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Creative Writing/Novels

Selecting a Theme
Anything that really grips your imagination that you would like to write about can be chosen. It should be something you have a fair amount of idea about, because that'll save you a lot of research.

Whatever you have for themes and other things, write it down. You may be too busy building upon it at the time, but had you let the thought go, you may have never gotten to write about it at all. Whatever ideas you get, have a tool nearby to save and record them. Some people enjoy penning with a notebook or journal. Some talk into a cassette recorder. Others use a note-taking app. You shouldn't be told what tool to use, only that you have the ideas somewhere. Authors will have different approaches to every part of the process, but do not try someone else's just to see if it will work for you; it has to be easier than your own methods.

Likewise, regardless of what it is you want to write, you have to get started at some point. Don't wait for the whole story to crystallize, or keep procrastinating; pick up your pen (or get your hands on the keyboard) and start. That is the only way it can be done.

When choosing a theme, make sure you're writing about a subject you find interesting. One way to make writing a tedious effort is to write about a subject you don't care about.

Furthermore, sometimes your best ideas come through your subconscious. When you wake up, you may want to write down the feeling, or what you saw or did; this may be a whole story in itself, or perhaps the missing piece to an existing story or element.

David Langford put that there's no worse advice than to "write about what you know", because it leads to sterile attempts to recreate one's own experience. Don't be afraid to write about something rare and exceptional and different from your own life either-- just keep in mind, however, that the emotions still have to feel real, and the novel still has to ring true. Especially now, when information on almost any topic is freely available via the internet, there's no excuse for writers not to reach out to subjects which they have very little experience with.

Be sure that what you're thinking of is a theme and not a conflict, as those are two different things altogether. Imagine a crime story. The hero comes home to find a note saying that his daughter has been kidnapped by an escaped convict. The themes you can portray for such a story could be good versus evil, the strength of the human spirit, or the unbreakable bond between parent and child. Conflict is what drives the events of the story, but when we think of themes, we think of the overall idea or emotion that ties it all together and makes it human. If you don't have an idea for a theme before you start a novel or as you write it in the beginning, do not worry because you can discover it as you go along (or someone peer reviewing your work could point it out for you). In most cases, it develops naturally.

Research
It is very important for a novel to be well-researched, irrespective of what the subject or topic is. While you can derive a worldbuilt society that breaks conventional norms, staying true to reality and history tends to make the story more interesting and authentic. Arthur Hailey and Dan Brown are just two examples of authors that showcase an advanced amount of research in each of their books. It makes their stories way more engaging.

Research can also help you add detail and texture that might otherwise be lacking. For fantasy stories where you invent spells, research into existing methods of magic can help you come up with ceremonies that you might well be able to adapt, adding a colorful touch to your fiction.

It also adds small little touches to your novel that make it more interesting to read. For instance, if you know that there's one particular bird who can only sing one note, you could use this as interesting foreshadowing:

 * As Charley reached for the door, he heard a solitary chirp. "A C-sharp," he murmured...

Creating an Outline
The question of whether to create a rigid outline, or start off and then gradually build it up is often asked. Here is our advice: You want to have a broad idea of how your story should play out, but in the initial writing process, you shouldn't compromise a lot of flexibility so that you can tweak things as the story develops.

Do note that everyone writes differently: some swear by outlines while others swear at them. It's up to you to figure out which of these you do. However, your first novel is far more likely to be finished if you have something written down beforehand, something that will show you where to go when you get stuck-- and you will get stuck; it is inevitable. At the very least, know how the story is going to end before you begin. It may change along the way, but at least you'll have a direction to head and a goal to aim for.

Earlier we mentioned having the tools like small journals and phones, and a very good thing to do once you have a basic idea in mind is to carry it around, and keep any ideas that strike you. Sometimes you may get them at the most inconvenient of times; remember Archimedes?

Some people, however, will begin a written work with very little knowledge of what is to come. Many of these people will write until something coherent comes out, and then go back and fix the story accordingly. This is especially true for people who participate in the National Novel Writing Month, or NaNoWriMo.

Creating your Characters
When coming up with personalities of characters, one suggested method is to base them off of real people you know (without offending them of course). Something similar would be to take characteristics of some friends (or even enemies) and take them to the extreme. Take characteristics of yourself, or the opposite characteristics of yourself, and spread them through many characters. You can experiment and give your female characters characteristics of your male friends, and vice versa.

Something else you can do is to look around in public. If you're ever taking a plane and have to wait in an airport, this is a good way to reduce the monotony of the wait. Pay attention to how people behave; the way they scold their children, the way the wife is annoyed at her husband. You'll learn a lot of nuances which you can include.

People's attitudes are (more often than not) reflected in the way they dress. A lot of good authors use this technique of describing a person's clothes and thereby reflecting their characters' personality. Notice people in a public place, and try to describe their clothes; try linking this with the way you picture their personality.

Breathe life into your characters and make them think on their own. Once your characters are living breathing creatures, the plot should fall around them.

The names you give your characters is another very important aspect. If you want things to click, consider reading this article on naming characters.

Developing Your Own Style
Study your favourite authors carefully and pick up ideas about their style of writing-- without the motive of plagiarising of course. See if they can suit yours; how can you create a piece of artwork without appreciating others in the genre. Some writers like describing every single thing; for example, the type of wood the table is made of, the smells at the county fair, or the deep blue-green scales of the invading dragon. Some people keep details sparse and include only things necessary to get the plot moving along.

Another important literacy style is the use of proper pronouns and narrative perspective; third or first person. Find out what sort of style you like writing best, and be sure to stick with it. Unless there is some specific reason for writing different parts of your novel in a different style, your readers are going to be very confused when you give a rich first person view detailed chapter and suddenly switch to a whole other writing style entirely. Consistency is recommended. On the note of perspective, unless you're writing something like a gamebook or a fictional instruction guide, do not use second person pronouns for the story.

Editing
You can only perfect your work with modifications. Get feedback. Correct errors. Cut parts out, and expand on others.

Let's face it: nobody can write a perfect first draft. Sooner or later you are going to have to edit things as little as grammatical errors, or as big as plot holes. The first draft will be very basic, but once it is written you can add more detail and fix most errors; do not worry about fixing grammar or punctuation errors until a later draft, as the story is much more important at this stage; furthermore, editing too many errors in your first draft will be messy and confusing. For later drafts, it's a good idea to have someone else look at it. Reading it yourself over and over again is helpful but sometimes you cannot catch something a new reader would. The more help you can get, the better. If you have a book club you like, let them have a look at it. Perhaps a teacher, mentor, or even a friend can look at it. There are also lots of places online such as writing.com. While posting your work online can help get people to look at it, it's also possible it can be plagiarised. Be sure to put it in a place where it can be protected, and assuming you don't trust your peers, be sure to add a copyright notice since it is your work. Also be aware of copyright laws in your country.

It might be scary to deal with plot holes. A reader might point out a little mistake your character said that could contradict something you wrote earlier on, and could potentially mean half the book needs rewriting. This is where perseverance comes in; you should just keep going. Don't think you're bad for making huge mistakes in the narrative. Writers have had to go back to an astounding number of chapters finding these kinds of things, but not once did they stop because of their self-esteem. Rome wasn't built in a day, and they made mistakes as they built it.

A hard lesson you may have to learn is simply letting go of things. It depends on what you are writing, but if there is something in your novel that is completely unnecessary (i.e., a character develops, it's just not entertaining, or a minor character comes in that confuses things later) you may need to erase it and forget about it. You might have gotten really attached to Jim and his scene at the skating rink, or you may have loved Dorothia's cute little quirk, but if you really need to let go of something, let go of it and erase. Perhaps you can put Dorothia's little quirk on another character or Jim can show up later, but the point is no matter how much you love something, if you know your novel would be better off without it, just take it out. It is hard, and it has happened. But before you erase big parts of your novel, however, SAVE EVERYTHING! Especially on a computer. If you delete a 12-page scene, save it and hide it away; there may have been something there you wanted to use after all.

Even with heavy editing, you may not be pleased with the way something's come out. It is important for you to love what you have written but you also have to understand many writers and artists are never pleased with their work. This is another reason feedback is important. You might think it is the worst trash ever written but if a hundred other people think it is brilliant, you need to take that into consideration.

