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Trainz/Software Used for Content Creation

In Trainz, content creation refers to the creation of content, or assets, that can be used in-game. Assets may be 3D objects such as buildings, trees, tracks or rolling stock; they may be driver sessions, rules or scenarios; or they may be routes that may incorporate many different model or non-model assets. This article is concerned with the creation of 3D objects since the creation of other assets is discussed elsewhere in this wikibook.

3D Models in Trainz
3D objects are sometimes called. Generally they consist of two main components:
 * The (or just mesh), which is a 3D  model of the surfact or visible parts of the modeled object. The mesh is usually comprised of many faces, or polygons, the most common being of, for any larger polygon can be mathematically broken into triangles.
 * Textures, which are 2D images applied to the faces of the mesh. By changing a texture file an object's mesh remains the same but its appearance can change drastically.

The mesh gives an object its shape whereas the textures define its appearance.

This thread has many useful tutorials listed.

http://forums.auran.com/trainz/showthread.php?t=3345&highlight=tutorials

Software for Trainz mesh creation
Generally complicated application with an exporting ability compatible with Trainz is required in order to create 3D objects for Trainz. Currently, a number of different software packages are available:
 * 3D Canvas (commercial software). The Pro version is required for the Trainz exporter. The exporter supports one of two more functions than the official gmax exporter. Not officially supported by Auran.
 * Autodesk 3ds Max (commercial software). It is expensive and sophisticated but there is a new beta exporter for version 9 currently being developed. Already available is an exporter available for versions 4 to 6.
 * Blender (open-source freeware). It is very sophisticated and offers more capabilities than gmax (for example, the ability to do texture baking and ambient occlusion). Blender has a very large and varied user base, and there are many tutorials online. One of the better online communities is BlenderArtists.org. Recently, an open-source Trainz exporter has been developed for Blender (currently Windows only). Blender is not officially supported by Auran.
 * gmax (freeware). gmax is essentially the freeware, "lite" version of 3ds Max, and as such many advanced features are removed. It is still available to download from Turbosquid but further development of the software is discontinuied. Auran used to maintain the Trainz Content Creation Pack plugin for gmax, which enables export of gmax models for Trainz. Paul Hobbs discusses configuring gmax for Trainz here. Turbosquid maintain a gmax support forum here. There are many gmax modelling tutorials online.
 * Google SketchUp (freeware; SketchUp Pro is payware). An unofficial Trainz exporter is in development.

Reskinning
Reskinning is the act of applying a different texture to the mesh of an existing 3D model. The simplest method is to reskin another content creator's mesh but you will need permission from the original creator to publish the reskinned model.

Obsolete software

 * Trainz PaintShed (obsolete). Auran used to bundle the PaintShed software with versions of Trainz up to TRS2006. PaintShed was an early attempt to help people create content without having to purchase additional software, but is now obsolete. PaintShed allowed a limited number of reskinning options to be applied to some of the built-in rolling stock meshes. It was an excellent introduction to reskinning for anyone unfamiliar with the process. No permission was required to reskin models in PaintShed provided the reskinned models were for your own use.

Conventional graphics software
For more conventional reskinning, you need to be able to edit a 3D object's texture files. These are normally  files but they can be   or   files. files should never be used. Note to edit a  file you need TGAtool2 to extract the textures or see page 193 of the Trainz Classics Content Creation Guide for an explanation of how to edit these files.

A number of software packages are available:
 * Adobe Photoshop (commercial).
 * Corel PaintShop Pro (commercial).
 * GIMP (open-source freeware). GIMP has about the best lettering capabilities of any graphics program. You can use the eye dropper to select the letterings colour then change the font size and the text changes it's size on the image, use M for move to move the lettering but select move the active layer so it just moves the lettering.  When you save the   with GIMP make sure you save it without RLE compression and alpha channel.  Gimp adds alpha channel when you add a second layer. To remove it, layer, transparency, remove alpha channel.
 * (highly rated, widely used freeware) primarily designed for graphics artist tasks, Irfanview contains a powerful thumbs viewer in the basic download (great for selecting assets from an asset library of screeenshots) and handles just about every graphics file and video type known in computing. With a powerful suite of plugins, the popular package also will handle audio files and has paint capabilities.
 * A must have for resizing, cropping and enhancing image quality, or to translate one image type to another with selectable degrees of compression standards. In Trainz where the preferred images are the true color video industry 'Truevision TGA type formatted files, by far the best manager and tool for manipulating Texture files in the formats.
 * Correct or auto-correct photo imagery by adjusting gamma, color balance, contrast, sharpness and other such factors. Turn dark views into useable images, etc. Crop, resize and best of all, move and or rename with hotkeys. A five start image manager and photo processing application. The author makes his living in the graphics business and it shows.

 * Microsoft Paint (included with the Windows operating system). Microsoft Paint can be used to edit  files but not   files directly. Use together with Irfanview which also makes a great thumbs display or image browsing and processing pair.
 * Paint.NET (freeware). A recent but powerful relcase that is another modern day open source collaboration like notepad++, GIMP, and open office. The second generation of this powerful package reached beta testing in 2013 and the reviews have been great.

Many content creators prefer to use commercial products such as PaintShop Pro or Photoshop for additional functionality and ease of use. PaintShop Pro being less expensive has a larger following in the forums. The PaintShop PhotoPro XI version or later has useful tools for colour changing which makes using black and white photos as coloured textures much easier and can be found on eBay for a reasonable price.

Resources
It is possible to convert Gmax meshes to other software. http://panda3d.org/wiki/index.php/Converting_from_GMax http://www.katsbits.com/htm/tutorials/gmax_exporting-models-obj.htm

A very useful set of links to tutorials on Gmax and other aspects of content creation can be found on Auran's web site at http://www.auran.com/TRS2004/learning_f.php

The Auran XML importer, needed for Blender etc. http://online.ts2009.com/mediaWiki/index.php5/Downloads then download Trainzimporter.rar


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User talk:213.98.241.9

-Ravichandar84 (talk) 17:30, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:213.98.241.9


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User talk:84.34.176.9

-Ravichandar84 (talk) 17:31, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:84.34.176.9


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Talk:Trainz/Glossary

Objection!
The intro text says:"This glossary only includes terms directly related to Trainz. For general real railway terminology and computer/Internet terminology we suggest the use of resources such as Wikipedia." I'd like to go on record as opposing this restriction. While we don't need to define every realworld railroad term, we ought to include those that have an impact on using Trainz. Remember this is a reference book and should be able to stand on it's own.Mawilson (talk) 17:33, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair enough, it was only an idea. I'm totally happy to go with the majority decision on this and any other issues. No probs. John259 (talk) 17:37, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trainz/Glossary


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User talk:Thembekile

real causes of forgetfulness in psychology

title: User talk:Thembekile


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User talk:SunCreator/Archive 1

Chess openings book
First off, I just wanted to say that you should sign your posts with ~ (4 tildes). when you type that in, the software will automatically turn it into a signature for you.

The link you provided really does show some of the problems with linking in the chess book. If you come up with a list of pages that need to be moved/renamed, or a list of pages that contain lists of links that need to be renamed, I can take care of it for you. I think you might be the only author on that book, so any changes that you want to make should be fine. Just let us know what we can do and we will help you out.

