text:
Cookbook talk:Bête Noire (Flourless Chocolate Cake)

Eggs
The ingredient list calls for eggs, but the procedure doesn't do anything with them. It'd be great if anyone who knows this recipe could fix this problem. Gentgeen (talk) 09:11, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

B�te noire authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:B�te noire =
 * 2005-12-02 18:14:47 User:Uncle G
 * 2005-12-02 12:28:19 User:Expurgator (-, we have it in Wiktionary)
 * 2005-10-04 06:40:59 User:Who (move cats to bottom)
 * 2005-10-04 02:37:21 User:Pearle m (Changing  to )
 * 2005-10-02 23:53:03 User:68.39.174.238 (Needs cleanup)
 * 2005-09-22 05:06:30 User:Hillman
 * 2005-08-23 02:20:06 User:68.12.185.178
 * 2005-08-22 01:48:12 User:CJCurrie m
 * 2005-07-04 18:24:07 User:Zondor m
 * 2005-05-18 19:09:26 User:71.103.87.107
 * 2005-04-02 05:22:58 User:Neilc
 * 2005-03-19 00:55:22 User:Choster m (Category:French phrases)
 * 2004-07-10 23:14:32 User:Clouseau m
 * 2004-07-10 23:13:10 User:Clouseau
 * 2004-07-10 22:23:33 User:Clouseau (bête noire)

Merge
I merged the content of Bete noir into this article. The former originally stated:

 * In common usage, we could probably expand this to "the object of most aversion" as it tends to be used singularly, stressing the extent of the dislike or aversion. In this sense it can be seen as a one-way, impersonal Nemesis, the object of these feelings being unaware (or incapable of being aware) of the relationship.

I haven't merged this content, as I don't think it is correct — it is dubious to assert that in the common usage, the object of the phrase is unaware of being detested. Neilc 05:24, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Move?
Shouldn't this be in the Wikidictionary instead? Venice 14:28, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
 * yes Lethe | Talk


text:
User talk:Evrik

Jokebook:Lightbulb
Hello, I noticed your post to Votes for deletion/Jokebook. I have posted a reply there.

You might want to look at What is Wikibooks. It had some recent minor changes, and now includes an explicit ban of "collections of jokes". However, the rules that I quote below are not recent additions.
 * Wikibooks includes books based on Wikipedia articles - This is for when Wikipedia articles become too long. If part of an article violates Wikipedia policy, then this rule does not allow a user to move that part to Wikibooks if it also violates Wikibooks policy.
 * Wikibooks is not a place to publish original works - Wikibooks hosts non-fiction texts only - Regardless of whether the joke is an original work of the wiki contributor, or a popular joke, it cannot qualify as a non-fiction text unless someone adds non-fiction annotations. Jokebook:Lightbulb had some brief annotation at the top; some other parts of Jokebook did not. But Jokebook:Lightbulb did not include an annotation on each individual joke, thus there is no way to justify the inclusion of any individual joke.

Jokebook:Lightbulb is an interesting module, but Wikibooks is the wrong wiki for it. The good thing is that you can now go to http://www.zodanet.com/lollerpedia/index.php/Jokebook:Lightbulb where your work is preserved, thanks to the GFDL, and you can continue working at it! --Kernigh 18:52, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Evrik


text:
A-level Mathematics/OCR/D1/Node Graphs/Introduction

This section is concerned with node graphs, sometimes known as graphs, or networks.

Firstly, we must say what we mean by a graph. A graph is a set of points (which we call nodes, or vertices), connected by lines (arcs, or edges). When thinking about graphs, the length and layout of each arc do not matter, only which vertices are connected to which other vertices.

The Königsberg Bridge Problem
The Königsberg Bridge Problem, or the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, is a classic problem, one of the first in graph theory. It was inspired by the actual layout of the city of Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad).

Above is a map of the city, with a river coloured in blue, and the bridges in green. The problem is this, is it possible to start somewhere in the city, and cross each bridge one and only once, and return to the starting point. Mathematician Leonard Euler (1707–1783) managed to solve this problem, by concentrating on the important aspects. He realised that all that matters is which places are connected, and how many times, not the length of each bridge, or their layout. In other words, the problem can be represented by a graph. Below is one such representation:

In the graph, the red points are vertices representing each bank of the river, and the two islands in the middle. The lines and curves between are arcs representing the bridges. Euler's solution to the problem is easier to see in such an abstract representation. He released that it was impossible to traverse each bridge only once, for the following reason:

As a walker traverses the bridges, every place they visit, apart from the start and end, they must enter and exit in pairs. That is, if they visit once, they enter, then leave, if twice, they enter twice and leave twice, and so on. This means, as each entrance and exit must be by a different bridge, and all the bridges must be used, there must be an even number of bridges leading from each point, apart from the start and end of the route. The start and end can in general be exceptions, as the walker leaves one without entering, and enters the other without leaving, so there will be an odd number of bridges from them. However, if the start and end are the same, as required here, then the entrances and exits pair off again, so all points must have an even number of bridges from them.

To summarise, such a route is possible if there are an even number of bridges from each point. This means that in the case of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg it is impossible to traverse each bridge once and only once in sequence, as each point has an odd number of bridges leading from it. It isn't even possible to start and end from different places.

Eulerian and Semi-Eulerian Graphs
Euler's solution to the Königsberg Bridge problem leads to a result that applies to all graphs. Before we see this however, we need some more terminology.

Firstly, a Eulerian path is a route from one vertex to another in a graph, using up all the edges in the graph. A Eulerian circuit is a Eulerian path, where the start and end points are the same. This is equivalent to what would be required in the problem. Given these terms a graph is Eulerian if there exists an Eulerian circuit, and Semi-Eulerian if there exists a Eulerian path that is not a circuit. Finally, the degree of a vertex is the number of edges that lead from it.

The result above showed that a graph can only be Eulerian if all vertices have an even number of edges from them. In other words, each vertex must have an even degree. It was later proven that any graph with all vertices of even degree will be Eulerian. Similarly if and only if a graph has only 2 vertices with odd order, it will be Semi-Eulerian.

Examples
Below are some examples of graphs, which illustrate how we can tell if a graph is eulerian, or semi-eulerian:

Example one is a graph that is neither Eulerian, or Semi-Eulerian, as there are four vertices of odd degree, rather than the required zero (for a eulerian graph), or two (for a semi-eulerian graph).

Examples two and three are Semi-eulerian, as two vertices only have odd degree.

Example four is Eulerian, as all of its vertices have even degree.

Fleury's algorithm
Now we know how to tell if a eulerian path or circuit exists. However, we do not have a method of generating such a path. Fleury's algorithm is one method that is guaranteed to provide such a path or circuit when they exist. The method is as follows:

 * 1) Pick any vertex of odd degree. If none exist then pick any vertex.
 * 2) Choose any edge from that vertex that we can delete from the graph without disconnected it. In other words, when we remove the edge, we can still get from any vertex to any other vertex.
 * 3) Cross that edge, and delete it from the graph.
 * 4) Delete any vertices that have no edges leading from # them.
 * 5) If any edges are left to cross, return to step 2.

If we follow this method, we will have followed a eulerian path, or trial, provided one exists. The condition to keep the graph connected removes the possibility that we split the graph into two "islands", and end up standed on one of them, with no unused edges to get back to the other one. We can leave "orphan" vertices, with no edgres from them, disconnected, as there are no edges to and from them to traverse. This is why we can delete them.

No eulerian path can split the graph as describes, so any eulerian path must be formed by using the algorithm.

May want to define more terms at this point.

Node Graphs/Introduction


text:
User talk:128.210.125.115

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks I noticed your edit to Engineering Acoustics, which broke a link. I reverted (undid) your edit.

