text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 4, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)

SCENE 3: In this scene Petro and Catherina are eating in a cafe near their office. Petro thinks that Catherine seems very young to have a position in the company with so many responsibilities, and he asks her some rather indiscreet questions: what her age is and whether she ever wanted to get married.

Catherina answers very candidly and afterwards speaks to Petro about his interview with the Francesca Cardano, the candidate for the secretary's job. Petro thinks that she would be an ideal secretary. Catherina only wants to be assured that she can start her work before too long because they need someone immediately as they prepare to open their offices in Geneva.

Petro: I find this place very nice for having lunch.

Catherina: Yeah. I do too. And the prices aren't all that high.

Petro: Catherina?

Catherina: Yes?

Petro: You seem to rather young to be responsible for a project like this one.

Catherina: You think so?

Petro: Yes. I hope that this doesn't irritate you.

Catherina: No, not at all.

Petro: There are not many women in your profession.

Catherina: Yes, you're right. There are very few.

Petro: And it surprises me to find a woman of your qualifications at your age.

Catherina: You find it exceptional?

Petro: Yes. It is completely exceptional, very rare.

Catherina: Perhaps I have had a lot of luck.

Petro: And, as I said, you seem quite young for it. Can I ask you your age?

Catherina: Petro, you know that you should never ask women their age.

Petro: But you are not a woman. You are a colleague.

Catherina: Ah, thanks a lot.

Petro: I did not want to give you that kind of bad impression.

Catherina: I know. In any event, it's not a secret. I'm thirty-three years old.

Petro: Thirty-three years old. And you never wanted to get married?

Catherina: To tell the truth, I was married once, for three years.

Petro: In Belgium?

Catherina: Yes.

Petro: And what happened?

Catherina: There were many differences between us that I gradually discovered during the first year of our marriage.

Petro: Your husband also worked in transportation?

Catherina: No, he was a professor of biology.

Petro: I understand. And how were the discussions at the computer center this morning?

Catherina: Everything went well. I believe that we will have what we want. And the interview that you had this morning, how was it?

Petro: Oh, I believe that she is a good candidate.

Catherina: Oh, good. What is her name?

Petro: Francesca. I have forgotten her last name, but I have this in the notes about my interview with her in the office.

Catherina: So you think she could do the work?

Petro: Yes, I think so. She is nice and has a good knowledge of languages: English, German, Spanish. Her experience is rather good. But she has worked only in big companies, and this position would be a little different for her. At times she will have to manage things in the office all by herself. But she is better than all the others. Do you want to talk with her before we make a final decision?

Catherina: No, no. I have confidence in you.

Petro: Fine. As far as I am concerned, I think she is the person we should hire.

Catherina: Fine. And when will she be able to start?

Petro: I told her that we would contact her this week.

Catherina: Fine. I think we should contact her soon. We want to activate the office as soon as possible.

Petro: I know, I know.

EXERCISE 3: Listening and understanding.

Guide: Let's stay in the cafe were Petro and Catherina are eating and listen to the conversation to others who are eating there. What are they talking about?

First woman: Probably you've already tried it out.

Second woman: I don't think so. I can't remember it at all.

First woman: Come on. Try it out.

Second woman: What is it?

First woman: Vodka and orange juice with sugar. Different ingredients.

Second woman: Is it very strong?

First woman: No, no. But naturally, if you drink six or seven, ...

Second woman: Oh, I would never do that.

First woman: I want to have a cocktail party, but a real cocktail party, with all sorts of different cocktails.

Second woman: Yes. That would be an excellent idea--based on the nineteen twenties. You could have some music from that time, especially jazz. And everyone would wear clothing from those years.

First woman: Fine: Do you want to have a vodka with orange juice just to try it out?

Second woman: I don't know.

First woman: Come on. Try it out. It won't kill you.

Second woman: Okay, why not? I'm not working this afternoon.

First woman: I'm gonna try to call the waiter.

Guide: Okay. I now understand. So Catherina and Petro have now returned to their offices. Let's see what is happening between them.

SCENA 4: Petro e Catherina talk about their new secretary. Petro then shows Catherina an ad for an engineering job in Mexico. He wants to apply for the position because he doesn't have enough to do in Geneva, and he's getting bored. He asks Catherina if she would give him a reference if he contacted the company offering this position, and she says that she would be happy to do so.

Petro: As soon as possible. Monday? That would be perfect. Yes, yes. I understand. Very good. So we'll see you next Monday. Very good. See you then.

Catherina: Peter, I'd like to ...

Petro We have a secretary.

Catherina: Oh, very good.

Petro: I was just now talking to her on the phone, you know, to Francesca Cardano.

Catherina: Fine. When can she start out?

Petro: Next Monday.

Catherina: Very good.

Petro: Yes. I think that she will work out very well. One other thing: I myself won't be here in the office Monday. Will you be able to orient her?

Catherina: Yes, I can do that. I'll introduce her to all the others, and I'll explain to her a little about the kind of work we do here.

Petro: Very good. Thanks.

Catherina: Fine. In the meantime, look at this. I just got it.

Petro: What is it?

Catherina: Thursday, Paris, Hotel d'Albion.

Petro: Ah, yes. Infomat.

Catherina: Yes. It is their new system of integrated control.

Petro: It could be interesting.

Catherina: It's a bit technical. It's more in your area of expertise than in mine.

Petro: A completely integrated system of control. It has some very interesting possibilities.

Catherina: It is a presentation. A presentation and a conference.

Petro: Four hours, Thursday, in the afternoon. It's too late for lunch but not too late for dinner. They simply want to give us some tea and biscuits. That is not enough. But Informat makes very good products. And if this is a new project, ...

Catherina: Will you be in Paris then?

Petro: Yes. I will be there starting Wednesday.

Catherina: Fine. Do you want me to notify them that you are gonna go there?

Petro: Yes, please.

Catherina: Gerardo will also be there, Gerardo Florette. He always goes to all those conferences. I'm gonna ask him to show you everything that's important at that Informat conference.

Petro: Thanks. (On the phone) Hello? I would like to reserve a seat on a flight to Paris Wednesday afternoon. Yes, exactly. Yes, that's fine. I want to return Thursday afternoon. My name is Minelli: em, I, en, ee, double el, I. Em as in Mama. Fine. And I would also like to reserve a hotel room for the time I will be there. Can I do this through your agent?

EXERCISE 4 Spelling:

Guide: When the course started out, I learned with you to say the letters in Interlingua, and I would like to practice them a little at this point. Let's listen to the spelling of some names:

A man: Francesco:

A woman: Ef, are, ay, en, see, ee, es, see, oh.

A man: Melville:

A woman: Em, ee, el, vee, I, double el, ee.

A man: Switzerland:

A woman: Es, double you, I, tea, zee, ee, are, el, ay, en, dee.

A man: Paris:

A woman: Pea, ay, are, I, es.

A man: London:

A woman: El, oh, en, dee, oh, en.

A man: Geneva:

A woman: Jee, ee, en, ee, vee, ay.

Guide: Fine. It now is Wednesday afternoon. Petro is in Paris. He is arriving at his hotel.


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 4, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)

Capitulo 4, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)

SCENA 5: Paris, al Hotel de Petro: In iste scena Petro ha unes problemas con le empleato in le area de reception del hotel, qui es minus que cooperative in verificar su reservation e in facer le sentir benvenite. Finalmente, post plenar un formulario, Petro es obligate a pagar anticipatemente ante que on le da un camera pro dormir.

Petro: Bon vespere.

Empleato: Si, senior?

Petro: Io volerea un camera.

Empleato: Si, senior?

Petro: Io ha reservate un camera in iste hotel ...

Empleato: Ah si?

Petro: ... in le nomine de Minelli, Petro Minelli.

Empleato: Hmm.

Petro: Mi avion esseva retardate a causa del tempore mal.

Empleato: Un camera de un lecto o de duo?

Petro: De un lecto.

Empleato: Con banio?

Petro: Ducha.

Empleato: Plena iste formulario, per favor, nomine, nationalitate, omne illo. Isto es pro un nocte solmente?

Petro: No. Tres noctes.

Empleato: Tres noctes?

Petro: Io ha facite un reservation. De Geneva. Io esseva in Geneva e io reservava un camera de un lecto pro tres noctes desde iste vespere. Ma mi avion arrivava retardate a causa del tempore mal. Mi nomine es Minelli, em, i, en, i duple el, i. Mi compania es Marex Mundial. Vos debe haber omne iste information scribite in vostre officio. Nos ha inviate un telex pro confirmar.

Empleato: Isto essera tres centos euros, per favor.

Petro: Tres centos euros?

Empleato: In anticipation.

Petro: Ascolta. Io ha reservate iste camera. Vos ha un confirmation. Un telex. Esque vos pote cercar lo in vostre officio?

Empleato: Le officio es claudite.

Petro: Esque il ha un persona responsabile pro le servicio a vostre clientes qui travalia iste nocte?

Empleato: Post le medienocte, on debe pagar in anticipation.

Petro: Ma, isto is complete incomprehensibile!

Empleato: Tres centos euros, per favor.

Petro: Bon, bon. Multo bon.

Empleato: Camera quaranta nove.

EXERCITIO 5: Reservar un camera de hotel:

Guida: Bon. Al minus, Petro ha un camera pro dormir. Io volerea studiar le parolas que on usa pro reservar un camera de hotel.

Un homine: Io volerea reservar un camera, per favor.

Un femina: Le cliente va dicer quante tempore ille vole usar le camera.

Un homine: Io volerea un camera pro tres noctes, per favor.

Un femina: Ille anque va dicer si ille vole un camera con un o duo lectos ...

Un homine: Un camera con un lecto, per favor.

Un femina: ... e si ille vole un camera con banio o con un ducha.

Un homine: Un camera con un lecto e con un banio, per favor.

Un femina: Ille nunc va dicer omne illo in un sequentia.

Un homine: Io volerea un camera con un lecto con banio pro tres noctes, per favor.

Un femina: Ille anque vole saper le precio.

Un homine: Qual es le precio?

Un femina: Que nos dice que illo es cento novanta euros pro un nocte. Ille nunc vole saper lo que ille compra con iste cento novanta euros.

Un homine: Esque illo include le camera e le jentaculo o solmente le camera?

Un femina: Le duo cosas, le camera e le jentaculo.

Un homine: E qual es le precio del jentaculo?

Un femina: Vinti euros, ma illo es includite in le precio del camera.

Un homine: Multo ben. Io prende le camera.

Un femina: Ecce le clave. Le numero del camera es septanta duo.

Un homine: Ubi se trova la camera septanta duo?

