text:
Wikibooks:Deletion policy

Wikibookians are expected to follow this policy when performing deletion-related activities (including undeletion requests).

Only Administrators can delete and restore pages. Deletion removes access, and undeletion restores access to a page's content and revision history. Keeping track of deletions can be hard if done too casually. Deletion decisions are not to be taken lightly.

Deletion are not be confused with page blanking, which adds an entry in the page's history and anyone can undo. Page blanking might be vandalism, an attempt to deal with vandalism, or an attempt to delete a page for whatever reasons. The first two can be fixed by restoring a revision free of vandalism. The last may qualify for speedy deletion, depending on the situation; if you want a second opinion, you may make a request for deletion.

General guidelines

 * In general, keep stubs that can be improved on, but delete stubs that are too narrowly defined or do not have a decent definition of what they are about.
 * In general, keep modules that need heavy editing, but delete pages with no meaningful content.
 * In general, delete modules that will simply never become educational resource modules. This includes idiosyncratic non-topics such as "Teaching 100 monkeys to type the works of Shakespeare".

Meaningful content
Content is not meaningful if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. In doubt, put it under a deletion discussion.

Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to:
 * Spam and vandalism.
 * Test edits and nonsense.
 * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content.

You can leave query on the page to check whether the user is intending to develop the page further.

Speedy deletions
Speedy deletion is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a request for deletion. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone.

Add to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in Category:Candidates for speedy deletion for administrators to address whenever time is available.

Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria can be considered for speedy deletion:

 * 1) Pages nominated for speedy deletion by the only significant contributor.
 * 2) Pages in the nominator's user namespace (their user page, talk page, or any sub-page thereof).
 * 3) Pages with no meaningful content. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced.
 * 4) Pages in a book where current book contributors support deletion. Always link to the discussion page where consensus was reached.
 * 5) Pages that cannot comply with the scope or policies of the project. Should there be any doubt, get community consensus.
 * 6) Orphaned redirects that do not conform with Naming policy or where the names are unlikely to be inadvertently searched for by anyone.
 * 7) A repost of work previously deleted as a result of a requested for deletion that has not successfully gone through requests for undeletion.

Requests for deletion
If you disagree with the reason given in a speedy deletion nomination, or if you believe a work that does not satisfy any of the speedy deletion criteria should still be deleted, you can discuss deleting the work with your fellow community members at Requests for deletion. Please sign/date your reasoning and be prepared to defend it.

Next you should add to the top of the work, which will add the page to Category:Requests for deletion. At this time, the discussion process begins.

Every registered Wikibooks user can participate in the discussion process to decide what to do with the work in question. Please explain your reasoning, sign/date your comments, and be ready defend your position. For convenience please include a discussion icon to help other participants quickly review what the overall position of the participants is. If your reasoning changes, please strikeout ( old text ) any part of your stance that you wish to change, before (optionally) declaring a different position.

One week after the last comment if participants have mostly reached consensus about what to do, action will be taken by an administrator. Otherwise discussion may continue until consensus is reached. Deciding whether consensus has been reached and what consensus is should occur according to the decision-making guideline for high impact decisions. Per this guideline, any position declaration is an aid to discussion and not a vote; the decision isn't based on quantity but on quality.

Discussion may be terminated early and any outcome ignored if the discussion is believed to be the result of vandalism or part of an edit war between two contributors who may not like each other. If later serious objections are raised, discussion may resume.

You should be especially sensitive to discussions about brand-new works, particularly by new contributors to Wikibooks. Unless there are obvious problems that are unlikely to be rectified, your time would be better spent mentoring new contributors and trying to help clean up new works, even if the work is currently a blatant violation of current procedures. Remember you were once a new contributor too.

If the decision is that the page should be deleted, an administrator will do so, and it will show up on the page Special:Log/delete. Either way, the section should be archived for historical reference.

Copyright violations
Violations of copyright (usually determined by running a Google test), should have added to the top of the offending page, which adds the page to Category:Copyright violations.

The user who submitted the work has one week from this date to prove that they had permission to post the work, otherwise it will be deleted.

Transwiki
First of all, if the page looks okay, but it's just on the wrong wiki (e.g. wrong language, wrong type of content), add to the top of the page, which add the page to Category:Pages for transwiki.

Guidelines for admins
Here are some guidelines that those tasked with removing pages from the database can generally be expected to follow in making the decision to delete or not:

 * 1) As a general rule, don't delete pages you nominate for deletion if there are a number of comments in favor of keeping. Let someone else do it.
 * 2) Simply deleting a page does not automatically delete its talk page or any subpages. Please delete these pages too.
 * 3) If another solution has been found for some of these pages than deletion, leave them listed on Requests for deletion for a short while, so the original poster can see why it wasn't deleted, and what did happen to it. This will prevent reposting of the same item. Alternately, leave a message on their user page explaining the verdict of the deletion process.
 * 4) Use common sense and respect the judgment and feelings of other Wikibooks participants.
 * 5) When in doubt, don't delete.
 * 6) Don't hesitate to turn a speedy delete into a RfD discussion.  It is better to get community input on deleting a page than indiscriminate deleting on the part of admins.
 * 7) Where the content is such that it might usefully be moved elsewhere (for example, another wiki or that the authors might want a copy for their own records) give some time for them to do this before deleted (or alternatively email them a copy of the text).
 * 8) Copyright: See Copyrights for deletion policy on copyright infringement (and Wikipedia and copyright issues and Avoid Copyright Paranoia for perspective).
 * 9) Administrators necessarily must use their best judgment, attempting to be as impartial as is possible for a fallible human, to determine when rough consensus has been reached. For example, administrators can disregard comments if they feel that there is strong evidence that they were not made in good faith. Such "bad faith" comments include those being made by sock puppets, being made anonymously, or being made using a new user id whose only edits are to the article in question and the voting on that article.

Ideally, when an admin deletes a test page or other page with no useful content, it is a good idea to put a note on the author's talk page explaining things, pointing them to the sandbox in cases of tests. Be friendly! Everyone was new once. In the case of anon IP users this is not as important as they have likely moved on or their IPs changed since that edit.

Frequently asked questions

 * This book is totally biased! What gives?
 * See NPOV dispute. You don't need the RfD page for that.

 * Where'd my page go?!
 * Check the deletion log and head over to Requests for undeletion if you believe that a page may have been deleted without proper grounds.

title: Wikibooks:Deletion policy


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

__NEWSECTIONLINK__

= Undeletion =

LaTeX/Internationalisation
"Internationalisation" is the British spelling for "internationalization". Redirects are cheap, so not sure how this classifies as broken or unnecessary when it can be potentially useful. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 09:35, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Given you deleted this, any thoughts? SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 09:46, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * We don't have redirects, as a rule, that are simply to support different spellings. But I don't really care about this one - so if they want it back, they can have it. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 09:08, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 01:15, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

City Of Heroes
A book that was deleted when strategy guides were not allowed. See discussion - User:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 17:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)
 * This book was deleted about 16 years ago and only one page had a significant amount of content. It could all be undeleted but would probably be better re-made from scratch.--Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] talk 01:34, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Undeleted it with many first-level subpages. Yet City Of Heroes/Archetypes, City Of Heroes/Powers, City Of Heroes/General Help, City Of Heroes/Enhancements, City Of Heroes/Binds and City Of Heroes/Badges have even more subpages to be undeleted.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 22:50, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Undeleted many subpages of the above subpages, less obviously useless versions. Yet any administrators are hereby advised to check Special:Undelete for more to be undeleted.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 21:52, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Remaking this content from scratch might be difficult - the game shut down in 2012. There's a small community of users running private servers based on leaked source code (!), but far fewer than when the game was active. Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 07:55, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

How to Survive in Minecraft
A book that was deleted back when strategy guided for video games were not allowed. You can see the discussion here. - 🇺🇦 Слава🇺🇦Україні 🇺🇦 Героям🇺🇦Слава🇺🇦 (talk)🇺🇦 17:15, 12 November 2022 (UTC)
 * --Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] talk 01:38, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

Mass undeletion of books that were deleted when strategy guides were not allowed.
Couldn't we just mass undelete these books? Garfieldcat1978 (discuss • contribs) 18:25, 20 February 2023 (UTC) Letting bot archive as needed.
 * Listing which works would be much better.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 22:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes
This book was recently deleted under the meaningful content policy guidelines, specifically for "Abandoned material with intent and no development after 7 days". I would like to clarify that while development on this Wikibook (and the related Open Scholarship Press books) had been on pause since February, none of the work had been abandoned. Unfortunately, I had not been on Wikibooks to see whether the content had been flagged for deletion until after the content had already been deleted. The deleted book is an integral piece of a wider multi-book project. As such, I would like to request that the book be undeleted so that development may continue. --LodestarChariot2 (discuss • contribs) 00:15, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Requesting for undeletion of the page "Jumarkese"
Hi, I just want to ask the administrators to restore my deleted page, "Jumarkese". I am begging you, I hope you will forgive me. Actually, I just noticed today that you deleted my page. I don't know your reasons why you did that. But I hope you can grant my request to restore my deleted page "Jumarkese" as soon as possible. Thank you. Jumark27 (discuss • contribs) 16:38, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi @Jumark27. You can see the reasoning under the corresponding section below. It consisted of original research, which is out of scope at Wikibooks, and this type of decision is precedented. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:54, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by original research? Jumark27 (discuss • contribs) 06:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * See Original research. Neither Wikibooks nor Wikipedia allow original research.--Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] talk 07:45, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

= Deletion =

Developing A Universal Religion
Transwiki to Wikisource. This book by User:David Hockey survived VfD in 2005 (Requests for deletion/Developing A Universal Religion) but it should not have. Another VfD is from 2006: Requests for deletion/Purpose, for what was part 3 of the book. The book was originally uploaded as four separate parts, located at Thinking And Moral Problems, Religions And Their Source, Purpose, and Developing A Universal Religion.

