text:
User talk:Thadius856~enwikibooks

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:01, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Thadius856. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Thadius856~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:46, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:35, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thadius856~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Kohan

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:01, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the warm welcome :D. Kohan 18:33, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Kohan


text:
User talk:Jboeke

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:01, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jboeke


text:
User talk:Jdkamins

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:01, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jdkamins


text:
User talk:DJKinetik

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:01, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:DJKinetik


text:
User talk:Dphillip

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:01, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dphillip


text:
User talk:Abrownlee

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:02, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abrownlee


text:
User talk:Nicdakka

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:02, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nicdakka


text:
User talk:Ice201~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:02, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ice201. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ice201~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:14, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:02, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ice201~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Syabani

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:03, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Syabani


text:
User talk:Cp jadhav

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:03, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cp jadhav


text:
User talk:Inderdev

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:03, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Inderdev


text:
User talk:Jarsyl~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:03, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jarsyl. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jarsyl~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:15, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jarsyl~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Grich

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:03, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Serial Programming:USB Technical Manual
This is an interesting subject, and it appears as though you are interested in getting something started along the lines of writing a Wikibook about this topic. I would like to let you know that I'm interested in helping out here as well.

What I'd like to do here is perhaps restart something that would go int a full independent Wikibook rather than just something tied to the Serial Programming book. I know I threw in the USB link, but my intention when adding this to the outline was to show how you could put in a "virtual" RS-232 data link via USB connectors to extend and expand upon the earlier discussions. Certainly there is some considerable content that could be written about USB programming that is not widely available.

One of the problems I see that would face a would be independent software developer is the ability to set up a "test bench" for doing the software development. For RS-232 programming, you can have a null modem that even loops back to the same computer (particularly in multi-tasking operating systems like Linux or Windows). I've done this on a professional basis for quite a bit of code testing. Unfortunately doing this with USB connectors is difficult or even dangerous. Do you have any suggestions on how to set up some sort of test bench for would be USB experimentors to try different techniques?

I have thought about perhaps some simple low-cost USB development kits that we could set up, and even give schematics to make or even offer for sale (or show links to several vendors) that would allow this sort of development.

More to the point, I would like to cover this topic, but it needs to be written (from my viewpoint) as something which would allow "hands on" with actual hardware. The range of possibilities is huge, as I've seen some very ingenious applications (like a fish tank and coffee mug heater) that go way beyond even just serial programming. Writing USB drivers would be another interesting task to work with, and to cover some of the issues in regards to obtaining a "device ID" from a bureaucratic legal standpoint as well.

If you are interested in working on something like this, please drop me a line on my talk page. I am quite interested in getting something like this going. --Rob Horning 17:21, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grich


text:
User talk:Udayatmosaic~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:04, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Udayatmosaic. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Udayatmosaic~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:51, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Udayatmosaic~enwikibooks


text:
Miskito/Vocabulary (Miskito)

Instructions: Scroll down the alphabetical list of Miskito words. Click on the "Show" button to the right of a word to see its meaning and other information. Hover the mouse pointer over the word to see the first lesson in which the word in introduced in the course. Click on the word itself to open the lesson at the appropriate section.

title: Miskito/Vocabulary (Miskito)


text: Miskito/Wordlist

title: Miskito/Wordlist


text:
User talk:82.40.252.31

Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is intended to be read without the need for external reference and requires content rather than external links particularly those which are for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links may include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that exist to attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page rather than re-adding it. See the welcome page to learn more about Wikibooks. Thank you. -- Herby talk thyme 11:17, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:82.40.252.31


text:
Template:Miskito/General vocab

 Created articles related to Mesoamerica

(Expansions and checkovers appreciated)
 * a
 * b
 * c
 * d
 * e
 * f
 * g
 * h
 * i
 * j
 * k
 * l
 * m
 * n
 * o
 * p
 * q
 * r
 * s
 * t
 * u

title: Template:Miskito/General vocab


text:
This Quantum World/Appendix/Exponential function

The exponential function
We define the function $$\exp(x)$$ by requiring that

\exp'(x)=\exp(x)$$ and  $$\exp(0)=1.$$

The value of this function is everywhere equal to its slope. Differentiating the first defining equation repeatedly we find that

\exp^{(n)}(x)=\exp^{(n-1)}(x)=\cdots=\exp(x).$$

The second defining equation now tells us that $$\exp^{(k)}(0)=1$$ for all $$k.$$ The result is a particularly simple Taylor series:

Let us check that a well-behaved function satisfies the equation

f(a)\,f(b)=f(a+b)$$

if and only if

f^{(i+k)}(0)=f^{(i)}(0)\,f^{(k)}(0).$$

We will do this by expanding the $$f$$'s in powers of $$a$$ and $$b$$ and compare coefficents. We have

f(a)\,f(b)=\sum_{i=0}^\infty\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{f^{(i)}(0)f^{(k)}(0)}{i!\,k!}\,a^i\,b^k,$$

and using the binomial expansion

(a+b)^i=\sum_{l=0}^i\frac{i!}{(i-l)!\,l!}\,a^{i-l}\,b^l,$$

we also have that

f(a+b)=\sum_{i=0}^\infty {f^{(i)}(0)\over i!}(a+b)^i= \sum_{i=0}^\infty\sum_{l=0}^i\frac{f^{(i)}(0)}{(i-l)!\,l!}\,a^{i-l}\,b^l= \sum_{i=0}^\infty\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{f^{(i+k)}(0)}{i!\,k!}\,a^i\,b^k. $$

Voilà.