Un femina: In le septime etage.

Un homine: Esque vos pote eveliar me a septe horas deman matino?

Un femina: Con multe placer.

Un homine: Gratias. Bon nocte.

Un femina: Bon nocte.

Guida: Eh ben. Pro ille, trovar un camera esseva minus difficile que pro Petro. E io spera que ille ha ben dormite.

SCENA 6: Paris, un centro de conferentias: Petro es nunc in le sala de conferentias e face le prime cognoscentia de Gerardo Florette. Gerardo demanda a Petro si su viage a Paris in avion esseva confortabile e si a ille place su hotel. Petro dice que su avion arrivava tarde e que ille habeva unes difficultates con le empleato del hotel ante que ille recipeva le clave a su camera.

Gerardo anque demanda a Petro como sta Catherina e postea dice a Petro que le conferentia non ha ulle nove productos o systemas a offerer a su participantes. Petro tunc vide le senior Melville, le empleato de un compania competitor con le sue, e il pare que il va haber un lucta verbal inter illes.

Un femina: Bon die.

Petro: Bon die.

Le femina: Vos es ...

Petro: Petro Minelli, de Marex Mundial.

Le femina: Ah, si, senior Minelli. Ecce vostre carta de identification. Ah, il ha un senior qui vos attende.

Petro: Ah, bon.

Le femina: Ille es illac, apud le fenestra.

Petro: Gratias. Excusa me.

Gerardo: Petro Minelli?

Petro: Si, es io. E vos debe esser Gerardo Florette.

Gerardo: Exactemente. Esque vos ha habite un viage bon a Paris desde Geneva?

Petro: Le avion in le qual io volava arrivava retardate.

Gerardo: A causa del tempore mal?

Petro: Si. E io anque habeva unes difficultates con le empleato del hotel a causa de haber arrivate retardate.

Gerardo: Vermente?

Petro: Ma il non esseva multo grave. Io poteva arreglar omne sin difficultate.

Gerardo: Io detesta le hotels. Como es le cosas a Geneva? E como es Catherina?

Petro: Catherina sta ben. Il non ha ullo extraordinari in Geneva. Nos solmente comencia nostre operationes, e nos non ha multe travalio.

Gerardo: Ah, non vos plange.

Petro: Et hic? Como es le presentation?

Gerardo: Assatis ben. Nullo special. Sempre le vetule cosas.

Petro: Que? Ma illes sempre parla de systemas de controlo completemente integrate.

Gerardo: Si, ma illo es sempre le mesme cosa.

Petro: Io credeva que iste vice illes habeva alique nove a monstrar nos.

Gerardo: Deo mie, no.

Petro: Tunc pro que es vos hic?

Gerardo: Il es melior que esser sempre in le officio.

Petro: Ma qual perdita de tempore!

Gerardo: Possibilemente. Ma il es plus agradabile que prender the in un hotel de luxo.

Petro: Eh, qui es ille, illac?

Gerardo: De qui parla vos?

Petro: Le homine in ille habito brun?

Gerardo: Il me pare que io le cognosce.

Petro: Io mesme, io le cognosceva durante un viage recente in avion.

Gerardo: Ah si?

Petro: Io vole parlar a ille. Eh, senior Melville, io ha unes parolas a dicer a vos.

Guida: Io es curiose de saper lo que Petro va dicer al senior Melville. Pro discoperir lo, que nos ascolta le proxime scena.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 4, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)

SCENE 5: Paris, at Peter's hotel: In this scene Peter has some problems with the hotel desk clerk, who is less than cooperative in verifying his reservation and in making him feel welcome. Finally, after filling out a form, Peter has to pay cash in advance for his room.

Petro: Good evening.

The clerk: Yes, sir?

Petro: I'd like a room.

The clerk: Yes, sir?

Petro: I have reserved a room at this hotel ...

The clerk: Oh, yes?

Petro: ... in the name of Minell, Petro Minelli.

The clerk: Hmm.

Petro: My plane came in late because of the bad weather.

The clerk: A single or a double?

Petro: A single.

The clerk: With a bath?

Petro: Shower.

The clerk: Fill out this form, please, name nationality, all that. Is this for a single night only?

Petro: No, three nights.

The clerk: Three nights?

Petro: I've made a reservation. From Geneva. I was in Geneva and I reserved a room with one bed for three nights from this evening. But my plane arrived late because of the bad weather. My name is Minelli, em, I, en, ee, double el, i. My company is Marex Mundial. You should have all this information written in your office. We sent a telex to confirm.

The clerk: That will be three hundred euros, please.

Petro: Three hundred euros?

The clerk: In advance.

Petro: Listen, I have reserved this room. You have a confirmation. A telex. Can you look for it in your office?

The clerk: The office is closed.

Petro: Is there someone responsible for customer service working this evening?

The clerk: After midnight, you have to pay in advance.

Petro: But this is completely incomprehensible!

The clerk: Three hundred euros, please.

Petro: Okay, fine.

The clerk: Room forty-nine.

EXERCISE 5: Reserving a hotel room.

Guide: Fine. At least Petro has a room to sleep in. I would like to study the words used to reserve a hotel room.

A man: I would like to reserve a room, please.

A woman: The customer is going to say for how long he will be using the room.

A man: I would like a room for three nights, please.

A woman: He also is going to say if he needs a room with one or two beds ...

A man: A room with one bed, please.

A woman: ... and if he wants a room with a bath or a shower.

A man: A room with a bed and a bath, please.

A woman: He's now going to say all that in one sequence.

A man: I would like a room with a bed and bath for three nights, please.

A woman: He also wants to know the price.

A man: What is the price?

A woman: Let's say that it is one hundred ninety euros per night. He now wants to know what he will buy with this one hundred ninety euros.

A man: Does that include the room and breakfast or only the room?

A woman: The room and breakfast both.

A man: And what is the breakfast price?

A woman: Twenty euros, but it is included in the room price.

A man: Fine. I'll take the room.

A woman: Here's the key. The number of the room is seventy-two.

A man: Where is room seventy-two?

A woman: On the seventh floor.

A man: Can you wake me up at seven hours tomorrow morning?

A woman: With great pleasure.

A man: Thank you. Good night.

A woman: Good night.

Guide: Fine. For him, finding a room was less difficult than for Petro. And I hope he has slept well.

SCENE 6: Paris, a conference center: Petro is now in the conference center and is getting to know Gerardo Florette. Gerardo asks Petro if his plane trip to Paris was comfortable and if he likes his hotel. Petro says that his plane arrived late and that he had some trouble with the desk clerk at the hotel before he got the key to his room.

Gerardo also asks Petro how Catherina is and afterwards tells Petro that the conference doesn't have any new products or systems to offer its participants. Petro then sees Mr. Melville, the employee of a competitor company, and it seems there is going to be a verbal fight between them.

A woman: Good morning.

Petro: Good morning.

The woman: You are ...

Petro: Petro Minelli, of Marex Mundial.

The woman: Ah, yes, Mr. Minelli. Here's you identification card. Ah, there's a man waiting for you.

Petro: Ah, good.

The woman: He's over there, next to the window.

Petro: Thank you. Excuse me.

Gerardo: Petro Minelli?

Petro: Yes, that's me. You must be Gerardo Florette.

Gerardo: Exactly. Has your trip from Geneva to Paris been a good one?

Petro: The plane I took arrived late.

Gerardo: Because of the bad weather?

Petro: Yes. And I also had some difficulties with the desk clerk at the hotel because I arrived late.

Gerardo: Really?

Petro: But it wasn't too bad. I was able to take care of everything without any trouble.

Gerardo: I hate hotels. How are things at Geneva? And how is Catherina?

Petro: Catherina is fine. There is nothing out of the ordinary in Geneva. We are only beginning our operations, and we don't have much work.

Gerardo: Ah, don't complain.

Petro: And here? How is the presentation?

Gerardo: Oh, okay. Nothing special. Always the same old things.

Petro: What? But they are always talking about completely integrated control systems.

Gerardo: Yeah, but it's always the same thing.

Petro: I thought that this time they would have something new to show us.

Gerardo: Good God, no.

Petro: Then why are you here?

Gerardo: It's better than always being in the office.

Petro: But what a waste of time!

Gerardo: Possibly. But it more agreeable than drinking tea in a de luxe hotel.

Petro: Uh, who is that there?

Gerardo: Who are you talking about?

Petro: That guy in that brown suit?

Gerardo: I think I know him.

Petro: Me too, I met him in on plane trip recently.

Gerardo: Oh yeah?

Petro: I want to speak to him. So, Mr. Melville, I have some words to say to you.

Guide: I am curious to know what Petro is going to say to Mr. Melville. To discover this, let's listen to the next scene.


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 4, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)

SCENA 3: In iste scena Petro e Catherina mangia in un cafe presso lor officio. Petro pensa que Catherina pare multo juvene pro occupar un position in le compania con tante responsabilitates, e ille la demanda unes informationes assatis indiscrete: qual esseva su etate e si illa unquam voleva maritar se.

Catherina responde de un maniera multo candide e postea parla a Petro sur su interview con Francesca Cardano, le candidata pro position de secretaria. Petro crede que illa esserea un secretaria ideal. Catherina solmente vole assecurar que illa pote comenciar su travalio ante multe tempore proque illes ha besonio de alicuno immediatemente durante que illes face preparationes pro aperir lor officio in Geneva.

Petro: Io trova iste loco multo agradabile pro prandiar.

Catherina: Si, anque io. E le precios non es multo car.

Petro: Catherina?

Catherina: Si?

Petro: Vos me pare assatis juvene pro esser responsabile pro un projecto como isto.

Catherina: Vos crede?

Petro: Si. Io spera que isto non vos irrita.

Catherina: No, de nulle maniera.

Petro: Il non ha multe feminas in vostre profession.

Catherina: Si. Vos ha ration. Il ha multo pauches.

Petro: E il me surprende trovar un femina de vostre qualificationes a vostre etate.

Catherina: Vos lo trova exceptional?

Petro: Si. Illo es completemente exceptional, multo rar.

Catherina: Forsan io ha habite multe sorte.

Petro: E, como io diceva, vos pare ben juvene pro illo. Esque io pote demandar vostre etate?

Catherina: Petro, vos sape, on nunquam debe demandar al feminas lor etate.

Petro: Ma vos non es un femina. Vos es un collega.

Catherina: Ah, multe gratias.

Petro: Io non voleva dar a vos ulle typo de mal impression.

Catherina: Io sape. De tote manieras, il non es un secreto. Io ha trenta tres annos.

Petro: Trenta tres annos. E vos nunquam ha volite maritar vos?

