text:
Movie Making Manual/Writing/Low Budget

So, you want to create a low budget film, therefore the script has to follow certain guidelines. Some of these guidelines are:

 * The script must have a distinct three-act structure, or a beginning, middle, and end. The three acts are, respectively: setup, conflict, and resolution.

 * Get all the background story, ground laying and introductions done in the first act. The first act should not exceed 40 minutes in length.

 * The film must have a dynamic lead character. A dynamic character is one with heavy amounts of characterization (backstory), and one who develops and changes throughout the story relative to their quest and the film's subject matter. Also, the character must have a goal of some sort, and have some sort of motivation that would make them want to achieve their goal.

 * Life is not black-and-white; everything is in shades of gray. To create fully realized characters, have an aspect of the good guy that is bad, and have an aspect of the bad guy that is good.

 * Bring the story to a close. Do not leave loose ends, or big things for people to ponder on, tie it up with a bow.

 * 100-110 pages maximum. If you write a lot of non-action descriptions in your script you can write a few more pages. The end movie will come to about 90-100 minutes.

Now a few producer notes about the distributors notes:

 * If the character has to swear, then make her swear: you cannot replace the right word with any other word. But keep in mind that any swearing you write, the producer will need an alternative that will shoot at the same time, so distributors can have a "cute" version for tv.

 * Good writers hate plastic characters so even if they say keep the good guy good and the bad guy bad, you should still write characters with depth. Make the characters real instead of plastic, unless you are shooting plastic dolls and/or action figures.

 * Have free reign with special effects, producers can adapt them or replace them later.

 * Action does not mean a sacrifice of character.

And finally a few pointers to help us keep the budget down:
 * Keep locations to a minimum.
 * Keep the number of characters to a minimum.
 * Write for day time where possible.
 * Write in sequences that can shoot on digital (security video cameras etc).
 * Stay away from expensive specialised props and sets.
 * Keep driving scenes to a minimum.

That about covers it. Keep these notes at the back of your mind as you write. If you find yourself faced with something that "feels right" but you think might make the script too expensive or breaks one of these guides: write it. You can discuss it with the producer later. Remember everyone still wants the best script possible.

Maximizing Resources
You don't want to spend all of your money on actors, and you don't want to spend it all on the quality of your film. The key is finding a balance between these two. It might be wise to lean on the side of spending money on things that will improve the quality of your content if your focus is a character-based story. On the other hand, if your focus is mainly visual you might want to lean towards higher quality equipment.

To Script, Or Not To Script
Depending on the type of film you are making, you may not want to write at all. Sometimes the best scenes result from raw footage that you shoot when there is no script. This can be especially true if you are writing with a low budget. The aspect of your film that will distinguish it from higher budget films is your ability to capture events that are not scripted.

In terms of scripting for scene changes, special effects, or other events, sometimes during editing you will find that no matter how you scripted the event, you are limited by your raw footage in some way. This may lead to changes in where you decide to place the event.

Low Budget Action
We want to create a low budget action film, I believe that means we have to write a low budget action script, therefore the script has to follow certain guidelines. Some of these come from the distribution companies, and others come from personal experience. Remember that I mean them as guides and not as rules:

 * Start with a hang-jaw, kick-in-the-ass, adrenalin-pumped, blow-it-up, speed-boosted, high-octane, take-breath-away, holly-cow-how-did-they-think-of-that action sequence.

 * Get all the background story, ground laying and introductions done in the first 20 pages.

 * Keep the story moving forward, no unnecessary tangents or parallel stories

 * Keep the hero a hero.

 * Likewise, keep the bad guy a bad guy.

 * No overt, unnecessary amounts of blood. In fact, no moving blood at all, that means no blood splattering on walls, or flying out of people's chest or flowing uncontrollably from someone's chest. Once again, think cartoon. Moving blood raises the rating and the lower the rating, the more we sell.

 * I hate plastic characters so even if they say keep the good guy good and the bad guy bad, you should still write with depth. make the characters real instead of plastic.

 * Have free reign with special effects producers can adapt them or replace them later.

 * Action does not mean a sacrifice of character.

That about covers it. I do not want all this to scare you, but you need to have it at the back of your mind as you write. If you find yourself faced with something that "feels right" but you think might make the script too expensive or breaks one of these guides: write it. You can discuss it with the producer discuss later. Remember everyone still wants the best script possible.

/Writing movies /Low budget filmmaking

title: Movie Making Manual/Writing/Low Budget


text:
User:AndriuZ

 * [All_bookshelves]
 * Help talk:How to start a book
 * WikiBookProjects
 * WikiBookProject proposal

---
 * Excel
 * User:AndriuZ/Sandbox Mambo
 * User:AndriuZ/SandboxMamboMambo4.5.3

best practice on writing books about software...
 * Fillezilla

---

Category:Wikimania05-Presentation

w:User:AndriuZ

lt:User:AndriuZ

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:AndriuZ


text:
User talk:62.0.113.30

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 22:28, 28 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:62.0.113.30


text:
User:AndriuZ/Sandbox Mambo

TOCs

 * Mambo Open Source/Table of contents
 * Mambo Open Source/Table of contents (official)

Mambelfish reported problems
source

at the place where you wish in your template.
 * The language switcher appears when you add

 * You can also just use the module (if you have installed it) and place it at any module position that you like (and that you have published) - but as far as I know the module just uses the Component ;-)

 * about the languages, that don't change... have you checked the URL? at the end there should be the parameter lang=XX ... if you see only 'lang=' and nothing more you just have to type an identification code of the languages in your mambelfish configuration [components-mambelfish-language configuration]

(Components > Mambelfish > Language Configuration)
 * Have you checked your language configuration in the Mambo Backend?

I have installed Mambelfish 1.5 in Mambo 4.5.2.1. Also installed the mamblefish module and the frontend mambot. Installed French and Portuguese languages via Admin -> Site Languages. Activiated the languages -Components -> mambelfish ->language configurations; then set the iso for each language (en, fr, pt). To translate, went to Components -> Mambelfish ->Translate Then selected a language and the menu clicked on a menu item to translate it. No translation occured. There are 2 icons beside the textfield; the first when clicked simply copies the English menu to the translation field. The other icon deletes. Everything seems to have gone well, EXCEPT the translation.
 * problem description:By: Toni Dellum Mambelfish won't translate 2005-06-03 22:19
 * problem solution:By: Tuomas Rasila

RE: Mambelfish won't translate [ reply ] 2005-07-04 11:37 Hi,I have same problem. I think it's php-version since Mablefish worked ok when I had php version 4.3.11 after updating to 4.4 series mamblefish didn't work anymore and I had those two images on the traslate page also. 2005-07-05 11:22 Yes it did work! Now I have Mambo 4.5.2 with Mambelfish 1.5 component runnig on php 4.3.11 and it works ok. I dont know what was the problem but I try to figure it out and write a patch against it.

--

 * Translation of alt data for images

Discussion Forums: open-discussion
http://mamboforge.net/forum/forum.php?thread_id=10104&forum_id=7

I have a complete new mambo version 4.5.2.3 installed. I started in the backend to install mambelfish.

- Mambelfish_1.5.zip with the component installer - Mbf_module.zip with the module installer - Mbf_searchbot.zip with the mambot installer

The installation of the components, modules and mambot files went successful. Then I patched the component using the corepatch 4.5.2 from the mamboforge. This step I didn't before. But it doesn't matter wheather patched or not patched the load of the language files using Site ->Languages_Install function doesn't work.

This function requests again a “Upload Package File” and alternatively in the line below a “Install from directory” facility referring as default to my local directory: C:\Apache2\Apache2\htdocs\mambo\administrator\components\com_installer\language. None of the upload packages did work as well as the installation from the C:\Apache2\Apache2htdocs\mambo\administrator\components\com_installer\language directory.

What is the name of the requested file, which I have to choose and where I can find it. I followed exactly the procedures of the readme although it is not mentioned that the modules and the mambot have to be installed as well.

Again it is a complete new mambo installation as provided from the mamboforge server with the default template and the sample data.

Please tell me the name of the file to be keyed in in order to get the language files loaded.

Discussion Forums: mambelfish-component-help
http://mamboforge.net/forum/forum.php?forum_id=8

help/tut/guid

 * Mambo Quick Start Guide
 * Mambo Quick Start Guide FULL

title: User:AndriuZ/Sandbox Mambo


text:
User talk:Sean Kelly

For now, please direct comments to my Wikipedia talk page. Sean Kelly 22:59, 28 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sean Kelly


text:
Cookbook:Processed Cheese

| Cheese

Processed cheese or American Cheese is a food product made with cheese, milk (or oil and water), and usually other flavoring and coloring agents. It has a taste and appearance similar to cheese, but a different texture and very different melting properties.

It is generally made from the scraps (trimmings, spoilage, etc.) of a variety of cheeses, but colored yellow and marketed to compete with mild Cheddar.

title: Cookbook:Processed Cheese


text:
User talk:70.50.112.105

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:03, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.50.112.105


text:
User talk:67.52.93.221

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:09, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.52.93.221


text:
User talk:198.200.139.3

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:19, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.200.139.3


text:
User talk:69.134.71.236

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:51, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.134.71.236


text:
Talk:C Programming/Variables

Semicolon
Think phrase: "semicolon important part of every statement", more appropriate, because every statement has its semicolon, even last.194.85.82.1 00:30, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Presentation of Nameing identifiers
Instead of "Naming of Variables" the section should be called "Naming of Identifiers" because the same conventions hold for variables and function names. Kinglag 22:50, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Forget that 86.129.225.142 18:24, 1 Jul 2005 (UTC)

C strings
[quote]There is one more kind of literal that needs to be explained in connection with chars: the string literal. A string is a series of characters, usually intended to be output to the string. They are surrounded by double quotes (" ", not ' '). An example of a string literal is the "Hello, world!\n" in the "Hello, World" example.[/quote]

How can one assign string to another string? Will this work and why?

char str[20]; str = "mystring";

Answer
No this won't work. C is a low level language and you need to copy the data from one string to the next:

char str[20]; strncpy (str, "mystring", 19); str [19] = '\0';

Supprised about the 3rd line? The bitter truth is that none of the predefined string operations in "string.h" could be considerd safe.

