text:
French/Lessons/Adolescence

Pronominal verbs are verbs that include pronouns. These pronouns are, , , , and and are used as either direct objects or indirect objects, depending on the verb that they modify. When pronominal verbs are conjugated in perfect tenses, is used as the auxiliary verb. There are three types of pronominal verbs: reflexive verbs, reciprocal verbs, and naturally pronominal verbs.

Reflexive verbs
Reflexive verbs reflect the action on the subject:

Reflexive verbs can also be used as infinitives:

Either the conjugated verb or the infinitive can be negated, each with different meanings:

In perfect tenses, the past participles agree with the direct object pronoun, but not the indirect object pronoun, in gender and plurality. Therefore it would only agree when the reflexive pronoun is the direct object; the past participle does not agree with the direct object if it goes after the verb:

Reciprocal verbs
With reciprocal verbs, people perform actions to each other:

Like reflexive verbs, the past participle of reciprocal verbs agrees in number and gender with the direct object if it goes before the verb. It therefore agrees with all reciprocal pronouns that function as direct objects:

The reciprocal pronoun can also function as an indirect object without a direct object pronoun:

Naturally pronominal verbs
Some verbs are pronominal without performing a reflexive or reciprocal action:

In perfect tenses, these verbs agree with the direct object if it goes before the verb; otherwise, the past participle agrees with the subject:

The is used for past habitual actions, to set the scene:

The, as well as the , are used to express punctual actions:

This does not mean that the action had to happen over a very short time, but that it is understood as a single punctual event, now finished.

The will express a more general statement while the  will express a more precise action:

The is used when there are two occurrences in the past and one wants to symbolise that one occurrence happened before the other. In English, this is used in a phrase like I had given him the toy before he went to sleep. In this example, there are two past tenses, but they occur at different times. The can be used to indicate the occurrence of one before the other (essentially, the past before the past).

In French, the is formed by conjugating the auxiliary verb in the  and adding the past participle. So to conjugate in the, one finds the appropriate auxiliary verb , conjugates it  and finds the past participle of. So, the conjugation of in the  becomes  or, in English, I had eaten.

title: French/Lessons/Adolescence


text:
French/Lessons/Revolutionary France

Relative pronouns begin adjective clauses:
 * the man that was here
 * the man that I saw

is the subject of the clause it introduces:

is the direct object of the clause it introduces:

Remember that in perfect tenses, the past participle agrees with the direct object in gender and plurality if the direct object comes before the verb:

If is followed by a vowel, it is shortened to :

Some stems are determined by the past participle; others must be memorized.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: French/Lessons/Revolutionary France


text:
Old English/Fōresprǣc

Alphabet & Pronunciation
The Old English alphabet has a few differences from that of Modern English. It did not have the letters q, z, j and v (k and x are used but rarely). It also had four letters not used in Modern English: Æ/æ (named "Æsh" (Ash)), Þ/þ (named "Þorn" (Thorn)), Ð/ð (named "Ðæt"/"Eð" (Eth)), Ƿ/ƿ (named "Ƿynn"(Wynn)).

Pronunciation
Because the language has been dead for 900 years, we cannot be completely sure how Old English was pronounced. However, we can make good educated guesses at how Old English was pronounced because the Anglo-Saxons almost certainly wrote quite phonetically (that is, they wrote words how they sounded); we can compare it with Middle English, various Modern English dialects, and other closely related Germanic languages; we can look at phonetic poetic strategies used in Old English poems; and we can look at spelling variations and clues within Old English texts themselves.

For the vowels, try listening to the recordings on the right for an example of long and short pronunciations. Notice that short "e", "i", "o", "u", and "y" are all pronounced slightly more "laxed" or open than when they are when long.

B, d, k, t, p, ƿ (w), m, n, and l were all pronounced how they are in such Modern English dialects as General American.

R was possibly pronounced like a trill (like sometimes in Spanish, or by some Scottish English speakers), or as a flap (like a trill, but only once - like by some Irish speakers, or in most cases in Spanish), or similarly to how it is pronounced in Southern British English or General American today. It may have varied between Old English dialects. Most people adopt the tapped/trilled pronunciation.

Þ and Đ
The letters Þ and Đ (written in lower-case as þ and ð) are used for the sounds found initially in the Modern English words "this" and "thin".

A writer's choice of whether to use þ or ð did not indicate which of those two sounds the writer thought he was writing. Instead, the pronunciation can be deduced from the context of the letter: if it occurs between either two vowels, or between a vowel and a voiced consonant, or between a voiced consonant and a vowel, it will itself be voiced; otherwise it won't.

So, for example, in the following words, no matter whether they are spelt with þ or ð, the "th" sound is voiced: "maþm", "eorðan", "cūþra", "ēðel". On the other hand, it is unvoiced in the following: "ðonne", "hǣþstapa", "oð", "hafaþ".

There was no standard way of choosing whether to write þ or ð: one can find cases where the same scribe has written the same word twice on the same page using first one and then the other. Therefore, the reader needn't worry about memorizing which is correct, since either is correct according to personal taste.

S and F
S can be pronounced unvoiced, as "s", or voiced as "z". F can be pronounced unvoiced, as "f", or voiced as "v". The rules for when to do which are just the same as the rules given above for deciding to voice a "th" sound.

So, for example, "f" will be pronounced as an "f" in the words "hlāf", "oft", "foldan"; but like a "v" in the words "hlāfas", "næfne", "nefan". This, by the way, is why in Modern English we have alternations between singular and plural like "wolf"/"wolves" and "loaf"/"loaves".

C
The letter c had two pronunciations: either like the sound we write with a "k" in "kick" (in which case we say it is velar) or like the sound we write with a "ch" in "child" (in which case we say that the "c" is palatalized). It was never pronounced as an "s", as it so often is in Modern English.

It was always palatalized invariably before or after a historical "i" (usually written as such in OE, but sometimes represented as "y", especially in late Old English), and sometimes but not always before or after a letter "e", "æ", or "y" - this is unless it was directly followed by a back vowel (a, o, or u), which case it would be pronounced normally like "k".

In textbooks and other modern works the editors will often help you out by putting a little dot over the "c" when it is pronounced as a "ch" sound, like this: "ċ". However, this is not always done; and the Anglo-Saxons themselves never did so. In this Wikibook, this convention will be used.

G

G had three pronunciations. Often it is pronounced like the "g" in "garden". However, it can also be palatalized under the same circumstances as c, in which case it is pronounced like the "y" in "yes". And when it occurs between two "back vowels" ("a", "o" or "u") then it gets the sound written in the International Phonetic Alphabet as ɣ. It is not easy to describe this sound: however, if you put your tongue in the position it would be in if you were about to say the "g" in "garden", and, keeping your tongue in that position, you then try to say the "y" in "yes" instead, you will produce quite a good approximation to it. In this wikibook, palatalized g will be written with a dotted ġ, to follow the same practice for ċ.

H

The letter "h" at the beginning of a word was pronounced like Modern English "h". However, when not at the beginning of a syllable, it had a more "substantial" pronunciation. It was pronounced like the "ch" in Scottish English "loch" when it followed a back vowel (a, o, or u) or a back vowel and then a non-nasal consonant (like in the word "burg"). See the second recording to the right for an example of this pronunciation. After a frontal vowel (æ, e, i, or y), "h" was pronounced as /ç/, similar to the "ch" in German "ich" or the "h" in the modern English word "hue". For an example of this pronunciation, see the first recording on the right. The sequences hw, hl, hn, hr were pronounced as voiceless versions of w, l, n, and r.

SC
The letters "sc" together very usually represented the sound which in Modern English we write as "sh". So the word "scip" would be pronounced "ship"; and, indeed, it meant "ship". This is one instance of how knowing how to pronounce Old English words makes it easier to learn.

There are exceptions to this rule: for example, in the word "āscian" ("to ask") the "sc" sound is pronounced like the "sk" in Modern English "ask".

Some modern editions will help you by writing "sċ" wherever "sc" has the "sh" pronunciation. As usual, we should note that the Anglo-Saxons themselves didn't ever do this.

CG
The letters "cg" written together represented the sound which in Modern English is written as "j" or "dg". So Old English "hecg" would be pronounced like Modern English "hedge", which, again, is exactly what it means.

NG
The letters ng represent a similar sound to Modern English "ng", except that the "g" sound is always pronounced, as it is in Modern English "anger" and "linger", not dropped as it is in "clanger" and "singer".

R
In many modern British dialects, and some modern American dialects, the letter "r" is unpronounced at the end of a word, so that the word "sister" comes out more like "sistuh". In Old English the letter "r" is pronounced whenever it is written.

Ƿ
In writings of Old English using the Latin alphabet, initially "uu" was used for /w/, but it was later replaced with the rune wynn ( Ƿ and ƿ ). However, it was once again replaced with "uu" due to French influence, which is the origin of modern English "w". Modern versions usually substitute "w" for "ƿ".

Double consonants

In Old English, if a consonant is written as a double consonant, for example in the word "ƿinnan", it is pronounced as a double consonant: "ƿin-nan". In Modern English such doubling is only found in the middle of compound words: for example, the sound in the middle of Modern English "penknife" is like the double n in "ƿinnan".

Listen to the examples on the right. The first is the word layman, where "m" is pronounced short, and then the two words "lame man", where "m" is pronounced long. The second example is the word "ready", with a short "d", and then the two words "red d" (as in the letter d), with a long "d" pronunciation.

Vowel length
In Old English a long vowel was a lengthened version of the shorter vowel, or very similar, unlike in Modern English where the "long e" in "seem" is actually a quite different vowel to the "short e" in "bed".

Historically, long vowels in Old English were usually not explicitly written as such. Occasionally they were, by doubling the vowel letter. Historically in OE, macrons were used above a vowel to show that the vowel was followed by a nasal consonant (m or n) without having to write the consonant.

However, on this Wikibook, long vowels are written with a macron.

No silent consonants
Modern English has a number of cases where written consonants are silent: the "w" in "wren", the "b" in dumb, the "g" in "gnat", the "k" in "knight" and so on. These silent consonants were all pronounced in Old English: the equivalent words are spelt "ƿrænna", "dumb", "gnætt", and "cniht", and every consonant receives its full value, no matter how awkward you find it to pronounce.

