO in orthography, morphology, and lexicon, their Yiddish is recognizably the same language.

Though no dictionaries or grammars of Hasidic Yiddish have yet been published, a "Hasidic Standard" has nevertheless developed among the younger generations born in America, and a similar process has occurred in Hasidic communities in other parts of the world. Standardization has been assisted by such factors as geography - Hasidic groups that once lived in separate countries now inhabit the same neighborhoods in Brooklyn - by the schools, and by the Yiddish press. Hasidic Standard has much more room for variation in spelling and pronunciation than YIVO Standard, and it is more difficult for beginning students to learn. Still, the Yiddish language has radically shifted its center of gravity and it is high time to enable students to learn the Yiddish that is most widely spoken today. To that end, the Hasidic Grammar Project has been created to produce an online textbook and grammar.

Loan Words
One of the most often remarked features of Hasidic Yiddish in America is the borrowing of English words on a large scale. In fact, this is not any special development on the part of the Hasidim. Yiddish-speaking Jews in America have been mixing in English since the first wave of immigration in the early 1880s. Ab. Cahan and the FORVERTS used loan words on a similar scale for many decades. Why Jews in America have been so open to loan words in comparison to Jews in Europe or Israel is not clear.

title: Conversational Yiddish


text:
Physical Chemistry

Classical Thermodynamics

 * /Thermodynamic Systems/
 * /Introduction to Thermodynamics/
 * /State Functions/
 * /Thermodynamic Processes for an Ideal Gas/

Quantum Mechanics

 * /Introduction to QM/
 * /From Classical to Quantum Mechanics/
 * /Particle in a box/

Statistical Thermodynamics

 * /Introduction to Stat. Mech./

Applied Physical Chemistry

 * /Lattice Enthalpy/
 * /Transition Element Oxides and Chlorides/

Theoretical Chemistry

 * /Molecular Orbital Theory/
 * /Valence Bond Theory/
 * /Group Theory and Symmetry/
 * /Electronic Structure Methods/

Spectroscopy

 * /Rotational & Vibrational/
 * /Electronic/
 * /Magnetic/

Recommended Texts for further reading
P.W. Atkins and J. DePaula, "Physical Chemistry" W. H. Freeman; 7th edition (2001) McQuarrie, A.D. "Quantum Chemistry" University Science Books; 2nd edition (2008)

Chimie physique

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Physical Chemistry


text:
Physical Chemistry/Lattice Enthalpy

Lattice enthalpy is the enthalpy change when one mole of an ionic compound is formed from its gaseous ions under standard conditions.

M+ (g) + X- (g) > MX (s)

It is a measure of how strong the ionic lattice is within the compound. Lattice energies are exothermic. The more negative the value, the stronger the bonding.

title: Physical Chemistry/Lattice Enthalpy


text: Japanese/Kanji/Lesson 5

title: Japanese/Kanji/Lesson 5


text:
User talk:219.65.171.161

Hi, why don't you put your VLinux book on the IT (computer) bookshelf, maybe as part of the existing Linux book, and place it on top of the new books template?

title: User talk:219.65.171.161


text:
Ada Programming/Keywords/overriding

The keyword overriding can be used to explicitly declare a procedure or function as an overriding subprogram. There are two forms available:

Overriding_Procedure (This: Class_Type);

Not_Overriding_Procedure (This: Class_Type);

The first declares the procedure as overriding the second does not.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Keywords
 * Ada Programming/Object Orientation

Ada Reference Manual

Ada Quality and Style Guide

|Overriding

title: Ada Programming/Keywords/overriding


text:
Ada Programming/Keywords/synchronized

The synchronized keyword is used to declare that the interface has to be implemented by task types or protected types. The syntax is:

Printable  ;

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Keywords

Ada Quality and Style Guide

|Synchronized

title: Ada Programming/Keywords/synchronized


text:
Template:Merge

This template adds a page to Category:Books to be merged.

Tag all pages that should be merged, and optionally specify one location to hold the discussion.

For example,
 * on Electronics/Diagnostic Equipment
 * on Electronics/Diagnostic Equipment
 * on Electronics/Measuring Instruments
 * This directs any discussion to Talk:Electronics/Measuring Instruments

title: Template:Merge


text: Template:Message box

title: Template:Message box


text:
Ada Programming/Function overloading

Description
Function overloading (also method overloading) is a programming concept that allows programmers to define two or more functions with the same name and in the same scope.

Each function has a unique signature (or header), which is derived from:

 * 1) function/procedure name
 * 2) number of arguments
 * 3) arguments' type
 * 4) arguments' order
 * 5) arguments' name
 * 6) return type

Please note: Not all above signature options are available in all programming languages.

Warning: Function overloading is often confused with function overriding. In Function overloading, a function with a different signature is created, adding to the pool of available functions. In function overriding, however, a function with the same signature is declared, replacing the old function in the context of the new function.

Demonstration
Since functions' names are in this case the same, we must preserve uniqueness of signatures, by changing something from the parameter list (last three alienees).

If the functions' signatures are sufficiently different, the compiler can distinguish which function was intended to be used at each occurrence. This process of searching for the appropriate function is called function resolution and can be quite an intensive one, especially if there are a lot of equally named functions.

Programming languages supporting implicit type conventions usually use promotion of arguments (i.e. type casting of integer to floating-point) when there is no exact function match. The demotion of arguments is rarely used.

When two or more functions match the criteria in function resolution process, an ambiguity error is reported by compiler. Adding more information for the compiler by editing the source code (using for example type casting), can address such doubts.

The example code shows how function overloading can be used. As functions do practically the same thing, it makes sense to use function overloading.

Generate_Number (MaxValue : Integer) Integer Random_Type Integer  0 .. MaxValue; Random_Pack   (Random_Type); G : Random_Pack.Generator; Random_Pack.Reset (G); Random_Pack.Random (G); Generate_Number; Generate_Number (MinValue : Integer;                          MaxValue : Integer)  Integer Random_Type Integer  MinValue .. MaxValue; Random_Pack   (Random_Type); G : Random_Pack.Generator; Random_Pack.Reset (G); Random_Pack.Random (G); Generate_Number;

calling the first function
The first code block will generate numbers from 0 up to specified parameter MaxValue. The appropriate function call is:

Number_1 : Integer := Generate_Number (10);

calling the second function
The second requires another parameter MinValue. Function will return numbers above or equals MinValue and lower than MaxValue.

