text:
User talk:Peterkirchem

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:49, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Roast Beef and other things
G'day Peter, yes I am an Aussie (by way of being an ex-Kiwi). It gives me a slightly different perspective on some things here, and on Wikipedia. I'm also not a pimply teenager, but I am white and nerdy enough to fit in here a bit :-)

You don't really need to learn anything about templates in order to write a Cookbook page. However, there are a couple of handy templates that you can use to make your page more like a Cookbook recipe.

The first is to give it a navigation template, and I reckon it should be mandatory. See here for what to type, and what it gives you. It puts a simple navigation line at the top of your recipe, knocks out the Table of Contents (not needed in recipes), and also includes it into an appropriate category (minimally, Category:Recipes). I recommend that you put this one at the top of your recipes:

The second is the recipe summary. This is completely optional, but it's nice to have one there so that prospective cooks have some idea of what they'll be getting themselves into. Even nicer if it has a lovely photo of what they'll be getting for their efforts! See here for some examples of how to use it. It also should go at the top of the page (I've seen it both above and below the navigation template).

That's really all you need to know about templates, unless you want to delve further into it. Otherwise, you can do pretty much all you need with plain-old Wiki editing syntax. The Editing help link at the bottom of the edit box (next to the "Save page" and "Show preview" buttons) will tell you all you need to know about that.

Regarding your problems on Wikipedia, you might want to take a look at this page.

Oh, and I look forward to testing out your roast beef recipe sometime soon. I have a general preference for roast lamb (the Kiwi thing, no doubt), but my better half keeps prodding me to roast some beef, so maybe next time we do a roast. cheers, Webaware 23:27, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Roast Lamb, eh ?? Take a look here !!

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Roast_Lamb

 * G'day Peter. Thanks, but I have Roast Lamb pretty much down pat, what with my Kiwi heritage and living in a country that's busy slaughtering as many lamb as it can due to drought :-( Although, I haven't yet mastered the Greek-style roast lamb - the sort that falls off the bone as you wave your knife at it. I've come close, but not yet succeeded; needs a lot of time at a low temperature. BTW, I cook my roasts at 150°C, with big veges (e.g. taro) going in at the start, smaller hard veges (spuds, sweet potato) going in after first ½ hour, and smallest and softer (carrots, parsnip) after second ½ hour. But everyone has their way.

 * Incidentally, have you seen this page on eGullet? Quite educational. There are some fabulous pages on that forum (I wish I had time to spend a while there).

 * Lastly, the link you give above isn't the best way to give links in Wikibooks, on two counts. Firstly, your recipe is actually at "Cookbook:Roast_Lamb"; the page you link to is a redirect. Such an approach will not work for most recipes here. Secondly, you can link to Wikibooks pages using internal link syntax, like this: Roast Lamb, which produces this: Roast Lamb

 * Cheerio, must away to do a little cookwork before I finish my coffee. Webaware talk 23:20, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Temporary block

 * [[Image:Octagon-warning.svg|left|30px]] You have been blocked from editing Wikibooks  as a result of your .  Please note that page blanking, addition of random text or spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires.

Az1568(Talk) 22:55, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Are you for real ??

Carbonara
Hi Peter - just to let you know I've moved it to Cookbook:Carbonara pasta sauce so that it is part of the cookbook - thanks & regards -- Herby talk thyme 07:16, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * No problem Peter - just start the page name off with Cookbook: and then the name. Equally if you forget it is a simple as using the move tab on the page and for the "location" adding Cookbook: to the start of the name.  Happy to help (tho I'll be offline now for a a bit over a week!).  Others will help if you need it (Webaware is often around and is more knowledgeable than me about the cookbook).  Regards -- Herby  talk thyme 08:05, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks Herby. Am a little backward on such matters but will learn! Peter

 * G'day Peter, you might be interested in this, particularly the section "The Point of view of a Roman". Webaware talk 13:11, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks Webaware !! Thats some discussion. I am at least glad that my recipe did not suggest either garlic OR onions, but I wonder what they make of the Lemon Zest. I shall go and wind them up a little !

 * Hah! Cute, but don't expect a reply for some time, as I doubt that anybody is actively (passively?) watching that talk page. Except a few addicts like me, who patrol Cookbook talk page changes... Webaware talk 12:48, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Lol! I suppose we need to get ourselves a life or something!! Peter

Re:Summer pudding
No problem, i'll move this one into the cookbook for you. For future reference, if you want to create a new page in the cookbook, you have to put the word "Cookbook:" into the title. So instead of creating a page "Summer Pudding", you should create a page called "Cookbook:Summer Pudding". Once you get the hang of that, the rest should be very easy. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 12:46, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, it really is that easy. The problem is that we really don't make it clear that things are so easy. For that reason, it really is our fault, as a community, that our help and introductory pages really just dont answer the questions that the newest of users are frequently asking.
 * On a personal note, I am going to be doing work on our help pages, and as a new user you would make a good resource to help direct me on what questions need to be answered, and where the answers should be so that new users can actually find them. If you have any suggestions about this, please let me know. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 18:33, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Yes, I'd be delighted and will put together some ideas in the next couple of days ! --Peterkirchem 18:54, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * On a related note, I moved your new page to Cookbook:Pasta alla gorgonzola. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 18:58, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Signing talk pages
G'day Peter, I just saw your comment on Cookbook talk:Potato. To sign a comment on a talk page, just add four tildes to the end, i.e. ~. Alternatively, press the button that looks a bit like a signature, on the tool bar above the edit box. cheers, Webaware talk 05:58, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Pete's pasta
G'day Peter, I've just cookbooked your Cookbook:Pete's pasta recipe. It seems to be missing some vital quantities - e.g. it measures things in boxes and tins, not mentioning how big these are. Remember that we shop in different countries, not just different grocers, so my box of pasta might be bigger or smaller than your box :-) Could you please update with some sizes? thanks, Webaware talk 14:12, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Done that, Webaware. Thanks. It's at times difficult as it rather depends on how many are eating, but I take your point. If you're in the US I am quite SURE your boxes are bigger than ours ! Here (UK) we have to buy pasta every 5 minutes as our boxes are tiny! Also I am afraid I tend always to chuck stuff in til it looks about right, but realise that is a pretty awful way of doing things ! --Peterkirchem 08:08, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, mate. I'm in Australia, and our "boxes" may well be the same size as yours. However, I don't buy pasta in boxes; if I ever do buy pasta (which is rare), it's a plastic bag of gluten-free pasta. cheers, Webaware talk 08:40, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Signing recipes
G'day Peter, I see you've been signing all your recipes. That's generally "not done", as it implies ownership - something Wikibooks doesn't go in for! Signing is for talk pages, and a page's edit history tells everyone who wrote it.

However, you should probably add your name to the list of Cookbook contributors, and maybe list the recipes you've added on your user page. cheers, Webaware talk 10:40, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Oops !! Sorry, didn't know. It's more an act of owning up rather than owning !! Thanks for the photo by the way. One you made ? Btw - can I duplicate that recipe as Mushroom Risotto ?

Another question - this general description of Risotto - http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Risotto - is more a description than a recipe (and the recipe bit is rather tortuous english) - can one start a new RECIPE for Risotto, and then string out from there - or has it got to be left how it is ?

 * G'day Peter, no worries! But you can stop signing them now :-)
 * The photo is from the Wiki Commons. When I find a recipe without a photograph, and if I have a moment, I search the Commons for a suitable photo to plaster across it. It's surprising how many recipes are well represented in there, and also how many incredibly common recipes aren't! Incidentally, I add porcini mushrooms to my risottos / paellas, often along with a couple of others. Haven't made a simple mushroom risotto though, but will bear it in mind ('cos it's bloody easy, and we like easy here!)
 * Don't duplicate recipes. However, if you want to give your recipe an alternative name, you can create a page for "Cookbook:Mushroom Risotto" and only put in it a redirect to "Cookbook:Risotto ai funghi". Press the "#R" button above the edit box when you are creating the page.
 * Regarding Risotto, the page you linked to is not in the Cookbook. Here's the Cookbook's risotto recipe: Cookbook:Risotto. Note the prefix, "Cookbook:"? Thanks for finding the other page for me, I've tagged it to be merged into the Cookbook page and then deleted.
 * When you do a search in Wikibooks, the default settings don't search the Cookbook. You can change this by ticking "Cookbook" on the search tab of your preferences, and saving. I suspect that you hadn't worked that one out yet, hence your find of Risotto :-)
 * cheers, Webaware talk 13:46, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Recipes belong in the Cookbook
G'day Peter, I see that you are still creating recipes outside the cookbook, forcing others to run around tidying up after you. This is getting pretty boring. Could you please read over the advice left by me, and others, and take some notice of some of it? I have to say that it's starting to get a bit tiresome. The more cleanup work we all have to do, the less time we have for our own contributions.

Additionally, before creating a new recipe, please check to see whether it already exists in the Cookbook. If it does, you should determine whether your recipe is sufficiently different to warrant a separate page; otherwise, incorporate your changes into the recipe either in the "Notes, tips and variations" section (preferred) or by modifying the existing recipe.

cheers, Webaware talk 10:38, 14 July 2007 (UTC) .

