text:
AP Biology/The Science of Biology

Study Time | 2 minutes. (This should be common knowledge for most. Review the keywords you need to, and skip to the next chapter.)

What is Biology?
Biology is the study of living things, literally the science of life. Though there is disagreement, five characteristics that usually define life are:
 * 1) Order - All organisms are cellular, with one or more, and are highly structured.  Atoms create organic molecules, which combine into macromolecules, which construct cellular organelles, and so on.  There is a rising hierarchy of order to life.  Cells form tissues, which make up organs, which are part of organ systems, which work together to form a complex organism.
 * 2) Sensitivity - Organisms respond to their environment, or stimuli.
 * 3) Growth, development, and reproduction - The ability to grow and reproduce are fundamental traits inherent to all organisms.  Organisms also possess hereditary molecules (usually DNA) that are passed to offspring.
 * 4) Regulation - Regulatory mechanisms coordinate an organism's internal functions, including food intake, waste disposal, and many more.
 * 5) Homeostasis - All organisms are capable of maintaining relatively constant internal conditions, different from their environment.  The ability to maintain this internal balance is called homeostasis.

Scientific Reasoning
Science is a methodology for learning about the world. The scientific method deals with systematic investigation, reproducible results, the formation and testing of hypotheses, and reasoning. Reasoning can be broken down into two categories: induction and deduction. Most reasoning in science is done through induction.

Inductive Reasoning
Definition: Determining a general statement from several facts. (Not always accurate) Example: We have had a test every Tuesday for the past three months; therefore, we will have a test next Tuesday (and all Tuesdays).

Deductive Reasoning
Definition: Determining a single fact from a general statement. (Only as accurate as the statement) Example: The teacher said she checks homework every Monday; therefore she will check homework on next Monday.

The Scientific Method
The scientific method is not a step by step, linear process. It is an intuitive process, a methodology for learning about the world through the application of knowledge. Scientists must be able to have an "imaginative preconception" of what the truth is. Scientists will often observe and then hypothesize the reason why a phenomenon occurred. They use all of their knowledge and a bit of imagination, all in an attempt to uncover something that might be true. A typical scientific investigation might go like so:

The general process is summed up by this diagram. Scientists first make observations that raise a particular question. In order to explain the observed phenomenon, they develop a number of possible explanations, or hypotheses. This is the inductive part of science, observing and constructing plausible arguments for why an event occurred. Experiments are then used to eliminate one of more of the possible hypotheses until there one hypothesis remains. Using deduction, scientists use the principles of their hypothesis to make predictions, and then test to make sure that their predictions are confirmed. After many trials (repeatability) and all predictions have been confirmed, the hypothesis then may become a theory.

Quick Definitions

 * Observation - quantitative and qualitative measurements of a particular phenomenon.
 * Inference - deriving new knowledge based upon old knowledge.
 * Hypotheses - a suggested explanation.
 * Rejected Hypothesis - an explanation that has been ruled out through experimentation.
 * Accepted Hypothesis - an explanation that has not been ruled out through excessive experimentation and makes verifiable predictions that are true.
 * Experiment - A test that is used to rule out a hypothesis or validate something already known.
 * Scientific Method - The process of scientific investigation.
 * Theory - A widely accepted hypothesis that stands the test of time. It has withstood many attempts at falsification.

Bioethics
As our ability to manipulate life in profound ways has increased with the advent of technologies like genetic modification, pharmacology, and cloning, we as a species have taken upon ourselves the obligation to be responsible with our power. Given our understanding of the processes that allow life to exist, we must use our knowledge to advance humanity. The study of this responsibility is called bioethics.

title: AP Biology/The Science of Biology


text:
AP Biology/The Nature of Molecules

Study Time | X minutes. (explanation.)

Keywords
electron                   exergonic reaction proton                     organic catalysts (enzymes) neutron                    hydrogen bond ionic bond                 cohesion polar covalent bond        adhesion nonpolar covalent bond     capillary action isomer                     heat capacity polymer                    acid activation energy          base endergonic reaction

Subatomic Particles
Subatomic particles are the particles that make up atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons cluster in a dense core called the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. The number of protons in a nucleus determines the name of the atom: one proton is hydrogen, two is helium, etc. See the periodic table for a full listing of all the atoms.

Molecules
Molecules are groupings of atoms that bond together to form one building block of a substance. For example, water is H2O. A single molecules of H2O would be 2 hydrogen atoms and a lone oxygen atom.

Molecules are held together by three different bonds: ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar covalent. An ionic bond is a bond between a metal and a non-metal. Generally the metal takes electrons from the non-metal, creating a very strong bond. A polar covalent bond is between two non-metals. A covalent bond is formed when valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell) are shared between the two atoms. Each atom wants to have eight valence electrons, and achieves this by sharing electrons and forming bonds. A polar covalent bond is when the electrons are shared unequally, because one of the atoms has a higher electronegativity (pull on electrons). A nonpolar covalent bond has electrons shared equally.

(Needs info on polar and nonpolar molecules, also on isomers, enantiomers, etc.)

Compounds
ionic bonds covalent (polar/nonpolar) bonds isomers polymers

Reactions
Any process in which chemicals change properties or identities (i.e. transform into other substances) is called a reaction. The substances that participate (enter) in a reaction are called the reactants; substances that form once the reactants react are called the products. For instance, consider the production of water (H2O):

$$2\hbox{H}_{2(g)} + \hbox{0}_{2(g)} \to 2\hbox{H}_2\hbox{0}_{(l)}$$

The reaction dictates that for every two parts hydrogen (H2) and one part oxygen(O2) reacting together, two parts water will form as a product.

Energy in Reactions
The problem, however, is that not all reactions - including this one - will occur unless energy is added to fuel the reaction. The energy needed for such a reaction to occur is called the activation energy, or threshold energy. In the water reaction above, we would have to combust (burn) both gases (when mixed together) to produce water, the end result. The combustion, in this case, provides the activation energy needed to fuel the reaction.

Reactions can also be classified and categorized based on their relationships with the energy involved. Endergonic reactions absorb energy in the process; exergonic reactions release energy in the process. The general form for an endergonic reaction is:

$$\hbox{energy} + \hbox{A} \to \hbox{B}$$

and the general form for an exergonic reaction is:

$$\hbox{A} \to \hbox{B} + \hbox{energy}$$

Enzymes
Some reactions can be catalyzed - sped up - to overcome the 'barrier' set by activation energy. To do so, a catalyst is introduced - a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction but does not chemically affect either the reactants or the products. In biology, catalysis is usually carried out by specialized proteins called enzymes. Enzymes contain a region called an active site; when the reactants (also referred to as substrates) interact with the active site, they bind to the site (this is called the enzyme-substrate complex) and undergo an alternate reaction that requires less energy. The enzyme then releases the substrates, which have combined to form the product.

Water
The wonderful properties of water.

Cohesion Cohesion is an intermolecular attraction between like molecules, and is useful in describing why certain liquids (such as water) have peculiar properties like surface tension (which create a skin like barrier between the air and the water.)

Adhesion Adhesion is the attraction of liquid molecules to other surfaces, this can be contrasted to cohesion which is the intermolecular attraction.

Capillary Action When adhesive forces are stronger than cohesive force, liquids can actually travel against the force of gravity, this is particularly useful when describing xylem in plant tissues and blood vessels. What aides in having adhesive forces stronger than cohesive forces is the fact that the path the liquid travels is very narrow, this creates a proportional lessening of cohesion (intermolecular bonds) to adhesion, attraction to the conduit of the liquid.

Heat capacity Also known as thermal capacity is the ability of matter to store heat, it is usually measured as the heat energy (joules) used to create a 1 Kelvin increase in a particular object.

Acid/Base
Acids are substances that have a higher concentration of $$H+$$ ions relative to the concentration of OH- ions (example: acetic acid - $$CH_3COOH$$). Conversely, bases are substances that have a higher concentration of $$OH^{-}$$ ions relative to the concentration of $$H+$$ ions (example: sodium hydroxide). The strength of acids and bases is determined by how much they dissociate in water. Neutral pH water has a H+ concentration of $$10^{-7}$$. The addition of an acid would actually increase the hydrogen ion concentration even though the pH would become $$<10^7$$. This can be explained by the fact that the smaller the exponent, the larger the value. Thus, if the pH of a substance changes by 1, then it becomes 10 times more acidic or basic. There are three definitions of acids and bases (will be explained in the section below).

Acid Base / pH

The letters pH stand for "power of hydrogen"

One can measure pH using either litmus paper (which changes color using reduction/oxidation reactions) or a metal probe (where the substance will make electrons move toward or away from the probe).

The common Silver-Silver Chloride reference electrode used with most combination pH electrodes has a Potassium Chloride salt-bridge which is saturated with Silver Chloride.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AP Biology/The Nature of Molecules


text:
AP Biology/The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Study Time | X minutes. (explanation.)

There's a helpful online of the topic available here.

Organic Elements
Of the 92 natural elements, 25 are essential for life. Of these, there are six main elements that are the fundamental building blocks of life. They are, in order of least to most common: sulfur, phosphorous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen. An easy way to remember this is SPONCH - a nice mnemonic. The remaining 19 elements are defined as trace elements, which are important, but required only in very small quantities. The basis of life is carbon. Carbon's importance comes mainly from the enormous variety of structures that it can form due to its unusual four valence electrons. Most important of these structures is the carbon chain, which forms the "backbone" of fatty acids and carbohydrates, among other organic molecules. Other elements do share properties similar to carbon, in this regard. However, they are not as prevalent on earth as carbon.

The Three Macromolecules
All life is composed mainly of the macromolecule building blocks: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The interactions of different polymers of these basic molecule types make up the majority of life's structure and function.

