text:
Advanced Interactive Media/A Definition For Interactive Media

An inclusive definition for interactive media is elusive, if not impossible to write. Perhaps interactivity can be described by degree, but not by a single, all-encompassing definition. Interactive media (hereafter referred to as "IM") has been called a "hybrid media technology", because it can combine any format (print, web, disc, video, audio, etc.) that allow users to interact with content.

A primary characteristic that makes interactive media difficult to define is the fact that this field is evolving more rapidly than most other aspects of new technology. For example, multisensory possibilities being developed by Japanese researchers are bringing startling new considerations to the multimedia mix. Movies an audience can taste, touch, see, hear and feel are not science fiction. User created content on YouTube is a manifestation of people's desire for interactivity in the media they experience. Ultimate control over a movie is achieved when the audience creates the content themselves.

Interactive media designers are information designers and rely on communication. User feedback defines the interactive process so, most (but no all) web sites can be considered primitive interactive experiences by clicking buttons. Video games provide some of the most advanced experiences and demonstrate that interactive design is maturing at light-speed - - although it's important to realize that not all forms of interactive media are electronic. Magazines provide some of the most primitive interaction when users send a response to the publisher for future publication. Puzzle and game books are also interactive since they demonstrate that participation and communication are key elements in making media interactive.

Turning the pages of a textbook in order to read requires minimal involvement, while blockbuster video games can be described as much more highly interactive multimedia. A book might be defined as a multimedia format in that it can include pictures, maps, graphs, charts, or timelines, but while it uses other media, it is not interactive, because it is designed to be navigated in a way that the author has predetermined. A reader can use the index at the back of a book, or flip through pages, but the text itself has only one hierarchy of topics and is intended to be read from beginning to end. Writers can't include large volumes of additional information between the covers of a book even though that content might be a vital part of the story.

Interactive Multimedia programs, on the other hand, bring the opportunity for extraordinary storage and delivery capabilities of computerized material. This is especially important for schools, libraries and learning institutions where books are difficult to obtain and update. Multimedia can provide access to other kinds of inaccessible materials, such as hard to find historical films, rare sound recordings of famous speeches, illustrations from difficult to obtain periodicals, and so on. Multimedia can put primary and secondary source materials at the fingertips of users in even the remotest locations of the world.

It's not just access that makes multimedia powerful, but the control over content given to users. IM programs enable the user to manipulate the materials through linking, sorting, searching and annotating activities.

Interaction with others gives our lives meaning. In contrast, total isolation from human contact or any stimuli is considered one of the most effective forms of torture. These facts help define the significance of multimedia that is designed to respond to user interactions. Just as there seems to be a craving for virtual experiences that increasingly resemble the real world, perhaps it is possible that the requirement for interaction is at the core of all human needs.

When human (person to person) interaction is impractical, unlikely or impossible, the next best experience requires interactive, immersive, multi-sensorial, IM. It follows that the most effective interactive experience should consider each of these issues. Until now, the technology to generate these kinds of experiences has been restricted to the holodeck of the starship Enterprise. With the advent of powerful and affordable personal-computer workstations and the rapid development of user-friendly multimedia software, almost anyone can get into the game.

Among all the choices of hardware and software available to create IM, it is a challenge for students to identify the most effective tools that are accessible for creating IM. Once identified, learning to use this hardware/software can seem overwhelming, but this may be the least of all problems to be conquered. Judging by the general lack of success of IM thus far, the greatest challenge seems to be that of creating a product of significance, that is, something that makes a difference in people's lives.

Addictive blockbuster video games are the essence of IM, but what is their lasting significance? The power of interactive, immersive, multi-sensorial, IM is unleashed by these games, but to what end?

The generation of people born between 1982-2000 have been brought up in a completely different world than ever before. No longer does a young person spend their free time with their nose in a book, but rather, they express a need to be completely immersed in multi-sensory interactive media. In order to keep the attention of this up and coming generation of young people, companies are going to have to make their content more and more interactive. Teachers can no longer stand in front of a class and lecture to their students. Instead, teachers are now compelled to learn how to teach via interactive and immersive tools. Even three-year olds don't just sit and play with toy cars anymore, but are completely immersed in video games. If today's 12 and 13 year olds can't pay attention in class now, then what is it going to be like when today's 3 year olds are 13 and 14? Interactive, immersive media is taking over in every arena of life and it something that needs to be dealt with by the older generations. However, the window of opportunity available for those older generations to influence this change is a limited one. The pace of change in the IM world dictates that only those who are constantly involved can keep up; otherwise, it will be the users themselves, most notably the youngest of generations who are growing up under these new dictates that will be the shapers, reversing millennia of human history, whence the older generations always used to shape the development of those younger than them.


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Problems Encountered And Solved During The Creation Of This Class Project

Some of the first things I heard from students about the process of creating an interactive, immersive, multimedia project were frustrations such as:

1. "I'm not sure what I'm supposed to be doing to get my part of the project finished. I know I'm on the ________ team but it's not clear what we're supposed to be doing right now".

2. "How is this different from other projects we've done in the MultiMedia Institute so far. Is this going to be like creating one of our video pieces, or like making my own web site?"

3. "I have to wait until the Design Team gets their work done before I can get started" - or "I have to wait until the Project Director gives us the navigation outline before I can do my part" - or "I have to wait until the Interactive Team tells us what software they're going to use before I can get started".

It makes sense that students who have never created an interactive team project before are unsure what they are to do to help their particular team accomplish their work. Interactive design is deceiving in that the processes are very similar to those used to make a video documentary or any other piece of conventional, linear media. It's confusing because rules for conventional media are not enough to finish an interactive product.

For example, video components must be planned, shot and edited for either presentation format. Interactive clips must, however, make sense when played out of sequence or all by themselves. Transitions to and from many other non-linear components must be created and, in most cases, video clips will be very short and numerous.

The sequential order for interactive development usually looks like this:

1. Define the end user, time line and budget in detail.

2. Describe and understand all possible environments where the project might be accessed (at a living room desktop computer, integrated with live actors, from a lap top, in a classroom, etc.)

3. Decide what format of media (pictures, video, PDFs, text, VRs, URL links, etc.) will communicate your story the best.

4. Describe (storyboard) for each type of media.

5. Collect media and translate, compress, reformat it into a form that can be read by the final authoring tool (in this case, Adobe's Director software).

6. Create at least one prototype for each kind of media and test it on an end-user's playback device (computer, DVD player, etc.).

7. Author the project, keeping in mind to give users what they expect as well as something they didn't expect that makes the product memorable ("sticky") and effective.

8. Test the product.

9. Debug.

10. Duplicate, if necessary, and distribute.

With this much information it is possible for every team member to tackle their part of the project while giving direction to other development teams.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Interactive Media Versus Other Kinds Of Media

I believe that Interactive Media is the most wide range type of media possible. There is no limit to what you can do in interactive media. All types of avenues such as web design, web development World Wide Web, Internet forums, computer games, online games, interactive television, e-Mail and electronic literature and many other sources of media apply. One of the benefits of interactive media is that the technologies of it are always emerging. It does not stay at a stand still because there is no definite measure of interactive media. Many times, clients have changing views for what they want for their product and being the developer for the product as an interactive developer, this makes it that much more difficult. I assume that in other forms of media it is more clear cut in the sense that you have a need and without little trouble, the product is developed. In conclusion, if you crave to be creative in what you do or want to pursue, then interactive is the way to go!

People will always crave media that will allow them to experience an environment that is more like the world as God made it. In other words, the more media becomes like the "real" world, the more it will be accepted and embraced by human beings. We are made in God's own image and this is why we can look at the beauty of the earth and say "it is good," just as God said in the book of Genesis.

This is also why television overtook radio, color television overtook black and white and why high definition television is overtaking standard definition television. Interactive, immersive, multi-sensorial, multimedia will eventually be widely accepted and even demanded, because it is more like God's real world - never as good as His world, but "like" His real world. When it's not possible to actually stand in a rain forest, virtual experiences will offer the next best thing until you can get there.

Is interactive media something that is completely attainable? I view it as an immersive element of our world that few will actually indulge in when the media becomes available. I am not doubting that the media will be attainable (technology and creativity are at an all-time high), I am merely asking whether or not those ordinary people in everyday life will be excited about the medium that is creating a huge buzz in this field.

Then my second question - is it healthy to have such interactive media in today's lifestyles? According to www.healthgood.com, One in three people in this world are obese. According to the National Institutes of Health, obesity and being overweight, together, are the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States, close behind tobacco use. An estimated 300,000 deaths per year are due to the obesity epidemic. [1] My question then: is it going to be a problem as more and more interactive types of media are surfacing; is it going to take away from user physical interactivity or will it add to it.

