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Radiation Oncology/CNS/Low grade glioma

Adult Low Grade Glioma

Overview

 * Relatively slow-growing primary brain tumors
 * Account for ~10% of primary CNS tumors in USA
 * Median age at diagnosis is 40's for adult tumors, and teens for pilocytic astrocytoma
 * Heterogenous clinical presentation ranging from seizure only to functional deficits
 * Classified as Grade I or Grade II by WHO; common histologic subtypes include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and mixed oligoastrocytomas.
 * Anaplastic transformation to high grade is common, in 70-80% patients
 * Surgery is typically first option
 * RT may be offered as adjuvant or as salvage; while time-to-progression and control of seizures is better with adjuvant RT, there is no difference in overall survival
 * There does not seem a strong dose response between 45 and 65 Gy based on two randomized trails (EORTC 22844 compared 45 Gy vs. 59.4 Gy, INTERGROUP compared 50.4 Gy vs. 64.8 Gy); as a result, NCCN recommends 45 - 54 Gy as a reasonable dose
 * 5-year overall survival is 60-70%, while progression-free survival is 40-50%

Prognostic Factors
1p/19q fusion or deletion
 * NCCTG Trials; 2006 PMID 17047046 -- "A t(1;19)(q10;p10) mediates the combined deletions of 1p and 19q and predicts a better prognosis of patients with oligodendroglioma." (Jenkins RB, Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 15;66(20):9852-61).
 * 119 patients enrolled on 2 low-grade glioma NCCTG trials. Translocation t(1;19) evaluated by FISH
 * Fusion prevalence: oligodendroglioma 55%, mixed oligoastrocytoma 47%, astrocytoma 0%
 * Median OS: all patients - fusion/deletion 11.9 years vs. no fusion 8.1 years (SS); oligodendroglioma only - fusion/deletion 13.0 years vs. no fusion 9.1 years (SS)
 * Conclusion: t(1;19) mediates combined 1p/19q deletion, and is associated with superior OS and PFS in low-grade gliomas

Prognostic Grouping
 * EORTC 22844/22845
 * 2002 PMID 11956268, "Prognostic factors for survival in adult patients with cerebral low-grade glioma." (Pignatti F et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;20(8):2076-84.)
 * EORTC 22844 (construction set = 322 patients) and EORTC 22845 (validation set = 288 patients)
 * Poor prognosis: Age >= 40, astrocytoma histology, tumor >= 6 cm, tumor crosses midline, neurologic deficits prior to surgery; no impact from extent of surgery
 * Model:

Adjuvant RT Dose

 * EORTC 22844 (1985–1991) "Believers Trial"
 * Randomized. 343 patients. Age 16-65. Included astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, mixed oligoastrocytoma. Excluded completely excised pilocytic astrocytoma. Surgery first. Randomized to low dose 45 Gy vs high dose 59.4 Gy at 1.8 Gy/fx. RT technique: 2 cm margin around enhancing tumor to 45 Gy, reduced field 1 cm margin to 54 Gy and minimal margin to 59.4 Gy.
 * 5-years; 1996 PMID 8948338, 1996 — "A randomized trial on dose-response in radiation therapy of low-grade cerebral glioma: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Study 22844." Karim AB et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Oct 1;36(3):549-56. Median F/U 6.2 years
 * 5-year outcome: No difference in OS (58% vs 59%) or PFS (47% vs 50%)
 * Predictors: Age, size, neurologic status, amount of surgery
 * Conclusion: No dose response above 45 Gy
 * Quality of life; 1998 PMID 10023313 -- "Quality of life after radiation therapy of cerebral low-grade gliomas of the adult: results of a randomised phase III trial on dose response (EORTC trial 22844). EORTC Radiotherapy Co-operative Group." (Kiebert GM, Eur J Cancer. 1998 Nov;34(12):1902-9.)
 * Questionnaire, 47 items
 * Outcome: high RT group had more fatigue/malaise, emotional functioning
 * Conclusion: 45/25 schedule better
 * Intergroup NCCTG/RTOG/ECOG (1986–1994)
 * Randomized. 203 patients. Age >18. Included low grade astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, or mixed oligoastrocytoma; pilocytic astrocytomas were excluded. Randomized to 50.4 Gy vs 64.8 Gy. RT technique: 2 cm margin around preoperative tumor volume, 1 cm margin for boost after 50.4 Gy.
 * 5-years; 2002 PMID 11980997 — "Prospective randomized trial of low- versus high-dose radiation therapy in adults with supratentorial low-grade glioma: initial report of a North Central Cancer Treatment Group/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study." (Shaw E et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002 May 1;20(9):2267-76.) Median F/U 6.4 years
 * 5-year outcome: OS low dose 72% vs. high dose 65% (NS); time-to-progression 58% vs. 52% (NS). Failure within field 92%
 * Toxicity: more often and more severely in high dose arm (2.5% vs 5%)
 * Poor prognosis: astrocytoma, age >40, tumor >=5 cm (5-year OS if <40 and oligodendroglioma 82% vs. >40 and astrocytoma 32%)
 * Conclusion: No benefit for higher RT dose
 * MMSE Cognitive; 2003 PMID 12829670 -- "Effects of radiotherapy on cognitive function in patients with low-grade glioma measured by the folstein mini-mental state examination." (Brown PD, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jul 1;21(13):2519-24.)
 * Prospective. 203 patients evaluated with Mini-Mental State Examination at baseline and follow-up. Median F/U 7.4 years
 * 7.4-year outcome: Stable MMSE in 95% patients without tumor progression. If abnormal baseline MMSE, experienced significant improvement after treatment
 * Conclusion: Most patients had stable neurocognitive status on MMSE after RT
 * Full Cognitive; 2005 PMID 15964709 -- "Cognitive function after radiotherapy for supratentorial low-grade glioma: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group prospective study." (Laack NN, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Nov 15;63(4):1175-83.)
 * Subset. 20 patients (10 low dose, 10 high dose) treated at Mayo Clinic. Evaluated with extensive battery of tests at baseline, and then every 1.5 years. Median F/U 3 years
 * Outcome: baseline scores below average compared with age-specific norms. No changes in cognitive performance regardless of stratification (dose, age, location, type, or resection)
 * Conclusion: Cognitive function stable after RT

Early vs Delayed Radiotherapy

 * EORTC 22845 (1986–1997) "Non-Believers Trial"
 * Randomized. 314 patients. Age 16-65. Supratentorial low grade astrocytoma, low grade oligoastrocytoma, or low grade oligodendroglioma. Excluded small completely resected pilocytic astrocytomas, optic nerve gliomas, brainstem gliomas, third ventricle gliomas, and infratentorial gliomas. Surgery first. Randomized to early radiotherapy with 54 Gy (1.8 Gy/fx) vs delayed radiotherapy until the time of progression. CT with contrast every 4 months until progression. Technique: preop CT + 2 cm margins to 45 Gy, reduced field to 1 cm after 45 Gy.
 * 2005 PMID 16168780 — "Long-term efficacy of early versus delayed radiotherapy for low-grade astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults: the EORTC 22845 randomised trial." (van den Bent MJ et al. The Lancet Volume 366, Issue 9490, 17 September 2005, Pages 985-990.) Median F/U 7.8 years
 * Outcome: Median PFS early RT 5.3 yrs vs delayed RT 3.4 yrs (SS). 5-year PFS 55% vs. 35% (SS). Median OS 7.4 vs 7.2 yrs (NS), 5-year OS 68.4% vs 65.7% (NS). 65% of pts in control group received RT at progression, 4% in early RT received salvage RT.  At 1 yr, better control of seizures in early RT group (25% vs. 41%, SS).
 * After progression: survival early RT 1.0 years vs. delayed RT 3.4 years (SS). ~70% transformed to high grade tumors, regardless if they had RT or not. Most recurrences within field
 * Toxicity (compared at 1 year for patients still tumor free at 2 years): No difference in cognitive deficit, focal deficit, performance status, or headaches.
 * Conclusion: Early RT lengthens PFS and controls seizures, but doesn't impact OS
 * Comment: Tumor planning off CT, central path showed 26% were high grade tumors but balanced between arms, no QoL analysis. Lack of OS difference likely due to effectiveness of salvage RT

RT +/- Chemotherapy

 * RTOG 04-24 - RT + TMZ
 * High risk LGG (3 or more of: age > 40, astrocytoma, bihemispheric, > 6 cm or impaired neurologic function)
 * 54 Gy in 30 fractions, with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide
 * 129 patients - compared to historical controls
 * Preliminary results; 2014 PMID 25680596 -- "Phase 2 study of temozolomide-based chemoradiation therapy for high-risk low-grade gliomas." Fisher BJ, et al. Int J Radiat Oncol biol Phys. 2014 Mar 1;91(3):479-504.
 * 3-year OS 73% (54% for historical control, P < 0.001), 3-yr PFS 59.2%
 * RTOG 98-02 / INT (1998–2002) -- RT +/- PCV
 * Randomized arm + observation arm. 362 patients, WHO Grade II supratentorial astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, or oligodendroglioma
 * High risk LGG (age >=40 or STR/bx; 251 patients): Arm 1) RT 54/30 alone vs. Arm 2) RT + PCV x6 cycles. RT given T2 + 2 cm block-edge margin
 * Low risk LGG (age <40 and GTR; 111 patients): Observation only
 * 4-years; 2006 ASCO Abstract 1500 (slides + video) — "Initial report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9802: Prospective studies in adult low-grade glioma (LGG)." Shaw EG et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. Vol 24, No. 18S (June 20 Supplement), 2006: 1500. Median F/U 4 years
 * Outcome:
 * High risk: 5-year OS RT 61% vs. RT + PCV 70% (NS); PFS 39% vs. 61% (NS)
 * Low risk: 5-year OS 94%; PFS 50%
 * Toxicity: Grade 3-4 RT 9% vs. RT + PCV 67%. No treatment deaths
 * Conclusion: Poor 5-year PFS in all 3 arms; no survival advantage for adding adjuvant PCV in high risk patients
 * 6-years; 2008 ASCO Abstract 2006 -- "Final report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) protocol 9802: Radiation therapy (RT) versus RT + procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy for adult low-grade glioma (LGG)." (Shaw EG, J Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr 2006))
 * Median Follow-Up: 5.9 years
 * High risk outcome: 5-year OS RT 63% vs. RT + PCV 72% (NS); PFS 46% vs. 63% (p=0.06). In years 0-2 no difference, beyond 2 years significant benefit for RT+PCV. HR for death 0.52, for PFS 0.45
 * Conclusion: PFS but not OS were improved with addition of PCV. Beyond 2 years, OS advantage, and decreased risk of death by 48%
 * Low risk group; 2008 PMID 18976072 -- "Recurrence following neurosurgeon-determined gross-total resection of adult supratentorial low-grade glioma: results of a prospective clinical trial." (Shaw EG, J Neurosurg. 2008 Nov;109(5):835-41.)
 * All pts had neurosurgeon-determined GTR. OS 2-yr 99% and 5-yr 93%; PFS 82% and 48%. Prognostic factors (worse PFS): tumor ≥ 4 cm, astrocytoma or oligoastrocytoma (vs oligodendroglioma), residual tumor ≥ 1 cm. Pts with residual < 1 cm had 26% recur, vs 68% for 1–2 cm, vs 89% for >2 cm.
 * Conclusion: >50% risk of tumor progression at 5 yrs.
 * 2012; Initial results (Randomized arm) PMID 22851558 -- "Randomized Trial of Radiation Therapy Plus Procarbazine, Lomustine, and Vincristine Chemotherapy for Supratentorial Adult Low-Grade Glioma: Initial Results of RTOG 9802." (Shaw EG, J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 1;30(25):3065-70. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.35.8598. Epub 2012 Jul 30.)
 * MS 7.5 yr (RT) vs not reached (RT+PCV); 5-yr OS 63% vs 72% (HR 0.72, NS). Median PFS 4.4 yr vs not reached; 5-yr PFS 46% vs 63% (HR 0.6, p=0.06). OS and PFS curves were similar between years 0-2, then separated after 2 yrs favoring RT+PCV.
 * Conclusion: "PFS but not OS was improved for adult patients with LGG receiving RT + PCV versus RT alone. On post hoc analysis, for 2-year survivors, the addition of PCV to RT conferred a survival advantage, suggesting a delayed benefit for chemotherapy."
 * 12-years; 2016 PMID 27050206 -- "Radiation plus Procarbazine, CCNU, and Vincristine in Low-Grade Glioma" (Buckner JC, N Engl J Med 2016;374:1344-55)
 * Median Follow-Up: 11.9 years
 * Median OS 13.3 years (RT+PCV) vs 7.8 years (RT) (HR 0.59, p=0.003); 5y-OS 72% vs 63%; 10y-OS 60% vs 40%; no clear difference until 4 years from randomization; favorable prognostic variables: addition of chemotherapy, histopathology of oligodendroglioma, age < 40 years
 * Median PFS 10.4 years (RT+PCV) vs 4.0 years (RT) (HR 0.50, p<0.001), 5y-PFS 61% vs 44%, 10-y PFS 51% vs 21%; no difference during first 2 years; favorable prognostic variables: addition of chemotherapy, histopathology of oligodendroglioma, IDH1 mutation
 * Conclusion: PCV in addition to RT improved OS and PFS but resulted in higher toxicity
 * RTOG 04-24 (Closed)
 * Phase II. High risk LGG (at least 3 risk factors: age >=40, tumor diameter >=6 cm, tumor crossing midline, astrocytoma subtype, pre-op neurologic deficit). RT + Temozolomide. Comparison will be to historical EORTC patient population. Study closed with accrual met.
 * 3YR OS 73% (Significantly higher than historical controls 54%) Biomarker analysis is pending
 * EORTC 22033 (2005–2010)
 * RT vs. TMZ LGG with one of the following aged >40 years, progressive disease, tumour size >5 cm, tumour crossing the midline, or neurological symptoms.
 * 2016 [PMID 27686946]
 * Median OS not yet reached (48 months). Median PFS for TMD 39 months vs RT 46 months (NS).
 * Improved PFS with RT vs TMD in IDHmt/non 1p19q codeleted tumors, IDHmt/codel and IDHwt NS.
 * Conclusion: No PFS difference between RT and TMD overall. Neurocognitive analysis to be published.