You really can edit most pages; if you only want to experiment without breaking anything, you can edit the Sandbox. Thanks! --Kernigh 19:19, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:128.210.125.115


text:
User talk:128.210.201.149

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks! I noticed your edit to the Engineering Acoustics page, which broke a link. I reverted (undid) your edit.

You really can edit most Wikibooks pages. To experiment with editing but without breaking anything, you can edit the Sandbox. Thanks! --Kernigh 19:21, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:128.210.201.149


text:
User:Mfinney

About Mike
Michael D. Finney, is a 20-year veteran of the fire service, having served at all ranks from Firefighter to Deputy Chief. He currently serves as the Director of Public Safety Services for Great Oaks Institute of Technology and Career Development. Michael has been honored to serve with such organizations as the International Fire Service Training Association/ Fire Protection Publications and with the South Carolina Fire Academy. He is also an adjunct instructor with the National Fire Academy for the “Fire Service Course Design” program. He has authored/edited several books and numerous magazine publications in leadership and training for the fire service. He has also performed extensive research in issues related to fire service training. Michael holds a Bachelors degree in Economics from the University of South Carolina, a Masters of Divinity from Columbia International University, and is currently completing a Doctorate in Education from Oklahoma State University and is listed in the 2003 edition of Who’s Who in America. He currently serves on the Board of Directors for the International Society of Fire Service Instructors. Finney was appointed the part-time Fire Chief's position for the Village of Glendale, Ohio in the Fall of 2004 and is currently rebuilding their Volunteer Fire Department.

I can be reached by Instant Messenger at:MSN:oktruckie@hotmail.com

Why FireWiki
Training is imperative to the safety and success the fire service. My goal is to provide a resource that will get that information and knowledge in the hands of those who protect and serve us. Collectively, we can ensure that accurate and comprehensive training resources makes it to those in need.

Wikiversity:School of Fire and Emergency Management

Favorite Quotes

 * “Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That’s what we’re doing.” – Slashdot interview

 * Where there is no vision, the people perish....-Proverbs 29:18

title: User:Mfinney


text:
Cookbook talk:Dog

Request moved from the module text:

 * Can someone please do a general write up about this kind of meat.

written by an anon. Gentgeen 21:04, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Dog


text:
User talk:RyanAtkins

Copyright problem with Image:IMG 0665.jpg
--Derbeth talk 21:09, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Another image copyright problem
Wikibooks has deleted Image:102cm.jpg because it was marked as "no license" back in February 2006.

Please read the detailed instructions on Special:Upload before uploading any more images. Thanks, --Kernigh 21:12, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:RyanAtkins


text:
Embedded Systems/Common RTOS/DOS

DOS
Operating systems based on MS-DOS still enjoy a huge market segment within the development community of embedded systems design. There are many reasons for this, most importantly is that MS-DOS can hardly even be called an operating system by many modern measurements. Almost all DOS-based software usually has exclusive control over the computer while it is running, and a major bonus is that the footprint for the operating system is usually very small. You can put a stripped down version of FreeDOS (a current MS-DOS clone that is still being updated) that fits in just 100K of hard drive space. Even less is required within the memory of the computer. You can even still purchase MS-DOS 6.22, but it must be from specialized software distributors who are under license from Microsoft, and it is no longer "supported" by Microsoft in terms of any software updates, even for known bugs.

Strengths and Weaknesses
The major advantage of DOS is also its largest drawback. By having so little actually operating in the computer, the software developer for DOS must perform many tasks traditionally thought of as something in the operating system. For instance, DOS doesn't have built-in capability for scheduling or multithreading. You must also install interrupt handlers directly into the software application, and API calls tend to be through software interrupts rather than some other more direct procedural method instead. Equipment vendors supporting DOS tend to follow an approach of either providing raw spec sheets for their equipment, or writing a pre-compiled binary object library that has to be linked into your software using a specific compiler.

Software Base
There is a huge software base for developing software in DOS, which is another major strength. Pre-written (even free) libraries for doing things like event scheduling and multi threading do exist for DOS, as well as GUI interface models and support libraries for most standard equipment peripherals. You can even find good compilers for DOS environments that compile to 32-bit protected mode as well, so you are not restricted to just the 8086 instruction set either.

Conclusion
DOS is a good base OS to build a custom RTOS that has specific features that you need without the extra cruft that you don't. It does require a little bit more time to put these extra features that you may need on a specific project, so it is more a trade off of time vs. money. If you have the time to make a well-crafted piece of software fit into a very small memory footprint, DOS as a RTOS is the way to go. It also allows a generally long shelf time for a project that once completed doesn't have to be changed as often to fit obsoleting chip technologies.

title: Embedded Systems/Common RTOS/DOS


text:
High School Physics/Force

There is a reason why buffet owners cringe in the sight of a sumo wrestler, speaking in their walkie talkies "code 11...code11," preparing the special seats and the special food to handle such masses. As you may not know, people tend to gain weight while eating. As they eat, the net force of their body on the chair is thus changed. For example, if named Buffet owner does not prepare himself for such an arrival of such a hardcore bunch, then "normal" accommodations will simply fail. For example, as the sumo wrestler is too big for the chair and tends to eat food traditionally sitting down, he thus has to sit on the table citing that the floor is not pure enough for his presence. As the table is made of wood, and the sumo wrestler being the weight of 3 normal sized people, as the food wrestler consumes his food, his mass increases. Once the support of the table can not support his force anymore, the table breaks!

The simple reason why sumo wrestlers "break tables and eat lots of food" is because they are trained to exert a great "force" on other objects around it. The reason why Sumo wrestlers break tables is because due to their massive weight and the support of the table being smaller than their weight, the net force of the interaction results in the breaking of tables.

Many people say that Sir Isaac Newton discovered gravity due to seeing a apple fall on his head (likely due to the interaction of the apple and the collision with his head)

The classic equation: Newtons Second law (from Newton's'Principa',  published  1687, Cambridge)

Force = Mass x acceleration

From common experience, everybody knows is that if you exert a force on an object with a certain mass, it will definitely accelerate or move. Unfortunately, many people who have played sports have felt the force of the ball interact with some part of their body. Their testimony wil cite that the faster and the more massive an object is, the more force it will exert on the contact.

Concepts (More)Force = (More)Mass X (More) Acceleration (less)Force = (less)Mass X (less) Acceleration

title: High School Physics/Force


text:
High School Physics/Acceleration

Acceleration: the topic in which speeding objects are able to go faster relative to their speed. There is a reason why Ferraris cost more. It is because they tend to accelerate faster than your standard Toyota, but at 20 times the price.

The classic equation: Newtons second law
 * $$Acceleration=\frac{Force}{Mass}$$

Acceleration as you may not know, is the measure of the velocity in relation to time. This is different from velocity in that velocity is the measure of the distance in relation to time.

Just in Case you didn't know: Applied to Cars

Distance-It's how far you go (just say in Miles) Speed-It's how far you go in a certain amount of time (the difference between 20 and 100 miles per hour) Acceleration-It's how your speed changes in relation to the time (as said, Ferrari vs. Toyota Corolla)

authors: יהודה שמחה ולדמן

title: High School Physics/Acceleration


text:
High School Physics/Momentum

"Joey Newtons recently just got his car, the Speeder 3000. On the first day of school, he noticed he was late. Joey Newtons is unwilling to slow down for anybody. Thus he decided to go to school above the speed limit. While driving to school really fast, he notices that a sign says "There are moments when going too fast simply can't stop you... Take Sleepeasy to make your day better."

With such a distraction, he realises that he is about to collide with the town's mascot, Rubber Wally. Just in the nick of time, the car hits Wally, who is then thrown into a pool. Unfortunately, Joey also hits the town's historic house, Rubber Wall. He said to himself "I didn't know getting distracted for a moment would get my car back to where I live!"

That said, the combination of Mass and Velocity creates the effect we call "momentum." Momentum is basically an alternate of our beloved concept called force which is basically about the willingness of an object with a certain mass to move with a certain speed.