Oh dear. I thought I WAS putting it in the cookbook. Sorry, will try again.--Peterkirchem 20:48, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Also, I looked up Fish and Chips and didnt come across anything, but I just for instance looked up German Meatballs in COokbook, and get a link to Cookbook:german meatballs. Dont understand, as I thought I was searching IN cookbook already (having chosen in in the "navigation" column on the right.--Peterkirchem 20:56, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * G'day Peter, I just entered "fish and chips" into the search field, and clicked on "Search", and this is what it got me: . Perhaps you need to click on the "Search" button, rather than just pressing "ENTER" (which is like clicking on the "Go" button). Webaware talk 00:20, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Tarte tatin

 * Cookbook pages should be located at Cookbook:Page Name. To move pages, use the move tab at the top of the page. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:30, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Buy a new oven !! :-)

Mind you am slightly perplexed that you say an oven goes DOWN to a certain temperature. On the premise all great American Ovens live their lives 'cool' until called to service, I would have thought yours would rise THROUGH 170 degrees on the way to its maximum setting ! I now put a leg of lamb in the oven the night before I eat it and roast it (on say 100) all through the night. The smell of lamb when you wake up is an amazing experience!

Buy a new oven !! :-)

Mind you am slightly perplexed that you say an oven goes DOWN to a certain temperature. On the premise all great American Ovens live their lives 'cool' until called to service, I would have thought yours would rise THROUGH 170 degrees on the way to its maximum setting ! I now put a leg of lamb in the oven the night before I eat it and roast it (on say 100) all through the night. The smell of lamb when you wake up is an amazing experience!

Slow Roasting Lamb
Here in the great USA, most of our ovens only go down to 170, but the slow roasting calls for 150 F, was it? Maybe it was 160. I can't remember. Anyways, how would I be able to do it if the lowest my oven can go is 170 F? --AltonBrownIsAwesome (talk) 19:20, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Buy a new oven!!

Roast pork
I think it's safe to serve pork when it's still pink, or at least at 145 degrees F. Trichina die out at around 137 degrees. Also, there are small enough amounts of other nasties to all die around that temperature. AltonBrownIsAwesome (talk) 14:02, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Bit chewy when it's pink, don you find??

Yes, I agree. I personally dont like pork which is pink, but that is just a personal preference ! Yes, a bit chewy...and piggy !

Thanks
I just noticed your comment on one of my recipes. Thanks for the compliment. Moby-Dick4000 (talk) 12:53, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * By the way, I made changes to both the name and the intro to a recipe you wrote: Spaghetti alla Vongole. It's now titled Spaghetti with clams in white wine sauce. The recipe itself, however, remains unchaged. I left an explanation for my changes on that recipe's talk page.

 * I hope you're not offended. If you are, please leave a note on my talk page and I'm sure we can reach a compromise. Moby-Dick4000 (talk) 17:39, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Absolutely no problem! I think it is a better title as the italian is....well.. for italians really !! I now add some mussels to the recipe, but then would have to call it something else !

title: User talk:Peterkirchem


text:
Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 30 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section concerns expenditure on sea walls as part of a rental business.

Where a person incurs expenditure in the making of any sea wall or other embankment necessary for the preservation or protection of the premises against the encroachment or overflowing of the sea or any tidal river, that person will get a tax deduction when computing his rental income equal to one twenty-first of the expenditure in the year in which it has been incurred, and in each of the subsequent 20 years.

Subsection (2) provides for the benefit of this deduction to be transferred to the subsequent owners of the interest in the property that was held by the person originally incurring the expenditure.

Subsection (2A) makes sure subsection (2) works where the transferor is subject to income, rather than corporation, tax.

Subsection (3) makes it clear who the subsequent owner of the interest in the property is where that interest is a lease that comes to an end.

Subsection (4) provides that, where necessary, the deduction is time apportioned between accounting periods falling in periods of account to which the deduction applies, excluding any last accounting periods if the deduction is no longer relevant for that period.

Subsection (5) provides that the section does not apply to any expenditure for which a capital allowance is due.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 34 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

Subsection (1) is the main provision. It provides that where the payment of any premium is required under a lease, or otherwise under the terms subject to wwhich a lease is granted, and the duration of the lease does not exceed 50 years, the landlord is treated for corporation tax purposes as receiving as rent when the lease is granted an amount equal to:

 * $$P -\frac{(P x Y)}{50}\ $$

where P is the size of the premium, and Y is the number of complete periods of 12 months (other than the first) comprised in the duration of the lease.

Subsection (2) modify subsection (1) where the terms of the lease give the tenant an obligation to carry out work on the premises. It effectively provides that the value of that obligation is deemed to be an additional premium received by the landlord.

Subsection (3) disapplies subsection (2) if the landlord would have received a tax deduction in his rental income calculation for the costs incurred in carry out that work had the landlord incurred those costs himself.

Subsection (4) provides that if, under terms under which the lease was granted, a sum becomes payable by the tenant in lieu of the whole or any part of the rent for a period, it is to be deemed to be an additional premium received by the landlord when the amount becomes payable by the tenant. The spreading period is the period for which the payment is made to cover.

Subsection (5) provides that if, under the terms of a waiver or variaion of the lease, a sum becomes payable by the tenant otherwise than by way of rent, that sum is deemed to be an additional premium received by the landlord when the contract for the waiver or variation is entered into. The period for the spreading is the period for which the waiver or variation applies.

Subsections (6) and (7) provide the if a company connected to the landlord within the meaning of section 839 of ICTA receives an amount in relation to a rental business of the landlord, subsections (1), (4) and (5) apply to that company in a similar way to how they would have applied to the landlord had he received the amount.

Subsection (7A) provides that the amount treated under this section as rent is to be taken into account in computing rental income for the accounting period in which it is treated as received (ie it is not time apportioned by reference to periods of account).

Subsection (8) makes a provision where the deemed rental amount is to be paid by the tenant in instalments. It allows the Board of HM Revenue and Customs to give the company an option to pay the tax related to that amount in instalments over a period not exceeding eight years and, in any event, ending not later than th time at which the tax would be due on profits in the accounting period in which the last of the tenant's instalments is payable.


text:
Toki Pona/Word list

Official Word List
Total 123 words from the official word list in the book at.

 * a	: interj	ah, ha, uh, oh, ooh, aw, well (emotion word)
 * akesi	: n	reptile, amphibian
 * ala	: mod	no, not, none, un-
 * n	nothing, negation, zero
 * interj	no!

 * alasa	: vt	gather, hunt, forage
 * ale, ali	: n	everything, anything, life, universe
 * mod	all, every, complete, whole

 * anpa	: n	bottom, lower part, under, below, floor, beneath
 * mod	low, lower, bottom, down, lowly, humble, dependant

 * ante	: n	difference
 * mod	different
 * conj	otherwise, or else
 * vt	change, alter, modify

 * anu	: conj	or
 * awen	: vi	stay, wait, remain, stop
 * vt	keep
 * mod	remaining, stationary, permanent, sedentary

 * e	: sep	(introduces a direct object)
 * en	: conj	and (used to coordinate head nouns)
 * esun	: n	market, shop, business, trading, selling, buying
 * ijo	: n	thing, something, stuff, anything, object
 * mod	of something
 * vt	objectify

 * ike	: mod	bad, negative, wrong, evil, overly complex, (figuratively) unhealthy
 * interj	oh dear! woe! alas!
 * n	negativity, badness, evil
 * vt	to make bad, to worsen, to have a negative effect upon
 * vi	to be bad, to suck
 * [sounds like icky]

 * ilo	: n	tool, device, machine, thing used for a specific purpose
 * insa	: n	inside, inner world, centre, stomach
 * mod	inner, internal
 * [inside]

 * jaki	: mod	dirty, gross, filthy
 * n	dirt, pollution, garbage, filth
 * vt	pollute, dirty
 * interj	ew! yuck!
 * [yucky]

 * jan	: n	person, people, human, being, somebody, anybody
 * mod	human, somebody's, personal, of people
 * vt	personify, humanize, personalize

 * jelo	: mod	yellow, light green
 * [yellow]

 * jo	: vt	have, contain
 * n	having
 * kama	receive, get, take, obtain

 * kala	: n	fish, sea creature
 * kalama	: n	sound, noise, voice
 * vi	make noise
 * vt	sound, ring, play (an instrument)

 * kama	: vi	come, become, arrive, happen, pursue actions to arrive to (a certain state), manage to, start to
 * n	event, happening, chance, arrival, beginning
 * mod	coming, future
 * vt	bring about, summon
 * [come up]

 * kasi	: n	plant, leaf, herb, tree, wood
 * ken	: vi	can, is able to, is allowed to, may, is possible
 * n	possibility, ability, power to do things, permission
 * vt	make possible, enable, allow, permit
 * cont	it is possible that

 * kepeken	: vt	use
 * prep	with

 * kili	: n	fruit, vegetable, mushroom
 * kin	: mod	also, too, even, indeed (emphasizes the word(s) before it)
 * kipisi	: n	part, partition
 * vt	split, cut, divide

 * kiwen	: mod	hard, solid, stone-like, made of stone or metal
 * n	hard thing, rock, stone, metal, mineral, clay

 * ko	: n	semi-solid or squishy substance, e.g. paste, powder, gum
 * kon	: n	air, wind, smell, soul
 * mod	air-like, ethereal, gaseous

 * kule	: n	colour, paint
 * mod	colourful
 * vt	colour, paint

 * kulupu	: n	group, community, society, company, people
 * mod	communal, shared, public, of the society
 * [group]

 * kute	: vt	listen, hear
 * mod	auditory, hearing

 * la	: sep	(between adverb or phrase of context and sentence)
 * lape	: n, vi	sleep, rest
 * mod	sleeping, of sleep

 * laso	: mod	blue, blue-green
 * lawa	: n	head, mind
 * mod	main, leading, in charge
 * vt	lead, control, rule, steer

 * len	: n	clothing, cloth, fabric
 * lete	: n	cold
 * mod	cold, uncooked
 * vt	cool down, chill

