text:
Cookbook:Roast Potatoes

Roast potatoes (also known colloquially as 'roasties') are usually used as the prime starch accompaniment to a roast dinner, which is usually made up of a roast meat and several different vegetables. Some people, however, prefer to make and eat them by themselves or with other pairings.

Ingredients

 * Potatoes
 * Oil, fat (goose or duck), or lard
 * Salt (optional)
 * Water

Method I

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 220°C (425°F, gas mark 7).
 * 2) Peel the potatoes, and slice them into quarters or eighths depending on the size of the potato. Smaller pieces tend to make crispier roast potatoes, and larger pieces tend to make softer ones.
 * 3) Put the potatoes in a saucepan of water, and add a pinch of salt if you wish.
 * 4) Cover, bring the contents to the boil, and allow to simmer for 10 minutes to parboil the potatoes prior to roasting.
 * 5) Drain the potatoes, either removing with a slotted spoon or with a metal colander.
 * 6) Replace the lid and shake the potatoes vigorously for 20–30 seconds.
 * 7) Lightly coat potatoes with oil or fat, such as by hand tossing in a bowl, and place in tin. A deep tin is safer than a shallow tin, as shallow tins tip easily, spilling any loose oil.
 * 8) Sprinkle salt over the top of the potatoes.
 * 9) Place in oven, then roast for 20–50 minutes—tastes and ovens differ—or until the potatoes are golden brown.
 * 10) Remove them from the oven. Be careful if there is any excess oil in the pain—it is hot and can cause burns. The safest thing is to let potatoes cool to 30–40°C in oven before removing, or alternatively to carefully pull the tray partly out, and remove potatoes individually with tongs or a metal spoon.
 * 11) Serve hot; they can be kept warm in the oven, but should not be piled up much, if at all.

Method II – Frying
Between the parboiling and roasting, you can deep fry the potatoes in hot oil, which yields crispier potatoes, much like crisps/French fries. You should be familiar with deep frying safety before attempting this, and in case of any cooking oil accidents, immediately call emergency services.

Deep fryer

 * 1) Parboil the potatoes as above, then drain and dry (potatoes must be dried to avoid splatter from boiling water in hot oil).
 * 2) Briefly deep fry the potatoes.
 * 3) Transfer potatoes to oven and roast as above

Tray-frying
Alternatively, one can heat oil or fat in a tray in the oven, then add the boiled potatoes to the hot oil, but this is more dangerous.

 * 1) Preheat oil in deep tray in oven.
 * 2) Parboil the potatoes as above, then drain and dry (potatoes must be dried to avoid splatter from boiling water in hot oil).
 * 3) Leaving the tray in the oven and wearing an oven mitt, and very carefully pull the rack out enough to access the hot oil. It is safest to stand behind the oven door, and only pull out the rack slightly to prevent spilling of hot oil onto you.
 * 4) Transfer the potatoes individually into the tray with tongs, rotating to coat them in oil. Alternatively baste in oil with a metal spoon—they will sizzle. Alternatively, one may tip the potatoes from the saucepan into the tin and then coat potatoes in oil or fat, but this risks splashing and spills.
 * 5) Transfer potatoes to oven and roast as above.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Times and quantities are rough and can vary to suit individual tastes.
 * The roughing up of the surface of the potatoes is key to a crispy surface—this is the purpose of the shaking, and it can alternatively or additionally be accomplished by scraping the surface of the potatoes with a fork. Compare with forking the top of the mash in shepherd's pie.
 * If initially deep-frying, the fat or oil must be hot before adding the potatoes—they should sizzle when added—or else they will be greasy rather than fluffy and crisp.
 * Some advocate flipping the potatoes half-way through roasting, while others assert that this is unnecessary. You may also wish to carefully baste with oil partway through the roast, to ensure an even coating; again, some find this necessary, while others do not.
 * Potatoes can also be cooked in the same oven and same roasting tin as the meat or other vegetables if being included as part of a roast dinner; they should go in half an hour before the meal is to be served.
 * Note that the roast and other dishes may require or benefit from different cooking than the potatoes—both different temperature and different time—and hence it may be easier to cook them separately, or at least to take these differences into account. Using the fat from the roast requires a significant amount of fat on the roast and room in the tray—you will often find that cooking separately or with additional fat or oil is better.
 * Garlic and herbs may be added to the fat. Garlic should be crushed or minced. Commonly used herbs, which may be used singly or together, include basil, marjoram, thyme, oregano, parsley, or dill weed.
 * Animal fat (fat from accompanying roast meat, goose fat, duck fat, or lard) is generally averred to give superior potatoes, but is alas not suitable for vegetarians.

Warnings

 * The oil in the roasting tin will be well over 100°C. Be extremely careful when handling the tin, and safest is to avoid any handling of the hot oil.

title: Cookbook:Roast Potatoes


text:
Cookbook talk:Roast Potatoes

This article was transwikied from Roast Potatoes. —Cryptic (talk) 10:42, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The history of the article there was:
 * 19:56, 18 June 2005 83.141.82.162 (→Ingredients)
 * 00:58, 18 March 2005 Korath ({{Move to Wikibooks Cookbook}} per vfd)
 * 00:19, 12 March 2005 Rmhermen
 * 00:15, 12 March 2005 67.70.130.35
 * 23:26, 11 March 2005 Sam Hocevar m (→Notes - fixed entities)
 * 16:02, 5 August 2004 Burschik m (added category)
 * 12:00, 25 June 2004 Bobblewik (centigrade -> Celsius)
 * 13:47, 21 June 2004 163.1.237.149
 * 23:04, 15 June 2004 Gurkha m (call me sieve head)
 * 23:03, 15 June 2004 Gurkha m (forgot to preview *cringe* fixed errors)
 * 22:59, 15 June 2004 Gurkha (Initial page, stub notice because I've really just written the recipe)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook talk:Roast Potatoes


text:
Cookbook:Pizza Hot Dogs

Ingredients

 * 4 hot dog buns
 * 4 hot dogs
 * 12 slices mozzarella cheese
 * 1 jar pizza sauce
 * Grated Parmesan cheese

Procedure

 * 1) Split hot dogs and hot dog buns lengthwise.
 * 2) Place buns on a cookie sheet.
 * 3) Sprinkle mozzarella cheese over buns.
 * 4) Place split hot dog on each bun.
 * 5) Spread pizza sauce over the hotdogs, sprinkle with Parmesan cheese, and broil until cheese bubbles and the hot dogs are hot.

title: Cookbook:Pizza Hot Dogs


text:
Cookbook talk:Pizza Hot Dogs

This article was transwikied from Pizza Hot Dogs. —Cryptic (talk) 10:58, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The history of the article there was:
 * 20:18, 26 April 2005 Ugen64 (rm vfd)
 * 09:49, 12 April 2005 Uncle G ({{recipe}})
 * 09:07, 12 April 2005 DDerby (nominate for deletion)
 * 08:45, 12 April 2005 64.136.26.225

title: Cookbook talk:Pizza Hot Dogs


text:
Mirad/Conversation Lessons

Vocabulary Notes

 * bak = health
 * baka = healthy
 * cer = to be
 * cer baka = to be healthy, to be well
 * Cu baka!! [future/imperative] = Be well! Farewell! Hello!
 * At ce baka. = I'm fine. (= I am well.)

 * gè = equally, also, too, likewise
 * gè at = me too; I, as well
 * gè fia = equally good, also good
 * gebénu = in the same situation/manner

 * ev = Whether?; Is it true that?
 * od? = What?
 * odà? = How? (-à = adverbial ending/"with")
 * odéna? = How?, (Lit: what-wise?)
 * odbéna? = How? (Lit: what-mannered?)
 * odcana? = How? (Lit: what-shaped?)
 * av = for (prep), let, so that (conj.)
 * Av it bakcu. = Let him be well. [Lit: "So that he be healthy."]
 * à = and (ò = but, è = or)
 * vo = no (va = yes, ve = maybe)
 * vò = not (và = indeed, certainly, vè = possibly, may)
 * vò fua = not bad
 * At vè ce boka. = I may be ill.
 * It và ce ficana. = He is really in good shape.
 * ód = nothing (ád = everything)

 * at = I, me
 * atu = to me, for me
 * ata = my, mine

 * et = you
 * etu = to you, for you
 * eta = your

 * it = he, him
 * itu = to him, for him
 * ita = his

 * can = shape, form, condition, state, status
 * fican = good shape, good form, good condition
 * ficana = in good shape, well, in good condition
 * ficana cer / fincancer = to be in good shape, to be fine
 * fucan = bad shape, bad condition
 * fucana cer / fucancer = to be in bad shape, to be unwell
 * odcana = in what shape, how
 * odcana ce... = How is...

 * bén = manner, situation
 * fia = good (fua = bad)
 * fibéna = in a good situation, fine
 * odbéna? = in what situation?, in what manner?, how?
 * ge = equal, same, as
 * gebéna = in the same situation, unchanged

 * naz = value
 * ter = to know
 * twer = to be known
 * nazter = to appreciate, to know the value, to be thankful
 * naztwe. = (It) is appreciated [passive voice], thank-you, thanks
 * Gla naztwe. = Much appreciated; Thank-you very much.
 * der = to say (...to [someone] = ...-u)
 * nazder = to express appreciation, to thank (+ ...-u)
 * At nazda itu av ita és. = I thanked him for his work.
 * nazden = thanks, expression of appreciation

Vocabulary Notes

 * ijter = to get to know, to become acquainted with, to meet (for the first time) (ijtat acquaintance)
 * ifcer/uifcer = to please/be pleased
 * tomer = to reside, to live, to make one's home
 * éser = to work
 * aér = to have
 * vàger = to wish, to like to (At vàge --er = I'd like to --)
 * dúncer = to be named, to be called
 * ser = to do, to make
 * keer = to seek, to look for (kaer = to find, koer = to hide)
 * tijer = to be born (tujer = to die)
 * tadcer = to get married
 * tadokcer = to be widowed
 * tadòcer = to be unmarried
 * emkáler = to relocate, to move (emkóler = to settle down)
 * puer = to arrive (pier = to depart)
 * jagcer = to get old, to age (jogcer = to get young)

 * dat = friend
 * tad = spouse, mate (tàd = wife, tadca married)
 * tadokcat = widow(er)
 * tadóncat = divore(e)
 * tadoát = bachelor/bachelorette
 * tedet = offspring, son, daughter, child
 * tod = family
 * tom = residence, home = (tomu = at home)
 * dom = city (domu = in the city, in town)
 * és = work (ésu = at work)
 * jag = age (jaga = old, joga = young)
 * tij = birth (tuj = death, tej = life)
 * dún = name
 * job = time
 * jab = year (jabi = years, e jabi two years, udjabu this year)
 * ej = the present (eju at present, eja present)
 * em = place, space (emkáer to relocate)
 * jagat = young person (gajagat = cadet, younger one)
 * jogat = old person (gajogat = elder)
 * if = pleasure (Ca if. It was a pleasure.)