Catherina: Vermente io esseva maritate, durante duo annos.

Petro: In Belgica?

Catherina: Si.

Petro: E que passava?

Catherina: Il habeva multe differentias inter nos que io gradualmente discoperiva durante le prime anno de nostre maritage.

Petro: Vostre marito anque travaliava in le transporto?

Catherina: No, ille esseva un professor de biologia.

Petro: Io comprende. E como esseva le discussiones in le centro informatic iste matino?

Catherina: Omne vadeva ben. Io crede que nos habera lo que nos vole. E le interview que vos habeva iste matino, como esseva?

Petro: Oh, io crede que illa es un bon candidato.

Catherina: Ah, bon. Qual es su nomine?

Petro: Francesca. Io ha oblidate su supernomine, ma io ha isto in le notas sur mi interview con illa in le officio.

Catherina: Tunc vos crede que illa pote facer le travalio?

Petro: Si, io crede. Illa es sympathic e ha un bon cognoscentia de linguas: anglese, germano, espaniol. Su experientia es assatis bon. Ma illa ha travaliate solmente in grande companias, e iste position essera un pauco differente pro illa. Illa a vices debera gerer le affaires del officio completemente sol. Ma illa es melior que omne le alteres. Esque vos vole parlar con illa ante que nos face un decision final?

Catherina: No, no. Io ha confidentia in vos.

Petro: Bon. Quanto a me, io crede que illa es le persona que nos debe contractar.

Catherina: Multo ben. E quando potera illa comenciar?

Petro: Io diceva a illa que nos iva contactar la iste septimana.

Catherina: Ben. Io crede que nos debe contactar la tosto. Nos vole activar le officio le plus tosto possibile.

Petro: Io sape, io sape.

EXERCITIO 3: Ascoltar e comprender.

Guida: Que nos resta in le caffe ubi Petro e Catherina mangia e ascolta le conversation de altere personas qui mangia ibi. De que parla illes?

Prime femina: Il es probabile que tu jam lo ha gustate.

Secunde femina: Io non lo crede. Io non ha ulle memoria de illo.

Prime femina: Vamos. Essaya lo.

Secunde femina: Que es illo?

Prime femina: Vodka e succo de orange con sucro. Differente ingredientes.

Secunde femina: Esque il es multo forte?

Prime femina: No, no. Ma naturalmente, si tu bibe sex o septe, ...

Secunde femina: Oh, io nunquam facerea illo.

Prime femina: Io vole facer un cocktail party, ma un ver cocktail party, con diverse cocktails differente.

Secunde femina: Si. Illo esserea un idea excellente. Sur le thema del annos 1920 (dece nove centos vinti). Tu poterea haber musica de ille epocha, specialmente le jazz. E omnes portarea vestimentos de ille annos.

Prime femina: Bon. Tu vole biber un vodka con succo de orange como un essayo?

Secunde femina: Io non sape.

Prime femina: Vamos. Essaya lo. Illo non vos occidera.

Secunde femina: Si, proque non? Io non travalia iste postmeridie.

Prime femina: Io va essayar appellar le garson.

Guida: Si. Io jam comprende. Tunc Catherine e Petro nunc ha retornate a lor officios. Vamos vider lo que passa inter illes.

SCENA 4: Petro e Catherina parla sur lor nove secretaria. Petro tunc monstra a Catherina un annuncio pro le position de un ingeniero in Mexico. Ille volerea facer un sollicitude pro le position proque ille non ha assatis a facer in Geneva, e ille deveni enoiate. Ille demanda a Catherina si illa le darea un referentia si ille contactava le compania que offere iste position, e illa dice que illa esserea felice de facer lo.

Petro: Le plus tosto possibile. Lunedi? Illo esserea perfecte. Si Si. Io comprende. Multo ben. Tunc nos vos videra le proxime lunedi. Al revider.

Catherina: Petro, io volerea ...

Petro: Nos ha un secretaria.

Catherina: Oh, multo ben.

Petro: Io justo nunc parlava a illa in le telephono, vos sape, a Francesca Cardano.

Catherina: Ben. Quando pote illa comenciar?

Petro: Le lunedi proxime.

Catherina: Multo ben.

Petro: Si. Io pensa que illa nos servira ben. Un altere cosa: Io mesme non essera hic in le officio le lunedi proxime. Esque vos potera orientar la.

Catherina: Si, io pote facer illo. Io la presentara a omne le alteres, e io explicara a illa un pauco sur le travalio que nos face.

Petro: Multo ben, gratias.

Catherina: Ben. Intertanto, reguarda isto. Il justo lo ha recipite.

Petro: Que es illo?

Catherina: Jovedi, Paris, Hotel d'Albion.

Petro: Ah, si, Infomat.

Catherina: Si. Illo es lor nove systema de controlo integrate.

Petro: Illo poterea esser interessante.

Catherina: Illo ha un aspecto un pauco technic. Illo es alique plus in vostre area de expertise que in le mie.

Petro: Un systema de controlo completemente integrate. Illo ha possibilitates multo interessante.

Catherina: Illo es un presentation. Un presentation e un conferentia.

Petro: Quatro horas, jovedi, in le postmeridie. Illo es troppo tarde pro le prandio, ma non assatis tarde pro dinar. Illes vole simplemente offerer nos unes tassas de the e unes biscuits. Illo non suffice. Ma Infomat face productos multo bon. E si iste es un producto nove, ...

Catherina: Vos essera a Paris in ille momento?

Petro: Si. Io essera illac desde mercuridi.

Catherina: Ben. Vos vole que io les notifica que vos va vader illac?

Petro: Si, gratias.

Catherina: Gerardo anque essera la, Gerardo Florette. Il sempre va a omne iste conferentias. Io va demandar que ille vos monstra omne lo que es importante in ille conferentia de Infomat.

Petro: Gratias. (Usante le telephono) Hello? Io volerea reservar un sede in un volo pro Paris mercuridi in le postmeridie. Si, exactemente. Si, illo es multo ben. Io vole retorna jovedi in le tarde. Mi nomine es Minelli: em, i, en, e duple el, i. Em como Mama. Multo ben. E io anque volerea reservar un camera de hotel pro le tempore que io essera illac. Esque io pote facer isto per vostre agente?

EXERCITIO 4: Orthographia

Guida: Quando le cursos comenciava, io ha apprendite con vos a dicer le litteras in interlingua, e io volerea practicar los un pauco a iste puncto. Que nos nunc ascolta le orthographia de unes nomines.

Un homine: Francesco:

Un femina: Ef, er, a, en, tse, e, es, tse, o.

Un homine: Melville:

Unfemina: Em, e, el, ve, i, duple el, e.

Un homine: Switza:

Un femina: Es, duple v, i, te, zeta, a.

Un homine: Paris:

Un femina: Pe, a, er, i, es.

Un homine: London:

Un femina: El, o, en, de, o, en.

Un homine: Geneva:

Un femina: Ge, e, en, e, ve, a.

Guida: Ben. Il nunc es mercuridi in le vespere. Petro es in Paris. Ille arriva a su hotel.


text:
Jet Propulsion/Axial turbines

An axial turbine operates in the reverse of an axial compressor. A set of static guide vanes or nozzle vanes accelerates and adds swirl to the fluid and directs it to the next row of turbine blades mounted on a turbine rotor.

In an Impulse turbine the pressure drop happens entirely in the nozzle vanes. In a reaction turbine the pressure drop is split between the nozzle vanes and the turbine rotor. The proportion of pressure drop in the turbine rotor is called the degree of reaction.

Theory
../Cascade analysis/

../Stage temperature ratio/

../Cascade analysis/

../Stage temperature ratio/

Stages
An axial gas turbine engine is separated into various stages. The first stage is the Compressor section, then the combustion chamber, then the turbine section.

title: Jet Propulsion/Axial turbines


text:
Conlang/Intermediate/Grammar/Nouns

As you probably know, nouns are words which stand for things; they refer to a specific object or concept. In this section we'll explore the different things that languages can do with their nouns.

Distinctions
The first thing that you need to decide about your conlang's nouns is what categories they are marked for. Some of the grammatical categories they can be marked for include:

 * Case — How the thing relates to the rest of the sentence.
 * Number — How many things you're referring to.
 * Definiteness — Whether you're referring to a specific thing or some generic instance of thing.
 * Gender — What arbitrary category the thing fits into (e.g. masculine or feminine).

Not all languages mark all of these categories, and some that mark them may mark them only on articles or adjectives instead of directly on nouns. For instance, the conlang marks number, gender and definiteness with articles, leaving the nouns entirely uninflected. marks its nouns for case and number directly on the noun by adding certain endings to them. marks its nouns for definiteness, among other categories. marks its words (which don't easily divide into "nouns" and "verbs") for many other categories as well.

Case
Case inflection is perhaps the most important inflection that a noun has, and all conlangs will have to deal with it to some extent. Cases are used to show the role a noun plays in a sentence. It is used extensively in languages like Greek, Latin, Finnish, and Hungarian.

Back in the Beginners Grammar section we learned about the terms subject, verb, and object. To refresh your memory; the subject shows who or what in the sentence is performing the action and the object shows who or what is being acted upon. In the sentence "the dog bit the man", dog is the subject and man is the object.

In English, we tell what noun is the subject and what noun is the object by looking at the order of the words in the sentence (Subject-Verb-Object). But not all languages do it that way. Many languages use cases to show that distinction. They put the subject of the sentence into what is called the and the object of the sentence into the. This means an affix (usually a suffix) is put onto a word, for example in Latin, canis (dog) in the nominative form, and canem is its accusative form with its –em suffix, and the same for vir, with its accusative form being virum. So the sentence "the dog bit the man" in Latin is not "canis momordit vir" but "canis momordit virum".

Most of the time, English doesn't do anything like this; the words man and dog look exactly the same in both "the dog bit the man" and "the man bit the dog". However English does use cases when it comes to its ; the pronouns change their form depending on whether they are nominative or accusative. For example, the pronoun "he" is nominative, but it's accusative form is "him". Notice the differences between "He bit the dog" and "The dog bit him".

There's another case that works in a similar way. Up until now, we've been calling words like man in "the dog bit the man" the object of the sentence, but actually, it's the direct object. Some sentences also have a second object called the indirect object.

An example of the indirect object would be the word girl in "the boy gave the girl a gift". An indirect object is an object that is involved in the action of the verb but isn't directly acted upon; the boy isn't doing anything to the girl, he's doing something to the gift (i.e. giving it), but the girl is receiving the gift so she must nonetheless be involved in the action.

