text:
Physical Activity/Aerobic Exercise

Aerobic heart beat increases, to circulate the oxygen in the blood to the muscles faster, and remove toxins from the cell faster. This increases the blood pressure. To get more oxygen into the bloodstream, and get toxins out, the breathing rate increases, and the lungs expand and contract more.

Lactic acid is produced and will cause a burning sensation in the muscles. The body will try to get oxygen to the muscles as fast as it can, but it is not always able to give the muscles all the oxygen they need. When this happens, the muscles will shift to anaerobic respiration until they can get the oxygen they need. This usually happens during any aerobic workout, if the person is trying to push him or herself. When it does happen, the muscles will produce many toxins that are created during anaerobic respiration, and then the liver will try to cleanse those toxins as fast as it can. When the liver cannot remove the toxins as fast as they are created, they build up. When a person experiences pain in their muscles because of working out, it is usually because of lactic acid building up (unless the person has pulled a muscle or damaged something).

One good benefit of getting aerobic exercise is the release of endorphins, which are chemicals in the brain that reduce the feeling of pain and make a person feel better. They are sort of like the body's natural pain medicine, and they make a person feel good. Sustained aerobic exercise for a long period of time, like during a marathon, can be euphoric because of endorphins. They are released to reduce the pain a person feels during aerobic exercise.

A person who regularly does aerobic exercise will develop a healthier and stronger body. Their heart will be stronger, and pump more blood per heartbeat, making it more efficient, to handle the increased blood circulation required for aerobic exercise. This will allow the person to have a lower heart rate when resting, and make them feel better. The lung capacity and efficiency at transferring material between the air and the bloodstream will increase to handle the extra oxygen required during aerobic exercise. This will allow the person to breathe less when resting, making them feel better. The arteries, veins, and capillaries will become more efficient to handle the increased blood circulation. The muscles will increase their efficiency and more blood vessels will be created in the muscles. Coordination will increase. The person will feel better because of having more endorphins in their brain. The muscles, bones, organs, and other tissue will become stronger to handle the impact that exercise will give to them. Burning more energy will require eating more, but even if a person eats more, the person can more easily lose fat by working out.

Types of exercises

 * Swimming
 * Dancing
 * Walking
 * Running
 * Climbing Stairs (sustained for 20 minutes or more)
 * Team Sports
 * Rollerblading
 * Rowing
 * Chopping Wood (sustained for 20 minutes or more)
 * Cross Country Skiing
 * Hiking
 * Jogging
 * Cycling
 * Calisthenics

Method: Using heart rate as guide
When we start conditioning, at first, our heart beat goes up to high levels even with very moderate forms of exercise. The reason for this is that our cardiovascular system and our respiratory system are not conditioned. In other words, they are not very effective for a person who has not exercised for years. But once we start exercising, these systems keep on becoming more and more effective and conditioned. Our heart becomes stronger and our lungs become stronger. Our body is able to supply more oxygen to the muscles in an easier fashion.

Similary, the muscular system becomes more efficient. Our muscles are able to produce more work by using more energy. A fit and conditioned individual can work more through his muscles than a deconditioned person. His muscles are stronger and better adapt at working.

So, as we train, our body can supply more oxygen, more easily, and the muscles can use that extra oxygen to do more work more easily.

Therefore, no matter if you are a fit individual or some one who has been living a sedentary lifestyle for the past many years, you can use heart rate as an effective guide line for your exercise intensity. Your heart rate will tell you how comfortable your body is while exercising. It is one measure that is tailored to your body's ability to perform. Other methods like your speed or inclination or resistance etc. are not tailored to your ability. An unconditioned individual might be struggling at a speed, at which a trained individual is barely breaking a sweat. However, the heartbeat will tell a different story.

Here is the theory behind using heart beat as a guide:

The maximum heart rate is your heart's response to increased oxygen demand and your body's attempt to oxygenate (meaning supply your body with oxygen). It declines with age variably and there is an interindividual variability as well. Here is a rough approximation for the maximum heart rate for an individual:

Maximum Heart Beats Per Minute = 220 - (age in years)

This is a very raw approximation but it doesn't matter that much. Better approximation can be achieved for an individual by putting on a good heart rate monitor and running as fast as possible for at least 2 minutes in an untrained individual to see how high his/her heart beat goes.

Now, by exercising at heart beat about 70% - 80% of maximum heart beat, a person successfully improves his body, while remaining in a comfortable zone.

Even 65% - 70% bpm of max, is a good conditioning zone that is very comfortable and produces constant bodily improvement.

There is no need to push too much. Remain at 70% - 80% : it is very comfortable and gives huge improvements.

For example, I am 25. My maximal heart beat is ~195 (220 - 25).

For me:
 * 70% of maximal heart beat is 136 bpm.
 * 75% of maximal heart beat is 146 bpm.
 * 80% of maximal heart beat is 156 bpm.
 * 85% of maximal heart beat is 166 bpm.
 * (These are all approximations).

During exercise, if I keep my heart beat at about 70% - 80%, I will have significant benefits. If I want, I can push it to 75% - 85% (85% is the upper limit). It is usually sufficient to remain around 70-75%. As an alternative to measure the heart rate run and try to talk at the same time. If you can do this without significant shortness to breath will have reached approximately 70% of your maximal heart beat.

Note that, for an untrained individual, even very moderate exercise will bring his/her heart beat pumping really fast. That means that they can easily remain very comfortable and get significant health improvements. Very soon they will find that their heart beat does not rise that sharply.

Invest in a good heart rate monitor. I think, polar makes excellent heart rate monitors. Buy the ones that have a chest strap. Many professional treadmills can read the heart rate readings from the chest strap - so you don't need to carry the wrist watch with you (that comes with the chest strap). I found the chest strap heart rate monitors to be much more accurate.

Energy output analysis

 * Deconditioned individual - maximum energy output = 6-7 times resting energy expense
 * Conditioned individual - max. energy output = 10 - 12 times resting energy expense

A person can only sustain about 20% of maximum energy output throughout the day, without getting fatigued over time.

Therefore,
 * Deconditioned Individual can spend about 20% of 7 = 1.4 times what he would spend sitting/lying whole day.
 * Conditioned Individual can spend about 20% of 10 = 2 times what he would spend sitting/lying whole day.

Considering that sitting/lying whole day (basal metabolic rate) is about 2000-3000 calories for most people, a difference of .6 (2 - 1.4) times basal metabolic rate is
 * 1200 - 1800 extra calories per day that a fit individual can spend compared to a deconditioned individual. Do you have any idea how much difference these 1200-1800 calories can make!

Base line - become fit.

Aerobic exercise, Running for example, is a pleasure and it gives the best feeling in the world to run. Don't overdo it and give your body time to slowly increase in efficiency and capacity.

As heart and respiratory systems become stronger, the body's peak capacity as well as endurance increase. As muscles become stronger and more effective, body's peak capacity and endurance increase further. The whole body becomes more powerful and stronger.

Warming up and cooling down
It is very important to warm up before suddenly increasing the intensity of your exercise. It is equally (if not more) important to slowly cool off. These two things prevent injury. When warming up, you slowly bring your body into the correct state for more intense exercise, without this warm-up phase the body's muscles and tendons are tight and prone to injury thus it's important to warm up to prevent injury. The cool down is important for recuperation of your body. If you don't allow for a proper cool down, lactic acid more readily and easily builds and stays in your muscles. This acid slows down the healing process and makes you sore. Generally, 5–10 minutes to warm up and about 5 minutes to cool down is sufficient. During the cool down, it is a good idea to write down your daily exercises.

After both the cool down and warm up phase, 5–10 minutes of stretching should follow. This also prevents injury, helps in recuperation, and helps to alleviate lactic acid buildup.

Treadmill
I found treadmill to be an excellent machine for aerobic exercise. I have always loved running and treadmill makes it so easy.

Running on a treadmill, lessens chances of injury. This is because you don't need to be careful of the terrain (road, bumps on the road, footpath etc.), or vehicles or other things. No problems with weather. Also, most good treadmills absorb the shock, making the running more comfortable for your legs.

Also, most treadmills have excellent programs built into them. These programs have been designed by experts and use contemporary exercise theories. Programs like heart rate based programs, can use your heart rate monitors to adjust the inclination etc.

One thing to note is to accurately simulate running outside, you should set the treadmill at at least a 1% grade or higher. With the higher grade, you will be pushing more against the treadmill than the treadmill will be pushing your feet along.

Important Tip: Don't ever forget to clip the stop button to your self. You never know when you might lose a step or something and end up falling. The last thing you want is the belt burning your back or increasing your injury by throwing you around. Always, clip that stop button to your clothes. This is extremely important if you are going to run at a fast pace.

Heart Rate Monitor Guide: I think most treadmill heart rate monitors lack precision. A good heart rate monitor would be a good investment if you plan on exercising seriously.

Bicycling (Biking)
Biking is another excellent aerobic exercise, besides being immensely entertaining.

Tips about buying a bike and accessories

 * Shoes : Get special biking shoes. If your pedals have the lock-in mechanism, get matching shoes. The shoes can be "clipped" into the pedals. The term 'clipless' refers to the older mechanism that locked your foot, which was a cage like system, the clip. Pedals without this system but that offer the possibility to lock your foot are called clipless. That allows you to pull the pedals up in addition to the usual push down. That allows you to complete a full rotation instead of each leg just completing a partial rotation. In addition to using more muscle groups you can, with practice, develop a smoother pedal cycle with greater stability and thus allowing higher cadence. Higher cadence is essential for cardiovascular stress and training. Note that, some basic practice is needed to be able to easily unlock and lock your feet and to immediately unlock your feet in case of emergency.

 * Cost : Don't buy a very expensive bike. I made this mistake and I don't think that my bike justifies the expenditure. It does not matter that you bike is 1 lb. lighter. It will pinch you for long if you belong to the category that most of us belong to.