Carbohydrates
Overview - all Carbohydrates contain these three elements (usually in a 1:2:1 ratio) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

 * Monosaccharides - the simplest form of carbohydrates, contains one sugar. These are the basic energy sources for living cells. Examples of monosaccharides are glucose and fructose.

 * Disaccharides - two monosaccharides bonded by a glycosidic bond (formed by dehydration synthesis). One example is maltose, which is specifically two glucose bonded together.

 * Polysaccharides - three or more monosaccharides (in repeated units). These are most complex form of carbohydrates. A polysaccharide is a type of polymer. Some examples of polysaccharides, which are commonly used as energy storage molecules in cells, are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Dehydration synthesis / Hydrolysis

Proteins
Proteins are the most abundant of the organic molecules, comprising about 50% of a cell's dry weight. The most basic monomer of a protein is the amino acid. Amino acids share a common structure; all consist of a carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group, and amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group. A particular protein's overall conformation can be considered on four levels; primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure. These levels of structure combine to create a complete protein that may serve many different functions within a cell.

Amino Acid Structure and Function
Amino acids are the most basic units of a polypeptide. They are comprised of four parts; the alpha carbon, the amino group, the carboxyl group, and finally an R group.

Expound on carboxyl-amino peptide bonds, R group types and interactions

Levels of Structure
Protein structure is influenced on four levels; primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

Primary

 * The primary structure is simply the arrangement of amino acids in a single polypeptide chain. This is the part of a protein that is directly coded for by DNA.

Secondary

 * The secondary structure is the interaction of the amino acids that make up the primary structure. The most common examples of secondary structure in a polypeptide are the α helix and the β pleated sheet.  Most secondary structure is determined by intermolecular interactions between the carboxyl groups and the amino groups of amino acids, interacting to form Structural Biochemistry, Chemical Bonding and Hydrogen bonds.  α helices are most commonly found in fibrous proteins such as those that make up hair and muscles.  β pleated sheets, due to their strength and density, are commonly found in globular proteins like hemoglobin.

Tertiary

 * The tertiary structure is highly irregular. It occurs as a result of interactions between the R groups, amino acid side chains, and the aqueous environment.  These interactions create the individual conformation of a particular polypeptide chain.  The most common interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.  The strongest bonds, however, are due to covalent linkage, usually between two R groups.  The most prevalent example of covalent linkage is the disulfide bridge.

Quaternary

 * The quaternary structure of a protein describes the interactions between multiple polypeptide chains. Quaternary interactions can only occur in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain.

Functions of Proteins
1. Structural Support

2. Storage

3. Transport

4. Signaling

5. Cellular Response to Chemical Stimuli

6. Movement

7. Defense Against Foreign Organisms

8. Catalysis of Biochemical Reactions

Lipids
structure and function, ester bonds, etc. Lipids are composed of fatty acids.

Types of Lipids
saturated, unsaturated, trans fat Saturated fats- there is c-c(single bond). Ex-animal fat,butter, cheese

Unsaturated fats- they have c=c(double bond). Two types:PUFA and MUFA( good fats) 1. Mono unsaturated fatty acid, MUFA: one double bond. Ex- olive oil, avocado, sesame oil 2. Poly unsaturated fatty acid, PUFA:more than one double bond. Ex- seafood, walnut,chia seeds

TRANS FATS(bad fat) They are type of unsaturated fatty acid which are partially hydrogenated to create solid form. Ex- vanaspati ghee, fried products

Trans fat raise bad LDL cholesterol level and lowers good HDL cholesterol level. Eating trans fat increase the risk of cardiovascular disease & type-2 diabetes.

Properties of Lipids
hydrophobic and philic, use of in cell

Steroids
Steroids are a family of organic compounds whose multiple rings share carbons. Sports players use steroids to strengthen their muscles. In most competition due to the performance boosting effect they are morally regarded as an unfair advantage and some of the compounds are listed as illegal.

Note: Nucleic acids or DNA are sometimes considered to be the fourth essential building block however, since DNA is not simply a macromolecule - instead being a structure - it strictly cannot be included in this list.

Quick summary of the importance of Dehydration Synthesis + Hydrolysis

Articles

 * Carbohydrates
 * Lipids
 * Proteins
 * Amino acids
 * Nucleic acids


text:
Japanese/Elementary Japanese/Lesson 2

Dialog
You can check out the translation here

What is a copula?
In English, the verb 'to be' serves two purposes: It acts as the copula, and it acts as the verb for existence. However, in many languages, including Japanese, these two verbs are separate—so it helps to have an understanding of the difference between the two usages.

A copula can be thought of as an equals sign: it equates two things to each other. In the sentence "That is a dog," 'is' is the copula. In the sentence "The dog is inside," you don't mean that 'the dog' and 'inside' are the same thing; you mean that the dog exists inside.

These two usages have different verbs in Japanese, so it'd be good to get used to it now. Here are some examples:

Using 'to be' as a copula:
 * That man is the president.
 * Joe is a salesman.
 * The dog is a golden retriever.
 * This paper is my report.

Using 'to be' to mean existence:
 * Sara is outside.
 * The plate is on the table.
 * The watch is on my wrist
 * They are at the mall.
 * There is John.

The Japanese Copula
In Japanese, です is the copula. It is used to equate two things. Let's look into translating the sentence, "This is a dictionary," into Japanese.

Since Japanese uses subject-object-verb word order, the copula (and all other verbs) come last in the sentence. If we were to form the English sentence in this way, it'd go like this: "This a dictionary is." If we directly translate the words to Japanese and throw in a particle to separate and denote the function of the words in the sentence, then we'll be done.

The word 'is', as I mentioned above, becomes です. We can use これ and じしょ for 'this' and 'dictionary', respectively. In this instance, これ is our subject (actually our topic), so we add the topic particle は after it (the direct-object, dictionary, does not need a particle when used with the copula.) Now, our sentence is "これはじしょです. ", which is a complete, understandable Japanese sentence.

Review

 * AはBです. - A is B, A is a B.

title: Japanese/Elementary Japanese/Lesson 2


text:
Wikibooks:Manual of Style

The Wikibooks Manual of Style serves to establish good structural and stylistic practices to help editors produce higher quality wikibooks.

Wikibook titles

 * See also Naming policy for information on how to name books and their chapters.

Wikibooks should be titled based on their aspect. This is a combination of the target audience, scope, and depth of the book. Several books on one topic but with differing aspects can exist. For example, a book on woodwork aimed at the general public may be entitled simply "Woodworking", and a mathematics text for commerce students may be called "Mathematics for Commerce" or "Commercial Mathematics" instead of simply "Mathematics".

Some people prefer to use title casing, as books often do, while other people prefer to use sentence casing, as Wikipedia does. Title casing is recommended for book titles as it reduces potential confusion between title- and shelf-categories. Casing on subpage names and sections is entirely a matter of style. Whatever combination of schemes for book titles, pages and sections, please be consistent and follow the existing style for books you are editing.

Sub-page names that describe what the chapter is about — for example, "Chess/Notating_The_Game" — are preferred over numbered chapters — like "Chess/Chapter_10" — so that inserting new chapters in between existing chapters, or reordering chapters, requires less work.

Structure

 * See also book design for some helpful tips and ideas.

Main page
The main page is generally the first page a new reader sees. It should give a quick overview of the scope, intended audience and layout of the book. Splash pages should be avoided. Often the layout is simply the full table of contents. Collections, printable versions and PDF files should be easily accessible from this page.

Links to the book from the card catalog office and external websites should point to a book's main page. The subject index on the card catalog office requires the shelves template to be placed on the main page of the book. The book's main page and category should be placed in any categories that the book belongs to. Indicate a book's completion status with status to provide readers with an idea of how far along the book is when browsing the shelf pages. If you still require help with categorizing a book, please request assistance in the reading room.

Interlingual links should be placed on the book's main page. Books across language projects may be dissimilar even when about the same subject. Be wary about placing interlingual links on any other pages.

Table of contents
In general, the table of contents should be on the main page, giving readers an overview of the available material. In cases where this is impractical, a special page can be created for it. Common names for such pages are Contents, Table of contents or similar.

Introduction
An introduction page is the first page where learning begins. A book's introduction page commonly delves into purpose and goals of the book; what the book aims to teach, who the audience is, what the book's scope is, what topics the book covers, history of the subject, reasons to learn the subject, any conventions used in the book, or any other information that might make sense in an introductory chapter. Common names for such pages are Introduction or About. The latter is more commonly used when information about the book is split from the introduction of the subject matter.

The local manual of style—when it is not part of the Introduction page -- is often named literally "Local style manual", "Manual of style", "How to contribute", "How you can help", "About", etc. — appended to the book name, of course. Whatever it is called in the book you are editing, it would be nice if a link to it is on the same page as the table of contents. Having a local manual of style is further discussed in WB:LMOS.

Navigation
Navigation aids are links included on pages to make navigating between pages easier. Navigation aids can help make reading books easier for readers, but can also make maintaining and contributing to books harder. Most web browsers can back track through pages already visited, and the wiki software also adds links for navigating back to the table of contents if pages use the slash convention in their name and a book's main page is the table of contents as suggested. Using a book-specific template to hold navigation aids (rather than copy-and-paste onto each page of the book) can help reduce some of the maintenance issues, since only that template must be edited if things change. There is no standard for navigation aids. Navigation aids are optional due to their potential drawbacks.

Glossary
A glossary lists terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. A glossary is completely optional and is most useful in books aimed at people new to a field of study. Glossary should always be used for such a page.

