text:
User:SB Johnny/Sandbox

Version 1.2, November 2002 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE
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title: User:SB Johnny/Sandbox


text:
Neopets

This guide covers the online game Neopets.

There are a plethora of strategies for earning NeoPoints (NP) in Neopets. Ergo, one may not utilize each of these strategies to their fullest potential. Similarly, some may rely on one strategy more than others.

Contents

 * Freebies
 * Games
 * Stock market
 * Restocking

External Resources

 * Official Website

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Neopets


text:
SQL Dialects Reference/Functions and expressions/Misc expressions

Misc functions

 * }


text:
Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1

These lessons are not mandatory, as it would take a very long time to learn all the words in these lessons. These lessons are more of a dictionary, and are to be used for general help. However, it is recommended to learn Lesson 1, Lesson 2, and Lesson 3, as these lessons will help for the lessons in level 2.

/Lesson 1/ - The Alphabet and stress/Abeceda i naglasak

/Lesson 2/ - Common Words/Uobičajene riječi

/Lesson 3/ - Question Words/Upitne riječi

/Lesson 4/ - Animals/Životinje

/Lesson 5/ - Months/Mjeseci

/Lesson 6/ - Colours/Boje

/Lesson 7/ - School/Škola

/Lesson 8/ - Family/Obitelj

/Lesson 9/ - Seasons/Sezone

/Lesson 10/ - Money/Novac

/Lesson 11/ - Body/Tijelo

/Lesson 12/ - Food/Hrana

/Lesson 13/ - Plants/Biljke

/Lesson 14/ - Adjectives/Pridjevi

/Lesson 15/ - Verbs/Glagoli

/Lesson 16/ - Expressions, Phrases/Izrazi, fraze

/Lesson 17/ - Prepositions/Prijedlozi

/Lesson 18/ - Numbers/Brojevi

/Lesson 19/ - Nationalities and ethnicities in Croatian/Nacionalnosti i etničke pripadnosti

title: Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1


text:
User talk:Flyhighplato

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Good luck! --Panic 18:33, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Flyhighplato


text:
User talk:Jlarbiapau

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
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Good luck! --Panic 18:33, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks. I hope to make the best of the resources available.

 * If you have any questions, feel free to ask them. --Panic 18:10, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jlarbiapau


text:
Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 3

Questions are formed by by using a question word such as "how," "what", and other question words, as in English. The question word is always positioned at the start of a sentence.

There's a stress on the words so you know how to pronounce them. It's never used in any writing.

"Yes" or "No" Questions
Questions expecting a "yes" or "no" answer are created in a slightly different way. Most frequently li is added after the verb. As in the case with the questions words, the sequence "verb + li" is at the beginning of the sentence.

For example: Next lesson

title: Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 3


text: Template:Review

title: Template:Review


text:
Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 5

Months in Croatian usually have names of actions or things used in that month. The Roman names AREN'T used in Croatian language. All the traditional names come from Common Slavic and are attested in other Slavic languages.

Month: Mjesec (also means moon)

January: Siječanj (Sječa means cutting)

February: Veljača

March: Ožujak

April: Travanj (Trava means grass)

May: Svibanj (Sviba means dog wood)

June: Lipanj (Lipa means linden tree)

July: Srpanj (Srp means sickle)

August: Kolovoz (Kolo means cart wheel and voz means ride)

September: Rujan (Ruj means sumach)

October: Listopad (list means leaf and pad means fall)

November: Studeni (Studen means chilly)

December: Prosinac (pro + siniti: to become thoroughly blue. (Sin is the old word for dark blue.)

Next Lesson

title: Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 5


text:
Instructional Technology/History Pre1900

Introduction
Instruction has been around as long as there have been humans on the earth. In the beginning, instruction consisted of one on one teaching of elements required for survival; what foods were edible, how to create tools, etc. During this time, the methods that were used consisted of one person telling and showing another person the simple information. Humans did not start seriously thinking about educational methods until much later. This document will be sketching the history of instructional technology from the Elder Sophists to 1900.

The Elder Sophists (~5 BC)
The Elder Sophists can be considered the first instructional technologists (Saettler, 1968). They used public lecture to gain students. This was the first time that education moved from one on one instruction to mass instruction. The Sophists were different from the various teachers of the time because they believed all technology was worth learning, from statecraft to handicraft. Focusing on general education, the Sophists were the first group of teachers to use systematic instruction.

Pierre Abelard (1079-1142)
Pierre Abelard taught at the Notre Dame Cathedral School and was known for his method of teaching. Abelard's approach was to present pros and cons of theological or philosophical propositions and leave the formulaton of conclusions to his students. His teachings had a direct influence on St. Thomas Aquinas, who developed the Scholastic method, which focused on teaching students how to aquire information for themselves. This method would never have been created without the influence of Pierre Abelard.

Johann Amos Comenius (1592-1670)
Comenius' major contribution to instructional technology was his instructional method - used in science to analyze and improve the instructional process. He is considered the first true forrunner of instructional technology. Saettler states:"..[Comenius] laid the foundation of a systematic understanding of the teaching-learning process and anticipated, to a remarkable extent, the modern concept of instructional technology as applied science in support of the practical arts."Unfortunately, Comenius' principles of instructional method was lost until the mid 19th century. Since found, many of his ideas have been incorporated into the methods instructional technologists use today.

1700 through 1900
Prior to 1800, the American schools were one room school houses with a teacher with very little advanced education. While many students might belong to the school, the instruction was still primarily done on an individual basis, with the students comming to the teacher for one on one tutalage during the day.

The Lancasterian System
Joseph Lancaster created a systematic way of teaching many students at once. Lancaster created a learning system that provided organized lessons in a graded plan of study. More importantly, his system was relatively inexpensive and had a higher success rate than the traditional methods of teaching at the time. School systems in American cities started to buy the system to assist in creating a free public school system. Because Lancaster was the first to introduce order and system into the instructional method used in American schools, he is considered a forrunner of todays instructional technologists.

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Pestalozzi took educational theories presented by Jean Jacques Rousseau and developed a system of instruction that focused on allowing the student to learn through multiple senses. He believed that by teaching through the objects around the learner, the learner would be able to comprehend the concepts easier than just being told the information. For example: to learn arithmetic, the learner should count the things around them to come to an understanding of what each number meant. Like the Lancasterian system, Pestalozzi's method moved away from the rote memorization that had plagued early American schools, and moved towards group lessons. This method also challenged the educator, since he or she needed to have a thourough understanding of the subject as well as good classroom management and questioning skills.


text:
User talk:Carlosmoreno

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!-- SB_Johnny | talk 20:28, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Carlosmoreno


text:
Horticulture/Thymus

Thyme (Thymus) (pronounced "time") is a genus of about 350 species of aromatic perennial herbaceous plants and sub-shrubs to 40 cm tall, in the family Lamiaceae and native to Europe, North Africa and Asia. A number of species have different chemotypes. They are grown as culinary herbs, ground covers, and rock garden plants around the world.