Like the other two cases, English mostly uses the order of the words to tell which is the direct object and which is the indirect object; the indirect usually comes before the direct. As you may have guessed, other languages might use a case to show the indirect object. When they do, this case is usually called the.

One case which English does have is the. This case is mostly used to show possession — that somebody owns something. The English genitive case is what we're using when we add Apostrophe-S to the end of a noun; "the king's horses" "Tom's ball".

Cases can also be used to express some of the same sorts of things that English uses prepositions for. In English, when we want to talk about the location of something we use a preposition such as in, but in Finnish, they use the ending -ssa; talo "house" becomes talossa "in [a] house".

There are a great variety of cases that work like this so I'll just list some of the more common ones and their nearest English prepositions as a starting point for your own research.

 * — in, at
 * — using, with, by
 * — (Varies greatly from language to language) from
 * — to, towards, into

When you're making your conlang, at the very least you'll need to think about how you're going to show which noun is the subject and which is the object; be it case, or word-order, or something else entirely. Once you have that, you can go on to work out whether you want your language to have some or all of these cases that we've just explored. Keep in mind that it's common for a language to have multiple ways to say the same thing. For example, in English we can use the genitive case to show possession, but we can also use the preposition of; "the king's horses" or "the horses of the king".

Number
Number need not be just singular and plural like it is in English. Some natural languages have dual (two things, or pairs of things), trial (three things), and paucal (a few things) number inflection as well.

A few conlangs have other interesting numbers; for instance, an "all" number that refers to the whole set of noun everywhere, or all of them within a given context; or a zero number inflection that would occur where other languages would use singular or plural noun preceded or followed by a word meaning "none". Quenya — in addition to a singular, plural, and dual — has a partitive plural which is used to represent fractions of the whole.

Not all the nouns in your language need to follow the same number scheme; you can have a particular group of nouns that inflect for a paucal number while the rest don't, or whatever you want.

An important concept is that of the mass noun. There are quite a few languages that have mass nouns, but how they work differs slightly for each one. Usually it has to do with a word presenting the object it's referring to as an unbounded mass of stuff, as opposed to discrete units. A regular, non-mass noun is called a count noun.

There is a tendency for nouns referring to powders, liquids, and substances to be mass nouns, but whether the word for an object in a particular language is a mass noun is not wholly dependent on the nature of the object itself. For example, in English the word "furniture" is a mass noun, but the extremely similar word "appliance" (as in "household appliance") is not. There is no reason why it couldn't be one in your conlang.

Also, what is a mass noun in one language can be a count noun in another, for example one cannot say "three informations", but you can say that in French, "trois informations" means "three pieces of information". Bear this in mind when creating your conlang.

Definiteness
Definiteness is a tricky subject to grasp. There are two major types of definiteness: definite and indefinite. Definite nouns are nouns that refer to specific entities such as something that you've already talked about. Indefinite nouns refer to a class of entities in general or are used to introduce a new and previously unknown entity into the conversation.

Definite nouns are shown in English with the function word the or other determiners such as one or their. Indefinite nouns are shown either by using one of a, an, or some, or by using no qualifying word at all. For example: "the cat", "the cats", and "my cats" are all definite, whereas "a cat", "cats", and "some cats" are all indefinite. Words like these that mark definiteness are common enough that they have their own term: articles.

You don't have to use articles in your conlang the same way English does. In German, the articles don't just show definiteness, they also tell you what case the noun is. In fact, you don't have to have articles at all; many languages show definiteness with various affixes or clitics or don't show it explicitly at all.

We'll explore articles more thoroughly in the section on adjectives.

Gender
If you've ever had lessons on another European language other than English then you'll probably think that gender is whether something is masculine or feminine (and possibly others such as neuter or common). To some extent, you're correct. Gender in French or Spanish or German or any other Indo-European language is about sorting nouns into sexually distinguished categories.

However, many natural languages don't use sex as the basis of their gender system and instead divide their nouns into animate and inanimate, for instance, and some have larger numbers of genders. It is for this reason that gender is often referred to as noun class in linguistic circles. You can be as creative as you want when it comes to your noun classes. To give you a taste; the Dyirbal language has a noun class that contains words for women, animals, water, fire, and violence, and another noun class that contains only words for edible plants.

If you want your conlang to be naturalistic then it's generally a good idea to have some words that are in noun classes that don't match their meaning (e.g. Greek and Latin had words for "child" in the neuter gender as well as many words for inanimate things in the masculine and feminine genders).

It is often wondered by non-linguists what gender is actually for; its uses aren't immediately obvious. Like case, it can be used to "tie" the parts of the sentence together; a language which has gender can link adjectives and nouns (and sometimes even verbs!) together without necessarily putting them in a strict order. It can also be used to discriminate between two or more "third person" arguments in a sentence or text. Consider the English text:

 * Bill and Jane went to her house. She showed him her new bike. He told her that he liked it.

This sentence is understandable because Bill, Jane, and the bike all have different gendered pronouns that we can use to distinguish them. Bill has he/him/his, Jane has she/her/her, and the bike has it/it/its.

If, instead, we were to change Bill into Betty and change the bike into a female doll then we can plausibly refer to all three of the nouns using just the feminine pronouns. The sentence then becomes much harder to understand:

 * Betty and Jane went to her house. She showed her her new doll. She told her that she liked her.

It isn't clear whose house or doll it is, nor who is doing the showing or liking, nor who (or what) is being shown something or liked.

however this can be prevented using  logophoricity or obviate/proximate distinction

Noun Phrases
Once you know what distinctions your nouns can make, you'll want to start thinking about noun phrases. A noun phrase is a bunch of words collected together that act like a basic noun. Usually noun phrases will have at least one head noun.

Let's try an example; examine the sentence "the ball broke the window". This sentence has two nouns in it; "ball" and "window". It also has two noun phrases in it; "the ball" and "the window". Notice how both noun phrases have a noun combined with other words. These other words are modifiers that narrow down the meaning of the noun they're with. In this particular case you've only got one modifier, the word "the" which is telling you that the noun is definite.

A key feature of a noun phrase is that it is interchangeable, syntactically speaking, with other noun phrases. For example we might decide to swap the phrase "the ball" with the phrase "a rock"; "the ball broke the window" becomes "a rock broke the window". These substitutions don't actually have to make sense; "a brief feeling of compassion broke the window". What's important here is that the substitution feels right; the sentence is grammatical and doesn't make you feel linguistically uncomfortable. Contrast this with a sentence like "'ate an apple quickly' broke the window", which is more definitively wrong ("ate an apple quickly" is not a noun phrase).

These are only simple noun phrases, but languages can and do make more complicated ones; "the red ball", "my left foot", "you and me", "the film I saw last night", and even "three brown rabbits from out of that field with the trees and broken fence around it".

We'll discuss how your conlang can go about making noun phrases like these later on, but for now, you just need to understand what a noun phrase is.

TODO: perhaps put some emphasis on identifying the head of the phrase.

title: Conlang/Intermediate/Grammar/Nouns


text:
Jet Propulsion/Axial turbine design/Stages

A rotor and stator combination is called a stage.

The number of stages depends on the velocity of the rotor and the pressure drop required. Gas nozzles can impart high supersonic velocities to the fluid if the pressure is available. The proportion of this energy the rotor can extract depends on its velocity.

Increasing the number of stages allows us to reduce the rotor velocity for a given power extracted from the fluid flow.


text:
Jet Propulsion/Cascade analysis

The total temperature rise in any stage depends on the square of the tangential mach number of the rotor.

$$\theta_t=1+\frac{(\gamma-1) M_T^2}{1+\frac{(\gamma-1) M_1^2}{2}}$$

general cascade analysis

stage velocity diagram

title: Jet Propulsion/Cascade analysis


text:
Jet Propulsion/General cascade analysis

The total enthalpy h_t of the fluid flowing at velocity u is

$$h_t = c_p T_t = c_p T + u^2/2 = h + u^2/2$$

Euler turbine equation

stage temperature ratio

title: Jet Propulsion/General cascade analysis


text:
Jet Propulsion/Total enthalpy

For a fluid moving at velocity u:

$$h_t = c_p T_t = c_p T + u^2/2 = h + u^2/2$$

title: Jet Propulsion/Total enthalpy


text:
Jet Propulsion/Euler turbine equation

The energy added to a stream of fluid flowing through the blades in a blade row:

$$(h_2 + u_2^2/2) - (h_1 + u_1^2/2)= \omega (r_2 v_2 - r_1 v_1)$$

where

1 is upstream and 2 is downstream

ω is the rotor angular velocity

r is the distance from the axis of the stream tube upstream and downstream

v is the swirl (tangential) velocity component of the fluid velocity upstream and downstream

u is the impeller tip speed, which is defined as, u = (diameter in inches X RPM)/229.18

title: Jet Propulsion/Euler turbine equation


text:
Jet Propulsion/Stage temperature ratio

Euler equation rewritten with fluid angles and mass flows

$$v_1=u_1 \tan \beta_{r1} $$

$$v_2=u_2 \tan \beta_2 = \omega r_2 - u_2 \tan \beta_{r2} $$

$$\frac{T_{t2}}{T_{t1}} = 1+ \frac{(\omega r_2)^2}{c_p T_{t1}}

[1 - \frac {u_2} {\omega r_2} ( \tan \beta_{r2} + \frac {u_1 r_1}{u_2 r_2} \tan \beta_1 )]$$

The blade speed dimensionless group:

$$\frac{(\omega r_2)^2}{c_p T_{t1}}$$

title: Jet Propulsion/Stage temperature ratio


text:
User talk:Kashkhan

Can you please read Naming policy before creating any more new pages please. - Aya T C

Thanks for the aerodynamics stuff in jet propulsion, very nice 71.252.175.118 03:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Kashkhan


text:
The Descent of Man/Chapter VI

Darwin lists the similarities between man and lower animals which argue against special creation. He also dismisses the idea expressed by some naturalists of his day that the natural world be divided into human, animal, and plant kingdoms. He criticizes the classification systems that use only one or two points of comparison, even if brains are compared.

Darwin then briefly explains the classes and orders of vertebrates in general and gives examples of similarities between dinosaurs and birds, reptiles and mammals, and animal embryos across the spectrum. He reiterates that there are animals still living like the echidna that link classes of animals together. He mentions new information on the lancelet embryo which helped scientists to classify it as a worm and points to that class, ascidians, as the likely group where the vertebrates began.

