text:
User:Darklama/Main Page

Welcome Math and Science Computers and Technology Health and Fitness Special Groups Sister projects Wikibooks is a Wikimedia community that was started on July 10, 2003 for creating and using free open-content textbooks that anyone can edit.

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title: User:Darklama/Main Page


text:
Talk:Algorithm Implementation/Sorting/Comb sort

Contribution history
This page was created with content from English Wikipedia article Comb sort. Contribution history:

 * 09:06, 18 July 2007 Booyabazooka (Talk | contribs) (4,266 bytes) (move commented-out code implementations to WikiBook, and link to it)
 * 09:00, 18 July 2007 Booyabazooka (Talk | contribs) (5,577 bytes) (Revert to revision 144793039 dated 2007-07-15 13:59:13 by Silly rabbit using popups)
 * 06:16, 18 July 2007 124.43.251.250 (Talk) (5,590 bytes)
 * 06:15, 18 July 2007 124.43.251.250 (Talk) (5,589 bytes)
 * 06:09, 18 July 2007 124.43.251.250 (Talk) (5,751 bytes) (→Shrink factor)
 * 08:59, 15 July 2007 Silly rabbit (Talk | contribs) (5,577 bytes) (rm spam - →External links)
 * 13:21, 15 June 2007 Jogers (Talk | contribs) m (5,669 bytes) (→Pseudocode example of combsort11 - more specific link)
 * 08:05, 14 June 2007 Ggurbet (Talk | contribs) m (5,645 bytes) (→Pseudocode example of combsort11)
 * 15:00, 13 June 2007 Jogers (Talk | contribs) m (5,641 bytes) (unlinked turtles - it doesn't have much to do with real tortoises, rm link to bare year)
 * 02:35, 5 June 2007 CJLL Wright (Talk | contribs) m (5,649 bytes) (category rename per CfD 2007 May 24 using AWB)
 * 12:58, 8 May 2007 Ggurbet (Talk | contribs) (5,647 bytes) (→Pseudocode example of combsort11)
 * 16:36, 4 April 2007 128.208.1.224 (Talk) (The pseudocode example was actually combsort11 (as described in the previous section) rather than generic combsort, so I've changed the function declaration to reflect that.)
 * 14:50, 23 March 2007 Rhanekom (Talk | contribs) m
 * 16:15, 5 March 2007 68.0.120.35 (Talk) (+Category:Articles with example pseudocode)
 * 13:22, 8 February 2007 SmackBot (Talk | contribs) m (Date/fix maintenance tags)
 * 12:31, 1 February 2007 67.85.124.60 (Talk) (→Pseudocode example)
 * 14:58, 24 January 2007 Thijs!bot (Talk | contribs) m (robot Adding: es:Comb sort)
 * 03:19, 3 January 2007 80.100.95.130 (Talk) (→Pseudocode example)
 * 03:18, 3 January 2007 80.100.95.130 (Talk) (→Pseudocode example)
 * 03:17, 3 January 2007 80.100.95.130 (Talk) (→Pseudocode example)
 * 19:46, 10 December 2006 Davidkazuhiro (Talk | contribs) (→Shrink factor - replaced link with "citation needed" tag. [http://world.std.com/~jdveale/combsort.htm no longer exists. please replace a link if the text still exists elsewhere on the internet)
 * 11:23, 18 October 2006 169.232.98.12 (Talk) (→Pseudocode example)
 * 11:23, 18 October 2006 169.232.98.12 (Talk) (→Pseudocode example)
 * 11:22, 18 October 2006 169.232.98.12 (Talk) (→Pseudocode example)
 * 02:52, 7 October 2006 Jafet.vixle (Talk | contribs) (pseudocode)
 * 10:30, 5 October 2006 Cbmeeks (Talk | contribs) m
 * 13:53, 25 September 2006 66.192.186.102 (Talk) (→Java)
 * 13:53, 25 September 2006 66.192.186.102 (Talk) (→Java)
 * 18:56, 20 September 2006 Fresheneesz (Talk | contribs) m (→Java)
 * 14:52, 20 September 2006 Fresheneesz (Talk | contribs) m (→Java)
 * 20:15, 25 June 2006 200.175.44.57 (Talk) (corrected algorithm)
 * 19:01, 25 June 2006 200.175.44.57 (Talk) (Minor change)
 * 19:01, 25 June 2006 200.175.44.57 (Talk) (Corrected algorithm)
 * 17:39, 20 June 2006 213.103.202.206 (Talk) (→fixed algorithm: it was wrong and unclean)
 * 03:44, 31 May 2006 Pulveriser (Talk | contribs) (→Python implementation)
 * 22:03, 25 May 2006 DevastatorIIC (Talk | contribs) m (Fixed redirect)
 * 04:10, 25 May 2006 Booyabazooka (Talk | contribs) (Category:Comparison sorts)
 * 16:26, 11 May 2006 Quuxplusone (Talk | contribs) (→Implementations - rename section, since there's only one now)
 * 16:25, 11 May 2006 Quuxplusone (Talk | contribs) (→Implementations - remove broken Java implementation; see Talk)
 * 07:13, 11 May 2006 Emurphy42 (Talk | contribs) m
 * 19:57, 20 April 2006 81.41.232.209 (Talk) (→Python)
 * 11:21, 17 April 2006 Pulveriser (Talk | contribs) m
 * 08:55, 17 April 2006 Pulveriser (Talk | contribs)
 * 11:31, 4 April 2006 Tsca.bot (Talk | contribs) m (robot adding: pl)
 * 09:04, 25 March 2006 SmackBot (Talk | contribs) m (Delink months and days of week &/or general fixes using AWB)
 * 22:23, 26 February 2006 66.235.19.197 (Talk) (→Python)
 * 13:59, 2 February 2006 68.143.181.169 (Talk) (→Python)
 * 15:54, 20 December 2005 Ohanian (Talk | contribs) m (→Python)
 * 15:42, 12 December 2005 ZwoBot (Talk | contribs) m (robot Adding: de)
 * 20:12, 4 December 2005 PerVognsen (Talk | contribs) (→Python)
 * 16:27, 4 December 2005 PerVognsen (Talk | contribs) (→Python)
 * 15:52, 4 December 2005 PerVognsen (Talk | contribs)
 * 00:12, 19 October 2005 150.208.201.148 (Talk) (removed defacement)
 * 13:48, 17 October 2005 169.227.254.3 (Talk) (→Shrink factor)
 * 09:56, 16 July 2005 Deewiant (Talk | contribs) m (value of shrink factor corrected)
 * 21:13, 1 June 2005 Graue (Talk | contribs) m
 * 21:13, 1 June 2005 Graue (Talk | contribs) m (split up huge paragraph)
 * 06:55, 29 May 2005 ZeroOne (Talk | contribs) m (heading capitalization, other minor formatting)
 * 15:25, 4 May 2005 P3d0 (Talk | contribs) (Mathify shrink factor)
 * 01:46, 30 August 2004 80.213.147.196 (Talk) (Shrink factor and gap were confused at one point, also this is only valid for Bubble sort: "If the swap count is zero after a pass (at any stage), the data is sorted.")
 * 15:08, 17 June 2004 Bgoldenberg (Talk | contribs) m
 * 11:26, 5 June 2004 217.157.179.228 (Talk) (→Shrink Factor)
 * 09:11, 30 May 2004 Timwi (Talk | contribs) (Category:Sort algorithms)
 * 16:09, 25 April 2004 Foobar (Talk | contribs) m (typo at --> as)
 * 14:50, 22 February 2004 Gamma (Talk | contribs)
 * 17:50, 19 February 2004 Decrypt3 (Talk | contribs) (Clarified why combsort11 works best)
 * 17:37, 19 February 2004 Decrypt3 (Talk | contribs) (Added link to shell sort -it's related)
 * 16:08, 7 October 2003 128.113.139.102 (Talk) ([http://cs.clackamas.cc.or.us/molatore/cs260Spr01/combsort.htm seems to be a dead link)
 * 09:05, 9 August 2003 219.98.152.107 (Talk) (+ja)
 * 10:00, 14 May 2003 TakuyaMurata (Talk | contribs) m
 * 04:36, 21 December 2002 Mav (Talk | contribs) m
 * 20:56, 18 December 2002 Graue (Talk | contribs) (added mention of Combsort11)
 * 20:50, 18 December 2002 Graue (Talk | contribs) ((page created))

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User:Whiteknight/Course

title: User:Whiteknight/Course


text:
Lincoln-Douglas Debate/National Forensic League

The National Forensic League is the major governing body for high school forensics. Each year, the National Forensic League conducts its National Speech Tournament, contested between high school competitors from all of the NFL's districts. As the major governing body, the NFL drafts and publishes resolutions as agreed upon by coaches who are members of the NFL's Wording Committee.


text:
Lincoln-Douglas Debate/National Catholic Forensic League

The National Catholic Forensic League is a high school forensics organization. The NCFL conducts its Grand National Championship annualy over Memorial Day weekend.


text:
Lincoln-Douglas Debate/Value

A Value Premise is a component of high school Lincoln-Douglas Debate case structure. The value is usually a statement which one side is attempting to achieve throughout the debate. In general, the side that best upholds his or her value premise, which was adequately defended, wins the debate. The value premise is sometimes referred to as the "value" or simply "vp".

