text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fossils

1. Make a collection of at least ten different kinds of fossils and label each with its name and geographic location.
Fossils are found in many places where sedimentary rocks, such as claystones, shales, limestones, and sandstones, are exposed. Only certain sedimentary rocks harbored the appropriate environmental conditions to preserve and yield fossils, which are often concentrated along particular bedding planes within the rocks.

Finding Fossils
Fossils are generally found in sedimentary rock with differentiated strata representing a succession of deposited material.

The occurrence of fossil bearing material depends on environmental factors before and after the time of preservation. After death, the first preserving factor is a rapid burial in water bodies or terrestrial sediment which would help in preserving the specimen. These rocks types are usually termed clastic rock, and are further subdivided into fine, medium and coarse grained material. While fossils can be found in all grain types, more detailed specimens are found in the fine grained material. A second type of burial is in rocks composed of calcium carbonate (limestone) or carbon (coal). The third type of fossil bearing rocks is called chemical rock. Examples include rock salt and phosphate concentrations. The remains of gastropods, algae, vertebrates, and trace fossils are often found in these rocks.

Areas where sedimentary rocks are being eroded include exposed mountainous areas, river banks and beds and engineering features like quarries and road cuts. Generally in appearance, a fossil will be either a different color from the surrounding rock because of the different mineral content, will have a defining shape and texture or a combination of both. Dried up natural lake beds and caves in the form of pitfall traps may contain local and recent fossil fauna for its locality as is the case with Cuddie Springs and Naracoorte Caves in Australia.

Fossils are not to be found in areas of igneous rock (except in some beds between lava flows). In rocks which have undergone metamorphism, they are usually so distorted that they are difficult to recognize or have been destroyed completely.

Artificial exposures, such as road cuts or quarries, can often be good collecting spots, along with continually eroding river or coastal exposures. Coal mining operations often yield excellent fossil plants, but the best ones are to be found not in the coal itself but in the associated sedimentary rock deposits called coal measures.

In hilly regions the best sections are often those exposed at the sides of streams that have cut into the bedrock.

Wave washed sea cliffs and foreshore exposures are often good places to search for fossils, but always be aware of the state of the tides in the area. Never take chances by climbing high cliffs of crumbling rock or clay (many have died attempting it).

Exposures of softer rocks, such as clays and sands, can be good collecting spots. However inland sections tend to degrade rapidly, becoming overgrown, and are lost forever.

Collecting Ethics
To collect fossils, there are various legal realities that must be observed. Permission should be sought before collection begins on private land. Hammering the rocks in national parks and other areas of natural beauty is inappropriate and in most cases is illegal.

Equipment
It is important to have the right kind of field equipment when looking for fossils, and safety should always be an important concern.

A hard hat is essential protection from loose stones that may be dislodged from cliffs above, but keep in mind that a hard hat will not protect the wearer from larger falling rocks. Hard hats are normally a requirement in operational quarries.

Safety goggles and protective gloves are also essential, as rocks can be sharp and dangerous; safety goggles will protect eyes from chips produced while hammering, and gloves protect the hands. No fossil is worth losing an eye for.

A collector need dress appropriately for collecting trips, taking into account the climate and terrain of the area. Sturdy footwear, such as walking or hiking boots with steel toes, are recommended. A hammer, chisel and wrapping materials are the basic equipment required for fossil collecting, along with a well constructed backpack for carrying equipment and fossil finds. The steel of many ordinary hammers is too soft for use on most type of rock. The steel may splinter, and the flying fragments cause injury to the person using the hammer, or others in the vicinity. The hammer should always strike away from the body. The head of a geological hammer or rock pick is made from specially hardened steel designed for use on rocks. The head is either firmly attached to a wooden shaft, or the hammer head and shaft are formed from one piece of steel. The head may have any combination of a square face, a tapered point, or a straight chisel edge. The point of such picks are not meant for striking rock directly, but for tapping rock (such as shale) open along planes and for prying: the hammer end is used for striking.

A convenient weight for a general purpose geological hammer or rock pick is around 1 kg (2 to 3 pounds). For breaking very hard rocks one may need a hammer of between 3 and 6.5 kg (7 and 14 pounds) in weight, with a correspondingly longer and thicker shaft. A hammer that is too heavy is tiring to use and results in unsafe work.

2. Have a brief definition of each of the following in your notebook: Note - terms used in the definitions that are also defined here are in bold type.

 * a. Geology: Geology is the science and study of the solid matter that constitutes the Earth.
 * b. Geologic column: Geologic column refers to the orderly and worldwide layercake-like arrangements of sedimentary rocks. Names are assigned to the different layers (from bottom to top): Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permian (these 7 are the Paleozoic), Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous (these three are the Mesozoic), Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene (these 7 are the Cenozoic). Each layer is characterized by different kinds of fossils. So, for example, if you wanted to find a dinosaur, you would look in Jurassic or Cretaceous rocks. See "Finding your own dinosaur".
 * c. Catastrophism: Catastrophism is the idea that Earth has been affected by sudden, short-lived, violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope.
 * d. Flood: Term used to identify the major catastrophe that is described in Genesis 6-8, and in 2Peter 3, believed by creationists to have been largely responsible for forming the rocks containing fossils.
 * e. Fossils: Fossils are the mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms.
 * f. Paleontology: Paleontology is the study of the history of life on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.
 * g. Plane of symmetry: Planes of symmetry are an important tool for distinguishing groups of organisms. They are identified if a plane can be drawn that divides an organism into two halves that are mirror images. For example, humans have a single plane of symmetry through the center of the body from head to toe.
 * h. Paleozoic: Paleozoic rocks generally are the lowest rocks in which fossils of multicellular life forms can be found. Paleozoic rocks contain fossils of trilobites, mollusks, brachiopods, Calamites, crinoids and many other forms.DiscoscaphitesirisCretaceouszs.jpg
 * i. Mesozoic: Mesozoic rocks generally lie above Paleozoic rocks and are characterized by fossils of ammonites, flowering plants and dinosaurs, among others.
 * j. Cenozoic: Cenozoic rocks generally lie above Mesozoic rocks and may contain fossils of flowering plants, mammals, clam or snail shells and other forms.
 * k. Pleistocene: These deposits typify the sediments and fossils resulting from the extensive ice sheets that covered the earth after the flood.Phacopsz.jpg
 * l. Ammonite: An ammonite (see photo) is a type of coiled nautilus-like cephalopod mollusk with elaborate sutures in its shell.
 * m. Trilobite: Trilobites (see photo) are extinct arthropods (see definition) that occur in Paleozoic rocks. The name refers to the three lobes into which the body is partitioned.
 * n. Crinoid: Crinoids, also known as "sea lilies" or "feather-stars", are marine animals with five-fold symmetry. There are only a few hundred known modern forms, but crinoids were much more numerous both in species and numbers before the flood. Some thick limestone beds are entirely made up of disarticulated crinoid fragments (see photo).
 * o. Arthropods: Organisms with hard exoskeletons and jointed appendages such as insects and crustacea.
 * p. Calamites: A fossil made when sediment filled the hollow stem of a plant related to modern horsetails (Equisetum).
 * q. Snails: Snails (Gastropoda) are mollusks that typically have a single valve that exhibits spiral growth about a central axis.
 * r. Clams: Clams (Pelecypoda) are mollusks that typically have two-part shells, with a plane of symmetry between the two valves. The class has 30,000 species, including scallops, clams, oysters and mussels.
 * s. Brachiopods: Brachiopods (see photo) are two-shelled marine animals superficially resembling clams, but with a plane of symmetry that divides the valves in half.
 * t. Dinosaur: A dinosaur is a member of an extinct reptile group characterized by having a open acetabulum (hip socket) and any of a variety of other features. They are found exclusively in Mesozoic rocks.
 * u. Mammoth: A mammoth is an extinct Pleistocene proboscidean (elephants and their extinct relatives), often with long curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair.
 * v. Mastodon: A Mastodon is also an extinct Pleistocene proboscidean; they resembled, but were distinct from, the woolly mammoth, but differed in tooth structure among other things.
 * w. Mammal: A fossil mammal includes any fossil remains that belonged to an organism that had hair, produced milk and bore live young (except monotremes). Dogs, cats, mice and horses are mammals.
 * x. Vertebrate: A vertebrate is any organism that contains a backbone of articulated vertebrae. Vertebrate Paleontologists are scientists that study vertebrate fossils, like dinosaurs.
 * y. Mollusk: a Mollusk is any of a diverse group of invertebrate (no backbone) animals that often have hard outer shells. This group includes clams, snails, cephalopods (octopus, squid, ammonites), and other less familiar forms.

