text:
Electric Vehicle Conversion/High power electrical

Note the presence of hazardous materials and conditions that must be approached with proper precautions and procedures to avoid damaging, injurious, or even fatal consequences.

Pack isolation
No part of the primary traction pack should be grounded (electrically connected to the chassis). Should any portion become grounded this is a single fault and while creating a potential hazard is not in itself damaging. By so "floating" the traction pack a single transient bridging event between any portion of the pack and the body or frame will not create a danger of fire or spark (but can create shock hazards at other locations). Periodic safety testing should be performed ensure that this isolation is maintained. This is easily done by measuring the voltage to the vehicle chassis from at least two different potential points of the pack. This measurement should be zero.

Isolation and transformerless chargers
Lightweight chargers for charging battery banks below the line voltage are not isolated from the AC source since they have no transformers - they apply AC neutral to one side of the pack through a bridge rectifier and AC ground to the chassis. Any conduction between the pack and the chassis will create a potential shock hazard that is detected by the ground fault detector on the AC side of the charger, which then triggers and stops the charge. It is not possible to properly use such a charger unless the pack is properly isolated. Since an aging DC motor can have small current leakage due to the accumulation of conductive dust from brush wear it is best if the pack is isolated from the controller and motor during charging - this is one of the reasons for using both dual contactors and switchable pre-charge resistors as shown in the diagram at left. If such a well isolated pack causes a ground fault when a charge is attempted the likely cause is some battery leakage or spilling of electrolyte causing a conductive path to the chassies, which (if the case is not perforated) may be corrected by cleaning the battery with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (for acid type batteries), or weak acetic acid (for base type batteries), followed by a water rinse and drying.

The contactors
Contactors (robust relays) make the connection between the battery pack and the controller and motor. They are powered by a 12 volt DC source provided by a "run" circuit and provide disconnection when the vehicle is not in use. These contactors are normally opened by a spring and are drawn closed by a solenoid operated by the vehicle's twelve volt service battery through wiring called the run circuit.

By using electrically controlled contactors it becomes possible to disconnect immediately upon detection of a collision (this task is performed by routing the ignition or run circuit through an inertial switch (one is shown below)). It is highly desirable to install a disconnect at each side of the pack, forming a redundant circuit. The disconnection of both sides allows the battery pack to be completely isolated from the controller and motor during charging, reducing the probabililty of ground faulting through the motor or controller on the charger AC line. (Brushed DC motors produce a fine conductive dust from brush wear which can lead to minor ground fault conditions in damp conditions sufficient to trigger an AC GFCI device.) Addtional isolation may be required where a contactor pre-charge is otherwise always on as shown in the preceeding section concerning charger control.

By removing the twelve volt source the contactors will open. This should not be done while the vehicle is operating under power except in emergency as this will cause arcing and wear on the contactor. The contactor(s) are actuated by the "run" circuit, activated by the vehicle's ignition and start keyswitch positions. One of the contactors will be bypassed by a controller precharge resistor. This resistor will charge the input capacitors of the controller to prevent a damaging inrush current that can weld the contactor closed and so making it ineffective as a safety and turn-off device. For isolation of the motor during charging these resistors should be in a circuit that is open during charging. This is simply performed by putting the resistors on the normally closed contacts of a double pole, double throw (DPDT) relay with an AC coil powered by the charger AC mains voltage. The normally open contacts of this relay may be used to apply the charger output to the battery side of the each contactor, although it is more common to permanently connect the charger to the battery pack through appropriate fuses.

At least one of the contactors should be located close to the battery pack in order to provide effective protection to the cable runs from the pack to the motor and controller should a collision be detected.

Caution: If a contactor is above or within the battery compartment then the contactor must be a sealed, explosion proof type. Open frame contactors can create a spark which could ignite hydrogen gas.

Traction pack fuse or circuit breaker
The pack must also be fused close to the pack. The preferred location (and required for racing applications) is in the electrical center of the pack. This may be done also by a high quality circuit breaker, which can be advantageous as it can also perform manual switching operations to easily isolate the pack for vehicle maintenance, reducing the need for a manual disconnect.

Traction pack switch
A physical switch should be provided that prevents current flow through the system. For racing applications this is required by NEDRA regulations to be accessible from outside of the vehicle.

Manual disconnect
The conversion should have some means of manually disconnecting the pack on at least one side to make the system safe for maintenance, even if a circuit breaker is included. This may be done by providing a wing nut to attach one of the battery cables, although a circuit breaker, high current connector or switch is better, since an insufficiently tight battery connection can cause the lead post of the battery to overheat and melt. Alternatively, the battery connections may be opened using a wrench. Any tools used around the batteries should be well insulated and short enough to reduce the possibility of creating an accidental short circuit

Controller pre-charge
The controller will be seen by the battery and contactor as a large capacitor. The inrush current to charge this capacitor can cause an arc when the contactor is closed and this can in turn cause contactor point pitting and wear. In the worst case this inrush current can cause the contactor to weld in the shut position. If combined with some failure of the controller, dashpot, or accelerator pedal mechanics this could cause an uncontrollable acceleration of the vehicle. The welding of the contacts is avoided by bypassing the contactor with a resistor which allows the controller capacitance to be charged to close to the pack voltage prior to contactor closure. As the controller appears as a high series resistance in parallel with a high capacitance (and so not drawing much current after the precharge), many installations permanently bypass the contactor(s) with this resistor. Note that this is not as safe as it might otherwise be since pack voltage is present at the controller and within the passenger cab even when the contactors are open, and the controller capacitors can provide significant current for a moment.

Alternatively, the pre-charge may be applied with the ignition voltage when the key is turned to the Run position. By connecting the pack voltage meter across the controller then this pre-charge may be observed and the full charge noted on the voltmeter prior to engaging the start switch. This requires operator attention, however and so is not the best solution.

A better configuration is to make the pre-charge current from this resistor flow through a startup sequence relay. This is a sensitive relay that opens when the pre-charge current drops to some low value. In combination with a secondary contactor at the pack this ensures that the motor compartment does not present exposed any pack voltage beyond the contactors when the system is in the "off" state. To prevent arcing due to hasty operation (quickly turning the key from "off" to "start") an additional sense circuit must be added to ensure that the primary contactor is not closed until the pre-charge is complete. If a secondary contactor is used then it does not need to be bypassed for pre-charge (since it cannot carry current until the primary contactor is closed) but it must be closed directly by the ignition circuit so that the pre-charge circuit can operate.

Collision sense
A motion sensitive switch can be used to disable the ignition, which may then be manually reset to restore operation to the system. In the event of a severe bump, overturn, or collision this will disable a portion of the run circuit, removing the pull in voltage from the contactors. This will reduce the likelihood of a high current short circuit and its consequences. The opening of the contactors will also disable other circuits using pack voltage such as the cabin heater and the 12 volt converter, providing additional protection. Contactors have a limited cycle life when breaking the circuit under load, so this system should not be subject to triggering except under severe conditions. A collision sense switch may be tested for proper operation when off throttle, however, by dismounting and directly manipulating the sensor. According to instructions provided with this sensor the sensor should be mounted on a panel that is rigid, preferably near a corner, in order to avoid false triggering from body flex when the vehicle is driven over bumps. It is also recommended that the inertial switch be located inside of the driver cabin so that it is not necessary to exit the vehicle to reset it.

Charger ground fault detection and protection
It is extremely important that both the charger and the mains outlet or charging station to which it is connected have proper ground fault protection. Proper mains charging connection to an EV requires at least three and sometimes four wires. In North American wiring a supply of 110 volts to a charger requires three wire; a "hot" (black wire at 110 or so volts, carrying the current), "neutral" (white wire at zero volts but carrying the supplied current to complete the circuit) and "ground" (green wire, connected to the equipment supplied at one end and to both neutral and a ground rod at the supply panel but acting only as a safety). A "ground fault" is detected when the supplied current ("hot lead") does not match the returned current "neutral lead") within the tolerance of a "ground fault interrupter". Note that this does not rely on the return of the fault current through the ground (green) lead - such fault can be created by a return through the earth, the ground lead being provided to cause an immediate ground fault (or to blow a fuse or trip a circuit breaker) under certain fault conditions, such as a short between the hot lead and the body on a vehicle insulated from earth by its rubber tires. Ground fault interrupters are designed to operate when the difference in current flow is less than that likely to cause a hazard to a person, triggering at about 5 miliamperes, and are designed to operate very rapidly. Similar considerations apply to 220 volt systems. 220 volt systems provide two phases, sent through red and black wires, with a balancing neutral (white). The ground safety is conducted by a green wire, forming a four wire system. While on-board chargers typically have a ground fault detector built in, this detector cannot respond to "upstream" faults such as one created by an exposed wire in the extension cord providing the AC power. For this reason, only a ground fault protected outlet should be used. If a long extension cord is usually carried then a ground fault protective unit may be added to the plug (male) end of the cord. It is also advantageous to include a switch or a switchable current limiting circuit breaker at this point. That allows the connection to be made to the vehicle using an unpowered extension, with the power then turned on near the AC supply point. Portable GFCI interrupters must be used with a grounded outlet to obtain the maximum protection.

Charging station ground fault protection
Charging stations using Avcon paddles or large or small inductive loops will have a ground fault detector built in. The Avcon units detect circuit completion by use of a resistor and diode between the neutral and ground, and so it is not practical to connect such a unit to a GFCI circuit as it will trigger the upstream fault detector during the charge start cycle. For this reason such charging stations are suitable only for permanent installation. Any non-GFCI protected wiring connecting the charging station to the AC supply panel must be in conduit or armored flexible cable.

Pack voltage subsystem fuses
Systems that use or provide pack voltage include:
 * Charger (twenty to thirty amps or more)
 * Twelve volt converter (twenty amps, more or less)
 * Heater (thirty amps)
 * Voltmeter (very low current)

Such systems are connected to the large main power wires at both positive and negative. Unlike conventional automotive wiring, which only fuses the positive side, safety dictates that both sides be fused. This is required since the battery system is floated from ground and a fault to the chassies on one side can bring the opposite polarity to the pack voltage relative to the chassies. A subsequent (or latent) fault the subsystem could overheat the wire if not fused. The fuse should be placed where the wire size steps down, with specific fuses (and appropriate ratings) for each device and the wire supplying power to the device. Since an EV will probably have fuses distributed physically over the vehicle the documentation should include a fuse map, or subsystem component locations should be located on the appropriate circuit diagram.


