text:
Talk:Introduction to Psychology

I'm going to rebuild this wikibook up by combining wikipedia pages. This may become a project that will be finished in about a year or less. If I do not add to this wikibook, there will be a link inside my profile which will lead to a large amount of links that will be grouped together in which I would like to be formed into chapters.

If you have had experience in the field of Psychology or understand many of the concepts, please feel free to add your wikiname to the list of editors and contributors.

The link should be available 9/30/05. --Cyberman 10:56, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

ArrowStomper 04:17, 26 October 2006 (UTC) This book should be combined with the book in wikiversity, also should this be in wikibooks or wikiversity, I know that it is a highschool and a college class.

Cleaning
This Project needed serious cleaning up (and still does!), so I cleaned it a bit. I hope you don't mind Cyberman. --Tahren B 04:22, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Similar projects
How does this relate to the psychology WIKI project, which also claims to be a psychology textbook type resource...

 * That wiki appears to have well developed articles, but doesn't put them into a format that would make it easy to learn what needs to be learned first. I did ask if I can import some of their information, and am waiting for a reply. ArrowStomper 12:27, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Page Renaming
I saw that these pages do need to be renamed but am unsure of how to go about it. Should I make a new chapter one with the correct page name and then copy the information from the old chapter one into the new one? I also have a class in wikiversity that I am linking to this book for the reading material and then having the tests in wikiversity, if I rename the pages it will make all of those links inoperable. ArrowStomper 12:26, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Transclusion proposal
i am developing the animal behavior Animal Behavior text and i am proposing to easy into the section on neuroscience by building on the same section that already exists in the introduction to psychology book. the goal is to continue fleshing it out jointly. once much of the basic material is there i would fork a copy back into the animal behavior book. Robert Huber 12:41, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Project Contributors

 * Cyberman
 * Idaho2000
 * ArrowStomper

A lot of this should have been transwikid
--Remi 07:13, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Latex
Have you ever thought about using Latex as a format program. The book is impossible to read as it is now!

Moribund?
It seems like it has been quite a while since this project has moved forward. I am looking for a platform for an epub style book that I can use with my students (technical/community college). Unless someone has an idea for another project that may be further along, I intend to jump in here and see what we can do!

Bill

title: Talk:Introduction to Psychology


text:
Puzzles/Geometric Puzzles/Halving the Window

Given you have a quadratic window of size 3 by 3 feet. How can you halve the window size keeping the height and width constant, keeping it quadratic, but changing its area to half the initial size?

 * Modifications of the glass are not permitted (like gluing over parts of the window).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Cookbook talk:Salted Mustard Greens and Shredded Meat Noodle Soup

Salted mustard greens and shredded meat noodle soup authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Salted mustard greens and shredded meat noodle soup =
 * 2005-08-23 07:53:47 User:Usrnme h8er
 * 2005-07-24 14:50:18 User:SimonP (restore, never listed on VfD, and moving recipes is not policy)
 * 2005-07-24 08:56:24 User:Rmky87 (moved to cookbooks)
 * 2005-06-29 18:41:06 User:Cyrius (looks more like a recipe than an article to me.)
 * 2005-05-16 22:46:47 User:Cmdrjameson m (sp)
 * 2005-04-10 03:11:32 User:Allentchang
 * 2005-03-10 11:28:16 User:Allentchang m
 * 2005-03-04 16:37:21 User:Burschik (recipe moving)
 * 2005-01-13 05:53:36 User:68.54.252.219 (tyop)
 * 2004-12-27 21:26:08 User:Allentchang


text:
Cookbook talk:Naan

To what temperature should the oven be heated? --

All the cookbooks I have and recipes I've tried rely on the oven being very very hot - so I'm editing and putting 'as hot as your oven will go' - my oven goes to about 240 degrees Centigrade and that seems to work! TheMoog 14:35, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

yogurt?
Does the yogurt go into the naan, as well?

In my experience, yes it does. A lot of Indian cuisine uses yogurt from goats. 209.60.60.197 20:15, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Yum!
I just wanted to say that I tried this recipe today, and it made some awesome naan! As for the temperature, I cranked up my oven somewhere around 500 degrees Fahrenheit (260 C) and it turned out great. I actually forgot to brush it with butter, but I like it that way. --Timc 03:46, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

how long in the oven?
I am curious to try this, but how long should the naan be in the oven? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 132.206.72.82 (talk • contribs) 2007-02-20T07:26:25.

 * "Until done"! No, really, until they puff up a little and look cooked. In a really hot oven, this should only be about 4-5 minutes. (I'll adjust the recipe accordingly, thanks for prompting!) Webaware talk 22:08, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Pretty good
I've also had success with this recipe, although I could have done with an oven that'd go hotter (230°C was barely hot enough - took 10 mins at this temp). I've added a note to say how many naan breads the quantities of ingredients given will make. David Johnson [ T|C ] 19:12, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Sufficient water?
How much is sufficient? It's approximate of course but dough recipes should always contain an estimate of the amount required. I got pretty good results when making the recipe halved, using 1/2 cup of water, it ended up a little too wet so I'd guess 3/4 cup of water would be about right for the unhalved recipe. - anon

yeast
My family makes this with yeast, is there a yeast variation of this recipe?

(sorry, I just saw the variation in the page), ignore this comment,.

title: Cookbook talk:Naan


text:
Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Anatomy

Musculoskeletal anatomy refers to the study of the structures that make up the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissues. The musculoskeletal system provides support, stability, and movement to the body. Here's an overview of the key components of musculoskeletal anatomy:

 * Bones:
 * Skeletal System: The skeleton is the framework of the body, consisting of over 200 individual bones. These bones can be classified into two main categories: axial skeleton (bones of the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (bones of the limbs and girdles).
 * Long Bones: These bones, such as the femur and humerus, are longer than they are wide and play a crucial role in providing support and enabling movement.
 * Short Bones: Short bones, like those found in the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals), are roughly cube-shaped and provide stability and support.
 * Flat Bones: Flat bones, such as the skull bones (e.g., frontal and parietal bones) and the scapula, protect vital organs and serve as attachment sites for muscles.
 * Irregular Bones: These bones have complex shapes and include the vertebrae, facial bones, and pelvic bones.

 * Muscles:
 * Muscular System: Muscles are responsible for generating movement, maintaining posture, and providing support. There are three main types of muscles: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac (involuntary).
 * Skeletal Muscles: These are the muscles attached to bones that allow voluntary movement. They work in pairs, with one muscle contracting (agonist) to produce movement and its opposing muscle relaxing (antagonist).
 * Smooth Muscles: Smooth muscles are found in the walls of internal organs (e.g., digestive tract, blood vessels) and control involuntary processes, such as digestion and blood vessel constriction.
 * Cardiac Muscle: Cardiac muscle is found exclusively in the heart and is responsible for the rhythmic contractions that pump blood throughout the body.

 * Joints:
 * Articular System: Joints are the points where two or more bones come together. They can be classified into three main types: fibrous joints (immovable), cartilaginous joints (partially movable), and synovial joints (freely movable).
 * Synovial Joints: Synovial joints, such as the knee and shoulder joints, are the most common type of joint in the body and allow a wide range of motion. They are characterized by the presence of a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid to lubricate and cushion the joint.

 * Ligaments and Tendons:
 * Ligaments: Ligaments are tough, fibrous connective tissues that connect bone to bone, stabilizing joints and preventing excessive movement.
 * Tendons: Tendons are dense connective tissues that attach muscles to bones. They transmit the force generated by muscle contraction to the bone, allowing movement.

 * Other Connective Tissues:
 * Cartilage: Cartilage is a firm, flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body, including the joints, nose, and ears. It provides support and cushioning.
 * Fascia: Fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles, allowing them to slide past each other smoothly.

Understanding musculoskeletal anatomy is essential for healthcare professionals such as orthopedic surgeons, physical therapists, and sports medicine specialists, as well as for anyone interested in maintaining physical health and well-being. It plays a crucial role in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders, planning surgical procedures, and designing rehabilitation programs.


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Visual Basic/Examples

This section includes a wide range of ready made code that can be easily adapted for use in your own programs. Some examples are just a few lines others are complete applications, most fall somewhere between.

Although the code is described as ready made it is not intended that you just drop it into your programs as component parts. The idea is that these examples should provide a quick start that you can build on and re-work.

 * Snippets: Short pieces of code that illustrate techniques and solve small problems.

title: Visual Basic/Examples


text:
Strengths-Based Social Work Practice/Copyleft

Copyright 2005 Todd Richard Lyons. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.

If you've helped with this document, please sign below!

Contributors

 * 1) Todd Richard Lyons, LSW - Canadian - Indianapolis IN, USA - b.1970

Editors and Proofreaders
(Don't sign if you are already listed as a contributor)


text:
Japanese/Grammar/Nouns

Since Japanese nouns (名詞; めいし ) don't inflect they are fairly simple to master. They do, however, take particles to indicate their place in sentences.

Some commonly used particles for nouns are: " は ", " が " and " を ".

Plurals
The Japanese language lacks plurals in the English sense. Plural words are usually either preceded with a number and a counter, or simply made understood through context.

A few nouns can also suffix a pluralizing word, such as " たち " or "ら". When referring to a person, " たち " indicates company. For example, めぐみたち can mean "Megumi and more".

Yet others indicate plurality by repetition (e.g., ひと means person and ひとびと means people.) Written in kanji, the repetition mark, 々, is used (e.g., 人, 人々 ).

Noun-phrase particles
Japanese word structure, unlike Western languages which allow declensions depending on gender, tense, and many other aspects, maintains constant word forms, which are inflected by particles.

Note that particles always follow the nouns that they mark.

title: Japanese/Grammar/Nouns


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User:SV Resolution/sandbox

There are a couple of templates displayed on this page. Template:Notice Proofread and Template:Wikijunior_Solar_System_coolfacts. Template takes 3 arguments -- an image, a title, and the facts text. It is meant for use in the Wikijunior Solar System article, but it could be used anywhere. I made the box opaque so it could float right over the horizontal lines in the text.

Heading
What happens when coolfacts crosses a heading?

