text:
International Relations/Prologue

< International Relations

International relations (IR) is an academic and public policy field, a branch of political science, dealing with the foreign policy of states within the international system, including the roles of international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). Because international relations seeks to analyze as well as formulate foreign policy, it can be either positive or normative.

It draws upon such diverse fields as political science, economics, history, law, philosophy, area studies, sociology, cultural studies and other social sciences. International relations involves a diverse range of issues, including the environmental movement, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, foreign aid, economic development, and human rights.

Theories
There are many ways of thinking in international relations theory, including Constructivism, Institutionalism, Marxism, Neo-Gramscianism, and others. However, two schools of thought are predominant: Realism and Liberalism.

Realism
The term Realism is often associated with the German term realpolitik. Realpolitik is a combination of two words: the German "real", meaning "real" or "substantive," as in the German "Realität" (meaning "reality"), and "politik" (meaning "politics" or "policy"). Bismarck used the term after following Metternich's lead in finding ways to balance the power of European empires. Balancing power meant keeping the peace, and careful realpolitik practioners tried to avoid arms races. However, during the early-20th Century, arms races (and alliances) occurred anyway, culminating in World War I.

Realism makes several key assumptions. It assumes that the international system is anarchic, in the sense that there is no authority above states capable of regulating their interactions; states must arrive at relations with other states on their own, rather than it being dictated to them by some higher controlling entity (that is, no true authoritative world government exists). It also assumes that sovereign states, rather than international institutions, non-governmental organizations, or multinational corporations, are the primary actors in international affairs. According to realism, each state is a rational actor that always acts towards its own self-interest and the primary goal of each state is to ensure its own security. Realism holds that in pursuit of that security, states will attempt to amass resources and that relations between states are determined by their relative level of power. That level of power is in turn determined by the state's capabilities, both military and economic. Moreover, Realists believe that States are inherently aggressive ("offensive realism"), and that territorial expansion is only constrained by opposing power(s). The principal Realist theorists are Carr, Morgenthau and Waltz.

There are two sub-schools of realism: maximal realism and minimal realism. The theory of maximal realism holds that the most desirable position to be in is that of the hegemon]], the most powerful entity in the world, and that smaller entities will align themselves with the hegemon out of political self-interests. Under maximal realism, the position where there are simultaneously two equally powerful co-hegemons (such as was the case during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union) is an inherently unstable one and that situation will inevitably collapse into a more stable state where one nation is more powerful and one is less powerful.

The theory of minimal realism holds that non-hegemonic states will ally against the hegemon in order to prevent their own interests from being subsumed by the hegemon's interests. Under the minimal-realism theory it is possible to have two equally powerful co-hegemons with whom a smaller entity may ally in turn depending on which hegemon better fits with the smaller entity's policies at the moment (playing both sides against the middle).

Liberalism
Liberalism holds that state preferences, rather than state capabilities, are the primary determinant of state behavior. Preferences will vary from state to state, depending on their culture, economic system, or type of government. Many different strands of liberalism have emerged; some include commercial liberalism, liberal institutionalism, idealism and regime theory.

Recently, realism and liberalism have evolved into neo-realism and neo-liberalism. no

Other Schools of Thought
Other schools, which cannot (yet) be counted to the established mainstream in the Study of International Relations, include postmodern, feminist and Neo-Marxist approaches, and Neo-Gramscianism. These perspectives differ from both Realism and Liberalism in their epistemological and ontological premises and are postpositivistic in nature.

Different schools of thought in international relations can predict the same events. The theories are differentiated by the assumptions they make in their reasoning toward predictions. For example, both realists and liberals claim that events as disparate as World War I, the Cold War, and the relatively conflict-free post-Cold War Europe were predicted by their theories. The theories differ in the fundamental assumptions they make in predicting state behavior. It is possible that one liberal theorist will predict war while another liberal theorist will predict peace; their disagreement arises from how they interpret events, but their fundamental assumptions are the same. Similarly, it is possible that a realist theorist and a liberal theorist could both predict peace, but their fundamental assumptions as to why that occurs would be different. _

History
The history of international relations is widely traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 where the modern states system as we see it today was developed. It was not until 1919 that the first university department devoted to 'international politics' (and its Woodrow Wilson Chair of International Politics) was founded by David Davies at the University of Aberystwyth in Wales. The first university to found an international relations department was the London School of Economics in 1924.

Journals

 * Cambridge Review of International Affairs, ,
 * ISSN 0955-7571
 * The Economist,
 * European Journal of International Relations,
 * Foreign Affairs
 * Foreign Policy
 * Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
 * International Affairs ISSN (print) 0020-5850, ISSN (online) 1468-2346
 * International Organization, ISSN 0020-8183
 * International Security
 * International Studies Quarterly, ISSN (print) 0020-8833, ISSN (online) 1468-2478
 * Journal of International Affairs
 * The Global Civil Society Yearbook (London School of Economics)
 * Millennium Journal of International Studies (London School of Economics)
 * McGill International Review
 * The National Interest
 * Orbis (Foreign Policy Research Institute)
 * The SAIS Review (Johns Hopkins University), ISSN (print) 0036-0775, ISSN (online) 1088-3142
 * Journal of Public and International Affairs (Princeton University)

title: International Relations/Prologue


text:
International Relations/The Use of Force

A use of force doctrine is employed by police forces, as well as soldiers on guard duty, to regulate the actions of police and guards. The aim of such a doctrine is to balance security needs with ethical concerns for the rights and well-being of intruders or suspects.

U.S. soldiers on guard duty are given a "use of force briefing" by the sergeant of the guard before being assigned to their post.

"The only difference between lawful force for police and civilians is that peace officers are not given the option of fleeing the scene to avoid confrontation."

Indeed, soldiers on guard duty will be severely punished for "abandoning their post" if they leave before being "properly relieved".

History
This module was adapted from the Wikipedia article, Use of force, at 28 May 2005, used under GNU Free Documentation License.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
International Relations/The Making of Foreign Policy

< International Relations

A foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world.

Foreign policies generally are designed to help protect a country's national interests, national security, ideological goals, and economic prosperity. This can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or through aggression, war, and exploitation.