Observation

 * RTOG 98-02 (1998–2002) -- RT +/- PCV
 * Randomized arm + observation arm. (see above). 362 patients, WHO Grade II supratentorial astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, or oligodendroglioma. Low risk LGG (age <40 and GTR; 111 patients): Observation only
 * 2006 ASCO Abstract 1500 (slides + video) — "Initial report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9802: Prospective studies in adult low-grade glioma (LGG)." Shaw EG et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. Vol 24, No. 18S (June 20 Supplement), 2006: 1500. Median F/U 4 years
 * Outcome: Low risk 5-year OS 94%; PFS 50%
 * Conclusion: Poor 5-year PFS
 * 2012 PMID 22851558 -- "Randomized trial of radiation therapy plus procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy for supratentorial adult low-grade glioma: initial results of RTOG 9802." (Shaw, J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 1;30(25):3065-70.)
 * Conclusion: PFS but not OS was improved for adult patients with LGG receiving RT + PCV versus RT alone. On post hoc analysis, for 2-year survivors, the addition of PCV to RT conferred a survival advantage, suggesting a delayed benefit for chemotherapy.

Optic Pathway Glioma

 * Please see the Optic Pathway Glioma chapter

title: Radiation Oncology/CNS/Low grade glioma


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Radiation Oncology/CNS/Meningioma

Epidemiology

 * Most common benign brain tumor
 * Approximately 95%
 * Represents 20% of primary intracranial neoplasms.
 * Occur mostly in age group 40-70 yrs old, increasing in incidence with age, and peaking at 70.
 * F>M 2:1

Risk Factors

 * Prior radiation therapy
 * Treatment of tinea capitis with radiation is classic scenario of radiation induced meningioma.
 * PCI increases incidence of meningioma by 10X baseline rate.
 * Median interval between radiation treatment and development of meningioma is ~20 yrs.
 * Type II Neurofibromatosis
 * Hormone replacement therapy in women

 * Mayo Clinic; 2008 (1993-2003) PMID 18182668 -- "Is there an association between meningioma and hormone replacement therapy?" (Blitshteyn S, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 10;26(2):279-82.)
 * Retrospective. 1390 women with meningioma, 11% current/past HRT users
 * Outcome: OR for HRT use and meningioma 2.2 (SS)
 * Conclusion: Positive association between HRT use and diagnosis for meningioma

Imaging

 * CT
 * Well-defined extra-axial mass that displaces normal brain. Smooth in contour, sometimes calcified
 * About 60% hyperdense with normal brain without contrast
 * About 70% brightly and homogenously enhance with contrast (less frequent in malignant or cystic meningiomas)
 * MRI
 * Preferred imaging because it can show dural origin
 * Dural tail sign seen in about two-thirds: characteristic marginal thickening that tapers peripherally along the dura
 * Isointense on T1, hyperintense (usually homogeneously) on T2, strong enhancement with IV contrast
 * PET
 * May have a role in predicting aggressiveness of meningioma: more aggressive tumors appear to have significantly higher mean rate of glucose utilization

WHO Classification

 * Benign (Grade I) - (90%) - meningothelial, fibrous, transitional, psammomatous, angioblastic (most aggressive)
 * Atypical (Grade II) - (7%) - choroid, clear cell, atypical
 * Anaplastic/Malignant (Grade III) - (2%) - papillary, rhabdoid, anaplastic

 * Korea; 2007 (1986-2004) PMID 17766430 -- "Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas: prognostic implication of clinicopathological features." (Yang SY, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Aug 31)
 * Retrospective. 74 patients with high grade (33 atypical, 41 anaplastic). Reclassified according to 2000 WHO. Mean F/U 4.8 years
 * Outcome: OS atypical 11.9 years vs. anaplastic 3.3 years; RFS atypical 11.5 years vs. anaplastic 2.7 years
 * If atypical, brain invasion and RT didn't improve survival; if anaplastic, prognostic factors were brain invasion, adjuvant RT, p53 overexpression, extent of resection
 * Conclusion: 2000 WHO classification better than previous criteria

Treatment Overview

 * Treatment can range from conservative management to definitive surgery, adjuvant radiation or definitive radiation/radiosurgery.
 * Patients with small asymptomatic meningiomas found incidentally can be observed until they grow or become symptomatic.
 * Indications for adjuvant radiation therapy: incomplete resection and high grade tumor.  Tx to dose of 54 Gy for Grade I and 60 Gy for Grade II-III.
 * Cavernous sinus meningioma represent a scenario where SRS is particularly useful given the potential morbidity of surgical resection in that region.
 * UpToDate recommendations (version 15.2, 4/2007)
 * Small, asymptomatic meningioma: careful observation with re-imaging in 3-6 months
 * If no growth at first F/U, routine imaging q1 year
 * If tumor growth, active treatment
 * Young patients with asymptomatic meningioma: consider surgery
 * Symptomatic, large, infiltrative, or edematous lesions should be treated with surgery and/or RT
 * If anatomically accessible: attempt surgical resection
 * Simpson Grade I: no adjuvant therapy
 * Simpson Grade II-III and benign: no adjuvant therapy
 * Simpson Grade II-III and atypical/malignant: adjuvant RT
 * Simpson Grade IV: adjuvant RT
 * For patients who are unresectable, not surgical candidates, or refuse surgery, offer primary RT

Observation

 * Majority (~2/3) of asymptomatic, incidentally found meningiomas are stable on imaging. If they progress, the rate of growth tends to be 2-4 mm per year and tumor doubling time is on average 20 years
 * Calcified and hypointense on T2 meningiomas appear less likely to progress; elderly patients appear to have slower growth rates
 * Reasonable to consider observation for asymptomatic meningiomas, particularly in elderly patients or patients with skull-base (high operative risk) tumors. If so, MRI at 3 months, then 6 months later, then annually is considered reasonable
 * For younger patients and patients with non-calcified tumors, consider treatment due to higher expected growth rates

 * Tel Aviv; 2004 (Israel)(1989-1999) PMID 15452322 -- "Natural history of conservatively treated meningiomas." (Herscovici Z, Neurology. 2004 Sep 28;63(6):1133-4.)
 * Retrospective. 43 patients, 51 meningiomas
 * Outcome: 63% no growth, 37% growth (mean growth rate 4 mm / year)
 * Predictors: younger age, sphenoid ridge location, non calcified, hyperintense on MRI T2 predicted for growth

 * Hannover; 2003 PMID 12823874 -- "The natural history of incidental meningiomas." (Nakamura M, Neurosurgery. 2003 Jul;53(1):62-70; discussion 70-1.)
 * Retrospective. 47 asymptomatic patients reviewed. 41 (87%) managed conservatively, 6 surgery
 * Outcome: volumetric growth mean 0.8 cm3 / year, 66% growth rates <1 cm3 / year; tumor doubling mean 22 years (1.3 - 143 years). Higher growth rates in younger patients. No correlation between initial size and doubling time. Less likely to progress if calcified
 * Conclusion: Majority of incidental meningiomas minimal growth; can be managed conservatively

 * Mayo; 1998 PMID 9855530 -- "The natural history of asymptomatic meningiomas in Olmsted County, Minnesota." (Go RS, Neurology. 1998 Dec;51(6):1718-20.)
 * Retrospective. 35 asymptomatic patients found incidentally. Mean F/U 6.2 years
 * Outcome: 88% stable, 12% progressed, 3% (1 patient) developed symptoms. Less likely to progress if calcified

 * Northwestern; 1997 PMID 9153494 -- "Meningiomas: the decision not to operate." (Braunstein JB, Neurology. 1997 May;48(5):1459-62.)
 * Retrospective. 12 patients managed conservatively in 100 consecutive meningiomas, either with no symptoms or high operative risk. Mean F/U 8.8 years
 * Outcome: growth in 1/12 patients

 * Illinois; 1995 PMID 7616265 -- "The natural history and growth rate of asymptomatic meningiomas: a review of 60 patients." (Olivero WC, J Neurosurg. 1995 Aug;83(2):222-4.)
 * Retrospective. 60 patients diagnosed with asymptomatic meningioma. 45 patients follow up scans at 3 months, 9 months, then q 1 year. Average F/U 2.7 years (0.5-15).
 * Outcome: 67% no growth (average F/U 2.4 years, max 6 years); 22% tumor growth (2.4 mm per year, range 2 mm - 1 cm)
 * Conclusion: Need for close follow-up to rule out rapidly enlarging tumors

Surgical Management

 * Frequently considered for symptomatic patients, younger patients, and patients with expanding/infiltrating tumors
 * Complications: range 2-30% depending on location and type
 * Mortality: range 1-14%; worse in elderly
 * Resectability plays an important role:
 * Completeness of resection - Simpson Grade PMID 13406590 - predicts for likelihood of local recurrence
 * Gross total resection (Grade I-III) in ~80%, leading to 10-year PFS of ~80%
 * Subtotal resection typically in cavernous sinus, petroclival region, posterior superior sagittal sinus, and optic nerve sheath tumors; have 4.2x relative excess death risk compared to complete resection
 * Grade is also important: 15-year OS benign 80% vs. atypical/anaplastic 51%, risk of death 4.6x

 * Helsinki; 1992 (Finland)(1953-1980) PMID 1641106 -- "Factors affecting operative and excess long-term mortality in 935 patients with intracranial meningioma." (Kallio M, Neurosurgery. 1992 Jul;31(1):2-12.)
 * Retrospective. 935 patients treated with surgery.
 * Outcome: 1-year DSS 91%, 15-year DSS 78%; subtotal resection 4.2x risk of death; malignant histology 4.6x risk of death

Adjuvant Radiation

 * Germany (1985-2009) -- Atypical and malignant meningiomas
 * 62 pts w/ atypical and 23 pts w/ malignant meningiomas, s/p RT (60% after surgical resection, 19% at disease progression, 8% as primary treatment). Average dose 57.6 Gy in 1.8-3 Gy fx.
 * 2012 PMID 22137023 -- "Long-term outcome after radiotherapy in patients with atypical and malignant meningiomas--clinical results in 85 patients treated in a single institution leading to optimized guidelines for early radiation therapy." (Adeberg S, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Jul 1;83(3):859-64.)
 * 5-yr OS: 81% atypical and 53% malignant. PFS: 95% and 50% (at 2 and 5 yrs) for atypical, and 63% and 13% for malignant.
 * Conclusion: "RT resulted in improvement of preexisting clinical symptoms; outcome is comparable to other series reported in the literature."

