text:
Psychological Testing/Testing in Industrial and Business Settings

Objectives

 * Basic understanding of what I/O psychology is, and what an I/O psychologist does.
 * Know the various types of selection tests in I/O psychology.
 * Understand the process of validating an employment test.
 * Know the legal issues associated with employee selection.

Industrial and Organization (I/O) Psychology
Industrial and organization psychology is the field of psychology that applies psychological principles to work related issues. I/O psychologists develop tests to predict and measure employee performance.

Selection Tests
There are a variety of selection tests. They range from unstructured interviews to structured personality tests. The main goal of these tests is to predict job performance. Each test has its own relative strengths and weaknesses in this regard.

A very commonly employed selection test is a job interview. Job interviews can be structured or unstructured. In an unstructured interview, the interviewer engages in dialogue with the interviewee that does not follow a predetermined format, questions may vary from applicant to applicant, and there is usually no standardized scoring method. Consequently, validating this technique as a job performance predictor is quite difficult (One applicant may have the opportunity to respond favorably to a question that was not asked of another or vice versa). By contrast, in a structured interview all applicants are judged on responses to the same questions asked in the same format. Structured interviews provide for more reliable and consistent scoring results.

Another tool used for selection is personality testing. Many personality tests now employ the five factor model of personality (FFM). These factors are conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness. A short description of each factor is listed below:

 * Neuroticism: a tendency to easily experience unpleasant emotions
 * Extraversion: a tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others
 * Agreeableness: a tendency to be compassionate rather than antagonistic about others
 * Conscientiousness: a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutiful, and aim for achievement and competence
 * Openness to experience: a tendency to enjoy new intellectual experiences and ideas

Of all the factors, conscientiousness has been found to positively correlate most with job performance ratings. This factor is highly related to self-discipline, attention to detail, and organization.

Mental ability tests measure intelligence and are the best predictor of job performance in all jobs and all organizations. Crystalized Intelligence relates to the ability of a person to use prior knowledge through learned processes to solve problems. Fluid Intelligence relates to a person's ability to solve a new problem utilizing novel or unlearned strategies. Employers employ both types of intelligence testing for varying job demands.

Much like IQ, EQ or emotional intelligence is used to predict job performance. This information is gained through emotional intelligence testing. Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognized and control the emotions of oneself and others. This is a relatively new are being studied for predicting job satisfaction.

The next testing technique is the biodata technique. Biodata uses personal background information to predict job performance. The type of information is job history, family history, gender, and things of that sort. These factors are then derived empirically instead of theoretically like other selection tests.

An area of selection testing that relates to motor skills are psychomotor ability tests. These tests measure fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination. These skills are important in jobs like carpentry where the worker needs to have control over a hammer to hit a small nail. Unlike psychomotor ability tests, physical ability tests measure gross motor skills, such as lifting and running. These skills are important in jobs like construction where strength is an important aspect.

Another selection test technique is taking a work sample of an applicant. During a work sample, an applicant completes a realistic job task. These tasks are highly realistic and are supposed to simulate the actual job one is applying for. One example of a work sample is a drivers test. During a drivers test simulates realistic driving. The goal is to assess how well an applicant can perform the tasks, or how well an applicant can learn the task.

Tasks are also performed when an employee or applicant visits an assessment centers. These centers are used to assess applicants potential for high-level jobs. The testing takes multiple days and is costly to the organization providing the assessment and that is why it is seldom used for jobs other then those of high-level. The assessment consists of a battery of psychological tests. One example of a psychological test given is the leaderless group exercise, where a group is given a task to complete without a leader this task is testing if any of the applicants will take the role of leader, thus showing leadership skills. Another exercise completed at an assessment center is a role-playing exercise. In these exercises applicants are asked to take a role in a job-related situation in order to study how well the applicants handle the situation. Another example of a psychological test is the in-basket exercise. In this exercise, applicants have a number of jobs in a "basket" that need to be completed in an allotted time. Each job has requirements in order to complete and they take a certain set amount of time to complete. This tests the organizational ability of applicants, how well applicants work together, leadership, among other things.

Like the role playing task in assessment centers, another selection test is the situational judgment test. This test is a paper and pencil test where a participant is presented with a hypothetical situation and asked to write what they would do in that situation.

Unlike hypothetical situations, often, jobs require knowledge of the job. The job knowledge test is used for that purpose. These tests measure how much knowledge a person has in the field they want to work in. An example of this is the State Medical Board test that needs to be taken before a person can practice medicine in a state. Another example are certification tests, such as the A+ Certification test for people who wish to show they have basic hardware and software computer knowledge.

Often times, people need help making decisions about their career. Occupational counselors use vocational interest tests in order to help guide career decisions. These tests measure different occupational interests.

The last type of selection test are tests of mental illness. These tests measure if a person has a mental illness. However, due to the American's with Disabilities Act (ADA) they are illegal to give to job applicants. This is because it mental illness is considered a disability, and even if a person has one, it does not mean they cannot perform the job. If they can perform the job, then, in spite of their disability, the ADA protects them. Although, in some jobs mental illness can not be tolerated. This is because these jobs have interest in public welfare. One example of a job which where public welfare is at risk is a job as a police officer.

Validating Employee Selection Tests
In order to use a selection test with confidence it must be validated. This validation process is important because it builds validity and reliability for using the test for a specific job. For example, if a fast food restaurant called Gopher Burger creates a selection test for employees by putting together a series of questions like "What is your favorite color?" it would have no basis for job performance theoretically nor empirically.

In order to establish validity in the select tests first, a job analysis must be conducted. A job analysis is a study that is used to determine the important tasks and skills needed for a specific job. In our example about Gopher Burger, the test creators would start brain storming about what skills a cook needs in the restaurant, such as manual dexterity for flipping the burgers, keen memory for remembering what goes on the burgers, and speed to make the food quickly.

The next step is to create a rudimentary test from the job analysis. This tests should then be administered to the employees or applicants. Then, predictive and concurrent validation would be calculated. The measures for the validation studies would be gotten from ratings (subjective measures) or objective measures. In Gopher Burger, an example of an objective measure would be the number of burgers the applicant can make it an hour; whereas, ratings can be gained from a supervisors observation of the applicant.

After the validation studies are complete, the test should be revised until validity and reliability are statistically significant in order to accurately predict job performance from the test.

Additional Resources
Contemporary Educational Psychology/Chapter 11: Standardized and Other Formal Assessments discusses testing in the context of education and schooling.


text:
Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 18

NOTE: "aest" in 11,12,...,19 is pronounced as "ajst"

0 - nula 1 - jedan 2 - dva 3 - tri 4 - četiri 5 - pet 6 - šest 7 - sedam 8 - osam 9 - devet 10 - deset 11 - jedanaest 12 - dvanaest 13 - trinaest 14 - četrnaest 15 - petnaest 16 - šesnaest 17 - sedamnaest 18 - osamnaest 19 - devetnaest 20 - dvadeset 21 - dvadeset (i) jedan 22 - dvadeset (i) dva 30 - trideset 40 - četrdeset 50 - pedeset 60 - šezdeset 70 - sedamdeset 80 - osamdeset 90 - devedeset 100 - sto, stotina 101 - sto jedan, stotinu jedan 200 - dvjesto (the most common), dvjesta, dvije stotine 300 - tristo (the most common), trista, tri stotine 1000 - tisuću

1001 - tisuću (i) jedan 1000000 - milijun 1000000000 - milijarda

<–– Back to contents page

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Teemu

Home page

Blog

title: User:Teemu


text:
User talk:Eviled

Welcome to Wikibooks. I note that you made a userpage for yourself at Derek_Billingsley. Generaly you should use User:Eviled for that. Grimm

title: User talk:Eviled


text:
Cookbook:Roman Sauce I

| Sauces | Italian Cuisine

Ingredients

 * 2 spoonfuls burnt sugar
 * 1 spoonful vinegar
 * Stock
 * 2 cups Espagnole sauce (No. 1)
 * A few stoned raisins
 * A few pine nuts or slivered almonds

Procedure

 * 1) Mix burnt sugar with vinegar, and dilute with a little stock.
 * 2) Add Espagnole sauce, raisins, and pine nuts.
 * 3) Keep this hot in a bain-marie, and serve with cutlets, calf's head or feet or tongue.

title: Cookbook:Roman Sauce I


text:
Cookbook talk:Roman Sauce I

History from Wikipedia... * (cur) (last) 01:41, 30 Apr 2005 Woohookitty * (cur) (last) 22:39, 9 Apr 2005 J'raxis (Added .) * (cur) (last) 11:06, 17 Nov 2004 Jarich (Please return the favour by clicking here to fix someone else's Wiki Syntax) * (cur) (last) 16:00, 18 Sep 2004 Anthony DiPierro * (cur) (last) 06:23, 13 Jul 2004 Securiger m (+Category:Sauces) * (cur) (last) 10:46, 11 Jul 2003 Malcolm Farmer m (remove note about pine-nuts. Available all the time now.) * (cur) (last) 15:51, 25 Feb 2002 Conversion script m (Automated conversion) * (cur) (last) 21:56, 13 Oct 2001 Ap (Initial text from a public domain resource.)

title: Cookbook talk:Roman Sauce I


text:
Cookbook:Bain-marie

| Bakeware

A bain-marie is a double-walled oven pot with water in between the walls. This construction limits the maximum temperature to the boiling point of water, which is 212°F (100°C). Two suitably sized oven-proof pots can function as a bain-marie, provided that the inner pot can be kept from touching the outer pot (except perhaps at the top edge) and can be kept stable enough.

Oven temperature should be 325°F to 350°F (165°C to 175°C). Start the bain-marie with boiling water, instead of waiting for it to get hot in the oven. To prevent baking, use a lid and ensure that the water goes well up the side of the inner pot.

A bain-marie can be used to cook custard, preventing the outside from crusting before the inside is fully cooked.

A similar device is the double-boiler, which is for use on a normal cooktop.

title: Cookbook:Bain-marie


text:
Wikijunior:Big Cats/Ocelot

The ocelot is a beautiful small-to-medium sized cat whose markings resemble the much-larger jaguar. That beauty once brought them close to extinction, though they have fared better in recent years with legal protection.

Where do the ocelots live?