By the way, we are in the middle of writing a book about how to edit and all: Using Wikibooks Check out this book, see if it answers any of your questions, and let me know how we can improve it. I'll see you around. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 03:04, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Testing adding a signature. Yea this works! E5ricky 12:45, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm glad it works okay! I've become so accustomed to it that I've started trying to sign my emails the same way. Just goes to show that maybe i've been here for too long. Anyway, definitely let me know what help you need on that chess book. I have a bot that can fix a lot of problems quickly. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 13:06, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Just a bit concerned the way the URL has been created for the majority of chess theory pages are not really a useful way to do it. Written about it here. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Talk:Opening_theory_in_chess#URL_Naming E5ricky 13:35, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Blanking pages
Blanking pages doesn't delete content, and is usually considered disruptive. If you want to have content deleted, please mark it with and an admin will come along and delete it. Please double-check any pages you have blanked in the past, and add a request for deletion or restore the content as appropriate. Thanks! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:19, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * ah, okay. I couldn't find a delete option. I've created a few blank pages right at the beginning, before I realise that moving them was a better way. How can I find where they are? E5ricky 20:56, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * If you click my contributions at the top right corner of the page, you'll be taken to a list of all your edits (except on pages that were deleted; only admins can access those). – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:50, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Am aware of my contributions however there is no search or anything to enable a way to find a blank page. Perhaps you have such tools as you seem to have created this talk info because of an empty page somewhere. Have edited and/or added perhaps many hundreds of pages in last few days would be impractical to revisit them all on the off chance one of them might still be blank. E5ricky 22:39, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Re:Bot
At the moment, my bot can make page edits, but it can't do fancy things like moving pages or renaming pages. Through brute force, I might be able to help with a few manual renames. What do you need done? I dont have a lot of time this week, but in two weeks I should have plenty of time to do work around here. I might even be able to expand my bot to do page moves and renames. Just let me know. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:18, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reply! Yea, some of your time would be great. I take it from your member name your a chess player?
 * It would be good to get this chess theory book in order so others felt comfortable to come and add to it.
 * At the moment it's quite a mess with no guidance, complex to edit and no main line theory positions to build upon. Once it got going I could really see this book taking off. Another question about the bot, could it change all pages of the chess book so that the title '=Theory Table=' was a subcategory '==Theory Table=='. It's minor things like this that could save manually editing every page and potentially many hours work. E5ricky 01:33, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't really know what WK's bot can do, but I can do page moves, and mass edits like your example above. As I've said elsewhere, I don't understand the naming convention for Chess, but if you lay it out for me, it can probably be done. If you want something done, you can leave a request on my talk page. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:07, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * My bot can make all sorts of page edits, such as pattern-matched edits as you are describing. I do play chess, but I didnt when I first associated with the "Whiteknight" screenname. Somebody once asked me if I was "whiteknight" because I was a member of the klan (I'm not). I can make all sorts of edits on all sorts of pages. Do you want me to go make all the "Theory Table" headings into sub-headings? If you want, I could make sure that all pages in the book have this heading (even those that don't have it already). The hardest part about using my bot is setting up a page list, and I'll start doing that now. Once I have the list, I can make edits to many pages very quickly. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:08, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Replied on your discussion page. Not sure really how best to communicate at the moment. E5ricky 22:31, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This is as good a way as any to communicate, although you could start some kind of "planning" page if you wanted to, in order to centralize things. Most of the requests that you gave me are easy to automate. The task about adding a page heading to pages without one is going to be tricky, because i need to write up a script to identify the position name. Any such script is going to require a very standard formatting: that is, every page must be exactly the same or the bot will do something strange (or nothing at all). I'll start setting up some tests, and hopefully we can get these changes made soon. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:38, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Very few pages(only 4 that I've seen) don't start with a chess position in a set format. So doesn't matter if those don't have headings.
 * Planning page, okay - here is a good place. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Talk:Opening_theory_in_chess/Organization
 * 22:49, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Ran through the entire list. There are a few issues I want to look at later, but Don't have any time this week. Let me know what you need.

--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 00:47, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Moved to http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Talk:Opening_theory_in_chess/Organization E5ricky

title: User talk:SunCreator/Archive 1


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Web Development/Creating a phpBB3 Forum

Adding a forum to a website is a great way to build a community and encourage users to revisit your website. However, there are several difficulties new users come across in the process of creating a forum. In this book I will show you how to create a forum for your website, group or for a specific topic.

Please Note
There is a confusion in terms of boards, forums and sub-forums. Each "forum" has several "forums" inside it which I will be referring to as "sub-forums" although this could also refer to the forums inside of those - which I will not be referring to at all in this tutorial.

In this tutorial the forum you register for I will call a "forum" and the forums inside it I will call "sub-forums".

Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with forums and have used them before. This tutorial is intended for people who have posted in forums in the past and want to know how they can create one.

Registering for a forum
Instead of hosting the forum on your own website or even your own server, I suggest you use a free forum hosting website as this will make things easier. In this tutorial I will be using FreePHPBB3.com, but for other forum hosts, the process should be similar. To find other forum hosts, try a quick Google search. Once you are beyond Preparing to build your forum it should not matter which host you are using.

So go to the website and click the signup link at the top of the page. Then fill in the details of your forum including the name, address and category. Read through the terms of service. If you agree check "I agree with the terms of service" and then click "Create My Forum". After that wait for the confirmation email. When you get the email there should be a link you have to click to activate the forum. Click it and then move onto the next step.

Preparing to build your forum
After you have clicked the link it should say your forum has been activated. Depending on the service it may ask you to click a link to "create your forum". If so, click it and then go to the address of your forum which it should provide a link to.

Next, log into your forum and if you are the only person who uses your computer check "Log me on automatically each visit.

After it redirects you back to the main page scroll down to the bottom of the page and click "Administration Control Panel". If your browser supports tabbed browsing I suggest opening the link in a new tab. You will then be asked to enter your logon details again. Do this and click "login".

Board Settings
You should now be redirected to the phpBB3 control panel, where most of the editing of a forum is done. At first you may be overwhelmed by the options - but you will soon get used to them. While we are creating this forum it is a good idea to disable new registration - to stop anyone finding the board, registering and posting while we are still creating it. So, on the left hand side you should see a link called "User Registration Settings" underneath "Board Configuration", click it and next to account activation click "disable". Then scroll down and click "Submit". It should tell you that the details have been updated. Click the link to go back to the previous page.

Every forum hosting service I have used has provided a "test" sub-forum when I first register. To delete this go into the "forums" tab and click the red "x" next to the sub-forums you want to delete. Click "delete sub-forums and posts" and click submit. Then click the link to go back to the previous page.

Creating a sub-forum
Now we are ready to create some sub-forums to go in our forum. The first sub-forum you need is the forum rules. This is an absolute must so that users know what they are allowed to do in the forum and what is prohibited and may get them banned. So at the right hand side of the page you should see a textbox with a button next to it entitled "Create new forum". Enter "Forum Rules" and click "Create new forum".

