text:
Japanese/Lessons/Introduction/Lesson 1/Unit 1-1/Answers

1. Hajimemashite (はじめまして. ) Konnichiwa (こんにちは. ) Konbanwa (こんばんは. ) O-hayou gozaimasu (おはようございます. )

2.

3. Konnichiwa. Watashi wa "Last Name" "First Name" desu. Hajimemashite.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Jimmy Peakes

Overview
Jimmy Peakes joins the Gryffindor team in Harry's sixth year. He is short and broad-chested, and although three years younger than Harry he is strong and quite fierce.

Half-Blood Prince
Jimmy Peakes tries out for the Gryffindor Quidditch team and is accepted as one of the two Beaters, the other being Ritchie Coote.

When Cormac McLaggen is put in as Keeper to replace the poisoned Ron Weasley, he does not seem to understand the difference between practice and a real game, and borrows Peakes' Beater's bat to demonstrate the proper way to hit a Bludger towards the approaching Cadwallader. Mis-hitting the Bludger, he knocks Harry out instead, and as a result Gryffindor suffer a horrible defeat.

Deathly Hallows
Many underage Gryffindors try to stay for the battle at Hogwarts, and Professor McGonagall must order them to leave; she calls out the names Creevey and Peakes when doing so.

Strengths
Jimmy is evidently good at Quidditch, being a capable Beater. He is a Quidditch champion, being part of the Gryffindor team when it wins the Quidditch Cup during Harry's sixth year.

Due to the fact that Jimmy tries to stay and fight in the Battle of Hogwarts, we must assume that he has considerable strength of mind, which is typical for a Gryffindor.

Weaknesses
Jimmy is too young to fight in the Battle, and he is never mentioned after his brief appearance in Deathly Hallows.

For some reason, Cormac McLaggen was able to take Jimmy's bat during a Quidditch game. Jimmy would not have simply handed it over, so it's likely that McLaggen just snatched it during a quiet moment.

Relationships with Other Characters
Jimmy gels quite well with the rest of the Quidditch team. He is, unlike some other members of the team, in it for the entirety of the year, including their victorious final.

Analysis
Jimmy is a good example of a stock Gryffindor: brave, loyal, talented and showing exception in one particular ability: Quidditch. He is, in some ways, the antithesis of former Gryffindor Beaters Andrew Kirke and Jack Sloper, neither of whom are particularly good at Quidditch.

Questions

 * 1) Do you think Jimmy might remain on the Quidditch team after the events of Half-Blood Prince?
 * 2) If Jimmy is three years younger than Harry, he was clearly underage during the Battle of Hogwarts. Why did he try to stay in the Hall?

Greater Picture
Harry is, of course, the Quidditch Captain who selects Jimmy Peakes as a Beater on his new team. The events of the year are tumultuous, and throughout it, members of the team come and go, including Ron, McLaggen, Dean, and Harry himself. Peakes, however, remains where he is and does his job well. This brings the reader to infer that, despite not always being present, Harry is a good Quidditch Captain when it comes down to the crunch.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ambrosius Flume

Overview
Ambrosius Flume is mentioned only in passing and has no direct role in the books.

Prisoner of Azkaban
As Harry makes his way through the basement of Honeyduke's Sweetshop after his first passage through the tunnel revealed by the Marauder's Map, he must avoid a man going into the basement to re-stock shelves. This man is never identified, but may be Ambrosius.

Half-Blood Prince
A graduate of Hogwarts, Ambrosius Flume was one of Horace Slughorn's favourite students. Slughorn introduced him to Ciceron Harkiss who gave him his first job. Ambrosius is now affiliated with Honeyduke's Sweetshop, and still sends Slughorn a hamper of sweets every birthday.

Relationships with Other Characters
Ambrosius would have had good relationships with many Hogwarts students and locals. He would also have a good relationships with shop assistants.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Demelza Robins

Overview
Demelza Robins joins the Gryffindor Quidditch team as a Chaser.

Half-Blood Prince
Demelza Robins is one of three Chasers that Harry puts on the Gryffindor Quidditch team after a series of try-outs. The other two are Katie Bell and Ginny Weasley. This seems to be something of a tradition; in Harry's first through third years, all the Gryffindor chasers were girls as well.

A little later, she delivers a message from Professor Snape to Harry about a detention.

Amongst the team changes due to illness and detention, Demelza is the only Chaser who plays against all three other houses. Katie Bell is sidelined by a cursed necklace for two matches, and Ginny becomes Seeker when Harry is put into detention by Snape.

Deathly Hallows
Demelza is mentioned in passing as being one of the defenders in the battle at Hogwarts.

Strengths
Demelza is quite adept at Quidditch, having a knack for dodging Bludgers and for making tricky shots. She is known to work well with the other Chasers and is friendly with the Beaters. Other than her Quidditch ability, Demelza's strengths and skills are largely unknown. She fought in the Battle of Hogwarts and must have been both brave and cunning to do so as Professor McGonagall was not allowing underage students to take part. This she seems to have ignored, as did Colin Creevey, proving bravery and a possible disregard for rules. We note in the Analysis section, below, though, that she might have come of age during the year, and so be allowed to stay at Hogwarts.

Weaknesses
Like her strengths, Demelza's weaknesses are largely unknown. However, it can be noted that she is rather sensitive, succumbing to tears on occasion, generally because of Ron.

Relationships with Other Characters
Demelza is rarely seen outside of Quidditch games, where her relationships would be on a teammates level. We don't see enough of her outside Quidditch games and practices to get any feeling for how she would relate to other students.

Analysis
In the Strengths section, above, it was noted that she likely was underage at the time of the battle of Hogwarts, and so would have been fighting without permission. We have no information about her age, except that she is, we must assume, younger than Harry; if she was older than Harry she would have already left the school by Harry's seventh year, and would have had to be returned to the school somehow in time for the battle. If she had entered Hogwarts the year after Harry, she would be in her sixth year at the time of the battle of Hogwarts; and as Ron and Hermione did, it is possible that she could have had her seventeenth birthday between the start of school in September and the Battle of Hogwarts in May. If she was of age, then she would have participated in the fight with permission.

We note that, whether such was her intent or not, the author seems to have introduced Demelza in the same manner as she introduced Romilda Vane, possibly intending Demelza to be part of the group of girls centered around Romilda who are entering their fourth year as Harry is entering his sixth. This would make Demelza a fifth-year student at the time of the Battle of Hogwarts, and thus definitively underage. However, we must stress that this is a very tenuous line of reasoning.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ritchie Coote

Overview
Ritchie Coote joins the Gryffindor team in Harry's sixth year. He is described as "weedy looking", but has very good aim.

Half-Blood Prince
Harry, now Quidditch Team captain, selects Ritchie Coote as one of his two Beaters, the other being Jimmy Peakes. Coote is described as a boy who "looked weedy but aimed well".

Strengths
Coote is selected as a Beater due to his skilled marksmanship. While not as skilled as Fred and George Weasley, who were both Beaters, he is a competent player.