The momentum of an object is the velocity of an object multiplied by its mass: Since the velocity of an object is a vector (it has a direction as well as a magnitude) momentum is also considered to be a vector. Splitting the above equation into its direction and magnitude components:
 * $$\vec p=m\vec v$$
 * Magnitude: $$p=m\cdot v$$
 * Direction: $$\bar p=\bar v$$ — the direction of an object's momentum is the same as that of its velocity

So for example a car with a mass of 1,000 kilogrammes and travelling at 5 metres per second has a momentum of 5,000 kilogramme metres per second, in the direction of travel.

Impulse = Force * Time

"Joey newtons is highly impulsive because he doesn't like to wait for anything."

Relation of the two concepts

P = mv I = FT

P = I

title: High School Physics/Momentum


text:
Bartending/Equipment/Utensils

A bartender requires many tools to work his magic. They include:
 * /Bottle opener/
 * Bottle sealers
 * Can opener
 * Corkscrew
 * Cutting board and a sharp knife
 * Electric blender
 * Ice bucket with ice tongs
 * Juice squeezer
 * Long spoon
 * Jigger or other types of measuring cups
 * Mixing glass
 * Muddler
 * Shaker and strainer
 * Towels

And of course, the glasses.

title: Bartending/Equipment/Utensils


text:
User talk:Cronian~enwikibooks

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Cronian. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here. By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the Community Portal or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome to Wiki Books.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

I see you've already been around since 2004-02, so I guess you're not really a "newcomer". Welcome anyway :-). --DavidCary 04:22, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cronian. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cronian~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:04, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:49, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cronian~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Trachsel

Wikibooks archer guide
Hey, check out the whole Maple Story guide :) it is beginning to grow like mad now.

I've added a couple of new pages, so there is lots to do, but we are making a lot of progress :)

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Maple_Story --Dragontamer 05:30, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * PS, when takling on a wikiforum, this is how you reply :) And to make a reply to a reply, you do this:

 * See? It is simple :) --Dragontamer Additionally, just do -- if you wanna add your sig.

What you can do
Oh, and I need help compacting the info. The guide is beginning to get huge, and so it is going to start getting hard to read by shear bulk. Basically, turn sentences like: You get a number of "free" gloves from quests, including the level 35 glove, the Gold Scaler, which has 14 defense and adds 2 Dex. Into You get lvl 20 Blue Diros glove and lvl 35 Gold Scaler glove from quests.

Much shorter, but easier to read and gives more info at same time.

--Dragontamer

title: User talk:Trachsel


text:
User talk:MAC~enwikibooks

Image copyright
You uploaded file with no license: Image:Legend of Light Scene.JPG. You have been warned that we can delete such images. See Image copyright tags and fix it, please. --Derbeth talk 09:07, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called MAC. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name MAC~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:13, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MAC~enwikibooks


text: User talk:195.49.218.6

title: User talk:195.49.218.6


text:
GCSE Science/Waves and Radiation

GCSE Science/Waves
 * Properties of waves
 * Light Waves
 * The Critical angle and TIR
 * Lenses
 * Electromagnetic waves
 * Sound waves
 * Analogue and digital signals
 * Seismic waves

GCSE Science/Radioactivity
 * Structure of the atom
 * Radioactive substances
 * Properties and effects of radioactive substances
 * Uses of radioactivity
 * Radioactive decay
 * Nuclear Fission

title: GCSE Science/Waves and Radiation


text:
GCSE Science/Waves

Most forms of energy (e.g. sound, light, heat) travel by means of waves. All waves are produced by some kind of vibration. The direction of the vibration in relation to the direction of the wave determines the type of wave.

There are two types of wave:
 * Transverse waves - produced by vibrations which are at right angles to the direction of the wave. The majority of waves fall into this category. Examples of this type of wave include light, heat and radio waves.
 * Longitudinal waves - produced by vibrations which are in the same direction as the direction of the wave. Examples include sound waves and P-wave seismic waves.

Wave Definitions

 * Amplitude, a (m) : The maximum disturbance of a wave from equilibrium. This can be described as the displacement from the rest position to the crest.
 * Wave length, λ (m) : The distance between a particular point on one wave and the same point on the next wave. It is the length of a full cycle of a wave (eg. from trough to trough).
 * Frequency, f (Hz) : The number of complete cycles (oscillations) passing a particular point in one second.
 * Period, T (s) : The time taken for one wave to pass a point.
 * Speed, v (m/s) : Distance travelled by the wave in one second. speed = frequency * wavelength

Test YourSelf 1 Light travels at 300 million m/s. What is its wavelength if the frequency is 80 megaHz?

Properties of waves
All waves have 3 main properties: reflection, refraction, and diffraction.

Reflection
Reflection of waves is the change of direction caused when they bounce off a boundary (i.e. when they are reflected). Reflection of light allows us to see objects, as light bounces off them into our eyes.

The Law of Reflection
The Law of Reflection states that 'the angle of incidence (i.e. the angle at which the ray strikes the boundary) is equal to the angle of reflection (i.e. the angle at which the reflected ray leaves the boundary)'

Refraction
Refraction of waves is their change of velocity (i.e. change in speed or direction) when they travel through a different medium. This can be illustrated with water. Waves only refract if they meet the new medium at an angle. if they are travelling along the normal, they change speed but not direction (aren't refracted)

The Law of Refraction
The Law of Refraction states that for a wave entering a denser medium 'the angle of incidence is greater than the angle of refraction'. This is because the wave slows down, and thus bends towards the normal.

Electromagnetic spectrum waves
All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of 299,792,458 m/s (~300,000 km/s). Electromagnetic waves do not need particles to travel through - for example, sunlight can travel through vacuum. Electromagnetic spectrum waves are a typical example of transverse wave radiation.
 * Radio waves : Used for transmitting radio and TV data.
 * Microwaves : Vary from TV, radars, communications to cooking. Ranges from 1 GHz to 300 GHz. See the Uses
 * Infra-red : Transmit heat. See the Uses
 * Light : Transmit visible light
 * UV : Ranges from... See the Uses
 * X-ray : Used in hospitals and ... . Ranges from 30 to 3000 PHz (10^15 hertz)
 * Gamma : A form of higher energy and frequency X-ray.

Sound/Ultrasound
Sound waves are longtitudinal waves that need particles to travel through. Range from 0 Hz to 20 kHz Ultrasound are waves with frequency higher than 20 kHz, which are above the human hearing range. Used in fishing, hospitals and cleaning.

Answers
wavelength = speed / frequency = 3.75m

title: GCSE Science/Waves


text:
Talk:Embedded Systems/VLSI/Hardware-Description Languages/VHDL

I don't think we need to merge this, because this page is just going to be a cursory overview of the VHDL language. However, i will definately post a link to the VHDL book now. -- 17:04, 3 December 2005 (UTC)


text:
TI-Basic Z80 Programming/List of Commands/ClrHome

ClrHome (prgm:I/O:8)

This instruction clears the calculator's home screen and makes the next Disp command display on the first line.


text:
TI-Basic Z80 Programming/List of Commands/Disp

Disp (PRGM:I/O:3)

Disp displays a variable, value, or string to the screen. If the screen is full, it will scroll down a line. If the string is more than 16 characters, Disp will only show the first 15 of them, followed by an ellipse (...). During execution of the program, the user will not be able to scroll and see the rest of the line if the 16 character limit is exceeded. Strings are displayed left-justified, and values are displayed right-justified.


text:
TI-Basic Z80 Programming/List of Commands/Stop

Stop PRGM:CTL:F

This command ends the program and returns to the TI operating system. It is optional to put Stop on the last line of a program.


text:
Mac OS X Tiger/Printing, Faxing, and Scanning

=Introduction= =Printers=

Scanners
=Faxing=

Faxing is done easily by selecting the print function from within any program's document. In Mac OS X 10.4, the print dialogue menu has a pull-down option in the bottom left corner.

