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Windows Registry Hacks/Visual enhancement tweaks

This section deals with registry hacks which enhance the experience of using Windows.

Custom encrypted and compressed folder color
Description: Windows displays encrypted and compressed folders in green and blue color respectively.

The format for colors is  0xRR 0xGG 0xBB 0x00

Custom hot tracking color
Description: If single click navigation is enabled then on hovering folders, they are shown in a blue color by default. Format for colors is RRR GGG BBB

Smooth scrolling
Description: Smooth scrolling changes the way windows scrolling works.Turning it ON may consume resources.

Reorganizing control panel
Description: The default category view in Windows Xp categorizes certain control panel icons in one category. This categorization can be controlled by adding a REG_DWORD value to the required category ID. HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Control Panel\Extended Properties\ {305CA226-D286-468e-B848-2B2E8E697B74} 2


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User:Kijog

I've got a mad plan to build the Welsh textbook up! See me otherwise at my wikipedia user page

Sandbox

Sandbox2

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Kijog


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Welsh/Verbs

Introduction to verbs
A verb can denote a state or an action.

Verbs can be auxiliary like Beː Be Am, Are, is, was, were,been; Have, Has, Had; Do, Does, Did; May, Might, Must, Ought/Should, Could, Would, Will, Can, shall,  show either an action being perform e.g. running, skipped and hop e.t.c, a state of being e.g. know, thinking. There are two major "Bod", the English of "Be" is irregular,

Pronouns
In Welsh, just as in English, pronouns are normally interlinked with verbs; pronouns can be omitted in very formal forms of the verb, "Bod" apart from the 3rd singular of "Bod" to show the different between "He" and "She", with "Fe" as "He" and "Hi" as "She".

You
There are two you in Welsh, Chi and Ti, "Chi" is polite, can be both singular and plural, this is the equivalent of the English language of "You"; "Ti", and "Chdi" used in North Wales, is familiar and can only be used as singular, this is similar to the Early Modern English of "Thou", "the Second Person Singular and familiar" of "Be".

He
"E" and "Fe", or "O" and "Fo" in North Wales. "E" or "O" are used with verbs ending in a consonant; "Fe" and "Fo" are normally put after verbs ending in vowels, the only exception to this is "Mae" and "Ydy" which are followed by "E" and "O" e.g. you say, "Mae" "E"/"O" and not "Mae" "Fe"/"Fo", "Fe" and "Fo" are also, independent pronouns.

Basic forms of the verbsː Verbs-Nouns/Infinitive verb
The basic form of the verb is the, verb-noun in Welsh, infinitive verb in English, they don't tell us who is doing the action or state. The infinitive verb uses the preposition To+verb while The verb-noun in Welsh omits the preposition of i=to. Verb-noun are grammatically nouns in Welsh

To conjugate a verb
To conjugate a verb in Welsh a word is added before the verb-noun and in English either by putting the suffixes "ing" or an "ed"

=Welsh Verb Sterm= If a verb-noun ends in a consonant the word doesn't change expect those ending in "ed" or "eg" etc Irregular verbs, Bod and Gwybod

Aros to Arhos meaning to stay Cymryd to Cymer meaning to take Cyrraedd to Cyrhaedd meaning to arrive Dweud to Dwed meaning to say Ennill to Enill meaning to win Gadael to Gadaw meaning to leave Gweld to Gwel meaning to see Gofyn to Gofynn meaning to leave Meddwl to Meddyli meaning to think Ymgweld to Ymgwel meaning to visit

If the verb-noun ends in a vowel, it is removed, some do change their ending apart from Chwarae meaning to play Dechrau to Dechreu meaning Start Gwrando to Gwrandaw meaning to listen Mwynhau to Mwynheu meaning to enjoy.

Tenses
Tenses in Welsh and English can be simple, continuous, perfect, imperfect and conditional.

Present Tense of "Bod"
"Rydw", "Rwyt", "Rydych" and "Rydyn" are the present tense of "Bod" can be translated as, "am", "is" or "are" or "do"

Compound tenses
The table below are the following: "I be", "Thou 'be/beest'", "He be", "She be", "We be", "You be" and "They be"; If a Personal pronoun such as my, your e.t.c is in front of "Bod" than this is translate to that, the mutation stay the same, e.g. Rydw i'n gwybod dy fod yn dda = I know that you are good.

Present
The present tense is formed from the present tense of bod (to be) as shown in the table below, yn and the infinitive. Welsh has no distinct continuous tenses. This tense translates both as I do and I am doing. To negate sentences, use the negative form of bod, and use the inquisitive form of bod to ask questions. Very formal written language uses independent pronouns which can be used as subject or object. These are: fi; ti(di); fe(S.Wales),fo(N.Wales)/ef; hi; ni; chi/chwi; nhw/hwy. Sy/Sydd can be used for is and are in focus sentences to show that no one else is doing the action.

Brawddegau enghreifftiol – Exemplar sentences
 * Sarah ydw i – I am Sarah
 * Sam ydy/yw athro/athrawon – Sam is a teacher
 * Rydw i'n darllen – I read / I am reading
 * Dwyt ti ddim yn bwyta – You don't eat / You are not eating
 * Ydy o'n cerdded? – Does he walk? / Is he walking?
 * Mae'r dyn yn byw yna – The man lives there
 * Mae'r plant yn byw yma – The children live here
 * Jane sy'n/sydd yn darllen – Jane is reading

Imperfect
The imperfect is formed exactly like the present, but this time using the imperfect forms of bod as listed below.

Brawddegau enghreifftiol – Exemplar sentences
 * Roedden ni'n yfed – We were drinking / We used to drink
 * Doeddech chi ddim yn dod – You weren't coming / You didn't used to come
 * Oedden nhw'n mynd? – Were they going? / Did they used to go?

Future
The future is once again formed using the future forms of bod, in the same way as the present and imperfect tenses.

Brawddegau enghreifftiol – Exemplar sentences
 * Bydda i'n siopa – I will shop / I will be shopping
 * Fyddi di ddim yn gwneud – You won't do / You aren't going to do
 * Fydd hi'n aros? – Will she stop/stay? / Will she be stopping/staying?

N.B. – Just as in English it is also possible to form a more colloquial future tense by using the present tense of mynd (to go) i and the infinitive. The infinitive must take a soft mutation. Brawddegau enghreifftiol – Exemplar sentences
 * Rydyn ni'n mynd i hoffi – We're going to like
 * Dydych chi ddim yn mynd i ddod – You're not going to come

Conditional
Whilst the conditional is strictly not a tense – it is a mood – it is formed in the same way as the three tenses mentioned so far. The conditional forms of bod are below. (You should know the drill by now!)

Subjunctive
There are two forms of the subjunctive: present and imperfect. The present subjunctive is barely ever used in spoken Welsh except in certain fixed phrases, and is restricted in most cases to the third person singular. However, it is more likely to be found in literary Welsh, most widely in more old-fashioned registers. The third-person singular is properly used after certain conjunctions and prepositions but in spoken Welsh the present subjunctive is frequently replaced by either the infinitives, the present tense, the conditional, or the future tense (this latter is called the present-future by some grammarians).

The imperfect subjunctive, like English, only makes an effect on the verb bod- 'to be' and it is used after pe = 'if' and it must be accompanied with the conditional subjunctive e.g. Pe bawn i'n gyfoethog, teithiwn i trwy'r byd = If I were rich, I would travel throughout the world.

For all other verbs in Welsh as in English, the imperfect subjunctive takes the same stems as do the conditional subjunctive and the imperfect indicative.

Past Simple or Preterite
This form of "Bod" has no exact equivalent in English,the closet translation in English is "did" (or "beed") in turns of action being complete without the suffix "ed", yet this is not "did" true translation; this form of "Bod" only to use "yn" but can't use "wedi". "Marw"="Dead" uses the "third person" of this form of the verbnoun "Bod" and not "Roedd" and "Roedden" "Buodd/Bu Marw = She Died", "Buodd/Bu Farw" = "He Died" and "Buon Marw"=" "They Died" Brawddegau enghreifftiol – Exemplar sentences
 * Buodd e yn dawnsio-He danced
 * Bues i yn Abertawe-I went to Swansea/I have been to Swansea
 * Fuest ti ddim - You weren't / didn't go / haven't been
 * Fuest ti ddim yn yr opera - You weren't in / didn't go to the opera.

"Preterite form of Bod" is normally translated in dictionaries and grammar books as "have been", although this in English would be consider the "Present Perfect Continuous Tense", "have been" itself can be translated, "Present Tense of Bod" "matching pronoun" "wedi bod" "verbnoun"; the closest the "Preterite form of Bod" in English of being a word and not being the suffix "ed" is "did" but again in dictionaries and grammar books "did" the "Preterite form of Gwneud", will be used. "Ddaru" and "Preterite form of Gwneud" themselves can also be used in Welsh to show an action be completed,"ddaru/"Preterite form of Gwneud" "subject" "verbnoun" the "Preterite form of Gwneud" changes, depending on the pronoun; just as in English, Welsh uses it own suffixes, "es i" "est ti" "odd e/hi" "on ni" "och chi" "on nhw"

(Present) perfect
Translating to I have done, this is formed just like the present tense except yn is replaced by wedi.

Pluperfect
Translating to I had done, this is formed just like the imperfect tense except yn is replaced by wedi.

Future perfect
Translating to I will have done, this is formed just like the future tense except yn is replaced by wedi. Note that the going to future cannot form a perfect tense.

Conditional perfect
Translating to I would have done, this is formed just like the present tense except, you guessed it, yn is replaced by wedi.

Simple tenses
This is where things get ugly; simple tenses require the verb to change. These make use of the verb stem, something that is relatively unpredictable in Welsh. The stem is sometimes formed by removing the last vowel and every consonant afterwards from the infinitive, but more often than not this is not the case; the stem may be the same as the infinitive or include other letters that were not there before. Also note that in continuous tenses the subject pronoun may be included or omitted.

Present & Future
In Welsh, both the present and future are represented by the same form.

The present short form is very rare in spoken Welsh, usually only appearing in writing. The future is the common usage for this form in spoken Welsh, in formal writing it can represent either. The following endings are added to the stem: The you forms (arbedi and arbedwch) also serve as the imperative.

