text:
Taxation in the United Kingdom/Inheritance tax

Introduction
In the United Kingdom, Death Duty was first introduced as a tax on estates in England and Wales over a certain value from 1796, then called legacy, succession and estate duties. The value changed over time and the scope of estate duty was extended. By 1857 estates worth over £20 were taxable but duty was rarely collected on estates valued under £1500. Death duties were introduced in 1894, and for the next century were effective in breaking up large estates.

Inheritance Tax
Estate duty was replaced in 1975 by Capital Transfer Tax, which was replaced by Inheritance Tax (IHT) in 1986. Partly due to the simple and widely-used methods which are available to avoid it, Inheritance Tax is a small, but by no means insignificant, revenue generator for the UK government, raising around £2,000,000,000 in 2001.

For the 6 April 2008 to 5 April 2009 tax year, the IHT rate is 40% on the value, at death, of an individual's tax estate over £312,000. This figure is known as the nil rate band, and rises annually.

Tax estate
The tax estate includes:

 * 1) all of the deceased's assets, whether real estate or personal estate, and includes even small-value items such as the contents of his or her home;
 * 2) any gifts made in the seven years before death;
 * 3) some assets which were not owned by the deceased but which are affected by the death (the most common example is a life interest in a trust, technically known as an interest-in-possession);
 * 4) gifts with reservation of benefit. These are gifts where the legal ownership passes to the recipient. However, the donor continues to enjoy the benefit of the asset either rent free or at reduced cost. The seven year period outlined above does not begin counting down whilst a gift is considered to be under a reservation of benefit.

There is also a charge on "lifetime chargeable transfers" into certain trusts (and a recalculation of those charges if the giver dies within seven years), and trusts themselves have an inheritance tax regime. See Taxation of trusts (United Kingdom).

Deductions
There are deductions for:

 * 1) all assets left to a spouse or civil partner. However the exemption is limited to £55,000 where the deceased is domiciled in some part of UK and the surviving spouse/civil partner is domiciled outside of the UK ;
 * 2) all assets left to a charity registered in the UK;
 * 3) some political donations;
 * 4) gifts totalling up to £3000 in a given year, to one person or split between several people;
 * 5) unlimited gifts of up to £250 per recipient per year. This relief cannot apply to gifts to people in respect of whom the £3000 relief is also claimed ;
 * 6) some business assets (under Business Property Relief or "BPR");
 * 7) some farmland (under Agricultural Property Relief or "APR").
 * 8) gifts made out of income that do not impact upon the standard of living of an individual.
 * 9) gifts made in contemplation of a marriage or civil partnership. The level of this deduction varies according to the relationship of the donor to person marrying or entering into a civil partnership.

Minimising IHT
In order to avoid IHT, many people in the IHT bracket practise some or all of the following avoidance measures:

 * Outright gifts to another individual made during a person's lifetime are known as "potentially exempt transfers" or PETs. They are taxable if the person dies within seven years, but have the potential to become exempt from tax once seven years have gone by with the giver still alive. If the giver survives three years, the value of the PETs that is taxable reduces by 20%, and then by a further 20% of the original value on each of the subsequent anniversaries, reaching 0% after seven years. This is a form of taper relief.  Since the original PET value takes precedence over any other asset in making up the nil rate band, the relief is only effective with gifts in excess  of this amount.  For example, a PET of £575,000 when the nil rate band is £275,000 would see a reduction in taxable value of £60,000 (20% of £300,000) every anniversary between the third and sixth. The whole gift becomes entirely exempt from tax seven years after it was made
 * Gifting assets to a trust fund before death. (Some gifts of this kind, however, are disadvantageous as they amount to lifetime chargeable transfers on which IHT is paid straight away. This applies to many more trusts than previously under legislation announced in the 2006 budget. See Taxation of trusts (United Kingdom).)
 * Charitable giving, which is IHT exempt.
 * Lifetime gifts within certain limits are completely exempt. These include any number of "small gifts" (up to £250), an annual amount of £3,000, all regular gifts from surplus income, and some wedding gifts.
 * Upon death, passing non-taxable assets to the next generation (or to a discretionary trust for the benefit of the whole family) and therefore NOT to the spouse. To many people this seems counter-intuitive because they are aware that gifts to a spouse are IHT exempt and should therefore be maximised. However, if something is non-taxable on the first death it should not go to the spouse as it will merely increase his or her tax estate upon his or her later death. (The nil-band discretionary trust, discussed below, is an example of this principle in action.)

Nil rate bands
A person who has a tax estate less than the nil rate band may consider himself or herself outside the IHT bracket. Since October 2007, unused nil rate bands have been transferable between spouses and civil partners. That is, if on the first death, the nil rate band is not fully used, then the remainder can be used on the second death.

For unmarried couples and those not in a civil partnership, the most common means of ensuring that both nil rate bands are used is called a nil band discretionary trust. This is an arrangement in both wills which says that whoever is the first to die leaves their nil band to a discretionary trust for the family, and not to the survivor. The survivor can still benefit from those assets if needed, but they are not part of that survivor's tax estate.

A gift is not valid for IHT purposes if the giver retains any benefit from it. There are quite complex and rigid rules which establish whether the giver has retained a benefit, and where there is a retention of benefit all IHT advantages from the gift are effectively lost.

More detail on discretionary trusts can be found in this module: Discretionary Trusts.

Pre-owned assets
The Finance Act 2004 introduced an income tax regime known as pre-owned asset tax which aims to reduce the use of common methods of IHT avoidance.


text:
Talk:Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine/Gas-Filled Radiation Detectors

I think the battery symbol in diagram NM8_2.gif is the wrong way up.

Gas filled detector
Battery in figure wrong way round. Shows +ve terminal connected case insread of to central wire, 51.6.150.83 (discuss) 20:02, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Japan's Foreign Policy Toward Vietnam 1978-1992

This is my Master's Thesis as a 2005 graduate of the Kennedy School of International Relations at Brigham Young University. I hereby release it under the GFDL. Davejenk1ns 18:39, 28 October 2006 (UTC)


text:
Taxation in the United Kingdom/Indirect tax

=Levies on specific goods=

Alcohol, hydrocarbons, tobacco, etc

=Insurance premium tax=

=Petroleum revenue tax=

=Aggregates levy=


text:
Taxation in the United Kingdom/Business rates

Business rates are a tax charged to businesses and other occupiers of non-domestic property. The proceeds of the tax are collected centrally and distributed to local authorities to contribute towards the costs of their services.

The 1990 Conservative government introduced a standard multiplier called the Uniform Business Rate (UBR) set by central government; this is used in conjunction with a property's rateable value to calculate the rate. This was part of the reforms of local government funding which also introduced the community charge.


text:
User:Henrygb~enwikibooks

I won't come here often. Try w:User:Henrygb instead.

title: User:Henrygb~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Philosopher's Stew

| Netherlands

Philosopher's stew (Dutch: filosoof) is a dish from the Netherlands. It is an oven-baked dish made of beef, potatoes, onions and apples.