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Electric Vehicle Conversion/Control and interlocks

Note the presence of hazardous materials and conditions that must be approached with proper precautions and procedures to avoid damaging, injurious, or even fatal consequences.

It is possible to build an EV conversion without the safeties shown below. These safeties are intended to assist and protect the casual driver - one who may not be informed of the limitations or quirks of the conversion or a driver with long experience and ingrained habits. The goal of these safeties is to reduce the chance of improper operation by a driver and should always be included in any EV conversion.

System ready indicator
Some visual indication of system readyness should be provided, since there will be no noise or vibration from an idling engine. Often a converter will simply ensure that the low battery light will be illuminated whenever accessory power is available. More sophisticated systems will illuminate a ready light when the run circuit is active. If provided, this run light may be configured to illuminate at a lower brightness when running at night. The run circuit may also be routed to a dashboard voltmeter. By providing a push-button that switches this voltmeter to a constant battery circuit (e. g. the clock power), this meter may also be used to partially diagnose non-starting conditions.

Vacuum control
For vehicles with vacuum operated power brakes it is necessary to include a vacuum pump and vacuum reservoir, check valve, pump, pump control, and pump power. Vacuum pumps are powered from the twelve volt vehicle service, usually provided by an auxiliary battery. The circuit illustrated is complex but of low cost. A single vacuum sense unit may be obtained from specialty suppliers which has separate on and off adjustable setpoints, eliminating the need for several relays.

Vacuum alarm
A separate vacuum sensing switch should be used to alert the driver of low vacuum. This should activate just below the low limit of the vacuum pump control turn-on setting. This can be connected to an existing unused warning light such the parking brake/dual brake differential alarm light or some other available indicator such as the low oil warning light (provided when no oil pressure gauge is provided and not needed in an EV) or may be directed to a newly installed indicator. Most indicator lights in modern vehicles provide power to one side of the lamp at the instrument cluster and route the other side to ground the indicator circuit at the distant sensor(s) to illuminate the warning. The addition of a low vacuum acoustic alarm enabled after the initial start pump-up is also appropriate. A vacuum gauge is essential for setting the vacuum switch control points and may be included permanently as a dashboard or underhood instrument.

Startup circuit
The goal is to make the vehicle operate safely and to be started using the Start keyswitch position - similar to a conventional ICE vehicle. The continuation of the run state here requires that the vehicle's ICE ignition circuit be active to operate, enabling the keyswitch to be used to reliably shut off the system. The start-run circuit should control application of pack voltage throughout the system by activating the main contactors and by applying pack voltage to the twelve volt converter. This will also control the operation of the vacuum pump, which from a cold start (zero vacuum) also offers the effect of an acoustic signal that the vehicle has started, but is not yet ready for service until the low vacuum warning is off.

The startup circuit is disabled by the charge-door-open sense, AC power-applied relay (if installed), and the off-throttle detector switch, and the clutch-depressed or transmission-neutral switch. With appropriate configuration of the startup circuit any of these error conditions should cause an alarm condition and acoustic alert if a start is attempted. Note that once running, any open start interlock will not cause the system to halt.

Charge door open sense
The goal of this sensor is to reduce the likelihood that the vehicle will be driven off while connected to the charging source. For connectors that are locking (such as twist lock or paddle connectors) this can cause severe damage to the equipment or the structure to which it is attached. Note that if the access door circuitry is damaged in a collision it may then not be possible to move the vehicle. For this reason the door sense switch wiring should include a bypass disconnect to be used in case of emergency (this is not a switch but rather a pair of properly polarized wire connectors). This door sensor is made a part of the start-run circuit in series with other interlocks.. A magnetic reed switch (normally closed when close to an appropriate magnet) can offer simplicity in mounting. A simple, though unreliable, technique for mounting magnets and switches is to use the sticky outdoor tape used for adhering house numbers (e.g. 3M outdoor tape), backed up by a plastic "zip tie" through small drilled holes. The tape holds the positioning of the device and the zip tie ensures against tape failure or mechanical disturbance. This method is considerably faster and simpler than using screws or nuts and bolts. If mounting places are not conveniently located in the vehicle then a soft aluminum strip of 1/16 to 1/8 inch thickness can be formed and attached to the vehicle to make a mounting for the switch or magnet.

AC power applied relay
Some vendors sell an AC relay, intended to prevent operation while AC power is applied to the on-board charger. Note that if the charging station is turned off, or the power has failed or ground faulted that this device will be completely ineffective. For this reason the charge door sense mechanism described above should be also included.

An AC voltage relay is more productively applied to the charging circuit as shown in another chapter, for it can both ensure the removal of AC ground faulting potential from the motor via the controller pre-charge resistors (a problem in older motors in damp conditions from the presence of slightly conductive brush dust) and may also be configured to remove pack voltage from the charger when not charging and so enhance underhood safety.

Off throttle detection switch
With an EV it is possible that it be left in gear with the clutch out while the system is activated. As it is a common habit among ICE vehicle drivers to open the throttle during start (a procedure to release the choke in older vehicles), the vehicle may accelerate. To avoid this an "open throttle" sense switch is included in series with the access door sense as part of the start-run circuit. This open throttle sense is not necessary if a neutral lock out switch is included (this is part of an automatic transmission and may be found on some manual transmissions that have been imported directly from Japan) but is recommended for additional safety.

Clutch depressed switch
It is possible that the throttle could be pumped by an inexperienced driver (again, a habit developed from starting older vehicles in which the accelerator depression releases the choke and operates the accelerator pump in the carburetor to "prime" the engine). By including a switch in the start-run circuit that ensures that the clutch is depressed an additional level of safety is provided. (Some vehicles built in the 1940's used full depression of the clutch to operate a floor mounted starter switch, so this is not a new idea.)

Neutral safety switch
All automatic transmissions incorporate a neutral safety switch. More rarely this switch may be found in a manual transmission, or in some cases, a provision for its installation may be incorporated, but no switch is installed (this may be found in some non-us made vehicles). If available, it should be incorporated instead of the clutch depressed switch. This switch will be closed when the transmission is in neutral so that it may be included in series with the off throttle and charge door switches.

Service brake depressed
The brake-light pressure switch may be used for additional startup security. In combination with the clutch depression switch this ensures that the driver's foot is likely not on the throttle pedal.

Backup circuit
Electric vehicles can operate at very high starting torque. Most transmissions (especially truck transmissions) use a very low gear ratio in reverse, lower than low gear. To obtain this low ratio they use a very small diameter driving gear, subject to breakage if over torqued. A throttle restrictor should be used when reverse is engaged. This may be done by electronically limiting the effective throttle dashpot range with relays and resistors or mechanically by using a door unlock motor or a solenoid to limit the throttle motion when reverse gear is engaged. (Note that light truck conversions with four or five speed transmissions are usually operated starting in second gear, not using first gear except for uphill starts.)

Shutdown circuit with lights on and other alarms
The diagram illustrates a headlight alarm and a headlight reminder. If the system is shut down and the headlights are on an alarm will sound. If the wipers are on and the headlights are off a reminder chime will sound.

Electric vehicles using manual transmissions require that the parking brake be applied - they are unforgiving if this is neglected as there is no compression of an ICE motor to restrict vehicle motion if it is left in gear. For this reason an additional circuit is added to the start-run latch circuit. When the vehicle is turned off with the key an alarm is sounded if the parking brake is not engaged. Power for this circuit should be on at all times so the circuit providing power to the clock and/or dome light should be tapped. While it is easy to detect "off stop" engagement using the existing parking brake alarm switch it is better to add a separate circuit that detects a substantial operation of the parking brake - to the point where it is effective in stopping the vehicle. (Late model vehicles using automatic transmissions will typically prevent key removal unless the transmission control is in the "park" position.)

It is also a good idea to curb the wheels where a curb is available (in any vehicle) and to use a wheel block in other cases where no parking pawl is used.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Electric Vehicle Conversion/Resources

Note the presence of hazardous materials and conditions that must be approached with proper precautions and procedures to avoid damaging, injurious, or even fatal consequences.

Clubs and associations

 * http://www.evdl.org/ - The Ultimate EV Discussion List
 * http://www.diyelectriccar.com/forums/ - DIY Electric Car Forums (The Leading Web-Based Conversion Community)
 * http://www.eaaev.org/ The Electric Auto Association, national with many local groups. Membership includes local group dues.
 * http://www.eaaev.org/eaachapters.html EAA Index to clubs
 * http://www.nedra.com/ National Electric Drag Racing Association (NEDRA)
 * http://www.evco.ca/ Electric Vehicle Council of Ottawa
 * http://www.veva.ca

Conversions and conversion guides

 * http://www.evsupersite.net Electric Vehicle Conversion Supersite. Complete online diary of two electric vehicle conversions (1996 Saturn sedan and a 1980 Kawasaki motorcycle). This site contains hundreds of web pages, images, and useful links. See what an electric vehicle conversion is all about...
 * http://jerryrig.com/convert/ Jerry's Electric Car Conversion. Complete and detailed with 45 pages and many images and diagrams. This shows the amount of work and attention to detail required.
 * http://www.cameronsoftware.com/ev/Welcome.html A New Beetle Electric Vehicle Conversion
 * http://www.socalev.com/ Electric VW Cabriolet (8 inch DC, 108 volt flooded wet cells) with detailed cost information
 * http://web.archive.org/19990202063250/www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/4429/ A light truck 144 Volt DC conversion using AGM lead acid cells.
 * http://www.motherearthnews.com/library/1997_Febuary_March/The_Eternal_Engine/ Chevrolet S-10 pickup with front compartment and underbed wet cells between the frame rails.
 * http://www.coate.org/jim/ev/et/ Jim's Electric Truck, a Chevrolet S-10 with tilt bed and 8 volt flooded batteries producing 176 volts,
 * http://www.austinev.org/evalbum/600.html 1996 Ford Ranger light truck, 132 volt.
 * http://www.canev.com/Conversions/Echo/Echo.html 2000 Toyota Echo.
 * http://www.e-m-w.com/ Porsche 914 with SAFT niCad batteries and Brusa AC motor.
 * http://www.metricmind.com/ac_honda/main2.htm Another high tech amateur conversion, this of a Honda, employing a Siemens AC motor and LiIon batteries; supercapacitors are to be added for performance enhancement
 * http://www.austinev.org/evalbum/tech/balance.html From "EV Engineering Guidebook: Electric Vehicle Conversions for the 1980's", by Paul R. Shipps
 * http://www.evconvert.com 1990 Ford Probe, 144vdc
 * http://convert.jerryrig.com 1985 Mazda 626, 144vdc lead acid
 * http://www.pleiades-enterprises.bigstep.com/generic173.html - Electric Cars and Clean Air, What a Concept! VW Cabriolet
 * http://www.qualiticonversions.com/ Vehicle Conversions
 * http://www.amphibike.org/cgi-bin/index.cgi?page=pages/3_wheels/mr2 Conversion of a Toyota MR2 with many details concerning motor to flywheel and transmission mating

News and Information

 * http://www.sonander.org/electric/index.html Two Cents Per Mile - news, videos, and other resources about Electric Vehicles
 * http://www.megawattmotorworks.com/ High performance electric vehicle news, links, and information
 * http://www.hybridcars.com/decision-process/top-7-issues-electric-car-conversion-25839.html 7 Issues to Consider Before You Start an EV Conversion
 * http://www.pleiades-enterprises.bigstep.com/generic182.html - FREE EV Commuter Conversion Class Video Download
 * http://www.twocentspermile.com - Informative website and book about more generally the history of Electric Cars

Research and development vehicles

 * http://www.calcars.org/ CalCars - converting a Prius to become a plug-in hybrid.

