text:
Wikijunior:Solar System/The Sun

What is the Sun?
The Sun is a star — the closest star to Earth. It is a large ball of very hot gas in a (plasma) state. The air we breathe and the helium in a balloon are both gases. It is over 5,500 °C at the surface, and much hotter at the center, about 15 million °C. The Sun is made of mostly hydrogen (70%) and helium (28%). It turns many tons of hydrogen into helium every second, thus creating heat and light.

The Sun makes light and heat that warms the surface of the Earth and allows plants to grow. We can get food from plants, and we can burn wood and other parts of plants to cook, warm our houses, and make cars go. Without the Sun there could not be any life on Earth.

How big is the Sun?
The Sun is very big — much, MUCH bigger than the Earth! Even the mighty planet Jupiter is small by comparison. It is more than a million km (109 Earths) across and contains about 99.86% of the Solar System's mass. If you could stand on the surface of the Sun, you would weigh 28 times as much as you do on Earth because the Sun has more mass and therefore more gravitational pull than earth.

More than a million Earths could fit beneath the surface of the Sun. It doesn't look that big from Earth, though. That's because the Sun is so far away. Compared to other stars, the Sun is about average-sized. There are much bigger stars, and much smaller stars.

A very thin solar wind of charged particles blows from the Sun all the way to the edge of the Solar System. When it gets there, the gases mix with those coming from other stars.

What is the surface like?
The Sun doesn't have a crust like the Earth that you can stand on. The whole Sun is made out of gases, fire, and plasma. The gas becomes thinner as you go farther from the center of the Sun. The outer-part we see when we look at the Sun is called the photosphere, which means "ball of light". We call it the surface of the Sun because that's where most of the light we see comes from. There is actually a lot of material from the Sun above the photosphere, and some of the gas is even blasted away to great distances.

How does the sun make light and heat?
The Sun is the main source of energy for the Earth. This energy is made deep inside the Sun in a process called nuclear fusion. Four hydrogen atoms are fused together to make one helium atom. Some of the leftover matter turns into energy. This is the same way energy is released in a hydrogen bomb.

Core: The center of the Sun is very dense. It's about 12 times as dense as lead. That means that a gallon of the gas from the core of the Sun would weigh half a ton. It's also very hot — about 15,000,000 °C. This region is where most of the nuclear reactions are taking place.

Radiative zone: In this zone the light and heat produced in the core fight their way out towards the surface. The gases that make up the zone are very dense and keep absorbing and emitting the rays. Have you ever tried to run through water? That's what it's like for light waves in this region of the Sun. Light can't go very far at all before it runs into something. Then it bounces off in a different direction. The light doesn't get very far this way. It can take a single ray of light a million years to get out of this zone.

Convection zone: Have you ever seen the air shimmer above a fire? Perhaps you've been told it's because heat rises? Actually, it is the hot air that is rising. Hot gases get less dense and rise. Cold gases get denser and sink. In this zone, the gases are less dense. They behave like air in a fireplace. Gas at the bottom of the zone gets heated up from below. It rises to the surface, gives off its heat to space, and sinks again. The gas in the convection zone forms currents like those in Earth’s oceans and atmosphere. The currents are called convection cells.

What are sunspots?
Sunspots are dark spots on the Sun, but they are still brighter than lightning. Sunspots look darker than the rest of the Sun because they are a little cooler. Even though sunspots are cooler than the rest of the Sun, they are still hot — about 4000 °C (7000 °F). Sunspots are caused by changes in the Sun’s magnetic field. The magnetic field stops convection, which causes the sunspot areas to cool off and become darker. Sunspots usually form in groups which are carried around the Sun as it rotates.

The number of sunspots we see goes up and down in a cycle of average length about 11 years.

What is the Solar Atmosphere like?
Above the photosphere, the Sun’s gases are not very dense at all. There are two layers that we can see with special telescopes. Above that, gases stream out as solar wind that reaches to the edge of the Solar System.

Prominences and solar flares
If you have a telescope with special filters, you can see bumps around the edge of the Sun. Each one of these is called a prominence. They look like volcanoes erupting. They are hundreds or thousands of kilometers long. Some are bigger than the Earth. They often seem to come from sunspots. Sometimes they get so far away from the Sun that they fly away from it. Then they are called solar flares.

Chromosphere
Chromosphere means "color ball". It is just above the photosphere. It is not as bright as the photosphere, and you can't normally see it. But you can see it just before a solar eclipse (only with special filters!). It looks like a flash of all the colors of light. Surprisingly, the Chromosphere is even hotter than the photosphere, at some parts over 20,000 °C.

Corona
Corona means "crown." That is what pictures of the corona look like. It is just above the chromosphere. It is hotter than the photosphere, and it glows. It is made of thin gases, and blows away as solar wind. It shifts and changes, but it is hard to see, even with special telescopes.

Solar wind
At the top of the corona, some of the gas blows out as solar wind. It blows fast — about 60 km per second (more than 100,000 miles per hour). But there isn't very much of it. The solar wind is strong enough to push dust and gas away from a comet to make a tail.

The solar wind can even push big things. In 1960, the satellite Echo I was put into orbit. It was a large balloon. Since it was so large and light, the solar wind pushed it around in its orbit. In the future, some space craft may use the solar wind to travel between planets using solar sails similar to the way sailboats use the Earth's wind in their sails to cross the ocean.

Heliopause
Heliopause is where the solar wind hits the wind from other stars. Near here, the solar wind slows down suddenly. In May 2005, the Voyager I spacecraft went through this region and felt a big bump. It is now just inside the heliopause. Because this happens so far from Earth, it is hard to study!

What is solar weather?
Did you know the Sun has weather? Earth weather is what is going on in Earth’s atmosphere. Solar weather is what's going on in the Sun’s atmosphere. Solar weather affects us on Earth. Solar weather (also called space weather) includes sunlight and the solar wind.

Solar flares shoot a lot of very hot gas out from the Sun. If a solar flare is aimed towards Earth, protons — subatomic particles with positive electric charge — might be shot at Earth at high speed, and a solar storm could result. That could cause electrical blackouts or block radio signals. It could damage satellites in orbit. Radiation from a bad solar storm could be very dangerous for astronauts, so they must be protected. The Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere usually protect us from flares.

Solar flares can also cause an aurora. Auroras look like beautiful curtains of shimmering light. They are called Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis) if they are near the North Pole. They are called Southern Lights (Aurora Australis) if they are near the South Pole. Solar weather affects other planets, too. We have pictures of auroras on every planet except Mercury and Pluto.

Just like we can get Earth weather forecasts, we can get Solar weather forecasts. Forecasters study the Sun to figure out when flares will happen. They try to tell when solar storms will hit Earth. They also try to tell when solar storms will go to other parts of the Solar System.

Next Topic: Mercury

The life cycle of a star
A forming sun's life starts out as a nebula; this is a cloud of gas made up mostly of hydrogen. Over time the nebula contracts; its core becomes more and more compact and hotter until it can fuse hydrogen to helium. This fusion becomes its power source. After this, the star will look very much like our sun. They fuse hydrogen atoms together to make helium atoms.

After billions of years, this star will die. The star will exhaust its supply of hydrogen in its core, so that there will no longer be any source of heat to support the core against gravity. The core shrinks, and the hydrogen starts to burn in a shell around the core. The outer layers of the star swell and cool, creating a red giant. This is all with an ordinary star and will be the life cycle of our sun, although the process may vary from star to star. When our sun becomes a red giant it will consume Mercury and Venus, and possibly the Earth. The sun will then begin a cycle of expansion and contraction, puffing away its outer atmosphere as the solar system becomes a planetary nebula. Once the sun can not longer sustain fusion, it will collapse down and condense into a white dwarf star. At this stage the light it emits is the left over energy of our dead sun, radiating the residual heat until eventually the white dwarf cools and darkens.

Exploration of the Sun
Early space probes designed to collect information about the sun were NASA's Pioneers 5 through 9 and the Helios 1 and 2. Those were in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s. They collected a lot of data about the Sun. Other projects observed the Sun from Earth orbit, such as a Japanese satellite launched in 1991 called Yohkoh, which means Sunbeam in English. It told scientists more about solar flares, and activity on the sun's surface. Thanks to Yohkoh, they knew more about how to classify solar flares, and whether or not they will cause electrical disturbance on Earth or not. Two important missions to study Sun are called the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SHO) and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). They have taken many pictures of the Sun, along with discovering many comets near the Sun. All of these observations were across the Sun's equator. The first space probe to observe the Sun's poles was named Ulysses, after a famous Greek king who traveled on a very, very long voyage. The Ulysses probe went all the way to Jupiter before approaching the Sun. It took a famous picture of the comet Shoemaker-Levy-9 colliding with Jupiter.

title: Wikijunior:Solar System/The Sun


text: Field Guide/Twinflower

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Field Guide/Twinflower


text: Field Guide/Shaggy Tuft

title: Field Guide/Shaggy Tuft


text:
World History/The Rise of Dictatorship and Totalitarianism/Quick Quiz

<< World History/The Rise of Dictatorship and Totalitarianism

The following multiple-choice quiz should help you to further understand the material in the related article. Following the quiz is a brief explanation of each answer.

