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User talk:211.28.76.32

Welcome!
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Xania 22:31, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:211.28.76.32


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User talk:83.103.197.90

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

Xania 22:31, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:83.103.197.90


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6/2. e5/2...Nd5/3. d4/3...d6/4. c4/4...Nb6/5. f4

= Alekhine's Defence - Four Pawns Attack =

White has built a huge pawn center. Black will try to destroy it from a distance. It would be a good idea to exchange the d pawn so as to weaken the king side : /5...dxe5/.

A more quiet line is : /5...Bf5/, developing the bishop. /5...g6/ is also a line which has been played by Magnus Carlsen - on g7 the bishop will exert pressure along the long diagonal, and helps to the attack against d4 and e5. It also gives White other attacking plans, such as h4-h5. 5...g5!? is an objectively unsound but creative idea, since 6.fxg5? dxe5 7.dxe5 Qxd1+ 8.Kxd1 Bg7 followed by ...Nc6 and ...Nd7 will win back the pawn with a much stronger structure & development, but declining it often allows White an advantage.

Theory table
1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.c4 Nb6 5.f4


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6/2. e5/2...Nd5/3. d4/3...d6/4. c4/4...Nb6/5. f4/5...dxe5

= Alekhine's Defence = Black begins his strike against the center with this move.

Theory table
.

'1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4. c4 Nb6 5. f4 dxe5'


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User:Whiteknight/monobook.css

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title: User:Whiteknight/monobook.css


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6/2. e5/2...Nd5/3. d4/3...d6/4. c4/4...Nb6/5. exd6

= Alekhine Defence:Exchange variation = Black must decide whether he will take back with the c pawn : /5...cxd6/ or with the e pawn : /5...exd6/.

In the first case, Black will have a majority of pawns in the center, which may be useful for a later e5 push.

In the second case, the game will be more positional, relying more on the pieces placements than on the pawns fight.

Theory table
.

'1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.c4 Nb6 5.exd6'


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Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Korean

The people of Korea are the descended from the Han, a tribe originally from Mongolia. The name, "Korea", is a corruption of "Goryeo", which refers to a Dynasty that ruled Korea one thousand years ago.

What Country did they live in?

Korea is situated in Northeast Asia, on the Korean Peninsula. It is bordered by two countries and three seas. To the northwest, the Yalu River separates Korea from China. To the northeast, the Tumen River separates Korea from Russia. The Yellow Sea is to the west; the East China Sea is to the south; and the Sea of Japan is to the east. There are two separate parts of Korea, called North Korea and South Korea.

How did the civilization rise and fall?
There were people living on the Korean Peninsula around 700,000 years ago. The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC. The city and state of Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BC. [5] Archaeological and contemporary written records indicate it developed from a federation of walled cities into a centralized kingdom sometime between the 4th and 7th centuries BC. The original capital may have been somewhere near what is now the border with China.

The three Kingdoms of Korea in the 5th century.
The Three Kingdoms of Korea were Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, along with the Gaya confederacy.. They dominated the peninsula and parts of present day China. Goguryeo was the largest of the three, but was constantly at war with China. The southwestern kingdom Baekje was founded near where the capital of Korea, Seoul is today. Silla, in the southeast is believed to have been the last kingdom to develop, And Kaya, the smallest of the four kingdoms.

As time went on, Silla's gradually grew more powerful. Silla first annexed the adjacent Kaya Kingdom. In the 660s, Silla formed an alliance with the Tang Dynasty of China to conquer Baekje and later Goguryeo. Silla established the first unified state to cover most of the Korean peninsula. Silla fell apart in the late 9th century, giving way to a tumultuous period, which ended with the establishment of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Goryeo period, laws were codified, a civil service system was introduced, and Buddhism flourished.

In the late 14th century, the general Lee Seong-gye established the Joseon Dynasty with a largely bloodless coup. The Joseon Dynasty is believed to have been the longest-lived actively ruling dynasty in East Asia. A Joseon king, Sejong the Great, created the Korean alphabet.

What did their buildings look like?

Unified Silla was a time when Korean arts flourished dramatically and Buddhism became a large part of Silla culture. Buddhist monasteries such as the Bulguksa are examples of advanced Korean architecture and Buddhist influence. State-sponsored art and architecture from this period include Hwangnyongsa Temple, Bunhwangsa Temple, and Seokguram Grotto, a World Heritage Site.

A pagoda is the general term for a tiered tower with multiple eaves. There are two famous stone pagodas at Bulguska. The older one is simple with strong square lines and flared eaves with a central spire. The newer one is known as the Pagoda of Many Treasures. It has steps leading to a square chamber formed by four carved stone pillars, above that are traditional flared eaves and an octagonal (8 sided) carved stone cupola. At Hwangnyongsa there was the largest of all ancient Korean pagodas. It towered   224 feet and nine stories tall. The base was a square 78 feet wide on each side. Hwangnyongsa was made from wood except for   the foundation which had eight stone pillars and 15 foundation stones on each side. Each story had a flared roof. There is the ruins of an ancient pagoda still standing at the Bunhwangsa temple, Bunhwangsa Pagoda. It is a square building made of cut stone brinks. At one time it was nine stories tall but it has since collapsed and is now only three stories.

What did they eat?
The traditional food of Korea uses richly varied ingredients and preparation techniques, many dishes are internationally popular today.

Korean food often has rice, vegetables, meats and tofu. Traditional Korean meals are served with many side dishes (called banchan in Korean.) Most meals are served with steamed short-grain rice. Korean food is usually seasoned with sesame oil, doenjang (fermented soybean paste), soy sauce, salt, garlic, ginger and red chili paste (gochujang). Korean food has a lot of garlic compared to other Asian foods.

One of the common side dishes is Kimchi, which is pickled, fermented, spicy vegetables. Kimchi is most commonly made from cabbage, radish or cucumber. Kimchi is traditionally eaten during winter, because it is preserved in big ceramic containers stored underground.

Korean royal cuisine, once only enjoyed by the royal court of the Joseon period, take hours and days to prepare. It must harmonize warm and cold, hot and mild, rough and soft, solid and liquid, and a balance of presentation colors. It is often served on hand-forged bronzeware or Bangjjaa. The foods are served in a specific arrangement of small dishes alternating to highlight the shape and color of the ingredients.

What did they wear?
Hanbok or chosŏn-ot is the traditional Korean dress. It is characterized by vibrant colors and simple lines without pockets.

The upper classes wore hanbok of closely woven ramie cloth or other high-grade lightweight materials in warm weather and of plain and patterned silks the rest of the year. Commoners were restricted by law as well as resources to cotton at best. The upper classes wore a variety of colors, though bright colors were generally worn by children and young girls and subdued colors by middle-aged men and women. Commoners were restricted by law to everyday clothes of white but for special occasions they wore dull shades of pale pink, light green, gray and charcoal. Formally, when Korean men went outdoors, they were required to wear overcoat known as durumagi which comes down to knee-length.

Hanbok are classified according to their purposes: everyday dress, ceremonial dress and special dress. Ceremonial dresses are worn on formal occasions, including a child's first birthday, a wedding or a funeral. Special dresses are made for shamans and officials.

Today the hanbok is still sometimes worn during formal occasions. The everyday use of the dress, however, has been lost, with a few exceptions such as at Chunghakdong, a famous anachronistic village.

Both males and females wore their hair in a long pigtail until they were married, at which time the hair was knotted-the man’s in a topknot sangtu on the top of the head and the woman’s in a ball just above the nape of the neck. A long pin, or binyeo, was thrust through the knotted hair of the woman as both a fastener and a decoration. The material and length of the binyeo varied according to the wearer’s class and status. Men wore a gat, which also varied according to class and status. Women wore a jokduri on their wedding day, and wore an ayam for protection from the cold.

What did their writing look like?

Korean (한국어/조선말, see below) is the official language of both North and South Korea. The language is also one of the two official languages (the other is Standard Mandarin) in neighbouring Yanbian, China. Worldwide, there are around 80 million Korean speakers, including large groups in the former Soviet Union, China, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Brazil, Japan, and more recently, South Africa and the Philippines.

The genealogical classification of Korean is debated. Many linguists place it in the Altaic language family; some others consider it to be a language isolate. Korean is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language. See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system.

What did they believe?
In old times Korea was heavily influenced by Buddhism. Now, like most other countries, Korea has practitioners of several religions. A 2005 survey showed people with no affiliation at 46%, Christian 26%, Buddhist 26%, Confucianist 1%, other 1%.