Under forum type make sure "forum" is selected. In the description type in "Please read before posting..." and ensure the password textbox is blank. Then scroll down and click submit. But this time click "Set permission". Here we will specify who can access this sub-forum. Under "Add Groups" you will see a number of types of forum users. Select them all and click "Add permissions".

Now you need to specify the forum permissions - that is who can do certain things in a certain sub-forum. You will see that next to each type of user there is a combobox, allowing you to specify what they can do in the forum. Give administrators and global moderators full access - this means that they can do almost anything in the sub-forum (edit posts, post things, etc). In most sub-forums registered users would have standard access or standard access and polls - but this forums is the rules (something we don't want any member of the forum to be able to modify. So we will give them and guests "Read-Only Access". Lastly we will give bots "bot access" as we will give them in most of the sub-forums.

Creating the mod-only section
Before we start adding the sub-forums that will contain the main content of the board we should add a mod-only section. This will help the mods discuss private moderation topics such as whether to ban user x.

title: Web Development/Creating a phpBB3 Forum


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Fractals/Lyapunov fractal

Lyapunov fractal in wikipedia

algorithms
"The "problem" with pretty much all fractal-type systems, is, that, what happens at the beginning of an actually infinite iterational scheme, is often not descriptive of the long-time limit behaviour. And that's happening with the perturbed Lyapunov exponent from Mario Markus' algorithm as well. If I recall correctly, he states in his 90's article something like "let the x-value settle in". It's similar to the statement "for sufficiently large N" in math papers or in general with convergent series.   The actual value of how many skipping iterations one performs, is, however, (at least afaik) just a guess till you're satisfied with the quality of the image. In my images, I could not get rid of those artifacts in full, one example being the UFO image, where vasyan did a great job removing those spots:    vasyan's: https://fractalforums.org/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=2388    my version (with spots): https://fractalforums.org/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=1960" marcm200

images

 * images of Lyapunov fractrals in commons

Video

 * Lyapunov's Fractal (that Lyapunov knew nothing about) by Desdenova

Programs

 * creating Lyapunov images based on Mario Markus' algorithm from 1995 in the german science magazine Spektrum der Wissenschaft by Marc Meidlinger, July 2019
 * lyapunov – a 2D/3D Lyapunov fractal generator in C++ by Lars H. Rohwedder RokerHRO
 * haxe-shaderfun by Sylvio Sell (maitag) using HaxeUI ( free, open-source user interface toolkit)
 * fractalforums.org : minuscule-source-code-for-lyapunov-images-ascii-style by marcm200
 * Lyapunov fractal in Mathematica and C console program

title: Fractals/Lyapunov fractal


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Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/GC-MS

 * Back to Previous Chapter: Hormones
 * Next chapter: Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control
 * Next Category: Sample Preparation
 * Go to: Stable Isotopes
 * Go back to: Tandem-MS

TagFinder
GC-MS-based metabolite profiling experiments typically comprise of hundreds of chromatogram files. Each of these files may contain up to 1000 mass spectral tags (MSTs). MSTs are the individual patterns of approximately 25 – 250 fragment ions and respective isotopomers. The patterns are generated from gas chromatography (GC) by electron impact ionization (EI) of separated chemical molecules. The fragment ions are detected by time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Experimentally profiled MSTs are usually reported as a list of ions that are characterized by their mass, chromatographic retention index (RI) or retention time (RT), and arbitrary abundance. Mass and RI characterization is used to identify and quantify analyzed chemical compounds. The employment of pre-processing tools provides numerical data matrices that contain all aligned MSTs and samples of an experiment. Errors in this process are likely to result from imprecision in RI or RT alignment of MSTs and/or highly complex biological samples. Biological complexity may lead to impure MSTs via compound co-elution. Therefore, this potential simultaneous elution mandates technology capable of quantitative and qualitative analysis of co-eluting compounds. TagFinder, a developing software tool, is expected to be capable of validating data matrices prior to statistical analyses.

“TagFinder facilitates the analysis of all fragment ions, which are observed in GC-(EI-TOF)-MS profiling experiments.” Compound discovery is also facilitated by a non-targeted approach. Furthermore, TagFinder processing maintains mass isotopomer resolution, which is a necessary feature during metabolic flux analyses, and can be especially useful for metabolite profiling. TagFinder also prioritizes the standardization of chemical means. Specifically, the software will make use of internal reference compounds for retention time calibration or quantitative standardization. Maintenance of external standardization of compound identification and calibration is also featured. TagFinder functionality is ordered as follows: 1)import of fragment ion data, including mass, time, and arbitrary abundance, 2)annotating sample information and the grouping of samples into classes, 3)calculating the RI, 4)binning observed fragment ions of equal mass from different chromatograms into RI windows, 5)combining the bins and mass tags into time groups of co-eluting fragment ions, 6)testing of time groups for intensity correlated mass tags, 7)data matrix generation, and 8)compound identification supported extraction of selective mass tags. In synopsis, TagFinder maintains and is compatible with non-targeted fingerprinting analysis as well as metabolite targeted profiling.

TagFinder has proven to be an exceedingly useful tool for aligning large GC-MS-based metabolite profiling experiments into data matrices. TagFinder is also capable of automatically extracting quantitative data enhanced by mass spectral matching to reference mass spectra from provided RI windows. Inclusive quantitative data might comprise of mass fragments, time groups of mass fragments or clusters of intensity-correlated mass fragments. In addition, generating data matrices provides user intervention featured for automatic parameter optimization. TagFinder has also proven to be especially applicable to non-biased metabolomics fingerprinting, footprinting and profiling, as well as quantitative and qualitative metabolite analyses.

Bioinformatics
http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/11/1391

This website is actually an article that provides a brief introduction about what metabolomics. There are two approaches that are associated with metabolomics: metabolic fingerprinting and metabolic profiling. However, metobolomic studies tend to use gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GS-MS), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS), direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and NMR. These analytical techniques produce signals that consist of informative peaks embedded in a continuum of background noise. However, the researcher’s goal was to explore the idea of peak clustering for the consolidation of signal lists using a two-step hierarchical clustering of peak signals. First it will be used within each set of replicate experiments then between the sets of replicate experiments. Researchers will test this method using GC-MS metabolic studies of Leishmania mexicana.

Terms
 * Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
 * analytical chemistry chemical technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (i.e. HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry.

 * Metabolic profiling
 * purpose is to resolve, identify and quantitate individual analytes

 * Metabolic fingerprinting
 * refers to the analysis of patterns in the molecular response profiles without an attempt to resolve individual analytes

 * gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GS-MS)
 * separates the components of a mixture and mass spectroscopy characterizes each of the components individually

 * Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS)
 * increases the utility of a CE separation. The mass spectrometer (MS) allows unambiguous information on a solute's molecular weight and also provides structural information helping with the identification of unknowns

Connection No specific correlation to coursework. Just a general overview of various analytical methods and it also explains how GC-MS works.

Metabolmics and GC-MS
This website is actually a book about plant metabolomics. It states that GC-MS is one of the most common technology platforms used in metabolomics studies. It is used for metabalome profiling analysis. In order to use GC-MS for metabolomic profiling, there must be clear distinction between metabolite and analyte because metabolites can be chemically transformed before quantification. It also provides information about the metabolite profiles. Other information includes the pros and cons of using GC-MS for metabolomics.

