text:
Talk:Japanese/Transcribing English to Japanese

* (cur) (last) 04:34, 8 October 2007 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (29,715 bytes) (transwiki to en.wb is done) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:17, 29 September 2007 70.19.190.193 (Talk) (29,687 bytes) (→Non-standard transcriptions) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:13, 29 September 2007 70.19.190.193 (Talk) (29,593 bytes) (→Non-standard transcriptions) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:53, 26 September 2007 BirgitteSB (Talk | contribs) (29,527 bytes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:30, 2 September 2007 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (29,505 bytes) (→Step 2: Transform the vowels from English to Japanese) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:04, 29 June 2007 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (29,467 bytes) (→Step 6: Transcribe rōmaji into katakana - rm outside link. we have a list of katakana right here on wikipedia) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:02, 29 June 2007 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (29,531 bytes) (→Palatalize coronal obstruents - wikify coronal and obstruent) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:59, 21 June 2007 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (29,505 bytes) (→Procedure for transcription - this is not a how-to, it is a process represented formally as a series of transformations) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:42, 7 June 2007 Oda Mari (Talk | contribs) m (29,514 bytes) (→Non-standard transcriptions - Correction. Added a japanese character) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:25, 24 May 2007 Sotaru (Talk | contribs) (29,511 bytes) (→Step 2: Transform the vowels from English to Japanese) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:05, 8 May 2007 218.41.1.52 (Talk) (29,511 bytes) (→Non-standard transcriptions) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:04, 8 May 2007 218.41.1.52 (Talk) (29,511 bytes) (→Non-standard transcriptions) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:47, 7 April 2007 Chris the speller (Talk | contribs) m (Disambiguate link) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:23, 28 March 2007 Balloonguy (Talk | contribs) (→Procedure for transcription - tagged as howto) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:19, 21 March 2007 Calcwatch (Talk | contribs) (removing transcriber link; the transcriber seems designed mostly for converting Japaneses romaji input to katakana, it's not based on English pronunciation rules) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:49, 19 March 2007 151.41.5.237 (Talk) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:37, 7 March 2007 151.199.193.188 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:40, 2 March 2007 Zeimusu (Talk | contribs) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:40, 2 March 2007 Parker007 (Talk | contribs) (Proposing page for deletion) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:08, 27 February 2007 151.199.193.53 (Talk) (→Non-standard transcriptions) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:09, 14 February 2007 Furrykef (Talk | contribs) m (→Inconsistencies) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:43, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - retranscribed short e as ɛ) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:30, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - moved "Washington" here from the examples section, as it is non-standard) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:27, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - maintained ŋ through step 1 and deleted Washington, as it is a based on an American English pronunciation) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:13, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Step 4: Add epenthetic vowels - "N" can also represent the velar nasal vowel) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:03, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - the pronunciation of "n" in "ink" remains unchanged when rendering it Japanese) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:21, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Step 4: Add epenthetic vowels - more about "m" and "N") (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:10, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - wikified "Vicks") (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:09, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) m (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - repeated words) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:06, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - fixed *) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:05, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - v in Japanese) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:59, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - removed vandalism) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:53, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - "or only contains in certain contexts" since Japanese does contain some of those sounds) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:51, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - "in Japanese") (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:50, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - removed slashes from i) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:50, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - info about other sounds not shared between the two languages) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:46, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:46, 13 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - hu ->) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:55, 12 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - The w sound comes before, not after vowels in English) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:54, 12 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - removed ph, which is spelling not pronunciation) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:48, 12 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - of course l becomes r. That is not non-standard) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:25, 8 February 2007 151.199.192.193 (Talk) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:06, 8 February 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - hood) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:30, 5 February 2007 151.199.192.252 (Talk) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:29, 5 February 2007 151.199.192.252 (Talk) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:59, 2 February 2007 71.57.65.32 (Talk) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:59, 2 February 2007 71.57.65.32 (Talk) (→Step 6: Transcribe rōmaji into katakana) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:01, 1 February 2007 151.199.193.73 (Talk) (→Non-standard transcriptions) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:03, 26 January 2007 151.199.192.214 (Talk) (→Step 2: Transform the vowels from English to Japanese) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:24, 24 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - sales) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:58, 12 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - foundation and foul) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:14, 8 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - sweater) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:00, 5 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - fast) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:19, 5 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) m (→Non-standard transcriptions - typo) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:53, 4 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - (sewing)) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:48, 4 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Inconsistencies - poNchi vs. paNchi) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:45, 4 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:41, 4 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - punch) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:31, 4 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-standard transcriptions - pouch) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:53, 1 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) m (→Inconsistencies - non-conforming -> non-standard) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:51, 1 January 2007 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:13, 30 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→See also) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:03, 30 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Inconsistencies - put slashes around IPA symbols for ease of reading.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:58, 28 December 2006 Calcwatch (Talk | contribs) m (→Step 2: Transform the vowels from English to Japanese - juu --> yuu (to be consistent with "kya" and "gya" above)) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:21, 28 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:20, 28 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Difficulties) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:05, 14 December 2006 Kzaral (Talk | contribs) m (→Inconsistencies) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:45, 11 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added California, loose, and Yankees) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:34, 7 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - clarified the explanation) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:33, 7 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added yogurt) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:25, 7 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added margarine) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:31, 6 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - Added propane and smooth) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:22, 4 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Inconsistencies - removed the paragraph on "ka" vs. "kya" because it's been made redundant by the table below) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:20, 4 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added cocoa and idea) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:28, 2 December 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added label, radio, video, and Narnia) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:10, 29 November 2006 FilipeS (Talk | contribs) m (Category:Japanese writing system) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:49, 29 November 2006 SmackBot (Talk | contribs) m (Proj album changes/Fmt track listing/Date fragments delinked &/or gen fixes using AWB) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:02, 27 November 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added "curry") (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:49, 27 November 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added "revolution") (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:44, 27 November 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added "color") (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:42, 27 November 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added archaeology) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:38, 27 November 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added another element to "volleyball") (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:35, 27 November 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added "news") (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:33, 27 November 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added "archiver") (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:29, 27 November 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - fixed an error) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:25, 27 November 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added another non-conforming element for "money" and added "ladies/lady's") (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:19, 25 November 2006 Spacecat2 (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - removed "baht" from examples, since it doesn't even follow the rules outlined above.