Preterite
This is the most common simple tense in Welsh; it serves a separate purpose to the imperfect, referring to completed actions in the past. This one you will need. to know. Verbnouns such as Marw and Gwybod cannot use these endings. Notice that arbedon can mean both we saved and they saved, for this reason arbedom is often encountered in the we form.

Preterite vs Imperfect form of bod
The majority of the time "Buodd" vs "Oedd" are interchangeable, except in these situation
 * Roedd cath gyda fe; not: bu cath gyda fe - he had a cat.*
 * Roedd hi eisiau beic i Nadolig; not: bu hi eisiau beic i Nadolig - She wanted a bike for Christmas.
 * Roeddwn i wybod e; not: bues i wybod e - I knew him.
 * Roedden nhw angen helpu; not: buon nhw angen helpu - They needed help.

Possessive "to have" will always use the third person singular of bod.

Yes & no
Welsh has no specific word for yes or no, instead the main verb in the question must be repeated. To say yes the repeated verb is the interrogative form (minus any pronoun). To say no add na before this verb (nac before a vowel).

Cwestiynau ac atebion enghreifftiol – Exemplar questions and answers
 * Wyt ti'n hoffi cerddoriaeth pop? Ydw. – Do you like pop music? (Yes) I do.
 * Fasai o'n mynd i Ffrainc? Na fasai. – Would he go to France? (No) he wouldn't.

=To Have= "To Have" doesn't have a direct translation in Welsh, different words are used depending on the action.

"Wedi", with this word "yn" or "newydd" can't be used with the same verb-noun and change the verb-noun to the particle in the English Language. "Gwneud", can indicate the future or the past tense by using the personal from of Gweneud the verbnoun undergoes a soft mutation

"Heb" = "ddim wedi" "Have not" if we want to say, that something, "have/has not" happened, we can use "heb" "without" after the affirmative verb (the "verb-noun" undergoes soft mutation after "heb").

Mae e heb ddod = He has not come

Maen nhw heb chwarae = They have not played

Cael
"Cael" is the most frequent use of "To Have" here are the usesː receive/get, get something done, be allowed to, food and drink

=Auxiliaries= Past tense of Gwneud

Gwnes/Nes I Gwnest/Nest Ti Gwnaeth/Naeth E/Hi Gwnaethon/Naethon Ni Gwnnaethoch/Naethoch Chi Gwnaethom/Naethon Nhw

Future tense of Gwneud

Gwnaf/ Gwna/Na I Gwnei/Nei Di Gwneith/Gwnaiff/Neith/Naiff E/Hi Gwnawn/Gwnewn/Nawn Ni Gwnewch/Newch Chi Gwnan/Nan Nhw

"Ddaru" is a mutated from of "Darfu" = "happened" and is mainly used in North Wales; this expresses the past and the verbnoun undergoes soft mutation, ddaru has no no personal forms.

Future
=Incomplete Verb-Nouns and Verbs = There are some Verbs in Welsh with no Verb-Nouns and Verb Nouns with no personal forms.

Should
There are no Verb-Nouns for "should", and only in "imperfect" or "conditional"("conditional" in meaning) in Welsh, so we can not say, "rydw i wedi dylwn i" or "rydw i yn dylwn i" as it is not a verb noun; to say, "should have", we have to use "fod wedi" after "should", to say, "should not" or "should not have", we put ddim, after "should" and before the "verb-noun" and "fod wedi" for should have.

Meddaf/To Say
Meddaf only has, "present" and "imperfect" and only is in the "third person" "singular" and "plural".

Mordern Welsh Dictionary uses "meddai". "Medd" is sometimes encounted with "nouns", but generally the form is invariable for person in the modern spoken language by Gareth King. The expression "meddai nhw" is used for the doubtful "So they say" in response to a statement.

Byw/To Live
"Byw" is a verb noun but has no personal forms to be used, so have to be link to the forms of "Bod"

Marw/To Die
"Marw" is a verb noun but has no personal forms to be used, so have to be link to the forms of "Bod" we cannot say, "Marwodd e" and must say "Buodd e farw"

Piau/To Own
"Piau" is the only form, and is often mutated, "Biau", this is used in the "Modern Welsh dictionary by Gareth King" which describes it as a "defective verb"ː This "defective verb" is used only in conjunction with the verb "Bod" and does not use the particle "Yn" to link it with "Bod" as would be the case with normal verbnoun. see examples below. It is also unusual in that its "subject" always precedes it, because its function is to identify the possessor of something, it requires identification sentences structure instead of neutral verb-first order, the verb "sy" in the above examples is optional, since "biau" these days has acquired its own verbal force. So, for example, both, Pwy biau...? and Pwy sy biau...? are heard, with no differences in meaning; in the other tenses (last two examples the "oedd" and "fydd"(mutated of "Bydd") must be retained.

Brawddegau enghreifftiol – Exemplar sentences

Pwy (sy) biau'r car coch'na ? = Whose is that red car ?

Nhw (sy) biau fe = It's theirs/They own it

Nhad oedd biau'r siop'ma adeg hynny = My father owned this shop at that time

Pwy fydd biau'r hawliau cyhoeddi ? = Who will own the publishing rights

Gorfod/To have to or Must
We can use "Gorfod" after the forms of "Bod" " Gorfod" has only one singular past tense form, "Gorfu" = "had to". "Gorfod" is equivalent to "rhaid" which is a "noun" = "To have to" or "Must" in its primary meaning only of obligation. unlike "rhaid", however, it is a verbnoun and is used accordingly, while "rhaid" requires a special construction compare the second example above with its "rhaid" equivalent "Oes rhaid iddyn nhw aros ?" Note also that the other main meaning of "rhaid", supposition, is not shared by "gorfod", so, e.g. "you must be mad ǃ" can only be rendered by "rhaid". But for obligation senses, the two are broadly interchangeable(through "rhaid" is statistically more common); "gorfod", however, is preferred in examples such as the third above, where the required "wedi" (for "have/has had to etc) is difficult to accommodate in the "rhaid" construction. Brawddegau enghreifftiol – Exemplar sentences

Pryd dych chi'n gorfod mynd ? = When do you have to go ?

Ydyn nhw'n gorfod aros ? = Do they have to stay ?

Mae'r pwyllgor wedi gorfod ailhysbysebu'r swydd. = The committee has had to readvertise the position.

Gorfu i fi fynd. = I had to go.

Geni/ To be born, Birth
We can only use "geni" after the forms of "cael"; "geni" only has "impersonal forms"

Gwybod/To Know (A Person)
Present Gwn i Gwyddost ti Gwyr e/hi Gwyddon ni Gwyddoch chi Gwyddon/Gwyddan nhw

Imperfect Gwyddwn I Gwyddet ti Gwyddai fe/hi Gwydden ni Gwyddech chi Gwydden nhw

title: Welsh/Verbs


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User talk:64.24.231.55

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- 18:24, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.24.231.55


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Wikijunior talk:How Things Work/Time

References: Time Atomic_Clock

This isnt 8-12 year old stuff this is high school stuff espaically this page you may want to boost the age up a lot time very theoretical stuff I would reccomend getting rid of it all together.

 * Can you provide more insight about the herr theoretical stuff that a 8-12 years old can't understand about that page ? --Panic 18:32, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

"The world is not certain that time is powered by anything. Then again, maybe it is.

Shortly before you were born it was discovered that time is not fixed. In other words. An hour here is not the same as an hour somewhere else. How can this be?

Some people believe that time began when Matter and Anti-Matter bumped into each other and created a huge amount of energy and light. If you had been there it would have sounded like a big bang. Anyway, Matter won the fight and that is what you are made of. If Anti-Matter had won, you would be made of something different. No one really knows what would have come before time but the universe was probably a very quiet place with nothing to see."

That stuff isnt it makes sense but its theory and not stuff 12 year olds would understand.

This module is a train wreck. I know saying that goes against Wiki policy, but it is.....it needs a'lot of work. If the goal is to aim this toward kids ages 8-12, then a'lot needs to be done here. I'll pitch in. Buddpaul 23:57, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

This could be a great module....clocks and watches (and maybe calendars) should be addressed. Buddpaul 00:12, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

At the very least, get rid of the standard sections. They do not apply, and will make the page constricted and uninformative.Palmtree3000 22:41, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

I read this page and understood it and I'm a 5th grader.

Perception-Based Description of Time
Someone added this to the article.
 * On the other hand some people believe that time does not actually exist outwith your own perception. Allow me to explain:- 1) Time is merely a measurement system devised by people to help us all to become more efficient in our day to day life style. 2) As we are self aware we can gather a perception of time, the longer you are self aware the longer you perceive it. 3) Time has no physical properties, everyting that exists is made from the elements, time has no elements. 4) You can't feel, see, hear, smell or taste time, you can only be aware of the passing of time. 5) The case of the pilot's clock losing a little time can only mean that some other physical force has altered the way in which the clock measures time. 6) It is impossible to change something that does not exist, so time can't be altered, and people don't get younger. 7) time is in your head, not in the physical world around you, not even in outer space. 8) Finally, time can't go backward or forward for any reason.

I wasn't sure what to do with it, but felt that it wasn't really appropriate for this article as written, being more of an argument against the bulk of the article. So I'm putting it here. -- xixtas  talk 13:21, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:How Things Work/Time


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User talk:Rohiniranjan~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:20, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

However
How astrology works may well not be appropriate for Wikibooks. The Copyright symbol alone would prevent us from keeping it here. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 19:20, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rohiniranjan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rohiniranjan~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:41, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:26, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rohiniranjan~enwikibooks


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PSP Programming/Text Menu

Feel free to use or edit any part of this page and/or code, but please leave credit where credit is due.

This is a simple program i wrote to show how you would use controls in your game, and how to code an extremely simple menu, it is thoroughly commented but there may be easier / faster ways of doing things than im aware of, if you see anything you could improve on, please feel free.

To compile this, you will need a few files(that i did not write) that you can download at http://www.psp-programming.com/tutorials/c/lesson04.zip I believe theese codes were written by Yeldarb, anyway nice work.