Are some of them famous even today?
Ban Ki-moon (born 13 June 1944 in Eumseong, North Chungcheong, Korea) is a South Korean former politician, who succeeded Kofi Annan as the Secretary-General of the United Nations on 1 January 2007.[1] Ban was the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) from January 2004 to 1 November 2006. On 13 October 2006, he was elected to be the eighth Secretary-General by the United Nations General Assembly; he was sworn in on 14 December 2006.

Kim Dae-jung (born 6 January 1926) is a former South Korean president and the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize recipient, the first winner of a Nobel to hail from Korea [1]. A Roman Catholic since 1957, he has been called the "Nelson Mandela" of Asia [2] and was a symbol of democratic opposition to the dictatorial government. Kim Dae Jung was the President (succeeding Kim Young-sam) from 1998 to 2003. He was born in Haui-do, South Jeolla Province, an island off the South Korean Coast.

Won The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular."

What is left of them today?
A civil war, known as the Korean War (1950–1953,) left Korea separated into two states. North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) is despite its name a communist state, while South Korea (Republic of Korea) became a capitalist liberal democracy and has now become one of the largest economies in the world.

title: Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Korean


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User:Ericruud

My Shortcuts

 * ILife 06

My Projects

 * ILife 06/iMovie HD
 * My Sandbox

title: User:Ericruud


text:
Statistical Mechanics/The Two-State Problem

=Introduction=

Although the two-state model has directly useful applications (as we will see in binary mixtures), it is really useful as an introductory model to Statistical Mechanics. For example, calculating entropy and other thermodynamic properties, and their meaning in certain contexts.

The two-state problem itself deals with a number of sites that can have either of two configurations: material A or material B, up or down, 0 or 1.

To keep with a good example that has thermodynamic properties, we will choose up or down spin statistics.

=Contents=

 * /Multiplicity/
 * /Properties of the Two-State System/


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Statistical Mechanics/Debye Theory

Say we have a material with vibrating modes visually akin to that of jello. In other words, we are looking at the phononic modes. The energy equation for a specific mode of a phonon is identical to that of a photon. The only difference between the phonon and photon case is that the phonon case has a possible upper limit (because the highest frequency occurs at the shortest wavelength: when one molecule is at its amplitude and the neighbours are at their troughs), and that we have another possible mode of polarization (two transverse, one longitudinal), and that we are dealing with v (the speed of sound in the material) instead of c. Thus, when we transform the integral as in the photon derivation (another similar density of states problem) we get:

$$ U = \frac{3\pi}{2} \int_{0}^{n_{D}} dn \frac{n^{2} \hbar\omega_{n}}{exp(\hbar\omega_{n}/T) - 1} $$

Where nD is this maximal case.

We define something now called the Debye Temperature (a physical property of a material):

$$\theta = (\hbar v/k_{B})(6\pi^{2}N/V)^{1/3} $$

Note: the kB is apparent because we've been working in energy-represented T, instead of the typical Kelvin-scaled T, kB effectively means the T's here-on are in Kelvin-units)

If we use this, and take the low-temperature limit of T << θ, we can approximated the upper limit as we continue the integration as ∞ (which physically means that there's a bunch of higher-energy levels states that the solid is not reaching) we can evaluate almost exactly as before:

$$ U(T) = 3\pi^{4}Nk_{B}T^{4}/5\theta^{3} $$

and:

$$ C_{V} := \left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial T}\right)_{V} = \frac{12\pi^{4}Nk_{B}}{5} \left(\frac{T}{\theta}\right)^{3} $$

This is known as Debye's T3 law, and follows well with experiment.

title: Statistical Mechanics/Debye Theory


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Statistical Mechanics/Quantum Gases

As per the spin-statistics theorem, there are really only two types of particles: fermions and bosons. Thus if we can study each one separately fairly well, then we know quite a bit!

We will be using the grand partition function 'Infrastructure' developed earlier for these models (in order to make it even more general). Specifically, we can use the grand partition function to create distribution functions, and use those to study specific properties of fermi/bose gases.

Fermi Gas
Using our earlier definition:

f(ε) :=

Now, for a given orbital (i.e., for a given ε), there can only be two options with a fermion, either there's one particle or none. Therefore, we can use our previous defined method to calculate an average quantity in order to calculate  (we will do the sum by brute force, it's not too hard, only two terms at most):

f(ε)=1/(exp((ε-μ)/kT) + 1)

Bose Gas
The process is the same, only instead of none or one, we have 0 to infinite. If we use some sum relations we come up with:

f(ε)=1/(exp((ε-μ)/kT) - 1)

Which is surprisingly similar to the fermi gas case, but the minus sign causes EXTREME differences in behavior compared to the fermi gas.

The Classical Limit
Despite overall behavior of the fermi and bose gases, in a certain limit, we see that the two distributions are nearly similar. We call this limit 'The Classical Limit'. In particular, this limit is:

exp((ε-μ)/kT) >> 1

The only importance of this limit is to determine when we don't have to worry about the two gases distinct behaviors.

Fermi Energy
Because of the 0 or 1 limit, at very cold temperatures (note that cold is a fairly comparative term, for the free electrons on a sheet of metals, this can be up to hundred of degrees farenheight! Which shows that this odd quantum stuff does affect your daily life) fermi gases can only get 'locked down' to so many orbitals. They can't all fall into the ground state. The energy at which the gas is 'locked in' is known as the fermi energy.

In terms of the distribution function, this means at this 'cold' temperature, the function drops off sharply at one point.

Bose-Einstein Condensation
Unlike the fermi energy occurrence with a fermi gas, bosons can condense all they want, this is where the minus sign comes into play. As the energy level is lower and lower, eventually they might pass the chemical potential, which causes the exponential in the bose distribution function to be less than one, and thus the function to be negative, i.e., an impossible value. In fact, as ε approaches μ, the function approaches a singularity. Physically, this means that all the bosons can 'condense' into the same low energy spot at low temperatures: a phenomena known as boson condensation.

title: Statistical Mechanics/Quantum Gases


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Talk:A-level Chemistry/AQA/Module 5/Thermodynamics

I made a thermal physics book, I don't know if it's wanted to sub its material in here, or leave it separate. Fephisto 10:07, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

= Content to split =

The following was added to the page in replacement of the current content. It needs to be broken into subpages and added to subpages linked from this page. Replacement of the table of contents for the subpages is not acceptable, which is what was done.

Atomisation enthalpy and bond dissociation enthalpy
The enthalpy change for a chemical reaction can be deduced from consideration of the energy required to break bonds in the reactants and the energy released when the bonds in the products are formed.

By considering the relationship H = Ea(forward) - Ea(reverse) The enthalpy change for a chemical reaction can be calculated from the following equation:

H = Energy required to break bonds in reactants - Energy required to break bonds in products. Or H = ΣHb(bonds broken) - ΣHb(bonds formed)

The energy required to separate all the bonds in an element or a compound is known as the atomisation enthalpy. It is defined slightly differently for elements and compounds.

The atomisation enthalpy of an element is the energy required to produce one mole of free gaseous atoms of that element. Eg Na(s)  Na(g) or 1/2Cl2(g)  Cl(g)

The atomisation enthalpy of a compound is the energy required to convert one mole of a compound into its free gaseous atoms. Eg CH4(g)  C(g) + 4H(g)

In gas phase reactions, the bonds which are broken and formed are covalent bonds. The energy required to separate completely the atoms in one mole of covalent bonds is known as the bond dissociation enthalpy of that bond (Hb).

A-B(g)  A(g) + B(g)

Bond	H /kJmol-1 C-H	+413 O-H	+464 C-C	+347 C=C	+612 C=O	+805 H-F	+568 H-Cl	+432 Cl-Cl	+243 Br-Br	+193 O=O	+498

These bond enthalpies are mean values; the exact strength of a bond depends on its environment. Thus bond enthalpies calculated from different reactions may vary slightly.

Calculating approximate energy changes
The approximate H of any reaction can be calculated, given bond dissociation enthalpies and atomisation enthalpies:

Eg Calculate the approximate energy change for the reaction:

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Bonds broken: 4 x C-H, 2 x 0=0 Energy required = 4(413) + 2(498) = 2648 kJmol-1

Bonds formed: 2 x C=O, 4 x O-H Energy released = 2(803), 4(464) = 3462 kJmol-1

Energy change = 2648 – 3462 = -815 kJmol-1

N.B Because the values used are mean bond energies, these calculations are only approximate. The value of the bond strengths in the substances involved in the reaction will be different from the mean values.

Calculations based on Hess’ Law do not rely on such approximations and so are more reliable.

FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
The enthalpy changes during reactions involving covalent compounds can be explained in terms of simple bond breaking and bond making:

H = (bonds broken) - (bonds formed)

Reactions involving ionic compounds, however, involve a more complex sequence of processes and must be treated by a different method. Reactions involving the formation of ionic compounds from their elements can be broken down into three stages: -	formation of free gaseous atoms from the elements in their standard states. -	addition or removal of electrons to form ions. -	attraction of the ions to form the ionic compound.

Consider the reaction Na(s) + 1/2Cl2(g)  NaCl(s)

a) Formation of free gaseous atoms from the elements in their standard states.

The enthalpy changes required to form free gaseous atoms can be obtained from the atomisation enthalpies or the bond dissociation enthalpies.

b) Formation of the ions from free gaseous atoms

The first ionisation energy of an atom is the energy required to remove one electron from each of a mole of free gaseous atoms of that element. Eg Na(g)  Na+(g) + e

The first electron affinity of an atom is the energy change when one electron is added to each of a mole of free gaseous atoms of that element. Eg Cl(g) + e  Cl-(g)

In cases where the ions have a charge of +2 or -2, other electrons must be transferred:

The second ionisation energy of an element is the energy required to remove one electron from each of a mole of free gaseous unipositive ions of that element:

Eg Mg+(g)  Mg2+(g) + e

The second electron affinity of an atom is the energy change when one electron is added to each of a mole of free gaseous uninegative ions of that element.

Eg O-(g) + e  O2-(g)

c) Attraction of the ions to form an ionic compound

The lattice enthalpy of an ionic compound is the energy released when one mole of the compound is formed from its free gaseous ions under standard conditions.

Eg Na+(g) + Cl-(g)  NaCl(s)

The formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine thus consists of the following five processes:

Process	Equation	Enthalpy change/ kJmol-1 Atomisation enthalpy of sodium	Na(s)  Na(g)	+107 Atomisation enthalpy of chlorine	1/2Cl2(g)  Cl(g)	+122 First ionisation energy of sodium	Na(g)  Na+(g) + e	+496 First electron affinity of chlorine	Cl(g) + e  Cl-(g)	-348 Lattice energy of sodium chloride	Na+(g) + Cl-(g)  NaCl(s)	-780

Atomisation enthalpies and ionisation enthalpies are always positive (ie endothermic). First electron affinities (usually) and lattice enthalpies are negative (ie exothermic).

The sequence of processes making up the formation of an ionic compound can be shown as an energetic cycle known as a Born-Haber cycle:

The enthalpy of formation of NaCl can be calculated from Hess' Law:

Hf(NaCl) = +107 + 122 + 496 + (-348) + (-780) = -403 kJmol-1.

Born-Haber cycles can be used to calculate any of the above processes if all the others are known. In practice it is usually used to calculate the electron affinity or the lattice enthalpy, since these are difficult processes to measure directly.

DISSOLVING IONIC COMPOUNDS
Ions are strongly attracted to water, since water is a polar molecule and so cations are attracted to the O atoms in water and anions are attracted to H atoms:

The energy released when a gaseous ion is dissolved in water is known as the hydration enthalpy of the ion: Mx+(g)  Mx+(aq)

Not all ionic compounds are soluble, however, since the ions in the solid state are also attracted to each other (cf lattice energy). The energy required to break up an ionic lattice is known as the lattice dissociation enthalpy.

The enthalpy change when one mole of an ionic compound dissolves in excess water is known as the enthalpy of solution. The more exothermic the enthalpy of solution, the more likely the compound is to dissolve.

Eg NaCl(s)  NaCl(aq)

The hydration energy depends on the charge and the size of the ions: the larger the charge and the smaller the size, the larger the hydration energy.

Ion	Na+	K+	Mg2+	Ca2+	Cl-	Br- Hydration energy/kJmol-1	-406	-322	-1920	-1650	-364	-337

.Solubility of ionic compounds in water thus varies widely, and depends on the balance between the hydration energy of the ions and the lattice energy of the compound. Most ionic compounds are at least partially soluble in water.

The solubility of ionic compounds can be calculated using the lattice energy of the compound and the hydration energy of the ions according to the following Hess' Law cycle:

∆H(solution) = Σ(∆H(hydration)) - ∆H(lattice formation)

or

∆H(solution) = Σ(∆H(hydration))+ ∆H(lattice dissociation)

eg for sodium chloride: lattice dissociation enthalpy of NaCl: +780 kJmol-1 hydration enthalpy of sodium ion: -406 kJmol-1 hydration enthalpy of chloride ion: -364 kJmol-1

enthalpy of solution of NaCl = 780 – 406 – 364 = +10 kJmol-1

The greater the lattice energy, the harder it is to separate the ions and the lower the solubility. The greater the hydration energy, the greater the energy released when the ions dissolve in water and the greater the solubility.

SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS
It is often cited that reactions take place in order that the substances can become more stable (i.e. lower their potential energy). This is what happens during exothermic reactions. However this cannot be reconciled with the fact that many endothermic reactions proceed readily under normal conditions.

Two common endothermic reactions are: NH4Cl(s) NH4Cl(aq) at room temperature CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g) at temperatures above 1000oC

It follows that there must be other factors, other than the enthalpy change, which determine whether or not a reaction will proceed spontaneously; the enthalpy change is important but not the only factor.

ENTROPY
The other factor which determines whether or not a reaction will take place is the change in entropy.

Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder of a system.

A high degree of disorder makes a substance more stable.

Eg entropy increases solids < liquids < gases Generally metals have a higher entropy than non-metallic solids

Typical entropy values are:

Substance	Entropy/ Jmol-1K-1 Diamond	2.4 Graphite	5.7 Aluminium	28.3 Water	69.9 Carbon monoxide	197.6 Carbon dioxide	213.6 Argon	154.7

It is possible to calculate the entropy change for a reaction by applying the formula:

S = Sproducts - Sreactants

eg Calculate the entropy change for the reaction C(s) + CO2(g)  2CO(g)

∆S = 2(197.6) – 213.6 – 5.7 = 175.9 Jmol-1K-1

If ∆S is +ve then a reaction is likely. If ∆S is –ve then a reaction is unlikely. Chemical reactions are favoured if they are accompanied by an increase in entropy.

Many endothermic reactions proceed spontaneously under normal conditions because there is an increase in entropy. Some exothermic reactions do not proceed spontaneously because there is a decrease in entropy.

FREE ENERGY
Whether or not a reaction will proceed thus depends on a balance between entropy and enthalpy. These two quantities combine to give a single term, known as free energy. The change in free energy of a reaction is the ultimate test of whether it will proceed.

∆G = ∆H - T∆S

∆G = change in free energy ∆H = change in enthalpy ∆S = change in entropy

If ∆G = -ve, the reaction will proceed, even if ∆H = +ve (though it may be very slow if the reactants have kinetic stability).

If ∆G = +ve, the reaction will not proceed, even if ∆H = -ve.

So enthalpy changes in chemical reactions are useful, but they cannot be used to predict whether or not a reaction will take place.

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Because the free energy change ∆G depends on T∆S, the effect of entropy becomes more important at higher temperatures.

If ∆H is –ve and ∆S is positive, the reaction will be spontaneous at all temperatures. If ∆H is +ve and ∆S is negative, the reaction will not be spontaneous at any temperature.

However if ∆H and ∆S are both +ve, the reaction will be spontaneous only above a certain temperature. If ∆H and ∆S are both –ve, the reaction will be spontaneous only below a certain temperature.

The critical temperature is the temperature at which ∆G = 0, so ∆H = T∆S.

T = ∆H/∆S

-- Adrignola talk contribs 21:10, 27 July 2009 (UTC)


text: Statistical Mechanics/Thermodynamic Potentials


text:
Statistical Mechanics/Phase Transformations

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
In equilibrium, we know that the first-derivative of thermodynamic quantities of two systems should be equal, for this specifies a maxima or minima of the original thermodynamic function. In terms of phases, the best variable to examine is μ, specifically for when a gas and liquid phase of a system coexist:

μg(p,T) = μl(p,T)

Also, because we are examining a physical continuous system:

μg(p + dp,T + dT) ~= μl(p + dp,T + dT)

If we take these and play around with them using a Taylor's expanaion, limiting dp and dT small enough that higher order terms fall out, and play with them algebraically:

dp/dT = ((∂μl/∂T)p - (∂μg/∂T)p)/((∂μl/∂p)T - (∂μg/∂p)T)

Using some Maxwell relations and the fact that for a single-specie system G=Nμ(p,t) (in order to satisfy G's differential equation) we can obtain:

dp/dT=(sg - sl)/(vg - vl)

But if we make the following definitions:

L := T(sg - sl)

Δv= = (vg - vl)

dp/dT=L/(TΔv)

which is know as the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which tells the form of the vapor-pressure line where the gas and liquid phases of a material meet.