Heading
And another one. And a box in a paragraph  Is this like preformatted? preformatted text is another kind of box The box is indented from the surrounding paragraph

And back to a regular paragraph
 * Wouldn't it just be easier to do it this way?

 The blockquote tag already exists but you have to make it italics yourself

title: User:SV Resolution/sandbox


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Visual Basic/History

Visual Basic is Microsoft's high-level object-oriented rapid application development environment for the Windows platform. The first versions of Visual Basic were intended to target Windows 3.0 (a version for DOS existed as well), however it was not until version 3.0 for Windows 3.1 that this programming language gained large-scale acceptance in the shareware and corporate programming community.

Using drawing tools that resemble those found in hardcopy page layout programs or PhotoShop, VB programmers make user interfaces by drawing controls and other UI components onto forms. The programmer then adds code to respond to user interactions with the controls (for example, clicks, drag and drop, etc) known as events. The code can trigger events in other controls (for example, by displaying text or an image), execute procedures (run some algorithm based on the values entered in some control, output data, do business logic, etc), or almost anything else one might do in code.

Visual Basic can be considered to be an interpreted language like its Basic ancestor, with appropriate modifications to accommodate object-oriented programming, and has implicit type conversion. That is, the VB development environment goes to great lengths to format (and aid the user in formatting) programming code so that it conforms to executable syntax. For example, VB will appropriately change the case of newly typed variable names to match those that have been declared previously (if they have been declared at all!). Traditionally, VB is known for compiling programs into pseudo-code (p-code, similar to Java's byte code) which is interpreted at runtime, requiring the use of dynamically-linked libraries (for example, VBRUN300.DLL for version 3 of Visual Basic, circa 1992) but newer versions can compile code into something more closely resembling the efficient machine code generated by C-like compilers. VB6 can be compile either into p-code or into native code; in fact VB6 uses the Microsoft C++ compiler to generate the executable.

For new Windows programmers, VB offers the advantage of being able to access much of the Windows UI functionality without knowing much about how it works by hiding the technical details. Although accessing low-level Windows UI functionality is possible, doing so in VB is as, or more difficult compared to such access using Visual C++ or other lower level programming languages. Recently VB.NET has gone a long way to fixing some of the limitations.

Using custom controls provided by Microsoft or third parties, almost any functionality that is possible in Windows can be added to a VB program by drawing a custom control onto a form in the project.

Visual Basic traditionally comes in at least entry level and professional versions, with various designations depending on Microsoft's contemporary marketing strategy. The different versions are generally differentiated by the number of custom controls included, and the capabilities of the compiler. Higher priced packages include more functionality.

Evolution of Visual Basic
VB 1.0 was introduced in 1991. The approach for connecting the programming language to the graphical user interface is derived from a system called Tripod (sometimes also known as Ruby), originally developed by Alan Cooper, which was further developed by Cooper and his associates under contract to Microsoft.

Timeline of Visual Basic

 * Visual Basic 1.0 (May 1991) was released for Windows.

 * Visual Basic 1.0 for DOS was released in September 1992. The language itself was not quite compatible with Visual Basic for Windows, as it was actually the next version of Microsoft's DOS-based BASIC compilers, Microsoft QuickBASIC compiler and the BASIC Professional Development System 7.1. The interface was barely graphical, using extended ASCII characters to simulate the appearance of a GUI.

 * Visual Basic 2.0 was released in November 1992. The programming environment was easier to use, and its speed was improved.

 * Visual Basic 3.0 was released in the summer of 1993 and came in Standard and Professional versions. VB3 included a database engine that could read and write Access databases.

 * Visual Basic 4.0 (August 1995) was the first version that could create 32-bit as well as 16-bit Windows programs. It also introduced the ability to write classes in Visual Basic.

 * With version 5.0 (February 1997), Microsoft released Visual Basic exclusively for 32-bit versions of Windows. Programmers who preferred to write 16-bit programs were able to import programs written in Visual Basic 4.0 to Visual Basic 5.0, and Visual Basic 5.0 programs can easily be converted with Visual Basic 4.0. Visual Basic 5.0 also introduced the ability to create custom user controls, as well as the ability to compile to native Windows executable code, speeding up runtime code execution.

 * Visual Basic 6.0 (Mid 1998) improved in a number of areas, including the ability to create web-based applications using Internet Explorer. Visual Basic 6 is no longer supported.

title: Visual Basic/History


text:
Talk:Atlas Shrugged/Synopsis/Chapters 6-10

 * Is Philadelphia designated as the home for Hank Rearden and Rearden Steel? If so, can someone please mention a direct page citation?  Thanks.


text:
User talk:Mark Lewis~enwikibooks

The wikijunior solar system is not abandoned, but it does need revamping in sections -- now that most of the content is in, it needs to be rewritten to the reading level of 8-11 year-olds. I made a start in the "Solar System" section, and am working my way through Sun (which also needs some reorganization, as there is redundant information). Interested? --SV Resolution 18:19, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

How about just reviewing-and-correcting The part you showed interest in? If you could add a citation for your source, that would demonstrate that the fact has already been checked (just leave the reference in-line if you like -- we can clean it up later). That would be a great help. Thanks! --SV Resolution 15:37, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mark Lewis. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mark Lewis~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:25, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:14, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mark Lewis~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook talk:Toad in the Hole

This needs a better description of how-to, plus better categorization. Though I've eaten toad in the hole (a vegan one anyway), I'm not quite sure what to call it. In American english, it can't be called a "pudding" but I'm not sure of any other term that fits. Perhaps "pudding (english)"? Shrug. Kellen T 18:41, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Kellen: It's not called a pudding - the recipe just means it uses the same batter as a Yorkshire pudding (which of course isn't a pudding in the normal sense of the word either, but that's my lovely country for you.) I'll put in a link to reflect this but it still could do with a bit more doing to it. I'm just not the one to do it because I came here to find out how to cook it! --Tgoose 18:09, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Toad in the Hole


text:
Cookbook:Fleischbutter

| Spreads

Fleischbutter (meat butter) is a combination of ground meat, butter, and spices, used as a spread. Fleischbutter is popular in some German regions (south-west), and either unknown or considered inedible in others (north/east). The most common form of fleischbutter is made with ground pork; variants use beef, lamb, kidney, tripe, and other muscle and organ meats. Spices also vary considerably.

A restaurant's breakfast spread might include three or four selections of fleischbutter in small containers, along with containers of butter and jam and chocolate-spread.

Recipes
Sample recipe: see this Maria Schramm recipe on angebrannt.de (in German), with onions, cream, and capers.

title: Cookbook:Fleischbutter


text:
Cookbook talk:Fleischbutter

See angebrannt.de's recipe, care of Maria Schramm.

See also: fleisch-butter gemisch, http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/wwl/Aufschwung.doc

 * This is very probably the only occurrence of this recipe, so everything the article says about its being popular in parts of Germany and included in hotel breakfasts is totally wrong. Fleischbutter is completely unknown in Germany; no German dictionary or printed cookbook I know of lists the term. The reference to www.uni-tuebingen.de above is a simple misunderstanding; in the German text an "und" (and) between Fleisch and Butter is missing in a sentence about substandard supply of meat and butter in Nazi Germany. --Jossi2 (discuss • contribs) 22:46, 8 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Fleischbutter


text:
Technical Analysis

Contents

 * 1) Foreword
 * 2) About this book
 * 3) /Psychology And Markets/
 * 4) /Basis of Technical Analysis/
 * 5) /Type of Charts/
 * 6) /Patterns/
 * 7) /Technical Indicators/
 * 8) /Software/
 * 9) /Trading Approaches/

title: Technical Analysis


text:
User:Aragorn343

Hello
I'm basically here to contribute to the Atlas Shrugged Wikibook. I have to write a 15 page paper on it and while reading it am to record summaries, quotations, and settings. So I figure I can record it here for others as well.

title: User:Aragorn343


text:
User:Sideris~enwikibooks

I can understand how Wiki->PDF is a lot of work. Sounds great! One of these days! --SV Resolution 21:08, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Sideris~enwikibooks


text:
Japanese/Grammar/Sentence ending particles

The sentence ending particles (終助詞, しゅうじょし) are placed, unsurprisingly, at the end of sentences and apply to it as a whole. These include for example the question marker, か, and a host of others that express the speaker's emotions. Used mostly in speech.

か [ka] (interrogative)
Question mark, used to indicate the sentence is a question. Note that か replaces だ instead of appearing after it, so you can either omit the copula at all, or use a full form (で ある).

The particle may also follow question pronouns with the meaning of some as in someone:

の [no] (emphatic interrogative)
An emphatic question mark (mostly expresses reconfirmation or surprise):

An explanation particle, often indicates that the statement is intended to explain something or to provide information:

ね [ne] (emphasis and confirmation)
Polite and expresses Often translated as "isn't it so", "don't you think so" or "don't you agree with me". Also used as a polite or friendly sentence ending. Some people end virtually every sentence with "ね". Also works as "phrase softener", i.e., it makes the phrase sound softer. Lengthening the syllable makes it more emphatic. The lengthening is usually indicated with a tilde:
 * the speaker's desire to receive confirmation (rising intonation), or
 * the speaker's agreement (falling intonation).

よ [yo] (modality)
Used when providing new information that a speaker has, or like an exclamation mark, also for commands and invitations:

ぞ [zo] (emphasis)
Similar to よ but more objective. Often used as a shout, a call and a yell (not limited to male speakers).

な [na] (admiration)
Informal, used when expressing a personal emotion or desire.

(A few speakers tend to prefer using "な" instead of "ね" but deprecated)

な [na] (prohibition)
な can indicate prohibition when placed after action-verbs(present tense). In direct speech, this sounds rude and angry.

かな [kana] (uncertainty)
Indicate that speaker is not sure about something.

ぜ [ze] (inducement)
Sometimes seen as catchphrases, but rather old-fashioned, thus used only in a sportive talking. Also sometimes used as a vulgar よ.

わ [wa] (modality)
Declares a personal thought. Almost similar to よ but expresses fewer attention:

さ [sa] (interjection, emphasis)
Filler particle, used to draw attention with a pause (unlike よ, not implying any command or new information is communicated):


text:
User:Gakon5

See my full user page at Wikipedia: here

Wikibooks I Started
Super Smash Bros.