 * Pump : Tire pressure is essential for optimum performance. Correct tire pressure will yield a sufficiently low rolling resistance of the tire and a minimal risk of flats. Under-inflating will result in a softer ride but also increases the risk of 'pinch flats' caused by squeezing the tire between the ground and the rims when hard cornering. Also, rolling resistance is significantly increased resulting in less than optimal speeds. Over-inflation only reduces the rolling resistance marginally but creates some other issues such as easy puncture flats and bouncing behavior, compromising bike stability. The pressure required is a variable depending on driver weight, the kind of tire and ride circumstances.

 * Tires : The choice depends on the kind of bike. There are specific tires for each kind of bike. The difference is in tire width and profile. The wider the tire, the higher the rolling resistance because of larger contact area, but also the higher the grip on the surface. Profile refers to the tire surface, this can be smooth (slicks) or heavy profile like on mountain bikes. The heavier the profile the more drag and grip it has on loose surfaces such as mud and sand. There is absolutely no point in any profile when the only surface you ride on is asphalt (road). With this in mind, a road bike has a thin smooth tire with the lowest rolling resistance and a mountain bike will have a wide tire with heavy profile for optimum grip on rough surfaces. City bikes, cyclo-cross bikes or other models may choose for something intermediate.

 * Other Accessories : Accessories are optional but can be useful. The use of a helmet is heavily debated and a little out of the scope of this article. Cycling gloves may offer protection against RSI (repetitive stress injuries) from leaning on the handlebars by means of the padding in them. They can also offer extra comfort when riding rough surfaces. Most professional cyclists wear them but the choice remains yours. Glasses provide you with cover for dust and bugs but may also provide a hinder during heavy weather. Cycle clothing has several uses but may dramatically improve riding comfort, especially when riding for greater distances. Cycling shorts are essential in preventing shearing injuries from leg action under sweaty circumstances. The jerseys are in a fabric that allows sweating while still keeping warm. Basically the lycra allows for a more optimal thermoregulation, in addition they provide back pockets. Another good accessory - heart rate monitor. Its fun to see your heart rate once in a while. Another good accessory - an electronic speedometer, mileage computer. They are cheap and it's a pleasure to see how many miles you did today and the total number of miles so far.

Benefits of bicycling

 * Very Entertaining - Biking is probably one of the most entertaining exercises out there. Although, every exercise gives pleasure and has a unique fun attached to it, riding a bike is like gliding. You feel the fresh air brushing your face and body. You get to see many places. Biking is really fun.
 * Fresh Air - Cycling is something that gives you an opportunity to catch a breath of fresh air, literally.
 * Low Impact - Cycling is easier on your bones than running.
 * Hiking while Biking! You can literally go places on your bike. It is not too hard to bike 30 miles in a day (even if you are not very trained, although, your muscles might be a bit sore the next day). You can see parks, cities, neighborhoods on your bike.
 * Practical - You can commute to work / school on a bike to save money on gas.

title: Physical Activity/Aerobic Exercise


text:
Talk:Prolog/Introduction to logic

Fixed some typos, like HasWeel to HasWheel, as wheel usually has a "h" on the second position. (anonymous/not yet registered)

How about a chapter on implementing propositional (non-predicate) logic in Prolog?

Nothing on this page is really relevant to Prolog programming, perhaps it should be not here?
 * I think a short introduction to logic can take the edge of learning prolog for people who aren't familiar the subject. Reading a whole (wiki)book on logic isn't necessary when all you want to learn is what prolog is about, but if you don't have any experience with predicate logic, a short introduction can help you along. As the introduction says, you don't have to read it, but it may help. risk (talk) 21:41, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Prolog/Introduction to logic


text:
User:Mtwhy

sorry no text goes here...

curr. active in: Blender 3d / Noob to Pro

title: User:Mtwhy


text:
Persian/Lesson 22

22

 * - Mijnheer
 * [[media:Fa-خانم.ogg|خانم]] - Mevrouw
 * [[media:Fa-دوشیره.ogg|دوشیزه]] - Mejuffrouw
 * [[media:Fa-بله.ogg|بله]] - Ja
 * [[media:Fa-خوانا.ogg|خوانا]] - Leesbaar
 * [[media:Fa-نه.ogg|نه]] - Nee
 * [[media:Fa-سلام.ogg|سلام]] - Hallo
 * [[media:Fa-صبح بخیر.ogg|صبح بخیر]] - Goedemorgen
 * [[media:Fa- ظهربخیر.ogg|ظهربخیر]] - Goedemiddag
 * [[media:Fa-عصر بخیر.ogg|عصر بخیر]] - Goedenavond
 * [[media:Fa-شب بخیر.ogg|شب بخیر]] - Goedenacht
 * [[media:Fa-خداحفظ.ogg|خداحفظ]] - Tot ziens
 * [[media:Fa-خواهش میکنم.ogg|خواهش میکنم]] - Alstublieft
 * [[media:Fa-متشکرم.ogg|متشکرم]] - Dank u wel
 * [[media:Fa-خیلی ممنون.ogg|خیلی ممنون]] - dank u wel
 * [[media:Fa-مرسی.ogg|مرسی]] - merci
 * [[media:Fa-ببخشید.ogg|ببخشید]] - Pardon
 * [[media:Fa-حال شما چطورید.ogg|حال شما چطورید]] - Hoe gaat het met u
 * [[media:Fa-خیلی خوب، متشکرم.ogg|خیلی خوب، متشکرم]] - Heel goed, dank u wel
 * [[media:Fa-اجزه هست.ogg|اجزه هست]] - Is het toegestaan
 * [[media:Fa-بفرمایید.ogg|بفرمایید]] - Ga uw gang

Exercise on this lesson (experimental)

title: Persian/Lesson 22


text:
Talk:Persian/Lesson 22

Untitled
Wie wil zo vriendelijk zijn om de woorden en zinnen die ik heb toegevoegd na te kijken of alles wel correct is? Daarnaast is in de pagina al wel de mogelijkheid gemaakt voor het toevoegen van geluiden maar ik weet niet of ik dit goed gedaan heb en of er nog woorden ge-upload moeten worden. Voor zover als ik kan overzien zijn alle woorden die al in het bestand stonden nu direct van geluid voorzien.

Graag de mening van een ieder! AdaM

Ik zie het woord `ganaa` voor `nee` vertaald. Dit betekent ´leesbaar´. Verder zie ik niets bijzonders. Ida simonida_d@hotmail.com

title: Talk:Persian/Lesson 22


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/SCP/Energy/Photosynthesis

The sun is the primary energy source for all of the Earth's lifeforms. Photosynthesis is a process where the energy of the sun converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose. This happens mostly in the leafs green plants. Chloroplasts in the leaf cells contain chlorophyll, which captures the energy of the sun and makes photosynthesis possible.

Chlorophyll captures light energy from the sun and converts it to electrical energy. The electrical energy splits apart carbon dioxide (coming through pores, called stomata, in the plant) and water (coming through the roots and stem) molecules in the plant. This can be expressed by the chemical equation:

 * 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

 * Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen

The oxygen is released into the air, where it can be inhaled by animals. Glucose is used by the plant for energy. It is called a carbohydrate.


text:
X Window Programming

This book describes how to program the X Window System, a server application for Unix-like operating systems that lays ground for displaying graphics and gathering user input. The book assumes some basic knowledge on how to use a computer, how to set up and use The X Window System, how to use a compiler, and how to write a program in the C programming language.

Contents

 * /Contents/
 * /Introduction/
 * /Xlib/
 * /XCB/
 * /Motif/
 * /SDL/
 * /OpenGL/
 * /Qt/
 * /GTK+/
 * /Resources/

title: X Window Programming


text:
Puzzles/Lateral puzzles/5

Puzzles | Lateral puzzles | 5

A man is hanging from the ceiling, which is 5 metres above floor level. He has hanged himself however there is no chair and there is no other furniture that he could have used to push himself up. The walls are all smooth and there is no way he could have used them to climb up. However, the floor is flooded. How did he hang himself?

Solution

title: Puzzles/Lateral puzzles/5


text:
Puzzles/Lateral puzzles/5/Solution

Puzzles | Lateral puzzles | Lateral puzzle 5 | Solution

He stood on a block of ice, which has melted and so flooded the floor.

title: Puzzles/Lateral puzzles/5/Solution


text:
Talk:Electronics/Thevenin/Norton Equivalents

I've fixed the example, put it at a better level.


text:
User talk:24.126.108.85

-Hapsiainen 20:53, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.126.108.85


text:
Cookbook talk:Alfalfa Sprouts

In the first paragraph of the article, this line is the end of one of the sentences: if it dries out or freezes it becomes truly horrible! This sounds too..."slangy". Could someone reword that sentence to make it a bit more like what one would find in a real textbook? Zhaladshar 21:43, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The first priority should be clarity. The "slangy" wording gets the point across very very well. AlbertCahalan 06:31, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Canavanine
Maybe this article ought to include a warning about alfalfa's canavanine content? This amino acid can get incorporated into body proteins in place of arginine, and alfalfa-induced autoimmune symptoms presumably due to its presence have been recorded on a few occasions.

title: Cookbook talk:Alfalfa Sprouts


text:
Cookbook:Puttanesca Sauce (Vegan)

| Vegan Cuisine | Italian Cuisine

Ingredients

 * ¼–½ cup extra-virgin olive oil
 * 6 garlic cloves, minced
 * 1 can (28 oz / 830 g) crushed tomatoes
 * ½ cup chopped pitted Kalamata olives
 * ½ cup chopped pitted salt-cured black olives
 * 2 tablespoons capers, rinsed
 * 1 teaspoon crushed red pepper
 * 1 teaspoon dried oregano
 * ⅛ teaspoon pepper
 * 2 tablespoons parsley

