text:
Piano/Chords (and pop examples)

In elementary piano, the left hand (lower notes) typically plays chords, while the right hand plays the melody. If you're playing pop or rock and singing, you might want to play the chords with the right hand and the bass note of each chord with the left hand.

The first chord to learn is C Major. (Major chords tend to sound cheerful while minor chords may sound sad or cool -- this varies, though,depending on context.)

Now move the top two notes up by one key each: this is F Major:

[Notice that the chord is composed of three notes, C, F, and A. While this is still a F Chord, it is not in it's "natural" state. C Major, is composed of C, E, and G and has a normal, 5, 3, 1 left hand finger pattern. This chord is in its "natural" state, the state of not being inverted. This means that we take the degrees or 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of the scale to compose the chord. Whenever a chord follows the pattern that C Major does, it is a regular chord. F Major, which follows a different pattern, is called an inverted chord (second inversion). Every chord has 3 different patterns. The regular pattern, which looks like the C Major chord above. 1st Inversion (not shown) means that the first note of the chord, (for example, let's use the C Major chord, in which the first note is C) goes to the top of the pattern (So you play, with finger 5, E, finger 3, G, and finger 1, C.) Second inversion, which looks like F or G Major, involves putting the next note (still using the C chord, E in this case) on top of your fingering pattern (played finger 5, G, finger 2, C and finger 1, E). Using inversions helps you to play chords quicker without having to constantly move your hand. Take note, though, that different inversion produce different sounds, so pick the one that is best for your situation.]

You can play a surprising number of songs with just these two chords!

Now move all three notes up: G Major:

Practice moving between C major, F major, and G major -- you can combine them in lots of ways. Most pop songs, and many rock songs, rely on these chords heavily. See if you can figure out "If I Had a Million Dollars":

C     G             F                           C If I had a million dollars (If I had a million dollars) G            F                           C I'd buy  you   a house  (I would buy   you a house)

Keep in mind that when playing the C chord, for example, you don't have to play the c below the e below the g -- you can put them in whatever order you want, perhaps playing the g an octave below, then the c, then the e.

Now that you have A minor (take a C Major chord, and move the top note up), you can play a good proportion of pop tunes. Green Day's When I Come Around is a canonical example -- it's nothing but a repeating loop: C Major, G Major, A Minor, F Major, then back to C Major.

C         G                A min   F Well I heard you crying loud All the way   across    town

Here are some other chords, for reference:

 * Bb (B-flat) Major: Bb   D  F
 * Eb Major: Eb   G  Bb
 * D Minor: D   F  A
 * E Minor: E   G   B
 * D Major: D   F#  A
 * E Major: E   G#  B
 * A Major: A   C#  E

==How to learn Chorley

A solid understanding of scales will make learning new chords easier. Check out the section on Scales for further information. A basic major chord is formed from what is called a triad. A triad is the first, third, and fifth notes in a scale (eg. the C chord = C, E, G). Therefore, if you know the scale, you can easily learn a new chord from playing those three notes of the chord. Minor chords are played in a similar manner. Play the first, third, and fifth notes, but take the third note and drop it one half step (a half step is one key, including black keys, so Cm would be C, Eb, G). This is a minor chord. If you also have been paying attention to some of the information on the sections that discussed intervals you can also have an alternate way of creating chords without needing to use the scale.

Advanced Chord Structures
Sometimes, when looking at chords, you will see something that looks like C7, Cmaj7 or Cdim, etc. (by the way, it does not have to be a C chord) These chords (all chords, in fact) are based around the triad that we talked about earlier. to play a 7th chord, simply play the seventh note in the scale (with the triad), but drop it by one half step. To play the major 7th is even easier. All you have to do for a Maj7 is to play the seventh along with the original triad. a diminished (dim) chord is a bit more difficult to learn at first, but will soon become second nature. To play a diminished chord, play the triad, but instead of playing the second and third normally, play the second as you would in a minor chord (dropped one half step) and also play the fifth dropped one half step. Think of it as a "minor minor" chord. Also, a diminished chord is often played with a sixth (eg. Cdim = C, Eb, Gb, A). There are many other types of chords which will be discussed a bit later. A diminished chord can be derived from the fact that it is compressed between a frame of two intervals in which there is a third minor and there is a diminished 5th involved. Diminished 5th, diminished chord. This is a good way to recognize chords by ear when played separately or when you know most of your intervals by ear. There are other types of chords that are a bit easier to construct, such as the augmented one. It is called Augmented because the augmented interval is the 5th. So for example, in the c major scale, the regular pattern for this chord would be the notes c, e and g#.

To summarize:

Practicing Chords
Learning chords are good for memorizing, sight-reading and helps you to learn theory. They're helpful in improvisation too.

1. By now, you have hopefully learned what diminished, augmented, minor and major chords are and how they are built. If you have, that's great! If not, please scroll back up and review.

2. The chords in the following steps should be played in both hands at the same time in root position. Always say the name of the chord before playing the chord.

3. On every note of the chromatic scale play major, minor, diminished and augmented chord. Example: C-major, C-minor, C-diminished, C-augmented. Then go to C# and do the same and continue to the next C. Then descend.

4. When going up, black key chords are sharps (#) and when going down they are flats (b).

5. Do this every day; it takes only few minutes.

6. When you can do this easily, practice with your eyes closed. Try to feel the groups of three and two black keys. Speed is not your goal now: Just feel those chords. You don't have time when sightreading to look for chords.

7. Add a bit of fun to the style you practice. Try getting songs that use the chords you know and play along with the songs. its a great way to practice.

8. It may seem that this is boring work. It is, that's why you are doing it only few minutes a day. In a half year you will know about chords more than most people who have been playing for several years.

9. When you have learned most common chords, that's it. Later, only when you need to, you can learn the rarer chords.

=An alternative way= 1. Do you know where the F is? It's on the left side of three black keys. Play it with your pinky of left hand.

2. Play A with your middle finger and C with your thumb. What you play (assuming you haven't stopped playing the F) is called the F major chord. This chord only has white keys in it. Memorize this and all the other chords that we deal with. Don't progress too quickly, spend some time with every step.

3. Move the pattern up so that you play the C with your pinky. This is the C-major chord.

4. Move up to G, and play the G-major chord. By now you have mastered the major chords that only have white keys. Try playing a simple song in C-major using only using these chords. It may not sound the greatest piece in the world, but on some very useful level it works really well. You can even improvise on these three chords. A tip: use only white notes for the melody. Please, use some time to play with these chords.

5. Next we're going to master the chords with one black key in the middle. Put your pinky on the D, but this time put your middle finger on the F#. This is the D-major chord. Continue to A and E and repeat.

6. The next chord, B-major has two black keys: D# and F#. Play B with fifth finger, D# with third finger and F# with thumb.

7. The next chord is the only one that has three black keys: the F#-major. It also has double personality: it's also a Gb-major. Can you play the chord with out any guidance? Excellent. The major chords have a special pattern: The root note (played with your left hand's pinky), then three keys between the next note (middle finger), then two keys between (thumb).

8. Db-major, Ab-major and Eb-major have two black keys. The white key is in the middle.

9. Bb-major has a black key followed by two white keys. You have now mastered all the major chords. All the others are just variation of it.

10. To create minor chords, simply lower the middle note by one key. To create C-minor from C-major, play Eb instead of E.

11. To create diminished chords, lower the upper note of minor chords by one key.

12. To create augmented chords, raise the upper note of major chords by one key.

Pop examples
Like most rhythms that are out there, pianists always have their job. For most pop, a sustain pedal is used. The sustain pedal on a regular piano is usually the one to the rightmost side of the set of the (two or one) other pedal(s). For most of the pop songs the piano uses a passive style, in which you usually play a chord like this: (left hand): C. (right hand) c, e, g two times, before moving on to a different chord. add a bit of playing to your style. you can use the pedal, pressing it when you play the chord, and releasing it as soon as you play a different chord, then pressing it before you release the keys. This is why piano involves coordinated (feet) and hands. You can also try a bit of syncopation, in which you might play the chords with your left hand and then with your right hand, both chords not at the same time but one after the other. The faster you do it the more coordination you are going to have to use. Now that you have hopefully experimented a bit with these styles, lets move out onto something else.

Practicing chord changes and chord inversions
As you might have been reading above, you don't really need to move your hands much when accompanying. Try doing this simple exercise to practice chord inversions and chord changes:

Left and right hands play the same chords, either syncopated or together, the choice is yours. Note: you can play and discover many inversions that you have never thought off before. People who have been playing for a long time have a lot of incidental but awesome discoveries like this one almost daily!
 * start with the c major chord in the natural or fundamental state (c, e, g)
 * In this case, we will raise the g to an a to form an A minor chord with first inversion (c, e, a).
 * next we will move the root and the middle notes up by a key so that we play a d minor chord in its natural state (d, f, a)
 * finally for this round, we move the upper two notes (f and a) to be g and b, so that we obtain a second inversion of the g chord.

Practice this round until you are finally ready for the next one. If you can play these chords maybe at the speed of every half a second per each one, then you can move on to the next round.

 * the c major chord is played in first inversion (left hand: e5, g3, c1; right hand: e1, g2, c5)
 * next, the middle note moves up a step and we end up with a second inversion of the a minor chord--cool huh? and it doesn't here! (left hand: E5, a2, c1; right hand: e1, a3, c5)
 * next, we move our root and last note up, so that we obtain a minor d chord in its first state (left hand: f5, a3, d1; right hand: f1, a3, d5)
 * finally, we move our root and middle note up, so that we play the g major chord in a natural state as well. The fingering for this chord is the same as the one for c major in natural state.

Alright, we are almost through the three rounds of chords which mean 3 chord inversions! if you practice these two I am sure you will be more than ready for the next round.

 * we will then move from the g major chord the two upper notes, so that b and d become c and e and we get a c major chord in its second inversion (left hand: g5, c2, e1; right hand: g1, c3, e5)
 * next, we just move our root up, from g to a, getting an a minor chord in natural state (left hand: a5, c3, e1; right hand: a1, c3, e5)
 * then we will just move the middle and last note up, so that we get a d chord in its second inversion (left hand: a5, d2, f1; right hand: a1, d3, f5)
 * at last, we move the first and last notes so that we have a g major chord in its first inversion (left hand: b5, d3, g1; right hand: b1, d2, g5)

Ok, now that you have all of these three rounds practice them all in one. That means, you will start with the natural inversion for the c chord and end at the first inversion of the g chord. If you have done the three rounds, keep going up. It wouldn't sound that great like it did at the beginning. repeat the exercise until you are comfortable with it. Have fun--add different styles to it if you can play with rhythm. If you are brave enough or want to experiment even more, use your left hand to play these chords only and make up a melody (with the white keys only) to improvise.

