text:
Guide to Unix/Explanations/Partitioning Disks

This chapter describes different types of partitioning maps and the programs used to adjust partitioning maps.

A partition map divides the disk into partitions. Each partition can be formatted separately. Partitions are normally used for filesystems, which hold computer files, or swap, which is used as additional (but slower) memory by operating systems. The chapter for ../Filesystems and Swap/ described how Unix-like systems use partitions.

The Unix-like system is often installed on the same disk as some other operating system. In that case, both the Unix-like kernel and the other system must understand the same kind of partioning map.
 * On i386 hardware, fdisk partitioning is common. It is used by DOS, Windows, and Linux. The BIOS which boots the computer starts the Master Boot Record (MBR) on the disk. The MBR understands the fdisk format.
 * On Macintoshes, the Apple partition map allows the disk to contain one or more Macintosh (HFS+ or the older HFS) partitions. The BIOS (Open Firmware) can boot the Macintosh without an MBR, because the BIOS can find bootloader files on HFS+ and HFS partitions.
 * The *BSD systems can use an MBR with a *BSD partition map, but most configurations use a non-BSD partition map with a "slice" that contains a *BSD partition map and partitions.

MS-DOS or MBR partition maps (fdisk)
This section might need corrections.

The original IBM PC defined a simple partition map format for MS-DOS. Enshrined in the BIOS implementation of PC-style computers, this partition map is used by DOS and Windows. It is also used by most Linux systems on PC-style hardware for BIOS compatibility, and because Linux is often installed on the same disks as DOS and Windows. To distinguish this older partitioning format from newer formats available for Windows, Microsoft now uses the term MBR partitioning – so-called because the partition table is contained within the master boot record (MBR) – to describe the MS-DOS format. Much literature refers to this partitioning format by the terms DOS and MS-DOS.

With the MBR partition map:
 * The master boot record (MBR) is not part of any partition. The MBR contains a bootstrap loader program and a basic partition table in a fixed location.
 * The basic partition table is limited to four primary partitions. If you want more partitions, one of the primary partitions must be identified as an extended partition. The extended partition can be divided into logical partitions. For example, Windows might be installed on primary partitions 1 (drive C:) and 2 (drive D:). Linux might be using 3 partitions (root /, swap, and home /home). Root is on primary partion 3. Primary partition 4 is the extended partition, and contains swap and /home as logical partitions, and possibly extra space for future logical partitions.
 * A primary partition might also be a *BSD slice. That means that it contains a *BSD disklabel and several *BSD partitions.
 * One primary partition might be marked active. The default MBR boot loader (the one from MS-DOS and FreeDOS) boots the active primary partition. However, some MBR boot loaders like GRUB might give you a menu instead of booting the active partition.
 * You can declare the type of each partition. Some systems use the type to find their filesystems. BSD uses the type to find its slice, but Linux ignores the types completely. Linux instead goes by its /etc/fstab file.

To manipulate fdisk partitions, look for a program called FDISK.EXE on DOS or fdisk on Linux.

Apple partition maps
Mac OS hard disks normally contain Apple partioning maps. These maps are created when Apple's Drive Setup program was used to format the disk. With these partition maps:
 * Partition 1 contains the partition map.
 * For some reason, Drive Setup insists on creating 128 MB of unused Apple_Free space as partition 2. Some older disks with Mac OS 9 drivers installed have several tiny partitions, starting at 2, which are only used by Mac OS 9 and older.
 * You can create at least 17 partitions, and probably more.
 * There is no Master Boot Record (MBR).

To manipulate Apple partitions, go to a shell prompt on Mac OS X or *BSD and use pdisk or diskutil. Most GNU/Linux systems now call that same program mac-fdisk for some reason.

Partition Types
Actually, partition types on Apple partition maps can be arbitrary strings, for example "OpenBSD". Some operating systems are still stuck with "Apple_UNIX_SVR2" though.

Example
On the example system, we use "pdisk" on OpenBSD to see the partition map. We run the "pdisk /dev/rwd0c" command on OpenBSD. On Mac OS X the command would be "pdisk /dev/disk0". Most Linux distros now give the name "mac-fdisk" to "pdisk", so the command would be "mac-fdisk /dev/hda". We use the pdisk command "p" to print the partition map and then "q" to quit. Edit /dev/rwd0c - Command (? for help): p Partition map (with 512 byte blocks) on '/dev/rwd0c' #:               type name                   length   base     ( size ) 1: Apple_partition_map Apple                     63 @ 1 2:    Apple_Bootstrap untitled                 1954 @ 50331712 3:          Apple_HFS Apple_HFS_Untitled_1 24903680 @ 262208   ( 11.9G) 4:            OpenBSD OpenBSD              25165824 @ 25165888 ( 12.0G) 5:    Apple_UNIX_SVR2 untitled             24064454 @ 50333666 ( 11.5G) 6:         Apple_Free Extra                  262144 @ 64       (128.0M) 7:    Apple_UNIX_SVR2 swap                  1099416 @ 74398120 (536.8M) 8:         Apple_Free Extra                41712704 @ 75497536 ( 19.9G) Device block size=512, Number of Blocks=117210240 (55.9G) DeviceType=0x0, DeviceId=0x0 Command (? for help): q #
 * 1) pdisk /dev/rwd0c

BSD slices and partitions
This section might need corrections.

The terms "slice" and "partition" are often defined as follows:
 * A partition is an entry (filesystem or swap) in the BSD disklabel.
 * A slice is the partition of the non-BSD partition map (like fdisk or Apple) which contains the BSD disklabel and partitions.

The BSD partition map is called a disklabel. In the following discussion, "partition map" refers to a non-BSD partition map which is not a disklabel.

BSD partitioning is special because on a disk with *BSD installed, 'a' must be root and 'b' if it exists must be swap. The disklabel indicates the locations, types, and letters of all partitions. Because of these special traits, BSD disklabels are confined to slices on any disks that are also used by non-BSD operating systems. This leads to three situations when a disk is used with BSD:

 * 1) The disk has a partition map and a disklabel. The partition map is at the beginning of the disk (possibly after the MBR). One of the partitions is a BSD slice. The disklabel is at the beginning of the BSD slice. The *BSD system will use the disklabel while other systems use the partition map. A disk with OpenBSD/macppc installed uses this configuration.
 * 2) The disk has a partition map but no disklabel. If the disk is used with *BSD, the BSD kernel generates a partition map, assigning letters to all recognized types of partitions. With Apple partition maps, OpenBSD/macppc only recognizes Apple_HFS partitions. NetBSD/macppc recognizes both Apple_HFS and NetBSD (Apple_UNIX_SVR2) partitions, so NetBSD/macppc installations do not need a disklabel.
 * 3) The disk has only a disklabel. The disklabel is at the beginning of the disk, possibly after the MBR, and the entire disk is reserved to *BSD. Only *BSD can use this disk.

Is there room for the disklabel?
To make room for a disklabel, all UFS/FFS partitions leave the first bytes unused. Thus you can put a root UFS/FFS partition directly at the beginning of the disk (except the MBR) and still have room for a disklabel.

All UFS/FFS partitions must be listed in a disklabel to be useful. Mac OS X will put an Apple-specific disklabel on all Apple_UFS partitions because those are not listed in a BSD disklabel.

How does BSD read a non-BSD partition map?
The *BSD distros have different approaches for using non-BSD partitions, or having *BSD and a non-*BSD operating system on the same disk.
 * If NetBSD sees an Apple partitioning map, it will assign letters to all of the HFS+ partitions and NetBSD partitions.
 * If OpenBSD sees an Apple partitioning map, it will search for a partition of type "OpenBSD", and use the disklabel on that partition. If no disklabel exists, OpenBSD assigns letters to all "Apple_HFS" (HFS+) partitions, starting with letter 'i'. When creating a disklabel, one starts with the HFS+ partitions already in the disklabel. Then one adds OpenBSD partitions by dividing the "OpenBSD" Apple partition into several disklabel partitions, which is a form of secondary partitioning. Use disklabel -E to edit the disklabel.


text:
User talk:Pedant

Please contact me on my user talk page at the English-language Wikipedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Pedant


text:
Blended Learning in K-12/Self-paced and live

In blended learning, instructors use facets of self-paced instruction and live, collaborative learning to moderate the offline setting.

Self-paced learning is an instructional tool where the learner is in control and manages the pace of learning. (Singh, 2001) The on-demand nature of self-paced learning makes it optimal for the offline atmosphere of blended learning. Here, learners not only control the pace of instructional information, but they also do not face the time restrictions of a face-to-face classroom. The use of the Internet and the World Wide Web allows learners to have access to information at all times. Generally, the responsibilities of self-paced learning are consistent with the instruction of a face-to-face traditional classroom. The instructor is responsible for supplying the instructional material, and the learner is responsible for reading, comprehending, and familiarizing him/herself with the material.

Self-paced instruction will often come in the form of asynchronous formats including:

 * Documents & Web Pages
 * Web/Computer Based Training Modules
 * Assessments
 * Surveys
 * Simulations
 * Recorded lectures, discussions, or live events
 * Online Learning Communities and Discussion Forums (Singh, 2001)

Collaborative learning is a process where learning takes place through group or cooperative efforts. (Hiltz, 1999) A live, collaborative learning environment depends on dynamic communication between learners that fosters knowledge sharing. (Singh, 2001) In live, collaborative learning atmospheres the communication process between learners is just as meaningful and vital as an educational end product. Collaborative learning emphasizes the following factors:
 * active participation and interaction among learners
 * knowledge viewed as a social construct
 * environments that facilitate peer interaction, evaluation, and cooperation
 * learners who benefit from self explanation when more experienced or knowledgeable learners contribute
 * learners who benefit from internalization by verbalizing in a conversation (Hiltz, 1999)

Hiltz, Starr. "Impacts of College-Level Courses via Asynchronous Learning Networks: Some Preliminary Results". Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks. Volume 1, Issue 2. August 1997.

Singh, Harvi and Chris Reed. “A White Paper: Achieving Success with Blended Learning.” Centra White Paper. October 2, 2005. 2001.


text:
User:ArtFusion

ArtFusion

title: User:ArtFusion


text:
Talk:Visual Basic .NET

The book is supposed to be about VB.Net not about bashing VB6. --kwhitefoot 22:21, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Book is fine.

OOP
There needs to be more on object oriented programming. Perhaps a short introduction to OOP in the description of VB.NET and why it is important to learn? I already know VB6, so I am used to operators, variables, loops, etc. If you are going to discuss VB6, perhaps give some examples of changes to VB.NET that outdated what was used in VB6. Like the On Error Goto structure is not to be used for error trapping, and that Try/Catch/Finally/End Try structure is used instead. Perhaps also mention how true and false values are handled differently as are boolean expressions, which can wreck code that worked in VB6 but works differently in VB.NET. --Orion Blastar 04:28, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Can we add a section on controls?
And then move the textbox module to the controls section? --Dresdnhope 18:16, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

de:Visual Basic .NET
In March, I have started a German Wikibook about Visual Basic .NET. It has already got about twenty chapters, which are, well, a bit more detailed. Perhaps some German-speaking users might be interested in translating contents from the German to this wikibook. -- de:Benutzer:Stefan Majewsky -- 89.53.31.175 16:55, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

GDI+ and Graphics
Aren't these two the same thing?