3. Visit a museum where fossils are on display and make a written or oral report of your trip.
Most museums of natural history will have a fossil collection, and even small museums are likely to have a few. If you do not know of such a museum in your area, the Internet is your friend. Try searching for "fossil," "museum," and the name of your locality. If you are still unsure, get a list of local museums and call them. They will be happy to tell you if they have fossils on display, and if they do not, they may be able to direct you to a museum that does. One such online museum is the Southwestern Adventist University dinosaur museum.

After the visit, have your Pathfinders either write their reports or present one orally. This would be a great topic for worship during your club's opening exercises, or during a campout.

==4. Describe the process of the proper removal of delicate specimens. Tell how a skeleton of a dinosaur or other gigantic fossil would be removed. Why should beginners not remove such specimens? What should be done by the beginner when he finds what is obviously a valuable fossil? ==

Removal of delicate specimens
For extracting fossils from harder rocks, a sturdy mallet and cold steel chisels may also be required. Usually one needs a range of chisels in size from small ones with a sharp edge of about 1 cm (quarter of an inch), to much larger and heavier chisels. A broad-bladed chisel is often very useful for splitting rocks along their bedding plane.

Different types of rocks will break differently and a beginner should put in a little practice, getting the feel for a particular type of rock before he or she starts hammering out fossils. It is all too easy to ruin a specimen with one ill-placed blow of a hammer.

Extracting a specimen that is embedded in solid rock may prove to be a long and difficult process. Before attempting to extract a specimen, the collector should make sure that it is feasible to remove it without destroying or damaging it. Leaving sufficient rock beneath the specimen to protect it from fracturing; excess matrix can be trimmed at a later time.

For soft sediments and unconsolidated deposits, such as sands, silts and clays, a spade and a flat-bladed trowel or stout bladed knife may be the most useful tools for clearing the area around a fossil. Brushes are also useful for removing loose sediment from around fossils.

A sieve is used to separate fossils from sands and gravels. A smaller mesh is required in order to avoid losing small fossils. One practical difficulty with using sieves in the field is that they easily become clogged, especially when the material sieved has a high moisture content. However, under dry weather conditions the more durable fossils, such as teeth and bones, can be quickly and easily sieved out of loose sands. Shaking the sieve is always liable to damage or destroy fragile fossils.

If there is water available, such as on a beach or next to a stream, the material containing the fossils can be sieved wet and the matrix gradually washed away. Wet sieving is a technique that is frequently used for the collection of small mammalian fossils, and by using this technique even the smallest specimens may be recovered.

Removing gigantic fossils
Occasionally, large fragile specimens may need to be surrounded and supported using a jacket of plaster before their removal from the rock: This protects the fossil, protecting it from shattering and damaging.

Casting
If a fossil is to be left in situ, a cast may be produced, using plaster of paris or latex. Careful treatment of the surface must be done first to avoid leaving the casting material to deface the specimen. While not preserving every detail, such a cast is inexpensive, easier to transport, causes less damage to the environment, and leaves the fossil in place for others to enjoy. Subtle fossils which are preserved solely as impressions in sandy layers, such as the Ediacaran fossils, are usually sampled by means of a cast, which shows up detail more clearly than the rock itself.

Valuable fossils
If you find an obviously valuable fossil, you should contact a professional. It is too easy to ruin a fossil by attempting to remove it yourself. Leave the extraction in the hands of an experienced collector. If you find such a fossil on public land, contact the authority responsible for the land. The fossil belongs to them, and they have the right to decide what to do with it. To find a professional, contact a museum or a local university. If they do not have one on staff, they will be able to refer you to one.

5. Explain the difference in the account scientists give for the presence of fossils as related by evolutionists and creationists.
Evolutionists and creationists both agree that fossils are formed when a creature is quickly buried in sediment. They disagree on how long ago this happened. Evolutionists believe most fossils were made millions of years ago. Creationists believe that nearly all fossils were made during Noah's flood less than 10,000 years ago.

6. From the Bible and writings of Ellen G. White cite statements to explain the origin of the following: a. Coal b. Petroleum c. Fossils d. Limestone
The Bible itself offers no explicit explanation of coal, petroleum, fossils, or limestone, though it does contain the story of Noah's flood (see Genesis chapters 6-9). In this account, the whole earth is covered by water, and all life, except those in the ark, is lost. The Biblical account of creation rejects the notion of hundred of millions of years of evolution, stating with clarity that God created the world in six days. In Genesis chapter 5, the Bible also provides genealogies of the Patriarchs, including their ages when they had children and when they died. From this, and from other historical records, the Bible sets the age of the Earth at about 6000 years.


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User:PhoenixBlitzkrieg

PhoenixBlitzkrieg lives here. She speaks German (not fluently, but she'll get there), Russian (badly) and Japanese (a little) and loves music. She is also a writer, although hasn't had very much published and a musician, but isn't very good at that either. One day, she'll find her place on Earth...

This girl is a fan of non-English music, especially Japanese Visual Kei and German Tanzmetall. Amongst her favourite bands are Nightmare, Maximum the Hormone and Rammstein. She also enjoys listening to Gackt, and has just realised how truly depressing and realistic his songs really are. If anyone wants to know how she feels, right now, whack a few of his songs on, grab a tissue and enjoy.

Occasionally, Phoenix writes fiction, such as |Fallen Angels, which needs serious updating.

Articles

 * Pizza Soup

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:PhoenixBlitzkrieg


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Talk:Technical Book Development

Structure of the Book
A number of ways of organising this material are possible:
 * ad-hoc question and answer discussion
 * topics in time, addressing the tasks which make up the flow of development from initiation through writing editing publishing and .. pulping.
 * topics by type of artefact - proposal, contract, book, supporting web-side, pod-cast and the means, both social and technical for their development

Ground rules

 * don't use the discussion pages -its all discussion - discussion pages don't come up in the list of recent changes so contributions there tend to get missed

 * use 4 tildes to sign a contribution if it expressed as a personal opinion.

Initial Structure
All designs go through a phase of divergence, in which ideas, possibilities and problems spring to mind, and convergence , when ideas must be filtered, sorted , structured , decisions made.

A collaborative wikibook might be expected to go through the same sequence, so initially the book will be structured with questions and ensuing discussion, later to be re-shaped into a more coherent set of patterns as they emerge

title: Talk:Technical Book Development


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Technical Book Development/Learning Resources

This section lists some of the learning resources which software practioners (and others) use in their acquisition of new knowledge.

Each is illustrated with a link to a resource in the area of the Semantic Web

Key organisations

 * Talis
 * DERI
 * Linked Data

Social book marks
Delicious
 * RDF tags popular all

Blogs
Blog aggregators

 * Planet RDF

Individual blogs

 * Danny Ayers of Talis
 * Paul Miller

Standards Documents written papers

 * overview
 * reference
 * use cases

 * W3

Seminal Papers

 * Scientic American 2001
 * Linked Data - Design Issues

Worked Examples

 * shows the conversion of a standard database example to RDF and SPARQL

Conferences

 * 5th Eurpopean Semantic Web Conference

Bar camps

 * Barcamp wiki

Learning Communities

 * Learnhub

Computer-based training

 * CVision

University on-line courses

 * Berkeley
 * MIT
 * Carnegie Mellon
 * Johns Hopkins
 * Notre Dame

Encyclopedias

 * Wikipedia RDF

Wikibooks

 * Semantic Web

Notable Examples

 * Code and Other Laws by Lawrence Lessig
 * Wealth of Networks by Yochai Benkler

Projects

 * dbpedia
 * Linked Data

Working Groups

 * Semantic Web Education and Outreach Group

Mailing Lists

 * dbpedia

Software

 * Joseki SPARQL service

Tutorials

 * w3schools RDF

Quizes

 * w3schools XML

Videos

 * TBL on the Semantic Web

Podcasts

 * Talis TBL

Friends

 * On social networks e.g. LinkedIn
 * Hewlett-Packard Semantic Web Group

Wikis

 * RDFa

Link pages

 * Semantic Web
 * RDF


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User talk:Jdoli002

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:14, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jdoli002