Ingredients

 * 300–400 grams cold, stewed beef
 * 40 grams fat (cold gravy or butter)
 * 4 large onions, sliced into thin rings
 * 800 grams boiled potatoes, cut into slices (about 4 mm)
 * Salt
 * Ground black pepper
 * Nutmeg
 * 3½ dl (350 ml) skimmed gravy
 * 4 spoonfuls of crushed white bread (stale)
 * Apple compôte

Procedure

 * 1) Cut the meat into small pieces (about 5 mm).
 * 2) Heat the frying fat or butter in a frying pan or a small wok. Fry the onions until the are golden brown. Put the onions aside.
 * 3) Put a layer after layer of potatoes, meat and onions on top of each other in an oven-proof dish. Season each layer of potatoes with salt, pepper and nutmeg. Make sure the top layer consists of potatoes.
 * 4) Pour the gravy over the top layer and scatter the bread crumbs over it all.
 * 5) Put some lumps of butter here and there.
 * 6) Pre-heat the oven to 200°C. Bake the dish for about 30 minutes.
 * 7) Serve immediately with the apple compôte

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The taste improves if you let the dish rest for a while in the fridge before putting it in the oven.

title: Cookbook:Philosopher's Stew


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Gillyweed

Overview
Gillyweed is a magical plant, apparently native to the Mediterranean Sea. It is described as looking like "slimy grayish green rat tails." Consumption of the raw weed results in gills appearing in the subject's neck, and apparently also hands and feet lengthening and growing webs to become effective fins.

Extended Description
When Harry Potter is having difficulty figuring out a way to complete the second task of the Triwizard Tournament (which requires him to rescue Ron from the bottom of a lake), Dobby steals some Gillyweed from Professor Snape's store cupboard and gives it to Harry to use.

We later learn that Professor Moody had given a book on Magical Water Plants of the Mediterranean to Neville, with the expectation that Harry would ask Neville for help in the Challenge. Harry never consulted Neville, however; so Moody deliberately mentioned Gillyweed in Dobby's hearing.

Analysis
More than breathing underwater, this plant forces partial adaptation to an underwater existence, providing Harry with gills and extending his feet and hands into flippers. These effects last for about one hour in fresh water.

Note: In the film version of this series, it is in fact Neville who provides Gillyweed to Harry; this is managed by having Mad Eye Moody summon Ron and Hermione to Professor McGonagall's office, when he confronts the trio in the library. He then introduces Neville, who mentions the plant while helping Harry put books away, instead of having Fred and George do it. This is likely a cost-cutting decision by the filmmakers; by eliminating Dobby from this one scene, they remove any need to have house-elves in the film.


text:
User talk:Nokky0008

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User talk:Davejenk1ns

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User talk:Hirak 99

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User talk:Scottydog27~enwikibooks

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Your account will be renamed
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Renamed
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title: User talk:Scottydog27~enwikibooks


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User talk:Kougouheika

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User talk:MADK24

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text:
Wikijunior talk:The Elements/Introduction

Pictures
This article needs some pictures badly. And just maybe some sections... Wikisquared 20:44, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Article is Too Long
This article (and all the other introductory material for this book) is far too long. This is not intended to be a chemistry book. It is intended to be a book about the elements. Perhaps some of this material should be forked to Wikijunior Basic Chemistry and we should decide what material here really adds to the overall mission of this book. Also, as Wikisquared has pointed out the article is far from complete, so it shouldn't be marked so on the front page. --xixtas 12:05, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Modification of outdated material-waste of time?
User:Az1568 modified the older version of Introduction, I think you may have wasted your time. Perhaps check the newer one and edit/improve that instead. If everyone agrees, then my plan was to move "new!' into the Introduction slot and delete this older version. cheers!--Read-write-services 22:18, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

What are the new and old versions you speak of? I only see one version here! John H, Morgan 20:40, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

This is the new one! http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior_The_Elements/Introduction_to_The_Elements-NEW%21

and this is the version that was modified by Az1568, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior_The_Elements/Introduction

cheers. --Read-write-services 21:42, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

The basic issue is that some authors have been working on a basic chemistry book here. I think this is an admirable goal and should be encouraged and continued. But I don't think that it fits with what this book is designed to be about. That is why I proposed forking the content. Keeping a version of the Introductory content here in "The Elements" but drastically editing it down, and creating a new book "Wikijunior Basic Chemistry. Having two different active versions of the same article in the same book space is confusing for everyone, I think. --xixtas 02:20, 24 November 2006 (UTC)


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User talk:Keithg~enwikibooks

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User talk:M.Burbank

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 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- SB_Johnny | talk 23:27, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Doctormissionary


text:
User talk:Aaron69erking~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- SB_Johnny | talk 23:27, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Aaron69erking. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Aaron69erking~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:54, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:28, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aaron69erking~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Raghavsarma

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
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 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- SB_Johnny | talk 23:28, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raghavsarma


text:
User talk:AlekSandra

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
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 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- SB_Johnny | talk 23:28, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlekSandra


text:
User talk:Antagon

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

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title: User talk:Antagon


text:
User talk:RACoria

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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title: User talk:RACoria


text:
User talk:Rogerashton

Thank you for putting your book online and making it freely available.

To answer one of your comments Staff_lounge : submitting to WIKI looks like a lotta work.

Yes, submitting 1800 files will take a bit of work. But *you* don't have to do the work.

I suggest that you post a note on your web site. Make the note say that you release the book into the public domain. (Or make it license the book according to the GFDL.) (Creative Commons is another popular license, but other wiki are better set up to handle CC content than Wikibooks). Then if only 10% of the people who hit your web site take a few minutes to copy a page or two from your web site to the wiki, it could all be copied in a month, without "a lot of work" from any one person. (Or perhaps one person who sees that note will write a little bot to copy your entire book into Wikibooks in one swoop).

Perhaps you could create the first page of your book on Wikibooks. Then once that page exists, you could add the exact URL of that page to the note on your web site.

Thank you for considering this wiki as a long-term home for your EPE book.

--DavidCary 02:09, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
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 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck!

--DavidCary 02:09, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rogerashton


text:
Music Theory/Rock

Rock is a musical style that arose in the U.S. in the mid-1950s and became the dominant form of popular music in the world. Though rock has used a wide variety of instruments, its basic elements are one or several vocalists, heavily amplified electric guitars (including bass, rhythm, and lead), and drums. It began as a simple style, relying on heavy, dance-oriented rhythms, uncomplicated melodies and harmonies, and lyrics sympathetic to its teenage audience's concerns — young love, the stresses of adolescence, and automobiles.

Its roots lay principally in rhythm and blues (R&B) and country music. Both R&B and country existed outside the mainstream of popular music in the early 1950s, when the Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed (1921 – 65) and others began programming R&B, which until then had been played only to black audiences. Freed's success gave currency to the term rock and roll. The highly rhythmic, sensual music of Chuck Berry, Bill Haley and the Comets, and particularly Elvis Presley in 1955 – 56 struck a responsive chord in the newly affluent postwar teenagers.