Description
The stems tend to be narrow or even wiry; the leaves are evergreen in most species, arranged in opposite pairs, oval, entire, and small, 4-20 mm long. The flowers are in dense terminal heads, with an uneven calyx, with the upper lip three-lobed, and the lower cleft; the corolla is tubular, 4-10 mm long, and white, pink or purple.

Growing conditions
Well-drained soil is a must. They are better adapted to ceramic containers than to plastic.

Species
Among the most commonly cultivated species are:
 * ../Thymus vulgaris/ (Common Thyme or Garden Thyme) is a commonly used culinary herb. It is a Mediterranean perennial which is best suited to well-drained soils and enjoys full sun.
 * ../Thymus herba-barona/ (Caraway Thyme) is used both as a culinary herb and a groundcover, and has a strong caraway scent.
 * ../Thymus × citriodorus/ (Citrus Thyme; hybrid T. pulegioides × T. vulgaris) is also a popular culinary herb, with cultivars selected with flavours of various Citrus fruit (lemon thyme, etc.)
 * ../Thymus pseudolanuginosus/ (Woolly Thyme) is not a culinary herb, but is grown as a ground cover
 * ../Thymus serpyllum/ (Wild Thyme) is an important nectar source plant for honeybees. All thyme species are nectar sources, but wild thyme covers large areas of droughty, rocky soils in southern Europe (Greece is especially famous for wild thyme honey) and North Africa, as well as in similar landscapes in the Berkshire Mountains and Catskill Mountains of the northeastern US.

Uses
Thyme is widely cultivated as an herb, grown for its strong flavour, which is due to its content of thymol (Huxley 1992). It retains its flavour on drying better than many other herbs.

Thyme is often used to flavour meats, soups and stews. It is used in French cuisine, where it is an important element in a bouquet garni, as well as in herbes de Provence. It is also widely used in Caribbean cuisine. In some Middle Eastern countries, the condiment za'atar contains thyme as a vital ingredient.

Thyme is added early in cooking so that its oils have time to be released.

Medicinally thyme is used for respiratory infections in the form of a tincture, tisane, salve, syrup or by steam inhalation.

In traditional Jamaican childbirth practice, thyme tea is given to the mother after delivery of the baby. Its oxytocin-like effect causes uterine contractions and more rapid delivery of the placenta but this was said by Sheila Kitzinger to cause an increased prevalence of retained placenta.

Ancient Egyptians used thyme in embalming. The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples, believing that thyme was a source of courage. It was thought that the spread of thyme throughout Europe was thanks to the ancient Romans, as they used it to purify their rooms. In the European Middle Ages, the herb was placed beneath pillows to aid sleep and ward off nightmares. (Huxley 1992). In this period, women would also often give knights and warriors gifts that included thyme leaves as it was believed to bring courage to the bearer. Thyme was also used as incense and placed on coffins during funerals as it was supposed to assure passage into the next life.

Pests and diseases
../Root Rots/
 * ../Phytophthora/
 * ../Pythium/

Lepidoptera insect species including Chionodes distinctella and the Coleophora case-bearers C. lixella, C. niveicostella, C. serpylletorum and C. struella (the latter three feed exclusively on Thymus).

../Mites/

title: Horticulture/Thymus


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Thymus

Species list from wikipedia article:

Thymus adamovicii Thymus altaicus Thymus amurensis Thymus bracteosus Thymus broussonetii Thymus caespititius Thymus camphoratus Thymus capitatus Thymus capitellatus Thymus carnosus Thymus cephalotus Thymus cherlerioides Thymus ciliatus Thymus cilicicus Thymus cimicinus Thymus comosus Thymus comptus Thymus curtus Thymus disjunctus Thymus doerfleri Thymus glabrescens Thymus herba-barona Thymus hirsutus Thymus hyemalis Thymus inaequalis Thymus integer Thymus lanuginosus Thymus leucotrichus Thymus longicaulis Thymus longiflorus Thymus mandschuricus Thymus marschallianus Thymus mastichina Thymus membranaceus Thymus mongolicus Thymus montanus ''Thymus moroderi Thymus nervulosus Thymus nummularis Thymus odoratissimus Thymus pallasianus Thymus pannonicus Thymus praecox Thymus proximus Thymus pseudolanuginosus Thymus pulegioides Thymus quinquecostatus Thymus richardii Thymus serpyllum Thymus striatus Thymus thracicus Thymus villosus Thymus vulgaris Thymus zygis

title: Talk:Horticulture/Thymus


text:
Dutch/Vocabulary/Survival kit/zelftest nld-eng

Pick a word at random, say what it means in English, then hover your mouse over the word to make sure you were right.


text:
Dutch/Vocabulary/Survival kit/zelftest eng-nld

Pick a word at random and say the translation in Dutch, then hover your mouse over the word and see if your are right.


text:
User talk:Shakah

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Good luck! --Panic 22:12, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Featured Book template
I saw your featured book template, it was very nice. You picked up on the wiki syntax quickly, and you added it correctly to the main page. I modified your template a little bit, i hope you don't mind.

Alot of the students in your class are excellent authors, and i hope that you and some of your classmates will stick around to become permanent community members after your class is over. We have several books in need of additional help, both on the health science bookshelf, and elsewhere.

Let me know if you need anything. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:11, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * We've set up a place to hold the templates at Featured books/Templates, so if you want to make changes to the human physiology template you can do it on that page and not on the main page. Once the templates look good, we can move them to the main page. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 21:31, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shakah


text:
Microprocessor Design/Memory

Memory is a fundamental aspect of microcontroller design, and a good understanding of memory is necessary to discuss a processor system.

Memory Hierarchy
Memory suffers from the dichotomy that it can be either large or it can be fast. As memory becomes more large, it becomes less fast, and vice-versa. Because of this trade-off, computer systems typically have a hierarchy of memory types, where faster (and smaller) memories are closer to the processor, and slower (but larger) memories are further from the processor.

Hard Disk Drives
Hard Disk Drives (HDD) and solid-state drives (SSD) are occasionally known as secondary memory or nonvolatile memory. HDD typically stores data magnetically (although some newer models use flash), and data is maintained even when the computer is turned off or removed from power. HDD is several orders of magnitude slower than all other memory devices, and a computer system will be more efficient when the number of interactions with the HDD are minimized.

Because most HDDs are mechanical and have moving parts, they tend to wear out and fail after time.

RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as main memory, is a volatile storage that holds data for the processor. Unlike HDD storage, RAM typically only has a capacity of a few gigabytes. There are two primary forms of RAM, and many variants on these.

SRAM
Static RAM (SRAM) is a type of memory storage that uses 6 transistors to store data. These transistors store data so long as power is supplied to the RAM and do not need to be refreshed.

SRAM is typically used in processor caches because of its faster speed, but not in main memory because it takes up more space.