Number_2 : Integer := Generate_Number (6, 10);

Function overloading in Ada
Ada supports all six signature options, but if you use the arguments' name as option, you will always have to name the parameter when calling the function. i.e.:

Number_2 : Integer := Generate_Number (MinValue => 6,                                       MaxValue => 10);

Note that you cannot overload a generic procedure or generic function within the same package. The following example will fail to compile:

myPackage Value_Type (<>); Generic_Subprogram (Value :  Value_Type); ...      Value_Type  (<>); Generic_Subprogram; ...      Value_Type  (<>); Generic_Subprogram (Value : Value_Type) Value_Type; myPackage;

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Subprograms

Ada 2005 Reference Manual

|Function overloading

title: Ada Programming/Function overloading


text:
Cookbook:Macaroni and Cheese (Baked)

| Pasta

Base

 * ½ lb (227 g) dry elbow macaroni
 * 3 Tbsp butter
 * 3 Tbsp flour
 * 1 Tbsp powdered mustard
 * 3 cups milk
 * 1 red onion, finely chopped
 * 2 tsp Tabasco pepper sauce
 * 1 bay leaf
 * ½ tsp paprika
 * 1 standard egg
 * 12 oz (340 g) sharp cheddar, shredded
 * 1 tsp salt
 * Fresh black pepper

Topping

 * 3 Tbsp butter
 * 1 cup panko bread crumbs

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350 °F.
 * 2) In a large pot of boiling, salted water, cook the pasta until it is al dente.
 * 3) While the pasta is cooking, melt the butter in a separate pot.
 * 4) Whisk in the flour and mustard and keep it moving for about five minutes. Make sure it is free of lumps.
 * 5) Stir in the milk, onion, bay leaf, and paprika. Simmer for ten minutes and remove the bay leaf.
 * 6) Temper in the egg.
 * 7) Stir in ¾ of the cheese.
 * 8) Season with salt and pepper.
 * 9) Fold the macaroni into the mix and pour into a 2-quart casserole dish.
 * 10) Top with remaining cheese.
 * 11) Melt the butter in a sauté pan, add breadcrumbs, and toss to coat.
 * 12) Top the macaroni with the bread crumbs.
 * 13) Bake for 30 minutes.
 * 14) Remove from oven and rest for 10 minutes before serving.

title: Cookbook:Macaroni and Cheese (Baked)


text: User:Karl Wick/Test/Test of level two

title: User:Karl Wick/Test/Test of level two


text:
User talk:80.97.176.127

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

title: User talk:80.97.176.127


text:
Ada Programming/Tasking

Tasks
A task unit is a program unit that is obeyed concurrently with the rest of an Ada program. The corresponding activity, a new locus of control, is called a task in Ada terminology, and is similar to a thread, for example in Java Threads. The execution of the main program is also a task, the anonymous environment task. A task unit has both a declaration and a body, which is mandatory. A task body may be compiled separately as a subunit, but a task may not be a library unit, nor may it be generic. Every task depends on a master, which is the immediately surrounding declarative region - a block, a subprogram, another task, or a package. The execution of a master does not complete until all its dependent tasks have terminated. The environment task is the master of all other tasks; it terminates only when all other tasks have terminated.

Task units are similar to packages in that a task declaration defines entities exported from the task, whereas its body contains local declarations and statements of the task.

A single task is declared as follows:

Single declarations of exported identifiers Single; ...    Single  local declarations and statements Single;

A task declaration can be simplified, if nothing is exported, thus:

No_Exports;

Ex. 1

Housekeeping Check_CPU; Backup_Disk; Check_CPU ...      Check_CPU; Backup_Disk ...      Backup_Disk; ;   Housekeeping;

It is possible to declare task types, thus allowing task units to be created dynamically, and incorporated in data structures:

T      ... T;  ... Task_1, Task_2 : T;  ... T      ... T;

Task types are limited, i.e. they are restricted in the same way as limited types, so assignment and comparison are not allowed.

Rendezvous
The only entities that a task may export are entries. An entry looks much like a procedure. It has an identifier and may have in, out or in out parameters. Ada supports communication from task to task by means of the entry call. Information passes between tasks through the actual parameters of the entry call. We can encapsulate data structures within tasks and operate on them by means of entry calls, in a way analogous to the use of packages for encapsulating variables. The main difference is that an entry is executed by the called task, not the calling task, which is suspended until the call completes. If the called task is not ready to service a call on an entry, the calling task waits in a (FIFO) queue associated with the entry. This interaction between calling task and called task is known as a rendezvous. The calling task requests rendezvous with a specific named task by calling one of its entries. A task accepts rendezvous with any caller of a specific entry by executing an accept statement for the entry. If no caller is waiting, it is held up. Thus entry call and accept statement behave symmetrically. (To be honest, optimized object code may reduce the number of context switches below the number implied by this poor description.)

There is, however, a big difference between a procedure and an entry. A procedure has exactly one body that is executed when called. There is no such relation between an entry and a corresponding accept statement. An entry may have more than one accept statement, and the code executed may be different each time. In fact, there even need not be an accept statement at all. (Calling such an entry leads to deadlock of the caller if not timed, of course.)

Ex. 2 The following task type implements a single-slot buffer, i.e. an encapsulated variable that can have values inserted and removed in strict alternation. Note that the buffer task has no need of state variables to implement the buffer protocol: the alternation of insertion and removal operations is directly enforced by the control structure in the body of Encapsulated_Buffer_Task_Type which is, as is typical, a loop.

Encapsulated_Buffer_Task_Type Insert (An_Item :  Item); Remove (An_Item : Item); Encapsulated_Buffer_Task_Type; ...  Buffer_Pool :  (0 .. 15)  Encapsulated_Buffer_Task_Type; This_Item  : Item; ...    Encapsulated_Buffer_Task_Type Datum : Item; Insert (An_Item :  Item) Datum := An_Item; Insert; Remove (An_Item : Item) An_Item := Datum; Remove; ;   Encapsulated_Buffer_Task_Type; ...  Buffer_Pool(1).Remove (This_Item); Buffer_Pool(2).Insert (This_Item);

Selective Wait
To avoid being held up when it could be doing productive work, a server task often needs the freedom to accept a call on any one of a number of alternative entries. It does this by means of the selective wait statement, which allows a task to wait for a call on any of two or more entries.