Somebody please do a public service and wiki format this, looks fine during edit if you want to copy/paste, like i said, just give me some kind of credit.

Feel free to comment/edit this code or more thoroughly describe what's happening, just leave credit where credit is due.

Note: using recursion (i.e. in the startMenu function) is a very good way to crash your system. The reason is that when a function is called the system does so by pushing a pointer to the function onto the system stack followed by any arguments to that function in reverse order (reversed from how they appear in the source code). It's normally not a problem because programs do not usually make many successive function calls. But consider what would happen in the case of the startMenu function: Every time the cursor goes off the end of the menu list a new function call is pushed onto the stack ( (4byte function pointer) + (4byte integer) = 8 bytes ). You say that's not a problem? Well let me ask you- what would happen if the user just holds down the up/down d-pad key and lets the cursor scroll through the menu list for a while? Those 8 bytes will be added to the stack every four startMenu calls. So after a while the system stack will outgrow the available memory on the PSP(32mb on the phatties, 64mb on the slims). When that happens the system will barf and hang. Then the user must reset his PSP to recover. Now, maybe you think that's unlikely to happen, and in this case that's true, but consider what would happen in similar situations if you were pushing more/bigger arguments onto the stack. What would happen if this forced the user to reboot his PSP while doing something to the firmware? It would brick the PSP.

Even if things do not get quite that out of hand code like this can still be slow because the PSP's MIPS32 CPUs use what is called a Register Window to store function calls and arguments instead of an orthodox stack like the IA32 architecture. When the window of registers fills up the CPU will dump the overflow out to memory until it needs it again. That is a (relatively) slow operation even if your program never totally fills up all available RAM.

The point is that recursion is logically elegant, but a very dirty practical solution. I would recommend, instead of recursively calling the startMenu function when the cursor runs off the end of the menu list, that the startMenu function be changed to return an invalid menu position (i.e. -1) when the cursor goes needs to loop. Then, wherever the startMenu function is called, the code should check the return value to see if it's invalid. If so, then simply call startMenu again. For example:

There are more functions in this code, but it's not the absolute number of function calls that's the problem with recursion- it's the depth of the function calls that causes problems. On a further note, main has always been required to return an integer value on POSIX systems. The only system/compiler which doesn't require it is Windows and Visual Studio.

title: PSP Programming/Text Menu


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User talk:206.191.69.149

Xania talk 19:51, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Well I'm sorry this seems like a 'test' apparently the life of Human Puppets means nothing to, even though its a factual event that happens everyday. So, this seems like an experiment to you? Is it wrong for me to inform people on the life of Human Puppets and their masters. How do you know this isn't factual? I have plenty of witnesses that can tell you this is true. I'm sorry being a Human being isn't worthy enough for you website. How do you know that when you read the encyclopedia Britanica that what you're reading is fact?..someone wrote it. And, what is wrong with theories? Some of our greatest theorys came from average people. Remember Enstein? Or mabey you should go look him up in the encyclopedia.

Warning
Please stop. Wikibooks is not the place for original work even if it may be a genuine book. If you continue to add and edit articles with information that has no sources then you may be blocked from editing. Xania talk 20:49, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikibooks. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires.

Xania talk 20:54, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

As you have repeated the page you were blocked for yesterday I am going to delete the page and block you again. If you wish to make positive contributions to Wikibooks after the block has expired we will look at them carefully. -- Herby talk thyme 13:26, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:206.191.69.149


text:
Jeep Cherokee/Rear Hatch Won't Open or Won't Close

PROBLEM: Jeep Cherokee Rear Hatch latch is stuck closed or open. Unable to open or close rear hatch normally.

RESOLUTION:

There are several methods you can try to open a stuck rear hatch:

Method One: Press inwards with the palm of your hand just above the handle at the same time you push in or pull up on the latch mechanism. Sometimes a slap of your hand in the same location works better. This method may help free a sticky latch mechanism. Only a temporary fix...go to Method Three.

Method Two: Note this will not work on latches with the plastic lift handle. Look underneath the Jeep between the bumper and the gas tank. You are now looking at the bottom side of the cargo floor. You should see the two metric 15mm nuts that secure the striker bracket to the floor of the Cherokee. This bracket holds the hatch closed. A tow hitch bracket or gas tank skid plate may block your access to the striker nuts. If you can see the nuts, use a metric socket and socket wrench to remove the nuts securing the striker plate. The hatch should now swing open. You can now reinstall the striker to the floor and retighten the two nuts.

Method Three: For hatches with the plastic handle this problem may occur because of extreme heat. Spray the handle with cold water to cool the area and the hatch will then open.

Method Four: If rear hatch is stuck closed, sit in the cargo area and remove the plastic trim cover on the inside of the rear hatch to access and adjust/repair the latch mechanism. If hatch is unable to be closed remove the plastic trim with hatch raised. The plastic cover on the inside of the rear hatch is attached with four Phillips #2 screws along the inside top and 4 more along the sides (2 each side) and approximately 10 snap fasteners spaced around the inside. The 4 screws at inside top are accessible from inside the vehicle, the 2 screws on either side are not accessible when the hatch is closed.

To remove the plastic cover:

(1) Remove the 4 screws at the top. (2) Along the lower edge of the rear window, using your fingers, gently pry the edge of the plastic cover away until the 4 snap fasteners pop free along the lower edge of the rear window. You will have to pull the plastic about 3 inches from the window before the fasteners release. (3) This will allow you to pry the plastic cover open far enough use a flashlight and examine the latch mechanism. (4) Reach in and down and manually pull the latch lift bar up to release the latch and open the hatch.

Once the hatch is open you can remove the side screws, pry the rest of the snap fasteners free and completely remove of the plastic trim cover on many Cherokees. 1997 thru 2001 Cherokees have an inner hatch grab handle that requires a T30 Torx socket wrench bit to remove. Pry the little rectangular cover off of each end of the grab handle. Use the T30 Torx bit to remove two screws that secure the handle. Once the handle is removed the tailgate plastic trim panel can be fully removed.

Now that you have the hatch open, the plastic trim removed, and can access the working parts, lightly lubricate the hatch handle mechanism and the locking mechanism with some Lithium grease. Inspect both mechanisms for misadjusted or loose connections. Rod connecting latch and handle can be adjusted at this time. Mark where the threaded end of the rod connects to the metal arm moved by the handle. Unclip the retaining clip that attaches the end of the threaded rod to the mechanism. Use a needle nose pliers to pull it out. Now reattach such that the rod has less play, and clip the retaining clip back in place. Apply a small amount of spray lubricant on the external parts of the latch.

Finally, test the tailgate for proper function and reinstall the plastic trim panel and any other parts that were removed.

PROBLEM: Rear hatch won't close because lock mechanism is stuck (sprung) in closed position while hatch is open preventing the closure of the hatch.

RESOLUTION:

This problem usually happens when hatch is slammed shut. The hatch won't close because part of the lock mechanism is stuck in closed position while hatch is actually open. There is an easy fix that doesn't require forcing any of the components of the lock. While holding the rear hatch handle in open position (lift handle up) - use screw driver to lightly push the lock mechanism down (not up). It will reset easily - feather touch. If you don't hold rear hatch handle open (up) - it will not reset. Don't force anything because it may be a different problem that I have described.

PROBLEM: Jeep Grand Cherokee (2008 and similar models) - Rear hatch (Liftgate) will not unlock with the key fob yet the window hatch will unlock/open

RESOLUTION:

Check the settings for 'Auto Lock' in your Jeep's instrument panel. When set to 'N' for 'Flash Lights when Locking', the rear hatch (Liftgate) lock is disabled. Simply switch the setting to 'Y' to allow the parking lights to flash when locking, and the rear hatch (Liftgate) lock/unlock feature will be enabled. Test this method prior to removing the rear hatch cover. If this does not repair the problem, or if the setting is already set to 'Y', the actuator behind the hatch may need to be replaced. NOTE: If the unlock/locking mechanism for the rear hatch (Liftgate) can be heard, but it still cannot be opened, refer to the repair methods listed above.


text:
User talk:74.96.172.147

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 20:31, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:74.96.172.147


text:
Aros/Developer/Docs/Examples/SimpleWindowIntuition

Opening a simple window using AmigaOS3.1 style API

=Code=

=Result=

(under AROS nightly build of 20080703)

=See also=

As Zune is the preferred AROS GUI toolkit, see this page on how to do it with Zune: Zune development guide


text:
Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs

This Page lists all known missing/incomplete API calls in AROS.

If you know that something has been corrected please update this page!

Incomplete

Missing

 * Graphics Subsystem components
 * Monitor/Display Profiles

 * Cybergraphics components
 * cgxvideo.library (Video overlay support)
 * cgxbootpic.library
 * Datatypes

 * Printing
 * printer drivers

title: Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs


text:
Aros/MissingFunctionaility

This Page lists all known missing/incomplete features of AROS compared to AmigaOS3.1.

See here http://aros.sourceforge.net/introduction/status/amigaos.php and http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/roadmap.php

Presently, the following are known to be missing...

Printing support      : PCMCIA support        : animation datatypes   : Cybergraphics overlays :

While the following areas are incomplete ..

If you know that something has been corrected please update this page!

title: Aros/MissingFunctionaility


text:
Polish/Locative case

Locative case are used in the following contexts:
 * 1) When describing the location of something or someone
 * 2) When thinking or talking about something or someone
 * 3) When writing about something or someone

The locative case answers the questions where? (gdzie?) as well as the questions about what? (o czym?) and about whom? (o kim?).

The locative case appears when the noun is controlled by one of the following prepositions:

Nouns
The apostrophe indicates historical softening. It is helpful to review the hard and soft consonants table before continuing.

title: Polish/Locative case


text:
Aros/User/Networking

AROSTCP is the TCP/IP stack of choice for AROS based computers.

It is a port of the AmigaOS AmiTCP TCP/IP subsystem to AROS by Neil Cafferkey.

Since its initial port it has undergone a number of changes based on work by AROS developers, as well as backported changes from the MorphOS port (Pavel Fedin - SonicAmiga) it spawned.

AROSTCP Files
AROS has a Network prefs located in the Prefs directory. Please use it to set up internet/ethernet use.