DRAM
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is a type of RAM that contains a single transistor and a capacitor. DRAM is smaller than SRAM, and therefore can store more data in a smaller area. Because of the charge and discharge times of the capacitor, however, DRAM tends to be slower than SRAM. Many modern types of Main Memory are based on DRAM design because of the high memory densities. Because DRAM is simpler than SRAM, it is typically cheaper to produce.

A popular type of RAM, SDRAM, is a variant of DRAM and is not related to SRAM.

As digital circuits continue to grow smaller and faster as per Moore's Law, the speed of DRAM is not increasing as rapidly. This means that as time goes on, the speed difference between the processor and the RAM units (so long as the RAM is based on DRAM or variants) will continue to increase, and communications between the two units becomes more inefficient.

Cache
Cache is memory that is smaller and faster than main memory and resides closer to the processor. RAM runs on the system bus clock, but Cache typically runs on the processor speed which can be 10 times faster or more. Cache is frequently divided into multiple levels: L1, L2, and L3, with L1 being the smallest and fastest, and L3 being the largest and slowest.

Registers
Registers are the smallest and fastest memory storage elements. A modern processor may have anywhere from 4 to 256 registers. We will discuss registers in much more detail in a later chapter, Microprocessor Design/Register File.

title: Microprocessor Design/Memory


text: Category:Book:N64 Programming

title: Category:Book:N64 Programming


text:
Dutch/Vocabulary/Personal pronouns/hover test

Do you know these pronouns?

Pick a word at random, say what it means in English, then hover your mouse over the word to make sure you were right.


text:
User talk:Saciptoker

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Good luck! --Panic 23:52, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

New pages
Hi - I see you have created a series of pages such as Influential Leader in Instructional Technology - Robert Heinich. In practice Wikibooks naming policy would require this page to be called Instructional Technology/Robert Heinich for example to make it a sub page of the book. Nothing need be lost as you can use the "move" tab to correct the name. It would be good if you could do that for all the new pages you created (the links on the main page will need to be changed to reflect the move) thanks -- Herby talk thyme 07:27, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Please will you ensure that future pages are named according to policy and that you correct the ones already created as soon as possible -- Herby talk thyme 06:56, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

An invitation of a Wikibook study
Hi Saciptoker, I'm a doctoral student at Indiana University. I'm currently working on a Wikibook study about online authors' experiences and perceptions with my advisor. I read your wikibook of Instructional Technology. It's very impressive. We would like to learn more from your experience. If you would like to participate in the case study, please contact me by email (cl17@indiana.edu) or leave a message. We'll discuss the detailed information about the study. (The format will be a one hour interview by phone or email) Your input will be greatly appreciated. Best regards, inkeys

title: User talk:Saciptoker


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Sarbanes - Oxley

US legislation designed to improve the accountability of public corporations.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Sarbanes - Oxley


text:
User talk:Hmutc002

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Good luck! --Panic 02:46, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hmutc002


text:
Instructional Technology/Low Threshold Applications

Definition of "Low Threshold Application (LTA)"
Steve Gilbert, President of the Teaching and Learning Technology Group (TLT), a non-profit corporation focused on teaching and learning in post-secondary education, has defined a low threshold applications (LTAs) as a  "teaching/learning application of information technology  that is reliable, accessible, easy to learn, non-intimidating and (incrementally) inexpensive...for purchase, training, support, and maintenance." LTAs can be especially useful in institutions where instructors have limited technical resources or support.,

Using LTAs to Design Instruction
Because LTAs are frequently created using "almost ubiquitous technology," familiar programs like MS PowerPoint, or with relatively inexpensive and easy to learn commercial programs such as the video screen-capture program Camtasia, they do not require a high level of technical skills to create, and the end product is generally in a form which users find familiar and easy to use. It is nonetheless crucial that whatever the ease with which they are created, they must still be based on sound design principles, and the application should be suited to the form the instruction takes. For example, PowerPoint is well suited to instruction with a linear structure, Windows MovieMaker works best with digital video that requires basic editing only, and the relatively inexpensive ($300) Camtasia is extraordinarily effective when used to show and describe activity such as software demos as they take place on a computer screen. Gilbert has also characterized open source and open course resources as RLOs, provided they are available at no or low cost.

Using LTAs to Create Reusable Learning Objects
LTAs are a simple tool for creating RLOs. Documents created in Word, PowerPoint, Excel or similar productivity software can simply be saved in their default format and loaded into object repositories and content collections, as can digita vido clips. Animated PowerPoint is especially effective when output in Java, which may be accomplished by a conversion program. Text documents can be protected to a certain degree from unauthorized changes by generating them as PDFs by using Acrobat's document security features; PDFs also have the capability of reducing file size.

Examples
Many learning object repositories contain RLOs created using LTAs. Some examples are

 * Wisconsin Online Resource Center

 * MIT Open Courseware

 * Merlot

Recommended Articles
Calhoun, T. (March 10, 2004). LTAs – Replacements for the Missing “Professional Development.” Campus Technology. Retrieved March 15, 2007, www.campustechnology/article.aspx?aid=38

Gilbert, S. W. (February 2, 2002). The beauty of low threshold applications. Syllabus. Retrieved March 15, 2007, from www.tltgroup.org/gilbert/Columns/Syllabus.htm

Gilbert, S. W. (September 13, 2002). Start by picking low-hanging fruit from the tree. Syllabus. Retrieved March 15, 2007, from www.tltgroup.org/gilbert/Columns/Syllabus.htm

Starrett, D. (March 31, 2005). LTAs to the rescue. Campus Technology. Retrieved March 15, 2007, from www.campustechnology/article.aspx?aid=40168

Recommended Websites
Medicine Hat College. Educational Technology Resources. Computer Tips: Low Threshold Applications

Merlot

MIT Open Courseware

Teaching and Learning Technology Group TLT

University of Delaware, IT Learning Resources. Plug and Play Technologies for Course Enhancement

University of Oregon, Teaching Effectiveness Program. Low Threshold Applications (LTAs) in Education

Wisconsin Online Resource Center


text:
User talk:Hbeavers

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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 03:29, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

an invitation of a wikibook study
Hi Hbeavers, I'm a doctoral student at Indiana University. I'm currently working on a Wikibook study about online authors' experiences and perceptions with my advisor. I read the wikibook of Instructional Technology. We would like to learn more from your experience. If you would like to participate in the case study, please contact me by email (cl17@indiana.edu) or leave a message. We'll discuss the detailed information about the study. (The format will be a one hour interview by phone or email) Thanks for your time and consideration. Your input will be greatly appreciated. Best regards, inkeys

title: User talk:Hbeavers


text:
User talk:Sayradanielle

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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 03:29, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sayradanielle


text:
User talk:Stwat

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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 03:29, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stwat


text:
User:Mercurialmusic

Please see: wikipedia user:mercurialmusic

title: User:Mercurialmusic


text:
Talk:Tomato Firmware

Backdoor / Trojan?
Why when I turn on the DMZ to any particular address (in this example, 222) do the following ports become open from that address, which does not have a computer on it? (The port is turned on but the computer is non-existant)? UDP 192.168.2.222 22379 cpe-76-87-90-7.socal.res.rr.com (76.87.90.7) 40769 Low

UDP 192.168.2.222 22379 207-255-157-142-dhcp.clf.pa.atlanticbb.net (207.255.157.142) 30524 Low

UDP 192.168.2.222 22379 adsl-160-102-220.asm.bellsouth.net (74.160.102.220) 52276 Low

UDP 192.168.2.222 22379 71.239.42.130 (71.239.42.130) 61774 Low Is this a backdoor, a hack, or trojan?