If only one of the alternatives in a selective wait statement has a pending entry call, then that one is accepted. If two or more alternatives have calls pending, the implementation is free to accept any one of them. For example, it could choose one at random. This introduces bounded non-determinism into the program. A sound Ada program should not depend on a particular method being used to choose between pending entry calls. (However, there are facilities to influence the method used, when that is necessary.)

Ex. 3

Encapsulated_Variable_Task_Type Store (An_Item :  Item); Fetch (An_Item : Item); Encapsulated_Variable_Task_Type; ...    Encapsulated_Variable_Task_Type Datum : Item; Store (An_Item : Item) Datum := An_Item; Store; Store (An_Item : Item) Datum := An_Item; Store; Fetch (An_Item : Item) An_Item := Datum; Fetch; ;      ;    Encapsulated_Variable_Task_Type;

x, y : Encapsulated_Variable_Task_Type;

creates two variables of type Encapsulated_Variable_Task_Type. They can be used thus:

it : Item; ...  x.Store(Some_Expression); ...  x.Fetch (it); y.Store (it);

Again, note that the control structure of the body ensures that an Encapsulated_Variable_Task_Type must be given an initial value by a first Store operation before any Fetch operation can be accepted.

Guards
Depending on circumstances, a server task may not be able to accept calls for some of the entries that have accept alternatives in a selective wait statement. The acceptance of any alternative can be made conditional by using a guard, which is Boolean precondition for acceptance. This makes it easy to write monitor-like server tasks, with no need for an explicit signaling mechanism, nor for mutual exclusion. An alternative with a True guard is said to be open. It is an error if no alternative is open when the selective wait statement is executed, and this raises the Program_Error exception.

Ex. 4

Cyclic_Buffer_Task_Type Insert (An_Item :  Item); Remove (An_Item : Item); Cyclic_Buffer_Task_Type; ...    Cyclic_Buffer_Task_Type Q_Size : := 100; Q_Range Positive  1 .. Q_Size; Length : Natural 0 .. Q_Size := 0; Head, Tail : Q_Range := 1; Data : (Q_Range)  Item; Length < Q_Size => Insert (An_Item :  Item) Data(Tail) := An_Item; Insert; Tail := Tail Q_Size + 1; Length := Length + 1; Length > 0 => Remove (An_Item : Item) An_Item := Data(Head); Remove; Head := Head Q_Size + 1; Length := Length - 1; ;      ;    Cyclic_Buffer_Task_Type;

Protected types
Tasks allow for encapsulation and safe usage of variable data without the need for any explicit mutual exclusion and signaling mechanisms. Ex. 4 shows how easy it is to write server tasks that safely manage locally-declared data on behalf of multiple clients. There is no need for mutual exclusion of access to the managed data, because it is never accessed concurrently. However, the overhead of creating a task merely to serve up some data may be excessive. For such applications, Ada 95 provides protected modules, based on the well-known computer science concept of a monitor. A protected module encapsulates a data structure and exports subprograms that operate on it under automatic mutual exclusion. It also provides automatic, implicit signaling of conditions between client tasks. Again, a protected module can be either a single protected object or a protected type, allowing many protected objects to be created.

A protected module can export only procedures, functions and entries, and its body may contain only the bodies of procedures, functions and entries. The protected data is declared after private in its specification, but is accessible only within the protected module's body. Protected procedures and entries may read and/or write its encapsulated data, and automatically exclude each other. Protected functions may only read the encapsulated data, so that multiple protected function calls can be concurrently executed in the same protected object, with complete safety; but protected procedure calls and entry calls exclude protected function calls, and vice versa. Exported entries and subprograms of a protected object are executed by its calling task, as a protected object has no independent locus of control. (To be honest, optimized object code may reduce the number of context switches below the number implied by this naive description.)

Similar to a task entry which optionally has a guard, a protected entry must have a barrier to control admission. This provides automatic signaling, and ensures that when a protected entry call is accepted, its barrier condition is True, so that a barrier provides a reliable precondition for the entry body. A barrier can statically be true, then the entry is always open.

Ex. 5 The following is a simple protected type analogous to the Encapsulated_Buffer task in Ex. 2.

Protected_Buffer_Type Insert (An_Item :  Item); Remove (An_Item : Item); Buffer : Item; Empty : Boolean := True; Protected_Buffer_Type; ...    Protected_Buffer_Type Insert (An_Item :  Item) Empty Buffer := An_Item; Empty := False; Insert; Remove (An_Item : Item) Empty An_Item := Buffer; Empty := True; Remove; Protected_Buffer_Type;

Note how the barriers, using the state variable Empty, ensure that messages are alternately inserted and removed, and that no attempt can be made to take data from an empty buffer. All this is achieved without explicit signaling or mutual exclusion constructs, whether in the calling task or in the protected type itself.

The notation for calling a protected entry or procedure is exactly the same as that for calling a task entry. This makes it easy to replace one implementation of the abstract type by the other, the calling code being unaffected.

Ex. 6 The following task type implements Dijkstra's semaphore ADT, with FIFO scheduling of resumed processes. The algorithm will accept calls to both Wait and Signal, so long as the semaphore invariant would not be violated. When that circumstance approaches, calls to Wait are ignored for the time being.

Semaphore_Task_Type Initialize (N : Natural); Wait; Signal; Semaphore_Task_Type; ...    Semaphore_Task_Type Count : Natural; Initialize (N : Natural) Count := N;      Initialize; Count > 0 => Wait Count := Count - 1; Wait; Signal; Count := Count + 1; ;      ;    Semaphore_Task_Type;

This task could be used as follows:

nr_Full, nr_Free : Semaphore_Task_Type; ...  nr_Full.Initialize (0); nr_Free.Initialize (nr_Slots); ...  nr_Free.Wait; nr_Full.Signal;

Alternatively, semaphore functionality can be provided by a protected object, with major efficiency gains.

