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The Geology of Indonesia/Papua

Papua is the eastern-most province of Indonesia and is located on the western half of the island of New Guinea. The island of New Guinea is the second largest island in the world and includes Puncak Jaya (4884 m), the highest peak in Southeast Asia and Australia. Traditionally, the outline of the island of New Guinea has been described as similar to a bird flying westward with open mouth (Fig. 1). As a result, the island has been geographically divided into the Bird’s Head, Neck, Body and Tail regions. The geologic of the Irian Jaya is very complex, involving interaction between two plates; the Australian and Pacific plates (Fig. 1 ). Most of the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of New Guinea is the result of oblique convergence between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates (Hamilton, 1979; Dow et al., 1988). New Guinea and the mountainous Central Range, is commonly cited as the type locality of an active oceanic island arc - continent collision (Dewey and Bird, 1970). The Central Range is a 1300 km long, 150 km-wide belt with rugged topography and numerous peaks over 3000 m in elevation. Most of the range is composed of folded and faulted Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata that was deposited on the Australian passive continental margin. The purpose of this paper is to make a general summary of the geology and tectonics of Irian Jaya from various sources of published information.

14.1. REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING
In general, from the north to the south, the geology of Irian Jaya can be divided into three broad geologic provinces: Continental, Oceanic and Transitional provinces. Every geologic province has its own characteristic in stratigraphic, magmatic and tectonics history. The Continental province consists of sediments as apart of Australian craton. The Oceanic province consists of ophiolite rocks and island-arc volcanics complex as a part of Pacific plate. The transition province is a zone that consists of highly deformed and regional metamorphic rocks as a product of interaction between two plates. However, this relatively simple zonation doesn’t apply perfectly to the Bird’s Head and Bird’s Neck. Some authors believe that this region consists of widely diverse terrains where their origin is not at the present position. Therefore, their geologic history differs and should be separated from Bird’s Body (Pieters et al, 1983; Pigram and Davies, 1987).

The central portion of New Guinea (the Bird’s Body) can be divided into four lithotectonic provinces (Fig. 1.2): the New Guinea Foreland/foreland basin (Arafura Platform), the Central Range fold-and-thrust belt, a metamorphic (the Ruffaer Metamorphic Belt) and ophiolite belt, and a collided Melanesian arc island arc complex (the Meervlakte depression/north coast basin and the Mamberamo Thrust Belt). The New Guinea Foreland (Arafura Platform) consists of the Arafura Sea and southern coastal plain of Irian Jaya which lie on Australia continental crust. The stratigraphy of the platform is composed mostly of unmetamorphosed marine and nonmarine Pliocene and Holocene siliciclastic sedimentary rocks which are underlain by the Cenozoic carbonate and Mesozoic siliciclastic strata deposited on the northern passive margin of Australia (Dow and Sukamto, 1984a, b). Foreland thrust and the Central Range Fold-and-Thrust Belt are defined as the New Guinea Mobile Belt (Dow et al., 1988). The Central Range is an orogenic belt that stretches 1300 km from Irian Jaya to the Papuan Peninsula. The 150 km-wide belt has rugged topography and numerous peaks over 3000 m in elevation. This wide zone is a south verging fold-and-thrust belt that largely involves Paleozoic to Tertiary rocks of the Australian continent. The amount of shortening across this belt in Irian Jaya is unknown, but palinspatic reconstruction of cross-section across the thrust belt in Papua New Guinea shows approximately 75 km north-south directed shortening (Hobson, 1986).

The Ruffaer Metamorphic Belt is a 50 km wide zone of highly-deformed generally low-temperature (<300°) metamorphic rocks which is bounded on the north by Irian Jaya Ophiolite Belt and on the south by deformed, but unmetamorphosed, passive margin strata (Dow et al., 1988; Nash et al., 1993; Warren, 1995; Weiland, 1999). The Irian Jaya Ophiolite Belt is separated from the Ruffaer Metamorphic Belt by a series of faults and is covered by alluvium of the Meervlakte depression. The suture separating the rocks from two different plates may be at the boundary between the Ruffaer Metamorphic Belt and the Irian Jaya Ophiolite Belt. The Derewo fault zone was mapped primarily with aerial photographs and satellite images as the boundary between the Ruffaer Metamorphic Belt and unmetamorphosed strata in the Irian fold belt by Dow et al. (1986). However, recent mapping shows that the transition from the Ruffaer Metamorphic Belt to unmetamorphosed strata is gradational from north to south and that from near 137° to 138°E longitude (Warren, 1995). Thus, the mapped DFZ does not correspond to the southern boundary of the metamorphic rock as shown on previous maps.

The most northern orogenic belt in Irian Jaya is a poorly exposed, complex zone involving oceanic rock from a collided Melanesian island arc built into the Pacific Plate. This belt consists of the Meervlakte (lake plain) depression and the Mamberamo Thrust-and-Fold Belt (MTFB). The Meervlakte is an intramontane basin and this basin has been actively subsiding from Middle Miocene to the present in which the rate of subsidence is greater than the rate of sedimentation (Dow et al., 1988). MTFB is a 200-km wide, NW-trending zone of convergent deformation, largely within the Melanesian arc terrane, that began in the Pliocene and is still active (Dow and Sukamto, 1984a, b; Dow et al., 1988).

14.2. TECTONIC SETTING
The details of the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of New Guinea are the subject of some debate. The most commonly published scenario is the subduction polarity reversal (or arc reversal) model which entails movement of the Australian continental crust and mantle into a northward dipping subduction zone, followed by collision and initiation of southward subduction of the Pacific plate at the New Guinea Trench (Dewey and Bird, 1970; Hamilton, 1979; Milsom, 1985, Dow et al., 1988; Katili, 1991). A second model proposed to explain relationships in eastern New Guinea shows the island underlain by a doubly-dipping slab of oceanic lithosphere (“zippering” model), which is the westward continuation of the subducted Solomon plate (Ripper and McCue, 1983; Cooper and Taylor, 1987). A third model is similar to the first, but the subducted Australian plate is simply dipping vertical without a reversal in subduction direction (Johnson and Jaques, 1980). Both of these later models require significant oblique convergence across most of the island.

All of these authors agree that southern New Guinea is underlain by the passive northern margin of the Australian continent which was thickly blanketed from the early Mesozoic by siliciclastics grading into Cenozoic carbonate strata. Most of these authors argue for one major collisional event with an oceanic island arc. Based on the change from carbonate sedimentation to widespread clastic sedimentation derived from orogenic uplifts, the collision apparently began in the late Miocene (Visser and Hermes, 1966; Dow and Sukamto, 1984a; Dow et al., 1988). However, based on the metamorphic age of rocks in Papua New Guinea and the island arc terrane, some workers conclude that the collision began in the early Oligocene (Pigram et al., 1989; Davies, 1990). To account for these relationships, Dow et al. (1988) propose that New Guinea is the product of two distinct island arc-continent collisions: one during the Oligocene and a second during the Miocene (Melanesian Orogeny). Quarles van Ufford (1996) proposes that the island is the site of two orogenic events that are spatially and temporally distinct. The earlier (Eocene-Oligocene) event, termed the “Peninsular orogeny,” was restricted to the Bird's Tail region of easternmost New Guinea. The generation and erosion of a significant landmass is recorded in Oligocene and younger clastic sedimentation in the Aure Trough. The “Central Range orogeny,” on the other hand, was an event that began in the middle Miocene and generated the present width of the island and caused widespread clastic sedimentation. Importantly, Quarles van Ufford (1996) divided the Central Range orogeny into pre-collisional and collisional stages. The pre-collisional stage is related to the bulldozing and metamorphism of passive margin sediments in a northward-dipping subduction zone. The collisional stage only occurs when buoyant Australian lithosphere actually jams the subduction zone (Cloos, 1993) and crystalline continental basement becomes involved in the deformation. Collisional delamination is proposed as the tectonic process that occurred within the subducting Australian lithosphere between 7 and 3 Ma. Besides involvement of crystalline basement, this process causes late-stage igneous activity and a vertical mountain uplift of 1 to 2 km. This process culminated with the initiation of the E-W trending, left-lateral strike-slip that dominates the recent tectonics of western New Guinea.

14.3. STRATIGRAPHY
The details and complete stratigraphic nomenclatures of Irian Jaya are best described in the geological report and map from Dow et al (1988) published by GRDC Bandung. In this paper the stratigraphic of the region will be compiled, generalized and simplified from various publications. The stratigraphy of the Australian Craton mainly known from exposed rocks in the deformed northern margin of Australian Craton resulted from regional uplift during the Central Range Orogeny and drill wells when exploring for oil in the Bird’s Head platform. The simplified stratigraphic nomenclatures of the rock from Australian Craton are summarized in Fig.. This diagram shows regional stratigraphic co-relation from the Bird’s Head in the NNW to the Bird’s Body in the ESE.

14.3.1. PALEOZOIC BASEMENT

The distribution of Paleozoic rocks in Irian Jaya is poor due to the lack of exposures. Therefore it is difficult to generate regional correlation of this strata throughout the region. In addition, a lot of older strata have been regionally metamorphosed. There are several locations that expose Paleozoic strata in Irian Jaya. The largest block of the rocks exposed In the mountain of the northeastern Bird’s Head is known as Kemum High. On the other hand, the best out crop of unmetamorphosed section of Paleozoic strata is exposed along the Gunung Bijih Mining Access (GBMA) at the southwestern Central Range. The southwestern Central Range forms a simple north-dipping homocline, approximately consisting of 30-km-wide, 18-km-thick sedimentary sequence. The GBMA contains road cuts, which expose the most stratigraphically continuous section in all of Irian Jaya (Sapiie et al, 1999). In the Bird’s Head region, the oldest strata known are the thick Kemoem Formation which consist mostly of slate, phyllitic and minor quartzite. In the Bird’s Head this formation is intruded by Carboniferous biotite granite (Melaiurna Granite). Therefore, the metamorphism is interpreted as occurring in Devonian to early Carbonaceous (Pigram et al, 1982a). However, in the northeast Kemum high, Triassic granitic rocks intrude the lower Paleozoic (i.e. Anggi Granite, Kwatisore, Netoni Intrusive Complex) (Dow et al, 1988). Kemoem Formation is overlain unconformably by the Aifam Group.