AROSTCP is located in 'Extras/Networking/Stacks/'. It consists of the following directories and files:

C/ contains networking executables, mostly as known from UNIX/Linux.

AROSTCP The AROSTCP executable. Don't run directly, use startnet/stopnet instead (see below). arp dhclient hostname ifconfig logger ping resolve route

S/ contains start and stop scripts Package-Startup startnet stopnet

db/ contains configuration files, see AROSTCP Configuration Database. general.config group hosts inet.access inetd.conf interfaces netdb netdb-myhost netdb-myhost.example networks passwd protocols services static-routes

AROSTCP Environment Variables
AROSTCP uses a few Env: settings to control its most basic operation.

Currently the following options exist..

SYS/Packages/AROSTCP This is an AROS package file which tells the AROS package subsystem where AROSTCP is installed. If it is incorrect AROSTCP will fail to load. During system boot this variable is used to set up paths and assigns needed by an application.

AROSTCP/Config Points to the location of AROSTCP's configuration files. These will be used to configure the stack to a users preference. By default the configuration is in /db but it is                  preferred to copy these files and customise them to suit - see "AROSTCP Configuration Database"

AROSTCP/AutoRun when set to true this causes the AROSTCP stack to load during boot. by default it isn't enabled so that users may manually configure the stack and confirm it is working before enabling boot time operation. If you don't use the AutoRun feature you should start AROSTCP by going to its directory and typing "execute s/startnet"

Presently the SetEnv command wont make the AROSTCP drawers to store the settings in - so you may need to manually create them before hand using

>makedir ENV:AROSTCP >makedir ENVARC:AROSTCP

Configuration Database Location(s)
The Configuration files are installed to "/db" by default - and unless the "AROSTCP/Config" Env variable is set, AROSTCP will attempt to load them from there.

It is preferable however to leave these files, and customize a copy which will not get overwritten when updating AROS/AROSTCP. From hereon in we will refer to this location as .

To do this enter the following at a shell prompt..

>cd  >makedir  >copy db  ALL >SetEnv SAVE AROSTCP/Config

.. substituting  with the location AROSTCP is installed to (for instance "SYS:Extras/Networking/AROSTCP" by default), and  with a location of your choice for your personalised config files (i.e. "SYS:Storage/NetConfig").

Customising the Configuration Database
Most modern home networks provide DHCP addressing/configuration to ease setup of internet access for users. If you use this on your network - or arent sure then this is the configuration option you should most likely use.

For more advanced/experienced users there is manual ip configuration for a brief summary of configuration options required to get AROSTCP working with custom IP address etc.

Basic Configuration - DHCP
AROS has a Network prefs located in the Prefs directory. Please use it to set up internet/ethernet use.

Basic Configuration - Manual IP
AROS has a Network prefs located in the Prefs directory. Please use it to set up internet/ethernet use.

At a bare minimum the following files will need to be edited to enable operation on your network.

/interfaces /static-routes /netdb-myhost

These will provide the necessary information to allow AROSTCP to correctly configure your hardware and network environment.

/interfaces
This file contains lines to configure the network hardware on your system. each line consists of the following: DEV= UNIT=

i.e.

eth0 DEV=pcnet32.device UNIT=0 IP=192.168.0.10 UP

Would provide an interface named "eth0" which uses unit 0 of pcnet32.device (PCNet32 compatible controllers), configures it for the IP address 192.168.0.10, and sets the device to go active (UP) immediately.

/static-routes
At the moment this file only provides the IP address of your gateway device (DEFAULT GATEWAY) - so make sure and change it to suit your network.

You can add any routes your network needs to this file.

/netdb-myhost
netdb-myhost provides name resolution details for your network environment. If your IP address' DNS name cannot be resolved from the nameservers, then you will need to specify it in here.

presently the following data is needed:

HOST 192.168.0.10 thisarosbox.mynetwork thisarosbox

specifies the hostname for the interface we configured in <db Dir>/interfaces which has the IP address 192.168.0.10

DOMAIN mynetwork 192.168.0.

This is the network our machine belongs to.

NAMESERVER 192.168.0.2

The NAMESERVER option lets us specify DNS servers which AROSTCP will use to resolve names (such as www.aros.org)

depending on your configuration this will be set to one of the following -:
 * 1) Your private network's DNS servers IP
 * 2) Your routers IP address if it can forward DNS requests
 * 3) DNS server address's provided by your ISP.

N.B: It is perfectly legal to list more than one NAMESERVER line for multiple DNS servers.

Basic Configuration - Linux hosted: tap.device
To be able to use networking under AROS Linux hosted, a "tap.device" has been created, which attaches a Linux tunneling device on the hosting machine to AROSTCP inside the hosted AROS system.

Linux Tap/Tun Configuration
You need 'tunctl' to create a tunneling network device under Linux. You might need to install it - it can be found e.g. as part of the uml-utilities package.

A command line to create the device might look like this:

tunctl -b -u arosuser -t aros0

This allows a user called 'arosuser' access to a newly created network device called 'aros0'.

Next, assign an IP address to the device, and bring it up:

ifconfig aros0 192.168.0.20 ifconfig aros0 up

tunctl also creates a linux filesystem entry, e.g. /dev/net/tun (see tunctl help for more), you might need to set access privileges for your user, e.g.:

chmod 666 /dev/net/tun

This allows read and write access for all users.

Now you're ready to run AROS.

Finally, after running AROS and starting AROSTCP, you might need to set a route to the hosted AROS system. Use the IP address from your <db Dir>/interfaces configuration (e.g. 192.168.0.188):

route add -host 192.168.0.188 dev aros0

AROSTCP Configuration for tap.device
The general configuration is done as usual (see section Basic Configuration - Manual IP).

Use these values where appropriate:

 * <db Dir>/interfaces : "tap.device" should be used as the interface device driver. The unit number is the same as the Linux network device's number that was created with tunctl.
 * <db Dir>/static-routes : The DEFAULT GATEWAY Address to be used is the IP address of the tunneling device under Linux.

Advanced Configuration
To be written ..

AROSTCP Supported Platforms
AROSTCP has been successfully compiled and tested on the following systems-:

 * x86 32bit
 * x86 64bit
 * SAM440EP

AROSTCP Supported Hardware
AROS contains a number of drivers to support network hardware. Networking drivers are installed to "DEVS:Networks/" by default, and currently the list of supported drivers include..

PCI NIC Drivers

 * etherlink3.device
 * For almost all 3Com NICs

 * intelpro100.device
 * For NICs based on the Intel Pro/100 family of controllers including:
 * 0x8086, 0x1229 - Intel i82558 10/100 PCI Ethernet Controller (untested)

 * pcnet32.device
 * For NICs compatable with the PCNet32 family of controllers including:
 * 0x1022, 0x2000 - 79c970 AMD Lance/PCI (untested)
 * 0x1022, 0x2001 - 79c978 AMD Lance/HomePNA (untested)
 * 0x1022, 0x2625 - AMD Lance/PCI PCNet/32 (untested)

 * viarhine.device
 * For Chipsets compatable with VIA Rhine Adaptors including:
 * 0x1106, 0x6100 - VIA VT86C100A Rhine-II (untested)
 * 0x1106, 0x3043 - VIA VT3042 Rhine (untested)
 * 0x1106, 0x3065 - VIA VT6102 Rhine-II/VT6103 Tahoe 10/100M Fast Ethernet Adapter (untested)
 * 0x1106, 0x3106 - VIA VT6105 Rhine-III Management Adapter (untested)
 * 0x1106, 0x3053 - VIA VT6105M Rhine-III Management Adapter (untested)

 * sis900.device
 * SiS900/SiS7016 NIC Driver
 * 0x1039, 0x8168 - SiS 900 PCI Fast Ethernet (tested - working on i386)
 * 0x1039, 0x7016 - SiS 7016 PCI Fast Ethernet (untested)

 * rtl8168.device
 * Realtek 8168/8111 NIC family driver
 * 0x10ec, 0x8168 - Realtek 8168B/8111B PCI-e Gigabit Ethernet (tested - not working on amd64 (trapping at driver load when booting))
 * 0x10ec, 0x8168 - Realtek 8168C/8111C PCI-e Gigabit Ethernet (tested - working on i386)
 * 0x10ec, 0x8168 - Realtek 8168CP/8111CP PCI-e Gigabit Ethernet (untested)
 * 0x10ec, 0x8168 - Realtek 8168D/8111D PCI-e Gigabit Ethernet (untested)

 * rtl8139.device
 * Realtek 8139 NIC family driver
 * 0x10ec, 0x8129 - RealTek RTL8129 (untested)
 * 0x10ec, 0x8138 - RealTek RTL8139 (untested)
 * 0x10ec, 0x8139 - RealTek RTL8139 (untested)
 * 0x10ec, 0x8139 Rev:20 - RealTek RTL8139C (untested)
 * 0x1113, 0x1211 - Accton EN-1207D Fast Ethernet (untested)
 * 0x1186, 0x1300 - D-Link DFE-538TX (tested - working on amd64)
 * 0x018a, 0x0106 - LevelOne FPC-0106Tx (untested)
 * 0x018a, 0x0106 - Compaq HNE-300 (untested)

 * nforce.device
 * For NICs based on the nVidias NForce family of controllers including:
 * (pci _ id) - Card Name (tested)
 * (pci _ id) - Card Name (untested)

 * prm-rtl8029.device
 * For NICs based on the Realtek RTL8029 family of controllers including:
 * (pci _ id) - Card Name (tested)
 * (pci _ id) - Card Name (untested)

 * prism2.device
 * For WLAN Adaptors based on the Prism II chipset:
 * (pci _ id) - Card Name (tested)
 * (pci _ id) - Card Name (untested)

USB Nic Drivers
See here http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support

Hosted NIC Drivers
tap.device         - pseudo-hardware driver which attaches a Linux tunneling device in AROS Linux hosted version:

SAM440EP
emac.device         - Supports NIC used in the PowerPC 4x0 series of embedded processors (SOC), like e.g. the AMCC440EP CPU used in the Samantha board.

