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Real Analysis/Differentiation in Rn

We will first revise some important concepts of Linear Algebra that are of importance in Multivariate Analysis. The reader with no background in Linear Algebra is advised to refer the book Linear Algebra.

Vector Space
A set $$\mathcal{V}$$ is said to be a Vector Space over a field $$F$$ if and only if operations addition and scalar multiplication are defined over it so as to satisfy for all $$\mathbf{v_1}, \mathbf{v_2},\ldots\in\mathcal{V}$$ and $$c_1,c_2\in F$$

(i)Commutativity:$$\mathbf{v_1}+\mathbf{v_2}=\mathbf{v_2}+\mathbf{v_1}$$

(ii)Associativity:$$(\mathbf{v_1}+\mathbf{v_2})+\mathbf{v_3}=\mathbf{v_1}+(\mathbf{v_2}+\mathbf{v_3})$$

(iii)Identity:There exists $$\mathbf{0}\in\mathcal{V}$$ such that $$\mathbf{v_1}+\mathbf{0}=\mathbf{v_1}=\mathbf{0}+\mathbf{v_1}$$

(iv)Inverse:There exists $$-\mathbf{v_1}\in\mathcal{V}$$ such that $$\mathbf{v_1}+(-\mathbf{v_1})=\mathbf{0}$$

(v):$$c\mathbf{v_1}+c\mathbf{v_2}=c(\mathbf{v_1}+\mathbf{v_2})$$

(vi)$$c_1\mathbf{v}+c_2\mathbf{v}=(c_1+c_2)\mathbf{v}$$

(vii)$$c_1(c_2\mathbf{v_1})=c_2(c_1\mathbf{v_1})=(c_1c_2)\mathbf{v_1}$$

Members of a vector space are called "Vectors" and those of the field are called "Scalars". $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, the set of all polynomials etc. are examples of vector spaces

A set of linearly independant vectors that spans the vector space is said to be a Basis for the vector space.

Linear Transformations
Let $$X,Y$$ be vector spaces.

Let $$T:X\to Y$$

We say that $$T$$ is a Linear transformation if and only if for all $$\mathbf{v_1},\mathbf{v_2}\in X$$,

(i)$$T(\mathbf{v_1}+\mathbf{v_2})=T(\mathbf{v_1})+T(\mathbf{v_2})$$

(ii)$$T(c\mathbf{v_1})=cT(\mathbf{v_1})$$

As we will see, there are two major ways to define a 'derivative' of a multivariable function. We first present the seemingly more straightforward way of using "Partial Derivatives".

Directional and Partial Derivatives
Let $$\mathbf{f}:\mathbb{R}^n\to \mathbb{R}^m$$

Let $$\mathbf{a},\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{R}^n$$

We say that $$\mathbf{f}$$ is differentiable at $$\mathbf{a}\in\mathbb{R}^n$$ with respect to vector $$\mathbf{y}$$ if and only if there exists $$\mathbf{L}\in\mathbb{R}^m$$ that satisfies

$$\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{a}+h\mathbf{y})-\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{a})}{h}=\mathbf{L}$$

$$\mathbf{L}$$ is said to be the derivative of $$\mathbf{f}$$ at $$\mathbf{a}$$ with respect to $$\mathbf{y}$$ and is written as $$\mathbf{f}'(\mathbf{a};\mathbf{y})$$

When $$\mathbf{y}$$ is a unit vector, the derivative is said to be a partial derivative. Here we will explicitly define partial derivatives and see some of their properties.

Let $$f$$ be a real multivariate function defined on an open subset $$\Omega$$ of $$ \mathbb{R}^{n} $$
 * $$ f: \Omega \longrightarrow \mathbb{R} $$.

Then the partial derivative at some parameter $$ (x_1,...,x_n) $$ with respect to the coordinate $$x_i$$ is defined as the following limit
 * $$ \lim_{h \rightarrow 0} {f(x_1,\ldots,x_i+h,\ldots,x_n)-f(x_1,\ldots,x_i,\ldots,x_n) \over h} = { \partial f \over \partial x_i } $$.

$$f$$ is said to be differentiable at this parameter $$ (x_1,...,x_n) $$ if the difference $$ f(x_1,...,x_i+h,...,x_n)-f(x_1,...,x_i,...,x_n) $$ is equivalent up to first order in h to a linear form L (of h), that is
 * $$ f(x_1,...,x_i+h,...,x_n)-f(x_1,...,x_i,...,x_n) = L\times h + o(\|h\|).$$

The linear form L is then said to be the differential of $$f$$ at $$(x_1,...,x_n) $$, and is written as $$ Df|_{(x_1,\ldots,x_n)} $$ or sometimes $$ \mathrm{d}f(x_1,\ldots,x_n) $$.

In this case, where $$f$$ is differentiable at $$(x_1,\ldots,x_n) $$, by linearity we can write
 * $$ \mathrm{d}f={\partial f \over \partial x_1}\mathrm{d} x_1+\ldots+

{\partial f \over \partial x_n}\mathrm{d} x_n$$

$$f$$ is said to be continuously differentiable if its differential is defined at any parameter in its domain, and if the differential is varying continuously relative to the parameter $$ (x_1,...,x_n) $$, that is if it coordinates (as a linear form) $$ \partial f \over \partial x_1 $$ are varying continuously.

In case partial derivatives exists but $$f$$ is not differentiable, and sometimes not even continuous exempli gratia
 * $$ f:(x,y)\mapsto {(xy)^2\over (x^2+y^2)}$$

(and $$ f(0,0)=0 $$) we say that $$f$$ is separably differentiable.

Total Derivatives
The total derivative is important as it preserves some of the key properties of the single variable derivative, most notably the assertion differentiability implies continuity

Let $$f:A\subseteq\mathbb{R}^n\to \mathbb{R}^m$$

We say that $$f$$ is differentiable at $$\mathbf{a}\in A$$ if and only if there exists a linear transformation, $$\mathbf{D} f(\mathbf{a}):\mathbb{R}^n\to \mathbb{R}^m$$, called the derivative or total derivative of $$f$$ at $$\mathbf{a}$$, such that

$$\lim_{\| \mathbf{h} \| \to 0}\frac{\| f(\mathbf{a}+\mathbf{h})-f(\mathbf{a})-\mathbf{D} f(\mathbf{a})(\mathbf{h}) \|}{\| \mathbf{h} \|}=0$$

One should read $$\mathbf{D} f(\mathbf{a})(\mathbf{h})$$ as the linear transformation $$\mathbf{D} f(\mathbf{a})$$ applied to the vector $$\mathbf{h}$$. Sometimes it is customary to write this as $$\mathbf{D} f(\mathbf{a}) \cdot (\mathbf{h})$$.

Theorem
Suppose $$A \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$$ is an open set and $$f:A\to \mathbb{R}^m$$ is differentiable on A. Think of writing $$f$$ in components so $$f(x_1,\ldots,x_n)=(f_1(x_1,\ldots,x_n),\ldots,f_m(x_1,\ldots,x_n))$$. Then the partial derivatives $$\frac{\partial f_j}{\partial x_i}$$ exist, and the matrix representing the linear transformation $$\mathbf{D} f(\mathbf{x})$$ with respect to the standard bases of $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ and $$\mathbb{R}^m$$ is given by the Jacobian Matrix:

$$\begin{bmatrix} \frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x_1} & \cdots & \frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x_n} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \frac{\partial f_m}{\partial x_1} & \cdots & \frac{\partial f_m}{\partial x_n} \end{bmatrix}. $$

evaluated at $$\mathbf{x}=(x_1,\ldots,x_n)$$.

NOTE: This theorem requires the function to be differentiable to begin with. It is a common mistake to assume that if the partial derivatives exist then this would imply that the function is differentiable because we can construct the Jacobian matrix. This however is completely false. Which brings us to the next theorem:

Theorem
Suppose $$A \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$$ is an open set and $$f:A\to \mathbb{R}^m$$. Think of writing $$f$$ in components so $$f(x_1,\ldots,x_n)=(f_1(x_1,\ldots,x_n),\ldots,f_m(x_1,\ldots,x_n))$$. If $$\frac{\partial f_j}{\partial x_i}$$ exists and is continuous on $$A$$ for all $$j\in \{1,\ldots, m \}$$ and for all $$i\in \{1,\ldots,n \}$$, then $$f$$ is differentiable on $$A$$.

This theorem gives us a nice criteria for a function to be differentiable.

title: Real Analysis/Differentiation in Rn


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User:Sb~enwikibooks/Playground

The content has been moved to Sedimentation:Parameter_Identification

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Sb~enwikibooks/Playground


text:
GENtle/Automatic annotation

The automatic annotation feature can search a database of standard vectors (included with the GENtle package), and (optionally) a user-generated database, for feature sequences that are found in the currently opened DNA sequence. Recognized features are then annotated in the current sequence.

Invoked through Edit/Auto-annotate sequence or F9, a dialog opens, offering various settings:
 * Whether or not to search the common vectors database
 * Whether or not to use a user-generated database (and, if so, which one)
 * Whether or not to reduce the number of generated features (recommended; otherwise, a lot of features are annotated)
 * Whether or not to add unrecognized open reading frames as features

title: GENtle/Automatic annotation


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GENtle/Print version

GENtle is an open source software for molecular biology. It is available at http://gentle.magnusmanske.de.

title: GENtle/Print version


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Business English/Topics/Cold Calling

The cold call
Cold calls are telephone calls to anyone that you do not know and have not spoken with before. We often make cold calls to try to establish business contacts; to get a job, find a new client, seek someone else’s services, or initiate any other business relationship. Following are some tips on how to make effective cold calls.

Planning the call: Establish your objectives & prepare the conversation
Plan your call. This requires a conscious effort to sit down, think, and plan out what it is you want to achieve with the call. After you determine your goals, go over them in your mind until they are very clear to you.

Then, imagine how a conversation might be with the person or business that you plan to call. Rehearse it in your mind and get ready to give a quick and confident presentation of your ideas. Prepare yourself so that you do not stutter or hesitate; you should know exactly what it is you want to say, and be able to say it backwards and forwards. Decide how you want the conversation to flow.

General goals to have for a cold call are to establish contact. You will want the person to remember you the next time you call, and have positive feelings towards you. Plan for the call to be as short as possible and focus on setting up an appointment. All negotiation or in-depth talking should take place later, when you are with the other party in person.

Just before the call: Prepare your mind and body for a positive attitude
You may not realize it, but the position of your body influences how your mind works, what hormones are flowing through your veins, and ultimately, how others perceive you. This is true when you talk with someone face to face as well as over the phone. The reason is that your physical state affects your mental state: your thinking, your attitude, and your voice. Remember that your voice is your only tool to communicate your ideas over the telephone. How can you prepare your body? Make the call sitting down in a chair and leaning slightly forward. This puts you in a state for a positive attitude. Then smile. The person on the other end of the line will be able to hear it. Making the call: Be brief, be polite When you are duly prepared, pick up the phone and dial. Identify yourself confidently by name and ask if the person has a moment to take your call. It is possible that the person is in a meeting or is otherwise unable to talk with you at the moment, even if they answered your call. Be considerate and allow them to end the call immediately if needed.

Remember to be as brief as possible when calling. Your goal is not to chat up anyone, but rather establish contact and a specific time to meet. The person you are calling is a busy professional who would much rather be doing something productive than chewing the fat with strangers cold-calling them on the phone.

