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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Cardiovascular System/Blood/Test Yourself Answers

1. The liquid part of blood is known as plasma

2. There are two main types of cells in blood. They are:
 * a) red blood cells
 * b) white blood cells.

3. The most numerous cells in blood are red blood cells

4. The main function of the red blood cells is to transport oxygen.

5. How would you tell a white cell from a red cell when looking at them through a microscope? (Give at least 2 differences)
 * You would tell a white cell from a red cell when looking at them through a microscope by the red (pink) colour and no nucleus of red blood cells compared to the white cells which have a colourless cytoplasm and a purple stained nucleus.

6. How does the blood help fight invasion by bacteria and viruses?
 * ''White cells in the blood help fight invasion by bacteria and viruses by engulfing them (neutrophils and monocytes) or producing chemicals (antibodies) that kill them (lymphocytes).

'' 7. What would happen to blood if there were no platelets?
 * ''If there were no platelets in the blood it would not clot to stop bleeding.


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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Cardiovascular System/The Heart/Test Yourself Answers

1. Via what vessel does blood enter the heart from the body?
 * Blood enter the heart from the body via the cranial and caudal vena cavae.

2. Blood passing through the right atrioventricular valve passes into which chamber of the heart?
 * Into the right ventricle.

3. What is the function of the pulmonary valve?
 * The pulmonary valve prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle.

4. Does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?
 * The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood.

5. The walls of the heart are made of what tissue?
 * The walls of the heart are made of cardiac muscle.

6. Does the aorta carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?
 * The aorta carries oxygenated blood.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Cardiovascular System/Blood circulation/Test Yourself Answers

1. Does the pulse pass down arteries or veins?
 * The pulse passes down arteries.

2. Give 2 other differences between arteries and veins. ''Arteries have thicker walls than veins. Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood.''

3. What is systole?
 * ''Systole is the period when the ventricles are contracting and sending a wave of high-pressure blood (the pulse) along the aorta and arteries of the body.

'' 4. Circle the correct answer below. Blood flows by this route through the blood vessels of the body.
 * b) heart | arteries | capillaries | veins | heart

11. Name the vessel that carries blood:
 * from the heart to the main organs of the body:aorta
 * from the aorta to the brain: carotid artery
 * from the aorta to the kidneys: renal artery
 * from the intestines to the liver: hepatic portal vessel
 * from the aorta to the heart muscle: coronary artery


text: Template:History of Greece/TOC

title: Template:History of Greece/TOC


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History of Greece/Minoan Civilization

The Minoans were a Bronze Age civilization that flourished on the Greek Aegean island of Crete from around 3000 to 1450 BCE. From around 1450 BCE the Minoan palace culture began to collapse and the vacuum was filled by the Greek mainland Mycenaean culture whose ascendancy is mythologized in the story of King Agamemnon who led the Greek expedition to Troy. The name Minoan was coined by the British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans, who from 1900 to 1906 excavated the palace at Knossos, which he believed to be the capital of the empire of the mythical King Minos.

History
The controversial restoration by Sir Arthur Evans of the ruins of the palace of Knossos. Greek archeologist Nikolaos Platon devised a chronology of the civilization based on excavations of Minoan palaces. He divides the civilization into the following eras:

Prepalatial period (3000-1900)
Archaeological evidence shows that Crete may have been inhabited as early as the seventh millennium BCE. New settlers skilled in metallurgy arrived by the end of the fourth millennium BCE, and replaced the earlier Neolithic peoples.

Protopalatial period (1900-1700)
The first large palaces, most notably at Knossos and Phaistos, were built during the Proprietorial period, leading to more urbanized life and centralized political authority. Around 1700 BCE the major palaces were all destroyed perhaps due to natural causes, such as an earthquake, or perhaps an invasion from Anatolia.

Neopalatial period (1700-1450)
After their destruction, the palaces soon were rebuilt, giving rise to the Neo-palatial period. This period represents the apex of Minoan civilization. Population increased, new settlements were built, and impressive art, architecture, and technologies (such as plumbing) were developed. Despite these many advances, the Minoans suffered some sort of catastrophe around 1450.