The 20th century saw a rapid rise in the importance of foreign policy, with virtually every nation in the world now being able to interact with one another in some diplomatic form.

Creating foreign policy is usually the job of the head of government and the foreign minister (or equivalent). However, in the United States, Congress also has considerable power and influence, and is able to pass Foreign Relations Authorization bill's.


text:
International Relations/Core Concepts of Strategic Studies

 * 1) ../Military Strategy/- An Introduction to Strategy


text:
International Relations/Military Strategy

Military strategy is a collective name for planning the conduct of warfare. Derived from the Greek strategos, strategy was seen as the "art of the general". Military strategy deals with the planning and conduct of campaigns, the movement and disposition of forces, and the deception of the enemy. The father of modern strategic study, Carl von Clausewitz, defined military strategy as "the employment of battles to gain the end of war." Military strategy was one of a triumvirate of "arts" or "sciences" that govern the conduct of warfare; the others being tactics, the execution of plans and maneuvering of forces in battle, and logistics, the maintenance of an army.

Fundamentals of military strategy
Strategy and tactics are closely related. Both deal with distance, time and force but strategy is large scale while tactics are small scale. Originally strategy was understood to govern the prelude to a battle while tactics controlled its execution. However, in the world wars of the 20th century, the distinction between manoeuvre and battle, strategy and tactics, became blurred. Tactics that were once the province of a company of cavalry would be applied to a panzer army.

In its purest form, strategy dealt solely with military issues. In earlier societies, a king or political leader was often the same person as the military leader. If he was not, the distance of communication between the political and the military leader was small. But as the need of a professional army grew, the bounds between the politicians and the military came to be recognized. In many cases, it was decided that there was a need for a separation. As French statesman Georges Clemenceau said, "war is too important a business to be left to soldiers." This gave rise to the concept of the grand strategy which encompasses the management of the resources of an entire nation in the conduct of warfare. In the environment of the grand strategy, the military component is largely reduced to operational strategy -- the planning and control of large military units such as corps and divisions. As the size and number of the armies grew and the technology to communicate and control improved, the difference between "military strategy" and "grand strategy" shrank.

Fundamental to grand strategy is the diplomacy through which a nation might forge alliances or pressure another nation into compliance, thereby achieving victory without resorting to combat. Another element of grand strategy is the management of the post-war peace. As Clausewitz stated, a successful military strategy may be a means to an end, but it is not an end in itself. There are numerous examples in history where victory on the battlefield has not translated into long term peace and security.

Strategy (and tactics) must constantly evolve in response to technological advances. A successful strategy from one era tends to remain in favour long after new developments in military weaponry and matériel have rendered it obsolete. World War I, and to a great extent the American Civil War, saw Napoleonic tactics of "offense at all costs" pitted against the defensive power of the trench, machine gun and barbed wire. As a reaction to her WWI experience, France entered World War II with a purely defensive doctrine, epitomised by the "impregnable" Maginot Line, but only to be completely avoided in the German blitzkrieg.

 * "Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances."  –Sun Tzu

Principles of military strategy
Main article: Principles of military strategy

Many military strategists have attempted to encapsulate a successful strategy in a set of principles. Sun Tzu defined 13 principles in his The Art of War while Napoleon listed 115 maxims. American Civil War General Nathan Bedford Forrest required only one: "get there first with the most". The fundamental concepts common to most lists of principles are:

 * 1) The Objective
 * 2) Offense
 * 3) Cooperation
 * 4) Concentration (Mass)
 * 5) Economy
 * 6) Manœuvre
 * 7) Surprise
 * 8) Security
 * 9) Simplicity

Some strategists assert that adhering to the fundamental principles guarantees victory while others claim war is unpredictable and the general must be flexible in formulating a strategy. Field Marshal Count [w:[Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke|Helmuth von Moltke]] expressed strategy as a system of "ad hoc expedients" by which a general must take action while under pressure. These underlying principles of strategy have survived relatively unscathed as the technology of warfare has developed.

Early military strategy
The principles of military strategy can be found as far back as 500 BC in the works of Sun Tzu and earlier in Spartan thinking. The campaigns of Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Julius Cæsar and Genghis Khan demonstrate strategic planning and movement. In 1520 Niccolò Machiavelli's Dell'arte della guerra (Art of War) dealt with the relationship between civil and military matters and the formation of the grand strategy. In the Thirty Years War, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden demonstrated advanced operational strategy that led to victories in Holy Roman Empire area.

It was not until the 18th century that military strategy was subjected to serious study. In the Seven Years War (1756-1763), Frederick the Great improvised a "strategy of exhaustion" to hold off his opponents and conserve his Prussian forces. Assailed from all sides by France, Austria, Russia and Sweden, Frederick exploited his central position which enabled him to move his army along interior lines and concentrate against one opponent at a time. Unable to achieve victory, he was able to stave off defeat until a diplomatic solution was reached. Frederick's "victory" led to great significance being placed on "geometric strategy" which emphasised lines of manoeuvre, awareness of terrain and possession of critical strongpoints.

Napoleonic strategy
The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars that followed revolutionized military strategy. The impact of this period was still to be felt in the American Civil War and the early phases of World War I. With the advent of cheap small arms and the rise of the drafted citizen soldier, armies grew rapidly in size to become massed formations. This necessitated dividing the army first into divisions and later into corps. Along with divisions came divisional artillery; light-weight, mobile and with great range and firepower. The rigid formations of pikemen and musketeers firing massed volleys gave way to light infantry fighting in skirmish lines.

Napoleon I of France took advantage of these developments to pursue a brutally effective "strategy of annihilation" that cared little for the mathematical perfection of the geometric strategy. Napoleon invariably sought to achieve decision in battle, with the sole aim of utterly destroying his opponent, usually achieving success through superior maneuver. As ruler and general he dealt with the grand strategy as well as the operational strategy, making use of political and economic measures. Napoleon was ultimately defeated when his opponents adopted the strategies that he had perfected.