Procedure

 * 1) Heat oil in a large skillet.
 * 2) Add garlic and sauté over medium heat until garlic starts to brown lightly.
 * 3) Add oregano, pepper, olives, capers, and tomatoes. Simmer for about 15 minutes.
 * 4) Add parsley and cook for another 2 minutes.
 * 5) Add salt to taste.
 * 6) Pour over 1 pound (450 g) of cooked pasta, and serve.

title: Cookbook:Puttanesca Sauce (Vegan)


text:
Cookbook:Brazilian Black Bean Soup

| Vegan Cuisine

Ingredients

 * 2 cups dried black beans
 * 8 cups water
 * 4 cloves garlic, minced
 * ¼ cup diced white onion
 * ¼ cup chopped green onion
 * 2 whole cloves
 * ½ teaspoon ground cumin
 * 1 tablespoon caribe or another ground hot pepper
 * Juice of 1 lime
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Place beans in a large pan and cover with water. Bring to a boil and remove from heat. Cover and let stand for 1 hour. Simmer for 2 hours and drain.
 * 2) Place beans in a large pan and add 8 cups water, garlic, salt, white onions, cumin, ground chili and lime juice. Tie cloves in cheesecloth for easy removal if desired. Bring to a boil; reduce heat, cover and simmer for 2 hours or until beans are tender and soup is thick.
 * 3) Mix in green onions and serve with lime wedge.

title: Cookbook:Brazilian Black Bean Soup


text:
Talk:Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials

What would be a good long-term format for this page? After I looked at the prostate RTOG studies, there tends to be a fair amount of papers associated with them. I think I would lean to keeping just the study, and linking the main outcome paper with maybe a pasted conclusion. I have done this as a trial for the prostate studies. Even that may be too long in the long run. And then have all the details on individual pages (to be constructed as we have time.) Tdvorak 15:38, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * My goal for this page was that it should be no more than a numeric listing of trials so it could serve as an index. So, if you're trying to remember just what the heck 85-31 is about, you can look it up here.  Its purpose is not to provide details about the study but just to describe, in a brief one line sentence, the overall schema of the study.  For example:
 * 85-01 - Esophagus - XRT alone vs XRT/Chemo
 * In some cases, I would also provide a PMID link to the results of the study, but would not list details . Those details should be provided in the appropriate chapter, i.e. Esophagus.  Some studies have a larger number of ancillary papers associated with them, but I don't think those papers should be listed in here unless there are just a few.  A good solution would be to do what you did for some of the prostate studies, where each study has its own page listing the schema and all of the publications associated with it.  In those cases, I would just provide a brief description of the study on this page and then link to the study's own page for a listing of all the publications.  — Brim 21:16, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials


text:
Programmed Math/Pythagorean theorem

The pythagorean (pi-THA-gor-in) theorem is a formula which explains the relationship between sides of a right triangle (a triangle w/ one 90 degree angle)

Formula:

$$a^2+b^2=c^2$$ where a and b are the legs and c is the hypoteneuse.

There is also a thing called a Pythagorean Triple, where in $$a^2+b^2=c^2$$ a and b are equal to c.

Such an example is with $$3^2+4^2=c^2$$ Where $$3^2 = 9$$ and $$4^2 = 16, 16+9 = 5^2$$ which is 25

title: Programmed Math/Pythagorean theorem


text:
User:Bobdoe~enwikibooks/SNES screenshot

A screenshot of Final Fantasy VI, made with the ZSNES Super Nintendo emulator. Taken by User:Bobdoe.

title: User:Bobdoe~enwikibooks/SNES screenshot


text:
Reaktor/Tutorials/Where are the values?

Where are the values?
Looking into the structure you see modules, connected by wires. But there are no variables whose values you could check. If you know a little bit about programming you might wonder: Where are the values in Reaktor?

Well, they're obviously travelling along the wires - and you can even see them doing that by pointing your mouse on a wire: If it's a primary level wire a small hint appears showing the actual value travelling along the wire (updated every second or so). In core level you have to activate the "debug mode" (within the context menu or by pressing the little bug in the header) to get these hints.

This way you can get a first overview of what's going on. If you have to analyse the values in more details there are a lot of panel elements available you can insert into the structure to have the values displayed within the panel.

title: Reaktor/Tutorials/Where are the values?


text:
Reaktor/Tutorials/Tip of the day

What did you learn today? Add your tip here

 * You learn something about Reaktor every day you work with it. What you learned today may be very easy for you, but it may be very difficult for other users or Reaktor beginners. Share what you learned today here, just add a sentence, or two. We will pick up these tips and build a larger tutorial based on it.
 * Use of IC Send module with any sequencer
 * On the PC use Ctrl to automatically create an additional input point for a Macro when you drag a wire towards it, on a Mac it's the Command key. This also works with some Math modules and any other module that has '...' on the bottom left.
 * To modify instrument volume with an LFO, the LFO has to produce AUDIO output so as to avoid annoying sound artefacts (pitch modulation, in contrast, can safely be done by an event LFO signal). Also, it's a good idea to smoothen the LFO signal using an integrator that adjusts it to Reaktor's control rate´(I once found a "Ramps CtrlRate" macro in one of the User Library's instruments to do the job).

 * ADD YOUR TIP HERE

title: Reaktor/Tutorials/Tip of the day


text:
User talk:Amicus

I would like to try creating a "minimal standard course" of theoretical physics. The emphasis is on a small amount of standard material and on understandability of all explanations. I have started with Classical mechanics so far; the existing pages of that wikibook were almost empty and I think it would be okay to take over. I am of course not sure how much time I will be able to devote to this project.

-- Amicus.

title: User talk:Amicus


text:
Cookbook:Carrots Cooked Kinpira Style

 * Cuisine of Japan

Kinpira is a Japanese cooking term that roughly translates to sauté and simmer. The aim is to cook root vegetables such as carrots and burdock root in a minimum amount of water so that they end up tenderly cooked and with none of their flavour or nutritional value lost into discarded cooking water.

Ingredients

 * 250 g (½ lb) carrots, julienned
 * 1 Tbsp vegetable oil, preferably sesame oil
 * Water
 * Tamari or shoyu soy sauce, to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Cut the carrots into thin matchstick pieces (sen-giri, or julienned)
 * 2) Pour a small amount of oil into a saucepan and sauté the carrot pieces briefly
 * 3) Add just enough water to half-cover the carrot pieces
 * 4) Place the lid on the pot and let the carrots simmer briefly on medium-low heat
 * 5) Add a little tamari or shoyu to enhance flavour. Serve.

title: Cookbook:Carrots Cooked Kinpira Style


text:
User:Prabhupada

PRABHUPADA

Srila Prabhupada is the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness Movement or ISKCON. iskcon

title: User:Prabhupada


text:
User:Name of Feather

I am working on the Demystifying Depression book, which is based on a two-part series with the same name that I published in Kuro5hin.

You can reach me by email at name_of_feather (at) yahoo (dot) com.

title: User:Name of Feather


text:
Austrian

The official language of Austria is German. The variety used is called Austrian German, which contains minor differences in vocabulary and pronunciation: it is much more mild, liberal and melodious unlike the German in Germany which is harsh, arrogant and even somewhat mastering. The varieties are mostly mutually intelligible. However, the native language of almost all Austrians is not German, but instead various local dialects of the Austro-Bavarian language, replaced by Alemannic in Vorarlberg. Both are closely related but not always mutually intelligible with each other and German, especially not the Southern Austro-Bavarian dialects and Alemannic. On the other hand, practically everyone except many people over 70 and rural people over 50 can also speak German, again using the Austrian variety, as a second language, and as the official language, it is also expected to be used in modern day schools. Vienna is a special case. The original Austro-Bavarian (Wienerisch) dialects have practically disappeared (except among older people) and been replaced with a single Wienerisch/German mix language, which is the result of Wienerisch growing closer to German. And right now, among children, this is also disappearing, as the German language is in the process of taking over as the first language in Vienna, so most Viennese children today use German as their mother tongue and Wienerisch as a second language, and in fact, a few speak no Wienerisch at all. This Germanization has also been slightly noticed in other parts of the country, such as Salzburg and Graz, where Austro-Bavarian, however, for the moment, remains the mother tongue of the vast majority in these places.

The differences - die Unterschiede - der Unterschied
Austro-Bavarian is closely related to German. But there are many differences between the two.

Substanives - Hauptwörter - Hauptwerta
Singular - Plural

The cases - die Fälle - dei Fälle
First case - erster Fall - ertsa Foi

 * m: der Sessel - da Sessl (the chair)
 * f: die Bluse - die Blusn (the blouse)
 * n: das Halstuch - des Hoistuach (the neckerchief)

Second case - zweiter Fall - zweita Foi

 * m: des Sessels - vom Sessl (3rd case!!!) ... there is no second case in the Austrian language
 * f: der Bluse - von da Blusn (3rd case)
 * n: des Halstuches - vom Hoistuach (3rd case)

Third case - dritter Fall - dritta Foi

 * m: (von) dem Sessel - (von) dem (vom) Sessl
 * f: (von) der Bluse - (von) da Blusn
 * n: (von) dem Halstuch - (von) dem (vom) Hoistuach

Forth case - vierter Fall - viata Foi

 * m: den Sessel - den Sessl
 * f: die Bluse - dei Blusn
 * n: das Halstuch - des Hoistuach

Weblinks

 * Österreichisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch -- Austrian-German dictionary (in German)

title: Austrian


text:
Talk:Use the Source/I have to give you what

> that you cannot make a profit by selling anything made from the GPL code

are you sure about that?

 * * It's in the licence, give it a read some time. Nmontague 23:27, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Where? a quick search doesn't even find the words "profit" "sell", and every case of "redistribute" has no such condition.