Terms
 * analyte
 * term used to address the chemical structure and compound that is submitted to GC-MS to be detected and quantified

 * mass special tag
 * a mass spectrum that is characterized by a specific chromatographic retention and repeated occurrence in a single or multiple types of biological samples

 * alkoxyamination
 * conducted with reagents such as methoxyamine to stabilize carbonyl moieties in native metabolic structures; however it forms E and Z-isomers of the –N=C< double bond substituents

 * metabolite
 * compound which is internalized, chemically converted, or secreted by an organism but is not yet synthesized by DNA replication, transcription, translation

 * ion current
 * The electric current resulting from motion of ions

Connection: This article also describes how radioactive labeled techniques are used to identify certain metabolites. We have talked about radioactive labeled Carbon when we were trying to figure out where does the carbon from CO2 fit in the rubisco mechanism.

BBSRC
This website provided background information on metabolomics. It also lists various techniques that are used in metabolomics. Metabolic analysis is divided into four groups: target compound analysis, metabolic profiling, metabolomics, and metabolic profiling. The way the GC-MS works in this specific field is that helps detect a specific class of metabolites. If the sample is too volatile, then it has to be converted to something less polar before it can be applied to the GC column.

Terms:
 * target compound analysis
 * focuses on the quantification of specific metabolites

 * transcriptomics
 * the study of the transcriptome, the complete set of RNA transcripts produced by the genome at any one time

 * proteomics
 * the qualitative and quantitative comparison of proteomes under different conditions to further unravel biological processes

 * National Centre for Plant and Microbial Metabolomics
 * leading UK facility for research and service activity in plant and microbial metabolomics; goal is to provide a focus of research activities to overcome this hurdle and allow post-genomic science to truly focus on fully integrative aspects of organism 'phenotype'

 * Genomics
 * the study of an organism's entire genome; includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping effort

Connection: There is no connection to coursework. It just provides an overview of the development of metabolomics and the analytical methods used including GC-MS.

http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/185/5/1730?ck=nck
This article focuses on the cis-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids found in the cells of Pseudomonas putida. This group of bacteria has a high tolerance for aromatic solvents. The reason why this group of bacteria can grow in the presence of membrane-disrupting compounds is due to the isomerization of cis to trans unsaturated fatty acids. The isomrase activity does not utilize ATP or other cofactors such as NAD(P)H. The fact that it is independent of ATP corresponds with the negative free energy of the cis-trans isomerization. The fatty acid methyl esters were examined and analyzed using GC-MS. The fatty acids that become unsaturated were also identified by GC-MS.

Terms:
 * Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)
 * can be created by an alkali catalyzed reaction between fats or fatty acids and methanol. The molecules in biodiesel are primarily FAMEs, usually obtained from vegetable oils by transesterification.

 * Isomerization
 * the transformation of a molecule into a different isomer. It also converts an aldose to a ketose or a ketose to an aldose.

 * Unsaturated fatty acids
 * is a fat or fatty acid in which there are one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain

 * Cis-trans isomers
 * sterioisomeric olefins or cycloalkanes which differ in the positions of atoms relative to a reference plane; in the cis-isomer atoms are on the same side and in the trans-isomer atoms are on opposite sides

 * Oleic acid
 * fatty acid found in animal and vegetable oils. It is called a mono-unsaturated fatty acid because of the single double bond between the carbons.  Its physical properties are determined by the number, geometry, and position of this double bond and the degree of unsaturation.

Connection: We have talked about ATP and NAD(P)H in many pathways. For example, glycolysis produces and uses ATP as a source of energy. NADPH is reductive; it acts as an electron donor in the biosynthesis of fatty acids as well as in oxidative reduction.

=== ScienceDirect === This article focuses on determination of fluxes in the metabolites within a cell. The determination of fluxes provides a clear description of metabolism before and after engineering interventions. Researcher’s show how a strain of E. coli was used engineered to produce amorphadiene. Amorphadiene is a precursor to the antimalarial drug artemisinin. Cells were grown in continuous cultures of glucose containing 20% 20% [U-13C] glucose. Twenty percent [U-13C] glucose was measured out using GC-MS conducted on 13 amino acids taken from the cells. Researches use a mathematical approach to determine the number of fluxes.

Terms:
 * Atom Mapping Matrices (AMM)
 * describe the transfer of carbon atoms from the reactants to products

 * Isotopomer mapping matrices (IMMs)
 * indicate the possible product isotopomers that can be created from each reactant isotopomer

 * Terpenoids
 * class of isoprenoids often isolated from plants, and are currently used for a variety of applications including anticancer and antimicrobial drugs

 * Flux
 * change in the metabolic pathway in terms of energy

 * Mevalonate
 * salt of mevalonic acid; also plays an important role in the synthesis of cholesterol

Connection: This article mentions the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It also discusses the anaplerotic reactions and amino acid biosynthesis and the degradation pathways. We also have learned throughout the course of metabolism that the cofactors such as ATP, NADH, and NADPH are balanced. In the article this balance was shown by reactions for energy generation via substrate-level, oxidative phosphorylation, and tranhydrogenase activity.

http://psb.stanford.edu/psb-online/proceedings/psb07/yang.pdf
This article uses comparative metabolic profiling of cancerous cells and non-cancerous cells to help understand the crucial elements of tumorigenesis as well as find new ways of drugs. Even though there has been progress in metabolomics technology, research has sort of been hindered due to technical challenges. Problems such as incomplete reference data, limited availability of biological material, insufficient sensitivity and resolution of existing protocols, and the lack of established computational modeling framework are common in this field. To overcome these problems, researchers have combined [U -13C]-glucose two dimensional NMR and GC-MS techniques to test the metabolite pools and fluxes associated with some of the interrelated metabolic pathways in humans. The reason for using comparative analysis of breast cancer cells and non-cancerous breast cells for this approach was because it is the central backbone of metabolism providing energy, cofactor regeneration, and building blocks for cell synthesis. Cancer cells have also been identified to display different roles in some of the above pathways.

Terms: amino acids that are not produced by humans and they are not essential.
 * Non-essential amino acids:
 * NMR
 * nuclear magnetic resonance; a physical phenomenon based upon the quantum mechanical magnetic properties of an atom's nucleus

 * Tumorigenesis
 * s the formation of tumors in the body, often caused by the mutation of oncogenes. These tumors are the result of uncontrollable reproduction (cell division) due to alterations in the cell's genes, creating lesions in the tissue where they reside

 * Anaplerotic flux
 * replenishing of the intermediates of a given pathway such as the citric acid cycle

isomers having the same number of each isotopic atom but differing in their positions
 * Isotopomer:

Connection: We have extensively explored the citric acid cycle and its key components. In this article, these points are also revisited. Also, the article talks about the fluctuations associated with this cycle. === ScienceDirect === This article states that amino acid labelings possess significant information for the calculation of metabolic fluxes. As opposed to proteins, intracellular amino acids are permanently synthesized and consumed. Since intracellular amino acids have a low concentration in the millimolar range GCMS was used to analyze the data since it is an excellent tool for fast, accurate and sensitive labeling analysis. Overall, the experiment conducted was on intracellular amino acids derived from S. cerevisiae. The amino acids were identified by comparing their mass spectra obtained in scan mode and their retention times with pure TBDMS amino acids.

