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Portuguese/Contents/Personal Pronouns of Subject

<< Portuguese:Contents

The Portuguese language contains pronouns for I, you (formerly thou), he, she, we, you and they. There is no "it" because Portuguese has no neuter gender, and instead an ungendered thing will be considered either masculine or feminine, depending on the gender of the word (keep in mind that gender in this case doesn't actually mean "men" or "women", it's just the name used for the noun classes of Portuguese. For example, the word for table: mesa, is feminine, but it's not actually seen as a female or as "girly", it's just a naming convention).

The pronouns
Official forms:
 * eu - I
 * tu - you (singular, very informal). Used mainly in Portugal. Comparable to the old english "thou".
 * ele - he or it (For people and objects of the male gender)
 * ela - she or it (For people and objects of the female gender)
 * nós - we
 * vós - you (singular and plural, extremely formal). Obsolete outside of highly intellectual and formal texts, and some areas of Portugal.
 * eles - they (For male people and objects). Also used as the defaut "neuter" gender pronoun when there are both feminine and masculine nouns in a group.
 * elas - they (For female people and objects)

Pronouns of "treatment":

Always conjugated in the third person singular, these are employed to refer to someone in a more formal fashion, or to speak to someone with a specific title (can also be used as honorifics). A list of common ones:

 * Você - you (singular, informal/formal), (old portuguese Vossa Mercê). Has replaced the use of tu in some dialects, used as formal second person singular in others.
 * Vocês - you (plural). Has replaced almost entirely the use of the pronoun vós.
 * O senhor - he/sir (male, singular, formal). Used to refer to strangers or as a show of respect.
 * A senhora - she/madam (female, singular, formal). See above (o senhor).
 * Os senhores - they (males, formal). See above (o senhor).
 * As senhoras - they (females, formal). See above (o senhor).
 * Vossa senhoria- he/she or sir/madam (invariable, extremely formal). Used to refer to someone that is seen as being "above" you, but that doesn't have any specific title.
 * Vossa majestade- his/your highness (invariable, extremely formal). Used for queens and kings.
 * Vossa santitade- your holiness (invariable, extlemely formal). Used to refer to heads of religious organizations (mainly the pope).
 * Meritíssimo- "one who has a lot of merit" (invariable, extremely formal). Used for judges.

'Colloquial forms:' (Used mainly in Brazil, not accepted in formal written language)

 * A gente - we (singular, informal). Replaces nos in informal settings. Conjugated in the third person.
 * ocê- you (singular, informal). Dialectal variation of você.
 * cê- you (singular, informal). Dialectal variation of você.
 * nóis- we (plural, informal). Dialectal variation of nós

As you can see, there is sometimes more than one pronoun in Portuguese for the equivalent English word. The reason for this is to show both the gender and the level of formality that you wish to use to address the other person.

I & we
To say "I", you simply say eu. To say "we", you say nós (in Brazil you might say a gente or nois in an informal setting). These words don't reflect gender alone but the words that accompany them (such as adjectives) still take into account the gender of the speaker/group.

You
When you say "you" in Portuguese to an individual, you must show the level of formality that is appropriate to that person. By saying tu, you are addressing that person informally, in the way you'd talk with a friend. When you use você, you are speaking in a more formal way. Again, these words don't carry any gender themselves but those that follow them agree with the gender of whoever is being spoken to.

When talking to a group of people, vocês is commonly used. At one point, vós was used as a formal plural "you", but it is now obsolete, although still heard in the north of Portugal. Only people who use an extremely erudite way of speaking use this pronoun.

In some dialects, mainly in Brazil, tu is considered too odd for general use and você is almost always used instead for informal situations.

He, she, & they
As in the English language, Portuguese has individual words for "he" (ele) and "she" (ela). But unlike in English, Portuguese also has male and female words for "they". Eles is used for males, but can also be used when dealing with both a male and a female (or a large group involving both genders). However, elas is used only for female groups.

Other forms of he, she, & they
When dealing with a formal situation or to an unknown person, "he", "she", and "they" can take on formal states. O senhor would replace ele, and a senhora would replace ela. For "they", os senhores replaces eles and as senhoras replaces elas. These forms would usually be used with older people, parents and teachers.


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German/Level III/Answers

Markus Studiert Antworten
< Return to ../Markus Studiert/
 * 1) Hallo, Markus! Hast du eine Zigarette?
 * 2) Studierst du Deutsch?
 * 3) Katrin trinkt Kaffee an einem Tisch.
 * 4) Die Studenten studieren in der Bibliothek.
 * 5) Er isst Käse und Wurst auf dem Hof.
 * 6) Sie sucht ein Buch über Biologie.
 * 7) Markus geht an die Universität zurück.
 * 8) Markus holt das Buch aus dem Regal und stellt es auf den Tisch.

Gespräche Unter Geschäftsmännern Antworten
< Return to ../Gespräche Unter Geschäftsmännern/
 * 1) Guten Abend, Katrin. Wohin gehst du?
 * 2) Ich suche einen guten Schweizerkäse.
 * 3) Das ist falsch! Zu wenig ist zu wenig.

Mach Dir Keine Sorgen! Antworten

 * 1) Morgens bin ich immer zu Hause.

< Return to ../Mach Dir Keine Sorgen!/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: German/Level III/Answers


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German/Level I/Wie heißt du

This lesson deals with basic conversation topics such as saying hello and goodbye and asking people how they are feeling. This lesson features audio recordings by native speakers to help you with the pronunciation.

Dialogue
Read and listen to the following dialogue between two students: Franz and Greta. You don't have to understand anything! You should rather try to find out how each word is pronounced.

Now try to understand the dialogue with the help of the following list of vocabulary. (A complete translation is given in the answers to the next problems.)

Hellos and Goodbyes
There are many ways of saying hello and goodbye in German; some of them are:

* You will need to know each expression with an asterisk (*) after it. The others, of course, would be useful to know if you are traveling to regions where they are used. (As you can see, the different German-speaking regions often have their own ways of saying hello and goodbye. However, you will not be required to know any of these less common phrases for any problems or tests.)

The more formal phrases are guten Morgen, guten Tag, and auf Wiedersehen. The less formal ones are tschüss, Tag, servus, and ciao. The others are somewhat inbetween formal and informal.

Mr. and Mrs.
In German, Herr and Frau are used instead of Mr. and Mrs. before a last name; e.g., Mr. Schwarz – Herr Schwarz.

Frau is used for married and unmarried women. Some people still use Miss – Fräulein in spoken German but it is no longer used in written German since it is considered an inappropriate discrimination of unmarried women.

Literally, der Herr means the gentleman and die Frau means the woman. If you use these words without a last name after them, you have to use an article before them; e.g., der Herr or die Frau. This is actually just like in English. For example:
 * The woman's name is Mrs. Weiß – Die Frau heißt Frau Weiß.

Note also that the German translation of the man is der Mann and the lady should be translated to die Dame. Thus, without last names you would rather use these pairs:
 * man and woman – Mann und Frau
 * men and women – Männer und Frauen
 * lady and gentleman – Dame und Herr
 * ladies and gentlemen – Damen und Herren

Replies to Wie geht's?
There are many ways to reply to the question Wie geht's? Here are some of them: * The more formal form is Wie geht es Ihnen?

After replying to the question, you could continue with: Or shorter:
 * And how are you? — Und wie geht es dir? (formal: Und wie geht es Ihnen?)
 * And you? — Und dir? (or: Und selbst?; or formal: Und Ihnen?)

Test
The test consists of three parts: pronunciation, vocabulary, and translation. As always, you should write down your answers before you check them. (Writing the German words is in fact a great way to practice the spelling of German words.) The vocabulary and translation problems are all from English to German because this is what you have to learn if you want to communicate in German. Once you are able to translate an English word to the corresponding German word, it won't be any problem to translate the German word back to English.

External resources

 * Vocabulary drill for this level on Memrise

title: German/Level I/Wie heißt du


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Cookbook:Cooking Techniques

Cooking techniques or culinary techniques, the ways in which food and beverages are prepared, combined, heated, cooled, stored, and presented, are numerous and reflect the long historical development cooking has had alongside the growth of human culture and society.

Below offers an overview of these techniques. As each culture and society influences the ways in which we prepare our food, it is important to recognise that this is not a complete list and is also heavily Western-influenced. As well as this, cooking itself is on a spectrum between being an art as well as a science. This creates some techniques that are more guidelines or advice, whilst others must be followed carefully if the desired outcome is to be achieved.

Preparing
The first steps in cooking are usually preparatory, and this stage involves a range of techniques. Basic prep often requires measuring, cutting, mixing, and seasoning. Sometimes combined ingredients must sit for a period of time, as in marinating, macerating, brining, steeping, degorging, and proofing. Coatings may be applied to pieces of food through brushing, basting, and dredging.

Heating
Heating is an important part of many types of cooking. It is what breaks down starches, fibers, and connective tissues, coagulates proteins, gelatinizes starches, and contributes flavor and color through browning and caramelization. It also kills many pathogens that cause food-borne illness.

A variety of methods are used to heat and cook foods. These can generally be divided into two types, with some exceptions: moist heat methods and dry heat methods. Moist heat cooking relies on liquid water or steam to cook the food, and it includes boiling, simmering, scalding, poaching, stewing, and blanching. Instead of moisture, dry heat cooking uses hot air or fat to cook the food; it includes baking, roasting, grilling, broiling, barbecuing, searing, toasting, smoking, and frying. Other methods that rely on a combination or neither of these two methods include braising, microwaving, thermal cooking, and sous-vide cooking.

In some cases, very gentle application of heat is desired. This can be achieved by using a bain-marie or double boiler, or by tempering a mixture.

Preserving
Food is inherently highly perishable. As such, cooks have developed methods to delay this process and extend the shelf-life of foods. Storage in a cold environment, for example, can significantly delay growth of pathogens, and freezing and refrigeration have become widespread in many kitchens. At the other extreme, canning uses heat to sterilize foods before sealing them away from the external environment to prevent spoilage. Many preservation techniques have the added benefit of altering the flavor and/or texture of the food, such as in fermenting, curing, pickling, smoking, and drying.

