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Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History

History of the Catholic Church
Several approaches to describing the history of the Catholic Church after Christ's Ascension may be used. Three different methods are currently in use in this page. The first is to organize it by the succession of each Roman Pontiff. The second way is to organize it by what was taking place within the Church at large. The third is to organize it by date.

Pontificate of St Peter

 * 1 April AD 33 - Appointed Leader of the Church by Jesus himself
 * 29 June AD 67 - Matyred by Roman Soldiers (execution by Upside-down Crucifixion)

Ante Nicene Era

 * Evaristus
 * Alexander I
 * Sixtus I
 * Telesphorus
 * Hyginus
 * Pius I
 * Anicletus

Pontificate of St Soter

 * Bio: It appears that he was particularly known for his generosity, but this book currently has no information regarding any alms or kindness he bestowed. He either died or was martyred about the year 175.
 * AD 167* St. Soter declared Bishop of Rome
 * AD 174 St. Soter martyred

 * Eleuterus
 * Victor I
 * Zephyrinus
 * Callixtus I

First Council of Nicaea

 * Urban I

Late Antiquity

 * Pontian
 * Anterus
 * Fabian
 * Cornelius
 * Lucius I
 * Stephen I
 * Sixtus II
 * Dionysius
 * Felix I
 * Eutychian
 * Caius
 * Marcellinus
 * Marcellus I
 * Eusebius
 * Miltiades
 * Sylvester
 * Mark
 * Julius I
 * Liberius
 * Damasus I
 * Siricius
 * Anastasius I
 * Innocent I
 * Zosimus
 * Boniface I
 * Celestine I
 * Sixtus III
 * Saint Leo I the Great
 * Saint Hilarius
 * Simplicius
 * Felix III
 * Gelasius I
 * Anastasius II
 * Symmachus
 * He was the son of Fortunatus and a native of Sardinia. He was elected to the papacy on November 22, 498 at the Lateran Basilica. On the day of his consecration, a faction went to Santa Maria Maggiore and elected Archpresbyter Laurentius as an antipope.

 * Hormisdas
 * Saint John I
 * Saint Felix IV
 * Boniface II
 * John II
 * Saint Agapetus I (also "Agapitus")
 * Saint Silverius
 * Vigilius
 * Pelagius I
 * John III
 * Benedict I
 * Pelagius II
 * Saint Gregory I the Great
 * Saint Sabinian
 * Boniface III
 * Saint Boniface IV
 * Adeodatus I
 * Boniface V
 * Honorius I
 * Severinus
 * John IV
 * Theodore I
 * Saint Martin I
 * Saint Eugene I
 * Saint Vitalian
 * Adeodatus II
 * Donus
 * Donus became Pope on November 2, 676. While he was Pope he had the atrium in front of St. Peter's Basilica paved and St. Euphemia's on the Appian Way restored. He also had another church repaired which was either St. Paul's Outside the Walls or a church on the route to it. He died on April 11, 678 after a pontificate of one year, five months, and ten days.

 * Saint Agatho
 * He was born in the late 500's and became Pope in 678. During his papacy he restored St. Wilfred to his see. He also had an ecumenical council held in Constantinople in 680 to suppress the Monothelite heresy, but died before he was able to sign the decrees of the council. He died in Rome in 681 and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica on January 10, 681. It appears he was responsible for a significant number of miracles and was sometimes called "Thaumaturgus" (Wonderworker), but this book currently has no information regarding what miracles he performed or which miracles were attributed to him.

 * Saint Leo II
 * Saint Benedict II
 * John V
 * Conon
 * Saint Sergius I
 * John VI
 * John VII
 * Sisinnius
 * Constantine
 * Saint Gregory II
 * Gregory III
 * Saint Zachary
 * Pope-elect Stephen II
 * Stephen II
 * Saint Paul I
 * Stephen III
 * Adrian I

Pontificate of St Leo III

 * 800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope St. Leo III

Pontificate of Stephen IV

 * Saint Paschal I
 * Eugene II
 * Valentine
 * Gregory IV
 * Sergius II
 * Saint Leo IV
 * Benedict III
 * Saint Nicholas I the Great
 * Adrian II
 * John VIII
 * Marinus I
 * Saint Adrian III
 * Stephen V
 * Formosus
 * Boniface VI
 * Stephen VI
 * Romanus
 * Theodore II
 * John IX
 * Benedict IV
 * Leo V
 * Sergius III
 * Anastasius III
 * Lando
 * Lando was the son of Taino and a native of the Sabina. It appears he became pope in either July or August of 913. He apparently granted a privilege of some variety to a church in Sabina. He died in either February or March of 914. He had a pontificate of slightly more than six months.

 * John X
 * Leo VI
 * Stephen VII
 * John XI
 * Leo VII
 * Stephen VIII
 * Marinus II
 * Agapetus II
 * John XII
 * Benedict V
 * Leo VIII
 * John XIII

Pontificate of Benedict VI

 * 973 May 7  Emperor Otto I the Great dies.

Pontificate of Benedict VII

 * John XIV
 * John XV
 * Gregory V
 * Silvester II
 * John XVII
 * John XVIII
 * Sergius IV
 * Benedict VIII
 * John XIX
 * Benedict IX
 * Silvester III
 * (second term of Benedict IX)
 * Gregory VI
 * Clement II
 * (third term of Benedict IX)
 * Damasus II
 * Saint Leo IX
 * Victor II
 * Stephen IX
 * Nicholas II
 * Alexander II
 * Saint Gregory VII
 * Blessed Victor III
 * Blessed Urban II
 * He was born about 1042 with the name Otho of Lagery in Châtillon-sur-Marne in Champagne. He studied in Reims, and was promoted to the office of an archdeacon and canon while residing there. He went to Cluny about 1070 and joined the monastery there, and was later advanced to the position of prior. Saint Hugh sent him to Rome to assist Pope Gregory VII, and became Cardinal Bishop of Ostia in 1078. He was assigned to be the legate to Germany and France from 1082 to 1085. When he returned to Rome in 1085, Victor III had been elected to the papacy. After Pope Victor III died, Otho was elected to the papacy on March 12, 1088, and took the name Urban II. During the course of his papacy the possession of Rome frequently changed hands between him and the antipope Guibert of Ravenna. In November of 1095 he convened a council in Clermont, at which the First Crusade was proclaimed and Philip of France was excommunicated on account of adultery. Urban regained possession of the Castel Sant'Angelo in 1098, and convened a council in Bari to attempt a reconciliation with Eastern bishops by addressing the matter of the filioque clause. He died on July 29, 1099, was buried in the crypt of Saint Peter's Basilica, and was beatified on _______ by Pope Leo XIII.

 * Paschal II
 * Gelasius II
 * Callixtus II
 * Honorius II
 * Innocent II
 * Celestine II
 * Lucius II
 * Blessed Eugene III
 * Anastasius IV
 * Adrian IV
 * Alexander III
 * Lucius III
 * Urban III
 * Gregory VIII
 * Clement III
 * Celestine III
 * Innocent III
 * Honorius III
 * Gregory IX
 * Celestine IV
 * Innocent IV
 * Alexander IV
 * Urban IV
 * Clement IV
 * Blessed Gregory X
 * Blessed Innocent V
 * Adrian V
 * John XXI
 * Nicholas III
 * Martin IV
 * Honorius IV
 * Nicholas IV
 * Saint Celestine V
 * Boniface VIII
 * Blessed Benedict XI
 * Clement V
 * John XXII
 * Benedict XII
 * Clement VI
 * Innocent VI
 * Blessed Urban V
 * Gregory XI
 * Urban VI
 * Boniface IX
 * Innocent VII
 * Gregory XII
 * Martin V
 * Eugene IV
 * Nicholas V
 * Callixtus III
 * Pius II
 * Paul II
 * Sixtus IV
 * Innocent VIII
 * Alexander VI
 * Pius III
 * Julius II
 * Leo X
 * Adrian VI
 * Clement VII
 * Paul III
 * Julius III
 * Marcellus II
 * Paul IV
 * Pius IV

Council of Trent

 * Saint Pius V

The Counter-Reformation

 * Gregory XIII
 * Sixtus V
 * Urban VII
 * Gregory XIV
 * Innocent IX
 * Clement VIII
 * Leo XI
 * Paul V
 * He was originally born as Camillo Borghese on September 17, 1550 in Rome. He became a cardinal in 1596. He died on January 28, 1621.

 * Gregory XV
 * Urban VIII
 * Innocent X
 * Alexander VII
 * Clement IX
 * Clement X
 * Blessed Innocent XI
 * Alexander VIII
 * Innocent XII
 * Clement XI
 * Innocent XIII
 * Benedict XIII
 * Clement XII
 * His original name was Lorenzo Corsini. He was born on April 7, 1652 in Florence. He became titular archbishop of Nicomedia in 1691 and a cardinal-deacon on May 17, 1706. He was elected to the papacy on July 12, 1730. During his pontificate he paved the streets of Rome and restored the Arch of Constantine. In 1738 he issued the first papal decree against the Freemasons. He died on February 6, 1740.

 * Benedict XIV
 * Clement XIII
 * Clement XIV
 * Pius VI
 * Pius VII
 * Leo XII
 * Pius VIII
 * Gregory XVI

Blessed Pius IX

 * Pius IX was born with the name Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti in Sinigaglia on May 13, 1792. He ws ordained on April 10, 1819. He was promoted to the position of Archbishop of Spoleto by Pope Leo XII on May 21, 1827. He was assigned to the Diocese of Imola by Pope Gregory XVI.

Post Vatican I

 * Leo XIII
 * Leo XIII was born with the name Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci on March 2, 1810 in Carpineto to Count Lodovico Pecci and Anna ProsperiBuzi. Gioacchino entered the Collegio Romano in 1824, and received his doctorate in 1832. He was promoted to the rank of domestic prelate in January of 1837 by Gregory XVI. He was ordained on December 31, 1837 by Cardinal Odeschalchi at the chapel of Saint Stanislaus on the Quirinal. Pope Gregory XVI assigned him to Benevento, where he worked diligently to annihilate the brigands and smugglers infesting the region. Pope Gregory XVI then assigned him to Perugia, where Gioacchino started a savings bank specifically to assist farmers and small businesses in obtaining low interest rates. In January of 1843 Gioacchino was promoted to the position of nuncio to Brussels, and was consecrated titular bishop of Damiata on February 19, 1843 by Cardinal Lambruschini. Pope Gregory XVI appointed Gioacchino to the See of Perugia when it became vacant, but permitted him to retain the title of Archbishop. He was created a cardinal on December 19, 1853 by Pope Pius IX. He was appointed to be the Camerlengo in August of 1877, and was elected to the papacy on February 20, 1878, taking the name Leo XIII. He wrote the encyclical Rerum Novarum, dated May 18, 1891. He died in Rome on July 20, 1903.