Aifam Group is used for describing a group of mappable rocks consisting of shallow-water shelf sediments in the lower part and grading upward to fluviodeltaic environment. The Aifam Group is best known from the northern margin of the Bird’s Head Platform and in this region the group has been subdivided into three formations: Aimau Formation, Aifat Mudstone and Ainim Formation (Dow et al, 1988). The Aifam Groups occurs widely in the Bird’s Head region where it appears to be unmetamorphosed. This group is more strongly deformed and metamorphosed in the Bird’s Neck area. In the Bintuni area, the Tipuma Formation is unconformably overlying the Aifam Group (Biantoro and Luthfi, 1999).

In the Central Range (Bird’s Body), Awigatoh Formation is the oldest rock known in Irian Jaya. This rock unit was named Awigatoh Formation by Bar et al (1961) and Visser and Hermes (1962), and later named as Nerewip Formation on Timika Sheet Map by Parris (1994). This rock is exposed in the Awigatoh Mountain close to the border, the core of Mapenduma and Digul Range anticlines (Paris, 1994; Granath and Argakosoemah, 1989). In the Mapenduma anticline, the formation is exposed along Baidu and Nerewip Rivers west of GBMA (Quarles van Ufford, 1996). The formation consists of metabasalt, metavolcanic with minor limestone, shale and siltstone. Based on limited field observation, this formation appears to be overlain disconformably by Kariem Formation.

Kariem Formation along GBMA has been given different names, such as Kemoem Formation based on lithologic correlation with the northeastern Bird’s Head Region (Martodjojo et al., 1975), or a new name Otomona Formation on the Timika Map Sheet (Parris, 1994). Originally, Kariem Formation was the description for a group of sedimentary rock exposed in the Kariem river at Eastern Irian Jaya (Bar et al., 1961; Visser and Hermes, 1962). Lithologically this formation consists of fine-grained quartzose turbidite. In the northeastern Bird’s Head Region, this sediment were metamorphosed, intruded by granite, eroded before late Carboniferous, and overlain unconformably by the Aifam Group (Dow et al, 1988). The age of Kariem Formation is interpreted as Precambrian or Early Paleozoic. This interpretation is based on stratigraphic position that is below the Silurian and Devonian Modio Formation and from the result of reset age of zircon fission-track (ZFT) showing age of 650±63 Ma (Quarles van Ufford, 1996). At the GBMA, the relationship between Kariem Formation with the overlying Tuaba Formation is inferred to be disconformable (Quarles van Ufford, 1996).

Tuaba Formation was named by Pieters et al. (1983) for describing unit exposed in the Tuaba river. Tuaba Formation is composed of thick bedded of coarse- to medium-grained quartz sandstone with interbedded conglomerate and shale. The age of Tuaba Formation is constrained as Precambrian or early Paleozoic. The formation is stratigraphically below the Silurian to Devonian Modio Formation. However, along the GBMA this formation is in the fault contact (Hannekam Fault) with Modio Formation. Therefore the nature of the contact is unknown (Sapiie et al, 1999).

Modio Formation is previously named Modio Dolomite (Pigram and Panggabean, 1983; Dow et al., 1988). Quarles van Ufford (1996) renamed this rock unit from Modio Dolomite to Modio Formation to incorporate the siliciclastic member in the upper part. This formation is divided into two members. The lower A Member is dominated by carbonate specifically well-bedded stromatolitic dolostone. On the other hand, fine-grained clastic rocks consisting of bioturbated mudstone and siltstone dominate the upper B Member, fine-grained planar cross-bedded to horizontally laminated sandstone (Quarles van Ufford, 1996). Modio formation is interpreted as a transgressive sequence deposited from tidal to marine self. The age of Modio Formation is constrained as Silurian to Devonian based on Late Devonian (Frasnian) coral found and identified from the limestone in the Modio B member (Oliver et al., 1995). The upper contact with Aiduna is not well exposed and is interpreted to be disconformable (Quarles van Ufford, 1996).

Aiduna Formation was first named by Lehner et al. (1955) in the western part of the Waghete sheet as a part of the lower member of the Aifam Formation (Parris, 1994). In GBMA Martodjojo et al. (1975) placed this formation within Aifam Group as Aifam C Member of Visser and Hermes (1962). Pigram and Panggabean (1983) used Aiduna Formation in Waghete Sheet area because of difficulty of subdividing the Aifam Group. Parris (1994) on the Timika Sheet area preferred the use of Aiduna Formation replacing Aifam C Member, since he had already subdivided the lower Aifam into The Tuaba and Modio Formation. Aiduna Formation is characterized by well-bedded coal bearing silisiclastic rocks. This formation is interpreted to have been deposited in fluvial to deltaic environment (Visser and Hermes, 1962; Dow et al., 1988). However, the presence of Brachiopods indicates that some of the Aiduna Formation was deposited in marine environment or perhaps lagoonal area (Martodjojo et al., 1975; Parris, 1994; Quarles van Ufford, 1996). The age of Aiduna Formation is constrained by Brachiopods fossils as Permian (Martodjojo et al., 1975) and by plant flora as Late Permian (Quarles van Ufford, 1996). The contact with overlying Tipuma Formation is conformable.

14.3.2. MESOZOIC TO CENOZOIC SEDIMENTATION

14.3.2.1. TIPUMA FORMATION

The Tipuma Formation is widespread in Irian Jaya, extending from the northwest Bird’s Head to the east near the border. Visser and Hermes (1962) were the first who formally gave the name Tipuma Formation for the rock unit derived from Kembelangan No. 1 well in the Bird’s neck area. The Tipuma Formation is characterized by a distinctive red color with minor light green mottling. Tipuma Formation was deposited in fluvial environment during the period of continental rifting (Pigram and Panggabean, 1983). Field observation indicates that the thickness of the formation changes rapidly along the strike (Quarles van Ufford, 1994). This evidence is interpreted to be representing a horst and graben depositional topography resulting from active extension. The age of the Tipuma Formation is solely constrained by its stratigraphic position, that is, Triassic to Early Jurassic. Pigram and Panggabean (1983) on Waghete Map Sheet suggested that the contact between the Tipuma Formation and the overlying Kembelangan Group is unconformable (post-breakup unconformity).

14.3.2.2. KEMBELANGAN GROUP

The Kembelangan Group is recognized from the Bird’s Head to the Arafura Platform and is a regionally extensive unit deposited on the northern passive margin of the Australian continent during Mesozoic time (Visser and Hermes, 1962; Dow et al., 1988). Pigram and Panggabean (1983) divided the Kembelangan Group into four formations, the Kopai Formation, the Woniwogi Sandstone, the Piniya Mudstone and the Ekmai Sandstone. In the Bird’s Head region, the Kembelangan Group cannot be subdivided into four formations. The upper part of this group is known as the Jass Formation (Dow et al, 1988). The Jass Formation consists of quartz sandstone and calcareous mudstone. The Kembelangan Group consists of interlayer carbonaceous siltstone and mudstone in the lower section, and fine-grained glauconitic quartz sandstone and minor shale in the upper section. This group was deposited as a passive margin sequence conformably overlying the Triassic rift sequences of the Tipuma Formation (Dow et al., 1988; Parris, 1994). The contact with overlying Waripi Formation of New Guinea Limestone Group appears to be conformable.

14.3.2.3. NEW GUINEA LIMESTONE GROUP (NGLG)

During the Cenozoic time, approximately at the Cretaceous and Cenozoic boundary, the island of New Guinea is characterized by carbonate deposition known as the New Guinea Limestone Group (NGLG). The NGLG overlies the Kembelangan Group as originally defined by Visser and Hermes (1962). In central Irian Jaya, The New Guinea Limestone Group is generally divided into four formations.

The basal unit is the Paleocene to Eocene Waripi Formation, which is composed of fossiliferous dolostone, quartz sandstone and minor limestone. The Waripi Formation was deposited in a shallow marine, high energy environment. This formation has gradational contact with the Yawee Limestone (undifferentiated NGLG in ) and Late Cretaceous Ekmai Sandstone (Pieters et al, 1983).

The Eocene Faumai Formation conformably overlies the Waripi Formation. This formation is composed of thick-bedded (up to 15 m) to massive foraminifera-rich limestone, marly limestone, dolostone and a few quartz-rich sandstone layers up to 5 m thick. The Faumai Formation was deposited in shallow marine, medium energy environment. The Early Oligocene Sirga Formation conformably overlies the Faumai Formation. This formation is composed of a foraminifera-bearing, coarse- to medium-grained quartz sandstone and siltstone that is locally pebble-rich. The Sirga Formation was deposited in a fluvial to shallow marine environment after period of non-deposition. This formation is the only silisiclastic formation deposited in the Irian Jaya region between the Eocene and Middle Miocene. Pigram and Panggabean (1983) name this formation as Adi Member. The Sirga Formation deposition is the result of the transgression that followed the Oligocene sea-level fall as well as Oligocene orogenic activity in eastern New Guinea (Quarles van Ufford, 1994). The Imskin Formation is a pelagic limestone which consists of well-bedded carbonate mudstone, marl, chalk, chert and abundant pelagic foraminifera (Visser and Hermes, 1962; Koesoemadinata, 1978; Pieters et al, 1983). This formation represents deep-marine environment and grades upward into shallow-water carbonate. This formation ranges in age from Paleocene to middle Miocene (Pieters et al, 1983).

