text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nc6

= A40 Mikenas Defense =

1...Nc6
The Queen's Knight defense (Lundin (Kevitz-Mikenas) Defence) is characterized by 1. d4 Nc6. This move is rarely played, it prepares a possible e5 for Black, however the Black Knight is often exposed to a being moved by White playing d5 at some stage or loses a tempo to pawns moving to occupy the center. On the plus side Black's pawn structure remain flexible.

White has a number of choices.
 * 2. e4 A common reply and transposes into a Nimzowitsch Defence.
 * 2. Nf3 this prevents Black's immediate e5.
 * 2. c4 exerting extra pressure on the d5 square.
 * 2. d5 Moving the pawn again and directly challenging the Knight.

Theory table
1.d4 Nc6

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nc6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5

1... e5? - Englund Gambit
This move is rarely played as it is considered unsound. Black's idea is to create an open game with practical chances.

White's responses
White has a number of choices:
 * 2. dxe5 Accepting the Gambit.
 * 2. d5 Declining the Gambit.
 * 2. e4 Transposes into the Center Game.
 * 2. Nf3 Dominating both squares occupied by the pawns.
 * 2. c3 Defending the d4 pawn.

Theory table
.

1. d4 e5?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5


text:
User talk:76.221.218.6

-- Herby talk thyme 13:42, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.221.218.6


text:
Talk:Futurology/Election 2008

=According to Tradition?= This page says that "according to tradition" a new president is chosen every fourth year....Actually its not tradition, its Law. Article 2, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution states: "He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years..." On these grounds I am going to edit that sentence by replacing "tradition" with "the Constitution of the United States (Article II, Sec. I)" Kevin Lakhani 14:15, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

2012? 2016?
This needs updating.

title: Talk:Futurology/Election 2008


text:
LaTeX/Fonts

Font families
There are hundreds—if not thousands—of typefaces, or font families. Common examples include Times, Courier, and Helvetica. These families can generally be grouped into three main categories: serif, sans serif, and monospaced. LaTeX commands generally refer to these with the shorthand rm, sf, and tt respectively.

By default, LaTeX uses Computer Modern, a family of typefaces designed by Donald Knuth for use with TeX. It contains serif, sans serif, and monospaced fonts, each available in several weights and optical sizes.

The bodies of LaTeX documents are set in Roman (serif) type by default, but this can be changed by setting the family default:

where   is any of the following:

Emphasizing text
Tex recognizes two types of markup commands: There are variation of the visual markup for a specific font. The above are commonly used elements. For reference on the items see section Font styles
 * Semantic - -- by default italise font. Can be overwritten by . Replace textbf per requirements/preferences.
 * Visual - which actually applies required formatting:
 * Family -
 * Weight - - bold,  - medium
 * Shape -, ,

To add some emphasis to a word or a phrase, use the command, which usually italicizes the text.

The command is dynamic: if you emphasize a word which is already in an emphasized sentence, it will be reverted to the upright font.

Text may be emphasized more heavily through the use of boldface, particularly for keywords the reader may be trying to find when reading the text. As bold text is generally read before any other text in a paragraph or even on a page, it should be used sparingly. It may also be used in place of italics when using sans-serif typefaces to provide a greater contrast with unemphasized text. Bold text can be generated with the command.

Font styles
Typefaces usually come in various styles and weights, such as italic and bold. The following table lists the commands you will need to access typical font shapes.

Note: Paragraph breaks are not allowed inside the command forms.

Generally, one should prefer the commands over their equivalent switches because the former automatically corrects spacing immediately following the end of the selected style.

You may have noticed the absence of underline—this is because underlining is a byproduct of the typewriter era, and is not recommended when bold and italic type is available instead. However, underlining can be useful in some cases, such as to draw attention to changes during editing. Although underlining is available via the command, text underlined in this way will not break properly. Instead, use the command from the  package or  command from the  (underline emphasis) package. By default, the latter package also overrides to underline instead of italicize the text. In the likely case that this is not your intent, use the option, i.e. . Both packages also provide strikethrough text with  or, respectively.

Built-in sizes
To scale text relative to the default body text size, use the following commands:

These commands change the size within a given scope. For instance will change the size of only, and does not affect the font in the rest of the document. It will work for most parts of the text.

These commands cannot be used in math mode. However, part of a formula may be set in a different size by using an command containing the size command. The new size takes effect immediately after the size command; if an entire paragraph or unit is set in a certain size, the size command should include the blank line or the which delimits the unit.

By default, is 10 points, but this can be changed in the  declaration, e.g.. Note that not every document class has unique sizes for all of the above size commands.

Points in TeX follow the standard American point system in which 1 pt is approximately 0.3513$\overline{6}$ mm. The standard point size used in most modern computer programs (known as the desktop publishing point or PostScript point) has 1 pt equal to approximately 0.352$\overline{7}$ mm while the standard European point size (known as the Didot point) had 1 pt equal to approximately 0.37597151 mm (see: point (typography)).

Arbitrary sizes
The ... commands are often enough for your needs, but you may occasionally want an arbitrary font size. This is done with. For example:

sets the current font size to 5cm with 5.5 centimeter leading.

If you are using the latex or pdflatex engines, you may get a warning similar to the following: LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `OT1/cmr/m/n' in size <142.26378> not available (Font)             size <24.88> substituted on input line 103. This is because these older engines only support a fixed set of sizes—between 5 and 17 point. When he designed Computer Modern, Knuth created individual font files for these sizes, each with stroke widths and spacing optimized for that particular size. To avoid distorting them, scaling these fonts is disabled by default.

This issue is avoided when using lualatex or xelatex, which use Latin Modern - a vectorized version of Computer Modern - as the default font family. This still provides individual files at each of the original optical sizes, but will automatically scale the closest one when asked for an arbitrary size.

Using alternative fonts
When TeX was originally designed in the late 1970s, vector-based fonts didn't exist in any common format - PostScript wouldn't be released until 1982. Consequently, TeX was designed to use its own font system, METAFONT. Over time, TeX (and LaTeX) were extended to support PostScript fonts, and modern LaTeX engines also support the TrueType (TTF) and OpenType (OTF) fonts found on modern systems.

Using TTF and OTF fonts
If you are using <tt>lualatex</tt> or <tt>xelatex</tt>, you can use TTF and OTF fonts with the package:

The option allows you to use the standard TeX ligatures mentioned in the Text Formatting chapter instead of Unicode characters that are unlikely to be on your keyboard. For example, <tt>---</tt> can be used to create em dashes (—), quotes can be typed instead of, and so on.

The package is extremely configurable. See the manual for details, but some basics are covered below.

Selecting font files
Different weights and styles of a given typeface are usually stored as separate font files. A typical typeface might offer four files to represent its normal weight, italics, bold, and bold italics. Given a typefaces's name, can generally deduce the names of the individual files. However, many typefaces come in more than two weights—some versions of Futura, for example, comes in light, book, medium, demi, bold, and extra bold weights. Sometimes small caps are stored as separate files as well.

We might want to hand-pick weights to achieve a certain look or better match the weights of other fonts in our document. Continuing to use Futura as an example, say we want to use the "book" weight for our default weight, "demi" for bold, and the font files are named: Our font setup might resemble:
 * <tt>Futura-Boo</tt> for upright book weight
 * <tt>Futura-BooObl</tt> for oblique book weight
 * <tt>FuturaSC-Boo</tt> for small caps, book weight
 * <tt>Futura-Dem</tt> for upright demi(bold)
 * <tt>Futura-DemObl</tt> for oblique demibold

Note that instead of typing out <tt>Futura-Boo</tt>, <tt>Futura-BooObl</tt>, and so on, we can use <tt>*</tt> to insert the base name.

Controlling font features
The OpenType (OTF) format allows type designers to embed font features that can be turned on and off, such as:
 * Alternate versions of glyphs
 * Lining and "oldstyle" figures, each with tabular and proportional spacing
 * Up to three sets of ligatures: standard, contextual, and historical
 * Superscript and subscript glyphs
 * Small caps (in the same file as the standard upper and lowercase characters)

All of these features can be turned on and off using different options. If we wanted to set our body text in Linux Libertine with oldstyle, proportionally-spaced figures, for example, we might set up our fonts as follows:

Features can be turned on and off using. Say you wanted to set a table in lining, tabular figures:

Changing fonts in latex and pdflatex
If you are not using one of the Unicode-aware engines, font selection is more complicated. (See the discussion of encoding below.) Useful resources for <tt>latex</tt> and <tt>pdflatex</tt> font configuration include:

 * The Latex Font Catalogue
 * LaTeX font commands
 * How to change fonts in Latex
 * Understanding the world of TEX fonts and mastering the basics of fontinst
 * Font installation the shallow way "For one-off projects, you can cut corners with font installation (i.e. fontinst) and end up with a more manageable set of files and a cleaner TEX installation. This article shows how and why"

Font encoding
Digitising human language is a complicated topic that has evolved significantly since TeX's inception.

Unicode
Today, text is usually represented in computer systems using Unicode. Briefly, LuaLaTeX and XeLaTeX use these tools to render Unicode-encoded input files (LuaLaTeX accepts UTF-8 files, while XeLaTeX is a bit more flexible and also accepts UTF-16 and UTF-32) into PDF documents.
 * A Unicode text file is made of a series of code points, each of which can represent a character to be drawn, an accent or other diacritical mark to combine with an adjacent character, or some non-printing character, such as instruction to print subsequent text right-to-left.
 * One or more of these code points combines to represent a grapheme cluster or glyph, the shapes within a font that we informally call "characters".
 * Modern font formats such as TrueType and OpenType contain encoding tables which map code points to the glyphs the font file contains.

TeX encodings
The original TeX and LaTeX, designed long before the advent of Unicode, use a very different scheme. When using <tt>latex</tt> or <tt>pdflatex</tt>, you must choose an input encoding, which the engine uses to interpret your file, and an output encoding, which the engine uses to map your inputs to glyphs. The default font encoding is OT1, the encoding of the original Computer Modern fonts. It contains only 128 characters, many from ASCII, but leaving out some others and including a number that are not in ASCII. When accented characters are required, TeX creates them by combining a normal character with an accent. While the resulting output looks correct, this approach has some caveats compared to Unicode-based approaches:

 * It prevents automatic hyphenation from working inside words containing accented characters.
 * Searches for words with accents in PDFs will fail.
 * Extracting (e.g., via copy-paste) the umlaut 'Ä' via a PDF viewer actually extracts the two characters ''.
 * Some Latin letters cannot be created with this approach, to say nothing about letters of non-Latin alphabets such as Greek or Cyrillic.