Maxwell Construction
Another way of looking at the phase transition point is to examine the Gibbs free energy. There is a free energy curve for the material for each of its phases. What phase it's in is determined by the curve with the lowest free energy (as said in the previous chapter). Therefore, the place of coexistance is where Gg=Gl.

Let's take a look at Gibbs' differential form:

$$dG = -S dT + V dp + \mu dN$$

N=1 and is constant, and let's assume T is constant, then:

dG= Vdp

Integrate over the curve so that:

Gg - Gl = ∫Vdp

But since we are at a phase equilibrium position:

∫Vdp = 0

over such a curve for a material. This relation allows us to determine something called the 'coexistance line' on a P-V diagram, and is known as Maxwell's Construction.


text:
Talk:Statistical Mechanics/Thermodynamic Potentials

Anyone willing to draw a little thermodynamic square for me? Fephisto 10:28, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

I kind of need it to continue. Fephisto 02:51, 24 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
MySQL/CheatSheet

Connect/Disconnect
mysql -h -u -p mysql -h -u -p Enter password: ******** mysql -u user -p mysql mysql -h -u -p

Forgot root password?
$ /etc/init.d/mysql stop $ mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables & $ mysql # on another terminal mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET password=PASSWORD('nouveau') WHERE user='root'; $ /etc/init.d/mysql start
 * 1) Kill mysqld_safe from the terminal, using Control + \

Repair tables after unclean shutdown
mysqlcheck --all-databases mysqlcheck --all-databases --fast

Loading data
mysql> SOURCE input_file $ mysql database < filename-20120201.sql $ cat filename-20120201.sql | mysql database

MySQL/Syntaxe

title: MySQL/CheatSheet


text:
Wikibooks talk:Wikibooks Gazette

Just a thought: perhaps the Gazette should also include recaps of discussions on IRC and textbook-l? -- SB_Johnny | talk 11:38, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Decent thought. On wikimedia channels, it is generally forbidden to publish logs of discussions, so I doubt we can use direct copy+paste excerpts. On another note, the next issue could certainly contain reminders about the IRC channel and the mailing list, including a link to sign up for the mailing lists. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 13:18, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I didn't mean transcriptions, just a summary of what's discussed in general terms. For example, we could sum up last night's discussion as "the good and the bad of many specific policies vs. a few very broad policies".
 * I just think it's a good idea, since we really do discuss a lot of policy there, and not everyone's on IRC. -- SB_Johnny | talk 13:22, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * We're not going to be able to provide summaries of every discussion that we have on email or IRC or even on the phone. I think it's a much better use of space to tell people to come on to IRC and participate in those discussions. Also, I think the actual decisions reached on policy are more important then the discussions leading to those decisions. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 13:26, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * There's an IRC channel and mailing list? Can I get some quick directions? Harriska2 18:03, 26 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Huh, what do ya know, doing a search on IRC gave me the answer: /join #wikibooks Harriska2 18:06, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Question on scope of the newsletter's audience
I was just curious about something. You said that 60 people received the newsletter. This seemed a little low to me, so it made me curious. What were the criteria for sending the newsletter to people? Because I think that the criteria for being an "established contributor" and thus receiving the newsletter may have been too stringent, i.e. the information contained in it could have been just as useful to people who made 20 contributions in the last month as it was to those who made 100. It was mentioned that the purpose is to reach out to people who are active in contributions but not in the community, but how active do we want people to be in contributing before we encourage them to become part of the community? Mattb112885 15:25, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * You are right about this. The problem was getting a list of "active" WB folk.  A number of us put together the list and inevitably we will have missed some people who would have benefited.  However do bear in mind that many accounts are created and never used (or only once or twice for a specific purpose).  I guess the "criteria" was effectively that we noticed them or they noticed the page.  Do you have ideas for getting to more (& relevant) folk - if so it would be great to hear - I'm sure another bot run would be no problem?
 * I guess also was it any use to you?! Regards -- Herby  talk thyme 16:43, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem is that we are literally having 100 or more new user accounts created per day around here, and most of these accounts are never used, or (as herby has already mentioned) are only used once or twice with no intent to return. The number "60" may sound surprisingly low, but if you do follow the RC lists and you do look at the people who are actually contributing, I think you would be hard pressed to even find 60 people who are contributing. Some of the people who were on that list are known wikibookians, but aren't even active here anymore. To be on this list, somebody must either have noticed the user being active (i've added people that I've seen on the RC list), or that person must have been involved enough to actually find that page and add their names out to it. I am not going to support blindly sending out that newsletter to every account, or even every account that was created recently. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:12, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * After fundraising season is over, maybe we should put it on the sitenotice for a week or two. -- SB_Johnny | talk 17:21, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Excellent Idea!! Question, is there any other such notice that we could use besides MediaWiki:Sitenotice to send that information out to all wikibookians? --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:33, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Um, sidebar? -- SB_Johnny | talk 18:15, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * (after edit conflict) I don't expect you to send it out to every account, as I agree that a lot of accounts go unused, are abandoned after some time, and so on. If you were doing it by hand, then that would explain the numbers. I do think that it would probably be best to do it based on number of recent contributions (if this is possible), though I would not want to venture a guess as to what limit we would want to use, maybe 5? Is there some sort of bot out there that can give you such a list? I think it would probably be useful for other purposes as well, does wikipedia have a newsletter like this? Maybe we could ask the people there what they do, since they have a lot more active contributors and therefore probably have a bot set up (unless they just send it to everyone) Other than that, putting it on sitenotice seems like a really good idea to me as well. And yes the newsletter was useful to me, I hadn't noticed the bulletin board before, and it's always nice to get a message in your talk page anyways. Mattb112885 18:19, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The sidebar is more for links, and less for paragraphs of information. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 18:23, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Thanks a lot for the feedback Matt - take a look around, it's great to have people involved. As to changing the sitenotice - excellent idea - cheers -- Herby talk thyme 18:28, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * reset

Next steps?
Reflecting on the above - maybe
 * 1) Add to the welcome template a "sign up here" for the Gazette?
 * 2) However could some clever person make a user friendly sign up box - not sure the page would be easily understandable to a newbie?
 * 3) How often will it go out - while I am not after a regular time frame the idea that it would be less than every 1/2 months would probably mean it was going off the boil?
 * 4) Start some outline ideas Wikibooks Gazette 2 if that was the naming idea tho I see some thoughts at the bottom of the first one

-- Herby talk thyme 07:58, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * 1 Sounds good to me.
 * 2 Maybe we could have all of them just sign a blank page or something, put a message on the top that says "sign your name with four tildas (~) on this page if you would like to receive the Wikibooks gazette" or something like that, is there any need to really have a sign-up "box"? (I'm not sure, is this the only reliable way to pass information into the bot?)
 * 3 I don't know how I feel about that, maybe a regular time frame would be better just to prevent the need to decide something like "Such and such policy decision is important enough that we need to make a new newsletter to tell people about it but this isn't". Then again, such a decision would have to be made anyways as to what to include when the time came around to make a new one. I think maybe we should have a maximum time between issues (like, say, a month, or a half a month if you think a month is too long) but if something that is deemed important enough comes along, we can put an issue out before then to inform people of it. That way, we can still remind/pester people once a month or so to get their votes out on important topics, but still have the flexibility to print on new debates and such. Then again new things might crop up often enough that such a plan would not be necessary or beneficial, I think the people who have been here longer would know better than I how often new things come up that it would help to print.
 * 4 Do you mean the graphical design or the actual contents of the newsletter? Mattb112885 18:08, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Your 2 - not my speciality, hopefully others better at it will pass
 * Your 3 - I think I agree with you - on the basis of need - however if they are too far apart/too frequent we will loose people
 * Your 4 - again not a strong point (graphics) BUT we could introduce fold to the new logo? Not sure when it becomes active? I was after more content/changes to tone etc if required? -- Herby  talk thyme 20:11, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the tone's OK but am not sure about the content itself. I know this issue was the first and was therefore made very general on purpose. Just for the sake of argument, rather than saying general stuff like 'make sure you put the bulletin board on watch', I think it'd be better to state some of the important things that're being discussed, and then simply refer them to those pages for further details and to debate those topics. I think a while ago, someone on the staff lounge brought up the point that it's often kind of confusing to track what's going on because it's on a whole bunch of different pages, and things tend to get lost in the woodwork somewhat. This newsletter could help to coordinate all of that, to say, oh yeah we have this lively debate going on on the vfd page concerning the validity of video game textbooks, or something like that. Other than that, not sure what you mean by introducing a fold to the new logo, I have seen some candidates for the new logo (honestly I'm not really sure what's wrong with the one we have but a redesign is always nice once in a while), do you mean you want to kind of make a blown up version of it and put the newsletter text inside it? Something like that could maybe work, but I haven't really seen anything like it on wiki sites so I'm not sure if it would work (and I don't have the technical knowhow to try and do something like that). Mattb112885 04:57, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Firstly oops! FF2's spell checker only helps some of my blunders - try "folk" instead of "fold", could make reading it easier!  I guess I was just suggesting it as a "header" so that people were made aware of it?

