text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Cedric's Death

Overview
At the conclusion of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Lord Voldemort orders Wormtail to kill Cedric in a cemetery.

Event Details
Because they helped each other during the Triwizard Tournament's Third Task, Harry Potter and Cedric Diggory agree to grasp the Triwizard Cup together. They are unaware the cup is actually a Portkey, and it transports them to a rundown graveyard with an ancient manor house in the distance. Harry recognizes the Riddle family name on the gravestones; Cedric suggests keeping their wands at the ready. As a hunched figure carrying something resembling a bundled infant approaches, Harry's scar begins burning. A high voice commands, "Kill the spare." The figure, who Harry soon recognizes as Wormtail (Peter Pettigrew) utters "Avada Kedavra", the killing curse. Cedric instantly falls dead, while Harry is incapacitated by his scar's searing pain.

After a ritual restores Lord Voldemort's full human form, he engages Harry in a deadly duel. As they cast spells simultaneously, their wands' streams interlock, creating a Priori Incantatem effect. Because their wands are "brothers" that share the same magical core (tail feathers from Dumbledore's phoenix, Fawkes), they will never battle properly against one another. Harry forces the stream back into Voldemort's wand, causing it to disgorge its previous victims' "echoes." Cedric's image emerges first, asking Harry to return his body to his parents. Bertha Jorkins and an old Muggle that Harry does not recognize also appear. Lastly are Harry's parents, James and Lily. The echoes momentarily shield Harry as he breaks the wands' connection, reclaims the Triwizard Cup, and is whisked back to Hogwarts with Cedric's body.

Notable Consequences
Cedric's murder seriously impacts the school's morale, it being the first time many students have experienced a peer's death. Cho Chang, Cedric's girlfriend, is deeply affected by his loss; her possibly neurotic need to learn everything she can about the circumstances surrounding his death eventually leads her to connect romantically with Harry. However, her continuing grief throughout the next book casts a pall over that relationship, eventually dooming it.

Harry is also affected by Cedric's death, and has nightmares over the following summer. Harry cannot help feeling that Cedric's death is at least partly his fault; his assuming responsibility will result in his partially closing himself off to friends and other Hogwarts students. It will also make him reluctant to accept his share of the Triwizard prize. This reluctance will be increased when Cedric's parents also refuse to accept even Cedric's share of the prize. Harry will choose to give the entire prize to Fred and George, to set up their joke shop. Some of Fred and George's products will play roles in later books as well.

Cedric's death, and the way that the Ministry spins it as being carelessness on Cedric's part, angers Harry and will lead to several confrontations between him and Professor Umbridge, the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher who was placed in the school by the Ministry, in the next book. While this is a very minor subplot in the next book, it is perhaps worth mentioning that the true story of Cedric's death is revealed in the Quibbler in early March, following an interview with Harry; and is finally publicly acknowledged by the Ministry following the battle in the Ministry, when Cornelius Fudge and several Ministry employees see Voldemort physically present in the Ministry Atrium. As denying Voldemort's return is no longer possible, the Ministry elects to accept and publish Harry's full story.

Finally, as he has now seen death at first hand, Harry will be able to perceive that the horseless carriages that carry the Hogwarts students to and from the train station at each end of the school year are pulled by scary-looking animals. Harry will remain unsure of what these animals are, and whether they are light or dark magic, until Hagrid introduces the class to the herd. It is only at this point that Harry learns that these are Thestrals, and that they are harmless for all their evil appearance.

Analysis
One thing that strikes the reader about Cedric's death is how casual it seems to be. Got two boys where you expected one? Kill the spare. Cedric's death serves to highlight Voldemort's casual inhumanity, his disregard for the value of human life other than his own. It also displays Wormtail's weak personality, in that he is clearly willing to take Cedric's life without question or cavil on the orders of Voldemort. If it is necessary, this is proof that what Harry is set up against is true evil, and confirms for us that Harry is on the right side. In an earlier book, Professor Quirrell had told us that Voldemort taught him that there was no good or evil, only power; this one episode seems to show that there is in fact evil, and that it is embodied in Voldemort and his followers.

When the spirit echoes appear from Voldemort's wand, they emerge in the reverse order that they were murdered. Cedric appears first because he was the most recently killed. As a side note, it has been mentioned that the order of Harry's parents emerging from Voldemort's wand was accidentally reversed by the author; James was killed first and so should have emerged from Voldemort's wand after Lily, who actually appears after James in many editions of the book. The author has stated that this was an uncaught editing mistake, made under the effects of time pressure and sleep deprivation. No mention has been made of whether it will be corrected in later editions, as other mistakes have been.

Questions

 * 1) Why does Voldemort have Cedric killed?
 * 2) How is Cedric killed and who kills him?
 * 3) What is the Ministry of Magic's official stance regarding Cedric's death? Why?
 * 4) What eventually prompts the Ministry of Magic to acknowledge how Cedric actually died?

Greater Picture
Cedric's death is a very small part of a larger event, the Duel at the Cemetery, and barely merits notice on its own. However, as we can see in the Notable Consequences, there are effects that are directly related to Cedric's death, and so a separate section is merited.

To a casual reader, actually, Cedric's death may seem to have little to do with advancing the plot. To this reader, the main effect of disposing of Cedric so lightly is to clear the way for Cho and Harry to start a relationship in the next book. Why this should be done is not immediately obvious, as the relationship is doomed, and in any event has little to do with the main story; why should we, after all, waste time reading about Harry and Cho when there is Voldemort out there to be defeated? Against this, we must mention that it is a strength of this work that Harry is someone that we empathize with, that we actually care about, and a large part of that is our sharing the triumphs and defeats of his life, whether they be against the central evil, or simply to do with everyday living. Many readers will have been refused, as Harry was in this book, on first approaching the object of their desire, and it is reassuring to us to see, not only that Harry succeeds eventually in hooking up with Cho, but also that he learns of his mistake in so doing, and is not fatally wounded in that discovery.


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Cookbook:Yogurt Dip

Ingredients

 * 2 cups (480 ml) plain yogurt
 * ½ cucumber, seeded and chopped very fine
 * ¼ tsp dried mint, crumbled, or 1 tsp fresh, chopped

Procedure

 * 1) Mix all the ingredients, and chill thoroughly to let the flavors develop.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook:Yogurt Dip


text:
Cookbook:Sour Cream Dip

Ingredients

 * 2 cups (480 ml) sour cream
 * ¼ cup (60 ml) mayonnaise
 * 2 tbsp chopped fresh dill, or 1 tbsp dried and crumbled dill
 * 2 tbsp grated onion
 * 2 tbsp chopped chives
 * 1 tbsp chopped parsley
 * Salt
 * Ground pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Mix the sour cream, mayonnaise, dill, onion, chives, and parsley.
 * 2) Season to taste with salt and pepper, then chill.

title: Cookbook:Sour Cream Dip


text:
Cookbook:Nachos

| Tex-Mex Cuisine | Southwestern U.S. Cuisine

Nachos are a dish of tortilla chips served hot with cheese and various toppings.

Ingredients

 * 12 ounces (~350 g) tortilla chips
 * 1 pound (450 g) cheddar cheese, grated
 * ⅓ cup chopped canned peeled green chiles (optional)
 * ½ cup chopped onion (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 400°F (200°C). Lay the tortilla chips on a cookie sheet.
 * 2) Toss together the cheese, chilies, and onion, and sprinkle over the tortilla chips.
 * 3) Bake for about 2 minutes until the cheese has melted.
 * 4) Serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Nachos


text:
Cookbook:Macho Nachos

| Tex-Mex cuisine

This recipe is attributed to Jack Cochran.

Ingredients

 * Cayenne pepper sauce
 * 1 can (9 oz) prepared bean dip
 * Tortilla chips
 * Shredded cheddar cheese
 * Guacamole (ready-made)
 * Sour cream
 * Sliced jalapeño peppers

Procedure

 * 1) Stir cayenne pepper into the bean dip to taste. Spread this mixture on chips, and transfer to a baking sheet.
 * 2) Sprinkle chips with cheese, and bake at 400°F for 2 minutes or until cheese melts.
 * 3) Top with guacamole dip and sour cream; garnish liberally with sliced jalapeño peppers.

title: Cookbook:Macho Nachos


text:
Cookbook:Fried Cheese Balls with Sausage

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (240 ml) grated cheddar cheese
 * 2 tsp flour
 * ¼ tsp salt
 * 1 lb (500 g) mild or hot sausage
 * ¾ cup (180 ml) fine cracker crumbs
 * Vegetable oil

Method 1

 * 1) Combine the cheese, flour, sausage and cracker crumbs.
 * 2) Using your hands, mix well and shape into 1-inch (2.5 cm) balls.
 * 3) Put enough oil in a skillet to fill the skillet to a depth of about ¾ inches (2 cm).
 * 4) Heat the oil. When it is hot, place the balls in the pan without crowding them.
 * 5) Cook over medium-high heat, turning until all sides are golden brown.
 * 6) Drain on paper towels.

Method 2

 * 1) Preheat oven to 375°F (230°C).
 * 2) Mix all ingredients together thoroughly
 * 3) Form into 1-inch (2.5 cm) balls, and place on ungreased cookie sheets.
 * 4) Bake for 15 minutes or until golden brown.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Sausage cheese balls can be frozen uncooked. Thaw and cook according to directions.


text:
Cookbook:Easy Nachos

| Texas cuisine

Ingredients

 * 12 oz (360 g) tortilla chips
 * 1 lb (450 g) cheddar cheese, grated
 * ⅓ cup (80 ml) chopped canned peeled green chiles (optional)
 * ½ cup (about 120 ml) chopped onion (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 400°F (200°C). Lay the tortilla chips on a cookie sheet.
 * 2) Toss together the cheese, chilies and onion; sprinkle over the tortilla chips.
 * 3) Bake for about 2 minutes, or until the cheese has melted.
 * 4) Serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Easy Nachos


text: Category:Book:Tok Pisin

title: Category:Book:Tok Pisin


text:
User:Gabriel Koulikov

I am user Doubleg on Wikipedia.

title: User:Gabriel Koulikov


text: Category:Book:Turing

title: Category:Book:Turing


text: Category:Book:Turkish

title: Category:Book:Turkish


text:
Category:Book:MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook

fr:Catégorie:MediaWiki pour débutants (livre) nl:Categorie:Handboek MediaWiki - inhoud sv:Kategori:Handbok för Wikimedias Administratörer


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User talk:198.36.32.17

Huh? I don't understand your question on Help talk:FAQ. Kellen T 12:42, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.36.32.17


text:
User talk:Username222

Please see the project standards when editing the Guide. We want articles to look like Harry Potter. Many of your edits are "He, He, He" and don't conform to the same quality. Please use the same style as found on pages like the one above, both in language and quality of content. -Matt 14:53, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Hey, you've got the wrong Matt. Edit this page and look at the other "Matt"'s signature.