Style Manual
Does this wikibook have a specific set of guidelines for adding new information. I'd like to take on some of the pages that are underdeveloped and complete the missing thoughts. Cqbarton (talk) 20:44, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

All in one or pdf
Is it possible to create an All in One version of the book or a pdf rendered version.

title: Talk:Visual Basic .NET


text:
Circuit Theory

Most of electrical engineering was invented by 1925, reduced to practice by 1936, and mathematically analyzed and scientifically understood by 1945. So what makes this book different? Symbolic computation programs such as MATLAB, MuPAD, and Mathematica eliminate calculators and time consuming math. Cloud computing at sites like Circuit Lab make simulation possible on a cell phone. This leaves room for more material to be covered at greater depth.

This Course

The 1st and 2nd order differential equations can be solved with Euler's equation (phasors) and calculus. This solution technique is compared with Laplace transforms. The course builds on Kirchhoff's laws to write differential equations using transfer functions. The particular solution reduces to a final condition if sources are replaced with a unit step function. All that needs to be calculated is the homogeneous step response. Then response to any complex voltage or current source can then be found through the convolution integral.

Requirements

This book will expect the reader to have a firm understanding of Calculus specifically, and will not stop to explain the fundamental topics in Calculus. This book shows where Laplace transforms provide an alternative solution, but only in a few examples in parallel with phasor solutions.

''This book is not nearly completed, and could still use a lot of work. People with knowledge of the subject are encouraged to contribute.''

Print Version: Print Version ( discuss )
 * Warning: The print version is over 90 pages long, as of 2 August 2006.

Cover Page: Cover Page

All Pages: All Pages

Introduction

 * Circuit Theory Introduction

Circuit Basics

 * Terminology
 * Variables and Units
 * Circuit Basics
 * Resistors
 * Negative Resistance
 * Capacitors
 * Inductors
 * Power supplies
 * Terminal Relations

Transistors

 * /IV curves/
 * /Transistor symbols/
 * /Dependent sources//
 * /Operational Amplifiers/
 * /Analog Computer/

Circuit Analysis

 * /Circuit Definition/
 * Kirchhoff's Law
 * /Simultaneous Equations/
 * /Examples/

Steady State Response

 * Sinusoidal Sources
 * Phasors
 * Power
 * Maximum Power Transfer
 * Phasor Examples
 * Power Factor Mitigation
 * Complex Frequency
 * Complex Frequency Examples

Impedance, Node, Mesh

 * Impedance
 * Series Impedance
 * Voltage Divider
 * Parallel Impedance
 * Current Divider
 * Node
 * Mesh

Source Transformation

 * Dangling Resistors
 * Shorted Resistors
 * Open Puzzles
 * One Port Devices
 * Source Injection
 * Thevenin
 * Norton
 * Circuit Simulation
 * Bridge Circuit Example
 * Review Problem

Tips and Tricks

 * Superposition
 * Extra Element
 * Symmetry
 * Y Δ Transform
 * Y Δ Example
 * Quadratic Equation Revisited

Transient Response

 * Transients
 * Initial Conditions
 * Exponential Time Constants
 * First Order Initially Excited
 * First Order Source Excitement
 * First Order Initial and Source
 * Second Order Initially Excited
 * Second Order Source Excitement
 * Convolution Integral
 * More Examples
 * Transfer Functions
 * Transfer Function Examples
 * Circuit Theory/Transients Summary and Study guide

State Variables

 * Introduction

Filters

 * Fourier Transform
 * Decibel
 * Bode Plots
 * Filters
 * Active Filters

Control

 * On Off
 * Proportional
 * Integral
 * Derivative

Power

 * Source Transformations
 * Analysis Methods

title: Circuit Theory


text:
Talk:Circuit Theory

I Setup a basic outline on the main page. I think this is a good amount of material to cover in this book, and we can save other topics for other books on the subject. I think we can limit Fourier and Laplace analysis in this book, and instead focus on those subjects in detail in a later book. We can also save semiconductors (diodes and transistors) to another book, because those topics require a certain background in electric fields. --Whiteknight 22:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

I've moved all formatting information to the Circuit Theory Contributers page --Whiteknight 19:45, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Forward Slash Convention
I'm going to be changing over all the links in this book to use the forward-slash convention. --Whiteknight T C E 17:33, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

examples
Examples would be good, showing step-by-step how to analyse and design buildable projects. (not just a list of parts with soldering instructions, though that might be included at the end) Some examples that come to mind are:

 * safely connect AC power to a computer's microphone jack (to see the waveform -- a UPS would be interesting)
 * safely connect AC power to a computer's line-in jack (to see the waveform -- a UPS would be interesting)
 * build a modem from a soundcard (for audio) and serial port (for on-hook control)
 * build a modem from a soundcard (for audio) and parallel port (for on-hook control)
 * drive LEDs (of various types) off of a parallel port
 * build a stun gun
 * low-power FM transmitter for audio from a common cheap microphone
 * low-power FM transmitter for audio from line-out
 * low-power AM transmitter for audio from a common cheap microphone
 * low-power AM transmitter for audio from line-out
 * build a crude AC-to-DC step-down power supply
 * build a switching AC-to-DC step-down power supply
 * build a DC-to-AC power supply, stepping up of course
 * build the whole UPS, with power loss and low battery signals :-)
 * abuse a transistor or two for measuring temperature
 * build a capacitance-based proximity switch
 * build a theremin
 * modulate an LED (FM, AM, PM, etc.) to transmit audio, and then receive it
 * power a small fan or light from a USB port
 * build an original-style pair of telephones
 * the HERF gun (EMP gun)
 * fluorescent light power supply
 * lightning-protected antenna
 * ligntning-protected computer-to-outside line, for pool or garden monitoring and control

AlbertCahalan 04:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I definately am interested in adding alot of good examples, but i run into a few problems:

Also, some of these examples wouldnt really fit into this wikibook, because it is mostly an exposition of time-domain analysis of DC circuits. Circuit Theory 2 has AC current and frequency methods. Many of these examples that you have listed will require information on semiconductors, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic wave propagation, TTL, and Digital logic, which are all well beyond the scope of this book. Also, some of the examples, such as a "stun gun" or an "EMP gun" would be better suited for a text like "how to get arrested" or "how to hurt those around you", and are less suited for a serious text on Circuit Engineering techniques. I definately do plan to add many examples in the future, however. Also, i think i would like to incorporate examples from software suites such as MatLab and PSpice, among others. --Whiteknight 14:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) nobody else besides me has really contributed yet to this wikibook
 * 2) we need to get alot more of the theoretical framework written down before we can attempt any design examples
 * 3) examples are going to require diagrams (and they can't all be ASCII) and lots of formulas which can be very time-intensive to produce.

 * Note that the semiconductor part can often be glossed over. Analysing the rest can still be useful. AlbertCahalan 02:09, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * A serious text can certainly include entertaining examples. It should have them, to draw the reader's attention. There's nothing wrong with building a stun gun. You can test it on yourself. AlbertCahalan 02:09, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * That's true, there is nothing saying that our examples cannot be "real-world" examples, or that they can't be interesting or entertaining. However, the current scope of this wikibook is far to limited to be covering nearly any of the topics listed above. Later EE books (if we ever get around to making more) can certainly tackle some of those topics. The average reader of this wikibook simply doesnt have enough background knowledge of the subject, and would be far too easily distracted by "flashy" examples, and might gloss over the mathematically rigorous (but very important) principals. --Whiteknight 11:44, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

What This Book Is Not
Perhaps it would be simpler to define the narrow scope of what this book is then the large scope of what it is not. However, in wikibooks tradition, I will attempt to outline my perspective on what this book is and is not, and then open the floor up to discussion on the subject:

 * 1) This is not a mathbook. We do not need to teach calculus here, but instead we can assume that people reading this book will have a certain knowledge of calculus before hand. We can certainly point people in the direction of the math bookshelf, however.
 * 2) This is not a physics book. There is a certain amount of mathematical rigour that a physics book on this subject will contain that this book will not. It is less important to know the mathematical details that govern a capacitor then it is to know how a capacitor is used in a circuit. To employ a capacitor, for instance, an engineer needs only to run down to RadioShack, and purchase one. We can treat the capacitor then like a black box with a given input/output relationship.
 * 3) This book is not open-ended. This book has a very clear scope: It covers time-domain analysis of circuits with DC sources. Within that small framework however, we can write whatever it is we please, so long is we dont break rules 1 and 2.
 * 4) This book is not monolithic. I don't expect that any book will be able to contain the sum total of all knowledge on circuit theory. Even if our subset is restricted to time-domain analysis of DC circuits, we can't possibly hope to include all possible information. This book should instead contain the bare fundamentals, and allow additional "advanced topics" or "corrolary topics" to be given their own books. This way, people can read on specifically the topic they are looking for.
 * 5) This is not the Electronics wikibook. That book has already been written, and there is no sense rewriting a book of that caliber. This book has a specific audience (Electrical Engineering students), and a specific premise (teach the fundamentals without bogging the reader down with unnecessary details).

I think this is a nice layout of what i think this book should and should not be. If people have a differing opinion, please mention it here. For a general outline of my thoughts on the subject, see my user page. --Whiteknight 21:41, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

New Sections
I would like to add some new material to this book. Specifically, I would like to add more information about 3-phase power, and 3-phase networks (Y and Delta). If anybody else has any requests or suggestions for new material, leave a message here. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 14:54, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, I would like to include information about Op-Amps, and a few other subjects. I'll get around to it eventually. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 19:12, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Book Components
I have created a number of components for use with this book:

 * Template:Circuit Theory Page
 * Template:Circuit Theory Stub
 * Category:Electric Circuits
 * Category:Circuit Theory/Stubs

These templates and categories are explained further on their respective module pages and talk pages. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 15:39, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Rework of Book
This book has a very attractive goal. However, the signals and systems class that it prepares seems to be evolving away from extending this course, and towards accomplishing the prerequisites for a digital signal processing course. This means more of signals and systems needs to be crammed into this course. What gets left out of this course is the math of differential equations. There is a simple way through differential equations math that will be shown in the re-organization of the book that uses calculus to derive and explain a small narrow path through differential equations. 1sfoerster (discuss • contribs) 12:05, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Circuit Theory


text:
German/Level I/Essen/Answers

Introduction - Lesson 1 - Lesson 2 - Lesson 3

../Problems/ - ../Answers/ - ../Test/ - ../Test Answers/

Lesson 3 ~ Essen Answers

Food!
 der Fisch the fish der Salat the salad das Brot the bread der Käse

the cheese

 die Hähnchen

the chicken

 das Obst

the fruit

 die Meeresfrüchte

the seafood

 die Zwiebeln

onions

 der Senf

mustard

 die Kartoffel

the potato

Articles
Definite: den (masculine), die (feminine, plural), das (neuter) Indefinite: einen (masculine), eine (feminine), ein (neuter), -eine* (plural)

Singular
mich: I dich: you (familiar) ihn: he sie: she es: it Sie: you (formal)

Plural
euch: you all (familiar) uns: we sie: they Sie: you all (formal)

Antecedents
den goes to ihn die goes to sie das goes to es

Food-Related Verbs

 * essen - to eat, to be eating, to do eat
 * trinken - to drink, to be drinking, to do drink
 * bekommen - to get/receive, to be getting/receiving, to do get/receive
 * möchten - would like
 * wollen - to want, to be wanting, to do want

Möchten

 * ich möchte
 * du möchtest
 * er/sie/es möchte
 * wir möchten
 * ihr möchtet
 * sie möchten

Wollen

 * ich will
 * du willst
 * er/sie/es will
 * wir wollen
 * ihr wollt
 * sie wollen

Hunger and Thirst
I am hungry She is hungry We are hungry

Ich habe Hunger. Sie hat Hunger. Wir haben Hunger.