Final Palace period (1450-1380 BCE)
Many theories have been put forth to the cause of this sudden and rapid decline. Theories include a massive volcanic eruption of Mt. Thera on the nearby island of Santorini, internal strife, or an invasion of the Mycenaean from mainland Greece. A combination of these factors may be reason for the Minoan collapse. Minoan power and influence in the region had effectively ended by 1420 BCE supplanted by the Mycenaeans. Excavations reveal that pottery and writings from Crete after 1450 resemble those of mainland Greece more so than those of pre-1450 Crete. Knossos then served as the administrative center of Mycenaean Crete, until it was destroyed by fire in 1380.

Post Palatial period (1380-1100 BCE)
After the destruction of Knossos, economic and political influence shifted to the town of Khaniá. Despite this, Cretan civilization began to further decline, and many Minoan sites were abandoned. Hondros is one of few new sites to be settled during this period. The last Minoan site to fall was the isolated mountain town of Karfi, which was able to resist assimilation into the Mycenaean culture until the early Iron Age. The widespread use of iron tools (brought by the Mycenaeans) rather than bronze ones (used by Minoans) is one of the main indications archaeologists used to determine the date of the final Minoan collapse.

Culture
Bull-leaping, featured in this famous fresco from Knossos, was a religious ritual. The Minoan culture featured a very distinctive religion, art style, and language. The Minoans were also pioneers in naval exploration, establishing several colonies on the Greek mainland and other Aegean islands, such as Akrotiri on Thera. The Minoan cultural influence spread throughout the region, including over the Mycenaean culture.

Religion
Many people conclude there to be evidence of animal and human sacrifice in Minoan Crete during the palatial period. Recent Minoan scholars have disputed the ideas and the focus’ of past Scholars. However, these sources are blurred and we should not come to any conclusions as yet, to whether sacrificial rituals did exist in Minoan Crete.

Although the Minoan religious system had come under much consideration and debate, it had never been fully explored or written about in much depth. That is until 1921 when Sir Arthur Evans wrote his works on Minoan religion. Evans portrayed Crete as having an interconnection and an oneness. This was sustained by the idea of them all worshiping one god and this “culture as a whole…shows an essential unity,” (Arthur Evans PM 1:13) portraying the culture as a whole was more important than sacrificial rituals. Evans is known as the advocate of this idea of unity and worship of a sole God. However, Minoan Crete was the perfect example for one to take and write about as it was secluded from other cultures as a lone island. However, though you could infer this there is evidence of them having a key trading port as in the ‘flotilla fresco,’ it clearly shows many boats leaving from Crete.

You could infer there to be evidence of them only worshiping one God, as there is what looks like a Neolithic figurine of a goddess. This source is provided to us by the Spartan Museum. It portrays a woman holding two snakes suggesting her diverseness, as it is believed to be a goddess. The significance of the snakes around the arms is widely unknown however, they have survived for decades and in great numbers which shows the significance of it. The importance of sacrificial rituals is colossally important to link with them only worshiping one god. This is due to polytheistic cultures utilizing sacrifice, for example, Rome in order to gain favor with the gods. However, there is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions. This is due to her coming across as if she is in an altered state, holding in both hands snakes which highlights the unreliability of this theory. In the temple, there were also many objects and another woman in the surrounding picture. One object shows a bowl/vase suggesting libation either from or to one or the other woman. However, in this image, we see no evidence of any type of animal sacrifice.

In the Toreador Fresco currently placed in the Palace of Knossos, there is what looks like an image of three men and a bull. We should assume that “every depiction of a bull on a seal or fresco is to be associated with a supposed sacrificial ritual,” (Cromarty, 2008,). However, it could also be a depiction of a sequence in changing a young boy into a man. This is due to the end figure being more pronounced than the others suggesting adulthood.

Another example of sacrifice is labeled a sacrifice by the Agra Triada sarcophagus. This pictorial image shows a slaughtered bull in the middle with two terrified animals under it. We should take into account the double axe which is normally associated with bull sacrifice. Another interesting aspect is the appearance of a woman in this image as well. This has become a reoccurring theme throughout Minion Crete. We see her hovering her hands over what appears to be an animal of the bovine variety which suggests prayer and worship. It also presents her as a priestess rather than a goddess which proves controversy towards the Neolithic figurine of a goddess we believed we previously saw.

