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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Corporation tax/The schedular system of corporation tax

In the United Kingdom, something is only taxed if there is a specific provision taxing it. If there is no such provision, it is not taxed. For instance, if someone, other than your employer, gave you £100 as a gift, then you will not be taxed on it.

The specific provisions applying to the taxation of income have their history in the 18th century, when income tax was introduced. There were a number of Schedules to the Income Tax Act that raised different charges on different sorts of income. Two of these still remain, and it is only if income falls within one of these Schedules that it falls to be taxed. The Schedules are:

 * Schedule A (which deals with income from UK land); and
 * Schedule D (which deals with all income that is taxable, but which doesn't fall within Schedule A).

The Schedules are defined (more obviously now than in the past!) so that any source of income can fall within at most one Schedule. This has been confirmed by case law.

 * The Cases of Schedule D

Schedule D is itself divided into a number of Cases. Four of these still remain :

 * Case I - tax in respect of any trade carried on in the United Kingdom or elsewhere but not contained in Schedule A
 * Case III - tax in respect of (i) items falling within the loan relationship legislation taxed under Case III by virtue of Chapter II of Part IV of the Finance Act 1996; (ii) any annuity or other payment which is payable in respect of anything other than a loan relationship (Essentially Case III covers non-trading interest-type income)
 * Case V - Overseas income (apart from that falling within Case III)
 * Case VI - tax in respect of any annual profits or gains not falling under any other Case of Schedule D or Schedule A

The definitions of the Cases of Schedule D do not allow income to fall within both Case VI and one of the other Cases. Nor, because of the way Case V is defined can a source of income fall within both Case III and Case V. However, a source of income can fall within Case I and one of Cases III or V. This could happen, for example, when you have a UK-resident company that has a trade in the UK and overseas. Income from that foreign trade falls within Case I (as it is trading income), and within Case V (as it is overseas income). Where income falls both within Case I and one of Cases III and V, it is only taxed once, and HM Revenue and Customs decide which Case to tax under

 * Chargeable gains

In addition to being taxed on their income, companies are also taxed on any chargeable (ie capital) gains they make that are not taxed under the provisions relating to income (Schedule A and Schedule D). What constitutes a chargeable gain is defined in the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992.

 * Loans to participators of close companies

When a loan is made to a participator of a close company, there may be an additional charge made to corporation tax as a result. Roughly, a close company is a company controlled by five or fewer participators (normally just shareholders, but it can include large loan creditors), or controlled by its directors - though for a full definition, and for more information about this charge and other provisions relating to close companies, see Taxation in the United Kingdom/Corporation tax/Close companies.

 * Controlled foreign companies

A charge may be made on a company in certain circumstances in respect of profits made by a foreign company it has an interest in. The charge to tax here is not within the Schedular system. The controlled foreign company provisions fall under the "anti-avoidance" banner. For more information, see Taxation in the United Kingdom/Corporation tax/Anti-avoidance/Controlled foreign companies.

 * Preceding page: Residents and non-residents
 * Next page: Accounting periods


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Corporation tax/Tax rates

The rate of corporation tax is determined by reference to the financial year. A financial year runs from 1 April to the following 31 March. So, Financial Year FY06 started on 1 April 2006 and will end on 31 March 2007. The main rate of corporation tax is 30%. However, lower rates are sometimes applicable.

Notes:
 * 1) The bands shown on the right hand side are divided by one plus the number of associates (usually the only associates a company has are fellow group companies, but the term is more widely defined)
 * 2) The reduced rates do not apply to close investment holding companies (companies controlled by fewer than 5 people (plus associates) or by their directors/managers, whose main activity is the holding of investments). Nor do they apply to companies in liquidation after the first 12 months.
 * 3) Authorised unit trusts and open-ended investment companies are taxed at the lower rate of income tax, which, for 2005/6 is 20%.
 * 4) Life assurance companies are taxed using the above rate on shareholder profits and the lower rate of income tax, which, for 2005/6 is 20%, on policy holder profits.
 * 5) Companies active in the oil and gas extraction industry in the UK or on the UK continental shelf are subject to an additional 10% charge on their profits from those activities.

 * Non-corporate distribution rate

For distributions made between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2006 a non-corporate distribution rate of 19% was levied. This measure ensured that all amounts distributed to non-corporates (eg individuals, trusts and personal representatives of deceased persons) suffered corporation tax of at a rate of at least 19%.

 * Preceding page: Accounting periods

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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ILife/iMovie HD/The iMovie HD Interface

The best way to start learning a new application is to take a quick look at its interface. This sub-chapter tells you what's what in the iMovie window. This is only an overview of the interface, functions of the interface will be covered in the appropriate chapter.

Opening iMovie
To open iMovie, click the iMovie icon in the Dock, or Applications folder. You will then be presented with the iMovie welcome window. If you'd like to see the iMovie interface, create a new project (settings explained in next chapter).

The iMovie Window

This is the iMovie HD 6 interface. The best way to get used to it is to play around with it, but here's a summary of what everything does:

 * At the top is the name of your project, and the format it is being created in.
 * The black area is where you view what you're working on.
 * The area to the right of the black area changes to show different panels, but it is by default in Clip view.
 * The buttons in the middle-left, of a clip and a clock, are for switching between timeline and clip view. Timeline view arranges the clips so that the visual length of a clip represents it's actual length. Timeline view is good for most editing. Clip view shows all clips as the same size visually, and is best for organizing.
 * To the right of the timeline/clip view selector is the import/edit switch. When the switch is turned to the video camera, you can import video from your video camera. When it it turned towards the scissors, you can edit the clips.
 * To the right of the edit/import switch are the play controls. The first play control (|<<), goes to the beginning of the movie.
 * The second play control (>), plays the movie.
 * The last play control (> with box), plays the movie in full screen.
 * The volume control adjusts the playback volume of your entire project.
 * The Clips/Themes/Media/Editing/Chapters buttons switch between said views. These views are explained later.
 * The check marked boxes on the far right side of Timeline view toggle sound for that track of media.
 * The slider on the bottom left adjusts the appearance of clip length.
 * The clip volume level section in the bottom left adjusts the sound level of the selected clip.
 * On the bottom right corner, the trash button and status, and available space on the current hard drive are displayed.

The iMovie Menu bar

The iMovie menu bar works like any other OS X application's menu bar. Help, shortcuts, tutorials, and support are under the Help menu. The Share menu shows you options for exporting. The Edit and Advanced menus have options that are only found in iMovie, such as Edit > Split Video Clip at Playhead, so you should explore the menus. The Markers menu has options for creating bookmarks. Other menus are similar in function to other applications.

Preferences
Annoyed by that click every time you slide the playhead over a cut? Want to change the default frame rate? Check out iMovie's Preferences in iMovie > Preferences

title: ILife/iMovie HD/The iMovie HD Interface


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Cramps

Cramps

There are two basic causes of cramping. One is inadequate oxygenation of muscle, and the other is lack of water or salt. Cramps from poor oxygenation can be improved by rapid deep breathing, and stretching the muscle. Cramps from lack of salt and water can be treated by stretching the muscle, drinking water and eating salt. Pounding on the muscle can increase soreness.

What happens in a cramp is that lactic acid builds up because of normal anaerobic muscle metabolism. When the muscle burns sugar without enough oxygen, it makes lactic acid. The lactic acid finally becomes concentrated enough to trigger the contraction of the muscle. When the muscle lacks salt, the nerves firing the muscle are unable to recharge properly, causing a similar effect.

|


text: LaTeX/caption.tex

title: LaTeX/caption.tex


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Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Cramps

This page was copied from the transwikied Wikibook Wilderness First Aid


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Fire drill

Arrange this with your family ahead of time. Choose a meeting place well away from the house so that if a real fire occurs, everyone will know to go there, and if anyone is missing, it can be assumed that they are still in the house. Go over the escape routes with everyone.


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Common Lisp/Advanced topics/Packages

Packages are a facility in Common Lisp to divide the namespace. Packages allow one to isolate all of their function, macro, and variable definitions from the rest of the system. This reduces the number of problems that occur with name collisions, or two people using the same name for different things.

A symbol has the printed form PACKAGE-NAME::SYMBOL-NAME, however, if we are currently in package PACKAGE-NAME, then the printer will just print SYMBOL-NAME. The dynamic variable *PACKAGE* always specifies the current package. When interned, a symbol is interned in the package that *PACKAGE* names, unless the package name is specified via the ‘::’ notation.

A package is defined with DEFPACKAGE. A package may EXPORT any of its symbols in which case they may be designated by PACKAGE-NAME:SYMBOL-NAME, i.e. only one ‘:’. A package may also IMPORT a symbol from any other package. If a symbol is imported that has the same name as a different symbol that was already interned in the package, then an error occurs. You will have to choose one symbol. USE-PACKAGE helps one import the API from a package. The symbols that a package exports and the packages that a package uses may be specified via DEFPACKAGE.