Ex. 7 The Initialize and Signal operations of this protected type are unconditional, so they are implemented as protected procedures, but the Wait operation must be guarded and is therefore implemented as an entry.

Semaphore_Protected_Type Initialize (N : Natural); Wait; Signal; Count : Natural := 0; Semaphore_Protected_Type; ...    Semaphore_Protected_Type Initialize (N : Natural) Count := N;      Initialize; Wait Count > 0 Count := Count - 1; Wait; Signal Count := Count + 1; Signal; Semaphore_Protected_Type;

Unlike the task type above, this does not ensure that Initialize is called before Wait or Signal, and Count is given a default initial value instead. Restoring this defensive feature of the task version is left as an exercise for the reader.

Entry families
Sometimes we need a group of related entries. Entry families, indexed by a discrete type, meet this need.

Ex. 8 This task provides a pool of several buffers.

Buffer_Id Integer  1 .. nr_Bufs; ...   Buffer_Pool_Task Insert (Buffer_Id) (An_Item : Item); Remove (Buffer_Id) (An_Item : Item); Buffer_Pool_Task; ...    Buffer_Pool_Task Data  :  (Buffer_Id)  Item; Filled : (Buffer_Id)  Boolean  := (others => False); I Data' Filled(I) => Insert (I) (An_Item : Item) Data(I) := An_Item; Insert; Filled(I) := True; Filled(I) => Remove (I) (An_Item : Item) An_Item := Data(I); Remove; Filled(I) := False; ;          ;        ;      ;       Buffer_Pool_Task; ...  Buffer_Pool_Task.Remove(K)(This_Item);

Note that the busy wait  is necessary here to prevent the task from being suspended on some buffer when there was no call pending for it, because such suspension would delay serving requests for all the other buffers (perhaps indefinitely).

Termination
Server tasks often contain infinite loops to allow them to service an arbitrary number of calls in succession. But control cannot leave a task's master until the task terminates, so we need a way for a server to know when it should terminate. This is done by a terminate alternative in a selective wait.

Ex. 9

Terminating_Buffer_Task_Type Insert (An_Item :  Item); Remove (An_Item : Item); Terminating_Buffer_Task_Type; ...    Terminating_Buffer_Task_Type Datum : Item; Insert (An_Item :  Item) Datum := An_Item; Insert; ;         ;             Remove (An_Item :  Item) An_Item := Datum; Remove; ;         ;       ;    Terminating_Buffer_Task_Type;

The task terminates when:
 * 1) at least one terminate alternative is open, and
 * 2) there are no pending calls to its entries, and
 * 3) all other tasks of the same master are in the same state (or already terminated), and
 * 4) the task's master has completed (i.e. has run out of statements to execute).

Conditions (1) and (2) ensure that the task is in a fit state to stop. Conditions (3) and (4) ensure that stopping cannot have an adverse effect on the rest of the program, because no further calls that might change its state are possible.

Timeout
A task may need to avoid being held up by calling to a slow server. A timed entry call lets a client specify a maximum delay before achieving rendezvous, failing which the attempted entry call is withdrawn and an alternative sequence of statements is executed.

Ex. 10

Password_Server Check (User, Pass : String; Valid :  Boolean); Set (User, Pass :  String); Password_Server; ...  User_Name, Password : String (1 .. 8); ...  Put ("Please give your new password:"); Get_Line (Password); Password_Server.Set (User_Name, Password); Put_Line ("Done"); 10.0;     Put_Line ("The system is busy now, please try again later."); ;

To time out the functionality provided by a task, two distinct entries are needed: one to pass in arguments, and one to collect the result. Timing out on rendezvous with the latter achieves the desired effect.

Ex. 11

Process_Data Input (D :   Datum); Output (D :  Datum); Process_Data; Input_Data, Output_Data : Datum; collect Input_Data from sensors; Process_Data.Input (Input_Data); Process_Data.Output (Output_Data); pass Output_Data to display task; 0.1;        Log_Error ("Processing did not complete quickly enough."); ;   ;

Symmetrically, a delay alternative in a selective wait statement allows a server task to withdraw an offer to accept calls after a maximum delay in achieving rendezvous with any client.

Ex. 12

Resource_Lender Get_Loan (Period : Duration); Give_Back; Resource_Lender; ...    Resource_Lender Period_Of_Loan : Duration; Get_Loan (Period : Duration) Period_Of_Loan := Period; Get_Loan; Give_Back; Period_Of_Loan; Log_Error ("Borrower did not give up loan soon enough."); ;           ;          ;       ;    Resource_Lender;

Conditional entry calls
An entry call can be made conditional, so that it is withdrawn if the rendezvous is not immediately achieved. This uses the select statement notation with an else part. Thus the constructs

Callee.Rendezvous; Do_something_else; ;

and

Callee.Rendezvous; 0.0;    Do_something_else; ;

seem to be conceptually equivalent. However, the attempt to start the rendezvous may take some time, especially if the callee is on another processor, so the delay 0.0; may expire although the callee would be able to accept the rendezvous, whereas the else construct is safe.

Requeue statements
A requeue statement allows an accept statement or entry body to be completed while redirecting it to a different or the same entry queue, even to one of another task. The called entry has to share the same parameter list or be parameter-less. The caller of the original entry is not aware of the requeue and the entry call continues although now to possibly another entry of another task.

The requeue statement should normally be used to quickly check some precondition for the work proper. If these are fulfilled, the work proper is delegated to another task, hence the caller should nearly immediately be requeued.

Thus requeuing may have an effect on timed entry calls. To be a bit more specific, say the timed entry call is to T1.E1, the requeue within T1.E1 to T2.E2:

T1   ... E1     ...        T2E2 E1  ... T1

Let Delta_T be the timeout of the timed entry call to T1.E1. There are now several possibilities:

1. Delta_T expires before T1.E1 is accepted.
 * The entry call is aborted, i.e. taken out of the queue.

2. Delta_T expires after T1.E1 is accepted.
 * T1.E1 has finished (its check of preconditions) and T2.E2 is to be accepted.
 * For the caller, who is unaware of the requeue, the entry call is still executing; it is completed only with the completion T2.E2.