1) Simply scroll down to, "Fax (document)," and the fax function dialogue appears.

2) In the first field, the fax telephone number is to be entered complete with appropriate prefixes. (i.e., 1 for long distance, area code)

3a) The second field is for appropriate predialing prefixes. Examples are, 9 (for outside line,) *70 (to disable call-waiting,) etc.

3b) It is important to follow the predialing prefixes with a comma that allows the dialing to pause after the predial. This pause allows a subsequent dial tone to activate before actual fax telephone number is dialed.

4) Be sure to connect phone line to internal modem port before clicking the "FAX" button (which replaced the typical "Print" button.

5) The watch the cues as the fax is dialed, connected, sent, and disconnected before disconnected any temporary phone line.

One can enter a routine fax target in the Address Book program within OS X. Be sure to designate the fax telephone number as such before saving the entry. Then, when faxing a document, click the human silhouette to the right of the first field to select the address book entry you wish to fax to. Then go to step 3a, above.


text:
User talk:Adinomis

Gebeurt er hier niets? Het lijkt me juist leuk om met elkaar over Farsi te praten en van elkaar te leren. Adinomis (Ida)

title: User talk:Adinomis


text:
User:Silverfish

I'm Silverfish. I'm a 23 year old Mathematics Graduate, who is currently doing an AAT (Association of Accounting Technicians course).

I've contributed a fair bit to Wikipedia, and I may be contributed some things to WikiBooks. In particular, I've added a bit to the current Collaboration, A-Level Mathematics.

Books I've Contributed to

 * A-level Mathematics
 * A-level Mathematics/D1/Node Graphs/Introduction
 * A-level Mathematics/D1/Node Graphs/Spanning Trees

Images I've Contributed

 * Image:Konisberg.png
 * Image:Spanning1.png
 * Image:Krustalexample1a.png
 * Image:Krustalexample1b.png
 * Image:Krustalexample1c.png
 * Image:Krustalexample1d.png
 * Image:Krustalexample1e.png
 * Image:Primexample1a.png
 * Image:Primexample1b.png
 * Image:Primexample1c.png
 * Image:Primexample1d.png
 * Image:Primexample1e.png

My Sandbox

 * User:Silverfish/Sandbox

title: User:Silverfish


text:
Talk:Spanish/The Wrong Way To Learn Spanish/Dictionary

Conjugation
How are we supposed to show conjugations? I think the Mnemonic should tie in with the root word, especially for irregulars.

I would think we would want to use something structured such as the Spanish Wiktionary's Ser (http://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/ser) box:

Import Pending
Any objections to my importing the information contained in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Spanish_origin ? I think importing them is a good idea because they're "freebies" -- Spanish words with a built-in hook for English speakers, but one that may not be obvious. But what if the link is obvious, ie, the word is exactly the same in English and Spanish? Leave those out? Gherson2 (talk) 13:20, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

"Picture" instead of "Think of"
Mnemonics work best when using visuals. I think we should emphasize visual mnemonics and change any "Think of" or "Imagine" to "Picture" to emphasize a visual nature.--Indolering 03:11, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Search
Is there any way to implement a search box for this book? We need to separate out each letter like a real dictionary.


text: User talk:Prod

title: User talk:Prod


text:
File:Cprompt.gif

Summary
I took this screenshot myself...

title: File:Cprompt.gif


text:
TI 83 Plus Assembly/Hello World

In this section you will make a program to display "Hello, World" on the screen.

Writing the Program
Make a new text file on NotePad and type the following text: The tabbed lines need to be tabbed! Save this file as myprog.z80 into your "Programs" subfolder. Also, note that the command B_CALL may need to be changed to bcall depending on the contents of the includes file used during compiling. The compiler will record one error if the command (B_CALL or bcall) is different than the one defined in ti83plus.inc, though in the most popular editions of ti83plus.inc it is bcall - simply swapping one for the other may fix this.

Compiling the Program
Compiling essentially means translating text code into code that a machine can read.

To compile your program myprog.z80 first open a Command Prompt (it should be in Accessories). You should be faced with a black window with some white text saying what folder you are in. The first step is to change the folder to your programs folder. To do this use the following commands: Afterwards, you need to type in: This should automatically compile myprog.z80 if you have followed all instructions correctly. The finished program should be located in your "Programs" folder as myprog.8xp.
 * 1) cd subfoldername (This will go to the subfolder that you tell it to.)
 * 2) cd .. (This will instantly go to the folder that holds the folder you are in.)
 * 1) compile myprog

Testing the Program
On your computer, open up the TI 83 Plus Flash Debugger to make a fake calculator for testing purposes. Click on the white paper icon to make a new fake calculator and choose the 83+ calculator. Then click on Load... RAM File and open your compiled program (myprog.8xp). Finally, click on the triangle-shaped play button to begin emulation. On the fake calculator, press [2nd]+[Catalog] to bring up the catalog and arrow down to Asm(. Press enter to insert the command into the screen and then select your program ([PRGM],[ENTER]). The screen on the calc should say Asm(prgmMYPROG). Now press enter, and "Hello World" should be displayed on the screen.

Always test your programs on the Flash Debugger before you use them on your real calculator because there is a large chance of your real calculator crashing.

Commands of the Program
The only lines of importance now are the middle ones: When the calculator executes a program, it follows the commands line by line. The first line (ld a,0) loads zero into a, which is a commonly used register. So now register a = 0. The next two lines load that number into the cursor row and column sectors in the RAM. So now the cursor is located at 0,0 and the next text will be displayed at that location. The fourth line (ld hl,text), loads the location of .db "Hello... into hl, another register. B_Call(_PutS) takes the text that hl has specified and displays it at the current cursor location. Finally, ret tells the calculator to exit out of the program. You should now have a vague understanding of the functions of most of the lines in your first program.

This little program, however small, is far from optimal. ld a,0 can be replaced by xor a as long as you don't need to preserve the flags. XOR A (see ) inverts any bit that is 1, so basically it sets A to zero. This is not all, one can load CurCol and CurRow at once with ld (CurRow),hl, L will go into CurRow and H into CurCol.

title: TI 83 Plus Assembly/Hello World


text:
Talk:Reverse Engineering/Computer Networks

Network Protocols
For the section on Network Protocols, Ethernet/IP/PPP info is bulleted. However, it seems to me there are at least 2 major aspects to protocol reverse engineering. One would be analysis of the Ethernet/IP/PPP headers. Another is the reverse engineering of the contents themselves, which is much like proprietary file format engineering. I'd like to see both ideas here, but I'm not sure how best to do it.

Contents reverse engineering could include info on common ways to package data, things like headers, bytecounts, checksums, crcs, as well as info on endian-ness.

Also information on compression and encryption is relevant.

Commonly used protocols and ways of encoding contents could be discussed. RPCs, XML, XML/RPCs.