Example: List all Symbols in a Package
Common Lisp provides some macros to iterate through the symbols of a package. The two most interesting are: DO-SYMBOLS and DO-EXTERNAL-SYMBOLS. DO-SYMBOLS iterates over the symbols accessible in the package and DO-EXTERNAL-SYMBOLS only iterates over the external symbols (you can see them as the real package API).

To print all exported symbols of a package named "PACKAGE", you can write:

(do-external-symbols (s (find-package "PACKAGE")) (print s))

You can also collect all these symbols in a list by writing:

(let (symbols) (do-external-symbols (s (find-package "PACKAGE")) (push s symbols)) symbols)

Or you can do it with LOOP.

(loop for s being the external-symbols of (find-package "PACKAGE")     collect s)

Copyright © 2002-2005 The Common Lisp Cookbook Project http://cl-cookbook.sourceforge.net/

title: Common Lisp/Advanced topics/Packages


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Fire

If possible, and only if you can do it safely-locate the fire. Remember to stay calm. Alert any other people that are in the building, preferably by pulling the nearest fire alarm (when in a public building). If the fire is small and a fire extinguisher is handy, an attempt to put the fire out should be made. If the fire is already large, or you fail to extinguish it, you must evacuate the building as safely and as quickly as possible. Keep in mind that fires can spread very quickly so it is better to err on the side of caution by getting the fire department started before the fire is out of control.

Feel any door before opening it, and if it is hot, do not open it. Try to exit the building without going through an area that is in flames, then stop, drop, and crawl. Call the fire department.

title: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Fire


text:
Cookbook:German Potato Salad

German potato salad is a popular variation of potato salad that is generally served warm. It is typically more sour and contains pork or bacon.

Ingredients

 * 1 ¾ lbs (790 g) red potatoes
 * 4 tbsp vegetable oil
 * 1 tbsp mayonnaise
 * 5 tbsp apple cider vinegar
 * 2 tbsp Riesling wine
 * 4 tbsp beef stock
 * 4 tbsp chicken stock
 * 8 tbsp chopped red onion
 * ¼ tsp salt
 * ¼ tsp pepper
 * 1 tbsp wheat flour
 * 1 tbsp sugar
 * 1 tbsp coarse prepared mustard
 * 1 tbsp chopped green onions
 * ¼ lb (113 g) uncooked chopped bacon

Procedure

 * 1) Peel, thinly slice, and boil the potatoes about 17 minutes or until done but still somewhat firm. Drain, set aside, and allow to cool.
 * 2) Cook the bacon until crisp. Crumble or chop.
 * 3) Reserve a small amount of bacon grease and mix with flour, breaking up all clumps of flour. Cook briefly, but try to avoid browning.
 * 4) Add chopped bacon and remaining ingredients and mix.
 * 5) Cook for 20 minutes or until smooth at low heat.
 * 6) Pour sauce over potatoes and stir gently.
 * 7) Serve warm, room temperature, or cooled.

title: Cookbook:German Potato Salad


text: Template:Cocoa Programming

title: Template:Cocoa Programming


text:
Talk:ILife/iMovie HD/The iMovie HD Interface

Help Wanted
This could use some major help, so feel free to make big changes.

Ericruud 00:55, 23 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
ILife/iMovie HD/About Projects

=Introduction= This sub-chapter will cover what kinds of projects iMovie can create, formats they can be in, and storage of projects.

Regular Projects

This is the most common way to use iMovie. This is what you should use if you want to edit your movie. To create one, select "Create New Project", either in the Welcome window, or File > New.

Magic iMovie

The Magic iMovie project can import video from your video camera, apply a transition between clips, add a soundtrack, then send the finished product to iDVD. No magical talent required. You can edit Magic iMovie projects the conventional way as well, once created. To create one, press the "Make a Magic iMovie" button in the iMovie welcome window or press File > Make a Magic iMovie. You must define a new project name if you are creating a new Magic iMovie project while in an iMovie project, otherwise, the Magic iMovie will be added to the end of the current project.

Project Settings

To keep things organized, you should save iMovie projects in the Movies folder, unless you have your own filing system. If you're running out of space on your boot drive, you should save to an external drive. You should always have a few gigabytes of free space, because OS X uses hard drive space for virtual memory, boot up, logs, etc. If OS X runs out of space, you will start having system errors.

Most video cameras use DV format, high-definition or specialized video cameras may use alternate formats. The format types are explained if you select one.

Once you've selected the correct settings for your use, click "Create"

The Basics
iMovie can be a heavy application for your computer to run. Because of this, it is important to save early, and save often to avoid loosing work. You can open a specific iMovie project (usually located in the Movies folder) by double clicking it.

Burning
If you'd like to work on your iMovie project somewhere else, or you want to archive it, it's easy to do with iMovie. Simply click File > Burn Project to Disk...

Application Failure
If iMovie unexpectedly quits, all is not lost. Imported media files are still in the iMovie project, but changes to the timeline will not be saved. iMovie will prompt you if it recovers files:

title: ILife/iMovie HD/About Projects


text:
User talk:PatPeter

 My Rules

 * 1) Do not post on this page about pages without linking with page AND SIGNING YOUR NAME WITH ~.
 * 2) If you have an argument on any of my pages or edits present your argument before changing the page or edit, because hey, if someone deleted your userpage for no reason for example would not you revert that edit?
 * 3) I will not respond to you on my talk page, I will respond to you on your talk page so that you are notified upon login, unless I have spoken to you before.
 * 4) Please put comments in the correct category and remember you should never use = Title = or == Tilte ==  to make comments but at the largest  === Title ===
 * 5) I reserve the right not to read petitions not presented in my logical, easy way.

Mainspace
 Post your Comments about my Wikipages here

Userspace
 Post your Comments about my conversations with you or others here

Userboxes
 Post your Comments about my Userboxes here.

Templates
 Post your Comments about templates other than userboxes here

Images
 Post your Comments about my images here.

Categories
 Post your Comments about my categories, edits to categories, etc. here.

Post Above Here
 DO NOT POST BELOW HERE!  My Rules

 * 1) Do not post on this page about pages without linking with page AND SIGNING YOUR NAME WITH ~.
 * 2) If you have an argument on any of my pages or edits present your argument before changing the page or edit, because hey, if someone deleted your userpage for no reason for example would not you revert that edit?
 * 3) I will not respond to you on my talk page, I will respond to you on your talk page so that you are notified upon login, unless I have spoken to you before.
 * 4) Please put comments in the correct category and remember you should never use = Title = or == Tilte ==  to make comments but at the largest  === Title ===
 * 5) I reserve the right not to read petitions not presented in my logical, easy way.

 DO NOT POST BELOW HERE!

title: User talk:PatPeter


text:
User:Linhdt47 vn

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Ericruud 02:31, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Linhdt47 vn


text:
User:Ericruud/Sandbox

iMovie HD 6
link name

title: User:Ericruud/Sandbox


text:
User:Smmurphy/sandbox

 * What type of the book? Reference, textbook, self-study course, (application) note collection, tutorial, experimentation instructions, travel report, etc.?
 * This book is a textbook and reference for advanced undergraduate or begining graduate macroeconomics. It is based on notes taken at Cornell University in 2006-2007, although much of the material will be taken from a wide variety of sources.  The errors are, of course, the fault of the authors.

 * What scope? Where to start? Where to end? What is in, what is out?
 * This book will endeavor first to cover all subjects that are likely to be found on a comprehensive exam for a graduate economics program. The culmination, indeed the body, of many of the chapters should be an analysis of a problem in its general form.
 * To break down the work to be done on each chapter into four pieces, we have:
 * First, the subject is introduced, with the back story.
 * Second, the subject is shaped into a problem in a general form with only limited assumptions on functional forms, etc.
 * Third, the solution to the problem in general form is worked out.
 * Fourth, an example is discussed, graphics are added.

 * I do not intend to discuss many examples or add many graphics to the book before April of 2007.

Table of Contents
Keynsian deman-side economics and multipliers User:Smmurphy/sandbox/Keynsian deman-side economics and multipliers

One sector models User:Smmurphy/sandbox/Optimal Growth

Two sector model User:Smmurphy/sandbox/Harrod-Johnson Diagram

Math Review User:Smmurphy/sandbox/Math Review

title: User:Smmurphy/sandbox


text:
19th Century Literature/The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter
Hawthorne's tale revolves around the life of Hester Prynee after having been forced to wear the mark of an A on her blouse; the A originally stood for Adultery, the crime which Hester committed, yet was later taken to stand for able. Hawthorne is critical of the Puritan morality that he thought was preoccupied with punishing other's sins.

Extract One
In this extract, Hawthorne shows us a crowd that waits for Hester Prynne to leave the prison and to make her way to the place where she will be publicly humiliated.