--Matt 12:11, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Progress
I've updated the progress by what I think is the amount things have changed over time. Still lots left to do. -within focus 03:05, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Your Edits
Please watch your edits such as. That is considered vandalism and continuing to make those edits will cause an administrator to block you. -within focus 03:16, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Black Family
You can't use relative links in redirects, i.e. using "..." since the redirect is absolute. The page was useless anyway so I deleted it. -within focus 00:00, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Timeline
Seems fine. Try to follow Chazz's design style when adding entries to the timeline. Also, you can permanently set your signature to what you keep editing it to by accessing your Special:Preferences. -within focus 02:38, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I myself am a little reluctant to add anything to the Deathly Hallows timeline at present because, apart from Harry's birthday that is already on there, we don't know about anything that is going to happen. Bill and Fleur are going to get married, yes; school may or may not open, Harry may or may not attend - he has said he wouldn't – so everything else is simply too up in the air to add at the moment. Oh – for what it's worth, the title bar colours for each book's timeline have been selected to coincide with the title colours of the Bloomsbury / RainCoast editions of the books, which is why I had not yet created a timeline for book 7: I don't know what its colours are going to be yet. Chazz 21:31, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Snape Loyalty / Battle of Hogwarts
I reverted the bit about Snape because if you look at the history for that page you'll see that we wanted to hide that fact for lower down. I deleted the battle page because it was incorrectly named and I was hoping someone would just come in and create the page later. Since you mentioned it, I looked up the battle's official name from the book and created the page with the proper template. -within focus 19:12, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Order of the Phoenix
I just deleted the Order of the Phoenix talk page you just created because there was not even an article corresponding to that talk page and there is no Order of the Phoenix page under Places either. I'm quite confused by your edit. -within focus 18:13, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Username222


text:
User:Pzone

Hey. I'm a student fresh out of highcschool about to attend Vassar College. I have a strong interest in mathematics and physics, and I want to be able to share what I've learned with others trying to learn these subjects.

title: User:Pzone


text:
Reconstruction

This book will function as a guide to the reconstruction of homes, specifically those damaged by hurricanes. The book will be a series of tutorials logically organized. This book will be geared towards use by volunteer groups, semi-skilled labor, and home owners.

Section I: Deconstruction

 * 1) Safety
 * 2) Evaluation
 * 3) Prep
 * 4) Debris Removal
 * 5) Trim, Frame, and Cabinet Removal
 * 6) Wall Removal
 * 7) De-nailing and De-wiring

Section II: Mold Treatment

 * 1) Safety
 * 2) Prep
 * 3) Mold Treatment
 * 4) *Scrub and Spray
 * 5) *Grind and Scrub
 * 6) *Bleach and Baking Soda
 * 7) Mold Test

Section III: Reconstruction

 * 1) Safety
 * 2) Evaluation
 * 3) Permits and Licenses
 * 4) Roofing
 * 5) Electrical
 * 6) Plumbing
 * 7) Insulation
 * 8) Walls
 * 9) Drywall
 * 10) Wood Panels
 * 11) Door Installation
 * 12) Trim Work
 * 13) Cabinet Installation
 * 14) Painting
 * 15) Flooring

title: Reconstruction


text:
Arimaa/Introduction to Tactics

A tactic is a narrow plan. The most basic tactics involve a one-turn goal or capture. When the opponent has thousands of options, it is difficult to precisely plan beyond the current turn. Some moves, however, might severely limit the opponent's viable options. One facing an immediate goal threat must stop the goal or else lose the game. A capture threat may leave the opponent with only a few ways to avoid a substantial disadvantage. One creating a threat might thus have a response planned for any possible countermove by the opponent.

Tactics can be offensive or defensive; a defensive tactic may slow things down considerably. When nothing big is imminent, plans may be more general, with each side aiming for a strong long-term position. This gets out of tactics and into strategy.

Goal
At left, the gold rabbit on b5 can step to victory via b6, c6, c7, and c8. The rabbit is never frozen, as it is always next to the b7 cat or c5 dog; the dog also allows the rabbit to move through the c6 trap. The rabbit will theoretically be frozen once it reaches c8, but Gold will have won regardless.

With friendly support, a rabbit one or two ranks from the goal line might reach goal even if its path is blocked. If the gold cat on h7 moves to h6 while pulling the silver rabbit from g7 to h7, the gold rabbit on g6 can step to goal. The gold camel on f6 is lost when the rabbit advances, but reaching goal is worth any sacrifice. Beginners often incline more toward pushing than pulling, but a push is ineffectual here. If the gold cat pushes the silver rabbit, the cat will be on g7, blocking its own rabbit with only two steps remaining.

Near a depleted goal line, an enemy rabbit is a constant threat. By pushing the b3 horse to c3, the silver camel would occupy b3 and unfreeze the b2 rabbit, which could then step to victory via a2 and a1. Occasionally a rabbit can be unblocked and unfrozen with one pull. Silver to move could slide the silver elephant from g3 to f3, pulling the gold rabbit from g2 to g3; the newly unfrozen f2 rabbit could then step to the vacated g2 and then to g1, winning the game. The silver elephant is lost on the third step, but that doesn't matter since Silver has won. With the f2 rabbit beginning the turn blocked and frozen, this one-turn goal is easy to overlook.

Goal defense
In the above position, each side to move can win the game, but pretend that Silver does not have a one-turn goal and thus must defend. There are a few ways to stop each gold goal individually, but Silver has only four steps to stop both. To block the eastern goal, Silver must close the path to g8 without opening a different one-turn goal path. This could be accomplished by stepping the h8 cat to g8, leaving three steps for the western defense. In those three steps, the b4 camel or d6 horse could capture the c5 dog and freeze the b5 rabbit. If Silver had only two steps for western defense, the b5 rabbit could be pushed west, or the goal path could be blocked.

Suppose Gold had to stop Silver's goals. The simplest solution is Ee3nww Rh1w, which would freeze and threaten the silver camel while also keeping the f2 rabbit frozen, since unfreezing it would no longer be worth an elephant sacrifice by Silver. If Gold had only two steps for western defense, he could either move his elephant onto c3 or use the c2 horse to push the rabbit west.

Goal threat
Even if a goal can be stopped, a one-turn goal threat will force the opponent to use up steps on defense, unless he has a one-turn goal of his own. After the opponent defends goal, one can either press the goal threat further or take advantage of any new weakness resulting from the goal defense. One should always be aware of possible goal paths on both sides, so as not to be caught off guard or miss an opportunity. On the other hand, one should be cautious about advancing rabbits, which can never step backward.

One-turn capture
With Gold to move in the position at right, the gold elephant can take two steps west and then push the b6 dog into the c6 trap. Since there is no other silver piece next to the trap, this captures the silver dog, in one turn.

One can sometimes push aside an obstructing piece to get at a vulnerable piece. With Gold to move, the g6 camel can push the g7 cat to h7; now on g7, the gold camel can push the f7 horse to f6, capturing it in a turn where one piece pushed two different enemy pieces.

A piece on a trap square will be captured if its sole defender is dislodged. Silver to move could step her elephant two squares west and then push or pull the b3 dog, capturing the c3 horse.

The g3 dog can capture the g2 cat by pushing it west and then north. Alternatively, the dog could move through the trap and pull the cat along; with the gold horse on e3, a gold piece can move through f3. A third way to capture the cat would be to pull it to g3 and then push it into f3; the dog would move north and then south. A pull-push in which a single piece moves an enemy piece two squares is known as a flip.

Capture defense
Sometimes, the best way to stop a capture is to move the threatened piece. The silver elephant protects the b3 cat from capture in c3, but neither piece needs to be tied down. The silver elephant could step west and thereby unfreeze the b3 cat, which could then step to a3 and then to a4.

Other than that, stationing one's elephant next to a trap square is the simplest capture defense. Since an elephant can't be dislodged, no friendly piece can be captured in that trap until the elephant chooses to leave. At left, no gold piece can be captured in c6, and no silver piece can be captured in c3, unless the respective elephant moves away.

A non-elephant can sometimes defend a trap alone, but must then keep a constant eye on all enemy pieces stronger than itself. The opponent may lose something if he moves his elephant, but if he captures more than he lost, it was worth it.

Two non-elephant pieces can defend a trap together; this is called mutual protection. At left, Silver has defended the c6 trap with a dog on b6 and a rabbit on c7. Even if the gold elephant started on b5, it could not immediately capture anything in c6; when a trap has two defenders, any single attacker would need more than four steps to dislodge one defender and capture the other. Gold could at most dislodge the dog to set up a capture threat for the following turn, but then Silver could add another defender, such as the d7 horse.

A capture can sometimes be blocked. A phalanx blocks the gold camel from g7, and thus the f7 horse is currently safe even though it is Silver's only direct defender of the f6 trap. In other cases, one might block a capture by pushing an enemy piece into the capture path.

One counter-intuitive way to block an enemy's path is to station a friendly piece on a trap square in front of another friendly piece. Gold has stuffed c3; the silver elephant could push the gold cat to d3, but that would temporarily give the c3 trap two gold defenders, preventing any capture in Silver's final two steps. Occupying c3 only works because no silver piece immediately threatens the c2 dog; if it were dislodged with the cat still on c3, the cat would be lost.

The f2 dog allows the g3 camel to safely step into the f3 trap, and then capture the gold horse with a pull. Gold to move could prevent this with He3sn df2w Df1n, a pull-and-replace that would give the trap a second gold defender.

If defending a trap is not feasible, threatened pieces might scatter away from it. It may not be possible to get every piece to safety, but even delaying captures may buy time to make progress elsewhere. One scattering pieces away from a home trap should try to block the goal line, as enemy rabbits can easily advance toward an undefended trap.