Recent Contribs
Super Smash Bros. Melee

Planned Contribs
Kirby: Canvas Curse | Nintendogs

title: User:Gakon5


text:
Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Salivary gland

Tumors of the Salivary Glands

Epidemiology

 * Median age for salivary gland malignancy is 55-65.
 * Median age for benign salivary gland tumor is 10 yrs younger.
 * Salivary gland malignancies represent 3-6% of head and neck cancers.
 * Tumor distribution (Perez 5th edition):
 * Parotid gland 70%
 * Submandibular gland 8%
 * Minor salivary glands 22%

Histology

 * 75% of parotid masses are benign
 * Low grade tumors of the parotid: acinic cell, low grade mucoepidermoid
 * High grade tumors of the parotid: high grade mucoepidermoid, adenoid cystic, adenoCA, squamous cell
 * Most common histology of malignant parotid gland tumor is mucoepidermoid (30%).
 * Predominant histology of a malignant submandibular gland tumor is adenoid cystic.
 * Histologic classification is often difficult, with significant interobserver variability and reclassification rate

Anatomy
Salivary Glands:
 * Parotid - superficial to and behind ramus of the mandible. LN drainage to parotid nodes, and then to superficial LNs along SCM muscle and to deep cervical chain
 * Submandibular - in triangle between digastric muscle bellies and lower border of the mandible. LN drainage to both submandibular LNs and directly to anterior subdigastic LNs
 * Sublingual - medial to mandible, lateral to genioglossus muscle of the tongue, superior to mylohyoid muscle, inferior to mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. LN drainage to submandibular LNs or to deep internal jugular chain
 * Minor Salivary Glands - widely distributed throughout the upper aerodigestive tract (see below)

Parotid Gland
 * Anatomical borders of parotid gland
 * Superior - zygomatic arch
 * Inferior - upper border of posterior belly of digastric
 * Anterior - 2nd maxillary molar
 * Posterior - tip of mastoid
 * Lobes of parotid gland:
 * Parotid gland divided into superficial and deep lobes.
 * Lobes of parotid separated by relation to facial nerve (no fascial plane separating them).

Nodal drainage of Salivary Glands:
 * Parotid:
 * Periparotid and intraparotid nodes
 * Level I, Level II, Level III
 * Submandibular
 * Level I, Level II, Level III

Contouring / Anatomy
 * See Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Anatomy (e.g. COSTAR trial)

Staging
AJCC 7th Edition (2009) Tumor
 * T1 - 2cm or less w/o extraparenchymal extension
 * T2 - >2cm but not greater than 4cm; and w/o extraparenchymal extension
 * T3 - >4cm or with extraparenchymal extension
 * T4a - invades skin, mandible, ear canal or facial nerve
 * T4b - invades skull base, pterygoid plates or encases carotid

Nodes (same as for most H&N sites)

Overall stage
 * I - T1 N0
 * II - T2 N0
 * III - T3 N0-1, or T1-3 N1 (i.e. T3 or N1)
 * IVA - T4a N0-2, or T1-4a N2 (i.e. T4a or N2)
 * IVB - T4b N0-3, or T1-4b N3 (i.e. T4b or N3)
 * IVC - M1

Older staging systems
AJCC 6th Edition (2002) No changes compared to 7th edition

Treatment

 * Treatment of choice for malignancy of salivary glands is surgical resection.
 * Superficial parotidectomy if possible for parotid malignancy
 * Total parotidectomy indicated if tumor invades into or adjacent to deep lobe. Total parotidectomy still attempts to spare CNVII.
 * Facial nerve should be sacrificed if invasion of CNVII or facial palsy
 * Indications for adjuvant RT typically includes positive margins, invasion outside of salivary gland, positive nodes, high grade histology
 * Treatment volume: No need for contralateral neck treatment even with positive ipsilateral neck nodes (see Harrison, 1990). Treat parotid bed only for low grade cancers with indications for local irradiation but no lymph node involvement. Treat parotid bed and ipsilateral neck for high grade cancers, recurrent cancers, or LN metastases.
 * Radiation dose: Tumor bed - 60 Gy at 2 Gy/fx or 63 Gy at 1.8 Gy/fx. Positive margins - 66-70 Gy.  Neck (undissected) - 50-54 Gy.  Neck (dissected) - 60-63 Gy
 * Neutrons are superior to photon RT based on a randomized RTOG-MRC trial; local control was dramatically better but so was the rate of severe late effects. Neutron therapy is not routinely available, and not actively pursued

Adjuvant Radiation

 * Dutch Head and Neck Oncology Cooperative Group (NWHHT), 2005 PMID 15629600 -- Terhaard CHJ et al. "The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant salivary gland tumors,"  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jan 1;61(1):103-11.
 * Largest series published for malignant salivary gland tumors.
 * 498 pts w/ malignant primary salivary gland carcinoma. Of pts treated w/ surgery, 78% received adjuvant xrt (median dose 62 Gy)
 * Factors in which adjuvant radiation significantly improved local control included T3-T4, close margin, incomplete resection, bony invasion, and PNI.
 * Local control for surgery alone if T1-2 and clear margins was 95% at 5 yrs, and 90% at 10 yrs
 * 5yr local control if definitive xrt was 50% if 66-70 Gy delivered.

 * Memorial Sloan Kettering
 * PMID 2166187, 1990 -- "Postoperative radiation therapy for major salivary gland malignancies." Harrison L et al. J Surg Oncol. 1990 Sep;45(1):52-5.

 * PMID 2306346, 1990 (1966-82) — "Malignant tumors of major salivary gland origin. A matched-pair analysis of the role of combined surgery and postoperative radiotherapy." Armstrong JG et al. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990 Mar;116(3):290-3.
 * Matched pair analysis of patients with combined surgery + post-op RT and pts treated with surgery alone (1939-65).
 * 5-year survival for Stage I-II 81.9% (S+RT) vs 95.8% (S), and for Stage III-IV 51.3% vs 16.8%. For LN+ 48.9% vs 18.7%.
 * Conclusion: post-op RT improves survival for Stage III-IV and LN+.

 * Johns Hopkins, 1990 (1975-87) PMID 2115032 -- North CA et al.  "Carcinoma of the major salivary glands treated by surgery or surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy," Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990 Jun;18(6):1319-26.
 * 87 pts w/ carcinoma of major salivary gland (70 parotid) tx'd w/ either surgery or surg + post-op RT (median 60 Gy).
 * Factors associated w/ poor outcome included facial nerve paresis, undifferentiated histology, male sex, skin invasion, and no RT.
 * Patients w/ local recurrence had major advantage if RT was given as part of salvage.

Elective Nodal Irradiation

 * UCSF; 2007 (1960-2004) PMID 17234357 -- "Patterns of nodal relapse after surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for carcinomas of the major and minor salivary glands: what is the role of elective neck irradiation?" (Chen AM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Mar 15;67(4):988-94.)
 * Retrospective. 251 patients, N0 salivary gland malignancy (adenoid cystic 33%, mucoepidermoid 24%, adenoCA 23%), gross total resection (R0 44%, R1 56%), no LND + RT. Median primary RT dose 63 Gy. 52% had elective neck irradiation (ipsilateral neck 69%, bilateral 31%)
 * 10-year outcome: Nodal failures in T1 7%, T2 5%, T3 12%, T4 16%.
 * ENI reduced 10-yr nodal relapse from 26% to 0%, especially in squamous cell (67%), undifferentiated CA (50%), adenoCA (34%). No nodal failures in adenoid cystic CA (0/84) or acinic cell (0/21), regardless of ENI.
 * Conclusion: ENI effectively prevents nodal relapses

 * Memorial Sloan Kettering, 1992 - PMID 1730113, (1939-82) Armstrong JG et al.  "The indications for elective treatment of the neck in cancer of the major salivary glands." Cancer. 1992 Feb 1;69(3):615-9.
 * 474 pts. Clinically LN+ in 14%. Pathologically positive (occult) LN mets in 12% of those with clinically negative neck.
 * Size and grade were predictive of LN mets. Size: 20% (>4 cm) vs 4%; Grade: 49% (High grade) vs 7% (int or low grade).

Definitive Radiation Therapy

 * UCSF, 2006 (1960-2004) PMID 16965870 -- Chen AM et al. "Long-term outcome of patients treated by radiation therapy alone for salivary gland carcinomas." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 15;66(4):1044-50.
 * 45 pts w/ newly dx'd salivary gland carcinoma tx'd w/ definitive xrt to median dose of 66 Gy.
 * 5 yr estimated local control was 70%, 10 yr 57%
 * T3-4 disease and <66 Gy were predictors for local recurrence.
 * Gainesville, 2005 (1964-2003) PMID 15880750 -- Mendenhall WM et al. "Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for salivary gland carcinoma."  Cancer. 2005 Jun 15;103(12):2544-50.
 * Retrospective review of pts at U of FL tx'd w/ curative intent w/ RT alone (64) vs surg (160).
 * T stage and use of surgery were predictors of local control.
 * RT cured approximately 20% of advanced stage tumors if used alone.

Neutron Therapy

 * RTOG-MRC Neutron Trial -- neutrons vs. photons/electrons
 * Randomized. Stopped early due to neutron advantage. 32 patients, inoperable or recurrent major or minor salivary gland tumors. Arm 1) Neutrons (17-22 nGy) vs. Arm 2) photon/electrons (55 Gy/4 weeks or 70 Gy/7.5 weeks)
 * 2-years; 1988 PMID 2846479 -- "Neutron vs photon irradiation of inoperable salivary gland tumors: results of an RTOG-MRC Cooperative Randomized Study." (Griffin TW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Nov;15(5):1085-90.) Minimum F/U 2 years
 * Outcome: 2-year LRC neutrons 67% vs. photons/electrons 17% (SS); 2-year OS 62% vs. 25% (NS)
 * Conclusion: Neutrons superior for local control, but no impact on survival
 * Final; 1993 PMID 8407397 -- "Neutron versus photon irradiation for unresectable salivary gland tumors: final report of an RTOG-MRC randomized clinical trial." (Laramore G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Sep 30;27(2):235-40)
 * Outcome: 10-year LRC neutrons 56% vs. photons/electrons 17% (SS); OS 25% vs. 15% (NS). Median OS 3 years vs. 1.2 years
 * Toxicity: Severe toxicity worse in neutron arm, but no difference in "life-threatening" complications
 * Conclusion: Fast neutron RT appears to be the treatment of choice for patients with inoperable/recurrent salivary gland tumors
 * Comment: Remains as only randomized trial for malignant salivary gland tumors

 * University of Washington, 2003 PMID 12975266 -- Douglas JG et al. "Treatment of salivary gland neoplasms with fast neutron radiotherapy."  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003 Sep;129(9):944-8.
 * 279 pts tx'd w/ curative intent using fast neutron therapy (263 had evidence of gross residual dz).
 * Multivariate analysis showed improved CSS for pts w/ stage I-II dz, lack of skull base invasion, minor salivary site.

