text:
A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP2/Numerical Methods

The Newton-Raphson method
The best way to find a root of a function is to use the Newton-Raphson method; this uses a series of tangent lines to estimate the value of the root. The first number in the series is chosen from either one of the previous methods or semi-randomly. We can find the value of a function to a certain degree when the $$x_n = x_{n + 1}$$ to the specific number of digits. This method may not work always because if f'(x) = 0 the function will be undefined at this point the function will diverge. $$x_{n + 1} = x_n - \frac{f\left(x\right)}{f'\left(x\right)}$$

Example
The graph that we have above is actually the same function that Newton used to demonstrate the theory. Find the value of the root accurate to six decimal places. We are going to use 2.05 as the first value.

$$f'(x) = 3x^2 -2$$

$$x_{2} = 2.05 - \frac{(2.05)^3 - 2(2.05) - 5}{3(2.05)^2 -2} = 2.095710$$

Now we use this output for the next input and so on.

 * $$x_{2} = 2.095710 - \frac{(2.095710)^3 - 2(2.095710) - 5}{3(2.095710)^2 -2} = 2.094552$$
 * $$x_{3} = 2.094552 - \frac{(2.094552)^3 - 2(2.094552) - 5}{3(2.094552)^2 -2} = 2.094551$$
 * $$x_{4} = 2.094552 - \frac{(2.094552)^3 - 2(2.094552) - 5}{3(2.094552)^2 -2} = 2.094551$$

The root is approximately 2.094551. If we plug this into the original function we get -.00000000000004 which is very close to zero.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Keeping food cool

One way to keep food cool without ice while on a camping trip is to place the food in a mesh bag and secure it in a stream or brook. Another way is to put the food in a bag, cover it with several layers of burlap, wet the burlap, and suspend it from a tree branch. As the water evaporates from the burlap, it will cool the food. You have to re-wet the bag occasionally.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Field Guide/Constellations

Auriga is a constellation made up of Capella (its brightest star), and three "kids" (labelled Epsilon, Zeta, and Eta).

There is a skinny, A-shaped asterism in Andromeda which you can use to find Perseus. At the top of the A is Alpheratz, and Mirach and Almach make up one of the A's sides. If you follow the legs of the A, you'll find Perseus. (Actually, it looks more like a "V". The reason why "A" was chosen was to form the mnemonic "A in Andromeda.") The Andromeda Galaxy (M31) is a spiral galaxy within Andromeda.

The constellation Boötes is shaped like a kite.

Aquila (The Eagle): Although it appears that Altair is at the top of this constellation, there is actually one star above it (Tarazed, Gamma Aquilae).

Centaurus: Alpha Centauri is not one star, but a system of three. Proxima Centauri, in this system, is the closest star to our solar system. It is 4.2 light-years away.

Perseus: Algol (Beta Persei) gets its name from the Arabic al Ghul, meaning "Demon Star." It is an eclipsing binary.

title: Field Guide/Constellations


text:
User:Alainna

I come from New Orleans, Louisiana, USA and currently live in Hong Kong. I cook predominately Cajun and Creole foods (though I'm now learning myself some Hu/Jiang style Chinese cuisine) and shall be adding recipes as such.

Recipes I have contributed:
 * Smothered okra
 * Mirliton casserole
 * Café au lait
 * Coffee concentrate
 * Soda sữa hột gà (Egg soda)

title: User:Alainna


text:
Cookbook:Smothered Okra

| Vegetable recipes | North American cuisines | United States cuisine | Cajun cuisine

Smothered okra is an easy dish that works well as a side vegetable. It can also be added to seafood and okra gumbo as the okra base. It is made with okra and tomatoes, and is best served over rice.

Ingredients

 * 1 lb (450 g) okra, washed
 * 4–5 medium tomatoes, diced
 * ½ medium-large yellow onion, diced
 * 2–3 stalks celery, sliced or diced
 * 1 green bell pepper, diced
 * 2–3 cloves garlic, sliced or diced
 * 1 stick (½ lb / 113 g) butter
 * Salt, to taste
 * Pepper, to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Remove okra tips and heads, and slice into ¼–½ inch wide pieces.
 * 2) Sauté onion, celery, and bell pepper in butter until soft over medium heat, adding garlic to sauté shortly before the onion is soft.
 * 3) Add okra and tomatoes. Stir a few times to incorporate. If the mixture seems a bit dry, add a small amount of water.
 * 4) Simmer over medium heat until the okra is no longer sticky and stringy. The okra will change to a darker green color.
 * 5) Serve over rice or freeze to use in your next gumbo.

title: Cookbook:Smothered Okra


text:
Category:Louisiana recipes

Recipes from the Louisiana Creole and Cajun repertoire.

title: Category:Louisiana recipes


text:
Programming AI with Leaf/Installing

Getting and Installing the Software
Since Leaf is open source, his required software applications and miscellaneous files are not all in one place. Getting everything you need installed can take some time, but is well worth it. Below you will find both the web addresses of the required software as well instructions for installing it.

It is important to note that Leaf has several options to choose from and that even if you are not going to use one or more of those options, you still MUST install the software that supports all options. The ONLY exception to this is that if you do not plan to give your Leaf an animated head, you do not need to install the CU animate software.

Leaf's Quick Install for Windows XP
Note: This installation does not include x10 software or CU animate face.

1. Downloads

1.1 Download and install the latest copy of Lispworks from

http://www.lispworks.com/downloads/ take all defaults offered.

1.5 Download and install Microsoft Speech SDK 5.1 (SpeechSDK51.exe) taking all defaults.

http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=5e86ec97-40a7-453f-b0ee-6583171b4530&DisplayLang=enLeaf Directory

1.2 Download and unzip "Nav and Control exe 5-3-09.zip"

http://www.leafproject.org/software/n_c/Nav%20and%20Control%20exe%205-3-09.zip

1.3 Download and unzip the rcomm.dll file

http://www.leafproject.org/software/rcomm/rcomm.zip

1.4 Download and unzip the Leaf lisp code

http://www.leafproject.org/software/Lisp/Leaf%2001-01-07z.zip

2. Installations

2.1 Create a Leaf directory on your computer:

C:\Program Files\Leaf

and move the following files and folders into it:

LISP files : Leaf.lisp Test.lisp, and LeafInterfaces.lisp.

Folders : LeafFaces, LeafFeelings, LeafSetting, LeafSounds, Sequences, and AnimationImages.

Note: LeafSounds can be found in the Files section of the group site.

Misc. files : speech.xml, server.tcl, vcredist_x86.exe, "Nav and Control.exe" and sysinfo.exe

Ini files : RoboChat.ini, Animation.ini, NavAndControl.ini, MicroConfig.ini, MicroController.ini, Sensors.ini,

2.2 Move (do not copy) the following files to System32 Directory => C:\Windows\System32

DLL files: lwsapi5.dll, lwcuanim.dll, Phidget.dll, LeafX10.dll, LeafWiFiClient.dll, FaceRecog.dll, FTD2XX.dll, and RComm.dll.

3. Setup

3.1 Plug in a microphone into your PC if you don't have one already. A good quality microphone is recommended.

Leaf's Quick Install for Windows 7 32 and 64 Bit
Note: This installation does not include x10 software or CU animate face.

1. Downloads

1.1 Download and install the latest copy of Lispworks from

http://www.lispworks.com/downloads/ take all defaults offered.

(DO NOT install Microsoft Speech SDK. The Speech SDK installation is only for Windows XP)

1.2 Download and unzip "Nav and Control exe 5-3-09.zip"

http://www.leafproject.org/software/n_c/Nav%20and%20Control%20exe%205-3-09.zip

1.3 Download and unzip the rcomm.dll file

http://www.leafproject.org/software/rcomm/rcomm.zip

1.4 Download and unzip the Leaf lisp code

http://www.leafproject.org/software/Lisp/Leaf%2001-01-07z.zip

2. Installations

2.1 Create a Leaf directory on your computer:

32 bit PC: C:\Program Files\Leaf

64 bit PC: C:\Program Files (x86)\Leaf

and move the following files and folders into it:

LISP files : Leaf.lisp Test.lisp, and LeafInterfaces.lisp.

Folders : LeafFaces, LeafFeelings, LeafSetting, LeafSounds, Sequences, and AnimationImages.

Misc. files : speech.xml, server.tcl, vcredist_x86.exe, "Nav and Control.exe" and sysinfo.exe

Ini files : RoboChat.ini, Animation.ini, NavAndControl.ini, MicroConfig.ini, MicroController.ini, Sensors.ini,

2.2 Move (do not copy) the following files to System32 Directory => C:\Windows\SysWOW64

DLL files: lwsapi5.dll, lwcuanim.dll, Phidget.dll, LeafX10.dll, LeafWiFiClient.dll, FaceRecog.dll, FTD2XX.dll, and RComm.dll.

2.3 SPECIAL WORK-A-ROUND INSTRUCTIONS FOR SAPI DLL

The original lwsapi5.dll that is in the Leaf 01-01-07 folder won't work on a Win7 PC. You need to download the newer 2007 dll from the Leaf group. Use the one listed as "Sapi 5 dll for Windows 7-64". It will work for both 32 and 64 bit versions of Windows.

Sign into the Leaf Yahoo Group and download the newer lwsapi5.dll from here:

http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/leaf_an_AI_robot/files/

and put it into:

32 bit PC: C:\Program Files\Leaf

64 bit PC: C:\Program Files (x86)\Leaf

Next Create a folder:

32 bit PC: C:\Program Files\Leaf\LeafSettings

64 bit PC: C:\Program Files (x86)\Leaf\LeafSettings

and installation is complete.