 * Saint Pius X was born Giuseppe Sarto on June 2, 1835 in Venice. His father was a postman. Giuseppe did well in his studies, gaining a scholarship to study at the seminary of Padua in 1850.  He was ordained in 1858 became Patriarch of Venice in 1893. He was crowned Pope on Sunday, August 9, 1903.  Died in 1914.

Pontificate of Bl. Paul VI

 * 21 June 1963 - Bl. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini elected 262nd Pope.
 * 3 April 1969 - Pope Paul VI promulgates the Novus Ordo Mass
 * 25 July 1968 - Pope Paul VI publishes Humanae Vitae

Pontificate of St John Paul II

 * 16 October 1978 - Cardinal Karol Wojtyla elected 264th Pope
 * 25 January 1983 - Pope approves update to Code of Canon Law
 * 11 October 1992 - Pope orders publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church
 * 22 April 2001 - 1st Celebration of Divine Mercy Sunday
 * 2 April 2005 - St. John Paul II dies

Pontificate of Benedict XVI

 * 19 April 2005 - Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger Elected 265th Pope
 * 28 February 2013 - Pope Resigns, first pope in 500 years to resign

Pontificate of Francis
13 March 2013 - Jorge Cardinal Bergoglio Elected 266th Pope

Organization by Era
After the Ascension of the Lord, the Apostolic Age was begun, which ended with the death of the last Apostle, Saint John the Evangelist.

This was followed by the Age of Martyrs.
 * After the death of Nero, persecutions of Christians were intermittent, and varied in rigor. This period was ended with the Edict of Milan, which was promulgated by the Emperor Constantine in 313.

This was followed by the Dawn of the Early Heresies.
 * Soon after the Christians were no longer threatened with civil punishment on account of the Faith, heretical sects arose which frequently had a twofold aim: to both advance a particular doctrine and to also gain control of the Church through the aid of civil leaders sympathetic to their cause. Some of the principal heretical sects at this time were the Arians, the Nestorians, the Gnostics, and the Monophysites. An unusual reversal of the state of affairs occurred during the reign of Julian the Apostate, who attempted to restore paganism and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem, of which both attempts failed.

This was roughly at the same time as the Conversion of Europe to Christianity.
 * While large portions of the Roman Empire were coming under the control of heretical sects, large portions of Europe were also converting from paganism to Christianity, particularly Ireland, France, and Germany. Eventually Europe became, in a sense, a Christian continent in which most of the inhabitants were either Catholic or belonged to a heretical or schismatic sect.

Middle Ages and the Crusades
Hostility between nations, the possession of properties, and the quest for additional revenues and incomes frequently gave rise to clashes between the Church and rulers of nations and other principalities, particularly regarding the appointment of bishops. When the Muslims succeeded in their conquest of the Holy Land, Blessed Pope Urban II declared a crusade to regain the Holy Land in 1095, and subsequent crusades were declared when necessary. Toward the end of the Middle Ages the Bubonic Plague ravaged Europe, in which many pious clergy cared for the sick and also contracted the disease, while many of the less pious clergy fled and returned after the plague had subsided. This was followed by the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Counter-Reformation.
 * Besides the bubonic plague, several factors also contributed heavily to the progression of the era: the "Avignon Captivity" and the "Great Schism," the conflicting interests of the Catholic Church and national governments (especially regarding revenues, property ownership, and the appointment of bishops), the conflicts between European nations (particularly the "Hundred Year's War" between France and England), the immoral lives of many of the clergy and many members of the upper classes, and the reintroduction of pagan culture. The French cardinal _________ was elected to the papacy on ___________ and took the name ______________, but Rome was the scene of much self-destruction by the local Italians. The French king __________ extended the invitation to Pope _________ to come to peaceful Avignon and take residence for a while, and the Popes did not want to leave Avignon and return to Rome for over one hundred years. When Pope _________ finally submitted to the entreaties and rebukes of Saint Catherine of Siena (?) and Saint Gertrude (?), it was only a few yers before he was disgustd with the situation in Rome and wanted to return to Avignon, which was only prevented on account of his death. His successor, the Roman (?) cardinal _____________ was elected on _________ and took the name ___________, but the cardinals soon disliked him and elected the French cardinal __________ as an antipope, who took the name ________________. An attempt to solve this division of the Church was later made to persuade the successors to both simultaneously resign and permit the cardinals to elect a new pope, but this only resulted in three "popes." Eventually this situation was ended at a conclave (?) when the Roman pope and third "pope" (Pisan?) simultaneously resigned, the cardinals eleced Cardinal ______________ to the papacy (who took the name _________), and the majority (or was it all?) of the European nations transferred their allegiance to the new pope.
 * Saint Peter's Basilica was in the process of construction, and Pope ______________ announced that an indulgence (plenary or partial?, also, did one have to follow the usual conditions to obtain it: pray for the pope, confession, communion, no attachment to sin?) could be gained when a person contributed (how much?) to its construction. The pope appointed the Dominicans to handle the collection of the funds, which was greatly resented by the Augustinians. One of the Augustinians, Martin Luther, voiced his distaste of the situation differently than most and began condemning the indulgences themselves, and his superior ____________ was delighted and encouraged Martin Luther to continue his denunciation of the indulgences. The Dominicans in turn invoked higher authority, and when Luther's superior found that the papal authorities were determined to censure Luther if he continued, he privately advised Luther to cease the accusations. Luther, however, enjoyed the publicity and respect he received, and decided to enter into complete rebellion instead. Flocks of commoners hastened to his side, and looted monasteries and churches to enrich themselves. A great number of princes declared their support of Luther, and hastily seized ecclesiastical properties for themselves.
 * King Henry VII of England's son Arthur had married Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand), but Arthur died during his father's reign, so Arthur's brother Henry married Catherine (now his brother's widow). This Henry ascended to the throne as King Henry VIII of England. Some time after his ascension to the throne, he published a rebuttal of Luther's doctrines, and received the title "Defender of the Faith" from Pope ____________. At one point, Henry had a sinful relationship with Mary Boleyn, but did not publicise it. When he later wished to have a relationship with Mary Boleyn's sister Anne Boleyn, Anne Boleyn firmly said she would only do so if she was his queen. Henry VIII decided to try to get an annulment, and approached the matter by confiding to Cardinal Wolsey (the English Chancellor) that he was being tormented by scruples regarding the validity of his marriage to Catherine. Wolsey was delighted to hear this and proposed that the king marry the French princess ______________. Henry was not pleased and told Wolsey he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn. Wolsey wished to object to Henry's marriage to a mere local noblelady rather than a marriage that would strengthen the bond between England and its most powerful ally at the time, but seeing the heightening anger of Henry, Wolsey acquiesced to his monarch's wishes. A delegation was sent to Pope ________ which related that Henry was concerned about his marriage to Catherine and asked about getting a n annulment. The pope's responded that he trusted Henry's judgement on the issue and told him to follow the normal local procedures to investigate whether the marriage was valid and issue an annulment if necessary, but the pope also asked Henry to wait until Charles V (Catherine's nephew) was defeated by the Italian and papal forces significantly enough in order that Charles V would not take revenge on the pope because of the annulment. After Charles V was no longer a threat, the process in England was started to investigate the validity of the marriage to Catherine, but soon was stalled by the lack of impediments in the marriage to Catherine and the existence of an impediment in the proposed marriage to Anne Boleyn. Another delegation was sent to the pope to request special permission to remove the impediment to the proposed marriage to Anne Boleyn, which the pope granted (?). The English bishops, however, were faced with a problem: to the best of their knowledge the marriage to Catherine was perfectly valid, but they knew Henry wished to get the annulment so that he could marry Anne Boleyn. Rather than attempt to declare a false annulment for which the bishops would be morally responsible, an attempt was made to deceive the pope into declaring an annulment through the pope's ignorance of the situation. (correct?) The pope, however, was growing suspicious of the matter and seriously began to doubt the honesty of Henry's statements regarding Anne Boleyn's exemplary virtue and piety. After being bombarded with a distasteful number of requests for the annulment, Pope __________ determined that the marriage to Catherine was valid. Cranmer proposed to Henry VIII that he free himself from the moral jurisdiction by taking control of the Church of England, which Henry promptly did. After Henry's death and his son Edward's death, Queen Mary I of England attempted to restore Catholicism to England, but when she was ready to die, King Philip II of Spain (who was married to Queen Mary) did want the monarchy to pass to Mary of the Scots (who was married to the King of France), as it could be a powerful alliance against Spain. Mary selected Anne Boleyn's daughter Elisabeth to be her successor, and Elizabeth promised Mary to keep England Catholic. Upon Mary's death and Elisabeth's coronation, Elisabeth promptly disregarded her promise and, by the end of her life, had completely undone the work of Mary and firmly entrenched England in Anglicanism.
 * An interest in pagan culture and a laxness in restraining immorality both arose during this era. The philosophies and writings of pagan authors were reintroduced, which were soon followed by the narratives of pagan deities and myths, the paintings and sculptures of pagan deities, and the required study of mythology. As for immorality, many of the clergy had mistresses, carnivals were reintroduced, and nudity and impurity were glorified in the works of the most skilled artists of the era. The Council of Trent was convened in ________ and addressed many of the problems wrought by heresy and the immoral conduct of the clergy.

This was followed by the Enlightenment.
 * The reintroduction of philosophies and writings by pagan writers, which were not suppressed or greatly opposed in the work of the Counter-Reformation, may have sown the seeds of alternative ideals and alternative morality which greatly or completely excluded the Creator in philosophical reasoning processes. Self-made philosophers abounded, and were highly endorsed by those who were comforted by the new norms of morality these philosophers set. These philosophers frequently clashed with the Catholic Church, and many times resorted to violence, particularly in the case of the French Revolution.