1. Which of the following was NOT a major cause of the fall of the Weimar Republic? A. The polarization of German politics between left and right parties B. Economic woes attributed to the Great Depression C. The failure of coalition governments to control the Nazi Party D. President Hindenburg's repeated use of the "rule by decree" powers E. The inability of successive Chancellors to gain a majority in the Reichstag

2. Joseph Stalin supported which of the following policies toward agricultural development? A. That is took second priority to transportational development B. That the Five-Year Plan's quotas on agriculture should be expanded C. Soviet citizens were not working hard enough and needed to be taught a lesson D. The widespread adoption of collectivization among the agricultural districts E. An end to the state's control over the Soviet agricultural sector

3. Both the Nazi regime in Germany and the Soviet Union used all of the following arguments in propaganda EXCEPT A. The use of scapegoats to answer for their respective country's problems B. Advocacy for their policies of racial discrimination C. That their leader was the only person who could help change their situation D. That their respective territorial claims were justified E. The USSR and communism were antagonized in German propagand and vice versa in Soviet propaganda

4. All of the following nations' democratic governments were replaced by authoritarian dictatorships during the period between World War I and World War II EXCEPT A. Poland B. Czechoslovakia C. Spain D. Hungary E. Austria

Practice Essay topic (40 min. recommended writing time): During the period of 1918-1939, dictatorships came to power in many countries around the world. Select TWO of the following and discuss the causes and effects of these dictatorships during this period. Soviet Union Germany Italy Spain

1. C While the Nazi Party did help bring about the end of the Weimar Republic, the real problem was the inability of coalition governments to form, not their failure to control the Nazis.

2. D Remember that Joseph Stalin hoped to collectivize the entire agricultural sector of the Soviet Union as a means of increasing production (which, incidentally, had the complete opposite effect).

3. B Only Nazi Germany, as part of fascism, practiced a policy of racial discrimination, and therefore needed to convince their people that they were right to do so.

4. B Remember: Joeseph Piludaski in Poland, Francisco Franco in Spain, Richard Dreyfuss in Austria, and - in Hungary.

Essay: Soviet Union-discuss the policies of Lenin, but concentrate on Stalin and the five-year plans. Include information concerning Stalin's methods of pitting allies against each other and switching sides, and discuss her terror tactics and mass murder and imprisonment of Soviet citizens. Germany- discuss the Weimar Republic and the disatisfaction with its policies, the Great Depression, and the hatred caused by the Treaty of Versailles. Discuss Hitler's domestic policies, including remilitarization, racial policies, and political liberties. Make sure and discuss the how Hitler's dictatorship ignited World War II and/or appeasement. Italy- discuss Mussolini's radical agenda, the ineffective coalition governments (extra points if you mention proportional representation), and his Blackshirt's bullying techniques and how he played on the fear of communism. Also discuss domestic policies, especially the stress on having large families and expanding agricultural production to feed them. Relate this policy with Italy's military buildup and its invasions of Ethiopia (especially) and possibly Albania. Spain- discuss the weakness of the Republican government and support for Franco among the military and private business. Discuss his domestic changes, the cost of the civil war, and Spain's foreign policy. Good essays will mention Guernica by Picasso.


text:
User:Nunh-huh~enwikibooks

English wikipedia link: User talk

Wikijunior links:
 * Wikijunior Big Cats
 * Wikijunior Solar System
 * Wikijunior South America

title: User:Nunh-huh~enwikibooks


text:
Celestia/Textures

Introduction
The appearance of any object we see is determined in large part by the light that reaches your eye from each point on the object's surface. It is affected by the characteristics of the light reflected from the surface, the coloration of the surface, and any intervening translucent media (such as an atmosphere). Celestia uses mathematical models to calculate these effects, manipulating data which describe the relevant characteristics of each light source, and each point on the surface of each illuminated object. In reality, that's an enormous amount of data, and for Celestia compromises must be made.

In many cases, Celestia uses images as "maps" to provide the needed information describing the characteristics of the object's surface. Each point on a map corresponds to a point on the surface. Celestia uses image files to determine how the corresponding point on the surface of the object should appear. This process is called texture mapping. If you see an analogy here with the kinds of maps you're familiar with from school, it's no coincidence. The term map is used here with something very close to its conventional meaning.

The term texture may seem a bit puzzling in this context. It comes from the original usage of the technique in early computer graphics. At that time, because of hardware limitations, only very small images could be used, and so they could cover only a very small part of the surface of an object. However, a single small image could be used repeatedly to cover a large area of an object, giving it a textured appearance. Celestia generally uses a single texture image to cover the entire surface of an object, some of which are the size of planets. Technology has come a long way!

Concepts
Since texture mapping relies on image data, we'll begin with a brief review of basic image concepts. A digital image is essentially a rectangular grid of cells, called pixels (short for "picture element"). Each pixel has a specific digital value. The pixel values are commonly used to represent colors, but can be used for any kind of information. The number of possible values which any pixel can have is called the "depth" of the image. The depth of an image is usually expressed as a number of bits. The more bits provided, the greater the precision of the data representation. The (spatial) resolution of an image is determined by the number of rows and columns of pixels it contains. The more rows and columns, the higher the resolution of the image. Unfortunately, the more rows and columns of pixels, and the more bits per pixel, the greater the amount of storage needed for the image. Image file formats often include compression techniques to reduce the storage requirements, but this can lead to a loss of information, resulting in reduced quality.

Artistic development of textures
Since textures actually are pictures, you can use your favorite paint program to create them. Often public domain photographs by NASA can be used as starting points for surface textures of imaginary planets.

Preserving quality
It's usually best to work at a resolution that's at least twice the resolution that you'll be providing in an Addon. When scaled down, the results look much better than if you'd been working at the final resolution. Also, be sure to save your intermediate results using an image format that preserves the detail. Do not use either DDS or JPEG formats for anything other than the final released product.

Texture File Formats
Celestia supports three image file formats for textures: PNG, JPEG and DDS. Because of their differing characteristics, the different file formats are more suitable for some applications than others.

PNG
PNG, short for Portable Network Graphics, is a lossless compression format, i.e. it reproduces the original image without change. PNG images can contain an 8-bit alpha layer, which is used to determine where the image is transparent (think of a cloud-layer). Because it offers perfect quality and alpha layer, PNG can be used for all purposes in Celestia. However it typically has the biggest filesizes and may be a bad choice for textures offered for download. PNG is supported by all but the oldest image manipulation programs.

JPEG
JPEG (initials of Joint Photographic Experts Group, often shortened to JPG) is designed for a good visual appearance and a high compression ratio. It introduces small differences compared to the original image, but this is rarely visible when using default or better quality when saving the JPEG image. The JPEG format is well suited for surface textures, especially when the filesize has to be kept small, as for downloads. JPEG is supported by practically all image manipulation programs. Unfortunately, JPEG does not support an alpha channel, so it cannot be used for textures that require transparency.

DDS
DDS, short for Direct Draw Surface, supports several different specialized formats. Most relevant for Celestia are DXT1, DXT3 and DXT5. DDS is different from JPEG and PNG in several ways, as it's not a format typically used to store pictures. Instead it's designed to be used by 3D hardware, and is directly loaded into your graphics card. Very old graphic cards don't support DDS textures, so not everybody can use them. In some circumstances, DDS can have the worst quality of the supported image formats, considerably worse than JPEG with default compression. It also is not highly compressed, e.g. 1:6 for DXT1.

Why is it used then? Because the compression of DDS textures also works after the image was loaded. Let's take a 2048x1024 image as an example. When stored as PNG or JPEG, an image may take little space on the harddisk (200 kB for JPEG, 1-2 MB for PNG), but once loaded into memory, it would expand to width*height*3 Bytes = 6MB. A DDS image will take only 1/6th of this, on disk as well as in memory. So you can use more or higher-resolution textures without hurting performance. Furthermore, DDS images don't have to be decompressed by the CPU, so loading is considerably faster too. This is very important when approaching planets which haven't had their textures loaded yet, and for Virtual Textures.

Because of their relatively low quality and the kind of artifacts the compression causes, DDS textures are generally unsuited for Normalmaps. Nevertheless, a specialized NormalMap format has been defined by Nvidia which uses a special DXT5 encoding. Celestia calls this format DXT5nm.

A DDS file usually includes several texture images, called "mipmaps". They are progressively lower-resolution versions of the primary image, automatically created by the software used to create DDS file. The graphics hardware chooses the mipmap that best fits the size of the object on the screen, minimizing the number of pixels that have to be rescaled and thus improving the graphics frame-rate.

(additional details of the DXT formats is needed here)

Celestia Texture Map Types
The following are some of the different types of texture maps used by Celestia:

Surface Texture Maps
A Texture is like a photograph of the surface, looking much like a conventional map of the world. If the image file used as surface texture contains an Alpha layer (usually used to indicate transparency), this layer is used by Celestia as the object's specular texture map.

Specular Texture Maps
A JPG, PNG or DDS SpecularTexture controls which parts of a planetary surface seem to be shiny and which do not by causing a bright highlight to be drawn. In the texture image, white indicates areas which will display a highlight. Black indicates areas with no highlights. It can be very effective in showing a watery surface on an Oceanic planet.

When using a SpecularTexture, both SpecularColor and SpecularPower must also be specified. See the chapter on SSC Catalog files for more information.

Specular reflection highlights are visible only in Celestia's OpenGL Vertex Program and OpenGL 2.0 render paths. The graphics hardware must support OpenGL v1.4 or better.

Normal Texture Maps
A NormalMap is not "normal" in the sense of being a conventional map. Rather, it defines surface normal vectors: it contains information about the slope of the surface at each point in the texture image. This makes it possible for Celestia to draw shadows on what actually is a smooth surface, making it look like it contains bumps and creases due to mountains and valleys. This usually is much easier than actually molding craters and mountains into the model.

Shadows drawn by NormalMaps are visible only in Celestia's OpenGL Vertex Program and OpenGL 2.0 render paths.

Tools for creating these normal maps are available on the Celestial Matters Website.

Bump Maps
A BumpMap is an alternative to a NormalMap. It specifies the relative heights of positions on the surface of an object. A pixel corresponding to a position which has the highest altitude is colored white, while the lowest is black. BumpMaps often are created from heightmaps. Internally, Celestia translates BumpMaps into NormalMaps.

When a BumpMap is used, BumpHeight must also be specified.

Shadows drawn by BumpMaps are visible only in Celestia's OpenGL Vertex Program and OpenGL 2.0 render paths.