Formal Conversations

What is the word for thank you when speaking to a waiter?

Dankeschön

What would the waiter's response be?

Bitte schön

Kein-words

salad

kein Salat

bread

kein Brot

chicken

kein Hänchen

corn

keine Mais

cheese

kein Käse

cake

kein Kuchen

fruit

kein Obst

Accusative case prepositions

through

durch

for

für

against

gegen

without

ohne

at, around

um

Saying How Food Tastes

delicious

lecker

tasty

schmackhaft

crunchy

knackig

spicy

scharf

salty

salzig

sweet

süß

bitter

bitter

sour

sauer

hot

heiß

cold

kalt

disgusting

schrecklich

Dieser

This cheeseburger is good.

Dieser Cheeseburger ist gut.

This sausage tastes good.

Diese Wurst schmeckt gut.

This chicken tastes bad.

Deises Hähnchen schmeckt schleckt.

You eat this cheeseburger.

Du isst deisen Cheeseburger.

You eat this sausage.

Du isst diese Wurst.

You eat this chicken.

Du isst dieses Hähnchen.

Jeder

Every cheeseburger is good.

Jeder Cheeseburger ist gut.

Every sausage tastes good.

Jede Wurst schmeckt gut.

Every chicken tastes bad.

Jedes Hähnchen schmeckt schleckt.

You eat every cheeseburger.

Du isst jeden Cheeseburger.

You eat every sausage.

Du isst jede Wurst.

You eat every chicken.

Du isst jedes Hähnchen.

Welcher

Which cheeseburger is good?

Welcher Cheeseburger ist gut?

Which sausage tastes good?

Welche Wurst schmeckt gut?

Which chicken tastes bad?

Welches Hähnchen schmeckt schleckt?

You ate which cheeseburger?

Du hast welcher Cheeseburger gegessen?

You ate which sausage?

Du hast welche Wurst gegessen?

You ate which chicken?

Du hast welches Hähnchen gegessen?

Essen/Answers

title: German/Level I/Essen/Answers


text:
Rueda de Casino/Dame Otra

This would usually only be called if the caller is repeating dame and just wants to avoid shouting the same command again.

title: Rueda de Casino/Dame Otra


text:
Rueda de Casino/Dame Una

The same move as dame.

title: Rueda de Casino/Dame Una


text:
User:86.134.81.77

BT Broadband I.P. address

title: User:86.134.81.77


text:
Cookbook:Hollandaise Sauce

Hollandaise sauce is an emulsified, egg yolk-based sauce.

Ingredients

 * 3 egg yolks
 * 1 tsp water
 * 1 ½ sticks (170 g) unsalted butter, cut into pieces
 * ½ tsp salt
 * 2 tsp lemon juice
 * ⅛ tsp cayenne pepper
 * ⅛ tsp white pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Melt the butter in the microwave or on the stovetop in a small saucepan.
 * 2) Pour a small amount of water into a medium-sized double boiler, making sure the water does not touch the bowl (put bowl off to the side). Bring to a simmer over medium heat, and reduce the heat.
 * 3) Place egg yolks and the dry and liquid ingredients into the bowl and whisk for 1–2 minutes.
 * 4) Gradually add the melted butter a little at a time, and whisk until the butter is well incorporated and mixture expands.
 * 5) Place the mixture over the simmering water and whisk for 3–5 minutes, until the mixture is thick enough to coat the back of a spoon.
 * 6) If the mixture become too thick or separates, add very small amounts of hot water until corrected.

title: Cookbook:Hollandaise Sauce


text:
US Internet Law/SCA

The U.S. federal Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2701 et seq., (the “SCA”) regulates when an electronic communication service (“ECS”) provider may the contents of or other information about a customer’s emails and other electronic communications to private parties. Congress passed the SCA to prohibit a provider of an electronic communication service “from knowingly divulging the contents of any communication while in electronic storage by that service to any person other then the addressee or intended recipient.” S.Rep. No. 99-541, 97th Cong. 2nd Sess. 37, reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3555, 3591.

Overview
The SCA provides that any “person or entity providing an electronic communication service to the public shall not knowingly divulge to any person or entity the contents of a communication while in electronic storage by that service,” with limited exceptions. 18 U.S.C. § 2702(a)(1) (emphasis added). Under the SCA, “‘contents’, when used with respect to any wire, oral, or electronic communication, includes any information concerning the substance, purport, or meaning of that communication.” 18 U.S.C. § 2510(8).

As courts have held, the SCA “protects users whose electronic communications are in electronic storage with an ISP or other electronic communications facility.” Theofel v. Farey-Jones, 341 F.3d 978, 982 (9th Cir. 2003).

Providers of Electronic Communication Service vs. Remote Computing Service
ECPA divides providers covered by the statute into "provider[s] of electronic communication service" and "provider[s] of remote computing service." To understand these terms, it helps to recall the era in which ECPA, a 1986 statute, was drafted. At that time, network account holders generally used third-party network service providers for two reasons. First, account holders used their accounts to send and receive communications such as e-mail. The use of computer networks to communicate prompted privacy concerns because in the course of sending and retrieving messages, it was common for several computers to copy the messages and store them temporarily. Copies created by these providers of "electronic communication service" and placed in temporary "electronic storage" in the course of transmission sometimes stayed on a provider's computer for several months. See H.R. Rep. No. 99-647, at 22 (1986).

The second reason account holders used network service providers was to outsource computing tasks. For example, users paid to have remote computers store extra files, or process large amounts of data. When users hired such commercial "remote computing services" to perform tasks for them, they would send a copy of their private information to a third-party computing service, which retained the data for later reference. Remote computing services raised privacy concerns because the service providers often retained copies of their customers' files. See S. Rep. No. 99-541 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3555, 3557.

ECPA protects communications held by providers of electronic communication service when those communications are in "electronic storage," as well as communications held by providers of remote computing service. To that end, the statute defines "electronic communication service," "electronic storage," and "remote computing service" in the following way:

"Electronic communication service"
An electronic communication service ("ECS") is "any service which provides to users thereof the ability to send or receive wire or electronic communications." 18 U.S.C. § 2510(15). (For a discussion of the definitions of wire and electronic communications, see Chapter 4.C.2, infra.) For example, "telephone companies and electronic mail companies" generally act as providers of electronic communication services. See S. Rep. No. 99-541 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3555, 3568; see also FTC v. Netscape Communications Corp., 196 F.R.D. 559, 560 (N.D. Cal. 2000) (noting that Netscape, a provider of e-mail accounts through netscape.net, is a provider of ECS).

The legislative history and case law indicate that the key issue in determining whether a company provides ECS is that company's role in providing the ability to send or receive the precise communication at issue, regardless of the company's primary business. See H.R. Rep. No. 99-647, at 65 (1986). Any company or government entity that provides others with means of communicating electronically can be a "provider of electronic communication service" relating to the communications it provides, even if providing communications service is merely incidental to the provider's primary function. See Bohach v. City of Reno, 932 F. Supp. 1232, 1236 (D. Nev. 1996) (city that provided pager service to its police officers can be a provider of electronic communication service); United States v. Mullins, 992 F.2d 1472, 1478 (9th Cir. 1993) (airline that provides travel agents with computerized travel reservation system accessed through separate computer terminals can be a provider of electronic communication service).

Conversely, a service cannot provide ECS with respect to a communication if the service did not provide the ability to send or receive that communication. See Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. MAPHIA, 948 F. Supp. 923, 930-31 (N.D. Cal. 1996) (video game manufacturer that accessed private e-mail stored on another company's bulletin board service in order to expose copyright infringement was not a provider of electronic communication service); State Wide Photocopy v. Tokai Fin. Servs. Inc., 909 F. Supp. 137, 145 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) (financing company that used fax machines and computers but did not provide the ability to send or receive communications was not provider of electronic communication service).

Significantly, a mere user of ECS provided by another is not an ECS. For example, a web site is not a provider of electronic communication service, even though it may send and receive electronic communications from customers. In Crowley v. Cybersource Corp., 166 F. Supp. 2d 1263, 1270 (N.D. Cal. 2001), the plaintiff argued that Amazon.com (to whom plaintiff sent his name, credit card number, and other identification information) was an electronic communications service provider because "without recipients such as Amazon.com, users would have no ability to send electronic information." The court rejected this argument, holding that Amazon was properly characterized as a user rather than a provider of ECS. See id.

"Electronic storage"
18 U.S.C. § 2510(17) defines "electronic storage" as "any temporary, intermediate storage of a wire or electronic communication incidental to the electronic transmission thereof," or in the alternative as "any storage of such communication by an electronic communication service for purposes of backup protection of such communication." The mismatch between the everyday meaning of "electronic storage" and its narrow statutory definition has been a source of considerable confusion. It is crucial to remember that "electronic storage" refers only to temporary storage, made in the course of transmission, by a provider of electronic communication service. For example, the court in In re Doubleclick Inc. Privacy Litigation, 154 F. Supp. 2d 497, 511-12 (S.D.N.Y. 2001), held that cookies, which are information stored on a user's computer by a web site and sent back to the web site when the user accesses the web site, fall outside of the definition of "electronic storage" and hence outside of ECPA because of their "long-term residence on plaintiffs' hard drives."