Purpose
As Jason Baldwin explains in "Logic in LD", the value premise is "supposed to provide standards by which judges should evaluate subsequent arguments." The value structure's purpose is to provide an overarching goal for both the affirmative and the negative to achieve. The value premise is not explicitly stated in the resolution, but many debaters use terms from the Lincoln-Douglas Debate resolution as their value premise. For example, the National Forensic League's November/December 2006 resolution stated: Resolved: A victim's deliberate use of deadly force is a just response to repeated domestic violence. In the instance, some debaters may use "justice" as the value premise for the round, because the resolution clearly establishes the objective of evaluating whether or not the use of deliberate force is just when facing domestis violence. Others tend to pick more unique values, mainly because commonly used value premises or value premises obtained from the resolution will be prepared for by other opponents, however, due to many resolutions question the morality or justice of certain actions, the value premise is most commonly agreed to be justice or some variant. The debate then centers on the Value Criterion, or the way of achieving or best maximizing the value. The value premise is intended to be a non-biased statement, which the arguments within the affirmative or negative constructive should support.

Strategy
The value premise may or may not be agreed upon throughout the entire debate by the affirmative and negative sides. Because the resolution does not explicitly state that a certain value premise must be used, debaters often must debate which value premise should be used to evaluate the round. In order to support the affirmative or negative side's value premise, debaters attempt to prove why their value premise is more relevant to the resolution, or why their opponent's value premise is inferior to their own. In some cases, debaters who have chosen common value premises may agree after presenting each side's constructive on what the value premise should be. Subsequently, both sides will try to uphold the same goal by way of their arguments, despite the fact they conflict. On the other hand, a debater may strategically purposely drop or choose not to defend his or her value premise if the other debater's value premise still may be achieved, or proven better, under the debater's own side.

Criticism
The current structure of Lincoln-Douglas Debate, under which both sides are expected to present a value premise as well as a value criterion to weigh the round, has been criticized for several reasons. As Baldwin explains, "First, it is notoriously hard to say precisely how the value premise is related to the resolution and how the criterion is related to the value premise. Debaters often speak of the value premise as "supporting" the resolution or of the criterion as "fulfilling" the value premise, but it is hard to know just what these descriptions mean." Additionally, many debaters who provide a kritik constructive choose to not uphold a value, but rather, criticize the resolution, the opposing side's rhetoric, or another part of the debate in order to affirm or negate the resolution. Subsequently, the "value" debate which Lincoln-Douglas is usually characterized as is altered.

title: Lincoln-Douglas Debate/Value


text:
Cookbook talk:Potato Casserole (Rakott Krumpli)

Why is this among Yiddish recipes? It contains sour creme and meat (sausage), so it isn't kosher. --80.98.57.185 17:02, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Well, the person who edited this recipe was probably a Hungarian. And not a wery good cook either since he or she forgot the oil. If somebody tried the recipe, probably burned it. Warrington

This nam RACKOR KRUMPLI... where is this name coming from?? (talk) 11:38, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Rakott krumpli means layered potatoes: you put layers of sliced boiled potatoes, slices of sausage (the chorizo type)and sliced hard boiled eggs in an ovenproof dish, adding generous dollops of sour cream between the layers. Just a few remarks: in fact, you can use any sour cream, Tesco's common will do - anyhow, smetana is just the Russian name of sour cream. You can use even creme freche. It is better to boil the potatoes in their skin, thy are less liable to crumble this way, and you manage to slice them thinner. (It is messier to peel them, though.) Ususally you don't use olive oil for this dish (you may though, if you wish), just butter slighly the ovenproff dish before layering the ingredients, and in the end sprinkle a few dice of butter on the top before putting it in the oven.

Olive oil is not a good idea, since it doesn't take the heat of the oven well. Oil or butter is not necessary if you use the right kind of sausages (kolbász) that have enough fat to spread the heat. Without kolbász the taste is simply not there, so you need another substitute as well.


text:
User:Whiteknight/Course3

This template is used to create links to a page, including links to create a new outline if one does not exist. This is used only for wikiversity courses which are planned but have not yet been created. This template makes heavy use of ParserFunctions, and may not be transcluded into a page outside of my user namespace.

title: User:Whiteknight/Course3


text:
Talk:International Relations/Evolution of the Modern State System

Evolution?
I changed the order of the first two entries, putting the Greek city-states before the Roman Empire, since "evolution" implies, at least for me, that things have evolved in a chronological order. 81.234.80.11 22:24, 18 July 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:Darklama/Main Page/tabstyle.js

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text:
User talk:69.0.50.167

Copyright problems
Hi,

It looks like the material you submitted to Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Marine Algae may be a copyright violation. Almost the same text can be found at http://www.ceres.ca.gov/ceres/calweb/coastal/plants/algae.html - the front page of which contains a notice indicating that the copyright belongs to the State of California.

We do appreciate your willingness to help, but copyright violations - if not addressed - can put the entire Wikibooks project in jeopardy. Perhaps you can find suitable material at Wikipedia. Because it is licensed under the Gnu Free Documentation License (GFDL), we are able to use it freely on Wikibooks.

Let me know if you have questions by leaving a message on my talk page. --Jomegat 23:17, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.0.50.167


text:
Cookbook talk:Rice Cooker

What is the difference between a rice cooker and a crock pot? I have a very nice crock pot, which will keep the food warm after cooking it. Will this work as a rice cooker? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 76.216.127.44 (talk • contribs) 2007-07-19T09:51:57.

 * Yes, I'd like to know also. It beats me why people need slow cookers, rice cookers, pasta cookers and so forth when a pot on the stove works just as well. Any takers on explaining the differences, and real benefits? Webaware talk 08:54, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Rice Cooker


text:
User talk:24.35.87.180

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 01:04, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.35.87.180


text:
User talk:71.88.202.204

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 01:05, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

You have been blocked. Vandalism of Wikijunior pages is taken very seriously. -- xixtas talk 02:48, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.88.202.204


text:
User talk:Tmcra001

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 01:11, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tmcra001


text:
User talk:Jleedev

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 01:12, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jleedev


text:
User talk:Naturalhomes

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 01:13, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Naturalhomes


text:
User talk:GPhilip

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 01:13, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:GPhilip


text:
User talk:M3lo

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 01:14, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Re:Comments on law organization
Sorry about the delay in responding to you. You left a very long message and I wanted to make sure that I read and understood it all before i said anything. Don't want to put my foot in my mouth!

First off, our organizational needs right now do extend to our entire book collection, a collection which is probably around 1000 books currently (that's a rough estimate). The problem with our books is that they don't qualify as what are traditionally called "books", and don't have things like stable versions, ISBN numbers, etc. However, starting off with our Law books is as good a place as any, and considering that Law is one of our smaller bookshelves, it would serve as a great prototype for other, larger, bookshelves.

As to your question about who uses these books, I would say that the answer is "all of the above". Each book defines it's own target audience, so on the Law bookshelf there will be books for lay people, lawyers, judges, students, etc. This is part of our organizational problem, that the books we have really do span the entire spectrum.

When we talk about our goals, we do realize that we dont have all the materials that larger online collections will have. Our goals are more humble, we just want to provide free materials for students who have previously been forced to buy them. To that extent, we can assume that any materials that are already freely available don't need to be duplicated here. However, another type of material here is to take preexisting materials and make them more readable and more accessible.

Even if we just focus on the Law bookshelf, what kinds of organizational steps do you recommend? Should we create 6 pages for the 6 types of materials, even if there is a good chance that many of those materials will never be hosted here? Should be use LC to try and keep them organized, even if it's a lousy system? Is there a different way entirely? Let's go off the assumption that we can use multiple systems in parallel with one another. For instance, we already have all the books categorized according to Dewey and LC (to varying degrees of success), and the books all already appear on the Law bookshelf. Is there anything else that we need to add? And for that matter, are we using the Dewey, LC, and bookshelf methods appropriately?

Or, let me put it to you in a different way: looking at what we have, perhaps guessing at what our potential is in the long-term, what would you do if you had complete authority? If you got to organize these materials as you saw fit, to be the most useful to the most number of people, how would you do it? Keep in mind that through the software we can put books in multiple places simultaneously, on multiple bookshelves, in multiple listings. Absolute redundency. How would you do it? --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 00:01, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:M3lo


text:
User talk:Illyboy

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 01:15, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Illyboy


text:
User talk:Billdakelski

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 01:15, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Billdakelski


text:
User talk:Martinmr

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 01:54, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Martinmr


text:
User:Sutambe/monobook.js

  _uacct = "UA-1312807-3"; urchinTracker;

title: User:Sutambe/monobook.js


text:
Cookbook talk:Taskbox

Question About Split-Pea and Ham Soup
If it is so requested, than why was it deleted? Granted I haven't been on Wikibooks in long time. Mr. C.C. (talk) 05:30, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It was a copyvio. There aren't any links to it now, though the taskbox says that there are. Kellen T 11:36, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

"Most wanted Cookbook pages"
This really needs updating. All of the pages listed are already made except for Cookbook:Human which shouldn't be made. --Yair rand (talk) 16:59, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Taskbox


text:
More C++ Idioms/Non-copyable Mixin

= Non-copyable Mixin =

Intent
To prevent objects of a class from being copy-constructed or assigned to each other.