To overcome these shortcomings, several other 8-bit output encodings were created. Extended Cork (EC) fonts in T1 encoding contains letters and punctuation characters for most European languages that use Latin alphabets. The LH font set contains letters necessary to typeset documents in languages using Cyrillic script. Because of the large number of Cyrillic glyphs, they are arranged into four font encodings—T2A, T2B, T2C, and X2. The CB bundle contains fonts in LGR encoding for the composition of Greek text. By using these fonts you can improve/enable hyphenation in non-English documents. Another advantage of using new CM-like fonts is that they provide fonts of CM families in all weights, shapes, and optically scaled font sizes.

All this is not possible with OT1; that's why you may want to change the font encoding of your document.

Note that different fonts support different output encodings. The default Computer Modern font does not support T1, for example. You will need Computer Modern Super or Latin Modern, which are Computer Modern-like fonts with T1 support. If you have none of these, it is quite frequent (depends on your TeX installation) that <tt>tex</tt> chooses a Type3 font such as the Type3 EC, which is a bitmap font. Bitmap fonts look rather ugly when zoomed or printed.

The package tells LaTeX what font encoding to use. Font encoding is set with:

where is the font encoding. It is possible to load several encodings simultaneously.

There is nothing to change in your document to use CM Super fonts (assuming they are installed), they will get loaded automatically if you use T1 encoding. For <tt>lmodern</tt>, you will need to load the package after the T1 encoding has been set:

The package (almost European) is obsolete. It provided some workarounds for hyphenation of words with special characters. These are not necessary any more with fonts like lmodern. Using the ae package leads to text encoding problems in PDF files generated via <tt>pdflatex</tt> (e.g. text extraction and searching), besides typographic issues.

PDF fonts and properties
PDF documents have the capability to embed font files. It makes them portable, hence the name Portable Document Format.

Many PDF viewers have a Properties feature to list embedded fonts and document metadata.

Many Unix systems make use of the poppler tool set which features <tt>pdfinfo</tt> to list PDF metadata, and <tt>pdffonts</tt> to list embedded fonts.

title: LaTeX/Fonts


text:
Talk:LaTeX/Fonts

Font convert
"MikTeX users can use this approach to do that." Asciipott (talk) 06:54, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Is this up to date?
 * 2) The "encoding vector file" linked to in the article, T1-WGL4.enc, relate to a 404.

 * The T1-WGL4.enc seems to be back online. --Ambrevar (discuss • contribs) 09:51, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

Why is changing fonts so hard in LaTeX?
Why is it so hard to change fonts in LaTeX? In just about most other word processing or markup out there, the syntax for changing fonts is easy.

Science writer (talk) 10:12, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Details have been added on LaTeX' philosophy of font usage. The tutorial on font change is much more progressive and clear. --Ambrevar (discuss • contribs) 09:51, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

Issues to consider
One of the main issues to consider here is how you want the document to look at the end. What format is it going to take? Is it to be printed, or read on line? Is it going into a Kindle, an iPad or desktop? Paper based reading materials need to be in a serif font, to assist in the reading. The serif was designed to assist the eye to follow in a line, not for good looks. The sans-serif font is supposed to be a better font to read on-line. Apparently this is all about how we read things. I would suggest some discussion here about these kinds of things, placing the instructions into some sort of framework that can be built upon by the User. Planning such things at the start is better than just doing it one way all the time - which usually means using the default settings. For more information the Dark Side has an interesting article here called The Science of Word Recognition that is detailed and very interesting. --Henry Tallboys (discuss • contribs) 23:08, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

Table of point sizes
Does it have any connection to reality? Most of the numbers look wrong, some look very wrong.
 * See below. --Ambrevar (discuss • contribs) 09:45, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

How to interpret the table?
What data is it that is written in the table? The only explanation you get for the table is the table text, "Absolute Point Sizes, [10pt] being default". So are the numbers the font sizes? If so, why do I get the number 17.28 when writing ? That number is not even in the table at the row for LARGE. —Kri (discuss • contribs) 00:04, 19 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't know where this table comes from. It probably needs a big update. --Ambrevar (discuss • contribs) 09:44, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

Font table
My name is Mark. I fixed the font table yesterday. I'm too lazy to create an account though, so I can't sign properly. I don't if I'm supposed to create a new section in the discussion page or not, so I'm just writing it here. Better than nothing, maybe? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.190.19.143 (discuss • contribs) 09:35, 1 July 2015

Very misleading
This is the first topic I've looked at in the book and I've only read the introduction, but it is really misleading. If MetaFont produced such terrible results, do you really think Knuth would have written it? Bitmap fonts print fine because they are produced at the required size. The issue is that they are not scalable once produced, so zooming them is problematic. Even so, they look fine at the intended size except in certain viewers which don't handle them well, most notably acroread.

It makes no sense to suggest that opentype and truetype are preferred because MetaFont is too complex. This is just rubbish: have you examined an opentype font in any detail? It is far more complex than a MetaFont by far.

The introduction also erroneously suggests that fonts are produced the first time they are used. While this is true for MetaFont, it is not true for any others, including type1. Moreover, it happens more often for MetaFont fonts because they must be produced each time a size is used for the first time. But to suggest this causes slow compilation is also rubbish. It is the newer engines, which use opentype and truetype fonts, which have the slowest compilation speeds - not just the first time, but every time. The first time will be slower with LuaTeX, but not just the first time - any time it is necessary to re-catalogue the available fonts. This isn't affected typically by the first use of a font, but whether the fonts available have changed or might have changed.

Note that for standard TeX, it is irrelevant whether a font is bitmap or not at compilation because it is only using the TFMs anyway in compiling to DVI.

I don't know if this is helpful. Personally, I think going into all this at all is unlikely to be helpful to beginners looking to use Times New Roman in their documents. But if you must say it, you need to do so on the basis of a better understanding of the topic.--62.255.73.246
 * There is currently a lot of rubbish that accumulated over the last years. I just read through the introduction and some points are just badly worded, but there is nothing really wrong with the points made. Nowhere is it said, that MetaFont is bad. Nowhere is suggested to use luatex or xetex, they are simply mentioned (and have a right to be). I agree with the compilation time, but this again is bad wording and not rubbish. The point is just not very clear.
 * Most parts of that wikibook have been written by people without a deeper knowledge of LaTeX and how it works. Ok, doesn't matter, other people have written stuff. If that stuff is of bad quality and copied here, bad quality is just replicated and distributed. Since you seem to have a certain understanding of LaTeX and friends, i would be very happy to see you fixing some stuff. Rewriting stuff. Ordering stuff. Helping out. It will be a much better use of your time than complaining about bad quality. And i would have invested 2 minutes reading through the changes thinking: "Ah, a good edit, nice, thanks" instead of using five minutes writing that answer. ;-)

 * So, improving the quality is better than complaining. Thanks.--Johannes Bo (discuss • contribs) 05:08, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Perhaps 'rubbish' seems overly scathing. But I insist that those points are simply wrong: MetaFont fonts do not print poorly and they are not more complex than modern font types, so their complexity cannot be responsible for slower compilation and XeTeX/LuaTeX are, in any case, slower than either TeX or pdfTeX. As I say, personally, I wouldn't try to introduce all this in the introductory paragraph to a topic anyway, so I would not be inclined to correct this paragraph but to substitute something more accessible. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.255.73.246 (discuss • contribs) 12:19, 27 August 2016

 * --DavidCary (discuss • contribs) 21:41, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

Modernization
I've submitted a major rewrite. This was done bit by bit in my sandbox, see its history for a full explanation of all changes. But, to summarize:

 * Move emphasis, formatting, and size change commands to the top of the article and custom font selection to the bottom. (The former are used much more often than the latter.)
 * Remove a discussion of \fontencoding, \fontfamily, etc., as all of these effects can be done with the formatting switches above without having to remember the various codes (l, m, b, bx, sc, etc.)
 * Move links discussing converting fonts for legacy TeX encoding to the section about legacy TeX encoding.
 * Remove list of "available LaTeX fonts". These don't all seem available on modern TeXlive distros, and at any rate, can be found in the previously-mentioned links. No need to lengthen the chapter by going through them here.

Once this lands (with appropriate feedback), I hope to:
 * Discuss quality, free typefaces, such as the TeX Gyre series from GUST (the same foundry that produced Latin Modern).
 * Explain how different font files from the same family (including LM!) can be hooked up to fontspec using its various arguments.
 * Possibly discuss optical weights and other subtle font features at greater length.

As always, feedback is appreciated.

Mkline (discuss • contribs) 03:50, 11 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Looks pretty fine to me. A small thing though, what you describe are LaTeX switches and they are perfectly fine to use. TeX switches are   etc., which are indeed not to be used in LaTeX documents. If you amend that part, i am happy to accept the revisioin. --Johannes Bo (discuss • contribs) 17:56, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Fixed - thanks! Mkline (discuss • contribs) 21:34, 11 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I accepted the revision, but it was quite hard to follow. A huge chunk gets deleted, comes back much later, and gets deleted again with the next edit. Can you do a little bit more stuff in a sandbox and push the final result? The system might treat that as cheating. --Johannes Bo (discuss • contribs) 08:21, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I'm not sure I follow - my rewrite has been pushed (see here, checked by Atcovi). What did you mean by the system "treat[ing] that as cheating"? - Mkline (discuss • contribs) 03:40, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
 * There is a rank system based on edits. You have to make 100 edits to be a reviewer for example. --Johannes Bo (discuss • contribs) 06:50, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Noted. FWIW, I've been given autoreview (also by Atcovi). - Mkline (discuss • contribs) 07:26, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:LaTeX/Fonts


text: User:Phoenix-wiki

title: User:Phoenix-wiki


text:
Financial Derivatives/Notions of Stochastic Calculus

Stochastic Process
A stochastic process $$X$$ is an indexed collection of random variables:

$$X_t(\omega)$$

Where $$\omega \in \Omega$$ our sample space, and $$t\in T$$ is the index of the process which may be either discrete or continuous. Typically, in finance, $$T$$ is an interval $$[a,b]$$ and we deal with a continuous process. In this text we interpret $$T$$ as the time.

If we fix a $$t\in T$$ the stochastic process becomes the random variable:

$$X_t = X_t(\omega)$$

On the other hand, if we fix the outcome of our random experiment to $$\omega \in \Omega$$ we obtain a deterministic function of time: a realization or sample path of the process.