3. Setup

3.1 Plug in a microphone into your PC if you don't have one already. A good quality microphone is recommended.

3.2 Plug in a headset into your PC if you don't have one already.

3.3 Train your speech recognition software with a least one session. This is done from your Control Panel, then choose Speech.

3.2 Plug in a headset into your PC if you don't have one already.

3.3 Train your speech recognition software with a least one session. This is done from your Control Panel, then choose Speech.

Leaf's Optional Applications
X10 Household lamp and appliance control software: http://www.x10.com/

CU Animate Face

CU Animate Face seems to not work with Windows7 very well. Leaf works fine without the face.

title: Programming AI with Leaf/Installing


text:
User talk:Alainna

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

I just noticed your contributions on the list of recent changes. Thank you for contributing! I'm sure that your contributions at the WikiBooks Cookbook will be greatly appreciated.

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Cheers, Iamunknown 07:17, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Alainna, thanks for the well wishes! I feel kind of foolish: the information on my user page is somewhat out of date. But I am still in (different) classes and could use all the well wishes I can get! =P Cheers, Iamunknown 02:22, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, well wishes are well wishes, even if they're for different classes! I need to try to use "well" another time, just to make that sentence sound even sillier. ;) Well, best, then! Alainna 07:57, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alainna


text:
Cookbook:Muffuletta Sandwich

| Sandwich | United States cuisine | Louisiana Creole cuisine

The muffuletta is a sandwich found in New Orleans, LA, USA. It originates from the Italian community and was first made and popularized at the French Quarter's Central Grocery. It is made from a variety of sausages and cheeses and served with an olive spread on a muffuletta loaf. Other types of round loaves can be substituted if necessary.

Ingredients

 * 1 muffuletta bread loaf (or other round bread loaf, approximately 10 inches/25 cm in diameter)
 * Olive spread
 * Ham, sliced
 * Mortadella, sliced
 * Salami, sliced
 * Swiss cheese, sliced
 * Provolone cheese, sliced

Procedure

 * 1) Slice bread loaf in half horizontally and spread each cut side with olive spread.
 * 2) For the authentic Central Grocery muffuletta, layer bottom half of the loaf with salami, ham, Swiss cheese, provolone, mortadella, and a second layer of salami.
 * 3) Cover with top half of the loaf and press down.
 * 4) Quarter the muffuletta and serve or wrap the muffuletta tightly in plastic wrap to save for later.

title: Cookbook:Muffuletta Sandwich


text:
User talk:Iamunknown

Archive: 1 2

I am currently inactive for an indefinite period of time. Please use email. Thank you  --06:25, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Re:Contact admin
Yes, i'm willing to be the contact admin. Should I make the change or should you?

By the way, why aren't you active? too busy? frustrated? found something better? --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 00:39, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I saw your request for deadminship on meta. In response to this, there have already been a few mumblings about an expedited return to adminship for people who voluntarily give it up. Just goes to show you how highly people think of you, that they are already trying to adjust policy to make things easier for you (should you choose to return to active contributions again). Anyway, I do hope that you arent too busy to poke your head in here every so often. It's been a pleasure working with you, in any case. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 13:28, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Re:Telephone book
Yeah76, I looked over that page and while i think it's a little strange, I don't see anything there that is obviously false. Most of it even seems plausible to me, although I share your skepticism about needing a dial tone. Unfortunately, I am not able to test this myself right now, I would need a second computer and a free afternoon (neither of which are available, at least until the semester is over).

I'm glad to see you, although somehow I suspect your visit here is only temporary one. I'll research this book a little more and take action if it's bogus. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 23:33, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iamunknown


text:
Cookbook:Mirliton Casserole

| United States cuisine | Cajun cuisine

Mirliton casserole is a easy dish that works well as a side vegetable. It can be made with either seafood or meat, though it is most commonly made with shrimp or ground beef.

Ingredients

 * 6 medium mirliton (chayote squash), halved lengthwise
 * 1 medium yellow onion, diced
 * 2–3 stalks celery, sliced or diced
 * 1 medium to large green bell pepper, diced
 * 2–3 cloves garlic, minced
 * 1 lb (500 g) whole shrimp, peeled OR ½ lb (250 g) ground beef (optional)
 * 1 bay leaf
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Parsley
 * Bread crumbs
 * 1 stick (½ cup / 113 g) butter (olive oil may be substituted)

Procedure

 * 1) Place mirliton halves seed-side up in a microwave- or oven-safe dish with approximately 1 inch (2.5cm) of water in the dish. Cover with foil (for oven) or plastic wrap (for microwave) and cook in oven (350°F/175°C) or microwave (high at 10 minute intervals) until mirliton are soft enough to stick a fork or knife through easily. Allow mirliton to cool enough to be handled and dice into large pieces.
 * 2) Sauté onion, celery, and garlic in butter over medium heat, adding garlic to sauté just before onion, celery, and garlic are fully softened.
 * 3) Add shrimp or beef to pan until beef is lightly browned or until shrimp is just turning pink. Skip this step if you aren't adding meat.
 * 4) Incorporate mirliton and bay leaf and allow to simmer for 5–10 minutes.
 * 5) Remove from heat and add salt, pepper, and parsley to taste. Pour mixture into a casserole dish and cover with bread crumbs.
 * 6) Bake in the oven at 350°F (175°C) until the mirliton is bubbling and the bread crumbs are browned.

title: Cookbook:Mirliton Casserole


text:
Talk:Chinese (Mandarin)/About Chinese

Thank you
Not a very common practice here on wikipedia, but I just felt the need to thank whoever wrote this wikibook...it is of excellent quality and has provided an invaluable learning tool for me and I'm sure for many others as well.--70.171.33.143 08:37, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese (Mandarin)/About Chinese


text:
Parkour/Basic Moves/Dash Vault

Steps

 * Run near a wall at a steady pace. As you approach, your weight will fall backwards.
 * At the same time kick up one leg to clear the height of the wall. The trailing leg will then be powered through.
 * Place your hands on either side of the legs and to keep the momentum going with a push away from the wall.
 * The momentum here will fire you over the wall. While in the air your body weight will be brought forward to prepare for landing.
 * With your body weight moving forward, you should begin to straighten up and get your feet ready for a nice landing.

title: Parkour/Basic Moves/Dash Vault


text:
The Computer Revolution/Communication/Exterior

Customizing has progressed from the simple replacement of internal components to creating a custom design or alternative case for holding essentials parts. Recently this trend has developed as users try to create a personal environment that exceeds the interior of the computer and surrounds them. Initially starting with the addition of colors produced by the manufactures, people started to add stickers to the PC's exterior tower and along the screen. As more people became aware of the potential of turning a factory PC into a PC which represents them.

The degree of customizing moved farther away from conventional means and more into a science. Stickers became all too common and soon the exterior of the tower was being cut and molded different shapes, these shapes take up different forms such as emblems of certain games or a more machine orientated look. Soon LED lights became more common illuminating glass panels or water driven cooling systems. Followed by the addition composite materials completely replacing the exterior shell resembling alien environments with unique paint schemes.

Companies soon became aware of the creativity that people were investing into their personal computers. Companies such as Alienware soon started to develop unique casings to appeal to the demand of a unique computer that as more than just hardware but also visual as well. As customizing becomes more personal for each person, computers become less uniform and more individual reflecting the persons perception of the ideal computer.

People have become very creative when it comes to the customization of their desktop computers. For example they can install cool light features into the monitor of their computers to provide a cool looking computer.lighting modifications to a customized desktop computer are much more enjoyable when they can be seen, and as a result, case windows have become a common modification. Also, large window panes can be cut into the side of the customized desktop computer, then lined with acrylic glass to allow the lighting effects to shine out. Then there are some computers where the creativity is blown through the roof ad very well done. For example some people install beer taps in them. When it comes to computer customization the sky is the limit.


text:
Cookbook:Café au Lait

| Beverages

Literally "coffee with milk", café au lait is a drink made of coffee and scalded milk in a ratio of 1:1. It is the staple coffee drink of French Louisiana and is often served in bowls in Acadiana.

Ingredients

 * 4 cups brewed coffee or 1.5–2 cups (350–475 ml) cold coffee concentrate
 * 4 cups (950 ml) milk

Procedure

 * 1) If you are using coffee concentrate, add enough hot water to make 4 cups of coffee.
 * 2) At the same time, heat the milk over a low to medium heat until scalded.
 * 3) Pour equal amounts of coffee and scalded milk into bowls or cups.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Steamed milk can be substituted for scalded milk.
 * The milk can be heated in the cups by half filling each cup with milk and microwaving briefly. A 1,000W microwave oven will heat one half-cup of milk in 50 seconds, two in 60 seconds.

title: Cookbook:Café au Lait


text:
User talk:Winemaker~enwikibooks

Please note I have again removed your link to a blog page. Wikibooks is intended to be read as stand alone content. As such links are rarely necessary - content is the important issue. You are more than welcome to contribute to Wikibooks however contributions that are merely external links will not be looked on with any favour -- Herby talk thyme 10:35, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Winemaker. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Winemaker~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:52, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:39, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Winemaker~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:212.165.189.242

Please do not replace Wikibooks pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikibooks because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. If page is no longer useful, insert delete to its top. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks! -- Herby talk thyme 10:44, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.165.189.242


text:
User talk:TP81

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 11:00, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Also
Could you look at the naming policy for chapters of books as they should be named as sub pages. I think you may have created pages that should actually be sub pages. Get back to me if I can help - cheers -- Herby talk thyme 11:00, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * OK - so stop and think a bit! You have pages (which if part of the MMM book) should be renamed (using the "move" tab).  Not hard but if you need a hand let me know (on my talk page not my user page but don't worry about that I've done the same ).  The correct naming looks to be Movie Making Manual/Theory for example.
 * Then have a read of the help stuff. You say "categories" but they are different to standard pages so take a look and then ask.  I'll help if I can but otherwise the Staff lounge is a helpful place cheers -- Herby  talk thyme 12:04, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey - no criticism intended, just that the best answer is not necessarily the quick one . I'll help if I can -- Herby  talk thyme 19:29, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * BTW most of the stuff I've learn't I've copied from others - check out stuff that looks "right" and test it out! -- Herby talk thyme 19:31, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:TP81


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d3

=King's Indian Attack= This is a way for White to avoid the "classical" French Defence. Though White's game looks less active (White will have to fianchetto his king's bishop, leaving time for Black to develop), a powerful attack is possible by advancing king's pawn to e5, building a strong outpost. Like in a sicilian defence, White will launch a king-side attack, and Black can counter-attack at the queen side.