 * France (1999-2006) -- Atypical and malignant meningiomas
 * 19 pts w/ atypical and 5 pts w/ malignant meningiomas, s/p RT. Treatment at Centre de Protontherapie d'Orsay (CPO). Median total RT dose 68 CGE (34 Gy photons + 34 CGE protons).
 * 2009 PMID 19203844 -- "Combined proton and photon conformal radiotherapy for intracranial atypical and malignant meningioma." (Boskos C, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Oct 1;75(2):399-406.)
 * Survival associated with dose > 60 Gy.
 * Conclusion: "Postoperative combination of conformal radiotherapy with protons and photons for atypical and malignant meningiomas is a well-tolerated treatment producing long-term tumor stabilization."

 * UC San Francisco
 * Atypical meningiomas; 2009 (1993-2004) PMID 19145156 -- "Long-term recurrence rates of atypical meningiomas after gross total resection with or without postoperative adjuvant radiation." (Aghi MK, Neurosurgery. 2009 Jan;64(1):56-60; discussion 60.)
 * Retrospective. 108 atypical meningioma, gross total resection. Adjuvant radiation in 8 patients.
 * Outcome: recurrence rate 28%, mean time to recurrence 3 years. No recurrence with the 8 patients who received adjuvant RT. Patients with recurrences underwent RT, and average 2.7 craniotomies/patient. Tumor-related mortality after recurrence 30%
 * Conclusion: High recurrence rate for atypical meningiomas after GTR without adjuvant radiation; causing numerous reoperations and shortened survival
 * Subtotal resection; 1994 (1967-90) PMID 8283256 -- "Postoperative irradiation for subtotally resected meningiomas. A retrospective analysis of 140 patients treated from 1967 to 1990," (Goldsmith BJ, J Neurosurg. 1994 Feb;80(2):195-201.)
 * Retrospective. 140 pts (117 benign, 23 malignant) treated with adjuvant RT. RT median dose 54 Gy, benign margin 1-2cm, malignant margin 1-3cm. Median FU 3.3 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS benign 85% vs. malignant 58% (SS); 10-year benign PFS and OS 77% (no 10 year outcomes for malignant)
 * RT dose: 10-year PFS <52 Gy 65% vs. >52 Gy 93% (SS); malignant 5-year PFS <53 Gy 17% vs. >53 Gy 63% (SS)
 * Toxicity: no secondary CNS tumors; 4% blindness, 1% (2 patients) cerebral necrosis, 1 leading to death
 * Conclusion: RT for subtotally resected meningioma effective and safe. Recommend 54 Gy for benign and 60 Gy for malignant meningioma
 * Subtotal resection; 1987 (1968-78) PMID 3587542 -- "Radiation therapy in the treatment of partially resected meningiomas," (Barbaro NM, Neurosurgery. 1987 Apr;20(4):525-8.
 * Retrospective. 51 pts w/ GTR and no xrt, 30 pts w/ STR and no xrt, 54 pts w/ STR + xrt
 * Recurrence rate: GTR 4%, STR alone 60%, STR + adjuvant RT 32%
 * Conclusion: adjuvant RT decreases recurrence rate

 * Gainesville (1964-85) PMID 3403313 -- Taylor WB et al. "The meningioma controversy: postoperative radiation therapy," Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Aug;15(2):299-304.
 * 132 pts w/ benign intracranial meningioma w/ minimum 2 yr FU.
 * Local control at 10 yrs: STR alone (18%), STR + xrt (82%), GRT (77%)

 * Princess Margaret (1966-90) PMID 8598358 -- Milosevic MF et al. "Radiotherapy for atypical or malignant intracranial meningioma," Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Mar 1;34(4):817-22.
 * 59 pts w/ atypical or malignant meningioma. 17 had GTR, 35 had STR, others had bx or other.  All pts received xrt (median dose 50 Gy).
 * 5yr OS was 28%, 5yr CSS was 34%
 * Age < 58, xrt dose > 50 Gy were independent predictors of higher CSS on multivariate analysis.

 * Cleveland Clinic (1979-95) PMID 10656373 -- Goyal LK et al. "Local control and overall survival in atypical meningioma: a retrospective study," Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jan 1;46(1):57-61.
 * 22 atypical meningioma, 8 received xrt in the range of 54 Gy (35-59.4), 15 had GTR
 * Pts w/ GTR had 5 and 10 yr OS of 87% and 87%; Pts w/ STR had 5 and 10 yr OS of 100% and 75%

 * MGH (1981-96) PMID 11121635 -- Wenkel E et al. "Benign meningioma: partially resected, biopsied, and recurrent intracranial tumors treated with combined proton and photon radiotherapy," Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Dec 1;48(5):1363-70.
 * 46 pts w/ subtotally resected, bx'd, or recurrent meningioma tx'd w/ combined photon/proton xrt (9 w/ STR, 8 w/ bx only, 29 w/ recurrence after surg). Median dose 59 CGE.
 * 5 yr OS was 93% and 10 yr OS was 77%
 * 8 pts had severe long term toxicity and 1 pt died of brainstem necrosis. Toxicity appeared dose related.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

 * Prague; 2007 (1992-1999) PMID 17695387 -- "Gamma Knife surgery for benign meningioma." (Kollova A, J Neurosurg. 2007 Aug;107(2):325-36.)
 * Retrospective. 368 patients with 400 meningiomas. Median margin dose 12.5 Gy at 50% isodose (6.5-24 Gy). Median F/U 5 years
 * 5-year outcome: decreased volume 70%, stable 28%, increased 2%; actuarial local control 98%; worse in men and when RT dose <12 Gy
 * Toxicity: temporary 10%, permanent 6%; perilesional edema 15%, worse when dose >16 Gy
 * Conclusion: SRS safe and effective, therapeutic window 12-16 Gy to 50% isodose at tumor margin

 * University of Maryland, 2005 (1992-2000) PMID 15590183 -- DiBiase SJ et al. "Factors predicting local tumor control after gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for benign intracranial meningiomas," Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Dec 1;60(5):1515-9.
 * 137 pts w/ benign meningioma; 62% tx'd definitively, while remaining had previous resection. Median 14 Gy to 50% isodose.
 * Prognostic factors associated w/ worse prognosis were conformity index < 1.4, male sex, and size >10 cc.

 * Mayo Clinic, 2003 (1990-97) PMID 12605979 -- Pollock BE et al. "Stereotactic radiosurgery provides equivalent tumor control to Simpson Grade 1 resection for patients with small- to medium-size meningiomas," Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Mar 15;55(4):1000-5.
 * 198 adult meningioma <3.5 cm tx'd w/ either surgery (136) or SRS (62); for SRS, mean margin dose of 17.7 Gy w/ mean max dose of 34.9 Gy.
 * No statistically significant difference b/w Simpson Grade I resections and SRS tx'd pts in terms of PFS (100% vs 96% respectively).

 * Pittsburgh, 1999 (1987-92) PMID 10389879 -- "Long-term outcomes after meningioma radiosurgery: physician and patient perspectives," (Kondziolka D, J Neurosurg. 1999 Jul;91(1):44-50.)
 * Retrospective. 99 consecutive pts w/ SRS (57% had prior resection, 5 received prio fx'd xrt). 89% skull base tumors. Median margin dose 16 Gy to 50% isodose (9-25 Gy)
 * Outcome: decrease in 59% at 3 years, 69% at 5 years, 73% at 7 years and 88% at 9 years; local control 95%, progression related to prior resection and multiple meningiomas
 * Toxicity: new or worsened symptoms 9%
 * Patient survey satisfaction: 79% response rate, 96% considered it a "success"

Proton Therapy

 * PSI; 2004 (1997-2002) PMID 15172139 -- "Spot-scanning proton radiation therapy for recurrent, residual or untreated intracranial meningiomas." (Weber DC, Radiother Oncol. 2004 Jun;71(3):251-8.)
 * Retrospective. 16 patients (8 skull base). 13 patients adjuvant RT or salvage RT after surgical recurrence; 3 patients radical RT. Benign meningioma 52.2-56 CGE based on prognostic factors, atypical meningioma 64 CGE at 1.8-2.0 CGE/fx. Median F/U 2.8 years
 * Outcome: 3-year LC 92%, DFS 92%, OS 93%. No deaths from recurrence.
 * Toxicity: 3-year toxicity 24% (radiation induced optic neuropathy Grade 3 in 1 patient, retinopathy Grade 2 in 1 patient, symptomatic brain necrosis Grade 4 in 1 patient 7.2 months after treatment). No hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction
 * Conclusion: Spot-scanned PT effective; ophthalmologic toxicity dose-related

Cavernous Sinus Meningioma

 * Verona, Italy, 2002 (1992-2002) PMID 12383360 -- Nicolato A et al. "Radiosurgical treatment of cavernous sinus meningiomas: experience with 122 treated patients," Neurosurgery. 2002 Nov;51(5):1153-9; discussion 1159-61.
 * 156 pts w/ cavernous sinus meningioma that were either inoperable, symptomatic, progressive. All tumors were 2mm from optic pathways.
 * 5yr PFS was 96.5%; regression in 80% if followed for >30 mo's, but only 43.5% if followed for <30 mo's. 1% permanent radiosurgical sequellae.
 * Pittsburgh, 2002 PMID 12134934 -- Lee JY et al. "Stereotactic radiosurgery providing long-term tumor control of cavernous sinus meningiomas," J Neurosurg. 2002 Jul;97(1):65-72.
 * 159 pts w/ cavernous sinus meningioma tx'd w/ SRS. 52% tx'd w/ definitive SRS, 48% tx'd after 1 or more attempts at resection.  Median dose to tumor margin 13 Gy.
 * 29% w/ improvement of neurologic status, 62% w/ stabilization of neuro status, 9% w/ worsening.
 * Actuarial tumor control rate 93%.
 * Marseille, France, 2000 (1992-1998) PMID 11143266 -- Roche PH et al. "Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of cavernous sinus meningiomas,"  J Neurosurg. 2000 Dec;93 Suppl 3:68-73.
 * 80 pts w/ cavernous sinus meningioma where gamma knife was used as definitive tx (50) or adjuvant tx for microsurgery (30)
 * 5yr PFS 92.8%
 * 15 of 54 pts w/ oculomotor deficit improved, 8 recovered, 1 worsened. 1 case of transient optic neuropathy reported.