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:31, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - fixed my mistake ii -> ee) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:30, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added "money" and "volleyball") (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:15, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added "fruit") (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:11, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - fixed the asterisk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:03, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added more to the footnote) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:59, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added a footnote about "Hepburn") (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:30, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added plural s to "elements") (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:19, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - fixed alphabetical order and added Hepburn) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:39, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies - clarified that there are multiple transcriptions of both "report" and "reporter") (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:27, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - made it more clear) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:26, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added "report" and "reporter" to examples) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:23, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies - added an exception to the "ripooto" spelling) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:20, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - added quotation marks around "a") (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:19, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Non-conforming transcriptions - made a correction) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:15, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies - added examples of commonly-used, but non-conforming transcriptions) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:51, 25 November 2006 Kusunose (Talk | contribs) m (→Inconsistencies - fix "reporter") (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:35, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies - added more) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:26, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies - added the rhotic accent link.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:25, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies - added another example of Japanese English not corresponding to Received Pronunciation) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:10, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies - deleted some unneede line breaks.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:08, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies - added more) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:49, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies - added more) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:32, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:20, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Inconsistencies - expanded to include inconsistencies between transcription of English and transcription of other languages.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:08, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - added an example) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:04, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (new section: Inconsistencies) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:14, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - added j) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:00, 25 November 2006 220.34.144.74 (Talk) (→Step 2: Transform the vowels from English to Japanese - added some more common vowel transliterations) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:23, 15 November 2006 Montydrei (Talk | contribs) (→Transcribing multiple words) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:19, 19 October 2006 Donarreiskoffer (Talk | contribs) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:45, 31 July 2006 202.147.117.39 (Talk) (→Procedure for transcription) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:06, 27 July 2006 Stephan Leeds (Talk | contribs) m (→Step 1: Transcribe the English phonetically) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:34, 26 July 2006 Bluebot (Talk | contribs) (bulleting external links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:40, 16 July 2006 24.19.184.243 (Talk) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:22, 16 July 2006 24.19.184.243 (Talk) (→Difficulties) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:38, 8 May 2006 Hippietrail (Talk | contribs) (wikify set phrase, which needs an article) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:02, 18 April 2006 Kusunose (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - fix baht, add lang tag) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:27, 17 April 2006 Lurlock (Talk | contribs) (Fixed chart, also Kana for "baht" was missing, I tried, someone check my spelling just in case.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:53, 15 April 2006 65.4.219.11 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:51, 15 April 2006 65.4.219.11 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:41, 2 April 2006 Freakofnurture (Talk | contribs) (unreferenced) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:08, 23 February 2006 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Step 4: Add epenthetic vowels - be more upfront about what this step is really about) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:15, 26 December 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→Examples) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:13, 26 December 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→Examples) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:12, 26 December 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→Examples) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:10, 10 December 2005 Picapica (Talk | contribs) m (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:24, 20 November 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) m (category change to new category "phonology") (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:03, 18 November 2005 Zeimusu (Talk | contribs) (rvv) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:19, 18 November 2005 212.219.92.98 (Talk) (→Difficulties) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:51, 17 November 2005 Uncle G (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 212.219.92.98 to last version by Bluebot) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:39, 17 November 2005 212.219.92.98 (Talk) (→Reasons for the fact that James Bennett is gay) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:33, 17 November 2005 212.219.92.98 (Talk) (→MEEP) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:30, 17 November 2005 212.219.92.98 (Talk) (→Reasons for the fact that James Bennett is gay) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:26, 17 November 2005 212.219.92.98 (Talk) (→Reasons for the fact that James Bennett is gay) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:19, 17 November 2005 212.219.92.98 (Talk) (→Reasons for love poo) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:19, 17 November 2005 212.219.92.98 (Talk) (→Reasons for transcribing) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:15, 16 November 2005 Bluebot (Talk | contribs) m (Robot subst'ing.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:51, 13 October 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Step 4: Add epenthetic vowels - add romaji for turuumaN shoo) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:29, 13 October 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) (→Step 2: Transform the vowels from English to Japanese - note on cat -> kyatto type transcription, table to "prettytable" template and put headings in.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:42, 2 October 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - Added new section on transcribing sentences.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:38, 2 October 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) m (→Double voiceless obstruents after short vowels - add link to sokuon for doubled vowels) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:07, 1 October 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) m (→Step 4: Add epenthetic vowels - Note on use of TO plus u to make a tu sound.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:04, 1 October 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) m (→Step 6: Transcribe Romaji into Katakana - downcased words) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:02, 1 October 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) (→Palatalize coronal obstruents - One fix and added kana representation of ti, di.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:54, 21 September 2005 Bluemask (Talk | contribs) m (IPA template) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:05, 30 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (rv. it clearly says at the top that these are a variation of Hepburn with long vowels doubled, for clarity) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:43, 30 August 2005 WhisperToMe (Talk | contribs) m (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:42, 30 August 2005 WhisperToMe (Talk | contribs) m (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:42, 30 August 2005 WhisperToMe (Talk | contribs) m (→Step 2: Transform the vowels from English to Japanese) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:41, 30 August 2005 WhisperToMe (Talk | contribs) (In Hepburn all foriegn words have macrons) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:00, 29 August 2005 Rubicantoto (Talk | contribs) (→Step 2: Transform the vowels from English to Japanese) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:41, 29 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (missing bold) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:40, 29 August 2005 Rubicantoto (Talk | contribs) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:38, 29 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:53, 29 August 2005 Pitan (Talk | contribs) m (fixed and replaced examples) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:16, 29 August 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) (Putting in link to ateji article.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:45, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Step 2: Transform the vowels from English to Japanese - standardize use of italics) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:43, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Step 1: Transcribe the English phonetically - grammar cleanup) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:41, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - more missing bolds) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:40, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - missing bolds) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:25, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Transform non-Japanese sounds to closest Japanese equivalents - tyop) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:39, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (more cleanup) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:30, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (cleanup steps) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:30, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - + Phillip) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:53, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Procedure for transcription) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:49, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Procedure for transcription - clarify that there is nothing inherent about this ordering) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:27, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - short i in orleans to explain i in Japanese) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:25, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - +earthling (example with θ)) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:02, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - a few more examples, some non-americans too) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:28, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Step 3: Transform consonants - ŋ sometimes just becomes N, as in Washington) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:27, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - + afew