To determine whether a communication is in "electronic storage," it helps to identify the communication's final destination. A copy of a communication is in "electronic storage" only if it is a copy of a communication created at an intermediate point that is designed to be sent on to its final destination. For example, e-mail that has been received by a recipient's service provider but has not yet been accessed by the recipient is in "electronic storage." See Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service, 36 F.3d 457, 461 (5th Cir. 1994). At that stage, the copy of the stored communication exists only as a temporary and intermediate measure, pending the recipient's retrieval of the communication from the service provider. Once the recipient retrieves the e-mail, however, the communication reaches its final destination. If a recipient then chooses to retain a copy of the accessed communication on the provider's system, the copy stored on the network is no longer in "electronic storage" because the retained copy is no longer in "temporary, intermediate storage . . . incidental to . . . electronic transmission." 18 U.S.C. § 2510(17). Rather, because the process of transmission to the intended recipient has been completed, the copy is simply a remotely stored file. See Fraser v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 135 F. Supp. 2d 623, 635-38 (E.D. Pa. 2001) (holding that because an e-mail was acquired from post-transmission storage, it was not in "electronic storage" and its acquisition was not prohibited under ECPA); H.R. Rep. No. 99-647, at 64-65 (1986) (noting Congressional intent that opened e-mail and voicemail left on a provider's system be covered by provisions relating to remote computing services, rather than provisions relating to services holding communications in "electronic storage").

As a practical matter, whether a communication is held in "electronic storage" by a provider governs whether that service provides ECS with respect to the communication. The two concepts are coextensive: a service provides ECS with respect to a communication if and only if the service holds the communication in electronic storage. Thus, it follows that if a communication is not in temporary, intermediate storage incidental to its electronic transmission, the service cannot provide ECS for that communication. Instead, the service must provide either "remote computing service" (also known as "RCS,"discussed below), or else neither ECS nor RCS. See discussion infra.

"Remote computing service"
The term "remote computing service" ("RCS") is defined by 18 U.S.C. § 2711(2) as "provision to the public of computer storage or processing services by means of an electronic communications system." An "electronic communications system" is "any wire, radio, electromagnetic, photooptical or photoelectronic facilities for the transmission of wire or electronic communications, and any computer facilities or related electronic equipment for the electronic storage of such communications." 18 U.S.C. § 2510(14).

Roughly speaking, a remote computing service is provided by an off-site computer that stores or processes data for a customer. See S. Rep. No. 99-541 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3555, 3564-65. For example, a service provider that processes data in a time-sharing arrangement provides an RCS. See H.R. Rep. No. 99-647, at 23 (1986). A mainframe computer that stores data for future retrieval also provides an RCS. See Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service, 816 F. Supp. 432, 443 (W.D. Tex. 1993) (holding that provider of bulletin board services was a remote computing service). In contrast with a provider of ECS, a provider of RCS does not hold customer files on their way to a third intended destination; instead, they are stored or processed by the provider for the convenience of the account holder. Accordingly, files held by a provider acting as an RCS cannot be in "electronic storage" according to § 2510(17).

Under the definition provided by § 2711(2), a service can only be a "remote computing service" if it is available "to the public." Services are available to the public if they are available to any member of the general population who complies with the requisite procedures and pays any requisite fees. For example, America Online is a provider to the public: anyone can obtain an AOL account. (It may seem odd at first that a service can charge a fee but still be considered available "to the public," but this mirrors commercial relationships in the physical world. For example, movie theaters are open "to the public" because anyone can buy a ticket and see a show, even though tickets are not free.) In contrast, providers whose services are open only to those with a special relationship with the provider are not available to the public. For example, employers may offer network accounts only to employees. See Andersen Consulting LLP v. UOP, 991 F. Supp. 1041, 1043 (N.D. Ill. 1998) (interpreting the "providing . . . to the public" clause in § 2702(a) to exclude an internal e-mail system that was made available to a hired contractor but was not available to "any member of the community at large"). Such providers cannot provide remote computing service because their network services are not available to the public.

Whether an entity is a provider of "electronic communication service," a provider of "remote computing service," or neither depends on the nature of the particular communication sought. For example, a single provider can simultaneously provide "electronic communication service" with respect to one communication and "remote computing service" with respect to another communication.

Classifying Types of Information Held by Service Providers
Network service providers can store different kinds of information relating to an individual customer or subscriber. Consider the case of the e-mail exchange between Joe and Jane discussed above. Jane's service provider, LocalISP, probably has access to a range of information about Jane and her account. For example, LocalISP may have opened and unopened e-mails; account logs that reveal when Jane logged on and off LocalISP; Jane's credit card information for billing purposes; and Jane's name and address. When agents and prosecutors wish to obtain such records, they must be able to classify these types of information using the language of ECPA. ECPA breaks the information down into three categories: basic subscriber information listed in 18 U.S.C. § 2703(c)(2); "record[s] or other information pertaining to a subscriber to or customer of [the] service"; and "contents." See 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510(8), 2703(c)(1).

1. Basic Subscriber Information Listed in 18 U.S.C. § 2703(c)(2)
18 U.S.C. § 2703(c)(2) lists the categories of basic subscriber information:

(A) name; (B) address; (C) local and long distance telephone connection records, or records of session times and durations; (D) length of service (including start date) and types of service utilized; (E) telephone or instrument number or other subscriber number or identity, including any temporarily assigned network address; and (F) means and source of payment for such service (including any credit card or bank account number)[.]

In general, the items in this list relate to the identity of a subscriber, his relationship with his service provider, and his basic session connection records. This list does not include other, more extensive transaction-related records, such as logging information revealing the e-mail addresses of persons with whom a customer corresponded during a prior session. The PATRIOT Act enhanced the categories of basic subscriber information in three respects. See PATRIOT Act § 210, 115 Stat. 272, 283 (2001). It added "records of session times and durations," as well as "any temporarily assigned network address" to 18 U.S.C. § 2703(c)(2). In the Internet context, these records include the IP address assigned by an Internet service provider to a customer for a particular session. They also include other information relating to account access, such as the originating telephone number for dial-up Internet access or the IP address of a user accessing an account over the Internet. In addition, the PATRIOT Act added to this list of subscriber information the "means and source of payment" that a customer uses to pay for an account, "including any credit card or bank account number."

2. Records or Other Information Pertaining to a Customer or Subscriber
18 U.S.C. § 2703(c)(1) covers a second type of information: "a record or other information pertaining to a subscriber to or customer of such service (not including the contents of communications)." This is a catch-all category that includes all records that are not contents, including basic subscriber information.

Common examples of "record[s] . . . pertaining to a subscriber" include transactional records, such as account logs that record account usage; cell-site data for cellular telephone calls; and e-mail addresses of other individuals with whom the account holder has corresponded. See H.R. Rep. No. 103-827, at 10, 17, 31 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3489, 3490, 3497, 3511; United States v. Allen, 53 M.J. 402, 409 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (concluding that "a log identifying the date, time, user, and detailed internet address of sites accessed" by a user constituted "a record or other information pertaining to a subscriber or customer of such service" under ECPA). See also Hill v. MCI Worldcom, 120 F. Supp. 2d 1194, 1195-96 (S.D. Iowa 2000) (concluding that the "names, addresses, and phone numbers of parties . . . called" constituted "a record or other information pertaining to a subscriber or customer of such service" for a telephone account). According to the legislative history of the 1994 amendments to § 2703(c), the purpose of separating the basic subscriber information from other non-content records was to distinguish basic subscriber information from more revealing transactional information that could contain a "person's entire on-line profile." H.R. Rep. No. 103-827 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3489, 3497, 3511.

3. Contents
The contents of a network account are the actual files stored in the account. See 18 U.S.C. § 2510(8) ("'contents,' when used with respect to any wire, oral, or electronic communication, includes any information concerning the substance, purport, or meaning of that communication"). For example, stored e-mails or voice mails are "contents," as are word processing files stored in employee network accounts. The subject headers of e-mails are also contents. Cf. Brown v. Waddell, 50 F.3d 285, 292 (4th Cir. 1995) (noting that numerical pager messages provide "an unlimited range of number-coded substantive messages" in the course of holding that the interception of pager messages requires compliance with Title III).

Contents can be further divided into three subcategories: contents stored "in electronic storage" by providers of electronic communication service; contents stored by providers of remote computing services; and contents held by neither. The distinctions among these types of content are discussed in Part B, supra.

title: US Internet Law/SCA


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US Internet Law/Online Anonymity

First Amendment Right
It is well-settled that the U.S. First Amendment shelters the right to speak anonymously. These cases celebrate the important role played by anonymous or pseudonymous writings through history, from the literary efforts of Shakespeare and Mark Twain through the explicitly political advocacy of the Federalist Papers.
 * Buckley v. Am. Constitutional Law Foundation, 525 U.S. 182, 200 (1999) (invalidating, on First Amendment grounds, state statute requiring initiative petitioners to wear identification badges);
 * Talley v. California, 362 U.S. 60, 65 (1960) (holding anonymity protected under the First Amendment because forced "“identification and fear of reprisal might deter perfectly peaceful discussions of public matters of importance”").

As the Supreme Court has held, “Anonymity is a shield from the tyranny of the majority,” that “exemplifies the purpose” of the First Amendment: “to protect unpopular individuals from retaliation...at the hand of an intolerant society.” McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm’n, 514 U.S. 334, 357 (1995) (holding that an “author’s decision to remain anonymous, like other decisions concerning omissions or additions to the content of a publication, is an aspect of the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment”).

Therefore, courts must “be vigilant... [and] guard against undue hindrances to political conversations and the exchange of ideas.” Buckley, 525 U.S. at 192. This vigilant review “must be undertaken and analyzed on a case-by-case basis,” where the court’s “guiding principle is a result based on a meaningful analysis and a proper balancing of the equities and rights at issue.” Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe No. 3, 775 A.2d at 760-761. Moreover, that review must take place whether the speech in question takes the form of political pamphlets or Internet postings. Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844, 870 (1997) (there is “no basis for qualifying the level of First Amendment protection that should be applied to” the Internet).

Case Law
“Against the backdrop of First Amendment protection for anonymous speech, courts have held that civil subpoenas seeking information regarding anonymous individuals raise First Amendment concerns”. Sony Music Entertainment v. Does, 326 F.Supp.2d 556, 565 (S.D.N.Y. 2004). See, e.g., Doe v. 2theMart.com, 140 F.Supp.2d 1088 (W.D. Wash. 2001) (granting, on First Amendment grounds, motion to quash subpoena to Internet service provider seeking identification of anonymous posters of messages critical of defendant); Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe No. 3, 775 A.2d 756, 771 (N.J. Super. A.D. 2001); (strict procedural safeguards must be imposed “as a means of ensuring that plaintiffs do not use discovery procedures to ascertain the identities of unknown defendants in order to harass, intimidate or silence critics in the public forum opportunities presented by the Internet”); ''Columbia Ins. Co., v. Seescandy.com'', 185 F.R.D. 573, 578 (N.D.Cal.1999) (plaintiff’s desire to seek redress for injury must be balanced against the legitimate and valuable right to participate in online forums anonymously or pseudonymously).

This has led to courts adopting multi-part tests.