The main continuation is d5, though c5 is also correct (many transpositions exist in the King's Indian).

=Theory Table= .

'''1. e4 e6 2. d3'''

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d3


text:
Horticulture/Aphids

Aphids, also known as greenfly, blackfly or plant lice, are minute plant-feeding insects in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the homopterous division of the order Hemiptera. Recent classification within the Hemiptera has changed the old term 'Homoptera' to two suborders: Sternorryncha (aphids, whiteflies, scales, psyllids...) and Auchenorryncha (cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers...) with the suborder: Heteroptera containing a large group of insects known as the 'true-bugs'; gnat bugs, pond skaters, shore bugs, toad bugs, water boatmen, backswimmers, etc.

About 4,000 species of aphids are known, classified in 10 families; of these, around 250 species are serious pests for agriculture and forestry as well as an annoyance for gardeners. They vary in size from 1–10 mm long.

Description
The most typical organ of aphids is their piercing-sucking mouthparts called stylets. They have soft bodies, long, thin legs, two-jointed, two-clawed tarsi, and usually a pair of abdominal tubes through which a waxy secretion is exuded. These tubes were formerly supposed to secrete the sweet substance known as "honeydew" so much sought after by ants; but this is now known to come from the alimentary canal. Both winged and wingless forms of both sexes occur; the wings when present are two pairs, lacy, transparent and only have one prominent longitudinal vein. Aphids also have a proboscis originating between and behind the forelegs. Aphids' antennae are composed of two thick basal segments and a flagellum with as many as four segments. The last of these four segments is divided into a proximal part and a thinner distal part (called process terminalis).

Aphids have two compound eyes and two ocular tubercles made up of three lenses, each of which is located behind and above the compound eyes. They have two tarsal segments. The fifth abdominal segment bears a pair of tubes on the dorsal surface named siphunculi (cornicles), which are upright and point backward. A cauda is usually present below and between them on the last abdominal segment.

Ecology
Aphids are distributed world-wide, but they are most common in temperate zones. It is possible for aphids to migrate great distances (mainly through passive dispersal riding on winds) depending on the weather patterns; for example, the lettuce aphid spreading from New Zealand to Tasmania. They have also been spread by human transportation of infested plant materials.

Diet
Many, but far from all, aphids are monophagous (i.e. feeding only on 1 species of plant). Others, like ../Myzus persicae/ feed on hundreds of plant species across many families.

Similarly to related families, aphids passively feed on sap of phloem vessels in plants. This sap being kept under high pressure, once a phloem vessel is punctured, it is forced into the food canal. Aphids actively 'drink' (suck) from xylem vessels when thirsty. As they feed, aphids often transmit plant viruses to their food plants. These viruses can sometimes kill the plants.

Some species of ants "farm" aphids, protecting them on the plant they eat, and eating the honeydew that the aphids secrete; this is a mutualistic relationship. Aphid honeydew is rich in carbohydrates (like melezitose), of which the aphids ingest an excess, being phloem-feeders. Many aphids are host to endosymbiont bacteria, Buchnera, which live in specialized cells called Bacteriocytes inside the aphid. These bacteria synthesizes some essential amino acids that are absent in the phloem that the aphids eat.

Reproduction
Apart from their importance from the economic standpoint, aphids are chiefly remarkable for the phenomena connected with the propagation of the species. For part or all of their life, most aphids are often found to be parthenogenetic. Aphids have been known to have what is called telescoping generations. With telescoping generations the female aphid will have a daughter within her who is already parthenogenetically producing its own daughter at the same time. This leads to the bizarre situation where the diet of a female aphid can have inter-generational effects on the body size and birth rate of aphids. In other words, what the aphid eats can directly change the size and fertility of the aphid's daughters and grand-daughters (Nevo and Coll 2001, Jahn et al. 2005).

At different times of the year, they can be viviparous or oviparous. During spring and summer, aphids are often parthenogenetic and viviparous and then give birth sexually during autumn. Therefore aphids are said to undergo cyclical parthenogenesis or to have a holocyclical life circle.

Male and female aphids mate in autumn. Sexual females, but also asexual ones, have two sex chromosomes while sexual males only have one.

The following brief summary of what takes place in the plant-louse of the rose (Aphis rosae), may be regarded as typical of the family, though exceptions occur in other species: Eggs produced in the autumn by fertilized females remain on the plant through the winter and hatching in the spring give rise to female individuals which may be winged or wingless. From these, females are born parthenogenetically: that is to say, without the intervention of males, and by a process that has been compared to internal budding, large numbers of young resembling their parents in every respect except size are produced, which themselves reproduce their kind in the same way. This process continues throughout the summer, generation after generation being produced until the number of descendants from a single individual of the spring-hatched brood may amount to many thousands. In the autumn winged males appear; union between the sexes takes place and the females lay the fertilized eggs which are destined to carry the species through the cold months of winter. If, however, the food-plant is grown in a glasshouse or greenhouse where protection against cold is afforded, the aphids may go on reproducing agamogenetically (asexually) without cessation for many years. Likewise, in warm and tropical areas or during the growing season, aphids reproduce asexually without interruption. Since the young can become adults and reproduce within a few days, this process leads to the build-up of very large populations responsible for severe damage to crops and important economic losses; such populations often require pest control.

Not the least interesting features connected with this strange life-history are the facts that the young may be born by the oviparous or viviparous methods and either gamogenetically or agamogenetically, and may develop into winged forms or remain wingless, and that the males only appear in any number at the close of the season. Although the factors which determine these phenomena are not clearly understood, it is believed that the appearance of the males is connected with the increasing cold of autumn and the growing scarcity of food, and that the birth of winged females is similarly associated with decrease in the quantity or vitiation of the quality of the nourishment imbibed. Sometimes the winged females migrate from the plant they were born on to start fresh colonies on others often of quite a different kind (host plant alternancy). Thus the apple aphid (Aphis Mali) after producing many generations of apterous females on its typical food-plant gives rise to winged forms which fly away and settle upon grass or corn-stalks.

Another widespread aphid in the Phylloxeridae family is Daktulosphairia vitifoliae (still frequently called by its former name Phylloxera vitifoliae), the famous Phylloxera which causes enormous loss by attacking the leaves and roots of grape vines. Its life-history is similar to that of Aphis rosae described above. In the autumn a single fertile egg is laid by apterous females in a crevice of the bark of the vine where it is protected during the winter. From this egg in the spring emerges an apterous female who makes a gall in the new leaf and lays therein a large number of eggs. Some of the apterous young that are hatched from these form fresh galls and continue to multiply in the leaves, others descend to the root of the plant, becoming what are known as root-forms. These, like the parent form of spring, reproduce parthenogenetically, giving rise to generation after generation of egg-laying individuals. In the course of the summer, from some of these eggs are hatched females which acquire wings and lay eggs from which wingless males and females are born. From the union of the sexes comes the fertile egg from which the parent form of spring is hatched.

Some species of cabbage aphids (like Brevicoryne brassicae) reproduce rapidly during the summer. They are all females, and can produce up to 41 generations of offspring. If no aphids had died during the summer, there would be more than one and a half billion billion billion aphids (1.5 x 1027) by the end of the season.

Families
There are 10 families:
 * Adelgidae - adelgids, conifer aphids, Adelges cooleyi, Hemlock Wolly Adelgid, Adelges piceae
 * Anoeciidae
 * Aphididae
 * Drepanosiphidae
 * Homomasagymibutae
 * Greenideidae
 * Hormaphididae
 * Lachnidae
 * Mindaridae
 * Pemphigidae
 * Phloeomyzidae
 * Phylloxeridae
 * Thelaxidae

Host plants
A wide range of plants are affected by aphids. Many aphids feed specifically on a small group of plants, but others are generalists.

title: Horticulture/Aphids


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Aphids

White oil
does white oil kill aphids? i have heard it does but am unsure. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 61.68.165.192 (talk • contribs) 14:33, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Getting rid of aphids
Could someone please explain how to get RID of these beasts? We have them in the laboratory - and no, it's not a zoology departments, we work in Botany - THANKS. massa 08:14, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * mix together a soap solution (preferably using a high posphate soap) and spray aphids. You will probably want to wash plants an hour after application.  Do this a couple of times and your aphids will be gone.  This is the approach we took to manageing aphids in our greenhouse when I was working at the Univ. of Wisconsin. JorjGaidin 14:14, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Part of All of Their Life?
I was browsing through, and I stumbled upon the second sentence in the "Reproduction" section.

 * For part of all of their life, aphids are often found to be parthenogenetic.