Ending the call: Finish with definite goals & confirm information
The end of the call is a time to be very concrete and confirm the next steps that you will take. Ideally this will mean an appointment to meet with the person you called. If the person is too busy to speak with you, set a specific time for you to call them back, for example five minutes, an hour, two days. If the time is excessively large, this is a clear signal that the person really has little interest in speaking with you. If you have set up an appointment, repeat the time and date, so there is no confusion.

When you say goodbye, do so quickly and confidently, thank the person for their time and repeat your name. It is possible that even in a short call the person has forgotten your name, and repeating it helps avoid awkwardness, and helps assure that they will remember it next time as well.

Based on a presentation by Edgar Flores, English student in Mexico City.

Business English lessons on cold calling
Business English Pod has a series of free podcast lessons providing clear guidance on the techniques and language for cold calling in English:

Part 1 - Starting the cold call Part 2 - Clarifying benefits and making a pitch Part 3 - Dealing with objections and closing the call

title: Business English/Topics/Cold Calling


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Business English/Topics/Starting Your Own Business

Don't go for what looks easy or flashy
Do something that you know well, where you have experience and are an expert. You should thoroughly understand all of the issues related to the activity.

Sometimes people can be tempted to do something that looks simple to start and deal with. The fact is that in any activity that you can imagine there are many things that are impossible to predict until they come up:

a)	Certain unexpected situations b)	Once in the situation, how to deal with it

You will need to plan to be effective, and you can't plan what you don't know. You can react to the unexpected but usually, that is an easy way to get in trouble.

Start slowly
In the beginning of your business try, if you can, to deal with it as a side-line, so you are not depending on it for an income. That way you will only risk time, effort and maybe little money as you begin to test your idea in the real world, and learn a lot from it.

If things are going well pehaps it is the moment to move forward and be very conscious of the consecuences of your decisions. That will help you a lot in the future, when you will have to make decisions that may imply risks. Experience is the most powerful tool that you can rely on in this situation.

A gradual transition will allow you to think, plan, execute without risk and see and work on potential problems that perhaps you woulden´t realize from the beginning.

Build your network
Relations will help you in the beginning of your operations, and in countries like Mexico contacts are the main source of opportunities to make business.

There are many methods to develop a business network, and it depends on your capability to invest some money to obtain results. In the beginning the best practice is to establish contacts on a one-to-one basis. This means that you should approach your contacts to offer them some benefits if they are able to offer you potential business opportunities. This doesn't mean an attempt to bribe them (at least not necessarily), but instead you can offer your complete help to obtain results oriented to their positioning in their field of action. An example of this is to offer your organization as manpower to solve some of their concerns without any additional charge if in exchange you can get the opportunity to show your abilities and results. It is very good to develop a “partnership” relation with people that know you and is aware of your efforts to create your company.

Another way to do this, but much more expensive is to organize (and therefore to pay for) some events (business breakfast, perhaps) in which you will have the opportunity to present your products or services, and after your presentation provide some brochures to the audience, and most important, to collect data from them in order to establish further contact on one to one basis again, to work on those issues that have interested them more.

Those things mentioned above would allow you to keep in contact with the people that can provide you business opportunities. For instance, once you have identified a group of executives that would represent a solid network, you can invite them to some periodic events in which they will have opportunity to keep contact among themselves (to establish their own network), and also receive information about topics that should be very interesting for them in their activity (products or services presentations, some recognized speaker... etc.). Doing that three times a year will provide you reasons to be in contact with them and take advantage of that to expect the chance to be in the right place in the right moment.

Expect the unexpected
Reality will show you all those things that you didn't consider in your previous planning activity. Be prepared and deal with it, whatever, without hesitation and tune up your reaction abilities. That will protect you until you get the experience to know in advance what will happen according to the signs that always appear to trained eye.

The original version of this page was written by Juan Enrique Pérez of Capital Humano.


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User:Jun-Dai/text

[quote]Tja, dann wollen wir mal

Warum darf man Hitler in »Der Untergang« nicht sterben sehen? Kritische Anmerkungen zu einem Film ohne Haltung

Von Wim Wenders Vorgeschichte: In aller Herrgottsfrühe am Montag, dem 20. September, in Frankfurt gelandet. Durch den Regen nur die Lichter auf der Autobahn zu sehen. Dann müde Gesichter in den Gängen und auf den Rolltreppen. Die übliche mürrische Passkontrolle. Schließlich auch Zeitungen. Und beim Warten auf den Anschlussflug als erste Neuigkeit aus Deutschland: In Sachsen hat die NPD gerade fast zehn Prozent der Wählerstimmen erhalten. Aber in keiner der ausliegenden deutschen Zeitungen irgendein Bild, das zu dieser Partei oder ihren Repräsentanten gehören würde. Erst auf der Titelseite der Financial Times (klar, mit Zeigefinger!) dann ein Konterfei von einem »Herrn Apfel«, der sich da triumphierend durch eine Menschenmenge schiebt. War es richtiger, so einen Mann nicht zu zeigen?

Später, im Taxi. »Haben gewählt, sind selber schuld!«, sagt der Fahrer. Im Radio gratulieren alle Politiker ihren Parteien zum Sieg und echauffieren sich anschließend pflichtgemäß über die rechte Pest. Ich sehe das anders. Zumindest weiß man hierzulande, woran man ist. Jeder Zehnte in Sachsen hat also irgendwie die Schnauze voll und blickt nicht mehr durch. Auch zur Wahl der Antidemokraten hat er das Recht. Trotzdem, nein, gerade deswegen bestätigt mir mein »Heimatland« so seine demokratische Voraussetzung, auch wenn es gerade sehr um sein Selbstverständnis kämpft. In der amerikanischen »Wahlheimat«, aus der ich gerade komme, muss ich daran zweifeln, gerade weil man sich da der demokratischen Mission so (selbst)sicher ist.

Später am Abend erst sieht man auch im Fernsehen die Rechten. Die feiern hinter verschlossenen Türen, aber ein Kameramann vom MDR hat wohl sein Mikro durch einen Fensterspalt geschoben. Man sieht die Rücken von ein paar Biertrinkern und hört eine heisere Stimme im Off: »Wir sind keine Partei wie alle anderen Parteien. Wir sind gegen alle anderen Parteien. Und wir wollen auch mit niemandem zusammenarbeiten, um das System zu verbessern. Wir wollen das System abschaffen.« Oder so ähnlich. Das Ende ging in grölendem Beifall unter. Da sitze ich also, mit meinem amerikanischen Hochverdruss und meinem deutschen Willkommensgruß.

Was tun, wenn man so lange weg war, wenn nicht ins Kino gehen und nachholen? Habe ja viel verpasst. Vor allem den deutschen Start des »Hitler-Films«, von dem ich in der Ferne nur gelesen habe. Der Untergang, denke ich, wird also der große deutsche Film über das Ende des Nationalsozialismus sein, über das Ende der Herrschaft faschistischer Ideen in diesem Land. Gerade das Richtige, zum richtigen Zeitpunkt. Ich geh also rein.

Nach dem Kinobesuch ein tiefes Erschrecken über etwas, was ich nur »Verharmlosung« nennen kann. Ich schreibe mir meine Eindrücke in einer langen Nacht von der Seele, kann wegen meines Jet-Lags ohnehin nicht schlafen. Aber in den Tagen darauf zögere ich, den Text zu veröffentlichen. Die ganze Sache scheint ja auch schon zur Genüge diskutiert worden zu sein. Warum also auch noch meinen Senf dazugeben?

Zeit vergeht. Ich rede mit Leuten. Viele sind »beeindruckt«, andere nicht, wissen aber nicht recht, warum. Mein Unbehagen angesichts des Untergangs wächst, wird zu Ärger. Ich halte mitten in anderer Arbeit inne, um Dinge aufzuschreiben, die mir nachträglich erst klarer werden. Ich lese das eine oder andere nach, was so gesagt und geschrieben worden ist, und in mir kocht es über. Ich will überprüfen, was mir da so auf den Geist gegangen ist. Vielleicht habe ich mich ja auch getäuscht…

Geschichte: Bei mir um die Ecke wirbt ein großes Plakat für einen Film namens Resident Evil. Ich radle jeden Tag daran vorbei. Hat nicht dieses »Einheimische Böse« irgendwas mit meinem Zorn zu tun, denke ich, wäre »Das Übel, das bei uns wohnt« nicht auch ein Titel, eine Art Metapher für den Faschismus? Unsere Zukunft liegt in ihren Händen steht da auch noch als Unterzeile. Ich beschließe, beide Filme hintereinander anzuschauen. Sie laufen im selben Cineplex.

Es ist nicht ungefährlich, heute ins Kino zu gehen. Was mir da Gruseliges um die Ohren fliegt, als ich im dunklen Saal meinen Platz suche, ist, so stellt sich raus, bloß der Vorfilm zum neuen Exorzisten. Aber dann kommt es noch viel ärger, der Trailer zu Alien versus Predator nämlich, und da fühle ich mich schon arg gebeutelt. Warum muss man so einen hohen Preis zahlen, bevor man einen Film sehen kann? Dann der Vorfilm für The Forgotten, in dem es offensichtlich darum geht, dass man Menschenleben ungeschehen machen kann. Menschen sterben, aber so, als hätten sie nie gelebt. Sie lösen sich in nichts auf, mitsamt ihrer Geschichte. Mir wird erst jetzt, beim Schreiben, plötzlich klar, wie ich da auf die Begegnung mit Hitler vorbereitet worden bin, ohne dass ich’s gemerkt und sicherlich auch ohne dass das jemand so gewollt hätte, außer dass es eben die heutige »Kinolandschaft« so will.

In diese Landschaft hinein hat ein deutscher Produzent zwei Filme gesetzt, Bernd Eichinger nämlich, auf den ich große Stücke halte. Er zeichnet auch als Executive Producer für Resident Evil, der laut der Branchenzeitschrift Variety in den USA höchst erfolgreich ist, während Der Untergang hierzulande die Kinos füllt. Eichingers Erfolg freut mich im Prinzip erst einmal.

Während Resident Evil in der Zukunft spielt, liegt Der Untergang, wie jeder weiß, knapp 60 Jahre weit zurück. Beide laufen aber jetzt, in der Gegenwart, wo ich im Sony-Center in Berlin sitze, in der Stadt, die man in dem einen Film untergehen sieht und die im anderen durchaus der fiktiven Stadt »Raccoon« ähnelt. Resident Evil hätte jedenfalls durchaus ein relevanter Film über den Faschismus werden können, was er womöglich auch ansatzweise ist. Es geht darin um ein weltbeherrschendes Imperium, um Biowaffen und Gehirnwäsche und darum, dass Tote wieder auferstehen und die Lebenden auffressen. Eine Frau namens Alice (Milla Jovovich), halb geklont, aber das Herz auf dem rechten Fleck, hilft höchst heroisch den wehrlosen Menschen, sich sowohl gegen die toten Zombies als auch gegen die böse Corporation zu behaupten. Deren biogenetische Experimente zielen auf die Schaffung einer idealen Menschenrasse, aber ein Fehler im Programm hat wohl die Toten auf den Weg gebracht. So viel hanebüchenen Schwachsinn zusammenzufassen fällt einem echt schwer. Ein Machwerk, will man’s schnell abtun und zum Werk übergehen, das Der Untergang dagegen wohl ist, wenn nicht ein »Meisterwerk«, wie so oft zu lesen war. Ich sehe den Film also ein zweites Mal. Worum es mir dabei vor allem geht, ist, herauszufinden, welche erzählerische Position er eigentlich vertritt. Zu dieser Frage hatten sich meine Zweifel und zuletzt mein Zorn zugespitzt.