Putting it All Together
The main thing is perseverance. Put in some amount of writing time everyday, no matter how busy your schedule is. And even if there are days where it doesn't happen and you don't get to write that time, you can at least give some thought to developing your story and/or your characters in your mind. You can do that while traveling, or even while slacking off at work.

Of course, if you're a gentleman (or lady) at large, with adequate time and resources (money) at your disposal, you can take the time off and head out to the mountains or Caribbean and rent a cottage to devote time to your literary pursuits. But most of us are not as lucky-- at least, not for the first novel. So the requirement of juggling time between managing a full-time job and yet finding the time and inclination to write while keeping the wife and family happy at the same time.

Getting it Published

 * See also Publication

Many people believe a literary agent will help with the publishing process. It can be tricky to find the one that's right for you, but agents know about the business, have contacts in the business, would know what publishers would be most receptive of your work, and generally they can get a better contract than you would be able to negotiate yourself. Many new authors don't know how much money they should get up front, how royalties work, and many other aspects of the business. Agents take care of this for you. However, look for agents that disclose their satisfied clients list. If they're not willing to disclose names, they could be a fly-by-night agency. If in doubt, check your favorite author's books for the agency they use, or check with the Association of Author's Representatives.

It should also be noted that many of the larger publishing companies have what is called an "open call" for unpublished authors. Many of these even accept submissions from authors without agents. Most of these companies have very strict guidelines of how a manuscript should look when submitted. Check with your favorite publisher's website to see if they have an open call.

title: Creative Writing/Novels


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User:Blain

Howdy. I'm Blain. I came here to post and edit a small pamphlet for beginning contradancers tentatively titled Ten Stupid Things Beginners Do to Mess Up Their Contradance Experience. I might do some other stuff here after that in other areas of my interest, although I'm likely to do most of them on my own wiki once I get apache working again.

I'm starting work now on a document to be a Contradancers Guide to Successfully Beginning Scottish Country Dance. It's going to be somewhat messy, as, for now, I'm just generating text and don't really have a structure for the whole thing yet.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Blain


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User:KittySaturn~enwikibooks

Hello! I usually hang around Wikipedia, so if you wish to contact me, please leave a message on my user talk page on Wikipedia, as I don't check here on Wikibooks often. Thanks!

您好！我平常於維基百科活躍. 因為我很少來這裏Wikibooks，所以如果您希望聯絡我，請於我位於維基百科的對話頁留言. 謝謝.

こんにちは！私はウィキペディアで活躍しています. Wikibooksはあまり使いませんので、ご連絡をなさりたい方は、メッセージをウィキペディアの会話ページにてお残しください. ご協力ありがとうございます.

-- 20:54, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

(See also my user page on Wikipedia)

title: User:KittySaturn~enwikibooks


text:
Computational Physics

Book Contents

 * Introduction - /Why Computational Physics?/
 * Chapter 1 - Numerical Methods and Using spreadsheets to make models
 * Chapter 2 - Introduction to Scientific Packages
 * Chapter 3 - Introduction to computer graphics
 * Chapter 4 - Conceptual modeling and simulation
 * Chapter 5 - Using Python3 and C++ to create more-advanced models

title: Computational Physics


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Talk:Computational Physics

This is the first wiki thing I've attempted to create, so I'd really appreciate feedback. The first chapter will follow very soon.--PhysicsFan 22:16, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Computational Physics


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Ada Programming/Attributes/'Alignment

Description
X'Alignment is an Ada attribute where X is any memory-allocated object or type. This attribute controls the address values used for objects. The alignment must be non-negative. A value of zero means that the object need not be allocated at the boundary of a storage units. Otherwise the address is a multiple of X's alignment.

The alignment of an object may be set.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Attributes
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Address

Ada Reference Manual

|Alignment Alignment

title: Ada Programming/Attributes/'Alignment


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User talk:Chuckhoffmann

Welcome, Chuckhoffmann!

Come introduce yourself in the general reading room or your project in the project reading room. If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or contact me personally.

I see you are making many excellent edits. Thank you, and welcome. --DavidCary (talk) 23:01, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chuckhoffmann


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Ada Programming/Attributes/'Floor

Description
X'Floor(Y) is an Ada attribute where X is any floating-point type and Y is any instance of that type. This attribute represents the largest integer value that is less than or equal to Y.

Example
X : Float := 1.5; Y : Float := 1.0; Z : Float := 1.999; (Float'Floor (X) = 1.0); (Float'Floor (Y) = 1.0); (Float'Floor (Z) = 2.0);

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Attributes
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Ceiling
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Rounding

Ada Reference Manual

|Floor

title: Ada Programming/Attributes/'Floor


text:
User:David Dickey

 * Name: David Dickey (talk)

Interests

 * Technology (Software Development)
 * History
 * Management Consulting

title: User:David Dickey


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User talk:David Dickey

By all means...

title: User talk:David Dickey


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Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Bones

I started this page, but just realized I have no idea how to connect it up with the rest of the book... I'm also not sure it's in the right place on the contents list, I just put it there so it'd be somewhere. These things shouldn't be too big a deal yet because the tutorial is far from finished anyways, but if someone could connect this page to the rest of the book, it'd be much appreciated!

--Oracleoftruth 01:56, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

What do you mean by 'connect' it to the rest of the book?

--Stormy Sep 12, 2005

In laying down the bones, what is subdivided - the cylinder or the armature? 206.248.152.37 23:18, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Subdivide the armature, to create more bones. Another method of creating a chain of connected bones is to Extrude (EKEY) from the tip of the bone. This lets you control size and orientation immediately --88.153.140.138 08:50, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Umm, when I'm parenting a bone to a structure, it says: "Loop in parents". Help, please!

If there's a loop, it means you either made the bone/armature a parent to itself, or you made the bone/armature a parent to something that is a parent of it already. check for that, or you could delete all the parent links. 74.185.212.232 (talk) 21:50, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Manually assigning bones
I can't find the "assign" or "remove" buttons. I am in edit mode. 74.185.212.232 (talk) 21:45, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

I believe this should be moved to basic animantions. Shouldn't it?

I actually like it here,right after we made a box man, it just needs a little more continuity with the previous tutorials in this section Pearts (talk) 00:21, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Hat doesn't follow person
When I move the person, the hat doesn't follow.Bonapon (talk) 20:33, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Try making the head bone (or whatever you named it) a parent of the hat. Reminder: Select the hat, then the head bone. Press CTRL+PKEY then select Armature > Create from body heat. Scampfarmer (talk) 21:52, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

I am using 2.60.7 and "Create from body heat" does not seem to be an option. How can I make this work?

Person does follow bones strangely
If i try to rotate or move a bone, the bone and part of the person scales also up a lot. is there a possibility to only rotate a bone to rotate a bone in a direction without scaling?

What you want is, AFAIK, the normal behaviour. I don't know how you got your bone and your mesh scaled when rotating or moving the bone... --Jdackle (talk) 23:06, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

are you in pose mode? if you start in object mode, and then RMB on a bone, they should all be selected, then go into pose mode ( click on the object mode/edit mode drop down. ince in pose mode you can only select and move bones Pearts (talk) 22:49, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

I wonder if this is the same problem I am experiencing...