Napoleon's practical strategic triumphs inspired a whole new field of study into military strategy. The two most significant students of his work were Carl von Clausewitz, a Prussian with a background in philosophy, and Antoine-Henri Jomini, who had been one of Napoleon's staff officers. Clausewitz's On War has become the bible of strategy, dealing with political, as well as military, leadership. His most famous assertion being:

 * "War is not merely a political act, but also a real political instrument, a continuation of policy carried out by other means."

Clausewitz dismissed "geometry" as a significant factor in strategy, believing instead in the Napoleonic concept of victory through battle and destruction of the opposing force, at any cost. However, he also recognised that limited warfare could influence policy by wearing down the opposition through a "strategy of attrition".

In contrast to Clausewitz, Antoine-Henri Jomini dealt mainly with operational strategy, planning & intelligence, the conduct of the campaign, and "generalship" rather than "statesmanship". He proposed that victory could be achieved by occupying the enemy's territory rather than destroying his army. As such, geometric considerations were prominent in his theory of strategy. Jomini's two basic principles of strategy were to concentrate against fractions of the enemy force at a time and to strike at the most decisive objective.

One notable exception to Napoleon's strategy of annihilation and a precursor to trench warfare were the Lines of Torres Vedras during the Peninsular campaign. French Armies lived off the land and when they were confronted by a line of fortifications which they could not out flank, they were unable to continue the advance and were forced to retreat once they had consumed all the provisions of the region in front of the lines.

The Peninsular campaign was notable for the development of another method of warfare which went largely unnoticed at the time, but would become far more common in the 20th century. That was the aid and encouragement the British gave to the Spanish guerrillas who forced the French to squander most of the assets of their Iberian army in protecting the army's line of communications. This was a very cost effective move for the British, because it cost far less to aid Spanish insurgents than it did to equip and pay regular British army units to engage the same number of French troops. As the British army could be correspondingly smaller it was able to supply its troops by sea and land without having to live off the land as was the norm at the time. Further, because they did not have to forage they did not antagonise the locals and so did not have to garrison their lines of communications to the same extent as the French did. So the strategy of aiding their Spanish civilian allies in their guerrilla war benefited the British in many ways, not all of which were immediately obvious.

Strategy in the industrial age
The evolution of military strategy continued in the American Civil War (1861-1865). The practice of strategy was advanced by generals such as Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman, all of whom had been influenced by the feats of Napoleon (Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson was said to have carried a book of Napoleon's maxims with him). However, the adherence to the Napoleonic principles in the face of technological advances such as the long-range infantry rifle generally led to disastrous consequences. The time and space in which war was waged changed as well. Railroads enabled swift movement of large forces but the maneuver was constrained to narrow, vulnerable corridors. Steam power and ironclads changed transport and combat at sea.

There was still room for triumphs of strategy of maneuver such as Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864, but these depended upon an enemy's willingness to not entrench. Towards the end of the war, especially in defense of static targets as in the battles of Cold Harbor and Vicksburg, trenches between both sides grew to a World War I scale. Many of the lessons of the American Civil War were forgotten when in wars like the Austro-Prussian War or the Franco-Prussian War, when manoeuver won the day.

In the period preceding World War I, two of the most influential strategists were the Prussian generals, Helmuth von Moltke and Alfred von Schlieffen. Under Moltke the Prussian army achieved victory in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), the latter campaign being widely regarded as a classic example of the conception and execution of military strategy. In addition to exploiting railroads and highways for manoeuvre, Moltke harnessed the telegraph for control of large armies. He recognised the increasing need to delegate control to subordinate commanders and to issue directives rather than specific orders.

Moltke is most remembered as a strategist for his belief in the need for flexibility and that no plan, however well prepared, can be guaranteed to survive beyond the first encounter with the enemy.

Field Marshal Schlieffen succeeded Moltke and directed German planning in the lead up to World War I. Modifying strategies priorly devised by Moltke, he advocated the "strategy of annihilation" but was faced by a war on two fronts against numerically superior opposition. The strategy he formulated was the Schlieffen Plan, defending in the east while concentrating for a decisive victory in the west, after which the Germans would go on to the offensive in the east. Influenced by Hannibal's success at the Battle of Cannae, Schlieffen planned for a single great battle of encirclement, thereby annihilating his enemy.

Another German strategist and historian of the period was Hans Delbrück who expanded on Clausewitz's concept of "limited warfare" to produce a theory on the "strategy of exhaustion". His theory defied popular military thinking of the time, which was strongly in favour victory in battle, yet World War I would soon demonstrate the flaws of a mindless "strategy of annihilation".

At a time when industrialisation was reaping major advances in naval technology, one American strategist, Alfred Thayer Mahan, almost single-handedly brought the field of naval strategy up to date. Influenced by Jomini's principles of strategy, he saw that in the coming wars, where economic strategy could be as important as military strategy, control of the sea granted the power to control the trade and resources needed to wage war. Mahan pushed the concept of the "big navy" and an expansionist view where defence was achieved by controlling the sea approaches rather than fortifying the coast. His theories contributed to the naval arms race between 1898 and 1914.

Strategy in World War I
At the start of World War I strategy was dominated by the offensive thinking that had been in vogue since 1870, despite the more recent experiences of the Second Boer War (1899-1902) and Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), where the machine gun demonstrated its defensive capabilities. By the end of 1914, the Western Front was a stalemate and all ability to manoeuver strategically was lost. The combatants resorted to a "strategy of attrition". The German battle at Verdun, the British on the Somme and at Passchendaele were among the first widescale battles intended to wear down the enemy. Attrition was time-consuming so the duration of World War I battles often stretched to weeks and months. The problem with attrition was that the use of fortified defenses in depth generally required a ratio of ten attackers to one defender for any reasonable chance of victory. The ability of the defender to move troops using interior lines prevented the possibility of breakthrough.

On other fronts, there was still room for the use of strategy of manoeuver. The Germans executed a perfect battle of annihilation against the Russians at the Battle of Tannenberg (1914). Britain and France launched the disastrous Dardanelles Campaign, combining naval power and an amphibious landing, in an effort to aid their Russian ally and knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war. The Palestine campaign was dominated by cavalry and the British achieved two breakthrough victories at Gaza (1917) and Megiddo (1918). Colonel T.E. Lawrence and other British officers led Arab irregulars on a guerilla campaign against the Ottomans, using strategy and tactics developed during the Boer Wars.