 * ja = before (jo = after, je = during)
 * ja ej = ago [Lit: before the present]
 * ji = since (ju = until)
 * ji od = since when, for how long (ji e jabi = for two years)
 * ga = more (go = less, ge = equal)
 * gla = very, much, many (glo = little, few, slightly)
 * úb = near to (íb = far from, úbem vicinity)
 * bu = to (bi = from)

 * udem = this place (ud(e)mu = here, ud(e)ma from here, od(e)mu? = where?
 * idem = that place (id(e)mu = there, id(e)ma from there)
 * udjob = the present (udj(ob)u = now, odj(ob)u? when?)
 * idjob = that time (idj(ob)u = then, ji id since then)

title: Mirad/Conversation Lessons


text:
Mirad/Grammar

Introduction

 * This textbook presents Version 1 of Mirad, formerly known as Unilingua. For the Version 2 grammar and dictionary, see Mirad Grammar.

Spelling

 * The author of Unilingua, Agapoff, uses a double quote to signal capitalization and thus dispenses with all majuscules. In this Mirad textbook, however, majuscules (upper case graphemes) are used and capitalization adheres to the American English model.

 * In this book, the mostly Cyrillic single-grapheme characters used by Agapoff for iotacized vowels are replaced with the following system:

 * Pre-iotacized vowels, that is, those preceded by a y-glide sound, take an acute accent:

 * Post-iotacized vowels, that is, those followed by a y-glide sound, take a grave accent:

 * Circum-iotacized vowels, that is those that are both preceded and followed by a y-glide sound, take a circumflex accent:

 * A pre-iotacized vowel always begins a new vowel syllabic nucleus, whereas a post-iotacized vowel ends a vowel syllabic nucleus.

 * Upper-case vowels take the iotacizing accents just as the lower-case values do (thus Á, È, Ô, etc.

Punctuation

 * The punctuation marks in Mirad are the same as in English. For example, a question mark (?) is used at the end of a sentence or sentence fragment to signal an interrogation.

Structure

 * All nouns in their base form end in a consonant. This distinguishes them from adjectives and conjugated verbs, which end in a vowel.

Pluralization

 * Nouns are made plural by adding the suffix -i.

Femininization

 * Although nouns do not have inherent gender, the feminine or female-related counterpart of a noun can be formed by post-iotacizing the ordinal (inner) vowel, that is, by adding the grave accent ` to the vowel. If the vowel is already pre-iotacized (with an acute accent), then the acute accent is replaced with a circumflex (^) (circum-yodification) to show that it is both pre-iotacized and post-iotacized.

Case Tagging

 * Nouns can take the following case endings, which are shortcuts for prepositional phrases:

 * Examples of the genetive/possessive case:

 *  Meira zem ce gra ama. =  The earth's core is very hot.
 *  Ata ted tome íbà. =  My father lives far away.
 * Ed et te dad ifana ? = Do you know the language of love ?

 * Examples of the locative/dative case:

 * Pu tamu ! = Go home !
 * Ít peé tamu . = She is staying at home / in the house / home .
 * At teaco et uda moju . = I'll see you this evening . (= at this evening)
 * Buu dén atu ! = Give the book to me !
 * Ev ud ce atu ? = Is this for me ?

 * Examples of the comitive case:

 * Upu atà ! = Come with me !
 * Ud ca ekpan tija tujà . = This was a life-and-death struggle.
 * At ubeé uda ébdren ifanà . = I am sending you this letter with love .

 * Examples of the instrumental case:

 * Et vege nacikcer anà esè . = You can get rich only through work .
 * It aksa koenè ván. = He succeeded by hiding the truth.
 * Ágpar pa Parisè . = The train went through Paris .

 * Examples of the privative case:

 * Et vò vege akser nacò . = You cannot succeed without money .
 * Tij ifanò vò naze ser. = Life without love is not worth living.
 * Od et su atò ? = What would you do without me .

Forms

 * All animate pronouns (those referring to people) end in t in their base form, while all inanimate pronouns (those referring to things) end in d in their base form. Pronouns can be singular or plural.  All plural pronouns take the plural suffix i.

 * Note: Agapoff prefers ait, eit, iit for ati, eti, and iti.

Inflection

 * All pronouns can take cases, just as nouns do:

Possessive Pronouns

 * Any of the above pronominal adjective forms can be substantivized by adding -c. The resulting possessive pronouns can then take the plural affix and case endings.

 * Any of the above substantival pronouns can take case endings:

 * Examples:

Correlatives

 * By "correlatives" is meant a set of functional words in the languages than can be arranged in a matrix, all sharing a set of "deictic" or "specifier" prefixes. For example, the English words "which, what, where, why, when, how, who, whether, etc." can be considered part of a matrix of correlatives, because they all ask a question about topics such as "place", "time", "manner", and are therefore called "interrogative correlatives."  The situation is similar in Unilingua.  Note, however, that some of the correlative words in the chart below are slightly different from those invented by the original author of Unilingua.

Dimensional Classifiers

 * The above deictic morphemes combine with the following dimensional classifiers to form a whole matrix of functional deictic correlatives:

Basic deictic adjectives / Determiners

 * Note: Nouns in Mirad are not normally accompanied by a definite article (the) or an indefinite article (a/an). The word tob can mean man, a man, or the man, depending on circumstances.  Where further definition is required, a, the numeric or deictic  adjective one, can be used for the indefinite article, while ada, the deictic adjective the can be used for the definite article.

Animate pronouns

 * Note: As with all pronouns and nouns, the above pronouns can appear in the genetive/ablative/possessive case (-a) or dative/locative case (u). For example:  otu to whom, ota whose, áta everyone's, gla autia most people's, ata my, etu to you.  The possessive adjective forms can, in turn, be substantivized by adding -c (thing):  atac mine, atacu to mine, otac whose, getac the same person's, etc.

Determiners of Quantity

 * The noun following the determiner is in the singular if a mass noun (odganu dril how much ink) or in the plural if a countable noun (odganu jubi how many years).

 * * Literally: in what quantity, as in Odganu nac et àce? How much money do you have?. Used substantively, Odganu becomes Odgan, as in Odgan et àce? How much do you have?  If followed by a mass noun, gla means much; if followed by a counting noun, gla means many; if followed by an adjective or adverb, it means very.  All of the ga...ge...go words are multifunctional in this way.

Compound prepositions

 * Prepositions can be compounded for more detailed senses:

Postpositions / Cases

 * The following case endings or postpositions are shortcuts for prepositions:

 * For example, the following expressions are equivalent:

Using prepositions

 * Prepositions go between the two elements they link, just as in English. Here are some examples:

Prepositions prefixed to verbs

 * As adverbials, many prepositions can be prefixed to other words, especially to verb bases. The following is a list of per (go) and ber (put) verbs with prepositional prefixes. Note that prepositions ending in b drop the b before the verb bases per and ber.

Personal pronouns and pronominal adjectives

 * Personal pronouns have three persons (represented by the ordinal vowels a (1st), e (2nd), and i (3rd).

 * The plural forms have the suffix i.

 * There are also three case forms, which are alternate ways of expressing prepositional relations: Add -a for the genetive/possessive (of, from); -u for the locative/dative (to, at, for); -à (short for bà) for with; è (short for bè) for through/by, and ò (short for bò) for without.

 * Note: These are the same case endings that can be added to any nouns. For example, tamu (to the house), taébò (without hair), teda (father's).

 * Possessive pronouns are expressed with the addition of -c to the genetive/possessive ending:

Correlative Conjunctions/Adverbs
Note: oev = unless; ad means that as the conjunction introducing a factual clause, not to be confused with av meaning so that introducing a subjunctive or unreal clause.

Verbs

 * Verbs in Mirad are conjugated for tense (present, past, future), mood (indicative, conditional/imperative/subjunctive/jussive), voice (active, passive), and finiteness. The verbal system is perfectly regular and predictable.
 * The infinitive, which serves as the dictionary lookup form, always ends in -er. The stem, therefore, is the infinitive without the -er ending.  For example, the stem of the verb buner (to push) is bun.  The stem is used as the base of all conjugated verb forms.

Finite forms

 * Finite verb forms are modulated for tense based on the three-way vowel distinction a (present), e (past), and o (future).
 * A fourth ending, u is used for the equivalent of the English conditionals, subjunctives, and imperatives.
 * Verbs can be further modulated for progressive, anterior (perfect), and imminent senses through compounding.
 * Endings do not change depending on the subject person. For example, unlike in English where am, are, and is are used in the present depending on the subject, the Unilingua verb cer has one present indicative form of to be for all persons: ce.

Simple tense forms

 * The simple tense verb forms are generated by adding the tense markers a, e, o, or the conditional marker u to the stem of the verb. For example, the stem of the verb ter to know is t and the inflected forms of the simple tenses are as follows:

Non-indicative forms

 * The u ending is not only used for the conditional as above, but also non-indicatives moods such as the imperative and and subjunctive. The conditional form without a subject is used for imperatives (direct commands).  Positive subjunctives and jussives are expressed with the use of the affirmative jussive conjunction av (for, so that, let) followed by the subject and the verb in the conditional.

 * Negative subjunctives and jussives are expressed with the use of the negative jussive conjunction ov (against, lest) followed by the subject and the verb in the conditional.

 * Unreal conditionals are expressed with the conditional conjunction ev (if, whether) followed by the subject and the verb in the conditional (-u) in both the main and subordinate clause..

Interrogative

 * Beginning a sentence with the conditional conjunction ev (whether, if) makes the sentence into a yes/no question:

Negative

 * Use the negative adverb voy (not) in front a verb to negate it:

Affirmative

 * Similary, the positive adverb vay (indeed) is used in various combinations to qualify verbs. Like vò (not), this adverb immediate preceeds the verb form.

Potential

 * Used the potential adverb vè (maybe) in front of a verb to qualify it as potential or possible (like English may):

Passive voice forms

 * The passive voice is formed by preceding the tense endings with w.

Progressive aspect forms

 * The progressive or continuous tenses, which are optional and used only where the distinction is useful, are formed from the simple present forms by compounding with pre-iotacized tense vowels.

Anterior tense forms

 * The anterior or perfect tenses, which are also optional, are formed from the simple past tense form by compounding with pro-iotacized tense vowels.

Imminent aspect forms

 * The so-called imminent tenses are formed from the simple future active tense forms in the same way.

Non-finite forms

 * Note: The -ua/wua ending approximates the English -able ending. oteacwua = invisible, íztijua = survivable, ogorwua = indivisible, vegua = capable, opanua = immobile.  Adding an -n forms the substantive, eg. ogorwuan = indivisibility.

Conditional constructions

 * In sentences with conditional clauses the conditional clause is in the same tense as the main clause, contrary to the practice in English:

 * Ev mamilo at co uva. If it rains (= will rain), I will be sad.
 * Ev mamilaú at caú uva. If it had rained (= would have rained), I would have been sad.
 * Ev at cu nasika at ga zípu. If I were (=would be) rich, I'd travel more.
 * Ev et tu dud, (av et) du id atu. If you (= would) know the answer, (= that you would) tell it to me.