It seems that the further the mesh is from the fulcrum the greater the deviation from the armature's axis, this eventually results in the skull bending. The hat once assigned to the 'neck' joint in my case, acts as expected. This article seems largely aimed at 2.4 and I am using 2.5 but I followed the instructions to the best of my ability the only difference was that I had to discover for myself how to assign vertices to vertex group as that section seemed entirely aimed at a different version, and by default, the right forearm bone was pulling on the side of the face and half of the thigh so it was needed. Am I doing something wrong or does something need adding to the page?Lxxxv (discuss • contribs) 18:03, 15 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I found the problem, somehow I had multiple instances of the same armature acting on the mesh. I found there were 3 armatures (the same one three times) listed in the 'modifiers' tab when the mesh is selected, so I guess this was having an additive effect. When the bone moved, the mesh moved 3 times as much, while the hat which was done correctly, did not. Removing 2 of the modifiers fixed the problem. Maybe this will help someone else. Lxxxv (discuss • contribs) 22:11, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

How's this for strange? My left leg follows my right legbones and my right leg follows my left legbones. How on earth would auto-generated weights do that? - Asterai

Scaling bones
The article says "You might be tempted to scale a bone, but this will mess things up". To my admitedly short experience, scaling bones (SKEY) never messed anything up. Could you please expand? Thank you, --Jdackle (talk) 23:15, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

I agree, it seems to make no difference.. I'll remove that sentance Pearts (talk) 04:12, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Are the photos too large?
I think the images could be cropped down to the important parts (i'm happy to do it too ), and pushed to the left or right in order to have better text flow, what do the rest of you think? Pearts (talk) 02:26, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Assign and Remove buttons
I found pose mode, and my bones work great, but my box mans hat is being moved/stretched, when I move the arm bones, so I've gone looking for the Assign and Remove buttons, and can;t seem to find them in 2.49b. Pearts (talk) 01:17, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

I finally found the Assign and Remove buttons, you need to go to object mode, RMB on the hat, go to edit mode, make sure you looking at teh editmode buttons in the bottom button window, and you will see on the left a link and materials panel with a pair of Assign and Remove buttons :). since you have the hat as the subject of this edit cycle, pick the correclty grop in the dropdown above, and then remove it, in my case i removed the hat from the lt_arm, and the rt_arm, I also set it's weight to zero for both groups, and now it no longer strechs, when I move the arms Pearts (talk) 14:25, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Tone
A lot changes with this page. Referring to itself in the first person, I, and calling modules 'tutorials.' Be nice to fix this all up

Need for consistent terminology
It is unclear whether the armature is supposed to be the parent and the mesh the child, or vice versa. Comparing to a similar process in the "Putting the hat on the person" module reveals that "parenting a to b" means different things in the different modules... probably. The language is a little too unclear here to be sure. At any rate, I'm confused and trying to pose my dude and the little fool doesn't seem to want to move either way.

K, figured out what I was doing wrong. Adding note to book to clarify. - Asterai

Okay, I can now make armature parent to mesh etc., but auto-weighting bones causes nonsensical behavior: Right leg follows left leg bones and left leg follows right leg bones, etc. I would just get to work fixing this, but all the stuff in In depth info on selected bone topics describes... buttons that do not seem to be in my 2.61 interface. And, what is a "tab"? Was this term ever defined to us? Any rate, I can find neither a window nor a subsection thereof named "Links and Materials" and cannot really proceed along this chain of actions.

Needs to be updated based on the newest version of Blender
Is it possible that this could be re-written for version 2.61? Pretty much everything in the "Parent the Bone" section was written for earlier versions of Blender and the different notes for the different versions make it extremely confusing. Plus, it seems like the bones affect the model very differently in 2.61 than in earlier versions.

Order of selection in parenting
I know the instructions say you have to select the person first, then the armature; but doing this then pressing Ctrl + P only gave me the normal parenting menu, with the only option being "Object." If, however I select the armature first, I got the menu that allowed me to choose "Armature Deform." Which definitely made the armature the parent. This should be changed? 169.147.3.25 (discuss) 17:46, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Bones


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User talk:205.188.116.200

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
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Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:35, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:205.188.116.200


text:
User talk:200.165.182.201

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:37, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:200.165.182.201


text:
User talk:147.91.1.43

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
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Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:50, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:147.91.1.43


text:
User talk:PhysicsFan

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
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(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:52, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PhysicsFan


text:
User:Lordmyth

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:53, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Lordmyth


text:
Raising Chickens/shelter

One of the most important factors to properly raise chickens is having a suitable chicken house or better known as chicken coop. A chicken coop can be an old building or built from scratch. It is especially important that it is well ventilated, yet does not provide easy access for predatory animals such as dogs, foxes and wolves. Another thing to keep in mind is the climate in your area. In colder climates you would probably want to build a shelter that will hold in heat more. While in warmer climate the opposite effect is more desired. The primary goal is to reach a comfortable temperature.

Your coop should have some chicken wire under the floor if it is on the ground. If it is off the ground make sure it is high enough so that rodents don't nest under it. Also, make sure the ground absorbs moisture quick enough. To test this, dig a hole in the ground and pour a little water into it. Building a suitable coop is not an easy task. However, if you have some good guidance then it will be much easier.There are lots of plans available on the internet. Try searching for one which can explain to you the building process step by step.

Further Resources
Public domain instructions for constructing a small chicken house are available from the Institute for Appropriate Technology. Further guidelines on how to build a chicken coop are available at EasyBuildChickenCoop.com For a comprehensive guide on DIY Chicken Coop Plans and a lot of additional Chicken Care information visit BuildingaChickenCoop.com

title: Raising Chickens/shelter


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Raising Chickens/Finding a Hatchery

There are many ways to find hatcheries

You could look in a local service directory or search the internet

If you would like to add a hatchery to the list feel free to do so or post it on the discussion page for this chapter.

Additional Notes
An alternative to finding a hatchery is to find already grown hens/roosters. Many small growers are ready to give them away (free/barter/cheap) at the end of the laying season. Obviously your selection is limited to what's available, but this method saves the expense and trouble of dealing with chicks. Keep an eye on the local paper or bargain sheet. You can also ask anyone with a flock if they'd be willing to part with a few birds. Depending on the purpose of your flock, someone else's culls might be just the right birds for you. Be careful that you pick up healthy birds.

When you introduce new birds to your established flock, it won't take long for new and old birds to integrate and establish their "pecking order." Not to worry, it looks nasty at first but they quickly work it out. If two of them insist on constantly fighting, they'll be so busy with each other that you can easily pick up and move one of the birds to another part of the pen. If you're adding a grown rooster to a flock that already has one, we recommend avoiding a new one that's been the only or head honcho at his old place. Pick the second or third in the pecking order if you have a choice so your current head rooster can get along with him.

www.welp.com==Comprehensive List Of Hatcheries==
 * poultryOne's Guide to Chicken Hatcheries - Links of commercial hatcheries and breeders

title: Raising Chickens/Finding a Hatchery


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Raising Chickens/Choosing a breed

Staring at an unsurmountable list of chicken breeds can be a dizzying experience, but not to worry. The intended use of the chicken can narrow the list considerably. Two basic categories are meat birds (bred to grow quickly to harvest weight) and egg layers (bred to lay lots of eggs). Deciding what will be expected from the chickens is half the battle, the other half is mostly preference. Breeds differ by appearence, general size, temperment, egg color for layers (white, cream, green, blue or brown), and quality of meat/eggs produced. Choosing the exact breed is up to the person raising the chickens.

More information can be found from any good hatchery. In the discussion page for this section you can find recommend breeds as well as problem breeds as found by other Wikibooks users.

Meat Breeds Many people buy hybrids that are bred to grow to slaughter weight by around 8 weeks of age. These are commonly marketed under the names of Cornish Cross and Ross Cobb. There are also many pure breeds that are classified as meat breeds, such as the Sussex and Jersey Giant.

title: Raising Chickens/Choosing a breed


text:
Ada Programming/Attributes/'Ceiling

Description
X'Ceiling(Y) is an Ada attribute where X is any floating-point type and Y is any instance of that type. This attribute represents the smallest integer value that is greater than or equal to Y.

Example
X : Float := 1.5; Y : Float := 1.0; Z : Float := 1.999; ...  (Float'Ceiling(X) = 2.0 ); (Float'Ceiling(Y) = 1.0 ); (Float'Ceiling(Z) = 1.0 );

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Attributes
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Floor
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Rounding
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Unbiased_Rounding

Ada Reference Manual

|Floor

title: Ada Programming/Attributes/'Ceiling


text:
Ada Programming/Attributes/'Rounding

Description
X'Rounding(Y) is an Ada attribute where X is any floating-point type and Y is any instance of that type. This attribute represents the closest integer value to Y. If Y is exactly between two integer values (e.g. 1.5), then the result is the number farthest away from zero (e.g. 1.5 => 2.0, -1.5 => -2.0).

Example
W : Float := -1.5; X : Float := 1.5; Y : Float := 1.0; Z : Float := 1.999; ... (Float'Rounding(W) = -2.0); (Float'Rounding(X) = 2.0); (Float'Rounding(Y) = 1.0); (Float'Rounding(Z) = 2.0); (Float'Rounding(W) = -1.0); (Float'Rounding(X) = 1.0);

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Attributes
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Ceiling
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Floor
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Unbiased_Rounding

Ada Reference Manual

|Rounding

title: Ada Programming/Attributes/'Rounding


text:
Ada Programming/Attributes/'Unbiased Rounding

Description
X'Unbiased_Rounding(Y) is an Ada attribute where X is any floating-point type and Y is any instance of that type. This attribute represents the closest integer value to Y. If Y is exactly between two integer values (e.g. 1.5), then the result is the even value (e.g. 2.0).

