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Ancient History/Mesopotamia/Geography

Geography
Mesopotamia is a Greek word meaning, "Land between the Rivers." However, the people of this land usually divided the land between the rivers into two major regions, north and south. The northern region, a relatively high and arid land though not desert, they called Akkad. The lower southern region, almost at sea level, was called Sumer. From time to time, records speak of an intermediate region called "Babylonia", around the city of Babylon, but whether this was a geographical or a political distinction is uncertain.

The rivers in question were and are the Euphrates on the west, and on the east the Tigris. The Euphrates has in many ways marked a significant boundary between west and east: the nations on the western bank have commonly looked to the Mediterranean, while those on the eastern shore look to the region itself. Peoples dwelling on the eastern shores of the Tigris tended to turn toward India and Persia. Its headwaters are in the high country of Armenia, and the river cuts its way through the Taurus mountains of modern-day Turkey and Syria, before flowing across the plateau of Akkad, and down through the garden country of Sumer. South and west of the river are the deserts of Arabia and Transjordan: unsuitable country in those days for farming, but good for herding flocks of sheep, goats and camels.

The Tigris has its headwaters in the same mountain range, but its course flows against the foothills of the Zagros Mountains. Where the Euphrates marked the line between desert and fertile farmland, the Tigris marked the boundary in ancient times between civilization and wilderness. It was a land of spirits and devils, and barbarians who washed with sand or not at all. Not until the rise of the great Persian empire would the lands beyond the river be thought worth visiting, though traders on their way to and from the civilizations of India often passed through.

Between the rivers was a land rich with fertile soil and mud, but which had few trees and fewer resources of stone or metal. Though the highlands received much rain, the central basin between the rivers received most of its water from the outflowing rivers. This made irrigation projects a necessity throughout the region. Differences in geological structure divide this region into an upper and lower district; and this twofold physical division is reflected, as we shall see, throughout its political history.

The northern part of the valley, the portion that comprised ancient Assyria, consists of undulating plains, broken in places by mountain ridges. This region nourished a hardy and warlike people, and became the seat of a great military empire.

The southern part of the valley, the part known as Babylonia or Chaldea, is, like the Delta region of Egypt, an alluvial deposit. The making of new land by rivers has gone on steadily during historic times. The ruins of one of the ancient seaports of the country - Eridu - lie over a hundred miles inland from the present head of the Persian Gulf. In ancient times, the land was protected against the river floods, and watered in seasons of drought, by a stupendous system of dykes and canals, which at present, although ruined and sand-choked, cover the area.

The economic activity of the river valleys was much like that of the Nile valley in Egypt. The luxuriant growth of grain on these river flats evoked the wonderment of Greek travelers who visited the East. Herodotus was afraid to tell the whole truth for fear that his veracity would be doubted. It is not strange that tradition located paradise in Mesopotamia, that primeval garden where "out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food." (Genesis 2:9) This favored plain in a remote period of antiquity became the seat of an agricultural, industrial, and commercial nation in which the arts of civilization enjoyed one their earliest periods of development.

title: Ancient History/Mesopotamia/Geography


text:
User:SHEHAN

Hi my name s Jude shehan Perera.I'm from Colombo, Sri Lanka.At presant I'm working as a Draftsman in Oman.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:SHEHAN


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Deprimo

Overview
Deprimo is a spell which blasts holes in things.

Extended Description
We see this spell in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows when Hermione uses it to blast a hole in the floor of Xenophilius Lovegood's house, as she, Harry and Ron make their escape from Selwyn and Travers.

Analysis
From the circumstances in which this is used, we can gather something about the spell. Hermione does not want to hurt the Death Eaters; she is trying to save Xeno from further torture at their hands, so she wants them to see that she and Harry were actually there, as Xeno had reported. She would have avoided a spell that would cause the floor to explode, which would have hurt her, Harry, and Ron, who were standing on it, as well as the Death Eaters. Similarly, a spell that would cause the floor to fall in might fall on the Death Eaters, and could also mask the presence of Harry. So the Deprimo spell almost certainly makes the floor vanish, and any explosion-like effects are caused by the remainder of the house as its already weakened structure is further damaged by the removal of a chunk of floor.

The effect is likely similar to the Reductor spell, which seems to be intended to turn objects to dust, rather than the Confringo or Expulso spells.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Foe Glass

Overview
A Foe-Glass is an object somewhat like a mirror which reveals approaching enemies. The closer said enemies are, the more focused their images are.

Extended Description
The first time we see a Foe Glass, it is mounted on the wall of Professor Moody's office. While there is constant motion within the glass when Harry first sees it, everything he sees is indistinct, indicating that there are no enemies nearby.

Once Moody has revealed himself, Harry notices that there are three images in the glass that are steadily becoming more distinct; shortly before the door is broken down, he recognizes the images as Professor Dumbledore, Professor McGonagall, and Professor Snape. The image of the three stays in the mirror while Moody is questioned.

We see a Foe Glass, quite possibly the same one, mounted on the wall of the Room of Requirement when Dumbledore's Army meets there in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Hand of Glory

Overview
The Hand of Glory, a desiccated, severed human hand, is a candle holder; the person holding it is able to see in complete darkness by its candlelight, but to anyone else, the light is invisible.

Extended Description
First seen at Borgin & Burkes, a shop in Knockturn Alley dealing in Dark objects. Harry, using Floo Powder for the first time, accidentally lands in Borgin & Burke's. As he prepares to exit, he sees Draco Malfoy and his father, Lucius Malfoy, entering the shop. Harry hides and overhears Borgin explaining the Hand of Glory and its function. It is, he says, a thief or plunderer's best friend; Lucius replies that he hopes Draco will be better than a thief or a plunderer...though unless his grades improve, that may be the best he can hope for.

Draco evidently does purchase a Hand of Glory, because Ginny sees him carrying it as he guides the Hogwarts invaders from the Room of Requirement; the hand apparently allows him to see where he is leading the Death Eaters despite the Darkness Powder he tosses after spotting the D.A. members.


text:
Basic Book Design/Capitalizing Words in Titles

General Capitalization Rules
These rules are adapted from The Chicago Manual of Style for clarity in the modern age of computers and the Internet.

1. The first and last words are always capitalized, even if fewer than five letters.

2. Words over five letters are always capitalized.

3. Verbs are always capitalized, even if fewer than five letters.

4. Nouns are always capitalized, even if fewer than five letters.

5. Unless the first or last words of a title, these are never capitalized: articles: a, an, the; conjunctions: and, but, or, nor; prepositions that are fewer than five letters long: at, by, for, from, in, into, of, off, on, onto, out, over (unless used as a verb), up, with; infinitives: to; "as" is never capitalized; o'Clock (since it means "of the clock")

6. These words are capitalized, even though they are fewer than five letters. also, be, if, than, that, thus, when

7. Parentheses and alternate titles: Some songs, and less commonly books and movies, will have parentheses in their names. If the content of the parentheses is an alternative song title then the above rules for capitalization apply. Consider the Simon & Garfunkel song "A Simple Desultory Philippic (or How I Was Robert McNamara'd into Submission)". The word "or" is not capitalized, even though it is the first word inside the parenthesis, because it is not part of the alternate title. The word "or" is not needed when the content of the parentheses is clearly an alternate title. When the content of the parentheses is also part of the title, the above six rules apply. An example is Buzzcocks' song "Ever Fallen in Love (with Someone You Shouldn’t Have)?"

The word "or" is not needed when the content of the parentheses is clearly an alternate title.

In the movie Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, which is sometimes referred to simply as Dr. Strangelove, there is a colon after the "or". The colon is completely optional and may be included or excluded from the title by the author.

Exceptions: When prepositions are used as phrasal verbs, they are capitalized to show that they are part of the verb and not showing physical relations between nouns. Examples are Turn On, Turn Off, or Give Up. Note that the word "up" is more often used as part of a verb than as a physical preposition. Likewise, a song called "Blow Up" would have a similar meaning to exploding, and not blowing in an upwards direction.

Related rules
The names of books, movies, and music albums are italicized.

The names of songs are in "quotation marks".

Links and hyperlinks for the Internet are underlined.

Interpretations
There is some debate between authors of style manuals of some of these rules, mostly on italicizing versus underlining. When writing with a pen and paper, it is extremely difficult to clearly italicize text so the reader knows the author is referring to titles. Thus, writers will normally underline words instead of italicize them. With the invention of computers and text editors, italicizing and underlining has become simple. However, with the popularity of the Internet, underlining has become reserved for links.

The purpose of italicizing or underlining is to clearly show the reader of text that certain words belong to titles. If a writer is writing with pen and paper they may choose to underline instead of italicize. The most important issue is to not switch between styles; all titles of books, movies, and albums should be either italicized or underlined.


text:
Talk:Basic Book Design/Headers, Footers, and Page Numbers

Go to http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Book_Design/Headers%2C_Footers%2C_and_Page_Numbers for the webpage with the properly capitalized title. This page should be deleted, and every other page with an improperly capitalized title should have the proper page created and the content copied.


text: User talk:202.54.250.76

title: User talk:202.54.250.76


text: User talk:202.54.250.72

title: User talk:202.54.250.72


text:
Khepera III Toolbox/The Toolbox

The Khepera III Toolbox offers mainly three types of tools:
 * Scripts: Scripts make your daily work with the robot(s) more efficient by offering easy ways to copy files (e.g. programs) onto multiple robots, logging in to robots, and so on.
 * Programs: The Programs folder contains a series of useful standard programs for the Khepera III robot. Among them are programs to sample the sensors, set the motor speed, and track the robot's position with odometry measurements. In addition, these programs may serve as starting points for your own programs.
 * Modules: This folder contains modules to conveniently access the sensors and actuators on the robots (Modules/khepera3) and a series of other functions. These modules are used by the available programs and can be used in your own programs as well.

In addition, there is a fourth folder which is less frequently used:
 * Install Scripts: This folder contains a few scripts to set up WLAN and a few other things on the robot.

title: Khepera III Toolbox/The Toolbox


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Curves In 3d

Bézier Curves in 3d
In the previous page, we learned how to create and basically manipulate Bézier curves in two dimensions, as well as extruding them into the third. Here we will be exploring the '3D' button you may have been wondering about in the 'Curve and Surface' menu and some of its implications.