The same is true of consonant combinations that in Modern English we no longer even write, such as the "ƿl" in "ƿlanc" (meaning "proud") or the "hl" in "hlædel" (meaning "ladle").

Example of Old English Pronunciation (Lines 1-11 of Beowulf)
]

[1] Hƿæt! Ƿē Gārdena in geārdagum

[2] þēodcyninga þrym gefrūnon,

[3] hū þā æðelingas ellen fremedon.

[4] Oft Sċyld Sċēfing sċeaðena þrēatum,

[5] monegum mǣgðum meodosetla oftēah.

[6] Egsode eorl, syððan ǣrest ƿearð

[7] fēasċeaft funden; hē þæs frōfre gebād:

[8] Ƿēox under ƿolcnum, ƿeorðmyndum ðāh,

[9] ōð þæt him ǣghƿylċ þāra ymbsittendra

[10] ofer hronrāde hȳran sċolde,

[11] Gomban gyldan: þæt ƿæs gōd cyning!

title: Old English/Fōresprǣc


text: General Astronomy/The Modern View of the Cosmos


text:
User talk:Thedamned

You may write something about yourself on your User page. --George D. Bozovic talk 20:37, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

authors: Ђорђе Д. Божовић~enwikibooks

title: User talk:Thedamned


text:
University of Alberta Guide/STAT/222/Uniform Random Variables

Uniform Random Variables are used where each outcome of an event is equally probable. For $$p_{U}(u) = P(U \leq u)$$ where $$U\,$$ is some $$[a,b]\,$$-Uniform Random Variable, $$p_{U}(u)\,$$ will always be zero unless $$(a \leq u \leq b)$$. When $$(a \leq u \leq b)$$, then $$p_{U}(u) = \frac{1}{b - a}$$.

Links

 * The Continuous Uniform Distribution
 * The Discrete Uniform Distribution


text:
University of Alberta Guide/STAT/222/Independence and Conditional Expectations

The basic idea behind independence is that if your random variables (or vectors) are independent then the combination of several of these random variable/vectors $$\left(P\left(X_{1} \leq x_{1}, ..., X_{d} \leq x_{d}\right)\right)$$ can be multiplied together.

Given $$T_{1}, T_{2}\,$$ are independent $$\lambda\,\mbox{-Exponential}$$ random variables, then $$E\left[T_{1} + T_{2}\right] = E\left[2T_{1}\right] = E\left[2T_{2}\right]$$. But $$\mbox{Var}\left(T_{1} + T_{2}\right) < \mbox{Var}\left(2T_{1}\right)$$. This is because $$\mbox{Var}\left(T_{1} + T_{2}\right) = \mbox{Var}\left(T_{1}\right) + \mbox{Var}\left(T_{2}\right) = 2\mbox{Var}\left(T_{1}\right)$$ by independence, whereas $$\mbox{Var}\left(2T_{1}\right) = 2^{2}\cdot\mbox{Var}\left(T_{1}\right)$$.

See the equations section for some more examples.


text:
Template:General Astronomy/Header

{{#switch:{{{1}}} }}
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 * Curr=The Big Picture
 * Next=Short History of the Universe
 * Context={{{Context|inplace}}}
 * Short History of the Universe =
 * Scientific Notation =
 * The Scientific Method =
 * What People do in Astronomy =
 * Current Unsolved Mysteries =

{{#switch:{{{Context|inplace}}}|transclude= [{{fullurl:Astronomy/{{{Curr}}}|action=edit}} edit section]
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title: Template:General Astronomy/Header


text: Template:General Astronomy/Footer

title: Template:General Astronomy/Footer


text:
User:Lord Solar

The user page for Lord Solar

title: User:Lord Solar


text:
Scriptol

Table of Contents

 * /The Scriptol Programming Language/
 * /If Control Structure/
 * /For In/
 * /While Let/
 * /Scan By/
 * /Xml or class/

title: Scriptol


text:
Yubnub

Table of Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Queries/
 * /Utilities/
 * /Search Related Commands/
 * /Application Commands/
 * /Appendix/

title: Yubnub


text:
Talk:Yubnub

Transwiki from Yubnub commands

 * 00:53, 2 March 2006 Gandalfxviv (moved to wikibooks)
 * 02:26, 24 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Commands for Advance Users:)
 * 15:58, 20 February 2006 Cmdrjameson m (Wikipedia URL→wikilink)
 * 23:56, 14 February 2006 Shantanuo m (→Commands to watch:)
 * 23:55, 14 February 2006 Shantanuo m (→Award winning search related commands:)
 * 23:54, 14 February 2006 Shantanuo m (→Award winning Yahoo related commands:)
 * 10:02, 12 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Useful commands for Mobile devices)
 * 10:29, 2 February 2006 71.208.236.164 (→commands for programmers:)
 * 09:20, 2 February 2006 67.141.26.204 (→Favorite commands)
 * 01:22, 2 February 2006 RHaworth
 * 23:43, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Useful commands for Mobile devices)
 * 23:41, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Commands for Yubnub developers)
 * 23:38, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Update blog)
 * 23:37, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Search related commands:)
 * 23:36, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→bookmarks)
 * 23:35, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo
 * 23:26, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→commands for programmers:)
 * 23:25, 1 February 2006 220.105.86.187 (→logrithms)
 * 23:23, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Applications)
 * 23:16, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Applications)
 * 23:12, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Useful commands for Mobile devices)
 * 23:11, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Applications)
 * 23:08, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Applications)
 * 23:07, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Applications)
 * 23:05, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Commands for Advance Users:)
 * 23:03, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→bypass login)
 * 23:03, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Applications (email & alias))
 * 23:01, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→commands for programmers:)
 * 23:00, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→commands for programmers:)
 * 22:57, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→All Google Commands:)
 * 22:56, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Search related commands:)
 * 22:54, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→bookmarks)
 * 22:52, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→useful commands:)
 * 22:48, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Commands to watch:)
 * 22:46, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Google Commands:)
 * 22:45, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Commands to watch:)
 * 22:43, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Commands for Advance Users:)
 * 22:40, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Dictionary related commands:)
 * 22:38, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Useful commands for Mobile devices)
 * 22:38, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo
 * 22:19, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (→Commands to watch:)
 * 22:12, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo
 * 22:09, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo
 * 21:45, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo
 * 21:44, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo
 * 21:38, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo
 * 21:37, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo
 * 21:36, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo
 * 21:33, 1 February 2006 Xaosflux (tech, stub)
 * 21:32, 1 February 2006 Shantanuo (Added Yahoo related yubnub commands)

title: Talk:Yubnub


text:
Talk:Electronics/AC Voltage and Current

The statement "current is the negative derivative of voltage" does not agree with the shown equation.

title: Talk:Electronics/AC Voltage and Current


text:
Cell Biology/Print version

Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_Biology Remember to click "refresh" to view this version. = Table of contents = Introduction Types of cells Parts of the cell Cell division Genes
 * Size of cell
 * What is a cell?
 * What is the difference between elements?
 * What is living?
 * What is interesting about cell biology?
 * What is a tertiary protein?
 * Prokaryotes
 * Bacteria
 * Eukaryotes
 * Unique Properties of Plant Cells
 * Membranes
 * Organelles
 * Genetic material
 * Energy supply (chloroplasts and mitochondria)
 * Cell cycle
 * Meiosis
 * Mitosis
 * Expression
 * Translation

=Introduction=

=Size of cells= =What is a cell?=

=What is the difference between elements?=

=What is living?=

=What is interesting about cell biology?=

=Types of cells= =Prokaryotes=

=Bacteria=

=Eukaryotes=

=Unique Properties of Plant Cells=

=Parts of the cell= =Membranes=

=Organelles=

=Genetic material=

=Energy supply (chloroplasts and mitochondria)=

=Cell division= =Cell cycle=

=Meiosis=

=Mitosis=

=Genes= =Expression=

=Translation=

title: Cell Biology/Print version


text:
Cell Biology/Authors

Contributors to Cell Biology
Mark Dalton

Amie Kim

Emperorbma

Theresa Knott

Allen Llew

Magnus Manske

Marshman

JW Schmidt

Karl Wick

Odhiambo Siangla

Read-write-services (Richard)

Grant Robinson

Cybergoth

Monk talk

title: Cell Biology/Authors


text:
Template:Click

This template has been updated to use the ImageMap Extension, and tries to be as backwards compatible as possible.

Options:

 * image: what image should be used? (name of image without Image: or File: prefix)
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 * type: what type of box should the image use? (thumb, thumbnail, frame, or frameless. default: frameless)
 * desc: description to use if type isn't frameless
 * link: what page should this image link to? (default: image description page)
 * alt: alternative text to show instead of link (shown as a tooltip in graphical browsers typically. default: same as link)

ar:قالب:Click da:Skabelon:Klik de:Vorlage:Link-Bild fr:Modèle:Lien sur image is:Snið:Smella nl:Sjabloon:Klik zh:Template:Click pt:Predefinição:Click th:แม่แบบ:Click

title: Template:Click


text:
Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Why use Technology in Education/Naturalist Intelligence

The Naturalist Intelligence

During 1983 Dr Howard Gardner came up with his theory that there were 7 multiple intelligences. This was published in his book, Frames of Mind (1983). His theory was that there were single human intelligences that could be assessed using standard psychometric testing and these could be used within education, particularly with performance based testing.

The original seven intelligences identified within Gardner’s book “Frames of Mind” (1983) were:-

“Linguistic intelligence: sensitivity to the meaning and order of words Logical-mathematical intelligence: ability in mathematics and other complex logical systems Musical intelligence: the ability to understand and create music. Musicians, composers and dancers show a heightened musical intelligence Spatial intelligence: the ability to “think in pictures”, to perceive the visual world accurately and recreate (or alter) it in the mind or on paper. Spatial intelligence is highly developed in artists, architects, designers and sculptors Bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence: the ability to use one’s body in a skilled way, for self expression towards a goal Interpersonal intelligence: an ability to perceive and understand other individuals – their moods, desires and motivations. Intrapersonal intelligence: an understanding of one’s own emotions” Education World - Curriculum

From the original list he added that of Naturalist Intelligence. This occurred during 1996 when Gardner identified that it was a person’s intelligence that could differentiate patterns of nature

Right back from the beginning of time itself, it was the Naturalist Intelligence that ensured that our ancestors survived. Examples of Natural Intelligence are when a person can assess if particular areas of water are fit to drink, classifying and identifying which plants were edible, and discrimination between animals.