More capture patterns
It is easy to become too confident about one's defense. In the northwest, the two silver defenders will not prevent a capture in c6, as Gold has a stronger piece next to each. If the gold elephant pushes the silver dog from b6 to c6, the newly unfrozen gold cat can then push the silver rabbit off of c7, capturing the dog. If Gold prefers to capture the rabbit instead, he can pull the dog away and then push the rabbit into c6. This situation, where two defenders do not prevent a one-turn capture, is known as false protection. Such a capture is only possible if there are two attackers, each adjacent to a weaker defender.

In the northeast, the silver camel cannot push the gold dog into the trap, since the horse is in the way. However, Silver can play a split capture: the camel pushes the dog to g6, then the horse pulls the dog into the trap.

In the southwest, Gold has ensured that the b3 horse cannot be pushed. Gold has overlooked another possibility, however; after pushing aside the b4 rabbit, the silver elephant can pull the gold horse to b4, capturing the gold camel on c3.

In the southeast, the f3 dog can step east or west, leaving three steps for the f4 horse to enter the trap square and pull the gold dog from f2 to f3, capturing it. If instead a gold piece were on f3, Silver wouldn't have a one-turn capture there.

The fork
The fork threatens a single piece with capture in two different traps. On 62g of, Gold forked the silver dog between c3 and f3. The dog could not escape, and Silver did not have time to defend both traps, as the e4 rabbit threatened goal and could not be frozen in place. Silver must use at least one step to defend goal, and thus concede the dog.

Generally speaking, a solid fork is most likely to occur between the forker's home traps; any other fork would tend to be easier to escape. From the start of the game, each side must be wary of allowing the opposing elephant to flip a piece into the centre, as that can lead to a strong fork. As defenses thin, forks become a greater potential threat in all areas of the board.

The fence
The fence is a less common offensive tactic. A piece is brought next to a trap, and hemmed in on two sides. Even if unfrozen from the fourth side, the piece could only step into the trap. On 14g of, Gold fenced the silver horse next to the c3 trap. Silver is to move, but can't save the horse. The silver elephant could step to c5 (incidentally capturing the gold rabbit in c6), but the unfrozen silver horse couldn't then escape, as its only available move would be suicide. Silver can't defend the trap, as no silver piece can reach d3, c2, or b3 in four steps; gold pieces block the silver elephant from doing so.

Problem: Silver to move and win material Solution: ef4nw Hg5w hg6s blocks the gold elephant out of e6, fences the gold horse on f5, and clears g6 so that the f6 rabbit can step east. The gold elephant can still pull the e6 dog, capturing the f6 rabbit, but in any event Silver can capture the fenced horse.

A fence may be valuable even if the fenced piece can be defended. At right, the silver elephant can go to d3 to defend the horse, but Gold can then frame the horse with hc4s Ed4w Hb4s. In other cases, one might keep the fenced piece in place as a hostage, and perhaps blockade the trap square to stop the piece from moving through it. A frame or hostage is worthwhile only if it results in a whole-board advantage, which is usually a strategic rather than tactical issue.

Limitations of tactics
Tactics alone can't accomplish much, if the opponent understands basic threats and defenses. Early in, a gold horse and camel both appeared to be at risk, but Gold went on to win without losing a single piece until the end.

The next thing to learn is basic long-term strategy, which can help one get a whole-board advantage and overwhelm the opponent's defenses.

title: Arimaa/Introduction to Tactics


text:
Talk:Outdoor Survival/Water

Isn't it cryptospiridium?

title: Talk:Outdoor Survival/Water


text:
Computational Chemistry/Molecular dynamics

 Previous chapter -  ../Molecular mechanics/

Introduction to Molecular dynamics
You will remember from your spectroscopy that vibrations, and that includes internal rotations, are quantized. In MD we use a classical force field and ignore this quantization putting in classical energy according to Newton's Laws. This might at first sight appear to be totally unsound in view of all we have been taught about quantum theory but in fact what it means is we are replacing a summation with a Monte Carlo integration. Only in very special cases is there a dramatic difference. Situations with strong force constants and light particles i.e. protons are likely to show this. If, and this is a big if, the trajectories of the particles are chaotic all the phase space of the molecular vibrations and in particular internal rotational conformers, will be covered. Only if this has occurred do we have a temperature. (A temperature is a single number which allows one to reproduce the occupations of the states of the system using Boltzmann statistics. If there is no Boltzmann distribution, there is no temperature.)

One focus of research here has been the development of methods which allow a reliable temperature to be created for gas phase molecular systems. (Condensed phases with plentiful collisions are self randomizing and the Boltzmann distribution is rapidly established.) Simply apply Newtons laws of motion. In one dimensional form they are:

$$f = ma$$

$$ v = u + a t$$

$$ s = ut + \frac 1 2 a t^2 $$

s is a new position. Force is $$ - \frac {dV_{s}} {dx}$$. $$t + \delta t$$ then run for n timesteps.

Verlet algorithm

$$ s ( t + \delta t) = s (t) + v (t) \delta t + \frac 1 2 a (t) \delta t^2 + .... $$

$$ s ( t - \delta t) = s (t) - v (t) \delta t + \frac 1 2 a (t) \delta t^2 - .... $$

add these together then :

$$ s ( t + \delta t) = 2 s (t) - s ( t - \delta t) + a (t) \delta t^2 - .... $$

These are applied to the 3N-6 dimensional hypersurface of a single molecule, or to all free coordinates of an infinitely repeating system.

Single molecule dynamics
Applications in liquid crystals and biological chemistry often involve dynamics on a single molecule in an infinite vacuum. There are considerable technical problems here both in establishing a temperature and in ensuring the 3N-6 dimensional phase space is covered with populations according to the Boltzmann distribution. In practice this can only be assured in special circumstances and for proteins there is the continual phenomenon of sticking in a given neighbourhood of conformations. In this case the timescales of the physical processes of changing between energetically equivalent conformations may be longer than the simulation. Putting molecules in a box with inert gas bumping into it is one way of trying for conformational equilibrium.

Table - Timescales of molecular processes
A good simulation regime for a teaching exercise is 10 femtoseconds with C-H bond vibrations frozen out. Research requires considerably more care and much longer runs! It would not be a good idea to investigate protein folding using a conventional MD program and a 0.5 femtosecond time step.

The finite box size
A finite box is also a problem, but a minimum image convention allows for infinitely repeating boxes in the 3 Cartesian directions. Software for infinite boxes and the AMBER and GROMOS force field exists within CCP5 (The DLPOLY package). There are problems with electrostatic interactions. The Coulomb Interaction goes as inverse $$r$$ to the power one. This dies away very slowly over several images of the box before dying away to insignificance. This must be handled by a complicated procedure known as an Ewald Sum.

Liquid simulations often calculate G-of-r, not to be confused with the quantum theory matrix G-of-R. This is the radial probability density, which is experimentally accessible via neutron diffraction. It can therefore act as simulation quality check on whether the right liquid solvation shell structure is being generated.

A good description of modern simulation techniques is in Allen and Tildesley.

Problems
i) A Gas phase liquid crystal molecule

Make a liquid crystal prototype by adding a (CH2)n tail onto phenol's acidic proton. Run a dynamic simulation at various temperatures to see the side chain move about.

2) Histogramming

Make hexamine-diamine. Use ANALYZE to monitor the distance between the N-atoms. Use DYNAMIC and MonSt to create a histogram on this N to N distance. Repeat this with a flexible dihedral angle in a molecule of interest to you.


text:
Computational Chemistry/Molecular quantum mechanics

 Previous chapter -  ../Molecular dynamics/

Introduction
Our applications of quantum theory here involve solving the wave equation for a given molecular geometry. This can be done at a variety of levels of approximation each with a variety of computing resource requirements.

Our applications of quantum theory here involve solving the wave equation for a given molecular geometry. This can be done at a variety of levels of approximation each with a variety of computing resource requirements. We are assuming here a vague familiarity with the Self Consistent Field wavefunction and its component molecular orbitals.

$$ < \Psi_{0} | \hat{H} | \Psi_{0} > $$

$$ < \Psi_{0} | K.E. + V_{nuc} + \sum_{i < j} {\frac {1} {r_{ij}}} | \Psi_{0} > $$

The $$ij$$ summation indices are over all electron pairs. It is the $$\frac {1} {r_{ij}}$$ which prevents easy solution of the equation, either by separation of variables for a single atom, or by simple matrix equations for a non spherical molecule.

The electron density $$\rho (x,y,z)$$ corresponds to the $$N$$-electron density $$\rho (N)$$. If we know $$\rho (N-1)$$ we can solve $$< \Psi_{0} | \hat{H} | \Psi_{0} >$$ So we guess $$\rho (N)$$ and solve $$N$$ independent Schrödinger equations. Unfortunately each solution then depends on $$\rho (N)$$ which we guessed. So we extrapolate a new $$\rho^{'} (N)$$ and solve the  temporary Schrödinger  equation again. This continues until $$\rho$$ stops changing. If our initial guessed $$\rho$$ was appropriate we will have the SCF approximation to the ground state.

This can be done for numerical $$\rho$$ or we can use LCAO (Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals) in an algebraic form and integrate into a linear algebraic matrix problem. This use of a basis set is our normal way of doing calculations.

Our wavefunction is a product of molecular orbitals, technically in the form of a Slater determinant in order to ensure the antisymmetry of the electronic wavefunction. This has some technical consequences which you need not be concerned with unless doing a theoretical project. Theoreticians should make Szabo and Ostlund their bedtime reading.

$$ \Phi_{k} (x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}, .....x_{N}) ~=~ \frac {1} {\sqrt {N!} } ~determinant $$

$$ \psi _{A} (x_{1}) \psi _{B} (x_{1}) ..........\psi _{N} (x_{1}) $$

$$ \psi _{A} (x_{2}) \psi _{B} (x_{2}) ..........\psi _{N} (x_{2})$$

$$

......$$

$$

......$$

$$

\psi _{A} (x_{N}) \psi _{B} (x_{N}) ..........\psi _{N} (x_{N}) $$

When $$\Psi$$ is expanded in terms of the atomic orbitals $$\chi$$ the troublesome $$\frac {1} {r_{ij}}$$ term picks out producted pairs of atomic orbitals either side of the operator. This leads to a number of four-centre integralsof order $$n^4$$. These fill up the disc space and take a long time to compute.


text:
Reconstruction/Deconstruction

Deconstruction is the process by which a home is dismantled. This process has implications in a non-disaster setting but is most common following a major flooding event such as that which followed Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans.