 * 1) Create a basic curve: Press 'SPACE - Add - Curve - Bezier' in case you have forgotten.

If you have been playing around with the control points on any curves so far, you will have noticed that they cannot be moved outside the flat plane made up by the X and Y axes. This is because it hasn't been enabled yet, so go ahead and enable it...

 * 1) Enabling 3D editing: Locate and press the button labelled '3D' in the 'Curve and Surface' menu.

Your curve should now look like this in Edit Mode:

Our previously simple curve has now been covered with arrows! These indicate the direction of the curve, and also the normal size and tilt. But more of that later...

Getting started in 3D
Editing the curve should now be child's play, assuming you have already completed the tutorials on 3d meshes.

 * 1) Rotate the camera view: Use the MMB or some Numpad keys to rotate the view so you can see the 3d axes.
 * 2) Move a point: Select one of the control points (NB: A point, not a handle) and move it with GKEY. You may want to constrain its motion to the new Z axis using ZKEY twice.

If you rotate around the curve, you can see how the interpolation works in three dimensions, and that the arrows still follow its direction correctly. It is worth noting that they are all mostly vertically (for the moment at least), this will be discussed in the next section.

Extruding revisited
I'm sure you will be delighted to learn that we can still use the Extrude option on 3d curves! Try cranking up the value, and you will see a surface created through your curve, at right angles to the 'normal' arrows.

The Bevel settings will also work as before, but you probably don't need to use them unless you are editing a 'filled' curve (CKEY).

Also, The Subdivided option(W, 1) still applies while working with curves. Just select two(or more) handles of the curve that are right next to each other, and subdivide. You should have a newly created handle(s) in between the handles you selected to subdivide.

Bevel Objects
(Information on bevel objects to come...)

Curve Tilting and Normal-scaling
Use TKEY to tilt the curve, clockwise or counterclockwise (looking along the line of the curve). For Blender version: 2.6x use Ctrl+T to tilt. Use Alt-SKEY to scale the curve, making it wider or narrower.

Convert Curve to Mesh
Use Alt+C [ObjectMode>Menu>Object>Convert to>Mesh from...].

Shape typ 2D = mesh with auto add faces and edges Shape typ 3D = mesh only edges and vertex

(To be expanded...)

title: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Curves In 3d


text:
Khepera III Toolbox/Advantages of the Khepera III Toolbox

The Khepera III robot comes with a library called libkorebot to access the sensors and actuators of the Khepera III robot. In addition, a program called khepera3_test can be used to read sensor values on the command line. The Khepera III Toolbox is more or less a clean rewrite of these two pieces of software. Note, however, that the libkorebot library is compatible with several robots produced by K-Team, whereas the Khepera III Toolbox - as its name suggests - is made for the Khepera III robot only.

In this chapter, we motivate why the Khepera III Toolbox should be used instead of the libkorebot library.

A Nicer, Simpler and Safer API
The Khepera III Toolbox provides an easy-to-use API to access the sensors and actuators of the robot. Values read from sensors are parsed and put inside a data structure for easy access. To read the floor sensor, for example, the following code can be used: int floor_sum; khepera3_infrared_proximity; floor_sum = khepera3.infrared_proximity.sensor[cKhepera3SensorsInfrared_FloorLeft] + khepera3.infrared_proximity.sensor[cKhepera3SensorsInfrared_FloorRight]; Note that re-entrant versions for programs with multiple threads exist as well, and are just slightly more complicated to use.

The libkorebot library only reads messages and provides the programmer with a buffer, which he has to parse by himself. This is very error-prone and makes the resulting code hard to read. The following piece of code is equivalent to the code above: char buffer[MAXBUFFERSIZE]; int floor_left, floor_right, floor_sum; kh3_proximity_ir(buffer, dsPic); floor_left = buffer[15] | buffer[16] << 8; floor_right = buffer[17] | buffer[18] << 8; floor_sum = floor_left + floor_right;

Synchronization Issues when Running Multiple Programs at the Same Time
The libkorebot was written with the idea in mind that only a single program would run on the robot at the same time. The code used to access the sensor values is therefore not safe when two or more programs are running at the same time. E.g., if a program is reading infrared proximity values, and another program ambient infrared values, the programs may occasionally get the wrong type of measurements for their request.

There is not technical reason why running multiple programs at the same time should cause problems, especially when they are working with a different subset of sensors and actuators.

The Khepera III Toolbox communicates with the sensors and actuators in an atomic fashion, and therefore enables running programs side by side.

Additional Modules
Besides the khepera3 module, the Khepera III Toolbox offers a series of other useful modules to write programs for the robot. Among them are a module to parse command line arguments, a module to send messages over the I2C bus, and a module to track the robot position using wheel odometry.

Programs
While the khepera3_test program provided by K-Team is one monolithic program intended for testing, the Khepera III Toolbox provides a series of small programs that can be used for testing and serious experiments.

Speed
Both the libkorebot and the Khepera III Toolbox have comparable speed. The time required to read sensor values or send motor commands mostly depends on the speed of the I2C bus and the length of the messages. The processing overhead is negligibly small.

Scripts
There is no equivalent to the Khepera III Toolbox scripts in the code provided by K-Team.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6/2. Nc3/2...d5/3. e5

= Alekhine's Defence =

3. e5
From here, black has 2 main choices:

3... Nfd7
3... Nfd7 is completely sound option and generally transposes into the French Defense, Steinitz Variation mainline after 4. f4 e6 5. Nf3 c5 6. d4 Nc6. This is an interesting (and occasionally sharp) position that would be a good idea for black if they want a sharp game, which is likely what was intended when playing the Alekhine. However, there is another way to reach a sharp position, but only if white agrees to it.

3... d4
3... d4 is another sound option, but is quite drawish because of the line 4. exf6 dxc3 5. fxg7 cxd2+ (not 5... cxb2?? 6. gxh8=Q! and bxa1=Q is met with Qxa1, where white is simply ahead a queen) 6. Qxd2 Qxd2+ 7. Bxd2 Bxg7, where a pair of knights and queens have been traded. This position is notoriously drawish, with a 74% draw rate and just a 19% winrate for white. However, white can keep the position interesting with 5. d4!? cxb2 6. fxg7 bxa1=Q 7. gxh8=Q with a very unclear and sharp position with four queens on the board! Yes, four queens - and it's not even move 8.

Theory table
.
 * '1.e4 Nf6 2.Nc3 d5 3.e5'


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XForms/Referencing Items

Motivation
You wish to associate a form with a set of items. Once an item is referenced it should not be referenced again.

For example if you have a form that edits tasks you may want to associate a specific task with one or more projects. Once a project is associated with a task you want to remove it from the candidate list of projects it can be associated with.

The way to visualize this is to imagine a set divided into two distinct subsets: selected and un-selected items. As an item moves from the un-selected item set to the selected item set it must first be added to the new set and then deleted from the old set.

Method
This example uses a combination of the repeat and the switch/case. The currently referenced items are listed in a repeat loop. A button called "Add Reference" uses the toggle function to reveal a list of unselected items. As you select an item it is added to the selected list.

Sample Program
    Demonstration of Referencing External Items in an XForms Application  Currently Referenced Items:       Add Reference  </xf:trigger> <xf:input ref="my-element"> <xf:label>Reference Name: </xf:label> </xf:input> </xf:case> <xf:case id="add-reference"> <xf:label>Un-Referenced Items:</xf:label> <xf:repeat nodeset="instance('unreferenced-items')/reference" id="unreferenced-item-repeat"> <xf:trigger> <xf:label><xf:output ref="reference-name"/></xf:label> <xf:action ev:event="DOMActivate"> <xf:insert nodeset="instance('referenced-items')/reference" at="last" position="after"/> <xf:setvalue ref="instance('referenced-items')/reference[last]/reference-name" value=" instance('unreferenced-items')/reference[index('unreferenced-item-repeat')]/reference-name "/> <xf:setvalue ref="instance('referenced-items')/reference[last]/reference-id" value=" instance('unreferenced-items')/reference[index('unreferenced-item-repeat')]/reference-id "/> <xf:delete nodeset="instance('unreferenced-items')/reference" at="index('unreferenced-item-repeat')"/> </xf:action> </xf:trigger> </xf:repeat> </xf:case> </xf:switch> </xf:group>

Discussion
The unreferenced items are not displayed unless the user selects the "Add Reference" trigger. When the user selects the Add Reference trigger the list of currently unreferenced items is displayed.

When the user selects the trigger of an unreferenced item a new item is added to the end of the referenced items list and removed from the unreferenced items list.

This pattern can be used in many examples. For example when you create a custom report you are presented with a list of columns to display. These columns are either referenced in the display list or not referenced.

The user interface sometimes shows these lists side-by-side. This can be accomplished by adding a class to each of the groups and using CSS to display the lists side-by-side.

The one problem with this example is the inability to place the items in the correct order after they are moved to a new list. Hopefully a future version of XForms will support this.

title: XForms/Referencing Items


text: User talk:59.93.242.64

title: User talk:59.93.242.64


text:
Talk:ASP.NET/Your First Page

The hello world script fails on my ASP.NET 2.0 host. - 69.89.197.93 (talk) 14:35, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:ASP.NET/Your First Page


text: User talk:168.170.197.20

title: User talk:168.170.197.20


text: User talk:213.166.17.18

title: User talk:213.166.17.18


text:
Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Biomedical Instrumentation

The concept of Biomedical Instruments has greatly evolved from simple instruments such as Thermometers and Stethoscopes into more sophisticated Magnetoencephalograms and Magnetocardiograms. This is a natural response for the demand of medical professionals for accurate and reliable medical instruments. The number of medical instruments has grown to more than 10,000, and the complexity of these instruments has grown at the same pace.