Appendices
An appendix includes important information that does not quite fit into the flow of a book. For example a list of math formulas might be used as an appendix in a math book. Appendices are optional and books may have more than one appendix. Examples of common ways to name appendices are <tt>Appendix/Keywords</tt> and <tt>Appendix:Formulas</tt>.

Examples:

 * Conlang/Appendix/Glossary
 * Inkscape/Appendix:Reference

Cover pages
Cover pages are useful for print versions. These should be separated from the main page (remember: Wikibooks is not paper) but can be used to make print versions. When used, commonly named <tt>Cover</tt>.

Print versions
See Help:Print versions for more on print versions. They are often named <tt>Book Name/Print version</tt>.

PDF versions
Some books have a <tt>File:Bookname.pdf</tt> for the entire book at once in a single PDF file. If someone creates a PDF version of a book, it would be nice if that PDF file were mentioned at PDF versions, and were placed on the table of contents to link to that PDF file.

Examples

 * Control Systems has a great introduction describing (and linking to some of) the prerequisites for this book.
 * Spanish uses a splash page, but the table of contents is well annotated and accessible.
 * Haskell has a very nice layout sectioned off for audiences of different levels.

Style
Where appropriate the first use a word or phrase akin to the title of the page should be marked in bold and when a new term is introduced, it is italicised.

Headers
Headers should be used to divide page sections and provide content layout. Primary information should be marked with a "==", and information secondary to that should be marked with a "===" header, and so on, for example:

== Animals == There are many kinds of animals. === Cats === Cats are animals. === Dogs === Dogs are animals.

There is no need to provide systematic navigation between headers; only provide navigation between pages. A list of sections is automatically provided on the page when more than 3 headers are used.

Linking
Books with a deep sub-page hierarchy should include navigation links to help navigate within the hierarchy. Templates can help maintain consistency by making it easy to include navigational aids on the necessary pages.

Footnotes and references
Wikibooks has a couple of really simple implementations for footnotes and references. One uses note to place notes at the bottom of the page and ref to reference these at appropriate places in the text. The other places the references between tags right in the text, and then uses the reflist or
 * $$\int_0^\infty {1 \over {x^2 + 1}}\,dx = \frac{\pi}{2}$$
 * $$\int_0^\infty {1 \over {x^2 + 1}}\,dx = \frac{\pi}{2}$$

is correctly used for "display" guidelines.
 * }

If a notation does not render as a PNG, you may force it to do so by adding a "<tt>\,\!</tt>" at the end of the formula.

Software
Books that are about computer software or rely on the use of computer software to illustrate examples should clearly indicate which version of the software is relevant to the book, page, or section at hand. Templates to help with this and examples of their usage is available at Wikibooks:Templates.

Colors
Be careful in the use of colour to maintain accessibility.

Nesting
Nesting refers to when subchapters are nested/below/each/other/like/this. In some cases, this may be appropriate, such as with large textbooks that contain subsections with a lot of content. Avoid creating excessive subchapters that each contain very little content—instead, consider merging these into a single chapter, with headers to divide the content as appropriate. Additionally, when nesting, it is important to have an intuitive and accessible navigation system. Having tables of contents "hidden" within subchapters is usually inappropriate, as this makes it difficult to view the book structure at a glance and navigate between sections. It also presents challenges for automatically-updating navigation templates such as Template:Nav. Instead, it is usually better to link all subchapters in the main table of contents as follows:
 * Chapter 1
 * Subchapter A
 * Subchapter α
 * Chapter 2
 * etc.

title: Wikibooks:Manual of Style


text:
Wikibooks talk:Manual of Style

title category vs subject category
''See also the earlier page casing discussion at Wikibooks talk:Manual of Style. --DavidCary (talk) 13:13, 24 August 2009 (UTC)''

''See also the earlier title casing discussion at Wikibooks talk:Naming policy. --DavidCary (talk) 13:13, 24 August 2009 (UTC)''

''See also the earlier title casing discussion at Talk:Using Wikibooks/Subjects, Categories, and Classifications#Title Case vs Sentence Case. --DavidCary (talk) 02:11, 26 August 2009 (UTC)''

''See also the earlier title casing discussion at Subject talk:Books by subject. --DavidCary (discuss • contribs) 13:26, 3 December 2013 (UTC)''

Is the "title category" mentioned in this manual of style the same as what Categories calls a "book category"?

This manual of style briefly mentions "the potential conflict between title- and subject-categories." and seems to actively encourage creating a title category and a subject category that differ only in their capitalization.

However, many people -- even people that recommend capitalizing different kinds of things differently -- strongly discourage creating two names that differ only in their capitalization.

For example: "don't use the same word for a namespace name and a classname and don't choose variable names which differ from each other only by capitalization" -- "GLAST Ground Software Standards: A Start". "No two file names that differ only in capitalization". -- "Squid 3 coding style guidelines". "it's very easy to mis-read, or indeed mis-type words that differ only by case." -- Stack Overflow. "Splint reports identifiers that differ only in alphabetic case. ... useful to check that internal names are more distinct then required by the compiler to minimize the likelihood that identifiers are confused in the program." -- "Secure Programming Lint" manual.

Is there a way to adjust this manual of style so it discourages (or at least does not encourage) creating a title category and a subject category that differ only in their capitalization? Preferably a way that avoids instruction creep ?

--DavidCary (talk) 05:25, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I can see how it might be confused this way. What is meant is that since the book name and the book category are suppose to use the same casing, the book should use title casing in order to avoid conflicts with subject categories. I don't think anyone is suggesting the names should differ only in capitalization. --dark lama  11:42, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that the book category should differ in *more* than just capitalization from any subject category. As far as I know, that is currently true at Wikibooks. As long as that is true, it is impossible for a book category to "conflict" with any subject category, no matter how either one of them is capitalized.
 * A special style rule whose only reason for existing is to prevent such impossible "conflicts" seems like instruction creep to me.
 * Alas, I have seen someone suggest (Talk:Computer_Programming) a subject category and a book category that differ in only one letter's capitalization. --DavidCary (talk) 19:26, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Conflicts are possible and they do happen. There is currently no requirements in place to prevent or address conflicts when they happen. I don't think adding requirements to prevent conflicts is instruction creep. I would prefer to go even further by adding a lot of requirements, because I think not having anything to say on the matter is a source of some problems. Some of the things I'd like to see include:

 * Book names must use title case. No lowercase, uppercase or mixed case titles.
 * Book names must be more descriptive then just the name of the subject because multiple books on a subject are allowed. Be precise.
 * Parentheses words, punctuations, abbreviations and acronyms must not be used in book or page names.
 * Disambiguous pages are not allowed because Wikibooks has subject pages and categories.
 * Page names must be chronological order neutral. In other words No "Chapter 1", "Lesson 5", "Page 20".
 * Page names must be kept simple and not overly descriptive. Don't use "Introduction to Mathematics" as a page in a Math book when "Introduction" will do.
 * Don't start book or page names with words like "The", "A" or "An". Maybe even require that adverbs be avoided altogether.
 * Book and page names must use singular nouns unless that noun is always in plural form in English.
 * Book and page names must be in English.
 * Book and page names must not be sentences.
 * Page names must be proper nouns. Maybe even require the same for book names or at least must end with a proper noun.

 * --dark lama  12:31, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

 * reset

I doubt that there would be any objections to items 2, 4 and 9. I don't like the items 1 and 7 mostly because of esthetic's and can't see a good enough reason for them in Wikibooks (a software solution could be requested and applied were problems may ariser). Item 3 is problematic and can be addressed without a rule in a case by case or in a more watered down version "must not be used" is to hard for this issue, or create a list of exceptions. I will address this point in one of the books I'm editing as it seems reasonable to simplify the title. The same on item 8 "must use", "should use" since it depends on items 10 and 11, I can't remember an existing issue with this items and ruling on them would reduce creativity/freedom on naming the books. As I understand item 5 I'm strongly opposed this has a negative impact on the structure of bigger books, I would agree that it can be annoying to have unnecessary sub-sectioning in smaller projects but any project is just that a project not a finished work so I don't see how to fix it without creating a barrier to the projects development. I don't fully understand item 6 to comment on it but looking to the simplification I strongly object to it, one must remember that books are stand alone projects that will exist outside of the Wikibooks context... In any case if at the end of the discussion no one objects to item 2, 4 and 9 we should get a proposal, those items will already create a lot of cleanup work. --Panic (talk) 19:51, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I support : Book names must be more descriptive then just the name of the subject because multiple books on a subject are allowed. Be precise. However, I hear that Thenub314 says single word titles are often appropriate.
 * In general, I am opposed to instructions that don't help. I am opposed to instructions that don't actually solve any problems.
 * I am opposed to "Book names must use title case", because
 * (a) Some authors prefer sentence case, and their wishes should not be overridden for no good reason. (b) The only reason given above and on the Manual of Style for forcing those authors to use title case is to "avoid conflicts between a 'book category' and a 'subject category'". (c) As Jomegat pointed out, even if all books used title case, it still wouldn't "avoid conflicts between a 'book category' and a 'subject category'" -- in particular, in the case of one-word book titles. (d) Once any rule is adopted that prevents conflicts between one-word 'book category' and one-word 'subject category', that rule alone fixes the alleged "problem" caused by sentence-case book titles. (Two or three such rules have already been proposed  ). Once the problem is fixed, then the "Book names must use title case" rule is unnecessary. --DavidCary (talk) 23:25, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

 * In this case we seem to be in agreement, probably User:Darklama or User:Adrignola (since he has been doing work on the categories and subjects) could help clarify if this is really indispensable and so why. Or it should be made a default standard without a particular obligation. In any case I can only see the manual of style being adopted as a guideline, that in itself provides avenues for non compliance if justified.
 * One thing that is related to this and should be incorporated in the BeBold is that page moves and page renames, as any action on any book project that changes the book's adoption of styles (those covered on this proposal or others, as an example changes to the templates used) shouldn't fall under that guideline and should always require at least a first attempt to find consensus by posting a proposal on the book's talk page. --Panic (talk) 23:41, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't agree with Panic on changes to a book's title or the templates it uses. That is a personal position on the matter and I see no exception listed for page moves or template changes.  I don't care to turn Wikibooks into a bureaucracy where every change to a book has to go through a committee and be approved before it can be implemented.  If someone wants to improve a book they're not going to wait six months for the three people (if that many) who might still be working on a book to come around and notice a comment posted to a talk page.