 * li	: sep	"(between any subject except mi and sina and its verb; also used to introduce a new verb for the same subject)"
 * lili	: mod	small, little, young, a bit, short, few, less
 * vt	reduce, shorten, shrink, lessen

 * linja	: n	long, very thin, floppy thing, e.g. string, rope, hair, thread, cord, chain
 * lipu	: n	flat and bendable thing, e.g. paper, card, ticket
 * loje	: mod	red
 * lon	: prep	be (located) in/at/on
 * vi	be there, be present, be real/true, exist, be awake

 * luka	: n	hand, arm
 * lukin	: vt	see, look at, watch, read
 * vi	look, watch out, pay attention
 * mod	visual(ly)
 * [looking]

 * lupa	: n	hole, orifice, window, door
 * [sounds like loop]

 * ma	: n	land, earth, country, (outdoor) area
 * mama	: n	parent, mother, father
 * mod	of the parent, parental, maternal, fatherly
 * [sounds like momma]

 * mani	: n	money, material wealth, currency, dollar, capital
 * [money]

 * meli	: n	woman, female, girl, wife, girlfriend
 * mod	female, feminine, womanly
 * [Mary]

 * mi	: n	I, we
 * mod	my, our
 * [me]

 * mije	: n	man, male, boy, husband, boyfriend
 * mod	male, masculine, manly

 * moku	: n	food, meal
 * vt	eat, drink, swallow, ingest, consume

 * moli	: n	death
 * vi	die, be dead
 * vt	kill
 * mod	dead, deadly, fatal

 * monsi	: n	back, rear end, butt, behind
 * mod	back, rear

 * mu	: interj	woof! meow! moo! etc. (animal noise)
 * [moo]

 * mun	: n	moon
 * mod	lunar
 * [moon]

 * musi	: n	fun, playing, game, recreation, art, entertainment
 * mod	artful, fun, recreational
 * vi	play, have fun
 * vt	amuse, entertain

 * mute	: mod	many, very, much, several, a lot, abundant, numerous, more
 * n	amount, quantity
 * vt	make many or much
 * [multi]

 * namako	: n food additive, accessory, something extra
 * vt season, embellish, stimulate

 * nanpa	: n	number
 * oth	-th (ordinal numbers)
 * [number]

 * nasa	: mod	silly, crazy, foolish, drunk, strange, stupid, weird
 * vt	drive crazy, make weird

 * nasin	: n	way, manner, custom, road, path, doctrine, system, method
 * nena	: n	bump, nose, hill, mountain, button
 * ni	: mod	this, that
 * nimi	: n	word, name
 * noka	: n	leg, foot
 * o	: sep	O (vocative or imperative)
 * interj	hey! (calling somebody's attention)

 * oko	: n	eye
 * [similar to oculist]

 * olin	: n	love
 * mod	love
 * vt	to love (a person)

 * ona	: n	she, he, it, they
 * mod	her, his, its, their

 * open	: vt	open, turn on
 * pakala	: n	blunder, accident, mistake, destruction, damage, breaking
 * vt	screw up, fuck up, botch, ruin, break, hurt, injure, damage, spoil, ruin
 * vi	screw up, fall apart, break
 * interj	damn! fuck!

 * pali	: n	activity, work, deed, project
 * mod	active, work-related, operating, working
 * vt	do, make, build, create
 * vi	act, work, function

 * palisa	: n	long, mostly hard object, e.g. rod, stick, branch
 * pan	: n	grain, cereal
 * pana	: vt	give, put, send, place, release, emit, cause
 * n	giving, transfer, exchange

 * pi	: sep	of, belonging to
 * pilin	: n	feelings, emotion, heart
 * vi	feel
 * vt	feel, think, sense, touch
 * [feeling]

 * pimeja	: mod	black, dark
 * n	darkness, shadows
 * vt	darken

 * pini	: n	end, tip
 * mod	completed, finished, past, done, ago
 * vt	finish, close, end, turn off

 * pipi	: n	bug, insect, spider
 * poka	: n	side, hip, next to
 * prep	in the accompaniment of, with
 * mod	neighbouring

 * poki	: n	container, box, bowl, cup, glass
 * [box]

 * pona	: n	good, simplicity, positivity
 * mod	good, simple, positive, nice, correct, right
 * interj	great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!
 * vt	improve, fix, repair, make good
 * [bonam]

 * pu	: vi interact with the official toki pona book
 * sama	: mod	same, similar, equal, of equal status or position
 * prep	like, as, seem

 * seli	: n	fire, warmth, heat
 * mod	hot, warm, cooked
 * vt	heat, warm up, cook

 * selo	: n	outside, surface, skin, shell, bark, shape, peel
 * seme	: oth	what, which, wh- (question word)
 * sewi	: n	high, up, above, top, over, on
 * mod	superior, elevated, religious, formal

 * sijelo	: n	body, physical state
 * sike	: n	circle, wheel, sphere, ball, cycle
 * mod	round, cyclical

 * sin	: mod	new, fresh, another, more
 * vt	renew, renovate, freshen

 * sina	: n	you
 * mod	your

 * sinpin	: n	front, chest, torso, face, wall
 * sitelen	: n	picture, image
 * vt	draw, write

 * sona	: n	knowledge, wisdom, intelligence, understanding
 * vt	know, understand, know how to
 * vi	know, understand
 * kama	learn, study

 * soweli	: n	animal, especially land mammal, lovable animal
 * suli	: mod	big, tall, long, adult, important
 * vt	enlarge, lengthen
 * n	size

 * suno	: n	sun, light
 * supa	: n	horizontal surface, e.g furniture, table, chair, pillow, floor
 * suwi	: n	candy, sweet food
 * mod	sweet, cute
 * vt	sweeten
 * [sweet]

 * tan	: prep	from, by, because of, since
 * n	origin, cause

 * taso	: mod	only, sole
 * conj	but
 * [that's all]

 * tawa	: prep	to, in order to, towards, for, until
 * vi	go to, walk, travel, move, leave
 * n	movement, transportation
 * mod	moving, mobile
 * vt	move, displace
 * [towards]

 * telo	: n	water, liquid, juice, sauce
 * vt	water, wash with water

 * tenpo	: n	time, period of time, moment, duration, situation
 * toki	: n	language, talking, speech, communication
 * mod	talking, verbal
 * vt	say
 * vi	talk, chat, communicate
 * interj	hello! hi!

 * tomo	: n	indoor constructed space, e.g. house, home, room, building
 * mod	urban, domestic, household

tonsi

n	non-binary, transgender, non-conforming
 * tu: mod	two
 * n	duo, pair
 * vt	double, separate/cut/divide in two
 * [two]

 * unpa: n	sex, sexuality
 * mod	erotic, sexual
 * vt	have sex with, sleep with, fuck
 * vi	have sex

 * uta: n	mouth
 * mod	oral

 * utala: n	conflict, disharmony, competition, fight, war, battle, attack, blow, argument, physical or verbal violence
 * vt	hit, strike, attack, compete against

 * walo: mod	white, light (colour)
 * n	white thing or part, whiteness, lightness
 * [sounds like wall, which is often white]

 * wan: mod	one, a
 * n	unit, element, particle, part, piece
 * vt	unite, make one
 * [one]

 * waso: n	bird, winged animal
 * wawa: n	energy, strength, power
 * mod	energetic, strong, fierce, intense, sure, confident
 * vt	strengthen, energize, empower

 * weka: mod	away, absent, missing
 * n	absence
 * vt	throw away, remove, get rid of

 * wile: vt	to want, need, wish, have to, must, will, should
 * n	desire, need, will
 * mod	necessary

Parts of Speech

 * n	head noun
 * mod	modifier (adjective or adverb)
 * sep	separator
 * vt	verb, transitive (normally used with e)
 * vi	verb, intransitive
 * interj	interjection
 * prep	quasi-preposition
 * conj	conjunction
 * kama	compound verb preceded by kama
 * cont	context word used before la
 * oth	special, other word

Tokipono/Vortaro Toki_pona/Contenido/Diccionario_ilustrado トキポナ/辞書 Словарь Toki Pona

title: Toki Pona/Word list


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User talk:207.250.21.33

Xania talk 21:02, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.250.21.33


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User talk:M Linley

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!

(sorry it took so long for you to be welcomed!!!) -- SB_Johnny | talk 21:51, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:M Linley


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User talk:Petercooper

Hello, Welcome to wikibooks! I saw your note on the staff lounge, and I wanted to talk to you about your class project. I've been involved with a number of other class projects here in the past, and am interested in helping your project along as well. It certainly sounds interesting! I would ask you to read (or at least skim over) Guidelines for class projects, a resource that we've been compiling to help projects like yours get off to a good start.

I've done some significant work on several related books, such as Reverse Engineering, Embedded Systems, x86 Assembly, and other similar books. I'm starting my PhD dissertation research in this area, so i have some expertise that I could lend as well.

If you have any questions, or if you need any help at all, please don't hesitate to ask me on my user talk page. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 21:55, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You aren't the first fuddy-duddy to experiment with the wiki medium, i assure you! for some examples of other books that resulted from class projects, see Human Physiology, and XML. There certainly is potential to make it a great experience for your class. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 22:06, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added your book to Programming languages bookshelf. I don't know why you can't edit it, and I will try to figure out the problem. I've added your book at the very bottom, under the UNIX section. Let me know if you would like it moved anywhere else. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 22:13, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Petercooper


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 39 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section provides a saving for pre-1963 leases.