The function $$\exp(x)$$ obviously satisfies $$f^{(i+k)}(0)=f^{(i)}(0)\,f^{(k)}(0)$$ and hence $$f(a)\,f(b)=f(a+b).$$

So does the function $$f(x)=\exp(ux).$$

Moreover, $$f^{(i+k)}(0)=f^{(i)}(0)\,f^{(k)}(0)$$ implies $$f^{(n)}(0) = [f'(0)]^n.$$

We gather from this

 * that the functions satisfying $$f(a)\,f(b)=f(a+b)$$ form a one-parameter family, the parameter being the real number $$f'(0),$$ and

 * that the one-parameter family of functions $$\exp(ux)$$ satisfies $$f(a)\,f(b)=f(a+b)$$, the parameter being the real number $$u.$$

But $$f(x)=v^x$$ also defines a one-parameter family of functions that satisfies $$f(a)\,f(b)=f(a+b)$$, the parameter being the positive number $$v.$$

Conclusion: for every real number $$u$$ there is a positive number $$v$$ (and vice versa) such that $$v^x=\exp(ux).$$

One of the most important numbers is $$e,$$ defined as the number $$v$$ for which $$u=1,$$ that is: $$e^x=\exp(x)$$:

e=\exp(1)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty{1\over n!}=1+1+{1\over2}+{1\over6}+\dots= 2.7182818284590452353602874713526\dots$$

The natural logarithm $$\ln(x)$$ is defined as the inverse of $$\exp(x),$$ so $$\exp[\ln(x)]=\ln[\exp(x)]=x.$$ Show that

 * $${d\ln f(x)\over dx}={1\over f(x)}{df\over dx}.$$

Hint: differentiate $$\exp\{\ln[f(x)]\}.$$


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User talk:203.88.156.30

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 12:32, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 12:36, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.88.156.30


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JET Database/Introduction

What is JET?
JET is a SQL database engine distributed by Microsoft with several of its software products, most notably Microsoft Access. JET was an acronym that stood for Joint Engine Technology, when JET was originally developed as a collection of core database technologies for use within Access, and later from Visual Basic and Visual Basic for Applications via an object-based interface called Data Access Objects (DAO).

JET presents the developer with the ability to create and manipulate relational databases on the local filesystem or on shared network folders. It is a modified form of ISAM, or Indexed Sequential Access Method databases.

Reasons for not using JET
There are several good reasons for not using JET as a database technology, either when starting a new software project or when picking up maintenance on an old one.

 * Microsoft have ceased support for JET, preferring instead to support newer database products based on their SQL Server product line.
 * Operation of JET from a 64-bit process requires use of a different driver. The connection string for access to a JET database using a 64-bit ADO program will contain a phrase like: "Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0"
 * Technical information on JET is hard to find without a lot of digging, largely due to Microsoft dropping support for JET.
 * JET is not as robust as more modern server-based database products, particularly in multi-user scenarios.
 * JET SQL has many limitations that other database products don't have.
 * JET stored procedures can only accommodate a single statement.
 * JET databases, not being server-based, use far greater network bandwidth in multiuser applications.

Why this book is still needed
There is a very large installed base of JET databases worldwide, and despite Microsoft's intentions to replace JET with SQL Server and MSDE, this base is still growing – people keep making new JET databases. Additionally, because JET is the default database sub-system used by Microsoft Access, it is very commonly used to create "simple little databases" that grow into monsters, often undocumented and unwieldy and, sadly, often built with little regard for good database design.

It is often left to the professional programmer or database administrator to maintain these databases, and this may require some technical information about JET. Microsoft used to release documentation on programming JET in its Microsoft Developer Network library, but it dropped documentation for JET SQL statements from the CD copy of the library after October 2001, along with the documentation for Access '97.

Alternatives
There are alternatives to maintaining a JET database, some of which are:

 * Migrate the data from JET to Microsoft SQL Server using one of the many migration tools, and run the old application as JET linked tables in SQL Server transparently.
 * Redesign the application to use Microsoft SQL Server natively, with many database statements remaining unchanged.
 * Redesign the application to use another database, probably triggering a rewrite of many database statements.

These alternatives bear differing degrees of effort and risk. Depending on the associated costs and the future prospects for a database application (including its anticipated demise), it may be most viable to continue maintenance of the JET database.

title: JET Database/Introduction


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Template:JET Database/TOC

A simple template used to format the Table of Contents for the JET Database book.

title: Template:JET Database/TOC


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Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Katie Bell

I Don't Understand This
OK, under "Relationships With Other Characters" I have no idea what the writer meant when he/she wrote that Katie Bell is "shipped" with Oliver Wood. Can someone explain this? I'll probably edit it out. PNW Raven 13:08, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That's fan speak for "presumed to be in a relation ship ". The writer is saying that fans had romantically linked Katie and Oliver, just as they had romantically linked Harry with Hermione, and with about as much grounding in canon. If you want to expand the meaning, go ahead, but it's worth adding that there is no grounds for such linkage; if I was doing it, though, I'd simply yank the reference. Chazz 20:22, 1 February 2007 (UTC)


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User talk:81.144.202.3

Please take care not to replace Wikibooks pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikibooks because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. If page is no longer useful, insert delete to its top. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks! -- Herby talk thyme 13:26, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.144.202.3


text:
User talk:202.123.244.2

Please take care not to replace Wikibooks pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikibooks because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. If page is no longer useful, insert delete to its top. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks! -- Herby talk thyme 13:34, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.123.244.2


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JET Database/Data types

Text types
There are two basic data types, plus a BLOB type, that are used to hold text values in JET databases. Prior to JET 4.0 they could only hold 8-bit text characters, but databases created with an Engine Type code of 5 or greater (i.e. JET 4.0) can also store Unicode characters.

Since JET 4.0, text values that are primarily one byte (8-bit) text characters are stored in two bytes unless otherwise specified. This increases the storage required for all text data, effectively doubling it. JET 4.0 has an additional property that can be set on text columns to compress text data to one-byte characters when it is able to. This property is set by specifying  on each text column that requires it. When a table is created in a JET database using Microsoft Access, text columns are normally created with this setting turned on (as Unicode compression).

Fixed-length text
The  data type is used to store fixed-length text with up to 255 characters. Specifying the number of characters to store limits how big the column will be. Text values retrieved from a  column are padded with spaces, if necessary, to the size of the column.

The  data type is not available from the Access designer.