Index
For a complete list of techniques in the cookbook, see Category:Cooking techniques or browse below:

Artes culinarias/Técnicas básicas Livre de cuisine/Techniques ספר מתכונים/שיטות בישול

title: Cookbook:Cooking Techniques


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Do-It-Yourself/Soap

Make soap from lard.

Equipment

 * Lard or some sort of fat or vegetable oil (as sunflower, olive oil).
 * Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
 * Glass beaker and stirring rod.
 * Bunsen burner or other means of heating solution.
 * Mold for making soap bars (any flexible plastic container).

Safety
Gloves, labcoat and appropriate eyeware should be worn when handling the 6M NaOH. It should be used in a well-ventilated area, preferably in a fume hood. DO NOT BREATHE THE FUMES. Wash with vinegar should you get some on your skin (have some vinegar handy before starting the experiment) -DO NOT wash with water!. Mixing lye with water results in a chemical reaction that creates extreme heat - hence, washing lye off your hands (for example) with water will only initiate that reaction on your hand, resulting in chemical burn.

How to do

 * 1) Place 16 oz. (450 g) of lard (or any other fat, such as vegoil or butter) in a beaker.
 * 2) In another container add 2.1 oz. (60 g) of NaOH to 6 oz. (170g) of water (do not add water to NaOH it will splatter) stir to dissolve and let cool to 40ºC (110 F).
 * 3) Melt fat under low heat to  and add NaOH solution with stirring until the base has completely reacted with the lard (about 20 to 30 minutes)
 * 4) Pour the mixture of base and lard into molds.
 * 5) Let this cool and sit for a day or two. Let the soap cakes cure for three weeks before using.

title: Do-It-Yourself/Soap


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Talk:Do-It-Yourself/Soap

This is a "chemistry-set" description of how to make soap; would a more user-friendly (and less intimidating) set of directions be useful? (That is, a process that might be followed by a home soapmaker, who wouldn't understand what 6N sodium hydroxide is?) I also wonder what purpose the ethanol serves? Ethanol is used in making clear soaps, but most home soapmakers never use it, and it makes the process significantly more dangerous.

Convert
I would use the convert template for unit conversions--Mac (talk) 10:15, 29 May 2008 (UTC).

title: Talk:Do-It-Yourself/Soap


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User talk:Vanis~enwikibooks

Hallo! Danke für Deine Mitarbeit am Fruchtbringenden Wörterbuch! Beachte aber bitte, daß es zwei unterschiedliche Arten von Einträgen gibt. Wörter, deren Bedeutung unproblematisch und die Zahl der Alternativausdrücke überschaubar ist, stehen nur auf der Buchstabenseite.

Problematische Wörter mit vielen möglichen Alternativausdrücken bekommen eine eigene Seite. Diese Wörter sind auf der Buchstabenseite unterstrichen. Vorschläge bitte auf der jeweils richtigen Seite eintragne. Danke!

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Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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title: User talk:Vanis~enwikibooks


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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/Introverting-Extroverting Feeling pattern

A way to quickly narrow down the possibilities of what a person's personality type is the method of Introverting / Extraverting Feeling analysis.

Some types tend to Extravert emotion and the others tend to Introvert emotion. All of the types that end in FJ or TP tend to Extravert Feeling, while all of the types that end in FP or TJ tend to Introvert Feeling.

Extraverted Feeling (and Introverted Thinking)
 * ../ESTP/
 * ../ESFJ/
 * ../ENTP/
 * ../ENFJ/
 * ../ISTP/
 * ../ISFJ/
 * ../INTP/
 * ../INFJ/

Introverted Feeling (and Extraverted Thinking)

 * ../ESTJ/
 * ../ESFP/
 * ../ENTJ/
 * ../ENFP/
 * ../ISTJ/
 * ../ISFP/
 * ../INTJ/
 * ../INFP/


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Russian/Possessive Pronouns

The 3rd person possessive pronouns (его́ his, её her, его́ its, их their) take the gender and the quantity of the possessing person/object:

 * "фильм" (movie) is of masculine gender, yet:
 * Бо́ря рассказа́л о его́ люби́мом фи́льме. (Borya told about his favorite movie.)
 * А́нна рассказа́ла о её люби́мом фи́льме. (Anna told about her favorite movie.)

 * "кни́га" (book) is of feminine gender, yet:
 * Его́ кни́га ста́ла бестсе́ллером. (His book became a bestseller.)
 * Её кни́га ста́ла бестсе́ллером. (Her book became a bestseller.)

 * "джи́нсы" (jeans) is a plural only noun, yet:
 * Его́ джи́нсы вы́глядели вызыва́юще. (His jeans looked outrageous.)
 * Её джи́нсы вы́глядели вызыва́юще. (Her jeans looked outrageous.)

The above rule is common to both English and Russian languages and is opposite to the one in French.

The reflexive pronouns (свой his/her/its own m., своя his/her/its own f., своё his/her/its own n., свои his/her/its own pl.), as well as all possessive nouns except the 3rd person ones take the gender and the quantity of the object in possession:

 * "фильм" (movie) is of masculine gender, and:
 * Бо́ря рассказа́л о своём люби́мом фи́льме. (Borya told about his favorite movie.)
 * А́нна рассказа́ла о своём люби́мом фи́льме. (Anna told about her favorite movie.)

 * "Я не ви́дел твоего́ люби́мого фи́льма, Бо́ря." (I didn't see your favorite movie, Borya).
 * "Я не ви́дел твоего́ люби́мого фи́льма, А́нна." (I didn't see your favorite movie, Anna.)

 * "кни́га" (book) is of feminine gender, and:
 * Свое́й кни́ги он никогда́ не написа́л. (He never wrote his own book.)
 * Свое́й кни́ги она́ никогда́ не написа́ла. (She never wrote her own book.)

 * "Мо́жно, возьму́ твою́ кни́гу, Бо́ря?" (Can I take your book, Borya?)
 * "Мо́жно, возьму́ твою́ кни́гу, А́нна?" (Can I take your book, Anna?)

 * "джи́нсы" (jeans) is a plural-only noun, and:
 * Бо́ря наде́л свои́ джи́нсы. (Borya put on his own jeans.)
 * А́нна наде́ла свои́ джи́нсы. (Anna put on her own jeans.)

 * Тебе́ иду́т твои́ джи́нсы, Бо́ря. (Your jeans fit you, Borya.)
 * Тебе́ иду́т твои́ джи́нсы, А́нна. (Your jeans fit you, Anna.)

This rule doesn't apply to English, but agrees with the use of 1st and 2nd person possessive pronouns in French.

title: Russian/Possessive Pronouns


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Cookbook:Monterey Jack Cheese

| Dairy | Cheese

Monterey Jack is a creamy-white cheese with a smooth, open texture. With its mild-to-mellow flavor, it is suitable for snacking, slicing, or melting on Mexican dishes. The cheese was first created in the city of Monterey, in California. Most commonly eaten fresh, aged Monterey Jack can be used as a substitute for Parmesan on pasta.

Recipes

 * Quesadilla
 * Tortilla Soup

title: Cookbook:Monterey Jack Cheese


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Learning the vi Editor/Making your work easier

By now you should know the rudiments of using vi. However, to really make vi work for you, it may be helpful to know the following to make your work easier for you.

More on commands
Say you are editing a document, and you wish to delete ten lines - as of now, the only way to do this is to enter dd ten times. Or if you want to delete seven characters exactly - you would have to enter x seven times. There must be a better way!

Repetition
Fortunately, vi lets you augment most of the commands in case you want to repeat that command a certain number of times. This is done by typing in the number of times you want that command repeated, followed by the command.

So, if you want to delete ten lines, you would type 10dd. Or if you want to delete seven characters, you would type 7x.

You can also repeat the last action done by typing . (this is a single period keystroke), the single-repeat operation over the location you want to repeat the previous operation.

So if you wanted to repeat the deletion of ten lines as in the previous example, you could repeatedly press . to perform this operation over and over again.

Exercise
1. Type the sentence <tt>Good morning Doctor, how are you today?</tt>. Delete "Good morning".

2. Now using the single-repeat operation, delete "how are".

Motion
vi allows you greater flexibility over motion as well. There are a few commands to allow you to quickly jump around your document, such as :
 * <tt>0</tt> moves to the immediate beginning of the line
 * <tt>$</tt> moves to the immediate end of the line
 * <tt>^</tt> moves to the first non-whitespace character of the line

<tt>^</tt> acts in the following way, if the line was hello how are yo<tt>u</tt> and your cursor is on the u, if you would enter <tt>^</tt>, the cursor would be upon the h.

Furthermore, the <tt>/</tt> command allows you to jump directly to some pattern in the file. For example, if you're looking for the next occurrence of the word "pomegranate" in your text, if you hit <tt>/</tt>, then type in pomegranate (you need not enter insert mode) and hit enter, the cursor will jump to the next occurrence of the word, if it exists. If you want to search backwards, you would perform the same procedure, but use the <tt>?</tt> command. To repeat either search, enter <tt>//</tt>, <tt>??</tt>, or alternatively, type <tt>/</tt> or <tt>?</tt> and hit Enter. You can also press <tt>n</tt> to jump to the next occurrence, and <tt>N</tt> to jump to the previous occurrence.

Commands and motion
We know now that vi lets you enter a number to specify how many times to do something. Consider this example now: you want to delete everything after a certain point on a line - you could enter <tt>dw</tt> for each word from the cursor position to the end of the line, or hold down <tt>x</tt>, but these are cumbersome examples. vi thankfully lets you do something much faster.

With certain commands, vi allows you to specify a position, using the methods in the previous sections. The position is specified after the command. For example, to delete up to the end of the line, you would enter <tt>d$</tt>.

Other examples:
 * <tt>dt;</tt> will delete until the next semicolon (This is helpful in languages like C and perl that use semicolons to finish statements).
 * <tt>d2}</tt> to delete the next two paragraphs.
 * <tt>d4b</tt> to delete the previous four words (alternatively, you could enter <tt>4b4dw</tt>).


text:
Internet Technologies/Telnet

Telnet is a protocol designed to remotely access computers in a client-server fashion. Telnet is inherently insecure, as the data passed from the client to the server or vice-versa is not encrypted. For connections through insecure networks (such as the Internet), SSH (Secured SHell), should be used so all communications between the client and server are encrypted.