School project conversions

 * http://www.evchallenge.org/03-04/hs_webpages/s-durham/ The Crimson Shocker - Durham North Carolina Southern High School's conversion of a 1993 Ford Probe.
 * Commercial conversions and restorations
 * http://www.lionev.com/DIY_Ranger Ranger conversion with extensive step-by-step conversion images
 * http://labshelf.com/electric-car-conversion.html Electric Car Conversion
 * http://www.theenergyguy.com/MoreTEGsCar1.html A light vehicle, a 1980 Renault "Le Car" commercial conversion restored by the owner.
 * http://www.austinev.org/evalbum/602.html Three Solectria conversions with Lead Acid, NiCad, and Lithium Ion batteries.
 * http://www.austinev.org/evalbum/608.html Solectria S-10 light pickup, dual AC motors, single speed, 288 volt gel-cell PbA

Custom vehicles
A chapter of electric vehicle conversion - Resources
 * http://home.roadrunner.com/~ev3po/ EV3P0 - a well illustrated article on the construction (links provided as some browsers do not display the home page links)
 * http://home.roadrunner.com/~ev3po/The%20Race.htm About the race - a rally in Costa Rica
 * http://home.roadrunner.com/~ev3po/ev3po%20specs.htm Specifications
 * http://home.roadrunner.com/~ev3po/pictures.htm Pictures
 * http://home.roadrunner.com/~ev3po/The%20beginning.htm Story from the beginning with links to following pages
 * http://home.roadrunner.com/~ev3po/Update.htm Latest updates
 * Commercial conversions with additional owner modifications
 * http://www.aracnet.com/~rmerwin/prizm/ 1993 Geo Prism
 * Racing conversions - street legal
 * http://www.austinev.org/evalbum/035.html 1972 Datsun conversion, dual motors with controller bypass contactors, 240 volt AGM pack.
 * http://www.northampton.k12.nc.us/shocker2/ev.html An electric autocross campaigner (1985 Ford Escort)
 * Drag racers
 * http://www.austinev.org/evalbum/592.html Circuit Breaker, 135 mph (217 km/h) in 1/4 mile, 9.44 seconds
 * Albums
 * http://www.austinev.org/evalbum/ The Electric Vehicle Photo Album

Technical information

 * Forged wheels information
 * http://forgedwheels.ca - information about forged rims for electric cars in Canada.
 * Battery information sites
 * http://www.a123systems.com/ Next Generation of Lithium-Ion Batteries (manufacturer's site)
 * http://www.windsun.com/Batteries/Battery_FAQ.htm/ Solar power site with much information concerning batteries of various types
 * http://www.cyb.com.au/industrial/Motive_PS/Technical_Advice/Theory/default.htm Theory of Electric Traction Batteries (various types)
 * http://www2.ald.net/~roden/ev/pages/saft.htm Comparison of cost effectiveness of SAFT NiCad batteries against other types
 * http://www.trojan-battery.com/Tech-Support/BatteryMaintenance.aspx Flooded lead acid battery care (Trojan Battery Company)
 * http://www.usbattery.com/pages/usbspecs.htm/ Flooded lead acid battery care (U. S. Battery Manufacturing Company) Note: website requires plug-in (Flash?) Some browsers require navigation from home page - use "Specs" button
 * http://www.saftbatteries.com/120-Techno/10-10_produit.asp?paramtechno=Nickel+systems&Intitule_Produit=STM SAFT wet NiCad (manufacturer's site)
 * http://web.archive.org/20011220205834/members.aol.com/brucedp/evbatt.html Extensive lecture notes and follow-up commentary concerning PbA batteries, service life, range calculations, charging cycles and battery break-in effects.
 * Note: Trojan and U. S. Battery are the major United States manufactures of flooded wet lead-acid batteries appropriate for use in an EV conversion. These may also be sold under other "house brands" at major discounters, but one should be careful about using off brand batteries, which may be similar in appearance but which may not be built to the same quality and durability standards.

 * Battery charging, water recovery, and charge balancing equipment
 * http://www.geocities.com/sorefeets/balancerland/ Free open source schematic and construction tips for a charge balancer (highly technical)
 * http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/environment/alternative-energy/energy-resources/homepower-magazine/archives/11/11pg37.txt Use of catalytic water recovery caps
 * Brake systems
 * http://www.california.com/~eagle/figs/vacpump/vac.html ICE production vehicles with factory vacuum pumps (for junkyard scrounging)
 * Instrumentation
 * http://www.qsl.net/k5lxp/ev/evgauge/evgauge.html A simple battery "gas" gauge using crossed meter movements.

title: Electric Vehicle Conversion/Resources


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Handbook of Genetic Counseling/Colon Cancer Prophylactic Surgery

Colon Cancer Prophylactic Surgery

Basic Definitions

 * Colon- the large intestine. Starts at the cecum which connects to the ileum and ends at the anus.
 * Ilieum- the last section of the small intestine. It connects to the large intestine at the ileocecal opening.

Colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA)

 * Definition:
 * The removal of the colon leaving the rectum intact, and attaching the ileum to the rectum. Usually involves a temporary ileostomy (see below).
 * Advantages:
 * Reduces risk of developing colorectal cancer by 80%
 * Maintains rectal function
 * What patients can expect:
 * 3-hour surgery.
 * 7-day hospital stay.
 * >5 stools a day immediately following surgery. Avg. of 3-4 stools a day after adjustment.
 * After surgery, you can't eat until bowel function resumes.
 * Seepage (inadvertent passing of liquid through the anus)
 * Incontinence (inadvertent passage of stool through the anus)
 * Antidiarrhea medicine is necessary in 14%.
 * Possible Complications:
 * Occur in 15-20% of patients.
 * Small-intestine obstructions
 * Hemorrhage
 * Bloating, cramping, and abdominal pains are rare
 * Anastomosis may leak or fail = permanent ileostomy needed
 * Disadvantages:
 * Rectum is still present and risk of rectal cancer is high
 * May need an IPAA later on.

Proctocolectomy w/ ileal-pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) also called ileoanal reservoir (IAR)

 * Definition:
 * The removal of the colon and rectum and creation of a pouch connected to the ileum. The pouch is then connected directly to the anal canal. ALWAYS requires a temporary ileostomy.
 * Advantages:
 * Reduces risk of developing colorectal cancer by ~100%.
 * Removes all the large bowel mucosa and entire rectum.
 * What patients can expect:
 * Two separate surgeries
 * Hospitalization for several weeks, discharged to go home, then return for completion.
 * Stool average 5-6 times a day after adjustment
 * Gas and bowel movements are more odorous
 * They may feel the reservoir filling up while eating
 * There may be more noticeable bowel sounds.
 * Mucous discharge from the anus
 * Possible Complications:
 * Occur in 28-61% of cases
 * Functional difficulties because of lack of mucosa
 * Failure of pouch
 * Anastomosis leakage or failure = formation of permanent ileostomy
 * Disadvantages:
 * Removes all rectal function
 * Can't be done if there is a weak or damaged anal sphincter
 * Requires temporary ileostomy for 2+ months

Ileostomy

 * Definition:
 * The presence of a hole in the abdomen through which the ileum is pulled through. It allows the contents of the small intestine to drain directly out of the abdomen.
 * What patients can expect:
 * Wearing a pouch on the outside of the body
 * Discharge is continual and watery
 * Skin irritation
 * Passing of blood clots (sticky black tar) that smell really gross for the first few days
 * Gas is noisier from a stoma
 * Male erectile dysfunction (rarely)
 * Lack of sexual interest
 * Changes in body image, self-esteem, and social relationships
 * A period of adjustment
 * Good news:
 * Daily activities will return to normal
 * Sexual drive will increase
 * No clothing restrictions
 * Quality of life is reported to be good

Colostomy

 * Definition:
 * The presence of is a hole in the abdomen through which a portion of the colon is pulled through. It allows the contents of the large intestine to drain directly out of the abdomen. More colon left = more solid the discharge will be.
 * What patients can expect:
 * Same as for an ileostomy
 * Considerations for Surgery

Presence of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

 * No other alternative than removal of the colon to get ride of polyps.
 * Penetrance risk is ~100% for colorectal cancer
 * Large risk of rectal polyps
 * Cancer usually develops by late 20s-early 30s.
 * Surgery should be done in late adolescence-early adulthood = dealing with young people who may not be diligent in their follow-up screening
 * 16% risk for desmoid tumors from the surgery

Presence of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

 * Lifetime risk of 80% for colorectal cancer
 * Polyps in HNPCC are flat and plaque-like and can be missed during screening

Patient specifics

 * Age
 * Sphincter function
 * Bowel function
 * Presence and chance of other cancers

Patient preference

 * Compliance for screening
 * Cost effectiveness
 * Changes in diet:
 * For all surgeries listed above, the following apply:
 * Eat foods high in fiber
 * Increase fruit and vegetable consumption
 * Avoid foods that cause a high amount of gas: beans, cucumbers, carbonated beverages
 * Avoid foods that cause odors: asparagus
 * Eat yogurt, applesauce, or buttermilk to manage the odor better.

Additional References

 * Church JM et al. Quality of life after prophylactic colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996 Dec;39 (12) 14404-8.
 * Duijvendijk P et al. Functional outcome after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis compared with proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in familial adenomatous polyposis. Ann Surg. 1999;230 (4) 648-54.