 * What I was thinking originally when i created this page was simply protocol reverse engineering. For instance, the GAIM project had to reverse engineering the AIM protocols, so that GAIM users could communication with AIM users, etc... We can really go as in-depth as we want to however, just add any bullets to the outline that you think are appropriate! -- 16:07, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I'm thinking some case studies could drive the general discussion. Would be interesting to contact people involved with GAIM, SAMBA, or other projects to see if they would want to contribute.  --Kenlars99 20:21, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Exactly, the more people the merrier. I'm going to be focusing most of my attention in the comming days to the Reverse Engineering/Anti-Reversing chapter, because i have a few books on that subject laying around, and can get to work on it quickly. However, we can do a lot on this topic as well, so all the help we can get, the better. -- 14:46, 5 December 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:64.229.49.120

title: User talk:64.229.49.120


text:
User talk:216.196.197.185

Do not delete cleanup notices without good reason. I say this as an admin: this book needs some fixes so there's good reason to show these tags. --Derbeth talk 21:33, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

VFD for COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
A book you contributed to, namely COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, has been listed at Votes for deletion. You may want to participate in the discussion there. --JMRyan 23:45, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.196.197.185


text:
Talk:Arabic/Book/TranslitU

Untitled
LakeHMM, I see that you have contributed to the Arabic Wikibook, and I thank you for that. I see you have changed the orthography slightly. Thank you, but in transcribing syllable by syllable a hamza at the beginning of a syllable transcribed as an apostrophe would only confuse beginnners. It is unnessecary at the beginning of a syllable. I think the "ee" and "oo" was working well for transcription of syllables (the idea of the syllables is to be the easiest to read for english people. Thank you. Please reply back. I am also contemplating major transliteration changes, please make some proposals here. --TwoThirty 16:47, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Why isn't it necessary to denote a hamza at the beginning of the word? Also, using ee and oo is just misleading, because that makes it look like a long e or long o sound, and Arabic has neither. The most logical way to go about it is a long i is ii, a long u is uu, etc. It may make more sense for English speakers with no linguistic knowledge but it's important to identify i with ii. Arabic words are not English words, so they shouldn't be written like they are. Writing things that way not only cripples the linguistic understanding of the student but confuses those who understand short and long vowels.

And what is the whole _, -, -- thing? It seems unnecessary to me. --LakeHMM 00:33, 4 December 2005 (UTC) PS: The transliteration scheme previously used was ii and uu until, as I see, you recently changed it.

You are correct, I did change my transliteration scheme. First let me explain the _, -, -- thing. The dashes indicate spaces between syllables. All of those different type of dashes indicate that (one is an underscore, the other is one dash, the other is two dashes). The purpose is to show the spacing between syllables while still indicating where one word starts and the other begins. - the two syllables around this dash are of the same word -- the two syllables around this dash combination are different words. So -- (dash, dash) separates words and syllables. _ I used for denoting the difference between syllables, where in the non-syllable transliteration system used in the book there is a dash. al-walad (non-syllable) al_wa-lad (indicating syllables) There are far more small functions to be standardized.

I understand that "ee" and "oo" might be confusing to people believing it to be the long "e" sound instead of the sound english people make when pronouncing the letter "e". But "uu" and "ii" have their own problems. "uu" and "ii" are ugly, and people reading any latin based script are not used to the repetition of those letters. I haven't seen an English word using such letter combinations. So "ee" and "oo" are better because a normal literate Anglophone would pronounce it correctly, and they would be easily able to read it. As for people who might confuse "ee" for the long "e" sound they are a minority and all that is needed to prevent their confusion is the following diagram: Transliteration and their IPA equivalents. ee [i:] oo [u:]

As for the hamza at the beginning of a word. It is useful to indicate it in translitartion that is not syllable based. Because this makes sure the person knows that a connecting phonomenom doesn't take place (called waSl in Arabic). But in syllable transliteration any place where such a phonomenom happens is already taken into acount and the reader doesn't even need to know it is happening. al-shamsu wa al-qamaru ash_sham-su--wal-qa-mar notice wal  which happened because there is no hamza on "al". if there was then it( the vowel "a") could never be elided and become "wal". So if an apostrophe (indicating a hamza, of course)was included in syllable transliteration at the beginning of a word it would confuse people, and they would think they have to do something special with their throat when they would pronounce it perfectly without the apostrophe. Note I am talking about syllable transliteration here.

'alam (translation: pain) should be transliterated sylable-wise like so: a-lam But 'a lam (translation:" haven't ...?") a--lam

Some believe that a hamza (glottal stop) at the beginning of a word is this exotic sound that English people never pronounce at the beginning of a word. But the reality is all vowels when they start a syllable are preceded by a glottal stop. At least that's what I believe to be true.

Say: a at in if You started each of those above by pronouncing the glottal stop.

because is can be shortened in English pronounciation to just an s That would mean that is doesn't phonemically begin with a glottal stop. "What is this?" Here the person is saying the "is" with the glottal stop. In English this would be an emphasized version of the following question in casual speech (if not all speech). "what's this?" Here the person is saying the "is" without the glottal stop.

in reality you started with a glottal stop. vowels are never pronounced alone. whenever a vowel is written alone, or starting a syllable, a glottal stop always precedes. Remember a glottal stop is not a rhain (the letter before ghain) it is a hamza which is indicated (in the book) by an apostrophe. --TwoThirty 16:21, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Note: The above post was not meant as an attack on anyone. There is no actual correct transliteration system for Arabic. We need to argue about standards, and decide on a few. We could attempt to accomodate multiple transliteration schemes if wikiBooks worked a bit differently. I think that would be the best solution. The issues LakeHMM raised are valid, and I did not mean to belittle those concerns. --TwoThirty 16:17, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I know about glottal stops, but I'm just saying to correctly transcribe things it's best to include all of the information instead of just going off of what someone would normally do in English.

Same goes for the ee oo thing. English is not your standard Latin alphabet language. In the original Latin alphabet, and in the way most of the rest of the world pronounces it, it's [e:] and [o:]. I understand that perhaps ee and oo would be better for English speakers with no experience or knowledge of any other languages or the way languages work, but we shouldn't just change it to a way that doesn't make sense to cater to whatever misconceptions the reader may have previously have. The whole point of this WikiBook is learning. You're not learning the language correctly if you think "ee" is a long "i". Like I said, it would make sense for someone who didn't know what they're doing, but then you might as well write the whole thing in English to make it easier for the English speaker.

Using the same logic as your transcription scheme, wouldn't all "i"s be transcribed as "ee" because English speakers pretty much never pronounce "i" the same way as it should be in Arabic? And all "u"s would be written "oo" to make it clear they're not pronounces as in "rub". All "a" sounds should be transcribed "ah" because that's how English speakers would read it correctly. "ay" would be written "I" because that's how English speakers would understand. Then you end up with "ahllahhoo sahlmeek" instead of "allahu salmik". Gross. --LakeHMM 06:52, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

I understand your viewpoint.

I've changed my mind on the "ee", and "oo" argument. It should be transliterated as "ii" and "uu" instead of "ee" and "oo".

However as for the glottal stop. It should never in Arabic syllable by syllable transliteration be written beginning a syllable. This does not in anyway mean that it shouldn't be included in the non-syllable by syllable transliteration.

By the way, I think that "allahu salmik" is actually just a mispronounciation of "allahu yusalima-ka", which became "allah ysalmik" becoming "allahi salmik".

I'm also ready to give up on indication of word boundaries of syllable by syllable transliteration.

I have some more proposals, for the non-syllable by syllable transliteration. We need to call it something other than non- syllable ... --TwoThirty 02:02, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Some proposals:

haa'
 * represent emphatic letters by making the letter (or digraph) bold

saad daad taa' dhaa'

This should make the transliteration more readable.

a capital "N". Or an "ń" (n with a forward accent) a double dotted "a" that represents the fatHäh before the taa'. and the letter after it can either be a "h" or a "t" to correctly indicate pronounciation.
 * For the indication of tanween.
 * for the indication of taa' marbuuTäh.

 * where a silent alif exists after a "uu" sound such as in the conjugation of plural masculine 3rd person.

uù

 * alif maksuuräh:

aà

 * any "aa" sound not written with a constanant( a letter of the arabic alphabet).

aá

Other long vowels not written constanantly:

ií

uú

Dipthongs at the end of words, should change thus:

au => aŵ ai => aŷ ii => iŷ uu=> uŵ

Why: example: لو العالم lau + al-`aalam lawi al-`aalam

Instead it becomes laŵ + al-`aalam laŵi al-`aalam

syllable by syllable: la-wil-`aa-lam This way, any vowel after the circumflexed "y" or "w" can be added so the student will know what vowel to pronounce when not going word by word.