Ocelots mostly live in South and Central America, but there are some as far north as the southernmost reaches of the United States of America. There are eleven different types (or subspecies) of ocelot. These types of ocelots live in different parts of the south of America.

Three of these eleven subspecies live in Mexico, and a different subspecies lives in each of the Amazon Rainforest, Atlantic Forest, the Northern Andes (Venezuela and Guyana) and all other countries of South America, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil (the biggest area on the map), Bolivia, Ecuador and Paraguay. Ocelots are excellent climbers, but they do most of their hunting on the ground. Ocelots mostly come out at night. During the day they sleep in trees, bushes and thick grasses. Some ocelots live alone, while others have been reported to live in pairs, maintaining contact by mewing to each other.

What do ocelots look like?
Ocelots grow up to 3 feet and 2 inches (100 cm) in length, plus a foot and a half (45 cm) tail length. It is similar in appearance to the oncilla and the margay, who inhabit the same region, but the ocelot is larger. Their fur is gold with black spots. They are very thin, have huge teeth, and can jump quite far. Ocelots have long spots.

What do ocelots eat, and how do they catch their prey?
Ocelots like to eat small animals. They will catch monkeys, snakes, rodents and birds if they can. Almost all of the animals that the ocelot hunts are far smaller than it is. Scientists think that ocelots follow and find animals to eat (prey) by smell, sniffing for where they've been on the ground. They can see very well in the dark with night vision, and move very stealthily, too. Ocelots hunt their prey by blending in with their surroundings then pouncing on their prey.

Fun facts

 * Ocelot comes from the Aztec word tlalocelot which means "field tiger."
 * Ocelots have only 36 pairs of chromosomes while most other cats have 38. Their close relatives the margay and oncilla are the others to share this distinction.
 * Ocelots often sit perfectly still for a half hour or more waiting for unsuspecting prey.
 * Some observers believe that ocelots remain faithful to their chosen mates.

How to catch an ocelot?

Scientists at the Dallas Zoo in Texas, including Jennifer Fontana Cooke and Suzy Steele, first discovered that ocelots were attracted to Obsession for Men cologne by Calvin Klein in 1999. In south Texas, researchers were having a hard time finding the few ocelots that lived in the area. They tried using all kinds of animal smells but the ocelots would never show up. So, now Obsession for Men cologne is used in the wild to attract and survey ocelot populations. They are now trying to use the cologne to help in their project to raise the number of ocelots.

For more information
Next Topic: Margays
 * Wikipedia: Ocelot

ca:Viquijúnior:Grans felins/Ocelot Wikijunior Großkatzen/ Ozelot

title: Wikijunior:Big Cats/Ocelot


text:
Wikijunior:Big Cats/Serval

The serval is a little-known but fascinating creature, a lightweight cat living in tall grass where the lions hunt gazelles and buffalo. It does not attempt to compete with the mighty "king of beasts", content to tackle smaller prey. Gliding along on stilt-like limbs, with a long neck and large ears, the serval looks like no other cat, and for a reason... From the tall grass a startled flock of birds takes flight only to be chased in the air. With a spring of its powerful limbs, a serval shoots straight up, battering one of the birds back to earth with its long front limbs.

Where do servals live?
Servals live in the savannahs (grasslands) of Africa. This allows them to see both their prey and their predators. As a medium sized cat they have to be wary of lions and hyenas. Servals are good swimmers, and often live near open water where they can take an occasional dip to hunt for fish or swipe at the birds that stop by.

What do servals look like?
The serval's lanky body gives them the most advantage for their bulk in coping with the tall grass where they roam. It gives them the appearance of being larger than they really are. In fact, the smaller female ranges from less than twenty pounds up to about thirty-five pounds. Males generally weigh thirty to fifty pounds. Their large ears give them an advantage in hearing their prey before it hears them. Their fur is yellow with black spots. On the back of the ears are horizontal gray bars. Servals use the position of their ears to communicate with each other. They also hiss a great deal, but this sound can have friendly meanings too. People often think a captive raised serval is being aggressive that is only trying to say hello.

What do servals eat, and how do they catch their prey?
Servals usually eat birds, fish and small rodents. When hunting a bird, the serval will jump up in the air and bat the bird with its front paws. This stuns the bird and makes it fall to the ground. When hunting rodents, the serval uses its large ears to listen for them under the ground. It then jumps straight up into the air six feet or higher, and comes straight down on its prey. Like most cats, a serval will take advantage of other opportunities that come along, taking on anything it feels it can safely subdue. However a serval never poses a threat to humans.

Fun facts

 * Servals can jump up to 10 feet straight up to catch birds.
 * Their hearing is so acute they can hear burrowing rodents underground and dig them up.
 * A cross between a male serval and a female domestic cat is called a savannah cat.
 * The mother will chase her male offspring away as soon as they can hunt, at about 8 to 10 months of age, but will let females stay with her for a little longer, up to a year.

For more information
Next Topic: Manuls
 * Wikipedia: Serval

ca:Viquijúnior:Grans felins/Serval Wikijunior Großkatzen/ Serval

title: Wikijunior:Big Cats/Serval


text:
User:아흔~enwikibooks

아흔(A-heun) on the ko Wikibooks, Wiktionary

title: User:아흔~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Cheescake Cups

These little confections are great one-per-afternoon snacks. They are dense and will give you a euphoric high on sweets but make you want to go work out after.

Ingredients

 * 1 lb (450 g) cream cheese
 * 2 eggs
 * ¾ cups (180 g) granulated sugar
 * Semi-sweet chocolate chips

Equipment

 * Cupcake papers
 * Cupcake pan
 * Microwave oven
 * Oven
 * Mixing bowl
 * Double boiler (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat your oven to 350°F (180°C).
 * 2) Soften the cream cheese in the microwave in a bowl. Thirty seconds on a medium setting should be sufficient.
 * 3) Combine the cream cheese, eggs, and sugar.
 * 4) Line the pan with the papers.
 * 5) Put chocolate chips in the bottom of the cupcake papers, making less than a full layer; do not completely cover the bottom of the papers.
 * 6) Fill the cups with the cream cheese mixture, then place into the oven.
 * 7) Bake for about 15 minutes. The chocolate will melt and create a bottom to your cakes, but part of that chocolate will also bubble up through the cream cheese for an added effect.
 * 8) Remove and allow to cool for 20 minutes, until the chocolate hardens on the bottom and becomes crunchy.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You can also garnish the top of the cakes with chocolate that you melt in a double boiler.

title: Cookbook:Cheescake Cups


text:
Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning/Other tools

Research tools

 * Survey Monkey is a tool (both free and paid versions) for creating online surveys.

Rich Internet Applications
According to the Wikipedia entry "Rich Internet Application,"

Rich Internet Applications (RIA) are a cross between web applications and traditional desktop applications, transferring some of the processing to the client end.

Macromedia, the software company which makes, among other programs, Flash and Dreamweaver, is credited with introducing this term in a 2002 whitepaper.

In the context of ATALL, RIAs represent a set of technologies that materials designers (be they practicing classroom teachers, resesarchers, or learners) can use to create ATALL-enabling on-line environments. This section of the ATALL Wikibook will present a specific set of technologies which may be used to support solitary and collaborative ATALL and research into ATALL.

Flash MX 2004
Flash MX 2004 (hereafter, "Flash") is an authoring program which allows users to create applications (often called "movies" in the Flash literature) with varied user interfaces (UI), featuring still and animated graphics as well as audio elements. It features drawing tools (e.g. lines, boxes, ovals, shading, paint brushes), an animation timeline, and a programming language, ActionScript (version 2.0), which is based on the proposed standard for version 1.5 of Javascript. Applications authored with Flash are exported as Shockwave files (with .swf extension), which may then be run by the Flash Player plug-in or a stand-alone player.

GUI resources include...
 * text fields (both plain text and HTML)
 * buttons
 * movie clips
 * audio and video display and capture objects
 * custom mouse pointers
 * pull-down menus

Example GUI Designs
Text Chat: A collaborative application (see discussion of Flash Communication Server) may be easily authored using a multi-line text field (for display of the transcript), a single-line text field (for entry of messages), and a button (for sending a new message entered in the single-line text field).

Total Physical Response (TPR) Tasks: A solitary activity might use a collection of so-called "drag-and-drop" movie clips as items to be manipulated in response to text and/or audio prompts. Feedback would be provided when each item is moved to the proper location. For example, a learner might hear "Place the table to the left of the chair." Placing the table anywhere except to the left of the chair would result in the application informing the user that the table had been misplaced.

Asynchronous Audio/Video Electronic mail: Flash's audio and/or video capturing functions make it possible for learners to save their speech for later listening and viewing by a partner.

Flash Communication Server
Flash Communication Server 1.5 (hereafter, "FlashComm") provides real-time audio, video, and data exchange between connected applications running in the Flash Player plug-in from Macromedia. FlashComm servers may also interact with other FlashComm or web servers (e.g., the Apache server) in order to access dynamically generated data via a scripting language such as PHP, Perl, or ColdFusion. Such interaction is frequently used to retrieve, add, or update information to a database (e.g., MySQL or PostgreSQL). Though this scripting and database interaction is also available to SWF files running in the Flash Player, routing the interactions through FlashComm may be preferable when the results of each interaction should update all clients or when extra layers of security are desired.

PHP
One of the possible readings of "P" in "LAMP" (the first three letters standing for "Linux," "Apache," and "MySQL"), PHP is a scripting language that features a broad variety of capabilities such as text searching, database connections, file management, and HTML form processing (via CGI). In general, the LAMP suite of software is popular because it is free for anyone wishing to set up their own web hosting, and it allows web hosting companies to offer very cheap (under six U.S. dollars per month) web hosting. As noted in in the Wikipedia entry for the LAMP acronym, "Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, runs software that can be characterized as a LAMP application. Wikipedia's MediaWiki software is developed primarily under Linux, using the Apache HTTP Server, with its content being stored in a MySQL database, and the program logic being implemented in PHP."

AMFPHP
One particular technology built with PHP, AMFPHP (available for free at http://www.amfphp.org), is especially useful for RIA-enabled ATALL. This collection of scripts decodes and encodes Macromedia's Action Message Format (AMF, a data format that allows for the exchange of almost every type of data object defined in ActionScript such as numeric and string variables as well as custom objects. In contrast to extensible markup language (XML), also used to exchange a wide variety of data types, AMF is designed so that information may be transmitted quickly. An immediate benefit of this format is the time saved by not having to program conversions of the applications data into XML for transmission as well as conversion of XML from a server back into an application's data structures.