Finally Darwin also mentions the rudimentary female sex organs found in males which point to a hermaphroditic ancestor, probably belonging to a class lower than mammals. Again in a footnote Darwin gives credit for this idea to another scientist, a comparative anatomist. He also lists four scientists who have written on hermaphroditism in lower animals. As further evidence Darwin discusses the development of the nipple from marsupials and retained by both sexes in the higher mammals. He further points to male animals that take care of the eggs and young and cases of male lactation.

In the final paragraph, once again Darwin traces the evolution of vertebrates from ancient marine worms to man. He adds that humans should not be ashamed of their humble origins because even the lowest animals are marvelous in their structure.

title: The Descent of Man/Chapter VI


text:
Jet Propulsion/Jet engine types

Ramjet
A ramjet uses the open Brayton cycle. No rotating machinery is used and compression is achieved by the intake and diffuser. As such they require speed to compress air enough that good efficiency can be achieved. Ramjets are inefficient at subsonic speeds and their efficiency improves at supersonic speeds.

Fuel is injected into the compressed air and burnt using flameholders to stabilize the turbulent flame as in afterburners.

At hypersonic speeds the compression and dissociation processes make full diffusion unattractive and supersonic combustion is being researched. A Scramjet slows the air down to low supersonic speeds and then burn high flame velocity fuels such as hydrogen or methane to try to get net thrust.

Scramjet
As the velocity increases the total temperature of the gas stream rises above the dissociation temperature of the combustion products. This prevents efficient burning if the gas stream is diffused to subsonic speeds. To solve this, fuels with high propagation velocities such as hydrogen are used while diffusing the intake air to supersonic speeds without having a large rise in temperature of the gas stream. The challenges become one of obtaining stable flame fronts and a net thrust.

Turbojet
A turbojet adds a rotating compressor powered by a turbine. This allows increased compression beyond the stagnation pressure of the intake and improves the efficiency over a ramjet at lower speeds. The hot air after it leaves the turbine is accelerated by the nozzle and ejected. An afterburner can be used to augment the thrust.

Turbofan
A betlog shrouded fan allows a larger mass of air to be moved by a shrouded fan whose flow bypasses the core. The relative size of the fan compared to the core is identified by the bypass ratio.

The figure below shows the typical layout of a two shaft high bypass turbofan.

The ratio of turbofan bypass mass flow to the engine core mass flow in a turbofan engine.

As the name suggests, this is the ratio of the air which bypasses the engine core and flows round the outside of the engine and exits via the nozzle. In a modern, high bypass ratio engine, bypass ratios can be as high as 85%. Increasing the size of the fan and the bypass ratio causes a weight penalty. Unducted fans or Propfans have reduced weight penalty but the noise has not been acceptable in the west.

Geared Turbofan
Since the fan is much larger diameter than the turbine it must operate at much lower rpm. Traditionally this is achieved by multiple turbine stages. However this makes the turbine system unnecessarily complex and so gearboxes have been attempted to reduce the number of turbine stages required.. The power requirements have so far evaded application in larger size turbofans, but companies are still trying.

Example: Honeywell_ALF_502 used in the BAe 146.

Turboprop
Turboshaft with a gearbox and a propeller.

Turboshaft
Intake, Compressor, Combustor, and Turbine powering a shaft. Used in helicopters, /APU/s, as well as surface applications like tanks, ships, electricity generation.

Pulse jet engine
Uses pulse detonation to close off the intake without primary compression. Intake closure may be dynamic or with mechanical valves such as reed valves.

TYPES OF PROPULSION SYSTEMS (BASIC EXPLANATION LISTING)

I am an FAA Licensed Jet Engine, Piston Engine & Airframe Mechanic plus Skilled with Applied Physics and System Design. Here is how I would classify not so much Jet Engines per se, but Turbine Engines and all other Propulsion Powerplants:

1.) Turbine Propulsion:

A.) Turbojets Engines - No Bypass Cold Airflow Duct and large front Fan, just compressor-turbine spool(s) core. B.)  Turbofan Engines - Large Fan in ahead of compressor-turbine spool(s) core with By-Pass Cold Airflow Duct around engine body and compressor-turbine spool(s) core.

2.)  Turbine Torque:

A.) Turboshaft Engines - More Turbine Stages w/ Free Turbine to Gear Reduced      Transmission.

B.) Turrboprop Engines - Same as Turboshaft Engine except Fuel Control Unit       is linked to Blade Pitch System to prevent Windmilling of Propeller and       RPM on a Turboprop Engine is controlled by Blade Pitch Control.

3.) Non-Turbine Propulsion Powerplants:

A.) Ramjet - Hollow convergent venturi tube, lit off when enough forward airspeed is       present to provide the compression needed to light it off.  Higher in efficiency and       thrust than Propulsion Turbine Powerplants and is dependent on the ability of the       fuel injection system pressure and fuel volume delivery limits.  Ramjets are limited       to speeds below where the Nitrogen and Oxygen in the air do not compress to such        enormous pressures as to where the Oxygen and Nitrogen merge as one killing        combustion.  (Note:  Air is 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen & 1% various Inert Gases).

B.) Scramjet - Supersonic Scramjet or "scramjet".  These propulsion powerplants are       ramjets rated for much higher speeds from supersonic to into hypersonic speeds       (more than 4000 MHP).  The only limitation is what any ramjet needs to overcome:         The merger of Oxygen and Nitrogen in the Air under enormous compression,       when not controlled will merge the Oxygen and Nitrogen as one and kill       combustion.

C.) Pulsejet - Hollow convergent venturi tube or any type of differential diameter dual       channel which doesn't need to be routed across in a linear manner, but in the same       way hydraulic and pneumatic systems can route the master and actuator cylinders in       series, any which way in terms of orientation.  There are glass jars and dual plumbing        pipes with differential diameters which can be made into pulse jets.  The typical       aviation-type Pulse Jet is a convergent venturi channel with spring-loaded shutters on       the intake.  During the combustion cycle, a vacuum develops in the aft exhaust       section of the venturi causing the spring-loaded-opened shutters to pass airflow during       combustion, until the vacuum increases more than the spring-loaded-open shutters       can handle causing them to close.  This allows a sealing-bias on the intake side as to       maximize thrust in the aft rear section. But only for a limited dwell-time pulse cycle as      to where combustion ceases and allows the shutters to open again to repeat the process. The aviation-type Pulse Jets run at a frequency around 250 to 600 PPS. As the frequency increases, the Pulse Jet comes online as running into the full thrust rating as fuel delivery increases to maximum limits. Aviation-grade Pulse Jets may utilize Heat-of-Compression on high compression Pulse Jet designs running on      kerosene (same as "jet fuel") which allow the Pulse Jet to stay lit without additional spark plug or glow plug requirements after being lit off, which time the shutters to the fuel injection system. Or gasoline-models using shutter position to spark can be used if the compression is lower than needed for allowing a Heat-of-Compression combustion cycle to be utilized. Plumbing pipes of different diameters connected 180 degrees to each other on a 180 degree bend and can be turned into Pulse Jets too. This by using a fuel source in the smaller diameter pipe with spark plug and when it      lights off, spark isn't needed anymore, because the compression rises high enough to       keep the Pulse Jet lit.  The 180 degree bend between the two different diameter pipes allow a high pulse on/off frequency to develop between combustion and fuel flow dwell when the combustion ceases. Something in the range of 1200 cycles per second. They're noisy for sure, but keep lit on their own. Also a glass jar with a cover at the top and small hole at the center with a little bit of gasoline in the bottom, carefully heated on a stove will light off at the top where the hole is and will light off around 1200 cycles per second as a Pulse Jet. Just be careful on adjusting the heat when using a glass jar.

D.) Rocket Propulsion - These Propulsion Powerplants utilize a tapering convergent       channel within their airframe fuselage section in which a fuel which carries its own       oxygen along with combustible compounds ignite.  Escaping through the tapered       convergent channel into thrust.  Typical Rocket Fuels are both liquid and solid Oxy-      Hydro Fuels which are Oxygen and Hydrogen mixed together and ignited.  Other       Rocket Fuels include Hydrogen Peroxide mixed with a catalyst in separate reservoirs       injected into the taper convergent thrust channel at the correct ratios to support       combustion.  This also goes for the Space Shuttle as well, using liquid Oxygen and       Hydrogen in separate reservoirs mixed with emulsified aluminum as to increase thrust       output.  Rocket Propulsion speeds are rated to over 30,000 MHP and are more       practical for defense, high altitude weather/surveillance and space programs than passenger flight, at least for now this is the case.

E.) Missile Propulsion - Missile Propulsion is similar to Rocket Propulsion, except far       more airframe system guidance is involved in the likes of airplanes flying on GPS or       Radar-Guided systems which control Missile Airframe Flight Control Systems.  This for       pin-point guidance, steering and targeting/evasive actions to specific target and       collision/avoidance from specific threats.  Many missile designs either incorporate       Rocket Propulsion in the  same manner as Rockets or use small turbojet engines       within their fuselage.  More advanced missile designs are starting to use Ram Jets       along with an initial Rocket Propulsion light-off to get them up to speed.  When they       reach a specific airspeed usually around 500 MHP, the Ram Jet will kick in using Oxy-      Hydro fuel to keep them lit and can increase in speeds to around 2,200 MHP while also fly at low altitudes. Many of these types of missile designs also incorporate Microwave & Doppler Radar Tracking & Cancellation Systems. So they can't be      tracked by most any type of Radar, even more advanced Radar Systems which track flying objects by their airflow pattern converted into a visual profile. Such missiles have been pioneered by Russia & India, such as the Moskit from Russia and the Bramos from India.

F.) Air Pressure Propulsion - This is none other than a larger diameter accumulator       shaped like a cylinder with an enormous amount of air pressure pre-charged connected       to a powerful air compression with high volume capacity tank.  On the other end of this       cylinder is a small diameter pipe which when opened up passing a high amount of air       velocity, by the air pressure being stepped down at the end before the smaller tail pipe       begins causing the air velocity to rise.  These types of Propulsion Systems require a       constant pressure to remain at a certain limit within the accumulator cylinder to be       effective for any practical thrust.  Experimental applications using this type of       propulsion would also require a large enough accumulator cylinder to provide for       enough constant pressure to stagnate while the air escapes through the small tail pipe into thrust. [Pressure = Force / Area;  Force = Pressure x Area. This is the basic principle on how hydraulics, pneumatics, firearms, rockets, jet propulsion, piston engines and aircraft operate by].

title: Jet Propulsion/Jet engine types


text:
Jet Propulsion/Ramjet

A ramjet uses the open Brayton cycle. In the above diagram a 2D supersonic intake is shown downstream of which is a divergent subsonic diffuser.

Ramjets are inefficient at subsonic speeds and their efficiency improves at supersonic speeds.