more examples) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:05, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - +nation) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:55, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - tyop in harvard kana) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:47, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Examples - forgot to highlight n in pentium becoming moraic N) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:44, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (separate step 2 into two separate steps, add new step to table, other cleanup) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:08, 28 August 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) (→Examples) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:02, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (make examples into complete steps table) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:30, 28 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change consonants) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:58, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change vowels - single e is used for /eɪ/ sometimes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:42, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→3. Add epenthetic vowels - n->N) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:30, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change vowels - likewise, hair seems to be both ヘア, and ヘアー) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:27, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change vowels - queer seems to be both クイアー and クイア, so it seems both ia and iaa are used for -eer) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:21, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change vowels - google search show "fear" tends to be フィアー (fiaa) not フィア (fia)) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:18, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change vowels - better to use an example that is "juː" in all dialects) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:12, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change vowels) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:03, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change consonants - rm extra 'below') (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:02, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Methods for transcription - ahh there's the rub) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:02, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Methods for transcription) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:00, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→2. Transform the sounds from English to Japanese - explain and systematize use of N) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:53, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change consonants - examples) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:51, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→5. Transcribe Romaji into Katakana) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:22, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→4. Break into morae - note that final "n" is moraic) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:22, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→5. Transcribe Romaji into Katakana - rules for long vowel and moraic n) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:19, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change consonants - add rule for ŋ when it precedes /k/) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:12, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change consonants - + w -> u) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:25, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (step 1, examples were kind of bogus; better examples later) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:20, 27 August 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) (→Change vowels - More rules which relate to spelling) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:12, 27 August 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) (→1. Transcribe the English phonetically - minor edits of English) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:10, 27 August 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) m (→Difficulties - removed poor English) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:08, 27 August 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) (→3. Add epenthetic vowels - Another error "tto" is after short vowels - it has nothing to do with emphasis) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:04, 27 August 2005 DannyWilde (Talk | contribs) (→Change vowels - corrected some errors. Also "cork" is a bad example, since the Japanese word is actually "koruku" - based on Portuguese.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:48, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change vowels - more transcriptions) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:37, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Change vowels - transcriptions for example vowel words) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:17, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (ng seems to go to Ngu, not N) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:02, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (fix typo in kana for hovercraft, v->b in romaji, because that's what the kana does) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:52, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→3. Add epenthetic vowels - more examples) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:29, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (simply steps) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:16, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→1. Write the word phonetically. - improve writing) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:14, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→Methods for transcription - specify correspondances exactly) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:40, 27 August 2005 Nohat (Talk | contribs) (→1. Write the word phonetically.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:25, 15 July 2005 User6854 (Talk | contribs) m (→2. Simplify the consonants - Deleted repetition) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:16, 10 June 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→2. Simplify the consonants) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:14, 10 June 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) m (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:14, 10 June 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:13, 10 June 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:59, 11 May 2005 Sietse Snel (Talk | contribs) m (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants. - sp.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:11, 3 May 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→2. Simplify the consonants) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:12, 29 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:08, 29 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:07, 29 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:02, 29 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:02, 29 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:29, 29 April 2005 Jpatokal (Talk | contribs) (rvt out unexplained list of "exceptions" (which mostly aren't)) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:31, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→Example) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:23, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→2. Simplify the consonants) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:18, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→2. Simplify the consonants) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:16, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→2. Simplify the consonants) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:15, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→2. Simplify the consonants) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:12, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) m (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:00, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:54, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and, break the letter x, and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:51, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:48, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:46, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:44, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and add vowels to terminal consonants.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:38, 28 April 2005 Tedius Zanarukando (Talk | contribs) (→2. Simplify the consonants - Final letter "x") (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:08, 22 April 2005 Male1979 (Talk | contribs) (Category:Japanese language) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:34, 20 April 2005 Kusunose (Talk | contribs) m (revert edits by 63.166.226.88) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:20, 14 April 2005 63.166.226.88 (Talk) (→6. Transliterate) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:34, 15 March 2005 DopefishJustin (Talk | contribs) m (→2. Simplify the consonants - grammar) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:38, 16 January 2005 24.85.3.38 (Talk) (→1. Write the word phonetically.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:03, 15 January 2005 83.108.32.229 (Talk) (→3. Simplify the consonants - Part 2 was missing, so 3 was changed to 2, 4 was changed to 3 and so on.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:53, 16 December 2004 Jpatokal (Talk | contribs) m (→3. Simplify the consonants) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:33, 15 December 2004 Jpatokal (Talk | contribs) m (→Difficulties - sp) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:24, 15 December 2004 Jpatokal (Talk | contribs) (→The difficulties - more pitfalls) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:04, 15 December 2004 Jpatokal (Talk | contribs) (→4. Split consonant groups and add vowels to terminal consonants. - constraints, workarounds and examples) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:45, 28 November 2004 Revth (Talk | contribs) m (→6. Transliterate) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:44, 28 November 2004 Revth (Talk | contribs) (→Example) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:11, 15 November 2004 213.13.235.149 (Talk) (omni) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:12, 26 October 2004 80.42.181.118 (Talk) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:53, 15 October 2004 202.99.60.155 (Talk) (→Example) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:51, 15 October 2004 Fg2 (Talk | contribs) m (→2. Simplify the vowels. - "a" ---> "as") (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:49, 15 October 2004 202.99.60.155 (Talk) (→Example) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:48, 15 October 2004 202.99.60.155 (Talk) (→5. Break into mora and transliterate) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:48, 15 October 2004 202.99.60.155 (Talk) (→Example) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:47, 15 October 2004 202.99.60.155 (Talk) (→Example) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:44, 15 October 2004 202.99.60.155 (Talk) (→Example) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:45, 3 September 2004 Sekicho (Talk | contribs) (→The difficulties - took out "je" example: see talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:23, 18 August 2004 Adamrice (Talk | contribs) (→External links - -- added "Japanese language" category) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:35, 24 June 2004 Maximus Rex (Talk | contribs) m (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:10, 17 June 2004 ChicXulub (Talk | contribs) m (fix spelling mistakes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:36, 5 May 2004 RedWolf (Talk | contribs) m (dab English) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:22, 3 May 2004 Zeimusu (Talk | contribs) m (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:21, 3 May 2004 Zeimusu (Talk | contribs) (=2. Simplify the vowels.=) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:16, 3 May 2004 Zeimusu (Talk | contribs) (=Methods for transcription=) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:51, 2 May 2004 Zeimusu (Talk | contribs) (A work in progress)