Public Domain
I think you will find that the notion of "public domain" is restricted to the US and a few other countries. It's not clear how a European court would interpret the use of a public domain work, or a European trying to place something in the public domain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.117.232.131 (discuss • contribs)
 * A good point, one that I, as a Canadian, hadn't been taking into account. In some countries, even waiving all rights like is impossible, the work remains in the creators control regardless of what they may attempt to do to release it.  And in essence must place it under a licence the waives all rights, provided the nation in question even allows for that.  74.13.56.168 (talk) 16:42, 29 July 2008 (UTC)


text:
Template:Demystifying Depression/Navbar

Next page:, Previous page: , Top: Demystifying Depression

title: Template:Demystifying Depression/Navbar


text:
User:Jnc

I'm almost never over here. Please see my page on the English Wikipedia. Similarly, please use my talk page on the English Wikipedia. Thanks. - Noel

title: User:Jnc


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User talk:Jnc

I'm almost never over here. Please use my talk page on the English Wikipedia. Thanks. - Noel

title: User talk:Jnc


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/DCC/Origin of species/Theories/Evolution

Evolution is a gradual process that occurs over time. As a species is exposed to different selection pressures, it is forced to adapt to changes in its surroundings. Thus, a naturalist can observe a change in the features of a species.


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Talk:IB Biology

How time passes! All the comments about the 'New Syllabus' are now superseded by the fact that there is an even newer syllabus published for first teaching in 2014 (August). Even the website of resources established for 2009 syllabus will be out of date from the end of the examination cycle in 2015.

New syllabus can be found here: http://www.edu.pe.ca/rural/IB%20Biology/files/Biology2009IB.pdf The following are NOT IB publications, but offer syllabus outcomes AND answers. They are not endorsed by the IBO. http://www.ibguides.com/biology/notes/2.1-cell-theory (This is a site that basically has the same purpose as this study guide. I would recommend this site for IB students looking for a quick source of info about the syllabus outcomes.) and https://docs.google.com/a/i-biology.net/spreadsheet/lv?key=0AuVTjWxKuHifdDJEUFRuNy1oUVpuY19EZWpsWUhVU1E&rm=full#gid=19 (This is an excellent source for the syllabus, as it divides the syllabus into HL and SL, with separate sheets for Options. I have communicated with Stephen Taylor, an IB teacher that created this spreadsheet, and he said that it was ok if users wanted to download it or make a copy to add to their Google Drive. It would be a good idea to thank him in the comments at the bottom here: http://i-biology.net/ibdpbio/command-terms/ )

If a new version of the sylabus is avalable, then why don't we retrofit the page to it? Is there anywhere we can get it? Senix1 (talk)

We still have to consider that current Y11 and Y12 IB Biology students are still using the 2009 syllabus. Perhaps we should fork the book into separate editions of the syllabus. CatanOverlord (discuss • contribs) 16:17, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Before setting out to do loads of work on this, don't overlook the fact that the IB Biology syllabus has changed for exams from 2009. Students starting in sept 2007 will follow a new syllabus. Wouldn't it be better to use the structure of the new syllabus?

Why reinvent the wheel? This work has already been substantially covered by [Stephen Taylor]http://http://i-biology.net/ and [John Burrell] http://click4biology.info

This is amazing! I started, then abandoned this ages ago. Thanks for contributing to this article: another testament to how great collectivism can be! Akapsycho 18:33, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

If we all want the merging, I suggest that we keep the order of statements as how they are in the IB syllabus. 76.105.23.27 23:28, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Help this cause please! Akapsycho 18:33, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It does seem to need some editing. Has a biologist read any of the statements? I'm not being cruel, it just seems the "answers" are often poorly framed. - marsh 04:46, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

It needs more than "some" editing. Even if the content is fine, the layout is a mess. I think that each topic needs to get its own page. This Wikibook should also start being more of a Wikibook than a more detailed copy of the IB syllabus. Splat 00:22, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh good. It was not only me that noticed problems - marsh 04:47, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The content needs a lot of editing since the objectives in the new Syllabus have changed almost completely! I'm not sure, but I think that this is the new Syllabus with all the new objectives (although I think it's HL): http://production-app2.ibo.org/publication/7/part/2/chapter/4/page/1   Now I personally think that the formatting is perfectly fine and readable, the only thing that we have to do is change the objectives until Exams 2009 (which I think are around May). Another thing I'm thinking is if these objectives are somehow creative commons? Can we just put them on here, or are they protected.  (Biology Student (talk) 18:09, 12 June 2008 (UTC))

Studying for IB exams
I've made some extensive notes. I'll add them here. Someone please correct my spelling though- it's generally atroscious. --Daniel.Stevens 11:20, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

I decided to write out the principles of synaptic transmission (11.1.5)as clearly and consisely as possible, if you think it is worth adding, go ahead! Oh and good luck everyone with BIO HL tomorrow! A.Brown!
 * 1. Nerve impulse (action potential) reaches end of pre-synaptic neuron, (from depolarisation in the axon)
 * 2. Opens voltage gated calcium ion (Ca2+) channel, allowing influx of Calcium (into Pre-synaptic Neuron/ axoplasm)
 * 3. Causes vesicle containing neurotransmitters to move to pre-synaptic membrane
 * 4. Vesicle fuses with pre-synaptic membrane and exctretes neurotransmitter by exocytosis
 * 5. Neurotransmitter (eg. acetylcholine, dopamine, etc.) diffuses across the synaptic gap and binds to a receptor on the post-synaptic membrane
 * 6. This causes chemical gated Sodium channels on the post-synaptic membrane to open, letting Sodium ions into the post-synaptic neuron; causing depolarisation
 * 7. Enzymes break down the neurotransmitter bound to receptor.
 * 8. Broken down neurotransmitter reabsorbed by PRE-synaptic membrane and re-synthesised into neurotransmitter.
 * 9. Calcium ions in pre-synaptic neuron pumped back out into synaptic gap

''also, there's a problem with the light dependant reaction.. Cylic photophosphorylation only involve PS I not PSII !!! It is confusing! here is my suggestion.. though probably needs editing:''

 * 1, PHOTOLYSIS: the splitting of water by light energy to produce Oxygen, H+ ions and e-. Oxygen released as a waste proudct of photosynthesis . H+ ions combine with NADP to give NADPH+H
 * 2, Photoactivation of Photosystem II: PSII absorbs light energy and electrons are boosted to a higher energy level.
 * 3, Electrons lost from PSII are replaced by electrons from PHOTOLYSIS
 * 4, Photophosphorylation: electrons at high energy level fall in energy through a series of carriers. As they pass through the cytochrome complex, the energy released is used to pump protons (H+ ions) into the thykaloid interior, creating a high concentration.
 * 5, Protons (H+ ions) flow back into stroma by diffusion through ATP synthase, hence generating ATP.
 * 6, Electrons continue to fall in energy level and reach PS I.
 * 7, PHOTOACTIVATION of PS I :light energy absorbed by chlorophyl in PS I, excites electron
 * 8, Electon used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH + H+, using 2H+ (NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION)
 * 9, OR, electron falls back to PS I through Cytochrome complex, generating more ATP due to concentration gardient of H+ discussed above. CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
 * 10, Cyclic photophosphorylation uses only PS I (and ATP synthetase), not PS II

Topic 1
Isn't Topic 1 supposed to be "Statistical analysis"? 218.101.117.106 (talk) 04:22, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

It is on the new course, not on the old course which is here. This book should really say for first examinations year x (whatever the old course's first year was). Still lots the same though so just make sure if you're doing the new course and want to use this you check to make sure it's the same dot points for a given section.

title: Talk:IB Biology


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User:Bradenm

From Kelowna, BC, Canada.

My name is Braden MacDonald - See my web site for more...

Or see my Wikipedia page.

title: User:Bradenm


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Investing/Real estate

Investing in Residential Real Estate is one of the primary means of wealth accumulation in America today. For most Americans, investing in their own home is the largest investment they ever make. Extending that investment to other properties can be a means of building net worth.

There are five key characteristics that make real estate investing different from a passive investments such as the stock market:

INCOME: the property produces income in the form of rent, and that income can be used to pay for the investment itself. Because everyone has to have a place to live, the rental income tends to be more stable than the income from other investments. In addition, the income tends to rise over the course of time, as rent reflects the cost of ownership at the time of the rental. This benefits the owner, whose monthly cost is largely fixed at the time of acquisition.

DEPRECIATION: and other tax benefits are simply too good to be true. Many smart investors aim for a "break even" cash flow, but still get solid cash tax benefits from the tax shelter generated from depreciation. Investments can be exchanged without tax consequence, allowing the investor remarkable flexibility without any tax bill. And even if you sell, long term gains are not considered earned income, and therefore are not taxed by Social Security. The long term capital gains tax is currently at only 15%.

EQUITY BUILD UP: Equity in the property grows from the gradual pay off of the loan balance through amortization. Many investors choose a 30 year fixed rate loan program to keep their debt service costs to a minimum. Even so, as time passes, a larger and larger portion of the payment goes toward principal reduction. Eventually, the owner will own the property free and clear of any debt.

APPRECIATION: This increase in value can come from two sources, both from the economy (overall increase in value of real property) and from the improvements made by the owner (paint, carpet, adding a deck, mowing the lawn, etc.). Appreciation is the secret benefit of residential real estate, because the real money in owning real property is in holding it long term.

LEVERAGE: It only takes a small amount of cash to control a relatively large investment in residential real estate. Borrowing 80% to 95% of the purchase price is common, and locking in at a long term fixed interest rate is also common. In fact, if an investor has a good credit record, financing for up to 100% of the purchase price is often available. This type of leverage is typical in real estate because lenders believe the collateral (the real estate) is very stable in value. This leverage allows the investor to accumulate substantial dollar amount of investments relatively quickly. Also, owner financing is common, so investors with poor credit can get started as well.

title: Investing/Real estate


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User:Demi~enwikibooks

I edit Wikibooks only occasionally.