Explanation and Analysis
Hawthorne's commentary is revealed in this extract through the characterization of the members of the crowd. Consider how the first woman to speak is described - 'a hard-featured dame of fifty'. This is certainly not a flattering description. She asks the crowd to let her 'tell ye a piece of my mind'. Her dialogue is coarse and unforgiving - 'if the hussy stood up for judgement'. She is not only 'hard-featured' but also very judgmental, unforgiving and moralistic. Also notice that the only one to sympathize with young Hester was the young female holding a child by the hand, thus re-emphasizing the rosebush representing a new era and hope for the future compared to the rusting iron door.


text:
Talk:EXELearning

actually the latest version of this guide can be found here:

http://wikieducator.org/Online_manual

this is the one that we are keeping most up-to-date. Cheers. Brent Simpson

title: Talk:EXELearning


text:
United States Government/Constitution Historical Note on Formation of the Constitution

HISTORICAL NOTES
In June 1774, the Virginia and Massachusetts assemblies independently proposed an intercolonial meeting of delegates from the several colonies to restore union and harmony between Great Britain and her American Colonies. Pursuant to these calls there met in Philadelphia in September of that year the first Continental Congress, composed of delegates from 12 colonies. On 1774-10-14, the assembly adopted what has become to be known as the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress. In that instrument, addressed to his Majesty and to the people of Great Britain, there was embodied a statement of rights and principles, many of which were later to be incorporated in the Declaration of Independence and the Federal Constitution.

This Congress adjourned in October with a recommendation that another Congress be held in Philadelphia the following May. Before its successor met, the battle of Lexington had been fought. In Massachusetts the colonists had organized their own government in defiance of the royal governor and the Crown. Hence, by general necessity and by common consent, the second Continental Congress assumed control of the "Twelve United Colonies", soon to become the "Thirteen United Colonies" by the cooperation of Georgia. It became a de facto government; it called upon the other colonies to assist in the defense of Massachusetts; it issued bills of credit; it took steps to organize a military force, and appointed George Washington commander in chief of the Army.

While the declaration of the causes and necessities of taking up arms of 1775-07-06, expressed a "wish" to see the union between Great Britain and the colonies "restored", sentiment for independence was growing. Finally, on 1776-05-15, Virginia instructed her delegates to the Continental Congress to have that body "declare the united colonies free and independent States." Accordingly on June 7 a resolution was introduced in Congress declaring the union with Great Britain dissolved, proposing the formation of foreign alliances, and suggesting the drafting of a plan of confederation to be submitted to the respective colonies.4

Some delegates argued for confederation first and declaration afterwards. This counsel did not prevail. Independence was declared on 1776-07-04; the preparation of a plan of confederation was postponed. It was not until November 17, 1777, that the Congress was able to agree on a form of government which stood some chance of being approved by the separate States. The Articles of Confederation were then submitted to the several States, and on 1778-07-09, were finally approved by a sufficient number to become operative.

Weaknesses inherent in the Articles of Confederation became apparent before the Revolution out of which that instrument was born had been concluded. Even before the thirteenth State (Maryland) conditionally joined the "firm league of friendship" on March 1, 1781, the need for a revenue amendment was widely conceded. Congress under the Articles lacked authority to levy taxes. She could only request the States to contribute their fair share to the common treasury, but the requested amounts were not forthcoming. To remedy this defect, Congress applied to the States for power to lay duties and secure the public debts. Twelve States agreed to such an amendment, but Rhode Island refused her consent, thereby defeating the proposal.

Thus was emphasized a second weakness in the Articles of Confederation, namely, the liberum veto which each State possessed whenever amendments to that instrument were proposed. Not only did all amendments have to be ratified by each of the 13 States, but all important legislation needed the approval of 9 States. With several delegations often absent, one or two States were able to defeat legislative proposals of major importance.

Other imperfections in the Articles of Confederation also proved embarrassing. Congress could, for example, negotiate treaties with foreign powers, but all treaties had to be ratified by the several States. Even when a treaty was approved, Congress lacked authority to secure obedience to its stipulations. Congress could not act directly upon the States or upon individuals. Under such circumstances foreign nations doubted the value of a treaty with the new Republic.

Furthermore, Congress had no authority to regulate foreign or interstate commerce. Legislation in this field, subject to unimportant exceptions, was left to the individual States. Disputes between States with common interests in the navigation of certain rivers and bays were inevitable. Discriminatory regulations were followed by reprisals.

Virginia, recognizing the need for an agreement with Maryland respecting the navigation and jurisdiction of the Potomac River, appointed in June 1784, four commissioners to "frame such liberal and equitable regulations concerning the said river as may be mutually advantageous to the two States." Maryland in January 1785 responded to the Virginia resolution by appointing a like number of commissioners "for the purpose of settling the navigation and jurisdiction over that part of the bay of Chesapeake which lies within the limits of Virginia, and over the rivers Potomac and Pocomoke" with full power on behalf of Maryland "to adjudge and settle the jurisdiction to be exercised by the said State, respectively, over the waters and navigations of the same."

At the invitation of Washington the commissioners met at Mount Vernon, in March 1785, and drafted a compact which, in many of its details relative to the navigation and jurisdiction of the Potomac, is still in force. What is more important, the commissioners submitted to their respective States a report in favor of a convention of all the States "to take into consideration the trade and commerce" of the Confederation. Virginia, in January 1786, advocated such a convention, authorizing its commissioners to meet with those of other States, at a time and place to be agreed on, "to take into consideration the trade of the United States; to examine the relative situations and trade of the said State; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interest and their permanent harmony; and to report to the several State, such an act relative to this great object, as when unanimously ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress, effectually to provide for the same."

This proposal for a general trade convention seemingly met with general approval; nine States appointed commissioners. Under the leadership of the Virginia delegation, which included Randolph and Madison, Annapolis was accepted as the place and the first Monday in September 1786 as the time for the convention. The attendance at Annapolis proved disappointing. Only five States--Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York--were represented; delegates from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island failed to attend. Because of the small representation, the Annapolis convention did not deem "it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission." After an exchange of views, the Annapolis delegates unanimously submitted to their respective States a report in which they suggested that a convention of representatives from all the States meet at Philadelphia on the second Monday in May 1787 to examine the defects in the existing system of government and formulate "a plan for supplying such defects as may be discovered." The Virginia legislature acted promptly upon this recommendation and appointed a delegation to go to Philadelphia. Within a few weeks New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Delaware, and Georgia also made appointments. New York and several other States hesitated on the ground that, without the consent of the Continental Congress, the work of the convention would be extra-legal; that Congress alone could propose amendments to the Articles of Confederation. Washington was quite unwilling to attend an irregular convention. Congressional approval of the proposed convention became, therefore, highly important. After some hesitancy Congress approved the suggestion for a convention at Philadelphia "for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation and reporting to Congress and the several legislatures such alterations and provisions therein as shall when agreed to in Congress and confirmed by the States render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of Government and the preservation of the Union."

Thereupon, the remaining States, Rhode Island alone excepted, appointed in due course delegates to the Convention, and Washington accepted membership on the Virginia delegation.

Although scheduled to convene on May 14, 1787, it was not until May 25 that enough delegates were present to proceed with the organization of the Convention. Washington was elected as presiding officer. It was agreed that the sessions were to be strictly secret.

On May 29 Randolph, on behalf of the Virginia delegation, submitted to the convention 15 propositions as a plan of government. Despite the fact that the delegates were limited by their instructions to a revision of the Articles, Virginia had really recommended a new instrument of government. For example, provision was made in the Virginia plan for the separation of the three branches of government; under the Articles executive, legislative, and judicial powers were vested in the Congress. Furthermore the legislature was to consist of two houses rather than one.

On May 30 the Convention went into a committee of the whole to consider the 15 propositions of the Virginia plan seriatim. These discussion continued until June 13, when the Virginia resolutions in amended form were reported out of committee. They provided for proportional representation in both houses. The small States were dissatisfied. Therefore, on June 14 when the Convention was ready to consider the report on the Virginia plan, Paterson of New Jersey requested an adjournment to allow certain delegations more time to prepare a substitute plan. The request was granted, and on the next day Paterson submitted nine resolutions embodying important changes in the Articles of Confederation, but strictly amendatory in nature. Vigorous debate followed. On June 19 the States rejected the New Jersey plan and voted to proceed with a discussion of the Virginia plan. The small States became more and more discontented; there were threats of withdrawal. On July 2, the Convention was deadlocked over giving each State an equal vote in the upper house--five States in the affirmative, five in the negative, one divided.

The problem was referred to a committee of 11, there being 1 delegate from each State, to effect a compromise. On July 5 the committee submitted its report, which became the basis for the ``great compromise'' of the Convention. It was recommended that in the upper house each State should have an equal vote, that in the lower branch each State should have one representative for every 40,000 inhabitants, counting three-fifths of the slaves, that money bills should originate in the lower house (not subject to amendment by the upper chamber). When on July 12 the motion of Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania that direct taxation should also be in proportion to representation was adopted, a crisis had been successfully surmounted. A compromise spirit began to prevail. The small States were not willing to support a strong national government.