Terms:
 * Retention time
 * the ionic contamination testing of semiconductor leadframes, the time required for a particular ion type to pass from the injection port to the detector. Retention time is characteristically different for each ion type

 * HPLC
 * High-performance liquid chromatography is a form of column chromatography used frequently in biochemistry and analytical chemistry. It is also sometimes referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography. HPLC is used to separate components of a mixture by using a variety of chemical interactions between the substance being analyzed (analyte) and the chromatography column.

 * Proteinogenic amino acid
 * also known as standard, normal, or primary amino acids are those 20 amino acids that are found in proteins and that are coded for in the standard genetic code. Proteinogenic literally means protein building. Proteinogenic amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide (the subunit of a protein) through a process known as translation (the second stage of protein biosynthesis, part of the overall process of gene expression).

 * Lyophilized
 * freeze dry

 * Derivatization
 * is a technique used in chemistry which transforms a chemical compound into a product of similar chemical structure, called derivative.

Connection: In class we have been talking about amino acids and where they are derived from in terms of the pathways that we have talked about. In this article an amino acid was reacted with N-methyl-N-t-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide to create t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivate. Amino acids that composed a functional group were converted to TBDMS derivatized residues. If you look at the tables associated with the article, you will be able to tell which TBDMS derivates were formed. In class, we learned how aspartate was formed from glucose. This is formed by either pyruvate which goes to oxaaloacetate using a pyruvate carboxylase and biotin or acetyly CoA which goes on to produce citrate through the citric acid cycle.

HOW GC-MS WORKS
http://www.scientific.org/tutorials/articles/gcms.html This is a website that explains exactly how GC-MS works.

GC-MS is separated into two parts. The first part is the gas chromatography portion. In this portion, chemical mixtures are separated into pulses of pure chemicals. Chemicals are separated based on their volatility, or ease in which they evaporate into a gas. There are three main components of the GS potion: the injection point-1 microliter of solvent containing the chemical mixture of molecules is injected into the GC. The sample is carried by inert gas through the instrument. The inert gas is usually helium. The inject port is heated to 300° C. This temperature causes the chemicals to become gases; oven- outer part of the GC system. The columns are heated to move the molecules through the columns. Average oven temperatures are between 40°-320° C; column- located inside the oven. They are 30 meter thin tubes with a special polymer coating on the inside. Chemical mixtures are separated based on their votality and are carried through the column by helium. Chemicals with high volatility travel through the column more quickly than chemicals with low votality.

MS is the second portion. This portion is used to identify chemicals based on their structure. There are three parts: ion source- after going the molecules go through the GC portion, they are blasted with electrons to break them into pieces and changed into positively charged particles called ions; filter- electromagnetic field that filters the ions based on mass; detector- counts the number of ions with a specific mass. Information is sent to the computer and a mass spectrum is created.

IMAGES OF GC-MS

 * website that has pictures of GC-MS

LINK TO WIKIPEDIA IN TERMS OF GC-MS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC-MS

Articles and Web Pages for Review and Inclusion
Peer-Reviewed Article #1:

Temporally resolved GC-MS-based metabolic profiling of herbicide treated plants treated reveals that changes in polar primary metabolites alone can distinguish herbicides of differing mode of action

'''Metabolomics. 2009 September; 5(3): 277–291'"

Main Focus

 * Identify the main focus of the resource. Possible answers include specific organisms, database design, intergration of information, but there are many more possibilities as well.

New Terms

 * New Term 1: Definition. (source: http://)
 * New Term 2: Definition. (source: http://)
 * New Term 3: Definition. (source: http://)
 * New Term 4: Definition. (source: http://)
 * New Term 5: Definition. (source: http://)
 * New Term 6: Definition. (source: http://)
 * New Term 7: Definition. (source: http://)
 * New Term 8: Definition. (source: http://)
 * New Term 9: Definition. (source: http://)
 * New Term 10: Definition. (source: http://)

Summary

 * Enter your article summary here. Please note that the punctuation is critical at the start (and sometimes at the end) of each entry. It should be 300-500 words. What are the main points of the article? What questions were they trying to answer? Did they find a clear answer? If so, what was it? If not, what did they find or what ideas are in tension in their findings?

Relevance to a Traditional Metabolism Course

 * Enter a 100-150 word description of how the material in this article connects to a traditional metabolism course. Does the article relate to particular pathways (e.g., glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, steroid synthesis, etc.) or to regulatory mechanisms, energetics, location, integration of pathways? Does it talk about new analytical approaches or ideas? Does the article show connections to the human genome project (or other genome projects)?


text:
Talk:Developing A Universal Religion/Why Bother?/Why Do Anything?

The concept of oB you mentioned was in fact written about by Isaac Asimov. His "deity" was actually a computer called Multivac which eventually became a god.

See http://www.multivax.com/last_question.html for the full story.

Some people have even asked, "has the universe cycle already happened once?", i.e. did some sentient beings in a previous version of our universe create such a deity, and did it create our universe this time round?

So interestingly if there is a god, did sentient beings create "him", or did "he" create us?

Who knows! I doubt it but it's certainly an interesting thought!

Can we increase the cogency a bit here please?
You say "I suppose that narcissists, despotic and repressive dictators, psychopaths, and perhaps a few others may think this way, but I’m certain that you do not..." Well hold on for just one minute. I have come here looking for a reason not to think that way, not sophistry. It seems from what you have put that the it is obvious to you that I shouldn't live in a continuous, existential state of 'why do anything'. Obvious to you, I suppose, because you are the tutor and not obvious to me because I am the student. Supposing I can't see a reason at the moment, how will that line of argument swing anyone around? And if I remain to be convinced, does that simply put me in your list of people that may think like that?! ;)

 * I do not know how to help someone not to be or become one of the world’s “narcissists, despotic and repressive dictators, psychopaths, and perhaps a few others” who do not “care” if that is their desire. I just don’t think that any such people would bother to read this text if they were of this mind. David Hockey (talk) 18:52, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

 * What if they were depressed people hoping for this text to give them some sort of meaning in their life, and are instead met with attacks on their hopelessness instead?


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Caractacus Burke

Overview
Caractacus Burke is one of the owners of Borgin and Burkes, the Dark magic supplies store in Knockturn Alley. The other owner is Borgin.

Half-Blood Prince
In Albus Dumbledore's Pensieve, Harry sees Burke gloating over the marvelous deal he had made, buying the Locket of Slytherin for about ten Galleons from some poor little witch, almost certainly Merope Gaunt, who didn't know what she had. He evidently later sold it for thousands of Galleons to Hepzibah Smith.

Analysis
Due to the fact that Borgin & Burke's seems to be exclusively ran by Borgin during Harry Potter's time, it's possible that Burke died sometime within the next fifty-some years of when we see him in the Pensieve. To add to this theory Dumbledore claims that Caractacus was one of the original founders of the shop in 1863, and so must have been born before 1846. Evidence in the stories suggests that Tom Riddle was born about 1930, and would have started working for Caractacus when he was about 18, in or about 1948. So Caractacus would have already been at least 100 by the time Tom Riddle began working for him.