text:
Minimizing Hard Disk Drive Failure and Data Loss/Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology

Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology, or S.M.A.R.T., is a monitoring system for computer hard disks to detect and report on various indicators of reliability, in the hope of anticipating failures.

Background
Fundamentally, hard drives can suffer one of two classes of failures:
 * Predictable ones, when some failure modes, especially mechanical wear and aging, happen gradually over time. A monitoring device can detect these, much as a temperature dial on the dashboard of an automobile can warn a driver — before serious damage occurs — that the engine has started to overheat.
 * Unpredictable ones, when other failures may occur suddenly and unpredictably, such as an electronic component failing.

Mechanical failures, which are usually predictable failures, account for 60 percent of drive failure. The purpose of S.M.A.R.T. is to warn a user or system administrator of impending drive failure while time remains to take preventative action — such as copying the data to a replacement device. Approximately 30% of failures can be predicted by S.M.A.R.T. Work at Google on over 100,000 drives has shown little overall predictive value of S.M.A.R.T. status as a whole, but that certain sub-categories of information S.M.A.R.T. implementations might track do correlate with actual failure rates - specifically that following the first scan error, drives are 39 times more likely to fail within 60 days than drives with no such errors and first errors in reallocations, offline reallocations, and probational counts are also strongly correlated to higher failure probabilities.

Pctechguide's page on S.M.A.R.T. (2003) comments that the technology has gone through three phases:
 * "In its original incarnation SMART provided failure prediction by monitoring certain online hard drive activities. A subsequent version improved failure prediction by adding an automatic off-line read scan to monitor additional operations. The latest SMART III technology not only monitors hard drive activities but adds failure prevention by attempting to detect and repair sector errors. Also, whilst earlier versions of the technology only monitored hard drive activity for data that was retrieved by the operating system, SMART III tests all data and all sectors of a drive by using off-line data collection to confirm the drive's health during periods of inactivity."

SMART Information
The technical documentation for SMART is in the AT Attachment standard.

The most basic information that SMART provides is the SMART status. It provides only two values, "threshold not exceeded" or "threshold exceeded". Often these are represented as "drive OK" or "drive fail" respectively. A "threshold exceeded" value is intended to indicate that there is a relatively high probability that the drive will not be able to honor its specification in the future: that is, it's "about to fail". The predicted failure may be catastrophic or may be something as subtle as inability to write to certain sectors or slower performance than the manufacturer's minimum.

The SMART status does not necessarily indicate the drive's reliability now or in the past. If the drive has already failed catastrophically, the SMART status may be inaccessible. If the drive was experiencing problems in the past, but now the sensors indicate that the problems no longer exist, the SMART status may indicate the drive is OK, depending on the manufacturer's programming.

The inability to read some sectors is not always an indication that the drive is about to fail; one way that unreadable sectors can be created even when the drive is functioning within specification is if the power fails while the drive is writing. Even if the physical disk is damaged in one location so that a sector is unreadable, the disk may be able to use spare space to replace the bad area so that the sector can be overwritten.

More detail on the health of the drive may be obtained by examining the SMART Attributes. SMART Attributes were included in some drafts of the ATA standard but were removed before the standard became final. The meaning and interpretation of the attributes varies between manufacturers and is sometimes considered a trade secret by the manufacturer. Attributes are discussed further below.

Drives with SMART may optionally support a number of 'logs'. The error log records information about the most recent errors that the drive has reported back to the host computer. Examining this log may help to determine whether computer problems are disk-related or caused by something else.

A drive supporting SMART may optionally support a number of self-test or maintenance routines, and the results of the tests are kept in the self-test log. The self-test routines can be efficiently used to detect any unreadable sectors on the disk so that they may be restored from backup (for example, from other disks in a RAID). This helps to reduce the risk of a situation where one sector on a disk becomes unreadable, then the backup is damaged, and the data is lost forever.

Standards and implementation
Many motherboards will display a warning message when a disk drive approaches failure. Although an industry standard among most major hard drive manufacturers, there are some remaining issues and much proprietary "secret knowledge" held by individual manufacturers as to their specific approach. As a result, S.M.A.R.T. is not always implemented correctly on many computer platforms due to the absence of industry-wide software & hardware standards for S.M.A.R.T. data interchange.

From a legal perspective, the term "S.M.A.R.T." refers only to a signaling method between internal disk drive electromechanical sensors and the host computer — thus a disk drive manufacturer could include a sensor for just one physical attribute and then advertise the product as S.M.A.R.T. compatible. For example, a drive manufacturer might claim to support S.M.A.R.T. but not include a temperature sensor, which the customer might reasonably expect to be present.

Some S.M.A.R.T.-enabled motherboards and related software may not communicate with certain S.M.A.R.T.-capable drives, depending on the type of interface. Few external drives connected via USB and Firewire correctly send S.M.A.R.T. data over those interfaces. With so many ways to connect a hard drive (e.g. SCSI, Fibre Channel, ATA, SATA, SAS, SSA) it's difficult to predict whether S.M.A.R.T. reports will function correctly.

Even on hard drives and interfaces that support it, S.M.A.R.T. data may not be reported correctly to the computer's operating system. Some disk controllers can duplicate all write operations on a secondary "backup" drive in real-time. This feature is known as "RAID mirroring". However, many programs which are designed to analyze changes in drive behavior and relay S.M.A.R.T. alerts to the operator do not function when a computer system is configured for RAID support, usually because under normal RAID array operational conditions, the computer may not be permitted to 'see' (or directly access) individual physical drives, but only logical volumes, by the RAID array subsystem.

On the Windows platform, many programs designed to monitor and report S.M.A.R.T. information will only function under an administrator account. At present S.M.A.R.T. is implemented individually by manufacturers, and while some aspects are standardized for compatibility, others are not.

One of the other fundamental problems with S.M.A.R.T is that it slows performance and for this reason it is disabled by default in many motherboard BIOSes.

Attributes
Each drive manufacturer defines a set of attributes and selects threshold values which attributes should not go below under normal operation. Attribute values can range from 1 to 253 (1 representing the worst case and 253 representing the best). Depending on the manufacturer, a value of 100 or 200 will often be chosen as the "normal" value. Manufacturers that have supported one or more S.M.A.R.T. attributes in various products include: Samsung, Seagate, IBM (Hitachi), Fujitsu, Maxtor, Western Digital. These manufacturers do not necessarily agree on precise attribute definitions and measurement units; therefore the following list should be regarded as a general reference only. Note that the attribute values are always mapped to the range of 1 to 253 in a way that means higher values are better. For example, the "Reallocated Sectors Count" attribute value decreases as the number of reallocated sectors increases. In this case, the attribute's raw value will often indicate the actual number of sectors that were reallocated, although vendors are in no way required to adhere to this convention.