Sequence of tenses

 * Unlike in English, the tense of a consecutive clause is a real tense, not an adjusted tense relative to the main clause:

 * It da ad it tadco at. He said he would (= will) marry me.
 * It da ad it teaca it ejipu. He said he had seen (= saw) it twice.

Impersonal constructions

 * Impersonal verbs are conjugated without the subject personal pronoun:

 * Mamileé. It is raining.
 * Amco. It will warm up.
 * Eco dropek. There will be a war.
 * Ége av et upu já. It is necessary that you come early.
 * Ce fia. It's ok.

The verb "to be"

 * In Mirad, the verb cer (to be) is not suppressed in the present tense as in some languages like Russian or Agapoff's original version of Unilingua. Also, there is no existential distinction as in Spanish between ser and estar. Furthermore, the progressive forms ceá and ceé can be used at times as in some of the examples below:

 * Ati ce íva! We are free.
 * At co idmu. I'll be there.
 * Déni ca ab cem. The books were on the table.
 * Cayo e jubi ji at ca dopu. It will have been two days since I was in the army.
 * Cer ey voy cer. To be or not to be.
 * At caú uva ev et vò upaú. I would have been sad if you hadn't come.
 * Et ceé gla fua. You are being very bad.
 * At vò ceá ivcla. I was not being funny.

Reflexive constructions

 * Verbs can be made reflexive by adding the direct object get (self).

 * At vímila get ja per majtulu. I washed up (washed myself) before going to breakfast.
 * Tobet tuja get. The boy killed himself.
 * At teasa get cinzéfu. I looked at myself in the mirror.
 * Tu get! Know thyself!

Modal or auxiliary verbs

 * As you see in the examples above, modal verbs are followed by the infinitive form (-er) of the main verb.

Subordinate clauses introduced by ad

 * The positive complementizer particle ad (the fact that) is used to introduce a subordinate clause:

 * At ta (ad) it upo. I knew THAT he would come.
 * At ce vala (ad) et vádeé. I'm sure THAT you are telling the truth.
 * Ad mamilo ce valan. THAT it will rain is a certainty.
 * Ata tèd da (ad) iyt co tamu ojo èmaj. My mother said THAT she would be home by noon.

 * As in English, if the that can be dropped without any loss of meaning, it can be:

 * At da at dro. I said I'd (= I'll) write.
 * Et ta it sa id. You knew he had done (= did) it.

 * Unlike in English, a relative sequence of tenses is not applied. For example, English "I knew he would come." is rendered in Unilingua as "I knew he will come."

 * Do not confuse the particles ad and av. Clauses following ad are facts, whereas clauses following av are unreal wishes.  Av should be thought of as so that.

 * At pana av it ábtu. I moved so that he could (= would) sit down.
 * At ta ad it ábto. I knew that he would (= will) sit down.

Subordinate clauses introduced by ev

 * The conditional complementizer particle ev (whether) is used to introduce a subordinate clause of the type "whether...":

 * At vò ta ev it upo. I did not know whether he would come.
 *  Ev it upo ca teskía atu.  whether he would or would come was not important to me.

Adjectives

 * Adjectives end in the suffix -a. They are invariable in form:

 * aga big
 * oga small
 * aza strong
 * oza weak
 * taba bodily
 * teaba ocular
 * tea aware
 * otea unaware

 * Adjectives used substantively to describe persons end in -t, while those used to describe things end in -c:

 * Adjectives always preceed the noun they modify:

 * aga tam a big house
 * yaga drun the long sentence
 * aza tob the strong man
 * mona maf a dark cloud

 * Serial adjectives usually go in the same order as in English:

 * ujna via jeeba jub the last beautiful summer day

Summary of Comparison Constructions

 * Note: vél is a preposition that comes from the verb véler to relate and is used to signal the object against which a relative comparison is being made (than, relative to).

The Comparative of Superiority

 * More than is expressed by the adverb ga, followed by the adjective, adverb, or verb and the preposition vél (in relation to, than, as) preceding the noun, pronoun, or predicate being compared:

The Comparative of Equality

 * As...as is expressed by the adverb ge, following by the adjective, adverb, or verb and the preposition vél' (in relation to, than, as) preceding the noun, pronoun, or predicate being compared.

The Comparative of Inferiority

 * Less...than is expressed by the adverb go, following by the adjective, adverb, or verb and the preposition vél' (in relation to, than, as) preceding the noun, pronoun, or predicate being compared.

The Superlative of Superiority

 * The most...of/in is expressed by the adverb gya, followed by the adjective, adverb, or verb, and the compared noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition vyel'.

The Superlative of Inferiority

 * The least...of/in is expressed by the adverb gyo, followed by the adjective, adverb, or verb, and the compared noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition vyel'.

Idioms Using Adjectival/Adverbial Comparison Constructions

 * Note: vél, as a preposition, originates from a verb, much like the prepositions gal plus and gar times:

Formation

 * Adverbs can be formed from adjectives by post-iotacizing the adjectival ending, that is, by changing -a to -à, for example:

 * The adverbial ending -à is really the same as the comitive ending, meaning with. So, in effect, nouns in the comitive case are really adverbs.  The same holds true for the instrumental ending -è by means of, through, by.

 * Similarly, a noun in the dative case (-u) can amount to an adverbial expression.

 * Some words are inherently adverbs:

 * áb up as in go up
 * ób down as in come down
 * zà ahead as in run ahead
 * zò back as come back
 * úz around as in spin around
 * ga more as in eat more
 * go less as in eat less
 * ge same, as as in as big or do the same
 * gla very as in very good
 * glo not so as in not so bad
 * và indeed as in He is indeed our leader.
 * vò not as in He is not our leader.
 * vè possibly as in It's possibly true.

Comparison

 * Adverbs are compared in the same way as adjectives:

Syntax

 * Adverbs, like adjectively, normally precede the element in the sentence which they modify, however, this rule is a loose one and can be bent without peril in most cases.

 *  Igà upu! Come quickly !
 * At anà go te. I know only a little .
 * Uda tam fià ceswa. This house was built well.
 * Et vò sa ge fuà. You did not do as badly.
 * Upu gá ubà. Come as closely as possible.
 * At vò te ev it pa áb è ób. I don't know whether he went up or down.

Shortcuts

 * Adverbs formed from adjectives ending in -ia or -ua can be shorted to -i and -u, respectively:

 * Pu fi! Fare well!
 * vi swa beautifully done
 * ésu gú! Work hard!

title: Mirad/Grammar


text:
User talk:213.197.254.225

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:38, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:213.197.254.225


text:
User talk:212.202.56.12

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:40, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.202.56.12


text:
Mirad/Word-building

Taxonomic codification of letters

 * The consonants of root words are taken from a conceptual ontology matrix. For example, all root words beginning with the consonant t have something to do with human beings.  Root words containing the consonant j relate somehow to time.

 * For example, the following words all contain the consonant p, which indicates motion:

 * zíp travel
 * jap precedence
 * tóáp step
 * zòp regression
 * pán jump
 * teap visit
 * mamp flight

 * Similarly, the following words all end in the consonant l, which indicates liquid:

 * mil water
 * vafil wine
 * mal gasoline
 * meil mud
 * vozil paint
 * teabil tear

 * Again, the following words all end in the consonant m, which indicates place, space, location, or position.:

 * tom residence
 * cem table
 * dénam library
 * tilam bar
 * epem parking lot
 * mem country

Semantic codification of vowels

 * The vowels in root words have various qualitative and quantitative values based on the following scales:

 * The opposite of a word can often be produced by simply changing a vowel to the "opposing" vowel.

 * The vowels "a" and "o" are opposites in the "series 1".
 * The vowels "i" and "u" are opposites in the "series 2."
 * The vowels "i" and "u" are opposites in the "series 2."

 * Throughout the Mirad word construction scheme, the vowel e always has a neutral or medial value:

 * In hierarchical codification, the vowel o indicates the zeroth or toplevel element of an organization. In a qualitative codification, it has a negative slant.  As a prefix, this vowel can also "nullify" a concept as in the following examples:

Hierarchical codification with ordinal vowels

 * Root words related hierarchically or organizationally differ only in their ordinal vowels. By ordinal vowels is meant that the vowels have inherent numerical values (o  0, a  1, e  2, etc.).  The zeroth element of any hierarchy always contains the ordinal vowel o.  For example, the words for royalty differ only by an enumerative vowel which determines the rank:

 * For further illustration, we can look at how the concept human being is hierarchically codified using ordinal vowels, where the larger the numeric value of the ordinal vowel, the lower the element is in the semantic hierarchy:

Scalability With Contrasting Vowels

 * Words can be semantically constructed along the qualitative scale of "positive", '"neutral", and "negative" through the use of vowels imbued with these values. In Mirad, there are two qualitative vowel series:
 * Words can be semantically constructed along the qualitative scale of "positive", '"neutral", and "negative" through the use of vowels imbued with these values. In Mirad, there are two qualitative vowel series:

 * As implied in the above table, root words with a contrast as semantically opposite with those with o and roots words with i contrast with those with u. Words with e are in the middle between the two extremes.  The second series does sometimes lack a middle value. For example:
 * As implied in the above table, root words with a contrast as semantically opposite with those with o and roots words with i contrast with those with u. Words with e are in the middle between the two extremes.  The second series does sometimes lack a middle value. For example:

Vectorial codification

 * On the vectorial (or: directional, geo-spatial) scale, the vowels have the following general values (see later for a more detailed explanation):

 * Some examples:

 * In the following examples, the vowels i/u and e take on directional values with respect to the doer of the action:

Natural (geological) codification

 * On the natural scale, the vowels have the following values:

Semantic nuancing

 * Semantic nuances and gradations of quality of words are reflected through the "lengthening", that is, addition of a harmonic subordinal vowel to the ordinal vowel, yodification (adding y) of the ordinal vowel, or the addition of one in a series of intensifying (l, r) or distinguishing (c, s, v, f, etc.) consonants, or any of the above techniques in combination. In this scheme, pre-yodification signals a semantic intensification, while post-yodification indicates a weakening or mitigation of sense. A doubling of the vowel usually indicates another kind of lessened strength of the corresponding single-vowel word.  Here are some examples:

 * Post-yodification deintensifies the semantic value of the base word in much the same way as the suffix -ish sometimes mitigates the value of an English adjective.

 * Pre-yodification is sometimes used to intensify the semantic value of the base word:

 * The consonant extenders "l" and "r" are sometimes used to intensify the semantic value of the base word.

 * The ordinal vowel can be extended with a homorganic subordinal vowel in order to add an element of "lengthening" or some other nuance to the meaning of the base word:

 * Here are some examples where all these techniques are employed:

 * The consonants l, r, and c are used to differentiate nuances of words, usually in a positive degree of strength. Other consonants can also be used for derivation.