The book contains multiple inaccurate claims and its title makes it unsuitable for Wikibooks. Material in Wikibooks should strive to be factually accurate and neutral, which this book cannot be. Since this book by David Hockey was previously published, and there is a pdf to check the text against (File:Developing a Universal Religion Parts 1-2-3 & 4.pdf), it can be hosted on Wikisource.

The book presents a philosophy of the purpose of life and ethics, not a religion. The book does not involve God or gods except that it portrays evolution and the life on the Earth as a quasi-god for being alleged potentially omnipotent and by its occasional capitalization of "life" as "Life". It is not true that any philosophy of purpose of life is a religion and the book does nothing to distinguish itself from philosophy as a religion.

The book's key tenet is that we should adopt as a surrogate purpose of life to "support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability". There is nothing factually neutral about this idea; it is one person's philosophical position. And it is not just a minor part of the book that can be edited away; it comes in part 3 and is built upon in part 4. This follows from Developing A Universal Religion/Looking For A Purpose/What Purpose Can We Use?: "Given that there is no detectable purpose pre-designed into life or the universe, then, if we must have one, we must adopt a surrogate. To my mind, the only viable option is to support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability. Such a purpose is universal and rational; it is a purpose that will last as long as life itself lasts. It accommodates the whole of life, and shows that we care about more than just our own well-being. It declares that we value life for its own sake and think little about the death that must follow, taking it simply as the price to be paid for living."

The book contains multiple dubious claims about life's omnipotent potential. There is nothing factual about it: not only can life not become omnipotent but it cannot become nearly omnipotent either. To begin with, given our current knowledge, there is no chance life could ever inhabit planet Pluto and the book does not support this idea in any way; and there is no way life can spread from the Earth to the Earth's nearest star given our knowledge. One can find multiple such claims and I will quote just one: "This omnipotent  consequence  of  evolution  is  just  that—a consequence." It is trivial to come up with capabilities that life including humankind may never achieve; one needs just a little bit of imagination. The argument that our ancestors could not have imagined our present capabilities has very little force to support the idea of future near omnipotence. It is obvious but you can read more at [https://www.quora.com/Is-evolution-omnipotent? Quora: Is evolution omnipotent?].

The book examines some of the ethical consequences of its proposed ultimate purpose, e.g. in Developing A Universal Religion/Determining Moral Behaviours/Killing. Its examination in unconvincing. For instance, it says "The rationale for stating that it would be wrong to kill an individual is easy to state: any individual’s actions may contribute to the objective of supporting Life’s continued evolution, thus each life is valuable and should be preserved", but it is not obvious that each and every human including those severely disabled can contribute to Life's continuing evolution, so it does not follow that each human life should be preserved. Those following the stated purpose could decide to exterminate a technologically weak nation and take its resources and there is nothing obvious in the stated purpose to prevent them from doing so; the author does not seem to realize that.

As for the previous VfD:
 * As for the book being "well written": It may be fairly well written from a stylistic perspective, having been created by a single author outside of Wikibooks and published, but it is not well and plausibly reasoned as shown above.
 * As for "Looks like a real book to me": It surely is a real book, which alone does not make it includable in Wikibooks.
 * As for "There are formal footnotes and references to other sources that have at least some academic credibility." Footnotes and references do not save the book from being non-factual and non-neutral, and the whole of the text is nowhere close to being referenced using Wikipedia's referencing standard. The few references scattered throughout the book do not save the book content from criticism.
 * As for "This is a philosophy book, and that can be tricky to work with, I know.": Most philosophical books ever published do not fit Wikibooks since they are not neutral and their factual accuracy can be disputed. Philosophical surveys can be made to fit, though, mostly in the form of "some authors argue that X, other authors argue that Y".

The stated problems with the book cannot be addressed by collaborative editing, starting with the observation that it is not about religion and that it depends on a posited purpose that is not neutral. It should not stay in Wikibooks. Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 07:55, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Make it rain wikisource! Wikisource tastes good in pasta. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 22:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I will move it and its subpages via s:Special:Import only one at a time. Please be patient unless someone has any better way.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 04:30, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Please see s:Wikisource:Administrators'_noticeboard with an objection that the book might not be acceptable there. I am not exporting yet.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 19:47, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Delete, but if the PDF is under a compatible licence, which I presume it should be if the import was done correctly, consider moving the original PDF to Wikimedia Commons? Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 01:39, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Plain text PDFs are generally out of scope on Commons unless they are source documents, which this is not. Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 00:51, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * per above. Are we still waiting on another Wikiproject to take it? It's persisted here for several months now. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 23:54, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

Since Wikisource does not want the book due to being self-published (which it does seem to be), I am happy to keep it in Wikibooks. However, the book should probably start with a heavy disclaimer to the effect that the book contains original research, may be inaccurate or may reflect the point of view of a particular philosopher not accepted by mainstream philosophy. As incorrect as it seems to be, the book seems interesting enough. The book could be assigned in a philosophy course: "Read Developing A Universal Religion from Wikibooks a identify defects in its arguments"; or the like; a professional educator would probably be able to create a better formulation for an assignment, including perhaps "determine the kind of -isms the book falls under" or "identify authors developing similar themes" (which is more challenging since one needs to know the literature). The book is not much worse than a lot of bad material that passes as "philosophy" is some countries. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 10:18, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

This seems to be very much outside the scope of Wikibooks per "Wikibooks is an instructional resource". Also seems to contain a lot of original research. If its to be transwiki-ed, then Wikiversity seems a better project for it. Thenub314 (talk) 18:24, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Waiting for v:Wikiversity:Import to reply.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 21:34, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello, I'm a Wikibooks reviewer and Wikiversity curator. Technically I can handle this request but I decided not to do that for now (v:special:diff/2548035). As I pointed out at v:WV:I, I'm not sure if others have agreed with that suggestion. This is just a curator decision, so other custodians or curators may override my decision, but once there is clear consensus about moving to Wikiversity, then that will make things easier. I hope this can help you. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 05:45, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

The Computer Revolution/Computers and Environment/Nanotechnology
Consists of excerpts from third parties. Those from New Scientist, do not appear to be under a compatible licence.
 * I'm not sure it's enough of a violation for deletion? Based on a copyvio comparison, the text seems mostly paraphrased. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 19:44, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

Dynamical Systems
This seems to be abandoned book, the only content is largly vacuous. I don't believe it is likely to be extended or worked on because it is both a technical topic, and represents to original author's goals for such a book (graduate level vs undergraduate). Thenub314 (talk) 20:46, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

 * It does seem abandoned; the single existing page hasn't been updated since 2018 and the main book page hasn't been updated since 2019. Unless someone quickly decides to pick up on it, I can't really see it staying here at Wikibooks :/ —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Hello there,
 * currently I'm working over at the German page, because I have begun to work with a new, more intuitive terminology. My current plan is to first finish the German version and then possibly to translate it. To finish the German version will take at least until the end of this year. Until then, you shouldn't expect any progress. Afterwards, I may feel inclined to pick up the project, depending on my human rights situation. --Mathmensch (discuss • contribs) 09:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

Files from Illustrated Guide to the world of Spira (FFX and FFX-2)
Used for decorative, not educational, purposes: File:Float 13.jpg, File:Grabbed Frame 15.jpg, File:Gandof.jpg, File:Ohalland.jpg, File:Braskascan1.jpg, File:Tidus FFX.png (WB:NFCC#8). — Ирука13 13:54, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Sure, I think I can agree on the removal of these 2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 12:24, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

Chess/Fedida Gambit
Created (and added to related pages) by Special:Contributions/Samuel Fedida as original research with no secondary sourcing, not attested in databases. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 17:02, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

 * per above —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 23:46, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

Radium SmartChain
including the closely related books:
 * XRADON Supernet
 * Radium Core

These books are a borderline advertisement for a cryptocurrency project. Moreover, the project has changed substantially since the books were written in 2016-2017 - it's now called "Validity", and most, if not all, of the information in these books is no longer accurate. Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 06:39, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure it's blatant enough to be considered advertising? Since it technically is a how-to? But, if it is out of date, that could warrant deletion. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 14:46, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Hence "borderline". Some of the subpages like Radium Core/Use Cases/Proof of Author have more of a promotional air to them. But yes, the instructional content is all badly out of date; there are edits as far back as 2019 from users trying to mark the books as being outdated, and it's only gotten worse since then. Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 05:16, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * If it wasn't outdated, I would vote keep, but... ForTheGrammar (discuss • contribs) 01:32, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

ZCash mining GPU Comparison
Multiple issues:

First: This is barely even a book. It's mostly a collection of links and statistics.

Second: The content of the book is about a cryptocurrency topic which was rapidly changing when it was written between 2016 and 2018, and which is now considered obsolete, per https://www.zcashcommunity.com/mining/: "Can I mine Zcash with my CPU or GPU? No. Zcash used to be minable with GPU, but since special hardware (ASIC) was made mining with CPU and GPU is no longer profitable."