Optic Nerve Sheath

 * Brower; 2012 (1990-2006) (University of Florida) PMID 24674368 -- "Radiation therapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma." (Brower J, PRO. 2013 Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 223-228)
 * Retrospective. 15 patients. Median age 52 years. RT for gross residual tumor, 1/3 underwent radiation therapy for tumors that had recurred within 1 year of surgery, minimum f/u 5 years, median 12yrs, Target definition is GTV= Visible tumor on MRI scan, CTV= GTV+5mm along length of ON, PTV= CTV+ 2 to 5mm magin
 * Outcome: No patient experienced tumor progression, LC/RC/RFF all 100%, vision status after radiation therapy: Stable 60%, Improved in 27%, Decreased 13%, Moderate retinopathy in 2 patients
 * Conclusion: RT with 50.4Gy at 1.8Gy per treatment prevents tumor growth and vision deterioration

 * Tubingen; 2006 (1981-2002) (Germany) PMID 16191463 -- "The role of surgery in meningiomas involving the optic nerve sheath." (Roser F, Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006 Jul;108(5):470-6.)
 * Retrospective. 24 patients. Female 7:1 male, mean age 44 years. Surgery pterional craniotomy, intra/extradural subtotal excision, bony decompression
 * Outcome: Low morbidity, preserved/improved vision in 50% patients. Long-term vision loss due to recurrence in 20%
 * Conclusion: RT should be primary treatment option as it prolongs time to functional loss; surgery for intracranial extension, disfiguring proptosis, and rapid visual deterioration

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Radiation Oncology/CNS/Meningioma


text:
Greek Mythology/Beasts

Many creatures exist in Greek Myth. They come in all shapes and sizes. Most were offspring of Echidna and Typhon, though others are descended from Uranus and other monsters. They include:

 * Calydonian Boar
 * Centaur
 * Chiron
 * Cereberus (Kerberos)
 * Charybdis (Kharybdis)
 * Chimaera (Chimaera)
 * Chrysaor
 * Clytias (Klytias)
 * Collossus
 * Cyclopes (Kyklopês)
 * Brontes
 * Steropes
 * Arges
 * Polyphemus(Poluphemos)
 * Dragons
 * Ladon
 * Python
 * Dryad
 * Echidna
 * Empusa
 * Erymanthian Boar
 * Geryon
 * Giants (Gigantes)
 * Alcyoneus or Alkyonios
 * Athos
 * Clytias or Klytias
 * Enceladus or Enkelados
 * Echion
 * Pallas
 * Gorgons
 * Euryale
 * Medusa
 * Stheno
 * Harpies
 * Hespirides
 * Hippocampus
 * Hydra
 * Lamia
 * Minotaur
 * Nemean Lion
 * Nereid
 * Naiad
 * Nymph
 * Orthrus
 * Pegasus (Pegasos)
 * Phoenix (Phoinix)
 * Satyr
 * Scylla (Skylla)
 * Silenus
 * Siren
 * Sphinx
 * Stymphalian Birds
 * Talos
 * Teumessian fox
 * Triton

title: Greek Mythology/Beasts


text:
Radiation Oncology/Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma

 * Staging
 * Overview
 * Therapy
 * Proton Therapy
 * Level I Evidence

title: Radiation Oncology/Medulloblastoma


text:
Radiation Oncology/CNS/High grade glioma

Glioblastoma (and High Grade Glioma)

 * Overview
 * Adjuvant Therapy
 * Recurrent Disease
 * Glioma Randomized Evidence


text:
Japanese/Lessons/Giving and Receiving

There are several ways to express giving and receiving depending on which side the speaker is on, but also depending on whether someone of higher or lower rank is being addressed.

Giving

When expressing that someone gives to someone else (but not you), use the form of:

When others give you, use either:

The polite form is "くださる" while "くれる" is of neutral politeness and most commonly used. You will often use this verb when you've gotten something from someone who isn't currently there.

Receiving
When expressing that someone receives from someone else, use a form of:

Although に is slightly more casual, you can use both に and から when you receive some physical objecs. For actions, you can only use に. Use から when you wish to emphasize the giver.

The verb いただく is a humble verb, and is used when you receive something from a superior or wish to show respect.

Example:

Actions
When the object being given or received is an action (and thus expressed by a verb) you can attach use it in the て-form in place of the object. Note that for receiving an action, you cannot use "から".

Examples for giving, "I washed the car for her," or, "I did the laundry for him." Here are some examples in Japanese:

Examples for receiving, "The dentist examined my teeth for me," or "Mom cleaned up my room for me." Here are some examples:

title: Japanese/Lessons/Giving and Receiving


text:
User talk:Robcowie

Hi, I answered to you on Staff_lounge. --Andreas 09:06, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robcowie


text:
Marine Aquaria

Contents

 * Introduction to Marine Aquaria

 * /Marine Science 101/
 * This section will give an introduction to some of the science to help give a better understanding of marine aquaria.

 * /Equipment/
 * In this section we shall take a look at all the equipment necessary for taking care of a marine aquarium.

 * Setting Up Your Aquarium
 * So you have all your equipment, now what? This section will outline how to set up an aquarium.

 * /Aquarist Responsibilities/
 * The tank isn't going to run itself. A marine aquarium requires a dedicated hobbyist for proper maintenance.

 * Animal Health
 * Feeding
 * Reproduction
 * Fish Diseases and Ailments
 * Invertebrate Diseases and Ailments
 * Euthanasia

 * Marine Aquarium Inhabitants
 * /Fish/
 * /Corals/
 * /SPS (Small Polyp Stony Corals)/
 * /LPS (Large Polyp Stony Corals)/
 * /Soft Corals/
 * /Invertebrates/

Acuarios de arrecife

title: Marine Aquaria


text:
Cookbook:Pastry Blender

| Bakeware

A pastry blender or pastry cutter is a device used to cut a solid fat (such as butter, margarine, lard, or shortening) evenly into a dry, usually flour-based, mixture. A pastry cutter will typically have four or five blades or stiff wires running parallel, which curve into a handle on both ends creating a "D" shape.

The purpose of a pastry blender is to distribute the fat into the mixture without combining them. When a dough made with this technique is rolled flat, these small pieces of fat are extended to discs in different levels of the dough. When this dough is cooked, the fat forms small pockets which give pastry its delicate and flaky texture.

A pair of butter knives is typically an acceptable substitute for a pastry cutter, though the process may be slower.

title: Cookbook:Pastry Blender


text:
Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada/Archive 0

To add Ada 95 Quality and Style Guide to the See also section
Besides the Reference Manual, it could be interesting that every page references to the Ada 95 Quality and Style Guide at the See also section:

=== Ada 95 Quality and Style Guide ===

* 5.5.5 Short Circuit Forms of the Logical Operators * 10.5.2 Short-Circuit Operators

Also, why make links to the "plain" Reference Manual and not to the Anotated one?

--suruena 14:47, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree about the Style Guide. The rationale is also a good source of information. Maybe we should look for a more compact layout for these external references if we end linking to all of them. About the anotated manual, I'm not sure, usually the annotations are aimed to compiler developers more than to the Ada programmer, aren't they? ManuelGR 12:53, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree about the Style Guide. I don't think the AARM is good for a tutorial. --Krischik 15:57, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, the RM is not very good for a tutorial neither :-) -- suruena 11:40, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

No '95
Hello again. I propose to change the title of that section to "Ada Quality and Style Guide" (and not "Ada 95 Quality and Style Guide"). Maybe in the future there will be a new style guide for Ada 2005 (I hope so, but I don't know about any plan to make that effort), but the main reason is because that title looks like "old". If you are agree I can make all the changes. Best regards. --surueña 10:54, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with you, surueña. It would look a bit old when Ada 2005 is published. In the case that a new guide is published we will change the "current style guide" templates (Template:Ada/SG1, etc) to the new one, otherwise all the information present is still applicable for Ada 2005. ManuelGR 13:46, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, lets change it. --Krischik 14:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, I'm working on it --surueña 19:57, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Templates
Templates are very powerful. Until now I've created two of them: The former is a table with references to every keyword, and it is intended to be used in all pages of Ada Programming/Keywords (but I can't center it!). The latter could be used when a keyword appears, and not only in souce code examples but also if mentioned in a text (but surrounded with <tt>), thus is very, very compact, instead of the first one. I propose to make more templates like this: They are not made yet because I haven't decided a good name. Maybe for keywords and operators that one is OK, but for the others Template:Ada-pragma is better. Any ideas? -- suruena 11:38, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Template:Ada/Keywords
 * Template:Adakw
 * Operators:     Template:Adaop
 * Types:         Template:Adatype
 * Attributes     Template:Adaatt
 * Pragmas:       Template:Adapragma
 * Packages:      Template:Adapackage
 * Child Packages: Template:Adapackage

 * I prefer separating the words and I think that using Template:Ada:pragma or Template:Ada/pragma would be the proper wiki style. I also propose to define a template for the external links to the ARM and the Style Guide so it defends ourselves againts future web changes. For example, see: Template:Ada/RM2 (two chapters deep) which can be instantiated this way:

Resulting:

And when Ada 2005 is finished we can change all the links to the new standard easily! ManuelGR 18:24, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Any of those two new naming conventions for the templates seems OK to me. You don't say anything, but for keywords I still would use a more compact name. I'm agree that those new templates for external links are very helpful. And I would also add some more templates for presentation purposes (comments, literals...). -- suruena 18:44, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree about adakw template but we can always make a redirect for orthogonallity (let's see: Template:Ada/kw). I tried making Template:Ada a parent page for all the Ada/ templates that we would define, but surprisingly the subpages are not linked with it, so I suppose the subpage feature does not work for templates (or it's a cache problem). I intended to insert it in this Contributing page but if it is not working as a parent page for all our templates I'm not sure of its usefulness. ManuelGR 18:57, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Template:Ada/kw works! A template redirect a template. ManuelGR 19:01, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I've added another template: Template:Ada/comment. This one is a formatting template, putting the text in italics silver font (of course, change the colors/face if you wish). And note that the template puts "-- " in front of the text:

I wanted to make more formatting templates like strings literals or numeric literals, but I think they are not necesary. In my opinion, in the source code examples of the wikibook it's important that keywords are easily identified (bold face) because beginers have to learn them first. Also, comments should be visually distinc because someone could think they are part of the code (after all -- is an very well known operator of C and other common languages). As I said, we could make similar templates for literals and so on, but in my opinion they are more helpful in an IDE than in a book. --suruena 21:28, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I aggree with the new template and all you say. Regarding the colour I probably will change it because it is too light, almost unreadable in my screen, though don't know what colour or gray tone to choose. On the other hand, Ada/-- might be a good alias for the template, isn't it? ManuelGR 22:53, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, the shortcut Template:Ada/-- added to the contributing page. If there are more visualization problems with the current formatting of comments, please feel free to make any change (currently comments are seen OK in my computer). --suruena 09:42, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Headings capitalization
Following the Manual of Style of Wikipedia, the capitalisation of the sections's headings are the first letter of the first word only, i.e. like a normal sentence. For example:

 * See also
 * External links
 * The Ada Reference Manual and other documents

This isn't only a convention of the Wikipedia, but also is followed in every english book that I've seen. Although note that for the title of a chapter (almost) every word must be capitalised (except definite/indefinite articles). --suruena 14:14, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well we have different rules here in Germany which might have leaked into Programming:Ada - so just correct it.

Book of the month
How about a run at: Book of the month - there are not that many votes so I think we might have chance.

 * Yes, let's try. I'm not sure if we can defend the nomination, but a good argument is that ours is the biggest programming book on Wikibooks (being quality a difficult measure I think we win in that aspect too). The problem may be that people usually prefer less technical books. Would we contest for August or is it a bit late? ManuelGR 17:02, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

November
Timing could be tricky indeed - and yes for August it is to late - rather think of November.

--Krischik 07:57, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Why wait so much? Do you think we should expand more the book or prepare something? ManuelGR 18:53, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ups - I wanted to say "Sebtember" for which voting starts on monday.

Voting for September has started so I have nominated Programming:Ada. Please, vote and give publicity to the nomination. ManuelGR 18:58, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I added my vote an a little supporting comment --Krischik 07:02, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Moving the Standard Libraries
In my opinion, there are some advantages in moving the Standard Libraries from the Packages: domain name, to the Libraries: one:

So I think we should:
 * The Standard Libraries do not only have packages, but also generic subprograms (like Ada.Unckecked_Conversion), that aren't currently covered in Ada Programming/Packages/Ada and they should be.
 * To be able to use the Template:Ada/package not only with entities of the Standard Library, but also with packages/subprograms of other libraries, e.g., in demo code, to be able to put resulting in a link to Ada Programming/Libraries/Gwindows.Databases.
 * To leave to "entire" domain Packages: for explaining the concepts of packages (limited, private, ...). Currently alhtough its submodules lists the Standard Libraries the module Ada Programming/Packages is used to explain the theory behind packages, but it would be more intuitive to list in the parent module all the libraries.