The following statement creates a table with a 10-character text column and a 255-character text column, both with Unicode compression:

Variable-length text
The  data type is used to store variable-length text with up to 255 characters.Text values retrieved from a   column are trimmed of any trailing spaces.

The following statement creates a table with a 10-character text column and a 255-character text column, both with Unicode compression:

Text BLOB
The  data type is used to store variable-length text with an unspecified number of characters, limited only by the maximum size of JET database files (2 GB – about 1 billion uncompressed Unicode characters).

Some software libraries are able to handle  columns as basic text columns, but others must use BLOB techniques for accessing their data. In particular, the ADO components so often used in Visual Basic, VBA and ASP applications can access  columns as basic text when using the JET 4.0 OLE-DB provider to access the database, but must use BLOB handling routines (GetChunk / AppendChunk) when using an ODBC connection.

The following statement creates a table with two variable-length text BLOB columns, both with Unicode compression:

Text pseudo-types
The  data type is a pseudo-type. When a size is specified, it is taken to be a  and is limited to 255 characters. When no size is specified, it is taken to be a.

The following statement creates a table with a 10-character text column and a variable-length text BLOB column, both with Unicode compression:

Numeric types
There are several basic numeric data types available in JET, allowing for a wide range of data storage possibilities for numeric values.

Byte
The  data type is an 8-bit unsigned integer that can hold values between 0 and 255 inclusive. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,  ,.

It is analogous with the Visual Basic type.

Smallint
The  data type is a 16-bit (2-byte) signed integer that can hold values between -32,768 and 32,767 inclusive. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,  ,.

It is analogous with the Visual Basic type.

Integer
The  data type is a 32-bit (4-byte) signed integer that can hold values between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647 inclusive. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,  ,  ,.

It is analogous with the Visual Basic type.

Single
The  data type is a 32-bit (4-byte) single precision floating point number that can hold values from -3.402823E38 to -1.401298E-45 for negative values, and 1.401298E-45 to 3.402823E38 for positive values. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,  ,  ,.

It is analogous with the Visual Basic type.

Double
The  data type is a 64-bit (8-byte) double precision floating point number that can hold values from -1.79769313486231E308 to -4.94065645841247E-324 for negative values, and 4.94065645841247E-324 to 1.79769313486232E308 for positive values. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,  ,  ,  ,  ,.

It is analogous with the Visual Basic type.

Currency
The  data type is a 64-bit (8-byte) exact precision decimal number (implemented as a scaled integer) that can hold values between -922,337,203,685,477.5808 and 922,337,203,685,477.5807 inclusive. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,.

It is analogous with the Visual Basic type.

Decimal
The  data type is a 17-byte exact precision decimal number that can hold values from -1028-1 to 1028-1. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,  ,.

Boolean (Yes/No)
JET supports a data type called  that can hold one bit of information, used for holding simple Boolean states of true or false. It can only hold the values 0 or 1, but some interfaces into the JET database present these as 0 and -1, or No and Yes. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,  ,  ,.

It is analogous with the Visual Basic type.

Dates and times
The  data type is a 64-bit (8-byte) double precision floating point number that can hold both date and time information, in the range 1 January, 100 to 31 December, 9999 and with optional times in hours, minutes, seconds. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,  ,  , all capable of holding just date, just time, and both date and time information.

It is analogous with the Visual Basic type.

To determine whether a  holds time information, check to see whether the double precision number is the same as the integer truncation of that number; if they differ, then there is time information, otherwise there is no time information.

dt1                    check_time --- - 02/02/2007 16:26:29    -0.314942129632982 02/02/2007              0

Counters
The  data type is an auto-incrementing 32-bit (4-byte) integer, often used for creating surrogate keys. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,  ,.

A  can take optional parameters, defining the initial value to start counting at, and the increment to add each time a new value is created. The following code shows both the default, starting at one with increment of one, and with specified start of 10 and increment of 2. Each table can have, at most, one column of type.

id1        c1 --- -- 1          x 2           y

id2        c2 --- -- 10         x 12          y

BLOBs
JET can store binary large objects, or BLOB data, in the database directly as binary data. Accessing this data typically requires special BLOB handling functions, for example, ADO provides the functions GetChunk and AppendChunk for reading and writing BLOB data.

Binary
The  data type is a variable-length binary object type that can hold up to 510 bytes of binary data. If the size is not specified, then the maximum size of 510 bytes is used. It can be referred to by the following aliases:,.

Longbinary
The  data type is a variable-length binary object type with an unspecified capacity, limited only by the maximum size of JET database files (2 GB). It can be referred to by the following aliases:,  ,  ,.

title: JET Database/Data types


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Horticulture/Salix

The willows are deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus Salix, part of the willow family ../Salicaceae/. There are about 350 species in this genus worldwide, found primarily on moist soils in cooler zones in the Northern Hemisphere. Some smaller species may also be known by the common names osier and sallow; the latter name is derived from the same root as the Latin salix.

Some willows, particularly arctic and alpine species, are very small; the Dwarf Willow (../Salix herbacea/) rarely exceeds 6 cm in height, though spreading widely across the ground.

The Weeping Willow, very widely planted as an ornamental tree, is a cultivar, Salix × sepulcralis 'Chrysocoma', derived from a hybrid between the Chinese Peking Willow and the European White Willow.

Almost all willows take root very readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground. There are a few exceptions, including the Goat Willow and Peachleaf Willow. One famous example of such growth from cuttings involves the poet Alexander Pope, who begged a twig from a parcel tied with twigs sent from Spain to Lady Suffolk. This twig was planted and thrived, and legend has it that all of England's Weeping Willows are descended from this first one.

Description
The leaves are deciduous, often elongate but round to oval in a few species, and with a serrated margin. Willows are deciduous with male and female flowers appearing as catkins on different plants; the catkins are produced early in the spring, often before the leaves or as the new leaves open. The fruit is a small capsule containing numerous tiny (0.1 mm) seeds embedded in white down, which assists wind dispersal of the seeds. Willows hybridize freely, and numerous hybrids are known, both naturally occurring and in cultivation.