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User:LaleenaWiki

Hello. As you might note, my name is much like that of Laleena. Well, actually, I lost the password to that account, so I created this one. Unfortunately, I must begin (again), and I had 700-800 edits on the Laleena account.

title: User:LaleenaWiki


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Cookbook:Pizza Soup

All ingredients in this pizza soup are added to taste—quantities don't matter too much in this recipe

Soup

 * 1 tin tomatoes (chopped, whole, whatever you like, as long as it has juice)
 * Cheese (type doesn't matter, just so long as it melts)
 * 1 tsp cornstarch

Toppings
You can add whatever you like here in whichever quantity you like. Some ideas include:

 * Ham
 * Mushrooms
 * Peppers
 * Bacon
 * Sweetcorn

Equipment

 * Knife (or knives, depending on ingredients)
 * Chopping board(s)
 * Saucepan
 * Cheese grater
 * Spoon
 * Blender (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Chop the tomatoes and add them to the saucepan with the juice. Water can be added if necessary.
 * 2) Grate some cheese (for this part you should use at least a handful, depending on the size of your pan) and add to the pan.
 * 3) Add cornflour, if desired. Stir, and leave to stand on a low/medium heat until the cheese has melted. More may be added to taste.
 * 4) If desired, blend the soup to make it smoother.
 * 5) Chop or slice the toppings, making sure your chunks aren't too large (unless you like chunky soup). Add to the pan and heat again.
 * 6) Serve hot. Extra cheese may be added to top.

title: Cookbook:Pizza Soup


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Talk:Japanese/Lessons/Lesson 5

Is anything in particular going on in this page? PhoenixBlitzkrieg (talk) 21:56, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Correct pronuntiation of です
The article states that '"desu" is usually pronounced as "dess"'. That is wrong. This varies in the region of japan and is right to say both ways. It's just like an "accent". --Luis Sergio Moura (talk) 14:36, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

"Nanori" (title) is strange
We don't use "Nanori" independently in Japan. And "Nanori" derives fron "Nanoru" which is a verb. So I think the title "Nanoru" is better than "Nanori".

title: Talk:Japanese/Lessons/Lesson 5


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Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Oliver Wood

Philosopher's Stone
Just a reminder that we are talking about the books, not the movies. An earlier editor had Flint hit a bludger at Wood that knocked him through the hoops and out of play. That did happen, but only in the movie; in the book, that sort of dirty play did not happen until the third year, and even there Wood didn't get knocked through the hoops, though he did get double-teamed with bludgers.


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User:Voyaging

Hi, I'm Voyaging.

title: User:Voyaging


text:
User:Eljobe

This is the page for Pepper Jobe.

title: User:Eljobe


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User talk:Eljobe

I think this page is used for when people want to talk to me?

title: User talk:Eljobe


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Wikijunior:Languages/Māori

What writing system(s) does this language use?
Māori originally had no writing system. Later the Māoris used the same system as we do in English. Their alphabet is slightly different though. h, k, m, n, p, r, t, w, a, e, i, o, u, wh, ng ."A" is said like in "car". "E" like in "bear". "I" like the "e"s in tree.

How many people speak this language?
The 2006 New Zealand Census found that 157,000 people can have a basic Māori conversation. It is believed around 29,000 can speak Māori fluently.

Where is this language spoken?
Māori is mostly spoken in New Zealand. Particularly in the North Island.

What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?

 * Hello - Kia ora
 * How are you? - Kei te pēhea koe?
 * Good luck - Kia waimarie
 * Do you speak Māori? - He reo Māori tōu?

What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?
This is the Haka. It is sung by the All Blacks rugby team before games. It was a traditional Māori war chant. KA MATE! KA MATE! KA ORA, KA ORA! KA MATE! KA MATE! KA ORA, KA ORA! TENEI TE  TANGATA PU'RU-HURU NA'A NEI  TIKI MAI WHAKA-WHITI  TE  RA! UPANE! KA UPANE! A UPANE! KA UPANE! WHITI TE RA! HI !

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Māori


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User talk:201.143.31.154

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:36, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:201.143.31.154


text:
Talk:Technical Book Development/Learning Resources

The Wikibook Technical Book Development is morphing as I develop the conference session. Originally starting from the obvious need to produce technical books, I have backtracked to explore the whole subject of profession development for software practioners. In the session I will be surveying the learning resources actually used by  the attendees in their last learning episode, and from there look at how they were used in order to understand the changing role of the prin book and its structure.


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Talk:Hebrew/Basic/1

Untitled
אחלה לימוד =] בהצלחה בהמשך!!!

title: Talk:Hebrew/Basic/1


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User talk:80.0.73.156

You have been warned

 * You have been blocked for continuing vandalism -- Herby talk thyme 12:42, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.0.73.156


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User:Inky~enwikibooks

» Inky on Wikimedia Commons

title: User:Inky~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:87.194.6.29

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:87.194.6.29


text: User talk:82.32.31.121

title: User talk:82.32.31.121


text: User talk:78.149.155.166

title: User talk:78.149.155.166


text: Template:Dropimage

title: Template:Dropimage


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Inorganic Chemistry/Qualitative Analysis/Tests for cations

Please note that the groups of cations mentioned/discussed here do not refer to the groups of the periodic table! The various cations have been arranged into several groups for the purpose of qualitative analysis and these are the groups that we are talking about.


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Starting and Running a Wiki Website/Introduction

Since the inception of the World Wide Web and its general acceptance in the 1990s, internet engineers have exploited the capability of linkage to endeavor deeper into the semantic purposes of the web. Long gone are the days when the web was considered an alternative to other communication media. These days however, it is anything but. From music to video, richer multimedia content has revolutionized the power of links into something far superior that it was when it was designed.

Fueled by the collective intellect of people from all corners of the globe, the Internet is growing at an accelerated speed. Internet can no longer be called a technology, Internet is the people!

People brought together under the banner of a common interest, e.g., skiing, paragliding, etc., on the Internet form an online virtual community dubbed a web community. Trivial as it may sound, the notion of a community on the web has been the subject of many a books in the past decade and people have refrained from focusing more on the core technologies that build the web like HTML, JavaScript and CSS and rather thinking of ways of manipulating user interactions, interventions and interests to weave a social network.

This book in its concise form would give its readers a bird's eye view of the basics of developing such an online community, its pros and cons along with actual examples of work by others on the concept.

What this book is about?
Community design fundamentals for the web - Throughout the book, we will be exploring different types of communities on the web and the very basic fundamentals they are racked upon. We will also look into a chronological evolution of design for such communities and peek into community building ideologies explored by virtual community pioneers and experts.

Tools and best practices - This book encourages the readers to focus on an array of best practices and tools for the creation of communities using key pointers from these very community researchers. Along the brick road, we may also focus on some of the many trends that are brewing towards a truly new breed of communities called Community 2.0.

What this book is not about?
Not much technical babble involved - At some points, this book might even touch some technical aspects of community design albeit only where necessary. In its entirety, this book serves only as a text supplementing core concepts of community design and would not fall into deeper technicalities of it thereof. Advice on collection and usage of user-collected data may sometimes address some technical issues.

Building upon works and not just adoption - This book would be using existing web communities as a tool to teach robust design and in no way tends to limit readers into adopting similar concepts but rather advises them to use this text to think up original and creative experiences out of the box.


text: User talk:76.112.41.252

title: User talk:76.112.41.252


text:
User talk:FullSilence

Parapsychology
Thanks for your contributions. JeremyMcCracken (talk) 20:59, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:FullSilence


text: User talk:71.166.41.110

title: User talk:71.166.41.110


text:
XRX/Product Ratings

Motivation
You want a method for creating a rating system for items, such as a five-star rating for a product or service.

Method
Each registered user in a system can rate items. A separate collection associates users with ratings. Ratings can be placed anywhere in a form and can associate a user to an item and that association has a numeric value of 1 to 5. Items can then display their average user rating.

title: XRX/Product Ratings


text:
User talk:LaleenaWiki

Email Password
On the login screen, there is a button to "E-mail password". If you click that button, your password will be reset, and the new password will be emailed to you. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 23:03, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I didn't set an e-mail address, WK. LaleenaWiki (talk) 23:05, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I asked the developers, they said there is nothing that can be done to help. If you want, I can rename this account to User:Laleena, and rename that account to something else like User:Laleena OLD or something. That way, you can have your name back. However, I will not do a rename unless you have an email address registered (mostly to prevent this from ever happening again). Let me know if you want to do this. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 00:16, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, got an e-mail set now, WK. Could you change the user name? However, I would like my old account to be LaleenaOld, I think. Thanks, LaleenaWiki (talk) 12:52, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:LaleenaWiki


text:
Human Physiology/Further Reading

This page lists some resources to further the knowledge you gained from this introductory book, or clarify something you may not understand.