Threshold Exceeds Condition
Threshold Exceeds Condition (TEC) is a supposed date when a critical drive statistic attribute will achieves its threshold value. When Drive Health software reports a "Nearest T.E.C." it should be considered as a "Failure date".

Prognosis of this date is based on the factor "Speed of attribute change"; how many points each month the value is decreasing/increasing. This factor is calculated automatically at any change of S.M.A.R.T. attributes for each attribute individually. Note that TEC dates are not guarantees; hard drives can and will either last much longer or fail much sooner than the date given by a TEC.

Software
Various operating-system specific software can extend the users ability to monitor disk drive conditions through the S.M.A.R.T. interface and predict when a failure is likely to occur by logging deviations in attribute values. This software may also possess the capability to distinguish between gradual degradation over time (representing normal wear) and a sudden change (which may indicate a more serious problem).

 * S.M.A.R.T site; links to several SMART tools.
 * smartmontools — open-source for Linux, Mac OS X / Darwin, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, Darwin, OS/2, Windows (native) and Cygwin.
 * SMARTReporter — $5.99 for Macintosh, no longer open source.
 * HDTune freeware diagnostic utility for Windows.
 * ActiveSMART commercial software for Windows.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Minimizing Hard Disk Drive Failure and Data Loss/Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology

* (cur) (last) 16:55, 30 September 2007 SmackBot (Talk | contribs) m (27,161 bytes) (Date/fix the maintenance tags or gen fixes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:30, 24 September 2007 81.70.193.248 (Talk) (27,141 bytes) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:29, 24 September 2007 81.70.193.248 (Talk) (27,169 bytes) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:07, 24 September 2007 SmackBot (Talk | contribs) (27,142 bytes) (Date/fix the maintenance tags or gen fixes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:10, 7 September 2007 72.230.80.189 (Talk) (27,140 bytes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:41, 3 September 2007 Geoffk01 (Talk | contribs) (27,144 bytes) (Back out apparently unintentional changes from revision of 23:31, 19 August 2007 while trying to preserve intentional changes.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:22, 30 August 2007 Furrykef (Talk | contribs) m (23,301 bytes) (→Known S.M.A.R.T. attributes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:04, 28 August 2007 SieBot (Talk | contribs) m (23,300 bytes) (robot Adding: no:Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology Modifying: sk:S.M.A.R.T.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:51, 25 August 2007 Dsuchter (Talk | contribs) (23,240 bytes) (→Software) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:47, 20 August 2007 SmackBot (Talk | contribs) (23,146 bytes) (Date/fix the maintenance tags or gen fixes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:31, 19 August 2007 Intgr (Talk | contribs) (22,712 bytes) (re-add : much of this information is out of scope for Wikipedia per WP:NOT; please bring up on talk page if you disagree) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:44, 18 August 2007 -Majestic- (Talk | contribs) (26,779 bytes) (clean up using AWB) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:30, 15 August 2007 SheeEttin (Talk | contribs) m (26,788 bytes) (→Known S.M.A.R.T. attributes - add a few more "better"s) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:43, 13 August 2007 76.81.180.3 (Talk) (26,550 bytes) (US English) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:45, 10 August 2007 Kaini (Talk | contribs) m (26,552 bytes) (→Background - preventive -> preventative) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:29, 7 August 2007 71.113.196.28 (Talk) (26,550 bytes) (→Known S.M.A.R.T. attributes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:11, 28 July 2007 66.191.76.174 (Talk) (26,470 bytes) (→Known S.M.A.R.T. attributes - Fixed incorrect information that had been copied from http://www.ariolic.com/activesmart/smart-attributes/power-on-hours.html) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:38, 24 July 2007 NapoliRoma (Talk | contribs) m (26,760 bytes) (→Software - update Solaris wl) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:15, 20 July 2007 71.63.89.37 (Talk) (26,763 bytes) (You don't need a citation to say that temperature = (drive) temperature.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:07, 20 July 2007 Daniel.Cardenas (Talk | contribs) (26,787 bytes) (→Known S.M.A.R.T. attributes - removed . I didn't see it.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:43, 8 July 2007 FlaBot (Talk | contribs) m (26,811 bytes) (robot Adding: no:Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:35, 18 June 2007 Giraffedata (Talk | contribs) m (26,752 bytes) (eliminate passive voice) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:10, 14 June 2007 68.159.67.71 (Talk) (26,743 bytes) (→Threshold Exceeds Condition) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:06, 14 June 2007 83.182.151.173 (Talk) (26,748 bytes) (→History and predecessors) (undo) * (cur) (last) 17:43, 14 June 2007 STBotD (Talk | contribs) m (26,752 bytes) (robot Modifying: sk:S.M.A.R.T.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:02, 12 June 2007 Durval (Talk | contribs) (26,751 bytes) (added new Seagate HD with attribute 190 verified) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:24, 23 May 2007 59.95.248.151 (Talk) (26,676 bytes) (→History and predecessors) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:23, 23 May 2007 59.95.248.151 (Talk) (26,680 bytes) (→History and predecessors) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:53, 15 May 2007 Andrew Hampe (Talk | contribs) m (26,676 bytes) (→Known S.M.A.R.T. attributes - moved legend to the top of the page) (undo) * (cur) (last) 17:32, 9 May 2007 Soumyasch (Talk | contribs) (26,676 bytes) (→Known S.M.A.R.T. attributes - colorized critical values) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:45, 7 May 2007 GreenReaper (Talk | contribs) (26,471 bytes) (→Standards and implementation - I'm removing temperature as a specific "predictor of failure" as the recent research by Google and others suggests that it's an unwarranted assertion) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:34, 30 April 2007 146.145.124.218 (Talk) (26,596 bytes) (→Known S.M.A.R.T. attributes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:31, 27 April 2007 SmackBot (Talk | contribs) m (26,597 bytes) (Date/fix the maintenance tags or gen fixes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:24, 27 April 2007 Geoffk01 (Talk | contribs) (26,192 bytes) (Add a section to say what SMART actually is.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:50, 26 April 2007 Uncle G (Talk | contribs) (22,442 bytes) (Corrected tag, per HTML comment.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:17, 23 April 2007 Jernejl (Talk | contribs) m (22,473 bytes) (it's not a maxtor-seagate.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:16, 23 April 2007 Jernejl (Talk | contribs) (22,536 bytes) (added another disk model which has 0xBE attribute, i'm not sure but it looks like a maxtor disks on outside (even sounds like one) so it might be seagate's ex-maxtor model since they purchased maxtor.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:44, 11 April 2007 SmackBot (Talk | contribs) m (Date/fix the maintenance tags) (undo) * (cur) (last) 17:23, 10 April 2007 Moocha (Talk | contribs) m (Fixed up links.) 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table formatting) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:51, 23 January 2007 Carson Lam (Talk | contribs) m (merge completed) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:50, 23 January 2007 Carson Lam (Talk | contribs) (→Attributes - merging Threshold Exceeds Condition) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:55, 20 January 2007 -Majestic- (Talk | contribs) m (clean up, Typos fixed: transfered → transferred, using AWB) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:34, 17 January 2007 KFwiki (Talk | contribs) (→References) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:31, 17 January 2007 KFwiki (Talk | contribs) (→References) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:18, 17 January 2007 KFwiki (Talk | contribs) (→Known S.M.A.R.T. attributes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:33, 11 January 2007 SmackBot (Talk | contribs) m (Date/fix the maintenance tags using AWB) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:38, 10 January 2007 Carson Lam (Talk | contribs) (propose merge) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:46, 8 January 2007 147.188.36.47 (Talk) (Corrected the 'Current Pending Sector Count' behaviour) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:20, 28 December 2006 Luna Santin (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 198.22.122.118 (talk) to last version by Luna Santin) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:17, 28 December 2006 198.22.122.118 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:14, 28 December 2006 Luna Santin (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 198.22.122.118 (talk) to last version by AntiVandalBot) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:13, 28 December 2006 198.22.122.118 (Talk) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:07, 28 December 2006 AntiVandalBot (Talk | contribs) m (BOT - 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sorry, Compaq was second, and have learned from the first) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:21, 5 December 2006 Hqduong (Talk | contribs) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:13, 5 December 2006 Hqduong (Talk | contribs) (looks like it is belows wikipedia) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:46, 11 November 2006 209.149.58.156 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:43, 3 November 2006 217.209.186.151 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:17, 29 October 2006 Intgr (Talk | contribs) (Revert to revision 82053008 dated 2006-10-17 19:33:52 by 167.191.250.80 using popups) (undo) * (cur) (last) 17:59, 28 October 2006 64.121.54.201 (Talk) (→Known S.M.A.R.T. attributes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:33, 17 October 2006 167.191.250.80 (Talk) (→Software) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:33, 17 October 2006 167.191.250.80 (Talk) (→Software) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:33, 17 October 2006 167.191.250.80 (Talk) (→Software - HDTune link) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:33, 25 September 2006 194.45.13.131 (Talk) (→Software - corrected last change, smartmontools also as Win32 native) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:53, 2 September 2006 71.42.72.188 (Talk) (→Software - - clarify characterization of Smartmontools on Windows) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:56, 2 September 2006 68.39.174.238 (Talk) (Removing what look like some SPAM links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:21, 25 August 2006 62.17.140.34 (Talk) (→Rephrased "S.M.A.R.T has the purpose of ...") (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:43, 23 August 2006 FT2 (Talk | contribs) (add some info and question the industry standing.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:09, 23 August 2006 FT2 (Talk | contribs) (→Standards and implementation - replace "crystal ball" OR with fact; and clarify why RAID and SMART dont always coexist.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:04, 23 August 2006 FT2 (Talk | contribs) (Add new section header "standards and implementation" for that info. 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text:
Transwiki:Technology roadmap