The Oligocene to Middle Miocene Kais Formation conformably overlies the Sirga Formation. This formation is composed primarily of foraminiferal limestone with interbedded marl, carbonaceous siltstone and coal. The Kais Formation was deposited on a medium- to low-energy carbonate shelf. Biostratigraphic analysis indicates the youngest strata to be ~ 15 Ma (Quarles van Ufford, 1996). In the Bird’s Head, the Kais Formation represents a reef complex comprising platform and patch reef facies. This formation is laterally equivalent to the Klamogun Limestone of Salawati basin. In addition, in the Salawati and Bintuni basins the Kais Formation partly interfingers and is conformably overlain by the Klasafet Formation (Dow et al, 1988).

14.3.3. LATE CENOZOIC SEDIMENTATION

The late Cenozoic sedimentation in the Australian continental basement is characterized by the kilometer-thick siliciclastic sequences overlying middle Miocene carbonate strata (Visser and Hermes, 1962; Dow et al, 1988). In the Irian Jaya region, three major formations are known and all of them are similar in terms of age and lithology (Pieters et al, 1983). These are the Klasaman, Steenkool and Buru Formations. They occur respectively in the Salawati and Bintuni Basins and in the southern part of the Central Range (Akimeugah and Iwur Basins). Locally, they are overlain by younger clastic sediments (i.e. Upa and Sele Conglomerates). In northern Irian Jaya, siliciclastic rocks occurred in the North Coast Basin (Meervlakte) in the early middle Miocene (Visser and Hermes, 1962; Dow et al, 1988). This rocks unit known as the Makats Formation covers the oceanic basement.

14.3.4. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PACIFIC PLATE

The detail stratigraphy of the Pacific plate (Oceanic province) is presented by Pieters et al (1983) and Dow et al (1988). In general, the Pacific rocks consist of mantle derived rocks, island-arc volcanis and shallow-marine sediments. The mantle derived rocks are exposed extensively along the Irian Jaya Ophiolite Belt (IOB), the Cyclop Mountain, Waigeo Island, north of Gauttier Mountain and as sliver blocks along the Sorong and Yapen Fault Zone (Dow et al, 1988). The IOB is approximately 400 km long and 50 km wide of east-west belt made of ultramafic, basic plutonic and high-grade basic metamorphic (Dow et al, 1988). The age of the IOB is unknown, but it is interpreted as Mesozoic based on metamorphic block.

The Auwewa Volcanic Group is the volcanic rocks of the Pacific plate (Dow et al, 1998). Originally, Visser and Hermes named it Auwewa Formation. However, because all the volcanic rocks have the same ages and is very similar in composition. They are all put together within one group. The rocks in the group are mostly the product of island-arc volcanism which are remarkably uniform (Dow et al, 1988). They are mostly characterized by basic composition. Throughout Irian Jaya they range in age from Paleogene to Early Miocene (Visser and Hermes, 1962).

The sediments in Pacific plate are characterized by shallow-marine carbonate with interbedded terrigenous sediments derived from island-arc and less commonly from the mantle rocks. This unit, named as Holandia Formation (Visser and Hermes, 1962) and Dow et al (1988), was raised in status of unit to a group. The group is extensively distributed at Waigeo, Biak, and Yapen islands and on the flank of the Cyclop Mountains. The age of this group ranges from Early Miocene to Pliocene.

14.3.5. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TRANSITION ZONE

The convergence between Australian and Pacific plates generated rocks of within the zone of deformation. This group of rocks is classified as transitional zone, which consists mostly of metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic rocks formed continuous belt (>1000km) from Irian Jaya to Papua New Guinea.

In Irian Jaya low T regionally metamorphosed rocks are exposed along the Weyland Range and the northern flank of the Central Range. Historically, several different name have been proposed for these metamorphic belt such as Derewo Metamorphics (Pieters et al., 1983), Derewo Metamorphic Belt (Nash et al., 1993) and Ruffaer Metamorphic Belt (Dow et al., 1988, Warren, 1995). This belt generally consist of low T ( 300-350C and 5-8 kb) metapelites derived from the Mesozoic passive-margin of the Australian continent. The fact that the metamorphic rocks from Weyland Range recorded higher T (straulite-biotite-garnet; Dow et al., 1988) than in the Central is interpreted as result of the intrusion of the Utawa batholith (Warren, 1995). Isotopic ages from metapelitic rocks in Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea record a late Oligocene to Earliest Miocene regional metamorphic event (Weiland, 1999). The contact separating this belt and the Irian Fold Belt is gradational (Warren, 1995).

14.4. REGIONAL STRUCTURES
Only little structural geologic evidence has been found prior to Late Miocene tectonic event (Melanesian orogeny by Dow et al., 1988) in Irian Jaya. The evidence of the oldest structures are recorded in the Paleozoic sections. However, the exposure of this group are limited, therefore the knowledge of the Paleozoic tectonic is also very poor. Most of the structural features in the island today are product of Late Miocene arc-continent collision. Later tectonic event (<4 Ma) is reactivated some of the older structures becoming dominated left-lateral strike-slip faults (Sapiie et al., 1999). In general, the structural pattern in Irian Jaya can be divided in three major structural domains: Bird’s Head, Neck and Body. In the Bird’s body, W to NW trending structures is dominant throughout the Central Range. This W-NW belt known as New Guinea Mobile Belt, a 300-km wide zone of continuos belt from Papua Nugini to Irian Jaya (Dow et al., 1988). The New Guinea Mobile Belt is terminated by EW trending continental strike-slip fault, the Tarera-Aiduna Fault Zone (TAFZ), at Bird’s neck. The structures in the Bird’s neck are dominated by N-NW trending fold known as Lenguru Fold Belt (LFB). This fold belt is terminated at the Kemum high in the Bird’s head region. In this region, the majority structures are dominated by EW trending fault system.

Sapiie et al. (1999) proposed that the piece of lithosphere north of New Guinea is moving as yet another distinct kinematic entity, the Caroline plate. This microplate is moving nearly, but not exactly, with the Pacific plate. In western New Guinea, the dominant effect of this interaction is to cause left-lateral transform motion. This motion starts in the Bismarck Sea, comes on land forming the 250 km long Bewani-Torricelli fault zone, makes a 200 km long right step with convergent deformation along the Mamberamo thrust and fold belt, returns to left-lateral offset along the Yapen fault zone. Further west, a 300 km long left step forms the divergent Waipona Trough which links to the Tarera-Aiduna fault zone which in turn extends westward to the Banda Sea. The Tarera-Aiduna fault zone separating the west directed underthrusting at the Seram Trough from the northward subduction at the Timor/Aru Trench. The restraining bend forming the Mamberamo thrust and fold belt is well defined from the regional seismicity. As earthquakes occur down to depths approaching 150 km, at least 200 km of convergence has occurred in this area and hence a similar magnitude of strike-slip is indicated along the Bewani-Torricelli and Yapen fault zones. Near Biak Island, convergence probably only recently began as earthquakes are shallow and there is no evidence of significant recent deformation in the nearby New Guinea Trench (Milson et al. 1992). In western New Guinea, significant west-directed convergence has been accommodated at the Seram Trough, which has seismicity extending down to depths of 100 km.

The major releasing bend in the system is the little studied Waipona Trough, a major depocenter since the Pliocene (Dow et al., 1988). Perhaps 50 to 100 km of lithospheric extension could have been centered on this zone. Based upon seismicity, active divergence is concentrated along the east coast of the Bird’s Head, cutting across the Lengguru fold belt. A southern extension of this divergent motion is the Aru Trough, which marks the rifting of the edge of the Australian plate. Total extension in either of these areas is small, perhaps 10 km. Because they do not appear to be long-lived phenomena, it is possible that underthrusting in the Biak area and extension along the back of the Bird's Head are very recent developments in the area.

title: The Geology of Indonesia/Papua


text:
Talk:Knowing Knoppix/Recovering from freezes

do kernal shortcuts work alt-SysRq+k kills tty alt-SysRq+r changes keyboard mode alt-SysRq+b restarts computer these should be added if its enabled in knoppix

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Junaidahmadj/monobook.js

http://www.geocities.com/junaidahmadj/index.html

title: User:Junaidahmadj/monobook.js


text:
Programming with Moose/Problems solved/Scalar-Defer

's  is a method of computing a value once and caching it away, while Memoize is a method of storing the functions input and output into a cache table for the purpose of future calls. Both of these functionalities are largely covered by Moose's native. This deadly combo ( and  ) native to Moose caches a function's output, and delays the execution until the first runtime request.

Procedurally, a function gets arguments or operates on globals -- if it does neither than it is presumably immutable. Object Orientationally, a method often gets its variables from the object (its environment) and sometimes modifies the object. Take for instance a method like, which might check to see if the object can   and then it might shout what the object is. With this in mind, let's see what Memoize does...

"‘Memoizing’ a function makes it faster by trading space for time. It does this by caching the return values of the function in a table. If you call the function again with the same arguments, "memoize" jumps in and gives you the value out of the table, instead of letting the function compute the value all over again."

You might ask, what's wrong with that? Well, for starters it isn't object oriented; and, doing anything with a method reference is ugly and nasty and should be avoided. Moose's Lazy/Default combo replaces a small but significant subset of Memoize's functionality. If you simply want to cache the return of a runtime function then Moose's native functionality might better suite you.

Finally, the purpose of Memoize is always to make something faster and that isn't Moose's goal in any way shape or form. What functionality Moose delivers with /  is for a totally different reason, all of which more so pertains to programmer productivity which is exactly the goal of Moose. The logical drawback of the way Moose goes about this is that the object will cache only one call to the function, requiring many objects for many calls.