Don't be afraid to post any resources that helped you, or you think may help others!

Homeostasis

 * Wikipedia - Homeostasis
 * biology-online.org - Physiological Homeostasis
 * optimalhealth.cia.com.au - Homeostasis and the human body

Cell physiology

 * howstuffworks.com - cells
 * people.eku.edu - Cell Physiology
 * wikipedia - Cells

Integumentary System

 * wikipedia - the integumentary system
 * wikipedia - category integumentary system
 * besthealth.com - skin system

The Nervous System

 * erowid.org - extensive, both subjective and objective recreational drug information
 * wikipedia - category nervous system
 * Neuroscience for kids - Basic information, but could be helpful

Senses

 * wikipedia - senses
 * wikipedia - category perception

The Muscular System

 * wikipedia - category muscular system

Blood Physiology

 * wikipedia - category blood

The cardiovascular system

 * emc.maricopa.edu - Circulatory Systems
 * wikipedia - category cardiovascular system

The Immune System

 * howstuffworks.com - immune system
 * wikipedia - category immune system

Urinary System

 * wikipedia - category urinary system

The respiratory system

 * wikipedia - category respiratory system

The gastrointestinal system

 * wikipedia - category digestive system

Nutrition

 * wikipedia - category nutrition

The Endocrine System

 * wikipedia - endocrine system

The male/female reproductive system

 * wikipedia - category reproductive system

title: Human Physiology/Further Reading


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Goat Breeds/Saanen


text:
User:Ceclauson

Hello! My name is Cooper, and I'm currently adding content to the Java Programming book. In particular, I've been adding content to the Swing module, and have started a new module called Basic I/O. You can see them at these links:

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Java_Programming/BasicIO

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Java_Programming/Swing

title: User:Ceclauson


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Goat Breeds/Toggenburg


text: User talk:79.31.133.30

title: User talk:79.31.133.30


text: User talk:87.10.107.93

title: User talk:87.10.107.93


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Goat Breeds/Nubian


text: User talk:64.112.207.29

title: User talk:64.112.207.29


text:
User talk:Matthew321~enwikibooks

Welcome message
G'day, welcome to Wikibooks. You might be interested in talking with other Cookbook contributors, and reading our Cookbook:Policy.

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Webaware talk 00:12, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Matthew321. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Matthew321~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:14, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matthew321~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Stevemidgley

Welcome message
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Webaware talk 00:13, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stevemidgley


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Goat Breeds/British Alpine


text: Category:Book:Ancient History

title: Category:Book:Ancient History


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Sheep Breeds/Merino

|


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/iscntrl

iscntrl
The iscntrl function returns non-zero if its argument is a control character (between 0 and 0x1F or equal to 0x7F). Otherwise, zero is returned.

 * Related topics: isalnum - isalpha - isdigit - isgraph - isprint - ispunct - isspace - isxdigit


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Sheep Breeds/Rambouillet

|


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/isdigit

isdigit
The function isdigit returns non-zero if its argument is a digit between 0 and 9. Otherwise, zero is returned.

 * Related topics: isalnum - isalpha - iscntrl - isgraph - isprint - ispunct - isspace - isxdigit


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/isgraph

isgraph
The function isgraph returns non-zero if its argument is any printable character other than a space (if you can see the character, then isgraph will return a non-zero value). Otherwise, zero is returned.

 * Related topics: isalnum - isalpha - iscntrl - isdigit - isprint - ispunct - isspace - isxdigit


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Sheep Breeds/Shropshire

|


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Sheep Breeds/Hampshire

|


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Sheep Breeds/Lincoln

|


text: User talk:203.94.188.15

title: User talk:203.94.188.15


text:
File talk:XForms-hello-world.jpg

Why are you guys using a jpg for this? Wouldn't a gif be better? --Logomachist (talk) 02:20, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
 * No, a PNG would be better. 200.127.223.79 (talk) 21:52, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

title: File talk:XForms-hello-world.jpg


text:
Talk:High School Mathematics Extensions/Primes/Definition Sheet

perhaps consider a few other terms for the Definition Sheet

conjecture

primorial (prime factorial)

factorial

state that Erdos' proved there are at least 2 primes between any N and 2N

state Goldbach's conjecture in one of its forms
 * any even >3 can be expressed as the sum of 2 primes

or one of its equivalents
 * Considering 2 addends of identical parity (at least one of which is composite) the sum can be expressed using two primes >=5 in at least one way, for addends >=6 (sums >=12).--Billymac00 (talk) 02:24, 10 March 2008 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Scripts/ac3d import

blender has a built in exporter for AC3D, therefore no plugin is required.


text: User talk:65.185.186.183

title: User talk:65.185.186.183


text:
IB Mathematics (HL)/Functions

The Axis of Symmetry for the Graph of a Quadratic Function
$$f(x) = a(x-p)^2 + q$$

The axis of symmetry is $$x = p$$

Ex. $$y = 2(x+3)^2 + 4$$

The axis of symmetry of the graph is $$x = -3$$

Solving Quadratics
Quadratic Equations are in the form $$f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c$$ or in the form $$a(x-p)^2 + q$$. To be solved the equations either have to be factored or be solved using the quadratic formula : $$\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$$

Ex. $$y = x^2 + 2x - 1$$ Since this cannot be factored, it is possible to use the quadratic formula $$x = -1 \pm \sqrt{5}$$

Discriminant
The discriminant of the equation is important in determining whether the equation has 2, 1, 0 roots The equation of the discriminant: $$b^2 - 4ac$$

$$b^2 - 4ac > 0$$ : The equation has 2 real roots

$$b^2 - 4ac = 0$$ : The equation has 1 real root

$$b^2 - 4ac < 0$$ : The equation has 0 real roots

If the middle number is even in $$ax^2 + bx + c$$ then the discriminant can be calculated as $$\frac{b^2}{4} - ac$$. The properties of this modified equation remain the same

Higher level Functions
These functions have a degree of two or higher and as a result have more than 2 roots. An example of a higher polynomial function is y = x3 − 2x. This is a cubic equation, with three roots. To find these roots just factor the equation. In this case, it becomes, x(x2−2). From here you can factor using the difference of squares (a2−b2). Thus the equation then becomes, y=x(x+√2)(x−√2). The roots of the equation then become 0,±√2.

title: IB Mathematics (HL)/Functions


text:
User talk:Mak Thorpe~enwikibooks

I am a commoner, and visit mostly to update images. If you need to reach me, it's best to leave a message there:Commons:User:makthorpe

Thanks.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mak Thorpe. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mak Thorpe~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:24, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:13, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mak Thorpe~enwikibooks


text:
User:Mak Thorpe~enwikibooks

I am a commoner, and visit mostly to update images. If you need to reach me, it's best to leave a message there:Commons:User:makthorpe

Thanks.

title: User:Mak Thorpe~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Eric Hines

Image:Buddy fishing (crop).jpg
G'day, you tried to remove the image copyright tag from this image. This image has no information section and thus no source information. The uploader has been asked for this information but has yet to provide it. Please do not remove this image tag until the required information has been provided. thanks, Webaware talk 07:56, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eric Hines


text:
User:Adnankhan17

ÁÐŅÃÑ ĶΗãŅ

title: User:Adnankhan17


text:
User talk:122.102.33.39

- Anonymous Dissident  Talk 11:32, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:122.102.33.39


text: User talk:212.118.128.252

title: User talk:212.118.128.252


text:
Ancient History/Rome/Republic

=Livy on the Early Republic=

=The Roman Constitution=

=Patricians vs. Plebeians=

=The Latin Wars=

title: Ancient History/Rome/Republic


text: User talk:159.250.29.4

title: User talk:159.250.29.4


text:
User:LaleenaWiki/monobook.js

import_script('User:Whiteknight/gadgetscore.js'); import_script('User:Whiteknight/remotetalk.js'); var Alias = new Array( [en, wikiversity, Laleena, Me at Wikiversity],  [en, wikipedia, Laleena, Me at Wikipedia]);

title: User:LaleenaWiki/monobook.js


text:
User:Ch1902

You can also find me at these projects:

 * Wikipedia
 * Wiktionary
 * Wikiversity
 * Wikiquote
 * Wikimedia Commons

title: User:Ch1902


text: User talk:209.219.88.59

title: User talk:209.219.88.59


text:
Fundamentals of Transportation/Destination Choice/Background

Some additional background on Fundamentals of Transportation/Destination Choice

History
Over the years, modelers have used several different formulations of trip distribution. The first was the Fratar or Growth model (which did not differentiate trips by purpose). This structure extrapolated a base year trip table to the future based on growth, but took no account of changing spatial accessibility due to increased supply or changes in travel patterns and congestion.