Uses
The bark of the willow tree has been mentioned in ancient texts from Assyria, Sumer and Egypt as a remedy for aches and fever, and the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about its medicinal properties in the 5th century BC. Native Americans across the American continent relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments.

The active extract of the bark, called salicin, was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin is acidic when in a saturated solution in water (pH = 2.4), and is called salicylic acid for that reason.

In 1897 Felix Hoffmann created a synthetically altered version of salicin (in his case derived from the Spiraea plant), which caused less digestive upset than pure salicylic acid. The new drug, formally Acetylsalicylic acid, was named aspirin by Hoffmann's employer Bayer AG. This gave rise to the hugely important class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

 * Other uses

Maintenance
A number of willow species were widely planted in Australia in the past, notably as erosion control measures along watercourses. They are now regarded as an invasive weed and many catchment management authorities are removing them to be replaced with native trees.

title: Horticulture/Salix


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Digital Photography/Enlarging Images

Want to erase your ex from a digital photo and refill the empty space as if nothing had ever happened? Want to make your computer imitate a small sample picture to fill up your huge desktop background? Then texture synthesis is your weapon of choice. Learn about enlarging images, an aged and slow but surprisingly powerful method of making small pictures big.

What do we want to do?
Imagine we had a small photo of a wooden surface, this size:

We'd like to make a wallpaper for our computer's desktop from this picture, meeting the following demands:
 * 1) The resulting image shall be any size we want.
 * 2) The resulting image shall resemble the sample.
 * 3) The resulting image shall look smooth and not repetitive.

What's the problem?

 * W hy don't we just stretch the sample? Stretching is a horrible thing to do. The picture is made up of pixels that will show up as ugly square blocks in the final image:

W hy don't we use the desktop's option that says " T ile image"? This is just as horrible as stretching. Tiling means duplicating the image and pasting it next to itself over and over again. This may work alright for "pattern textures", whose borders fit to one another. With the maple burl from above, it looks boring and unfitted:

It is quite simple to satisfy the first two of our demands, but very hard to meet the last one.

What's so special about textures?
To tackle our task, it helps to take a closer look at what makes texture texture. Compare the following two rows of pictures and think about what separates texture from "normal" images:

Eventually, you came up with some of the following thoughts:
 * Texture is a kind of surface structure with some more or less regular pattern, like the wood burl that covers the table.
 * No matter where you direct your gaze in a texture, it looks all the same, not like a face where each part has its position.
 * Single objects, scaled down and repeated similarly over and over again become texture, like the single brick that becomes texture in the brick wall.

How does stationarity help us?
T exture looks the same, no matter what part of the picture you look at. This is called stationarity and it is this thought that best sums up the idea that is known by the distressing name M arkov R andom F ield.

Imagine I'd blacken one of the pixels in our maple burl image and asked you to set the pixel's color so the resulting image looks smooth. Would you set the color to green? Obviously not, because green doesn't turn up anywhere in the image and surely wouldn't make the result look smooth. Eventually, you'd choose some sort of brown. But which shade of brown? Would you choose brown if the pixel was amidst a field of white pixels?

The random field idea is this: each pixel's color depends on the colors of its neighboring pixels only.

What's the point?
This is the central idea of the algorithm we will now take a closer look at:

Prepare the field
First of all, create an empty picture of desired width and height, the "field". In our case, this is an image that resembles the dimensions of our desktop.

Sow the seed
We will now fill the empty picture. To do so we need something to start with, a "seed". Therefore, we copy a small, randomly chosen piece of the sample image to the empty field.

Grow the image
Now, we will grow the seed, pixel by pixel, until it fills all of the image. First, make a list of all empty pixels that lie next to a pixel that is already filled. In the beginning, these are the pixels flanking the seed.

Randomly choose one pixel of this list. We will now determine the color of this pixel. Therefore we do not need the pixel itself but its neighborhood.

Find a match
Compare the neighborhood to the neighborhoods of all the pixels in the sample image, one after the other. Whenever you find a similar neighborhood, add the corresponding sample image's pixel to a list of "good matches".

Grow one pixel ...
When we have finished comparing we have a candidate list of pixels with similar neighborhoods. Now, randomly choose one of these candidates and set the empty pixel's color to the candidate's color.

... and start all over again
Proceed to the next empty pixel. If there are no more empty pixels in our list, it's time to create a new list of empty pixels and start all over again. If there are no more empty pixels in the "field", we have finished.

title: Digital Photography/Enlarging Images


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Wikibooks:Resolving disputes/Unstable

Occasionally Wikibookians may find themselves at an impasse on which direction a book should go, and may ask for or need outside assistance.

To begin the process, make a request for comments on WB:RFC under the "Requests for Mediation" section. Uninvolved Wikibookians will then have a look at the dispute, and give some opinions on how to reach a compromise. The parties to the dispute should then take a week or two to consider these opinions, and try to work out a solution.

If the impasse cannot be resolved within 2 weeks of the opinions being rendered, one or both parties may request moderation. Moderations are carried out by an active administrator, who will weigh the arguments and impose a solution. This solution will be announced on the Administrator's Noticeboard, and if there are objections from members of the community aside from the involved parties there may be a further discussion, following these conditions:
 * The moderator's solution will be kept in force during that discussion
 * The original moderator will hand over any enforcement responsibilities to another administrator.
 * This further discussion shall last no more than one week from when it starts.

A review of the decision may (upon request) be made at least 2 months later, to see if it was effective in allowing for the improvement of the book.

title: Wikibooks:Resolving disputes/Unstable


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Miskito/Subject index

Use this index to look up any grammatical point or term, prefix, suffix or other grammatically relevant item (in Miskito or English) covered in the course. Just click on the first letter below and then scroll down until you find the item you are looking for in the alphabetical list on the left. On the right-hand side you will see a brief specification or explanation of the point. Hover the mouse pointer over an item in the alphabetical list to see which lesson covers it. For more information, clicking on the link will take you to the relevant section.