Also keep in mind that a black & white copy of a texture is NOT a bump map and should not be used as one. Bump maps contain height or altitude data, while a texture is a "photo" with shadows caused by the sun.

For more information, see:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumpmap
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_mapping

Cloud Layer Texture Maps
A CloudMap is a transparent, or semi-transparent image drawn above the surface Texture, used to render clouds. A Cloudmap must be in either png or dds (dtx3 or dxt5) format with an Alpha channel to provide its transparency. In an SSC catalog file (the properties declaration for the object), one can define the cloud´s height above ground, and the speed at which the clouds move relative to the Surface Texture.

If the CloudMap is a Virtual Texture, CloudSpeed must be 0, or the image will appear to be broken.

Cloud Layer Normal Maps
This feature requires Celestia v1.5.0 or later.

A CloudNormalMap adds shadows to the surface of a cloud image, making it appear to be bumpy.

Night Light Texture Maps
A NightTexture shows what the nightside of an object looks like, with lighted areas caused by cities, erupting volcanoes, forest fires, etc. It should include an Alpha channel to allow the surface Texture map to be seen through the NightTexture, but that isn't required.

Texture resolution
The (spatial) resolution of a texture image is determined by the number of rows and columns of pixels it contains. The more rows and column, the higher the resolution of the image. Most importantly, the higher the resolution of the texture, the more detail it contains, and the closer the distance you can view it from. If you view a texture too closely, it will appear blurry because it does not contain sufficient detail. The higher the resolution of the texture, the closer you can get with a clear view, and the more detail you can see. If a texture is mapped to a planet's surface, the size of the planet together with the resolution of the texture determines how close you can view the planet from with a satisfactory view. A larger planet will require a higher-resolution image to provide comparable detail at the same viewing distance.

As many as three images with identical names but different resolutions can be used for textures if they're put into the subdirectories textures/lores, textures/medres and textures/hires. The keyboard commands "r" and "R" can then be used to select among them.

It is common to refer to the texture resolution as 1k, 2k, 4k, 8k et cetera.

What this means is:

- a 1k texture has a width of 1024 pixels and a height of 512 pixels

- a 2k texture is 2048 x 1024 pixels

- a 4k texture is 4096 x 2048 pixels

... And so on.

Any texture used in Celestia must be a power of two on each side, like the dimensions shown in the above example. This restriction is lifted in Celestia v1.5.0, but works best with graphics cards which support "non-power-of-two" texture sizes. Celestia will shrink textures to fit into cards that don't have that feature, possibly damaging the image significantly.

When a texture becomes very large, it can be advantageous to cut it up into smaller parts, thus creating a Virtual Texture - this economizes on the memory Celestia needs to draw it.

Virtual Textures
A virtual texture is a special texture format used by Celestia to handle very large textures. It is made up of many little textures showing the small details on planets, moons etc.

There are different levels to a virtual texture. The levels are numbered 0 to 10 (12 for v1.4.0 and later). Level 10 is for very fine details and Level 0 is pretty much a global view showing all the major features of Celestia's worlds. Level 0 is made up of 2 images, Level 10 can be made up of thousands of close-up images showing great detail.

A ctx file defines the virtual texture and its filename is used when referring to the virtual texture in ssc files.

For the details of creating a Virtual Texture, see the documentation on the Celestia MotherLode.

title: Celestia/Textures


text:
Wikijunior:Big Cats/Tiger

Their speed and agility give the tiger the title of "Top Predator," over the larger but slower grizzly bear. The tiger is the largest and most powerful cat species living today. A well rounded athlete, the tiger can climb (though not well), swim, leap great distances and pull with five times the force of a strong human. The tiger is in the same group (Genus Panthera) as lions, leopards, and jaguars. These four cats are the only ones who can roar. The tiger's roar is not like the full-voiced roar of a lion, but more like a sentence of snarly, shouted words.

Where do tigers live?

Tigers live in forests and grasslands of eastern and southeastern Asia. They live in countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, Indonesia (Sumatra), and the Russian Far East. The Bengal Tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh and India. They also live in West Bengal, India.

What do tigers look like?

Like the other big cats, tigers are built much like the much smaller domestic cats that people often have as pets; they are just much bigger and more powerful.

Tigers are usually orange or reddish orange with very bold, uneven black stripes and white areas on the chest, neck, belly and inside of the legs. Their stripes act as camouflage, making it difficult for them to be seen when they are among the trees and shrubs of the jungle. The stripes will vary with each individual tiger.

A tiger usually is about 6 ft to 9 ft in length from nose to tail tip. A large tiger might be 10 ft (3 meters) long. The tail is about 36 inches (91 cm or 3 ft). Tigers weigh about 350 to 550 pounds (160 to 250 kg).

Tigers have very strong teeth and jaws. Their paws are soft and heavily padded, sheathing large, very sharp claws. They also have short, thick, and soft fur and thick long whiskers.

White tigers are those who are born with a certain genetic defect causing loss of pigment in their skin, eyes and fur. These tigers can be white with black, grey, very dark blue, or no stripes; they are not albino.

This loss of pigment is unfortunate for tigers in the wild because their camouflage becomes inadequate. However, this trait may be even more unfortunate for tigers held in captivity. White tigers held in captivity are often forced to breed with their mothers, fathers, siblings, etc. This is usually done to assure that another white tiger cub will be born due to the fact that they are rare and draw in large crowds to zoos, circuses and magic shows. Because these unusually colored tigers are so beautiful and rare, the majority of the public is oblivious to the horrible effects that inbreeding causes in tiger cubs.

These effects may include: an elevated incidence of recessive genetic diseases; reduced fertility both in litter size and in sperm viability; increased congenital defects such as cryptorchidism, heart defects, cleft palates, fluctuating asymmetry (such as crooked faces, or uneven eye placement and size); lower birthweight; loss of immune system function; slower growth rate, smaller adult size; mental retardation, and an increased risk of infant mortality.

What do tigers eat, and how do they catch their prey?
Tigers mostly feed on plant-eaters, or herbivores, like elk, deer, wild pigs, and buffalo. Like the majority of cats, they are solitary hunters, meaning they hunt alone. When a tiger has spotted its prey, it may seek out a good location where it can hide, staying close to the ground, and wait for the perfect moment to pounce and ambush its prey. But when prey becomes scarce tigers also hunt peacocks and rabbits. Resourceful as they are, they also catch and eat fish, as tigers are good swimmers.

People who traditionally live in areas where tigers hunt have learned to avoid tiger attacks by wearing a face-mask on the backs of their heads. Tigers prefer to approach other animals from behind and think twice about pouncing when they can see a face. Fortunately, they rarely attack humans unless they are too ill to hunt their normal prey. . Tigers that attack humans are called man-eaters. Jim Corbett was a famous hunter and conservationist who killed many man-eating tigers in India.

Fun facts

 * Tigers are striped through and through. If you were to shave a tiger, and few ever have, you would see the stripes on the skin.
 * Tigers are superb swimmers, unlike most other cats. They have been known to board fishing boats from the waters in which they swim. Usually they swim because they want to cool off.
 * No two tigers have exactly the same pattern of stripes.
 * The Siberian tiger is the world's largest naturally occurring cat.
 * A tiger was once measured to be 13 feet long.
 * Although the tiger is best known for killing with its jaws and teeth, a tiger is strong enough (like bears) to kill animals as large as cattle with a swipe of its paw.
 * A tiger named Shere Khan is the arch-villain of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as the nemesis of the "man-cub" Mowgli.
 * A Bengal tiger named "Richard Parker" is a key character in the novel (and highly-successful movie) "The Life of Pi" who must share a boat with a young man cast adrift at sea after the sinking of a ship during a hurricane.
 * Tigers are orange because it helps them to camouflague in the grass to catch their prey because their prey are colourblind.

For more information
Next Topic: Leopards
 * Tijgeritorium Everything you want to know about tigers!!!
 * Wikipedia: Tiger
 * Save the Tiger Fund

Wikijunior Großkatzen/ Tiger fr:Wikijunior:Les félins/Les tigres Wikijunior Grandi felini/Tigre zh:Wikijunior:大猫/老虎

title: Wikijunior:Big Cats/Tiger


text:
Online OsiriX Documentation/Using OsiriX Plugins

< ^ >

Before you can use plug-ins, you will either need to download a plug-in or write it yourself.

Downloading Plug-ins
A number of plug-ins (plus their source code) can be downloaded off the main OsiriX website at:

http://www.osirix-viewer.com/Plugins.html

Plug-ins currently available at this location include:

 * Image Filters
 * Invert & Web browser
 * Duplicate
 * Fill Gaps
 * T2 Fit Map

 * ROI Tools
 * ROI Enhancement
 * ROI Creation
 * Ejection Fraction Calculation
 * Pixel Normalization

 * Fusion Filters
 * CT Angio Subtraction
 * Ratio T2 Map

 * Other Filters
 * OpenGL

Additionally, some plug-ins are only available as source from the main OsiriX SVN repository over at SourceForge.

 * Image Filters
 * Align Tools for the construction of EM image mosaics by manual registration

 * ROI Tools
 * Spine Counter Label dentritic spines by type and export to text files

Developing Your Own Plug-ins
If you are interested in developing your own plug-ins, you may download Osirix source code which includes sample plug-ins as well as the OsiriX Plug-ins Developer Toolkit manual.

As Antoine says:

''Writing a plug-in for OsiriX is a really easy process, and it's totally free! The development environment (XCode) is available with any Macs, you just need to install the Developer CD-ROM. You will have to use Objective-C language to write a plug-in. Objective-C is really a great object-oriented and dynamic language (like Java, but much faster!).'' (note: Xcode can also be downloaded for free by becoming a free ADC member at) http://developer.apple.com/membership/

For further details on writing plug-ins, please refer to the step-by-step manual that comes with the Plugin Developer Toolkit, or contact the OsiriX Developers Discussion Group.

Installing Plug-ins
Once you have a plug-in, the next step is to put your plug-in in an appropriate place where OsiriX can find it.