Chord progressions
This as you might have noticed is a chord progression. Chord progressions as you can easily deduce that they are "circles" of chords (or harmonic circles) which are played over and over during a song. This is what makes up many of the catchy tunes you might hear. This chord progression has the notation I-VI min. II-min. V. What this all means is characterized by roman numerals. as you might notice, the scale has numbers from 1 to 7. So in the c major scale we start with the c major chord (which is the number I, or also known as tonic) and then we go onto the 6th note of the scale by having an a major chord (VI min.) Note: Min. or Maj. usually follow the roman numeral. Then we go on with a second minor chord (d minor, II in.) and finally we end with the 5th grade or note on the scale (g major, V). Usually, the progressions are hyphenated like this. A really common chord progression which is a jazz one but also used in many songs regardless of genre or style is I-IV-v (c, f, and g major chords in the scale of c). Sometimes they might be in this order or in different orders. There are different progressions to specific styles.

Pop chord progressions
In a vast variety of pop songs, the following progression is used (often known as the "four chords"): I - V - VI min - IV

C, G, A minor and F.

Folk chord progressions
In folk, there are two major and distinguished progressions. The major chord progression is as follows: I - IV - ♭VII - I

C, F, B♭ and C again. Note that all these chords are major. For the minor progression there is a slightly different chord. i - ♭VI - ♭VII - i. So, the chords on the c minor scale would be the following: c, A♭, B♭ and c. There are many other progression like this but for now I suggest you practice these and stick to them. Who knows, they might come in handy some time.

Adapting Piano Chords for the Keyboard
Piano chords can also be played on an electronic keyboard. In order to have fluent chord playing with the Left Hand the notes of the chords are rearranged (see chord inversions above) to be played between the notes F and F. In the key of C Major, the three chords C, F and G would be played in these inversions C (5G 2C 1E), F(4A 2C 1F) and G (5G 3B 1D). Practice playing the chords using these fingerings. Once you have learned the three basic chords Am (4A 2C 1E) and Dm (4A 2D 1F)can be added. The G chord could be extended to G7 (5F, 4G, 2B 1D). You will be able to play many tunes and songs with knowing just these basic chords.

title: Piano/Chords (and pop examples)


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Piano/Scales

=The scales and the piano=

There are many different scales in music, from pentatonic scales ("oriental" sounding scales) to major scales which are more common in Western music.

Why Learn the Scales?
Learning the scales is like learning the ABC's when learning to read: not so exciting, and it doesn't get a lot of practical use in everyday life, but trying to learn piano without learning the scales is like trying to learn to read without first learning the alphabet. It can be done, but the "shortcut" only winds up handicapping a novice player. The counter-argument has been made that the scales mainly use fingers 123, which are already technically strong compared to fourth and fifth fingers, which are weak because of anatomical limitations. This argument's weakness, however, is in realizing that the purpose of learning and practicing scales has little or nothing to do with strengthening fingers 1,2, and 3 - although this is a pleasant benefit. Practicing scales with rigid tempo and in a legato (connected) style helps lay the foundations of rhythm and fluidity of motion.

The scales are essential, because 99% of music is built on them. One can find the scales, or portions thereof, in songs of every complexity, from the simplest one-note rendition of "Mary Had a Little Lamb" to the complicated classical pieces and even almost all modern songs.

When one plays the melody of "Mary had a little lamb" in C major, you can be pretty sure that it doesn't have a wild bluesy part with a lot of black keys. OK, we exaggerated a bit, but we were still very very close. Try to play "Mary had a little lamb" on black keys only. You can make it, and when you can do it, you probably can do it forever. It's easy to remember to only use black keys after all. Conclusion: Scales are very good help in memorizing. If you remember the key of your piece, memorizing eases.

When you try to play some piece by ear, and you have figured out that it is in major key, the rest will come a lot easier. You will now know that the black keys aren't the first candidates for the right notes, if you want to play it in C major. Or if it sounds bluesy, you will presumably need some "blue notes", which you can always find in blues scales (there are various). Conclusion: Knowledge of scales is good for playing by ear.

When you play in parties, and you've finished your highly virtuosic piece and everybody is fascinated by your playing (the situation is fictional, it doesn't happen for real), somebody brings to you sheet music for some piece. But then you see, it has six(!) flats. This is no problem for you, because you instantly know it's either Gb major or Eb minor and what the black and white keys are. And then everybody at the parties considers you as a miracle. Conclusion: Knowledge of scales is absolutely essential for sight reading.

What scales are
In music, a scale is a set of musical notes in order by pitch, either ascending or descending. Western music is divided into whole and half steps. A half step is the distance from one note to the very next note, including black keys. For example, D to D#, Ab to G, or B to C. A whole step is two half steps. For example C to D, E to F#, or Ab to Bb. ALL SCALES RELY ON WHOLE AND HALF STEPS!

If you play any C and play all the white keys up to the next C, you have played the C major scale ascending. Do it backwards and you have played it descending. The scale you have played has a special pattern, what makes it sound major. It's 1-1-½-1-1-1-½. 1 stands for a whole step and ½ for a half step. Try to use 1-1-½-1-1-1-½ for every possible key; it always works; it creates a major sounding scale. Resorting the order of whole and half steps creates different sounding scales -- different modes -- as can be seen below.

Playing C major's relative minor A minor, just start from A and play all the keys up to next A. This scale is actually A natural minor scale. The notes and their order are the same, the start and end point is different. Then start from some other key than A or C. This scale isn't major or minor, it's another mode. Major and natural minor are, in fact, just different modes of each other. In the table below are all the modes. Don't memorize, if you don't want to, the only reason they're there is to help you to understand what minor and major really are. Major and minor just "killed" other modes. But, for example, phrygian mode is still used in flamenco, and all of the modes are used in modal jazz.

Why do major and minor sound so different? Why are the major and minor modes used so much more than the others? The answer lies in chords. So called I IV V chords in major are all major chord. In C major they are I = C major, IV = F major and V = G major. In A minor they are i = A minor, iv = D minor and v = E minor. Note: the roman numerals for minor chords are lower case. The other modes are more odd. You can harmonise many pieces using only I, IV, V or i, iv, v. Or improvise on them: just play something only using the notes of the scale and its I, IV, or V. If anything feels confusing, visit Ricci Adam's Musictheory.net. It's a free site with easy to follow animations.

Each scale degree has a name. I is called tonic, II is supertonic, III is mediant, IV is subdominant, V is dominant, VI is submediant, VII is leading tone. For example, in the key of C Major, if you are referring to the G note, which is the fifth scale degree, you would call it the "dominant."

Table of scaledegrees: I      - Tonic         - First (and most important) note of the scale II     - Supertonic    - Second note of the scale III    - Mediant       - Third note of the scale IV     - SubDominant   - Fourth (and third most important) note of the scale V      - Dominant      - Fifth (and second most important) note of the scale VI     - Sub Mediant   - Sixth note of the scale VII    - Leading Tone  - Seventh note of the scale (VIII)I - Upper Tonic  - First (and most important) note of the scale

The different minors
The difficulty with natural minor scales lies in the fact that there is a whole step between the 7th and 8th notes in the scale. The 7th note in the major scale gives a very strong sense of leading to the final pitch, a desire to 'resolve' the sound back at the root (tonic) pitch, since there is only a half-step between them. But the natural minor scale does not contain that. The harmonic minor scale includes a raised, or form of the 7th scale degree. So in our example in A minor, the 7th scale degree would be raised from G natural to G sharp (# is the symbol for the term 'sharp'.

But doing this added a new difficulty--the distance between the 6th and 7th scale degrees was now more than a whole-step (the musical term for this distance or interval is an 'augmented second'). This sound was not pleasing to composers, and it can be difficult to sing as well, so a new minor scale, the melodic minor, was introduced, which involved raising both the 6th and 7th scale degrees as you ascend (move up in pitch from lower to higher tones), which shortened the distance of that unusual interval back to something more common and easier to sing. However, when you are descending (moving from higher pitch to lower pitch), it is not necessary to have the 6th and 7th scale degrees raised, since you are not leading immediately into the tonic pitch. So, using our example, the A melodic minor scale would be as follows: (ascending) A-B-C-D-E-F#-G#-A (descending) G natural-F natural-E-D-C-B-A. You may also notice then that the melodic minor scale (ascending) only differs from the corresponding Major scale on the third scale degree: A Major includes C#, whereas A melodic minor includes C natural.

List of things to practice with scales
All major scales, harmonic minor scales, melodic minor scales and natural minor scales (natural not so important):

Hands together, hands separately, four octaves, two octaves, ascending, descending, ascending and descending, stacatto, legato, tenuto, crescendoing, decrescending, softly and loudly and everything between, rhythmic variations, contrary and similar motions.

Fingerings for the major and minor scales
Few different schools exists (in no particular order):

1. Always use fourth finger on the black key. (More specifically: fourth finger on Bb with the right hand, and fourth finger on Gb with the left hand.)

2. "Orthodox" Hanon-fingering

3. Same fingering to every scale

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Piano/Scales


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User:Mijokijo

Hello, and congratulations on the "How to Build An Excellent Wikibook Teaching Foreign Languages" Wikibook. However, you may consider moving it to your user page (that is, moving to "User:Mijokijo/How to Build An Excellent Wikibook Teaching Foreign Languages), as this project is probably more of a personal project than a Wikibook. (This, of course, doesn't mean we can't get it colloborated on).

On another note, what languages do you speak? As a fellow interested Wikibookian I am concerned about the state of some foreign language Wikibooks (I've written a substantial part of the Portuguese Wikibook. However, some books like French are almost stagnant. If you are interested in helping me with some of these books, then please leave a note on my talk page. Once again, well done on your critique of foreign language Wikibooks. Much to ponder! Cheers - Serge 08:27, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Mijokijo


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Openbravo POS/Installation guide

Install java
openbravo POS is an application developed in java and to execute it you will need the Sun Java Runtime Environment 1.4.2 or greater.

On Windows
You can install Java from Sun's website

On Ubuntu
Ensure to have the multiverse repository activated and type sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jre sun-java6-fonts

Download and unpack openbravo POS
Download the last version of the binary package of LibrePOS from Sourceforge, open it with your favourite decompresser and extract all the files to an empty folder.

Run it!
In windows execute the file "start.bat", in Linux execute "start.sh" to make sure everything is running correctly. openbravo POS should display a warning alerting that it has found an empty database. Click OK to create the database structure necessary to run LibrePOS.