As a result, he is a Quidditch champion, being part of the Gryffindor team when it wins the Quidditch Cup during Harry's sixth year.

Weaknesses
Ritchie is ever shown to have any particular weaknesses, mostly due to his brief appearances.

As he does not fight in the Battle of Hogwarts, he is likely to have been younger than Harry and, therefore, less skilled in magic, but this is conjectural.

Relationships with Other Characters
We must assume that Richie gets along with the rest of the Quidditch team, such as his fellow beater Jimmy Peakes, and Captain, Harry.

Unlike some other members of the team, Ritchie remains in it for the entirety of the year, including their victorious final.

Analysis
Ritchie is a good example of a Gryffindor character: while he is not built to look particularly powerful, he has a talent which he puts to good use. This shows a certain amount of courage on his part, which is a definite Gryffindor trait.

Questions

 * 1) Do you think Coote might remain on the Quidditch team after the events of Half-Blood Prince?
 * 2) How old do you think Coote might be?

Greater Picture
Harry is, of course, the Quidditch Captain who selects Ritchie Coote as a Beater on his new team. Throughout the year, members of the team come and go, including Ron, McLaggen, Dean, and Harry himself. Ritchie, however, remains where he is and does his job well.

He is not quite as fleshed-out as his teammate Jimmy Peakes, who has more things happen to him throughout the series, but he is a valuable addition to the team nonetheless.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Walden Macnair

Overview
Walden Macnair is a tall, strapping wizard, with a thin black moustache.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Macnair is the designated executioner for the Committee for the Disposal of Dangerous Creatures, a committee in the Ministry of Magic. He is brought to Hogwarts School to execute Buckbeak.

Goblet of Fire
Lord Voldemort, on his return from near-death, tells Macnair that he will soon have wizards to kill. There being no other Macnairs mentioned to date, we can assume that this is the same Macnair to whom we have already been introduced.

Order of the Phoenix
Macnair served as one of Lord Voldemort's envoys to the Giants, and it seems he helped to persuade them to join forces with the Death Eaters. According to Hagrid, Macnair got along well with the new leader of the giants due to both having bloodthirsty personalities.

He also fought in the battle in the Department of Mysteries where he was partnered with Avery, though it's unknown if the duo encountered Harry during the initial chase. He later took part in the battle in the Room of the Veil, where he strangled Harry in an attempt to force the prophesy from him. He was wounded by Neville Longbottom in the final battle when Neville poked Hermione Granger's wand through the eyehole in his Death Eater mask, allowing Harry to stun him.

Deathly Hallows
Macnair was briefly seen at the end being defeated by Hagrid in the final battle by being thrown across the Great Hall.

Strengths
It's unknown if this could be considered a strength, but Macnair seems to be one of the more violent Death Eaters. He is described many times as being willing to kill, even enjoying it.

Relationships with Other Characters
It is uncertain how Macnair gets along with other characters. He is one of the twelve Death Eaters at the battle in the Ministry, and he and Lucius Malfoy seem to know each other at that point. There is some indication that he and Malfoy have some connection with each other at the time Macnair is sent to execute Buckbeak.


text: User:Jasonmcdowell

title: User:Jasonmcdowell


text:
Functional Analysis

Functional Analysis can mean different things, depending on who you ask. The core of the subject, however, is to study linear spaces with some topology which allows us to do analysis; ones like spaces of functions, spaces of operators acting on the space of functions, etc. Our interest in those spaces is twofold: those linear spaces with topology (i) often exhibit interesting properties that are worth investigating for their own sake, and (ii) have important application in other areas of mathematics (e.g., partial differential equations) as well as theoretical physics; in particular, quantum mechanics. (i) arises because linear vectors spaces that are of interest to analysts are infinite-dimensional in nature, and this requires careful investigation of geometry. (More on this in Chapter 2 and 4.) (ii) was what initially motivated the development of the field; Functional Analysis has its historical roots in linear algebra and the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics in the early 20 century. (See Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics) The book aims to cover these two interests simultaneously.

The book consists of two parts. The first part covers the basics of Banach spaces theory with the emphasis on its applications. The second part covers topological vector spaces, especially locally convex ones, generalization of Banach spaces. In both parts, we give principal results e.g., the closed graph theorem, resulting in some repetition. One reason for doing this organization is that one often only needs a Banach-version of such results. Another reason is that this approach seems more pedagogically sound; the statement of the results in their full generality may obscure its simplicity. Exercises are meant to be an unintegrated part of the book. They can be skipped altogether, and the book should be fully read and understood. Some alternative proofs and additional results are relegated as exercises when their inclusion may disrupt the flow of the exposition.

Knowledge of measure theory will not be needed except for Chapter 6, where we formulate the spectrum theorem in the language of measure theory. As for topology, knowledge of metric spaces suffices for Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. The solid background in general topology is required for the ensuing chapters.

Contents
Part 1: Part 2: Part 3:
 * Chapter 1. Preliminaries : Zorn's lemma, Topology, Hamel basis, Hahn-Banach theorem
 * Chapter 2. Banach spaces : Open mapping theorem, closed graph theorem, compact operators
 * Chapter 3. Hilbert spaces : Unbounded operators, adjoint operators, orthonormal basis, Parseval theorem
 * Chapter 4. Geometry of Banach spaces : Reflexive spaces, Krein-Milman theorem, Bishop's theorem, Separable Banach spaces, Schauder basis, James' theorem, uniformly convex spaces, monotonic operators, strictly singular operators
 * Chapter 5. Topological vector spaces : Locally convex spaces, metrization theorem
 * Chapter 6. C*-algebras : Gelfand transformation, Spectrum of a commutative Banach algebra, Functional calculus, GNS construction
 * Chapter 7. Integration theory : von Neumann double centralizer theorem
 * Chapter 8. Special topics :
 * Fredholm theory - Index of a bounded and unbounded operator, compact perturbation
 * Representations of compact groups - Unitary representation, Peter–Weyl theorem
 * Sobolev spaces
 * Chapter 9. Harmonic Analysis - Decomposition of Banach Representations of Locally compact groups, Plancherel theorem.

title: Functional Analysis


text:
User talk:Imzadi1979

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 07:36, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Imzadi1979


text:
User talk:Robpers2003

Image:Glstart tut2 1.jpg
You cannot licence screenshot as public domain. Screenshots from programs are always under the same license the program itself is. --Derbeth talk 07:50, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Could you write about 2d graphic in Opengl ? Adam Majewski

title: User talk:Robpers2003


text:
User talk:Jasonmcdowell

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:06, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jasonmcdowell


text:
Horticulture/Pruning of Fruit Trees

Pruning is a technique that is employed by gardeners in order to control growth, remove dead or diseased wood or stimulate the formation of flowers, which in turn lead to fruits. The most economical pruning is done early in the season, when buds begin to break, and one can pinch off the soft tissue with one's fingers (hence the expression "nipped in the bud"). Many home fruit growers make the mistake of planting a tree, then neglecting it until it begins to bear. But careful attention to pruning and training young trees will ultimately determine their productivity and longevity. Good pruning and training will also prevent later injury from weak crotches that break under snow or fruit load.