OsiriX looks in 3 places:

 * /Library/Application Support/OsiriX/plugins

 * homeDirectory/Library/Application Support/OsiriX/plugins

 * OsiriX/Contents/Plugins (This is the application package)

The first location (/Library/Application Support/OsiriX/plugins) is recommended, as this will allow all of the users on your system to use that plug-in.

Uninstalling Plug-ins
Select the plugin you want to uninstall from installed plugin list. Hit delete on keyboard.

OsiriX < ^ >

Documentación en línea de OsiriX/Utilizar Plugins de OsiriX OsiriX オンライン解説文書/OsiriX入門 プラグインを使用する


text:
Talk:Online OsiriX Documentation

--Mrich 07:57, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)7 Nov 2004
Just added a new How To: Using OsiriX Plugins

The Quick Manual doesn't mention anything about this, so I dug up some stuff from the OsiriX website and from the online discussion group.

Also added text for the OsiriX Help Menu -

Renaming of most of the pages to conform to the naming conventions --Drendon 22:00, 27 Jul 2005 (UTC)
I'm planning to move all the pages in all the languages during the weekend (July 30-31, 2005). The new pages will receive names such as Online_OsiriX_Documentation/3-D_reconstructions. I will also update all the links.

Wikibooks has documentation regarding the naming conventions and the procedure I'll follow. I will be using the subpage convention.

I will use the Spanish version as a test bed, and follow with the English, French, German and finally the Japanese version. At this time, I will not change the content of any of the pages, only the links. While I'm at this, I'll also change the names of the main pages in English and French, to correctly spell OsiriX.

If anyone has objections or suggestions, please attach them to this entry.

 * I'm working at the Wiki's Japanese site. In this English site, two renamed pages have lost redirections to their older named pages. That is in OsiriX HOW TOs, 19.Extract a 3D volume from a series and 20.Working with Curved-MPR, these older pages are 19.Extract a 3D volume are from a series and 20.Work with Curved-MPR. These japanese pages are now linked to older english pages. May I help the change of links in the japanese pages after your renewal?.  --hfuji 05:20, 28 Jul 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the tip on the "lost pages". I will make sure that they are included again (and with correct titles). Regarding the Japanese pages, I will certainly appreciate your help very much. As my knowledge of Japanese is basically null, I was planning on prepending "OsiriX オンライン解説文書/" to all titles and fixing the links accordingly, without touching any other characters at all. Even then, chances of me screwing up are higher than with the other languages. Also, there is no way for me to identify currently misspelled titles. It's comforting to know that someone will double check my work. :-) Drendon 00:13:41, 2005-07-29 (UTC)

 * All right. The usage and layouts are same between Wiki's English and Japanese site. If some troubles occur after updating, I will correct them. Take it easy.  --hfuji 13:00, 29 Jul 2005 (UTC)

OK, I completed all the changes. Everything looks fine, but please check. I rescued the two English pages, along with two lost pages from the French version. Drendon 00:27:47, 2005-08-01 (UTC)

 * I corrected the linked name of OisirX Developer Overview in the page of Online OsiriX Documentation . No other problems exist in the japanese pages. Great job, thanks! --hfuji 12:08, 4 Aug 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned Wikibook module
The following is an orphaned Wikibook module that belongs somewhere in this Wikibook, although it may have to be renamed:

 * Forward a Crash Report to the Developers

Generating DSA Images
13 Dec 2005: Added a HOW TO for generating DSA images.

No DICOM Conformance Statement = Osirix is not DICOM compliant
Many Osirix users request support from their modality vendors (GE, Siemens, Agfa, Philips and others) when they run into problems interfacing their modality to Osirix. However, All major and most minor vendors have policies prohibiting their staff from assisting when the PACS product does not have a published DICOM Conformance Statement (DCS).

The reasons for this are twofold: 1) Part 2 of the DICOM Standard (Conformance) stipulates that one of the requisites for a product to claim DICOM compliance is the existance of a released DICOM Conformance Statement, so by definition any product without a DCS is not DICOMhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Online_OsiriX_Documentation&action=edit&oldid=322081 compliant. 2) The lack of complete documentation makes troubleshooting interoperability issues extremely difficult, if not impossible. The WikiBooks documentation is not an adequate substitute for a DCS.

A plea to the Osirix development community: please help these vendors help your users - publish a DCS for Osirix as soon as possible. This is an unsigned comment by 161.88.255.140 at 20:12, 29 December 2005.

Logo license
What is license of Image:Logo.jpg? --Derbeth talk 09:55, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Online OsiriX Documentation


text:
User:Mrich

Michael Richardson, M.D. Department of Radiology University of Washington Seattle, WA 98105

http://faculty.washington.edu/mrich/

title: User:Mrich


text:
Ada Programming/Keywords/abs

This keyword is used for the operator that gets the absolute value of a number.

y := x;

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Keywords

Ada Quality and Style Guide

|Abs Keywords:Abs

title: Ada Programming/Keywords/abs


text:
User talk:Solitude~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Solitude. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Solitude~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:46, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:31, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Solitude~enwikibooks


text:
User:Antimobius

A displaced citizen of the Divided States of America currently residing in Sapporo, Japan.

more later, due to laziness

title: User:Antimobius


text:
Cookbook:Ukrainian Cabbage Soup (Kapusniak)

| Ukrainian Cuisine | Soups

Kapustnik is a hearty Central and Eastern European raw cabbage soup. It must be not confused with Kapusniak which is made of sauerkraut.

Soup

 * Olive oil
 * 2 medium-size onions, peeled and chopped
 * 2–5 cloves of garlic, peeled and minced
 * 1 litre or more chicken broth
 * 1–2 potatoes, peeled and cut into bite-sized pieces
 * 4–6 carrots, peeled and cut into bite-sized pieces
 * 4–5 sticks of celery, sliced into bite-sized pieces
 * Pickling spices
 * Sage
 * Thyme
 * Oregano
 * Bay leaves,
 * Rosemary
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Worcestershire sauce
 * Soy sauce
 * Seasoning salt
 * Garlic salt
 * Celery salt
 * 1 large can of diced tomatoes
 * 1 head of cabbage, sliced
 * Fresh dill, chopped

Garnish

 * Sour cream or yoghurt

Procedure

 * 1) In a large cooking pot heat about 3–4 tablespoons of olive oil. Add the onions and garlic, along with more olive oil if necessary. Let the onions and garlic cook over medium or low heat for 8–10 minutes.
 * 2) Add the chicken broth, and bring to a boil.
 * 3) Add the potatoes, carrots, celery, and spices; bring to a boil, and simmer over medium heat until vegetables are almost tender enough to eat. If the soup becomes too thick, add some more chicken broth, but it should be a hearty soup with plenty of vegetables.
 * 4) Season with salt, pepper, Worcestershire sauce, soy sauce, seasoning salt, garlic salt, and or celery salt as desired.
 * 5) Add the can of tomatoes and the shredded cabbage. Again, let the soup simmer over medium heat; continue tasting to see whether your imagination has worked magic.
 * 6) Lastly, add the chopped fresh dill.
 * 7) When it’s done, serve garnished with sour cream.


text:
Discrete Mathematics/Finite state automata

Formally, a Deterministc Finite Automaton (DFA) is a 5-tuple $$D = (Q, \Sigma, \delta, s, F)$$ where:

 * Q is the set of all states.
 * $$ \Sigma $$ is the alphabet being considered.
 * $$ \delta $$ is the set of transitions, including exactly one transition per element of the alphabet per state.
 * $$s$$ is the single starting state.
 * F is the set of all accepting states.

For a DFA, $$\delta$$ can be viewed as a function from $$ Q\times \Sigma \to Q$$.

Example: Consider the DFA $${A}=(\{p,q\},\{a,b\},\delta,p,\{q\})$$ with transitions given by table:

It is easy to verify that this DFA accepts the input "aaa".

Similarly, the formal definition of a Nondeterministic Finite Automaton is a 5-tuple $$N = (Q, \Sigma, \delta, s, F)$$ where:

 * Q is the set of all states.
 * $$ \Sigma $$ is the alphabet being considered.
 * $$ \delta $$ is the set of transitions, with $$ \epsilon$$ transitions and any number of transitions for any particular input on every state.
 * $$s$$ is the single starting state.
 * F is the set of all accepting states.

For a NFA, $$\delta$$ can be viewed as a function from $$ Q\times(\Sigma\cup\{\epsilon\}) \to P(Q)$$ where $$P(Q)$$ is the power set of $$Q$$.

Note that for both a NFA and a DFA, $$s$$ is not a set of states. Rather, it is a single state, as neither can begin at more than one state. However, a NFA can achieve similar function by adding a new starting state and epsilon-transitioning to all desired starting states.

The difference between a DFA and an NFA being the delta-transitions are allowed to contain epsilon-jumps(transitions on no input), unions of transitions on the same input, and no transition for any elements in the alphabet.

