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Talk:Video Production

Transmission
This page is being added to by attendees from a conference on video distribution on the internet.

Http://www.transmission.cc

We wanted to make our resources available to those outside our loose network, and this seemed a good place.
 * Did the international film database (for independent screeners) ever come to fruition? CMBJ (discuss • contribs) 12:16, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

Links and organization
There are three modules linked to only by this book:
 * Video Production/Convergence and collaboration model
 * Video Production/Independent Online Video Distribution
 * Video Production/Basic Virtual Dub Xvid

Are these pages chapters or appendices of this book? If so, please rename these pages to begin with "Video/" via the "move" link at the top of every page. I don't recommend linking to separate chapters only from within other chapters, but rather from an ordered table of contents. If the links are separate books, please be prepared to turn them into academic textbooks. Encyclopedic content would normally go on our sister project, Wikipedia, although it would be allowed in the form of appendices.

Secondly, will this textbook discuss all aspects of video or only video production? Since "video" is a broad subject, I recommend renaming this book to a more descriptive title, such as Video Production (again, via the "move" link at the top of the page).

One other suggestion I have is to change your website links to go to Wikipedia articles instead. Typing Google Video, for example, produces Google Video. You might also be interested in reading a user's New Book Guide. Good luck on your project, hagindaz 04:02, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Spam
This book appears only to be in existence to act as a spam trap for external links and little actual content. – Adrignola talk 14:44, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Comment about RfD Survival
While the book survived the request for deletion, it seemed agreed by all that this book is in need of heavy clean up, and should be "nearly nuked". If it does not improve it can be (and almost certainly will) be nominated for deletion again. Thenub314 (talk) 11:16, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Video Production


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WebObjects/Wirehose

WireHose gives WebObjects developers the power to create fast, personalizable web portals that categorize, index and deliver any media type, like video clips, stock quotes or legacy data. It features a simple, flexible API for adding new own portal components and resource types, making it perfect for creating enterprise portals in addition to high-traffic internet sites. WireHose also has special support for creating and deploying large numbers of re-branded portals sharing some common resources, as for example in an application service provider environment, community publishing, or higher education.

WireHose Server 4.0 was released in November 2006 and is now free to download and use. This version includes new and updated documentation and most of the Layout Support framework is provided as example source code.

Main WireHose site

Download the free package

It has a new developer mailing list at the WireHose Developer Mailing List.

''Starting content used with permission of Gary Teter. WireHose and the eyeball-and-arrows logo are trademarks of Gary Teter.''

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: WebObjects/Wirehose


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WebObjects/Wirehose/Content Management

WireHose provides a powerful, flexible foundation for building content management systems in WebObjects, based on the concept of tagging and indexing content.

Tags
WHTag objects represent metadata which can be arranged in an arbitrary hierarchy and assigned to taggable objects. Tags can be arranged into any hierarchy required. A tag can be uniquely identified by its tagpath, which is a slash-delimited string indicating its position in the hierarchy such as "Animals/Cats/Black cats/Budu". You use static methods in WHTag create and retrieve tags, and assign them to taggable objects. You can subclass WHTag to implement access control, workflow or other special applications. The com.wirehose.base.engage package defines several WHTag subclasses which implement access control for taggable objects. WHRevision is a WHTag subclass which provides support for versioning taggable objects.

Taggable objects
WHTaggable defines an interface for objects which can be categorized and fetched by tags. A taggable object can have any number of tags. You can add taggable support to your existing enterprise object entities by adding a few relationships and implementing the WHTaggable interface, which provides a default implementation as a static inner class. WireHose also includes Xcode templates to create new taggable objects from scratch.

Indexable objects
WHIndexable defines an interface for objects which can be indexed and fetched by keywords. You can add indexable support to your existing enterprise object entities by implementing the WHIndexable interface and adding a few relationships. WireHose also includes Xcode templates to create new indexable objects from scratch. Indexable objects are indexed through the WHTextIndexer utility class.

Fetching taggable and indexable objects
WHTagDataSource is an EODataSource, suitable for use with display groups, which fetches taggable and indexable objects by tags and keywords. WHTagDataSource is optimized for performance, and includes fine-tunable caching and entity pruning so expensive fetches are minimized. You can filter fetched objects by entity or interfaces implemented, and control its SQL generation through several Java properties.

''Starting content used with permission of Gary Teter. WireHose and the eyeball-and-arrows logo are trademarks of Gary Teter.''

title: WebObjects/Wirehose/Content Management


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Video Production/Basic Virtual Dub Xvid

How to create Xvid files from DV avi files in Windows

Why?

Xvid files are often used to convert DVD files to fit on a CD. They are commonly used to put up big files on Indymedia or          similar sites. The file size is quite flexible you can create files that are suitable for screenings which are between 3 Meg and 15 Meg per minute.

You will need to install * Virtual dub mod - http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=65889 - it has an installer for windows.

* Lame mp3 Codec - http://www.free-codecs.com/Lame_Encoder_download.htm [the stable version - to install unzip the *.zip file, find the lame*.inf in the file - right hand click it and select "Install" * Panasonic DV codec -

http://www.free-codecs.com/download/Panasonic_DV_Codec.htm"        - Uncompress the files from pdvcodec.zip archive, right-click           on the PANADV.INF file and select Install.           - You may encounter a prompt saying: "The software you are installing           for this hardware... has not passed Windows Logo testing..."; click           on the Continue Anyway button.           - You should now be able to load DV-AVI Type-2 files with VirtualDub           (and any other program that loads AVI files).         * Xvid Codec -

http://www.free-codecs.com/download/XviD_Media_Codec.htm - this also has an installer so it's easy to use.

How to do it          Open Virtual dub Mod and open the DV avi file you have saved from your video project / or created from a DVD / or the avs/d2v file from using Gordian Knot. File > Open [browse for the file]

Video Select Video > Compression. You willl get a list of the different codecs on your pc. Choose Xvid which should be there. Select Xvid and then Click on Configure on the right To make this super easy we are going to do one pass encoding, and select a preset that looks ok for CDroms. At the bottom of the pages click Default Settings. Then click on the Target Quantizer Button.

This should bring up the next setting. This datarate setting (700 kbps) is OK. It creates a file about 8-9 Meg for one minute of footage. But with modern broadband and computer speeds, we recommend 1600 kbps. Click OK        Then you need to add a filter to de-interlace your video if it           is interlaced - which is normal for dv avis exported from premiere or           similar.

Click ADD and select the deinterlace filter. When given an option select the "Blend" option. Resize your clip, using the resize filter, as 640 x 480 for 4:3, or 800 x 480 for 16:9.

Audio Now we deal with the Audio. This is a "Stream" so we go to          the Stream menu and select Stream list. If your source video file has audio it should be listed as a grey bar with information as seen below. [if you are using Gordian Knot to do          this process from a DVD you will need to click ADD and browse for the *.wav file created in that process] Right hand Click on this bar and select "Full Processing mode".

Then Right hand click again and Select "Compression". If Conversion is greyed out it's because you haven't selected full processing mode. You get a list of audio codecs installed on your system, Click on Mpeg Layer 3 - which is mp3. Choose 48,000 khz, and 128 kps, stereo as a standard thing. If you don't get enough options then you need a) click the show all formats          box or b) reinstall your mp3 codec, get the LAME one, it's free.

Click OK, then OK again at the Stream list menu. You are ready to save your file. File > Save as Avi Often it's a good idea to give it a full name for file sharing purposes with the codecs you used. indymedia_russia_solidarity_action_2005_mp3_xvid.avi

This is to make it easier for other people to know if it is worth watching.

More advanced Encoding Below is a quick description of how to do 2-pass encoding with Virtual-Dub provided by Matthew Coulson: * In the Xvid codec dialog, choose 2pass 1st pass. (Do this just before          you are about to save the file). * Then, in VDub, select save as, type in any old filename, checkmark the box underneath that says "Add operation to Jobs List and defer processing", and click "Save".

* Now, back in VDub, go back into the Xvid codec, choose 2pass 2nd pass * Do the same thing to save it - type in the proper filename this time, checkmark the "Add to Jobs List" box again, and click "Save". * Now click on File, Job Control, and you should see the two jobs you've          just created * Click on Start, and VDub will go off and process the two, and you'll          end up with the two files specified.

* You can delete the first one, and keep the second. Compare it to a          1pass encode and you will notice the difference

title: Video Production/Basic Virtual Dub Xvid


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Cookbook:Dirt Pudding

Dirt pudding is a dessert creation consisting primarily of pudding (vanilla or chocolate) and Oreo cookies, with some recipes including gummy worms. This quick and easy dessert can be made in less than five minutes and is ready to eat in about one hour.

Ingredients

 * 3½ cups (840 ml) cold milk
 * 2 pkgs. (4 serving size) vanilla instant pudding
 * 1 tub (12 oz / 320 g) frozen whipped topping, thawed
 * 1 pkg (16 oz / 450 g) chocolate sandwich cookies

Procedure

 * 1) Crush cookies in zipper-style plastic bag with a rolling pin or in food processor.
 * 2) Make the pudding as directed on the package using the milk; let stand 5 minutes.
 * 3) Stir 3 cups of the whipped topping and half of the crushed cookies into the pudding OR alternate layers of crushed cookies and pudding/whipped topping.
 * 4) Spoon mixture it into any bowl or dish of your choice.
 * 5) Sprinkle the top with the remaining crushed cookies. Refrigerate for 1 hour.

title: Cookbook:Dirt Pudding


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Haskell/Advanced monads

Monads as computations
As far as the usage of monads in Haskell is concerned, our introductory discussion in Understanding monads boils down to view that each monad represents a different type of computation. Here, and in the rest of this chapter, a 'computation' is simply a function call: we're computing the result of this function. In a minute, we'll give some examples to explain what we mean by this, but first, let's recapitulate the role of the basic monadic operators:

The  operator is used to sequence two monadic computations. That means it combines them so that when the combined computation is run, the first computation will run and its output will be fed into the second which will then run using (or dependent upon) that value.