ň
 * indicating a nuun pronounced as a meem

 * How about capitilization of the first letter of all nouns, and the first two letters initially for nouns at the beginning of sentences.--TwoThirty 02:59, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arabic/Book/TranslitU


text:
Mac OS X Tiger/Meet the Applications/Address Book

=Introduction= Address Book is a very simple application for storing Names, Addresses, Phone Numbers, E-Mail addresses, etc. for everyone you know; something like the digital equivalent of a Rolodex. Address Book ties in with other applications like Mail, iCal and iChat. Address book also has hooks into .Mac and local LDAP servers.


text:
Mac OS X Tiger/Meet the Applications/Calculator

=Introduction= Oddly enough, Calculator works just like a real calculator. However, it has the advantage of actually being three calculators in one. The View menu lets you choose between Basic, Scientific, and Programmer calculators. Each has different buttons and can do different types of math.

=Using Calculator=

Basic Calculator

 * Arithmetic Operations
 * Decimals
 * Negatives
 * Memory

Scientific Calculator

 * Parantheses
 * Percentages
 * Pi
 * Trigonometry
 * Exponents and Roots
 * Factorials
 * Reciprocals

Programmer Calculator
=Other Features=
 * Paper Tape - Calculator can keep a record of every calculation you make on a “Paper Tape”, which can be printed or saved from the File menu. To use the Paper Tape, choose View > Show Paper Tape. It appears in its own little window for convenience.

 * Reverse Polish Notation - The View menu lets you turn Reverse Polish Notation (RPN for short), an alternate way of entering equations, on or off.

 * Rounding -Calculator also lets you pick how many places to round to with the View > Precision menu.

 * Conversions - Not to be missed, the Convert menu lets you convert different units of measure.

 * Speech - The Speech menu lets you set up Calculator to speak keys you press, great for avoiding accidental errors.


text:
Mac OS X Tiger/Meet the Applications/Chess

Chess originated in ancient India, and it took the world by the storm. It's now one of the most popular games in the world, and comes with every copy of Mac OS X. The Apple version is the strategy game you know and love digitized and played on a beautifully-rendered 3D board. You can even rotate the board in 3D space by grabbing the edge and dragging! Standard Chess rules apply.

When you open Chess, it automatically starts a new Human vs. Computer Game. This means that you, the Human, will play as white against your Mac, which will play as black. Drag a piece from its position to where you want it to move, and the game begins!

If you want a game set up differently, choose Game > New Game. A sheet appears and offers to create a Human vs. Computer (you as white, your Mac as black), Computer vs. Human (your Mac as white, you as black), Human vs. Human (you and a friend can play against each other), or Computer vs. Computer (for when you are really, really bored) game.

The dialog box also lets you choose a “Variant” if you wish, a mixed-up version of chess that follows a different set of rules. These variants are:

 * Suicide - To win, you must lose every single one of your pieces, however, you are forced to take a piece if possible. The king is no more important than any other piece. Also, castling is not allowed.
 * Losers - To win, you must either take the king or every other piece besides the king. No castling allowed.
 * Crazyhouse - If you take one of your opponent's pieces, you receive the same piece in your color. For example, if you are white and you take the black queen, you receive a white queen (even if you already have one on the board). The white queen appears next to the board and can be dropped into any square at any time during the game.

Chess Preferences (Chess > Chess Preferences) has a few options for your adjusting your game. Most important is the Computer Difficulty slider, which lets you choose how good the computer is at defeating you. The stronger the computer is, the longer it deliberates each move. At the maximum setting, it may think for hours before making a decision.

The Chess Preferences window also offers options to adjust the look of your game board and pieces, and has controls for enabling speech in Chess (see Chapter 11).


text:
Mac OS X Tiger/Meet the Applications/Dashboard

Dashboard doesn't look too much like its namesake, but when you think about it, the similarity is striking.

The dashboard in your car provides readouts on the status of the car, information you might find useful as a driver, and controls designed specifically to be easy to use while you are busy with something else. Likewise, Dashboard in Mac OS X provides access to information (such as the weather forecast or the time in Tokyo) and controls (the currently playing iTunes song), all in one place that's easy to access from anywhere.

Instead of gauges and panels, Dashboard displays its information in little candy-colored modules called "widgets". You can move these around, adjust their settings, and interact with them individually. This mini-chapter will teach you how to use Dashboard and manage your widgets.

=Dashboard Basics= Since Dashboard is always running (just not always visible), you might think you can’t remove it from the Dock, since open apps always pop up in the Dock whether you like it or not. Dashboard is the lone exception to this rule; you can take it out of the Dock even when it's running, and it won’t come back by itself.

Even though you could show the Dashboard by using its icon in the Applications folder or Dock every time you needed it, you can also activate it from a key on your keyboard (by default, F12).

When you show your Dashboard for the first time after you log in, it takes a couple seconds for it to warm up, but after that, it loads instantly. That’s the idea – info without the wait.

Your Dashboard darkens the Desktop when activated, and your widgets zoom in on top. You can move your widgets by dragging them, and interact with each individual widget separately (the included widgets are covered later on in this mini-chapter).

Your Dashboard has a little black "+" button in the lower left-hand corner. This opens and closes the Widget Bar, a "Dock" of sorts that lets you add widgets to your Dashboard. Simply drag a Widget’s icon from the bar onto your Dashboard, and it will ripple into place. You may need to click on one of the tiny grey arrow buttons at either end of the Widget Bar to scroll through your widgets if you have more than fit on your screen at once. Feel free to open more than one copy of the same widget at a time.

When you open the Widget Bar, little black “X” buttons appear on all widgets you have open. These buttons close your widgets with a little whoosh effect, in case you want to remove one from the Dashboard. These buttons disappear as soon as you close the Widget Bar.

You'll also notice that little “i” buttons that appear on some widgets when you roll your cursor over them. These are called “flip” buttons. They actually flip widgets over, so you can see their back sides. The back side of a widget often contains information and options for customizing the widget.

=The Widgets= Your widget library comes stocked with 18 Apple-designed widgets. You can download thousands more from the internet (see the next section), but this section will help you get started with the ones included with your Mac. If you're missing some of the widgets listed here, make sure your copy of Mac OS X is up to date by choosing Software Update from the Apple menu.

 * Address Book - This small white widget lets you do a Spotlight search for people in your Address Book. Just type your query (be it a name, address, phone number, or something else) and the widget will expand, showing a list of all matches. Click on the person you wish to see information about, and their "card" appears right on your Dashboard.

 * Business - A virtual yellow pages, the Business widget lets you quickly pinpoint the location of a business near you. After specifying your location on the back, you can search for a business by name or choose a business type from the pop-up menu. The results show the name, phone number, and address of every match. If there are lots of results, you may have to page through them with the forward and back arrow buttons. When you're done, click the grey “x” in the search field.

 * Calculator - The Calculator widget is a dramatically simplified version of the Calculator application. It’s pretty self-explanatory: it’s a little orange calculator with your standard calculator buttons. You can operate it by clicking the buttons or by using the number keys on your computer’s keyboard.

 * Calendar - This simple calendar widget is split into two black squares. The left-hand square contains a large readout of the current date, and the right-hand square contains a table of all the days in the current month. Clicking on the left-hand square toggles the right-hand one on and off. You can take a look at a month in the future or past by using the small left and right arrows in the right-hand box. Clicking on the name of the month takes you back to the current day.

 * Dictionary - The Dictionary widget lets you look up anything in the Oxford English Dictionary or Thesaurus. Simply click the word “Thesaurus” at the top of the widget to switch into Thesaurus mode. When you want to switch back to the Dictionary, click the word “Dictionary”. Type a word into the search box on the right side and press return. The widget opens up to its full size, and displays the closest match. You may have to scroll a bit with the bar on the right side to see the complete definition. When you're finished with the Dictionary widget, you can shrink it back down with the little grey "X" in the search field. A few tips:
 * After you’ve searched for more than one word, the forward and back buttons in the upper left-hand corner become active, so you can easily jump back to previous words you’ve looked up.
 * The big button on the left side that bears the first letter of the word you are looking up takes you to a list of related words.
 * There's a font size control on the back of the widget.