At hypersonic speeds the compression and dissociation processes make full diffusion unattractive and supersonic combustion is being researched. Scramjet slow the air down to low supersonic speeds and then burn high flame velocity fuels such as hydrogen or methane to try to get net thrust.

title: Jet Propulsion/Ramjet


text:
Cookbook:Nuts and Seeds

| Basic foodstuffs

Nuts in cuisine are a much less restrictive category than nuts in botany, the term being applied to many seeds that are not true nuts in the botanical sense. Any large, oily kernel found within a shell and used in food may be regarded as a nut. Because nuts generally have a high oil content, they are a highly prized food and energy source. A large number of seeds are edible by humans and used in cooking, eaten raw, sprouted, or roasted as a snack food, or pressed for oil that is used in cookery and cosmetics.

Nuts are a significant source of nutrition for wildlife. This is particularly true in temperate climates where animals such as squirrels and jays store acorns and other nuts during the autumn to keep them from starving during the winter and early spring.

Nuts of temperate climates are dominated by wind-pollinated trees of the Order Fagales:
 * Acorn, the seed of the oak tree
 * Beechnut
 * Chestnut
 * Hazelnut or filbert, the seed of the hazel and cob trees
 * Hickory

Some "nuts" that are not true nuts in a botanical sense:

 * Almond; edible part is the seed of a drupe
 * Brazil nuts are seeds from a capsule
 * Cashews are seeds
 * Coconut is a drupe [[Image:Cocos nucifera14.jpg|right|thumb|coconuts]]
 * Horse chestnut is a capsule
 * Peanut, the fruit and seeds of a legume
 * Pecan; edible part is the seed of a drupe
 * Pine nut or piñon is the seed of a conifer
 * Walnut, a drupe which includes Persian walnut, Japanese walnut, black walnut, heartnut, and butternut

Seeds

 * Sesame seeds
 * Sunflower seeds
 * Poppy seeds
 * Pumpkin seeds
 * Hemp Seeds
 * Flax Seeds
 * Chia seeds

title: Cookbook:Nuts and Seeds


text:
Jet Propulsion/Control

Engine control
Inlet control

Variable Guide Vanes

Hydromechanical Fuel Control

Electronic Fuel Control (FADEC)

Limiters & Engine Protection

Bleed control

Active Clearance control

Afterburners

Nozzle Control

Thrust Reverser Control

Accessories

Aircraft Integration

Transients
Starts

Acceleration

Deceleration

Instabilities
Surge

Flameout

Roll-back

title: Jet Propulsion/Control


text:
Jet Propulsion/Mechanics

Engine ratings
Engines are certified to deliver standard thrusts depending upon atmospheric conditions. Thrust is typically measured in kN or lbs.

Maximum Takeoff thrust
This is the maximum thrust that the engine can deliver for 5 minutes at standard sea level atmosphere. Peak thrust is usually achieved when the engine is static.

Maximum Climb thrust
This is the maximum thrust that the engine can deliver for 5 minutes at standard sea level atmosphere.

Maximum Cruise thrust
The thrust allowable for unlimited flight duration at the design altitude.

Maximum Continuous thrust
Also called the maximum maneuver thrust. Sometimes is same as maximum cruise.

Specific fuel consumption
Typically quoted in mg/Ns for engines. Is usually much higher at cruise than at static.

A typical high bypass engine will consume about 8mg/Ns at maximum takeoff and 15mg/Ns at maximum cruise thrust.

Example ratings
The figure below shows the typical behaviour of a modern turbofan. The orange curves show maximum cruise thrust at altitude. The TO thrust is significantly higher than the cruise thrust at sea level since it is permitted for short durations only..

Typical large engines today have TO thrusts approaching 480kN. Typical cruise SFC is around 15mg/Ns. A low bypass military engine will have TO sfc of about 18mg/Ns which rises to 50mg/Ns if afterburner is used.

Specific impulse
Specific impulse is defined as the thrust (N) divided by the fuel weight flow rate (N/s). The resulting measure is usually quoted in seconds and defines the weight fraction that is necessary to give a particular delta V for a rocket or range for an aircraft with a given lift to drag ratio.

For a jet engine the specific impulse can be determined from the specific fuel consumption. For example an engine that has an SFC of 15mg/N-s will have a specific impulse of 6800s. Current turbofan engines have cruise SFC below 15.

For a chemical rocket the specific impulse ranges to about 500s.

Thrust
The thrust of a jet engine is determined by the difference in momentum of the fluids flowing in and out of the engine. If the mass of fuel added is negligible then the thrust is:

 * $$ T = \dot{m}(u_{exit}-u_{inlet}) $$

Range
The Breguet Range Equation gives the range achieved by a vehicle. For a constant L/D ratio of the aircraft

$$Range=u I_{sp}\left(\frac{L}{D}\right) \ln \left(\frac{W_{initial}}{W_{final}}\right)$$

where

R = distance flown (m)

u = velocity (m/s)

Isp = specific impulse (s)

L/D = lift-to-drag ratio (dimensionless)

Winitial = gross aircraft weight at the start of cruise (kg)

Wfinal = gross weight at the end of cruise (kg)

Example
For an aircraft with 50% fuel, velocity of 600 m/s, an L/d of 10 and engines with a specific impulse of 3000 the range is:

$$R = (600m/s) (3000s) (10) \ln(2) = 12,477km$$

Maneuver
Jet Propulsion/Thrust

Jet Propulsion/Drag

title: Jet Propulsion/Mechanics


text:
Jet Propulsion/Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
All jet engines and gas turbines are heat engines that convert thermal energy into useful work. The useful work may be in the form of mechanical power, as from a shaft which may be used to drive a propeller, a vehicle, a pump, an electric generator, or any other mechanical device. In Jet engine applications the work is in producing compressed air and combustion products which are then accelerated to provide reaction propulsion.

The thermal efficiency for a shaft application is calculated using the ratio of output mechanical energy divided by input thermal energy. For propulsive applications the definition of efficiency involves the velocity of the jet through the air since a stationary engine anchored to the ground produces no propulsive work. In such a case a propulsive efficiency is defined which relates the propulsive work delivered to the total mechanical energy produced by the engine.

title: Jet Propulsion/Thermodynamics


text:
User:Snaga~enwikibooks

Wikipedia:Snagari

title: User:Snaga~enwikibooks


text:
User:Snagari~enwikibooks

Wikipedia:Snagari

title: User:Snagari~enwikibooks


text:
Emulation/How does it work?

The Theory
At the core of computer science, specifically the study of computation and computability, is the Church-Turing thesis. This thesis states that any function regarded as computable can be computed by a theoretical device called a 'Turing Machine'. A natural corollary of this theorem is that any general-purpose programming language is sufficient to express any algorithm. Basically anything which can be considered computable (in the case of emulation, the computations involving the workings of a machines hardware), can be computed by any general-purpose programming language. The reason the modern emulators are capable of emulating most computers is that the bulk of modern computers are based on the von Neumann architecture. This computer architecture was originally documented by the late John von Neumann in the 1950s, and dictates the basic way in which the modern computer operates (by fetching and executing instructions from memory, these functions can in turn write data back to computer memory during the course of their execution). All other components such as video, sound, keyboard, and mouse are all extensions to this basic architecture. In pseudocode, a basic emulator loop is written:

do fetch the next instruction from emulated memory execute the instruction check for interrupts while WE ARE STILL EXECUTING INSTRUCTIONS

Implementation
Utilizing these principles, emulation software (emulators) essentially convert binary data written for execution on one machine to an equivalent binary form suitable for execution on another machine. This conversion is usually done by taking the original binary instruction and translating it into one or more equivalent instructions for execution on another machine. As a 1:1 instruction conversion rate is usually not possible, the emulator's equivalent to the original program is often much larger.

Often an exact equivalent to one device required by the machine being emulated is not possible. For example, the controller for a NES or PlayStation is usually not present on a PC. This is where any comparable equivalent is used, most commonly the keyboard or a joystick. This compensation is part of what makes emulation difficult, as one must have a clear understanding of how the hardware works in order to emulate it. This is especially true for more challenging pieces of hardware like audio and video chips. There are typically two ways to emulate a given piece of software: interpretation and recompilation.

Interpretation
In interpretation, the binary data is read and as each instruction is decoded it is executed; each instruction is executed every time it is encountered. Typically this method is the easiest to implement, but it is also typically the slowest in terms of execution time. Many older console emulators use interpretation.

Some examples of emulators that use interpretation are:

 * Nestopia
 * emgb
 * CloneGB

Recompilation
Recompilation, also called binary translation, involves a directly binary conversion from the binary data for the emulated platform into binary data suitable for execution on the targeted platform. This method usually provides a significant performance boost to emulation software, and it used by most emulators for 'next-generation' consoles. Recompilation typically comes in two varieties:

 * Dynamic recompilation
 * In dynamic recompilation, or dynamic binary translation, the binary data is translated only on the first pass, and is kept in a cache where the translated binary equivalent is stored, and referenced whenever that section is executed again. The basic idea is to do expensive translation and decoding of instructions once, and then reference the cached translated code often. This method is the most commonly employed as it can deal with all forms of code, including self-modifying. Some examples:
 * 1964
 * Daedalus N64
 * PCSX
 * An overview of PCSX's file structure
 * PCSX2
 * Static recompilation
 * In static recompilation, or static binary translation, the binary data is translated once in a single pass over the code. The code to be emulated can be scanned and the translation can be optimized by applying various algorithms. The translated data is then usually saved either in a file or memory, where it is referenced by the program upon execution. While this can sometimes improve performance even over dynamic recompilation, if the code is self-modifying, this method usually fails to properly translate the executable, forcing a fallback to a dynamic recompiler or an interpreter to handle the modified code.

title: Emulation/How does it work?


text:
Biochemistry/Glycolysis

Introduction
Glycolysis is the process which glucose is divided into two molecules of pyruvate. In fact, glycolysis considered a linear pathway of ten enzyme-mediated steps. The pathway for glycolysis has two phases: the energy investment phase and energy generation phase. The first five steps in the glycolysis are the energy investment "preparatory phase", which produce glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Energy generation phase is the last five steps of glycolysis, which produce the final two pyruvate molecules product. Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm and can be achieved in the absence of oxygen. In the body, the source of glucose for glycolysis comes from dietary disaccharides and monosaccharides.

Glycolysis is the first step in carbohydrate metabolism, the end result of which is the conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. When total oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide ended, a large amount of energy is converted into ATP.

During glycolysis, two molecules of NADH and a net two molecules of ATP are generated (two molecules of ATP are used to get the pathway started, but four molecules are then synthesized). Thus, there is a net production of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule converted to two molecules of pyruvate.