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fwrite

fwrite
The fwrite function writes, from the array buffer, count objects of size size to stream. The return value is the number of objects written.

 * Related topics: fflush - fgetc - fopen - fputc - fread - fscanf - getc


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fseek

fseek
The function fseek sets the file position data for the given stream. The origin value should have one of the following values (defined in cstdio):

fseek returns zero upon success, non-zero on failure. You can use fseek to move beyond a file, but not before the beginning. Using fseek clears the EOF flag associated with that stream.

 * Related topics: fgetpos - fopen - fsetpos - ftell - rewind


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fsetpos

fsetpos
The fsetpos function moves the file position indicator for the given stream to a location specified by the position object. fpos_t is defined in cstdio. The return value for fsetpos is zero upon success, non-zero on failure.

 * Related topics: fgetpos - fseek - ftell


text:
User talk:123Pie~enwikibooks

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called 123Pie. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name 123Pie~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:54, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:27, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:123Pie~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jenko Appreciation Society

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jenko Appreciation Society


text:
User talk:Whitesmokes

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Whitesmokes


text:
User talk:Davemulkey

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Davemulkey


text:
User talk:Chellspecker~enwikibooks

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chellspecker. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chellspecker~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:05, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:47, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chellspecker~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:John259

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

RU still around

 * Can I get you to re-invest some time in updating and improving the Trainz Wikibook? Looks like you made some good thoughtful edits back when. Help with topic development aimed for newbies on TrainzOnline would also be of interest. Drop me a user talk page note, either place.
 * I'm particularly interested in what your thinking was when you created Hierarchy Of Assets, which is obviously a good start, but which might be developed along several lines. // Fra nkB 17:57, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:John259


text:
User talk:James leach

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:James leach


text:
User talk:Tjoektjoek~enwikibooks

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:47, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tjoektjoek. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tjoektjoek~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:50, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:36, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tjoektjoek~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jaku23

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:48, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jaku23


text:
User talk:Klbengts

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:48, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Klbengts


text:
User talk:Sabrown100

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 20:48, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sabrown100


text:
User talk:24.190.247.176

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it. --Panic (talk) 20:50, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.190.247.176


text: User talk:69.238.46.122

title: User talk:69.238.46.122


text:
Calculus/Formal Definition of the Limit

In preliminary calculus, the concept of a limit is probably the most difficult one to grasp (after all, it took mathematicians 150 years to arrive at it); it is also the most important and most useful one.

The intuitive definition of a limit is inadequate to prove anything rigorously about it. The problem lies in the vague term "arbitrarily close". We discussed earlier that the meaning of this term is that the closer $$x$$ gets to the specified value, the closer the function must get to the limit, so that however close we want the function to the limit, we can accomplish this by making $$x$$ sufficiently close to our value. We can express this requirement technically as follows:

To further explain, earlier we said that "however close we want the function to the limit, we can find a corresponding $$x$$ close to our value." Using our new notation of epsilon ($$\varepsilon$$) and delta ($$\delta$$), we mean that if we want to make $$f(x)$$ within $$\varepsilon$$ of $$L$$, the limit, then we know that making $$x$$ within $$\delta$$ of $$c$$ puts it there.

Again, since this is tricky, let's resume our example from before: $$f(x)=x^2$$, at $$x=2$$. To start, let's say we want $$f(x)$$ to be within .01 of the limit. We know by now that the limit should be 4, so we say: for $$\varepsilon=0.01$$, there is some $$\delta$$ so that as long as $$0<|x-c|<\delta$$ , then $$\Big|f(x)-L\Big|<\varepsilon$$.

To show this, we can pick any $$\delta$$ that is bigger than 0, so long as it works. For example, you might pick $$10^{-14}$$, because you are absolutely sure that if $$x$$ is within $$10^{-14}$$ of 2, then $$f(x)$$ will be within $$0.01$$ of 4. This $$\delta$$ works for $$\varepsilon=0.01$$. But we can't just pick a specific value for $$\varepsilon$$, like 0.01, because we said in our definition "for every $$\varepsilon>0$$ ." This means that we need to be able to show an infinite number of $$\delta$$s, one for each $$\varepsilon$$. We can't list an infinite number of $$\delta$$s!

Of course, we know of a very good way to do this; we simply create a function, so that for every $$\varepsilon$$, it can give us a $$\delta$$. In this case, one definition of $$\delta$$ that works is $$\delta(\varepsilon)=\left\{\begin{matrix}2\sqrt2-2&\mbox{if }\epsilon\ge4\\\sqrt{\epsilon+4}-2&\mbox{if }\epsilon<4\end{matrix}\right.$$               (see example 5 in choosing delta for an explanation of how this delta was chosen.)

So, in general, how do you show that $$f(x)$$ tends to $$L$$ as $$x$$ tends to $$c$$ ? Well imagine somebody gave you a small number $$\varepsilon$$ (e.g., say $$\varepsilon=0.03$$). Then you have to find a $$\delta>0$$ and show that whenever $$0<|x-c|<\delta$$ we have $$\Big|f(x)-L\Big|<0.03$$. Now if that person gave you a smaller $$\varepsilon$$ (say $$\varepsilon=0.002$$) then you would have to find another $$\delta$$, but this time with 0.03 replaced by 0.002. If you can do this for any choice of $$\varepsilon$$ then you have shown that $$f(x)$$ tends to $$L$$ as $$x$$ tends to $$c$$. Of course, the way you would do this in general would be to create a function giving you a $$\delta$$ for every $$\varepsilon$$, just as in the example above.

Formal Definition of the Limit at Infinity
Notice the difference in these two definitions. For the limit of $$f(x)$$ as $$x$$ approaches $$\infty$$ we are interested in those $$x$$ such that $$x>\delta$$. For the limit of $$f(x)$$ as $$x$$ approaches $$-\infty$$ we are interested in those $$x$$ such that $$x<\delta$$.

Examples
Here are some examples of the formal definition. We know from earlier in the chapter that
 * Example 1
 * $$\lim_{x\to8}\frac{x}{4}=2$$

What is $$\delta$$ when $$\varepsilon=0.01$$ for this limit?

We start with the desired conclusion and substitute the given values for $$f(x)$$ and $$\varepsilon$$ :
 * $$\left|\frac{x}{4}-2\right|<0.01$$

Then we solve the inequality for $$x$$ :
 * $$7.96<x<8.04$$

This is the same as saying
 * $$-0.04<x-8<0.04$$

(We want the thing in the middle of the inequality to be $$x-8$$ because that's where we're taking the limit.) We normally choose the smaller of $$|-0.04|$$ and $$0.04$$ for $$\delta$$, so $$\delta=0.04$$, but any smaller number will also work.

What is the limit of $$f(x)=x+7$$ as $$x$$ approaches 4?
 * Example 2

There are two steps to answering such a question; first we must determine the answer — this is where intuition and guessing is useful, as well as the informal definition of a limit — and then we must prove that the answer is right.

In this case, 11 is the limit because we know $$f(x)=x+7$$ is a continuous function whose domain is all real numbers. Thus, we can find the limit by just substituting 4 in for $$x$$, so the answer is $$4+7=11$$.