The next models developed were the gravity model and the intervening opportunities model. The most widely used formulation is still the gravity model.

While studying traffic in Baltimore, Maryland, Alan Voorhees developed a mathematical formula to predict traffic patterns based on land use. This formula has been instrumental in the design of numerous transportation and public works projects around the world. He wrote "A General Theory of Traffic Movement," (Voorhees, 1956) which applied the gravity model to trip distribution, which translates trips generated in an area to a matrix that identifies the number of trips from each origin to each destination, which can then be loaded onto the network.

Evaluation of several model forms in the 1960s concluded that "the gravity model and intervening opportunity model proved of about equal reliability and utility in simulating the 1948 and 1955 trip distribution for Washington, D.C." (Heanue and Pyers 1966). The Fratar model was shown to have weakness in areas experiencing land use changes. As comparisons between the models showed that either could be calibrated equally well to match observed conditions, because of computational ease, gravity models became more widely spread than intervening opportunities models. Some theoretical problems with the intervening opportunities model were discussed by Whitaker and West (1968) concerning its inability to account for all trips generated in a zone which makes it more difficult to calibrate, although techniques for dealing with the limitations have been developed by Ruiter (1967).

With the development of logit and other discrete choice techniques, new, demographically disaggregate approaches to travel demand were attempted. By including variables other than travel time in determining the probability of making a trip, it is expected to have a better prediction of travel behavior. The logit model and gravity model have been shown by Wilson (1967) to be of essentially the same form as used in statistical mechanics, the entropy maximization model. The application of these models differ in concept in that the gravity model uses impedance by travel time, perhaps stratified by socioeconomic variables, in determining the probability of trip making, while a discrete choice approach brings those variables inside the utility or impedance function. Discrete choice models require more information to estimate and more computational time.

Ben-Akiva and Lerman (1985) have developed combination destination choice and mode choice models using a logit formulation for work and non-work trips. Because of computational intensity, these formulations tended to aggregate traffic zones into larger districts or rings in estimation. In current application, some models, including for instance the transportation planning model used in Portland, Oregon use a logit formulation for destination choice. Allen (1984) used utilities from a logit based mode choice model in determining composite impedance for trip distribution. However, that approach, using mode choice log-sums implies that destination choice depends on the same variables as mode choice. Levinson and Kumar (1995) employ mode choice probabilities as a weighting factor and develops a specific impedance function or “f-curve” for each mode for work and non-work trip purposes.

Mathematics
At this point in the transportation planning process, the information for zonal interchange analysis is organized in an origin-destination table. On the left is listed trips produced in each zone. Along the top are listed the zones, and for each zone we list its attraction. The table is n x n, where n = the number of zones.

Each cell in our table is to contain the number of trips from zone i to zone j. We do not have these within cell numbers yet, although we have the row and column totals. With data organized this way, our task is to fill in the cells for tables headed t=1 through say t=n.

Actually, from home interview travel survey data and attraction analysis we have the cell information for t = 1. The data are a sample, so we generalize the sample to the universe. The techniques used for zonal interchange analysis explore the empirical rule that fits the t = 1 data. That rule is then used to generate cell data for t = 2, t = 3, t = 4, etc., to t = n.

The first technique developed to model zonal interchange involves a model such as this:

$$ T_{ij} = T_i\frac

$$

where: Zone i generates $$T_i$$ trips; how many will go to zone j? That depends on the attractiveness of j compared to the attractiveness of all places; attractiveness is tempered by the distance a zone is from zone i. We compute the fraction comparing j to all places and multiply $$T_i$$ by it.
 * $$T_{ij}$$ : trips from i to j.
 * $$T_i$$ : trips from i, as per our generation analysis
 * $$T_j$$ : trips attracted to j, as per our generation analysis
 * $$f(C_{ij})$$ : travel cost friction factor, say = $$C_{ij}^b$$
 * $$K_{ij}$$ : Calibration parameter

The rule is often of a gravity form:

$$ T_{ij} = a\frac $$

where:
 * $$P_i; P_j$$ : populations of i  and  j
 * $$a; b$$ : parameters

But in the zonal interchange mode, we use numbers related to trip origins ($$T_i$$) and trip destinations ($$T_j$$) rather than populations.

There are lots of model forms because we may use weights and special calibration parameters, e.g., one could write say:

$$ T_{ij} = a\frac

$$

or $$ T_{ij} = \frac

$$

where:
 * a, b, c, d are parameters
 * $$C_{ij}$$ : travel cost (e.g. distance, money, time)
 * $$T_j$$ : inbound trips, destinations
 * $$T_i$$ : outbound trips, origin

Entropy Analysis
Wilson (1970) gives us another way to think about zonal interchange problem. This section treats Wilson’s methodology to give a grasp of central ideas. To start, consider some trips where we have seven people in origin zones commuting to seven jobs in destination zones. One configuration of such trips will be:

$$ w\left( {T_{ij} } \right) = \frac = 1260 $$

where $$0!=1$$ That configuration can appear in 1,260 ways. We have calculated the number of ways that configuration of trips might have occurred, and to explain the calculation, let’s recall those coin tossing experiments talked about so much in elementary statistics. The number of ways a two-sided coin can come up is 2n, where n is the number of times we toss the coin. If we toss the coin once, it can come up heads or tails, 2*1 = 2. If we toss it twice, it can come up HH, HT, TH, or TT, 4 ways, and  2*2 = 4. To ask the specific question about, say, four coins coming up all heads, we calculate 4!/4!0! =1 . Two heads and two tails would be 4!/2!2! = 6. We are solving the equation:

$$ w = \frac

$$

An important point is that as n gets larger, our distribution gets more and more peaked, and it is more and more reasonable to think of a most likely state.

However, the notion of most likely state comes not from this thinking; it comes from statistical mechanics, a field well known to Wilson and not so well known to transportation planners. The result from statistical mechanics is that a descending series is most likely. Think about the way the energy from lights in the classroom is affecting the air in the classroom. If the effect resulted in an ascending series, many of the atoms and molecules would be affected a lot and a few would be affected a little. The descending series would have a lot affected not at all or not much and only a few affected very much. We could take a given level of energy and compute excitation levels in ascending and descending series. Using the formula above, we would compute the ways particular series could occur, and we would concluded that descending series dominate.

That’s more or less Boltzmann’s Law,

$$ p_j = p_0 e^{\beta e_j } $$

That is, the particles at any particular excitation level, j, will be a negative exponential function of the particles in the ground state, $$p_0$$, the excitation level, $$e_j$$, and a parameter $$beta$$, which is a function of the (average) energy available to the particles in the system. The two paragraphs above have to do with ensemble methods of calculation developed by Gibbs, a topic well beyond the reach of these notes.

Returning to our O-D matrix, note that we have not used as much information as we would have from an O and D survey and from our earlier work on trip generation. For the same travel pattern in the O-D matrix used before, we would have row and column totals, i.e.:

Consider the way the four folks might travel, 4!/2!1!1! = 12; consider three folks, 3!/0!2!1! = 3. All travel can be combined in 12*3 = 36 ways. The possible configuration of trips is, thus, seen to be much constrained by the column and row totals.

We put this point together with the earlier work with our matrix and the notion of most likely state to say that we want to

$$ \max w\left( {T_{ij} } \right) = \frac $$

subject to

$$ \sum_j {T_{ij} = T_i } ; \sum_i {T_{ij} = T_j } $$

where: $$ T = \sum_j {\sum_i {T_{ij} } } = \sum_i {T_i }  = \sum_j {T_j } $$

and this is the problem that we have solved above.