Recipes

 * Beer Cheese Risotto
 * Brown Gravy
 * Cashew Gravy
 * Dog Biscuits
 * Ground Tofu
 * Lentil Rice Loaf
 * Onion Dip
 * Steak and Peppers

Taco Meat

 * 1 small onion, finely diced
 * 1 package vegetarian ground beef or 1 pound ground beef, cooked and drained with reserved fat
 * 1½ T vegetable oil or reserved beef fat
 * 1 T mild chili powder
 * ½ t oregano
 * ½ t cumin
 * ½ t black pepper
 * ½ t salt
 * 3 oz. V-8 beverage

Mix the dry seasonings except for the salt together. Start by sweating onion in a frying pan or skillet with a generous pinch of the salt and seasoning mixture. Add the ground beef substitute (or cooked beef) and increase the heat. Cook, stirring occasionally, to brown the beef and onions. Add the rest of the salt seasoning mixture and incorporate. Add the V-8 and about ¼ of water, just so everything is wet. Cook and reduce for 5-10 minutes until consistency is correct. Add salt to taste.

Mini-Peach Crisp
Filling:
 * 1-2 peaches, peeled and sliced
 * 1 T sugar
 * 1 t cornstarch

Topping:
 * ¼ C brown sugar
 * ¼ C rolled oats
 * 2 T flour
 * 2 T butter
 * pinch salt
 * pinch cinnamon

Preheat oven to 375°

Mix filling ingredients together until peach chunks are coated with sugar and cornstarch. Place evenly in bottom of small ramekin (5" diameter).

Mix dry topping ingredients together. Cut in butter until evenly distributed and topping has texture of coarse bread crumbs.

Cook in 375° oven for about 35 minutes or until topping is golden brown and crisp bubbles around the edges. Serves 2.

Poke Duo

 * 8 oz ahi tuna (sashimi-grade, divided into two portions)
 * 1/4 t wasabi powder
 * 1 t sesame seeds (white, untoasted)
 * 1/2 t salt
 * 1/4 t black pepper
 * 1 stalk celery
 * 3/4 pasilla pepper
 * 1/4 C pistachios, chopped
 * 1/4 medium red onion, very thinly sliced
 * 1/8 t sriracha
 * 1/2 C soy sauce
 * 1/8 t toasted sesame oil
 * chopped cilantro
 * chopped green onions

This dish is a non-traditional poke made from tuna prepared two ways: sliced raw, as in traditional poke, and seared with wasabi, salt, black pepper and sesame seeds, then cooled and sliced.

To sear the tuna, divide into two portions--set one aside to slice raw later. Prepare the seasoning mix by mixing together the dry ingredients. Press the moist tuna into the coating on both sides. Heat a cast iron skillet till just the smoking point of canola oil, apply enough oil to coat the bottom and gently lay the coated tuna in the bottom of the pan. Sear approximately 90 seconds on each side, then remove from heat. Place on a covered plate in the refrigerator to cool.

To prepare the vegetables, thinly slice the red onion and the pasilla or anaheim pepper (if using a mild pepper, increase the amount of sriracha in the dressing. Add chopped celery and chopped pistachios into a bowl.

Mix the dressing ingredients together vigorously and add to the vegetables. Cover and refrigerate for at least a half hour.

When ready to serve, slice the tuna into cubes and dress with the vegetables. Mix thoroughly and place on a bed of sliced cabbage or lettuce. Top with freshly chopped cilantro and green onions. Makes two portions.

title: User:Demi~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Demi~enwikibooks

Please don't leave me messages here, I probably won't see them.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Demi. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Demi~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:09, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:52, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Demi~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:142.150.49.171

Page Naming Conventions
Thanks for all of you useful contributions to Wikibooks. I've just moved the contents of your new Currents article to your other one using the singular form, Current, along with redirecting the former to the latter. You don't need to create one article for each form, create only the singular form, except when only the plural is used, like with Electronics (see Wikipedia:Naming conventions for a very detailed discussion of the page naming style used by some Wikibookians). You can easily link the the plural to your singular page like this, currents yields currents, and currents yields currents (the second form is more versatile (you can put anything you like after the pipe symbol (the |), but it's a bit harder to type). Thanks again, and carry on your great work. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:18, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC) - Thanks for the information on singular and plural forms in titles. I tried to reply on the 7th, but the page was locked for maintenance.

..... I look at the list of red titles (Pages wanted, etc.) and if I can help I contribute something, but soon there won't be any left. What is the relationship between the 'pedia and the 'books? Maybe I'll try Copying/pasting from one to the other? QUITTNER, 142.150.49.171 16:24, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm glad you found it useful. Umm, you can copy stuff from Wikipedia, but you need to be careful to attribute you source properly. That is, you should copy the history of the Wikipedia article to the talk page of the article you are creating or adding to. It's also a good idea to make a link back to Wikipedia, for example you get the box below:

 * Maybe, instead of cutting and pasting, you could add to or create an article in an area that you are interested in. But, don't feel that you have to rush ahead to create articles, you can simply read through what others have done and how they formatted it, that will help you do a good job when you do contribute. Good luck. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:20, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:142.150.49.171


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Radiation Oncology/Multiple myeloma

Epidemiology

 * Incidence comparable to Hodgkin's disease or CLL (2-3 per 100,000)
 * In 2003: 16,000 new cases and 11,000 deaths
 * Peak incidence 50-60s; male:female 1:1

History

 * First published case: (clinical case and postmortem)
 * 1848 No PMID PDF Full text PDF (reprinted) -- "On a new substance occurring in the urine of a patient with mollities ossium." (Bence Jones H, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1848 138:55-62.)
 * Bence Jones protein
 * 1850 PMID 20895930 -- "Case of Mollities and Fragilitas Ossium, accompanied with urine strongly charged with animal matter." (Macintyre W, Med Chir Trans. 1850;33:211-32.)

Natural History

 * Proliferation and accumulation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells derived from B-cell lymphocytes
 * Believed to be monoclonal tumor cells from a single transformed cell
 * Low growth-fraction tumor; subclinical phase 1-3 years
 * MM is currently incurable: median survival 3 years

POEMS syndrome:
 * polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes
 * May be associated with plasma cell disorders

Diagnosis
Guidelines: Multiple Myeloma + General:
 * 2003: International Myeloma Working Group PMID 12780789 — "Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group." (International Myeloma Working Group [no authors listed], Br J Haematol. 2003 Jun;121(5):749-57.)
 * see also: 2003: International Myeloma Foundation Consensus - PMID 14671610 — "Myeloma management guidelines: a consensus report from the Scientific Advisors of the International Myeloma Foundation." (Durie BG, Hematol J. 2003;4(6):379-98.)
 * 2006: UK Myeloma Forum PMID 16412016 Full text -- "Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma 2005." (Smith A, Br J Haematol. 2006 Feb;132(4):410-51.)
 * 2009: PMID 18971951 -- "Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma." (Kyle RA, Leukemia. 2009 Jan;23(1):3-9.)
 * See also chart in PMID 21181954 PDF
 * 2010: Smoldering multiple myeloma (Review) PMID 20026810 -- "Smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: current diagnostic criteria, new predictors of outcome, and follow-up recommendations." (Blade J, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 1;28(4):690-7.)
 * 2011: Workup (International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel) PMID 21292778 Full text -- "Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3." (Dimopoulos M, Blood. 2011 May 5;117(18):4701-5.)
 * 2014: International Myeloma Working Group PMID 25439696 -- "International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma." (Rajkumar SV, Lancet Oncol. 2014 Nov;15(12):e538-48.)
 * Added biomarkers to MM definition.
 * See also: IMWG criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma

MGUS:
 * 2010: MGUS, Consensus Statement PMID 20507313 -- "Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a consensus statement." (Berenson JR, Br J Haematol. 2010 Jul;150(1):28-38.)

Smoldering (Asymptomatic) Multiple Myeloma:
 * 2010: Smoldering MM, Review PMID 20026810 -- "Smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: current diagnostic criteria, new predictors of outcome, and follow-up recommendations." (Bladé J, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 1;28(4):690-7.)

Screening Tests:
 * 2009: Mayo -- PMID 19520758 -- "Screening panels for detection of monoclonal gammopathies." (Katzmann JA, Clin Chem. 2009 Aug;55(8):1517-22.)
 * Conclusion: "Serum IFE, PEL, and FLC combined with urine IFE and PEL is the most comprehensive and inclusive panel to screen for monoclonal gammopathies. However, because of the small incremental sensitivity provided by urine studies and serum IFE, the use of serum PEL plus FLC provides a simple and efficient initial diagnostic screen for the high-tumor-burden monoclonal gammopathies such as MM, WM, and SMM. Urine studies and serum IFE can be ordered more selectively."