Sections 34 (Treatment of premiums etc. as rent), 35 (Charge on assignment of lease granted at an undervalue) and 36 (Charge on sale of land with right to reconveyance) don't apply to a leased granted, or an estate or interest in land sold, before 6 April 1963 or in pursuance of a contact entered nto before 4 April 1963. However, s34(5), which refers to waivers and variations of leases, applies unless those waivers and variations are in pursuance of a contract entered into before 4 April 1963.


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User talk:Mersonn~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mersonn. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mersonn~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mersonn~enwikibooks


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Wikijunior:World Religions

A religion is a belief system that explains why we exist and why the universe is the way it is. There are many different religions. Some are very popular, such as Islam and Christianity; some others you've probably never heard of. This is a book for 10–12-year-olds who want to find out about different religions.

 * /Contributing/

Articles

 * /Atheism/
 * /Bahá'í/
 * /Buddhism/
 * /Christianity/
 * /Hinduism/
 * /Islam/
 * /Jainism/
 * /Judaism/
 * /Shintoism/
 * /Sikhism/
 * /Taoism/
 * /Unitarian Universalism/
 * /Wicca/
 * /Zoroastrianism/

tr:Vikiçocuk:Dünya dinleri

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Wikijunior talk:World Religions

Wikijunior:Religions
I need help I thought it would be a cool book idea but I need some more contributors —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gogreen (talk • contribs) 00:01, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Upgrades
I hope to make a few infrastructure upgrades here, in the near future. The three areas that seem to me to need work are:
 * The lead paragraph.
 * ✅ --Pi zero (talk) 21:57, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The standard outline for articles. (Needs to be more flexible.)
 * ✅ a new set of questions, here. --Pi zero (talk) 20:28, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Resources of interest are --Pi zero (talk) 16:54, 23 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The book outline. (In addition to more belief systems, there are historical suggestions for other kinds of sections besides belief-system articles.)
 * [ Wikijunior:Religions], an attempt to start this same book (from the same book proposal, that is) almost two years before this one. It looks like the author didn't link to it from anywhere, so no-one else knew it was there and it just got lost.  Not much there, but it has an interestingly different lead, and suggests some other belief systems to cover.  [Update: it's now been history-merged with this book, so I've adjusted the above link to point to a revision containing the relevant content.]
 * Wikijunior:New Title Suggestions/Archive
 * Wikijunior:New Book of the Quarter/2007-1st Quarter Vote
 * Wikijunior:New Title Suggestions

Divisions
If we're going to list "Catholic Christianity" and "Protestant Christianity" separately, we should probably do the same for Sunni and Shia Islam, as well as Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform Judaism. However, especially considering that this is Wikijunior, it would probably be best not to present it that way, and instead explain the internal divisions after outlining the generally shared tenets of the religion as a whole. Belteshazzar (talk) 18:40, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Yeah, we're better off with just one unified section for Christianity. There seem to have been thoughts, once upon a time, of an extensive hierarchical structure; but that wouldn't make sense until there was already much more to this book than there is now, and there would still be only one top-level taxon for Christianity.

 * One wonders whether there should be a standard section heading in the article outline for sects. --Pi zero (talk) 21:32, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Ancient religions?
Are we allowed to add ancient religions?Qwerty number1 (discuss • contribs) 01:47, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

 * It's an interesting question. Did you have something particular in mind?  There used to be an item in the outline called "Folk", which I suppose was mean to be related to Shelf:Folk religions, but, iirc, the page was never created and in 2014 the item was removed . --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 02:25, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

 * There's certainly a theme of cross-religious understanding here, and ancient religions are, well, somewhat less directly relevant to that theme; so if we want the book to educate about current religions and thereby promote cross-religious understanding amongst existing communities, we approach the question of ancient religions one way. if we want to educate about the different kinds of things it's possible for people to believe, that's another. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 13:29, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

Thanks, Qwerty number1 (discuss • contribs) 15:54, 22 February 2019 (UTC).

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User talk:69.69.126.116

Xania talk 00:15, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Lighthouses

a. What is the function of a lighthouse?
The function of a lighthouse is to serve as a navigational aid to ships by sending a beam of light, which provides signals.

b. When were the first lighthouses of record built?
The first lighthouse in recorded history is the Pharos Lighthouse in Alexandria, Egypt. Built in 280 BC, it is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

c. What is the name of the most famous ancient lighthouse?
Perhaps the most famous lighthouse in history is the Lighthouse of Alexandria, built on the island of Pharos in ancient Egypt.

d. What are people called who study lighthouses? Why?
People who study lighthouses are called pharologists, after the island of Pharos where the famous lighthouse was constructed. Indeed, the name of the island is still used as the noun for "lighthouse" in some languages, for example: French (phare), Italian and Spanish (faro), Portuguese (farol), Swedish, Danish and Norwegian (fyr), Romanian (far) and Greek (φάρος).

e. Do all lighthouses have keepers? If not, how are they run?
In the United States, only the lighthouse called Boston Light still has a keeper - all the others are automated.

Even automated lighthouses need occasional maintenance, which the Coast Guard and the National Park service do on a regular basis. However the day-to-day warning that Lighthouses given is totally automatic with electronic machines that shine the (usually) aero-marine beacon lights out to passing ships, just like the Fresnel-lenses and gas-lamp mechanical masterpieces did in ages past.

More info: The Lantern Room

2. Research the structure and function of Fresnel lenses. Explain what makes these lenses so effective.
A Fresnel lens (pronounced fray-NELL) is a type of lens invented by Augustin-Jean Fresnel. Originally developed for lighthouses, the design enables the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the weight and volume of material which would be required in conventional lens design. Compared to earlier lenses, the Fresnel lens is much thinner, thus passing more light and allowing lighthouses to be visible over much longer distances.

The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional spherical lens by breaking the lens into a set of concentric ring-like sections. These concentric rings are shaped to point the light inward, focusing the light from all the rings to a single point, much like a magnifying glass does (imagine hundreds of magnifying glasses all working together!). Because there are so many ring-like lenses focusing light on a single point, the light is very bright, and can be seen from miles away, even through a thick fog.

3. Throughout history, what fuels were used for lighthouse lights?
The earliest lighthouses used wood and coal fires to make their light. Other fuels that have been used since include whale oil, lard, kerosene, and (lots of) candles. Today most lighthouses are lit with electricity. The first lighthouse in the United States to use electricity was the Statue of Liberty in 1886! Lady Liberty served her first 15 years as a lighthouse.

4. Are all lighthouses located along ocean shores? If not, list other locations where you would find a lighthouse.
Not all lighthouses are located along ocean shores. Many are also located along major rivers and lake shores.

5. What is the lighthouse service called in your country? What organization or branch of government is responsible for maintaining lighthouses in your country?
In the United States and in Canada, the Coast Guard is responsible for the lighthouse service. Other lighthouse services may be found by visiting The International Association of Marine Aids and Lighthouse Authorities.

 * Historical Notes (United States):
 * 1852 - the United States Lighthouse Board created as an agency of the US Federal Government to be responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of all lighthouses in the United States.
 * 1886 to 1902 - the Statue of Liberty functioned as a lighthouse.
 * 1910 - the United States Lighthouse Service (also known as the Bureau of Lighthouses) succeeded the Lighthouse Board.
 * 1939 - the US Lighthouse Service merged with the United States Coast Guard, which now maintains and operates all US Lighthouses and Lightships.

6. When a lighthouse is a visible landmark seen from the ocean during the day it can be identified by certain markings. What are these called?
These markings are called daymarks. Lighthouses have unique daymarks so that they can be distinguished from one another. If all lighthouses were round brick towers, a sailor would have to have a pretty good idea of where he was to know which lighthouse he was looking at. Instead, lighthouses are painted with easily distinguishable patterns. Often these are red and white, or black and white. Daymarks can be bands, diamonds, squares, rectangles, or any other shapes - so long as they can be seen from afar.

7. What is a foghorn? Why would one be used at a lighthouse? What are three things that affect how far away a foghorn can be heard?
Foghorns are a navigation aid for mariners. In foggy conditions, when visual navigation aids such as lighthouses are obscured by the weather, fog horns provide an audible warning of rocks, headlands, or other dangers to shipping.

Lighthouses are often built near shipping hazards such as rocks. It often becomes too foggy to see a lighthouse at a safe distance from these hazards, so an audible signal is needed instead.

The sound produced by a foghorn is a very deep pitch, due to the fact that deep sounds are audible to human ears at a greater distance than higher pitched ones. It is also very loud so ships a considerable distance away can heed its warning. Height above sea level is another factor that determines the distance at which a foghorn can be heard. Some foghorns can be heard up to six miles (9.6 km) away.

a. Look in the Bible Concordance to find “lights” and discuss lights as referred to in the Bible

 * In Genesis 1:14-16, Psalm 136:7, and Ezekiel 32:8 refer to God making the lights in the sky
 * Luke 8:16 and Luke 11:33 talk about putting a light under a basket verses on a lampstand where everyone can see it.
 * In Acts 16:29 the jailer calls for lights to see if Paul and Silas had escaped from jail.

In all of these cases, the lights are there as an aid to seeing. Sometimes the light is so we can see physically, and sometimes so we can see spiritually.

The instances here are limited to the plural noun "lights" and do not include the singular form "light" or the use of light (or lights) as a verb. You may wish to expand the search to include those.

b. Explain why you think God’s word is like a lighthouse.
Just as a lighthouse guides ships, God's word shows us the way to happiness and away from destruction.