Overview
In order to obtain a better understanding of how to prune plants properly, it is useful to have some underlying knowledge of how pruning works, and how it affects the way in which plants grow.

Plants form new tissue in an area called the meristem, located near the tips of roots and shoots, where active cell division takes place. Meristem growth is aimed at ensuring that leaves are quickly elevated into sunlight, and that roots are able to penetrate deeply into the soil. Once adequate height and length is achieved by the stems and roots, they will begin to thicken to give support to the plant. On the shoots, these growing tips of the plant are known as apical buds. The apical meristem (or tip) produces the growth hormone auxin, which not only promotes cell division, but also diffuses downwards and inhibits the development of lateral bud growth which would otherwise compete with the apical tip for light and nutrients. Removing the apical tip and its suppressive hormone allows the lower dormant lateral buds to develop, and the buds between the leaf stalk and stem produce new shoots which compete to become the lead growth. Manipulating this natural response to damage (known as the principle of apical dominance) by processes such as pruning (as well as coppicing and pollarding) allows the horticulturist to determine the shape, size and productivity of many fruiting trees and bushes. The main aim when pruning fruit trees is usually to obtain a decent crop of fruit rather than a tree with an abundance of lush yet unproductive foliage. Unpruned trees tend to produce large crops of small, worthless fruit often damaged by pests and diseases, and much of the crop is out of reach at the top of the tree. Branches can become broken by the weight of the crop, and the cropping may become biennial (that is, only bearing fruit every other year). Overpruned trees on the other hand tend to produce light crops of large, flavourless fruit that does not store well. Pruning is therefore carried out to achieve a balance between shoot growth and fruit production.

Formative pruning of bush trees
Formative pruning of apple (Malus pumila) and pear (Pyrus communis) trees (stone fruits such as cherries, plums, gages, etc., have different requirements and should not be pruned during the dormant months) should be carried out during the dormant winter months between November and March (or June and September in the southern hemisphere) and during the early years of the tree's life in order to develop a strong framework capable of bearing the weight of the crops that will be borne in later years. This involves hard pruning, although in later years pruning will be lighter and carried out in order to encourage fruiting.

A maiden whip (that is, a one year old tree with no side shoots) should be pruned to a bud with two buds below it at about 80 cm from the ground immediately after planting in order to produce primary branches during the first growing season. A feathered maiden (that is, a one year old tree with several side branches) should have its main stem pruned back to three or four strong shoots at 80 cm from the ground. Side shoots should be shortened by two thirds of their length to an upward or outward facing bud. Lower shoots should be removed flush with the stem.
 * The maiden tree

Remove any lower shoots and prune between three and five of the best placed shoots by half to an upwards or outwards facing bud in order to form what will become the tree's main structural branches. Remove any inwards facing shoots.
 * The two year old tree

Prune the leading shoots of branches selected to extend the framework by half to a bud facing in the desired direction. Select four good laterals to fill the framework and shorten these by a half. Prune any remaining laterals to four buds to form fruiting spurs.
 * The three year old tree

The tree will have begun to fruit and only limited formative pruning is now required. Shorten leaders by one third and prune laterals not required to extend the framework to four buds.
 * The four year old tree

the tree is considered to be established and should be annually pruned as described in the following section.
 * From year five onwards

Pruning the cropping tree
Before pruning it is important to distinguish between spur bearing and tip bearing varieties. The former, which is the most common type, bear most of their fruit on older wood, and include apples such as 'Cox's Orange Pippin', 'James Grieve' and 'Sunset', and the pears 'Conference', 'Doyenne du Commice' and 'Williams Bon Chretien'. Tip bearers on the other hand produce most of their fruit buds at the tips of slender shoots grown the previous summer, and include the apples 'Worcester Pearmain' and 'Irish Peach', and the pears 'Jargonelle' and 'Josephine de Malines'. There are basically three types of pruning that are applied once the main shape of the tree has been established. These are:

Spur bearing varieties form spurs naturally, but spur growth can also be induced.
 * Spur pruning

This also depends on the tendency of many apple and pear trees to form flower buds on unpruned two year old laterals. It is a technique best utilised for the strong laterals on the outer part of the tree where there is room for such growth.
 * Renewal pruning

This is carried out on the tree as a whole, and is aimed at keeping the tree and its environment healthy, e.g., by keeping the centre open so that air can circulate, removing dead or diseased wood, preventing branches from becoming over crowded (branches should be roughly 50 cm apart and spurs not less than 25 cm apart along the branch framework), and preventing any branches from crossing.
 * Regulatory pruning

Pruning of tip bearers
Tip bearers should be pruned lightly in winter using the regulatory system (see above). any maiden shoots less than 25 cm in length should be left untouched as they have fruit buds at their tips. Longer shoots are spur pruned to prevent over-crowding and to stimulate the production of more short tip bearing shoots the following year. Branch leaders are 'tipped', removing the top three or four buds to a bud facing in the desired direction to make them branch out and so produce more tip bearing shoots.

title: Horticulture/Pruning of Fruit Trees


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Pruning of Fruit Trees

Transwiki notes
Copied from Pruning fruit trees 09:04, 18 September 2006 (UTC). Article is how-to, so history copied here just in case.

(cur) (last) 02:00, 26 June 2006 124.254.87.175 (Talk) (cur) (last) 18:37, 25 June 2006 SmackBot (Talk | contribs) m (Delink months and days of week &/or general fixes using AWB) (cur) (last) 08:47, 28 April 2006 MPF (Talk | contribs) (copyedit, spacing) (cur) (last) 14:44, 25 April 2006 Circeus (Talk | contribs) (propose merge) (cur) (last) 17:35, 18 April 2006 70.234.132.216 (Talk) (→Overview) (cur) (last) 22:23, 25 January 2006 Ravedave (Talk | contribs) (AWB assisted clean up & categorization) (cur) (last) 02:17, 23 April 2005 Fooscope (Talk | contribs) m (typo: longivity -> longevity) (cur) (last) 23:42, 19 June 2004 Fredrik (Talk | contribs) m (Foo Bar Baz ---> Foo bar baz (see Manual of Style on capitalization)) (cur) (last) 23:41, 19 June 2004 Fredrik (Talk | contribs) m (it's ---> its, grammar) (cur) (last) 22:17, 8 April 2004 Pollinator (Talk | contribs) (remove spam link) (cur) (last) 22:12, 8 April 2004 Bearings (Talk | contribs) (=See also=) (cur) (last) 09:32, 5 December 2003 Pollinator (Talk | contribs) (nipped in the bud) (cur) (last) 14:28, 31 July 2003 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) m (cur) (last)  19:04, 19 January 2003 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) m (orchard) (cur) (last) 19:31, 9 December 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) m (cur) (last)  19:29, 9 December 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) m (changed link) (cur) (last) 05:54, 3 September 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) m (fiddled with formating) (cur) (last) 05:46, 3 September 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 05:36, 3 September 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 05:35, 3 September 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 05:31, 3 September 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 05:25, 3 September 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 05:19, 3 September 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 05:17, 3 September 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 05:12, 3 September 2002 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (Latest | Earliest) View (previous 50) (next 50) (20 | 50 | 100 | 250 | 500).


text:
Template talk:Riddle

This template does not work in any browser besides internet explorer.