We're not done, though, because we never proved any of the limit laws rigorously; we just stated them. In fact, we couldn't have proved them, because we didn't have the formal definition of the limit yet, Therefore, in order to be sure that 11 is the right answer, we need to prove that no matter what value of $$\varepsilon$$ is given to us, we can find a value of $$\delta$$ such that
 * $$\Big|f(x)-11\Big|<\varepsilon$$

whenever
 * $$|x-4|<\delta$$

For this particular problem, letting $$\delta=\varepsilon$$ works (see choosing delta for help in determining the value of $$\delta$$ to use in other problems). Now, we have to prove
 * $$\Big|f(x)-11\Big|<\varepsilon$$

given that
 * $$|x-4|<\delta=\varepsilon$$

Since $$|x-4|<\varepsilon$$, we know
 * $$\Big|f(x)-11\Big|=\Big|x+7-11\Big|=|x-4|<\varepsilon$$

which is what we wished to prove. What is the limit of $$f(x)=x^2$$ as $$x$$ approaches 4?
 * Example 3

As before, we use what we learned earlier in this chapter to guess that the limit is $$4^2=16$$. Also as before, we pull out of thin air that
 * $$\delta=\sqrt{\varepsilon+16}-4$$

Note that, since $$\varepsilon$$ is always positive, so is $$\delta$$, as required. Now, we have to prove
 * $$\Big|x^2-16\Big|<\varepsilon$$

given that
 * $$|x-4|<\delta=\sqrt{\varepsilon+16}-4$$.

We know that
 * $$|x+4|=\Big|(x-4)+8\Big|\le|x-4|+8<\delta+8$$

(because of the triangle inequality), so
 * $$\begin{matrix}

\Big|x^2-16\Big|&=&|x-4|\cdot|x+4|\\ \\ \ &<&\delta(\delta+8)\\ \\ \ &<&(\sqrt{16+\varepsilon}-4)(\sqrt{16+\varepsilon}+4) \\ \\ \ &<&(\sqrt{16+\varepsilon})^2-4^2\\ \\ \ &=&\varepsilon+16-16\\ \\ \ &<&\varepsilon\end{matrix}$$

Show that the limit of $$\sin\left(\tfrac1x\right)$$ as $$x$$ approaches 0 does not exist.
 * Example 4

We will proceed by contradiction. Suppose the limit exists; call it $$L$$. For simplicity, we'll assume that $$L\ne1$$ ; the case for $$L=1$$ is similar. Choose $$\varepsilon=|1-L|$$. Then if the limit were $$L$$ there would be some $$\delta>0$$ such that $$\left|\sin\left(\tfrac1x\right)-L\right|<\varepsilon=|1-L|$$ for every $$x$$ with $$0<|x|<\delta$$. But, for every $$\delta>0$$, there exists some (possibly very large) $$n$$ such that $$0<x_0=\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{2}+2\pi n}<\delta$$ , but $$\left|\sin\left(\tfrac{1}{x_0}\right)-L\right|=|1-L|$$ , a contradiction.

What is the limit of $$x\sin\left(\tfrac1x\right)$$ as $$x$$ approaches 0?
 * Example 5

By the Squeeze Theorem, we know the answer should be 0. To prove this, we let $$\delta=\varepsilon$$. Then for all $$x$$, if $$0<|x|<\delta$$ , then $$\left|x\sin\left(\tfrac1x\right)-0\right|\le|x|<\varepsilon$$ as required.

Suppose that $$\lim_{x\to a}f(x)=L$$ and $$\lim_{x\to a}g(x)=M$$. What is $$\lim_{x\to a}\big[f(x)+g(x)\big]$$ ?
 * Example 6

Of course, we know the answer should be $$L+M$$, but now we can prove this rigorously. Given some $$\varepsilon$$, we know there's a $$\delta_1$$ such that, for any $$x$$ with $$0<|x-a|<\delta_1$$ , $$\Big|f(x)-L\Big|<\frac{\varepsilon}{2}$$ (since the definition of limit says "for any $$\varepsilon$$", so it must be true for $$\frac{\varepsilon}{2}$$ as well). Similarly, there's a $$\delta_2$$ such that, for any $$x$$ with $$0<|x-a|<\delta_2$$, $$\Big|g(x)-M\Big|<\frac{\varepsilon}{2}$$. We can set $$\delta$$ to be the lesser of $$\delta_1$$ and $$\delta_2$$. Then, for any $$x$$ with $$0<|x-a|<\delta$$, $$\bigg|\big(f(x)+g(x)\big)-(L+M)\bigg|\le\Big|f(x)-L\Big|+\Big|g(x)-M\Big|<\frac{\varepsilon}{2}+\frac{\varepsilon}{2} =\varepsilon$$, as required.

If you like, you can prove the other limit rules too using the new definition. Mathematicians have already done this, which is how we know the rules work. Therefore, when computing a limit from now on, we can go back to just using the rules and still be confident that our limit is correct according to the rigorous definition.

title: Calculus/Formal Definition of the Limit


text: User talk:81.105.158.159

title: User talk:81.105.158.159


text: User talk:142.25.15.82

title: User talk:142.25.15.82


text: User talk:206.171.88.250

title: User talk:206.171.88.250


text:
User talk:85.8.21.54

Added engine codes 41 and 51

Joins Us!
Webaware talk 22:49, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:85.8.21.54


text:
User talk:68.192.176.237

In Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Africa Lore you wrote: these groups are only present day tribes. Rather than overwriting the requirements with that comment, why not add more tribes? I know there are thousands of tribes we could add, and there is no way I could add them all myself. Please consider pitching in. I haven't worked on this one in quite a while, as I really lack expertise in the area. --Jomegat (talk) 23:29, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.192.176.237


text:
User:Eldad

I'm Eldad, translator and editor.

I'm mainly active in the Hebrew Wikipedia, but also in other Wikipedias (and sometimes also in the Hebrew Wikibook and Wiktionary).

title: User:Eldad


text:
Wikijunior talk:Languages/Norwegian

This book does indeed contain Norwegian for foreginers :p I mean: there are some mistakes. First and foremost, the language was really old-school, secondly, there were a lot of direct translatons. I accuse somebody of having used a second-rate translating program to make their "Norwegian" phrases.

How many speakers of Norwegian?
According to the English Wikipedia there are 4.32 million speakers of Norwegian in the world, according to Wikidata there are 5,200,000 and according to this page on wikijunior there are 4,700,700. So, which one is correct? It would also be interesting to find out how many of those speakers live in Norway.

Thanks in advance, Ottawahitech (discuss • contribs) 17:02, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Languages/Norwegian


text: User talk:74.243.9.76

title: User talk:74.243.9.76


text: User talk:75.82.197.53

title: User talk:75.82.197.53


text: User talk:71.218.236.22

title: User talk:71.218.236.22


text:
User talk:Pbarry~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 01:53, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pbarry. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pbarry~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:21, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pbarry~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jomegat/Archives

 * Archive 1 (oldest)
 * Archive 2
 * Archive 3

title: User talk:Jomegat/Archives


text: User talk:131.123.156.186

title: User talk:131.123.156.186


text: User talk:75.155.127.198

title: User talk:75.155.127.198


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fputs

fputs
The fputs function writes an array of characters pointed to by str to the given output stream. The return value is non-negative on success, and EOF on failure.