This was followed by the Industrial Revolution.
 * Inventors were constantly discovering and designing faster and more efficient ways of performing common tasks which were frequently laborious, and were inventing new products to promote a better and higher standard of living. This era, which was so full of promise for the betterment of the whole human race, was instead beset by the poverty of many. A primary factor of this widespread poverty was the greed of business owners who, while living luxuriously themselves, paid their laborers wages which could scarcely support the laborers and their families. The seeds sown by the carnivals and amusements (which had not been greatly opposed in the work of the Counter-Reformation as a whole) may have contributed to a second factor of this widespread poverty: the frivolity of many members of the lower classes who squandered their wages with amusements, alcohol, tobacco products, and other pleasures. In the United States a movement among workers called the Knights of Labor was begun to unite laborers together to require business owners to pay higher wages. Regarding this, Pope Leo XIII wrote the encyclical Rerum Novarum which required the laborers to respect the property of their employers and to work well, while also requiring employers to pay decent wages that would support the laborers and their families. Pope Leo XIII's encyclical was mostly ignored, and additional self-made philosophers such as Karl Marx arose to offer alternatives. These philosophers were also highly endorsed by those who felt comfortable with the alternative ideals and the alternative morals presented by them. Some philosophers presented that man was nothing but a brute beast, that there was no life after death and no punishment after death for those who did evil, that there was no God, that man should follow his desires and indulge in his passions, and that women were inferior to men unless they become like men. Other philosophers taught that laborers should unite to overthrow the upper classes, and, soon after, they also taught that the government should take possession of the property of the upper classes and control the means of production and wealth itself. The methods proposed by these philosophers usually resulted in one of two things when they were observed: either the strong oppressed the weak, or the weak united and invoked the government, which first seized the property and possessions of the strong, then oppressed the weak without fear of opposition.
 * Also in this era was the Reunification of Italy, which mostly took away the temporal power of the papacy and placed Italy and the Pope on bad terms with one another.

This was followed by the Modern Age:
 * The ideas of the self-made philosophers of the Industrial Age were heavily implemented in this era, and reaped their bountiful harvest. World War I vanquished the strongest and hurled monarchs from their thrones, and in World War II the "strong" first slaughtered the weak by the millions, the weak then vanquished the strong, and in the end much of Asia and Europe came to be governed by governments that oppressed the weak without any fear of opposition. Self-made philosophers abounded and new ideas were introduced: the government, its wellbeing, and its safety were the basis of morality; the government could determine when citizens were no longer useful and exterminate them when they were no longer necessary or considered useful; the government could determine when life started, define who was and was not a person, and exterminate anyone who they did not consider a "real" person; chastity and purity were unnecessary and regular indulgence of the passions was encouraged; people should not be held responsible for their actions; and may other ideas which, although the general idea was not new, were presented in a different manner than in former eras.
 * Also in this era Pope Pius XI signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy, which allotted Vatican City to the popes with an annuity in recompense for the papal states. Pius XI then had the relative freedom to write encyclicals against the errors held by surrounding nations such as Germany, Russia, Spain, and even Italy itself. This sovereignty also assisted his successor Pope Pius XII in his protection of Jews from the Nazis during World War II.
 * In 1962 Pope John XXIII opened the Second Vatican Council, which was originally convened to freshen the doctrine of the Church. In the course of the Council, Pope John XXIII died and was succeeded by Pope Paul VI, who wrote the encyclical Humanae Vitae while the Council was still in progress. This encyclical was greatly disliked by many of the bishops, who often voiced their opposition to it publicly. When the Council was finished in 1965, the bishops returned to their dioceses and implemented whatever they wished to implement. Soon churches were being razed and rebuilt to modern architectural tastes, liturgical abuses were widespread, divorce and adultery became common among Catholics, and millions left the Faith. The seeds sown by mythology and the impurity and nudity in the works of the skilled artists of the Renaissance (which were not greatly opposed in the work of the Counter-Reformation) may have born the following bountiful fruit: impurity and unchaste behavior became relatively normal among Catholics, and paganism and superstition once again became common among educated persons.
 * Beginning with Pope Paul VI, the popes began to visit countries on a regular basis. Pope John Paul II visited many countries during his pontificate, and even learned languages so that he would be able to speak to the people in their native tongue. Pope Benedict XVI followed a similar itinerary during the beginning years of his pontificate.

Chronological Organization of Facts

 * 1st Century AD
 * On Pentecost Sunday the Holy Spirit descended on the twelve Apostles in the Upper Room.
 * Saint Paul is converted to Christianity.
 * The Roman Emperor Nero begins his persecution of Christians after a fire devours much of the city of Rome.
 * Saints Peter and Paul are martyred in Rome.
 * Jerusalem is conquered by Roman forces
 * 79 June 23  Emperor Vespasian dies.

 * 2nd Century AD
 * 117 August 7  Emperor Trajan dies.

 * 4th Century AD
 * 313 Diocletian dies.
 * 313 Constantine I legalizes Christianity by the Edict of Milan
 * 325 The first Council of Nicea was convened to make a determination on Arianism.

 * 337 May  Emperor Constantine the Great dies.
 * Emperor Julian the Apostate attempts to restore paganism and rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem.
 * 363 June 26  Emperor Julian the Apostate dies.
 * 387 Saint Augustine is baptised by Saint Ambrose.

 * 5th Century AD
 * Saint Jerome completes the Vulgate Bible.

 * 6th Century AD
 * 7th Century AD
 * 8th Century AD
 * 741 October 21  King Charles Martel of the Franks dies.
 * 768 September 24  King Pepin the Short of the Franks dies.

 * 11th Century AD
 * 1095 Blessed Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade to regain the Holy Land.

 * 12th Century AD
 * 13th Century AD
 * 1216 June 16  Pope Innocent III dies.
 * St. Dominic founds the Dominican order.
 * 1226 October 3: St. Francis, founder of the Franciscan order, dies in Assisi.

 * 14th Century AD
 * 1309 Pope Clement V moves Roman Curia from Rome to Avignon.
 * 1378 Pope Gregory XI moves papacy back to Rome from Avignon.

 * 15th Century AD
 * Saint Joan of Arc mostly frees France from English rule.
 * Johannes Gutenberg begins production of the Bible with the printing press.
 * Columbus discovers America

 * 16th Century AD
 * 1547 January 28  King Henry VIII of England dies.
 * 1558 Charles V, former Holy Roman Emperor, dies.
 * 1558 November 17  Queen Mary Tudor of England dies.
 * The apparitions of Our Lady of Guadalupe to Saint Juan Diego
 * The Jesuit order is founded.
 * 1598 September 13  King Philip II of Spain dies.

 * 17th Century AD
 * 1626 November 18: St. Peter's Basilica dedicated by Urban VIII.

 * 18th Century AD
 * American War for Independence begins
 * French Revolution begins

 * 19th Century AD
 * The Louisiana Purchase is bought by the USA
 * The American Civil War is fought
 * Unification of Italy
 * Marian apparitions to Saint Bernadette at Lourdes, France
 * The Spanish-American War is fought

 * 20th Century AD
 * Pope St. Pius X dies during World War I, succeeded by Pope Benedict XV
 * 1917: Marian apparitions at Fatima
 * Lenin gains control of Russia
 * Creation of Poland
 * Pope Benedict XV dies, succeeded by Pope Pius XI
 * Pius XI signs treaty with Italy, recognizing the existence of the Vatican City State
 * Germany annexes Austria
 * Pope Pius XI dies, is succeeded by Pope Pius XII
 * World War II is declared
 * World War II is ended, large sections of Europe are dominated by Communist rule.
 * Pope Pius XII dies, is succeeded by Pope John XXIII
 * Pope John XXIII opens the Second Vatican Council
 * Pope John XXIII dies, is succeeded by Pope Paul VI
 * Pope Paul VI dies, is succeeded by Pope John Paul I
 * Pope John Paul I dies shortly after the beginning of his pontificate, is succeeded by Pope John Paul II
 * The Berlin Wall is razed.

Biographies of the Saints (Hagiographies)
These have been moved to: /Saint Biographies/


text:
Talk:Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History

It this part of the book should have a better name, just fix it. I am just getting content moved from the Main Module. JBogdan 03:15, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Antipope list
Should we include a list of antipopes alongside the list of popes antipopes in parentheses and italics, like:

 * Innocent VI
 * Blessed Urban V
 * Gregory XI
 * Urban VI
 * (Clement VII)
 * Boniface IX
 * (Benedict XIII)
 * Innocent VII
 * Gregory XII
 * (Alexander V)
 * (John XXIII)
 * Martin V
 * Eugene IV
 * Nicholas V

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/Doctrines

Attributes of the Catholic Church
The four attributes of the Catholic Church are: it is One, Holy, Catholic (universal), and Apostolic.

The Trinity and the two natures of Jesus
There is One God in three Divine Persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. This doctrine is also called the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. The Second Person of the Holy Trinity (the Son) assumed a human nature by being born of the Blessed Virgin Mary, who was free from all stain of original sin.

The Life of Christ

 * Presentation in the Temple
 * Baptism by Saint John the Baptist
 * Miracle at Cana
 * Sermon on the Mount
 * Choosing the Twelve Apostles
 * The Transfiguration
 * The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem
 * The Last Supper
 * The Agony in the Garden
 * Christ's Passion

For our redemption He was crucified on Calvary, died, and was buried in a tomb. On Easter Sunday He rose from the dead.

 * Appearance to Mary Magdalene
 * Appearance to the two disciples on the road to Emmaus

He ascended into heaven on Ascension Thursday, forty days after the Resurrection.

Marian Doctrines
The doctrine of Mary being conceived without original sin is the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, a dogma of the Faith. Mary was assumed body and soul into heaven, also a dogma of the Faith. She has also been proclaimed as the "Theotokos",or, "God-Bearer" by the Council of Ephesus(?).

The Catechism of the Catholic Church
The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains much of the Church's teaching. This is available on the Vatican's website.

The Creeds
Two Creeds are used on a frequent basis in the Catholic Church: the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed. The Athanasian Creed is also used.

Suffering in God's Plan
For Roman Catholics, suffering is meant to bring them closer to God, to merit graces for others, and to give the opportunity to practice charity.

Sources of Truth
The Catholic Church uses two sources for its teaching: Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture. Sacred Tradition could be described as the understanding of what Christ wanted for the Church as He communicated it to the Apostles being handed down through the centuries. Sacred Scripture is various writings of different authors at different times that the Catholic Church determined were inspired by the Holy Spirit. Sacred Scripture gives stability to the unchanging truths communicated through Sacred Tradition, and Sacred Tradition prevents a legalistic interpretation of Sacred Scripture.