I can't make heads or tails of what that means: Aphids are partially always often parthenogenetic?? Someone knowledgable should rewrite that so it makes sense. I'd fix it myself, but I don't know the first thing about aphid reproduction. - Rynne 19:07, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * What I don't get: Most parthenogenic species' unfertilised eggs produce male offspring -> this would mean an increase in the number of fertilising individuals -> which would mean less unfertilised eggs -> which means more females to produce eggs -> increase in population.
 * But, aphids are the opposite. Unfertilised eggs become female -> leading to more females -> leading to more unfertilised eggs. So then why are there still male aphids?
 * —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.250.6.246 (talk • contribs) 19:21, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Removal of links
An anonymous user, User:75.117.87.140 (talk contribs) has removed a number of links from the article (diff) anyone who's more knowledgeable on the topic, please review the edit and revert what's relevant. -- intgr 07:12, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I checked it out, and I think it was unwarranted. I replaced all the links and images, and kept the updated information. --Iamunknown 04:19, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for restoring, I myself wanted to restore but had forgotten.. thanks again. --vineeth 13:55, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Interesting fact section
whats mentioned in the "interesting fact" section is already mentioned in the article. 87.69.103.82 02:20, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horticulture/Aphids


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Nf6

=French Defence, Classical variation= Both players engage a fight for the center. Tension will increase even more after Bg5 unless White wants to directly block the pawn structure and win a tempo by attacking the newly developed knight with e5.

Theory table
.


text:
Indonesian/Grammar/Verbs

Indonesian verbs do not change depending on tense, as in English. For example, English has different forms for "ate" (past tense) and "eat" (present tense), while Indonesian uses "makan" for both past and present. When it is important to specify time, Indonesian adds additional words that clarify the time, such as "sudah" (already), "masih" (still), and "akan" (will).

To be or not to be
To be is the most common English verb, yet its indonesian translation, adalah, is rarely used. This is particularly true when it is used to describe something/someone or to give characteristics. For instance : We can use adalah to make a statement that two things are equivalent. For instance: Another use of adalah is to say that something or someone is part of a grup/structure. For instance:
 * Aku cowok = I am a man
 * Dia gemuk = He is fat
 * Aku lapar = I am hungry
 * Rusia adalah negara terbesar di dunia.
 * Russia is the largest country in the world.
 * Dia adalah pengawai pemerintah
 * He is a government employee.

Inflection
The Indonesian verbs can be also inflected as well for passivity, causativity, etc.. Unlike its closely-related Tagalog, Indonesian and Malay conjugation system are more simplified, but more inflected than related Hawaiian and Maori. In Indonesian itself, the term "konjugasi" it is usually not used when talking about Indonesian, instead it is only used for foreign languages. The Indonesian conjugation is not inflected for tenses, but only for voice and moods (for the tenses, see /Grammar/Tenses, tenses are instead analytically formed). Nonetheless, it still has many exceptions, despite there are just very few affixes, mostly due to defectivity, for example berlari, memperlari, melarikan is acceptable, but not for *berlarii. Some cases may cause the verb forms change substantially (hijau "green" → menghijau "to become green" → terhijau "most green", instead of "accidentally became green", but terhijaukan "became greened"; tinggal "live" → meninggal "died").

Lemma forms of the verbs are always in the root (memakan ← makan "eat").

Affixes vertically, when in the case of suffix -lah, only can precede the suffix. Informally, the -kan suffix can be replaced with -in, and the meng- suffix is also replaced with their mutated first consonants (ny-, ng-, ...), resulting on these forms:

When transitive, the verb is also added with possessive suffixes:

Note: The prefix meng- are subject to the initial consonant change! (see also /prefix me)

Enseignement de l'indonésien/Grammaire/Verbes

title: Indonesian/Grammar/Verbs


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Bb4

=French Defence, Winawer Variation= Black immediately seizes the occasion to get rid of the white knight. An exchange is almost inevitable. By pinning the knight, the e-pawn is left unprotected.

White can put his pawn out of danger with 4.e5 (this is the main line of the Winawer).

It should be noted that the dark squared bishop is the "good bishop" for black, as the light bishop is stuck behind the pawn chain in e6 and d5. The exchange however does give black some compensation after the usual 4.e5 c5 5. a3 Bxc3 6.bxc3 as the closed position is quite solid for black and his superior queenside is more agile than the jammed white center. However after the usual and flexible 6...Ne7 white can choose between the tactical and very complex poisoned pawn variation (7.Qg4) or the strategic and hypercomplex lines following either a4 or Nf3. Play can be very difficult with lots of good chances for both players.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4

Center Game
The move 2. d4 by White smashes open the center by attacking Black's king pawn and allows White to develop his pieces with very great speed by opening up the d-file for the queen and bishop.

Black's responses
The most common response is for Black to accept the Centre Game and take the pawn with 2...exd4, which White will retake with the queen. Although no pawn material is lost here, White will lose tempo in order to save the queen from Black's Nc6 knight attack. This gives Black a lead in development, which brought this opening out of favor historically by the early 20th century although the opening has been explored later from the 1980s.

Defending the e-pawn instead with 2...d6 leads to a transposition of the Maróczy Defence stemming from the Pirc Defence (1. e4 d6 2. d4 e5). The Maróczy Defence may then lead to the Philidor. However, White can choose not to transpose here since Black's 2...d6 gives White the chance now to aggressively capture the e-pawn with 3. dxe4 rather than defend their d-pawn with the Philidor's 3. Nf3 knight defence. Once the pawns are traded off, White can force off the queens as well which denies Black the ability of castling – possibly leading into an early endgame.

Instead of the normal 2...exd4, a countergambit can be tried with 2...f5?!, but this is quite a dubious move and is only reserved for unprepared players. 2...f5 gives White a good game after the threat of Qh5+ can't be stopped (the bishop can move and give a square to the king on f8), as after 3. exf5 Nf6?? loses to 4. e5!, and Black has two choices: letting a very dangerous Qh5+ happen or giving up the knight. Once again, unprepared opponents may be surprised by this and play recklessly, leading to possible, but rare wins by Black.

Theory table
'''1. e4 e5 2. d4'''

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4


text:
Horticulture/Adelges tsugae

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) or HWA is a destructive pest that poses a major threat to eastern and Carolina hemlock trees throughout their range. Accidentally introduced from Asia in the 1920s, HWA feeds on hemlock and has now been established in 11 eastern states from North Carolina to Massachusetts, causing widespread mortality of hemlock trees. HWA has been found 20 miles from Vermont, 5 miles from New Hampshire, and 25 miles from Maine.

Description
The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is an introduced aphid-like insect that feeds on the phloem sap of tender hemlock shoots.

Symptoms and Signs
In the northern portion of hemlocks' range, mortality typically occurs within 4 to 10 years following infestation.

Ecology
Hemlock is a vital component of the New England forest system, and is the third most prevalent tree in Vermont. Hemlock provides protection from erosion along stream banks, food for deer and wildlife, and shelter for deer in the winter. Major changes in ecosystem structure and function, including hydrologic processes, is expected with the loss of hemlock.

Host plants
Unlike the Balsam Woolly Adelgid that only attacks mature balsam fir, HWA infests all age classes of hemlock. In addition, where hemlock occurs in pure stands in northern regions, the most commonly observed tree species to succeed hemlock is black (sweet) birch.

Control
Few options are available for control of this pest. The use of pesticides is limited because in forested lands, hemlocks often grow along streams, swamps, or lakes and the threat of aquatic pollution is great. In urban communities the general public does not favor the use of these materials. Alternative management options are needed and the potential use of entomopathogenic fungi is a viable tool for consideration.

Actions taken
Steps that have been taken to eradicate this pest:

 * A quarantine has been established in the tristate area of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Homeowners and nurseries cannot bring in hemlock seedlings or trees from adelgid-infested states into these states without an inspection permit certifying that they are pest-free.
 * Pathogenicity trials. Isolates have been screened for pathogenicity against thrips, aphids and HWA.
 * Isolation and identification. All fungi discovered were isolated, established in pure culture and identified.
 * Exploration. Cooperative efforts in ME, MA, CT, NJ and VA led to the isolation of many insect-killing fungi associated with HWA populations. Exploratory activities were also conducted in China where HWA originated.
 * Characterization. Isolates have been evaluated to determine their growth, sporulation and germination characteristics.
 * Biological studies. Hypothesizing that range expansion of HWA is limited, trials were designed to determine the low lethal temperatures of this pest. Tests are also being done to ascertain if HWA populations from different plant coldhardiness zones respond differently to low temperature exposures.

title: Horticulture/Adelges tsugae


text:
Future Teachers Meet Wiki/Wikibooks as an instructional tool for High School Physics - The online research journal project

Mike Maskell, MS

Introducing Students to Professional Research

The high school physics teacher (and the freshman physics professor) has three jobs towards his students: to teach them the knowledge of physical laws and concepts, to develop their problem solving skills with particular focus on the skillset involved in solving physics problems, and to give them a preview of what it is like to be a physicist. The first job is accomplished by virtually every physics teacher. The second job is accomplished by particularly good physics teachers. The third is rarely recognized among any physics teachers. This is not because it is an unimportant job, but most likely because it is a job whose results are not tested in our current system. Undervaluing the experiential aspect of physics education in the setting of standards leads to undervaluing it in the classroom, whether consciously or unconsciously. As teachers, we lack the ability to unilaterally change the standards to give this aspect its due; however, we can still offer it to our students without having to detract from the lessons we are being scrutinized on. Wikibooks provides just the sort of tool to demonstrate the professional physicist's research process to the students, while exercising their testable knowledge along the way.

Modern-day physicists rarely work alone. Gone are the days of the bearded, tweed-clad scientist laboring away at a chalkboard in a secluded room. Physics research is now conducted by collaborations, often spread around the world. This has inevitably evolved for the same reason that students often enjoy working in groups: larger tasks are easier when spread among multiple participants. Students are generally familiar with group work, but have had few opportunities to use internet communication among group members. Internet communication is so fundamental to physics collaborations that it must be made a part of the student's experience. An even better simulation could be produced if the teacher is lucky enough to have a colleague at another school willing to do the same project with his students.