Definitions
Multiple myeloma:
 * Clonal bone marrow plasma cells ≥10% or biopsy-proved bony or extramedullary plasmacytoma and any one or more of the following myeloma defining events:
 * Myeloma defining events:
 * Evidence of end organ damage that can be attributed to the underlying plasma cell proliferative disorder, specifically: (CRAB: hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, lytic lesions of bone)
 * Hypercalcemia: calcium > 1 mg/dL higher than the upper limit of normal or > 11 mg/dL
 * Renal insufficiency: creatinine clearance < 40 mL/min or serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL
 * Anemia: Hgb of > 2 g/dL below the lower limit or normal or a value < 10 g/dL
 * Bone lesions: one or more osteolytic lesions on skeletal radiography, CT, or PET/CT. * (If bone marrow has less than 10% clonal cells, more than one bone lesion is required to distinguish from solitary plasmacytoma with minimal marrow involvement.)
 * Any 1 or more of the following biomarkers of malignancy:
 * Clonal bone marrow plasma cell percentage ≥ 60%
 * Involved:uninvolved serum free light chain ratio ≥ 100 * (The involved FLC must be ≥ 100 mg/L)
 * More than 1 focal lesions on MRI studies * (Each lesion must be 5 mm or more in size)

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS):
 * Absence of symptoms
 * M-protein < 3 g/dL
 * < 10% plasma cells in bone marrow
 * No CRAB clinical features

Light-chain MGUS:
 * Abnormal FLC ratio (<0.26 or >1.65)
 * Increased level of the involved light chain
 * No Ig heavy chain expression on immunofixation
 * Absence of CRAB clinical features or amyloidosis that can be attributed to the plasma cell proliferative disorder
 * Clonal bone marrow plasma cells <10%
 * Urinary monoclonal protein <500 mg/24 h

Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM):
 * Both criteria must be met:
 * Serum monoclonal protein (IgG or IgA) ≥ 3.0 g/dL or urinary monoclonal protein ≥ 500 mg per 24 h and/or clonal bone marrow plasma cells 10-60%
 * Absence of myeloma defining events or amyloidosis

Solitary Plasmacytoma
 * Biopsy-proven solitary lesion of bone or soft tissue with evidence of clonal plasma cells
 * Normal bone marrow
 * Normal skeletal survey and MRI (or CT) of spine and pelvis (except for the primary solitary lesion)
 * Absence of CRAB clinical features

Solitary Plasmacytoma with minimal marrow involvement
 * Clonal bone marrow plasma cells <10%
 * Other features from solitary plasmacytoma definition (other than normal bone marrow)

Plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) can differentiate MGUS and SMM from MM:

 * Elevated PCLI is indicative of MM
 * 40% of pts with MM have a normal PCLI

Circulating plasma cells are rare in MGUS and SMM.

Prognostic factors

 * Plasma cell labeling index (PCLI)
 * Uses monoclonal antibody BU-1 that reacts with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine
 * High PCLI (>1%) predicts poor overall survival
 * Beta-2 microglobulin
 * Correlates with myeloma tumor burden. High value predicts poor survival.

Staging
Durie-Salmon staging (1975):

 * Reference: PMID 1182674 — "A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival." Durie BG and Salmon SE. Cancer. 1975 Sep;36(3):842-54.

International Staging System (2005):

 * Reference: PMID 15809451 — "International staging system for multiple myeloma." Greipp PR et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3412-20.

Treatment Overview

 * Solitary plasmacytoma
 * 45-50 Gy to involved bone
 * Surgery reserved for neurologic emergencies (spinal cord compression, some spine instability)
 * Chemotherapy reserved for those who progress to multiple myeloma
 * >90% local control
 * 50-60% progress to multiple myeloma
 * Extramedullary plasmacytoma
 * 45-50 Gy to affected area and LNs
 * Surgery + RT better outcomes than either modality in upper aerodigestive tract (UAD), no benefit to surgery elsewhere
 * No benefit demonstrated for chemotherapy
 * 80% local control
 * 15% progress to multiple myeloma
 * Multiple myeloma
 * Chemotherapy and/or BMT primary treatment
 * Bisphosphonates IV
 * RT palliative intent; 15-20 Gy considered sufficient
 * Hemibody RT (7.5 Gy / 8.5 Gy) for refractory cases

Radiotherapy

 * Solitary plasmacytoma
 * Dose >45 Gy in 2 Gy/fx
 * 2-3 cm margin; in spine generally treat 1 above and 1 below
 * No LN irradiation

 * Extramedullary plasmacytoma
 * Dose >45 Gy in 2 Gy/fx
 * Elective LN irradiation recommended

 * Multiple myeloma
 * In MM intent is palliative.
 * Disseminated MM of bone is considered radiosensitive, and doses 15-20 Gy are considered sufficient for pain control. However, for long-term functional outcomes in spinal cord compression, consider 30/10
 * Hemibody irradiation (6 weeks after chemo) with 7.5 Gy single fx to upper body and 8.5 Gy single fx to lower body

Solitary Plasmacytoma
 * Mayo, 1989 PMID 2912957 -- "Solitary plasmacytoma of bone: Mayo Clinic experience." (Frassica DA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Jan;16(1):43-8.)
 * Retrospective. 46 patients with solitary plasmacytoma. 54% vertebral column. RT median 40 Gy (20-70 Gy). Median F/U 7.5 years
 * Outcome: 54% developed multiple myeloma, 11% local recurrences
 * Recurrence: median time-to-failure 18 months, but 23% >5 years. No local failure if RT >45 Gy
 * OS: 5-year 74%, 10-year 45%.

Multiple myeloma
 * For spinal cord compression in multiple myeloma, see also Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Spinal_Cord_Compression

 * MD Anderson, 2006 (1993-2005) PMID 16925080 -- "Multiple myeloma of the cervical spine: treatment strategies for pain and spinal instability." (Rao G, J Neurosurg Spine. 2006 Aug;5(2):140-5.)
 * Retrospective. 35 patients with MM mets in cervical spine, treated with RT and/or surgery
 * RT only (dose not reported): 19/20 experienced pain resolution.
 * Spinal instability: 23/35 instability on x-ray, 15/23 treated with RT alone. No clinical progress of instability after RT

 * Hamburg, 2006 (1994-2004) (Germany) PMID 16413695 -- "Short-course radiotherapy is not optimal for spinal cord compression due to myeloma." (Rades D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Apr 1;64(5):1452-7.)
 * Retrospective. 172 patients irradiated for spinal cord compression. RT short (8/1 or 20/5) or long (30/10, 37.5/15, 40/20).
 * Outcome: 52% functional improvement; 47% of nonambulatory patients gained ability to walk
 * Motor function improvement: long RT 59% vs. short RT 39% at 1 month (NS), 67% vs. 43% at 6 months (SS), 76% vs. 40% at 1 year (SS) and 83% vs. 54% at 2 years (NS). No difference among long-term fractionation schemes. Local recurrence in 11% (short RT) vs 5%.
 * Conclusion: 30/10 appropriate for long-term functional outcome

 * U.Arizona, 1993 (1975-90) PMID 7683017 -- "Radiation therapy for the palliation of multiple myeloma." (Leigh BR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Apr 2;25(5):801-4.)
 * Retrospective. 101 pts with MM treated with 316 courses.
 * dose range: 3-60 Gy (mean 25 Gy; most common 25-30 Gy). Fraction size mean: 3.1 Gy.
 * Pain relief: 26% complete, 71% partial, 3% none. Only 6% required retreatment (at a median time of 16 months). No relationship between pain relief rate or retreatment rate with dose. Good pain responses seen with doses > 10 Gy.

 * Wash U, 1980 (1961-75) PMID 6153562 Full text -- "The role of radiation therapy in the management of plasma cell tumors." (Mill WB, Cancer. 1980 Feb 15;45(4):647-52.)
 * Retrospective. 128 patients with MM and 16 patients with SPC
 * MM: dose range up to 44 Gy. Most common 15-20 Gy. Only 6% fields needed re-treatment at later date. Palliation from pain: 21% complete, 70% partial, 9% none. Pain relief first noted after a median dose of 10-15 Gy.
 * SPC: Recommend doses >50 Gy for improved local control

Chemotherapy

 * Adriamycin / pegylated doxorubicin
 * Vincristine
 * Bortezomib (Velcade) - inhibits proteasome / ubiquitin pathway. Inhibits NFKB (nuclear factor κ-B), several cytokines, VEGF, fibroblast growth factor
 * Thalidomide - immunomodulator
 * Lenalidomide (Revlimid) - analog of thalidomide. fewer side effects
 * Dexamethasone - high dose [40mg per day X 4days on, 4 days off, repeated whole month] or low dose [40mg per day X4 days on 24 days off} every 28 days is used in combinations with the above therapies.
 * Melphalan/Prednisone
 * High dose Cyclophosphamide

Trials

 * Italy, 2007 PMID 17360989 -- "A comparison of allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma." (Bruno B, N Engl J Med. 2007 Mar 15;356(11):1110-20.)
 * Prospective. 162 patients with one sibling. Treated with VAD, followed by melphalan + autologous stem cell transplant. If HLA-identical sibling, followed by non-myeloablative TBI (2 Gy on day 0) and stem cell allograft. If no HLA-identical sibling, followed by myeloablative melphalan + second autologous stem cell transplant. Median F/U 3.7 years
 * Median OS: allograft 6.7 years vs. autograft 4.5 years (SS). EFS 3 years vs. 2.4 years (SS)
 * Conclusion: autograft+allograft from sibling better than tandem autograft

 * IFM 99-06 (French) (2000-?)
 * 447 pts randomized to three arms: 1) standard MP (melphalan-prednisone), 2) MP + thalidomide, 3) MP followed by autologous stem cell transplantation.
 * ASCO 2006 Abstract — "Superiority of melphalan-prednisone (MP) + thalidomide over MP and autologous stem cel transplantation in the treatment of newly diagnosed elderly patients with multiple myeloma." Facon T et al.
 * Median f/u 37 months. Improved PFS for MP+Thalidomide (27.6 months) vs 17.1 (MP) vs 19.4 (xplant), SS for MP+T, NS for MP vs xplant. MS 53.6 vs 32.2 vs 38.6 mo.

Evaluation of response

 * International uniform response criteria:
 * PMID 16855634 (2006) — "International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma." Durie BG et al. Leukemia. 2006 Sep;20(9):1467-73.