Thus, although the original entry call may be postponed for a long time while T2.E2 is waiting to be accepted, the call is executing from the caller's point of view.

To avoid this behaviour, a call may be requeued with abort. This changes case 2 above:

2.a The call is requeued to T2.E2 before Delta_T expires.

 * 2.a.1. T2.E2 is accepted before expiration, the call continues until T2.E2 is completed.

 * 2.a.2. Delta_T expires before T2.E2 is accepted: The entry call is aborted, i.e. taken out of the queue of T2.E2.

2.b The call is requeued to T2.E2 after the expiration of Delta_T.

 * 2.b.1. T2.E2 is immediately available (i.e. there is no requeue), T2.E2 continues to completion.

 * 2.b.2. T2.E2 is queued: The entry call is aborted, i.e. taken out of the queue of T2.E2.

In short, for a requeue with abort, the entry call to T1.E1 is completed in cases 1, 2.a.1 and 2.b.1; it is aborted in 2.a.2 and 2.b.2.

So what is the difference between these three entries?

E1     ...        T2E2 E1   E2      ...       T2E2 E2   E3      ...      E3   T2E2

E1 has just been discussed. After the requeue, its enclosing task is free for other work, while the caller is still suspended until its call is completed or aborted.

E2 also delegates, however via an entry call. Thus E2 completes only with the completion of T2.E2.

E3 first frees the caller, then delegates to T2.E2, i.e. the entry call is completed with E3.

Scheduling
FIFO, priority, priority inversion avoidance, ... to be completed.

Interfaces and polymorphism
Tasks and protected types can also implement interfaces.

Printable  ; Input (D :   Printable); Process_Data  Printable Input (D  :   Datum); Output (D :  Datum); Process_Data;

To allow delegation necessary to the polymorphism, the interface Printable shall be defined in its own package. It is then possible to define different task type implementing the Printable interface and use these implemetations polymorphically:

printable_package; printable_package; Printer Print_Red   Printable  ; Print_Blue  Printable  ; Print_Red Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Printing in Red"); Print_Red; Print_Blue Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Printing in Blue"); Print_Blue; printer_task : Printable'Class; printer_task := Print_Red; printer_task := Print_Blue; Printer;

This feature is also called synchronized interfaces.

Restrictions and Profiles
Ada tasking has too many features for some applications. Therefore there exist restrictions and profiles for certain, mostly safety or security critical applications. Restrictions and profiles are defined via pragmas. A restriction forbids the use of certain features, for instance the restriction No_Abort_Statements forbids the use of the abort statement. A profile (do not confuse with parameter profiles for subprograms) combines a set of restrictions.

See

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Storage IO
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Task_Identification
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Task_Attributes

Ada Quality and Style Guide

 * Chapter 4: Program Structure
 * Chapter 6: Concurrency
 * Chapter 6: Concurrency
 * Chapter 6: Concurrency

|Tasking

Programación en Ada/Tareas

title: Ada Programming/Tasking


text:
Cookbook:Barbecue Sauce (Sweet)

| Sauces | Meat Recipes

Ingredients

 * 1 cup tomato catsup (ketchup)
 * ¾ cup cider vinegar
 * 2–3 tablespoons mustard
 * 3 tablespoons Worcestershire sauce
 * 1 cup brown sugar
 * 1–2 teaspoons celery seed
 * 3 tablespoons margarine
 * ¼ teaspoon black pepper
 * ¼ teaspoon red pepper
 * 1 teaspoon salt
 * 1 teaspoon onion flakes
 * Garlic powder or minced garlic to taste (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Combine all ingredients together and bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer 10 to 15 minutes, until it thickens slightly.
 * 2) Arrange chicken pieces or pork chops in a greased baking dish.
 * 3) Pour half of sauce over and bake at 350°F (175°C) for 30 to 40 minutes.
 * 4) Pour remaining sauce over before serving.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You can also keep sauce in refrigerator and use it like bottled BBQ sauce.

title: Cookbook:Barbecue Sauce (Sweet)


text:
Radiation Oncology/Palliation

 * Palliation Overview
 * Spinal Cord Compression
 * Spine and Bone Metastases
 * Brain Metastases
 * Head & Neck palliation
 * Lung Metastases
 * Lung Tumor Palliation
 * Liver Metastases
 * Pelvic palliation
 * Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
 * Reirradiation
 * RTOG Trials

title: Radiation Oncology/Palliation


text:
Talk:Statistics/Testing Data/t-tests

I added a practice problem. Just doing my part to help out this book, since I'm taking statistics right now in high school. 65.35.3.81 21:34, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

this is wrong
In fact the t-test is not a small-sample test; it is used when samples are large but the population variance is unknown. Any statistics text will tell you this.

title: Talk:Statistics/Testing Data/t-tests


text:
Cookbook:Cream

| Basic foodstuffs | Dairy

Cream is a high-fat liquid dairy product derived from milk before homogenization. The terms cream or creme are also used to refer to a variety of substances of thick high-fat products, such as chocolate cream, coconut cream, or whipped cream.

Varieties
Creams differ primarily in their fat content. The English-speaking world generally recognizes the following grades of cream:

 * Half-and-half: 10–18% fat
 * Light/single/coffee/table cream: 18–30% fat
 * (Light) whipping cream: 30–36% fat
 * Heavy (whipping) cream: 36–40% fat
 * Manufacturer's cream: 40+% fat
 * Double cream: 48–50% fat

Characteristics
Cream is produced by separating milk into low-fat and high-fat parts. Unhomogenized milk will separate naturally when left to sit, a process that takes about 24 hours to complete. Modern manufacturers use a centrifuge to speed up the separation process. The finished cream may then be homogenized, which will prevent it from separating further, and pasteurized, which reduces microbial growth.

Like milk, cream has a very mild flavor, with higher fat content increasing the depth of flavor. Unpasteurized cream left to separate at room temperature will become slightly fermented, giving it a more complex and "buttery" flavor; however, cream that is quickly centrifuged and pasteurized has a much milder flavor.

