text:
Bookbinding/Bone folder

A bone folder is a piece of bone, used to apply pressure for creasing paper and pressing glued surfaces together. It is shaped vaguely like a knife, but with only smooth, dull surfaces.

title: Bookbinding/Bone folder


text: User talk:216.188.255.12

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:216.188.255.12


text:
Cookbook:Apple Raisin Oat Muffins

| Breakfast

Muffins are one of many traditional breakfast quickbreads; unlike biscuits, muffins usually contain some form of fruit or other garnish. These muffins are especially healthy because they are made with whole wheat flour and oats. See the notes at the bottom of the recipe for ideas about how to customize this muffin recipe to your own tastes; the basic proportions should work for any flavor of oat muffin.

Equipment

 * Large mixing bowl
 * Smaller mixing bowl
 * Measuring cups
 * Measuring spoons
 * Muffin pan(s)

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 425°F (220°C).
 * 2) Grease muffin pans with cold butter, shortening, or pan spray.
 * 3) In a large bowl, thoroughly combine flour, oats, baking powder and baking soda.
 * 4) In a smaller bowl, thoroughly combine eggs, sugar, milk, oil, apple, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt, vanilla and raisins.
 * 5) Add wet ingredients to the dry ingredients and mix with bare hands until just combined. Do not overmix!
 * 6) Fill muffin cups about three-quarters full, then place on oven's upper rack and turn the oven down to 375°F (190°C).
 * 7) Rotate muffin pans 180° after 10 minutes; check for doneness after 15 minutes. Muffins usually take 20 to 25 minutes to cook completely.
 * 8) Allow to cool briefly (2–5 minutes) before removing from pan.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Try using carrot instead of apple, or dried cranberries or other dried fruit instead of the raisins.

Warnings

 * Overmixing will lead to worming, which is caused by gluten development. You will see this as vertical tunnels running through your muffins, much like a worm might leave. It will also lead to tough and chewy muffins.

title: Cookbook:Apple Raisin Oat Muffins


text:
Bookbinding/Introduction

"If books had been invented after the computer, they would have been considered a big breakthrough. Books have several hundred simultaneous paper-thin, flexible displays. They boot instantly. They run on very low power at a very low cost. -- Prof. Joseph M. Jacobson, MIT Media Lab"

Books tend to be bound in factories these days, but the craft of binding books by hand has been practiced without interruption since the second century AD. There are many good reasons to learn these techniques, from preserving information to creating works of art in bound form. Whether the content is centuries old or yet to be created, whether the pages were mass-produced or written longhand, and whether the printing was done with a laser printer, movable type, or not at all, books have the same benefits: they turn a collection of loose, vulnerable pages into a compact, accessible package that's well-protected and easy to store.

title: Bookbinding/Introduction


text:
Cookbook talk:Apple Raisin Oat Muffins

=First Version= Okay, so I think that Muffins and Quickbreads (which include muffins, biscuits, scones, crackers, and anything else leavened with baking soda or baking powder) should be categories. But then I have a very categorical mind.

Photos of the stages and finished product are forthcoming.

Anyone who has observations regarding this recipe should feel free to leave a note here! (Obviously!)

title: Cookbook talk:Apple Raisin Oat Muffins


text:
Bookbinding/Saddle stitch

A saddle stitch is appropriate for small booklets and, in general, for volumes with only a few pages. Most magazines that are not glued are saddle stitched: that is, they are held together by staples that run through the gutter. Once the pages are aligned and in the right order, this type of binding is quite straightforward. Staplers with extremely long jaws, designed specifically for saddle stitching, are available in office supply stores. Some photocopiers produce saddle-stitched volumes automatically.

If neither of these options is readily available, an improvised saddle stitch can be accomplished by using an ordinary stapler in "tacking" mode. This usually requires swinging the anvil away from the bottom, or detaching the lower jaw of the stapler. The working surface should be reasonably soft and durable, such as carpeting or a cork board. Staples can be driven through the centerline of the pages to be bound, and then bent down individually using the cap of a pen.

Saddle stitching can also be done to the individual codex, using a needle and thread, as part of the process of binding them together into a larger book.

title: Bookbinding/Saddle stitch


text:
Bookbinding/Perfect binding

Perfect binding is not a stitch binding at all, but a solely adhesive based binding. It is the easiest and least durable way to produce books, and is how most paperback books are bound. Single leaves are jogged to form a straight block, and the spine edge is glued with a hotglue - PUR or EVA - and glued instantly inside a card cover. Hot glue results in a stiff inflexible spine that is prone to cracking over time.

Below is a description of cold-glue fan-binding which is not perfect binding. A proper description of commercial perfect binding needs to be edited in here and a separate page on cold-glue fan-binding (or double-fan binding) written.

Gluing is done with a stiff brush, and is done with a jabbing or light stabbing motion more than a painting one.

The text block is held in place by a screw press, or just something heavy, like a couple of bricks for a small book. About an inch on the spine side is left hanging over the table in the case of the bricks, and the glue is brushed onto the spine in layers. Press down on the inch over the table to slant that part of the text block and paint glue over the spine again, so that the glue will get into the little spaces between the very edge of the pages. Then, holding the text block, slant the spine pages upward. Without the screw press, these two steps could get all of your pages scattered on the floor if you are not careful. Finally, letting the text block return to its unslanted state, paint glue on again.

You will need to press the glued pages together at this point and reinforce with a piece of mull that is the same height as the book; otherwise, you will find that the glue will separate the pages sufficiently where you may end up with two or three books instead of one. If you have a screw press, drop the book into the press so that the spine takes pressure and let the glue set in this manner. Protect your book and press with some waxed paper, being careful not to adhere the wax paper to the spine. If you don't have a screw press, take some boards (binder's board, wooden boards) and use these to protect and distribute the weight of the pressure you apply, whether it be in the press or with bricks.

After this dries, the cover is generally glued to the spine to complete the book. Be aware that if you reinforce with mull and intend to glue the book into an existing cover, you will have space issues. If you are making the cover to fit afterwards, there will be no such difficulty.

title: Bookbinding/Perfect binding


text:
Bookbinding/Equipment

Bone Folder
A bone folder is a tool used to apply pressure for creasing paper and pressing glued surfaces together without leaving a residue on the work. It is shaped vaguely like a knife, but with only smooth, dull surfaces. As the name suggests, traditional bone folders were made out of the bones of animals. Today, bone folders are made out of both bone and various plastics.

Paper knife
The traditional name for a paper knife is a 'shoe knife', used to cut paper a bookbinder uses this in conjunction with the bone folder to fold and cut paperinto 'signitures' (grouped pieces of 2 or more sheets of paper folded against with the grain)

title: Bookbinding/Equipment


text:
River Fishing/Predators/Pike

When fishing for pike it is useful to know that it is fond of shady places and in summer they frequent the coolest areas in a river; springs, shadows and deep spots)

They generally spawn in March or April and earlier in some Southern streams. In winter they get under rocks, or stumps, or into convenient deep holes, and they can be taken then with small live fish for bait. Often Pike can be found near the mouth of some small stream emptying into the river; the fall of the year is the best time for catching them.

In the hot summer months they will seldom bite at all, except, perhaps, in a very windy day. In the fall, too, they are in better condition. Pike fishing in the spring is sometimes very successful; however, though the fish are not so good when breeding. In the more northern waters they are sometimes taken as early as August in good condition.

The tackle used for picke is a pretty stiff 10 foot rod, with a reel, and some 50 or 60 yards of flax line which should be protected by the hook with gimp or wire. The Limerick or Kirby salmon hook is used. The size is 0 to 5, according to the size of the fish. IN a running stream, the sinker and float will also be found necessary. The bait should be a small live fish, or frog, or the hind leg of a frog skinned. In using live bait, when the pike takes it, do not draw your line too quick. The bait, if properly impaled, will be very lively, and will be apt to make a violent effort to escape its enemy. Inexperienced anglers may take this movement for a veritable bite; but when the bite comes, there is no mistaking it.

In impaling a small fish for bait, pass the hook under the back fin, just under the roots of its rays. This will not disable the fish, and it will appear lively in the water. When using live frog bait, you pass the hook through the skin of the back or belly, or the back muscle of the hind legs. The live frog is generally used on the top of the water - if not, you should let him rise occasionally to take the air. When the pickerel has seized your bait, give him plenty of time to swallow it, and also plenty of line. Sometimes he will hold it in his mouth and play with it before gorging.

Lures Can also be very effective even in small waters, and can be often quickly worked as Pike espacially in shallows can be very unselective.

Landing
Keep in mind that Northern Pike often are sporadic fighters and not afraid to be drawn to shore. A fish slowly worked to shore can be surprisingly green or unsubdued and can put on a tremendous burst of speed and effort when approached. Many anglers have found out the hard way that you cannot man handle a live pike.

Pike, (as well as other Esox) have lots of teeth, a very boney gill cover and have boney mouths. They are notoriously hard to hook and keep hooked and if a green Pike is brought to the hand, when can get serious cut by the thrashing fish or your lures, which might have 6-9 hooks itself.

As one angler has said, once you catch them soon after the excitement ebbs and the fears begins. Only celebrate your victory against one of Americas biggest predators AFTER you have escaped unscathed.

title: River Fishing/Predators/Pike


text:
Blender 3D: Blending Into Python/Script tutorials

This Section is to be used for documenting Blender/Python scripts.

Note, from Ideasman42, Anyone who wants their script to be documented can add their script here, I only added mine, since some other people might rather document their scripts on their own site.

 * ScriptTutorial: ArchiMap UV UnWrapper [[File:00%.svg]] — Projection unwrapper.
 * ScriptTutorial: Obj Import/Export [[File:00%.svg]] — File Import/Export for the WaveFront OBJ file format.
 * ScriptTutorial: PyRedux Python Based Decimator [[File:00%.svg]] — Reduces the polygons in a mesh.


text:
Cookbook:Chicken Riggies

| Cuisine of the United States

Chicken Riggies (recipe by P.A. Johnson) is a Utica, NY classic. It is well known throughout the greater Mohawk Valley and once a year there is a festival in honor of this dish called Riggiefest, held to benefit the YWCA of the Mohawk Valley. Here is a recipe based from a Mohawk Valley native: http://miocibo.com/2008/12/21/chicken-riggies/.