 * As far as your point about content is concerned I am completely with you. To encourage at least some dedicated editors of individual topics to look at WB:VFDs and WB:RFAs for example would certainly be an aim of mine.  Really quite a select bunch are involved in most of the voting on both pages (no disrespect to them at all) - can almost be a case of "you can close it because everyone has had their say" - widening democracy a little would (IMO) be good.  Equally (tho a little less my thing) current policy voting should include as much of the community as possible (if you missed it anywhere that was the idea of the Gazette to work on "community") -- Herby  talk thyme 13:47, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * As to the frequency issue, I firmly believe that we shouldnt be sending out newsletters when we don't have news to tell. I dont think it needs to be sent with any regulariy, and I would prefer to send it too infrequently as opposed to too infrequently. We don't want people to dread the day the newsletter comes because it takes up so much space in their user talk page.
 * On another note, I think that every issue should contain some basic reminders: watch the bulletin board, participage in RFA and VFD, and ask questions at the staff lounge. Beyond that, we have about 2 or 3 solid paragraphs for actual news that we can report.
 * The text at the bottom of the page are my quick notes for the next newsletter. The first section can be archived in whatever manner we've decided to archive these things. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 14:25, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * (reset) I do think it would get annoying if we sent the newsletter out too often, you have a point there. If I understand you correctly, your stance is that there is no need for us to define "often enough", I'm not sure if I agree with that but with the amount of changes that are happening in wikibooks right now I think that there'll be plenty of news to keep the newsletter active anyways so the argument is moot. I also agree that the reminders are useful (especially for those who have not yet received a copy of the newsletter before), I was just saying I think they should be just that, quick reminders, not the focus of the newsletter. Another thing to consider is is the actual writing of the newsletter going to be a community project (i.e. if someone has something they want to bring up could they add it to the newsletter itself)? This may or may not be a good idea, depending on what the goals are, I mean if it's made into a community endeavor we may have more news but also will probably have a more bloated newsletter. Thoughts? Finally, I looked at the suggestions for next issue, looks good to me, are there any particular conversations in the staff lounge / vfd / rfa that you'd like to bring up in the newsletter? Mattb112885 15:24, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I know I get impatient at times (!) but I'm offline until tomorrow now but I will get back on this one then. However my understanding is that we all can and should edit if we have something to say (as with all things Wiki).  Maybe there is a semi static header & footer but harvesting staff lounge/RfA/VfD for current issues makes much sense.  Maybe aiming for the next one mid/end Jan?  I'll arc the old one tomorrow maybe.
 * A concern of mine tho is ensuring that we do catch as many active folk as possible - I'd hate people to feel left out (the opposite of what we are trying to achieve), equally spamming unused accounts would be counter productive. Cheers -- Herby  talk thyme 17:06, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * You both bring up good points, Herby and Matt. First off, as this is a wiki, I do believe that we should write the newletter as a community (that doesnt mean everybody adds whatever they want, but that we have to agree or mostly agree on the content). Second, the primary place for listing news should always be the bulletin board. People should add their news to the bulletin board, and a distilled version of that should become the newsletter (with the addition of some static reminders to watch the bulletin board, etc). As for frequency, I still believe that we should send it when we have enough news to tell, and not send it otherwise. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:44, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Something to look at...
Our German colleagues are doing something like this: de:Wikibooks:Rundschau. Worth a look... sorry, I won't be translating for you :). -- SB_Johnny | talk 21:59, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Next issuance?
Is the second issue going to be delivered soon? --Iamunknown 20:09, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * To be honest, I think alot of people lost interest in this project, at least for now. I am still interested in sending out a newsletter, and I certainly have the software to do it without much effort at all. Let me look at the current text of it, and see if it is all still worth sending. Maybe we could send it out sometime early next week? --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 20:50, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm interested in it too... I think we've had an unfortunate distraction this past month which has dampened the spirits of some of our more active people (including myself). The end result is that there's less progress to report than we'd like, and the progress that has been made might not be so nice to include in the Gazette. -- SB_Johnny | talk 21:53, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Abandoned?
Would project members like to comment? Is it time to retire this? --Swift (talk) 05:12, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Done. --Swift (talk) 08:41, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Wikibooks Gazette


text:
Indonesian Reader/Unit 1/Lesson 4

Vocabulary

 * ada: to exist; to be present
 * asal: origin; place of origin
 * akan: will
 * Amerika: America
 * banyak: many
 * belum: not yet
 * bukan: no; not
 * nama: name
 * mahir: capable; skilful; expert; proficient
 * sudah: already

 * adalah: there was once; it happened that
 * berada: to be somewhere
 * berasal: to come from; to be descended from

 * namanya: his/her name
 * orang Amerika: American (person)
 * orang banyak: public
 * orangnya: the person
 * seorang: a person; one person
 * seseorang: one person

Sentences

 * 1) Saya berasal dari Amerika.
 * 2) Anda adalah orang Amerika, bukan?
 * 3) Saya belum mahir berbicara bahasa Indonesia.
 * 4) Nama saya adalah Budi.
 * 5) Di Indonesia sudah banyak orang bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris.
 * 6) Saya akan berbicara banyak.
 * 7) Nama saya berasal dari nama orang Amerika.
 * 8) Di Amerika belum banyak orang bisa bahasa Indonesia.
 * 9) Saya akan menjumpai Anda di Amerika nanti malam.

Dialogs
A: Halo, selamat pagi. B: Selamat pagi. Apa Anda bisa bahasa Indonesia? A: Ya, sedikit. B: Apakah Anda orang Inggris? A: Bukan. Saya berasal dari Amerika. B: Amerika? Saya akan ke Amerika nanti malam. A: Apakah Anda bisa bahasa Inggris? B: Saya belum mahir berbahasa Inggris. A: Tidak apa-apa. Terima kasih banyak. Sampai jumpa. B: Sampai jumpa.

Readings
Ada seorang dari Amerika belum mahir berbicara bahasa Indonesia. Saya belum tahu orangnya. Saya tahu namanya saja. "Apakah Anda Mr. Brown?" "Maaf, saya bukan Mr. Brown. Nama saya adalah Black." "Mr. Black, apakah Anda tahu Mr. Brown?" "Maaf, saya tidak tahu Mr. Brown." Mr. Black sudah mahir berbicara bahasa Indonesia. Mr. Black berasal dari Inggris. "Mr. Brown berasal dari mana?" "Dari Amerika." Ada seseorang berbicara, "Halo! Selamat... selamat... selamat malam. Saya... Brown."

Translation

 * 1) I come from America.
 * 2) You are American, aren't you?
 * 3) I am not skilled yet at speaking Indonesian.
 * 4) My name is Budi.
 * 5) In Indonesia, a lot of people were able to speak English.
 * 6) I will talk a lot.
 * 7) My name comes from an American name.
 * 8) In America, there are not many people who are able to speak Indonesian.
 * 9) I will meet you in America tonight.

title: Indonesian Reader/Unit 1/Lesson 4


text:
Horticulture/Hamamelis

Witch-hazel (Hamamelis) is a genus of four species of flowering plants in the family Hamamelidaceae, with two species in North America (H. virginiana and H. vernalis), and one each in Japan (H. japonica) and China (H. mollis). They are popular ornamental plants, grown for their clusters of rich yellow to orange-red flowers which begin to expand in the autumn as or slightly before the leaves fall, and continue throughout the winter. Numerous cultivars have been selected for use as garden shrubs, many of them derived from the hybrid H. × intermedia Rehder (H. japonica × H. mollis).

The Parrotia, a closely related tree formerly treated as Hamamelis persica, is now given a genus of its own, as Parrotia persica, as it differs in the flowers not having petals. Other closely allied genera are Parrotiopsis, Fothergilla and Sycopsis (see under Hamamelidaceae). Witch-hazels are not closely related to the hazels.

Hamamelis species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Feathered Thorn.