Wilson adds another consideration; he constrains the system to the amount of energy available (i.e., money), and we have the additional constraint,

$$ \sum_i {\sum_j {T_{ij} C_{ij} = C} } $$

where C is the quantity of resources available and $$C_{ij}$$ is the travel cost from i to j.

The discussion thus far contains the central ideas in Wilson’s work, but we are not yet to the place where the reader will recognize the model as it is formulated by Wilson.

First, writing the function to be maximized using Lagrangian multipliers, we have:

$$ \frac + \sum_i {\lambda _i \left( {T_i - \sum_j {T_{ij} } } \right)}  + \sum_j {\lambda _j \left( {T_j  - \sum_i {T_{ij} } } \right) + \beta \left( {C - \sum_i {\sum_j {T_{ij} C_{ij} } } } \right)} $$

where $$\lambda_i, \lambda_j, and \beta$$ are the Lagrange multipliers, $$beta$$ having an energy sense.

Second, it is convenient to maximize the natural log (ln) rather than w(Tij), for then we may use Stirling's approximation.

$$ \ln N! \approx N\ln N - N $$

so $$ \frac \approx \ln N $$

Third, evaluating the maximum, we have

$$ \frac = - \ln T_{ij}  - \lambda _i  - \lambda _j  - \beta C_{ij}  = 0 $$

with solution

$$ \ln T_{ij} =  - \lambda _i  - \lambda _j  - \beta C_{ij} $$

$$ T_{ij} = e^{ - \lambda _i  - \lambda _j  - \beta C_{ij} } $$

Finally, substituting this value of $$T_ij$$  back into our constraint equations, we have: $$ \sum_j {e^{ - \lambda _i - \lambda _j  - \beta C_{ij} } }  = 0 \sum_i {e^{ - \lambda _i - \lambda _j  - \beta C_{ij} } }  = 0 $$

and, taking the constant multiples outside of the summation sign

$$ e^{ - \lambda _j } = \frac
 * e^{ - \lambda _i } = \frac

$$

let $$ \frac = A_i ;\frac = B_j $$

we have $$ T_{ij} = A_i B_j T_i T_j e^{ - \beta C_{ij} } $$

which says that the most probable distribution of trips has a gravity model form, $$T_{ij}$$ is proportional to trip origins and destinations. $$A_i$$, $$B_j$$, and $$\beta$$ ensure constraints are met.

Turning now to computation, we have a large problem. First, we do not know the value of C, which earlier on we said had to do with the money available, it was a cost constraint. Consequently, we have to set $$\beta$$ to different values and then find the best set of values for $$A_i$$ and $$B_j$$. We know what $$beta$$ means – the greater the value of $$\beta$$, the less the cost of average distance traveled. (Compare $$\beta$$ in Boltzmann’s Law noted earlier.) Second, the values of $$\beta_i$$ and $$\beta_j$$ depend on each other. So for each value of $$\beta$$, we must use an iterative solution. There are computer programs to do this.

Wilson’s method has been applied to the Lowry model.


text: Template:Bmbox

title: Template:Bmbox


text: User talk:Solo Kevin

title: User talk:Solo Kevin


text: User talk:209.158.139.250

title: User talk:209.158.139.250


text: User talk:69.201.205.99

title: User talk:69.201.205.99


text:
User:DieselSandwich

Sophia Lafergola
 * Email :sophia.lafergola@gmail.com
 * Twitter :dieselsandwich
 * Wikimedia Commons :DieselSandwich
 * Bio :I'm a twenty five year old Bioinformatics student at Rochester Institute of Technology. I graduated from Hudson Valley Community College in 2005 with an Associates of Science in Biotechnology and enrolled into RIT afterwards. I am currently working on a dual degree, a BS/MS in Bioinformatics and will most likely graduate in 2010 with both degrees. I've expanded into a little bit of game design this spring but I can't share more details until after our release date. I'm a generally cheerful and bubbly girl, not to mention very geeky, whose hobbies include abstract and surreal art, writing, D&D, videogames and programming (yes, I actually like programming, gasp and horror).
 * Project Work :I joined the Wikibooks project in the spring of 2007 when I worked on the Proteomics wikibook's Introduction Section for Dr. Craig's Proteomics class at Rochester Institute of Technology. In 2008 I continued my class based involvement by working on the Metabolomics wikibook's Introduction Section as well. During the course of the 2008-2009 school year (starting in fall of 2009) I worked for independent credit with Dr. Craig, Khoi Vo, and Nick Norrell on the Metabolomics project. We refined content, added articles and pictures and standardized the look and feel of the wikibook. I also added navigation links to all of the pages, allowing a person to easily move from chapter to chapter, page to page from nearly any level in the book. Khoi, Nick and myself also assisted Dr. Craig in running The Metabolomics project in his Biochemistry Metabolism class as Teacher Assistants for Winter quarter. I provided the same formatting template to the Proteomics class in the Spring quarter for the Proteomics wikibook.  I'm also currently the primary writer for an article (to be submitted to a biochemistry education journal for peer review) on this project. If published we could start a trend of collaborative textbook projects using technology like wiki and making the lives of students and professors a great deal easier (and less expensive).

 Individual Contributions (Newest to oldest)

March 2009

15:34, 31 March 2009 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Contributors  (top)

15:34, 31 March 2009 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Contributors  (top)

17:19, 18 March 2009 (hist) (diff) User:DieselSandwich

February 2009

16:25, 11 February 2009 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Contributors

16:20, 11 February 2009 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Contributors

January 2009

07:47, 26 January 2009 (hist) (diff) User:DieselSandwich  (→New Terms)

07:41, 26 January 2009 (hist) (diff) User:DieselSandwich  (article instructions for metabolism class)

November 2008

20:18, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Lifestyle/Exercise  (created page to expand content)

20:17, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Lifestyle/Diet  (created page to expand content)

20:14, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Animal Metabolomes/Zoo And Wildlife  (created page to expand content) (top)

20:13, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Animal Metabolomes/Agricultural  (created page to expand content)

20:13, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Animal Metabolomes/Domestic  (created page to expand content) (top)

20:04, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Personal Metabolomics/Genotypes  (created page to expand content)

20:03, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Personal Metabolomics/Phenotypes  (created page to expand content) (top)

20:00, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Animal Metabolomes  (added subcategories for content expansion)

19:58, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Lifestyle  (added subcategories for content expansion)

19:58, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Personal Metabolomics

19:57, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Personal Metabolomics  (added subcategories for content expansion)

19:53, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Plant Metabolomes  (created page to expand content)

19:53, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Animal Metabolomes  (created page to expand content)

19:52, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Animal Models  (created page to expand content)

19:51, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Non-Nutrient Chemicals  (created page to expand content)

19:49, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Large Bowel Metabolites  (created page to expand content)

19:48, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Lifestyle  (created page to expand content)

19:47, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Personal Metabolomics  (created page to expand content)

19:47, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition/Nutrigenomics  (created page to expand content)

19:40, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition  (added subcategories for content expansion)

19:30, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Fluids/Cerebrospinal Fluid  (created page to expand content) (top)

19:29, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Fluids/Saliva  (created page to expand content) (top)

19:29, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Fluids/Urine  (created page to expand content) (top)

19:26, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Fluids/Plasma  (created page to expand content) (top)

19:25, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Fluids/Serum  (created page to expand content) (top)

19:23, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Fluids  (added categories for further expansion) (top)

19:19, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Tissues/Muscle  (created page to expand content) (top)

19:18, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Tissues/Gut  (created page to expand content) (top)

19:18, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Tissues/Liver  (created page to expand content) (top)

19:15, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Statistical Methods/Principal Component Analysis  (top)

19:15, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Statistical Methods/Sub-Categories Discriminant Analysis  (top)

19:14, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Tissues  (added subcategories for content expansion) (top)

19:11, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Statistical Methods/Principal Component Analysis  (created page to expand content)

19:11, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Statistical Methods/Sub-Categories Discriminant Analysis  (created page to expand content)

19:07, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Statistical Methods  (added subcategories for content expansion) (top)

19:00, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Nm Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mess Spectrometry/Stable Isotopes  (New page: 100x100px Back to Previous Chapter: Hormones Next chapter:[[Metabolomics/Computational Modeling of Metabolic Co...) (top)

18:59, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/GC-MS  (adjusted linking to show new next category) (top)

18:56, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/MALDI-MS  (fixed link to next chapter, fixed link to next category) (top)

18:55, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/Ion Trap MS  (fixed link to next chapter, fixed link to next category) (top)