Mnemonic and analogic association

 * Mnemonics is used to the fullest to associate root words and concepts. For example, the words "neigh", "hehaw", "bark", and "meow" in Unilingua all contain a hint of the animal name with which these are associated. For example:

 * Two or more words are often joined into a single compound, producing a new concept, where the separate elements are suggestive of the meaning of the resulting compound. In some cases, words overlap much like portmanteau words in English (breakfast + lunch = brunch).  (Note, for euphony, if the final consonant of the first root word is the same as the initial consonant of the second root word, one of the consonants is dropped.)

 * The following example of compounding with the root word mep (way, route, road) shows the efficiency of Unilingua compounding:

Root words

 * Root words are divided into two groups:

 * 1st group: nouns.
 * 2nd group: prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and verbs, that is, all other words.

Root words of the 1st group (nouns)

 * All noun root words are composed of three letters:

 * The first, a consonant, called the classifier
 * The second, a vowel, called the ordinal
 * The third, a consonant, called the generic

 * Examples:

Table of consonant semantic values

 * The letter w does not have semantic value, only grammatical value as the sign of the passive voice. The letter h also has no semantic value; it merely forms the correlative deictics or determinants.

Root words of the 2nd group (non-nouns)

 * All words of the 2nd group, which are word roots other than noun roots, are composed of two letters, either a consonant-vowel combination like za or a vowel-consonant combination like az, not counting grammatical endings like the adjectival suffix -a or the verbal infinitive suffix -er.

Vowel oppositions in 2nd group root words

 * Root words with i ⇒ u opposition :

 * Root words with ternary vowel opposition a ⇒ e ⇒ o and i ⇒ e ⇒ u:

Two-way i/u opposition

 * In 2nd group root words, the vowel i signals a positive value, while the contrasting vowel u indicates the negative or opposite value:

Three-way a/e/o opposition

 * Some 2nd group root words exhibit a three-way contrast where a is the base or positive value, e the middle or in-between value, and o the negative or opposite value:

 * The following table shows how some of the 2nd group root words can be expanded on through various word-building techniques:

Ordinal vowel codification of hierarchical nouns

 * Nouns that are related to one another in a hierarchy or organization can be codified using the ordinal feature of vowels. The o vowel (zero value) is used for the topmost element.

 * Individual elements can be further subdivided into a secondary classification by the addition of an ordinal vowel to the right of the first vowel:

 * A further, tertiary subdivision can be achieved by prefixing an ordinal vowel to the base:

 * A convenient classification is possible by prefixing an ordinal vowel to the base without any primary or secondary enumeration:

Forming concepts by compounding ("portmanteau")

 * New concepts can be formed by compounding simple words. If the generic (final) consonant of the first word matches the classifier (initial) consonant of the following word or his consonantally homorganic with it, the latter is suppressed for convenience and ease of pronunciation:

 * In cases where two ordinated nouns with the same classifier and generic consonants are combined, the vowels are combined:

 * When you wish to form a word composed of words of the same consonantal classification, and the ordinal vowel is o, the o is replaced with the ordinal vowel of the determinant:

 * Two singleton words often join by replacing the generic (final) consonant of the first word with the generic consonant of the second word, producing a melded concept somewhat like portmanteau words in English ("breakfast" + "lunch" "brunch").

Making nouns and pronouns "feminine"

 * The "feminine" counterpart of a noun or pronoun is obtained by post-yodifying the ordinal vowel (i.e. adding a y glide):

Codifying nuances of words

 * There are several ways of deriving related words with slightly different nuances from the original word:

 * The l extender is used for a comparatively stronger sense, while the r extender is used for an even stronger (strongest) sense:

 * The post-yodifying y extender is used for what usually amounts to a diminutive connotation:

 * Pre-yodification of a root vowel often imparts an intensified sense to the word. In any even, the normal and pre-yodified forms are usually related semantically.  Compare:

Summary

 * Here is a list of suffixes that are added to word bases to form derived nouns:

Details

 * Following is a detailed description of the nominalizing derivations suffixes:

The -et suffix

 * The -et suffix is used to form nouns of the same nature, lineage, or composition of a lesser importance:

The -an suffix

 * The -an suffix is used to form a noun of quality or state from an adjective or noun:

The -at suffix

 * The -at suffix is used to form the word for a person described by the adjective base.

The -ut suffix

 * The -ut suffix is used to form the agent for the action described by the verb base "one who does x" or the fabricator of something described by the noun base "one who makes x":

The -tut suffix

 * The -tut suffix is used to form the specialist -ologist or student of something:

The -ob suffix

 * The -ob suffix is used to form the child or younger version of something:

The -ar suffix

 * The -ar, ir, or -ur suffix on a verb base is used for an instrument/tool, machine, or apparatus, respectively.

The -en suffix

 * The -en suffix is used on a verb base for the verbal noun -ing, -ence, -ment, -tion:

The -un suffix

 * The suffix -un is used on a verb base for the concrete result of an action:

The -án suffix

 * The suffix -án is used on a noun base for collections or groupings:

The -ag suffix

 * The -ag suffix is used on a noun base for augmentatives "big ...":

The -àg suffix

 * The suffix -àg is used on a noun base for affectionate augmentatives "big old...":

The -ág suffix

 * The suffix -ág is used on a noun base for pejorative augmentatives "big ugly...":

The -og suffix

 * The suffix -og is used on a noun base for diminutives "little...":

The -òg suffix

 * The suffix -òg is used on a noun base for affectionate diminutives "sweet little...":

The -óg suffix

 * The suffix -óg on a noun base for pejorative diminutives "dirty little..."

The -in suffix

 * The suffix -in is used on a word base for a philosophy or doctrine -ism:

The -a suffix

 * The ending -a is used to mean having to do with, in the state of. This is the most common way to form an adjective from a noun:

 * In Agapoff's original work on Unlingua, the termination a was also used to form the past passive participle of verbs (ota = unknown). In this work, the proposed termination for past passive participle is waa or more simply, wa (ex: otwa = unknown).  See  for more on this.

The -éna suffix

 * The ending -éna on nouns is used to give the idea of like, having the nature of:

The -éa suffix

 * The ending -éa is used on verb bases to mean tending to:

The -ea suffix

 * The ending -ea is used on verb bases to form the present participle '-ing, -ant':

The -wua suffix

 * The ending -wua is used on verb bases to mean able to be ...ed '-able':

The -àa suffix

 * The ending -àa is used on noun bases to mean full of, having, carrying... '-ous, -y'. This comes from -à, meaning with.  It is synonymous with -ika 'full', presented further on.

The -òa suffix

 * The ending -òa is used on noun bases to mean devoid of, without, un-...ed. This comes from -ò, meaning without.  It is synonymous with -uka 'empty', presented further on.

The -ika suffix

 * The ending -ika full is used on noun bases to mean full of '-ful, -ous, -y'. This suffix is synonymous with -àa.

The -uka suffix

 * The ending -uka empty is used on noun bases to mean the devoid of '-less'. This suffix is synonymous with -òa and the opposite of -ika and -àa.

The -à suffix

 * Change the adjectival ending -a to -à to form an adverb:

 * Use -à on noun bases to form an adverbial postpositional phrase mean with...:

The -ò suffix

 * Use -ò on a noun to mean without...:

The -è suffix

 * Use -è on a noun to mean by, by way of, through, via...:

The -er suffix

 * The suffix er is used on noun bases to form a verb infinitive.

The -cer and -ser suffixes

 * The ending -cer be/become is used to create intransitive verbs from nouns and adjectives where the intransitive form contrasts significantly with the transitive form. If the adjective is a base, the -a ending is dropped unless 1) the resulting consonant combination would be difficult; or 2) the meaning is literal as opposed to metaphorical, in which case the dropped -a version is taken as metaphorical. For example, aga big becomes either agacer, meaning literally to become big, or agcer, meaning metaphorically to grow, as in Vab agce ga igà adjobu mamile. The grass grows faster when it rains.

 * The ending -ser do/make/act/cause is employed to form transitive verbs. In a few cases like teacer/teaser, the opposition of -cer vs. -ser is semantic in nature.  In these cases, -ser imparts a more dynamic meaning.  In a few other cases, -ser is used to form the causative form of a verb, meaning to make/have/cause/let someone do something.

The -per and -per suffixes

 * The ending -per is used for intransitive verbs of motion (going).
 * The ending -ber is used for transitive verbs of gesture (putting):

Cardinal numeric adjectives

 * The cardinal numeric adjectives 0-9 are formed from the ordinal vowels. The tens are formed with the extension consonant l, the hundreds with the consonant c, the thousands with r, the millions with ml, and the billions with mr.

 * Numbers composed with aro (1,000), amlo (1,000,0000), and amro (1,000,000,000) retain the o and are spelled separately from the rest of the numbers with a space.

Ordinal numeric adjectives

 * The ordinal numeric adjectives are formed by adding -a to the cardinal number:

Ordinal numeric substantives

 * When ordinal numbers are used substantively, the letter t is appended for persons and the letter c for things:

Collective numeric substantives

 * Collective (or: multiplicative) substantives of the cardinal numbers are formed by adding on.

Collective numeric prefixes

 * Prefixes having a collective (or: multiplicative) numeric meaning are expressed as:

Fractional numeric substantives

 * Fractional numeric substantives are formed by adding on to the corresponding fractional numeral. The on is dropped in prefixed forms of the fractions:

Frequentative numeric adverbs

 * Adverbs of frequency are formed with the root jig, meaning frequency, rate:

Numeric adjectives of order or rank

 * nap order, rank

Numeric adjectives of degree

 * nog degree, grade, stage

Numeric adjectives of base or bit

 * Add -na:

Numeric prefixes

 * If cardinal numeric morphemes are used as prefixes, -n is added, unless the base to which it is being attached already begins with that letter:

Distance/size measurements (zák = meter)

 * (zág is width, ág is length, ag is size, íban is distance, ábag is height, óbag is depth, gán is girth):

Weight measurements (kík = gram)

 * (kín is weight, kíncer is to weigh):

Volume measurements (nék = liter)

 * (néd is volume):

Math expressions

 * (gaber to add, gober to substract, garer to multiply, gorer to divide, gecer to equal):

Clock time expressions ( jób = hour)

 * The international 24-hour clock is used.

Forming chemical element names

 * To form words for chemical elements, use the following method: The first letter is the ordinal vowel for the number of electrons.  The next letters are:

 * m for metals
 * mc for nonmetals
 * al for gases
 * il for liquids

Codifyng new words based on mnemonics and analogy

 * Sometimes a word or group of words can have a connection with the meaning of a derived word. Such words are formed from this derived word by changing the generic final root consonant or sometimes other consonants of this word:

Forming new words with prefixation

 * Prefixed elements (sometimes more than one) can be used to form new concepts related to the root word.