PCI Nics
e1000.device       - Intel Gigabit NIC driver 0x8086, 0x1000 - Intel 82542 (untested) 0x8086, 0x1001 - Intel 82543GC [Fiber] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1004 - Intel 82543GC [Copper] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1008 - Intel 82544EI [Copper] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1009 - Intel 82544EI [Fiber] (untested) 0x8086, 0x100C - Intel 82544GC [Copper} (untested) 0x8086, 0x100D - Intel 82544GC [LOM] (untested) 0x8086, 0x100E - Intel 82540EM (untested) 0x8086, 0x100F - Intel 82545EM [Copper (untested) 0x8086, 0x1010 - Intel 82546EB [Copper (untested) 0x8086, 0x1011 - Intel 82545EM [Fiber] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1012 - Intel 82546EB [Fiber] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1013 - Intel 82541EI (untested) 0x8086, 0x1014 - Intel 82541ER [LOM] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1015 - Intel 82540EM [LOM] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1016 - Intel 82540EP [LOM] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1017 - Intel 82540EP (untested) 0x8086, 0x1018 - Intel 82541EI [Mobile] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1019 - Intel 82547EI (untested) 0x8086, 0x101A - Intel 82547EI [Mobile] (untested) 0x8086, 0x101D - Intel 82546EB [Quad Copper] (untested) 0x8086, 0x101E - Intel 82540EP [LP] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1026 - Intel 82545GM [Copper] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1027 - Intel 82545GM [Fiber] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1028 - Intel 82545GM [Serdes] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1075 - Intel 82547GI (untested) 0x8086, 0x1076 - Intel 82541GI (untested) 0x8086, 0x1077 - Intel 82541GI [Mobile] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1078 - Intel 82541ER (untested) 0x8086, 0x1079 - Intel 82546GB [Copper] (untested) 0x8086, 0x107A - Intel 82546GB [Fiber] (untested) 0x8086, 0x107B - Intel 82546GB [Serdes] (untested) 0x8086, 0x107C - Intel 82541GI [LF] (untested) 0x8086, 0x108A - Intel 82546GB [PCI-e] (untested) 0x8086, 0x1099 - Intel 82546GB [Quad Copper] (untested) 0x8086, 0x10B5 - Intel 82546GB [Quad Copper KSP3] (untested)

Check your environment
Before doing anything, its best to check AROSTCP has the correct ENV settings

# Check the package file ENV:SYS/Packages/AROSTCP points to the location AROSTCP is installed to. # Check that ENV:AROSTCP/ exists # Check if ENV:AROSTCP/Config is set and points to your network config. # Check if the ENV:AROSTCP/AutoRun option is set and disable to manually test.

After checking, change to the directory AROSTCP is installed to and type

>execute s/startnet

AROSTCP should now load, and return you to the command prompt.

Check your Interfaces
Now you may wish to verify your network card is operational using

>ifconfig -a

which should output something similar to the following

lo0: flags=8<LOOPBACK> mtu 1536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0x0 eth0: flags=863<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,SIMPLEX> mtu 1500 address: 00:0c:29:37:ef:6d inet 192.168.0.10 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255

Look for the "UP" flag which will tell you if your interface is running, and if not check if inet = 0.0.0.0. If this is the case AROSTCP likely couldn't load the driver for your interface so check your interfaces file is configured correctly for your hardware.

If there is a correct inet address but the interface isn't "UP" - try the following command.

>ifconfig <the interface name .. i.e. eth0> UP

Then check your interfaces again.

Check your Gateway
If your connected to the internet via a router its IP address should be stored in <db Dir>/static-routes.

We can check if its working by trying to ping it

>ping <ip address of gateway/router>

Which should respond and inform us of received packets (ones sent back)

If you do not get packets back then check your cabling is correct.

The next step requires an external IP address (i.e. one from an internet based site) here I will use www.yahoo.com's current IP [69.147.114.210]

>ping 69.147.114.210

Again, you should get packets received from this operation signaling success.

If it returns "no route to host", you may have an incorrect setting in db/static-routes or an incorrectly configured interface - so please check.

Check Name resolution
DNS server s are stored in your <db Dir>/netdb-myhost file

To test they are working simply ping an external site by name ..

> ping www.yahoo.com

And you should get returned packets.

title: Aros/User/Networking


text:
User:Nareklm

I'm New here so please try contacting me here first

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nareklm

title: User:Nareklm


text:
User:DavesTA

Ok, so it's a lame name. I should probably make a new account and use that instead, but I'm too lazy.

title: User:DavesTA


text:
User talk:DavesTA

What is there to talk about?

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 13:01, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:DavesTA


text:
Physics with Calculus/Modern/Atoms

Atoms
The atom was, until comparatively recently, thought to be the fundamental building block of matter, and for the purposes of this textbook, we will treat it as though it were.

The atom consists of three types of particles: the electron, the proton, and the neutron.

The protons and the neutrons are contained within a very small amount of volume in the center of the atom called the nucleus. Protons have a net positive charge of 1 e, where e is the fundamental unit of charge, equal to about $$1.6\times10^{-19}$$ coulombs. Neutrons have no net electric charge and are very slightly more massive than a proton.

Electrons are in orbit around the nucleus of the atom, and have a net negative charge of -1e. Their mass is much less than that of the proton and neutron, and so the electrons are generally left out when determining the mass of an atom.

The electrons are, in microscopic terms, astonishingly distant from the nucleus. If we take a hydrogen atom (1 electron and 1 proton) to be about an angstrom in diameter (1 angstrom is $$10^{-10}$$ meters), then the approximate diameter of the nucleus is $$10^{-15}$$m. In more familiar terms, if the nucleus was an inch in diameter, the first electron would be about 830 feet away.

Masses

Proton: $$1.6726\times10^{-27}$$kg

Neutron: $$1.6749\times10^{-27}$$kg

Electron:$$9.1094\times10^{-31}$$kg

Charges

Proton: +1e

Electron:-1e

Neutron: 0

where e=$$1.6022\times10^{-19}$$C

title: Physics with Calculus/Modern/Atoms


text:
Physics with Calculus/Electromagnetism/Electric Fields

Fields
When dealing with electromagnetic phenomena, it's very helpful to use the concept of a field.

In this context, we will consider a field to be an extended region of space where certain conditions apply to each and every point in that region. Generally, the strength of the conditions will vary depending on position within the field. The fields we will be discussing in this section of the text are electric and magnetic fields.

The Electric Field

We can define the electric field $$\mathbf{E}$$ to be the electrical force $$\mathbf{F}_e$$ acting on a test charge with a net positive charge of $$q_0$$, or

$$\mathbf{E}\equiv \frac{\mathbf{F}_e}{q_0}$$ (3)

Then, an electric field exists at a given point if, at that point, a test charge experiences an electric force. An electric field is measured in units of newtons per coulomb (N/C). Note that a charged particle produces an electric field, and therefore, the test charge must be of very small magnitude so that we can safely ignore its effects on the larger field. The charged particle creating the electric field is called the source particle.

Now that we know the magnitude of the electric field at a given point, we can calculate the force on any particle with a charge of q at that point simply by rearranging equation 3:

$$\mathbf{F}_e=q \mathbf{E}$$ (4)

Consider a particle with charge q placed at a distance of r from our test charge with its charge of $$q_0$$. Then, by Coulomb's Law, the force exerted on the test particle is

$$\mathbf{F}_{12}=k_e\frac{qq_0}{r^2} \mathbf{\hat r}_{12}$$

and using equation (3), we can determine the electric field generated by the particle with charge q at the location of our test charge to be

$$\mathbf{E}=k_e\frac{q}{r^2} \mathbf{\hat r}$$ (3)

where $$\mathbf{\hat r}$$ is a unit vector pointing from q towards our test charge.

Interpretation
You might suppose that an electric field is just a mathematical device, and you may think it is pretty useless. It certainly seems that way just looking at the field from a single, stationary point charge. Why should we not just see what force it exerts on a particle and be done with it without going through an intermediate field? What if we had 100 charged particles, and we wanted to know the force on another particle? We could add up all the forces, or fields, it is really the same problem, but it is more convenient to factor out the q. This is a relatively weak argument, because it's a just a little bit more convenient.

One real reason is that the equations for electrodynamics are very elegant when written in terms of E. Another is that there is a magnetic force also, which it is useful to keep separate. Finally, and probably most importantly, the electric field is real. For example, there is energy associated with an electric field, which is completely independent of any force it provides. There is also momentum stored in fields, and light is made up of these abstract fields, but light is real. Even though we can't see the field, it is there because physical quantities depend on the field, so it seems; fields are more than just mathematical devices.


text:
Physics with Calculus/Electromagnetism/Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law

Electricity
The Electric Force

Using the concepts of atoms and fields, we can begin our discussion of electric forces.

The first important idea is that of electric charge. An object can be said to have an electric charge if it has more protons than electrons, or vice-versa. If you rub a balloon on your hair, both the balloon and your hair will become charged, resulting in the balloon lifting up your hair in defiance of gravity.

As we already discussed, there are two types of fundamental charged particles: the proton and the electron, with positive and negative charges, respectively. When you rub the balloon against your hair, one becomes positively charged and the other becomes negatively charged, as electrons are moved from one object to another. If you charge a glass rod by rubbing it with a piece of silk, you'll see that the silk is attracted to the glass rod. This is because electrons have been stripped off the glass and transferred to the silk, resulting in opposite charges. Furthermore, if you bring two similarly prepared glass rods in close proximity, you'll feel a repulsive force, as both objects have the same, net positive charge. From these observations, we can conclude that identical charges will repel each other and opposite charges will attract each other.

There are only these two types of charge. We have never found a particle with a charge that is attracted or repelled by both positive and negative charges.

This motion of charge from one object to another can also occur within a single object, where the motion of charge is called electrical conduction. An object that allows charges to move within it easily and without much resistance is called a conductor, whereas an object that resists the motion of charges is called an insulator. In general, metals tend to be excellent conductors, which is why if you take apart a piece of electrical equipment, you'll see that the wires are all made of copper. You'll also see that they are coated with rubber, which is an excellent insulator, in order to make sure that the charges are moving in the proper direction, and that someone can touch the wires without receiving a shock.