In the 1960s several influences combined to lift rock out of what had already declined into a bland and mechanical format. In England, where rock's development had been slow, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were found to have retained the freshness of its very early years and achieved enormous success in the U.S., where a new generation had grown up unaware of the musical influences of the new stars, thus commencing the British Invasion. Similarly, in the United States in the early 1960s, rock bands such as The Beach Boys and The Four Seasons were hugely popular, preceding the British Invasion. Others, such as Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, the Byrds, and others were blending the traditional ballads and verse forms of folk music with rock, and musicians began to explore social and political themes. Performers such as the Grateful Dead, Jim Morrison of the Doors, and Frank Zappa of the Mothers of Invention combined imaginative lyrics with instrumental virtuosity, typically featuring lengthy solo improvisation. Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix won large followings with their exotic elaborations on R&B.

The 1970s saw the rise of singer-songwriters such as Paul Simon, Neil Young, Elton John, David Bowie, and Bruce Springsteen, and rock assimilated other forms to produce jazz-rock, heavy metal, and punk rock. In the 1980s the disco-influenced rock of Madonna, Michael Jackson, and Prince was balanced by the post-punk "new wave" music of performers such as Laurie Anderson, Talking Heads (led by David Byrne), and the Eurythmics — all of whom illustrated their songs with music videos. By the 1990s rock music had incorporated grunge, rap, techno, and other forms.

title: Music Theory/Rock


text:
User talk:69.25.116.2

Could you please explain the edits you are making to the Adventist pages. In practice you are taking away some of the structure of the page and this will be taken as vandalism if it continues - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 09:57, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Further edits to Adventist are understood to be vandalism as you have not explained them - Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Herby talk thyme 14:56, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks. -- Herby talk thyme 09:35, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.  -- Herby talk thyme 09:45, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.25.116.2


text:
Complex Analysis/Elementary Functions/Exponential Functions

Consider the real-valued exponential function $$exp : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$$ defined by $$ exp(x) = e^x $$. It has the following properties:

1) $$e^x\neq 0\quad \forall x\in \mathbb{R}$$

2) $$e^{x+y} = e^xe^y\quad \forall x,y\in\mathbb{R}$$

3) $$(e^x)' = e^x\quad \forall x\in\mathbb{R}$$

We want to extend the exponential function $$exp$$ to the complex numbers in such a way that

1) $$e^z\neq 0\quad \forall z\in \mathbb{C}$$

2) $$e^{z+w} = e^ze^w\quad \forall z,w\in\mathbb{C}$$

3) $$(e^z)' = e^z\quad \forall z\in\mathbb{C}$$

But $$e^z$$ has been already defined for $$z=i\theta$$ and we have $$e^{i\theta}=\cos \theta+i\sin\theta$$.


text:
Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate

Experiment
Submerse Cu(s) (copper) in AgNO3(aq) (silver nitrate)

Wait for the chemical reaction and you will see Ag (silver) forming on the outside of the copper (it may look fuzzy) and replacing it, you now have 2Ag and Cu (NO3)2 on the exposed area of the copper.

What happens?
The copper is replacing the silver in the silver nitrate. This reaction is a single-replacement reaction. The solution turns blue. Copper nitrate is the end product.

Equation and Explanation
This chemical equation is an example of a single-replacement reaction. The Cu and the Ag switched places so to say. Resulting in Ag (silver, the fuzzy stuff) and Cu(NO3)2

Balanced, the equation looks like this:

Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)

The molar mass of this compound is 296.524

title: Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate


text:
Aspies Book

Front Matter

 * 1)  Authors and Contributors
 * 2) Introduction
 * 3)  Definitions: What makes me an Aspie?

Communication and Socialization

 * 1)  Daily Social Encounters
 * 2)  Chatting online
 * 3)  Non-verbal Aspie communication
 * 4)  Gaming as a Learning Tool
 * 5)  Aspies and Prejudice

Strategies and Coping Mechanisms

 * 1)  Making my life more predictable
 * 2)  Dealing with Bullying
 * 3)  Employment

Appendices

 * 1)  Glossary
 * 2)  Resources

Related books

 * Autistic Survival Guide

title: Aspies Book


text:
Cookbook:Polish Cauliflower with Breadcrumbs

| Vegetarian cuisine

Cauliflower with breadcrumbs is a popular dish and side-dish in Poland and many parts of Central Europe. It's really simple to make.

Ingredients

 * 1 head of cauliflower
 * 50 ml butter
 * 2–3 tablespoons breadcrumbs
 * ½ teaspoon fresh dill (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Boil the cauliflower for about 10 minutes.
 * 2) Melt some butter in the oven or a microwave.
 * 3) Mix the butter with the breadcrumbs, and add dill if using.
 * 4) Drain the cauliflower and add the mixture on top.
 * 5) Eat!


text:
Template:Pgenbox

Do not edit this template unless you know what you are doing.

/Templates/Boxes

title: Template:Pgenbox


text:
Template:Pgenbox/Examples

This template sets up an infobox for a genus of plants in Horticulture.

Using Template:Pgenbox
This template is automatically included in the page template.

Example
/Templates/Examples

title: Template:Pgenbox/Examples


text:
Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation/Preface

Preface to the First Edition
The information revolution is commonly talked about as a phenomenon that affects everybody, bringing fundamental changes to the way we work, entertain ourselves and interact with each other. Yet the reality is that for the most part, such changes have bypassed the majority of humankind, the billions of poor people for whom computers and the Internet mean nothing. However, in a growing number of instances, and as part of a quieter revolution, a variety of local organizations, aid agencies and government bodies are discovering that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can be used to extend the reach of the information revolution to the poorest of people living in the remotest corners of the world.

Under the right circumstances, ICTs have been shown to be capable of inducing social and economic development in terms of health care, improved education, employment, agriculture, and trade, and also of enriching local culture. Yet making this possible is by no means straightforward, as it involves more than the mere deployment of technology and requires as much learning on the part of the promoters of the technology as on the part of its users. It is all too easy to introduce technology with great expectations; it is far more challenging to create the necessary conditions under which the technology can attain its full potential, requiring as it does the combined and coordinated efforts of a range of stakeholders with disparate interests.

Much of the evidence in support of the use of ICTs for alleviating poverty remains anecdotal, and initiatives are proceeding with little reference to each other. There is a need for field practitioners to take stock of the experience that has so far been accumulated. Each experiment in the field generates learning opportunities and there are no failures, except perhaps our own when we do not learn from past experience. Moreover, as experience accumulates, we can begin to make general sense of it by detecting recurring themes and patterns of relationships that can be usefully carried forward.

This e-primer is brought to you by United Nations Development Programme Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme, in collaboration with the Government of India. APDIP seeks to create an ICT enabling environment through advocacy and policy reform in the Asia-Pacific region. The APDIP series of e-primers aims to provide readers with a clear understanding of the various terminologies, definitions, trends and issues associated with the information age. This e-primer on ICTs for Poverty Alleviation reviews contemporary initiatives at field level and synthesizes the learning opportunities that they provide. It serves as a practical guide for field implementers, offering not only a glimpse of best practices, but also a deeper understanding of how these have been applied in a range of instances.