 * Related topics: fgets - fprintf - fscanf - gets - getc - puts


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fscanf

fscanf
The function fscanf reads data from the given file stream in a manner exactly like scanf. The return value of fscanf is the number of variables that are actually assigned values, including zero if there were no matches. EOF is returned if there was an error reading before the first match.

 * Related topics: fgets - fprintf - fputs - fread - fwrite - scanf - sscanf


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/scanf

scanf
The scanf function reads input from stdin, according to the given format, and stores the data in the other arguments. It works a lot like printf. The format string consists of control characters, whitespace characters, and non-whitespace characters. The control characters are preceded by a % sign, and are as follows:

scanf reads the input, matching the characters from format. When a control character is read, it puts the value in the next variable. Whitespace (tabs, spaces, etc.) are skipped. Non-whitespace characters are matched to the input, then discarded. If a number comes between the % sign and the control character, then only that many characters will be converted into the variable. If scanf encounters a set of characters, denoted by the %[] control character, then any characters found within the brackets are read into the variable. The return value of scanf is the number of variables that were successfully assigned values, or EOF if there is an error.

This code snippet uses scanf to read an int, float, and a double from the user. Note that the variable arguments to scanf are passed in by address, as denoted by the ampersand (&) preceding each variable:

 * Related topics: fgets - fscanf - printf - sscanf


text:
User:Kristenshinkruk

A 26 yr old crack dealer and LSD culture enthusiast from B-Town, Kristin is currently un-employed because he lost his job stealing kidney's for his neighbor dr horror but plans to hit the streets with his product when the next shipment comes in

title: User:Kristenshinkruk


text: User talk:67.124.37.180

title: User talk:67.124.37.180


text:
User talk:Prita~enwikibooks

-Ravichandar84 (talk) 05:31, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Prita. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Prita~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:37, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prita~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:216.218.203.219

-Ravichandar84 (talk) 06:24, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.218.203.219


text: User talk:62.135.67.16

title: User talk:62.135.67.16


text: Category:Book:Linux Guide

title: Category:Book:Linux Guide


text:
QEMU

QEMU is quick; it's a hypervisor that allows you to run virtual machines with complete operating systems that operate like any other program on your desktop. This can be useful for general purpose computing and black box testing. The software, whose website can be found here, is open-source and cross-platform. It targets a range of computer architectures beyond standard IBM PCs such as ARM and PowerPC. On Linux, it also has user-mode emulation where standard executables of one architecture can seamlessly run on another. This book will help you use the modern incarnation of QEMU for a wide variety of purposes.

Contents

 * /QEMU Hello World: Installing QEMU and getting it up and running/
 * /Installing QEMU/
 * Compiling from Source
 * /Linux/
 * /OpenBSD/
 * /NetBSD/
 * /Solaris/
 * /AIX/
 * /MinGW/
 * /Cygwin/
 * Creating and Manipulating Images
 * /Networking/
 * Using the Monitor
 * /Invocation/
 * Setting up guest systems
 * /Windows XP/
 * /Windows 98/
 * /FreeDOS/
 * /SunOS 4.1.4/
 * /Mac OS 9/
 * Emulated devices
 * Virtio (High Performance)
 * USB Root Hubs
 * Networking
 * Input
 * Video
 * Storage
 * Audio
 * Host's devices
 * USB
 * User Interface
 * Debugging with QEMU

Contributors

 * Webaware
 * Ismael Luceno

QEMU QEMU

title: QEMU


text:
Talk:Hokkien

Chinese Characters
Are there any source the Chinese characters in this textbook are based on? Because obviously there is still no reliable Chinese writing form for some of the Min Nan words. -- unsigned

 * I primarily relied on the following two dictionaries:
 * 台灣話大詞典　(Tâi-ôan-ōe tōa-sû-tián), ISBN 9573240785
 * http:// 203.64.42.21/iug/ungian/SoannTeng/chil/taihoa.asp 台語-華語線頂辭典 (Tai-gi hôa-gí sòaⁿ-téng sû-tián)

 * The first one is a print dictionary and the second one is an online dictionary. -- A-cai (talk) 23:57, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Question about Chinese
I'm sorry, but is this http://teresateng.org/Lyrics/VueVahZang.gif song written in the language of this wikibook?

Next steps
I would love to see this take off as there's a great lack of good resources on learning Taiwanese. I think structuring out the outline in more detail would be a good first step, followed by finishing lesson 2, starting lesson 3, and adding audio for pronunciation wherever possible. Perhaps even build a project matrix with to-dos and status? What else? I hope to help but I'm on the starting end of the learning curve for this language, but I'm willing to read and test anything. Sanbeiji (talk) 16:36, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Good textbook
This is a good textbook. I have finished the first two lessons. Who can complete this book? --Obonggi (discuss • contribs) 13:50, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hokkien


text:
Trainz/Backing Up Downloaded And Self-Created Assets

General Principles
As with all data that you value and which is held on a computer, it is highly advisable to regularly backup your downloaded and self-created Trainz assets. There are many ways in which data can be accidentally or deliberately deleted, corrupted or otherwise lost.

Making an additional copy on the same physical hard disk only guards against a very limited range of risks. Therefore making backups onto removable media such as writable CD's or DVD's is a wise precaution. If re-writable disks are used then it is best to use at least three sets of disks in rotation.

In addition to backing up their installed files, you may also wish to archive or backup the distribution files for downloaded assets. In most cases these will be CDP, EXE, RAR or ZIP files.

Suggestion: Make a ZIP copy of the folder tree you wish to backup and burn that to CD or DVD. This will require less disks, take less time to burn, and the burning process may be more reliable than writing the numerous original files.

TS09-SP4—TS12

 * Note
 * The tried and true folder system used in the extensive family of TRS2006 spin off releases was first changed in TS2010's first released versions, then adapted when the SP3 version of TS2009's was brought up to the same tech-level, v3.3 as seen in config.txt files, on the DLS, and in the Content Manager main display.

TRS2006—TS09-SP4
Downloaded assets and assets that you have created are both held in the subfolders of C:\Program Files\Auran\TRS2006\local

Any assets that have been left open for editing can be found in C:\Program Files\Auran\TRS2006\editing

Trainz 1.3—TRS2004
Downloaded assets are held in the subfolders of C:\Program Files\Auran\TRS2004\World\Dispatcher\Downloads

Assets that you have created are held in the subfolders of C:\Program Files\Auran\TRS2004\World\custom


text: User talk:Ka-t.orgisgay

title: User talk:Ka-t.orgisgay


text:
Talk:New Zealand History/Maori Lifestyle

Tamil Bell
There have been theories that the Cholas from India might have been the first persons to discover New Zealand. See Tamil bell.-Ravichandar84 (talk) 12:38, 21 February 2008 (UTC)


text:
User:Stifle

I am inactive here. This account was created to prevent possible issues with the single login.

title: User:Stifle


text:
User talk:Stifle

I am inactive here and do not read messages here. Please leave any messages at w:User talk:Stifle. Stifle (talk) 12:45, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stifle


text: User talk:195.188.173.242

title: User talk:195.188.173.242