Most of the specialized characteristics of cream versus milk are determined by the fat content. For example, all creams are off-white in color, since the fat carries fat-soluble yellow pigments. The more of these pigments the animal gets in its diet and the more fat in the cream, the yellower the cream will be. Because butterfat is largely solid at or below room temperature, cream is thicker than milk, and higher-fat creams are thicker than lower-fat ones. The tiny fat droplets distributed in the milk give it a very silky and smooth texture without feeling greasy, and if the cream is unhomogenized, the fat will slowly separate out and form a thicker layer at the surface. Creams with a fat content of 30–50% can be whipped to a foam, making whipped cream. Due to the interference between fat and protein, heavier creams are less susceptible to curdling than milk is, and both heavy and double cream can be simmered.

There is often a trade-off between cream shelf life and whipping properties. Ultrapasteurization extends a cream's lifespan, and homogenization prevents it from separating; however, both of these processes make cream more difficult to whip. Sometimes, these creams have additional stabilizers added to compensate for this fact.

Selection and storage
Cream grading aside, if you want to know exactly how much fat is in your cream, take a look at the nutritional information —these will help you predict its properties. Cream is perishable and must be stored in the fridge. Pasteurized cream lasts a week or two, and ultrapasteurized cream lasts for several. Do not freeze cream. Additionally, keep it in a sealed container away from light to prevent the development of off odors and flavors.

Use
Liquid cream can be processed to form a variety of products. Sour cream is cream (>18% milkfat) that has been cultured with lactic acid bacteria. This produces a sour taste and thickens the cream. Crème fraîche is similarly cultured with bacteria, but it is not as sour or as thick as American sour cream. Mexican crema (or cream espesa) is similar to crème fraîche. Cream with a milkfat content greater than 30% can be turned into whipped cream. Churning cream causes the fat droplets to aggregate and make butter.

In cooking, cream's fat helps deepen and carry flavor, and it provides richness and body. In savory preparations, cream can be added to soups and sauces—usually heavier creams are used here, since light cream is sensitive to heat and can curdle easily if cooked and/or combined with acidic ingredients. Both lighter and heavier creams are used in patisserie, either in liquid or whipped form. They may also be added to beverages for richness.

Substitution
Creams with a high fat content can be easily diluted with milk to substitute for a lower-fat cream. The exact amounts to use can be easily determined using a mixture calculation. Some non-dairy cream substitutes exist, depending on what you're using the cream for. For example, coconut cream can be reasonably whipped, and non-dairy milks can have stabilizers and fat added so they have some of the same properties as cream.

title: Cookbook:Cream


text: Japanese/Kanji/Lesson 6

title: Japanese/Kanji/Lesson 6


text:
User talk:68.57.83.143

Michael Logan

title: User talk:68.57.83.143


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Unison Spread

Spread gives an offset value which is different for each of the voices which are playing the same midi note (Unison). When only one voice is playing a note, the value is zero. The offsets are grouped around zero and are multiples of the value at the module's input.

If someone can give ideas of what it is used for that would be most welcome.

title: Reaktor/Modules/Unison Spread


text:
User:Scott Burley

Hello! Please see my main user page on Wikipedia. -- Scott Burley

title: User:Scott Burley


text:
Talk:Calculus/More Differentiation Rules

Order of TOC
I have noticed that the chain rule section comes before the product and quotient rule sections. I think that the quotient and product rule sections should come before the chain rule as the chain rule is more difficult than the other two. Evan W. 00:31, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. Rmbzz (talk) 01:14, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

product rule
is there any simple proofs that could be added to any of this? oh and is there a way to change the color of the font to highlight certin sections of a proof? good work I like what I've learned so far

one more thing could you explain this step more?

 * $$\frac{d}{dx} \left[ f(x) \cdot g(x) \right] = \lim_{h \to 0} \left[ g(x+h) \frac{ f(x+h) - f(x) }{h} + f(x) \frac{g(x+h) - g(x)}{h} \right]$$

Which, when we take the limit, turns into:
 * $$\frac{d}{dx} \left[ f(x) \cdot g(x) \right] = f'(x) \cdot g(x) + f(x) \cdot g'(x)$$, or the mnemonic "one D-two plus two D-one"

Thanks for your time --Stranger104 10:57, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'm going to reword the discription of the chain Rule. its a little confusing as it is right now. oh I'm also having a hard time making f ' (X) look like its suposed to without spacing with the font thats being used in the explanation. any ideas how to fix this?--65.24.68.237 03:34, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Implicit Differentiation
Does anyone feel that it would be a good idea to implement a section on implicit differentiation after the Chain Rule?

I decided to go ahead and add it. I hope it is clear and makes sense. Should I add more examples? -EbolaPox

revert vandalism
Just skimming through and spotted some vandalism so reverted but forgot to log in or leave comment duh?! i really need to go to bed 81.79.60.184 aka --SuperJ587 23:18, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Reducing answers?
Shouldn't the answers to the exercises be reduced to the simplest terms?

For example, #4 answer is given as:

 * $$\frac{3x^2-6x^2-6x}{9x^4}$$

I think it should be reduced:

 * $$\frac{-3x^2-6x}{9x^4}$$

 * $$\frac{-3x(x+2)}{3x(3x^3)}$$

 * $$-\frac{x+2}{3x^3}$$

... but I'm not sure. I may have missed something.

That is correct.--Cronholm144 08:42, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Euler's formula....
I don't think that throwing out Euler's formula is good pedagogy. Especially since Taylor series are required to establish that identity. Using the definition of derivative is far more informative for the aspiring student. --Cronholm144 08:33, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Also the symmetric difference and the sinh(x) derivation is iffy. Are we assuming that reader is aware of hyperbolics? I have made quite a few edits, the page is rather different, please take a look.--Cronholm144 21:43, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

I removed the Euler's and I am going to rm the hyperbolic as well.--Cronholm144 02:06, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Incorrect example
In the Quotient and Product Rules section, it gives an example of a function where the product rule is useful. The function contains both the pronumerals x and y, however the function is defined as H(x) and not H(x,y) and hence we differentiate only against x and not both x and y. When there is an unknown pronumeral that we are not differentiating against (y in this case) it is treated as a constant.--anon

 * I will take care of it--Cronholm144 01:57, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Done--Cronholm144 02:05, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Chain rule example error
Hey, I'm no math major, but shouldn't this eaxample in the chain rule:

$$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{du} \cdot \frac{du}{dx} = 2u\cdot 2x = 2(x+5)(2x) = 4x^3 + 20$$

be corrected to:

$$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{du} \cdot \frac{du}{dx} = 2u\cdot 2x = 2(x^2+5)(2x) = 4x^3 + 20x$$

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.251.28.173 (talk • contribs). (July 2007)

 * This was fixed in July 2007. --Mrwojo (talk) 01:46, 29 December 2008 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook:Oatmeal Chocolate Chip Cookies III

| Desserts

These are traditional chewy chocolate chip cookies with oatmeal added to provide a bit of extra body to the cookie.