Columbia Ins. Co. v. Seescandy.com
In ''Columbia Ins. Co. v. Seescandy.com'', one of the first cases to address this issue, the court required the plaintiff to (1) identify the missing party with sufficient specificity that the court could determine whether the defendant could be sued in federal court; (2) make a good faith effort to communicate with the anonymous defendants and to provide them with notice that the suit had been filed against them – thus assuring them an opportunity to defend their anonymity; and (3) demonstrate that it had viable claims against such defendants. 185 F.R.D. at 579.

Doe v. 2theMart.com
In Doe v. 2theMart.com, the court found that the Constitution requires a judicial balancing of four factors before a subpoena can be used to identify anonymous Internet speakers: "[W]hether: (1) the subpoena . . . was issued in good faith and not for any improper purpose, (2) the information sought relates to a core claim or defense, (3) the identifying information is directly and materially relevant to that claim or defense, and (4) [adequate] information . . . is unavailable from any other source."

Sony Entertainment Inc. v. Does
See also Sony Entertainment Inc. v. Does, 326 F. Supp. 2d 556, 564-65 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (denying motion to quash subpoena to Internet service provider seeking identifying information for anonymous defendant; summarizing and applying and then applied the following criteria: “(1) a concrete showing of a prima facie claim of actionable harm...  (2) specificity of the discovery request ... (3) the absence of  alternative means to obtain the subpoenaed information... (4) a central need for the subpoenaed information to advance the claim ...  and (5) the party’s expectation of privacy”) (internal citations omitted)

title: US Internet Law/Online Anonymity


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Talk:US Internet Law

Shouldn't this be US internet law? --134.219.166.211 23:50, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:US Internet Law


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Talk:Employment Discrimination

What about criminal discrimination?

Is it legal to discriminate by creed, or personal belief? (e.g. "No Democrats may rent in this building" or "No Republicans may work for this company")

Criminal conviction status is not a protected class under any federal law. Employers are permitted to take a person's criminal convictions into account when making a hiring decision. In fact, an employer could be exposed to a tort of negligent hire if it failed to check a person's background. However, because there is a race based differential in criminal conviction rates in this country, adopting an absolute rule again hiring anyone with a criminal background could expose an employer to a disparate impact discrimination complaint. RCKamahele 07:02, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, discrimination against a person who is a member of the Communist Party of the United States is permitted. Sec. 703 (f) RCKamahele 07:09, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Employment Discrimination


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Talk:Art Tutorials/Traditional Media/Drawing

This page could use some better organization.


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Statistics/Testing Data/Types of Tests

A statistical test is always about one or more parameters of the concerned population (distribution). The appropiate test depends on the type of null and alternative hypothesis about this (these) parameter(s) and the available information from the sample.

Example
It is conjectured that British children gain more weight lately. Hence the population mean μ of the weight X of children of let's say 12 years of age is the parameter at stake. In the recent past the mean weight of this group of children turned out to be 45 kg. Hence the null hypothesis (of no change) is:

 * $$\,H_0: \mu = 45$$.

As we suspect a gain in weight, the alternative hypothesis is:

 * $$\,H_1: \mu > 45$$.

A random sample of 100 children shows an average weight of 47 kg with a standard deviation of 8 kg.

Because it is reasonable to assume that the weights are normally distributed, the appropriate test will be a t-test, with test statistic:

 * $$T = \frac{\bar{X} - 45}{S}\sqrt{100}$$.

Under the null hypothesis T will be Student distributed with 99 degrees of freedom, which means approximately standard normally distributed.

The null hypothesis will be rejected for large values of T. For this sample the value t of T is:

 * $$t = \frac{47 - 45}{8}\sqrt{100} = 2.5$$.

Is this a large value? That depends partly on our demands. The so called p-value of the observed value t is:

 * $$p=P(T\ge t; H_0)= P(T\ge 2.5; H_0) \approx P(Z\ge 2.5) <0.01 $$,

in which Z stands for a standard normally distributed random variable.

If we are not too critical this is small enough, so reason to reject the null hypothesis and to assume our conjecture to be true.

Now suppose we have lost the individual data, but still know that the maximum weight in the sample was 68 kg. It is not possible then to use the t-test, and instead we have to use a test based on the statistic max(X).

It might also be the case that our assumption on the distribution of the weight is questionable. To avoid discussion we may use a distribution free test instead of a t-test.

A statistical test begins with a hypothesis; the form of that hypothesis determines the type(s) of test(s) that can be used. In some cases, only one is appropriate; in others, one may have some choice.

For example: if the hypothesis concerns the value of a single population mean ($$\mu $$), then a one sample test for mean is indicated. Whether the z-test or t-test should be used depends on other factors (each test has its own requirements).

A complete listing of the conditions under which each type of test is indicated is probably beyond the scope of this work; refer to the sections for the various types of tests for more information about the indications and requirements for each test.

title: Statistics/Testing Data/Types of Tests


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Cookbook:Fresh Mozzarella Bruschetta

| Appetizers

Bruschette are small, open-faced sandwiches of tomato and mozzarella cheese. They are delicious, quick and easy to make, and perfect appetizers.

Ingredients

 * 1 long loaf of crusty French bread
 * 3 medium ripe Roma tomatoes
 * 3 large fresh mozzarella balls
 * 24 fresh basil leaves
 * Coarse salt
 * Black pepper
 * Extra virgin olive oil
 * Oregano
 * Balsamic vinegar

Procedure

 * 1) Cut bread into ½ inch (1.27 cm) slices on the diagonal.
 * 2) Lightly toast bread in the oven on both sides.
 * 3) Cut tomatoes into ¼ inch (0.75 cm) slices, and place one on each slice of bread.
 * 4) Cut mozzarella balls into ¼ inch (0.75cm) slices and place on top of tomato.
 * 5) Slice basil into thin strips and sprinkle on top with the oregano.
 * 6) Combine olive oil and balsamic vinegar (to taste) in a small bowl
 * 7) Drizzle bruschetta with the mixture and sprinkle with salt and pepper.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * An optional re-toasting with toppings on will make the mozzarella melt and be even more delicious.
 * Authentic Italian bruschetta begins with rubbing roasted garlic cloves on the toasted bread slices.

title: Cookbook:Fresh Mozzarella Bruschetta


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Talk:Physics with Calculus/Mechanics/Newton's Laws

Too Wordy?
This is my first edit here, so I'm unsure how well this fits in. I wrote a lot of description (probably of mediocre quality) due to my experiences at teaching undergraduates, where I noticed that a lot of them needed a lot of work in conceptual foundations in the early part of the course in order to be able to apply the math in later segments. Usually a lot of students seem to understand the math, but their lack of conceptual understanding means that they don't know how to apply the equations that they learned in class. I also could not find any guidelines on how heavy this work should be on conceptual explanations.

Feel free to cut out huge chunks. Alwyn 02:36, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

N3L Incorrectly Explained?
The present explnation of N3L uses Fg and normal force (Fn - from the chair)... which is part of the concept of balanced forces in N1&2L...

... but the correct corresponding N3L force for Fg from the earth downwards on the person would be the Fg of the person upwards on the earth.

This is a very common mistake I see time and time again and leads to continuing confusion by 1st year students on this topic. A believe a better (albit unconventional) explanation is to restate N3L as "All forces exist between two objects". There is only one force Fg that acts on both the person and the earth, pulling them together.

The example given in the present article then places a chair between the person and the earth and complicates the situation by adding two new sets of normal forces - between the top of the chair and the person, and between the bottom of the chair and the earth.

I would suggest a change to reflect what I believe is a clearer explanation.

Hope this helps! 72.141.79.59 02:04, 8 March 2006 (UTC)jonB


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Old English/Appendices/Adjectives

This page will contain references for adjectives, irregular adjectives, and lists of adjective synonyms, antonyms, and themed lists.

Antonyms

 * cwicu (live)-dēad (dead)
 * eald (old)-geong (young)
 * eald (old)-nīwe (new)

Examples
Tō dēmenne ǣghwæðer ge þǣm cwicum ge þǣm dēadum - to judge both the quick and the dead

Lists of Adjectives

 * Living: cwicu, libbende
 * Age: eald, ealdorlic, ǣrra

title: Old English/Appendices/Adjectives


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German/Level I/Review 1

Review Section I.A: Lessons I.1 to I.3

Vocabulary
* You will need to know each expression with an asterisk (*) after it. The others, of course, would be useful to know if you are traveling to regions where they are used. (As you can see, the different German-speaking regions often have their own ways of saying hello and goodbye. However, you will not be required to know any of these less common phrases for any problems or tests.)

* The more formal form is Wie geht es Ihnen?

* Sie is the formal (polite) version of du and ihr.

* Remember, the formal way to ask someone's name is to ask Wie heißen Sie?

* The form of verbs for you (polite) — Sie is exactly the same as for the plural, 3rd person pronoun they — sie.

* Don't forget that the form for you (polite) — Sie is the same as for the plural, 3rd person pronoun they — sie.

* This is also the form for you (polite) — Sie.

* Note that Mädchen is neuter. (In fact, almost all words with the ending -chen are neuter.)

* Note that Mädchen is neuter.

Hello and Goodbyes
Can you remember the most common phrases for hellos and goodbyes in German?

Review

Mr. and Mrs.
How do you say Mr. and Mrs. in German?

Review

Replies to Wie geht's?
Do you remember how to reply to this question?

Review

Sie and du
Do you remember when to use Sie and when to use du?

Review

Subject Pronouns
Do you remember what a subject pronoun is? Do you remember the German subject pronouns?

Review

Names
Do you remember how to tell your or someone else's name?

Review

Important Verbs
Do you remember how to conjugate heißen, sein, and haben?

Review

The German Alphabet
Do you remember how to spell the German letters?

Review

Forming Questions
Do you remember the word order in questions and the most common question words?

Review

Articles
Do you remember the definite and indefinite articles in German?