9. Write a poem or a story about a lighthouse light. Include thoughts of God’s “light”. Read your story or poem to your group.
There are various forms of poetry, including traditional rhyming poems or non-rhyming ones. Haiku is a form of Japanese poetry containing three lines: the first line has five syllables, the second has seven, and the third has five. The Bible is full of poetry as well, though it is in a form unfamiliar to most English speakers. Biblical poetry repeats an idea using different words. Consider the full text of Psalm 136:7-9 (NKJV):

Notice how the first line speaks of the great lights, and is followed by a verse meaning the same thing, but with different detail. Also notice how "For His mercy endures forever" is repeated between each expression of the idea.

Have fun with this.

11. Do one of the following:a. List the names and locations of 5 lighthouses in your state/province.b. Locate on a map the location of 10 lighthouses in your country/division
The International Association of Marine Aids and Lighthouse Authorities is a good resource to check out for meeting this requirement.

The U.S. Park Service has an Inventory of Historic Light Stations which lists lighthouses from all over the United States, though this inventory is by no means exhaustive.

The Canadian Coast Guard has a List of Lights, Buoys and Fog Signals.

Another way to find lighthouses is by using an Internet search engine using the terms "Lighthouse" and the name of your locality. If you cannot find five lighthouses in your state or province, you may have to expand the search and find ten lighthouses in your division instead.

12. List the references you used to learn about lighthouses.
We obviously don't know which references you will use, but here are the ones that were used to put these answers together:

 * U.S. Coast Guard Lighthouses Curriculum
 * Wikipedia article on Lighthouses
 * Overfalls Maritime Museum Foundation Overfalls Lighthship online exhibit.

| /Completed Honors


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Lighthouses - Advanced

1. Have the Lighthouses Honor
==2. Make a scrapbook including the following:a. Pictures, post cards or drawings of twenty-five lighthouses. Label should included a brief description of: location, year built, active/non-active status, and order of the lens.b. Write up a short history of the above lighthouses.c. Include drawings/pictures and answers to all the requirements for this honor in your scrapbook.==

2a) Pictures, post cards or drawings of twenty-five lighthouses. Label should included a brief description of: location, year built, active/non-active status, and order of the lens.

 * Collect pictures/postcards/drawings of twenty-five (25) lighthouses

2b) Write up a short history of the above lighthouses.

 * Include a write-up on the lighthouse(s) with your picture/post card/drawing

2c) Include drawings/pictures and answers to all the requirements for this honor in your scrapbook.

 * You might be able to also work (or extend) your Scrapbooking honor

3. List the development of a Fresnel lens, including: a. Name of the gentleman that invented it. b. Country that he came from c. Year developed
3a) Name of the gentleman that invented it :  Augustin-Jean Fresnel  (pronounced fray-NELL) is most often given credit for the development of this lens for use in lighthouses.

3b) Country that he came from : Fresnel (May 10, 1788 – July 14, 1827), was a  French  physicist who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of wave optics.

3c) Year developed : According to Smithsonian, the first Fresnel lens was used in  1822  in a lighthouse on the Gironde River in France, Cardovan Tower; its light could be seen from more than 20 miles out.

 * A Fresnel lens is a type of lens invented by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel. Originally developed for lighthouses, the design enables the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the weight and volume of material which would be required in conventional lens design. Compared to earlier lenses, the Fresnel lens is much thinner, and passes more light which allows lighthouses to be visible over much longer distances.

 * The idea of creating a thinner, lighter lens by making it with separate sections mounted in a frame is often attributed to Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. However, it is difficult to find any other sources that link Buffon to work with optics. French physicist and engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel is most often given credit for the development of this lens for use in lighthouses. According to Smithsonian, the first Fresnel lens was used in 1822 in a lighthouse on the Gironde River in France, Cardovan Tower; its light could be seen from more than 20 miles out. Scottish physicist Sir David Brewster is credited with convincing The United Kingdom to use these lenses in their lighthouses.
 * The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional spherical lens by breaking the lens into a set of concentric annular sections known as Fresnel zones.
 * In the first (and largest) variations of the lens, each of these zones was a different prism. Though a lens might look like a single piece of glass, closer examination reveals that it is many small pieces. It was not until modern computer-controlled milling equipment (CNC) could turn out large complex pieces that these lenses were single pieces of glass.
 * For each of these zones, the overall thickness of the lens is decreased, effectively chopping the continuous surface of a standard lens into a set of surfaces of the same curvature, with discontinuities between them. This allows a substantial reduction in thickness (and thus weight and volume of material) of the lens, at the expense of reducing the imaging quality of the lens.

4. Draw a Fresnel lens: a. Show how prisms are used to concentrate lightb. Draw a bull’s eye lens and state its purpose

 * http://science.howstuffworks.com/question244.htm (External link on how a Fresnel Lens works)
 * http://www.lanternroom.com/misc/freslens.htm (Look at figure #3 for how the prisms/bull's eye reflect light)

5. Make a chart showing each class of Fresnel lens
You can get a nice diagram/chart at the Library of Congress.

a. Define order and list by size

 * 1st Order - focal length 920mm. Use: Largest seacoast lights.
 * 2nd Order - focal length 750mm. Use: Great Lakes lighthouses, seacoast islands, sounds.
 * 3rd Order - focal length 500mm. Use: Seacoast, sounds, river entry, bays, channels, range lights.
 * 4th Order - focal length 250mm. Use: Shoals, reefs, harbor lights, islands in rivers and harbors.
 * 5th Order - focal length 182.5mm. Use: Breakwaters, river lights, channels, small islands in sounds.
 * 6th Order - focal length 150mm. Use: Pier or breakwater lights in harbors.

b. Name at least one lighthouse using each order

 * 1st Order : Pigeon Point Light Station. Map: Southern approach to San Francisco Bay, California
 * 2nd Order : Point Bonita Lighthouse. Map: San Francisco Bay, California
 * 3rd Order : Ponce_de_Leon_Inlet_Light. Map: Ponce de Leon Inlet, Ponce Inlet, Florida, south of Daytona Beach, Florida
 * 4th Order : Crooked River Light. Map: near Carrabelle, Florida
 * 5th Order : Au Sable Light. Map: Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore on Lake Superior
 * 6th Order : Fort_Washington_Light. Map: Fort Washington Park on the banks of the Potomac River

Here's a listing of the classical Fresnel Lenses in the United States: http://uslhs.org/resources_lighthouse_lenses_4.php

6. Research and describe the history of the mechanism for rotating lights
In early years and the lenses were rotated by a weight driven clockwork assembly wound by lighthouse keepers (sometimes as often as every two hours). The lens assembly usually floated in mercury to reduce friction. In more modern lighthouses, electric lights and motor drives were used, generally powered by diesel electric generators. These also supplied electricity for the lighthouse keepers.

Daymark
Lighthouses have distinguishing daymarks. No two lighthouses are exactly alike. This way, ships and sailors can determine their location. For example, if you see a red lantern and black and white spiral stripes, you will know that you are off the coast of St. Augustine.

Nightmark
This can also be referred to as night signature, light pattern, or characteristic

In similar fashion, the signature or pattern of light at night is the nightmark. By viewing this distinctive signature, sailors can tell their location even in the dark.
 * Pigeon Point Light Station: Flashing white 10s
 * Point Bonita Lighthouse: Occulting white once every 4s
 * Ponce de Leon Inlet Light: fixed light (original)
 * Cape Hatteras Light: Short flash every 7.5 seconds
 * Au Sable Light: Flashing white every 6 s
 * Fort Washington Light: flashing red

8. What is a lightship? Why and where are lightships needed?

A lightship is a light house on a ship. It allows a lighthouse to be put where a lighthouse cannot be built. For example, a lightship may be moored over treacherous reefs, or marking the narrow approaches to a channel. Also, at harbor entrance(s) where lighthouses cannot be built or placed in areas too far offshore for a land-based lighthouse's lens to reach.

Here's a link for more information: http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/ltshipmain.htm

9. Read about lighthouse keepers and list some of the hazards they faced in completing their duties.
A lighthouse keeper is the person responsible for tending and caring for a lighthouse, particularly the light and lens in the days when oil lamps and clockwork mechanisms were used. Keepers were needed to trim the wicks, replenish fuel, wind clockworks and perform maintenance tasks such as cleaning lenses and windows.

10. Study quotes by Ellen White mentioning lighthouses and discuss the meaning. Place a copy of the quotes in your scrapbook.
Here's a link to a quote: http://www.whiteestate.org/issues/Drama.html. See pages 6, 17, 18.

11. Obtain a “Lighthouse Passport” and have it stamped at 10 different lighthouse locations.
This requirement may be difficult in some countries where provision for visiting is limited.
 * Lighthouse Passports
 * Participating Lighthouses

12. Build a lighthouse modeled after a real lighthouse using a lighthouse kit, wood, or other medium. Know the name, location, and date when the actual lighthouse was originally built.
''Have Fun! You should have no problems finding a kit to build on the Internet.''


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Whistles - Advanced


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User talk:24.5.204.4

Xania talk 00:55, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.5.204.4


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Curved glass

A piece of curved glass can sometimes be used to focus the rays of the sun, igniting the tinder. The glass must be smooth enough to not overly-distort the point of light. A magnifying glass is the typical sort of lens used for this, but there are other possibilities in a pinch.

It is possible, for instance, to use a piece of ice shaped into a sphere to do the same job. Getting the piece of ice round enough and, clear enough, and smooth enough to ignite a fire, however may prove to be difficult.

Others have reported success in polishing the bottom of a soda can, and using it as a mirror to reflect the sun's rays onto a point. Again, it takes a lot of patience to polish the can well enough to be able to light a fire this way, but it has been done. The polishing material can be any fine rouge-like substance, such as clay. The surprising thing about this particular technique is that a chocolate bar has been used as the polishing compound!