Debates on the Virginia resolutions continued. The 15 original resolutions had been expanded into 23. Since these resolutions were largely declarations of principles, on July 24 a committee of five was elected to draft a detailed constitution embodying the fundamental principles which had thus far been approved. The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of its committee of detail. This committee, in preparing its draft of a Constitution, turned for assistance to the State constitutions, to the Articles of Confederation, to the various plans which had been submitted to the Convention and other available material. On the whole the report of the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention, though on many clauses the members of the committee left the imprint of their individual and collective judgments. In a few instances the committee avowedly exercised considerable discretion.

From August 6 to September 10 the report of the committee of detail was discussed, section by section, clause by clause. Details were attended to, further compromises were effected. Toward the close of these discussions, on September 8, another committee of five11 was appointed "to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house."

On Wednesday, September 12, the report of the committee of style was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates. The Convention for 3 days compared this report with the proceedings of the Convention. The Constitution was ordered engrossed on Saturday, September 15.

The Convention met on Monday, September 17, for its final session. Several of the delegates were disappointed in the result. A few deemed the new Constitution a mere makeshift, a series of unfortunate compromises. The advocates of the Constitution, realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the States to the new instrument of Government, were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each State. It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution. Therefore, in order that the action of the Convention would appear to be unanimous, Gouverneur Morris devised the formula "Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present the 17th of September…In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names." Thirty-nine of the forty-two delegates present thereupon "subscribed" to the document.

The convention had been called to revise the Articles of Confederation. Instead, it reported to the Continental Congress a new Constitution. Furthermore, while the Articles specified that no amendments should be effective until approved by the legislatures of all the States, the Philadelphia Convention suggested that the new Constitution should supplant the Articles of Confederation when ratified by conventions in nine States. For these reasons, it was feared that the new Constitution might arouse opposition in Congress.

Three members of the Convention--Madison, Gorham, and King--were also Members of Congress. They proceeded at once to New York, where Congress was in session, to placate the expected opposition. Aware of their vanishing authority, Congress on September 28, after some debate, decided to submit the Constitution to the States for action. It made no recommendation for or against adoption.

Two parties soon developed, one in opposition and one in support of the Constitution, and the Constitution was debated, criticized, and expounded clause by clause. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote a series of commentaries, now known as the Federalist Papers, in support of the new instrument of government. The closeness and bitterness of the struggle over ratification and the conferring of additional powers on the central government can scarcely be exaggerated. In some States ratification was effected only after a bitter struggle in the State convention itself.

Delaware, on December 7, 1787, became the first State to ratify the new Constitution, the vote being unanimous. Pennsylvania ratified on December 12, 1787, by a vote of 46 to 23, a vote scarcely indicative of the struggle which had taken place in that State. New Jersey ratified on December 19, 1787, and Georgia on January 2, 1788, the vote in both States being unanimous. Connecticut ratified on January 9, 1788; yeas 128, nays 40. On February 6, 1788, Massachusetts, by a narrow margin of 19 votes in a convention with a membership of 355, endorsed the new Constitution, but recommended that a bill of rights be added to protect the States from federal encroachment on individual liberties. Maryland ratified on April 28, 1788; yeas 63, nays 11. South Carolina ratified on May 23, 1788; yeas 149, nays 73. On June 21, 1788, by a vote of 57 to 46, New Hampshire became the ninth State to ratify, but like Massachusetts she suggested a bill of rights.

By the terms of the Constitution nine States were sufficient for its establishment among the States so ratifying. The advocates of the new Constitution realized, however, that the new Government could not succeed without the addition of New York and Virginia, neither of which had ratified. Madison, Marshall, and Randolph led the struggle for ratification in Virginia. On June 25, 1788, by a narrow margin of 10 votes in a convention of 168 members, that State ratified over the objection of such delegates as George Mason and Patrick Henry. In New York an attempt to attach conditions to ratification almost succeeded. But on July 26, 1788, New York ratified, with a recommendation that a bill of rights be appended. The vote was close--yeas 30, nays 27.

Eleven States having thus ratified the Constitution,14 the Continental Congress--which still functioned at irregular intervals--passed a resolution on September 13, 1788, to put the new Constitution into operation. The first Wednesday of January 1789 was fixed as the day for choosing presidential electors, the first Wednesday of February for the meeting of electors, and the first Wednesday of March (i.e. March 4, 1789) for the opening session of the new Congress. Owing to various delays, Congress was late in assembling, and it was not until April 30, 1789, that George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States.


text:
User talk:Dinoj~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
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 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:16, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dinoj. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dinoj~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:05, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:53, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dinoj~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Smmurphy

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:17, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the welcome. I hope I can take your welcome to mean that when I have questions, I can bring them to you ; ).  Right now, I'm looking at the naming policy page, and it talks about the structure of books, but now how books and chapters are named.  Just getting started, I'm nervous about these issues.  But, it doesn't seem like naming chapters is as big of a deal as naming articles over on WP is.  Is this right? Smmurphy 22:21, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Smmurphy


text:
User talk:Toussaint

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
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 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:18, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Toussaint


text:
User talk:Cap. Sheridan

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:19, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cap. Sheridan


text:
User talk:Apfelmus

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:19, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Images
Hi Apfelmus. No problem deleting... I can't "move them", but you can just re-upload it to the new filename and then mark the old file with, and leave a link to the new image name so we can be sure.

One thing you might consider is uploading to Commons instead, that way if someone wants to translate your book or otherwise use it on another project, they won't have to re-upload it.

BTW, if you want to make a link to an image file without making it appear on the page, use colons, so that Image:Lacewing3035.jpg makes Image:Lacewing3035.jpg (you can still click through to get to the image page... note that it's on commons).-- SB_Johnny | talk 16:48, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

good work!
Haskell/Zippers was not only educating, but fun to read, too. thanks a lot. -- D (talk) 01:11, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The pleasure is mine :-) -- apfeλmus 09:10, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Apfelmus


text:
Guide to Unix/Commands/Networking

ifconfig
Configures a network interface.

Links:
 * ifconfig, freebsd.org
 * ifconfig, manpages.ubuntu.com

ifdown
Brings a network interface down. See also.

Links:
 * iup, ss64.com

ifup
Brings a network interface up. See also.

Links:
 * iup, ss64.com

ping
Sends ICMP packets to network hosts, mostly to see whether they are up.

Examples:
 * ping www.wikibooks.org

Links:
 * ping, freebsd.org
 * 6 ping: Packets to network hosts in GNU Inetutils manual, gnu.org
 * ping (networking utility)

title: Guide to Unix/Commands/Networking


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Solomon

Solomon
I'm not quite sure what this book is supposed to be. Perhaps it could be added to the Judaism page or Old Testament Commentaries or Bible Topics or Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Bible. Those pages all look like they could use some more content. If there's any actually useful information about this Solomon character in there (I wouldn't know), it might be okay to transfer the knowledge there. But I don't think this justifies the creation of an entire book. -Monk 01:25, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment I had placed a message on the author's talk page prior to this asking that policy guidelines and formatting be looked at on his (?) work. I have placed another message there.  All the contributions are rather "individual" -- Herby  talk thyme 18:15, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete There has been no recent activity on this page so I think a vote should now take place. I am voting for deletion. Xania 17:53, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Not easy but as this editor continues to contribute work without following guidelines I do feel the work should be critically reviewed (I have "moved" the latest offering into the user's namespace). -- Herby  talk thyme 17:58, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Per Herbythyme and Xania. --Az1568 06:05, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete Difficult to see the how this could be a textbook. Tommciver 07:52, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Solomon


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. d4/2...b5/3. c4

= St. George Defence/Three Pawns Attack = This variation is the most aggressive White could play. By playing c4, White threatens either to build a very powerful center or to destroy Black's army at the queen side.

Black can react in various ways.

 * /3...Bb7/ ignores the threat and strikes at the center. It wouldn't be wise for White to trade a wing pawn against a center pawn. But now, White can defend with Nc3 as b4 would be answered with Qb3 (pinning the pawn).
 * /3...b4/ tries to keep the pressure at the queen side, letting White build his center. It's a very sharp variation for Black as White is going to have many weapons to attack both at the center and at the queen side, including moves as Qb3, d5, Nc3 and Bd2.
 * /3...bxc4/ isn't very logical, as Black abandons his queen-side power. He will have to fight back at the center despite White advance in development. In this case, it would have been better to play a classical Open Game (1...e5) or Sicilian (1...c5).

Theory table
.

'1.e4 a6 2.d4 b5 3.c4'


text:
User:Mysid

Active in en-wikipedia.

title: User:Mysid


text:
User talk:Mysid

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:03, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mysid


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. d4/2...b5/3. c4/3...Bb7

= St. George Defence/Three Pawns Attack = In this variation, defending with 4. Bd3 is bad, as 4...bxc4 wins a pawn. Instead, /4. Nc3/ is perfect because 4...b4 can be answered with 5. Qb3. /4. Nd2/ is also an interesting option. The knight blocks the bishop, but his defensive potential is increased as both the c-pawn and the e-pawn are protected.