{| width="75%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=6 align="center"

Y

 * }

title: Miskito/Subject index


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Wikibooks talk:Resolving disputes/Unstable

Striving for simplicity
I think the problem with setting up an arbitration board and such is that it's just not all that easy to rally up a group of actors on wikibooks. The goal of this version of the policy is to allow for quick and efficient resolution without having to drag the whole project into a big row.

My hope is that it would go like this:
 * 1) An impasse is reached, and outside opinions are sought and given
 * 2) If the opinions aren't enough to get the 2 parties to reach an accord, it goes to moderation.
 * 3) The moderator makes his or her decision, announces it, and enforces it.
 * 4) If uninvolved parties think the decision is unfair, it should be reviewed, and changes made to the decision is there is a consensus to do so.
 * 5) The matter is closed, though it can be reviewed after a good long cooling off period, and any restrictive measures looked at to see if they are still necessary.

-- SB_Johnny | talk 17:33, 1 February 2007 (UTC)


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User talk:It~enwikibooks

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 18:34, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called It. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name It~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:14, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:03, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:It~enwikibooks


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Animal Behavior/Behavioral Genetics

Behavioral Genetics
A devil, a born devil, on whose nature nurture can never stick; on whom my pains humanely taken, all, all lost, quite lost—The Tempest, William Shakespeare 1610

Behavioral genetics is the field of biology that studies the heritability of behavioral traits in animal (including human) behavior. The field has formed from an overlap of genetics, ethology and psychology.

Basic Concepts
Genetic characteristics are those that are to a large extent determined by genes. Although genes may play a role in many behaviors, they never determine them. There are no genes that directly code for a behavior - genes only code for proteins. However, it is clear that a change in a single protein can cause a host of downstream effects and may even bring about a distinct phenotype.The external environment exerts a strong influence on how all genes are expressed in behavior via a development of nervous and hormonal mechanisms. The Phenotype (i.e., the observable characteristics of an organism) emerges from an interaction of its Genotype (i.e., the organism's genetic composition) with environmental factors. A Gene is the smallest functional unit of heredity and is composed of DNA. It specifies the codes for amino acid chains that make up individual proteins (e.g., serum albumin). A Locus is a section on a chromosome that relates in a meaningful way to a function. Monomorphic loci are loci with a single common segment of code, and which is present in 95-99% of individuals. In contrast, polymorphic loci exist in form of two or more alleles (i.e., versions of the same position of the chromosome) with a combined frequency>0.05. Diploid organisms carry two copies of each gene, one derived from each parent. Homozygous is the condition in which both of these copies for that gene are identical (i.e., the same allele). If the chromosomes contain two different alleles of the gene, it is called heterozygous. In some cases the phenotype of heterozygous individuals follows one allele (i.e., the dominant one) and not the other (i.e., the recessive allele). Recessive phenotypes will only be expressed in cases where the individual is homozygous for that allele. If one gene pattern is well established and common in a particular organism, it is referred to as the wild type allele. In contrast, a mutant allele usually represents a relatively new, and less common modification. Pleiotropy refers to the situation where there is no clear 1:1 correspondence between one particular gene and a particular behavioral trait. For instance, fruitflies with a mutant period gene display a range of behavioral effects, ranging from differences in daily activity rhythms, time of day at which adults hatch from pupae, and the particular patterning of the male's courtship song. Heritability is a statistical estimate of variation in a trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group. For instance, the number of arms humans have is heritable and can be expressed as a proportion. Variables such as an individual's fingerprint and height are strongly heritable, while other variables such as musical abilities are much less so.

Classical Genetics
Classical (or Mendelian) genetics examines the distribution of hereditary characteristics of behaviors from one generation to the next. With selective breeding, the presence/absence of specific behaviors can be tracked through the outcomes of sexual reproduction. From such work came the realization that genes existed, that individuals are diploid with one half of the genes contributed by each parents, and that some genes dominate the phenotype over others. The genetics of many diseases follows simple Mendelian rules while examples of behavior in this category are generally few. Rather than in a small number of discrete states, most morphological/behavioral traits (body size, intelligence, boldness) occur across a continuous phenotypic range.

 * Seymour Benzer discovered a series of behavioral mutants in fruit flies, including single gene disruptions of circadian rhythms (period), and various genetic causes in neurodegeneration and aging.
 * Hygienic bees: Hygienic behavior in honey bees involves the ability to detect and remove diseased, larval and pupal brood from the nest before the pathogen becomes infectious. Forming a mechanism of resistance to bee diseases and parasitic mites, it consists of two distinct task-components: uncapping a cells and removing its content. Rothenbuhler (1964) suggested that these two traits were controlled in a simple Mendelian manner by two recessive loci. More recent molecular evidence from quantitative trait loci (QTL) linkage mapping has identified multiple specific stretches of DNA with genes that underly variation in this trait. This work suggests that the genetic basis of hygienic behavior is considerably more complex, and that seven QTLs are associated with hygienic behavior, each controlling only 9-15% of the observed phenotypic variance.

Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is a mathematical approach to understanding the underlying pattern of inheritance of phenotypic traits. Such traits are often subject to significant environmental influences and usually involve a great number of underlying genes. Although each gene may well follow a simple Mendelian pattern, overall results are not easily characterized in these terms. Quantitative approaches are essential to studying the degree to which relatedness among Individuals is matched by resemblances in behavioral characteristics. It thus aims to estimate the proportion of total phenotypic variance that is explained by relatedness. Aside from cases where multiple genes affect single traits, changes in one individual gene may impact quite a number of different traits. Such instances can be identified and characterized through measures of phenotypic covariance across multiple traits.

Population Genetics
Population genetics concerns itself with mechanisms that change the relative occurrence of genes within a population. It examines how gene frequencies change or become stabilized within populations through behavioral forces such as sexual selection, mating systems, dominance, or territoriality.

Developmental Genetics
Developmental genetics explores how genetics interfaces with ontogenetic processes in behavior. Genetics plays an integral role in the control of cell growth and differentiation, formation of tissues, organs and hormone systems, as well as in the emergence and critical timing of learning opportunities, cognitive abilities, and emotional systems.