Other Questions
Why is there no section on "wireless"? There are a lot of confusing settings in Tomato, such as Afterburn, Ap Isolater, etc. What do these mean?

Same thing with "routing". Not all of us are network engineers, so at least a pointer to some helpful information elsewhere would be handy.

Once more, a missing bit of information. Under "Static DHCP", in the router it has a field for a "hostname". What exactly does this do?

For the WRT54G there is an entry for version "TM". What does this mean? Is there literally a "Version TM" or does it mean something else?

edit: I agree, the old wikibooks entry was MUCH more helpful than the current one. Adding current version is great and all but the old one that explained the features of Tomato in depth was way more helpful. I'm a wiki newbie and so can't dig up the old version but if anyone could consider bringing back the old and add the current version in a new section that'd be great. 75.82.42.70 (talk) 02:49, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

Logging externally
What does Tomato do if it cannot log externally (say, the computer is down?).

Is there a way to block keywords?

AP Isolation
I just googled this term -- AP Isolation -- and learned a bit about it. Perhaps someone can squeeze actual information out of what I read and add it to the page somewhere relevant (perhaps under Advanced -> Wireless). Basically, it sounds like a way of preventing one wireless client from talking to another through the router. Helpful if your router is hosting a public hotspot and you don't want people hacking each other's wireless laptops. These references are in forums, but perhaps someone can find better ones:

http://www.wirelessforums.org/alt-internet-wireless/client-isolation-ap-isolation-how-does-work-774.html

http://forums.linksys.com/linksys/board/message?board.id=Wireless_Routers&message.id=12693

 * Does this have anything to do with virtual access points? I want to set up an encrypted access point for myself that connects to other machines on the LAN, but an unencrypted connection for other people that just connects to the web.

Advanced Wireless settings
I just did some research and completed this section, which should be a big help. Anyone who knows any better, feel free to make corrections. --MikeSayers 18:36, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think the description of the Distance / ACK Timing is accurate. I don't think it can be used to actually prevent people at long distances connecting - it's just used for helping throughput for long distance links. I'm not really sure enough of my own knowledge to update the article though. Here's some information I found: http://nuke.freenet-antennas.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=22 --195.212.29.67 10:33, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

WHR-G125
http://my.opera.com/georgewu/blog/tomato-125

There's now a build that runs on the WHR-G125.

Routing
"Miscellaneous - Mode: Gateway vs. Router. I haven't a clue what this does. IMO Gateway = Router."

In Router mode the LAN addresses are passed onto, and advertised on the WAN side via RIP, but in Gateway mode, the local addresses are NAT'd, and not advertised via RIP.

Thus, in Router mode, if the LAN is 192.168.1.1/24, and the WAN side is, say, 192.168.2.0/24, any attempt to connect to 192.168.1.3 from 192.168.2.60 will be passed through in router mode, but will be rejected as unroutable in the gateway mode, and all packets from 192.168.1.3 will be NAT'd to appear to be from the router's WAN port address.

QoS
What do the two percentages mean, for each of the Quality of Service classes?

 * See the new Installation and Configuration subchapter on QoS Basic Settings

Are the theories from rcordorica and bengali on the linksys forums correct?

 * No. Several are based on blind speculation.

Is the first number the "guaranteed minimum" (so long as these guarantees don't add up to > 100%) for each class? Is the second the maximum permitted bandwidth for that class?

 * Yes, exactly. The second number is an absolute limit that is under no circumstances exceeded.

- Notmyopinion (talk) 13:22, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Hgmichna (talk) 20:41, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Added Extra Info to "Administration --> Bandwidth Monitoring" section
'lo. Someone who watches this might want to clean it up a bit, but I added the following based on some questions I asked Jon.

Save History Location: ... Keep in mind that if the share that your CIFS1/2 points to is offline, that it will save the Bandwidth History the next time the share is online. ...

Save Frequency: ... The exact time that the save interval happens at is based on what time you save your settings. So if you set it to "Every 2 Days" at 10:35AM, it will save 48 hours from then, and every 48 hours thereafter.

Awaiting a second e-mail for a bit of clarification, but otherwise, I thought it might be useful for this information to go somewhere, os I just added it to the appropriate sections.

--BeAuMaN (talk) 03:47, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Inbound QoS
The article states:
 * Inbound data cannot be prioritized effectively because it has already passed through the bottleneck (your Internet connection) by the time the router has a chance to evaluate it.

If it works like I think it does, then inbound QoS is possible for TCP. If too much bandwidth is used, the router should drop some packets (or use ICMP?) to make the sender send slower (TCP congestion control). This could be used to avoid stuttering playback of a music stream while downloading other things. – 91.4.19.244 (talk) 17:40, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Some newer versions now have "TCP Vegas (network congestion control)". Hgmichna (talk) 20:43, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Advanced/Firewall/NAT Loopback: more options
The "NAT Loopback" is no longer just a checkbox; it's now a popup menu with "All", "Forwarded Only", and "Disabled" options. Someone who is "in the know" should update the relevant section. -- Dtgriscom (talk) 15:46, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

When set to 'Forwarded Only', apache2 reports the router WAN ip address in its logs when a client on the LAN tries to access one of the NATed web-servers (using a public fully qualified domain name [FQDN]) that reside also on the LAN. When set to 'All' the router LAN address is logged. When set to 'Disabled' you can not access, from within the LAN, NATed web-servers that also reside on the LAN using their public FQDN. (Kiriakos Georgiou, Sat Oct 17 20:49:35 EDT 2009)

Bandwidth monitoring
Is the following line from the article true? If not, we should remove it. If it is true, then maybe an explanation of how to do that?

 * You can also associate each mac address with a letter (up to 10) and get a bandwidth pie chart so you can see bandwidth for each mac address, you can then throttle in % each address if required

Yes: 5 letters A to E and 5 groups Highest to Lowest. You can set up rules in QoS -> Classification to assign a letter from A to E or one of the groups to a particular src (LAN) MAC address(es).

This group can then be limited like any QoS class.

 * However, note that the priorities are fixed, and A to E have the lower priorities, below the "Lowest" class. (Perhaps the designer had only limited command of the English language and didn't know what "lowest" means. :-) The priorities determine which channel gets any remaining bandwidth, i.e. the rest up to 100%, if any, plus the guaranteed, allocated, but not actually used bandwidth. But nobody says you have to use the A to E classes for this purpose. You can use any class you like. Hgmichna (talk) 20:51, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Access Restriction rules - AND or OR?
Very simple question: if you add more than one filter where it says "Rules", are they evaluated with AND or with OR? All it says is "Add" which isn't a boolean operator. (I wish they'd publish a real manual. There's only this Wikibook and a meager FAQ. OK, most free software doesn't even have that and I could read through the source I guess...)