As for the, this probably better fits the functionality Moose provides, because the goal of  , directly collides with that of Moose's Lazy/Default. Let's sum up with a list of things the Lazy/Default combo can be said to do.
 * Calculates the function only once
 * Caches the output
 * Defers evaluation until the first call

The old way
I've (Evan Carroll) have personally never seen memoize used before on a method. Not to say it couldn't be done, or hasn't been... But, rather than contrive an example to make Moose more of the win, I'll present you with a typical vanilla Memoize. That goes to say this could be made more similar in theory, but not in practice.

This example will use lazy/default for the purpose of delaying execution and storing the result; it is often used simply for this. However, it is also often used for delaying a database connection until needed in runtime. These are two totally separate applications of the same technology.

Invoking the Moose
Moose is going to get the same effect a slightly different — object oriented — way.

Another Example
I feel obligated to show you a very popular application of this technology.

New Syntax
For clarity and those who just can't learn by example:

 * lazy: Lazy can be reduced to a simple: do this at runtime. It permits delayed execution.

 * default: Default is always used in combination with lazy, tells Moose what should happen when the first call to the getter is made. The combination of lazy/default essentially does a few things:
 * 1) Delays execution until runtime
 * 2) Caches away variable for later calls
 * 3) Permits dynamic overload

So if you don't want to the default/lazy combo, just send it something.


text:
User talk:Leonid Dzhepko

Philately
Один филиппинец начал писать книгу на английском. Не видел? --Michael Romanov 23:59, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting initiative. Let's wait and see. Флаг ему в руки. --Leonid Dzhepko 08:15, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leonid Dzhepko


text:
Visual Basic .NET/Classes

Introduction
The Class concept is the main foundation of Object Oriented Programming. In a world of Graphical User Interfaces and more complex programs, classes have become a very important part of programming.

To create a class, in the Solutions explorer, after a right click on the application, Add, then Class. Or select "Add Class..." from the Project menu of the menu bar.

Terminology
object: A unit that has its own properties and methods for a user to use at his or her discretion.

encapsulation: Lets the user of the class control the data and operations of a class that can be seen from other classes.

property: Represents a data value associated with an instance.

method: An operation that can be performed by the class.

constructor: The method that is called when an object of the class has been instantiated.

field: A variable at the class level.

Fields
Fields are variables that are inside a class but not inside functions, sub routines and properties. These variables are also not allowed to be called outside a class. Declaring these variables is simple, as shown in this segment of a class:

The class can call these variables up easily with " Me " calling. Look at this segment of a class to understand how:

Trying to call up a private field outside of a class will not work.

Constructors
When a new object of a class is declared, we can initialize the fields of a class. For example, look at this segment of a class:

Technically, a constructor with no parameters is called an Empty Constructor or a Default Constructor. A Constructor that has parameters is called a Custom Constructor.

Properties
Properties are divided into two categories: getters and setters. A getter returns a value from a class, much like how a function works and a setter sets a value into the class.

Because this class property is " Public ", we can access it from outside the class. If it was " Private ", it would be the complete opposite.

Methods
Methods are pretty much sub routines specific to a class. These can be called up as many or as little times as the programmer desires.

Instantiation
We use the keyword " New ":

Example Class
This is just an example of a class using all the above techniques:

Visual Basic .NET/Classes

title: Visual Basic .NET/Classes


text:
People's Tactics

People's Tactics is a freeware turn-based strategy game and scenario editor programmed by Victor Reijkersz, with graphics by Joshua Ross. The game operates at an abstract tactical level and combines the features of empire-building and war games. This may make the game look daunting at first, but take heart, most of the game's complexities are handled behind the scenes and there are actually very few rules for you to take in to account.

The game play basically breaks down in to two distinct theaters: The home front and the front lines. On the home front, the player must decide which new technologies to pursue, decide which military units to place into production, hire and organize his officer-corps and form new combat units and headquarters. The front-lines sees the player making strategic decisions about the composition of his forces, managing supply lines, maneuvering his armies and formulating the tactics required to defeat his adversaries.

People's Tactics is a game that rewards patience and long-term planning. Solid, consistent victories cannot be achieved with overwhelming force alone, smart tactics are required to win. Enemy units must be isolated, supply lines cut and harbors blockaded if you wish to defeat a larger or equal sized opponent. A smart general will tailor his research and production to most benefit his master plan -- producing a badly organized army, or being forced to disband and restructure often may prove fatal in a close-pitched battle.

An archive of the official website and the community forums can be found at the Wayback Machine.

Table of contents

 * 1) /Interface/
 * 2) /Command & Officers/
 * 3) /Supply/
 * 4) /Production/
 * 5) /Units/
 * 6) /Movement/
 * 7) /Combat/
 * 8) /Transfers/
 * 9) /Scenario Editor/
 * 10) *Engine Variables
 * 11) *Events
 * 12) *Research
 * 13) /PBEM/
 * 14) /Shortcuts/

Or see the manual all as one file (useful for backing-up):

/All Chapters/

Credits
Victor Reijkersz – Programming, game design, scenario design, documentation

Joshua Ross – Graphics, scenario design, documentation

Testing and feedback by:

Koen Fasten, Chris Garden, DavidSHQ and Panzeh

title: People's Tactics


text:
User talk:Kkocl001

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:29, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem with Image:Cartoon.jpg

 * Please note that www.cartoonstock.com doesn't have an option for cc-by-sa-2.5 licensing. Please fix the licensing if there is some other arrangement, or nominate the image for speedy deletion by adding on the image description page. If you have questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page, or ask at WB:HELP. Happy editing! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:29, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kkocl001


text:
Talk:Visual Basic .NET/Classes

Editing Notes
Still a very rough article. --Grich 05:06, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Visual Basic .NET/Classes


text:
Cookbook talk:Pumpkin Soup

I'm looking for an ordinary Pumpkin Soup recipe. This one may be considered a variant of regular pumpkin soup, or it may be likened to a vegetable soup of which there are many, many variants. I think this recipe would be more accurately called a Pumpkin and Vegetable Soup, what do other contributors think? The 'normal' kind of Pumpkin Soup I know of consists of pumpkin and not much else except cream, milk or sour cream (sometimes yoghurt), salt and pepper. Tink 05:22, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Pumpkin Soup


text:
MPSolve

This page describes the usage of MPSolve.

Usage
The executable program of the package is called unisolve (univariate polynomial solver).

It can be run from command line in console.

There are 3 main ways of running MPSolve: 1. reading from the standard input stream (typically the keyboard).

./unisolve

(one can type here for example content of the file mand31.pol, without comments line, which start with "!" character )

2. reading from input file (holding the input polynomial in the form: degree and list of coefficients)

./unisolve Data/mand31.pol

3. using "user defined" polynomials. In this case one uses 2 files:

- mps_user.c (containing definition of polynomial in the form of recurrence relation)

- input file containing only degree of polynomial

./unisolve Data/umand31.pol

compare the files mand31.pol and umand31.pol to see the differences. The output files should be the same.

If one wants to use other type of "user defined" polynomial than this one which is contained in the standard mps_user.c file, then should:

- edit usr_mand.c and modify the code in order to obtain the implementation of the polynomial that you want

- copy usr_mand.c into mps_user.c ( it should be readable and writable by the user)

- run make ( to recompile the package)

- write the desired degree of polynomial in the input file (here for example: umand31.pol )

- run MPSolve ( the way number 3)

./unisolve Data/umand31.pol

Output
In all above examples output will be on the screen.

If one wants to save the output to the text file with res extension in directory Results:

./unisolve Data/umand31.pol >Results/umand31.res

Plotting the data from output file in gnuplot

First create file for gnuplot ( use -Og option ), for example:

./unisolve -Og Data/umand31.pol >Results/umand31g.res

Run gnuplot:

gnuplot

and inside gnuplot:

plot "/home/adam/mpsolve/MPSolve-2.2/Results/umand31g.res"

To save plot in postscript file:

set term postscript set output "umand31.eps" plot "/home/adam/mpsolve/MPSolve-2.2/Results/umand31g.res"

To go back to the normal output (screen - X Window plotting terminal), then :

set output set term x11

title: MPSolve


text: User:Mankar Camoran

title: User:Mankar Camoran


text:
User talk:Mankar Camoran

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:21, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks. --Mankar Camoran (talk) 21:13, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mankar Camoran


text:
User talk:68.118.192.197

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:22, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.118.192.197


text:
Operating System Design/Processes/IPC

Interprocess communication is used mainly with microkernel architectures as a way for processes to communicate with other processes and the system itself. IPC (Interprocess communication) can be implemented in many forms, such as message passing, mutexes, and semaphores.

title: Operating System Design/Processes/IPC


text:
Operating System Design/Security/Security

Security is one of the most sought-after features in an operating system today. With computers now being used to store vast amounts of data, from top-secret government information to enterprises and business keeping track of bank account numbers, security in an operating system is a must. Within the next pages we will discuss the basics of OS security, from user authentication and cryptography to modern internet cryptographic algorithms.


text:
User talk:KentTong

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:26, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:KentTong


text:
Operating System Design/Case Studies/FAT

The FAT, or File Allocation Table filesystem, was invented in 1977 by Bill Gates and Marc McDonald and was the primary filesystem used on Microsoft Windows 9x until NT was released, at which point it was surpassed by NTFS. It was named for the relatively simple central allocation table that stores where each file is and what blocks of the device may be damaged. It is was also used for many years on various other operating systems, and is the standard file system for floppy diskettes.

FAT12
The first version of the FAT file system was FAT12, and was meant to handle floppy disks. Because it used a 12-bit value for storing cluster addresses, it was limited to containing only 4078 clusters. Also, as it only used a 16-bit value to store the number of disk sectors, it was limited to 32 megabytes. Lastly, it was a flat file system, and thus could not contain directories.

FAT16
Released concurrently with the IBM PC AT and MS-DOS 3.0, FAT16 was released in 1984. FAT16 upped the cluster value size to 16 bits, allowing for 65,517 clusters and therefore larger partitions. However, another version of FAT16 was released in 1987 for Compaq DOS 3.31, and this is what is today known as the FAT16 filesystem. This increased the sector count to a 32-bit value, allowed up to 32 KiB clusters, and also allowed partitions up to 2 GiB. Eventually, Windows NT once again increased the cluster size to 64 KiB, although this broke backwards compatibility.