At this point you should decide whether you want to run LibrePOS on the built-in HSQLDB engine or, alternatively Database_configuration|use the MySQL or PostgreSQL databases

Database configuration
LibrePOS supports four database engines: HSQLDB, MySQL, PostgreSQL and Oracle

LibrePOS uses HSQLDB by default for data storage. HSQLDB is bundled with the binary package of LibrePOS and offers an advantage in that it doesn't have to be configured. However, a lot of users choose other relational databases for performance or reliability.

To configure the database go to the configuration panel or run the file "configuration.bat" in windows or "configuration.sh" in linux. Please be aware that once you restart LibrePOS, it will tell you that your database is empty and will offer you to create tables for your new database. This is normal. Click the 'yes' button to allow LibrePOS to create the tables for you (In LibrePOS version 0.0.24 there should be 26 tables).

The properties related to the database configuration are:

On Windows
Download MySQL server (essentials package recommended) and install it.

Download MySQL Connector/J, unzip the contents and place it in the same folder where LibrePOS resides.

Alternatively you can install all-in-one packages that include also Apache, PHP and phpMyAdmin like WAMP Server or XAMPP

On Ubuntu
Activate the universe repository and do sudo apt-get install mysql-server libmysql-java You can also install phpMyAdmin sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin php5 Connector/J is on /usr/share/java/mysql.jar. You can copy or link it to LibrePOS' folder

Usage
Create a user and a database. You can check MySQL documentation An example of a database configuration using MySQL as database engine is:

Driver library: mysql-connector-java-3.1.6-bin.jar Driver class: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver URL: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/tinapos User: yourname Password: yourhost

PostgreSQL
To use LibrePOS with PostgreSQL you must have a PostgreSQL server running and the JDBC driver for PostgreSQL.

On Windows
Download the server and get the JDBC 3 driver according to your version

On Ubuntu
Ensure you have the universe repository activated and do sudo apt-get install postgresql-8.2 libpg-java You can also install administrators like pgAdmin3 or phpPgAdmin sudo apt-get install pgadmin3 sudo apt-get install phppgadmin php5 php5-pgsql The JDBC lib is on /usr/share/java/postgresql.jar. You can copy or link it to LibrePOS' folder

Usage
After the database server is installed and running you have to create an empty database for LibrePOS and a database user with privileges to connect to this database. You can check PostgreSQL documentation

An example of a database configuration using PostgreSQL as database engine is: Driver library: postgresql-8.0.309.jdbc3.jar Driver class: org.postgresql.Driver URL: jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/tinapos User youruser Password: youpass

Oracle
Download and install Oracle XE and the JDBC Driver

Usage
An example of database configuration is Driver library: ojdbc14.jar Driver class: oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver URL: jdbc:oracle:tinapos:@localhost User youruser Password: youpass

title: Openbravo POS/Installation guide


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Openbravo POS/Introduction

LibrePOS is a point of sale system for retail trade. Supports ESC/POS ticket printers, customer displays and barcode scanners.

LibrePOS uses a relational database as its persistant storage. HSQLDB is used by default but MySQL, Oracle and PostgreSQL are also supported.

The system is internationalised and currently supports Spanish, English, German, Portuguese and Italian. Other languages can be added easily.

It allows for the creation of multiple user accounts. Accounts are assigned roles in order to determine their capabilities. You can have as many roles as you need, but the default ones are Administrator, Manager, User and Guest

The main application window is focused on the sales operation. The interface is designed to operate with a touchscreen so that a keyboard and mouse are not required for normal operation. On the other hand, it is possible to interact fully with the application using a keyboard and mouse without the use of a touchscreen.

The restaurant management features includes a visual display of tables which includes a visual cue to indicate which tables are occupied or free. It is easy to set up this layout to correspond to the physical layout of the restaurant.

There are administration options to manage users, set passwords and configure other aspects of the application.

There are management options to make closings, to manage products and to manage the organization of products into categories. It has reports and charts of products, closings and sales.

Screenshots

 * Sales Window
 * Resturant View
 * Inventory Report
 * Products Edition
 * Login
 * Sales Chart

title: Openbravo POS/Introduction


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Talk:Programming HP Calculators/Variables

Don't know much about the different variables in the calculators, but I will attempt to add to this later.

However, 'asdfasdf' is hardly a good idea...

Splintax 10:30, 18 August 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Authoring Foreign Language Textbooks

Programming languages
Does this include programming languages? ;)
 * Well, I suppose most of it could work out that way, but I'm not sure if repetition is the best way to teach someone how to do a while loop :\ --Mijokijo 12:35, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Mentioning exceptions
When there are exceptions for cases, they should be mentioned. Bad habits ensue from ignoring exceptions and it is more difficult to rectify habits than it is to prevent them. If you are unwilling to teach it, at least explain succinctly.

The two worst mistakes of teaching a language (in order of magnitude) are merely stating sentences with translations and being linguistic in explanation.

Using splash screens is akin to using leetspeek. The lack of its usage doesn't raise the intelligence and its usage affirms the underlying's suck.

However, these are merely my opinions.

 * Please feel free to modify the book with those and other additions to the guidelines. --Mijokijo 02:07, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

IPA and etymology
I had an excellent Spanish instructor for a semester of college. Along with teaching the musical-rhythm (similar to the sound of a Jack-in-the-Box) she explained the physical motions of producing vowels and the etymology of the vocabulary. Additionally, IPA representations are helpful to the literate.

Splash/Intro Screen
Now, I personally dislike Splash/Intro screens, but I don't think they really say anything about the wikibook per se. For instance, both the French and German wikibooks use splash screens, but I wouldn't say that they are bad wikibooks; they are probably some of the better wikibooks in their genre, but the splash screens need to go :P --Mijokijo 00:32, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't understand your reasoning. Flash screens don't make a book better but they do make it look better and we must remember that this kind of thing is more important for Internet media than traditional print media.  Would you prefer to read something which is just lines of unformatted text or read the same thing enhanced by a few relevent pictures? Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|15px]]talk 21:15, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Templates
The template I uploaded lastnight is pretty half-baked. I'll improve it later today, but at least it gives an idea of what I have in mind for a good looking curriculum. When I was working on it I also got the idea of prominent contributor recognition, which I'll add to the guidelines. --Mijokijo 13:30, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Move to Help namespace
This page, although useful in trying to set out some guidelines, is not a textbook itself and really shouldn't be in the main namespace. It does seem suitable for the Help namespace, and so I'm moving it there, Jguk 14:21, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

"Mental picture" dictionaries
In a book "How to Learn Any Language," by Barry Farber, there was a chapter about making up little stories to remember vocabulary. For the Russian Wikibook I made a ]]Russian/Lesson 4|mental picture dictionary]. For example, the Russian word for "house" is Дом, or "dom." The "mental picture" is "You know how Russian churches have onion domes? Russian houses have the same domes." You visualize all Russian houses with onion domes.

Another example that any "Clockwork Orange" fan will remember is that "good" in Russian sounds like "horror show," so Alex and his "droogs" (Russian for "friends") say "Horror show!" when they like something.

On the Talk page, someone was shocked—SHOCKED!—at the nonsense I'd written. My Russian professor also discouraged us from using "mental pictures," although she said it's OK when you first learn a word.

On the other hand, both of my Russian tutors loved it. They had a lot of laughs at the strange things I'd tell them that "all" Russians" did, e.g., stealing tables, putting chairs in their attics, never taking off their shirts outside so they'd have white bellies, etc. :-)

I realize that this may be a radical idea to some, but I'd be happy to add a section about this to "How To Build An Excellent Wikibook Teaching Any Language." No textbooks have "mental picture" dictionaries. If Wikibooks offered "mental picture dictionaries" they would be better than other textbooks. Plus this is something readers could easily contribute, as they learn vocabulary or make a funny connection to an English word or phrase.--Thomas David Kehoe 18:28, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * This idea has been proven to work well for some words but can't be applied to all. Also it's very important to just use it as a hint to remind yourself, not as a definite guide to the pronunciation.

 * The Bite-sized language lessons for German encourage users to contribute such mnemonics for vocabulary and grammar within the lessons themselves. Junesun 09:15, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * People will never agree about what methods are best and all the suggestions on here are just ideas and not foolproof methods. As for learning the Russian or Polish word 'dom' I'd have thought that thinking of 'domestic' would be the easiest way to remember the word? Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|15px]]talk 21:11, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Learning a language Section1.16.1
Not everybody learns a language the same way. In fact, research has shown that learning how to construct a sentence and conjugate verbs can prove frustrating and some people learn better when they are given second language video or audio material, in context. They see and hear how the language is used as it's used. Though I didn't know how to construct sentences, memorizing dialogs in my earliest language classes helped me learn vocabulary words and memorize a sentence structure I could use in the future.

Move back to main name-space
I believe the topic has far too much nuance than can be covered on a single help page and deserves to be a book in its own right. I propose that we move this back to the main name-space. --Swift (talk) 02:56, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I totally agree and moved it. --Martin Kraus (talk) 12:01, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Books trying to be curriculums ?
The section on 1-2-3-4-5 Punch contains the remarks:
 * Many wikibooks for languages are trying to be curriculums rather than textbooks or references. This is an excellent goal, but to achieve it you must plan your curriculum, and repetition is key to any curriculum.

I know some time has passed since this was written, but does anyone understand what the author was driving at exactly? Is he / she drawing attention to idiosyncratic content with the idea that departing from established standards is a risky approach? Or is it something else? Recent Runes (talk) 20:18, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The way I understood this sentence was that many language wikibooks (and language courses in general) just take the whole content they want to present and split it up into lessons, such that each lesson covers a part of the whole content (e.g. a particular grammar topic or a particular communication situation like shopping). And this is very much what a curriculum does: you decide what to teach and then split it up and order it in some way. There are several reasons why this approach doesn't work very well for language books (depending on the kind of topics you choose) but the main reason it cannot work is that presenting any language topic just once and then not reviewing it systematically will almost always fail to teach the topic to the reader. Without systematic review, most people cannot learn anything. Thus, the content of the lessons has to overlap, the very same topics have to be reviewed in multiple lessons, over and over again. For a curriculum it is fine to take the whole content, split it up and order it in some way. For a language textbook, this approach cannot work. At least that's my understanding of this sentence. --Martin Kraus (talk) 18:08, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, that is a problem with many of the books still. So we can say those books are like curriculums in their present states of development. I expect this happened unintentionally, rather than being a conscious objective from the start. Perhaps they need a big table or spreadsheet showing how the grammar etc is allocated to the lessons. It sounds like a good deal of work would be needed though! Recent Runes (talk) 19:55, 22 July 2010 (UTC)


text:
Visual Basic/Getting Started

Hello World
The very simplest program in VB is this: To create this do as follows:

 * Start VB
 * A New Project window will appear. Select Standard.exe and click on Open.
 * Open VB's Project menu and click Add Module
 * Copy or type the Main subroutine shown above into the new code module.
 * Go to VB's Project menu again and click the Project1 Properties item (it should be the last item in the menu).
 * In the Project Properties dialog box you should find a dropdown list labeled Startup Object, click there and choose Sub Main
 * Go to the Run menu and click Start (or press F5) to run the program. VB might ask if you want to save, just say no this time.