Ingredients

 * 1 stick margarine (not butter), melted
 * 1 onion, minced
 * 2–5 cloves garlic, minced
 * 1 jar (20 oz) sweet peppers, sliced and seeded
 * 3 sliced hot cherry peppers (jarred ones with oil)
 * 1 cup grated Parmesan cheese
 * 2 lb boneless chicken breast, cubed
 * 1 can chicken broth
 * 1 can (15 oz) tomato sauce
 * ½ pint cream
 * 1 small can sliced black olives
 * 1–1½ lb rigatoni pasta, cooked

Procedure

 * 1) Sauté onion, peppers, and garlic in the margarine slowly over low/medium heat until the onions are clear.
 * 2) Add the Parmesan, chicken breast, chicken stock, tomato sauce, cream, and olives. Simmer for about an hour.
 * 3) Serve over the cooked pasta.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * It is important to use jarred peppers—the flavor of fresh peppers completely changes the recipe.

title: Cookbook:Chicken Riggies


text:
Cookbook talk:Chicken Riggies

Chicken Riggies authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Chicken Riggies =
 * 2005-10-19 16:20:57 User:209.58.173.141
 * 2005-10-19 16:17:06 User:V. Molotov
 * 2005-10-19 16:16:15 User:209.58.173.141

I've never had Chicken Riggies with tomato sauce...
Just throwing this out there, but I've always had it with a wine (or occassionally vodka) sauce. 129.21.139.246 (talk) 14:57, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

missing info
It says that you need to saute the peppers and garlic until onions are clear but it does not say saute the peppers, onions, and garlic........

title: Cookbook talk:Chicken Riggies


text:
Cookbook:Tomato Pizza

| United States

Tomato pie is a type of pizza, a food that is popular in Italy and the north east USA. Sometimes mistakenly considered an American dish, it is commonly found in bakeries throughout Italy and other countries, where it is simply called pizza and is often bought and consumed on the spot. It is generally made with canned tomatoes. In the USA, it is usually served at room temperature, but many bakeries, where it is often bought as fast food, will reheat slices upon request.

Many bakeries and pizzerias have their own variation on the basic recipe. The basic recipe features thick pizza dough covered with a thick tomato sauce. After cooking the pizza is sprinkled with grated Romano cheese.

Ingredients

 * ¾ pound mozzarella cheese, sliced
 * 3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
 * 2 cloves garlic
 * 1 large can crushed tomatoes
 * 1 teaspoon dried pepper
 * 1 pound (450 g) pizza dough
 * 3 tablespoons grated Pecorino Romano cheese

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 250°C (450°F).
 * 2) Stretch the pizza dough to cover a greased baking sheet. Dough should be about 3 cm (¾ inch) thick.
 * 3) Allow the dough to rise while the sauce is prepared.
 * 4) Heat a saucepan on medium heat, add the olive oil and garlic.
 * 5) Sauté until garlic is just golden.
 * 6) Add crushed tomatoes and oregano.
 * 7) Cook until the sauce is thickened, about 15–20 minutes.
 * 8) Cool the sauce until it is room temperature.
 * 9) Top the pizza dough with mozzarella cheese, then any toppings such as sausage or pepperoni, then top with sauce, bake in the oven for about 15–20 minutes.
 * 10) After removing the tomato-pie from the oven, sprinkle the grated cheese on top and then let the pizza cool to room temperature.
 * 11) Serve at room temperature or reheat under the broiler or in a toaster-oven.

title: Cookbook:Tomato Pizza


text:
Cookbook talk:Tomato Pizza

Tomato Pie authors and history

 * 2005-08-04 17:59:53 User:Member
 * 2005-08-04 17:56:32 User:Member
 * 2005-08-04 17:55:31 User:147.177.179.113
 * 2005-08-04 17:53:35 User:147.177.179.113

From Wikipedia:Talk:Tomato Pie
This is Cookbook material. --Member 17:58, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Discussion at Wikibooks
This style of tomato pie is very common in the Philadelphia area as well, available at most pizza parlors and Italian bakeries. They're probably common wherever there are concentrations of Italian-Americans.--BillFlis 18:47, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Tomato Pizza


text:
History of Technology/Contents

Contents

 * Preface This is a wiki textbook -- feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and otherwise increase its teaching potential. To find out more about wikis, see the Wikipedia main page.
 * Introduction
 * Technological Determinism
 * Great Men of History Accounts
 * Cultural Determinism and Social Construction of Technology
 * Economic Determinism
 * Class Determinism
 * Historical Materialism
 * Hegelian Idealism
 * Authors
 * Glossary

Links

 * Winston, Brian: Adventures in Cybersound: How are Media Born? (Cultural Determinist)
 * Avery, John: Space-Age Science and Stone-Age Politics (Technological Determinist)

'''This is a wiki textbook -- feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and otherwise increase its teaching potential. To find out more about wikis, see the Wikipedia main page.'''

title: History of Technology/Contents


text:
History of Technology/Cultural Determinism

Back to Contents

Cultural determinism is a term used to describe the concept that culture determines economic and political arrangements. It is an idea which has recurred in many cultures over human history, from ancient civilisations through the present. Social construction of technology (also referred to as SCOT) is a form of Cultural Determinism, and a branch of the Science and Technology Studies. Topicly, it includes Social Shaping of Technology, Actor-network theory and Sociotechnical System Theory (developed by Thomas P. Hughes) among others) which is a branch of the sociology of science and technology. It draws on work done in the constructivist school of the sociology of scientific knowledge, as a response to technological determinism. Social constructivists argue that technology does not determine human action, but that human action shapes technology. Social structures are embedded in technologies which shape how users use them.

Leading writers in this field include Wiebe Bijker, Trevor Pinch and Bruno Latour.

In this Section

 * Economic Determinism
 * Class Determinism
 * Historical Materialism
 * Hegelian Idealism

Brief discussion
In theories of social development, there are a number which believe that one element is the factor which determines all of the others. One of the most famous is Marx's theory of economic determinism, namely that an individual or class' role in the means of production determines outlook and cultural roles. The idea of cultural determinism is extremely common: numerous societies have believed that their habits, ideas and customs were what determined the shape of their political and economic arrangements, and were the source of their uniqueness above all else. This can be seen in adherence to national epics, particular religious customs, and focus on the importance of language as the determiner of national identity.

Cultural determinism is not limited to one part of the political spectrum or to any one of the Social sciences, but is instead a paradigm used by a variety of writers and thinkers.

Examples of Cultural determinism
There was a prevalent belief among ancient Greeks believed that only those who spoke their language could understand their thought and political arrangements, others were called barbaroi from which the English word barbarian is derived. This identification of culture and politics can be seen in the dual use of the word nomos, which meant both law, and customs or practices. The English words economics and astronomy have nomos as a root word, and reflect this dual meaning.

Niccolò Machiavelli, while he argued that political behavior was universal, also pointed out that elements of culture, particularly religion, could produce particular political arrangements which were advantageous to those that had them.

Sociologist Max Weber wrote about the relationship between Protestantism and Capitalism, arguing that the cultural aspects of religion, including the Protestant work ethic were crucial in the emergence of economic arrangements.

Romanticism had a large element of cultural determinism, drawn from writers such as Goethe, Fichte, and Schlegel. In the context of Romanticism, the geography molded individuals, and over time customs and culture related to that geography arose, and these, being in harmony with the place of the society, were better than arbitrarily imposed laws.

In Media theory many writers take the position that political arrangements are determined by the mass media images that people see, and that these, by displacing other forms of culture, determine the economic and political arrangements.

In modern Conservatism, individuals such as commentator Patrick Buchanan and economist Robert Barro argue that cultural norms determine the behavior of political arrangements.

Criticism
In 1993, Langdon Winner published an influential critique of SCOT entitled "Upon Opening the Black Box and Finding it Empty: Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Technology." In it, he raises a few problems with social constructivism:
 * 1) It explains how technologies arise, but ignores the effects of the technology after the fact.
 * 2) It is a social construction of knowledge in itself, subject to the same limitations as it postulates ("Who says what are relevant social groups and social interests?")
 * 3) It disregards dynamics which are not due to its "preferred conceptual strawman: technological determinism."


text:
History of Technology/Preface

Back to Contents

This textbook is primarily designed for Undergraduate level students of technology, media, history and everyone else who has the curiosity to know about how humans learnt the principles of nature and intelligently applied it and made tools, gadgets, devices and machines that changed the world and changed the way humans live in the world. Its purpose is to examine different versions of Technological Determinism, Cultural Determinism, and other theories of how technologies are (historically) developed, and theories of the impact of technology on culture and society.

title: History of Technology/Preface


text:
History of Technology/Technological Determinism

Back to Contents

Technological determinism is a term that encompasses a wide range of ideas in practice, from technology-push or the technological imperative to a strict sense that human destiny is driven by an underlying logic associated with scientific laws and their manifestation in technology. Most interpretations of technological determinism share two general ideas: that the development of technology itself follows a path largely beyond cultural or political influence, and that technology in turn has "effects" on societies that are inherent, rather than socially conditioned. For example, one might say that the motor car necessarily leads to the development of roads. However, a nationwide road network is not economically viable for just a handful of cars, so new methods of production are developed to reduce the cost of car ownership. Mass car ownership also leads to a higher incidence of accidents on the roads, which leads to the invention of new techniques in healthcare for repairing damaged bodies. It would also be possible to claim that a road network changes the way in which goods are distributed around the country and this, in turn, changes a populations' patterns of consumption. The car also made the suburbs possible.

Technological determinism stands in opposition to the theory of the social construction of technology, which holds that both the path of innovation and the consequences of technology for humans are strongly if not entirely shaped by society itself, through the influence of culture, politics, economic arrangements, and the like.


text:
User:Intangir~enwikibooks

My Wikipedia Alterego: Intangir

My Books
Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

title: User:Intangir~enwikibooks


text: Bahá'í Faith

title: Bahá'í Faith


text:
Talk:Multibody Mechanics/Introduction

Potential for feedback on societal nationalism based on economics and community

title: Talk:Multibody Mechanics/Introduction


text:
Arabic/Intermediate Phrases

 * تصبح على خير
 * tusbih `alaà khair
 * Syllable breakdown: tuS-biH-`a-la-khair
 * Good night. (when talking to a guy)
 * It doesn't mean "good night", but it is used in the same way.

 * صباح الخير
 * Sabaahu al-khair
 * Syllable breakdown: Sa-baa-Hul-khair
 * Good morning. (addressing a male)

 * هكذا
 * haákadhaa
 * Syllable breakdown: haa-ka-dhaa
 * like this. OR thus. OR like that

 * قل
 * qul
 * Syllable breakdown: qul
 * Say. (when talking to a guy)

 * أنظر
 * undhur
 * Syllable breakdown: un-dhur
 * look.

 * إنتظر
 * intadhir
 * Syllable breakdown: in-ta-Zir
 * wait.

 * يجب أن + (يفعل
 * yajibu an ... (verb)
 * Syllable breakdown: ya-ji-bu--an
 * (you/he/she/it/they) should/ought to

 * لا بدّ أن
 * laa budda anna ... (noun)
 * Syllable breakdown: laa--bud-da--an-na
 * It must needs be that
 * Meaning: It must be that... NOT the same as "It has to be..."
 * The concept is difficult to explain in the English language
 * It is the "must" in : " We must have met before" OR "They must have forgotten their books."
 * But not the "must" as in: "We must go now"

 * إنتبه
 * intabih
 * Syllable breakdown: in-ta-bih
 * Watch out! when speaking to a guy

 * أرأيت؟
 * A ra'ait?
 * Syllable breakdown: a-ra-ait
 * Did you see (that)?

 * مثلا
 * mathalań
 * Syllable breakdown: ma-tha-lan
 * For example.