Review

title: German/Level I/Review 1


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Talk:Quantum Mechanics/Fermions and Boson

I'm new here, so I may have missed some discussion. Any idea how much should go here, and how much of the discussion of Fermions and Bosons should go down in discussions of the Standard Model? Alwyn 04:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Developing A Universal Religion

Structure
I was wondering why you would want to structure such a thing. Don't you think its not something that could be standardized? Do you think religion is something that should be universal, or are we in need of a universal set of moral values? P.S. Surprised to see no one has said anything on this idea. It's a great subject for dispute. --Special:Contributions/68.168.206.55, 09:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that it is a great subject for dispute. Because Wikibooks is a resource, however, it's only function is to convey pertinent information in the most concise manner possible.  The information in this book is certainly pertinent to many readers, but the format of questions, dispute, and persuasiveness requires the reader to come up with their own answers in many cases.  This would be inconsistent with the "textbook" mission of Wikibooks.  If we are to turn this persuasive writing into a textbook, we will have to rewrite it as a resource, which will require additional research and a focus on filling existing needs rather than attempting to create perception of a need in the reader.  --Zephram Stark 14:57, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Globalisation and moral code
Hello: In my opinion, globalisation, global moral questions (e.g., use of fetal stem cells, pollution, global warming, loss of rain forests, and many other examples) necessitate a "universal moral code." Such a code might be used by global leaders to make important decisions, the kind that will affect our grand-children's future. I think that a suitable "universal religion" need not replace any individual's own personal religion, but it might be something that communities might use to seek/obtain consensus. However, if this kind of discussion could be useful to students/adults, is there a place in the Wiki entity where it might be placed, please? David H 22:10, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Zephram Stark's objection
I think that Zephram Stark's objection to the format would rule out many established works that have been regarded as valid textbooks for centuries, in some cases millennia. The most obvious being Plato's Dialogues. Socratic dialogue is almost by definition in the form of 'questions, dispute, and persuasiveness' and of course 'requires the reader to come up with their own answers'. If Plato or Socrates were alive today and proposed to write a textbook of morals would we exclude the Phaedo? A textbook is not the same thing as a manual. When I was studying physics the books I used certainly did not contain all of the answers. I suspect that narrow definitions of textbooks would also exclude such works as Antony Flew's 'An Introduction to Western Philosphy' which is certainly a textbook even though it has no exercises. --kwhitefoot 19:18, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Oprhanded page
I found some orphaned pages that seem to be connected with this book:
 * Conclusion To Part Three
 * Conclusion To Part Two

--Derbeth talk 13:08, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Derbeth. Yes, these are un-needed copies of Conclusion To Part Three and Conclusion To Part Two. Can you delete the orphaned pages, please? David Hockey 19:52, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

A Different Perception of Religion
Hi all. Just some thoughts to chew on. Most people who would be attracted to a new (old made new) idea of human behaviour to help create a moral ethos, would turn off the second "religion" is mentioned. Unfortunately a growing part of the human race equates religion to disturbance, hate and war. The misdoings of all the religions and power brokers that drive them, have tarnished the unconscious connection we have with our perception of a God. This applies equally to any entity that presents such a being or moral code. My backgound is in psychotherapy, with a 45 years dedication to the human mind. A while ago I began a program to create an on-line organisation named the Fellowship of Peace, to try to overcome the issues I raised above. It is based on having people take responsibility for their own actions based on there affect on others, as well as themselves. It invites people of all religious beliefs, including non-believers, to adopt a different way of thinking towards others and to work towards a world peace through creating peace internally. Part of that process in involving cause and effect in their decision making, creates a non invasive way of modifying moral codes. If you are interested take a look at http://www.fellowshipofpeace.net to get the idea. Maybe this will help contributions to this book. I am also more than willing to contribute if anyone thinks this line of thought is a valid part of the book. Garyj —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Garyj (talk • contribs) 07:26, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Garyj:
 * Yes, I think that there must be many ways to solve the problems that memories-of-old-religious-happenings create in one’s mind!
 * But, the Fellowship of Peace’s belief in the existence of “an intelligence that encompasses all things human, animal, vegetable and mineral” prevent me from investigating all of the group’s ideas. What evidence is there to support this belief? Why is it stated? How does such a view effect your group’s ideas?
 * Why, as stated in the group’s Principles, must “the greediest, the most powerful must follow . . . (your) peace”? I think that this is a nice thing to hope for, but I do not think that all human beings would follow “peace.” Some need power, control over others, even to hurt others, more than they need peace, surely? For instance, how would the group handle the dictators of the world?
 * I wish The Fellowship of Peace success, but I think that the world needs more than I suspect that your organisation may be able to provide.
 * David Hockey 14:49, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the feedback David.
 * The suppositions used here are based on a view of the way individual unconscious programs inpact on the collective unconscious, and visa versa. Dictators like Hitler, and others, would not get the power unless they had a solid support base. The support base comes from the emotional connection to the collective unconscious which is simply the "average" emotional and content memory of the entire population. I know it sounds simplistic, but Hitlers power came from the disatisfaction of the German population at soaring inflation and poor economic management at the time. It was a simple process to blame this (rightly or wrongly) on the financial manipulations of Jewish money, and presto, youu have a strong, and very angry, following that allowed one man to take control. Dictators seem always to come from perceived oppression of a population or group.
 * Let's now take a look at the reverse scenario. If individuals work to find internal levels of personal peace, the emotional impact on the collective unconscious is lessened gradually so that the stresses and strains in a society are reduced. Under those conditions a dictator has less ability to gain status. By expanding this across borders, there is less chance of war occuring. And make no mistake, it will take generations to start to have a workable effect.
 * The above theory is based on my 40 years of studying the way populations and individuals function, both on a wide scale and at an individual clinical psychotherapy level. One gets a very clear understanding of how people respond in a penetrating clinical role that looks only the the processes and unconcious mind uses to protect an individual!
 * As for the concept of a universal intelligence. I am not referring to an entity. It refers to the total intelligent energy of all matter, solid or otherwise. Ultimately all things are just pure energy. That energy forms solids based on the localised content of the energy, including us. In a study of the basis and core of all religions it is this energy that humans tend to give a human form to.
 * We don't see it that way. We see everything as being that intelligent energy. It has nothing to do with right or wrong, light or dark, or even morals. Morals and ethics are purely a human concoction to enhance the power of the churches. If a universal religion (and I hate that word because of the perception it creates) is to work, it must be formed from rules of behaviour accepted by the mass of individuals, sometimes after an education process so that individuals understand the desired outcome in an unselfish way. I have said elsewhere in this book that that initial education needs to come from authority figures (parents) in the first five years of life to create a solid base.
 * Would love to have your further feedback.
 * Gary —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Garyj (talk • contribs) 05:41, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, and just as an aside, the Fellowship of Peace is only one avenue and does not claim to be the whole solution. You are very right in this. It's just that someone needed to do something to start and I couldn't find anyone doing anything. I am excited that you have kicked these discussions off and I take my hat off to you. We MUST not let this die!
 * Gary —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Garyj (talk • contribs) 05:44, 27 January 2006  (UTC)

 * Hello Gary:
 * Sorry to be so late in replying; we've been on vacation.
 * I agree that all things we know about are "made from energy." I don’t know what giving a “human form to… energy” means.
 * Sure, churches elaborated morals and ethics, but language-users need some purpose to allow them to say what is the “right” way to behave when “moral” questions are asked. For example, to say whether it is “good” or “bad” to use fetal stem cells, one must have in mind what one hopes to achieve by using them. The hope to get into heaven might prompt one to say “no, don’t use them.” Wishing to advance civilisation might tell one to say “yes, do use them.”
 * David Hockey 21:36, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Hi, im new here. I believe that the concept of God cannot be separated from the religions. The idea of an universal religion should gather the positive values of them and not an atheistic view of them. The main scope must be to gather most of their believes in order to make them universal.

For example the religions that are more known are the Theist religions. However Buddhists dont workship an especific God, Nevertheless they workship the enlightement. The Enligthement or the supreme knowledge, can be consider as God. In this way Buddhists could workship God considering him as the total Enlightement, therefore God could be an universal concept within all the religions.

Also the concept of the afterlife is something extremly important in several religions. One can name it with different names such as Heaven, Nirava, Paradise, enlightenment etc. But there is one afterlife. therefore all this ideas could be grasped and mixed, in order to be aware that there is an afterlife, and that will enhace the importance of the practice of moral values.

In order to develop an universal religion you must combine the ambiguous cultures of their ancient values, with the philosopical knowledge, in order to make an universal religion without any funtamentalist believes.

I personately disagree about what you said about people fighting over who will be a prophet. I think that men are sinners, and therefore they can make awfull religious wars, however that dosent spoils the religion. people like that are just behaving in a fundamental way, and they are acting against most of the true values o their own religions. Ledzeppelin21 16:31, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

the totality of what people are doing
a universal religion, will have to look at the totality of what people are doing ie suffering www.Dhamma.org Yes, I agree. David Hockey 13:47, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Well isn't this opinionated
I believe religion is a personal thing, but it's only my view. But the main fact is this is doing the same thing as giving out Christian leaflets... In my opinion it isn't theology at all - it really should be removed from wikibooks Wikisquared 20:35, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

A revised Introduction
The following was moved from the Introduction to this discussion section. I think that it has not fully considered points addressed in the four Parts. David Hockey 12:57, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It is pro se that a universal religion must be developed based on widely held values and wisdom. Although this religion should be rational, it should not be treated or viewed as science.  However, like science its assumptions should be minimal.  As such there is no need for a belief in God.  The function of religion is to reaffirm the communities belief system and values.  It is also self-evident that no single "prophet" or magical revelation should shape the core beliefs.  The world is exhausting itself with fights over the question: "Who is God's prophet?"

proposal to merge sections
I propose that we merge the four sections of the book into one book, using this as the main page of the book and then turning the section titled "developing a universal religion" simply into "Development". If discussion does not ensue before around a week resulting in a contrary consensus, then I will go ahead and "be bold". Emesee (talk) 05:54, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I think I am going to start "being bold" unless someone waiting to pounce on this starts up a discussion with within the next hour or so, give or take an hour. Emesee (talk) 03:16, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
 * This could perhaps be split into four different books... sort of one more than a trilogy... a tetralogy. Emesee (talk) 04:16, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

tangentially more for later (perhaps)
Being human is a subjective experience, no? There are certain parts that may be objective. However, by the vary nature of the term (subjective), we do experience subjective aspects of reality.

What aspects of the things that we experience subjectively could we put into the realm of the objective? Suppose we say that happiness is a preferable state to unhappiness. Is this not an objective truth based on the very nature of definitions of happiness and unhappiness?

Different things make different people happy and unhappy.

Could we connect certain things with theological truths? ...

Just getting it out there. Emesee (talk) 06:29, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

more text for later inclusion or not
Let us start by examining the basic tenets of various religions to determine if they are logical and acceptable.

Suppose there is one God. Does that seem realistic? Can you see this God with your eyes? Can you infer the God is there by the effects that occur around you in the same way they infer some mysterious dark energy exists?

Suppose there is one God, and suppose this God is all good, all knowing, and all powerful.

Is there anything this God could not do? By definition... Emesee (talk) 03:04, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Hello Emesee.

I should let you know that the four Parts were/are from a book I published in 2003. I can send you a .pdf file of it, if you want. (Email me if you do want it.) Your suggestion for “more text for later inclusion or not” sounds like a new exploration. Are you going to start a new book using it?