VFAT
During the design process of Windows 95, Microsoft decided that file names should be able to handle up to 255 UTF-16 characters. VFAT was thus an extension of FAT16 to work around the traditional "8.3" filename limitation that FAT16 suffered from.

FAT32
FAT32 was introduced with Windows 95 OSR2 to increase the maximum volume size that could be addressed by using a 32-bit value to address clusters. This increased the maximum volume size to 2 TiB, although since Windows 2000, the maximum volume that can be created has been 32 GiB. Also, the maximum file size that can be used with FAT32 is slightly less than 4 GiB.

exFAT
exFAT is a replacement for the traditional FAT file system designed specifically for flash memory devices. It was introduced with Windows Embedded CE 6.0, and support was added to Microsoft's desktop operating system line with the release of Windows Vista SP1. It features many performance enhancements, increased cluster size (32 MB initially), supports files up to 16 Exabytes, and drops the traditional 8.3 filename system. In addition, although this has not yet been implemented in the Windows Vista SP1 version of the filesystem driver, it does support an access control system.

Criticism
One of the complaints with the FAT allocation system is that there was no protection from fragmentation ; that is, the random dispersion of data across a disk. This impaired disk performance, and was time-consuming to correct. In addition, patents have been granted to Microsoft for various portions of the FAT and exFAT filesystems, and Microsoft has announced that it will give licenses at a cost of $0.25 per unit sold, with a maximum $250,000 royalty per license granted.


text:
User talk:Ingridbrittneyjacob9

Please note that Wikibooks is not Wikipedia. You may be interested in WB:WFW. More useful information below:

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:29, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ingridbrittneyjacob9


text:
User talk:Vincelb

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:32, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vincelb


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Autism

title: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Autism


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Master of Orion 2


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Quest for Glory


text:
User talk:68.74.158.43

I did respond to your message at Wikibooks talk:Reading room. If you'd like to tell us where we have the balance between AGF and protection wrong, I'd be more than happy to look into it. As you may be aware, Wikibooks needs more editors, so a complaint of this type is a Bad Thing. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:14, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.74.158.43


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Superluminal particle accelerator


text: User talk:86.9.71.88

title: User talk:86.9.71.88


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Augusta Longbottom

Overview
Augusta Longbottom, whom Neville always refers to as "Gran", is his primary guardian.

Philosopher's Stone
We see Augusta on the platform at King's Cross chastising Neville for having lost his toad, Trevor.

Augusta later sends Neville a Remembrall, which Draco Malfoy tries to steal from him.

Chamber of Secrets
At breakfast the first day of school, Neville comments that he's waiting for the post owls, as Gran (Augusta) was going to send on some things he'd forgotten.

Prisoner of Azkaban
It is revealed that the thing Neville fears most is Severus Snape, so when he is preparing to battle a Boggart, he expects that the Boggart will appear as Snape. In order to make the Boggart appear funny, Professor Lupin suggests that Neville should imagine him dressed as his grandmother, wearing a hat with a stuffed vulture, carrying a big red handbag, and wearing a long green dress.

After The Fat Lady's portrait is destroyed by Sirius Black, she is replaced as Gryffindor tower guardian by Sir Cadogan. Sir Cadogan, in the interest of security, sets new passwords every few hours. Neville, who has trouble with remembering them, writes them down on a piece of paper, which he then loses, and Sirius Black retrieves with help from Hermione's pet cat. Sirius uses this list to make his way into Gryffindor tower. Though no harm is ultimately done, Neville is in disgrace for the remainder of the year, and as part of his punishment, Augusta sends him a Howler, which he receives at breakfast two days later.

Goblet of Fire
Harry learns that the reason Augusta has been raising Neville is that his parents, Frank and Alice Longbottom, had been tortured into insanity by Bellatrix, Rodolphus, and Rabastan Lestrange, and Barty Crouch Jr.. Professor Dumbledore tells him that this is Neville's story to tell, and asks him not to pass it on.

Order of the Phoenix
The first night back at school, when Harry and Seamus Finnegan are arguing in the Boys Dormitory about the Daily Prophet, Neville openly declares he and his grandmother Augusta believe Harry and Dumbledore's clams about Lord Voldemort returning.

In St. Mungo's, where they have been visiting Arthur Weasley, Harry, Ron, Hermione, and Ginny Weasley mistakenly end up visiting Gilderoy Lockhart. Neville's parents, it turns out, are on the same ward, and Neville and Augusta are visiting them. Augusta recognizes Harry immediately, says that Neville has said good things about Hermione, and is generally approving of the Weasley family. When Neville's mother carefully gives Neville a gum wrapper, Augusta is dismissive, though Neville obviously plans to keep it.

Half-Blood Prince
Neville does reasonably well in Charms and is eligible for NEWT-level studies in that course, but says that his grandmother considers Charms a soft option. Professor McGonagall says that Augusta had failed her Charms OWL, and implies that is why she was denigrating the course. Neville is quite cheered by this discovery.

Deathly Hallows
As Harry, Ron, and Hermione return to Hogwarts, they are met by Neville. Neville has suffered at the hands of the new school order, for having dared to stand up to the increasing use of Dark magic and for re-creating Dumbledore's Army. Having found that they can get at adults by kidnapping their children, the Death Eaters decide to try the opposite tack, attempting to control the children (in this case Neville) by kidnapping the adults (Augusta). In this case it backfires, with Augusta putting Dawlish in St. Mungo's and going on the run. Before her departure, though, she had expressed great satisfaction with the stand Neville was taking.

Augusta is the last person through the tunnel from the Hog's Head Inn after Aberforth leaves the inn to join the battle. Having sealed the tunnel, she then goes off to join Neville.

Strengths
Augusta has very great strength of character. She is strict and has high expectations of Neville who hasn't often performed to her standards. However, she is very proud of Neville's eventual leadership of Dumbledore's Army and their resistance to the Death Eaters' control of Hogwarts during his seventh year.

Weaknesses
Professor McGonagall tells Neville that Augusta had failed her Charms O.W.L. exam; this would seem to be the only weakness in her that Neville has ever seen.

Relationships with Other Characters
Augusta is a very self-contained person and it is hard to get an idea of how she feels about other people. We see that she cares about her son and daughter-in-law, as she takes the time to visit them in hospital. She is definitely less sentimental about them than Neville is, as Neville clearly plans to save the gum wrapper that his mother gives him, while Augusta seems dismissive of it. She does, however, express pride in Neville's behaviour during his last year at Hogwarts, and the almost-proprietary manner in which she expresses that pride leads us to believe that she does care rather a lot about Neville and his progress.

Augusta seems to have some relationship with Minerva McGonagall. Judging by the assumed ages of the characters as well as the fact that McGonagall is aware of Augusta's score on her OWLs it's probable that the two attended Hogwarts together. It is a common assumption of fans that the two witches were friends while they were in Hogwarts.

Analysis
Augusta is a minor character, and there is no need for her to be shown in any sort of detail; however, who she is and how she feels about Neville, with all its complexities, is critical to Neville's development. Neville, of course, is a major character, playing as he does a fairly large part with his interactions with the Trio from the first book onwards. Understanding of Augusta, limited as it may be, is definitely helpful in understanding Neville, particularly his initial insecurity, and his rapid development starting in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. While we may concur with Harry's guess that his sudden interest in defensive magic may have been spurred by the mass escape from Azkaban, his continuing to improve after his less than stellar showing in the battle in the Ministry in that book is likely due to Augusta's approval of his actions in that battle. We don't hear Augusta's comments to Neville following that episode, but she does express her pride in Neville to Harry in the final book; this may lead the reader to believe that Augusta had softened her critical stance towards Neville as he had started to show defensive magical ability under Harry's tutelage.

Questions

 * 1) Why does Augusta choose to wear a stuffed vulture on her hat?
 * 2) How do you think Augusta feels about Neville's mother and Frank's choice of wife?


text:
User talk:Jdeleo910

Hi there! The links to rate pages of that book have been deleted per request. I think it was because the project is "done" so there is no need to collect feedback. More useful info below:

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:31, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jdeleo910


text:
User talk:210.10.128.178

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:32, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:210.10.128.178


text:
Talk:Rhetoric and Composition/Publishing

I think it would be helpful to add something in there about literary or small magazines. --Brttnyrhea 00:41, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

"Authors publish books and articles because they believe their work is interesting or useful to other people." -- Authors also attempt to get published for fame, money, prestige, and career advancement. If we mention this, the page might read more like "real talk," which should increase its appeal to college writers.

"Getting your work published may seem scary and overwhelming, but there are readily available resources to help you." -- "readily" seems unnecessary ... anyone agree? If so, it could be rewritten as, "... but there are resources available to help you."

"Included in a query letter is strong opening lead about the article ..." -- missing an "a" before "strong opening lead"

"Consider attending writer’s conferences" -- shouldn't it be "writers' conferences"?