 * This issue is about a resolvable as bookshelves and subjects and I'm frankly tired of rehashing it. You've got my comments on all the talk pages linked above and I'll summarize by saying that I agree with the current manual of style guidelines.  If a book category and subject category are both trying to use a single word, the book category must append "(book)" after it to distinguish it from the other.  This complicates things by making it so the simple  template cannot be used.  If people would simply use a title of two words, using title case, to avoid conflicts with a subject category of two words using sentence case, there would be no problems.  This is not simply a matter of personal preferences!  If people put their book's pages into a subject category because the name conflicts, it screws up the corresponding subject page, listing book title pages as well as book subpages.  This may not matter to those of you who like bookshelves, but it breaks the subjects for those who like them and there have to be rules in place to keep things orderly.  I'm sorry if this limits flexibility for book authors but an individual book must respect the functioning of the community as a whole. -- Adrignola talk contribs 14:40, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

 * From past discussions, I'm satisfied that if the name of a one-word book title is the same as the name of a subject category, then the book title is — in practice — guaranteed to be underdescriptive, and should be changed; if nothing else, probably it should indicate the level of the intended audience, like "Basic Algebra" or "Introduction to Algebra" instead of "Algebra".

 * Personally, I think title case should always be used for book titles because it looks more uniform, thus less haphazard, and more professional, and therefore reflects well on the project. (And no, I don't think this holds for chapter/section titles, except that they should be cased consistently within a single book, because chapters of different books aren't usually set next to each other for comparison.)

 * However, these positions ought to stand on their own, without leaning on the claim that they are needed because our technical category-naming conventions require them. And, indeed, I submit that while they could lean on it in the short run, in the long run they cannot because it doesn't have to remain so.  Here is just one example (an existence proof) of an alternative book-category naming convention that would guarantee non-collision between book- and subject-categories, and that could be shifted to without discontinuity:  For a book with, say, rootbookname , call its book-category  .  For the transition from one convention to the other, first augment {{ROOTBOOKNAME}} to handle book-category names of both old and new styles, then augment BookCat to check for existence of a new-style book category.  After that, individual categories can be handled one at a time at our "leisure".  (Refinement:  BookCat ought to check for a new-style category, if found then use it, else check for an old-style category, if found then use it, else use the new-style category; and someday, when there are no more old-style book-categories, the expensive   calls can be removed from the template.)  --Pi zero (talk) 20:00, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Regarding the need to exclude some tasks from the BeBold. Your argument that it adds bureaucracy is invalid, at most it would include a small delay and would provide a chance for others to oppose such radical moves. These can't be categorized as bureaucracy as it will not require administrative action, add complexity or impede effective action, just the opposite.
 * At least mentioning on this guideline a specific exclusion of changing book's adopted styles from BeBold would be beneficial, it would provide stability to works and reduce errors. We can address it in detail latter when a proposal to include those changes on the BeBold itself is made. --Panic (talk) 20:05, 8 September 2009 (UTC)
 * PS: To be clear, I'm not making this a point as to object to the proposal. I'm only mentioning that as the inclusion would be beneficial.  --Panic (talk) 20:11, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Many people -- even people that recommend capitalizing different kinds of things differently -- strongly discourage creating two names that differ only in their capitalization. Is there a way to adjust this manual of style and the Using Wikibooks/Subjects, Categories, and Classifications page so they discourage (or at least do not encourage) creating a title category and a subject category that differ only in their capitalization? Someone once claimed that I don't think anyone is suggesting the names should differ only in capitalization.. However, "Using Wikibooks/Subjects, Categories, and Classifications" says
 * "... Category:Emergency Medicine acting as the book category ... and Category:Emergency medicine acting as the subject category ..."

which seems to suggest exactly that. --DavidCary (discuss • contribs) 16:30, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Do you have anything new to add to the discussion? Otherwise this is just rehashing everything written above. As long as people choose to name books after subject names and prefer to organize books by subject this is going to be a problem. The manual of style recommends to use a descriptive name for books that includes the target audience, scope, and depth because multiple books on one subject are allowed and to name the book category after the book name. The problem only exists for books that don't follow the recommendation. The solution is to follow the recommendation. --dark lama  21:31, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Interesting in improving?
Is anyone else interested in refining this style guide to the point where it could be submitted as a proposal at some point? I couldn't go through every proposal archive, but I couldn't find any recent attempt. It's not as though I don't think this is a good start; I don't disagree with any of the major principles presented here. But I wonder if it might be worth it to more clearly define a few of the specific qualities expected in a Wikibook to a) create a more uniform experience and b) give new users a better resource to learn how to create and edit books correctly. Since the Chicago Manual of Style is often used as the go-to reference guide for book formatting, I'm willing to use that as a launching point for a few potential policies, but I'm not going to glue us to that. There is no need (at this time) to go as in-depth as the WP:MOS, but things I'd like to do include:

Runfellow (discuss • contribs) 18:53, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Adapting a similar policy regarding variations of the English language. In other words, use a consistent version throughout. If an article has a particular connection to a region, use that regional variety.
 * Change "Structure" to "Book Structure". As it is now, the Structure section contains information about the structure of a book as a whole as well as individual pages (i.e. Navigation), which makes it confusing for new users to determine exactly what goes on every page. This might best be fixed by dividing the new "Book structure" section into three sections: "Front matter", "main content", "back matter", etc. If needed, we can add a "Page structure" section.
 * Establishing a consensus between title and sentence case for chapter titles...maybe.
 * Changing "Bibliography" to "References" in almost all cases. The latter is a more general term that encompasses all referenced materials.
 * Although I'm fine with having different ways to use references, we might want to have some clearer information on how to use them and remain consistent.
 * Clarifying whether glossaries are counted as appendices, and if so, putting that section of the MOS in the correct place.
 * I'd like to make many more smaller changes, and might go ahead and make a few that I'd consider noncontroversial, but this list is just sort of the beginning.

Bolding on headers?
Hi. I was going around the recent changes of Wikibooks [to review pending revisions] and I see that Introduction to model railways's sub-headers are in bold. I checked to see if there are any remarks about bolding headers in Manual_of_Style, but there seems to be no mentioning about this. I also don't know if pinging the author of this page would work since he/she is a new user to Wikibooks.

Personally, I believe that bolding headers are a little unappealing for a page, but I can't remove those bolded headers without any sort of rule backing me up. Thoughts? --Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 15:40, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

 * I would make the suggestion on the talk page, and ping the author. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 16:42, 21 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I would think that making a guideline not to do this is fine. Perhaps authors incorrectly think that it's used to grab attention or used as a header. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 17:44, 21 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I think it is better to ping the author to this talk page. So, your comment is needed here. Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 17:46, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

My focus for the last few days has been content. Style can come later. Personally, I would say that the current arrangement is OK, although I am open to other ways of making the sub-headings stand out. But as there is no specific style guide, I don’t plan to change this at the moment. This conversation would be better held on the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tracklayingninja (talk • contribs) 04:45, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Manual of Style


text:
Template:PD-self

This adds a page to Category:Public domain works by self.

pl:Szablon:PD-self vi:Tiêu bản:PD-self

title: Template:PD-self


text:
Horn/General/Fingering Chart

The horn spans four plus octaves depending on the player and uses both the treble and bass clefs. In this chart it is assumed the player is using a double-horn with F and Bb sides. The number 1 indicates that the index-finger valve should be depressed, the number 2 indicates that the middle-finger valve should be depressed and the number 3 indicates that the ring-finger valve should be depressed. There are eight possible valve combinations among the first, second and third valves: 0, 1, 2, 3, 1-2, 1-3, 2-3, and 1-2-3. However, there are effectively seven combinations, because 1-2 will produce the same notes, perhaps slightly out of tune, as 3 alone. One depresses the thumb key to use the Bb side of the horn. Note that it can be difficult to listen for what note is being played.

title: Horn/General/Fingering Chart


text:
SPM/Installation on 64bit Linux

All versions of SPM are supported under Linux 64 bit and the installation should be fairly the same with any version. You might have to recompile SPM MEX files (*.mexa64) if those provided with the SPM distribution do not appear to be compatible with your system.

Installation
Download spm12.zip and its updates spm12_updates_rxxxx.zip in your home directory then type the following in a Terminal: cd /home/login unzip spm12.zip unzip -o spm12_updates_rxxxx.zip -d spm12 Start MATLAB and add SPM into your path, either using File > Set Path > Add Folder... or typing addpath /home/login/spm12 in MATLAB's workspace.

Compilation
In a Terminal, from the src folder of your SPM12 installation, type: cd /home/login/spm12/src make distclean make && make install make external-distclean make external && make external-install

Installation
Download spm8.zip and its updates spm8_updates_rxxxx.zip in your home directory then type the following in a Terminal: cd /home/login unzip spm8.zip unzip -o spm8_updates_rxxxx.zip -d spm8 Start MATLAB and add SPM into your path, either using File > Set Path > Add Folder... or typing addpath /home/login/spm8 in MATLAB's workspace.