Ich muss kurz einschieben, dass ich eine Vorgeschichte zu dem Thema habe. Vor 27 Jahren habe ich, ebenfalls in der ZEIT, das einzige Mal mit Wut im Bauch über einen Film geschrieben, über den Hitler-Film ebenjenes Professors Joachim C. Fest nämlich, dessen Vorlage diesmal zum Untergang geführt hat. Sein damaliger Film war zwar ein »Dokumentarfilm« gewesen, der aber den in meiner Sicht unverzeihlichen Fehler begangen hatte, zu glauben, dass man aus Nazibildern und Propagandamaterial nur durch den bloßen Kommentar einen »umgepolten«, distanzierten Film machen könnte. Ich habe darin damals eine bodenlose Arroganz gesehen oder zumindest ein völliges Missverständnis dessen, was Kino kann und was es nicht kann. Die Kraft dieser infektiösen Bilder war jedenfalls einfach stärker als die dagegen schwächliche Stimme des Historikers, dessen »Erzählhaltung« mir zudem noch äußerst dubios erschien.

Nun hat der kluge Mann also ein Buch über die letzten zwölf Tage des »Dritten Reiches« geschrieben, das zum Film Der Untergang geführt hat. Eine weitere Quelle, wie man zur Genüge weiß, waren die Aufzeichnungen von Hitlers letzter Sekretärin Traudl Junge. Die Kompetenz des Geschichtsprofessors, gepaart mit der Authentizität der Zeitgenossin, das kann ja nur zu einem großen Wahrheitsanspruch führen. Und mit ebendiesem tritt der Film auch an. »Wir wissen, wovon wir reden!«

Aber wenn man etwas erzählen will, reicht es nicht, zu wissen, wovon man erzählt, dann muss man auch dazu stehen, wie und aus welcher Sicht man es erzählt. Die letzten beiden Fragen hat man sich beim Machen dieses Films auf verheerende Weise nicht gestellt, oder, noch schlimmer, man ist ihnen vielleicht sogar bewusst ausgewichen.

Betrachten Sie nur den Anfang. Ein Mann sucht eine Sekretärin, und nicht nur irgendwer, nein »der Führer« höchstpersönlich! Die Kandidatinnen kommen bei Nacht und Nebel an, klar, es ist Krieg, sitzen dann in einer Reihe im Warteraum und sind aufgeregt. Alle schauen sie schließlich auf die sich öffnende Tür (und wir im Publikum mit ihnen), und dann tritt, höchst kinowirksam aufgebaut, Hitler auf. Da ist er! Der Mann ist ungemein freundlich und umgänglich, interessiert sich eigentlich nur dafür, woher die Damen alle kommen, und wählt schließlich die hübscheste aus, die (natürlich) aus München kommt. Er bittet zum Diktat, »tja, dann wollen wir mal«. Gnädig verzeiht er ihr, dass sie wohl nicht so gut tippen kann. Bald darauf kommt Fräulein Junge (anscheinend niedergedrückt, hat sie nicht gerade alles verpatzt?) aus seinem Zimmer, alle anderen schauen sie gespannt an, und: Sie verkündet freudestrahlend, dass sie den Job hat. Die Mitbewerberinnen freuen sich mit ihr und fallen ihr um den Hals, und der heutige Kinobesucher auch. Der hat sich gerade, ob er will oder nicht, mit der netten und liebenswerten Traudl identifiziert. Und wird das die nächsten zwei Stunden über so tun. In Der Untergang sieht man vieles aus ihrer Sicht. Es ist die Perspektive einer unschuldigen jungen Person, die in Nürnberg ebendeshalb wohl freigesprochen worden wäre. Daran wäre auch eigentlich nichts auszusetzen. Aber in seinem letzten Satz, von der erwachsenen echten Frau Junge gesprochen, wird sich der Film von dieser naiven Sicht distanzieren, weil es nämlich »keine Entschuldigung ist, dass man jung ist, dass man auch Dinge hätte erfahren können«. Sie sagt sogar: »Es fällt mir schwer, mir das zu verzeihen.«

Aber teilt der Film diese Einsicht, und wie teilt er diesen Sinneswandel mit? Er erzählt ausschließlich aus der naiven Sicht der jungen Traudl, die Reflexion der alten Frau Junge hängt er nur kurz hintendran. Selbst daran wäre womöglich nichts auszusetzen, wenn Der Untergang »ihr Film« geworden wäre. Aber genau das ist er nicht. Er ist ja auch noch der Film des Geschichtsprofessors, aus dessen Sicht wir einige andere Szenen des Films sehen, bei denen Traudl nicht dabei sein darf. In diesen Szenen treten all die Herrschaften des Naziregimes auf, dass einem nur so der Kopf schwirrt (gut, dass es auf der Web-Seite das »Who is who des Führerbunkers« gibt). Es kommen die Schlachtpläne auf den Tisch, es werden Lageberichte zitiert. Es sind Szenen, die sich als Sprachrohr der »Geschichte« geben, in denen ein unerbittliches »So war es und nicht anders!« mitschwingt, eben die Sicht des Herrn Fest. Der muss es ja wissen, der hat ja das Buch geschrieben.

Gegen dieses Buch gibt es auch nichts einzuwenden. Es reiht sich ein in Tausende anderer Bücher über das »Dritte Reich«. Es trägt die Handschrift des Historikers. Aber die lässt sich nicht so einfach von Buchseiten auf Filmbilder transportieren. Bilder nämlich brauchen einen eindeutigen point of view, eine Haltung, die Der Untergang lediglich simuliert. Neben der Verhackstückung von Frau Junge und dem daraus resultierenden hybriden Blick gibt es durchaus noch weitere Erzählperspektiven. Etwa die Erlebnisse des kleinen Hitlerjungen, der vom Führer höchstpersönlich mit dem Eisernen Kreuz dekoriert wird, weil er zwei russische Panzer aufgehalten hat. »Also Peter heißt du. Ich wollte, meine Generäle hätten deinen Mut.« Man folgt dem Jungen durch den Horror der belagerten Stadt, in der die Bomben nur so durch die Gegend fliegen und die Menschen vor unseren Augen zerfetzt werden. Da treiben sich SS-Henkertrupps herum, wird Peters Vater gehängt und seine Mutter abgeschlachtet. Und ebenjener blonde deutsche Bub rettet dann am Schluss auch die Traudl. Ja, man glaubt seinen Augen kaum, da kommt er aus dem Nichts und greift ihre Hand und führt sie durch die russischen Soldaten ins Freie, weil die ja einer Mutter mit Kind nichts tun. Wer erzählt denn nun? Ein Märchenonkel? Sicher weder Frau Junge noch Herr Fest. Ist hier nicht einfach nur »das Kino« am Werk?

Wie könnte ich das Fehlen einer Erzählhaltung anders begründen als mit dem schlimmsten Schnitzer, den dieser Film macht? Während nämlich dauernd Arme und Beine abgesägt werden, während Hunderte von Soldaten abgeschlachtet werden, während sich die Generalität die Kugel gibt und man die Leichen mit den Einschusslöchern herumfallen sieht und ein junger Volksstürmer seine Freundin erschießt und dann sich selbst, während all das ausgiebig gezeigt wird, beweist der Film dann doch zweimal ausgesprochene Pietät. Hitler bittet seinen Adjutanten Wünsche, er möge Benzin besorgen, »damit die Russen meine Leiche nicht zur Schau stellen können«. »Ein schrecklicher Befehl, aber ich will ihn ausführen«, entgegnet der Untergebene. Und was tut der Film? Er führt Hitlers Befehl tatsächlich aus! Alles sieht man in Der Untergang, nur Hitlers Tod nicht! Der Mann gibt sich (und seiner Eva) hinter verschlossener Tür das Gift und die Kugel. So wie Hitler sich abwendet, wenn seine Schäferhündin Blondie stirbt, so wendet sich der Film ab, wenn der Führer stirbt. Traudl schmiert den Goebbels-Kindern Butterbrote, da ertönt ein Schuss. »Volltreffer!«, ruft der älteste Junge erfreut. Dann öffnen sie alle die Tür und gucken. Aber wir, die Heutigen, sehen nicht, was sie sehen. Alle schauen erschaudernd und trauernd beiseite. »Herr Reichsleiter, es ist passiert!« – »Es«, sagt der Mann, als ob es das Unvorstellbare wäre. »Ich melde, der Führer ist tot.« In diesem Film hätte das keine Meldung sein dürfen. Warum auf einmal dieses dezente Nichtzeigen, warum die plötzliche Prüderie? Warum, verflucht noch mal!? Warum nicht zeigen, dass das Schwein endlich tot ist? Warum dem Mann diese Ehre erweisen, die der Film sonst keinem von denen erweist, die da reihenweise sterben müssen?

Keinem? Oh, doch! Noch einer wird auf diese Weise ausgeblendet. Wenn Goebbels wie im Western-Duell vor seiner Frau steht und die Pistole hebt, wendet sich die Kamera noch einmal vornehm ab. Sonst wird in diesem Film nie weggeschwenkt! Eine halbe Minute später hat der Film nichts dagegen, wenn Schädle sich das Gehirn aus der Birne bläst, dass es nur so gegen die Wand spritzt. Tausend Leichen sieht man, nur den Führer kriegen wir nicht tot zu Gesicht. In Decken wird er rausgezerrt und in eine Grube geworfen. Wenn dann Benzin über seine Leiche gegossen wird, kommt dieser Schnitt, der mir heute noch wehtut.

Ja, da folgt dem Ausgießen des Benzins, von der Nahaufnahme des Kanisters – »gluck, gluck, gluck« macht es laut – tatsächlich ein Schnitt auf eine Nahaufnahme von Traudls Asbach-Uralt-Flasche, »gluck, gluck« macht es wieder, und sie trinkt sich Mut an, um nun endlich abzuhauen. »Das darf doch nicht wahr sein«, habe ich bloß gedacht. Aber er war leider wahr, dieser unsäglich dumme Schnitt.

Welchen Erzähler entlarvt er hier? Wessen Sicht transportiert dieser Film? Warum dürfen wir Hitler und Goebbels nicht sterben sehen? Werden sie durch das Nichtzeigen nicht erst recht zu mythischen Figuren? Warum verdienen sie einen so würdigen Abgang, während alle anderen guten und schlechten Deutschen abgeknallt werden? Was für ein Verdrängungsvorgang entspinnt sich da vor unseren Augen? Oder kriegen wir diese Szenen später nachgeliefert, als Zusatzmaterial auf der DVD?

In Resident Evil geschieht das Richtige: Da wird den Zombies am Ende der große Manipulator zum Fraß vorgeworfen. Hier wird zumindest die Geschichte bedient. Nicht die mit einem großen »G«, aber die des Kintopps.