Example
X : Float := 1.5; Y : Float := 1.0; Z : Float := 1.999; ... (Float'Unbiased_Rounding(X) = 2.0); (Float'Unbiased_Rounding(Y) = 1.0); (Float'Unbiased_Rounding(Z) = 2.0); (Float'Unbiased_Rounding(X) = 1.0); ... X := 2.5; (Float'Unbiased_Rounding(X) = 2.0 ); (Float'Unbiased_Rounding(X) = 3.0 );

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Attributes
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Ceiling
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Floor
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Rounding

Ada Reference Manual

|Unbiased Rounding


text:
Ada Programming/Attributes/'Truncation

Description
X'Truncation(Y) is an Ada attribute where X is any floating-point type and Y is any instance of that type. This attribute represents the truncation of Y to an integer value.

If Y is negative, then Truncation is equivalent to X'Ceiling(Y). If Y is positive, then Truncation is equivalent to X'Floor(Y).

Example
X : Float := 1.5; Y : Float := 1.0; Z : Float := -1.999; (Float'Truncation(X) = 1.0); (Float'Truncation(Y) = 1.0); (Float'Truncation(Z) = -1.0); (Float'Truncation(Z) = -2.0);

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Attributes
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Ceiling
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Floor
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Rounding
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Remainder
 * Ada Programming/Attributes/'Unbiased_Rounding

Ada Reference Manual

|Truncation

title: Ada Programming/Attributes/'Truncation


text:
Ada Programming/Attributes/'Copy Sign

S'Copy_Sign (Value, Sign : T) T

Description
S'Copy_Sign(X, Y) is an Ada attribute where S is any floating-point type, and X and Y are any instance of that type. This attribute represents the floating point value with the magnitude of X and the sign of Y.

If the resulting value is outside the base range of S, a Constraint_Error exception is raised.

Example
X : Float := 1.5; Y : Float := -1.0; Z : Float := 1.0; (Float'Copy_Sign ( X, Y) = -1.5); (Float'Copy_Sign ( X, Z) = 1.5); (Float'Copy_Sign (-X, Z) = 1.5); (Float'Copy_Sign ( Y, Z) = -1.0);

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Attributes

Ada Reference Manual

|Copy_Sign

title: Ada Programming/Attributes/'Copy Sign


text:
Template talk:How-tos bookshelf

I propose that a minimum standard be set for inclusion in this template and I'm going to arbitrarily set that standard at 50% completion. There is a limited space available in this template and I believe it should represent the best work available at any time. For now the limit is 50%, in the future it could be 75% or 100% or even (hopefully) featured status. As it stands now there are lots of incomplete and barely started links here which I don't believe represent what is available very well to the casual browser. I'm also going to be proactive and update the template to this new standard. Triddle 04:29, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:How-tos bookshelf


text:
Self-Replicating Automata/Evolution

Self replicating automata are virtual lifeforms, and as such are subject to laws similar to the laws which govern life. The principle of evolution, that life forms are more or less suited for survival in a given environment, and that those that are more suited for survival are more likely to pass on their characteristics, is a general law of life that applies to SRAs as well as it does to biological lifeforms. A successful accidental mutation of an SRA, that bestows a favorable characteristic on an SRA, is of course very rare, as it is with all life, yet we know that SRAs are subject to intelligent design, and so their evolution may be guided by human programmers. Additionally, SRAs may be coded in such a manner that they have a virtual sexual function such that they might exchange code bits with other SRAs of the same species, thus SRAs may begin to evolve much more rapidly on their own.

title: Self-Replicating Automata/Evolution


text:
User:Waerth

your friendly neighbourhood wikipedian from nl.wikipedia

I have been thinking it over and decided to face reality. I have lost all my believe in the wikimediaprojects. So much even that I am now adding content to places outside of the wikimediaprojects instead of having to deal with all the 100000000000000's of procedures and rules being implemented by people who do not even know how to write an article.

The projects have been taken over by a group of people, mostly teenagers, whom apparently have lost all sight of realism and have taken other people's work hostage, without creating one bit of content themselves. Who feel that adding templates, writing rules and policing (the process) is more important than what we set out to do. Also there is a very very very strong western bias in the projects. Ideas and processes are launched which might work perfectly in a western world (like the rules for verification) but which fall flat on their face when applied to non-western items. When someone actually rises this point on the lists (me) it is ignored.

Also Jimbo's statement that en: wikipedia has covered most subjects disappoints me. This might be true for subjects on developed countries. But the projects are heavily lacking in the same sort of content with regards to the developing world. While every lake in the US probably has an article. Most Asian / African / South American countries have barely got articles describing these kind of features. And if someone does write an article about it, it gets deleted as non-encyclopedic. Also wikipedia's become very nationalistic like the nl: wikipedia where a fairly large group feels non-Dutch and non-Belgian topics should not be covered in the Dutch language edition! And they actually wrote rules to enforce this.

The amount of people who only care about their own backyard (the west) and wanna delete everything they do not understand has grown to big. Also other idiocism like on nl: wikipedia where procedure is 100x more important than the smooth running of the project, resulting in an everyone can insult everyone situation and no-one get's actually blocked is taking to much time and stress.

Jimbo invented the wheel with the wikimedia projects. Unfortunately the wheel never evolved, nor will it in the current climate. Every form of progress of the projects in something meaningfull and working gets blocked or grinded in bureaucracy by a group of people who want to be the boss.

Meanwhile on the boardlevel politicians rule who only give a shit about themselves and about political games. I have seen many of these games played out over the years. Also the projects diversify to much and to much new niches where new small groups start that take their particular niche hostage (commons being a prime example) are started. Instead of looking at how things can co-operate people start their own new kingdoms and fiefdoms (like wikitionaryz, which is GerardM's fiefdom) into things that are not our core imho. We are about creating content, not spreading it, let other people do that job.

On some projects I still have moderating bits, I hereby ask the stewards to take these bits away as I do not wish to spend to much time anymore on the projects, I might shout a bit from the sideline. The wikimedia projects will always exist, and the original idea was great. Unfortunately Winston Churchill was right .... democracy works in theory only. When the masses take over like on our project, the sum gets lowered to the level of the masses. Which means herd thinking.

Waerth

title: User:Waerth


text:
User talk:Waerth

your friendly neighbourhood wikipedian from nl.wikipedia

title: User talk:Waerth


text:
User talk:Greeno~enwikibooks

This user has been blocked because of vandalism Waerth 06:58, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Greeno. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Greeno~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:15, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Greeno~enwikibooks


text:
User:Greeno~enwikibooks

This user has been blocked because of vandalism Waerth 06:59, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Greeno~enwikibooks


text:
Chess/Puzzles/Middlegame/Match 3

Starting from the following position, white starts and wins.

Position from move 12 of W. Stienitz vs. J. Rock (1863).

/Solution/

title: Chess/Puzzles/Middlegame/Match 3


text:
Chess/Puzzles/Middlegame/Match 3/Solution

1. dxe6!! Nxb3

2. exf7+ Kd7

3. Be6+ Kc6

4. Ne5+ Kb5

5. Bc4+ Ka5

6. Bb4+ Ka4

7. axb3#


text:
Talk:C Programming/What you need before you can learn

Please rename/move this page to Programming:C Getting Started. --210.49.207.223 09:02, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

--

"For Windows, Dev-C++ is recommended for its ease-of-use and simplicity of installation." -- but Dev-C++ isn't in the list!!

--

the current microsoft "free" compiler offer is the 2008 edition which is the exact opposite to lightweight. tcc is lightweight. i'd like to see more classic tools like lcc on the list (after all it has a dennis ritchie code in it).

--

Exactly why is this list so opposed to Microsoft?

--

free microsoft compiler http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/express/

--

The compilers from Microsoft is not free. It reads "Free, lightweight, easy-to-use, and easy-to-learn tools for the hobbyist, novice, and student developer." which means not for every one to use. You have to read beyound the first word. But it might be good for those who qualify with it's demands for free of charge use. --

Shouldn't (X)Emacs be here to? It's a realy powerfull tool. And works fast and well with all major (and most minor) operating systems and programming languages.

newbie oriented
Could the book be "total noob" friendly? I mean like, friendly to people who got no clue, but just want direct contact with the code itself?