Compilation
In a Terminal, from the src folder of your SPM8 installation, type: cd /home/login/spm8/src make distclean make && make install make toolbox-distclean make toolbox && make toolbox-install make external-distclean make external && make external-install

Required development packages: make, gcc.

If you get an error message regarding "ft_getopt" then please download a maintenance version of SPM8 and skip the compilation steps above entirely. All the necessary files including mex files for windows, linux and mac should be already compiled. This distribution gives compile time error for nanmean.c though. (ref: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=spm;9d67787a.1802)

Installation
Download spm5.zip and its updated MEX files SPM5_Matlab7.9_LINUX64_MEX.zip in your home directory then type the following in a Terminal: cd /home/login unzip spm5.zip unzip -o SPM5_Matlab7.9_LINUX64_MEX.zip -d spm5 Start MATLAB and add SPM into your path, either using File > Set Path > Add Folder... or typing addpath /home/login/spm5 in MATLAB's workspace.

Compilation
In a Terminal, from the src folder of your SPM5 installation, type: cd /home/login/spm5/src make distclean make && make install

If you receive the following error message: mex: link of ' "spm_bwlabel.mexa64"' failed, then edit spm_bwlabel.c at line 364 such that it reads: plhs[1] = mxCreateDoubleScalar(nl); Ref: McGeown, William. "Re: mex files SPM5 64bit," JISCMail. 13 Apr 2015. Last Accessed 18 Sep 2018.

Installation
Download spm2.tar.gz and its updated MEX files SPM2_LINUX64_MEX.tar.gz in your home directory then type the following in a Terminal: cd /home/login tar xvfz spm2.tar.gz tar xvfz SPM2_LINUX64_MEX.tar.gz -C spm2 Start MATLAB and add SPM into your path, either using File > Set Path > Add Folder... or typing addpath /Users/login/spm2 in MATLAB's workspace.

Compilation
In a Terminal, type: cd /home/login/spm2 make clean.Linux.A64 make Linux.A64

"bad image handle dimensions" error
The error "bad image handle dimensions" when trying to display an image is an indication that you need to (re)compile the SPM MEX files.

"cannot find -lstdc++" error
If you get the error message "cannot find -lstdc++", try installing the build-essential package using your package manager (i.e. sudo apt-get install build-essential on Ubuntu), or the specific libstdc++5 package (replacing 5 with the version of your system) with sudo apt-get install libstdc++5.

If, after the install of libstdc++5, the lstdc++ error persists, just add a symbolic link with: sudo ln -s /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.6 /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so and it should work. If not, see next.

For old versions of Ubuntu and MATLAB, have a look at these instructions.

Other problems with lstdc++
If you get the above error and cannot install libstdc++ (e.g. you do not have root/admin access), or if you get other problems such as "... version `GCC_4.2.0' not found (required by /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.6", then another option is to edit your mexopts.sh config file and delete or disable the -lstdc++ compiler flags, for example simply use find-and-replace to delete all instances of  -lstdc++. SPM will compile properly without this.

It's best to edit a local copy of mexopts.sh (the original is found in the bin directory with your matlab and mex executables). If you run  it will interactively create a copy for you, under   for example ~/.matlab/R14SP3/mexopts.sh ~/.matlab/R2008b/mexopts.sh or similar, and you may then further edit that copy if required. If you match the release, mex will find your copy of mexopts.sh. Note that from MATLAB version should show you the release, but with parentheses around it, e.g. "(R14SP3)".

"mex: command not found" error
If you get the error "mex: command not found" check that mex is in your path. Either add the MATLAB binary directory (usually /usr/local/matlab/bin) to your path or create a link to mex somewhere already in the path (usually /usr/local/bin).

 * Adding the path:
 * Type:
 * Creating a Link:
 * Enter your local binary direcotry:
 * Create the link:
 * (Note: Creating a link in /usr/local/bin requires root privileges).

Another solution is to edit the Makefile ( for SPM8 or   for SPM5) and mention the full path when referring to MEXBIN: MEXBIN = /usr/local/matlab/mex

"This is pdfTeX, Version ... (TeX Live 2011)" error
If you get the error: mex: unrecognized option `-O' mex: unrecognized option `-c' This is pdfTeX, Version ... (TeX Live 2011) This is due to a conflict between MATLAB mex and a LaTeX command (from the texlive package) with the same name. Change PATH or MEXBIN as described in the previous solution.

Missing files
If you get build errors such as  does not exist when trying to execute the command "make && make install", then you probably need to install the build-essentials package. At the command line type: "sudo aptitude install build-essential" (for Ubuntu). if you have sudo privileges or simply log in as root or obtain superuser status and type: "aptitude install build-essential".

"plugin needed to handle lto object" error
Edit  at the line defining AR so that it reads: AR          = gcc-ar rcs

Crash at startup
The following concerns a situation where MATLAB segfaults when opening the SPM interface with errors like "'BadWindow (invalid Window parameter)", "serial 20133 error_code 3 request_code 20 minor_code 0", "Pango-CRITICAL **: pango_font_description_from_string: assertion 'str != NULL' failed", "GLib-CRITICAL **: g_once_init_leave: assertion 'result != 0' failed", "GLib-GObject-CRITICAL **: g_type_register_dynamic: assertion 'parent_type > 0' failed"

This is likely to be an issue with the display of the welcoming message in the Graphics window as a web document.

One fix is to comment one line in : https://github.com/spm/spm12/blob/r7771/spm.m#L352

Another fix not requiring to modify the SPM source code is to define an environment variable, see: https://github.com/spm/spm12/blob/r7771/spm_browser.m#L54 setenv('SPM_HTML_BROWSER','0')

Updates for Makefile
In order to make the recompilation process work, the Makefile provided in the spm2.tar.gz package needs to be patched. Also the file spm_platform.m needs an update.

The updated Makefile adds a new architecture, Linux.a64: Linux.a64: make all SUF=mexa64 CC="gcc -O3 -funroll-loops -fPIC -march=x86-64" \ MEX="mex COPTIMFLAGS='-O3 -funroll-loops -fPIC -march=x86-64'" Plus an appropriate section for clean and verb.mexa64.

The -fPIC option is necessary to allow linking on 64bit Linux. -march=x86-64 provides generic optimisations for both Opteron and 64bit Xeon. If the code is running on a 64bit Xeon you can change it to -march=nocona (the first revision of the Xeon processor supporting EM64T had codename nocona), if you have an Opteron or Athlon64, change it to -march=opteron. This might give you an extra performance boost.

Updates for spm_platform.m
Matlab for 64bit Linux identifies itself as GLNXA64 as opposed to GLNX86 when running 32bit Matlab. Endian-ness doesn't change, so I added this to the PDefs cell list: 'GLNXA64',     'unx',  0;...

and added GLNXA64 to the list of other unix platforms at the font configuration.

title: SPM/Installation on 64bit Linux


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Modeling a Gingerbread Man

In this tutorial you will learn how to make a simple gingerbread man. In a later tutorial you will be able to make an animation with this gingerbread man.

In this tutorial we will tie together everything we've talked about up to this point, including extruding, subdividing and rendering, and throw in basic lighting.

Modeling
First, start Blender. You should see the usual top view of a cube in the 3D window, surrounded by a grid 'floor'.
 * Review— Zoom in or out with SCROLL or CTRL+MMB. Pan with SHIFT+SCROLL and CTRL+SCROLL. Make sure you are in orthographic view. Press NUM5 to toggle between orthographic view and perspective view. You can tell you're looking at an orthographic view while looking down from the top (NUM7) of the cube: wherever you pan the window, you never see any part of the cube except the top.

 * Display editing controls in the buttons window by clicking on the Editing context button [[Image:Editing.png]] or by pressing F9.

Adding Vertices

 * Select the cube by clicking RMB on it. (It may already be selected.) Remember, selected objects are outlined in pink.
 * Switch from object mode to edit mode by pressing TAB, which toggles between object and edit modes. In edit mode, at first, you'll see colored dots at the vertices of the cube. Selected vertices are highlighted in yellow. Unselected vertices are pink. (You'll see the dots when editing in vertex select mode. In edge select or face select mode, you'll see colored edges and faces instead.)
 * Select all vertices of the cube. Press AKEY once. If the vertices are yellow, you've selected all of them. If they are pink, you've deselected all of them. If necessary, press AKEY again so that all vertices are selected/yellow.

 * Subdivide the faces of the cube, using any of the following methods. (All vertices of the cube should still be selected.)
 * Click the Subdivide button in the Mesh Tools panel in the buttons window.
 * With the mouse pointer in the 3D window –
 * Press WKEY to display the Specials menu, then choose Subdivide.
 * Press SPACE to display the toolbox, then choose Edit → Edges → Subdivide.
 * Click the 3D window's Mesh menu, and choose Edges → Subdivide.
 * Your cube now has more vertices. Subdividing edges adds vertices so you can create more complex shapes.

Selecting a Subset of Vertices
We'll select six vertices on the upper half of one side of our cube, where we'll extrude an arm.
 * Deselect all vertices by pressing AKEY.
 * View the cube from the front (NUM1).
 * Select the six vertices on the top half of the left side of the cube (see below) using one of the following methods.
 * Press BKEY and drag a rectangle around the top left and middle left vertices (viewing from the front).
 * Press CKEY to see a circle around your mouse pointer. SCROLL to change the size of the circle. Position the circle around the top left and middle left vertices, together or one at a time, and click LMB. Click RMB to finish.