Motivation
Many times it makes sense to prevent copying of objects of a class. For example, a class that encapsulates network connections. Copying can't be meaningfully defined for such classes. So it should be explicitly prevented without relying on guidelines or discipline on the programmer's part. The intent should also be easily identifiable just by looking at the declaration of a class to improve readability.

Solution and Sample Code
A class called non-copyable is defined which has a private copy constructor and copy assignment operator. CantCopy objects can't be copied because the copy constructor and copy assignment operators of the private base class NonCopyable are not accessible to the derived class. The traditional way to deal with these is to declare a private copy constructor and copy assignment, and then document why this is done. But deriving from noncopyable is simpler and clearer, and doesn't require additional documentation. private members of NonCopyable need not be defined. NonCopyable can also be categorized as a mixin-from-above because it defines a reusable module that "mixes-in" the feature of "non-copyability" into the derived class from "above". A CRTP based solution is given below. (This allows for Empty Base Optimization with multiple inheritance [see the Discussion page].)

Explicit copy-constructor

It is worthwhile to note that C++ allows one more way to control copy-construction. An explicit copy-constructor will prevent the compiler from calling a copy-constructor implicitly. I.e., passing an object by value and returning an object by value will be disabled for the class having an explicit copy-constructor. However, making explicit copies is allowed. On gcc, use -fno-elide-constructors option to disable copy-elision. This option is useful to observe (actually not observe!) the effects of Return Value Optimization. It is generally not recommended to disable this important optimization.

Known Uses
boost::noncopyable

Related Idioms
Curiously Recurring Template Pattern

title: More C++ Idioms/Non-copyable Mixin


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Rocks & Minerals - Advanced

2. Have a collection of 30 rocks and minerals properly named, 20 of which you have personally collected. Label with collector's name, date and locality in which it was found.
A great time to look for rock and mineral specimens is during a hike. Keep your eyes on the ground, and collect any interesting finds you come across. It is helpful to bring a mason's hammer (for freeing chunks of rock) and a heavy-duty pouch (for storing them). Identification can be accomplished in a number of ways. You could attempt to identify the specimens on your own using a field guide, or you may take the specimens to a local expert who may be able to help you. You can also use a Mineral Identification Key, such as the one found at http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/id/mineral_id_keyi1.htm

a. Isometric
The isometric crystal system (or cubic) is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in metallic crystals. Isometric crystals include
 * 1) Sodium Chloride (NaCl, common table salt)
 * 2) Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a compound of two elements, Gallium and Arsenic. It is an important semiconductor and is used to make devices such as microwave frequency integrated circuits.
 * 3) Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), sometimes known as zirconia, is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium.  Single crystals of the cubic phase of zirconia are commonly used as a substitute for diamond in jewelry. Like diamond, cubic zirconia has a cubic crystal structure and a high index of refraction. Discerning a good quality cubic zirconia gem from a diamond is difficult, and most jewellers will have a thermal conductivity tester to identify cubic zircona by its low thermal conductivity (diamond is a very good thermal conductor).
 * 4) Lead(II) nitrate is a chemical compound, the inorganic salt of nitric acid and lead, with the formula Pb(NO3)2. It is a colorless crystal or white powder and a strong, stable oxidizer.
 * 5) Copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is an oxide of copper.

b. Hexagonal
In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal system is one of the 7 lattice point groups (see Hexagonal_lattice). It has the same symmetry as a right prism with a hexagonal base. Hexagonal crystals include:
 * 1) Graphite, a form of pure carbon, used as a lubricant and as pencil lead.
 * 2) Apatite is one of few minerals that are produced and used by biological micro-environmental systems. Hydroxylapatite is the major component of tooth enamel.
 * 3) Quartz is the second most common mineral in the Earth's continental crust. It is made up of a lattice of silica (SiO2) tetrahedra.
 * 4) Beryl is a gemstone with the chemical formula Be3Al2(SiO3)6. The hexagonal crystals of beryl may be very small or range to several meters in size.

c. Tetragonal
Tetragonal crystal lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along one of its lattice vectors, so that the cube becomes a rectangular prism with a square base (a by a) and height (c, which is different from a). Tetragonal crystals include:
 * 1) Wulfenite is a lead molybdate mineral with the formula PbMoO4.  It can be most often found as thin tabular crystals with a bright orange-red to yellow-orange color, sometimes brown, although the color can be highly variable. In its yellow form it is sometimes called "yellow lead ore".
 * 2) Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula (NH2)2CO.  It was the first organic compound to be artificially synthesized from inorganic starting materials.
 * 3) Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. Its chemical name is zirconium silicate and its corresponding chemical formula is ZrSiO4.

4. Know Mohs' scale of hardness and the simplified field tests of hardness. By using these field tests, collect a scale range of specimens from your own region to form your own hardness test set.
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. It was created in 1812 by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs and is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science.

Mohs based the scale on ten minerals that are all readily available. As the hardest known naturally occurring substance, diamond is at the top of the scale. The hardness of a material is measured against the scale by finding the hardest material that the given material can scratch, and/or the softest material that can scratch the given material. For example, if some material is scratched by apatite but not by fluorite, its hardness on the Mohs scale is 4.5.

The Mohs scale is a purely ordinal scale. For example, corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), but diamond (10) almost four times as hard as corundum. The table below shows comparison with absolute hardness measured by a sclerometer.

An improvised hardness scale can be improvised in the field by using things a mineral enthusiast is likely to have on hand. On the Mohs scale, fingernail has hardness 2.5; copper penny, about 3.5; a knife blade, 5.5; window glass, 6.5; steel file, 6.5. Using these ordinary materials of known hardness can be a simple way to approximate the position of a mineral on the scale.

a. Know and tell two different processes by which metals are extracted from ores.
Mineral processing, otherwise known as mineral dressing, is the practice of extracting valuable minerals from their ores.

Industrial mineral treatment processes usually combine a number of unit operations in order to liberate and separate minerals by exploiting the differences in physical properties of the different minerals that make up an ore.

Mineral processing involves four general types of operations: comminution or particle size reduction, sizing or separation of particle sizes by screening or classification, concentration by taking advantage of physical and surface chemical properties, and dewatering or solid/liquid separation.

Comminution
Comminution is particle size reduction of materials. Comminution may be carried out on either dry materials or slurries. Crushing and grinding are the two primary comminution processes. Crushing is normally carried out on "run-of-mine" ore, while grinding (normally carried out after crushing) may be conducted on dry or slurried material.

Sizing
Sizing is the general term for separation of particles according to size.

The simplest of sizing processes is screening, or passing the particles to be sized through a screen or number of screens. Screening equipment can include grizzlies, bar screens, and wire mesh screens. Screens can be static (typically the case for very coarse material), or they can incorporate mechanisms to shake or vibrate the screen.

Classification refers to sizing operations that exploits the differences in settling velocities exhibited by particles of different size. Classification equipment may include ore sorters, gas cyclones, hydrocyclones, rake classifiers, rotating trommels, or fluidized classifiers. When the feed material contains particles of different densities as well as particles of different size, a degree of concentration takes place during classification because settling velocities are also dependent on particle density.

Froth flotation
Froth flotation is achieved when particles are separated based on their surface potential. Hydrophobic particles are recovered to the froth, whereas hydrophilic particles are discharged with the tailings stream. Some mineral particles are naturally hydrophobic, whereas others require specific reagent additions to change their surface potentials. Oxide ores, such as spodumene and tantalite can be treated using oxalic acid based collectors. Sulfide ores can be recovered using xanthate or dithiophosphate type collectors.

Gravity concentration
Particles can be classified based on their specific gravity. Gravity concentration processes include:
 * Heavy media or dense media separation
 * Shaking tables, such as the wilfely table
 * Spirals
 * Centrifugal bowl concentrators
 * Jig concentrators are continuous processing gravity concentration devices.
 * Multi gravity separators
 * Knelson concentrators

Electrostatic separation
Non-conducting particles maintain an electrostatic charge induced electrically, and so remain pinned to a charged drum. Conducting particles do not maintain the electrostatic charge and so fall off the drum, thus minerals such as ilmenite and rutile can be separated.

Magnetic separation
Minerals such as magnetite and pyrrhotite are naturally magnetic, and so can be separated from non-magnetic particles using strong magnets.

b. Know eight minerals and tell how each is used.