For example, there beeing a direct link or a series of direct links for an IDE to be installed, linked to a certain compiler (or not needed if there is one built in), not as a commercial to point to a certain IDE, or compiler, but just to make stuff simple for a person just wanting to see the code, and having use of the book.

Sorry if my text is confusing. Logictheo 21:51, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Vetting the Sept 2013 draft
Take it as you will, but from a professional C developer, the Sept 2013 proposal contains mostly legit changes. Bloodshed IS old, and Sublime is... eh, arguably popular, and there NO WAY that MVS can be considered lightweight. So yeah, call it good.

Unsuitable for beginners, misleading.
quote 'Getting Started, Basic computer literacy is assumed, but no special knowledge is needed.' This statement is false and misleading. The book assumes that the reader does not know what a compiler is, then offers a choice of several to download on the compilers section, followed by arcane and, to the beginner, meaningless splurge such as:

"Once gcc is installed, it can be called with a list of c source files that have been written but not yet compiled. eg. there is a main.c file that includes a some functions described in myfun.h and implemented in myfun_a.c and myfun_b.c, then it is enough to write gcc  main.c myfun_a.c myfun_b.c "

So, the "what you need before you can learn" section should not say that no special knowledge is needed, or the 'how to use a compiler' section should be replaced with a simple step by step walk through for someone with "basic computer literacy and no special knowledge". Unless by basic computer literacy you mean the ability to understand the splurgequote above. Thanks and goodbye.91.109.30.72 (discuss) 21:03, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

 * ✅. I agree that, to the beginner, that text is meaningless. So I removed that text from the introductory C Programming/Using a Compiler page, to a later page.
 * I hope that eventually every section of this book will be easy to understand to a person with only basic computer literacy who has read through the previous sections.
 * What else needs to change to make this book suitable for beginners?
 * Please feel free to make those changes.
 * --DavidCary (discuss • contribs) 15:37, 27 May 2016 (UTC)

Hi..thanks for the change...but when books are written, there should be someone that proofreads the text to make sure the text complies with the title. Going by the error highlighted here, one might assume no one has read this book...a beginners guide that is clearly edited by non beginners for other non-beginners...what is the purpose of this process? Rhetorical question....I'll have another go at trying to learn programming from this..sometime..but to point out the obvious, beginners guides should explain concepts as they are introduced..a bit like programming a computer...just feed in the correct instructions in the relevant language..but to answer the question 'What else needs to change to make this book suitable for beginners?' the answer is: 'rewrite the first section so that no terms that assume knowledge of programming are used unless it is clearly explained what the terms mean; the minimum amount of specialised terms should be used to achieve the stated purpose; digressions into jargonarrhoea should be curtailed; the book should be written to explain programming to beginners, not to demonstrate the knowledge of the editors; not all information is useful, it may be that all information transmission is ...recursive.. or reductive...rather than create writing that causes an endless series of further enquiries just giving the simplest answers saves time' 86.187.164.203 (discuss) 23:09, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

Command line for beginners
Hi everyone, I'm new to this world. In the book, I have read that command line recommend for beginners since it doesn't hide what you going behind the scenes like IDE. Can anyone explain how is it? Also plz give me a tutorial to compile the C program by command line so that I can understand more better. If possible, plz add this section in book too. Abhimishra (discuss • contribs) 03:00, 24 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Once you've launched your Windows console ( %windir%\system32\cmd.exe ) just go to the path of your code:

cd "C:\MyPath" and then compile it: cc MyCode.c or you you've installed GCC: gcc -o hello.exe hello.c You can find an example two chapters after, into C Programming/A taste of C. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 09:35, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

Chromebook
How do I need when I have a chromebook? --91.42.38.95 (discuss) 04:22, 28 July 2017 (UTC)


text:
Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery

This WikiBook will develop into a comprehensive reference for adult cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery.

The Scientific Foundations of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Medicine

 * Surgical Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
 * Cardiac Physiology
 * Cardiovascular Pharmacology
 * Surgical Physiology
 * Statistical Methods in Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery

Evaluation of the Cardiac Patient

 * Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
 * History and Physical Examination of the Cardiac Patient
 * Surgical Risk Stratification

Intraoperative and Postoperative Care in Cardiothoracic Surgery

 * Cardiac Anesthesia
 * Basic Principles and Administration of Cardiopulmonary Bypass
 * Post-Operative Care for Cardiothoracic Surgical Patients

Advanced Diagnostic Methods in Cardiovascular Medicine

 * ECG
 * MRI
 * PET
 * Echocardiography
 * Plain x-ray
 * Laboratory Tests
 * Radionuclide Imaging

Arrhythmias

 * Introduction
 * Tachycardia
 * Bradycardia
 * Atrial Fibrillation
 * Ventricular Fibrillation
 * His Bundle Arrhythmias
 * Atrioventricular Block
 * Bundle Branch Block
 * Hemiblock
 * Nonspecific Intraventricular Conduction Defects
 * Sick Sinus Syndrome

Ischemic Heart Disease

 * Atherosclerotic Disease
 * Stable Angina
 * Unstable Angina and Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
 * ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
 * Medical and Percutaneous Myocardial Revascularization
 * Surgical Myocardial Revascularization

Heart Failure

 * Cardiomyopathy
 * Cor Pulmonale
 * Mechanical Circulatory Support
 * Heart Transplantation

Endocarditis

 * Infective Endocarditis
 * Noninfective Endocarditis

Pericardial Disease

 * Pericarditis

Valvular Disease

 * Valvular Heart Disease
 * Aortic Valve Disease
 * Surgical Management of Aortic Valve Disease
 * Pulmonic Valve Disease
 * Surgical Management of Pulmonic Valve Disease
 * Mitral Valve Disease
 * Surgical Management of Mitral Valve Disease
 * Tricuspid Valve Disease
 * Surgical Management of Tricuspid Valve Disease

Cardiac Oncology

 * Benign Cardiac Tumors
 * Malignant Cardiac Tumors

Diseases of the Main Vessels

 * Aneurysms
 * Thoracical Aortic Aneurysm
 * Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
 * (Threatened) Rupture of Aneurysm
 * Dissection

Special Considerations in Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery

 * Pregnancy and Cardiovascular Disease

External Links and Resources

 * The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Section 16: Cardiovascular Disorders
 * eMedicine section on cardiology
 * eMedicine section on thoracic surgery
 * (MCQs on Cardiac Surgery)

title: Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery


text:
User:Cooperc

Carol Cooper is currently Manager, Teaching & Learning Services Lincoln University, New Zealand

She writes a Teaching & Learning Blog: BBC-BlogByCarol and is currently moderating an eLearning Forum with Derek Wenmoth on Academici

title: User:Cooperc


text:
User:Rija~enwikibooks/monobook.css

div#bodyContent * { font-family: serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8;}

title: User:Rija~enwikibooks/monobook.css


text:
Pediatric Medicine

This Wikibook contains specific information on all aspects of pediatric medicine, including all subspecialties. It is divided in three sections: one on acquired disease newborns and infants, one on acquired disorders in children and adolescents, and one on congenital anomalies regarding children and adults of all ages.

Metabolic and Endocrine Disease in Newborns and Infants

 * Hypothermia
 * Hypoglycemia
 * Hyperglycemia
 * Hypocalcemia
 * Hypernatremia
 * Hyperbilirubinemia
 * Kernicterus
 * Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
 * Withdrawal from Cocaine
 * Withdrawal from Other Drugs
 * Birth injuries

Resuscitation

 * Neonatal Resuscitation
 * Definition of Neonatal Resuscitation
 * History
 * In the Delivery Room
 * Preparation
 * Personnell
 * Equipment
 * Warm Environment
 * Airway
 * Breathing
 * Circulation
 * Special Considerations
 * Premature Newborns
 * Meconium
 * Anatomic Abnormalities
 * Ethical Considerations

Pediatric Rheumatology

 * Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
 * Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
 * Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Congenital Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels

 * Atrial Septal Defect
 * Complete Atrioventricular Canal Defect
 * Partial Atrioventricular Canal Defect
 * Ventricular Septal Defect
 * Underdeveloped Left Ventricle Syndrome
 * Tetralogy of Fallot
 * Transposition of the Great Arteries
 * Complex Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
 * Aortic Valve Stenosis
 * Pulmonic Valve Stenosis
 * Peripheral Pulmonic Stenosis
 * Patent Ductus Arteriosus
 * Coarctation of the Aorta
 * Persistent Truncus Arteriosis
 * Less Common Abnormalities
 * Pulmonary Vascular Disease
 * Heart Failure

Congenital Abnormalities of the Central Nervous System

 * Brain Abnormalities
 * Spina Bifida

Congenital Ophtalmologic Disease

 * Congenital Glaucoma
 * Congenital Cataract

Congenital Urologic Disease

 * Kidney
 * Ureter
 * Bladder
 * Urethra

Medical Disclaimer
Pädiatrie

title: Pediatric Medicine


text:
User talk:Daniel575~enwikibooks

Hi, I'm Daniel.