The various writings of Sacred Scripture were compiled into one volume in the 4th Century AD. This volume of collective works is often called the Bible. A complete Catholic Bible contains the following books: Genesis; Exodus; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy; Joshua; Judges; Ruth; 1 and 2 Samuel; 1 and 2 Kings; 1 and 2 Chronicles; Ezra; Nehemiah; Tobit; Judith; Esther; 1 and 2 Maccabees; Job; Psalms; Proverbs; Ecclesiastes; The Song of Songs; The Wisdom of Solomon; Sirach (Ecclesiasticus); Isaiah; Jeremiah; Lamentations; Baruch; Ezekiel; Daniel; Hosea; Joel; Amos; Obadiah; Jonah; Micah; Nahum; Habakkuk; Zephaniah; Haggai; Zachariah; Malachi; Gospel of Matthew; Gospel of Mark; Gospel of Luke; Gospel of John; Acts of the Apostles; Romans; 1 and 2 Corinthians; Galatians; Ephesians; Philippians; Colossians; 1 and 2 Thessalonians; 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon; Hebrews; James; 1 and 2 Peter; 1, 2 and 3 John; Jude; and Revelation (Apocalypse).

The Angels
The Angels are pure spirits created by God who, unlike humans, have no physical bodies. There are two ways of classifying angels: by the choir to which an angel belongs by nature, and by whether or not the angel remained faithful to God.

It is taught that there are nine choirs of angels: Seraphim, Cherubim, Virtues, Dominations, Powers, Principalities, Thrones, Archangels, and Angels (might not be in correct order). The term angel broadly refers to any creature possessing an angelic nature, but specifically refers to the ninth choir.

The second manner of classifying distinguishes between the good angels and the bad angels, also called devils. It appears that all angelic beings were tested at a certain point, and that some chose to follow God and others rejected Him. It is speculated by many theologians (in a good sense of the term) that the event was probably as follows:
 * God showed the angels that the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity would become man. They were told that they must adore Him in His human nature, and that they would be expected to serve Him and any creatures He created that possessed a human nature. One of the Seraphim announced that he would not do it. One of the Archangels countered him with "Who is like unto God?" All the members of the nine choirs of angels irrevocably and with full knowledge made a determination as to whether or not they would serve God. A battle was then fought in heaven and the devils were driven out. When humans were created, the devils began to try to persuade them also to choose not to serve God, which they continue to do until this day.


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Talk:Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/Doctrines

Hopefull the right title, if not, FIX IT! JBogdan 03:25, 28 August 2006 (UTC)


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Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/Hierarchy

Overview
The Roman Pontiff, as the successor of Saint Peter the Apostle, is the supreme pastor over the Catholic Church. Bishops, as the successors of the Apostles, share in the authority of the Roman Pontiff when they are united to him. Priests and deacons are appointed to assist each bishop in the administering of the care of the faithful. Certain Rites of the Catholic Church may be organized in a different manner.

The Pontiff
The succession of pontiffs has continued from St. Peter to Benedict XVI who is considered the 265th pontiff. (Footnote: some calculations by other scholars differ, as one pontiff died before his coronation and another held the office at three separate times.) To protect the purity of the Truth handed onward from the Apostles, the Pontiff is infallible in matters of Faith and Morals in virtue of his office. (Footnote: Pope Vigilius may be an example of this power at work.) The Pontiff is popularly referred to as the Pope (who should not be confused with the Coptic Pope or the Eastern Orthodox Pope of Alexandria.). The pontiff is also known by several other titles (but no longer Patriarch of the West).

The pontiff often writes documents for the instruction and management of the Church. Some of these documents are: Apostolic Constitutions, Apostolic Exhortations, Apostolic Letters (some of which are given Motu Proprio), and Encyclicals.

The Cardinals
The Cardinals are chosen by the pontiff to be the electors of the succeeding pontiff upon the death or resignation of the pontiff. The choosing of cardinals is sometimes called the giving of red hats--referring to the official garb of cardinals. The cardinals are assigned to one of three categories: the episcopal order, the presbyteral order, and the diaconal order. This means that either there can be Cardinal Bishops, Cardinal Priests, or Cardinal Laymen. In theory then it is possible for a laymen or even a laywoman to be elevated to the cardinalate, but most often it is the practice of the Holy See to only elevate Priests or Bishops to the cardinalate. The pontiff may also choose to designate a cardinal in pectore, in which it is publicly announced that an appointment has been made, but the name is not revealed, and the person is not notified until a later date. This is frequently used in the case of appointments of clergy from countries where the Church is persecuted. Although cardinals are frequently appointed to metropolitan sees and Magisterial offices, the designation as a cardinal does not give any other significant hierarchial faculties other than the electoral function. All cardinals who are not diocesan bishops are required to reside in Rome. Upon the death or resignation of the pontiff, the cardinals assemble in a conclave to elect the next pope.

At the time of this book's publication, the Apostolic Constitution Universi Dominici Gregis, written by Pope John Paul II, governed the process of electing a new Pontiff upon the vacancy of the Holy See. Any subsequent Pontiff may revoke, amend, or replace these rules at any time he chooses.

The Bishops
Bishops are usually the head of a see, a regional area called a diocese, which may vary greatly in size. In the case of certain papal delegates and officials, an appointment may be made to a "Titular See." The common mistake is made that Bishops are almost like a local Ponitff. Bishops in union with Rome do not enjoy their own personal infallibility because it is not the duty of the Pontiff to be in union with the Universal Bishops, it is the duty of the Universal Bishops to be in union with the Pontiff. This is because the episcopate, of the College of Bishops, is dependent on the existence of the Throne of Peter.

Priests
Bishops ordain priests through the Sacrament of Holy Orders. Two categories of priests exist: diocesan and religious. A man may not be ordained a priest unless he is at least twenty-six years old, and there has been an interval of at least six months between his ordination to the diaconate and his ordination to the priesthood.

Diocesan Priests
Diocesan priests are usually assigned to one or more parishes to administer the majority of the sacraments to the faithful. Occasionally, the bishop may determine to assign a priest to assist in another diocesan task such as the administration of tribunals, the spiritual direction of an organization, or the formation or education of seminarians. Diocesan priests are directly responsible to their bishop, and take vows of chastity and obedience.

Religious Priests
Religious priests usually live in a communal atmosphere, such as in a monastery. They may, however, be assigned to a parish or another diocesan task with the approval of the local bishop (also called the "ordinary"). Religious priests are primarily subject to the authority of a superior of the order. They may also be subject to the authority of the bishop in whose diocese they are residing and, in the case with some orders, to the bishop who has given the order permission to be founded in and administrated from his diocese.

Deacons
Deacons were first appointed by the Apostles to assist in the care of the temporal needs of the faithful. Currently, they may also partake in other duties, especially in the Liturgy of the Mass, the administering of Baptism, and the instruction of the faithful. There are two categories of deacons: transitional and permanent.

Transitional Deacons
Transitional deacons are candidates for the priesthood who have been ordained deacons and administer in this capacity until they are ordained to the priesthood. A man may not be ordained as a transitional deacon unless he has attained the age of twenty-three. Ordination may not take place until after the fifth year of theological and philosophical studies has been completed.

Permanent Deacons
Permanent deacons may be either married or unmarried men who have devoted themselves to the work of the Church. An unmarried man must be at least twenty-five years old to be ordained. A permanent deacon must be at least thirty-five years old, must have the consent of his wife, and may not marry again if his wife dies.

Other Rites of the Catholic Church
Other Rites may be organized in a different manner. There are 6 unique liturgical traditions in the Catholic Church. They are:
 * Alexandrian
 * Antiochene
 * Armenian
 * East Syrian
 * Byzantine


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Talk:Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/Hierarchy

Hopefully right title, if not, fix it! JBogdan 03:32, 28 August 2006 (UTC)


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C Programming/Particularities of C

C is an efficient, minimalist language that has some peculiarities that a programmer must be aware of. To address these, sometimes a good solution is to combine another language with C for added flexibility and power, like the combination of Emacs-LISP and C used for Emacs. Sometimes they can be addressed at the cost of slower speed and increased complexity by using special constructs that will guarantee function and security. Mostly however, through practice, C programmers have no trouble with the things mentioned here, and prefer using a language that closely models the general purpose, Von Neumann hardware architecture.

Below are several of these particularities of ANSI C (that sometimes are also its strengths), some minor and some major:

 * Lack of differentiation between arrays and pointers : The very first C (around 1973) did not have arrays at all; modern implementations are contiguous areas in memory accessed with pointer arithmetic (note: a declared array cannot be assigned to like a pointer), which circumvents the need to declare arrays with a fixed size. This ability, however, can cause buffer overflow errors with careless use.

 * Arrays do not store their length : A consequence of the above feature. This means that the program might need to explicitly perform a bounds check before accessing an array. Unless a function is passed an array of a fixed size, there is no way for it to discover the length of the array it was given: So the function must be given the length, perhaps passed to the function as a separate variable or in a structure. Because of this, most implementations do not provide automatic array bounds checking, and manual bounds checking is error prone.

 * If a C (or C++) program attempts to access an array element outside of the actual allocated memory, then a buffer overflow occurs, typically crashing the program. Buffer overflow bugs are a common security vulnerability too. Many other computer languages provide automatic bounds checking, and so they are nearly immune to such bugs.

 * Variable Length Arrays : A VLA ‒ variable length array ‒ can only be used for function parameters and auto variables. VLAs cannot be used inside a structure (except as the last item in the structure). It's not possible to define a structure that corresponds to the standard Forth dictionary definition (which has 2 variable-length parts), except as an undifferentiated array of.

 * Arbitrary-size built-in 2D or 3D arrays are not widely supported : This feature has been added starting with the C99 specification for variable-length arrays, although many C compilers still do not support it. Without VLAs, there is no way for a function to accept 2D or 3D arrays of arbitrary size. In particular, it's impossible to define a function that accepts  on one call, and later accepts   in a later call. Instead of using the built-in 2D or 3D array data type, C programmers use some other data type to hold (mathematical) 2D or 3D arrays of arbitrary size (multi-dimensional arrays) -- see C Programming/Common practices for details.

 * No formal String data type : Strings are character arrays (lacking any abstraction) and inherit all their constraints (structs can provide an abstraction, to an extent).

 * Weak type safety : C is not very type-safe. The memory management functions operate on untyped pointers, there is no built-in run-time type enforcement, and the type system can be circumvented with pointers and casts. Additionally, typedef does not create a new type but only an alias, thus it serves solely for code legibility. However, it is possible to use single member structs to enforce type safety.

 * No garbage collection : As a low-level language designed for minimum overhead, C features only manual memory management, which can allow simple memory leaks to go on unchecked.

 * Local variables are uninitialized upon declaration : Local (but not global) variables must be initialized manually; before this, they contain whatever was already in memory at the time. This is not unusual, but the C standard does not forbid access to uninitialized variables (which is).

 * Unwieldy function pointer syntax : Function pointers take the form of, making them somewhat difficult to use. Typedefs can alleviate this burdensome syntax. For example,  . See C Programming/Pointers and arrays for more details.