We wish to acknowledge the contribution of the peer reviewers and the production team of the e-primer series.


text:
Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation/References

Reference
Albert, G., ‘Assyrians: 3,000 Years of History, Yet the Internet Is Our Only Home’, Cultural Survival, Vol. 21, No. 4.

Asian Regional Network Conference, Jointly Sponsored by Media Lab Asia, UN ICT Task Force, NASSCOM, TiE, CII, MAIT and Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India, Vigyan Bhavan, Maulana Azad Road, New Delhi, 25 April 2002.

Arunachalam, S., Reaching the Unreached: How Can We Use ICTs to Empower the Rural Poor in the Developing World Through Enhanced Access to Relevant Information?, 68th IFLA Council and General Conference, Glasgow, 18-24 August 2002.

Ashley, C., D. Roe and H. Goodwin, Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies: Making Tourism Work For The Poor: A Review of Experience, Pro-Poor Tourism Report No. 1, Overseas Development Institute, International Institute for Environment and Development and Centre for Responsible Tourism, April 2001, available from http://www.propoortourism.org.uk/ppt_report.pdf.

Batchelor S.J. and M. Webb, E-Commerce Options for Third World Craft Producers, Final Technical Report, DFID Knowledge and Research Project R7792, available from http://www.big-world.org/upload/ecomfull.pdf.

Bayes, A., J. von Braun and R. Akhter, Village Pay Phones and Poverty Reduction: Insights from a Grameen Bank, Initiative in Bangladesh, ZEF Discussion Papers On Development Policy No. 8, Centre for Development Research, Bonn, June 1999.

Bedi, A.S., The Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Economic Development, ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy, Bonn, May 1999.

Best, M.L. and C.M. Maclay, Community Internet Access in Rural Areas: Solving the Economic Sustainability Puzzle, Centre for International Development at Harvard University, 2002, available from http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cr/pdf/gitrr2002_ch08.pdf.

Bhatnagar, S., ‘E-Government: Lessons from Implementation in Developing Countries’, Regional Development Dialogue, Vol. 23, No. 2, Autumn 2002, pp. 164-173.

Colle, R., ‘Communication Shops and Telecentres in Developing Countries’, in Gurstein, M. (ed.), Community Informatics: Enabling Communities with Information and Communications Technologies, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, USA, 2000.

Curtain, R., Promoting Youth Employment Through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Best Practice Examples in Asia and the Pacific, 2001, prepared for ILO/Japan Tripartite Regional Meeting on Youth Employment in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 27 February – 1 March 2002, available from http://www.youthemploymentsummit.org/gkr/res/curtainsep.pdf.

Castro, C.M., L. Wolff and N. Garcia, ‘Mexico’s Telesecundaria—Bringing Education by Television to Rural Areas’, TechKnowLogia, September/October 1999, available from http://www.techknowlogia.org.

Keniston, K. and D. Kumar (eds.), Bridging the Digital Divide; Lessons from India, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 2000.

Dodds, T. ‘Non-Formal and Adult Basic Education Through Open and Distance Learning in Africa’, Centre for External Studies, University of Namibia, 1999.

Eggleston, K., R. Jensen and R. Zeckhauser, ‘Information and Communication Technologies, Markets and Economic Development’, in G. Kirkman et al. The Global Information Technology Report: Readiness for the Networked World, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, pp. 62-63.

Ernberg, J., ‘Universal Access for Rural Development from Action to Strategies’, First International Conference on Rural Telecommunications, Washington, D.C., 30 November – 2 December 1998.

European Commission, Communication from The Commission to The Council and the European Parliament, Information and Communication Technologies in Development, The Role of ICTs in EC Development Policy, Brussels, 14.12.2001 COM (2001) 770 final.

G8 DOT Force, Digital Opportunities for All: Meeting the Challenge, Report of the Digital Opportunity Task Force, 11 May 2001, available from http://www.dotforce.org/reports/DOT_Force_Report_V_5.0h.pdf.

G8 DOT Force, Creating a Development Dynamic, Final Report of the Digital Opportunity Initiative, July 2001, available from http://www.opt-init.org/framework.html.

Hanna, N., K. Guy and E. Arnold, The Diffusion of Information Technology: Experience of Industrial Countries and Lessons for Developing Countries, World Bank Discussion Paper 281, World Bank, Washington D.C., 1995.

Harris, R.W, P. Bala, P. Songan and E.G.L. Khoo, ‘Challenges and Opportunities in Introducing Information and Communication Technologies to the Kelabit Community of North Central Borneo’, New Media and Society, September 2001.

Heeks, R., The Tyranny of Participation in Information Systems: Learning from Development Projects, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, 1999.

Honey Bee Network, available from http://knownetgrin.honeybee.org/honeybee.htm.

Hudson, Heather E., Economic and Social Benefits of Rural Telecommunications: A Report to the World Bank, University of San Francisco, March 1995.

InfoDev, InfoDev Stories Project, available from http://www.infodev.org.

International Telecommunication Union, New Technologies for Rural Applications, Final Report of ITU-D Focus Group 7.

Kenny, C., J. Navas-Sabater and C. Qiang, ‘Information and Communication Technologies and Poverty’, in World Bank Poverty Reduction Strategy Sourcebook, 2001, available from http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/strategies/chapters/ict/ict0409.pdf.

Marker, P., K. McNamara and L. Wallace, The Significance of Information and Communication Technologies for Reducing Poverty, The Think! Programme, Development Policy Department, Department of International Development, January 2002.

NIIT Ltd., Hole in the Wall, available from http://www.niitholeinthewall.com/.

Richardson, D., Innovative Approaches for Profitable Rural Telecommunications Deployment, TeleCommons Development Group, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Robinson, S. S., ‘Telecentres in Mexico: Exploring What Works and Why Learning the Hard Way’, presented at the Partnerships and Participation in Telecommunications for Rural Development Conference, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 26-27 October 2000, available from http://www.devmedia.org/documents/robinson.htm.

Roe D. and P.U. Khanya, ‘Pro-Poor Tourism: Harnessing the World’s Largest Industry for the World’s Poor’, available from http://www.propoortourism.org.uk/Dilys%20IIED%20paper.pdf

Sentilkumaran S. and S. Arunachalam, ‘Expanding the Village Knowledge Centres in Pondicherry’, Regional Development Dialogue, Vol. 23, No. 2, Autumn 2002, pp. 66-81.

UNCTAD, E-Commerce and Development Report 2001, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, available from http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ecdr01ove.en.pdf.

UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development E-Commerce And Development Report 2002, available from http://r0.unctad.org/ecommerce/ecommerce_en/edr02_en.htm

World Bank, World Bank Development Report: Knowledge for Development, The World Bank, Washington DC, 1998.

World Bank, World Development Report: Knowledge for Development, Washington, DC, 1999.

World Bank, World Development Report: Attacking Poverty, 2000/2001, available from http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/wdrpoverty/index.htm.