What else can I say...

You're free to contact me, ofcourse.

I'm a Dutch student (though currently without a study) who is planning to study medicine at some stage in his life. Right now, I've registered here at Wikibooks to work on the "Medicine" section (see here) some. I noticed that some pages didn't exist at all, others contained unorganized and unusable information. So, I've been working on a new look for this part of Wikibooks.
 * I have turned several specialties which were listed as part of "Internal Medicine" into full categories on their own, among them Cardiology, Neurology, Gastro-Enterology, Endocrinology etc.
 * I just wrote a pretty extensive list of subjects for the Neurology site.
 * I added a link to the appropriate chapter in the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (from which I learn a lot on my own) on all medical specialty pages. You can find the whole Manual online here.
 * I'm going to do the same for Cardiology, and after that for all specialties.

cardio-images
Did you create them yourself? Do they have a copyright licence? --Steven Fruitsmaak 23:41, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Daniel575. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Daniel575~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:04, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:51, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daniel575~enwikibooks


text:
Puzzles/Physics puzzles/Eleatic School/Achilles comment

Solution A

One traditional answer to this problem is that in fact we only looking a constant amount of time ahead. To see this let us assume that the tortoise advances at unit speed and Achilles at speed x, starting y units behind the tortoise (say, at point 0). Then it takes Achilles $$ \frac{y}{x} $$ units in time (say seconds) to reach the starting point of the tortoise. In the meantime the tortoise has advanced to the point $$ y + \frac{y}{x} $$ being now $$ \frac{y}{x} $$ units adhead. Since x > 1 the distance has decreased. To reach the second point of the tortoise it takes Achilles the time of $$ \frac{y/x}{x} = \frac{y}{x^2} $$. By induction we have, that it takes Achilles the time of $$ y\sum_{i=1}^n{x^{-i}} $$ to reach the point the tortoise reached after her $$n$$th advance.

For $$ n \to \infty $$ this expression converges to $$ \frac{y}{1 - \frac{1}{x}} =:T $$ which is clearly finite. Therefore in whole our race we are not considering points in time greater or equal than $$T$$. In fact at $$T$$ Achilles has reached the tortoise and is going to overtake it at any infinitesimal time thereafter.

However, the whole argument assumes that time is continuous. Is this true in turn?

All of these problems are flawed because at each 'step' they slow down time, and if you slow down time enough, obviously you don't achieve anything. If you move between the line A and B and take the time measurements each time you reduce the distance by half, there are an infinite measurements each being taken faster and faster. This does not mean Achilles will not catch the tortious, it just means they are taking an infinite number of measurements until he does.


text:
Hepatology

General Hepatology

 * /Hepatomegaly/
 * /Acute Liver Failure/
 * /Acute Viral Hepatitis/
 * /Chronic Viral Hepatitis/
 * /Alcoholic Liver Disease/
 * /Chronic Liver Disease/

Systemic Sequelae of Liver Disease

 * /Hepatic Encephalopathy/
 * Systemic Sequelae
 * Dermatologic and Endocrinologic Sequelae
 * Hematologic Sequelae
 * Renal and Electrolyte Sequelae
 * Circulatory Sequaelae

External Resources
The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Section 4: Hepatic / Biliary Disorders

title: Hepatology


text:
Hepatology/Hepatic Encephalopathy

This page is shared between the sections on Hepatology and Neurology and Neurosurgery.

Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by liver disease. It occurs most often in patients with cirrhosis but also occurs in acute hepatic failure. Aetiology Hepatic encephalopathy is thought to be due to a biochemical disturbance of brain function because it is reversible and does not cause marked pathological changes in the brain. Liver failure and portosystemic shunting of blood are two important factors underlying hepatic encephalopathy and the balance between these varies in different patients. Some degree of liver failure is a constant factor as portosystemic shunting of blood hardly ever causes encephalopathy if liver function is normal. Little is known of the biochemical 'neurotoxins' causing the encephalopathy, but they are thought to be mainly nitrogenous substances produced in the gut, at least in part by bacterial action, which are normally metabolised by the healthy liver so that they do not enter the systemic circulation. Ammonia has long been considered an important factor but much interest has centred recently on gamma-aminobutyric acid. Additional putative culprit substances include other false neurotransmitters such as octopamine, amino acids, mercaptans and fatty acids. Some factors appear to precipitate hepatic encephalopathy by increasing the availability of these substances; in addition, the brain in cirrhosis may be sensitised to other factors such as drugs that are able to precipitate hepatic encephalopathy. Disruption of the function of the blood-brain barrier is a feature of acute hepatic failure and may lead to cerebral oedema. Clinical features

These include changes of intellect, personality, emotions and consciousness, with or without neurological signs. When an episode develops acutely a precipitating factor may be found. The earliest features are very mild but, as the condition becomes more severe, apathy, inability to concentrate, confusion, disorientation, drowsiness, slurring of speech and eventually coma develop. Convulsions sometimes occur. Examination usually shows a flapping tremor (asterixis), inability to perform simple mental arithmetic tasks or draw objects such as a star (constructional apraxia), and, as the condition progresses, hyper-reflexia and bilateral extensor plantar responses. Hepatic encephalopathy rarely causes focal neurological signs, and if these are present, other causes must be sought. Fetor hepaticus, a sweet musty odour to the breath, is usually present but is more a sign of liver failure and portosystemic shunting than of hepatic encephalopathy. Rarely, chronic hepatic encephalopathy (hepatocerebral degeneration) gives rise to variable combinations of cerebellar dysfunction, Parkinsonian syndromes, spastic paraplegia and dementia. Investigations The diagnosis can usually be made clinically, but when doubt exists an electroencephalogram (EEG) shows diffuse slowing of the normal alpha waves with eventual development of delta waves. The arterial ammonia is usually increased in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. However, increased concentrations can occur in the absence of clinical encephalopathy so this investigation is of little or no diagnostic value. Management EBM: TREATMENT OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 'Studies in small numbers of patients have shown lactulose to be of benefit in both acute and chronic hepatic encephalopathy but large RCTs are lacking.' 'Neomycin treatment is not significantly better than placebo in treating acute hepatic encephalopathy.' 'Current evidence does not support the use of branched-chain amino acid solutions in either acute or chronic hepatic encephalopathy.' ''* Simmons F, Goldstein H, Boyle JD. A controlled clinical trial of lactulose in hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 1970; 59:827-832. * Elkington SG, Floch MH, Conn HO. Lactulose in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double-blind clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1969; 281:408-412. * Strauss E, Tramote R, Silva EP, et al. Double-blind randomized clinical trial comparing neomycin and placebo in the treatment of exogenous hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatogastroenterology 1992; 39:542-545. * Morgan MY. Branched chain amino acids in the management of chronic liver disease. Facts and fantasies. J Hepatol 1990; 11:133-141.''