World War I saw armies on a scale never before experienced. The British, who had always relied on a strong navy and a small regular army, underwent rapid expansion that outpaced the training of generals and staff officers able to handle the strategic planning of such a mammoth force. Technological advances also had a huge influence on strategy: aerial reconnaissance, artillery techniques, poison gas, the automobile and tank, telephone and radio telegraphy.

More so than in previous wars, military strategy in World War I was directed by the grand strategy of a coalition of nations; the Entente on one side and the Central Powers on the other. Society and economy were mobilized for total war. Attacks on each enemies' economies included Britain's use of a naval blockade and Germany employing submarine warfare against merchant shipping.

Unity of command became a question when the various nation states began coordinating assaults and defenses. The Entente eventually settled under Field Marshal Foch. The Germans generally led the Central Powers, though German authority diminished and lines of command became confused at the end of the war.

World War I ended when the ability of the German soldiers to fight became so diminished that Germany asked for peace conditions. The exhausted German military was defeated during the battle of Amiens (8-11 August 1918) and the German homefront entered general revolt over a lack of food and destruction of the economy. Victory for the Entente was, however, assured by that point. It was only a matter of time before the tank reintroduced manoeuver as a viable strategy.

Strategy Development Between World Wars
In the years following World War I, two of the technologies that had been introduced during that conflict, the aircraft and the tank, became the subject of strategic study.

The leading theorist of air power was Italian general Giulio Douhet who believed that future wars would be won or lost in the air. The air force would carry the offensive and the role of the ground forces would be defensive only. Douhet's doctrine of strategic bombing meant striking at the enemy's heartland -- his cities, industry and communications. Air power would thereby reduce his willingness and capacity to fight.

British general J. F. C. Fuller, architect of the first great tank battle at Cambrai, and his contemporary, B. H. Liddell Hart, were amongst the most prominent advocates of mechanization and motorization of the army. They saw that the armoured fighting vehicle demonstrated firepower, mobility and protection. It would negate the static defences of the trench and machine gun and restore the strategic principles of manoeuvre and offense.

The innovative German General Heinz Guderian further developed Fuller's and Liddell Hart's ideas to create the groundbreaking blitzkrieg tactics that were used by Germany against Poland in 1939 and later against France in 1940. France, still used to stationary World War I strategies, was completely surprised and summarily overwhelmed by Guderian's Panzer Corps.

Technological change has had both an enormous effect on strategy, and little effect on leadership. The use of telegraph and later radio, along with improved transport, has enabled the rapid movement of large numbers of men. However, the amount of men that one officer can effectively control has, if anything, declined. The increases in the size of the armies has led to an increase in the number of officers.

Strategy in World War II
During the World War II, led by British intelligence forces, the allied forces developed and deployed sophisticated ruses, strategic deception, designed to mislead Axis planners resulting in ineffective actions.

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin and other heads of state met at several conferences to prioritize strategies such as Europe first.

Cold War Strategy
The Cold War was the first time period dominated by the threat of total world annihilation through the use of nuclear weapons, a policy known as mutual assured destruction (MAD). As a consequence it was also a war in which attacks were not exchanged between the two main rivals, the United States and the Soviet Union. Instead, the war was fought through proxies. The battle-grounds were everywhere the superpowers weren't. Instead of mainly being confined to Europe or the Pacific, the entire world was the battlefield, with countries rather than armies acting as main players. The only constant rule was that troops of the Soviet Union and the United States could not overtly fight with each other.

The difference between tactics, strategy and grand strategy began to melt during the Cold War as command and communication technologies improved to a greater extent, in first world armed forces. The third world armed forces controlled by the two superpowers found that grand strategy, strategy and tactics, if anything, moved further apart as the command of the armies fell under the control of super power leaders.

American cold warriors like Dean Acheson and George C. Marshall quickly recognized that the key to victory was the economic defeat of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had adopted a defensive posture following the end of World War II, with the United States and its strong navy quickly finding that it had to aggressively defend much of the world from the Soviet Union and the spread of Communism. It was one of many seeming contradictions in the logic of strategy.

Strategies during the Cold War also dealt with nuclear attack and retaliation. The United States maintained a policy of limited first strike throughout the Cold War. In the event of a Soviet attack on the Western Front, resulting in a breakthrough, the United States would use tactical nuclear weapons to stop the attack. The Soviet Union responded by adopting a policy of no first use, involving massive retaliation resulting in mutual assured destruction. So, if the Warsaw Pact attacked using conventional weapons, NATO would use tactical nukes. The Soviet Union would respond with an all out nuclear attack, resulting in a similar attack from the United States, with all the consequences the exchange would entail. This did not happen. The United States continues to maintain a policy of limited first strike to the present (June 2004).

Post Cold War Strategy
Strategy in the post Cold War has come to be defined by the hyperpower status of the United States

Military strategists

 * Sun Tzu
 * Miyamoto Musashi
 * John Boyd
 * List of military theorists


text:
International Relations/The European Union

 * 1) /History/- History of the European Union
 * 2) /Institutions/- Institutions of the European Union
 * 3) /European Integration Theory/- Neo-Functionalism & Intergovernmentalism


text:
User talk:217.33.82.4

yeah. it needs more users. - Omegatron 17:58, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:217.33.82.4


text:
Cantonese/How To Study Cantonese

Motivation and Goals
Ask yourself: Why do I want to study Cantonese and what is my eventual goal? Choosing the best method of study will depend a lot on these answers. It will also give you a better idea on how to measure your personal successes. Language learning needs a lot of self-encouragement!

Here are some common reasons for studying Cantonese:
 * Communicate with friends or family
 * Work in Hong Kong, Macau, southeast China, or in other Chinese speaking communities
 * Learn a language that is considerably different from English
 * Be able to better appreciate Cantonese culture and art, like Cantonese cuisine, Cantonese opera, Cantopop, etc.
 * Learn a language that has few foreign learners and is less-commonly taught
 * Study ancient (during Tang Dynasty) Chinese poem

Note to Hong Kong tourists: If you are going to Hong Kong for a short vacation, you should realize that most people can speak some English and you do not have to know Cantonese to get by. This isn't to say there is no reason to study some Cantonese before going. Actually, if you want to have the opportunity to really enjoy the Cantonese cuisine, get off the beaten tourist tracks, or just learn more about the culture, then learning some Cantonese could be very beneficial. In such a case though, a book like Lonely Planet's Cantonese Phrasebook might be sufficient.