 * strcpy, strcat : will copy a larger string into a smaller overwriting memory that follows.
 * strncpy : won't add a '\0' to the end of the string when the source string is longer then the max. lenght specfied.
 * strncat : For once strncat counts the characters read from the source string - which is not as usefull then counting the characters used up in the destination string. And then - just to supprise you and unlike strncpy - will copy n + 1 characters allways adding a '\0'.
 * strlen : will run forever if the '\0' is missing for whatever reason - with strncpy beeing one possible reason.

An realy experienced C programmer - like myself - writes his/her own string operations with propper support for a maximum length on the destination string.

--Krischik T 13:13, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * However, you can initialize an array of characters with a literal string, like char my_string[20] = "za warudo!";. This won't work with anything except things that are literals after preprocessing, as you all should know, and hardly merits a mention in the module proper. (Perhaps in a section on advanced syntax, or something? If this is actually advanced in any way.) (and please don't advocate reinventing the C library. that's something that students do. experienced programmers roll with whatever is available instead of fighting the tide.) 85.76.93.185 11:59, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Mention 64 bit pc's
It is mentioned that most modern pc's are 32 bit. But shouldn't there be written that the most modern PC's are now 64 bit?--Sanderd17 (talk) 20:24, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

C level one doubt
main { int a=5,b=2; printf("%d", a+++b); }

what will be the output??

 * You could just try it. It outputs 7.  I guess the question is whether   is interpreted as   (it is), or as  .  This sort of question never occurs to me because I make effective use of whitespace when I write code.  Ambiguous code is hard to maintain, and is therefore bad code. --Jomegat (discuss • contribs) 15:36, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

Contents/In this section
At the end of the page there is a section about Contents and In this section These do not appear correct as they mention arrays, which are not discussed there. MadCowpoke (discuss • contribs) 05:52, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

missing int8_t, uint16_t, etc.
Hi! I find it more and more important to think about different processor architectures (16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit...). In general it's a good idea to determine how "big" your integer variables need to be. Therefore I think it might be good to mention these specific integer data types. Further more, it should be shown that integer variables can be split bitwise. Example:

 * uint16_t nibble1:4, nibble2:4, nibble3:4, nibble4:4;
 * uint8_t bit0:1, bit1:1, threebits:3;

What do you think about this? Maybe it's not that important for a beginner's guide... I don't know... --Lexikorn (discuss • contribs) 07:22, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

 * The C ISO standards declare the  types optional. I think this chapter is really too early to address such details. ‑‑ Kai Burghardt (discuss • contribs) 17:44, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:C Programming/Variables


text:
Talk:Written Chinese/Liù Shū

Ni hao! You introduce the several different ways characters were created, saying
 * "... six different origins. They are 象形,指事,會意,形聲,轉注and假借."

Would it be possible to give each of these ways a short English explanation/name? Perhaps you could do this at the beginning of each section below there, like "象形 - picture characters", "形聲 - sound plus hint", etc. ?

Perhaps where you say "So, you can see, their pronunciations are similar" you could also say that "presumably the pronunciations were even more similar, perhaps the same, in ancient Chinese" ? Shenme 02:58, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Written Chinese/Liù Shū


text:
Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Oropharynx

Anatomy

 * Superior edge - plane of superior surface of the soft palate
 * Inferior edge - superior surface of hyoid bone / floor of the vallecula
 * Includes base of tongue, inferior (anterior) surface of the soft palate, uvula, anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars, glossotonsillar sulci, pharyngeal tonsils, and lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls

Risk Factors

 * Smoking
 * Alcohol
 * EGFR amplification
 * HPV 16
 * chronic irritation

HPV infection as a risk factor

 * RTOG 0129; 2010 PMID 20530316 -- "Human Papilloma Virus and Survival of Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer." Ang KK, N Engl J Med. 2010; 363, 24-35
 * Post-hoc analysis. Randomized trial of standard fractionation vs accelerated fractionation and concurrent cisplatin. 317 of 433 patients with oropharyngeal CA, who had HPV status. HPV positive 83%. Median F/U 4.4 years
 * Outcome:
 * Risk Stratification:
 * Conclusion: HPV status strongly associated with survival.  Smoking increases risk of death, even in HPV+ population.  Risk stratification possible (High/Intermediate/Low)

 * RTOG 0129; 2009 ASCO Abstract -- "Survival outcomes by tumor human papillomavirus (HPV) status in stage III-IV oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) in RTOG 0129." (Gillison ML, J Clin Oncol 27:15s, 2009 (suppl; abstr 6003))
 * Post-hoc analysis. Randomized trial of standard fractionation vs accelerated fractionation and concurrent cisplatin. 317 of 433 patients with oropharyngeal CA, who had HPV status. HPV positive 83%. Median F/U 4.4 years
 * Outcome: 2-year OS HPV+ 87% vs. HPV- 67% (HR 0.54, SS); PFS 72% vs. 51% (SS). Hazard rate for death if HPV-/tobacco+ 4.3 vs. HPV-/tobacco- 2.4 vs HPV+/tobacco+ 1.8 vs HPV+/tobacco- 1.0
 * Conclusion: HPV status strongly associated with survival

 * Johns Hopkins, 2007 PMID 17494927 -- "Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer." D'Souza G et al.  N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(19):1944-56
 * Case control study of 100 pts w/ newly diagnosed oropharyngeal CA and 200 control pts.
 * Oropharyngeal CA significantly associated w/ HPV type 16 and high lifetime number of oral sex partners (>6) and high lifetime number of vaginal sex partners (>26).
 * Smoking/alcohol w/ increased association with oropharyngeal CA among subjects w/o HPV-16 exposure.

HPV and EGFR Interaction

 * Sydney Cancer Centre; 2010 (1987-2006) PMID 20537890 -- "Relationships between epidermal growth factor receptor expression and human papillomavirus status as markers of prognosis in oropharyngeal cancer." (Hong A, Eur J Cancer. 2010 May 25. [Epub ahead of print])
 * Retrospective. 270 oropharynx SCC reviewed, HPV E6 by PCR and increased p16 by IHC, EGFR by IHC. HPV+ 37%; EGFR+ 87%. Significant inverse relationship between HPV and EGFR (if HPV- then EGFR+ 93%, if HPV+ then EGFR+ 78% (SS)). Median F/U 2.5 years
 * Outcome: Adjusted hazard rate for LRF and OS 0.3 if HPV+ compared with HPV-. Adjusted hazard rate for LRF 5.1 and OS 2.5 if EGFR+ compared with EGFR-. If both HPV- and EGFR+, adjusted HR 13x risk for LRF and 4x risk for OS compared with HPV+/EGFR-
 * Conclusion: HPV and EGFR are independent prognostic markers; combination of HPV- and EGFR+ significantly worse prognosis

Staging
AJCC 7th Edition (2009) Tumor
 * T1 - <= 2 cm
 * T2 - >2 and <=4 cm
 * T3 - >4 cm or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis
 * T4a - invades larynx, deep/extrinsic muscles of the tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible
 * Note: extrinsic muscles of the tongue are: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
 * T4b - invades lateral pterygoid, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, skull base, or encases carotid

Nodes (same as for most H&N sites)

Metastasis
 * M0 - none
 * M1 - yes

Stage Grouping

Changes from 6th edition: Added invasion of lingual surface of epiglottis (T3)

Older staging systems
AJCC 6th Edition (2002) Tumor
 * T1 - <= 2 cm
 * T2 - >2 and <=4 cm
 * T3 - >4 cm
 * T4a - invades larynx, deep/extrinsic muscles of the tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible
 * T4b - invades lateral pterygoid, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, skull base, or encases carotid

Nodes (same as for most H&N sites)

Metastasis
 * M0 - none
 * M1 - yes

Stage Grouping
 * Stage I - T1N0
 * Stage II - T2N0
 * Stage III - T3N0, T1-3N1
 * Stage IVA - T4a or N2
 * Stage IVB - T4b or N3
 * Stage IVC - M1

Risk of LN Involvement

 * Johns Hopkins; 2009 (1998-2007) PMID 19131181 -- "Defining the risk of involvement for each neck nodal level in patients with early T-stage node-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma." (Sanguineti G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Aug 1;74(5):1356-64. Epub 2009 Jan 7.)
 * Retrospective. 103 patients with T1-T2 clinically N+ oropharyngeal CA, who underwent neck dissection (radical LND 15%, modified radical LND 71%, selective LND 14%).
 * Outcome: Positive Level IB 9%, Level II 91%, Level III 41%, Level IV 18%, and Level V 3%. If CT (-), then positive Level IB 3%, Level II 76%, Level III 17%, Level IV 6%, and Level V 1%. Can contour Level IB only posterior half
 * Conclusion: Levels II and III should be included in high risk volumes regardless of imaging, Level IV should be low risk; Levels IB and V at very low risk and could be excluded from RT

Early Stage

 * RTOG 00-22 (2001-2005) Protocol (PDF)
 * Prospective. 69 patients. Stage I-III (T1-2 N0-1) oropharynx (tonsil, base of tongue, or palate). Neck staging is based on palpation, not CT, but patients who are "upstaged" by CT are eligible. RT 66 Gy / 30 fractions (2.2 Gy/fx) to primary target PTV and 54-60 Gy / 30 fractions (1.8-2.0 Gy/fx) to secondary target PTV. No chemotherapy. Objectives: 1) assess feasibility of target coverage and parotid sparing. 2) Determine patterns of failure. 3) Acute and late effects. Median F/U 2.8 years.
 * 2009 PMID 19540060 -- "Multi-Institutional Trial of Accelerated Hypofractionated Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage Oropharyngeal Cancer (RTOG 00-22)." (Eisbruch A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Apr;76(5):1333-8. Epub on 2009 Jun 17.)
 * Outcome: 2-year LRF 9% (if major deviations 50%, else 6%, SS)
 * Toxicity: Grade 2+ skin 12%, mucosa 24%, salivary 67%, esophagus 19%, ORN 6%. Xerostomia 6 months 55%, 1 years 25%, 2 years 16%; salivary output didn't recover over time
 * Conclusion: Moderately AHFX IMRT alone feasible