Brownian Motion
A stochastic process $$W_t(\omega)$$ with $$t\in[0,\infty]$$ is called a Wiener Process (or Brownian Motion) if:

- $$W_0 = 0$$

- It has independent, stationary increments. Let $$s \leq t$$, then: $$X_{t_2} - X_{t_1}, \ldots, X_{t_n} - X_{t_{n-1}}$$ are independent. And $$X_t - X_s = X_{t+h} - X_{s+h} \sim \mathcal{N}(0,t-s)$$

- $$W_t$$ is almost surely continuous


text:
MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked-summary

Track the most recent changes to pages that this page links to. Pages on your watchlist are shown in bold.

title: MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked-summary


text:
Celestia/Navigation

=Mouse and Keyboard Controls Used for Navigation in Celestia=

Mouse Functions
Celestia works best with a three-button wheel-mouse. Very inexpensive ones are available which work well with Linux, Mac and Windows computers.

Left drag:          Orient the view.

Right drag:         Orbit the selected object.

Wheel:              Adjust the distance to your current selection.

Right + Left drag:  Adjust your distance to the selection.

Ctrl + Left drag:   Adjust your distance to the selection.

Shift + Left drag:  Changes your field of view (e.g. => Telescopic view.)

Wheel click:        Toggles the field of view between 45 degrees and the previous field of view.

Left click:       Select the object you click on.

Left double click:  Center the selection.

Right click:      Brings up the context menu.

Keyboard Navigation Commands
H   : Select the sun. (Home.)

C   : Center on the currently selected object.

G   : Go to the currently selected object.

F   : Follow the selected object.

Y   : Orbit the selected object at a rate synchronized to its rotation.

"   : Chase the selected object. (The orientation is based on the selected object's velocity.)

T   : Track the currently selected object. (Keep the selected object centered in the view.)

HOME : Move closer to the currently selected object.

*   : Look back. Causes the view to shift from objects forward in the direction of motion, to objects rearward.

END : Move farther from the selected object.

ESC : Cancel the currently executing motion or script.

Shift+C  : Center/orbit. (Center the selected object without changing the position of the reference object.)

Left : Move (or roll) the camera view left.

Right: Move (or roll) the camera view right.

Up  : Move (or pitch) the camera view up.

Down : Move (or pitch) the camera view down.

Shift+ Arrow: Orbit the currently selected object in the direction indicated by the arrow selected.

1-9 : Select any of the planets orbiting our Sun. (2=Venus, 4=Mars, etc.)

ENTER    : Select a star or planet by typing its name.

Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+INS : Copy location URL to your clipboard.

Time Control
Spacebar : Pause/Resume the flow of time and scripts (toggle)

J : Reverse/Forward time (toggle)

\ : Set time rate: 1x forward (norm), cancels faster/slower x factors

L : Change time rate : 10x faster

K : Change time rate : 10x slower

Shift+L : Change time rate: 2x faster

Shift+K : Change time rate: 2x slower

! : Set time to current system date and time

? : Display light-travel delay between ovserver / selected object

- (hyphen) : Subtract light-travel delay from current simulation time

Labels (on/off Toggles)
E : Galaxies

Shift+E : Globulars

B : Stars

P : Planets

Shift+P : Dwarf Planets

M : Moons

Shift+M : Minor Moons

W : Asteroids

N : Spacecraft

= : Constellations

& : Locations

Render/Display (on/off Toggles)
U : Galaxies

Shift+U : Globulars

^ : Nebulae

Ctrl+A : Atmospheres

I : Clouds

Ctrl+L : Night side maps

Ctrl+T : Comet Tails

Ctrl+E : Eclipse Shadows

Ctrl+B : Constellations bounaries

/ : Constellation diagrams

; : Earth-based equatorial coordinate sphere

Ctrl+K : Markers (placed on objects)

O : Orbits (toggle ALL selected orbits)

Render Options
{ : Decrease Ambient Light

} : Increase Ambient Light

( : Decrease Galaxy Light Gain

) : Increase Galaxy Light Gain

[ : Decrease Magnitude Limit : - If AutoMag OFF : Decrease limiting magnitude (fewer stars) - If AutoMag ON  : Decrease limiting magnitude at 45 deg FOV

] : Increase Magnitude Limit : - If AutoMag OFF : Increase limiting magnitude (fewer stars) - If AutoMag ON  : Increase limiting magnitude at 45 deg FOV

Ctrl+Y : Toggle Auto Magnitude (auto adaptation of start visibility of FOV)

, : Narrow Field of View [Shift+Left Drag]

. : Widen Field of View [Shift+Left Drag]

Ctrl+X : Toggle Antialias lines

Alt+Enter : Toggle Display mode (Full-Screen / Windowed)

Ctrl+P : Mark selected object

+ : Toggle Planet Texture type (Artisitic / Limit of Knowledge)

% : Star color table toggle (classic / Blackbody D65)

Ctrl+S : Cycle the Star Style (points / fuzzy discs / scaled discs)

V : Cycle the Info text verbosity (None / Terse / Verbose)

Ctrl+W : Toggle Wireframe mode

Spaceflight
F1 : Stop.

F2 : Set velocity to 1 km/s.

F3 : Set velocity to 1,000 km/s.

F4 : Set velocity to speed of light.

F5 : Set velocity to 10x the speed of light.

F6 : Set velocity to 1 AU/s.

F7 : Set velocity to 1 ly/s.

A : Increase velocity.

Z : Decrease velocity.

Q : Reverse direction.

X : Set movement direction toward center of screen.

Number pad
4 : Yaw left.

6 : Yaw right.

8 : Pitch down.

2 : Pitch up.

7 : Roll left.

9 : Roll right.

5 : Stop rotation.

Joystick Controls
X axis   : Yaw.

Y axis   : Pitch.

L trigger : Roll left.

R trigger : Roll right.

Button 1 : Slower.

Button 2 : Faster.

title: Celestia/Navigation


text:
User:Titan602

Hello

title: User:Titan602


text:
Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the basic science of public health, as it is "the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems." (CDC, Excite) This basically means it is the study of what causes health issues, its spread amongst populations, and using such analysis to solve such health issues. Determinants of good health, and their distribution in a population are also a common subject for study in epidemiology.

Purpose
The purpose of this book is to provide an introductory look into the field of epidemiology to those interested in such issues, but not to ultimately replace any sort of advanced textbook. It will look at:

 * 1) The history and development of public health,
 * 2) Terms and concepts applied in the public health field,
 * 3) Common concerns and knowledge related to public health (i.e. what causes diseases, preventive methods), and
 * 4) An overview of the math used in epidemiological studies.

The goal is to demystify a subject which may appear daunting at first, but whose knowledge is beneficial to the general public.

History of Public Health

 * 1) On the History of Public Health
 * 2) Give Me Some of That Old Time Medicine
 * 3) Hippocrates: Grandfather of Epidemiology
 * 4) An Infamous Epidemic: Bubonic Plague
 * 5) Pox Parties: Smallpox and Vaccination
 * 6) A Treatise on Scurvey
 * 7) 1789: A Year of Revolutions
 * 8) Yellow Death: Yellow Fever in America
 * 9) John Snow: Father of Modern Epidemiology
 * 10) Influenza: The Flu of 1918
 * 11) Tuskegee: Ethics in Public Health
 * 12) 1981: Inklings of the AIDS Crisis
 * 13) Nutrition: Food and Preventive Measures
 * 14) Public Health in the Unwelcome Spotlight
 * 15) 2020: COVID-19 Pandemic
 * 16) Review of Important Concepts and Developments
 * 17) Section Quizzes and Chapter Test

Introduction to Fundamental Concepts

 * 1) What Is Epidemiology Anyway?
 * 2) Case Study: Dozens Sickened by Apparent Food Poisoning
 * 3) Why Is Epidemiology Important?
 * 4) Understanding Terms: What Do I Mean When I Say...
 * 5) Defining the Steps of an Outbreak
 * 6) The Scientific Method
 * 7) Controlling the Problem
 * 8) Review of Important Concepts and Developments
 * 9) Section Quizzes and Chapter Test

title: Epidemiology


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Cookbook:Corn Chowder I

| American cuisine | Native American cuisine | Corn | Soups

Ingredients

 * 2 tablespoon butter or margarine
 * 1 cup chopped onion
 * ½ cup chopped celery
 * 1½ cups diced, pared potatoes, cut in ½-inch cubes
 * 2 cups corn, fresh or frozen
 * 1½ cups water
 * 2 chicken bouillon cubes
 * ¼ teaspoon thyme
 * 1 cup milk
 * 1 cup light cream
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste

Procedure

 * 1) In a medium saucepan, melt butter; add onion and celery and cook until tender.
 * 2) Add potatoes, corn, salt, pepper, water, bouillon cubes, and thyme.
 * 3) Cover and simmer for 15 minutes, or until potatoes and corn are tender.
 * 4) Add milk and cream.
 * 5) Heat through.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If cooking outdoors, you can substitute evaporated milk or powdered milk. Paprika or pepper can be added for spicier flavor.

title: Cookbook:Corn Chowder I


text:
Template:Project

This template adds the page to Category:WikiProjects.

title: Template:Project


text:
Cookbook:Apple Brown Betty

| American cuisine | Breakfast cuisine | Vegetarian cuisine | bread | dessert

A brown betty is an American dessert of fruit and bread crumbs. This version uses apples.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups soft bread crumbs
 * ½ cup white granulated sugar
 * ¼ cup butter or margarine
 * 1 teaspoon cinnamon
 * 3 cups apples, sliced (they don't need to be peeled)
 * ¾ cup water

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 375°F.
 * 2) Sauté bread crumbs in butter.
 * 3) Add apples, cinnamon, sugar, and water.
 * 4) If the skillet is oven-proof, cover and place in the oven. If the skillet is not oven-proof, transfer to a greased casserole dish.
 * 5) Cover and bake for 30 to 40 minutes, until apples are tender.
 * 6) If mixture becomes too dry during baking, add another ¼ cup of water. (Apples vary as to moisture content.)