Section I: Deconstruction

 * 1) Evaluation
 * 2) Prep
 * 3) Debris Removal
 * 4) Trim, Frame, and Cabinet Removal
 * 5) Wall Removal
 * 6) De-nailing and De-wiring

title: Reconstruction/Deconstruction


text:
Talk:Reaktor/Tutorials

I just got Reaktor and I'm super confused, I try opening the presets and I'm instantly overwhelmed by the seeming hermetism of its approach. I just don't know were to start. I don't feel I'm making music with the presets, they just make music for themselves, there is no user agency. I made the tutorial on building a simple synth, but how about a sampler or a drum machine? Mostly I like to learn how can I sequence, with Reaktor itself or using Cubase for example, with maybe two or three instruments. Just so I can start using it on a song.

title: Talk:Reaktor/Tutorials


text:
Reconstruction/Reconstruction

The process of reconstruction includes all elements necessary to restore a house to functionality in order to be inhabited.

Section III: Reconstruction

 * 1) Evaluation
 * 2) Permits and Licenses
 * 3) Roofing
 * 4) Re-wiring
 * 5) Plumbing
 * 6) Insulation
 * 7) Walls
 * 8) *Drywall
 * 9) *Wood Panels
 * 10) Door Instalation
 * 11) Trim Work
 * 12) Cabinet Installation
 * 13) Painting
 * 14) Flooring

title: Reconstruction/Reconstruction


text:
Reconstruction/Deconstruction/Prep

The process by which a structure is prepared for deconstruction.

Prep
Suggested tools:
 * Wrecking Bar
 * Flashlight
 * Wrench
 * Shovel
 * Flat
 * Scoop
 * Wheelbarrow
 * Sledgehammer
 * Claw Hammer
 * Wire Cutters
 * Flat Bar
 * Hand Truck or Dolly with straps

Suggested PPE:
 * 3M Half-face respirator with p100 filters
 * Gloves
 * Boots
 * Hard Hat
 * Tyvek suit
 * Safety goggles

Accessesibility
Note: Avoid removal of exterior doors unless severely damaged or dysfunctional.
 * Open all exterior doors
 * Clear all debris and obstructive overgrowth from exterior of structure

Ventalation and Visibility
Note: Do not break windows. Avoid removal of interior doors unless severely damaged or dysfunctional.
 * Open windows and open interior doors
 * Remove all window coverings

Utilities

 * Close water main valve
 * Turn off main power switch
 * Close gas main

Debris Management

 * Designate area for placement of debris on street in front of the structure
 * Designate area for placement of salvageable items including personal items and building materials

title: Reconstruction/Deconstruction/Prep


text:
Reconstruction/Deconstruction/Debris Removal

The process by which obstructing debris is removed from a structure.

Debris Removal
Suggested Tools:
 * Hand truck
 * Shovel
 * Wheelbarrow
 * wire cutters

Suggested PPE:
 * 3M Half-face respirator with p100 filters
 * Gloves
 * Boots
 * Tyvek suit (optional)
 * Safety goggles (optional)


text:
Reconstruction/Deconstruction/Trim, Frame, and Cabinet Removal

The process by which the trim, frames, and cabinetry are removed from a structure.

Trim, Frame, and Cabinet Removal
Suggested Tools:
 * Wrecking bar
 * 16 lbs. sledge hammer
 * Hammer
 * Flat bar
 * Duct tape for sealing poly and garbage bags.

Suggested PPE:
 * 3M Half-face respirator with p100 filters
 * Gloves
 * Boots
 * Tyvek suit (optional)
 * Safety goggles (optional)


text:
Reconstruction/Deconstruction/Wall Removal

The process by which the interior walls of a structure are removed.

Wall Removal
Suggested Tools:
 * Wrecking bar
 * Hammer
 * Shovel
 * Wheelbarrow

Suggested PPE:
 * 3M Half-face respirator with p100 filters
 * Gloves
 * Boots
 * Tyvek suit (optional)
 * Safety goggles (optional)

Before you begin
*Get your suggested tools. *Plan where you will put the debris. *Use dropcloths to protect the floor coverings. *Cut off the power to any electrical in the wall.

When you are ready
Remove the doors Remove the trim Remove the drywall by knocking holes in it and pulling it off Knock the studs out one at the time and then remove your top and bottom plate Remove any electrical by tracing it back to where it originates from and safely leave it in an electrical box.

Tips
you can reduce the mess by cutting along the center of the wall studs with a sharp knife. You only need to cut through the paper. All the way through will reduce the mess even further.

Before
Ask yourself questions like. What is this paneling applied to? Does it have sheetrock or something behind it    was it attached directly to the studs? Also, are you attempting to salvage the paneling or will you simply throw it away? (If it was applied with an adhesive, plan on not being able to salvage it!) ==

When Ready
Start removing the paneling If it was just nailed, start at a joint and work it loose with a small pry bar or a stiff putty knife Once the first panel is off of each wall, the rest are easier since you can get to the edge easier.


text:
Reconstruction/Deconstruction/De-nailing and De-wiring

The process by which the nails or screws that secure wall material to the studs of a structure are removed.

The process by which the electrical wiring and receptacles of a structure are detached from the studs.

De-nailing and De-wiring
Suggested Tools:
 * Hammer
 * Flatbar/Crowbar

Suggested PPE:
 * 3M Half-face respirator with p100 filters
 * Gloves
 * Boots
 * Tyvek suit (optional)
 * Safety goggles (optional)


text:
Reconstruction/Deconstruction/Evaluation

The process by which the physical status of a structure is determined and recorded. Particular points of interest are the structural integrity of the building, potential hazards, and an assessment of required tasks.

Evaluation
Suggested Tools:
 * Flashlight
 * Entry tool

Suggested PPE:
 * 3M Half-face respirator with p100 filters
 * Gloves
 * Boots
 * Tyvek suit (optional)
 * Safety goggles (optional)

Note: Extreme caution must be used in initial evaluation. Evaluations should be conducted by at least two experienced inspectors.

Structural Integrity
Prior to beginning work on any building, the structural integrity must be evaluated. Symptoms of poor structural integrity are listed in the deconstruction safety manual. Buildings that exhibit any of the listed signs should not be entered or worked on. Please consult the risk mitigation section of the deconstruction safety manual for details on how to manage unsound structures.

Potential Hazards
Upon evaluation, note the potential hazards listed in the deconstruction safety manual. Please consult the risk mitigation section of the deconstruction safety manual for details on how to manage potential hazards.


text:
Category talk:Subject:Psychology

Hi,

Contributors to these Wikibooks may wish to help contribute to the Psychology Wiki. Its a large (very large) project, trying to gather together all psychology knowledge in one place. But don't take my word for it, Go there and check it out for yourself... 80.195.196.38 16:48, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Subject:Psychology


text:
User:Ulfrinn

Ulfrinn
Ulfrinn estas "La Lupo" kun grandaj dentoj, kion li uzas por maĉi VIN!

Native Language:
English

Languages I'm learnig:
Español

Esperanto

Languages I would like to learn:
Deutsch

Islandska

englisc (anglo-saxon)

北方話

folkspraak

title: User:Ulfrinn


text:
Philosophy of Religion/What is religion?

 * "religion: [M.E. religioum, fr. L. religion; religio reverence, religion, prob. fr. religare to tie back - more at RELY] 1 a (1). the service and worship of God or the supernatural (2): commitment or devotion to religious faith or observance b: the state of a religious 2: a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices. 3 archaic: scrupulous conformity: CONSCIENTIOUSNESS 4: a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor or faith." -Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1967)

 * "Religion is a communication system that is constituted by supernatural beings and is related to specific patterns of behavior." -H. H. Penner

 * "Religion is man's involvement in the meaning of his existence, and the depth of one's involvement is the depth of his religion." -James L. Christian

 * "Religion is a sense of the sacred." -Sir Julian Huxley

 * "Religion is man's ultimate concern for the ultimate." -Paul Tillich

 * "Religion is a human being's total concern about Man's world." -Arnold Toynbee

Religion can be distilled as any belief system that rests explicitly on faith, but if you asked ten theologians what "religion" is, you would get 12 different answers. That is because religion is a complex subject and "religion" is only a word. Like all words, it can mean anything we want it to mean, but in a discussion, it is important that we understand how the word is used.

There is a problem with many of the common definitions of religion. If it has to do with how we relate to God, then Buddhism, Confucianism and core shamanism is left out because they have little to say about God. Many Christians claim that, since religion is a formalized system of knowledge, Christianity is not a religion since it is a relationship with Christ. That contradicts the Biblical author James since he maintained that Christianity is "pure religion and undefiled before God." The Greek word he used was threkeia or "ceremonial observance, worship, religion".

Whereas the concepts "sacred" and "faith" are quite basic to Western religion, they are not so in the Orient, so definitions that involve those ideas will not do. Also, definitions like Tillich's and Toynbee's subsume too much for the purposes of this book. One could say that philsophy is the study of man's concern for the ultimate and Toynbee's definition might include plumbing and badmitton, neither of which will be featured in this work.

It was held in the early days of philosophy that a word has an essential meaning - a definition that captured the essence of all uses of the word. That is, perhaps, somewhat naive. Very few words have just one meaning and most have various meaning that have very little to do with each other. For instance, a hat may be something you wear on your head or it might be a symbol used in statistics or it might be a drum. The German philosopher Wittgenstein took another position. Various uses of a word does not have an essential meaning but has more of a family resemblance. It's generally hard to put your finger on why members of a family look alike but it's usually not one particular feature but a set of features that may or may not all be present in the same individual, yet enough of them are present in any one member of the family to preserve the resemblance throughout. We will be working with concepts in the family of religion.

I will bypass all these semantical trivialities by using the following definition for religion: "the study and/or practice of what is generally considered to be religion - personal or organized." That will include Christianity, Buddhism, Shamanism, and Aunt Polly's talking to her dearly departed Uncle Fred. It will include magic and witchcraft, hermits and wise men.

And, fully aware of the etymological intent of the term "theology" (Meanings of words usually change from their original meanings over time), I will take the word to mean, simply "the study of religions."