The running program will show the words Hello World! in a small message window.

The Visual Basic Integrated Development Environment
The Visual Basic Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a program from Microsoft used to create, test, and deploy Visual Basic (VB) programs. VB programs can be written using other text editors, which must then be converted to executable code (compiled and linked) by the programmer. The VB IDE allows a programmer to write code and test it immediately, converting the source program to executable code as needed (on the fly). As the name implies, creation, editing, compiling, and linking are all integrated in this development environment.

The top of the IDE window shows VB's menu bar (see screenshot). Common menu categories (File, Edit, Help, etc.) as well as items specific to creating code (Project, Debug, Run) provide the text interface for the IDE. Commonly used menu items are provided as toolbar buttons directly below the menu bar.

Two parts of creating a program; designing the user interface using forms and controls, and writing the source code; take up the majority of space in the IDE. As initially configured, four dockable windows also appear in the IDE's application space; the Project Explorer, Properties Window, Form Layout Window, and Toolbox. These and other supplied windows may be floated above the IDE, or docked to the sides, top, or bottom of the IDE application space as may be convenient for the programmer. Clicking on the title bar of a dockable window and dragging it around will dock, or undock, the window at will.

Availability
As of April 8, 2008, Microsoft no longer provides support to the Visual Basic 6.0 IDE. Nonetheless, Visual Basic 6 is still available via MSDN subscription, under the name of "Visual Studio 6".

Visual Editing
VB programs are divided into two views, the visual design of the user interface, and the code editors. The visual interface is created by adding controls from the Toolbox to the Form Layout Window. To add a control to a form; click on the desired control in the Toolbox and then click and drag its bounding rectangle on the representation of the Form in the Form Layout Window. When you release the mouse button after the click and drag operation, the selected control will appear on the form.

Clicking on a control, or the form, in the Form Layout Window highlights the control (or form) with sizing handles. You can use the sizing handles to change the Left, Top, Height, and Width properties of a control or the Height and Width properties of a form. A highlighted control can be dragged to other positions on the form simply by clicking on the control and dragging it into place. A highlighted control can also be copy and pasted to reproduce additional identical controls on the form. Clicking and dragging around multiple controls (a lasso operation) will highlight them all as a group, which can then be moved as a group, or copy and pasted as a group, as may be needed.

Code Editing
Code editing is done using the code module windows. The title text of a code module window shows the project and module name. Two dropdown lists show the objects accessible to that module (General) and the subroutines (Declarations) associated with the selected object in the General list. In a form's code module, the General list will list all of the controls that have been placed on the form. Each control has its own set of events and methods, which will populate the Declarations list upon selection of any control. These two windows combined help the programmer locate specific code for events and methods in the program. In small programs, the editors can be scrolled up and down to find a desired routine to work on. In large programs finding the right spot can be much more difficult, where these two lists bring the programmer to the desired location using a few clicks of the mouse.

The code editors will show the program as one long text document, or it can show the program a single routine at a time. The two buttons in the lower left of the code module window allow the programmer to set his/her view preference.

The code editors can be split into two views by moving the small bar in the upper right of the editing area. The two views show two different views of the same code module. Again, in larger programs, it may be helpful to see one section of the code in the module while working on another area of the code in the module. The split view mode allows the programmer to keep one section of the code in view while creating a new method or function.

VB Project Files
Code modules and forms are saved individually as text documents in the project folder. The filename extension (.xxx) is used to identify which type of module the file contains. The project file (.vbp) describes the project as a whole, naming the individual files needed to create the program. With VB installed correctly, double clicking on a project file will bring the entire project into a new instance of the VB IDE, while double clicking on a form (.frm) or module (.bas) or class (.cls) or control (.ctl) file will load that individual file into a new instance of the IDE. Typically, loading a single file from a multi file project (other than the project file) will not have all the information required to allow the program to run. However, in many cases, short test code, code written to test out some small idea, is best kept in its own module (and file) where it can be loaded and discarded at will. Such code can be added, removed, or edited, until it is perfected (debugged) and copied into the real program modules.

Immediate Window
While testing a program for correctness (usually called debugging) it is often advantageous to see interim results in a calculation, or to check on values being passed to a subroutine. Setting breakpoints to stop the program at specific lines can help, as can sending printed values to a second window. VB provides a dockable window for text called the Immediate Window. It is available under the View menu or you can press CTRL+G to bring it into view. It is called the Immediate Window because it can be used to execute BASIC commands immediately. For example:

When you type that line into the Immediate Window and press Enter, VB interprets that line as a VB command and executes the command. In this case it prints the number 3.14159265358979 on the line following the command. (For expediency, the question mark can be substituted for the Print command in most circumstances.)

You can send text to that same window from a running program using the Print method of the Debug object:

In this case, with a Textbox called Text1 on some form, every letter a user enters into the textbox will be echoed to the Immediate Window, as well as its numerical ASCII value.

Because text is sent to the Immediate Window using the Debug object, many people refer to the Immediate Window as the Debug Window. You may find it listed either way in this literature.

IDE NOTE:

It should be noted that running a program using the VB IDE is not identical to running a stand alone executable program. The program running inside the IDE is running as a sub-process of the IDE. There are a few small connection and timing issues associated with running as a sub-process. On the whole, however, a program run in the IDE will look and feel like the finished program, but to fully test a program as the user will see it, it is advisable to create the program executable (.exe) and test that for correctness and usability.

Forms
A form is a window where controls are placed for use by the user of the program. The .Caption property changes the text on the title bar of the window, and the .MinButton and .MaxButton properties show or hide the minimize and maximize buttons. Different window styles such as Dialog boxes, ToolWindows, and standard Forms; as well as some allowed user actions such as resizing and minimizing; are controled by the form's .BorderStyle property. It is a common practice to name a form with frm (ex: frmMain, or frmAlert).

Components
A component is an executable module stored either as a .VBX file (Visual Basic eXtension for the 16-bit versions of VB), .OCX (OLE Control eXtension for 32-bit versions) file or as a .DLL (Dynamic Link Library) file. Components are pre-compiled code modules used by other program writers with/without knowledge and understanding of the details of its inner workings. Pre-compiled components provide reuseable code that has already been written and debugged. Components can be code only (.DLL) or have a visual component that can be placed on a form (.VBX and .OCX). VB supplies many commonly used components (Button, Textbox, Listbox, etc.) as controls in the Toolbox.

Events
An event is an activity that occurs during a program's execution usually in response to the user's actions, such as a mouse click or a keypress. An event causes a procedure to execute. You the programmer can decide what code (if any) you want to place within the different event procedures.

Control Properties
To display the Control Properties window, select View\Properties Window or press the F4 key. The Properties window initially appears on the right edge of the main window and contains all the names of the editable properties as well as their current values. Some control properties are only editable while the program is running, some are only editable while in design mode.

Buttons
A button will be your best friend in Visual Basic. Each button should contain code, which is added by you, the programmer. Upon clicking the button, the user will be instructing the program to execute that portion of code. For example, you could set it so when pressed, the program will make a message box that says "HELLO!". Good programming styles generally use cmd when naming a button.

Text boxes
Text boxes allows the users to add text areas to their programs. This text does not have to be typed in directly by the programmer, but could come from other sources such as database fields, text files or data the user will type in while the program is running. Although the default value for this is the name of the control, it can be set to anything including "" (or nothing). Text box names are prefixed with txt, eg; txt.

Labels
Labels are one of the most used Visual Basic objects. They are often used to label other controls (textboxes, images, etc.) or provide feedback to the user. They are usually named like lbl.

Timers
Timers are interesting and easy to learn. If you want the program to perform a certain task after a certain amount of time, the Timer is there to help you out. Their only event procedure is _timer, which will be executed every time after a certain amount of time is passed. The most common steps to use Timers is as simple as follows: 1. Add a timer to the form and give it a name. 2. Set the time interval in the Properties window to some value above 0. 3. Double click the timer and add the code you want executed at the set intervals. Timers have very few properties too. This is a possible use of timer: (To see it in action add a Command button, Shape control, and Timer to a new form. Then set the Timer.Interval property using the Properties window.  Copy the code below into the form's code module and press F5 to run the program.)

This would make the command button stop and start the flashing (repeatedly disappear and reappear) of the Shape control. The flash interval is determined by the Timer's Interval property. Timer.Interval is measured in milliseconds.

Here is another timer example of a counter:

VB Timers are given low priority on the processing totempole. If any other code needs to execute when the timed interval has elapsed, that other code is allowed to execute before the timer's procedure is called. Other code can yield some of their processing time to Windows by using the DoEvents command. That is the only VB command that will allow code you write to yield time to any pending timer events in the program. Without the use of DoEvents, each subroutine or function is executed start to finish, in serial fashion. In other words, only one command or statement can be executed at a time. Each subroutine or function must list the proper commands to execute, in their proper order.

Picture boxes
Although called picture boxes, these objects are not just a heavyweight version of image boxes: picture boxes almost have the same properties and function as Form objects. It can do far more than just displaying pictures. Probably the best way to describe picture boxes is that they are containers that can group other objects together, kind of similar to frame objects. E.g. several command buttons can be drawn "inside" of it.

See also ../Simple Graphics/.

General properties
VB extends some common properties to all controls placed on a form. Name, Top, Left, and Tag, are a few of the extended property names. When you lasso and highlight several controls on a form, you can change the general property values of all the highlighted controls using the Properties window. Making a change there will change the property of the same name for all of the highlighted controls.