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Serve with milk or whipped cream.
 * If cooking in a Dutch oven, preheat with 15 charcoal briquettes, ⅓ on the bottom, and ⅔ on the top.

title: Cookbook:Apple Brown Betty


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Git/Git component programs

Git has many component program, the following is an unabridged list of the them as of git version 1.5.2.5.

git

git-add

git-add--interactive

git-am

git-annotate

git-apply

git-applymbox

git-applypatch

git-archive

git-bisect

git-blame

git-branch

git-bundle

git-cat-file

git-check-attr

git-checkout

git-checkout-index

git-check-ref-format

git-cherry

git-cherry-pick

git-clean

git-clone

git-commit

git-commit-tree

git-config

git-convert-objects

git-count-objects

git-daemon

git-describe

git-diff

git-diff-files

git-diff-index

git-diff-tree

git-fast-import

git-fetch

git-fetch-pack

git-fetch--tool

git-fmt-merge-msg

git-for-each-ref

git-format-patch

git-fsck

git-fsck-objects

git-gc

git-get-tar-commit-id

git-grep

git-hash-object

git-http-fetch

git-http-push

git-imap-send

git-index-pack

git-init

git-init-db

git-instaweb

git-local-fetch

git-log

git-lost-found

git-ls-files

git-ls-remote

git-ls-tree

git-mailinfo

git-mailsplit

git-merge

git-merge-base

git-merge-file

git-merge-index

git-merge-octopus

git-merge-one-file

git-merge-ours

git-merge-recursive

git-merge-resolve

git-merge-stupid

git-merge-subtree

git-mergetool

git-merge-tree

git-mktag

git-mktree

git-mv

git-name-rev

git-pack-objects

git-pack-redundant

git-pack-refs

git-parse-remote

git-patch-id

git-peek-remote

git-prune

git-prune-packed

git-pull

git-push

git-quiltimport

git-read-tree

git-rebase

git-receive-pack

git-reflog

git-relink

git-remote

git-repack

git-repo-config

git-request-pull

git-rerere

git-reset

git-revert

git-rev-list

git-rev-parse

git-rm

git-runstatus

git-send-pack

git-shell

git-shortlog

git-show

git-show-branch

git-show-index

git-show-ref

git-sh-setup

git-ssh-fetch

git-ssh-pull

git-ssh-push

git-ssh-upload

git-status

git-stripspace

git-symbolic-ref

git-tag

git-tar-tree

git-unpack-file

git-unpack-objects

git-update-index

git-update-ref

git-update-server-info

git-upload-archive

git-upload-pack

git-var

git-verify-pack

git-verify-tag

git-whatchanged

git-write-tree

title: Git/Git component programs


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Wikibooks:WikiProject History/Review

This project provides an informal peer review for books within our scope. The peer review process is designed to provide ideas for improvement and expansion of books by subjecting them to closer scrutiny from a broader group of editors.

Once a book is nominated, it will remain on the list until the nominator feels he/she has gained enough feedback. Old nominations can be found at WikiProject History/Review/Peer review/Peer review archive

How to request
To nominate a book within our scope for a history peer review simply replace PAGENAME in the box below with the name of the book and click Request. Adjust the page that appears accordingly and transclude the page into the "Current requests" section, below, using , replacing pagename accordingly.

title: Wikibooks:WikiProject History/Review


text: User talk:83.241.11.192

title: User talk:83.241.11.192


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Pius Thicknesse

Overview
Pius Thicknesse is a fairly high-ranking civil servant who rises through the ranks in the Ministry of Magic, eventually becoming Minister.

Half-Blood Prince
While Pius is never named in this book, he is apparently promoted to head the Department of Magical Law Enforcement upon the death of Amelia Bones.

Deathly Hallows
In the first mention of Pius Thicknesse by name, Yaxley reports that he has placed an Imperius curse on the Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement. Lord Voldemort says that this is good, but Thicknesse is only one man; in order to take over the Ministry, Rufus Scrimgeour must be surrounded by those loyal to Voldemort.

Thicknesse apparently is the source of the set of regulations regarding Portkeys, Apparition, and use of the Floo network in the houses on Privet Drive. Ostensibly designed to protect Harry from Dark wizards dropping in, the actual purpose seems to be to enable monitoring of Harry's movements. It is because of these regulations that Harry must leave Privet Drive by means of Sirius Black's flying motorcycle.

After the death of Rufus Scrimgeour, Pius Thicknesse is appointed Minister for Magic.

When Harry, Ron, and Hermione enter the Ministry to try and retrieve the locket Horcrux, Harry and Hermione are on the lift (elevator) as it reaches the first level, which is dedicated to the Ministry and support staff. Pius Thicknesse is there talking with Dolores Umbridge, who is waiting for the lift.

While Harry is searching Umbridge's office for the locket, Thicknesse comes in to leave a note for her; luckily, Harry has just completed his search, and is hiding under the Invisibility Cloak so Thicknesse does not see him.

Thicknesse takes part in the battle at Hogwarts at the end of the book. Fighting on the side of the Death Eaters, he is incapacitated by a hex from Percy Weasley. Percy tells him that the hex constitutes his resignation.

Seen in passing in the second battle, Pius was being 'floored' by Percy and Arthur Weasley.

Analysis
There has been some controversy about the name, with a few Catholics reading into it a jab at Pope Pius. However, there is no real ecclesiastical echo to lend credibility to this reading, and the name is more likely simply a suggested phrase in the two words. The Potter lore uses such phrased names frequently, or even in generally twinned ideas as with Rubeus Hagrid or Remus Lupin. At least one Catholic commentator has mentioned the church type that would be described as a "pious thickness", the member of the congregation who believes what he is told to believe, but is unable to understand why. Similarly the phrase could simply suggest more broadly one well regarded but unintelligent or obtuse to a looming danger. In either case such a character would be a natural enabler for a type such as Umbridge, laughing on Umbridge's cue, following Umbridge's lead, though also never quite able to explain why. Such a person would be uniquely susceptible to the Imperius curse, or not even need to be cursed to be made an unquestioningly obedient tool.


text:
User:Kandy Talbot

Active on w:sk:User:Kandy Talbot or q:sk:User:Kandy Talbot.

sk:User:Kandy Talbot cs:User:Kandy Talbot

title: User:Kandy Talbot


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Yaxley

Overview
Yaxley is a Death Eater who was apparently part of Lord Voldemort's organization the first time Voldemort came to power. When we first see him, he is unnamed, but is described as having a heavy, brutal-looking face.

Half-Blood Prince
Yaxley is mentioned by Severus Snape, as being one of the other Death Eaters who had not sought the Dark Lord after he had vanished. We later see him, though he is only referred to as "the brutal-faced Death Eater", as one of the Death Eaters who tries to encourage Draco Malfoy to kill Dumbledore. He seems to be the leader of this group as he instructed the others to let Draco kill the headmaster and even attacked Fenrir Greyback when he attempted to kill Dumbledore himself. Yaxley is later stunned by Harry Potter on his way down from the tower, where he is presumably arrested afterward.

Deathly Hallows
Yaxley appears out of thin air on the first page of the book, and is greeted by Severus Snape as they head to Malfoy Manor for a council with Lord Voldemort. In the rank-based positioning of people around the table, Yaxley is placed near mid-point, while Snape sits at Voldemort's right hand. Yaxley reports that according to Dawlish, an Auror that he has Confunded, Harry Potter will be moved from Privet Drive the day before his birthday. Snape states this is a false trail, Harry will be moved before that date. Yaxley says that they have several people in the Department of Magical Transport and will know if Harry uses the Floo network or tries to Apparate; Snape says that he will not, the Order distrusts everything connected to the Ministry. Yaxley also says that he has placed Pius Thicknesse, the head of Magical Law Enforcement, under the Imperius Curse, which Voldemort comments is a first step towards taking over the Ministry.

Harry, Ron, and Hermione enter the Ministry of Magic to try and find the Locket Horcrux. Ron is disguised as a maintenance worker named Cattermole. Yaxley sees Cattermole/Ron and tells him that it is raining in his office, and to correct it immediately. He also comments that Cattermole's wife is currently before the Muggle-Born Registration Commission, and says that it will be harder on her if his office is not returned to normal. Harry recognizes Yaxley as one of the four Death Eaters who had witnessed Albus Dumbledore's murder, the only one who had not been named by Dumbledore at the time.

We see him shortly afterwards at Mary Cattermole's trial, where he is interrogating her along with Dolores Umbridge. In contrast to Umbridge who speaks in a false kindly manor, Yaxley completely voices his disgust at the muggle-born woman, even scoffing when she voices concern at the fate of her children. He and Umbridge are soon stunned by an invisible Harry. Unfortunately he recovers in time to attempt to stop them from escaping the Ministry. Yaxley grabs Hermione as the trio disapparate and is dragged along to Grimmauld Place by side-along Apparition. Hermione then uses a Revulsion Jinx, but because he has seen the door to Grimmauld Place, he may now be able to enter the house.

When Harry enters the Forbidden Forest after the first half of the Battle at Hogwarts, he must pass several guards, Yaxley and Dolohov, on his way to where Voldemort is waiting. In the second half of that battle, Harry, from underneath his Invisibility Cloak, sees Yaxley slammed to the floor by George and Lee Jordan.

Strengths
He seems to have a fairly high rank among the Death Eaters, seeing as he was given such a high position in the Death Eater controlled Ministry of Magic, and the fact that he seemed to be in charge of the group of Death Eaters that Draco brought into Hogwarts.

Relationships with Other Characters
Yaxley seems to be friends with Dolohov, as the latter is seen patting his back in a congratulatory way after he reports that he put Thicknesse under the Imperius Curse. The two are later seen conversing while standing guard for Harry Potter.