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User talk:66.234.34.115

Keytotime

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Samba/Conventions

Reader Message Boxes
This work makes regular use of message boxes—called "Reader Message Boxes"—to draw the reader's attention to some important point of fact. Several different message boxes are used, and each serves a specific purpose. The Message Boxes used throughout this text are as follows:

title: Samba/Conventions


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/A

 A   is for  A rmadillo

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/A


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/B

 B   is for  B at

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/B


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/C

 C   is for  C amel

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/C


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/D

 D   is for  D olphin

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/D


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/E

 E   is for  E lephant

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/E


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/F

F is for Frog

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/F


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User talk:Ke6gwf

Welcome from Jim Thomas
Hi Ke6gwf,

I assume that with a username like that, you must be into amatuer radio. Welcome to Wikibooks, and particularly to the Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book. I greatly appreciate your contribution to the Small Engines honor. If you are up to it, requirement 9 could really use some attention. If you don't like what it says, feel free to delete it and start over. I wrote that part, and ran out of steam before I finished it up. I was going to suggest that testing for spark could be done by grounding the end of the plug to the engine body and pulling the starter, but that didn't seem quite right. If you have better ideas, please add them!

If you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact me. You can leave a note on my Talk Page if you like. You can also ask questions in the Staff Lounge.

Jim Thomas 02:38, 10 January 2007 (UTC) P.S. The "official" welcome follows:

Welcome
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

title: User talk:Ke6gwf


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/G

 G   is for  G rasshopper

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/G


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Cookbook:Lemon Sponge

| American cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Dessert | Cake

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (225 g/7.9 oz) granulated sugar
 * 3 tablespoons flour
 * 1 lemon, zested and juiced
 * 2 eggs, separated
 * 1 tablespoon butter
 * 1 pinch of salt
 * 1 cup (250 ml/8.5 oz) milk

Procedure

 * 1) Lightly beat egg yolks.
 * 2) Mix the sugar and flour together, then add the lemon juice and zest, yolks, butter and salt.
 * 3) Stir in the milk and mix well.
 * 4) Whip the egg whites until stiff and fold into the first mixture.
 * 5) Pour batter into custard cups or ramekins.
 * 6) Set the cups in a pan of hot water and bake at 350 F for about 40 minutes.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The sponge may also be baked in a pie shell.

title: Cookbook:Lemon Sponge


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/H

 H   is for  H edgehog

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/H


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/I

 I   is for  I guana

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/I


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User talk:24.185.47.131

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.--Az1568(Talk) 03:13, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.185.47.131


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/J

 J   is for  J ellyfish

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/J


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/K

 K   is for  K angaroo

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/K


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Cookbook:Idli Pan

Idli pans are pans with smooth, round indentations into which idli batter is poured, before steaming to make idli. They typically have holes punched into the pan between the indentations, to allow steam to rise and envelope the cooking idli. They may come as individual pans for use in a saucepan, or with a special pot used to steam several idli pans in a stack, or even as a tree of idli pans that fits into a large pot.

In addition to idli, they are used for steaming other foods including idiyappam, and also make great poached eggs.

title: Cookbook:Idli Pan


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/L

 L   is for  L ion

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/L


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/M

 M   is for  M eerkat

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/M


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/N

 N   is for  N ewt

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/N


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/O

 O   is for  O  strich

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/O


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/P

 P   is for  P enguin

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/P


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Q

 Q   is for  Q uoll

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Q


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/R

 R   is for  R accoon

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/R


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/S

 S   is for  S nail

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/S


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/T

 T   is for  T urtle

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/T


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/U

 U   is for  U akari

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/U


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/V

 V   is for  V ulture

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/V


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/W

 W   is for  W alrus

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/W


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/X

 X   is for  X ysticus

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/X


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Y

 Y   is for  Y ak

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Y


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Z

 Z   is for  Z ebra

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Z


text: Category:Christmas recipes

title: Category:Christmas recipes


text: Category:Book:AppleScript Programming

title: Category:Book:AppleScript Programming


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Cookbook:Barley

Barley is a cereal grain used as a staple food.

Characteristics
When cooked, barley has a somewhat springy or chewy texture and a "nutty" flavor.

Barley is not considered gluten-free. Whilst it does not have the same form of gluten as wheat does, it has a protein called hordein that is equally harmful to people sensitive to gluten, including those with coeliac disease.

Varieties
Hulled barley has had the inedible hull removed, leaving the bran behind —this is typically considered a whole grain. Pearl barley has had the bran removed, and it is somewhat analogous to white rice. Barley groats can also be flattened like rolled oats.

Selection and storage
Barley will keep for a long time in an airtight container. Hulled barley may have a slightly shorter shelf life due to its bran, whose higher oil content can go rancid.

Uses
It is often used in soups, stews, and pilafs as in its hulled or peal forms. It can be malted and crushed for making beer and other malt products. It can also be ground to flour in its raw and malted forms for use in baking, where it primarily contributes flavor—barley breads tend to be flat and dense, and they stale faster.

title: Cookbook:Barley


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet

Wikijunior Animal Alphabet

-- /A/ /B/  /C/  /D/  /E/  /F/  /G/  /H/  /I/  /J/  /K/  /L/  /M/  /N/  /O/  /P/  /Q/  /R/  /S/  /T/  /U/  /V/  /W/  /X/  /Y/  /Z/ --

/Authors/ Printable HTML Version - Downloadable Video -

ar:ويكي الأطفال:أبجدية الحيوانات ca:Viquijúnior:Alfabet amb animals da:Wikijunior:Dyralfabet Wikijunior Tieralphabet Alfabeto de Bestoj Wikichicos/Alfabeto con animales fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet des animaux hy:Վիքիփոքրիկ:Կենդանիներով այբուբեն id:Wikijunior:Alfabet Hewan Wikijunior Alfabeto degli animali ms:Wikijunior:Abjad Hewan oc:Wikijunior:L'alfabet animal nl:Wikijunior:Dierenalfabet pl:Wikijunior:Alfabet zwierząt Alfabeto dos animais ro:Wikijunior:Alfabetul animal ru:Wikijunior:Азбука животных tr:Vikiçocuk:Hayvan Alfabesi zh:Wikijunior:动物字母表

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet


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Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Authors

Authors:

William R. Wilson, Texas, US - "xixtas"

title: Wikijunior:Animal Alphabet/Authors


text:
Template:Cereal

| Cereal Grain

Usage
This template also takes an optional sort key for the category:

Effect

 * This template uses the ingredient template to specify that the article is about an ingredient
 * It adds " | Cereal Grain" to the navigation field
 * Unless the parameter noincludecat is specified, the article is added to Category:Cereals
 * For example,  will not add the article to any categories

title: Template:Cereal


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Cookbook:Oats

Oats are cereal grains. Oats are unsuitable to make bread by themselves, but are often added to baked goods as oat flour or rolled oats (crushed flat between hot rollers).

Consumption of oat bran has been linked to a reduction in LDL cholesterol, and possibly a reduced risk of heart disease.

In theory, oats may be safe to eat in a gluten-free diet. However, in practice, oats are often cross-contaminated with wheat or barley either growing in the field alongside oats or in the transportation and processing systems that are used in common. Additionally, studies have shown that some people with coeliac disease are also sensitive to oats, even when any risk of cross-contamination has been eliminated.

Varieties

 * Oat groats: Hulled oat kernels. They contain the oat germ, bran, and endosperm.
 * Steel-cut oats: Oat groats that have been chopped into smaller pieces. Sometimes also called coarse oatmeal.
 * Rolled oats: Made by steaming oat groats before passing them through rollers to flatten them.
 * Oat flour

title: Cookbook:Oats


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Cookbook:Stew

A stew is a common dish made of vegetables and meat cooked in some kind of broth, stock, or sauce.

The line between stew and soup is often a thin one, but in general a stew's ingredients are cut in larger pieces, it is thicker, more likely to be eaten as the main course than as a starter dish and often contains cuts of meat that need longer cooking to become tender. Stewing has a long tradition in cookery. Popular recipes for regional stews, such as gumbo, bouillabaisse, Brunswick stew, and burgoo became common during the 19th century and have increased in popularity during the 20th century.

For a complete list of our stew recipes, please see the category for stew recipes.

title: Cookbook:Stew


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Cookbook:Mustard Seed

Dry mustard in its seed form can be classified as either white mustard, brown mustard or black mustard. Seeds crushed into a fine powder are also readily available in many markets. Mustard seed is among the world's most ancient of flavorings, found in the remnants of Egyptian and Indian civilizations from centuries ago.

title: Cookbook:Mustard Seed


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User:Mr john~enwikibooks

Hey there...

I'm a tall Australian living in Indonesia. I've contributed some articles to the Indonesian language wikibook and look forward to doing a few more soon. My main strength is Jakarta slang and general colloquial Indonesian, but I can write lessons in other topics if anyone has any specific requests.

My other main area of interest is music (esp. guitar and other fretted instruments) but I haven't contributed yet.

See you 'round,

John

title: User:Mr john~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:ShakespeareFan00

wikicast
What is it you want to know? Kellen T 08:51, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope, no objections for this recipe/article or any other. Glad you've found the content here useful; linking the podcast to the article would probably be appropriate. Kellen T 13:47, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Answered
PING: Sorry about the delay See_me Stay healthy! Fra nkB 23:56, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

Reverting edits
Can you stop applying your "lint" change when you've been reverted once already please. I am the main editor of the book Understanding Air Safety in the Jet Age and I prefer to work on it in the style I am using, not with the non-content changes you have made. It is not good practice to repeatedly revert, without a meaningful edit summary, when the changes you are making are cosmetic and not contributing to the content of the book. Thanks - QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 16:58, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Apologies. I was working from the reported lint concerns at Special:LintErrors page, I hadn't noticed that you HAD previously reverted (and nothing about the previous revert is visible in my notifications).

ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 17:20, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

 * The intended 'repair' was to resolve :

which I felt should be

because it is good practice that any formatting has to be nested.

 is also nominally deprecated in more recent versions of HTML, and whilst it currently works, it will at some point be removed from HTML, at which point pages using it will not necessarily be presented as intended. A better approach would be define a big template that can be updated accordingly.

However, as you define 'repairs' like these as cosmetic, I am considering if I actually want to help improve Wikibooks if such contributions are likey to provoke concerns from other contributors. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 17:29, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

 * While the change is indeed cosmetic, the intention is good - lint errors are a huge issue that often manifest years later (as I've fixed many of the old Steward requests that had this issue). I personally think that his change was appropriate as a result, despite it looking "trivial and pointless" (the latter of which is not true in my opinion, and the former is true but not a mistake). Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 17:41, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

Okay I withdraw the trivial and pointless comments, sorry. The principle problem for me was the changing of the whitespace which I'd deliberately included during editing as I find it easier to read. I will make the fixes you suggested above manually. Thanks QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 09:31, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

And to be clear I'm not suggesting that the work you are doing is a problem or that you should stop just that you should watch for any feedback from editors. I doubt there will be much. I'm surprised that you didn't get a notification automatically. Thanks for helping out here. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 09:35, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

 * There may have been a notification outage due to planned maintenance. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs)

Editing the Oberon book
Hello ShakespeareFan00, I appreciate your intention to help in the Oberon book but find some changes have produced more harm than good. For example, please look at the history of the Oberon books page. There compare the displayed page, time stamped 2021-01-01T12:50:34, and your revision, time stamped 2021-04-01T06:24:46. Not merely click on "Compare selected revisions" but compare the Web browser views of the pages. Two faults are evident. Indentation following reference Moe97 is spoiled. The list of references following Zel97 has become a flowed text; no longer a list.

Repair of small syntax errors is helpful. Nevertheless, the appearance of the resulting page must be checked carefully. As illustrated by the example above, a correction made "blindly" can seriously damage format. The intended format is available in the archive.org page cited at the top of the Wikibook page.

If you can restore the correct formats while keeping your corrections, good. Otherwise I must do it. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 14:45, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

 * I've reverted my changes to the page you mentioned, because I am not now sure how to do a satisfactory repair. Have you considered that the formatting in the archived page might also be off? ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 16:24, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

 * I spent many hours to make the appearance match the original now available at archive.org. In most cases we can recognize a format error from the context. A section of flowed text standing out in a list of references for example. Recollection of the page as it was at ETHZ can also help. Certainly you found some syntax errors which I overlooked. Finding and correcting errors is progress. As time becomes available, will sift through your corrections. Will reapply them while preserving the correct format in the browser view. If you find a syntax error and correct it while preserving the displayed format, good. If you find an error and decline to correct it, a report to the corresponding talk page will help; or you can post a note on my talk page; or you can email me directly. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 19:01, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

Please stop deleting endtags
You delete some endtags like ''' or </div> in the book Guitar but you don't think about the possible side effects. I normally appreciate any help, especially since English is not my native language. But I'm used to programming html5, and it still needs endtags. I need too much time, to repair your failed improvement. I would appreciate it if you refrain from providing further help with the book Guitar as long as you are unsure of the impact of your edits. --Mjchael (discuss • contribs) 06:43, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * If you check the revisions, I had already repaired these, the removals were part of a bulk revert due to a specfic contributor who decided to be vocal about my competence. I'm more than happy to take another look.ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 06:46, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

My user page
Hi. Can you please give it a rest with editing my user page. I'm sick of being pinged on other wikis. Thanks.  Manticore  Talk 00:57, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

 * ShakespeareFan00, was there something unclear about my entirely reasonable request? My user page does not exist for you to artificially inflate your edit count.  Manticore  Talk 10:44, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I won't comment on this specific situation, but I wouldn't say fixing syntax/lint errors is unreasonable – you need to have pretty solid evidence that SF00 is "artificially inflat[ing] [their] edit count" before making such an accusation. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 11:19, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Fair point. Can you at least consider checking that all the HTML tags on your page balance, which is almost certainly what the edits concerned were trying to do. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 10:47, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

Revert in Ada Programming/All Chapters
Hi ShakespeareFan00, I've seen your revert in https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_Programming%2FAll_Chapters&oldid=prev&diff=4413709 I don't understand the reasoning behind this. If you look the page now, there are two equal images on it. The change was to include the image used for the header of all the book pages in this transclusion of all the chapters. Do you agree to undoing the revert? ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 11:55, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Already undone, I was trying to 'reinstate' my previous repairs elsewhere and must have reverted to the "wrong version" here by mistake. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 12:21, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Perfect, thanks. Best regards. ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 21:17, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * You don't happen to have a book on FORTH do you? ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 21:19, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:ShakespeareFan00


text:
Horticulture/Beetles

Beetles are the most diverse group of insects. Their order, Coleoptera (meaning "sheathed wing"), has more described species in it than in any other order in the animal kingdom. Forty percent of all described insect species are beetles (about 350,000 species), and new species are regularly discovered. Estimates put the total number of species, described and undescribed, at between 5 and 8 million. For this reason, the Scottish geneticist J. B. S. Haldane, when asked what his studies of nature revealed about God, replied, "An inordinate fondness for beetles."

Beetles can be found in almost all habitats, but are not known to occur in the sea or in the polar regions. They impact the ecosystem in several ways. On the one hand, they feed on plants and fungi, break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates. On the other hand, they are prey of various animals including birds and mammals. Certain species are agricultural pests, such as the red flour beetle ../Tribolium castaneum/, the Colorado potato beetle ../Leptinotarsa decemlineata/, or the mungbean beetle ../Callosobruchus maculatus/, while others are important controls of agricultural pests. For example, ../Lady Beetles/ (family Coccinellidae) consume ../Aphids/, ../Scale Insects/, ../Thrips/, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops.

Description
The general anatomy of beetles is quite uniform, though specific organs and appendages may vary greatly in appearance and function between the many families in the order. Beetle bodies are divided into three sections: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. When viewed from below, the thorax is that part from which all three pairs of legs arise. The abdomen, then, is everything posterior to the thorax. When viewed from above, most beetles appear to have three clear sections, but this is deceptive: on the beetle's upper surface, the middle "section" is a hard plate called the pronotum, which is only the front part of the thorax; the back part of the thorax is concealed by the beetle's wings. Like all insects, beetles are [segmented organisms, and all three of the major sections of the body are themselves composed of several further segments, although these are not always readily discernible. This further segmentation can usually best be seen on the abdomen.

Beetles are generally characterised by a particularly hard exoskeleton, hard forewings (elytra), and chewing mouth parts. The beetle's exoskeleton is made up of numerous plates called sclerites, separated by thin sutures. This design creates the armoured defences of the beetle while maintaining flexibility. The elytra are not used for flight, but tend to cover the hind part of the body and protect the second pair of wings (alae). The elytra must be raised in order to move the hind flight wings. A beetle's flight wings are crossed with veins and, after landing, are folded, often along these veins, and stored below the elytra.

In some beetles the ability to fly has been lost, most notably in the ../Ground Beetle/s (family Carabidae) and the "true ../Weevils" (family ../Curculionidae/), but also in some desert and cave-dwelling species of other families. Many of these species have the two elytra fused together, forming a solid shield over the abdomen. In a few families, both the ability to fly and the elytra have been lost, with the best known example being the glowworms of the family Phengodidae, in which the females are larviform throughout their lives.

Beetles have mouthparts similar to those of grasshoppers. Of these parts, the most commonly known are probably the mandibles, which appear as large pincers on the front of some beetles. The mandibles are a pair of hard, often tooth-like structures that move horizontally to grasp, crush, or cut food or enemies (see Defence, below). Two pairs of finger-like appendages are found around the mouth in most beetles, serving to move food into the mouth. These are the maxillary and labial palpi.

The eyes are compound and may display remarkable adaptability, as in the case of whirligig beetles (family Gyrinidae), in which the eyes are split to allow a view both above and below the waterline. Other species also have divided eyes — some longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) and weevils — while many beetles have eyes that are notched to some degree. A few beetle genera also possess ocelli, which are small, simple eyes usually situated farther back on the head (on the vertex).

Beetle antennae are primarily organs of smell, but may also be used to feel out a beetle's environment physically. They may also be used in some families during mating, or among a few beetles for defence. Antennae vary greatly in form within the Coleoptera, but are often similar within any given family. In some cases, males and females of the same species will have different antennal forms. Antennae may be clavate (flabellate and lamellate are sub-forms of clavate, or clubbed antennae), filiform, geniculate, moniliform, pectinate, or serrate. For images of these antennal forms, see antenna (biology).

The legs, which are multi-segmented, end in two to five small segments called tarsi, which are vaguely comparable to feet. Like many other insect orders beetles bear claws, usually one pair, on the end of the last tarsal segment of each leg. While most beetles use their legs for walking, legs may be variously modified and adapted for other uses. Among aquatic families — predacious diving beetles (Dytiscidae), crawling water beetles (Haliplidae), many water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae), and others — the legs, most notably the hind pair, are modified for swimming and often bear rows of long hairs to aid this purpose. Other beetles have fossorial legs that are widened and often spined for digging. Species with such adaptations are found among the scarabs, ground beetles, and clown beetles (family Histeridae). The hind legs of some beetles, such as ../Flea Beetle/s (within Chrysomelidae) and flea weevils (within Curculionidae), are enlarged and designed for jumping.