Description
They are deciduous shrubs or (rarely) small trees growing to 3–8 m tall, rarely to 12 m tall, with gray bark that varies from smooth to warty in texture. The leaves are alternately arranged, oval, 4–16 cm long and 3–11 cm broad, with a smooth or wavy margin. Winter vegetative buds are foliose, floral buds on short stalks, opening slightly several weeks before fully blooming. The flowers have four slender, strap-shaped petals 1–2 cm long, pale to dark yellow, orange, or red. The fruit is a two-parted capsule 1 cm long with two "beaks" at the tip of each half, containing a single 5 mm glossy black seed in each of the two parts; the capsule splits explosively at maturity in the autumn about 8 months after flowering; the seeds are ejected with sufficient force to fly for distances of up to 10 m.

Ecology
Flowers of the winter-blooming species are visited by many insects, including bumblebees, and so can serve as an important nectar source at that time of year.

Culture and Use
Witch hazels grow best in full sun, but tolerate considerable shade. Deep, fertile, well-drained soils are best, but they are quite adamptable.

Witch hazels should not be pruned in mid to late winter, as they bleed copiously and the plant may become desiccated.

On many plants, the leaves fail to fall off the plant in autumn, and may need to be cut off with scissors since the dark brown dead leaves detract from the flower display of winter-blooming types.

The bark and leaves are astringent, the extract, also referred to as Witch Hazel, is used medicinally. Extracts from its bark and leaves are used in aftershave lotions and lotions for treating bruises. The seeds contain a quantity of oil and are edible.

Arthropod pests

 * ../Aphids/:
 * Spiny Witch Hazel Gall Aphid: ../Hamamelistes spinosus/
 * Witch Hazel Leaf Gall Aphid: ../Hormaphis hamamelidis/

 * ../Scale Insects/
 * Walnut Scale: ../Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae/

 * ../Bugs/:
 * Alder Spittlebug: ../Clastoptera obtusa/

 * ../Caterpillars/:
 * Leafroller: ../Argyrotaenia quercifoliana/
 * Blotch Leafminer: ../Camereria hamameliella/
 * Yellownecked Caterpillar: ../Datana ministra/
 * Saddled Prominent Caterpillar: ../Heterocapma guttivitta/
 * Eastern Tent Caterpillar: ../Malacosoma americanum/
 * Blotch Leafminers: ../Phyllonorycter/ spp.

Mammal pests

 * ../Squirrels/ eat the fruits, and occasionally bite off the branch tips to get the sap.
 * ../White-tailed Deer/ are uninterested in this plant.

Diseases

 * ../Powdery Mildew/ caused by Podosphaera biuncinata
 * ../Leaf Spots/ caused by Gonatobotryum maculicola, Monochaetia monochaeta, Mycosphaerella sp., Phyllosticta hamamelidis, or Ramularia hamamelidis
 * Wood rots

title: Horticulture/Hamamelis


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4

=King's Gambit Accepted= If Black could make a free move in this position, it would undoubtedly be ...Qh4+. White can't block with the g-pawn thanks to the Black pawn on f4, so the awkward 3. Ke2 would be forced.

How should White deal with that threat?

The most obvious approach is to control the h4 square, with the natural developing move 3. Nf3.

The only reasonable alternative to that is to create an empty square for the king to run to after the check on h4. 3. Bc4 accomplishes this while also developing a piece to a square where it will threaten Black's weak f7 point. This is statistically White's best approach against the King's Gambit Accepted, in that White wins only slightly fewer games than Black does. Since in most openings White wins rather more games than Black by virtue of going first, this is a considerable fall from grace for the King's Gambit since the "romantic" era of chess in the 19th century.

Theory table
.

1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4


text:
User talk:Gwylim a

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 13:07, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gwylim a


text:
User talk:Cdamama~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 13:08, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cdamama. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cdamama~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:01, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:46, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cdamama~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:72.10.107.133

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 13:18, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:72.10.107.133


text:
Bartending/Cocktails/Irish Car Bomb

Ingredients

 * ½ pint of Guinness stout
 * 1 oz Jameson Irish whiskey
 * 1 oz Baileys Irish Cream

Glasses

 * Pint glass
 * Shot glass

Procedure

 * 1) Pour Guinness into the pint glass.
 * 2) Pour Baileys into the shot glass and, without mixing, pour Jameson into the shot glass.
 * 3) When ready to drink, drop the shot glass into the pint, and be mindful of spilling.

title: Bartending/Cocktails/Irish Car Bomb


text:
User talk:Nathanrdotcom~enwikibooks

I no longer use this wiki or any Wikia-managed Wiki, and I haven't since mid-2006. Please don't leave any useless welcome messages or anything like that as they will be reverted. — Nathan (talk · contribs · en.wiki) 19:57, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nathanrdotcom. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nathanrdotcom~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nathanrdotcom~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:207.180.197.119

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 13:57, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.180.197.119


text:
User talk:Rabilin

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 14:35, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rabilin


text: User talk:66.226.79.49

title: User talk:66.226.79.49


text:
User:VFDBot

This page is protected.

title: User:VFDBot


text:
User:Louwrens

A user since December 18, 2006

title: User:Louwrens


text:
Scienceshow/Cryogenics/The Fountain

 * Status for this guide: Not yet finished
 * Scienceshow/Physics, Scienceshow/Cryogenics

Safety Class

 * Very dangerous (Should only be attempted after careful training)

Required Safety Equipment

 * The show performer: Glasses / Cryogenic gloves

 * Audience/participants: None.

Materials

 * One brass tube, 5cm across, 40 cm high. This brass tube is closed on one end and open on the other.
 * One cork with two holes in it which fits on the brass tube
 * Two glass tubes which fit into the holes in the cork, 40cm long
 * Liquid nitrogen
 * Water
 * A stable table

Procedure
Preparation: Stick the glass tubes into the cork. Make sure the glass tubes stick out about 5 cm above the cork.

Put on safety goggles and cryogenic gloves.

Put some water onto the table, and put the tube in this - with the closed side down. Pour the liquid nitrogen into the tube. Now put the cork with the glass tubes down into the brass tube. This will cause a massive fountain of liquid nitrogen to squirt out of the glass tubes.

The waste product (liquid nitrogen) will evaporate into the air.

Dangers

 * Be sure to always wear gloves and glasses when doing this experiment
 * Be sure to NEVER do this experiment twice in a row, while the equipment is still cold. If the equipment is still cold, the lower temperature difference will cause the liquid nitrogen to evaporate slower. This means that you get liquid nitrogen sprayed all over you!
 * Keep your head below the tube when doing this experiment. Liquid nitrogen which lands in your neck is less dangerous than liquid nitrogen which lands in your face

Other Factors
As said above, the higher the temperature difference between the equipment and the liquid nitrogen, the larger the effect. Therefore, it is possible to increase the effect of this experiment by heating the equipment with a blow drier beforehand.

Show notes
It is very important that you need two people to do this experiment; one pours the liquid nitrogen into the fountain tube, the other one puts the cork on. If you try to do both by yourself, so much liquid nitrogen will have evaporated that the effect will be much less.

What's taking place
The liquid nitrogen evaporates, creating more pressure in the tube. Because the glass tubes are below the waterline of the liquid nitrogen, the liquid nitrogen is pushed out instead of the gas.

In the real world
Espresso machines work like this; steam is built up in a chamber, and the boiling liquid is pushed through coffee powder.

More Information

 * Websites with more info the end.

Acknowledgements
Experiment developed by Stichting Rino Page made possible by EuroPhysicsFun

title: Scienceshow/Cryogenics/The Fountain


text:
User talk:193.87.32.5

Pages in English Wikibooks must be in English. Your page was in Czech or Slovak and this kind of thing should be made in [] or [] Xania talk 19:57, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:193.87.32.5


text:
User talk:Pathfinders

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 20:48, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pathfinders


text:
User talk:Jelmer

Hi Jelmer

In the wiki science show book, maybe my idea about assmbling all guides under scienceshow/guides is too cumbersome, but then I think we should find a general way for structuring it. Some of the pages you suggest are already under /guides - which is why i'd like to have a general index, instead of scattering them on several pages... what would you suggest? KristianMolhave 21:45, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jelmer


text:
User:Xania/Stat

I edit from a country where access to Wikimedia projects is blocked so I use a VPN to edit. I am mostly active between 01.00 UTC and 14.00 UTC.

title: User:Xania/Stat


text: User:Xania/Message

title: User:Xania/Message


text:
Introduction to Game Theory/Deal Or No Deal

This article concerns itself with the game theory and optimal strategy for playing the popular television game show, Deal or No Deal.

One basic strategy is for a contestant to act so as to maximize the expected value of his prize. At each point in the game where the banker makes an offer, the contestant can maximize his expected value by choosing the offer if it is greater than the average value of the unopened cases and declining it when it is less. However, the offers from the banker almost never exceed the average value of the unopened cases. Thus, if contestants always chose this strategy, the game would be boring as it would consist of contestants always declining offers and continuing to open cases until the end (or until the banker's offer exceeds expected value).