The context of product management
The existence of product managers in the product software industry indicates that software is becoming more and more commercialized as a standard product. This manager is responsible over the whole line of software requirement management, defining of products and their releases and this with all internal and external stakeholders involved. In this context, product roadmapping can be placed to aid. The software product manager is planning and placing his products with the use of scientific and technological resources. For managing and using the technological resources technology planning can be used.

Technology Roadmapping, a form of technology planning, can aid a company in a competitive environment. Technology planning is needed to identify and develop the technologies required in the company. Once these technology enhancements or new technologies are identified they can be developed internally or collaboratively with external partners. For both approaches technology roadmapping can be used as a tool to plan and coordinate the set of activities involved in the processes.

=Overview of the Roadmapping process=

The Technology Roadmapping Process conducts 3 phases (see figure 1.); preliminary activities, the development of the roadmap and the follow-up activities phase. Because the process is too big for 1 model the phases are modeled separately. Only the first two phases are considered. In the models no different roles are made, this is because everything is done by the participants as a group.

Phase 1: Preliminary phase
The first phase, the preliminary phase (see figure 2.), consists of 3 steps: satisfy essential conditions, provide leadership / sponsorship and define the scope and boundaries for the technology roadmap. In this phase the key decision makers must identify that they have a problem and that technology roadmapping can help them in solving the problem.

Satisfy essential conditions
In this step it must become clear what the conditions are (they have to be identified) and if they are not met that somebody will take the actions necessary to meet the unmet conditions. These conditions include for example the following: there must be a need for the technology roadmap, input and participation from several different parts of the organization (e.g. marketing, R&D, the Strategic Business Units ) with different planning horizons and different perspectives and the process should be needs driven. All the conditions should be satisfied (or someone is going to take the actions necessary) in order to continue to the next step. The participants can have zero or more conditions of their own. It applies to all the conditions that they have the attribute to be met or not.

Provide leadership / sponsorship
Committed leadership is needed because time and effort is involved in creating the technology roadmap. Additionally the leadership should come from one of the participants, one of them provides leadership / sponsorship. This means that the line organization must drive the process and use the roadmap to make resource allocation decisions.

Define the scope and boundaries for the technology roadmap
In this step the context for the roadmap will be specified. In the company a vision should exist and it must be clear that the roadmap can support that vision. If the vision does not exist one should be developed and clearly stated. When that is done the boundaries and the scope of the roadmap should be specified. Furthermore the planning horizon and the level of details should be set. The scope can be further divided into the technology scope and the participation scope.

In table 1. all the different sub-activities of the preliminary activity phase can be seen. All the sub-activities have concepts as end “products”, these are marked in uppercase. These concepts are the actual meta-data model, which is an adjusted class diagram.

 Table 1. Activity table for the preliminary activity phase.

Phase 2: Development phase
The second phase, the development of the technology roadmap phase (see figure 3.), consists of 7 steps: identify the “product” that will be the focus of the roadmap, identify the critical system requirements and their targets, specify the major technology areas, specify the technology drivers and their targets, identify technology alternatives and their timelines, recommend the technology alternatives that should be pursued and create the technology roadmap report. These steps create the actual roadmap.