For any NFA $$N$$, there exists a DFA $$D$$ such that $$L(N) = L(D)$$


text:
Category:Beef recipes

Recipes involving beef.

ko:분류:소고기 요리

title: Category:Beef recipes


text:
Category:Meat recipes

Recipes involving meat. While some chicken or other poultry recipes may be included here, they can also be found at Category:Poultry recipes.

es:Categoría:Carnes nl:Categorie:Vleesrecept

title: Category:Meat recipes


text:
Category:Recipes by ingredient

Recipes organized by major ingredient.

ko:분류:재료별 요리 pt:Categoria:Receitas por ingredientes

title: Category:Recipes by ingredient


text:
Category:Chicken recipes

Recipes involving chicken.

title: Category:Chicken recipes


text:
Category:Poultry recipes

Recipes involving poultry.

title: Category:Poultry recipes


text:
Category:Garlic recipes

Recipes involving garlic.

title: Category:Garlic recipes


text:
Category:Vegetable recipes

Recipes involving vegetables.

es:Categoría:Verduras

title: Category:Vegetable recipes


text:
Category:Turnip recipes

Recipes involving turnip.

title: Category:Turnip recipes


text:
Category:Potato recipes

Recipes involving potatoes.

ko:분류:감자 요리

title: Category:Potato recipes


text:
Category:Beet recipes

Recipes involving beets.

title: Category:Beet recipes


text:
Category:Pumpkin recipes

Recipes involving pumpkin.

title: Category:Pumpkin recipes


text:
Category:Cucumber recipes

Recipes involving cucumber.

title: Category:Cucumber recipes


text:
Category:Indian recipes

Recipes from India.

ko:분류:인도 요리 nl:Categorie:Indiase keuken

title: Category:Indian recipes


text:
Category:Banana recipes

Recipes involving bananas.

ko:분류:바나나 요리

title: Category:Banana recipes


text:
Category:Fruit recipes

Recipes involving fruit.

title: Category:Fruit recipes


text:
Category:Seafood recipes

See Cookbook:Seafood for more information

title: Category:Seafood recipes


text:
Category:Egg recipes

Recipes involving eggs.

ko:분류:달걀 요리

title: Category:Egg recipes


text:
Category:Native American recipes

Recipes of Native American origin.

title: Category:Native American recipes


text:
Category:Corn recipes

Recipes involving corn.

title: Category:Corn recipes


text:
Category:Southwestern recipes

| Cuisine of the United States

See Southwestern cuisine for further details.

title: Category:Southwestern recipes


text:
Cookbook:Caviar

| Seafood

Caviar refers to the processed, often salted roe from the sturgeon family of fish. Some vendors may label roe from other fish as caviar—however, this is technically incorrect.

Production
The production of caviar starts with the removal and grading of egg sacs from female sturgeon. The sacs are sieved to separate out the eggs, which are then washed and seasoned with salt (about 4–6%) before packaging. Some manufacturers will pasteurize the caviar to extend its shelf life.

Particularly ripe or damaged eggs are typically used to make pressed caviar, a spreadable caviar paste with less oil and a stronger flavor.

Characteristics
Caviar is categorized according to both sturgeon species and egg quality. Beluga caviar are the largest variety, with a grey color. The next-largest are osetra, which have a more golden-to-brown color, and sevruga are the smallest, with a darker green or grey color. Hackleback is a mild variety from the United States. In terms of quality, the more expensive grade 1/A is the the best, with well-shaped whole eggs and excellent flavor. Grade 2/B is less aesthetically pleasing, with some broken or otherwise imperfect eggs, and it should be cheaper as a result. Caviar with relatively low salt content is called "malassol".

In terms of flavor, caviar is salty and reminiscent of the ocean without actually being fishy, much like fresh shellfish. Some describe it as nutty. The exact nuances of the flavor will depend both on the species of the sturgeon and the environment it is raised in.

Selection and storage
The best way to assess caviar quality is by smell and taste. You want the flavor to be clean with a fresh aroma. The eggs should be whole, with a shiny moist appearance, and burst between your teeth when you bite down. Fresh caviar should be stored at or just below 32°F (0°C), since the salt will prevent it from freezing at this temperature —keeping it on ice in the refrigerator for 1–2 weeks is a good approach. Pasteurized caviar is shelf-stable until opening, after which is should be treated the same way as fresh. In general, you should purchase caviar in small quantities and consume as soon as possible.

Use
Caviar is commercially marketed throughout the world as a delicacy and is eaten principally in very small amounts as a garnish or spread. Simple crackers or blini are common accompaniments, though some will eat caviar on its own. Generally, nonmetal utensils and dishes are used in order to avoid giving an off taste to the caviar.

title: Cookbook:Caviar


text:
Cookbook:Pasta Romanov

Pasta romanov is an easy recipe that can be whipped up in about 15 minutes from minimal ingredients for maximum style.

Ingredients

 * Pasta (taglietelli, spaghetti, or angel hair preferred)
 * Mascarpone cheese (or similar mild cheese like ricotta)
 * Tomato purée (paste)
 * Vodka
 * 1 tsp caviar (or lumpfish roe)
 * Whole lemon

Procedure

 * 1) Boil a pot of salted water, add the pasta, and cook until al dente. Drain.
 * 2) Melt the cheese (do not overheat) and stir in a little tomato puree to turn it salmon pink.
 * 3) Add a slug (a couple tablespoons) of vodka to the melted cheese.
 * 4) Add caviar to the cheese and toss the drained pasta in it to coat.
 * 5) Cut lemon into wedges and use as garnish with a teaspoon or two of caviar.
 * 6) Serve with champagne or crisp white wine.

title: Cookbook:Pasta Romanov


text:
Talk:Wikijunior

See also: Wikijunior/Draft

Can somebody accept this revision or something?
Im getting OCD seeing the message on my watchlist.. — L10nM4st3r / ROAR at me! 20:32, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Late, but ✅ —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 18:11, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wikijunior


text:
Cookbook talk:Pasta Romanov

What is a "slug" of vodka. I'm assuming it's not the unit of mass, as that is about 14.6 kg and would be a lot of vodka. Gentgeen 14:02, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

A slug is an imprecise measure of liquid volume (usually alcoholic). Splash some in the pan and it should make a 'slug/glug' sound as it comes out the bottle. You don't need much vodka in this recipe - a shot will do fine if you are in need of precision. That said, this is a recipe you cook by eye and with the aid of a surreptitious testing spoon. You don't need to worry about quantities.

title: Cookbook talk:Pasta Romanov


text:
User talk:Nunh-huh~enwikibooks

Nunh-huh, Welcome to Wikibooks! I see you've created a module entitled Tiger as a part of the Wikijunior Big Cats project. I'd like to let you know of a general practice of preemptive disambuation we have here, as commonly several wikibooks could have modules with the same title. For example, Tiger might be used in some books in the Biology bookshelf, or by the Field Guide or the Dichotomous Key. We don't have a standard system in use for disambiguators as each wikibook is a semi-independant project, but the most common are the pseudo-namespace system described in Help:Namespaces, the subpage system Danny applied to Wikijunior Solar System, and the really descriptive title system in Naming conventions.

Other than that, have fun! You might like to look around at our projects and see what might be useful for Wikijunior, or if there is another wikibook you'd like to work on. If you have any questions, please ask at the Staff lounge, and you might like to read up on our policies and guidelines, which don't always match up with what is the standard practice at Wikipedia. (we apply NPOV much looser than the 'pedia does, and have even discussed eliminating it completely).

Gentgeen 14:30, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Good to know. I've changed the links in Wikijunior Big Cats so that future articles get created according to Danny's system, and trust that the other Wikijunior participants will fix it if I've got it wrong - Nunh-huh 21:30, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nunh-huh. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nunh-huh~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nunh-huh~enwikibooks


text:
Wikijunior talk:Big Cats/Tiger

# of tigers left in the wild
The number of tigers left in the wild can be found by going to this Encarta article:, and adding up the numbers. --Munchkinguy 01:08, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Camo
"Their stripes help them blend into the background there and keeps them from being seen by other animals." '''edn:We need to split this off. This is a really important concept and should be discussed separately.''' This editorial note was left in the text. I moved it here, as it seemed a more appropriate place for it. Jonathan O'Donnell 09:08, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Nah... it doesn't really need it's own section. It might be worth noting something in the glossary however. Just mu thoughts though. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark)  18:08, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Subheadings
I previously changed subheadings into the affirmative. I did this because faulty punctuation caught my attention then the interrogative form seemed peculiar to me. I now see that this is a standard form in this project and guess that the issue was previously decided. I have returned them to the interogatory form. Sorry if I've caused confusion. Ande 06:12, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

map of distribution
Tigers are also exist(ed) in Sumatra and Jawa (two Indonesian islands), so we might have to change the distribution map.

Types of tigers?
There are many types of tigers. Wouldn't it be appropriate to at least mention this?MiltonT 01:26, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Big Cats/Tiger


text:
Wikijunior:Solar System/Venus

Venus Facts: Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun. It is a terrestrial planet. This means that we think it was created in a similar way to our planet Earth and is made of rock.
 * Venera 7, the first space probe to land on Venus, was destroyed by the hostile conditions on Venus after only 23 minutes.
 * Almost all of the surface features on Venus are named after women.
 * A day on Venus is equal to 117 days on Earth.
 * It has been proposed that some microbes could live in Venus's clouds.

How big is Venus?
Venus is only slightly smaller than the Earth. This is one reason why Venus is sometimes thought of as Earth's "twin". Venus has a diameter of about 12,100 km. It has also been visited by many probes.

What is the surface like on this planet?
The surface of Venus is very different from the surface of the Earth. It is very dry and hot enough to melt lead. The pressure on the surface is very high. It is the same pressure as being 1 km (3,280 feet) below the surface of the sea on Earth.

Channels that look like rivers have formed on Venus. Scientists think these channels are formed from erupting lava. The lava flows along as it cools down, creating the channels. One feature only Venus seems to have is unusual volcanoes called arachnoids. These are volcanoes that have formed differently from other volcanoes we have found in the Solar System. We don't know exactly how they were formed. Venus also has volcanoes like those on Earth.

Parts of the surface of Venus look something like continents. The largest of these areas is called Ishtar Terra (land of Ishtar, from the Babylonian goddess who was similar to Venus). Deep basins like those under the Earth's oceans have also been discovered. On Venus, though, they have no water. Features like mountain ranges and meteor craters have also been found on Venus. One of the highest mountains on Venus, Maxwell Montes, is about 11 km taller than Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth.

On the night side of the planet, there is a strange effect called Ashen Light. For some reason, the dark side of Venus has a subtle glow. There are various theories about this. One of the earliest theories — now disproved, of course — was that there were aliens on Venus and they were celebrating a new Venusian emperor. Currently, one of the more believed ones is this: There is a high concentration of carbon dioxide. When it is hit by the ultraviolet rays of the sun, they change into carbon monoxide and oxygen, and emit green light. The entire chemical procedure is CO2 → CO + O.