Informal study
A lot of people like to self-study a language as a hobby or create language clubs. If your interest in Cantonese is more than just passing, you should definitely consider finding a Cantonese-speaking person to supplement your studies. Try searching Meetup or visiting your local Chinatown for more resources. If this truly isn't feasible, then plan on gathering a lot of sound recordings and work extra hard on your listening/speaking. A good Cantonese book for self-study is 'No sweat Cantonese' by Amy Leung. It is commercially available in Hong Kong and it comes with an audio CD for pronunciation.

Formal training
If you are truly serious about becoming fluent in Cantonese then you need to study more than just this book. You would best off taking a formal course. Brigham Young University maintains a list of programs around the world that teach Cantonese. The ideal choice for many people would be the courses in Hong Kong, although it is a bit expensive.

Suggestions on using this book

 * Study the pronunciation pre-lessons very well before you begin the regular lessons. A good foundation will make everything go smoother.
 * Each lesson will probably take at least two or three sessions to review well.
 * Studying the book too closely will get tedious after a while. Bring creative ways of learning into your routine by watching a Cantonese movie or listen to music.  Afterwards, take a clip of the movie or song and try to listen for words you know or imitate the words/sentences you hear.
 * Work with a language partner on the exercises

Method for studying dialogues
This method or one similar is often taught by foreign language teachers and many learners have found it to be successful. However, if you find it demanding or not suitable to your learning style you should adjust it accordingly. The main point is to use your listening skills and inductive reasoning ability as much as possible.

 * 1) At the beginning of each lesson, read the short English summary of the conversation. Do not look any farther in the book.
 * 2) Listen to the dialogue one or two times (sounds files are coming!) to get a feel for the conversation. Do not look at the book, just listen!
 * 3) Then listen to vocabulary list, again do not look at the book! Listen to each word and repeat it.  Make a guess at the romanization and try even writing it down as you go through the list.  In the first couple lessons, you might want to hold off on writing until you get a better feel for the romanization system.  But as you progress, practice writing the complete Yale romanization with tones each time you listen to the vocabulary list.  Tones obviously will be extremely difficult to get right in the beginning.  Focus first on getting the correct segments and the tones will come gradually.  Of course, you will have to listen more once!  Don't worry about meanings, just focus on the sounds.
 * 4) After you feel you have put forth your best effort, double check your romanizations with the book and start associating the English meanings with the sounds. Pay careful attention to any of your romanization mistakes and listen to the file again until you feel you can recognize the correct sound.
 * 5) Now listen to the conversation, but still do not look at the book (not the Cantonese transcription nor the English translation)! You know all the vocabulary in the conversation now and you should be able to pick up a few words (maybe even most of them).  When you have gotten past the first couple lessons, aim to listen to the dialogue recordings enough times so that you can guess the general meanings of what each person said before you check the book.
 * 6) Look at the Cantonese transcription and listen again. Make a mental note of which words you picked up yourself in the previous listenings.  Pay attention to the difficult spots that you couldn't understand.  Refer to the transcription and listen again to see if you can pick out the words now.  By now, you probably know the gist of the conversation even though you haven't looked at the English translation yet!  You may be surprised to realize this skill of listening and reasonable guessing is critical for advancement in the language learning.  Route memorization and "cheating" by looking at the English translations at first will constantly hold you back.  Furthermore, it's important that you learn how to feel comfortable with this process now because as you reach intermediate and advanced levels you will depend on these skills even more.
 * 7) Finally, you can look at the English translation. You should just check that your understanding is factually accurate.  Do not dwell on translation details.  For example, Cantonese doesn't distinguish past or present tense so there is no point in trying to understand why a particular verb in the translation is past tense.  Translations are to be taken as a rough guide.  Detailed understanding of the grammar will come through the grammar notes and more exposure to the language.  The real key to learning a language is recognizing the patterns within the language itself.

Reading Navigation
Back to Contents 返回目錄

title: Cantonese/How To Study Cantonese


text:
Cookbook:Easy Dinners

These are recipes for people with little time to cook, especially for the evening meal. They may also be appropriate for people with little experience in cooking.

Generally, they can be made in less than 15 minutes to prepare the ingredients and less than 1 hour start-to-finish. Most require additional side dishes to make a complete meal.

While, in the Cookbook, there are many recipes that meet these requirements, this page is intended to show some of the better recipes.

Beef

 * Chicago Sirloin with Cabernet Balsamic Reduction
 * Hamburger
 * Mapo Doufu
 * Texas Easy Chili
 * Le Cocotte de 'Tater Tots' (Tater Tot Casserole)

Tuna

 * Tuna Casserole

Chicken

 * Chicken Fajitas
 * Crunchy Baked Chicken
 * Baked Chicken Breasts
 * Honey Garlic Chicken
 * Easy Onion Chicken

Pasta

 * Spaghetti

Vegetarian Dishes

 * Bean and Green Chili Soup
 * Basic Omelet
 * Nachos

Vegan Dishes

 * Black-Eyed Peas and Kale
 * Eggplant and Chickpea Skillet
 * Stuffed Tomatoes

title: Cookbook:Easy Dinners


text:
Geometry/Chapter 6

The Triangle Inequality
The Triangle Inequality states that the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater than the length of the third side of the triangle.

For instance, if you have a triangle with sides of length A, B and C. Then you know that
 * A + B > C
 * A + C > B
 * C + B > A

In Euclidean Geometry, it is impossible to draw a triangle that violates the Triangle Inequality.

Using the Triangle Inequality
The Triangle Inequality can be used to find the length of a side of a triangle. For instance, say you have a triangle with sides labeled A, B and C. If you know that A = 7, and B = 5 then you can figure out the approximate value of C as follows:

So we know that the third side of our triangle is less than 12, but that doesn't help us very much. It turns out that the triangle Inequality can help us again.