, in computation-speak, is simply a computation that, when run, will produce the result  as-is, but in its own (the computation's) specific way. The meaning of the latter phrase will become clearer when we look at State below.

So how does the computations analogy work in practice? Let's look at some examples.

The Maybe monad
Computations in the Maybe monad (that is, function calls which result in a type wrapped up in a Maybe) represent computations that might fail. The easiest example is with lookup tables. A lookup table is a table which relates keys to values. You look up a value by knowing its key and using the lookup table. For example, you might have a lookup table of contact names as keys to their phone numbers as the values in a phonebook application. One way of implementing lookup tables in Haskell is to use a list of pairs:. Here  is the type of the keys, and   the type of the values. Here's how the phonebook lookup table might look:

phonebook :: [(String, String)] phonebook = [ ("Bob",  "01788 665242"), ("Fred", "01624 556442"), ("Alice", "01889 985333"), ("Jane", "01732 187565") ]

The most common thing you might do with a lookup table is look up values! However, this computation might fail. Everything's fine if we try to look up one of "Bob", "Fred", "Alice" or "Jane" in our phonebook, but what if we were to look up "Zoe"? Zoe isn't in our phonebook, so the lookup has failed. Hence, the Haskell function to look up a value from the table is a  computation:

lookup :: Eq a => a -- a key -> [(a, b)]  -- the lookup table to use -> Maybe b   -- the result of the lookup

Lets explore some of the results from lookup:

Prelude> lookup "Bob" phonebook Just "01788 665242" Prelude> lookup "Jane" phonebook Just "01732 187565" Prelude> lookup "Zoe" phonebook Nothing

Now let's expand this into using the full power of the monadic interface. Say, we're now working for the government, and once we have a phone number from our contact, we want to look up this phone number in a big, government-sized lookup table to find out the registration number of their car. This, of course, will be another -computation. But if they're not in our phonebook, we certainly won't be able to look up their registration number in the governmental database! So what we need is a function that will take the results from the first computation, and put it into the second lookup, but only if we didn't get  the first time around. If we did indeed get  from the first computation, or if we get   from the second computation, our final result should be.

comb :: Maybe a -> (a -> Maybe b) -> Maybe b comb Nothing _ = Nothing comb (Just x) f = f x

Observant readers may have guessed where we're going with this one. That's right, comb is just, but restricted to Maybe-computations. So we can chain our computations together:

getRegistrationNumber :: String      -- their name -> Maybe String -- their registration number getRegistrationNumber name = lookup name phonebook (\number -> lookup number governmentalDatabase)

If we then wanted to use the result from the governmental database lookup in a third lookup (say we want to look up their registration number to see if they owe any car tax), then we could extend our  function:

getTaxOwed :: String      -- their name -> Maybe Double -- the amount of tax they owe getTaxOwed name = lookup name phonebook (\number -> lookup number governmentalDatabase) (\registration -> lookup registration taxDatabase)

Or, using the -block style:

getTaxOwed name = do  number       <- lookup name phonebook registration <- lookup number governmentalDatabase lookup registration taxDatabase

Let's just pause here and think about what would happen if we got a  anywhere. Trying to use  to combine a   from one computation with another function will result in the   being carried on and the second function ignored (refer to our definition of comb above if you're not sure). That is, a  at any stage in the large computation will result in a   overall, regardless of the other functions! Thus we say that the structure of the  monad propagates failures.

An important thing to note is that we're not by any means restricted to lookups! There are many, many functions whose results could fail and therefore use. You've probably written one or two yourself. Any computations in  can be combined in this way.

Summary
The important features of the  monad are that:

 * 1) It represents computations that could fail.
 * 2) It propagates failure.

The List monad
Computations that are in the list monad (that is, they end in a type [a]) represent computations with zero or more valid answers. For example, say we are modelling the game of noughts and crosses (known as tic-tac-toe in some parts of the world). An interesting (if somewhat contrived) problem might be to find all the possible ways the game could progress: find the possible states of the board 3 turns later, given a certain board configuration (i.e. a game in progress).

Here is the instance declaration for the list monad:

instance Monad [] where return a = [a] xs  f = concat (map f xs)

As monads are only really useful when we're chaining computations together, let's go into more detail on our example. The problem can be boiled down to the following steps:

 * 1) Find the list of possible board configurations for the next turn.
 * 2) Repeat the computation for each of these configurations: replace each configuration, call it C, with the list of possible configurations of the turn after C.
 * 3) We will now have a list of lists (each sublist representing the turns after a previous configuration), so in order to be able to repeat this process, we need to collapse this list of lists into a single list.

This structure should look similar to the monadic instance declaration above. Here's how it might look, without using the list monad:

getNextConfigs :: Board -> [Board] getNextConfigs = undefined -- details not important

tick :: [Board] -> [Board] tick bds = concatMap getNextConfigs bds

find3rdConfig :: Board -> [Board] find3rdConfig bd = tick $ tick $ tick [bd]

( is a handy function for when you need to concat the results of a map:  .) Alternatively, we could define this with the list monad:

find3rdConfig :: Board -> [Board] find3rdConfig bd0 = do  bd1 <- getNextConfigs bd0 bd2 <- getNextConfigs bd1 bd3 <- getNextConfigs bd2 return bd3

List comprehensions
An interesting thing to note is how similar list comprehensions and the list monad are. For example, the classic function to find Pythagorean triples:

pythags = [ (x, y, z) | z <- [1..], x <- [1..z], y <- [x..z], x^2 + y^2 == z^2 ]

This can be directly translated to the list monad:

import Control.Monad (guard) pythags = do  z <- [1..] x <- [1..z]  y <- [x..z]   guard (x^2 + y^2 == z^2) return (x, y, z)

The only non-trivial element here is. This is explained in the next module, Additive monads.

The State monad
The State monad actually makes a lot more sense when viewed as a computation, rather than a container. Computations in State represents computations that depend on and modify some internal state. For example, say you were writing a program to model the three body problem. The internal state would be the positions, masses and velocities of all three bodies. Then a function, to, say, get the acceleration of a specific body would need to reference this state as part of its calculations.

The other important aspect of computations in State is that they can modify the internal state. Again, in the three-body problem, you could write a function that, given an acceleration for a specific body, updates its position.

The State monad is quite different from the Maybe and the list monads, in that it doesn't represent the result of a computation, but rather a certain property of the computation itself.

What we do is model computations that depend on some internal state as functions which take a state parameter. For example, if you had a function, and we want to modify it to make it depend on some internal state of type  , then the function becomes. To allow the function to change the internal state, the function returns a pair of (return value, new state). So our function becomes

It should be clear that this method is a bit cumbersome. However, the types aren't the worst of it: what would happen if we wanted to run two stateful computations, call them  and , one after another, passing the result of   into  ? The second would need to be passed the new state from running the first computation, so we end up 'threading the state':

fThenG :: (s -> (a, s)) -> (a -> s -> (b, s)) -> s -> (b, s) fThenG f g s = let (v, s' ) = f s    -- run f with our initial state s.       (v', s  ) = g v s' -- run g with the new state s' and the result of f, v.   in (v', s  )           -- return the latest state and the result of g

All this 'plumbing' can be nicely hidden by using the State monad. The type constructor  takes two type parameters: the type of its environment (internal state), and the type of its output. (Even though the new state comes last in the result pair, the state type must come first in the type parameters, since the 'real' monad is bound to some particular type of state but lets the result type vary.) So  indicates a stateful computation which depends on, and can modify, some internal state of type , and has a result of type. How is it defined? Well, simply as a function that takes some state and returns a pair of (value, new state):

newtype State s a = State (s -> (a, s))

The above example of  is, in fact, the definition of   for the State monad, which you probably remember from the first monads chapter.

The meaning of return
We mentioned earlier that  was the computation that 'did nothing' and just returned. This idea only really starts to take on any meaning in monads with side-effects, like State. That is, computations in State have the opportunity to change the outcome of later computations by modifying the internal state. It's a similar situation with IO (because, of course, IO is just a special case of State).

doesn't do this. A computation produced by  generally won't have any side-effects. The monad law return x >>= f == f x basically guarantees this, for most uses of the term 'side-effect'.

title: Haskell/Advanced monads


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WebObjects/Wirehose/Personalization

WireHose provides everything you need to create high-performance, scalable personalized applications. It models users, guest users, channels, global channels, and channel factories, and includes optimized implementations which handle caching and propagation of default settings to individual sessions.

Users
WHUser is the parent entity for all WireHose users. It includes many methods for fetching, sorting and filtering a user's channels. Subclasses can override the  method to include channels which are not modeled as part of the base "channels" relationship. Users can be automatically logged in via cookies, and you can override the default authentication and guest user creation behavior by implementing WHApplicationHelper's delegate methods.

Channels
WHChannel defines an interface for things which can be personalized for individual users. WireHose includes Xcode templates which use WHConcreteChannel as a default implementation, or you can create your own channel objects by implementing the WHChannel interface. WireHose also provides support for global channels, which belong to all users.