Theory table
For explanation of notation, see Chess Opening Theory Table.

1.e4 a6 2.d4 b5 3.c4 Bb7


text:
Cookbook:Meatloaf III

| Meatloaf | Meat Recipes | Midwestern U.S. cuisine

Ingredients

 * 1 ½ pounds (675 g) ground beef
 * 1 cup Ritz crackers
 * 2 beaten eggs
 * 8 ounces (225 g) tomato sauce
 * ½ cup minced onion
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * ¼ teaspoon pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 350°F (180°C).
 * 2) Pound the Ritz crackers until fine like bread crumbs.
 * 3) In a separate bowl, add the meat and the other ingredients and mix with your hands until the mixture is smooth.
 * 4) Grease a glass baking dish with vegetable shortening.
 * 5) Put the meat mixture in the pan and shape like a football.
 * 6) Bake in the oven for 1 hour.
 * 7) Take out the meat loaf and serve warm.

title: Cookbook:Meatloaf III


text:
Cookbook:Chicken Pot Pie

| Meat Recipes

A chicken pot pie is a type of baked savory pie with a chicken filling and covered in flaky crusts top and bottom and baked in its own pie tin. There are several recipes for chicken pot pie available in this cookbook:
 * Chicken Pot Pie I; with mushrooms.
 * Chicken Pot Pie II; with a roux, chicken stock, and milk.
 * Cookbook:Chicken Pot Pie (Pastei); a Suriname recipe with pickles and hard-boiled eggs.
 * Cookbook:Pennsylvania Pot Pie; with dumplings rather than a pie crust

title: Cookbook:Chicken Pot Pie


text:
Cookbook:Chicken Pot Pie II

| Meat Recipes

Ingredients

 * 1 package pie crusts
 * ⅓ cup margarine or butter
 * ⅓ cup chopped onion
 * ⅓ cup all-purpose flour
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * ¼ teaspoon pepper
 * 1 ½ cups chicken broth
 * ⅔ cup milk
 * 3 cups chicken, cooked
 * 1 cup frozen corn, thawed
 * 1 cup frozen peas, thawed

Procedure

 * 1) Heat oven to 425°F.
 * 2) Prepare pie crusts as directed on package for a two-crust pie in a 9-inch pie pan.
 * 3) In a medium saucepan, melt margarine over medium heat.
 * 4) Add onion; cook 2 minutes or until tender.
 * 5) Stir in flour, salt, and pepper until well-blended.
 * 6) Gradually stir in broth and milk; cook, stirring constantly, until bubbly and thickened.
 * 7) Add chicken, corn, and peas; remove from heat.
 * 8) Spoon chicken mixture into crust-lined pan.
 * 9) Top with second crust and flute; cut slits in several places.
 * 10) Bake for 30 to 40 minutes or until crust is golden-brown.
 * 11) Let stand 5 minutes before serving.

title: Cookbook:Chicken Pot Pie II


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Red Cap

Overview
Red Caps are dwarf-like creatures that are found wherever blood has been spilled.

Extended Description
In the Muggle world, we find the Red Cap in Scottish folklore. The Red Cap is a thoroughly evil creature. He is a short, stocky old man with long gray hair and claws instead of hands. He lives on the Scottish Border in ancient ruins of castles, especially in those with a bloody history of war and murder. He owes his name to the fact that he wears a red hat, which is colored by the blood of his victims. Red Cap moves with remarkable speed, despite the fact that he wears iron boots. He can overcome even the strongest man, unless the intended victim remembers to quote a few words from the bible. (Encyclopedia Mythica; thanks to Elizabeth Quest for the tip)

The Red Cap is introduced to Harry by Professor Lupin, then teaching Defence Against the Dark Arts, but while we hear the name in passing, we do not hear any description of it. We also hear it mentioned later when Hermione is telling Professor Snape, then filling in for an ill Lupin, what topics they have covered. Finally, a Red Cap is featured as part of the final Defence Against the Dark Arts exam, again without significant description.


text:
User:Pnksbl~enwikibooks

Im really just here to contribute to small parts, touch up a section or maybe request some books. All in all, Im really just interested in learning German/Geometry(I havent been offered the Geometry credit yet), maybe even a little Spanish, and some history. Its a shame the geometry book isnt really filled out, but the German wikibook is awesome!

title: User:Pnksbl~enwikibooks


text:
ICT in Education/About the Author

About the Author
Victoria L. Tinio is Director for e-Learning of the Foundation for Information Technology Education and Development (FIT-ED), a non-profit organization based in Manila, Philippines. In that capacity, she designs and manages the national collaboration network of public secondary schools in the Philippines called Pilipinas SchoolNet, working directly with education policy makers, school administrators and teachers nationwide. Tinio has also worked with the e-ASEAN Task Force and other regional and international organizations on ICTs in education-related activities in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Viet Nam and Brunei Darussalam.

title: ICT in Education/About the Author


text:
Windows Movie Maker

Introduction
This book will teach you the basics and more advanced essentials of Windows Movie Maker (WMM). It assumes you have at least a simple knowledge of the Windows operating system.

Users of Windows Movie Maker can create, edit, and import photos, music, and video. They can be combined and modified to create a movie. The user can also add captions, slides, and special effects to the movie. Using the share option, the movie can be shared across other applications and social media. Apart from this Windows Movie Maker also gives users the option to record their own narration and add them to the slides. The movie maker comes with a variety of transitional effects for the slides and themes for the movie.

There is an option to record real-time video using a webcam. The user can also add pre-loaded visual effects to the pictures and slides.

Pros

 * Freeware, costing no money
 * Relatively easy to use compared to other editors
 * Multiple web publishing options
 * Depending on the version, it's presets can create nostalgic effects evocative of the 2000's.

Cons

 * It crashes quite often, sometimes forcing you to start over!
 * Pretty bad video quality
 * Can't save huge movies you've edited
 * No longer supported.

So basically, Movie Maker is good for you to get started with making films, but if you're going to get serious with making low-budget feature films, then you might want to buy a commercial program, which naturally yields better results.

Basics

 * 1) /Capturing video from device/
 * 2) /Organising collections/
 * 3) Making titles and credits
 * 4) /Splitting video clips/
 * 5) /Adding audio/
 * 6) /Finishing your movie/
 * 7) /Video transitions/
 * 8) /Video effects/
 * 9) /Muting and fading in and out/

Advanced

 * 1) /Editing YouTube videos/
 * 2) /Uploading video to the Internet/
 * 3) /Taking a photo/
 * 4) /Burning video to DVD/

Contributors

 * Li
 * Maggiena

title: Windows Movie Maker


text:
Cookbook:Potato Meat Loaf

| Meat Recipes | Midwestern U.S. cuisine

Ingredients

 * 4 medium potatoes, sliced
 * 1 onion, sliced
 * ½ pound ground beef
 * ½ pound bulk sausage
 * 1 egg, beaten
 * 6 soda crackers, crumbled
 * 1 teaspoon chili powder
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * ¼ teaspoon pepper
 * ~1 can cheddar cheese soup

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350°F.
 * 2) Place sliced potatoes in baking dish.
 * 3) Place sliced onion over potatoes in baking dish.
 * 4) Combine all ingredients except cheddar cheese soup, and mix well.
 * 5) Press into baking dish, forming an indentation in the middle.
 * 6) Pour cheddar cheese soup in indentation.
 * 7) Bake 1 hour at 350°F.
 * 8) Stand 5 minutes before serving.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Serving suggestion: Cut vertically with metal spatula, which will yield potato, onion, meat, and cheese in every serving.

title: Cookbook:Potato Meat Loaf


text:
Talk:IB Chemistry/Energetics

Sorry i want to introduce myself..

My name is David Corper

I’ve got a question towards your students.

Is it possible to make water freeze by using a diamond disc created by ionizing carbon magnetically driven by two normal aa batteries ?

It could save the world

 * Hi David

 * (I'm not a student but a teacher: mind if I answer?)

 * I'd be very surprised if the answer was anything other than 'No, sorry.' You'd have to give a whole lot more detail for anyone to give a definitive assesment but the vast majority of these desktop world-saving devices turn out to be bogus. See Cold fusion

 * Keep asking the questions! Ewen 10:25, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:IB Chemistry/Energetics


text:
Windows Movie Maker/Capturing video from device

Windows movie maker can directly import video from a mini DV video camera.