Der Untergang bedient weder das große noch das kleine »G«. Der Film hat von allem keine Meinung, vor allem nicht vom Faschismus oder von Hitler. Er überlässt den Zuschauern die Haltung, die er selbst nicht hat oder höchstens vortäuscht. Das Machwerk Resident Evil lässt den Faschismus am Ende als latente Gefahr weiterleben, mit dem Unbehagen nämlich, dass das »Einheimische Böse« womöglich doch schon eine weltumspannende faschistische Corporation geworden ist. Ja, es erlaubt sich sogar noch die Ironie, im Endtitel nämlich, uns die gruselige Vorstellung nahezulegen, dass diese Macht uns, das heutige Publikum, beherrsche. Das Untergangs-Werk dagegen entlässt uns zur Sonne, zur Freiheit. Als die beiden überlebenden deutschen Helden am Ende in die Freiheit radeln, geht tatsächlich die Kunstlicht-Sonne auf über Traudl und Peterle, dem Hitlerjungen. Und was in den Schlusstiteln geschieht, spottet dann jeder Beschreibung. Sie beginnen mit dem Datum der Kapitulation, klären uns dann auf über die sechs Millionen Juden, von denen der Film nicht gehandelt hat, nicht handeln wollte oder konnte, und führt dann, unterlegt mit derselben Musik, die alles einebnet, auch über zu den Privatschicksalen aller Menschen und Unmenschen, denen wir für einen Zeitraum von zwölf Tagen haben zuschauen dürfen. Himmler und Göring haben dieselben Tafeln wie alle anderen Kriegsverbrecher, wie die netten Menschen, Traudls und Peterles und Millionen Namenlosen, und so finden sich Verführer und Opfer zum Schluss noch einmal in der beliebigen Haltungslosigkeit vereint, die diesen Film so unglaublich ärgerlich macht. Allein der Mangel an Erzählhaltung führt die Zuschauer in ein schwarzes Loch, in dem sie auf (beinahe) unmerkliche Weise dazu gebracht werden, diese Zeit doch irgendwie aus der Sicht der Täter zu sehen, zumindest mit einem wohlwollenden Verständnis für sie.

PS: Auf einer Website zu dem Film lese ich in einem Interview mit Fest auf die Frage »Welche Resonanz erwarten Sie auf den Film?« folgende Antwort: »Die Resonanz auf das Buch war sehr gut. Was ich mir für den Film verspreche, weiß ich nicht. Ich fürchte, irgendjemand wird sagen, das ist wieder diese unerlaubte Heroisierung, die moralischen Aspekte kommen zu kurz… Hat der Fest oder Eichinger keinen Zeigefinger, den er erheben kann? Das sind die blödesten Kritiken, die ganz bestimmt kommen werden. Ich habe diesen Zeigefinger tatsächlich nicht. Wer diesen Film auch nur halbwegs aufmerksam verfolgt, wird merken, welche Lehre diese Darstellung enthält. Wenn er das nicht merkt, kann ich ihm auch nicht helfen, dann wird auch der erhobene Zeigefinger ihm nicht helfen. Aber vielleicht enttäuscht mich das deutsche Publikum mal positiv und überrascht mich…«

Ich fürchte, ich bin hier derjenige, welcher. Nur kreide ich ihm den fehlenden Zeigefinger anders an, als er denkt. Nicht »moralisch«, sondern »erzählerisch« hätte der Film uns andere Fingerzeige geben müssen.

Von Charlie Chaplin weiß man, dass er im Nachhinein Zweifel an Der Große Diktator hatte, weil er die Ungeheuerlichkeit Hitlers noch nicht in aller Konsequenz hatte ahnen können, als er ihn 1942 verulkte. Den deutschen Filmemachern Eichinger und Fest hätten die Zweifel kommen müssen, ob sie Hitler nicht auch verharmlost haben, indem sie 4500 Tage deutscher Geschichte mit ihm, seinen Ideen und seinen Taten ausgespart und uns nur das kommerzielle Sahnehäubchen seiner morbiden letzten Tage aufgetischt haben. Zum Gruseln haben sie uns damit gebracht. Aber das kann auch Resident Evil. Unser »einheimisches Böses« hätte einen anderen Erzählstandpunkt gebraucht als den des landläufigen Kinos.

(c) DIE ZEIT 21.10.2004 Nr.44[/quote]

title: User:Jun-Dai/text


text:
Cookbook:Candied Yams

 * Cuisine of the United States

Ingredients

 * 6 yams
 * ½ cup margarine
 * 1 cup brown sugar
 * 2 tbsp vanilla extract
 * ¼ cup water

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350 °F (175 °C).
 * 2) Boil yams in skins until about half done.
 * 3) Drain water from yams, remove skins, and cut in cubes.
 * 4) Place yam cubes in a greased baking dish and dot with margarine.
 * 5) Make a syrup by boiling brown sugar, water, and vanilla together. Pour over the yams.
 * 6) Bake for 45 to 50 minutes, basting frequently with syrup, until yams are tender.

This recipe reuses material from the article Candied yams at Wikipedia under the GFDL.

title: Cookbook:Candied Yams


text:
Cookbook talk:Candied Yams

I copied this over from a Wikipedia article that said it needed to be moved here. Hope I didn't do something stupid! --84.92.41.205 20:52, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Candied Yams


text:
The Unofficial Enlightenment User's Manual

What is Enlightenment?
Enlightenment, commonly referred to as e, is an open source software X window manager primarily for Unix-like computers. Enlightenment focuses on pushing the limits of existing technologies while remaining lightweight, flexible, and beautiful. The project has a long history; the current stable version is 0.17, also known as E17. See the wikipedia articles on Enlightenment and the Enlightenment Foundation Libraries, the project's website, or the project's sourceforge page for more information.

What is "The Unofficial Enlightenment User's Manual"?
The Unofficial Enlightenment User's Manual is the document you are now reading. It is a community-created guide to help enlightenment users and potential new enlightenment users quickly and coherently understand how best to install, customize, and use the Enlightenment window manager. It is an editable wikibook released under the GNU Free Documentation License.

Who might want to use this document?
Anyone looking for tips, tricks, help, and information on setting up and using the Enlightenment window manager.

Who should contribute to this document?
Anyone can edit this document, and we encourage you to add any tips, tricks or information about using Enlightenment! This document is created by Enlightenment enthusiasts for Enlightenment users, and it can always use relevant information. If you have never edited a wikimedia page before, we encourage you to read through the Help page for page editing, the Wikibooks policies guide, and the Wikibooks Manual of Style; after that, dive in and start editing! If you have questions or concerns, please visit the talk page.

Other places to look for information

 * the Official Enlightenment Website contains useful information on enlightenment and its components as well as news updates.

 * the #e channel on freenode IRC is where many users and developers chat.
 * the official mailing lists provide useful information on enlightenment releases and development.
 * forums for your operating system or linux distribution, or linux forum sites such as Linux Questions.org might also help with your enlightenment installation or troubleshooting.
 * A wikibook on creating themes for enlightenment DR17 is also being constructed.

enlightenment installation guide
Installing Enlightenment 0.17 (also known as E17 or DR17) is a snap in suse. You just use YAST and it is all done for you. After the progress bar is finished you then log out. When you look at the sessions available at the login screen, Enlightenment is now available. How you get to yast and all the other programs through enlightenment, I don't know!

There is a quickstart guide for E17 in Suse at http://archive.is/20121225190143/arun.wordpress.com/2006/06/15/how-to-enlightenment-17-in-suse-10/

A HOWTO for Gentoo can be found at http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/E17

Check out the following link to install DR17 in Suse Linux : http://www.novell.com/coolsolutions/feature/16231.html

There are no up-to-date official binaries for E17 for Debian- or Ubuntu-based distributions. Packages labeled "e17" in the Ubuntu repositories are actually e16 and are dated December 2004.

Installing e from a terminal
open a terminal and become root, or su, or sudo

in mine, (Mandriva 2008, running Eterm)

[root@localhost ~]# apt-get install enlightenment

or  [root@localhost ~]# yum install enlightenment

or  [root@localhost ~]# urpmi enlightenment

one of these should install enlightenment if you are already connected.

enlightenment DR16 configuration guide
Enlightenment is extremely configurable - that is you can alter or re-design almost any feature of the window manager. The only downside is that to get a really cool environment, you have to do the work. Or download a theme someone else has done for you.

Getting Background images to change from middle click menu-in .e16
using a terminal (i prefer Eterm) you should see

[yourloginname@localhost ~]$su password  now, your terminal will look like

[root@localhost yun]# now we are root.

[root@localhost yun]# ls -a

see a report of folders, etc., you need to see ".e16" so you can change into that directory

[root@localhost yun]# cd .e16

notice we will leave our yun directory and are now in .e16- (below) lets add a folder for images

[root@localhost .e16]# mkdir /backgrounds

now, we can "cd" into /backgrounds, and see all the files in there (now, there's none, but this is where you want background images to be for the middle menu button, if you want to download them directly into this directory, choose to save image into the same path, yun > .e16 > backgrounds

-middle click > maintenance > purge all caches *OR* regenerate menus now, to test your new backgrounds from the middle click menu middle click > Desktop > backgrounds = your backgrounds are now tiny images to help you select, on the fly swapping, select any of the small image icons, and watch your background flip instantly (ensure proper dimensions on image, like 1200x720 )
 * note***- sometimes the "background" menu dissapears, to restore it on the fly,

staying in .e16 other menu/ simple config
You should by now have a folder titled ".e16" in your home directory. This is the configuration point for enlightenment.

It has a layout as follows:

backgrounds/ cached/ icons/ menus/ themes/ e_config--0.0.backgrounds e_config--0.0.buttons e_config--0.0.cfg e_config--0.0.ibox e_config--0.0.snapshots

Let's start with menus Left click anywhere on the desktop, and up comes a menu titled "User Menus" Straight off this is the "User Application List"!1. This is a list of commands that can be configured by you to run as children of the process running enlightenment.

On my installation (Mint 9 Julia) "User Application List" did not appear, though user_apps.menu existed and had entries. I had to change /usr/share/e16/config/menus/enlightenment.menu where I changed the line '"User Menus"          NULL menu file.menu' to read '"User Menus"           NULL menu user_apps.menu' Then the entries showed as a menu straight off the "User Menus" list.

edit .e16/menus/user_apps.menu

Add the following line to the bottom

"Clock" NULL exec "xclock"

now save and try left-clicking again. You should see a menu option for the clock, selecting that option and you have just configured your desktop.


text:
Online OsiriX Documentation/Opening Mac-Unfriendly CDs with OsiriX

If your culprit CD does not show up with the Finder. You may try to open the CD using Import... within OsiriX. On my ibook G4 the data were easily imported from the CD written on a Siemens CT-workstation running Windows.

Some CDs (eg Agfa Impax) are burnt with the session unfinalised. These discs can not be read by Macs. One solution is to mount these CDs on a Windows or Linux box and share them across the network.


text:
Scouting/BSA/Veterinary Medicine Merit Badge

Requirements for the Veterinary Medicine merit badge: Discuss with your counselor the roles a veterinarian plays in the following: Companion or small animal medicine, and equine medicine Food animal or large animal medicine Exotic animal medicine Marine animal medicine (mammal and fish) Poultry medicine Wildlife medicine and aquaculture medicine Discuss with your counselor the roles a veterinarian plays in the following: Public health medicine and zoonotic disease surveillance and control The military Food safety and inspection Laboratory animal medicine and research Teaching and government Describe the training required to become a veterinarian. Where is the veterinary medical college nearest you? Describe the prerequisites for applying to veterinary school. Tell your counselor what a registered veterinary technician (R.T.V.) or animal health technician (A.H.T.) is. Describe the training required to become an R.V.T. or A.H.T. Where is the school or facility for R.V.T. or A.H.T training nearest you? Describe the role an R.V.T. or A.H.T. would play in assisting a veterinarian working in three of the practice types listed in requirement 1. Discuss with your merit badge counselor the role a veterinarian plays in the human-animal bond. Do ONE of the following: Visit a veterinary clinic, hospital, or veterinary referral teaching hospital that does work in one of the practices listed in requirement 1. Spend as much time as you can observing the veterinarians and their staff. Write a report on what you observed and learned at the facility. Share your report with your counselor. Spend as much time as possible with a veterinarian who works in one of the fields listed in requirement 2. Learn what special training beyond veterinary medical school may have been required for that position. Learn about any special or unusual activities required of this position. Write a report on what you have learned about this field of veterinary medicine. Include in your report how this field serves the needs of the general public. Share your report with your counselor.