Table of contents

 * Electrocardiography (ECG)
 * Electroencephalography (EEG)
 * /Non-invasive Blood Pressure/
 * /Pulse Oximetry/
 * /Patient Monitors/
 * /Basic Diagnostic Ultrasound/


text: User talk:67.110.176.98

title: User talk:67.110.176.98


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Blood Blisterpod

Overview
A Blood Blisterpod is a purple pod which either causes uncontrollable bleeding, or if bleeding already is occurring, prevents it from stopping.

Extended Description
Ron passes the Quaffle so enthusiastically to Katie Bell at Quidditch practice, that it hits her in the nose and starts a nose bleed. To stop the bleeding, Fred gives her what he believes is the healing end of a Nosebleed Nougat, but it turns out to be a Blood Blisterpod. Katie loses so much blood that she has to be taken to the Hospital Wing.

Analysis
The fact that Fred is carrying a pocket full of Blood Blisterpods would indicate that they are a vital component of some part of the Skiving Snackbox line, most likely the Nosebleed Nougat. Knowing the twins, they are also quite possibly untradeable magical substances under the law, which would explain why we only see them that once.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Homenum Revelio

Overview
Homenum Revelio is a spell which will reveal to the caster whether any other (presumably living) humans are within its area of influence.

Extended Description
When they first arrive at Number 12, Grimmauld Place after leaving Bill and Fleur's wedding, Harry, Ron, and Hermione are concerned that there may be Death Eaters lurking. Hermione casts Homenum Revelio to determine that the house is, in fact, empty.

When Harry, Ron, and Hermione are betrayed by Xeno Lovegood, the two Death Eaters, Selwyn and Travers at first do not believe Xeno's protestations that he actually has Harry Potter. Selwyn determines that there is, in fact, someone else there by using this charm.

In both cases, the person casting the spell reports to the others there present what has been discovered, and Harry, Ron, and Hermione are only aware of the spell because they hear it being cast.

Analysis
The fact that Hermione reported nobody present at Grimmauld Place, and that Selwyn had to tell Travers that there was someone "up there," leads us to believe that the response to the spell is local to only the caster; other than the person casting the spell, nobody is aware of the results of the spell.


text:
IIS and FastCGI

Internet Information Services 6.0 (herein IIS6) is Microsoft's web-server application, it runs only on Microsoft Windows 2003. FastCGI permits properly designed scripts to execute without the overhead of starting up the interpreter on each HTTP request. This wikibook functions to teach the user how to configure IIS6 with FastCGI.

IIS does some non-http serving stuff as well, it bundles in FTP, and SMTP server applications (which can be uninstalled or disabled) and it largely relies on Windows or WINS servers for authentication. As an alternative to IIS-as-a-webserver on Windows, one can migrate away from IIS, and install Apache 2.x; or, the newer Lighttpd 1.4x or greater. Both, of the above web-servers also run on *nix and are freely available under more liberal licenses.

Table of Contents

 * Steps to getting it operational
 * /Obtaining FastCGI/
 * /Registering interpreter/
 * Language Specific Guides
 * /Scripting languages/Perl/
 * /Scripting languages/Perl/Catalyst/
 * Appendix
 * /Configuring/
 * /Trouble shooting/
 * /Package Components/

title: IIS and FastCGI


text: User talk:66.240.35.3

title: User talk:66.240.35.3


text:
IIS and FastCGI/Obtaining FastCGI

Downloading FastCGI
FastCGI for IIS can be downloaded from the official Microsoft Website for FastCGI, iis.net/fastcgi.

title: IIS and FastCGI/Obtaining FastCGI


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Incarcerous

Overview
Incarcerous causes ropes to appear out of the end of the caster's wand, which then bind and (usually) gag the subject of the spell.

Extended Description
When we first see this spell, it is being used by Professor Snape to bind Sirius Black and Remus Lupin in The Shrieking Shack. It is used a number of times after that, notably by Professor Umbridge, to bind the Centaur Magorian, an action that triggers a mass attack on her by the remainder of the herd.

Analysis
Branch of Magic: Incarcerous is difficult to categorize into one branch of magic due to its dual function. Most prominently, it is a transfiguration spell—conjuring to be specific. It also could be considered a charm as it is giving the ropes the ability to attack a specified target and bind to it without further magic being performed.

The Rope's Physical Properties: It would appear that the attributes of the conjured rope varies and most likely is the choice of the caster. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, when Severus Snape nonverbally casts the spell, "thin, cordlike" ropes bind Sirius Black and Remus Lupin. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, when Dolores Umbridge uses the spell, this time verbally, once more cords are produced—with no detail as to their thickness. The final time we see the spell cast in the series is in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. A Death Eater casts this spell on Ron, leaving him bound tightly in thick ropes.

One possible explanation of the discrepancies in rope size is that the size could have a great deal to do with the level of power that the caster has. It is inferred throughout the final books that Umbridge was relatively weak, magically, and therefore her Incarcerous, while effective, did not produce ropes as thick as the Death Eater's. On the other hand, it is reasonably obvious that Snape is among the most powerful wizards in the story. Yet, his version of the spell, non-verbal though it may be, produces only thin cords, though these cords are quite adequate to bind both Sirius and Lupin. Quite possibly, for the relatively unsophisticated Death Eaters, bigger ropes are obviously better, while perhaps the cords that Umbridge produces are the best she can manage. Meanwhile, Snape produces just enough strength to do the job, perhaps knowing that binding with smaller cords will also hurt more if one struggles against them.

We have noted in other spells that there is a definite mental component: when creating a Portkey, for instance, one must visualize the type and destination(s) of the Portkey one is creating, while the Riddikulus and Patronus charms have the mental component explained in detail when they are first introduced. It is safe to assume that the type of binding produced, and how those bonds are to be tied, must be visualized when casting the spell.

Etymology: Incarcerous comes from the Latin word "carcerate" meaning prison or cage. Since the incantation causes ropes to be expelled from the casters wand and bound tightly around the intended target, this makes sense since it is detaining the victim, much like a prison or cage.


text:
IIS and FastCGI/Registering interpreter

This page is largely a wiki-mirror of the official Microsoft docs.

Configuring FCGI.ini
To register an extension globally:

To register a site-specific extension simply add the  flag. (No angle brackets)

On success you should see:

Finishing fcgiext.ini
Documented is located by default in: C:\WINDOWS\system32\inetsrv\fcgiext.ini

The FastCGI document is formatted with a Types section that maps the FastCGI application onto the IIS site (vhost) using the specific IIS ids. And, a section that describes the application:

Registering FCGI with IIS
To add the FastCGI to a site follow these steps: Start → Administrative Tools → Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager → Right Mouse click on Web Sites folder Properties → Home Directory → Configuration → Select extension you installed → Edit → you should see C:\WINDOWS\system32\inetsrv\fcgiext.dll or the like in the executable field. Uncheck verify file exists.

Troubleshooting
ScriptMap already exists
 * Example:
 * Cause: Often old Active State CGI garbage
 * Solution: Start → Administrative Tools → Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager → Right Mouse click on Web Sites folder Properties → Home Directory → Configuration → Delete all conflicting extensions i.e. .pl, .plex, .plx, .php, .rb etc. → OK / Confirm

title: IIS and FastCGI/Registering interpreter


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Langlock

Overview
The Langlock spell is one that prevents someone from speaking about something specific by binding their tongue to the roof of their mouth.

Extended Description
Harry finds this spell in the Potions text that belonged to the Half-Blood Prince. He uses it at one point in the story to silence Peeves, who is loudly commentating a fight between Dobby and Kreacher. We also guess that this is the spell left in the entrance to Number 12, Grimmauld Place by Mad-Eye Moody as part of the attempt to prevent Snape's entrance.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mobiliarbus

Overview
Mobiliarbus, a rather specialized charm, is used to move a tree.

Extended Description
Hermione uses this spell to move a Christmas tree in The Three Broomsticks, to better hide Harry from a number of teachers who have just walked in.

Analysis
The Latin root "mobili" means "mobile," while "arbus" means "tree." This implies this spell is used only to move trees.


text: User talk:137.86.162.111

title: User talk:137.86.162.111


text:
Erlang Programming/Using mnesia

Using Mnesia
Mnesia is the distributed database written in Erlang, meant to mainly be used by Erlang programs. Simple queries can be written with query list comprehensions (qlc). Realtime queries can decide to not use transactions.

Explain program: art.erl
The program defines some functions that work similar to SQL. We wish to build a table of artwork named "painting", with fields: index, artist, and title.

Table: painting +-+ | index | artist  | title                     | +-+  | 1     | Dali    | The Ghost of Vermeer      | | 2    | Dali    | The Persistance of Memory | | 3    | Vermeer | Girl With Pearl Earring   | +-+

art:init. Starts the database and creates the table: painting. insert    Puts data into the table select    Gets data out of the table

Note that the second time we call init the database is restarted but we get an error when it tries to recreate the table (as it already exists).

Example program: art.erl
-module(art). -compile(export_all). -include_lib("stdlib/include/qlc.hrl"). -record(painting, {index, artist, title}). init -> mnesia:create_schema([node]), mnesia:start, mnesia:create_table(painting,        [ {disc_copies, [node] },              {attributes,                       record_info(fields,painting)} ]). insert( Index, Artist, Title) -> Fun = fun -> mnesia:write(         #painting{ index=Index,                    artist=Artist,                          title=Title    } ) end, mnesia:transaction(Fun). select( Index) -> Fun = fun -> mnesia:read({painting, Index}) end, {atomic, [Row]}=mnesia:transaction(Fun), io:format(" ~p ~p ~n ", [Row#painting.artist, Row#painting.title] ). select_some( Artist) -> Fun = fun -> mnesia:match_object({painting, '_', Artist, '_' } ) end, {atomic, Results} = mnesia:transaction( Fun), Results. select_all -> mnesia:transaction(     fun ->         qlc:eval( qlc:q(             [ X || X <- mnesia:table(painting) ]          ))      end ). select_search( Word ) -> mnesia:transaction(     fun ->          qlc:eval( qlc:q(               [ {F0,F1,F2,F3} ||                     {F0,F1,F2,F3} <-                          mnesia:table(painting),                         (string:str(F2, Word)>0) or                           (string:str(F3, Word)>0)                ] ))      end ).