 * لا بئس
 * laa ba'sa
 * Syllable breakdown: laa-ba's
 * No problem

 * كلما
 * kullamaa
 * Syllable breakdown: kul-la-maa
 * whenever

 * هذا يكفي
 * haadhaa yakfee
 * Syllable breakdown: haa-dha-yak-fee
 * That's enough.

 * ربـما
 * rubbamaa
 * Syllable breakdown: rub-ba-maa
 * may/maybe

 * لَعَلّى
 * la`allaa
 * Syllable breakdown:
 * might

 * أبدا
 * abadań
 * Syllable breakdown: a-ba-dan
 * never except in rare cases where it means ever.

 * سترى
 * sa taraà
 * Syllable breakdown: sa-ta-raà
 * You'll see. (when talking to one guy)

 * مرة
 * marräh
 * Syllable breakdown: mar-rah
 * time; once (add to the end of a sentence to mean "once"), means time if you can count it, as in "one time", "five times"

 * خصوصا
 * khusuusań
 * Syllable breakdown: khu-Soo-San
 * especially

 * لاسِيَما
 * Syllable breakdown:
 * especially since
 * especially since

 *  أعتقد أن
 * A`taqidu anna...
 * Syllable breakdown: a`-ta-qi-du--an-na
 * I believe that...

 *  أظن أن
 * Adhunnu anna...
 * Syllable breakdown: a-Zun-nu--an-na
 * I think that...

 * ما رأيك؟
 * maa ra'yu-k(a/i)
 * Syllable breakdown: maa-ra'-yuk
 * What do you think? OR What's your opinion?

 * ماذا حَصَل؟
 * Maadhaa hasala?
 * Syllable breakdown:
 * What happened?

 * حاضر
 * haadir
 * Syllable breakdown: Haa-Dir
 * Certainly. It is said after a command to tell the person commanding that you plan to carry it out. Is especially used to show respect example a daughter would say this to her mother.

 * ماذا يـجري؟
 * Maadhaa yajrii?
 * Syllable breakdown: maa-dha-yaj-ree
 * What's going on?

 * ما الأمر؟
 * Maa al-amr?
 * Syllable breakdown: mal-amr
 * What is it?

 * كلاهما
 * kilaa-humaa
 * Syllable breakdown: ki-laa-hu-maa
 * Both of them

 * ثم
 * thumma
 * Syllable breakdown: thum-ma
 * then The meaning of "then" meaning "after that" ex. "Then I went to school."
 * Sometimes (rarely) it means "and"

 * إذاً OR إذن
 * idhan
 * Syllable breakdown: i-dhan
 * then the meaning of "then" meaning "in that case"

 * مَعًا
 * ma`ań
 * Syllable breakdown: ma-`an
 * Together

 * ما بك؟
 * Maa bi-ka?
 * Syllable breakdown: maa-bik
 * What's (wrong) with you?

 * فكرة جيدة
 * fikratuń jayyidäh ... (verb)
 * Syllable breakdown: fik-ra-tun-jai-yi-dah
 * Good idea.

title: Arabic/Intermediate Phrases


text:
Category:Taragon recipes

Recipes involving taragon.

title: Category:Taragon recipes


text:
Arabic/LearnRW/fatHa

We have learnt about some Arabic letters so far, and have been transliterating using only consonants. In this lesson, we will learn about the Arabic fatḥah: what it looks like, its purpose, its usage and its sound.

What it looks like
The fatḥah resembles an acute accent such as a French accent aigu or an Irish fada; sometimes horizontal but usually slanted, it is a line over a letter.

A fatḥah is never vertical or beneath a letter.

Its purpose
The fatḥah indicates a short vowel sound, pronounced with the letter on which it is written.

Example of what is meant by pronounced with: with كَ (ka), the a is pronounced right after the k. The fatḥah represents the sound of the a.

Its Usage
The fatḥah is a short vowel diacritic; its main use is to ensure a reader pronounces unfamiliar words correctly.

In most books and newspapers the fatḥah (as with the other Arabic short vowels) is not written; the reader is expected to be able to know the word and its meaning from its context within a sentence.

Sound
it makes the short "a" sound.

What is meant by "the short "a" sound". It is meant that it is pronounced for a shorter amount of time. Make sure you don't pronounce it "aa". And make sure you don't pronounce it so that it rhymes with "bay" or "OK" or "say". Pronounce it so it rhymes with "umbrella".

If you see a fatḥah on a letter pronounce the fatḥah sound right after the letter. kaaf +fatHa = "ka"

 * َك + َ = ك

Go over all letters you are familiar with. Draw each one. Add a fatḥah. Instead of pronouncing the letter's name, pronounce it with the fatḥah (example: instead of "kaaf", say "ka").

title: Arabic/LearnRW/fatHa


text:
Category:Parsley recipes

Recipes involving parsley.

title: Category:Parsley recipes


text:
Category:Atkins recipes

Recipes that are prepared according to the Atkins diet.

title: Category:Atkins recipes


text:
Category:Borscht recipes

Recipes for borscht.

title: Category:Borscht recipes


text:
Category:Brown sauces

Recipes for brown sauce.

title: Category:Brown sauces


text:
Category:Barbecue recipes

Recipes prepared by barbecuing.

title: Category:Barbecue recipes


text:
Cookbook talk:Bread

My inclination is to delete most of this page and replace it with a brief discussion of bread in general. The recipes here aren't particularly useful or precise. Kellen T 07:33, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps renaming it and adding how to make the dough would help, but it almost looks like a manual for a 'subway' type bakers. I second your decision anyway.

 * I've updated this page extensively in order to address these concerns. I left in the bits about shaping the dough and the proofer method of cooking, but made them less of a focus in the article. Wikidsoup (talk) 20:40, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Bread


text:
Category:Confection recipes

Recipes for confections.

title: Category:Confection recipes


text:
Category:Cookbook stubs

Cookbook-related stubs are listed here. Please expand them. You can mark stubs with cookstub

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Cookbook stubs


text:
Category:Noodle recipes

Recipes involving noodles.

ko:분류:면 요리

title: Category:Noodle recipes


text:
Cookbook:Chickpea

Chickpeas, also called garbanzo beans, bengal gram, or channa,  are pulses used in the cuisines of South Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean.

Characteristics
All chickpeas are overall rounded in shape, with a cleft at one end and a small point on the other. The two main types of chickpea are kabuli and desi. Kabuli are large, off-white chickpeas, while desi are smaller, darker, and more yellow. Desi chickpeas may also be split and skinned to make channa dal. When cooked, chickpeas are firmer than other pulses and have a mild flavor.

Both main varieties of chickpea are ground to a flour, and the desi variety is referred to as besan.

Selection and storage
While fresh chickpeas can be eaten, the majority are available dried or canned. As such, they are very shelf-stable at room temperature and easy to have on hand. Both soaked and cooked chickpeas can be drained and frozen for several months. If the specific variety of chickpea or flour is not specified in your recipe, try to get the specific variety common to the cuisine of the recipe.

Preparation
Dried chickpeas must be soaked and cooked before use. The easiest way to do this is by covering them in cold water and letting them rest overnight. After soaking, whole chickpeas can be peeled by pinching and rolling between finger and thumb. Cooking can be done at a regular boil or using a pressure cooker.

Use
Kabuli chickpeas are more common in Mediterranean and West Asian cuisines, while desi chickpeas are more common in South Asia. They are the major ingredient in hummus and falafel, and they can also be included in stews, salads, curries, and more. Chickpea flour is used to make various fritters and flatbreads.

Substitution
A variety of other pulses can be reasonably substituted for chickpeas, such as fava beans or cannellini beans.

title: Cookbook:Chickpea


text:
Category:Casserole recipes

Recipes for casseroles.

title: Category:Casserole recipes


text:
Cookbook:Ragi Dosa (South Indian Millet and Rice Pancake)

| Cuisine of India

Ragi dosa is a traditional food in Karnataka India (especially South Karnataka). It can be served with onion and garlic chutney.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups ragi (millet)
 * 2 cups rice
 * 1 cup urad dal
 * Salt, to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Soak ragi, rice and urad dal separately in water for 5 hours.
 * 2) Grind the soaked rice with water first and next with urad dal and ragi (both) with water.
 * 3) Mix up all the ground batter. Leave it for about 10 hours to ferment.
 * 4) After 10 hours put some salt as per your taste to the batter and water if needed.
 * 5) Take a cup of batter and spread it onto a hot tava.


text:
Cookbook talk:Ragi Dosa (South Indian Millet and Rice Pancake)

Page created by:- G.Srinivas

Ragi Dosa authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Ragi Dosa =
 * 2005-10-20 04:18:46 User:Jeffrey O. Gustafson (afd)
 * 2005-10-20 04:04:06 User:210.211.194.200
 * 2005-10-20 04:02:38 User:210.211.194.200
 * 2005-10-20 04:01:33 User:210.211.194.200
 * 2005-10-20 04:00:20 User:210.211.194.200
 * 2005-10-20 03:58:56 User:210.211.194.200
 * 2005-10-20 03:48:10 User:210.211.194.200
 * 2005-10-20 03:45:59 User:210.211.194.200


text:
Template:A-level bookshelf

A-level A RT/DESIGN  - MATHS, SCIENCE AND COMPUTING  - Biology - Chemistry - Computing - Mathematics - Physics - H UMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE  - Economics - Geography - L ANGUAGES  - English Language and Literature - M EDIA  - G ENERAL  - General Studies (edit template) All A-level books...

title: Template:A-level bookshelf


text:
User talk:212.219.82.38

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

title: User talk:212.219.82.38


text:
User talk:196.8.104.31

I saw a post you made that said something to the effect that you were "looking for need for speed underground". We have a small videogame bookshelf here at wikibooks, which may have some information you are looking for. you can look here for the information you want. If we do not have a book on that game, you can feel free to start one yourself! --Whiteknight T C E 13:54, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:196.8.104.31


text:
Wikijunior talk:Ancient Civilizations/Babylonians

Hanging Gardens
While the historical validity of the Hanging Gardens may be questioned, I think taking out a sentence that discusses this concept to be out of line, particularly without some sort of discussion. Clearly this module needs some work, but the Hanging Gardens are a cultural icon that has survived throughout the ages and is something that a typical person with a little bit of knowledge of ancient history will be familiar with. --Rob Horning 16:12, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Any mention of them should include a mention of the question of if they existed.Geni 01:12, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Great job!
This is a great module. It seems almost complete, but it has headings with no writing for them. Thanks for contributing this module to Wikibooks and most importantly to Wikijunior. Tannersf 02:00, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Coverage
The hanging gardens (mentioned above) should be included. My reason, though, is not the same -- it's because it's been listed at one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The existence question and the location question should be included, though briefly; we don't want to puzzle our young readers.

Also needs an introduction, as stated above.

Accuracy
As far as I know, the things are quite accurate, but I don't know everything in here so I can't be sure that the whole thing is accurate.

Grammar and tone
Perfect. I like this one.

This module is quite good were it not for the lack of an introduction. I like it.  Kayau  David Copperfield  MOBY DICK   the great gatsby  06:48, 3 August 2009 (UTC)


text:
Talk:General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Viruses

I need a general explaination of a virus and how it works.


text:
OCR A-Level Physics/Equation Sheet

Equations, constants, and other useful data. Equations and constants are given in the formulae booklet unless stated otherwise.