Identify the “product” that will be the focus of the roadmap
In this step the common product needs are identified and should be agreed on by all the participants. This is important to get the acceptance of all groups for the process. In case of uncertainty of the product needs scenario-based planning can be used to determine the common product needs. In figure 3. can be seen that the participants and the possibly the scenario-based planning provide the common product needs.

Identify the critical system requirements and their targets
Once it is decided what needs to be roadmapped the critical system requirements can be identified, they provide the overall framework for the technology roadmap. The requirements can have targets (as an attribute in figure 3.) like reliability and costs.

Specify the major technology areas
These are the areas which can help achieve the critical system requirements. For each technology area several technologies can be found. Example technology areas are: Market assessment, Crosscutting technology, Component development and System development.

Specify the technology drivers and their targets
In this step the critical system requirements from step Identify the critical system requirements and their targets are transformed into technology drivers (with targets) for the specific technology area. These drivers are the critical variables that will determine which technology alternatives are selected. The drivers depend on the technology areas but they relate to how the technology addresses the critical system requirements.

Identify Technology alternatives and their timelines
At this point the technology drivers and their targets are specified and the technology alternatives that can satisfy those targets should be specified. For each of the alternatives a timeline should be estimated for how it will mature with respect to the technology driver targets.

Time
This factor can be adapted suitable for the particular situation. The time horizons for E-commerce  and software  related sectors are usually short. Other distinctions can be made on scale and intervals.

Recommend the technology alternatives that should be pursued
Because the alternatives may differ in costs, timeline etc. a selection has to be made of the alternatives. These will be the alternatives to be pursued in figure 3. In this step a lot of trade-off has to be made between different alternatives for different targets, performance over costs and even target over target.

Create the technology roadmap report
At this point the technology roadmap is finished. In figure 3, it can be seen that the technology roadmap report consists of 5 parts: the identification and description of each technology area, critical factors in the roadmap, unaddressed areas, implementation recommendations and technical recommendations. The report can also include additional information. In table 2. all the different sub-activities of the development phase can be seen.

  Table 2.   Activity table for the Development phase.

Phase 3: Follow-up activity phase
This is the moment when the roadmap must be critiqued, validated and hopefully accepted by the group that will be involved in any implementation. For this a plan needs to be developed using the technology roadmap. Next there must be a periodical review and update point, because the needs from the participants and the technologies are evolving.

=Planning and Business Development Context for Technology Roadmapping=

The process of technology roadmapping fits into corporate strategy, corporate strategic planning , technology planning and the business development context. 3 critical elements should be connected: needs, products and technology.

Consultant with skills
In order to create a technology roadmap it is required to have a certain set of knowledge and skills. This means that some of the participants must know the process of technology roadmapping. Next to this group-process and interpersonal skills are required since the process includes a lot of discussions and finding out what the common need is. If the amount of participants is really large there might be need for a consultant or facilitator.

Product planning:
This is the most common type of a technology roadmap; linking the insertion of technologies into products. This can overlap between generations.

Programme planning:

This type is more directed to the implementation of strategy and related to project planning. Figure 5 shows the relationships between technology development phases, programme phases and milestones.

Bars:

Almost all the roadmaps are (partly) expressed in bars for each layer. This makes the roadmaps very simple and unified, which makes the communication and integration easier.

Graphs
Also a technology roadmap can be expressed as a graph, usually one for each of the sub layers. (e.g. IMEC uses the second method.

title: Transwiki:Technology roadmap


text:
Xbox 360/Xbox Motherboard Replacement

Original Xbox Motherboard Replacement
Xboxes have special protection schemes to prevent their users from using them to run software other than Xbox games. Many people hack their Xboxes to overcome this protection and make them run other software, e.g., special editions of Linux. but hacking Xboxes may be illegal in some areas.

However there is another, legal, way to run Linux on an Xbox. Instead of hacking its original, non-standard motherboard, you just replace it with a standard PC motherboard. It then becomes a normal PC, and you can install any operating system designed for normal PCs on it, including any PC version of Linux. The modified Xbox cannot run Xbox games.

Motherboard choice
The PC motherboard you install into the Xbox should be small in size. There's one such project called i64XBOX (unfortunately, it runs Windows 98) that involves use of a Mini-ITX motherboard, but any other motherboard that is small enough to fit into the Xbox case will also do. Due to size limitations, you probably won't be able to install anything into the motherboard slots, so the motherboard should have integrated video card (and sound card if you want sound, and network card if you want Ethernet, etc).

Warranty, electrical safety and legal issues
This mod will definitely void your Xbox warranty, so it is better to modify a machine with warranty expired. You can cheaply buy a second-hand Xbox with defunct motherboard to perform this mod on it. Dumpster diving may also help if it is legal in your area.

When buying a second-hand Xbox for this mod, make sure that its defunct component is motherboard, not power supply, hard disk drive or anything else. Do not attempt to open the Xbox power supply, unless you have experience in repairing switchmode power supplies, as it has a lot of mains-connected components as well as capacitors which remain being charged even for some time after unplugging.

Please do not attempt to sell your Xbox modified this way, as while performing this mod is probably legal, selling it may still be illegal. See Retropod to get idea of what may happen.

Overcoming the RAM limitations
With traditional way of installing Linux on Xbox, you can face a problem that it has only 64 MB of RAM. You can upgrade it to 128 MB, but this is also too low for most modern Linux distros. With Xbox motherboard replacement, you eliminate this problem, and can install as much RAM as your motherboard supports.

title: Xbox 360/Xbox Motherboard Replacement


text:
TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Mathematical Finance Programming

TI-BASIC is a simple programming language used on Texas Instruments graphing calculators. This module shows you how to program some standard financial calculations:

Ito's lemma
Let's begin defining a stochastic process through its Ito's definition:

:Func :{t,x} :EndFunc

So for our TI-calculator, a diffusion process formally defined by:

$$dS = f(S,t) dt + g(S,t) dW$$

is defined by a set of two terms:

{ f(S,t), g(S,t) }

For an exponential brownian motion, we define:

defsto(m*s, sigma*s) → ds(s)

Now we want to use Ito's lemma on functions of $$S$$ and $$t$$:

:Func :{d(f,t)+ds[1]*d(f,x)+ds[2]^2*d(d(f,x),x)/2, ds[2]*d(f,x)} :EndFunc

This can now be used to apply Ito's lemma to $$\ln(S)$$:

dsto(ln(S),S,t,ds(S)) >> { m - sigma^2/2, sigma }

this tell us that:

$$d \ln(S) = \left(m-{1\over 2}\sigma^2\right) dt + \sigma dW, \;{\rm when}\; dS = m S dt + \sigma S dW$$

Black-Scholes Equation
Now we can try to prove the Black-Scholes equation.