18:55, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/Ion Mobility MS  (fixed link to next chapter, fixed link to next category) (top)

18:55, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/LC-MS  (fixed link to next chapter, fixed link to next category) (top)

18:55, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/Tandem-MS  (fixed link to next chapter, fixed link to next category) (top)

18:55, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/GC-MS  (fixed link to next chapter, fixed link to next category)

18:54, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR/Other nuclei  (fixed link to next chapter) (top)

18:54, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR/P NMR  (fixed link to next chapter)

18:53, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR/C NMR  (fixed link to next chapter)

18:53, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR/H NMR  (fixed link to next chapter)

18:50, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/MALDI-MS  (adjusted linking to show new next category)

18:48, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry  (added category for further expansion)

18:46, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Statistical Methods  (created page to expand content)

18:46, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Tissues  (created page to expand content)

18:46, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Fluids  (created page to expand content)

18:46, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Sample Preparation  (created page to expand content) (top)

18:41, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR

18:40, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry

18:39, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Analytical Methods

18:38, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry

18:37, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry  (added linking to next category)

18:34, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods  (added categories for further expansion)

18:28, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics  (removed nutrition chapter (after moving it to subcategory nutrition in Applications))

18:27, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Applications/Health and Pharmaceuticals  (top)

18:26, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Applications/Health and Pharmaceuticals

18:26, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Applications/Health and Pharmaceuticals

18:25, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition

18:21, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition  (created page)

18:20, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Applications  (added nutrition category) (top)

18:18, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods

18:15, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control  (top)

18:14, 3 November 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Databases  (cut nutrition page) (top)

October 2008

20:34, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Steroids

20:34, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Steroids  (added necessary category)

20:33, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids  (removed redundant category)

20:33, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Steroids/Cholesterol  (reset category location and links) (top)

20:26, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Steroids  (removed misplaced category)

20:23, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Introduction to Metabolomics/History

20:22, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Applications/Disease Research  (formatting edit; linked to next page, added chapter links)

20:22, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Applications/Health and Pharmaceuticals  (formatting edit; linked to next page, added chapter links)

20:18, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/GC-MS  (Fixed category redundancy issue. Moved this page back within the Mass Spec category instead of the analytical chapter itself)

20:15, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/MALDI-MS  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

20:15, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/Ion Trap MS  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links. Added a request for content)

20:15, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/Ion Mobility MS  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

20:15, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/LC-MS  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

20:15, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/Tandem-MS  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

20:11, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry

20:09, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry  (fixed category redundancy issue)

20:08, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods  (removed subcategory from main category)

19:59, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry  (removed redundant category (was a dead link too))

19:53, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR/Other nuclei  (request for content)

19:53, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR/P NMR  (Request for content)

19:52, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR/Other nuclei  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

19:52, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) N Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR/P NMR  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

19:52, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR/C NMR  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

19:52, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR/H NMR  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

19:45, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/NMR  (formatting edit; linked to next page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:45, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry  (formatting edit; linked to next page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:45, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Mass Spectrometry/GC-MS  (formatting edit; linked to next page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Hormones/Ghrelin  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Hormones/Adiponectin  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Hormones/Leptin  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Hormones/Mineralocorticoids  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Hormones/Corticosteroids  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Hormones/Somatostatin  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Hormones/Glucagon  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Hormones/Insulin  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

19:25, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Energy Storage  (removed broken links)

19:24, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Membrane Lipids  (removed broken links)

19:24, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Steroids  (removed broken links)

19:23, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Energy Storage  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

19:23, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Membrane Lipids  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

19:23, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Steroids  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

19:22, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Steroids/Cholesterol  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

19:13, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

19:13, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Carbohydrates/Sucrose and Other Dissacharides  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

19:13, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Carbohydrates/Glucose  (formatting edit; linked to chapters, categories and next pages)

18:40, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Metabolites/Nucleotides

18:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Introduction to Metabolomics/History

18:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Carbohydrates  (formatting edit; linked to next page, added chapter links)

18:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids  (formatting edit; linked to next page and previous page, added chapter links)

18:39, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Amino Acids  (formatting edit; linked to next page and previous page, added chapter links)

18:38, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites/Nucleotides  (formatting edit; linked to first page and previous page, added chapter links)

18:25, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Introduction to Metabolomics/Relationship to Traditional Metabolism

18:21, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Contributors  (formatting edit; linked to previous chapter above to allow easy navigation)

18:20, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Applications  (formatting edit; linked to previous chapter above to allow easy navigation)

18:19, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Databases

18:18, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Databases  (formatting edit; linked to previous chapter and next chapter above to allow easy navigation)

18:16, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Nutrition  (formatting edit; moved link to previous chapter to make the chapter conform to standards of the book)

18:14, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control  (formatting edit; linked to previous chapter above to allow easy navigation)

18:13, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Analytical Methods  (formatting edit; linked to previous chapter above to allow easy navigation)

18:12, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) m Metabolomics/Hormones

18:11, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Hormones  (formatting edit; linked to previous chapter above to allow easy navigation)

18:11, 7 October 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Metabolites  (formatting edit; linked to previous chapter above to allow easy navigation)

September 2008

19:23, 17 September 2008 (hist) (diff) Metabolomics/Introduction to Metabolomics  (Introduction)

April 2008

17:40, 19 April 2008 (hist) (diff) Talk:Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Relationship of Proteomics to Other Fields  (top)

17:39, 19 April 2008 (hist) (diff) Talk:Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (top)

17:37, 19 April 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (Undo revision 1168351 by DieselSandwich (Talk))

17:37, 19 April 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (Undo revision 1168305 by 129.21.241.14 (Talk))

20:01, 14 April 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (Undo revision 1165415 by DieselSandwich (Talk))

19:59, 14 April 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (→The Process of Proteomics)

March 2008

18:14, 31 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics

02:07, 29 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Relationship of Proteomics to Other Fields

01:48, 29 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (→Challenges Faced By Proteomics)

01:48, 29 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (→Techniques of Proteomics)

01:47, 29 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (→References)

01:47, 29 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (→References)

01:41, 29 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (→Structural Analysis)

01:27, 29 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics

22:48, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/links

22:46, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Relationship of Proteomics to Other Fields

22:46, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics

22:44, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Relationship of Proteomics to Other Fields

22:43, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics

22:41, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Talk:Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Relationship of Proteomics to Other Fields  (New page: Renamed page by creating a new one...)

22:39, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Talk:Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (New page: Renamed page by creating a new one...)

22:35, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Relationship of Proteomics to Other Fields

22:35, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics

22:29, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics

22:27, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Relationship of Proteomics to Other Fields  (New page: #What is Proteomics? # The Process of Proteomics #[[Proteomics/...)

22:24, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics  (New page: #What is Proteomics? # The Process of Proteomics #[[Proteomics/I...)

22:21, 28 March 2008 (hist) (diff) Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Principles of Proteomics  (top)

title: User:DieselSandwich


text: User talk:208.190.29.90

title: User talk:208.190.29.90


text: User talk:208.190.27.68

title: User talk:208.190.27.68


text:
User talk:Rwhelan3

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:53, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rwhelan3


text:
User:Wikisoldier~enwikibooks

One who fights for justice on wikipedia to keep it true and just

title: User:Wikisoldier~enwikibooks


text: User talk:12.32.35.53

title: User talk:12.32.35.53


text:
Khepera III Toolbox/The Toolbox/Modules/i2cal

The i2cal module provides a very easy to use I2C interface. The I2C bus is the "backbone" of the Khepera III robot, and used to communicate with three microcontrollers: To work with the sensors and actuators of the robot, you may want to use the khepera3 module which contains high-level functions and itself uses this module to communicate with the microcontrollers. However, if you develop your own extension boards that you stuck on top of the robot, this module offers you all you need to access these boards via the I2C bus.
 * Main microcontroller (infrared sensors, ultrasound sensors, battery)
 * Left motor controller
 * Right motor controller

Description
After initialisation (i2cal_init), the i2cal module allows to send transactions on the I2C bus. A transaction consists of a sequence of message exchanges, either from the processor to your board (write), or from your board to the processor (read).

Transactions are started with i2cal_start and executed with i2cal_commit. In between these two calls, a series of read and write messages can be added. A write message is added by first writing the data (i2cal_writedata_*), followed by a call to i2cal_write with the device address. Read messages are added with i2cal_read which takes the device address and the number of bytes to read as argument, and returns a pointer to an i2c_msg structure.