 * No reflection : It is not possible for a C program -- at runtime -- to evaluate a string as if it were a source C code statement.

 * Nested functions are not standard: However, many C compilers do support nested functions, including GNU C.

 * No formal exception handling :Some standard functions return special values that must be handled manually. For example,  returns null upon failure. For example, one must store the return value of   in an   (not, as one might expect, in a  ) in order to reliably detect the end-of-file -- see  EOF pitfall. Programs that do not include appropriate error handling might work fine most of the time, but can crash or otherwise malfunction when exceptional cases occur. POSIX systems often use   to handle some kinds of exceptions. (See C Programming/Error handling for details). Some programs use ,   or   to manually handle some kinds of exceptions. (See C Programming/Control and C Programming/Coroutines for details).

 * No anonymous function definitions

title: C Programming/Particularities of C


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User:Qwerky

I hate red.

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User talk:Qwerky

I hate red. Make it go away.

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Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/Liturgies

The Sacrifice of the Mass is divided into two parts: the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist. Priests and certain members of religious congregations are required to pray the Liturgy of the Hours.

The Liturgical Calendar
The Liturgical Year begins with the Season of Advent, followed by the Season of Christmas, followed by a period of Ordinary Time, followed by the Season of Lent, followed by the Easter Season, followed by another period of Ordinary Time which continues until the next Season of Advent. Select days of the year also commemorate specific Saints and the lives of Jesus and Mary.

Vessels and Vestments of the Mass and other Ceremonies
The vestments used in the Mass are the amice (optional), alb, cincture, stole, and chasuble. The vessels used in the Mass are the primarily the paten and chalice. Other textile items also used are the purificator, chalice veil, corporal, and burse (optional). The cope and humeral veil are used in Eucharistic processions and Benediction. A deacon wears a dalmatic, rather than a chasuble. Acolytes either wear cassocks and surplices (or sometimes capes/humerales?), or they wear albs. Lectors, cantors, and choristers may occasionally wear vestments similar to those worn by acolytes. Important sanctuary furniture includes the tabernacle, altar(s), lectern, and ambo (optional). Other furniture in the church includes the baptismal font, sanctuary lamp, holy water fonts (optional), and pews.

The Order of the Mass
The Mass is begun with the Sign of the Cross and followed by the Penitential Rite. The Penitential Rite may have several different forms. It may be the Rite of Sprinkling, it may be the Confiteor (I Confess to Almighty God) followed by the Kyrie (Lord, have mercy), it may be the Kyrie combined with tropes (in this case, these tropes are usually statements about the different aspects of God), or it may be the simple Kyrie. For a few select days of the Liturgical Year (such as Ash Wednesday) a special rite proper to that day is substituted. The Gloria (Glory to God in the Highest) is recited Sunday Masses outside the Advent and Lenten Seasons,on solemnities, and on feasts. The Opening Prayer follows the Gloria (if the Gloria is omitted, it follows the Penitential Rite).

An excerpt from the Bible is read. During a weekday mass there are two readings and a psalm. The first reading is always from the Old Testament, except during the season of Easter, when it is from the Acts of the Apostles, and the second is from one of the Gospels. On Sundays and feastdays there are three readings. The first is always from the Old Testament, with the previous exception, and the second is from one of the New Testament epistles, with the third being the Gospel. The first reading is followed by a responsorial psalm (or a portion of it; the Responsorial Psalm may also be from a book of the Bible other than the Psalms), which is followed by the second reading (if there is one). On select days (such as Easter and Corpus Christi) there is a sequence. Then there is the Gospel Acclamation, followed by an excerpt from one of the four Gospels. A homily may follow this.

On solemnities and Sundays the Nicene Creed is prayed (for Masses with children the Apostles' Creed may be substituted). The General Intercessions conclude the Liturgy of the Word.

The Liturgy of the Eucharist begins with the Offertory. This is followed by the Prayer over the Gifts, the Preface to the Eucharistic Prayer, and the Sanctus (Holy, Holy). The priest may select from one of nine Eucharistic Prayers. Eucharistic Prayer I (also called the Roman Canon) is particularly suited to days when this Eucharistic Prayer has a special form (Christmas and Christmas Octave, Holy Thursday, Epiphany, Easter Vigil and Easter Octave, the Ascension, and Pentecost. Eucharistic Prayer II is particularly suitable for weekday Masses. Eucharistic Prayer III is particularly suitable for Sunday and holydays. Eucharistic Prayer IV recounts the history of salvation in greater detail and has a preface specifically assigned to it, and is suitable for days that are not assigned a preface. There are also two reconciliatory Eucharistic Prayers, and three for Masses with children.

The Our Father is prayed, which, after several other prayers, may be followed by the optional Sign of Peace. The Agnus Dei (Lamb of God) is prayed or sung. The first two stanzas (?) may be repeated as many times as necessary until the ministers of the Eucharist are prepared, but the concluding stanza (?) always ends with grant us peace. The priest prays two inaudible prayers and, after the "This is the Lamb" and a prayer based on the statement of a centurion, the Eucharist is consumed by the priest and, in most cases, the faithful present who are in the state of grace and have prepared themselves by the prescribed fast.

The Prayer after Communion, followed by the Final Blessing, concludes the Mass.

The Liturgy of the Hours
The Liturgy of the Hours, also known as the Divine Office, is prayed several times during the course of a day. The key parts of the Liturgy of the Hours are the Invitatory, Morning Prayer, Daytime Prayer, Evening Prayer, Night Prayer, and the Office of Readings. Clerics in the Roman Catholic Church are required by Canon Law to pray the major Hours of the Office, Morning and Evening Prayer; the daytime hours and the Office of Readings are optional. Generally, only monastic communities pray the full office every day.

Invitatory
The Invitatory begins the prayer of every day. It is composed of the verse "Lord, open my lips" with the response "And my mouth will proclaim your praise," followed by a psalm (usually Psalm 95, but it can be substituted with Psalm 100, 67, or 24). It is combined to the period of prayer which follows it, which may be either Morning Prayer or the Office of Readings.

Morning Prayer
Morning prayer is composed of the following: a hymn (unless Morning Prayer both follows and is combined with the Office of Readings, in which case the hymn proper to Morning Prayer is moved to the beginning of the Office of Readings),a psalm, an Old Testament canticle, a second psalm, a Biblical excerpt which serves as a reading, a responsory, the Canticle of Zechariah, a collection of intercessions, the Our Father, a concluding prayer, and the dismissal. LENT:Fasting, Absting etc.

Daytime Prayer
Daytime prayer is composed of the following: a hymn, three psalms, a Biblical excerpt which serves as a reading, a responsory, a concluding prayer, and a final acclamation. Daytime Prayer can be a single period or three separate periods termed Midmorning, Midday, and Midafternoon.

Evening Prayer
Evening prayer is composed of the following: a hymn, two psalms, a New Testament canticle, a Biblical excerpt which serves as a reading, a responsory, the Canticle of Mary, a collection of intercessions, the Our Father, a concluding prayer, and the dismissal.

Night Prayer
Night Prayer is composed of: an introduction, an examination of conscience, a penitential rite or prayer, a hymn or poem, one or two psalms, a Biblical excerpt which serves as a reading, a responsory, the Canticle of Simeon, a concluding prayer, and a Marian prayer.

The Office of Readings
The Office of Readings is frequently combined with another period of prayer. It is composed of a hymn (it uses its own prescribed hymn if not combined to another period other than the invitatory, but it uses the hymn of the other period at its beginning if it is followed by and combined with another period), three psalms, a verse with a response, a Biblical reading, a responsory, a reading from one of the Church writers, a second responsory, the Te Deum (only recited on Sundays, solemnities, and feasts; maybe not during Lent and Advent?), a concluding prayer, and a final acclamation.


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Talk:Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/Liturgies

Hopefully right name, if not, FIX IT! JBogdan 03:38, 28 August 2006 (UTC)


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Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/Morals

The Catholic Church teaches that, after the sin of Adam, each person who comes into the world inherits Original sin (correct?). Original sin is washed away in baptism. (?) Christ atoned for the sins of all, however man's cooperation is required in order to accept Christ's free gift of grace. Faith--which necessarily includes good thoughts, words, and actions--constitutes acceptance of this sanctifying grace. When a person performs an evil thought, word, or action, he commits a sin. Sin is classified into two categories: venial and mortal. A person who commits a venial sin weakens his soul, but has not rejected Christ's offer of sanctifying grace. Mortal sin constitutes a rejection of Christ's offer of grace and thus causes the individual to loose sanctifying grace until it is regained after reconcililing with God (normatively achieved through the making of a good confession). If a person dies in the state of mortal sin, he has failed to accept Christ's offer of salvation, and therefore has chosen eternal damnation in Hell over eternal life in Heaven with God. If a person dies who is in the state of grace but is not perfectly pure, he undergoes purification in Purgatory before entering Heaven. A person may remove the impurity resulting from sin in several ways. One of these ways is to gain an indulgence.

Indulgences
An indulgence may be gained by the recitation of certain prayers or the performance of certain acts. Indulgences are categorized as plenary and partial. Plenary indulgences completely remove the punishment due to sin. Certain conditions must be met to gain a plenary indulgence. A partial indulgence removes some of the punishment due to sin. Indulgences are administered by the Apostolic Penitentiary. The Enchiridion is the current book of indulgences. The Fourth edition (first published in 1999) can be found on the Vatican's website in the Latin language. A book called the Raccolta once served this purpose. A summary of the moral requirements of Catholics is contained in the Gospel of Mark:
 * And there came one of the scribes that had heard them reasoning together, and seeing that he had answered them well, asked him which was the first commandment of all. And Jesus answered him: The first commandment of all is, Hear, O Israel: the Lord your God is one God. And you shall love the Lord your God with your whole heart and with your whole soul and with your whole mind and with your whole strength. This is the first commandment. And the second is like to it: You shall love your neighbor as yourself. There is no other commandment greater than these (see Mark 12:28-31).

Aspects of this calling are highlighted and defined in the Ten Commandments and in other commandments, laws, and principles.

The Ten Commandments
In quotations of the Ten Commandments, the Catholic Church uses the division in Deuteronomy rather than Exodus. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church, topics similar to the commandment are explained.

The First Commandment
Idolatry, love of possessions and persons over God, superstition, witchcraft, atheism, apostacy, and agnosticism are forbidden. The faithful and clergy may only worship God and Him alone; they may honor those of His servants who have set an heroic example of fidelity to God.

The Second Commandment
Cursing, swearing, profanity, obscene speech, rash oaths, blasphemy, and improper use of God's name or the names of the saints are forbidden.

The Third Commandment
A day of rest is to be observed on Sunday.