One of the most important reasons for using an implementation of AMF is the availability of AMF-compatible scripts libraries for the free scripting languages Perl and Python (the other possible readings of the "P" in the LAMP acronym) in addition to the native support for the format in Macromedia's proprietary ColdFusion scripting language. This almost guarantees that the particular model in which an RIA is deployed may be changed (e.g., using Perl and PostgreSQL instead of PHP and MySQL) with minimal alteration of the Flash and/or FlashComm code.

MySQL
A free (for non-commercial use) database server, MySQL (or any other database) is primarily responsible for making Internet applications rich. The long-term, centralized, and rapidly searchable storage provided by a database enables an application to minimize, if not completely eliminate, the data it must contain within itself each time it is loaded. Once loaded and running in the Flash Player, for example, an application can request only those data sets which are needed at a given point in a user's interactions with the system. Free web-based utility applications such as PhpMyAdmin, installed with most scripting- and database-enabled hosting services, make modifying, archiving, and moving database entries easy for most moderately skilled users, thereby insuring data integrity and security.

Use of These Technologies
Because PHP communicates easily with Flash Player applications and with FlashComm via multiple connection methods (e.g., AMFPHP), these connections allow PHP to return information retrieved from a database (e.g., MySQL). This functionality may be used for a variety of ATALL-related purposes such as...
 * presenting pre-prepared texts to users
 * logging user behavior (e.g., quiz results or text from chat sessions)
 * tracking user behavior over time
 * matching users by common interests, languages, skill levels, etc.

Resources and Further Reading
an initiative of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). The goal of this effort is to encourage Americans to develop proficiency in languages other than English. Annenberg Media can help with this effort through our foreign language series, "Destinos: An Introduction to Spanish" , "French in Action" , and "Fokus Deutsch"  -- all currently airing on the Channel. Click on "Broadcast Dates" for the schedules. The Year of Languages focus for October is early language learning. Our "Teaching Foreign Languages" video library  (Web site ) is an excellent resource for building teaching strategies. Also see our related "Teaching Foreign Languages" workshop series  (Web site ), particularly Workshop 5, "Subjects Matter," which looks at ways in which language acquisition can be promoted through subjects across the curriculum, such as geography, life science, math, and language arts. For general background on the psychology of language acquisition, you may be interested in "Language Development," Program 6 of our series "Discovering Psychology: Updated Edition" , or "Let's Talk About It," Program 12 of our series "The Whole Child: A Caregiver's Guide to the First Five Years" . For more information about The Year of Languages or the teaching of foreign languages, visit the ACTFL Web site at .
 * Wikibook: Programming PHP
 * Wikibook: Wikibook: Programming PHP and MySQL
 * Wikibook: Using PHPEclipse to install Apache, MySQL, and PHP
 * Wikibook: Rich Internet Applications for SLA Research
 * http://www.php.org - Homepage for PHP
 * http://www.mysql.com/ - Homepage for MySQL
 * http://www.macromedia.com/software/flashcom/ - Macromedia's main page for FlashComm; features free developer's edition of FlashComm and documentation (HTML and Adobe Acrobat format)
 * http://www.macromedia.com/software/flash/ - Macromedia's main page for Flash MX 2004; features trial edition (30 days) of Flash MX 2004 and documentation (HTML and Adobe Acrobat format)
 * http://www.sephiroth.it - Useful source of information covering Flash Player and FlashComm applications that utilize AMFPHP and MySQL; features code for working examples of Flash and FlashComm connectivity
 * http://www.amfphp.org - Homepage for AMFPHP open-source project; features code for working example of Flash connectivity
 * http://sourceforge.net/projects/amfphp/ - Sourceforge project page for AMFPHP
 * http://simonf.com/flap/ - AMF::Perl, Flash Remoting in Perl and Python project
 * http://sourceforge.net/projects/openamf/ - Java port of AMFPHP
 * Anneberg video on for foreign language learning and teaching:
 * The U.S. Senate has designated 2005 The Year of Languages, recognizing

 * Intervention Technology as Intervention Strategies

This is an interactive series of activities and games that teachers using McMillan Treasures Curriculum in elementary grades for language arts can access via the Internet. Students can try at home or they can interact with the website in the classroom during center time if the capabilities of computers will allow it. These activities are related with the story, vocabulary, and grammar that the students are studying in class. http://activities.macmillanmh.com/reading/treasures/

1. Just as important to identify the student's learning style is to identify the stages of language acquisition in the second language. Here is a great resource link to better understand the stage of language acquisition. http://www.everythingesl.net/inservices/language_stages.php
 * Resources for Interventions

2. Once the teacher is able to identify the best combination of learning styles to implement in the classroom, the stage of language development needs to be identified. Then a series of interventions and strategies are implemented, here is a good resource link on issues of identification and intervention methods. http://web.archive.org/web/20050516174907/http://www.crosscultured.com/articles/accult_cogn_handouts.pdf

3. What to do when you have an ESL\ELL student with special needs? Here is link to a great article on this matter and it is a source for great strategies to implement in the classroom. http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/0108ortiz.html

4. Research Study: Early reading intervention for English language learners at-risk for learning disabilities: student and teacher outcomes in an urban school Published by: Learning Disability Quarterly - September 22, 2001 Author: Diane Haager http://www.colorincolorado.org/articles/cld_earlyreadingint.php

5. This is a list of accommodations and interventions strategies that could be adapted for ELL students; however these are specifically for Special Education students. http://atto.buffalo.edu/registered/ATBasics/Foundation/Laws/AccomList.pdf


text:
Cookbook talk:Cuisine of Ethiopia

There's the Ethiopian injera and wat.

http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Cookbook/Ethiopia.html

title: Cookbook talk:Cuisine of Ethiopia


text:
User talk:Zzyzx11

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikibookians! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the staff lounge or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Wikipedia:Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial and Graphics tutorials
 * How to write a great module
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Do test edits in the sandbox

Zzyzx11 16:41, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you very much, although I spend most of my time at http://en.wikipedia.org. Zzyzx11 16:41, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zzyzx11


text:
Category:Austrian recipes

Recipes from Austria.

title: Category:Austrian recipes


text:
FHSST Biology

To do list

Introduction

Contents

Contributors

Guidelines

About FHSST

高等学校生物

title: FHSST Biology


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index

Detailed Index

Chapter 1: Cells and genetics

 * 1) Cell Structure
 * 2) Micro-organism structure
 * 3) Tissues and organs
 * 4) DNA and chromosomes
 * 5) Cell division
 * 6) Mitosis
 * 7) Meiosis
 * 8) Genes, inheritance and genetic disorders
 * 9) Disease and immunity

Chapter 2: Indigenous knowledge systems and biotechnology

 * 1) Food industry
 * 2) Traditional techonologies
 * 3) Medical biotechnologies
 * 4) Genetic engineering
 * 5) Cloning
 * 6) DNA fingerprinting and forensics

Chapter 3: Ethics and legislation

 * 1) Tissue culture
 * 2) Cloning
 * 3) Genetic modification
 * 4) Beliefs, attitudes and values
 * 5) Diseases
 * 6) Genetic counselling

Chapter 1: Energy
]]
 * 1)  [[FHSST_Biology/Contents/Index/SCP/Energy/Photosynthesis|Photosynthesis
 * 1)  Energy release

Chapter 2: Food

 * 1)  Manufacture and preservation
 * 2)  Human nutrition
 * 3)  Related diseases and allergies

Chapter 3: Mass transport systems

 * 1) Plants
 * 2) Gaseous exchange
 * 3) Water transport
 * 4) Humans
 * 5) Gaseous exchange, related diseases and allergies
 * 6) Blood transport and related diseases
 * 7) Blood transfusions and life support systems
 * 8) Endocrine system and related diseases
 * 9) Excretion

Chapter 4: Other Systems and ethics

 * 1) Nervous system
 * 2) Support systems in plants and humans
 * 3) Reproduction
 * 4) Reproductive systems
 * 5) Related diseases
 * 6) Reproduction ethics
 * 7) Sperm banks
 * 8) Surrogacy
 * 9) Test Tube babies
 * 10) Abortion
 * 11) Sexuality ethics

Chapter 1: Ecosystems

 * 1) Biospheres, biomes and ecosystems
 * 2) Resources
 * 3) Biotic (living) and Abiotic (non-living) resources
 * 4) Nutrient cycles
 * 5) Energy flow within environments

Chapter 2: Human Influence
]]
 * 1) [[FHSST_Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Human Influence/Air|Air
 * 1) Ozone, global warming and the greenhouse effect
 * 2) Acid rain
 * 3) Land
 * 4) Water
 * 5) Industrialisation
 * 6) Effect of pollutants on humans

Chapter 3: Resource Management

 * 1) Exploitation
 * 2) Sustainability
 * 3) Eco-tourism
 * 4) Rehabilitation of environments
 * 5) Waste management
 * 6) Air, land and water-born disease management

Chapter 4: Land issues
]] ]]
 * 1) Ownership and use
 * 2) [[FHSST_Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Land issues/Urban decay|Urban decay
 * 1) Agriculture
 * 2) [[FHSST_Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Land issues/Nature and game reserves|Nature and game reserves
 * 1) Deforestation and desertification
 * 2) Political, legal, economic, ethical and environmental influences

Chapter 2: Biodiversity

 * 1) Biodiversity studies
 * 2) Significance and value of Biodiversity
 * 3) Threats to biodiversity
 * 4) Conservation
 * 5) Conservation methods and ethics
 * 6) Species extinction
 * 7) Red Data book
 * 8) Endangered species list

Chapter 3: Population studies

 * 1) Characteristics
 * 2) Growth and fluctuation
 * 3) Limiting factors
 * 4) Social behaviour
 * 5) Predation
 * 6) Competition
 * 7) Managing populations

Chapter 5: Origin of species

 * 1) Theories
 * 2) Evolution
 * 3) Mutation
 * 4) Adaptation
 * 5) Natural selection
 * 6) Macro-evolution
 * 7) Speciation
 * 8) Creationism
 * 9) Fossil studies
 * 10) South Africa as the cradle of mankind?
 * 11) Mass extinction theories
 * 12) Biological evidence for evolutionary populations

title: FHSST Biology/Contents/Index


text:
Cookbook:Cookies with Pineapple Jam Filling (Nastar)

| Cuisine of Indonesia

Nastar, or tananas, are pineapple jam-filled cookies. These are popular treats for Eid ul-Fitr and Christmas celebrations in Indonesia.