 * It seems to work just fine for me with Mozilla. I would agree that this depends on more advanced features of web browsers that earlier ones don't seem to work with.  --Rob Horning 02:04, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Which version of Mozilla are you using? It comes out a mess for me in SeaMonkey 1.0.6 (Mac OS X). -- Smjg 18:05, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm using Mozilla 1.0 (yeah, its an old version, but it mostly works for what I use it for). Perhaps we can rework the template so it isn't so messy? --Rob Horning 23:45, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess so. And BTW, why does it have the title "Riddle"?  The confusing parameter names and the use of "Show" (rather than something more specific like "Answer" or "Solution") imply a more generic purpose. -- Smjg 00:35, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Can anybody find the bit of the stylesheet (or whatever it is) that puts in the "Show" link? This might help to work out how to clean it up. -- Smjg 00:53, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess it ought to be in or around "NavFrame"... -- Jokes Free4Me 09:52, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Also, i'd like to point out that in Fx (1.8.1.3), the title line will use exactly one row, even if the text is longer (e.g., here, or you can use Template:Lorem_ipsum to test it), which really messes stuff up. The only nasty thing that happens with long titles in IE is that the Show/Hide link is "hidden" underneath the title text... What can we do about this? -- Jokes Free4Me 09:52, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Riddle


text:
User:Ce garcon~enwikibooks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ce_garcon

title: User:Ce garcon~enwikibooks


text:
Learning the vi Editor/Conventions

 * :  A single character, such as 'a' or '1'.
 * , : Indicates that the Escape (Esc) key on your keyboard should be pressed, which is identical to Control and '['.
 * : Indicates that the Carrier Return (Enter) key should be pressed.
 * : Indicates that the Tabulator key should be pressed
 * , : Indicates that the Control key and the 'x' key should be pressed simultaneously. 'x' can be almost any other key on your keyboard.
 * ,, : Indicates that the Shift key and the 'x' key should be pressed simultaneously
 * , : Indicates that the Meta or Alt key and the 'x' key should be pressed simultaneously.
 * , : An Ex command. started with, followed by the command and ends with . For many Ex commands there is a long form and a short form.
 * : represents a setting.
 * : represents a function.
 * , : A Search pattern. Search pattern in vi are regular expressions.
 * ,  : A Search pattern combined with an Ex command.

All commands in vi are case sensitive.

title: Learning the vi Editor/Conventions


text:
Talk:A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry/Colour

This section has been erased by an administrator, who claims that it breached copyright regulations. I am disputing this and have requested that the original page, or a version without copyright problems, is restored as soon as possible. Ewen

Swansea College students can find the notes on:

P:\Faculty of A Level & The Arts\Maths & Science\Applied Science\Unit 13 - Colour chemistry\Colour.doc

It would be appreciated if the /Colour page were not left blank. The students using this course are not all experienced using wiki and would probably not know to look at the discussion page.

The copyright issue will need me to either edit the original file or to obtain a waiver from the authors of the original text.

Ewen 15:35, 18 September 2006 (UTC)


text:
Movie Making Manual/Digital Puppets

Digital Puppets

In theory, inexpensive motion pictures can be made using Digital Puppets. Digital Puppets are the inexpensive 3D characters from Zygote, Poser, DAZ 3D, RuntimeDNA and a dozen other companies. These figures are also called Poser figures but this is now confusing since DAZ Studio and Poser are now slightly incompatible.

 * Not Animatronics
 * Digital Puppets should not be confused with animatronics which are electro-mechanical puppets or androids. See Wikipedia's definition of Animatronics.  For fun sites about animatronics, visit Android World.  To learn how animatronics works, see How Stuff Works.

Some of the procedures for making a movie with Digital Puppets are different so they are discussed here. For the rest of the procedures, look at the rest of MMM. Therefore, this section explains the major differences as well as the steps and procedures for creating a low-budget motion picture with Digital Puppets.

=All About Digital Puppets=

Digital Puppets (or "Poser" figures) started out as fun figures for doing personal animation. However, once the quality of the figures improved and artists began to use these figures, everything changed.

The Advantages and Uses of Digital Puppets
Today, digital puppets (or "Poser" figures) are used almost exclusively as models for still artwork. This has become a huge cottage industry. At least 90% of all human figures seen in still artwork are actually digital puppets, not real people. This popularity has driven the cost of digital puppets to rock bottom prices. Many basic figures are free and upgrading to the best possible combination of clothing and morphs rarely costs more than $100.

The Disadvantages of Digital Puppets
Digital puppets (and almost all models for character animation) have one huge disadvantage. They are built wrong. A computer model of a human being is just like a balloon. It is a very thin surface and nothing more. There are no muscles in digital puppets.

Therefore, digital puppets do not deform in a natural way. If you have an absolutely gorgeous looking figure with one facial expression (such as a smile) and you have another beautiful pose of the face, the transition from one facial expression to another is NOT normal. It is like someone is squishing a balloon from one shape into another. This looks absolutely dreadful.

=Hardware=

Obviously, if you are going to make your motion picture with the aide of a computer, you need a computer. What is not obvious is how fast a computer you need. Rendering 3D images always requires a very fast computer. Rendering your 3D figures (the digital puppets) takes a good, strong computer. But it is the 3D scenery which can take the most time to render... so much so, you would need a huge render farm (lots and lots of computers tied together) to make a motion picture with full 3D scenery. Therefore, most motion pictures done in 3D even in Hollywood, use a limited form of animation. The 3D figures are rendered in full 3D but the scenery is rendered as still images and animated with a multi-plane camera during compositing. (This is explained below.) By using this method, a single, modern computer is all you need.

Macintosh
If you have the money, buy a Macintosh/Windows Intel computer from Apple (after March 2008; see note below.) By March of 2008, if you want to purchase a Windows computer, you might as well purchase a Macintosh and get the best of both worlds.

Understand The Macintosh
Understanding Apple is not easy. Perhaps this will help:

 * 1. The Original Macintosh
 * In 1984, Apple Computer, Inc. invented the Macintosh computer with its unique operating system which was a forerunner of Microsoft Windows. The operating system is what gives a personal computer its personality.

 * 2. New Operating System
 * In 2001, Apple stopped making the Macintosh Operating System. Apple replaced the Macintosh operating system with Unix which is a computer operating system for nerds.  This particular version of Unix was developed by NextStep.  However, Apple still calls its NextStep Unix operating system "Macintosh OS X".