However, the game becomes interesting when other strategies that involve optimizing for parameters beyond expected value. A contestant who declines the banker's offer is accepting the risk that he may win less than that offer. Different people have different degrees of risk tolerance. For instance, if offered the choice between getting $400,000 against taking an even chance of winning either $1 or $1,000,000 many contestants would prefer to accept the $400,000 despite that fact that if one's strategy was simply to maximize the expected value, the contestant should reject the offer. The reason why many contestants would accept the $400,000 is due to the fact that people maximize their utility of money and not the expected value directly. The utility of money diminishes as a person gains more money, for example the utility of the first $400,000 the contestant receives may be worth much more than the next $600,000 received.

The game's deceptively simple format has attracted attention from mathematicians, statisticians, and economists as a study of decision making under risk: It is an excellent instructive example of the application of utility theory. In 2004, a team of economists played a scaled-down version of the game with 84 participants and compared the results with the expected utility hypothesis. The study received a great deal of media attention, appearing on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on January 12, 2006 as well as being featured on National Public Radio in the United States on March 3, 2006.

Modeling strategy
At the start of a standard game of the U.S. version of Deal or No Deal, the expected value of the game is $131,477.54, the average of the 26 cases. However, only 6 of the 26 cases have values greater than the expected value, and the median value of the 26 cases is only $875. Before any deal is offered, the contestant must select 6 cases to be eliminated. Thus the expected value of the cases at the time of the first offer could range from a low of $13,420.80 to a high of $170,916.25 and the median value from a low of $350 to a high of $17,500, leading to considerable variability in playing conditions by the time players must first make decisions in the game.

The banker's perspective
One should not consider only the perspective of the contestant who wins the prize, as this is a two player game, with the banker being the other player. Because the banker plays a large number of games, which greatly reduces his risk, he can be extremely tolerant of the remaining risk and adopt a strategy that seeks to minimize the expected value of the prizes that contestants win. However, the expected value he seeks to minimize is not on a per game basis, as is the case for the contestant, but on a per hour of play basis. A strategy that would cause an average contestant to play for an hour and win $100,000, is more advantageous to the banker than a strategy that would cause an average contestant to play for only a quarter hour and win $50,000. This helps to explain why the banker's first few offers are only a small fraction of the expected value of the remaining cases. An optimal banker will only make offers that from his perspective improve upon the expected value per hour of play. From the contestant's perspective this becomes a premium he must pay to end the game early.

The contestant's perspective
Typically a contestant enters the game with an idea of what he considers to be a minimum satisfactory prize. So long as the contestant can continue the game without significant risk of knocking out all of the prizes above that minimum, he will do so. What the contestant considers satisfactory may change during the game as the remaining prizes change. For example, when the second most valuable prize remaining is $75,000, a contestant will be more satisfied with the risk that it could become the most valuable remaining prize, if the current most valuable remaining prize is $100,000 than if it were $1,000,000. Thus a player is likely to desire to continue playing while the risk is low. By the time of the fourth offer there are eight remaining cases. At this point in the game there is only a 4.8% chance that the contestant will have eliminated all of the prizes worth $100,000 or more, and a 72.8% chance that there will be at least two such prizes still in the game. Hence a contestant is also unlikely to accept an early offer.

The Start of the Game

At the start of the game, the contestant is allowed to choose one case. The odds of actually selecting the $1,000,000 case are 3.85%. It is interesting to note that many contestants actually believe that they have chosen the $1,000,000 case, even though the odds of not selecting the million dollar case are 96.15%. Many of these contestants make decisions based on believing that they have chosen the million dollar case (or one of the other five higher-value cases). As the game goes on, this generally causes the contestant to take unnecessary risks and to not accept the banker's offer, even though the offer may be higher than the expected outcome of the average value of the remaining cases. This phenomenon of human behavior (i.e., delusion) works against the contestant almost every time.

End game
The desirability of continuing the game diminishes for both players as the number of prizes satisfactory to the contestant remaining in the game diminish. With fewer prizes that the contestant considers satisfactory remaining, the risk to the contestant increases. This increased risk lowers the percentage of the estimated value of the remaining cases that an offered deal needs to be attractive to the contestant. Conversely, the banker, since he is trying to also optimize the entertainment value of the game, may need to end a game quickly if the values of the remaining cases are all small. To end the game he needs to increase the percentage of the estimated value of the remaining cases that he offers for a deal, occasionally even above the estimated value.

Comparison with the Monty Hall problem
When only three cases remain, Deal or No Deal might seem like a version of the Monty Hall problem. Consider a Deal or No Deal game with three cases (similar to the three doors in the Monty Hall problem). The contestant has one case. Then, one of the two other cases is opened. Finally, the contestant is given the option to trade his or her case for the one unopened case remaining.

The Monty Hall problem gives the contestant a 2/3 chance of winning with a switch and a 1/3 chance of winning by keeping his or her case. However, there is a critical difference between Let's Make a Deal and Deal or No Deal. In the Monty Hall problem, the host has used his secret knowledge of what lies behind each of the three doors to cause a bad choice to always be revealed. This non-random selection of a bad choice is what causes the difference in odds of winning between switching and not switching on Let's Make a Deal. This causes Deal or No Deal to behave like the Ignorant Monty Hall problem.

Analyzing decision making under risk
A team of economists - Post, Van den Assem, Baltussen & Thaler (report) - have analyzed the decisions of people appearing in Deal or No Deal and found, among other things, that contestants are less risk averse when they have seen their expected winnings tumble. "Losers" tend to continue playing the game even if this means rejecting bank offers in excess of the average of the remaining prizes. A separate experimental study (report) with student-subjects playing the game with scaled down prizes reveals a similar pattern. The findings provide support for behavioral economists, who claim that the classical expected utility theory falls short in explaining human behavior by not accounting for the context of decisions. The study of the four economists is unique, for the underlying "experiment" Deal or No Deal is characterized by high stakes, a transparent probability distribution and only simple stop-go decisions that require minimal skill or strategy.

This particular study attracted some media attention in the United States, including coverage on the front page of the Wall Street Journal, January 12, 2006, and National Public Radio, March 3, 2006.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. Bc4

= St. George Defence =

2.Bc4
It's tempting for Black to play /2...b5/ but it's a trap : 3. Bxf7+ Kxf7 4. Qh5+!. If now 4. ... Kf6?? then 5. Qf5#, 4. ... Ke6?? transposes to the same line after 5. Qd5+ Kf6 6. Qf5# checkmate. The only evasion of mate is 4. ... g6 5. Qd5+ any 6. Qxa8 and White wins a rook.

Instead, /2...e6/ is sound. 2. Nf6 is good too : 3. e5 d5

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.Bc4'


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. Bc4/2...b5

= St. George Defence =

2...b5
Black hasn't spotted the trap. Let's play 3. Bxf7+.

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.Bc4 b5'


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. d4/2...b5/3. Nf3

= St. George Defence = Development keeps going. Black should now play /3...Bb7/, putting pressure on the e pawn (remember that White cannot play Nc3 to protect the pawn !). /3...e6/ can also be played (and will anyway be played at some point in the opening), but why giving White more liberty when it's possible to force the following moves ?

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.d4 b5 3.Nf3'


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. Bc4/2...b5/3. Bxf7

= St. George Defence =

3.Bxf7+
One legal move available : /3...Kxf7/

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.Bc4 b5 3.Bxf7+'


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. Bc4/2...b5/3. Bxf7/3...Kxf7

= St. George Defence = To get back the material, White must play 4. Qh5+

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.Bc4 b5 3.Bxf7+ Kxf7'


text:
Emergency Medicine/Altered mental status

Symptoms

 * Decreased conscious state drowsy stupor: non responsiveness to pain or painful procedures
 * Delirium - altered perception, hallucination
 * Lethargy - decreased activity, loss of eye contact

AEIOU TIPS
A mnemonic to work-through of the possible causes of altered mental state (AMS).

 * A — Alcohol/Acidosis
 * E — Endocrine
 * Epilepsy
 * Electrolytes
 * Encephalopathy

 * I — Infection
 * O — Opiates, Overdose
 * U — Uremia/Underdose
 * T — Trauma
 * I — Insulin
 * P — Poisoning/Psychosis
 * S — Stroke/Seizure/syncope

Traumatic, Infection, Neoplastic, Inflammation , M+E ( metabolism and endocrinology) , Pharmacology - doesn't cover seizures ?

occult osteomyelitis.
 * Trauma - head injury, blood loss (shock).
 * Infection - meningitis, encephalitis, sepsis, septic shock; pneumonia, urinary tract infection, liver abscess,
 * Neoplasia - intracranial tumor.
 * Inflammation - inflammatory encephalitis, autoimmune encephalitis.
 * M+E - electrolytes and endocrinology - sodium (calcium), uremia, hepatitis  ( all of them ?  Insulin-related, Cortisol -Related, Thyroid- hyper).
 * Pharmacology - opiates, alcohol (and other illicit substances), other poisons.