The content of the book has been essentially untouched since 2018; given the obsolescence of the technology as mentioned above, it seems unlikely to ever be improved.

Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 06:16, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I have no issues with deleting this book. It doesn't seem like a particularly informative/educational work, and it seems unlikely to be improved. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 21:40, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Would be better served as a blog post than a whole Wikibook. ForTheGrammar (discuss • contribs) 00:22, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

Various pages in Basics of fine-art photography
The following pages in Basics of fine-art photography seem out of scope because they consist entirely of personal promotion/advertisement for the author's photography: —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 04:13, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians II
 * Basics of fine-art photography/Lights of Moscow
 * Basics of fine-art photography/Ethiopia through the eyes of traveler
 * Basics of fine-art photography/On the roads of India
 * Basics of fine-art photography/14 days in Mongolia
 * Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians III
 * Basics of fine-art photography/Hitchhiking across Sudan
 * Basics of fine-art photography/January in Japan
 * Basics of fine-art photography/Uganda: tribes and civilization
 * Basics of fine-art photography/Tribes of Kenya
 * Basics of fine-art photography/Afghanistan, 2008

 * Frankly, the entire book appears to be a vehicle for the author to promote his own photography. The few sentences of instructional content on pages like Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in macro photography are practically useless; that one amounts to "to take macro photos, set your camera to macro mode and hold it close to the subject, or read another book for more information". Other pages like Basics of fine-art photography/Interior photography in hobo tours or Basics of fine-art photography/Taking pictures of homeless people provide essentially no information on photography technique at all, and seem to mostly be intended as jumping-off points to showcase more of the author's photos. Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 19:40, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

History of Grand-Popo
Suited for enWP not WB, appears to be a simple import with no likely development. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:28, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

HSC Biology
—Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:35, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Almost no meaningful content
 * Abandoned since 2005, unlikely to be developed
 * Scope is not well-developed, hard to imagine other editors being able to contribute

Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia
This book is essentially a compilation of lists and links—I don't think it's actually in-scope here as a book. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:43, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

School Projects
Not actually a book—just a list of links to other books, which is not in scope. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:50, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nom. --YuriNikolai (discuss • contribs) 02:13, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 07:45, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

Selected Essays
Seems completely out of WB scope; it's just a collection of unrelated personal essays. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Agreed, personal essays and not ones that can easily be used, at that. I can do stuff !  (talk) 12:52, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

Remembering the Templars
Seems to be pretty much an encyclopedic article about the Knights Templar, which makes it out of scope; enormous amount of links to enWP and may even just be an import. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * per nom. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 23:53, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Shia Islam/Principles of religion
Based on the language, this page seems to be translated, perhaps by machine? I can't see evidence of "principles of religion" as a term existing in English, and I think it's a direct translation of a different language. I'm concerned due to previous copyright issues in this work involving machine translating other copyrighted sources without attribution. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 19:01, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ by Az1568. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 23:54, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Half-Life Computation
Doesn't seem in-scope as a book—just seems like a single page on how to do a specific calculation. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 23:06, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Mario 64 chromebooks control
Just says that the start button is P. The Master of Hedgehogs (discuss • contribs) 15:11, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 16:07, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

God and Religious Toleration
This book was previously nominated for deletion in 2011, but kept largely because of its theoretical potential for improvement. It's now over a decade later, and no real improvement has been made. The book has the following issues: I've gone through the book to try to improve it somewhat, but it largely feels like a disorganized dumping ground for a variety of abstract thoughts, many of which are heavily biased. At this point, given the amount of time it has had for improvement and the lack thereof, I don't think it has a place at Wikibooks. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 16:06, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * A lack of clearly defined educational/instructional scope, structure, or aims overall
 * A lack of structure in each existing chapter
 * Significant NPOV and lack-of-evidence/citations

 * This book is very important in this day and age. Tolerance between religions is important for world peace. Without tolerance, chaos breaks out in the world. We should promote tolerance between religions. If the good guys keep quiet, the bad guys win. Is that what you want? A better way is to simply add a chapter of yours to the book and contribute your suggestions to world peace and the strengthening of love in the world. @Kittycataclysm Nobody60 (discuss • contribs) 08:46, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Support deleting as per issues pointed out in nom. @Nobody60, there are kilometers between deleting a bad, biased book and supporting religious intolerance or whatever it is you're accusing the nom of doing. Wikibooks is a project with a definite, reachable and concrete goal, which this book doesn't meet, never met and probably would never meet. --YuriNikolai (discuss • contribs) 02:10, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

 * per nom. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 07:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

Game guides
Seems to be a really poorly made Minecraft guide. However, the title "game guides" in general can mislead many reader and prevent them from finding actual guides. Nothing that is in this can be merged into the existing, better Minecraft guides (they already include everything it says). Propose deleting or, preferrably, redirecting it to Shelf:Strategy guides. --YuriNikolai (discuss • contribs) 02:12, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ Met the criteria for speedy deletion (almost no content, abandoned). Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 02:35, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

Nazi Germany's Defeat on the Eastern Front, 1941-1945
Abandoned, not much content aside from that on the main page, instructional aims unclear. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 21:16, 4 May 2024 (UTC)
 * No real content and perhaps a book with a wider scope would have more success. --Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] talk 03:36, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

History of Oregon
Abandoned, little meaningful content. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 21:27, 4 May 2024 (UTC)
 * --Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] talk 03:34, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 12:49, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

History of Kosovo
Abandoned, very little meaningful content, instructional aims unclear. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 21:31, 4 May 2024 (UTC)
 * --Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] talk 03:35, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 12:48, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

Kashubian Dictionary
Out of scope here; material should be hosted at Wiktionary (I've suggested it there). —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 23:39, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Any content in this dictionary should be already be at wiktionary:Wiktionary:Requested entries (Kashubian)/Kashubian Dictionary, where we will be able to slowly make entries for these. Vininn126 (discuss • contribs) 21:51, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

Biblioþeke
Out of scope; seems to be an incomplete translation of the bible into a conlang. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 00:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

Wikis for Retail Store Managers
Abandoned, unclear scope, little content, unclear path for development. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 02:30, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

eBay
Abandoned, almost no content or developmemt. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 02:37, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

 * - table of contents (without any content) created as a user's only contribution nineteen years ago. Probably safe to assume they aren't going to come back to finish writing it now. Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 05:18, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Human Geography
Abandoned for two decades without any development. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 02:50, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

Neuro Linguistic Programming
Abandoned, very little meaningful content, unclear path for development. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 02:56, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

Scrapebook Linguistics
Abandoned, little to no meaningful content, unclear scope or potential for development. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 03:05, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

How to Be a Good Camp Counselor
Book is un/under-developed and abandoned, and the scope/potential for development is somewhat unclear to me. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 03:07, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989/Manual for Obtention of Driving licence: Signals and Lights
Abandoned with non-English. Not belonging under Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989, that Taiwanese administrative regulation since 1989 would not contain such a manual.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 16:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] Delete per above —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 14:35, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

Australian Property Law
Has only one page (introduction) with little content. It has been abandoned now for almost 20 years with no development. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:35, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

Chinese Checkers
Extremely minimal content and abandoned for almost 20 years. Was previously nominated for deletion in 2006 but kept on the grounds that it could be expanded—clearly this has not happened. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:56, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Niw Englisch
Fiction / original research - a conlang being (very slowly) created by the author of the book.

The following books are closely related to that project and should be deleted as well: as well as Biblioþeke, which has already been nominated for deletion.
 * NiwEnglisc
 * Þat englisce Alphabet
 * Lernung þer Stafræwe
 * Þe ettbære Garden
 * [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] Delete all per the above. I can find no evidence of the conlang outside Wikibooks and this sole author. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:03, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Switching from Mac OS X to Windows 7
Abandoned how-to book on a topic which is no longer technologically relevant (Windows 7 support ended in 2020), and which thus has no real potential for development.
 * [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] Delete Abandoned, little content, no further potential per  the above. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:05, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Windows 8
Another abandoned, underdeveloped book on an obsolete operating system. Unlikely to be developed further. Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 18:38, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Mac OS X Leopard
Yet another abandoned, underdeveloped book on an obsolete operating system. (Mac OS X Leopard was released in 2007, and has been unsupported since 2011.) If there were more content in this book, it could possibly be refactored into a version-independent book about macOS, but there's effectively nothing here. Omphalographer (discuss • contribs) 18:42, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion


text:
Wikibooks:Protected page

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es:Wikilibros:Protected page ja:Wikibooks:保護の方針

title: Wikibooks:Protected page


text:
Algebra/Arithmetic/Numerical Axioms

Numerical Axioms
It is possible to define a regular set of numbers in a formal fashion. The set of Peano axioms define the series of numbers known as the natural numbers. They are as follows:

 * 1) There is a whole number 0.
 * 2) Every natural number a has a successor, denoted by a + 1.
 * 3) There is no natural number whose successor is 0.
 * 4) Distinct natural numbers have distinct successors: if a <> b, then a + 1 <> b + 1.
 * 5) If a property is possessed by 0 and also by the successor of every natural number it is possessed by, then it is possessed by all natural numbers.

Let us attempt to motivate these axioms. We want these axioms to eliminate any set which is not the natural numbers. E.g., any set fulfilling the above should at least be infinite.