Requirement 1
Tell the normal posture or attitude, motion, or action of two farm animals and two companion animals.

Requirement 2
Make chart showing the normal body temperature and heart and respiration rates of the horse, cow, pig, sheep, dog, and cat.

Requirement 3
''Make a schematic drawing of at least TWO of the following body systems. For each system, label the parts, and explain the function of each part: respiratory, digestive, skeletal, and circulatory.''

Requirement 4
''Prepare a program of animal health maintenance for two farm animals and one pet. Emphasize adequate housing, feeding, watering, and grooming care (if required) and exercise. Give the kinds of food that each animal needs.''

Requirement 5
Tell the importance of proper nutrition in farm animals and pets.

Requirement 6
''Define bacteria, virus, and parasite. Tell how they cause diseases in animals. Name two diseases of farm animals and of pets caused by each.''

Requirement 7
Illustrate and explain the stages of the life cycles of the tick, dog roundworm, and dog heartworm.

Requirement 8
Name five diseases of animals that are transmissible to humans.

 * is transmitted by the bacterium . The diseases causes.

Requirement 9
''Spend as much time as possible with a veterinarian. Watch the kind of work the veterinarian does. Prepare a written summary of your experience.''

Requirement 10
Tell about veterinary activities other than direct treatment and handling of animals.
 * Research
 * Running a veterinary practice


text: Talk:Scouting/BSA/Veterinary Medicine Merit Badge


text:
Marxism, Communism, and Socialism

Table of Contents

 * Origins of Marxism
 * Historical Materialism
 * Marxist Economics

Citations and Referances

 * 1) Socialism, Utopian and Scientific - Frederick Engels, March 1880
 * 2) The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon - Karl Marx, March 1852
 * 3) Manifesto of the Communist Party - Karl Marx, February 21, 1848.
 * 4) The State and Revolution - Vladimir Lenin, 1918.
 * 5) |Ehrbar's Annotations - A Website of a Marxist economist who analyzes Marx's major economic texts line by line.

title: Marxism, Communism, and Socialism


text:
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/Templates
 * - valign=top
 * Class:||

title: Template:Taxobox classis entry


text:
Template:Taxobox end placement

 * } /Templates

title: Template:Taxobox end placement


text: Talk:Russian/Prepositions

title: Talk:Russian/Prepositions


text:
Template:Taxobox section subdivision

!
 * - style="text-align:center; background:;"
 * /Templates
 * /Templates

title: Template:Taxobox section subdivision


text:
Python Programming/GUI Programming

There are various GUI toolkits usable from Python.

Very productive are true GUI-builders, where the programmer can arrange the GUI window and other components such as database by using the mouse only in an intuitive fashion like in Windows Delphi 2.0. Very little typing is required. For python, only Boa Constructor follows this paradigm. WXglade and Qt-designer, monkey studio etc. come somewhat near but remain incomplete.

Disadvantages with the following kits described below are:

 * Difficult deployment - the apps won't run on a particular GNU-Linux installation without major additional work
 * breakage - apps won't work due to bit-rot.

Tkinter
Tkinter is a Python wrapper for Tcl/Tk providing a cross-platform GUI toolkit. On Windows, it comes bundled with Python; on other operating systems, it can be installed. The set of available widgets is smaller than in some other toolkits, but since Tkinter widgets are extensible, many of the missing compound widgets can be created using the extensibility, such as combo box and scrolling pane.

A minimal example:

Main chapter: ../Tkinter/.

Links:
 * 24.1. Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk, python.org
 * Tkinter 8.5 reference: a GUI for Python, infohost.nmt.edu; the same as pdf
 * An Introduction to Tkinter, effbot.org

PyGTK
See also book PyGTK For GUI Programming

PyGTK provides a convenient wrapper for the GTK+ library for use in Python programs, taking care of many of the boring details such as managing memory and type casting. The bare GTK+ toolkit runs on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X (port in progress), but the more extensive features — when combined with PyORBit and gnome-python — require a GNOME install, and can be used to write full featured GNOME applications.

Home Page

PyQt
PyQt is a wrapper around the cross-platform Qt C++ toolkit. It has many widgets and support classes supporting SQL, OpenGL, SVG, XML, and advanced graphics capabilities. A PyQt hello world example:

PyQt is a set of bindings for the cross-platform Qt application framework. PyQt v4 supports Qt4 and PyQt v3 supports Qt3 and earlier.

wxPython
Bindings for the cross platform toolkit wxWidgets. WxWidgets is available on Windows, Macintosh, and Unix/Linux.
 * wxPython

Dabo
Dabo is a full 3-tier application framework. Its UI layer wraps wxPython, and greatly simplifies the syntax.
 * Dabo

pyFltk
pyFltk is a Python wrapper for the FLTK, a lightweight cross-platform GUI toolkit. It is very simple to learn and allows for compact user interfaces.

The "Hello World" example in pyFltk looks like:

Other Toolkits

 * PyKDE - Part of the kdebindings package, it provides a python wrapper for the KDE libraries.
 * PyXPCOM provides a wrapper around the Mozilla XPCOM component architecture, thereby enabling the use of standalone XUL applications in Python. The XUL toolkit has traditionally been wrapped up in various other parts of XPCOM, but with the advent of libxul and XULRunner this should become more feasible. These days, nobody uses PyXPCOM for very good reasons: PyXPCOM gives one dead links and outdated incompatible firefox extensions.

title: Python Programming/GUI Programming


text:
GENtle/Silent Mutagenesis

This dialog can find restriction enzymes that cut in a marked DNA sequence (context menu Selection/Show enzymes that cut here in the DNA module). It can also find alternate versions of the DNA which will translate into the same amino acid sequence, but contains a new restriction site (silent mutation). A chosen enzyme/mutation will appear in the sequence (DNA or primer, respectively) upon OK.

The results can be changed by
 * changing which enzyme group to search
 * limiting the number of times an enzyme may cut in the whole sequence
 * limiting the number of mutations needed for a restriction site to manifest (PCR module only)

title: GENtle/Silent Mutagenesis


text:
GENtle/Enzyme management

The enzyme editor for enzyme management, both globally and per DNA sequence, is divided into three lists: Enzymes can be copied into/removed from the left list through the <--Add and Remove--> buttons. Enzymes can be deleted from a group (except All) via Delete from group, or added via New enzyme. A double click on an enzyme name in either list shows an enzyme properties dialog.
 * 1) A list of enzyme groups (top right)
 * 2) A list of enzymes in that group (bottom right)
 * 3) A list of current/temporary enzymes (left)

Enzymes from the left list can be added to a new or existing group via the respective buttons. All enzymes from a group can be added to the left list, and a group can be deleted.

You can share enzyme groups with other GENtle users on your intranet via a commonly shared database. Create an enzyme group as "Database name:Enzyme group name", and it will be available to everyone using that database on the next start of GENtle. Note that when creating the enzyme group, use the name of the database as it appears in your local installation (maybe "Shared", "Shared0", "Shared (2)" etc.).

title: GENtle/Enzyme management


text:
Wikibooks:Business bookshelf

Active Wikibooks

 * A-level Economics
 * Accounting
 * Advertising
 * Asset Allocation
 * Asset Pricing
 * Bioeconomics
 * Business Writing
 * Career Planning and Implementation
 * Econometric Theory
 * History of Economic Thought
 * Financial Derivatives
 * Flight Attendant Manual
 * Personal Money Management
 * IB Economics
 * Investing
 * Investment Business Plan
 * Macroeconomics
 * Managerial Economics
 * Marketing
 * Monetary Economics
 * New Zealand Economics
 * Operations Research
 * Political Economy
 * Principles of Economics
 * Principles of Finance
 * Prospecting for Customers
 * Taxation in the United Kingdom
 * Technical Analysis
 * Transportation Economics
 * Understanding the NAIC Stock Selection Guide

Soon to be merged Wikibooks:

 * Introduction to Economics
 * Microeconomics

Management

 * Managerial Economics
 * Management for IT Professionals
 * Management Strategy
 * Managing Groups and Teams
 * Project Management
 * Release Management
 * Standard Grade Business Management

External Resources

 * Free University Project: Economics
 * Introduction to Economic Analysis is an open-source, Creative Commons-licensed text book by R. Preston McAfee, Professor of Business, Economics & Management at the California Institute of Technology.

de:Regal:Wirtschaftswissenschaft

title: Wikibooks:Business bookshelf


text:
User talk:Asarkees~enwikibooks

Hey, check the psy page... Humble Guy. Pls. help if you can...

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title: User talk:Asarkees~enwikibooks


text:
Sedimentation

The Theory of Sedimentation is an interdisciplinary field of research that investigates the build up of sediments. It implies knowledge of chemical engineering, mathematics, fluid mechanics, and physics. This book tries both to give an introduction on the level of graduate students and to be a reference book for researchers and practitioners. The content reaches from the explanation of basic concepts up to the documentation of ongoing research.

Contents

 * Introduction
 * /Modeling/
 * Theory of mixtures
 * Sedimentation of ideal suspension
 * Sedimentation with compression
 * Experimental design
 * Mathematical theory
 * Riemann problem for a scalar conservation law
 * Initial value problem for a scalar conservation law
 * Riemann problem for a system of conservation laws
 * Initial value problem for a system of conservation laws
 * Mathematical theory for sedimentation with compression
 * Mathematical theory for clarifier-thickener
 * Numerical simulation
 * /Parameter Identification/

title: Sedimentation


text:
User:Sb~enwikibooks

My main goal here is to push the book on Sedimentation.

title: User:Sb~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Sb~enwikibooks

This is my talk page.

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title: User talk:Sb~enwikibooks


text:
Utopia

Contents

 * Preface
 * Introduction to Utopianism
 * Critiques of Utopianism - Is a utopian society an achievable aim?
 * /History/ - History of utopianism and previous attempts to realise utopian societies.
 * /North American Phalanx/
 * /New Harmony/
 * /Oneida Society/
 * /The Kibbutz Movement/
 * Types of Utopia - Some broad categories of utopian ideologies.
 * Scientific and Technological
 * Road map to a technological utopia
 * /Economic/
 * Political and Historical
 * /Religious/
 * Utopian Ideologies - Some examples of ideologies with 'utopian' elements.
 * /Marxism/
 * /Feminism/
 * /Anarchism/
 * /Christianity/
 * Key Elements of Utopia - Some areas which utopian ideologies need to consider.
 * /Human Nature/
 * /Technology/
 * /Economics/
 * /Politics/
 * /Dystopia/
 * /Authors/
 * /Glossary/

Other Resources

 * 1984
 * Brave New World

title: Utopia


text:
Ancient History/Human Evolution/Paleolithic Age

The Paleolithic Era
The Paleolithic (or Palæolithic) Era, is the name historians give to the time period between 2.6 million years ago, and approximately 12,000 years ago. Historians categorize the Paleolithic Era as prehistory because there was no written language to record events, names, dates or places. Everything we know today about prehistory, including the Paleolithic age, is as a result of the investigations of paleo-anthropologists, archaeologists, physical and cultural anthropologists, zoologists, chemists, botanists, physicists, historians and dedicated amateurs. It is difficult and under-appreciated work, but it is necessary if our understanding of the past is to advance.