World Bank, ‘Using Information and Communications Technology to Reduce Poverty in Rural India’, PREM Notes, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, No.70, June 2002, available from http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/PREMNotes/premnote70.pdf.

ZEF, Information and Communication Technologies for Development, Centre for Development Research, University of Bonn, 2002.

Bayes, A., J. von Braun and R. Akhter, Village Pay Phones and Poverty Reduction: Insights from a Grameen Bank Initiative in Bangladesh, ZEF – Discussion Papers on Development Policy, Bonn, June 1999, available from http://www.zef.de/download/zef_dp/zef_dp7-99.pdf.

Beardsley, S., I.B. von Morgenstern, L. Enriquez and C. Kipping, Telecommunications Sector Reform: A Prerequisite for Networked Readiness, McKinsey & Company, Inc., available from http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cr/pdf/gitrr2002_ch11.pdf.

Bedi, A. S., The Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Economic Development A Partial Survey, ZEF – Discussion Papers on Development Policy, Bonn, May 1999, available from http://www.zef.de/download/zef_dp/zef_dp799.pdf. }}


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Chrome

Simple Chrome (Blender Render)
Made by Robert-jon (Eckie) (not to be confused with Ecks).

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text:
User talk:24.215.117.14

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 18:55, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.215.117.14


text:
User talk:Logictheo

= Markup in wikibooks (press "edit this page" to watch the markup) =

 * This is an example of an interwiki link to look up the word and color "blue" in wiktionary

= A welcome note from a person that wishes to help = Template:cookbookwelcome Kellen T 19:21, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

= Wikibooks Newsletter, Volume 1 =

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title: User talk:Logictheo


text:
Wikijunior talk:Dinosaurs/Ankylosaurus

I've edited to replace 'it's' with 'its' - hope that's okay.

title: Wikijunior talk:Dinosaurs/Ankylosaurus


text: Category:User vb

title: Category:User vb


text:
Talk:Biblical Studies/History of the Roman Catholic Church

Howdy! Just noticed this wikibook--I have been working on Catholic history on Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History (but as public domain rather than the GDFL)and I never knew this existed. Could you let me know what is going on? Just leave it on my talk page. JBogdan 22:31, 29 October 2006 (UTC)


text: Category:Book:Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation


text: Template:User gimp

title: Template:User gimp


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Plasma

=Plasma=

The fourth state
Plasma is known as the fourth state of matter and is in fact the most common state of matter. Over 99% of the matter in the universe is plasma. It is in the form of an excited gas. Plasma is created when the gas gets so hot that the electrons are stripped away from the atoms, giving it a positive charge.

Examples of Plasma
One common example of a plasma is the flame of a candle. The candle wax burns and gives off a hot gas that emits energy, in the form of light. It is this excited and hot flame that is known as plasma. All fire is plasma. The light we see during a lightning strike is plasma. Another example of plasma is the sun and other stars. The light and heat of the sun is a result of hydrogen and other elements in a plasma state.

Uses of Plasma
Argon gas in a plasma state interacting with the phosphor coating within a glass tube gives us fluorescent lighting. Neon signs use argon in a plasma state interacting with mercury and phosphorus to produce their bright colors. Another example is the plasma television which works by applying electricity to cells of xenon, neon, and helium gas between two plates of glass. When the electricity is applied to the cells the gasses become plasma and interact with different phosphors to form the colors we see on the screen.

Gas laser systems, for example Helium/Neon types, use the two inert gases in a hot and excited state to emit large bursts of light energy.

Some specialised welding apparatus use a plasma of inert gas to prevent the metals from oxidising (by excluding oxygen from the surrounding air) while being welded.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Plasma


text:
Cookbook:Malai Mixed Vegetable Curry

| Indian Cuisine

Malai mixed vegetable, is a creamy side dish for Indian bread.

Ingredients

 * 3 green capsicums (bell peppers)
 * 1 each orange, yellow, and red capsicum
 * 1 cup paneer cubes
 * Cashew nuts
 * 4 large tomatoes
 * 1 cup chopped carrot
 * 1 cup peas
 * 3–4 green chillies (depending on spice requirement), finely chopped
 * Dried parsley and cilantro
 * 1 Tbsp butter or oil
 * Garam masala
 * Red chilli powder
 * Salt to taste
 * Turmeric
 * 1 quart whipping cream
 * 1 Tbsp sour cream
 * Cilantro for garnishing

Procedure

 * 1) Cut the bell peppers into ½-inch pieces.
 * 2) Sauté paneer until golden brown; set aside.
 * 3) Soak a handful of cashew nuts in warm water.
 * 4) Grind the tomatoes and the soaked cashew into a fine paste. Keep this paste aside.
 * 5) Sauté the chopped vegetables, green chillies, and dried parsley in the butter/oil until they are cooked. You could also microwave the vegetables for ~10 minutes without water, and then sauté them in butter for a minute.
 * 6) Add the tomato paste to the vegetables and cook for 5 minutes.
 * 7) Add the garam masala, red chilli powder, salt, and turmeric according to taste; simmer for 2 minutes.
 * 8) Add the whipping cream and the sour cream, and let it cook until the cream thickens.
 * 9) Add the paneer and mix well.
 * 10) Garnish with cilantro and cashew nuts.
 * 11) Serve hot with naan or roti.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You could choose other vegetables like zucchini or broccoli if you like.

title: Cookbook:Malai Mixed Vegetable Curry


text: Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation/Notes


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Bose-Einstein condensates

=Bose-Einstein condensates=

Bose-Einstein condensates are pieces of atoms called bosons that when supercooled, condense (fall out of) a gas to form a phase of matter that exhibits some very strange properties. Two scientists, Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein, had predicted it in the 1920. They didn't have the technology to create it back then. Now we do. The first actual experiment to prove that Bose condensates exist was performed in 1995. The two scientists who completed the task were Cornell and Weiman. A Bose-Einstein condensate happens at super low temperatures near absolute zero. When the temperature gets low enough the matter starts to clump together. A group of atoms take up the same space creating a "super atom." There are no longer separate atoms. They all take on the same qualities.

To summarize in a grossly abbreviated manner, a Bose-Einstein condensate is a collection of supercooled particles that assume the same quantum state (they are "in phase") and thus exhibit quantum mechanical behaviour on a relatively macroscopic scale as a singular collection of between 10^4 and 10^5 particles. Thus, effectively becoming "the largest quantum particle".


text:
Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure/Preface

Preface to the First Edition
One of the many challenges facing the countries in the Asia-Pacific today is preparing their societies and governments for globalization and the information and communication revolution. Policy-makers, business executives, NGO activists, academics, and ordinary citizens are increasingly concerned with the need to make their societies competitive in the emergent information economy.

The e-ASEAN Task Force and the UNDP Asia Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) share the belief that with enabling information and communication technologies (ICTs), countries can face the challenge of the information age. With ICTs they can leap forth to higher levels of social, economic and political development. We hope that in making this leap, policy and decision-makers, planners, researchers, development practitioners, opinion-makers, and others will find this series of e-primers on the information economy, society, and polity useful.