There are a few other words that will be important here. A "doctrine" is a formalization of a system of religious beliefs.

A "dogma" is a doctrine that is considered to be held universally within a religion.

A "creed" is a set of beliefs (the word means "I believe") that are central to a religion - beliefs that distinguish members of a religious group from other people.

We should also have an understanding of the meaning of "philosophy". It can mean a general approach to life as in "what is your philosophy of life?" I have something a little more formal in mind. Philosophy as an intellectual pursuit typically concerns considerations once removed. Science, for instance is the investigation of the physical world or the knowledge obtained from such. The philosophy of science, on the other hand, involves how people approach science - how we think about the physical world, how we can be confident about such knowledge, and how we should (ethically) approach and use such knowledge.

Then, the philosophy or religion is concerned not with information about God or various religious systems of belief, but with why we should be concerned with such things, if and how we can know about them, and how people think about them. There will be a little admixture here of things that are not exactly philosophy, but are somewhat related. I will be writing some about the psychology of religion, for instance. also, we will consider the relationship of religion with other disciplines such as science, politics, and art.


text:
User talk:Ulfrinn

this is scary. my brother made it Ulfrinn

Go/Igo/Weiqi/Baduk
Why did you create this page and mark it for speedy (the page was empty before you marked it)? -- SB_Johnny | talk 11:36, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

I didn't create the page. I marked it for speedy deletion because there was nothing there and there is no link to it from the go wikibook.--Ulfrinn 01:42, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ulfrinn


text:
Go/Why should I learn to play Go?

The first and most significant reason why one should decide to play Go is the same as that of any other game, sport, or hobby. Playing Go is an activity to focus on and enjoy doing, it's fun. While possible, it is extremely difficult to make money playing or teaching Go in a professional context, and the game should be seen for its value as a game before anything else. Although most games are of this nature, Go offers many other reasons for playing it which make it stand out from the crowd of hundreds of other strategy games.

=Go vs. Chess=

One thought that passes through the heads of many considering Go is "Why shouldn't I just stick with Chess?" While both games have some similarities on the surface, they are vastly different in nature and both have completely different things to offer, which should be considered in relation to each other before reaching a decision on which to play (Why not both?). Both games use black and white pieces, but the similarities stop there. In Go, the pieces are placed on intersections on the board and black plays first. Even simple differences such as these exemplify the striking differences between the two famous mind sports.

Although Go is much less popular in the West, there is a growing community of Go players, particularly in Europe and the United States. The game is seen somewhat as an alternative to Chess, and the Go community has grown into its own distinct subculture, with groups such as online Internet Go Servers and local AGA chapters.

=Benefits of the Mind=

Go provides not only opportunities for creating and strengthening friendships but also strengthening the mind. Like Chess, Go is seen as a prime example of a mental strategy game. The tenet of the strategy game is "easy to learn, difficult to master," and Go exemplifies this perfectly, even more so than Chess. Nearly an infinite number of unique games can be played on a goban (Go board), yet the game only involves one type of piece and a handful of rules that can be learned in minutes. These simple rules blossom into extremely complicated strategies that are somehow both intuitive and analytical. Unlike Chess, there is rarely one "right" move that has to be learned, and it is not necessary that you learn hundreds of openings through rote memory to become a strong player, unlike Chess. Many enjoy learning Go over Chess because it rewards creativity and does not require constant memorization and brute-force analysis of every possible position and continuation.

=Other Benefits of Playing Go=

 * Mind games which do not involve any luck, such as Go, are known to exercise both halves of the brain. This has been found to be helpful in avoiding degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimers.

 * Go teaches mental skills such as patience, discipline, and open-mindedness. Go also encourages methods of thinking that are not easily learned in other ways. For these and other reasons it is often taught to young children to help mental development early in life.

 * Many consider skills learned in Go to be applicable in other areas of life. The underlying concepts behind the strategies and concepts of Go often relate to philosophy concerning everyday life and nature (see following page). Go is often tied to Taoism and other East Asian philosophy. Go was considered one of the Four Scholarly Arts of Ancient China.

title: Go/Why should I learn to play Go?


text:
Go/What you need to play

=Equipment= The equipment which is used to play Go has remained almost the same throughout the game's four thousand year history and is simple enough that you could make do with things found around your own home.

Board
The Board, or Goban (碁盤) in Japanese, is the surface on which the game is played. Printed on this board is a grid, usually nineteen-by-nineteen though other sizes are common. Games are also frequently played on smaller boards, traditionally 9x9 and 13x13. It's possible to experiment with even more unusual board geometries. A traditional Goban has four feet and sits on the floor, but many modern boards have no feet and are designed for tabletop use. These are also called table boards. Beginning players often play on paper using a thirteen-by-thirteen grid, allowing them to get the hang of the game without spending a lot of money on a board or time on more complicated, full-board games. Physical gobans are traditionally made of light-colored wood. They range from cheap models (folding boards, roll-up mats) to club-quality boards (solid wood ranging up to 4" thick or so) and truly beautiful traditional "floor boards," which have legs and are often constructed with great care from exotic woods such as the coveted "Kaya."

Stones
Stones(also known as Seeds) are the game pieces of Go and are placed on the intersections of the lines on a board. The stones are black and white, generally made from glass, plastic, marble, slate, or clamshell, and come in many sizes ranging from 7mm to 11.3mm in thickness. A set of Go stones can cost anywhere from a few dollars to thousands of dollars. The highest-quality stones are made from slate (black) and specially carved clamshells (white), and cost hundreds of dollars per set. A full set of stones consists of 181 black stones and 180 white stones. Stones are uniform and round, reminiscent of an oversized M&M candy. It is traditional to have a bowl for each player's stones (these are often carved pleasingly from attractive woods), using the upturned lid of the bowl to store captured prisoner stones of the opposite color during play.

Bowls
Bowls are just a place to keep your stones while they are not on the board. They are not a necessary part of the equipment. Bowls are normally made from wood or plastic and are usually the cheapest part of a set. Some boards have drawers to keep stones in so you don't have to have bowls, however most do not. Captured stones are kept in the lid of the bowl in Japanese and Korean rules. In Chinese rules, you may place them back in your bowl.

More information on boards and stones from Sensei's Library.

=Playing on a computer= If you want to play Go but don't want to buy/make/borrow the equipment needed you could also try playing on a digital board such as qGo.

title: Go/What you need to play


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Philosopher's Stone

Overview
The Philosopher's Stone (known in the United States editions of the books as the Sorcerer's Stone) is an artifact that can turn inexpensive metals into gold or create an elixir that would make humans younger, thus delaying death. We are told that elixir produced by the Philosopher's Stone is actually capable of returning someone to full life if there is even the tiniest bit of life left within him.

In the Muggle world, it was a longtime "holy grail" of Western alchemy. In alchemy, making the philosopher's stone would bring enlightenment upon the maker and conclude the Great Work. It is also known as materia prima.

Extended Description
The Philosopher's Stone is, of course, the key object in the first book of the Harry Potter series. The specific instance we see in this story is about three inches long, and is kept under heavy guard much of the time. We are told that this is the only known Philosopher's Stone in the world at present.

When we first see it, the Stone is in a grubby little paper parcel in one of the high security vaults under Gringotts Wizarding Bank. It is retrieved from the vault by Hagrid, and apparently brought to Hogwarts.

Once Harry, Hermione, and Ron discover what the object is, they understand why people seem to be seeking it. They do eventually determine where it is hidden, and that it is guarded by means of enchantments set by many of the teachers at Hogwarts.

Determining that the Stone is at risk, the Trio then seek out its hiding place, apparently in the hope of defending the Stone. In the end, Harry alone reaches the chamber where the Stone is hidden, and manages to retrieve it from its hiding place and defend it from Professor Quirrell.

In the final chapter of the book, Professor Dumbledore says that he has destroyed the Stone. This upsets Harry, as he has learned that a friend of Dumbledore's, Nicolas Flamel, has been using the Stone to make the elixir that keeps him alive, but Dumbledore says that, after a very long life, Flamel and his wife Perenelle are quite prepared for death.

Analysis
The Philosopher's Stone is a unique magical artifact; there is only one in the world, and at the end of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone it is destroyed. Although it appears only in this one book, its influence does show up in other books, most notably in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, where it is believed by many that another unique artifact mentioned in that book is simply a distorted impression of the actions of the Philosopher's Stone.

Questions

 * 1) Describe the differences between the archetypes of good and evil, and how this difference is portrayed in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone through intents and actions with the Stone.

Greater Picture
One of the key differences between the two sides in the battle of the entire series is actually highlighted by the Philosopher's Stone, and its role in the first book in the series. Much of the book, and the main conflict at the end of the book, is Voldemort, from his perch on the back of Professor Quirrell's head, attempting to capture the Philosopher's Stone and the return to life that it promises, against Harry attempting to keep him from that goal with the assistance of Professor Dumbledore and, surprisingly, Professor Snape. Voldemort, we learn, will stop at nothing, including the death of Unicorns, and of his host Quirrell, to return to life himself. Contrasted to that, we have Dumbledore, speaking of Nicolas Flamel (but possibly equally speaking of himself), telling Harry that "after all, to the well-organized mind, death is but the next great adventure." Although we have not yet properly met Voldemort, we can already see his fear of death, and his willingness to sacrifice anything and anyone else, in order to retain his life; and we can see Dumbledore's acceptance that death comes to all people, Muggle and wizard alike. This difference in the understanding of what death is, and how one becomes master of it, is something of a theme throughout the entire series. We will learn about the Horcruxes that Voldemort has used to anchor his soul to this world even when his body is destroyed, and we will learn about the Deathly Hallows, which according to legend give the holder mastery over Death.

In an interview, the author has stated that the theme of death and the afterlife became somewhat more prominent in the series following the death of her mother, which occurred while she was writing. While she did not specifically say which book she was writing at the time, one suspects that it was Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, because this particular theme comes into prominence in that book.


text:
Go/Intermediate strategy

Intermediate Strategy (10 kyu - 1 kyu)
A few notes:

- Read as much literature as you can, this will foster your understanding of the game.

- Play with both weaker and stronger players: Playing with strongers will help you gain new strategies, and playing with weakers will allow you to refine them.