In my personal opinion I believe that it is our job as the initiators and developers of this medium to make it add to the amount of physical activity. I believe Nintendo hit the mark when they released the Wii to the consumer. It is completely interactive and it makes the user become physically involved in the interactive pursuit. If our media, which up until now has been engaged in by sitting back and watching or by clicking a mouse here or there, can physically involve its user in the process, I think that we can help better our future.

So how can media logically be used to improve our future? One answer is social networking, and many websites are created just for that!

Getting the Word Out

How can you create a buzz without a budget? Use what you have - which just might be one of the many free tools now available to you.

Interactive media can address a vast audience with little to no budget simply by creating a buzz about your message.

Post a video on You Tube with links to your Myspace and Facebook accounts and e-mail friends in your address book to view your project. If they like it and mail it on to their friends you just might have some highly contagious, viral media on your hands.

Friends in your Facebook and Myspace accounts view the video and may decide to link it to their pages, adding more exposure. Other free online sources such as Xanga or online blogging can branch to different audiences and multiply your audience exponentially. The only cost to you is your own creativity along with friends who help you get your message linked up to the world.

People are grabbing hold of this concept and bypassing the traditional avenues of marketing. Several people have created a buzz about themselves, bypassing Hollywood and, as a result, it opened the door to a job. If you get a large enough audience, people will listen. Television executives are lost and disarrayed over the power of this medium.


text:
Template:TextBox

Parameters:
 * The first parameter is the text inside the box
 * The  option may be given to specify a different background
 * The  option may be given to adjust the width from the default
 * The  option may be given to change the padding from
 * The  option may be given to change the margin from
 * The  option may be given to change the clearance to   or   so as to float the template beside other table elements. Default is 'both'
 * The  option may be used to give a css specification of the boundary of the box

 * image (optional) : the image to be used
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title: Template:TextBox


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Advanced Interactive Media/Design Team/Meet the Team

Meet the Team

 * Natalie Sullivan hails from the great state of Texas and the grand city of Victoria. She comes from a background in design, and is hoping to continue to pursue it in the future.
 * Jonathan Coussens is a homegrown boy from Tulsa, OK. He runs track at ORU and is involved in campus life. He also has his own media company Simple Productions
 * Nichole Beacham is originally from Orlando. Nichole volunteers and is actively involved at her local church and in the media department there.
 * Natasha Johnson is from Dallas, Texas. Her passion consists of one thing: NASCAR. She has been a part of nationally televised and syndicated shows.


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Interactive Team/Goals and Objectives

As the interactive team, the success of the MultiMedia Institute's recruiting product for college weekend relies on our skills. It is our primary goal to create a multisensory interactive presentation that not only encapsulates the essence of the MultiMedia Institute, but also emerses the subject within the media in such a way that man is one with technology.


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Audio/Video Team/Eric Dies

Eric was born in Lafayette, Louisiana. He moved at the age of 12 to Victoria, Tx. As of recently he and his family have moved to Frisco, Tx.


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Design Team/Job Description

Goals and Description
The role of the design team in the Multimedia Recruiting Project is one of the most essential and vital roles of all the teams. They are in charge of designing the look and style of all the elements of the project. They are developing design strategies and screen templates for the video and interactive teams as well as shooting VR's. They design the marketing materials and are striving to hit on alternative advertising. They will create innovative and creative electronic and print materials. They will form a focus group of high school students from the Tulsa area in order to understand the target market more in depth.

The team's goal and objective is to make the project appealing to the target market. Our vision is for not only the design be accepted and enjoyed by the target market, but also create a memorable experience that will make an impression on potential students. They understand the position of influence they have with their audience. They see beyond the design into the possibility that they have to help potential students realize God's call and purpose for their life.


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Design Team/Current Deadlines

Current Deadlines
We are currently working on:
 * The Design Templates for the Project
 * Shooting VR's
 * Blogging
 * Marketing Materials
 * Learning InDesign
 * Just Straight up Gettin' it Done!

Design Templates

The design team plans to have the overall style and design of the project decided by Tuesday March 13. After the design style is selected, we then plan to design the two templates for the cylinder, the template for the circular screen, and the template for the touch screen. After that we must insert all the content that the other teams have collected and pass it on to the interactive team. The final phase is to design all market materials to be distributed at college weekend.

Dates to Remember:
 * Tuesday March 13, 2007 – Design Style Selected *COMPLETE*
 * Thursday March 29, 2007 – Design Templates Finalized *COMPLETE*
 * Friday March 30, 2007 – High School Focus Group Test the Project
 * Thursday April 12, 2007 – InDesign Teaching Session *COMPLETE*
 * Friday April 13, 2007 – Marketing Materials & Plan Due *COMPLETE*


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Design Team/Goals and Objectives

Below is a list of the team members and their task breakdowns

Goals and Description
The role of the design team in the Multimedia Recruiting Project is one of the most essential and vital roles of all the teams. They are in charge of designing the look and style of all the elements of the project. They are developing design strategies and screen templates for the video and interactive teams as well as shooting VR's. They design the marketing materials and are striving to hit on alternative advertising. They will create innovative and creative electronic and print materials. They will form a focus group of high school students from the Tulsa area in order to understand the target market more in depth.

The team's goal and objective is to make the project appealing to the target market. Our vision is for not only the design be accepted and enjoyed by the target market, but also create a memorable experience that will make an impression on potential students. They understand the position of influence they have with their audience. They see beyond the design into the possibility that they have to help potential students realize God's call and purpose for their life.


text:
US Tort Law/Ordinary Person of Reasonable Prudence

Tortfeasors are generally judged by the "reasonable prudent person" standard. This is an objective person, not the individual in question. The RPP is judged based on an individual in like circumstances.

Here is my section from my Torts outline on this. It was the first outline I did, so it may not be great. I'll try to "clean it up" later, but if someone else wants to, feel free. b.	Reasonable Person Standard i.	Physically disabled 1.	Smith v. Sneller 2.	Must take reasonable precautions (such as carrying a cane for a blind person); if not,l then negligent (Poyner v. Loftus) ii. Mentally disabled 1.	Breunig v. American Family Insurance Co. 2.	Generally not considered 3.	EXCEPTION: insanity CAN be an excuse for intentional tort if the insanity causes the person to be unable to realize that the contact would occur iii. Youth 1.	Williamson v. Garland, Garratt v. Dailey 2.	Base “reasonable” standard on the same age child 3.	EXCEPTION: doing an “adult” activity such as driving a boat requires standard of care of an adult (Dellwo v. Pearson) 4.	US standard holds even young children responsible because someone needs to bear the loss and it should not be the totally innocent plaintiff. (Child begins to assume liability for negligence around age 5/6/7, but always for intentional)

iv. Elderly Reynolds v. LA Gas and Electric Co Advanced age doesn’t matter v.	Professional training Public Service of NH v. Elliot					Judged by “reasonable” standard for someone with similar training vi. RESTATEMENT OF TORTS THIRD: LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL HARM §12 “If an actor has skills or knowledge that exceed those possessed by most others, these skills or knowledge are circumstances to be taken into account in determining whether the actor has behaved as a reasonably careful person” a.	Gender i.	Not considered ii. Other “related” factors may be considered such as individual strength b.	Illness—if foreseeable, negligent; if unforeseeable (heart attack) not negligent c.	Economic status—not considered Default duty-Reasonable Person Standard d.	Objective i.	Looks at Averages, not extremes (Bligth v. Birmingham Water Co) ii. Even if someone subjectively does not “get it” still judged by “reasonable” person e.	Learned Hand Test–balance burden of duty against utility or benefits i.	P*L | B ii. If product of probability of harm (P) and Π’s loss (L) is greater than Δ’s burden (B), then Δ guilty and should have taken precautions iii. If product of P and L is less than or equal to Δ’s burden, then Δ is not guilty of negligence f.	Benefits i.	Provides some standard ii. “Am I being too risky?” iii. Limit to how safe you have to act g.	Drawbacks i.	Hard to apply and determine standard ii. Fails to take individual differences and abilities into account iii. Individuals (i.e. jury) use themselves as “reasonable person”

ii. Children 1.	Judged to a reasonable child of like age, experience and intelligence 2.	Mentally Ill iii. Physically disabled iv. Elderly v.	Below average intelligence vi. Specialized knowledge 1.	Industry standard a.	Sometimes not high enough (TJ Hooper–operator is liable without a radio even though it wasn’t the industry standard) b.	If the cost-benefit analysis clearly shows that the burden is less than the cost, then that will override industry standard 2.	Professional standard (Helling v. Carey) a.	Doctors, lawyers, accountants, etc b.	The established practice is dispositive factor c.	Formerly used role of locality (Bergara v. Doan), not so relevant now with advanced technology and national standards for professions; however location, technology and resources may be looked at. d.	If 2 established schools, either could be accepted


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Audio/Video Team/Alyssa Shull

Alyssa Shull was born and raised in the suburbs of Detroit, Michigan. She now resides in Oklahoma with her husband. Her tasks include collecting and editing video in this project. Her hobbies include... feeding her duck lerry lubkins, having a warm cup of joe in the morning, jogging or yogging what ever you prefer, yodeling on mountain tops, traveling the country side in her family band, hanging out with her amazing little sister, and eating fart tacos.


text:
User:Saber girl08~enwikibooks

Hi! My name is Sabrina. I'm pretty much a typo searcher.

title: User:Saber girl08~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Saber girl08~enwikibooks

Leave a message!