 * 3. New Computer Hardware
 * In 2005, Apple stopped making the Macintosh computer. Instead, Apple has switched to making only Intel PCs.  However, Apple continues to call its Intel PC computers "Macintosh".  (Note: It will take a while for the old Macintosh programs to be able to run on the new Apple Intel PCs using Apple's Unix operating system so wait until March of 2008.)

Which Model To Buy
For beginners, I recommend the iMac with the 20 inch screen or a laptop computer: either the MacBook or the MacBook Pro. The Mac mini is an interesting option but it costs the same as a MacBook. Note: You need to buy a complete hardware package. This can be a bit confusing... so get help from someone who really knows. This includes extra disk drives and lots of RAM. I do not recommend the wireless keyboard for your first keyboard.

Windows
You will need to purchase a decent machine. Ram, processing speed, and hard drive space all play an important part. Buy as much PC as you can afford but do not buy the latest and greatest technology. You will pay a premium. Instead, purchase last-year's technology. You will save a bundle of money and only get a marginal difference in performance.

Linux
Linux computers are used extensively in the motion picture business for high end animation programs. Blender 3d is a free and open software package that can import many formats for digital puppets. Blender also runs on MS and Apple computers. http://www.blender.org/ Blender also be set up to simulate muscles under the skin freeing your from the balloon look.

=Computer Software=

To create digital puppets, animated them, render them, create scenery, render it and composite it, you need computer programs.

Digital Puppet Software
The first digital puppet software was Poser. The first popular natural scenery program was Bryce. Now, you have a much larger selection to choose from.

Poser
After the first version of Poser was released with extremely crude human figures, the programmers for Poser partnered with Zygote to offer a high quality version of the digital puppets. By version 3 of Poser, the figures began to look good. Now Poser is at version 6 and it offers its own digital puppets which are slightly incompatible with the newest digital puppets from Zygote/DAZ 3D. (See a more detail overview of Poser 6 -- to be completed by 2007)

DAZ Studio
Zygote spun off a company called DAZ 3D which continues to make digital puppets. Then DAZ 3D developed DAZ Studio for animating the digital puppets from DAZ 3D. (See a more detail overview of Poser 6 -- to be completed by 2007)

Animation Software
Originally, Poser was the only software which could pose and animate digital puppets. Now there is a larger selection.

Poser
The animation features in earlier versions of Poser were extremely awkward to use. Newer versions have better support for animation. Animation features include basic physics simulation for cloth and hair.

DAZ Studio
DAZ Studio started out as only a still program with no animation features at all. This program is still very new so it will be a while before much animation software is available. The good news is the DAZ Studio allows for program plug-ins which can be entire animation modules.

Autodesk 3ds max or Maya
Both of these software titles are expensive but worth the price for extreme control over character animation.

Optional Software Software
Kadara created an animation program for character animation and Life Forms also has some animation capability that will be useful for filmmakers.

Movie Set Software
Bryce was the first program to offer natural scenery for a very low price.

Vue
While Bryce slowly died, Vue kept getting better and better.

Bryce
Byrce has been resurrected from the grave by DAZ 3D. Version 5.5 is free from DAZ if you can download 130 megs.

Carrara
Recently purchased by DAZ 3D.

=Computer Models=

The great advantage of this technology is you can buy most things you need off the shelf.

Digital Puppets
Today, there is a whole bunch of models to choose from. These are of two types. Natural and cartoon.

Other
=Pre-Production=

Animatic
=Production=

Animatic
=Post Production=

ADR
=Distribution=

DVD Authoring
(This page is under construction.)

title: Movie Making Manual/Digital Puppets


text:
Template:Learning the vi Editor/Pattern

/ /

title: Template:Learning the vi Editor/Pattern


text:
User talk:Starr sam

Student of the Uinversity of Hong Kong

title: User talk:Starr sam


text:
Template:Learning the vi Editor/RPattern

? ?


text:
Template:Learning the vi Editor/Replace

/ /  /

title: Template:Learning the vi Editor/Replace


text:
Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine/Deconvolution Analysis

Introduction
The Nuclear Medicine renogram represents the response of the kidney to an injection of radiotracer into a peripheral vein. The arrival of the tracer in the kidney is therefore smeared out in time and its instantaneous response cannot be measured directly. Deconvolution analysis, as you will see below, is a method which allows the instantaneous response to be derived from a renogram, so that the functioning of kidneys in the same patient or between different patients can be more reliably compared.

Renography
In renography, the background-corrected curves indicate how the quantity of tracer in each kidney varies with time. In addition, the shape of the each curve is dependent on the rate at which the tracer:
 * enters the kidneys via the renal arterial system, and
 * leaves the kidneys via the ureters.

The rate of entry of the tracer into the kidney is called the input rate, I(t), and depends on:
 * the plasma concentration of the tracer in the renal artery, P(t) ,
 * the rate at which the tracer is extracted from the plasma by the kidneys.

In the case of a tracer which is extracted rapidly from the plasma (e.g. OIH, MAG3), the rate of extraction is dependent on the effective renal plasma flow ( ERPF ), so that:

I(t) = (ERPF) P(t).

In the case of a tracer which is extracted via glomerular filtration (e.g. DTPA), the rate of extraction is dependent on the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ), so that:

I(t) = (GFR) P(t).

The variation in plasma concentration with time, P(t), consists initially of a spike whose amplitude and duration depend on:
 * the rate of injection,
 * the site of injection, as well as
 * the rate of mixing of the tracer in the blood.

Following this initial spike, the plasma concentration, P(t), decreases bi-exponentially with time depending on:
 * the exchange rates with the extravascular space, and
 * the uptake of the tracer by the kidneys.

The plasma concentration, P(t), is therefore dependent on factors which are not related directly to renal function. As a result, renograms from different patients, or from the same patient at different times, may be difficult to compare directly.

An Ideal Renogram
An ideal renogram could be obtained if an ideal injection of the tracer could be delivered directly into a kidney. Theoretically, such an ideal injection should give an input rate, I(t), which consists of a delta function, and is called an impulse input.

The resulting ideal renogram is referred to as the impulse response of the kidney, H(t).

In practice, the response of the kidney to a non-ideal input rate is measured. This real response, R(t), can be considered to arise from a convolution of the actual input rate and the impulse response of the kidney:

R(t) = I(t) * H(t).

The process of determining, H(t), on the basis of measuring R(t) and I(t) is called deconvolution. In other words, deconvolution of the renogram curves allows the response of the kidneys to an ideal injection to be determined. As a result, improved inter- and intra-patient comparisons can be obtained – in theory, at least!

Convolution
Before treating deconvolution analysis, we will first of all consider the convolution process.

Consider the model illustrated in the following figure of a grossly oversimplified representation of a kidney. This renal model considers the kidney to consist of four pathways through which the tracer flows equally. Let's say that it takes 3 minutes for the tracer to pass through the shortest pathway, 6 minutes for the longest pathway – and (you guessed it!) 4 and 5 minutes for the other two pathways.