- Watch Pro games and attempt to follow them. Professional games can be found online for free (as SGF files) or purchased as a collection. There is a free screensaver (Turbogo) that will play games stored on your computer.

title: Go/Intermediate strategy


text:
Comparative Religion/Why study other religions?

Why study other religions? I think I will try to answer that question from a personal perspective. The question then becomes, how can it benefit me or how can it help me benefit others by knowing something about their religions.

If I am concerned about others, I will be interested in their lives. What problems do they have and how do they face them? Certainly religion plays a part in those things. How do I meet them? Should I assume that everyone is like me - that they have the same hope and dreams, that they see the world the same? It is often the case that people make these assumptions when they meet but it is evident that much confusion and misunderstanding would be prevented if instead, the assumptions held were that new acquainanced were discoveries to be made. Connection is made when I understand another person's point of view. I can connect on points of similarity but I can also connect on shared interest in differences.

If I want to be a benefit to others, I need to understand their world view. Some attempts to help an individual that hold different beliefs may actually be taboo in their religion. Can I be of any benefit to them if they reject me?

In a different vein, I am a Christian. I would not be a Christian if I did not think that Christianity held an accurate view of reality. Yet, on studying other religions, I find that they have different focuses on life and have come to more indepth understanding in some elements of life than I have found in my own system of beliefs. For instance, although Christianity has somewhat to say about materialism and self discipline, Buddhism has explored the issues in much more depth. The native religions of North America have much to say about what it is to live a balanced life. In an age of frantic extremes, balance is greatly needed. I find that other religious people have much of value to say.

And finally, and I think also relevant to this book, it is pleasant to sit back and read the tales of other people that give voice to their spirit as a people, their aspirations, their hopes and dreams.


text: Category:Book:US Income Tax

title: Category:Book:US Income Tax


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Trevor

Overview
Trevor is Neville's pet toad, who is forever getting lost.

Philosopher's Stone
When we first see Neville, he is standing on the platform talking to an older witch, apparently his grandmother. It seems that he has lost Trevor.

We are introduced to Trevor by Neville, who looks in to Harry and Ron's compartment on the Hogwarts Express to ask if they have seen him. Some time later, Hermione stops by on the same errand; apparently she has chosen to help Neville in his search. Trevor remains lost until the students are leaving the boats on the shore of the lake under Hogwarts; Hagrid apparently then finds him and asks whose toad this is.

Professor Flitwick had demonstrated making things fly by sending Neville's toad soaring about the classroom.

Neville is apparently trying to catch Trevor again when he overhears Harry, Ron, and Hermione planning how to get through the trap door. Dropping Trevor, he prepares, unsuccessfully, to fight them.

Order of the Phoenix
When we meet Neville in the Hogwarts Express, he is dragging his trunk and holding on to a struggling Trevor. He continues to hold Trevor throughout the early part of the trip, dumping him in Harry's lap as he prepares to demonstrate the defensive mechanism of his prized Mimbulus Mimbletonia. Harry, holding on to Trevor, is drenched with Stinksap.

We see Trevor again as they leave the train; Neville carefully stores him in an inside pocket.

Strengths
Although he is often getting lost, Trevor always manages to get found again. It seems he has some ability to transport himself, as he manages to reach the far shore of the lake before Neville himself does.

Analysis
Trevor seems to be present only to give Neville something else to misplace and worry about. He never appears to have any power save that of getting lost, and later appearing where he would have been if Neville had been able to retain him — for instance, he is lost on the Hogwarts Express, in book 1, but then appears near the castle as the first-years are getting out of the boats.


text: Category:Book:Umbraco

title: Category:Book:Umbraco


text: Category:Book:Utopia

title: Category:Book:Utopia


text:
User:MartinY

MartinY is Martin Grayson, a semi-retired scientific and educational consultant who is a musical performer on lute, guitar, 'cello, viol and recorder and composer based in South Yorkshire, England.

I have spent over 30 years designing, writing, implementing and running computer systems for chemistry research, admin, finance, investment and education around the interface of chemistry, pharmacology, mathematics and computer science.

My other big interest is music where I am a portfolio musician, doing playing, composing, publishing and teaching.

I am hoping not to waste some of my useful written material from over 30 years of work by putting it into open source books.

Mail to martin.grayson using the  provider gmail.com

title: User:MartinY


text:
Computational Chemistry/Drug Design

 Previous chapter -  ../Macromolecular chemistry/

Quantum Pharmacology
This area covers the use of electronic structure theories to de novo design of drugs, extraction of structure activity relationships and development of pharmacophores to rationalise the drug's mechanism. Computations, proteomics and genomics have advanced considerably since Richard's book and maybe new definitions are needed.

W. G. Richards,  Quantum Pharmacology,  (Butterworths,London,1977).

QSAR
A lot of work goes into developing Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships. This can be done by regression analysis even where there is no adequate model of the active site of the process. Some examples are being extracted from literature which we have in the Chemistry Library, (much literatuire of relevance is in biological and pharmacological journals. Some QSAR work uses classic physical organic chemistry such as the Taft and Hammett equations, whereas in recent work all manner of unusual properties may be incorporated into a QSAR.

There is even interest in exotic artificial intelligence technologies such as neural nets. A new technique in this area is known as Support vector machines.

Hansch, C. and Leo, A. Exploring QSAR: ACS Professional Reference Book, (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC,1995).

Neural Nets to Design Drugs
This is a comparatively new area of chemistry / chemo-informatics but it already has a classic textbook:

J. Zupan and J. Gasteiger, Neural Networks in Chemistry and Drug Design: An Introduction, 2nd Edition, Wiley, 1999, ISBN: 3-527-29779-0.

title: Computational Chemistry/Drug Design


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Computational Chemistry/Continuum solvation models

 Previous chapter -  ../Drug Design/

Introduction to Continuum Solvation Models
Most reactions we are concerned with actually go on in some kind of fluid medium rather than in the gas phase at zero degrees Kelvin. (There is the interesting but impractical philosophical point that the commonest reaction in the universe is H2 + proton >> H3+ at 3 degrees Kelvin, (the remnant of the big bang temperature), and very low pressure. Most of the universe is made of Hydrogen and most of its matter is in the vast spaces between the stars in galaxies.)

There are ways of dealing with the solvent medium problem, none of them fully satisfactory but some of them very good for dilute solutions. Read the electrochemistry and ionic atmosphere sections of Atkins' Physical Chemistry for a detailed discussion of some of the issues.

Continuum plus Quantum Mechanics
Our method of choice will abandon a description of the solvent as discrete molecules but will replace it by a continuous dielectric. This is like a jelly which can be electrostatically strained by non zero potentials which both screen and interact with the quantum part of the system.

The Dielectric Constant
The dielectric constant, a dimensionless number which is a ratio of electrical permittivities against the permittivity of free space determines the chemical characteristics of the solvent. Large numbers are polar solvents. Small numbers apolar. Large numbers mean that the Coulomb terms are attenuated and though the energy still goes off as 1/r the values are smaller than in free space.

The following table is a conflation of data from the following primary and secondary sources which need to be consulted over the precise values to use in research.

Citations for Dielectric Constant Sources
M. Witanowski, W. Sicinska, Z. Biedrzycka, Z. Grabowski, and G. A. Webb, ''J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2'', 619 (1996); A. d' Aprano, A. Capalbi, M. Iammarino, V. Mauro, A. Princi, B. Sesta, J. Solution Chem., Vol. 24, 227, (1995); P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press (4th Edition); and CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, ed. D. R. Lide, 77th edition, (CRC Press, Boca Raton,1996).

The numbers do not always agree, even though they nominally have up three decimal points of accuracy. A single list of recommended numbers has somewhat arbitarially been chosen from the above sources.

Table of Relative permittivities, (dielectric constant), at 25 deg. C.

The molecule lives in a shape where the dielectric is 1, i.e. free space, and outside the quantum zone a continuous dielectric with a permittivity chosen according to the system being modelled. The energies of interaction are most negative when the dielectric constant is high. This can be rationalized by image charges in the dielectric being large near the junction and are screened away rapidly but are near to their opposite values in polar groups in the molecule. Clearly energy per atom, when decomposed will follow the atoms with highest Mulliken charge population.

Such a calculation would allow the prediction of the $$\Delta H$$ of the acetic acids discussed earlier but of course would still give the wrong answer because of the entropic terms being entirely absent from the model.

The solvation model for Macromodel uses functional group derived charges but of course explicitly uses the molecular mechanics shape of the molecule.

Dielectric Screening
For some molecular mechanics application, particularly the calculation of long-range Coulomb forces inside macromolecules, a dielectric constant other than 1 may be used. (A constant of 4 is often used in protein modelling). A true quantum treatment would allow for the internal screening by the electrons but molecular mechanics can only deal with this by some kind of fix. Typically a dielectric constant equivalent to an alkane is used.

 Next Chapter -  ../At the edge of Biology, Genomics and Proteomics/


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User:Llull~enwikibooks

w:ca:Usuari:Llull

title: User:Llull~enwikibooks


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Catalan

What writing system does this language use?
Catalan uses the Roman alphabet, which was originally used in Latin. Today, it is used in almost all European languages.

The letters U and J were added to the Roman alphabet in the Middle Ages. Catalan doesn't use K or W, except in foreign words. Catalan only uses Y in the combination NY.

Catalan also uses Ç (which is considered a variant of C), grave accents (À, È and Ò), acute accents (É, Í, Ó and Ú) and dieresis (Ï and Ü). The letter X is usually pronounced like SH in English, but in some words it is pronounced like X in English.

There also exists the combination L·L, using an interpunct between letters; it is pronounced like LL in the world "caller" in English. The combination LL without the interpunct is pronounced like the gli in the word "tagliatelle" (a kind of pasta).

How many people speak this language?
It is difficult to say how many people speak Catalan because immigration in the last half of the 20th century has doubled the population of the area in which it is spoken. But the estimates are that about 6.5 million people speak it as their native language and roughly another 6.5 million people speak it as a second language, for a total of about 13 million speakers.

Catalan is considered to have more speakers than any other minority language in Europe.

Where is this language spoken?
The Catalan language is spoken in parts of Spain (Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands and La Franja), France (Northern Catalonia), Italy (the little city of Alguer) and the small country of Andorra in the Pyrenees, where it is the only official language.

What is the history of this language?
Catalan is a member of the Romance branch of Indo-European languages, descended largely from Latin. The first documents written in what can be recognized as Catalan rather than vernacular Latin date from about 1000 years ago.