He also seemed to be on good terms with some of his fellow pure-blood supremacists at the Ministry such as Dolores Umbridge and Albert Runcorn, even showing rare approval towards the latter.


text:
Radiation Oncology/CNS

Clinical Sections
Introduction

Adult:
 * Glioma
 * Meningioma
 * Primary CNS Lymphoma
 * Pineal Gland Tumors
 * Metastatic to brain
 * CSF involvement
 * Spine
 * Cerebral cavernous malformation
 * Miscellaneous CNS Tumors

Pediatric:
 * Craniopharyngioma
 * Glioma:
 * Optic Pathway Glioma
 * Brainstem Glioma
 * Pilocytic Astrocytoma
 * Germinoma
 * Ependymoma
 * Choroid Plexus Tumor
 * Medulloblastoma
 * CNS PNET
 * Pineal Gland tumors
 * Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT)
 * Retinoblastoma

Benign:
 * Acoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma)
 * Pituitary Adenoma
 * Trigeminal Neuralgia
 * Sphenopalatine Neuralgia
 * Chronic Cluster Headaches
 * Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
 * Cavernous Malformation
 * Hypothalamic Hamartoma
 * Glomus Jugulare (Paraganglioma)
 * Epilepsy
 * Cancer pain

See also:
 * Hemangiopericytoma

Proton therapy

CNS Toxicity:
 * Brain toxicity
 * Brainstem toxicity

RTOG Brain Trials

2007 WHO Classification
Neuroepithelial Tumors
 * Astrocytic Tumors
 * Pilocytic astrocytoma 9421/1
 * Pilomyxoid astrocytoma 9425/3
 * Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma 9384/1
 * Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 9424/3
 * Diffuse astrocytoma 9400/3
 * Fibrillary astrocytoma 9420/3
 * Protoplasmic astrocytoma 9410/3
 * Gemistocytic astrocytoma 9411/3
 * Anaplastic astrocytoma 9401/3
 * Glioblastoma 9440/3
 * Giant cell glioblastoma 9441/3
 * Gliosarcoma 9442/3
 * Gliomatosis cerebri 9381/3

 * Oligodendroglial tumours
 * Oligodendroglioma 9450/3
 * Anaplastic oligodendroglioma 9451/3

 * Oligoastrocytic tumours
 * Oligoastrocytoma 9382/3
 * Anaplastic oligoastrocytoma 9382/3

 * Ependymal tumours
 * Subependymoma (WHO Grade 1) 9383/1
 * Myxopapillary ependymoma (WHO Grade 1) 9394/1
 * Ependymoma (WHO Grade 2) 9391/3
 * Cellular 9391/3
 * Papillary 9393/3
 * Clear cell 9391/3
 * Tanycytic 9391/3
 * Anaplastic ependymoma (WHO Grade 3) 9392/3

 * Choroid plexus tumours
 * Choroid plexus papilloma 9390/0
 * Atypical choroid plexus papilloma 9390/1*
 * Choroid plexus carcinoma 9390/3

 * Other neuroepithelial tumours
 * Astroblastoma 9430/3
 * Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle 9444/1
 * Angiocentric glioma 9431/1*

 * Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumours
 * Dysplastic gangliocytoma of cerebellum (Lhermitte-Duclos) 9493/0
 * Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma/ganglioglioma 9412/1
 * Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour 9413/0
 * Gangliocytoma 9492/0
 * Ganglioglioma 9505/1
 * Anaplastic ganglioglioma 9505/3
 * Papillary glioneuronal tumor 9509/1*
 * Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour of the fourth ventricle 9509/1*
 * Central neurocytoma 9506/1
 * Extraventricular neurocytoma 9506/1*
 * Cerebellar liponeurocytoma 9506/1*
 * Paraganglioma of the filum terminale 8680/1

Tumours of the pineal region
 * Pineocytoma 9361/1
 * Pineal parenchymal tumour of intermediate differentiation 9362/3
 * Pineoblastoma 9362/3
 * Papillary tumour of the pineal region 9395/3*

Embryonal tumours
 * Medulloblastoma 9470/3
 * Desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma 9471/3
 * Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity 9471/3*
 * Anaplastic medulloblastoma 9474/3*
 * Large cell medulloblastoma 9474/3
 * CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNETs)
 * CNS PNET, NOS 9473/3
 * CNS neuroblastoma 9500/3
 * CNS ganglioneuroblastoma 9490/3
 * Medulloepithelioma 9501/3
 * Ependymoblastoma 9392/3
 * Atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumour 9508/3

Tumors of the Cranial and Paraspinal Nerves
 * Schwannoma (Neurilemoma, neurinoma) 9560/0
 * Cellular 9560/0
 * Plexiform 9560/0
 * Melanotic 9560/0
 * Neurofibroma 9540/0
 * Plexiform 9550/0
 * Perineurioma 9571/0
 * Intraneural perineurioma 9571/0
 * Soft tissue perineurioma 9571/0
 * Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) 9540/3
 * Epithelioid 9540/3
 * MPNST with divergent mesenchymal and / or epithelial differentiation 9540/3
 * Melanotic 9540/3

Tumors of the Meninges
 * Tumours of meningothelial cells
 * Meningioma 9530/0

 * Mesenchymal tumours
 * Lipoma 8850/0
 * Angiolipoma 8861/0
 * Hibernoma 8880/0
 * Liposarcoma (intracranial) 8850/3
 * Solitary fibrous tumour 8815/0
 * Fibrosarcoma 8810/3
 * Malignant fibrous histiocytoma 8830/3
 * Leiomyoma 8890/0
 * Leiomyosarcoma 8890/3
 * Rhabdomyoma 8900/0
 * Rhabdomyosarcoma 8900/3
 * Chondroma 9220/0
 * Chondrosarcoma 9220/3
 * Osteoma 9180/0
 * Osteosarcoma 9180/3
 * Osteochondroma 9210/0
 * Haemangioma 9120/0
 * Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma 9133/1
 * Haemangiopericytoma 9150/1
 * Angiosarcoma 9120/3
 * Kaposi sarcoma 9140/3

 * Primary melanocytic lesions
 * Diffuse melanocytosis 8728/0
 * Melanocytoma 8728/1
 * Malignant melanoma 8720/3
 * Meningeal melanomatosis 8728/3

 * Other neoplasms related to the meninges
 * Haemangioblastoma 9161/1

Lymphomas and Hematopoietic Neoplasms
 * Malignant lymphomas 9590/3
 * Plasmacytoma 9731/3
 * Granulocytic sarcoma 9930/3

Germ Cell Tumors
 * Germinoma 9064/3
 * Embryonal carcinoma 9070/3
 * Yolk sac tumour 9071/3
 * Choriocarcinoma 9100/3
 * Teratoma 9080/1
 * Mature 9080/0
 * Immature 9080/3
 * Teratoma with malignant transformation 9084/3
 * Mixed germ cell tumours 9085/3

Tumors of the Sellar Region
 * Craniopharyngioma 9350/1
 * Adamantinomatous 9351/1
 * Papillary 9352/1
 * Granular cell tumour 9582/0
 * Pituicytoma 9432/1*
 * Spindle cell oncocytoma of the adenohypophysis 8291/0*

Metastatic Tumors

title: Radiation Oncology/CNS


text:
Radiation Oncology/CNS/NGGCT

Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NGGCTs)

 * POG 9530 (1997-1999) -- response-based RT
 * Phase II. 14 NGGCT patients and/or germinomas with elevated AFP/bHCG (and 12 pure germinoma patients - not discussed here). Age >3 years. Germinoma treated with cisplatin/etoposide and vincristine/cyclophosphamide x4 cycles. If CR, primary site RT 30.6 Gy; if PR primary site RT 50.4 Gy with 2cm margin (3D-CRT) or 0.5cm margin (SRT). If disseminated disease and CR, CSI 30.6 Gy; if PR CSI 36 Gy
 * 2007 PMID 16598761 -- "Pre-radiation chemotherapy with response-based radiation therapy in children with central nervous system germ cell tumors: a report from the Children's Oncology Group." (Kretschmar C, Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Mar;48(3):285-91.)
 * Outcome: 5/9 CR/PR after chemo; 11/14 progression-free at median 4.8 years
 * Conclusion: Response (55%) and survival encouraging

title: Radiation Oncology/CNS/NGGCT


text:
User:Someperson01

Contributions:

 * Calculus
 * Number Theory/Axioms

title: User:Someperson01


text:
Talk:Book of Magic/Coin Magic

Interesting graphics here....I'd like to know more about how these were done. Buddpaul 03:04, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Book of Magic/Coin Magic


text:
User:Gunan

Bold text"I know to edit but how to save it?"

title: User:Gunan


text:
Semiconductor Electronics/Diode Applications/Polarity Detector

Polarity detector is a device used to detect polarity of an applied voltage. One can determine if the voltage that's present in a given line is positive or negative. The polarity tester has a circuit diagram as shown. When we connect a pair of wires one at point A and other at B, if the line at A has a greater sufficient positive voltage than B then the lamp connected in the circuit glows. Else A has negative potential compared to B. If the lamp does not glow even if lines are swapped than it indicates the lines are dead, that is they have no voltage in them.


text:
User talk:Jean-Baptiste Martin

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 09:54, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Blog page
Hi - your blog spot page is not a text book and so out of the project's scope I'm afraid -- Herby talk thyme 09:54, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jean-Baptiste Martin


text:
User:GrantNeufeld

See my primary user page: GrantNeufeld on Wikipedia.

title: User:GrantNeufeld


text:
User talk:Sborzouei

salam

title: User talk:Sborzouei


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6

2... Nf6
Black develops the king's knight and in doing so threatens the e4-pawn and makes it possible to play d5. This move also preempts Scholar's Mate by preventing 3. Qh5, and blocking the queen's path in the 3. Qf3 version of the mate.

White's options:
 * /3. d3/ is the most common continuation.
 * /3. d4/ can go either to Ponziani-Urusov Gambit or to the Two Knights Defence by transposition.
 * /3. Nc3/ transposes to the Vienna Game (Falkbeer Defence), with an opportunity to use a center fork trick.
 * /3. Nf3/ transposes to Petrov's Defence.
 * /3. f3/ should not be played

Theory table
.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4

3. Bc4
White's e4-pawn is left undefended in preference for more development.

Theory table
.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6 3.Nf3''' or '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3.Bc4'''


text:
Talk:Operating System Design/Processes/Context Switch

I'm not sure that I agree with the claim in the box. Sure, User mode/Kernel mode swapping requires a context switch, but it's not the only reason. One User mode process being swapped out for a different user mode process may also require a context switch. And on a heavily loaded system performing lots of computation that might well be more common than system calls. --Zwack 16:39, 28 October 2007 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Czac~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:51, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Czac. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Czac~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:07, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:50, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Czac~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Drop-atom

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:52, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Drop-atom


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Non-standard equipment

This module is applicable only to users with non-standard input devices. If you have both a three-button mouse and a keyboard with a numpad, you can skip this module.

Keyboards lacking a numpad
Most modern laptops have a, a set of keys in the main keypad which double as a numpad. The keys typically used for this purpose are:

When used as a pseudo-numpad, these keys typically act as the following keys from a true numpad:

The numpad functions of these keys can often be toggled with or  on PCs or with  on Macs. Alternatively, you can often temporarily activate the numpad behavior by holding down.

If your keyboard has the alternate labellings but you don't know how they work, consult your laptop owner's manual.

As a last resort, you can use the "Emulate Numpad" feature of Blender. This will allow you to use the normal numeric keys as if they were numpad numerics. Instructions for enabling this feature may be found in.

Blender uses the numeric keypad quite a bit. If you envision using your laptop for this kind of work, it may be worth investing in a USB Numeric Keypad. On eBay, prices for simple external numpads start around $10 USD.

Non three-button mouse
For single-button mouse users, make sure that Input for Blender 2.79 (under "User Preferences" on the left-most drop-down menu) → Emulate 3 Button Mouse is enabled.