Channel factories
WHChannelFactory defines an interface for objects which create channels for individual users and global channels. Channel factories also may provide default settings which can be overridden on a per-instance basis by individual channels. In a typical deployment scenario, channel factories are shared between all sessions in an application, and thus are often used to cache the results of expensive fetches. It includes a static inner class which provides a default implementation of the interface. WireHose includes Project Builder templates so new channel factories can be rapidly built.

Fetchers
WHFetcher defines an interface for objects which cache and filter the results of expensive fetches. WHConcreteFetcher provides an abstract implementation of this interface as a channel. For maximum performance, fetcher channels will attempt to use their factories' fetch results rather than perform their own whenever possible. WHTagFetcher is a fetcher which uses a WHTagDataSource to fetch taggable and indexable objects. WHQualifierFetcher uses a WHQualifierDataSource to retrieve enterprise objects by arbitrary qualifiers, making it well-suited for creating enterprise information channels that personalize queries into non-WireHose databases.

''Starting content used with permission of Gary Teter. WireHose and the eyeball-and-arrows logo are trademarks of Gary Teter.''

title: WebObjects/Wirehose/Personalization


text:
Talk:Microsoft Office/Working with Formulas

Whether to merge the books
To merge these in their current state would possibly cause the focus of each to be lost. Excel would appear to display the beginnings of a very good "Beginners Guide". It displays a good broad approach to the subject. Each of the other books mentioned are very specialized in their subject content and are more suitable to the advanced Excel user. --09:56, 28 June 2007 Rhys (R.Wilson).

Don't do the merge! -- Tom As a teacher of office applications merging developer level stuff with a simple listing of just some of Excel's functionality would preclude me pointing learners at this book.

do the merge! --Tim

I do not believe it should be merged. The other wiki on excel (not the financial modelling) gives instructions for C++, while this page has a more "in excel" modification approach.

Object Financial Modelling is a buisiness thing. --68.149.31.252 03:39, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Maintain distinction between EXCEL usage and EXCEL-as-solutions-development-environment
whether or not roll up and merge together all available content on Excel is an issue worthy of debate; however, what concerns me is the need to explicitly identify whatever piece of content is either: (a) EXCEL usage or (b) EXCEL clever tricks or (c) MS Office automation or (d) EXCEL-as-solutions-development-environment...

perhaps, viewing it as a multi-volume set, with each major topic as the focus for a given volume...?

howard_nyc@yahoo.com

Merging Excel tips into Excel will have to happen. But better than that is to expand the current section on Excel and then merge the Excel tips as content into the expanded Excel book. I have not need Excel for financial analysis. But looking at the title, i think its quite distinct. If all it does is to discuss Financial formulae in Excel, then i think it should be merged into a future expanded Excel book. - Muralidhar M S

dont merge the sections. financial modelling using Excel exists at the intersection of 2 major specialisations being IT (covering vanilla topic e.g "how to use Excel") and finance (being the financial modelling specialism). It is inappropriate to put this topic on the IT shelf exclusively. Rather have a link from the appropriate business and Excel wiki's to this topic.

Agreed

MS Excel is a tool. Like, a BUS can be used to carry people, carry cattles,carry equipments, etc. The basic guidence for running a bus is same but it needs drivers with specific experience to carry specific loads. A driver with experience in carrying equipments in logistics can't be expected to drive a bus full of school children, equally deftly. Yes one can learn in proper time, although !!!

Financial Modelling is an art, a process, that is being implemented through MS Excel.The implications, tricks and methods are vastly different & advanced here.This needs a special mention, a special treatment. Not all people will understand & be interested in Financial Modelling.

You learn Financial Modelling through MS excel not MS Excel through Financial Modelling.

Please Do not try to scare away people away from MS Excel applications.


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User talk:Trgj56

we've had a report that you have been making page reverts in bad faith, and there has even been an acusation that you are a sockpuppet of a known vandal. Behavior like that isn't appreciated here. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 19:27, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trgj56


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WebObjects/Wirehose/Access Control

WireHose defines a delegate interface which can use to customize how users are authenticated, how guest users get created, and whether or not users can view, edit or delete objects. The WireHoseEngageSupport framework provides an implementation which uses WHTag subclasses to model roles-based access control, with users, groups, operations and inheritable permissions.

Authentication
WHApplicationHelper will automatically authenticate users based on username and password or unique login cookies or request headers. If a user can't be found, a guest user will be used. You can customize this behavior by implementing delegate methods which allow you to inspect whatever form values, cookies or headers you find in an incoming request to determine the user for a session.

Access control
The WHApplicationHelper.Delegate interface also defines methods such as userCanViewObject and userCanEditObject, which you can implement to control what users are allowed to do.

The com.wirehose.base.engage package uses tags to implement roles-based access control, with users, groups, operations and inheritable permissions for taggable objects. WHEngageTag is a WHTag subclass which is taggable and indexable, so you can control access to tags. WHEngageUser represents users which can belong to multiple groups. WHGroup is a WHTag subclass which represents groups that can be arranged in an arbitrary hierarchy.

Permissions, represented by the WHPermission class, are tags which are assigned to taggable objects to indicate an association between a group and a WHOperation object. Permissions can be marked as inheritable, which means you can assign a permission to a tag, and any resources tagged with that tag will inherit the assigned permission.

''Starting content used with permission of Gary Teter. WireHose and the eyeball-and-arrows logo are trademarks of Gary Teter.''

title: WebObjects/Wirehose/Access Control


text:
Biblical Studies/Christianity/Evangelists

Evangelists are Christians who feel strongly about that which they assert is true and wish to attempt to convert the rest of society to their beliefs.

 * /John Wesley/
 * /George Whitfield/
 * /Bob Jones/
 * /D. L. Moody/
 * /Charles Finney/
 * /William Booth/
 * /Catherine Booth/
 * /Billy Sunday/
 * /Ray Comfort/
 * /Billy Graham/
 * /Oral Roberts/
 * /Ernest Angley/
 * /Rex Humbard/
 * /Pat Robertson/
 * /Jerry Falwell/
 * /Jimmy Swaggart/
 * /Jim Bakker/
 * /Tammy Faye Bakker/


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WebObjects/Wirehose/Dynamic Layouts

WireHose applications can have multiple user interface appearances. This can be used to support multiple branded affiliates from a single codebase, as in an application service provider environment, or to allow the user to personalize the look of their page in addition to personalizing its content. You can also use this ability to support multiple output formats, such as XML, HDML, SMIL, RSS, RDF, etc.

Layout dictionary
Each separate look in a WireHose application is called a layout. Layouts are defined in a file called a layout dictionary. You can provide a layout dictionary programmatically, or specify the location of a layout dictionary file on the command line. WHSessionHelper is the primary object used for accessing the layout dictionary.

By default, WireHose will use the value of the user's currentLayout property to determine which layout to use. It can also automatically determine which layout to use by sniffing HTTP request headers, which is useful for temporarily overriding the user's layout preference if they are using a handheld device or other non-HTML client.

Pages, wrappers and areas
Like all WebObjects applications, a WireHose application consists of pages and components. You can substitute pages and components for a given layout; the session helper uses the layout dictionary to determine which components to use. Each layout has an associated WHWrapper, which defines the look for that layout. Wrappers and pages also may define multiple areas on the page using WHArea components. For example, a three-column layout may define three areas, "left", "middle" and "right", while another layout may include only a "main" area. Channels are mapped to a particular area through their areaName property; you can map areas from one layout to another through entries in the layout dictionary.

Dynamic binding resolution
Components that inherit from WHComponent can optionally resolve their bindings through the layout dictionary rather than being set directly by a parent component. A component's color binding can resolve to "blue" in one area, and "green" in another, depending on the current area, page and layout.

Localization
WHSessionHelper provides methods which return localized strings depending on the session's languages array, and will look in several places to resolve the value. You can define strings for a particular component on a particular page, or for a particular component, or for a particular page. You can also provide default localizations for components which are in a framework, and those localizations can be overridden in a particular application. You can also define non-localized strings in the layout dictionary. WHPropertyBinder objects are used to get localized labels and values for binding to popup menus.

Cookies, URL rewriting and bookmarkable pages
WHDirectAction provides a mechanism for automatically detecting whether cookies are enabled in a client's browser, and controlling whether session IDs are visible in URLs accordingly. WHHyperlink is a dynamic element which includes support for URL-rewriting similar to Apache's mod_rewrite, but which is applied to URLs generated by your application. Together these two classes enable your applications to have clean, bookmarkable URLs such as "/WireHoseDemo/MyHomePage" and still provide personalized sessions. ''Starting content used with permission of Gary Teter. WireHose and the eyeball-and-arrows logo are trademarks of Gary Teter.''

title: WebObjects/Wirehose/Dynamic Layouts


text:
WebObjects/Wirehose/Rapid Revelopment

The WireHose frameworks are designed to help you build content management and portal applications faster. You can use them to build new applications from scratch, or you can add WireHose functionality to an existing codebase, usually without subclassing WireHose objects.

Xcode templates
WireHose provides Xcode templates for creating new WireHose applications and frameworks. It also includes templates for rapidly building new channels, channel factories, taggable and indexable entities, as well as components for rendering and editing channels and resources.

Using interfaces instead of subclassing
WireHose defines several Java interfaces which you can implement, enabling you to add WireHose support to your existing enterprise object classes. WHEnterpriseObject provides methods for automatically discovering entities which implement an interface, and performing fetches against all entities which support a given interface. WHFetcher defines an interface for fetching, caching and retrieving objects based on an entity name or interface, and WHCachingDataSource provides a default implementation, which also doubles as an EODataSource so you can use it to drive display groups. Most interfaces provide a default implementation, so the amount of code you need to write to support a particular interface is minimal.