The e-primers aim to provide readers with a clear understanding of the various terminologies, definitions, trends, and issues associated with the information age. The primers are written in simple, easy-to-understand language. They provide examples, case studies, lessons learned, and best practices that will help planners and decision makers in addressing pertinent issues and crafting policies and strategies appropriate for the information economy.

The present series of e-primers includes the following titles:

 * 1) The Information Age
 * 2) Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure
 * 3) E-Commerce and E-Business
 * 4) Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy
 * 5) E-Government
 * 6) ICT in Education
 * 7) Genes, Technology and Policy: An Introduction to Biotechnology

These e-primers are also available online at www.apdip.net.

The primers are brought to you by UNDP-APDIP, which seeks to create an ICT enabling environment through advocacy and policy reform in the Asia-Pacific region, and the e-ASEAN Task Force, an ICT for development initiative of the 10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations. We welcome your views on new topics and issues on which the e-primers may be useful.

Finally, we thank all who have been involved with this series of e-primers-writers, researchers, peer reviewers and the production team.


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Neon

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Neon is a colorless, odorless gas at room temperature.

How was it discovered?
It was discovered by Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers in 1898 in London, England.

Where did its name come from?
Neon gets its name from Greek neos, meaning "new".  Did You Know?
 * Neon is used in lighting.
 * Neon, when in a plasma state, emits a reddish-orange glow.
 * Air is the only source of Neon.

Where is it found?
Neon is a gas that is common in the universe but rare on Earth itself. Neon can be found in the earth's atmosphere, in small amounts. It is the fourth most common element in the atmosphere behind nitrogen, oxygen and argon. Because it is a noble, inert gas, it forms no compounds.

What are its uses?
Neon is used in lighting and some lasers. Below is an example of the characteristic reddish-orange glow emitted by Neon plasma.

Is it dangerous?
No. Neon is an inert gas. It is odorless, and has no effects. Neon lights do get hot, though, so you can burn yourself by touching them. Also, breathing in pure neon gas can cause suffocation because it contains no oxygen, which is what your cells need to produce energy.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Neon


text:
Radiation Oncology/IMRT

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
General:
 * IMRT Overview
 * Technical concepts

Specific sites:
 * Pelvic IMRT
 * See also: Radiation Oncology/Prostate/IMRT

title: Radiation Oncology/IMRT


text:
Radiation Oncology/IMRT/Pelvis

This page is for IMRT topics that apply to any pelvic malignancy.

Dosimetry

 * U. Chicago, 2000 - PMID 11121668 — "Intensity-modulated whole pelvic radiation therapy in patients with gynecologic malignancies." Roeske JC et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Dec 1;48(5):1613-21.
 * 10 pts (5 cervix, 5 endometrium). LN CTV based on expanding vessel contours by 2 cm. Compared 3D-CRT "4-field box" (based on PTV) vs IMRT.
 * Volume of small bowel > 30 Gy, 17.4% (IMRT) vs 33.8% (3D). Reduced volume of rectum and bladder receiving prescription dose by 23%
 * Conclusion: IMRT reduces volume of small bowel irradiated.

Pelvis + para-aortic

 * U. Chicago, 2006 (2002-2005) - PMID 16730136 — "Preliminary outcome and toxicity report of extended-field, intensity-modulated radiation therapy for gynecologic malignancies." Salama JK et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jul 15;65(4):1170-6.
 * 13 pts with gynecologic malignancies. CTV included pelvic and presacral LN + para-aortic LN.
 * Low incidence of acute toxicity.

 * UAB, 2005 - PMID 15380585 — "IMRT dose escalation for positive para-aortic lymph nodes in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer while reducing dose to bone marrow and other organs at risk." Ahmad RS et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Oct 1;60(2):505-12.
 * 5 cervical ca pts with positive PA LN. Treatment included pelvis + para-aortics. Compare 3 techniques: 1) AP-PA (both regions), 2) 4-field box (both regions), 3) IMRT to PA matched to 4-field box to pelvis.

Bone marrow sparing

 * See also: Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Bone marrow

 * U. Chicago
 * 2003 PMID 12957265 — "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy as a means of reducing dose to bone marrow in gynecologic patients receiving whole pelvic radiotherapy." Lujan AE et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Oct 1;57(2):516-21.
 * 10 pts with gynecologic cancer. Compared 3 plans: 1) standard 4-field, 2) IMRT (sparing normal tissues but not bone marrow), and 3) bone-marrow sparing IMRT.
 * Bone marrow sparing IMRT reduced amount of BM treated to >50% of prescription dose from 87.4% (std) and 75.7% (IMRT) to 60%.
 * 2002 PMID 12459361 — "Impact of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on acute hematologic toxicity in women with gynecologic malignancies." Brixey CJ et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Dec 1;54(5):1388-96.
 * 36 pts with gynecologic cancer, treating the pelvis using IMRT (that did not include bone marrow sparing in the cost function). Compared hematologic toxicity to 88 pts treated with standard fields.
 * No S.S. seen in grade 2 or higher WBC, ANC, and Hgb toxicity (19.4%, 9.1%, and 8.6% IMRT; 21.6%, 8.3%, 9.2% std). No grade 2 platelet toxicity. Significant difference in WBC toxicity for pts treated with chemo: 31.2% vs 60% (IMRT vs std).
 * Standard IMRT planning resulted in less bone marrow being irradiated, particularly in the iliac crests.

title: Radiation Oncology/IMRT/Pelvis


text:
User:Shambler~enwikibooks

Internataional Studies major at the University of California, Irvine. Also, I study Japanese. Currently, I am studying at 上智大学 (Sophia University) in Tokyo, Japan.

title: User:Shambler~enwikibooks


text:
Dendrochronology

Introduction
Dendrochronology is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. The technique can date wood to exact calendar years, and tell much about the climate of specific years.

History
Beginnings of Dendrochronology
 * This technique was invented and developed during the 20th century originally by A. E. Douglass, the founder of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona.

Dendrochronology in Anthropology

Notable cases in Dendrochronology's history
 * Dendrochronology used to verify carbon dating techniques
 * Methuselah
 * Methuselah (estimated birth 2832 BCE) is a bristlecone pine in the White Mountains of California, which, at 4,838 years old, is the oldest living organism currently known and documented. It is named after Methuselah, a biblical figure reputed to have lived 969 years. Its exact location is currently undisclosed to the public as a protection against vandalism.

 * Prometheus
 * Prometheus (aka WPN-114) is the nickname given to the list of oldest non-clonal organism ever known, a Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva) tree about 5000 years old growing at treeline on a mountain in eastern Nevada, USA. The tree was cut down on August 6, 1964 by a graduate student and United States Forest Service personnel for research purposes. The cutting of the tree remains controversial. Different versions of the event and the decision-making process behind it exist, although a number of basic facts are agreed upon. The name refers to the mythological figure Prometheus, who stole fire from the gods and gave it to man.