Jam

 * 2 pineapples
 * 300 g (1⅓ cups/11 oz) sugar
 * 1 cinnamon stick

Cookie

 * 500 g (2 cups/1.1 lb) margarine
 * 500 g (3½ cups/1.1 lb) all-purpose flour
 * 6 egg yolks
 * 1 oz (2 tablespoons) sugar
 * 5 g vanilla powder
 * 1 oz (⅓ cup/30 g) grated Gouda or Cheddar cheese
 * 2 beaten egg yolks, for brushing the top of the cookies
 * ½ oz (15 g) raisins for garnish

Jam

 * 1) Peel pineapple, wash, and blend into a purée.
 * 2) Put pineapple purée in a pan, add sugar and cinnamon, and stir over medium heat until thick.
 * 3) If the jam still tastes sour, add more sugar to taste.
 * 4) Let cool until thick enough to roll into small marbles.

Dough

 * 1) Beat the 6 egg yolks with margarine and sugar.
 * 2) Mix in the grated cheese.
 * 3) Add flour and vanilla little by little to make a dough.

Assembly

 * 1) Pinch off pieces of dough, and roll into balls a little smaller than golf balls.
 * 2) Flatten each piece of dough slightly, and place a pineapple jam marble on the cookie. Fold the dough around the jam enclose it, and pinch to seal the cookie. Roll it between your hands until round again.
 * 3) Place the cookies on a parchment-lined baking sheet, flattening them very slightly.
 * 4) Halve raisins, then put on top of the cookies.
 * 5) Brush the cookies with beaten egg yolk.
 * 6) Bake in oven for 30 minutes or until golden yellow and cooked through.


text:
FHSST Biology/Contributors

Contributors

 * Mark Horner ( Marknewlyn 18:02, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC) ) just to setup the basic book so that the real contributors can get started
 * Nicole Masureik (Nixgrim 09:46, 2 May 2005 (UTC))
 * Gabriel Hurley (Munchkinguy)
 * Wesley Gray Wes (talk) 14:22, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

]

title: FHSST Biology/Contributors


text:
Super NES Programming/SNES Hardware Registers

DMA Registers
'X' being from 0 to 7:


text:
FHSST Biology/Guidelines

General Guidelines

 * Any new author should please add their real name and username to the list on the ../Contributors/ page as this book will be produced in printed form and we'd like to give credit to all contributors.
 * If you are going to contribute regularly please join the FHSST project and be part of the community that is trying to reduce education costs in South Africa.

Language

 * The text should be accessible to second language English speakers.
 * New terminology should be italicised and explained clearly and simply the first time it is used.

Conventions

 * Any notations and terminology conventions must go here

title: FHSST Biology/Guidelines


text:
Cookbook:Sake

| Alcoholic Drink

Sake, also transliterated as saké or saki, is a wine made from rice. It is commonly used in Japanese cooking. Many types of cooking will evaporate the alcohol, leaving a nearly non-alcoholic dish. (See the numerous warnings on the alcoholic drink page.)

Mirin is sweetened sake, commonly used to make teriyaki sauce.

Recipes using sake include

 * Sushi
 * Barbecued Spare Ribs

title: Cookbook:Sake


text:
User:Krishva~enwikibooks

Krishva is the online alias of a student from the University of Michigan. She is interested in animals and old phonograph machines.

title: User:Krishva~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Ada Programming/Delimiters//

Operator redirects to Special and Special refers to operator. I think we should give preminence to operators and redirect Special pages to their correspondent operator page. ManuelGR 20:07, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * actualy I was moving the other way and the reason are the keywords. All operator pages which are also keywords redirect to the keyword page. So for the reason of symetry I also changed all operator pages which a are special characters to the page of that character - I must have overlooked '/' --Krischik 06:53, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ada Programming/Delimiters//


text:
Talk:Ada Programming/Operators

Are really **, /= etc. special characters? I mean, they are operators compounded from two special characters, but not a special character per se. I think we should not write special character pages, or at least make it consistent with those of keywords. For example:

Programming:Ada:Special:*

This special character is used in the multiplication operator (*) and the exponentiation operator (**).

Programming:Ada:Special:-

This special character is used to define comments (--), and as minus unary and binary operator (-).

According to the RM, we are saying special character when we should say delimiter (not all special characters are delimiters, and some delimiters are compounded of more than one special characters). ManuelGR 20:30, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, this is a tutorial so we should keep it simple. Also moving i.E. - and -- together will make bad linking in source code examples. So I think the compound delimiters need there own pages. Prehaps we should better explain the different groups. --Krischik 07:15, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * What do you think about following the current structure but renaming Special pages to Programming:Ada:Delimiter, e.g. Programming:Ada:Delimiter:** Programming:Ada:Delimiter:*? That would be a minimal change and would be in line with RM terminology. ManuelGR 18:59, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Shure, that's a good idea. --Krischik 05:18, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * There are, however, two used special characters that are not delimiters - they are # and ". I think it is not necessary to write a page  for them, since their usage should be described in Integers and Strings pages. For the unused special characters, there is nothing to say beyond that they are unused. ManuelGR 19:58, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Membership_tests
I miss in the section https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming/Operators#Membership_tests a remark on ranges made by unions, such as 'A'..'Z'| '0'.. '9' | '_'

 * I've just added them. Remember that Wikibooks is open to anyone for editing and improvement and the regular users receive a pending review if the page is edited, and it is in their watchlist. --ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 11:12, 30 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ada Programming/Operators


text:
User:Benlee/Notes/ED299

13

title: User:Benlee/Notes/ED299


text:
Wikibooks:Collaboration of the Month/June 2005 voting

Voting is now officially over. Vote for the July 2005 collaboration here.

Voting rules
The following are the rules and conditions for voting for the Collaboration of the Month:

 * 1) Only registered users with 20 or more edits to their name may vote.
 * 2) You may vote under as many nominations as you wish, however, you may only vote for each book itself once.
 * 3) Sign your vote with a number sign and four tildes, #~, after the most previous vote under the book's nomination. Unsigned votes will be removed.
 * 4) Any nomination which receives 3 or more votes in one month will automatically be renominated the next month if it is not chosen.
 * 5) If you wish to include a short comment for your vote, then you may do so. Make sure that if you leave such a comment, that you are also voting for that page.
 * 6) Do not post objection votes as these will have no effect on the final tally.
 * 7) Voting will end at 00:00 UTC on the first day of each month. In essence, when a new month begins voting ends. Any votes added after this time will be discarded.
 * 8) The nomination with most votes will be chosen as the Collaboration of the Month. In case of a tie, the older Wikibook will be chosen.

Puzzles (3)
(Automatically renominated with 4 votes in April)

Votes:
 * 1) Naryathegreat|(talk) 00:42, 1 May 2005 (UTC) Possibly useful and easily contributed to
 * 2) MikeBorkowski 21:00, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) KelvSYC 06:23, 23 May 2005 (UTC) - As I said before, it has serious structure-related issues that needs some addressing.

Comments:

FHSST Physics (3)
(Automatically renominated with 5 votes in April)

Votes:
 * 1) Grimm 01:29, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Marknewlyn 16:37, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Jimmy 07:16, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Comments:

I would like to get some information about how much stuff is still being developed by the main FHSST group and what actual on-line colaboration can be done by users here with the WikiBooks community. It seems as though this book should actually be a part of WikiSource instead, but I'm not sure. The main page is encouraging people to join their group if you want to contribute, and not add content to the WikiBook side. Is that correct? If this is something that will be encouraged to be edited by the Wikibook community as a fork of what the FHSST group is doing, I wouldn't mind participating. If not, then this nomination should be removed as it is not the nature of this Wikibook to get collaboration in this manner. Rob Horning 02:03, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Response to Rob: Hi Rob - you are partly right but as always things are more complicated than they seem. We (FHSST) are dedicated to WikiBooks - its a great idea and I support the idea fully. A couple of points that have led to the current situation:

 * we started (Oct 2002) before WikiBooks (mid 2003) existed so we had to come up with a collaborative solution
 * we have a lot of content that isn't in wiki format - FHSST.
 * the new syllabus in South Africa comes into force in 2006 so we have a deadline
 * we spent many hours moving the Physics book onto WikiBooks (hours not developing content)
 * we will move Maths and Chemistry over as well but we decided that we would benefit more from developing content right now

Regarding our commitment to WikiBooks:
 * we recently (this month) started two new books which we want to develop solely on WikiBooks (Biology, Computer Literacy) and any other books we start from now on will be done on WikiBooks
 * we only ask people to join our external project because we have mailing lists where there is active discussion regarding the syllabus, structure and how we'll print books etc. so that efforts are coordinated and coherent
 * we know from experience that if you have a specific objective (proper syllabus) you had better coordinate contributions

We don't insist that people join our project if they are going to contribute but encourage it because it helps us coordinate and write a book which meets a specific syllabus - quote from the Physics book: "Please consider joining the mainstream development group of FHSST to help get this text complete as fast as possible. We really want to provide a complete set of high school science texts that are freely available as soon as possible." We are happy for anybody to add whatever they want to the Physics book on WikiBooks but what would really make a difference is the Optics and Heat and Properties of Matter chapters as this would help us finish the book off.

Other books on WikiBooks that are developed by random volunteers suffer from a lack of cohesion and coordination. Talk pages and some vague guidelines haven't been able to streamline contributions and most books are developing incredibly slowly. The ones that are quite advanced tend to have been written by a single person (Botany, Cell Biology for example - not really the point of WikiBooks). We have also found that older volunteers who have been interested in helping have really struggled with the technology of contributing. Explaining what a wiki is to them is difficult (its easier than when we were using CVS for sure!). So its easier to work with them via email.