Oxygen is obtained via a tracheal system. Air enters a series of tubes along the body through openings called spiracles, and is then taken into increasingly finer fibres. Pumping movements of the body force the air through the system.

Beetles have hemolymph instead of blood, and the open circulatory system of the beetle is powered by a tube-like heart attached to the top inside of the thorax.

Life Cycle

Beetles undergo complete metamorphosis, meaning that the larval form does not resemble the adult.

A single female may lay from several dozen to several thousand eggs during her lifetime. Eggs are usually laid according to the substrate the larva will feed on upon hatching. Among others, they can be laid loose in the substrate (e.g. flour beetle), laid in clumps on leaves (e.g. Colorado potato beetle), or individually attached (e.g. mungbean beetle and other seed borers) or buried in the soil (e.g. carrot weevil).

The larva is usually the principal feeding stage of the beetle lifecycle. Larvae tend to feed voraciously once they emerge from their eggs. Some feed externally on plants, such as those of certain leaf beetles, while others feed within their food sources. Examples of internal feeders are most metallic wood-boring beetles (family Buprestidae) and longhorn beetles. The larvae of many beetle families are predatory like the adults (ground beetles, lady beetles, rove beetles). The larval period varies between species but can be as long as several years.

Beetle larvae can be differentiated from other insect larvae by their hardened, often darkened head, the presence of chewing mouthparts, and spiracles along the sides of the body. Like adult beetles, the larvae are varied in appearance, particularly between beetle families. Beetles whose larvae are somewhat flattened and are highly mobile are the ground beetles, some rove beetles, and others; their larvae are described as campodeiform. Some beetle larvae resemble hardened worms with dark head capsules and minute legs. These are elateriform larvae, and are found in the click beetle (Elateridae) and darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) families. Some elateriform larvae of click beetles are known as wireworms. Beetles in the families of the Scarabaeoidea have short, thick larvae described as scarabaeiform, but more commonly known as grubs.

All beetle larvae go through several instars, which are the developmental stages between each moult. In many species the larvae simply increase in size with each successive instar as more food is consumed. In some cases, however, more dramatic changes occur. Among certain beetle families or genera, particularly those that exhibit parasitic lifestyles, the first instar (the planidium) is highly mobile in order to search out a host, while the following instars are more sedentary and remain on or within their host. This is known as hypermetamorphosis; examples include the blister beetles (family Meloidae) and some rove beetles, particularly those of the genus Aleochara.

As with all endopterygotes, beetle larvae pupate, and from this pupa emerges a fully formed, sexually mature adult beetle, or imago. Adults have an extremely variable lifespan, from weeks to years, depending on the species.

Reproduction
Beetles may display extremely intricate behaviour when mating. Smell is thought to be important in the location of a mate.

Conflict can play a part in the mating rituals of species such as burying beetles (genus Nicrophorus) where conflicts between males and females rage until only one of each is left, thus ensuring reproduction by the strongest and fittest. Many beetles are territorial and will fiercely defend their small patch of territory from intruding males.

Pairing is generally short but in some cases will last for several hours. During pairing sperm cells are transferred to the female to fertilize the eggs.

Parental care varies between species, ranging from the simple laying of eggs under a leaf to certain scarab beetles, which construct impressive underground structures complete with a supply of dung to house and feed their young. Other beetles are leaf rollers, biting sections of leaves to cause them to curl inwards, then laying their eggs, thus protected, inside.

Defense
Beetles and their larvae have a variety of strategies to avoid being attacked by predators or parasitoids. These include camouflage, mimicry, toxicity, and active defence.

Camouflage involves the use of colouration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. Among those that exhibit this defensive strategy are some of the leaf beetles (family Chysomelidae), having green colouring very similar to their habitat on plant leaves. More complex camouflage also occurs, as with some weevils, where various coloured scales or hairs cause the beetle to resemble bird dung.

Another defence that often uses colour or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which fools predators into keeping their distance even though the beetles are in fact harmless. This defence can be found to a lesser extent in other beetle families, such as the scarab beetles. Beetles may combine their colour mimicry with behavioural mimicry, acting like the wasps they already closely resemble.

Many beetle species, including ../Lady Beetle/s and ../Blister Beetle/s, can secrete distasteful or toxic substances to make them unpalatable or even poisonous. These same species often exhibit aposematism, where bright or contrasting colour patterns warn away potential predators.

Large ground beetles and longhorn beetles may go on the attack, using their strong mandibles to forcibly persuade a predator to seek out easier prey. Others, such as bombardier beetles (within Carabidae) spray acidic gas from their abdomen to repel predators.

Feeding
Besides being abundant and varied, the Coleoptera are able to exploit the wide diversity of food sources available in their many habitats. Some are generalists, eating both plants and animals. Other beetles are highly specialised in their diet. Many species of leaf beetles, longhorn beetles, and weevils are very host specific, feeding on only a single species of plant. Ground beetles and ../Rove Beetles/ (family Staphylinidae), among others, are primarily carnivorous and will catch and consume many other arthropods and small prey such as earthworms and snails. While most predatory beetles are generalists, a few species have more specific prey requirements or preferences.

Decaying organic matter is a primary diet for many species. This can range from dung, which is consumed by coprophagous species such as certain scarab beetles (family Scarabaeidae), to dead animals, which are eaten by necrophagous species such as the carrion beetles (family Silphidae). Some of the beetles found within dung and carrion are in fact predatory, such as the clown beetles, preying on the larvae of coprophagous and necrophagous insects.

Adaptations to the environment
Aquatic beetles use several techniques for retaining air beneath the water's surface. Predaceous diving beetles hold air between the abdomen and the elytra when diving. Water scavenger beetles have hairs on their under surface that retain a layer of air against their bodies. Adult crawling water beetles use both their elytra and their hind coxae (the basal segment of the back legs) in air retention (Roughley 2001) while whirligig beetles simply carry a bubble down with them whenever they dive.

Pests

Many agricultural, forestry, and household insect pests are members of this order. Some of these are:

 * The Colorado potato beetle, ../Leptinotarsa decemlineata/, is a notorious pest of potato plants. Crops are destroyed and the beetle can only be treated by employing expensive pesticides, many of which it has begun to develop immunity to. As well as potatoes, suitable hosts can be a number of plants from the potato family (Solanaceae), such as nightshade, tomato, aubergine and capsicum.
 * The bark beetles Hylurgopinus rufipes and Scolytus multistriatus, the elm leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta luteola, and other beetles attack elm trees. The bark beetles are important elm pests because they carry Dutch elm disease as they move from infected breeding sites to feed on healthy elm trees. The spread of the fungus by the beetle has led to the devastation of elm trees in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere, notably in Europe and North America.
 * The death watch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum, (family Anobiidae) is of considerable importance as a pest of older wooden buildings in Britain. It attacks hardwoods such as oak and chestnut, always where some fungal decay has taken or is taking place. It is thought that the actual introduction of the pest into buildings takes place at the time of construction.

Beneficial organisms

 * Both the larvae and adults of some lady beetles (family Coccinellidae) are found in aphid colonies. Other lady beetles feed on scale insects and mealybugs. If normal food sources are scarce they may feed on other things, such as small caterpillars, young plant bugs, aphid honeydew, and plant nectar.
 * Ground beetles (family Carabidae) are common predators of many different insects and other arthropods, including fly eggs, caterpillars, wireworms, many and others.
 * Plant-feeding beetles are often important beneficial insects, controlling problem weeds. Some flea beetles of the genus Aphthona feed on leafy spurge, a considerable weed of rangeland in western North America.

Some farmers develop beetle banks to foster and provide cover for beneficial beetles.

title: Horticulture/Beetles


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Category:Categories

This is the root category for our category system.

For an explanation of Wikibooks' category system, see:

 * CCO Resources
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title: Category:Categories


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Windows Registry Hacks/Internet Explorer

This chapter deals with tweaks related to visual enhancement, performance and miscellaneous factors related to Internet Explorer

Custom Information pages
There are 10 information pages in total which include "navigation failure", "web page unavailable", "about:tabs" etc. The pages along with their default paths are:

Note: "res://" in above paths stands for "resource".

The Key and data type are: System Key: HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\AboutURLs Data type : REG_SZ

TIP: * In case of a browser hijack, the values will be changed to reflect a particular URL. Putting back the default values can help in counter measures.
 * All the default pages can bee seen by copy-pasting the path to Run dialog box (e.g. pasting "res://shdoclc.dll/offcancl.htm" in Run dialog box will open up the "web page unavailable offline" page.
 * Or they can be seen by typing in the Run Dialog box OR IE address bar the following:
 * about:
 * replacing with one of the values from table above as below
 * about:OfflineInformation
 * about:Tabs

Background bitmap for explorer toolbars
Description: Internet explorer can be customized to use a bitmap image as a background for toolbars.

Note: Only images with bmp as extension will work.

Custom loading icon and animation
Description: Internet Explorer uses static and dynamic icons which can be seen at top-right. 4 Values are needed for customization which are:

Custom title bar text
Description: The title-bar in Internet Explorer can be customized to show personalized text.

Change hyperlink colors
Description: Hyperlink and visited hyperlink colors are shown in blue (0,0,255) and purple (128,0,128) respectively. Changing the hover text color requires the setting to be enabled first. It can be done by using the following registry:

The format for colors is RRR,GGG,BBB (in decimal)


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User talk:Talkie Toaster

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 11:15, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Love the name
I remember Talkie Toaster from Red Dwarf. Just thought I'd congratulate you on your choice of name!

Xania talk 21:21, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Talkie Toaster