It is also linked to observing and understanding the natural environment from lakes, rivers and mountains to butterflies and birds. Charles Darwin is a specific example of someone with great Natural intelligence. He would link his theories to what he observed and analysed around him.

Gardner’s definition of intelligence was “the human ability to solve problems or to make something that is valued in one or more cultures”. Naturalist intelligence fitted directly into this statement.

A person with naturalist intelligence would be someone who took every opportunity to access an interact with multiple elements of nature

http://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr054.shtml


text:
Horticulture/Organic Gardening

Organic Gardening (also called Organic Horticulture) is a growing practice among gardeners around the world, as an alternative to gardening through the use of synthetic chemicals. This wikibook contains techniques and tips for gardeners wishing to use organic methods.

While the movement behind organic gardening began as a "back to basics" movement, over the past several decades the practice has become enriched by scientific research in the fields of ecology, ethnobotany, microbiology, and agronomy.

The practice of organic gardening can be described as "gardening with a limited toolbox", since organic gardeners do not use synthetic fertilizers or other synthetic chemicals. Non-synthetic fertilisers and chemicals can be used, however, depending on the gardeners preference.

Horticulture does not (at least presently) have separate pages for organic gardeners, but rather points out the "organic remedies" when a particular issue is discussed.

 * Why grow organic?
 * General differences in approach
 * List of organic fertilizers
 * List of organic herbicides
 * List of organic pest controls
 * Beneficial organisms
 * List of organic disease controls

/Techniques

title: Horticulture/Organic Gardening


text:
User talk:Enochlau

Please direct all comments to w:User talk:Enochlau.

title: User talk:Enochlau


text:
Horticulture/Vermicomposting

<Horticulture/Soils and Composts '''This is a wiki textbook -- feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and otherwise increase its teaching potential. To find out more about wikis, see the Wikipedia main page.''' Editor's Note: Please see this Temporary Page (Contains the original wikipedia article... see discussion page), as this chapter is based on a transwiki.

Vermicomposting is the art, science, or practice of cultivating worms for their castings (excretions from an earthworm, the end product of vermicomposting). Most commonly done on a small scale by gardeners, vermicomposting is an easy way to convert kitchen scraps and other organic matter into a useful compost which can be used in the garden or even in potted plants. Vermicomposting can be done both indoors and outdoors, and is commonly practiced in both urban and rural areas. This chapter is a how-to manual to help aspiring vermicomposters get started.

Preface (about vermicomposting/why vermicompost)
Vermicomposting is a great way to turn your kitchen scraps into useful material for the garden.

Vermicomposting can be done either indoors or outdoors, and is a great way for urbanites to compost their kitchen scraps.

Vermicomposting is fun for children.

Vermicompost is a superior soil amendment.

Vermicomposting keeps "recyclable" materials out of the landfill.

Choosing the right strategy (indoor/outdoor, etc.)
There are several methods for making vermicompost, from small scale indoor bins to large windrow-based operations. When choosing which strategy to use, there are several things to take into account.

 * 1) First, you'll need to determine what space is available. Will it be indoors or outdoors?
 * 2) Second, you'll need to know how much materials will be on hand for fodder. For most people, this will depend on family size and diet (i.e., how much vegetable waste is produced per week), though larger operations such as farms and restaurants will need to make a more complicated calculation.
 * 3) For larger scale methods such as windrows, you'll need to make a realistic estimation about how it will be aerated (e.g., by pitchfork? by tractor? by windrow turner?)

Indoor Vermicomposting

 * Indoor setups
 * Non-Continuous Bins
 * (From the WP article:) Non-Continuous – A non-continuous bin is an undivided container. A layer of bedding materials is placed in the bin lining the bottom and worms are added and organic matter for composting is added in a layer above the bedding. Another layer is added on top of the organic matter and the worms will start to compost the organic matter and bedding. These type of bins are often used because they are small in size and easy to build. They are relatively difficult to harvest because all the materials and worms must be emptied out when harvesting.
 * Instructions for building this bin

 * Continuous Vertical-Flow Bins
 * (From the WP article:) Continuous Vertical Flow – Continuous flow bins are a series of trays stacked vertically. The bottom-most tray is filled first, in a similar fashion to any other bin, but is not harvested when it is full. Instead, a thick layer of bedding is added on top and the tray above is used for adding organic material. The idea is that the worms will finish composting the bottom tray and then migrate to the one above. When a sufficient number of worms have migrated the bottom tray can be collected and should be relatively free of worms. These bins provide an easier method of harvesting.
 * Instructions for building this bin

 * Continuous Horizontal Flow
 * (From the WP article:) Continuous Horizontal Flow  – A continuous horizontal flow bin is another a bin that relies on the earthworms habits of migrating towards a food source in order to ease the process of harvesting. The bin is usually constructed to be similar to a non-continuous bin but twice as long (horizontally). The bin is divided in half, usually by a large gauge screen of chicken wire. Only one side is used initially. When that half becomes full, the other half is filled with bedding and organic matter. In time, the worms will migrate to the side with the food and the compost can be collected. These bins are larger than a non-continuous system but are still small enough to be used indoors, with the added bonus of being easier to harvest.
 * Instructions for building this bin

Outdoor Vermicomposting

 * Outdoor Setups
 * Wire Bins
 * Piles
 * Windrows

How to use your vermicompost
/Composting

title: Horticulture/Vermicomposting


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Vermicomposting

This is a copy-paste from wikipedia... it's a very good start on a how-to book, but probably not so great as a 'pedia article. I'll work on fixing the red links over the next few days. Johnny 15:38, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Please help!
I'm "advertising" this book on a few web forums, in the hopes of getting people with know-how to help write this book. Johnny 19:20, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Please be careful when copying from Wikipedia
I am having some trouble understanding why this book needs a temporary page containing a Wikipedia article, when the article is already available at Wikipedia. (I guess that it is to help users expand the article into a book. I would have copied sections of the article into subpages.)

Also understand that Wikipedia is not in the public domain. We can only use Wikipedia content under their GNU Free Documentation License. I do not bother with the license details, but is is a requirement to mention that the book is derived from a Wikipedia article. --Kernigh 04:56, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It's here to be worked on, as the stuff in the article needs to be reorganized to make a good skeleton for a book. Due to the how-to nature of the article, it might get some heavy editing over at the WP end, so seemed a good idea to put a copy here. Johnny 10:43, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposal...
Will put the tag in when I figure it out. This book should be merged into A Wikimanual of Gardening. Johnny 16:15, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Merged now (obviously). Johnny 15:46, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horticulture/Vermicomposting


text:
Tagalog/History of the Tagalog Wikibook

Each succeeding evolution of the Tagalog Wikibook has brought new promise over itself. This is a history of this Wikibook.

Inception
On May 18, 2005, a new Wikibook came on the scene: the Filipino Wikibook. Started by an anonymous user (whose IP address at the time was 222.158.192.164), the book only contained a link to the Tagalog Wikipedia page, a Wikipedia page on the languages of the Philippines, and the three basic conditional greetings now covered in Lesson 1 (good morning, good afternoon and good evening and how are you?). For a Wikibook it was very small, but a stepping stone towards the current book.

First edits
The first edit of the new Filipino Wikibook came nearly a month later after the inception of this Wikibook: on June 11, 2005. Another anonymous user (whose IP address was 131.104.232.68 at the time) added more greetings, such as gender and gratitude (lalaki/babae and salamat).

The next eight edits came sixteen days after the very first edit (all within two days, from June 27-28, 2005): it added on pronouns and information on Tagalog nouns (now a separate lesson). These were contributed by Jondel.

More edits
The next collection of edits by anonymous users and users Aya and Lotusduck were mainly cosmetic changes and some information additions. It was also here that the book's first lesson was conceived: the lesson spawned ideas on common Filipino greetings. It was also during these edits that, in a move towards consensus, the Filipino Wikibook was renamed the Tagalog Wikibook.

Major revamp
A few months after the last edit, on February 9, 2006, a major revamp of the Tagalog Wikibook was established over the course of two weeks by user Akira123323. The old book structure was scrapped (except the nouns and markers section, which was moved) and a new structure adopted to better suit the book. More lessons, grammar lessons, literature and introductions, though at first blank, were added, and eventually were filled. The book was also partially written in Tagalog (such as titles) during this period.

Another revamp came when the main Tagalog Wikibook page was changed: the table of contents moved to its own page and the main page giving the title page. Currently, there are 12 main lessons (four have been written) and 13 grammar lessons (two written), as well as literature.

Eventually, pages were moved to conform to the preferred Wikibooks structure by user Jguk near the end of February 2006. This led to the present book.

^ Table of Contents ^ | <<Authors of the Tagalog Wikibook | History of the Tagalog Wikibook

title: Tagalog/History of the Tagalog Wikibook


text:
Horticulture/Vermicomposting/transwiki

This is the [wikipedia article] as copied on March 2, 2006.

Vermicompost (or Worm Compost) is the name for the castings produced from the breakdown of organic matter by special varieties of earthworms. Compared to ordinary soil, the earthworm castings (the material produced from the digestive tracts of worms) contain five times more nitrogen, seven times more phosphorus and 11 times more potassium. They are rich in humic acids and improve the structure of the soil.

The earthworm most often to be found in the compost heap is Brandling Worms (Eisenia foetida), or Redworms (Lumbricus rubellus). This species is only rarely found in soil and is adapted to the special conditions in rotting vegetation, compost and manure piles. Earthworms are available from mail-order suppliers, or from angling shops where they are sold as bait. Small scale vermicomposting is well suited to turn kitchen wastes into high quality soil where space is limited.

In addition to worms, a healthy vermicomposting system hosts many other organisms such as insects, molds, and bacteria. Though these all play a role in the composting process, the earthworm is the major catalyst for the composting process.

Bins
Vermicomposting bins vary drastically depending on the system an individual composter wishes to create.

Small scale
Small scale systems offer a wide variety of bins. Often, small-scale composters build their own bins. Companies also offer commercial models for sale. Commonly, bins are built out of old plastic containers, wood, Styrofoam containers, or metal containers.