Test if the HTTP port is open and its service listening
telnet localhost 80

title: Internet Technologies/Telnet


text:
Cookbook:Macaroni and Cheese (Vegan)

| Vegan cuisine | Pasta Recipes

Macaroni and nutritional yeast is a vegan alternative to macaroni and cheese.

Ingredients

 * 1 pound dry macaroni pasta
 * ½ cup margarine
 * ½ cup flour
 * 1 cup nutritional yeast flakes
 * 3 ½ cups water or rice milk, boiling
 * 1 ½ tsp salt
 * 1 ½ tsp garlic powder
 * 1 pinch of turmeric
 * 2 Tbsp soy sauce

Procedure

 * 1) Bring 4 quarts of water to a boil, add salt to taste, and add the macaroni.
 * 2) Melt the margarine over low heat. Beat in flour with a wire whisk. Continue to beat over medium heat until mixture is smooth and bubbly.
 * 3) Whisk in the 3 ½ cups water. Then, add salt, garlic powder, soy sauce, and turmeric to the liquid.
 * 4) The sauce should cook until it thickens and bubbles. When that happens, beat in nutritional yeast flakes; if the sauce is too thick, add more water.
 * 5) When the macaroni is cooked, drain and add the sauce. Serve immediately.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * For a variation, add mustard to the sauce.

title: Cookbook:Macaroni and Cheese (Vegan)


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Cookbook:Easy Chili

 * Texas cuisine

Chili originated in Texas in the 1800s, with many variations of evolving since then. A very simple chili recipe follows.

Ingredients

 * 30 oz medium or dark red kidney beans
 * 30 oz crushed tomatoes
 * ½–1 lb cooked ground beef, turkey, or equivalent portion of vegetarian ground beef substitute
 * 2 tsp chili powder, or use chili-flavored kidney beans above

Procedure

 * 1) Combine all ingredients in a pot. Cook on medium heat for 15 minutes.
 * 2) Taste kidney beans for flavor to determine when done.
 * 3) Serve with crackers, shredded cheese, and your favorite spices.

Warnings
If using dried beans, you must to soak them for longer than 12 hours and then pre-cook them before using in a recipe such as this. Dried kidney beans will cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea unless they have been boiled briskly (a slow cooker will not suffice) for at least twenty minutes to destroy the very indigestible phytohaemagglutinin that they contain. They will then need another 60-90 minutes at a slow simmer to be tender. Tinned beans are already soaked and pre-cooked, and they therefore do not require such preparation before use in cooking.

title: Cookbook:Easy Chili


text:
German/Lesson 11

<< Lektion 10 | Lektion 11 | Lektion 12 >> |

= Ein Treffen in Hannover (WIP)= (Don't be too afraid, it's a lot of text but simple grammar!)

Katja hat sich mit einem Freund, Markus, verabredet, den sie im Chat kennengelernt hat. Sie hat ein Foto von ihm gesehen, und vielleicht gefällt er ihr ja. Am "Kröpcke", der größten U-Bahnstation in Hannover, steigt sie aus der U-Bahn. Täglich betreten Hunderte von Menschen diese Station, Schüler, Studenten, Angestellte und Rentner. Sie ist 22, studiert seit 2 Jahren Tiermedizin in Hannover, und ist im Moment ledig. Sie geht auf die Rolltreppe, betritt die Stufen, und fährt zwei Stockwerke nach oben. Währenddessen schaut sie nach unten. Ihre U-Bahn hat die Station verlassen. Eine andere U-Bahn hat bereits gehalten, und die Fahrgäste sind aufgestanden und ausgestiegen. Sie kommt auf der zweiten Ebene an und geht weiter, Richtung Sonnenlicht, in die Pasarelle. Die Pasarelle führt Richtung Hauptbahnhof, und links und rechts locken die Schaufenster der Geschäfte. Nach einer Weile hat sie die Rolltreppe erreicht, die zum Hauptbahnhof führt. Nun sieht sie in voller Breite den Hauptbahnhof von Hannover, und davor einen Sockel mit einer Statue von einem Pferd mit Reiter. Dort hat Markus schon fünf Minuten gewartet und begrüßt sie, bevor sie sich ins Eiscafe nebenan setzen.

Vokabeln
Katja                       Female first name Markus                      Male first name sich verabreden             to make a date Chat                        Internet Chat kennenlernen                to get to know someone kennengelernt               Partizip Perfekt von kennenlernen das Foto                    Photographic Picture sehen                       to see gesehen                     Partizip Perfekt von "sehen" vielleicht                  perhaps gefallen                    to please someone (with dative) er gefällt ihr              She likes him (he pleases her, literally) Kröpcke                     The name of Hanover's biggest subway station U-Bahn                      subway die größte                  greatest (feminine here) die Station                 the station aussteigen                  getting off (a train, investment etc.) täglich                     daily betreten                    to enter Hunderte                    hundreds diese                       female form of "this" der Schüler, die Schüler(pl) "pupil" (British engl.) der Student                 student der Angestellte             Clerk der Rentner, die Rentner(pl) pensioner studieren                   to study im Moment                   currently ledig                       a person not having a partner gehen                       to go Rolltreppe                   escalator die Stufe                   stair fahren                      to drive (often specializing from engl. to travel towards) währenddessen               "during this" schauen                     look ihre                        her (form for female possessions of a female person) verlassen                   to leave verlassen                   Partizip Perfekt von "verlassen" eine andere                 another (feminine object) bereits                     already der Fahrgast                passenger die Fahrgäste               passengers (pl) aufstehen                   to stand up aufgestanden                 Partizip Perfekt von "aufstehen" ausgestiegen                Partizip Perfekt von "aussteigen" die Ebene                   level/plateau weitergehen                 to go on sie geht weiter              she goes on das Sonnenlicht              sunlight die Richtung                direction Richtung Sonnenlicht        towards sunlight die Passarelle              passage way führen                      lead Hauptbahnhof                central station (in most German cities this is in the city centre) Richtung Hauptbahnhof       in direction of the central station links                       left rechts                      right locken                      tempt (not to confuse with "die Locken" = locks, curls!!) das Schaufenster            display window die Schaufenster            plural of "das Schaufenster" das Geschäft                the shop die Geschäfte               the shops der Geschäfte               of the shops nach einer Weile            After a while erreichen                   reach erreicht                    Partizip Perfekt von erreichen die zum Hauptbahnhof führt  that leads to the central station

Word Order
Inverted word order occurs under several circumstances, among which are:

 * Interrogatives
 * Time Expressions
 * Subordinating Conjunctions

For interrogatives, a simple statement, "Du hast das Buch." becomes "Hast du das Buch?" when converting it to a question. The method is simply switching the verb and subject of the sentence.

Time expressions, such as "Nach der Schule" prefacing a sentence cause inverted word order. The formula is "Time Expression", "Verb", "Subject" and "Rest of sentence." Practically applied, "Every day, I go to school" becomes "Jeden Tag gehe ich zur Schule."

Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause to an independent clause. Some subordinating conjunctions are: dass (that), obwohl (although), seit (since), weil (because), and wenn (if, when). The formula for a dependent clause is "subordinating conjunction" "subject" "rest of clause" "verb" and is offset from the independent clause by a comma. Here are some examples (the dependent clause is underlined): Ich kann das Buch nicht kaufen, weil ich kein Geld habe. Ich kaufe das Buch für dich, da du kein Geld hast. Wenn unsere Eltern uns besuchen, schenken sie uns Geschenke. I can't buy the book because I have no money . I am buying the book for you, as you have no money .  When our parents visit us, they give us presents.

title: German/Lesson 11


text:
Cookbook:Basic Pizza Sauce

| Sauce

It's hard to believe that pizza originally did not contain tomatoes, but tomatoes originated from the Americas—they didn't reach Italy until the mid-1500s, and they didn't get popular until the late 1800s because people thought they were poisonous. Now, however, tomato-based pizza sauce is considered an essential part of most types of pizza. Want to make it at home? Here's the way to get that great "pizzeria" taste in your sauce, with all the "what"s and "how"s.

This recipe is for those who want a quick yet improved pizza sauce, using tomato sauce and sugar.

Ingredients

 * 1 can smooth tomato spaghetti sauce or pasta sauce
 * 1 handful sugar
 * Extra-virgin olive oil (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) After rolling out dough, ladle on sauce as directed by the pizza recipe.
 * 2) Grab a handful of sugar, and sprinkle it over the sauce until the surface of the sauce becomes white but you can see the crystals dissolving.
 * 3) Drizzle with olive oil if desired.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The amounts of ingredients must be calculated proportionately with the pizza. As such, measurements cannot be determined without a "hands-on" calculation made during procedure.
 * The sugar covers the taste of the acidity and vegetal character of the sauce. Sugar is the secret to a pizza that tastes like one from many American fast-food franchise pizza outlets like Domino's and Pizza Hut.
 * A common modification is to drizzle high-quality extra virgin olive oil onto sauce on pizza, or to pre-brush the dough with oil before adding the sauce.

title: Cookbook:Basic Pizza Sauce


text:
Cookbook:Cucumber

The cucumber, also known as a cuke, is a green vegetable related to the squash and melon.

Characteristics
For the most part, cucumbers are elongated, with a nubby green skin and very pale green/white flesh. The flesh is watery and crisp, much like that of a melon, and most varieties have a seedy pulp running down the center of the cucumber. Older cultivars were moderately bitter, though modern varieties tend to be less so. However, environmental stressors can still cause even modern cucumbers to be bitter. Some cucumbers, especially those with thin skins intended for raw consumption, may be coated with edible wax to reduce moisture loss.

Generally, cucumbers are divided into "slicing" versus pickling varieties—the former can be eaten raw, while the latter are typically only pickled.

The following are common varieties:

 * Garden: dark green; large seeds; skin can be bitter
 * English/European/hothouse/seedless: long and thin; thin skin and minimal seeds; low bitterness; often wrapped in plastic
 * Persian: small and smooth; thin-skinned
 * Pickling/kirby: stubby and warty/spiny; firm-fleshed and crunchy; bitter when raw
 * Lemon: yellow and round, like lemons; mild and crunchy

Selection and storage
It’s important to look for firm cucumbers with rich green color and no soft spots or limpness. Unless you're working with lemon cucumbers, yellow color indicates a cucumber that is over-mature. Cucumbers that bulge in the middle tend to be filled with large watery seeds and tasteless flesh. The flesh should be opaque, not clear, and crisp. Cucumbers intended for pickling should not be waxed, since this interferes with the pickling process, and they should have sturdy, firm flesh to hold up to the process.