The language was born in Andorra and in the frontier of Spain and France and expanded to the other territories in the Middle Ages.

Except in Andorra, speaking Catalan language has been forbidden three times in history during more than two centuries. Now it can be studied freely in the schools, except in France, where today it is not forbidden but French is the only official language.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
Relatively few Catalan authors are well-known among non-Catalan-speaking people. Here are some examples: Ramon Llull was the first in Western Europe to write about science and philosophy in a modern language. Other important writers of the past were Joanot Martorell (Tirant lo Blanc), Ausiàs March and Jacint Verdaguer (poets).

Important authors of the last century include Quim Monzó, Mercè Rodoreda and Manuel de Pedrolo, who have been translated into many languages.

Are there words in English of Catalan origin?
Yes, but very few, and sometimes it can be difficult to know if they come from Catalan or from another Romance language.

Examples: allioli, aubergine, apricot, barracks, groggy, mayonnaise, mizzen, spinach, tilde...

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Catalan


text:
Technologies for Rural Development

The goal of this book is to educate children about processes and technologies that can improve the lives of people in poor or disadvantaged communities, while respecting their local environment.

When working on this project, remember that it is aimed at children. It must be simple and easily understood while being quite accurate. Use technical vocabulary when you need to, but don't use big words where simpler language would work.

Contents

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) /Using water resources/
 * 3) /Using communication systems/
 * 4) /Health and hygiene/
 * 5) /Building houses/
 * 6) /Ways of farming/
 * 7) /Dealing with waste/
 * 8) /Creating energy/
 * 9) /Building infrastructures/
 * 10) /Improving transportation/

Major Questions
The points to appear in every page are:

 * A summary of the issue or process to be discussed.
 * Brief history of the technologies or processes in question.
 * Applications of technologies that can be used to drive development.
 * Environmental considerations for the technologies or processes.
 * Safety and hygiene.
 * Diagrams to illustrate the main concepts

Translations
The goal of this project is to inform people and especially children in rural communities of technologies that could improve their way of living.

To achieve that goal translating the text into many languages will be an important. As the document evolves it will be probable that each translation will differ from the original English text, in the early stages of the project that would not matter. However, before a text in a language other than English should be deemed complete, it should coincide with the English text. To achieve this either the text in question or the English text could be updated. In case of dispute the English text would prevail as stated in the GNU license.

Tecnologías para el Desarrollo Rural Technologies pour le développement rural

title: Technologies for Rural Development


text:
Technologies for Rural Development/Introduction

Introduction
Rural Development is a term that is used widely in governmental organizations and many publications regarding rural activity in all the countries around the world. This book is about Rural Development at a basic level, with the material directed towards informing children about what can drive the first phases of development.

Technologies for Rural Development/Using water resources
The water resources module explains how the water cycle operates and how important its protection and correct use is to development in all areas of life. A number of technologies that can improve use of water are explained.

Technologies for Rural Development/Building houses
The housing module explains many ways of creating reliable housing in different rural locations around the globe.

Technologies for Rural Development/Ways of farming
This module explains how simple technologies can improve farming in rural areas.

Technologies for Rural Development/Dealing with waste
This module explains how simple technologies can improve waste management to minimise pollution.

Technologies for Rural Development/Building infrastructures
This module explains the importance of building infrastructures and working as a community.

Technologies for Rural Development/Creating energy
This module explains simple ways to create and use energy in developing communities. according to the bhatt pardeep technology for house building and infrastructure development in rural area

Introduction for Parents, Guardians and Educators
The Technologies for Rural Development is a book written by a group of volunteers and made freely available to Internet users, printers and distributors under the terms of its license. It is the result of cooperation between, The Wikimedia Foundation and volunteer writers and editors.

The volunteer writers and contributors thank you for obtaining this book. By making it available to a young person you complete the goal of the project to encourage reading and literacy among young people.

The original text and graphics are available at http://www.wikibooks.org and printed versions may be available from many different entities under license.

Licensing
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License which applies to all Wikibooks projects. Please contact the authors to inform them of any publishing.

Tecnologías para el Desarrollo Rural/Introducción


text:
File:Tiger Title Bar.png

Summary
A title bar of a window under Mac OS X Tiger. Screenshot taken by myself.

title: File:Tiger Title Bar.png


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Technologies for Rural Development/Authors

A list of people who have contributed to Technologies for Rural Development.

Authors

 * Michael Trousdell

Tecnologías para el Desarrollo Rural/Autores


text:
Computational Chemistry/At the edge of Biology, Genomics and Proteomics

 Previous chapter -  ../Continuum solvation models/

The latest method of obtaining lead molecules for drug design involves using genome information to generate the virtual proteins and then generate inhibitors for the proteins by molecular mechanics / dynamics methods. The problem is there is often not enough knowledge of what the proteins coded for actually do. So far the computer programs can generate more lead molecules than can be sensibly tested by the traditional cell assay methods.


text:
CAT-Tools/Similis

Similis is a second-generation translation memory which enhances the productivity of translators and the quality of their translations. Similis currently offers a limited freeware version.

title: CAT-Tools/Similis


text:
Talk:Super NES Programming/SNES Specs

I never understood: Low-pass filter for improved quality of low-frequency (bass) tones

A low-pass filter lets everything UNDER a sepecific frequency through. A low-pass filter at 20Khz would let everything under 20Khz PASS through, that's why it's called a low-PASS. How a low-pass filter would improve bass is beyond me, as it would only let bass through!

I think what is really meant is that the SNES has a hi-pass filter to improve the quality of low-frequency sounds. But it's written the above way everywhere.

Also, address decoders are NOT required for ROMs over 32Mbits (they're just used because ROMS over 32Mbits were prohibitly expensive).

It doesn't have low pass or high pass, it has an 8-tap FIR filter that is applied to the ECHO output. It can improve bass tones because it can do a low-pass effect on certain channels and thus cut out most high frequencies generated from resampling/errors in the sample data.

As you stated, a low pass filter allows the lows to pass, hence the name. Applying a low pass filter to lower quality samples helps to allow more accurate reproduction, leaving out high frequency noise in something such as a bass guitar-effectively helping to reduce the bandwidth used by the sample. For example if the prevalent frequencies are under 5Khz and we apply a low-pass with cut-off at 4.8Khz, we are rolling off the high end of the spectrum of the sample, effectively reducing its bandwidth. For more information on filters and cuts, there are many examples on YouTube.
 * Response:

If you were to use a high-pass (only allowing high frequencies through) on a sample that was strong in the low end, you would effectively reduce the sound below the cutoff threshold, and end up with only high frequency noise. Remember that this is not to be confused with sampling rate, but actual frequency spectrum.

For example, a 30KHz Sampling rate has a range from 0-15KHz of recorded audio frequency range.

HOWEVER, this filtering is done digitally even though the methods I described were simplified, and you can find more information on this, (including FIR) in the Signal Processing Section @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing.

I may have gotten some of this wrong, but just trying to help out :) If this information needs correcting, please feel free to!

Aetern142 (discuss • contribs) 10:23, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Misinformation in "Most common display modes" that I tried to fix
I fixed the definition of Mode 1 to be "2 16 color per tile scrolling layers; 1 4 color per tile scrolling layer" instead of "16 colors per tile; 3 scrolling layers", as the latter implies that all layers in Mode 1 have 16 colors available per tile. However, only the first two layers have 16 colors per tile; the third layer only has 4 colors per tile. I'm unsure why my revision from July was rejected, as it was fixing misinformation. --180.150.49.44 (discuss) 12:08, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Super NES Programming/SNES Specs


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Witch Weekly

Overview
Witch Weekly is a weekly newspaper / magazine similar to the Muggle publication Women's Weekly. It seems to be aimed at middle-aged Wizarding housewives, and is generally full of stories about celebrities (including Harry on occasion) and handy household tips.

Extended Description
When Rita Skeeter writes a story that implies that Hermione is leading both Harry and Viktor Krum on romantically, shortly after the Second Task in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, she is able to get it published in Witch Weekly. As a direct result of this, Hermione gets great quantities of hate mail, one of which is filled with Bubotuber pus. Because of this, she has to miss several classes.

It turns out that Mrs. Weasley also reads Witch Weekly, and because of that story, she rather goes off Hermione; Hermione is dismayed at Easter that year, when the Easter egg that Mrs. Weasley sends Harry is about the size of an ostrich egg, and Hermione's is the size of a chicken's egg. This misunderstanding is not cleared up until the Weasleys come to cheer Harry on in the Third Task, and Harry tells Mrs. Weasley that Hermione was never his girlfriend.

Witch Weekly also gives out a periodic (probably annual) "Most Charming Smile Award," which Gilderoy Lockhart is inordinately proud of having won five times.

Analysis
One thing that has been commented on elsewhere is the realism, the fullness of the vision of the Wizarding world. It is easy to believe, at least while the books are open in front of us, that the Wizarding world that Rowling describes could exist. A large part of that seems to be how completely the author has portrayed, not just the magical aspects of that world, but how the world's inhabitants get along from day to day. Witch Weekly is a tiny, but intriguing part of that. If this sort of publication can exist in the Muggle world, its absence from the Wizarding world would be a small irritant: what would Molly read in the market line-up? Additionally, gossipy pieces, like the discussion of Hermione, Harry, and Viktor, are clearly not news, and so would have to go into some sort of magazine. Failing to include Witch Weekly, or something very like it, would prevent that plot point appearing.

Greater Picture
In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Rita Skeeter tells Hermione quite plainly that the object of a newspaper is to make money. Given that, a market of the type served by Witch Weekly would never be overlooked – all those housewives with a few spare Knuts at the store counter! Just as in the Muggle world, if there are Galleons to be made by selling writings slanted towards one audience, something will come along to make those Galleons. It is to the author's credit that the result is so very believable.


text: Category:Book:United Nations

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title: Category:Book:United States Government


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rita Skeeter

Overview
Rita Skeeter is a free-lance journalist specializing in writing poison-pen stories based on false information and misreported interviews. Her recording tool is a green "Quick-Quotes Quill" that she apparently likes the taste of. Her stories have appeared in The Daily Prophet, Witch Weekly, and, when blackmailed by Hermione Granger, The Quibbler – this last publication does not pay for stories.