Reserved Words
Visual Basic contains several reserved words. These words are "reserved" because they are specific functions and commands in Visual Basic. For example, a variable may not be named "Print" because it is a feature in VB to print. This can be avoided however, by naming your variables "prnt" or "print1". As long as it is not the exact word, it should work. A list of frequently used reserved words/keywords:

REMs
While programming you may find it necessary to leave yourself notes. This can be used to easily identify areas of code, or as a reminder of sections of code with logic errors that need to be fixed. REMs are very simple. Merely place an apostrophe, " ' ", or the word, "REM", before the line and that line will be ignored by the interpreter, whether it be a message to yourself or a section of code. For example: An apostrophe is most often used due to the comparative reduction in space and time as REM has been included so as to be backward compatible with earlier versions of BASIC. The REM statement is a basic command and must be preceded by a colon if following other commands on the same line. An apostrophe needs no colon:

Error Checking
These are several common types of errors that one might get from a VB program:

 * run-time errors: This type of error are errors that are raised when the program is running. Examples: dividing anything by zero or assigning a string to a numeric variable.
 * compile errors: Compile errors are errors that the IDE spots at design-time and upon compiling the program just before it runs the program. These errors include syntax errors -- the error raised when the computer does not understand your code, and also errors like undeclared variables etc.
 * logic errors: Logic errors are errors that the computer cannot spot. These are errors that, even though the program runs, the result is not what you intended.

The first two of these errors are generally easy to spot, and the debugging tool can be used to high-light the line of text at which the error occurred. For example, if you wanted to make a program to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, and in the code you used a multiplication symbol instead of division, the program would run fine, but the program would not convert the temperatures correctly, as you desired. Although sometimes these logic errors can be easy to spot, some are quite difficult. Logic errors become concealed in the lines of code when making complex programs, such as a game. Just remember, the computer does not know what the program is supposed to do, it only knows the code. Look through the code step-by-step and think of how the computer would interpret the code.

VB won't let you just ignore syntax/compile errors. You have to fix them before you can run your program. But run-time errors, which are syntactically correct, but may cause an error if an attempt is made to execute it, can be handled to possibly prevent your program from crashing. The following example shows a very good way of handling a possible error:

The output of this example is a message box that says "Error Number 11: Division by zero". The statement On Error Goto ErrorHappened will skip everything from i = 1 / 0 to Exit Sub if any run-time error occurs within this procedure. When an error is detected the program will continue to run from right after ErrorHappened:, where the error will be displayed so that the programmer can find out what it is and fix it. This also prevents the program from "crashing".

ErrorHappened is just a line label, you can name it anything you wish to identify that section of the procedure you want to execute when an error happens. On Error Goto can only reference line labels that are within the current procedure. You cannot (easily) define one error handler for all procedures. Exit Sub means to end the Form_Load event immediately.

So if no error occurs, a message box will NOT be called because Exit Sub will already have ended or exited our subroutine. And if an error does occur, the message box will pop up, displaying the Error Number and the Error Description.

The above example is the safest way of detecting and handling any error that takes place in the subroutine. However you can also choose to ignore errors by using "On Error Resume Next" which means to ignore all errors. Ignoring errors is not a good idea in most scenarios, but in some cases the proper way to handle an error is to do nothing, so they might as well be ignored. Even using Resume Next, you can test the Err object (Err.Number) to see if an error happened on preceding lines.

See Errors for more detail about error handling.

Declaring Variables (Dimensioning)
If you don't already know, a variable is, by dictionary definition: a symbol (like x or y) that is used in mathematical or logical expressions to represent a variable quantity. In mathematics, common variables are: x, y, z, etc., and they can "hold" values like x=1, y=3, etc. In VB, instead of x, y and z, a variable can have whatever name you want. It is often good practice, and sometimes necessary, to dimension variables. Often it is called 'dimming'. This process gives the variable its name and the type of value it will be able to hold (which will be discussed later). To dimension a variable, the code is: Of course, the variable name could be whatever you want. The type however, is different. You have a choice of single, integer, or string. This tells the computer what type of information the variable holds. "Single" variables can hold numbers with decimal. "Integers" variables can hold whole numbers, while "String" variables holds text or a set of characters. If you don't dim a variable, the type would automatically be "Variant", which can hold almost all kinds of information. For example:

Dimming is especially important for arrays and matrices. For an array, next to the variable name, you enter the range of the array. For example: Arrays will be covered more in depth later. Matrices are dimensioned almost exactly like arrays are, however, instead of the having only one dimension (1 to 20), matrices may have two: (1 to 20,1 to 5), or even three. Dimensioning can also be used to tell the computer that variables are public. This will be discussed later in the Scope section.

Note: If you don't dimension your variables, you might end up with many unexpected errors. It could be avoided by using the Option Explicit statement, which requires every variable to be defined; if not every variable used in the program is defined, VB raises an error: "Variable is not defined". To enable this, you just have to type Option Explicit at the very top of ALL your code in the current module. It's a very good practice to do so.

Simple output
The interaction between the user and the computer consists of both the input and output of data. The computer will not receive your commands if you don't have a mouse or keyboard which are used to input commands. And conversely, you wouldn't know what the computer is doing at all if there is no monitor or speaker which are used to output data. Therefore output is important.

Message boxes
One of the easiest form of output is message box. I'm sure you've seen a lot of message boxes in Windows. This is what the code of a normal message box should look like. Try it. Are you tired of the boring "Hello world!"? Let's make a fancier one: That will creep out quite a lot of people.

Printing
Note: The word "printing" here means using the Print statement, it's not about using the printer or printing files. Printing is a fairly simple part of Visual Basic, but also essential. Printing is used to output information to the user. It proves to be a valuable troubleshooting tool. Whenever printing, you need an object to print on, followed by of course, something to print. Printing may be used with various objects, however, the most common in the picture box. For the sake of simplicity, we are assuming you renamed the picture box as "pic". In this wikibook though, print is done mainly on picture boxes and forms:

Spacing
There are various ways to alter how text is spaced when printing. The most common is the comma. A comma will go to the next print zone. Print zones are 15 characters long. You can think of it like pressing the tab key when typing something out. Remember that print zones are fixed, so if you've typed 1 letter, and then used a comma, then it will be a big space. If you type 13 characters and use a comma, it will not be a large space. For example: Several new concepts are introduced in this example. The "Form_Click" contains a block of code and it is called to run when the user clicks on the current Form(Form1). 'Me' is the same as the current form (Form1). Don't be afraid to experiment. No matter what you do in VB, its always reversible. Now, the comma isn't all that versatile. Another feature is tab. Tab will move so many spaces from the BEGINNING of the line. Followed by tab in parentheses is the amount of characters spaces. For example: This will NOT print "yay" 10 spaces after the O of "Hello". Rather it will print 10 spaces from the beginning of the line. You may use as many tabs as you want in the same print command. Although tab is useful, sometimes it is better to space things in relation to what has already been printed. This is where the space function comes in. The syntax of space is identical to that of tab. Space will move the next printed text so many spaces over from its CURRENT location. For example: This will print the first Y of "Yay" 10 spaces to the right of the O in "Hello". It is important to note, if you write: They will appear on separate lines as: Hello Hello This can be easily dealt with in the need of having separate print statements print on the same line. You merely have to change the code to: (note the semicolon) This will appear as: HelloHello If you want to make a blank line in between the two "hello"'s, then you may simply have a blank print statement WITHOUT a semicolon. For example: This will print as: Hello Hello It is important to remember that if the first print has a semicolon at the end, often referred to as a trailing semicolon, the empty print will only reverse it, and print the second Hello on the next line, and no blank line will appear.

title: Visual Basic/Getting Started


text:
User talk:Bhanuprakash

BHANU PRAKASH

WELCOME TO AL RESEARCHERS AND EANTHUASIASTS

COMING DIRECTLY

I AM A REGULAR USER OF WIKIPEDIA

MY KEY INTRESTS ARE RESEARCH IN RELIGIOUS TOPICS IRRESPECTIVE OF A PARTICULAR RELIGION HOWEVER I AM ADICTED TO RESEARCH ON KRSNA

MY AIM TO ATAIN IS    COSOLIDATE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY WITH HISTORY FOR THAT I AM STRVING

COMING IN DETAIL I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE ALL MAPS OF THE WORLD AT A LEVEL OF 1SQKM AND HISTORY RELATED TO IT FROM AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE TO PRESENT DAY

MY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCHES ARE

GEGROPHICAL INFROMATION SYSTEMS CARTOGRAPHY ART FOREST LIVING ARCHITECTURE ENTERPRISE RESOURSE PLANING NETWORKING

I LIKE TO HAVE CONTACTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT AREAS MAIL ME AT sbvscp@gmail.com

title: User talk:Bhanuprakash


text:
Talk:Algebra/Solving equations

Weda's theorem? i hear Vieta's theorem. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/VietasFormulas.html

Changing chapter name to "Solving quadratic equations"
I'm thinking of changing this chapter's name to Algebra:Solving quadratic equations because basically that's what it's about. Any feedback on this idea? H Padleckas 19:49, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps some other algebra topics will be added later, but certainly Solving Quadratic Equations should be a topic. The first method described should be the graphing one since students all have graphing calculators and are tuned in to them. I mean you solve ax2 + bx + c = 0 by graphing y = ax2 + bx + c and looking for its x intercepts.

For the factoring method, I would like to do the same example or a more complicated one by the method of listing factors of the first and 3rd terms under the terms and cross multiplying to check. Many students find this method of organizing the guesses and tests very helpful! I did the example in a .jpg file but do not have permission to upload it here (I'm a Wikiversity contributor in good standing but not a wikibooks contributor yet - don't really understand why we have some topics in one and others in the other). Harveybrown (talk) 02:31, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Solutions
I think it's very weird that the solutions are directly visible after the example. Maybe its a better idea to but them at the bottom of the page?
 * Solutions following examples are OK, but there should be "homework" type exercises written with the solutions (perhaps) on a separate page. H Padleckas 17:53, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Merge with Algebra:Quadratic functions
There seems to be a lot of overlap with Algebra:Quadratic functions.

Weda
I too send this appeal to change the name Weda's theorem to Viete's formulas. Every high school student knows this.

correction
I have a correction. I will ask you to do it, because I am not signed, and such edit will be considered destruction. OK: it's written: the equation has two roots with different signs if $$\Delta\ge0,\ \frac{c}{a}<0\ \mbox{or}\ ac<0$$ now, if ac is negative, then (-4ac) will be positive, and the descriminant will be surely positive. therefore, if one needs to find for what values the equation has two roots with different signs, he needs to check when is ac<0, and only this (because for this values the discriminant will be positive for sure). I hope you understood me. If you didn't, write and i'll try to explain myself more clearly. Yours, from Israel. I am avilable here: he:משתמש:Hbk3 if someone saw this, please comment.