How long is a day on Venus?
Venus rotates (spins around) even more slowly than Mercury. One full rotation of Venus takes about 243 Earth days. Venus also rotates in the opposite direction to most of the other planets in the Solar System. One day on Venus, from noon to noon, depends on the length of the year as well as the rotation time, and is about 117 earth days.

How long is a year on Venus?
One year on Venus is almost 225 Earth days long. This is less time than it takes Venus to rotate on its axis and less than two Venus days.

What is Venus made of?
The surface of Venus, its crust, is covered in nothing but rock. But, the core of Venus is made of nickel-iron. The atmosphere around Venus is very thick and is made of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and poisonous gasses that create high pressure and trap in heat.

How much would Venus's gravity pull on me?
If you were on Venus, it would pull you down almost as strongly as Earth. The atmosphere exerts a pressure at the surface more than 90 times Earth's normal sea-level pressure.

Who discovered Venus?
Because Venus is closer to the sun than we are on Earth, we always see it close to the sun in the sky. So it only appears for us just before sunrise in the eastern sky, or just after sunset in the western sky. Many cultures thought Venus in the morning and Venus in the evening were two separate things. The ancient Romans called the evening object Venus (after the goddess of love) and the morning object Lucifer (which means light bearer — a servant who walked ahead of the sun's chariot with a torch, to light the way). Nobody knows who first thought the two were a single object. The first known written description of them as one object was the Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa, from about three and a half thousand years ago — 1581 BCE.

About three thousand years later, in 1610, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used a telescope to observe that Venus has phases, just as the moon does. Phases happen because only the side of Venus (or of the Moon) facing the Sun is lighted. The phases of Venus supported the theory of Copernicus that the planets go around the Sun. Then, a few years later in 1639, an English astronomer named Jeremiah Horrocks observed a transit of Venus. That's what it's called when Venus passes right between the Earth and the Sun, so that Venus is visible from Earth during the day as a tiny dot passing across the Sun. In 1761 a Russian astronomer, Mikhail Lomonsov, watching another transit of Venus, saw that Venus has an atmosphere.

Not much more was discovered about Venus until the 1920s. Then, a United States astronomer, Frank Ross, observed Venus using ultraviolet light — the light that causes sunburn — and for the first time saw the structure of the clouds on Venus.

However, there is only so much that can be learned about Venus by looking at it from Earth. The first successful pictures of Venus by a space probe were taken by Mariner 2 in 1962. Mariner 2 was the first space probe successfully sent to observe another planet. It showed two important things: Venus has practically no magnetic field, and Venus has temperatures of 490 to 590 K — that's as hot as the inside of a working oven on Earth!

<!-- Mariner 5 measured the power of Venus' weak magnetic field, and Mariner 10 took ultraviolet pictures revealing huge wind speeds. Venera 3 was the first probe to land on Venera, but its communications failed before it reached the surface. However, Venera 4 managed to collect data while floating down to Venus. Venera 4 measured temperature, air pressure, density, and performed eleven chemical experiments analysing the atmosphere, which was found to be 95% carbon dioxide, all before landing on the surface. Unfortunately, before it did land on the surface, its battery ran out, making it useless. Venera 5 and 6 also conducted tests in a similar manner as Venera 4 but they were crushed by the air pressure once they reached 6 km above the surface. The distance from the surface of Earth to the lowest Cirrus clouds is also 6 km. The first successful landing on Venus was by Venera 7 in 1970. The surface temperature was measured to be 455 °C to 475 °C. However, because of the extremely high temperatures on Venus, Venera 7 malfunctioned within 23 minutes of landing. Venera 8 also landed on Venus, and performed additional tests. Venera 9, in 1975 orbited Venus while dropping a ground vehicle on the surface. These two combined produced an enormous wealth of information, including that the clouds of Venus form in 3 different layers of the atmosphere. Venera 10 was a repeat of Venera 9. NASA then sent two Pioneer spacecraft to see for itself. The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe (PVM) was designed to carry 4 probes to Venus and then release the probes, each going separate directions. The Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) orbited Venus. Both the PVM and the PVO conducted multiple experiments and gave information. Venera 11 and 12 flew by Venus and dropped ground vehicles on Venus to collect more information, however, that failed as the colour cameras and soil analysers both malfunctioned. In 1981, Venera 13 landed and took the first colour picture of Venus, and successfully analysed the soil. Venera 13 holds the record among space probes of lasting the longest on Venus, which was 127 minutes. Also in 1981, Venera 14 detected seismic activity on Venus. In 1984, Vega 1 and 2 were launched. Their main purposes were to mainly float in the atmosphere. They took pictures of a third of the planet, along with collecting more data about the atmosphere. The last Soviet Veneras, Venera 15 and 16 took very high resolution pictures of Venus in 1983. In 1990, the US launched a probe called Magellan, named after Ferdinand Magellan who explored the Caribbean islands in the 16th century. Magellan floated in Venus' atmosphere for 4 years before crashing partially vaporising and crashing into the atmosphere. During that time, it mapped 98% of Venus' surface. There were no more missions to Venus until the 21st century, when the European space agency (ESA) launched Venus Express. Venus Express orbited Venus from 2006 to the end of 2012. In the distant future, it is proposed that Venus should slowly begin to be inhabited by humans, but only after Mars has a population like the Earth. -->

Who is this planet named after?
Venus is named after the Roman goddess of love. Sometimes it can be seen shining brightly just before dawn or just after sunset, when it is called the Morning Star or Evening Star. Some people, like the Aztecs and the Greeks, gave Venus two names – one for the morning and one for the evening.

Because Venus and the Earth are the same size, scientists call Venus "Earth's sister planet". For a long time most scientists thought that Venus had plants, animals, and possibly even people. However because Venus is so hot we now know that it is impossible for anything to live there.

How long would it take people to get there?
It could take around a year and a half to get there. But it is very unlikely someone would go to Venus.

title: Wikijunior:Solar System/Venus


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User talk:Mastermind~enwikibooks

Bueno... bienvenido, y tal. Espero que entre los dos seamos capaces de hacer que el departamento de química resulte lo bastante prometedor como para atraer a más gente :) Te propongo una cosa: comparemos el aspecto que tiene la wikiversidad hoy, con el que tendrá cuando la es.wikipedia llegue a 40.000 artículos, y cuando llegue a 50.000. A ver si conseguimos progresos sensibles para el primer plazo, y entre el primero y el segundo :-D -- 4lex 16:36, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mastermind. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mastermind~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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title: User talk:Mastermind~enwikibooks


text:
Tok Pisin

Tok Pisin is a language used as a lingua franca in Papua New Guinea, where it is one of the four official languages.

Verbs
There are basically two types of verbs in Tok Pisin: transitive and intransitive.
 * In general, transitive verbs end in -im. Example: kisim (sampela samting), take, receive something
 * In general, intransitive verbs do not end in -im. Example: slip (long nait), sleep (at night)

 * More about verbs

Nouns
Nouns are usually not marked for plural in Tok Pisin. The particle ol is used to pluralize if the plural isn't already obvious from context. Example: ol grinpela kar, “green cars”.

Adjectives
There are basically four types of adjectives in Tokpisin:
 * Class 1 adjectives have the suffix -pela in attributive position, and also when they follow the copula. Example: bikpela, big. Bikpela haus, A big building, Haus i bikpela, The building is big.
 * Class 2 adjectives have the suffix -pela in attributive position, but they usually lose it when they follow the copula. Example: kolpela, cold. Kolpela wara, Cold water but Wara i kol, The water is cold.
 * Class 3 adjectives do not have the suffix -pela. Example: liklik, small. Liklik haus, A small building, Haus i liklik, The building is small.
 * Class 4 adjectives do not have the suffix -pela either. Unlike other adjectives, they stand after the noun in attributive position. Example: nogut, bad. Tok nogut, bad words, insults.

Tokpisin adjectives can be either attributive or non-attributive. The attributive type is marked by the attributive morpheme -pela; the non-attributive is unmarked.

Semantically, the attributive form qualifies the noun; it attributes characteristics about the noun, while the non-attributive form states the being; the status of the noun.

Syntactically, the attributive precedes the noun, while the non-attributive follows the noun. A few adjective forms like liklik, and nogut, are considered “non-stabilized forms” (Paradigms have been designed to use to explain some of these linguistics phenomena). Tokpisin has some of these variations still in existence.

Many of these variations are acceptable and are variously marked by the cognition of the speaker of the time about the noun. When someone says nogutpela tok, the person is attributive in his thought. When he says nogut tok [not “tok nogut”?] the person is non-attributive.

Many non-attributive forms of Tokpisin are compound words now and must not be taken literally. For example: tok nogut – “swear, using bad language”; tok i nogut – “unacceptable message”; tokim nogut – “improperly said”; nogut tok – “bad words”.

 * More about adjectives

Prepositions
There are two basic prepositions in Tok Pisin: bilong and long. Nevertheless, there is one other self standing preposition: wantaim, with.
 * bilong is used for attribution. Examples: haus bilong mi, My home; Han bilong diwai, Arm of a tree; branch.
 * long is used as a universal preposition for other meanings.

There are also all kinds of compound prepositions like ananit long, under; insait long, in; antap long, on, above, etc.

Articles
Tok Pisin does not use any definite article.

 * wanpela is used as indefinite singular article, if needed.
 * ol is similar to an article: it's put before the noun to indicate plural, if (needed? and) not otherwise obvious. Note that ol is also the third person plural pronoun.

More about articles.

Personal pronouns
₁ The -pela in mipela is shortened and pronounced as pla.

₂ Yumi is used when referring to both the person being talked to and the speaker. In contrast, mipela is used when speaking about a group including the speaker that excludes the listener.

Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are question words like who, what, when, where, and why.