Sample output: art.erl
%  Sample output: %  6> c(art). %  {ok,art} %  7> art:init. %  {atomic,ok} %  6> art:insert(1,"Dali","The Ghost of Vermeer"). %  {atomic,ok} %  7> art:select(1). %  "Dali" "The Ghost of Vermeer" %  ok %   8> art:insert(2,"Dali","The Persistence of Memory"). %  {atomic,ok} %  9> art:select(2). %  "Dali" "The Persistence of Memory" %  ok %   10> art:select(1). %  "Dali" "The Ghost of Vermeer" %  ok  %   25> art:insert(3,"Vermeer", "Girl With Pearl Earring"). %  {atomic,ok} %  26> art:select_some("Dali"). %  [{painting,1,"Dali","The Ghost of Vermeer"}, %  {painting,2,"Dali","The Persistence of Memory"}] %  27> art:select_all. %  {atomic,[{painting,1,"Dali","The Ghost of Vermeer"}, %              {painting,2,"Dali","The Persistence of Memory"}, %              {painting,3,"Vermeer","Girl With Pearl Earring"}]} %---to run a new session after restarting erlang--- %  2> art:init. %  {aborted,{already_exists,painting}} %  3> art:select_search("Vermeer"). %  {atomic,[{painting,1,"Dali","The Ghost of Vermeer"}, %        {painting,3,"Vermeer","Girl With Pearl Earring"}]}

title: Erlang Programming/Using mnesia


text: User talk:205.124.120.3

title: User talk:205.124.120.3


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Oppugno

Overview
Oppugno apparently causes creatures to hate the target of the spell. The result is that the creatures influenced by the spell will attack its subject.

Extended Description
We only see this spell used once. Hermione, having seen Ron and Lavender locked in one of their embraces, has retreated to a disused classroom, where she has moodily created a flock of canaries which are circling her. Ron and Lavender, apparently seeking some privacy, also enter the classroom; Lavender quickly backs out, but Ron stays to exchange some words with Hermione. Hermione, angered, uses the spell to set the canaries on Ron as she is leaving.

There is mention later that Ron still bears the scars of the canary beaks and talons.

Analysis
It is uncertain whether this spell would work on any creature, or only on creatures that the caster has created. As we see this spell only the one time, we can only guess at its effects and applicability.

"Oppugno" in Latin translates directly to "attack".


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Pepper-Up Potion

Overview
Pepper-Up Potion is a restorative potion. It seems to have the side effect of making steam come out the drinker's ears.

Extended Description
We first see this potion used after the Second Task of the Triwizard Tournament. Madam Pomfrey is administering this potion to all of the Champions and their "treasures" (hostages to the Merpeople) as they emerge from the lake. Harry does indicate that he feels much warmer once the potion has been administered.

There is a Wizard candy, Pepper Imps, that apparently also makes steam come out the ears; likely it is based on this potion.


text:
Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Handlebars and Stems

While riding sometimes bolts and screws get rattled loose. Therefor it is always important that they are checked regularly to prevent accidents.

 * Check the stem to see if the bolts are tightened accordingly to the correct torque (if you don't know this amount, then check with your local bike supplier, or stem manufacturer). Make sure that the bolts also are evenly tightend.
 * Check that the grips are secured and will not slip off. If you have got lock-on grips, the tighten the bolts on these if they are loose.
 * Check your brake levers and gear-shifters. These should be tight enough so they don't move around, but not to tight so they don't get snapped off if the bike is involved in a crash.

ODI lock-on grips


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Probity Probe

Overview
Probity Probes are long, silvery probes that allow the bearer to detect concealment and deception: for instance, a Probity Probe would detect use of Polyjuice Potion to disguise oneself, and presumably would detect someone under an Invisibility Cloak.

Extended Description
We first hear of Probity Probes when Harry is preparing for his sixth year at Hogwarts. Bill, who works at Gringotts, hands Harry a money bag, saying that he's gotten some cash for Harry; everyone going into Gringotts now has to pass people with Probity Probes, and entrance to the bank can take several hours.

When Harry, Hermione, Ron, and Griphook enter Gringotts in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows to open Bellatrix' vault, there are two wizards with Probity Probes by the door. Harry, from under his Invisibility Cloak, Confunds them so they will not scan Hermione, who is in disguise.

Analysis
The principles behind a Probity Probe, a Secrecy Sensor, and the part of the Marauder's Map that determines the name of an individual, must be related, however their operation is clearly somewhat different. Secrecy Sensors, as described in the related article, are designed to detect curses, jinxes, and concealment charms, while Probity Probes are apparently designed to detect concealment and deception, but do not, presumably, trigger on jinxes and curses. The Marauders' Map, on the other hand, created by a group of very powerful, young wizards, likely identifies people correctly more or less by accident; the Marauders, wanting the map to be able to display the location of wandering prefects and professors, likely simply embedded an identification charm in the map, not realizing until after they had done so that the charm they had used, possibly stolen from the Restricted section of the library, was powerful enough to pierce Invisibility Cloaks and the Animagus transform.

The name of this artifact is apparently the author playing with words. "Probity probes" sounds somewhat infantile as a name, unless you realize that "probity" is a somewhat archaic word meaning "the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency." As such, a Probity Probe would presumably measure your honesty, moral principles and decency being somewhat harder to quantify.

Like Secrecy Sensors, it is important to the realism of the Wizarding world that probity probes have limitations; rather than checking for any sort of threat, they are limited in what they can detect. Unfortunately, what they can detect is exactly what the Trio must use to get into Gringotts. It is almost to be expected that something like this would be used at Gringotts, as the Wizarding world becomes less secure. It is necessary, though, that the Trio pass them without raising suspicion. Harry chooses to attack the human behind the probe, as being the most obvious weak point of the security system. It is perhaps of interest that many current computer virus infections actually depend on "social engineering," convincing the human operator of the computer system to bypass its protective mechanisms; this is similar to what Harry is doing, though in the Muggle world, the Confundus charm is surprisingly often not needed.


text:
Java Persistence/JPQL BNF

=JPQL BNF= The following defines the structure of the JPQL query language. For further examples and usage see Querying.

| = or [] = optional * = repeatable (zero or more times) {} = mandatory

QL_statement ::= select_statement | update_statement | delete_statement

Select
select_statement ::= select_clause from_clause [where_clause] [groupby_clause] [having_clause] [orderby_clause]

From
from_clause ::= FROM identification_variable_declaration {, {identification_variable_declaration | collection_member_declaration}}*

identification_variable_declaration ::= range_variable_declaration { join | fetch_join }*

range_variable_declaration ::= abstract_schema_name [AS] identification_variable

join ::= join_spec join_association_path_expression [AS] identification_variable

fetch_join ::= join_spec FETCH join_association_path_expression

association_path_expression ::= collection_valued_path_expression | single_valued_association_path_expression

join_spec::= [ LEFT [OUTER] | INNER ] JOIN

join_association_path_expression ::= join_collection_valued_path_expression | join_single_valued_association_path_expression

join_collection_valued_path_expression::= identification_variable.collection_valued_association_field

join_single_valued_association_path_expression::= identification_variable.single_valued_association_field

collection_member_declaration ::= IN (collection_valued_path_expression) [AS] identification_variable

single_valued_path_expression ::= state_field_path_expression | single_valued_association_path_expression

state_field_path_expression ::= {identification_variable | single_valued_association_path_expression}.state_field

single_valued_association_path_expression ::= identification_variable.{single_valued_association_field.}* single_valued_association_field

collection_valued_path_expression ::= identification_variable.{single_valued_association_field.}*collection_valued_association_field

state_field ::= {embedded_class_state_field.}*simple_state_field

Select Clause
select_clause ::= SELECT [DISTINCT] select_expression {, select_expression}*

select_expression ::= single_valued_path_expression | aggregate_expression | identification_variable | OBJECT(identification_variable) | constructor_expression

constructor_expression ::= NEW constructor_name ( constructor_item {, constructor_item}* )

constructor_item ::= single_valued_path_expression | aggregate_expression

aggregate_expression ::= { AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM } ([DISTINCT] state_field_path_expression) | COUNT ([DISTINCT] identification_variable | state_field_path_expression | single_valued_association_path_expression)

Where
where_clause ::= WHERE conditional_expression

conditional_expression ::= conditional_term | conditional_expression OR conditional_term

conditional_term ::= conditional_factor | conditional_term AND conditional_factor

conditional_factor ::= [ NOT ] conditional_primary

conditional_primary ::= simple_cond_expression | (conditional_expression)

simple_cond_expression ::= comparison_expression | between_expression | like_expression | in_expression | null_comparison_expression | empty_collection_comparison_expression | collection_member_expression | exists_expression

between_expression ::= arithmetic_expression [NOT] BETWEEN arithmetic_expression AND arithmetic_expression | string_expression [NOT] BETWEEN string_expression AND string_expression | datetime_expression [NOT] BETWEEN datetime_expression AND datetime_expression

in_expression ::= state_field_path_expression [NOT] IN ( in_item {, in_item}* | subquery)

in_item ::= literal | input_parameter

like_expression ::= string_expression [NOT] LIKE pattern_value [ESCAPE escape_character]

null_comparison_expression ::= {single_valued_path_expression | input_parameter} IS [NOT] NULL

empty_collection_comparison_expression ::= collection_valued_path_expression IS [NOT] EMPTY

collection_member_expression ::= entity_expression [NOT] MEMBER [OF] collection_valued_path_expression

exists_expression::= [NOT] EXISTS (subquery)

all_or_any_expression ::= { ALL | ANY | SOME} (subquery)

comparison_expression ::= string_expression comparison_operator {string_expression | all_or_any_expression} | boolean_expression { =|<>} {boolean_expression | all_or_any_expression} | enum_expression { =|<>} {enum_expression | all_or_any_expression} | datetime_expression comparison_operator {datetime_expression | all_or_any_expression} | entity_expression { = | <> } {entity_expression | all_or_any_expression} | arithmetic_expression comparison_operator {arithmetic_expression | all_or_any_expression}

comparison_operator ::= = | > | >= | < | <= | <>

arithmetic_expression ::= simple_arithmetic_expression | (subquery)