At the end of the process, only a small part of all glucose energy is released and the rest of the potential energy stays in pyruvate molecules which are further oxidized to firstly to acetyl- CoA and later on carbon dioxide by TCA cycle. The NADH and FADH2 gained from TCA cycle enter into ETC to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. For this reason aerobic degradation is much more efficient than anaerobic metabolism. That is why the aerobic mechanism is now much more spread within living organisms, but nevertheless anaerobic pathways still take place even in animals under certain physiological circumstances.

Overview
Glycolysis is a central pathway for the catabolism of carbohydrates in which the six-carbon sugars are split to three-carbon compounds with subsequent release of energy used to transform ADP to ATP. Glycolysis can proceed under anaerobic (without oxygen) and aerobic conditions.

Glycolysis is a 10-step pathway which converts glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules. The overall Glycolysis can be written as a net equation:

Glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD+ → 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH

Glycolysis enzymes:
 * 1) Hexokinase (HK)
 * 2) Phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI)
 * 3) Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
 * 4) Aldolase (ALDO)
 * 5) Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI)
 * 6) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
 * 7) Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)
 * 8) Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM)
 * 9) Enolase (ENO)
 * 10) Pyruvate kinase (PK)

Glycolysis compounds:
 * Glucose
 * Glucose 6-Phosphate (G6P)
 * Fructose 6-Phosphate (F6P)
 * Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate (F1,6BP)
 * Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (GADP)
 * Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP)
 * 1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3PG)
 * 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3PG)
 * 2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PG)
 * Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
 * Pyruvate

Visual overview
[[File:Glycolysis metabolic pathway 3 annotated.svg|left|800px|thumb|Stage I: Energy Investment (step 1-5)

Stage II: Energy Harvesting (step 6-10)

]]

Detailed description of the ten step
Step 1: Glucose phosphorylation at its 6th carbon catalysed by glucokinase (hexokinase IV) or other hexokinases:

Glucose that enters the cell has only one fate: it is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by a typical kinase reaction. When glucose is phosphorylated, it is trapped inside of the cell because phosphoryl at 6th carbon pushes phospholipid membrane thus glucose-6-phosphate even could not close to plasma membrane.

ATP is used as phosphoryl group reservoir.

Mg2+ found as a cofactor of the enzyme. Presence of Mg2+ shields the charge on the phosphoryl of ATP. So compounds can come closer in an easier way.

At the reaction, a pyrophosphate bond is cleaved (-7.5 kcal/mole) and a phosphate ester bond is formed (+3 kcal/mole), resulting in a net -4.0 kcal/mole. Thus it can be concluded that product (glucose-6-phosphate) has less energy than the reactant (glucose). Less energy means that more stability. Therefore, product is more stable than the reactant. This condition makes the reaction irreversible.

Step 2: Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate catalysed by means of phosphoglucoisomerase:

This convertion is reversible. Via converting 6C cyclic compound to 5C cyclic compound which includes oxygen in the cyclic part as seen at 6C compound, too, it is aimed to produce a molecule that is able to be splited into two equal carbon contented (3C) compound.

Step 3: Second phosphorylation catalysed by phosphofructokinase:

By the help of this step, division into two equal carbon contented (3C) compound also balanced in terms of phosphoryl group.

Again Mg2+ is found as a cofactor of the enzyme. It functions like seen at step 1.

This reaction is irreversible as it can be implied from its negative δG0

Step 4: Cleavage to two triose phosphates catalysed by aldolase:

Now, two molecules of 3C compound is generated.

Step 5: Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate catalysed by triose phosphate isomerase:

After this step each reaction occurs double time because 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate exists for further steps.

Step 6: Generation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate catalysed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase:

Here, it is goaled to insert phosphoryl group which will be transferred to ADP to create ATP, later. Also production of NADH happens.

Step 7: Production of 3-phosphoglycerate via substrate-level phosphorylation catalysed by phosphoglycerate kinase:

The first step which ATP is produced is step 7.

Step 8: Phosphate transfer from 3rd carbon to 2nd carbon of 3-Phosphoglycerate catalysed by phosphoglycerate mutase:

Via the effect of this reaction, resonance at PEP (step 8 product) is achieved.

Step 9: Synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate catalysed by enolase:

Water exit occurs.

Step 10: Substrate-level phosphorylation. Pyruvate synthesis catalysed by pyruvate kinase:

ATP is produced. Pyruvate tautomerizes rapidly and nonenzymatically to its keto form from its enol form. It is the last and one of the irreversible steps of glycolysis.

title: Biochemistry/Glycolysis


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. Nc3

1. Nc3 · Van Geet Opening
A rarely played opening. Allows for a variety of transpositions and some independent lines. Black's best response is to threaten to chase the white knight at c3 away with 1... d5. 1... e5 allows White to transpose into the Vienna Game with 2. e4.

Statistics

 * Approximate chances
 * White win 35%, Draw 24%, Black win 40%

 * Estimated next move popularity
 * d5 37%, c5 26%, Nf6 13%, e5 11%

Theory table
1. Nc3

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. Nc3


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Horace Slughorn

Overview
Horace E. F. Slughorn is the retired head of Slytherin House and a former Hogwarts teacher. Confronted with a shortage of teachers by the incapacitation of Dolores Umbridge and the rumours surrounding the Defence Against the Dark Arts position, Professor Dumbledore convinces him to come out of retirement and return to teaching. Slughorn is a portly older gentleman with an ebullient manner, a large moustache, and a very deep voice.

Half-Blood Prince
Professor Dumbledore collects Harry from the Dursleys' after only two weeks of the summer vacation. As they depart on their way to The Burrow, Dumbledore comments that he finds himself again one teacher short, and so they will be stopping to visit someone he hopes to coax into the job. In the town of Budleigh Babberton, they find a house that has apparently been the subject of an attack: door standing open, furniture destroyed, apparent blood spattered on the walls. Dumbledore, surveying the wreckage, pokes an overturned armchair with his wand; it turns into a very fat man, who is then introduced as Horace Slughorn. Asked what had given him away, Dumbledore comments that if the attack had been real, the Dark Mark would have been floating over the house; Slughorn admits to forgetting it, but says he had been rushed, being in the bath when his detector had gone off. The two of them clean up the house, then Dumbledore introduces Harry, and asks Slughorn if he would be interested in getting his old job back. Slughorn demurs, saying he's concerned that coming out of his concealment might make him a target for the Death Eaters. Dumbledore then departs, ostensibly to go to the bathroom.

Slughorn now engages Harry in conversation, talking about his mother, Lily Evans as she was then, and how she had been one of his favorite students despite being Muggle-born. He admits to a bias towards the Pureblood students, and mentions that it is only natural, with his having been head of Slytherin house. He then talks about his connections in the Wizarding world, with sports teams and the Ministry; Harry asks if they have been in touch since Slughorn went into concealment. Slughorn admits, reluctantly, that his standard of living has dropped since he went into hiding a year before. Harry points out that Hogwarts is probably at least as safe as anywhere else; possibly more so, as Dumbledore was the only wizard that Voldemort was believed to fear.

Dumbledore then returns from the bathroom, saying he had become intrigued by one of the magazines there, and takes his leave of Slughorn. As he and Harry head for the door, Slughorn changes his mind and accepts the teaching post Dumbledore was offering.

As they travel to The Burrow, Dumbledore tells Harry that Slughorn had previously maintained a student group at Hogwarts, called the "Slug Club", whose members were either skilled or well-connected. It is this group which had left him the connections he needed to keep him in the creature comforts he was so fond of. Dumbledore suggests that Slughorn might want to restart that club on his return, and that Harry would be the star of that club if it did re-form.

It appears Dumbledore is correct, as on the Hogwarts Express heading to school, Harry and Neville find themselves invited to a gathering in Slughorn's compartment, along with several other students who seem to have important relatives. Slughorn seems to be trying to get Harry to tell what had happened in the Battle at the Ministry, but when Harry remained silent as to details, Slughorn shifted to his own reminiscences and entertained the students almost until they arrived at Hogwarts.

At the Arrival Feast, Harry, along with many others, is amazed to hear that Slughorn has been brought in as Potions Master, and Professor Snape has been given the Defence Against the Dark Arts position that he has wanted for so long. Alarming as this may be, it provides one major advantage for Harry: Snape would only accept students at N.E.W.T. level if they receive an Outstanding grade in Potions, and Harry's grade had been merely Exceeds Expectations. Harry had seen his dream of becoming an Auror vanish. Slughorn, however, is willing to accept an Exceeds Expectations student for NEWT-level classes, so Harry is free to take Potions and prepare for his chosen career.

At the first Potions class, then, Harry and Ron, both of whom are now able to take Potions, are in need of textbooks. Slughorn digs a couple of used books out of a cupboard for them. Slughorn has prepared several cauldrons of potion, and asks the class to identify them. Hermione identifies all four of them, earning thirty House points for Gryffindor, and Slughorn's admiration. Slughorn then sets them the task of brewing a particular potion, the Draught of Living Death. Harry, looking at his borrowed Potions book, notes that the previous owner had annotated it; following the annotations, he finds that his results are much better even then Hermione's. Slughorn commends him for his skill at Potions, saying he was obviously his mother's son; she was easily the best potion-maker in her class year. As Harry has made the best example of the potion, he wins the prize: a phial of Felix Felicis potion, enough Liquid Luck for twelve hours.

Harry's continuing use of the annotated textbook will lead Slughorn to believe that he is extremely talented in Potions. Harry does not want to lose the benefit of the annotations in the book, so when his new copy arrives from Flourish and Blotts, he returns that book to Slughorn, keeping the annotated book for himself.

Returning from a visit with Hagrid after the Quidditch tryouts, Harry, Ron, and Hermione are met in the great hall by Slughorn, who invites Harry and Hermione to a little party, "just a few rising stars", while ignoring Ron who is standing right there. Harry pleads a previous engagement, detention with Snape. Slughorn says he will try to straighten that small matter out, and waddles away, but is ultimately not successful.

On the first Hogsmeade visit of the year, Harry, Ron, and Hermione run into Slughorn in Honeyduke's Sweetshop. Slughorn invites Harry and Hermione to another little party, again ignoring Ron. Harry again has to refuse, as he has a lesson scheduled with Professor Dumbledore for that evening. Harry continues to avoid Slughorn's parties by scheduling Quidditch practice on those days when the parties are happening. Hermione later mentions that Slughorn's parties are not as bad as all that, and that Harry should at least plan on coming to the Christmas party. She mentions that he would be allowed to bring a guest, which sparks a small row between her and Ron.