Unit 1 - Mechanics
$$ \text{efficiency} = \frac{\text{useful energy output}}{\text{total energy input}} \times 100\% $$

Kinematics Equations

 * $$v = u + a t$$
 * $$a = \frac {\Delta v}{\Delta t} = \frac{v -u}{t}$$
 * $$ s = \frac{1}{2}(u + v)t $$
 * $$s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2$$
 * $$v^2 = u^2 + 2 a s $$

Forces, Moments and Pressure

 * $$ F_x = Fcos\theta$$
 * $$ F_y = Fsin\theta $$
 * $$F = ma $$
 * $$ W = mg $$
 * $$ \text{moment} = Fx $$
 * $$ \text{torque} = Fd $$
 * $$\rho = \frac{m}{V} $$
 * $$p = \frac{F}{A} $$

Work, Energy and Power

 * $$ W=F_xcos\theta$$
 * $$E_k = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 $$
 * $$E_p = mgh\ $$
 * $$P = \frac {\Delta W}{\Delta t} $$ Not given in formulae booklet.

Deforming Solids

 * $$ F = kx $$
 * $$ E = \frac{1}{2}Fx = \frac{1}{2}kx^2 $$
 * $$ \text{stress} = \frac{F}{A} $$
 * $$ \text{strain} = \frac{x}{L} $$
 * $$ \text{Young modulus} = \frac{\text{stress}}{\text{strain}} $$

Electricity

 * $$\Delta Q = I\Delta t $$
 * $$I = Anev $$
 * $$W=VQ $$
 * $$V=IR $$
 * $$R = \frac{\rho L}{A} $$
 * $$P = VI = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R} $$
 * $$W=VIt$$
 * $$e.m.f = V +Ir $$
 * $$V_\text{out} = \frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2} \times V_\text{in} $$
 * $$R=R_1+R_2+\cdots $$
 * $$\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}+\cdots $$
 * If there are only two resistors, this simplified equation can be used which isn't given in booklet: $$R = \frac{R_1 R_2}{R_1+R_2}$$

Waves and Photons

 * $$ f = \frac{1}{T}$$ This is NOT given in the unit 2 section of the booklet but IS given in the unit 4 section.
 * $$v = f\lambda $$
 * $$\lambda = \frac{ax}{D} $$
 * $$E = hf = \frac{hc}{\lambda}$$
 * $$hf = \phi + KE_\text{max} $$
 * $$\lambda = \frac{h}{mv} $$
 * $$ \text{intensity} = \frac{\text{power}}{\text{cross-section area}}$$
 * The following equations are NOT given in the formulae booklet
 * $$\text{intensity}\propto\text{amplitude}^2$$
 * The following equation is known as Malus's Law:
 * $$I = I_0 cos^2{\theta}$$
 * Malus's Law can also be given in terms of amplitude:
 * $$ A = A_0 cos^2{\theta}$$

title: OCR A-Level Physics/Equation Sheet


text:
Arabic/LearnRW/alif

Alif is a very common Arabic letter. When it comes after a letter it causes the long "aa" sound. When it comes at the beginning of a word it means the word starts with a vowel sound.

Basic Appearance alif looks like a vertical line. It is drawn from the top down. example:

 ا

This is called a plain Alif because it carries no symbols.

Alif can also carry a hamza. The hamza is drawn after the alif. It looks like this:

أ

Alif when it makes the "u" or "a" sound.

إ

When it makes the short "i" sound (the "i" sound in "bit" not "bite").

When a plain Alif comes after a letter, like so:

ب + ا

بـ ـا Putting it together

با

It makes a long "aa" sound come after it. In the previous example the Arabic letter ب (baa) was followed by a plain alif. So if it was read as "baa", remember its long "aa" sound, not a short one.

يا (pronounced: yaa)

فا (pronounced: faa)

وا (pronounced: waa)

دا (pronounced: daa)

با (pronounced: baa)

تا (pronounced: taa)

كا (pronounced: kaa)

ما (pronounced: maa)

The first letter can also be written with a fatha (pronounced:[fatħa]) and the pronunciation does not change.

يَا (pronounced: yaa)

فَا (pronounced: faa)

But if the Alif is not a plain Alif, then the long "aa" sound is not made. Something special happens, the purpose of hamza will be covered later.

يَأ (NOT pronounced: yaa)

فإ (NOT pronounced: faa)

Do not forget that the long "aa" sound is only made with a plain alif. If you see an alif with anything on it, it will not make the "aa" sound.

title: Arabic/LearnRW/alif


text:
Arabic/LearnRW/Dammah and waaw

The Dammah.

Appearance
It looks like a loop, or a comma on top of a letter. It always goes on a letter. It is always above a letter never under it. Some examples:

 بُ a baa with a Dammah (pronounced:bu)

 فُ a faa with a Dammah (pronounced: fu)

 يُ a yaa with a Dammah (pronounced: yu)

 رُ a raa with a Dammah (pronounced: ru)

Sound
It makes a short "/u/" sound after the letter. This "/u/" sound is the "oo" sound in "food" or "room". To non-Arabs it sometimes sounds like an "o" sound, this is because the "o" and "u" sound are the same sound in Arabic.

More examples:

 رُنُ (pronounced: rʌ-nʌ)

 تـُبُكُ (pronounced: tʌ-bʌ-kʌ)

 كُكُ (pronounced: kʌ-kʌ)

 يُيُ (pronounced: yʌ-yʌ)

 مُيُكُتُ  (pronounced: mʌ-yʌ-kʌ-tʌ)

Use
To make a "u" sound right after a letter.

Waaw
و (waaw)

waaw's main use is to make the "w" sound. example:  وِ a waaw with a kasra (pronounced: wi) Note that the kasra should be underneath the letter.

 وَ a waaw with a fatHa (pronounced: wa)

 وُ a waaw with a Dammah (pronounced: wʌ)

 وَتَ (pronounced: wa-ta)

 فـَوَ  (pronounced: fa-wa)

 يَوَ  (pronounced: ya-wa)

ـُو ("oo" sound)
But It is not that simple. There is also another use.

If the letter waaw is plain (no symbols on it) and the letter before it carries a Dammah then the "oo" sound is made, like the one in "food" and "loot". Examples

 بُو (pronounced: boo )

 تـُو (pronounced: too)

 فـُو (pronounced: foo)

 مُو (pronounced: moo)

 مُوفـُو (pronounced: moo-foo)

 كُوكُو (pronounced: koo-koo)

Remember the waaw has to have nothing on it to make the "oo" sound. Here are some examples where it doesn't make the "oo" sound.

 َبُو (pronounced: bu-wa )

 َتـُو (pronounced: tu-wa)

 ِفـُو (pronounced: fu-wi)

 َمُو (pronounced: mu-wa)

 َمُوفـُو (pronounced: moo-fu-wa)

 َكُوكُو (pronounced: koo-ku-wa)

The letter before the waaw must have the Dammah on it, in order to make the "oo" sound. Here are some examples where the "oo" sound is not made.

ْـَو
This sounds like the "aw", Its the sound many English speakers say when they get hurt. We will write it "au" in transliteration. All the following examples are pronounced so that they rhyme with the sound people make when they are hurt.

Examples:

بَو (pronounced: bau )

 تـَوْ (pronounced: tau)

 فـَوْ (pronounced: fau)

مَوْ (pronounced: mau)

 مُوفـَوْ (pronounced: moo-fau)

 كُوكَوْ (pronounced: koo-kau)

More difficult examples
وُو (pronounced:woo  )

 ْوَو (pronounced: wau )

وَاوْ (pronounced:waau  )

 وُوُو (pronounced:woo-woo  )

 وِوَ (pronounced: wi-wa )

 وُوُ (pronounced: wu-wu )

title: Arabic/LearnRW/Dammah and waaw


text:
Category:User nn

da:Kategori:Brugere nn it:Categoria:Utenti nn ja:Category:User nn

title: Category:User nn


text:
User:Eirik

Eirik

 * nn:w:Brukar:Eirik
 * no:Bruker:Eirik

title: User:Eirik


text:
User talk:Eirik

 * nn:w:Brukardiskusjon:Eirik

title: User talk:Eirik


text: User talk:69.195.62.77

title: User talk:69.195.62.77


text: User talk:65.23.120.195

title: User talk:65.23.120.195


text:
User talk:68.126.28.157

Please stop. If you continue to blank pages, you will be blocked from editing.

title: User talk:68.126.28.157


text: User talk:65.223.34.118

title: User talk:65.223.34.118


text: User talk:71.244.211.180

title: User talk:71.244.211.180


text:
Arabic/LearnRW/kasra and yaa

Appearance
It is a line that goes on the bottom of a letter. It looks exactly like a fatHa, but it goes under the letter. It always exists with a letter, it cannot be alone.

 بِ (pronounced: be )

كِ (pronounced: ki )

 هِيَ (pronounced: hi-ya  )

 تِـتـِتِ (pronounced:ti-ti-ti  )

Sound
It makes the "i" sound in bit. It never makes the "i" sound in "I". It sounds like the "ee" in "beet" pronounced very shortly. It is a short vowel.

kasra and yaa
 ـِي (pronounced:ee  )

If a plain (with no symbols on it) ي (yaa) comes after a kasra, then the "ee" sound is made. This "ee" sound is exactly the same sound as the "ee" sound in "feet". It is a long vowel sound.

 بـِي (pronounced: bee )

 كِي (pronounced: kee )

 هِي (pronounced: hee )

 تِي (pronounced: tee )

 ثِي (pronounced: thee )

ثِـيتِي (pronounced:thee-tee  )

The same sound would be made if the "yaa" had something called a sukoon on it (this will be covered later).Examples:

 ْبـِي (pronounced: bee )

 ْكِي (pronounced: kee )

BUT if the yaa has anything else on it then it will not make the "ee" sound.

 َبـِي (pronounced: bi-ya )

 ُكِي (pronounced: ki-yu )

 ِبـِي (pronounced: bi-yi )

 ثِـيُرَ (pronounced:thi-yu-ra  )

More difficult examples
 يـِي (pronounced: yee  )

 يُو (pronounced: yoo )

وِي (pronounced: wee )

 يُوَ (pronounced: yu-wa )

 يا (pronounced: yaa )

title: Arabic/LearnRW/kasra and yaa


text:
Cookbook:Khichdi (South Asian Rice and Lentils)

| Cuisine of India

Khichdi is a popular dish in the Indian state of Gujarat, where many families prefer it as a dinner. There also exist many variations of it across India.