simple_arithmetic_expression ::= arithmetic_term | simple_arithmetic_expression { + | - } arithmetic_term

arithmetic_term ::= arithmetic_factor | arithmetic_term { * | / } arithmetic_factor

arithmetic_factor ::= [{ + | - }] arithmetic_primary

arithmetic_primary ::= state_field_path_expression | numeric_literal | (simple_arithmetic_expression) | input_parameter | functions_returning_numerics | aggregate_expression

string_expression ::= string_primary | (subquery)

string_primary ::= state_field_path_expression | string_literal | input_parameter | functions_returning_strings | aggregate_expression

datetime_expression ::= datetime_primary | (subquery)

datetime_primary ::= state_field_path_expression | input_parameter | functions_returning_datetime | aggregate_expression

boolean_expression ::= boolean_primary | (subquery)

boolean_primary ::= state_field_path_expression | boolean_literal | input_parameter |

enum_expression ::= enum_primary | (subquery)

enum_primary ::= state_field_path_expression | enum_literal | input_parameter |

entity_expression ::= single_valued_association_path_expression | simple_entity_expression

simple_entity_expression ::= identification_variable | input_parameter

Functions
functions_returning_numerics::= LENGTH(string_primary) | LOCATE(string_primary, string_primary[, simple_arithmetic_expression]) | ABS(simple_arithmetic_expression) | SQRT(simple_arithmetic_expression) | MOD(simple_arithmetic_expression, simple_arithmetic_expression) | SIZE(collection_valued_path_expression)

functions_returning_datetime ::= CURRENT_DATE| CURRENT_TIME | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

functions_returning_strings ::= CONCAT(string_primary, string_primary) | SUBSTRING(string_primary, simple_arithmetic_expression, simple_arithmetic_expression)| TRIM([[trim_specification] [trim_character] FROM] string_primary) | LOWER(string_primary) | UPPER(string_primary)

trim_specification ::= LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH

Group By
groupby_clause ::= GROUP BY groupby_item {, groupby_item}*

groupby_item ::= single_valued_path_expression | identification_variable

having_clause ::= HAVING conditional_expression

Order By
orderby_clause ::= ORDER BY orderby_item {, orderby_item}*

orderby_item ::= state_field_path_expression [ ASC | DESC ]

Subquery
subquery ::= simple_select_clause subquery_from_clause [where_clause] [groupby_clause] [having_clause]

subquery_from_clause ::= FROM subselect_identification_variable_declaration {, subselect_identification_variable_declaration}* subselect_identification_variable_declaration ::= identification_variable_declaration | association_path_expression [AS] identification_variable | collection_member_declaration

simple_select_clause ::= SELECT [DISTINCT] simple_select_expression

simple_select_expression::= single_valued_path_expression | aggregate_expression | identification_variable

Update
update_statement ::= update_clause [where_clause]

update_clause ::= UPDATE abstract_schema_name [[AS] identification_variable] SET update_item {, update_item}*

update_item ::= [identification_variable.]{state_field | single_valued_association_field} = new_value

new_value ::= simple_arithmetic_expression | string_primary | datetime_primary | boolean_primary | enum_primary | simple_entity_expression | NULL

Delete
delete_statement ::= delete_clause [where_clause]

delete_clause ::= DELETE FROM abstract_schema_name [[AS] identification_variable]

Literals
It is normally best to define data values in a query using parameters, using the syntax  or. JPQL also allows for data values to be in-lined in the JPQL query using literals.

JPQL defines the following syntax for literals:
 * To define a ' (quote) character in a string, the quote is double quoted, i.e..
 * To define a ' (quote) character in a string, the quote is double quoted, i.e..

New in JPA 2.0
The following new syntax was added in JPA 2.0.

type_discriminator ::= TYPE(identification_variable | single_valued_object_path_expression | input_parameter)
 * Allows type/class of object to be queried.

qualified_identification_variable ::= KEY(identification_variable) | VALUE(identification_variable) | ENTRY(identification_variable)
 * Allows selecting on Map keys, values and Map Entry.

general_identification_variable ::= identification_variable | KEY(identification_variable) | VALUE(identification_variable)
 * Allows querying on Map keys and values.

in_item ::= literal | single_valued_input_parameter
 * Allows collection parameters for IN.

functions_returning_strings ::= CONCAT(string_primary, string_primary {, string_primary}*)
 * Allows CONCAT with multiple arguments.

SUBSTRING(string_primary, simple_arithmetic_expression [, simple_arithmetic_expression])
 * Allows SUBSTRING with single argument.

case_expression ::= general_case_expression | simple_case_expression |coalesce_expression | nullif_expression general_case_expression::= CASE when_clause {when_clause}* ELSE scalar_expression END when_clause::= WHEN conditional_expression THEN scalar_expression simple_case_expression::= CASE case_operand simple_when_clause {simple_when_clause}* ELSE scalar_expression END case_operand::= state_field_path_expression | type_discriminator simple_when_clause::= WHEN scalar_expression THEN scalar_expression coalesce_expression::= COALESCE(scalar_expression {, scalar_expression}+) nullif_expression::= NULLIF(scalar_expression, scalar_expression)
 * Allows CASE, COALESCE and NULLIF functions.

functions_returning_numerics::= ... | INDEX(identification_variable)
 * Allows querying in indexed List mapping's index.

join_collection_valued_path_expression::=  identification_variable. {single_valued_embeddable_object_field.}* collection_valued_field join_single_valued_path_expression::= variable.{single_valued_embeddable_object_field.}*single_valued_object_field
 * Allows nested dot notation on joins.

select_item ::= select_expression [[AS] result_variable]
 * Allows AS option in select.

literalTemporal = DATE_LITERAL | TIME_LITERAL | TIMESTAMP_LITERAL
 * Allows JDBC date/time escape syntax.

/Runtime

title: Java Persistence/JPQL BNF


text:
Erlang Programming/Kernel and Stdlib

Kernel and Stdlib
The kernel provides simple process-management services, module access, and garbage collection.

The Stdlib includes a large number of commonly used utility functions. Packages included in STDLIB include utilities for math, regexp, printing, various data structures (array, dictionary, tree) and process management (slave, supervisor). A list of functions available in each module can be listed with

m(Mod).

where Mod is some module from list:

array base64 beam_lib c calendar dets dict digraph digraph_utils epp erl_eval erl_expand_records erl_id_trans erl_internal erl_lint erl_parse erl_pp erl_scan erl_tar ets file_sorter filelib filename gb_sets gb_trees gen_event gen_fsm gen_server io io_lib lib lists log_mf_h math ms_transform orddict ordsets pg pool proc_lib proplists qlc queue random regexp sets shell shell_default slave sofs string supervisor supervisor_bridge sys timer win32reg zip

title: Erlang Programming/Kernel and Stdlib


text:
Talk:Basic Book Design/Capitalizing Words in Titles

"Unless the first or last words of a title. these are never capitalized: articles: a, an, the conjuctions: and, but, or, not prepositions that are fewer than five letters long: at, by, for, from, in, into, of, off, on, onto, out, over (unless used as a verb), up, with infinitives: to "as" is never capitalized o'Clock (since it means "of the clock")"

clarify? --Remi (talk) 20:01, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Prepositions as "phrasal verbs"
Turn On or Turn Off or Give Up - I believe the words on, off and up aren't prepositions here at all, but rather adverbs. Like in "The light is on" or "The light is off". See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasal_verbs

Adverbs are always capitalized, so these aren't examples of exceptions. (It doesn't actually state explicitly how to deal with adverbs here, but they are normally always capitalized, and the meaning here seems to be that they should be.)

Likewise, "Blow Up" might not have the meaning of blowing in an upwards direction, but if it did - like in "Flying Up to the Sky" for instance - it wouldn't be a preposition anyway, but an adverb, so it would be capitalized anyway. ("He's up the Creek" on the other hand would be an example of using up as a preposition.)

"Talk to her" would be an example of an actual preposition (to) used in a phrasal verb. So according to the rule stated here, this should be capitalized as "Talk To Her". I wonder if that's the meaning; it seems very non-standard to capitalize to in this case. 193.91.181.142 (talk) 00:12, 4 July 2008 (UTC) (Nick)

Current Rules Don't Cover Certain Words with 5 Letters
The current rules cover certain words with more or less letters than 5, but is silent on rules that apply to such words if they have 5 letters. If you want consistency with several other major capitalization guides, change references to "more than 5 letters" to "5 or more letters".


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Prophecy

Overview
A Prophecy is a valid prediction of the future, as opposed to the "fortune-telling" of Divination.

Extended Description
The term Prophecy refers to two different objects in the series. The first and what Muggles most likely expect is the actual utterance, describing things yet to pass. The second is the glass sphere which contains a record, a memory of that prophecy, so that it may be acted upon or its validity checked at a later time.

While Divination, as a means of predicting the future, tries to achieve the same validity as Prophecy, its methods remain laughable to those analyzing them. However, the one person in the series who is capable of Prophecy is the Divination teacher, Professor Trelawney. The mysticism inherent in Divination may make the mind more open to Prophecy, but it is equally possible that a family history of Prophecy impels one towards a career in the codified fakery called Divination.

During the story, we see only two Prophecies in full, both uttered by Professor Trelawney. The first concerns Peter Pettigrew's escape, and his return to "the Dark Lord", and it is couched in terms that Harry is unable to understand until after the named events have occurred. From the reader's perspective at the end of the book, the prophecy's ambiguous term, "his greatest servant", refers to Pettigrew. To the story's characters, however, as to the reader at the time the prophecy is made, Voldemort's greatest servant seemed to be Sirius Black.

The second prophecy was actually made prior to Harry's birth, and concerns Harry and his interaction with Voldemort. We hear this prophecy in Dumbledore's memories, in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. However, we learn about its existence much earlier, and it is what drives much of the book's action, as Voldemort seems to be blindly reacting to it.

The Battle in the Ministry that forms the climax to Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix occurs in the Hall of Prophecies, where copies of all known prophecies are stored in literally hundreds of thousands of small glass spheres, each containing, presumably, a labeled and cataloged prophecy. The battle does result in probably hundreds of these spheres being broken, and fragments of at least two other prophecies can be heard, but amidst the battle, we are unable to verify what we are hearing.