Surgery vs RT

 * ORATOR Trial (2012-2019)
 * Randomized. 68 patients, T1-T2 N0-N2 (<4 cm). OPSCC. Arm 1) RT 70/35 +/- cisplatin or cetuximab if N+ vs Arm 2) transoral robotic surgery (TORS) + nodal dissection (29%), with adjuvant RT 60/30 (47%) or adjuvant chemo-RT 64/32 (24%) based on risk. Primary end-point swallowing QOL at 1 year
 * 4 years; 2022 -- "Randomized Trial of Radiotherapy Versus Transoral Robotic Surgery for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Long-Term Results of the ORATOR Trial" (Nichols AC, J Clin Oncol. 2022 Mar 10;40(8):866-875.doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.01961. Epub 2022 Jan 7.). Median F/U 3.7 years
 * Outcome: 3-year dysphagia QOL RT 89 vs TORS 83 (NS). However, on linear mixed-effects analysis, RT superior (p=0.049). 3-year OS 87% vs 88% (NS). 3-year PFS 87% vs 85% (NS)
 * Toxicity: Grade 2+ RT 91% vs TORS 97% (NS)
 * Conclusion: Swallowing QOL RT slightly superior, but difference decreases over time. Oncologic outcomes same. Should counsel about pros and cons

Pre-op RT vs. Post-op RT

 * RTOG 73-03 (1973-1979)
 * Randomized. 320 patients. Operable stage T2-T4 any N (but not fixed); oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, hypopharynx, or maxillary sinus. Arm 1) Pre-op RT 50 Gy vs. Arm 2) Post-op RT 60 Gy. In addition, OC and OP lesions may be randomized Arm 3) definitive RT 65-70 Gy, with surgery reserved for salvage (n=43).
 * 10-years; 1999 PMID 1993628 — "Randomized study of preoperative versus postoperative radiation therapy in advanced head and neck carcinoma: long-term follow-up of RTOG study 73-03." (Tupchong L et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Jan;20(1):21-8.)
 * Only pre-op vs. post-op subset (n=277). Oral cavity (14%), oropharynx (17%), hypopharynx (43%), supraglottic larynx (26%)
 * Outcome: LRC pre-op 58% vs. post-op 70% (SS), <2 years no difference (failures 59% vs. 58%), but marked >2 years (failures 27% vs 8%); OS no difference due to late (>2 years) deaths from DM and from second primaries
 * Supraglottic larynx: LRC pre-op 53% vs. post-op 77% (SS); 78% failures <2 years
 * Toxicity: no difference
 * Conclusion: Post-op RT better for LRC (especially in SGL), but no impact on OS due to distant failure and second primaries
 * Comment: some argument for definitive chemoRT instead of surgery and post-op RT since after 2 yrs, distant mets are primary cause of failure resulting in similar 10 OS in this trial. LRC still better for post-op vs definitive RT alone. Also, different doses used, at the time believed equivalent given the setting

Surgery + RT vs. Chemo-RT

 * Singapore (1996-2000)
 * Randomized. Stopped early due to slow accrual. 199 patients, resectable Stage III/IV SCHNC excluding NPC and salivary glands (larynx 32% (supraglottis 23%), oral cavity 27%, oropharynx 21%, hypopharynx 12%). T4 56%. Arm 1) surgery + adjuvant RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) RT 66/33 + concurrent cisplatin 20 mg/m2/d + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2/d both given as continuous IV over 96 hours x2 cycles. 90% received at least 1 cycle of chemo
 * 2005 PMID 16012523 -- "Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison." (Soo KC, Br J Cancer. 2005 Aug 8;93(3):279-86.) Median F/U 6 years
 * Outcome: 3-year DFS: S+RT 50% vs. chemo-RT 40% (NS). Organ preservation (larynx/hypopharynx 68%, oropharynx 55%, oral cavity 21%). Chemo-RT group had poor surgical salvage of 47%, with no long-term survivors (possibly due to larger proportion of T4 and oral cavity cancers)
 * Conclusion: Chemo-RT not superior to surgery+RT, but can be attempted for organ preservation in larynx, hypopharynx, and oropharynx; organ preservation in oral cavity poor

Induction Chemo-RT vs. Primary RT alone

 * RTOG 68-01 -- methotrexate
 * Randomized. 638 patients, Stage III-IV oral cavity (23%), oropharynx (55%), supraglottic larynx (12%), hypopharynx (10%). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) IV MTX 25 mg q3d x5 followed by RT. RT 55-80 Gy
 * 1980 PMID 7410127 -- "Adjuvant intravenous methotrexate or definitive radiotherapy alone for advanced squamous cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx or hypopharynx." (Fazekas JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 May;6(5):533-41.)
 * Outcome: median OS RT vs. MTX-RT: oral cavity 11.8 mo vs. 12.4 mo, oropharynx 13.6 mo vs. 13.1 mo, SGL 17.2 mo vs. 19.2 mo, hypopharynx 9.7 mo vs. 13.4 mo
 * Conclusion: Minimal gain, induction methotrexate should not be used

Altered Fractionation

 * RTOG 90-03 (1991-1997) -- SF vs HF vs Split course AFX vs AFX-CB
 * Randomized, 4 arms. 1073 patients. Stage III-IV (oral cavity, oropharynx, or supraglottic larynx) or Stage II-IV (base of tongue, hypopharynx). Arm 1) SF standard fractionation 70/35 @ 2 Gy/fx vs. Arm 2) HF hyperfractionated 81.6/68 @ 1.2 Gy BID vs. Arm 3) AFX-S split course accelerated fractionation 67.2/42 @ 1.6 Gy BID with 2 week break after 38.4 Gy vs. Arm 4) AFX-CB concomitant boost 72 Gy given 54/30 @ 1.8 Gy + 18/12 @ 1.5 Gy concurrent BID boost
 * 2-years; 2000 PMID 10924966 -- "A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) phase III randomized study to compare hyperfractionation and two variants of accelerated fractionation to standard fractionation radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: first report of RTOG 9003." (Fu KK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Aug 1;48(1):7-16.). Median F/U 2 years, 3.4 for alive patients
 * Outcome: 2-year LRC SF 46% vs. HF 54% (SS) vs. AFX-S 47% (NS) vs. AFX-CB 54% (SS); DFS 32% vs. 38% (NS) vs. 33% (NS) vs. 39% (NS); OS 46% vs. 54% (NS) vs. 46% (NS) vs. 51% (NS)
 * Sites of failure: LF 44% vs. 38% vs. 43% vs. 37%; RF 32% vs. 27% vs. 31% vs. 33%
 * Toxicity: Increased acute effects but no increase in late effects
 * Conclusion: HF or CB improve LRC compared to SF, no impact on DFS and OS. Split course comparable to SF

 * RTOG 71-01 (1971-1976) -- continuous vs. split-course
 * 1993 PMID 8213620 -- ""Compensated" split-course versus continuous radiation therapy of carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa. Final results of a prospective randomized clinical trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group." (Marcial VA, Am J Clin Oncol. 1993 Oct;16(5):389-96.)
 * Randomized. 137 patients. All stages, no adenoCA. Arm 1) split course RT 30/10 + 30/10 vs. Arm 2) continuous RT 60/30-66/33
 * Outcome: 5-year LRC split course 25% vs. continuous 28% (NS); 5-year OS 19% vs. 29% (NS)
 * Late toxicity: split course 17% vs. continuous 24% (NS)
 * Conclusion: No difference

 * EORTC 22791
 * See Radiation Oncology:H&N
 * Improved LC for T3 but not T2 tumors. Trend to improved OS.

Radiation + Concurrent Chemo Options

 * RTOG 1016 (2011 - 2014) - RT 70 Gy + cisplatin vs cetuximab
 * Randomized. Multicenter, non-inferiority. 849 patients. HPV+ oropharyngeal carcinoma. Arm 1) RT + cetuximab (400 mg/m2 loading + 250 mg/m2 weekly) vs Arm 2) RT + cisplatin (100 mg/m2 Q3 weeks x2). RT given 70/35 accelerated over 6 weeks at 6 fractions per week.
 * 5 years PMID 30449625 -- "Radiotherapy plus cetuximab or cisplatin in human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (NRG Oncology RTOG 1016): a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority trial." Gillison ML, Lancet. 2019 Jan 5;393(10166):40-50. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32779-X. Epub 2018 Nov 15.) Median F/U 4.5 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS cetuximab 78% vs cisplatin 85% (SS). PFS 67% vs 78% (SS). LR failure 17% vs 10% (SS).
 * Toxicity: Moderate/severe toxicity similar, though events per patient lower in cetuximab arm
 * Conclusion: For HPV+ patients, RT + cetuximab is worse in terms of survival, PFS, and local control. RT + cisplatin is the standard

 * De-ESCALaTE HPV (2012 - 2016) - RT 70 Gy + cisplatin vs cetuximab
 * Randomized. Multiinstitutional. 334 patients. HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer, nonsmoker or <10 pack years. Arm 1) RT + cetuximab (400 mg/m2 loading, 250 mg/m2 weekly) vs Arm 2) RT + cisplatin (100 mg/m2 Q3 weeks x3) vs RT given as 70/35 in 7 weeks. Primary outcome lower toxicity with cetuximab
 * 5 years PMID 30449623 -- "Radiotherapy plus cisplatin or cetuximab in low-risk human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (De-ESCALaTE HPV): an open-label randomised controlled phase 3 trial." (Mehanna H, Lancet. 2019 Jan 5;393(10166):51-60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32752-1. Epub 2018 Nov 15.)
 * Outcome: 2-year OS cetuximab 89% vs cisplatin 97% (SS); LR 16% vs 6% (SS)
 * Toxicity: No difference
 * Conclusion: Cetuximab showed no reduction in toxicity, but worse tumor control. RT + cisplatin should be standard of care

Base of Tongue

 * Clinical presentation
 * Mild sore throat
 * Many clinically silent locally, and present with neck mass
 * With further enlargement, difficulty swallowing, nasal or "hot potato" voice quality, and ear pain
 * Spread
 * BOT proper: tend to stay confined to tongue for long time. Advanced lesions spread toward larynx, oral tongue, and parapharyngeal space
 * Valecula: spread along mucosal surface to epiglottis and lateral pharyngeal wall. Can penetrate hyoepiglottic ligament into pre-epiglottic space
 * Lateral BOT: spread into glossotonsillar sulcus, and then into neck
 * LN drainage
 * LN+ in 50-80%
 * Bilateral LN+ in 35-55%
 * If clinical ipsilateral N0, pN+ 20-30%
 * Treatment overview
 * Surgery and RT produce comparable outcomes; however, BOT excision generally causes greater disability
 * Surgical approaches
 * Small volume T1-T2 can consider transoral laser excision with neck dissection
 * Approaches through the mandible can be via midline split or via horizontal split
 * Suprahyoid, transhyoid, and infrahyoid approaches can also be used
 * Removal of large tumors may require laryngectomy
 * If N0, consider treating bilateral neck to Levels II-IV. If N+, consider treating bilateral neck to Levels I-V
 * Outcome: local control for RT varies with stage, from >95% for T1 to ~50% for T4 (see PMID 16462500)