Ingredients

 * 1 teacup rice
 * 1 teacup dal (e.g. moong dhal, arhar dal or masoor dal or combination thereof)
 * Salt to taste
 * 1 tsp turmeric powder

Procedure

 * 1) Wash rice and lentils and soak them for 10–15 minutes in water.
 * 2) Add salt and turmeric powder.
 * 3) Pressure cook with 3–4 cups of water.
 * 4) After the first whistle, reduce the heat and cook for 4–5 more minutes.
 * 5) Allow to cool. Serve with ghee or buttermilk.


text:
Arabic/LearnRW/fatHa and Yaa

ـَي
So what if we want to write the "a" sound in "fate". The fatHa alone will not do that job. In reality the "a" sound in fate, includes a "y" sound in it. So a fatHa followed by a yaa with no vowel on it will make the "a" sound in "fate". We transliterate this with "ai". Examples:

كَي (pronounced: kai ) Sounds exactly like the letter "k"

 تـَي (pronounced: tai )

 وَي (pronounced: wai ) Sounds exactly like the word "way"

 مَي (pronounced: mai ) Sounds exactly like the word "may"

 سَي (pronounced: sai ) Sounds exactly like the word "say"

More examples
مَيْكَي (pronounced: mai-kai )

 تـَيْرَي (pronounced: tai-rai )

يَي (pronounced: yai )

يـِي (pronounced: yee )

 تـَي (pronounced: tai )

title: Arabic/LearnRW/fatHa and Yaa


text:
User talk:210.211.248.135

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Kellen T 18:30, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please also check out the Cookbook policy page and the Cookbook talk pages.

title: User talk:210.211.248.135


text:
Bodybuilding and Weight Training/Bodyweight Training

A popular but less known method of bodybuilding is using solely your body weight to build muscle. This method has advantages in the fact that the exercises are more natural movements, and are less concentrated on individual muscles, which lowers the risk of muscle imbalance and injury. Many athletes use primarily body weight training.

Push-ups
Push-ups are a well known and effective exercises that is easy to learn and very efficient. Primarily building the pecs and triceps, push-ups also build shoulder-muscle as well as helping to develop a stronger core.

To execute a push-up, lie face-down on the ground with your legs together and your hands pressed flat-palmed against the ground just wider than shoulder-width apart, parallel to your neck. Keeping your body rigid, slowly push up with your arms until they are almost fully extended, with your feet at a ninety-degree angle with your legs, and your toes bend against the ground supporting your legs. Hold for a second at the top, then slowly lower yourself back down, making sure to keep a straight core, until your nose is just above the floor. Repeat reps as able. It is recommended to do three sets of push-ups to maximum repetition every workout. Also, for a more thorough workout change your grip on the ground to thumb and forefinger of each hand touching, just below your chest, and also hands spread wide out on either side. These three grips will allow more thorough muscle development.

If a regular push-up is too challenging, there are variants to make it easier. Firstly, use your knees as a pivot instead of your feet, just rest your knees on the ground instead. If this is still hard to keep good form, use something such as stairs to create an incline so that its easier to complete.

Most bodybuilders do not use push-ups to develop these muscles, as they can do so many; it is more of an endurance workout than a muscle building workout. True muscle building workouts involved sets with a very maximum of 12 reps, and it's usually less than 8 reps. To make the workout more of a challenge, one can use high objects to rest ones feet on, to make the body more of a vertical angle to increase the resistance. Over time, a bodybuilder could work to a vertical position, completing handstands.

Pull-Ups, Chin-Ups
Another excellent upper-body workout are pull-ups and chin-ups. Chin ups are when you hold onto a bar, with both palms facing you, then lowering to extension, then lifting until your chin is higher than the bar. These exercises primarily strengthen the latissimus dorsi, but help to tighten arms (biceps) as well.

To perform, it is recommended that you have a round bar at just over head-height, possibly suspended in a door-way. These pull-up bars are cheap, easy to install, and most definitely a must have. If for some reason you do not have access to a bar, use the top of a door-frame, throwing a folded towel over the top to pad the grip for your hands. Assuming you have a bar, grab the bar with both hands, shoulder-width apart, and your palms facing either away from you or towards you (perform more reps of whichever grip you are weaker at by doing this grip first, but make sure to do both ways for good muscle balance). Then, letting all of your weight hang from your arms, pull yourself up until your chin is above the bar, then lower so that you are still hanging off of the ground. Perform reps until fatigue, and three sets of maximum repetition is also recommended per workout.

Most gyms have pull-up bars, as well as machines that work the latissimus dorsi, and many bodybuilders simply work this muscle group at the gym. When regular chin-ups and pull-ups become too easy, many add weight by simply holding dumbbells between their legs or using weight belts.

Squats
A very simple, yet powerful exercise is the squat. Many athletes add weight to this activity when the form they use isn't good and doesn't develop leg muscles properly. Most people would benefit from not using weights initially.

To complete a full squat, place your feet approximately shoulder width apart (a good method is jumping and landing, this is close enough) then lower your body slowly to the ground, while keeping your feet flat, until you're resting on your feet for balance. There are different depths to lower to, but a full range develops all the muscles equally. To increase difficulty, either add weight or attempt a one legged squat, "pistols".

Basic Muscle Groups
The basic muscle groups that body builders normally train can be classified as upper-body muscles and lower-body muscles

Upper Body
The important upper body muscles are Shoulders, Chest (Pectorals), Biceps, Triceps, Lattismus Dorsi and Trapezius.

Some of the common exercises used for these muscle groups are

Shoulders - Military press Chest - Bench press Latissmus Dorsi - Lat Pull Biceps - Barbell curl Triceps - T-Rod

Military press and Bench press can be done with either barbell or dumbbells

Lower Body
The important muscle groups are Gluteals, Hamstrings, Quadriceps, Hip Flexors, Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Tibial Anterior

Some common exercise are Hamstring, Glutes, Quadriceps, Calves - Squats (will target different muscle groups depending on stance), Deadlifts.

Squats can be done with either body weight, barbell, dumbbell, kettlebells, Smiths machine and a lever system.

There are many variations of the squat such as front squats, back squats, box squats, cambered bar squats, jump squats, one legged squats (a.k.a. "pistols") etc.


text:
Amateur Radio Manual/Transmission Frequencies

Time beacons
USA: * WWV and WWVH * broadcasts on 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz * Power of 2500W on 2.5 and 20 MHz * Power of 10000W on 5, 10, and 15 MHz

Canada: * CHU * Brodcasts on 3.330, 7.850, and 14.670 MHz * Power of 3000W on 3.330 and 14.670 MHz * Power of 10000W on 7.850 MHZ


text:
Talk:C Programming/Why learn C?

Why Learn C?
Isn't Latin more like assembly in that regard?

 * Hmm, Latin is more like a hybrid between REBOL/APL with a COBOL-like syntax influenced by FORTH... or just not comparable. Rursus (talk) 18:18, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Too much religion!
Section: Why C, and not Java or Basic or Perl? answers:
 * Mostly because of memory allocation.

This is a religious answer, and as such an effort of faith. The true answer is instead:
 * Learn all of them! If you need full control of memory allocation, then C is one of the better suited languages - along C++ and Objective-C.

Rursus (talk) 18:01, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * And, regarding C++: when parallel programming, the ill defined virtual class tables of C++ poses problems that makes object initialization troublesome in a subprocess. Therefore, C++ is either to be avoided in parallel systems, or a hard discipline of locking parallel processes must be taken. C is in this context more effective, which may explain why few, if any, operating systems are written in C++. (Then probably some Windows versions (but who knows (and who cares about MS anyway?))). Rursus (talk) 18:10, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:C Programming/Why learn C?


text:
Cellular Automata/Equivalence Classes

Introduction
Stephen Wolfram was one of the first to focus on the complete set of CA rules. He observed all the rules that can be created using binary cells $$k=2$$ and a three cell neighborhood $$m=2$$. There are $$k^{k^m}=2^{2^3}=256$$ such rules. The number of rules grows exponentially with the number of cell states and even faster with the neighbourhood size. This vast number of rules is a limiting factor when observing the whole set of rules.

Definiton of equivalence
In this definition a more formal name for rule is used, the local definition function.

The local definition function $$f_1$$ is equal to the local definition function $$f_2$$, if and ony if there exists a homomorfism $$g$$ of global CA states that

 * $$f_1 f_2$$

Clustering rules
or different symmetries
 * 1) input complement
 * 2) output complement
 * 3) reflection symmetry
 * 4) rotation smetry (2D) ?can be produced by reflection no it can not
 * 5) equivalence class

mix

 * http://groups.google.com/group/comp.theory.cell-automata/browse_thread/thread/eedd3e963691fda2/41f376c8b51455b2?q=clusters&rnum=5&hl=en#41f376c8b51455b2
 * http://groups.google.com/group/comp.theory.cell-automata/browse_frm/thread/2375d42de9f86ee1?tvc=1&q=clusters&hl=en
 * http://groups.google.com/group/comp.theory.cell-automata/browse_frm/thread/86b9db28b67edf1/c5aac90b816f8f32?q=symmetry&rnum=21&hl=en#c5aac90b816f8f32
 * http://groups.google.com/group/comp.theory.cell-automata/browse_frm/thread/3a24112941446717/1e809a7956a95529?q=symmetry&rnum=9&hl=en#1e809a7956a95529
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_isomorphism
 * http://www.mathematics21.org/formulas-theory.html
 * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra
 * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra

title: Cellular Automata/Equivalence Classes


text: User talk:12.145.129.201

title: User talk:12.145.129.201


text: User talk:216.47.177.138

title: User talk:216.47.177.138


text:
Arabic/LearnRW/a i u

The following works for all letters {Huroof}, in all forms.

 * Pronounce the 'i' as [ɪ] (in English this is the 'i' in 'bit', not the 'i' in 'bite').
 * Pronounce the 'u' as [u] (a 'short' 'oo' sound ).
 * Pronounce the 'a' as [a] (this sound does not exist in standard English. It falls somewhere between the 'a' in 'cat' and the 'o' in 'dog'. It is the same as the normal French 'a', as in the word 'ami' "friend").

Examples
These are examples of Arabic words (these are verbs) before and after the vowels have been indicated. These signs clarify how the word should be pronounced. ترك (t-r-k)

BECOMES

تـَرَكَ (ta-ra-ka) "leave"

ثبت (th-b-t)

BECOMES

ثـَبَتَ (tha-ba-ta) "registration"

ذهب (dh-h-b)

BECOMES

ذ َهَبَ (dha-ha-ba) Meaning: (he) went

 نكن (n-k-n)

BECOMES

 نـَكُنُ (na-ku-nu) "We are"

 ثبت (th-b-t)

BECOMES

 ثـَبُتَ (tha-bu-ta) "registration"

title: Arabic/LearnRW/a i u


text:
Georgia Water/Statewide Plan

Chapter 6. Statewide Plan
 * Georgia's Comprehensive Statewide Water Resources Management Plan

 * Contributors

6.1. Introduction
 * Background
 * State Planning Act (HB 237 in 2004)
 * Georgia Water Council

6.2. Vision and Goals

6.3. Strategy for Developing the Statewide Plan
 * Overview of the Planning Process
 * Draft outline of the Statewide Water Plan
 * Part 1. State Water Policy - Review and New Tools (by July 2007)
 * Part 2. Framework for Regional Water Resources Plans (by July 2007)
 * Part 3. Regional Water Resources Plans (2008 onward)

6.4. Public Participation
 * Advisory Committees (appointed)
 * Other public participation

6.5. Budget

6.6. Timeline

6.7. References

title: Georgia Water/Statewide Plan


text:
Arabic/LearnRW/Tanween

The tanween is an "n" sound added to the end of the word in certain circumstances, usually it functions just like the "a" and "an" in English, indicating an indefinite article. The word tanween literally means marginalize/pushing aside, but usually translated as "nunation", "to 'n'", or "'n'ing"; making an "n" sound.