Solitary Plasmacytoma

 * Mayo; 2006 (1960-95) PMID 16741249 -- "Immunoglobulin free light chains and solitary plasmacytoma of bone." (Dingli D, Blood. 2006 Sep 15;108(6):1979-83.)
 * Retrospective. Included 116 pts with SBP for whom FLC assays were available prior to treatment. Excluded pts with M protein > 3 g/dL.
 * 64% had a detectable serum M protein; was > 0.3 g/dL in 63 pts; in 11 detectable only by IFE. Median size of M protein was 0.5 g/dL. Abnormal FLC ratio in 47% at diagnosis.
 * 43 pts progressed to MM at a median TTP of 1.8 yrs. Pts with abnormal FLC ratio at diagnosis had a higher chance of progression. Pts with persistent M protein (0.5 g/dL or higher) at 1-2 yrs from diagnosis also had a higher chance of progression. 5-yr probability of progression: 13% (normal FLC, normal M protein at 1-2 yrs), 26% (either risk factor abnormal), 62% (both risk factors abnormal)
 * Conclusion: an abnormal FLC ratio can predict progression to myeloma

Bisphosphonates

 * ASCO 2007 Guideline PMID 17515569 -- "American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 clinical practice guideline update on the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma." (Kyle RA, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 10;25(17):2464-72.)
 * If lytic destruction or spine compression fractures, recommend IV pamidronate 90mg over 2 hours or zoledronic acid 4 mg over 15 minutes q 3-4 weeks for 2 years. Outside of USA, also can use clodronate PO or IV

Reviews

 * MGUS: (2006) PMID 17192542 — "Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance." Blade J et al. New Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 28;355(26):2765-2770.
 * 2005 PMID 16212152 -- "Multiple myeloma: diagnosis and treatment." (Rajkumar SV, Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Oct;80(10):1371-82.)
 * 2011 PMID 21181954 (free full text) -- "Multiple myeloma: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management." (Rajkumar SV, Am J Hematol. 2011 Jan;86(1):57-65.)

Official Guidelines
See Official Guidelines

title: Radiation Oncology/Multiple myeloma


text:
MythTV

 MythTV  Under development at Wikibooks, a site providing a collection of open-content textbooks that anyone can edit.

Welcome to the MythTV Wikibook! Here you can find out how to setup, install, and configure a MythTV for use in a variety of situations. Please begin by reading the /Introduction/ and progressing through the rest of the sections by using the menu at the top of every page.

title: MythTV


text:
How to Write an Essay/Five Point Essay

The Five point (also known as five paragraph) essay is simply that—an, essay which completes its goal (defending its thesis) in five points. It is one of the easiest essays to utilize, though quite difficult to master, and so appears often in timed writing assignments. An essay may serve any of several functions—from conveying a general thought to elucidating on a particular topic—however, it should always move the reader in some way, particularly in persuasive essays.

Introduction
Start the introductory paragraph off broad. Be creative here. Get the reader interested. Quotes work well, be sure not to be cliché however, as the reader will become disinterested if they feel they already know the topic well enough. Different essays will require different sorts of introductory paragraphs, but most of the time, have a general statement, list your key points, then your thesis statement. Your thesis will almost always comes at the end of your introductory paragraph, and some people will tell you that it always should. In general, one may visualize a basic introductory paragraph as an upside down triangle, moving from the most general topic (the inverted base), to the pointed thesis at the bottom.

Summarize Argument
You should sum up all the arguments you have given

Argue Your Position
Make good arguments. Don't make bad arguments. Make attractive arguments. There are two routes to persuasion - the direct and peripheral route. The direct route uses concrete ideas. That is: X is true because of A, B, and C. A, B, and C should be logical and convincing. You should cite your sources. Go check out the APA style guide and the MLA style guide to see how you should format your reference list. The peripheral route relies on cues outside of one's conscious awareness to make an argument. The peripheral route relies on emotion to get the point across. Psychology has done research that shows attractive people have an easier time persuading others of their viewpoints, so make your essay attractive. Make your final product look professional, and make your writing to the point and verbose, but do not be overly wordy.

Other perspectives talk of logos, pathos, and ethos with respect to arguing your position. Logos is the logical aspects to an argument. Pathos the term for an argument based on emotion. Ethos is an argument based on trust. You want to establish trust with your reader. You want to make logical arguments that make sense, and you want to make the person reading your argument feel a certain way.

For example, an argument based on logic would be, we should abolish the death penalty because it will save money and lives. An argument based on ethos would be: I'm an expert on the death penalty, I have a PhD. in economics from Stanford, and after studying the topic for many years we have found that by abolishing the death penalty we could save 14 million a year due to fewer legal costs. An argument based on pathos would be, we should have the death penalty because of the evil acts people have committed, or my husband was brutally murdered and wouldn't you want justice for someone if they murdered your spouse?

Use good logic, establish trust, and make your arguments feel good and look pretty. Also, write more succinctly and cleanly than the preceding three paragraphs. Don't use apostrophes, or the words: good, or pretty.

Counter Argument And Response
In this paragraph bring up a counter argument to your position. Then invalidate this argument.

Conclusion
In your concluding paragraph, start specific and end broad. Use the first sentence to reiterate your thesis in some way. Next you could summarize your arguments using different wording. Vary the depth of what you write depending on the length of the essay. For a long essay you could be more specific and flowery, for a short essay, be to the point. Maybe you could add a little something to bolster or reinforce your arguments, but don't bring up material that diverges too radically from what you just wrote. If you do, you run the risk of confusing the reader, or seeming too diffuse in your writing. After this, you could write about the broad implications of what you just wrote about. Finally you could cap it off by quite briefly reiterating your argument and making a general statement or quote that will make your reader think and then you are done.

title: How to Write an Essay/Five Point Essay


text:
User:Ryan524~enwikibooks

Wikinac
Proposed Wikimedia Project: http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikinac

My Projects
My Projects

My Sites
http://wikinac.info.tm http://ryanb.us.to

About My Sites
wikinac.info.tm is a online almanac ran by a wiki so anyone can contribute to it, please check it out, if I can show to the wikimedia foundation that people use it, it might become an official project.

ryanb.us.to is a site where you can buy and download software programs I make. (I am still working on the first program)

My Contributions
My Contribs

title: User:Ryan524~enwikibooks


title: User:Ryan524~enwikibooks/Menu


text:
User:Ryan524~enwikibooks/Projects

My Current Projects (Listed By Priority):

1. Fix Vandalism 2. Cleanup (if i can find books listed for cleanup that i could contribute to anyway) 3. New Books

Last Updated: June 7, 2005 2:07PM PST

title: User:Ryan524~enwikibooks/Projects


text:
User talk:Ryan524~enwikibooks

Post a new comment by clicking here

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ryan524. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ryan524~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:39, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:26, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ryan524~enwikibooks


text:
User:OldChef

I am a Canadian college student. The reason for my username is that the majority of my submitted recipes will be pre-1950. They may not all be food recipes.

Templates
Cookbook | Dessert | Recipe Index

A  cake is a dessert that X.

Ingredients

 * 7 oz Semisweet chocolate, chopped or chips
 * 1/2 cup Butter or Margarine
 * 4 Eggs, separated
 * 1/2 cup Sugar
 * 2 Pears, sliced
 * Lightly whipped cream, to serve

title: User:OldChef


text:
User:Grika

Started editing wikibooks on 7 June, 2005. Otherwise see my page in wikipedia for more information.

title: User:Grika


text:
Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Bible

The Bible is the sacred book of Christianity. Many of the biblical accounts, especially those of the Old Testament, are believed not only by Christians, but also Jews and Muslims.

The word "Bible" originated from the Greek word, βιβλια, biblia, and means "books" or "collection of books". The origin of the Bible is very interesting, featuring multiple translations and conciliar debates leading to the canonization of the books as we know them today. The Bible consists of two parts, called "testaments" (testament refers to covenant with God, from the Latin "testamentum"): The Old Testament (OT), which contains the Torah (Law), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings) of the Jewish tradition, and the New Testament (NT), which contains the Gospels (good news) and the Epistles (letters), the Acts of the Apostles (accounts of the early Christian movement), and the Revelation of John (an apocalypse).

According to The Roman Catholic Canon the Bible is comprised of 73 books: the OT has 46 books and the NT has 27. Most Protestant churches reject six books from the Catholic OT, referring to them as the Apocrypha (it is obvious that Orthodox and Catholics do not call them "Apocryphal" but use the adjective "Deuterocanonical", which means "of the Second Canon" - the first being the Jewish Canon), giving the Protestant Bible 39 books in the OT and thus a total of 66 books.

The problem of defining which books belong in the Bible has received many solutions. At the time of Jesus, the Jews of the Sadducees group recognized only the Pentateuch as canonical. Today, among the major Christian denominations the largest number of books is found in the Bible of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which consists of 81 books: 46 in the Old Testament and 35 in the New Testament.

The first Catholic English Bible translation was the "Douay-Rheims Bible", 1609, followed by the Protestant (Anglican) "King James Bible" in 1611. Although before these two there were many partial translations, and some full and authorized editions (such as the Great Bible which was a predecessor to the KJV, authorized by King Henry VIII of England in 1539), the KJV, which utilized the Douay-Rheims Bible in its presentation of the NT, is often viewed as the first major English translation of the Bible due to the dominant place it held as the standard English Bible for some 400 years.

The linguistic structure of the King James Bible helped shape the English language and set most of the standards on how words should be spelled, as well as word order and grammar. Putting aside its intrinsic religious value, it is a masterpiece of English literature.

The original languages of the biblical texts were Classical Hebrew (most of the OT), Biblical (probably Imperial) Aramaic (Daniel 2-7, portions of Ezra 4-7, Genesis 31.47 and Jeremiah 10.11), and Koine Greek (the entire NT). Modern Hebrew, which is related to Biblical Hebrew, is spoken in Israel, a version of Aramaic is still spoken in Syria and surrounding by a population of almost one million people, and Greek is still spoken in its modern form in Greece.

In the final centuries BC, the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek (a translation called the Septuagint, abbreviated LXX), the universal language of the time. Then, in the very early Middle Ages the whole Bible was translated into Latin, which was, in turn, the language spoken in Europe at that time. After the Reformation many translations to the common languages (Spanish, French, English, German, etc.) began to appear.

The Bible is the most translated book of all time, the first book ever printed on a press with movable type, and the best selling book of all time.