When a delta function, I, is fed as input to this model, the response of the kidney will be given by the impulse response, H, as illustrated above. The form of the impulse response can be understood by considering the time course of the tracer through the model:
 * The impulse response, H, in the first three minutes following the impulse injection will be equal to 1, because all of the input quantity of the tracer remains in the field of view of the gamma camera.
 * In the 4th minute, the quantity of tracer will decrease because 25% of it will have passed through the shortest pathway and will have left the field of view, so that H will decrease to 0.75.
 * Similarly, in the 5th minute, it will decrease to 0.5.
 * And finally to 0.25 in the 6th minute - and zero in the 7th minute.

The important point to notice here is that the fall-off in the impulse response function gives information about the transit time for each pathway. This fall-off can be characterized by the mean transit time and the maximum transit time.

Note that this simple model can ideally be extended to include a very large number of pathways and so generate transit times which are more representative of the response of real kidneys. Note also that this form of modelling can be applied separately to the renal parenchyma, to the renal pelvis and to the whole kidney.

Unfortunately however, ideal impulse inputs are virtually impossible to generate in practice - except possibly in the case of a bolus injection into a renal artery! Nevertheless, the above thinking can be modified to include the effects of a non-ideal injection, as illustrated below:

Here, the input to our grossly oversimplified renal model is not an ideal impulse injection but is spread out so that the quantity of tracer decreases exponentially with time. When it is assumed that the response of the whole kidney to a succession of impulse inputs is equal to the sum of the individual responses to each impulse, we can infer that:

where Dt is the time interval used for each measurement of the quantity of the tracer.

Therefore, in general:

$$R_i = \sum_{j=1}^i I_j H_{i-j+1} \Delta t$$

where i = 1, 2, 3, 4, .....

Expressing this relationship as a continuous, as opposed to a discrete, function gives us what is called the convolution integral:

$$R(t) = \int_{0}^t I(\tau)H(t-\tau)d\tau$$

which is usually written in the form:

$$R(t) = I (t) \cdot H(t)\,\!$$

In other words, the real renogram curve, R(t), can be considered to result from the ideal renogram curve, H(t), being convolved with a real input function, I(t).

The model just described is an example of what is often referred to as a linear system, i.e. a system where the response to a train of impulse inputs is given by the sum of the individual responses to each impulse. A linear system also assumes that the flow of tracer is constant through the system during the measurement period, i.e. the system is assumed to be stationary. In other words, for renography, it is assumed that the renal clearance rate and the urine flow rate remain constant during the study. The renal clearance may be assumed to remain constant after the initial phase of the renogram since the small quantity of tracer used (be it O123IH, 99mTc-MAG3 or 99mTc-DTPA) does not affect renal function. The same cannot be said for the urine flow rate, however, where excretion from the renal pelvis is frequently observed to occur in bursts, as opposed to a continuous flow. Note that this lack of stationarity can give rise to major problems in the application of deconvolution analysis.

Deconvolution
Deconvolution is the mathematical process used to determine H from measurements of I and R. Deconvolution techniques which have been applied to renography include:

 * Matrix Inversion - where the convolution integral is expressed in matrix form as:

$$R = I \cdot H Dt\,\!$$

which can be solved to give:

$$H = \frac{1}{\Delta t} I^{-1} \cdot R$$

where I-1 is the inverse matrix of matrix I.

 * Fourier Transformation - where the Fourier transform (FT) of the convolution integral is calculated, i.e.

$$FT [R(t)] = FT [I(t)] \cdot FT [H(t)]\,\!$$

H(t) can be determined from:

$$H(t) = IFT \left \lbrack \frac{FT\,[R(t)]}{FT\,[I(t)]} \right \rbrack$$

i.e. dividing the Fourier transform of R(t) by the Fourier transform of I(t), and calculating the inverse Fourier transform (IFT) of the result.

Both of these techniques are highly sensitive to statistical fluctuations in the measurements, and the measured curves for R(t) and I(t) are therefore generally smoothed prior to Fourier transformation.

In clinical practice, a background corrected renogram curve can be used for R(t), and a vascular region of interest (RoI) over, for example, the heart, can be used as a measure of I(t). The impulse response, H(t), obtained following deconvolution has a form similar to that shown in the following figure:

H0 is the impulse response at time, t = 0, and can be shown to be equal to the kidney uptake constant. Indicators of the time taken for the tracer to pass through the kidneys can include the minimum, mean and maximum transit times, as well as the range of transit times. It is also possible to generate a transit time spectrum by differentiating H(t).

Finally, it should be noted that a background subtracted renogram is not strictly required in deconvolution analysis, and the raw renogram curve may be used directly. The reason becomes apparent by considering that the overall response function measured from the raw data arises from the sum of the kidney response function and the tissue response function, as illustrated in the figure below:

The renal transit times can still be obtained from the combined response function, and it can be seen that the uptake constant can be determined by extrapolation.


text:
User:Thall007

What role does technology play

title: User:Thall007


text:
Introduction to Psychology/States of Consciousness

After completing this chapter you should be able to:
 * 1) Explain daydreaming.
 * 2) Describe the stages of sleep.
 * 3) Explain why REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep.
 * 4) Define the sleep disorders of insomnia, narcolepsy, and apnea.
 * 5) Explain the theories of the nature and content of dreams.
 * 6) Explain the difference between substance abuse and substance dependence.
 * 7) Explain the effect of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens.
 * 8) List two negative effects of each of the following drugs: alcohol, marijuana, amphetamines, barbiturates, the opiates, cocaine, and the hallucinogens.
 * 9) Explain the biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors related to addiction.
 * 10) Describe meditation and hypnosis.

Consciousness
Consciousness is the awareness we have of ourselves and our environment. Different states of consciousness are associated with different patterns of brain waves. Brain waves are tracings of electrical activity that is going on in the brain. Scientists record brain waves using an electroencephalograph (EEG), which monitors electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp. There are four main types of brain waves: alpha, beta, theta, and delta each with a corresponding mental state:

Type of Brain Wave - Corresponding Mental State
 * 1) Alpha - Very relaxed or meditating
 * 2) Beta - Awake and alert
 * 3) Theta - Lightly asleep
 * 4) Delta - Deeply asleep

Sleep
Sleep is just one of many types of consciousness we experience, and sleep itself comprises several states of consciousness. Even when we’re sleeping, our brains and bodies continue to work.

Biological Rhythms
Sleep is affected by biological rhythms or periodic physiological changes. Biological rhythms are regular, periodic changes in a body’s functioning. There are three types of biological rhythms:

Circadian rhythms:
Biological cycles that occur about every twenty-four hours. Sleep follows a circadian rhythm. Hormone secretion, blood pressure, body temperature, and urine production also have circadian rhythms.

Infradian rhythms
Biological cycles that take longer than twenty-four hours. For example, women’s menstrual cycles occur about every twenty-eight days.

Ultradian rhythms
Biological cycles that occur more than once a day. Sleep follows an ultradian rhythm of about ninety minutes as well as a circadian rhythm. Alertness and hormone levels also follow ultradian rhythms.