Creating entities at runtime
WireHose makes extensive use of entity inheritance, taking advantage of the fact if an entity is not visible at runtime, any database rows described that entity are simply unavailable to the application. This is a simple but effective way to partition objects between separate application instances which share identical codebases and differ only in configuration files or launch arguments. For example, if you are deploying multiple news portals, users connecting to the Seattle portal should only see Seattle-area traffic cams, and Portland users should only see Portland-area traffic cams, but both should have access to national newsfeeds.

WHEnterpriseObject provides several methods for dynamically creating subentities at runtime, so you don't have to manually model many common types of inheritance in EOModeler. These methods are especially convenient for horizontal and single-table inheritance.

WHEnterpriseObject also includes special support for "affiliate-based inheritance", which is used by many WireHose entities. In this approach, you define an attribute on your base entity called "affiliate". This attribute is used with a restricting qualifier to identify subentities. WHApplicationHelper and WHTag use a "default affiliate" to determine which subentity should be used. WHApplicationHelper also lets an application access multiple affiliates simultaneously, and WHEnterpriseObject can automatically create subentities for all available affiliates.

Database independence
WHEnterpriseObject makes it simple to switch between databases when an application is launched. EOModel connection dictionaries can be replaced on the fly through command-line arguments, so you can use a different database during development versus deployment, or deploy multiple instances of the same application against multiple database backends. WireHose also makes extensive use of attribute prototypes so models don't have to be modified even when switching between different database vendors. In addition, since databases vary in how boolean values are supported, WHEnterpriseObject provides utility methods which transparently set and retrieve booleans, whether the columns are defined as INT, BOOLEAN or CHAR.

''Starting content used with permission of Gary Teter. WireHose and the eyeball-and-arrows logo are trademarks of Gary Teter.''

title: WebObjects/Wirehose/Rapid Revelopment


text:
WebObjects/Wirehose/Installation

Installation
Download the WireHoseServerX.X.dmg disk image to anywhere on your system, and double-click it to open. Inside you'll find the WireHoseFrameworks.pkg installer, which will guide you through installing the WireHose frameworks onto your system. You'll need an administrator password to run the installer. Inside the WireHoseServerX.X disk image you'll also find a folder called WireHoseExtras, which contains sample files and source code. Drag this folder anywhere you like (such as your home directory).

/Library/Frameworks

 * WireHoseBase:Enterprise object model, business logic and utility classes; required for any WireHose application
 * WireHoseEngageSupport:Optional access control framework
 * WireHoseLayoutSupport:WebObjects components, direct actions and session and web application helper classes
 * WHFrontBasePrototypes, WHOpenBasePrototypes, WHOraclePrototypes:Database attribute definitions
 * WireHoseWOBuilderBindings:Xcode project and dummy framework to help WebObjects Builder properly display WireHose component bindings

/Library/WebServer/Documents/WebObjects/Frameworks

 * WireHoseLayoutSupport:Common images

~/WireHoseExtras

 * Developer:Templates you should put into ~/Developer
 * Documentation:API documentation, developer overview, database setup, tREADME, etc.
 * SampleCode:Sample applications and frameworks
 * SampleData:Sample XML data, mapping models and SQL setup scripts

''Starting content used with permission of Gary Teter. WireHose and the eyeball-and-arrows logo are trademarks of Gary Teter.''

title: WebObjects/Wirehose/Installation


text:
User talk:Christine Frayda

Hey christine, I saw your message at Embedded Systems, and if you want to go ahead with the merger (or the redirection, as the case may be) then I can help you out. I'll take a look at the page in question, and do what I can do now. I will redirect the page if necessary, or simply post a link otherwise. Also, I will post a link from the Embedded Systems book to your software engineering handbook. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 01:11, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I took a look at the page of the SEH book, and decided that we dont really need to merge or redirect. I posted links to both the Embedded Systems book, and the Programmable Logic book (which covers FPGA, etc). --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 01:15, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Christine Frayda


title: User:Samh004


text:
Talk:A-level Mathematics/OCR/C3/Special Functions and Transformations

Please correct the following
<>
 * The half-life is a quantity, not an application.

<>
 * A sample of 100 gram is not reduced to 20 grams. You won't be able to notice any change in mass.

Please, don't teach erroneous concepts.

Thank You, for you input. I will correct it. This was a very rough draft and now I have my own page to prevent poor quality text from appearing in the book. Keytotime 13:38, 9 October 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Salgat~enwikibooks

Feel free to use this to post whatever you guys want, as I'm too lazy to do it myself :)

title: User:Salgat~enwikibooks


text:
Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine/Print version

Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Physics_of_Nuclear_Medicine

= Atomic & Nuclear Structure =

= Radioactive Decay =

= The Radioactive Decay Law =

= Units of Radiation Measurement =

= Interaction of Radiation with Matter =

= Attenuation of Gamma-Rays =

= Gas-Filled Radiation Detectors =

= Scintillation Detectors =

= Nuclear Medicine Imaging Systems =

= Production of Radioisotopes =

= Chapter Review =

= Further Information =


text:
CAT-Tools/DéjàVu 3

DéjàVu 3 is the precursor version of DVX.

title: CAT-Tools/DéjàVu 3


text:
Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sybill Trelawney

Redirect
The original page at "Sibyll Trelawney" used the character name in the US books, and the US spelling. The new page uses the UK spelling of her name, just as much of the book uses UK spellings and names. I would recommend keeping the redirect, as people will link to it from outside WB.

Questioning the spoiler content of the character overview
I question the inclusion of the prophecy statement before any spoiler section is made. The overview I believed was for general understanding of the character, not letting on story lines etc. The statement includes information about the prophecy, how it involves Voldemort, how it was made to Dumbledore. I believe this is too in-depth and critical to the storyline in the lastest books, not for somebody that may have just finished the first few books. Does anybody agree this should be at least under intermediate levels, I would think advanced? --DanielBC 10:29, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. -- Jokes Free4Me 18:12, 9 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Mudson gee@yahoo.com~enwikibooks

Hi and welcome. Just a quick word of warning, it may not be a good idea to create an account with your email address, as
 * It lets everybody see your email, and they may email you when you don't want them do (eg. if you were to get into a disagreement with somebody)
 * It leaves your email open for spammers to read.

If you create an account with a different username, even "Mudson gee" you can enter your email in the "email address" section, and other wiki-persons can email you using a tool designed to protect your privacy from unknown people.

Just a suggestion, no need to change it if you don't want to. Other than that, again, welcome to Wikibooks! --DanielBC 10:35, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mudson gee@yahoo.com. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mudson gee@yahoo.com~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
User talk:UKbandit~enwikibooks

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 11:12, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called UKbandit. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name UKbandit~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:51, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:UKbandit~enwikibooks


text:
Video Production/Convergence and collaboration model

Draft for a model of online Video Production
Creating a DVD or a programme for Tv with a decentralised production team communicating and exchanging Video content, research and subtitles via the Internet is now possible.

Are there any ways we can help make the process easier by sharing resources.

To find this out we can have a look at a possible workflow, analyse and improve it and potentially use it for a base for a Production project to test this way of working.

The best way of representing a possible way of working together is a diagram.

It can also be expressed as follows. Divided into 2 possibilities of distribution one unedited direct retransmission of the Video segment uploaded by the original producers. The other a model for editing and contextualising this content.

Technical notes
Uploading Dvavis, or Dv quicktimes for use in Premiere or Final Cut pro is the simplest way of collaborating online.

Final Cut pro also supports XML which creates other possibilities for collaborative video making.

http://www.echochamberproject.com/collaborativefilmmaking

No Derivation model / Submitting finished Segments
Aim: Creating a high quality resource of online Video files and subtitle files which can be retransmitted on DVD, Cinema and community screenings, TV, Cable, Satellite.

What is needed:

 * Video collectives who can create a video and subtitle file of their content and who are prepared to distribute it under a creative commons licence
 * A space to upload large quality video files (like http://archive.org)
 * A network of translators who can work with subtitle files
 * Links to good resource and documentations files to make the process easier for users of the system

The original production team take on the encoding and uploading of their work. This should be uploaded in full [dv avi/ mpeg2] and preview quality to a public/ private server. It should probably be made available under a non-derivation licence. The video file should definite be made available with a subtitle file [*.srt format], which corresponds exactly to the Time. There are subtitle notes here for more information about why this is very important http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Video

Subtitle files are passed to translation collectives who translate the original language file to as many languages as appropriate. This process may use some of the existing subtitling / translation collectives. But currently there is a need for more skill sharing for using subtitling software for translation. Specifically the Indymedia and Babels collective.

The original video file and translated subtitle files can be showcased in a public or private webspace. It can then be downloaded to create DIY pick and mix DVD's / screening tapes.

It is likely that the translators would work with the screening collectives to select and translate the segments of video that best suit their target audience. As such there is no obligation for any group to take on translation which they feel to be unnecessary.

The example used above of a DVD is arbitrary, The output could be any suitable outlet; Satellite TV such as Free Speech, peer to peer networks, website distribution. The choice of a creative commons licence for non commercial use allows other outlets to approach the original production group to ask for right for retransmission for cable or terrestrial channels. The key focus here is making the Video file available high quality.

This process is similar to the European Newsreal model which is described here http://europeannewsreal.indymedia.org There is a recent post on their email list which discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this process http://lists.indymedia.org/pipermail/european-newsreal/2006-May/0523-77.html

Editing and contextualising model
[this is similar to the Deep Dish / Undercurrents / Asia 247 model and incorporating online submission] Aim: to create Edited programmes from films and footage submitted online. This will create programmes with better context for viewers.