Edit: I just found the part about "sticky rules", so I guess that means OR. --87.162.51.38 (talk) 01:21, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

ND version?
What is it? Please explain in article. 169.252.4.21 (talk) 13:15, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

I added a list of Mods and brief description of what ND means — Wrlee (talk) 09:43, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Screenshots were all FAIR USE - restore, please
99.35.134.5 (talk) 01:43, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Some editor requested deletion of all screenshots, and was quite correctly ignored.
 * Some other @$$44+ deletionist editor went through with it, quite against policy.
 * Screenshots of copyrighted works are valid under FAIR USE with a valid Fair Use Rationale.
 * This means screenshots of Tomato's UI are valid also.
 * This further means anyone possessing the Tomato firmware (it's up to 1.25 at the moment) on their router is invited to repost screenshots where needed for clarity - just remember to include a completely filled-out Fair Use Rationale. Non-free Screenshot template

Former Big Iron Guy (talk) 04:42, 17 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Tomato Firmware is now at 1.28. I'll try to get some live screenshots when I put the release on my network. Real soon now.

Reoganized and split single page "book"
I hope I haven't upset everyone... I've begun to break the "book" up into separate pages. Currently, I've started with Those pages are still quite large and may benefit from further sub-divisions. I've spend a lot more hours than I'd planned and I am not yet done.
 * /Installation and Configuration
 * /Menu Reference

Goals
Here is what I am slowly trying to do with these changes, as I learn about wiki and wikibooks formatting:
 * Easier readability through
 * Better organization
 * Better presentation (look)
 * Consistency of formatting through-out
 * Add more prose, where helpful—especially to a broad spectrum of potential users.
 * Update content with (at least 1.25 Tomato)
 * More easily maintainable book structure, that would allow other contributors a framework to modify and augment this content.
 * Migrate to wikibook-compliant layout and features (as I learn them).
 * Make the book more "book-like".
 * Include more info on Tomato variations, configuration tips and recipes.
 * Move content from Wikipedia on this topic with references, to encourage people to update this book rather than Wikipedia.

If anyone has any better idea of how the changes should be (including my goals as outlined, here), I'd be happy to discuss them. If course if everyone is upset by my changes, they can be reverted and I'll leave the pages alone.

AND if anyone wants to help complete this effort, I'd be happy to have their help. — Wrlee (talk) 22:52, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

 * As long as, nothing gets deleted, this would be okay. This page needs to include a feature comparison table of the various distributions (mods), to add value like the Wikipedia page has for DD-WRT versions.--IncidentFlux (talk) 14:57, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

The intent is to keep all information. I added a comparison table of mods. Feel free to add columns. — Wrlee (talk) 06:40, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Need to add chapters about — 24.17.5.174 (talk) 09:22, 12 August 2009 (UTC)
 * building the Firmware
 * recipes for installing components dynamically

I think that other inclusions/expansions would be
 * acknowledgment in some manner of the fact that the author, Jonathan Zarate, links to this Wikibooks page and the main wiki
 * some amplification on the wireless survey and traffic features
 * some more amplification of the logging and non-local storage options that the linux engine provides.
 * definitely a feature comparison table with links to other places as appropriate

I can help on some of this at some point. Former Big Iron Guy (talk) 05:22, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Belkin Routers
I thought I'd add here as a warning that I tried this with my Belkin F5D7231-4 router and bricked it, perhaps that should be noted on this wiki page. --unsigned comment by 82.17.172.162 (talk) 23:26, 20 August 2009
 * Which version? Regular or ND? Was the router on the approved list at the time? We'll never know. --Lexein (talk) 00:29, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

SpeedMod by Rodney H?
Please point me to a description or source of this mod, so I can link to it in the article. Thanks. --Lexein (talk) 12:23, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Is this the correct one, by Rodney Clinton Chua? If so, the rev level should be listed in the Mods table, since he's up to SpeedMod 120. --Lexein (talk) 12:34, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tomato Firmware


text:
Horticulture/Veronica

Veronica is the largest genus in the flowering plant family ../Plantaginaceae/, with about 500 species; it was formerly classified in the family ../Scrophulariaceae/. Taxonomy for this genus is currently being reanalysed, with the genus Hebe and the related Australasian genera Derwentia, Detzneria, Chionohebe, Heliohebe, Leonohebe and Parahebe included by many botanists. Common names include speedwell, bird's eye, and gypsyweed.

The species are herbaceous annuals or perennials, and also shrubs or small trees if Hebe is included. Most of the species are from the temperate Northern Hemisphere, though with some species from the Southern Hemisphere; Hebe is mostly from New Zealand.

Description
Flowers are perfect, irregular, 4-5 parted. Ovary 2-celled. 2 showy stamens are a good ID characteristic for the genus. The foliage is opposite (but alternate near the flowers), simple, with dentate or entire margins. Fruits are dry capsules containing many small seeds. Roots are fibrous, and often adventitions on the stems.

Pests and diseases
../Powdery Mildew/ ../Leaf Spots/ ../Leaf Galls/ ../Root Rots/ ../Stem Rots/ ../Leaf Smuts/ ../Nematodes/ ../Scales/
 * ../Peronospora grisea/
 * ../Sphaerotheca humili/
 * Cercospora tortipes
 * Gloeosporium veronicae
 * Septoria veronicae
 * Sorosphaera veronicae
 * Synchytrium globosum
 * ../Fusarium/
 * ../Pellicularia filamentosa/
 * ../Phymatotrichum omnivorum/
 * ../Pellicularia rolfsii/
 * Entyloma veronicae
 * Root knot nematode: ../Meliodgyne incognita/

../Bugs/ ../Beetles/ ../Caterpillars/
 * Fourlined Plant Bug: ../Poecilocapsus lineatus/
 * Japanese Weevil: ../Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus/
 * Checkerspot Butterfly: ../Euphydryas chalcedona/
 * Grizzled Skipper.

title: Horticulture/Veronica


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Veronica

species list from wikipedia article:

 * Species

title: Talk:Horticulture/Veronica


text:
Cookbook:Tod Mun (Thai Fish Cakes)

| Curry | Thai recipes

Tod mun (Thai fish cakes) can be found sold on the streets of Thailand and are a popular snack. At home they are perfect for an appetizer. There are many different recipes. The most common variant uses both fish and shrimp; this is the basic fish recipe.