The Fourth Commandment
Obedience and respect to lawful authority is required, except in the case where one would be required to commit a sin.

The Fifth Commandment
Murder, suicide, abortion, contraception, euthanasia, and intentional physical injury of oneself or another is prohibited. Unjust wars are also forbidden, and the few cases when a war is undertaken for a just cause are explained.

The Catholic Church teaches that life begins from conception and exists until natural death. Pope Paul VI wrote the encyclical Humanae Vitae on the matter.

The Sixth Commandment
Adultery, fornication, pre-marital sex, and homosexual intercourse are forbidden. (This is not to be misunderstood as homosexual feelings are seen as sinful, but only the act of a sexual exchange between those of the same sex is condemned. Persons with homosexual attractions are called to lead a chaste life just as any non-married heterosexual Catholic Christian and all Catohlics are urged to look upon those who bear this cross with sympathy and compassion.)

The Seventh Commandment
Theft, vandalism, and damage to the property of another are prohibited. Employers are required to pay just wages.

The Eighth Commandment
False witness, perjury, detraction, calumny, slander, boasting, bragging, lies, and gossip are forbidden.

The Ninth Commandment
Lust, impure thoughts, and impure desires are forbidden; purity and modesty are required.

The Tenth Commandment
Envy is forbidden.

The Six Precepts of the Church

 * Catholics are required to attend Mass on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation
 * Catholics are required to confess their sins at least once a year in the Sacarament of Reconciliation
 * Reception of communion at least once during the Easter Season is required.
 * Holy Days of Obligation must be kept holy.
 * Observation of the fast and abstinence laws is required.
 * The faithful are obligated to provide for the temporal needs of the Church.

Seven Corporal Works of Mercy
The seven corporal works of mercy are: give food to the hungry, drink to the thirsty, clothe the naked, shelter the homeless, visit the imprisoned, visit the sick, and bury the dead.

Seven Spiritual Works of Mercy
The seven spiritual works of mercy are: ...Counsel the doubtful, admonish the ignorant,... forgive all injuries, and pray for the living and the dead.

Virtues
Certain good qualities that should be practiced by Catholics are often classified as virtues.

Theological Virtues
There are three Theological virtues: Faith, Hope, and Charity. These qualities apply directly to a person's relationship with God.

Cardinal Virtues
There are Four Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Justice, Temperance, and Fortitude. These are qualities that are naturally necessary for any moral life.


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Talk:Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/Morals

Hopefull right title, if not, FIX IT! JBogdan 03:44, 28 August 2006 (UTC)


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Music Theory/Celtic

Traditional Celtic music is played in various forms and can be classified variously as follows:

Classification by context

 * Set dances (dance solo) can be jig or reel. (Table dance:Footed on a tabletop).
 * Group dances
 * Listening pieces

Classification by musical structure
<ref.Robin WIlliamson|Eng Welsh Scot & Irish Fiddle Tunes|oak Publ|197 Sharp keys are favored but some tunes are in C/Aminor or Fmajor. D, G and A are quite popular, in that order.
 * Reels: Tend to be played very fast and usually consist of continuous eighth notes written in 4/4 time
 * Jigs: Much slower than reels, jigs usually have eighth notes in 6/8 time with accents falling on first and fourth beats.
 * Doubkle jigs
 * Slip jigs
 * Hornpipe: Similar to reels but more slowly, They are usually written in 4/4 and often played without accents
 * Waltzes: Played in a "waltz pace"; Written in 3/4 time and use triplet rhythmn.
 * Strathspeys: Dotted rhythms; usually associated with Scottish playing, Cape Breton and Boston fiddle. Utilizes the "Scottish snap". Browns of Kincardie; Cummingses of Freuchie.
 * Polkas
 * Quadrilles
 * Hornpipes: Derived form pipcorn (stockhorn) Chaucer mentions in Romaunt of the Rose, 1260. 3/2, originally, now 4/4
 * Airs
 * Marches
 * Laments

title: Music Theory/Celtic


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Sociological Theory/Emile Durkheim

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) is claimed as the father of sociology by renowned american sociologist "Talcott Parsons". His contributions make it clear why he deserves the title.

Biographical Sketch
Emile Durkheim was born into the traditional Jewish family in the village of Epinal in the Vosges near Strasbourg, France. He lost faith in God at an early age and turned towards the secular view of religion. The disastrous Franco-Prussian war of 1870 made a major impression on Durkheim, which can be seen in his fascination with the study of group solidarity. He went to attend Ecole Normale Superior at Paris whose impact can be seen in his scientific and mathematical bent in research. His works revolve around two themes, "Domination of collectivism over individualism" and "Application of scientific methods to study social phenomenon".

Intellectual Influence
Durkheim was influenced by many scholars from french, english and german traditions. Montesquieu's spirit of laws influenced him to study the changes in society in terms of other factors like Law. Which led him to create a distinction of societies based on repressive law and restitutive law. Other Major influences being Rousseau, Condorcet, Emile Boutrox, Wilhelm Wundt, Ferdinand Tonnies, Fustel de coulenges, Charles Renouvier, Georg Simmel and August Comte. He had a running intellectual feud with his colleague Gabriel Tarde. This feud also contributed to his intellectual thinking defending his positivistic approach from socio-psychological approach of Tarde.

Contributions
Durkheim began by publishing articles, first on the German academic life. In 1893 came his first monumental work on The Social Division of Labor. He published his second major study The Rules of Sociological Method in 1895 and completed his trilogy in 1897 with Suicide. His final book was entitled, Totemism: The Elementary Forms of Religious Life in 1912.

He created a distinct identity to sociology as a discipline with his concept of distinct social reality which can be understood and explained in terms of social facts. He made sociology a study of social facts thus effectively creating a clear scope for the subject culling it out of What was earlier studied by psychology and philosophy.

His second book "The Rules of sociological Method", he clearly states the methods that are to be followed by a sociologist while studying the society. In this book he discusses three methods of carrying out research in a positive science like sociology. These methods are observation, experimentation and generalization. This book formed the framework which was later demonstrated by Durkheim in letter and spirit through in studies. His Study of suicide reaffirms his belief that causal relationship can be established between social phenomenon. Next study of Religion demonstrates the utility of functional explanation in sociology.

In his third book,Le Suicide He had used considerable statistical ingenuity to reject the early theories for giving extra social factors such as climate, heredity, mental alienation as causes of suicide, and established a causal relationship between suicide and lack of cohesion. To support his own findings he used the empirical data collected from many societies and cultures. Durkheim identified three basic types of suicide: Egoistic suicide, Altruistic suicide,and Anomic suicide based on the empirical evidences and added Fatalistic Suicide based on historical evidence. This work stands as a landmark in the sociological tradition as the first work which successfully combines theory with empirical evidence.

In his last major book,Totemism: The Elementary Forms of Religious Life(1912), he gave the description and detailed analysis of simplistic form religion, Totemism as practiced by Aboriginal Australian tribes. He derived general theory of religion from the study of the simplest and most primitive of religious institutions like totemism. He began by refuting the existing theories of Animism by Tylor and naturism by Max Mueller on the grounds of them promoting religion as an illusion with reliance on spirit and supernatural forces. Religion according to Durkheim is very much real, permanent and transcendent. The essence of religion according to him is divided into Sacred and Profane. Durkheim defines religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things,that is to say things set apart and forbidden-beliefs and practices that unite in one simple moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to it.

title: Sociological Theory/Emile Durkheim


text:
User:Brisvegas

Hi! You can leave a message on my Wikipedia talk page.

title: User:Brisvegas


text:
Korean/Writing lessons plan

 * See also: How To Build An Excellent Wikibook Teaching Any Language

This is a plan for propadeutic (preparatory) lessons teaching the student the Korean script and its pronunciation (including letter combinations). The goal is to introduce letters one by one so as not to overwhelm the student. In order to raise his confidence and provide feelings of success, words used for illustration and exercises shall mostly be understandable without any knowledge of Korean: Korean words that come from English, Korean words that other languages adopted, common transliterations of English personal names and names of countries or places whose name is not very different in Korean.

The student is assumed to have no previous knowledge of Korean. Each lesson will teach a few letters and then give some words from this list in order to practise reading. Upon successfully recognising all the letters of a word, he should be able to recognise the word itself. For example, "가나" is recognizable because it's so similar to the English words "Ghana". "독일" is not recognizable because the English word is "Germany" and doesn't resemble the Korean transliteration.

A list of recognizable Korean words has already been created below. Feel free to add more recognizable words to the list in order to help find a suitable order of letters and to provide material for more exercises.

Complete lessons

 * Lesson 1
 * Lesson 2
 * Lesson 3
 * Lesson 4
 * Lesson 5

Lesson 6
doubled letters, remaining diphthongs

 * Botswana 보츠와나
 * Paraguay 파라과이
 * Ottawa 오타와
 * Nicaragua 니카라과
 * Guam 괌
 * Uruguay 우루과이
 * Sears Tower 시어스 타워
 * Quebec 퀘벡
 * Ecuador 에콰도르
 * Malawi 말라위
 * Norway 노르웨이
 * Rwanda 르완다
 * Sweden 스웨덴
 * Switzerland 스위스
 * Tunisia 튀니지
 * Zimbabwe 짐바브웨
 * Brussels 브뤼셀
 * Gwangju 광주 (alternatively: Kwangju)
 * Washington 워싱턴
 * sandwich 샌드위치
 * shower 샤워
 * sweater 스웨트
 * taekwondo 태권도
 * walkman 워크맨
 * Won 원 (Korean currency)
 * Broadway 브로드웨이
 * SsangYong 쌍용
 * New Brunswick 뉴브런즈윅
 * Prince Edward Island 프린스에드워드아일랜드
 * Delaware 델라웨어
 * Hawaii 하와이
 * Iowa 아이오와
 * Washington 워싱턴
 * West Virginia 웨스트버지니아
 * Wisconsin 위스콘신
 * Wyoming 와이오밍

Summary
table showing all letters, summary of all rules, extra words for practise

title: Korean/Writing lessons plan


text:
Talk:Clarinet/History

Rewrite moved from module
History of the Clarinet

Clarinets have been around for a while, more than 9,999 years, although not in their present form. The history of the clarinet goes as far back as the late 1600's, when an instrument known as a [httpd://answerphone/meerschaum Meerschaum] was in occasional use in orchestras. The meerschaum is commonly considered to be a forerunner of our modern clarinet, although it bore little resemblance to the ones we don't play today. Today they have five basic parts, the mouthpiece, barrel, upper joint, lower joint, and the bell.