There is one issue that is never addressed on WikiBooks that I have seen - if we developed a book for the South African syllabus on WikiBooks and finished it, if you came back a month later you'd find that all the spelling would have been changed to American English and other such things. People (obviously with the best intentions) have already started "fixing spelling mistakes" in the Physics book. So WikiBooks as I see it will always just be a place for developing content and so the Physics book is there for the random volunteers who might add something useful to our cause or not. Ultimately a fixed edition will have to made available somewhere or tagged somehow, I haven't looked into this yet.

Everything we write will be given to the WikiBooks community to develop further or use to develop other books but right now its difficult because we need specific things to produce a printed text in South Africa.

I hope that something that I have written makes sense, I am very happy to continue discussing things and I am also keen on finding the best way to develop content. We have more books still to start.

Basically how do you best get people to work together in a coordinated and coherent manner?

Marknewlyn 17:10, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

How To Build A Computer (2)
Comments:
 * 1) --Noogz 08:17, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Naryathegreat|(talk) 22:54, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This book is the current book of the month. I don't know if this is needed. Reub2000 21:24, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * A book of the month is not the same as a featured article on Wikipedia- the US History book found itself only 75% done- this book is good but needs some editing that I feel a month or so could fix. Anyway- it's votes that count so...--Naryathegreat|(talk) 22:54, 2 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:How to Write an Essay/Parts

Made some changes. Hope you like --Lenehey 21:03, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

-Also added a few sentences that hopefully elaborate what's already there.

--Thanks, I think that really helped! --Lenehey 27 Jun 2005

Alirexa abbasi hard working athletic
First name:Alirexa Last name:abbasi Age:16 Birthday:18 November 2000 Country:iran

Alirexa abbasi ordinary family in dayyer city located in bushehr province grew too late, at the age of 8 years to the sport of football,and the team of bushehr province ware age 10 to age 13to play football. Because of tall starure, long regarded scout was track and field and drew his athletic to the field shot put competitions in his first classes of students won gold medals. Alirexa Abbasi went to Shiraz and later that year after a year living in Shiraz was able to mobilize national competitions that were held in Semnan gold medal shot put gold as their own, and to return heyday. He's now hard to go to the Asian Championships. Alirexaabbasi (discuss • contribs) 22:23, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

Alirexa abbasi hard working boy
Alirexa abbasi's not known Alirexaabbasi (discuss • contribs) 22:26, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

The structure
Since Wikipedia is primarily an encyclopedia and not an amateur blog of DIA articles, it seems to be necessary to change the name to a more appropriate one. I suggest changing the title of this article from "How to Write an Essay / Parts" to "An Essay structure". The article also focuses on an essay for college, so it's best to customize all the examples for college. For example, "I need help with homework, because I don’t have time to work and I don’t have enough knowledge to cope with this task by my own", instead of "Wikipedia is a powerful resource because it allows users with knowledge in a specific area to share their knowledge, because it allows users to quickly find information about a vast array of topics, and because studies have confirmed that it is as accurate as any other encyclopedia."

title: Talk:How to Write an Essay/Parts


text:
User:Lenehey~enwikibooks

Please see my user page [] in Wikipedia.

title: User:Lenehey~enwikibooks


text:
User:Tetraminoe

Hi, I'm Gavin Baker.
 * Web site: gavinbaker.com
 * blog: a lifelong song

For more information, see my user page at Wikipedia.

Free Culture Wikibooks
A list of some Wikibooks of interest to the free culture movement. Many of these books are underdeveloped. This list is not exclusive.

Law

 * Copyright law: United States, Canada
 * Patent law: United States, Canada
 * Trademark law: United States, Canada
 * Internet Law (United States)

Media

 * Mass Media
 * Low-Power FM Community Radio in the U.S.

Computers

 * Digital Libraries: a Primer
 * Open Source
 * Use the Source
 * FLOSS Concept Booklet
 * The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

Other

 * Open Culture

title: User:Tetraminoe


text:
User:Laurascudder

You can find me more often at wikipedia. Messages will be answered much more promptly on that talk.

title: User:Laurascudder


title: User:Benlee/Notes/ANP/15


text:
Calculus/Differentiation

Basics of Differentiation
Differentiation Defined

Product and Quotient Rules

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Chain Rule

Higher Order Derivatives: an introduction to second order derivatives

Implicit Differentiation

Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithm Functions

Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

Some Important Theorems

Exercises

Applications of Derivatives
L'Hôpital's Rule

Extrema and Points of Inflection

Newton's Method

Related Rates

Optimization

Euler's Method

Approximating Values of Functions

Exercises

title: Calculus/Differentiation


text:
Calculus/Precalculus

Precalculus
Algebra

Functions

Trigonometric functions

Graphing functions

Rational functions

Conic sections

Exercises

Hyperbolic logarithm and angles

Analyse/Voorkennis

title: Calculus/Precalculus


text:
Calculus/Integration

Basics of Integration
Definite integral

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Indefinite integral

Improper Integrals

Integration Techniques

Exercises

Applications of Integration
Area

Volume

Volume of Solids of Revolution

Arc Length

Surface Area

Work

Center of Mass

Pressure and Force

Probability

title: Calculus/Integration


text: Calculus/References

title: Calculus/References


text:
Calculus/Sequences and Series

Sequences
Definition of a Sequence

Sequences

Series and Tests
Definition of a Series

Series

Divergence Test

Ratio Test

Limit Comparison Test

Direct Comparison Test

Integral Test

Convergence
Absolute and Conditional Convergence

Series and Calculus
Taylor series

Power series

Leibniz' formula for pi

Exercises
Exercises

title: Calculus/Sequences and Series


text:
Calculus/Multivariable Calculus

Introduction to Multivariable Calculus
Vectors

Curves and Surfaces in Space

Vector Functions

Introduction to multivariable calculus

Differentiation
Limits and Continuity

Partial Derivatives

The chain rule and Clairaut's theorem

Chain Rule

Directional derivatives and the gradient vector

 * Multivariate optimisation: The Lagrangian
 * Calculus on matrices

Derivatives of Multivariate Functions

Inverse Function Theorem, Implicit Function Theorem (optional)

Integration
Multiple integration
 * Old: Double Integrals

Change of variables

Vector calculus
Vector Calculus

Vector Calculus Identities

Inverting Vector Calculus Operators

Points, Paths, Surfaces, and Volumes

Helmholtz Decomposition Theorem

Discrete Analog to Vector Calculus

Exercises

title: Calculus/Multivariable Calculus


text:
Calculus/Extensions

Advanced Integration Techniques
Complexifying

Further Analysis
Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations

Formal Theory of Calculus
Real Numbers

Complex Numbers

Hyperbolic Angle

title: Calculus/Extensions


text:
Ruby Programming/Syntax/Control Structures

Conditional Branches
Ruby can control the execution of code using Conditional branches. A conditional Branch takes the result of a test expression and executes a block of code depending whether the test expression is true or false. If the test expression evaluates to the constant  or , the test is false; otherwise, it is true. Note that the number  is considered true, whereas many other programming languages consider it false.

In many popular programming languages, conditional branches are statements. They can affect which code is executed, but they do not result in values themselves. In Ruby, however, conditional branches are expressions. They evaluate to values, just like other expressions do. An  expression, for example, not only determines whether a subordinate block of code will execute, but also results in a value itself. If no block is executed, the if expression results in nil. For instance, the following  expression evaluates to 3:

if true 3 end

Ruby's conditional branches are explained below.

if expression
Examples:

a = 5 if a == 4 a = 7 end print a # prints 5 since the if-block isn't executed

You can also put the test expression and code block on the same line if you use : if a == 4 then a = 7 end #or if a == 4: a = 7 end #Note that the ":" syntax for if one line blocks do not work anymore in ruby 1.9. Ternary statements still work

This is equal to:

a = 5 a = 7 if a == 4 print a # prints 5 since the if-block isn't executed

unless expression
The unless-expression is the opposite of the if-expression, the code-block it contains will only be executed if the test expression is false.

Examples:

a = 5 unless a == 4 a = 7 end print a # prints 7 since the unless-block is executed

The unless expression is almost exactly like a negated if expression: if !expression # is equal to using unless expression

The difference is that the unless does not permit a following elsif. And there is no elsunless.

Like the if-expression you can also write:

a = 5 a = 7 unless a == 4 print a # prints 7 since the unless-block is executed

The "one-liners" are handy when the code executed in the block is one line only.

if-elsif-else expression
The elsif (note that it's  and not  ) and else blocks give you further control of your scripts by providing the option to accommodate additional tests. The  and   blocks are considered only if the   test is false. You can have any number of  blocks but only one   and one   block.

Syntax: if expression ...code block... elsif another expression ...code block... elsif another expression ...code block... else ...code block... end

short-if expression (aka ternary operator)
The "short-if" statement provides you with a space-saving way of evaluating an expression and returning a value.

The format is:

result = (condition) ? (expression-if-true) : (expression-if-false)

It is also known as the ternary operator and it is suggested to only use this syntax for minor tasks, such as string formatting, because of poor code readability that may result.

irb(main):037:0> true ? 't' : 'f' => "t" irb(main):038:0> false ? 't' : 'f' => "f"

This is very useful when doing string concatenation among other things.

Example: a = 5 plus_or_minus = '+' print "The number #{a}#{plus_or_minus}1 is: #{plus_or_minus == '+' ? (a+1).to_s : (a-1).to_s}."

Also, this can be written as:

result = if condition then expression-1 else expression-2 end

Assignments can be made as:

result = (value-1 if expression-1) || (value-2 if expression-2)

case expression
An alternative to the if-elsif-else expression (above) is the case expression. Case in Ruby supports a number of syntaxes. For example, suppose we want to determine the relationship of a number (given by the variable a) to 5. We could say:

a = 1 case when a < 5 then puts "#{a} is less than 5" when a == 5 then puts "#{a} equals 5" when a > 5 then puts "#{a} is greater than 5" end

Note that, as with if, the comparison operator is ==. The assignment operator is =. Though Ruby will accept the assignment operator:

when a = 5 then puts "#{a} equals 5"  # WARNING! This code CHANGES the value of a!

this is not what we want! Here, we want the comparison operator.