 * Take a closer look at the selected vertices by viewing the model from a different angle (drag with MMB).
 * If you find that you have only selected two vertices and not six, make sure the "Occlude Background Geometry" button is off. That button is the right-most of the selection mode buttons, below. (It's called "Limit selection to visible" in Blender 2.45 and earlier. It doesn't appear if Blender is drawing in wireframe style.) Try selecting the vertices again.
 * If you still selected just two vertices, change to a wireframe drawing by pressing ZKEY, which toggles between wireframe and solid drawing types. Try selecting again.
 * Yet another way to select the six vertices is to select the two faces they define. Click the Face Select button from the selection mode buttons (above), or press CTRL+TAB to display a Select Mode menu and choose Faces. Rotate the cube to view the left side and click RMB in the center of one of the two upper faces. Hold SHIFT and click RMB in the center of the other upper face.

Extruding Arms

 * View from the front by pressing NUM1.
 * Extrude the selected vertices/faces by pressing EKEY to display an Extrude menu, then choosing Region. Hold CTRL to snap your position to the grid, then move your mouse left to put the new vertices on the adjacent gray line of the grid one unit to the left. Click LMB.
 * Repeat so that your model looks like below (from front view, NUM1).

 * Deselect all vertices/faces with AKEY.
 * Perform the same extrusion on the right side of the cube, selecting six vertices and extruding twice as explained above.
 * The gingerbread man's arms are in place, as in the illustrations below.

Extruding Legs

 * Make sure all vertices are unselected, using AKEY once or twice.
 * View from the front (NUM1).
 * Select the six vertices on the left half of the cube's bottom. Extrude them downward to a point in between the first and second heavier gray lines beneath the cube. (The gray lines in the grid represent Blender units.) Holding down CTRL, the extruded region may snap to the heavier gray lines—hold down CTRL+SHIFT and the region will snap to tenths of Blender units. Click LMB to finish.
 * An alternative to positioning the extrusion with the mouse is simply typing the distance. Enter 1.5 to extrude 1 1/2 units out. On a Mac, enter the number 1, press fn with the key that is right under LKEY and MKEY on Azerty (the one with /:,), and press the number 5.

 * Extrude the same region again, to the third gray line (1.5 again). It should look like this:

 * Shift the lower leg to the outside as follows.
 * Select the bottom 12 vertices of the leg (which look like 4 from front view), using BKEY.
 * Grab the selection with GKEY. Press XKEY to limit movement to the x axis. Move the vertices to the left by half a square, holding CTRL or CTRL+SHIFT to snap to the grid, and click LMB.

 * Create a second leg on the right side, in the same fashion.

Dropping the Groin
Lengthen the groin (where the two legs join):
 * Deselect all vertices by pressing AKEY.
 * Select the 3 vertices at the groin (which look like 1 from front view), using BKEY.
 * Grab the vertices by pressing GKEY. Press ZKEY to limit movement to the z axis. Move the vertices down 1/2 of a square, or type -0.5 to specify the distance. (Older versions of Blender require NKEY before typing -0.5.)

Adding a Head
Noob Note: I found it easier to remain in edit mode while creating the cube as this makes the cube part of the original mesh. This allows you to add the subsurf to all parts at once.
 * Switch the 3D window from Edit mode back to Object mode by pressing TAB.

 * Click RMB on the object to select it then press SHIFT + SKEY and select Cursor → Selection. This will make sure the cube you'll add next will be near where you want it.

 * Press SPACE and put your mouse on the mesh option and select cube. In others versions, you can also hit SPACE and, in the menu that comes up, choose Add → Mesh → Cube.

 * Press GKEY and put your new cube about 1/3 of the way down the neck (to achieve this, you can press GKEY and ZKEY : enter 1.33).

Now we will make it look more like a ginger bread man by making it thinner.
 * Select all with AKEY.

 * Go to side view with NUM3.

 * Press SKEY for scale and press YKEY for Y-axis and then move your mouse to the middle until it is about 0.3 (use CTRL for fixed values).

 * Remember X-axis is the Red arrow/line, Y-axis is the Green one, and Z-axis is Blue (like RGB video mode).

 * Use the MMB to spin the view around and examine your handiwork.

At this point, it doesn't look entirely like a gingerbread man, does it? It's a bit too ... chunky. For the last bit, we'll smooth it out.

 * Make sure you've selected the body in object mode.

 * Select the editing panel in the buttons window (or hit F9).

 * In the Modifiers tab, Add a "Subsurf" modifier.

 * Set the level of the subdivisions to 2, and the number of render levels to 3.

Noob question: When I add the cube for the head, it stops me from being able to edit the body - it will only select the head to apply subsurf to, even if the body looks like it's selected!

'''Answer: When you created the cube you made a second object. To select a different object, press tab to enter Object mode. Select the body. Then enter edit mode again if you want to edit the body.'''

 * You can press the ZKEY to switch back and forth between wire-frame view and solid view.

Noob Question: How?
 * (Noob Note: Easiest way to really get a feel for what is going on in the 3d world is to split into four screens and setting each one to NUM7, NUM3, NUM1, and NUM0 to see all angles and what it will look like at render.)

'Answer: To split an area move the cursor to an area between two current areas (e.g. between the 3D view and the buttons), when you see the double ended arrow (used to move the divide) click RMB and select Split Area'', you will then see a line appear dividing the area in two. Move this to where you want the divide and click LMB.'''

'''Noob question: Where? Assuming this refers to the 'Materials' section on the 'Properties' window, there is no 'Smooth' setting.'''
 * In the 'Link and Materials' section, select 'Set Smooth'.

(Note that here I had the same problem as before, with superposed vertices. Select all vertices, then press WKEY and select Remove Doubles to clean your model. You will see that it will look much better after removing the extra vertices with Remove Doubles)

 * Press the ZKEY to return to wire-frame view.

 * Now repeat the process above to smooth the head.

Looks a lot more like a gingerbread man now, doesn't it?

Camera Positioning and Rendering
This guide will show you how to intuitively get the best frame of your 3D scene with no effort!

If your render comes out a little dark, try moving the lamp closer to the gingerbread man.
 * Press TAB for Object view mode.
 * Press NUM0 to get the Camera View.
 * Select the camera by clicking RMB on the outermost rectangle.
 * Press GKEY and move your mouse to adjust the position of the camera (XKEY, YKEY, ZKEY and CTRL may be useful here).
 * In addition, you can press NUM7 to get the Top View and press RKEY to rotate the camera to the best angle.
 * After you are happy with the position, press F12 to render it.

Noob note: Another way to move around the camera is pressing SHIFT + FKEY after pressing NUM0 to enter Fly mode. The keys for fly mode appear in the header of the 3D view pane.

Noob note: Ctrl+Alt+NUM0 "teleports" the camera to your 3d view.

Noob Note: By pressing X, Y or Z twice you will use a local base of the space, with those it's much easier. For example if you are facing the Z axis from 45 degrees, and you want to go left 1 unit, using the global base, you will have to go 1.72 (around sqrt(2)) along X and the same along Y, instead moving by 1 in the local frame of reference.

Applying Textures
This builds on the previous guide: Modeling a Volcano. Note: It seems that textures can only be applied to one object at a time, so this must be done twice (i.e. The head and body are two separate objects.) The settings that were chosen can successfully be applied to each object for a consistent result. Some settings can not be applied equally for consistent results.

N00b Note: if you join the 2 objects before applying the textures you do not have to do the process 2 times, just select the 2 objects, CTRL+J and the accept Note: When finished with this section of the guide, come back to this panel and try different combinations of "Plastic," "Wall In," "Wall Out," and "Soft Noise" / "Hard Noise." Press F12 to render after each change to see the effect. Note: While it is true that textures can only be applied to one object at a time, textures as well as materials can be shared between objects. In this case it is best to let both the head and the body share the same material. The steps in this section give a nicely textured, brown surface to the "Gingerbread."
 * In "Object Mode," select the body (or the head.)
 * Press F5 to open the shading panel or use the shading panel button.
 * In the "Links and Pipeline" panel, under "Link to Object," click "Add New."
 * Press F6 to open the "Texture Buttons" panel or use the textures button.
 * In the "Texture" panel, click "Add New."
 * Change the "Texture Type" to "Stucci."
 * In the new "Stucci" panel, change "Noise Size" to something near 0.025 and leave the "Turbulence" at 5.00.
 * Press F5 again or use the "Material" button directly on the left of the "Texture" button. Then look for the "Map To" panel.
 * In the "Map To" panel, deselect "Col[or]" and select "Nor[mal]." and change the "Nor" Value to approximately 1.30.
 * In the "Map Input" panel, change the texture coordinates to "Object" by clicking the corresponding button.
 * In the "Material" panel, change the "R[ed]" slider to approximately 0.400 and the "G[reen]" slider to approximately half that, about 0.200. Blue can be set at 0.00.
 * To do this, simply select the object without the materials(head or body).
 * Press F5 to open the shading panel or use the shading panel button.
 * In the "Links and Pipeline" panel, under "Link to Object," click the arrow next to(left of) the "Add New" button.
 * Select the brown material.

Now all you need to do is add eyes and gumdrop buttons!


text:
User:Freakazoid~enwikibooks

Hi I`m Hansie(not real real name) born in South-Africa in 1991

I Started using blender when my dad (renier also a major af.wikipedia contrebutor) brought a open-source cd home (thats when we started moving to the open source area) and there was a example of blender in there so yeah I downloaded blender and started using blender

I Started learning blender ever since and I now have a 1.5 year experience and I`m starting to use the blender game engine to create programs for SASOL

and I`m now gonna start creating my new game TAXI

So I`ll write tutorials abot the blender game engine so that I will learn even more about the game engine

E-mail me at Freakazo@bummer.co.za for anything really I`m looking to join a projector something and will help you step by step if you need any kind of help

Remember I'm only 15 years old so my spelling will be really bad

title: User:Freakazoid~enwikibooks


text:
Wikijunior:Big Cats/In danger of extinction

Extinction is Forever
Some big cats throughout history have become extinct because they were replaced with newer species better suited to the environment. The Sabretooth (Smilodon fatalis) is one example of a large Ice-Age predator that died out because the large prey it needed retreated with the glaciers. Pumas and jaguars now roam where the mighty Sabertooth once ruled. Natural extinction is part of the grand drama of life on Earth. However, many more cat species are in danger of dying out due to unnatural extinction, the killing of an entire species by man for reasons having nothing to do with fitness for survival. These species are not replaced with newer ones, their death merely leaves a hole in the fabric of life on Earth.