Some materials are less desirable than others in bin construction. Styrofoam is believed to release toxins into the earthworms' environment. Metal containers often conduct heat too readily, are prone to rusting, and may release heavy metals into compost.

The design of small bins usually depends on where an individual wishes to store the bin and how they wish to feed the worms. All bins in general have holes for airflow in the sides and some form of drainage, either holes in the bottom to drain on to a collection tray or an actual spout that can be opened or closed to allow drainage. Plastic bins in general require more drainage than wooden because they are non absorbent. Regardless of the material used to build the bin, most small bins can be grouped into three categories:

 * Non-Continuous – A non-continuous bin is an undivided container. A layer of bedding materials is placed in the bin lining the bottom and worms are added and organic matter for composting is added in a layer above the bedding. Another layer is added on top of the organic matter and the worms will start to compost the organic matter and bedding. These type of bins are often used because they are small in size and easy to build. They are relatively difficult to harvest because all the materials and worms must be emptied out when harvesting.
 * Continuous Vertical Flow – Continuous flow bins are a series of trays stacked vertically. The bottom-most tray is filled first, in a similar fashion to any other bin, but is not harvested when it is full. Instead, a thick layer of bedding is added on top and the tray above is used for adding organic material. The idea is that the worms will finish composting the bottom tray and then migrate to the one above. When a sufficient number of worms have migrated the bottom tray can be collected and should be relatively free of worms. These bins provide an easier method of harvesting.
 * Continuous Horizontal Flow – A continuous horizontal flow bin is another a bin that relies on the earthworms habits of migrating towards a food source in order to ease the process of harvesting. The bin is usually constructed to be similar to a non-continuous bin but twice as long (horizontally). The bin is divided in half, usually by a large gauge screen of chicken wire. Only one side is used initially. When that half becomes full, the other half is filled with bedding and organic matter. In time, the worms will migrate to the side with the food and the compost can be collected. These bins are larger than a non-continuous system but are still small enough to be used indoors, with the added bonus of being easier to harvest.

Large scale
Most large scale vermicomposting or vermiculturing systems do not incorporate an actual physical bin at all, because it is simply too impracticable. A large system will usually use a windrow. The windrow simply consists of bedding materials for the earthworms to live in (see bedding below) and acts as a large worm bin; organic material is added to the windrow and the worms perform the composting. Although the windrow has no physical barriers to prevent worms from escaping, in theory they should not due to an abundance of organic matter for them to feed on. Often times windrows are used on a concrete surface to prevent predators from killing off worm populations.

Starting Off
When beginning a vermicomposting bin, add as many composting worms as available. They should be added to moist bedding. Quantities of kitchen waste appropriate for the worm population can be added to the bin daily or weekly. At first, feed the worms approximately 1/2 their body weight in kitchen scraps a day, maximum. After they have established themselves, you can feed them up to their entire body weight.

Bedding
Bedding in a worm bin is the living medium for the worms but is also used as a food source, it is material that is high in carbon and is made to mimic dried leaves on the forest floor, which is the worms' natural habitat. The bedding needs to be moist (often related to the consistency of a wrung-out sponge) and loose to enable the earthworms to breath and to facilitate aerobic decomposition. A wide variety of bedding materials can be used including newspaper, sawdust, hay, cardboard, peat moss, aged manure (meaning the manure has to be pre-composted before use), and dried leaves. Most vermicomposters avoid using any glossy papers from newspapers and magazines, junk mail and shredded paper from offices, because they may contain toxins which will severely affect the system. Also some cardboard cannot be used if it contains wax or plastic, such as cereal boxes, and other boxes designed to hold food items. Newspapers and phone books printed on regular, non-glossy pages are heavily regulated by the FDA and use non-toxic soy and Canola based inks (see Soy ink).

Temperature
The worms that are used in composting systems prefer temperatures between 55 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit (c. 12-21 degrees Celsius), and temperature of the bedding should not get below freezing or above 85 degrees Fahrenheit (29 degrees Celsius).

Kitchen waste

 * Greens - If too much kitchen waste is added for the worms to process, the waste will putrify. A balance between "green matter" such as kitchen scraps and "brown matter" such as shredded newspaper for bedding must be maintained in order for the worms to do their work. This balance should be approximately one part "green matter" for every two parts of "brown matter". Covering the kitchen scraps with a layer of "brown matter" also has the added benefit of reducing odor and insect problems.  Avoid grass clippings or other plant products that have been sprayed with pesticides. In a small bin, this includes banana peels which can kill everything in the bin, if heavily sprayed.

 * Meats - Although proteins such as fats and meat scraps can be processed by a vermicompost bin, doing so tends to attract scavengers and should be avoided if this is a risk. Worms are unable to break down bone or synthetic material.

 * Fecal Matter - Fecal material of omnivores and carnivores is unsuitable for composting due to the dangerous microorganisms it contains, though thermophilic composting or other applied heat can mitigate this problem. People have reported successfully using cow, rabbit, or goat manure to help start up the bin. If done, this should be used in small quantities. If you are vermicomposting inside your home, you may want to avoid including manure or dairy products in your compost because they may have an unpleasant odor.

Over the long term, care should be taken to maintain optimum moisture levels and pH balance. In a non-continuous-flow vermicomposting bin, excess liquid can be drained via a tap and used as plant food. A continuous flow bin will not retain excess liquid and it requires extra water to be added to keep the bedding moist. Too many citrus peels in the material to be composted can cause excessive acidity, but this can be mitigated by adding an occasional handful of lime.

Worms as well as other microorganisms in the composting process require oxygen, so the bin must "breathe". This can be accomplished by regularly removing the composted material, adding holes to a composting bin, or using a continuous-flow bin. If insufficient oxygen is available, the compost will become anaerobic. This will provide a host environment for a different type of decay process which produces a strong odor offensive to most people. This type of decay is found in swamps and bogs and is responsible for the stench sometimes found in these environments.

Feeding methods
There are basically two methods of adding more matter to the bin.
 * The first method, known as top feeding, is when organic matter placed directly on top of the existing layer bedding in a bin and then covered with another layer of bedding. This is repeated every time the bin is fed.
 * The other method of feeding is known as pocket feeding. In this method a top layer of bedding is maintained and food is buried beneath. The location of the food is changed each time and often the bin is fed in more than one location. As bedding runs low more is added. Vermicomposters often use a combination of both methods. Sometimes by not burying the food it can attract fruit flies.

Problems

 * Odors - When this occurs it is usually due to the overabundance of "greens" in the bin, which is actually too much nitrogen combining with hydrogen and forms the ammonia. To neutralize the odors you want to add a fair amount of carbon to the mix.  The carbon will instead absorb the nitrogen and form a compound that is not smelly. Paper and dried leaves are good sources of carbon.  Take note; too much carbon added slows the decomposition process considerably.

 * Pests - certain types of material, as well as odours from these, can attract pests such as rodents and flies. This is especially true if the loading contains lots of kitchen waste, especially meat. This problem is largely negated if a sealed bin is used where the pests cannot access the material. Most domestic vermicomposters are advised by local authorities to avoid the problem of pests by avoiding using materials that attract them rather than relying on special containers.

Note: Red Wiggler worms are not native to North America. They are an invasive species and have become naturalized in most of the globe. Do not dump worm-containing compost in natural areas as they can have the effect of displacing the native worms.

Vermicompost properties
Worm compost is usually too rich for use as a seed compost, but is useful as a top layer of soil or an addition to potting composts. Some types of pitted seeds are reportedly easier to germinate when placed in vermicompost for several months.

Vermicompost is beneficial for soil in three ways:
 * It improves the physical structure of the soil.
 * It improves the biological properties of the soil (enrichment of micro-organisms, addition of growth hormones such as auxins and gibberellic acid, and addition of enzymes, such as phosphates, cellulase, etc.).
 * It attracts deep-burrowing earthworms already present in the soil.

title: Horticulture/Vermicomposting/transwiki


text:
A-level Chemistry/OCR

This is a book about A-level Chemistry, designed to follow the new 2008 OCR syllabus, but is not endorsed by OCR. It will hopefully be useful as a revision guide or for alternative explanations to the ones in your textbook or from your tutor.

AS Units

 * Atoms, Bonds and Groups
 * Module 1: Atoms and Reactions
 * Atoms
 * Moles and Equations
 * Acids
 * Redox
 * Module 2: Electrons, Bonding and Structure
 * /Atomic Structure/
 * Module 3: The Periodic Table
 * Periodicity
 * /Group 2/
 * /Group 7/
 * Chains, Energy and Resources
 * Module 1: Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons
 * Basic Concepts
 * Alkanes
 * Alkenes
 * Module 2: Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Analysis
 * Alcohols
 * Halogenoalkanes
 * Modern Analytical Techniques
 * Module 3: Energy
 * Enthalpy Changes
 * Rates and Equilibrium
 * Module 4: Resources
 * Chemistry of the Air
 * Green Chemistry

A2 modules

 * Rings, Polymers and Analysis
 * Module 1: Rings, Acids and Amines
 * /Arenes/
 * Carbonyl Compounds
 * Carboxylic Acids and Esters
 * Amines
 * Module 2: Polymers and Synthesis
 * Amino Acids and Chirality
 * Polyesters and Polyamides
 * Synthesis
 * Module 3: Analysis
 * Chromatography
 * Spectroscopy
 * Equilibria, Energetics and Elements
 * Module 1: Rates, Equilibrium and pH
 * How Fast?
 * How Far?
 * Acids, Bases and Buffers
 * Module 2: Energy
 * Lattice Enthalpy
 * Enthalpy and Entropy
 * Electrode Potentials and Fuel Cells
 * Module 3: Transition Elements
 * Transition Elements

title: A-level Chemistry/OCR


text:
Macroeconomics/Employment and Unemployment

Consequences of Unemployment
Governments are always trying to reduce the level of unemployment, but why? What is so bad about not working? Well, the effects of unemployment can be roughly split into direct and indirect effects:

Direct Effects

 * Fall in National Output - Labour, remember, is a factor of production. Hence, a fall in the overall supply of labour caused by higher levels of unemployment will result (cp) in a fall in national output. However, if the unemployment is caused by factor substitution i.e. labour is substituted by new machinery, then a fall in National Output may not necessarily result
 * Loss of personal income - Those not working will encounter a fall in their living standards, as their income falls. The unemployed will have less purchasing power, and less disposable income. Of course, the dole may in fact provide more income than working, and the increased free time may be considered more valuable than working, though this is in the extreme minority

Indirect Effects

 * Negative Multiplier Effect - Unemployed individuals, as mentioned above, are not able to spend as much money on goods and services, so a negative multiplier effect may result. For example, local businesses may suffer as a result of recent job losses in an area, meaning that purchases from suppliers will fall, and so on. Many areas where large job losses have occurred experience this effect, unless governments intervene.
 * Loss of tax revenue - A fall in income results in a fall both in direct and indirect taxes. Why? Direct taxes come from wages, whilst indirect taxes come from the products those wages would have been spent on. As a result, governments must either raise the level of tax on existing wage earners, or reduce government spending (or borrow, which is unpopular but not necessarily always a bad idea). Both policies have a depressive effect on the economy.
 * Society - Inequalities in wealth and income, and high unemployment have been shown to be linked to negative social effects, such as high crime rates in these areas. The lack of money to spend on private health care, healthy goods and living, means that those who are unemployed often lead less healthy lifestyles and have less backup when things go wrong. Also, children from unemployed households often have had poorer education and hold fewer skills than average, upon entering work, meaning that high unemployment levels can be self-perpetuating through time.