The internet has also revolutionized the peer review process that has been the cornerstone of scientific credibility for centuries. Peer reviewed journals are one of the best sources of accurate, unbiased information, because they are constantly open to scrutiny by all professional scientists. This peer review is so important to the scientific community that students would be ill-served by omitting it. Fortunately wikis are freely and readily available, and are a very easy form of peer review. A complete scientific research project involving wiki would begin with assigning the students to read some examples of peer-reviewed journal articles (careful selection must be made to ensure the material is not beyond their comprehension), forming the students into small research collaboration groups, having the groups choose a research topic and perform the research(this could be an experiment they will perform or a method of problem solving or physical concept they will research, having the groups present their results, review each other's results, and publish a class peer-reviewed research journal from the results. Each group would be provided a wiki that they can use to easily communicate and share ideas and writings with each other, and the collected journal articles would be placed in another wiki for all to read and edit before final publication.

(NOTE: This work still under construction)


text:
Cookbook:Madbucha (North African Peppers and Tomatoes)

Madbucha or matbucha is a North African dish of stewed tomatoes and peppers. It can be used as a side dish with meats, as well as put on bread or white rice. There's more then one way to make it, and the following recipe is a family recipe.

Ingredients

 * Oil
 * 2 onions, chopped
 * 2 cloves garlic, chopped
 * 15 tomatoes, cubed
 * 10 bell peppers, cut into small pieces
 * 5 chile peppers, chopped small
 * 330 ml canned tomato paste
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Cumin
 * Parsley
 * Oregano

Procedure

 * 1) Take a pot that is big enough for all of the above ingredients, cover the bottom with oil, and put it on a flame.
 * 2) When the oil gets hot, add the onion and garlic.
 * 3) When they start to fry, add the rest of the vegetables and salt.
 * 4) Mix it up a bit and cover the pot.
 * 5) Leave it to cook, mixing it every so often, until the level of the liquid is higher than the level of the vegetables.
 * 6) Drain off most (but not all) the liquid.
 * 7) Add the tomato paste and the spices.
 * Mix, and let it cool.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * When chopping the peppers, you want them small but not so small that they disappear when cooked.
 * The peppers can be any color, but red is traditional.


text:
User talk:65.6.33.225

Please do not add commercial links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. Note that books may be collections of external links for educational purposes only. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 15:55, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.6.33.225


text:
User talk:Morene12abaa3

'''I'm making collection of free online e-books from expired copyright books. most of the books will be something about sci fi and computers, some about religion some about politics.

i hope you will enjoy the collection of : ne12abaa3'''

About some of your recent contributions
First off, completed books should be at wikisource, and not at Wikibooks. Wikisource is the project for that kind of thing, so sorry for the confusion.

Second, are you sure that the book's copyright has expired? But it would not belong here anyway, just wondering how you would know.

Third, I deleted the book The Incredible Tide because I thought it was a copyright violation. If you want the source back (so you can put it on Wikisource), I'll leave it on your user page. Just leave me a message and I'll send it to you. --Dragontamer 02:22, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Morene12abaa3


text:
Talk:Reversi/Introduction

Is there a "to the power of" symbol missing in the number of moves / complexity numbers. I'm prety sure there is more than 1028 moves.

title: Talk:Reversi/Introduction


text:
User talk:Herraotic

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 17:16, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

And
Before you go to far could you check naming policy. Wikijunior ones I think have their own naming format (not a problem the page can be "moved" to the new name). Cheers -- Herby talk thyme 17:16, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Human Anatomy
You say in your user page that you're interested in creating a Human Anatomy book. You should know that one already exists and you are welcome to edit or add to it.

Human_Anatomy

Good luck! Xania 20:00, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Regarding new Wikijunior Books
Wikijunior has a policy that new books should be approved before they are started. I believe that this is not an official policy but an ideal. Wikijunior want completed books which will appeal to kids rather than half-finished books of a huge range. I have very recently started a wikijunior book on Europe Wikijunior_Europe and I have to confess that I just decided to start it without any vote or without asking permission. I would suggest that you can do this too but make sure that your book is completed at some point and that it specifically targets kids. Try to follow the layout and sections that other Wikijunior books use and you should be alright. Xania 20:15, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Regarding the Wikijunior_Alphabet book. There hasn't been much work on this book for about 2 months so I would say go ahead. However it seems that the original authors eventually want to make some kind of slideshow from the page and this would only be possible (or at least easier) if everything was one the one page. My suggestion would be to create a new page with links to each letter of the alphabet (or leave the main page as it is but create links to separate pages as well). Xania 21:42, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Your question about adding a new page is not trivial. I couldn't figure it out either at first.  The best way would be to create a new link on the main Wikijunior_Alphabet page and just write something like /A to create a page for the letter 'A'.  When you click the link for the first time it'll let you create and edit it.  Or ofcourse you can just go to the address Wikijunior/alphabet/a and then create it as usual. Just remember to create a link from somewhere so people can get to your page.

If you want to see who else is currently active on Wikibooks the best place to look is Special:recentchanges which will show the last 50 or so changes on Wikibooks and then you can see which wikibooks members are online at the moment. Hope this helps! Xania 22:34, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Oh also don't worry if you create a page in the wrong page. You can move it to the correct location using the "move" option (to the right of the 'edit page' button at the top of the screen). If you've created a page in error then just add and type your reason where it says 'reason'. One of the administrators will be notified and delete it at some point. Xania 22:40, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

You will see that someone has added a 'speedy delete' tag to your Wikijunior Mathematics book. I have raised this in Staff_lounge as I think this is not right. Of course this is Wiki so people can say and change things as they like but 'speedy deletes' should be used for vandalism and inappropriate content only. If someone doesn't like a book then they should organise a vote to delete it but whoever added the 'speedy delete' tag to your book seems to think differently. I wouldn't worry and just continue editing the book and hopefully an admin will remove the speedy tag soon. Xania 00:28, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your message. I've re-added the speedy delete tag so the page will probably get deleted by an admin at some point. Xania 20:06, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Info Boxes
What kind of info box do you mean? Is it this one?

If that's the kind of thing you're looking for then you need to create a template - see this page Xania 22:15, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

This is what you want - Infobox. You can see examples and find out how to make them at that page. I will have to read this at some point as it looks like a good feature which I, until now, had no idea about. Xania 22:27, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Re:Main Page Redesign
Somewhere there is an "test" version of the main page, for making changes. I suggest you either (A) find the test version and implement your changes for people to view, or (B) create a new test page (probably in your user namespace) to make your changes in so people can see them. I agree with you that our frontpage is intimidating, but the user who used to update it, User:Hagindaz has been absent for some time. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 20:25, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * That test page would be Main Page/test. --dark [[Image:Yin yang.svg|12px]] lama 20:30, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Template:Wikibookslang is protected, and can only be edited by admins. Unfortunately, I think you are going to need to make a copy of that template if you would like to propose changes. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 20:41, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * "Wikibookians". --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 20:56, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Re:Wikibooks inhibitor
I agree with your statement in staff lounge, although I will warn you again that this subject has been raised a number of other times, and no particular amount of progress has been made. The first thing that I think we need to do if we want to combat this problem is to find the existing books and resources here on wikibooks that either do satisfy these requirements, or which could easily be modified to satisfy them. Some places to look are: Wikijunior, Wikistudy, and the various bookshelves.

Second, we need to determine which curriculm/curricula to write for. Using a process that I've been trying to formalize called User:Whiteknight/Philosophy, I think we should be able to write a single text that fits multiple curricula. This of course would hinge on our ability to write the books in an atomic way(devoting chapters to small individual subjects).

Once we get our books lined up to conform to the curricula, we would then need to solicit outside help to actually write them. We would likely be able to attract people from wikipedia to help, and also from external teaching communities.

I would like to get working on this project with you, let me know what you think. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 19:02, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

advance on images

oh yeah, meanwhile i have found out that the wikipedia logo's font is called "HTF Hoefler Text" i do not have it but if i get to have enough examples of the letters i can do the text wikibooks. will let you know as soon as i get it.-84.142.245.175 21:09, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi, here is LadyofHats. i wanted to mention that before i got to read your answer on my questions i had already finished this image. i modified to make it a bit more simpler as you can see on the left. let me know if it is this way as you want it or qich changes you would need... Also here is what i have done so far from the skeleton ( it was harder than i thought :P). is cartoonish enough for you?
 * Here is the wikibooks logo you asked me. dunno if it is legal to do so by the way -84.142.198.120 04:10, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Re: Vandalism prevention
You could install some scripts in your js (User:Herraotic/monobbok.js) - Link. Also, there's a live rc feed in #vandalism-en-wb or #en.wikibooks. And take a look at Dealing with vandalism. (lots of tips there) :) --Az1568(Talk) 18:49, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Another person watching RC!
Hi - it really is good to have folk around who are happy to help. Vandalism is actually much less now as we are blocking open proxies as you will have noticed from RC. In practice while Az1568 & I have done a bit of a hit in the last 24 hours Johnny & Darklama did an earlier run on this and vandalism is quite low now. My thoughts - poke about! See where links go, look at categories. A real goody to look at Special:Lonelypages as they don't link anywhere (not always wrong), Special:Shortpages can also be worth a look thro.

If you want more suggestions, you know here to find me and thanks for the thoughts so far - regards -- Herby talk thyme 18:59, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Welcomes
Personally no (although I did do one today who I think may have been an anon who was contributing quite a bit - there is an anon welcome for those to encourage them to join up). I like to see a few edits - I guess I mean something other than linking their user page to wp for example.