Minor Salivary Glands

 * Widely distributed throughout the upper aerodigestive tract: tumors present in 38% palate, 12% cheek/lips, 12% antrum, 10% tongue, 10% nasal cavity, multiple other sites <10%
 * Imaging depends on location, but should involve evaluation of bone involvement
 * Definitive diagnosis should be via excisional biopsy
 * Histology: 40% adenoid cystic, 16% mucoepidermoid, 16% adenoCA, 28% others
 * Prognosis: worst for adenoid cystic
 * General management (based on Perez 5th edition)
 * Depending on site, attempt surgical resection (though not simple excision, as significant residual disease can be left behind)
 * Radiation may be used as adjuvant or primary, with techniques similar to squamous cell cancers in the same location, except:
 * Adenoid cystic involving a named branch of cranial nerve, in which case nerve path to skull base should be treated. For focal perineural invasion, treatment to skull base should be based on anatomic location
 * For paranasal sinuses or palate, base of skull should be treated due to proximity
 * Fields may not need to electively include LNs, except if located in tongue, floor of mouth, pharynx, or larnyx and neck was not dissected. However, UCSF data on elective nodal irradiation (ENI) above suggest no benefit for adenoid cystic or acinic cell
 * RT dose
 * Negative margins: 60/30
 * Microscopically positive margins: 66/33
 * Grossly residual disease or primary treatment: 70/35

 * Netherlands Cancer Institute; 2000 (Belgium)(1973-1994) PMID 11002213 -- "Stage as major long term outcome predictor in minor salivary gland carcinoma." (Vander Poorten VL, Cancer. 2000 Sep 15;89(6):1195-204.)
 * Retrospective. 55 patients with minor salivary gland cancer. Median F/U for alive patients 11.1 years
 * Outcome: 5-year DSS 76%, 10-year DSS 74%
 * Prognostic factors: younger age, lower AJCC stage, LN+, vascular invasion, nasopharynx/paranasal sinus location
 * Conclusion: comparable outcome to major salivary gland patients

Overview

 * First described in 1853, named adenoid cystic in 1953
 * Slow-growing epithelial tumor of salivary glands, thought to arise from intercalated mucous-secreting ducts. Can arise anywhere within the upper respiratory tract
 * Predominance in 5th-6th decade, and in females
 * Estimated 5-10% of all salivary tumors, but common in minor salivary glands (30-40%). Parotid gland is the single most common site, and accounts for ~25%. Minor salivary glands account for ~60% in total; most common site is palate
 * Histologically shows 3 patterns: glandular, tubular, and solid (worse prognosis)
 * Characterized by persistent local recurrences, perineural spread, and distant metastases; lymphatic spread less common
 * Distant metastases may happen late, commonly affect lungs, are are frequently slow-growing and surgically resectable
 * Most important prognostic factor is Stage; more favorable outcome of major parotid glands compared with minor is probably earlier diagnosis
 * Overall, 5-year OS is exceptionally good but 10- and 20-year OS is exceptionally poor
 * Most are treated surgically
 * Role of adjuvant RT is controversial; some institutions use for all patients while others use for those with unfavorable features. It is probably reasonable to offer adjuvant radiation for most patients, especially with positive surgical margins or perineural invasion. RT dose should be >60 Gy
 * Perineural invasion of small unnamed nerves may not be correlated with worse control if treated with adjuvant RT; named branches of cranial nerves should probably be treated to skull base
 * In patients with skull base extension (and likely R2 resection or unresectable), dose intensification with proton therapy or carbon ion boost appears superior to IMRT alone

Photon Therapy

 * MSKCC; 2007 (1990-2004) PMID 18029108 -- "Outcomes and Prognostic Variables in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Recent Experience." (Gomez DR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Oct 27 [Epub ahead of print])
 * Retrospective. 59 patients (oral cavity 28%, paranasal sinuses 22%, parotid 14%, submandibular 14%) treated with RT. Stage T1-T4. Base of skull treated in 90%. Median F/U of survivors 5.9 years
 * Outcome: 5-year LC 91%, DM-free 81%, OS 87%; 10-year LC 81%, DM-free 49%, OS 65%
 * Worse predictors: T4, gross/clinical nerve involvement, LN+
 * Conclusion: RT combined with surgery offers excellent local control

 * Heidelberg; 2006 PMID 16756669 -- "Inverse planned stereotactic intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment of incompletely and completely resected adenoid cystic carcinomas of the head and neck: initial clinical results and toxicity of treatment." (Munter MW, Radiat Oncol. 2006 Jun 6;1:17.)
 * Retrospective. 25 patients, huge adenoid cystic tumors. Surgery R0 (16%), R1 (4%), R2 (80%). Treated with IMRT, most using integrated boost. Median F/U 1.9 months
 * Outcome: 3-year OS 72%. LF 12%, RF (adjacent LN) 12%
 * Toxicity: Grade 3+ if small number of patients
 * Conclusion: IMRT provides good control and low side effects

 * UCSF; 2006 (1960-2004) PMID 16904520 -- "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck treated by surgery with or without postoperative radiation therapy: prognostic features of recurrence." (Chen AM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Sep 1;66(1):152-9.)
 * Retrospective. 140 patients treated with definitive surgery. T1 26%, T2 28%, T3 20%, T4 26%. SM+ 56%. Post-op RT 64%, median dose 64 Gy (54-71 Gy). Base of skull treated routine for all patients with PNI. Elective neck in 54%. Median F/U 5.5 years
 * Outcome: LC 5-year 88%, 10-year 77%; 10-year OS 64%. Sites of failure: all LR were localize to original site except for 2 base of skull recurrences in patients treated with surgery alone. No cervical LN failures. DM sites were lung 71%, bone 14%, liver 9%, brain 6%
 * Poor prognosis: T4, PNI, major nerve involvement, lack of post-op RT. Post-op RT beneficial in essentially all subgroups except possibly if SM-. If received post-op RT, dose <60 Gy, T4, and major nerve involvement poor prognosis
 * Conclusion: Combined modality therapy with RT >60 Gy should be standard of care

 * University of Florida; 2004 (1966-2001) PMID 14762884 -- "Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck." (Mendenhall WM, Head Neck. 2004 Feb;26(2):154-62.)
 * Retrospective. 101 patients, treated with RT alone or surgery + RT. Median F/U 6.6 years
 * Outcome: LC 5-years RT 56% vs surgery + RT 94%, 10-years 43% vs. 91% (SS). OS 5-years 57% vs. 77%, 10-years 42% vs. 55%. Predictors for survival T-stage, clinical nerve invasion. DM 10-years 27%
 * Conclusion: Optimal treatment for ACC is surgery + adjuvant RT

 * Hanover; 2004 (Germany)(1981-2000) PMID 14690656 -- "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck--a 20 years experience." (Kokemueller H, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004 Jan;33(1):25-31.)
 * Retrospective. 74 patients. Complete resection 45/74. Post-op RT 14 patients.
 * Outcome: LC 5-years 64%, 10-years 56%, 15-years 52%; mean local control time 11.1 years; DM control 72%, 62%, 59%; mean distant control time 14.4 years; OS 71%, 54%, 37%; mean OS 4.7 years
 * Poor prognosis: large size, PNI, SM+
 * Conclusion: Insight into behavior of ACC

 * UCLA; 2004 (1963-1997) PMID 15577803 -- "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submandibular gland: a 35-year review." (Cohen AN, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Dec;131(6):994-1000.)
 * Retrospective. 22 patients, ACC of submandibular gland. Surgery in 21/22. Post-op RT if advanced size, PNI, SM+, or LN+. Median F/U 5.6 years
 * Outcome: DFS 3-years 66%, 5-years 57%, 10-years 41%; OS 76%, 70%, 37%
 * Poor prognosis: large tumor, SM+, PNI, local recurrence
 * Conclusion: High DFS rates; early Dx, wide surgery and post-op RT associated with favorable prognosis

 * MD Anderson; 1995 (1962-1991) PMID 7790247 -- "The influence of positive margins and nerve invasion in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck treated with surgery and radiation." (Garden AS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jun 15;32(3):619-26.)
 * Retrospective. 198 patients, ACC treated with surgery, then post-op RT. Parotid 15%, submandibular/sublingual 21%, minor salivary 62%, lacrimal 2%. Resection R1 42%, close 28%. PNI 69%, major nerve PNI 28%. Median RT 60 Gy to tumor bed. Median F/U 7.8 years
 * Outcome: LR 5-years 95%, 10-years 86%, 15-years 79%. LR by margin: positive 18%, close 9%, negative 5% (SS). By PNI, PNI major nerve 18% vs. PNI minor nerve 9% (SS). Trend to better control with higher dose. DM primary mode of recurrence (37%)
 * Conclusion: Excellent local control using combined surgery + postop RT. PNI only adverse with major nerve involvement. Recommend 60 Gy to tumor bed, 66 Gy if SM+