Of late it is to be believed that Archaeologists have found evidence of a sacrificial ritual, which included the sacrifice of animals, whose broken bones were found under a deposit of rubble. This was along with a woman’s bones being found which links back to the priestess’s conduction of the religious ceremonies and rituals. However, I quote from Maria Andreadaki Vlazaki “We have yet to reach a final conclusion since the bones need to be studied further, especially as the latest finds, which include the woman’s skull, were found only recently.” This causes problems due to the unknown fact of what time these people lived in and as to whether it was around the time period being studied.

Though sacrificial rituals were an important part of the religious system there were many other important parts to it as well. Many outdoor shrines have been discovered some in caves, others on hill tops. There are depictions of women dancing around the trees, shaking the branches suggesting a sort of religious ceremony, further highlighting the role woman played. Household shrines and shrines at tombs have also been discovered and this presents a real religious background to Minoan Crete. Artifacts indicate that religious practice involved dance, procession, sacrifice, and offerings, which were all key factors of the religious system. To further the theory of processions occurring or ceremonial events we gain and insight in the Saffron Gatherers fresco. This pictorial image shows two clear women dancing around a monkey (cannot be confirmed) type figure. This further amplifies their role as they have appeared numerous times in sources.

Art
Excavations have revealed frescoes, statues, and pottery. Pottery was the dominant art form of the Minoans from their arrival on Crete up until the Neopalatial period, when pottery-making technology allowed for a standardization of design. Fresco-painting soon rose in prominence, and focused heavily on religious and naturalistic themes. Bulls and snakes, both religious symbols, featured prominently in many works of art, as do other non-religious animals. Perhaps the most famous of the Minoan frescoes is one depicting the religious ritual of bull-leaping, which was found in the palace of Minos. Interestingly, no frescoes depict any of the many gods.

Architecture
Minoans also pioneered many architectural methods. Cities featured roads paved with stone, sewers, and plumbing. The most-recognized type of Minoan architecture is the palace. The construction of the first palaces (the famous palace at Knossos was one of the first) ended the Prepalatial period. Palaces were centers of government, allowing the dozens of individual communities to come under centralized political authority. Palaces also were used to store crop surpluses, and were house shrines to goddesses.

Economy
The Minoan economy was very diverse. Several crops were cultivated, such as wheat, barley, grapes, olives, and figs. They raised several animals, including cattle, goats, and pigs. Bees were kept for honey production, as were donkeys and oxen for plowing purposes. The Minoans also had an established shipping industry, as evidenced by the many colonies they established throughout the eastern Mediterranean. They were involved in the tin trade. As bronze tools and weapons made from tin and copper were replaced by superior iron ones the Minoan economy in trading tin declined. Their trade network extended from Mesopotamia and Egypt all the way to Spain.

Language
Minoan civilization featured several written languages. During the Prepalatial period, a primitive hieroglyphic script was used, but fell out of use by 1700. A writing system called Linear A developed during the Protopalatial period, and continued to be used through the Neopalatial period. Linear A featured many symbols, each of which represented a syllable, word, or number. Linear A was used for record-keeping, and some religious functions. Linear B was the script used for government records. After the Mycenean conquest, Linear A was replaced by Linear B, which would eventually evolve into what is now the modern Greek language. Linear B was deciphered in the 1950s, but Linear A and the hieroglyphic texts have yet to have been completely translated.

title: History of Greece/Minoan Civilization


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Talk:History of Greece

The first five chapters of this book can be exactly the same as those found at Ancient History/Greece. The chapter on Minos is currently the only one that I felt was well-developed enough to merit being brought over at present. Νεοπτόλεμος 03:05, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * On second thought, I've replaced them with inclusions. That way, each version of the same material will have the same edit history. When you click 'edit' on the History of Greece/Contents/Mycenaean Civilization page, you are sent to Ancient History/Greece/Mycenaean Civilization, and actually are editing there. Your changes will show up on both pages. Any material that is specific to the Ancient History book (such as the TOC templates) are given tags to prevent them from being included. Νεοπτόλεμος 07:18, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Greece


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C++ Programming/Compiler/Linker/Libraries/Garbage Collection

Garbage collection
Garbage collection is a form of automatic memory management. The garbage collector attempts to reclaim garbage, or memory used by objects that will never be accessed or mutated again by the application.