Analysis
A clear distinction must be drawn between Divination, which is taught as an academic subject but which is clearly little better than Muggle fortune-telling, involving the same methods and equipment, and Prophecy, which has a basis in reality but is apparently innate and unteachable.

Recordings taken from the memories of witnesses to prophecies, via the same techniques used with a Pensieve, and stored in crystal spheres, are kept in the Department of Mysteries, in a store-room associated with the areas used for the study of the mystery of Time. As the areas involved with the study of the Mysteries are interconnected in the same way that the Mysteries are, it is unsurprising that there is also apparently some interconnection between the Prophecy warehouse and the areas devoted to the mysteries of Consciousness and Death.

Prophecy itself seems to be surprisingly common; in the Battle at the Department of Mysteries at the end of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, it appears that there are many shelves full of recorded prophecies. The prophecy regarding Harry and Voldemort is in row 97 of the prophecy warehouse, and the rows are evidently quite long, and the prophecies small. We can conservatively estimate that there are 200 prophecies on a set of shelves 6 feet (2 metres) high by 3 feet (1 metre) wide. If a row is 60 feet (20 metres) long, each row holds 4,000 prophecies, and with 97 rows there must be approximately 400,000 prophecies in storage. Ollivander's wand shop has been in business since 382 BC, which argues a Wizarding presence in England since at least that time; let us assume that prophecies have been accumulating since then, a total of roughly 2,500 years, or about 160 prophecies a year. If we guess that 1% of the Wizarding population is gifted with the true ability, that would mean somewhere between 30 and 100 prophets are in business at any given time, based on our calculations as to the number of wizards in England – see the article on Hogwarts for the determination of Wizarding population. This would mean that the average prophet or prophetess would be turning out between two and six prophecies every year. (This estimate is actually very low, as it assumes constant Wizarding population, rather than the population growth that England has seen since 400BC. The British population in the Iron Age, about 100 BC, has been estimated at 3 to 4 million, against 58,000,000 in 1997. If the one wizard per 6000 or one wizard in 20,000 rule applied that far back, the UK wizard population would be one tenth the estimates above, leaving us somewhere between 3 and 10 very busy prophets, who probably would have to average between twenty and sixty prophecies a year.) The one prophetess we see, Professor Trelawney, with two valid prophecies in seventeen years, does significantly worse than average.

The author has stated, in an entry on her web site, that she and Sybill had been extremely careful in the wording of the prophecy. The prophecy that drives the entire series is precisely this: The one with the power to vanquish the Dark Lord approaches... born to those who have thrice defied him, born as the seventh month dies... and the Dark Lord will mark him as his equal, but he will have power the Dark Lord knows not... and either must die at the hand of the other for neither can live while the other survives... the one with the power to vanquish the Dark Lord will be born as the seventh month dies... The author notes that it is ambiguous, in that it can refer to either Harry or Neville Longbottom, and in particular that, like the prophecy in Macbeth, if the prophecy had not been made, much of the story would not have happened.

Greater Picture
We note that both of the prophecies that Trelawney makes are in the same pattern: a preamble, the main prophecy, and a recap of the preamble. We are told that Voldemort is in possession of the first part of the prophecy, but not the second part; it is this pattern, the repetition of the first part, that allows the eavesdropper, later found to be Snape, to hear the first part of the prophecy when he stumbles upon Trelawney mid-utterance. It is Snape who carries the partial prophecy to Voldemort, and we suspect that it was this service that helped move Snape into Voldemort's inner councils.


text:
IB Psychology/Perspectives/Learning

Background to the learning perspective
Definition of learning: Learning in psychology is defined as change in behavior due to environmental influences.

The learning perspective has its background in the USA in the 1910's. It was born out of an optimistic approach to psychology, believing that if most behavior is learnt, then most behavior can also be changed, as opposed to for example biologists. The anti-German feelings of the time also contributed. The American psychologists gave little credence to the German idea of studying subjects by letting them make accounts of introspection. The learning perspective thus emerged as a reaction to the Germans' subjective study of the mind. It put an emphasis on the scientific study of observable behavior – i.e., what goes on in the mind is not important, only the resultant behavior. It has contributed to the scientific study of behavior (i.e. psychology as we study it) by advocating the experimental testing of hypotheses. Learning psychology is extreme in its favoring of experiments ahead of observational studies and case studies.

Basic assumptions of the learning perspective

 * 1) Only behaviour that can be seen may be studied.
 * 2) Behavior can be changed through new learning and unlearning.
 * 3) Human behavior is determined by the conditioning history of the individual (determinism)
 * 4) All species learn the same way.
 * 5) Complex behavior is caused by simple mechanisms (reductionism)

Classical conditioning
(One of the key theories of the learning perspective.)

 * Definitions
 * Something that is conditioned is learnt or acquired.
 * A stimulus is something that affects the sense organs.

The idea of classical conditioning was born with the scientist Ivan Pavlov, who discovered that when dogs were presented with food, they began to salivate. When the presenting of food was repeatedly coupled with another, neutral stimulus, such as a bell chiming, the dogs would begin to salivate just upon hearing the bell. Watson took this idea further, generalizing it to saying that everything humans learn, they learn through classical conditioning. He made studies of Little Albert, who he got to develop a phobia for rats, by making a loud noise behind his back each time he was presented with a rat. He also supervised Jones as he experimented with Peter, whom Jones got to stop being afraid of rabbits by letting him have milk and cookies while there was a rabbit in the room, and gradually moving the rabbit closer over a number of sessions, while finally Peter could hold the rabbit without being afraid.

The process of classical conditioning

 * The process of classical conditioning goes as follows:
 * Reflex. An unconditioned stimulus gives an unconditioned response, a reaction that goes directly through the nervous system and is faster than perception. Gagging and sneezing, for example. In Pavlov's case, the unconditioned stimulus was the sight of food, and the response was salivation.
 * Neutral stimulus without any specific reaction tied to it. In Pavlov's case, the ringing of a bell.
 * Pairing of an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.  Pavlov presented the food at the same time as ringing the bell.
 * Conditioned (neutral) stimulus giving a conditioned response (somewhat weaker than the unconditioned response). Finally, the pairing will result in the neutral stimulus giving the associated response, that is, the dogs began salivating just upon hearing the bell.

Studies and theories
Seligman developed the theory of preparedness, that humans are more likely to be conditioned to some things than others. Öhman studied this, and found that he more easily could induce what he called “mini-phobias” of snakes than for example flowers when connecting slide pictures to electrical chocks. Garcia found that it is easier to create conditioned responses in rats using taste and smell, not sight. The opposite was found for pigeons. He believed that the reason was the animals' dependency on some senses above others.

Seligman, as stated above, developed the theory of preparedness, non-preparedness and contra preparedness in humans to be conditioned. The theory states that humans can fast and easily learn some behaviors through classical conditioning, and that this behavior is also more resistant to extinction, because humans are biologically prepared to learn it. Other behaviors we are not prepared to learn, and some we are prepared not to learn.

Ader discovered, in an experiment on classical conditioning on rats, that the rats' bodily functions could also be conditioned. He fed the rats with saccharine water containing a poison that would give them a stomach ache, making the rats develop an aversion towards saccharine water. What he discovered was, since the poison also suppressed the rats' immune system, that when the rats were given unpoisoned saccharine water after developing the aversion, they also shut down their immune systems, eventually causing their deaths.

Studies have been made of the phenomena of anticipatory nausea and vomiting. Patients undergoing chemo therapy often become nauseous following the treatment. This conditions them into associating the treatment with nausea, making them feel ill even prior to a treatment session.

Garcia studied coyotes, making them hesitate to attack sheep by giving them poisoned meat, making them ill, wrapped in sheepskin. They were thus conditioned to associate the smell of sheep to illness.

Summary of classical conditioning
An association is formed between two stimuli (an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus), resulting in the subject having the same response to the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. This could explain learnt and automatic emotional reactions in humans (e.g. aversions and phobias).

Theorists: Pavlov and Watson Research: The salivation of Pavlov's dogs, Watson's study of Little Albert, Jones' study of Little Peter, Ader's studies of rats and Garcia's studies of coyotes. Newer: Theorist: Seligman, theory of preparedness Studies: Öhman et al, skin conductance. Important point: the theory of preparedness puts an emphasis on biological factors.

Operant conditioning
(Another key theory of the learning perspective.Note that this theory, as well as the theory on classical conditioning, is quite determinist.)

Theorists

 * Thorndike (1913)
 * Developed the idea of the law of effect: “Behavior is governed by its consequences.”
 * Preformed experiments with cats, learning to open a “puzzle box” by trial and error.
 * All organisms are spontaneously active. He developed the theory that humans learn from this spontaneous behavior.
 * “Spontaneous behavior which grants positive consequences is more likely to reoccur than behavior which grants no or negative consequences.”

 * Skinner
 * The Skinner box experiment. Put a pigeon into a specially designed box which delivered food when the pigeon did what Skinner wanted it to do.
 * Developed theories of operant conditioning.
 * Shaping behavior. Successive approximations to required behavior are rewarded and learnt.
 * Chaining behavior. One kind of behavior is rewarded and learnt, then another kind which is added to be successive to the first, etc.
 * Reinforcement. There is positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive R means presenting something that is wanted, a reward. Negative R means taking away something that is unwanted.
 * Punishment. Positive, negative. Positive P, presenting something unwanted, e.g. slapping. Negative P, taking away something wanted, e.g. fines (taking away money).
 * Reinforcement and punishment do not need to be dealt by a particular person. Reinforcement aims to lead to repetition of a behavior, punishment aims to lead to avoidance of it.

Language acquisition (in children)
(Note that this psychological question is particularly well suited for evaluation.)

Some psychologist have attempted to explain language acquisition through operant conditioning. Skinner, for example, saw language as a verbal behavior that is reinforced and shaped. As can be seen in handout 8, this has proven to be unsatisfactory to explain language acquisition.