Whole cucumbers should be refrigerated in a crisper, and can be kept for a week or two. Sliced cucumber lasts only a few days. Unwaxed cucumbers will easily lose moisture, so keep them wrapped tightly in plastic.

Preparation
To check if your cucumber is waxed, run the point of a fork or knife over the skin, and note whether a waxy material peels off. If the skin is tough or waxed, you may want to peel your cucumber before cutting. You can also peel segments off around the circumference, which will create an attractive variegation when sliced. If you would like to remove the seedy/pulpy core of a cucumber, start by slicing it in half length-wise. Then either scrape the core out with a spoon, or cut again into quarters and slice off the core with a knife.

Some cooks assert that sprinkling cucumber flesh with salt and letting them sit for about half an hour will reduce their bitterness and make them crispier. The excess salt is then rinsed off.

Use
Cucumbers are typically eaten raw or pickled to preserve their mild flavor and crisp texture. They are popular in fresh salads, fresh soups, dips, and sauces, and they also find use in rolled sushi. Cucumber sandwiches are eaten in England. Very thin slices of cucumber may be quickly and easily produced by running a vegetable peeler or mandolin to shave off slices.

title: Cookbook:Cucumber


text:
Dichotomous Key/Magnoliophyta

1: Monocot or Dicot

 * Number of cotyledons
 * One - 2
 * Two - 3

2: Liliopsida

 * Pollen apertures
 * Annulate - 5
 * Not annulate - 9

4

 * Number of ovules per carpel
 * One - 10
 * More than one - ../Arales/

5: Commelinanae

 * Stem consistency and cause
 * Woody due to fibrous sclerenchyma - ../Arecales/
 * Stem not woody, or woody due to secondary growth - 6

6

 * Seeds
 * Seeds arillate - ../Zingiberales/
 * Other - 7

7

 * Pollen apertures
 * Annulate - ../Commelinales/
 * Other - 8

8

 * Leaf shape
 * Leaves flat or involuted, 2-ranked - ../Poales/
 * Other shape - ../Dasypogonaceae/

9

 * Endosperm
 * Present -
 * Not present - ../Alismatales/

10

 * Perianth parts
 * Undifferentiated and petaloid - ../Liliales/

title: Dichotomous Key/Magnoliophyta


text:
Cookbook:Chard

Chard or acelga is a leafy vegetable closely related to beets.

Characteristics
Chard grows as long stalks with a broad leafy section at the top resembling beet greens. While the leaves are always medium-to-dark green, the stalks and veins can come in a wide variety of colors, which has led to the term "rainbow chard". Flavor-wise, chard is similar to other leafy greens like spinach, with a slight bitterness that mellows when cooking. Both the stem and leaves are edible, though typically cooked separately.

Seasonality
Although you can often purchase chard year-round, it reaches peak season in the summer.

Selection and storage
When selecting chard, look for good coloration and shiny leaves, with no wilting or slimy spots. Avoid brown or discolored stalks. Chard will keep for a few days in the refrigerator if stored in plastic with a damp towel. Avoid storing them with excess moisture, which can speed decay.

Preparation
Because the leaves and stems cook at different rates, first cut the leafy tops away from the stalks. If cooking the stalk, trim off the tougher bottoms.

Use
The leaves are generally treated in the same way as spinach and the stems like asparagus or celery. Fresh young chard can be used raw in salads, while older (and more bitter) chards are better off cooked to mellow them. Additionally, acid and salt will help cut any bitterness. Do note that the leaves will shrink significantly when cooked, so plan accordingly.

Substitution
If you can't access chard, various other leafy greens will work as a substitute. Beet greens are particularly similar, but collard greens and spinach will also work well. Kale is tougher and more bitter but will easily work in a pinch.

title: Cookbook:Chard


text:
Dichotomous Key/Reptilia

1

 * Upper and a lower lateral temporal fenestra
 * Both present -
 * Not present -

2

 * Ribs adapted into hard shells
 * Present - ../Testudines/
 * Not present - ../Tuatara/

3

 * Cloacal opening
 * Longitudinal slit ../Crocodylia/
 * Transverse slit -

4

 * Jaw disarticulation
 * Present - ../Serpentes/
 * Not present - ../Sauria/

title: Dichotomous Key/Reptilia


text:
Cookbook:Yam

True yams are the starchy tubers of many Dioscorea species. They should not be confused with sweet potatoes, which are sometimes referred to as yams in parts of North America.

Yams are common in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Africa. True yams are toxic in their raw state, but cooking of any form removes the toxins and makes them harmless. They're generally sold in chunks sealed in plastic, and have a light-coloured interior and dark skin.

Varieties
There are a few varieties of cultivated yam. These include:

 * White/yellow yam (D. rotundata/cayennensis): Native to Africa; most widely-cultivated variety
 * Purple yam (D. alata), also called water yam: flesh ranges from purple to white or cream-colored
 * Chinese yam (D. polystachya)

Uses
They can be used in any sweet potato recipe.

Recipes

 * Yam casserole

title: Cookbook:Yam


text:
Cookbook:Sweet Potato

A sweet potato (kumara in NZ) is a tuber-producing plant related to the morning glory. The flesh of the tuber can be white, yellow, orange, or purple. Sweet potatoes are often confused with potatoes and yams, which are not the same at all.

Sweet potatoes are rich in dietary fiber, vitamin C and vitamin B6. Orange-colored varieties are also rich in beta carotene. In tropical areas they are a staple food crop. The tubers are most frequently boiled, fried or baked. Tubers can also be processed to make starch and a partial flour substitute.

The tubers, leaves and shoots are all edible. Some variants are sold as house plants for their beautiful flowers; these plants will produce sweet potatoes. The plants tend to be large vines.

Farmers in the Southern United States started using the term "yam" to distinguish between the softer orange variety and the drier white variety. The true yam is rarely found in the United States except as an import. Sweet potatoes sold in the USA must be labeled "yam sweet potato" or simply "sweet potato", not "yam"; they may be incorrectly labeled in stores though.

Seasonality
Sweet potatoes are harvested at the end of summer or the start of autumn. Roots that aren't sold directly are cured by keeping them in a humid place at 30°C (85°F) for five to six days. Uncured sweet potatoes have a starchier texture and less sweet flavor than cured specimens. Uncured sweet potatoes are sold in the first few months after harvest. Cured ones are sold throughout the year, up until the next harvest

Sweet Potato Recipes
The following recipes feature sweet potato as a main ingredient:
 * Pandora's Feast
 * Baked sweet potatoes

title: Cookbook:Sweet Potato


text:
Cookbook talk:Sweet Potato

Copied from Sweet potato

Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit

* (cur) (last). . 20:45, 14 Feb 2004. . Pollinator (add blossom image) * (cur) (last). . 20:41, 14 Feb 2004. . Pollinator (add image) * (cur) (last). . M 07:58, 5 Feb 2004. . Hephaestos (updating image etc.) * (cur) (last). . 19:01, 22 Dec 2003. . Rfc1394 * (cur) (last). . M 13:22, 20 Dec 2003. . Morwen * (cur) (last). . 13:22, 20 Dec 2003. . Morwen (add classification box) * (cur) (last). . 23:36, 26 Nov 2003. . 68.167.224.9   * (cur) (last). . M 18:20, 28 Oct 2003. . Hashar (fr: interwiki link) * (cur) (last). . M 13:53, 27 Oct 2003. . Zoicon5 * (cur) (last). . M 19:32, 1 Sep 2003. . Olivier * (cur) (last). . 09:46, 17 Aug 2003. . Wik * (cur) (last). . 15:35, 2 Aug 2003. . UserGoogol (Sweet Potato also = Ocarina) * (cur) (last). . M 09:50, 3 Jul 2003. . Jketola (changed vitamin letters to uppercase and sp.) * (cur) (last). . 09:40, 3 Jul 2003. . Robert Foley (similar names in S America and Polynesia, drifing across the Pacific) * (cur) (last). . 19:26, 18 Feb 2003. . 66.72.64.164   * (cur) (last). . M 06:59, 19 Oct 2002. . AdSR * (cur) (last). . 17:16, 30 Sep 2002. . The Epopt (link) * (cur) (last). . M 08:13, 7 May 2002. . PierreAbbat (start)

title: Cookbook talk:Sweet Potato


text:
Cookbook:Taro Root

The taro root, as with other tubers, is recognized by other names. This tuber is also known as the dasheen, yautia, eddo, and kalo in many areas of the world including West Africa, Asia, Central America, South America, the Caribbean and Polynesian islands. This root is most well-known as the ingredient of the Hawaiian dish poi, which is mashed taro root.

The hairy outer coating on a taro root is similar to a coconut. The hairy outer layer is always removed with caution since skin irritation can arise caused by the juices secreted by the taro root. Skin irritations arising from Taro juices can be cured by applying a a mixture of table vinegar and water (1:2) on the sore part. It is recommended to use protective rubber gloves when handling this tuber. Raw taro root is toxic, so always cook it before eating.

The roots are starchy and generally treated like potato. These tubers take on a nut-like flavor when cooked. Frying, baking, roasting, boiling, or steaming them as an accompaniment to meat dishes are all common uses. Soups and stews are other dishes that taro root suits well. Taro may be pounded into a thick grey paste and used to thicken other dishes in Asian cooking. Taro roots provide a good source of fiber and supply approximately 110 Calories per adult serving.

Select tubers that are firm and hairy, with no wrinkling. Store the roots for up to one week in a cool and dry location, making sure that the roots do not dry out.

The leaves and flowers are also sometimes eaten. Taro leaves can be treated like spinach and boiled or steamed.

title: Cookbook:Taro Root


text:
Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Hands

Presentation
With the hands reality check, you check if your hands are normal. Look at your hand or both hands and focus on them. Count the fingers in your head or out loud. They may have the wrong number of fingers, the number may change while you try to count them, the fingers can be deformed and keep on changing when you look at them. Your hands can be the wrong colour, or have other abnormalities.