Predation
Many big cats have been killed because they either compete with humans for the same prey animals or because they occasionally attack human-raised livestock. Some big cats that become too weak to hunt their own natural prey find domestic livestock much simpler to acquire. Other big cats develop a taste for livestock out of sheer opportunity. There are times when control of individual predators, through moving or killing, appear to be justified. However there is a much more dangerous approach to predator control where an entire population or even an entire species is classified as a "pest" and open to extermination.

Extermination is an attempt to kill every last individual of a population or species. There were times when pumas were targeted for extermination in large areas of the American west. Bobcats and jaguars have also been targets of extermination. These days most governments in the world agree that extermination is not a good way to control cats, but sometimes local peoples ignore laws designed to protect species from extermination.

Sport Hunting
The majority of people in western countries no longer give big game hunters the same respect they once held in the writings of Ernest Hemmingway. The cheetah, which was once abundant in India, was hunted to complete extinction there. The Mughal emperor Akbar killed nearly 1000 cheetahs during his lifetime when the number of cheetahs was already declining. The Asian lion met with the same fate.

Most outdoorsmen no longer seek trophies for their mantles and entrance halls. However, a number of people still consider locating, outwitting, and defeating large predators to be the ultimate test of courage and a satisfying form of enjoying the out of doors. This practice is losing popularity, though. In all fairness, it should be said that sport hunters support laws and practices that benefit wildlife.

In the United States, wildlife populations have increased within the past century. This is largely due to funds generated via an excise tax on hunting equipment known as the Pittman-Robertson Act. In addition, sportsmen contribute hundreds of millions of dollars each year to wildlife conservation through sporting organizations that benefit all wildlife.

Poaching
People who defy existing laws to kill predators for money, animal parts, or personal reasons are called poachers. As outlaws, many poachers are dangerous people who are willing to protect their livelihood through violent means. Famous conservation leaders George Adamson and Diane Fossey were killed by poachers who saw them as a threat. Stopping poaching is very difficult because most big cat habitat is remote land that is difficult to patrol and exists in some of the world's poorest countries without many law enforcement resources. The most effective way to curb poaching is to reduce the demand for the products they provide.

Folk Medicines
A number of people believe, without any scientific evidence, that folk medicines made from parts of big cats can treat or even cure certain illnesses and conditions. Belief in sympathetic magic, that like-causes-like, leads people to seek the attributes they most admire about big cats by using parts of their bodies. People seeking courage, strength, or a greater capacity for physical intimacy attempt to acquire those things through eating, drinking, applying or wearing parts of the animals that are supposed to possess those traits. For nearly everything supposedly treatable with feline folk medicines, there are effective, safe and proven remedies available in modern medicine.

The Fur Trade
The soft, warm, boldly patterned pelts (skins with fur) of big cats were long considered the ultimate expression of fashion and extravagance. Even today, most fashion items made with real fur come from carnivores such as bobcats and mink. Those legal for sale are produced from animals raised on fur farms rather than taken from the wild. The vast majority of natural leopard, ocelot, lynx and jaguar furs are banned on the international market by laws protecting endangered species.

Habitat Loss
Habitat loss is the silent killer. An animal's habitat is an area where it can live, and for most large predators that means cover, adequate prey, freedom of movement, and water. Due to their predatory lifestyle, most big cats require large areas of land without many manmade barriers where they can hunt and raise young unmolested.

Uncontrolled development of wild areas, including such wasteful practices as slash-and-burn agriculture, reduce the number of places where big cats can survive and thrive. To some degree protected areas known as Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries help preserve endangered species habitat.

However in many poor countries there is not adequate law enforcement to prevent poaching or illegal development of land inside park boundaries. In addition, animals need more land than the human race can afford to protect in parks.

More enlightened use of habitat by man can increase the number of big cats and preserve their genetic diversity. For instance, a timber plantation can provide both high quality wood and habitat for predators and their prey. Using sustainable management techniques, land can provide a never-ending source of quality wood products while continuing to preserve wildlife.

It Is Up To You
As someone interested in big cats, you can make your love of big cats known through the way you vote, your lifestyle, and your charitable giving. Governments can only do so much to help stop extinction. For big cats to be saved, they must be saved by all of us working together. Learn what you can do about the challenges facing your favorite animals, and get involved. Always remember: "We appreciate what we understand and save what we appreciate."

Next Topic: Keeping Cats

Wikijunior Großkatzen/ Die Gefahr des Aussterbens


text:
Talk:C Programming/Simple Input and Output

Q: why not use the  functions cin and cout ?

A: You're thinking of. Those functions don't work in ANSI C. They're C++ thingies. (I often wish I could use them in plain C, but I can't -- go to Programming:C plus plus if you want to talk about them.)

The abridged list of I/O format specifiers appearing on this page is incorrect, and is inconsistent with the more comprehensive list, which appears in the File I/O section:--

 * %i and %d - int    (ok)
 * %f - float         (wrong: "%f" is "double" - "float" gets promoted to "double" in the function call)
 * %lf - double       (maybe, but the "l" qualifier is meaningless with "%f", and some printf or scanf implementations may choke on it; did you mean "%Lf", which is "long double" in C99?)
 * %s - string        (ok)
 * %x - hexadecimal   (only partially correct; the data type is "int"; the representation is "hexadecimal")

fflush(stdin)
This will result in undefined behavior, so why it's mentioned as a thing that flushes stdin's buffer?


text:
Cookbook:Brigadeiro (Brazilian Chocolate Fudge)

| Dessert | Brazilian Cuisine

Brigadeiro is a simple Brazilian chocolate fudge candy created in the 1920s. It is named after Brazilian airman Eduardo Gomes (brigadeiro being his rank in the Air Force). It's commonly served with soda, coffee or milk.

Ingredients

 * 1 can (395 g) of sweetened condensed milk
 * 1 tablespoon of butter
 * 3 tablespoons of cocoa powder
 * 1 box (482 g) of chocolate sprinkles

Procedure

 * 1) In a heavy saucepan, combine the milk, cocoa powder, and butter. Stir to dissolve the chocolate.
 * 2) Put over low heat and stir constantly to avoid formation of lumps.
 * 3) Continue stirring for 10–12 minutes, or until you are able to see the bottom of the pot for one second when you scratch it side-to-side with the spoon. The more you cook, the harder the resulting candy will be—it may vary from liquid fudge to hard candy.
 * 4) Allow mixture to cool.
 * 5) Butter your hands, and roll the mixture into small balls (around 2 cm in diameter). Alternatively, you can use two metal spoons to shape the candies. Roll them in the chocolate sprinkles.

Notes, tips, and vatiations

 * Should you accidentally get hard candy, fill the pot with water and leave to rest—the candy will dissolve completely and the pot will be easy to clean.
 * You can substitute 100 g of baking chocolate for the cocoa powder. If you want a lighter candy, use powdered chocolate (such as Nestlé Quick). You can also put raisins or nuts in the center of the candy. You can decorate with powdered sugar instead, or cocoa powder.
 * Brazilian brigadeiros also have gourmet varieties. Some references are available in specialized houses in Brazil: Maria Brigadeiro and Brigadeiríssimo and Brigadeiro Gourmet


text:
Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Modeling a Simple Person

Uh Oh
I finished the whole tutorial, but then, as I rotated the view, only the initial cube was 3D the rest was flat! Oh no! What can I do?

• Make sure that you select "Region" and not "Only Vertices" or "Only Edges" when you press the EKEY. Or maybe you just have selected the two vertices you see in front view (NUM1) but didn't select the whole four vertices in front view (NUM7) as written in the tutorial. I hope this helps because I made this mistake by myself and then I found out that I had the wrong selection. ;) --AriesT (talk) 11:46, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

The right leg's foot?
How do I create a foot for the right leg? I did the extrusions, but not foot was put on the right leg. Doing so was not described. One section tells me to grab four vertices. However, the end-product uses all cubes for the figure. Wouldn't I have to grab all of the vertices and copy the cube? I seem to be grabbing a square tile instead of a cube.

Small Change
What about changing the head object to an UV-Sphere, one could add a lot more detail when editing the head (eyes, nose, mouth)

--Marty 20:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I was unclear whether "top" meant up the screen, or towards me out of the screen. I had to read the whole paragraph and use both selection methods before I worked it out. I've tried to clarify this. BTW I am using this tutorial to try and understand blender as a first time user.

Pwd 11:10, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I am a first time user and I found the description of the Cursor > Grid snap (SHIFT+S) confusing. I expected (from the behavior of other applications i've used that have snap) my mouse cursor to snap to the nearest grid crossing rather than moving freely about. I finally realized that it's purpose is to place the "3d cursor" at the nearest grid intersection from where I click. The description given in this page does not make that clear to first time users, which I feel is the audience for this page.

--Matt - 04:04, Oct 12 2005 (UTC)

box-selection?
The term box-selection is uesed as a selection method in lession of "Detailing your Simple Person 1", but was not explained in any of the lessions previous that one. Therefore, I'm completly lost as of now, and have no clue what I'm doing... Care to help anyone?