Who - Husat

What - Wanem

When - Wanem taim (lit. ”what time.”) Often shortened to wataim.

Where - We (also westap, the shortened form of ”we i stap...”, lit. where is...)

Why - Wasmara

Getting started

 * /Dictionary/
 * /Common Phrases/

Other resources

 * Wikipedia article on Tok Pisin
 * Tok Pisin Wikipedia
 * Tok Pisin Phrasebook on Wikivoyage

title: Tok Pisin


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Category:Oyster recipes

Recipes involving oysters.

title: Category:Oyster recipes


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Category:Australian recipes

Recipes from Australia.

title: Category:Australian recipes


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Category:Argentine recipes

Recipes from Argentina.

es:Categoría:Gastronomía de Argentina

title: Category:Argentine recipes


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Category:Chilean recipes

Recipes from Chile.

title: Category:Chilean recipes


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Category:Californian recipes

| Cuisine of the United States

Recipes from California.

title: Category:Californian recipes


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Category:Midwestern U.S. recipes

| Cuisine of the United States

See Midwestern cuisine for further details.

title: Category:Midwestern U.S. recipes


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User:Rdsmith4

Please see my userpage at meta or the English Wikipedia.

title: User:Rdsmith4


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Category:Jamaican recipes

Recipes from Jamaica

title: Category:Jamaican recipes


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Wikibooks talk:Chemistry bookshelf

Hi. I'm working on the Wikiversidad:Departamento de Química. We are in serious need of wikibooks about chemistry in spanish. Maybe some of you are not aware of the Wikiversidad:Prácticas de traducción]. If some of you are interested in improving your spanish-writing skills by translating a wikibook about chemistry to spanish, I'm currently offered as a corrector :) -- 4lex 17:38, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Chemistry bookshelf


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Category:Rabbit recipes

Recipes involving rabbit.

title: Category:Rabbit recipes


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Category:Rice recipes

Recipes involving rice.

title: Category:Rice recipes


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Category:Frog recipes

Recipes involving frog.

title: Category:Frog recipes


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Category:Albanian recipes

Recipes from Albania.

title: Category:Albanian recipes


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Category:Lamb recipes

Recipes involving lamb.

title: Category:Lamb recipes


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Category:Pork recipes

Recipes involving pork.

ko:분류:돼지고기 요리

title: Category:Pork recipes


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Category:Turkey recipes

Recipes involving turkey.

title: Category:Turkey recipes


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Category:Mexican recipes

Recipes from Mexico. This category also includes recipes inspired by, or associated with, the cuisine of Mexico, but which are not considered indigenous to Mexico itself, such as numerous Tex-Mex recipes.

ko:분류:멕시코 요리 nl:Categorie:Mexicaanse keuken

title: Category:Mexican recipes


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Category:Sausage recipes

Recipes for or involving sausage.

title: Category:Sausage recipes


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Talk:Soil Science

"Technically Soil Science is termed Agronomy or the study of soils..."

I think perhaps this was meant to read Agrology, not Agronomy, since agrology is defined in most (all?) dictionaries as meaning the same as soil science. Except in Canada where 5000 agrologists consider themselves not soil scientists, but agricultural production experts. see Agrology. So rewording Agronomy to Agrology would be wrong for Canada. Would it be okay with folks here to reword the above as:

"Technically Soil Science is termed Agronomy or the study of soils..." ?

 * We probably already know this, but this should have many, many links to wikipedia, and should be broken out into chapters the way the botany wikibook is. 160.94.27.141 14:23, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Soil Science


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User talk:Larsie~enwikibooks

Hello, Larsie, and welcome to Wikibooks! I saw your question about linking to a pic at Wikipedia. If you want to use an image that is located in Wikipedia here in Wikibooks, you need to download the image and then upload it here. The two projects do not use the same image database. You could also upload it to Wikimedia Commons, which would allow it to be used by all Wikimedia Foundation projects.

If you have any other questions, please feel free to ask at the Staff lounge, or you can ask one of us old timers. Most importantly, have fun. Gentgeen 18:32, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * If you can find the images you'd like to use, you could let me know the url and I'll either upload them here or at commons. Additionally, I think external links to a file with a .jpg or .gif or .png extension automaticly loads that image, but I'm not sure.

 * I see you've been working on Venus, you might checkout Venus, which has one image. Useing images is the same no matter where the file is uploaded, as the server searches the local database first, if no file with the right name is found, it searches the Commons database.  However, the server only searches these two projects, so no using images that are exclusive to wikipedia. :(  I hope that helps. Gentgeen 18:47, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Larsie. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Larsie~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:21, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Larsie~enwikibooks


text:
Wikijunior:Solar System/Pluto

Pluto is a dwarf planet that was discovered by the astronomer Clyde W. Tombaugh in Arizona on February 18, 1930. Pluto Facts:

 * Pluto is a dwarf planet, smaller even than Earth's Moon.
 * Pluto sometimes moves closer to the sun than Neptune.

How big is Pluto?
Pluto's mass is about 12,500,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilograms. While this may seem large, it's only about 1/500th of the Earth's mass. Pluto is between 2200 and 2400 kilometers across. Its surface area is about 17,950,000 square kilometers (or 1/30th of the Earth's). Its volume is 7,150,000,000 km3 (or 1/150th of the Earth's).

What is its surface like?
Pluto's surface is covered with ice. It is very cold, at about -230 °C. Pluto also has a very thin atmosphere which freezes when Pluto moves far away from the Sun.

The image above on the right shows Pluto's color.

What are Pluto's moons like?
Pluto has three known moons. The largest is called Charon. Charon is about half as wide as Pluto. Because Pluto and Charon are so close in size, they are sometimes called a "double planet". Charon's surface is covered in water ice. Two other moons were discovered in 2005. They have been named Nix and Hydra.

How long is a day on Pluto?
One day on Pluto is about 6.487 Earth days long. Like Uranus, Pluto also spins on its side.

How long is a year on Pluto?
One year on Pluto would be about 90,613 days or 248 years on Earth!

What is it made of?
Scientists believe Pluto is made mostly of rock and ice, but they will not be sure until more research is done. The discovery of Charon helped scientists estimate the density of Pluto. The information collected told them what Pluto was and was not made out of. If Pluto were made out of heavy solids, it would have a very high density. If it were made of gases, it would have a low density. Pluto is somewhere in between, so it is probably made of rock and ice.

How much would Pluto's gravity pull on me?
If you were on Pluto, gravity would be only 0.06 times as strong as it is on Earth. This means you could do really high jumps—even more than people could on the Moon!

Who is Pluto named after?
Pluto was named after the Roman god of the underworld. In Roman mythology, he kidnapped Proserpina (Persephone) so he could marry her. This made her mother, Ceres, the goddess of agriculture, very sad, causing winter. To end winter, Jupiter, the king of the gods and her brother, decreed that Proserpina could return to the surface as long as she hadn't eaten any food of the Underworld. However, she had eaten six pomegranate seeds, so Jupiter decided she had to spend six months in the underworld each year. This is the Roman myth of winter. When she goes to the Underworld, everything stops growing. When she comes back, her mother is happy again, and life returns.

In Roman mythology, Charon took dead souls across the river Acheron to the land of the dead.

Is Pluto a planet?
Pluto has been officially classified as a dwarf planet, which is different from a regular planet. One reason is its small size - although it is the tenth largest known object that revolves around the sun, it is smaller than many moons, including Earth's moon. Scientists used to think that Pluto was a lot larger than it actually is, and it was thought of as the ninth planet for many years.

Another key reason is that Pluto is part of a large group of objects called the Kuiper Belt, which all revolve around the Sun in the area beyond Neptune. In January 2005 another object "Eris" was discovered in the Kuiper Belt. Eris is larger than Pluto. Scientists think there are even more Pluto-sized objects in this part of the solar system, as well as millions of smaller objects. Because of this, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined the term 'planet' for the first time. Under the definition, both Eris and Pluto (along with Ceres, Haumea and Makemake) are dwarf planets.

In spite of this, some people continue to hold on to the idea that Pluto is a regular planet because of tradition. Also, some textbooks and references are not up to date, and still list Pluto as the ninth planet.

Next Topic: Comets

title: Wikijunior:Solar System/Pluto


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Wikijunior talk:Solar System/Pluto

Early comments
Sources that I used: -- Bobdoe 18:46, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Pluto (planet) and Charon (moon) -- General data
 * -- Weight data
 * -- Image placed on Wikicommons from here.

The images of Pluto/Charon are notably lame. Can we find an artist's conception of the system? -- Netoholic 18:18, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

How about this: Lanthanum-138 (discuss • contribs) 12:22, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

==

Headline text
hello big ==
 * Lame according to what standards? Some might find images of the real thing more interesting. That image allowed the size of Pluto and Charon to be determined more precisely. We could always add an artist's conception to the page under the other image and label it as such.--StarryTG 11:46, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * In all honesty, I just went and found the first decent NASA image I could find. If someone wants to find a better one, more power to them. -- Bobdoe (Silence) 22:43, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Source for reference: Kaldari 21:32, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Is Pluto a Planet? NPOV Questions here
I'm concerned about the neutral point-of-view aspect here by even having the discussion of wheither Pluto should be considered a major planet (grouped with the other big eight) or considered a minor planet...essentially an asteroid.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has "ruled" on this issue and simply said that Pluto will remain a planet.

I guess that I'm arguing that this whole question is a pandora's box of problems, and it might be better to simply steer clear by removing this discussion altogether. Remember, this is a kids book, and coverage of the controversy is not necessary. If we stick to known facts and don't go onto the fringe of leading theories or arguements that cause flame wars in astronomy chat circles, we will be much safer here.

I would suggest that the whole topic of what does it mean to be a planet, a moon, asteroid, etc. could be one of the "other articles" that discuss general issues regarding the solar system, especially if you want to group Pluto with other Kuiper Belt objects.