What is needed:
 * Video collectives who can create a video and subtitle file of their content and who are prepared to distribute it under a creative commons licence
 * A space to upload large quality video files (like http://archive.org)
 * A network of translators who can work with subtitle files
 * Links to good resource and documentations files to make the process easier for users of the system
 * Editorial collectives who can effectively contact, work remotely with original video producers, establish trust and edit content sensitively and checking that original producers are happy with the final result.
 * Outlets to distribute edited content to.

The original production team take on the encoding and uploading of their work. This should be uploaded in full [dv avi/ mpeg2] and preview quality to a public/ private server. It should probably be made available under a non-derivation licence. The video file should definite be made available with a subtitle file [*.srt format], which corresponds exactly to the Time. There are subtitle notes here for more information about why this is very important http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Video

And editorial team previews this material and decides on a the theme and target of a specific production, which could be a DVD or a 23 minute programme. This editorial team then contacts the original producers to gain permission to edit their work, and negotiate rights, payment and use.

As such editorial decisions are hard to make in large groups especially in online situations over email lists, for example, it may be suggested that a maximum size for such a collective is 4-5 people.

The editorial team then work with the translation collective to get subtitle files of their edited work. This process may use some of the existing subtitling / translation collectives. But currently there is a need for more skill sharing for using subtitling software for translation. Specifically the Indymedia and Babels collective.

The editorial team then output the finished work as a non-derivative licence and makes it available in what everways they want to. DVD, for download, as Mpeg2 files for cable and Satellite retransmission, peer 2 peer, etc. If the editorial team charge for the finished programme, they should have negotiated a clear way of dividing the revenue between those involved in the process.


text:
Talk:Bahai Faith

If any Baha´i will read this article: I do not mean to offend You personally. I just express my opinion, which is founded by thorough studies not only of Baha´i books (Such as Nabils Record)but also by studies of middle east and ottoman empire history. Search for yourself! Dont´accept biased information only from Baha´i sources!.

title: Talk:Bahai Faith


text:
User:Morganic

Hi,

Reasonably new at this thing. Predominantly interested in wikiversity.

title: User:Morganic


text:
All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD

 * This is a tutorial for converting from different video formats (AVI, Real Media, Mkv, Ogg, etc) to a DVD format, playable on any DVD player.

Versão em Português/Portuguese Version
Para uma versão em português, vá para este link: Tudo Sobre Conversão De Diversos Formatos Para DVD.

For a Portuguese version, go to this link: Tudo Sobre Conversão De Diversos Formatos Para DVD.

Introduction
I am writing this tutorial because I spent months trying to make good DVDs from fansubbed animes and most of the errors I got (which were a lot) didn't get explained well enough on any of the guides I found.

I intend to deeply cover all the steps and troubleshooting for making good DVDs out of AVIs and Real Media videos.

TMPGEnc Xpress
This is the software that is going to be used for conversions. One or more video files are loaded on TMPGEnc Xpress, edited (using any of the filters available) and transcoded into MPEG-2 format. The converted videos are then ready to be compiled onto DVD.

Avisynth
This software is going to be used to frameserv the original video to TMPGEnc Xpress. This will be explained further in the section.

DVD Lab Pro
This is a DVD authoring software. It is used to compile a DVD using MPEG-2 files. It allows you to create several different types of menus including animated, with sound, etc... It is a powerful piece of software, but in this tutorial I am going to stick to the basics, i.e. creating simple good looking menus, chapter selection, etc...

Riverpast Audio Converter
Sometimes Avisynth cannot recognize the audio stream from the video file. When that happens, the audio will have to be extracted from the video file, so Avisynth can load the video and audio streams separetly.

Divfix
This software will be used in case the video files are corrupt.

Real Alternative
This software is necessary if you want to convert Real Media files, because Avisynth cannot recognize these formats (like rm or rmvb) otherwise.

GSpot
This software is used to find out which codecs the AVI video requires. You have to download these codecs if you still don't have them in order to play the video.

Codecs
These are not strictly essential. Depending on the video, different codecs will be needed. I recommend using the Combined Community Codec Pack. This codec pack has never caused any errors on my PC, and it comes with almost every codec you are ever going to need.

Conversion Process Overview
This section covers some technical terms and processes involved in the conversion process.

Frameserving
One of the problems encountered while encoding videos is crashing. TMPGEnc Xpress uses a lot of memory while converting videos, and if you try to convert several videos (for example, encoding several chapters of an anime) and import the video files directly into TMPGEnc Xpress, the chances that the program will crash during conversion are extremely high. Just one tiny reading error during the encoding is enough to stop all the conversion that was already running for several hours. when this happens you will have to start from the beginning.

Frameserving solves that problem. If you try to load the video directly into TMPGEnc Xpress, huge temporary files are created during conversion, which greatly increases the memory usage, and consequently increases the chances that reading problems occur and a lot of time gets wasted. Avisynth is a software that allows you to create scripts to read the video file and send only small parts of it to the decoder. For example, you have a video called Movie.avi, and a script file called Movie.avs. Movie.avs is basically a text file with a few lines that indicate the video to be loaded. So one of the lines will look like this: file = "Movie.avi". Then, when normally you would open Movie.avi in TMPGEnc Xpress, now you will open Movie.avs instead. This way, when the conversion starts, Avisynth starts to frameserv Movie.avi, which is sending tiny pieces of the video file one at a time for TMPGEnc Xpress to read. This way, the space used for the temporary files is minimized, memory usage is reduced, and the chances of crashing is greatly reduced.

Converting
Most DVD players cannot read AVI/RM/RMVB... etc. files directly. To be able to watch such videos on the TV, you must first convert them to a format that the DVD player can understand. This format is MPEG-2. MPEG-1 is also readable by DVD Players, but they have much lower quality. If you want to make VCDs then that is the format you want to convert to. This tutorial will not be covering the process for creating VCDs.

TMPGEnc Xpress plays the converting part. I also choose this software because it has several features that really makes our life easier, like being able to resize the video and converting several videos together, like chapters, to easily preview and fill the size of one DVD.

One of the most common problems when trying to convert a movie to DVD format is the overscan. Most televisions are made in a way to please the general public. For that reason, everything you see on the TV had the borders cut, top, bottom and sides. This is made to ensure that the image covers the whole screen. That is called overscan. Unfortunately, when you make a DVD, it's borders will most likely be cut too, and if the video had subtitles too close to the bottom, they won't be fully shown.

The solution to that is simple. TMPGEnc Xpress has an option of resizing the video. All you have to do is adjust the size (the size has to be only a little smaller than the original video to fix the overscan). Then the video will get a little smaller with black borders on the sides. Those borders will be on the overscan area and the video will show on the whole screen without the cut borders.

It is always a good idea to test on the TV several different resize values for the video you are converting to know which one will best fill the TV. For that, TMPGEnc Xpress has also the option of cut editing the video. You can then select only a few seconds of video to convert faster, so you can quickly test the results on the TV.

Compiling the DVD
After the conversion is successfully completed, the files are still not ready to be burned to the DVD. The format is correct, but the files have to be organized in order to be played in a regular DVD player.

The last step before burning it to load the video files onto DVD Lab Pro. Then you can configure the chapters, menus, extras, backgrounds, and any other details you may like to add to the DVD. After that, the DVD will be compiled, a process that usually takes about 15 to 20 minutes. Then the DVD is ready to be burned and played on any DVD Player.

Making the DVD - AVI
These are the steps to be followed in order to make DVDs out of AVI files. Other formats will be covered later, because only a few modifications of the general process have to be made.

Creating the script with Avisynth
The first step is to create a script that points to the video that you are going to convert. The script created is going to be processed by Avisynth and can be played like a normal video in most video players, like Windows Media Player. It is also treated like a video by TMPGEnc Xpress, as explained in the section.

This is a basic script that is going to be used in the conversion. This script has been borrowed from the tutorial |Converting AVI to MPEG-2 with AviSynth and TMPGEnc Xpress:

file = "C:\...\Movie1.avi" # use actual filename AVISource(file, audio = false) frate = Framerate DirectShowSource(file, fps = frate)
 * 1) source AVI file
 * 1) source AVI file
 * 1) open AVI video-only to get correct frame rate
 * 1) save correct frame rate for DirectShowSource
 * 1) reopen in DirectShow for better audio compatibility
 * }

Basically all you have to do is paste this text on the notepad, change the file parameter to point to your movie, and save it with a name like Movie1.avs. The avs extension is important so Avisynth can recognize the script file and load the video.

After you have done that, open the script in Windows Media Player to see if it worked. If you get a error that looks like this:

This kind of error usually means you have made a mistake on the file name or a typo anywhere in the script. Just see what line the error is in and try to correct it. If you copied the script exactly like shown in here, it should work fine, unless the path to the video is incorrect, there is an error in the video or a missing codec. If that's the case, use G-Spot to find out which codec you will need. For help in that, go to /G-Spot/.

If the video works correctly, that means you are ready to open it in TMPGEnc Xpress. Jump to

OBS: The video takes longer to open through the script. But it will open much faster if you have the codec ffdshow installed. That's good if you are opening several files on TMPGEnc Xpress, because they all can take a while to load (maybe one minute each) without ffdshow.

If the video plays but has no sound and you have the correct codec installed, then you will have to extract the audio stream to a WAVE file. Riverpast Audio Converter is very easy to use, but use any program you like. For some reason Virtual Dub seems to have problems with TMPGEnc Xpress though, so I don't recommend using it to extract the audio from the movie.