Noam Chomsky has criticized Skinner's simplistic view and come up with a view of his own. He hypothesizes that humans have a unique biological and cognitive Language Acquisition Device, LAD which automatically detects the rules of a language. His arguments are
 * If language was acquired through reinforcement and shaping, children learning a language would make all kinds of errors in their language, which they don't.
 * Language is learnt by a predetermined order – children start by forming “one-word sentences”, then go on to two words, etc.
 * Language would take a lot of time to acquire if Skinner was correct, when it in reality is very rapid.
 * It has been shown that parents don't interfere very much, i.e. supply very little reinforcement, in their children's learning process.
 * Language seems to evolve by a nature of its own. The mesh that is created when two languages meet, Pidgin, is in the second generation developed into a more advanced language, Creole.

Social learning theory
Main theorist: Bandura. Please add more information to this section.

Bandura used bo-bo dolls to investigate wheather children copy adults behavior (modeling).== Alternative learning theories ==

Imprinting
The theory that humans and non-human animals have certain critical or sensitive periods for learning. Lorenz studied ducklings and found that in their first 24 hours, the first thing they see move, they will have an instinct to follow. This normally means their mother. Bowlby developed this into the attachment theory, saying that children need to have frequent contact with their parents in order to attach to them and adhere to their values.

Insight learning
Köhler gave rise to this theory, saying that we learn not only by conditioning, but also by the cognitive process, thinking. His theory is supported by his study of a chimpanzee in a cage who figured out how to reach a banana with a stick.

Learned helplessness
A theory on depression. Seligman gave rise to the theory and made studies of for example dogs on electrocuting floors. He found that those who were given the possibility to prevent the electrical shocks to happen were more inclined to take the opportunity to free themselves of the floor than the ones who could not change their situation. In effect, the dogs had learned that they were helpless.

Questions to be prepared for in the exam

 * Identifying an assumption of the learning perspective and relating it to a theory or study.
 * Describing the historical or cultural background of the perspective.
 * Outlining an explanation of a psychological or social questions based on learning, and evaluating this explanation.
 * Describing how the perspective has contributed to the study of psychology.
 * Describing an empirical study related to the perspective and its applications.
 * Describing a theory related to the perspective and evaluating it.

title: IB Psychology/Perspectives/Learning


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Protean Charm

Overview
The Protean Charm makes multiple objects act as if they are the same object – changes made to one object appear on all of them.

Extended Description
In order to make it easier to contact all the members of Dumbledore's Army, Hermione creates a large number of false Galleons. These Galleons are charmed such that, once the date of the next meeting is determined, Harry can change one Galleon to show that date, and all the others will similarly change, and heat up to let their holders know that they have changed. Terry Boot recognizes the charm as a Protean Charm, and is impressed: this is NEWT-level magic.

A parallel is drawn to the Dark Mark tattoo that Death Eaters wear on their left forearm, and Hermione indicates that she had not thought that Harry would want to inflict pain on his prospective students.


text: User talk:91.126.68.37

title: User talk:91.126.68.37


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mermish

Overview
Mermish is the language used by Merpeople.

Extended Description
Heard in air, Mermish is thin and screechy, because Merpeople's vocal equipment is geared to the more viscous aquatic environment. In the thin stuff that is our air, the vibrating bits move far too fast, making the tone of their voices hurtful to human ears.

After the Second Task of the Triwizard Tournament, Professor Dumbledore speaks with the mer-Chieftainess to determine what had happened with Harry and the other Champions under the lake. It is mentioned at that time that Dumbledore knows possibly a thousand languages, including mermish.

Questions

 * 1) In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, how does Harry understand the mermish message within the golden egg?


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Renervate

Overview
Renervate is a general revival spell, used when trying to resuscitate someone who has been left unconscious by magical means. In some editions of the books, it is mistakenly spelled "rennervate".

Extended Description
We see this spell used once: Harry uses it to attempt to revive Professor Dumbledore after Dumbledore has succumbed to the potion guarding the locket in the lake. Harry has limited success.

This may seem to be a special version of Enervate, the charm that counters the effect of a Stun spell, as it seems to be used for more general resuscitation. As mentioned in the article on that spell, however, "enervate" is in direct opposition to the action of that spell, so the author apparently chose to rename the spell in the course of writing the books. We further note that in some early editions of the later books it was misspelled "rennervate", a misspelling that was corrected in later editions.


text:
User:Erica.j

I'm a student of the International Baccalaurate program currently revising for exams. I have just started contributing with my notes to the IB section.

title: User:Erica.j


text:
Cookbook:Seasoned Bread and Butter Balls

Ingredients

 * Slices of bread (3 per person)
 * 3 tablespoons butter
 * 3 shakes garlic powder
 * 3 shakes ground oregano leaves

Procedure

 * 1) Remove crusts from bread, and add other ingredients onto a microwave safe plate.
 * 2) Make each slice of bread into ball, and lay on same plate.
 * 3) Microwave plate for 25 seconds, wait 30 seconds, and serve.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Tergeo

Overview
One of a number of cleaning charms, Tergeo seems to siphon fluids or dust off a surface.

Extended Description
In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Hermione uses this spell to remove blood from Harry's robes; later, she uses it to clean spilled ink off Ron's Dementor essay.

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Ron uses this to clean grease off a rag which he then gives to Hermione to wipe her eyes with, and later Harry uses this spell to clean dust off pictures that he finds in Bathilda Bagshot's house.

This charm seems to be related in effect to Evanesco and Scourgify.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Transfiguration Today

Overview
Transfiguration Today seems to be a professional journal, read by the more advanced wizards interested in learning about new magical techniques.

Extended Description
It is mentioned that, when Harry is staying at The Leaky Cauldron after blowing up his Aunt Marge, there are elderly wizards sitting in the parlor, reading Transfiguration Today.

In Snape's memories, in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, there is a scene where Snape is railing at Professor Dumbledore about what an awful student Harry is. Dumbledore is only giving Snape about half his attention; as he listens, he is reading Transfiguration Today.

Analysis
Just as there are mass-market periodicals like Witch Weekly, The Daily Prophet, and The Quibbler, there must be more professional publications that are similar to our scientific journals. After all, magic is not static; we hear that Wolfsbane Potion was invented recently by an uncle of Marcus Belby, and there are other advances alluded to in various places. While the mass media will trumpet the existence of such advances, when they happen, the professional journal will go into detail as to how the effects are achieved. Transfiguration Today is clearly such a professional journal.


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IB Psychology/External Assessment/Paper 1

Paper 1 is the first of the examination papers in psychology. It covers the core of the course. Both standard and higher level students have 2 hours at their disposal.

Standard Level
For standard level students, Paper 1 contributes 50% to the final grade. It is structured as follows. Note that a question may have an a) and a b) part; in that instance, both parts must be answered.

 * Section A. Short answer questions.
 * All questions must be answered. 9 marks maximum awarded for each question.
 * 1. A question on the biological level of analysis.
 * 2. A question on the cognitive level of analysis.
 * 3. A question on the socio-cultural level of analysis.

 * Section B. Essay response questions.
 * One question is answered (free choice). 22 marks maximum awarded.
 * 1. A question on the biological perspective.
 * 2. A question on the cognitive perspective.
 * 3. A question on the socio-cultural perspective.

Higher Level
For higher level students, Paper 1 contributes 30% to the final grade. It is structured as follows. Note that a question may have an a) and a b) part; in that instance, both parts must be answered.

 * Section A. Short answer questions.
 * All questions must be answered. 8 marks maximum awarded for each question.
 * 1. A question on the biological perspective.
 * 2. A question on the cognitive perspective.
 * 3. A question on the socio-cultural perspective.

 * Section B. Essay response questions.
 * One question is answered (free choice). 22 marks maximum awarded.
 * 1. A question on the biological perspective.
 * 2. A question on the cognitive perspective.
 * 3. A question on the socio-cultural perspective.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Vampire

Overview
Vampires are apparently the same for the Wizarding world as for Muggles: nocturnal human-like creatures, with self-awareness, and with an appetite for blood, especially from young female humans.

Extended Description
We first see mention of vampires when Hagrid is talking about Professor Quirrell; Hagrid suggests that he may now be so frightened because he ran into one. Later, a strange odour is noticed, apparently coming from Quirrell's turban; Fred and George suggest that it may be that Quirrell has stuffed his turban full of garlic in order to ward off vampires.

We next see mention of vampires in Lockhart's book, of which we only see the title: Voyages with Vampires. Given Lockhart's apparent ability to create achievements out of whole cloth, we are left wondering whether vampires exist in the Wizarding world any more than they do in the Muggle world.

It turns out that they do exist; in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Professor Slughorn says that he has invited an actual vampire, plus the writer who wrote the book about him, to his Christmas Slug Club party. Harry, who cannot arrange to escape the party, invites Luna Lovegood. On hearing that there will be a vampire present, Luna immediately guesses that Slughorn has invited Rufus Scrimgeour. Apparently, The Quibbler was planning to publish an article stating that Scrimgeour was a vampire, but that it had had to be spiked under pressure from the Ministry of Magic.

While the vampire, who turns out to be named Sanguini, and his friend are present, the vampire, who has to be restrained from stalking some of the female students there present, does not say much at all.

Analysis
Very little is said to us about characteristics of vampires. We learn that they exist, but whether they are injured by sunlight, whether they are able to cross running water, and whether they are able to withstand silver, garlic, and Christian religious symbols is never addressed.

From the comparatively casual way Professor Slughorn invites one to his party, it seems vampires do not carry the sort of intense social stigma in the Wizarding world that werewolves do.


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Trainz/Uploading Assets

Using the reskin of  covered above as an example. The first step to uploading is to update the  file. Edit the  file in a text editor like Notepad, rather than a word processor such as Microsoft Word, and change the following lines. Be careful to stay within the quotes and do note add any quotation marks or { } brackets. Make a back up before editing as CMP has been known to delete everything after an entry it doesn't understand.