In this situation, there is a range of values that C could take. C has to be more than 2, and less than 12. 2 < C < 12.

So it turns out that the measure of the third side of any triangle falls in between the Sum and Differences of the other two sides. Example: If two sides are 9 and 6, then the remaining side's measure would be between 15 (the sum of 9 and 6) and 3 (the difference of 9 and 6). This would result in the following inequality: 3 < c < 15.

There are many triangles that could fit our givens.

Exercises
1) Try to draw a triangle that violates the Triangle Inequality.

2) For each of the following sets of A, B and C, indicate whether the 3 lengths could be the sides of a triangle or not.
 * A = 3, B = 4, C = 5
 * A = 3, B = 8, C = 5
 * A = 14, B = 5, C = 8
 * A = 5, B = 5, C = 5

3) Given that you have a triangle with sides of length 12 and 2, write a proof showing what range of values the third side could take. Use a two-column format as shown above.

Triangle Inequality Theorem
In any triangle, the longest side is opposite of the largest angle, the middle sized side is opposite the middle measured angle, and the shortest side is opposite the smallest angle.

Example Problem In triangle ABC, if angle A is 100 degrees and angle B is 35 degrees and angle C is 45 degrees, what are lengths of sides from longest to shortest?

Answer: Since side BC is opposite the largest angle, it is the largest side. Since side AB is opposite the middle sized angle, it is the middle sized side. Since side AC is opposite the smallest angle, so it is the smallest side.

bigSubscript text

Triangle Inequality In Two Triangles: The Hinge Theorem or SAS Inequality Theorem
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of a second triangle, and the angle between these sides of the first triangle is greater than the angle between these side of the second, then the third side of the first triangle is greater than the third side of the second triangle.

Example: If triangles ABC and DEF have sides AB = DE and AC = DF and m EF.

Triangle Inequality In Two Triangles: The Converse of Hinge Theorem or SSS Inequality Theorem
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of a second triangle, and the side between these angles of the first triangle is greater than the side between these angle of the second, then the third angle of the first triangle is greater than the third angle of the second triangle. Example: If triangles ABC and DEF have the sides AB = DE BC = EF and AC > DF then, angleB > angleE.

title: Geometry/Chapter 6


text:
Digital Circuits/7400 Series

This page refers to the popular 7400 series IC

The 7400 series is a popular set of logic ICs that can be ordered from many vendors, and used in many applications. 7400 chips are generally 14-pin or 16-pin DIP packages, although other form factors are available as well.

The power supply required is +5V. For most of the 7400 chips, pin 7 is the ground (GND) connection and pin 14 is the +5V power supply. There are exceptions like the 7490. 2.0V or higher signifies a logical "1"; 0.8V or lower signifies a logical "0".

Each chip has its name printed on top (for example, "74HC132"), describing its logic family and digital logic functionality.

OR Gates, 7432
4 gates on this package, each with 2 input pins, 1 output pin. The output pin is high only when either one, or both, of the input pins are high.

NOR Gates, 7402
4 gates on this package, each with 2 input pins, 1 output pin. The output pin is low only when either one, or both, of the input pins are high.

XOR Gates, 7486
4 gates on this package, each with 2 input pins, 1 output pin. The output pin is low when both input pins are equal (both high or both low), and it is high when one of the input pins is high and at the same time the other input pin is low. This is called the "odd but not even gate" meaning that an odd number of inputs need to be high in order for the output to be high. The XNOR gate is just the opposite; called the "even but not odd gate".

AND Gates, 7408
4 gates on this package, each with 2 input pins, 1 output pin. The output pin is high only when all input pins are high at the same time.

NOT gates, 7404
7404 is a NOT gate IC. It consists of six inverters which perform logical invert action, with single input and single output pin. The output of an inverter is the complement of its input logic state, i.e., when input is high its output is low and vice versa.

Other AND Gates
7411 has 3 AND gates, each with 3 inputs and 1 output. 7421 has 2 AND gates, each with 4 inputs and 1 output.

NAND Gates, 7400, 74132
4 gates on this package, each with 2 input pins, 1 output pin. The output pin is low only when all input pins are high at the same time.

Other NAND Gates
7410 has 3 NAND gates, each with 3 inputs and 1 output. 7420 has 2 NAND gates, each with 4 inputs and 1 output. 7430 has 1 NAND gate, with 8 input pins, and 1 output pin.

Flip Flops
7474 has two D flip flops. Pin 14 is the 5V power pin; pin 7 is GND. 5474(W) and 54L74(W) has some differences. Pin 4 is Vcc (+5 volts) and pin 11 is GND. 7473 has two JK flip flops.

Design
When designing new digital circuits, we may sketch dozens of slightly different kinds of gates—different numbers of inputs, etc. Just about every kind of gate you can imagine has been manufactured somewhere. However, when it comes time to actually construct a circuit, we typically use only a few kinds of "common" chips rather than every possible chip. The Apollo Guidance Computer is an example of an entire computer out of only one kind of gate.

If our sketch includes a 4-input AND gate, you might think we would simply grab a 7421 off the shelf and wire it up. This is rare in actual practice. It is far more likely that we will do one of:
 * draw it in a schematic capture application with a "7421" from a "7400 library", then download the design into a FPGA.
 * implement it using some other more common Digital Circuits/Common Integrated Circuits, using Boolean algebra—then grab *that* chip off the shelf and wire it up.
 * translate it into Boolean expression, then run it on a microprocessor.

Currently the most useful physical gates are:
 * 74AC132–4 Schmitt 2-input NAND gates
 * multiplexers
 * 74AC153 dual 4:1 mux chip—can be wired as any logic gate with up to 3 inputs, including XOR.
 * 74AC157 quad 2:1 mux chip
 * 74AC595 SIPO shift register
 * 74AC165 PISO shift register

Very wide gates (say, a 16-input NOR gate) are typically implemented as a handful of less complicated gates in a "tree" or "funnel".

title: Digital Circuits/7400 Series


text:
User:JakobVoss

See de:Benutzer:JakobVoss

(also http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:JakobVoss )

title: User:JakobVoss


text:
International Relations/International Realism Theory

A main argument of realist theory is that states (or nations) are always engaged in a struggle for power. One of the earliest books to espouse Realist theory is Machiavelli's The Prince, which was written for the de Medici family as a guide to uniting Italy. A later, more comprehensive book that helped build the foundation of Realist theory was "Politics Among Nations", by Hans J. Morgenthau.