However placing a welcome quite quickly is good in case they are finding anything difficult. Equally keeping an eye on how they are using naming, formatting is useful. Be careful not to jump too quickly if they go wrong but some do need quite a firm push at time!! If you want to start doing that kind of thing I'll not bother as much - quick look down RC for red talks on users is easy to find. I'm sure you will see it anyway but make sure they are not minor vandals that you are "welcoming" - it has happened. If you need any help feel free to ask - thanks for getting involved -- Herby talk thyme 20:16, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Ruby on Rails WikiBook Sources
Ok, hopefully I'm doing this right, since this is the first time I'm using the Wiki:talk functionality. You asked what sources I am using for the Ruby on Rails book. Some of the content is taken from the API documentation directly, some of it is republished articles (with permission granted by the article author for republishing with modifications), and some of it is brand new content. HTH. Aeden 21:04, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Your new book suggestions
I've been thinking for some time that using the Import tool might be a good way to get at least some skeletons for books like these. For example Number links to hundreds of other wp articles about numbers, and it would be easy enough to just import them all and reorganize them into a narrative form. Were you interested in starting any in particular? I'm be more than happy to import 1,000 pages, if someone were to put them to good use in making a textbook (I'd help too, depending on the subject). -- SB_Johnny | talk 02:47, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Another RC idea
The next day - another thought. One of the things I've tried to do on RC is keep an eye out for "active contributors" to add to the list that gets the Gazette, if you could help with that it would be great. I guess "definition" of active is an issue - I was looking for people who did not contribute briefly to one book or page only. However as with anything Wiki it is up to anyone doing it to come up with what they see as best (allowing others to disagree!). Let me know if you need clarification or anything - cheers -- Herby talk thyme 13:06, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Regarding Wikibooks language portal
Please see my addendum to your post titled Wikibooks language portal at the staff lounge. Thank you, User:Iamunknown 06:46, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

some more advances
the skeleton is ready. if you see here you can find links for all the diferent version of it. i will work on the blood cells as soonas i can -84.142.213.169 03:49, 6 January 2007 (UTC) P.D. its me LadyofHats

Please consider talking to users as opposed to tagging their texts
I noticed that you tagged Gears of War Comprehensive Guide and all of the subpages to be transwikiied without notifying the author. May I suggest that next time, when you come across a newly created Wikibook that is more appropriately housed at a different Wiki, that you talk with the creator as opposed to tagging them. (I noticed that you did not bother to make even one edit on User:Basejumper123's talk page.) While it might take a little longer and may take extra effort on your part, it is a nicety that diffuses the tension between users and within the Wikibooks community. New users particularly are apt to take vfd or transwiki tags personally; after all, they are creating their own work. It is rather insulting to see someone claim that your own work is not suitable for Wikibooks.

It is also an appropriate time to refer users to our policies. Talking to the user as opposed to tagging their creations can be a good educational opportunity for them so that they know on what basis their work is inappropriate on Wikibooks. And it is also appropriate because then our policies become more transparent and widely known.

And note that this does work. For an example, please see the discussion between User_talk:Eura23 and me about the wikibook Eura23 was creating entitled Uberish (now deleted). It was a constructed language the user was creating as he or she was posting it on Wikibooks, and thus was inappropriate for Wikibooks. But, at least as I inferred from our conversation, Eura23 was perfectly okay with deleting when he or she found out it was inappropriate at Wikibooks. In this case, Eura23 ended up tagging his or her pages for speedy deletion. This may not have happened had I tagged as {{vfd|Non-notable conlang}} or {{transwiki|Strategywiki}}.

Thanks for your time and consideration — User:Iamunknown 01:37, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Phonetics for the alphabet books
...Sorry I'm hard to get in touch with today, we have visitors so I only had a couple minutes to chat.

I don't think it's necessary, as the parent (or other reader) will in most cases know how the letter is pronounced. On the other hand, it might be nice to have versions for that purpose, since a parent might not be a native English speaker. For some letters it might be especially important (such as C or G, which have different pronunciations).

I'll be back on IRC early tomorrow morning, then again late tomorrow (EST). -- SB_Johnny | talk 00:58, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Wikibooks portal page
Did you ever have a look at Www.wikibooks.org template and the talk page? I started a conversation based on your ideas which I thought were appropriate. Not many Wikibookians have contributed to the discussion, though I did advertise on all the major Wikibookses (the ones listed on the recentchanges page). Thanks, User:Iamunknown 01:17, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Wikitoddler
I responded to your question about wikitoddler on my talk page. --xixtas 02:50, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Basic books
I've created a first draft page for the basic books wikiproject. This wikiproject is based off ideas that you've had, and discussions that we've had in the past. We can use this wikiproject as a centralized discussion area for creating these basic, fundamental books that wikibooks lacks. Hopefully, we can get a substantial community involvement in the project, once we get some of the details hammered out. I wanted to let you know about this first, because you've been so active in this area. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 18:04, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

What is Wikijunior
What is Wikijunior is proposed as a policy and has been included on the Wikibooks Policies and Guidelines Voting page. Please take time to comment and express your opinion in the referendum. -- xixtas talk 02:46, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Herraotic


text:
User talk:Icelandic Hurricane

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 17:16, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Afrikaans
Do you want help with this language?? I don't know about this language (sorry!!) but do you want help with this language?? Rakuten06 17:37, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you want me to watch this page and look on the Net for lesson 2-5?? Rakuten06 17:47, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you mind to check up Lesson 3 and clean it up?? Rakuten06 18:16, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * yes we do want help with this language 41.116.125.199 (discuss) 08:55, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

Katrina.....
Not sure what you meant to ask about... you mean you want the wikipedia article copied to wikibooks? If so, use WB:RFI -- SB_Johnny | talk 18:02, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Wikibooks Newsletter, Volume 1
(Wikibooks gazette home | Discuss | Bulletin board | Subscription list)

This is a short newsletter that is being distributed to all active wikibookians. You are getting this message because you are recognized as an established contributor to the project. This newsletter will be distributed on a regular basis to help share news, information, and tips. It comes from a bot account, User:The Staff. User:The Staff is currently operated by a team of wikibooks admins, the complete list of which is available on the user page of the bot. If you would like to not receive this newletter anymore, please remove your name from the list at Active wikibookians.

The work you do at Wikibooks is greatly appreciated. However there are plenty of other opportunities for you to get involved and help us to create a thriving Wikibooks community. We are sure that there are things we can do to help you and your understanding of Wikibooks and similarly there are certainly things you could do to help Wikibooks become a better place.

We would like to ask all wikibookians to add the Bulletin Board to your watchlists. The Bulletin Board is a fast and easy way for wikibookians to communicate important news and events to the entire community. If you have important news to share with the community, you can feel free to add your own entry to that page.

If you have general questions or comments about Wikibooks, you are welcome to post a message on The Staff Lounge, a free discussion area. Your input would also be welcomed in the Votes for Deletion and Requests for Adminship discussion pages. These pages are all active discussion areas that help to shape the Wikibooks community as a whole.

Sometimes it is easy to forget that the Wikibooks community is much larger and more diverse then the people who work in a single book, or on a single bookshelf. Hopefully, together we can all make Wikibooks a better place, and a more valuable educational resource.

The Staff 04:16, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Icelandic Hurricane


text:
Juggling

Learning to juggle is not as complicated as it may seem. By taking five simple steps, one at a time, you should be able to juggle three balls within one hour. This may vary depending on your motor skills.

Table of Contents

 * /Preparation/

Techniques

 * /Three Ball Cascade/
 * /Basic Tricks/
 * /Symmetric Passing Patterns/
 * /Poi tricks/

Games

 * /Combat/

Žonglování

title: Juggling


text:
User talk:Conrad.Irwin

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 17:17, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Template:PDF version
I reverted your change to this template. The word "vapirware" was added by a well-respected user, and I don't suspect it to be vandalism. I won't claim to know exactly what it means either. If i'm wrong on this issue, let me know. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:31, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * You are probably right about that. We can change it if you want, but if the file doesn't exist, maybe the link shouldnt say "PDF" either. A label like "File not found" will be more descriptive, but also less inviting to our readers. We can take it up on the talk page. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:07, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Conrad.Irwin


text:
Afrikaans/Users

If you have used this Wikibook to learn Afrikaans, please add your name to the list below. This helps us see how many people are using this Wikibook. If you are a user, please use your signature by typing --~. If you are not a user, either leave your name or just list yourself as Anonymous.

 * 1) Icelandic Hurricane 17:49, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Delano 13:57, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * 1) Ceigered (talk) 12:52, 6 September 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Kazu89 (talk) 15:35, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) --AGrobler (talk) 14:03, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * 4) I am a native Afrikaans speaker and just went through it for informational purposes.
 * 5) ~ ThePCKid (talk) 03:03, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
 * 6) Anonymous 19:09 20-07-2012 (CAT)
 * 7) former South African wishing to relearn the language.
 * 8) Qwerty number1 (discuss • contribs) 21:19, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Afrikaans/Users


text:
User talk:83.156.247.46

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

-- Herby talk thyme 17:51, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:83.156.247.46


text:
Afrikaans/Contributors

The Afrikaans Language textbook was first started on,. Add yourself to the list below if you feel you've made a significant contribution to this textbook.

title: Afrikaans/Contributors


text:
Horticulture/Pansy

The Pansy or Pansy Violet is a low-growing plant cultivated for its showy flowers. It is derived from the wildflower called the Heartsease or Johnny Jump Up (Viola tricolor), and is sometimes given the subspecies name Viola tricolor hortensis. However, many garden varieties are hybrids and are referred to as Viola × wittrockiana. The name "pansy" also appears as part of the common name of a number of wild flowers belonging, like the cultivated Pansy, to the violet genus ../Viola/. One or two unrelated flowers such as the Pansy Monkeyflower also have "pansy" in their name.