 * I believe it's referring to the Border Select tool, press the BKEY to activate it. I'll find the offending entry and fix it.  --Spiderworm 16:06, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't find the offending entry. Somebody care to fill me in?  --Spiderworm 16:11, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Also note that box selection works differently in Blender 2.41; there's now an "Limit selection to visible" toggle button which determines whether non-visible vertices are selected. And by default, it's ON at startup, so the tutorial won't work right.  --71.141.22.229 04:11, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

QUOTE: "[Note: this tool creates a box that you resize to select top four (vertices\dots) you are not selecting The (cube\box).]" — Um ... not trying to sound snotty, but did I forget how to speak English? That's unpossible.

Also: "Also, make sure the "Limit Selection to Visible" button (bottom right icon of the 3D View header in EDIT Mode) is not selected." Okay ... color me stoopid. I can't find that button and it's turning into a 40 minute speed bump.

How about a copy and paste for the second arm?
Since I am brand new to blender, I keep moving through this first tutorial, trying to grasp everything, at the same time looking to add details to the wikibook. I am not sure how to do it, but is it possible to copy the blocks that make up the first arm and paste them in place for the second arm? Would that be considered too advanced for this beginner tutorial? --Bturnip 11:34, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Select the vertices you want to copy. Hit SHIFT+DKEY.  This duplicates the selected vertices.  While holding CTRL (to constrain movement to increments), move the mouse around and click LMB when you've positioned it where you want.  Of course, the arm needs to be flipped, so press the MKEY for mirror.  I'm pretty sure it would need to be flipped on the Global X-Axis.... if I have everything in my head right.  That should do it! --Spiderworm 02:24, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Middle Mouse button on Mac?
As a Mac User, my work on studying this tutorial came to a screeching halt when I realized I didn't know how to middle click on a Mac. Is there some kind of alternate button? (Jun 3, '05)
 * You are supposed to be able to set the "Emulate 3-button mouse" option but it didn't work for me. Nevertheless, try it out - drag the top header down to reveal the options panel. Choose "View & Controls" and "Emulate 3-button mouse". (I think its on by default). Then, apparently, you can emulate the middle mouse by holding Alt and left-clicking/dragging. —EatMyShortz 17:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Printing
I just undid changes someone made to print more nicely (moved picture locations, removed a picture, no more bold keyboard shortcuts) - because here, the print view looks ok. Maybe can discuss here if changes actually are needed for printing of this page? Allefant 08:18, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

I was trying to follow a tutorial, couldn't select all points with BKEY, and on accident found a toggle to select only visible, or select everything under the lasso. I cannot find it again, and I have yet to find it mentioned in a tutorial, (which was broken for me,) or anywhere else so far.-- If I sign in

No Cube
My copy of Blender (2.37a) has a flat square on startup. ie. No cube. That invalidates about half of all the pages up to this point. Also, I can't render anything. I just get a black square, regardless of how many lights I add. I have rendered things long ago in Blender, but it looks like this document does more harm than good with new versions of Blender.

I think it is a really bad idea to make assumptions about how the scene will start up. Either provide an example file, or walk the user through every step, starting with an empty scene.
 * You've roated the view with the middle button (or Alt-Left button), right? It took me a bit to figure this out, but I have 2.37a, and I've got a cube (after rotating). --205.134.213.18 01:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC) (Spellcheck on Wikipedia)

 * I think providing a startup file is a good idea. I will take this idea over to wikiversity at [v:A Hands-On Introduction to Game Design and Production Processes]. We need to get started distributing blender files for some sets of complicated models released as open source for our learning projects to use anyway.  We are looking at sourceForge for file distribution.  I would like to thank those who are doing these tutorials.  They is definitely doing me much more good than harm and I expect they will continue to improve.  Who premise behind Wikiversity.  v:user:mirwin

Question
Somebody decided to ask this question inside the tutorial. I'm moving it here to the talk page. "Question: what if it says "ERROR: Cannot make polygons with interior vertices"?" 68.126.1.251 20:49, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Likely that you have a closed shape with a stray vertice somewhere with no connecting edge selected. Hit the akey toggle several times till everything is unselected in your entire model and then reselect the vertices you wish to work with.  mirwin

I have a similar problem, only the starting square is a cube, all the rest are just flat faces, and in the second stage there isn't any mention on how to remedy that. The end example shows that it needs to be 3D, so please help! anonimous.

How to scroll around the screen
How do I scroll around the screen? I'm trying to make the person in the tutorial but I can't see the head without zooming way out.

I think you're looking for Shift + MMB. Make sure you hit Shift 1st, else you'll rotate. --RavinDave, edited by Cornmeal (changed MMB + Shift to Shift + MMB)

Circle Selection mistake ?
I have tried to deselect some vertices by pressing alt + LMB with the circle selection tool activated. But, it seemed to select more vertices instead of deselect them. After that, I tried MMB, and this succesfully deselected the vertices... Juste a small mistake in the text I think, or perhaps a change in a recent release of Blender? GroXx.

Placing geometry (the head)
When I place the head on the body that I've just made, it's too small. How do I scale it up? Thanks. Pinkmouse 11:15, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * When you have the icosphere or other shape you chose as the head selected use the skey and roll the mouse up. The object should scale up or down depending on how it interprets your mouse motion.  Someone has added this to the tutorial it worked fine for me.  v:user:mirwin

MacBooks
I think that there are no PowerPC MacBooks. Not sure though.

Yeah, MacBooks are Intel only. The PowerPC Apple notebooks were the iBooks and the PowerBooks.

Table
This guide is awesome :P

I'm making a guide by myself on blender, except this time for a certain game.

Is it ok if I use your table of keys in my guide?

If I could, thank you so much!

~Besh

Adding the head
I added the head, but when I use a modifier on the body, I have to apply the same modifier on the head. Also moving the body does not move the head. How to I connect the head to the body, so that they are one object? 164.58.89.3 09:07, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

...I have the same issue adding the head. There is no explanation how to connect the head to the body.

Move the mouse with MMB?
In the 'Learning Extrusion' section it tells the use to move the mouse with the MMB. This does not appear to be necessary, the extrusion moves without the use of any button. MMB appears to add additional functionality not needed or explained here. Blender 2.4.2 on PC.

(I agree, same on 2.4.3 for OSX)

Augh, help
Ok well I am doing "modeling a simple person" and I am having trouble with extrusion. Sometimes they are missing a face or two, and sometimes the vertices arent "Shared" for example sometimes when I try to make the connecter segment, it thinks two of the vertices are of the bottom square, and not both so I cant extend regon. And sometimes instead of the cube being like this:

its like this: (cubes flatted out)

Methods of Selection - display issues
Noticing that in IE7 (Win), looking at this Wiki, the image of the "Limit Selection" icon is overlapped by the text block to the right of it. When I refresh the page, the alignment looks fine until I move the mouse and then it goes back to overlapping again. Do we need to add a float style or something to the image to make sure it always pushes the text block away? Garmon Sutrix 15:54, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

When adding the head...
When I get to the point adding the head do I need to be in object mode with nothing selected or in just in edit mode?

--Gilgamesh007 17:14, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Noob note under "Methods of Selection" / "7. Face Selection" out of place?
Is it me or is the Noob Note in 7. Face Selection out of place? I don't understand the point it is trying to make and when I do as the note says (just to see what happens) I end up extruding a face, which is only introduced in the next section.

Selecting the head selects the body
I suppose there's some conceptual link between the head and the body, such as "both belong to the same object". But if two seemingly independent objects on the screen may belong to the same object, this needs to be explained here. I got stuck for a while because I couldn't select only the head (to move it down to the neck). In the end I moved it using the Z axis, but I found no way of moving it freely. Whenever I select it, the body is selected too.

... I did not find that the head and the body moved together. There must be some difference in versions that account for this.

Extrudes Only on a Diagonal path
I can get everything to work right except i cannot do anything but extrude on a diagonal path. I attempted to switch views to see if it is affected. however it is not I'm on 2.62

Extrude faces instead of edges.
Shouldn't the person build itself by extruding faces instead of edges? It would probably be easier because then you don't have to press "Region" before each extrusion. --76.90.9.191 (talk) 17:15, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Making it 3D
I'm having a problem after I extrude - I only extruded one face. How do I make the square into a cube?68.36.206.39 (talk) 22:34, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Selection mehtods
Make sure the Occlude background geometry option is "on".

Shouldn't that be "off"? The screen shot shows it off.


text:
User:Tyodickerson

I am a teacher and professional developer currently living in the Netherlands. I work with amazing students and teachers every day at the American School of The Hague.

Education

* Diploma with Honors in German from the Defense Language Institute, San Francisco, California (USA), received July 1985 * Bachelor of Science in Education (cum laud), Miami University, Oxford, Ohio (USA), conferred May 1992 * Bachelor of Arts in German (cum laud), Miami University, Oxford, Ohio (USA), conferred May 1992 * Post-graduate Fulbright Scholarship study of topics related to Pädagogik, Universität Wien, Wien (Österreich), academic year 1992-1993 * Master of Science in Educations (Curriculum Development and Instructional Technology), University at Albany, Albany, New York (USA), conferred in May of 2005

Conference presentations and professional development sessions

ELMLE Conference 2008, Wien, Österreich

* Alternatives to Copyright: New audience, updated presentation. * Social Constructivism and Peer Assessment through Moodle

ASH IT Conference 2007, Wassenaar, Nederland

* Alternatives to Copyright * Creating from Scratch

ECIS IT 2007, Düsseldorf, Deutschland

* Alternatives to Copyright * Continuing the Discussion: Teachers from Marymount International School of Paris have reposted my CC-licensed presentation on an IT wiki hosted on WikiSpaces.

title: User:Tyodickerson