On many computers with two-button mice, can be emulated by simultaneously clicking  and. On Windows machines you'll need to enable this in the mouse settings in the Control Panel. On a Mac, open the Keyboard and Mouse preference pane and enable Use two fingers to scroll. Alternatively, by selecting Emulate 3 Button Mouse under User Preferences, can be emulated by simultaneously clicking  and.

Recent IBM Thinkpad laptops allow you to disable the 'UltraNav' features of the middle mouse button in order to use it as a 'normal' third button. Alternatively, some laptops allow areas (called gestures) on the movement pad to act as or, and these can be set up in the Control Panel in the Mouse Pointer options, selecting gestures and editing features there.

Apple single-button mouse
While Mac OS X natively uses both the and  to emulate, recent Blender releases for Mac OS X use only  for this purpose. This behavior is documented in the OSX Tips file that comes with the Mac version. You can also set the mouse to sense a right-click in System Preferences.

Note also that in the new, "unibody" design, the mouse button is under the trackpad, and the shortcut for is clicking with two fingers simultaneously, which can be enabled in the System Preferences.

Laptops lacking a middle button but with a touchpad
Many laptops have touchpads. Touchpads, also known as trackpads or in some cases as smart-pads, can use gestures to give the effect of. The default for an Elan® Smart-Pad is two-finger tapping equivalent to clicking a. Dragging two fingers is the same as turning a mouse wheel.

Tablet PCs
To get the effect of in a viewport, drag your pen around while holding down the  key.

Additional Resources

 * version 2.4: keyboard and mouse (old documentation) — Blender 2.4 Manual

 * Input devices (version 2.7x)


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Operating System specific notes

This tutorial covers user-interface issues that are specific to particular operating systems or window managers. Read the section that applies to your computer; you may skip the rest.

GNU/Linux
is used for changing the angular view on two angular axes of the 3D View window, if moves the current window, then there's a conflict with your window manager. You can resolve the conflict or use or  instead. (Also, you may have activated Compiz->Rotate Cube. Default configuration for rotating the Cube is also ; you may have to change this binding to an alternative configuration.) If you are running KDE this can be resolved by: on the title bar of the main Blender window → select Configure Window Behavior → go to Actions → Window Actions → in the Inner Window, Titlebar and Frame section → select the Modifier key to be  and set all the select boxes beneath it to Nothing. An alternate method within KDE might be to click on the title bar of the main Blender window; then select Advanced → Special Application Settings... → Workarounds and then click Block global shortcuts with Force selected and checked.

In Gnome, Click System → Preferences → Window Preferences. Look for the last three options Control, Alt and Super. Select Super. Or in Xfce, click Whisker → Settings → Window Manager Tweaks, and in the Accessibility pane, change Key used to grab and move windows to Super. Now you can press and hold or  to drag windows around, and use  and  as normal.

KDE
Under KDE, through  are by default configured to switch to the corresponding one of the first four desktops, while  brings up Plasma settings. You can change these in System Settings.

Alternatively you can suppress global shortcuts while inside blender by adjusting the kwin rules for this application, which you can access with a click on the title bar of the window and pressing more actions->add program rule.

Gnome
You'll want to disable the Find Pointer functionality in Gnome, which will impair your ability to use certain functions such as Snap to grid and the lasso tool. If your mouse pointer is being highlighted when you press and release, go to: Mouse in Gnome's Desktop Settings and uncheck the box Find Pointer.

Ubuntu
As of Ubuntu versions prior to about 09.10 (“Karmic Koala”), there was a known incompatibility between Blender and the Compiz Fusion accelerated (OpenGL) window manager used in Ubuntu. By default, Compiz Fusion is enabled in Ubuntu, causing the problems to manifest themselves in Blender as flickering windows, completely disappearing windows, inconsistent window refreshes, and/or an inability to start Blender in windowed mode.

The fix for this is simple. Install compiz-switch (might be in universe). Go to Applications → Accessories → Compiz-Switch. This will disable compiz temporarily. Do the same to turn compiz back on when you're done using Blender.

This is no longer needed for current releases of Ubuntu.

Mac OS X
You may need to press in order to use the  through  keys.

To expand a section in Blender, you would usually press. On a Mac, if “Spaces” is enabled, you may have to use.

Two Ways to Launch Blender
Blender requires a console for displaying error messages, so if you launch Blender by means of an icon, two windows will appear: the graphical user interface plus a console window. Closing either window will terminate Blender. These windows are indistinguishable in the Windows taskbar in versions of Windows before Windows 7, which leads to confusion. Also, launching this way does not provide any way to pass command-line arguments to Blender.

Launching Blender from a command prompt is extra work, but it overcomes these issues:
 * 1) Start → Run...
 * 2) enter cmd
 * 3) enter cd c:\Program Files\Blender Foundation\Blender
 * 4) enter blender

Blender version 2.6 onwards doesn't have this problem, and hides the console window by default. You can show it by clicking Window > Toggle system console

Sticky Keys
Pressing five times in a row may activate, an accessibility option which alters how the computer recognizes commands. If a StickyKeys dialog box appears, you should the "Cancel" button.

If you don't need the accessibility features, you can disable sticky keys:
 * 1) Start → Control Panel (OR search for "Accessibility Options" on the Start menu/Search)
 * 2) double-click on Accessibility Options (Ease of Access Center in Windows 10)
 * 3)  the Keyboard tab
 * 4) for each of the options StickyKeys, FilterKeys, and ToggleKeys:
 * 5) clear the Use … checkbox
 * 6)  the Settings button
 * 7) uncheck the Use Shortcut checkbox in the settings
 * 8)  the OK button for the settings
 * 9)  the OK button for Accessibility Options/Ease of Access Center.

Multiple Keyboard Layouts
On systems with multiple keyboard layouts, pressing can alter the layout. (For instance, it might change from QWERTY to AZERTY or vice versa.) Because of this issue, Noob to Pro avoids  hotkeys.

If you find your keyboard layout altered, press again to change it back.

You can also disable the hotkey:
 * 1) Start → Control Panel
 * 2) double-click on Regional and Language Options
 * 3)  the Languages tab
 * 4)  the Details button
 * 5)  the Key Settings button
 * 6)  the Change Key Sequence button
 * 7) uncheck the Switch Keyboard Layout checkbox
 * 8)  the OK button

Additional Resources

 * Input method editor keyboard shortcut (CTRL+SHIFT+0) switches the input language in Vista — Microsoft Support Knowledge-Base


text:
User talk:Xavierzenith

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:33, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Sign
About 9 years ago you edited the book "Using Ubuntu Linux" but still has not signed on its credits page. I request you to sign there. ഏത്തപഴം (discuss • contribs) 10:52, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xavierzenith


text:
User talk:Zwack~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:39, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Zwack. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Zwack~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:55, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:40, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zwack~enwikibooks


text:
Automobile Repair/Nissan/Maxima (4th Generation)/How to Reprogramming Keyless entry

If for some reason you keyless entry stops working for so reason or if you just lost you keyless entry remote and had to buy a new one. You might have to reprogram your remote.

Tools/Parts needed

 * Your car key
 * Your new or old keyless remote

Procedure

 * 1) Get in your car and lock the doors.
 * 2) insert and remove you key from the ignition 6 times in 7-10 seconds.
 * 3) Your hazard lights will blink twice, put you key in the ignition and turn it to ACC (the one that only turns the radio on).
 * 4) Now push the lock button on the keyless entry, your hazard lights will blink again.
 * 5) Remove key and unlock drivers door, your keyless should now work.


text:
StarCraft

Welcome to the StarCraft WikiBook. Here you will learn the basics and strategies of StarCraft, as well as gain some background information. We hope you find this book enjoyable. Use the navigation bar above to quickly find the page you want.

Table of contents

 * 1) Home
 * 2) /Introduction/
 * 3) * /Beginnings/
 * 4) * /Units/
 * 5) * /Buildings/
 * 6) * /Damage types/
 * 7) Strategies
 * 8) * /Strategy Guide/
 * 9) * /High Templar/
 * 10) Single Player
 * 11) * /Tutorial/
 * 12) * /Episode 1/
 * 13) * /Episode 2/
 * 14) * /Episode 3/
 * 15) * /Episode 4/
 * 16) * /Episode 5/
 * 17) * /Episode 6/
 * 18) * /Enslavers/
 * 19) * /Secret Missions/
 * 20) * /Heroes/
 * 21) * /Special Structures/
 * 22) /Star Edit/
 * 23) * /Custom Maps/
 * 24) * /Evolves/
 * 25) /StarCraft Alpha/
 * 26) /Project Revolutions/
 * 27) Appendices
 * 28) * Where Next?
 * 29) * /References/
 * 30) * /Contributors/

StarCraft is a Real Time Strategy computer game produced by Blizzard Entertainment in 1998. It was unique at the time in that it had three races, each of which had asymmetrical statistics, abilities, and strategies: Protoss, Terran, and Zerg. Generally, the Terrans represent humans and form a middle-of-the-road race; their technological progression in the game is similar to that in ‘’’’’WarCraft 2’’’’’; they form Episodes 1 and 5. The Zerg have more weaker units and form Episodes 2 and 6, while the Protoss have stronger units and form Episodes 3 and 4.

StarCraft Lore
In StarCraft, the Protoss, Terran, and Zerg races engage in a massive interstellar conflict, with the game involving taking over unique, strategic planets, and court intrigue, with rebellion and trickery in each episode.

Xel-Naga's Creations: Protoss and Zerg
The Xel'Naga, an ancient spacefaring race obsessed with breeding the ultimate race, found hope on Aiur, where they civilized the psionically attuned Protoss based on their purity of form. After the creators revealed themselves and built a temple, however, the Protoss fell into disarray. The Xel'Naga left in defeat, and never learned that the Protoss had reunited under the Khala (the Way) and had later formed two subgroups, the High and the Fallen (Dark) Templar. The Xel'Naga realized that the cause of the Protoss rebellion lay in their independent minds. Though they marked their arrival on Char and Braxis with more temples, but only when they arrived on Zerus did they finally find their target, which exhibited purity of essence. They created an Overmind and minion Cerebrates to control their new race, the Zerg, with each Cerebrate controlling a Brood. The Zerg evolved into fierce community covering multiple genuses. With its psionic powers, the Overmind lured a herd of space creatures to the planet. With the genetic code of the Behemoths (Overlords), the Zerg became free of their terrestrial confines and the Overmind launched a surprise attack against the Xel'Naga, who were never heard of again. At the beginning of the StarCraft saga, the Protoss populated Aiur, Braxis, and Shakuras, while the Zerg had shifted its Broods from Zerus to Char to direct its long-awaited campaign of overcoming the Protoss.