The i2cal_commit call transfers the messages and returns after all data has been successfully sent and received. The received bytes are available in the i2c_msg structures, and can be read using the i2cal_readdata_* functions. Note that all data has to read from these structures before starting a new transaction.

Error Handling
The i2cal_commit function returns either -1 to indicate success, or 0 to indicate failure. Failure simply means that the data could not be transferred, and is usually caused by one of the following: Debugging such errors efficiently requires an oscilloscope (or similar test infrastructure), preferably with support for I2C decoding.
 * Error in the firmware of the microcontroller, i.e. the microcontroller does not (or incorrectly) respond to I2C request.
 * Error in the firmware of another microcontroller on the I2C bus, causing it to misbehave (e.g. by pulling SDA or SCL low).
 * Wrong electrical connections, e.g. SDA/SCL flipped, one of the signals grounded, ...

If the electrical design and the firmware implementation on the microcontroller are correct, errors are highly unlikely. Therefore, it is usually not worth implementing a sophisticated error handling procedure.

Transaction Size Limitations
The i2cal module limits a transaction to 16 messages (read or write messages combined). Furthermore, the total number of bytes sent must not exceed 256, and the total number of bytes read must not exceed 256 neither. In view of the timing issues discussed in the next section, this should be by far enough for all real-world applications. If necessary (e.g. for testing), the numbers can be changed in i2cal.c.

Timing Issues
The I2C bus on the Khepera III robot is running at 100 KHz. Transferring one byte (8 bits + some overhead) over this bus therefore takes about 0.1 ms.

A message consists of an address byte, plus the data to be read or written. As a rule of thumb, the minimum time for a transaction can be calculated as follows:
 * $$t_{min} = (\#\mbox{messages} + \#\mbox{bytes written} + \#\mbox{bytes read}) \cdot 0.1 \mbox{ ms}$$

In reality, two other delays add to this time:
 * Queuing delay: As the bus can only send one message at the time, the kernel keeps a queue of messages and transactions. Your transaction will have to compete with other processes using the I2C bus. To achieve a low delay for all processes, it is preferred to communicate in small transactions (< 100 bytes at a time).
 * Processing delay on the microcontroller: Each transmitted byte has to be acknoledged by the microcontroller, and each received byte had to be prepared by the microcontroller. For the latter, the microcontroller is allowed to buy in up to about 10 ms of time (I2C clock stretch), during which the bus is occupied and your process waiting. To achieve a good bus usage, this should by all means be avoided.

Synchronization Issues
A transaction here is called so because it is executed as one atomic block. This is very important, as the following piece of code illustrates:

If only one process is communicating with that device at any given time, both code snippets are equivalent. However, if more than one process is accessing that device (and you should always think this way), splitting the task in two transactions is wrong.

To understand why, put yourself in the position of the microcontroller (or other I2C slave). You receive register 0x83, and prepare your output buffers for the following read operation. Since the transaction ends there, it is possible that another process communicates with you before the first process reads its two bytes. This process may send register 0x92, and you are preparing (and possibly serving) your output buffer for this new request. When the first process finally attempts to read its two bytes, the microcontroller will either serve the first two bytes of the 0x92 request, or serve some error code to indicate that the result of 0x92 has been read already.

As a rule of thumb, each self-contained operation (such as register read, or register write) must be performed as exactly one transaction.

Multi-Threaded Programs
Since the data structures of this module are allocated statically, it is not safe to call functions which update the same fields from two different threads. To avoid interference between threads, whole blocks between i2cal_start and i2cal_commit (inclusive) must be synchronized.

Comparison with the Linux I2C Interface
Linux (and most other Unix systems) offer a fairly simple interface to the I2C bus via file operations on the I2C device file (/dev/i2c/0), notably ioctl calls. If you look the source code of the i2cal module, you will notice that i2cal_commit is nothing else but such an ioctl call on /dev/i2c/0, and that all other functions around mostly prepare the data structures to pass to that call. Nevertheless, the i2cal module provides an even simpler interface by taking care of all the necessary buffers, and with functions to correctly read and write 2-byte and 4-byte values from these buffers.

API
The following list summarizes the functions of the i2cal module:


text:
Talk:Geometry for Elementary School/Lines

perhaps clarify on these pages that discussion applies to standard Euclidian/othogonal geometry. Thus, in non-Euclidian(Riemann), points are not connected by straight lines ....--Billymac00 (talk) 21:30, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Not what I'd call Elementary
The following additions to this book are clearly at odds with the book's intent:

Do elementary students have any idea what a projective n-space is? What about diffemorphic? I don't think so! --Jomegat (talk) 12:44, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Axiom: there is only a single straight line between two points
People have a gut feeling for what a straight line is, and ANY line drawn on the surface of a sphere is NOT straight by any normal definition. If you start redefining straight to be "shortest distance by pulling some cotton taut between the the two points then only one of the two "curves" in the section is straight. IMO this section is very poor at achieving its objective and needs a complete rewrite for elemntary readers. -- 212.24.70.122 (talk) 14:32, 3 March 2009 (UTC)


text: User talk:68.218.98.70

title: User talk:68.218.98.70


text: User talk:65.27.135.27

title: User talk:65.27.135.27


text:
Khepera III Toolbox/The Toolbox/Modules/khepera3

The khepera3 module provides access to all sensors and actuators of the robot and it divided into the following parts:
 * General: firmware version and timestamp
 * Motor: left and right motor (accessed individually)
 * Drive: drive system (both motors)
 * Infrared: infrared sensors, in ambient or proximity mode
 * Ultrasound: ultrasound sensors
 * Battery: battery voltage, current and charge level

Even though each part is implemented in a separate file, it is sufficient to include khepera3.h, which includes all other files.

Description
The khepera3 module is build around a statically allocated data structure called khepera3. This structure is hierarchically organized and contains fields for all sensors and actuators. A few fields are set at module initialization (khepera3_init), but most fields are updated by the sensor functions provided by this module.

To get a measurement for any sensor, first call the appropriate sensor function (e.g. khepera3_infrared_proximity). When this function returns, the corresponding fields in the khepera3 data structure will contain the new values. Some sensors also return a timestamp, which is a 32bit-counter incremented at regular time intervals. The interval is not precisely defined, and the counter overflows (i.e. restarts at 0 after having reached 2^32-1). Nevertheless, the timestamp is sometimes useful to find out at what regularity measurements are taken.

For actuator functions (e.g. khepera3_drive_set_speed), on the other hand, the values are directly passed as arguments to the function call, and not through the khepera3 structure. Note that for all drive functions, the left motor value is specified before the right motor.

Error Handling
All functions return either -1 to indicate success, or 0 to indicate failure. Failure usually means that the data could not be tranferred over the I2C bus to the microcontroller in charge of the corresponding sensor or actuator. Such errors may occasionally appear, and most often require to cold reboot (switch off, wait a few seconds, then switch on again) the robot.

Therefore, it is not worth implementing sophisticated error handling procedures - either let the program crash (or not work properly) in such cases, or quit cleanly upon failure.

Multi-Threaded Programs
Since the khepera3 structure is allocated statically, it is not safe to call functions which update the same fields from two different threads. I.e. calling khepera3_infrared_proximity results in a race condition. The same also applies to the underlying i2cal module, which makes use of statically allocated structures as well. Thread safety interferes with programming simplicity here, which would suffer if these structures were not allocated statically.

API
Since the function and variable names are self-explanatory, we do not provide a huge documentation here, but instead list functions, constants and structures of each module part. For a more exhaustive documentation, refer to the .h files.

Motor
Motor functions take one of &(khepera3.motor_left) and &(khepera3.motor_right) as first argument.

Drive
Drive functions act on both motors and therefore use and modify both khepera3.motor_left and khepera3.motor_right in the khepera 3 data structure.


text: User talk:74.138.212.215

title: User talk:74.138.212.215


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Apis

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Anax junius

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Libellula lydia

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Romalea guttata

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Phasmatodea

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Blattodea

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Isoptera

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Mantodea

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Psocoptera

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text: User talk:75.161.140.223

title: User talk:75.161.140.223


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Thysanoptera

/Transcluded Modules


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Phthiraptera

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Insect/Coleoptera

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text: User talk:69.254.192.203

title: User talk:69.254.192.203