What to do ?
Start the usual ...
 * ABC - adequate ventilation, adequate oxygen, cervical spine protection if required, airway protection if required
 * Oxygen
 * adequate circulation (BP, PR, periphery)
 * IV access
 * Cardiac monitor
 * Quarrantine or Reverse Isolation (if appropriate)

What happened ( caregiver, witness ) ? History of Presentation Past Medical History Allergies, Medications, Drug/Substance Use Physical Examination Vital signs - Temp, BP, PR, RR, Oximetry Chest, Abdominal, Head/Eyes, Neurological, Skin = check for ominous changes (purpura, rash, infections...) LABS / TESTS ECG blood sugar (fingerstick) electrolyte panel liver function tests urinalysis EtOH ASA Tylenol toxicology screen carbon monoxide level (in appropriate scenario) thyroid function tests CT Head lumbar puncture Abdo US

Quick Fixes - low glucose level - IV dextrose hypoxia - give oxygen pinpoint pupils not breathing - IV nalaxone (for opiates on board) seizure, stop - IV diazepam (or lorazepam... another benzo) cold - warm up   suspect sepsis - IV antibiotics empiric. ?blood culture x 2 first. If difficult do later. antibiotics before LP is ok (complete the LP within one hour of starting the med)


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. Bc4/2...b5/3. Bxf7/3...Kxf7/4. Qh5

= St. George Defence = Among the three legal moves, two lead to quick checkmate :

 * 4...Kf6 5. Qf5#
 * 4...Ke6 5. Qd5+ Kf6 6. Qf5#

So, Black will play /4...g6/.

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.Bc4 b5 3.Bxf7+ Kxf7 4.Qh5+'


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. Bc4/2...b5/3. Bxf7/3...Kxf7/4. Qh5/4...g6

= St. George Defence =

4...g6
White's next move is 5. Qd5+

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.Bc4 b5 3.Bxf7+ Kxf7 4.Qh5+ g6'


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. c4

= St. George Defence =

2. c4
At first sight, it looks like a refutation of St Georges Defence. But Black keeps the powerful ability to play /2...e5/, transposing into an open game where White have a misplaced pawn on c4.

/2...b5/ looks compromised as Black will lose one of the main benefit of the St Georges : the power at the queen side.

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.c4'

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. c4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. d4/2...b5/3. Nf3/3...Bb7

= St. George Defence = The pawn is under attack. Nc3 is impossible, so the only good move is /4. Bd3/.

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.d4 b5 3.Nf3 Bb7'


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. d4/2...b5/3. Nf3/3...Bb7/4. Bd3

= St. George Defence = At that point, Black will usually play e6 and Nf6 in any order.

/4...Nf6/ adds up pressure and forces 5. Qe2 (5. e5 would free the bishop line of fire).

/4...e6/ builds Black pawn center and takes control of key squares.

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.d4 b5 3.Nf3 Bb7 4.Bd3'


text:
User talk:Ericruud

Please sign your username after your message.

=Discussion/Comments=

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!
Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 11:03, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

umm.... you probably should study Unix a bit more.
In "A Neutral Look at Operating Systems" in the OS X section, you mentioned that CD's would be mounted in ./Volumes/etc...etc....  The problem with your statement is that they are not in "./Volumes" - they are in "/Volumes". In Unix, the period ( . ) represents the current directory. So if the user were in their home directory and tried to go to ./Volumes, unless their name were Volumes, they would get an error. Brandon Johnsonn 18:00, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

reply
Thanks for fixing my typo

title: User talk:Ericruud


text:
Talk:Movie Making Manual/Cinematography/Moving the camera

Helium balloon

One method of getting an aerial shot is tying your camera to a bunch of helium baloons, which then floats above the scene that is to be filmed. The disadvantages of this include that the camera often will face the wrong way, and that too many baloons may cause the camera to drift away with the wind. <- LMAO thats the funniest dame thing ive ever seen


text:
User:Ccny930

Hi! I'm Ccny930, and when I'm not busy with something else (or not interested in anything else), I edit articles and pages in Wikibooks. In my opinion, it's important to make knowledge available for everyone, so I'll do all that I can to contribute to this goal.

Current projects include: US History...

More to come once I have time...

title: User:Ccny930


text:
ILife/iMovie HD

iMovie is part of the iLife suite. It is integrated with ../iPhoto/, ../iTunes/, ../iDVD/, GarageBand and ../iWeb/ as part of the suite.

New features include:
 * Five Apple-designed iMovie "Themes". Designed for ease of use, the user can easily drop movie clips or photos into preset themes to give the project a professional look. Each theme includes full motion-graphic bumpers and transitions.
 * Real-time effects. There is no longer the need to wait for rendering because iMovie takes advantage of the user's graphic processing unit in their computer.
 * Cinematic real-time titling
 * Enhanced Audio tools and effects
 * Multiple open projects
 * Video Podcasts and blogs (using integration with iWeb)
 * Refined look based on iTunes 5 and 6.

Getting Started

 * /The iMovie HD Interface/ [[Image:75%.svg]]
 * Learn how to get around iMovie.

 * /About Projects/ [[Image:75%.svg]]
 * Saving, types of projects, and project setup.

Importing

 * /Importing from a Camcorder/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Getting your footage into iMovie.

 * /Importing from a File/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Using pre-imported media.

 * /Importing with the Media Browser/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Understanding the new Media Browser.

Editing

 * /Using Magic iMovie/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * How to use the Magic iMovie tool.

 * /Cutting and Arranging Clips/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * The basics of editing.

 * /Working with Media/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Using photos, music, and more.

 * /Working with Themes/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Adding themes to your movie.

 * /The Editing Panel/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * How to use the Editing panel.

 * /Adding Chapters/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Adding chapters to your movie for use on DVDs.

Exporting

 * /Exporting as a Movie/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Exporting to Quicktime, Mail, iWeb, iPod, Video Camera, or Bluetooth.

 * /Exporting to iDVD/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Exporting to iDVD to create a DVD.

 * /Exporting to Garageband/ [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Exporting to Garageband for scoring.

title: ILife/iMovie HD


text:
Talk:ILife/iMovie HD

=Discussion=

Template
I've added the template from the (unfinished) iMovie page in iLife '05.

Ericruud 03:08, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

not a stub
This isn't going to be a stub, I just don't have time to fill out the content till friday. I'd like the template to remain so that I don't have to add it again. I've added a minimal amount of content to show that this isn't a stub..

Ericruud 01:06, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

work done
Today I completed a rough draft of the "Getting Started" chapters. I'm going on 3 hours of sleep, so it's going to need some touchup.

Ericruud 03:14, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:ILife/iMovie HD


text:
User:Iamunknown/Cleanup/Confirmed duplicate images

 * This list is a staging ground to do the unwieldly task of tagging all the images. If you have tagged an image, remove it from here.

Add images to this list only if you have confirmed that they are duplicates of images from Wikimedia Commons and if you have replaced all inclusions with their Commons duplicate. Include their duplicate's description page at Commons is not a flag or is not the same name.


text:
Cookbook:Lemon Sharbat

Ingredients

 * 1 cup water
 * 3 tablespoons fresh lemon juice
 * 1 teaspoon sugar
 * 1 pinch salt
 * Black pepper to taste
 * Black salt to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Mix lemon juice and water.
 * 2) Add sugar and salt.
 * 3) Add black pepper and black salt to taste.
 * 4) Stir well and serve over ice.

title: Cookbook:Lemon Sharbat


text:
User talk:Pnksbl~enwikibooks

Im really just here to contribute to small parts, touch up a section or maybe request some books. All in all, Im really just interested in learning German/Geometry(I havent been offered the Geometry credit yet), maybe even a little Spanish, and some history. Its a shame the geometry book isnt really filled out, but the German wikibook is awesome!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pnksbl. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pnksbl~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:37, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pnksbl~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Fritzlein~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!. Az1568 04:56, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Reviewer
You have been auto promoted and now have the Reviewer flag. Follow the link to learn more about this feature. Kind regards, QU TalkQu 19:42, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fritzlein. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fritzlein~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:13, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fritzlein~enwikibooks


text:
SuperCard Programming/Basics

 * Fields
 * Handlers & Functions
 * Project Structure

title: SuperCard Programming/Basics