Tracing garbage collectors require some implicit runtime overhead that may be beyond the control of the programmer, and can sometimes lead to performance problems. For example, commonly used Stop-The-World garbage collectors, which pause program execution at arbitrary times, may make garbage collecting languages inappropriate for some embedded systems, high-performance server software, and applications with real-time needs.

A more fundamental issue is that garbage collectors violate locality of reference, since they deliberately go out of their way to find bits of memory that haven't been accessed recently. The performance of modern computer architectures is increasingly tied to caching, which depends on the assumption of locality of reference for its effectiveness. Some garbage collection methods result in better locality of reference than others. Generational garbage collection is relatively cache-friendly, and copying collectors automatically defragment memory helping to keep related data together. Nonetheless, poorly timed garbage collection cycles could have a severe performance impact on some computations, and for this reason many runtime systems provide mechanisms that allow the program to temporarily suspend, delay or activate garbage collection cycles.

Despite these issues, for many practical purposes, allocation/deallocation-intensive algorithms implemented in modern garbage collected languages can actually be faster than their equivalents using explicit memory management (at least without heroic optimizations by an expert programmer). A major reason for this is that the garbage collector allows the runtime system to amortize allocation and deallocation operations in a potentially advantageous fashion. For example, consider the following program in C++:

One of more widely used libraries that provides this function is Hans Boehm's conservative GC. Oilpan is a garbage collector for C++ that was originally designed for Blink. As we have seen earlier C++ also supports a powerful idiom called RAII (resource acquisition is initialization) that can be used to safely and automatically manage resources including memory.


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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Lymphatic System/Test Yourself Answers

1. What is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph? ''Tissue fluid is the fluid that has leaked out of the capillaries into the spaces around the cells of the tissues. Lymph is tissue fluid that has entered the lymphatic system i.e. the difference is largely one of location.''

2. By what route does lymph make its way back to join the blood of the circulatory system? ''Lymph makes it way back to join the blood in the circulatory system via the lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, at least one lymph node and the thoracic duct. The lymph then joins the blood in veins that carry it back to the heart.''

3. As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along what makes it flow? As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along it is pushed along mainly by the contraction of skeletal muscles that lie alongside the lymphatics.

4. What happens to the lymph as it passes through a lymph node? As the lymph passes through a lymph node, bacteria and debris are filtered from it and lymphocytes are added to it.

5. Where is the spleen located in the body? The spleen is found in the abdomen alongside and slightly caudal to the stomach.

6. Where is the thymus located in the body? The thymus gland is located in the thorax beneath the sternum and just cranial to the heart.''

7. What is the function of lymphocytes? ''Lymphocytes defend the body from invasion by microorganisms. Some attach to the organisms directly while others produce antibodies that circulate in the blood and attack them.''


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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Gut and Digestion/Test Yourself Answers

1. Name the four different kinds of teeth
 * The four different kinds of teeth are incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

2. Give 2 facts about how the teeth of cats and dogs are adapted for a carnivorous diet
 * The teeth of cats and dogs are adapted for a carnivorous diet with small chisel shaped incisors for biting off flesh, sharp canines for holding and killing prey and carnassials for shearing flesh.

3. What does saliva do to the food?
 * Saliva lubricates food for swallowing and contains an enzyme for breaking down starch.

4. What is peristalsis?
 * Peristalsis is the waves of smooth muscle contraction that pass down the gut and move the food along.

5. What happens to the food in the stomach?
 * In the stomach food is churned and mixed and gastric juice that contains enzymes to digest proteins is added. Hydrochloric acid to make the stomach contents acidic for the protein digesting enzymes is also added here.

6. What is chyme?
 * Chyme is the liquefied and partially digested food that passes down the gut.

7. Where does the chyme go after leaving the stomach?
 * The chyme enters the small intestine after leaving the stomach.

8. What are villi and what do they do?
 * Villi are the small finger-like projections from the wall of the small intestine that increase the surface area for the absorption into the blood of the digested nutrients.

9. What happens in the small intestine?
 * In the small intestine food is digested and resulting nutrients are absorbed into the blood via the villi.