Definitive RT

 * University of Florida; 2006 (1964-2003) PMID 16462500 -- "Definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue." (Mendenhall WM, Am J Clin Oncol. 2006 Feb;29(1):32-9.)
 * Retrospective. 333 patients with BOT, treated with definitive RT. Daily (25%, median dose 70 Gy) or twice daily (75%, median dose 76.8 Gy or concomitant boost 72 Gy) fractionation. IMRT for last 3 year in N0 or ipsilateral N+. Adjuvant chemo (more recently) in 18%. Median F/U 6.6 years
 * Outcome: 5-year LC T1 98%, T2 92%, T3 82%, T4 53%. 5-year LRC Stage I-II 100%, III 82%, IVa 87%, IVb 58%. 5-year CSS by Stage 91%, 77%, 84%, 45%. 5-year OS by Stage 67%, 66%, 67%, 33%
 * Toxicity: Severe complications 16%
 * Conclusion: LRC and survival after RT comparable to surgery; morbidity less

Concurrent Chemotherapy

 * MD Anderson; 2004 - PMID 15022283 (1975-98) — "Is concurrent chemoradiation the treatment of choice for all patients with Stage III or IV head and neck carcinoma?" Garden AS et al. Cancer. 2004 Mar 15;100(6):1171-8.
 * Retrospective. 299 pts with small tumors (T1-T2) of oropharynx that are Stage III-IV based on N-stage. Treated with RT alone.
 * Median f/u 82 mo. 5-yr LRF, DM, OS were 15%, 19%, and 64%. LRC was 95% for T1 vs 79% for T2.
 * Conclusion: Excellent local control for small T-stage tumors of the oropharynx. Chemoradiotherapy would not significantly benefit these pts.

Interstitial Brachytherapy

 * Mass General Hospital, 2005 - PMID 15726587 (1983-00) -- "Definitive radiotherapy with interstitial implant boost for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base." Karakoyun-Celik O et al.  Head Neck. 2005 May;27(5):353-61.
 * 40 pts w/ primary or recurrent SCC of BOT who received interstitial brachy as part of initial management. 54% had T3/T4 dz.
 * Oropharynx, b/l necks, SC comprehensively irradiated w/ BOT receiving median of 61 Gy via EBRT. Median implant dose 17.4 Gy (adjusted to reach dose to tumor of 80 Gy).
 * 5 yr OS 62%, 10 yr OS 27%.
 * Local control 78% at 5 yrs, 70% at 10 yrs. 78% organ preservation rate.
 * 2 pts w/ grade 3 osteonecrosis (5%)

 * William Beaumont, 1996 - PMID 8780531 (1986-1995) -- "Excellent functional outcome in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue treated with external irradiation and interstitial iodine 125 boost." Horwitz EM et al.  Cancer. 1996 Sep 1;78(5):948-57.
 * 20 pts w/ carcinoma of BOT w/ I-125 seed brachytherapy as component of tx.
 * Pts received 50-66.6 Gy via EBRT followed by interstitial implant 2-3 wks later. Median implant dose of 27 Gy.  Implant volume included tumor, glossotonsillar sulcus, and pharyngeal wall/tonsil in select cases.
 * 5 yr actuarial local control rate of 88%. After salvage, overall 5 yr actuarial local control was 93%
 * Speech and swallow preserved in 18/20 patients.

 * Gainesville, 1990 - PMID 2370179 (1964-1986) -- "Is interstitial implantation essential for successful radiotherapeutic treatment of base of tongue carcinoma?" Foote RL et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990 Jun;18(6):1293-8.
 * 84 pts w/ SCC of BOT tx'd w/o interstitial implantation. (qD in 59 pts, BID in 25 pts)
 * Local control rate for T2 (88%), T3 (77%), T4 (36%). Improved local control seen for T4 pts if BID fractionation.
 * Incidence of bone exposure 6%, soft tissue necrosis 19%

Management of Neck

 * MSKCC, 1997 - PMID 9276364 (1981-1996) -- "Long-term regional control after radiation therapy and neck dissection for base of tongue carcinoma." Lee HJ et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Jul 15;38(5):995-1000.
 * 68 pts w/ SCC of BOT tx'd w/ primary RT.
 * 54 Gy to tumor via EBRT + 20-30 Gy interstitial implant. 50 Gy to neck (boosted to 60 Gy for if clinically positive.  Neck dissection done if clinically palpable neck nodes (even if complete response to RT)
 * Actuarial 5 yr neck control 95%, 10 yr neck control 86%
 * No cases of grade 3 fibrosis.
 * Neck dissection suggested at time of implant for BOT SCC.

Tonsil

 * RT alone: >80% LC for stages I-III; surgery can be reserved for salvage
 * Concurrent chemotherapy used for advanced stage; planned neck dissection can be considered for bulky disease. Conversely, primary surgery with adjuvant RT may be used
 * Contralateral neck treatment: Overall failure rate <5% in select patients (mostly T1-2N0-1; see below). Consider contralateral RT for CTV crossing midline, infiltration of base of tongue or glossopalatine sulcus, or N2c/N3 disease (Perez 5th)

Primary Outcomes

 * University of Florida
 * 2006 (1964-2003) PMID 16755183 -- "Definitive radiotherapy for tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma." (Mendenhall WM, Am J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun;29(3):290-7.)
 * Retrospective. 503 patients; 198 planned neck dissection, 57 chemo. Minimum 2-year F/U
 * 5-year outcome: LC: T1 88%, T2 84%, T3 78%, T4 61%. Neck control: N0 95%, N1 93%, N2a 89%, N2b 84%, N2c 77%, N3 66%. LRC: Stage I 92%, II 88%, III 88%, IVA 84%, IVB 66%. High failure rates for anterior pillar lesions compared with fossa/posterior pillar
 * Contralateral neck: 2/58 (3%) patients treated with ipsilateral primary & neck RT developed recurrence in contralateral neck
 * Severe late toxicity: 9%
 * Conclusion: Definitive RT provides comparable cure rates as surgery, with lower complications
 * 2000 PMID 10829041, 2000 (1964-1997) — "Radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar region: a preferred alternative to surgery?" Mendenhall WM et al. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Jun;18(11):2219-25.
 * Retrospective. 400 pts. with T1-T4, N0-N3, tonsil cancers. Treated with radiation therapy alone. Minimum 2 year follow-up.
 * Outcome: 5-yr LC by stage: T1, 83%; T2, 81%; T3, 74%; and T4, 60%.
 * Recurrence: 83 patients had LR, 36 underwent a salvage procedure, and 17 pts were successfully salvaged. (About 1/2 of LR can be successfully salvaged)
 * Toxicity: No patients had severe acute complications from RT.
 * Conclusion: Local-regional control similar after surgery or RT for tonsillar cancer, with the risks of a severe or fatal complication higher for those patients treated surgically.

Contralateral Neck

 * Colorado; 2009 PMID 19168295 --"Freedom from local and regional failure of contralateral neck with ipsilateral neck radiotherapy for node-positive tonsil cancer: results of a prospective management approach." (Rusthoven KE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Aug 1;74(5):1365-70.)
 * Retrospective. 20 patients with well lateralized, ipsilateral node positive tonsil cancer. Lesions not involving midline structures (BOT, soft palate or glossotonsillar sulcus)
 * 80% stage IV; N1 20%; N2a 15%; N2b 65%
 * No contralateral failures observed at median FU of 19 months
 * Conclusion: Ipsilateral-only RT may be reasonable in well selected patients with ipsilateral node-positive tonsil cancer. More patients and longer follow-up are required to validate these results

 * University of Florida; 2006 (1964-2003) PMID 16755183 -- "Definitive radiotherapy for tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma." (Mendenhall WM, Am J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun;29(3):290-7.)
 * See full study above. Retrospective, 503 patients
 * Contralateral neck: 2/58 (3%) patients treated with ipsilateral primary & neck RT developed recurrence in contralateral neck
 * Conclusion: Ipsilateral fields can be used for patients with well-lateralized tumors

 * Erasmus Medical Center; 2004 (1986-2001) PMID 15183475 -- "Brachytherapy versus surgery in carcinoma of tonsillar fossa and/or soft palate: late adverse sequelae and performance status: can we be more selective and obtain better tissue sparing?" (Levendag P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jul 1;59(3):713-24.)
 * Retrospective. 190 patients with T1-3N0-3. For full details, please see PMID abstract
 * Contralateral neck: 0/29 patients T1-3N0 disease and no contralateral treatment had recurrence. 6/149 (4%) patients T1-3 ipsilateral N0/+ contralateral N0, with electively treated contralateral necks developed recurrence. Substantial relapse (>10%) if base of tongue infiltration
 * Conclusion: One can be more selective in treating contralateral neck; don't need to treat unless the tumor extends beyond the midline of the soft palate (uvula) or beyond the lateral one-third of the ipsilateral base of the tongue.

 * Princess Margaret; 2001 (1970-91) - PMID 11567806 — "The benefits and pitfalls of ipsilateral radiotherapy in carcinoma of the tonsillar region." O'Sullivan B et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Oct 1;51(2):332-43.
 * Retrospective. 228 pts were treated with ipsilateral nodal irradiation. 84% had T1-2, 58% N0 tumors. Median F/U 5.7 years
 * Contralateral failure: Crude rate 3.5%. T1 0%, T2 1.5%, T3 10%, T4 0%. N0 0%, N1 9%, N2/3 0%. All T1 or N0 patients had no contralateral failures. Significant risk (>10%) if involving medial one third of palate, base of tongue
 * Conclusion: Selected cases of tonsilar carcinoma show low risk of contralateral neck failure with ipsilateral technique.