OK!

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:42, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Saber girl08~enwikibooks


text:
Template:UMTS

 UMTS Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — Network Elements — Interfaces —

Conclusion — References — Index — Glossary — Applicable Standards —

title: Template:UMTS


text:
User:Srinig

'''[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:srinig&action=edit&section=new Please click here to leave me a new message. ]'''

Hi I'm Srini Gottumukkala and here is the book I'm working on.

 * UMTS
 * Template:UMTS

title: User:Srinig


text:
Web Science/E-Commerce

Classic E-Commerce - Amazon, eBay etc.
When one thinks of e-commerce the first things which come to mind are the early American online companies and the dot.com boomers such as Amazon.com'' operating since 1995, eBay Inc and lastminute.com.

SibeliusMusic.com
SibeliusMusic.com has a paperless online music store model for displaying music with protection of the copyright. It developed as an offshoot of the Sibelius music setting software.

E-Commerce by Classic Businesses - Supermarkets and Mailorder
Constraints on the growth of supermarkets due to market saturation, land availability and competition considerations have meant that to maintain their edge many such traditional businesses have used their supply chain to enable a mail-order catalogue and an online web site for ordering and home delivery. This brings shop based businesses into competition with pure e-business and traditional mail-order catalogues.

Online Financial Services
One of the greatest challenges for any business is to attract new customers, not just any customers, but want to meet the right customers, the customers who know they need your products and services and who are ready to buy. Finding new customers can be time consuming, but it is a critical part of building value into business. It's need process. Working with a financial advisor or company like wellfargo or acura, would be a better option.

Ecommerce Development Services
The most effective solution for expanding the customer base and achieving the biggest platform with a very small investment is E-Commerce. But surely, developing an Ecommerce website is not an easy task. E-Commerce is a field that requires an experience and a day to day operation in setting up website such as an online store. By joining an Ecommerce web development company like shopify or will reduce many issue when developing a ecommerce website. Those ecommerce company offer solution to those who would like to sell their products and services online. They have a highly experienced team that will help out in setting up the store and also a technical maintenance team to help out if face any problems in day to day operation.

title: Web Science/E-Commerce


text:
UMTS/Acknowledgements

=Acknowledgements= We would like to thank the following contributors for their time and effort in creating this project:

 * 1)  Author
 * 2)   Editor
 * 3) Kgrr.jpg  Initial Outline

title: UMTS/Acknowledgements


text:
UMTS/References

=References=

Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS by Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Tomaes Novosad

WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala

Radio Interface System Planning for GSM/GPRS/UMTS by Jukka Lempiainen, Matti Manninen

Third Generation Mobile Telecommunication Systems : UMTS and IMTS-2000 by Peter Stavroulakis

The UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecom Standard: Physical Layer Basics, Standards, and Frontend Matters by Andreas Springer, Robert Weigel

UMTS : The Fundamentals by Walke, Althof, Seidenberg

UMTS Networks: Architecture, Mobility and Services by Kaaranen, Naghian, Laitinen, Ahtiainen, Niemi

UMTS and Mobile Computing by Huber, Huber

GSM, GPRS and Edge Performance : Evolution Toward 3G/UMTS by Halonen, Melero, Garcia

UMTS : Mobile Communications for the Future by Flavio Muratore

Mobile Telecommunications Standards : GSM, UMTS, TETRA, and ERMES by Bekkers

Services for UMTS by Ahonen

GSM and UMTS : The Creation of Global Mobile Communication by Hillebrand

Wireless Internet Access over GSM and UMTS by Taferner, Bonek

The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology : Air Interface Techniques for Future Mobile Systems by Castro

W-CDMA and cdma2000 for 3G Mobile Networks by Karim

3G Wireless Demystified by Harte, Kikta, Levine

Introduction to 3G Wireless Communications by Korhonen

Wireless Network Evolution : 2G to 3G by Garg, Rappaport

3G Wireless Networks by Collins

Wireless Broadband Networks Handbook : 3G, LMDS and Wireless Internet by Vacca

Towards a Global 3G System Vol. 1 : Advanced Mobile Communications in Europe by Prasad

Towards a Global 3G System Vol. 2 : Advanced Mobile Communications in Europe by Prasad

GPRS and 3G Wireless Applications by Andersson

Broadband Wireless Communications : 3G, 4G, and Wireless LAN by Wang

M-Profits : Money and 3G Services by Ahonen

WAP, Bluetooth, and 3G Programming : Cracking the Code by Dreamtech Software Staff

IP for 3G : Networking Technologies for Mobile Communications by Wisely, Burness, Eardley

Advances in 3G Enhanced Technologies for Wireless Communications by Wand, Ng

QoS in Integrated 3G Networks by Lloyd-Evans

Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications GPRS, UMTS and Beyond by Brand, Aghvami

title: UMTS/References


text:
User talk:Srinig

UMTS Book
OK... we got the beginnings of a chapter outline done. From here, write the introduction and perhaps fill-in more details in the outline before adding a lot of content.Kgrr 21:01, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

morning.....

i'm so interest with UMTS especially about the different between GSM and UMTS-WCDMA..I have done to searching in many books and internet but i didn't find the answers... i wish you want to explain me about the different between GSM and UMTS-WCDMA..and how about the formula..??thanx for your help..!

My Regards,

Richie

title: User talk:Srinig


text:
User:Seraphimblade

This account is inactive.

title: User:Seraphimblade


text:
User talk:Magnetschool

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 21:19, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Drabauer. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Drabauer~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:10, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Magnetschool


text:
Algorithm Implementation/Pseudorandom Numbers/Chi-Square Test

VB.NET
The following is a program to calculate the chi-square value for N positive integers less than r.


text:
Algorithm Implementation/Pseudorandom Numbers

 * /Blum Blum Shub/
 * /Blum–Micali/
 * /Chi-Square Test/
 * /Complementary-multiply-with-carry/
 * /Counter-based random number generator (CBRNG)/
 * /Inversive congruential generator/
 * /ISAAC/
 * /KISS/
 * /Lagged Fibonacci generator/
 * /Linear congruential generator/
 * /Linear feedback shift register/
 * /Maximal periodic reciprocals/
 * /Mersenne twister/
 * /Middle-square method/
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text:
Radiation Oncology/Testis/Seminoma

Seminoma

Epidemiology

 * Does not develop before puberty
 * Stage distribution: Stage I 85%, Stage II 11%, Stage III 4%
 * Risk factors: DES, cryptorchidism, Klinefelter's syndrome, microlithiasis, immunosuppression (3rd most common AIDS malignancy after Kaposis and NHL)
 * Cryptorchidism: Degree of maldescent related to risk with 1:20 risk for intraabdominal vs 1:80 if located in inguinal canal.
 * Environmental factors play a role due to significant geographic variation in incidence (highest in Scandinavia, lowest in Asia)

Pathology

 * Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (IGCN) is the putative precursor (also called testicular intraepithelial neoplasia, TIN, Tis)
 * Abnormal germ cells in seminal tubules
 * Found adjacent to germ cell tumors in >95% cases
 * Found in all clinical groups at high risk for testicular cancer (cryptorchidism, infertility, ambiguous genitalia, contralateral testes of patients with testicular CA)
 * Stain strongly for placental alkaline phosphatase (normal germ cells are negative)
 * Estimated risk of invasive germ cell tumors is 50% at 5-years, and 70% at 7 years
 * Seminomas are not differentiated (unlike NSGCTs, which have some parthenogenesis), and retain some aspects of spermatogenesis
 * Classic type seminoma
 * "Fried egg" appearance
 * >90% positive for placental alkaline phosphatase
 * hCG elevated in 15-30%, related to presence of syncytiotrophoblastic cells
 * AFP not elevated
 * Anaplastic seminoma no longer a separate category, since mitotic count is not prognostic
 * Younger patients (20-40)
 * Spermatocytic Seminoma
 * Probably not a seminoma, but precursor unknown
 * Older patients (mean 54 years)
 * Different natural history and management (cured by orchidectomy alone)

 * Radiation sensitivity
 * Type A spermatogonia: presumed stem cells of spermatogenesis, considered relatively radioresistant. Possibly due to long cell cycle
 * Type B spermatogonia: relatively radiosensitive