Ingredients

 * 1 stick butter, softened
 * ⅓ cup white granulated sugar
 * ½ cup brown sugar
 * 1 egg
 * ½ tsp vanilla extract
 * ½ tsp salt
 * ½ tsp baking soda
 * 1 cup plus 2 tbsp flour
 * ¼ cup rolled oats (oatmeal)
 * ½ cup chocolate chips

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 375°F.
 * 2) Cream together butter and sugars.
 * 3) Add egg and vanilla and mix.
 * 4) Add salt, baking soda, and flour; mix.
 * 5) Mix in oatmeal.
 * 6) Mix in chocolate chips.
 * 7) Scoop cookies onto a greased or parchment-lined baking sheet.
 * 8) Bake 9–11 minutes at 375°F.


text:
Cookbook:Chewy Ginger Cookies

| Desserts These chewy ginger cookies are soft and delicately flavored.

Ingredients

 * 180 g (¾ cup) butter, softened
 * 500 g (2 cups) brown sugar
 * 1 egg
 * 60 ml (¼ cup) molasses
 * 10 g (2 tsp) baking soda
 * 600 g (2½ cups) flour
 * 2.5 g (½ tsp) ground cinnamon
 * 5 g (1 tsp) ground ginger
 * 5 g (1 tsp) ground cloves
 * 2.5 g (½ tsp) salt
 * Extra sugar for coating

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 175°C (350°F or Gas Mark 4).
 * 2) Cream the butter and the sugar in a stand mixer or with an electric whisk.
 * 3) Beat in the egg, and stir in the molasses.
 * 4) Combine the baking soda, flour, spices, and salt in a separate bowl.
 * 5) Gently mix the dry mixture into the wet mixture to make a dough.
 * 6) Shape into small (2.5 cm/1 inch diameter) balls and roll in granulated sugar.
 * 7) Place on greased cookie sheet. Do not flatten balls. They will spread out a little bit during baking, so space them about 1.5–2 inches apart.
 * 8) Bake for about 11 minutes. One way to tell they are done is when the cookies are cracked but the dough inside the cracks doesn't look quite finished. Beyond that they will be too done.
 * 9) Remove pan from the oven and cool to room temperature.

title: Cookbook:Chewy Ginger Cookies


text:
Cookbook:Crispy Gingerbread Cookies

| Desserts

This recipe makes crispy gingerbread cookies that are used for gingerbread men. To keep the cookies crisp, store them in an air-tight container. They can be decorated with royal icing.

Ingredients

 * ⅔ cup (~160 g) packed light brown sugar
 * ⅔ cup (~160 g) molasses
 * 1 teaspoon ginger
 * 1 teaspoon cinnamon
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * 1 ½ teaspoon (½ tablespoon) baking soda
 * ⅔ cup (~160 g) butter
 * 1 egg
 * 4 cups (1 quart/ 500g) flour

Procedure

 * 1) Pour sugar, molasses, spices, and salt into large saucepan.
 * 2) Bring to boil and remove from heat.
 * 3) Add the baking soda and butter and stir until butter melts.
 * 4) Quickly stir in egg, and then add flour. Mix well.
 * 5) Chill for several hours until firm enough to roll.
 * 6) Preheat oven to 325 °F (170 °C).
 * 7) Roll out until thin on lightly-floured surface.
 * 8) Cut with cookie cutters and place on cookie sheet sprayed with non-stick cooking spray.
 * 9) Bake for about 15 minutes at 325 °F (170 °C) and cool on racks.

title: Cookbook:Crispy Gingerbread Cookies


text:
Talk:Discrete Mathematics/Number representations

More generally, a number representation could be considered a number $$b$$ and a set of numbers $$D$$ known as "digits" (of which one is zero). Representation of other numbers in terms of an infinite sequence of digits (almost all of which are zero) then follows as before, i.e., $$\sum_{j=-\infty}^M d_j b^j,\, d_j\in D$$. Obviously, depending on $$b$$ and $$D$$, some numbers may be unrepresentable, or there may be numbers which have multiple representations (one or the other is unavoidable once you allow a continuum e.g. the Reals). I merely note this for discussion, because without conversion between $$b=10,\, D=\{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9\}$$ and something like $$b=i-1,\, D=\{0,1\}$$ or $$b=-2,\, D=\{0, 1, \frac{-1\pm i\sqrt{3}}{2}\}$$ the information would go nowhere.


text:
Wikijunior:South America/Falkland Islands

Welcome to the Falkland Islands! The Falklands (as they are known locally) are a group of islands 300+ miles (500 km) of the coast of South America. The Falklands are a self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; they are claimed as part of Argentina by the Argentine constitution. The Falkland Islands Government control their own affairs, such as schools, hospitals and taxes. In the islands is a passage called the Falkland Sound which the islands are named after, which goes through the middle of the islands.

The Geography
The Falkland Islands are made up of two main islands and over 750 small islands.The total land area is 4,700 square miles (12,000 km2).Surrounded by cool South Atlantic waters, the Falkland Islands have a climate very much influenced by the ocean. January averages about 9 °C, with average daily high of 13 °C, while July averages about 2 °C with average daily high 4 °C. Rainfall is relatively low at about 24 inches (610 mm). Humidity and winds, however, are constantly high. Snow is rare, but can occur at almost any time of year.