The first two are obvious properties of the natural numbers (and of integers) as we know them. Note that some prefer to use 1 as the lowest number. The reason for choosing zero has root in [set theory], in which the first natural number is chosen as the empty set $$\emptyset$$.

The 3rd axiom prevents circularity. If this axiom was not included, defining $$0 + 1 = 0$$ would trivially fulfill the remaining axioms --- prove this for yourself by considering each remaining axiom!

The 4th prevents a partial loop. Consider a the set $$\{0,1\}$$ and set $$0+1=1$$ and $$1+1=1$$. This set fulfills every axiom but the 4th --- prove this for yourself.

The 5th is sometimes called the induction axiom. It ensures that the set is connected, i.e. that we can reach any number by using the 2nd axiom repeatedly on 0. An example of a set that fulfills every axiom but the 5th is $$\left\{0, \frac{1}{2}, 1, \frac{3}{2}, \dots\right\}$$ with the usual meaning of +1.

From this we can deduce the existence of a series of quantities like this:

 * 0
 * 0 + 1
 * 0 + 1 + 1
 * 0 + 1 + 1 + 1
 * 0 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
 * 0 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
 * and so on

where '0' is a constant and the first natural number and '1' is a constant natural number equivalent to the difference in value between two consecutive natural numbers.

This set is sufficient for counting. However, it is inconvenient to refer to a large natural number as '0' followed by the requisite large number of '+ 1' expressions. Due to this, each of the natural numbers is given a label, and to make the labelling easier another axiom is introduced:

 '0 + 1' is equivalent to '1'.

Thus the series of natural numbers may be written so for some brevity:

 * 0
 * 1
 * 1 + 1
 * 1 + 1 + 1
 * 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
 * 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
 * and so on

Once this is done, giving each quantity its own label is trivial. And so the series of natural numbers can then be written:

 * 0
 * 1
 * 2
 * 3
 * 4
 * 5
 * and so on

title: Algebra/Arithmetic/Numerical Axioms


text:
Discrete Mathematics

$$Discrete$$ $$Mathematics$$

Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous.

Contents

 * /Introduction/

Introductory discrete mathematics

 * 1) /Set theory/
 * 2) /Functions and relations/
 * 3) /Number theory/
 * 4) /Logic/
 * 5) /Enumeration/
 * 6) /Graph theory/
 * 7) /Recursion/
 * 8) /Semigroup/

Upper-level set theory

 * 1) /Axiomatic set theory/
 * 2) /Zermelo-Frankel Axioms/
 * 3) /Topoi/

Upper-level number theory

 * 1) /Number representations/
 * 2) /Modular arithmetic/
 * 3) /Polynomials/
 * 4) /Finite fields/
 * 5) /Arithmetic Functions/
 * 6) /Analytic Number Theory/

Upper-level logic

 * 1) /Godel's incompleteness theorem/
 * 2) /Second order logic/

Abstract algebraic systems

 * 1) Groups
 * 2) Lattice theory
 * 3) Matroids
 * 4) Boolean algebra
 * 5) Category theory

Algebra over other number systems

 * 1) Hypercomplex numbers
 * 2) Rings, fields and modules

Automata

 * 1) /Finite state automata/
 * 2) /Pushdown automata/
 * 3) /Turing machines/
 * 4) /Cellular automata/

Further problems

 * 1) /Selected problems/

Unordered pages

 * 1) /Combinatory logic/
 * 2) /Languages and grammars/
 * 3) /Axiom of choice/
 * 4) /Naive set theory/
 * 5) /Sieve of Eratosthenes/

Diskreetti matematiikka

title: Discrete Mathematics


text:
Discrete Mathematics/Introduction

The subject of mathematics is commited to rigorous reasoning. This book aims to raise your confidence in the manipulation and interpretation of formal notations, as well as to train you to solve problems that are fundamentally discrete: problems like chess, in which the moves you make are exact; problems where fields like calculus fail because there's no continuity; problems that appear frequently in games, puzzles, and computer science.

We hope you'll enjoy discovering discrete mathematics here, and we hope you'll find this a good reference for quickly picking up the details you may forget.

Notice to contributors: If you wish to contribute images of any kind that contains labels, please use the Arial font, italic, at 16pts for consistency.

title: Discrete Mathematics/Introduction


text:
User talk:Dysprosia~enwikibooks/Archive

I will not be here from the 23rd of December to the 26th of January.

Hello and Welcome! You might be interested in checking out Textbook planning or the Staff lounge. --mav 06:32 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks mav :) Dysprosia 11:42, 19 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Dysprosia: Don't want to sound rude, but your change on the Algebra I page isn't correct. A surd is not specifically a radical. More accurately, it's an irrational number-any irrational number. $$\sqrt {3}$$ is a surd and a radical, $$\pi$$ is a surd but not a radical...Surd is an outdated term anyway. Every Algebra I book I've ever seen calls them 'irrational numbers'.
 * Etothex 01:21, 12 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * Oh damn, you're right! I better go and fix all this. Dysprosia 07:05, 12 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for fixing all those multiple choice pages. I misspelled it once,never noticed, then copied and pasted it for all thew other pages (so I only had to change the numbers) Theresa knott 11:47, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

No problem :) Dysprosia 12:08, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Why are you changing all the page names in the German text and others? I was not aware that we had settled on a style and I prefer spaces (i.e. German: Lesson 1) as it reads better at the top of the page - Marsh 09:20, 3 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It's convention by default, really - sorry if changing them upset you. If you look at how it's done in all other name spaces, such as User talk:, Wikibooks:, User:, there are no spaces between the colon and article name.
 * Maybe I'm being pernickety and should just let others do their thing. Revert/move back if you prefer (with my apologies). Dysprosia 11:25, 3 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I'll have to think about it. Not upset, but I had just finished changing over the few old way pages. There was some discussion on standarding these things (Staff Lounge), but that has not gone too far. Don't you think it looks better at the top of each book page to have German: Lesson 1 rather than German:Lesson 1 (convention or not)? - Marsh 17:00, 3 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I don't really have a preference :) Dysprosia 06:19, 4 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Dysprosia - Good working with you on the C book. I'm using my experiences teaching at the university to guide my thinking, so I'll probably tend to be pretty retentive based on the common problems I see from my students. But my main goal is to get a usable text book, and that transcends all other desires. Good input - glad to be able to open source this! Maffu 23:33, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome. :) I just wander round here when I feel like a change from Wikipedia. Angela

Thanks for the welcome; I thought it would be a fun change. :) I think I have a lot to learn about what style is used here though, so I'm trying not to change too much at first. - Hephaestos 01:28, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Well, if you like, stick with Wikipedia style, but for math I use my own idiosyncratic variant lol - it's logical to me - but if others want to change it to conform to WP style I won't really argue with them :) Dysprosia 03:41, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Style
I like your teaching style (e.g., Discrete mathematics:Finite fields). It contains some casual questions and some transitions and comparisons. Very professional. Keep up the good work! --Menchi 01:43, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks, it's kind of you to say so :) Dysprosia 03:51, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Dysprosia - Flushing buffers may not always work; but it does work for many applications and it resolves many troubles with beginning programmers. The fflush function is quite simple and allows new C coders the chance to work on other issues in their course instead of trying to figure out why scanf doesn't seem to work right. I know this because I've seen these students wrestle with it. fflush does the job.

I'm willing to concede that further discussion is appropriate; however, deleting mention of this topic entirely is wrong -- students need to know where to begin their search for help. If you insist on deleting this reference, I suggest that you either offer an alternative method or we seek additional ideas, because students need to know how to handle code that seems to bypass their scanf calls.

Maffu 01:43, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Some implementations/compilers of C will let you fflush(stdin) and have the behaviour as expected but it's not really legal C (check K&R - fflush(stdin) is undefined) as you can only reliably fflush output streams. Have a look on the web too, many discourage fflush(stdin). fflush(stdin)'s behaviour is not portable, either. We should be emphasizing portability and legality - that's what makes good C programs.
 * The other way to have behaviour that will act like fflush(stdin) is to chuck characters away until a newline is reached, but this won't work for all situations. There's no real reliable way, otherwise.
 * I apologize if I was a little bull-headed in removing the reference, and I'll try and add a compromise in the text. Dysprosia 04:43, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree with most of what you say. I personally would sacrifice portability for functionality at this level.  And K&R is primarily a grammar reference for me; functional applications can't possibly be dictated in a language spec - there would be no way to cover all angles.  I haven't reviewed K&R for this, but will shortly.  Unless the language explicitly forbids this type of application, I don't consider it "illegal" - although a caveat on portability would certainly be appropriate.
 * I'm content with the wording you've inserted and appreciate the compromise. I'm sure there is a "proper" method for clearing the buffer.  I'll try to find that method so that we can offer what the student needs.
 * Maffu 04:51, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok, cool. By the way, K&R doesn't explicitly forbid fflush(stdin), but undefined code is really never a good thing. Dysprosia 06:51, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

NPOV?
Hi there! Nice edit on Computer Programming... but one minor question. Is the NPOV all that important on Wikibooks? Sure, for history and govt, cultural stuff I'd understand, but we're talking technical stuff not ideological stuff right? If our main goal is to teach, aren't we inevitably forced to have some POV and to do just a teensy weensy little bit of steering? This is not a protest, but a minor ponder on the issue. Best, -- Kowey 17:01, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

-- You say we haven't discussed scope yet. We have, see Basic Concepts. Thunderbunny 01:20, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Sorry, missed that. But there is a lot more that could be said about scope, but Ill be away for a while... Dysprosia

-- Okay. Sorry we had to have that editing war, but with regards to const vs. #define, const doesn't require any more memory accesses/register loading than #define. The compiler should find-and-replace each occurrence of the const with its value, just like #define does. And const obeys all the scope laws that #define doesn't. The K&R seems to back me up on this.