David Hockey (talk) 18:25, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I figured books at Wikibooks is not static and never actually frozen. This does bring up an interesting issue. Emesee (talk) 22:42, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

an article with interesting logic
http://bethinking.org/who-am-i/intermediate/the-practical-impossibility-of-atheism-in-the-meaning-value-and-purpose-of-life.htm Emesee (talk) 22:31, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

more...
By Catholic Church Ignatius designated the Christian Church in its universal aspect, excluding heretics, such as those who disavow "the Eucharist to be the flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ, which suffered for our sins, and which the Father, of His goodness, raised up again" (Smyrnaeans, 7). He called such people "beasts in the shape of men, whom you must not only not receive, but, if it be possible, not even meet with" (Smyrnaeans, 4). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic)

... Emesee (talk) 09:09, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

It would be a terrible thing to have a Universal Religion
I don’t think it is possible artificially create a universal of anything. People are different and have different test and values and different opinions.

It would make more sense to create a “customized” religion that fit for a particular individual or help people to choose the right religion for them.

I am assuming though that the purpose of finding the right religion is to help a person to live a happier life. Ervinn (talk) 00:49, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Would it? Emesee mobi (talk) 06:12, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

What is "religion?"
A common view today, among rationalist and empiricist religious revisionists, is to shoehorn the broad phenomenon of religion into a singular mass self-deception which may have a mix of beneficial and harmful personal and social consequences. While this may be comforting and conducive to hasty conclusions for some, it is in fact quite delusional.

Example. "According to the meta-science of evolutionary psychology, religion is a survival tool, an attempt to develop those 'feelings' that help us survive - dealing with our neighbours, accepting certain constraints and holding certain opinions, working together for some purpose such as world peace international justice, or the glory of God is as much an emotional response to things that we find life-threatening as much as a rational response to 'making the world better'."

First, evolutionary psychology may be a meta-science or it may just be a hypothetical construction. Tagging something as "science" affords ideas a certain sense of veracity and realness only to a somewhat careless audience. The premise that religion should, at most, be accepted with a wink and a nod, by "realists," as a social and personal coping mechanism is nothing but an additional careless assumption which only indicates the prejudiced mind of the author.

Empiricism and rationalism are two more religions which preach creation myths to the "faithful" about where consciousness, life and the universe all have their origin. Intoxicating terms like "complexity," "emergence" and "singularity" are invoked by this clergy to rouse a irrational exuberance in the intellectual true believers.

Such a project as this would do well to reconsider the role and reality of religion in human civilization as well as a complete reevaluation of the extent to which science offers true teleological and eschatological conclusions. Science works within a certain domain and within that domain, it is useful. Beyond that domain, the practitioners and enthusiasts of science have trouble admitting their limitations. This should be remedied.

With respect to religion, appreciate the diversity and don't hesitate to refer to people such as William James and Emile Durkheim, for starters, for a better understanding of the deep ocean one is wading into while expecting a kiddie pool.

Yes, please keep💜
Please keep the book up TheTruthstoria (discuss • contribs) 13:03, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Developing A Universal Religion


text:
Radiation Oncology/Supportive care/Hot flashes

Treatment of Hot Flashes

Estrogens

 * Estrogen replacement therapy is effective, but its use in BCA patients is not indicated due to an increase in new breast cancer events

 * HABITS (1997-2003)
 * Randomized. Stopped prematurely for increased risk of breast cancer. 434 women randomized/345 at least one follow-up. DCIS to Stage II BCA. Tamoxifen allowed. Arm 1) Hormone replacement therapy (choice allowed locally) x2 years vs. Arm 2) control. HRT given as estrogen only (21%), continuously combined regimens (46%), sequential regimens (26%), and non-protocol treatments or no HRT (6%). In non-HRT group, 18% exposed to HRT
 * 2004 PMID 14962527 -- "HABITS (hormonal replacement therapy after breast cancer--is it safe?), a randomised comparison: trial stopped." (Holmberg L, Lancet. 2004 Feb 7;363(9407):453-5.) Median F/U 2.1 years
 * Outcome: new breast cancer event HRT 15% vs. non-HRT 5% (SS). LR 6% vs. 1%, DM 6% vs. 3%, contralateral 3% vs. 0.6%
 * Conclusion: Hormone-replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms represents unacceptable risk for new breast cancer events

Progestins

 * Progestins offer significant and long-lasting relief
 * Depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera): IM injection. 400 mg one dose, can consider additional 500 mg at 2 week intervals x2
 * Megestrol acetate: 20 mg PO QD

 * NCCTG N99C7 (2002-2004) -- Medroxyprogesterone 400 mg IM vs venlafaxine 75 mg PO
 * Randomized. 227 patients with bothersome hot flashes. Tamoxifen, raloxifene, and AI allowed, antineoplastics, androgens, and estrogens not allowed. Arm 1) Medroxyprogesterone (MPA) 400 mg IM x1 vs Arm 2) MPA 500 mg IM x3 Q2W vs Arm 3 venlafaxine 37.5 mg QD x 1 week, then 75 mg QD. Due to slow accrual, Arm 2 was discontinued.
 * 2006 PMID 16505409 — "Phase III Comparison of Depomedroxyprogesterone Acetate to Venlafaxine for Managing Hot Flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N99C7." (Loprinzi CL, JCO 2006 Mar 20;24(9):1409-14.)
 * Outcome: reduction in hot flashes MPA 79% vs. venlafaxine 55% (SS), reduction by >50% MPA 74% vs. venlafaxine 46% (SS)
 * Toxicity: Better in MPA arm
 * Conclusion: Single MPA dose well tolerated and more effective than venlafaxine

 * SWOG 9626 (1998-2000) -- placebo vs. megestrol 20 mg vs. megestrol 40 mg
 * 2008 PMID 18375894 -- "Phase III randomized placebo-controlled trial of two doses of megestrol acetate as treatment for menopausal symptoms in women with breast cancer: Southwest Oncology Group Study 9626." (Goodwin JW, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Apr 1;26(10):1650-6.)
 * Randomized. 288 women with T1-3N01, at least 10 hot flashes/week. Tamoxifen allowed (85%). Arm 1) placebo vs. Arm 2) megestrol acetate (MA) 20 mg QD vs. Arm 3) MA 40 mg QD x3 months. Success at 3 months defined as >= 75% reduction
 * Outcome: 3 months success placebo 14% vs. MA 20 mg 65% (SS) vs MA 40 mg 48% (SS). 6 months success 77% vs. 81%
 * Conclusion: megestrol significantly reduced hot flashes with durable benefit. MA 20 mg/d is preferred dose

 * Italy (1996-1998) -- medroxyprogesterone 500 mg vs. megestrol 40 mg
 * Randomized. 71 postmenopausal patients with BCA. Arm 1) depot medroxyprogesterone (MPA) IM 500 mg day 1, 14 and 28 vs. Arm 2) oral megestrol 40 mg QD x6 weeks
 * 2002 PMID 12123333 -- "Intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone versus oral megestrol for the control of postmenopausal hot flashes in breast cancer patients: a randomized study." (Bertelli G, Ann Oncol. 2002 Jun;13(6):883-8.)
 * Outcome: At week 6, hot flash reduction MPA 75% vs. oral megestrol 67% (NS); at week 24, MPA 89% vs. oral megestrol 45% (SS)
 * Toxicity: vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, fatigue, night sweats, but most relatively minor
 * Conclusion: Short cycle of IM MPA injections provide significant and long-lasting relief

 * Mayo Clinic (1992-1993) -- placebo vs. megestrol 40 mg
 * Randomized, cross-over. 163 patients (97 women with breast CA and 66 men with prostate), with bothersome hot flashes. Arm 1) placebo vs. Arm 2) megestrol 40 mg x4, then crossed over
 * 1994 PMID 8028614 -- "Megestrol acetate for the prevention of hot flashes." (Loprinzi CL, N Engl J Med. 1994 Aug 11;331(6):347-52.)
 * Outcome: At 4 weeks, hot flash reduction placebo 21% vs. megestrol 85% (SS), >50% reduction placebo 20% vs. megestrol 74% (SS). Efficacy similar in men and women
 * Toxicity: well tolerated
 * Cross-over portion not analyzed due to longer-term benefit from megestrol in patients initially treated with megestrol vs. placebo
 * Conclusion: Low-dose megestrol well tolerated and efficacious in men and women
 * 1998 PMID 9576302 -- "Long term use of megestrol acetate by cancer survivors for the treatment of hot flashes." (Quella SK, Cancer. 1998 May 1;82(9):1784-8.)
 * Retrospective. 132/163 patients. Long-term follow-up for the initial cohort
 * Outcome: 45% continued megestrol >3 years after conclusion of study; 75% utilizing <=20 mg/day
 * Toxicities: chills, appetite stimulation, weight gain, vaginal bleeding, and carpal tunnel
 * Conclusion: Substantial proportion of patients continue to use megestrol; treatment relatively well tolerated

Paroxetine (Paxil)

 * US Multi-Institutional (2001-2002) -- placebo vs. paroxetine 12.5 vs. paroxetine 25 mg
 * 2003 PMID 12783913 -- "Paroxetine controlled release in the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled trial." (Stearns V, JAMA. 2003 Jun 4;289(21):2827-34.)
 * Randomized. 165 women, functionally menopausal. No hormonal therapy. Arm 1) placebo vs. Arm 2) paroxetine CR 12.5 mg/d vs. Arm 3) paroxetine CR 25 mg/d
 * Outcome: 6 week mean reduction placebo 38% vs. paroxetine 12.5 62% vs. paroxetine 25 65%
 * Toxicity: Not different from placebo (54% vs. 58%)
 * Conclusion: Paroxetine CR may be effective and acceptable alternative

 * US Multi-Institutional (1999-2002) -- placebo vs. paroxetine 10 mg vs. paroxetine 20 mg
 * Randomized, 2 cross-over studies. 151 women, with or without h/o BCA, not candidate for HRT, with troublesome hot flashes. Arm 1) paroxetine 10 mg x4 weeks then placebo 4 weeks vs. Arm 2) paroxetine 20 mg x4 weeks then placebo 4 weeks vs. Arm 3) placebo x4 weeks then paroxetine 10 mg x4 weeks vs. Arm 4) placebo x4 weeks then paroxetine 20 mg
 * 2005 PMID 16192581 -- "Paroxetine is an effective treatment for hot flashes: results from a prospective randomized clinical trial." (Stearns V, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 1;23(28):6919-30.)
 * Outcome: Reduction in hot flashes placebo 14% vs. paroxetine 10 46% (SS) vs. paroxetine 20 56% (SS). Also significant benefit in sleep
 * Toxicity: Women more likely to discontinue paroxetine 20 mg
 * Conclusion: Paroxetine effective treatment for hot flashes

Venlafaxine (Effexor)