Colostomy

 * Definition:
 * The presence of is a hole in the abdomen through which a portion of the colon is pulled through. It allows the contents of the large intestine to drain directly out of the abdomen. More colon left = more solid the discharge will be.
 * What patients can expect:
 * Same as for an ileostomy
 * It looks like a red bubble - the color of the inside of your mouth.
 * It does not allow water to enter = take showers and baths, swim how you want to.
 * Spouses and loved ones feel depressed and scared = need to be involved in the whole process of adjustment.
 * Things patients need to know about stomas:
 * They may feel weakness, fragility, unattractiveness.
 * People's reactions to the stoma will reflect what you tell them and how you perceive it yourself.
 * You can wear any clothing you want, aside from clothes that expose your abdomen like bikinis or crop tops.
 * You can determine who you want to be aware of your stoma. Tell whoever you want but be aware that if you get into intimate situations, your partner may find it strange if they discover it themselves.
 * Some people see the stomy as a physical mutilation, others see it as a preferable option to death.
 * Perceptions of sexual function following the surgery. Some men have erectile dysfunction following surgery.
 * disgust, anxiety, depression, and isolation feelings are common.
 * Fear of stool leakage and odor, changes in physical appearance, changes in intimate relationships.
 * There will be a period of adjustment in which the person will be having multiple stools and feel out of control.
 * There can be irritation and they may want to use medicated rectal wipes to protect their skin.
 * When the pouch starts to work, you will pass blood that looks like black tar and smells like rotten meat. It is basically a great big blood clot. You will get a little cramp and then this stuff comes out. It goes on for the first few days.
 * Gas and bowel moevemnts stink more than you may be used to.
 * They may feel the resorvoir filling after eating and there may be more noticeable bowel sounds.
 * devastating, dirty, depressing and nightmare were all words that people have used as they adjust to the pouch.
 * Give yourself time to heal. It takes time to adjust and they will be dealing with the care of a stomy when they are very stressed out and fatigued.
 * For the first time ever, the possibility of death comes up…the surgery brings up ideas of the fact that life is not forever.
 * fear of rejection, low self-esteem
 * Noisier gas from the stomy.
 * Greater mucous discharge from anus with the IPAA
 * Some people may feel uncomfortable being seen by their parents during sex = wear a t-shirt or nightgown during sex. Wear a pair of pants with the crotch cut out.
 * BUT- after adjusting, you can do anything…no physical restrictions, everything goes back to normal and you just have to go to the bathroom more often.


text:
User:Leonard G.

For my background, interests, and some of my contributions to Wikipedia, please see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Leonard_G. my user page there]. For comments concerning the Wikibook Electric Vehicle Conversion please add to my talk page here at Wikibooks and notify me on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User talk:Leonard_G. my talk page at Wikipedia]. Leonard G. 02:50, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Leonard G.


text:
Talk:Introduction to Game Theory/Prisoner's Dilemma

The classic dilemma is not a confession, but rather blaming the other prisoner

The numbers used are poor, clearly they work to create the same outcome, but both confessing, and only one confessing both result in 10 man-years being served. In order to make the outcome counterintuitive, the price of a double confession should be 6 or more, but less than 10 years each. This way, the Nash equilbrium is actually the worst possible outcome in terms of total man-years served. Further more, the idea is not to pick based on your opponent's choice being unknown and therefore using an average case, but to assume that your opponent is also selfish, and figure that he is for sure going pick assuming your selfishness as well.

I have gone through and changed Person A to Andy and Person B to Bob to make it easier for someone to read. I've also followed the suggestion above and increased the jail term for a double confession to 7 years apiece. I suggest that the part on expected jailterm is removed, as it isn't required at all, and I think confuses the matter. On the confession matter, from an aesthetic point of view, the problem would 'sound' better if it was plead guilty or not guilty.--MarkyParky 23:47, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

I agree that it should definitely not be a confession. This doesn't make any sense, if one confesses to a crime one is then charged with the crime and served a correctional sentence. However, it is traditional for members of the judicial/correctional system to offer a reduced or rescinded sentence for a crime committed if he testifies against his co-conspirator codefendent. I believe that instead of person A confessing, person A should "rat" on person B. Perhaps narc may be another possible word.


text:
Handbook of Genetic Counseling/Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention

Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention

Background

 * Colorectal Cancer
 * Second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in US
 * Estimated 56,000 people die annually
 * Surgical resection and chemotherapy or radiation are standard treatment procedures
 * Lifetime risks for colorectal cancer
 * General population 5%
 * Family history of adenoma or CRC 15-20%
 * HNPCC 80%
 * FAP approaches 100%
 * Annual incidence 130,000
 * When detected and treated while still localized 5 year survival exceeds 90%
 * Only 40% of cancers diagnosed while still localized
 * Current screening recommendations include:
 * Annual fecal occult blood testing
 * Flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years
 * Colonoscopy every 10 years or double contrast barium enema every 5-10 years
 * Chemoprevention
 * Use of natural or pharmacologic agents to halt, reverse, or delay carcinogenesis
 * Mechanisms to protect against mutagens
 * Inhibit uptake or activation
 * Enhance DNA repair of apoptosis
 * Modulate cellular activities
 * Signal transduction
 * Growth factor activity
 * Hormonal activity
 * Immune response
 * DNA methylation
 * Development of chemotherapeutics
 * Goal is to achieve an acceptable therapeutic index
 * Therapeutic index is risk to benefit ratio
 * Want benefits of chemoprevention to greatly outweigh risks
 * Important for all therapeutic agents, but particularly those used for prevention
 * Prevention of cancer may require years of therapy
 * Four considerations in development
 * Therapeutic regimen
 * Dose
 * Duration
 * Route of administration
 * Side effects
 * Mechanistic specificity
 * Agents ability to provide therapeutic development without affecting other pathways in body
 * Reduces number of side effects
 * Combinations with other chemotherapeutics
 * Chemoprevention in colon cancer
 * Alternative approach to screening to reduce mortality from colorectal cancer
 * Directed at preventing development of polyps that have potential to progress to colon cancer
 * Agents interfere with genetic alterations that lead to development of adenomas or their progression to cancer
 * Evaluation of chemotherapeutic effectiveness
 * Enhanced by increasing understanding of molecular events in carcinogenesis
 * Rely on different types of studies
 * Epiemiological
 * Animal studies
 * Mechanisms of action of agents
 * Controlled clinical trials
 * Measures of efficacy
 * Difficult to determine what intermediate clinical events correlate with long term benefits
 * Long term benefits
 * Reduction in cancer incidence
 * Reduction in cancer mortality
 * Fewer or less invasive surveillance
 * Clinical measurements
 * Regression, suppression, and prevention of adenomas
 * Examine adenoma number, size, burden, histopathology, cellular/molecular characteristics
 * Trials usually are performed on only one risk cohort and may not apply to other cohorts or general population
 * FAP
 * HNPCC
 * Inflammatory bowel disease
 * Personal or family history of colorectal cancer
 * General population

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Discontinued
 * Inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
 * Catalytic enzymes that convert arachidonic acid into prostanoids
 * Non-selective inhibitors inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2
 * Selective inhibitors inhibit only COX-2
 * Inhibiting COX enzymes causes increase in arachidonic acid
 * Stimulates conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramide
 * Ceramide induces apoptosis
 * Apoptosis may also occur due to alterations in prostaglandin production and a decrease in angiogenic factors
 * May also have COX-independent chemopreventive activities
 * Inhibit COX-1 by irreversible acetylation
 * Constitutively expressed in most epithelial cell types
 * Plays role in cytoprotection
 * Inhibition of COX-1 in GI tract can cause ulceration and bleeding
 * Not involved in colon carcinogenesis
 * Inhibit COX-2 by competitive inhibition
 * Little basal expression in cells
 * Induced by cytokines, mitogens, and growth factors
 * Expression induced by cytokines, mitogens, and growth factors
 * Overexpression may promote proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and promote angiogenesis
 * Includes aspirin, sulindac, celecoxib, and rofecoxib
 * Aspirin
 * Case-control studies
 * Show 40-50% reduction in risk of colonic adenomas or colorectal cancer
 * Studies done on members of general population
 * Randomized controlled trial
 * Only one has been completed
 * Analyzed men in cohort examining the effects of aspirin on coronary artery disease
 * Found no significant difference in risk of developing adenomas or cancer with use or aspirin
 * Men were taking very low dose - may be a threshold dose that was not achieved in this study
 * Benefit seems to be greatest in people taking aspirin consistently for many years
 * Sulindac
 * Non-specific COX inhibitor
 * Observational and randomized trials
 * Studied patients with FAP
 * Showed substantial reduction in size and number of polyps
 * Increase in number and size of polyps noted three months after sulindac
 * Development of new colorectal carcinoma reported in patient with FAP while taking sulindac
 * Randomized trial of primary chemoprevention
 * Double-blind, placebo controlled
 * Found sulindac did not slow development of adenomas in patients with FAP
 * Found no significant difference in number of polyps between groups
 * Celecoxib
 * Selective COX-2 inhibitor
 * Randomized controlled trial
 * Showed regression of polyps in patients with FAP by 28%
 * Insufficient information about long-term effects
 * Only agent approved by FDA for treatment of adenomatous polyps
 * Risks of NSAIDs
 * Non-selective NSAIDs can cause ulceration and bleeding in GI tract
 * Concern about risk of cardiovascular effects of COX-2 inhibitors
 * Possible prothrombotic potential of COX-2 inhibitors
 * Important to assess long term effects because may require years of treatment
 * Future of NSAIDs
 * Current studies looking at celecoxib and related COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib
 * Studies comparing effects of aspirin with selective COX-2 inhibitors
 * Development and testing of NO-releasing NSAIDs that may be safer and more effective than traditional NSAIDs

Other Chemopreventive Agents

 * DFMO (a-difluoromethylornithine)
 * Irreversible inhibitor of enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
 * ODC is enzyme involved in biosynthesis of polyamines
 * Polyamines are promoters of cell proliferation
 * ODC activity and polyamine levels significantly elevated in colorectal adenomas and cancers compared to normal tissues
 * Phase II clinical trials in 1980's
 * Pulled due to limited efficacy
 * Severe side effects noted
 * Thrombocytopenia
 * Nausea and vomiting
 * Abdominal pain
 * Diarrhea
 * Reversible hearing loss
 * Recent early trials show DFMO may be effective at low doses
 * Dose-limiting ototoxicity only side effect
 * Now being tested in Phase II/III trials in those at risk for colorectal, bladder, or skin cancer
 * May have additive effect when used with COX inhibitors
 * Folate
 * Individuals with high dietary folate intake have lower incidence of colorectal cancer
 * Greatest benefit if using supplements
 * May require years of use for benefit to be seen
 * Mechanism of action unknown
 * Calcium
 * Some studies show supplements decrease proliferation of colorectal epithelium
 * Within one year of use
 * Dose required to see effect still unknown
 * May inhibit carcinogenesis by binding bile acids and fatty acids in bowel lumen
 * Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
 * May provide 20% reduction in risk for colorectal cancer
 * Estrogens may decrease production of secondary bile acids by decreasing insulin-like growth factor I
 * Vitamins, antioxidants, fiber
 * Data from prospective studies show no effect in rate of adenoma formation with vitamin or antioxidant supplements
 * Studies show very weak protective effect of increased dietary fiber


text:
User:Flsp70

I teach electronics at CEFET/SE, Brazil.

title: User:Flsp70


text:
Handbook of Genetic Counseling/Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Definition

 * The presence of a hole in the diaphragm (the muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities) allows abdominal organs and intestines to enter the thoracic cavity.
 * The most common type (36%) is on the left side of the diaphragm towards the back of the body (Bochdalek hernia). A hernia on the left side is more likely to allow organs to protrude. On the right side, the liver blocks the hole and therefore there is less chance of severe organ herniation.
 * A less common hernia is located near the front of the body near the breastbone (Morgagni hernia).