Completing the square
Quote:

$$   \begin{matrix} x^2+8x+9&=&0\\ x^2+8x&=&-9\\ x^2+8x+4^2&=&4^2-9\\ (x+4)^2&=&7\\ &x+4=\sqrt{7}& \quad \mbox{or} \quad x+4=-\sqrt{7}\\ &x=-4+\sqrt{7}& \quad \mbox{or} \quad x=-4-\sqrt{7}\\ &x=-1.35& \quad \mbox{or} \quad x=-6.65 \end{matrix} $$

In general, we get

$$x^2+kx+\left({k \over 2}\right)^2=\left(x+{k \over 2}\right)^2 $$

How does this general formula relate to the example ???? Where has the -9 gone to ?? It is at least quite confusing.

Yes I know that (a + b) x (a + b) = a2 + 2ab + b2. I learned that 65 years ago.

Andre anckaert (talk) 13:35, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

 * As a way to advance the solution $$4^2$$ (your proposed $$b^2$$) was added (and the complement on the other side so it balances as 0, but since it is square the signal is ignored) that is how -9 becomes 7. --Panic (talk) 20:34, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Algebra/Solving equations


text:
Cookbook:Corn Soup

Ingredients

 * 4 cups corn off the cob
 * 6 cups water
 * 4 tablespoons unsalted butter
 * 1 tablespoon flour
 * 1 large egg
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Combine the corn and water in a large pot. Bring to a boil.
 * 2) Make a roux with the butter and flour.
 * 3) Add the roux to the soup when the corn is tender.
 * 4) Boil for an additional 10–15 minutes.
 * 5) Beat the egg and add it to the soup. Immediately take the soup off the heat.
 * 6) Add salt and pepper to taste.

title: Cookbook:Corn Soup


text:
Cookbook talk:Corn Soup

Corn soup authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Corn soup =
 * 2005-05-07 21:40:48 User:86.132.147.159 (→Ingrediants)
 * 2005-04-22 15:13:27 User:Krash (move tag)
 * 2004-09-18 16:06:38 User:Anthony DiPierro
 * 2004-08-14 01:37:30 User:RedWolf (disambiguation: egg)
 * 2004-03-11 14:22:49 User:Nikai (immediatly)
 * 2003-11-09 10:09:07 User:Gentgeen (wikified)
 * 2003-11-09 08:40:32 User:Gentgeen (added modern recipe units and procedure)
 * 2003-10-26 09:31:05 User:Dysprosia (tidy ancient article, bold and fmt)
 * 2002-03-29 01:37:11 User:62.98.139.76

title: Cookbook talk:Corn Soup


text:
Cookbook:Drawn Butter

Drawn butter is a butter-based sauce typically served with lobster or crab.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (250 ml / 8.5 oz) water
 * 2 teaspoons flour
 * 2 oz unsalted butter

Procedure

 * 1) Bring the water to a boil in a saucepan.
 * 2) Mix the flour and butter together until they are perfectly smooth.
 * 3) Stir this into the boiling water, and add salt to taste.

title: Cookbook:Drawn Butter


text:
Cookbook talk:Drawn Butter

Drawn butter authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Drawn butter =
 * 2005-06-29 05:03:49 User:Falcon Kirtaran (transwiki to wikibooks cookbook?)
 * 2005-06-15 11:53:00 User:Avalyn
 * 2004-09-18 16:07:37 User:Anthony DiPierro
 * 2004-08-17 15:04:33 User:Mwng (sp)
 * 2003-12-04 20:16:42 User:Gentgeen (modernized)
 * 2002-03-29 03:13:07 User:62.98.139.76

title: Cookbook talk:Drawn Butter


text:
Cookbook:Chocolate Balls

 * Confections

Chocolate balls are a quick, easy, and delightful snack that will give you your chocolate and peanut butter fix.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (300 g / 11 oz) peanut butter
 * 1 cup (60 g / 2.1 oz) puffed rice cereal
 * 2 tablespoons melted butter
 * ½ cup (50 g / 1.8 oz) chopped nuts
 * 2 tablespoons vanilla
 * 1 cup (125 g / 4.4 oz) icing sugar
 * 1 cup (125 g / 4.4 oz) fine coconut
 * 1 small bag (50 g / 1.8 oz) semi-sweet chocolate chips

Procedure

 * 1) Melt the semi-sweet chocolate chips in a double boiler.
 * 2) Put all other ingredients into a bowl. Mix.
 * 3) Form the mixture into small balls, about half the size of a golf ball.
 * 4) If desired, refrigerate or freeze the peanut butter balls for easier dipping.
 * 5) Dip the balls in the melted chocolate and place on wax paper.
 * 6) Allow the chocolate balls to cool in the freezer or fridge before consumption.

Related recipes

 * Buckeyes

ספר מתכונים/כדורי שוקולד

title: Cookbook:Chocolate Balls


text:
Cookbook talk:Chocolate Balls

Chocolate balls authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Chocolate balls =
 * 2005-06-15 01:04:53 User:MikeMatthews (Spelling mistake (ingredients))
 * 2005-06-14 04:46:26 User:IlGreven (Added move to Wikibooks Cookbook template; very good candidate)
 * 2005-05-30 16:31:32 User:Dr.frog (category)
 * 2005-05-27 22:09:01 User:MikeMatthews (correction: Paro-Wax to parowax)
 * 2005-05-26 20:55:51 User:Melaen (category foods)
 * 2005-05-23 03:10:17 User:64.231.161.20 (Reverting back)
 * 2005-05-23 02:44:47 User:142.177.85.164
 * 2005-05-23 02:30:38 User:MikeMatthews
 * 2005-05-23 02:28:28 User:MikeMatthews
 * 2005-05-23 01:00:58 User:64.231.161.20

not right
This isn't Chef's recipe. (from South Park) They're not big and brown and salty. AlbertCahalan 06:05, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * This recipe seems a bit sketchy to me. Kellen T 08:20, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Chocolate Balls


text:
User:69.143.159.10

y0

title: User:69.143.159.10


text:
Cookbook:Cioppino (Italian Seafood Stew)

| Seafood | Italian-American cuisine

Cioppino is a fish stew descended from the various regional fish soups and stews of Italian cooking. It was developed by the fishermen who settled in the North Beach section of San Francisco. Originally it was made on the boats while out at sea and later became a staple as Italian restaurants proliferated in the city. The name comes from the Italian ciuppin, a word which described the local fish stew in the regional dialect of the port city of Genoa. It's customary to serve cioppino with San Francisco sourdough bread. However, any bread with a thick, chewy crust will do.

The below recipe is based on one by Giada De Laurentiis. Be sure to review the tips for cooking with mussels.

Ingredients

 * 3 tablespoons olive oil
 * 1 large fennel bulb, thinly sliced
 * 6 ounces onion, chopped
 * 8 ounces of celery, chopped
 * 3 large shallots, chopped
 * 2 teaspoons salt
 * 4 large garlic cloves, finely chopped
 * ¾ teaspoon dried crushed red pepper flakes, plus more to taste
 * 6 ounces tomato paste
 * 2 pounds diced tomatoes
 * 1 ½ cups dry white wine
 * 5 cups water
 * 1 bay leaf
 * 2 pounds crabs (any type), cut into pieces
 * 2 pounds mussels, scrubbed and debearded
 * 1 pound scallops
 * 1 ½ pounds tilapia (or other white, firm-fleshed fish), cut into 2-inch chunks
 * 2 loaves of San Francisco sourdough bread or any other bread with a chewy crust

Procedure

 * 1) Heat the oil in a very large pot over medium heat.
 * 2) Add the fennel, onion, shallots, and salt and sauté until the onion is translucent.
 * 3) Add the garlic and red pepper flakes, and sauté for 2 minutes.
 * 4) Stir in the tomato paste.
 * 5) Add tomatoes with their juices, wine, water, crabs, celery and bay leaf. Cover and bring to a simmer.
 * 6) Reduce the heat to medium-low. Simmer, covered, for about 30 minutes to allow the flavors to blend.
 * 7) Add the mussels to the cooking liquid. Cover and cook until the mussels begin to open.This should take about 5 minutes.
 * 8) Add the scallops and fish. Simmer gently until the fish and scallops are just cooked through and all the mussels are completely open, gently stirring occasionally. This should take about another 10 minutes.
 * 9) Check the soup for closed mussels and throw them out. Remove the bay leaf.
 * 10) Season the soup to taste with more salt and red pepper flakes.


text:
Cookbook talk:Cioppino (Italian Seafood Stew)

Cioppino authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Cioppino =
 * 2005-06-22 01:57:25 User:Wetman
 * 2005-06-22 01:37:00 User:70.66.0.231


text:
Cookbook:Harrisa

Harrisa is an extremely spicy chile paste used in North African cooking, mostly in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, although strains can be found in all neighboring countries.

Ingredients

 * Chiles, with stems and seeds removed
 * Olive oil
 * Garlic
 * Cumin
 * Cinnamon
 * Coriander
 * Caraway

Procedure

 * 1) Blend all ingredients together to form a smooth paste.
 * 2) Use or store in the fridge.

Notes, tips and variations

 * Mixed with mayonnaise, this paste makes an excellent side dish for chicken and cooked meats, particularly lamb. It can be used sparingly as a marinade or served with yogurt as a sauce.
 * By covering the paste with a little olive oil, it can be stored for several months allowing the sauce to take on a richer flavour. It is not recommended to store in a humid or damp environment.

title: Cookbook:Harrisa


text:
Cookbook talk:Harrisa

This recipe would benefit from proportions of the ingredients. Kellen T 23:25, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Harrisa authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Harrisa =
 * 2005-06-21 00:10:05 User:DavidWBrooks (wikify, )
 * 2005-06-20 20:39:08 User:Cmdrjameson (sp)
 * 2005-06-16 21:50:05 User:Everyking
 * 2005-05-02 19:50:57 User:63.120.148.50
 * 2005-03-27 23:40:30 User:203.221.62.39

title: Cookbook talk:Harrisa


text:
Cookbook:Soy Sauce Chicken

Soy sauce chicken (醬油雞) is a northern Chinese dish.