As well as doing this regularly, you could also do it every time you notice somebody using their hands. You could also mark your own hands to remind you to do this reality check (or another), for example by writing something in your palm, the back of your hand, or wrist (see also Reading).

Examples of this reality check working

 * I counted my fingers and realized I had the right amount, but knew I was dreaming so I asked to see this other persons hand next to me. He had 6 fingers then I knew for sure I was dreaming

 * I counted my fingers. It looked as though I had the right amount, but as I actually counted them, I discovered that I had seven the first count, and six the next.

 * I noticed something strange so I counted my fingers. I counted them several times because the number I counted kept changing between five and six. Eventually I was certain that I saw six fingers, and I realized I was dreaming.

 * I remembered to do a reality check. So I looked at my hands and realized that they're actually claws!

 * My fingers appeared jumbled up as if I had no bones

 * Spiders and ants were crawling across my hand in a continuous line.

 * My fingers appear floating off the palm of my hand

 * I looked at my hand, and it looked like I had two or three extra fingers. When I counted them, each one disappeared when I pointed to it.

 * My hand seemed fuzzy, gray, and partially translucent. Something seemed to be wrong with them. When I pressed my fingers into my left palm, I could feel them pushing through like my hand was clay.

 * When I looked at my hands, one was normal but the other hand had several fingers growing off my other fingers making it appear mutated. Immediately I knew I was dreaming.

 * I looked at my hands and they moved too slowly when I curled them.

 * I looked at my hands and each hand had six fingers and when I went to fold my fingers into my palm the sixth fingers hurt like hell and I realized I was dreaming.

 * I tried looking at my hands, and the fingers appeared blurry, and I couldn't count them.

 * I checked my hand for a reality check, when it suddenly burst into flames and I woke up as planned - I was using the check to wake up.

 * I checked my hand for extra fingers when I suddenly fell through the world into a Minecraft-ish void and also woke up.

 * This is how I know this is true: I was having my usual dream in which I am a Panda in Animal Crossing. I looked at my hands and they weren’t Panda hands! Once I knew I was dreaming, I made Tom Nook pay off my mortgage for free.

 * I looked down at my hands after realizing I may be dreaming and I noticed that my fingers were mangled and some were translucent. I proceeded to jump around the room I was in like Spider-Man. I remember a few snippets of that dream. I was in a large kitchen with appliances fit for a giant. I think I was traveling through a place similar to the Infinity Train, which makes sense considering I had been rewatching the show.
 * I looked at my left hand, and it was missing a finger.
 * I looked at my hand and saw 4 fingers, and my hand was very blurry. I slapped my hand to wake up because I knew I was dreaming. I started biting my lip and then thought I woke up, but I was still stuck in this house with killers. Finally, I woke up for real. My lip was bleeding.

Examples of this reality check failing

 * I tried counting my fingers, but my vision was all fuzzy. Everything kept on jumping. It was like trying to count things that kept on moving. I gave up and continued nonlucidly.

 * When I looked at my hand I noticed I appeared to have six fingers, but I assumed it was because the extra finger was surgically added.

 * I once had four fingers, but was so amused by it that I forgot it while laughing about it.

 * I failed to notice the positions of my right hand's fingers had been flipped (I.e. pinky where thumb should be), and even though I did see a new finger next to my pinky I failed to become lucid.

 * When I was looking at my hands, some bombs exploded behind me, I got the Minecraft You died! screen. When I touched Respawn I was flying about a blown-up building staring at my extremely long fingered right hand, and they were mangled in all sorts of disturbing positions. After about 15 seconds of this I woke up.

 * The fingers flickering in and out of existence scared me so much that I had to quit reality checking and look away.

 * One time I was dreaming about France. I found a time door that led to my first grade playground, but instead of slides and swings, there was a jungle gym shaped like the Eiffel Tower. I realized I was dreaming. When I went to count my fingers, I noticed I was carrying a piece of French bread (which had not been in my hand before). My fingers looked blurry, and I noticed they smelled like cheese.

 * When I counted my fingers in my dreams it was always six, but in the dream I had last night it suddenly became five. My hands felt normal and when I later counted them again it was still five. For a moment i feared I wasn't actually dreaming until I realised that if it was real it would be kind of odd for me to be in a futuristic space building with Dylan O´ Brien.

 * I developed this habit of checking my hands because I really wanted to try lucid dreaming. I knew that in dreams, hands would look all weird and wonky and funky. In my dream, I looked at my hand and noticed I was missing two fingers. I got over excited that I immediately woke up. (I also read that extreme emotions will wake you up. So that's why)

 * I tried to count my fingers and kept counting between 5-7, but my hand looked like it had 5 so I kept recounting. I eventually gave up because I had just gotten into a car crash and thought that my vision might’ve been affected. I kept on dreaming normally and never noticed.

Sueño lúcido/Test de Realidad/Manos

title: Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Hands


text:
Dichotomous Key/Arthropoda

Key to the Classes of Arthropoda

 * 1: Two pairs of antennae
 * 2: One pair of antennae or no antennae present.

1
incomplete

Branchiopoda Remipedia Cephalocarida Maxillopoda Ostracoda Malacostraca

2

 * Insecta: Three pairs of legs present.
 * 4: Four or more pairs of legs present.

4

 * 5: Antennae present.
 * 6: Antennae absent.

5
incomplete

Chilopoda Diplopoda Pauropoda Symphyla

6
incomplete

Crustacea Chelicerata
 * Branchiopoda
 * Remipedia
 * Cephalocarida
 * Maxillopoda
 * Ostracoda
 * Malacostraca
 * Arachnida
 * Merostomata
 * Pycnogonida

title: Dichotomous Key/Arthropoda


text:
German/Level II

LEVEL II: GRUNDLEGENDE LEKTIONEN

 * [[Image:75%.svg]] II.0 Vorwort – introduction, how to use this level, differences between Level I and Level II

 * Section II.A – Salzburg, Austria

 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.1: Einfache Gespräche unter Freunden – German grammar (introduction), familiar conversations, word order in questions, pronouns (introduction)
 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.2: Fremde und Freunde – verbs (introduction), pronouns in nominative case, formal conversations, pronoun gender
 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.3: Die Zahlen – Counting (theme), numbers 1 to 12, telling time, nouns (introduction), definite articles & noun gender, indefinite articles.
 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.4: Eine Geschichte über Zürich – adjectives (introduction), nouns and pronouns in the accusative and dative, interrogatives
 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.5: Wiederholung – review of lessons II.1-5

 * Section II.B – Zürich, Switzerland

 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.6: Die Wohnung – conjugating verbs (present tense), commands
 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.7: Mathematik – simple math, numbers 13-100, telling time: minutes & seconds, days of the week, months, and seasons
 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.8: Mein, Dein, und Sein – possessive adjectives and the genitive case, ein-group, plurals, conjunctions
 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.9: Einkaufen gehen – articles of clothing, separable verbs, colors
 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.10: Wiederholung – review of lessons II.6-10

 * Section II.C – Hannover, Germany

 * [[Image:75%.svg]] Lektion II.11: Verbtempus und Wortstellung – inverted word order, past and future tense verbs
 * [[Image:100%.svg]] Lektion II.12: Fragewörter – question words, phrases used in German and its examples and uses
 * [[File:100%.svg]] Lektion II.13: Mein Arm schmerzt –
 * [[File:75%.svg]] Lektion II.14: Animals –
 * [[File:100%.svg]] Lektion II.15: Wiederholung – review of lessons II.11-14

title: German/Level II


text:
Dichotomous Key/Hexapoda

1

 * Wings
 * Present - 12
 * Not present - 2

2

 * Lifestyle
 * Parasitic - 3
 * Not parasitic - 4

3

 * Legs
 * Hind legs adapted for jumping - ../Siphonaptera/
 * No legs adapted for jumping - ../Phthiraptera/

4

 * Cerci
 * Present - 5
 * Not present - 6

5

 * Orientation of cerci
 * Pointing towards tailing end of body - ../Archeognatha/
 * Outer two cerci point away from body - ../Thysanura/

6

 * Mouthparts
 * Mouthparts external and easily visible - 9
 * Mouthparts not easily visible - 7

7

 * Presence of eyes
 * Simple eyes present - ../Collembola/
 * No eyes present - 8

8

 * Antennae
 * Not present - ../Protura/
 * Present - ../Diplura/

9

 * Mouthparts
 * Adapted for sucking - ../Hemiptera/
 * Adapted for chewing - 10

10

 * Pincer-like cerci on abdomen
 * Present - ../Dermaptera/
 * Not present - 11

11

 * Forelegs
 * Forelegs raptatorial - ../Mantodea/
 * Forelegs not raptatorial - 13

12

 * Number of wings
 * One pair - 17
 * Two pairs - 18

13

 * Narrow waist
 * Present - ../Hymenoptera/
 * Not present - 14

14

 * Body shape
 * long and thin - ../Phasmatodea/
 * Round and stout - 15

15

 * Body width
 * Flattened - ../Blattodea/
 * Not flattened - 16

16

 * Social structure
 * Solitary - ../Psocoptera/
 * Social - ../Isoptera/

17

 * Wings
 * Forewings reduced to knobs - ../Strepsiptera/
 * Hindwings reduced to knobs - ../Diptera/

18

 * Forewings
 * Membranous - 19
 * Not membranous - 31

19

 * Wing texture and color
 * Covered in scales or hairs - 37
 * Transparent - 20

20

 * Tail-like appendages
 * Present - 21
 * Not present - 23

21

 * Comparative wing size
 * Roughly equal - 22
 * Forewings much larger than hindwings - ../Ephemeroptera/

22

 * Comparative cerci size
 * Both abdominal cerci approximately equal in size - ../Plecoptera/
 * Abdominal cerci unequal in size - ../Embioptera/

23

 * Wing venation
 * Extensive - 28
 * Minor - 24

24

 * Narrow waist
 * Present - ../Hymenoptera/
 * Not present - 25

25

 * Wing texture
 * Fringed with hairs - ../Thysanoptera/
 * Not fringed with hairs - 26

26

 * Mouthparts
 * Chewing - 27
 * Sucking - ../Hemiptera/

27

 * Position of wings at rest
 * Held flat against body - ../Isoptera/
 * Held over body - ../Psocoptera/