 * ESPN - The ESPN widget lets you keep up-to-date with your favorite sport. You can select a sport to follow from a pop-up menu on the back of the widget. You can then choose whether you wish to view scores or news from the two buttons at the top of the widget. This information appears in the widget's main panel. The opposite of what you picked scrolls by on an electronic ticker display at the bottom of the widget. To find out more about a news story, click its headline, and Safari will open to the story at ESPN.com. You can also find out more about a game: select it by clicking on it in the scores section and then click on the ticker at the bottom.

 * Flight Tracker - This one is really neat. Type in an Airline, a departure city, and an arrival city. Then click on “Find Flights”. Choose a flight from the list, click on “Track Flights”, and voilà! You see how late (or early) the flight is, its position, altitude, and its current speed. If at any time you wish to track a different flight, click the “back” arrow in the lower left-hand corner.

 * Google - The simplest widget of all, type something into its text field and press return, and Safari opens to the Google results for your query.

 * iTunes - This widget lets you quickly manipulate the currently playing iTunes song without having to open the iTunes window. It has simple buttons for playing/pausing, skipping forward and backward, shuffling, repeating; a slider for adjusting your position in a song; and an iPod-esque wheel for adjusting the sound volume. Click the flip button to flip the widget, revealing a playlist selector.

 * People - A digital white pages, People will let you find the address and phone number of anyone in the US. Simply type their name and location into the appropriate text fields and press return. The widget grows to display the results. You can add a person in the white pages to your personal Address Book by clicking the "+" button next to their address.

 * Ski Report - This little widget, clad in wood, lets you keep tabs on a ski resort of your choice. Specify a resort on the back, and you'll see the current ski conditions for it, right on your Dashboard.

 * Stickies - Possibly the most practical widget in existence, the Stickies widget replaces all of those little Post-It notes you used to have attached to your monitor. Click near the top and type, and the widget handles everything else. The back lets you select the color of your virtual Post-It and adjust the font.

 * Stocks - Keep track of your portfolio from your Dashboard with this handy widget. Click on a stock and see its performance neatly graphed for your viewing pleasure (or displeasure). Adjust the amount of time the graph shows with the little buttons at the top. You can add and remove stocks on the reverse side. To add a stock, type either the company's name or ticker symbol into the text box, click on the plus button, and pick it from the resulting menu. To remove a stock, click on it in the list and click the “Remove” button. There's also a checkbox for showing the changes in prices as percentages.

 * Tile Game - A simple time-waster, the tile game is the famous game played by sliding tiles to create a picture. Start the game by clicking once to start scrambling tiles, and once more to stop. Then click on a tile that you want to slide into the empty space. The default image is a Tiger, but you can use another one that you like better. Start dragging the image, open dashboard, and drop it over the tile game. Voila - the picture changes instantly!

 * Translation - This one translates text from one language to another with decent accuracy. Select two languages from the drop-down menus and type in the upper text box. The translated text appears in the lower text box. Press the S-shaped arrow button to switch the two languages with each other.

 * Unit Converter - The Unit Converter Widget lets you convert different measures of Area, Currency, Pressure, Energy, Temperature, Time, Length, Speed, Weight, Power, and Volume. Choose the type of measurement, two different units, and type into either box. Watch as the two boxes always stay equal to each other, no matter what you do! As long as you're connected to the Internet, the Unit Converter widget will always use the latest exchange rates when you're converting currencies.

 * Weather - This immensely handy widget displays the current conditions and forecast for your zip code. The upper part of the widget shows the current temperature, today’s high and low temperature, and a beautiful little 3D image of your weather conditions. The lower part shows the conditions and high temperature for the next 5 days. You can hide the lower part by clicking anywhere in the upper part. The back lets you enter your zip code, choose which system to view the temperature in, and lets you show "low" temperatures in the forecast section.
 * Apple is very proud of the artwork it created for this widget. Even if you live in an area with boring weather, Apple wants you to be able to see every graphic it created. If you repeatedly ALT+⌘+Click the Weather Widget, it cycles through all weather conditions so you can see the artwork for each one. The real weather condition is restored when you hide and re-activate the Dashboard.

 * World Clock - This is a standard analog clock that can display the time in any major city. If the clock face is darkened, it is dark in the selected city. To choose a city, flip the widget over, and pick a continent and city from the pop-up menus.

=Managing Widgets= At the beginning of the Widget Bar is a nineteenth widget called... the Widgets widget. The Widgets widget is special. It doesn't behave quite like you'd expect. For one thing, it defies the laws of english and appears first thing on the Widget Bar, even though it begins with the letter "w". In addition, only one copy of it can be open at a time. So what does the Widgets widget do that makes it so important? The Widgets widget does three things:

 * 1) It lets you "de-activate" widgets that you don’t want to use. Simply uncheck the box next to a widget and it will no longer appear on the Widget Bar. You can re-activate simply by checking the box again. This is useful if you're both a pack rat who hoards free widgets from the internet and a neat freak who demands a sparse widget bar.
 * 2) It lets you get more widgets for your collection. Click on the “More Widgets” button at the bottom to be taken to Apple’s dedicated Widget website, which has over 2000 available for free download.
 * 3) It lets you delete widgets that you’ve added to your collection. Click on the red minus sign next to a non-Apple widget and it is removed from your system.


text:
Mac OS X Tiger/Meet the Applications/Dictionary

Possibly the simplest application included with Tiger, Dictionary is the New Oxford American Dictionary’s digital counterpart. Not only can you open it from the Applications folder, but also from inside some other applications, like Safari.

Using it is amazingly easy. Use the search box to find words, or double click a word to look that word up. Use the flippy triangles in the result area to see the Dictionary and Thesaurus entries. Use the back and forward arrows to see words you’ve looked up before. Use the font size buttons (little “A” and big “A”) to adjust the size of the text in the result area.


text:
Engineering Acoustics/Car Mufflers

Introduction
A car muffler is a component of the exhaust system of a car. The exhaust system has mainly 3 functions:

1) Getting the hot and noxious gas from the engine away from the vehicle

2) Reduce exhaust emission

3) Attenuating the noise output from the engine

The last specified function is the function of the car muffler. It is necessary because the gas coming from the combustion in the pistons of the engine would generate an extremely loud noise if it were sent directly in the ambient surrounding through the exhaust valves. There are mainly 2 techniques used to dampen the noise: the absorption and the reflection. Each technique has its advantages and inconveniences.

The absorber muffler
The muffler is composed of a tube covered by sound absorbing material. The tube is perforated so that some part of the sound wave goes through the perforation to the absorbing material. The absorbing material is usually made of fiberglass or steel wool. The dampening material is protected from the surrounding by a supplementary coat made of a bent metal sheet.

The advantages of this method are a low back pressure and the relatively simple design. The inconvenient aspect of this method is a low sound damping compared to the other techniques, especially at low frequency. Mufflers using the absorption technique are usually installed on sports vehicles to increase the performances of the engine because of their low back pressure. A trick to improve their muffling ability consist of lining up several "straight" mufflers.

The reflector muffler
Principle: Sound wave reflection is used to create a maximum amount of destructive interferences

Definition of destructive interferences
Let's consider the noise a person would hear when a car drives past. This sound would physically correspond to the pressure variation of the air which would make his ear-drum vibrate. The curve A1 of the graph 1 could represent this sound. The pressure amplitude is a function of the time at a certain fixed place. If another sound wave A2 is produced at the same time, the pressure of the two waves will add. If the amplitude of A1 is exactly the opposite of the amplitude A2, then the sum will be zero, which corresponds physically to the atmospheric pressure. The listener would thus hear nothing although there are two radiating sound sources. A2 is called the destructive interference.