Goblet of Fire
Rita Skeeter is first mentioned after the Quidditch World Cup, where the Muggles in charge of the campsite are attacked by Death Eaters. Rita's story, appearing in The Daily Prophet, over-sensationalizes events, and includes some inventions such as supposed dead people being removed from the forest after the Dark Mark appeared. Molly Weasley, reading this, comments that Rita's stories always contain fabrications and should not be believed.

A week later, Ludo Bagman mentions that Rita has heard about Bertha Jorkins' disappearance, and she soon writes a story about it. While we are told the story has been published, we hear nothing else about it.

When the Goblet of Fire selects Harry as a Triwizard Champion, Skeeter interviews him at the Wand Weighing ceremony. However, her 'Quick-Quotes Quill' fabricates many of his supposed comments, such as, "Sometimes at night I still cry about them. I'm not ashamed to admit it." Harry is both troubled and embarrassed by these erroneous statements.

Hermione suggests going to the next Hogsmeade weekend. When pressed, she admits she is hoping to meet up with Ron in the Three Broomsticks. Harry vetoes that particular idea, and will only go under his Invisibility Cloak. Hermione protests but agrees, and once in Hogsmeade, Harry is delighted he can travel without people hurling snide remarks. Hermione thinks he can remove the cloak without being bothered, but Harry points out that Rita Skeeter and her photographer just left the Three Broomsticks. It appears she is staying in the village. Harry suggests she is there to watch the first task.

Following the First Task, as Harry returns to the Castle with Ron, she appears from behind a bush in the Forbidden Forest, asking Harry for a word. Harry provides her with one: "Goodbye." At some point after the first task, Albus Dumbledore had banned Rita from entering Hogwarts Castle.

Skeeter later interviews Hagrid, supposedly for an article about the Blast-Ended Skrewts. While she is setting up the interview, Ron wonders how she got there – hadn't she been banned from Hogwarts? She actually wants to pump Hagrid for information about Harry for another scurrilous story, although Hagrid refuses to say anything negative about him. When she later discovers Hagrid's Giant ancestry, she writes an awful article claiming he is dangerous to students and brutal in his classes.

During the Hogsmeade visit just before the second Triwizard task, the trio encounters Skeeter, who approaches Harry for another interview, but Hermione chases her off, telling her she ruins peoples' lives. This leads Harry to suspect Hermione will be Rita's next victim. Readers may recall that Rita had hinted about a romance between Harry and Hermione, using Colin Creevey as a source. Shortly after this most recent encounter, a vengeful Rita, now writing for Witch Weekly, claims in a new story that Hermione, whom she calls "plain," may be using illegal love potions on both Harry and Viktor Krum. As a result of this story appearing, Witch Weekly readers send anonymous and threatening letters to Hermione. One of the readers taken in by this story is Mrs. Weasley; this temporarily sours the relationship between Mrs. Weasley and Hermione.

When Harry is watching the courtroom scenes in Dumbledore's Pensieve, he spots a younger Rita Skeeter in the audience, with the same Quick-Quotes Quill, reporting the trial.

After the final Triwizard challenge, Hermione traps a beetle while visiting Harry in the school infirmary: it is Rita Skeeter, who is an unregistered Animagus. That is how she eavesdrops on private conversations and reports them in her articles. Hermione suspected she was an Animagus after observing Draco Malfoy conversing with a small object, shortly before the article about Hagrid appeared. She also recalled that whenever any secrets were discussed in private conversations, and then appeared in Rita's stories, there had always been a large beetle in the vicinity. Hermione tells Skeeter she will not report her as an unregistered Animagus if she abstains from writing any stories for the next year.

Order of the Phoenix
Rita is seen again when Hermione meets with her in Hogsmeade village. When Hermione had forced Skeeter to stop writing stories for one year by threatening to expose her as an unregistered Animagus, Rita fell upon hard times. This is evidenced by her once fashionable clothing that has became frayed and worn.

After Harry's assertion that Voldemort has returned (in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire), the Ministry of Magic waged a smear campaign against him and Dumbledore in The Daily Prophet, disputing his claims. To garner support for Harry, Hermione blackmailed Skeeter into writing a favorable story about Harry that Luna Lovegood's father published in his paper, The Quibbler. Rita's story convinced many readers that Harry was telling the truth and Voldemort had returned.

After the Battle at the Department of Mysteries, several Ministry employees, including Cornelius Fudge, personally see that Voldemort has returned. Shortly after, the Daily Prophet reverses its editorial stance, and Harry once again becomes a hero. The Prophet buys the rights to the Quibbler interview and runs it as an "exclusive".

Half-Blood Prince
Although Rita is presumably writing for The Daily Prophet, she plays no role in the story.

Rita is seen at the end of the book, attending Albus Dumbledore's funeral, with her notebook in hand.

Deathly Hallows
The Daily Prophet sends a reporter to interview Rita as a result of her having written a book. This book, a scurrilous and unauthorized biography of Dumbledore, is a typical Skeeter hatchet-job, putting the worst possible interpretation on everything that was known of Dumbledore's early life. This book, which alleged that Dumbledore's sister Ariana was a Squib who had been locked away from society for all her young life, that Dumbledore had been friends with the evil wizard Gellert Grindelwald as a youth and had been discussing his plan to take over the entire world, and that Aberforth had broken Albus' nose at Ariana's funeral, among other things, leaves Harry wondering about his hero. The book plays a major part in this part of the story, appearing first as the interview mentioned above, then twice in excerpts of the book published in the Daily Prophet, and finally Hermione retrieves an actual copy of the book from Bathilda Bagshot's parlour. Harry's worries about Dumbledore, inspired by this book, are only put to rest when Aberforth later tells Harry what actually happened.

Strengths
Little is known about Skeeter's magical talents, though she learned to become an (unregistered) Animagus, which apparently takes considerable wizarding ability. She appears to be an intelligent and resourceful journalist, who uses whatever means she can to uncover information for her stories. As an unregistered Animagus, she uses her beetle form to eavesdrop on unsuspecting witches and wizards who are then victimized by her scurrilous pieces.

Skeeter intuitively knows her readership and works hard and fast to meet their expectations. Her biography of Dumbledore is researched and written in just a few weeks after his death. Skeeter is able to gain her sources' confidence, including Bathilda Bagshot and others, which allows her to document unpleasant aspects of Dumbledore's youth, many based on fact.

Weaknesses
Vain and self-serving, Skeeter is a ruthless and unethical journalist who uses any means to gather information, accurate or false, for her sensationalistic stories. It is quite possible that she employed some magical method on the elderly and senile Bathilda Bagshot to obtain her memories about the Dumbledore clan, information that Bathilda most likely would never have divulged otherwise. Skeeter cares little for how her subjects are affected by her malicious lies, and uses an enchanted "Quick-Quotes Quill" to fabricate "quotes" for her articles. Surprisingly, few, other than her victims, ever seem to doubt Skeeter's words once they are published.

Hermione is eventually able to manipulate Skeeter's shady practices against her, threatening to expose Skeeter as an illegal Animagus to the Ministry of Magic unless she agrees to write a truthful story about Harry Potter and Voldemort. Skeeter's article helps gain the public's sympathy for Harry and Dumbledore's cause.

Relationships with Other Characters
While little is shown of Rita's relationships with other people, we do see that she appears to have a good working relationship with her photographer. This is possibly because she never intends to write anything about him. Anyone else needs to guard what they say around her for fear of having their life histories published, slanted for maximum readership (thus maximum scurrilousness). Likely because of this, Rita has co-workers, but few friends.

Among those she interviews, Rita is regarded with emotions ranging from anger at her misinterpreting what has been said (Elphias Doge, Hermione), through fear that similar misinterpretations are forthcoming (Rubeus Hagrid, Harry Potter), to, at its mildest, cheerfully dismissing anything she has to say or write (Albus Dumbledore).

Rita's favourite subjects for her stories appears to be Harry Potter and Albus Dumbledore, whose fame in the Wizarding realm makes them especially profitable to write about, particularly when she can distort or smear their sterling reputations. While Harry is continually enraged by her ridiculous falsehoods, Dumbledore generally finds what she writes about him as amusing.

Analysis
At the end of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, The Daily Prophet buys the publishing rights to Skeeter's interview with Harry that appeared in The Quibbler. It is interesting that the galleons paid for that story go to the Lovegoods. Quite possibly, Rita received nothing, and this may have increased her hatred of Harry and Hermione, though any story that appears critical of them will be spiked in the editorial environment of the day. It is entirely possible that this is why Rita turned her eye on Dumbledore at the start of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows; if nothing else, Rita is a realist and would know that with Potter still "the Chosen One", she would not be able to get anything published against him. As the tide turned, and Harry became "Undesirable Number One" with a price on his head, it is likely that a large part of the venom hitting the press about him was hers.

Rita is hardly selective with her venom. It appears that previous to her biography about Dumbledore, she had written a similar book about Armando Dippet, the headmaster at Hogwarts before Dumbledore. That book, Armando Dippet: Master or Moron?, is mentioned only in passing, on the cover of the book Rita wrote about Dumbledore. The reader may wonder why Rita is kept in the story, rather than being abandoned like many other single-note characters, when Hermione "pulls her teeth" at the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In the subsequent book, however, we learn that despite Rita's unavailability, the Daily Prophet still appears to have a fair amount of venom available, and continues to use it in a somewhat successful attempt to discredit Harry and Dumbledore. The fact that Rita seems unable to earn a living without muckraking is highlighted in that book as well, so it is little surprise that in the final book of the series, she returns to her original style. Additionally, it is necessary to have a skilled and sympathetic journalist available to tell Harry's side of the story of Voldemort's return. Having met Rita, we are certain of her skill, and Hermione's blackmail forces the sympathy. It is a safe assumption that the author believed that Rita would be useful, despite her hatefulness.

In fact, Rita's venom is a major influence on the plot line of the final book. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Harry's faith in Dumbledore is shaken by revelations in the book Rita writes, and the apparent inability of anyone to refute Rita's scurrilous claims. As discussed in the article on that book, the revelations of Dumbledore's life, and Harry's being forced to deal with them, are an important part of Harry's maturation and becoming an independent individual, rather than just a cog in Dumbledore's machine.

Questions

 * 1) We can assume that Rita Skeeter attended Hogwarts when she was of school age. Which House was she sorted into?