Microarray technology is able to characterize levels of activity for many genes simultaneously. This technique measures how many copies of different mRNAs are made when genes are turned on.

Epigenetics
Epigenetics refers to changes in behavior as a result of alterations in gene expression, rather than changes in the nucleotide sequence itself. Modifications over an individual’s lifespan, such as DNA methylation, acetylation, and changes in histones, alter the way in which specific genes are expressed. DNA methylation is a large contributor to epigenetic changes and gene expression. When methylation occurs in the promoter region of the genome sequence, the gene transcription is repressed, turning off that particular gene. Causing different responses to their surrounding environment, these changes may be heritable. Morphological differences in identical twins result when two distinct copies of the same genome diverge as different paths and experiences modify the expression of the basic genetic blueprint, and resulting in differences in morphological traits, personalities, and behavioral responses. While ‘’’Behavioral Genetics’’’ considers observable inter-individual differences in behavior due to genotype, ‘’’Behavioral Epigenetics’’’ bridges genetic mechanisms to the significance of environmental impacts.

Migration paths of European Warblers
Migration has been defined in a number of ways; it can best be described as when animals continue to travel further from their ‘home range’ till such a time that they begin to become responsive to resources. This type of move in birds appears to be strategic, particularly in coping with changes in temperature accompanied by seasonal variation as well as the abundance of food. For several decades studies conducted on the European Sylvia warblers (Garden warblers -Sylvia borin and Blackcaps-Sylvia atricapailla particularly) have shed light on the various aspects of migration such as the underlying mechanisms. These birds have proved to be excellent models for studying migration as they contain migrant populations that fly to different regions as well as non-migrant populations that remain sedentary. The Blackcaps breed throughout Europe, parts of western Asia and North Africa; those populations from Central and North Europe migrate to Southern Europe and parts of North Africa. Similarly, the Garden warblers migrate from Europe to Northern Africa. In studies on Blackcaps from southern Germany, researchers were able to show that hybrids of migratory and non-migratory populations developed migratory activity; the degree of activity was found to be intermediate to that of the parents. Furthermore, the genetic mechanism appears to be under the control of multi-locus system; if it were governed by a single locus system all F1 generation would be expected to show the same migratory activity. Several questions arise such as how does a juvenile know where to fly and when does a migrant know to end its journey? Vector navigation can be defined as an inherent quality that enables juveniles to determine the direction and duration of flight. Using a series of cross breeding experiments it was determined that the direction of orientation was also under genetic control as the offspring of migratory and non-migratory species showed directional preferences that matched those of the migratory parents. Additional evidence from cross breeding experiments between Austrian Blackcaps (which fly in a southeasterly direction) and German Blackcaps (which fly southwesterly) determined that the offspring flew in an intermediary direction. As for the inexperienced migrant knows when to end its journey this appears to be regulated genetically. According to the vector-navigation hypothesis where the patterns of migration activity as well as the direction for migration appear to be inherited. Additional cross breeding experiments between German Blackcaps and Blackcaps from the Canaries showed that the pattern of activity was found to be intermediate to that of the parents. Through several studies on European warblers, it was shown that the ability to migrate is hereditary as well as the direction in which the birds migrate. The degree of activity (intense migration versus sedentariness) was also inherited.

Parental Behavior and fosB Mutant Mice
Like most mammals, wild-type female mice are generally very effective in their maternal care. However, females that are deficient of this protein exhibit a marked indifference towards their pups.

Behavioral Traits in Breeds of Hunting Dogs
A number of dog breeds have emerged with specializations of behaviors suitable for hunting small game. Such breeds of gun dogs, including pointers, setters, spaniels, and retrievers, readily display behaviors for identifying, flushing, and retrieving small game. In pointing behavior, dogs search for and identity potential prey, but refrain from actually stalking and potentially flushing it. Instead they remain frozen into immobility, facing it from nearby. Retrieving behavior is shown by individuals who seize and return to the pack carrying dead or wounded prey, even when they had not attacked it themselves. The antecedents for such behaviors appear to be widely present during group-hunting of most canine predators. They are largely characteristics of young individuals who have recently joined a pack for the hunt, are not fully participating in it yet, and who are largely restricted to junior, supporting roles. Common breeds of gun dogs combine this fairly intermediate degree of juvenile behavior with fairly adult canine morphologies.

Maternal Behavior of Rats and Epigenetics
An important model system for the study of behavioral epigenetics is found in maternal behavior of rats where the mother’s nurturing and licking of her pups decreases displays of fear and hormonal stress responses later in their lives. The mother’s attention causes specific changes in methylation patterns, histone acetylation, and behavior as adults. The impact alters the expression of genes integral to stress responses, such as glucocorticoid receptor. Preventing the removal of the histone’s acetyl group from the chromatin structure, the epigenetic impact of maternal nurturing can be abolished.

title: Animal Behavior/Behavioral Genetics


text:
Miskito/Lesson 5

A note on infinitives
From here onwards we shall follow the traditional custom of citing verbs in the infinitive. Miskito infinitives have the ending -aia. The infinitives of the verbs you know so far are: In most cases we can obtain the verbs stem just by removing -aia, and to the resulting stem the regular endings (-isa, -ras etc.) are then added. Any exceptions will be noted as they arise. Notice in particular that the infinitive of the irregular verb "to be" (present: sa) is kaia!

title: Miskito/Lesson 5


text:
User talk:82.45.237.112

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 19:25, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:82.45.237.112


text:
User talk:207.63.80.210

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 19:27, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.63.80.210


text:
User:Vicchow/monobook.css

 * 1) bodyContent { font-size: 1em !important; }

title: User:Vicchow/monobook.css


text:
User talk:Vicchow

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:43, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vicchow


text:
Cookbook:Chocolate Icing

| American cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Dessert

Ingredients

 * ¼ pound (110 g) sweet chocolate
 * 2 tablespoons cream
 * sifted confectioner's sugar

Procedure

 * 1) Melt chocolate over hot water.
 * 2) Add the cream.
 * 3) Gradually beat in sugar until icing is creamy and thick enough to spread.

title: Cookbook:Chocolate Icing


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Accural Basis

A method of accounting in which income and expenses are recognized when they are incurred rather than when they are dealt with. Most large company use accrual accounting. Contrast with Cash Basis.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Accural Basis


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Cash Basis

A method of accounting in which income and expenses are recognized when they are dealt with (received in the case of income and paid in the case of expenses) rather than when they are incurred. Some small companies use cash accounting. Contrast with Accrual Basis.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Cash Basis


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Credit

1) A invoice that has terms other than cash.