Again, if you agree with me I volunteer to do the job, it's easy. --surueña 08:10, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Move all the modules about Standard Libraries to the domain name Libraries: (not a lot of work because many packages haven't got its own module), leaving redirections from the old location to the new one,
 * 2) Modify the Template:Ada/package, Template:Ada/package 2, Template:Ada/package 3 and Template:Ada/package 4 -- and thus working with every library unit (maybe also rename this templates to Template:Ada/lib unit or something like that because they also cover generic subprograms?).
 * 3) Create references to generic subprograms, they are part of the Standard Libraries too.

 * Fine by me - however I think our priority should be to reduce Category:Ada Programming/Empty module --Krischik 07:47, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

ToDo & Efforts
meant to provide an overview of current efforts & todos, regarding the contents, maintenance and future enhancements for the book

Underrepresented Areas & Topics
meant to provide an overview of topics that are currently not yet sufficiently discussed


text:
Sedimentation/Parameter Identification

Even though it is tried to keep this chapter on Parameter Identification of Flocculated Suspensions as self-comprehensive as possible, preliminar knowledge on numerical Methods and the Modeling of suspensions are useful. In particular, the Newton-Raphson scheme to solve nonlinear systems of equations for the optimization and Finite-Volume-Methods for the solution of partial differential equations are applied.

Modeling of flocculated suspensions
The batch settling process of flocculated suspensions is modeled as an initial value problem

$$ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial f(u)}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial A^2(u)}{\partial x^2}, \quad u(0,x)=u_0, \quad x \in [0,L] $$

where $$ u $$ denotes the volume fraction of the dispersed solids phase. For the closure, the convective flux function is given by the Kynch batch settling function with Richardson-Zaki hindrance function

$$ f(u) = \left \{ \begin{matrix} & u_{\infty} u (1-u)^C & \mbox{for } 0 \le u < u_{\max} \\ & 0 & \mbox{for } u \le 0 \mbox{ and } u \ge u_{\max} \end{matrix} \right. $$

and the diffusive flux is given by

$$ A(u)=\int_0^{u} a(s) ds, \quad a(u)= a_0 (1-u)^C u^{k-1} , $$

which results from the insertion of the power law

$$ \sigma_{\mathrm{e}}(u) = \left \{ \begin{matrix} \sigma_0 \left ( \left ( \frac{u}{u_{\mathrm{c}}} \right )^k - 1   \right )  & \mbox{for } u_{\mathrm{c}}< u \\ 0 & \mbox{for } u \le u_{\mathrm{c}} \end{matrix} \right. $$

into

$$ a(u)= \frac{f(u) \sigma_{\mathrm{e}}'(u)}{\Delta \varrho g u}, \quad a_0=\frac{u_\infty \sigma_0 k }{\Delta \varrho g u_{\mathrm{c}}^k}. $$

In the closure, the constants $$ u_{\infty}, C, a_0, u_{\max}, k $$ are partly known.

Numerical scheme
The numerical scheme for the solution of the direct problem is written in conservative form as a marching formula for the interior points ("interior scheme") as $$ u_j^{n+1}=u_j^n - \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x} \left ( f_{j+1/2}^{n+1} - f_{j-1/2}^{n+1} \right ) + \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x^2} \left ( A(u_{j-1}^{n+1}) - 2 A(u_{j}^{n+1}) + A(u_{j+1}^{n+1}) \right ), \quad j = 2, \dots, J-1 $$

and at the boundaries ("boundary scheme") as

$$ u_1^{n+1}=u_1^n - \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x} f_{j+1/2}^{n+1} + \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x^2} \left ( A(u_{j+1}^{n+1}) - A(u_{j}^{n+1}) \right ), \quad u_J^{n+1}=u_J^n + \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x} f_{J-1/2}^{n+1} - \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x^2} \left ( A(u_{J}^{n+1}) - A(u_{J-1}^{n+1}) \right ) $$

For a first-order scheme, the numerical flux function becomes

$$ f_{j+1/2}^{n} = f(u_{j}^n, u_{j+1}^n). $$ If the flux function has one single maximum, denoted by

$$ u_{\mathrm{m}} $$ , the Engquist-Osher numerical flux function can be stated as

$$ f^{\mathrm{EO}}(u,v) = \left \{ \begin{matrix} & f(u), & \mbox{for } u \le u_{\mathrm{m}}, v \le u_{\mathrm{m}}, \\ & f(u)+f(v)-f(u_{\mathrm{m}}), & \mbox{for } u \le u_{\mathrm{m}}, v > u_{\mathrm{m}}, \\ & f(u_{\mathrm{m}}), & \mbox{for } u > u_{\mathrm{m}}, v \le u_{\mathrm{m}}, \\ & f(v), & \mbox{for } u > u_{\mathrm{m}}, v > u_{\mathrm{m}}. \end{matrix} \right. $$

For linearization, the Taylor formulae

$$ f(u_j^{n+1}, u_{j+1}^{n+1}) = f(u_j^n, u_{j+1}^{n}) + \frac{\partial f(u_{j}^n, u_{j+1})}{ \partial u_j^n } (u_j^{n+1} - u_j^{n}) + \frac{\partial f(u_{j}^n, u_{j+1})}{ \partial u_{j+1}^n } (u_{j+1}^{n+1} - u_{j+1}^{n}), \quad j = 1, \dots, J $$

and

$$ A(u_j^{n+1}) = A(u_j^n) + \frac{\partial A(u_{j}^n)}{ \partial u_j^n } (u_j^{n+1} - u_j^{n}), \quad j = 1, \dots, J $$

are inserted.

Abbreviating the time evolution step as

$$ \Delta u_j^n = u_j^{n+1} - u_j^n, \quad j = 1, \dots, J, $$

the linearized marching formula for the interior scheme becomes

$$ \Delta u_j^n = - \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x} \left ( f_{j+1/2}^n + \mathcal{J}_{j+1/2}^- \Delta u_j^n + \mathcal{J}_{j+1/2}^+ \Delta u_{j+1}^n + f_{j-1/2}^n + \mathcal{J}_{j-1/2}^- \Delta u_{j-1}^n + \mathcal{J}_{j-1/2}^+ \Delta u_j^n \right ) $$ $$ +\frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x^2} \left ( A(u_{j-1}) - 2A(u_j) + A(u_{j+1}) + a(u_{j-1}) \Delta u_{j-1} -2 a(u_j) \Delta u_j + a(u_{j+1}) \Delta u_{j+1} \right ) , $$

where

$$ J_{j+1/2}^+ = \frac{\partial f(u_j^n, u_{j+1}^n)}{\partial u_{j+1}^n}, \quad J_{j+1/2}^- = \frac{\partial f(u_j^n, u_{j+1}^n)}{\partial u_{j}^n}. $$

Rearrangement leads to a block-triangular linear system

$$ - \left( \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x} ( \mathcal{J}_{j-1/2}^- + \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x^2} a(u_{j-1}^n) \right ) \Delta u_{j-1}^n + \left( I +\frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x} \left ( \mathcal{J}_{j+1/2}^- - \mathcal{J}_{j-1/2}^+ \right) + \frac{2 \Delta t}{\Delta x^2} a(u_j^n) \right) \Delta u_j^n $$ $$ + \left( \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x} \mathcal{J}_{j+1/2}^+ - \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x^2} a(u_{j+1}^n) \right ) \Delta u_{j+1}^n $$ $$ = \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x} \left ( f(u_j^n, u_{j+1}^n) - f(u_{j-1}^n,u_j^n)\right ) - \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x^2} \left ( A(u_{j-1}^n) - 2 A(u_j^n) + A(u_{j+1}^n) \right ), j=2,\dots,J-2 $$

which is of the form

$$ m_{j,j-1} \Delta u_{j-1}^n + m_{j,j} \Delta u_j^n + m_{j,j+1} \Delta u_{j+1} = b_j , $$

or, in more compact notation,

$$ M \Delta u^n = b, \quad \begin{bmatrix} m_{11} & m_{12} & 0 & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & 0 \\ m_{21} & m_{22} & m_{23} & 0 & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & & & &  & & & \vdots \\ \vdots & & & &  & & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & 0 & m_{J,J-1} & m_{J,J} \end{bmatrix} , \quad b= \begin{bmatrix} b_1 \\ \vdots \\ b_J \end{bmatrix} , \quad \Delta u^n = \begin{bmatrix} \Delta u_1^n \\ \vdots \\ \Delta u_J^n \end{bmatrix}. $$

Parameter identification as Optimization
The goal of the parameter identification by optimization is to minimize the cost function over the parameter space

$$ \min_e q(e), \quad q(e) = \| h(e) - H \|^2 $$,

where h(e) denotes the interface that is computed by simulations and H is the measured interface. Without loss of generality we consider a parameter set e=(e_1, e_2) consisting of two parameters. The optimization can be iteratively done by employing the Newton method as

$$Q(e_k) \Delta e_k = \nabla_e q(e_k), \quad e \subset \{ C, v_{\infty}, a_0, u_{\mathrm{c}}, k \} , $$

where

$$ Q = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{\partial^2 q}{\partial e_1^2} & \frac{\partial^2 q}{\partial e_1 e_2} \\ \frac{\partial^2 q}{\partial e_2 e_1} & \frac{\partial^2 q}{\partial e_2^2} \end{bmatrix} , $$

is the Hessian of q. The Newton method is motivated by the Taylor expansion

$$ 0 \approx Q(e^*) = Q(e) + \nabla_e Q(e) \Delta e + \frac{1}{2} \Delta e^{\mathrm{T}} Q \Delta e, \quad \Delta e = e^* - e, $$

where $$e^*$$ is the optimal parameter choice.

Weblinks

 * http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TeX Wikipedia:TeX
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlab

title: Sedimentation/Parameter Identification


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Other Important Render Options

Render Layers

The output of the rendering process is generally a single image frame (which might be part of a sequence of images). However, instead of directly rendering all the elements of the scene into the output image, you may want to apply different effects to different parts.

To this end, it is possible to split out the elements of the rendering process (separate scene layers, also solid versus halo materials, Z-depth, sky background etc) into separate render layers which can then be fed into the compositor and tweaked in various ways to make up the final image.

Rendering by Parts (Bucket Rendering)

Images can be rendered in pieces or layers rather than all at one time. Your computer will only need to compute smaller bits of information thus using less memory. By changing the Xpart and Ypart values (up to 8 each since Blender can't support more than 64 [8x8] parts) in the Render panel of the Scene context(F10,) you can divide your image into an invisible grid. The pieces will layer one at a time until they are whole.

Edge Renderings - Tutorial Here

Blender has an option of adding a border – a defined edge to objects (like in cartoons). To do that you need to go to the render buttons (F10) and then, under "output" change the edge setting: set the "Eint" to a value of about 100 and check the "edge" icon to enable edge rendering. This would give you edge line at the edge of each polygon. To prevent it from applying on all polygons the same way change to "unified render" under the format tab. Then, in the edge settings change the "antishift" value, it will decrease itself from the fint value when the line is between identical materials. By also checking the "all" icon you tell the render to apply the edge rendering on transparent materials as well. In Blender 2.59 this seems to be integrated into the Render-properties in the subwindow 'Post Processing' as options 'Edge' and 'Threshold'.

Note: User Terrywallwork - The edge bordering feature in Blender 2.43 only seems to work when Blender Internal renderer is used, when Yafray is used, no edge is show even if the options is clicked. I'm not sure if there is a way round this or not.