Caught in the Middle: Terran
The Terrans in StarCraft are outcasts from Earth, which has been taken over by the United Powers League. The original Terran colonists were sent aboard giant ships to travel far into deep space. One of the colonies, Tarsonis, forms the Confederacy, an interplanetary empire over the Koprulu Sector. At the beginning of the game, the Terrans have claimed 13 worlds. The Confederacy's kleptocracy and oligarchy has angered many of its subjects, and some groups, such as the Sons of Korhal and Raynor's Raiders, have begun to demand greater liberty. When the rebels on Korhal proved victorious, the Confederacy annihilated glassed the planet's surface with nukes. All life on the surface was extinguished. However, as Episode 1 shows, the Confederacy's grip over its realms continues to collapse. For the rest of the storyline, you will have to play the game.

StarCraft BroodWar
Wikipedia has more on this subject.

Blizzard now mysteriously Warps In the planet of Earth and its United Earth Directorate, along with the UED Expeditionary Force which begins its invasion of Koprulu, Aiur, Braxis, and Char in Episode 5. Meanwhile, the Protoss battle the Zerg on Shakuras and fulfill a Xel'Naga legacy, while the Zerg are torn between the Queen of Blades, UED Scientists' Psi Disruptor, and Daggoth's Overmind Cocoon. BroodWar continues the StarCraft saga with the intrigues of the Protoss, the invasions of the Terran, and the infestations of the Zerg. For the rest of the storyline, you will have to play the game.

Gameplay
The Campaign(s) included are divided into 10 levels each, in which two or more players are involved. The player is given one of them and the intro to the level explains how it fits in with the plot mentioned above. Within each level, the player controls a group of one of the races, and usually has to establish a base, train and create an army, defend themselves, and either attack or carry out some special mission. The location of bases almost always depends on the location of the two primary resources of the game, mineral outcroppings and vespene gas geysers. Both are mineable and are used to finance other buildings and units.

title: StarCraft


text:
Java Programming/Annotations/Meta-Annotations

There are five annotation types in the  package called meta-annotations. These annotation types are used to annotate other annotation types.

Documented
If a member is annotated with a type itself marked as, then that member will be documented as annotating that type.

In the documentation for the  class, such as the JavaDoc,   will be shown as annotated with , but not.

Inherited
Exactly as the name sounds, an  annotation type is inherited by subclasses of an annotated type.

In this example,  has been explicitly annotated with both   and. hasn't been explicitly marked with either one; however, it inherits  because the latter is annotated with. isn't annotated, so it isn't inherited by.

Repeatable
A  annotation type is repeatable - i.e. can be specified multiple times on the same class. This meta-annotation was added in Java 8.

Retention
Different annotation types have different purposes. Some are intended for use with the compiler; others are meant to be reflected dynamically at runtime. There's no reason for a compiler annotation to be available at runtime, so the  meta-annotation specifies how long an annotation type should be retained. The  attribute is one of the   enum constants. The possible values, in order from shortest to longest retention, are as follows:

 * The annotation will not be included in the class file. This is useful for annotations which are intended for the compiler only.
 * The annotation will not be included in the class file. This is useful for annotations which are intended for the compiler only.

 * The annotation will be included in the class file, but cannot be read reflectively.
 * The annotation will be included in the class file, but cannot be read reflectively.

 * The annotation can be reflected at runtime.
 * The annotation can be reflected at runtime.

If no  policy is specified, it defaults to.

Target
The  meta-annotation determines what may be marked by the annotation. The  attribute is one or more of the   enum constants. Those constants are,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , and.

If  is not specified, the annotation may be used on any program element.


text:
User talk:24.218.239.237

Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  22:04, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.218.239.237


text:
User:Drop-atom

My attraction to Wikibooks? A huge frustration with the textbook system implemented in every educational facility in the world (well... perhaps not that extensive, but still)!

I'm currently trying to write the epidemiology textbook, hopefully in a non "bore you 'til you're a dolt" like manner. I'm a Disease Detective in Science Olympiad for three years now, so hopefully I'm qualified enough.

I'm also going to see about getting public domain textbooks on here... so, woo; I'm putting a lot on my plate!

title: User:Drop-atom


text:
User talk:203.35.25.141

Az1568(Talk) 22:45, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.35.25.141


text:
More C++ Idioms/Guidelines

Guidelines

 * By their nature, idioms tend to have appeared in the C++ community and in published work many times. An effort should be made to refer to the original source(s) where possible. If you find a reference incomplete or incorrect, please suggest improvements.
 * Please make sure that the code snippets compile on at least 2 major compilers with minimal efforts.
 * If you find code that does not compile, please report.

title: More C++ Idioms/Guidelines


text:
User talk:24.141.252.52

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Urbane   (Talk)   (Contributions)  23:35, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.141.252.52


text:
Epidemiology/Concepts 1/example1

Case Study: Dozens Sickened by Apparent Food Poisoning
Please read the following report on food poisoning. Take note of any terms or concepts of which you do not yet understand. Then, try to answer the set of questions pertaining to this case report following the report using any pre-existing knowledge. We will discuss what you need to know to answer these questions in following sections.

Outbreak Summary
At least 70 people attending a national conference in a city in Texas became ill with what appeared to be food poisoning. Three hospitals in the area treated and released 48 attendees who complained of nausea and vomiting; others with similar symptoms were hospitalized overnight. A health official noted that all of the patients had eaten brunch or lunch at the same hotel.

The hotel’s lunch menu included roast chicken, roast beef, and a vegetable pasta dish. Because some of the people who became ill were vegetarian, there was particular interest in determining whether the pasta dish might be contaminated. At the time of the report, health officials were still looking for the source of the outbreak. The hotel was cooperating in the investigation and had voluntarily halted food service for the time being.

Questions
1.) Explain why you might consider this problem important enough to investigate. Give at least three reasons for investigating.

2.) Briefly describe the initial steps that you would take in investigating this problem. Indicate the type of data needed to accomplish each step and give examples of sources of such data in a community.

3.) Develop and specify probable hypotheses to explain the cause, source, and spread of the outbreak.

4.) Describe approaches to testing alternative hypotheses.

5.) Develop suitable recommendations and interventions for controlling the problem.

title: Epidemiology/Concepts 1/example1


text:
Epidemiology/History/Introduction

On the History of Public Health
It should be noted that the discipline of Public Health, or even health in general, has not had one of the most illustrious careers. In fact, out of all the scientific disciplines, it has had one of the most filthy, disgusting, sickening, disturbing, and at times, controversial, histories of all. The history of Public Health is filled with puss-filled black sores, puss-filled red sores, vomit and blood, the dirty and ravaged faces of the poor, of children, of those who simply could not prevent it. There have been churches screaming heresy, and followers screaming for God, and just generally people screaming. It would take a long time before people really realized what might cause disease, what is the nature of disease, and how to prevent it. And it should not be surprising that the most notable of events only happened within the last couple of hundred years.

A Timeline
On the pages of this book, there shall be a running timeline, to help you keep up with the developments both discussed and not discussed here. It will include important health achievements, developments, et cetera; and it will also include important events outside of the subject of health so as to help you grasp what really affected each event and the era in which it was occurring.

title: Epidemiology/History/Introduction


text:
Cookbook:Garden Bulgur

Ingredients

 * 2 Tbsp margarine
 * ½ cup chopped celery
 * 1 medium onion, chopped (or a little less)
 * 1 cup fresh sliced mushrooms
 * 1 cup bulgur or cracked wheat
 * ¼ tsp dried dillweed
 * ¼ tsp dried whole oregano
 * ½ tsp salt
 * ¼ tsp pepper
 * 2 cups chicken or vegetable broth

Procedure

 * 1) Melt margarine in a large skillet; add celery, onion and mushrooms. Stir until vegetables are tender.
 * 2) Add bulgur and cook until golden.
 * 3) Add seasonings and broth. Cover and bring to a boil.
 * 4) Reduce heat and simmer for 15 minutes.
 * 5) Serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you are cooking on a gas stove, make sure to stir once or twice during the 15 minute simmering.
 * If available, try sprinkling in a little fresh parsley at the end of the cook time.

title: Cookbook:Garden Bulgur


text:
User talk:71.198.52.234

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:53, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.198.52.234


text:
User talk:Lzolot

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  23:55, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lzolot


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Algebra I - A Verbose Approach


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Wikiversity-History of Physics


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/JavaScript/Functions

== JavaScript/Functions ==

Duplicate of JavaScript/Functions and Objects. This page was flagged for deletion on a TODO template and I see no potential or activity concerning merging (beyond the example, but I suspect it arrived in Functions and Objects first. It is also delisted from the ToC (but not the index, which can be retargetted). Sigma 7 (talk) 17:16, 13 June 2009 (UTC)


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Human physiology (Wikipedia link-book)


text: User talk:124.254.81.44

title: User talk:124.254.81.44


text: User talk:74.4.77.67

title: User talk:74.4.77.67


text:
User talk:GrantNeufeld

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:45, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:GrantNeufeld


text:
User talk:Someperson01

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:45, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Someperson01


text:
User talk:Kandy Talbot

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:45, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kandy Talbot


text:
User talk:Phoenix-wiki

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:45, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject History
A new Wikiproject for history has been created, if you are interested. Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 19:49, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phoenix-wiki


text:
Cookbook:Super Moist Corn Bread

| American cuisine | Native American cuisine

Ingredients

 * 1 cup corn meal
 * 1 cup flour
 * 2 teaspoons baking powder
 * ½ teaspoon baking soda
 * ¼ cup brown sugar (optional)
 * ½ cup milk
 * ½ cup plain yogurt
 * 1 egg, lightly beaten
 * ¼ cup melted butter or olive oil

Equipment

 * Dutch oven (optional)
 * 8-inch square baking pan, greased
 * Whisk
 * Toothpick

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 425°F (220°C). If using a Dutch oven, preheat with 16–18 glowing charcoal briquettes, with 3 times as many on the top as on the bottom.
 * 2) In a large bowl, mix cornmeal, flour, baking powder, baking soda, and brown sugar, if used.
 * 3) In another bowl, whisk together the milk, yogurt, egg, and melted butter or olive oil.
 * 4) Gradually add the dry mixture to the wet mixture and stir until just combined, no longer.
 * 5) Immediately pour into the greased pan and bake for 15–20 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Over-mixing after adding together the liquid and dry mixtures will toughen the batter!