Ingredients

 * ½ cup (120 ml) vegetable oil (for frying)
 * 1 tablespoon (15 ml) sugar
 * ½ teaspoon (7.5 ml) salt
 * 120 grams (about ¼ lb) green beans
 * 360 grams (about ¾ lb) ground fish or fish paste (pla kuud)
 * 1 tablespoon (15 ml) red curry paste
 * 1 egg
 * 3 Kaffir lime leaves

Procedure

 * 1) Stack the lime leaves and roll them together into a tube shape. Slice them into thin strips.
 * 2) Slice the green beans into small (½ inch) pieces.
 * 3) Mince the fish.
 * 4) Mix all the ingredients except the green beans and lime leaves in a bowl.
 * 5) Stir until the mixture is smooth.
 * 6) Add the green beans and lime leaves to the mixture and stir again.
 * 7) Add the oil to a frying pan and heat to a medium temperature.
 * 8) Drop a tablespoon of the mixture into the pan and flatten slightly. When the bottom is cooked, turn over.
 * 9) When cooked on both sides, place on a paper towel to drain any extra oil. Continue with the rest of the mixture.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If fresh Kaffir lime leaves are not available, do not substitute dried leaves as this will not work, and it is better to leave them out altogether.
 * You may substitute the fish with chicken.

title: Cookbook:Tod Mun (Thai Fish Cakes)


text:
Category:Latvian recipes

Recipes from Latvia.

title: Category:Latvian recipes


text:
User talk:212.163.35.34

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Iamunknown 10:29, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.163.35.34


text:
User talk:59.93.193.172

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Iamunknown 10:42, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:59.93.193.172


text:
Horticulture/Veronica arvensis

Veronica arvensis -- known variously as Corn Speedwell, Common Speedwell, Speedwell, Rock Speedwell, or Wall Speedwell -- is a low-growing herb native to Europe, but also an invasive weed in North America.

Description
Low-growing, somewhat hairy plant with small dark-blue flowers. Flowers from late spring through early autumn.

Ecology
Spread by the small seeds, usually with the help of foot traffic. Common in nursery containers.

Uses
Has some medicinal uses.

title: Horticulture/Veronica arvensis


text:
Horticulture/Cerastium vulgatum

Cerastium vulgatum, one of several closely related species referred mouse-ear chickweed, is a low-growing winter annual native to Europe, but invasive in North America.

Description
Low and spreading (but decumbent when in flower), hairy winter annual with white flowers.

Ecology
Invasive in North America, and a troublesome weed of gardens and sparse lawns.

title: Horticulture/Cerastium vulgatum


text:
User talk:Greygor

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

You might also be interested to read our Cookbook policy page, and talk to other Cookbook editors. Webaware talk 12:36, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Greygor


text:
Horticulture/Lavandula

The Lavenders Lavandula are a genus of about 25-30 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native from the Mediterranean region south to tropical Africa and to the south east regions of India. The genus includes annuals, herbaceous plants, subshrubs, and small shrubs. The native range extends across the Canary Islands, North and East Africa, south Europe and the Mediterranean, Arabia, and India. Because the cultivated forms are planted in gardens worldwide, they are occasionally found growing wild, as garden escapees, well beyond their natural range.

Species
The most common species in cultivation is the Common Lavender ../Lavandula angustifolia/ (formerly L. officinalis). A wide range of cultivars can be found. Other commonly grown ornamental species are ../Lavandula stoechas/, L. dentata, and L. multifida.

Uses
Lavenders are widely grown in gardens. Flower spikes are used for dried flower arrangements. The fragrant, pale purple flowers and flower buds are used in potpourris. Dried and sealed in pouches, they are placed among stored items of clothing to give a fresh fragrance and as a deterrent to moths. The plant is also grown commercially for extraction of lavender oil from the flowers. This oil is used as an antiseptic and for aromatherapy.

Lavender flowers yield abundant nectar which yields a high quality honey for beekeepers. Lavender monofloral honey is produced primarily in the nations around the Mediterranean, and marketed worldwide as a premium product. Lavender flowers can be candied and are used as cake decoration. Lavender is also used as a herb, either alone or as an ingredient of herbes de Provence. Lavender is also used to flavour sugar, the product being called "lavender sugar", and the flowers are sometimes sold in a blend with black tea, as "lavender tea".

French chefs in and around Provence, France have been incorporating this herb into their cuisine for many centuries. Lavender lends a floral, yet slightly sweet and elegant flavor to most dishes. For most cooking applications it is the dried buds (also referred to as flowers) of lavender that are utilized, though some chefs experiment with the leaves as well. It is the buds however that contain the essential oil of lavender, which is where both the scent and flavor of lavender are best derived.

Medicinal uses
Lavender has been extensively used in herbalism. English lavender, Lavandula angustifolia, yields a highly effective essential oil with very sweet overtones, and can be used in balms, salves, perfumes, cosmetics, and topical applications. French lavender, Lavandula x intermedia, yields a similar essential oil, with higher contents of turpin, which adds a harsher overtone to the fragrance. Spanish lavender, Lavandula stoechas is not used medicinally, but mainly for landscaping purposes.

Essential oil of lavender has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. It was used in hospitals during WWI to disinfect floors, walls and other surfaces. Lavender is soporific, and added to bath water or sprinkled on pillows aids relaxation and sleep.

An infusion of lavender is claimed to soothe and heal insect bites. Bunches of lavender are also said to ward off insects. If applied to the temples, lavender oil is said to soothe headaches. Lavender is frequently used as an aid to sleep and relaxation: Seeds and flowers of the plant are added to pillows, and an infusion of three flowerheads added to a cup of boiling water are recommended as a soothing and relaxing bedtime drink. Lavender oil (or extract of Lavender) is claimed to heal acne when used diluted 1:10 with water, rosewater, or witch hazel; it is also used in the treatment of skin burns and inflammatory conditions (it is a traditional treatment for these in Iran).

Health precautions: There is scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of some of these remedies, especially the anti-inflammatory effects, but they should be used with caution since lavender oil can also be a powerful allergen. Ingesting lavender should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

A preliminary finding presented at the Endocrine Society's conference in June 2006 had suggested that shampoos, soaps and body lotions containing lavender and tea tree oils may cause "hormonal imbalances and breast growth in young boys"

Historical uses
The ancient Greeks called the lavender herb nardus, after the Syrian city of Naarda. It was also commonly called nard.

During Roman times, flowers were sold for 100 denarii per pound, which was about the same as a month's wages for a farm labourer, or fifty haircuts from the local barber. Lavender was commonly used in Roman baths to scent the water, and it was thought to restore the skin. When the Roman Empire conquered southern Britain, the Romans introduced lavender.

During the height of the Plague, glove makers at Grasse would scent their leathers with lavender oil, and this was claimed to ward off the Plague. This story could have some validity as the Plague was transmitted by fleas, which lavender is known to repel.