Here are examples where morphemes are joined to der to say:

Forming new adjectival concepts with compounding

 * New adjectival concepts can be readily formed by compounding a noun or other rootword with an existing root adjective:

Word Classifiers

 * The following are common combinatory morphemes used to distinguish or classify entities. Many of them are abbreviated forms.  If you were to produce a list of word rhyming with any of these morphemes, you would have a list of words that all fit within a similar taxonomic category.  For example, all Unilingua words ending in pyot refer to wild animals.  All those ending in il are liquids.

title: Mirad/Word-building


text:
User talk:200.83.53.69

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:200.83.53.69


text:
User talk:200.83.81.199

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:49, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:200.83.81.199


text:
Mirad/Word Families

Human being (tob)
tob human being tab body. taab lymph .. taaba lymphatic .. taabocet lymph gland. taeb muscle .. taeba muscular. taib bone .. taibán skeleton ... taibána skeletal .. taibàa bony .. taibcer ossify ... taibcen ossification .. taibòa boneless ... taibòser to debone. taob flesh .. taoba carnal ... egtaobcen reincarnation .. taobàa fleshy .. taobtelea flesh-eating .. potaob meat ... potaobtelea carnivorous. taub cartilege .. tauba cartilagenous. taób skin .. taóbil sweat ... taóbiler to sweat ... taóbilàa sweaty .. petaób hide .. taóf leather ... taófud leatherer ... taóféna leathery. tàab fat .. tàaba fat-related .. tàabòa fat-free .. tàabél lard .. tàabil oil ... tàbiler to oil ... tàabilém oilcan ... tàabilàa oily .. tàabàa fatty. taéb hair .. tàabàa hairy .. taébòa bald ... taébòcer to go bald ... taébòat bald person ... taébòan baldness ... taébòser to depilate .. taêb fuzz ... taêbàa fuzzy .. pataéb feather ... pataébán plumage .. petaéb mane .. pitaéb scales ... pitaébàa scaly .. taéf wig. taíb nerve .. taíba nervous .. taíbaanea nerve-rattling .. taíbzem nerve-center. tap physique .. tapa physical .. íztapa metaphysical .. taptun physiology .. taptut physiologist. taf suit [of clothes] .. tàf dress teb head. tebném cranium .. tebnéma cranial. teboc brain .. teboca cerebral. ábteb forehead. óbteb chin. obteb neck .. obteba cervical .. zaobteb throat .. zoobteb nape. tebzan face .. tebzana facial .. tebzanábs face-lift .. tebzanòa faceless. teab eye .. teaba ocular .. teabéb eyebrow .. teabil tear ... teabiler to weep .. teabéb eyebrow .. fateab eyelid ... fateabéb eyelash .. zeteab pupil .. anteaba one-eyed .. teac sight ... teacer to see ... oteaca blind .... oteacan blindness .... oteacat blind person .... oteacacer go blind .... oteacaser to blind ... teacoker gain one's sight ... teacoker lose one's sight ... teacar eye glasses .. teas look ... teaser to look .... igteaser to glance .... ágteaser to stare .... uzteaser to look askance .... izteaser to look directly in the eye .. teabzúen eyeball .. teaczéc eye socket. teeb ear .. teeba aural .. fozteeb ear lobe .. teec hearing ... teecer to hear ... teeca auditory ... teecier to listen .... teeciud listener ..... teeciudán audience .... teecien audition .... teeciar listening device ... oteeca deaf .... oteecser to deafen ..... oteecseá deafening .... oteecat deaf person .... oteecan deafness ... teecar hearing aid .. ózteeb outer ear. teib nose .. teiba nasal .. teibil snot ... teibila mucous .. teiv handkerchief .. ózteiber to sneeze .. teic smell ... teicer to smell ... teica olfactory ... treic odor .... treicàa odorous ... fiteic fragrance ... futeic stink ... teiz perfume ... teicier to sniff .. teiceucer to snore .. teibzéc nostril. teob cheek .. zeteob cheekbone .. teobéb beard ... teobébàa bearded ... teobébòa beardless. teub mouth .. teuba oral .. teubil saliva ... teubiler to salivate .. ózteuber to spit .. teubíjer to yawn .. ézteuber to swallow .. teubob lip ... teuboz smile ... teuboc kiss ... teuboba labial .. teud shout ... teuder to scream .. teuc taste ... teucer to taste ... fiteuca delicious ... futeuca nasty-tasting .. teumib palate ... teumiba palatal .. teubéb mustache ... teubébàa mustachioed .. teubab tongue ... teubaba lingual ... teubaber to lick ... éztèbaber to suck .. teubeb gum .. teubib jaw ... teubiser to chew .. teupib tooth ... teupiba dental ... teupibut dentist .... teupibutam dentist's office ... teupicer to bite .... teupicoger to nibble ... oteupiba toothless ... teupibán denture. tef hat .. tefet cap .. tefud haberdasher .. tefam haberdashery. tep mind .. tepa mental .. tepcan sentiment .. tepcana sentimental. tes thought .. teser to think ... ágteser to ponder .. tesa cognitive .. tesen cognition .. teseá conceivable .. oteseá inconceivable .. tesoker to forget ... otesokeá unforgetable .. tesaker to remember. ter to know .. oter to ignore .. ota unknown .. otea unaware .. tuer to teach ... tuna scientific ... tut scientist ... tuen teaching .... tuena didactic ... tuut teacher .... tuután academe ... tun science ... tuun lesson .. tier to learn .. titam school .. atitam grade school .. etitam high school .. ititam college ... tiud student ... tiudán student body ... tiun study .... tiuna scholastic .... tiunán studies, scholastics</i ... tin doctrine .... tina doctrinal .. tez culture ... teza cultural .. ten knowledge ... tena awareness-related .. teá known .. tea aware ... tean awareness. trer to recognize .. tren cognizance .. treá recognizable .. trea cognizant .. éztrer be conscious .. éztren conscience .. éztrea conscious .. oéztrea unconscious .. otra incognito .. otrea incognizant. tec perception .. tecer to perceive .. teceá perceptible .. tecpan emotion .. tecpana emotional .. tecpanea emotive .. tecpanean emotivity .. tecpaneá excitable .. tecpaner to emote tib trunk. zetib waist .. tetibgan waist size. zotib back .. zotiba dorsal .. zotibók back pain. tiab chest .. tilab breast ... tilabil, bil milk .... tilabiler to lactate .... tilabila lactic .... tilabilbier to milk .... tilabilbuer to give milk .... tilabiléna milky. tieb lung .. tieba pulmonary .. tieser to breathe .. éztieser to inhale .. óztieser to exhale .. tiebok pneumonia ... tieboser to cough. tiib heart .. tiiba cardiac .. tiibil blood ... tiibiler to bleed ... tiibilàa bloody ... tiibiloker to lose blood ... tiibilotila blood-thirsty ... tiibila sanguinary ... tiibilánam bloodbank .. tiibuf artery ... tiibufa arterial ... tiibufog arteriole ... zòtiibuf vein .... zòtiibufa venal. tiub belly .. tiuba ventral .. tiùb abdomen ... tiùba abdominal .. zetiub navel .. zotiub buttock. tiób kidney .. tióba renal .. tióbok kidney disease .. tióbil urine ... tióbiler to urinate ... tióbilem urinal ... tióbila urinary. tiáb penis .. tiába penile .. tìáb vagina ... tìába vaginal .. ébtiába sexual .. tiábcan phallus ... tiábcana phallic .. tiábòser to castrate .. tiábòcat castrato .. tiáv condom. tikob esophagus .. tikoba esophageal. tikab stomach .. tikaba gastric. tikeb liver .. tikeba hepatic .. tikebok hepatitis .. tikebil bile. tikib pancreas .. tikiba pancreatic. tikub instestine .. tikuba instestinal .. tikubil feces ... tikubila fecal ... tikubiler to defecate .. tikubuj anus ... tikubuja anal ... tikubujbok proctitis tub arm. tuba brachial. tuab shoulder. tueb upper arm. tuib elbow .. tuiber to elbow. tuub forearm. tuób wrist. tuáb hand .. tuába manual .. tuácer to handle .. tuábier to grasp .. tuábuer to lend a hand .. tuúpúner to slap .. ébtuáber to clasp/shake hands .. tuápaner to clap/applaud .. tuálpaner to massage/knead .. tuásiner to sign .. tuádotsiner to wave [hello/goodbye] .. tuáf glove ... tuáfém glove compartment ... tuáfud glover. tuéb fist .. tuépaner to pound. tuúb finger .. tuúba digital .. atuúb thumb .. etuúb index ... etuúber to point .. ituúb middle finger .. utuúb ring finger .. ótuúb little finger .. tuúcer to feel ... tuúca tactile ... tuúceá palpable .. tuúpaner to tap .. tuúdrer to type ... tuúdrar typewriter, keyboard .. tuúbuj finger tip. tulob fingernail .. tulocer to scratch .. tulop claw ... tuloper to claw. tuúb palm .. tuúpaner to slap. tulib knuckle .. tulipaner to knock tób leg. tóab hip .. tóaper to sit. tóeb thigh. tóib knee .. tóiper to kneel. tóub shin. tôab foot .. tôabektun podiatry .. tôabektut podiatrist .. tôaper to walk ... tôapud pedestrian ... tôapem sidewalk ... tôapar walker ... igtôaper to run ... igtôapem racetrack .. tôapúner to kick .. tôapaner to stomp .. tôabar pedal .. tôaf shoe ... tôafser to cobble .... tôafsud shoemaker .... tôafsam shoemaker's shop .... tôafber to shoe .... tôafba shod ... apetôaf horseshoe ... tôafmacil shoe polish ... tôafnífet shoelace ... tôafodet shoetack. tôeb heel .. tôepaner to supplant. tôib sole. tôub toe .. tôuper to tiptoe. tólob toenail toba human. tobaser to humanize. otobaser to dehumanize. toban humanity. tobin humanism .. tobina humanistic .. tobinat humanist. iftoba humanitarian .. iftoban humanitarianism tobán mankind tobéna human toob male. tooba masculine .. otoobaser to emasculate .. tooban masculinity. toòba feminine .. toòban femininity tooc sex. tooca sexual. toocan sexuality. otooca asexual. entooca bisexual. hátooca pansexual. getooca homosexual .. getoocan homosexuality .. getoocat homosexual [person] tos instinct. tosa instinctual. toséna instintive top soul. toptun psychology. toptuna psychological. toptut psychologist. topéna animate .. topénaser to animate .. topénasen animation .. otopéna inanimate. topòa soulless tòb woman. tòba female .. eóntòba effeminate, quasi-female. tòbéna feminine .. otobéna unwomanly. tòbet girl .. tòbeténa girlish .. tòbetan girlhood. tòbán womankind tobob child. toboba infantile .. toboban infancy. tobéna childish. tobobòa childless. tobobikam child care center tobet boy. tobeténa boyish. tobetan boyhood tobog kid, midget. tobòg kiddie tobóg brat tobag giant. tobagéna gigantic tobág monster. tobágéna monstrous toc sense. toca sensorial. tocan sensation. tocer to sense. toceá sensible. tocea sensitive boc organ. boca organic. bocán organism. bocet gland .. boceta glandular

Places and containers

 * The "place" suffixes am, (e)m, im, ém, and éb are short for and recall tam house, tem space, tim room, ném box, and céb container.