Biological rhythms usually synchronize with environmental events such as changes in daylight. However, experiments have shown that many biological rhythms continue to have the same cycle even without cues from the environment. Such biological rhythms are endogenous, which means that they originate from inside the body rather than depend on outside cues.

The Function of Sleep
Although everyone sleeps, no one really knows why people sleep. Researchers have proposed several theories to explain how sleep evolved to be a necessary behavior: People conserve energy by sleeping periodically. Sleep has a protective function, as it keeps people tucked away at night, safe from predators. Sleep restores body tissues that are depleted during daily activities. Sleep research has provided a lot of information about what happens to the brain and body during sleep. Researchers study sleep by monitoring subjects who spend the night in labs, and they use various instruments for different purposes: Other instruments monitor breathing, body temperature, and pulse.
 * Electroencephalographs (EEGs): record brain waves
 * Electromyographs (EMGs): record muscle activity
 * Electrooculographs (EOGs): record eye movements
 * Electrocardiographs (EKGs): record the activity of the heart

Sleep Stages
During one night’s sleep, people pass through several cycles of sleep, each lasting about ninety to one hundred minutes. There are five distinct stages of sleep in each cycle: 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM. Stages 1–4 When people are relaxed and ready to fall asleep, their EEG will show mostly alpha waves. When people fall asleep, they enter into stage 1 sleep, which lasts just a few minutes. In stage 1, the EEG shows mostly theta waves. Heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature drop, and muscles relax. Fantasies or bizarre images may float around in the mind. After a few minutes of stage 1 sleep, people move into stage 2 sleep. Stage 2 lasts about twenty minutes and is characterized by short bursts of brain waves called sleep spindles. People then pass into slow-wave sleep, which occurs during stages 3 and 4. In stages 3 and 4, which together last about thirty minutes, the EEG displays mostly delta waves. People in stage 3 and 4 sleep show slow breathing and pulse rates, have limp muscles, and are difficult to rouse.

Sleepwalking
Most people in stage 4 sleep are still, quiet, and difficult to rouse. Sleepwalkers, however, sometimes become physically active during stage 4. They may get up and walk around their room or even carry on a conversation, take a bath, cook, or go outside and get in their car. Because they are in a deep sleep, most sleepwalkers remember nothing of their actions when they wake up.

REM Sleep At the end of stage 4, people go back through the stages in reverse, from stage 4 to 3 to 2 to 1. When they reach stage 1, instead of waking up, people go into REM, or rapid eye movement, sleep. A single cycle might look like this: 1 2  3  4  3  2  REM . REM sleep is a stage of deep sleep in which, paradoxically, brain wave activity resembles that of an alert person. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep. During REM sleep, pulse rate and breathing become irregular, eyes move rapidly under closed lids, and muscles remain very relaxed. Genital arousal also happens during REM. In women, the clitoris becomes swollen with blood, and vaginal lubrication increases. In men, the penis becomes erect. EEGs show mostly beta waves during REM sleep. Although dreaming happens in other sleep stages as well, dreams are most vivid and frequent during REM sleep. People typically go through about four sleep cycles during one night of sleep. The REM stage of sleep gets longer and longer as the night passes, while stage 3 and 4 sleep gets shorter and shorter. During the night’s first sleep cycle, the REM stage lasts about ten minutes. During the night’s last sleep cycle, people may spend about forty to sixty minutes in REM sleep. Non-REM sleep becomes more shallow as the night goes on, and eventually the sleeper awakens.

Sleep Deprivation
Different people need different amounts of sleep. Some people can function with fewer than six hours of sleep a night, while others can’t manage without at least nine hours. Research shows that getting insufficient sleep can have negative effects on health, productivity, and performance. Researchers have also studied the effects of insufficient REM sleep. Experiment subjects who are intentionally deprived of REM sleep tend to enter the REM stage of sleep more and more frequently during the night. After an REM-deprivation experiment has ended, subjects usually experience a REM rebound effect, spending more time in the REM stage on subsequent nights to make up for lost REM time.

Aging and Sleep
Sleep patterns change as people get older. Newborn babies spend about two-thirds of their time in sleep. As people age, they tend to sleep less. The amount of time spent in REM sleep also changes over time. In very young babies, about half of all sleep is REM sleep. As babies get older, the proportion of REM sleep decreases.

Sleep Disorders
Everyone has occasional difficulty sleeping, but some people have insomnia, a chronic problem with falling or staying asleep. Another kind of sleep disorder is narcolepsy, which is a tendency to fall asleep periodically during the day. Narcolepsy can be dangerous, as people who experience it may fall asleep while driving or operating machinery. Sleep apnea is another condition that can have negative effects on health and safety. People who have sleep apnea stop breathing many times during a night’s sleep, and each time they stop breathing, they wake up briefly and gasp for air. This prevents them from getting enough deep sleep, which leads to irritability and sleepiness during the day. Chronic sleep apnea can also result in high blood pressure.

Biological Clocks
Endogenous rhythms exist because the body has biological clocks that keep time. Biological clocks can be adjusted by environmental cues, such as changes in temperature. In humans, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the main biological clock that regulates circadian rhythms of sleep. The SCN lies in the brain’s hypothalamus. When light stimulates receptors in the retina of the eye, the receptors send signals to the SCN. The SCN then sends signals to the nearby pineal gland, which secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep cycle.

Jet Lag
Jet lag is the fatigue and disorientation air travelers feel after a long flight. Although traveling itself drains energy, the time change also contributes to fatigue. People experience jet lag when the events in their environment are out of sync with their biological clocks. Example: A traveler leaves New York City at eight in the morning and arrives in London about seven hours later. For her, it’s three in the afternoon, but because of the time change, in London it’s eight in the evening. Her body, thinking it’s mid-afternoon, will be confused by the lack of sunlight, and she’ll experience jet lag.

Back to Table of Contents << Previous chapter||Next chapter >>


text:
Talk:Basic Algebra/Rational Expressions and Equations/Simplifying Rational Expressions

It would be very helpful if this existed.


text:
Talk:Jakarta EE Programming/Jakarta Server Pages Syntax

Which came first, JSP or ASP?
The statement "JSP is Java's answer to ASP and PHP" implies that JSP came after ASP. Is this the case? I thought JSP was around first, and ASP was Microsoft's answer to it (and PHP, etc).

Kenj0418 15:52, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm too young to know that but according several persons around me, ASP has been created after CGI and before JSP and PHP. Do not confuse with ASP .Net . Ftiercel (talk) 09:35, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

According to their respective Wikipedia pages, PHP came out in 1995 (though it may not have been until the 3.0 release in 1998 that the HTML templating had its modern form), ASP came out in 1998, and JSP 1.0 came out in 1999. So it appears that JSP definitely came after the others. 157.166.175.129 (talk) 16:03, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Copied from website
Section JSP Technology in the Java EE 5 Platform is copied nearly 1:1 from SUNs homepage. Other sections could be copied, too. Skrio (talk) 06:45, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

jsp:plugin confusing
The last sentence in the jsp:plugin example section was confusing, and seemed to contradict all preceding text in the page. I've moved it here, along with some editorial comment added by a user:

 * However, each of those jsp:param tags can have a dynamic name and a dynamic value ??? REALLY ??? If the parameter name may be dynamic, provide a code example, otherwise I believe it must be a hard-coded literal string (which makes it brittle as compared to being able to use a Java constant supplied by some interface definition).