10. Where is the pancreas and what does it do?
 * The pancreas is situated in the first bend of the duodenum after it leaves the stomach. It produces pancreatic juice that contains enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

11. How does the caecum of rabbits differ from that of cats?
 * In rabbits the caecum is enlarged to form a functional caecum that contains microorganisms for breaking down the cellulose walls of plants. Note that because of the position of the functional caecum at the end of the gut animals like the rabbit eat their faeces to take advantage of the digested nutrients.

12. How does the liver help control the glucose levels in the blood?
 * The liver helps control the glucose levels in the blood by converting the glucose to glycogen that it stores. This is then released when blood glucose levels are low. The hormone insulin produced by the pancreas controls this process.

13. Give 2 other functions of the liver
 * Other functions of the liver include the detoxification of toxic substances like alcohol, storing iron and production of bile, proteins, vitamin A and heat.


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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Urinary System/Test Yourself Answers

1. Add the following labels to the diagram of the excretory system shown below. Bladder | ureter | urethra | kidney | dorsal aorta | vena cava | renal artery | vein

2. Fill in the blanks in the following statements.

a) Blood enters the kidney via the renal artery.

b) When cut across the kidney is seen to consist of two regions, the outer cortex and the inner medulla.

c) Another word for the kidney tubule is the nephron.

d) Filtration of the blood occurs in the glomerulus.

e) The filtered fluid (filtrate) enters the Bowman’s capsule.

f) The filtrate entering the e) above is similar to blood but does not contain large proteins or blood cells.

g) As the fluid passes along the first coiled part of the kidney tubule amino acids and glucose are removed.

h) The main function of the loop of Henle is water re-absorption/concentration of urine.

i) Hydrogen and potassium ions are secreted into the second coiled part of the tubule.

j) The main function of the collecting tube is concentration of the urine.

k) The hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is responsible for controlling the concentration of urine in the collecting tube.

l) When the pancreas secretes inadequate amounts of the hormone insulin the condition known as diabetes mellitus results. This is most easily diagnosed by testing for glucose in the urine.


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C++ Programming/Compiler/Linker/Libraries/Static and Dynamic Libraries

Static and Dynamic Libraries
Advantages of using static binaries:
 * Simplification of program distribution (fewer files).
 * Code simplification (no version checks as required in dynamic libraries).
 * Will only compile the code that is used.

Disadvantages of using static binaries:
 * Waste of resources: Generates larger binaries, since the library is compiled into the executable. Wastes memory as the library cannot be shared (in memory) between processes (depending on the operating system).
 * Program will not benefit from bug fixes or extensions in the libraries without being recompiled.

A library is said to be binary compatible if the program that dynamically links to an earlier version of that library, continues to work using another versions of the same library. If a recompilation of the program is needed for it to run with each new version the library is said to be source compatible.
 * Binary/Source Compatibility of libraries

Producing binary compatible libraries is beneficial for distribution but harder to maintain by the programmer. It is often seen as a better solution to do static linking, if the library is only source compatible, since it will not cause problems to the end-user.

Binary compatibility saves a lot of trouble and is a signal that the library reached a status of stability. It makes it easier to distribute software for a certain platform. Without ensuring binary compatibility between releases, people will be forced to offer statically linked binaries.

|S


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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Reproductive System/Test Yourself Answers

1. Add the following labels to the diagram of the male reproductive organs below.
 * testis | epididymis | vas deferens | urethra | penis | scrotal sac | prostate gland

Diagram of Male Reproductive System with labels added

2. Match the following descriptions with the choices given in the list below.
 * accessory glands | vas deferens or sperm duct | penis | scrotum | fallopian tube | testes | urethra | vagina | uterus | ovary | vulva

 * a) The penis delivers semen to the female vagina.
 * b) The sperm are produced in the testes.
 * c) The vas deferens or sperm duct is the passage for sperm from the epididymis to the penis.
 * d) The urethra carries both sperm and urine down the penis.
 * e) Accessory glands produce secretions that make up most of the semen.
 * f) The scrotum is the bag of skin surrounding the testes.
 * g) The foetus develops in the uterus.
 * h) The vagina receives the penis during copulation.
 * i) Fertilisation usually occurs in the fallopian tube.
 * j) Ova travel along the fallopian tube to reach the uterus.
 * k) The ova are produced in the ovary.
 * l) The vulva is the external opening of the vagina.