Proton Therapy

 * ''Please also see the general H&N proton therapy page

 * Harvard
 * 2008 (1991-2002) PMID 17902164 -- "Extent of surgery in the management of locally advanced sinonasal malignancies." (Resto VA, Head Neck. 2008 Feb;30(2):222-9.)
 * Retrospective. 102 patients, locally advanced, treated with proton therapy with or without surgery (R0 20%, R1 49%, R2/biopsy 31%). Squamous cell 32%, neuroendocrine 29%, adenoid cystic 20%, sarcoma 13%, adenocarcinoma 6%. Median RT dose if R0 resection 67.6 Gy, if R1/R2 resection 75.6 Gy usually given BID. Median proton contribution 57%. Concurrent chemo 33% (typically for neuroendocrine). Median F/U 3.6 years, alive 5.1 years
 * Outcome: 5-year LC R0 95% vs R1 82% vs R2 87% (NS, no difference by histology); 5-year DFMS 95% vs. 69% vs 52% (no difference by histology). 5-year OS 90% vs 49% vs 39% (worst for squamous cell). Regional failure rate 12%
 * Conclusion: High dose proton RT excellent local control regardless of extent of surgery. However, DFS and DMFS depended on extent of surgery. Can consider observation for regional neck
 * 2006 (1991-2002) PMID 17116822 -- "Proton beam radiation therapy for skull base adenoid cystic carcinoma." (Pommier P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Nov;132(11):1242-9.)
 * Retrospective. 23 patients, adenoid cystic with skull base extension. Sinonasal 75%, nasopharynx 22%. Surgery 52%. All patients definitive combined photon and proton RT (photons typically to elective LNs, proton contribution 31-72%). Median dose 76 Gy BID or 73 Gy QD. Median F/U 5.2 years
 * Outcome: 5-year LC 93%, DMFS 62%, DFS 56%, OS 77%. Prognostic factors vision change initially and sphenoid sinus/clivus involvement
 * Conclusion: Encouraging local control

Carbon Ion

 * Heidelberg
 * IMRT vs carbon; 2005 (1995-2003) PMID 15937907 -- "Therapy strategies for locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinomas using modern radiation therapy techniques." (Schulz-Ertner D, Cancer. 2005 Jul 15;104(2):338-44.)
 * Retrospective. 63 patients with ACC, 2 groups depending on carbon ion beam availability. Group A (n=29): combined photons/carbon boost. Group B (n=34): photons only, delivered as stereotactic or IMRT. Carbon ion allowed higher median GTV dose (72 GyE vs. 66 GyE). Median F/U Group A 1.3 years vs Group B 2 years
 * Outcome: LRC 2-years photons/carbon 77% vs. IMRT 72%, 4-years 77% vs. 25% (p=0.08). 4-year DFS 53% vs. 23%, 4-year OS 76% vs. 78%
 * Toxicity: Severe late toxicity <5% for both groups
 * Conclusion: Combination of IMRT and carbon ion seemed advantageous over IMRT alone
 * Overall; 2004 (1997-2002) PMID 14751537 -- "Results of carbon ion radiotherapy in 152 patients." (Schulz-Ertner D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Feb 1;58(2):631-40.)
 * Retrospective. 152 patients treated with carbon ion RT, 21 unfavorable adenoid cystic with infiltration of skull base and R2 resection enrolled (18 primary, 8 recurrent). Photons to 54 Gy (but 8/21 received lower dose due to neighboring organ tolerances) followed by carbon ion boost 18 GyE. 14/21 patients planned with IMRT. Median F/U 14 months
 * Adenoid cystic outcome: LRF 4/21 (19%); 3-year LRC 62%, OS 75%
 * Toxicity: acute Grade 3 in 9% (1 abscess, 1 mucositis)
 * Conclusion: Carbon ion therapy is safe and offers high local control
 * Feasibility; 2003 (1998-2002) PMID 12738314 -- "Feasibility and toxicity of combined photon and carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinomas." (Schulz-Ertner D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Jun 1;56(2):391-8.)
 * Phase I/II. 16 patients, ACC with R2 resection. Combined photon/carbon boost RT to 72 GyE. Photons were stereotactic RT/IMRT. Median F/U 1 year
 * Outcome: 1-year LC 65%, 3-year LC 65%; OS 100% and 83%
 * Toxicity: No Grade 3+ acute toxicity
 * Conclusion: Combined photon/carbon ion therapy is feasible and effective


text:
Introduction to Psychology/History

Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior, mind and thought and the subconscious neurological bases of behavior. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. It is largely concerned with humans, although the behavior and mental processes of animals can also be part of psychology research, either as a subject in its own right (e.g. animal cognition and ethology), or somewhat more controversially, as a way of gaining an insight into human psychology by means of comparison (including comparative psychology). Psychology is commonly defined as the science of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology does not necessarily refer to the brain or nervous system and can be framed purely in terms of phenomenological or information processing theories of mind. Increasingly, though, an understanding of brain function is being included in psychological theory and practice, particularly in areas such as artificial intelligence, neuropsychology, and cognitive neuroscience.

The late 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study, because in that year German scientist Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig, Germany.

Wundt is considered the father of Psychology. He pioneered the field with his historical approach of structuralism which attempted to understand the mind as the sum of varying underlying parts. Wundt collected data through the use of introspection with his subjects. He believed that the study of conscious thoughts would be the key to understand the mind. This experimental introspection was in contrast to what had been called psychology until then, a branch of philosophy where people introspected themselves.

Introspection is the direct observation or rumination of one's own heart, mind and/or soul and its processes, as opposed to extrospection, the observation of things external to one's self.

Cognitive psychology accepts the use of the scientific method, but rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation. It should be noted that Herbert Simon and Allen Newell identified the 'thinking-aloud' protocol, in which investigators view a subject engaged in introspection, and who speaks his thoughts aloud, thus allowing study of his introspection.

Wundt argued that "we learn little about our minds from casual, haphazard self-observation...It is essential that observations be made by trained observers under carefully specified conditions for the purpose of answering a well-defined question."

Many scientists criticized the idea of introspection as part of psychology because the observation of stimulation was speculative without an empirical approach and lacked objectivity. However the case, a new light to introspection has been created called Psychophysics. Psychophysics is the branch of psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their perception.

Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), the Russian Ivan Pavlov (who discovered the learning process of classical conditioning), and the Austrian Sigmund Freud.

The mid-20th century saw a rejection of Freud's theories among many psychologists as being too unscientific, as well as a reaction against Edward Titchener's abstract approach to the mind.

Edward B. Titchener (1876-1927) was an Englishman and a student of Wilhelm Wundt before becoming a professor of psychology at Cornell University. He would put his own spin on Wundt's psychology of consciousness after he emigrated to the United States.

At the turn of 19th century the founding father of experimental psychology Wilhelm Wundt tried to experimentally confirm his hypothesis that conscious mental life can be broken down into fundamental elements which then form more complex mental structures. Wundt's structuralism was quickly abandoned because it could not be tested in the same way as behavior, until now, when brain-scanning technology can identify, for example, specialized brain cells that respond exclusively to basic lines and shapes and are then combined in subsequent brain areas where more complex visual structures are formed. This line of research in modern psychology is called cognitive psychology rather than structuralism because Wundt's term never ceased to be associated with the problem of observability.

Structuralism could not survive the scrutiny of the scientific method, thus new approaches to studying the mind arose. One rather important historical approach was Functionalism. William James authored the book The Principles of Psychology which covered almost every topic that is now studied; learning, sensation, memory, reasoning, feelings, consciousness, and the revolutionary theory of emotions.

William James' approach to psychology was less concerned with the composition of the mind as Wilhelm Wundt wanted but rather to examine the ways the mind adapts to changing situations and environment. How for instance does one fear an a dangerous creature when they are running. Is the fear a product of the physiological changes that occur when a person notices a danger to himself? Or does the danger instigate the fear that causes the person to run away? These are topics that interested William James. Unfortunately Functionalism did not last as a unique approach but many of its elements have had great impact in other areas such as educational psychology.

Functionalism wasn't the only approach to develop during this time. A group of psychologists in Germany led by Max Wertheimer had been studying perceptions. One of their most famous experiments was to flash several light bulbs consecutively after one another to create a pattern of moving lights. Not much unlike how we see traffic signal that move in one direction. The bulbs them selves are not moving but they give the perception of movement. This early approach in studying patterns and perception was called the Gestalt approach literally meaning "whole pattern". The Gestalt approach emphasized that perception is more than the sum of the parts and studied how sensations are assembled into meaning perceptual experiences. Many of the principles of the Gestalt approach are still used to explain how we perceive objects.

No approach, though has lasted as a whole more than the Behavioral approach of John B. Watson. In his Book "Psychology as a Behavioralist views it" Watson rejected completely the technique of Wundt's structuralism and posed that the objective of psychology is to analyze observable behaviors to predict and control them. Behaviorism has been the dominant approach in psychology since the early 1900s and continues onto the present.

The majority of mainstream psychology is based on a framework derived from cognitive psychology, although the popularity of this paradigm does not exclude others, which are often applied as necessary. Psychologists specializing in certain areas, however, may use the dominant cognitive psychology only rarely if at all.

Cognitive psychology is the psychological science which studies cognition, the mental processes that are hypothesized to underlie behavior. This covers a broad range of research domains, examining questions about the workings of memory, attention, perception, knowledge representation, reasoning, creativity and problem solving.

Cognitive psychology is radically different from previous psychological approaches in two key ways.
 * It accepts the use of the scientific method, and generally rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation, unlike phenomenological methods such as Freudian psychology.
 * It posits the existence of internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and motivations) unlike behaviorist psychology.

title: Introduction to Psychology/History


text:
Cookbook:Banana Nut Muffins

A recipe for banana nut muffins, based on one from the Joy of Cooking, but slightly modified.

Ingredients

 * 2 eggs
 * 1 tbsp honey, molasses, or sugar
 * 1 cup milk (or soy milk)
 * ¼ cup vegetable oil
 * 2–3 bananas, mashed
 * ⅔ cups (160 ml) white flour
 * 1⅓ cups (320 g) whole wheat flour
 * ½ tsp salt
 * 2 tsp baking powder
 * ½ cups (120 ml) chopped nuts (such as walnuts)
 * Sugar to taste, if necessary

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 400°F (200°C).
 * 2) Grease a muffin tin.
 * 3) Cream together eggs, honey, milk, vegetable oil, and bananas.
 * 4) Combine dry ingredients, then mix gently with wet ingredients. Lumpy batter is to be expected.
 * 5) Bake for 20–25 minutes.
 * 6) Cool.

title: Cookbook:Banana Nut Muffins


text:
Talk:Modern History/Rise of Fascism, Socialism and Communism

Socialism
There were actually other socialists before Marx's book came out. That's where he got the examples I think. -OMouse

Neutrality!
In the Facism section of this book, it says: "Racism plays a key part in Fascism, at least in National Socialism. It is based on the fact that others are sub-human and pose a threat to the majority's society in some way and therefore, they should be enslaved or destroyed. This is very terrible thinking, but it was accepted because of the terrible economic conditions of the 1930s (Depression) and because logic could be used to explain."