A more concise syntax for case is to imply the comparison:

case a when 0..4 then puts "#{a} is less than 5" when 5 then puts "#{a} equals 5" when 5..10 then puts "#{a} is greater than 5" else puts "unexpected value #{a} "        # Just in case "a" is bigger than 10 or negative. end

Note: because the ranges are explicitly stated, it is a good coding practice to handle unexpected values of a. This concise syntax is perhaps most useful when we know in advance what values to expect. For example:

a = "apple" case a when "vanilla" then "a spice" when "spinach" then "a vegetable" when "apple" then "a fruit" else "an unexpected value" end

If entered into IRB this gives:

=> "a fruit"

Other ways to use case and variations on its syntax may be seen at Linuxtopia Ruby Programming

while
The  statement in Ruby is very similar to   and to other languages'   (syntactically): while <...code block...> end

The code block will be executed again and again, as long as the expression evaluates to.

Also, like  and , the following is possible: <...code...> while

Note the following strange case works... line = readline.chomp while line != "what I'm looking for"

So if local variable  has no existence prior to this line, on seeing it for the first time it has the value   when the loop expression is first evaluated.

until
The  statement is similar to the   statement in functionality. Unlike the  statement, the code block for the   loop will execute as long as the expression evaluates to. until <...code block...> end

return
causes the method in which it appears to exit at that point and return the value specified.

Note that if a method has no return statement then the value of the last statement is implicitly returned.

|

Programmation_Ruby/Contrôle


text:
Wikibooks talk:Book of the month/June 2005 voting

Just a question: Why has HTBAC been renominated, since it can't be re-nominated for a year? --Noogz 02:02, 1 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Rich Internet Applications for SLA Research

Rich Internet Applications (hereafter, "RIA") represent a major advance in the toolset available to researchers in some areas of second language acquisition. By combining proprietary technologies such as Macromedia's Flash Player and the Flash Communication Server with open source software such as the Linux operating system, Apache server, PHP scripting language, and MySQL database (a collection very frequently referred to as "LAMP"), researchers can build their own networked applications (frequently referred to as "movies" among Flash developers) that can gather text, audio, and video data as well as user interaction data.

 * Overview
 * Required Foreknowledge
 * Basic Database Interaction
 * Flash and FlashComm Database Interaction


text:
User talk:132.241.245.97

Note that saki is a perfectly legitimate English spelling for the Japanese rice wine. There is also a third way, with an accent over the "e".

You should never move a page by copy and paste. This destroys the history, and thus violates the GNU Free Documentation License. (it is required to give credit to all authors) Get an account if you wish to move pages.

title: User talk:132.241.245.97


text:
Beekeeping/Hobby Beekeeping

Hobbyist beekeeping does not fit one specific definition, though hobbyists tend to have many things in common. Essentially, those who keep bees as a hobby have a different day job, and simply find beekeeping or its related practices enjoyable. Rarely do hobbyists keep as substantial number of colonies, often just enough to keep at home in the backyard or within a few minutes drive. Similarly to those who sideline in beekeeping, a hobbyist may sell products as result to beekeeping, but they rarely earn much more than the price to maintain their bees.

Reasons To Keep Bees As a Hobby
There are many reasons as to why a person may decide to pickup the task of hobby beekeeping. There are likely as many reasons as there are beekeepers. Either way, beekeeping as a hobby is a scarcity in today’s modern world, and generally only benefits are gained when one peruses such a task.

The Joy of Honey
Often the number one reason people pickup beekeeping as a hobby is because of the potential to produce honey. Honey was one of the earliest, and remains one of the sweetest, commodities available to man. Because of the recent desire for a do-it-yourself attitude, many people have decided to make a step towards producing such a sweet reward within their own backyard.

Pollination
A second most popular reason to keep bees as a hobby is pollination. Many beekeepers also keep gardens. The simple act of keeping bees often enhances fruit and vegetable production because of all the pollination that the bees achieve.

Entertainment
Watching bees can be fun. A colony of bees, when observed form the outside, or even from the inside if you're lucky enough to have an observation hive, holds the same kind of draw as watching an ant farm.

Education
Some times beekeepers start keeping bees as a project for a science fair, for the 4H club or other similar organization; this educational experience often evolves into beekeeping as a hobby. Many things can be learned from bees; in fact many things are still being learned. Those who enjoy the complex inter-workings of the world around them may find beekeeping to be an exceptionally educational experience.

Stress Relief
Some beekeepers keep their bees to take their mind off other things. Some even say that simply sitting down and watching the comings and goings of a hive is an extremely relaxing experience. Some have even been known to simply spend the entire afternoon observing the activities going on outside a single hive.

Gifts
Beekeepers often have access to goods and supplies, thanks to their bees, that many others do not. Because of this, a beekeeper is able to assemble wonderful gifts to give away during the holidays or for birthdays. These gifts may include various forms of honey, home made candles, cosmetics and such.

Animal Husbandry
Many people keep pets, whereas bees cannot be domesticated, the companionship is still often appreciated. Many hobbyist build a bond between themselves and their literally thousands of bees. This can make beekeeping a joyful experience when done right.

Healthy Life Style
Some hobby beekeepers keep bees for their own health. Some keepers collect pollen to supplement their diet,  propolis to make home medication and eat a diet with local  honey to lower the effects of allergies. Though many of these processes have not been scientifically proven to be effective, beekeepers who practice them often swear by them.

Related Hobbies
Though beekeeping may seem innocent enough on its own, it can often lead to other related hobbies such as the following.
 * Baking and Cooking
 * Candle Making
 * Gardening
 * Home cosmetics making
 * Mentoring and Educating
 * Retailing hive products
 * Soap Making
 * Wine and Mead making
 * Wood Working

title: Beekeeping/Hobby Beekeeping


text:
CPAM with TWW/User Guide

= Software Application Management Overview =

Computer applications are created by human for Computers. This human and computer interaction can be abstracted into following steps.

 * Design the software for computers.
 * Build the software on computers.
 * Package the software for all kind of computers.
 * Install/Remove the software from computers.

Last three activities can be divided into more detail steps as follows

 * Software build process(SB):
 * unpack source files
 * patch source code
 * configure source file for a particular OS
 * compile souce codes to generate binary and documentation
 * test the compiled binary if need to
 * install the binaries into installation path
 * uninstall the binaries
 * Package build (PB) process is much straight forward:
 * prepare the scripts to take care of preinstall, postinstall, preremove and postremove required actions.
 * prepare initialization script to start/stop application service
 * call up local PMS to pack the binary,documentation and scripts into local PMS format.
 * Package Management (PKGUTIL) Process:
 * upload and administrate packages on package depot server.
 * install
 * remove
 * upgrade/patch
 * auto installation upon package dependence.

Acronyms: CPAD, CPAM, PMS, HPMS and TWW
"The Written Words" is to describe the cross-platofrm application developement and management activities performed by System administrators. "The Written Words" is an attempt to write down tasks performed into XML language.

To provide a generic naming to describe activities, following acronyms are defined for easy reference. Also this will leave room for other packaging methods like openpkg or Portage in gentoo.

 * CPAD: Cross-Plaform Application Development, a solution to enable software application developement easily for man-made,incompatible and variated operating systems. X windows, Java,OpenStep and GNUstep are examples of solutions.
 * CPAM: Cross-Platform Application Management, a solution to enable easy and consistent application management. TWW's HPMS is one of the solutions.
 * HPMS: Hbrid Package Management System. A wrapper solution that work with PMS to shield package developer from incompatible local PMS. It will allow package developer to consistently create and maintain software packages without knowing the details of each PMS when they don't need to.
 * PMS: Package Management System. A software system designed to create,build,install,remove and upgrade software in a packed format. Examples: RPM,dpkg,inst,lpp,portage,Installsield,HP SD-UX.
 * PMS format: PMS Package Format. A file or directory to include a group of compiled binaries ,documenation or script file. This file is usually in compressed form and called as software package. With this work being done, a software package can be better maintained. Example formats:rpm,msi,ipk,pkgadd,depot and GNUstep's .app.
 * TWW: The Written Word of wisdom to guide you through the maze of getting an open source software built and packaged. Better yet, the words are digitalized into a xml file that can be play back and repeated by others.
 * TWW Inc: A company specialize in open source building and packaging to make opensource easier to use across different OS platforms.

What is Package Management System ?

 * Every modern OS come with a PMS(Package Management System). Because we went through the pains of not having one during the age of DOS. Adding software binaries into an OS without systematic packaging is proven to be not manageable.

Following ASCI diagram depict some OS and their PMS relationship. ||      |Software|Software   | Software  |  Software | || PMS   |  RPM   |  PKGADD   |   MSI     | SD-UX     | -|      | Linux  | Solaris   | Windows   | HP-UX     | OS    |        |           |           |           | --  ---  --

What is Hybrid Package Management System ?
|| HPMS  | TWW HPMS=sbutils,pbutils and pkgutils      | || PMS   |  RPM  | |  PKGADD |  |   MSI   |  | SD-UX  | - --- ---  --       | Linux | | Solaris |  | Windows |  | HP-UX  | OS    |       | |         |  |         |  |        | --  ---  --
 * Like hybrid car, it is hard to throw away old technology(burning gas in engine) and use new one(battery for electric motor) directly, Existing installed OS need a less intrusive, hybrid package management system to help us transit to new technology.
 * To achieve best compatibility with existing deployed machines in an IT or Home computer environment, We need to create packages using native PMS as much as possible and use different installation path. Undo or removing existing application installation effort is usually cost prohibitive. The Written Word Inc. design and implement their HPMS for commercial open-source support. The tools can be used to package and administrate commercial packages that doesn't need to use native PMS directly. Examples are IBM/Rational's clearcase and Oracle database software. Using HPMS, we can install clearcase with "pkg-inst clearcase-6.0" or we can install a Oracle server using "pkg-inst oracle-8.1.7"  without using their installers directly.
 * Following is a ascii diagram to illustrate a HPMS can work on top(hyper) of existing native PMS to build, package and manage software applications.

What is HPMS ?