title: Cookbook:Super Moist Corn Bread


text:
Cookbook:Snappy Ginger Muffins

| American cuisine | Vegetarian cuisine | Dessert

Ingredients

 * ½ cup vegetable oil
 * ¼ cup white granulated sugar
 * ¼ cup brown sugar
 * 1 cup molasses
 * 1 egg
 * 3 cups all-purpose flour
 * 1½ tsp baking soda
 * 1 tsp ground cinnamon
 * 1 tsp ground ginger
 * ½ tsp salt
 * 1 cup water

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350°F.
 * 2) In a mixing bowl, beat the oil and the sugars.
 * 3) Beat in molasses and egg.
 * 4) Combine the flour, baking soda, cinnamon, ginger, and salt.
 * 5) Stir into molasses alternating with water.
 * 6) Fill greased or paper-lined muffin cups ⅔ full.
 * 7) Bake for 20–25 minutes, or until a wooden toothpick comes out clean.
 * 8) Cool in pan for 10 minutes before turning out to a wire rack.

title: Cookbook:Snappy Ginger Muffins


text:
User:Zebulon pike~enwikibooks

Zeb

title: User:Zebulon pike~enwikibooks


text:
User:Zebulo Pyke

Zeb

title: User:Zebulo Pyke


text:
User:Zeb pyke

Zeb

title: User:Zeb pyke


text:
User:Zebulus Pikus

Zeb

title: User:Zebulus Pikus


text:
User:Zebulun Pikke

Zeb

title: User:Zebulun Pikke


text:
Talk:Directing Technology/Purchase

Currently editing this page (Summer 2009):

Outline: What is Bidding- Focus on PA What is the procedure: Research- Write Specifications-Advertise- release RPF- receive bids- evaluate- select lowest qualified bidder- put on school board agenda- board approval and purchasing
 * Laura Turner -- Lauraturner
 * John Franzen -- Jpfranzen contact: jpf207@lehigh.edu    I am planning on creating a procedural page for district bidding.  I am also thinking about creating another page on leasing technology.  So far I have contacted the business department of my district to get any information or documents they have on file.  I now have copies of bids, bid notices, and other information.  My next step is to focus in on the technology part of it by emailing the district's tech coordinator and the former tech staff development person from our district.  Right now I am just focusing on bidding, however I am going to include leasing as I move further into the tech realm.

Dicuss what PEPPM is and other sites like it

Include sample documents- Bid notice from paper- procedure graphic

I am planning to research the equipment side of this topic - researching and selecting hardware and software based on teacher needs, costs and availability, etc. -- Laura

-

Wikibook users that were responsible to writing this chapter of "Directing Technology:"
 * Douglas Brace -- Dabrace1984
 * Brian Clifford -- Bclifford
 * Jhumur Halder -- Jhh306

Progress to date has been little - just outline of our section of the book completed. I'm not sure if we need the final section (maintaining) or if that's covered by another group. If we don't need it, our section is really two large pieces that we'll need to find a way to split between the three people in our group. We can discuss on Tuesday. - Brian C.

We will have to talk with Dr. Garrigan about whether or not we need to incorporate the third section on "Maintaining Technology." In looking at the chapters of our book, we probably will not have to do it because the next chapter is titled "Maintain." - Doug B.

I just added some in the bidding process section. Feel free to edit and suggest me whether I am on the right track or not. - Jhumur H.

Brian -- Planning

Jhumar -- Receiving

Doug -- Planning and Installing

Move "Planning the Logistics" up to "Planning For The Purchase of Technology"

Remove "Planning the Logistics"

11/13 - I just moved the separate planning page information up to this page (BC)

11/13 - should we link the budgeting discussion back to the budget page/section? (BC)

I want to click an external link and open a new browser window but don't know how to do it. Can someone help me? Thanks. (Pchu 07:04, 20 November 2007 (UTC)=Pei)

Pei, are using a Mac or a PC? If you are using a Mac, press control (ctrl) and click at the same time. A context menu will appear giving you options. If you are using PC, right-click and look at the options under the context menu. E-mail me if you have any other questions. -- Douglas Brace

Doug, I know all these, but what I want is to just click on the link and it opens a new browser. In frontpage or dreamweaver you can always select _blank, _self, or something like that when you create a link. You need to think about keeping readers on your site without having them right click on pc or control click on mac. (65.78.116.39 22:57, 20 November 2007 (UTC)=Peicheng)

I thought that you knew this. I have looked around Wikibooks to find the proper tag or markup for forcing a new window/tab but haven't found anything. I am completely aware that it is best to keep users on the same page as long as possible and I also know about the "_blank" tag in Dreamweaver/FrontPage. I will ask Dr. Garrigan if he knows about forcing new windows/tabs. -- Douglas Brace

Doug, Brian and Jhumur, I would expect no less that a wonderfully laid out and content rich page from the three of you. The formatting of your section was so easy on the eyes and I was intrigued by the thumbnail photos. May I poach your code? -- Paige Hawkins

Paige, I have no problem with you poaching the format of the Wikibook. I tried to make it as simple as possible but still make it easy to easy hierarchy. -- Douglas Brace

title: Talk:Directing Technology/Purchase


text:
Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Introduction

Once upon a time...
The world wasn't always the way it is now. Before the 20th century — a little more than one hundred years ago — no one owned an automobile, because automobiles had not been invented. Television services started about fifty years later, after the Second World War, and it was only a few years ago, at the end of the last century, that the internet and computer appeared.

Nearly all reputable scientists believe that humans "evolved" (or developed from) other animals in the way that was first described by Charles Darwin, an English naturalist. He lived at a time just before the invention of gasoline engines. He travelled the world in a Royal Navy sailing ship called HMS Beagle.

Most people agree that humans have changed from stone-wielding during the Palaeolithic period, or Old Stone Age, to metal-working in the Bronze and Iron Ages, through the Middle Ages or Medieval period into the modern era, when people finally worked out that ancient wisdom was perhaps neither as ancient nor as wise as everyone had assumed.

The age of Reformation and later Enlightenment arrived first in Western Europe about 500 years ago, with the printing press. Religious freedom, and the right to openly question ancient wisdom, arrived very much more recently — about the same time as the horseless motor carriage and the telephone appeared, at the end of the 19th century — maybe only about the time of your great-grandparents were born.

Before modern times, if you wanted to get around, there was always walking! Animals such as donkeys, horses, oxen, elephants, and so on might have been ridden by the rich, but mostly they drew carts used for transporting goods.

Learning & survival
Humans did especially well in learning new skills and educating themselves. Learning from their past experiences and realising the mistakes and consequences, evidence shows that humans evolved much more rapidly than other animals, possibly due to a combination of reasons including walking on two legs and having an opposing thumb for gripping objects.

What chance did primitive humans have to survive when they were much small than the carnivorous predators? How did they survive and come to dominate the planet?

Humans developed survival instincts by running and hiding for safety (caves). The groups survived by scavenging. Instinct and intelligence evolved into Hunter-gatherer groups and migration became a necessity. Curiosity and invention of making fire also was an important factor. Control of fire was very important since the heat, light and smoke contributed to evolving brain with better nutrition (cooking), movement of groups to longer distances with improved confidence (migration).

Human intelligence allowed them to colonise areas that would normally be too hot or cold to survive in. They developed complex communication skills that evolved into languages. Being able to communicate is vital for spreading knowledge and helping survival.

Humans never developed 'canine' teeth in the way carnivorous animals had, but invented tools to help hunt and kill animals. By making it easier to gather food, tools freed up human time for other activities. Cave drawing and carving were primitive communication skills.

Animal hides were improvised as clothing.

Human groups focused on learning and survival.(The question of why  and  how  came in later).

Communication and writing
If you want to be entertained or educated, you have first to learn a language! It is also quite useful to learn to read and write. Curious as it may sound, these are not natural skills. Someone -probably our parents - taught us to speak and understand as infants. Learning another language later in life is much more difficult! Later, as young children, most of us learn to read at schools organized by teachers. Someone had to invent all our different languages and various writing scripts. Before that if you wanted to hear a story, and you had learned only to speak, then someone had to tell you it. Or you had to go to the theater, or just sit around a camp fire gossiping, perhaps memorizing stories.

Although it may seem impossible to us now, it's really true, that back in history, only five thousand years ago, people really did live without reading and writing skills, yet they still organized themselves into truly fabulous empires that we now call the "Ancient Civilizations", and these existed throughout the world.

Why should we study them today, when they are long dead and mostly forgotten? Let us think about that for a moment. Today, to become an engineer or a doctor or follow any of the thousands of different occupations and jobs that keep our modern world working smoothly, then probably you will need to spend almost one quarter of a century - 25 years or about one third of your life - studying, first at school, and later at college or university. The ancient Persians and Egyptians invented numbers and early writing. Phoneticians took the idea and developed it into what we call a phonetic alphabet in their honour.

Before writing was used, Ancient Indians used to memorise `rhythmical chanting` ways of offering worship or passing traditional cultural messages before the invention of transcribing them on dried 'palm'leaves with a sharpened metallic objects. Ancient Greeks and Romans innovated modern scripts for writing philosophy with pens or brushes plus capital letters for carving on stone.

China developed printing at about the same time, but Europe had to wait almost 1200 years before printing was developed. Until Gutenberg invented printing around 500 years ago and so started the modern era, books were written and copied by hand, with lots of errors and variations. Even so, one of the greatest civilizations, the Golden Age of Islam founded the first university which was in Baghdad. They also developed many technical skills such as mathematics, and so on which came to Europe via the Muslim Caliphate which then stretched across North Africa and Spain.

Of Dwarfs and Giants
We truly are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants (Latin: nanos gigantum humeris insidentes. This is a metaphor meaning "One who develops future intellectual pursuits by understanding the research and works created by notable thinkers of the past". It was famously used by the seventeenth-century English philosopher who studied Geometry and discovered the laws of gravity. He wrote it as: "Pigmaei gigantum humeris impositi plusquam ipsi gigantes vident". Although that is Latin, one might guess that he used the term Pigmys instead of dwarfs. His name was Issac Newton.

That's why a wise teacher will explain that:

'''The study of ancient civilizations is not to satisfy your history teacher or to pass exams. Rather it is to study the glories and shames, the successes and downfalls of our ancestors, to understand these interesting people, upon whose many millions of shoulders our modern world stands, that we might broaden our horizons, and deepen our wisdom.'''

And we hope that perhaps this book might help you begin to understand the rich heritage of antiquity to which we modern people are the very fortunate heirs.


text:
User talk:Zebulun Pikke

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:06, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zebulun Pikke


text:
User talk:Zebulus Pikus

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:06, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zebulus Pikus


text:
User talk:Zeb pyke

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:06, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zeb pyke


text:
User talk:Zebulo Pyke

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:06, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zebulo Pyke