28

 * Position of wings at rest
 * Held away from body - ../Odonata/
 * Held against body - 29

29

 * Beak-like head
 * Present - ../Mecoptera/
 * Not present - 30

30

 * Main wing veins
 * Forked near end - ../Neuroptera/
 * Not forked near end - ../Megaloptera/

31

 * Mouthparts
 * Sucking - ../Hemiptera/
 * Chewing - 32

32

 * Forewings hardened
 * Forewings hard - 33
 * Forewings not hardened (may be leathery) - 34

33

 * Abdominal pincers
 * Present - ../Dermaptera/
 * Not present - ../Coleoptera/

34

 * Hind legs
 * Adapted for jumping - ../Orthoptera/
 * Not adapted for jumping -

35

 * Forelegs
 * Raptatorial - ../Mantodea/
 * Not raptatorial -

36

 * Body shape
 * Broadly flattened - ../Blattodea/
 * Long and skinny - ../Phasmatodea/

37

 * Wing covering
 * Scales - ../Lepidoptera/
 * Hairs - ../Trichoptera/

title: Dichotomous Key/Hexapoda


text:
German/Level I

LEVEL I: INTRODUCTORY LESSONS

 * [[File:100%.svg]] I.0: Introduction – about this level, how to use this level, basic difficulties and facts about the German language, and levels of completion

 * Section I.A

 * [[File:100%.svg]] Lesson I.1: Wie heißt du? (1. Teil) – hellos/goodbyes, Mr. and Mrs., "Wie geht's?".
 * [[File:100%.svg]] Lesson I.2: Wie heißt du? (2. Teil) – "Sie" and "du", subject pronouns, names, important verbs.
 * [[File:100%.svg]] Lesson I.3: Bitte buchstabieren Sie – alphabet, questions, articles.
 * [[File:100%.svg]] Review Section I.A – review of lessons 1-3

 * Section I.B

 * [[Image:50%.svg]] Lesson I.4: Freizeit – sports and activities, preferences, numbers
 * [[Image:50%.svg]] Lesson I.5: Geburtstag – telling time, times, dates and seasons.
 * [[Image:50%.svg]] Lesson I.6: Essen – introduction to food, food-related verbs, intro to modals & möchten, kein-words, polite/formal conversation language, and "Schmeckt's?".
 * [[Image:25%.svg]] Review Section I.B – review of lessons 4-6

 * Section I.C – Berlin, Germany

 * [[Image:50%.svg]] Lesson I.7: Kleidung – articles of clothing, shopping, describing clothes, colors, introduction to separable verbs.
 * [[Image:50%.svg]] Lesson I.8: Familie und Nationalität – family members, possessives, describing people, and expressing favorites.
 * [[Image:25%.svg]] Lesson I.9: Schule – school subjects, a description of German schools, basic vocabulary in school classes (math, geography, etc.), and school supplies.
 * [[Image:25%.svg]] Review Section I.C – review of lessons 7-9

 * Section I.D – Vienna, Austria

 * [[Image:25%.svg]] Lesson I.10: Das Fest – dative case articles and pronouns, giving gifts, invitations to parties, snack food, and es gibt.
 * [[Image:25%.svg]] Lesson I.11: Privileg und Verantwortung – making plans, places to go, tasks and jobs, more modals, commands, and weil & denn.
 * [[Image:25%.svg]] Lesson I.12: Wetter – weather, methods of transportation, how to get places, how to give and get directions, and using wo like weil.
 * [[File:00%.svg]] Review Section I.D – review of lessons 10-12

 * Section I.E – Berne, Switzerland

 * [[File:00%.svg]] Lesson I.13: Zu Hause Essen – food one would find in a supermarket, making meals, meals of the day in Germany.
 * [[File:00%.svg]] Lesson I.14: Filme – movies, types of movies, "Was für...?", using mögen to express preference.
 * [[File:00%.svg]] Lesson I.15: Das Haus – furniture, describing stuff II, different materials used in furniture, position (acc./dat.) prepositions.
 * [[File:00%.svg]] Review Section I.E – review of lessons 13-15

title: German/Level I


text:
Dichotomous Key/Carnivora

1

 * Habitat
 * Aquatic -
 * Land -

2: Pinnipedia

 * Tusks
 * Present - ../Odobenidae/
 * Not present -

3: Fissipedia

 * Auditory bulla
 * Single-chambered or partially divided -
 * Double-chambered -

4

 * External ears
 * Present - ../Otariidae/, Sea lion
 * Not present - ../Phocidae/, Seal

5: Caniformia

 * Presence of scent glands used defensively
 * Present - ../Mephitidae/
 * Not present -

6: Feliformia

 * Anal scent glands
 * Present - ../Hyaenidae/
 * Not present -

7
Could be ../Mustelidae/, ../Ursidae/, ../Procyonidae/, or ../Canidae/.

8
Could be ../Felidae/, ../Herpestidae/, ../Viverridae/, or ../Nandiniidae/.

title: Dichotomous Key/Carnivora


text:
Portuguese/Contents/Irregular verbs

<< Portuguese:Contents

Irregular verbs are verbs that don't follow the normal pattern used in giving tense to verbs (as is the case with regular verbs). Instead, they have their own individual ways of adding tense.

For instance, in English we would end most past tense verb usages with the letters ED ("work", "clean", and "thank" become "worked", "cleaned", and "thanked"). But with irregular verbs, we make much different changes to them ("see", "think", and "do", become "saw", "thought", and "did"). The Portuguese language has instances such as these, and we will explore them in this section.

There are several levels of irregularity in Portuguese verbs. Most irregular of all are the so-called anomalous verbs, which are only two: ser and ir. These two verbs present stem change within the Present Indicative tense, which means that not all persons begin the same way:

ser  ir eu       sou   vou tu        és    vais você      é     vai ele/ela  é     vai nós      somos vamos vós*     sois  ides vocês    são   vão eles/elas são  vão

 * Vós is considered archaic in the vast majority of dialects. It is hardly heard today in Brazil and most of Portugal, although in some rural regions of Portugal it is still used in everyday language.

Furthermore, curiously, in several tenses (the Perfect and Plus-quam-perfect Preterites Indicative, the Imperfect and Future Subjunctive) the conjugation is exactly the same for these two verbs:

indicative             subjunctive perfect plusquamperfect imperfect future eu       fui     fora            fosse     for tu       foste   foras           fosses    fores ele/ela  foi     fora            fosse     for nós      fomos   fôramos         fôssemos  formos vós      fostes  fôreis          fôsseis   fordes eles/elas foram  foram           fossem    forem

There is also stem change in the Present Subjunctive, but the stems remain the same for all persons and numbers and they differ in each verb:

ser    ir eu       seja    vá tu       sejas   vás ele/ela  seja    vá nós      sejamos vamos vós      sejais  vades eles/elas sejam  vão

Tenses
The following are sections dedicated to the different tenses used for irregular verbs:
 * Present tense irregular verbs
 * Future tense irregular verbs
 * Imperfect tense irregular verbs
 * Preterite tense irregular verbs

Irregular verbs
Here is a list of the most common irregular verbs, along with their meanings (the links refer to the wiktionary project):

-ou verbs

 * ir - to go
 * ser - to be (as in a state of being)
 * estar - to be (as in location or temporary state)
 * dar - to give

-zer/-der (so/ço-go) verbs

 * dizer - to say
 * fazer - to do
 * trazer - to bring
 * poder - can/to be able to

-nho verbs

 * ter - to have, to exist (Brazil)
 * vir - to come
 * pôr - to put

ler/ver

 * ler - to read
 * ver - to see

-air verbs

 * cair - to fall
 * sair - to exit

Only irregular in P.I.

 * crer - to believe
 * fugir - to run away
 * rir - to laugh
 * subir - to climb

Only/mostly irregular in P.P.S.

 * caber - to fit
 * querer - to want
 * saber - to know (about)

Only irregular in first person P.I.

 * dormir (eu durmo) - to sleep
 * medir (eu meço) - to measure
 * ouvir (eu ouço) - to hear
 * pedir (eu peço) - to ask for
 * perder (eu perco) - to lose/to miss
 * seguir (eu sigo) - to follow
 * servir (eu sirvo) - to serve
 * sentir (eu sinto) - to feel
 * valer (eu valho) - to be valid/to be worth

Only 1-2 exceptions

 * requerer - to request/require

Haver

 * haver - very irregular verb, auxiliar and sometimes with the meaning "to exist"

title: Portuguese/Contents/Irregular verbs


text:
Portuguese/Contents/Regular verbs

<< Portuguese:Contents

Regular verbs are verbs that have a normal pattern used in giving tense to the verbs. This is as apposed to irregular verbs, which have their own individual ways of adding tense.

Verb endings
Verbs in Portuguese end in 3 different suffixes. These suffixes are -ar, -er, and -ir. These suffixes determine how the verb's tenses are handled.

Tenses
The following are sections dedicated to the different tenses used for regular verbs:
 * Present tense regular verbs
 * Future tense regular verbs
 * Imperfect tense regular verbs
 * Preterite tense regular verbs (Simple Past)

Regular verbs
Here is a list of some common regular verbs, along with their meanings:

 * amar - to love
 * beber - to drink
 * cantar - to sing
 * chegar - to arrive
 * comer - to eat
 * comprar - to buy
 * conhecer - to know (as in being acquainted with)
 * correr - to run
 * dormir - to sleep
 * estudar - to study
 * falar - to speak
 * ficar - to become, to stay, or to remain
 * partir - to leave
 * vender - to sell
 * viver - to live

title: Portuguese/Contents/Regular verbs


text:
Talk:Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Jumping

"I did the jumping reality check and floated back down. I asked a dream character about this. He said that gravity was decreasing due to global warming. I accepted this wierd explanation and continued in my dream."

I just thought I would add that I completely fabricated this example, however it is typical that ludicrous explanations can be accepted once you ask dream characters for them. So remember kids, Today's Lucid Tip: Dream Characters Suck! r3m0t (cont) (talk) 21:57, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook talk:Baba ganoush

ok, this is the first wiki-anything article i've written. does it look ok?