 * Hokkaido; 2000 (1989-1996) PMID 10699473 -- "Ipsilateral irradiation for carcinomas of tonsillar region and soft palate based on computed tomographic simulation." (Kagei K, Radiother Oncol. 2000 Feb;54(2):117-21.)
 * Retrospective. 32 patients, tonsil/soft palate. Tumor didn't cross midline, no contralateral LNs. Ipsilateral technique 65/26 +/- 5-15 Gy boost. Median F/U 3.7 years
 * Contralateral failure: 0%
 * Conclusion: Ipsilateral technique for tumors that don't cross midline and have no contralateral LNs

 * British Columbia; 1999 (1975-1993) PMID 10435802 -- "Cancer of the tonsil: the results of ipsilateral radiation treatment." (Jackson SM, Radiother Oncol. 1999 May;51(2):123-8.)
 * Retrospective. 178 patients ipsilateral RT, compared with 72 bilateral RT. Dose 60/25. T1-2 66%, T3 29%; N0 57%, N1 30%; Stage III-IV 63%
 * Contralateral failure: crude rate 2.6%. Stage I 0%, II 2%, III 4%, IV 0%; N0 0%, N1 4%, N2-3 0% (but 52% ipsilateral failure, ? first)
 * Conclusion: Ipsilateral RT only has results comparable to bilateral RT, with fewer side effects, and low risk of contralateral failure. Vast majority of failures inside original fields

Proton Therapy

 * Loma Linda; 2005 (1991-2002) PMID 15890592 -- "Proton radiation for treatment of cancer of the oropharynx: early experience at Loma Linda University Medical Center using a concomitant boost technique." (Slater JD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jun 1;62(2):494-500.)
 * Prospective. 29 patients, localized Stage II-IV oropharyngeal cancer. Accelerated mixed photon and proton RT 75.9 GyE in 45 fractions to primary disease, involved LNs and subclinical areas. Photons lateral opposed beam and anterior field for lower to 50.4/28. PT used as concomitant boost 25.5 GyE/17 starting Day 12, typically single posterior oblique field. No chemotherapy mentioned
 * Outcome: 5-year LC 88%, LN control 96%, LRC 84%; 2-year DFS 81%, 5-year DFS 65%
 * Toxicity: Late Grade 3 in 10%
 * Conclusion: Preliminary results reveal increased LRC without increased toxicity

Neoadjuvant Chemo

 * ECOG E2399 PMID 17761982 -- "Phase II trial of chemoradiation for organ preservation in resectable stage III or IV squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx or oropharynx: results of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E2399." (Cmelak AJ, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 1;25(25):3971-7.)
 * Phase II. 105 patients. Resectable T2N+ or T3-4N0-3, larynx (34%) or oropharynx (66%) squamous cell. Induction paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 and carboplatin AUC 6 x2 cycles, then concurrent paclitaxel 30 mg/m2 + RT 70 Gy. Primary endpoint organ preservation. 94% full dose RT. Median F/U 3 years
 * Outcome: No progression on chemo. Organ preservation larynx 74%, OP 84%. Primary site salvage surgery larynx 19%, OP 9%. 2-year OS larynx 63%, OP 83%
 * Conclusion: High organ preservation in oropharynx but not larynx


text:
Chess/Puzzles/Middlegame/Match 4

Starting from the following position, white starts and wins.

Position from move 11 of E. Lasker vs. G. Thomas (1912).

/Solution/

title: Chess/Puzzles/Middlegame/Match 4


text: User:Bseidel

title: User:Bseidel


text:
User:Alan Chang

Ummm... I have nothing to say, really.

title: User:Alan Chang


text:
Puzzles/Statistical puzzles/A Bug Running

Puzzles | Statistical puzzles | A bug running

Consider a chess board of dimension $$ 8 \times 8 $$:

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
 * | |  |  |  |  |  | F|
 * B | |  |  |  |  |  |  |

 * A bug sits in the lower left corner and intends to reach the upper right corner, where food is present ready to be consumed. Given that the bug can only move either right or up, how many possible unique paths lead to the food?
 * Given the board is $$n \times n$$, how many paths do exist?
 * Given the board is three dimensional $$n \times n \times n$$, bug and food in opposite corners and movements are steps in positive directions in either dimension, how many paths do exist?
 * Given the board is $$k$$ dimensional $$n^k$$, bug and food in opposite corners and movements are steps in positive directions in either dimension, how many paths do exist?

Consider again the $$ 8 \times 8 $$ setting.

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
 * | |  |  |  |  |  | F|
 * B | |  |  |  |  |  |  |

 * The question again is about the number of paths, but this time 4 squares are blocked in the center (marked by '*'s) that the bug is not allowed to touch (for they are sticky with glue and would trap the bug thus making it starve). What is the number of allowed paths?

Solution


text:
User talk:Alan Chang

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 08:46, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alan Chang


text:
User:Admeral Roo/Sandbox

Pleas do not edit in here.

title: User:Admeral Roo/Sandbox


text:
Wikijunior:Solar System/Jupiter/Europa

Europa is one of the moons of Jupiter. Europa has an icy surface. Europa is special to scientists as they believe there is an ocean under the ice. Life may live in the ocean. These lifeforms, assuming they exist, would most likely be very different than the lifeforms on Earth, even the aquatic life here. The differences will probably be very random and very large. For example, the lifeforms may have not developed sight as we know it, but could see the radio waves instead, or the micro waves instead of the colour spectrum. They might not even be solid, but liquid or gas!

Europa Facts:
 * Europa may have an ocean under its icy surface
 * Some scientists think that extraterrestrial life may live in Europa's oceans
 * Before this moon's current name, it was simply known as Jupiter II
 * This shares a name with an asteroid, 52 Europa, in the asteroid belt

How big is Europa?
Europa is 3,122 km (0.246 Earths) across. It would take 125 Europas to equal the weight of one Earth, and almost 67 Europas could be fit into the volume that Earth occupies if they could be molded together like lumps of clay.

What is its surface like?

The Europan surface is extremely smooth; few features more than a few hundred meters high have been seen. There are very few craters on Europa, and only three are more than 5 km wide. This would seem to indicate a young and active surface; based on estimates of the frequency of cometary bombardment Europa probably endures, the surface must be no more than 30 million years old. The smoothness and visible markings strongly resemble that of sea ice on Earth, and it is thought that under the surface there is a layer of liquid water kept warm by tidally generated heat. The temperature on the surface of Europa is far below freezing, even at the equator, so water ice is as hard as rock. The largest craters appear to be filled with flat, fresh ice; based on this and on the calculated amount of heat generated by Europan tides it is predicted that the outer crust of solid ice is approximately 10-30 kilometers thick, which could mean that the liquid ocean underneath may be as deep as 90 kilometers.

Europa's most striking surface feature is a series of dark streaks crisscrossing the entire globe. These streaks strongly resemble the cracks that form in sea ice on Earth, and close examination shows that the edges of Europa's crust on either side of the cracks have moved relative to each other. Another way to look at it is that Europa resembles a cracked eggshell. The larger bands are roughly 20 km across with a central band of lighter material that is thought to have been produced by a series of volcanic water eruptions or geysers as the Europan crust spread open to expose warmer layers beneath. The effect is similar to that seen in the Earth's oceanic ridges. These various fractures are thought to have been caused in large part by the tidal stresses exerted by Jupiter; Europa's surface is thought to rise and fall up to 30 meters between high and low tides. Since Europa is tidally locked to Jupiter- the same side always faces towards Jupiter - the stress patterns should form a distinctive and predictable pattern. However, only the youngest of Europa's fractures conform to the predicted pattern; other fractures appear to have occurred at increasingly different orientations the older they are. This can be explained if Europa's surface rotates slightly faster than its interior, which is possible due to the subsurface ocean separating the moon's surface from its rocky mantle.

It has been suggested that life may exist in this under-ice ocean. Scientists who suggest this point out that life can thrive in similarly harsh conditions on Earth: around deep-ocean hydrothermal vents or in the Antarctic Lake Vostok, which is also under a thick sheet of ice. There is currently no supporting evidence that life exists on Europa, but efforts have nevertheless been made to avoid any possibility of contamination. The Galileo mission was concluded by crashing the spacecraft into Jupiter—if simply abandoned, the unsterilized craft might have eventually crashed into Europa and contaminated it with microorganisms from Earth. This would have made it impossible to determine if Europa ever had its own native life, and could even destroy native organisms if they exist.

Europa's postulated ocean has excited tremendous interest in the scientific community. Just as the Russians have been planning to drill to Lake Vostok in order to sample its water and explore for life, there has been a great deal of speculation about ways to drill through Europa's surface ice to explore it's ocean. Finding life on Europa would be a watershed moment in the history of science.

How long is a day on Europa?
It takes 85 hours (3½ Earth days) for Europa to rotate on its axis. It also takes 85 hours for Europa to complete one orbit around Jupiter. Since these numbers are the same, it means that the same side of Europa always faces Jupiter. (Earth's moon is the same way, which is why you can always see the Man in the Moon.)

Who is it named after?
Europa (Greek Ευρώπη) is named after one of Zeus' love interests. Europa was a Phoenician princess who was abducted by Zeus and brought to Crete.

How was it discovered?
Europa was discovered by two people: Simon Marius and Galileo Galilei. Galileo discovered it on January 7, 1610. Marius also observed it around the same time.

Wikijunior Sonnensystem/ Jupiter/ Europa

title: Wikijunior:Solar System/Jupiter/Europa


text:
Talk:Perl Programming/First programs

I think "use warnings", while being good style, is overkill for a "first program". It's merely distracting. --RandalSchwartz 12:09, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perl Programming/First programs


text:
Talk:C Programming/Procedures and functions

 * Added "We then assign x multiplied by x, or x squared, to the variable square_of_x, which is what this function is all about." to the explanation of the first example function - it seemed to miss the point rather without that 86.129.225.142 12:17, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Removed a couple of completely incorrect bits. You cannot call a fuction like: foo(void).  The "void" part is correct in a declaration, but not a call.  Also, it's perfectly legal to assign an int to a float.  C allows such conversions without a cast. -- 67.170.85.37 04:00, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Umm. C has no "built-in" functions. printf comes from the standard library. It is entirely reasonable (though painful) to write a program that doesn't link the standard library.

Bad first example
That first example does not reflect a situation where a function is needed, so it lacks of potential to show readers why functions are important in C programming. In that specific situation, you might prefer to define a variable and use its value twice, since the function has a single outcome. The procedure feature is not actually used.

The first example has two (nested) main functions. Am I missing something? Or is that a mistake?