Policies to reduce Unemployment
Government policies to reduce unemployment must be based upon the types and causes of unemployment that are prevalent. It may be worth glancing back to that section to remind yourself of the major kinds of unemployment; however, we will go into more detail in this section. General policies such as cuts in direct taxes should be effective across any kind of unemployment, as it increases the appeal of any job to any potential employee.

Real Wage Unemployment
This is unemployment as a result of a kind of market failure, a failure of the labour market to respond to changes in demand. If demand for workers rises, it is logical that they will demand greater real wages (diagram). Similarly, if demand falls, workers should expect to suffer lower real wages for the same work. Unfortunate though it may seem, that is the way the market works! Real wage unemployment is usually caused by a combination of: Government policies to tackle this form of unemployment are invariably unpopular for workers, as their wage levels are threatened to the benefit of firms and businesses. However, it is largely appreciated that, for example, overly strong trade unions can utterly paralyse an economy (see Margeret Thatcher's time as Prime Minister in the UK). Policies to combat real wage unemployment include trade union reform (reducing their powers), increasing firms' ability to change wages and encouraging shorter term contracts and ensuring that the minimum wage level does not adversely impact the economy.
 * Strong trade unions - giving employees greater power over deciding wage conditions with the threat of industrial action (strikes etc.) With strong unions, firms will not be able to reduce wages when demand is low, leading to bankruptcy (unemployment) or layoffs of workers (unemployment)
 * Wage 'stickiness' - Employees on long term contracts will have a fixed wage over a long period of time. If a downturn in demand occurs, wages cannot fall immediately in response - they are 'sticky'
 * Minimum wage - This is a characteristic of most modern economies, guaranteeing every worker a minimum standard of living. Whilst this is undoubtedly wonderful, if the minimum wage is set too high, the labour market is once again inflexible

Frictional Unemployment
Remember, this is unemployment generated through incomplete information of the labour market. This can be solved in two main ways. Firstly, increasing the knowledge of the local vacancies through government funded 'job centres' could reduce time between jobs. Secondly, increasing the incentive to search for suitable jobs (such as reducing unemployment benefits and lower taxes on wages) could serve the dual purpose of increasing incentives to search for work, and making more vacancies acceptable to the unemployed individuals.

Cyclical Unemployment
It is worth noting that this form of unemployment can also be known as Keynesian or demand-deficient unemployment. Over the economic cycle demand changes, and regardless of how flexible wages are, unemployment will rise or fall (diagram). There are clear links between the rate of economic growth and the level of unemployment. It is clear that in a depression, unemployment will rise, as demand for good and services falls. This could result in a negative multiplier effect, without government intervention. Policies to reduce the impact of Keynesian unemployment include:
 * Increased government spending - this includes reductions in taxes. Increased G will cause an outward shift in AD, and may create a multiplier effect. Theoretically, government spending to pay workers to dig huge trenches and fill them in again will help, as it increases national income. However, targeted policies to increase the quality of infrastructure or levels of investment will be more effective. Also, reductions in direct taxes will encourage more people into work, and also increase the level of disposable income, hopefully leading to a positive multiplier effect
 * Reduction of interest rates - remember that a fall in interest rates can also stimulate AD. Return to that section to remind yourself that a fall in interest rates encourages consumption and investment

Geographical Unemployment
Naturally, policies to reduce geographical unemployment will seek to decrease geographical immobility of labour. This is the inability of people to relocate from areas with low demand for labour, to areas with high demand for labour. Policies to reduce geographical unemployment include:
 * Regional Incentives - this is regional policy to increase the incentives for new businesses to locate in areas of high unemployment, thus reducing regional variations in unemployment caused by geographical immobility
 * Reducing geographical immobility - is the second and more direct method of combatting geographical unemployment. It aims to reduce geographical immobility by reducing barriers to free movement of workers (such as no border controls and cheap housing). This is more difficult within a country as the barriers are often social in nature, such as family ties.

Structural Unemployment
This is the inability of workers to change the kind of employment (for example from manufacturing to IT) they are in. Left without intervention, this could lead to dangerous long term unemployment, whereby workers find it increasingly difficult to find jobs as they become less desirable the longer they are unemployed. Policies to reduce occupational unemployment include:
 * Retraining - incentives for both companies to retrain and employees to take part in training to make them more attractive and useful to firms. Governments may also directly take part in retraining projects where unemployment levels as a result of structural unemployment are very high
 * Reducing geographical immobility - could result in no need for retraining programs, as worker could simply move to an area in which their skills are in high demand. This works providing the costs associated with reducing geographical immobility are lower than those required for occupational-orientated projects such as retraining, and that their skills are in demand somewhere.

Definitions of Unemployment
Measuring and defining unemployment is often at least as difficult as, for example, determining the rate of economic growth within an economy, for several reasons. Firstly, economist may disagree over what unemployment is, and how to measure it. Secondly, individuals may either not wish it be known they are unemployed (i.e. not claim benefits) or alternatively, claim that they are unemployed when they are not.

Claimant Count
These include all the people that are nationally registered as claiming unemployment benefit from the government. This does not include those receiving a form of disability benefit, or those who do not claim unemployment allowance, only those that are willing and able to find work, and do claim.

Labour Force Survey
This is an internationally accepted measure used by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). This counts everyone without a job of any kind who have looked for a job in the past month and is willing to start working within the next fortnight. Of course since this is a survey and not a census (a survey is of a representative sample of a population, a census is of the entire population), there will always be inaccuracies and omissions in the data.

Generally, the ILO's LFS measure is higher than the claimant count, for the reasons mentioned above. When countries' unemployment levels are compared, the LFS is usually used.

To view recent data on unemployment figures for admittedly mostly European countries, see the OECD's report.

Definitions
There are several different types of unemployment. One notable type is deficient demand unemployment. This occurs when there are simply not enough jobs to go around. Another type is structural unemployment. This occurs when the requirements of available jobs and the skills of available unemployed workers do not coincide. It is not clear whether location is a factor for this special case, or whether if the jobs are in a different area this is structural unemployment. It does seem clear that if the person could only become employed be accepting a rate of pay significantly below the going rate this it is structural unemployment. The other main type of unemployment is transactional or frictional unemployment, this is people between jobs. It can be very hard to classify unemployment between these groups. The classic example of this is if a major employer in a town closes. Many people are made unemployed in a small area. These people may be structurally unemployed because there are not enough jobs to go around, or they may fall within the special type of structural unemployment described above, because certain skills are required or the jobs are in a different area, or they may be transactionally unemployed if there are jobs for them but they have yet to find one.

Types and Causes of Unemployment
While looking at figures of unemployment is often useful, it is worth looking into what kind of unemployment is rising or falling, and how best to combat it. Unemployment is caused by a number of factors, detailed below:

Frictional Unemployment
This is caused by the time individuals spend searching for a suitable job, the time between jobs. For example, having left a job in a certain industry, it will take time to find and secure another suitable job (location, wage bracket, skills) even if there is a vacancy. Frictional unemployment is caused by:
 * Imperfect information - an unemployed person cannot know the location and status of all vacancies in their area. This can be reduced through 'job centres' or similar state-funded operations aimed at increasing information available to jobseekers
 * Disincentives - there may be government disincentives to seek work, as an apparently well-paid job will appear less attractive/suitable due to taxation and/or removal of benefits.

Occupational or Structural Unemployment
This is the result of changes in the economy over the lifetime of a worker. Many developed economies have moved from primarily manufacturing to primarily services orientated economies in the past thirty years. Similarly, a reduction in the percentage employed in primary activities (farming, mining, foresting for examples) has occurred. Those who are otherwise highly qualified in these areas may find it difficult to locate a suitable job. So, the causes of such structural unemployment include: Ways to reduce structural unemployment include incentives for retraining and less popular, governmental protectionism.
 * Economic Change - that is, simply the changes an economy goes through as a result in the standard of living, technological change, and the associated economic growth
 * Globalisation and Liberalisation of Trade - has caused changes in the structure of many economies, with lower costs of production causing much manufacturing and some services to move from some Western countries to primarily Asian 'tiger' economies
 * Capital replacement - is the replacement of labour by capital, as a result of improvements in economies, leading potentially to unemployment

Geographical Unemployment
This is revealed by a difference in the level of unemployment in an Geographical Unemployment is caused by geographical immobility of labour, the inability of workers to move easily from one area to another. Usually concerning difficulties within a country, it is affected by the rate of owner-occupation (owning one's own home, rather than renting for example), and barriers to free movement such as changes in the cost of living and family connections. Geographical unemployment can be reduced in two main ways:
 * 1) Alleviating levels of unemployment in the original area through incentives to invest by new companies (e.g. tax relief), government projects, or other targeted programs
 * 2) Reducing barriers to free movement of labour between areas. Notably, the European Union (EU) has reduced the barriers to free movement of labour between countries by reducing border controls. However, language difficulties will remain

Cyclical Unemployment
When an economy experiences a downturn, or otherwise experiences a fall in AD, firms will respond with a fall in the demand for labour. This will result in a fall in the average wage level, and a fall in the level of employment. A fall in the level of employment usually leads to a similar rise in unemployment. Alternatively, an economic boom will most likely result in a fall in unemployment levels. This process is known as cyclical unemployment, variations in the levels of unemployment over the economic cycle.