Tanween is indicated by doubling the short vowel at the end of the word. If a word ends with a "kasra" tashkeel, then the tanween is indicated by writing two "kasra"s (one above the other); same with the "dhamma", you write two dhammas, one beside the other. However, with the "fatHa", you don't only double the "fatHa", but you also add an "Alif" and put the double "fatHa"s on the "alif". (remember, "Alif" is the first letter in the Arabic alphabet). So, we can say there are three types of tanween:
 * fatHa tanween.
 * kasra tanween.
 * dhamma tanween.

Pronunciation
fatHa tanween:  The fatHa tanween is pronounced "en", as in "then", "when", "men", "hen", etc. Even though many native Arabic speakers would use "an" to indicate it, since "a" maps to the "aaaa" sound, "en" is probably more accurate.

kasra tanween:  The kasra tanween is pronounced "in", as in "in", "sin", "fin", "min", etc. Again, some native Arabic speakers might indicate a kasra tanween with an "en", thinking that "e" sounds like the Arabic "yaa" letter ("ii" vowel). This is a mistake that stems from not knowing how native English speakers pronounce the "e" sound.

dhamma tanween:  The dhamma tanween is pronounced as a short "oo" followed by an "n". This sounds like the short "un" in "uno" as pronounced in Spanish, not like the long "oon" in "soon".

tanween at the end of a sentence:  If the tanween is the last thing in the sentence, it's not pronounced. In the case of a fatHa-tanween, the alif is pronounced as a long vowel.

The following pronunciation guide for the case where the tanween falls at the end of a sentence works for all letters in all forms.

Technically, سً should be written as ساً or سًا . ''And بً should be written as باً OR بًا. This is due to stopping (waqf) pronunciation, and spelling rules. Any letter except for ء (hamza) and ة (taa marbooTah), always ends in an alif when it ends in fatHataan ("fatHataan" means "two fatHas").''

Examples
كتاب (k-t-aa-b)

BECOMES

كِتـَابٌ (ki-taa-boon) meaning: a book

كتاب (k-t-aa-b)

BECOMES

كِتـَابٍ (ki-taa-bin) meaning: a book

كتاب (k-t-aa-b)

BECOMES

كِتـَابًا (ki-taa-ban) meaning: a book

كتاب (k-t-aa-b)

BECOMES

كِتـَابْ (ki-taab) meaning: (a) book. Note you have not yet learnt about the sign ending this word. It is called a sukoon. It usually looks like a circle. It goes on top of a letter. In Arabic writing, it indicates the end of a syllable.

title: Arabic/LearnRW/Tanween


text:
Talk:Movie Making Manual/Writing/Low Budget

"So, you want to create a low budget action film,"?? Why does this article assume I want to make an action film? I don't see anything in the book title or section title that says "Action Movie Making"...

 * Good point. Go ahead and edit it.  Perhaps you could add a section on writing non-action movies?  dan_aka_jack 10:18, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This needs an absolute rewriting, it's too focused on action, not to mention the typos. --190.222.129.82 (talk) 16:43, 24 January 2010 (UTC)


text:
Music Theory/Hip Hop

Early Origins Of Hip Hop
The roots of hip hop are in West African and African-American music. The griots of West Africa are a group of traveling singers and poets, whose musical style is reminiscent of hip hop. True hip hop arose during the 1970s when block parties became common in New York City, especially the Bronx. Block parties were usually accompanied by music, especially funk and soul music. The early DJs at block parties began isolating the percussion breaks to hit songs, realizing that these were the most dance-able and entertaining parts; this technique was then common in Jamaica (see dub music) and had spread via the substantial Jamaican immigrant community in New York City, especially the godfather of hip hop, DJ Kool Herc. Dub had arose in Jamaica due to the influence of American sailors and radio stations playing R&B.

Large sound systems were set up to accommodate poor Jamaicans, who couldn't afford to buy records, and dub developed at the sound systems (refers to both the system and the parties that evolved around them). Herc was one of the most popular DJs in early 70s New York, and he quickly switched from using reggae records to funk, rock and, later, disco, since the New York audience did not particularly like reggae. Because the percussive breaks were generally short, Herc and other DJs began extending them using an audio mixer and two records. Mixing and scratching techniques eventually developed along with the breaks. As in dub, performers began speaking while the music played; these were originally called MCs; Herc focused primarily on DJing, and began working with two MCs, Coke La Rock and Clark Kent -- this was the first emcee crew, Kool Herc & the Herculoids.

Identifying Rap Music
Rap music can be identified as the music through which one can express one's own views with absolute freedom and demonstrate his/her identity within the hip-hop world by speaking over the rhythm of beats. This can be done with only full concentration of one's views related to his/her life, destiny, integrity, problems, love, sexual life, etc.

What Is Rap?
Hip hop and Rap are often used as a general name for the whole genre. However, whilst they are inextricably linked, it is important to distinguish between the two and acknowledge the differences. Historically, rap music comes from hip-hop culture. The roots of rap music trace back to the Jamaican ska era of the mid-60s. MCs rapping over party music made its way to New York a decade later, thanks to DJ Kool Herc, a man many crown the "Father of Hip Hop." Kool Herc migrated from Jamaica to New York in 1967 and helped give birth to the hip-hop culture that would continue to thrive and spread.

The Hip Hop Network notes that while the Sugar Hill Gang's 1979 "Rapper's Delight" was the first breakthrough rap hit, it emerged from a "an inner-city phenomenon centering on DJs and including equal proportions of break dancing, MCing, and graffiti art."

More recently, "rap" has been used to describe the aggressive, mass-market produced music of Nas, Eminem or commercial artists alike. But, as one online encyclopedia points out, "Not all music that has rapping in it, however, is actually rap music, and not all hip-hop music has rapping in it." Artists like Jurassic 5 and De La Soul typify hip-hop music, which is generally more multi-instrumented and less in-your-face.

Rap and hip-hop music is now a huge industry and it has the diversity of a huge industry. Now respected as an established form of music, many see it as one of the most versatile and original. From Producers/DJs/MCs such as Madlib who brings elements of jazz, blues and other musical styles to influence his work, to Dr. Dre who produces such commercial names as Eminem and 50 Cent, representing the more 'Rap' commercial style.

Types Of Rap Music

 * Old Skool or old school
 * Gangster rap
 * Mainstream
 * Underground
 * Alternative
 * Freestyle
 * Conscious
 * Crunk
 * Grime
 * Political rap
 * Rap trap

Regional Categories
West Coast Hip Hop

West Coast hip hop, also known as California hip hop or West Coast rap, is a style of hip hop music that originated in California in the 1980s. It has since grown into a subgenre of hip hop and has developed several creative centers, most of which are in California.

These centers are: The greater Los Angeles area, Long Beach, the greater San Francisco area (also known as the "Bay" Area ), Oakland/Berkeley, Vallejo, Sacramento/Davis, and Seattle.

Artists Include: N.W.A., Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, 2Pac, Souls of Mischief, Hieroglyphics, Andre Nickitina, Mac Dre, Blu, Kendrick Lamar, Too Short, E-40, Dj Quik, Warren G, Vince Staples

East Coast hip hop

East Coast hip hop (sometimes also referred to as New York hip hop) is a style of hip hop music that originated in New York City during the late-1970s. East Coast hip hop emerged as a definitive subgenre after artists from other regions of the United States, chiefly the West Coast and the South, emerged with different styles of hip hop. It has since grown into a major sub-genre of hip hop, and has played an instrumental role in hip hop history. East Coast hip hop has developed several creative epicenters and local scenes within the Northeastern United States, most of which are primarily located within African-American and Hispanic urban centers.

Artists Include: Notorious B.I.G., A Tribe Called Quest, Rakim, Wu-Tang Clan, Nas, Mobb Deep, Royal Flush, Roc Marciano, EPMD, KRS-One, Big L, Big Pun

Southern hip hop

Hip hop in the South (sometimes referred to as the dirty South) is a style of hip hop music that has multiple origins in Houston, Miami, Atlanta and Memphis. Hip hop in the South emerged during the late 1980's and early 1990's. This regional hip hop has developed into multiple musical sounds like crunk, bounce, snap, chopped & screwed and booty-bass. Even though initially thought of as unsophisticated and simple, recent success in this region has seen a domination in 2005 of the weekly Top 10 songs in the country and an 2005 Academy award for Three 6 Mafia, a Tennessee-based rap group.

Artists Include: Scarface, Outkast, Ludacris, Young Thug, Yung Dro, Lil Jon, Waka Flocka Flame

title: Music Theory/Hip Hop


text:
Arabic/LearnRW/laam-alif

Laam-alif is a ligature. When a ل (laam) comes before an ا (alif) in a word, they automatically come together and form laam-alif. Laam-alif isn't a letter; it's how the two letters, laam and then alif are written together.

title: Arabic/LearnRW/laam-alif


text:
Talk:LaTeX/Introduction

Various
This could be expanded. See my article LaTeX isn't for everyone but it could be for you --Andyr 21:45, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

I cannot seem to find instructions on how to put tabs (for paragraphs) in the text.

I removed this line, because there is no difference WYSIWYG editing is available on all platforms as well

 * It is available (and transportable) across many platforms (Windows, Mac, Unix and Linux are all supported).

Err.. Tex a programming language? Imo it's just a markup language, like html, not programming.

 * It's a programming language aimed to typesetting, but you could (theoretically) use it for anything. PostScript is made with the same approach. You can use if-else constructs and there are packages to make dynamic calculations (that are performed while compiling). I'll point this out clearly in the main page. Alessio Damato 11:19, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Why low-level programming language? That sounds like some kind of assembly language.

 * if you are considering a typesetting system, then it's definitely a low-level programming language, because you have to tell the compiler where any object has to be placed, its size, etc. I can't imagine anything lower than this. In any case, it's the "lowest" approach I know for typesetting. Alessio Damato 19:23, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Hi I noticed that tetex is given as a suggested LaTeX distribution for Unix, but it's currently deprecated, and TeXLive is supposed to be used instead.

-- Ben

dvipdf and dvipdfm
I don't know the difference between dvipdf and dvipdfm, but when I have used them in the past I always got better output with dvipdfm. I have looked for info on internet, and it looks like it's not just a case, see for example http://www.biostat.jhsph.edu/bit/compintro/tips.html, LaTeX section point 8. In the article, at the beginning I just wrote dvipdfm because I knew it is better, so I didn't want to write about two different tools doing the same thing, when we are sure that one always works better than the other. Is this true? is dvipdfm a good replacement of dvipdf in any case? Alessio Damato 22:28, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Actually, dvipdfmx is the dvi-to-pdf program that is currently maintained. it has additional support for cjk, among other things. dvipdf and dvipdfm are unmaintained and there is no reason to use them. --karl@tug.org

Section "Skills needed"
I have removed the section "Skills needed", added to the bulk of the chapter later. It contained such incomprehensible claims as:
 * 1) LaTeX is "very easy" to learn.
 * 2) "Familiarity with publishing process is useful." From what I understand, learning LaTeX has little to do with publishing process.