The pansy gets its name from the French word pensee meaning "thought". It was so named because the flower resembles a human face and in August it nods forward as if deep in thought. Because of the origin of its name, the Pansy has long been a symbol of Freethought and has been used in the literature of the American Secular Union. Humanists like the symbol also, as the pansy's current appearance was developed from the Heartsease by two centuries of intentional cross-breeding of wild plant hybrids. The Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF) uses the pansy symbol extensively in its lapel pins and literature.

Description
The pansy has two top petals overlapping slightly, two side petals, beards where the three lower petals join the center of the flower, a single bottom petal with a slight indentation. The flowers are referred to as "faces".

Maintenance
Pansies have extensively bred for colors ranging from gold and orange though to purple, violet, and a blue so deep as to be almost black. They are quite a hardy plant, growing well in sunny or partially sunny positions. Pansies are technically biennials that normally have two-year life cycles. The first year they only produce greenery; they bear flowers and seeds in their second year of growth, and afterwards die like annuals.

Most gardeners buy biennials as packs of young plants from the garden center and plant them directly into the garden soil. Gardeners interested in rarer cultivars can plant seeds indoors in early November for plants ready in the spring. Under good conditions, pansies and viola are perennial plants, although they are generally treated as annual or biennial plants because they get very leggy and overgrown after a few years. The mature plant grows to 9 inches (23 cm) high, and the flowers are two to three inches (about 6 cm) in diameter.

Pansies are hardy in USDA plant hardiness zone 4-8. They can survive light freezes or a little snow, but not for very long. In warmer climates, USDA plant hardiness zones 9-11, pansies can bloom over the winter, and are often planted in the fall. In these climates, pansies have been known to reseed themselves and come back the next year. Pansies are not very heat-tolerant - once the temperature gets over a certain point they will become leggy and stop blooming.

Pansies should be watered thoroughly about once a week, depending on climate and recent rainfall. For maximum bloom, plant food about every other week, according to the plant food directions. Regular deadheading can extend the blooming period.

Diseases and pests
Diseases

Stem rot or pansy sickness
The plant may collapse without warning in the middle of season. The foliage will flag and lose color. Flowers will fade and shrivel prematurely. Stem will snap at the soil line if tugged slightly.

The plant is probably a total loss unless tufted.

Soil-borne fungus. Possible hazard with unsterilized animal manure.

Use Cheshunt or modern Benomyl fungicide prior to planting. Destroy (burn) infected plants.

Cheshunt recipe
2 parts finely ground copper sulphate 11 parts fresh ammonium carbonate

Mix thoroughly and stand for 2 hours in sealed container. Dissolve 1 ounce (28 g) in a little hot water and add this to 2 gallons of cold water and use immediately.

Rust
Puccinia aegra fungal infection. Yellow-brown spots on leaves and stem. Spray with Benomyl or Sulphide of Potassium (1 ounce to 2 1/2 gallons)

Leaf spot
Ramularia deflectens fungal infection. Dark spots on leaf margins followed by a white web covering the leaves. Associated with cool damp springs. Spray with fungicide.

Mildew
Oidium fungal infection. Violet-gray powder on fringes and underside of leaves. Caused by stagnant air. Can be limited but not necessarily eliminated by spraying (especially leaf undersides).

Cucumber mosaic virus
Transmitted by aphids. Fine yellow veining on young leaves, stunted growth, anomalous flowers. Virus can lay dormant, affect the entire plant and be passed to next generations and to other species. Prevention is key: purchase healthy plants, use ph-balanced soil which is neither too damp not too dry. Soil should have balanced amounts of nitrogen, phosphate, potash. Eliminate other diseases which may weaken the plant.

Slugs and snails
Lay sharp, gritty sand or top-dress soil with chipped bark. Clean area of leaves and foreign matter, etc.

Aphids
Spray with diluted soft soap (2 ounce per gallon) Aphids are microscopic and lay eggs.

title: Horticulture/Pansy


text:
Afrikaans/Lesson 03

Lesson Three: The Basics #3 — Les Drie: Die Grondbeginsels #3

Welcome to Afrikaans Lesson Three. Dialogues will be skipped again this lesson to save such for when we have enough grammatical concepts covered. This lesson will continue plural forms and cover the infinitive modifier, determiners and practical description.

Plurals: "-g", Suffixes Cont., and Unpredictable Plurals
Continuing from the last lesson, we will provide the rest of the necessary rules and from then on out, there will be very few words you will be unable to pluralize. For a more in-depth list of irregulars, you can go here.

GENERAL RULE 1: Words Ending in "-g"
There are multiple vowel combinations with the letter "-g", each with their own standard rule:
 * -ag changes to -ae. If it is a double "a", one of them falls away.
 * vlag ('flag') → vlae
 * dag ('day') → dae
 * plaag ('plague') → plae
 * -ig adds to the suffix a -te.
 * lig ('light') → ligte
 * geˈdig ('poem') → gedigte
 * geˈsig ('face') → gesigte
 * -og changes to a -oë. If it is a double "o", one of them falls away.
 * oog ('eye') → oë
 * boog ('bow') → boë
 * ˈoorlog ('war') → oorloë
 * bioˈloog ('biologist') → bioloë
 * -oeg and -ieg change to -oeë and -ieë.
 * ploeg ('plough') → ploeë
 * kroeg ('pub'; 'bar') → kroeë
 * wieg ('cradle') → wieë
 * -uig changes to a -uie.
 * tuig ('harness') → tuie
 * ˈvliegtuig ('aeroplane') → vliegtuie

GENERAL RULE 2: Words Ending in Doubled Consonants

 * For words that end in double consonants (eg. -ng, -nd, -rk, -rd), these pluralize with an -e.
 * hand ('hand') → ˈhande
 * ring ('ring') → ˈringe
 * vlerk ('wing') → ˈvlerke
 * wolk ('cloud') → wolke
 * swaard ('sword') → swaarde

GENERAL RULE 3: Polysyllabic Words

 * Polysyllabic words that don't have their stress on the final syllable usually pluralize with an -s (as usual, there are exceptions). This explains why words you had seen last lesson ('ˈvader', 'ˈmoeder', 'ˈdogter'), had -s as their plural. This also includes words that end in -ing pluralize with an -s.
 * ˈwortel ('carrot, root') → ˈwortels
 * ˈvenster ('window') → ˈvensters
 * ˈkoning ('king') → ˈkonings
 * ˈhoring ('horn') → ˈhorings
 * Contrast this with words who's stress does fall on the final syllable.
 * riˈvier ('river') → riviere
 * ingeˈwand ('gut, intestine') → ingewande
 * kampiˈoen ('champion') → kampiˈoene

GENERAL RULE 4: Suffixes 2

 * The suffix -ding has the odd property of pluralizing as -goed.
 * ˈspeelding ('toy') → ˈspeelgoed
 * ˈeetding ('snack') → ˈeetgoed
 * ˈslagding ('animal for slaughter') → ˈslaggoed
 * The -man suffix can be quite unpredictable.
 * On one hand, some words have the -man suffix disappear completely, and the root itself pluralizes.
 * ˈbuurman ('neighbour') → ˈbure
 * ˈEngelsˌman ('Englishman') → ˈEngelse ('English')
 * ˈFransˌman ('Frenchman') → ˈFranse ('French')

 * On the other hand, there are words (especially occupations) in which the suffix remains and pluralizes as a short vowel would ("-man" → "-manne").
 * ˈsakeˌman ('businessman') → ˈsakeˌmanne
 * ˈbrandweerˌman ('fireman') → ˈbrandweermanne

Plurals: Unpredictable Forms
These are specific forms that have no real pattern in the formation.

Plurals as -te

 * Though a lot of the time, the rules given so far work in many instances, there are many, many words that pluralize with -te. The unfortunate part is that one just has to capitulate and learn them by heart.
 * nag ('night') → nagte (not nae)
 * vrug ('fruit') → vrugte
 * bas ('tree bark') → baste
 * lug ('sky') → lugte
 * bors ('chest'; 'breast') → borste

Words Ending in -d

 * As mentioned before, words ending in -d can be very unpredictable and there is no general rule as to how they work. In such instances, it's best to learn each individual word's plural form. Below are the types of plural formations.
 * There are words that retain the -d and add an -e (however, some words may leave out pronunciation of -d in informal speech).
 * ˈeiland ('island') → eilande
 * hond ('dog') → honde
 * aand ('evening') → aande
 * daad ('deed') → dade
 * There are words that lose the -d.
 * tyd ('time') → tye
 * kruid ('herb') → kruie
 * Words that change the vowels are all irregular in form.
 * stad ('city') → ˈstede
 * god ('god') → ˈgode
 * lid ('member') → ˈlede
 * geˈbed ('prayer') → geˈbede
 * blad ('page') → ˈblaaie
 * pad ('road') → ˈpaaie

Plurals as "-ens", "-ere" and "-ers"

 * There are really only a handful of nouns that end in -ens, and so, listed below are the most common and non-informal of terms.
 * bed ('bed') → ˈbeddens
 * bad ('bathtub') → ˈbaddens
 * geˈvoel ('feeling') → geˈvoelens
 * nooi ('sweetheart') → ˈnooiens
 * wa ('wagon') → ˈwaens
 * There are only four words that end in -ere.
 * goed ('goods') → ˈgoedere
 * lied ('song') → ˈliedere
 * geˈmoed ('state of mind and heart') → geˈmoedere
 * volk ('nation, peoples') → ˈvolkere (but the more common plural is ˈvolke)
 * "Kind" and "Kalf" are the ONLY words in the language that pluralizes with -ers.
 * kind ('child') → ˈkinders
 * kalf ('calf') → kalwers

Verbs: The Infinitive Modifier
One thing you should be aware of is that when an infinitive directly modifies a noun phrase, there is a certain structure one must use. The "om te" is split apart, and so, the structure used is {om [noun phrase] te [verb]}.
 * to run a mile. → om ŉ myl te ˈhardˌloop.
 * to drink water. → om ˈwater te drink.