 * 1) Diamonds, in addition to their use as a gemstone, have many industrial uses. Because diamond is the hardest mineral known, it is unsurpassed as a cutting implement.  They are also used as abrasives.
 * 2) Copper is a good conductor of electricity, and as such, it is commonly used in household wiring.
 * 3) Silicon can be made to conduct or resist electrical current, and because of this property, it is called a semiconductor. Semiconductors are the foundation of the electronics industry.
 * 4) Talc is the first mineral on Moh's scale of hardness. It is ground into a fine dust and used as baby powder.
 * 5) Graphite is a form of pure carbon. It is mixed with clay to make pencil leads.  It is also used in powdered form as a lubricant.
 * 6) Quartz crystals have piezoelectric properties, that is they generate an electric current upon the application of mechanical stress. This electrical current varies at a highly regular rate, making quartz the basis of electrical circuits known as oscillators.  Because their oscillation frequency is so stable, quartz crystals are used in clocks and watches.
 * 7) Ruby is another gemstone with industrial uses. It is commonly used in lasers.
 * 8) Halite is the mineral form of sodium chloride, better known as table salt. It is used not only for flavoring foods, but in lowering the melting temperature of water to cause ice to melt from roadways and sidewalks.
 * 9) Fluorite is used instead of glass in some high performance telescopes and camera lens elements. It is also used as a flux to lower the melting point of raw materials in steel production to aid the removal of impurities.

6. Define the following

 * a. Crystalline: Having a regular three-dimensional molecular structure
 * b. Cryptocrystalline: Cryptocrystalline is a rock texture which is so finely crystalline, that is, made up of such minute crystals that its crystalline nature is only vaguely revealed even microscopically in thin section by transmitted polarized light. Among the sedimentary rocks, chert and flint are cryptocrystalline. Also a form of diamond, known as carbonado, is cryptocrystalline. Volcanic rocks, especially of the acidic type such as felsites and rhyolites, may have a cryptocrystalline groundmass as distinguished from pure obsidian (acidic) or tachylyte (basic), which are natural rock glasses.
 * c. Breccia:Breccia is a rock composed of angular fragments of rocks or minerals in a matrix, that is a cementing material, that may be similar or different in composition to the fragments. A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including sedimentary breccia, tectonic breccia, igneous breccia, impact breccia and hydrothermal breccia.
 * d. Noncrystalline: A noncrystalline material, which has no long-range order, is called an amorphous, vitreous, or glassy material.
 * e. Fibrous fracture: A fibrous fracture occurs when a mineral forms fine, hair-like strands.
 * f. Vitreous luster: A glassy luster or sheen of a mineral surface. The minerals quartz and fluorite exhibit a vitreous luster.
 * g. Geode: A geode is a geological rock formation which occurs in sedimentary and certain volcanic rocks. Geodes are essentially rock cavities with internal crystal formations. The exterior of the most common geodes is generally limestone or a related rock, while the interior contains quartz crystals and/or chalcedony deposits.
 * h. Petrification: Petrification is the process by which organic material is converted into stone or a similar substance. It is approximately synonymous with fossilization. Petrified wood is the most well known result of this process.
 * i. Stalactite: A stalactite is a type of speleothem (secondary mineral) that hangs from the ceiling or wall of limestone caves.
 * j. Fluorescence: Fluorescence is a luminescence that is mostly found as an optical phenomenon in cold bodies, in which the molecular absorption of a photon triggers the emission of another photon with a longer wavelength.  For instance, some minerals will glow green when illuminated with an ultra-violet light (green light has a longer wavelength than ultra-violet light).

7. What four metals are frequently found in native or free form?
A native metal is any of twenty-one metals that can be found freely in nature. These metals include cadmium, chromium, indium, iron, nickel, tellurium, tin, titanium, and zinc, as well as two groups of metals, the gold group, and the platinum group. The gold group consists of gold, aluminum, copper, lead, mercury, and silver. The platinum group consists of platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium.

8. Discuss the content of three statements from the writings of Ellen G. White concerning rocks or minerals.
You can search the writings of Ellen White online at http://egwdatabase.whiteestate.org/nxt/gateway.dll?f=templates$fn=default.htm$vid=default The texts quoted below were found by searching for "diamond," "granite," and "marble." You can discuss these or you might try searching for "jewels," "gems," "gold," "silver," or some other rock or mineral.

 * Then I was shown the people upon the earth. Some were surrounded by angels of God, others were in total darkness, surrounded by evil angels. I saw an arm reached down from heaven, holding a golden scepter. On the top of the scepter was a crown studded with diamonds. Every diamond emitted light, bright, clear, and beautiful. Inscribed upon the crown were these words: "All who win me are happy, and shall have everlasting life."

 * Below this crown was another scepter, and upon this also was placed a crown, in the center of which were jewels, gold, and silver, reflecting some light. The inscription upon the crown was: "Earthly treasure. Riches is power. All who win me have honor and fame." I saw a vast multitude rushing forward to obtain this crown. - Testimonies for the Church, Volume 1, pp 347,348

 * The children of Israel, obedient to the onward movement of the pillar of cloud, left Rephidim, having tarried there some time, and journeyed on toward Sinai. Their line of march had been across open plains, over steep ascents, and through narrow defiles. Again and again, when they had crossed a sandy waste, and their further progress seemed impossible because of the huge piles of massive rocks which lay directly in their way, a narrow passage would appear, and when this was passed, another barren, uninteresting plain would open to their view.

 * It was through one of these deep, gravelly passes that they were now called to pass. What a scene was this! Millions of people walled in by abrupt cliffs of granite rocks which rise hundreds of feet on either side, following a moving cloud by day, and guarded at night by a pillar of fire, as if the eye of God were fastened directly upon them. Christ in this wilderness school is here giving his people their first lessons in faith and trust in God. - Signs of the Times, April 22, 1880 par. 1

 * The time when David was to be gathered to his fathers had almost come; but before his career closed, he turned his attention to the sanctuary to be erected for the Lord. David was not the one chosen of the Lord to build the temple; but he had no jealousy in his heart on this account, and manifested none the less zeal and earnestness in its behalf. He had prepared in abundance the most costly material,--gold, silver, onyx stones, and stones of divers colors, marble, and the most precious woods. And now all this valuable treasure that he had collected must be committed to others; for other hands must build the house for the ark, the symbol of God's presence. - Review and Herald, December 11, 1888 par. 1


text:
Citroën XM

This service manual is created and maintained by XM users to document service procedures for the Citroёn XM.

Nearly everything is within the reach of a well-equipped home mechanic, and basic maintenance (oil change, ignition, etc.) will give no surprises to anyone who has serviced a car before.

Typical Problems
Most of these can be avoided with regular and timely maintenance.

 * Failure of the ZF automatic gearbox if oil changes are neglected,
 * Electrical problems with the heater, ABS (automatic braking system), fuel injection and Hydractive suspension caused by poor connections around the battery fusebox in the engine compartment and multipoint earthing blocks (S1 cars, best replaced with a bolted through earth)
 * Overheating leading to head gasket failure in diesel models. The main cause of gasket failure is not replacing the coolant anti freeze 5 yearly - dilute with distilled water.
 * Failure of the dot matrix warning panel on Series 2 cars. Note that the display is backlit and failure of the bulbs means that the display is blank. Replace the bulbs along with the speedo unit bulbs.
 * Rear swinging arm bearing failure is rare unless towing or driving on rough surfaces.
 * Front droplinks tend to wear in the lower joint at 50,000 miles or so.
 * Overheating caused by rusted fan relays behind headlights
 * Loss of dipped beam caused by rusted relays behind headlights
 * Bad starting of 2.1 diesels due to air being drawn into the fuel lines through the fuel heater unit which is fixed to the left end of the cylinder head. The fuel filter unit will collect air over a period - being worse in cold weather.
 * The electric sunroof mechanism seizes but can be lubricated with the sunroof open by unscrewing the plastic cover over the drive cable.
 * Suspension ride becoming firm over time. This can be avoided by regassing all 8 spheres every 3 years. To keep the anti-lean feature for cornering, and the correct softness of ride, the suspension and centre spheres ought to be regassed as a set. Changing the LHM every 3 years will also improve the ride.
 * Braking becoming firmer. This is overcome by bleeding the brakes and ABS cell every 3 years.

title: Citroën XM


text:
Template:Lowercase title/doc

Usage

 * Attention: Please do not subst this template.

Simply add the tag  at the top of a page (and optionally, at the top of its talk page). There are no parameters. The tag will only decapitalize the first letter of the page's name in the title at the top of the page. Examples:

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This template wraps the magic word DISPLAYTITLE so that it works automatically in any namespace (main, talk, template, etc.) to decapitalize the first letter of the name of a page it is transcluded on. (Previously, this template achieved this using JavaScript, but the DISPLAYTITLE method makes the change for all users, even those with JavaScript disabled in their browser).

title: Template:Lowercase title/doc


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Talk:Relationships/Couples

"Males court. Females choose. This works for most of the animal world, in which fathers have little or no involvement in their offspring.

But women need long-term relationships. Switching from dating to a committed relationship requires switching gender roles. Men must choose whether to stay in a relationship. Women must continually court their mates to stay committed."