Simply drag and drop the movie onto Riverpast Audio Converter.

On the Audio Format options on the bottom, select the following configurations:

File Type  : WAV - Waveform Compressor : PCM/Uncompressed Stereo Sample Rate : 48khz - DVD Quality Resolution : 16 bits - Normal
 * }

Then click Convert.

Now you will have to change the script, so you can load the video and the audio separately. Use the following script and change the path to point to the correct video and audio (that you have just converted).

file = "C:\(...)Name.avi" audio = WavSource("C:\(...)Name.wav") AVISource(file, audio = false) frate = Framerate video = DirectShowSource(file, fps = frate) Normalize(0.98) AudioDub(video, audio)
 * 1) source AVI file
 * 1) source AVI file
 * 1) source WAV Audio file
 * 1) open AVI video-only to get correct frame rate
 * 1) save correct frame rate for DirectShowSource
 * 1) reopen in DirectShow for better audio compatibility
 * 1) combine them into a single clip
 * }

Test it on the Windows Media Player now. You should see the video and hear the audio just fine.

Creating a test video
The next step is to test the right configuration so the video will look good on the TV. All these tests seem to be a waste of time, but with a little practice you will be able to do them really fast. And they are important so you can know how the DVD will look like on the TV before actually having to convert the whole thing.

Open TMPGEnc Xpress. Click on Start new project. This step is only a test, so even if you are planning to convert several chapters at once, you should not do that yet. For now, add the same script two or three times. You will use a different configuration for each one, so you can know which one will look better on the TV.

Click on Add File. Add the whateverthename.avs that you created before. Now the following screen will appear:

Before you change any configurations on this page, you have to check the resolution of your video. If you cannot see the resolution in the properties of the file, click on Filter (Marked 3 on the screenshot). In the screen that will appear, right below the timeline, the resolution will be shown (for example, 800x600). Then click on Clip info above, to return to the previous screen.

You must know the resolution so you can select the correct Aspect Ratio (marked 1 on the image above) on TMPGEnc Xpress. For example, if your video is 640 x 480, then you should select Image 4:3. If you don't know which resolution is widescreen (16:9) and wich one is standard (4:3), check this List of common resolutions. Even if the resolution of your video is not listed in there, its easy to know just by watching. If your video is widescreen, select Image 16:9, otherwise, select Image 4:3. Don't click OK yet.

Select Cut-Edit on the top (marked 2 on the image above). The following screen will appear:

What you will do now is select only a small portion of the video to be converted, only a few seconds. This way, you can convert that part of the video really quickly to test the results on the TV without wasting time.

Click on the timeline (marked 1) and drag it to any part of the video that has a good image. Is even better to select a scene with subtitles showing. Then click on Set as Start Frame (Marked 2). In the timeline, go a few seconds further, and then click on Set as End Frame (Marked 3). You should get something like the image shown above. The small triangles bellow the timeline restrict the video that will be converted.

After that, click on Filter (Marked 3 on the first screenshot). The following screen will appear:

This is the screen that you will use to fix the overscan of the film. Select Resize on the left (Marked 1). This setting allow you to resize the video and create black borders around it, so they wont be cut in the TV. In Image position (Marked 2), select Center (Custom size). This means the video will be centralized, and from the new edges to the end of the original size, black borders will be put.

Don't put huge borders. Just look at the original size and take 20 pixels from top and sides. For example, if the video is 640x480, the new size should be 620x460. That is very little, so the movie won't really get stretched the from the disproportional resizes. If you want to get a calculator and find out the proportion to resize correctly, that's ok, but the difference will really be insignificant. When converting widescreen videos, I have learnt that the videos get a better look when stretching the most possible in hight. Usually I make my widescreen videos with a resolution of 694x480, no matter the starting size (again, that is only for widescreen videos). In the preview there will seem like the video will exceed the borders of the screen, but in the output the video will be perfect.

In this example, the original size was 640 x 364 (widescreen). I resized it to 620 x 340. The black borders you see in the center are just a preview. They will look even larger in the TV, so you can't create big borders. But like I said, actually I would use a resolution of 694x480.

You don't have to change the Resize method. Just keep it Adaptive.

Now click OK.

Ok, now do that whole Add file process again. Repeat everything, but now don't use the Resize filter. Now you have two tiny peaces of video, one with borders and the other fullscreen. If wou want, make another file with a different border. But probably just the 20 pixels will be good enough. When you play that on the TV, just see what video looks better, and use that configuration to convert the whole thing.

Next, click on Set Output, on the top. Select Standart Template->DVD->NTSC. On aspect ratio, select the same aspect ratio you have chosen previously (16:9 for widescreen, and 4:3 for Standart). Click on Select on the bottom.

The following screen should appear:

If it doesn't, click there:

Now look at the blue bar (marked 1). That bar cannot pass the limit of the DVD. In the test step, the videos are so small that it is impossible for that to happen. But be careful, when you are converting for real, if you use more than 100% of its capacity, the video will be converted, but later it won't fit in the DVD! Just click the arrow down until it gets to 100%. If you cannot get it down to 100%, that means you are trying to convert too many videos on the same DVD and TMPGEnc Xpress cannot compress anymore, so you will have to delete one or more of them.

Now look at Image resolution (marked 2). Make sure it's on 704 x 480, or else you will get a really ugly output.

That's it! Click OK, then click Encode. On the Output path tab bellow, select Output clips separately. It decreases the chance of crashing and makes it easier to create chapters later. In the Encoder setting tab, in the Preview frequency option, select No preview. The process goes faster when the preview is turned off. Still on the same tab, on both of the Task priority options, select Highest, to accelerate the process even more. Now click on Start Output, and wait. Since this is a test, it should take less than a minute. When you are doing the real thing, though, it will take several hours. You should let it running at night. And don't turn on high memory using programs, like games or anti-viruses while encoding.

The output files will be MPEG files, and are ready to be loaded on DVD Lab Pro and burned.

Compiling the test DVD
Now open DVD Lab Pro. If you have DVD Lab Standart, you can try to use it. But I had several weird bug problems with the standard version, so I recommend using the Professional version.

At this point, you will make the test DVD, so you don't have to worry with adding chapters, putting backgrounds and all that. But I'll explain how to do those things in advance. So, when you are creating the real thing, just follow these instructions.

When you open it, you will see this screen:

So, to the basics:

1 This is the preview screen. It doesn't really show anything important. Only the video, without audio. It is only useful really if you want to set the chapter points at specific places. Otherwise, you don't need this screen.

2 This is the connections screen. It shows you, for example, what happens when the menu times out, if it goes to the next menu, or the video, etc. It is useful if you want to play one movie after the other. Just drag the little gray ball from movie 1 to movie 2.

3 These are the movies you have on the project. It is an important part. You will have to create one movie for each chapter or movie you want to put on the DVD. By chapter, in this case, I mean each separate MPEG file that you have created in the conversion process.

4 These are the menus you have on the project. If you want to create a main menu and one chapter menu, for example, you will need two menus.

5 This is the Assets screen. It is a very important screen. Any movies, audios, subtitles, etc. will be imported and shown on this screen.

First of all, go to the folder where you have created the MPEG files with TMPGEnc Xpress. Select all of them and drag to the Assets screen. A screen will appear asking if you want to demultiplex the files. This means to separate the audio and the video in two different files. DVD Lab Pro tells you that it is better do demultiplex, but since you used TMPGEnc Xpress to create the movies, you don't have to worry. Demultiplexing takes a while and you really don't need to do it. Just click quick mode without demultiplexing.

Now that your videos are in the Assets screen, you have to add them to the DVD. Suppose you have created three videos. Right click on the Project screen (the one with the numbers 2, 3, and 4 marked). Then select Add movie. Just to that until you have enough movies for each file you want in the DVD (in this case, three).

Now, double click on each movie you added (where I marked 3). This screen will appear in the place where were the Connections screen:

Just drag the movie from the Assets screen to the Movie screen above. If you have demultiplexed, the audio is in a different file and you have to drag it too. If you have a separated file for subtitles, drag it here too. Do that to each movie you have on the assets screen, and drag each one of them the each movie screen that you created.

Now you can add chapters, if you want. The easiest way is to make a text file with the minutes you want to make the chapters. This way, you can use this file to add chapters to every movie you make. Let's say you want to add chapters at every three minutes. Just create a text file like this:

00:03:00 00:06:00 00:09:00 00:12:00 00:15:00 00:18:00 00:21:00 00:24:00 00:27:00 00:30:00 00:33:00 00:36:00 00:39:00 00:42:00 00:45:00 00:48:00 00:51:00 00:54:00 00:57:00 01:00:00
 * }

Now click the menu 'Movie->Import Chapters...', and import the file you saved. This will add chapters every three minutes to your movie until it reaches one hour. If it has less the one hour, DVD Lab Pro will automatically stop adding chapters. If it has more than one hour, or you want place the chapters differently, just change the text. You can also use the preview screen to see exactly where you want to place the chapters, and click on Add chapter point, which is the little + just above the preview screen.

Now, you have to create the menus. Click on menu 1 on the left (marked 4). If you want to make a main menu, and a chapter menu, just add another menu like you added the movies.

This screen will appear:

This is where you will create your menu. First, if you want to put a background, just find a picture you like and drag here. You can resize it to fit that screen.