Map sort map

title: Cookbook talk:Baba ganoush


text:
Dichotomous Key/Neuroptera

1

 * Sickle-shaped mandibles
 * Present -
 * Not present -

3

 * Larval habitat
 * Aquatic -
 * Terrestrial -

4: Megaloptera

 * Adult length
 * Longer than 5 cm - ../Corydalidae/
 * Shorter than 5 cm - ../Sialidae/

title: Dichotomous Key/Neuroptera


text:
Dichotomous Key/Odonata

1

 * Comparative wing size
 * Both pairs of wings same size -
 * Hind wings broader near base than fore wings -

3: Zygoptera
cs:Dichotomický klíč:Odonata

title: Dichotomous Key/Odonata


text:
Dichotomous Key/Lepidoptera

1

 * ../Frenulum/
 * Present -
 * Not present -

2

 * Antennae
 * Clubbed - Australian Skipper
 * Not clubbed -

3: Butterflies

 * Antennae
 * Placed far apart on a large head - ../Hesperiidae/
 * Near each other -

4: Moths

 * Mimicry
 * Wasps - ../Sesiidae/
 * Other or none -

5

 * Number of functional legs
 * Two - ../Nymphalidae/
 * Four -

6

 * Larva produce sugary solution to attract ants
 * Yes - ../Lycaenidae/
 * No -

8

 * Anal claspers
 * Not present on last anal segment - ../Drepanidae/
 * Present on last anal segment -

9

 * Larvae sit with head and anal segments raised
 * Yes - ../Notodontidae/
 * No -

title: Dichotomous Key/Lepidoptera


text:
Dichotomous Key/Ursidae

1

 * Food
 * Exclusively herbivorous -
 * At least partly omnivorous

2

 * Masseteric fossa on the lower jaw divided by a bony septum into two fossae
 * Present -
 * Not present - Tremarctos ornatus

3

 * Diet
 * Exclusively bamboo - Ailuropoda melanoleuca
 * Varies - Ailurus fulgens

4: Ursus

 * Hump of muscle over shoulder
 * Present - Ursus arctos
 * Not present -

5

 * Fur color
 * White - Ursus maritimus
 * Other coloration -

6

 * Leg direction while walking
 * Turned inward - Helarctos malayanus
 * Forward -

7

 * Time of activity
 * Nocturnal - Melursus ursinus
 * Diurnal - Ursus americanus

title: Dichotomous Key/Ursidae


text:
Dichotomous Key/Perissodactyla

1

 * Number of toes
 * One -
 * More -

3

 * Horn
 * Present -
 * Not present -

#4: Rhinocerotidae

 * Number of horns
 * One - Rhinoceros sondaicus
 * Two - Either Diceros bicornis or Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

title: Dichotomous Key/Perissodactyla


text:
User talk:Map sort map

Welcome to Wikibooks! Your recipe, Baba ganoush, looks good, thanks for helping out. There are a bunch of links I'm supposed to show you as a part of your welcoming message, like the Manual of Style and things, but I never remember what they are. I'm assuming you're the annon user who started the Baba ganoush page, so if you'd like to get that edit attributed to you, just ask one of the Administrators, and they'll assign it to you.

Again, welcome abord, hope to see more of you in the future.

Gentgeen 07:46, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

---

Thanks! I read most of that already, I think. I'll keep looking around... Map sort map 06:11, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I thought you'd like to know that your recipe, Cookbook:Baba ganoush has been made the featured recipe at the Cookbook's main page. Gentgeen 07:10, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Map sort map


text:
Cookbook:Stewed Oysters I

| Seafood | Oyster

There are several ways to stew oysters. Two recipes are given below.

Ingredients

 * 2 dozen (24 ea.) raw, whole oysters
 * 2 oz (55 g) butter
 * ¼ cup cream
 * ¼ tsp mace
 * 2 bay leaves
 * Salt, black pepper, and nutmeg, to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Shuck the oysters, saving any liquid in the oyster.
 * 2) Put your oysters with all their liquid into a saucepan; add the butter, salt, black pepper, mace, and bay leaves.
 * 3) Bring to a simmer for 5 minutes. Add the cream and shake all well together while heating through.
 * 4) Pour onto a plate or platter, grating a little fresh nutmeg on each oyster as it lies in the sauce.

title: Cookbook:Stewed Oysters I


text:
File:Indicator Engineering Thermodynamics.png

Indicator Diagram


text:
Puzzles/Riddles

Puzzles - Riddles

Generally, a riddle is a sort of puzzle in which one is asked a question and makes attempts to come to an answer. A riddle can be a puzzling question, a hypothetical problem to be solved, or what is often also referred to as a thought experiment. Often, posing riddles can be used for other purposes than puzzlement, like the famous hangman's riddles, as well as for argumentative or political ends, where the answer is not so much a mystery but is presented as though it were. There are many types of riddles depending on their structure, their format, and what methods of thinking they require to solve. Many riddles are tricky, in that they manipulate language or common thought processes to make the answer seem less clear, like garden path riddles. The largest category of riddles are identity riddles, in which a common object or other phenomenon is described, and the solution is to correctly identify what that common object is by naming it. This is often used in educational settings as well as children's learning rhymes.

Below are the some of the more commonly known puzzles in existence.

The Riddle of the Sphinx
Perhaps one of the most famous or perhaps the most well known riddles are The Riddle of the Sphinx. As humankind’s earliest puzzle, it is among the ten greatest of all time. This is the first known recorded puzzle in the human history that are coming out of from that very legend.

Legend has it that a similarly enormous sphinx guarded the entrance to the ancient  city  of  Thebes. According to  legend,  when  mythical Greek king Oedipus  approached  the  city  of  Thebes,  he encountered a gigantic sphinx ( a mythology beast with human face with the body of lion) guarding the entrance to the city. The menacing beast confronted the mythic king and posed the following riddle to him, warning that if he failed to answer it correctly, he would die instantly at the sphinx’s hands.

The Sphinx ask Oedipus:

Oedipus, after thinking for the moments answered,

Upon hearing the correct answer, the astonished sphinx killed itself, and Oedipus entered Thebes as the hero for ridding the city of the terrible monster that had kept it captive for so long.

The Riddle of the Sphinx is considered to be the prototype for all riddles. It is intentionally constructed to harbor a non-obvious answer:namely, that life’s three phases of infancy, adulthood,and old age are comparable, respectively, to the three phases of a day (morning, noon, and night). Its function in the Oedipus story, moreover, suggests that puzzles may have originated as tests of intelligence and thus as probes of human mentality.

The Samson’s Marriage Riddle
The another examples are from the biblical story of Samson's Marriage Riddle. At his wedding feast, Samson, obviously wanting to impress the relatives of his wife-to-be, posed the following riddle to his Philistine guests. If they could given him answer to the riddles, he will gives them thirty linen garments and thirty sets of clothes and vice versa will happened if they couldn't answer.

Judges 14:14

Samson contrived his riddle to describe something that he once witnessed: A swarm of bees that made honey in  a  lion’s  carcass. Hence, the  wording  of  the  riddle:  the  “eater”  =“swarm of bees”; “the strong” = the “lion”; and “came forth sweetness” =“made honey.”

The deceitful guests, however, took advantage of the seven days to coerce the answer from Samson’s wife. When they gave Samson the correct response, Judge 14:18

The mighty biblical hero became enraged, returned his newly wed wives to her family members and declared war against all Philistines which will led to his eventual downfall.

From this examples, yet again, we can see that the usage of riddles since the ancient time to test of one's intellect.

The riddle of King Solomon and Queen Sheba
In this story of The riddle of King Solomon and Queen Sheba, the biblical Queen Sheba upon hearing the wisdom of King Solomon,pay a visit to the King himself and organize riddle contests simply for the pleasure of outwitting each other.

The Queen Sheba asked King Solomon the first riddle: King Solomon answered:

Stunned by his answer, Queen Sheba asked him the second riddles: Again King Solomon answered: (In the Hebrew literature story, Lot is daughter who became pregnant by their father,Haran and bore sons).

For the third riddle, Queen Sheba brought up 2 children who are of same facial feature, same height, same attire. She asked King Solomon made a sign to his eunuchs, who brought him nuts and roasted ears of corn, which they scattered before the children. The males, who were not bashful, collected them and tied them within the hems of their garments. The girls, however, were bashful (since their bodies would be revealed if they were to tie their undergarments) and therefore tied them within their outer garments.

Therefore, King Solomon commented: "These are the males, and these are the females"

Again dumbfounded by King Solomon wisdom, for the final riddles, she bought out a group of people circumcised and uncircumcised. Again, she riddled King Solomon King Solomon immediately made a sign to the High Priest to open the Ark of the Covenant. Within moments of opening of the Ark, whose who were circumcised stood or bowed their bodies to half their height, while their countenances were filled with the radiance of the Shekhinah. The uncircumcised, however, fell on their faces.

In this story, we could see that riddles is sometimes presented as a practical problem to be solved as seen in the last two of the riddles posed by Queen Sheba.

Nursery Rhyme's: Old Mother Twitchett
In other cultures, such as in Western countries, we can find riddles in unexpected places such as children nursery rhymes. Here are one of the more popular ones: These are particular riddle disguised as nursery rhyme that sound like this:

The answer is of course needle and thread

title: Puzzles/Riddles


text:
User:Pmaccabe

Philip MacCabe, BYU

Project Gutenberg Text: The Wentworth Letter Wikibooks:Riddles

title: User:Pmaccabe


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/QuickTyping

You can use the tools of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to quickly determine a person's personality type though a method called Speedreading. This process, developed by Paul D. Tieger and Barbara Barron-Tieger in The Art of Speedreading People, lets you use three basic tools to decipher clues in anyone's demeanor, whether your contact is in person, over the phone, or even on a chat line.

The three tools are as follows:
 * Clues to individual dimensions
 * Clues to temperament
 * The Introverting/Extroverting Feeling pattern

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/QuickTyping


text:
User talk:JaF893

JaF893, welcome to Wikibooks and thanks for your edits on Organic Chemistry! I need to get around to finishing up some more work on that thing .. any contribs you make are quite welcome! Let me know if you think I can be of help to you in any way. --Karl Wick

Automated Table of Contents
There is this cool new feature that makes an automated table of contents for any book you are working on. I made a preliminary TOC for Inorganic Chemistry at the page Template:InorganicChemTOC. To utilize this feature, put the code:

in at the top of any new page in the book, and the table of contents will appear at the top of that page, linking the page to the other main pages in the book. (Right now the only page linked from the TOC is the main page, but you or anyone can add to it by editing the MediaWiki page linked above, and all of the pages in the book will have updated table of contents.)