Harvesting
In the spring and in the summer you can give the lavender shrub a rejuvenation cut. This is also a topiary, which, however, can reduce the quality of the essential oils. Best time is the days after the last frost, before the plant sprouts. It is cut from one to maximum two-thirds. Younger lavender should be trimmed less.
 * Harvest the lavender stems when approximately half of the flower buds have opened.
 * Harvest in the morning hours when the oils are the most concentrated.
 * Cut stems as long as possible. Gather into bundles and secure them with rubber bands. This will take four to five days in warm weather.
 * Dry the bundles of lavender in a cool, dark place where there is good air circulation.
 * Use your lavender to make lavender sachets—a lovely gift!
 * Spread stems on a screen or sheet so air circulates easily.
 * Use the stems of fresh or dried flower spikes in arrangements or remove the flowers for sachets and potpourri mixtures.

title: Horticulture/Lavandula


text:
User talk:Rotxa

Hello Roxta, welcome to wikibooks! You are more then welcome to translate the wikibook to ES, just include a link from your translation to the version here for the GFDL.

Work on that book has stalled for now, so there are no plans for the red links yet. You can create those pages if you want. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 15:07, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rotxa


text:
User talk:66.199.200.220

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Jomegat 15:53, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:66.199.200.220


text:
Cookbook:Gudeg (Green Jackfruit Stew)

| Cuisine of Indonesia

Gudeg (green jackfruit stew) is a very sweet dish made of young jackfruit, cooked with palm sugar and seasoning until it turns dark brown. It is usually served with rice, coconut milk soup (areh), tofu, country chicken egg, and traditional krecek sambal goreng (another traditional Jogjanese food).

Ingredients

 * ½ lb (250 g) jackfruit
 * 5 shallots
 * 10 candlenuts
 * 10 garlic cloves
 * 4 Indian bay leaves / salam
 * 2 inches bruised galangal
 * 2½ tsp (12 g) coriander seeds
 * 1¼ tsp (6 g) cumin
 * ¼ cup (62 ml) coconut sugar
 * 2 cup (500 ml) coconut milk
 * 2 tsp (30 g) tamarind
 * 2 lb (1 kg) chicken (cut into small pieces with bone)

Procedure

 * 1) Cut jackfruit into 1 inch-thick pieces and wash.
 * 2) Boil jackfruit in water until tender. Drain.
 * 3) Grind shallots, candle nuts, garlic, salam leaves, and galangal together until fragrant. Add the chicken pieces and toss to coat.
 * 4) Stir-fry chicken until it changes color. Add 4 cups of water and coconut sugar, and bring to a boil.
 * 5) Add jackfruit and simmer until chicken and vegetables are tender.
 * 6) Add coconut milk 5 minutes before it's done; bring back to a boil.
 * 7) Serve hot with rice.

title: Cookbook:Gudeg (Green Jackfruit Stew)


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Lavandula

wikipedia species list:

About 25-30, including: Lavandula abrotanoides Lavandula angustifolia Lavandula canariensis Lavandula dentata Lavandula lanata Lavandula latifolia Lavandula multifida Lavandula pinnata Lavandula stoechas Lavandula viridis Lavandula x intermedia

title: Talk:Horticulture/Lavandula


text:
Talk:Algorithm Implementation/Sorting/Gnome sort

The original article in wikipedia featured lots implementations in many different languages, but they have been deleted. I guess they should be moved here.

Here is a link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnome_sort&oldid=56283461

--J.Rackham 16:33, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

I already copied it from here: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnome_sort&direction=prev&oldid=63335254

I didn't include the old python and ruby versions: --J.Rackham 11:59, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Python

Ruby


text:
Metabolomics/Nutrition/Vitamin K

Vitamin K

In 1935 a Danish scientist came across a nutrient that he named “Koagulations”. This name, in Danish, means clotting. The nutrient that this scientist came across is now referred to as vitamin K (American Cancer Society). Vitamin K is a fat soluble essential nutrient that is not produced by the body. It is imperative that we receive this nutrient for proper blood clotting. Vitamin K is involved in the production of four of the thirteen proteins involved in normal blood clotting (Harvard School of Public Health). Vitamin K is also involved in bone density maintenance and may help decrease hip fractures in both men and women. There are three variations of vitamin K, vitamins K1, K2, and K3 (American Cancer Society). Vitamin K1 is also known as phylloquinone and is found in green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, brussel sprouts, and cabbage and also in some fruits such as kiwi, blackberries, and blueberries (Turner, Elaine). This form of the vitamin is best digested in the GI tract when eaten with fats. The second form is Vitamin K2. This form is called menaquinone and is produced by the natural flora (bacteria) found in the large intestine. It is produced as a byproduct of the bacteria’s metabolism and small amounts can be absorbed by the intestine. The third form of vitamin K is a synthetic or man-made form called Menadione also known as vitamin K3 (Turner, Elaine). This can be found in some supplements; however supplements are not usually necessary because a normal diet and an average bacteria load will supply enough for the average person. Men nineteen years and older are encouraged to take 120 micrograms a day in their diet, and women nineteen years and older 90 micrograms (Turner, Elaine). Only one in four people in the United States meet the goal for the intake of vitamin K (Harvard School of Public Health). Newborns are not born with many bacteria in their intestine and therefore are considered vitamin K deficient. Only small amounts of vitamin K pass from mother to fetus through the placenta, so when the baby is born it lacks a sufficient amount of vitamin K (Johnson, Larry). In order to combat the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency (hemorrhagic diseases and other clotting problems) newborns are injected with a shot of vitamin K to help with clotting in the first few weeks after birth (Turner, Elaine). For those who are at high risk for blood clots, including those with deep vein thrombosis, irregular rhythms of the heart, and pulmonary embolism your doctor may have prescribed anticoagulation medications such as Warfarin (Coumadin) for blood clot control (Johnson, Larry). It is important to know that these types of medications are vitamin K antagonists. This means that too much vitamin K in the diet may change the effectiveness of these specific medications. It is important to talk to your doctor about your diet to see what changes may be beneficial. There is no research thus far to indicate that the body can have too much vitamin K. The only problems that have surfaced have been in relation to those taking medications such as Coumadin for blood clot control (Turner, Elaine).

Vitamin K and Insulin
In a recent study it was found that Vitamin K additionally appeared to reduce resistance to insulin in men. Insulin moves sugar in the blood into cells, but for insulin resistant (those with diabetes) the sugar cannot be removed and, therefore, builds up. Unfortunately the same results were not found in women, as those administered the additional Vitamin K in the experiment showed no decrease in insulin resistance. It is not sure why the Vitamin K had no effect on women, but it is hypothesized that the extra vitamin amounts built up in the additional fatty tissue of the women rather than getting into the blood.

Effects of Aging
Vitamin K deficiency problems appear to be more common in the elderly than in the younger populations resulting in bone loss, osteoarthritis, hardening of the arteries, and fractures. This appears not to be a problem so much of lack of intake, but of inefficient metabolism of Vitamin K after menopause due to lower estrogen levels. Separately Vitamin K intake was analyzed for elderly men and appeared not to independently effect cardiovascular health, but did indicated a healthier lifestyle and diet, which reduced risk of hear disease.