Link to University of Virginia Department of Pathology for slides and more detailed info

Lymphatic drainage

 * 4-8 lymphatic trunks drain hilum of the testis, and run along spermatic cord up to the internal inguinal ring
 * Drain into retroperitoneal LNs between T11-L4, with majority between L1-L3
 * Then upward via thoracic duct through mediastinum and to supraclavicular fossae, and occasionally to axillary LNs
 * Right testis tumor:
 * Landing zone: Inter-aorto-caval LNs immediately below renal vessels
 * Ipsilateral distribution: para-caval, pre-aortic, right common iliac
 * Para-aortic LNs are considered contra-lateral
 * Left testis tumor:
 * Landing zone: Para-aortic LNs below left renal vessel
 * Ipsilateral distribution: para-aortic, pre-aortic, left common iliac
 * Para-caval LNs are considered contra-lateral
 * Prior inguinal surgery may disrupt drainage, and redirect to iliac LNs

Staging
see Staging

Survival

 * Perez, 4th edition

Prognostic Factors
Stage I orchiectomy + surveillance
 * Danish National Registry; 2024 (2013 - 2018) PMID 37683134 -- "Prognostic Factors for Relapse in Patients With Clinical Stage I Testicular Seminoma: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study" (Wagner T, J Clin Oncol. 2024 Jan 1;42(1):81-89. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.00959. Epub 2023 Sep 8.)
 * Prospective Danish Testicular Cancer Database. 924 patients. Median follow up 6.3 years. Relapse rate 16%
 * Predictors for relapse: 1) invasion of testicular hilum, 2) LVI+, 3) elevated bHCG, 4) elevated LDH
 * Stratification: No RFs - 6% relpase vs all 4 RFs 62%

 * Multi-national, 2002 PMID 12431967, 2002 — "Prognostic Factors for Relapse in Stage I Seminoma Managed by Surveillance: A Pooled Analysis. Warde P et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Nov 15;20(22):4448-52.
 * Pooled data from 4 large registries (Princess Margaret Hospital, Danish Testicular Cancer Study Group, Royal Marsden Hospital, and Royal London Hospital). 638 Stage I patients managed with surveillance after orchiectomy. Median follow-up of 7 years.
 * Multivariate predictors for relapse: 1) tumor size > 4 cm and 2) invasion of rete testis
 * If tumor < 4 cm then age less than 30 independent risk factor
 * 5-year actuarial relapse free survival (RFS) = 82%. Risk of relapse - no risk factors: 12%; one risk factor: 16%; both risk factors: 31%
 * If tumor < 4 cm, risk relapse if > 30 yo: 11%; if age < 30 yo: 20%
 * Comment: not validated by independent data set

Metastatic
 * Multi-national, 1997 PMID 9053482, 1997 — "International germ cell consensus classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers." J Clin Oncol 1997;15(2):594-603.
 * Pooled data from 10 countries. 5202 patients with non-seminoma and 660 with seminoma. Metastatic GCT treated with cisplatin-containing chemo. Median F/U 5 years
 * Good risk : Any primary site AND No nonpulmonary visceral metastases AND normal AFP (LDH and B-HCG can have any value)
 * Intermediate risk : Any primary site AND presence of nonpulmonary visceral metastases AND normal AFP
 * Poor risk : none

Surgery

 * Inguinal orchiectomy
 * Inguinal incision
 * High ligation of spermatic cord
 * Trans-scrotal orchiectomy contra-indicated
 * Development of alternative lymphatic drainage to inguinal and pelvic LNs
 * Leaves behind intact spermatic cord above scrotum

Stage 0 (TIN) Treatment

 * TIN is a precursor for invasive CA, with 70% chance at 7 years. It may be found in ~5% of the contralateral testis of patients with germ cell CA
 * A contralateral testicular biopsy is recommended in patients with testicular germ cell tumors. Due to false positives, it is common to do double biopsy
 * TIN is effectively treated by 20/10 RT only (no surgery), but this dose damages Leydig cells in ~25%, leading to androgen dependency
 * Chemotherapy is not particularly successful
 * Results from de-escalation trials show that 16 Gy in standard fractionation is insufficient; testosterone production remains impaired even at 14 Gy
 * Lowest effective dose/fractionation is yet to be determined

 * German Testicular Study, 2003 (1998-2001) PMID 12644817 - "Radiotherapy with 16 Gy may fail to eradicate testicular intraepithelial neoplasia: preliminary communication of a dose-reduction trial of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group." (Classen J, Br J Cancer. 2003 Mar 24;88(6):828-31.)
 * Prospective. Step-wise dose reduction starting at 18/9 Gy in 2 Gy steps. Results verified by biopsies
 * Dose level 14 Gy aborted after a similar Danish trial (below) experienced a failure at 14 Gy. Cohort 16 Gy was expanded for more statistical power
 * Interim resuls show that 16 Gy is not sufficient to control TIN (there were also viable spermatogonia present). Recommend considering different fractionation schedules. Endocrinology data not yet mature

 * Copenhagen, 2002 (Denmark) PMID 11896102 -- "Effect of graded testicular doses of radiotherapy in patients treated for carcinoma-in-situ in the testis." (Petersen PM, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Mar 15;20(6):1537-43.)
 * Prospective. Dose reduction starting at 20/10 in 2 Gy steps. Results verified by biopsies
 * Remission in all patients at 20, 18, and 16 Gy. One relapse at 14 Gy after 20 months
 * Toxicity: Leydig cell function - testosterone decrease for >5 years after RT. Need for androgen substitution similar at all RT dose levels
 * Conclusion: 20/10 safe, 14/7 might result in relapse. Hormone production impaired even at 14 Gy

Treatment Overview

 * Historically, seminoma was treated with orchiectomy + inguinal/para-aortic RT, and sometimes also mediastinal RT
 * Prophylactic mediastinal RT resulted in significantly increased cardiac mortality, and was ultimately abandoned in the 1960's and 1970's
 * Para-aortic fields plus ipsilateral iliac LNs ("dog leg") at 30/15 became standard
 * British MRC trial TE10 published in 1999 showed that para-aortic fields only are comparable to classical "dog-leg" extended fields, with lower acute toxicity and improved sperm counts. Para-aortic irradiation became accepted as the new standard, recognizing that there is a small but higher risk of pelvic relapse
 * British MRC trial TE18 published in 2005 demonstrated dose equivalence between 30/15 and 20/10, with lower toxicity and faster return to work in the 20/10 cohort
 * For patients who had prior inguinal surgery, ipsilateral LNs ("dog leg" field) should still be used
 * Meanwhile, since chemotherapy is very effective in more advanced disease, efforts are being made to use chemotherapy in Stage I. British MRC trial TE19 published in 2005 showed comparable outcomes with single dose of carboplatin (AUCx7) to RT (both 20 and 30 Gy). The follow-up is still somewhat short, so no conclusion can yet be drawn
 * Some institutions are also experimenting with surveillance only in selected patients. Early outcomes appear good (20% relapse at 15 years), with very high rates of salvage. A risk-adapted management as demonstrated by the Spanish Germ Cell Group may be a reasonable treatment paradigm

Surveillance Only

 * British Columbia, 2014 (1998-2010) PMID 25135991 -- "Patterns of Relapse in Patients With Clinical Stage I Testicular Cancer Managed With Active Surveillance." (Kollmannsberger C, J Clin Oncol. 2014 Aug 18 -- online ahead of print)
 * Retrospective. 2483 pts with clinical Stage I -- 1344 seminoma, 1139 non-seminoma -- managed with surveillance.
 * Relapse in 13% seminoma pts and 19% non-seminoma pts. 6 deaths. 5-yr DSS 99.7%.
 * Conclusion: "Active surveillance for CSI testis cancer leads to excellent outcomes. The vast majority of relapses occur within 2 years of orchiectomy for CSI nonseminoma and within 3 years for CSI seminoma. Late and advanced stage relapse are rarely seen. These data may inform further refinement of rationally designed surveillance schedules."