Beginning and ending (ijer, ujer)

 * The following table shows j (time) words that forms parallels on the basis of the i ⇒ u ordinal vowel opposition:

Instruments and Machines (-ar, -ir, -ur)

 * The -ar suffix is used for instruments and devices in general. The -ir suffix is used for machines, while -ur is used for motors and engines.  The distinction is only made when necessary.

Animals (pot)

 * All animal terms contain the notions of mobile (p) and organism (t).

Colors (voz)

 * Change -oza to -òza to get -ish as in whitish (avòza).
 * Change -oza to -óza to get dark ... as in dark red (ivóza).

title: Mirad/Word Families


text:
User talk:Alt

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:55, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alt


text:
User talk:Wookipedia~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Cookbook
Lots of great work on the Cookbook, Wooki! Much appreciated. Redlentil 19:52, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Wookipedia. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Wookipedia~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:52, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:39, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wookipedia~enwikibooks


text:
User:Mats.kirknes~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:57, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Mats.kirknes~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Shanul~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Shanul. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Shanul~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shanul~enwikibooks


text:
School Science/Osmosis demonstration

In biology, the osmosis effect can be demonstrated in a number of ways. In schools, there is a standard apparatus for demonstrating osmosis with visking tubing. However, osmosis can also be demonstrated using household ingredients, as described below.

Demonstrating with eggs
An egg contains a semipermeable membrane underneath the shell, which can be used to demonstrate osmosis. The eggshell is mostly made of calcium carbonate that will dissolve in acid. Vinegar or hydrochloric acid are suitable. Stronger acids will dissolve the shell faster, but are more corrosive. Vinegar takes several days.

Method

 * Place three eggs in a beaker, cover them with acid and weigh them down so they don't float above the surface.
 * Allow them to remain in the acid until the shells completely dissolve.
 * Then place each of the eggs in a different liquid:
 * Place one in water
 * Place one in an isotonic sucrose solution, [about 0.3M]
 * Place one in a 1M sucrose solution
 * Leave overnight.
 * The next day remove the eggs and compare their size.

You will find that the egg in water will have swollen considerably. If you carefully pierce the membrane with a needle a jet of water will shoot into the air. The egg in an isotonic solution will be approximately the same size, while the egg in 1M solution will have shrunk.

Demonstrating Osmosis with Potato Slices
There are a number of variations on this demonstration. Potato slices can be used, as also can raw potato 'chips' (English) or 'French fries' (North American) Consistency of sample can be ensured by using a commercial potato chipper, or by using a cork borer of selected diameter. Other vegetables or fruit may, of course, be used. The changing dependent variable may be weight or length.

Materials

 * Potatoes
 * Knife, cork borer, commercial chipper
 * Cutting board
 * Dilutions of sugar (sucrose), suggested range 0 - 0.6M
 * Suitable containers (beakers or test tubes or potato cylinders) to match selected dilution range
 * Weighing balance / millimetre ruler
 * Paper towel
 * Marking pen/pencil
 * Forceps

Solutions of sodium chloride can be used instead of sugar. Sucrose solutions ranging from 0 to 3.0M give a more convincing range of results.

Method

 * Cut suitably sized slices or cylinders of potato. As far as is practical, all pieces should be the same length, width, and thickness, the actual size depending on the chosen container (beaker or test tube).
 * Mark each container, pour in the appropriate dilution of sucrose.
 * Pat each piece of potato dry, and a) weigh it or b) measure its longest length. Note the measurement.
 * When the piece has been measured, immerse it in one of your solutions.
 * Leave the potato in the sugar solutions for at least half an hour.
 * Use the forceps take out each chip in turn, carefully blot it dry without squeezing, and remeasure the piece.
 * Plot a graph of either absolute change or percentage change in weight/length v molarity of the sugar dilution.

title: School Science/Osmosis demonstration


text:
Talk:School Science/Osmosis demonstration

This article was transwikied from Osmosis demonstration. —Cryptic (talk) 12:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The history of the article there was:
 * 20:57, 25 June 2005 81.76.14.151 (→Method)
 * 20:55, 25 June 2005 81.76.14.151 (→Method)
 * 22:20, 5 May 2005 Mindspillage (rm VfD notice; needs transwiki)
 * 04:42, 21 April 2005 Egil (move to wikibooks)
 * 17:08, 1 February 2005 81.153.29.77 (→Materials)
 * 17:07, 1 February 2005 81.153.29.77 (→Materials)
 * 11:03, 19 January 2005 212.85.1.202 (→Method)
 * 11:02, 19 January 2005 212.85.15.67 (→Method)
 * 23:00, 10 December 2004 Onco p53 m (Please help out by clicking here to fix someone else's Wiki syntax)
 * 01:31, 15 November 2004 Evercat m (Reverted edits by 64.4.109.71 to last version by 208.131.186.12)
 * 01:30, 15 November 2004 64.4.109.71 (→See also)
 * 21:27, 6 November 2004 208.131.186.12 (→Method)
 * 21:25, 6 November 2004 208.131.186.12 (→Method)
 * 21:23, 6 November 2004 208.131.186.12 (→Materials)
 * 03:34, 14 August 2004 RedWolf m (disambiguation: egg)
 * 13:24, 22 January 2004 The Anome (semipermeable membrane)
 * 23:21, 4 November 2003 Jredmond m (revert to last edit by MyRedDice)
 * 23:19, 4 November 2003 62.254.0.18
 * 13:33, 6 July 2003 MyRedDice m (M)
 * 13:28, 6 July 2003 MyRedDice m (with)
 * 13:17, 6 July 2003 MyRedDice m (visking tubing)
 * 13:13, 6 July 2003 MyRedDice (link to Apparatus for demonstrating osmosis)
 * 13:07, 6 July 2003 MyRedDice (changes to Egg section)
 * 13:00, 6 July 2003 MyRedDice m (intro, fmt)
 * 12:58, 6 July 2003 MyRedDice (rough merge - will clean up)
 * 14:58, 26 February 2003 212.219.0.185
 * 14:57, 26 February 2003 212.219.0.185
 * 16:08, 24 February 2003 Theresa knott m (formatting)
 * 16:07, 24 February 2003 Theresa knott

The talk page of the article there was:

(start moved text)

Uh.... I'm speechless. I don't know what to say. Um. Can we delete this silly, silly, silly article? Graft

 * I find it far preferable to an article on a minor Tolkien character. Maybe we could make it more encyclopedic; give it a name rather than a description, eg "Osmosis experiment" or something. -- Tarquin 18:59 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * I've put a defence of this article on Wikipedia:Votes for deletion. Theresa knott 20:14 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

Someone might want ot add some typical results here [for potato slices]. And add a graph? Theresa knott 16:43 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

VfD
On April 21, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was transwiki. See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Osmosis demonstration for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 22:22, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

(end moved text)


text:
User talk:Rrees

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 12:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rrees


text:
Talk:Origami/Tech Tree/Inside Reverse Fold

This article was transwikied from Inside reverse fold. —Cryptic (talk) 12:38, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The history of the article there was:
 * 14:40, 13 May 2005 SimonP (no longer on VfD, should be moved to wikibooks)
 * 05:06, 2 May 2005 Wahoofive (vfd)
 * 05:14, 25 November 2004 Ashley Y m (+cat)
 * 17:18, 9 March 2003 Jasper m (deleted vertical space, to correctly number list items.)
 * 17:08, 9 March 2003 Anonymous56789
 * 17:05, 9 March 2003 Jasper m (video --> animation)
 * 16:40, 9 March 2003 Jasper m (fixed list items and links.)
 * 16:36, 9 March 2003 Jasper (text instructions)


text:
Origami/Techniques/Practice

Most origami folds can be broken down into simpler steps.

Valley fold
A valley fold is the first basic fold, in which the paper is folded in front of itself. The valley fold — which most people do as "just fold the paper in half" — is really made of substeps. These steps help fold the paper very precisely, which is important in complicated models. Here is one way to make the valley fold very precisely:
 * 1) Pull the bottom edge up and forward.
 * 2) Loosely fold, without making a crease.
 * 3) Line up edges.
 * 4) Line up a corner (by lining up the edges on one side, and lining up the edges on the other side).
 * 5) Hold (a loosely folded, uncreased) paper down to prevent slipping.
 * 6) While holding the paper down so it does not slip, spread out a flat area on the paper.  This is often done by holding the paper down at two edges with your index fingers.  Also hold down the paper with one (or both) thumbs.  Gradually move your thumb(s) away from your finger(s), pushing your thumb into the paper, but pulling the paper taut between your thumb(s) and your fingers.
 * 7) Pinch a crease.  While holding the paper down so it does not slip, spread your thumb(s) far enough from the edge that they reach the intended crease line.
 * 8) Resolve the crease. Without letting up on the paper, continue the spreading motion until the crease is sharp. The crease should be exactly where you intended it to be, without any waviness in the edge, without any "bubbles" in the layers of paper, and without any slipping of the paper at the edge(s) or corner(s).

Mountain fold
A mountain fold is much the same as a valley fold, except in one respect: it is in the opposite direction. This can present problems with the folding order, as valley folds are occasionally performed when there are other layers of paper underneath and the paper cannot merely be turned over. Therefore, to complete a mountain fold, these instructions must be followed:

Summary: fold the paper behind itself
 * 1) Lightly pinch the paper along where the crease will be.
 * 2) Pull the bottom of flap to be folded behind itself, but without trapping other layers of paper between them (this is only a problem if there are flaps behind the section to be folded, and can be avoided if the flaps are pulled apart a bit to open them and give you more space to fold)
 * 3) Line up the pinch marks with the edges of the paper.
 * 4) While holding the paper down so it does not slip, spread out a flat area on the paper.  This is often done by holding the paper down at two edges with your index fingers.  Also hold down the paper with one (or both) thumbs.  Gradually move your thumb(s) away from your finger(s), pushing your thumb into the paper, but pulling the paper taut between your thumb(s) and your fingers.
 * 5) Pinch a crease.  While holding the paper down so it does not slip, spread your thumb(s) far enough from the edge that they reach the intended crease line.
 * 6) Resolve the crease. Without letting up on the paper, continue the spreading motion until the crease is sharp. The crease should be exactly where you intended it to be, without any waviness in the edge, without any "bubbles" in the layers of paper, and without any slipping of the paper at the edge(s) or corner(s).

Simple compound folds
Simple compound folds require simultaneous valley and mountain folds but the creases can be made before the actual folding.