Casual Unemployment
Simply, this is unemployment caused by those who are able to work, but do not wish to. They have sufficient cash to have no need to work, and because of this, may not be cause for concern in unemployment figures.


text:
A-level Chemistry/OCR/Atomic Structure

The Atom
The word atom comes from the Greek for "indivisible". An atom is the smallest particle of a chemical element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms are composed of subatomic particles, and to understand the behaviour of an atom we must first understand its constituent particles.

Electrons
Electrons are tiny, electrically-charged particles. They have a negative charge, very little mass and they exist in the empty space surrounding the nucleus of the atom which contains all the other particles. In their elemental states atoms are not charged and will have the same number of electrons as they have protons. Electrons can behave as particles and also as waves; this is known as the wave-particle duality of matter. It is only significant for things which are of similar size to atomic particles. Electrons exist in different energy levels or orbitals, filling the lowest energy levels first.

Protons
Protons are much larger than electrons. They are 1836 times heavier than an electron and they have a positive charge equal and opposite to that of an electron.

Neutrons
Neutrons were the last of the nuclear particles to be discovered. They have no charge so they are not deflected by a magnetic field. They are almost the same weight as protons, and normally there are more neutrons than protons in a nucleus of an atom, however they can be equal/

Atomic Numbers
Atoms are normally described in terms of two key numbers, their atomic number and their mass number.

Atomic Number (Z)
The number of protons in the nucleus is the most important aspect of an atom. This number determines which element an atom belongs to. The atomic number of an atom can tell you:

 * The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom
 * The number of electrons in the atom when it is neutral
 * The atom's position in the periodic table

Mass Number (A)
Nearly all of an atom's mass comes from the nucleus. Since we know that the mass of a proton is almost equal to that of a neutron, we can measure the mass of an atom in terms of the number of particles in its nucleus. The mass number can tell you:

 * The total number of particles in the nucleus
 * The number of neutrons in the nucleus (remember to subtract the atomic number)
 * The relative atomic mass of an atom

Isotopes
Isotopes are Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number

Isotopes are shown like this:

AZXY

Where A is the mass number, Z is the atomic number, Y is the charge on the atom and X is the symbol for that element.

Isotopes Of Hydrogen
For example, hydrogen has three isotopes.

Isotope Calculations
It is fairly simple to work out the number of each sub-atomic particle from an isotope's symbol. For a simple example, lets look at a calcium ion:

4020Ca2+

The number of protons is equal to Z.

The number of neutrons is equal to A - Z.

The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to Z.

The number of electrons in a positive ion is equal to Z - Y.

The number of electrons in a negative ion is equal to Z + Y.

Using these rules, you should be able to work out that a calcium-40 ion has 20 protons, 20 neutrons and 18 electrons.

Electrons in Atoms
Most of the way that atoms behave is governed by the interactions of their electrons. When you sit on a chair the force that stops you from moving through it is the repulsion between the electrons in the atoms that make up the chair and those that make up your body.

In order to understand chemical reactions, you must understand how electrons exist in atoms. Much about what we know of electrons comes from quantum theory, which states that electrons can be described by four quantum numbers. The only one you need to know about is the principle quantum number, which describes the energy level of an electron.

Energy Levels
In your GCSE chemistry you will have come across the principle quantum number in the form of electron shells. The number is given the symbol n, so that if we say 'the electron is in n = 3' what we mean is 'the electron is in the third shell, or energy level'. Each energy level can accommodate a certain number of electrons.

At GCSE, you would have been taught to denote the electronic configuration of that atom like this:

Examples:

Lithium (3): 2,1 Sodium (11): 2,8,1

At AS level we look deeper and divide the shells into a number of subshells. Pairs of electrons are known as atomic orbitals. s subshells hold 2 electrons (or 1 orbital), p subshells hold 6 electrons (or 3 orbitals), d subshells hold 10 electrons (or 5 orbitals), f subshells hold 14 electrons (or 7 orbitals).

The subshells are arranged in the following order:

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, ....

note that the 4s orbital fills before the 3d!!

This sounds daunting but with practice you will learn the correct order. All you have to remember is the order the subshells come in and the number of electrons each shell holds.

To denote the electronic configuration you simply write out that order, raising the number of electrons in each subshell as a superscript.

So Hydrogen-1 (1) is simply 1s1

Lithium (3) is 1s22s1

Sodium (11) is 1s22s22p63s1

Orbitals also have a paired spin, one counterclockwise and one clockwise. You can denote this by drawing a box with an up and down arrow in it. You must remember, if asked to construct a diagram in an exam, that on each shell (say 2p) you always fill in the 3 orbitals first with arrows going in one direction (say fill in all 3 boxes with up arrows before filling in the down arrows). So if there are only meant to be 2 electrons in the 2p subshell, draw 2 up arrows in 2 separate orbitals and don't draw an up and down arrow in just one orbital.

The best evidence chemists have for the existence of the energy levels comes from ionisation energies.

Ionisation Energy
Atoms are ionised when they lose an electron. The energy required to remove the electron is known as the ionisation energy. As each electron is removed from an atom the ionisation energy required increases, so we call the energy required to remove the first electron the first ionisation energy, the energy required to remove the second electron the second ionisation energy and so on. To be more accurate, the first ionisation energy is the amount of energy needed to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous, monatomic element. The second ionisation energy is the amount of energy needed to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous ions each of which bear a single positive charge.

title: A-level Chemistry/OCR/Atomic Structure


text:
High School Mathematics Extensions/Print version

''Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_school_extensions"

Remember to click "refresh" to view this version.

Note: this file appears to be too large to be rendered in a "print version". ) to cut the file into two halves if creating an export file for PDF Creation -->

=Contents....= =Primes and modular arithmetic=

Definitions
=Logic=

=Mathematical proofs=

==Exercises=

Problem set
=Infinity and infinite processes=

Problem set
=Counting and Generating functions=

Exercises
=Discrete Probability=

=Financial Options=

=Matrices=

Problem set
=Further Modular Arithmetic=

=Mathematical programming=

=Basic counting=

=Partial fractions=

=Summation sign=

=Complex numbers=

=Differentiation=

= License =


text:
General Anatomy/Pulmonary System

The pulmonary system consists predominantly of blood vessels and the lungs. The blood vessels are known as the pulmonary vascular system and they are responsible for carrying blood from the heart (right ventricle) through the lungs and back to the heart (left atrium). As blood circulates through the lungs, it is oxygenated by passing through the pulmonary capillary network, being in close opposition to the gas exchanging units of the lung (alveoli) and thus picking up oxygen. The lungs are made of airways for movement of air from the nose and mouth, and lung tissue (parenchyma) which includes the alveoli.

title: General Anatomy/Pulmonary System


text:
Cookbook:Apple and Almond Cake

| Desserts

Apple and almond cake is delicious warm or cold as a dessert or "stand-alone" cake, and this simple and reliable recipe is tried and tested.

Ingredients

 * 5 ounces (145 g) butter
 * 2 eggs
 * 8 ounces (230 g) caster sugar
 * 1 teaspoon almond essence
 * 8 ounces (230 g) self-raising flour
 * 1½ level teaspoons baking powder
 * approx. ¾ pounds (330 g) peeled cooking apples (e.g. Bramleys)
 * icing sugar to dredge

Procedure

 * 1) Grease a 9-inch (23 cm) loose-bottomed spring-form cake tin.
 * 2) Gently melt the butter in a pan, then pour into a large bowl.
 * 3) Add the eggs, sugar, and almond essence and stir well until mixed. Then add the flour and baking powder. Stir well—at this point, it should be a stiff mixture.
 * 4) Spread just under two-thirds of the mixture into the cake tin.
 * 5) Immediately afterwards, peel, core and slice the apples and arrange on top of the mixture in the tin. Cover these with the remainder of the cake mixture. At this stage, the cake may appear "untidy", but the cooking process eliminates most unevenness or gaps in the surface.
 * 6) Bake for 1¼ to 1½ hours in a preheated oven at 325 °F (160 °C / Gas Mark 3)
 * 7) Once cooked, allow to cool slightly in the tin. Loosen the sides of the cake with a knife and gently push the cake out onto a plate. Cool completely.
 * 8) Lightly dust the top of the cake with sieved icing sugar once cool. Serve warm or cold, with cream for best results.

Storage

 * This cake will last for at least 3–4 days, and can be re-heated as necessary. Keep covered or alternatively refrigerate.

title: Cookbook:Apple and Almond Cake


text:
User:Hlucho

sk:w:User:Hlucho

title: User:Hlucho


text:
Cookbook:Date Squares

| Confections

A wonderful square recipe with the flavor of dates. Also see the Date Bar recipe.

Crumb mixture

 * 1 ½ cup (360 g) rolled oats
 * 1 cup (240 g) brown sugar (packed)
 * 1 ½ cup (260 g) all-purpose flour
 * 1 teaspoon baking soda
 * ¼ teaspoon salt
 * 1 cup of melted butter

Filling

 * 2 cups (480 g) chopped dates
 * ½ cup (120 g) brown sugar
 * 1 cup (240 ml) water
 * 1 tablespoon lemon juice

Procedure

 * 1) In a mixing bowl, combine rolled oats, 1 cup brown sugar, flour, baking soda, salt and melted butter. Mix until crumbly.
 * 2) Press half the crumb mixture into a parchment-lined and greased square baking pan.
 * 3) In a saucepan over low heat, cook dates, sugar and water until thickened and smooth (about 10 minutes).
 * 4) Add lemon juice and mix well.
 * 5) Spread date mixture over crumble layer.
 * 6) Sprinkle remaining crumb mixture over date filling.
 * 7) Bake at 350°F (180°C) for about 35 minutes, until lightly browned.

title: Cookbook:Date Squares


text:
Cookbook:Lemon Squares

| Desserts

A wonderful square recipe with the flavor of lemon.