Variable-length argument lists
The `average` function does not return the expected results. The following code shows you this: int main {

printf("%f\n", average (2, 10, 20)); //15.000000

printf("%f\n", average (7, 1, 100)); //92347288.000000

return 0;

}


text:
User talk:203.155.1.244

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(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 12:43, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.155.1.244


text:
User talk:203.166.47.147

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 12:48, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.166.47.147


text:
User talk:81.10.123.62

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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 12:52, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.10.123.62


text: File:Flash toolbar.png

title: File:Flash toolbar.png


text:
Mambo Open Source/Configuration

Installation
Covers the installation of mambo, and all aspects related to that.

 * Server and system requirements
 * Getting Mambo
 * Placing the files
 * Installing - step by step
 * Have more than one mambo installation on the same server

Misc

 * Administration basics
 * Menu management
 * Global Gonfiguration
 * Country locale
 * How do i fix that? Common questions from new users

title: Mambo Open Source/Configuration


text:
User talk:62.255.64.5

Please don't experiment with wikibooks. If you feel the need to be destructive, go elsewhere. If you persist in vandalous acts, you will be blocked from editing. Firefox 13:40, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:62.255.64.5


text:
A-level Mathematics/OCR/C2

This is the Core Mathematics 2 module of the A-level Mathematics book. This module assumes that you are familiar with the ../C1/ module. Please post all questions to A-level Mathematics/Discussion.

Chapters

 * 1) /Dividing and Factoring Polynomials/
 * 2) /Sequences and Series/
 * 3) /Logarithms and Exponentials/
 * 4) /Circles and Angles/
 * 5) /Trigonometric Functions/
 * 6) /Integration/  - Integration Practice Problems  - Integration Practice Solutions
 * 7) /Appendix A: Formulae/

title: A-level Mathematics/OCR/C2


text: File:Properties.png

title: File:Properties.png


text:
Talk:General Astronomy/Properties of Light and other Electromagnetic Radiation

This page could probably use some illustrations for clarification purposes, and perhaps some more examples. Are there any topics that have been missed? — RJHall 14:56, 29 Jun 2005 (UTC)

added content
I added some content from a course that I taught at the University of Phoenix. The content is owned by me, and is released under the appropriate licenses for wikimedia.

Roadrunner 20:25, 17 June 2006 (UTC)


text:
Mambo Open Source/Individual styling for each module position

This article explains how you can use the template to apply individual stylings for each module position. You can also create stylings for groups of modules.

What is the issue?
Sometimes it is useful with more than one module look on a site. A common way to create individual module stylings is to use the module class suffix function. The bad thing with this is that you need to know the code for the suffix, and insert it for every module in that position to get it styled.

This explains how to automate that, and use CSS to set default styling for all modules in a given position.

How to do it
To do this, you are going to wrap the module position in a div tag. This is done in the index.php file of the template. Find the module position, typically it looks like this:

To wrap it in the div dag, do this:


text:
User:KurtClement

I teach High School Geometry so I am trying to work through that right now.

I am trying to teach my daughter POV-Ray so I am thinking of starting that book

title: User:KurtClement


text:
User:Freelancer~enwikibooks

Wikis have seriously unrealized potential. I'm trying to be part of the action. Why the heck aren't the big universities using this????????

What I'm Working On
 * 1) Improving my English Like this
 * 2) Building better public awareness for statistics

title: User:Freelancer~enwikibooks


text:
POV-Ray

The Persistence of Vision Raytracer, or POV-Ray, is a ray tracing program available for a variety of computer platforms. It was originally based on DKBTrace, written by David Kirk Buck and Aaron A. Collins. There are also influences from the earlier Polyray raytracer contributed by its author Alexander Enzmann. It is available free of charge.

The intentions of this book is to make it a High School textbook for use in a graphics art class. At the end of each section there will be some of the following resources that can be used in the classroom: lesson plans, assignments, solutions to assignments, quizzes, tests, and links to other resources that might be useful.

Before the Beginning

This book will assume that you have knowledge of the Windows, Linux, or Mac OSX operating systems and how menus, mouse movement and generic commands like copy and paste work. If there is a command that is specific to POV-Ray more details might be provided. A Requisite basic introduction to computing can be found at Computers for Beginners.

Table of Contents

 * /Set up/
 * Getting started - creating your first drawing

title: POV-Ray


text:
Talk:Cascading Style Sheets

About

 * Started: 31 October 2003
 * Size: 20,000 words (Sep 2008)
 * Search: search the book in Google
 * Search: search the book in Google
 * Search: search the book in Google

Not a programming language? Style/structure separation?
CSS is not a programming language --User:CarbonUnit

 * I thought the whole idea of using CSS is to encourage separation of the format from the content. Or at least that is what every page on CSS in wikidom seems to indicate.  So why do you include the alternate method of inlining the style tag?  Thus,

 * Additionally, it can be added as an attribute within an HTML tag within the style attribute, as thus:
 * style="property:value"

 * Maybe you are intertwining the conversation about various methods of generating styles with the promotion of using CSS.

 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.230.41.55 (discuss • contribs) 15 August 2005

Just adding, XHTML does NOT require CSS, XHTML behaves exactly like HTML but with stricter coding rules, and CSS is technically a programming language. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.204.17.68 (discuss • contribs) 8 July 2006

 * With all due respect our learned friend '69.204.17.68' above, I would suggest that Cascading Stylesheets are not in fact a programming language. There is a specified syntax, yes, but this about that is in common with a programming language.  HTML is not a programming language; BNF is not a programming language; configuation files (e.g.   files) are not written in programming languages….  So, I would like to suggest we rename this book to 'Cascading Stylesheets'.  Anyone concur?  — Sam Wilson (Australia) 00:20, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. CSS is not a programming language. --Sydius (talk) 03:39, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Per Sydius; CSS has no control structures such as if or while. --Dan Polansky (talk) 08:50, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

RE: Merging XHTML and CSS
CSS should not be merged with XML and/or XHTML / HTML. (Note: It has also been suggested to merge XHTML with XML, which could potentially result in XHTML, XML, and CSS all in one project.)  The beauty of CSS is that it's supposed to operate on XHTML/XML without having to change the XHTML / XML at all. Intertwining the two defeats the purpose of having CSS in the first place. A simple reference between the two, perhaps with an introductory paragraph explaining the interaction between CSS and XML, should suffice. However, combining the books would make it difficult for someone interested only in CSS (from a design standpoint) to access the information that he or she needs, as he or she would have to filter out a great deal of extraneous information.

I do acknowledge that using CSS effectively requires a simple understanding of XHTML, but merging all of these subjects into one book is going to result in way too much complexity in one project (especially considering the minutia of detail in advanced XHTML, CSS, and XML) and make it much more difficult to organize the information in a way that is accessible to a novice user or reader. Keeping the projects separate allows the contributors and editors to more easily manage the information in each topic, and allows each topic to advance at its own pace.

Regardless of whether CSS is "technically" a programming language, it should be taken into account that the primary use of CSS is design. I think you'll find that you have an entirely different type of reader reading CSS from a design standpoint as compared to someone reading XHTML or XML from a coding/standardization standpoint.

I feel strongly that combining CSS and XML (and possibly XHTML) into one resource would result in a bloated, complicated project that would suffer greatly from lack of oversight and long-term planning due to its size, complexity, and unfocused scope. If you are concerned about compatibility or integration issues between CSS and XML, I think the best way to address this would be to write a common article or page which could then be included (using wiki's include markup) in both books. This would save effort and afford each book its own organization and pace of advancement. --banzaimonkey 23:50, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

I'd like to make two points: 1) XML is a deep subject; a book on XML should not be a reference on all languages based on XML; 2) CSS is a distinct and significant enough subject to warrant separate coverage. I also echo banzaimonkey's view that Wikibooks should freely hyperlink among each other; this increases the likelihood of each work being used and thus maintained. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.42.145.83 (discuss • contribs) 26 August 2006

I have started merging duplicate content from XML: Managing Data Exchange/CSS into this book. That module will be left as an overview of CSS in the context of XML/XHTML. The details of CSS sytntax and properties will move into the relevant modules in this book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.107.237.171 (discuss • contribs) 6 September 2006

 * Great, that's exactly how I'd do it, too. CSS is definitely a subject that can fill a whole book. Can we just remove the merging suggestion banner? It's been there long enough. Dilaudid 00:46, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Keep Subjects Separate
I've noticed some extremely technical people roaming through Wikiland lately insisting the strictest of organizing standards. Within their world, I wholly acknowledge a deep, thorough, exposition of any topic. And if there is a Wikiway to give them that, then I'm all for it. But Wikiland will die if it becomes too hard for average folks to get any usefull information.

HTML, CSS, XHTML, XML, XSL, the many *scripts are all interrelated. Absolutely. That does not mean you lump them all into one book, page or anything. If you did that the page would lose it specialization.

Just don't do it.

--134.241.58.251 00:06, 25 October 2006 (UTC) Bill from Boston

Another recommendation
The current Introduction needs improvement, but I'm not the one to do it. I'm here to learn CSS, not yet qualified to rewrite these pages.

What's missing for me in the introduction is something about how CSS is actually deployed. I'm gradually getting the idea that there are two ways: a) define style tags in the current page's header and then make calls on those tags in the body of the page; b) define style tags in a separate file and tell the current page to look to that file for tag definitions. I THINK that's what's going on with deployment, but this page doesn't explicitly say so, and should.

Further, it would be helpful if there were some sample code shown for both defining style tags and calling on them. An example with supporting explanatory text is always clearer than explanatory text on its own (which is what's currently on this page).

And because pages like this will attract two classes of readers, this first page should be written to satisfy both. By two classes I mean folks like myself who have seen some HTML code but that's about all (and looking to move to the next stage in their understanding) and those folks who already know several computer languages and live and breathe standards. It's a tough act to write to both audiences at once, but honestly that's what you've got. I submit, as difficult an act as that is, its essential, otherwise you'll confuse and frustrate both audiences.