3. Which hormone is described in each statement below?
 * a) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the growth of the follicles in the ovary.
 * b) Luteinising hormone (LH) converts the empty follicle into the corpus luteum and stimulates it to produce progesterone.
 * c) Oestrogen is produced by the cells of the follicle.
 * d) Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum.
 * e) Oestrogen causes the mammary glands to develop.
 * f) Progesterone prepares the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilised ovum.

4. State whether the following statements are true or false. If false write in the correct answer.

a) Fertilisation of the egg occurs in the uterus.
 * False - Fertilisation normally occurs in the fallopian tube.

b) The fertilised egg cell contains half the normal number of chromosomes.
 * False - Once fertilised the normal (diploid or 2n) number of chromosomes are restored.

c) The morula is a hollow ball of cells.
 * False - The morula is a solid ball of cells. It is the blastocyst that is hollow.

d) Mixing of the blood of the mother and foetus allows nutrients and oxygen to transfer easily to the foetus.
 * False - There is no mixing of foetal and maternal blood in the placenta.

e) The morula implants in the wall of the uterus.
 * False. It is the blastocyst that implants in the wall of the uterus.

f) The placenta is the organ that supplies the foetus with oxygen and nutrients.
 * True.

g) To adjust the baby animal to the outside world the blood has to be re-routed to the lungs.
 * True. In the uterus the foetal lungs are inactive and once the baby is born and starts to breathe blood has to be supplied to the lungs so it can be oxygenated.

h) Colostrum is the first milk.
 * True.

i) Young animals often have to be given calcium supplements because milk contains very little calcium.
 * False. Milk contains lots of calcium. What it lacks is iron and this often has to be given as a supplement.


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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Nervous System/Test Yourself Answers

1. Add the following labels to this diagram of a motor neuron.
 * cell body | nucleus | axon | dendrites | myelin sheath | muscle fibres

2. What is a synapse?

 * A synapse is where two adjacent neurons connect.

3. What is a reflex?
 * A reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus.

4. Rearrange the parts of a reflex arc given below in the order in which the nerve impulse travels from the sense organ to the muscle.
 * sense organ | relay neuron | motor neuron | sensory neuron | muscle fibres
 * The nerve impulse travels from the sense organ to the sensory neuron to the relay neuron to the motor neuron to the muscle fibres.

5. Add the following labels to the diagram of the dog’s brain shown below.
 * cerebellum | cerebral hemisphere | cerebral cortex | pituitary gland | medulla oblongata

6. What is the function of the meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord
 * The meninges protect the brain and spinal cord.

7. Give 3 effects of the action of the sympathetic nervous system.
 * The sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate, the rate of breathing, the blood flow to skeletal muscles and causes the pupils of the eye to dilate.


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History of Greece/Introduction

The Greek peninsula resisted Roman rule, until it was organized into the Roman province of Achaea in 27 BCE by Augustus. Throughout history, conquerors have imposed their culture upon the vanquished, but the Roman annexation of Greece was perhaps one of history's most-influential exceptions to this rule. In the words of the Roman poet Horace, "Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit" ("Greece took captive her conqueror."). The Romans adopted nearly every aspect of Greek culture, allowing it to continue to thrive much as it had done for centuries. During this time period, Christianity began to rise, and Greece was one of the first areas of the Roman Empire to be heavily influenced by the new religion.

When Emperor Constantine I moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330, Greece experienced a revival of its economic power, becoming one of the richest areas of the Byzantine Empire that was created by the Roman Empire's split in 305. After more than a thousand years of Byzantine rule, the Ottoman Empire in nearby Asia Minor began to rise in power, eventually capturing Constantinople in 1453. By 1460, Greece was under Ottoman control. As the Ottoman Empire gradually weakened, the Greeks were influenced by the growing nationalist movements throughout Europe during the early nineteenth century. In 1821, they rose up, and gained independence, leading to the creation of the modern Greek state.

title: History of Greece/Introduction


text:
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Senses/Senses Test Yourself Answers

1. Where are the organs that sense pain, pressure and temperature found?

 * The organs that sense pain, pressure and temperature are found in the dermis of the skin.

2. Which sense organ responds to chemicals in the air?

 * The olfactory organ in the nose responds to chemicals in the air.