This is very terrible thinking may be true, but it expresses an idea of the author and these are strictly non-fiction books. This should be changed immediatley.


text:
Cookbook talk:Table of Contents/Archive 4

Recipe Summary Template
I've created a Template:Recipe_Summary to produce the inset with servings, prep time, etc seen on many pages. This is modelled after the one on the dutch wikibooks (nl:Sjabloon:Recept). Its use is demonstrated on the Cookbook:Flaky Pie Crust page.

An example usage:

Usage notes: Kellen 3 July 2005 22:06 (UTC)
 * Usually this template should be the first thing on the page (before navigation).
 * All fields shown here are required (otherwise you'll get template-looking output ).
 * The "Category" tries to resolve to an actual category.
 * Rating is between 1 and 5 inclusive.

 * Looks great. Now for the grunt work... --bleh fu talk fu  4 July 2005 00:29 (UTC)

 * One more usage note: I've used to expand the name of the article. For now this'll expand to "Cookbook:Recipe Name" but in the near future when "Cookbook" becomes a proper namespace on wikibooks it'll just expand to "Recipe Name". This might even just get put in the template, but for now I wanted to leave the options open. Kellen 4 July 2005 00:57 (UTC)

 * I've created a shorthand template for this as well. See Cookbook:Policy for details. Kellen 04:47, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

I've noticed a few pages have boxes like so:

 Though there don't seem to be very many active contributors at the moment (on vacation?) I wonder if people would like to try to categorize all the recipes with something more thorough like this. Well, do you? Kellen 17:40, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been using the recipe summary, but I've got one improvement to suggest (see the sample template for the Desserts category, below). The energy value of food is currently called Calories, but this makes it difficult for people that use kilojoules for this measure. It's also like saying square footage when you really mean area, it's not really correct. I propose that the the section be changed to Energy, and that the units follow the quantity (e.g., kcal == Cal, kJ, etc.). I would also suggest that contributors follow their preferred unit with the corresponding one in the other system (in parentheses, like with ingredients). Note that 1 kcal = 4.186 kJ. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 00:51, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That's fair. I think maybe we should suggest an order though, calories first and kJ second? No preference with respect to the other fields in the example above? Kellen T 03:33, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * We could use a consistent order. But, maybe it would be better to use the original units first, and the derived units second. That's how ingredient quantities are done at the moment, I think. Also by putting one before another, you open another kettle of fish, like favouring US English over commonwealth English (we don't want to go there ;). GeoT 05:15, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Heh. I wonder what the predominant unit usage is in english-speaking countries.... I was actually thinking that at some point we might get actual useful tools inside of templates (calculations, conditionals, etc) and that an prescribed order might help that. But that is the future. For now it doesn't really matter at all except for stylistic reasons. Kellen T 05:28, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Getting back to what I was origionally suggesting though. Do you agree that we should change Template:Recipesummary and Template:Recipe Summary so that the Calories field is labelled Energy instead? GeoT 05:51, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah. Do it. Do you have any other suggestions about the other fields? Kellen T 06:03, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. The rest of it looks good.;) GeoT 06:33, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Now that I think about it, we could have a nutrition template too. It could have the fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate, sugars, sodium, vitamins, etc. content per serving. The problem is that it would be a pain to insist that everyone calculated these values, and some contributors would want to specify a subset of all of the possible quantities (e.g, they may not know, or care to calculate, the selenium content of the dish). GeoT 06:44, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This is already done. I found a single recipe with one (Cookbook:Spiced Pumpkin Soup) and made a template. See Cookbook:Policy. Kellen T 07:52, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Again, we probably need to standardise somehow. Maybe it would be more useful to state the quantities of each constituent per 100 grams (or as a percentage by weight if you don't like the metric system), that would give people a better idea of what was good and what was bad for them, at a glance. Giving the weight of a serving is a given though.

 * Stating the percentage of the RDI for vitamins is fraught with problems, as different governments have different recommendations! The template should allow it, but the mass (in micrograms or milligrams?) may be more useful. Again, we could just leave it up to the contributor to decide.

 * Also, because it's going to be a really long template, maybe there is a way of electing to leave bits out (like the vitamins, or the minerals). I'm still trying to get my head around writing templates like this. When I get a bit of free time, in a couple of days, I'll try to come up with something workable. GeoT 12:16, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * With how mediawiki currently works, there is not really any way to leave things out so far as I can tell. What I said before about "conditionals" (if-then statements as in programming) and their non-existence in mediawiki means that there is nothing optional in a template. If you leave something out you get the fun  output. We could make a bunch of different templates that each showed some part of the nutrition stuff, but that seems like less useful work than other things, and it seems like we should really just push for conditional statments in mediawiki. Kellen T 19:20, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Cross-referencing
Out of boredom, love of food, and love of plants, I've begun cross-referencing Wikipedia, Wiki-Cookbook and Wiki-Gardening entries. Are there any other wiki-resources I should also include? Wiktionary, I suppose.... Also, I tried the cookbookpar template on Gardening entries but it doesn't seem to work... --bleh fu talk fu  20:04, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

overlapping categories
I've spent the last little bit tagging all the linked vegan recipes with Category:Vegan recipes, but there are also subcategories in the vegan hierarchy (e.g. Category:Vegan desserts and Category:Vegan soups). Seems to me this is redundant and a vegan soup should be tagged as vegan and also with soup, but not with the redundant: vegan, soup, vegan soup. Since there are other divisions (by diet, region) it seems like the de-facto categorization will force us to recreate all the top-level categories under each specific category. A better way to do this would be some sort of set difference for the categories (e.g. to see the overlap of vegan recipes and soups). There's probably not a way to do this in mediawiki yet, eh? Tired. Kellen 8 July 2005 07:59 (UTC)

listing of everything in Cookbook: namespace
You can get a listing of everything with the "Cookbook:" prefix here. It's not a purely cookbook listing, but good enough for gov't work. Kellen 02:48, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

policy page
I created a policy page at Cookbook:Policy. So far this only has the available templates and capitalization rules. I think we should try to set consistent policies for these things. Yeah. Kellen 03:23, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Nicely done. This is the sort of fussy business that makes me happy. :) --bleh fu talk fu  06:10, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

featured recipe policy
Since most contributors probably aren't watching the policy module, I'll ask this here -- what's the policy for changing the featured recipe? I'd like to nominate my Cookbook:Flaky_Pie_Crust recipe as the featured recipe. It has lots of pictures! It's used in the Cookbook:Rhubarb Pie, the Cookbook:Strawberry Rhubarb Pie and the Cookbook:Pennsylvania_Pot_Pie. Kellen 22:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It certainly has enough pictures. :) However, I think a featured recipe should be something 'finished'. You don't exactly eat a piecrust on it's own. The strawberry rhubarb pie would make a nice featured recipe, I think (pitty you don't have a photograph of the finished pie though, that would make it perfect). My thoughts on a policy; a featured recipe should ideally have the following characteristics: properly formatted, describes a 'finished' dish and a photograph (preferably of the end product). I basically see the featured recipe as an advertisement for the cookbook, the more it makes your mouth water, the better. risk
 * Good points! My roommates ate the pies before I could take nice pics. I'll take some the next time I make one (the pies all look the same on the outside anyhow =) Kellen 07:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Trying to codify this... A featured recipe should:
 * have a picture of the finished recipe
 * follow the recipe template
 * have a recipe summary
 * have proper categories (by ingredient, diet, region, etc as appropriate)
 * be an entire food item (i.e. not a component as in pie crust, sauces)

How often should they be changed? I think Paella has been up for 2 months now... Kellen 08:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That seems to cover it. I think the original idea for the featured recipe was a new one every week. So I'd say a new one as soon as possible (or whenever someone feels like it) with a minimum time of one week for each recipe. This does give us the problem of running out of recipes if we actually manage to stick to the one week rule. Mzybe we need a page (or a category) for recipes that are eligible for featured recipe, so we can easily find them and rotate every so many weeks. All this applies to the featured ingredient too, of course. risk 14:41, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll set up a category and link it from the Talk page for the featured recipe/ingredient. I'll also add this little bit to the Cookbook:Policy page. Kellen 17:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Just for background, I used to do all the featured stuff all by myself, and I tried to change the content somewhere between one and two weeks, normally around every 10 days. Most of the time I did what the policy now states, picking failry complete modules, but every once in a while I'd add something that needed work, just to give it some exposure and help it grow (that didn't work very well, actually).  Then I started slowing down, because life got in the way of Wikibooks, and because I wanted to see if someone else would change the content on their own.  When Albert changed to Paella and bacon, I thought someone else had decided to take up the challenge, so I stopped paying attention to the templates.  After realizing the featured recipe and ingredient hadn't changed in months, I decided to take quick action to fix the problem. When I just now changed the templates, I didn't know a new policy had been enacted, so I went back to somewhat shady "featured" modules, to encourage their growth.  Please feel free to change them in accordance with the new policies. Gentgeen 23:51, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That's fine, the "Policy" is not actually supposed to be setting policy so much as reflecting what we actually do. If it's not reflective, that page should be changed (the policy, not the featured one) Kellen T 02:00, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Cookbook pages needing work
I've created a category, Category:Cookbook_pages_needing_work, for cookbook pages in need of help. See Cookbook:Policy for more info. Kellen 04:48, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

comment on cookbook
I'm really glad to have found this cookbook, and I think it's going to be usd a lot once it contains a few more recipes. Just one idea to make it much more useful: all recipes should be catgorised according to how long they take. Usually people only have a certain amount of time for cooking, so that really determines what recips will be of use to them. Sorry - haven't got time to do it myself now. 217.43.64.160 18:03, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This is a pretty good idea. We should be able to do this from the template once everything gets more standardized. Kellen 19:15, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

even more awesome cookbook feature
On recipezaar, there is support for dynamic "filters" -- adding and removing categories and only seeing the set intersection. Here's: RAD! The categories here seem like they could support this with relatively little work, but there would also need to be an interface. Perhaps one of you other coders wants to jam yourself into mediawiki development and do this? Kellen 17:18, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
 * English recipes
 * English Desserts recipes
 * English Desserts Pies & Tarts recipes
 * English Desserts Pies & Tarts Pies Crusts/Pastry Dough recipes