 * See also gabapentin vs venlafaxine

 * NCCTG N99C7 (2002-2004) -- Medroxyprogesterone 400 mg IM vs venlafaxine 75 mg PO
 * Randomized. 227 patients with bothersome hot flashes. Tamoxifen, raloxifene, and AI allowed, antineoplastics, androgens, and estrogens not allowed. Arm 1) Medroxyprogesterone (MPA) 400 mg IM x1 vs Arm 2) MPA 500 mg IM x3 Q2W vs Arm 3 venlafaxine 37.5 mg QD x 1 week, then 75 mg QD. Due to slow accrual, Arm 2 was discontinued.
 * 2006 PMID 16505409 — "Phase III Comparison of Depomedroxyprogesterone Acetate to Venlafaxine for Managing Hot Flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N99C7." (Loprinzi CL, JCO 2006 Mar 20;24(9):1409-14.)
 * Outcome: reduction in hot flashes MPA 79% vs. venlafaxine 55% (SS), reduction by >50% MPA 74% vs. venlafaxine 46% (SS)
 * Toxicity: Better in MPA arm
 * Conclusion: Single MPA dose well tolerated and more effective than venlafaxine 75 mg

 * US Multi-Institutional (1999) -- placebo vs. venlafaxine 37.5 mg vs. 75 mg vs. 150 mg
 * Randomized. 191 patients, h/o BCA or concerned about developing BCA. Tamoxifen, raloxifene and AI allowed. Androgens, estrogens not allowed. Arm 1) placebo vs. Arm 2) venlafaxine 37.5 mg vs. Arm 3) venlafaxine 75 mg vs. Arm 4) venlafaxine 150 mg, taken x4 weeks
 * 2000 PMID 11145492 -- "Venlafaxine in management of hot flashes in survivors of breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial." (Loprinizi CL, Lancet. 2000 Dec 16;356(9247):2059-63.)
 * Outcome: After 4 weeks, median hot flash reduced by placebo 27% vs 37.5 mg 37% vs 75 mg 61% vs. 150 mg 61%
 * Toxicity: mouth dryness, decreased appetite, nausea, constipation worse in 75 mg and 150 mg groups
 * Outcome: Venlafaxine effective, favor 75 mg QD dose

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

 * Mayo Clinic (1998-2000) -- placebo vs. fluoxetine 20 mg
 * Randomized, cross-over. 81 patients with h/o BCA or perceived increased risk of BCA, bothersome hot flashes. Tamoxifen or raloxifene allowed. No androgens, estrogens, progestational drugs or chemotherapy. Arm 1) placebo vs. Arm 2) fluoxetine 20 mg x4 weeks. After 4 weeks, cross-over.
 * 2002 PMID 11896107 -- "Phase III evaluation of fluoxetine for treatment of hot flashes." (Loprinzi CL, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Mar 15;20(6):1578-83.)
 * Outcome: After 4 weeks (cross-over), hot flash decrease placebo 36% vs. fluoxetine 50% (NS); after cross-over fluoxetine arm better (SS)
 * Conclusion: Fluoxetine 20 mg modestly effective

Citalopram (Celexa)

 * NCCTG -- citalopram 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, vs placebo
 * Randomized. 254 postmenopausal women.
 * 2010 PMID 20498389 -- "Phase III, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Three Doses of Citalopram for the Treatment of Hot Flashes: NCCTG Trial N05C9." (Barton DL, J Clin Oncol. 2010 July 10;28(20):3278-83.)
 * Reduction in mean hot flash score 23% (placebo), 49%, 50%, 55% (10,20,30 mg). Secondary outcomes superior in 20 mg arm.
 * Citalopram is effective.

Escitalopram (Lexapro)

 * U. Pennsylvania (2009-10) - escitalopram 10-20 mg vs placebo
 * Randomized. 205 menopausal women.
 * 2011 PMID 21245182 -- "Efficacy of escitalopram for hot flashes in healthy menopausal women: a randomized controlled trial." (Freeman EW, JAMA. 2011 Jan 19;305(3):267-74.)
 * Escitalopram is effective in reducing hot flashes and is well tolerated.

Gabapentin
Gabapentin was designed as a simple analogue of GABA that would be sufficiently lipid-soluble to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. It turned out to be an effective anticonvulsant in several animal models but, surprisingly, not by acting on GABA receptors. It main site of action appears to be on T-type calcium channel function, by binding to particular channel subunit, and it inhibits the release of various neurotransmitters and modulators, but eh details remain unclear.
 * See also gabapentin vs venlafaxine

 * NCCTG N03C5 -- antidepresant + gabapentin vs. gabapentin alone
 * Randomized. 188 patients, inadequate hot flash control on an antidepressant. Randomized to Arm 1) antidepressant + addition of gabapentin vs. Arm 2) tapering of antidepressant + addition of gabapentin. Observation x5 weeks
 * 2007 PMID 17146104 -- "Phase III trial of gabapentin alone or in conjunction with an antidepressant in the management of hot flashes in women who have inadequate control with an antidepressant alone: NCCTG N03C5." (Loprinzi CL, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jan 20;25(3):308-12. Epub 2006 Dec 4.)
 * 5-week outcome: antidepressant + gabapentin 54% reduction vs. gabapentin 49% (NS)
 * Conclusion: Gabapentin decreases hot flashes by ~50%, regardless of concurrent antidepressant

 * Rochester (2002-4) -- estrogens, gabapentin, vs. placebo
 * 2006 PMID 16816054 — "Gabapentin, estrogen, and placebo for treating hot flushes: a randomized controlled trial." (Reddy SY, Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jul;108(1):41-8.)
 * Randomized, double blind. 60 postmenopausal women w/ moderate to severe hot flashes. Randomized to 1) conjugated estrogens, 2) gabapentin (to 2400 mg/d), or 3) placebo.
 * Hot flash score reduced by 72% (estrogen), 71% (gabapentin), and 54% (placebo) over 12 week period. Difference between arms 1 & 2 not significant.
 * Conclusion: similar efficacy of gabapentin and estrogens

 * Rochester (2001-3) -- high dose (900 mg/d) vs low dose (300 mg/d) gabapentin vs placebo
 * 2005 PMID 16139656 — "Gabapentin for hot flashes in 420 women with breast cancer: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial." (Pandya KJ, Lancet. 2005 Sep 3-9;366(9488):818-24.)
 * Randomized, double blind. 420 women with history of breast cancer. Randomized to 1) gabapentin 100 mg TID, 2) gabapentin 300 mg TID, or 3) placebo.
 * Hot flash severity score decreased by 31% (300 mg), 46% (900 mg), and 15% (placebo) over 8 week period; difference between 300 mg and 900 mg doses is S.S.
 * Conclusion: gabapentin is effective at reducing hot flashes at the 900 mg/d dose but not at 300 mg/d.

 * Rochester (2000-1) -- low dose gabapentin (900 mg/d) vs placebo
 * 2003 PMID 12576259 — "Gabapentin's effects on hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial." (Guttuso T Jr, Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Feb;101(2):337-45.)
 * Randomized, double blind. 59 postmenopausal women. Randomized to 1) gabapentin (100 mg TID) or 2) placebo. After 12 week period, pts optionally could enroll in open-label study of gabapentin, titrating up to 2700 mg/d.
 * At 12 weeks, gabapentin associated with 45% reduction in hot flash frequency and 54% reduction in hot flash composite score vs 29% and 31% for placebo. Higher reduction in symptoms with higher dose in open-label study.
 * Conclusion: gabapentin is effective at reducing hot flashes in postmenopausal women

Pregabalin

 * NCCTG/Mayo -- 75 mg BID vs 150 mg BID vs placebo
 * 2010 PMID 19901102 -- "Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of Pregabalin for Alleviating Hot Flashes, N07C1" (Loprinzi CL, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 1;28(4):641-7.)
 * Randomized. 163 pts. Assessed at week 6.
 * Hot flash score decreased by 50% (placebo), 65% (75mg) and 71% (150mg); SS vs placebo. Pregabalin was well tolerated.
 * Conclusion: pregabalin decreases hot flashes and is well tolerated.

Acupuncture

 * Henry Ford Health System (2004-2007) -- acupuncture vs venlafaxine
 * Randomized. 50 patients with Stage 0-III breast cancer, pre- or postmenopausal, on TAM or arimidex, ≥ 14 hot flashes/week, finished chemotherapy. Arm 1) acupuncture x12 weeks vs Arm 2) venlafaxine 75 mg QD x12 weeks. Primary outcome hot flash frequency
 * 2010 PMID 20038728 -- "Acupuncture versus venlafaxine for the management of vasomotor symptoms in patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial" (Walker EM, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 1;28(4):634-40. Epub 2009 Dec 28.)
 * Outcome: No difference in hot flashes, depressive symptoms, and QoL. By 2 weeks after treatment, venlafaxine group significant increase in hot flashes but no increase for acupuncture group. In addition, acupuncture improved sex drive and well-being
 * Toxicity: Venlafaxine 18 incidences of adverse effects vs none in acupuncture group
 * Conclusion: Acupuncture appears equivalent to drug therapy for vasomotory symptoms due to hormone therapy

 * MSKCC (2002-2005) -- acupuncture vs. sham
 * Randomized. 72 women with 3+ hot flashes/day. Arm 1) acupuncture vs. Arm 2) sham acupuncture, twice/week x4 weeks. Cross-over at 4 weeks
 * 2007 PMID 18065731 -- "Randomized, controlled trial of acupuncture for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients." (Deng G, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 10;25(35):5584-90.)
 * Outcome: mean reduction acupuncture 2.5 vs. sham 2.6 hot flashes/day (NS), at 6 weeks difference of 0.8 hot flashes/day (NS)
 * Conclusion: No difference between acupuncture and sham, both groups showed reduction

Hypnosis

 * Multi-Institutional -- hypnosis vs control
 * Randomized. 51/60 patients. Breast cancer survivors, no detectable disease, hot flashes >14 per week. Arm 1) hypnosis 5 sessions x50 minutes QW vs Arm 2) no treatment. 20% withdrew or lost to follow up
 * 2008 PMID 18809612 -- "Randomized Trial of a Hypnosis Intervention for Treatment of Hot Flashes Among Breast Cancer Survivors." (Elkins G, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Sep 22. [Epub ahead of print])
 * Outcome: Hot flashes (frequency x severity score) decreased by 68%. Sleep, and mood significantly better with hypnosis
 * Conclusion: Hypnosis appears to reduce perceived hot flashes, and my have additional benefits such as reduced anxiety, depression, and improved sleep

Randomized comparisons

 * Hamilton, Ontario -- venlafaxine vs gabapentin
 * Randomized, cross-over trial. 66 pts (breast cancer survivors). 4 weeks of gabapentin (300 mg TID) vs venlafaxine (75 mg qd). Primary end point: patient preference.
 * 2010 PMID 21060031 -- "Multicenter, Randomized, Cross-Over Clinical Trial of Venlafaxine Versus Gabapentin for the Management of Hot Flashes in Breast Cancer Survivors." (Bordeleau L, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print])
 * 56 of 66 pts indicated a preference - 68% venlafaxine, 32% gabapentin. 10 pts no response (8 dropped out, 2 no preference).
 * 66% reduction of hot flashes in both arms.
 * Conclusion: Breast cancer survivors prefer venlafaxine over gabapentin for treatment of hot flashes