--Matt.helm (discuss • contribs) 21:36, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

images
Could use some images, but I'm still confused about how to use them.


text:
Operating System Design

Table of Contents

 * Preface
 * Introduction
 * Case studies
 * History

Kernel Architecture

 * Monolithic Kernel
 * Solaris
 * Linux
 * Windows 9x
 * BSD
 * Microkernel
 * GNU Hurd
 * MINIX
 * QNX
 * Exokernel
 * XOK
 * Hybrid Kernel
 * Mac OS X
 * Windows NT/XP
 * BeOS

Initialization

 * Bootloader
 * Hardware Initialization

Processes

 * Interrupts
 * Context Switching
 * Scheduling
 * First Come First Served
 * Shortest Process Next
 * Shortest Remaining Time
 * Round Robin Scheduling
 * Preemption
 * Priority Scheduling
 * Concurrent Processing
 * Deadlock
 * Livelock
 * Interprocess Communication
 * Locks
 * Signals
 * Semaphores
 * Monitors
 * Shared Memory
 * Threads (Lightweight Processes)
 * Fibers (Lightweight Threads)

Memory Management

 * Physical Memory
 * Segmentation
 * Virtual Memory
 * Paging
 * Swapping
 * Basics
 * Allocation Algorithms
 * Fault Tolerance

File Systems

 * Abstraction
 * Allocation Algorithms
 * Performance
 * Fault Tolerance
 * RAID
 * Journaling
 * Dealing with Bad Blocks
 * Case Studies
 * File Allocation Table (FAT)
 * NTFS
 * ext4
 * BTRFS
 * ReiserFS
 * HFS
 * ZFS

Security

 * Access Controls
 * Users
 * Resources
 * Privileges

Interface

 * Command line interfaces
 * Graphical user interfaces
 * Desktop environment
 * Configuration tools
 * User Ability

title: Operating System Design


text:
Operating System Design/Introduction

An operating system, often abbreviated OS, is the underlying software that directly interacts with the hardware of the platform and provides an environment for user applications to run.

Tasks
An operating system has several capabilities that it must provide:

Hardware control
Hardware in a modern computer has too much variety for control mechanisms to be hard-coded. In the old days, each application had to provide its own drivers to be able to use the hardware. Because of the diversity of today's hardware, most operating systems abstract the implementation details from the application using the hardware. The operating system thus needs a mechanism to reliably juggle the various needs of the underlining platform. This is provided through a driver mechanism, and through this the operating system can keep the hardware in check.

In addition, multitasking would be impractical, if not impossible, without an operating system to manage the sharing of resources between competing applications. Each application would have to access and control the resources itself while voluntarily giving up control of the hardware occasionally (as was once common, called cooperative multitasking). This scenario has obvious implications in security and stability, as third-party applications in general cannot be trusted with direct hardware access. Therefore the operating system must schedule application processes (called pre-emptive scheduling) to have access to the processor according to an algorithm that may be modified by many factors.

Software environment
Applications need a safe and easy way to access hardware. Whether it be allocating memory, writing a file to permanent storage, playing a sound file, or showing a movie, at some point the application will need to call a function provided by the operating system. This is provided through an API, or Application Programming Interface. A well-rounded API will prevent code duplication and thus leave the application developer free to implement the needed behavior without hassle.

User interface
Most operating systems are going to need some way for the user to operate them on a day-to-day basis. The interface should generally be efficient for power users, while still holding the hands of less technically proficient users. The interface can be either graphical or text-based.

Components
Operating Systems generally consist of several parts. Principal parts are

 * 1) The Kernel, which is the "core" of the OS.
 * 2) The Libraries, which provide an array of functions to applications.
 * 3) Drivers, for interacting with, and controlling external hardware.

Also the operating system will come with

 * 1) The Boot Mechanism, which loads the kernel into memory.
 * 2) A Command Interpreter, or "shell", that takes input from the user.

An OS might also implement a file system for storing data.

Some OSs allow only one program to run at a time, but many new OSs allow multiple applications to run almost simultaneously. Such operating systems are called "Multitasking Operating Systems". Some OSs are very large, and depend on the user for input, but other OSs are very small, and are expected to do work without human intervention. The first type are the desktop OSs, and the second type are the "Real-Time" OSs.

title: Operating System Design/Introduction


text:
Talk:First Aid/Marine First Aid

Marine First Aid
What exactly are you looking for for marine first aid? Mike6271 02:23, 12 November 2007 (UTC)
 * This was going to be based on an SJA Marine FA course. I'm not sure whether it should be included. For now, we can leave it blank as room for expansion. If you want, add stuff like marine animal stings/bites, aspiration/secondary drowning/drowning, shallow/deep water blackout, link to pressure injuries (or maybe merge them to here instead)... Also medevac from marine vessels (by air & water), using VHF radio and distress signalling, the layperson's role in marine SAR. What do you think of that sort of content? I think it's beyond Standard, but we're also including O2, AED, triage etc. This is actually not as extensive as it sounds, and is all lay-level content (ie. not healthcare provider). This might also be a good place to introduce aquatic spinal rollovers and perhaps some other specific water rescue techniques. But maybe not. What say you? – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:51, 12 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Ooooo ok that's a good idea. Some goes above standard first aid, but most of it is basic.  I will try to add some things here sometime soon.  Thanks! Mike6271 02:57, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Decompression Sickness
Decompression sickness is already covered under First Aid/Pressure-Related Illness & Injury. Would it be more appropriate here or in the pressure section? Mike6271 (talk) 21:53, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Aid/Marine First Aid


text:
Manx/Lessoon 2

Lessoon 2: C'raad t'ou cummal? Lesson 2: Where do you live?

Tasht-fockle
''For now, it is good to just be familiar with the more common countries and the one you are from. At least be able to recognise the country and city names for now rather than memorise how to write them.''

Some basic words:
 * guilley - boy
 * caillin - girl
 * dooinney - man
 * ben - woman
 * moddey - dog
 * kayt - cat
 * carr - car
 * etlan - aeroplane
 * bluckan - ball
 * cabbyl - horse

At first, these Manx words might come at you with difficulty to memorise it, especially if you have not had any language learning experience in the past. It is recommended that you make up ways for you to remember words from English words you already know. For example, a way to remember dooinney (man) is "The man thinks he is dooin it, yeah ", or for caillin (girl), " Caillin sounds like a girl's name, Caitlin". Even if they sound stupid, these are very helpful ways to learn vocabulary.

Also, try writing these words, and any phrases you've learnt up until now, 5 to 10 times each on a paper. If it seems too hard, just remember how well you already speak English and the vocabulary you have built up. You can do it!

Yn art as arraghey (The article and mutation)
There is no indefinite article in Manx, meaning there is no way of saying a or an. Thus, the word ennym could mean name or a name.

There is, however, a definite article in Manx. (There is actually a singular and plural form of the in Manx, though for now we will learn the singular). The Manx word for the is Yn. You might have seen this already in a few country names.

When yn is preceded by Ta, then it is contracted and the y drops. Like in the last chapter we learnt Ta'n ennym orrym which means My name is or literally The name on me is. Ta'n = ta + yn.

Yn effects the first consonant of the noun it is motifying, if it is a feminine noun. This is where mutation comes into play in the Manx language. The table below shows the Aspirated mutation or sometimes referred to as a soft mutation, which is undergone in feminine nouns which are preceded by yn.

NOTE: that when the noun, even if feminine, begins with a J, D, T, or Çh, then it does not undergo mutation. Also note that only feminine nouns undergo this mutation. Masculine nouns do not change when preceded by Yn, so it is important to know your gender of nouns.

Let's take a look at some examples:

 * Mongoil, Yn Vongoil - Mongolia, the Mongolia
 * ben, yn ven - woman, the woman
 * ennym, yn ennym - name, the name
 * Çheen, yn Çheen - China, the China

This system might be hard to memorise at first. Luckily, there is a system in English to remember these rules. There is a short phrase to memorise in English, it goes:

Several tired children howling Big muddy van Car key chain Dark giant ghost Poor photograph Quiet whistle Jolly youth Fox ox

and J D T Çh just don't take the change

You can now compose simple sentences in Manx. Let's try a few. Try covering the English and guess what the Manx sentence means:

'''T'ee ben. Ta'n ven braew.''' - She is a woman. The woman is fine. Ta'n moddey guilley. - The dog is a boy. '''Craad ta'n dooinney cummal? Ta'n dooinney cummal ayns Doolish.''' - Where does the man live? The man lives in Douglas.

Çheeraghyn (Countries)
You may have noticed some countries have the definite article, Yn before it. This means the in Manx, and is used quite often when referring to country names. It's like how we sometimes say in English, The USA, The Netherlands, The United Kingdom. The only difference is that in Manx, unless at the beginning of the sentence, the article is lower cased. For example:

Ta mee cummal ayns yn Velg - I live in Belgium Ta'n Rank braew - France is good. ''You wouldn't really use braew. It is just shown as an example'' Vel oo cummal ayns yn Eeslyn? - Do you live in Iceland?

Çhyndaa
Translate the following words from Manx to English.

title: Manx/Lessoon 2


text:
User talk:Zwarg

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:57, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Challenge Book:Challenge The Challenge
Would you mind clarifying the licensing for this book? Is this a previously-published book? Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:59, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Challenge the license.
This book has never been previously published. The challenge has been to spread word of the challenge. Challenging booksellers to carry such a challenging book has (needless to say) been challenging.

Where does one typically put the license to such challenging material? I have been challenged by the challenge, unfortunately, and I resolve to bring the challenge to the challenge when I find out how to properly start the challenge (while a challenge in itself, it's not the challenge that I am challenged by).