From my (non-neutral) POV, I think Pluto should remain called a planet for many reasons, including those mentioned in the main Wikipedia article about Pluto. Also, by even raising this issue it seems as though this Wikibook is making a political statement about the status of Pluto. If we question its status as a planet, why are we even writing a module about it? Again, avoid, avoid, avoid.

Rob Horning 12:09, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I pretty much agree. It's one of those legacy decisions that doesn't always make sense in hindsight. But if you ask the person on the street "what is the furthest planet from the Sun", they will usually answer Pluto (or else they have no clue.) — RJHall 19:37, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Here's a news story saying that astronomers are going to meet this week to decide whether Pluto is a planet: http://today.reuters.com/news/ArticleNews.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2006-08-13T165540Z_01_L10356763_RTRUKOC_0_US-SCIENCE-PLUTO.xml --Gray Porpoise 18:22, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * With a large number of planets being discovered now outside of our Solar System, not to mention some esoteric object that are now being found that are not quite stars but more Jupiter sized objects that are independent of stars (they have recently been observed, so this isn't theoretical anymore), the whole definition of planets is certainly coming to a major front now. Personally, I prefer the classification schema that relies on physical characteristics such as the presence or absence of an atmosphere, spherical nature of the object due to gravity, and other similar physcial features that can be measured in order to define a planet.  That it might make Titan a planet as well as the Earth's moon, Ceres, and Vesta, but demote Phobos and Deimos from even being called moons to merely captured asteroids is certainly something to consider.  Even with these more scientifically derived definitions of planets, Pluto is right on the edge of consideration.  --Rob Horning 07:25, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

They've ruled, and decided that Pluto, Xena/Persephone/2003 UB313, and Ceres are "Dwarf planets". I noticed that someone has updated Pluto to suit, and I've added a bit to the tenth planet section. Can anyone recall the date of the decision? Phil Culmer

Charon
The statement that Some astronomers believe that Pluto and its moon Charon are actually a "double planet", because Charon does not orbit around Pluto is not quite accurate. Perhaps the author meant to indicate that the center of mass of the Pluto-Charon system does not lie within Pluto? I'm not certain. But the current statement is sure to be confusing. — 130.76.32.145 19:33, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Discovery
"was accidentally discovered..." Sources for this? According to Google (http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/pluto_worldbook.html), it was not accidentally discovered, in fact, Clyde Tombaugh was looking for the planet.

"In 1929, Clyde W. Tombaugh, an assistant at the Lowell Observatory, used predictions made by Lowell and other astronomers and photographed the sky with a more powerful, wide-angle telescope. In 1930, Tombaugh found Pluto's image on three photographs."

Somewhere I read that he used a projector that switched between two photos of the sky rapidly and looked for objects that moved (since a planet would move over time)...I can't find a source for this, so it may be completely bogus...but it's been a long time, I probably don't remember correctly. 208.51.52.23 22:41, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I remeber reading / hearing that somewhere too. --Bjwebb 12:20, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The story that I seem to recall about the whole thing is that Perceval Lowell did some calculations on the outer planets that suggested some other planetary bodies might be found further from the Sun than Neptune. Just as Neptune was discovered using this method (doing some massive 3-body calculations and other heavy math... without computers mind you) Lowell then suggested a region of the sky to being a search for the "ninth planet".  Clyde Tombaugh then started to search that region of the sky and "discovered" Pluto. Years later more modern astronomers using the original base data that Lowell had for doing the original calculations were then fed into a computer for more precise and accurate calculations, and in particular based on the now known mass of Pluto there doesn't seem to be any basis for the prediction of the location of Pluto.  That is why it was called a "chance" discovery, even though it was based originally on a scientific hypothesis.  With the orbit of Pluto being so far out of the plane of the ecliptic, it seems even more remote that Pluto would have ever been discovered except by a chance discovery. One thing though to refute all this speculation is the fact that the apparent magnitude of Pluto was just brighter than the minimum capabilities of the telescopes that Tombaugh was using for the Pluto discovery, and that Tombaugh was a very through researcher who "flipped" through hundreds of sky survey photo plates before he finally found a set that seemed to indicate "movement", which in fact was Pluto.  While perhaps not specifically looking for a planet, other astronomical objects including comets and asteroids could have been discovered and indeed were discovered using similiar methods.  This gives incredible credit to the capabilities of Tombaugh and his skill in the use of telescopes.  It has been said that many of the Kuiper Belt objects would have likely been discovered by Tombaugh except for the fact that his telescope just didn't distinguish objects that are that dim as seen from the Earth.  --Rob Horning 21:36, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Further note: See http://www.planetary.org/pluto_75/plutodiscovery1_180205.html for more details about the discovery, including pictures of the telescope that Tombaugh used and the actual photographs used for the discovery of Pluto.  --Rob Horning 22:32, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

10th Planet
In the tenth planet it says the object is "thought to be bigger than Pluto" but also "70% the size of Pluto". Something is wrong! --Bjwebb 15:11, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * So I went to Google, typed "ub313 site:nasa.gov", and hit return. Then I fixed the paragraph, and put in my references (news releases).  If you are reading this book, PLEASE HELP.  User:Danny has asked us to finish it up quickly.  Fact checking is DEFINITELY one of the things we need done.  Please |See the page for more on how to help. --SV Resolution 17:05, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Missing section!
pluto is missing its Who discovered it? section. Rachel 20:24, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Who is it named after.?
Can I hack the mythology section down? I think it's too wordy. This is about planets not mythology.--Gbleem 19:04, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Strangely, "hacking the sections down" is not on the proofreading plan, simply because I did not know where to put it in the proofreading plan, unless it belonged under "reorganization", which is not a very well-defined topic. Perhaps it would be considerate to discuss it with Shanel, since she has done all the proofreading work so far on this module.  I am sure there is a way to improve the section, which seems to be much heavier on Proserpina than on Pluto.
 * It may actually be that all of these "who is it named after" sections ought to be so short they all belong in the cool facts boxes.
 * --SV Resolution 19:24, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Volume and km 2
Doesn't go together. I figured that out, when translating his wikijunior into german. de:Benutzer:ThePacker

Needs an update
What did New horizons add to understanding of this remote world?ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 02:00, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm a bit late, but I updated the images for Pluto and Charon at least. Much better visually, though I don't know much of substance regarding what was found. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 07:06, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Solar System/Pluto


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User:Bobdoe~enwikibooks

I'm mostly on en:Wikipedia, but I venture here from time to time to add content to some of the books.

See w:user:Bobdoe

My templates

 * User:Bobdoe/SNES screenshot

title: User:Bobdoe~enwikibooks


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User:Squash~enwikibooks

See Wikipedia in English language user page

title: User:Squash~enwikibooks


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Wikijunior:Solar System/Moon

How big is the moon?
Most of the planets in the Solar System are much bigger than their moons, but the Earth and the Moon are much closer in size. The Moon is just under 3,500 kilometers (km) wide. That's over a quarter of the size of the Earth (about 12,600 km wide) as you can see in the picture below. Because of this, the Earth and Moon together are sometimes called a binary or double planet system.

What is the moon's surface like?
The Moon has no atmosphere. It also has no liquid water on its surface. During the day it becomes very hot, but at night it is icy cold. A person visiting the Moon needs an air supply and a special suit.

The Moon has many craters on its surface. The largest one is called the South Pole-Aitken Basin and is roughly 2500 km across.

We think nearly all the craters on moons or planets were made by huge rocks hitting them a long time ago. These collisions are called impacts.

Some of the craters on the Moon look as if they have rays coming out of them. These rays are rocks thrown across the Moon by the impacts that made the craters. Some of the craters around the poles of the Moon may have ice in them.

There are also darker areas called maria (said "MARR-ee-ah"). These are large pools of lava that cooled a long time ago. Most maria are on the side of the Moon we see from Earth. The lighter areas on the Moon are highlands.

How long is the Moon's revolution?
The Moon takes just over 27 Earth days to rotate (rotate means spin around) once.

How long is a year on the moon?
The Moon also takes just over 27 days to orbit (move around) the Earth. This is why we always see the same side of the Moon when we look from the Earth. We call this side the near side. The other side we call the far side. In 1959, a probe called Luna 3 sent back pictures of the far side. That was the first time anyone saw what it looked like.

What is the Moon made of?
The surface of the Moon is made of rocks and dust. The outer layer of the Moon is called the crust. The crust is about 70 km thick on the near side and 100 km thick on the far side. It is thinner under the maria and thicker under the highlands. There may be more maria on the near side because the crust is thinner. It was easier for lava to rise up to the surface.

We think the Moon has a small core (center) about 300 km across. The core is composed of solid iron. Because the core is solid, the Moon does not have its own magnetic field.

How much would the Moon's gravity pull on me?
If you were on the Moon, it would pull you down about a sixth as much as the Earth does, so you'd weigh a sixth as much. So would anything else. That's why it was much easier for the astronauts visiting the Moon to pick up rocks there.

Who is the moon named after?
The names Moon and month both come from the ancient Greek name for the Moon, Mene. There have been other names for the Moon, like Selene and Luna. Selene was the Greek goddess of the Moon. Luna was the Roman goddess of the Moon. The Roman people also associated their goddess Diana with the Moon.

Who discovered the Moon?
Ancient Greece and Ancient China noted over 2000 years ago that the light from the Moon is reflected from the Sun. Also, Ancient Greece noted that the Moon causes tides on Earth. More recently, Luna 1 was the first spacecraft to perform a flyby of the moon. Luna 2 was the first spacecraft to land on the moon, and Luna 3 was the first to photograph the far side of the Moon which you can not see from Earth. Luna 1 through 3 all were launched in 1959. Surveyor 3, in 1967, was the first to examine the soil of the Moon. It dug to 17.5 cm. In 1969, Apollo 11 was the very first spacecraft to land people on the moon.

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title: Wikijunior:Solar System/Moon