Also, it's definitely worth leaving all the stuff about unsigned, long, float and short in. Speaking as somebody with a lot of experience with embedded systems, there are lots of cases where having a floating-point variable that is one word in size would be useful. Also, unsigneds and longs are convenient when you need to express values that can't be represented with no qualifiers. Thunderbunny 02:56, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * That's okay :) I didn't know that about const, and if you have K&R by your side, I believe you :)
 * It would be nice if you mentioned that kinda stuff about unsigned and longs and such, to motivate/enforce their importance.
 * Thanks for your help in the C book! :) Dysprosia 03:00, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I have a question for you; I've noted that you are also involved in Wikipedia. After a quick search I noticed no entry for grape seed oil. While my grape seed oil document is currently a stub, should it be contributed? Dbroadwell 03:04, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * If you wish, you should, but you may need to rewrite or reword it appropriately first to match the article style. Dysprosia 03:32, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Thought so. There is little hope of me writing it into a book, so that gives the freedom for annother to do so. It will take a bit more research. Thanks. Dbroadwell 05:05, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dysprosia~enwikibooks/Archive


text:
User talk:Geoffrey~enwikibooks

Hi Geoffrey - Welcome to Wikibooks! --mav 06:38 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Where's the "We hope you decide to stay. Look at the Sandbox and our editing hints..."? :-) Geoffrey 20:42 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hey Geoffrey - what stuff have you written under other licenses that we could use on the textbook site ? -- Karl Wick

 * Directly? Not much, off the top of my head - that statement was mainly for textbooks that wanted to be relicenced, if the other contributors put the same statement on their pages. Look at my Wikipedia contributions if you need something, but most of the stuff that can be relicensed into textbooks is/will be my contributions here. I am voluntarily allowing relicensing of my edits under CCSA, etc.; if other people follow suit that would help. --Geoffrey 03:49 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I have moved factor & remainder theorem, Permutation and Combination and trigo to Algebra II. --Formulax 09:38, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

To the user Geoffrey, Greetings.

One has found the wisdom in the advice you have tendered. The link to "Glossary" has been amended to "Civics Glossary". -- Lord Emsworth 29 September 2003.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Geoffrey. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Geoffrey~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:14, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Geoffrey~enwikibooks


text:
User:Quercusrobur~enwikibooks

en:User:Quercusrobur

title: User:Quercusrobur~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Waves/Superposition

Re superposition: How do 2 material waves actually pass through each other? Considering water waves, the energy transmits because water molecules receive kinetic and potential energy, and then pass it to other molecules. Right? But at an interference point there is no net movement of the material, no change of either kinetic or potential energy. So if the molecules' momentums are unchanged, how can they pass the tendency to change on? Or, is interference just an average effect, some molecules having momentum in one direction while a balanced number have momentum in the opposite direction?

Its just an average affect --flonejek 23:22, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waves/Superposition


text:
Talk:Spanish/Lesson 1

Error
I believe that I found an error. In the second dialogue of the first lesson, there is an accent missing over the first o in cómo. I have changed...

Señora Pérez: 	Me llamo Ana Pérez. ¿Y usted? ¿Como se llama?

to

Señora Pérez: 	Me llamo Ana Pérez. ¿Y usted? ¿Cómo se llama?

If I have erred, just let me know and I'll change it back, or someone else can. -- Phreq 02:57, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

The first dialogue is losing control. We have an audio file listed that does not match the dialogue. We have acquired three new audio files that only cover three specific lines in the dialogue (and seem to be of poor quality - it could be my software, but the volume on the three files is really low and the sound quality seems low).

I suggest that the three mini files be removed (because downloading three separate files is inconvenient) and that the errant dialogue be replaced by one that matches the existing dialogue. -- FyreWolfe 03:54, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello, I uploaded these 3 audio files in Commons. They are the first ones I recorded so it is quite possible that their quality could be improved. Honestly I tell you that it was my mistake to record them because I didn't realize that there was another audio file with the whole dialogue recorded. About their volume, i thought that their quality were good enough to be uploaded but i didn't realised that my loudspeakers are very powerful. Therefore, i wouldn´t mind and i'll understand if it's decided to erase the audio files I created, I'll try to do it better next time :), but then we have to ask for it in Commons. --Javier Carro 08:27, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hey this looks great, I'm a Spanish speaker and especially excited to see this textbook started .. -- Karl Wick

The sound files that are now on the web pages are spoken by Mariela, a friend of mine who founded a SpanishForForeigners group at yahoo. She is currently having some trouble with her internet connection and asked me to upload the files for her. -- Thomas Strohmann

 * I was reading the lesson and I think some of the phrases sound somewhat funny: "¿Cómo se llama usted?" (lit. How are you called?) and "¿Hay algo nuevo para contar?" (Is there anything new to say?). I think no native spanish speaker speaks like that. In the question: "¿Cómo se llama usted?" the word "usted" is redundant, because the context already implies it. I think it's better to remove the word and to explain to the reader the use of the verb conjugation to establish the context. As for the question "¿Hay algo nuevo para contar?", even when it is completely valid spanish, it's simply never used in the real world. Actually, spanish speaking persons rarely ask questions like that. Some "more natural" alternatives are "¿Qué ha pasado?" or even better, "¿Qué hay de nuevo?" or "¿Cómo te va?".

 * Other instances of redundance are: "¿Y tú, cómo estás?": "¿Y tú?" is enough. "¿Y usted, cómo se llama?": "¿Y usted?" will do.

 * OASO (Octavio Salguero)

 * OASO, I've made the changes you suggested. Thanks so much for all the useful comments (since I'm just starting to learn Spanish I'm not yet confident in writing well stylistically). Thomas Strohmann

 * Perhaps including a note that 'hasta' literally translates to 'until', making it easier later on when it is given other uses in normal conversation.

Hello. I think there are to much information for a newbie. I suggest to split the lesson into two parts Lesson 1, A and Lesson 1, B. Then, there would be in lesson 1, A : Dialogue 1, vocab of dialogue 1, pronouns seen in lesson 1.

There is also a lot of information on verbs. I suggest to introduce ser, estar in lesson 2 or later, beacause it is a complicated topic.

The verbe cantar has been introduced in lesson 1. I suggest to add examples of sentences with -ar verbes in lesson 1, B. Trabajar, hablar seems to be verbs that newbies use soon.

What do you think about my comments ? --Oualmakran Youssef 14:30, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I think your comments make a lot of sense. Please take the initiative and do what you suggest and if it gets all messed up (which I don't think will happen) I'll help straighten things up. Some of those simple "-ar" verbs make much more sense to introduce first and we don't want to overwhelm anyone with too much information to bite off in one piece .. - Karl Wick

I just noticed the audio file doesn't correspond exactly with the written text in example dialog one. Should the text be changed? Lbs6380 18:14, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

audio files.
What should I use to listen to the audio files? Neither real player nor window media player seem to work.

Any suggestions on what to use in the Mac world? I have tried Quicktime, RealPlayer, iTunes, and MPlayer OS X--this last one produces something really garbled and static-y sounding but is the only thing close to sounding like speech.

Answer
I manged to listen to the audio files ending in .ogg with Goldwave, a free program, but it is not really designed for that - Goldwave is really a sound file editing and recording program, and the text files sound a little too funny and a bit fast. Maybe someone else can tell us what program is supposed to work with .ogg - and where to get a free version of it... Yes, I can tell you: Winamp will do (free download for Windows). Found while looking at the possibillities of .ogg files (linux)

Vowel pronounciation
Why are there two tables for vowel pronounciation? I think both are really confusing. For example: E="Eh" as in "Day". I know what you mean but it would be better to use a vowel between two consonants such as in the word "bed".

In the second set of vowel examples we have "A" = A in "father". It just isn't. I don't know anyone who pronounces "que pasa?" using the "a" from father. It's more like the "a" from "dad" or "fat". Shouldn't we use IPA to be clear? Or just use better examples from the English?

82.213.248.138 17:27, 7 November 2005 (UTC) El Choco

OK, I have rewritten the Vowel Pronounciations as I suggested above and also moved the section to underneath the Consonant Pronounciation because it makes more sense there. I have moved the section on "Diacrital use over the vowel u" to be with the other pronounciation changes of u.

I also extended the stress rules so they are correct.

82.213.248.138 21:02, 7 November 2005 (UTC) El Choco

Consonant pronunciation
Why do the vowel and semivowel sections have IPA, but the consonant section only the vague approximations? Isn't |j| pronounced /x/ (at least in some dialects?), not really /h/ ("like the h in hotel")? Or should it say in which dialects |j| is /x/ and which dialects have /h/? --Jim Henry 23:05, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

¿Cómo te llamas?
I believe that it is also correct in certain places to say "¿Qué es tu nombre?" instead of "¿Cómo te llamas?". If I am right, would somebody like to put this in somewhere? --222.153.151.94 08:33, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

I don't know if they really use it some places, but it wouldn't be "¿Qué es tu nombre?". It'll be "¿Cuál es tu nombre?" (200.126.201.17 05:30, 25 February 2006 (UTC))

Semi-Vowels
Here in Argentina, we don't pronounce Oyo with the "y" as in "yet", we do it like a "sh" as in "shake". So maybe there could be a better example, like "rey", that it is pronounced the same everywhere (with the y as in "yet"). (200.126.201.17 05:38, 25 February 2006 (UTC))

Side to side
Maybe the words in spanish (for the people talking examples) should have the english version right next to it, for better translation. I would do this, but I'm trying to learn spanish.