HDRI Rendering - Tutorial Here

Multi Thread Rendering

Blender has the option to render with 'Multiple threads' meaning it can render more than 1 part at once. This is done by sending more than 1 Render parts to the CPU to process at the same time, if your CPU can handle it. The Option is found in render buttons (F10). Change the number of threads used by changing its number.

Note in Blender 2.46+: Blender 2.46 automatically selects the number of threads.


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Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Materials and Textures

In 3D graphics, materials and textures are nearly as important as shapes. Scenes would be boring if all the objects were gray.

The in Blender allows you to model a wide variety of materials and how they interact with light. The next few modules will introduce the available options.

Material versus Texture
A defines the optical properties of an object: its color and whether it is dull or shiny. A is a pattern that breaks up the uniform appearance of the material. Very few objects in the real world have completely uniform surfaces. Instead most of them have patterning or variation in color: consider the grain in a piece of wood, the pile in a carpet, or the mortar in a brick wall.

Blender allows textures to influence materials in various ways, such as altering their colors. Multiple textures can interact with each other to produce interesting effects.

Note that textures have to be attached to materials to affect objects, you cannot apply a texture to an object without a material.

Other Material Settings
Additional settings you can specify for a material include, and.

Shaders determine how the appearance of a material varies with the angle of the light: shaders give a non-shiny look, while  shaders give a mirror-like finish. Blender's material settings always involve both kinds of shaders, but you can adjust a material's diffuse and specular colours separately to control their respective effects; if you set the specular colour to black, the surface will no longer produce reflections.

Ray-tracing is a technique for modeling the physical path of light through the scene. It is capable of producing exquisite reflection and refraction effects, including different degrees of reflectivity, translucency and transparency, and representing materials with different indexes of refraction. Blender provides two separate groups of ray-tracing settings, one for reflection of light and the other for its transmission through the material. You can control these settings on a per-material basis.

Halo rendering means an object no longer looks like solid matter, instead it appears to be made of bits of light. This can be used for real-world effects like fire, smoke and plasma, or to create fantasy effects with no connection to reality.

Note that reflections produced by ray-tracing are separate from that produced by the specular shader: the former are controlled by the material's mirror colour, while the latter is controlled by its specular colour.

Reflection is done in two different ways because, while ray-tracing produces the most realistic renders, it is also very CPU-intensive. It is therefore best to apply the ray-tracing effects when you're completely done with your modelling to help reduce high CPU usage. Enough practice with ray-tracing can also help you get stunning effects with just few clicks without you having to do much trial and error. You would do well to dedicate at least a few hours of your time to experimenting with it, so that in a future real production situation, you will be spared all that hassle.

Types of Textures
When you create a texture in Blender, you will see a popup menu listing a whole lot of different types for the texture. The texture type lets you use a scanned image to texture your object: for example, you can scan an actual piece of metal and use that to give your object a realistic metallic appearance, or use a photograph of an actual brick wall to texture the wall of a building model, and so on. You could even use a movie, which plays during the animation of the scene.

The other texture types are called, which means the textures are generated according to algorithms built into Blender itself. These can be useful for simulating various effects when you don’t have an image of the real material handy; they can also be applied to augment the appearance in various ways. For example:
 * using a “cloud” texture to “dirty-up” a material
 * or

 * using one texture as a stencil to create an amalgam of two other textures.


text:
User:Crouch

Hello, My name is Crouch and I'm currently doing some small jobs for Blender 3D: Noob to Pro. Send me an e-mail if you wish to contact me, with in the subject 'wikibook'.

title: User:Crouch


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Turning your 2D logo into a slick 3D image

Modeling a 3D logo from a 2D logo in Blender 3D
I found an outdated logo creation tutorial at: www.vrotvrot.com. Since I wanted to design a logo of my own, I've decided to take this tutorial as a basic and go on with my own logo creation from there. I do not intend to insult the original author, but I couldn't find a way to get in touch.

 Tracing your logo

The most tedious part of creating a logo animation is tracing the logo. In most cases all you'll get as a freelancer is a paper print, or a bitmap of a company's logo.

In this case, I just ripped a cool looking logo from the internet.

The first thing you'll need for this is a 2D logo that you want to make a 3D model of, I made up a fake company logo for this tutorial (try and get it in JPEG format). You can click the link below to see it.

Random Logo Image

note from spiderworm thank you, i've responded back. note from milovanderlinden I am working on upgrading this tutorial.

''' Curve or polygon? '''

Ok I decided to step up to the plate and continue this simple tutorial.

You can use a curve, polyline and trace the outline of the 2D logo with those. Alternatively a polygon is used(say, a plane). The polygon is molded into 2D logo shape by subdivision and consequent pushing&pulling the vertices so that the poly outline is the same as the logo.

 Extruding the tracing curve

Once you have the logo traced with a curve or polyline, or polygon, select it, and press EKEY. Then extrude the profile as much as you like. Make sure it has faces on all sides.

 Add Texture

Add a texture to the shape.

 Lights, Camera, Render

Position lights and the camera so that the logo looks nice. Press F12 key to render.


text:
User talk:Crouch

Crouch,

What's your email address?

spiderworm

please contact us
hi crouch,

if you're still around, would you mind coming into the irc channel #blenderwiki on irc.freenode.net at your earliest convenience? Please log in under your username Crouch and contact either myself or S68. We have some things to discuss about this wikibook. Thank you :)

--Spiderworm 15:34, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problems
Thanks for uploading image(s) to Wikibooks. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about what Wikibooks includes because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. Some or all of your uploaded files may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status. The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Please take the time to read Media to learn more about what copyright information is required to satisfy our requirements and remember to include this important information for every file that you upload in the future as well. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk.

To find the files in question, use (unlicensed|untagged)

Thanks! '''– MBA ( Bot talk | Mike talk | owner | block ) 01:19, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This is an automated message. Please ignore it if you've already provided license information for all your uploads.

title: User talk:Crouch


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Cookbook:Inch

An inch is a unit of length, the twelfth part of a foot. It is equal to 2.54 centimetres, there being approximately 39.37 inches to a meter.

title: Cookbook:Inch


text:
User:Spiderworm

My name is David Millet. I started the Blender 3D: Noob to Pro but turned it over to the community for completion. Email is probably the best way to reach me: david.millet@gmail.com.

title: User:Spiderworm


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Prolog/Cuts and Negation

Programming | Prolog | Cuts and Negation

This section explains the use of cuts to control backtracking, the way negation is used in Prolog and a useful combination of both.

The cut
Consider the following program.

If you load this into Prolog and ask Prolog ?- a., Prolog will evaluate it by first searching for any rule that can make a true; it adds a to its list of goals to prove. The first rule states that a is true if b is true, so Prolog adds the goal b to its list. It finds a rule for c and now needs to prove d, which fails. Prolog now removes the goal d from its list, because it couldn't prove it, and tries to prove c in a different way. This is known as backtracking. Prolog can't prove c either, backtracks again and tries b. It can prove this, using the last line of the program and Prolog terminates.

Understanding how Prolog evaluates your query is essential in Prolog programming. To control the way Prolog evaluates your program, you can use the cut operator: !. the cut operator is an atom, and can be used in the following way:

If Prolog finds a cut in a rule, it will not backtrack on the choices it has made. For instance, if it has chosen frank for the variable X and encounters a cut, Prolog will consider frank the only option for X, even if there are other possibilities in the database. This is illustrated by the following program

If we ask Prolog ?- a(Q, R). it will first answer

 ?- a(Q, R). Q = 1 R = 1 ;  And when we ask Prolog for more answers, using the ;-key:  Q = 1 R = 2 ; Q = 1 R = 3 ; No .

As you can see Prolog considers 1 as the only option for Q, whereas it returns all alternatives for R. When Prolog starts out on the query it tries to prove a(Q, R), using the first line of the program. To prove this rule, it needs to first prove b(Q), it succeeds with Q = 1. Then Prolog encounters a cut and sets Q = 1 as the only option for Q. It continues with the last goal of the rule, c(R). It first finds R = 1. and completes its goal. When user presses ;, Prolog first checks for alternatives to the goal c(R). Remember, when Prolog encountered the cut it hadn't chosen an instantiation for R yet, so it can still look for alternatives for R. When it runs out of alternatives for R, Prolog can't look for alternatives for Q, and terminates.

To understand how the cut changes the meaning of a program, consider the following:

Without the cut in the first line, Prolog would return Q = 2 to the query ?- a(Q). With the cut Prolog fails to find an answer. To prove the goal, it first proves b(Q) with Q = 1. It then encounters a cut, is committed to Q=1 and can't find a proof for c(1). If it could have searched for alternatives, it would have found that Q=2 makes both b(Q) and c(Q) true, but the cut doesn't allow that. However, if we ask Prolog a(2), it will return yes. Now, Prolog instantiates the X in the first line of the program with 2, because the user has specified it, and when Prolog reaches the cut X becomes committed to 2, allowing Prolog to prove c(2).

The cut also works across multiple rules. If a program has two rules for the goal a(X), and Prolog encounters a cut in the first rule, it is not only committed to the instantiations of the variables, but also to the first rule for a(X). Prolog will not consider the second rule. For instance, the following program:

will fail for the query ?- a(X).. Prolog could solve the query with the second rule, using X =4 and the last line of the program, but Prolog tries the first rule first and when it encounters the cut, it is forced to ignore all alternatives to a(Q). This time, the query ?- a(4) will fail too, because Prolog still reaches the cut. When it tries a(4) with the first rule, it succeeds in proving b(4) and reaches the cut. It then tries c(4), which fails, and Prolog has to terminate. If the lines b(4). and b(1). are removed from the program, Prolog fails on the first rule, before it encounters the cut, and is allowed to solve the query with the second rule.

Using Cuts

 * examples where cuts are necessary
 * if-then-else structures
 * advice on using cuts (red cuts & green cuts)

Negation
not(X) is the way to implement negation in Prolog; however not(X) does not mean that X is false, it means that X can't be proven true.

For example, with the database:

asking not(man('Adam')). will return no.

Exercises
previous: Putting it Together next: Reading and Writing code

title: Prolog/Cuts and Negation


text:
Cookbook:Steamed Artichoke

Basic recipe on how to cook artichokes.

Ingredients

 * 1 tsp (5 ml) salt
 * 1 tbsp (15 ml) olive oil
 * 1 artichoke
 * 1 lemon

Seasonings

 * Parsley
 * 1–2 garlic cloves per artichoke
 * Pepper
 * ⅛ cup (30 ml) white wine

Procedure

 * 1) Cut off artichoke stem and head.
 * 2) Remove base leaves and cut off pointy end of upper leaves.
 * 3) Rub artichoke in lemon to preserve color.
 * 4) Add salt (and any seasonings) to 3 inches of water, and bring to a low boil.
 * 5) Place artichoke top-down in a pot tall enough to place lid without touching the artichoke.
 * 6) Boil on low 30–45 minutes until the artichoke bottom can be punctured without resistance.
 * 7) Place artichoke upside down to drain.
 * 8) Serve whole, with one or more dips. Diners should remove a leaf, dip the base of the leaf in the dip, and eat the fleshy base of the leaf.
 * 9) When all the leaves are gone, remove the choke, cut the heart of the artichoke into bite sized pieces, and serve with the dip.

Simple dips

 * Drawn butter
 * Mayonnaise
 * Mustard Dip (This dip is, in the opinion of some, more tasty than butter or mayonnaise)

title: Cookbook:Steamed Artichoke


text:
Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Turning your 2D logo into a slick 3D image

What are you planning on teaching in this tutorial? Could you briefly outline the things that will be taught here? I just want to make sure it gets put in a logical spot in relation to the rest of the tutorials. Thanx. --Spiderworm 23:52, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

what the tutorial is for
Thanx for interest spiderworm, i didn't think anyone would ever look at this. The purpose is to take a simple 2D bitmap graphic and turn it into a 3D model that you could rotate and use for presentations. Let's face it - a 3D logo looks better than a 2D one and this is a pretty easy effect to master. Basically, I'll show people how to load a background image into the workspace and trace it with a polygon and turn that polygon into an extrudable mesh.