Incidence

 * 1/3000- 1/5000 live births
 * 1/2200 including stillbirths, spontaneous miscarriages, and neonatal deaths before reaching treatment facility

Cause

 * Multifactorial

Maternal exposures
THE CAUSE OF CDH IS NOT YET KNOWN.

Studies have been done on the following:
 * Thalidomide
 * Bendectin
 * Quinine
 * Anti-epileptic drugs.

Embryological cause

 * At 9-10 weeks the peritoneal canals close creating the diaphragm and the separation between the thoracic and abdominal cavities is complete. If the closure does not occur properly, when the midgut returns to the abdomen, the abdominal viscera herniated through the opening. This causes compression on the developing lung, resulting in a decreased number of bronchial branches and mild to severe lung hypoplasia. There can also be compression on the heart causing cardiac deformities.

Associated anomalies/conditions

 * 10-20% of CDH have chromosome anomalies
 * Trisomy 21, 13, 18 most common
 * Tetrasomy 12p has been noted)
 * Other anomalies occur in 25-57% of all cases of CDH (suspected 95% in stillborns with CDH)
 * Congenital heart defects (16-23%)
 * Hydronephrosis or renal agenesis
 * Intestinal atresia
 * Neurological defects (spina bifida, anencephaly, hydrocephalus)
 * Bronchial anomalies (18-40%)
 * Also seen to be associated with genetic conditions
 * Fryns syndrome (RARE - 25 cases reported. Autosomal recessive condition that is usually fatal. Includes cleft palate, hypoplastic nails, cystic kidneys, genital malformations, CNS malformations, and dysmorphic features)
 * Beckwith-Weidemann (usually sporadic. Macroglossia, large kidneys, macrosomia, other abnormalities)
 * Pierre-Robin syndromes
 * Outcome of pregnancies with CHD
 * The extent of pulmonary hypoplasia at birth is the single most important factor to predict morbidity and mortality.
 * Isolated CHD = 60-78% mortality rate
 * Death usually caused by complications of prematurity and pulmonary hypoplasia
 * Variation in outcome is dependent upon the timing, volume, and duration of the herniation
 * No CHD on US at 20-38 weeks but present at birth = 100% survival
 * Thought to be caused by a small herniation or "sliding" herniation.
 * Prenatal Diagnosis
 * Polyhydramnios caused by the obstruction in the herniated stomach.
 * Polyhydramnios is an indication for poor prognosis (only 11% of 94 cases survived compared to 55% survival when no polyhydramnios was present)

Ultrasound markers

 * Abdominal viscera at the level of the scapula or heart
 * Liver herniation into chest area
 * Herniation or misplacement the gallbladder
 * Ultrasound measurements
 * Lung to thorax ratio (L:T ratio) : a study found fetuses with CHD had a L:T ratio 2 SD below that in normal controls.
 * Right-lung: head circumference ratio (LHR) in those with left-sided CHD: predictive of outcome
 * LHR <0.6 = no survival with postnatal treatment
 * LHR <1.0 = survival 11%
 * LHR >0.6 and <1.35 = survival 61%
 * LHR >1.35 = 100% survival
 * Pregnancy Management (Depends on gestational age and degree of herniation)

All gestational ages

 * Level II ultrasound to identify any other anomalies
 * Serial ultrasounds to watch progression of pregnancy
 * Fetal karyotyping offered
 * Fetal echocardiogram
 * Large volume herniation (LHR<1.35, L:T ratio<0.5, dilated misplaced fetal stomach, and polyhydramnios):
 * Counseling for very poor outcome and possible termination
 * Option of delivery at term with conventional management
 * Option of surgical repair or tracheal clip procedure in utero (<26 weeks)
 * Smaller volume herniation (LHR>1.35, L:T ratio>0.5):
 * Serial ultrasounds
 * Discuss options of prenatal repair (inclusion criteria specific)
 * Delivery at high-risk center with postnatal repair
 * Recurrence risks
 * Sporadic in most cases
 * Recurrence risk for siblings ~2% (Fetology)
 * Females more commonly affected 3:2
 * AD familial cases have been reported (higher chance of bilateral hernias)
 * Fetal Treatment

Done at the following major centers

 * Columbia University Medical Center/Children's Hospital of NY - 1-877-THE-BABY
 * UCSF Fetal Treatment Center 1-800-RX-FETUS
 * CHOP Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment 1-800-IN-UTERO
 * Florida Institute for Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy - limited no. of patients
 * Complete repair of CHD (no longer done) - studies done reported no significant increase in survival rate in cases that did not involve herniation of the left liver lobe (44% survival w/ surgery, 41% w/out surgery).
 * Tracheal occlusion surgery - theory behind surgery is that throughout gestation, the fetal lung produces fluid that leaves the body through the trachea. When this occurs in CHD, it causes a lung hypoplasia. However, when the trachea is blocked, the fluid becomes trapped causing a lung hyperplasia which forces the viscera back into the abdominal cavity.
 * This procedure requires a postnatal surgical procedure to remove the clip and may require postnatal repair of the diaphragm.
 * Studies have shown 90% mortality rate and have resulted in 50% of surviving fetuses to have vocal-cord paralysis requiring permanent tracheotomies.
 * Current recommendations are to do the surgery only in those with isolated CDH, an LHR<1.0 and a herniated liver.(Fetology) However, inclusion criteria at CHOP for tracheal clip is LHR<1.4 and liver herniation.

Newborn treatment

 * Immediate intubation
 * Neuromuscular blockade
 * Positive pressure ventilation
 * Nasogastric tube to avoid dilation of the bowel
 * Treatment with either high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HiFi) or traditional ventilation

Postnatal repair

 * WAIT UNTIL INFANT HAS STABILIZED
 * If necessary, place the infant on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
 * 65% require it.
 * Increased risk for neurological difficulties later on.
 * The defect is repaired primarily or by a patch
 * Surgery uses muscle biopsy or foreign substance to close the diaphragm
 * (If a foreign substance is used, it will not grow with the child and may require additional surgeries. When the muscles are sewn together, the diaphragm is not as flexible as normal. Can lead to respiratory dysfunction.)
 * Sometimes a silo is required if there is not enough room for the bowel in the stomach cavity.
 * Chest tube is inserted
 * Average intubation period of 20 days (Maratore et al. 2001)
 * Average length of stay in hospital of 60 days

Long-term outcome

 * Possibility of bronchopulmonary dysplasia from long-term ventilation
 * Increased risk for
 * Neurological problems regardless of exposure to ECMO
 * Developmental delay (20-30%)
 * Sensorineural hearing loss
 * Failure to thrive resulting from feeding difficulties
 * Gastroesophageal reflux (50-60%)
 * Musculoskeletal deformities (10-21%)
 * A study of 48 infants with postnatal repair (Chu et al. 2000) showed a 73% survival rate with leading causes of death being severe respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, pneumothorax, and anomalies.

CHERUBS - The Association of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Research, Advocacy and Support Over 2100 families affected by CDH supporting and encouraging each other Message Boards, Research Library, Free Membership, Newsletters, Awareness Activities
 * http://www.cdhsupport.org
 * Breath of Hope, Inc., Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, Supporting all, together searching for a cure.
 * PO Box 6627
 * Charlottesville, VA 22906
 * http://www.breathofhopeinc.com
 * Adam.com website has details and pictures of a variety of conditions, the surgical procedures to repair them, and the follow-up from surgery. Very easy to understand.
 * http://www.adam.com
 * Each fetal surgery location has its own website
 * http://fetalsurgery.chop.edu
 * http://fetalsurgery.ucsf.edu
 * http://www.fetalmd.com/research
 * http://www.prenatalpediatrics.org - The Center for Prenatal Pediatrics at Columbia University


text:
Handbook of Genetic Counseling/Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

Definition

 * Cornelia de Lange Syndrome is a rare developmental malformation syndrome characterized by mental retardation, short stature, limb abnormalities, and distinctive craniofacial features.
 * Within the phenotypic pattern, there is a wide range of severity (from mildly to severely affected). "Classical" refers to children who are severely growth retarded and "mild" refers to those with less severe growth problems and less developmental delay.

Historical significance

 * In 1933, a Dutch pediatrician, Dr. Cornelia de Lange, described 2 children with similar features. The syndrome is also referred to as Brachmann-de Lange Syndrome after Dr. W. Brachmann, who described a similar patient in 1916.