To make the menu options, click on 1. Then write whatever you like so who is watching the DVD will understand. For example, write PLAY. After that, the option PLAY will be where you have placed it. But that is just a word yet. To actually make that work as an option to 'play', you have to link it. Right click on the word and select Link->Movie 1->Chapter 1(Movie start)', marked 3. That means that when you select PLAY on the DVD player, it will play the Movie 1 from the start. Use the same process to navigate through the menus linking one to another (to link an option to another menu, right click on the word and select Link->Movie 1->Menu 1', marked 4), changing the audio, the subtitles, etc. This is the base to create different and complex menus, so just try more and more features. When you get the hang of it you will be able to easily make a lot of different good-looking menus. Take a look at the features in the menu Menu as well, there are interesting things available there. Just use your imagination!

Now that you made the menus, you might want to test them. Just click on the Simulate button, and on the Follow links button, both marked 5 on the screenshot. Now you can click on the options you have programmed to check if they do what you want.

Now it is time to compile the DVD. Click on the menu Project->Compile DVD. The compile screen will open. Don't change the default options, just set the destination directory you want for your DVD files, and make sure the checkbox Run on Background is unchecked. If you run it in foreground the compilation will be much faster.

After the compilation is done, just burn the compilation with Nero or another program of your choice. In Nero, select the option to create a DVD-Video and just drag the compilation folder in there. Always keep a DVD-RW, so you won't waste the DVDs with the test video. Now you can test the DVD on the TV.

Creating the real DVD
When you test the DVD on the TV, look which movie looked better on the TV. When you know that, do the same process again. But now, instead of adding the same script twice on TMPGEnc Xpress, add all the videos you want to put on the DVD. Don't use the Cut edit setting, because now you probably want to convert the whole movie. Use the filter settings exactly as you used on the movie that looked better on the TV. Remember all the other details, just as you have seen on, for they all are important. When everything is set, click on Start Output again. Now is the time you should let it running and go to sleep. It will probably take all night long.

When it is done, just make the compilation as explained on and burn it. You are done! Now you have your DVD ready to run on any DVD player!

Making the DVD - Real Media - MKV - others
To convert from real media to MPEG-2, a few things must be changed from the previous instructions. Just do everything you would do to convert from an AVI format. Ill list below the changes you should make for Real Media. I am not an expert at converting from real media to MPEG-2, actually I hadn't done it so much. But I will talk about the errors I encountered when I did.

Obs. Know that Real Media is a very detail poor format, so if you try to convert it to DVD, the result will have probably low resolution and should look bad on the TV. If you are looking for quality, consider using AVI instead.

1 When you load Real Media videos with Avisynth, there is a great chance the audio will get out of synchronization. To fix that I changed the script. I used a script with this single line:

DirectShowSource("c:\movie.rmvb", fps=23.976, convertfps=true)
 * }

That fixed it. Separating the video from the audio didn't. If that doesn't work, you should try different fps values.

2 When loading the converted MPEGs into DVD Lab Pro, the program will ask you to demultiplex the files, and you probably wont have a choice of not doing that. I faced then a strange bug. After you demultiplex the files, only the video stream was created, and no audio. I don't know why that happened, so pay attention if that happens to you too. If only the video files appear on the assets screen (the video files are the ones with the .mpv extension, and the audio files are .mpa) after you demultiplex, you will have to extract the audio from the MPEG yourself. You can use the Riverpast Audio Converter for that. The only problem is that the WAV output file is really big, so you will probably need to convert the WAV to AC3 or MPA first, or the final compilation may not fit in the DVD. Is not hard to find software that convert from WAV to AC3. After you have extracted and converted the audio streams, you will have to add them to the assets screen too, and add them with each video you add in the Video screen, as explained in the section.

Those are the problems I had when converting from Real Media to DVD. If you have different problems, go to the section bellow.

Now, to convert mkv, ogg, or most other types of formats, just use this line to load the file:

DirectShowSource("file.extension", fps=23.976, convertfps=true)
 * }

That will open the movie without problems. If you want to load a separate subtitles file into the movie, add the line below:

TextSub(subtitle file)
 * }

In this case, the script would look something like this:

DirectShowSource("Video.mkv",fps=23.976,convertfps=true) TextSub("subtitle.ass")
 * }

Now all you have to do is load this script on TMPGEnc Xpress. DirectShowSource works with most of the video format.

Troubleshooting
Bellow will be listed common errors you may encounter when converting videos.

 * When I try to extract the audio stream from the movie (AVI) with Riverpast Audio Converter, the program says that it doesn't recognize the format of the file.

This could mean an error in the video file. Try using Divfix to fix the file and try to extract the audio again.

So that's it, and I wish you all the best of luck!


text:
CAT-Tools/DéjàVu X/deal with embedded codes

Similar to the Windows Registry, embedded codes should be treated with utmost respect and caution.

The DVX manual/online help contains a detailed section on embedded codes, and procedures for eliminating 'rogue codes' prior to importing Word files are described at http://www.necco.ca/dv/word.htm and in the section on how to prepare Word files before import of this guide.

The basic rule is never delete embedded codes from source segments, because this can cause severe file corruption and associated frustration.

Nevertheless, advanced users may be interested to know that certain 'non-critical' codes can in fact be deleted safely from source segments, and it may be convenient to do so in certain situations. Further details can be found at

--HerbEppel 15:55, 13 June 2006 (UTC)--


text:
Wikibooks talk:Card Catalog Office

Card Catalog Office/sandbox
Above sandbox created for improvement proposals. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 07:32, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Card Catalog Office


text:
Semiconductors/Introduction

Introduction of semiconductor
Nearly everything that we use contains semiconductors. From old relics such as "Transistor Radios", to computers, and everything in between, semiconductors make modern human technology operate. Before this book, wikibooks had a number of sources on semiconductors, scattered as stub pages and individual chapters in other books. However, this book is an attempt to bring all that information together into a single resource, and therefore become more valuable to the wikibooks community at large. Now, other books that used to provide their own mini discussions of semiconductors can instead link to this book in an effort to save time and space.

What Semiconductors Are
Semiconductors are special materials (frequently silicon-based) that conduct differently under different conditions. This is, of course, only a partial definition, but it is certainly an important part. Semiconductors can be used to control the flow of electricity in a circuit, they can be used to amplify a signal, or they can be used to switch current flow on or off. In fact, this is only a small subset of the things that semiconductors can do. This book will explain what semiconductors are, and how they are used.

What This Book Will Cover
It is the intent of this book to become a thorough and complete reference resource on semiconductors. The first section will discuss what semiconductors are, and how they are constructed physically. The second section will begin to discuss transistors, first through the use of specific models (Transistors as a switch, and Transistors as an amplifier). Section 3 will talk about Field Effect Transistors (FET), how they operate, and how they are made. Section 4 will talk further about the use of transistors as amplifiers, and will discuss Op-Amp circuits in detail. Section 5 will discuss rectifier circuits and regulator circuits. Section 6 will talk more in depth about using transistors as switches, and will discuss the popular CMOS and TTL design methodologies. Finally, section 7 will discuss the use of light with semiconductors, including phototransistors, photodiodes, and LEDs. In the future, additional topics may be covered.

Who This Book Is For
This book is designed to be a complete resource on semiconductors, from manufacture to theory, and finally through the use of semiconductors in complex circuits. As such, this book is squarely designed for all readers who are looking to increase their understanding of any of these subjects (or all of them). University-level students, especially those in physics, engineering, chemistry, and mathematics will find this book most helpful.

title: Semiconductors/Introduction


text:
User talk:72.78.105.14

Hi, and welcome to wikibooks. I see you've been making some changes to the Template:Reverse Engineering Chapter. You are welcome to explore a little, but I don't think there is any real need to alter the shape, size, or functionality of that template. Let me know what you are doing to this template and why, or else I will revert your changes. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:00, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It's no problem, I agree that it is fairly ugly. I'm not an artist, so I can't make it any better myself, but If you think you can, let me know. I tend to view anonymous IP address users a little suspiciously because of all the vandalism that we get, and I'm sorry about that. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:05, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:72.78.105.14


text:
All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD/G-Spot

This section is a brief explanation of the usage of the software G-Spot to find out the codecs needed to play an AVI format video.

First of all, install the software.

Then run it. Drag and drop the video you want to check to the program and wait a few seconds. The displayed screen will show all the information on the codecs used to make this video. Right below an arrow it will say "5 compatible codecs installed". That means the video will should play properly. If that's not the case, you should download the codecs marked. In this case, XviD.


text:
A-level Physics/Forces and Motion/Deformation of solids

Hooke's law
$$F = {k\;x}$$

This applies to an object's deformation only before the elastic limit; from then on it deforms plastically and no longer follows this law. it states that, extension is directly proportional to the applied force.

Spring Constant
$$k = \frac{1}{gradient}$$

$$k = \frac{F}{x}$$

The gradient refers to the gradient of a Tension-Extension graph. The standard units of k are N m−1

Strain
$$Strain = \frac{Extension}{Original\; length}$$

Because this is a division of two measurements of length, Strain has no units and remains a ratio.

It can also be represented as $$Strain = \frac{ Change in  length } {Original\; length}$$

Stress
$$Stress = \frac{Force}{CrossSectional\; Area}$$

The units for Stress are N m−2, otherwise known as Pascals (Pa)

The Young's modulus
$$Young \; modulus = \frac{Stress}{Strain}$$

Strain energy
$$Strain \; energy = \frac{1}{2}Fx$$

However, due to Hooke's Law, it can be calculated in another form, y=mx+c;

$$Strain \; energy = \frac{1}{2}2jx = \frac{1}{2}kx^2 $$

Elastic limit
the maximum extent to which a solid may be stretched without permanent alteration of size or shape.