Kind regards,

Wanapitei (talk) 22:32, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Differences between browsers
My impression is that these pages only occasionally mention the differences between the browsers, yet _real_ CSS 'programming' often consists of making web pages work as well in one browser as another (and on different platforms, too). (I'm by no means an expert, but have quite a lot of 'make it work' experience.) Is there room here somewhere for pointing out what works where? I used to use a product called TopStyle (Windows only, so I don't use it any more) which let you select a browser, or a CSS level, and you got to see what would be rendered, using the CSS you wrote. It also showed you what properties worked with which browser, before you selected them. Can some of that know-how get into here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.177.18.39 (discuss • contribs) 23 January 2008

Introduction cleaning
I did some cleanup on the introduction to make it easier to read, less redundant, and more professional. It's still far from good (to me), but I hope it's better. --Sydius (talk) 04:13, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I have moved the introduction to a dedicated chaper. Hope it's okay. Many more parts are now in dedicated chapters, so the first page should provide a nice overview of the content of the book, uncluttered by the content itself. --Dan Polansky (talk) 08:52, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

term for ".classname[xxx]"?
I couldn't find it as far as I've looked... I found this method used on WP's CSS file:
 * #content a[href$=".pdf"].external,

It makes the links of PDF extensions have an image to the right of it. My question is: is there a term for this (bolded font), and does this book document it somewhere? -- 203.171.195.247 (talk) 20:55, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

 * This may be a little lat for you but the answers to your questions are:
 * [href$=".pdf"] is an attribute selector, and
 * as far as I can tell at the moment it has not been added to this book yet
 * Hope these belated answers helps -- Dlrohrer  2003  22:54, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

important
1) You are using a class name called "important" in some of the examples. Because there is a keyword "important" readers can get confused.

2) Cascading Style Sheets/Important is the ; optional for the last item in a style as implied by the examples this chapter? QuentinUK (discuss • contribs) 12:21, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Main page
I support that the main page shows a table of contents, getting the reader as quickly as possible to the sought content. Hency my reverting edit. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 21:28, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cascading Style Sheets


text:
Mambo Open Source/How do i fix that

This article explains very common issues in Mambo, especially concerning users that try to cope with Mambo for the first time.

The front page settings
The request "How do I change the settings on the front page" is heard very often in the mambo support communities. I hope this article clears this up.

Where are they?
If you want to change any setting on the front page, that is done in the parameters of the menu item. Those parameters can be reached in the menu manager. Go to "menu > main menu" to edit the main menu (normally, the front page link is there), and click on the link corresponding to the front page. In the list to the right, you can see a selection of parameters. Here you can edit all of the available settings of the front page - such as the amount of columns.

I want to have only one column on the front page!
To set the front page to have only one column, simply change the "Columns" parameter. That's it, really! You might want to increase the amount of items shown by increasing the amount in the "#number"-parameter.

I want only one article on the front page!
If you want to have only one single article on the front page, that is very easy. First you will need to have a content item that you would like to use. This could be one single item from a content section, or a static content item. As soon as you have the link that you want, you simply put it at the top of the main menu - as item number one. This makes it the front page - any item that is put at the top is made to the front page of your site.

Related articles

 * Mambo for a beginner

title: Mambo Open Source/How do i fix that


text: Template:EarningmeritbadgesintheBoyScoutsofAmerica


text:
User talk:JFosterD

This is my page i guess. I like a lot of different things, and I think the concept of wikipedia is pretty sweet. feel free to write anything here if you want.

title: User talk:JFosterD


text: Template:Mambo Open Source/Featured article


text:
Mambo Open Source/Dealing with images

This article explains how to use the image function in mambo. The method is to use the mosimage bot, and not any editor.

Uploading images
The uploading is done in Mambo's Media Manager, which you can find at "Site > Media Manager" in the backend menu. This takes you to a image uploading interface that is very self-explanatory and easy to use.

First, browse the image you want to upload by pressing "browse" next to the upload field - this field is right underneath the image and folder view. Then, use the upload-button in the toolbar (at the top of the page" to upload the selected image.

Note that the [mambo root]/images/stories folder need to be accessible for writing if this should work.

Inserting images
The insertion of images is done with a mambot called mosimage. Most people use the editor to insert images, but there are sometimes issues with the embedded editor method.

Find the image
First, find the item where you want images and edit it. Then, select the images you want to use in the "images" tab in the parameter list to the right of the editor field(s). This is done by first selecting the appropriate folder, then selecting the appropriate image, by clicking on its file name in the list that appears under the folder selection.

Then press the "add" button, and the image will be added to the content item. Repeat this procedure if you want to add multiple images.

Place the image
To place the images, move the cursor to where you want it to appear and click. Then, click the little flower with an i on it at the bottom of the editor window. This inserts a {mosimage}-tag.

The principle with the {mosimage} is that everywhere that is present it will be replaced with the images chosen in the images tab of the content items parameters. If you have multiple images selected, they will appear in the order they were inserted. If you have two {mosimage} tags, the first will be replaced with the first image in the selection, and the second tag will be replaced with the second image in the selection.

The primary drawback of the [mosimage] tag is that you cannot reference pages using it externally from Mambo. If you want to send html-rich emails that link to graphics on your Mambo website, using the embedded editor's link to the Media Manager will allow you to insert absolute references that can work in your html-rich email marketing.

title: Mambo Open Source/Dealing with images


text:
Ada Programming/Attributes/'Terminated

Description
X'Terminated is an Ada attribute where X is any task object. This attribute indicates if X has terminated (true) or not (false).

Be warned—calling X'Terminated can result in a race condition. X'Terminated may be false at the time the attribute value is read, but it may become true at the time action is taken based on the value read. Once X'Terminated is true, however, it can be expected to stay true.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Attributes
 * Ada Programming/Tasking
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Callable

Ada Reference Manual

|Terminated

title: Ada Programming/Attributes/'Terminated


text:
Ada Programming/Attributes/'Value

Description
The 'Value attribute is defined for any scalar type. This attribute is a function that parses the string and returns the corresponding type value, if it exists. Leading and trailing spaces are trimmed.

S'Value (Arg: String) S'Base;

If the string does not correspond to any value of the type, then the Constraint_Error exception is raised.

There are corresponding attributes for Wide_String and Wide_Wide_String.

Don't confuse this attribute with the Ada Programming/Attributes/'Val attribute.

Example
My_Enum (Enum1, Enum2, Enum3); (My_Enum'Value ("ENUM1")   = Enum1); (My_Enum'Value (" ENUM1 ") = Enum1); (My_Enum'Value ("ZOWIE!")  = Enum1);

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Attributes
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Image

Ada Reference Manual

|Value

title: Ada Programming/Attributes/'Value


text:
User:Tobycat

Greetings!
My name is Michael Santos and I live in San Jose, California. I hold a Ph.D. in social psychology and have taught at UC Santa Cruz, Santa Clara University, and UC Berkeley. I currently work for Apple Computer managing customer feedback research.

title: User:Tobycat


text:
User talk:Sprink

try5rty

title: User talk:Sprink


text:
Talk:Ada Programming/Attributes/'Size

Set
We should probably update the example here to include setting 'Size (not just reading).

--oleszkie - June 29 2005

Shure
Shure, go ahead! There is realy no reason to discuss it ;-).

Suggestion: set it to Interfaces.C.int - to get a C99 compatible bool.

--Krischik 05:54, 30 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ada Programming/Attributes/'Size


text:
User:San Martin/standart.css

a:link { text-decoration : none; }

a:visited { text-decoration : none; }

title: User:San Martin/standart.css


text:
Portuguese/Contents/L1/Lesson Four - Where Do You Come From?

Return to Portuguese – Return to Contents – Go to Lesson Five

This time Ricardo and João are talking about where they live, and what nationality they are.

De onde é você? - Where are you from?

By now you may have picked up that, like in a couple of other European languages, the word for "of" or "from" is de. The word onde means "where". To avoid ambiguity, in this case você is used most of the time. And finally, you should remember é - it means "he/she/it is" or "you are" (when using você) - as part of the verb ser.

João responds thus:

Sou de Lisboa - I am from Lisbon.

Can you remember what sou means? It means "I am" (when using ser as the verb). So we have "I am from...". Of course, you can put anything after the "de".

If you were looking closely at the dialogue, you may have spotted a way to tell someone where you come from in a different way. Instead of saying, "I am from France" - Sou de França - you can say "I am French".

In Portuguese, this is done as in English - by using the verb "ser" and an adjective, like "French" or "Australian". Why do we use ser? Because your nationality is a permanent feature of you. It is WHAT you are, rather than HOW you are at a particular moment.

However first we need to have a look at the different nationalities.

Some examples?

As pointed out above, something strange goes on when we talk about more than one homem (man). Instead of homems we get homeNs (men).

Return to Portuguese – Return to Contents – Go to Lesson Five

de:Portugiesisch: Lektionen: Woher kommst Du?


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Cuba

Cuban food, unlike the cuisine of other tropical countries of Latin America, is not spicy. It is, however, excellent and can be very healthy.

Rice and beans
White rice and black beans are the staple of every Cuban meal, and exist separately (Arroz con Frijoles Negros) or mixed together (Moros y Cristianos). Moros y Cristianos literally means "Moors and Christians" named because the beans are black (Moors) and the rice is white (Christians).

Pork
Pork is a very common meat consumed in Cuban Cuisine, typically prepared as "Lechon", or suckling pig.

Cuban-American Food
A typical way to cook Cuban meat is to begin with a "sofrito." A sofrito consists of garlic, olive oil, lemon juice, an onion, and perhaps a red bell pepper chopped and sauteed in a frying pan. After this base is prepared, the meat- whether chicken, beef, or fish- is added and cooked with the flavors. Because so many Cubans fled to Miami during the 1960s after Fidel Castro came to power, a lot of authentic Cuban food can be found in Miami. Some may claim that the Cuban food in Miami is better than that in Cuba, because of the greater variety and quality of spices, meats and vegetables available.

Key Recipes

 * Boliche
 * Arroz con Frijoles Negros (Rice with Black Beans)
 * Cuban Sandwich
 * Arroz con Pollo
 * Picadillo
 * Ropa Vieja
 * See also :Category:Cuban recipes

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Cuba


text:
Cookbook:Arroz con Pollo (Rice and Chicken)

| Rice Recipes | Cuisine of Puerto Rico | Cuisine of Cuba

Arroz con pollo (trans: rice with chicken) is a traditional dish common throughout Spain and Latin America especially in Cuba, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, and the Dominican Republic. It resembles Spanish paella, both in its ingredients and cooking technique, and may very well be a New World adaptation of it.

Common ingredients for arroz con pollo include rice, vegetables, fresh herbs and chicken.