 * The tree was a member of a population of bristlecone pine trees growing at treeline on the lateral moraine of a former glacier on Wheeler Peak, in what, since 1986, has been Great Basin National Park, in eastern Nevada. Wheeler Peak is the tallest mountain in the Snake Range, and the tallest mountain entirely within the state of Nevada. The bristlecone pine population on it is divided into (at least) two distinct sub-populations, one of which is accessible by a popular interpretive trail. Prometheus however, grew in an area reachable only by off-trail hiking. In either 1958 or 1961, a group of naturalists who admired the grove in which the tree grew gave names to a number of the largest or most distinctive trees, including Prometheus. The designation of WPN-114 was given by the original researcher, Donald R. Currey, and refers to the 114th tree sampled by him for his research in Nevada's White Pine county.

 * The ring count of a section of the tree by Currey was 4844. A few years later, this was increased to 4862 by Donald Graybill of the University of Arizona's Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research. However, the ring counts were done on a trunk cross section taken about 2.5 m (8 feet) above the original germination point of the tree, and so the innermost, lower rings were missed in the count. Adding in the years required to reach this height, plus a correction for the estimated number of missing rings (which are not uncommon in trees growing at treeline), it is probable that the tree was at least 5000 years old when cut. This makes it the oldest unitary (i.e non-clonal) organism ever known, exceeding the Methuselah tree of the White Mountains' Schulman Grove in California by about 200 years.

 * Whether Prometheus should be considered the oldest organism ever known depends on the definition of "oldest" and "organism" one uses. For example, certain sprouting or clonal organisms, such as creosote bush or aspen, could have older individuals if the entire clonal organism is considered. Under this criteria, the oldest living organism is a quaking aspen grove in Utah known as Pando, at 80,000 years old. In a clonal organism, however, the individual clonal stems are nowhere near as old, and no part of the organism at any given point in time is particularly old. Prometheus was thus the oldest non-clonal organism yet discovered, with its innermost wood over 5000 years of age. It is possible, however, that an older specimen occurs that has not yet been aged. Bristlecones are notoriously hard to age because of their extremely contorted growth, and cutting of old trees is no longer allowed.

 * In the 1950s dendrochronologists were making active efforts at finding the oldest living tree species, in order to use the analysis of the rings for various research purposes, such as the evaluation of former climates, the dating of archaeological ruins, and the basic question of finding the oldest living things. Bristlecone pines in the White Mountains of California and elsewhere were discovered by Edward Schulman to be older than any species yet dated. This spurred interest in finding very old bristlecones, possibly older than the Methuselah tree, aged by Schulman in 1957 at over 4700 years.

 * Donald R. Currey was a graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill studying the climate dynamics of the Little Ice Age using dendrochronology techniques. In 1963 he became aware of the bristlecone populations in the Snake Range and on Wheeler Peak in particular. Based on the size, growth rate and growth forms of some of the trees he became convinced that some very old specimens existed on the mountain, and cored some of them, finding trees exceeding 3000 years. Currey was not, however, able to obtain a continuous series of overlapping cores from WPN-114. Here, stories diverge. It is not clear whether Currey requested, or Forest Service personnel suggested, that he cut and section the tree in lieu of being able to core it. There is also some uncertainty as to why a core sample could not be obtained. One version has it that he broke or lodged his only long increment borer and could not obtain another before the end of the field season, another claims he broke two of them, while another implies that a core sample was too difficult to obtain and also would not provide as much definitive information as a full cross section of the tree would.

 * In addition, there are conflicting views over the uniqueness of Prometheus in the Wheeler Peak grove. It is reported that Currey and/or the Forest Service personnel who authorized the cutting believed the tree was just one of many large, very old trees in the grove, while others, at least one of whom was involved in the decision-making and tree cutting, believe that the tree was clearly unique — obviously older than other trees in the area. At least one person involved says that Currey knew this to be true at the time, although there is no known admission from Currey himself that he knew this, and others have disputed that the tree was obviously older than others.

 * Another uncertainty is that it is not clear how the cutting of such an old tree was necessary given the topic Currey was studying. Since the Little Ice Age started no more than 600 years ago, many trees could presumably have provided the information he was after for that time period. However, in Currey's original report (Currey, 1965) he refers to the Little Ice Age as encompassing the period from 2000 BC to the present, thus defining the Age over a much longer time period than is currently accepted. Whether this was the common sentiment at the time is not known. In the article, Currey indicates that he sectioned the tree as much from the question of whether the oldest bristlecones were necessarily confined to California's White Mountains (as some dendrochronologists had been claiming) as from its usefulness in regards to studies of the Little Ice Age.

 * Whatever the rationale, the tree was cut and sectioned in August 1964, and several pieces of the sections hauled out to be processed and analyzed, first by Currey, then by others in later years. Sections, or pieces of sections have ended up in various places, some of which are publicly accessible, including: the Great Basin National Park visitor center (Baker, NV), the Ely Convention Center (Ely, NV), the University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research (Tucson, AZ), and the US Forest Service's Institute of Forest Genetics (Placerville, CA), among others.

 * It has been argued that the cutting of the tree was an important factor in the move to protect bristlecones in general, and the Wheeler Peak groves in particular. There had been a movement to protect the mountain and contiguous areas in a national park before the tree was cut, and 22 years after the incident the area did gain national park status.

 * The exact location of the now-oldest tree, Methuselah, is kept secret by the administering agency, the U.S. Forest Service. Because of the importance of the species in dendrochronogical research, all bristlecone pines, standing or down, are now protected.

Trees
Many trees in temperate zones grow one growth ring each year, the newest ring being under the bark. For the entire period of a tree's life, a year-by-year record or ring pattern is formed that reflects the climatic conditions in which the tree grew. Adequate moisture and a long growing season result in a wide ring. A drought year may result in a very narrow one. Trees from the same region will tend to develop the same patterns of ring widths for a given period. These patterns can be compared and matched ring for ring with trees growing in the same geographical zone and under similar climatic conditions. Following these tree-ring patterns from living trees back through time, chronologies can be built up. Thus wood from ancient structures can be matched to known chronologies (a technique called cross-dating) and the age of the wood determined precisely. Cross-dating was originally done by visual inspection. Nowadays, computers are used to do the statistical matching.

To eliminate individual variations in tree ring growth, dendrochronologists take the smoothed average of the tree ring widths of multiple tree samples to build up a ring history. This process is termed replication. A tree ring history whose beginning and end dates are not known is called a floating chronology. It can be anchored by cross-matching either the beginning or the end section against the end sections of another chronology (tree ring history) whose dates are known. Fully anchored chronologies which extend back more than 10,000 years exist for river oak trees from South Germany (from the Main and Rhine rivers). A fully anchored chronology which extends back 8500 years exists for the bristlecone pine in the southwest US (White Mountains of California).

In areas where the climate is reasonably predictable, trees develop annual rings of different properties depending on weather, rain, temperature, etc. in different years. These variations may be used to infer past climate variations — see dendroclimatology.