Episodes of encephalopathy are common in cirrhosis and are usually readily reversible until the terminal stages occur. The principles of management are to treat or remove precipitating causes, to reduce protein intake, and to suppress production of neurotoxins by bacteria in the bowel. Dietary protein is reduced to less than 20 g/day, and glucose (300 g/day) is given orally or parenterally in severe cases. As encephalopathy improves, dietary protein is increased by 10-20 g/day every 48 hours to an intake of 40-60 g/day, which is usually the limit in cirrhotic patients. Lactulose (15-30 ml 8-hourly) is a disaccharide which is taken orally and reaches the colon intact to be metabolised by colonic bacteria. The dose is increased gradually until the bowels are moving twice daily. It produces an osmotic laxative effect, reduces the pH of the colonic content, thereby limiting colonic ammonia absorption, and promotes the incorporation of nitrogen into bacteria (see EBM panel). Lactitol is a rather more palatable alternative to lactulose, with a less explosive action on bowel function. Neomycin (1-4 g 4-6-hourly) is an antibiotic which acts by reducing the bacterial content of the bowel. It can be used in addition or as an alternative to lactulose if diarrhoea becomes troublesome. Neomycin is poorly absorbed from the bowel but sufficient gains access to the body to contraindicate its use when uraemia is present. It is less desirable than lactulose for long-term use; ototoxicity is the main deleterious effect. Chronic or refractory hepatic encephalopathy is one of the main indications for liver transplantation.

title: Hepatology/Hepatic Encephalopathy


text:
Microbiology

Part I The Basics
Microbiology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of micro organisms. Micro organisms come in a wide variety of morphologies and can be found in any location on earth due to their highly robust and adaptable natures. Like other cells, micro organisms as a general rule obey the central dogma of microbiology and thus have DNA that code for the proteins that allow them to function. Some organisms, like viruses, do not use DNA though and employ unique strategies to proliferate by co opting the cellular machinery of host organisms.
 * 1) Introduction to Microbiology

Micro organisms can be found in every kingdom of life. The common example of micro organisms are bacteria which occupy their own Domain of life, Bacteria. Along side this Domain are the domains Archaea and Eukarya. Archaea is home to many microorganisms as well often referred to as protists. Protists are some of the most robust organisms on earth and can be found in extreme environments such as; geysers, ice lakes, and geothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean. Eukarya boasts a significant number of micro organisms as well, specifically in the kingdoms Animalia, with worms and other parasites, and Fungi.

Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, i.e. those we cannot readily observe with our naked eyes. To learn about Micro organisms we first had to discover how to observe them. (history of microscopy here).
 * 1) What is Microbiology?

Currently, microbiology is a massive field with endless numbers of industrial and clinical applications. Disease causing organisms are a subject of intense study and the identification of novel treatments for diseases has been a massive endeavor for the past century. However, not all micro organisms are bad and in many cases can be made extremely beneficial. Modern production of insulin for diabetic patients is accomplished through production by genetically modified Escherichia coli. The branch of science which deals with the study of viruses
 * 1) What are microbes?
 * 2) What makes microbes different from other organisms?
 * 3) Why Study Microbiology?
 * 4) Fields of microbiology
 * 5) Medical microbiology
 * 6) Environmental microbiology
 * 7) Food microbiology
 * 8) Microbiology as a basic science
 * 9) Uses of microbiology
 * 10) Biotechnology
 * 11) Bio-remediation
 * 12) Natural products (Bio-Pharmaceutics)
 * 13) Synthetic biology
 * 14) Medical microbiology
 * 15) Pathology and the microbial basis of disease
 * 16) Microbial nature of the human body
 * 17) Virology
 * 1) Summary
 * 2) History of Microbiology
 * 3) Ancient History, what we knew before we knew what we didn't know
 * 4) Ancient microbial foods
 * 5) Ancient preservation techniques
 * 6) The understanding of disease in a pre-microbial world
 * 7) Conflict and Transition, the discovery of microbes and the debate surrounding spontaneous generation
 * 8) Leeuwenhoek, microscopes, and animalcules
 * 9) Hooke and Kircher, two alternate early microscopists
 * 10) The theory of spontaneous generation and its detractors
 * 11) Louis Pasture and the end of spontaneous generation
 * 12) Pasture and Koch, the fathers of modern microbiology
 * 13) Vaccination and pasteurization
 * 14) The germ theory of disease
 * 15) Koch's postulates
 * 16) Summary
 * 17) A Tour of the Microbial World
 * 18) The Three Domains of Life
 * 19) A historical perspective
 * 20) Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
 * 21) Bacteria
 * 22) What are bacteria?
 * 23) Common bacterial characteristics
 * 24) Classifying bacteria by cell wall
 * 25) Gram Positive
 * 26) Gram Negative
 * 27) Acid Fast
 * 28) Mycoplasma
 * 29) Aside: use of the gram stain in microbiology and health today
 * 30) Classifying bacteria by morphology
 * 31) Cocci
 * 32) Bacilli
 * 33) Spirillum
 * 34) Less common shapes
 * 35) Classifying bacteria by metabolism
 * 36) Energy source
 * 37) Fermentation
 * 38) Gas production/fixation
 * 39) Classifying bacteria by genetics
 * 40) Archea
 * 41) Eukarya

 * 1) Structure and Function of Prokaryotic Cells
 * 2) The Chemistry of Life and Metabolism of Microbial Cells
 * 3) Nutrition and Growth
 * 4) Genetics and Gene Expression
 * 5) Viruses

Microbial Morphology and characteristics
 * 1) Bacteria

Bacteria are small, often no larger than a few micrometers, single celled organisms that have a wide range of living environments, morphologies, and food sources. Bacteria occupy the Domain Bacteria and are Prokaryotic organisms, meaning they lack specialized organelles and nucleus. Bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, a sugar polymer that is cross-linked by amino acids. Alike other cells, bacteria also have cell membranes although certain species may have two membranes, referred to as gram negative. Bacterial species can also be motile and employ various means to accomplish this such as flagella.

Bacteria can, and often do, grow in just about any environment and have evolved to be able to adapt to rapid inputs of stress. The human GI tract, for example, is home to millions of bacteria and is constantly exposed to highly acid pHs and the release of antibiotic molecules. Many bacteria have evolved to inhabit this extreme environment and even to live along side us and provide much needed nutrients and even defense against invading micro organisms. this concept is referred to as the intestinal microbiota and carries over to almost every part of your body directly connected to your skin. In addition to assisting us with defense and digestion, bacteria are exceedingly important in the earth's nitrogen cycle and often associate with plants to fix nitrogen into the soil to fertilize it. Bacteria also act as decomposers, primary producers, and fulfill just about every single niche on earth.

Bacteria are by far the most numerous of all organisms on earth with a cell count that exceeds the number of all other living life forms as well as a biomass that is well in excess of the weight of every human being alive today. This immense mass of cells is helped by the rate at which bacteria reproduce. unlike Eukaryotic species bacteria replicate via a process known as binary fission wherein a single bacteria replicates its entire genome and then splits itself in half, effectively cloning itself. Due to this reproduction strategy, bacteria are capable of doubling their numbers exponentially. This is not to say though that bacteria are incapable of forms of mating. Certain species readily transfer genetic material between each other, such as in Helicobacter pylori which uses a specialized proteinc hannel known as the type 4 secretion system to move genetic material between cells in a process known as horizontal gene transfer. This amazing quality of bacteria to take up DNA is the basis of the transformation principle which allows us to genetically engineer bacteria for specific purposes in research, clinical practice, and industry.

Bacterial morphology

Bacteria can be classified by general morphology. Characteristic cell shape and size help to name and differentiate microorganisms. There are five types of bacterial cells: Cocci, Bacilli, Coccobacilli, Fusiform, and Spirilla. Cocci bacterium are spherical or oval shape. The cocci can occur in pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), and irregular clusters (staphylococci). The entire bacterial cell is very small, about the size of an eukaryotic mitochondria. The second type, bacilli, are rod shaped. Coccibacilli are very short rods that can easily be mistaken for cocci. Fusiform are rod-shaped bacteria that have tapered ends (like an American football). Spirilla are spiral shaped. If the spirilla is spiral shaped and the cell is more flexible it is called a spirochete.

bacteria structure

Part II Microbial Diversity

 * Taxonomy and Phylogeny
 * Bacteria
 * Archea
 * Fungi
 * Protozoa
 * Unicellular Algae
 * Viruses
 * Actinomycetes

Part III Medical Microbiology
Medical Microbiology is the field of study primarily concerned with the identification, characterization, and neutralization of diseases caused by micro organisms.

The following fields are related to Medical Microbiology: Immunology Bacteriology

Bacteriology is the study of organisms that exists within the Domain Bacteria Virology Mycology Pharmacology

Part V Food and Industrial Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology

Introduction-

Use of microbes in industrial or large scale productions is known as industrial microbiology. Mostly the bacteria and fungi are used in industrial applications. Bacteria have the property of rapid reproduction, as they divide rapidly leading to an exponential increase in population. By using bacteria we can transform substrates into more useful or valuable products.