There is another method to charge an object without direct contact, called charging by induction. This requires the concept of grounding. If a conductor is connected to the earth by another conductor, it is said to be grounded. We can treat the earth as an infinite reservoir of charges, that is, we can give or take as many electrons as we want and the earth will not acquire any charge, as there are so many electrons in it. Consider an uncharged conducting sphere that is surrounded by an insulator so that it cannot be grounded. A negatively charged rod is brought near the sphere. The repulsive force on the electrons in the sphere will push them away from the side nearest the rod, leaving a net positive charge in that area. If we then ground the sphere, some of the electrons will leave the sphere, due to the repulsive force from the rod. If we then remove the ground, the sphere is left with an excess of positive charge. This positive charge will then redistribute uniformly over the sphere. Note that the negatively charged rod never actually touches the sphere, and therefore, loses none of its charge. Charging an object by induction requires no physical contact with the inducing object. If we then bring this positively charged sphere near, say, a neutral wall, we will find that our sphere will stick to the wall. This is because the net positive charge will cause the electrons to move towards the sphere, resulting in a net negative charge in a small region on the wall.

We can mathematically determine how strong the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged objects will be, and as it turns out, the electric force is proportional to the inverse square of the distance between the charges. If we have two charges, then the magnitude of the force between them is given by

$$F_e=k_e\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}$$ (1)

where $$k_e$$ (the Coulomb constant) is equal to $$8.9876\times10^9 N\cdot m^2\cdot C^{-2}$$, r is the distance between the objects in meters, and $$q_1$$ and $$q_2$$ are the charges of the objects as measured in coulombs. This relation will then give the force and its direction in newtons.

Note: The Coulomb constant can also be written as

$$k_e=\frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0}$$

where $$\epsilon_0$$ is the permittivity of vacuum, with a value of $$8.8542\times10^{-12} C^2\cdot N^{-1}\cdot m^{-1}$$. This notation is mainly for historic reasons and, as we will see, because the $$4 \pi$$ will cancel out somewhere else. Why $$4 \pi$$? Because $$ 4 \pi r^2 $$ is the surface area of a sphere, and it will be useful to enclose a point charge in an imaginary sphere.

If we want the direction of the force in addition to its magnitude, Coulomb's Law becomes

$$\mathbf{F}_{12}=k_e\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2} \mathbf{\hat r}_{12}$$ (2)

where $$\mathbf{F}_{12}$$ is the force exerted by $$q_1$$ on $$q_2$$ and $$\mathbf{\hat r}$$ is a unit vector directed from $$q_1$$ towards $$q_2$$.

Then, by Newton's Third Law, we can see that $$\mathbf{F}_{21}$$, or the force exerted by $$q_2$$ on $$q_1$$ is equal to $$-\mathbf{F}_{12}$$.

Electrostatics: when an electric charge is confined on an isolated object. Charge carriers: electron, proton, neutron Electron: 9.10938188 × 10-31 kilograms Proton: 1.67262158 × 10-27 kilograms Neutron: 1,6749 x 10^(-27) kg e=elementary charge...not electron e=1.60x10-19Coulombs

Coulomb (C is the unit to measure charge.)

The charge magnitude (q) is an integer (N) multiple of the charge (e). q=Ne or N=q/e

I. Coulomb's Law of Electrostatic force Fe=Kq1q2/r2

if Fe is positive the force is attractive, if Fe is negative, the force is repulsive 1μC=10−6C

2/22/06 Acceleration of Charged Particle FE=ma FE=Eq a=(qE)/m

Uniform (constant) acceleration requires a uniform field


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Physics with Calculus/Electromagnetism/Voltage

To develop the electric potential (or voltage), begin with a single point charge, Q, at the origin, of charge q. The electric field is

$$E = \frac{kQ}{r^2} \hat{r}$$.

The curl of this is easily shown to be zero, and by a well-known theorem of vector calculus, if the curl of a function vanishes over a region of space, then that function may be written as the gradient of a scaler. Hence, there exists a scaler field, $$\phi$$, such that

$$E(\mathbf r) = -\nabla \phi(\mathbf r)$$.

We next find the work done by the field as it moves a test particle, q, from point $$\mathbf a$$ to $$\mathbf b$$. y the force field, $$\mathbf F =q\mathbf E$$. If you do not know vector calculus, you can skip this paragraph and only remember the result, but I suggest you learn vector calculus (divergence, gradient, and curl) because all of electromagnetism is written with vector calculus notations. The curl of E is zero (you may do this out). This means that E can be written as the gradient of some scalar function, let us call it $$\phi$$. By the fundamental theorem of calculus (for gradients),

$$ \int q \nabla \phi(x,y,z) \cdot d{\mathbf{r}} = q \phi + C$$,

where C is an arbitrary constant. This states that the work done by the electric force is simply the change in $$\phi$$ times the charge. This should sound familiar -- $$q\phi$$ is the potential energy! We specify $$\phi$$ at one point, and it determines $$\phi$$ uniquely, which is exactly the same as selecting a zero for gravitational potential energy. Conventionally, we say $$\phi(\inf) = 0$$, but this is not always true if the charge extends to infinity. However, this only happens in bogus textbook problems, so in real life, it is always safe to say $$\phi$$ drops off to zero at infinity. We are allowed to select a reference point, because it is only the difference in potential energy we care about; there is no physical way to determine C, so we don't care what it is.

To generalize to anything more than a point charge is easy. It is just the superposition of many point charges, and our result holds true for any distribution.

Now, it is conventional to say that $$\nabla \phi$$ is negative E, because it means things travel to lower potentials, and it cancels out a minus sign somewhere else. Just watch out for this, and keep track of your minus signs.

To apply this to Coulomb's law, we just take the integral of the electric field and get the potential. We stick on a minus sign for the convetion and we have,

$$\phi_{point source} = \frac{kq}{r}$$.

How simple.

There are two main advantages to using potential. The first is that it will come in handy later when we want to solve Maxwell's equations, but the second reason is that it is a scalar, not a vector. It is much easier to only remember one component instead of three. You find the potential of a charge distribution, then take finding the E field is as easy as taking a derivative.

Potential is an interesting thing, because it is a scalar function, yet it uniquely represents a vector function, E, which has three times as many numbers! Well, it just so happens that the three components of an electric field are not independent, because they are radially symmetric around a point charge, so the curl is zero. This constraint is just enough to tell us that we only need one number to represent all three components of E.

I would like to point out that the potential only can be used (without modification) when the charges are not moving. If they move, then if a particle goes around in a circle, it may end up with more energy than it had before!


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Physics with Calculus/Electromagnetism/Gauss' Law

Basic Theory
Gauss' Law relates the amount of charge contained within a volume to the electric flux passing through the surface of that volume. It was developed by Carl Fredric Gauss, an 18th century mathematician. Electric flux can only truly be described by mathematics, but has an intuitive meaning as well. Essentially, electric flux is the amount of 'electric field' going through a surface. Think of a cage which is immersed in a flowing river, where the cage is meshed so that the water runs through it fairly unabated. The 'flux' is the amount of water passing through the cage's surface at any one moment. For this discussion we shall not concern ourselves with electric fields which change in time, so consider the electric flux to be constant in time.

When using Gauss' law we create something called a "Gaussian surface", or just the "Gaussian". A Gaussian is an imaginary surface which is completely enclosed.

Electric Flux (Flux: field line flow) Φ: how much field passes through a surface S. Uniform Field (parallel field lines) Φ=E A cos (theta) Where theta is the angle measured between direction of field lines and direction for the normal to the surface.

$$\Phi_f = \int_S \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{dA}$$ where F is a vector field, dA is the area element of the surface S, directed as the surface normal, and Φf is the resulting flux. For a surface that encloses the field generator

Gauss' Law

$$\Phi = \oint_S \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{A} = {1 \over \epsilon_o} \int_V \rho \cdot dV = \frac{Q_A}{\epsilon_o}$$

where $$\mathbf{E}$$ is the electric field, $$d\mathbf{A}$$ is the area of a differential square on the closed surface $$S$$ with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction, $$\mathrm{Q}_A$$ is the charge enclosed by the surface, $$\rho$$ is the charge density at a point in $$V$$, $$\epsilon_o$$ is the permittivity of free space and $$\oint_S$$ is the integral over the surface $$S$$ enclosing volume $$V$$.


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Physics with Calculus/Electromagnetism/Capacitance, Inductance, LRC Circuits

2/27/06 Capacitance (c)

Capacitance is a measure of the amount of electric charge stored (or separated) for a given electric potential. The capacitance is usually defined as the total electric charge placed on the object divided by the potential of the object:

$$C = \frac{Q}{V}$$

or, according to Gauss's law, the capacitance can be expressed as the electric flux per volt

$$C = \frac{\Phi}{V}$$

where

C is the capacitance in farads Q is the charge in coulombs V is the potential in volts Φ is the electric flux associated with the charge Q in coulombs

Conductors have equal and opposite charge

The charge (aka current) is split up Each capacitor will have part of the total charge that is available for the group (there is a certain amount of charge in each branch there will be charge and when you add the charge of the branches that will be the total charge.) Voltage is split up Each capacitor in series gets a part of the total available charge They all acquire the same voltage Each parallelel branch gets the same voltage as all other Total equivalent Capacitance

$$I_\mathrm{total} = V \cdot \left(\frac{1} {R_1} + \frac{1} {R_2} + \cdots + \frac{1} {R_n}\right)$$


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User:NachoDork~enwikibooks

There are two reasons that I am named NachoDork.

 * I love Nachos.

 * I am a dork.

title: User:NachoDork~enwikibooks


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Talk:Wikijunior Bugs/Introduction

Hi there I think one should remove the firefly from the general introduction. The firefly is a beetle, and beetles are covered in general in the introduction. However, the firefly article is a very good one, and if you could place it better it would be great. Regards

title: Talk:Wikijunior Bugs/Introduction


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User talk:TotalBalance

Old messages will be deleted, not archived. All messages are saved in the history. I will delete messages here periodically, to keep this page clean.