Cheers, i'll get back to work now. -Schwiezer

gracias
Thanx for the update. Try to make this a very basic tutorial then, where the user learns to extrude and CTRL+LMB to place new verts. Your logo looks good :) I'm placing this tute between Quickie Render and Modelling a Simple Person.  Also, can you come up with a more concise name for the title of this page? If so, let me know and I'll perform the move. --Spiderworm 02:38, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text: Japanese/Kanji/Lesson 10

title: Japanese/Kanji/Lesson 10


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Horn/Repertoire/Orchestral Excerpts/Brahms, J. - Symphony No. 1

Horn I in E

In Brahms' First Symphony, second movement, the 1st horn has a duet with the violin during the first phrase of this excerpt. The second phrase is a horn solo.

Horn I in C

The last movement solo is over muted strings. The second horn player plays whole notes at the same time the first has the dotted half notes in the 2nd, 4th, and 6th bars of the example. The effect is of one continuous line.


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Genealogy/Websites

Family Genealogy and History Internet Education Directory
This is a professional worldwide humanities and social sciences mega portal, connected directly to thousands of related sub-sets, with billions of primary or secondary family history and genealogy database records. It encompasses all other key worldwide genealogy sites. Our goal is to promote scholarly educational access to all key worldwide Internet genealogical and family history databases and resources. Independent researchers are always invited to voluntarily email us, to report any broken, changed, inappropriate, misdirected, new, outdated or undiscovered pertinent genealogy and family history links.
 * Family Genealogy and History Internet Education Directory was established in 1997, a project of V. Chris & Thomas M. Tinney, Sr., offering free coverage of the Genealogy World in a Nutshell. SEARCH This Site, at http://academic-genealogy.com/searchthissite.htm, provides updated site search engine access by Google, Pico, and Yahoo!

USGenWeb Project

 * USGenWeb Project established in 1996, this project of 2500 volunteers has been serving as a FREE resource for county and state genealogy. Besides the independent websites there is a permanent Archive of 11 G's of information.  The search engine for the USGenWeb Project Archives is located at http://usgwarchives.net/gsearch/googlesearch.html.  And the many special projects supported by the members of the USGenWeb Project can be found at http://usgwarchives.net/

WorldGenWeb Project

 * WorldGenWeb This project is powered by volunteers providing genealogical, geographical, and historical information related to a specific country. This site serves as a FREE resource for furthering research.  Begin at the front page and then choose the geographical area you wish to investigate further.

Cyndi's List

 * Cyndi's List before there was http://www.Google.com there was Cyndi's List. Nine years later her website contains 243,200 genealogy related links. A FREE website.

Family History UK

 * Familyhistory.uk.com is the latest FREE UK family tree, genealogy and ancestry community portal website, connecting ancestors and living relatives all over the UK. You can search for your ancestors, Post your "Wanted Names", join our friendy FHUK community forum - help us to help you. A Totally FREE website.

Family Search

 * Family Search it is associated with the LDS church and is a gateway to 150 years of genealogy research done by church members and other genealogists. A FREE website

RootsWeb.com

 * RootsWeb the oldest and largest FREE genealogy website and server. It provides the websites, mailing lists and message boards used by so many genealogists. It is the host to many Genealogical and Historical Societies and the USGenWeb Project. A FREE website

Family Tree Registry

 * FamilyTreeRegistry.org is a new free resource for genealogists and genealogical organizations and institutions. It allows you to share information about your family trees without having to make personal details about individuals or your email address public.  The Family Tree Registry also features advanced search functionality.

OnePageGenealogy

 * OnePageGenealogy  This website allows you to submit your family tree file up to 80 generations to be printed on one page.  Another feature of this website is that it allows you to create a user group under the relationship finder.  After creating a user group, you can use ancestral file numbers (from the ancestral file at www.familysearch.org) of your ancestros to see who you are related to within your group.  You can also check to see if you are related to someone famous such a presidents, kings, queens, inventors, etc.  The only difficulty that you might encounter with this website is if you do not have any family members in the ancestral file you will not be able to find any relations. A FREE website

CuriousFox UK

 * CuriousFox UK The village by village contact site for anybody researching family history, genealogy and local history in the UK and Ireland. Can be browsed by village or town, or members can search for surnames throughout the UK, by county or village, or within a radius of any location. Includes links to both current and old maps for every location. Basic membership is free but paid members have more facilities provided.

Obituarieshelp.org

 * Genealogy and Newspaper Obituaries  Get newspaper obituaries listings and free obituary writing tips at Obituarieshelp.org. The most complete obituary source, find newspaper obituaries online and get help writing newspaper obituaries.

ObituariesHelp.org is your complete obituary source for finding newspaper obituaries online, and see free obituary writing guides and obituary samples that help you with writing newspaper obituaries.

Obituarieshelp.org gives you free access to newspaper obituaries listings and free articles for help writing an obituary. Find everything you need to locate newspaper obituaries online, read old obituaries archives and get obituary writing tips.

WikiTree.com

 * WikiTree.com runs a highly customized implementation of Mediawiki. From the creator of WikiAnswers. The site is free but not open source. The copyrights are still owned by the contributors and much of the site is hidden behind privacy controls.

Additional websites

 * Minnesota Historical Society
 * NEHGS - The oldest genealogical society in the United States
 * Pocahontas Descendants
 * Genealogy Sleuth - United States Records
 * Online Searchable Death Indexes & Records (United States)
 * GenealogyBuff.com
 * FamilyForest.com
 * Obituary Central
 * Obituary Links Page
 * Marriage Search Engines
 * Surname Search Utility
 * WikiTree.Org
 * Rodovid.Org, family tree wiki with GEDCOM support
 * 1890 Census Supplement Book-Set
 * Family Ancestry Tips

title: Genealogy/Websites


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Template:Taxobox subphylum entry

 * - valign=top
 * Subphylum:|| /Templates

title: Template:Taxobox subphylum entry


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Invertebrate Zoology/How to Use Guide

<< Contents Page

How to Use the Study Guide to Invertebrate Zoology

The purpose of the Study Guide to Invertebrate Zoology is to weave—out of the information on Life Science contained in Wikipedia—a course of study for the student or layman. It is anticipated that this course will be either supplemental to instruction being received at a school or college, or will be self-directed. In either case, the Guide is not a novel and should not be approached as one. A smooth flow of dialogue is simply not possible and should not be anticipated. The Guide may be closer to the sometimes disjointed notes generated by a student from a lecture or careful reading of a detailed textbook.

Within each subsection of a Chapter, introductory text is followed by one or more "reading assignments" of the form:

 * Read Zoology ( Links need not be pursued at this time )

Following (that is clicking on) the link (to Wikipedia "Zoology" article in this case) will open an article intended to provide the details of the Chapter subsection. Recommended articles should be read from top to bottom, and then re-read following some or all of the links embedded in the article to other articles for expanded elucidation or to clarify terms; that is, in most cases, completion of an "assignment" (recommended article) includes at least some or all articles linked to the first. Obviously, it cannot be the case that all links are followed to articles, whose links are then followed to articles, and so on until no new material is encountered. It is likely there would be no quick end to such a pursuit. The amount of time spent wandering beyond the original article is partly a personal matter of how much the reader is getting out of the foray than anything else. Realize it is certainly possible to wander well off the subject at hand. As in the example above, notes are provided with assignments giving some direction for pursuing links. An instruction NOT to pursue links simply means the additional material will be encountered later in the course of instruction, and going beyond the assigned article may provide too much detail for a beginning student. The following example:

 * Read Science ( The following links are included: )
 * Scientific Method
 * Philosophy of Science

specifies that two other links ARE part of the assignment. Other links encountered may be followed to expand your knowledge or, as always, to aid in understanding of technical terms encountered. Hyperlinks included with the text in the Guide are there simply for convenience, usually to topics somewhat peripheral to the main one. In all cases, finding your way back to the Guide may become tricky, but we have to leave this up to you to establish, beyond pointing out that your browser's Back button is intended for this purpose.

Note that at the beginning of each module, links are provided to both the previous chapter and the succeeding chapter, as well as to the main Table of Contents.

Final Note
As a final note, read the next Section and consider how you might make contributions to the text.

title: Invertebrate Zoology/How to Use Guide


text:
Invertebrate Zoology/A final note about the Guide

Invertebrate Zoology

Both this Guide and all articles in Wikipedia are free content that can be added to or edited by anyone. It is an opportunity for the user of these documents to contribute information, or even state given information more clearly, simply by editing a page. As a student with a textbook and a lecturer (teacher), you may find yourself in possession of useful facts, another point of view on existing facts, or a report you prepared of exceptional quality. Any of these can be added to an appropriate page in this Guide or the Wikipedia. However, this caution is strongly advised: Do not place into the Guide any text or pictures taken verbatim (or close to verbatim) from a text book, web site, or other copyrighted source without permission of the copyright holder. In general, this means, anything you submit should be your own work.

To learn how to edit or contribute material to this textbook, first read the introduction at: How to Edit.

Note to future contributors
Although initially developed as a "Guide", by which is meant a sort of outline with links to Wikipedia articles, it is not necessary to scrupulously maintain the format. If, as a contributor, you would prefer to flesh out any module with minimal reference to Wikipedia, that should be acceptable, so long as your contribution exceeds what is available on the topic at Wikipedia. In this instance, "exceeding" is a reference to quality and not quantity. In such cases, it might remain helpful to the student to place the reading "assignment" as a "See also:" link on the chapter page.

Use of any Wikipedia article as a substitute for text should include consideration of the quality of information and writing at the assigned article. It is simply one approach to work on that article to insure quality before assigning it. Another approach would be to ignore the article at Wikipedia and develop the necessary text in the module itself. This does have a disadvantage in that, through hyperlinks, the student may well later arrive at the "rejected" Wikipedia article anyway. If the information found there conflicts or confuses, the student may have difficulty establishing which bits of information are correct and which are not.


text:
Invertebrate Zoology/Introduction

<< Contents Page | Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 >>|

Chapter 1. Introduction to Zoology

Zoology as a Science
Zoology is the branch of biology concerned with the scientific study of animals. Invertebrate Zoology deals with only a specific, although very large, part of the Animal Kingdom as we shall learn further into this Chapter. Zoology is not usually a starting course in biology, so it must be assumed that the student or user of this Guide already has some background in biology. This should be sufficient; it is not necessarily the case that Biology is followed by ofGeneral Zoology is followed by Invertebrate Zoology. However, you may find much of the material difficult to comprehend if you have not first acquired basic knowledge in General Biology. Nonetheless, our first assigned read at Wikipedia will be a review of biology and zoology as sciences:

 * Read Biology ( Links need not be pursued at this time )
 * Read Zoology ( Links need not be pursued at this time )
 * and note that other texts encompassing topics in biology are available (under development) at the Wikibooks biology bookshelf as sources of reference.

title: Invertebrate Zoology/Introduction


text:
Cookbook:Mung Bean and Brown Rice Curry

| Vegan Cuisine

This is a hearty vegetarian dish that can be eaten hot or cold and served as an entire meal. The recipe will feed four with leftovers and keeps for a week refrigerated.

Base

 * ½ teaspoon oil
 * ¼ teaspoon mustard seeds
 * ½ teaspoon tumeric
 * 1 cup dry brown rice
 * 1 cup dry mung beans
 * 5½ cups water
 * 1½ teaspoons cumin
 * 1 teaspoon curry powder
 * ¼ teaspoon pepper
 * ¼ teaspoon powdered ginger
 * 1 teaspoon salt
 * 1 cup finely-chopped cabbage
 * 1 cup chopped green pepper
 * 1 cup finely-shredded carrots

Marinade

 * 1½ cups oil
 * ⅓ cup lemon juice
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * ½ teaspoon soy sauce
 * 1 tablespoon honey
 * 1 teaspoon basil
 * ¼ teaspoon ground oregano

Procedure

 * 1) Heat the oil in a large pan.
 * 2) Add the mustard seeds.
 * 3) When they begin to pop, add the turmeric and fold in the rice and beans until coated with oil.
 * 4) Add the rest of the spices and water.
 * 5) Simmer for about 45 minutes; most of the water will be absorbed.
 * 6) Remove from heat and add vegetables.
 * 7) Make the marinade and pour mix in.

title: Cookbook:Mung Bean and Brown Rice Curry


text:
Topology/Bases

Definition
Let $$(X,\mathcal{T})$$ be a topological space. A collection $$\mathcal{B}$$ of open sets is called a base for the topology $$\mathcal{T}$$ if every open set $$U$$ is the union of sets in $$\mathcal{B}$$.