 * Toronto, 2005 (1985-1996) PMID 15708251 -- "Long-term outcome of postorchiectomy surveillance for Stage I testicular seminoma." (Choo R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Mar 1;61(3):736-40.)
 * Prospective, single-arm. 88 patients with Stage I (normal post-op AFP and hCG) managed with radical inguinal orchiectomy alone, followed by surveillance. 20% rete testis invasion, 45% >4cm. Median F/U 12.1 years, 3 lost to follow-up
 * Relapse-free rate: 5-years 83%, 10-years 80%, 15-years 80%
 * Relapse site: 88% (15/17) below diaphragm. Predictor for relapse: invasion of rete testis (HR 3.5)
 * Salvage: 14/17 treated with RT, 3/17 chemo-RT. 1 had second relapse, and was further salvaged by chemotherapy. All 17 remained disease free after salvage
 * Conclusion: Surveillance is a safe alternative

Risk-Adapted Management

 * 2nd Spanish Germ Cell CCG (1999-2003) PMID 16260698 -- "Risk-adapted management for patients with clinical stage I seminoma: the Second Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Cooperative Group study." (Aparicio J, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Dec 1;23(34):8717-23.)
 * Prospective. 314 patients. 100 with no risk factors treated with surveillance. 214 patients with risk factors (tumor >4 cm, rete testis involvement) had carboplatin AUC=7 x 2. Median F/U 34 months
 * 5-year DFS: surveillance 94%, chemo 96%. Relapses: surveillance 6%, chemo 3% (1% if tumor >4cm, 9% if rete testis, 6% if both). All but one in retroperitoneum. Median time to relapse 9 months (4-28 months)
 * Conclusion: risk-adapted strategy safe and feasible

 * 3rd Spanish Germ Cell CCG (2004-8) PMID 22042940 -- "Risk-Adapted Treatment in Clinical Stage I Testicular Seminoma: The Third Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group Study." (Aparicio J, J Clin Oncol. 2011 Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print])
 * Prospective. 227 pts. 84 pts (37%) with no risk factors treated with surveillance. 44 pts (19%) had tumor > 4 cm, 25 (11%) with rete testis, 74 (33%) had both. Only the latter group (both risk factors) received treatment w/ carboplatin x 2. All others received surveillance only.
 * Median f/u 34 mo. 16 relapses (7%) for pts on surveillance; 1 relapse (1.4%) for pts on carboplatin.. 3 yr DFS 88% (surveillance group), 98% (adjuvant carboplatin group). OS 100%.
 * All relapses in retroperitoneal LNs except 1 pt w/ pelvic nodes. Median time to recurrence 14 mos; median node size 2.5 cm. All pts w/ relapse were made NED with chemotherapy.
 * Conclusion: risk-adapted strategy is effective for stage I seminoma. For 2 risk factors: carboplatin. For 0-1 risk factors: observation.

RT Field size
Superior edge of para-aortic field
 * Hannover; 2005 (1992-1999) PMID 15788293 -- "Adjuvant radiotherapy in stage I seminoma: is there a role for further reduction of treatment volume?" (Bruns F, Acta Oncol. 2005;44(2):142-8.)
 * Retrospective. 80/163 patients, Stage I seminoma. Treated with PA field extending from T11/T12 (vs historical T10/T11) to L4/L5. Median dose 20 Gy. Median F/U 7.1 years
 * Outcome: 5-year RFS 95%; no relapse above T12
 * Dosimetry: Median reduction of treated volume 16% (13-21%)
 * Conclusion: This approach is recommended to minimize risk of radiation-related late effects

Dog-Leg vs. Para-aortic
 * MRC Trial TE 10 (1989-1993)
 * 1999 PMID 10561173 -- "Optimal planning target volume for stage I testicular seminoma: A Medical Research Council randomized trial. Medical Research Council Testicular Tumor Working Group." (Fossa SD, J Clin Oncol. 1999 Apr;17(4):1146.)
 * Randomized. 478 men with Stage I to PA or Dog-Leg. RT 30 Gy. Median F/U 4.5 years
 * Fields: PA (sup T10/T11, inf L5/S1, lat inclusion of ipsilateral renal hilum); Dog-Leg (sup T10/T11; inf mid-obturator foramen; ipsilateral inclusion of renal hilum vertically down to L5/S1, then diagonal to lateral edge of acetabulum, then vertically down to mid-obturator foramen; contralateral transverse process vertically to L5/S1, then diagonal parallel with ipsilateral and vertically down to mid-obturator foramen)
 * Relapse: 9 in each group (NS), but pelvic recurrences 0 DL vs. 4 PA
 * Toxicity: Acute toxicity less frequent and less pronounced in PA arm; sperm counts significantly higher in PA arm (median time to recovery 13 months vs. 20 months if normal, 24 vs. 37 months if abnormal pre-RT)
 * Conclusion: No difference, decreased morbidity in PA-only arm. Recommended PA as standard

(Prophylactic) Mediastinal Irradiation
 * MD Anderson, 2004 (1951-1999) PMID 14726503 -- "Mortality after cure of testicular seminoma." (Zagars GK, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Feb 15;22(4):640-7.)
 * Retrospective. 477 patients Stage I or II seminoma treated, 453 (95%) never relapsed and were evaluated. 71 treated with PMI. Median F/U 13.3 years
 * All-cause specific mortality ratio: no difference first 15 years of follow-up (SMR 1.3, NS), but increased thereafter (SMR 1.9, SS). Cardiac SMR 1.61 (SS)
 * Prophylactic mediastinal irradiation (PMI): more cancer deaths (SMR 2.0, SS), and more cardiac deaths (SMR 2.4, SS), but significant only >15 years out

 * US National Survey, 1992 (1973-1974) PMID 1447034 -- "Seminoma of the testis: long-term beneficial and deleterious results of radiation." (Hanks GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;24(5):913-9.)
 * Retrospective. 387 patients followed for >15 years
 * Freedom from recurrence: Stage I 93%, Stage II 96%. Second malignancy 8% (SS)
 * Non-cancer deaths: cardiac 10 (8 received mediastinal RT), SMR 2.3 (SS); pulmonary fibrosis 2
 * Conclusion: Eliminate mediastinal RT in Stage IIA, treat Stage IIB with chemotherapy. Dose shouldn't exceed 30 Gy for Stage I and 35 Gy for Stage II

 * Princess Margaret, 1982 (1958-1976) PMID 7085374 -- "Seminoma of the testis: results of treatment and patterns of failure after radiation therapy." (Thomas GM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1982 Feb;8(2):165-74.)
 * Retrospective. 444 patients with seminoma Stage I-III (using Walter Reed staging)
 * No PMI used for Stage I (testicle, capsule or cord): only 6/329 relapsed in mediastinum; 4 were ultimately not salvaged (1.2%)
 * Stage II (intra-abdominal tumor spread): nonpalpable disease 0/40 relapsed in mediastinum; palpable disease 10/46 relapsed in mediastinum (7/10 salvaged with mediastinal RT)
 * Conclusion: PMI unnecessary in Stage I and II patients

RT Dose

 * MRC Trial TE 18 (1995-98)
 * 2005 PMID 15718317 -- "Randomized trial of 30 versus 20 Gy in the adjuvant treatment of stage I Testicular Seminoma: a report on Medical Research Council Trial TE18, European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Trial 30942 (ISRCTN18525328)". (Jones WG et al.J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 20;23(6):1200-8.)
 * Randomized. 625 pts. Paraaortic radiation (dogleg for patients with prior inguinal surgery). 20Gy/10 vs 30Gy/15 after orchiectomy
 * Relapse: 30 Gy 10 relapses vs. 20 Gy 11 relapses (NS), 2-year relapse rate of 3-4%. 1 death (allocated to 20 Gy)
 * Toxicity: At 4 weeks, 20 Gy significantly better (moderate/severe lethargy 5% vs. 20%); at 12 weeks no difference
 * Conclusion: 20 Gy/10 sufficient, with faster return to work

 * German Testicular Study PMID 12644817 - Classen J et al. "Radiotherapy with 16 Gy may fail to eradicate testicular intraepithelial neoplasia: preliminary communication of a dose-reduction trial of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group."  Br J Cancer. 2003 Mar 24;88(6):828-31.
 * Please see above, but 16 Gy considered insufficient to eliminate TIN/Tis