Base

 * 2 cups (480 ml) all-purpose flour
 * ¾ cup (180 ml) powdered sugar
 * 1 cup (240 ml/g) margarine (softened)

Topping

 * 4 eggs
 * ⅓ cup (80 ml) lemon juice
 * 1 ½ cup (360 ml) white sugar
 * ¼ cup (60 ml) all-purpose flour
 * 1 teaspoon (5 ml) baking soda
 * 1 tablespoon (15 ml) grated lemon peel (zest)
 * Powdered sugar, as needed

Base

 * 1) Combine flour and sugar in a medium mixing bowl.
 * 2) Cut in margarine until mixture resembles fine crumbs.
 * 3) Press firmly into a greased square (8 x 8 or 9 x 9-inch) pan.
 * 4) Bake at 350°F (180°C) for about 20–30 minutes, until lightly browned. Prepare the topping in the meantime.

Topping

 * 1) Beat eggs in large mixing bowl until frothy. Stir in the lemon juice and rind.
 * 2) In another bowl, stir together the sugar, flour, and baking powder.
 * 3) Add dry mixture to wet mixture. Stir until just moistened.
 * 4) Spread evenly over the hot base, and return to oven to bake for 20–25 minutes, or until set.
 * 5) Let squares cool before removing from pan and cutting. Dust with powdered sugar.

title: Cookbook:Lemon Squares


text:
General Genetics/Transposition

Transposition is the integration of transposable elements into the genome. Transposable elements are DNA segments that jump around the genome and integrate themselves into different regions.

Discovery
The first description of mobile genetic elements in a genome was made by Barbara McClintock working at Cold Spring Harbor in the 1950s. While attempting to explain the odd phenotypic behavior of mosaic color striations on corn kernels, she came to the conclusion that there were genetic elements in corn that could move among the chromosomes. Although her experimental support was strong, her conclusions was so far from the mainstream understanding of the nature of chromosomes, that she was politely ignored. In the late 1970s the discovery of bacterial transposons directed renewed attention on her pioneering work, and her efforts were resoundingly accepted when she was awarded an unshared Nobel prize in 1983.

Uses in Genetics
Transposable elements are very useful in studying the genome. They allow researchers to search for genes and enhancers and find interesting relationships between phenotypes and genotypes. By using p-elements and transposase, DNA constructs can be formed to randomly jump around the genome. P-elements flank the DNA sequence you want to jump around and transposase is used to cut the squence out and reinsert it elsewhere.

On method for using transposable elements to find various enhancer sites is to construct a transposable element that contains the Gal-4 gene with a weak promoter with a p-element upstream and downstream. Another construct with UAS site (when the gal-4 protein binds to the UAS site, anything downstream is expressed) and a marker gene downstream that can, for example, encode for a fluorescent protein is also created. By inserting these constructs into 2 strains of flies, you will have 1 strain with the transposable Gal-4 gene and another strain with the stationary UAS construct. A third mouse strain containing transposase gene is needed.

Strain 1: Transposable Gal-4 strain

Strain 2: UAS marker Strain

Strain 3: Transposase Strain

First, strains 1 and 3 are crossed to produce flies with both the p-elements and the transposase. This allows the construct with gal-4 to jump around to random locations in the genome and depending on the location of gal-4, the amount of gal-4 expression with be changed. Afterwards, the gal-4 construct is stabilized by crossing it with normal flies and genotyped to find the flies with only the gal-4 gene. These flies are then crossed brother to sister to produce specific lines of homozygous gal-4 mutants. These new lines are then crossed with the UAS marker strain 2 and the effects on phenotype are observed. If for example a gal-4 construct lands next to a tissue specific enhancer for the eye, the gal-4 protein will bind to the UAS site and the marker gene will be expressed causing, for example, the tissue color to be green. Using probes for the known gal-4 sequence, the region of DNA is isolated and sequenced to find the enhancer site. This method can be used to find various enhancers that can be used in other experiments.

title: General Genetics/Transposition


text:
Talk:US History/American Revolution

Genelowrey 21:33, 2 March 2006 (UTC)The article under "Lexington and Concord" states that the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" was the first shot fired on Lexington Green. This is a common misconception (and perhaps that shot should be so named), but the actual "shot heard 'round the world" was fired several hours later at the old north bridge in Concord. The phrase originally came from Emerson's poem about the Concord fight.Genelowrey 21:33, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

May I kibbitz? "The Shot Heard 'Round the World" is a cliche. I took it out. In its stead, perhaps I might put in better description. What direction did the Brits retreat? Was there any cover? To what extent were the Colonists actually using guerilla tactics, and what were these? "I shall return." Pittsburgh Poet (discuss • contribs) 23:40, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Content & structure
--Ccny930 02:12, 20 December 2006 (UTC) The chapter seems too "loose" if it aims to describe the Revolution. Some sections barely have any material (see "Canada") whereas others are almost personal accounts of the battles themselves (see "The Battle of Boston"). If no one objects, I'll add some content to the shorter sections to balance the chapter out. Hopefully, we can get it to be at least 75% complete.

--Ccny930 02:49, 20 December 2006 (UTC) Well, after a half-hour's work, I reorganized several sections and added missing content. Then I changed the image in the Table of Contents to 75%. If anyone has questions, comments, or concerns, feel free to post them here.

New Section on factors at the outset?
This might contain mentions of the technology of the time (rifles, etc.) and the European style of fort building (which had changed since the Renaissance, due to the use of gunpowder). It would mention men, including British-imported Hessians. It would also mention intangibles, such as the British style of fighting vs. the American colonial style. Also, was independence a majority or minority opinion? Pittsburgh Poet (discuss • contribs) 14:28, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:US History/American Revolution


text:
User talk:Buncic

Hello, Daniel. I would be glad to contribute to your Slavic false friends list, but could you explain me how to edit the module? Should I enter the words in the table? Don't you think that's not quite practical? Are there other separate pages within the module to edit them and enter false friends there? You should answer me at my Serbian Wikipedia talk page, please. --George D. Bozovic talk 21:33, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Subject of the Sentence
Well, strictly speaking, the difference can be only stylistic, since the instrumental case is here the case of the so-called "copula subject." I don't know Polish well enough to decide which half of the subject to render in the instrumental. In Russian, there's nothing wrong with saying "Glavnye jazyki stranicy byli ...polskim i russkim", which is the same as "Russkij i polskij byli glavnymi jazykami stranicy." "Glavnymi jazykami stranicy byli russkij i polskij" is stylistically marked. -VKokielov

False Friends of the Slavist/Polish-Czech
I suggest also to add the following words: --80.49.182.76 08:37, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * "merdać" - pol. "to move a tail (dog)", cz. "to fuck"
 * "odbyt" - pol. "anus", cz. "sale, market"

 * Please, could you not just add the 'false friends' in question on the respective page yourself? Sorry, but I haven't got the time to make edits other people want to make. The idea of a Wiki is that people can edit it themselves. Apart from that, you will see that you have to enter more information than you gave me, e.g. the Polish word for 'to fuck' and the Czech word for 'to wag the tail'. Thanks! --Daniel Bunčić 09:00, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Ukrainian Dictonary
Hello, Daniel. Good EXPLANATORY DICTIONARY Ukrainian language available On-line - http://www.slovnyk.net, more then 207 000 article. See for баба http://www.slovnyk.net/?swrd=%E1%E0%E1%E0 --82.207.88.81 19:16, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

руський = український
Таке визначення подається в словнику як історичне. Також я мав на увазі, що коли в сучасній українській мові вживається руський щодо означень доби Русі, то це має значення східнослов'янський. А якщо "руський" вживається щодо  пізніших часів (коли паралельно існували етноніми "Русь" і "Україна"), наприклад щодо Галичини 19ст. ("Центральна Руська Рада" та ін.), то синонімом тут виступає слово "український" а не "східнослов'янський". --Yakudza 23:17, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Explanations
Hi. I found the project False Friends of the Slavist quite interesting and I started fixing the Macedonian section. I do not know whether you are still active here, but can you explain me how the project works and how to fix things correctly? Best, --MacedonianBoy (discuss • contribs) 11:10, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Buncic


text:
User:Wikifan42~enwikibooks

About Me
Name: Eric

Birthdate: 31 March 1992

Location: Olney, Maryland, United States

Occupation: Student

I am a computer programmer (not by profession; I'm still in school), and live in Maryland, near Washington, D.C.

I enjoy reading, writing, and programming. I currently use Mac OS X 10.4.7 on my Mac mini (Intel Core Solo), and Windows 2000 Professional on my PC, but am about to make the switch to Linux (probably Fedora Core 5 with GNOME) on the PC.

Recommended Books
The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition, By Martin Gardner (Editor)

Buy it Now on Amazon.com!

title: User:Wikifan42~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Discordance~enwikibooks

Bartending
I was being a little facetious when I asked what a measure was. The issue here is that a good number of cocktails don't have fixed ratios; for instance, a martini can go from the 2:1 reccommended by Noilly Prat to a more standard 4:1 "extra dry," and the modern practice is coming closer and closer to the "science" of homeopathy. On the other side of the spectrum, drinks like margaritas and mojitos, which are made with roughly equal frequency by the glass or by the pitcher, need different ratios depending on the volume being prepared. These factors lead me to think that the base spirit templates shouldn't attempt to have anything to do with measurements. Further, it's not 100% clear to me what one gains from indexing by base spirit at all; most bourbon drinks have a rum equivalent, for instance, and vodka gets substituted reguarly for just about anything behind the bar (admittedly, with occasionally disastrous effects.) As for internationalization of measurements, all bartenders need to be equally familiar with jiggers, ounces, centiliters, and whatever other measurements they're likely to see in recipes, so it doesn't make sense to try to edit this out of the book. It seems that it would make more sense to link the measurements to a section on measures which would include precise as well as measure-of-thumb conversions. -- Dan131m

 * If you're going to use templates for the ingredients I'd prefer they don't leave "droppings" on the page, except perhaps a link to a page with information about the liquor. So, for instance, you could put something like "If cherry heering is unavailable, substitute ", which would add to the "Drinks with kirsch" category and insert a link to the kirsch page, sans any sort of "one measure" nonsense.  On an unrelated topic, I'm still not convinced that standardizing the units in the book accomplishes anything, other than creating a gap in bartenders' knowledge and annoying contributors who have to look up the canonical measurement units. -- Dan131m

Thank you for your comment on my talk page. Apologies for the delay in replying.