The following are the essentials, use the TC Content Creator's Guide for more details on the values for other fields. name              "Basic plank wagon" username          "Basic plank wagon"

These should be changed for your new name. One is used by TRS2006 / TC and one by TRS2004.

description       "A basic five plank wagon.  designed to be simple to reskin.  It uses a modified Paul Hobbs texture file.  It has working Eldavo's Couplestar couplers                   and Chameleon is used to allow 15 different wagon numbers to be selected in surveyor.  wagonzip.txt  contains the GMAX source Lod 560 / 560 / 560 /                   shadow 72 polys"

author            "JohnWhelan"

contact-email     "jwhelan0112@gmail.com"

organisation contact-website   "http://trainz-carriage-wagon-works.com/"

license           "You may reskin this item for upload to the DLS or other web site as long as it does not become payware.  You must include this licence with the reskin.                   Please email John Whelan jwhelan0112@gmail.com as a courtesy if you do reskin it.                   The package may be redistributed freely provided the content of the package is unchanged, i.e. no files have been added, removed or modified. The                   package may not be sold, neither solely nor as a part of a compilation, without written permission of the author."

The above lines should be changed to reflect your information and it is customary to add its reskin of xyz's work in the description as well as leaving their name in the licence area.

This particular item uses a reference to a 240 by 180 .jpg for the download station in the config.txt file.

thumbnails{ 0{             image width height } }

The simplest way to change this to yours is to replace the file reskin240.jpg with a .jpg that measures 240 by 180 pixels. Note this works but if you change the name you must spell it exactly the same and it is case sensitive.

Now having got you reskin or other item ready to upload drag it to the uploads in CMP. You need to do the following three steps.

Once uploaded it goes through an automated checking process and twenty four hours later you may release it from the preview area which is reached through your profile. If you don't release it it goes no further and this is sometimes a source of frustration.

There after it has to be manually released by Auran.

title: Trainz/Uploading Assets


text:
User talk:198.236.0.23

A note to people thinking about reporting this IP
Please be aware that this IP address is owned by a public school. There are a lot of dumbasses (students) that get on these computers everyday and make changes to wikipedia all the time. They are not meant to be malicious. Blame it on the freshmen. Thank you.

title: User talk:198.236.0.23


text: File:Trainz Upload.jpg

title: File:Trainz Upload.jpg


text: File:Planet Auran.jpg

title: File:Planet Auran.jpg


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Trainz/Content Manager/Content Manager Plus

Introduction To Content Manager Plus
Content Manager Plus was a new module added to Trainz with the November 2005 release of TRS2006, with which users could install new modeling assets, or export a route to share. While CM or ContentManager.exe was also a stand alone EXE file utility in TRS2004 — the 2004 facility was primitive though an improvement on the handful of exe modules, each doing separate maintenance and upkeep functions in Trainz 1.0 through Trainz UTC, combining several functions in that handful of executables. While still a separate module, TRS2004's ContentManager was further evolved, but still primarily only a local database management and access tool and there were separate programs for managing the FTP transactions of uploading and downloading assets to the newly created cloud service, Auran's Trainz Download Station. The big change with CMP (Content Manager Plus) was combining almost all data operations except an editor into one package as a feature of TRS2006 and Trainz Classics onwards, and is accessible via the Trainz start-up launch (Trainz launcher) screen, or by directly loading the exe or using a shortcut. CMs purpose is to manage the assets on your hard drive (located in your Trainz/local folder) and also manage downloading from the DLS. CMP has a sophisticated search facility and automatically downloads dependencies associated with each asset. CMP is closely integrated to CCP.exe, another TRS2006 new asset management tool and can also used to open assets for editing and vetting them for proper data structures before submitting them for use in Trainz. Since TS2009, CCP's validation function has been built into the new CM releases, with ever more stringent format testing and faulty asset rejection. In TRS2006 while CCP can be used as a 'fill-in-the-form-aide', most Content Creators since Trainz UTC and above, manually create assets offline (using a standard text editor and graphics tools) collecting the separate parts in some new assets folder — which are created and crafted by other tools. The assets folders are then submitted into the database via CMP and today's successor CMs by dragging the new assets folder over to CM and dropping it. Alternatively CM/CMPs drop menus have an input mode that allow navigation to and importation of such asset folders. cdp files, Trainz compressed data packet ('zip files' for Trainz assets) files can also be imported by menu or dragged and dropped into these Content Managers, all being Windows based programs.

Troubleshooting
Unfortunately CMP is well known for it's bugs and problems. Crashes, freezes, corruption of assets, malfunction, unpredictability and loss of data are not uncommon for many users. The reliability of CMP varies from user to user and is dependent on the setup of the system and the operating system.

The following is a list of some suggested remedies for common problems with CMP. It is based on a posting on the Auran forum by Rob Shaw.

 * If CMP fails to start, press CTRL-ALT-DEL (or SHFT-CTRL-ESC) to invoke Windows Task Manager. In "Processes", check if there is a second copy of ContentManager running and if so then end it.

 * If CMP fails to recognize the user's login or incorrectly reports having no FCT (First Class Ticket) or some similar problem, check that the C:\Program Files\Auran\TRS2006\Settings folder hasn't any content set to read-only. Then ensure that the login details are entered properly via Launcher>Options, and refresh them (change one letter of your username, then change it back).

 * If CMP cannot connect to the server, check for any problems reported by the firewall program. If the problem persists, in CMP Settings > Internet, choose "Use Internet Explorer Settings", which is reported to sometimes help.

(The later is routinely deleted as CMP boots itself regardless.) This is because occasionally the database becomes corrupted for unknown reasons. You need to run TRS2006 after deleting those items before launching CMP again, and TRS2006 may take a long time to start the first time after deleting the database.
 * CMP is reported to be more likely to crash frequently if there is a large amount of DLS content installed. In this case it may help to delete the ..\TRS2006\assets.tdx file and the ..\TRS2006\Cache folder contents.

CMP behaves a bit like a railroad - the blog edition
By @ auran trainz forum

After my first very hard 2-3 daze of trainz 2006, I have come to terms with CMP, in fact I'm in love, though it was a steep climb. Sure CMP hangs and breaks and sometimes "forgets to leave physical memory, when it crashes, so it must be evicted through the Applications (or Processes) tag within Windows Task Manager; but when it stumbles, it can be picked up from where it left.

The first break through was turning sound on in CMP and listening to the sounds it makes. Then the download part begins to make a little sense:

DO NOT hit the start button immediately after move assets to the Download Helper window! Wait for it! A bell signals when the "train of assets" is ready for download.

WARNING: Failure to adhere to CMPs 'railroad rules and regulations' will increase the risk of wreckage and frustrations.

When departure signal have been given: press 'Start'. A doorman's whistle is blown and CMP begins downloading. (With a download usually maxes out the capacity of the connection, in my case up to 500KB/s.)

Another (undescribed) sound signals, when download helper has done as much as it could. The real fun (as defined by Rimmer of Red Dwarf) begins. Press the 'Missing dependencies' for an initial assessment of the "damage". Hopefully you have 'laptop' icons in the Status column all the way down to the floor.

Do not line up too many assets, unless you are positively asking for trouble. Control your greed and split larger transports into several 'trainz of assets'.

Sometimes CMP cannot find assets, even though they are on DLS. The search them out in DLS and press download there to marshall the next download train. Some are not found on DLS, then you'll be back in this Forum looking for hints.

Some assets come down in tears. Either with 'Missing dependencies' or as faulty. doNT paNIC, most of the problems are rather simple to fix. Begin by opening the Right Mouse Click menu on the misfortunate asset.

If missing dependencies, select View Dependencies, then press 'View in main list' on the popup window. Here the process is a recursive hunt for assets that are faulty or missing dependencies.

Faulty assets can be edited in 3 or 4 ways, but I chose not to install .NET to save precious disk and bug space, so I have only used 'Edit in Explorer' as I'm an old hacker, so I prefer to keep an eye on things without to many buggy tools between me and the real problem.

So, now we're down to a faulty asset. If you cannot fix it, be sure to disable it in the asset RC popup menu. Starting Trainz with faulty assets is a rather bad idea, since the result is unpredictable with inconvenient application crashes as the likely outcome.

Dive into the faulty asset with 'Edit in Explorer' (in the sub-popup menu under Edit in the asset popup menu), this will move the asset files to an editing folder in the trainz root (folder). Then pick 'View errors' on the assets popup menu in CMP, so you know what to fix in the asset folder. Most of the errors are rather silly syntax mistakes in the and the  describing the visual assets components. If you stumble into something you cannot fix, maybe someone has or can, so you'll be back at The Trainz Forum sharing the community fruits or seeding new ones.

With config and texture problems - if you do not know how to fix the assets - it usually suffices to but the word rem on the beginning of the text line CMP complains about. Fx if CMP complains about the word 'surely' in config.txt and a line like: "surely cmp will sour over this line" appears in the file.
 * Simply add rem as a line prefix to turn it into a "comment", like this:

 * rem cmp will surely sour over this line (ed. says: Now invalid — Error created in V2.9 and higher!)

To validate you fixes and reinstate the asset: select 'Commit' on aforementioned submenu. If all's well the red exclaimation (🇨🇴) in the asset's status field will fade and you can proceed to the next trouble item. Otherwise recheck the 'View errors' and repeat the editing part just described.

Now, what we really need is a way to bring the fixed assets back to the DLS without the somewhat disrespect and rather clumsy solution of cloning the fixed asset (with your user ID) and uploading it to DLS under a new KUID. It would be cleaner and more respectful of the producers efforts to put it back with a version increment, so the next one that downloads it (as a dependency) gets the fixed asset instead of being forced to repeat the exercise I have described here.

So much for Trainz'06 and CMP. Vista is another matter, which I would have advised strongly against, if BG&Co (Microsoft) had shown the courtesy of consulting me in advance;-). Unfortunately, the guys in SW (software) engineering still believe users and indeed other developers read manuals. This is at best naive, since it is pretty obvious, that quite few of them do so themselves, leading to various problems very similar in nature to those of the main topic in this reply.

Again: remember to commit all assets and disable what is or can not be fixed - before you start Trainz. Goodbye blue Monday.

NB: It would appear, that you must clone and archive the corrected assets in order to be able to restore your fixes after a cleanup.


text: User talk:24.192.223.6

title: User talk:24.192.223.6