Audio copyright?
I am interested in using the audio on this page, but I want to know the usage rights.

I see at the bottom of the page (emphasis on "Text" is mine): Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License

Reading elsewhere on this site, I get the impression that ALL the content on this site (text, audio, images) is Creative Commons, but the statement at the bottom of this page implies that the non-text parts of the page have a different licence.

I suspect that this is just an accident of description, but maybe it's intentional.

Anybody can help clarify?

--Rugops (discuss • contribs) 16:41, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish/Lesson 1


text:
Lojban

''This is currently a pre-draft textbook. Therefore some information is inaccurate.''

Coi! This book will help you learn Lojban.

Kickstarting an understanding of the basics

 * 1) /Place structure/ teaches you how to read Lojban dictionary definitions
 * 2) * /Practicing vocabulary with Anki/ guides you in using software for memorising words
 * 3) /Simple sentences with pronouns/ will have you speak Lojban in no time!
 * 4) /Using words as adjectives/ by adding them together
 * 5) /Forming nouns using articles/ and you can say almost anything
 * 6) /Changing the order of a place structure/ so you can say anything

Old Table Of Contents

 * 1) /Introduction to Lojban/
 * 2) /Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis/
 * 3) /Culturally neutral/
 * 4) /Unambiguous grammar/
 * 5) /Phonetic spelling/
 * 6) /Logical language/
 * 7) /Introduction to Lojban grammar/
 * 8) /Sounds and alphabet/
 * 9) /cmene/ (names)
 * 10) /Vocatives/
 * 11) /Attitudinals/
 * 12) /Bridi/
 * 13) /Selbri/
 * 14) /Tanru/
 * 15) /Sumti/
 * 16) /How to learn vocabulary/
 * 17) /Anaphora/
 * 18) /Acronyms/
 * 19) /Pro-sumti/
 * 20) /Pro-bridi/
 * 21) Anaphora Subscription
 * 22) /Rafsi/
 * 23) Great Rafsi Reallocation (GRR) (1993)
 * 24) Rafsi list prior to GRR (1993)
 * 25) /Lujvo/
 * 26) /Abstractions/
 * 27) /Sumti tcita/
 * 28) /Connectives/
 * 29) /Tenses/
 * 30) /Negation/
 * 31) /Letterals/
 * 32) /Mathematics/
 * 33) /mekso/
 * 34) /Numbers/
 * 35) /Times and dates/
 * 36) /Times/
 * 37) /Dates/
 * 38) Colors
 * 39) /Commands/
 * 40) /Elidable terminator/
 * 41) /Cause and effect/
 * 42) /Discursives/
 * 43) /Erasure/
 * 44) /Measurements/
 * 45) /By standard/
 * 46) /Foods and beverages/
 * 47) /Plants/
 * 48) /Animals/
 * 49) /Body parts/
 * 50) /Emotions/
 * 51) /Clothes/
 * 52) /Rooms of the house/
 * 53) /Directions/
 * 54) /Le ninmu cu te dunda le ninmu le gerku/
 * 55) /Fu'ivla/
 * 56) /Vocabulary 1/
 * 57) /Vocabulary 2/

Appendices
 * 1) /Vocabulary/
 * 2) /Glossary/
 * 3) /Recordings/
 * 4) /Other resources/

ロジバン Lożban

title: Lojban


text:
Talk:Lojban

In regards to vocabulary
I believe that we should not only give words and definitions, but demonstrate these words in a conversational context. For example, in the food and beverages unit, in addition to the basic vocabulary aspect, we could also provide commonly used phrases such as "I would like to book a reservation at your restaurant", "Enjoy your meal", "What would you like to order?" etc. It's the only way people will learn how to actually apply Lojban to conversational speaking.

Secondly, I believe that we should add more units to the textbook. I suggest the topics Celebrations, Shopping, Medical (doctor and veterinary), Entertainment and Interests, Relationships (family, friends, fiancees), School, Work, etc. What is your opinion? fe'o --Jboprelinomu 13:07, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree. The wikibook like it is now is quite unreadable, which doesn't aid in learning the language (or ANY language for that matter). JorisvS

Colors and similar aren't distinct enough to serve as module titles. --mav

Cool ! A Lojban textbook ! Keep up the good work man and dont let the naysayers get you down. --Karl Wick 03:21 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Would it be better to add the Lojban draft textbook (http://lojban.org/publications/draft_textbook.html ) to Wikibooks and work with it instead of starting from scratch?

This is legal only if the link you gave is in the public domain or under the GFDL or GFDL-compatible license. I couldn't find anything saying so. The language definition is in the public domain. --Ellmist 05:32, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Lojban For Beginners
Could we just copy this over? It's under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. That means it's OK to use, right? - Talkie Toaster 17:52, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know but the above link is b0rken, so here is a link to the web archive.org https://web.archive.org/web/20080229021233/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/lojbanbrochure/lessons/book1.html  Jawitkien (discuss • contribs) 18:22, 9 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lojban


text:
Lojban/Sounds and alphabet

Lojban has a 24-letter alphabet (23 of which come from the Roman alphabet): ' a b c d e f g i j k l m n o p r s t u v x y z And two special symbols: , . This includes most of the traditional English alphabet except for three letters: h q w Lojban has a phonetic spelling and audio-visual isomorphism, meaning that each letter has exactly one sound and each sound has exactly one letter.

' only appears in Lojban words between vowels. "," only appears in Lojban names. Lojbanists can optionally not include the "." in their writing. The stress is on a word's penultimate syllable. The exception is that a syllable whose nucleus is a 'y' cannot be stressed; in that case, stress the syllable immediately preceding it. Names may indicate different from penultimate stress by capitalizing the entire stressed syllable or the vowel of the stressed syllable. Some Lojbanists have unofficially proposed other characters to mark stress like "^". Lojban has eleven diphthongs written by composed vowels. The following transliterations are assuming that the reader has an American English accent.

A pair of adjacent vowels which are capable of forming a diphthong will form a diphthong unless a comma is placed between them. That is the purpose of the comma in Lojban; to act as a separator between syllables whenever necessary for pronunciation purposes. (It is not for pausing between words or phrases like in English.)

To make pronouncing some words easier, you may put unwritten buffer vowels in your speech between consonants. Any non-Lojban vowel can act as a buffer vowel, but i as in hit has the most popularity. For example, you could pronounce (but not write) a buffer vowel between the "s" and "f" of "sfani".

Exercises

 * Pronounce
 * Pronounce the word given below.

Write/Stress
 * .i
 * .a
 * .e
 * .a
 * .o
 * .u
 * 1) .e'i
 * 2) lu'a
 * 3) se'inai
 * 4) gu'onai
 * 5) diklo
 * 6) tumla
 * 7) tunlo
 * 8) stasu
 * 9) kabri
 * 10) vitke
 * 11) pandi
 * 12) ransu
 * 13) tercakyjme
 * 14) backemselrerkru
 * 15) seljinru
 * 16) penydjuxa'a
 * 17) vokygenkantu
 * 18) xagmaubi'o
 * 19) xacysantyse'u
 * 20) finprxipoglosu
 * 21) smacrkobaiu
 * 22) samcrkasava
 * Write down each Lojbanized name, stressing the first syllable. Pronounce the name with the original and initial (afterwards) stress.

Answer
 * 1) la geibri,el.
 * 2) la keitlen.
 * 3) la rabert.
 * 4) la xeilis.
 * 5) la no,as.
 * 6) la destenis.
 * 7) la keileb.
 * 8) la tamas.
 * 9) la kateren.
 * 10) la djorden.
 * 11) la necol.
 * 12) la xanter.
 * 13) la .alecsendras.
 * 14) la kameren.
 * 15) la mari,as.
 * 16) la kail.
 * 17) la savenas.
 * Answer each question completely.

True or False
 * 1) How many letters does Lojban's alphabet have, not including special symbols?
 * 2) How many symbols does Lojban's alphabet have, including special symbols?
 * 3) Which three letters of the English alphabet does the Lojban alphabet not have?
 * 4) Where do apostrophes (') appear in Lojban text?
 * 5) Which of the following are correct Lojban diphthongs: uo, oa, ii, io, oi, ee, ea, ui
 * 6) What does "buffer vowel" mean?
 * Answer 'true' or 'false'.

 * 1) Each Lojban letter corresponds to exactly one sound.
 * 2) The period (.) is a required part of the Lojban orthography.
 * 3) Lojban names have antepenultimate stress by default.

Answers to exercises
Pronounce
 * No recording of pronunciation available.