Search
I think search within the cookbook is obscure and a search engine of sorts should be created. As well the wikisoft should be modified to create auto-linking, but I see where that could be tricky and lead to uber-linking, and besides it's not talk for right here. Anyways, for example: I've just made a (three) lemon pie, and have a LOT of merengue left over, so now I have merengue, and I don't know what to do with it. I was searching for something easy to make with merengue but I don't know how to find this. --Lacrymology 12:53, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You make meringue cookies with chocolate chips. Just fold in the chocolate chips, then scoop spoonfuls onto a baking sheet. Cook at 250 i think for 45 mins to an hour i believe -- this was on "everyday food" so its kinda hazy. We also need a search. Kellen 18:15, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

initial recipe formatting complete!
I have gone through all the recipes listed in Cookbook:Recipes and added appropriate templates, done some formatting, and added obvious categories. There are some recipes not listed there, including some tagged with Category:Cookbook pages needing work, which I intend to do next. Some issues came up during this, including: Yeah. Kellen 19:36, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Whether Category:Recipes is really the right place for a recipe listing (I would say no and that Category:Recipe would be better -- this would require a bot, a bunch of null edits, or mediawiki admin's help since it involves templates and categories)
 * Whether we need a more complete recipe summary with origin and "type" (vegetarian, etc)
 * How we should deal with categories for ingredients, origin, etc with an eye on how mediawiki actually works for now
 * What suggestions we can make regarding improvements to mediawiki that would make our lives as contributors easier (Category intersection comes to mind for me)


text:
User talk:Twistofreality~enwikibooks

Thanks for helping to fight vandalism by fixing that image. Geo.T 01:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Glad I could help. Thanks for the note! --twistofreality 03:13, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Twistofreality. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Twistofreality~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:49, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Twistofreality~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Rainbow Jell-O

Rainbow Jell-O is a multilayered, multiflavored Jell-O extravaganza based on a recipe from Kraft. This recipe takes about five hours to prepare, although the time is spent largely in waiting; it is therefore best to plan to intersperse it with other activity and, if they don't mind the constant smell of Jell-O, best done with other people. It yields ten layers (or as many as you want), alternating opaque and clear, of five colors. The sour cream or yogurt, used for opacity, cannot be tasted in the final product.

Ingredients

 * 6 ¼ cups (about 1.5 L) boiling water
 * 5 (or more) packages Jell-O flavored gelatin (4-serving-size each; different flavors and colors)
 * 1 cup (240 g) sour cream or plain or vanilla yogurt

Procedure

 * 1) Select one or more molds. The total volume will be approximately 8 cups; a ring mold, 2–3 glass containers (as pictured), or any other assortment should work; for best results, the container should be at least 3 in (10 cm) deep, allowing for about ten 1cm-thick layers.
 * 2) Stir 1¼ cups boiling water and one package gelatin in a small bowl for at least 2 minutes, until completely dissolved. In practice, it may not quite completely dissolve.
 * 3) Pour ¾ cups dissolved gelatin into the mold(s).
 * 4) Refrigerate for about 15 minutes, until the gelatin sets but is not yet firm: the gelatin should stick to your finger when you touch it. The aim is for the layers to stick, but not mix.
 * 5) Refrigerate the remaining gelatin for about 5 minutes, until it is slightly thickened (to the consistency of unbeaten egg white).
 * 6) Gradually stir 3 tablespoons sour cream or yogurt into the remaining, thickened gelatin.
 * 7) Spoon the gelatin on top of the previous layer (gently, so as to maintain a smooth surface).
 * 8) Refrigerate again for about 15 minutes.
 * 9) Repeat the above layering process for each of the remaining flavors. Be sure to cool adequately between layers to prevent melting and mixing.
 * 10) Refrigerate for about 2 hours, until firm.
 * 11) Remove the gelatin from the mold and place it (probably upside down) on a plate or smooth cutting board. Store refrigerated under saran wrap or aluminum foil. For best effect, serve sliced perpendicular to the layers, so each slice (approximately 1 cm thick) displays the full rainbow.

title: Cookbook:Rainbow Jell-O


text:
Cookbook:Taco Meat

| Meat Recipes | Tex-Mex cuisine

Ingredients

 * 1 pound (about 500 g) ground beef or turkey
 * 1 medium onion, finely chopped (or 1 ½ teaspoons onion powder)
 * 1 medium tomato, chopped (or 1 small can of tomato sauce)
 * 1 teaspoon chili powder (or ⅓ teaspoon each oregano, cumin, garlic powder)
 * 1 teaspoon oregano (ground or leaf)
 * ¼ teaspoon cumin
 * 1 dash (⅛ teaspoon or less) pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Brown beef and onion together. Drain grease.
 * 2) Add the rest of the ingredients to the browned meat.
 * 3) Stir well.
 * 4) Heat this mixture thoroughly.
 * 5) Add more tomato sauce if the mixture is dry.
 * 6) Cover and simmer for 20 minutes, or less if the mixture begins to dry out.

title: Cookbook:Taco Meat


text:
User talk:Naib~enwikibooks

Kellen T 02:58, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Please also check out the Cookbook policy page and the Cookbook talk pages.
 * I noticed you used double brackets for offsite links, like [so], but you only need to use single brackets.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Naib. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Naib~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Naib~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Orange Julius

| Beverages | Dessert

An orange julius is a beverage made by blending orange juice and milk, with other ingredients added for flavor.

Ingredients

 * 1 can (6 ounces/180 ml) of concentrated orange juice
 * 1 cup (240 ml) milk
 * 1 cup (240 ml) water
 * ¼ cup (60 g) sugar (or less, to taste)
 * 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
 * 12 ice cubes

Procedure

 * 1) Place all ingredients in a blender
 * 2) Blend thoroughly and serve immediately

title: Cookbook:Orange Julius


text:
Category:Gelatin recipes

Recipes involving gelatin.

title: Category:Gelatin recipes


text:
User talk:RJNFC

Kellen T 05:39, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Please also check out the Cookbook policy page and the Cookbook talk pages.

title: User talk:RJNFC


text:
Talk:Compiler Construction/Introduction

language
i think it needs to be kept in mind that a truely good book on compilers will allow for languages that are not syntactically similar to C or Pascal (Lisp or Scheme come to mind). if we are sticking to a functional-C++ subset, it might be in everybody's best interests to a) list all aspects of ANSI C++ that will be excluded from this text, and B) formally define the aspects that will be used, for the programmer that has no knowledge of C++. --Whiteknight 05:54, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

regular expression syntax
it is interesting to me (although it is not necessarily a bad thing) to note that the regular expression syntax is all in Lex format. it might be beneficial to link to a Regular Expression primer, or to go into more detail about the regular expressions then can be found in the Flex Man pages. For that matter, if we are sticking to a de facto lex syntax, it might be beneficial to include state-conditionals in the introduction ( [form] [rules]). --Whiteknight 05:57, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Question
under Introducing Compilers and Interpreters / The compilation process, there is the following line of text:

"Some compiler-writing tools are available which can reduce this size, but adds corresponding dependencies."

Could someone clarify this? What is meant by "this size" and which are the "corresponding dependencies"?

 * It seems that it was just moved around a bit, I've placed it into a valid context now... --Panic (discuss • contribs) 06:33, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

The source language is always a higher-level language in comparison to machine code
I think *always* is an overkill. There could be a case where the source code is complicated but after all the optimizations is reduced to something simpler like say a complex formula that is substituted with a constant.

 * I disagree. The "source language" refers to a compilable language. Since machine code is the lowest level a language can be (at machine level), there is no possibility of compiling machine code (one can convert it and optimize it) but not compile it as it is already at the lowest degree. Even in conversions they will require that the source machine code be converted to a upper level before generating the target code, and any other "conversion" will not be labeled a compilation (as done by a compiler). --Panic (discuss • contribs) 02:50, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Compiler Construction/Introduction


text:
User:Truth~enwikibooks

Truth in Chinese Wikipedia & talk to Me

title: User:Truth~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Hot Milk Cake

| Dessert

Hot milk cake is a traditional two-layer cake, possibly from the Mid-Atlantic States. It can be frosted with mocha icing. The cake can be fabulous, but the recipe is not for the timid. Expect a couple attempts that fail to rise before getting it right. Beating the eggs very well is important.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (240 ml) whole milk
 * ½ cup (120 ml) butter
 * 1 tsp (5 ml) vanilla extract
 * 2 cups (480 ml) cake flour or, 4 T (60 ml) cornstarch and enough all-purpose flour to equal 2 cups
 * 2 tsp (10 ml) baking powder
 * 1 pinch of salt
 * 4 large eggs
 * 2 cups (480 ml) white granulated sugar

Procedure

 * 1) An hour before baking, take eggs and butter out of the refrigerator to reach room temperature.
 * 2) Heat together milk and butter until butter melts. Cool to just warm, then add vanilla.
 * 3) If you sift the flour, do so after measuring. Combine dry ingredients.
 * 4) In a large bowl whip the eggs until light and lemon-colored—this could take 5–10 minutes.
 * 5) Add sugar slowly, beating well.
 * 6) Add the dry ingredients.
 * 7) Add milk mixture very slowly, folding it in by hand toward the end.
 * 8) Divide the batter into 2 greased and floured 9-inch (230 mm) round cake pans.
 * 9) Bake about 30 minutes at 350 °F (175 °C).
 * 10) Cool on racks for 10 minutes (you may need to run a knife around the edge first), then turn out to cool completely.
 * 11) Frost with mocha icing, other icing, or with strawberries.

title: Cookbook:Hot Milk Cake


text:
Cookbook talk:Hot Milk Cake

Hot milk cake authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Hot milk cake =
 * 2005-08-24 00:43:42 User:Acetic Acid (VfD)
 * 2005-08-23 23:10:55 User:Acetic Acid ( - Wikipedia is not a cookbook.)
 * 2005-08-08 06:35:54 User:Gene Nygaard m (→Directions)
 * 2005-07-15 00:13:52 User:Binadot m
 * 2005-06-06 16:50:26 User:Eoghanacht (new article)

Mystery cake
Where is the picture of the cake?????? well that is a very weird recipe guys... Wikivuyo (discuss • contribs) 13:04, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Hot Milk Cake


text:
Cookbook:Mocha Icing

| Dessert

Mocha icing is traditionally used to frost hot milk cake or other cakes.