Also, for consistancy, when you create new pages in the Inorganic Chemistry book, please use (Inorganic Chemistry) instead of (Inorganic chemistry), so the capitalization is consistant throughout the Chemistry books. Thanks man! --Karl Wick

title: User talk:JaF893


text:
Inorganic Chemistry

 * /Cover/
 * /Foreword/
 * /How to edit this book/

Atomic Structure

 * 1) /The Discoveries of Electrons, Protons and Neutrons/
 * 2) /First Glance At Subatomic Particles/
 * 3) /From Big Bang to Atoms/
 * 4) /Introduction to Elements/
 * 5) /Chemical Bonding/
 * 6) /Coordination Chemistry/
 * 7) /Transition metals/
 * 8) /Qualitative Analysis/
 * 9) /Catalysis/

/Group 18/
Неорганична химия Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie 無機化学 Chemia nieorganiczna Química inorgânica

title: Inorganic Chemistry


text:
User:Daveb~enwikibooks

An absolute total newbie to wiki's

I teach a few networking papers in a degree program and CCNA in the Cisco Network Academy Program at Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand. --Daveb 20:59, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Daveb~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Daveb~enwikibooks

Welcome Daveb, I think you will have a good time here. Let me know if you need help with anything. --Karl Wick

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Daveb. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Daveb~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:52, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daveb~enwikibooks


text:
Inorganic Chemistry/Transition metals

In the extended form of periodic table, the elements have been grouped into four blocks, the s, p, d, and f-blocks. The elements in groups 3-12 are called d-block or transition elements. The properties of these elements are unlike those of s-block and p-block elements. D-block elements represent a change or transition between the s- and p-block elements, hence why they are called transition elements. Previously transition elements were regarded as those which possessed partially filled penultimate d-subshell in their ground state or in one of their commonly occurring oxidation states. However the above definition doesn't cover the elements of group 12 i.e. Zinc metals(Zn,Cd and Hg) as these elements do not have partially filled (n-1)d-subshells in their ground state and neither too in their ionic state. However Zinc metals showing similarity with other transition metals were included in the transition metals. So forty elements belong to the transition metals family, 10 each in 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th period. The transition elements include the most common elements used. These include iron, aluminium, titanium, which form the base of the construction and manufacturing industry, metals that are valued for their beauty i.e. gold, silver, and platinum and metals such as palladium, ruthenium and osmium which have catalytic properties. These contain the densest metals like osmium(d=22.49 gm cm-3), the metals with the highest and lowest melting points, tungsten(mpt. 3683K) and mercury(mpt. 234K). Certain transition metals are also important in living organisms. Iron, Fe, is present in the protein hemoglobin which is responsible for the transport of the oxygen in the living organisms. Cobalt, Co, present in vitamin B12 help in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the human body. Copper and Zinc are important in biological catalysis. Cobalt, nickel, manganese, and molybednum are essential components of certain enzymes.

Transition metals all share some general characteristics, they:

 * form complexes
 * form ions which result in a coloured solution
 * have variable oxidation states
 * show catalytic activity

Complexes
When ligands form co-ordinate bonds with transition metals ions a complex is formed. Common ligands are H2O and NH3. The transition metal ion acts as a Lewis Acid and the ligand acts as a Lewis base. The number of co-ordinate bonds in the complex is the co-ordination number of that complex. Example of complexes are the tetrachlorocobaltate(II) ion, [CoCl4]2- and the hexaqaua-iron(III) ion, [Fe(H2O)6]3+

Ligands
Ligands can be divided into three categories: unidentate, bidentate and multidentate. Unidentate ligands can form one co-ordinate bond with a central metal ion. Bidentate ligands can form two co-ordinate bonds with a central metal ion and so on. Another type of ligand is an ambidentate ligand. An ambidentate ligand contains two sites which can form a co-ordinate bond with a central metal ion, though they cannot both form a bond with the same metal ion at the same time. They can however simultaneously bond to separate ions creating a bridge between two complexes.

EDTA
Antidote EDTA reacts with metal ions to produce stable EDTA complexes. It can therefore be used to remove poisonous metal ions such as lead and mercury from the bloodstream. The complexes are then excreted. Surgery EDTA can remove calcium ions from bloodstream. The removal of these ions prevents the blood from clotting which is necessary during surgical procedures. Water softener EDTA can remove calcium ions from hard water, thereby softening it. This helps to prevent the formation of limescale.

Cisplatin
Cisplatin [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] is a cytotoxic complex used during cancer treatment. It is usually used to treat ovarian, testicular, lung, bladder, gullet and stomach cancers.

Silver
Tollen's reagent When silver nitrate is dissolved in aqueous ammonia [Ag(NH3)2]+ is formed. More commonly known as Tollen's reagent this complex is used in the test to distinguish ketones from aldehydes. Electroplating When a silver salt is dissolved in aqueous Potassium (or sodium) cyanide the [Ag(CN)2] - is formed. The complex is used as the electrolyte in the silver-plating process.

title: Inorganic Chemistry/Transition metals


text:
Electronics

Foreword

 * 1) Aim of This Textbook
 * 2) Prerequisites
 * 3) /Preface/

Chapter 1: DC Circuits

 * 1) /Charge and Coulomb's Law/
 * 2) /Voltage, Current, and Power/
 * 3) /Basic Concepts/
 * 4) /Cells/
 * 5) /Resistors/
 * 6) /Capacitors/
 * 7) /Inductors/
 * 8) /Inductance/
 * 9) /Inductors/Networks/
 * 10) /Inductor Construction/
 * 11) /Inductors/Real Inductors/
 * 12) /Simplifying Capacitor/Inductor Networks/
 * 13) Other Components
 * 14) DC Voltage and Current Laws
 * 15) /Nodal Analysis/
 * 16) /Mesh Analysis/
 * 17) Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
 * 18) /Superposition/
 * 19) /Diagnostic Equipment/
 * 20) /DC Circuit Analysis/
 * 21) /Measuring Instruments/
 * 22) /Noise in electronic circuits/

Chapter 2: AC Circuits

 * 1) AC Circuits
 * 2) /Phasors/
 * 3) /Impedance/
 * 4) /Steady State/

Chapter 3: Transient Analysis

 * 1) /Inductors/Transient Analysis/
 * 2) RC Circuits
 * 3) RL Circuits
 * 4) LC Circuits
 * 5) RCL Circuits

Chapter 4: Analog Circuits

 * 1) /Analog Circuits/
 * 2) /Semiconductor Basics/
 * 3) /Vacuum Tubes/
 * 4) /Diodes/
 * 5) /Transistors/
 * 6) /FET/
 * 7) /MOSFET/
 * 8) /Amplifiers/
 * 9) Operational amplifiers
 * 10) /Op-Amps/Non Linear Configurations/
 * 11) /Op-Amps/Non Linear Configurations/Inductor Gyrator/
 * 12) /Analog multipliers/

Chapter 5: Digital Circuits

 * 1) /Digital Circuits/
 * 2) /Boolean Algebra/
 * 3) /TTL/
 * 4) /CMOS/
 * 5) Integrated Circuits

Elements of Digital Circuits

 * 1) /Transistors/
 * 2) /Basic gates/
 * 3) /Combination gates/
 * 4) /Flip Flops/
 * 5) /Counters/
 * 6) /Adders/
 * 7) /Decoders and Encoders/
 * 8) /Multiplexers/

Computer Architecture

 * 1) /RAM and ROM/
 * 2) /Registers/
 * 3) /ALU/
 * 4) /Control Unit/
 * 5) /I/O/
 * 6) /RTN/

Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters

 * 1) /Analog to Digital Converters/
 * 2) /Successive Approximation Registers/
 * 3) /Digital to Analog Converters/

Radio engineering

 * 1) /Frequency Spectrum/
 * 2) /Gallery of VLF-signals/
 * 3) /VLF-reception with the PC/
 * 4) /Reception of DRM-transmitters/
 * 5) /Transmitter design/

Formulas Sheets

 * 1) /Definitions/
 * 2) Circuit Symbols (Editors should also look at Template)
 * 3) Identifying Components and Values[[image:25%.svg]]
 * 4) /Electronics Formulas/
 * 5) /Op Amp Applications/
 * 6) /Laplace Transform pairs/[[image:25%.svg]]

Others

 * 1) /Formulas/
 * 2) Design Basics: Tools and Equipment
 * 3) /Electro-Mechanical Analogies/
 * 4) /Expanded Edition/

Resources: (When adding links make sure to fill out the Permission Form)
 * 1) Discuss this book
 * 2) GCSE Science/Electricity
 * 3) Wikipedia's Electronics
 * 4) Wikipedia's List of electronics topics

Resources that are not yet covered by the Permission Form
 * 1) Tony R. Kuphaldt's Lessons in Electric Circuits

الإلكترونيك Elektronische Bauelemente Elettronica pratica Wprowadzenie do elektroniki/Okładka Elektroniikka

title: Electronics


text:
Dichotomous Key/Anseriformes

1

 * Feet
 * Entirely webbed -
 * Not entirely webbed -

2

 * Bill
 * Hooked - ../Anhimidae/
 * Not hooked - Anseranas semipalmata

3: Anatidae

 * Call
 * Whistling - ../Dendrocygninae/
 * Other -

title: Dichotomous Key/Anseriformes


text:
Dichotomous Key/Passeriformes

1

 * Syrinx complexity
 * Very complex -
 * Simple -

2: Passeri

 * Number of fossa
 * One -
 * Two -

4: Corvida

 * Mimicking behavior
 * Yes -
 * No -

7: Corvida

 * Tongue texture
 * Brush tipped, bristly -
 * Smooth, or other -

9 - Corvida
Could be Atrichornithidae, Climacteridae, Maluridae, Pardalotidae, Petroicidae, Pomatostomidae, Cinclosomatidae, Neosittidae, Pachycephalidae, Dicruridae, Campephagidae, Oriolidae, Artamidae, Paradisaeidae, Corvidae, Corcorachidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vireonidae, Ptilonorhynchidae

title: Dichotomous Key/Passeriformes