Ingredients

 * Chicken parts (legs or wings)
 * Green onions
 * Cooking oil
 * 2–3 tbsp (30–45 ml) soy sauce
 * 2–3 tbsp (30–45 ml) cooking wine
 * Chopped ginger
 * Up to 1 tbsp sugar
 * Water

Procedure

 * 1) Fry the chicken parts in a pan with green onions and oil until the outside of the chicken parts are brown.
 * 2) Add soy sauce, cooking wine, chopped ginger, and sugar. Add enough water to cover the chicken.
 * 3) Simmer, uncovered, over low heat until most of the liquid has evaporated.

title: Cookbook:Soy Sauce Chicken


text:
Cookbook talk:Soy Sauce Chicken

Soy sauce chicken authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Soy sauce chicken =
 * 2005-07-21 13:58:51 User:Daveliney (sp)
 * 2005-04-25 18:41:34 User:Kaszeta (Recipe, should be moved to Wikibooks)
 * 2005-02-19 19:16:07 User:Pdn (→Recipe outline - spelling fixed (tablespoon))
 * 2005-01-24 03:19:40 User:Allentchang

title: Cookbook talk:Soy Sauce Chicken


text:
Cookbook talk:Italian Tricolor Soup

Soup alla Nazionale authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Soup alla Nazionale =
 * 2005-03-27 07:12:14 User:CanisRufus (Robot: Changing category Soup)
 * 2005-03-22 18:30:50 User:FreplySpang (+)
 * 2004-11-19 14:54:57 User:Marcika (Please return the favour by clicking here to fix someone else's Wiki Syntax". (This is to encourage more malformed syntax to be fixed.))
 * 2004-09-18 16:01:05 User:Anthony DiPierro
 * 2004-08-02 15:35:46 User:Burschik (added category)
 * 2003-07-11 10:51:45 User:Malcolm Farmer
 * 2002-02-25 15:51:15 User:Conversion script (Automated conversion)

title: Cookbook talk:Italian Tricolor Soup


text:
Cookbook talk:Italian Soup with Poultry Quenelles

Soup all'Imperatrice authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Soup all'Imperatrice =
 * 2005-03-27 07:11:32 User:CanisRufus (Robot: Changing category Soup)
 * 2005-03-22 18:28:41 User:FreplySpang
 * 2004-11-19 14:59:14 User:Marcika (Please return the favour by clicking here to fix someone else's Wiki Syntax". (This is to encourage more malformed syntax to be fixed.))
 * 2004-09-18 16:01:20 User:Anthony DiPierro
 * 2004-08-14 04:24:40 User:RedWolf (disambiguation: egg)
 * 2004-08-02 15:37:21 User:Burschik (added category)
 * 2004-05-05 17:57:13 User:JakeVortex (disambig stock)
 * 2004-03-20 01:39:30 User:Wetman
 * 2004-03-20 01:38:43 User:Nikai (wikilink)
 * 2003-11-20 18:54:11 User:Mrdice (wikify)
 * 2003-10-21 05:38:56 User:TUF-KAT
 * 2003-10-21 05:38:23 User:TUF-KAT (encyclopedifying -- should the "i" be capitalized?)
 * 2002-02-25 15:51:15 User:Conversion script (Automated conversion)


text:
Cookbook:Soup alla Canavese

Soup alla Canavese is a tasty Italian soup.

Ingredients

 * ½ ea. cauliflower
 * 2 oz (55 g) butter
 * ½ ea. onion, chopped
 * ½ ea. carrot, chopped
 * ½ stalk celery, chopped
 * Bacon, chopped
 * White stock
 * 2 tbsp tomato purée
 * Sage
 * Parsley
 * Parmesan cheese, grated
 * Salt
 * Pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Blanch the cauliflower, then break into small bunches.
 * 2) Melt the butter in a pot, then add the chopped onion, carrot, celery, and bacon. Fry until softened.
 * 3) Add white stock and boil for a few minutes. Strain the stock to remove the solids.
 * 4) Mix the tomato purée into the stock, then bring to a boil.
 * 5) Mix in the cauliflower, sage, and parsley. Bring to a boil.
 * 6) Mix in grated parmesan and pepper.
 * 7) Serve with additional grated parmesan.

title: Cookbook:Soup alla Canavese


text:
Cookbook talk:Soup alla Canavese

Soup alla Canavese authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Soup alla Canavese =
 * 2005-03-27 07:11:40 User:CanisRufus (Robot: Changing category Soup)
 * 2005-03-22 18:29:02 User:FreplySpang (+)
 * 2004-09-18 16:01:28 User:Anthony DiPierro
 * 2004-08-02 15:38:54 User:Burschik (added category)
 * 2004-06-14 19:45:17 User:Heron (copyedit)
 * 2004-06-14 19:39:07 User:Heron (format fix)
 * 2004-05-05 17:56:39 User:JakeVortex
 * 2003-10-21 05:45:58 User:TUF-KAT (encyclopedifying, should "C" be capitalized)
 * 2002-02-25 15:51:15 User:Conversion script (Automated conversion)

title: Cookbook talk:Soup alla Canavese


text:
Cookbook:Soup alla Lombarda

| Cuisine of Italy

Ingredients

 * Poultry forcemeat
 * 2 tbsp béchamel sauce
 * 4 tbsp green pea purée
 * 2 tbsp lobster butter
 * 1 egg yolk
 * Clear broth
 * Cooked green peas
 * Croutons

Procedure

 * 1) Divide the forcemeat into 3 parts.
 * 2) Mix the béchamel into the first portion of forcemeat. Mix the pea purée with the second portion. Mix the lobster butter and yolk with the third portion. Thus you will have the Italian colours, red, white, and green.
 * 3) Butter a pie dish and make little quenelles of the forcemeat.
 * 4) Just before serving, bring the broth to a boil, and boil the quenelles for 4 minutes.
 * 5) Carefully remove the quenelles, and put them in a warm soup tureen with cooked green peas. Pour more broth on top of them.
 * 6) Serve little croutons fried in lobster butter separately.

title: Cookbook:Soup alla Lombarda


text:
Cookbook talk:Soup alla Lombarda

Soup alla Lombarda authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Soup alla Lombarda =
 * 2005-03-27 07:11:49 User:CanisRufus (Robot: Changing category Soup)
 * 2005-03-22 18:29:35 User:FreplySpang (+)
 * 2004-11-19 14:58:51 User:Marcika (Please return the favour by clicking here to fix someone else's Wiki Syntax". (This is to encourage more malformed syntax to be fixed.))
 * 2004-09-18 16:00:56 User:Anthony DiPierro
 * 2004-08-02 15:34:42 User:Burschik (added category)
 * 2003-07-11 10:51:11 User:Malcolm Farmer
 * 2002-02-25 15:51:15 User:Conversion script (Automated conversion)
 * 2001-10-13 22:02:54 User:Ap (Initial text from a public domain resource.)

title: Cookbook talk:Soup alla Lombarda


text:
Cookbook:Italian White Bean Soup

Ingredients

 * 1 pound dried white beans (haricot or flagelot, not lima or butter beans)
 * Salt
 * Butter
 * 1 carrot
 * 1 onion, halved
 * 2 leeks, in chunks
 * 1 stalk celery
 * Chicken or veal stock
 * 3 egg yolks
 * 1 cup cream
 * Peas, boiled
 * Croûtons

Procedure

 * 1) Soak beans in water for 12 hours, then drain them.
 * 2) Add the drained beans to a stock pot with a little salt, butter, carrot, onion, two leeks, and a stick of celery.
 * 3) Cover with water, and simmer until the vegetables are well cooked.
 * 4) Drain the beans and vegetables, discarding the vegetables.
 * 5) Purée the beans, adding stock as necessary to get a smooth consistency.
 * 6) Transfer purée to a pot, and add stock to get the desired consistency. Bring to a boil, and keep hot until serving.
 * 7) Combine the egg yolks with the cream, and add this to the soup.
 * 8) Transfer the soup to a warm tureen, add some boiled green peas, and serve with fried croûtons handed separately.

title: Cookbook:Italian White Bean Soup


text:
Cookbook talk:Italian White Bean Soup

Soup alla Maria Pia authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Soup alla Maria Pia =
 * 2005-03-27 07:11:54 User:CanisRufus (Robot: Changing category Soup)
 * 2005-03-22 18:30:08 User:FreplySpang (+)
 * 2004-11-19 14:55:38 User:Marcika (Please return the favour by clicking here to fix someone else's Wiki Syntax". (This is to encourage more malformed syntax to be fixed.))
 * 2004-11-19 14:53:55 User:Marcika
 * 2004-09-18 16:01:36 User:Anthony DiPierro
 * 2004-08-02 15:39:11 User:Burschik (added category)
 * 2003-07-31 20:07:13 User:Malcolm Farmer
 * 2002-02-25 15:51:15 User:Conversion script (Automated conversion)

title: Cookbook talk:Italian White Bean Soup


text:
Cookbook:Zuppa alla Modenese

Zuppa alla modenese ("soup in the style of Modena") is an Italian type of soup made with chicken or veal stock, spinach, butter, salt, eggs, Parmesan cheese, nutmeg and croutons.

Ingredients

 * 1 lb (450 g) spinach
 * 3 oz (85 g) butter
 * Salt
 * 1 tbsp grated Parmesan cheese
 * 2 eggs
 * nutmeg

Procedure

 * 1) Wash spinach 5–6 times in clean water, then drain well. Chop very fine and mix with butter and some salt.
 * 2) Cook the spinach mixture, then cool it. Purée it and mix in the cheese, eggs, and a pinch of nutmeg.
 * 3) Mix in some boiling stock. If desired, place hot coals on the saucepan lid so that the eggs will curdle and thicken the soup.
 * 4) Serve with fried croutons.

title: Cookbook:Zuppa alla Modenese


text:
Cookbook talk:Zuppa alla Modenese

Soup alla Modanese authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Soup alla Modanese =
 * 2005-03-27 07:12:00 User:CanisRufus (Robot: Changing category Soup)
 * 2005-03-22 18:30:29 User:FreplySpang (+)
 * 2004-10-25 09:45:46 User:Itai
 * 2004-09-18 16:01:13 User:Anthony DiPierro
 * 2004-08-14 04:25:45 User:RedWolf (disambiguation: egg)
 * 2004-08-02 15:36:41 User:Burschik (added category)
 * 2004-05-05 17:57:42 User:JakeVortex (disambig stock)
 * 2003-10-19 08:23:20 User:TUF-KAT
 * 2002-02-25 15:51:15 User:Conversion script (Automated conversion)

I changed the title as the recipe is still known and common today and called "alla modenese" in modern Italian ("modenese" simply means "of (the city of) Modena"). I couldn't assess whether this "Modanese" is just a misspelling of the referenced book or an ancient version of the adjective; I can't find it on Google, except as a surname. Anyway, there is no reason to use this erroneous or obsolete spelling here. Moongateclimber (discuss • contribs) 15:09, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Zuppa alla Modenese


text:
Origami/Types/Wet Folding

Wet folding is the practice of wetting origami paper with water and folding the model while the paper is wet. It is a useful method for folding organic forms, since the paper will permamently retain subtle folds and curves after it dries.

title: Origami/Types/Wet Folding


text:
Cookbook:Persian Apple Dessert

Ingredients

 * 3 medium apples, peeled and cut up
 * 2–3 tablespoons white granulated sugar
 * 2 tablespoons lemon juice
 * 1 tablespoon rose or orange flower water
 * 1 dash of salt

Procedure

 * 1) Place half the apples and the remaining ingredients in blender.
 * 2) Cover and blend until coarsely chopped, 20–30 seconds.
 * 3) Add remaining apples; blend until coarsely chopped.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Rose water and orange flower water can be found in gourmet and specialty shops.

title: Cookbook:Persian Apple Dessert


text:
Cookbook talk:Persian Apple Dessert

Persian appel dessert authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Persian appel dessert =
 * 2005-03-25 14:48:18 User:Uncle G (Tag fixing: should be )
 * 2004-09-27 04:36:41 User:24.127.17.237 (Persian Apple Dessert (Faloudeh Sib))
 * 2004-08-06 12:45:38 User:Duncharris
 * 2004-08-06 11:49:10 User:212.238.143.99

title: Cookbook talk:Persian Apple Dessert


text:
Cookbook:Arisa (Malaysian Blended Chicken)

 * Malaysian Cuisine

Arisa is a unique dish only found in state of Johor, Malaysia. It is very rare nowadays, normally only served to royalty and social elites of Johor at formal functions and celebrations. This rarity reflects its passing as an oral tradition between mother to daughter.