Leave a new message

title: User talk:TotalBalance


text: User:TotalBalance/Message

title: User:TotalBalance/Message


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User:TotalBalance/Stat

I'm just setting things up. It's going to be a very intersting 2007 - TotalBalance

title: User:TotalBalance/Stat


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Cookbook:Chunky Guacamole

| North American cuisine | Mexican cuisine | Southwestern cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine

Ingredients

 * 3 ripe avocados
 * 2 tablespoons lime juice
 * 1 cup of salsa fresca

Procedure

 * 1) Peel and dice avocados.
 * 2) Sprinkle the avocados with lime juice.
 * 3) Add salsa fresca, and toss to mix.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you don't plan on serving immediately, place an avocado pit in the bowl to prevent browning, cover tightly with plastic wrap, and store in refrigerator.

title: Cookbook:Chunky Guacamole


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Wikijunior:How Things Work/Binary Numbers

What is Binary?
Most people use ten different digits — 0 to 9 — to write numbers. For example, the numbers 15, 987630, 100, 99, and 6 are all made up of one or more of these ten digits.

This is called the decimal number system or base ten, which means that this number system has ten different digits to construct a number, as many as (most) people have fingers.

But computers are not built with the decimal number system. This is because computers are built with electronic circuits, each part of which can be either on or off. As there are only two options, they can only represent two different digits, 0 and 1. This is called the binary number system, or base two. ("Bi" means two.) All the numbers are constructed from the two digits 0 and 1. A digit in binary (that's a 0 or a 1) is also called a bit – short for binary digit.

Computers use this number system to add, subtract, multiply, divide and do all their other math and data. They even save data in the form of bits.

A bit by itself can only mean zero or one, so to represent bigger numbers (and even represent letters) they group them together into chunks. Eight bits make a byte, and computers use as many bytes as they need to store what we need them to. Modern computers have many billions of bytes of storage.

This book will teach you how binary works, why computers use it, and how they use it.

Why do we use Binary?
In normal math, we don't use binary. We were taught to use our normal number system. Binary is much easier to do math in than normal numbers because you only are using two number-symbols — 1 and 0 instead of ten number-symbols — 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

Computers use binary because they can only read and store an on or off charge. So, using 0 as "off" and 1 as "on," we can use numbers in electrical wiring. Think of it as this — if you had one color for every math symbol (0 to 9), you'd have ten colors. That's a lot of colors to memorize, but you have done it anyway. If you were limited to only black and white, you'd only have two colors. It would be so much easier to memorize, but you would need to make a new way of writing down numbers. Binary is just that — a new way to record and use numbers.

Binary Notation
In school, you were taught that we have ones, tens, and hundreds columns and so on. Each column is worth ten times the amount of the column to its right. This means that if the first column is worth 1, the second column is worth 10, and the third column is worth 100, and so on. To find the value of a digit in a certain column, you multiply the digit by the number that the column is worth. If you haven't seen a model of the columns before, it looks like this:

So the decimal number 54,936 is equal to 5×10000 + 4×1000 + 9×100 + 3×10 + 6×1.

Binary also has columns, but each column is worth two times the amount of the column to its right. You still determine the value of digits in the same way, by multiplying the value of the bit (0 or 1) by the value of its column digit (128, 64, 32, etc.), as shown below:

So the binary number 10110101 = (1×128) + (1×32) + (1×16) + (1×4) + (1×1) = 181 in decimal.

Writing Binary Numbers
The method above lets us read binary numbers, but how do we write them? One way is to write a list of all the numbers starting from one and working upwards. Just as adding 1 to 9 in decimal carries over to make 10, and 1 + 99 makes 100, in binary when you add one to one, you carry a one over to the next place on the left. Follow along with this table to see how that works.

You'll notice that the values 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 in binary only have a single one bit and some zero bits. If you go back up to the binary columns, you might notice that there is a column for each of these values. If you write the number in the columns, you would only need to write a 1 in the column that has the same value as the number you are writing. All of the other columns would have zeroes. Base ten works in the same way! When you write a base ten number that has the same value of one of the base ten columns, such as 100, you would only write a 1 in the column with a value equal to the number you're writing. You would put a 0 in the other columns.

Have you noticed a pattern in writing binary numbers? Study the table for 1 to 16 again until you understand why in binary,
 * "1 + 1 = 10" and "1 + 100 = 101"

in your own way.

You've probably got lots of practice reading decimal but none yet reading binary, so it's normal for reading binary to feel quite slow.

Writing Larger Numbers
What do you do if you want to write a bigger number, like 86? You could use the list method shown above, but that would take a long time! A quicker method involves the columns:

 * 1) Find the column with the largest value that is still less than or equal to the number you're writing and write a 1 in that column. For 86, you would write a 1 in the sixty-fours column because 64 is less than 86, but the next column to the left (128) is greater than 86.
 * 2) Look at the next column to the right of the one you used in the previous step. If you can add the value of that column to the value of the previous column and get a number less than or equal to the number you're converting to binary, write a 1 there. If not, write a 0. In the example with 86, the value of the first column you used (64) plus the value of the next column to the right (32) equals 96. 96 is greater than 86, so you would write a 0 in the thirty-twos column.
 * 3) Find the next column to the right of the last one you wrote in. If adding the value of that column to the sum of the values of all the columns with a one in them would give you a number less than or equal to your number, write a 1 in that column. If not, write a 0. With 86, the next column would be the sixteens column. 16 plus the sum of the values of all the previous columns with ones in them (64 in this example) is 80. 80 is less than 86, so you would write a 1 in the sixteens column.
 * 4) Repeat step 3 until the sum of the values of the columns with ones in them is equal to the number you were trying to find. Once this happens, fill any remaining columns with zeros.

A table showing the full process with 86 can be seen below:

Translating to Base-10
The binary number for 52 is 110100. How do you read a binary number?
 * 1) You look at the ones column. Since it has a 0 in it, you don't add anything to the total.
 * 2) Then you look at the twos column. Nothing, so we move on to the next column.
 * 3) We have a 1 in the fours column, so we add 4 to the total (total is 4).
 * 4) Skipping the eights column since it has a 0, we have come to a 1 in the sixteens column. We add 16 to the total (total is 20).
 * 5) Last, we have a 1 in the thirty-twos column. We add this to our total (total is 52).

We're done! We now have the number 52 as our total. The basics of reading a base-2 number is add each columns value to the total if there is a 1 in it. You don't have to multiply like you do in base-10 to get the total (like the 5 in the tens column from the above base-10 example) because the only digits are 0 (Remember that 0 times anything equals 0.) and 1 (Remember that 1 times anything is always equal to the other number.) Not needing to multiply can help speed up your reading of base-2 numbers. Let's look at 110100 in a table.

Now let's look at another number.

Finding a Mystery Number
The binary number is 1011, but we don't know what it is. Let's go through the column-reading process to find out what the number is. We are done, so the total is the answer. The answer is 11! Here are some more numbers for you to work out. { 101={ 5_2 }
 * 1) The ones column has a 1 in it, so we add 1 x 1 to the total (total is 1).
 * 2) The twos column has a 1 in it, so we add 1 x 2 to the total (total is 3).
 * 3) The fours column has a 0 in it, so we add 0 x 4 to the total (total is still 3).
 * 4) The eights column has a 1 in it, so we add 1 x 8 to the total (total is 11).
 * type="{}"}

{ 1111={ 15_2 }
 * type="{}"}

{ 10001={ 17_2 }
 * type="{}"}

{ 10100={ 20_2 }
 * type="{}"}

{ 101000={ 40_2 }
 * type="{}"}

Storing text
Computers store everything in binary, including text. To do this, every letter, every punctuation character, in fact a very large number of the symbols people have ever used, has been given its own number in a system called Unicode.

For example, if your name is "George" then the computer can store that in binary just by storing the number for "G", then for "e", and so on. The most common symbols in American English, like letters without accents, can be stored with just one byte. Other symbols, like "£" and "¿", need more than one byte as they've been given a bigger number. A few examples:
 * G is stored as 71, which is "[tel:0100 0111 0100 0111]" in binary
 * e is stored as a hundred and one, which is "[tel:0110 0101 0110 0101]" in binary.

The whole word "George" looks like: 0100 0111 0110 0101 0110 1111 0111 0010 0110 0111 0110 0101

While this might look like gibberish, see if you can find the rest of the letters in that and what their decimal representation is!


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Talk:Fortran 2003

In the fragment

Fortran has the arithmetic operators +, -, /, and ** (for exponentiation). The output of

program xx implicit none write (*,*) 2+3,2-3,2**3,2/3 end program xx

is

5 -1 8 0

the concept of integer division needs to be explained.

title: Talk:Fortran 2003


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User talk:69.40.195.179

Regarding edits made during January 8 2007
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 02:15, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.40.195.179


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Cookbook:Juniper Berry

Juniper Berry - actually the cones of certain juniper trees, especially Junperus communis. It is used as a spice in European cuisines, and is the flavour in gin.

The berries are added either whole or slightly bruised to a variety of dishes as a spice. They are added to sauerkraut and choucroute for added flavour and crunch.

title: Cookbook:Juniper Berry


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Cookbook:Rhubarb Marmalade

| American cuisine | Dessert

Ingredients

 * 1 lemon, juiced
 * 2 oranges, juiced
 * 4 pounds rhubarb, cut into small pieces
 * 1 pound raisins
 * 3 pounds sugar

Procedure

 * 1) Combine the lemon juice, orange juice, and rhubarb.
 * 2) Chop lemon and orange rind along with raisins; add to rhubarb mixture.
 * 3) Mix all and let stand for 30 minutes.
 * 4) Add sugar and bring to a boil, then simmer for 1 hour, stirring often.
 * 5) When the mixture gets thick, pour into glasses or crock.
 * 6) When cool, seal.

title: Cookbook:Rhubarb Marmalade


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Cookbook:Nigella

Nigella, also kalonji (कलौंजी or कलोंजी - Hindi), kezah (קצח - Hebrew), charnushka (Russian), çörek otu (Turkish), habbah Albarakah (حبه البركه - Arabic), siyah daneh (سیاه‌دانه - Persian).

Nigella is a small, black seed of the plant Nigella sativa. Is is used as a spice across the Middle East and South Asia, providing a bitter taste and a faint smell of strawberries. It is one of the spices that make up the Bengali Five-Spice Mix, Panch Puran.