 * 1) Connect your video device. Mini DV video cameras can be connected using a FireWire cable. For more on connecting video devices (which usually means video cameras or webcams), see Connecting video devices.
 * 2) Under the TASKS tab, and under CAPTURE VIDEO, click on CAPTURE FROM VIDEO DEVICE.
 * 3) This will bring up a wizard. Follow the instructions. When you choose your video settings, recommended is, well, recommended, because although the quality is fairy low, it takes up a minuscule amount of space. DV-AVI has the best possible quality, as it is uncompressed video. However, this means it takes up a lot of space, memory-wise.
 * 4) Your video will now appear in the form of lots of thumbnails, in the COLLECTIONS space (the main, biggest space in the centre of the screen).


text:
User:Thereen

Hello! My username is Thereen and I am a casual, sporadic editor. I believe in being bold, assuming good intentions, Featured Books, content, structure, Language Projects, and attempting neutrality. I am looking forward to contributing to wikibooks by organizing, splitting, moving, general spiffing up. In short, I like making small changes to produce better free books.

It should be noted that my bias leans "left" on most everything, and while I recognize and try to suppress this bias, it will inform my opinions, actions, edits and interests in ways both subtle and not so subtle.

Gnome-help.svgng Goals

 * Transwikis needing a home: cut from 143 to 100, through inclusion or deletion.
 * Splitting: cut from 229 to 180.
 * Stubs: 465 to 440, through transwiki inclusion, transwiki requests and research.
 * Expansions
 * Attention Needed: 139 to 130, target Costume History, Bartending, Transwikis, etc.
 * Lonely Pages
 * Short Pages

[[Image:Nuvola apps korganizer.png|30px]]Current Interests
Long term projects Other Interests
 * Canadian LGBT History: dewikifying, planning out sections, finding sources.
 * LGBT Young Adult Literature: expansion
 * Introduction to English Literature: expansion, transwiki, images.
 * Canadian History: Needs images, content (transwiki?), re-evaluation.
 * Subject: History (target "freshly started" (read:mostly abandoned) wikibooks)
 * Westward Expansion
 * The Holocaust
 * Feminism (great potential)
 * A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology (renaming, splitting, reorganizing)
 * Patterns Of Screen Writing/User:OrenBochman (an interesting book that should be expanded. Source: Save the Cat?)
 * Homeopathy / Field Remedies / Agriculture / Growing Edible Sprouts / Horticultural Gardening Tips > Horticulture (cleanups, expansions, pictures, potential merging?)
 * Category:Subject:Youth literature (check, expand?)
 * Basic Writing (check)
 * Costume History (pictures, editing) / Corset (expand)
 * French (read, learn, expand vocab section)
 * Bicycles (check, images, expand, organization?) (review)
 * American Sign Language (transwikis, re-organize for growth, expand content, multi-media inclusion)
 * Sexual Health (check, images, include non-hetero information) / Human Sexuality and Gender (read)
 * Parkour (check spelling and grammar, add images, NPOV)
 * LGBT History (World/Canadian/USA/) / American LGBT Literature / American LGBT History

[[Image:Exquisite-backpack.png|35px]]Books to Read
Writing: History of Historical Writing | How to Write a Research Paper in History | How to Write an Essay | Writing a Good Book for Children | Writing a Research Paper | Professional and Technical Writing | Rhetoric and Composition | Writing Better University Essays | Composition | Creative Writing | Urban Calligraphy | Writing Adolescent Fiction | Literary Criticism

Humanities: Debate | Art History | World History | European History | Political Theory | Introduction to Canadian Law | Introduction to English Literature | Political Economy (Expand sections)

Technology: History of Computers | Programming:PHP | Computer Animation | Using Firefox | Linux For Newbies | Algorithms | Internet Technologies | Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python | CSS Programming | MySQL | HTML Programming | Computer programming | Game Design and Programming | PHP and MySQL Programming | Software Engineering | Robotics | Non-nerds Guide to Computers | Teaching Computer Literacy - From the Beginning | PHP and MySQL Programming Misc.: Armour | How To Run A Newspaper | Amateur Radio Manual | Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair | Movie Making Manual | Writing Effective Songs | Origami | Rebuilding Civilization from Scratch | Football (Soccer) | Bookbinding | Study Skills | How to Make a Comic Nineteen Eighty-Four | American Literature (Add Content) | Ancient History (Expand information) | Modern History (Expand information) | History of Technology (Expand content) | AP Computer Science

[[Image:Nuvola apps korganizer.png|30px]] Bookshelf

 * Antiracist Activism for Teachers and Students (chapters created, formatted)
 * Ancient China (split)
 * Pakistani Studies (split, dewikified)

[[Image:Nuvola apps korganizer.png|30px]] Tools
Requests for import - Sandbox - Statistics per Wikibook - User talk:Hethrir (for rewikification)

title: User:Thereen


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Bg5/6...e6/7. f4/7...Qb6/8. Qd2

= Sicilian Defence, Poisoned Pawn Variation = Moves:1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 Qb6 8.Qd2

White allows Black to take the pawn. Having played 7...Qb6, Black should take the pawn now with /8...Qxb2/. If Black radically changes plans and does not take the pawn, White will simply castle queenside (9. 0-0-0), protecting the pawn, and the Black queen will be out of place on b6, it would prefer to be on c7 where it doesn't obstruct the b-pawn.

Theory table
.

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 Qb6 8.Qd2


text:
Windows Movie Maker/Connecting a video device

Webcams are commonly linked up through USB ports.

Mini DV
Mini DV video cameras are linked up to computers via FireWire cables. These come in three varieties:
 * 4 pin/4 pin FireWire cables.jpg
 * 4 pin/6 pin
 * 6 pin/6 pin

Cameras commonly have 4 pin sockets. Computers, however, commonly have 6 pin sockets and laptops sometimes have 4 pin or none!

A laptop with no FireWire ports but a PCMCIA card slot can use a PC card with 2 6-pin FireWire sockets. However, it is more convenient to connect it straight to the computer.


text:
Windows Movie Maker/Organising collections

Navigating the collections
Above the main space in which the thumbnails are viewed is a small rectangular box with the currently viewed collection's title displayed. Clicking on the blue arrow to the right brings down a box with all of the collections names displayed. Clicking on one of the names brings down the corresponding collection.

Creating a new collection
Click on the NEW COLLECTION FOLDER box, the icon of a folder with a red star on it. This new (empty) collection folder will be displayed in the main space, and on the far left a folder will appear in the list with the name NEW FOLDER. NEW FOLDER should be highlighted - then you can enter your collection's new title.

Moving video and audio from collection to collection
Click on the COLLECTIONS tab below HELP. Open the collection which contains the video or audio clip you want to move. Then simply click and drag the thumbnail of your desired clip onto the desired folder on the left of the screen.

Deleting collections
Click on the COLLECTIONS tab to bring up the list of collections, then simply click on the collection you wish to delete and press DELETE on your keyboard.


text:
Windows Movie Maker/Adding audio

Importing audio
Click on the TASKS tab below HELP. Under CAPTURE VIDEO click on IMPORT AUDIO OR MUSIC. Browse for your music or audio, and click IMPORT.

Adding it to the video
Simply drag and drop the thumbnail representing the audio onto the timeline. To move it around, drag it left and right along the timeline while the cursor is in the shape of a hand. You can split and set the volume for individual audio tracks, so if you want to have different parts of the audio louder or quieter you can split the audio into chunks and individually set the volume for each. You can shorten audio by grabbing the end of the audio on the timeline and dragging it when the cursor changes to two red arrows. You can make audio fade in or out, which is useful when it the audio is longer than your video otherwise the music wouldn't end gracefully.

You can also set the volume for video clips' audio. Right click on the bars in the AUDIO row (the added audio/music's row is titled AUDIO/MUSIC).

title: Windows Movie Maker/Adding audio


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...d6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. Bc4

=Petrov's Defence: Cochrane Gambit= White attacks a bit too early. Black has an effective way to block the attack: /5...d5/ (White cannot recapture the pawn without dropping a part of his offensive potential).

Other correct moves (but probably less effective) are /5...Ke8/ and /5...Be6/. In these lines, White can weaken Black position even more.

=Theory Table= .

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nxf7 Kxf7 5. Bc4+'''


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Urban Forestry/Evolution of the City

Evolution of the City and its Forests
During the hunter/gatherer phase of the development of man, there was no one place that was called home. There was only a home range. Trees were part of this range, providing fuel, tools and shelter. When people learned to grow and harvest crops, there was no need to spend hours searching for the next meal. It made sense to live near the fields and orchards. The first permanent shelters were built. We find that people sited these shelters on high points of land to maintain a lookout for danger, on the edge of a forest for shade and shelter from wind, and near water, a staple of life. Does this description sound like a realtor's advertisement -- great view, wooded, lake front property. As food production increased to a level that could support several families, villages formed, where people traded skills for the necessities of life.

These early villages were often built in a manner which shared walls. This reduced the amount of building materials, mitigated some local temperature extremes and the narrow passageways between houses were easily defended. [Kahun, Egypt] is an example of such a city. You will notice that this design left little room for gardens and landscaping.

The walls of the medieval city-states, provided protection for the homes, shops and other necessities that were crowded into them. Vegetation was removed for a distance around the cities so that attackers had less places to hide and fire upon the defenses. This strategy worked well until the advent of gunpowder and long range weapons made the walls themselves obsolete. As the photo in the [accompanying link] point out this was the start of urban sprawl.