In my opinion these two paragraphs have false implications. They appear to imply that men do not court, and that Women do not have a choice, but are prone to their male counterpoints choosing. It also does not exhibit that choosing to court is a choice, whether male or female makes no difference. Not only does this appear sexist but it also does not seem to accurately describe human "mating" scenarios on all levels. Also it suggests that men do not need long term relationships, as well as suggesting that all women need long term relationships. This is an erroneous assumption. As I have heard and read, many women prefer to remain single and love it, wheras others would rather have an intimate partner. And the same can be said of men as well. For this reason I have deleted these paragraphs.

--Chad

--Furthermore the overall article seems more tailored toward one particular perspective of relationships as if they all fall into one category.

To prove my point re-observe this statement:

"Women stuck in the passive, choosing gender role don't move from dating into a relationship.

E.g., a woman works hard on her clothes and make-up, to attract men. She read The Rules, so plays "hard to get." She expects a man to work to please her, e.g., give her flowers and gifts and attention. After sex, she wants to be rewarded with more flowers and gifts and attention."

What woman are you refering to? The suggestive title is about "couple-hood" and therefore should tailor to the aspect of that suggestion. This phraseology is merely indicitative of a particular type of women, yet I must reiterate not all women fit into this category. In fact both partners may have unmet expectations, yet the expectations vary from individual to individual.
 * I think we have to consider when this book was written, and who wrote it. If the author is an adherent of a traditional, heterosexual and monogamous relationship or marriage then the book is going to reflect those beliefs. Likewise, if the author identifies as gender queer, or 'gay', then they will have a different perspective and concentrate on describing relationships from an alternate perspective. I suggest if this book is truly going to reflect the world we live in, it needs to have additional content to address LGBT relationships. I suggest for the time being the book is re-titled 'Heterosexual Relationships/Couples' Kerojack (discuss • contribs) 01:55, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

This is | copyrighted material. I think it probably needs to be removed. Andy.somerville (talk) 19:47, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The passage quoted, and flagged as "copyright", is from the original author's own book. That is to say, the author has quoted something he wrote in his book in the wikibook. Since copyright resides with the original author unless sold or donated, he gets to quote from his own book.I think it can stay.Kerojack (discuss • contribs) 01:42, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Relationships/Couples


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Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques/PVC Extract

"PVC is typically composed of resins, stabilisers, pigments and plasticisers. Plasticisers soften the polymer, aid in the manufacturing process and provide form and function to various PVC materials. Plasticisers may account for 30-35 % of the PVC formulation."

"Traditionally, plasticisers (Such as dioctyl adipate (DOA), trioctyl phosphate (TOP), dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM)) are extracted from PVC using a 6 hour Soxhlet method and identified using IR spectrometry or gas chromatography."

The solvent used during extraction can be petroleum ether or cyclohexane. Extracts were evaporated to dryness and then redissolved in dichloromethane (methylene chloride).

By simply refluxing with solvent some, but not nearly 100% of the plasticisers can be extracted.

See Plasticizer for a good summary of why different plasticisers are chosen.

The octyl group is attached at its CH2 end to the position marked ‘R’ in the structures below:

For example:

DiOctyl Adipate


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Bc5

= Ruy Lopez - Classical Defence =

Theory table
.
 * 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Bc5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Bc5/4. c3

= Ruy Lopez:Open Game =

Theory table
.

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Bc5 4. c3


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Bc5/4. c3/4...f5

= Ruy Lopez:Open Game =

Theory table
. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Bc5 4. c3 f5


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User talk:Quartz25

Hi, I would like to thank you very much for your Python book. I'm starting with it and I found it useful. Maybe if I will know more about Python, I will add some knowledges there...

Stardust (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Stardust85)

title: User talk:Quartz25


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User talk:220.225.250.99

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 10:20, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:220.225.250.99


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Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Practical Chemical Analysis/Sulphate analysis

=Gravimetric Sulphate Determination=

by Ulrich de la Camp and Oliver Seely (Copied with kind permission and with no liability accepted for the current content.)

Discussion
A sample containing an alkali sulphate is dried, weighed and dissolved in dilute HCl. Barium chloride solution is added in excess to precipitate barium sulphate, and the precipitate is digested in the hot solution. The precipitate is filtered through a paper filter which is then ignited and completely ashed. From the weight of the sample and weight of the precipitate, the percentage of sulphate in the sample is calculated. The precipitation reaction is the following:

Ba2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) → BaSO4 (s)

Variations in the acidity, temperature, manner of addition of the precipitant and time of digestion markedly affect the filterability of the barium sulphate precipitate and the extent to which various foreign ions are coprecipitated. Foreign anions such as nitrate, chlorate and chloride are coprecipitated as their barium salts, and the ignited precipitate contains the salt or oxide as an additive impurity. The coprecipitation of chloride can be decreased by slow addition of the precipitant. Since nitrate and chlorate interfere even at low concentrations, they should be removed from the solution before precipitation.

Foreign cations such as iron (II) ('ferric' iron), calcium and, to a lesser extent, the alkali metals are coprecipitated as the sulphates. These are substitutional impurities, and the magnitude of the error depends upon the differences between the weight of the foreign sulphate or oxide and the weight of an equivalent amount of barium sulphate. The presence of iron (II) can produce errors as high as 2% in the determination.

General preparations.
Wash three 100 mm watch glasses, three stirring rods and three 400 cm3 beakers; rinse them thoroughly with tap water and then with distilled water. Number the beakers on the ground areas for identification using a graphite pencil. Cover each beaker with a watch glass, and store the equipment until needed.

Transfer the unknown sample to a clean dry weighing bottle. Place the uncovered weighing bottle in its upturned cap in a small beaker, cover the beaker with a dry watch glass, identify the beaker with a graphite pencil and dry the sample in a 105-110 °C oven for at least one hour.

Store the dried sample in the desiccator until it has cooled to room temperature.

You are going to transfer to three 400 cm3 beakers three samples weighing in the vicinity of 0.35 g but known to a precision of ±0.001 g. You will use the method of weighing by difference.

Weighing by difference: Take your three 400 cm3 beakers, your weighing bottle containing your sample and your lab notebook to the weighing room. Weigh the covered weighing bottle to a precision of ±0.001 g. Uncover the weighing bottle and gently tap a small amount of unknown into the first beaker. Turn the weighing bottle upright again and tap it gently to recover in the weighing bottle any quantity of unknown that may still be caught on the rim. Cover the weighing bottle and weigh the contents again. Continue to do that until the difference between a subsequent weighing and your first weighing is near 0.35... g (but known to ±0.001 g). That difference then is the weight of your first sample. Repeat the process using the other two 400 cm3 beakers. Care must be taken both not to lose any of your sample that stays on the rim of the weighing bottle then falls off OUTSIDE of the weighing bottle onto your laboratory bench. You must also be careful not to dump into your beaker a far greater amount than 0.35 g.

Weighing directly: The accuracy of our analytical balances is retained up to and a little beyond the mass of a 400 cm3 beaker. If you choose to weigh your samples directly you must be sure that your 400 cm3 beakers are clean, dry and at room temperature. Dry so that evaporation won't give you a negative systematic error and at room temperature so that convection currents won't give you either a positive or negative systematic error. Place the first 400 cm3 beaker on the balance pan and close all balance doors. Momentarily press the "tare" button and watch to make sure the balance readout shows 0.000 g. Watch it for 10–15 seconds to make sure that it doesn't change. If it changes, press the tare button again and watch it until it is stable. Using a clean and dry spatula, transfer between 0.32 and 0.38 g of sample into the beaker. Close all balance doors and record the mass to ±0.001 g. If you choose this method you must take care not to lose any sample on the balance pan OUTSIDE the beaker or that you don't drop any sample on the lip of the beaker from where it might fall off OUTSIDE the beaker. Repeat the process using the other two 400 cm3 beakers.

Add 50 cm3 distilled water to the sample in each beaker, then 5 cm3 of 6 mol dm−3 HCl and then add another 200 cm3 distilled water. Cover the beakers with the 100 mm watch glasses and store them in your cabinet until it is convenient to proceed with the determination.

Precipitation
Heat the solutions prepared above on a small hot plate to about 90 °C. Boiling the solution must be avoided since it is possible to lose some of the solution through spattering. However, it is necessary to keep the solution at an elevated temperature in order to facilitate the formation of large, filterable particles and to minimise coprecipitation of foreign ions. If, at this stage, you are using a thermometer to measure the temperature of the solution you must be very careful to rinse it with distilled water before removing it completely from the beaker. A thermometer or stirring rod when inserted into the solution will upon withdrawal remove a significant amount of solution.

Add 5% barium chloride solution dropwise from a burette which is mounted above the beaker. After 15 – 20 cm3 have been added, interrupt the process, allow the precipitate to settle, and test for completeness of precipitation by adding a few more drops of barium chloride. If you detect the appearance of some fine precipitate as the drop of barium chloride solution moves downward through the solution add an additional 5 cm3 of the barium chloride solution. Cover the beaker, and heat it on the hot plate for an hour at 90 °C. This process of "digestion" will aid in the formation of larger and purer crystals of barium sulphate. After an hour the precipitate should be coarse enough to settle readily after stirring, and the supernatant liquid should be clear.