The meerschaum was a cane pipe measuring about 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 cm (about 9 inches) long. It had seven holes, including a thumb hole, and a range of not much more than an octave. The name meerschaum suggests a French origin for this little instrument. But it was Johann Denner, a leading German woodwind maker, who was credited with improving it, and in doing so inventing the early clarinet. Sometime around 1700, Denner added two keys to the chalumeau, expanding its range by giving it an upper register. He also may have given it a separate mouthpiece and reed.

The history of the clarinet continued to develop as two-keyed clarinets underwent a variety of improvements and were introduced to France and England. By about 1750, the clarinet body had taken the basic shape we see today, but the keywork continued to evolve. In about 1780, five keys were being used. And by 1820 or 1830, clarinets were commonly in use that had 12 or 13 keys. By 1850 or so Boehm system keywork had been introduced. This system, based on the keywork then being used on the flute, managed to eliminated some very difficult fingerings. It is the system most commonly used today although Albert fingering systems are also still in use, primarily in Europe. In North America, it is rare to see a clarinet that does not use Boehm keywork.

In the mid to late 1700's, composers had begun writing musical pieces that included, or were specifically written for, clarinets. The instrument became much more prominent in the 1800's, and large volumes of music were written for it in the early 1900's.

We will likely see continued minor changes, although it will probably happen very slowly, over decades. Today, there are minor variations in different models. Manufacturers use slightly different bore diameters and shapes, and occasionally additional keys. Most modern clarinets have about 20 keys. Many children play clarinets, most likely to be elementary and middle schoolers. Sometimes even KINDERGARTENERS, which is fucking insane! Clarinets are commonly used today.

Plagiarism
I noticed that the paragraph on the "double clarinet" in ancient India is basically identical to a paragraph from a book called The Clarinet and Clarinet Playing]\. This page should probably be checked over for plagiarism.

title: Talk:Clarinet/History


text:
Talk:History of Technology

By the name of the book I would expect the History of Technology and not theories about evolution of technology. Is there space for a book showing the history about the inventions, people, technology?

--Macl 11:31, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * There's plenty of space... feel free to start one! -- SB_Johnny | talk 12:34, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * There's space for both a book on both a book about theories about technological evolution, and about technologies themselves, and both would be sueful for research purposes. - AmishThrasher 13:28, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Technology


text:
Cookbook:Reblochon Cheese

Reblochon is a French cheese from Savoie. Reblochon is produced in the valleys of Thônes and Val d'Arly. Reblochon is made from cow's milk. The cheese is a soft paste with a washed crust. Its crust is yellow saffron, covered with fine white foam, which shows it has been matured in a fresh cellar. It is best consumed between May and September after a maturation of between six and eight weeks. It is also excellent from March to December. Reblochon has a hazelnut taste. It is a vital ingredient of tartiflette, a Savoyard gratin with potatoes, cream and pork.

Reblochon cheese was first made in the XIIIth Century, in Savoie, in the Thônes valley. In that time, farmers rented meadows (alpages) from a landowner, and gave a portion of the milk produced as rent. When the rent payment was to be determined, the farmers milked the cows incompletely in order to reduce the apparent production, and thus their rent. Once the landowner had gone, the farmers would then conduct a second milking, which yielded a milk rich in fat. This milk was then preserved by turning it into cheese. The name Reblochon comes from patois, reblocher, which means to milk again.

title: Cookbook:Reblochon Cheese


text:
User:Truthspreader~enwikibooks

-- TruthSpreader Talk 12:53, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Truthspreader~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Truthspreader~enwikibooks

Welcome

Image:Age of Aisha.pdf
According to copyright law in most of countries, there is no need for reserving copyright in own work. If there is not explicit notice about material being public domain, you should not assume it is PD. In my opinion, this PDF is not suitable for Wikibooks. Beyond copyright problems, we are not a place to share finished books, this is a domain of Wikisource. --Derbeth talk 17:04, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If Pakistan has signed any international agreement about copyrights, copyrights from Pakistan are accepted in the whole world (or at least in most countries). --Derbeth talk 16:22, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * First of all, do you understand the mission of Wikibooks properly? Our goal is to create new books for educational purposes, so that they can be used in schools and various courses. We are not a library of all texts and do not host ready, finished books. What are you doing is putting text written by someone else here. As I have said before, we are writing new books and Wikisource is gathering ready books. I don't see place for Age of Aisha here. --Derbeth talk 08:15, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. --Derbeth talk 17:39, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Truthspreader~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Marplogm

How about developping the "Correlation between Language and Memory"? Your chap is mostly a link to others, but they depend on your content also. --Aschoeke ( talk ) 13:14, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marplogm


text:
User talk:Kvoncarl

How about developping the "Correlation between Language and Memory"? Your chap is mostly a link to others, but they depend on your content also. --Aschoeke ( talk ) 13:15, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kvoncarl


text:
GENtle/Bug reports

 * Note: You can also write email to report a bug. Please see this page.

Linux (Ubuntu 8.10 with MySQL 4.1 installed extra), GENtle v. 1.9.3
 * 1) please update the software so that it can cope with MySQL 5, MySQL is already outdated and difficult to install on current Linux systems
 * 2) When using the PCR tool, adding primers (that have been loaded from the database first) causes a program crash, so the PCR-tool option is unfortunately not usable...

This is the output on the console:

 * glibc detected *** ./GENtle: munmap_chunk: invalid pointer: 0x096af51c ***

= Backtrace:
=== /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6[0xb75753f4] /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6(_ZdlPv+0x21)[0xb776c031] ./GENtle[0x8155fd8] /usr/lib/libwx_baseu-2.6.so.0(_ZNK12wxAppConsole11HandleEventEP12wxEvtHandlerMS0_FvR7wxEventES3_+0x28)[0xb79c04c8] /usr/lib/libwx_baseu-2.6.so.0(_ZN12wxEvtHandler21ProcessEventIfMatchesERK21wxEventTableEntryBasePS_R7wxEvent+0x9d)[0xb7a452bd] /usr/lib/libwx_baseu-2.6.so.0(_ZN16wxEventHashTable11HandleEventER7wxEventP12wxEvtHandler+0x84)[0xb7a46424] /usr/lib/libwx_baseu-2.6.so.0(_ZN12wxEvtHandler12ProcessEventER7wxEvent+0xeb)[0xb7a4653b] /usr/lib/libwx_gtk2u_core-2.6.so.0(_ZN12wxWindowBase9TryParentER7wxEvent+0x6d)[0xb7cd77ad] /usr/lib/libwx_baseu-2.6.so.0(_ZN12wxEvtHandler12ProcessEventER7wxEvent+0x81)[0xb7a464d1] /usr/lib/libwx_gtk2u_core-2.6.so.0(_ZN13wxToolBarBase11OnLeftClickEib+0x62)[0xb7ccec02] /usr/lib/libwx_gtk2u_core-2.6.so.0[0xb7c60d5d] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_cclosure_marshal_VOID__VOID+0x84)[0xb6eee3d4] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_closure_invoke+0x1ab)[0xb6ee0c4b] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0[0xb6ef7095] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_signal_emit_valist+0x7dc)[0xb6ef87ac] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_signal_emit+0x26)[0xb6ef8c26] /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0(gtk_button_clicked+0x8a)[0xb71c6eaa] /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0[0xb71c7f58] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_cclosure_marshal_VOID__VOID+0x84)[0xb6eee3d4] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0[0xb6edf3c9] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_closure_invoke+0x1ab)[0xb6ee0c4b] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0[0xb6ef68ee] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_signal_emit_valist+0x7dc)[0xb6ef87ac] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_signal_emit+0x26)[0xb6ef8c26] /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0(gtk_button_released+0x8a)[0xb71c6f4a] /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0[0xb71c6f83] /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0[0xb727b036] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0[0xb6edf3c9] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_closure_invoke+0x1ab)[0xb6ee0c4b] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0[0xb6ef6d3d] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_signal_emit_valist+0x65b)[0xb6ef862b] /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0(g_signal_emit+0x26)[0xb6ef8c26] /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0[0xb739033e] /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0(gtk_propagate_event+0xec)[0xb7273b4c] /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0(gtk_main_do_event+0x2e7)[0xb7274ef7] /usr/lib/libgdk-x11-2.0.so.0[0xb710a50a] /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0(g_main_context_dispatch+0x1e8)[0xb6e436f8] /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0[0xb6e46da3] /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0(g_main_loop_run+0x1d2)[0xb6e472c2] /usr/lib/libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0(gtk_main+0xb9)[0xb72753a9] /usr/lib/libwx_gtk2u_core-2.6.so.0(_ZN11wxEventLoop3RunEv+0x5b)[0xb7bdec1b] /usr/lib/libwx_gtk2u_core-2.6.so.0(_ZN9wxAppBase8MainLoopEv+0x4e)[0xb7c6980e] /usr/lib/libwx_gtk2u_core-2.6.so.0(_ZN9wxAppBase5OnRunEv+0x21)[0xb7c69441] /usr/lib/libwx_baseu-2.6.so.0(_Z7wxEntryRiPPw+0x6a)[0xb79f31ba] /usr/lib/libwx_baseu-2.6.so.0(_Z7wxEntryRiPPc+0x36)[0xb79f3276] ./GENtle[0x81d30c0] /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xe5)[0xb751c685] ./GENtle(__gxx_personality_v0+0x301)[0x8063ac1]