~References:~

Johnson, Larry. "Vitamin K". Merck Manual of Medical Information - Second Home Edition. 5/26/2010 http://www.merck.com/mmhe/print/sec12/ch154/ch154l.html

"The Nutrition Source; Vitamin K". Harvard School of Public Health. 5/26/2010 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/vitamin-k/index.html

Turner, Elaine. "Facts About Vitamin K". University of Florida; IFAS Extension. 5/26/2010 http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FY/FY20900.pdf

"Vitamin K". American Cancer Society. 5/26/2010 http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Vitamin_K.asp?sitearea=ETO

“Vitamin K & Insulin”. Nutrition Action Health Letter 36.9 (2009): 11-11.

“Vitamin K Deficiency In the Elderly.” Nutrition Health Review: The Consumer’s Medical Journal .96 (2006): 16-16.

title: Metabolomics/Nutrition/Vitamin K


text:
Abstract Algebra/Vector Spaces

 * Definition (Vector Space)
 * Let F be a field. A set V with two binary operations: + (addition) and $$\times$$ (scalar multiplication), is called a Vector Space if it has the following properties:

The scalar multiplication is formally defined by $$F \times V \xrightarrow{\phi} V$$, where $$\phi((f,v)) = fv \in V$$.
 * 1) $$(V, +)$$ forms an abelian group
 * 2) $$(a + b)v = av + bv$$ for $$a, b \in F$$ and $$v \in V$$
 * 3) $$a(v + u) = av + au$$ for $$a \in F$$ and $$v,u \in V$$
 * 4) $$(ab)v = a(bv)$$
 * 5) $$1_F v = v$$

Elements in F are called scalars, while elements in V are called vectors.

 * Some Properties of Vector Spaces:
 * 1) $$0_F v = 0_V= a0_V$$
 * 2) $$(-1_F)v = -v$$
 * 3) $$av = 0 \iff a = 0 \text{ or } v = 0$$

 * Proofs:

 * 1) $$0_F v = (0_F + 0_F) v = 0_F v + 0_F v \Rightarrow 0_V = 0_F v . Also, a 0_V = a(0_V + 0_V) = a0_V + a0_V \Rightarrow a0_V = 0_V$$
 * 2) We want to show that $$v + (-1_F)v = 0_V$$, but $$v + (-1_F)v = 1_F v + (-1_F)v = (1_F + (-1_F))v = 0_Fv = 0_V$$
 * 3) Suppose $$av = 0$$ such that $$a \neq 0$$, then $$a^{-1} (a v) = a^{-1} 0 = 0 \Rightarrow 1_Fv = v = 0$$

title: Abstract Algebra/Vector Spaces


text:
Horticulture/Asclepias

Asclepias, the milkweeds, is a genus of herbaceous perennial, dicotyledonous plants that contains over 140 known species. It used to belong to the family Asclepiadaceae, but this is now classified as a subfamily ../Asclepiadoideae/ of the dogbane family ../Apocynaceae/.

Description
Milkweeds are an important nectar source for bees and other nectar seeking insects, and a larval food source for monarch butterflies and their relatives, as well as a variety of other herbivorous insects (including numerous beetles, moths, and true bugs) specialized to feed on the plants despite their chemical defenses. Milkweed is named for its milky juice, which contains alkaloids, caoutchouc, and several other complex compounds including cardenolides. Some species are known to be toxic.

Species
Some Asclepias species:

 * ../Asclepias acida/ - Possibly used to create Soma.
 * ../Asclepias amplexicaulis/ (Blunt-leaved milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias asperula/ (Antelope horns)
 * ../Asclepias curassavica/ (Scarlet milkweed, Bloodroot, Bastard Ipecacuanha)
 * ../Asclepias exaltata/ (Poke milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias fascicularis/ (Narrow leaf milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias humistrata/ (Sandhill milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias incarnata/ (Swamp milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias lanceolata/ (Lanceolate milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias linearis/
 * ../Asclepias obovata/
 * ../Asclepias physocarpa/ (Gomphocarpus physocarpus, commonly balloonplant, balloon cotton-bush or swan plant)
 * ../Asclepias purpurascens/ (Purple milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias quadrifolia/ (Four-leaved milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias rubra/ (Red milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias speciosa/ (Showy milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias subulata/ (Rush milkweed - Leafless milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias sullivantii/ (Sullivant's milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias syriaca/ (Common milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias tuberosa/ (Butterfly weed, Pleurisy root)
 * ../Asclepias variegata/ (White milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias verticillata/ (Whorled milkweed)
 * ../Asclepias vincetoxicum/

Uses
In the past, the high dextrose content of the nectar led to milkweed's use as a source of sweetener for Native Americans and voyageurs.

Milkweed latex contains about 1 to 2% caoutchouc, and was attempted as a natural source for rubber by both Germany and the United States during World War II. No record has been found of large-scale success.

Milkweed is a common folk remedy used for removing warts. Milkweed sap is applied directly to the wart several times daily until the wart falls off. Dandelion sap is often used in the same manner.

Milkweed is beneficial to nearby plants, repelling some pests, especially wireworms.

Milkweed also contains cardiac glycoside poisons which inhibit animal cells from maintaining a proper K+, Ca+ concentration gradient. As a result many natives of South America and Africa used arrows poisoned with these glycosides to fight and hunt more effectively.

Propagation
Pollination in this genus is accomplished in an unusual manner, as the pollen is grouped into complex structures called pollinia (or "pollen sacs"), rather than being individual grains, as is typical for plant pollen. The flower petals are smooth and rigid, and the feet of visiting insects (predominantly large wasps, such as spider wasps, which visit the plants for nectar) slip into notches in the flowers, where the sticky bases of the pollinia attach to the feet, pulling the pollen sacs free when the pollinator flies off. Bees, including honey bees only gather nectar from milkweed flowers, and are generally not effective pollinators despite the frequency of visitation.

Species in the Asclepias genus grow their seeds in pods. These seed pods contain soft filaments known as either silk or floss. The filaments are attached to individual seeds. When the seed pod ripens, the seeds are blown by the wind, each carried by several filaments.

title: Horticulture/Asclepias


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/GNAT.Registry

Description
This package provides a high level binding to the Windows registry. It is possible to do simple things like reading a key value and creating a new key. This binding handles only key values of type Standard.String. For a full registry API (but at a lower level of abstraction) refer to the Win32.Winreg package provided with the Win32Ada binding.

An example of how to use this package:

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Libraries
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/GNAT

title: Ada Programming/Libraries/GNAT.Registry


text:
Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 6

Colors: Boje

Black: Crna

White: Bijela

Green: Zelena (Zelje'' means: cabbage)

Blue: Plava, more rarely modra

Red: Crvena

Yellow: Žuta

Pink: Ružičasta (Ruža means: rose)

Brown: Smeđa

Orange: Narančasta

Gray: Siva

Purple: Ljubičasta

Beige: bež

Dark blue: Tamnoplava

Next Lesson

title: Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 6