Filtration and washing
Obtain three glass funnels and a wooden funnel holder. Clean the funnels and support them in the holder above numbered beakers or flasks of suitable volume.

The filtration will be carried out using glass or plastic funnels fitted with ashless filter paper. Ashless filter paper is pure cellulose which decomposes in the presence of heat and air to water and carbon dioxide. No residual non-volatile substances remain. Ashless filter paper comes in the form of circles which must be folded appropriately to trap all of the barium sulphate precipitate.

In this manner insert three Whatman, ashless #42 filter papers into the funnels. Heat 200 cm3 of distilled water to 80 °C for later washings.

It is convenient to filter the barium sulphate from a hot solution since the speed of filtration is greater at the higher temperature (the solubility loss is insignificant). Care must be exercised not to lose any precipitate while transferring the filtrate (liquid) and precipitate (solid) to your filter paper.

Decant the supernatant through the filter, and then with the aid of the rubber policeman and small washes of hot, distilled water transfer the precipitate into the filter funnel. Since the precipitate readily clings to the side of the beaker you must carefully scrape the side of the beaker with the rubber policeman and using small water washes remove any adhering particles. After all the precipitate has been transferred wash the material in the funnel with three 5 cm3 portions of hot distilled water. Collect each washing separately in a small, clean beaker and then add two drops of AgNO3 solution. The appearance of a cloudy, white precipitate indicates that the precipitate is still contaminated with chloride ion. If after three washings you still observe some cloudiness wash the precipitate a fourth time. Remove the filter paper from the funnel and fold it and then place it in one of your crucibles. Be sure to record the identification of the sample which is stored in each crucible. If it is inconvenient to ash the filter paper immediately, store the crucibles in covered beakers in you cabinet. Do not store the crucibles in your desiccator!

Ashing and taking to constant weight
Support the crucible in a wire triangle and begin the heating with a small flame. Move the flame around so that all parts of the crucible are evenly heated. Gradually increase the size of the flame. Avoid heating the sample so strongly that the paper catches on fire. If it should do so quickly remove the flame and wait until burning ceases. As soon as the paper has been charred, increase the temperature of the flame. Again, move the flame as required so that all parts of the crucible get heated strongly. When all the carbon residue as been removed, the temperature should be maximised by bringing the tip of the blue cone of the flame to a point just below the wall of the crucible. Heat the crucible in this manner for ten minutes. Allow the crucible to cool for a few minutes; then place it in the desiccator and let it cool to room temperature. After weighing, repeat the process until successive heatings and weighings agree to within 0.2 mg.

Calculate the percentage of SO42- in the unknown for each sample, the average percentage and the average deviation for your results.

Report
On the report sheet, give the following information:

 * 1) The unknown number.
 * 2) The weight of unknown used for each sample.
 * 3) The weight of the precipitate for each sample.
 * 4) The percentage of SO42- in each sample.
 * 5) The average percentage of the three samples.
 * 6) The average deviation from the mean of the percentage of the three samples.
 * 7) Pages in your lab notebook containing the pertinent data.

Questions on Sulphate Analysis.

 * 1) Approximately how many cm3 of 5% BaCl2 2 H2O solution would be required to precipitate all the sulphate if we assume that your samples are pure sodium sulphate? Assume that the density of the barium chloride solution is 1.00 g cm−3.
 * 2) If the samples were pure potassium sulphate would you require a smaller or larger volume of barium chloride solution than the amount calculated in 1. above?
 * 3) If ordinary filter paper, instead of ashless paper were used, how would your experimental results be affected? Would they be too high or too low?
 * 4) Why are the washes of the barium sulphate tested with AgNO3?
 * 5) Does the solubility of BaSO4 increase significantly as the temperature of the solution is increased?
 * 6) What are the most important errors in this procedure?
 * 7) From you answer to question 6. above, would you say that the procedure for the sulphate analysis is likely to give results that are too high or too low?


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User talk:Matthieu.Pero

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--AdRiley 11:41, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Copyright
Welcome to Wikipedia, Matthieu.Pero, and thank you for making the effort to work on some of the Ruy Lopez articles in Opening Theory in Chess. However, I suggest you familiarise yourself with the Wikibooks copyright policy. You have copied the text from http://homepage.ntlworld.com/adam.bozon/ruylopez.htm practically word-for-word to Wikibooks, and this is a violation of copyright, unless you have permission from the author of that website in which case this MUST be indicated on the discussion page of the articles in question. As a result, your edits will be reverted. Chi Sigma 23:51, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Having now gone through all your edits, several of them were theory tables or corrections for which I am extremely grateful. Chi Sigma 00:25, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matthieu.Pero


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Wikibooks:Analytics

Web Analytics for wikibooks
How about a web analytics capability for wikibooks that gathers information about page views, geographical information, bounce rate etc. of visitor of books? It appears to be a useful addition to the toolbox of wikibookians. Everyone will be able to see the traffic hitting books, which will indicate its popularity. If Wikibooks provides this capability then external web analytics are not necessary, eliminating the possibility of loading arbitrary javascripts. Sutambe 02:13, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Please discuss the issue on page Wikibooks talk:Analytics.

Can someone make up a template for including Google scripts? Details are at http://www.google.com/analytics/en-GB/#utm_source=en_gb-ha-uk-google_brand_goog_analytics&utm_medium=ha&utm_campaign=en_gb&utm_term=google%20analytics. Here is a run down of how it is done on the web page (an account is also needed): https://www.google.com/support/googleanalytics/bin/bin/static.py?page=troubleshooter.cs&problem=tracking. Perhaps the template could include a variable account (ie: substitute for "UA-XXXXX-X") to allow anyone to track events within a Wikibook page. RobinH 10:28, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia now has a way of collecting page views. It doesn't use Analytics which I think is good. More info here and results can be found at http://stats.grok.se/ ChessCreator (talk) 17:43, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * See also: Page Hits toplist (compare traffic | searches) --- Best regards, Melancholie (talk) 20:40, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks:Analytics


text:
Wikibooks talk:Analytics

 * This should probably be discussed before being voted on..... I do not have any opinion on the proposal other than noting that real page view stats would be nice to have. -- xixtas talk 05:01, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Having Google provide stats for our site requires us to have an account with them. This sort of thing shouldn't just be opened by a user here and realistically should be linked to an account that services all Wikimedia wikis. This needs to be discussed somewhere greater, most likely at Meta with the board or some other developer community. I don't feel this is our decision to make and the entire community should be involved. I also expect this will not be approved by those groups and don't support this here if they don't. We shouldn't be running some one-off product. -within focus 12:24, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The text that goes on a given page is:

  _uacct = "UA-XXXXXXX-X"; urchinTracker;

 * In the first instance a template could be provided that allows any value of "UA-XXXXXXX-X" to be substituted so that any interested editor can insert an analytic script. There is no need to get permission from on high for something like this. (It is no worse than including a google search ability on a page). RobinH 10:43, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * What are the ways to raise the proposal to the board or to the entire community, if this page is not the right place? Sutambe 12:32, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I personally do not know but I'm sure someone more comfortable with the goings-ons at Meta can answer this shortly. -within focus 12:34, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

I just want to say that the mediawiki software has page statistics of how many people have viewed a given page, built-in, but is just turned off for some reason on the Wikimedia projects. So there is no need to get an external service. --dark lama  15:16, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I went through this loop a couple of years ago. Hit counting is considered to be an unacceptable performance overhead, full-stop. I proposed a way round this by sampling but hit an even worse, technical, problem than performance overhead. If we are ever going to have hit counting it will need to be external to mediawiki. RobinH 08:58, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify, I have looked up some of the original comments, the most important, technical impasse, is at http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5667

 * "We cant count page hits on a WikiMedia hosted wiki. This is because most of the pages are served by the squids, thus never hit the apaches and the counter doesnt reflect the reality."

 * Incidently, this means that Google or some other external service is the only way we can do hit counting. RobinH 09:12, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Noting a reason here for why these stats are turned off: These stat gathering portions of MediaWiki are very CPU intensive, and also a need to record these stats in some way, usually by updating a database field each time a page is accessed.  This means that data has to be written to the hard drive (much slower than just a memory write) on most pages that are retrieved.  For smaller wikis that are just a couple hundred pages, it may be a good idea to turn this feature on, but for the massive volume of people who read Wikibooks (or much worse, Wikipedia), this would require a server farm that is several times the current one used by the Wikimedia Foundation.

 * Google has the server bandwidth and the rationale to process this sort of data, but my concern is the commercial aspects of trying to add this data. One of the overriding issues that has impacted nearly all of the Wikimedia projects is a small but very vocal (perhaps larger, but numbers are hard to get here) group that opposes nearly any commercialization of Wikimedia projects, including banner ads and other such nonsense.  This proposal needs to be made with enough detail that it can clearly demonstrate how this is not going to turn into a huge advertisement for Google as opposed to other statistics gathering business, why Google is offering this service (they are a for-profit public company.... they offer this for more than just to feel good about society).