I am acting on the assumption that the purpose of this book is to make the user use LaTeX effectively, finding quickly how to perform various tasks and solve problems.

--Dan Polansky (talk) 05:53, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Discrepency of definition
I would like to point out a point of confusion I came across as a new user of LaTeX hoping to benefit from this page. During the discussion of installation, first the instructions advise us to download one of the three platform-specific TeX distributions. Later in the discussion, we are told that our "LaTeX distribution" will contain such and such things. But what is a LaTeX distribution? Is it included in the TeX distribution we were advised to download? Where is the discussion on this? This creates confusion, and should be clarified someone who is able to do so. Thanks. 209.251.153.11 (discuss) 16:46, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I've added some details on the different terms. Sadly I fear it will reamin confuse until you actually install and use the whole stuff. The concept is not easy to understand, we cannot do anything about it. If someone feels like he/she can provide a better explanation, feel free to contribute. --Ambrevar (discuss • contribs) 18:30, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

Re-written first paragraph
The first paragraph of this page is badly focused, jumping between pronunciation and history, and professional/casual tone. The sentence structure is valid, but the author uses word constructs which are somewhat awkward to English speakers. I have cleaned it up significantly.--Steelangel (discuss • contribs) 01:34, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Rewrite
Mkline, you kept the claim that LaTeX lets you fully concentrate on the content, a claim which bugs me for a long time. It is wrong. Each and every user cares a lot about the layout. The process is just separated. One either concentrates a lot on content, or a lot on layout.

You have TeX.SX twice in the list at the bottom. You describe texample as the community, while it is just a site that collects tikz examples. The real community is at http://latex.org/forum/ --Johannes Bo (discuss • contribs) 07:24, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Sorry about the sloppy link situation at the bottom; those are fixed. You'll hear no disagreement about LaTeX users caring plenty about layout - I just kept some of the previous wording because I was at a loss for how to word it better. I think what we're trying to express is the usefulness of separation of content and presentation; do you have suggestions for how to phrase things better? Mkline (discuss • contribs) 08:06, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:LaTeX/Introduction


text:
User talk:212.244.146.101

Lucid Dreaming: Using
Rzeczy typu "fighting kung-fu with yourself" nie mogą być brane na serio. Nie tworzymy zbioru dowcipów, lecz poważne podręczniki. --Derbeth 21:51, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.244.146.101


text: Category:Book:CAT-Tools

title: Category:Book:CAT-Tools


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Computer Advanced/OpenOffice

= OpenOffice = Use the following functions of the word processing program:

Mail Merge
Type and print a letter to at least five different people using the same text, but personalizing each letter with the addressee's name appearing at least three times.

The best instructions for doing this can be found in the Help pages of OpenOffice itself. Knowing that the function is called "mail merge" is the key to finding the right help page.

Right Justify
Using the mouse, highlight the text you wish to right justify. Then click on the Format tab and select "Paragraph." Then click on the "Alignment" tab, check the box labelled "Right," and click on "OK".

Center Title
This operation is identical to the "Right Justify" operation, except that instead of checking the "Right" box, check the "Justify" and select "Center" from the pull down menu.

Change margins and page length
Click on "Format" and select "Page." Then click on the "Page" tab. This will bring up a window that will allow you to set the margins (left, right, top, and bottom) as well as the page dimensions.

Move paragraph
Using the mouse, highlight the paragraph. Then type X to delete the paragraph. Move the mouse cursor to the paragraph's new location and type V.

Save
Type S or select Save (or Save As) from the File menu.

Copy and Paste
This is almost exactly the same as moving a paragraph, the only difference being that once the paragraph is highlighted you press C instead of X. This will put the highlighted text in the paste buffer, but it will not delete it from the document. It can then be pasted into a different place by typing V.


text:
Talk:Arabic/Arabic numbers

Untitled
The number ten is not .l, but 1., since numbers are written from left to right, unlike normal words.

Also, drawing guides would be nice. Illustrations that show the direction and order of the strokes.--66.157.116.9 21:31, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

I find this strange (added 1 April 2006 by TwoThirty): "Arabic numerals (how the numbers look) are of two  types, the one's used in North America, and the one's   not used in North America." ("Nort America":) This loosely implies South America and Europe would use non-European "arabic" numbers. On the other hand, replacing it with "Europe" would imply the same about North and South America (and most parts of Africa, etc). ("two types":) There seems to be at least three types. The paragraph is difficult to reformulate. Maybe just remove it. The table says it all. /David Andersson

title: Talk:Arabic/Arabic numbers


text:
Category talk:Eel recipes

No, there should not be a category for every type of fish. (trout, eel, pompano, goldfish, barricuda, fugu, lungfish, grouper... and the list goes on and on and on and on.... How many species of fish are there anyway?)

Please delete this page. (this comment was from User:AlbertCahalan)

 * Tell me why. There are quite a few kinds of fish, true, but isn't the whole point of an index of a book to be able to find the specific thing you're looking for? We may well have lots of eel recipes in the future. Kellen T 01:41, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Eel recipes


text:
Category:Ethiopian recipes

Recipes from Ethiopia

nl:Categorie:Ethiopische keuken

title: Category:Ethiopian recipes


text:
Category:Dairy

Dairy ingredients are generally the product of milk from mammals, often cows, goats, sheep, buffalo, and other domesticated animals.

es:Categoría:Lácteos hy:Կատեգորիա:Կաթնամթերք

title: Category:Dairy


text:
General Chemistry/Electronegativity

What determines the type of bond formed between two elements? There are two ways of classifying elements to determine the bond formed: by electronegativity, or by metallic/non-metallic character.

Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a property of atoms that is reflected in the layout of the periodic table of the elements. Electronegativity is greatest in the elements in the upper right of the table (e.g., fluorine), and lowest in the lower left (e.g., francium).

Electronegativity is a relative measure of how strongly an atom will attract the electrons in a bond. Although bonds are the result of atoms sharing their electrons, the electrons can be shared unequally. The more electronegative atom in a bond will have a slight negative charge, and the less electronegative atom will have a slight positive charge. Overall, the molecule may have no charge, but the individual atoms will. This is a result of the electronegativity—by attracting the electrons in a bond, an atom gains a slight negative charge. Of course, if two elements have equal electronegativity, they will share the electrons equally.

Metallic elements have low electronegativity, and non-metallic elements have high electronegativity. If two elements are close to each other on the periodic table, they will have similar electronegativities.

Electronegativity is measured on a variety of scales, the most common being the Pauling scale. Created by chemist Linus Pauling, it assigns 4.0 to fluorine (the highest) and 0.7 to francium (the lowest).

Notation
When drawing diagrams of bonds, we indicate covalent bonds with a line. We may write the electronegativity using the symbols $$\delta +$$ and $$\delta -$$. Look at this example.

Hydrogen fluoride (HF): $$\begin{matrix}\delta + & & \delta - \\ H & - & F \end{matrix}$$

The plus goes over the less electronegative atom. From the above diagram, we can see that the fluorine attracts the electrons in the covalent bond more than the hydrogen does. Fluorine will have a slight negative charge because of this, and hydrogen will have a slight positive charge. Overall, hydrogen fluoride is neutral.

title: General Chemistry/Electronegativity


text:
Category:Jewish recipes

Recipes of Jewish origin.

title: Category:Jewish recipes


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Computer Advanced/Word

= Microsoft Word = Use the following functions of the word processing program:

Mail Merge
Type and print a letter to at least five different people using the same text, but personalizing each letter with the addressee's name appearing at least three times.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Computer Advanced/WordPerfect

= WordPerfect = Use the following functions of the word processing program:

Mail Merge
Type and print a letter to at least five different people using the same text, but personalizing each letter with the addressee's name appearing at least three times.

Save
Type -S, or use the File menu at the top left and select Save.

Copy and Paste
Highlight the text you want to copy and then press -C to place a copy of the text in the paste buffer (or -X to place a copy in the paste buffer and delete it from where it is in the document. Then position the cursor to where you would like to paste the contents of the paste buffer and type -V.


text:
Category:Nut and grain milk recipes

Recipes for nut and grain milks.

title: Category:Nut and grain milk recipes


text:
Category:Mediterranean recipes

Recipes from the Mediterranean.

title: Category:Mediterranean recipes


text:
Celestia/Customization

Introduction
Many of Celestia's display characteristics and the databases that it uses can be controlled by modifying its configuration file, celestia.cfg.

More extensive changes and additions to Celestia can be provided using Addons and Celx Scripting.

Celestia Configuration File
The following information is from the comments in the Celestia Configuration File, celestia.cfg.

This file contains configuration data read by Celestia each time it is run. Many of the items may be changed to suit your specific needs or requirements. It is HIGHLY recommended that you make a backup copy of this file before you make any changes to it.

To learn more about Celestia, visit the Celestia forums at: https://celestiaproject.space/forum/ or the Celestia web site at: https://celestiaproject.space

Data Files
This section contains a list of data files that Celestia uses to load information about stars, constellations and locations. Do not change these file names or the order in which they are listed, unless you  know exactly what you are doing. Most of these files can be viewed with a plain text editor. Discussion about their content and formats can be found on the Celestia forums: https://celestiaproject.space/forum/   If you want to load all your stars from .stc files, you can now comment  out the StarDatabase entry.

StarDatabase                "data/stars.dat" StarNameDatabase            "data/starnames.dat" StarCatalogs              [ "data/revised.stc" "data/extrasolar.stc" "data/nearstars.stc" "data/visualbins.stc" "data/spectbins.stc" ] HDCrossIndex                "data/hdxindex.dat" SAOCrossIndex               "data/saoxindex.dat" GlieseCrossIndex            "data/gliesexindex.dat" SolarSystemCatalogs       [ "data/solarsys.ssc" "data/asteroids.ssc" "data/comets.ssc" "data/outersys.ssc" "data/spacecraft.ssc" "data/extrasolar.ssc" "data/solsys_locs.ssc" "data/world-capitals.ssc" ] DeepSkyCatalog              "data/deepsky.dsc" AsterismsFile               "data/asterisms.dat" BoundariesFile              "data/boundaries.dat"

User Interface files
Despite their ".cel" file extension, these are not CEL scripts, but rather data files that populate controls such as menus and dialog  boxes.

 * FavoritesFile -  This is where Bookmarks data are stored. The file does not exist until  you save a Bookmark from within Celestia. You can view this file with  a plain text editor and if you write CEL scripts, it contains some  useful information.
 * DestinationFile -  This is the list of Destinations used in the Tour Guide dialog box,  accessed via the Navigation Menu. You can edit this file with a plain  text editor to add your own destinations to the dialog box. The order  in which the items are listed in the file is the order in which they  will be listed in the Tour Guide dialog.