Plastic limit
When the stress is sufficient to permanently deform the metal, it is called plastic deformation.


text:
A-level Physics/Electrons, Waves and Photons/Magnetic effects of current

Right Hand Grip Rule
The most basic principle. Imagine your right hand gripping a pen while doing a "thumbs up"(it is vulgar in certain countries but this is for science). The thumb points to the direction of the conventional current while the other fingers points to the direction of the magnetif field lines(it circles around the direction of current).

Fleming's left hand rule
Use your thumb, first and second fingers to point at 90° to each other: like the corner of a box. First finger: Field seCond finger: Current THumb: THrust

Formula
$$F = B\,I\,L$$

F is the force produced, measured in newtons. B is the magnetic field strength (flux density), measured in Tesla. I is the current that the magnetic field is acting on, measured in Amps. L is the length of the electrical wire, measured in metres.


text:
A-level Physics/Wave properties/Reflection and Refraction

Definitions and units

 * Frequency (f) — the number of complete oscillations of a particle each second.
 * Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). 1 Hz = 1 complete cycle per second.
 * Period (T) — the time taken for one complete oscillation.
 * Period is usually measured in seconds, especially when used in equations.
 * Amplitude (A) — the maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position.
 * Wavelength (λ) — the shortest distance between two parts of the same wave that are oscillating in phase with each other.

Relationship between f and T
$$T = \frac{1}{f}$$

and hence,

$$f = \frac{1}{T}$$

Wave speed
The speed of a wave (v) is just the distance the wave has travelled over the time. If we take the time to be one period, then the distance will be one wavelength. Hence the speed of the wave is given by:
 * $$v = \frac{wavelength}{period} \,\, =\,\ \frac{\lambda}{T} $$

Using the fact that,
 * $$f = \frac{1}{T}$$

we can re-arrange the above equation to give
 * $$v = f \, \lambda $$

Laws of reflection
Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection

The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence are all in the same plane.

Refractive index
When light passes from one material to another the refractive index is the ratio of the speeds of light in the two materials.

Refractive Index = Speed in Air / Speed in Medium

Snell's Law
Snell's law is the simple formula used to calculate the refraction of light when travelling between two media of differing refractive index.

$$Refractive\, index = \frac{1}{Sin C}$$


text:
Algebra/Logarithms

Logarithms (commonly called "logs") are a specific instance of a function being used for everyday use. Logarithms are used commonly to measure earthquakes, distances of stars, economics, and throughout the scientific world. It basically answers the question: what power do I have to raise this base to, to get this result.

Logarithms
In order to understand logs, we need to review exponential equations. Answer the following problems:  {What is 4 to the power of 3? { 64_2 }
 * type="{}"}

{What is 3 to the power of 4? { 81_2 }
 * type="{}"}

{ $$2^5=$${ 32_2 }
 * type="{}"}

{ $$5^2=$${ 25_2 }
 * type="{}"}

Just like there is a way to say and write "4 to the power of 3" or "$$4^3 \!$$, there is a specific way to say and write logarithms.

For example, "4 to the power of 3 equals 64" can be written as: $$4^3=64 \!$$

However, it can also be written as:

$$ \log_4 (64) = 3 \ $$

Once, you remember that the base of the exponent is the number being raised to a power and that the base of the logarithm is the subscript after the log, the rest falls into place. I like to draw an arrow (either mentally or physically) from the base, to the exponent, to the product when changing from logarithmic form to exponential form. So visually or mentally I would go from 2 to 5 to 32 in the logarithmic example which (once I add the conventions) gives us: $$ 2^5 = 32 \!$$

So, when you are given a logarithm to solve, just remember how to convert it to an exponential equation. Here are some practice problems, the answers are at the bottom.

Properties of Logarithms
The following properties derive from the definition of logarithm.

Basic properties
For all real numbers $$a, b, c, d, y > 0$$ with $$b \ne 1, d \ne 1$$, we have

 * 1) $$\log_b (y^a) = a \log_b (y)$$
 * 2) $$\log_b (b^a) = a$$
 * 3) $$\log_b (a c) = \log_b (a)+\log_b (c)$$
 * 4) $$\log_b (a/ c) = \log_b (a)-\log_b (c)$$
 * 5) $$ \log_b (a) = \frac{\log_d (a)}{\log_d (b)}\quad$$ (change of base rule).

Proof
Let us take the log to base d of both sides of the equation $$ b^c = a $$:

 * $$ \log_d (b^c) = \log_d (a) $$.

Next, notice that the left side of this equation is the same as that in property number 1 above. Let us apply this property:

 * $$ c \log_d (b) = \log_d (a) $$

Isolating c on the left side gives

 * $$ c = \frac{\log_d (a)}{\log_d (b)} $$

Finally, since $$ c = \log_b (a) $$

 * $$ \log_b (a) = \frac{\log_d (a)}{\log_d (b)} $$

Examples
This rule allows us to evaluate logs to a base other than e or 10 on a calculator. For example,
 * $$ \log_3 (12) = \frac{\log_{10} (12)}{\log_{10} (3)} = 2.262 $$

 {Solve these logarithms}

{ $$ \log_3 (81) =$${ 4_1 }
 * type="{}"}

{ $$ \log_6 (216) =$${ 3_1 }
 * type="{}"}

{ $$ \log_4 (64) =$${ 3_1 }
 * type="{}"}

{Evaluate with a calculator (to 5dp) $$ \log_4 (6) =$${ 1.29248_7 }
 * type="{}"}

{Find the y value of these logarithms}

{$$ \log_3 (y) = 3$$ y={ 27_5 }
 * type="{}"}

{$$ \log_5 (y) = 4$$ y={ 625_5 }
 * type="{}"}

{$$ \log_9 (y) = 4$$ y={ 6,561|6561_5 }
 * type="{}"}

More properties
Logarithms are the reverse of exponential functions, just as division is the reverse of multiplication. For example, just as we have

 * $$5 \times 6 = 30$$

and
 * $$30/6 = 5$$

we also have

 * $$7^{3} = 343$$

and
 * $$\log_{7} 343 = 3$$

More generally, if $$a^b=x$$, then $$\log_{a}x=b$$. Also, if $$f(x)= a^x$$, then $$f^{-1}(x)= \log_{a}x$$, so if the two equations are graphed, each one is the reflection of the other over the line $$y=x$$. (In both equations, a is called the base.)

As a result, $$a^{\log_{a}b}=b$$ and $$\log_{a}a^b=b$$.

Common bases for logarithms are the base of 10 ($$\log_{10}x$$ is known as the common logarithm) and the base e ($$\ln x$$ is known as the natural logarithm), where e = 2.71828182846...

Natural logs are usually written as $$\ln x$$ or $$\ln(x)$$ (ln is short for natural logarithm in Latin), and sometimes as $$\log_{e}x$$ or $$\log_{e}(x)$$. Parenthesized forms are recommended when x is a mathematical expression (e.g., $$\ln(6x + 1)$$).

Logarithms are commonly abbreviated as logs.

Ambiguity
The notation $$\log x$$ may refer to either $$\ln x$$ or $$\log_{10}x$$, depending on the country and the context. For example, in English-speaking schools, $$\log x$$ usually means $$\ln x$$, whereas it means $$\log_{10}x$$ in Italian- and French-speaking schools or to English-speaking number theorists. Consequently, this notation should only be used when the context is clear.

Properties of Logarithms

 * 1) $$\log_{a}x + \log_{a}y = \log_{a}x*y$$
 * 2) $$\log_{a}x - \log_{a}y = \log_{a}\frac{x}{y}$$
 * 3) $$\log_{a}x^b = b \times \log_{a}x$$

Proof: $$\log_{a}x + \log_{a}y = \log_{a}x*y$$

$$\log_{a}x + \log_{a}y$$

$$\log_{a}x = b $$    and        $$\log_{a}y = c$$

$$\ a^b = x $$      and      $$\ a^c = y$$

$$\ xy = a^b a^c $$

$$\ xy = a^{(b+c)}$$

$$\log_{a}xy = b + c$$

and replace b and c (as above)

$$\log_{a}xy = \log_{a}x + \log_{a}y $$

Change of Base Formula
$$\log_{y}x=\frac{\log_{a}x} {\log_{a}y}$$ where a is any positive number, distinct from 1. Generally, a is either 10 (for common logs) or e (for natural logs).

Proof: $$\log_{y}x = b$$

$$\ y^b = x$$

Put both sides to $$\log_{a}$$

$$\log_{a}y^b = \log_{a}x$$

$$\ b\log_{a}y = \log_{a}x$$

$$\ b = \frac{\log_{a}x}{\log_{a}y}$$

Replace $$\ b$$ from first line

$$\log_{y}x = \frac{\log_{a}x}{\log_{a}y}$$

Swap of Base and Exponent Formula
$$a^{\log_{b}c}=c^{\log_{b}a}$$ where a or c must not be equal to 1.

Proof:

$$ log_{a}b = \frac{1}{log_{b}a}$$ by the change of base formula above.

Note that $$a=c^{log_{c}a}$$. Then

$$a^{log_{b}c}$$ can be rewritten as

$$({c^{log_{c}a}})^{ log_{b}c}$$ or by the exponential rule as

$$c^{{log_{c}a}*{log_{b}c}}$$

using the inverse rule noted above, this is equal to

$$c^{ {log_{c}a} * { \frac{1}{log_{c}b} } }$$

and by the change of base formula

$$c^{log_{b}a}$$

title: Algebra/Logarithms