Timber core samples are used to measure the width of annual growth rings. By taking samples from different sites and different rock strata within a particular region, researchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence that becomes a part of the scientific record; for example, ancient timbers found in buildings can be dated to give an indication of when the source tree was alive and growing, setting an upper limit on the age of the wood. Some trees are more suitable than others for this type of analysis. Likewise, in areas where trees grew in marginal conditions such as aridity or semi-aridity, the techniques of dendrochronology are more consistent than in humid areas. These tools have been important in archaeological dating of timbers of the cliff dwellings of Native Americans in the arid Southwest.

Scientific value A benefit of dendrochronology is that it makes available specimens of once-living material accurately dated to a specific year to be used as a calibration and check of radiocarbon dating. The bristlecone pine, being exceptionally long-lived and slow growing, has been used for this purpose, with still-living and dead specimens providing tree ring patterns going back thousands of years. For dating purposes, in some regions sequences of more than 10,000 years are available.

The dendrochronologist faces many obstacles, however, including some species of ant which inhabit trees and extend their galleries into the wood, thus destroying ring structure.

Similar seasonal patterns also occur in ice cores and in varves (layers of sediment deposition in a lake or river). The deposition pattern in the core will vary for a frozen-over lake versus an ice-free lake,and with the fineness of the sediment. These are used for dating in a manner similar to dendrochronology, and such techniques are used in combination with dendrochronology, to plug gaps and to extend the range of the seasonal data available to archeologists.

While archaeologists can use the technique to date the piece of wood and when it was felled, it may be difficult to definitively determine the age of a building or structure that the wood is in. The wood could have been reused from an older structure, may have been felled and left for many years before use, or could have been used to replace a damaged piece of wood.

Method
Dendrochronologically dateable trees
 * The Palm Tree Problem

Interpreting rings

Inaccuracies

 * Skipping rings

 * Adding rings

title: Dendrochronology


text:
Card and Magic Tricks/Sleight of Hand Tricks

Magic, as a whole, employs many devices, both real and other to accomplish its effects on spectators. Sleights (alternatively referred to as sleight of hand) is a term which implies hiding, placing, obscuring or moving or switching an object or objects into or out of ones hands unbeknownst to onlookers. Customarily, professional magicians use sleight of hand readily to accomplish their effects.

A list of sleights used in close-up magic
One simple move in card magic is called the double lift. A double lift involves the performer seemingly lifting the top card from a deck of cards, when he actually picks up two cards and shows the lowest card as one. When used with proper patter, this sleight has many powerful advantages for the performer.

To perform a double lift, simply make a 'break' between the second card from the top of the deck and the remainder of the cards—generally using your little finger...this should be done very casually, while talking. Turn over both cards, handling their edges to portray the illusion that you've merely turned over the top card of the deck. Put them back on the deck, and put the top card in the middle of the deck, then 'snap' over the cards, and show the new top card, which is the original card. David Blaine has used this on his television show.

A good way to make this move is to use a Wizard pack (one with tapered cards—also knowns as a Stripper deck) and have the reversed tapered card 2nd from the top. This is useful if you have small hands or find it hard to insert a finger without anyone seeing.


text:
User:Monk~enwikibooks

Who am I
I don't give my name away on the internet. But I like pseudonyms. You can call me by the following and I'll know that you're speaking to me. Monk, Roland, or Clonky if you're feeling silly.

''I am a wikipedia user. My wikipedia page is here: Monk of the highest order.''

Why am I here
I joined wikibooks because I was working a lot on the East Coast Swing page. I had already done some substantial fixing up of that page on the left underarm turn, and added a terminology section, and when I started making the section on triple-step, I thought "Hey, if I'm gonna keep on adding like this, might as well have a user account." So that's all.

I like writing, organizing, editing, and copyediting books more than I like to work on articles. I feel this way because books, although they can and should have just as high a standard of quality as an encyclopedia article, allow the author to go more indepth, and allow both the reader and the writer to explore all the fascinating nuances of the subject. An article only gives you a sip of that deep pool of knowledge, a book can tell you everything you need to know.

What am I doing
Originally, this section said "Really, aside from an occasional edit here or there, I probably won't do anything at all." but I've grown accustomed to doing a little more than that. I've developed a bit of a passion for this place.

title: User:Monk~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Monk~enwikibooks

What are you waiting for, folks? Chat it up. :D --Monk 03:12, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Hello!
Hello Monk! Welcome to wikibooks. We have a welcome template around here, but I can't remember what it is, so you will have to make due with my hand-written welcome. I see from your user page that you have developed a "passion" for this place. I'm glad about that! Wikibooks is a small project, admittedly, but the people that we do have really care about the project, and really want to generate some high-quality textbooks for the world to use. If you have any questions, or if you have any problems while working here, please don't hesitate to ask me on my user talk page. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 03:51, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

East Coast Swing
WOW, is just about all I can say. WOW. I've been using Wikibooks as a transwiki destination for a lot of the swing dancing how-tos on Wikipedia, but just recently meandered over here after a few months to see if anything had happened to the transwikied articles. WOW! The East Coast book is actually ... I mean it's ... organized! I applaud you on the great work so far!--Will.i.am 13:24, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Demystifying depression
The people who used to maintain the lists of "good books", and the books that appear on the main page are no longer active, and the exact methodologies that lead to books being listed in those places is unknown. I've been working on new methods for updating these pages by community concensus, but at the moment those projects haven't gotten off the ground. For more information on my efforts in this area, as well as a good place to list your complaint, see Good books. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 23:11, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
For bringing that VfD up - there were a series of pages that had been missed - think I've cleared them now - regards -- Herby talk thyme 18:10, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

What is Wikibooks draft
It wasn't that hard for me to rewrite, since I was the one who made that confusing text to begin with. I think I still need to fix it up some more though. Needs a more positive tone to it like the rest of the policy. --dark lama  01:42, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Monk. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Monk~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Monk~enwikibooks


text:
Movie Making Manual/Writing/Concept

Previous | Introduction

The concept is simply an idea of what the Movie will be about. Generally a writer or director will develop a concept. From there, if funding is required, a "Spec Script" may be written and presented to a board. If the funding is given, a writer may be hired to develop the concept further and complete the script for further criticism from producers. Where funding is not required, a Director may choose to just write the script and shoot the final product.

Developing a concept can be one of the hardest steps in the film making process as a good concept can either make or break a movie, however there are few simple methods to developing an idea. One of these is dreaming. Lucid Dreaming is a popular method for coming up with story concepts as it allows the mind to freely develop and remember a scene. It is advised to write down dreams soon after you wake up to avoid forgetting.

Another method to coming up with scarier concepts is to change a small aspect of something common and similar to everyone. Steven Moffat commonly uses this method in his writing for Doctor Who. Some of his examples include;
 * The Weeping Angels - Statue of angels that only move when not being viewed.
 * The Empty Child - Removing a face with a gas mask is a simple way to remove someone's identity.

A concept is the only thing some directors need. For example, in Paranormal Activity, the Director (Oren Peli) opted for retro scripting, where the actors are given an outline of the plot and improvise dialogue. This is ideal for found footage as the actor is reacting to a scene and not memorize dialogue.

Next | Writing

/Writing movies

title: Movie Making Manual/Writing/Concept