 * I do question the gathering of geographical data from just an IP address, as there are many known flaws to that concept, and there are other holes in the whole data gathering concept as well. This is something that can be "gamed" as much as anything else.  Adding external links to allow a 3rd party to gather what amounts to be private information (the IP addresses of each person who views a page on Wikibooks... including special pages like edit pages or talk pages) is also something that needs to be addressed and if this is information that ought to be released in this manner.

 * I will point out, however, that this sort of data can be useful in terms of helping to fix up Wikibooks in terms of working on the "Main Page" or finding what other high traffic pages may be on this site. Perhaps some pages are very busy due to some external links that "bypass" the Main Page.  But caution is in order before this happens.  --Rob Horning 19:27, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

It certainly would be nice to have at least some basic pageview stats. If a CPU load is a major (the major?) concern, would it be possible to turn stats gathering on for only the main page of each book? --Tdvorak 20:54, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * If performance is the only concern there are ways to make the performance work. You don't need to update the database on each hit, just keep an in-memory counter for each page and increment it on a hit (original + new hits for that server).  At the end of the day, or once an hour or whatever then refresh the counter from the database, increment it with the in-memory hits and then write it back. Being able to do searches in all the wikis by popularity would be invaluable. 8:59, 16 August 2007.

I believe that page views are the single most important metric for Wikibooks. They allow authors to discover how people are reading the books, for instance if a book gets 10 hits a day on the first page, 5 on the second, and 2 on the third it is clear that there is a problem with style and presentation; if one part of a book gets zero hits when the rest of the book gets 50 the section is obviously irrelevant. I believe that counting page hits will be an incredibly valuable tool and we should press for this to be available. I cannot see a problem with using Google - they count page hits anyway (on my Google searches my own usage rate of sites is displayed). RobinH 13:37, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with the need for a simple page hit counter. It doesn't have to be updated in realtime, but some form of feedback to authors is essential. While Google hits might be a start, it's also important to know what pages people visit after starting to read a book. Selden 11:34, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe that Google Analytics can be applied to specific pages within Wikibooks, it is a script that is placed on a particular page. This means that the hits for any chosen page can be counted. RobinH 10:09, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Toolserver's Page counter
Sorry I haven't responded in awhile. The reason given by RobinH for why they don't enable the built-in page counting sounds the most plausible reason. I just want to say Google is still not needed in order to achieve this when we could be using the page counter on the Wikimedia toolserver. We would just have to add the proper javascript, just like for google. --dark lama  12:52, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Given the option between the two, and all else being equal, I would prefer to unload this task onto the google servers, and not onto wikimedia-owned servers. Google may make some sort of profit from the venture, but part of that would go back into maintaining their own hardware. On the other hand, if we used the tool server, nobody would make any profit from it, and it would actually cost the entire Wikimedia community because the tool server is a shared resource. Also, we already use google in a number of places, including a google option in the search page, and options to "search this book" located in the toolbox. I would like a more in-depth analysis as to the costs of implementing this (as in increased load times, slower browser-side response, etc) compared to the benefits (what features do we get, accuracy, availability, etc). I would also like to see (although I know this might be a long-shot) some kind of "opt-out" mechanism that individual users could implement in order to be exempted from these counts. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 13:10, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The counter is used by English Wikinews, English Wikiversity, English Wiktionary, and even English Wikipedia, so you be the judge of its performance impact. Also I should note the javascript uses a random sampling, so it doesn't send the information on every page load and the tool only updates the database once a hour. --dark lama  13:16, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Why not give google a spin on a trial basis? The template to activate the Java script can always be withdrawn. RobinH 15:44, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I think we're better off using the version available from the toolserver. If it was a problem, I don't think it would be available on the toolserver and be actively used on Wikipedia. --dark lama  15:49, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Where is the counter on the toolserver. I have looked at http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ruwiki_pgcounter but it seems like it would load the server. RobinH 16:36, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It only loads the server if you don't use the right javascript for the size of the wiki. There is also WikiCharts, which is basically the same way. Thats the one used on WP and the other wikis. --dark lama  17:03, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Will this work if we want to monitor pages from books that are only viewed once a day? In some configurations it could take 500 days to register 1 hit. RobinH 18:14, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

(indention reset)

Maybe they will allow us to use a more customized configuration. Like limiting the counting to pages in the Main namespace, Cookbook namespace, and Wikijunior namespace, using a different random sampling for registered users and anonymous users. and/or using a different random sampling for the main pages of each book and subpages of a book, in exchange for a configuration that could take 30 days to register 1 hit. From what I've seen Wikipedia uses the medium sized configuration, so I don't think it should be much of an issue. --dark lama  22:52, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Why not just use google and get accurate figures? You could permit it on a trial basis and withdraw the facility if there is a problem. RobinH 18:39, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I can already think of one possible problem. I think it would be a violation of the Wikimedia foundation's privacy policy, unless it was make completely optional, as in they would have to opt in, which would make this pointless. However no personal identifiable information is send with the toolserver option. Surely a random sampling is enough information to get a general idea of how often a page is visited? Why not just use what its already being provided and used by other wikimedia projects? --dark lama  20:04, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The privacy issue can be answered by only permitting one Wikibooks analytic ID and only allowing certain admins to examine the statistics (certain admins can look up IP addresses at the moment). I would be in favour of using a Wikimedia counter if it can be used to gain actual statistics of page reads on a weekly basis, it would then be a tool that can be used by authors to improve books. Perhaps the Wikimedia tool could be used on a trial basis configured so that it provides actual data (not averaged) and the impact that this has on service levels could be monitored.  I would like to make the following proposal for a trial:

 * 1. Design a template that can be used with either counter.

 * 2. Monitor server load due to Wikibooks for a week.

 * 3. Set up the template to use either the Google or Wikimedia method, the Google method being limited to a single analytic user.

 * 3. Tell everyone how to install the counters.

 * 4. Monitor server load for a week.

 * 5. At the end of the week make the usage stats public and assess whether either method could be used.

 * 6. Deactivate the counter, monitor server load for a week.

 * 7. Set the template to activate the other method.

 * 8. Goto 4.

 * 9. Repeat 4-8 until a clear, stable pattern emerges or server usage becomes too high.

 * RobinH 09:12, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I think a limitation on who can view the stats, also defeats any purpose and benefits in keeping stats. Also if this means certain users have to share an account, thats going to be a problem too. A previous suggestion of account sharing was met with disapproval and rejected. If the toolserver method is used it would be installed globally, so nobody would need to install it. Just need to tell everyone how to opt-out of it. Why is exact numbers necessary? Average daily/weekly stats of page views can still be a useful tool for helping contributors improve books.

 * The admin who has control of the google account would copy the usage information to Wikibooks, ensuring that private info is excluded. This answers your concern about privacy.

 * Exact numbers are necessary because particular books may only have 10 or 20 hits a week and subpages within a book might only be hit 2 or 3 times. This would be the case with new and partially complete books in particular.  The reason authors need hit counts is to refine their books, not just for the vanity of seeing that someone is reading them.

 * What sort of template are you suggesting be created and what would it be used for?

 * The script to activate Google or Wikimedia counting could be made available using a template so that the javascript is under the control of the admin responsible for the hit counter. Users would be able to add the template to any page that they wished to monitor.

 * I think any page counting method used, needs to have stats accessible by anyone, not send any identifiable information, and have little impact on browser performance. Having not mentioned my opinion about the Google script yet, I noticed that it was quite long, perhaps 5 times as long or more then the javascript needed to use the toolserver option. This means the Google option will have more of an impact on download time and run time then the toolserver option. --dark lama  11:02, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Privacy. Google ranked 'worst' on privacy. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6740075.stm Also consider amending the Privacy policy even if just testing. E5ricky 06:15, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The stats would be accessible to everyone on a weekly basis, copied into Wikibooks from the Google account.

 * The Google option operates at the user's browser so the extra run time would be slight. Authors should only place scripts (via templates) on particular pages for ad hoc monitoring in any case.

 * So, to summarise the Google option, for the sake of privacy only 1 or 2 admins would have access to the stats on Google. They would copy the public component of these to a page in Wikibooks that can be viewed by anyone. Authors would be able to add a template to a page to activate a Google count on this page (it may be necessary to copy the URL of the page to another, admin page, for inclusion in Google analytics). At the end of each week an admin would log on to the Google account and copy hit data to a report in Wikibooks. Of course, if it were decided that IP addresses of readers should not be private each interested author could have their own Google account.

 * It's not really an issue that some admin at wiki can see the data, but that in the process personal identifiable information is passed to Google. This information is then kept possibly forever and used by Google to do whatever they choose. Look at it this way if a commercial partner came to wiki and said we'll give you $$$$$ to see your user traffic including members/guests personal identifiable information, do you think members would be happy to say yes? Well by using Analytics you are giving that information away (for free!) to be used by Google or 3rd parties. E5ricky 12:34, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The Wikimedia option would only be of value if it could give meaningful stats for low usage pages (ie: if it is used in a non-sampling mode). The value of hit counting is that it will let editors improve navigation, style and content by showing whether users are put off by certain pages and navigation routes. I would be in favour of a trial of the Wikimedia option - just to see if it really does burden the servers as much as we fear. If the trial shows that the burden is slight then the Wikimedia option should be used.