Realist theory advocates the use of power to fulfill the interest of a nation. "National power" is composed of geography, economy and natural resources, population, military strength and preparedness, national character and moral, and the competency of the national government.

The influence of geography can be broken down into the separation of nations and the size of nations. Nations can be separated by deserts, mountains, rivers, and, most notably, oceans. Deserts prevented Egypt, Greece, and Rome from establishing contact with the parts of Africa south of the Sahara and prevented the Aztecs from contacting Indians in the modern United States. Though they rarely destroy a powerful army, deserts often wear the army down and help its eventual destruction. The power of mountains is illustrated by the Alps, which prevented Rome from effectively controlling modern-day France and Germany. The power of water is twofold; military power and trade/economic power. It is no accident that the two most recent superpowers, Britain and the United States, are isolated from rivals by oceans. Armies can only cross water when it is bridged; rivers can be bridged, oceans cannot. Thus, both Britain and the US have been protected from foreign armies by water, and need only to maintain a navy to ensure that enemy troops cannot be transported by boat.

Water also provides fast, easy, cheap, and large-scale transportation. It is no accident that the two most economically powerful cities in the world, New York and Hong Kong, are on river deltas. Not only does this transportation benefit industry, but it can also allow troops to be moved in large numbers (and they will not be tired when their journey is over), but it also allows a nation to watch over its interest with a navy, as both Britain and the US have done. The size of a nation works much like natural barriers. However, rather than an army being unable to cross a certain barrier, a large nation may have too much land for the army to cross. Russia used this advantage when it was invaded by Napoleon and Hitler, and had success when wearing the enemy down, rather than facing it head-on (wearing the enemy down is usually termed attrition). A large landmass also gives a nation better chance of having ample natural resources. This is not to say that small nations are weak, it is often the opposite. Though Britain has depended on food imports for well over 100 years, it upheld considerable power until the end of WWII, and the Netherlands have been, and still are, a notable economic power. Further, the Papal States is arguably the most influential nation, per capita, on Earth, though its military power is subject to much speculation.

It is the economy of a nation that supports the creation of a military. A modern economy can build modern equipment for a military, while a large economy can build massive amounts of equipment and supply more troops.

There are 3 ways in which economies are used in national competition: military Vs. economy, sustainable military Vs. overstretched military, and economy Vs. economy.

The first situation is when nation A uses its military to attack the economy of nation B. Examples of this are naval blockades (which prevent trade) and the destruction or capture of cities or vital infrastructure. These tactics were used notably in WWII with varying success. In order to conduct a successful naval blockade, there are three things to analyze: the strength of your navy compared to the enemy navy, the enemy's dependence on imports by sea (and if those imports can be redirected to a land route), and the potential reactions of those who will no longer be able to trade with the blockaded. The first aspect is illustrated in the mutual blockades of Britain and Germany during both World Wars. Britain had the more powerful navy, and though German U-boats made Britain pay dearly for its supplies, the more powerful navy eventually won the rivaling embargoes. The second consideration is illustrated in Napoleon's embargo on Britain. Though Britain did suffer from the embargo, it did not depend on mainland Europe for supplies, and was able to survive with the help of its colonies. The third aspect is exemplified by the German attack on the Lusitania, which pushed America to enter WWI and helped tip the scales in favor of Britain and France.

The second possibility, sustainable military Vs. overstretched military, is not a conflict of the militaries themselves, but rather a struggle of two nations to sustain their respectful militaries. In this case, the overstretched (or oversized) military, like those of Napoleon and Hitler when invading Russia, eventually crumbled because the militaries could not be maintained by the nation. Additionally, much of the Cold War falls into this category.

Finally, economy vs. economy competitions are seen in international trade, tariffs, and embargoes. If nation A wants to destroy a certain part of nation B's economy, nation A can flood nation B with products at an extremely low price, and eventually destroy the companies in nation B which cannot compete with nation A's far cheaper products. The effects of such an action are twofold; nation B depends on nation A for that product, and nation A can raise prices as competition has vanished; also, nation B is deprived of a product that may be important to the nation's security, and thus is weaker if nation A and nation B go to war. Protective tariffs are designed to prevent actions such as this. Protective tariffs are an extra tax on certain, or all, products, thus preventing nation A from flooding nation B's economy, as nation A's products are no longer cheaper, as they have to pay the extra tax. Additionally, protective taxes can be used to help build a new or small industry, not just protect one that is at risk. Not all tariffs are protective, many are used only to raise revenues for national governments, but all tariffs have financial and protective effects. Finally, embargoes are very similar to blockades, but the embargoing nation threatens to impose trade restriction on those who trade with the embargoed, rather than use military force. This method is not as effective as blockades – there is nothing to prevent nations that are already embargoed from trading with each other – but it is useful for compelling a nation to follow the wishes of the embargoing, and can also be used as a predecessor to blockades if a war is to break out.


text:
System Monitoring with Xymon

Contents

 * 1) /User Guide/
 * 2) /Administration Guide/
 * 3) /Developer Guide/
 * 4) /Other Docs/ : FAQ, HOWTO, SLIDES

title: System Monitoring with Xymon


text:
System Monitoring with Xymon/User Guide

What is system monitoring?
Computer monitoring systems are used to repeatedly gather data from various monitored systems for the purpose of real-time incident notification, system health verification, performance analysis, and longitudinal capacity planning. Various metrics are typically gathered by these systems, including CPU, memory, network, or disk utilization, response time of network services, occurrence of anomalous messages in system log, et al. Without such a tool, like big brother or Xymon, a system administrator would have to login to each machines to collect these information repeatedly. This kind of repetitive task can be automated using a system monitoring tool.

Please see the chapter ../Other Docs/About System Monitoring/ for a more details overview of monitoring systems.