Write/Stress Answer True or False
 * 1) la GEIBri,el.
 * 2) la KEITlen
 * 3) la RABert.
 * 4) la XEILis
 * 5) la NO,as.
 * 6) la DESTenis.
 * 7) la KEILeb.
 * 8) la TAMas
 * 9) la KATeren.
 * 10) la DJORden.
 * 11) la NECol.
 * 12) la XANter.
 * 13) la .ALecendras.
 * 14) la KAMeren.
 * 15) la MARi,as.
 * 16) la kail. (No capitalization needed with only one syllable.)
 * 17) la SAVenas.
 * 1) Twenty-four (24) letters.
 * 2) Twenty-six (26) symbols.
 * h, q, and w.
 * 1) Apostrophes (') only appear in Lojban words between vowels.
 * uo, ii, io, oi, and ui.
 * 1) "Buffer vowel" means unwritten, spoken vowel in a consonant cluster to aid pronunciation.
 * 1) True
 * 2) False
 * 3) False

title: Lojban/Sounds and alphabet


text:
Lojban/Cmene

In Lojban names are called cmene (pronouced shmen-eh, IPA /ʃme.ne/), and are transliterated to use only Lojban sounds. In Lojban all words end in a vowel, and so to avoid any possible confusion all cmene end in a consonant; if a transliterated name would end in a vowel, it is usual to add an s to the end. All cmene are followed by a full stop, so confusion to where the name stops and the next word starts it avoided; for this reason, any names beginning in a vowel have a full stop in front of them. To indicate an accent somewhere other than the second-to-last syllable, the entire syllable to be accented must be capitalised. A comma should be used to stop two vowels next to each other that should not be pronouced as a dipthong. All names must have the word 'la', meaning 'the', placed before them. A few examples are below:

English names to Cmene
Translate these names to Lojban cmene.
 * 1) Jacob
 * 2) Emily
 * 3) Michael
 * 4) Madison
 * 5) Joshua
 * 6) Hannah
 * 7) Matthew
 * 8) Emma
 * 9) Ethan
 * 10) Alexis
 * 11) Joseph
 * 12) Ashley
 * 13) Andrew
 * 14) Abigail
 * 15) Christopher
 * 16) Sarah
 * 17) Daniel
 * 18) Samantha
 * 19) Nicholas
 * 20) Olivia

Cmene to English names
Translate these Lojban cmene to English names.
 * 1) la .ueliem.
 * 2) la .ilezabet.
 * 3) la .entonis.
 * 4) la .alesas.
 * 5) la deived.
 * 6) la laren.
 * 7) la tailer.
 * 8) la .ezabelas.
 * 9) la .alekzander.
 * 10) la greis.
 * 11) la rai,en.
 * 12) la djeseka.
 * 13) la djan.
 * 14) la brianas.
 * 15) la djeimz.
 * 16) la teiler.
 * 17) la zekeris.
 * 18) la keilas.
 * 19) la brendan.
 * 20) la .ennas.

Answers to Exercises
No one pronouciation of a name is the right one, so use common sense whe deciding if you got these right or not.

English names to Cmene

 * 1) la djeikeb.
 * 2) la .emelis.
 * 3) la maikel.
 * 4) la medesen.
 * 5) la djaciu,as.
 * 6) la xennas.
 * 7) la ma'ius.
 * 8) la .emas.
 * 9) la .i'an.
 * 10) la .alekses.
 * 11) la djosef.
 * 12) la .aclis.
 * 13) la .endrus.
 * 14) la .ebegeil.
 * 15) la krestofer.
 * 16) la seiras.
 * 17) la daniel.
 * 18) la samentas.
 * 19) la nekoles.
 * 20) la .olevias.

Cmene to English names

 * 1) William
 * 2) Elizabeth
 * 3) Anthony
 * 4) Alyssa
 * 5) David
 * 6) Lauren
 * 7) Tyler
 * 8) Isabella
 * 9) Alexander
 * 10) Grace
 * 11) Ryan
 * 12) Jessica
 * 13) John
 * 14) Brianna
 * 15) James
 * 16) Taylor
 * 17) Zachary
 * 18) Kayla
 * 19) Brandon
 * 20) Anna

title: Lojban/Cmene


text:
User:Ellmist~enwikibooks

See w:User:Ellmist.

title: User:Ellmist~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Ellmist~enwikibooks

See w:User talk:Ellmist.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ellmist. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ellmist~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:56, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ellmist~enwikibooks


text:
User:Merphant

See en:User:Merphant

title: User:Merphant


text:
Spanish/Lesson 4

Stem Changing Verbs
In Spanish, some verbs change their stems when they are conjugated. These verbs are known as stem-changing verbs. Many of these verbs are important and often used. There are three different types of stem changing verbs in Spanish:

The stem changes for all conjugations, excepting nosotros/as and vosotros/as. The endings are the same as for regular verbs (-o for yo, -as/-es for tú, ...).

Entender To Understand

Note that the stem change is done for the second 'e' (not the first one) - in general the stem always changes for the last vowel before the -ar/-er/-ir ending.

Example: pedir (e->i) to ask for, to order

Pedir To Ask For, Order

Note: all e->i stem changing verbs are -ir verbs.

Dormir To Sleep

Here is a list of some other common stem changing verbs:

Exercise: Stem Changing Verbs

Present Participle
The present participle in Spanish is used either for continuous tenses (with estar, e.g. I am running.) and can also be used as an adjective. The Spanish present participle corresponds to the English -ing form of the verb.To form the present participle for regular -ar verbs, add -ando to the stem. For -er and -ir verbs add -iendo:

However, not all present participles are that regular. Some verbs add a "y," or change the spelling, to adhere to Spanish orthography (spelling) rules. Here is a list of some common verbs that have an irregular present participle:

Present Progressive
Like in English, the Spanish present progressive is used to describe an action in progress. It is formed by conjugating the verb estar and then adding the present participle:

title: Spanish/Lesson 4


text:
Spanish/Lesson 3

Text
Here are a couple of sentences and short dialogs about people planning/doing leisure activities. Besides the new vocabulary you should also have a look at how the verbs are conjugated depending on the subject of the sentence.

As you may see, each verb is bolded. These verbs are conjugated, that is, changed by the person(s) to which they are referring. Notice that subject pronouns are not necessary.

Regular Verbs
Spanish has three different types of regular verbs: -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. The subject pronoun is not necessary and in conversational Spanish it is only used for emphasis. For this lesson, we will omit it. One can still use pronouns, however. The conjugation pattern is the following:

As one can see, the endings for each person are different. This is similar to other Romance languages, such as Portuguese and Italian (the notable exception is French). This is the reason why we may omit the pronouns while we speak. Remember that sometimes it is best to clarify whether él, ella, or usted is speaking, because they share the same form. However, the context of the rest of the sentence sometimes clarifies this. There are a few steps involved with conjugating a verb. Here are the steps involved:
 * 1) Take the ending off of the infinitive. This is either an -ar, -er, or -ir.
 * 2) Without the -ar, -er, or -ir, the verb is in its base form.
 * 3) Add the appropriate ending to the base of the verb.

Notice that there are only two differences between the conjugations of -er and -ir verbs. The nosotros (4) and vosotros (5) forms are the only differences. Those forms have an "i" in the stem instead of an "e."

Exercise: Regular Verbs

"G" Verbs
The verb hacer means to do or to make. Hacer is irregular in the first person singular form (I) of the present tense only. The irregular form is hago. Hacer is one of the many verbs in Spanish which add a "g" in the first person singular of the verb. This is the present indicative of the verb hacer.

Note that the verb hacer is translated as to do and to make when referring to activities. But it can also be used to talk about some weather conditions:

But:

When speaking about the weather using hacer, the Ud. form (third singular form) is always used.

El vocabulario (Vocabulary) - Los días (Days)
Audio: [[media:The_days_of_the_week.ogg|OGG]] (157KB)

 * The Spanish week begins on Monday (el lunes), unlike the English week (which begins on Sunday/el domingo).

Una fiesta

Una fiesta entre amigos. Nosotros bailamos y lo pasamos bien en el jardín de esta casa. ''A party among friends. We dance and enjoy ourselves in the patio (garden) of this house.''

title: Spanish/Lesson 3


text:
Cookbook:Eating for Health

Basics
A healthful diet brings many benefits. It can help one avoid cancer and heart disease, control weight, and avoid diabetes. A healthful diet can also have effects on mood.

In choosing a healthful diet, you must start with two important concepts:
 * Your diet choice is no good if you don't think you can follow it long-term.
 * Your diet choice doesn't make up for smoking, lack of exercise, or any other bad habit; however, a healthful diet is a critical ingredient for a healthy body and you will enjoy many benefits from making good eating decisions.

Examples and suggestions regarding diet
Not everyone is trying to lose weight, but as an example, suppose that you are. Suppose that you eat a delicious treat. Would you consider yourself a failure? You shouldn't! Allowing thoughts of failure may only give you an excuse to give up on healthy eating.

If you are trying to lose weight, cutting down the treats and making sure you eat plenty of vegetables may help. Beyond diet, losing weight depends on your activity level. If your calorie intake (food) exceeds your calorie output (activity) your body will store the excess calories as fat. Weight loss requires your calorie intake to be lower than your calorie output, though neither should be done in the extreme.

Choose a different attitude. Don't think of healthy eating as a "diet". Think of healthy eating as balanced eating. Healthy eating is a lifestyle and one that you should enjoy. You will have difficulty eating well if you don't like the food. Get yourself in the habit of making good dietary choices by trying different foods as well as different ways to prepare them to find healthy foods that appeal to you.

One last thought, eating healthily does not mean starving yourself! If you are hungry, eat. Just be smart about what you take in. Reach for apples or celery over candy bars or chips. You don't need to feel like you have to cut out completely the occasional treat — just keep it that: occasional.