Inside reverse fold
An inside reverse fold consists of two radial mountain folds extending from a single point on a central fold, and a reversal of the central fold on the affected end, all done simultaneously. Here is one way to do the inside reverse fold:

 * 1)  Start with a flap.  Decide where you want to make the inside reverse fold.
 * 2) Valley fold the paper along the chosen line.
 * 3) Unfold to step 2.
 * 4) Separate the two hidden layers of paper, so that you are half-way between step 1 and step 2. You will see the vee-shaped pair of creases formed in step 2.
 * 5) Push the tip of the paper into the gap you just made.
 * 6) One of the creases (of the vee) will already be in the correct direction (a valley fold as seen from inside; a mountain fold as seen from outside).  The other crease will be in the opposite direction.  Reverse the second crease, so that both creases are valley folds as seen from the inside, and [mountain fold]s as seen from the outside.
 * 7) Reverse the lower left edge, so that it is a mountain fold as seen from the inside, and a valley fold as seen from the outside.
 * 8) "Pop" all three creases into place.
 * 9) Close up the model again.
 * 10) The inside reverse fold is done.  (Notice how you reversed the folds to put the tip inside the model--thus the name.)

Outside reverse fold
An outside reverse fold consists of two radial valley folds extending from a single point on a central fold and a reversal of the center fold on the affected end, all done simultaneously.

Low-intermediate skills
Low-intermediate skills require simultaneous valley and mountain folds but not all the creases can be made before the actual folding.

Squash fold
The squash fold starts with a flap with at least two layers.
 * 1) Make a radial fold from the closed point down the center of this flap.
 * 2) Open the flap and refold downward to make two adjacent flaps.

Rabbit ear fold
A rabbit ear fold starts with a reference crease down a diagonal. Fold two radial folds from opposite corners along the same side of the reference crease; the resulting flap should be folded downwards so that the previous edges are aligned.

Petal fold
A petal fold starts with two connected flaps, each of which has at least two layers. The two flaps are attached to each other along a reference crease. Make two radial folds from the open point, so that the open edges lie along the reference crease. Unfold these two radial folds. Make another fold across the top connecting the ends of the creases to create a triangle of creases. Unfold this fold as well. Fold one layer of the open point upward and flatten it using the existing creases. A petal fold is equivalent to two side-by-side rabbit ears, which are connected along the reference crease.

Swivel fold
The swivel fold is difficult to describe as the term is loosely defined and there are so many different versions that could be called "swivel folds". However, generally swivel folds consists of swivelling a flap of paper at a certain point or vertex in order that the raised edge of the flap will lie on the edge of the flap that doesn't move:
 * 1) You should start with a sheet that is already fold,
 * 2) Take the corner of an overflowed paper and make a fold that cut the corner in the middle; doing so, one edge of the corner will lie on the other edge of the corner,
 * 3) Make a radial fold which starts from the same point of the previous fold; you can choose the angle of this fold; it depends on the origami you want to make,
 * 4) Open the flap,
 * 5) Refold downward,
 * 6) Make the edge of the flap lying on the other edge.

Pentagon
Although most origami models start with a square or rectangular sheet of paper, a few start with a triangle, pentagon, hexagon, circle, or other convex sheet of paper. A pentagon can be traced (from a template) onto a square sheet of paper, or it can be folded from a square sheet of paper. One technique for folding a pentagon uses folds to calculate the golden ratio: (1+sqrt(5))/2. Another technique for folding a pentagon uses folds to divide a 180 degree angle into five (almost exactly) equal angles. The excess paper is often trimmed, before starting to fold the desired model. Pentagons are used in five-sided flowers, such as the cherry blossom and Marie's Rose.

Spread squash
The spread squash can similarly be considered the sinked analog of the squash fold. It is used to flatten a closed flap or twist fold (see below). Instead of creating a long point to one side of the flap's base, the spread squash creates a wide splat around the flap's base. The spread squash is used in the eyes of Engel's Octopus, in Marie's Rose, and in some other intermediate and complex models.

Open sink
The open sink usually involves opening out the paper, and reversing creases to make a waterbomb base in the middle of the model.

Open double sink
The open double sink is equivalent to making an open sink, and then open-sinking the point in the opposite direction. It is a sinked analog of the crimp fold. When made in a single step (after pre-creasing), it can be easier to make than a single open sink, because it does not require neatly reversing the point. The open double sink is used in many box-pleated models.

Closed sink
The closed sink simultaneously makes a locking flap inside of a sink. It is difficult because the paper cannot be opened out further than a triangle. This technique is illustrated in the Origami Forum's thread #462. The closed sink appears in some high-intermediate and complex models.

Twist fold
The twist fold involves, as the name implies, twisting a section of the paper with respect to its original position. The section twisted will be a polygon; the numerous required support creases include pleat folds radiating from its corners. Marie's Rose demonstrates this on a pentagon.

It is also possible to twist a single conical point indefinitely, collapsing the sides in a waterbomb-base-like fashion as one goes. (If this is tried with a non-conical point, such as the waterbomb base itself, eventually the fold will terminate in a spread squash.) This variant is used in many of Tomoko Fuse's modular boxes.

Unsink
The unsink, or sometimes open unsink, makes a concave pocket convex without fully unfolding the paper, or the opposite of an open sink. It is more difficult than the closed unsink below because there is no internal flap to grab onto to help unsink the paper, so the paper must be opened out and the area to be unsunk is pushed out (to be convex) from inside the model and from behind. It is a common fold in Lang's insects.

Closed unsink
The closed unsink inverts a closed sink without completely opening out the affected paper. In theory, it is "just" the opposite of a closed sink. In practice, it is very difficult, because the paper being "popped" into place usually must be pulled (not pushed), and because it involves simultaneously folding over a locking flap that is hidden inside the sink. However, it is easier to manipulate than an open unsink as there is an internal flap to pull to pop the unsink in place; in an open unsink there is nothing to hold. The closed unsink appears in some complex models, such as a few of Lang's insects.

title: Origami/Techniques/Practice


text:
Talk:Origami/Techniques/Practice

This article was transwikied from Valley fold. —Cryptic (talk) 12:41, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The history of the article there was:
 * 14:40, 13 May 2005 SimonP (no longer on VfD, should be moved to wikibooks)
 * 05:08, 2 May 2005 Wahoofive (vfd)
 * 05:15, 25 November 2004 Ashley Y m (+cat)
 * 18:57, 17 April 2004 Jasper m (fixed typo)
 * 17:09, 9 March 2003 Jasper m (need pictures)
 * 02:07, 9 March 2003 Jasper m (named each sub-step.)
 * 02:05, 9 March 2003 Jasper m (fixed numbered list.)
 * 02:02, 9 March 2003 Jasper m
 * 02:00, 9 March 2003 Jasper (moved text from old origami_tech_tree)

title: Talk:Origami/Techniques/Practice


text:
Do-It-Yourself/Satellite dish installation

This article contains information concerning the installation and calibration of satellite dishes.

Overview
Signal comes from the satellite & reflects on the reflector of the satellite. Then it goes to the sub-reflector & the concentrated signal from the sub-reflector goes through the feed horn. The signal from there goes to the ODU through RF Cable (RF signal goes through RF cable). Usually Wave Guide or Coaxial cable (of 50 ohms) is used here. The length of this cable is also very short (usually not more than 1 meter). The ODU manufacturer usually sets the type & length of the cable.

After the antenna, ODU comes in place. What type ODU will be used is depending on the Modem manufacturer. According to the Modem’s Tx & Rx signal we need to select ODU that fits it’s requirement. Tx & Rx from ODU connects with Modem.

The signal from ODU goes to the Modem through IF Cable (IF signal goes through IF cable). Usually Coaxial cable (of 75 ohms) is used here. IF cable can carry signal up to 100 meters, after that we need to increase the strength by using a repeater. We can use longer IF cable than RF cable because Radio Frequency >> Intermediate Frequency. This is why; we setup ODU outside & use shorter cable.

Alignment of the Antenna with the Satellite for modem use
To do this first we need to know the co-ordinate of the place where we are going to setup the VSAT antenna. We can know the Altitude & Latitude with GPS. Now we need to decide which satellite we are going to use. After knowing the co-ordinates we need to go to the website of the satellite & put the co-ordinates over there. Then it will show the angle & the elevation of the antenna that we need to find the satellite.

Now we need to go to the site and observe very carefully that the place where we are going to set the satellite has any obstacle or not. If it has an obstacle then we need to slightly adjust the place of the antenna. After checking every thing, we need to setup every thing in above-mentioned way. Then we need to align the Antenna with the satellite with the angle & the elevation we get form the website of the satellite.

After aligning the antenna with the satellite now we will tune it farther. To do this we will connect the Tx of ODU with a spectral analyzer. Then we will see all the frequencies that are working in the satellite. The satellite service provider will give us a frequency. We need to set the frequency at the center of spectral analyzer. Then they will send a pure carrier signal from the satellite. This plain carrier is known as Beacon Signal (the signal which is not modulated). The pick of this signal will be slightly shifted form the center, either right or left. Then we need to rotate the feed horn of the antenna very slowly to bring the pick of the signal at center of the spectral analyzer. This means that the antenna have been aligned properly.

Now we reconnect the modem & configure it wit the same Tx & Rx frequency. Then we send a signal & if we receive it then it means our receiver & transmitter is working properly. Then we change our receive frequency at the given frequency by the satellite service provider. Then we send a signal & the satellite service provider will re-check it with a spectral analyzer. This process is known as Cross Pole. If they find the signal in the right place of the spectral analyzer it confirms that the link has been established properly.

Personal Satellite dish
The theory for your satellite dish is similar. But a spectrum analyser or a power meter are not a necessity. Such equipments can be expensive.

1)First you need to know the position of the orbiting satellite what you want to target. eg. Hot Bird 13º west.

2)Then you need to know your coordinates on the globe latitude and longitude. For example in Cyprus, Nicosia 34 degree of latitude and 34 degree of longitude (approximative).

3)Using these data, You can calculate (see link below) the angle of elevation of the dish, and its azimuth angle or degree of movement, left or right. Results for the example:  an azimuth angle of 214 degree and an elevation of 44 degree.

4) Then as these measurement are all more or less accurate you need to tune around the position in order to get maximum power, or in case of a TV program, a good picture. Note that a lot of Set top box (STB) have a power meter function, it is just a display of the power on the TV set, which will help to obtain a good tuning.