2) A credit decreases an asset account and increases liability and equity accounts. Contrast with Debit.  See Accounting Equation.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Credit


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Debit

A debit increases an asset account and decreases liability and equity accounts. Contrast with Credit. See Accounting Equation.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Debit


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Accounting Equation

The fundamental principle on which accounting is based.

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

See Credit and Debit.

Every financial transaction requires that the total of the debits is equal to the total of the credits.


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Budget

A planned amount against which actual results can be compared. Budgets are commonly limited to income and expense accounts and set up at the beginning of each fiscal year.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Budget


text:
MATLAB Programming/Advanced Topics/Object Oriented Programming/Struct arrays

= A struct as defined and used in Octave =

A structure in Octave groups different data types called fields in a single object. Fields are accessed by their names.

Declaring a structure
A structure is declared by assigning values to its fields. A period (.) separates the name of the field and the name of the structure: The fields of a structure and their values can be displayed by simply entering the name of the struct:

>> city city = {  name = Liege country = Belgium longitude = 50.633 latitude = 5.5666 }

Manipulating structures
A structure can be copied as any objects: In most circumstance, the fields of a structure can be manipulated with the period operator. The value of a field can be overwritten by: In the same way, the value of a field can be retrieved by: The function isstruct can be used to test if object is a structure or not. With the function fieldnames all field names are returned as a cell array:

>> fieldnames(city) ans = {  [1,1] = name [2,1] = country [3,1] = longitude [4,1] = latitude }

To test if a structure contains the a given field named, the function isfield can be used:

>> isfield(city,'name') ans = 1

The value of a field can be extract with getfield: or using

>> city.('name') ans = Liege

In a similar way, the value of a field can be set with setfield: The functions isfield, getfield and setfield are useful when the names of a structure are determined during execution of the program.

You can remove a field of a struct array with the rmfield function. would remove the 'name' field from the city struct and copy the result back onto the original structure.


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Department

A sub-section of an enterprise. Departments can be by function (accounting, sales, etc.) or by product (consumer goods, industrial products, etc.) Commonly, income and expenses are tracked by department rather than for the enterprise as a whole.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Department


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Branch

A sub-section of an enterprise that is located at a different address. Branches can have departments just as the head office does.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Branch


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Fiscal Year

A period of one year after which major (often audited) financial statements are prepared. The activity involved in preparing these statements is commonly referred to as "year end". Many enterprises has a fiscal year that starts January 1 and ends December 31. Some enterprises have a fiscal year that starts at another time during the year (e.g. Oct 1 - Sep 30). Normally once a fiscal year has been established it is not changed.

A fiscal year is sub-divided in several accounting periods. Most business use a month as their accounting period. Financial statements are commonly prepared at the end of each accounting period. This activity is commonly referred to as "month end".

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Fiscal Year


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Audit

A process in which outside experts come in and examine the enterprise's books to verify that they accurately represent the state of the enterprise. Audits are commonly done as part of year-end. Publicly traded companies are required to have annual audits.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Audit


text:
Algorithm Implementation/Sorting/Patience sort

C++
Given a generic STL-style input iterator to a sequence, we shall call its elements' value type, and assume that we have some container of cards (an example could be ), and a container of piles (which, again, could be just a vector of piles).

In this case, one can define the patience sorting as follows:

For the std::lower_bound algorithm to work, a tiny utility comparator functor is needed:

Clojure
Implementation using the Patience Sort approach. The elements (newelem) put on a pile combine the "card" with a reference to the top of the previous stack, as per the algorithm. The combination is done using cons, so what gets put on a pile is a list—a descending subsequence.

Output:


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Petty Cash

An amount of cash kept on hand to pay small expenses directly rather than going to the trouble of issuing an Accounts Payable check. Receipts are kept of each expense and periodically posted to the General Ledger.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Petty Cash


text:
ERP Internals/Data Tables/Item/Item Price

This table contains one record for each price of each item.

Used by: Inventory, Order Entry/Invoicing, Purchasing, Quotation/Estimation

Key: Price List, Item Number

Fields:
 * Price List (identifies the class of price based on customer and volume)
 * Item Number
 * Price (Prices are commonly stated with four decimal places)


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Bad Debt

If a customer fails to pay all or part of an invoice, the amount is called a "bad debt" and written off. Bad debts are the price enterprises pay for making sales on credit. See Write Off.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Bad Debt


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Write off

When a customer debt is declared uncollectable, it is written off by debiting (increasing) an expense account and crediting (decreasing) Accounts Receivable.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Write off


text:
ERP Internals/Data Tables/Supporting Tables/Price List

This table contains one record for every Price List.

Used by: Order Entry/Invoicing, Quotation/Estimate

Key: Price List

Fields:
 * Price List
 * Description


text:
User:Grich

About Myself
I am currently a student studying Software Development. I enjoy Painting, Computers, Reading and I have an interest in Carnivous Plants. I have also been a student of Fine Arts before I went into a career of computers.

What I want to do for WikiBooks
I enjoy Computer Programming and I want to share my interest with the world. I Love the old programming languages like QBasic, Pascal and ADA, as well as web technologies such as PHP, HTML and Javascript. I got interested in this wiki site when I read the QBasic Manual and I found it needed improvment.