Existing system monitoring features
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center; width: 100%;"
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|

Freeware
! ! Xymon ! Nagios ! Icinga ! Spong ! OpenNMS ! Zenoss ! Munin ! Zabbix (website) ! Ethereal ! Big Sister ! Maintainer ! License ! Open source ! Platforms supported ! Main Programming Language ! Client configuration changes from Central Server? ! Client binary update from Central Server? ! Monitoring Server with WAN High Availability Support? ! Monitoring Server with LAN High Availability Support? ! Is solution scalable to handle huge monitoring clients?
 * Zabbix Inc.
 * Canonical
 * Zabbix Inc.
 * Canonical
 * Zabbix Inc.
 * Canonical
 * Zabbix Inc.
 * Canonical
 * Canonical
 * Canonical
 * GPL
 * GPL
 * GPL
 * GPL
 * GPL
 * GPL
 * GPL
 * GPL
 * GPL
 * GPL
 * Yes
 * Yes
 * Yes
 * yes
 * Yes
 * yes
 * Yes
 * yes
 * Yes
 * Yes
 * Server: HTTP. Client: Unix-line, Windows
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * C
 * C
 * C
 * Java
 * Perl
 * Perl
 * Perl
 * Perl
 * Perl
 * Perl
 * Yes
 * Yes
 * Yes
 * Yes
 * Yes
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|
 * colspan="11"|

Some commercial system monitoring tools
! ! Big Brother ! Tivoli ! NetIQ ! HP Openview ! BMC Performance Manager ! Microsoft SCOM ! A2Monitor ! ! ! Maintainer ! Cost ! License ! Platforms supported ! Main Programming Language ! Client configuration changes from Central Server? ! Client binary update from Central Server? ! Monitoring Server with WAN High Availability Support? ! Monitoring Server with LAN High Availability Support? ! Is solution scalable to handle huge monitoring clients?
 * Quest
 * A1 Tech, Inc.
 * A1 Tech, Inc.
 * A1 Tech, Inc.
 * A1 Tech, Inc.
 * A1 Tech, Inc.
 * A1 Tech, Inc.
 * Depends on number of devices
 * Depends on number of devices
 * $79
 * $79
 * $79
 * $79
 * $79
 * Proprietary
 * Proprietary
 * Proprietary
 * Proprietary
 * Proprietary
 * Proprietary
 * Proprietary
 * Windows, Unix, Mac OS X, Linux
 * Windows, Unix, Mac OS X, Linux
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * Windows, Linux, iSeries
 * Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X
 * Server: Microsoft Windows Server; Clients: Mostly Microsoft, but some support for Linux, SNMP, etc.
 * Windows
 * C, Flash, Shell
 * C, Flash
 * C
 * C, bash
 * .Net
 * .Net
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

 * Repository model describes the relationship between various copies of the source code repository. In a client-server model, users access a master repository via a client; typically, their local machines hold only a working copy of a project tree. Changes in one working copy must be committed to the master repository before they are propagated to other users. In a distributed model, repositories act as peers, and users typically have a local repository with version history available, in addition to their working copies.
 * Concurrency model describes how changes to the working copy are managed to prevent simultaneous edits from causing nonsensical data in the repository. In a lock model, changes are disallowed until the user requests and receives an exclusive lock on the file from the master repository. In a merge model, users may freely edit files, but are informed of possible conflicts upon checking their changes into the repository, whereupon the version control system may merge changes on both sides, or let the user decide when conflicts arise. Note that distributed version control almost always implies a merge concurrency model.

Who use Xymon ?
Please See The Xymon Users across the world.

Why use Xymon ?

 * 1) The source code is open and in GPL license.
 * 2) There is no seat license fee.
 * 3) Xymon(Hobbit) Server highly compatible with Big Brother client.
 * 4) It has a user and developer community.

Xymon System Monitoring Tool Wish lists

 * Delete a host from web page UI.
 * GUI administration tool.
 * Prepackaged binary for different OS with lots of add-on modules.
 * E-mail or SMS notification --already exists, you can also trigger shell scripts on events
 * Has commercial email support -Granted, see http://www.xymon.com/license/
 * Remote wake/die capabilities

Xymon vs Big Brother
This is a detailed comparison chart why a current BB site would want to migrate to Xymon. Opinions could be biased toward Xymon.

Xymon System Monitoring at home

 * To monitor your computers at home, perhaps integration with X10 stuff.
 * This section is about Xymon and your home system monitoring.
 * porting hobbit to linksys's nlsu2 or wrt54g.

Commercial Support

 * Email support from Xymon Author, http://www.xymon.com/license/.
 * VM Assist, Inc., http://www.vmassist.com.
 * McNatton Technologies, LLC, http://www.mcnatton.com/monitor.php
 * Reverse Polarity, LLC -  We offer full support for Xymon, including on-site server installation, client configurations and custom scripting where required. Call us and see how we can help!
 * Xymon Support by A-team
 * A-Key S.r.l The Things Integrator - Monitoring Team - We can offer a high-level support for planning, installation, configuration and plugin development for Xymon tool. Contact us for more information!

Free Community Support
Your questions will not necessarily get answered.
 * Maillist Archive:
 * Project page at

Xymon Demo Site
Here are a few best xymon implementation sites.
 * Official Xymon Site

Hobbit Renamed to Xymon
This note needs a date... Greetings!

As I wrote some time ago, I was contacted by the owners of the "Hobbit" trademark back in June.

Several names have been suggested by you on the mailing list (see ), but the decision has now been made.

As of today, the official name is "Xymon" (pronounced just like "Simon").

At the moment this renaming has not caused much of a change, but it will be implemented over the coming weeks.

due to project renamings currently being suspended on Sourceforge. Once the suspension is lifted, however, there is a queued request to rename the project. It will then be available at
 * The Sourceforge project URL remains at

moment. A new "Xymon" mailing list will be setup, but this will be announced separately.
 * The mailing list address remains "" for the

address - - will remain in place for some time, but no longer than August 2009.
 * The demo website is active. The old

Hobbit monitor etc. will be happening over the next couple of weeks, and will be fully implemented in the upcoming release.
 * Changes to documentation, code, webpages inside the

Best regards, Henrik

title: System Monitoring with Xymon/User Guide