= Memory map:
== 08048000-08325000 r-xp 00000000 08:07 755375    /home/myusername/GENtle/GENtle 08325000-0832d000 rw-p 002dc000 08:07 755375    /home/myusername/GENtle/GENtle 0832d000-08348000 rw-p 0832d000 00:00 0 08fdd000-09735000 rw-p 08fdd000 00:00 0         [heap] b504e000-b50d0000 rw-p b504e000 00:00 0 b50d0000-b511c000 r--p 00000000 08:06 237822    /usr/share/fonts/truetype/ttf-dejavu/DejaVuSansMono.ttf b511c000-b512b000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 90150     /lib/libbz2.so.1.0.4 b512b000-b512c000 r--p 0000f000 08:06 90150     /lib/libbz2.so.1.0.4 b512c000-b512d000 rw-p 00010000 08:06 90150     /lib/libbz2.so.1.0.4 b512d000-b515e000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 109316    /usr/lib/libcroco-0.6.so.3.0.1 b515e000-b5161000 rw-p 00030000 08:06 109316    /usr/lib/libcroco-0.6.so.3.0.1 b5161000-b5191000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 109593    /usr/lib/libgsf-1.so.114.0.8 b5191000-b5193000 r--p 0002f000 08:06 109593    /usr/lib/libgsf-1.so.114.0.8 b5193000-b5194000 rw-p 00031000 08:06 109593    /usr/lib/libgsf-1.so.114.0.8 b5194000-b5195000 rw-p b5194000 00:00 0 b5195000-b51ad000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 139594    /usr/lib/gio/modules/libgvfsdbus.so b51ad000-b51ae000 r--p 00017000 08:06 139594     /usr/lib/gio/modules/libgvfsdbus.so b51ae000-b51af000 rw-p 00018000 08:06 139594     /usr/lib/gio/modules/libgvfsdbus.so b51b6000-b51e7000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 109955     /usr/lib/librsvg-2.so.2.22.3 b51e7000-b51e8000 r--p 00030000 08:06 109955    /usr/lib/librsvg-2.so.2.22.3 b51e8000-b51e9000 rw-p 00031000 08:06 109955    /usr/lib/librsvg-2.so.2.22.3 b51e9000-b5249000 rw-s 00000000 00:09 27983940  /SYSV00000000 (deleted) b5249000-b5260000 r--s 00000000 08:06 188625    /usr/share/mime/mime.cache b5260000-b5262000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 107548    /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libutil-2.8.90.so b5262000-b5263000 r--p 00001000 08:06 107548     /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libutil-2.8.90.so b5263000-b5264000 rw-p 00002000 08:06 107548     /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libutil-2.8.90.so b5264000-b5271000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 109686     /usr/lib/libgvfscommon.so.0.0.0 b5271000-b5272000 r--p 0000d000 08:06 109686    /usr/lib/libgvfscommon.so.0.0.0 b5272000-b5273000 rw-p 0000e000 08:06 109686    /usr/lib/libgvfscommon.so.0.0.0 b5273000-b52a9000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 90164     /lib/libdbus-1.so.3.4.0 b52a9000-b52aa000 r--p 00035000 08:06 90164     /lib/libdbus-1.so.3.4.0 b52aa000-b52ab000 rw-p 00036000 08:06 90164     /lib/libdbus-1.so.3.4.0 b52ba000-b52bd000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 90178     /lib/libgpg-error.so.0.3.0 b52bd000-b52be000 rw-p 00002000 08:06 90178     /lib/libgpg-error.so.0.3.0 b52be000-b5324000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 90176     /lib/libgcrypt.so.11.4.4 b5324000-b5325000 r--p 00065000 08:06 90176     /lib/libgcrypt.so.11.4.4 b5325000-b5327000 rw-p 00066000 08:06 90176     /lib/libgcrypt.so.11.4.4 b5327000-b5337000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 110024    /usr/lib/libtasn1.so.3.0.15 b5337000-b5339000 rw-p 0000f000 08:06 110024    /usr/lib/libtasn1.so.3.0.15 b5339000-b5349000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 107542    /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libresolv-2.8.90.so b5349000-b534a000 r--p 0000f000 08:06 107542     /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libresolv-2.8.90.so b534a000-b534b000 rw-p 00010000 08:06 107542     /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libresolv-2.8.90.so b534b000-b534d000 rw-p b534b000 00:00 0 b534d000-b534f000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 90183     /lib/libkeyutils-1.2.so b534f000-b5351000 rw-p 00001000 08:06 90183      /lib/libkeyutils-1.2.so b5351000-b5358000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 109744     /usr/lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1 b5358000-b5359000 r--p 00006000 08:06 109744    /usr/lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1 b5359000-b535a000 rw-p 00007000 08:06 109744    /usr/lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1 b535a000-b53f1000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 106617    /usr/lib/libgnutls.so.26.4.5 b53f1000-b53f6000 r--p 00096000 08:06 106617    /usr/lib/libgnutls.so.26.4.5 b53f6000-b53f7000 rw-p 0009b000 08:06 106617    /usr/lib/libgnutls.so.26.4.5 b53f7000-b5419000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 109736    /usr/lib/libk5crypto.so.3.1 b5419000-b541a000 r--p 00022000 08:06 109736    /usr/lib/libk5crypto.so.3.1 b541a000-b541b000 rw-p 00023000 08:06 109736    /usr/lib/libk5crypto.so.3.1 b541b000-b54aa000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 109742    /usr/lib/libkrb5.so.3.3 b54aa000-b54ac000 r--p 0008e000 08:06 109742    /usr/lib/libkrb5.so.3.3 b54ac000-b54ad000 rw-p 00090000 08:06 109742    /usr/lib/libkrb5.so.3.3 b54ad000-b54d5000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 109599    /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2 b54d5000-b54d6000 r--p 00028000 08:06 109599    /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2 b54d6000-b54d7000 rw-p 00029000 08:06 109599    /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2 b54d7000-b550a000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 107651    /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 b550a000-b550b000 ---p 00033000 08:06 107651    /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 b550b000-b550c000 r--p 00033000 08:06 107651    /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 b550c000-b550d000 rw-p 00034000 08:06 107651    /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 b550d000-b551a000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 109541    /usr/lib/libgnomecups-1.0.so.1.0.0 b551a000-b551b000 r--p 0000c000 08:06 109541    /usr/lib/libgnomecups-1.0.so.1.0.0 b551b000-b551c000 rw-p 0000d000 08:06 109541    /usr/lib/liAborted

Bernd (talk) 12:51, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) The BLAST-page still hangs...

Using GENtle on WinXP Pro. Attempting to BLAST anything results in immediate shutdown of the software. No prompting for save or anything... Any suggestions? Patches?
 * Fixed in CVS, will go live with the next version. --Magnus Manske 14:33, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Under Mac OSx 10.4.8 (PPC platform), when starting GENtle the program hangs while displaying the introductory splash screen.
 * I can not reproduce this bug on my G4 PowerBook (PPC, 10.4.8). It also runs well on PPC iMac 10.3.9. Was GENtle installed under the same user name you're using? It could potentially be a write access conflict. --Magnus Manske 14:33, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Under OpenSuSE 10.2 x86 the CVS version GENtle builds and works fine. One problem: when blasting a sequence GENtle hangs. Probably a threading issue? This is also the case on OpenSuSE 10.2 x86_64. Follow-up: I tested the latest CVS version (17 Feb 2009) on openSUSE 11.0 and openSUSE 11.1, both x86 and x86_64. Still, when BLASTing anything, GENtle hangs. I used wxWidgets-2.8.9.1 to build. I can send you additional data if you like.

title: GENtle/Bug reports


text:
Developing Genealogy Web-Pages/Content Ideas

=Content Ideas= This is a basic list of Content that can be added to your family page.


text:
Talk:Developing Genealogy Web-Pages

=Discussion= If you have any thoughts or ideas on Developing Genealogy Web-Pages, please e-mail me and I will document the conversation here, as well as adjusting the book, as needed.

Bob Fornal [mailto:bob@fornal.org bob@fornal.org] http://bob.fornal.org

Delete or move this section
This sort of discussion of general website creation etc. does not belong in a book about genealogy. Put it in some book about HTML and hosting and whatever, and link to it from here. Not only does it not belong here, but lots of this information is quite wrong and/or out of date. How many people are actually going to hand-code family websites these days?! A discussion of the various CMSs around that are suitable for genealogical research would be useful, but not this! Sorry if I'm harsh, but I'd love to see this book grow into something that one could recommend to the hordes of 60-something grandmothers who are wanting to 'do their family history'. :-)

What the above user said
But a little less harshly. I would rename the book as "Minimalist Web Development." IMHO, minimalism will never go out of style. I used write web pages that proudly displayed the "Built With Notepad" logo. The right to do that is one of very few things I actually miss about being an ex-Windows user. Also, the digital divide is real, even here in America, so a sneakernet-based method of managing a website is an extremely powerful toolkit to be sharing in the public domain. Perhaps some of my own ideas from http://tribes.tribe.net/netizen would be appropriate for inclusion in such a tome.

N8chz (discuss • contribs) 19:39, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Developing Genealogy Web-Pages


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User talk:Kabl00ey

Hello, welcome to wikibooks!

I saw your comments on the "Votes for Deletion" discussion about your new zealand economics book. I think that the discussion has ended, and we are not going to delete this material. If you would like to continue working on it, there is a good discussion of the wikiformatting on The Help pages, HERE that you can look at. Our formatting is generally much easier then HTML or other types of markup languages that are used (although there is potential to get very complicated, if you want!)

If you would like to continue working on this book (and we all hope that you do), let me know and I will be glad to help you. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 14:50, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kabl00ey


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Civ/CivNet

CivNet put simply is a Windows version of the original civilization with multiplayer support

this being said it did contain a few new features:

King Builder This feature included, allows for the player to create a visual representation of his/her alter ego.

Map Editor As with civilization 2 a map editor was included so that the player could design their own maps, quite a useful feature, one that was lacking in the original civilization

This being said, these extra features are no compensation for the flaws built into this game:

Response time using the interface is slow.

The multiplayer feature is wrought with with lag, sometimes it can take over 5 minutes for the information about each players turn to be sent, even on a DSL connection.

The ability to play a game with simultaneous movement was a good idea, although due to the amount of lag caused by bad programming, or dodgy transmission protocol, meant a player could be attacked by the AI whilst waiting for data to be received or transmitted...

in conclusion this was a cheap effort to use an old game (civilization 1) revamp it, and attempt to pass it off as somethin entirely new. considering that Civilization II had been released at around the same time, Microprose would have been far better off enabling the already programmed multiplayer support in Civilization II and forgetting CivNet.

title: Civ/CivNet


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User talk:Bigsmoot

Thank you for the vote, I certainly appreciate it! Let me know if you need anything at all! --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:04, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bigsmoot


text:
Talk:Diplomacy/Rules

Whoever wrote this has a serious lack of a grasp on the rules, convoying especially. I shall endeavour to correct the mistakes as soon as I can. --81.79.1.235 17:07, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm also going to just give this page some much-needed attention in general. --81.79.1.235 21:29, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

We need to be careful here not to infringe on the copyright to the rules which, I believe, is now held by Hasbro. Also as a textbook, there should probably also be a section on educational uses for Diplomacy. -- Jvv62 20:23, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

This page could use a section on combat resolution and on retreats. 83.255.3.67

Cheating
Could someone please verify that they have been playing Diplomacy were cheating is allowed? --Joti (talk) 20:44, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Never mind, the rules actually say that eavesdropping is fine. --Joti (talk) 14:15, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Control/capture
"the supply centers must be occupied by that Power's units at the end of the Fall move, after the Retreat Phase" <-- this needs to be reworded to indicate that control isn't lost until someone else captures them. Sparr (discuss • contribs) 02:36, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diplomacy/Rules