The people
Argentines call them the Islas Malvinas. Their claim is due to them being near Argentina and in the past East Falkland islands was sold to Spain by the French. The Spanish left the Islands in 1811, 5 years before Argentina declared its independence from Spain in 1816.

The main ways in which the islands make money are by fishing in the rich seas around the islands and wool from the sheep which live on the islands. In the past, wool was so important that the flag had a picture of a sheep on it!

The Falklands War Argentina claims that the islands belong to them. So in 1982, the Argentine government invaded the islands and said they were theirs. The British Government responded by liberating the Islands after 74 days, and sank an Argentine ship called the Belgrano. More than 1000 people were killed, virtually all of them soldiers.


text:
Finnish/Hyvää päivää

<>

The first thing most people expect to say when meeting people is “Hello” or “Hi”. The polite and (very) formal way to greet people is to call them Mr, Mrs or Miss. These forms are used quite rarely in Finnish language.

 * Mr. – herra
 * Mrs. – rouva
 * Miss – neiti

There are several words you can use for "Hello":

Hei, Moi, and Terve.

Hei has become semiformal and is more formal than Moi or Terve. These greetings may also be translated as an informal way of saying "Good bye".

Hei Hei - Goodbye

Or you can say:

Näkemiin or a more informal version nähdään – Goodbye (literally "we shall see again").

You may also wish someone a good day, just as in English:

Hyvää huomenta or Huomenta – "Good morning" or (less formal) "Morning".

Hyvää aamupäivää – An alternative greeting used in the morning (literally Good early-day or morning day).

Hyvää päivää or Päivää – "Good day" or "Day". Very common, rather formal greeting.

Hyvää iltapäivää – "Good afternoon"; not used very commonly.

Hyvää iltaa or Iltaa – "Good evening".

Mitä kuuluu? or Kuinka voit / voitte? (more polite) – How are you?

Kiitos, hyvää. – Fine, thank you.

Ei niin hyvää, kiitos. – Not so good, thank you.

Where are you from?
Note that Italy is Italia in Finnish. Espoo is a city west of Helsinki.

Mistä olet kotoisin? – Where are you from?

or (more formal) Mistä olette kotoisin?

Olen (kotoisin)... -sta/-stä, -lta/-ltä – I am from...

 * Example: Olen (kotoisin) Italiasta – I am from Italy.

Missä asut? – Where do you live?

Asun... -ssa/-ssä, -lla/-llä – I live in...

 * Example: Asun Espoossa – I live in Espoo.

Example Dialog Number One
Here is an informal setting between Pekka and his friend Jussi.

 * Pekka: Hei, Jussi.
 * Jussi: Terve, Pekka.

Example Dialog Number Two
This is a (very) formal setting between Mr Virtanen and Mrs Mäkelä.

 * Herra Virtanen: Hyvää huomenta, rouva Mäkelä.
 * Rouva Mäkelä: Hyvää päivää, herra Virtanen.
 * Herra Virtanen: Mitä kuuluu?
 * Rouva Mäkelä: Kiitos, hyvää.

Exercises
Fill in the English translations, from memory, for the Finnish phrases below. You might want to review them first!

Moi:           _____________

Hyvää päivää:   _____________

Päivää:        _____________

Hyvää huomenta: _____________

Mitä kuuluu?:  _____________

Hyvää iltaa!:  _____________

Olen Italiasta: _____________

Hei hei!:      _____________

Mistä olet kotoisin?: _________________

title: Finnish/Hyvää päivää


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General Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Enthalpy

The enthalpy of a chemical system is the "heat content" of the system—the energy it contains. Enthalpy is represented by the symbol $$H$$.

Enthalpy of Reaction
All reactions have some amount of enthalpy. It is simply the amount of heat absorbed or released by the reaction. Combustion reactions obviously release large amounts of heat. They have negative enthalpy. A negative enthalpy represents an exothermic reaction, releasing heat. A reaction that absorbs heat is endothermic. Its enthalpy will be positive, and it will cool down its surroundings.

Consider these two reactions:

Although every reaction has a change in enthalpy, the amount depends on the temperature. The same reaction could be endothermic at one temperature and exothermic at another. Enthalpies must be given at a specific temperature. The reactions above show the enthalpies at 25 °C.

Temperature and Heat
There is a relationship between temperature and heat. If an object gains or loses heat without any phase changes, this reaction relates temperature to heat:

$$Q = mc\Delta T$$

$$Q$$ is the amount of heat (in joules or kilojoules) and $$\Delta T$$ is the change in temperature (Celsius degrees). $$m$$ is the mass of the object (in grams, usually) and $$c$$ is the object's specific heat.

Specific heat is a constant that depends on the particular material of the object. It is measured in joules per gram-degree. It is determined experimentally. You can look it up in a chart, or you can calculate it if you measure the amount of heat added and the change in temperature. The specific heat of water is 4.186 J/g-degree. For one gram of water, the temperature rises/falls by one degree Celsius for every 4.186 joules of heat added/removed.


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Cookbook:Nappa Cabbage

Nappa cabbage (also: NAPA cabbage, Chinese leaves, Chinese cabbage, Wombok, Baechu, Celery cabbage, Chinese celery cabbage, Peking cabbage, wong bok, petsai, shantung cabbage, hakusia, michihli and confusingly sometimes even bok choy) is a family of cabbages (Brassica campestris, Pekinensis group) used in Chinese and Korean cuisine. The cabbage head is tightly packed, taller than it is wide, and very light green with white near the base. The name may be of Japanese origin or may be a Chinese word first exposed to English speakers through Japan. The Japanese script is: 菜っ葉 for Chinese cabbage, (in Japan, it is a generic term for leaf vegetables.)

Nappa cabbage is commonly used as cheap filler for egg rolls (spring rolls), wontons, and chow mein. It makes for a good vegetable addition to stir fries. It can be used as a milder and more delicate alternative to green cabbage. Bok choy, green cabbage or savoy cabbage can be substituted for nappa cabbage but these will have a stronger flavor and take longer to cook.

It is also the main ingredient in the most popular version of kimchi, although many varieties of kimchi do not require cabbage.

Nappa Cabbage Recipes

 * Asian Chicken Salad
 * Summer roll

title: Cookbook:Nappa Cabbage


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