Projects I am in
HTML

QBasic

Serial Programming:USB Technical Manual

XHTML

title: User:Grich


text: Template:Lighthouse

title: Template:Lighthouse


text:
User talk:205.161.213.167

Regarding edits made during February 2 2007
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 03:39, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:205.161.213.167


text:
This Quantum World/Appendix/Indefinite integral

The indefinite integral
How do we add up infinitely many infinitesimal areas? This is elementary if we know a function $$F(x)$$ of which $$f(x)$$ is the first derivative. If $$f(x)=\frac{dF}{dx}$$ then $$dF(x)=f(x)\,dx$$ and

\int_a^b f(x)\,dx=\int_a^b dF(x)=F(b)-F(a).$$

All we have to do is to add up the infinitesimal amounts $$dF$$ by which $$F(x)$$ increases as $$x$$ increases from $$a$$ to $$b,$$ and this is simply the difference between $$F(b)$$ and $$F(a).$$

A function $$F(x)$$ of which $$f(x)$$ is the first derivative is called an integral or antiderivative of $$f(x).$$ Because the integral of $$f(x)$$ is determined only up to a constant, it is also known as indefinite integral of $$f(x).$$ Note that wherever $$f(x)$$ is negative, the area between its graph and the $$x$$ axis counts as negative.

How do we calculate the integral $$I=\int_a^b dx\,f(x)$$ if we don't know any antiderivative of the integrand $$f(x)$$? Generally we look up a table of integrals. Doing it ourselves calls for a significant amount of skill. As an illustration, let us do the Gaussian integral

I=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}dx\,e^{-x^2/2}.$$

For this integral someone has discovered the following trick. (The trouble is that different integrals generally require different tricks.) Start with the square of $$I$$:

I^2=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\!dx\,e^{-x^2/2}\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\!dy \,e^{-y^2/2}= \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\!\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\!dx\,dy\,e^{-(x^2+y^2)/2}. $$

This is an integral over the $$x{-}y$$ plane. Instead of dividing this plane into infinitesimal rectangles $$dx\,dy,$$ we may divide it into concentric rings of radius $$r$$ and infinitesimal width $$dr.$$ Since the area of such a ring is $$2\pi r\,dr,$$ we have that

I^2=2\pi\int_0^{+\infty}\!dr\,r\,e^{-r^2/2}.$$

Now there is only one integration to be done. Next we make use of the fact that $$\frac{d\,r^2}{dr}=2r,$$ hence $$dr\,r=d(r^2/2),$$ and we introduce the variable $$w=r^2/2$$:

I^2=2\pi\int_0^{+\infty}\!d\left({r^2/2}\right)e^{-r^2/2}= 2\pi\int_0^{+\infty}\!dw\,e^{-w}.$$

Since we know that the antiderivative of $$e^{-w}$$ is $$-e^{-w},$$ we also know that

\int_0^{+\infty}\!dw\,e^{-w}=(-e^{-\infty})-(-e^{-0})=0+1=1.$$

Therefore $$I^2=2\pi$$ and

\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\!dx\,e^{-x^2/2}=\sqrt{2\pi}.$$

Believe it or not, a significant fraction of the literature in theoretical physics concerns variations and elaborations of this basic Gaussian integral.

One variation is obtained by substituting $$\sqrt{a}\,x$$ for $$x$$:

\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\!dx\,e^{-ax^2/2}=\sqrt{2\pi/a}.$$

Another variation is obtained by thinking of both sides of this equation as functions of $$a$$ and differentiating them with respect to $$a.$$ The result is

\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}dx\,e^{-ax^2/2}x^2=\sqrt{2\pi/a^3}.$$


text:
This Quantum World/Appendix/Sine and cosine

Sine and cosine
We define the function $$\cos(x)$$ by requiring that

\cos''(x)=-\cos(x),\quad \cos(0)=1$$ and  $$\cos'(0)=0.$$

If you sketch the graph of this function using only this information, you will notice that wherever $$\cos(x)$$ is positive, its slope decreases as $$x$$ increases (that is, its graph curves downward), and wherever $$\cos(x)$$ is negative, its slope increases as $$x$$ increases (that is, its graph curves upward).

Differentiating the first defining equation repeatedly yields

\cos^{(n+2)}(x)=-\cos^{(n)}(x)$$

for all natural numbers $$n.$$ Using the remaining defining equations, we find that $$\cos^{(k)}(0)$$ equals 1 for k = 0,4,8,12…, –1 for k = 2,6,10,14…, and 0 for odd k. This leads to the following Taylor series:

\cos(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^nx^{2n}}{(2n)!} = 1-{x^2\over2!}+ {x^4\over4!} -{x^6\over6!}+\dots.$$

The function $$\sin(x)$$ is similarly defined by requiring that

\sin''(x)=-\sin(x),\quad \sin(0)=0,\quad\hbox{and}\quad \sin'(0)=1.$$

This leads to the Taylor series

\sin(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^nx^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!} = x-{x^3\over3!}+ {x^5\over5!} -{x^7\over7!}+\dots.$$


text:
User talk:Twill892

Image copyright
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title: User talk:Twill892


text:
User talk:Slau288

Image copyright problem with Image:Webcam.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Webcam.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

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Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. Az1568(Talk) 05:29, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Regarding multiple image copyright problems
Please stop uploading images to Wikibooks without a detailed source, including a direct hyperlink to the Internet website that includes the image, and copyright status. The images may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

Images found on the Internet are generally not appropriate to upload to Wikibooks. They are generally not licensed under a free license. They may qualify for use under fair use, but note that fair use applies only to images which would be for which no free equivalent is available or for which no free equivalent that would adequately give the same information could easily be created.

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. --Iamunknown 00:11, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slau288


text:
Principles of Finance/Contributors

The following people have recorded their contribution to the development of this book.

Active Contributors
The following Wikibookians are actively editing this Wikibook, as of February 2007. All participants in the project are welcome to add their name, email address, contribution, and affiliation to the following list. Please keep the list in alphabetical order, based on last name.

The following Wikibookians have contributed or are currently contributing to this Wikibook as of February 2007.

title: Principles of Finance/Contributors


text:
User talk:Thinkbridge

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 07:59, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thinkbridge


text:
User talk:GeordieMcBain

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:00, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:GeordieMcBain