Harry manages to avoid the girls attempting to wangle an invitation to Slughorn's party with him, eventually inviting Luna Lovegood. Hermione chooses to invite Cormac McLaggen, largely to spite Ron who is very deeply involved with Lavender.

Once Harry and Luna arrive at the party, they run into Hermione, who is now actively trying to avoid Cormac. They fall into discussion with Professor Trelawney, and Harry and Hermione are very entertained by Luna's theories about conspiracies in the Ministry. Filch arrives with Draco Malfoy, who he had found wandering the halls; Professor Slughorn decides that he had been attempting to gatecrash, and magnanimously invites him to join the party. Shortly, Draco and Snape leave for a private word, and Harry departs to eavesdrop on them. If he returns to the party afterwards, we don't hear about it.

Immediately after Christmas, in one of his private lessons with Dumbledore, Harry experiences a memory of Slughorn's from the days when the Slug Club had included Tom Riddle. The memory, which shows Tom asking about Horcruxes, is very obviously edited such that none of Slughorn's responses are present. Professor Dumbledore says that Harry is uniquely equipped to retrieve the unedited memory from Slughorn, and charges him with that retrieval, saying it is quite possibly the most important thing Harry will have to do all year.

Some time later, Professor Slughorn sets them the task of determining and brewing an antidote for a mixture of magical poisons. Harry finds a scrawled note in his textbook that says "Simply shove a Bezoar down their throat." As the end of the class approaches, Harry finds a bezoar in the ingredients cupboard. As time is called, nobody has a complete solution, not even Hermione. Harry exhibits his bezoar, to Hermione's dismay and Slughorn's deep amusement. Slughorn absently tucks the bezoar into his bag. At the end of class, Harry asks Slughorn about Horcruxes, but Slughorn irritably insists that there was nothing more to that episode than what Dumbledore has seen, and leaves hastily.

So long as Harry stays away from the subject of Horcruxes, Slughorn remains amiable, but Harry, who is now waiting for one of his invitations to his little soirées, is frustrated that none are forthcoming. And so matters remain for some months, as Slughorn steadfastly avoids any situation where he might be alone with Harry.

Harry had been given a box of Chocolate Cauldrons by Romilda Vane who, at the time, had been angling for an invitation to Slughorn's Christmas party. Warned by Hermione to suspect love potion, Harry had set them aside in his trunk. Hunting through his trunk, he had pulled them roughly out, and Ron, whose birthday it was, had mistaken them for a gift for himself and had eaten two. Harry, finding Ron infatuated with Romilda, had taken him to Slughorn's office for an antidote. Slughorn expressed some surprise that as talented a potion-maker as Harry had not simply whipped up the antidote himself, but quickly puts together a potion, and gives it to Ron who is abruptly cured, and badly shaken. Slughorn then pours out some "oak-aged mead" which he says he had gotten as a Christmas gift for Dumbledore, but had forgotten to give him. Harry, watching Ron as he downs the entire glass in one, sees the poison in the mead affecting him. Slughorn, shocked, can only stutter and stammer as Ron falls; Harry, remembering the Bezoar that Slughorn had tucked into his bag, rummages through Slughorn's bag to find it and forces it into Ron's mouth, just in time.

In the Hospital Wing afterwards, where Harry is visiting with Ron, Hermione, Ginny, and the Twins, the Weasley family speculate on why Slughorn would have had poisoned mead in the first place, and wonder exactly who he would be trying to poison. The suggestion is aired that Slughorn may be a Death Eater, or sympathetic to them, and be trying to poison Harry; but Harry points out that Slughorn had said the mead was intended for Dumbledore.

On the day of the testing for Apparition in Hogsmeade, Slughorn finds that only three students remain in his Potions class: Harry, Draco Malfoy, and Ernie Macmillan. He decides to set them an open lesson, having each of them create a potion of his own choice. Harry, thinking to perhaps lighten Slughorn's mood and loosen his tongue, chooses to make up a Euphoria Elixir. Slughorn, when it is complete, looks at Harry's potion and scents it, but departs almost at the run before Harry can convince him to try tasting it.

That morning, Harry, Ron, and Hermione had been discussing how to get the memory from Slughorn, and had hit upon the idea of using some of the Felix Felicis potion that Harry had won on the first day of class. While they were discussing this, Harry had received a note from Hagrid that said that Aragog had died, and asking Harry to come to the funeral. Having failed to convince Slughorn to grant him the memory that afternoon, Harry takes the Felix Felicis potion, and promptly decides to attend Aragog's funeral, much to Ron's and Hermione's horror. On the way there, he decides to detour past the greenhouses, where he luckily runs into Slughorn. He chooses to tell Slughorn the truth about why he is out there; Slughorn, thinking avariciously of the value of Acromantula venom, not only fails to punish Harry for being out of the school, but chooses to join Harry at Hagrid's, bearing a number of bottles of mead. After Aragog is buried, Slughorn, pouring generously, manages to get himself and Hagrid drunk; Harry, luckily, moderates his drinking, magically refills the bottles without either of the other two noticing, and finally convinces Slughorn, who is so drunk that he will remember nothing in the morning, to retrieve the memory that Dumbledore has been seeking.

Viewing the memory with Dumbledore shortly afterwards, Harry learns that in that particular episode, Tom Riddle had managed to receive some information about Horcruxes from Slughorn, and had asked about the possibility of making multiple Horcruxes. In particular, Tom had suggested that seven was a particularly magical number, and wondered whether seven pieces of soul might not provide even better immortality than two. Slughorn had been horrified at the thought.

Harry loses access to the textbook that had belonged to the Half-Blood Prince, leaving it in the Room of Requirement to keep it from being confiscated by Professor Snape, and as a result his skill in Potions falls off rather sharply. However, as he has at the same time rather publicly started going out with Ginny, Slughorn attributes his decreased ability to distraction, quite understandable in one Harry's age.

At the end of the book, following Snape's departure, a meeting of the four Heads of House must be called. As Snape is no longer available, Slughorn is called in as acting head of Slytherin house. Slughorn is in shock at Snape's actions, saying that he had thought he had known Snape. He suggests that with Dumbledore gone, people might not want to send their children to Hogwarts, but that he was in favour of keeping the school open.

Deathly Hallows
Professor Slughorn's temporary appointment as head of Slytherin house was continued, as we see him responding (albeit sluggishly) to Professor McGonagall's summons to the heads of Houses. As Snape is departing, Professor McGonagall tells Professor Slughorn in no uncertain terms that he must decide whether he stands with the school or with the Death Eaters. Slughorn chooses to stand with the school, and is seen with McGonagall and Kingsley Shacklebolt, dueling Voldemort, just before Harry's final confrontation. He was determined to protect the school and stood with the other professors to defend Hogwarts in order to defeat Voldemort.

Strengths
He has an uncanny ability to pick students who have a promising future, giving him many good contacts. He is also highly skilled at potion-making and is, according to Dumbledore, an extremely accomplished wizard. He is good natured and occasionally generous to the people he likes.

Weaknesses
His health is bad, as he has a weak chest. He also shows a favoritism to talented people. In addition, he is slightly greedy. He is self-indulgent, enjoying an excess of expensive liquor, good food and fine clothing.

Relationships with Other Characters
Horace Slughorn is portrayed as the classic social climber. In the first meeting of the Slug Club, we see him dismissing a student because he is estranged from his famous relative. We see his perpetual wrangling, masked in amiability, to bring Harry into his orbit. We hear that he has continuing contacts with the more famous people in the Wizarding world, and we see some of them at various Slug Club meetings. We also see that all of these relationships are based on what they can bring to Slughorn; it seems that what he can bring to a relationship is less well defined.Slughorn seems to be intent only on raising his own status by associating with high-status individuals, and the fact that this allows some of his guests to make connections with others is possibly incidental, although we do see him playing up that aspect of his meetings to a small extent.

It is hard to determine whether Slughorn's relationship with Dumbledore is based on Dumbledore's social position, or on respect for Dumbledore's abilities. Dumbledore does seem to like Slughorn, but sees fit to warn Harry indirectly about Slughorn and the Slug Club.

We note in passing that Tom Riddle was a member of an earlier edition of the Slug Club. This would suggest that Slughorn was not, perhaps, the keenest judge of character. In mitigation, though, we have already heard from Dumbledore that Tom was very personable, and both from Dumbledore, and from Tom himself, that Dumbledore was the only one of the teachers who did not accept him at face value.

Analysis
In the articles on Avery, Rabastan Lestrange, and Rodolphus Lestrange, we note that in Slughorn's memory of the episode where Riddle asks about Horcruxes, Slughorn addresses someone named Avery and someone named Lestrange. Obviously, these are fellow students of Riddle's, and so must be about sixty-five years old as of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, if they are still alive. Lily Evans mentions at one point that Avery is a friend of Snape's, which we assume means he is a student at the time, making him about thirty, Snape's age. Determining Rabastan and Rodolphus' age is slightly more complicated, but Rodolphus married Bellatrix, who apparently is Narcissa Malfoy's sister. Narcissa is, of course, married to Lucius Malfoy, who was a Prefect when Snape was Sorted on his first arrival at Hogwarts. From this we can determine that Rabastan and Rodolphus are at least of the same generation as Snape, making them also about thirty, give or take possibly ten years. From this we infer that the Avery mentioned by Slughorn is likely the father of the Avery who plays an active role in this story, and that the Lestrange mentioned may be the father of Rabastan and Rodolphus.

Questions

 * 1) Is it better to hide things you have done wrong or to try to solve them right away? Illustrate your answer with events from Professor Slughorn's life. (Hint: Slughorn's memory)
 * 2) What things does Slughorn look for in people he wants to join the Slug Club?


text:
Talk:The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/All Chapters

Refs: Clay Shirky

Clay Shirky (google) has written a lot about peer to peer. Things like The Case Against Micropayments are relevant. But I'm specifically thinking about the argument that leechers are simply irrelevant. Because despite neo-con arguments that peer to peer is unfeasible and tragedy of the commons and all that crap, the fact is that bandwidth is not an exhaustible resource. It's a perpetually renewing resource. Or more accurately, it's not something you can save up or waste. Yes, a person may leech from me or I may leech from someone else, but it actually doesn't matter since the bandwidth "wasted" is gone anyways and if someone hasn't used it by now then nobody can. There's also the argument that it's better to be leeched off from directly than for the leecher to leech from the central server that I'm getting my own stuff from. My upload bandwidth is gone either way, but by being leeched off from then I get a faster download rate.

Anyways, this should be written up better and put into the leech section.