Diagnosis

 * Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and/or the identification of a heterozygous pathogenic variant in NIPBL, RAD21, or SMC3 or a hemizygous pathogenic variant in HDAC8 or SMC1A.
 * no diagnostic biochemical, cytogenetic, or molecular abnormalities
 * medical evaluation (history and physical exam showing distinctive craniofacial features)
 * family history
 * laboratory tests (chromosome analysis)
 * X-rays

Symptoms

 * low birthweight (under 5 lbs.) due to prenatal onset growth deficiency
 * delayed growth & short stature (failure to thrive) (>90%)
 * low-pitched, weak, growling cry in infancy
 * hypertonicity (abnormally increased muscle tone)
 * delayed bone age/skeletal abnormalities
 * microcephaly (with possible brachycephaly)
 * episodes of aspiration & apnea in infancy
 * synophrys (thick, arched eyebrows which meet at midline)
 * long, curly eyelashes
 * short, upturned nose with anteverted nares
 * long, smooth philtrum
 * thin, downturned lips
 * micrognathnia
 * late eruption of widely-spaced teeth
 * low-set, malformed ears
 * hirsutism (excessive body hair)
 * small hands & feet
 * syndactyly of the 2nd and 3rd toes
 * 5th finger clinodactyly
 * GI abnormalities (bowel obstruction)
 * gastroesophageal reflux
 * genitourinary malformations (horseshoe kidney, bicornate uterus)
 * hypoplasia of male genitalia with undescended testes or hypospadias
 * seizures (11-23%)
 * congenital heart defects (20-25%)
 * cleft palate or high arched palate (18-59%)
 * feeding difficulties (chewing & swallowing problems, regurgitation, projectile vomiting)
 * developmental delay/MR (moderate to severe, usually) - IQ range 30-86 (ave. 53)
 * significant speech/communication delay and psychomotor delay
 * behavioral problems (acting out)
 * limb abnormalities (reduction defects - missing forelimbs or portions thereof)
 * myopia (60%), ptosis (45%), nystagmus, astigmatism, or strabismus
 * hearing loss (>90%)
 * short neck with low posterior hairline
 * increased susceptibility to repeated respiratory infections

Incidence

 * congenital syndrome
 * 1:10,000 to 1:100,000 (most accurate study showed 1:50,000)
 * males & females affected equally

Life expectancy

 * Not known with certainty. Earlier, many children died of serious medical problems due to complications of their congenital anomalies. However, many are now expected to live into adulthood.

Genetics

 * exact cause is not known, possibly a gene located on chromosome 3 (3q26.3)
 * duplication of chromosome 3q26-27 yields a similar phenotype
 * sporadic; rare and random mutation
 * rare cases where mildly affected individuals had children with the syndrome (suggests autosomal dominant inheritance)
 * estimated 1% recurrence rate within affected families (due to possible germline mosaicism)

Management

 * Treatment is directed toward the specific symptoms & medical complications in each individual (symptomatic and supportive).
 * Involves a comprehensive team of specialists (pediatricians, surgeons, orthopedists, gastroenterologists, urologists, otolaryngologists, cardiologists, dentists, speech pathologists, audiologists, optometrists, PT's, OT's, geneticists).
 * Issues involve growth & feeding, development (speech and motor skills) & behavior, vision & hearing, limb abnormalities, gastrointestinal problems, congenital heart defects, craniofacial, genitourinary, and neurological.

Prenatal diagnosis
Available if familial mutation is known

Level II ultrasound to detect poor fetal growth, limb abnormalities, diaphragmatic hernia, cystic hygroma, heart abnormalities, or characteristic facial profile

Differential Diagnosis

 * Coffin-Siris Syndrome
 * Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
 * Ruvalcaba Syndrome
 * Scott Craniodigital Syndrome with MR
 * Chromosome 3, Trisomy 3q2
 * Fryns Syndrome

Resources

 * Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Foundation
 * Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation
 * NORD
 * Management of Genetic Syndromes


text:
Handbook of Genetic Counseling/Cowden Syndrome

Cowden Syndrome

Contracting

 * What were you told about why you were referred?
 * What would you like to learn today?
 * Do you have any questions or concerns that you would like us to address?

Medical and Family Histories

 * Breast cancer? Endometrial cancer? Benign or malignant tumor of thyroid?
 * Renal cell carcinomas, melanoma, glioblastoma?
 * Hamartomas of colon, GI tract?
 * Macrocephaly? Mental retardation?
 * Facial or oral mucocutaneous lesions (trichilimmomas)?
 * Fibrocystic breast disease?
 * Lipomas or fibromas?
 * Lhermitte-Duclos disease (hamartoma of cerebellum) - altered gait or seizures?

Etiology

 * Multiple hamartoma syndrome with high risk for benign and malignant tumors of breast, thyroid, and endometrium
 * Part of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS)
 * Includes Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba, Proteus syndrome, and Proteus-like syndrome
 * Causes hamartomas and cancer due to PTEN mutations
 * PTEN mutations and Cowden syndrome:
 * Mutations identified in approximately 80% of individuals with a clinical diagnosis
 * Located at 10q23.3
 * PTEN gene is a tumor suppressor gene
 * Mediates cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis
 * Part of subclass of dual-specificity phosphatases that remove phosphates from tyrosine, serine, and threonine
 * May play a role in cell migration
 * Has 9 exons
 * Germline mutations have been found throughout gene except exon 9
 * 76% of mutations result in truncated protein, haploinsufficiency, or dysfunctional protein
 * True prevalence is unknown due to underdiagnosis
 * Diagnosis of Cowden sydrome difficult to establish
 * Variable presentation
 * Symptoms may be subtle
 * Estimated to be 1 in 200,000 - probably higher

Clinical Features

 * Multiple hamartoma syndrome
 * High risk for benign and malignant tumors of thyroid breast and endometrium
 * Usually presents by late 20s - over 90% of affected people have some features
 * Mucocutaneous features present by 30s (99%)
 * Trichilemmomas
 * Papillomatous papules
 * Acral and plantar keratosis
 * Macrocephaly or dolichocephaly common
 * Tumor risks
 * 25-50% lifetime risk of breast cancer
 * Average age 38-46 years at diagnosis
 * Up to 67% risk for benign breast disease
 * Male breast cancer has been reported
 * About 10% lifetime risk for thyroid cancer
 * Usually follicular, sometimes papillary - never medullary
 * Not clear if average age of diagnosis is same as for general population
 * Benign multinodular goiter, adenomatous nodules, and follicular adenomas in up to 75% of patients
 * May be 5-10% risk for endometrial cancer
 * Not well defined
 * Benign uterine fibroids are common
 * Skin cancers, renal cell carcinomas, and brain tumors seen occasionally
 * Lhermitte-Duclos disease
 * Rare central nervous system tumor
 * Called cerebellar dysplastic gangliocytoma
 * Colorectal cancer has been observed rarely in families

Genetic approach

 * three-generation family tree (focus on macrocephaly, breast/thyroid disease, learning disability)
 * AD, 50% risk (risk of having of Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba as well as Cowden)
 * Mucocutaneous signs (found >90%) could be the only manifestations
 * 2/3 have breast and/or thyroid disorder

Treatment/Management Options

 * Increased breast cancer screening
 * Women should have monthly self exams, annual clinical exams at age 25, and annual mammograms at 30 (or 5 years before youngest age at diagnosis)
 * Men should do monthly self breast exams
 * Endometrial cancer screening
 * Annual blind repel (suction) biopsies in premenopausal women beginning at age 35 (or 5 years before youngest age at diagnosis)
 * Annual transvaginal ultrasound exam with biopsy of suspicious findings for postmenopausal women
 * Comprehensive annual physical exam
 * For men and women starting at age 18 (or 5 years before youngest component cancer diagnosis in family)
 * Focus on skin changes and thyroid changes, including baseline ultrasound
 * Follow American Cancer Society for colon cancer screening
 * GI tract may have hamartomatous polyps not thought to increase cancer risk
 * Baseline colonoscopy at 50 years unless symptoms arise earlier
 * Annual fecal occult blood testing with sigmoidoscopy every 5 years or colonoscopy every 10 years
 * Annual urinalysis to detect renal carcinoma

Diagnosis

 * Consensus criteria for clinical diagnosis have been established (International Cowden Consortium 2000)
 * Pathognomonic criteria
 * Defining characteristic of Cowden syndrome
 * Mucocutaneous lesions
 * Trichilemmomas on face
 * Acral keratoses (thickened area of skin that may be red, yellow, or brown)
 * Papillomatous lesions
 * Mucosal lesions
 * Major criteria
 * Breast cancer
 * Thyroid cancer
 * Macrocephaly
 * Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD)
 * Endometrial carcinoma
 * Minor criteria
 * Other thyroid lesions
 * Mental retardation
 * Hamartomatous intestinal polyps
 * Fibrocystic breast disease
 * Lipomas
 * Fibromas
 * GU tumors or malformations (uterine fibroids and renal cell carcinoma)
 * Criteria for diagnosis
 * Pathognomic mucocutaneous lesions if there are:
 * Six or more facial papules, with three or more trichilemmoma
 * Cutaneous facual papules and oral mucosal papillomatosis
 * Oral mucosal papillomatosis and acral keratoses
 * Six or more palmo-plantar keratoses
 * Macrocephaly or LDD with one other major criteria
 * One major and three minor criteria
 * Four minor criteria
 * If affected family member has already been identified, diagnosis requires:
 * A pathognomonic mucocutaneous lesion
 * Any one major criterion with or without minor criteria
 * Two minor criteria
 * Pathologic review to confirm histopathology of lesions
 * Molecular genetic testing
 * Failure to detect mutation does not does not exclude clinical diagnosis
 * Full sequencing of PTEN gene
 * Available clinically
 * Virtually all missense mutations believed to be deleterious
 * Genotype-phenotype correlation
 * Families with PTEN mutations more likely to develop breast disease than those without identified mutations
 * Missense mutations and mutations 5' to or within phosophatase core are associated with more severe phenotype
 * Southern blotting and monochromosomal hybrid analysis available by research

Differential Diagnosis

 * Other PHTS syndromes
 * Banayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba (BRR)
 * Mutational spectra overlap, autosomal dominant (AD), PTEN mutations 60%
 * Complex, highly variable disorder with much in common with Cowden (macrocephaly, association with breast, thyroid, endometrial and gut hamartomas)
 * Diagnosis relies on macrocephaly, hamartomatous intestinal polyposis, vascular malformations, lipomas, and pigmented macules of glans penis
 * Hypotonia, gross motor and learning-speech delay, may have seizures, mild hypertelorism.
 * Proteus syndrome
 * Highly variable and appears to only affect some organs or tissues
 * Sporadic occurrence, progressive course, and connective tissue nevi
 * Can cause disproportionate limb growth
 * Recently a proteus-like syndrome has been described but is as yet undefined
 * Juvenile polyposis syndrome
 * Causes hamartomatous polyps in GI tract and high colorectal cancer risk
 * Clinical diagnosis of exclusion
 * Two susceptibility genes have been identified
 * Peutz Jeghers syndrome
 * High risk of intestinal carcinomas and breast cancers
 * Pigmentation of peri-oral region is defining characteristic
 * Polyps are often symptomatic
 * Possibly also consider NF1 or Nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome

Psychosocial Issues

 * Anxiety surrounding new diagnosis of disorder that cannot be "cured"
 * Requires patient compliance with screening measures - burden of many appointments
 * Family thoughts on causes of cancer or other indications
 * Past experiences with cancer in family and friends

Resources

 * Cowden's Syndrome Foundation
 * Phone: 734-944-8313
 * Web: communities.msn.com/cowdensyndrome/supportinfo.msnw
 * Email: Rosalita@msn.com

 * American Cancer Society
 * Phone: 800-227-2345
 * Web: www.cancer.org

 * The National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizaations
 * Phone: 888-806-2226
 * Web: www.nabco.org
 * Email: NABCOinfo@aol.com


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Talk:Biblical Studies/Christianity/John 3/The Comfortable Words

One more question, first, prayers extended for the victims of the tragedy in London and what a day intended for comfortable words discussion. Our only comfort. I said, if I reach John 3:16, that's a milestone, but I jumped ahead last night because the table was doing strange things on Wikibooks. The reference to John 3:16 in Robertson's Word Pictures intrigued me, saying this "Little Gospel" and "this comfortable word". Does the margin comment presenting each (1 of 4) verse as a word read correctly? Athrash 00:39, 8 Jul 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Electric Vehicle Conversion/Technologies

Having problems with chapter two - Modifications result in empty module, but old version with bad links is OK

there's one minor confusion in here i've spotted: this article lists VRLA as an alternative alongside gel cell and AGM etc. gel and AGM are just types of VRLA, with VRLA also being known as sealed lead acid. all SLA/VRLA batteries, of which AGM and gel are types, have the behaviour described of catalysing hydrogen and oxygen back into water. if they didn't, they wouldn't be maintenance-free and thus could not be sealed. --116.90.132.193 (talk) 10:47, 19 January 2009 (UTC)


text:
Wikijunior talk:Solar System

Test
On the Dutch Wikibooks is test about the Solar System, including solutions. Could you make an English version?

Ischa1 (talk) 20:51, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Additions needed?
Just wondering, should not we have some dwarf planets, such as Ceres, and some of the largest asteroids in the asteroid belt also? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Воображение (discuss • contribs) 00:26, 9 June 2013

 * Interesting thought, imho. What we have now:
 * A small section of Asteroid belt describes Ceres, and the naming and discovery of Ceres are already covered elsewhere on that page. The intro lists the top four, and the table on the right lists the top five.
 * There's Pluto.
 * I'm wondering how we might organize these expansions.
 * Would we want separate top-level sections for particular dwarf planets, or a single top-level page /Dwarf planets? Would it go after Oort Cloud, or perhaps before Comets?  Somewhere between?  We could put Dwarf planets right after Neptune, making Pluto a subpage.
 * We could have sections for more of the big asteroids, but other than Ceres, would there be enough to say about them to justify a whole page for each?
 * At this moment, I think I favor leaving Pluto where it is and creating a page for Dwarf planets, maybe after Oort Cloud, with a link to the page on Pluto. I'd try adding sections on the Asteroid belt page for some more of the larger asteroids, and I'd experiment with creating a separate page for Ceres.  But that's just my thoughts at this moment.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:13, 9 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, I think that the book should be rearranged so that Pluto would be under Dwarf Planets, Ceres redirected to the dwarf planet sections (but a link to Ceres should be left for the asteroid belt, in case someone wants to know more), and maybe you are correct about individual asteroids, but under the asteroid belt, we could include other asteroid belts in the solar system, i.e. the Trojans or Greeks. Also, the universe is about 2/3 dark matter/energy, so could we have a page explaining the basics of dark matter/energy, maybe next to gravity, mass and weight? How do you think of this? --Воображение

 * Hm. The status of Pluto is, of course, a subject on which to employ great tact.  It is traditionally viewed as one of the most significant individual bodies in the solar system, which favors listing it at the top level; that decision doesn't require us to consult the technical or political esoterica of "planet" status.  If, on the other hand, one doesn't list it at the top level, that comes across as making a strong political statement.  So if we don't want to make a strong political statement about the status of Pluto, it'd be good to choose an organization that keeps Pluto at the top level.  I'll have to give this some more thought.

 * Re dark matter/energy, there's all sorts of controversy surrounding those. And I was under the impression it doesn't much come into discussion of the solar system.  Hm.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 16:46, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, tell me when you reach a neutral conclusion regarding Pluto. You did not mention any of my other ideas, and I would like to know your thoughts. About dark matter/energy, there are multiple controversies, but the basics must be explained, since most of the universe is composed of it. Just the biggest need-to-know facts like the universe is 2/3 dark matter, and all sorts of facts that I am too novice to know. Also, I had a small epiphany; about your comment starting with "Hm". I do not think that it would be actually that politically offensive to anybody, as this does not really involve politics. Sure, it is traditional to think Pluto as important as a planet, but this association, in my opinion, will eventually drop until Pluto is regarded as an inconsequential dwarf planet in the farthest reaches of the solar system. However, that is my opinion and it may be wrong, but would it really be a political statement to say that Pluto is a dwarf planet and should be regarded as such? Воображение

 * Perhaps I wasn't clear. I don't agree that the basics of dark matter/energy have to be explained.  This is a book about the solar system, not a book about the universe, cosmology, or physics.  It doesn't matter how much of the universe is dark matter if dark matter doesn't factor into describing the solar system, and my impression from what I've heard is, it doesn't factor into describing the solar system.  It's therefore something of a digression to note that the "2/3" proportion is subject to controversy, or that, personally, I'd give about 30% odds that dark matter/energy are fictions we've imagined due to something seriously wrong with our understanding of physics.

 * I've already explained why I believe Pluto should occur at the top level. I thought I was quite clear that it's got nothing to do with the definition of planet versus dwarf planet, though I get the feeling you're missing the politics behind those definitions.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:30, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Ok, dark energy/matter could be omitted since it is highly controversial. About Pluto, your explanation is saying that Pluto is traditionally held at the top level. Why would it be held at the top level? Because it is traditionally a planet. What would be so politically biased about classifying it as what it is, a dwarf planet? Maybe it would go against traditions, but I would rather be correct and organised rather than keep the nostalgia of Pluto being a planet.
 * Again, your thoughts on the asteroid families? Воображение

Does this really deserve 4 green squares?
I made an average of the whole book on how many squares were complete in the whole article. It was about 2.3, so this book obviously has a long way to go, and if my suggestions above are taken, it will bring down the average even lower. Don't be pessimist, though! The longer this book takes to type, the more experienced and more proud all of us contributors will be. I am just asking for the OK to downgrade it to 2 squares. Воображение

 * My instinct is that downgrading to two squares would be too much; and I'd want to think carefully about downgrading before doing it, to understand the principles followed in general and in this particular case. I hope to take a closer look at these things when I get a chance.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:35, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, at least a 3 square would be more true than calling it a 4 square book. When you will take a closer look at things, you will see for yourself that there is a lot under development, even if we omit the 6 additional sections. Most of the moons have very limited information. Воображение

Could we rename this...
...to Solar System: It, Its Properties, and Its contents? That sounds much more interesting than just the solar system. Does anybody concur? Воображение

 * Wikijunior books (and books in general, but especially Wikijunior ones) should have short, simply, pithy titles. Imo the current title is excellent; there's no reason to change it.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:14, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * What does Imo mean? Otherwise, I have nothing more to say. Воображение

Confusion exclusion/inclusion?
Since Pluto is deemed as a dwarf planet, could someone do some advanced photoshopping to either include the other 3 dwarf planets or to exclude Pluto? This may seem quite trivial, but here is my way of thinking in the mind of an 8-12 year-old.

 * Ooh, a cool picture. Let's make it full size. Ok, there's the Uranus, Neptune, wait, huh? I thought Pluto was a dwarf planet? I suppose I was incorrect.

First I want a confirmation before any photoshoppers step up that this is a good idea. Воображение

 * Is this the picture you're talking about? Because if this's the picture you're talking about, I see no rational reason to change it.  Perhaps you're talking about some other picture?  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:46, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Look closely at it. There are 9 planets. Воображение

 * I did look closely at it. There is the sun, nine discrete things within frame that are orbiting it, an asteroid belt, and a comet.  Its inclusion in the picture (like its position in the outline of the book, above) has nothing to do with technical labels like "planet" or "dwarf planet".  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:08, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Oh, perhaps to be thorough I should mention it also shows the Moon, and the rings of Saturn. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:11, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, what I meant was that it should only include the 8 planets, the moon of the Earth, and the rings of every planet.Воображение

 * The asteroid belt is an interesting thing. Pluto is an interesting thing.  I don't see a reason to exclude either.  Nor do I see a reason to awkwardly add dwarf planets that are much further out — though I'd be interested to hear if you have a notion how to do that unawkwardly.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 23:01, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The picture is already vastly out of proportion; what would 3 more orbits outside Pluto do? Ceres is not actually that far out; it is in the asteroid belt, and I prefer the removal of Pluto anyway. Anyhow, the reason I want Pluto removed (or have its friends added) is to avoid confusion as labeling it as an actual planet. Agreed, Pluto is an interesting thing, but the last thing I want is confusion. However, since I am the only one working on this project as of now (as stated by my survey of who is working on this project), it could not matter as I have poor photoshop skills. --Воображение (discuss • contribs) 23:29, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

This may sound like a silly question but...
who is still working on this besides me? It seems to me that everyone got bored of contributing to this book around 2008. If there are as much people working on this in 2013 as I think there are(2-4 people) then we are in need of serious collaboration. Воображение

 * It's not a matter of "still" working on it. Wikibook contributors come and go, over time.  Often one finds oneself collaborating with others who aren't around at the moment.  I'm glad to see you working on it, since it can use some upgrading, and I'm happy to provide a second perspective to help things come out better.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:51, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, it just seems like Wikibooks promotes teamwork, yet it seems that I am working alone here. Also, look at the entire review log. You will see that the book is practically the same as it was in 2008. I am not sure that coming and going takes five years. Воображение

 * Oh, I am sorry. I depreciated you.I didn't see your offer for a second perspective. Well, if you are willing, could you brush up Deimos so that it would be 4-square worthy? It seems like right now its a 3.8 square. But before you do that, could you please answer my multiple questions? Merci beaucoup. --Воображение (discuss • contribs) 01:05, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

Blurb?
I saw a discussion in 2005 which supported having a blurb for this book. I think that is a good idea, so I want to make sure that everyone else agrees, before I make a page for that. Воображение

Going off a previous conversation...
...in Jupiter's discussion, Pi zero, could we actually have an exploration section for all the planets? P.S., I moved the discussion to here since it is now more relevant to the entire book.