RT vs. Chemo

 * MRC TE19/EORTC 30982 (1996-2001)
 * Randomized multi-national. 14 countries. 1447 patients, Stage I. Arm 1) 1 cycle carboplatin (AUCx7) vs. Arm 2) radiation (PA or DL AND 20Gy/10 - 30Gy/15).
 * 4-years; 2005 PMID 16039331 - Oliver RT et al. Radiotherapy versus single-dose carboplatin in adjuvant treatment of stage I seminoma: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005 Jul 23-29;366(9482):293-300. Median F/U 4 years
 * 3-year relapse-free survival: RT 96% vs. carbo 95% (NS)
 * Toxicity: carbo less lethargy and less likely to cause time off work. One seminoma-related death after RT, none after carbo
 * Second testicular tumors: RT 10 vs. chemo 2 (SS)
 * Conclusion: 1 dose of carbo not inferior to RT, but follow-up only 4 years
 * 6.5-years; 2008 ASCO Abstract -- "Radiotherapy versus carboplatin for stage I seminoma: Updated analysis of the MRC/EORTC randomized trial (ISRCTN27163214)." (Oliver RT, J Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr 1))
 * Outcome: RFS carbo 95% vs. RT 96% (NS); 1 death from seminoma in RT arm. Predictors: large tumors (>4 cm), carbo AUC <7
 * Second testicular tumors: carbo 2 vs. RT 15 (1.03% down to 0.14% with HR 0.2, SS)
 * Conclusion: Non-inferiority of single dose of carboplatin AUC7; reduced risk of 2nd GCT
 * 6.5-years; 2011 PMID 21282539 -- "Randomized Trial of Carboplatin Versus Radiotherapy for Stage I Seminoma: Mature Results on Relapse and Contralateral Testis Cancer Rates in MRC TE19/EORTC 30982 Study (ISRCTN27163214)." (Oliver RT, J Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar 10;29(6):957-962.) -- Median f/u 6.5 yrs
 * 5-yr RFS 94.7% (carbo) vs 96.0% (RT); HR 1.25. 1 death from seminoma in RT arm.
 * Pts receiving >= 99% of the AUC 7 dose had RFS of 96.1% vs 92.6% of those who had lower doses (p=0.08).
 * Reduction of contralateral GCTs with carbo (carbo n=2 vs RT n=15; HR 0.22).
 * Conclusion: confirmed non-inferiority of single dose carboplatin vs RT; reduced risk of 2nd GCT.
 * Editorial; 2011 PMID 21282532 -- "Carboplatin in Clinical Stage I Seminoma: Too Much and Too Little at the Same Time." (Bosl GL, J Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar 10;29(6):949-952.)

Stage II
Stage IIC (lymph nodes > 5 cm) is considered advanced seminoma and is classified as good risk.
 * Workup: Per MRC and German trials, they did not biopsy suspicious nodes. Patients had only an an orchiectomy. Therefore, can treat based on the clinical basis of enlarged and/or suspicious nodes.
 * Treatment Recommendations:
 * Stage IIa - Preferred treatment is radiation with dog leg to 20 Gy then boost involved lymph node to total of 30 Gy. Consider chemo for salvage.
 * Alternatively (eg pt history of XRT, IBD, horseshoue kidney) may consider BEP x 3 cycles or EP x 4 cycles
 * Stage IIb - Preferred treatment is radiation with dog leg to 20 Gy then boost involved lymph node to total of 36 Gy. Consider chemo for salvage.
 * Alternatively may consider BEP x 3 cycles or EP x 4 cycles

Radiation

 * Germany (Multicenter) (1991-1994)
 * 2003, Final results PMID 12637477 -- "Radiotherapy for stages IIA/B testicular seminoma: final report of a prospective multicenter clinical trial." (Classen J, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Mar 15;21(6):1101-6.)
 * Prospective. 94 patients, seminoma Stage IIA (n=66) or IIB (n=21). RT to para-aortic and high ipsilateral iliac LNs. Dose Stage IIA 30 Gy and Stage IIB 36 Gy. Median F/U 5.8 years
 * Outcome: 6-year RLF Stage IIA 95%, Stage IIB 89%
 * Toxicity: Grade 3 nausea 8-10%; no late toxicity
 * Conclusion: RT for Stage IIA-B seminoma, with reduced portals, yields excellent tumor control and no late toxicity
 * 1997 PMID 9308934 -- "Radiotherapy in stage IIA and IIB testicular seminoma with reduced portals: a prospective multicenter study." (Schmidberger H, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Sep 1;39(2):321-6.)
 * n = 58 (39 Stage IIA, 19 IIB).

Chemotherapy

 * Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group (1994-2003)
 * Prospective, non-randomized. 72 pts (18-Stage IIA, 54-Stage IIB). Treatment with 4 cycles of cisplatin + etoposide or 3 cycles of BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin).
 * 2008: PMID 18936476 — "Chemotherapy As an Alternative to Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Stage IIA and IIB Testicular Seminoma: A Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group Study." (Garcia-Del-Muro X, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov 20;26(33):5416-5421.)
 * Median f/u 71 m. 83% achieved CR, 17% PR. 5-yr PFS 100% and 87% for Stage IIA and IIB. 5-yr OS 95%
 * Conclusion: Chemotherapy is a highly effective and well-tolerated treatment for patients with stage IIA or IIB seminoma and represents an available alternative that could avoid some of the serious late effects associated with radiotherapy.

Comparisons
Prospective, Non-randomized:
 * Institut Gustave Roussy; 2013 (1980-2001) PMID 21665493 -- "A risk-adapted strategy of radiotherapy or cisplatin-based chemotherapy in stage II seminoma." (Domont J, Urol Oncol. 2013 Jul;31(5):697-705.) -- Median f/u 9.4 yr
 * Prospective, non-randomized. Treatment policy is radiation for pts with Stage IIA-B with <= 3 cm tumor size, and chemotherapy for State IIB-C with >3 cm tumor size.
 * 67 pts: 5 Stage IIA, 31 IIB, 31 IIC. RT given to 37 pts (5/5 IIA, 28/31 IIB, 4/31 IIC). Chemo given in 30 pts (3 IIB, 27 IIC).
 * 19 relapses (28%), 11 with RT (30%) and 8 with chemo (27%). 5-yr RFS 71%.  Salvage with chemotherapy in 16 of 19.  5-yr OS 97%.
 * Conclusion: "With an overall survival rate of 97%, the overall outcome of patients with stage II seminoma managed according to this risk-adapted strategy is good. The possibility of extending the indications for chemotherapy to selected stage IIB seminoma patients needs to be further evaluated as potentially beneficial in terms of relapse risk."

Retrospective:
 * Florence, Italy; 2009 (1965-2005) PMID 18848787 -- "Management of Stage II testicular seminoma over a period of 40 years." (Detti B, Urol Oncol. 2009 Sep-Oct;27(5):534-8.) -- Median f/u 21 yr.
 * 106 pts: 83 Stage IIA, 19 IIB, 4 IIC. RT alone given in 89 pt; 13 combined chemo + RT; 4 chemo alone.
 * 5-yr DSS 96%. 5-yr RFS 94% IIA, 72.5% IIB, 75% IIC.  15 relapses: 5 salvaged; 10 deaths.
 * Second malignancy rate: 4 pts (3.7%).
 * Conclusion: In Stage IIA seminoma, radiotherapy continues to provide excellent results, as the majority of patients will be cured with this treatment alone. Radiotherapy or chemotherapy should be offered as an alternative to Stage IIB patients. Chemotherapy remains the treatment of choice for Stage IIC seminoma.

Stage III
Stage III is considered advanced seminoma. Patients are considered good risk unless they have non-pulmonary visceral metastases, which are considered intermediate risk.

Volumes

 *  Review of radiotherapy treatment planning for testicular seminoma; 2012 PMID 22436787 --

title: Radiation Oncology/Testis/Seminoma


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IB Biology Practical Investigations/Human Nutrition and Health

TEACHING IDEAS
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IB Biology Practical Investigations/Microbes and Biotechnology

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CRITERIA FOR FIRST EXAMS MAY 2009

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title: User talk:Deeptyranjan


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Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Interface/Timeline Window

The timeline is one of the most important toolbars in Flash. On a timeline you have frames and keyframes. A frame is simply an intermediary between keyframes, there is no change in the amount of objects on the stage during a normal frame. Keyframes are major changes in the state of the stage. You use them to add a new object or end/begin an animation.

Keyframes are marked by small squares with a black dot in them. Blank keyframes are marked by a square with an empty dot. You can insert a frame with F5, a blank keyframe with F7, and a non-blank keyframe with F6. (You can also insert frames and keyframes from the contextual menu, which can be accessed by right-clicking on the timeline.)

All commands to insert and delete keyframes are available by right clicking (Mac: Control Click) on any frame of the timeline.

On a timeline there are layers. A layer can contain only 1 animation at a time, so therefore to animate multiple objects you need to use multiple layers to do multiple animations. Any layer above another layer will have the layers contents stacked above the lower layer.

Here we have the upper portion of the interface in Flash, the timeline window. This area is used to edit the work file frame by frame. Key frames, motion tweens, onion skins are some of the things that can be added/edited here. The left portion of this window also allows for the option of several layers of frames.

../Document Window/ | ../Property Inspector/ | ../Tool Bar/ | ../Panels/


text: File:Act pan.jpg

title: File:Act pan.jpg


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User talk:Melna272

Image Copyright
Thanks for uploading images on Wikibooks. However, the images may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on all images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, ask them at the Staff lounge. Thank you. Az1568(Talk) 04:33, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Melna272


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Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Interface/Property Inspector

This is the lower portion of the interface, the property inspector. Here, several aspects of any given selected object can be viewed and changed. For example, at the moment nothing is selected, so the properties of the stage is currently showing. The user has the option to change the dimensions, background color, and frame rate of animation just to name a few options.