 * I presume you then hold the copyright, yes? And you fully intend to release it under the GFDL, which will result in contributions being "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will"? There's no need to put a license warning anywhere; everything in Wikibooks is GFDL (or GFDL-compatible). – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:46, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I suppose I hold the copyright. I challenge that the challenge is to get others to see the challenge of contributions "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will." Indeed a challenging chapter in the Challenge Book. --Challenge Z (talk) 21:07, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Challenge Book:Challenge The Challenge
I'm challenged to find meaningful content in this book. -- Adrignola talk contribs 22:45, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Your book has been moved to []. If you want to continue work on the book, feel free to visit that page and add any new content. --Sigma 7 (talk) 21:29, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zwarg


text:
User:Krimpet/CH2.js

// CommonsHelper Helper (CH²) by Krimpet // Released into the public domain

function ch2I18N { ch2_wplanguage = "en"; ch2_wpproject = "wikibooks"; ch2_chlanguage = "en"; ch2_edittitle_Prefix = "Editing Image:"; ch2_edittitle_Postfix = ""; ch2_string_SpecifyNewName = "New Name? (leave blank to keep original):"; ch2_string_UseWikiSense = "Use WikiSense to suggest categories?"; ch2_string_StartCommonsHelper = "Start CommonsHelper"; ch2_string_FinishedUploading = "Click when finished uploading"; ch2_string_Done = "Done! Review everything below to ensure it is correct, and save this page."; ch2_string_MoveToCommons = "Move image to Commons"; ch2_string_EditSummary = "Moved image to the Wikimedia Commons using CH²"; ch2_template_ncd = "nowcommons"; ch2_templates_copy = new Array; ch2_templates_embed = new Array; }

document.write(' ');

title: User:Krimpet/CH2.js


text:
User:Krimpet/CommonsHelper Helper

CommonsHelper Helper (CH²) is a user script which expedites the process of moving free images over to the Wikimedia Commons using Magnus Manske's excellent tool CommonsHelper. When installed, this script adds a "Move image to the Commons" button to image edit pages, which brings up CommonsHelper in an inline frame and automatically tags the image with when complete.

Installation
To install, add the following to your user script page (most likely Special:Mypage/monobook.js):

// User:Krimpet/CH2.js document.write(' ');

Save the page and clear your browser's cache.

Manual
To move an image to the Commons:

 * 1) Go to the image's page
 * 2) Click "edit this page"
 * 3) Click the "Move image to the Commons" button above your toolbar
 * 4) Enter a new name for the image if desired, or leave blank
 * 5) Click "Start CommonsHelper"
 * 6) Upload the image with CommonsHelper (see the CommonsHelper manual for help)
 * 7) When done, click the "Click when finished uploading" button
 * 8) Review everything to make sure it's correct, and save the page.

title: User:Krimpet/CommonsHelper Helper


text:
User:Krimpet/monobook.js

// User:Krimpet/CH2.js document.write(' ');

title: User:Krimpet/monobook.js


text:
User:Antome

templates

'''Hello, I am Antome. I play Minecraft. Yes. Antome  Talk  18:39, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

see Antome on wikipedia

title: User:Antome


text:
Game Maker Programming

Welcome to the Game Maker Programming tutorial at Wikibooks. Game Maker by Mark Overmars, which we deal with in these tutorials is not to be confused with GameMaker or The 3D Game Maker. Some of the chapters may be written using an older Game Maker version, so if the GUI does not look identical to your own, don't worry, these tutorials are all compatible with version 9.

Game Maker
Game Maker is a game development software application written by Mark Overmars in the Delphi programming language. It is designed to allow its users to easily develop computer games without having to learn a complex programming language such as C++ or Pascal. For experienced users, Game Maker contains a built-in scripting programming language called "GML", or "Game Maker Language". Games can be distributed either free, or for profit, as ".gmk", ".gm6", or ".gmd" source files, or as standalone ".exe", ".jar", or ".html" files.

To extend the Drag and Drop functionality of Game Maker, you can use files called Libraries to add new drag and drop items to the lists. These can be created by members with a special library builder, only available via the Game Maker Community, which has over 100,000 members.

Game Maker is not as widely known or as used as other game development programs, such as the RPG School (RPG maker) series for Role-playing games. It has, however, attracted a substantial number of users; mainly because of the program's accessibility to beginners while still allowing complex tasks to be undertaken by more advanced users. It is not as narrow in game creation as other programs, as it allows the creation of many types of games, including platform games, first-person shooters, third-person shooters, multiplayer online games, simulation games, programs, and more.

"Game Maker Studio" is the current version of Game Maker and the third version that has YoYo Games helping (a team of professional programmers). Game Maker Studio (non-free versions) can export to many platforms, including Android and Linux.

A program called "Game Maker Decompiler" has been released. Its authors are unknown. However, it has been found to decompile all game maker executables smaller than 10 megabytes into the readable source.

Programming in Game Maker
You can find Game Maker resources such as scripts, sprites, extensions, and more here.

Getting Started

 * An introduction to Programming

You can find how to download Game Maker and how to make some of your first games here:

 * Finding, and Installing Game Maker
 * Basics of Game Maker
 * Game Maker GUI
 * /Creating a room/
 * /Creating Objects/

Scripting Features
These chapters look at the operations possible using the scripting component of Game Maker.

 * /Statements/
 * /Variables/
 * /Mathematical calculations/
 * Input Output
 * /Functions/
 * /Expressions/

Problem Solving/FAQ
This section approaches Game Maker issues from a different angle: problems, and how to solve them.

 * Tough Topics

Q: How do I get my sprites animation speed to go faster?

A: 2 ways: in the room settings, you can change the numbers, thus changing the speed, although this will affect all sprites, to make one sprite faster, in the objects create event (or the event you are using) and drag in "SET VARIABLE" in the variable box type in: "image_speed", and change the value. To change the value, 1 is normal, 0 is still, for say, a little more, change to 1.5, or a little less, 0.5, etc.

NOTE THAT THIS IS ONLY THE DRAG AND DROP SOLUTION

Add-on Libraries

 * This Area is for a command list of each user built library as well as a link to where it can be downloaded.

Library Builder
You can download the Library Builder here.
 * Finding and Installing Game Maker Library Builder
 * Basics of Game Maker Library Builder

The GMC Forum
Game maker has a useful forum. Provided that you should post in the right place. You can access the forum from here.

Authors and contributors
There are many other contributors/editors to the book; a verifiable list of all contributions exist as History Logs at Wikibooks (http://en.wikibooks.org/). If you wish to contribute join me and post your ideas in the contributors' lounge.

 * Klingoncowboy4 (Contributions) (finished fixing naming conventions)

תכנות לילדים באמצעות Game Maker

title: Game Maker Programming


text:
User talk:Zeitz

Hi Zeitz! Glad to see you're planning a class project on Wikibooks. If there's ever anything you need for this project, you can always ask on my talk page, or at WB:HELP. If you haven't already, you might want to have the students read WB:CLASS. More useful info below:

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:06, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

For editing basics, including lists, formatting and basic wiki markup, read Help:Editing. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:13, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Please remember to sign your posts on discussion pages. You can do this easily by putting four tildes at the end of your message. The software will automatically turn that into a link to your userpage and a timestamp. This makes it easy for anyone reading the message to tell who left it and when. You can edit what shows up in the part before the timestamp in my preferences. ~ turns into --> – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:53, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zeitz


text: User talk:Antome

title: User talk:Antome


text:
User talk:Flucks

Hi Flucks! This welcome is a bit late in coming; hopefully you'll still find it useful.

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:10, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Flucks


text: User talk:76.168.179.183

title: User talk:76.168.179.183


text:
User:EvanCarroll/Moose/Mro

Perl (prior to the yet unreleased 5.10) has a very illogical Method Resolution Order (MRO), this becomes apparent when using multiple inheritance dispatching. A fix for MI-dispatching was first popularized with Dameon's, which turned out to be a buggy hack that failed horribly in many cases. was unfortunately inducted into the CORE distro with perl v5.7.3 and remains in the CORE even day. Moose uses the newer jazzier C optimized, and is the new standard in all perl's greater than Perl 5.95.

Before  and , you had   which predates   by approximately six months and thankfully never made CORE. was goofy and mostly useless because if foo and bar were siblings and subclasses of baz you could not re-dispatch in foo to a method in bar.

Essentially  supported Method Dispatch only for linear patterns. supported them in a fashion that was quirky and made little sense. Without learning the quirks there is a high probability the new  does precisely what the programmer wants - it is intuitive. is also employed by Python.

The old way
The differences between  and   are outside of the range of this book; but, because vanilla perl doesn't even permit method resolution, and dispatch in the sense of the OO paradigm we will show   in its stead.

title: User:EvanCarroll/Moose/Mro


text: Template:User New Zealand

title: Template:User New Zealand


text:
Programming with Moose/Evolution of the Moose

Your typical non-Moose program will undergo a series of changes as your understanding of Moose advances and you achieve the venerable rank of Moose elder:

 * 1) Dismantling the
 * 2) Breaking apart the setters by using
 * 3) Removing  ,

Your end result will be an application which delays most tasks until called for. You will find less of a need to use  because the very nature of it is more compile time than you will often require. That is to say, Moose will permit you to further fragment your monolithic new, into smaller tinier more manageable news that work when you try to retrieve information. This doesn't completely kill off the vanilla, but it knocks off a big chuck of it.


text:
User:Butter71~enwikibooks/myskin.css

/*

CSS style sheet for Wikimedia
Designed to be optimised for the Nokia 770. by Andrew Flegg 2005, mailto:andrew@bleb.org | http://www.bleb.org/

*/ @import url("http://en.wikipedia.org/style/monobook/main.css"); display:     none; } float:        none; width:       auto; margin:      0px; } margin:       2.8em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid #aaaaaa; } padding:      0px; } .portlet { position:    relative; margin:      0.5em; } display:      inline; } display:      block; float:       left; width:       10em; height:      1em; } width:        31%; float:       left; } height:        6em; margin-bottom: 1em; } /* */
 * 1) fundraising, #p-logo {
 * 1) column-content {
 * 1) content {
 * 1) column-one {
 * 1) p-navigation a {
 * 1) p-navigation li, #p-search li, #p-tb li {
 * 1) p-navigation, #p-search, #p-tb {
 * 1) p-navigation .pBody, #p-tb .pBody {

title: User:Butter71~enwikibooks/myskin.css


text:
Talk:Logic for Computer Scientists/Predicate Logic/Resolution

Useless, It is like a code without comment

This sentence from the proof of the completeness theorem seems not right to me: "Note, that $$S$$ is unsatisfiable if and only if $$S \cup \{ C\} $$ is unsatisfiable." What is important is that the left to right implication is true. Stefan.vatev (talk) 17:43, 29 October 2008 (UTC)


text:
Indian Mythology/Introduction

Vedic mythology
The roots of mythology that evolved from classical Hinduism come from the times of the Vedic civilization, from the ancient Vedic religion.