Obviously $$\mathcal{T}$$ is a base for itself.

Conditions for Being a Base
In a topological space $$(X,\mathcal{T})$$ a collection $$\mathcal{B}$$ is a base for $$\mathcal{T}$$ if and only if it consists of open sets and for each point $$x\in X$$ and open neighborhood $$U$$ of $$x$$ there is a set $$B\in\mathcal{B}$$ such that $$x\in B\subseteq U$$.

Proof:

We need to show that a subset $$U$$ of $$X$$ is open if and only if it is a union of elements in $$B\in\mathcal{B}$$. However, the if part is obvious, from the facts that the elements in $$B\in\mathcal{B}$$ are open, and that so are arbitrary unions of open sets. Thus, we only have to prove, that any open set $$U$$ indeed is such a union. Let $$U$$ be any open set. Consider any element $$x\in U$$. By assumption, there is at least one element in $$\mathcal{B}$$, which both contains $$x$$ and is a subset of $$U$$. By the axiom of choice, we may simultaneously for each $$x\in U$$ choose such an element $$B_x \in \mathcal{B}$$. The union of all of them indeed is $$U$$. Thus, any open set can be formed as a union of sets within $$\mathcal{B}$$.

Constructing Topologies from Bases
Let $$X$$ be any set and $$\mathcal{B}$$ a collection of subsets of $$X$$. There exists a topology $$\mathcal{T}$$ on $$X$$ such that $$\mathcal{B}$$ is a base for $$\mathcal{T}$$ if and only if $$\mathcal{B}$$ satisfies the following:
 * 1) If $$x\in X$$, then there exists a $$B\in\mathcal{B}$$ such that $$x\in B$$.
 * 2) If $$B_1,B_2\in\mathcal{B}$$ and $$x\in B_1\cap B_2$$, then there is a $$B\in\mathcal{B}$$ such that  $$x\in B\subseteq B_1\cap B_2$$.

Remark : Note that the first condition is equivalent to saying that The union of all sets in $$\mathcal{B}$$ is $$X$$.

Semibases
Let $$X$$ be any set and $$\mathcal{S}$$ a collection of subsets of $$X$$. Then $$\mathcal{S}$$ is a semibase if a base of X can be formed by a finite intersection of elements of $$\mathcal{S}$$.

Exercises

 * 1) Show that the collection $$\mathcal{B}=\{(a,b):a,b\in\mathbb{R},a<b\}$$ of all open intervals in $$\mathbb{R}$$ is a base for a topology on $$\mathbb{R}$$.
 * 2) Show that the collection $$\mathcal{C}=\{[a,b]:a,b\in\mathbb{R},a<b\}$$ of all closed intervals in $$\mathbb{R}$$ is not a base for a topology on $$\mathbb{R}$$.
 * 3) Show that the collection $$\mathcal{L}=\{(a,b]:a,b\in\mathbb{R},a<b\}$$ of half open intervals is a base for a topology on $$\mathbb{R}$$.
 * 4) Show that the collection $$\mathcal{S}=\{[a,b):a,b\in\mathbb{R},a0\,\!$$, define the set $$U_{\delta}=\{\mathcal{P}|\|\mathcal{P}\|\leq\delta\}$$.  If $$X\,\!$$ is the set of all partitions on $$[a,b]\,\!$$, prove that the collection of all $$U_{\delta}\,\!$$ is a Base over the Topology on $$X\,\!$$.

title: Topology/Bases


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Physics with Calculus/Mechanics/The SI Unit System

Fundamental SI Units
SI unit system defines the following seven fundamental units in terms of how they can be measured. All other units in SI unit system can be derived from these. Also note that from physical point of view, only the first three, length, mass, and time are fundamental. Mole and Kelvin are actually arbitrary choice of scaling factor that has proven useful in various fields, and candela is also defined in terms of existing quantities. Note that derived unit means that it can be determined from the fundamental units, and not'' that it can be expressed in terms of them.

 * Meter (m), the unit of length. It is defined as being the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 of a second.

 * Kilogram (kg), the unit of mass. Note that the gram is not the fundamental unit for mass. It is defined by an actual platinum-iridium bar, though there is discussion of defining it by a more universal constant. It's worth noting in advance that a kilogram is not a unit of weight, which is a type of force.

 * Second (s), the unit of time. The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. NIST(1).

 * Ampere (A), the unit of electric current. The ampere is defined as that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per meter of length. NIST(2)

 * Mole (mol), the unit of quantity. One mole contains as many items as 12 grams of Carbon-12 contains of atoms. That number is known as Avogadro's Number, which is $$6.02214076\times 10^{23}$$.

 * Kelvin (K), the unit of temperature. It is defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of waterNIST(3). The 'easy' way to find the temperature in Kelvin is to add 273.15 to the temperature in Celsius.

 * Candela (cd), the unit of luminous intensity or brightness. It is defined as the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency $$540\times 10^{12}$$ hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. NIST(4).

Derived SI Units
In physics there are many quantities that cannot be expressed by a single base unit. For example, speed, the rate at which a position changes with time, is expressed as a combination of the unit for distance (meters) and the unit for time (seconds). As we will soon learn, the speed is equal to the distance divided by the time. Therefore, the unit of speed is the meter per second, or m/s. The unit meter per second is called a derived unit, meaning that it is derived from the seven SI base units.

Units can be combined together in many possible combinations, and any physically-significant quantity will have its own units. Some frequently-used combinations get their own names. Here are a sample of some of the more common ones:

 * Newton (N), the unit of force.
 * $$\mathrm{N} = \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}^2 $$

 * Joule (J), the unit of energy.
 * $$\mathrm{J} = \mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{m} = \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{m}^2/\mathrm{s}^2 $$

 * Watt (W), the unit of power.
 * $$\mathrm{W} = \mathrm{J}/\mathrm{s} \ $$

 * Pascal (Pa), the unit of pressure.
 * $$\mathrm{Pa} = \mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}^2 \ $$

 * Hertz (Hz), the unit of frequency.
 * $$\mathrm{Hz} = 1/\mathrm{s} = \mathrm{s}^{-1} \ $$

 * Coulomb (C), the unit of electric charge.
 * $$\mathrm{C} = \mathrm{A} \cdot \mathrm{s} $$

 * Volt (V), the unit of electric potential or voltage.
 * $$\mathrm{V} = \mathrm{J}/\mathrm{C} = \mathrm{W}/\mathrm{A} \ $$

 * Ohm ($$ \Omega $$), the unit of electric resistance.
 * $$\Omega = \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{A} \ $$

 * Farad (F), the unit of electric capacitance.
 * $$\mathrm{F} = \mathrm{C}/\mathrm{V} \ $$

 * Tesla (T), the unit of magnetic field strength.
 * $$\mathrm{T} = \mathrm{N}/\mathrm{A} \cdot \mathrm{m} $$

 * Weber (Wb), the unit of magnetic flux.
 * $$\mathrm{Wb} = \mathrm{T} \cdot \mathrm{m}^2 $$

SI Prefixes
Physics spans the very small to the very large. Particle physicists are interested in distances as small as the radius of a proton, 10-15 m or smaller. Meanwhile, astronomers may be interested in measuring distances of a parsec, around 1016 m, or greater.

The "English" system used different units to indicate the scale of measurement. For example, one might say that one's house has a length of 53 feet. However, perhaps New York City is 150 miles away. While it would be perfectly accurate to do so, no person would state that their house was 0.010 miles long or that New York City was 792 000 feet away. In both cases, the unit doesn't accurately represent the scale of the measurement.

In SI, prefixes are available to adjust the size of a unit so as to keep the number of those units reasonable. Prefixes may be added to either base units or derived units.

Here are the accepted SI prefixes:

For example, it would be awkward to speak about the capacitance of a particular device as "0.000 000 000 010 farads." Using the unit "10 picofarads" is a lot more sensible.

For some reason, however, not all prefixes are frequently used. Distances are rarely given in units larger than kilometers and masses usually aren't given in units larger than kilograms. Experience will indicate when certain implied conventions apply, but it's never incorrect to refer to a distance of 5 400 000 000 m as 5.4 Gm. The point will be made and the value will be understood.

More information on SI prefixes is available at [[:en:SI prefixes Wikipedia]].

Calculations with Units
When performing calculations in physics, it is critical that you keep track of the units of each numerical quantity. The unit of the result can often lend insight into the nature of what has been calculated. In addition, an incorrect unit for a result proves an error has been made.

When adding or subtracting values with units, each quantity must have the same unit. The result has the same unit as the operands. For example:

 * 5 m + 3 m = 8 m
 * 2.50 kg + 3.712 kg = 6.21 kg
 * 57 feet + 192 inches = ?????

If quantities have different units, one must first convert to a common unit before the calculation is completed:

 * 57 feet + 192 inches = 57 feet + 16 feet = 73 feet.

When multiplying or dividing values with units, the units are multiplied or divided too.

 * $$(20\ \mathrm{m}) \times (5\ \mathrm{m}) = 100\ \mathrm{m}^2$$

 * $$(1000\ \mathrm{N}) / (40\ \mathrm{m}) = 25\ \mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}$$

Sometimes the resulting unit has a special name:

 * $$(400\ \mathrm{J}) / (5\ \mathrm{s}) = 80\ \mathrm{J}/\mathrm{s} = 80\ \mathrm{W}$$


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Talk:Physics with Calculus/Mechanics/The SI Unit System

Why do the equations change sizes? Can someone put the derived unit equations down below the definitions?

I thought there were only three fundamental units: length, mass, and time; and the others could be defined from them. (And that is what my lower division physics textbook says too.) Does anyone have a reference that says something like "ampere" is a fundamental unit? novakyu 03:13, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Egh. Fixed it myself by clarifying what is meant by "fundamental". The 7 units are "fundamental" in the sense that they are the beginning units for SI system. But physically speaking, only the first three are---you can see in the definitions that the four other units are actually defined in terms of the first three or their derived units. novakyu (talk) 23:11, 20 December 2007 (UTC)


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Cookbook:Mango Atchar

| South Africa | Sausage

Atchar is a spicy condiment, often eaten with a curry. It comes from the Indian cuisine in South Africa. In India, it is spelled Achar, and the word means pickle in Hindi. Usually the atchar made in South Africa is made with unripe green mangoes and chillies. The whole mango is used for making atchar.

This traditional mango atchar is easily made at home. Adjust the amount of chillies to your liking and serve with a vegetable curry, or on a slice of white bread.

Ingredients

 * 1.5 kg unripe mangoes, chopped
 * 4 tsp garlic and herb salt
 * 3 Tbsp chilli powder
 * 2 Tbsp cumin powder
 * 1 Tbsp ground coriander
 * 3 Tbsp curry powder
 * 1½ cups (360 ml) raw honey or fructose
 * 2 cups (480 ml) balsamic vinegar
 * ½ cup (120 g) corn or potato starch
 * 2 Tbsp mustard seeds
 * 1 handful curry leaves
 * 1½ cups (360 ml) virgin olive oil or cold-pressed sunflower oil

Procedure

 * 1) Simmer all the ingredients except the mangoes and the oil until thickened.
 * 2) Pour mixture over the mangoes, add the oil, and mix well.
 * 3) Cool and refrigerate for at least 12 hours.

title: Cookbook:Mango Atchar