../Document Window/ | ../Timeline Window/ | ../Tool Bar/ | ../Panels/


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User talk:Jweisenstein

Image copyright problem with Image:MarsULogo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:MarsULogo.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. Az1568(Talk) 04:35, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jweisenstein


text:
User talk:Reilo

Image copyright problem with Image:Flv qt.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Preset1.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. Az1568(Talk) 04:38, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reilo


text:
User talk:Saetern W00768850

Image copyright problem with Image:Emergen-C.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Emergen-C.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. Az1568(Talk) 04:40, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

I've removed Image:Emergen-C.jpg from Ethnomedicine. You must provide a source for the image and the copyright status. If the source is on the web, you should provide a URL directly to the image and a URL for a page the image is in. For example, if your image were at, you should also provide. Please provide a source and the copyright status of the image before reinserting it into Ethnomedicine. --Iamunknown 03:50, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Saetern W00768850


text:
Visual Basic .NET/Visual Basic 6 to .NET Function Equivalents

The information provided here is intended to help Visual Basic 6 developers who are making the switch to Visual Basic .NET and who wish to learn how to accomplish tasks without the use of the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace (which contains all of the legacy Visual Basic 6 functions).

Do not be mistaken; by using functions in the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace, you are not using "old code," because all of those functions map to their new equivalents within the .NET Framework. The main benefit of avoiding these functions is so you can familiarize yourself with the namespaces contained in the .NET Framework.

If you would like to remove the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace, you can do one of two things:
 * Manually remove the import every time you start a new project.
 * Create a project template that does not include the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace.

To create a template, take look at these links:
 * What you will need to change about the project template
 * How to make a project template


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Radiation Oncology/Testis/NSGCT

Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCT)

 * ''Subpage: NSGCT Randomized Evidence

Prognostic factors
International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group:
 * PMID 9053482, 1997 — "International germ cell consensus classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers." J Clin Oncol 1997;15(2):594-603.
 * Non-seminomatous tumors:
 * Good risk: Testicular or retroperitoneal primary tumor AND No nonpulmonary visceral metastasis AND good markers (see below)
 * Good markers (all of the following):
 * AFP <1,000 ng/mL
 * hCG <5,000 mIU/mL
 * LDH <1.5 x ULN
 * Intermediate risk: Same as good risk but with Intermediate markers
 * Intermediate markers (any of the following):
 * AFP 1,000-10,000 ng/mL
 * hCG 5,000-50,000 mIU/mL
 * LDH 1.5-10 x ULN
 * Poor risk: Mediastinal primary tumor OR Nonpulmonary visceral metastasis OR Poor markers
 * Poor markers (any of the following):
 * AFP >10,000 ng/mL
 * hCG >50,000 mIU/mL
 * LDH >10 x ULN

Treatment Overview

 * Stage I, Good and intermediate risk:
 * Treatment is orchiectomy alone.
 * 30% chance of relapse after orchiectomy if tumor markers are normal at time of treatment.
 * Adjuvant treatment:
 * Observation vs retroperitoneal lymph node dissection - ultimately 99% will be cured.
 * Observation:
 * Assessment of tumor markers q1month for first year, q2m for 2nd year, q6m for years 3-5, then yearly starting with the sixth year. CT scan of the abdomen q2m (year 1), q4m (year 2), q6m (year 3-5).
 * RPLND:
 * 30% chance of positive nodes on dissection despite node-negative CT. Relapse rate is 10% after lymph node dissection, primarily to lungs.
 * RPLND leads to 96% PFS for Stages I-IIA with normal markers after surgery. Not indicated for Stage IIB or higher or persistent tumor markers.
 * BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin) x1 cycle
 * German randomized trial showed this approach superior to RPLND
 * Positive tumor markers
 * Chemotherapy indicated for Stage IIB or higher or positive tumor markers after surgery.

 * Stage II (positive node discovered only after lymph node dissection)
 * Relapse rate 30-50%. Treatment is BEP x 2 cycles.

 * Bulky Stage II-III
 * Treatment is BEP x 3 or EP x 4.

 * Poor risk
 * BEP x 4 leads to 50% cure rate. Investigational treatments may be offered.

Adjuvant Therapy

 * AUO AH 01/94 (Germany)(1996-2005) -- RPLND vs. BEP 1 cycle
 * Randomized. 382 patients, clinical Stage I NSGCT. Arm 1) retroperitoneal lymph node dissection vs. Arm 2) bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin (BEP) x1 cycle
 * 5-years; 2008 PMID 18458040 -- "Randomized phase III trial comparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection with one course of bleomycin and etoposide plus cisplatin chemotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of clinical stage I Nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors: AUO trial AH 01/94 by the German Testicular Cancer Study Group." (Albers P, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 20;26(18):2966-72. Epub 2008 May 5.). Median F/U 4.7 years
 * Outcome: 2-year RFS surgery 92% vs. BEP 99% (HR 7.9, SS)
 * Conclusion: One course of BEP is superior over RPLND in clinical Stage I disease

Surveillance
Frequency of CT scans:
 * MRC Trial TE08 (1998-2003) -- 2 CT scans vs 5 CT scans
 * Randomized. 414 patients, clinical Stage I NSGCT. Treated with orchiectomy. 10% high risk (LVI). Normal serum markers. Arm 1) 2 CT scans (3 and 12 months) vs. Arm 2) 5 CT scans (3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months). CT was chest/abdomen; all other investigations (CXR, serum markers) were same between arms
 * 2007 PMID 17416851 — "Randomized Trial of Two or Five Computed Tomography Scans in the Surveillance of Patients With Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis: Medical Research Council Trial TE08, ISRCTN56475197—The National Cancer Research Institute Testis Cancer Clinical Studies Group." (Rustin GJ et al. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Apr 10; 25(11):1310-1315.) Median F/U 3.3 years
 * Outcome: 2-year RFS 2-scan 79% vs. 5-scan 84% (NS). For pts with vascular invasion, relapse 63% to 67%. No pts relapsed with poor prognosis disease; intermediate prognosis relapse in 2 pts (5.6% of relapses) in 2 scan group and 1 pt (3%) in 5 scan group.
 * First indication of relapse: markers 39%, abd CT 39%. 9 relapses were picked up by the 12 month CT scan.
 * Conclusion: CT scans at 3 months and 12 months after orchiectomy reasonable options in low-risk patients. 12 month CT scan is necessary. Chest CT may be unnecessary. LDH is not useful in follow-up.

title: Radiation Oncology/Testis/NSGCT


text:
This Quantum World/Appendix/Fields

Fields
As you will remember, a function is a machine that accepts a number and returns a number. A field is a function that accepts the three coordinates of a point or the four coordinates of a spacetime point and returns a scalar, a vector, or a tensor (either of the spatial variety or of the 4-dimensional spacetime variety).

Gradient
Imagine a curve $$\mathcal{C}$$ in 3-dimensional space. If we label the points of this curve by some parameter $$\lambda,$$ then $$\mathcal{C}$$ can be represented by a 3-vector function $$\mathbf{r}(\lambda).$$ We are interested in how much the value of a scalar field $$f(x,y,z)$$ changes as we go from a point $$\mathbf{r}(\lambda)$$ of $$\mathcal{C}$$ to the point $$\mathbf{r}(\lambda+d\lambda)$$ of $$\mathcal{C}.$$ By how much $$f$$ changes will depend on how much the coordinates $$(x,y,z)$$ of $$\mathbf{r}$$ change, which are themselves functions of $$\lambda.$$ The changes in the coordinates are evidently given by

(^*)\quad dx=\frac{dx}{d\lambda}\,d\lambda,\quad dy=\frac{dy}{d\lambda}\,d\lambda,\quad dz=\frac{dz}{d\lambda}\,d\lambda, $$ while the change in $$f$$ is a compound of three changes, one due to the change in $$x,$$ one due to the change in $$y,$$ and one due to the change in $$z$$:

(^*{}^*)\quad df=\frac{df}{dx}\,dx+\frac{df}{dy}\,dy+\frac{df}{dz}\,dz. $$ The first term tells us by how much $$f$$ changes as we go from $$(x,y,z)$$ to $$(x{+}dx,y,z),$$ the second tells us by how much $$f$$ changes as we go from $$(x,y,z)$$ to $$(x,y{+}dy,z),$$ and the third tells us by how much $$f$$ changes as we go from $$(x,y,z)$$ to $$(x,y,z{+}dz).$$

Shouldn't we add the changes in $$f$$ that occur as we go first from $$(x,y,z)$$ to $$(x{+}dx,y,z),$$ then from $$(x{+}dx,y,z)$$ to $$(x{+}dx,y{+}dy,z),$$ and then from $$(x{+}dx,y{+}dy,z)$$ to $$(x{+}dx,y{+}dy,z{+}dz)$$? Let's calculate.