Ingredients

 * 1 ea. (1.3–1.8 kg) chicken, cut into serving pieces
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste
 * Olive oil
 * 4 cloves of fresh garlic, minced
 * 1 medium onion, chopped
 * 225 g diced red bell pepper
 * 425 g (1 can) diced tomatoes
 * 7.5 g (½ tablespoon) sweet paprika
 * 14 g (½ oz) chopped cilantro
 * 1.4 liter (6 cups) chicken stock
 * 8 saffron threads or 1 teaspoon food coloring for yellow rice
 * 370 g (2 cups) medium or long-grain rice
 * 225 g (8 oz) canned peas (thoroughly drained)

Procedure

 * 1) Season the chicken with two pinches of salt and a pinch of pepper.
 * 2) Pour enough olive oil into a large skillet to just barely cover the bottom.
 * 3) Sauté chicken in oil until brown. There are two ways to proceed from here: either remove the chicken from the skillet or keep it there.
 * 4) Sauté garlic until brown. Be careful, garlic burns easily.
 * 5) Add the onion, bell pepper, tomatoes and paprika. Sauté until the vegetables are tender.
 * 6) Transfer the ingredients to a large stewing pot.
 * 7) Add the cilantro, bouillon and saffron (or food coloring). Bring to a rolling boil.
 * 8) Add the rice and mix well. Simmer over medium heat until the rice is cooked and the liquid is absorbed. Add more broth or water if the liquid evaporates before the rice is cooked.
 * 9) Add the chicken to the pot (if you removed it previously) and cover it with rice. Wait two to three minutes to allow the chicken to warm.
 * 10) Sprinkle peas on top of the rice.


text:
User talk:62.234.53.254

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:48, 30 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:62.234.53.254


text:
User talk:209.122.87.10

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Thanks for helping to fight vandalism.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:56, 30 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:209.122.87.10


text:
User talk:210.1.77.51

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:08, 30 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:210.1.77.51


text:
User talk:213.46.37.203

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:11, 30 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:213.46.37.203


text:
User talk:69.118.80.7

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to log in before editing, that will mean that you edits won't be scrutinised as closely.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
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Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:14, 30 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.118.80.7


text:
User talk:202.156.2.210

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:22, 30 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.156.2.210


text:
Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Bible/Origin of the Bible

Bible (books, from biblos, the inner bark of the papyrus, on which the ancients wrote), the collection of the sacred writings or Holy Scriptures of the Christians. Its two main divisions, one received by both Jews and Christians, the other by Christians alone, are termed Testaments. The original languages of the Bible are Aramaic, Greek and Hebrew, the latter being the best adapted for the many styles of composition. The Jewish religion being represented as a compact between God and the Jews, the Christian religion was regarded as a new compact between God and the human race; and the Bible is, therefore, properly divisible into the Writings of the Old and New Covenants. The 24 protocanonical books of the Old Testament received by the Jews were divided by them into three classes: 1, The Law, contained in the Pentateuch. 2, The Prophets, comprising Joshua, Judges, I and II Samuel, I and II Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the twelve minor prophets. 3, The Ketuvim (holy writings), containing the Psalms, Proverbs, Job, in one division; Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, the Song of Solomon, in another division; Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah, I and II Chronicles, in a third. These books are extant in the Hebrew language; others have been rejected from the canon as apocryphal by Protestants, although for some time those of a pseudepigraphical nature were inserted as intertestamental works. The 72 books in the Bible canonization according to the Council of Trent, including parts of the Apocrypha, are sacred to Roman Catholics.

The books of Moses, with other sacred writings, were deposited, according to the Bible, in the tabernacle near the ark. They were removed by Solomon to the temple, and on the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar they probably perished. According to Jewish tradition Ezra, with the assistance of the great synagogue, collected and compared as many copies as could be found, and from this collation an edition of the whole was prepared, with the exception of the writings of Ezra, Malachi and Nehemiah, added subsequently, and certain obviously later insertions in other books. When Judas Maccabeus repaired the temple, he placed in it a correct copy of the Hebrew scriptures. This copy was carried to Rome by Titus. The exact date of the Hebrew canon is uncertain, but no work known to be written later than about 100 years after the captivity was admitted into it by the Jews of Palestine. The Alexandrian Jews, however, were less strict and admitted many later writings, forming what is now known as the Apocrypha, in which they were followed by the Latin Church. The Protestant churches at the reformation gave their adherence to the restricted Hebrew canon, though the Apocrypha was long included in the various editions of the Bible. The division into chapters and verses, as it now exists, is of comparatively modern origin, though divisions of some kind were early introduced. About the middle of the sixteenth century the verses were for the first time marked by numbers.

The earliest and most famous translation of the Old Testament is the Septuagint, or Greek translation, executed by Alexandrian Greeks, and completed probably before 130 B.C.E. This version was adopted by the early Christian church and by the Jews themselves and has always held an important place in the interpretation and history of the Bible. The Syriac version, the Peshito, made early in the second century C.E., is celebrated for its fidelity. The Coptic version was made from the Septuagint, in the third or fourth century. The Gothic version, by Ulphilas, was made from the Septuagint in the fourth century, but mere insignificant fragments of it are extant. The most important Latin version is the Vulgate, executed by Jerome, partly on the basis of the original Hebrew, and completed in 405 AD.

The nearly intact Great Isaiah Scroll from the Dead Sea discoveries dating from the 2nd century BC is almost identical to the manuscript version of the Masoretic text from the 900's AD The oldest complete Hebrew Bible dates from 1009 and resides at the Saltykhov-Shchedrin State Library in Leningrad. This codex is a priceless work of pen and parchment and was ignored for close to a hundred years by a state that shunned religion. The Masorete scribe’s name, that of Schmuel ben Yaacov, is intact, complete with the margin notes or Masora. The printing of the Old Testament between 1450 and 1455 was the first book printed by Gutenberg reproducing the Latin Vulgate text which came to be known as the Mazarin Bible, being found years later in the library of Cardinal Mazarin. The rapid spread of knowledge made possible by Gutenberg's printing press contributed to the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation. The printed editions of the ancient Hebrew Bible are very numerous. The first entire edition was printed at Soncino, Italy in 1488.

The books of the New Testament were all written in Greek, unless it be true, as some critics suppose and attested to by Papias, that the gospel of Saint Matthew was originally written in Hebrew (or Aramaic). Most of these writings have always been received as canonical; but the Epistle to the Hebrews, commonly ascribed to Saint Paul, that of Saint Jude, the second of Peter, the second and third of John and the Apocalypse, have been doubted. The three oldest manuscripts are: 1, the Sinaitic manuscript, discovered by Tischendorf in a convent on Mount Sinai in 1859, assigned to the middle of the fourth century; 2, the Vaticanus manuscript at Rome, of similar date; 3, the Alexandrian manuscript in the British Museum, assigned to the fifth century. Each manuscript contains also in great part the Septuagint Greek of the Old Testament. The Vulgate of Jerome embraces a Latin translation of the New, as well as of the Old Testament, based on an older Latin version. The division of the text of the New Testament into chapters and verses was introduced later than that of the Old Testament, but it is not precisely known when or by whom. Of translations of the Bible into modern languages the English and the German are the most celebrated. Considerable portions of the Holy Book were translated into Anglo-Saxon, including the Gospels and the Psalter. Wycliffe's translation of the whole Bible (from the Vulgate), begun about 1356, was completed shortly before his death, 1384. The translation spearheaded by Martin Luther, published in its entirety in 1534, by reason of its widespread circulation facilitated the emergence of the modern German language by standardizing it for the peoples of the Holy Roman Empire that would become Germany in the nineteenth century, and it is considered a landmark in German literature. The first printed version of the Bible in English was the translation of William Tyndale, whose New Testament was printed in quarto at Cologne in 1525, a small octavo edition appearing at the same time at Worms. He also published the Pentateuch in 1530 and translated some of the prophetical books before his public execution. Tyndale's translations from the original languages became the foundation of subsequent English versions. A translation of the entire Bible, undertaken at the instance of Thomas Cromwell, was published by Miles Coverdale in 1535 and, being made from German and Latin versions, was inferior to Tyndale's. The first Bible printed by authority in England was an edition with a preface by Cranmer, hence called Cranmer's Bible. A royal proclamation in 1540 ordered it to be placed in every parish church. This continued, with various revisions, to be the authorized version till 1568. In 1557-1560 an edition appeared at Geneva, based on Tyndale's—the work of Whittingham, Coverdale, Goodman, Gilby, with the influence of John Knox and other exiles, and commonly called the Geneva, or Breeches Bible, from "breeches" standing instead of "aprons" in Genesis 3: 7. This version, the first printed in Roman letters, and also the first to adopt the plan, previously adopted in the Hebrew, of a division into verses, was for sixty years the most popular in England and was allowed to be printed under a patent of monopoly in 1561. It separated the Apocrypha except for the Prayer of Manasseh, left the authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews open and put words not in the original in italics. The Bishop's Bible, published 1568 to 1572, revised by Archbishop Parker and eight bishops, succeeded Cranmer's as the authorized version, but did not commend itself to scholars or the people. In 1582 an edition of the New Testament, translated from the Latin Vulgate, appeared at Rheims, and in 1609-1610 the Old Testament was published at Douay. This was the English version recognized by the Roman Catholic Church.

In the reign of James I, Hugh Broughton, a Hebrew scholar, insisted on the necessity of a new translation, and at the Hampton Court Conference (1604) the suggestion was accepted by the king. The work was undertaken by forty-seven scholars, divided into six companies, two meeting at Westminster, two at Oxford and two at Cambridge, while a general committee meeting in London revised the portions of the translation finished by each. The revision was begun in 1607 and occupied three years, the completed work being published in folio in 1611 and known as King James' Bible. Through the general accuracy of its translation and the purity of its style, it superseded all other versions. In response, however, to a widespread desire for a translation even freer from errors, the Convocation of Canterbury in 1870 appointed a committee to consider the question of revising the English version. Their report being favorable, two companies were formed, one for the Old Testament and one for the New, consisting partly of members of the Convocation and partly of outside scholars. Two similar companies were also organized in America, to work along with the British scholars. The result was that the Revised version of the New Testament was issued in 1881; that of the Old Testament appeared in 1884. The American Standard Version, its variant embodying the preferences of the American scholars associated in the work, was published in 1901.

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