Definition of the reflection
The sound is a travelling wave i.e. its position changes in function of the time. As long as the wave travels in the same medium, there is no change of speed and amplitude. When the wave reaches a frontier between two mediums which have different impedances, the speed, and the pressure amplitude change (and so does the angle if the wave does not propagate perpendicularly to the frontier). The figure 1 shows two medium A and B and the 3 waves: incident transmitted and reflected.

Example
If plane sound waves are propagating across a tube and the section of the tube changes at a point x, the impedance of the tube will change. A part of the incident waves will so be transmitted in the part of the tube with the new section value and the other part of the incident waves will be reflected.

Animation

Mufflers using the reflection technique are most commonly used because they damp the noise much better than the absorber muffler. However, they often create higher back pressure which can lower the performance of the engine at higher rpm's. While some engines develope maximum horsepower at lower rpm's (say, under 2800 rpm), most do not and would thus yield a greater net horsepower (at the higher rpm's)with no muffler at all.

The upper right image represents a Car Muffler typical architecture. It is composed of 3 tubes. There are 3 areas separated by plates, the part of the tubes located in the middle area are perforated. Small quantity of pressure "escapes" from the tubes through the perforation and cancel one another.

Some high-end mufflers use the reflection principle together with a cavity(shown in red below) known as a Helmholtz Resonator to further dampen the noise.

Back pressure
Car engines are 4 stroke cycle engines. Out of these 4 strokes, only one produces the power, this is when the explosion occurs and pushes the pistons back. The other 3 strokes are necessary evil that don't produce energy. They on the contrary consume energy. During the exhaust stroke, the remaining gas from the explosion is expelled from the cylinder. The higher the pressure behind the exhaust valves (i.e. back pressure), and the higher effort necessary to expel the gas out of the cylinder. So, a low back pressure is preferable in order to have a higher engine horsepower.

Muffler Modeling by Transfer Matrix Method
This method is easy to use on computer to obtain theoretical values for the transmission loss of a muffler. The transmission loss gives a value in dB that correspond to the ability of the muffler to dampen the noise.

Example

P stands for Pressure [Pa] and U stand for volumetric flowrate[m3/s]

$$\begin{bmatrix} P1 \\ U1 \end{bmatrix}$$=$$\begin{bmatrix} T1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} P2 \\ U2 \end{bmatrix}$$  and   $$\begin{bmatrix} P2 \\ U2 \end{bmatrix}$$=$$\begin{bmatrix}  T2 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} P3 \\ U3 \end{bmatrix}$$  and   $$\begin{bmatrix} P3 \\ U3 \end{bmatrix}$$=$$\begin{bmatrix}  T3 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} P4 \\ U4 \end{bmatrix}$$

So, finally: $$\begin{bmatrix} P1 \\ U1 \end{bmatrix}$$= $$\begin{bmatrix} T1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} T2 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} T3 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} P4 \\ U4 \end{bmatrix}$$

with

$$\begin{bmatrix} T_i \end{bmatrix}$$=$$\begin{bmatrix} cos (k L_i) & j sin (k L_i) \frac{\rho c}{S_i}  \\ j sin (k L_i) \frac{\rho c}{S_i} & cos (k L_i) \end{bmatrix}$$

Si stands for the cross section area

k is the angular velocity

$$\ \rho $$ is the medium density

c is the speed of sound of the medium

Results

of the graph above.

Comments
The higher the value of the transmission loss and the better the muffler.

The transmission loss depends on the frequency. The sound frequency of a car engine is approximately between 50 and 3000 Hz. At resonance frequencies, the transmission loss is zero. These frequencies correspond to the lower peaks on the graph.

The transmission loss is independent of the applied pressure or velocity at the input.

The temperature (about 600 Fahrenheit) has an impact on the air properties : the speed of sound is higher and the mass density is lower.

The elementary transfer matrice depends on the element which is modelled. For instance the transfer matrice of a Helmholtz Resonator is $$\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ \frac{1}{Z} & 1 \end{bmatrix}$$ with $$\ Z = j \rho ( \frac{\omega L_i}{S_i} - \frac{c^2}{\omega V})$$

Links
More informations about the Transfer Matrice Method : www.scielo.br/pdf/jbsmse/v27n2/25381.pdf

General informations about filters: Filter Design & Implementation

General information about car mufflers: http://auto.howstuffworks.com/muffler.htm

Example of car exhaust manufacturer http://www.performancepeddler.com/manufacturer.asp?CatName=Magnaflow

Back to Main page

title: Engineering Acoustics/Car Mufflers


text:
Wikijunior talk:Ancient Civilizations/Norse

Article Needs Revision

 * This article needs better a better flow. Currently it is a bit choppy.
 * Pictures need to be added. There are hundreds of great pictures that would help this article. Is this not for kids? I think that pictures would help illustrate the different topics.BKalesti 16:29, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

we found that the viking "what did they believe" was copied from a bbc copyrighted website

 * Thank you. In the future, you can use template. --Derbeth talk 12:07, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

I have found that a bunch of unknown editors, are adding strange things. Things like the "Vikings were cannibals". I have deleted all such idiotic behaviour. We need real facts! Not stuff that has references to Saddam Husein. What kind of idiocy is this?? Is it possible for everything to be regulated by those who wish to actually help wikibooks??? Please help!!

To cite my sources of recent edits: |Norse Mythology

|Norse Mythology, Wikipedia

N1person 23:40, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

There are also some factual errors in this article, and some suppositions presented as fact. For example, tables as we understand them were largely unknown in Viking Scandinavia. People ate on their laps, or with a board balanced on their laps. Chairs were also so rare as to be remarkable, although stools were known but not common (this is actually supposed to be the origin of the term "chairman"; the man who had the chair, complete with arms, was the richest (and most important) person there. So not something that everyone would get to use). And while it is true that there were no actual chimneys, the article states that the only way the smoke could leave was through the door when it opened. This is false; there was in fact a small opening in the roof over the fire (that was apparently large enough for a grown man to climb through; there are references in various sagas to this method of egress being used in an emergency); a flap could be positioned over it in poor weather. However, it is true that the rooms were dark and smokey; studies of skeletons have found evidence of regular carbon monoxide poisoning.

Wattle and daub: the mud is not "smeared" on; it is caked on, usually several feet thick. It is a cheap, durable, and warm building material. "Smeared" makes it sound thin and drafty.

The reference to the women wearing an "apron" will leave readers with entirely the wrong idea about the actual garment in question. The garment can be more properly referred to as an "apron-dress" to avoid confusion, and seems to have been something like a shorter sleeveless over-dress that was held up with two straps running over the shoulders and pinned in place in front by large, usually oval, ornate brooches. Also, the way it states that a loom was "a part" of most houses makes it sound built in. I have rephrased that sentence, and gone over the rest of it and corrected the more glaring errors. I also added a link to the Viking Answer Lady's website.

Men also wore an undershirt, and knee-length underpants; both sexes could also wear coats.

The "How Do We Know This?" section is painfully sketchy. I have filled it out some more myself.

-Freydis Heimdallson (12/1/2007)


text:
User talk:67.190.149.116

Copyrights
--Derbeth talk 12:05, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

and

title: User talk:67.190.149.116


text:
User talk:Bipedal~enwikibooks

--Derbeth talk 12:37, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bipedal. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bipedal~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:59, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:39, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bipedal~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:207.3.146.61

--Derbeth talk 12:55, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.3.146.61


text: User talk:24.238.52.178

title: User talk:24.238.52.178


text:
User talk:24.115.89.14

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

title: User talk:24.115.89.14


text: User talk:68.8.248.159

title: User talk:68.8.248.159


text:
User talk:68.57.218.72

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:68.57.218.72