Nigella is often used in vegetable dishes. The seeds are roasted with other whole-seed spices such as cumin and coriander before being added to the main meal to simmer for a while. Nigella is also traditionally sprinkled on top of some types of naan.

title: Cookbook:Nigella


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User:TotalBalance/monobook.js

// installation of the wikEd editing page extension

// install User:Cacycle/diff text diff code document.write(' ');

// install User:Pilaf/Live_Preview page preview tool document.write(' ');

// install RegExTypoFix common typo fixer document.write(' ');

// install User:Cacycle/wikEd international translation here

// install User:Cacycle/wikEd editing page extension document.write(' ');

title: User:TotalBalance/monobook.js


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Eloise Midgeon

Overview
Eloise Midgeon may be a Hufflepuff; very little is mentioned about her, except that she is plagued by a terrible acne problem.

Goblet of Fire
It is mentioned in passing, in talking about the medicinal effects of Bubotubers, that Eloise Midgeon had tried to jinx her acne off. "But Madam Pomfrey fixed her nose back on in the end."

Order of the Phoenix
Immediately after publication of the Educational Decree banning student groups, Hermione tells Ron and Harry that nobody in the newly formed Defence Association could possibly have told Professor Umbridge about the group. She had had them all sign a piece of parchment that was charmed so that if anyone betrayed the group, they would get skin blemishes that would "make Eloise Midgeon's acne look like a couple of cute freckles".

Half-Blood Prince
Eloise Midgeon is mentioned here as being removed from the school for reasons of her perceived safety, as a result of general fear and uncertainty spreading through the Wizarding population due to Lord Voldemort's return.

Weaknesses
Whether it is a weakness, or simply an accident of nature, Eloise Midgeon is always used as an example of a person with really bad acne.

We gather that her judgment in dealing with her acne is somewhat suspect, as she apparently manages to charm her own nose off while trying to get rid of it.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Bubotuber

Overview
Bubotubers are the ugliest plants Harry has ever seen, looking like thick black slugs sticking vertically out of the plant pots.

Extended Description
Bubotubers, despite their extreme ugliness, seem to have at least one valuable product. Large, shiny swellings grow on the plant; these are full of a yellowish-green liquid, the "pus", which smells strongly of petrol (gasoline). The raw pus can have unpleasant effects on the skin, so the harvesters must wear dragon-hide gloves; but when properly prepared, it is an excellent cure for the more stubborn forms of acne.

Analysis
Bubotubers are quite a minor sidelight into the world of magic. In this book, they are used for two things: first, to show, by making the plants in Herbology classes more dangerous, that Harry's class has advanced further in their studies, and second, to provide a reasonable noxious substance for inclusion in the hate-mail later directed at Hermione. One suspects that this work with bubotubers may be somehow associated with the jinx that Hermione later lays on Marietta Edgecombe.

Questions

 * 1) How do you pronounce "bubotuber"?


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User:TotalBalance

OK, just a place holder for now. I'll get around to providing my Bio and other salient points as time permits.

TotalBalance

title: User:TotalBalance


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Skrewt

Overview
Blast-Ended Skrewts are creatures that look like deformed, shell-less lobsters, with no visible head, that periodically boost themselves forwards with an explosion in their tail.

Extended Description
Hagrid has somehow secured several hundred of these creatures just after they hatch, and proposes to have Harry's class look after them as they grow. And they do grow through the course of the book, developing shells and bad tempers, though it seems that we never discover what exactly they eat, apart possibly from each other – though we started the year in early September with several hundred, by the end of October they have started killing each other (by Hallowe'en there are only twenty left, in individual boxes), and only three grow to maturity. Of these three, at least one is in the Third Task maze, where it is reportedly over six feet long. One of them evidently does not survive its time in the maze, as later Hagrid asks the Trio if they want to visit the two remaining Skrewts.

The Skrewts come in two varieties: one with an apparent stinger, which Hagrid presumes is male, and one with suckers which might be for sucking blood, which is presumed female.

They have caused many injuries to the students who look after them.

Rita Skeeter describes the Skrewts as "highly dangerous crosses between manticores and fire crabs."

Analysis
It is difficult to say exactly what the purpose of Blast-Ended Skrewts is in our story. Largely they seem to be used to highlight the character differences between the Trio, who assist Hagrid in caring for these creatures even as they grow and become more dangerous, and the rest of the class, who cower in Hagrid's hut while Hagrid and the Trio round up escaped Skrewts. They are also used to show Hagrid's continuing child-like enthusiasm for the more dangerous of magical creatures. They provide some insight into the sorts of effort required to determine the characteristics of newly-discovered or newly-created magical species. On a smaller scale, they provide a hook which Rita Skeeter can use to schedule an interview with Hagrid, and also a dangerous creature for Harry to face in the Third Task maze. Of all of these, it seems that the illumination of character is the only one that can be considered useful to our story; Rita could have hung her interview request on pretty much anything Hagrid chose to do, and there were already large numbers of dangerous creatures available to the Tournament organizers.

Questions

 * 1) Did Blast-Ended Skrewts actually exist as a species, or were they the result of cross-breeding by Hagrid alone (as Rita Skeeter seems to imply)?


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Talk:X86 Disassembly/Functions and Stack Frames

Using esp for automatic variables?
Actually, I would think that programs use ebp for automatic variables, because if esp is used, the offset used will keep on changing as you push and pop things. For example:

push ebp mov ebp, esp sub esp, 4 mov dword [esp+0], 123 ; using our variable push 321 mov eax, [esp+4] ; we have to use 4 as an offset, because [esp+0] contains 321. push 432 ; and now the offset to the variable is 8 add esp, 8 ; offset is back to 0 mov esp, ebp pop ebp ret

However, I could use [ebp-4] as long as I like to reference the variable.

Wj32 10:22, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * My experience looking at compiled code under the debugger would seem to bear this out; auto variables are always referenced as offset from ebp for exactly this reason.

EBP is not needed for execution at all, if other information is pushed and popped, the compiler can still calculate the location of the local variables based entirely on esp (it just needs to keep track of how the stack is modified). The real explanation of why ebp is used can be found here http://blogs.msdn.com/larryosterman/archive/2007/03/12/fpo.aspx, here http://www.nynaeve.net/?p=91 and here http://mituzas.lt/2009/07/26/on-binaries-and-fomit-frame-pointer/. Actually, gcc has a flag to avoid generation stack frames, -fomit-frame-pointer, but may hinder the later obtention of backtraces in x86 --213.37.221.151 (talk) 03:20, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

 * One thing never mentioned in the article is that in modern compilers, not even is the order of declarations of auto variables not mirrored in their allocation on the stack, a specific offset from ebp may, at some times, be one auto variable, sometimes another... and some auto variables are always in registers, never appearing on the stack at all. Chazz (talk) 07:42, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Isn't EBP-4 the first local variable?
the tutorial uses to explain
 * a = [ebp - 12] = [esp], b = [ebp - 8] = [esp + 4], c = [ebp - 4] = [esp + 8]
 * int a,b,c;

Wouldn't it be though, seeing that right there at the "crude" graphical representation of a stack it says that the first local variable is at ebp - 4? Nothingist (talk) 07:54, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * a = [ebp - 4] = [esp], b = [ebp - 8] = [esp + 4], c = [ebp - 12] = [esp + 8]
 * this page appears to backup this up, that ebp-4 = 1st local parameter, ebp-8 = 2nd local parameter:
 * http://www.cs.uaf.edu/2008/fall/cs301/support/x86/index.html

C and Pascal calls -- differences
HI, There are 2 things not mentionned here : 1- in C you push parameters from right to left and the caller is supposed to restore the stack 2- if you use pascal (or WINAPI) style, parameters are push from left to right and the callee restores the stack (that's what Microsoft says)

So, a standard C function call MyFunction(10, 5, 2); will create this code push 2 push 5 push 10 call MyFunction add esp, 12

And MyFunction should be  push ebp mov ebp, esp sub esp, nn ; local variables ...  mov esp, ebp pop ebp ret ; or ret 0

if MyFunction2 is declared as _pascal (or __pascal or WINAPI ...) _pascal MyFunction(10, 5, 2); will create this code push 10 push 5 push 2 call _MyFunction@12 ; C compiler add @12 because 12 bytes are pushed

And _MyFunction@12 should be  push ebp mov ebp, esp sub esp, nn ; local variables ...  mov esp, ebp pop ebp ret 12; pop the three parameters

Pushing parameters from right to left lets you use '...' in functions parameters ( ex: printf(const char *format, ...); ). You can't do that in Pascal ! The pascal form generates a smaller code (only one 'ret nn', instead of an 'add esp, nn' on each call) and you can control parameters.

ps. Don't hesitate to correct my spelling ;)

Standard Exit Sequence (possibly word duplicated)
From reading the first section of the exit sequence, see bold text below:

The Standard Exit Sequence must undo the things that the Standard Entry Sequence does. To this effect, the Standard Exit Sequence must perform the following tasks, in the following order:

Remove space for local variables, by reverting esp to its old value. Restore the old value of ebp to its old value, which is on top of the stack. Return to the calling function with a ret command.

To me, it appears that the "old value" is unnessecary written twice? Compare to the below: (my suggested correction)

Restore ebp to its old value, which is on top of the stack.

Olof nord (discuss • contribs) 12:12, 2 November 2014 (UTC)


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Cookbook:Rhubarb Pudding

| American cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Bread | Dessert

Ingredients

 * Stale cake or bread
 * 2 cups rhubarb
 * 4 tbsp white granulated sugar
 * 2 egg whites
 * ½ cup sugar

Procedure

 * 1) Line a buttered baking dish with slices of plain stale cake or bread.
 * 2) Combine the rhubarb and 4 tbsp sugar, and add to the dish.
 * 3) Cover and bake in a moderately slow 325°F (160°C) oven for about 30 minutes.
 * 4) Make a meringue of the egg whites by whipping until very stiff, gradually beating in the ½ cup sugar.
 * 5) Remove pudding from oven and cover with the meringue.
 * 6) Return to a slow oven to brown the meringue.

title: Cookbook:Rhubarb Pudding