Homo erectus
Four useful developments came about during this time. These developments were very important to the Homo habilis they helped with everyday activities including hunting and cooking. Tools, the concept of tools, fire and shelter were the four developments introduced to Homo habilis. A fifth development was language, it acted both as a cultural artifact and mental change.

Homo neanderthalensis
Neanderthal humans were a prehistoric, stone-tool using species of human, the last of which are thought to have lived 28,000 years ago. First discovered in 1863 from a cave in Germany's Neander Valley, Neanderthal remains and associated tools have since been found across Eurasia from Gibraltar to Uzbekistan. The average adult Neanderthal was much more powerfully built than a modern adult human, with distinct facial features including low, thick brow ridges. Neanderthals inhabited Europe during Ice Age periods, surviving extremely harsh climatic conditions which may have prompted the evolution of their stout, muscular frames.

Neanderthals buried their dead, including flowers with some burials. When Homo sapiens arrived in Europe 40,000 - 50,000 years ago, Neanderthals were present. There has been much speculation about contact and even interbreeding between the two types of human, but genetic surveys have never found modern humans with DNA that could be matched to DNA recovered from Neanderthal remains. It is possible that modern humans, using more refined tools and techniques for hunting, out-competed Neanderthals for food resources and brought about their extinction.

Homo sapiens
Anthropologists believe that modern man, or Homo sapiens, emerged as a distinct species about 100,000 years ago. Extensive studies of ancient human remains and shelters seem to show that groups of Homo sapiens left Africa and entered Asia via the Middle East around 65,000 years ago.

The first modern humans to evolve in Africa lived mainly on meat. By 70,000 years ago, they had switched to a marine diet consisting largely of shellfish. This new research suggests they moved along the coasts of the Arabian peninsula into India, Indonesia and Australia about 65,000 years ago. An offshoot later settled the Middle East and Asia about 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. (Ref: BBC News 13 May 2005 "Early humans followed Coast" )

By 35,000 to 40,000 years ago, modern humans were living across the Old World from Europe to Australia. About 12,000 to 15,000 years ago, humans crossed into North America from Asia via Beringia, a now submerged land bridge that existed during the Pleistocene Ice Age when sea levels were lower. They rapidly spread across North and South America after the climate became warmer and the ice sheets retreated.

Around 10,000 years ago agriculture began at sites such as Jericho and Çatalhöyük in the Fertile Crescent, an area in the Middle East between the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. These early towns and villages were generally located near sources of water for growing crops. It was not until a millennia later that humans developed irrigation techniques and could grow crops using the rising and falling waters of The Fertile Crescent's twin rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. This period is generally accepted as the birth of modern civilization and the beginning of the nation-state.

Physical Changes
As hominids developed into humans (Homo sapiens), they underwent various physical changes. Most obviously, our ancestors learned to walk upright on two legs, rather than alternating between two legs and four legs. This straightened the spine, and moved the foramen magnum from the back of the skull to the underside. Hominin faces flattened, and the space between the eyes narrowed, so that they could look forward and see from side to side.

Our ancestors also developed a taste for a broad variety of foods. Early hominids, like Australopithicus robustus, were clearly vegetarian plant-eaters, based on their teeth and jaw structure. But later hominids, including Australopithicus afarensis and Homo erectus, clearly used their incisors to tear meat and their molars to chew it.

Mental Changes
Mental changes in early hominins were substantial. From Australopithicus afarensis, who had barely 300 cubic centimeters of brain size, hominin heads eventually expanded to Homo neanderthalensis's impressive 1950 cubic centimeters. At least some of this expanded brain power was shifted from processing scents to processing sights and sound. Another substantial portion went to controlling the auditory and language functions. Smell diminished in importance as more brain power was reserved for looking, listening and talking.

The modern Homo sapiens brain is actually smaller than neandethalensis, but paleoanthropologists theorize that once the brain reached an optimum size for certain kinds of work, it began specializing, miniaturizing, and integrating. The result is that the modern human brain may be smaller, but its critical functions are much more closely packed into a narrower space, for more efficient functioning. In this way, the process of evolution continued in early humans.

Technological Changes
The Paleolithic Era accounts for millions of years of human experience, a period many times longer than the mere ten thousand years that something resembling civilization can be said to have existed. This first primitive era saw few changes in how humans lived. Yet four great developments did occur which represent some of the most momentous changes in human lifestyles. These four changes may be summarized: the idea of a tool, a range of tools, fire, and shelter. A fifth "tool", language, acts as both a cultural artifact and a mental change.

Tools
Tools seem like such a basic part of everyday life that it is hard to imagine a world without them. The computer you are using to read this book is a tool, though, and so is the desk or table on which the computer rests. Your chair is a tool, and the electricity which powers your computer is provided by another tool, a power plant which converts other forms of energy into electrical power. Tools, in a very real sense, are all artifacts—objects made by human hands to serve some purpose.

In the early Paleolithic period, from about 3 million years ago until 1 million years ago, the hominids from which we arose lived much like other animals: they hunted and gathered food from natural sources, and ate only the food that was immediately edible to a human digestive system. No one appears to have had any tools at all. Some early hominids were vegetarian; others were meat-eaters. Yet neither group cooked their food, consuming it raw instead. This placed significant limitations on their diets — a number of plants and animals cannot be consumed and digested raw.

About two million years ago, our predecessor, a hominid known as Homo habilis used his hands with opposable thumbs to construct a crude tool from stone. This tool, called a hand axe was about the size of a modern adult male's fist, bi-faced, with a sharp point. The hand axe was used for breaking open bones to scoop out the rich marrow inside, a popular food item among hominids. No doubt, the same tool served as a weapon as well.

The hand axe was formed by taking a nodule of flint, and gradually breaking away all the pieces of flint which did not match the shape of the ideal hand-axe. This process is called core-formed flint-knapping, because it takes a lump of flint and gradually disposes of all of the flint which does not match the desired shape.

Homo habilis and his relatives made core-formed hand axes for a million years before a new group of hominids, Homo erectus, hit upon a new technology which reverberates to the present day. Before Homo erectus, there was only one tool in the world, and it was a hand axe. However, Homo erectus hit upon a new method for producing hand axes. Instead of chopping away at a flint nodule until it looked like a hand axe, the new tool-makers would knock a piece of flint off a core, and then shape the splinter, or flake to the desired shape. This process created numerous microliths, or sharp pieces of flint or chert, which could be used as small knives or as scrapers on hides or bone.

The development of flaking, or using smaller chips from a flint nodule rather than the main core of the nodule, spread rapidly. Within 100,000 years, nearly all peoples in the world were using the new technique for making hand axes. Something else interesting happened as well. As the technique of flaking spread, new forms of flaking appeared as well. No longer were hominids making only hand axes. They began creating a whole series of new tools out of flint and quartzite and chert and obsidian: burins, or drills, for putting holes in wood; awls for punching holes in leather; scrapers for cleaning the meat off of hides and bones; knives for cutting meat or vegetables; points for spears (and later still, arrows); and chisels for working stone, wood and bone.

Tool Specialization
Archaeologists would say that the denizens of the late Paleolithic had begun to specialize. Specialization in a historical context means the development of new forms to accommodate new activities. The hand axe had been a sufficient tool when everyone in the world was interested in collecting marrow from the insides of bones. However, around one million years ago, there was an explosion of new tool types, ranging from needles to drills to knives.

The increasing number of tool types suggests to archaeologists that there was also an explosion in the number and types of human activity. Why make a needle, if there is no thread to use with it? Why make a needle, if you have no cloth or leather to sew together? The presence of so many tools shows that hominids were opening oysters with finesse, instead of simply smashing the shells. They were sewing leather or plant material together, to make baskets and bags and clothing. They were drilling holes in wood, to make houses or boats. They were scraping hides because they wished to make leather. They were making knives to use in their kitchen areas because they were making more complex types of food. They were making spears because they were hunting large animals—and defending themselves against human predators as well.

Perishable Tools
Other types of tools show up in the late Paleolithic age. It is hard to tell what they are, however, because many of these tools are made of perishable materials such as wood, bone, leather and cloth. We can guess at their existence today only by hints. If a bone fishing hook appears at an archaeological site, we can presume they had fishing line, perhaps made out of vegetable fibers. If a stone with a specific shape and a hole in it is found, scientists can guess at the existence of a spinning spindle, to make thread. The presence of beads in patterns in a grave suggests thread for the beads to be strung upon, or even clothing for the beads to be sewn on. It is hard to make generalizations about the existence of baskets in the Paleolithic period, but people must have made nets, baskets and bags for carrying food and fruit, and catching fish, at many places around the world.

Fire
Sometime between 300,000 and 1.5 million years ago, humans also tamed fire. Taming fire may not be the same as controlling it. Some scientists believe that the hominid Homo erectus stumbled upon a lightning-struck tree or a forest fire, and captured a few coals in a basket, a bag or an animal horn. It may not have been able to put out the fire and re-start it, but it at least had some coals from which it could keep a hearth fire alive.

Homo erectus used fire in a number of interesting ways. First, their overnight stops now included a warm and welcoming light at the center and a fire that kept animals at bay. Second, that warm and welcoming light also provided enough heat to cook food. New plants and animal foods became open to humans for the first time as a result of this tamed fire. Third, the heat and light on a torch could be used to start large fires, and drive animal prey towards a trap or ambush site. Homo habilis could now catch a lot more food on the hoof. Fourth, the same fire could be used to drive away predators. It made camps safer, and it gave hominids a new tool for defeating rivals who ate the same animals. Finally, fire probably stimulated the creation of language. As early peoples sat around the fire, they would have enacted stories from their family history, and discussed new tool types. At first, these conversations may have been mere gestures accompanied by grunts, perhaps boastful males re-enacting their daring deeds of the day. However, over dozens or hundreds of generations, hominids would have developed strong speech centers in the brain, which would make word banks and grammars possible. The existence of many language families in the world today is one strong argument for the independent development of language. Language seems inherently human, a process linked to thinking and the development of reason.

Yet all of these many benefits of fire would be canceled if the people failed to keep their fire fed. The coals would go out, and all the benefits of having fire would be lost, for the hominids had no way to restart the flame once it was extinguished and the coals turned to ash.

Controlling Fire
Sometime between 500,000 and 1 million years ago, one of the hominids (probably Homo erectus) discovered that some stones gave off sparks when they were struck together. They also discovered that friction can produce heat, and heat can produce sparks which then generate flame. Four techniques developed for mastering friction and sparks. The first of these simply involved jamming one stick into a groove in another stick, and rubbing back and forth until the friction produced a spark or a flame. The second method, the drill method, involves twirling one stick against another until the heat produced generates a spark or a flame. Bow-drilling, the third method, involves using a bow with a cord strung around the vertical stick, to speed the friction and increase the likelihood of flame. The fourth method requires a naturally occurring ferrous metal and a piece of flint; when the two are struck together, the resulting sparks can start a fire.

With four methods for generating fire, hominids no longer needed to fear the loss of their coals. Bowdrilling or stick rubbing were slow and inefficient ways of starting a fire, but they worked reliably and well. Now hominids really controlled fire, because they could let it go out, and start it again, whenever they needed and wherever they wanted. It was likely considered an almost magical process. The Greek myth of Prometheus attributes almost mystical power to the ability to control fire, and declared that the wrath of the gods must surely fall on one who knew such secrets. More: Karlo Sostaric, Book Isis and Osiris

Clothing
The third technological shift represents the development of shelter and clothing. Most clothing is made out of perishable materials like leather and cloth, which readily decay in the ground after only short periods of time. Modern scientists can only postulate the existence of clothing in the Paleolithic Age from the existence of needles and other tools for sewing and preparing hides. Archaeologists find one possible sign of clothing in the Paleolithic era, though: in some very ancient grave sites, a thin layer or halo of colored earth surrounds the skeleton. Most scholars believe this red ocher residue to be the remnants of paint smeared on the body. However, some believe this colored earth to be the remains of clothing at burial.