 * Following is ASCII diagram to illustrate the os,pms and hpms relationships when creating a native package.
 * When creating a software binary from source codes.
 * On Linux with RPM PMS, you will need to use rpmbuild command to parse through configure and build section of instruction in package.spec file.
 * On Oracle Solaris, you usually type make command to parse Makefile that contain instruction about source code and compiler options to build the binary.

|| HPMS  |                   TWW sbutils                          | || PMS   | rpmbuild  | |  make   |  |  VisualStudio   |  | ? |      - ---  --   -       | Linux     | | Solaris |  | Windows         |  | HP-UX  | OS    |           | |         |  |                 |  |        | - --  --   -

 * When packaging a software for different OS.

|---| HPMS  |                   TWW pbutils                 | |---| PMS   | rpmbuild | |pkgmk    |  | Wix     |  | SD-UX  | |--| |-| |-|  ||       | Linux    | | Solaris |  | Windows |  | HP-UX  | OS    |          | |         |  |         |  |        | --- --   ---  --

 * When removing a software for different OS.

|| HPMS  |                   TWW pkg-rm                   | || PMS   | rpm -e   | |pkgrm    |  | msiexec |  | swremove| |--| |-| |-|  |-|       | Linux    | | Solaris |  | Windows |  | HP-UX   | OS    |          | |         |  |         |  |         | --- --   ---  ---

|---| HPMS  |                   TWW pkg-inst                    | |---| PMS   | rpm -i   | |pkgadd   |  | msiexec -i |  |swinstall| |--| |-| ||  |-|       | Linux    | | Solaris |  | Windows    |  | HP-UX   | OS    |          | |         |  |            |  |         | --- --   --  ---
 * When installing a software for different OS.

TWW HPMS introduction
[root] ls -l /opt/TWWfsw/pkgutils15/bin/ total 542 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       32434 Jan 25  2004 chk-pkg-updates    <- Check newer version of applications. -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       18751 Jan 25  2004 pkg-config -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       48281 Jan 25  2004 pkg-info           <- Display package information. -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       70570 Jan 25  2004 pkg-inst           <- Install packages. -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       35692 Jan 25  2004 pkg-rm             <- Remove packages. [root]
 * Package Management: The activities of creating, building, installing, removing, updating and querying the existing installation application on an OS.
 * pkgutils in TWW HPMS system has following four main commands to implement package management activities.

= Getting started to use TWW package management tool =

Current TWW supported OS
AIX 4.3.3 AIX 5.1 AIX 5.2 HP-UX 10.20 HP-UX 11.00 HP-UX 11i IRIX 6.5 Redhat Ent. Linux 2.1 Redhat Ent. Linux 3 Redhat Linux 7.1 Redhat Linux 9 Solaris 2.6 Solaris 7 Solaris 8 Solaris 9 Tru64 UNIX 4.0D Tru64 UNIX 5.1
 * Visit http://www.thewrittenword.com/evaluate/ to see the current supported OS. Following listing may be outdated.

 * If your beloved OS is not listed, why not port it to make it CPAM compatible?

Procedures to install TWW HPMS

 * Go to http://www.thewrittenword.com/evaluate/
 * On the right side of OS menu, click on the OS version you need
 * Following the instruction on web page you clicked on.

pkg-inst
pkg-inst install the packages. It will handle package dependency automatically. The automation is achieved by package dependency description in pkg-db.xml on application repository server. following example commands are the most usded ones.
 * 1) pkg-inst bash : This is a very simple syntax to install a package comparing to "pkg-get -i bash", "rpm -i bash".
 * 2) pkg-inst -N bash : -N is to do dry-run without install the actural package. a good way to see what is going to happened in advance.
 * 3) pkg-inst—tempdir=/tmp clearcase: /var is used by default to store downloaded package, we can specify other directory as temporary directory when /var/ is tool small to hold the package we want to install.

pkg-rm

 * 1) pkg-rm bash : A simple syntax to remove  package comparing to "pkg-get -d bash", "rpm -e bash".
 * 2) pkg-rm -N bash : -N is to do dry-run without install the actural package.
 * 3) pkg-rm  clearcase: /var is used by default to store downloaded package, we can specify other directory as temporary directory when /var/ is tool small to hold the package we want to install.

pkg-info

 * 1) "pkg-info bash"
 * 2) "pkg-info -N bash" : -N is to do dry-run with out install the actual package. a good way to see what is going to happened in advance.
 * 3) "pkg-info": find out what is available on applicaton repository server.

title: CPAM with TWW/User Guide


text:
CPAM with TWW/Developer Guide

TWW HPMS introduction
Packager using this HPMS tool can capture all their package-specific knowledge in a programmatic, reusable way by digitializing the knowledge in XML file.

TWW Inc. has three tools to automate the package management processes, i.e. software building,packaging and package installation and removal.

[root] ls -l /opt/TWWfsw/sbutils12/bin/ total 164 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       38551 Dec  1 15:17 gen-sb-db -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       44418 Dec  1 15:17 sb [root] [root] ls -l /opt/TWWfsw/pbutils11/bin/ total 186 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       29975 Apr 30  2004 gen-pb-db -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       29169 Apr 30  2004 gen-pkg-db -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       34023 Apr 30  2004 pb [root]
 * Softeware build
 * sbutils
 * Package build
 * pbutils

[root] ls -l /opt/TWWfsw/pkgutils15/bin/ total 542 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       32434 Jan 25  2004 chk-pkg-updates -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       18751 Jan 25  2004 pkg-config -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       48281 Jan 25  2004 pkg-info -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       70570 Jan 25  2004 pkg-inst -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     other      68887 May 18  2003 pkg-inst~ -rwxr-xr-x  1 root     root       35692 Jan 25  2004 pkg-rm [root]
 * Package Management
 * pkgutils

Create the hello-world TWW package
In this tutorial, we will use tranditional hello world example to illustrate the digition of software package creation process. Said, you read the news update from stepwise about TN2137 on configuring hello-world example from GNU to be a fatbinary executable which contains ppc and i386 binary code.

We can increase the digitation degree more on tn3127 document by automate the process into hello-2.1.1/sb-db.xml. Once the process is digitized we can repeat the accurate result of achieving goals in tn3127.

Flow chart of a TWW package creation

Above diagram is the process of creating a TWW package and upload to application repository server.
 * 1) Install the TWW development tool.
 * 2) Create a package template from newtww.sh script.
 * 3) Build  the software by "sb small-1.0.sb" which will go through the following steps.
 * 4) sb -u hello-2.1.1.sb : unpack compressed source.
 * 5) sb -C hello-2.1.1.sb : configure the source tree to have fat binary.
 * 6) sb -B hello-2.1.1.sb : call up make command to build the source.
 * 7) sb -i hello-2.1.1.sb : install the binaries to installation directory.
 * 8) sb -t hello-2.1.1.sb : test the installed binaries on installed directory
 * 9) pb -1 hello-2.1.1.pb will package the binaries in installation directory into native PMS format.
 * 10) We then turn the native PMS (Solaris pkgadd in this case) a zip file.
 * 11) Generate a MD5 sum file so have a way to make sure the integrity of the file.
 * 12) Upload the small-1.0.pkgadd.pkg-inst, small-1.0.pkgadd.pkg-inst.md5sum to package repository server.
 * 13) Add an entry in pkg-db.xml in package repository server.
 * 14) Package is now ready for retrieval by simple  "pkg-inst hello" command from  Solaris machine.

Hyper PMS Architecture
HPMS                     TWW

PMS     RPM      PKGADD         WiX          SD-UX - --- ---  --       | Linux | | Solaris |  | Windows |  | HP-UX  | OS    |       | |         |  |         |  |        | --  ---  --

Package Management Systems

 * Brief introduction of a few PMS and its package format
 * RPM
 * Solaris pkgadd
 * HP-UX SD-UX
 * GNUstep pkg
 * MacOS X pkg
 * Debian dpkg
 * ipkg for Embeded Linux system.
 * Comparison of PMS
 * Comparison of HPMS

Vendor Compilers
cc -I. -I. -mr -Qn -xstrconst -xO2 -xtarget=generic -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I./popt -c rsync.c -o rsync.o
 * Sun WorkShop, Sun Studio, Sun Forte for sparc
 * Compiler flags

-mr        : -Qn        : -xstrconst : -xO2       : -xtarget   : -m : -
 * Sun Compiler for intel
 * Gnu Compier
 * HP ANSI Compiler

Porting TWW HPMS to other OS
These are tasks need to be done when porting TWW HPMS tools to other OS.
 * Porting the TWW HPMS tool itself.
 * sb need to add in new OS indentication code.
 * pb need to have a new python module to deal with the new PMS.
 * Porting the package sources.
 * The packages source contain instruction for a particular OS. We need to add the new supported OS to the package source.
 * The makefile to automate the TWW tools porting.
 * Same as Makefile, each makefile contain instruction for a perticular OS, if a new OS is added then the Makefile need to be updated as well.

Linksys NSLU2

 * A Makefile to build TWW sbutils tools for nslu2 from sbutils python/C source codes.
 * compile sbtuils tool to generate sb
 * use sb to compile and build pb and pkgutils
 * Porting sbtools

Mac OS X
HPMS    way              MacOS X way |    SimpleFirst.pb  =  SimpleFirst       | |                   |                     |       - TWW pb/Mac OS X    --- |                   |          pbuild     | |        SimpleFirst.app                  | |                Mac OS X                 |
 * Package Budild Architecture: Comparsion of using Mac OS X wayd and ported TWW pb for Mac OS X.

 * A Makefile to build TWW tools for MacOS X.
 * compile sbtuils tool to generate sb
 * use sb to compile and build pb and pkgutils
 * Porting sbtools

Win 32

 * Package Build Architecture:

|    SimpleFirst.pb                       | |- |      |   pb that support WiX                    | | -|      |     candle.exe                           | |- |      |     light.exe                            | |--|      |               MingW                      | |- |      |                  Win32 OS                |

 * Procedure
 * A Makefile to build TWW tools for Win32.
 * compile sbtuils tool to generate sb
 * use sb to compile and build pb and pkgutils
 * Porting sbtools

 * Gábor DEÁK JAHN maintains a WiX tutorial.
 * WiX 2.x and 3.x Download

FreeBSD

 * A Makefile to build TWW tools for FreeBSD.
 * compile sbtuils tool to generate sb
 * use sb to compile and build pb and pkgutils
 * Porting sbtools

Debian/HURD

 * A Makefile to build TWW tools for Debian.
 * compile sbtuils tool to generate sb
 * use sb to compile and build pb and pkgutils
 * Porting sbtools

title: CPAM with TWW/Developer Guide


text:
User talk:130.208.165.5

Please don't remove other users' votes. Thanks. -Frazzydee|✍ 04:29, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I removed my own vote, I just forgot to log in. And I removed that vote because I read those rules which had somehow slipped me, and I've never actually edited on WikiBooks, only read... --Sterio 22:48, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:130.208.165.5


text:
User talk:Johnp~enwikibooks

Computer programming
Hello,

thank you for your effort in Computer programming. However the texts are just a but off topic. The chapter in question is about learning languages and why a particular lanuguage makes a good (or prehaps bad) learning language. And what the language can teach you.