The characters, theology, philosophy and stories that make up ancient Vedic myths are indelibly linked with Hindu beliefs. The Vedas are said to be four in number, namely RigVeda, YajurVeda, SamaVeda, and the AtharvaVeda. Some of these texts mention mythological concepts and machines very much similar to modern day scientific theories and machines.

title: Indian Mythology/Introduction


text:
Indian Mythology/Scriptures/Epics

The two most important epics in the Indian mythology are Mahabharatha and Ramayana.

Each tells the story of one of the lord Vishnu's 24 incarnations on earth. The narration and the characters as depicted in the Ramayana portray the model code of conduct, a conduct which is free of guilt. Lord Ram is the Maryadapurusottam; the most ideal human being on earth his conduct is free of fault of any kind. Ramayana is an ideal world. Mahabharata on the other hand is a narration on the statehood and state policy. Mahabharata's is a real world full of deception, intrigue, cruelty and ambition. It is real war between Dharma (the one which could be born) and Adharma (the one which is not worth being born). The emotions are real. It is a treatise on politics and national policy.

title: Indian Mythology/Scriptures/Epics


text:
Indian Mythology/Scriptures

The major sources for the Indian mythology are:

 * /Veda/
 * /Puranas/
 * /Bhagavata/
 * /Epics/

All the above works were compiled about 5000 years before Christ. Commonly held belief is that eighteen Puranas, Bhagavata and Mahabharata were created by Vedavyasa Rishi, and the Ramayana was created by Valmiki Rishi. Although the veda are regarded as holy texts, many stories from the veda are among the lore of the myth. As such, to understand the Indian mythology, one has to study the veda as well.

title: Indian Mythology/Scriptures


text:
Indian Mythology/Scriptures/Veda

There are total four Vedas.

 * /Atharva-veda/
 * /Sama-veda/
 * /Yajur-veda/
 * /Rig-veda/

Vedas are supposed to be a divine creation. They are the words of Gods. They deal with the various subjects i.e Worship, Mantra, Hums, Philosophy, Music and chanting during rituals.

title: Indian Mythology/Scriptures/Veda


text:
SwisTrack/Examples/RobotTracking

(Note that this example is not yet in the SVN tree, but will eventually appear there.)

This example demonstrates how you can use SwisTrack to track a fleet of robots. The robots have simple blue markers on them, and the camera being used is a color camera. (Note that the example reads an AVI file, but you can replace the AVI file component by a component matching your camera type.)

Experimental Setup
The experiment took place in a standard office room with a camera mounted on the ceiling. Special attention was given to the lights, to ensure uniform illumination of the arena.

SwisTrack Configuration
SwisTrack is configured with the following components:
 * AVI file input (replace this by a component matching your camera type)
 * Conversion to Color, to copy the image to the color processing channel
 * Thresholding
 * Blob Detection
 * Output Particles
 * Output Particles

title: SwisTrack/Examples/RobotTracking


text:
Indian Mythology/Deities/Gods

Prominent Hindu Deities are:

 * Brahma, the Creator
 * Vishnu, the Preserver
 * Mahesh, the Destroyer (also known as Rudra/Shankar/Shiva)
 * Indra, the Lord of the land of the gods, controls Varuna
 * Varuna, God of rain and water
 * Saraswati, Goddess of learning, consort of Brahma
 * Lakshmi, Goddess of wealth, consort of Vishnu
 * Parvati, consort of Rudra
 * Shachi, consort to Indra
 * Madan, God of Love
 * Rati, consort to Madan
 * Ganapati, God of safety, son of Rudra
 * Shanmukha, elder brother to Ganapati, also known as Maarkandeya
 * Manikantta, younger brother of Shanmukha and Ganapathi
 * Yama, God of Death

title: Indian Mythology/Deities/Gods


text:
XQuery/Getting POST Data

Motivation
You want to create an XQuery that will access data in the HTTP POST.

Method
To do this you use the  XQuery function.

Sample echo-post.xq
xquery version "1.0";

(: echo-post.xq: Return all data from an HTTP post to the caller. :)

declare namespace exist = "http://exist.sourceforge.net/NS/exist"; declare namespace xmldb="http://exist-db.org/xquery/xmldb"; declare namespace request="http://exist-db.org/xquery/request";

declare option exist:serialize "method=xml media-type=text/xml indent=yes";

let $post-data := request:get-data

return  {$post-data}

Discussion
The program above (called echo-post.xq) is a very useful program for testing your web forms. It just takes the data sent to the XQuery service and returns it wrapped in a  tag.

Sometimes HTTP POST statements put their data in parameters. For example the RichTextEditor CKEdit has multiple text areas that might each contain HTML markup in encoded forms. In this case you can also use the request:get-parameter on HTTP POST data.

After your server gets a POST from a CKEditor client the server will use the following:

Sample XQuery to Echo Post Data
In the _samples folder you will find several samples of how to use CKEditor. Each of these HTML files has an HTML form with the following line:

The following program can be used as a substitute for the sample_postdata.php file.

sample_postdata.xq

Viewing URL Encoded Parameters
Standard HTML forms use a data transmission format called URL encoded form data.

URL Encoded data has the following mime-type:

Content-Type="application/x-www-form-urlencoded"

If you have the following form:

Then it will return the following result from the echo-post.xq

title: XQuery/Getting POST Data


text:
Indian Mythology/Legends

Myths and legends (in no particular order):

 * Pralaya : the destruction of Earth

title: Indian Mythology/Legends


text:
World Stamp Catalogue/Stamps on stamps

English
Please see some images of postage stamps, design of which includes images of other stamps, in the category:Stamps on stamps. This philatelic topic is described in more detail in Stamps on stamps.

Russian
См. изображения некоторых почтовых марок, рисунок которых включает изображения других почтовых марок, в категории:Stamps on stamps. Эта филателистическая тема более детально описана в статье Марка на марке.

title: World Stamp Catalogue/Stamps on stamps


text:
World Stamp Catalogue/South America

List of stamp-issuing entities in South America

 * Argentina – ARG
 * Buenos Aires
 * Cordoba
 * Corrientes
 * Bolivia – BOL
 * Brasil – BRA
 * Chile – CHL
 * Colombia – COL
 * Antioquia
 * Bolivar
 * Boyaca
 * Cauca
 * Cundinamarca
 * Magdalena
 * Panama
 * Tolima
 * Corrientes
 * Ecuador – ECU
 * Guyana – GUY
 * Paraguay – PRY
 * Peru – <tt>PER</tt>
 * Surinam – <tt>SUR</tt>
 * Trinidad and Tobago – <tt>TRI</tt>
 * Uruguay – <tt>URY</tt>
 * Venezuela – <tt>VEN</tt>

title: World Stamp Catalogue/South America


text:
Talk:Control Systems/Resources

Error in the pdf: On page 73 of the pdf, the text starts as "In our time-invariant state space equations: " and then lists the time-dependent forms.

 * The PDF is based on the wikitext version here, so we need to find that error and correct it. Once we do that, we can create a new PDF version. I'll see if i can find that particular error. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:38, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I just checked the PDF, and didnt see that error on page 73. I looked around in some of the surrounding pages and chapters, and didnt see it anywhere. Can you be more specific about where exactly the error is? --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:43, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Control Systems/Resources


text:
Peak Oil: High Tide for an Oil Addicted World

Table of Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * A Summary of the Fundamentals
 * /Oil in Detail/
 * /Energy Options/
 * /Consequences/
 * /Mitigation and Transition/
 * /Personal Action/
 * /Conclusions/
 * /Useful Things to Know/
 * /Resources/

Authors
This book was developed by the members of the PowerSwitch UK Peak Oil Action and Awareness Community.


text:
User talk:Glygen

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --Girdi 21:22, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Glygen


text:
Directing Technology

Preface
Every school district, private school, college and university has a Technology Director whose responsibilities are becoming more important every year. Most technology directors have had to learn their skills and their job the hard way, on the job through trial and error. The tech director's position is a specialized job like the business manager or the facilities manager, and there is usually no one in the organization who can guide, or even question, him in the performance of his professional responsibilities: he or she is THE last word on technology in the organization. Unlike the business or the facilities manager, the tech director's responsibilities have an increasingly important impact on teaching and learning. It is vitally important for the tech director to develop a broad vision, a deep understanding of the job, and a collaborative relationship with curriculum and administrative staff. There is a shortage of texts that explain these issues in the kind of depth a technology director needs to learn and succeed. Directing Technology will attempt to begin the task of creating such a resource textbook.

Mobile technology is expected to be a disruptive innovation to the expensive and highly-controlled technology systems found in many schools, and every technology director needs to be aware of the pros and cons of these platforms. These technologies, which cost roughly between $100 and $500, are not only half the price of past school computers, but they also use a different cost and infrastructure paradigm for operating systems, applications, network access, and management. In 2011, five chapters were added to Directing Technology to explore the potential, affordances, and challenges these mobile technologies may offer. A page on the Kindle, smartphone, iPad, Android tablet, and Chromebook are found in the MobleTech sections below.

Table of Contents

 * 1)  /Overview/
 * 2)  /Plan/
 * 3)  /Fund/
 * 4)  /Purchase/
 * 5)  /Grants/
 * 6)  /Staff/
 * 7)  /Training/
 * 8)  /Network/
 * 9)  /Maintain/
 * 10)  /Evaluate/
 * 11)  /Ethics/
 * 12)  MobileTech: Kindle
 * 13)  MobileTech: Smartphone
 * 14)  MobileTech: iPad
 * 15)  MobileTech: Android Tablet
 * 16)  MobileTech: Chromebook
 * 17)  /Appendices/

title: Directing Technology