If anyone wants to take a stab at fixing it, there you have it. — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 15:39, 8 June 2012 (UTC)


text: User:Darklama/Sandbox

title: User:Darklama/Sandbox


text:
A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry/Colour

The Chemistry of Colour
Coloured chemicals absorb electromagnetic waves in the visible part of the spectrum. The absorbed energy

causes changes in the energy of the molecules’ electrons. The electrons change from a ‘ground

state’ to an ‘excited state’.

Most transitions are not caused by visible light. Many absorb ultra-violet

radiation. Chemicals which absorb UV radiation are colourless (unless they fluoresce). The

energy changes when molecules of a coloured compound and of a colourless compound are illustrated below:

Remember that the apparent colour is caused by absorbing photons of a complementary colour. A

blue compound is blue because it absorbs yellow light.

[[Image:Colour hexagon.png|thumb|centre|350px|The hexagon has the three primary colours of light

(RGB), and their complementary colours (CYM).]]

Chromophores
Chemical structures which have excited states corresponding to visible light are called

chromophores. There are two main types:

1. Transition Metal Complexes.

Transition metals form complex ions – the metal binds to small molecules

or anions called ligands. The ligands allow the electrons of the metal ion to enter an excited

state if the electrons absorb a photon of visible light.

e.g. tetrachlorocuprate (II) and hexaaquacopper (II) ions:

The partially-occupied d-orbitals of transition metal compounds are important in giving colour to

transition metal complexes. See diagram (which could represent V+2, Cr+3,

Mn+4, etc.):

①. In an uncomplexed ion, all the d-orbitals have the same energy.

②. When ligands surround the ion, the negative charges of the ligands make the d-orbitals

less stable (higher energy).

③. Critically, the ligands will come closer to some d-orbitals than to others. Typically,

two or three of the orbitals will be destabilised more than the remainder.

An electron in one of the lower d-orbitals can acquire the energy to be excited into a higher

d-orbital:

This mechanism allows transition metal complexes to absorb photons of visible light.

2. Conjugated/Delocalised Electron Systems.

When single and double bonds alternate, the electrons in the double bonds can enter an excited

state if they absorb a photon of visible light. e.g. β-carotene (above) has ten conjugated C=C bonds:

The diagram above shows the excitation energies of conjugated aldehydes. n is the number of C=C

double bonds which are conjugated. The simplest (n=1) is CH3-CH=CH-CH=O.

Note how the excitation energy is lower with higher numbers of conjugated bonds.

Chromophores of dye molecules often contain unsaturated groups such as >C=O and -N=N-, which are

part of a conjugated bonding system, usually involving aromatic rings. Chrysoidine, a

basic dye, is shown below:

Note how the –N=N- group is just the centre of a conjugated system which extends across all

twelve carbon atoms and includes seven double bonds. All

azo dyes contain the -N=N- arrangement.

Auxochromes: Attached to the chromophore are two -NH2 groups which interact with

the chromophore to modify the orange colour. A group of atoms attached to a chromophore which

modifies the ability of that chromophore to absorb light is called an auxochrome. They can modify

or enhance the colour of the dye. Examples: -OH, - NH2, aldehydes.

Added functional groups can also:

 * alter the solubility of the dye in water or other solvents.
 * bind the dye molecules to cloth, paper or other substrates.

[[Image:CI Reactive Red 6 structure.png|350px|centre|thumb|Reactive Red 6 has both organic

(conjugated system) and inorganic (complex metal ion) chromophores.]]


text:
Talk:Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning/Exercise

Wenlin software for learning Chinese
http://www.wenlin.com/ Gary Cziko 17:00, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

BBC Languages
http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/ Meagan found this


text:
Talk:Operating System Design/Scheduling Processes/Round Robin

I did my best to rewrite this article. Please edit the article if what I wrote is too close to.

Seems decent to me.... I added some extra information... --Zwack 17:31, 28 October 2007 (UTC)


text:
Perl Programming/HTML::Mason

=HTML::Mason=

title: Perl Programming/HTML::Mason


text:
User:Ewen

I'm a chemistry lecturer at 'Tycoch Tech'.

Main Projects
A-level_Applied_Science

Applied Science BTEC Nationals

Bad Science

Some other contributors are beginning to arrive. Thanks!

We're still trying to get other teachers around the UK to add their bits. Wish us luck!

If you want anything added, but don't feel up to adding it yourself, you can e-mail me at e.mclaughlin [at] swancoll [dot] ac [dot] uk

Please remember that material on wikibooks must not be copyright - if it's your own work, then it can be posted if you want it freely distributed. If it's not your own work, please check the sources carefully for their copyright claims.

Other stuff
IB_Chemistry

Organic_Chemistry

 A bit of 'Come and share it'; 'You're welcome, we can spare it' (Ian Dury)

title: User:Ewen


text:
Talk:Lush/Macros

Need to fill out debugging and examples sections. - SuperElectric 22:34, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lush/Macros


text:
User:Doakl002

this my book. Daryl

title: User:Doakl002


text:
The Computer Revolution/Databases/Opinion Polls

Many thanks are due to computers when it comes to politics. One major aspect of computers' aid in politics is the opinion polls. Computers along with the Internet enable us to post up specific questions about politics. These questions are entirely open to the public and ask them what they may think of certain issues. Each person who answers, or votes, is counted and the information is then displayed in percentage. This percentages do NOT make the decisions in politics, instead they act as a source of information, they are a statistic. This information can be used many different ways, by many different people. Politicians may use it as information as to where they should focus more into. People who may not be politicians may use it as a aid in their choice of politicians. All in all computers contribute an abundance to opinion polls, but they also contribute in other aspects of politics.

There are also different websites that condense these databases to one place so that the reader can search for a variety of data in one spot. A person could look for related polls, completely unrelated polls or a combination of each on one place. This can be most helpful in a campaign when you are trying to get a feel for certain key issues in that election. In this way, having many databases stored in one place can really help narrow the search and aid in the understanding of what people are thinking.

Opinion Poll Database
An opinion poll is a way of gathering information about the views and thoughts of people on a particular given topic. Opinion polls are usually given to a sample population to determine their views on an issue. There are a variety of online opinion poll databases, and these opinion poll databases are sometimes used to make decisions. One type of opinion poll database is Polling the Nations. Polling the Nations is an online database of public opinion polls.” Poling the Nations consist of 600,000+ questions and responses from 18,000+ surveys and 1,700+ polling organizations. Polling the Nations has been conducting opinion polls since 1986 to present in the United States and in more than 100 other countries around the world. There is a membership fee for Polling the Nations.

Sources:www.wikianswers.com, http://poll.orspub.com/