Determiners and Pronouns: Demonstratives
Demonstratives reference people or things based on location without directly referring to them. In basic terms, you will know them in English as 'this', 'these', 'that' and 'those'. When they act as determiners (i.e. a noun directly follows the demonstrative), hierdie ('this/these') and daardie ('that/those') are used, both of which refer to the singular and plural, the key difference lying in the number of the noun. When pronouncing "hierdie" and "daardie", the d is silent. One area in which you cannot use "hierdie" is when in reference to times of the day and with "year".
 * This dog. → Hierdie hond.
 * These dogs. → Hierdie honde.
 * That dog. → Daardie hond.
 * Those dogs. → Daardie honde.
 * ' This bicycle is mine.' → "Hierdie fiets is myne."
 * This morning. → Vanoggend (However, daardie oggend)
 * This afternoon. → Vanmiddag (However, daardie middag)
 * This evening. (also "Tonight") → Vanaand (However, daardie nag)
 * This day. (also "Today") → Vandag (However, daardie dag)
 * This year. → Vanjaar (However, daardie jaar)

When the demonstratives act as pronouns (i.e. on their own), there are two different terms:
 * "Dit" is by far the most commonly used in this role and refers to all four English demonstratives.
 * ' This/That is my dog.' = "Dit is my hond."
 * ' These/Those are my dogs.' = "Dit is my honde."
 * ' This is my bicycle.' = "Dit is my fiets."
 * ' He had cooked these. = "Hy het dit geˈkook."

 * The other two terms are "dié" and "daai". "Dié" is somewhat formal, but can still be used in a pejorative context to refer to a person without mentioning them. "Daai" on the other hand is very common in informal (and only informal) settings to replace both "dit" and "daardie".
 * ' This/That is my uncle.' = "Dié/Daai is my oom."
 * ' These/Those are my uncles.' = "Dié/Daai is my ooms."
 * ' You can cook these. = "Jy kan dié/daai kook."
 * ' He spoils everything!' = "Dié beˈderf ˈalles!"

Practicality: "I Like/Love..." and "I Need..."
This section serves to fill out the practical language you may encounter or use in your daily life as well as unique constructions that Afrikaans speakers use in contrast to Anglophones.

I Like/Love
In approaching affection for something, English speakers use the verbs, "like" and "love". Rather than a verb, Afrikaans uses phrases to structure these. Don't forget that the phrase structure will change if the tense does. 'To like' has the basic form of {[PRN.] hou (daar)van...}.
 * I like [noun]. → Ek hou van [noun].
 * I like her music. → Ek hou van haar musiek.
 * I like [infinitive]. → Ek hou ˈdaarvan [infinitive].
 * I like to travel. → Ek hou ˈdaarvan om te reis.
 * I like [infinitive] [noun]. → Ek hou ˈdaarvan [infinitive + noun].
 * I like to walk in the garden. → Ek hou ˈdaarvan om in die tuin te loop.

'To love' has the basic form of {[PRN.] is lief (vir)...}.
 * I love [noun]. → Ek is lief vir [noun].
 * I love her music. → Ek is lief vir haar musiek.
 * I love [infinitive]. → Ek is lief [infinitive].  OR  Ek is lief ˈdaarˌvoor [infinitive].
 * I love to travel. → Ek is lief om te reis.  OR  Ek is lief ˈdaarˌvoor om te reis.
 * I love [infinitive] [noun]. → Ek is lief [infinitive + noun].  OR  Ek is lief ˈdaarˌvoor [infinitive + noun].
 * I love to walk in the garden. → Ek is lief om in die tuin te loop.  OR  Ek is lief ˈdaarˌvoor om in die tuin te loop.

I Need...
There are two possible constructions. These are used only for nouns and not the modal construction for verbs.
 * The first construction, {[PRN.] het [noun] ˈnodig...}.
 * I need a doctor! → Ek het ŉ dokter ˈnodig!
 * He needs you to help him. → Hy het jou ˈnodig om hom te help.
 * As for the second construction, {[PRN.] beˈnodig [noun]}, one could rather think of "benodig" as 'in need of'.
 * I (am in) need (of) a doctor! → Ek beˈnodig ŉ ˈdokter!
 * We (are in) need (of) textbooks. → Ons beˈnodig handboeke.

Chapter Vocabulary
There are very few words this lesson. After all, the examples have been quite numerous.

Exercise A: Swadesh Plurals
This exercise will be very hefty, but it provides a lot of practice. Below is listed all of the countable nouns found in the Swadesh list, and your task is to pluralize them all. You are certainly not obligated to learn all of the words below, rather just follow the exercise's instruction.

Exercise B: Demonstratives
Determine which demonstrative would most suit the situation based on both grammar and formality.
 * En ___ is my ˈoupa. ('And this is my grandfather.')
 * Ja boet, ___ is my ˈmotor. ('Yeah bro, this is my car.')
 * ___ tye is wild, ja? (' These times are wild, huh?')
 * Waar is Japie!? ___ ˈbeter ˈoppas! ('Where is Japie? He better watch out!')
 * ___ hoede is duur! (' Those hats are expensive!')
 * ___ kat is baie mooi. (' This cat is very pretty.')

Exercise C: Practical Language
Translate below.
 * Jy hou van my kat.
 * Hy is lief daarvoor om krieket te speel.
 * Ek het my vriende nodig.
 * I need the toilet. Where is it?
 * She loves him very much.
 * I like to eat apples.

Exercise D: Translate Into English

 * To buy many rings for her.
 * The bow has been used in many wars.
 * Those clouds in the sky.
 * I liked the food.
 * Jacobus has fifteen toys. Marie has one toy.
 * The cities were on the island.

Exercise E: Translate Into Afrikaans

 * Die vliegtuig het twee vlerke.
 * Daardie honde het my gebyt!
 * Ek is lief vir katte, honde, slange en al die diere.
 * Hier is kruie vir die kos.
 * Sy moeder gee baie liefde.
 * Dit is moeilik om hierdie briewe te skryf!

The Next Lesson
Between this and lesson one, you have been handed a great many words to learn. In the next lesson, we shall cover auxiliary verbs and a general word order. Good luck on your studies!

 * On to Lesson Four!>>

If you're still feeling shaky or want to review the previous chapter:

 * <<Back to Lesson Two.

title: Afrikaans/Lesson 03


text:
Wikijunior talk:The Elements/Aluminum

There seems to be a lot of inconsistency using Aluminum/Aluminium. Can someone check this please?

Article name
I propose to change the article name from Aluminum to Aluminium because Aluminium is the common name all over the world except in the United States and Canada where it is known as Aluminum. --Salil Kumar Mukherjee (discuss • contribs) 11:21, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:The Elements/Aluminum


text:
A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP2/Complex Integration

Midpoint Rule
The Midpoint Rule is more accurate than the Trapezium Rule. It works by finding the mid-points of rectangles drawn to the curve. The Midpoint Rule is:

$$\int_a^b f \left (x \right ) \,dx \approx = h \left [ f \left (x_1 \right ) + f \left (x_2 \right ) + \ldots + f \left (x_n \right )\right ]$$

Where: $$h = \frac{b-a}{n}$$ n is the number of strips.

and $$x_i = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left( a +\left \{i - 1 \right \} h \right) + \left (a + ih \right) \right]$$

Example
Use the Midpoint Rule to evaluate $$\int_{1}^{5}x^2 + 2x\ dx$$ using 4 strips.

Firstly, we work out h.

$$h = \frac{5-1}{4} = \frac{1}{1} = 1$$

Now we begin to set up the Midpoint Rule.

$$\int_{1}^{5}x^2 + 2x\ dx \approx 1 \left [ f \left (x_1 \right ) + f \left (x_2 \right ) + f \left (x_3 \right ) +  f \left (x_4 \right )\right ]$$

$$x_1 = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left( 1 +\left \{1 - 1 \right \} 1 \right) + \left (1 + 1 \times 1 \right) \right] = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left( 1 \right) + \left (2 \right) \right] = 1.5$$

$$x_2 = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left( 1 +\left \{2 - 1 \right \} 1 \right) + \left (1 + 2 \times 1 \right) \right] = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left( 2 \right) + \left (3 \right) \right] = 2.5$$

$$x_3 = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left( 1 +\left \{3 - 1 \right \} 1 \right) + \left (1 + 3 \times 1 \right) \right] = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left( 3 \right) + \left (4 \right) \right] = 3.5$$

$$x_4 = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left( 1 +\left \{4 - 1 \right \} 1 \right) + \left (1 + 4 \times 1 \right) \right] = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left( 4 \right) + \left (5 \right) \right] = 4.5$$

$$\int_{1}^{5}x^2 + 2x\ dx \approx 1 \left [ f \left (1.5 \right ) + f \left (2.5 \right ) + f \left (3.5 \right ) +  f \left (4.5 \right )\right ]$$

Now we need to solve f(n)

$$\int_{1}^{5}x^2 + 2x\ dx \approx 1 \left [ 5.25 + 11.3 + 19.3 +  29.3\right ]$$

$$\int_{1}^{5}x^2 + 2x\ dx \approx 65$$

As you can see the resultant from the midpoint rule is closer to the true value $$65\frac{1}{3}$$ than the trapezium rule, but worse than Simpson's Rule.