Ingredients

 * 6 Tbsp (90 ml) butter
 * 4 Tbsp (60 ml) cocoa powder
 * 3 Tbsp (45 ml) strong brewed coffee
 * 1 Tbsp (15 ml) vanilla extract
 * About 2 cups (480 ml) icing sugar

Procedure

 * 1) An hour before baking the cake, take the butter out of the refrigerator to reach room temperature.
 * 2) Cream the butter.
 * 3) Add the cocoa and liquids alternately. Then. add the sugar alternately with the liquids.
 * 4) Stop at spreading consistency even if you have not used all the sugar.
 * 5) Spread on a hot milk cake or other cake.

title: Cookbook:Mocha Icing


text:
User talk:Mitchc

Calculus Book
I left that calculus thing alone a long time ago. Uh, right now I'm a fulltime student so my time isn't going to be direct towards wikiprojects for more than 01:30 a day.

The idea of this project was to layout a calculus teaching system so that people were questioned, tutorialed, walked-through, and given guidance and how to solve problems and find help if they can't solve them. The idea here is that if you diversify yourself all over the web in different locations asking questinos, you'll obtain the answer likely sooner in one place than another. However, in that situation sometimes people will learn something new and get a different insight from different people. Diversity of asking questions in different places of the web is one of the best ways to get an answer really, really quick and efficiently. That's where the 90 day idea comes in. You study, do the problems, look at the answers, ask for help if you need to. If the detailed answer doesn't give enough information, people will be told to diversify themselves over the web in different math forums asking question. It will also be suggested that if you can make some online math friends, that will help you greatly.

For the users of this project to contribute greatly, it would be nice if they posted a weblink in the discussion section of the problem as to where on the web they discussed the math problem and obtained information and answers. That way people won't bring up the same subject over, and over, and over, in the same math forum: which is something I'd hate to do to the math forums.

It's advised that they type wiki at the bottom of their math questionaire when going to ask for help, that way if people search through a forum board with a search feature, they can simply type in wiki+trig, or something of the sort, to find a page that relates to a question/discussion on something created by people who used the wikipedia project. By telling the people who are using this system to follow these rules, they will add greatly to the success of the wikibook. Sometimes I wonder if I'm hoping too much. However the case, it seems like a great system.

Also, another thing was to provide a subsection of each section that gave out questions, also there would be a step-by-step analysis of how the answer was obtained.

Sorry I left the project alone, but I don't have very much time to do anything until Dec 16 or so.

Also, the reason I want it to be detailed with the answers is because it will help people obtain an udnerstanding of the answer was obtained. Usually in math there are answers that are unique and very different, some answers a person should just be able to look at and answer in about a second. That's why I wanted to make it somewhat detailed.

--Cyberman 09:47, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mitchc


text:
Puzzles/Logic puzzles/Two Cities - Same Response

Puzzles | Logic puzzles | Two Cities - Same Response

There are two cities, one of them is called City of Lies, and the other - City of Truth. Those who were born in City of Lies always lie. Those who were born in City of Truth always tell truth. What is a question you can pose to a resident (of one of the 2 cities) that will yield the same answer, irrespective of which city that resident belongs to ?

Solution


text:
OCR A-Level Physics

< A-level Physics

This A-level physics book is designed to follow the OCR GCE Physics A specification. For the OCR B 'Advancing Physics' specification, see A-level Physics (Advancing Physics). You can use this book as a revision guide, or as another explanation of concepts that you may not fully understand.

Before you begin this course, it is recommended that you understand some of the basic concepts covered in GCSE Science, and have an understanding of the SI unit system (Appendix A).

If you find any mistakes, errors, broken links, or if you are able to make the content easier to understand, please do not hesitate to edit and expand on existing content.

Module 3: Forces and Motion

 * 3.1: Motion
 * 3.2: Forces in Motion
 * 3.3: Work, Energy and Power
 * 3.4: Materials
 * 3.5: Newton's Laws of Motion and Momentum

Module 4: Electrons, Waves and Photons

 * 4.1: Electricity
 * 4.2: Waves
 * 4.3: Quantum Physics

Module 5: Newtonian World and Astrophysics

 * 5.1: Thermal Physics
 * 5.2: Circular Motion and Oscillations
 * 5.3: Gravitational Fields
 * 5.4: Astrophysics & Cosmology

Module 6: Particles and Medical Physics

 * 6.1: Capacitors
 * 6.2: Electric Fields
 * 6.3: Electromagnetism
 * 6.4: Nuclear Physics
 * 6.5: Medical Imaging

Useful resources

 * Course information: https://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/as-and-a-level/physics-a-h156-h556-from-2015/

 * Data sheet: https://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/536433-data-sheet.pdf
 * Exam hints for students: https://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/598164-exam-hints-for-students.pdf
 * Revision checklist: https://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/590403-student-revision-checklist.docx

Old Specification - H558 - for teaching from September 2013
This section follows the OCR Advanced GCE in Physics A (H558)

The new specification contains the following modules. This course is split into 6 units. There are 4 exams and 2 practical assessments which are counted as coursework. The AS and A2 modules add up to make the course. AS makes up 50% of the course and A2 makes up the other 50%. Each year, candidates will be assessed on their practical skills. each practical assessment counts towards 10% of the A level and the first assessment counts towards 20% of the AS grade.

AS Modules

 * /Mechanics/
 * Electrons, Waves and Photons

A2 New Specification Modules

 * /The Newtonian World/
 * /Fields, Particles and Frontiers of Physics/

Old Specification Modules
The old syllabus for Physics A had the following modules:

AS Modules

 * Force(s) and Motion
 * /Electrons, Waves and Photons/
 * Wave Properties

A2 Core Modules

 * /Forces, Fields and Energy/
 * /Unifying Concepts in Physics/

A2 Option Modules
You are only required to complete one of the optional modules.
 * /Cosmology/
 * Health Physics
 * /Materials/
 * Nuclear and Particle Physics
 * Telecommunications

In both AS and A2, practical modules have to be completed, consisting of qualitative, quantitative and evaluative sections. At A2 level, in the second year of study, you must take the two core A2 modules along with one of the option modules.

Appendices

 * Appendix A
 * /The SI System of Units/

 * Appendix B
 * /Equation Sheet/

 * Appendix C
 * /Glossary of Terms/

title: OCR A-Level Physics


text:
A-level Physics/Forces and Motion

Contents

 * Scalars and vectors
 * Kinematics
 * Dynamics
 * Force, work and power
 * Deformation of solids
 * Forces on vehicles
 * Car safety

title: A-level Physics/Forces and Motion


text:
OCR A-Level Physics/Electrons, Waves and Photons

Contents

 * Electric current
 * D.C. circuits
 * Magnetic effects of current
 * Quantum physics
 * Electromagnetic waves


text:
A-level Physics/Forces, Fields and Energy

Forces, Fields and Energy is the main module of the A2 year. You will need to know everything from the previous 3 modules from last year. There is a lot to learn this year, but here is where things start to get really interesting!

Contents

 * Further dynamics
 * Work and energy
 * Motion in a circle
 * Oscillations
 * Gravitational fields
 * Electric fields
 * Capacitors
 * Electromagnetism
 * Electromagnetic induction
 * Thermal physics
 * The nuclear atom
 * Radioactivity
 * Appendix of Formulae


text:
A-level Physics/Cosmology

Contents

 * Models of the known universe
 * Stars and Galaxies
 * Structure of the universe
 * Information from stellar observation
 * How the universe may evolve
 * Relativity

title: A-level Physics/Cosmology


text:
User:HenkvD

My name is Henk, from the Netherlands (w:nl:Gebruiker:HenkvD).

I am active on several wiki's, mainly with interwiki links between categories.

A book I started: SPARQL

title: User:HenkvD


text:
Category:Wikibooks

This category contains pages in the Wikibooks project namespace.

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title: Category:Wikibooks


text: Category:User af

title: Category:User af


text:
Category:User de

ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - Deutsch da:Kategori:Brugere de de:Kategorie:User de el:Κατηγορία:Χρήστης de eo:kategorio:uzanto de fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur de id:Kategori:User de it:Categoria:Utenti de hu:Kategória:User de ja:カテゴリ:User de pl:Kategoria:User de pt:Categoria:Usuário de ru:Категория:User de

title: Category:User de


text:
Category:User fr

de:Kategorie:User fr eo:kategorio:uzanto fr fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur fr it:Categoria:Utenti fr hu:Kategória:User fr ja:カテゴリ:User fr pt:Categoria:Usuário fr ru:Категория:User fr

title: Category:User fr


text:
Category:User it

de:Kategorie:User it eo:kategorio:uzanto it fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur it it:Categoria:Utenti it ja:カテゴリ:User it pt:Categoria:Usuário it ru:Категория:User it

title: Category:User it


text:
User:Apanxia

home page

title: User:Apanxia


text:
Category:User ja

de:Kategorie:User ja eo:kategorio:uzanto ja fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur ja hy:Կատեգորիա:User ja it:Categoria:Utenti ja ja:カテゴリ:User ja pt:Categoria:Usuário ja

title: Category:User ja


text:
Category:User sv

da:Kategori:Brugere sv de:Kategorie:User sv eo:kategorio:uzanto sv it:Categoria:Utenti sv ja:カテゴリ:User sv pt:Categoria:Usuário sv sv:Kategori:Användare sv tr:Kategori:Kullanıcı sv

title: Category:User sv


text:
Category:User zh

de:Kategorie:User zh eo:kategorio:uzanto zh fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur zh it:Categoria:Utenti zh ja:Category:User zh

title: Category:User zh