I have (I hope temporarily) restored all the bartending pages (see here for a complete list of pages in the book. In each case the content of the pages beginning Bartending/Cocktails has already been merged into another article linked from Bartending/Cocktails, which is why I believe the old links to be unnecessary. This merging preserved the then-current structure of listing cocktails by their main ingredients.

Now there are, of course, other ways to arrange cocktails - alphabetically, or by style, for example. I do think, for the sake of having a coherent book, that we should select which method to use, and stick to it.

Incidentally, I think general feedback is that small subpages, such as the book originally had, particularly when they are of greatly varying quality, are not welcomed by readers - and it does not make for a coherent book. It makes reading the book, and maintaining it, harder too. Some form of aggregation is important. Once the form of aggregation has been chosen, I'm happy to help with the change, Jguk 08:24, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I've almost finished transwikiing a bunch of cocktails articles to here. I'm then going to move them all to the proper bartending/cocktails/ area from where they are now, at Transwiki: When I do so, do you want me to put the barwork tag on them all? --Xyzzyplugh 23:54, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've transwikied them all, 90 or so. I moved most of them to the Bartending/Cocktails/ area, and added the barwork tag to them all.  Except for about the following, which had previously existing articles here.  These will all need to be merged, or will need to replace the previously existing articles if they are better, perhaps.  I'm not sure what the procedure is on this, how do I go about doing this properly while still maintaining the history and all?  Here is the list:

And http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bartending/Cocktails/Prarie_Fire I realized there is another article here with the spelling Prairie Fire. I am sending this same message to Jguk, you're the two who I know are paying attention to this area of wikibooks. --Xyzzyplugh 15:48, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Transwiki:Black Velvet
 * Transwiki:Brandtea
 * Transwiki:Brandy Alexander
 * Transwiki:Cosmopolitan
 * Transwiki:French 75
 * Transwiki:Golden Cadillac
 * Transwiki:Margarita
 * Transwiki:Mojito
 * Transwiki:Prairie Oyster this is not strictly speaking an alcoholic beverage, not sure what to do with it
 * Transwiki:Rob Roy
 * Transwiki:Sidecar
 * Transwiki:Slippery Nipple
 * Transwiki:Sloe Gin Fizz

Bartending
Absolutely. The glossary is meant to be just that - the basics. It seems perfectly sensible to me to create pages to add more detail for the more interesting cocktails (though if you're willing, helping to create a good glossary of cocktails first would be nice).

Incidentally, I'm concerned about the name of the first cocktail listed in the glossary because of its offensive username. I'm wondering whether it would be better to censor it out, or at least abbreviate it to AMF. Your thoughts would be welcome, Jguk 06:50, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Policy review
Policy is not the most exciting subject at Wikibooks but we do have some major unresolved issues.

The most important issue, in my opinion, is Dispute resolution which starts by declaring that:

"Currently there is no official organized process to resolve disputes between users"

The suggested remedy for this is: Ad hoc administration committee which puts into place the absolute minimum in terms of an enforcement apparatus.

The second most important is No personal attacks where a vote has recommended the policy be enforced but it still languishes as "proposed".

The third policy that is needed and which will prevent edit disputes from getting out of hand is Editing disputes policy.

Other policies that need consideration are at: Policies and guidelines.

Please spare a minute or two to peruse these issues and add a comment and/or a vote. RobinH 12:36, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Welcome back
Good to see you back (I was worried I'd frightened you off by mistake). Now I have tidied up the glossary, hopefully it's clearer what I was getting at. Hopefully it can stay where we have very limited info on a cocktail (eg just the ingredients or just the ingredients and the most basic of mixing instructions). As noted before, where we already have more to say about a particular drink than is suitable in the cocktail, separate pages (either by cocktail or type of cocktail) will still be appropriate.

I'd very much like to see the Bartending page look complete (from a visual perspective). If it looks good, it should help draw in future contributors. It would also then be suitable for nomination as "Book of the Month". By looking complete from a visual perspective, I do not, of course, mean that it cannot be expanded - it most certainly can - but hopefully the development can be in a more controlled manner rather than the "let's dump this from wikipedia" approach that some people have had in the past.

All the best for continuing to improve the book, Jguk 07:30, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Discordance. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Discordance~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:10, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:53, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Discordance~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Arabic/Arabic sounds

Phonetic Classification
I wonder if the 'f' in the consonant chart is meant to be in the 'bilabial' column, as it is usually categorized as labiodental. My username on Wikipedia is RockRockOn if you wish to contact me there.

Generalization
In any case all Arabs can pronounce: ح خ ع غ ق ل ر properly)...

What if an Arab grows up in American and learns to speak only English? In that case, not all Arabs can pronounce those letters properly. It may be better to say "...all native Arabic speakers can pronounce..."

Vocalization?
Any way of getting sound files for the letters included in this? I'm sure there is somewhere you could get some, or maybe someone could make some. I would but dont have the time / knowhow.

title: Talk:Arabic/Arabic sounds


text:
Cookbook:Cranberry Orange Squares

A delicious square recipe with a pleasant flavor of oranges and cranberries.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (240 g) rolled oats
 * 1 cup (240 g) all-purpose flour
 * ¾ cup (180 g) brown sugar
 * ¾ teaspoon baking soda
 * ½ cup (120 g) butter (melted)
 * 1 cup (240 ml) whole cranberry sauce
 * 2 tablespoons orange juice

Procedure

 * 1) Lightly oil a a square baking pan, and line it with parchment paper.
 * 2) In a mixing bowl, combine the rolled oats, flour, sugar, and baking soda using a whisk.
 * 3) Using your hands, mix the melted butter into the rolled oats mixture, until it forms pea-sized clumps. Do not over mix.
 * 4) Reserve 1 ½ cups (360 g) of mixture to be used as the topping.
 * 5) Press remainder of oat mix into the bottom of the pan, making sure it covers the whole bottom.
 * 6) Mix the orange juice with the cranberry sauce.
 * 7) Spread evenly over the base.
 * 8) Sprinkle the reserved oats mixture over the top.
 * 9) Bake at 350°F (180°C) for 40 minutes, or until golden brown.
 * 10) Cool and cut into squares.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * This recipe can be doubled to fit a 13 x 9-inch (30 x 24 cm) pan.

title: Cookbook:Cranberry Orange Squares


text:
Cookbook:Tropical Squares

| Confections

A delicious square recipe with a tropical flavor.

Base

 * 1 cup (240 g) all-purpose flour
 * 1 tablespoon white granulated sugar
 * ¼ cup (60 g) margarine, cold
 * ¼ teaspoon baking powder
 * 1 egg, beaten

Top Layer

 * 2 eggs, beaten
 * 2 cups (480 g) coconut
 * 1 cup (240 g) white granulated sugar
 * 1 tin crushed pineapple, drained
 * 1 tablespoon margarine, melted
 * 1 teaspoon lemon juice

Base

 * 1) Stir together flour, sugar and baking powder using a wooden spoon.
 * 2) Cut in the margarine until the mixture looks like fine crumbs.
 * 3) In a small bowl, beat the egg well. Mix into dry mixture using wooden spoon until combined.
 * 4) Press into lined and lightly greased square tray.

Top layer

 * 1) Drain all of the juice out of the pineapple by wringing it in a cloth.
 * 2) Add and mix remaining ingredients with the pineapple using a wooden spoon. Do not overwork it.
 * 3) Spread evenly over base.
 * 4) Bake at 350°F (180°C), or until topping is set and coconut is light brown.
 * 5) Let cool before removing from pan.

title: Cookbook:Tropical Squares


text:
User:Victor2000

Hey there! My name is Victor. I joined WikiBooks just so I can contribute a few things here and there. Nothing special.

I play Super Smash Brothers Melee for the Nintendo Gamecube. I consider myself a fair Fox player, and as such I am a member of SmashBoards.

I know all about wavedashing, waveshining, SHFFLCing, shine spiking, and all of the advanced techniques. I'm the top player in Des Moines, Iowa and among the best in the state.

Please feel free to contact me to talk about Smash, or for any other reason:

E-mail: victorhugg@gmail.com

AIM Screename: victor x 2000

- Victor2000 02:38, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Victor2000


text:
User:SylwiaS~enwikibooks

I can be found on English Wiki User:SylwiaS--SylwiaS 01:07, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User:SylwiaS~enwikibooks


text:
The Once and Future King/King Pellinore

Once and Future King/The Sword in the Stone/Chapter 2
The Wart meets King Pellinore in the Forest Savauge when he is out overnight looking for Cully, the goshawk. King Pellinore says he has been lost for 17 years. His dog is supposed to be tracking the Questing beast but she usually goes in opposite directions from King Pellinore, and gets her leash tied around the horse's legs. He appears to be a clumsy man and has problems keeping his visor up. King Pellinore complains about his armor "all this beastly armor takes hours to put on. When it is on it's either frying or freezing, and it gets rusty. You have to sit up all night polishing the stuff. Oh, how i do wish I had a nice house of my own to live in, a house with beds in it and real pillows and sheets." the Wart offers him a feather bed in Sir Ector's castle if he will help the Wart find his way back to the castle. King Pellinore is very excited and completely forgets about the Wart being lost. Then he hears the beast and goes off after it, leaving the Wart. King Pellinore also appears in later chapters of the book.

title: The Once and Future King/King Pellinore


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Talk:Bartending/Alcohol/Spirits

Distilled beverage. Liquor is a general term not widely used in the UK and only spirits have been listed here can we get more specific perhaps rename this page types of alcohol or something more international and lets get some sections going with spirits, liqueurs, wines. Discordance 01:50, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

The information on this page appears to be completely useless. This is wikibooks, not wikipedia. Plus, rum and schnapps? dan131m

This page is very useful as part of a bartender wikibook, distilleds are important to be covered. This is a drinker matter. Ricardoramalho (talk) 00:34, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bartending/Alcohol/Spirits


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Talk:Accelerando Technical Companion

Nobody mentioned Hans Moravec. He's referred to at least twice, worth a mention here. 67.167.61.175 01:50, 3 March 2006 (UTC)Joel Finkle

Wunch
FWIW I suspect Mr. Stross did some research (it's possible) into electronic trading history and came across Steve Wunsch, cartoon randian bad guy/libertarian pinup (delete as per personal politics) who had a big hand in getting that whole ball rolling.

see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Stock_Exchange

title: Talk:Accelerando Technical Companion