\frac{\partial f(x{+}dx,y,z)}{\partial y}=\frac{\partial \left[f(x,y,z)+\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}dx\right]}{\partial y}= \frac{\partial f(x,y,z)}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial y\,\partial x}\,dx. $$

If we take the limit $$dx\rightarrow0$$ (as we mean to whenever we use $$dx$$), the last term vanishes. Hence we may as well use $$\frac{\partial f(x,y,z)}{\partial y}$$ in place of $$\frac{\partial f(x{+}dx,y,z)}{\partial y}.$$ Plugging (*) into (**), we obtain

df=\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\frac{dx}{d\lambda}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\frac{dy}{ d\lambda} +\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\frac{dz}{ d\lambda}\right)d\lambda. $$ Think of the expression in brackets as the dot product of two vectors:

 * the gradient $$\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf{r}}$$ of the scalar field $$f,$$ which is a vector field with components $$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}, \frac{\partial f}{\partial z},$$
 * the vector $$\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{d\lambda},$$ which is tangent on $$\mathcal{C}.$$

If we think of $$\lambda$$ as the time at which an object moving along $$\mathcal{C}$$ is at $$\mathbf{r}(\lambda),$$ then the magnitude of $$\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{d\lambda}$$ is this object's speed.

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}$$ is a differential operator that accepts a function $$f(\mathbf{r})$$ and returns its gradient $$\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf{r}}.$$

The gradient of $$f$$ is another input-output device: pop in $$d\mathbf{r},$$ and get the difference

\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\cdot d\mathbf{r}=df=f(\mathbf{r}+d\mathbf{r})-f(\mathbf{r}). $$

The differential operator $$\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}$$ is also used in conjunction with the dot and cross products.

Curl
The curl of a vector field $$\mathbf{A}$$ is defined by

\hbox{curl}\,\mathbf{A}=\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\times\mathbf{A}=\left(\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z}\right)\mathbf{\hat x}+ \left(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x}\right)\mathbf{\hat y}+ \left(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y}\right)\mathbf{\hat z}. $$

To see what this definition is good for, let us calculate the integral $$\oint\mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{r}$$ over a closed curve $$\mathcal{C}.$$ (An integral over a curve is called a line integral, and if the curve is closed it is called a loop integral.) This integral is called the circulation of $$\mathbf{A}$$ along $$\mathcal{C}$$ (or around the surface enclosed by $$\mathcal{C}$$). Let's start with the boundary of an infinitesimal rectangle with corners $$A=(0,0,0),$$ $$B=(0,dy,0),$$ $$C=(0,dy,dz),$$ and $$D=(0,0,dz).$$

The contributions from the four sides are, respectively,

 * $$\overline{AB}:\quad A_y(0,dy/2,0)\,dy,$$
 * $$\overline{BC}:\quad A_z(0,dy,dz/2)\,dz=\left[A_z(0,0,dz/2)+\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y}dy\right]dz,$$
 * $$\overline{CD}:\quad-A_y(0,dy/2,dz)\,dy=-\left[A_y(0,dy/2,0)+\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z}dz\right]dy,$$
 * $$\overline{DA}:\quad-A_z(0,0,dz/2)\,dz.$$

These add up to

(^*{}^*{}^*)\quad\left[\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z}\right]dy\,dz=(\hbox{curl}\,\mathbf{A})_x\,dy\,dz. $$

Let us represent this infinitesimal rectangle of area $$dy\,dz$$ (lying in the $$y$$-$$z$$ plane) by a vector $$d\mathbf{\Sigma}$$ whose magnitude equals $$d\Sigma=dy\,dz,$$ and which is perpendicular to the rectangle. (There are two possible directions. The right-hand rule illustrated on the right indicates how the direction of $$d\mathbf{\Sigma}$$ is related to the direction of circulation.) This allows us to write (***) as a scalar (product) $$\hbox{curl}\,\mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{\Sigma}.$$ Being a scalar, it it is invariant under rotations either of the coordinate axes or of the infinitesimal rectangle. Hence if we cover a surface $$\Sigma$$ with infinitesimal rectangles and add up their circulations, we get $$\int_\Sigma\hbox{curl}\,\mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{\Sigma}.$$

Observe that the common sides of all neighboring rectangles are integrated over twice in opposite directions. Their contributions cancel out and only the contributions from the boundary $$\partial\Sigma$$ of $$\Sigma$$ survive.

The bottom line: $$\oint_{\partial\Sigma}\mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{r} =\int_\Sigma\hbox{curl}\,\mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{\Sigma}.$$

This is Stokes' theorem. Note that the left-hand side depends solely on the boundary $$\partial\Sigma$$ of $$\Sigma.$$ So, therefore, does the right-hand side. The value of the surface integral of the curl of a vector field depends solely on the values of the vector field at the boundary of the surface integrated over.

If the vector field $$\mathbf{A}$$ is the gradient of a scalar field $$f,$$ and if $$\mathcal{C}$$ is a curve from $$\mathbf{A}$$ to $$\mathbf{b},$$ then

\int_\mathcal{C} \mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{r}=\int_\mathcal{C} df=f(\mathbf{b})-f(\mathbf{A}). $$ The line integral of a gradient thus is the same for all curves having identical end points. If $$\mathbf{b}=\mathbf{A}$$ then $$\mathcal{C}$$ is a loop and $$\int_\mathcal{C} \mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{r}$$ vanishes. By Stokes' theorem it follows that the curl of a gradient vanishes identically:

\int_\Sigma\left(\hbox{curl}\,\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\right)\cdot d\mathbf{\Sigma}=\oint_{\partial\Sigma}\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\cdot d\mathbf{r} =0. $$

Divergence
The divergence of a vector field $$\mathbf{A}$$ is defined by

\hbox{div}\,\mathbf{A}=\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\cdot\mathbf{A}=\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial z}. $$

To see what this definition is good for, consider an infinitesimal volume element $$d^3r$$ with sides $$dx,dy,dz.$$ Let us calculate the net (outward) flux of a vector field $$\mathbf{A}$$ through the surface of $$d^3r.$$ There are three pairs of opposite sides. The net flux through the surfaces perpendicular to the $$x$$ axis is

A_x(x+dx,y,z)\,dy\,dz-A_x(x,y,z)\,dy\,dz=\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial x}\,dx\,dy\,dz. $$

It is obvious what the net flux through the remaining surfaces will be. The net flux of $$\mathbf{A}$$ out of $$d^3r$$ thus equals

\left[\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial z}\right]\,dx\,dy\,dz=\hbox{div}\,\mathbf{A}\,d^3r. $$

If we fill up a region $$R$$ with infinitesimal parallelepipeds and add up their net outward fluxes, we get $$\int_R\hbox{div}\,\mathbf{A}\,d^3r.$$ Observe that the common sides of all neighboring parallelepipeds are integrated over twice with opposite signs — the flux out of one equals the flux into the other. Hence their contributions cancel out and only the contributions from the surface $$\partial R$$ of $$R$$ survive. The bottom line:

 * $$\int_{\partial R}\mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{\Sigma} =\int_R\hbox{div}\,\mathbf{A}\,d^3r.$$

This is Gauss' law. Note that the left-hand side depends solely on the boundary $$\partial R$$ of $$R.$$ So, therefore, does the right-hand side. The value of the volume integral of the divergence of a vector field depends solely on the values of the vector field at the boundary of the region integrated over.

If $$\Sigma$$ is a closed surface — and thus the boundary $$\partial R$$ or a region of space $$R$$ — then $$\Sigma$$ itself has no boundary (symbolically, $$\partial\Sigma=0$$). Combining Stokes' theorem with Gauss' law we have that

\oint_{\partial\partial R}\mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{r} =\int_{\partial R}\hbox{curl}\,\mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{\Sigma}=\int_R\hbox{div curl}\,\mathbf{A}\,d^3r. $$

The left-hand side is an integral over the boundary of a boundary. But a boundary has no boundary! The boundary of a boundary is zero: $$\partial\partial=0.$$ It follows, in particular, that the right-hand side is zero. Thus not only the curl of a gradient but also the divergence of a curl vanishes identically:

\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\times\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf{r}}=0, \qquad \frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\cdot\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\times\mathbf{A}=0. $$

Some useful identities

d\mathbf{r}\times\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\times\mathbf{A}\right)\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}(\mathbf{A}\cdot d\mathbf{r})-\left(d\mathbf{r}\cdot\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\right)\mathbf{A}$$

\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\times\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\times\mathbf{A}\right)= \frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\cdot\mathbf{A}\right) -\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\cdot\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{r}}\right)\mathbf{A}. $$

title: This Quantum World/Appendix/Fields


text:
Wikijunior talk:Languages/Pashto

NEEDS TO JUNIOR
This is not junior. It is for High School/College students

Pushto?
Shouldn't it be Pashto? Runningfridgesrule (talk) 18:39, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Languages/Pashto