3. Match the words in the list below with the following descriptions.
 * optic nerve | choroid | cornea | aqueous humor | retina | cones | iris | vitreous humour | sclera | lens
 * a) Focuses light rays on the retina - Lens
 * b) Respond to colour and detail - Cones
 * c) Outer coat of the eyeball - Sclera
 * d) Carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain - Optic nerve
 * e) The chamber behind the lens is filled with this - Vitreous humour
 * f) This layer of the eyeball reflects light in nocturnal animals like the cat - Choroid
 * g) This is the transparent window at the front of the eye. Cornea
 * h) This constricts in bright light to reduce the amount of light entering the eye - Iris
 * i) The light rays are focused on here by the lens and cornea - Retina
 * j) The chamber in front of the lens is filled with this - Aqueous humour

4. Add the following labels to the diagram of the ear below.

 * pinna | Eustachian tube | cochlea | tympanic membrane | external ear canal | ear ossicles | semicircular canals

5. What is the role of the Eustachian tube?

 * ''The Eustachian tube equalises air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane.

6. What do the ear ossicles do?''

 * The ear ossicles transmit vibrations across the middle ear to the inner ear.

7. What is the role of the semicircular canals?

 * The semicircular canals respond to movement of the head including acceleration and slowing down.


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Talk:Megauniversity

Hello, This site is being created as part of a graduate course in Distance Education. We are planning to finish it on 21st January. We've been receiving comments regarding the style of the book. We fully agree with this and will try to change this. Thank you for your patience. Any tips are welcome because we are still learning and hope to contribute more in the future! thanks

"Welcome!"
Looks like this is a class project. If you guys need something, just ask (the admins are usually around). If you like, you can help us keep track of class projects by registering this one at List of class projects. This way, the regulars will know that you're working as a group on this project and we can better help out. A good starting point for anyone involved in this is Guidelines for class projects - just a quick primer so you know how things are done around here.

Finally, if there's an instructor or group leader, please identify them to us as such. Having a single contact point makes life much easier.

I hope all of you find this as exciting a project as I (and the other folks here) do. My talk page is always available if you need anything, or WB:HELP is read by the community at large. Happy editing! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:17, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Megauniversity


text: User talk:124.197.42.100

title: User talk:124.197.42.100


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Talk:BASIC Programming/Subroutines and Functions

Question: is this part of another book? If so we should probably move it to conform to the naming convention. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 09:10, 19 January 2008 (UTC)


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Nature/Life

What is life? The exact definition even Biologists have trouble explaining! But living things have a life, a length of time to live. Living things need the following:

1) Living things need to take in energy.

2) Living things get rid of waste.

3) Living things grow and develop.

4) Living things respond to their environment.

5) Living things reproduce and pass their traits onto their offspring.

6) Over time, living things evolve (change slowly) in response to their environment.

Life is every system that resists entropy on account of the surrounding environment.

title: Nature/Life


text:
Voter's Guide/United States/Virginia

Primaries
Virginia has an open primary system, meaning that one can vote in both the Democratic and Republican primaries, without having to be a member of either party.

title: Voter's Guide/United States/Virginia


text:
Voter's Guide/United States/U.S. presidential election, 2008

2008 U.S. Presidential Election
Below are the presidential candidates for the Democratic and Republican parties. Names in italics are candidates that have dropped out of the race.

Democratic Candidates

 * Barack Obama
 * "Hillary Clinton"
 * John Edwards
 * Mike Gravel
 * Dennis Kucinich
 * Joe Biden
 * Evan Bayh
 * Chris Dodd
 * Bill Richardson
 * Tom Vilsack

Republican Candidates

 * John McCain
 * Ron Paul
 * Mike Huckabee
 * Rudy Giuliani
 * Duncan Hunter
 * Alan Keyes
 * Mitt Romney
 * Fred Thompson
 * Sam Brownback
 * Jim Gilmore
 * Tom Tancredo
 * Tommy Thompson


text:
User talk:Julie22193~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- Herby talk thyme 11:28, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Voters guide
I am not certain that this is a "valid" wikibook and will ask around. Equally please follow the naming conventions of wikibooks which requires a "/" separator rather than ":". Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 11:39, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Apologies - the book itself may well be fine (external links should be rare) but the naming does need attention - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 13:09, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Julie22193. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Julie22193~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:21, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:06, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Julie22193~enwikibooks