Certainly, later Neanderthal man (Homo neanderthalensis) started burying their dead. The graves tend to be very simple. Often the dead person is buried in a fetal position, suggesting the same shape in death as the infant at birth. Flowers are often scattered in the grave, along with strands of beads and a few simple tools. The custom of burying someone with grave goods remains a consistent part of human life in many places even today.

Shelter
Most early hominids probably lived in the open air, near to sources of food and water. They chose locations that could be defended against predators and rivals and that were shielded from the worst weather. Many such locations could be found near rivers, lakes and streams, perhaps with low hilltops nearby that could serve as refuges in troubled times. Since water can erode and change landscapes quite drastically, both in the course of ordinary motion and catastrophe, many of these campsites are utterly destroyed, and not even skilled archaeologists can find them, much less reconstruct them. Our understanding of Paleolithic dwellings is thus necessarily limited.

Even so, a few examples of Paleolithic houses exist, although they only come to light very recently in the Paleolithic era, no more than 200,000 years ago. These "houses" are more frequently campsites within caves or in the open air, with little in the way of formal structures for living in. However, as the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became more sophisticated, more elaborate, and more house-like. The oldest examples are shelters within caves, followed by houses of wood, straw and rock; a few examples exist of houses built out of bones.

Caves
Caves are the most famous example of Paleolithic shelter, though the number of caves used by Paleolithic peoples is drastically small compared with the number of hominids thought to have lived on earth 500,000 years ago. Most hominids probably never entered a cave in their lives, much less lived in one. Nonetheless, the remains of hominid settlement show interesting patterns. In one cave, a tribe of Homo neanderthalensis kept a hearth fire burning for a thousand years, leaving behind an accumulation of coals and ash. In another cave, post holes in the dirt floor reveal that the residents built some sort of shelter or enclosure with a roof to protect themselves from water dripping on them from the cave ceiling. They often used the rear portions of the cave as middens, depositing their garbage in the back of the cave.

In the later, more recent Paleolithic period, about 125,000 years ago, caves ceased to act as houses. Instead, they became religious or magical places for early peoples to gather for ritual purposes. Caves, such as Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain, became art galleries filled with elaborate images of horse, bison, buffalo, mammoths and other animals. Lit by flickering firelight, these images appeared to move and come alive. Archaeologists do not know whether ancient peoples worshiped these images or used them for the purpose of working magical spells on the animals they hunted. Modern visitors to such caves are awed by the beauty of these ancient artworks, even so.

Some scholars today believe that these caves were the work of Homo sapiens sapiens—our own direct ancestor. As of this writing, no artwork has yet been found at any Homo erectus or Homo neanderthalensis archaeological site, anywhere in the world. The creation of art, and the symbolic thinking that goes with creating sculptures or paintings, may truly be the mental process that separates human beings from other types of animals. Other scholars contest this claim.

Tents and Huts
Other than caves, modern archaeologists know few other types of shelter available to ancient peoples. Some examples exist, but they are quite rare. In Siberia, a group of Russian scientists uncovered a house or tent with a frame constructed of mammoth bones. The great tusks supported the roof, while the skulls and thigh bones formed the walls of the tent. Several families could live inside, where three small hearths, little more than rings of stones, kept people warm during the winter. Archaeologists presume that the roof was made of mammoth hides in several layers. Similar houses existed in France and Germany; all date to about 90,000 years ago.

Much more recently than that, around 50,000 years ago, a group of Paleolithic Homo sapiens camped on a lake shore in southern France. At Terra Amata, these hunter-gatherers built a long and narrow house. The foundation was a ring of stones, with a flat threshold stone for a door at either end. Vertical posts down the middle of the house supported roofs and walls of sticks and twigs, probably covered over with a layer of straw. A hearth outside served as the kitchen, while a smaller hearth inside kept people warm.

Both dwellings could be easily abandoned by their residents. This is why they are not considered true houses, which was a development of the Neolithic period rather than the Paleolithic period. However, they give us brief looks at the lives of our most distant ancestors.

Language and Culture
In modern eyes, perhaps the most significant technology of the Paleolithic Age was the development of language. Language is not strictly speaking a technology—you cannot hold it or touch it. Instead, it relies upon changes in the human brain—the development of speech centers to govern the tongue and lips to produce precise sounds, the development of memory to hold lists of words, the development of rules to govern how those words are used in different circumstances, and the development of hearing centers in the brain to process foreign sounds as words within a set of rules. These functions did not come overnight. Fire may have stimulated some of them: ancient peoples sat or danced around fires, and they must have had stories to tell each other of their discoveries. Hunting stimulated others: needing to catch food that ran away required co-ordination among different hunters. People also created language while searching for edible plants, and plants with medical properties to cure or lessen the hurts of themselves and their families.

With the development of language came the development of culture. Having a name for a thing—be it a plant, an animal, a stone, a tool, or an event—meant that early humans carried ideas about how the world worked. They taught those ideas to their children, and to their children after them. Young people not only learned what plants to eat and what not to eat, they learned about the dead and the living within their family and beyond; they learned how to make tools, and what those tools were for. By extension, children learned what they should do and what they should not—a series of prescriptions and taboos that governed behavior. As different groups of humanity spread across the globe, some of these prescriptions and taboos were forgotten, and new ones were learned. Different places, with different animals and plants, and different dangers, developed different lists of forbidden and acceptable activities. In this way, the many peoples and tribes and cultures of the world originated.

By 20,000 years before the present, with the exception of some islands off the beaten track of human exploration, humans had settled in virtually every place in the world. Then came the Ice.


text:
Novial/Hound main

Novial home

 The Hound of the Baskervilles

A Beginners' Course in Novial

 Contents

 * Personal Pronouns: Subject, Object and Possession.
 * Verb: Present Tense, Imperative, Infinitive and Negative.
 * Articles, Plural Nouns and Nouns with Natural Sex.
 * Adjectives.
 * Questions.

 * Verbs: Past and Conditional Tenses.
 * Numbers: Cardinal and Ordinal.
 * The Indefinite Preposition.
 * The Reflexive Pronoun.
 * Adjectival Suffix -AL.
 * Substantival Suffix -ESO.

 * Verbs: Future Tense.
 * Adverbs from Adjectives.
 * This and That: Pronouns from Adjectives.
 * Verbal Suffixes –ISA and -IFIKA.
 * Verbal Suffix –ERE.

 * Pluperfect Tense.
 * Prepositions and Adverbs from Prepositions.
 * Prepositions before the Infinitive.
 * Infinitive Clauses.
 * Comparative and Superlative.

 * Present and Past Participles.
 * Conjunctons from Prepositions plus KE.
 * The Reciprocal Pronoun MUTU.
 * Anaphoric Adjectives.
 * The Prefix DES-.
 * The Adjectival Suffix -OSI.
 * The General Suffix -ET-.

 * Passive of Being.
 * Sexless Nouns Ending in –U.
 * E/A/O Words.
 * The Prefix NON–.
 * The Prefix RI–.
 * The Suffix –AD–.

 * Passive of Becoming.
 * Impersonal Verbs.
 * Conditional Perfect and Future Perfect.
 * Future in the Past.
 * The Suffix –IV(I).
 * The Suffix –FOY.
 * The Suffix –(T) IONE.
 * The Suffix –ARI.
 * The Suffix –ESKA.

title: Novial/Hound main


text:
Novial/Hound Lesson 1

Novial home – Pronunciation Guide

Contents – Lesson 1 – Lesson 2 – Lesson 3 – Lesson 4 – Lesson 5 – Lesson 6 – Lesson 7

Prefixes – Suffixes – Proforms

Li Hunde del Familie Baskerville
''The first occurrence of each new word is highlighted in blue (in the text title also). Click on the word to jump down to its translation. Then click the back key on your keyboard or the "Back" button on your browser to return to the text.''

Watson: Bon jorne, doktoro Mortimer.

Mortimer: Bon jorne. Ob vu es sinioro Sherlock Holmes?

Holmes: No, lo es men amike, doktoro Watson.

Mortimer: Plesure ke me renkontra vu, doktoro. Me sava vun nome. Sinioro Holmes, vu tre multim interesa me.

Holmes: Me observa fro vun fingre ke vu fuma. Bonvoli sida e fuma. Pro quu vu visita nus disdi?

Mortimer: Me have seriosi e exterordinari probleme. Me realisa ke vu es li duesmi autoritate in Europa.

Holmes: Ya, sinioro! Que es unesmi?

Mortimer: Li laboro de Monsieur Bertillon sembla bon a siential home.

Holmes: Dunke, pro quu vu non konsulta lo?

Mortimer: Lu sembla bon a siential home, ma me prefera konsulta vu in praktikal koses. Me espera ke me non ofense vu.

Holmes: Nur pokim. Rakonta a nus li nature de vun probleme.

Alphabetical Vocabulary List
Adjectives which often drop the final -i have it in brackets.

 * a – to
 * amike – friend
 * autoritate – authority
 * bon(i)  – good
 * bonvoli –  (to) be willing, please
 * de – of
 * del – of the
 * disdi – today
 * doktoro – doctor
 * duesmi – second
 * dunke – therefore
 * e – and
 * es – am, are, is, (to) be
 * espera –  (to) hope
 * Europa – Europe
 * exterordinari – extraordinary
 * familie – family
 * fingre – finger
 * fro – from
 * fuma –  (to) smoke
 * have –  (to) have, possess
 * home – person
 * hunde – dog
 * in – in
 * interesa –  (to) interest
 * jorne – day
 * ke – that (conjunction)
 * konsulta –  (to) consult
 * kose – thing, matter
 * laboro – work
 * li – the
 * lo – he, him
 * lu – it
 * ma – but
 * me – I, me
 * men – my, mine
 * nature – nature
 * no – no
 * nome – name
 * non – not
 * nur – only
 * nus – we, us
 * ob – is it that?
 * observa – (to) observe
 * ofense – (to) offend
 * plesure – pleasure
 * pokim – a little (adverb)
 * praktikal(i)  – practical
 * prefera –  (to) prefer
 * pro quu? – why?
 * probleme – problem
 * que? – who?
 * rakonta – (to) tell, recount
 * realisa –  (to) realize
 * renkontra –  (to) meet
 * sava –  (to) know
 * sembla –  (to) seem
 * seriosi – serious
 * sida –  (to) sit
 * siential(i)  – scientific
 * sinioro – Mr, sir
 * tre – very
 * tre multim – very much
 * unesmi – first
 * visita –  (to) visit
 * vu – you (one person)
 * vun – your, yours (one person)
 * ya – indeed

Personal Pronouns – Subject, Object and Possession
The subject and object forms (e.g English I and me) of Novial pronouns are the same:

 * me – I, me
 * nus – we, us
 * vu – you (one person)
 * vus – you (more than one person)
 * lo – he, him
 * los – they, them (all male)
 * la – she, her
 * las – they, them (all female)
 * le – he or she, him or her
 * les – they, them
 * lu – it
 * lus – they, them (all sexless objects)

Notice that in the third person, male and female have the endings -o and -a respectively. The ending -e indicates either male or female without specifying. The ending -u indicates a sexless thing. Plurals all end in -s. Les is conveniently used to mean they, them as in English, i.e. it is not specified whether they are sexless or not, and they may be any mixture of male, female and sexless things. This system is flexible and allows more speakers to follow their natural language habits. So the French may often choose to use las and los, while most English speakers would choose to use les, ignoring the sex distinction which is here absent in English. A Finnish speaker may prefer to use le (he or she), since the he/she distinction is absent in Finnish. The pronoun le is also very convenient to say he or she using a single word and avoiding sex bias.