Wikis centered around the Bible

 * Textus-Receptus.Com
 * New Testament Commentary

Available Versions

 * King James Bible

title: Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Bible


text:
User:Crystal Matrix~enwikibooks

Hello! If you're looking for more information about me, Crystal Matrix, visit my User Page on Wikipedia.

title: User:Crystal Matrix~enwikibooks


text:
Modern History/Cold War

Cold war timeline

 * 1945: 	February - Yalta conference:
 * Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (USA), Churchill (UK).
 * Plan what to do about Germany/Europe after war.
 * Key Agreements – Eastern Europe Soviet ‘sphere-of-influence’
 * Germany – four zones: British, French, American and Russian
 * Berlin – four zones: British, French, American and Russian

 * July/August – Potsdam conference:
 * War in Europe over; no Hitler = no unifying force
 * Truman new US leader. V. anti-communist
 * US notified Stalin of A-bomb
 * Disagreements – Germany. Stalin wanted compensation – felt threatened, keep Germany crippled
 * Truman -

 * 1946:	Churchill delivers ‘Iron Curtain’ speech
 * 1947: The Truman Doctrine:
 * Active role in Greek civil war
 * Marshall
 * 1949: NATO Treaty signed
 * 1949: Communists take power in China; Nationalists retreat to Taiwan
 * 1950: Korean War begins
 * June 25: North Korea invaded the South in a bid to unite Korea without elections.
 * September 15: USA and Britain led UN troops in military intervention
 * November 25: 500,000 Chinese communist volunteers joined war for North Korea.
 * 1953: Armistice ends fighting in the Korean War.
 * 1955: Warsaw Pact is formed
 * Treaty of friendship, co-operation and mutual assistance, was a military alliance of the Eastern European Bloc countries, who intended to organize against the perceived threat from the NATO alliance
 * 1961: Bay of Pigs
 * April 17, 1961, 1300 members of a CIA-supported counter-revolutionary Cuban exile force stormed beaches of Cuba, ended in total failure. Debacle for Kennedy.
 * August 1961: Berlin Wall is erected, severing Berlin in two
 * 1962: Cuban missile crisis
 * 1963: Nuclear test ban treaty signed: USA/USSR/UK
 * 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
 * 1965: President Johnson begins escalation of US role in Vietnamese Civil War.
 * 1972: US withdraws from Vietnam.
 * 1972: SALT Treaty signed
 * 1972: Nixon visits China
 * 1975: Vietnam internal conflict ends
 * 1979: The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
 * 1985: Gorbachev becomes new Soviet leader. Begins policies of "Perestroika" and “Glasnost”
 * 1989: The Fall of the Berlin Wall: COLD WAR ENDS
 * 1989: Tiananmen Square Massacre in China
 * 1991: Warsaw Pact dissolved, Soviet Union collapses, Gorbachev resigns

Revision notes
Period of tension characterised by conflict at diplomatic, economic and all levels short of direct armed conflict between principles
 * Definition – describes the conflict between USSR and ‘western powers’ in period following WWII (1945-1989)
 * Communism –
 * Capitalism –
 * ‘Superpower’ rivalry

Main personalities

 * Josef Stalin
 * Winston Churchill
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * Harry Truman
 * Clement Attlee
 * George Kennen
 * Dwight Eisenhower
 * George Marshall
 * Nikita Khrushchev
 * Breshnev
 * John F Kennedy
 * Fidel Castro
 * General MacArthur
 * Dubcek
 * Mikhail Gorbachev
 * Ronald Reagan

Causes/origins

 * End of the grand alliance
 * Mutual suspicion
 * Fear of communism
 * Conflict of ideals
 * Growth of Communism
 * Europe in ruins

Effects/consequences

 * Berlin Wall
 * Korean War
 * 1956 > ‘peaceful coexistence’
 * Bay of Pigs
 * Cuban Missile crisis
 * Vietnam War (‘domino theory’)

Détente to 1975

 * Definition – peaceful coexistence, arms limitations, recognition of China

 * 1975 to the collapse of Communism in Europe

 * Solidarity in Poland
 * Deficiencies in the Communist system
 * Discontent Nationalism
 * Gorbachev’s reforms – Glasnost and Perestroika: opposition from hard liners. 1991 coup.

Statistics
Artillery : NATO 10,750. Warsaw Pact 31,5000
 * Military
 * Troops : NATO 2.6 million. Warsaw Pact 4 million
 * Tanks : NATO 13,000. Warsaw Pact  42,500

Nuclear arms race

 * By 1961 – enough bombs to destroy the world
 * By 1981, USA had 8,000 ICBM’s and USSR 7,000 ICBM’s
 * By 1981, USA had 4,000 planes capable of delivering a nuclear bomb. Russia had 5000.
 * USA defence spending for 1981 = 178 billion dollars. By 1986, it was 367 billion dollars.
 * By 1986, it is estimated that throughout the world there were 40,000 nuclear warheads - the equivalent of one million Hiroshima bombs.
 * 1960s – theory of MAD (mutually assured destruction): suitable retaliation = no winners

title: Modern History/Cold War


text:
Beekeeping/Comb Honey

Honey Comb, also known as Cut Comb Honey, or Combed Honey, is honey in its most natural state. This honey is encapsulated in its original bee made hexagonal wax container. Once the default method of availability, honey comb has more recently been dismissed with a preference towards Extracted Honey.

As of recently Chunk Honey, which is essentially smaller pieces of comb honey suspended in extracted honey, has been picking up popularity.

Producing Honey Comb
In general combed honey is more difficult to produce successfully than extracted honey. The major reason being that to produce attractive comb honey, bees must be kept in conditions that will likely lead to swarming, and the local  honey flow must be long term.

Production Tips
One option for producing honey comb on a small scale, is to consider keeping bees in a top bar hive where all honey produced is by default in comb form. Unlike standard Langstroth hives, top bar hives don’t use foundation which leads to poor production of comb honey.

How To Eat
When faced with comb honey, many consumers unfamiliar with the food are unsure how to eat it. While it is probably not the best honey product for use in tea, comb honey is often used spread over bread, or with anything that may benefit from extra texture. Some connoisseur even choose to eat by the spoonful. Although the wax can be consumed alongside the honey, it is not a good source of nutrients, and will more than likely simply pass through.

title: Beekeeping/Comb Honey


text:
Basic Computer Security

Map of Computer Security

Table of Contents

 * Introduction
 * General Security and Passwords
 * Malware
 * Viruses
 * Trojans
 * Spyware
 * Adware
 * Removing & Preventing Malware
 * Why some computers still get sick
 * Web
 * Choose a Better Browser
 * HTTP, HTTPS and SSL
 * Email Security
 * Enhancing Web Services Security
 * Online Security Good Practices
 * Data Encryption
 * Personal Information and Privacy
 * /Ethical Hacking/
 * Further reading

Working - A workbench area for contributors.

אבטחת מידע

title: Basic Computer Security


text:
GCSE Science/Osmosis in potato slices coursework

Osmosis is a type of diffusion involving water molecules and a semi-permeable membrane. They move from areas of "high water concentration", such as dilute solutions of say, sugar, to areas of "low water concentration", such as concentrated solutions of sugar, until there is an equal concentration of water molecules on both sides. There are three types of solution (and, thus, osmosis): Water concentration outside the cell is equal to concentration inside the cell. Water still passes through the cell membrane, but the net movement is 0. Water concentration outside the cell is greater than concentration inside the cell. Water passes into the cell. Water concentration inside the cell is greater than concentration outside the cell. Water leaves the cell.
 * Isotonic
 * Hypotonic
 * Hypertonic


text: User:Lilbondy

title: User:Lilbondy


text:
Bridge/General Information

History and Forms of the Game:

A number of card games similar to whist can be traced all the way back to the early 16th century. They were all trick-taking games with a variety of minor variations. Whist became the dominant form, and enjoyed a loyal following for centuries.

The first game known as bridge was created by the twin innovations of exposing one hand during play and allowing the dealer to choose a trump suit. (According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word bridge is the English pronunciation of biritch, an older name of the game of unknown Middle Eastern origin; the oldest known rule book, from 1886, calls it "Biritch, or Russian Whist". The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge (OED) reports speculation that the word may come from a Turkish term bir-üç, or "one-three", supposedly referring to the one exposed and three concealed hands.) This game, known today by the retronyms bridge-whist and straight bridge, became popular in the United States and the UK in the 1890s.

In 1904, the practice caught hold of using an auction phase to determine which player would designate the trump suit and have the privilege of playing with his partner's hand exposed. This variation was known as auction bridge.

The modern game of contract bridge was the result of innovations to auction bridge made by Harold Stirling Vanderbilt and others. Vanderbilt wrote down his rules in 1925, and within a few years contract bridge had become the dominant form of the game. It has supplanted all other forms of the game, including auction bridge, so that "bridge" is now synonymous with "contract bridge".

The basic form of contract bridge retains from its predecessor games, all the way back to whist, the fact that four players compete, two against two, until one side has won two games. The resulting unit is called a rubber and hence this form of play is commonly known by the retronym "rubber bridge". For those who dislike its indefinite duration, there is also a variant called four-deal bridge or Chicago.

In duplicate bridge, on the other hand, eight or more players compete at a time (most often in pairs, sometimes in teams of four or as individuals), normally playing a pre-set number of deals. In duplicate, the same deals are played more than once, and players win by outscoring their competitors with the same cards. This is implemented by placing the played cards in a container with four compartments, called a board, and passing it on to the next table. Computer-dealt hands may be used, allowing the same deal to be played at many tables, even at multiple locations.

While there is no reliable data on the number of people who play rubber bridge at home, it is generally accepted that most serious players play duplicate. It is the only form of the game at bridge tournaments and the usual form at bridge clubs. In recent years, duplicate bridge on the Internet has also become significant. Individuals can join a game from their home (or workplace!) and need not even be in the same country as their partner or opponents.

title: Bridge/General Information