It was no longer beneficial to live in a crowded city that could easily be targeted by an enemy. The more spread out people were, the better. With this move to the "suburbs", room became available for gardens and trees. The communion with nature which had existed in the early days, was not available again.

Cities such as Paris, France are good examples of this newer style city. [Streets became wider, park and recreational areas appeared.] This change was brought on for several reasons, besides just aesthetics. The wide streets, laid out like spokes of a wheel allowed for rapid deployment of troops to any part of the city. The promenades along the sides of the boulevards were the place for the Sunday driver, who wanted to slow down to better see the world and be seen, without tying up the through traffic of the city's commerce. There are still people who think that the big city, sprawl and all, is a better idea than having the valuable open spaces of our land cut up into individual lots and hobby farms. Their idea would be more closely modeled to part of Europe, where public lands are available for the people of the city just outside the city limits.

As the world had become flattened and shrunk by technology and the interaction of nations, the ability of a person to work from any place that has a phone line has lead to people bringing their influence into more remote regions of our country. Thomas L. Friedman in his book "The World is Flat" documents the changes that have taken place over the past 50 years to level the playing field for all nations of the world. It also points out ways in which the best is yet to come for the people who are adaptable, like the forests of the world have been for centuries. The cities of the world are changing, the living habits of the population is changing and the challenges placed on all of our forests, by the people of the world, will change too.

Chicago: A Case Study
If we look at the development of the City of Chicago, through a selection of bibliographical materials collected by the Chicago Public Library, we see how this development happened in an American city. Following this description, we will look at what the various issues were that lead to its founding, placement and ultimate development into a large center of population and commerce.

In 1673, the French explorers, Marquette and Joliet first explored the area that would later become the city of Chicago. It was described as an area of swamps and streams. The area was occupied at that time by various Indian tribes. In 1696, Father Francois Pinet, a Jesuit missionary founded the Mission of the Guardian Angel on the site. The mission was abandoned in 1700 when the missionary efforts proved fruitless.

"Little is known about the Chicago area from 1700 until about 1779 when the pioneer settler of Chicago, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, an African American from Sainte-Domingue (Haiti), built the first permanent settlement at the mouth of the river just east of the present Michigan Avenue Bridge on the north bank."

"General Anthony Wayne had defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794, and the ensuing treaty, concluded August 10, 1795, opened most of the present State of Ohio for settlement and named certain tracts in the Indian country to the westward to be used by the United States for forts and portages. One of these was described as 'one piece of land six miles square, at the mouth of the Chicago River, emptying into the southwest end of Lake Michigan.'"

"It was not until 1803 that the War Department ordered the construction of a fort at the mouth of the river. Troops arrived in the area on August 17 and began building shelters and a stockade. A year later, Fort Dearborn, named in honor of the Secretary of War, was completed.

For some years the garrison was peaceful and traders flourished. However, the outbreak of the War of 1812 with Great Britain moved the government to order the evacuation of the fort. The threatening attitude of the Indians led the entire population of the settlement to follow the garrison. After leaving the fort, the evacuees were attacked by Indians and many of the party were massacred and the fort was destroyed. In 1816 the fort was rebuilt and was thereafter occupied by United States troops for twenty-one years. In 1837 it was abandoned but the fort stood until 1856."

"In 1829 the State Legislature appointed a commission to dig a canal connecting Chicago with the Mississippi River by way of the DesPlaines and Illinois rivers and to lay out towns, to sell lots, and to apply the proceeds to the construction of the canal. The canal commissioners employed James Thompson, a civil engineer, to lay out the original town.

"On August 4, 1830, Thompson filed his survey and plat of the town of Chicago in Section 9, Township 39, Range 14, and thus Chicago received its first legal geographic location although the town was not incorporated until three years later."

"On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was incorporated with a population of 350. Incorporation was enabled by an act of the legislature, passed February 12, 1831, which provided that any community of over 150 inhabitants was authorized to incorporate as a town, with limits not to exceed one square mile in extent."

" The name "Chicago" derived from the Indians but it is not known which tribe named the town and many theories have been advanced to explain the origin of the name. One generally accepted is that the name comes from the Indian words for either wild onion or skunk, but some historians believe that the word Chicago denoted 'strong' or 'great.'"

"In 1822, by a grant from Congress, Illinois acquired the right of way across about one hundred miles of public lands from the head of Lake Michigan to LaSalle for canal purposes.

In 1827 Congress donated to the state a quantity of land "equal to one-half of five sections in width (about ninety feet), on each side of the canal, reserving each alternate section to the United States from one end of the canal to the other." The state legislature passed the canal bill in 1823.

On July 4, 1836, ground was broken at Lockport and at Bridgeport and construction was finished in April, 1848, at an entire expense of $6,170,226. The city council of Chicago donated $2,500,000 in 1865 to deepen the canal to increase the current and dispose of city sewage. Deepening was completed in 1871 and after the great fire of that same year the state legislature refunded the money to the city." The canal, the last great canal constructed in the US, ceased to be used in 1933.  Much of it lies under the current Stevenson Expressway.

"The first railroad constructed out of Chicago, the Galena and Chicago Union, was chartered January 16, 1836, to connect Chicago with the lead mines at Galena." " The railroad and the canal were vital in the development of Chicago and the population of the city tripled in the six years after the opening of the canal. Eventually other railroads were built and Chicago became the largest railroad center in the world."

"Structures in early Chicago were built directly upon the swampy ground a few feet above the lake level. Neither cellars nor sewers were possible. Vehicles were constantly mired in the muddy and unhealthful streets.

In 1852 a Drainage Commission was incorporated by the legislature. The city council in 1855 and 1856 adopted resolutions ordering that the grades throughout the city be raised to a height which would insure proper drainage. The new grade ordered the street levels and buildings lifted bodily to heights varying from four feet to seven feet above the low water level of the river as adopted by canal trustees in 1847. For street grading, mud and sand from the river bed, as well as any other materials that could be had, were used and the streets began to rise above the level of the country like levees along a river.

George M. Pullman, who had solved similar problems along the Erie Canal, engineered much of the lifting of early Chicago buildings. Buildings were jacked up and a foundation built under them without interrupting the occupancy of the building. By 1858 the city had succeeded in raising itself out of the mud. Early paving on the newly raised streets consisted first of planking; later macadam, wooden blocks, and paving stones were used."

" The Plan of Chicago was a work formally undertaken by the Merchants Club in 1906 and continued by the merged Commercial and Merchants Clubs, known as the Commercial Club of Chicago.

The Plan of Chicago proposed the moral up-building and physical beautification of Chicago, which included better living conditions for all people, reclaiming the lake front for the public, increasing the park areas and public playgrounds, and a scientific development of the arteries between the different sections of the city." " Daniel Hudson Burnham, world renowned architect and resident of Chicago, took charge of the details of the plan." "...the public accepted Burnham's proposals for the reclamation of the lake front and park lands, the creation of the green belt of forest preserves, and the straightening of the Chicago River."

In 1900, the Sanitary and Ship canal was completed to reverse the flow of the Chicago river and carry sewage to the Illinois river rather than Lake Michigan. This was the first of several canals constructed for this purpose.

The above information contains quotes from a Chicago Public Library website.

Looking back at this information on the development of Chicago, what do you notice as trends that lead to its current makeup? How did things like location, transportation, and commerce affect both Chicago and your hometown? What do you know about the town that you grew up in or are currently working in? How was it named? Who founded it? Why is it where it is? How do these factors affect our attitudes toward the city and nature? We will find that each of these questions will play a part in the formulation of your urban forestry management plan in the future.

title: Urban Forestry/Evolution of the City


text:
User:Tannersf/The Middle East: 1900-2007 - outline

This is my plan for a wikibook about the Middle East.

Please provide feedback and suggestions to me about this possible Wikibook. If it gets alot of feedback, I will start to make it. Add your name under Comments if you would like this book.

=Outline= Scope of book: a religious history textbook with a bit of economics and politics. Audience of book: anyone 15+ years old, very advanced 12-15 year olds.

 * Introduction - these are possible sections
 * Birthplace of Three Religions
 * The Splendor of Islam
 * A First Clash of Cultures
 * A Great War Creates A New Middle East
 * Birth of a Nation
 * A New Age of Oil
 * The Rise of Islamism
 * Stuck In The Middle

Fast Facts
 * The World of Islam
 * Important figures of the Middle East
 * Glossary of terms used in this book.