 * I think an exploration section as a standard question/section would be a great idea. On pages where there is also a discovery section, perhaps exploration would go after discovery.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 02:05, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Excellente! I shall start on that immediately. C: Большое спасибо! --Воображение (discuss • contribs) 02:59, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

Where to put a funny fact?
Did you know that people can not burp in space? In the stomach, gravity is needed to separate the gases (the cause of the burp) and liquid. I can not find a good home for this fact though. This would go in a miscellaneous section, but gravity, mass, and weight has no funboxes, same with Solar System. В о о б р а ж е н и е —Preceding undated comment added 16:46, 20 June 2013.
 * Perhaps a subsection that doesn't have a fun-facts box might have one added to it. It's nice to have more than one fun fact for such a box; can we come up with a second?  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 20:45, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Main image
The image was discussed in a less direct way in another section, above, but since a specific proposal has been floated for a replacement, I'm starting this thread explicitly addressing the matter.

I don't like the proposed replacement, for two reasons — one about presentation, and one about content. My presentation concern is that the proposed replacement seems to me less dynamic, drier, than the long-established one; this is Wikijunior, we want exciting pictures. The content problem is that it's a picture of the planets. This book isn't Wikijunior:Planets, it's Wikijunior:Solar System. The objection raised to the current picture was that it shows Pluto, and honestly this objection doesn't scan for me. The existing image also shows the asteroid belt —which the proposed replacement does not (to me, that's a fatal flaw for the proposed replacement regardless of the issue of Pluto). It also shows a comet. That's what the solar system is — not just the planets, but all the interesting objects in local space surrounding Sol. I wouldn't be opposed to an image that also somehow incorporates the Oort cloud, though that seems artistically difficult and I see no great need for it.

That said, as a less overriding concern, I have a preference to include Pluto, which is, to quote the current revision on Wikipedia, "the second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System (after Eris) and the tenth-most-massive body observed directly orbiting the Sun." Eris is further out than Pluto (most of the time, though its perihelion is apparently closer than Pluto's aphelion), making it more challenging to incorporate – though, as with the Oort cloud, I wouldn't oppose doing so. I don't think Haumea or Makemake are worth bothering with, and Ceres (the smallest of the five) is already covered since the picture includes the asteroid belt. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:36, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

OK, you provide good points. I shall not argue about the cover any more. В о о б р а ж е н и е

solar system
"Klanti" (ক্লান্তি; "Weariness"):

ক্লান্তি আমার ক্ষমা করো প্রভু, পথে যদি পিছিয়ে পড়ি কভু॥ এই-যে হিয়া থরোথরো কাঁপে আজি এমনতরো এই বেদনা ক্ষমা করো, ক্ষমা করো, ক্ষমা করো প্রভু॥ এই দীনতা ক্ষমা করো প্রভু, পিছন-পানে তাকাই যদি কভু। দিনের তাপে রৌদ্রজ্বালায় শুকায় মালা পূজার থালায়, সেই ম্লানতা ক্ষমা করো, ক্ষমা করো, ক্ষমা করো প্রভু॥

Klanti amar khôma kôro probhu, Pôthe jodi pichhie poŗi kobhu. Ei je hia thôro thôro kãpe aji êmontôro, Ei bedona khôma kôro khôma kôro probhu. Ei dinota khôma kôro probhu, Pichhon-pane takai jodi kobhu. Diner tape roudrojalae shukae mala pujar thalae, Shei mlanota khôma kôro khôma kôro, probhu.

The PDF format of this article is poorly formatted
Lol.

What about Planet Nine?
Should this book include a section about Planets beyond Neptune? ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 10:31, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Probably yes, imho. That aspect of our understanding of the solar system has changed significantly since this book was first organized.  Looking at our current outline, do you have a specific suggestion on how to modify it?  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 13:07, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Probably somewhere between Pluto and the stuff about the Kupier Belt. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 11:10, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

 * There would be some logic to putting them after comets, because comets, though living mostly in the Kuiper Belt, do sometimes visit us down here closer to the Sun. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 17:39, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

Main image rethink
The main image has been, on grounds that the link to the NASA site from which it was taken doesn't work anymore, so how can one know it's really from NASA. Whatever the outcome of the particular proposal, it does raise again the question of whether we might want a different image. Perhaps something created specially for the purpose and donated to Commons, which might discourage nuisance deletion proposals. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:40, 13 March 2016 (UTC)
 * The image was kept on Commons. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 18:52, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Solar System


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User talk:198.54.202.18

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:198.54.202.18


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Blender 3D: Blending Into Python/Blender Python C API

Mini Unfinished Guide to adding a C/API extension
Add blurb- what this is good for etc.

Heres a mini tutorial

 * Find a variable that you can not access from BPython
 * Look for a button that modifies the value in the user interface
 * Write down the buttons tooltip
 * Use a find tool to find the Tooltip for the button in the source code (There are some source code searching tools you can get)
 * The line with the tooltip will also reference a variable. Now you know what the variable name is for the button.
 * Go into Python code folder and open the relevant C file (Lamp.c, Material.c etc.)
 * Find a similar exististing variable in the c file- (e.g., if your setting a flag, then find another BPy function that sets a flag)
 * Look for every instance of this variable, under each instance, copy it and replace the name with your new one. make the obvious modifications.

make sure to add the setattr and getattr values for class variable names. You don't have to do this, but you probably should eventually.

Recompile and test!

Voila

Note Sometimes not all variables are seen directly from the UI. As fas as I know all blender datatypes are structs internally. To find all the variables used by this DataType- Look through the files in- Blender/source/blender/makesdna/... They are named well and you can see all the variables.


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Licensing
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Cookbook:Vegetable Pie

The Cookbook has more than one Vegetable Pie recipe.

 * Ale, Mustard and Winter Vegetable Pie
 * Aubergine and Onion Vegetable Pie

title: Cookbook:Vegetable Pie


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TI 83 Plus Assembly

TI 83 Plus Assembly Programming
This book teaches TI-83 Plus Assembly Programming, an advanced programming language for TI-83+ and 84+ calculators.

Getting Started
The TI-83 and TI-84 use a ZiLOG Z80 microprocessor. (The TI-89 uses a 68000 family processor and the TI-Nspire uses an ARM9 processor). The TI-Nspire features an emulator by Texas Instruments for the TI-84+ SE. It can be used for Z80 programming, but it does not support undocumented commands and is not recommended.

 * 1) /What you need/
 * 2) /Hello World/
 * 3) /Jumps/
 * 4) /Registers/
 * 5) /Memory/
 * 6) /Data Types/
 * 7) /Input/
 * 8) /Operations on Variables/
 * 9) Advanced Techniques

Appendices

 * 1) Appendix A: ROM Calls
 * 2) Appendix B: System Flags
 * 3) Appendix C: Key Codes

title: TI 83 Plus Assembly


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TI 83 Plus Assembly/What you need

You need a few basic things to begin programming.

 * 1) A calculator. A TI 83 Plus, TI 83 Plus Silver Edition, TI 84 Plus or TI 84 Plus Silver Edition is needed.
 * 2) An assembler. Such programs "assemble" the assembly code you will write into a form that the calculator can execute. Some assemblers include:
 * 3) *TASM. Tasm did not work with enclosed examples. Downloading executable files via the internet is always risky. Does not work for Turbo Assembler 5 code.
 * 4) *Brass is an assembler targeted at the TI-83+, written by Benjamin Ryves. It is no longer maintained.
 * 5) *Zilog Developer Studio is Zilog's official IDE. Various versions can be found on Zilog's website.
 * 6) *Spasm-ng is a z80/ez80 assembler that includes features targeted towards TI calculators. Builds for various systems are available on the download page.
 * 7) TI 83 Plus Include File. This text file assists the assembler by giving it necessary information when assembling. Does not recognize instructions.
 * 8) DevPac8x. This program changes the code that TASM has assembled into a file that you can transfer to your calculator.
 * 9) TI SDK (Software Development Kit). Also known as the TI 83 Plus Flash Debugger, this program allows programs to be tested on the computer for errors without having to transfer them to the calculator.
 * 10) Linking cable. A linking cable will allow you to transfer your programs to the calculator from the computer.

Now that you have everything, you will need to set everything up. I highly recommended that you follow the examples I give.

 * 1) Make a folder where you will put all your ASM (assembly) files (e.g. C:\ASM).
 * 2) Unzip the TASM folder into a subfolder in your ASM folder titled "TASM" (e.g. C:\ASM\TASM).
 * 3) Put the ti83plus.inc file into your TASM folder.
 * 4) Unzip the DevPac8x folder into a subfolder titled "devpac8x" (e.g. C:\ASM\devpac8x).
 * 5) Make another subfolder titled "Programs" (e.g. C:\ASM\Programs). This folder will be where you put all your programs in.
 * 6) Install the TI SDK.
 * 7) You need to open Notepad and type the following text in:

@echo off echo Compiling... move %1.z80 ..\tasm cd ..\tasm tasm -t80 -i -b %1.z80 %1.bin move %1.z80 ..\programs move %1.bin ..\devpac8x cd ..\devpac8x devpac8x %1 move %1.bin ..\programs move %1.8xp ..\programs cd ..\programs echo Done!

Save this as "compile.bat" into your Programs folder. And finally you need to make sure you know how to operate the link and turn on your calculator...

That is all you need to get started!

Also see Alternate Methods. The above instructions do not work on an x64 bit architecture.

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Talk:TI 83 Plus Assembly

Both of these  are under the gfdl license so they can be used freely in this book. Nilsmo 19:31, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

z80
This article doesn't say how TI83+ assembly differs (or doesn't differ) from the z80 used in many TI models including vanilla TI83 and TI82. z80 doesn't even appear on the entry article. --83.67.100.171 22:28, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Orginizational stuff
I think that registers should go before flow control. JP and CALL might be simpler, but it's more important to talk about binary and memory and addressing than calling subroutines, especially since simple programs (like Hello World) don't use them. But that's just what I think, and, you know, I like to think a lot. —Dr Dnar 00:39, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:TI 83 Plus Assembly