Cursor
This parameter allows you to select from three cursors, but currently only in the Windows version of Celestia ...
 * White crosshair ("crosshair") > default cursor
 * Inverting crosshair ("inverting crosshair")
 * Standard Windows arrow ("arrow")

The inverting crosshair can be a better choice because it's more visible on bright backgrounds. However, should you decide to try this cursor, test it closely. Not all graphics chipsets support an inverting cursor, which will cause Windows to fall back to software emulation. The emulated cursor interacts with OpenGL applications in unfortunate ways, forcing a lot of extra redrawing and cutting by half the frame  rate on a GeForce2-equipped laptop. So, if you change this, check your FPS rates to make sure you haven't kicked Windows into software  emulation mode.

FavoritesFile   "favorites.cel" DestinationFile "guide.cel" Cursor          "crosshair"

Included CEL script files
The following CEL script files are included in the basic Celestia distribution. These script files may be viewed and edited with a plain text editor. They may both be modified or replaced to suit your specific needs. InitScript is the CEL script that is automatically run each time Celestia is started. The default script (start.cel) travels to Io, one of Jupiter's moons. DemoScript is the CEL script that is run when you press the "d" key on your keyboard from within Celestia. The default script (demo.cel) takes you on a short tour of some interesting places in our solar  system. To learn more about how to use and write CEL scripts and Lua scripts in Celestia, please visit the Celestia Scripting forum at:    https://celestiaproject.space/forum/viewforum.php?f=9

InitScript "start.cel" DemoScript "demo.cel"

Extras
The 'extras' directory is located under the celestia root directory and is used for storing third-party add-ons to Celestia. To learn more about Add-Ons for Celestia, visit the Celestia Add-Ons forum at:  https://celestiaproject.space/forum/viewforum.php?f=6   You may specify additional add-on directories by adding additional  entries, such as the following example shows:  ExtrasDirectories  [ "extras" "myextras1" "myextras2" ]   To specify absolute paths on windows, you either have to use "/" or   double backslashes to separate path components. Example:  ExtrasDirectories  [ "D:/celestia-extras" ]  or ExtrasDirectories  [ "D:\\celestia-extras" ]

ExtrasDirectories [ "extras" ]

Font definitions
The following entries define the fonts Celestia will use to display text on the display screen. To view the list of fonts available with your distribution of Celestia, look in the fonts directory located under the Celestia root directory. The default fonts are UTF-8 compatible in order to display non-English characters.

 * Font:     Used to display all informational text. Default: "sans12.txf"
 * LabelFont: Used to display all label text (objects, locations, etc.). Default "sans12.txf"
 * TitleFont: Used to display object names, messages, and script text. Default "sansbold20.txf"

Font      "sans12.txf" LabelFont "sans12.txf" TitleFont "sansbold20.txf"

Miscellaneous
LogoTexture defines the graphic file to be displayed when Celestia is started. The default filename is "logo.png"

LogoTexture "logo.png"

FaintestVisibleMagnitude defines the lowest magnitude at which a star will be displayed in Celestia. This setting may be adjusted real-time via the '[' and ']' keys in Celestia. The default value is 6.0.

FaintestVisibleMagnitude 6.0

RotateAcceleration defines the speed at which an object will be rotated in Celestia, when using a keypress, such as the left and right arrow keys. A higher value will rotate the object quicker, while a lower value will cause a slower rotation. The default value is 120.0.

RotateAcceleration 120.0

MouseRotationSensitivity defines the speed at which an object will be rotated in Celestia, when using the mouse press both mouse-buttons or Ctrl+LeftMouseButton, and move the mouse left or right. A higher value will rotate the object quicker, while a lower value will cause a slower rotation. A value of 0.0 (zero) will disable this particular feature. The default value is 1.0.

MouseRotationSensitivity 1.0

Scripting
The following parameter is used in Lua (.celx) scripting. ScriptScreenshotDirectory defines the directory where screenshots are to be stored. The default value is "", i.e. Celestia's installation directory.

ScriptScreenshotDirectory ""

CELX-scripts can request permission to perform dangerous operations, such as reading, writing and deleting files or executing external programs. If granted, a malicious script could use this to destroy data or compromise system security. The following parameter determines what Celestia does upon such requests: "ask": ask the user if he wants to allow access (default) "allow": always allow such requests "deny": always deny such requests.

ScriptSystemAccessPolicy "ask"

Rendering Resources
The following lines are render detail settings. Assigning higher values will produce better quality images, but may cause some older  systems to run slower. OrbitPathSamplePoints defines how many sample points to use when   rendering orbit paths. The default value is 100. RingSystemSections defines the number of sections used to draw rings around a planet. The default value is 100. ShadowTextureSize defines the size* of shadow texture to be used. The default value is 256. Maximum useful value is 2048. EclipseTextureSize defines the size* of the eclipse texture to be used. The default value is 128. Maximum useful value is 1024. The ShadowTextureSize and EclipseTextureSize values should both be powers of two (128, 256, 512, etc.). Using larger values will     reduce the jagged edges of eclipse shadows and shadows on planet  rings, but it will decrease the amount of memory available for  planet textures. The shadow and eclipse texture settings are not used with the OpenGL 2.0 render path, which uses a different technique to render shadows.

OrbitPathSamplePoints 100 RingSystemSections    100 ShadowTextureSize     256 EclipseTextureSize    128

Set the level of multisample antialiasing. Not all 3D graphics hardware supports antialiasing, though most newer graphics chipsets do. Larger values will result in smoother edges with a cost in rendering speed. 4 is a sensible setting for recent, higher-end graphics hardware; 2 is probably better mid-range graphics. The default value is 1, which disables antialiasing.

AntialiasingSamples       4

The following line is commented out by default. Celestia enables and disables certain rendering features based on the set of extensions supported by the installed OpenGL driver and 3D graphics hardware. With IgnoreGLExtensions, you may specify a list of extensions that Celestia will treat as unsupported. This is useful primarily for the developers of Celestia.

IgnoreGLExtensions [ "GL_ARB_vertex_program" ]

LogSize
The number of rows in Celestia's internal debug log. This log is displayable onscreen by pressing the ~ (tilde) key (tilde space on some keyboards). The default log size is 200 lines.

LogSize 5000

Labelled Stars
The LabelledStars section defines which stars will have text labels assigned to them, which are visible when this option is turned on. (This section is obsolete as of Celestia v1.5.0. Star names are displayed depending on the brightness of the stars.)

LabelledStars [	"Sol" "Sirius" "Canopus" "\u03b1 Centauri" "Arcturus" "Vega" "Capella" "Rigel" "Procyon" "Achernar" "Betelgeuse" "\u03b2 Centauri" "Altair" "Aldebaran" "Antares" "Spica" "Acrux" "Pollux" "Fomalhaut" "Deneb" "\u03b2 Crucis" "Regulus" "Adhara" "Castor" "\u03b3 Crucis" "Shaula" "Bellatrix" "Elnath" "Miaplacidus" "Alnilam" "Al Nair" "Alioth" "\u03b3 Velorum" "Dubhe" "Mirfak" "Wezen" "Alkaid" "\u03b5 Carinae" "\u03b2 Aurigae" "Polaris"   ]

title: Celestia/Customization


text:
Category:Pastry recipes

Recipes for pastries.

de:Kategorie:Kochbuch/ Gebäck

title: Category:Pastry recipes


text:
Category:Finnish recipes

Recipes from Finland.

title: Category:Finnish recipes


text:
Category:Pasta recipes

Recipes involving pasta.

title: Category:Pasta recipes


text:
Category:Salad recipes

Recipes for Salad

fr:Catégorie:Salades hy:Կատեգորիա:Աղցաններ is:Flokkur:Salöt sr:Категорија:Салате ru:Категория:Салаты

title: Category:Salad recipes


text:
Category:Pot Pie recipes

These recipes are not dessert items. They feature a pastry shell but have contents not served for dessert.

Recipes for pot pies.

title: Category:Pot Pie recipes


text:
Category:Pie and tart recipes

Recipes for pies.

uk:Категорія:Пироги fa:رده:پای‌ها

title: Category:Pie and tart recipes


text: User talk:195.229.242.54

title: User talk:195.229.242.54


text: User talk:70.240.180.62

title: User talk:70.240.180.62


text:
User talk:62.103.227.8

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:62.103.227.8


text: User talk:134.124.116.252

title: User talk:134.124.116.252


text: User talk:66.50.162.60

title: User talk:66.50.162.60


text:
User talk:69.244.243.183

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:69.244.243.183


text:
User talk:24.4.169.13

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:24.4.169.13


text: User talk:67.176.40.124

title: User talk:67.176.40.124


text:
Mass Media/Journalism

Journalism is a discipline of collecting, verifying, analyzing and presenting information gathered regarding current events, including trends, issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as journalists.Journalism is often dangerous but very practical in day today world.

News-oriented journalism often is described as the "first draft of history." Even though journalists often write news articles to a deadline, news media usually edit and proofread the results prior to publication.

title: Mass Media/Journalism


text:
User talk:61.69.12.20

Please stop. If you continue to blank pages, you will be blocked from editing.

Regarding edits made during July 30 2007
Thanks for experimenting with the page Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Norse on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

Az1568(Talk) 07:00, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:61.69.12.20


text:
User:Daniele~enwikibooks

Hi!! my name's Daniele, i'm user and sysop in it.wikibooks.

it:Utente:daniele

title: User:Daniele~enwikibooks


text:
Introduction to Medical Statistics

In modern medical science, the use of statistical methods are ubiquitous, insofar as the research builds on quantitative methods. Whether the research question originates in the laboratory, the clinic, or epidemiologic registries, appropriate statistical methods are called for to collect, analyze and interpret the data. The ambition of the present book is to provide an introduction to basic statistical tools, so that it may be used as a companion in a first academic course on statistics for medical students.

The presentation should be as easy to follow as possible while maintaining a sufficient level of rigour. The book will not give insight into all the mathematical background needed to derive the stated results in a formal way, but rather focus on helping the understanding of the student. The exposition will be based on worked examples, with the focus on pedagogical analyses. Ideally, all examples should be taken from relevant and published medical studies, but this needs careful consideration of any copyrights involved. As a simple alternative, suitably simulated data can often be introduced instead.

Contents
A first list of topics to be covered includes:

 * A very first example: /Analysis of a single sample/
 * Types of data
 * Random variation
 * Descriptive statistics
 * Numerical measures
 * Central tendency
 * Variability
 * Graphical presentations
 * Stem-and-leaf
 * Histograms
 * Box-plots
 * Scatter plots
 * Distributions
 * The $$z$$-test and associated confidence interval
 * The standard form and its components
 * Definition of confidence interval
 * Hypothesis testing and the definition of a $$p$$-value
 * Why confidence intervals are usually to be preferred for $$p$$-values
 * Comparison of two means
 * Small samples: $$t$$-test
 * Comparison of two risks
 * Risk difference
 * Risk ratio
 * Comparison of two odds
 * Odds ratio
 * Comparison of two rates
 * Linear regression
 * Logistic regression
 * Poisson regression
 * Survival analysis regression (Cox regression)

title: Introduction to Medical Statistics