Note: your Low-noise block converter (LNB) place on the antenna, needs to received 12 to 15 V of DC supply through the coax cable, otherwise no power can be transmitted.


text:
Talk:Do-It-Yourself/Satellite dish installation

This article was transwikied from Satellite dish installation. —Cryptic (talk) 12:47, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The history of the article there was:
 * 09:24, 2 July 2005 Icairns (→Personal Satellite dish - dab degree)
 * 06:08, 28 June 2005 193.144.127.144 (→Personal Satellite dish)
 * 06:07, 28 June 2005 82.159.136.211 (→Personal Satellite dish)
 * 06:02, 28 June 2005 82.159.136.211 (→Personal Satellite dish)
 * 06:01, 28 June 2005 82.159.136.211
 * 15:20, 3 June 2005 Stmoose m
 * 14:50, 3 June 2005 Stmoose m
 * 15:49, 20 May 2005 Mindspillage (rm VfD notice; needs transwiki)
 * 09:01, 13 May 2005 24.251.108.47 (Recommended for deletion)
 * 04:49, 9 May 2005 Reediewes m
 * 06:12, 28 April 2005 Stockwell m
 * 02:48, 28 April 2005 Lsuff m (→Personnal Satellite dish)
 * 23:24, 26 April 2005 Niteowlneils m ({cleanup-copyedit} proper intro, spellcheck, wikification, etc.)
 * 21:26, 26 April 2005 FredK (→Personnal Satellite dish )
 * 21:11, 26 April 2005 FredK (→Personnal Satellite dish )
 * 21:09, 26 April 2005 FredK (→Personnal Satellite dish )
 * 21:07, 26 April 2005 FredK (→Personnal Satellite dish )
 * 21:05, 26 April 2005 FredK (→External link)
 * 21:04, 26 April 2005 FredK (→Personnal Satellite dish )
 * 21:00, 26 April 2005 FredK
 * 18:48, 24 April 2005 203.190.0.254
 * 18:41, 24 April 2005 203.190.0.254 (This is written by Arif Ibne Sayeed; form his working experience. contact him @: a_sayeed@msn.com)

The talk page of the article there was:

(start moved text)

This archive sounds like an excerpt from an installers manual which I guess is appropriate for the topoc but i'm not sure how relevant it will be as the technology changes or if it applies to all models of dishes. Also the Overview section pretty much needs to be completely rewritten but I don't have enough knowledge to expand it properly. If someone with the technical background can proof and fill in any missing data, I'll be happy to come back an massage it for clarity. Drop me a note on my user page if it is ready. --Stockwell 06:20, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Agree--This article needs to be completely reworded to eliminate second-person directions. As it stands it could be a transcript of an installation help phone-in hotline. Someone with technical experience should take a look at the overview section as well. Reediewes 04:48, May 9, 2005 (UTC)

VfD
On May 13, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was transwiki. See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Satellite dish installation for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:52, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

(end moved text)


text:
Cookbook:Baharat

| Spice | Middle Eastern cuisines

Baharat (literally "spices") is a spice mixture typically used in the countries surrounding the Arabian Gulf. It is said to be the most-used spice in Arabic cuisine.

Composition
Although the exact composition of baharat depends on the region and the cook, it generally includes cloves, paprika, cardamom, cumin, coriander, black pepper, nutmeg, and cinnamon. Mint may be included in Turkish variations, and North African blends may include dried rosebuds. Sumac, saffron, turmeric, and chili may also be added. These spices may be toasted before grinding into a fine powder.

Use
Baharat is a multipurpose spice blend, used much like garam masala is in other cuisines. It can be rubbed onto meats, used to flavor dishes, or sprinkled on dishes after serving.

title: Cookbook:Baharat


text:
Poker/7-stud

Seven card stud is one of the most popular forms of poker besides Texas Hold'em. Until just a few years ago, it was the most popular form of poker on the U.S. East Coast; even today it is still second behind hold'em. Like in all other forms of poker, players try to make the best five-card poker hand.

Up to eight players can play seven card stud at a time. Seven card stud is almost always limit poker; that is, only fixed amounts can be bet. There are five rounds of betting, and the amount that can be bet is usually one amount in the first two rounds and double that in the next three ($2-$4, $10-$20, etc.)

How to Play
At the beginning of a hand, everyone posts an ante to build a pot. Antes can vary, but are often a quarter or a fifth of a small bet ($.50 in our hypothetical $2-$4 game). All players are given three cards--two face down, and one face up. The player with the lowest face-up card posts a bring-in bet, usually about twice the size of the ante ($1 in this example). Play then proceeds clockwise. Players can elect to not put more money in the pot and fold their hands, call the $1 bring-in, or raise it to a full small bet. If someone does raise it to $2, then all subsequent raises in the first round of betting are by the amount of the small bet--it can be raised to $4, then $6, and so on.

After all betting and raising is finished in the first round of betting, another face-up card is dealt to each remaining player. Bets and raises are again done $2 at a time, unless someone has formed a pair with their two face-up cards. Then, that player is allowed to bet a small bet or a big bet. After this round of betting, there are two more rounds just like it, with another face-up card dealt to each remaining player, except bets and raises must be by the amount of the big bet.

On the last round of betting, each player is given one card face-down. Betting is again done in increments of the big bet. When all betting is done on this last round, each player's card is turned up, and whoever can form the best five-card poker hand with their cards wins the pot.

title: Poker/7-stud


text: File:ProlawContactsButton.gif

title: File:ProlawContactsButton.gif


text:
User:Lucas Burke

Prolaw

title: User:Lucas Burke


text:
Using KDE/Basics

KDE is a desktop environment that aims to be the best graphical interface between humans and the information they have stored in computer systems. It aims to not only provide the framework but also the applications. The framework draws on the screen, accepts user input, the applications apply such input to modify the information, and passes the results back to the framework where they are displayed. However, it takes time for a computer to do this work. The time between user input and computer output is called "latency". The longer this time, the less pleasing the experience is for the user.

A second oft-cited concern of users is that buttons with the same functions are located in various locations in the interface. KDE attempts to limit this by providing standards for the makers of the applications so that consistent interfaces are presented to the user.

Consistency is nice, but consistent mysteries don’t help you! KDE tries to be clear in what the results will be of user actions. It does so by providing pictures on buttons (icons) that represent the results of activating such buttons. However, some people don’t quickly understand icons, so straightforward text is sometimes better. KDE allows both and gives users the option of customizing their interface to their information so that they can work as effectively as possible.

And that is the goal of KDE: giving humans an effective interface to work with their information on computers. =Plasma Workspaces= With the development of KDE 4, some major changes were made to the desktop. The first of these is Plasma Workspaces. Unlike KDE 3, the desktop is no longer synonymous with a folder. Instead, it has become an area for displaying small programs called "widgets". (Originally, these widgets were called "plasmoids", but this was abandoned for the more generic term.) Everything on the desktop is a widget — trash can, launchers, task bar, etc. You can easily add pre-installed widgets to the desktop or task bar, or download and install new ones.

You can switch this setting back to the old desktop behavior.
 * 1) Right-click on the desktop, and select Desktop Settings.
 * 2) In the View section, under Layout, select Folder View. Now, the desktop will display the contents of the ~/Desktop folder.

To add a widget to the desktop:
 * 1) Open the Widgets menu by right-clicking on the desktop and choosing Add Widgets. (You can also get to this menu by clicking on the three dots at the edge of the task bar or in the upper left-hand corner of the desktop.)
 * 2) A searchable menu will appear. To add a widget, click on it and drag it to the desktop or task bar.
 * 3) To install a new widget, click on the Get new widgets menu at the bottom. Then, choose Download New Plasma Widgets or Install Widget From Local File.

Clicking on Download New Plasma Widgets opens the Plasma Add-On Installer. You can use this utility to install or uninstall widgets. It is a searchable browser of widgets available on store.kde.org. You can sort by Rating, Newest, Most downloads, and Installed. To get more information on a widget, click on its Details button, or click on the blue link to open its KDE Store page in a web browser. When you've decided which widget you want to install, click Install. That widget will now be available to you from the Widgets menu.

=Activities= The second big change is Activities. KDE 3, like other desktop environments, allowed you to have multiple desktops. Some users found it convenient to have one set of programs open on one desktop, and a different set open on another desktop. KDE 4's Activities extends upon that compartmentalization even further. Instead of just having separate groups of programs, now you can have entirely different desktops...with different plasmoids, wallpaper, and icons. Additionally, each activity can have multiple desktops, used for grouping together open applications.

To enable different widgets for each activity:
 * 1) From the K Menu, click on Settings > System Settings.
 * 2) Under Workspace Appearance and Behavior, click on Workspace Behavior.
 * 3) Go to the Desktops tab, in the Virtual Desktops section. Under Layout, check the checkbox for Different widgets for each desktop.
 * 4) Click Apply.

The Activity Manager is a plasmoid that lets you create, start, and stop activities, as well as switch between open activities. You can click on the red X in the upper right to delete an activity, or click on the wrench in the lower right to configure the activity. To change an activity's icon, click on the wrench, and then click on the icon panel.

To switch between open activities using the keyboard, use Super-Tab to go to the next activity, or Super-Shift-Tab to go to the previous activity. The Activity Bar plasmoid is a panel that has a button for each open activity. You can switch to an activity by clicking on its button.

title: Using KDE/Basics


text:
Poker/Tournaments

A poker tournament consists of a group of people playing poker until one player wins everyone's money.

To start, players buy into the tournament by paying the buy-in and any possible additional fees and then proceed to the tournament zone at the designated time. Each player begins with a fixed amount of tournament chips, which represent the "money" to be gambled. In a freezeout tournament, these chips represent all the money the player may gamble; once they run out, they are eliminated. As players are eliminated, players are moved around and tables are broken to ensure that everyone is playing with roughly the same number of players. For example, in a hundred-player hold'em tournament, play would likely begin with ten tables; once ten players are eliminated, a table is taken out and its players are spread amongst the remaining tables.

To make sure players continue to be knocked out, the blinds and antes increase regularly throughout the tournament. For example, in a no-limit hold 'em tournament where everyone starts with $1,000 in chips, the blinds may start at $5-$10, then increase to $10-$20, $15-$30, $20-$40, $30-$60, and so on. In major tournaments, the price of poker may increase only every 90 or 120 minutes, though in low buy-in tournaments 30 minutes is more common. Play continues, with breaks if necessary, until only one player remains.

Most tournaments pay out about ten percent of its field. The winner may receive 30%, the runner-up 16%, third place 10%, and so on down the line, until the last player paid gets only a little more than the buy-in.

While freezeout tournaments are the most common, other formats exist. Rebuy tournaments allow players to buy more chips early on in a tournament, if they meet certain criteria. For example, a tournament may allow players to rebuy in the first two hours of a tournament as long as they have fewer chips than they started with. Rebuys tournaments often also allow add-ons—purchasing additional chips at the end of the rebuy period, no matter a player's chip count.

Shootout tournaments do not redistribute players or break up tables. For example, if a hold 'em shootout begins with 100 players at ten tables, each table would play down to a winner, and each of these winners meet at a final table to play down to the ultimate winner.

Poker Tournament buy-ins vary greatly. Buy-ins may be as low as $0 (these are known as freerolls) or $1 on the Internet and as high as $25,000 in high-stakes casinos. At the World Series of Poker, buy-ins range from $1,000 for the ladies only event to $10,000 for the world championship events and even $50,000 for the world championship H.O.R.S.E. event. Any tournament with a buy-in of at least $1,000 is considered notable, and any with a buy-in of $5,000 is considered a major tournament.

title: Poker/Tournaments


text:
Category:Featured recipes

These recipes have been the featured recipe for the Cookbook.

If you would like to visit the wiki Main Page of the Cookbook, click the following link:  Cookbook Welcome Page

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Featured recipes


text:
Category:Featured ingredients

These ingredients have been the featured ingredient for the Cookbook.

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Featured ingredients