 * Given that a trial can always be terminated if it causes problems why not start one? RobinH 11:48, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Just a thought.. Why not implement a form of the Wikimedia counter that has an expiry date? Editors would add a template that had the start date as a parameter and the code would only run if todays date were less than or equal to 14 days after the start date. This would allow editors to intensively monitor use of specific pages without overloading the servers. RobinH 12:07, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Both options involve running in the browser and the browser sending information somewhere else. If a page is low usage, that could be indication of a problem with the page itself. I think the only way to resolve the privacy issues with the google suggestion would be to ask about it on the foundation mailing list or contacting the wikimedia foundation some other way. We could do all kinds of things with the WikiCharts counter once its setup, including implementing an expire date. I've tried to notify the person responsible for WikiCharts and am still waiting for a response.
 * Another possibility might be for one of us to try to get an account on the toolserver and setup are own counter. --dark lama  12:48, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Google Analytics Test
I've installed the google analytics onto my own personal javascript, and after the first 24 hours there is some good data. We can see things like page views and other related information. Also, I can't find any personally-identifiable information in the reports, certainly nothing like what a CU would see (no IP addresses, etc). Somce concerns have already been raised by other people about security problems associated with this script. I'm going to do some research into this issue. I suggest that until we hammer out these problems that we do not install google analytics globally. However, if other people would like to participate in this test with me, let me know and I can tell you how to add the script to your account. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 17:56, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Excellent work. It will be interesting to see the results after the trial. If it does work it will be fascinating to get an insight into Wikibooks usage and usage within the books that I have written.  Is my writing style so bad that people stop after the first 10 pages?  Was that section on indicial notation as riveting for the reader as it was for me? Is the "advanced" part of the book of any interest to anyone? etc. etc. RobinH 08:32, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

A couple of early questions:

1. What is the performance impact on the servers?

2. Is it possible to put the script on 10 featured book front pages themselves for a while to see how big a shock this is to the system? RobinH 11:07, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Whiteknight says above 'no IP addresses, etc'. this gives the wrong impression. Google does collect IP's using Analytics. http://www.roirevolution.com/blog/2006/09/view_visitor_ip_address_in_google_analytics.html E5ricky 11:56, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a moot point because the foundation said we couldnt use the google analytics anyway. Google did collect the IP addresses, but I didn't have access to them. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 12:08, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I realised you didn't have access to them, but they are collected. Not surprised the foundation said no as it don't comply with the privacy policy. E5ricky 12:50, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Google Webmaster tools
Just had a thought, you can find out a lot already by using the webmaster tools. http://www.google.com/webmastertools You have to validate to prove your are the webmaster of a domain but once you do, it shows you what people type into Google search engine to bring you into your domain, you get a Top20. If you then enter the search term into Google search and pick the appropriate option, you'll see where the majority of visitors are landing to. So in effect you can see the Top20 wikibooks pages visited by people using Google. E5ricky 16:04, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
 * PS It's free, simple and doesn't invade anyone's privacy. E5ricky 16:06, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It's interesting, but we can't verify. That means that we can only get the most basic level of information, which is the kind of stuff that we can get from google anyway. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 00:26, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Why can't someone here verify? E5ricky 00:47, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Two methods possible to verify 1) Add file to root, seems maybe no wikibooks root as all redirect to /wiki/ ?
 * Second method is to add a meta tag, this is a temporary thing, does no one have access to add a meta-tag? E5ricky 00:53, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

 * "somebody" has access, but nobody here. We could ask the developers, but They will probably freak out. I'll ask, but no guarantees. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:01, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Analytics


text:
User:Drieux

Greetings from Drieux!

Just a simple country mathematician, who loves visiting the guest culture of the SCA, and has a slight addiction to chess {grin}. I'm looking forward to helping out here, and being fascinated by the topics of the books here. Now, all we need is the 40-hour day....

Cheers,

Drieux 15:13, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Drieux


text:
User talk:Epitome~enwikibooks

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 15:37, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Epitome. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Epitome~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Epitome~enwikibooks


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques/Ethanal

The experiments are written for experienced science teaching staff to use as instructions for a supervised class of students. The experiments are not designed for students or inexperienced members of the public to perform without supervision. If you wish to attempt the experiments, ensure that you have completed a legally adequate risk assessment beforehand and that you work within the constraints of the risk assessment.

Theory
Ethanol can be oxidised by the dichromate (VI) ion in acidic solution. The first product of the oxidation is ethanal, which can be further oxidised to form ethanoic acid. By carefully changing the reaction method, one or other product can be obtained.

The ethanal preparation should be performed in a fume cupboard.

Chemicals

 * sodium dichromate (VI)
 * ethanol
 * ethanal (product)
 * concentrated sulphuric acid
 * anti-bumping granules
 * deionised water

Precautions
Wear eye protection and laboratory coat.

Work in the fume cupboard when preparing ethanal.

Wear gloves when taking samples of concentrated sulphuric acid

Method
Into a round-bottomed flask, add first 50 cm3 deionised water and then 17 cm3 concentrated sulphuric acid. Add the acid slowly, with shaking. Finally, add some anti-bumping granules to the flask and set up the apparatus shown below:

There should be rapid flow of water round the condenser. Ask your lecturer to adjust the flow if you do not feel confident – it is easy to create too much pressure in the rubber tubes. Dissolve 50 g sodium dichromate (VI) in 50 cm3 deionised water and then add 40 cm3 ethanol. Mix well and add the mixture to the dropping funnel in the above apparatus. Ensure the tap is closed first.

Heat the acid in the flask until it boils gently, then turn off the heat.

Add the ethanol/dichromate mixture slowly: allow 20 minutes for adding the entire sample. The reaction is vigorous and will keep the mixture boiling at first. In the latter stages of the reaction you will have to heat the mixture to keep it boiling gently.

While the reaction occurs in the round-bottomed flask, ethanal solution will collect in the conical flask.

Cautiously note its characteristic smell. Stopper the flask and keep it in iced water. If you have time, take samples and test using the silver mirror, 2,4-DNPH or iodoform tests.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques/Ethyl ethanoate

The experimental details given here are given in good faith and are believed to be safe and workable methods. However, the authors cannot take responsibility for the consequences of performing these experiments.

The experiments are written for experienced science teaching staff to use as instructions for a supervised class of students. The experiments are not designed for students or inexperienced members of the public to perform without supervision. If you wish to attempt the experiments, ensure that you have completed a legally adequate risk assessment beforehand and that you work within the constraints of the risk assessment.

Chemicals and apparatus

 * Quickfit: Round bottom flasks (250 & 100 cm3)
 * Condenser
 * Receiver adapter
 * Tap funnel
 * Stillhead
 * Thermometer pocket
 * Anti-bumping granules
 * Conical flask (50 cm3) & rubber bung
 * Measuring cylinders (10, 100 cm3)
 * Thermometer (110oC)
 * Funnel & fluted paper
 * Heating mantle
 * Sodium carbonate (30% solution)
 * Calcium chloride (granular)
 * Sulphuric acid (conc.)
 * Ethanoic Acid (conc.)
 * Ethanol
 * Ethyl ethanoate (product)

Method
1.	Into one of the round bottom flasks, place ethanol (50 cm3) and glacial ethanoic acid (50 cm3). Add slowly, with cooling and shaking, concentrated sulphuric acid (10 cm3). Ensure that the mixture is homogeneous at each addition. Add some anti-bumping granules and boil the mixture under reflux for about 10 minutes. (See question 1)

2.	Rearrange the apparatus and distil off about two-thirds of the mixture. Transfer the distillate to the separating funnel.

3.	Add sodium carbonate solution (25 cm3) and shake carefully. (see Q 2).

4.	At frequent intervals, invert the funnel and open the tap in order to release the pressure. Allow the liquid to settle and separate the two layers. Discard the aqueous layer (Q3 - make sure you retain the correct layer!).

5.	To the organic layer, in the funnel, add a solution of calcium chloride (25 g anhydrous CaCl2 in 25 cm3 water) and shake vigorously (Q4). Allow the liquid to separate and run off and discard the lower aqueous layer. Run the ethyl ethanoate into a small conical flask and add a few pieces of granular calcium chloride. Allow to stand for approx. 20 minutes., shaking occasionally (Q5).

6.	Filter the liquid through fluted paper into the flask (100 cm3), add a few anti-bumping granules and fit up the apparatus for distillation.

7.	Reject the fraction which distils over in the range 35-40oC (Q6).

8.	Collect the fraction distilling in the range 74 - 79 oC.

9.	Note the appearance and the smell of the final product.

Questions

 * 1) Why boil the mixture and why do this under reflux?
 * 2) State what is observed when the sodium carbonate is added and hence explain why it is used.
 * 3) How did you decide which is the aqueous layer?
 * 4) What is the purpose of the calcium chloride at this stage?
 * 5) What is the purpose of the calcium chloride at this stage?
 * 6) What might distil at this temperature range?
 * 7) Record your yield and calculate your percentage yield.