Ingredients

 * 2 young chickens weighing 1.2 kg
 * 500 g oats
 * 4 red onions
 * 15 cloves garlic
 * 15 cardamom seeds
 * 10 whole cloves
 * 50 mm piece cinnamon stick
 * 100 mm fresh ginger
 * 2 tablespoons white pepper
 * Salt to taste
 * 340 g ghee
 * Onions, chopped

Procedure

 * 1) Clean the chicken, and cut into fourths.
 * 2) Place the chicken in a stock pot.
 * 3) Blend the ginger and garlic. Cut red onion into quarters, and put the blended ingredients and onion into the stock pot.
 * 4) Add 12 glasses of water, salt, cardamon seeds, cinnamon sticks and cloves.
 * 5) Bring the chicken to boil.
 * 6) Take out the chicken, debone it, and blend it into puree.
 * 7) Sieve the chicken stock, bring it to boil again, add in the chicken puree, oats, white pepper, and salt to taste.
 * 8) Stir nonstop until it thickens. Add in half of the ghee, and stir until the mixture is smooth.
 * 9) Pour the mixture into a square mold, and make a depression in the middle.
 * 10) Use the rest of the ghee to fry the onions. Place the fried onions into the depression.
 * 11) Sprinkle additional fried onions on top to garnish.


text:
Cookbook talk:Arisa (Malaysian Blended Chicken)

Arisa authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:Arisa =
 * 2005-05-01 04:43:38 User:Ugen64 (move to wikibooks)
 * 2005-04-30 19:34:28 User:KFP (reason for speedy)
 * 2005-04-30 19:24:18 User:144.173.6.74 (added stub)
 * 2005-04-30 19:20:34 User:144.173.6.74 (minor)
 * 2005-04-30 19:14:16 User:KFP (speedy)
 * 2005-04-30 19:13:56 User:144.173.6.74 (added link)
 * 2005-04-30 19:12:43 User:144.173.6.74 (salvaged from Johor, need photos)


text:
Neapolitan/501 Neapolitan verbs

 * abballà
 * accattà
 * acchiappà
 * aggarbà
 * aggrannirse
 * allicurdà
 * alluccà
 * arapì
 * ascì
 * attené
 * assapé
 * avé
 * cagnà: to change (English), cambiare (Italiano)
 * cammenà
 * canóscere
 * campà
 * cantà
 * carè
 * chiagnere
 * chiammà
 * correre
 * dà
 * dimannà
 * dormì
 * èssere
 * fà
 * fernì
 * fràvecà
 * fuì
 * ghì
 * jì appriésso
 * jucà
 * magnà
 * mpazzì
 * natà
 * rìcere
 * rispónnere
 * parlà
 * penzà
 * piglià
 * prià
 * pruvà
 * puté
 * sapé
 * scetà
 * scialà
 * sentì
 * servì
 * sgarrupà
 * stà
 * suggerì
 * sunnà
 * tené
 * trasì
 * truvà
 * vedé
 * venì
 * vèvere
 * vulà
 * vulé
 * zumpà

Napoletano/Verbi napoletani

title: Neapolitan/501 Neapolitan verbs


text:
Animal Care/Cockatoo

Cockatoo care

 * Many avian veterinarians suggest that parrots should be fed a pelleted diet, supplemented by fresh food and a small quantity of seeds as snacks.
 * They should have fresh, clean water at all times.
 * Their cages should be lined with papers that are replaced regularly.
 * Parrots enjoy regular time outside of their cages interacting with owners, and as they are intelligent, they need plenty of toys to keep them busy. A good rule of thumb is, "A busy bird is a happy bird!"
 * When you bring home your first parrot, be sure to find an avian veterinarian—one who specialises in birds—to bring your new friend to. It is important to schedule a well-bird exam to ensure that your cockatoo in good health.
 * Any future birds you bring home should spend approximately 45 days in quarantine from the bird(s) already in your home. This is to prevent the spread of disease.
 * Do not cage incompatible types of birds together. For example Cockatiels are so docile that they can easily be hurt by other, more aggressive birds—even smaller ones, like budgerigars and parrotlets.
 * Many veterinarians recommend that prospective bird-owners seek out a breeder, for breeders' birds are likely to be healthy (as they are not "factory-farmed") and friendly (as they are typically hand-fed and well-socialized).

Some warnings

 * Never give a pet parrot chocolate, caffeinated beverages, alcohol, avocado, or rhubarb.
 * Avoid using PFTEs (often referred to by the brand name of Teflon) around all pet birds. When PFTEs/ Teflons get very hot, they emit particulates into the air. Birds are more sensitive to particulates than humans are, and they can die suddenly when exposed to PFTE. PFTEs are found in cookware, hair dryers, irons, printers, and more—check all labels before using electric products near your birds.
 * Also avoid using candles, air fresheners, etc. near birds. Their respiratory systems are much more susceptible to pollutants than those of most mammals.
 * Although cockatiels are capable of reproducing by the time they are a year old, they should be prevented from doing so until they are at least two years old. This is especially important for female cockatiels: Laying eggs requires much calcium, and when a hen lays eggs at too young an age, the egg-laying can interfere with the calcium required by her bones.
 * Birds that lay eggs frequently—especially cockatiels—are extremely prone to a dangerous condition known as oviduct prolapse.
 * Do not give parrots gravel for their gizzards. Unlike softbills, parrots do not need it to digest their food.

title: Animal Care/Cockatoo


text:
Talk:Animal Care/Cockatoo

How to care for a pet cockatoo authors and history
= From Wikipedia:Talk:How to care for a pet cockatoo = I wonder if this page should be renamed "How to care for a pet parrot." Cockatoos are a type of parrot, and the same recommendations would apply. Perhaps being broader would be better?
 * 2005-08-07 05:43:25 User:Kell (Fixed the parrotlet link)
 * 2005-07-08 13:32:49 User:82.92.119.11 (This really needs to be in Wikibooks; it's good info but it's not an encyclopedia article)
 * 2005-01-11 04:30:37 User:64.81.21.86 (→Some warnings - removed "egg laying birds" as there is no other kind :-) also added some explanation to the air quality warning)
 * 2004-12-30 23:19:07 User:204.174.64.36 (→Some warnings)
 * 2004-12-23 18:12:53 User:204.174.64.36 (→Some warnings)
 * 2004-12-23 18:10:51 User:204.174.64.36 (→Some warnings)
 * 2004-12-23 18:09:50 User:204.174.64.36 (→Some warnings)
 * 2004-07-15 21:24:05 User:Joy Stovall (cleaned up links, added others)
 * 2004-05-19 09:54:40 User:Sam Spade (Cockatoo care)
 * 2004-04-27 00:33:40 User:Alexina (found a list of Australian avian vets... can anyone find one for the UK or Canada, etc.?)
 * 2004-04-27 00:30:10 User:Alexina (added external links)
 * 2004-04-27 00:24:09 User:Alexina (changed refs to parrots, rather than cockatoos, as the advice is the same. Also clarified why vets suggest purchasing from a breeder.)
 * 2004-04-27 00:17:54 User:Alexina
 * 2004-04-07 17:10:04 User:SimonP (no longer on vfd)
 * 2004-03-04 01:43:38 User:Everyking
 * 2004-03-04 01:43:11 User:Everyking
 * 2004-03-04 00:54:52 User:Dpbsmith (Move Tiel Talk to external links. Remove bittybirds external link, not much of an informational resource.)
 * 2004-03-03 21:22:01 User:Timwi (VfD)
 * 2003-10-21 22:25:02 User:64.68.115.166
 * 2003-09-21 13:37:11 User:Tannin (A little more. Someone else want to take it from here?)
 * 2003-09-21 13:35:48 User:Tannin (Trying to edit this up into a half-decent generalised form - pet owners please help)
 * 2003-09-21 13:32:38 User:Tannin (Split off from cockatiel - should be possible to make this more generally useful)

Copied from VfD

 * Do we really want this kind of article in Wikipedia? — Timwi 21:21, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes we do. There is a lot of information on that page. theresa knott 21:44, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Where is our general discussion on How-to articles? I think we should have one and divide the how-tos into the sort we want and the sort we don't want -- having the nono-howtos then as speedy deletions. — Sverdrup (talk) 21:54, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Please look into the page history. It is a logical part of the topic. What it really needs is linking from other places. (and further wikifying) Mikkalai 22:25, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Needs to be seriously cleaned up. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.  "All parrots should be fed a diet of primarily pellets" according to whom?  There need to be references added, and POV statements like this need to be attributed and cited. Anthony DiPierro 23:43, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - advert for the site pretending to be a guide to cockatoos. - Texture 23:48, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * What on earth makes you think that ? have you read the page history? theresa knott 23:54, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Could be better, but it's a perfectly good article. Not obviously self-serving or self-promotional. The links should go in an External Links section, and something should be done about the brand names which are OK but only apply to ... what country? Not the U.S. Dpbsmith 00:50, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikibooks. --mav 06:03, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, move to wikibooks. Tuf-Kat 08:18, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge back with cockatiel. Anthony DiPierro 13:16, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to "How to care for a pet parrot" as none of the content is specific to cocaktoos rather than parrots in general. Needs some TLC after that.--zandperl 23:21, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Animal Care/Cockatoo