Modern Industrial Microbiology has evolved in demand to develop cheap and faster substitute of chemical reactions. In earlier years of industrial development the transformation reactions are carried out by several steps of lengthy and delicate chemical reactions. They are very hard to control, depend on various other factors, sometimes require harsh conditions like high temperature, high pressure, use of alkali and acids and use of costly transition metals as catalyst. Often, performing a single transformation requires many steps of chemical reaction. By using industrial microbiology we can transform substrates without such harsh conditions more easily than ever.

Microbes are also used to produce antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, and also as food called single cell proteins (SCP).

In industrial microbiology we use the native properties of microbes to grow in various environmental conditions (can use various materials as their carbon/energy source). The yeast sacchromyces spp. for example, can grow in both in presence or absence of oxygen. When it grows in presence of oxygen it breaks glucose into CO2 and water and yields energy for growth. while growing in anaerobic conditions it produces ethyl alcohol and CO2 and just survives with little growth. This property was identified earlier in the development of humankind and thus humans started production of various alcoholic beverages.

 * List of Products

 * Ethanol
 * Acetic acid
 * Lactic acid
 * Vitamins
 * Amino acids
 * Enzymes
 * Some insecticides
 * Lipids
 * Coloring compounds
 * Polysaccharides (gum)

Most important use of microbes is as enzyme producers. In the beginnings of microbiology it was discovered that something within the yeast is responsible for the conversion of sugar into alcohol. This biological compound was known as an enzyme ( en= within, zyme= yeast)

Nowadays the following industrially important enzymes are produced by microbes:
 * Amylases (to degrade starch)
 * Proteases (to degrade proteins)
 * Lipases (to degrade lipids)
 * Pectinases (clarification of wine and fruit juices)
 * Cellulases (to convert cellulose into glucose)
 * Proteases and lipases are used as additives in modern detergents.

Microbes naturally produce enzymes in order to utilize the food sources present around them. For example, various fungi and bacteria growing on fruit-based substrates produce pectinases and cellulases to degrade the materials present on the cell wall of fruit cells.

Medizinische Mikrobiologie 微生物学

title: Microbiology


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Dalmatia

| European cuisines

=Recipes=
 * Arambasici
 * Pasticada
 * Kostradina

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Dalmatia


text:
User talk:138.130.14.25

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 13:21, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:138.130.14.25


text:
Wikibooks talk:Health science bookshelf

Note to Alan: 'Back Pain'
You added a section on 'Back Pain' to the Anatomy & Physiology section. Needless to say, this subject has nothing to do with the section on Anatomy & Physiology. I moved your book to the 'Alternative Medicine' section, since it is, as you write there, a book written by patients focusing on self-help therapies. As such, it belongs in the 'Alternative Medicine' section, not under 'Anatomy & Physiology', and, with all due respect, not under 'Clinical Medicine' either. --Daniel575 15 Aug 2005

It doesn't belong in the Alternative Medicine section unless it is (supposedly) an alternative to medical science. If the book does not reject medical science, and is a self help book, there should be a self help section (possibly with a warning about the dangers of self help). 59.100.150.141 (talk) 15:58, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Added "Category:Medicine" on all pages; divided main page into three subjects (anatomy, clinical, alternative)
--Daniel575 14:57, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hi, I'm Daniel ( http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Daniel575 ), from The Netherlands. I started working on the medical section of Wikibooks this morning; been writing for about 4 hours now. I pretty much reorganized http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Medicine_bookshelf and merged http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Medicine into this site (if you go to Medicine now, you'll be redirected to Medicine_bookshelf). Medicine_bookshelf had a better beginning. I edited the Internal Medicine section and took out some of the specialties listed there and gave them their own categories (neurology, cardiology, pulmonology etc.). Started working on a few articles also, but first I'm mainly adding links to external pages (Merck Manual, which is my personal favorite; it's the Bible of Medicine as far as I'm concerned), and after that I plan on adding links to appropriate pages on Emedicine ( www.emedicine.com/specialties.htm, you probably know it).

When the categories have been created sufficiently, I'm going to let the real specialists do the rest. But the way things looked this morning was really awful. The Medicine site was basically empty except for a few words with no links in them; most of the links from Medicine_bookshelf were nonexistant; and sometimes I found texts that were basically written without any consideration for an appropriate categorization. Most of the categories inside the specialty pages I created were written based on the index of subjects in the M-Manual. I'm not sure whether this is allowed; after all, I am not really copying any content, just the subject titles. Do you know whether this is allowed? I changed the names of most subjects somewhat, but nevertheless, I'm not sure whether it's allowed. We cannot copy any real content ofcourse (that would be just too easy), but it's definitely a useful book.

Others interested in this page: you're all invited to discuss here. If nobody minds, I'm going to continue creating some index pages for several specialties, which will take some time, ofcourse. I created a pretty basic index for Neurology today, which is a good beginning.

Attention Daniel575: Orthopaedic vs Orthopedic
I started with the Orthopaedic Surgery module. Since I am from India (Our English is more British oriented than American), I am more comfortable with Ortho paed ic than Ortho ped ic and thats how I started out with the module. Since you had already a page on Orthopedic Surgery, I didn't change that and went on with my contributions to rearranging the module. Now I find that most of the pages in wikibooks and all its sister concerns prefer orthopedic over orthpaedic. That leaves me confused!!

Convention is better over individual preferences ...thats what seems to be nagging me. If I have to change I better do it now at an early stage. I would like to get your opinion on this before I go ahead and take a decison.

Anybody else who has got an opinion is most welcome to air them here!

Bduttabaruah 05:14, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I think I have waited enough. I realised that British English (BrE)differs from American English (AmE) in many ways(Please read American and British English differences for a more detailed elaboration on the topic). At the end of the day, there is no doubt that usage of AmE is becoming more prevalent, but at the same time BrE has its own place in the world. Neither of the two will or necessarily should be predominant. Each region will develop its own style and the use one particular form will become more widespread. I believe it will be a mixture of both AmE and BrE. As far as use of medical terms is concerned I decided to stick to the easier naming and spelling convention as the terms are long and difficult. Henceforth I propose the use orthopEdic over orthopAEdic in Wikibooks.

 * BDB 16:44, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Most of the pages are linked through using the spelling "orthopaedic", which I'm sure will be easily recognised by anyone more familiar with the spelling "orthopedic". It seems sensible to go with something that can easily be used consistently throughout. Probably best to do the easiest thing to make all pages consistent - ie change all pages so they begin with "Orthopaedic Surgery/". If there's really a demand to change the spelling later, it will at least then be easy enough to get a bot to do the work, Jguk 18:54, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

By far, most books and articles we use in medical school in europe spell latin based words the BrE way. This is also the spelling more similar to the latin spelling used in the anatomy books world wide, aswell as in elderly books on other native languages.So I think it is a great idea to by routine include both BrE and AmE.

Module Merge list
I'm sure there are others, but here is a module that needs to be moved into this bookshelf somewhere:

 * Van Der Woude syndrome

Do with it as you can, and add a   markup tag if you don't think it is needed on Wikibooks. Thanks. --Rob Horning 18:33, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Spanish wikilink
You could add a link to the spanish medicine books; the link is  Estantería de ciencias de la salud .

Other languages
Add a link to Sanscienca librobretario.

 * Add it . --Mac (talk) 10:04, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Alternative Medicine
Alternative medicine does not belong in the "Health Science" section, since it opposes science. Can someone move it to the humanities section where it belongs? And add a warning? 59.100.150.141 (talk) 15:58, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Sanscienca librobretario ciencias de la salud

Medicine English
I suggest a book aboub medicine English (and the same for other languages, i.e. Spanish). --Mac (talk) 09:58, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Health science bookshelf


text:
Talk:Introduction to Sociology/Demography

This chapter really needs a section on urbanization. I just ran out of time when writing it. A chart is included on Urbanization, but a better discussion of what urbanization means and trends over time would be useful.


text:
User talk:61.9.214.113

Please do not add copyrighted material to Wikibooks. Please, only add material that you are entitled to release under the free GFDL. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 14:50, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hello Geocachernemesis- The Biodiesel article I keep editing is MY work and I am trying to updated it on this list as it is upgraded on it's home list

Look at: http://biodiesel.infopop.cc/eve/ubb.x/a/tpc/f/719605551/m/857600061

Thank you Tilly

title: User talk:61.9.214.113