Define a portfolio with an option and $$\Delta$$ shares of $$S$$:

V(S,t) - Delta * S → Pi

and apply Ito's lemma to obtain $$d \Pi$$:

dsto(Pi, S, t, ds(S)) → dPi

we now want to nullify the stochastic part of $$d \Pi$$ by chosing an appropriate value for $$\Delta$$:

solve( dPi[2]=0, Delta) >> Delta = d(V(S,t), S) or sigma S = 0

we now know that the correct value for $$\Delta$$ is:

$$\Delta = {\partial V(S,t)\over \partial S}$$

On another side, we have:

$$ d\Pi = r \Pi dt = r ( V(S,t)-\Delta\cdot S) dt$$

which leads us to the equation:

$$ (\partial_t V + {1\over 2}\sigma^2 S^2 \partial^2_S V) dt = r ( V(S,t)-\Delta S) dt$$

At first we need to replace $$\Delta$$ by its value into $$d\Pi$$, and then equalize with

solve( dPi[2]=0, Delta) | sigma > 0 and S > 9 → sol >> Delta = d(V(S,t), S) dPi | sol → dPi >> {sigma^2 d^2(V(S,t), S^2) S^2 /2 + d(V(S,t), t), 0 } dPi = defsto( r(V(S,t) - Delta S) ) | sol → BS >> { BS_equation, true }

and now we've got the Black-Schole Differential Equation into the variable BS_equation[1]!


text:
Transwiki:Career domains in computer science

The knowledge developed by academic computer science (CS) is applied to various non-academic situations to arrive at systems that help humans perform tasks that were either out of their reach for being too complex or the tasks that are repetitive in nature. Techniques developed in CS and software engineering are being put to use in the following areas.

== Domain listing ==

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
Automation of industrial manufacturing processes for better precision, optimal resource usage for production, better and consistent product yields, mechanical control in environments too hazardous for human operators. SCADA software products collect data (control parameters) from the sensors in the actual field. Based on this input and the control logic specified by a process engineers, certain actions are taken by manipulating certain preidentified controlled parameters to achieve the results desired by the manufacturing process. The software provides means to interface known as well as new data scanners, means to specify the control logic, GUI for human interactions and overall configuration of numerous control applications that could be developed using the software. Engineers from Computer Science stream have certain advantages - such as knowledge of internal architecture of microcontrollers as well as microprocessors. Knowledge of lower level programming languages like Assembly and higher level languages like C and C++, C#.
 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to consider
 * 1) SCADA in control engineering has a long history of evolution. Training and getting work experience is not very easy in most of the countries.
 * 2) Control Systems like Distributed Control System (DCS) also plays a major role in automation.
 * 3) Knowledge of an array of various programmable logic controllers (PLCs), production processes, quality measures, communications protocols like Modbus, Profibus, CAN etc. is essential.
 * 4) Most of the projects have to be implemented onsite at shop floor (factory floor). So travelling is an inevitable part of this career option.

Embedded systems
Any computing system that controls electronics hardware for delivering specific, predetermined results. Characteristics that distinguish embedded systems from the conventional workstation/ personal computers are: Techniques of writing time and memory space efficient programs by employing low foot print data structures and algorithms.
 * most of these systems have restricted resources such as processor power and memory. These constraints impose stricter limitations on the way software could be written and debugged.
 * paradoxical requirements of real time performance for timely response for given limited resources. Delayed response by few seconds from an inventory management software would not matter as much as nanosecond response delays in an aeroplane flight control system.
 * once commissioned to a task they are designed for, they cannot be customized further to perform other tasks.
 * lack of a typical keyboard and a display monitor for the systems that do not need human intervention. For those that do need, there are alternate means of input (jog wheel on an iPod) and output (tiny LCDs on PDAs). They can be found in all forms--miniature form factors such as an iPOD, cell phone to as large as space shuttle control.
 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to consider

Multimedia
This is quite a wide field encompassing creation of information contents, storage, transmission/ distribution and rendering in various mediums. The information contents could be consisting of one or more of text, audio, static images and video.

The field includes digital signal processing. Specialized techniques in information capture: WYSIWYG text and graphics editors, digital signal processing (DSP) for compression (encoding) of audio, image, and video data in digital forms such as MPEG for efficient storage and transmission. Multimedia oriented content distribution systems: video on demand. Techniques and algorithms in computer graphics for rendering the images, video and graphics. DSP based decoders for high fidelity audio playback.
 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to consider

Telecommunications

 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to consider

Computer networks

 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to consider

Computer network security

 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to consider

Business applications - BFSI (banking, finance and insurance)
Software systems that maintain database of financial accounts of an organization's customers. Data retrieval and presentation functions such as account statement, billing are provided to support the pre-defined business processes. These systems make use of ready-to-use database systems for efficient data storage and retrieval. Based on specified requirements, data entry forms are provided by a user interface front-end. Data reports are generated using SQL queries on the backend database.
 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to consider

Business applications - retail

 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to consider

Business applications - CRM (customer relationship management)
Most businesses rely today on CRM databases to store large amounts of information about customers and potential customers. Software Engineers now develop these large databases that can be as few as several hundred records to several million records depending on the size of the company using the database. People with a Computer Science background also help in integrating these applications with sales and customer service practices to help businesses increase sales and customer retention.
 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to consider

Business applications - business processes and practices

 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to

Knowledge contents management
Software products that help people to create, manipulate and present their knowledge/ data. For example the business productivity enhancement suites offered by Adobe and Microsoft. Efficient techniques in internal data representation, advanced GUI for presentation, seamless device Plug-n-play techniques for integrating various media contents, use of advanced access control techniques for enforcing digital rights of the contents provider, complex logic that enables real time collaboration and workflow of information workers.
 * How CS helps?
 * Challenges to consider


text:
Brahmin Tamil

Brahmin Tamil or Braahmik is the name for a Tamil dialect used by the Tamil Brahmin communities (Iyers and Iyengars) of Tamil Nadu and in the neighbouring states.

Contents

 * Introduction
 * Lesson 1
 * Grammar
 * Lesson 2
 * Grammar
 * Lesson 3
 * Grammar
 * Lesson 4
 * Grammar
 * Lesson 5
 * Grammar
 * Lesson 6
 * Grammar
 * Lesson 7
 * Grammar
 * Lesson 8
 * Grammar
 * Lesson 9
 * Grammar

title: Brahmin Tamil