Peoples and Faiths of the Middle East

 * The Paradox of Islam
 * Division of the Faithful
 * Women in Islam
 * The Terrorists
 * The Impacts of Oil

 * The Christians
 * The Saudis
 * The Egyptians
 * The Israelis
 * The Palestinians
 * The Lebanese
 * The Syrians
 * The Jordanians
 * The Iraqis
 * The Iranians
 * The Kurds
 * The Turks
 * The Afghans
 * The Gulf States

History of the Modern Middle East
 * 1919- WWI creates new nations
 * 1923- Ataturk modernizes Turkey
 * 1948- Birth of Israel
 * 1953- A U.S. coup in Iran
 * 1956- A man, a plan, a canal: Suez
 * 1964- Enter the P.L.O.
 * 1967- The 6-day war
 * 1970- Jordan's Black September
 * 1972- Terror at the Olympics
 * 1973- The Yom Kippur War and The Arab Oil Embargo
 * 1978- Breakthrough at Camp David
 * 1979- Iran leads an Islamic uprising and the Soveiets invade Afghanistan
 * 1980- Iran and Iraq's 8-Year War starts
 * 1981- Israel takes out Saddam's nukes and Sadat assassinated
 * 1982- Israel invades Lebanon
 * 1983- The U.S. Barracks Bombing
 * 1986- The U.S. bombs Libya
 * 1987- The Palestinian Intifadeh
 * 1988- Saddam attacks the Kurds and the 8-Year War ends
 * 1989- Bin Laden becomes Jihad's boss
 * 1991- Operation Desert Storm
 * 1993- Oslo accords
 * 1995- Rabin is assassinated
 * 1996- Triumph of the Taliban
 * 1998- The US embassy attacks
 * 2000- Intifadeh, Round Two and Al-Qaeda attacks the U.S.S. Cole
 * 2001- America Under Assault - 9/11 and the US topples the Taliban
 * 2003- The Fall of Saddam and the meltdown in Iraq starts
 * 2005- Murder in Lebanon, new day for Gaza and Iran's new leader
 * 2006- Hamas Wins the polls, Israel and Hizballah go to war

=Comments=

 * Two questions. Give them thought.
 * The meltdown in Iraq ended? When?
 * What is the scope? A political textbook? A religious textbook? An economic textbook? An epistemoligcal textbook?
 * Who is the audience? High school? Undergraduate students? Someone else?
 * (That was actually three questions. :) Cheers, Iamunknown 02:02, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

I have to say that history of the Middle East is not in 1910s to now, it actually came back to the Crusades where Saladin and the Christian Crusades began battling over the control of Jerusalem and the Middle East. Rakuten06 20:34, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah; but a Wikibook on the Middle East from 1900-2007 should not include the Crusades :-p --Dragontamer 10:41, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds like an excellent suggestion for a Wikibook. Can I suggest something that I've noticed about some of the Wikibooks regarding history: that instead of merely duplicating and lengthening what could already be found on Wikipedia, it might be excellent to include source documents, both primary and secondary (not sure quite how to obtain these and use them under Wiki license) as well as including questions and analysis...Good luck and if you need any help don't hesitate to ask! Tommciver 10:28, 27 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
Using POSper/Equipment Configuration/Installing RXTX

NOTE
Starting from version 0.0.21 rxtx as well as Java comm is included in every release. So there is no need to perform the instructions on this page, unless you know what you are doing.

Installing RXTX
Its very easy to install RXTX, first you need to download the latest binaries from http://www.rxtx.org in the downloads section you will find the 2.1 release with the following file convention:

Windows
rxtx-2.x-x-bins-x.zip (Final)

The (Final) version is the latest stable build.

Open this Zip file and:

copy rxtxSerial.dll into your \bin\ folder and then copy RXTXcomm.jar into your \lib\ext\ folder.

Where  could be: For Windows XP [Spanish]: c:\archivos de programa\ For Windows XP [English]: c:\program files\

Linux
Follow the instructions from this page: http://wass.homelinux.net/howtos/Comm_How-To.shtml


text:
Cookbook:Waffles

| Breakfast Waffle Recipe

Ingredients

 * 1 tablespoon white granulated sugar
 * 1 tablespoon baking powder
 * 1½ cups (360 ml) milk
 * ½ cup (120 ml) vegetable oil
 * 1 teaspoon salt
 * 2 eggs, separated
 * 1¾ cups (420 ml) flour

Procedure

 * 1) Lightly brush grids of waffle iron with oil, close waffle iron, and preheat according to manufacturer's directions.
 * 2) In small bowl, beat egg whites until stiff (but not dry) and set aside.
 * 3) In large bowl, beat egg yolks until thick and lemon-colored.
 * 4) Continue beating, adding milk and oil.
 * 5) Add dry ingredients, beat until smooth, and fold in egg whites.
 * 6) Pour 1 cup (240 ml) of batter on heated grid, close unit and cook according to manufacturer's directions.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Spread ¾ cup (180 ml) batter, then quickly cover surface of batter with thinly sliced apples. Close cover and cook as usual.

title: Cookbook:Waffles


text:
User talk:Fish~enwikibooks

Personal Welcome
Hi Chris,

Glad to see you've created an account.

Jim Thomas 03:36, 24 December 2006 (UTC) Oh, here's the "standard" welcome message:

Standard Welcome
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fish. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fish~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:12, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fish~enwikibooks


text:
User:Dragontamer/Self-research notes on LaTeX

LaTeX
LaTeX is a turing complete typesetting language built on top of the TeX typesetting language by Knuth. If I were to go make a pdf, I'd try LaTeX first... When I am no longer lazy of course.

LaTeX Listings, a pretty printer package for programming languages -> LaTeX. That document shows what LaTeX can output... in its default. Personally, I hate the default LaTeX spits out, so I will change it if I make a pdf for a wikibook.

More info

Creating new Style files, yes! No more uber-plain default stuff!

L33t stuff I've gotta learn eventually...


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sleeping bags

Aside from the 3 main shapes of the bag listed below, a more important issue is what is in the bag and how it is stitched. The warmer bags are feather filled (duck down) and the bags are rated by a weight ratio. Other bags have synthetic fiber, also rated by a weight ratio.

Good bags will show either 3 or 4 season or may give an outside temperature value they would keep you warm in. Some bags are rather large and hard to get into your pack. There are now better more compact bags available.

 * Storing your bag: Do not leave it squashed into its outer bag. Hang it up on a hanger to let the bag breathe when not in use.

The rectangular sleeping bag is probably the most common, and are popular for light use. They are not suitable for backpacking because they provide the least amount of warmth and the most amount of weight. As the name implies, they are rectangle-shaped. While this makes them comfortable and roomy, the wide opening near the top is a major source of heat loss. Unlike a mummy bag it does not have a hood that can be drawn around the head to retain heat.
 * Rectangular:

The mummy bag is shaped like a sarcophagus. It is narrow at the feet (but tall there to allow just enough room for the feet), tapers at the waist, widens again at the shoulders, and then tapers down near the head. The top is very much like the hood of a winter coat, complete with drawstrings to close up the gap and keep heat in. Because they conform so well to the human shape, there is very little wasted space inside. This is good because your body has to heat all that space, and because the extra insulation and material thusly removed does not have to be carried (meaning it's lighter).
 * Mummy Bag:

The barrel bag is a modified mummy bag. It is roomier than the mummy bag and provides almost the same warmth at the cost of additional weight.
 * Barrel Bag:

|


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sleeping pads

Sleeping pads can perform two main functions:
 * 1) Provide cushioning
 * 2) Provide insulation between the sleeper and the ground.

Air mattresses are inflatable cushions that can provide a lot of comfort when it comes to sleeping on the ground. Unfortunately, they are not very warm as they provide next to no insulation beneath the sleeper. This may not be an issue, though it is well worth knowing.
 * Air mattresses:

Open-cell foam is a type of foam padding that is sometimes found in furniture cushions or even in regular mattresses. It is lightweight - though somewhat bulky. Its chief disadvantage is that it soaks up water like a sponge.
 * Open-cell foam pads:

Closed-cell foam makes the ideal sleeping pad. The closed cells do not soak up water. They are lightweight, comfortable, and compact. Often they are only half an inch (12 mm) thick, so they can be rolled into a small tube and strapped to a backpack. They also serve as an excellent thermal barrier between the sleeper and the ground.
 * Closed-cell foam pads:

|


text:
Uim

About
This book documents the uim input method framework; installation, setup and usage.

/Introduction/
Here you will find a description of uim and its design along with a comparison to a few alternatives. The page also lists a some related software.

{|
 * style="vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.2px;" width="50%" |

/Installation/
Currently, this page only describes installation from source. For distribution specific instructions, please refer to your package manager's documentation.

/Setup/
Your system must be set up correctly to redirect keyboard input through respective bridges to uim. Furthermore uim must be told which input method to use, and you can optionally set up a toolbar.
 * style="vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.2px;" |

/Usage/

 * Basic usage.
 * Keyboard control.
 * Toolbar control of the active conversion engine and its various modes.
 * Creating user defined dictionaries.

/Configuration/

 * Graphical tools
 * Text files
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |

/Support/

 * /FAQs/
 * /Troubleshooting/
 * Mailing list
 * Requesting features and reporting bugs

/Manuals/

 * }

Appendices

 * /Glossary/

title: Uim