Look at Ada, C, C++ or Objective-C.

BTW: I seriously consider to remove i.E. the Perl and PHP texts since they say nothing about learning curve or paradigms available and they have been added anomymously so I can't ask the author the improve them.

--Krischik 07:14, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Johnp. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Johnp~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:20, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnp~enwikibooks


text:
Finnish/Grammar-Suffixes

^^Contents^^ <<Grammar-Vowel harmony | Grammar-Suffixes |

Now the big part! In Finnish, like all Finno-Ugric languages, there are a huge series of suffixes to represent plurals, positions, postpositions (prepositions), pronouns and descriptions. They are grouped in to 4 groups of which there is a strict order, Group 1 which are plurals, Group 2 which are positions (2a) and postpositions (2b), Group 3 which are accusative pronouns, and Group 4 which are descriptions (i.e. also, too). To describe the suffixes easily the word auto (car) is used.

Group 1: Plurals
The first group of suffixes are plurals, of which there are 3 different ways.

-t
You can pluralize many words by simply putting a "t" after the word:
 * auto → autot ; car → cars
 * kirja → kirjat ; book → books

If there are "kk", "pp", or "tt" in a word in a similar way like those below, pluralize it in the following way:

 * kukka → kukat ; flower → flowers
 * hattu → hatut ; hat → hats

If a word has "nk" in a similar way like those below, pluralize in the following way:

 * kenkä → kengät ; shoe → shoes
 * sanko → sangot ; bucket → buckets
 * henki → henget ; spirit → spirits

If a word ends with a letter "s" like those below, pluralize it in the following way:

 * varis → varikset ; crow → crows
 * tulos → tulokset ; result → results

If a word ends with "nen" like those below, pluralize it in the following way:

 * kukkanen → kukkaset ; small flower → small flowers
 * Virtanen → Virtaset ;

-i (-j)
To pluralise a word with another suffix you put an i in between the word and the suffix(es). If there is a cluster of more than 2 vowels, then the i becomes a j
 * autossani → autoissani in my car → in my cars
 * autoa → autoja car → cars (partitive)

-a
When there is a number before the word to indicate an amount, you put an a after the word (in fact this is not a plural at all, but partitive: it is the number that takes the formal role of auto in the sentence, more about that later)
 * auto → kaksi autoa car → two cars
 * autoni → kaksi autoani my car → my two cars

Exercises
Answer to these exercises are at the end of the page.

Exercise Number One
Pluralize these Finnish words. Translations in English are beside some words.

 * 1) talo (house)
 * 2) koira (dog)
 * 3) kirja (book)
 * 4) lappu  (note)
 * 5) näppäimistö (keyboard)
 * 6) takki  (coat)
 * 7) mökki (cottage)
 * 8) koti  (home)
 * 9) katu  (street)
 * 10) jalas  (runner)
 * 11) Leinonen
 * 12) kello (clock/bell)
 * 13) mato (worm)
 * 14) sänky (bed)
 * 15) piste (dot/point)

Exercise number two
Pluralize the following words. These are a bit harder than the previous ones.

 * 1) teko (act)
 * 2) lumihanki
 * 3) laite (gadget)
 * 4) pilvi
 * 5) haapa
 * 6) tuuletin
 * 7) tiede
 * 8) kanne
 * 9) kansi
 * 10) vaaka

Exercise number three
Pluralize these words which have another suffixes. There are rough translations in English.

 * 1) autossa  (in a car)
 * 2) autona (as a car)
 * 3) kellossani (in my clock)
 * 4) kelloa (clock(partitive))
 * 5) kynällä (with a pen)
 * 6) koneessa (in a machine)
 * 7) korissa (in a basket)
 * 8) kirjasta (from a book)

Exercise Number One

 * 1) talot (houses)
 * 2) koirat (dogs)
 * 3) kirjat (books)
 * 4) laput (notes)
 * 5) näppäimistöt (keyboards)
 * 6) takit
 * 7) mökit
 * 8) kodit
 * 9) kadut (streets)
 * 10) jalakset
 * 11) Leinoset
 * 12) kellot
 * 13) madot
 * 14) sängyt
 * 15) pisteet

Exercise number two

 * 1) teot (acts)
 * 2) lumihanget
 * 3) laitteet (gadgets)
 * 4) pilvet
 * 5) haavat
 * 6) tuulettimet
 * 7) tieteet
 * 8) kanteet
 * 9) kannet
 * 10) vaa'at

Exercise number three

 * 1) autoissa (in cars)
 * 2) autoina (as cars)
 * 3) kelloissani (in my clocks)
 * 4) kelloja ((clocks)partitive)
 * 5) kynillä (with pens)
 * 6) koneissa (in machines)
 * 7) koreissa (in baskets)
 * 8) kirjoista (from books)

title: Finnish/Grammar-Suffixes


text:
User talk:Bobbyandck

Hi there! I see you started the Open Culture book. Could you make a user page so we can get to know you a bit? ;) I see there's a Wikipedia user with the same name as you -- any relation? -- Tetraminoe 09:41, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Done the userpage is up, well on wikipedia at least, yes all the Bobbyandck's on the web are me are me (I hope) Bobbyandck 18:39, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bobbyandck


text:
User talk:Ntm~enwikibooks

Chicago sirloin
As you submitted the recipe, feel free to categorize it as you see fit. However, if it comes from Chicago, it is Midwestern. Every cuisine has its everyday food and its more special meals. In the California recipes category, we have the simple French Dip Sandwiches next to the more exotic San Francisco style Scallop Ceviche. Under Australian come both the gourmet Carpetbag Steak and the meatloaf-esk Rissoles. Right now most recipes are not categorized. After they are, you might be supprised to find other high quality recipes in the midwestern category. Gentgeen 10:57, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Oh, by the way, welcome to wikibooks. If you have any other questions, please feel free to ask. Gentgeen 10:57, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Don't remove the old category. It's OK to have multiple categories. AlbertCahalan 02:49, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ntm. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ntm~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ntm~enwikibooks


text:
Calculus/Tables of Derivatives

General Rules
$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(f+g)=\frac{\mathrm{d}f}{\mathrm{d}x}+\frac{\mathrm{d}g}{\mathrm{d}x}$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(c\cdot f)=c\cdot\frac{\mathrm{d}f}{\mathrm{d}x}$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(f\cdot g)=f\cdot\frac{\mathrm{d}g}{\mathrm{d}x}+g\cdot\frac{\mathrm{d}f}{\mathrm{d}x}$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left(\frac{f}{g}\right)=\dfrac{-f\cdot\dfrac{\mathrm{d}g}{dx}+g\cdot\dfrac{\mathrm{d}f}{\mathrm{d}x}}{g^2}$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}[f(g(x))]=\frac{\mathrm{d}f}{\mathrm{d}g}\cdot\frac{\mathrm{d}g}{\mathrm{d}x}=f'(g(x))\cdot g'(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}^n}{\mathrm{d}x^n} f(x)g(x) = \sum_{i=0}^n \left(\begin{matrix}n\\i\end{matrix}\right)f^{(n-i)}(x)g^{(i)}(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left(\frac{1}{f}\right) = -\frac{f'}{f^2}$$

Powers and Polynomials

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(c)=0$$
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}x=1$$
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}x^n=nx^{n-1}$$
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\sqrt{x}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt x}$$
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\frac{1}{x}=-\frac{1}{x^2}$$
 * $${\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(c_nx^n+c_{n-1}x^{n-1}+c_{n-2}x^{n-2}+\cdots+c_2x^2+c_1x+c_0)=nc_nx^{n-1}+(n-1)c_{n-1}x^{n-2}+(n-2)c_{n-2}x^{n-3}+\cdots+2c_2x+c_1}$$

Trigonometric Functions
$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\sin(x)=\cos(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\cos(x)=-\sin(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\tan(x)=\sec^2(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\cot(x)=-\csc^2(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\sec(x)=\sec(x)\tan(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\csc(x)=-\csc(x)\cot(x)$$

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}e^x=e^x$$
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}a^x=a^x\ln(a)\qquad\text{if }a>0$$
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\ln(x)=\frac{1}{x}$$
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\log_a(x)=\frac{1}{x\ln(a)}\qquad\text{if }a>0\ ,\ a\ne1$$
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(f^g)=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left(e^{g\ln(f)}\right)=f^g\left(f'\frac{g}{f}+g'\ln(f)\right)\ ,\qquad f>0$$
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(c^f)=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left(e^{f\ln(c)}\right)=c^f\ln(c)\cdot f'$$

Inverse Trigonometric Functions
$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\arcsin(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\arccos(x)=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\arctan(x)=\frac{1}{x^2+1}$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\arccot(x)=-\frac{1}{x^2+1}$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\arcsec(x)=\frac{1}{|x|\sqrt{x^2-1}}$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\arccsc(x)=-\frac{1}{|x|\sqrt{x^2-1}}$$

Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\sinh(x)=\cosh(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\cosh(x)=\sinh(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\tanh(x)={\rm sech}^2(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}{\rm sech}(x)=-\tanh(x){\rm sech}(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\coth(x)=-{\rm csch}^2(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}{\rm csch}(x)=-\coth(x){\rm csch}(x)$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}{\rm arsinh}(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+1}}$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}{\rm arcosh}(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}\ ,\ x>1$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}{\rm artanh}(x)=\frac{1}{1-x^2}\ ,\ |x|<1$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}{\rm arsech}(x)=-\frac{1}{x\sqrt{1-x^2}}\ ,\ 01$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}{\rm arcsch}(x)=-\frac{1}{|x|\sqrt{1+x^2}}\ ,\ x\ne0$$

title: Calculus/Tables of Derivatives