The standard word order is, as in English, subject-verb-object, so the object need not be marked to distinguish it from the subject:
 * me observa vu – I observe you
 * vu observa me – you observe me

The personal possessive adjectives are formed from the pronouns by adding -n or after a consonant -en. This is in fact the genitive (possessive) of the pronoun so men means both my and mine (of me):
 * lu es men hunde – it is my dog
 * lu es men – it is mine

 * men – my, mine
 * nusen – our, ours
 * vun – your, yours
 * vusen – your, yours (more than one person)
 * lon – his
 * losen – their, theirs (all male)
 * lan – her, hers
 * lasen – their, theirs (all female)
 * len – his or her, his or hers
 * lesen – their, theirs
 * lun – its
 * lusen – their, theirs (all sexless objects)

Verb – Present Tense, Imperative, Infinitive and Negative
As in English the present tense of the verb and the imperative are identical:
 * me dikte – I say or I am saying
 * dikte!  – say!

Note that the English present continuous, such as you are saying, is translated by the simple present: The infinitive is also the same as the present:
 * vu dikte
 * me prefera dikte – I prefer to say

The negative is formed with non (not), which usually precedes the word which it negates. The negative answer to a question is no (no), while the positive answer is yes (yes).
 * nus non sava lu – we don’t know it

The verb never varies with the person:
 * me sembla – I seem
 * nus sembla – we seem
 * vu sembla – you seem
 * vus sembla – you seem
 * le sembla – he or she seems
 * les sembla – they seem

Articles, Plural Nouns and Nouns with Natural Sex
The plural of a noun is formed by adding the ending -s (-es after a consonant) and the definite article li (the) is invariant as in English:
 * li probleme – the problem
 * li problemes – the problems

For convenience de li (of the) is usually shortened to del and likewise a li (to the) to al and da li (by the) to dal. There is no indefinite article (a, an) in Novial. This causes no ambiguity as seen in English when the plural indefinite article (some) is dropped:
 * hunde – dog, a dog
 * hundes – dogs, some dogs

The indication of sex in the third person pronouns with the endings -e, -o and -a is also used with nouns that have natural gender:
 * doktore – doctor (male or female)
 * doktora – female doctor
 * doktoro – male doctor

 * hunde – dog
 * hunda – bitch, female dog
 * hundo – male dog

 * siniore – sir or madam
 * siniora – madam, Mrs
 * sinioro – sir, Mr
 * siniores – ladies and gentlemen

 * home – person
 * homa – female person (adult or child)
 * homo – male person (adult or child)
 * homes – people

Many sexless nouns also end in -e and these of course cannot change the ending to indicate sex differences.

Adjectives
All adjectives end in an -i, which may be dropped if easy to pronounce. Adjectives usually precede the noun that they qualify. As in English, adjectives do not agree with their noun in number or gender:
 * boni puera or bon puera – a good girl
 * boni pueras or bon pueras – good girls
 * boni puero or bon puero – a good boy
 * boni pueros or bon pueros – good boys
 * boni pueres or bon pueres – good children (boys and/or girls)

Questions
Question words such as que (who?) or pro quu (why? ) directly indicate a question and the subject-verb-object order need not be changed:
 * pro quu vus visita nus?  – why are you visiting us? (Literally: why you visit us? )
 * que visita nus?  – who is visiting us? (Literally: who visits us? )

Otherwise a question is indicated with the general question word ob (is it that?), again with no change in the standard word order of the remainder of the sentence:
 * ob vu es lan amike?  – are you her friend? (Literally: is it that you are her friend? )
 * ob vu sava li familie?  – do you know the family? (Literally: is it that you know the family? )

____________________________________________________________________________________ Novial home – Pronunciation Guide

Contents – Lesson 1 – Lesson 2 – Lesson 3 – Lesson 4 – Lesson 5 – Lesson 6 – Lesson 7

Prefixes – Suffixes – Proforms

title: Novial/Hound Lesson 1


text:
User:Sb~enwikibooks/Playground1

Matlab implementation
This Matlab implementation section is intended to be read while having a Matlab window opened. The code is supposed to be copied step by step into the Matlab environment by copy and paste.

Measurement data
As measurement data, the height (in meter) of the upper interface versus time (in seconds) is taken. The batch settling process has the homogenious initial concentration u0=0.123. The container has the height L=0.405, the measurements are observed up to the final time T=34800. global T H T=[0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800 1920 2040 2160 2280 2400 2640 2880 3120 3360 3600 3840 4080 4320 4560 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200 7800 8400 9000 9600 10200 10800 11400 12000 13200 14400 15600 16800 20400 27600 34800]; H=[0.4050 0.3855 0.3700 0.3540 0.3390 0.3235 0.3075 0.2920 0.2760 0.2600 0.2440 0.2280 0.2140 0.2050 0.2000 0.1970 0.1945 0.1920 0.1900 0.1885 0.1870 0.1840 0.1815 0.1790 0.1770 0.1750 0.1735 0.1720 0.1705 0.1690 0.1680 0.1650 0.1620 0.1600 0.1580 0.1560 0.1545 0.1530 0.1510 0.1495 0.1485 0.1470 0.1460 0.1440 0.1425 0.1410 0.1400 0.1375 0.1350 0.1348]; plot(T,H,'x'); axis([0 34800 0 0.4050])

Mfiles
Subroutines are encapsulated by Mfiles (Matlab files with ending .m).

Direct problem
The closure functions are prescribed by function f = f(u) global uinf umax C f=uinf.*u.*(1-u).^C.*(u>0).*(uuc).*(u=0).*(u<=1)*length(Au))+(u<1)); b=dt/dx*([F(1:J-1);0]-[0;F(1:J-1)])-dt/dx^2*([Ax(1:J-1);0]-[0;Ax(2:J)]-[Ax(1:J-1);0]+[0;Ax(1:J-1)]); ax=a(u); epsilon=1e-5; F1eps=feo(g,u(2:J)+epsilon,u(1:J-1)); F2eps=feo(g,u(2:J),u(1:J-1)+epsilon); Jminus=(F1eps-F)/epsilon; Jplus=(F2eps-F)/epsilon; M1=-dt/dx*[Jminus(1:J-1)] - dt/dx^2*[ax(1:J-1)]; M2=1+dt/dx*([Jminus(1:J-1);0] - [0;Jplus(1:J-1)]) + 2*dt/dx^2*ax; M3=dt/dx*[Jplus(1:J-1)]-dt/dx^2*[ax(2:J)]; M=diag(M1,-1)+diag(M2,0)+diag(M3,1); such that the direct problem can be solved by function U = S(g,u,T) global dt U=u; for dt=diff(T) [M b]=Mb(g,u); du=M\b; u=u+du; U=[U,u]; end The time steps of the numerical method are adapted to the measurment times. They can be refined by the factor 2 by the following mfile: function T = refinetime(T) dThalf=diff(T)/2; taxis=2:2:2*length(T)-2; dT(taxis)=dThalf; dT(taxis-1)=dThalf; Tnew=cumsum(dT); T=Tnew;

Optimization
As result of the numerical simulation, one obtains a grid of computed volume fractions. From this grid one can extract a computed upper interface.

First, an upper and a lower bound on the grid, consisting of two neighboring cells has to be found for each time. The computational interface is yielt by linear interpolation. function h=interface(U,u) [uupper iupper]=max(U-u - (U-u>0)); [ulower ilower]=min(U-u + (U-u<0)); h=X(iupper)+(X(ilower)-X(iupper)).*(0-uupper)./(ulower-uupper); Qdq computes Q and dq is used in the main optimization step function [Q dq]=Qdq(e) global epsilon q=cost(e,0); for K=[1 2], q1(K)=cost(e,K); end for K=[1 1 2 2; 1 2 1 2]; q2(K(1),K(2))=cost(e,K); end dq=(q1-q)/epsilon; Q=(q2'-2*q1'*[1,1]+q)/epsilon^2; % the last computation is a short form for % % Q11=(q2(1,1) - 2*q1(1)+q)/epsilon^2; % Q22=(q2(2,2) - 2*q1(2)+q)/epsilon^2; % Q12=(q2(2,1) - 2*q1(1)+q)/epsilon^2; % Q21=(q2(1,2) - 2*q1(2)+q)/epsilon^2; % % Q=[Q11 Q12; Q21 Q22]; The cost function is evaluated as q=function cost(e,K) global T H u0 parametershift(e,K) U=S('f',T); q=norm(h-H); The small variation over the parameters is done by a parametershift function parametershift(e,K) global uinf C a0 uc k epsilon emask eder=[]; for j=K, eder=[eder, emask(j)]; end I=diag(ones(size(e))); eplus=e+sum(I(eder,:))*epsilon; uinf=eplus(1); C=eplus(2); a0=eplus(3); uc=eplus(4); k=eplus(5);

Testing of direct scheme
The constitutive assumptions can be plotted by global umax uinf C a0 uc k umax=0.66; uinf=1; C=5; a0=1; uc=0.1; k=3; u=(0:0.01:1)'; au=a(u); fu=f(u); subplot(2,1,1); plot(u,au); subplot(2,1,2); plot(u,fu) The maximum of the flux function which is used in the Engquist-Osher numerical flux is computed as global um; [gm im]=max(fu); um=u(im); subplot(2,1,2); hold on; plot(um,gm,'gx') The integral A is calculated by the trapezoidal rule global Au Au=[0;cumsum(([au(1:length(u)-1);0]+[au(2:length(u));0])/2)]; subplot(2,1,2); cla; plot(u,Au) Testing Mb global dt dx; dx=max(H)/5; X=(0:dx:max(H)); u=0.123*ones(size(X')); global J; J=length(u); [M b]=Mb('f',u) Testing S T=[0:0.01:0.04]; U=S('f',u,T); figure(1); hold on; for u=U, plot(u,1:length(u)),pause; end

Testing of optimization scheme
Testing interface . Testing Qdq . Testing cost function .

Testing parametershift global uinf C a0 uc k global epsilon; epsilon=0.1; global emask; emask=[2,5]; e=[1 2 3 4 5]; K=[1 1 2]; parametershift(e,K); [uinf, C, a0, uc, k]

One optimization step
A single optimization step is performed by global epsilon; epsilon=1e-5; global u0; u0=0.123*ones(J,1);

e=[1 2 3 4 5]; [Q dq] = Qdq(e); de=Q\dq; e=e+de; where the above defined subroutines are employed.

Time estimate for reasonable accuracy
Time estimate for reasonable accuracy, where J=100 and T=100, the main loop Mb has to be called 700 times for one optimization step. tic, for k=1:1000; [M b]=Mb('f',u); end; toc gives: "Elapsed time is 14.469154 seconds." This is rather reasonable.

title: User:Sb~enwikibooks/Playground1


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Horn/Repertoire/Orchestral Excerpts/Tchaikovsky, P. I. - Symphony No. 5

Tchaikovsky's Fifth Symphony, second movement contains perhaps the biggest horn solo in orchestral horn repertoire.