Non-diet concerns
Diet is hardly your main problem if you won't exercise. As with following a good diet, exercise is best if you can work it into your daily schedule. For example, try taking the stairs instead of the elevator whenever possible. Consider biking to work instead of driving.

Balance
Humans function best on a diet consisting mainly of vegetables, and a protein source that could be meat, nuts or legumes. Fresh leafy green vegetables are most important, but it is also necessary to eat yellow vegetables frequently. Starches (bread, grits, pasta, potatoes, etc.) are often both tasty and low-cost. Starches with whole grains are best, as white flours, other modified grains and potatoes have high glycemic indexes, which can promote diabetes and cause a build up of gas in the digestive tract. You can do very well by planning meals as small servings of meat or meat alternatives with heaping piles of vegetables, and a reasonable serving of some carbohydrate. Add fat and oil as needed for energy, rather than using sugar for this purpose. Add herbs and spices for taste; increased taste can lead to earlier feelings of satiation.

Vegetables
For many vegetables it is a good method to lightly steam them. While cooking can destroy nutrients, it also makes nutrients more available for the body. Some people think that uncooked vegetables contain the risk to spread disease from frequently-ill farm workers, manure, and animal contamination, but thorough washing of the vegetables before their uncooked use avoids this risk. Boiling will leach nutrients out of the vegetables, so you should avoid it. If you do not have a proper steamer, try placing a metal colander into a large lidded pot holding a half inch of water.

Many of the best-tasting vegetables are commonly hated because they are typically overcooked. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, asparagus, cabbage, spinach, and bean sprouts are all tasty when fresh and not overcooked. Broccoli is particularly versatile, tasty, nutritious, but relatively short-lived. Don't forget to try more unusual vegetables, such as okra (cooked with tomatoes) and bok choy. Variety is good for you.

Try serving your green vegetables with lemon juice instead of creamy sauces. Lemon juice is particularly good with broccoli and spinach. You might prefer vinegar with cabbage.

Lettuce is very high in nutrients and tastes very good.. While green vegetables are most important, don't forget the yellow vegetables (squash, carrot, sweet potato) and tomatoes.

Meat, including eggs and fish
In general, meat needs to be cooked to at least medium rare for safety. One exception is domestic poultry such as chicken and turkey. Pork can be cooked to 145° for medium rare, contrary to popular belief. Microwaving meat is generally bad, because dangerous bacteria can survive in any cold spots that remain.

It is particularly important to avoid browning nitrite-cured meat such as ham or corned beef because the added nitrates and nitrites react during browning to make things much worse.

In place of salt on meat, try some herbs and spices. For example, a pork roast goes well with rosemary. Chicken goes well with sage, rosemary, and thyme. For a more Asian flavor, use ginger and soy sauce.

You might enjoy your meat with teriyaki, barbecue, or sweet and sour sauce. These sauces are somewhat high in sugar, but the good taste may save you from far worse dietary choices.

A technique to remove excess fat from shredded or ground meats after frying is to remove the meat to a metal colander, and rinse with hot water. This is especially important when cooking such meats ahead of time to prepare for freezing - otherwise the fat solidifies on the meat when it freezes, and can sometimes cause unpleasant odors and tastes. Another method is to float the fat with cold water or broth, then refrigerate to solidify the fat.

For fish, try cooking it with some ground herbs and spices. Also, try serving it plain or with lemon juice. You won't need to cover up a "fishy" (bacterial) smell if you buy fresh fish and use it quickly; fresh fish does not have an odor. If the fish is whole, fresh fish will have clear eyes.

Egg whites are generally more healthy than egg yolks. In most recipes, you can use 2 egg whites to replace 1 whole egg.

Try flavoring your scrambled eggs with chopped black olives instead of bacon bits.

Oil and Fat
For general use, canola oil (low erucic acid rapeseed oil) is a good choice. Fancy grades of olive oil can be better, but they are easy to overheat because they have low smoke points. When oil is overheated, harmful chemicals end up both in the food and in the air. (use olive oil on your salad, and canola oil for frying)

As a general rule, it is more healthful to choose liquid oils over solid fats. It is currently suspected that the trans- fats (partially hydrogenated oils) are least desirable; these are found in most margarine and shortening. Shortening without trans- fats is now available, made from a mixture of unhydrogenated oil and fully hydrogenated oil.

Milk
People with European ancestry usually handle milk well. Milk is a valuable nutritious food, providing vitamins and essential fats to those who can properly digest it. Fermenting milk to make products such as cheese, yoghurt, and kefir, increases the digestibility and available nutrition of milk.

Some people have trouble digesting the lactose in milk, and find that many dairy products cause flatulence or loose bowels. Milk can be treated to reduce lactose by fermenting it or by adding an enzyme. Look for strong (aged) cheeses and Lactaid if you have this problem.

In addition, some people have intolerance to the proteins in milk, casein and whey. Casein intolerance is frequently seen in people with both coeliac disease and dairy intolerance. Whey intolerance is less common. In these instances, removing lactose will not help, and cheeses are particularly bad foods for people with casein intolerance because the casein in milk is concentrated in the cheese.

If you choose to avoid milk, you will need an alternate source of calcium. Anchovies and canned salmon are good sources. You may also need an alternate source of vitamin D, which is added to milk in some countries. This is particularly important if you are a dark-skinned person who does not receive lots of exposure to bright sunlight; the human body normally relies on ultraviolet light to produce vitamin D. Several milk substitutes are available, typically based on soy, rice, or oats. These can be used to some extent in cooking as well as for drinking, and variants with vitamins and calcium content equivalent to milk are available.

Salt
For salt added at the table, consider using flaked salt. It's the same stuff, but it tastes stronger (so you use less) because it dissolves faster.

When cooking, you can reduce salt by 20% to 45% without giving up taste by adding a small amount of MSG. Consider doing this with meat, soups, eggs, stir-fry, fried rice, and anything else you might consider to be a "savory" dish. (MSG contains far less sodium than table salt does)

See above for specific tips for meat and vegetable salt reduction.

Flour-based foods and fiber
Whole wheat flour provides dietary fiber, which helps to clean you out. Whole wheat flour also has more protein than plain white flour. In most recipes, you can replace half of the plain white flour with whole wheat flour. The more whole wheat you use, the less the result will rise. You might add some extra leavening agent (yeast, baking powder, etc.) to make up for this. Many recipes are specifically designed for 100% whole wheat flour, including pancakes and raisin oatmeal muffins.

When making batter for deep-fat frying, try using cornmeal in place of some of the plain white flour.

Instead of white rice, choose brown rice. This gives you extra flavor, fiber, and nutrients.

title: Cookbook:Eating for Health


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Lojban/Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (SWH) is a hypothesis in linguistics, stating that there are notable differences in thought patterns of speakers of different languages, and that the way people's brains function is strongly affected by their native languages. It's a very controversial theory, championed by linguist Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf.

First discussed by Sapir in 1929, the hypothesis became popular in the 1950s following posthumous publication of Whorf's writings on the subject. In 1955, Dr. James Cooke Brown created the Loglan language (which led to the offshoot Lojban) in order to test the hypothesis. After vigorous attack from followers of Noam Chomsky in the following decades, the hypothesis is now only believed by linguists with a grain of salt; that thought processes are somewhat affected by language, but that differences aren't that notable.

Central to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the idea of linguistic relativity: distinctions of meaning between related terms in a language are often arbitrary and particular to that language. Sapir and Whorf took this one step further by arguing that a person's whole world view is determined by the vocabulary and syntax available in his or her language.

The extreme ("Weltanschauung") version of this idea, that all mental function is constrained by language, can be disproved through personal experience: people in every language occasionally struggle to express their exact thoughts, feeling constrained by the language. It's common to say or write something, only to correct one's self or further clarify meaning, especially to someone being explained to. These show that ideas are not merely words, because one can imagine something without being able to express it in words.

The opposite extreme — that language does not influence thought at all — is also widely considered to be false. For example, it has been shown in studies that people's discrimination of similar colors can be influenced by their vocabulary for distinguishing said colors. Another study showed that deaf children of hearing parents are more likely to fail on some cognitive tasks unrelated to hearing, while deaf children of deaf parents succeed, due to parents being able to more extensively communicate. Computer programmers who know different programming languages often see the same problem in completely different ways.

The Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) analysis of the problem is direct: most people do notable thinking by talking to themselves and by imagining images and other sensory phantasms. To the extent that people think by talking to themselves, they are limited by their vocabulary and the structure of their language and linguistic habits. (However it should also be noted that everyone have idiolects, mental language patterns individual to them.)

John Grinder, a founder of NLP, was a linguistics professor who perhaps unconsciously combined the ideas of Chomsky with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. A seminal NLP insight came from a challenge he gave to his students: coin a neologism to describe an idea for which you have no words. Student Robert Dilts gave an example by coining a word for the way people stare into space when they are thinking, and for the different directions they stare. These new words enabled users to describe patterns in the ways people stare into space, which led directly to NLP results — as notable a validation of the weak hypothesis as one could ask.

Lojban is thus designed to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, by attempting to expand the speakers' minds and express thoughts as conveniently as possible to see if there's any notable effects in the speakers' thought patterns/worldview. The only complication with this is that the third factor — the speakers all wanting to learn Lojban, an obscure language — could skew the results somewhat, but the only way to fix that is to get more Lojban speakers.

title: Lojban/Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis