text:
The Holocaust/Victims

The events that took place in the Holocaust had many victims. Most were Jews, but there were many others. Serbs, Poles, Soviets, communists, homosexuals, Roma and Gypsies to name a few. Then there were the mentally ill, the physically disabled, intellectuals, political activists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Roman Catholic and Protestant clergy, trade unionists, some Africans, Asians and others who did not belong to the "Aryan race". Others were enemy nationals, common criminals, and people otherwise labeled as "Enemies of the State". These victims all perished alongside one another in the camps, according to the extensive documentation left behind by the Nazis themselves (written and photographed), eyewitness testimonies (by survivors, perpetrators, and bystanders), and the statistical records of the various countries under occupation.

Jews
Anti-Semitism was common in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s (though its roots go back much further). Adolf Hitler's fanatical brand of racial anti-Semitism was laid out in his 1925 book Mein Kampf, which, though largely ignored when it was first printed, became a bestseller in Germany once Hitler gained political power.

On April 1, 1933, shortly after Hitler's accession to power, the Nazis, led mainly by Julius Streicher, and the Sturmabteilung, organized a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany. A series of increasingly harsh laws were soon passed in quick succession. Under the “Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service”, passed by the Reichstag on April 7, 1933, all Jewish civil servants at the Reich, Länder, and municipal levels of government were fired immediately. The "Law for the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service" marked the first time since Germany's unification in 1871 that an anti-Semitic law had been passed in Germany. This was followed by the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 that prevented marriage between any Jew and non-Jew, and stripped all Jews of German citizenships (their official title became "subject of the state") and of their basic civil rights, e.g., to vote. Similar restrictions and harassment of 100,000 Germans of part-Jewish descent, known as "mischling" was part of the Nazi regime's fanatical anti-Semitic binge, though most "mischling" are not considered for extermination in the Holocaust.[citation needed] In 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them exerting any influence in education, politics, higher education and industry. On 15 November 1938, Jewish children were banned from going to normal schools. By April 1939, nearly all Jewish companies had either collapsed under financial pressure and declining profits, or had been forced to sell out to the Nazi-German government as part of the "Aryanization" policy inaugurated in 1937. As the war started, large massacres of Jews took place, and, by December 1941, Hitler decided to completely exterminate European Jews. In January 1942, during the Wannsee conference, several Nazi leaders discussed the details of the "Final Solution of the Jewish question" (Endlösung der Judenfrage). Dr. Josef Bühler urged Reinhard Heydrich to proceed with the Final Solution in the General Government. They began to systematically deport Jewish populations from the ghettos and all occupied territories to the seven camps designated as Vernichtungslager, or extermination camps: Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Maly Trostenets, Sobibór and Treblinka II. Sebastian Haffner published the analysis in 1978 that Hitler from December 1941 accepted the failure of his goal to dominate Europe forever on his declaration of war against the United States, but that his withdrawal and apparent calm thereafter was sustained by the achievement of his second goal—the extermination of the Jews.[1] Even as the Nazi war machine faltered in the last years of the war, precious military resources such as fuel, transport, munitions, soldiers and industrial resources were still being heavily diverted away from the war and towards the death camps.

Poland, home of the largest Jewish community in the world before the war, had had over 90% of its Jewish population, or about 3,000,000 Jews, killed. The penalty imposed by the Germans for hiding Jews was death, and this was carried out mercilessly. In spite of this some Poles hid Jewish children and families and saved their lives at risk to their own families.

Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Lithuania, Bohemia, the Netherlands, Slovakia, and Latvia each had over 70% of their Jewish population destroyed. Belgium, Romania, Luxembourg, Norway, and Estonia lost around half of their Jewish population, the Soviet Union over one third of its Jews, and even countries such as France and Italy had each seen around a quarter of their Jewish population killed. Denmark was able to evacuate almost all of the Jews in their country to nearby Sweden, which was neutral during the war. Using everything from fishing boats to private yachts, the Danes whisked the Danish Jews out of harm's way. Some Jews outside Europe under Nazi occupation were also affected by the Holocaust and treatment from the Nazis.

Poles
Poles were one of the first targets of extermination by Hitler, as outlined in the speech he gave the Wehrmacht commanders before the invasion of Poland in 1939. The intelligentsia and socially prominent or influential people were primarily targeted, although there were some mass murders committed against the general population, as well as against other groups of Slavs.

The Nazi occupation of Poland (General Government, Reichsgau Wartheland) was one of the most brutal episodes of World War Two, resulting in 1.8-1.9 million non-Jewish deaths in addition to three million Polish Jews. Scholars disagree as to what proportion of these non-Jewish Polish civilian deaths during the Nazi conquest and occupation of Poland were part of the Holocaust, though there is no doubt of the eventual genocidal intentions of the Nazis towards the Poles. At least 140,000 Poles were sent to Auschwitz, and the Polish intelligentsia were the first targets of the Einsatzgruppen death squads.

Soviets
During Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, millions of Red Army prisoners of war were arbitrarily executed in the field by the invading German armies (in particular by the notorious Waffen SS), died under inhuman conditions in German prisoner of war camps and during death marches, or were shipped to extermination camps for execution.

Thousands of Soviet (Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian) peasant villages were annihilated by German troops for more or less the same reason. During occupation, Russia's Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod region lost around a quarter of its population. Some estimate that as many as one quarter of all Soviet civilian deaths at the hands of the Nazis and their allies were racially motivated, or 5 million Russian deaths, 3 million Ukrainian deaths and 1.5 million Belarusian deaths.

Romanies (Gypsies)
(For more information, see /Romanies/)

Proportional to their population, the death toll of Romanies (Roma, Sinti, and Manush) in the Holocaust was the worst of any group of victims. Hitler's campaign of genocide against the Romani population of Europe involved a particularly bizarre application of Nazi "racial hygiene". Although, despite discriminatory measures, some Romani groups, including some of the Sinti and Lalleri of Germany, were spared deportation and death, the remaining Romani groups suffered much like the Jews.

Between one quarter to one half of the Romani population was killed, upwards of 220,000 people. In Eastern Europe, Roma were deported to the Jewish ghettoes, shot by SS Einsatzgruppen in their villages, and deported and gassed in Auschwitz and Treblinka.

Serbs
Another group of victims of Holocaust were Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia. Estimates for the number of Serbs killed are a matter of recent controversy. Simon Wiesenthal center, German sources from WWII, historians from SFRY during Tito's era and most Serbian sources cite numbers over 1,000,000, but some Croatian sources give estimates in the range of 330,000 to 390,000, with 26,170 Serbs killed in Jasenovac concentration camp.[6] The Ustaše genocide of Serbs is perhaps the only chapter in Holocaust where Germans (as well as Italians), including SS troops, acted to protect the group from the actions of their collaborators - over-enthusiastic Croat Ustaše, who started mass killings at the rate unseen by that time (from the onset of the puppet regime in 1941), prompting appalled Germans to restrain the puppet government. The chief architect of Croatian holocaust against Serbs was Mile Budak.

The genocide of Serbs had religious background. Although both Serbs and Croats were Slavs, speaking almost identical language, Serbs are Orthodox Christians while Croats are Catholics. Involvement of Catholic Clergy was important since forced conversion to Catholicism was sometimes an alternative to killing, and organizations such as Catholic Crusaders gave some of the most enthusiastic and notorious participants in the genocide. The commander of Jasenovac camp, Miroslav Filipović was a Catholic friar. Killings were done in concentration camps, but also by destroying villages, burning Orthodox churches packed with Serbs who were forced inside, filling foiba pits with bodies of victims etc.

People with Disabilities
Several hundred thousand mentally and physically disabled people also were executed. Following a eugenics policy, the Nazis believed that the disabled were a burden to society because they needed to be cared for by others, but first and foremost, the mentally and physically handicapped were considered an affront to Nazi notions of a society peopled by a perfect, superhuman Aryan race. Around 400,000 individuals were sterilized against their will for having mental deficiencies or illnesses deemed to be hereditary in nature.

People with disabilities were among the first to be killed, and the United States Holocaust Memorial museum notes that the T-4 Euthanasia Program, established in 1939, became the "model" for future exterminations by the Nazi regime. The T-4 Program was established in order to maintain the "purity" of the so-called Aryan race by systematically killing children and adults born with physical deformities or suffering from mental illness. The controversy over the discovery of asperger's syndrome, a mild "high-functioning" form of autism was said to originated from the neuro-behavioral study of mental patients in Nazi state hospitals, remains sketchy to most experts.

Freemasons
In Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler writes that Freemasonry has "succumbed" to the Jews and has become an "excellent instrument" to fight for their aims and to use their "strings" to pull the upper strata of society into their alleged designs. He continues, "The general pacifistic paralysis of the national instinct of self-preservation begun by Freemasonry" is then transmitted to the masses of society by the press. In 1933 Hermann Goering, the Reichstag President and one of the key figures in the process of Gleichschaltung ("synchronization"), states "..in National Socialist Germany, there is no place for Freemasonry."

The Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz in German) was passed by Germany's parliament (the Reichstag) on March 23, 1933. Using the "Act", on January 8, 1934 the German Ministry of the Interior ordered the disbandment of Freemasonry, and confiscation of the property of all Lodges; stating that those who had been members of Lodges when Hitler came to power, in January 1933, were prohibited from holding office in the Nazi party or its paramilitary arms, and were ineligible for appointment in public service. Consistently considered an ideological foe of Nazism in their world perception (Weltauffassung), special sections of the Security Service (SD) and later the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) were established to deal with the Freemasonry. Freemasonic concentration camp inmates were graded as “Political” prisoners, and wore an inverted (point down) red triangle. On August 8, 1935, as Führer and Chancellor, Adolf Hitler announced in the Nazi Party newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter, the final dissolution of all Masonic Lodges in Germany. The article accused a conspiracy of the Fraternity and “World Jewry” of seeking to create a “World Republic”.

Estimates calculate that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons died. It is impossible to arrive at a total figure as no one knows the number of Freemasons from occupied countries who were killed.

German communists
After the February 27, 1933 Reichstag fire, an attack blamed on the communists, Hitler declared a state of emergency and had president von Hindenburg sign the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended the Weimar Constitution for the whole duration of the Third Reich. In March 1933, three Bulgarians, Georgi Dimitrov, Vasil Tanev and Blagoi Popov, members of the Comintern, were arrested and wrongly accused of the fire. As a result, the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) was the first party to be forbidden, on March 1, 1933, on the grounds that they were preparing a putsch. This allowed the NSDAP to vote the March 23, 1933 Enabling Act, which enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without the participation of the Reichstag. These two laws signals the implementation of the Gleichschaltung, which is how the Nazis established their totalitarian rule. On May 2, 1933, following Labor Day, the trade union association ADGB (Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund) was shattered, when SA and NSBO (Nationalsozialistische Betriebszellenorganisation) units occupied union facilities and ADGB leaders were imprisoned. Other important associations were forced to merge with the German Labor Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF) in the following months.

About 100,000 communists were killed, being among the first ones, along with disabled people, to be sent to concentration camps. There had been earlier attempts at sterilizing them using X-rays. German communists concerned Hitler due to their ties with the Soviet Union and the Jewish community, as well as their threat to German fascism. Hitler probably took into account that Karl Marx himself was a Jew.

German homosexuals
(For more information, see /Homosexuals/)

Homosexuals were also targets of the Holocaust, as homosexuality was deemed incompatible with Nazism because of their failure to reproduce the "master race." This was combined with the belief among the Nazis that homosexuality could be contagious. Template:Cn Initially homosexuality was discreetly tolerated while officially shunned. By 1936 Heinrich Himmler led an effort to persecute homosexuals under existing and new anti-homosexual laws.

More than one million homosexual German men were targeted, of whom at least 100,000 were arrested and 50,000 were serving prison terms as convicted homosexual men. An additional unknown number were institutionalized in state-run mental hospitals. Hundreds of European homosexual men living under Nazi occupation were castrated under court order. The deaths of at least an estimated 15,000 homosexual men in concentration camps were officially documented, but it is difficult to put an exact number on just how many homosexual men perished in death camps. Some homosexual men were also used in medical experiments. According to Heinz Heger, in the concentration camps homosexual men "suffered a higher mortality rate than other relatively small victim groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses and political prisoners."

Homosexual women were not normally treated as harshly as homosexual men. They were labeled "anti-social," but were rarely sent to camps for engaging in acts of homosexuality.

Religious dissidents
The Nazis also targeted some religious groups, though Jews were actually the main target for total extermination during the Holocaust.

Around 2,500-5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses perished in concentration camps, where they were held for political and ideological reasons. Additionally, some members of the Catholic clergy were killed by the Nazis, many of whom were either of Jewish background (as in the case of Edith Stein) or were killed as part of the Nazis campaign against the Polish intelligentsia. In the countries in which Roman Catholic bishops, and even Roman Catholics themselves had openly protested and attacked Nazi policies, like in the Netherlands and Poland where bishops and priests had protested to the deportations of Jews, the clergy was either threatened with deportation themselves and kept in custody (case of German bishop Clemens von Galen), or directly deported to concentration camps (as in the cases of the Dutch Carmelite priest Titus Brandsma and Polish Fr. Maximillian Kolbe, who was later canonized). Some dissenting Protestant clergy, such as those who founded the anti-Nazi Confessing Church, were also persecuted.

Others
The Nazi regime promoted xenophobia of all "non-Aryan" races. Black and Asian residents in Germany, and black prisoners of war, were also victims; often being singled out in internment camps. Japan, which signed on September 27, 1940 the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, was therefore part of the Axis Pact, and no Japanese were known to be deliberately imprisoned or killed. Thousands of persons (mostly diplomats) belonging to certain nationalities associated with the Allies, as well as Spanish Civil War refugees in occupied France, were also interned or executed. Additionally, after Italy changed sides in 1943, thousands of Italian nationals, including many former Italian Army soldiers disarmed by the Germans, were sent to concentration camps. In the late 1930s, the Nazi program to punish many rich German persons as "enemies of the state" have confiscated properties and placed thousands of them in concentration camps. According to Nazi policy, the rich elite manipulated the German economy and hold seditious liberal views. "Social deviants": prostitutes, vagrants, alcoholics, drug addicts and common criminals were also targeted and often interred in concentration camps. Hitler disliked an array of people he believed cheated or morally corrupted the country; people like women's rights groups activists, tobacco salespeople and astrologers were sent to concentration camps simply because Hitler never liked them.

title: The Holocaust/Victims


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The Holocaust/Euthanasia

Action T4 (German: Aktion T4) was a program in Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1941, during which the regime of Adolf Hitler systematically killed between 75,000 to 100,000 people with intellectual or physical disabilities. The codename T4 was an abbreviation of “Tiergartenstrasse 4”, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten which was the headquarters of the General Foundation for Welfare and Institutional Care (Gemeinnnützige Stiftung für Heil und Anstaltspflege). This body operated under the direction of Philipp Bouhler, the head of Hitler’s private chancellery, and Dr Karl Brandt, Hitler’s personal physician. This villa no longer exists, but a plaque set in the pavement on Tiergartenstrasse marks its location.

The T4 program developed from the Nazi Party’s policy of “racial hygiene,” the belief that the German people needed to be “cleansed” of “racially unsound” elements, which included people with disabilities. The program set important precedents for the later Holocaust of the Jews of Europe: the historian Ian Kershaw has called it “a vital step in the descent into modern barbarism.”

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Holocaust/Euthanasia


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The Holocaust/Resistance

Jewish Resistance
Due to the organization and overwhelming military might of the Nazi German state and its supporters, few Jews and other Holocaust victims were able to resist the killings. There are, however, many cases of attempts at resistance in one form or another, and over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings.

The largest instance of organized Jewish resistance was the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, from April to May of 1943, as the final deportation from the Ghetto to the death camps was about to commence, the ZOB and ZZW fighters rose up against the Nazis. Most of the resistors were killed, but the few who did survive the war are currently residing in Israel. There were also other Ghetto Uprisings, though none were successful against the German military.

There were also major resistance efforts in three of the extermination camps. In August 1943, an uprising also took place at the Treblinka extermination camp. Many buildings were burnt to the ground, and seventy inmates escaped to freedom, but 1,500 were killed. Gassing operations were interrupted for a month. In October 1943, another uprising took place at Sobibór extermination camp. This uprising was more successful; 11 SS men and a number of Ukrainian guards were killed, and roughly 300 of the 600 inmates in the camp escaped, with about 50 surviving the war. The escape forced the Nazis to close the camp. On October 7, 1944, the Jewish Sonderkommandos (those prisoners kept separate from the main camp and involved in the operation of the gas chambers and crematoria) at Auschwitz staged an uprising. Female prisoners had smuggled in explosives from a weapons factory, and Crematorium IV was partly destroyed by an explosion. The prisoners then attempted a mass escape, but all 250 were killed soon after.

There were a number of Jewish partisan groups operating in many countries (see Eugenio Calò for the story of a Jewish Italian partisan). Also, Jewish volunteers from the Palestinian Mandate, most famously Hannah Szenes, parachuted into Europe in a failed attempt to organize resistance.

Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany were persecuted between 1933 and 1945. They were scorned by the name Ernste Bibelforscher (Earnest Bible Students) at that time, because Jehovah's Witnesses would not give allegiance to the Nazi party, and refused to serve in the military, they were detained, put in concentration camps, or imprisoned during the Holocaust. Unlike Jews, homosexuals and Gypsies, who were persecuted for racial, political and social reasons, Jehovah's Witnesses were persecuted on religious ideological grounds. The Nazi government gave detained Jehovah's Witnesses the option: if they were to renounce their faith, submit to the state authority, and support the German military, they would be free to leave prison or the camps. Approximately 12,000 Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps where they were forced to wear a purple triangle that specifically identified them as Jehovah's Witnesses. In the end, about 2,000 of their members who were incarcerated perished under the Nazi system. All lost their employment. Dr. Detlef Garbe Historian and director at the Neuengamme (Hamburg) Memorial stated: “Taking everything into consideration, it has been established that no other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism with comparable unanimity and steadfastness.”

The February Strike
The 1941 February strike, also known as 'The Strike of February 1941', was a general strike organized during World War II in The Netherlands against the anti-Jewish measures and activities by the Nazis. Its direct causes were the razzias held by the Germans at the Jonas Daniël Meijerplein in Amsterdam. The strike started on 25 February and was largely struck down the next day. The February Strike was the first direct action undertaken against the anti-Jewish measures of the Nazis in occupied Europe, and performed by non-Jewish citizens.

Rescuers
In three cases, entire countries resisted the deportation of their Jewish population. King Christian X of Denmark and his subjects saved the lives of most of the 7,500 Danish Jews by spiriting them to safety in Sweden via fishing boats in October 1943. Moreover, the Danish government continued to work to protect the few Danish Jews captured by the Nazis. When the Jews returned home at war's end, they found their houses and possessions waiting for them, exactly as they left them. In the second case, the Nazi-allied government of Bulgaria, led by Bogdan Filov, did not deport its 50,000 Jewish citizens, after yielding to pressure from the parliament deputy speaker Dimitar Peshev and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, saving them as well, though Bulgaria did not prevent Germany from deporting Jews to concentration camps from areas in occupied Greece and Macedonia. The government of Finland refused repeated requests from Germany to deport its Finnish Jews to Germany. German requirements for the deportation of Jewish refugees from Norway was largely refused. In Rome, some 4,000 Italian Jews and prisoners of war avoided deportation. Many of these were hidden in safe houses and evacuated from Italy by a resistance group that was organised by an Irish priest, Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty of the Holy Office. Once a Vatican ambassador to Egypt, O' Flaherty used his political connections to great effect in helping to secure sanctuary for dispossessed Jews.

Another example of someone who assisted Jews during the Holocaust is Portuguese diplomat Aristides de Sousa Mendes. It was in clear disrespect of the Portuguese state hierarchy that Sousa Mendes issued about 30,000 visas to Jews and other persecuted minorities from Europe. He saved an enormous number of lives, but risked his career for it. In 1941, Portuguese dictator Salazar lost political trust in Sousa Mendes and forced the diplomat to quit his career. He died in poverty in 1954.

Some towns and churches also helped hide Jews and protect others from the Holocaust, such as the French town of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon which sheltered several thousand Jews. Similar individual and family acts of rescue were repeated throughout Europe, as illustrated in the famous cases of Anne Frank, often at great risk to the rescuers. In a few cases, individual diplomats and people of influence, such as Oskar Schindler or Nicholas Winton, protected large numbers of Jews. Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, the Italian Giorgio Perlasca, Chinese diplomat Ho Feng Shan and others saved tens of thousands of Jews with fake diplomatic passes. Chiune Sugihara saved several thousands of Jews by issuing them with Japanese visas against the will of his Nazi-aligned government.

There were also groups, like members of the Polish Żegota organization, that took drastic and dangerous steps to rescue Jews and other potential victims from the Nazis. Witold Pilecki, member of Armia Krajowa (the Polish Home Army), organized a resistance movement in the Auschwitz concentration camp from 1940, and Jan Karski tried to spread word of the Holocaust.

Since 1963, a commission headed by an Israeli Supreme Court justice has been charged with the duty of awarding such people the honorary title Righteous Among the Nations.

title: The Holocaust/Resistance


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The Holocaust/Further Reading

 * Wikipedia on Holocaust
 * "Shoah" (1985). Director: Claude Lanzmann. 544 minutes.

title: The Holocaust/Further Reading


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Algorithm Implementation/Strings/Longest common subsequence

Finding the LCS
The following C# program calculates the longest common subsequence (note the singular) of 2 strings. For example, for the strings "computer" and "houseboat" this algorithm returns a value of 3, specifically the string "out".

Common Lisp
This version only works for lists but can be generalized for all sequences.

Usage example
It prints the following:

Some LCS: 'AAC' All LCSs: set(['ACC', 'AAC'])

Usage example
It prints the following:

+ This is an important notice! It should + therefore be located at the beginning of + this document! +   This part of the document has stayed the same from version to version. - - This paragraph contains text that is - outdated - it will be deprecated and - deleted in the near future. It is important to spell check this - dokument. On the other hand, a misspelled - word isn't the end of the world. + document. On the other hand, a misspelled + word isn't the end of the world. This + paragraph contains important new + additions to this document.

VB.NET
The following VB.NET program calculates the longest common subsequence (note the singular) of 2 strings. For example, for the strings "computer" and "houseboat" this algorithm returns a value of 3, specifically the string "out".

Java
The Java implementation uses two classes. The first, an abstract class that implements the algorithm. The second, an concrete class implementing this for a string. Obviously, you could use this so that instead of comparing characters in a string, it could compare lines in a file, blocks of code, nodes in an XML document, or whatever you choose.

C++
Usage:

Usage example
Include your class file and instantiate a new object of the class by passing both strings to the constructor Access the results by using $obj->remains and $obj->differences

Usage example
Variable D is:

J
See for details.


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Horticulture/Abutilon theophrasti

Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf, China Jute, Buttonweed, Butterprint or Indian Mallow) is an annual plant in the family ../Malvaceae/, native to southern Asia. It is encountered as a weed in many other parts of the world.

Description
It grows to 1 m tall, and has velvet-like, heart-shaped leaves 15–25 cm broad. The flowers are yellow, 4 cm diameter, maturing into button-shaped seed pods.

Ecology
Velvetleaf grows primarily in cropland, especially maize fields, and it can also be found on roadsides and in gardens. Velvetleaf prefers rich and cultivated soils.

After being introduced to North America in the 1700s, velvetleaf has become an invasive species in agricultural regions of the eastern and midwestern United States. It is one of the most detrimental weeds to corn, costing hundreds of millions of dollars per year in control and damage. Velvetleaf is an extremely competitive plant, so much so that it can steal nutrients and water away from crops.

Uses
Velvetleaf has been grown in China since around 2000 BCE for its strong, jute-like fiber. The seeds are eaten in China and Kashmir.

title: Horticulture/Abutilon theophrasti


text: User:Álvaro M

title: User:Álvaro M


text:
User talk:Jivedesign

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 14:45, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jivedesign


text:
User talk:Ckenn423

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 14:47, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ckenn423


text:
Horticulture/Setaria

Setaria is a genus of grasses, including some problem weed species.

Description
The species share in common a "fox-tail" inflorescence.

title: Horticulture/Setaria


text: Template:Cite encyclopedia

title: Template:Cite encyclopedia


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3

= Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation = The vast majority of times, black plays the solid 3...dxe4, one of the most well-studied of the Caro-Kann lines. Black has alternatives to avoid the weight of theory, although 3...e6, blocking the bishop, and effectively forming a French, with one tempo less, seems a dubious line.

Theory table
.

1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3


text:
User talk:209.6.127.18

Xania 18:23, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:209.6.127.18


text:
Talk:English in Use/Capitalization

Untitled
I rewrote the list and made it better

Hdgcfcf 18:37, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:English in Use/Capitalization


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United Nations/Organizations associated with the UN

The purpose of this section is to talk about some organizations that are either affiliated with the United Nations, under the jurisdiction of the UN itself. This section will not cover non-governmental organizations because NGO's are not permanently associated with UN.

Organizations
The organizations fall under the UN network.

The Human Rights Commission (HRC) The International Labour Organisation (ILO) The World Health Organisation (WHO) The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) The United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) The United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNWRA)


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User talk:Heckler0077

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. And good to see your willing to contribute here as well. --dark lama  20:00, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Heckler0077


text:
The Computer Revolution/E commerce/Paypal

PayPal is a third party e-commerce company. They are capable of debiting and crediting credit cards and bank accounts for those with an account. Although credit card or banking information is not required for all services PayPal provides, they are required for many of them. PayPal is one of the world's primary methods of online payment with more than 100 million accounts worldwide.

PayPal allows for online payments for individuals and businesses to transfer funds electronically and securely. There is powerful encryption software that is used to allow people to make these financial transactions. The funds that are transferred by PayPal are held in a PayPal account until the person with control of the account specifies what are to be done with the balance. They can be credited to the credit cards or bank accounts set up with the PayPal account, or can be used for other purchases and transactions through the PayPal system.

PayPal is especially good for use on online auctions, purchases of goods and services, or to make donations. It is a secure third party operator which limits the amount of personal information that must be passed around for normal internet transactions. The only information that is given is a PayPal account number and all financial transactions are accomplished by PayPal. It can even sent cash.

There is now some competition to PayPal such as "C2it" and "Certa Pay" (A Canadian company).


text:
User:Jmoinian/Oil

The Black Gold It is the most talked about subject in the mass media and the government; its’ common name is Black Gold. This extremely black substance with unbearable odor is also known as oil. People get killed over it; the head of government aboard gets replaced with a person with the friendlier attitude toward the big oil cartels. People find oil in their land and over night become one the rich and famous.

The unprocessed oil is known as Crude Oil. Nothing gets wasted in our planets. Oil that we use now comes from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions years ago. When an animal or a plant dies the remains settles down on the ground and a layer of mud covers it. If the remains stays undistributed; the heat and pressure transforms them to the crude oil. What color do you think the crude oil is? Black? Well, you are wrong; it is yellowish to black color which is normally found on the underground area by the name of “reservoirs.” All of us have heard the word “petroleum.” The magic liquid substance that makes our car runs. We make plastic like Rubber Maid products and chewing gums are made of oil from rock areas well all know it by the name of “petroleum.”

The Oil Companies have a team of scientists and engineers; their main job is to explore a specific area by researching, exploring, and studding the sample rock. The scientists look over their data and if the ground is promising then the drill team starts drilling. When the drill team is finished, the oil is start flowing to the surface. The major producing oil countries in the world are:

 * 1) Saudi Arabia
 * 2) Iran
 * 3) Russia
 * 4) United States
 * 5) China

More than ¼ of unprocessed oil in the United States are from Offshore which is located in the Gulf of Mexico.

The biggest Crude Oil producers are in the following states of the United Sates

 * 1) Texas
 * 2) California
 * 3) Alaska
 * 4) New Mexico
 * 5) Louisiana

Too many drillings by the Oil Campinas have brought the production of crude oil dramatically down in the USA and by passing each year is getting lower.

When the crude oil comes to the surface some of the oil goes to the refinery through pipelines and the others is being shipped by huge tanker ships or huge special trucks. In the refinery through special processing the crude oils are separated into useable petroleum products. Since the crude oil comes with the barrels; they also measure it under the same name.

The wonderful product has helped humans through the history to use them for fueling car, trucks, or to heat our houses and cook our meals with. It has made it much easier for everyone. But with so many advantages; it has one great disadvantage and that is pollution. Although, over many years the new technologies has made it less accident prone; but when a huge oil tanker turns over or a super tanker skinks the outcome on animals and environment is unbearable. Burning gasoline from cars and the carbon dioxide from the burning fuels of the factories have caused greenhouse effect which has raised the global temperature each year. We need a better environment law to reduce the effect of pollution in order for the future generation to enjoy the Earth and its’ beauty.

title: User:Jmoinian/Oil


text:
User talk:Remi0o

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Xania 20:45, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Please make sure that new books conform to our page naming system. Sub-pages should be in the format of book name/pagename. Xania 20:45, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Attention
Please stop creating new empty pages unless you are going to add content soon. Also please don't create talk pages without creating a module first and don't create new pages which only redirect to external sources. Wikibooks is a collection of free books and these books should be located on this website. If you need any help please ask myself or any other active users. Thanks. Xania 20:54, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Regarding the Requests page
I don't have much time to look at the Requests page often but it seems very cluttered. I don't know any good solutions to this problem although maybe it would be better to separate the requests page into a request page for different genres (like an ARTS REQUEST PAGE, SCIENCE REQUEST PAGE, etc.). If you can think of any good way of tidying up this page then feel free. Xania 21:18, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

No problem with your suggested changes. Go ahead and we'll see how it looks. Good luck! Xania 21:42, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Thank you for changing some of the vandalism recently. Xania 21:15, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Miracles
I just took a look at this page. Don't want to be difficult but by no stretch of the imagination can this be called a page or a book - it is a collection of links only. I believe I would be operating within the deletion policy here if I were to speedily delete it. I won't do that as you are an active editor but could I ask you to look at getting some actual content into it soon as I think otherwise I or another editor is likely to VfD it. I do hope you won't object to me bringing this to you like this but it really isn't a "book". Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 13:01, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That's better - I was concerned when I saw you had marked it for deletion - content is much better - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 07:54, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Wikibooks Newsletter, Volume 1
(Wikibooks gazette home | Discuss | Bulletin board | Subscription list)

This is a short newsletter that is being distributed to all active wikibookians. You are getting this message because you are recognized as an established contributor to the project. This newsletter will be distributed on a regular basis to help share news, information, and tips. It comes from a bot account, User:The Staff. User:The Staff is currently operated by a team of wikibooks admins, the complete list of which is available on the user page of the bot. If you would like to not receive this newletter anymore, please remove your name from the list at Active wikibookians.

The work you do at Wikibooks is greatly appreciated. However there are plenty of other opportunities for you to get involved and help us to create a thriving Wikibooks community. We are sure that there are things we can do to help you and your understanding of Wikibooks and similarly there are certainly things you could do to help Wikibooks become a better place.

We would like to ask all wikibookians to add the Bulletin Board to your watchlists. The Bulletin Board is a fast and easy way for wikibookians to communicate important news and events to the entire community. If you have important news to share with the community, you can feel free to add your own entry to that page.

If you have general questions or comments about Wikibooks, you are welcome to post a message on The Staff Lounge, a free discussion area. Your input would also be welcomed in the Votes for Deletion and Requests for Adminship discussion pages. These pages are all active discussion areas that help to shape the Wikibooks community as a whole.

Sometimes it is easy to forget that the Wikibooks community is much larger and more diverse then the people who work in a single book, or on a single bookshelf. Hopefully, together we can all make Wikibooks a better place, and a more valuable educational resource.

The Staff 04:17, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

New logo
OK - now I'm irritated!!! I'm trying to get your option of the new logo on to the top of the next Gazette. Some of the logos seem to work but looking at the voting and the logo yours seems like a good option to offer people and try and get them interested. Is it just me or is there a reason? Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 13:58, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey I like it - I just can't get it to "show up" as [[Image:Blooze.svg|100px]] which (if it is on Commons?) should be there. If not can you load it on to commons (or here) and then I'll put it on the Gazette - thanks a lot -- Herby  talk thyme 07:59, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * GREAT - I'll put it on later - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 08:06, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It's here if you want to look/edit Wikibooks Gazette - thanks a lot -- Herby talk thyme 12:53, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Palaeontology
While I think it is great and all, anything at wikisource on this subject that im doindg at wikiversity. Enlil Ninlil 06:42, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * What sort of help do you need? --Remi0o 06:52, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Interesting link
On the vandalism one - thanks. It is SO easy to misunderstand this type of communication so I appreciate the pointer. I also appreciate your views on the vandalism. Personally I think there may well be more vandalism but I think leaving it as it is for now is correct - all the best -- Herby talk thyme 08:54, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Magick?
I'm just looking thro the VfDs to see if I can tidy up. You expressed an interest in the Magick one - do you feel like pursuing it? I am a bit of a deletionist but looking at it what worries me is iffy books pages that no one is interested in. I don't think that sends out the right message to readers of Wikibooks (hope that makes sense).

I'm quite happy to try putting the VfD on hold for a month if you feel like working on it (no one complained when I did it on Imamat but of course if folk don't agree there is little I can do). While I think we should be fussier about content I really do feel if people want to work on something it would be odd to delete it. Let me know - regards -- Herby talk thyme 13:05, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks - I think about it - I just have this feeling that it could be a better book. If you have a minute could you look at Theology/Urantian theology and give me your opinion.  I think it may be more your sort of thing than mine - thanks -- Herby  talk thyme 11:29, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Wireless_Mesh_Networks
RemiOo, Thanks for the note of encouragement. I've added a list of topics for the book, the beginnings of a thesis, and a space to encourage an outline. Perhaps you can take a look at what I've put down and see if it's enough to write a book about.  kgrr talk06:34, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You wrote ... "I bet a book could be written on all the different ways to use light poles as a mounting option for wireless mesh networks, or how the wireless mesh network was implemented in Mesa, AZ (the politics, development history, people, technical details, etc). So that was the longerish answer to your question, but yes, definitely."

By the way, I've been in Philadelphia PA, Mesa, AZ, Tempe, AZ, Chandler, AZ, to see different deployments of meshes. I also have been involved in mesh trials in other locations. And, you are right, there is a lot to be said just in the mounting techniques and getting power for access points.

I will add a few other topics then * motivation - digital divide - public service (police and fire departments) - service provider (for profit) - hobbyist * history - Philadelphia - ...  * business models - free - fee (per use, subscription) * politics - zoning - architectural review

 kgrr talk14:24, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

RemiOo, I've got the basic structure in place. Could you guys give it a good review? I would like to learn how to do it right before I spread my mistakes all over the place.  kgrr talk14:07, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

RemiOo, Thanks for the review. I did the navigation on top of each page with a template I stole from a book I liked. I agree it gives the reader the ability to flip pages in the book...

Template:Wireless_Mesh_Networks

The parts I would like to understand better are 1) I guess there are no references, only footnotes because there is no way to collect them across the pages and give them unique reference numbers as such. I have a good way to do references within one page that I've borrowed from Wikipedia ...

Wireless_Mesh_Networks/References

2) I would love to know how to do an index of key words. Maybe there is a robot that can do this.

3) And, ditto for the glossary

I will apply the same overall style to the CCNA book. It really needs to be opened up so that people can add things to it.

 kgrr talk00:12, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

C++ Programming
Hi; good to see you doing some work on the C++ Programming book. (I don't claim to be a primary author of it, but I've added a fair amount of material/fixes/reorgs there.) I like the navigation you've added, largely -- is the plan to make it consistent with "TOC2"? Just wondering -- the presence of twin TOCs for this work makes the notion of navigation somewhat more complicated. Good to have another pair of eyes/hands looking at and working on this book. -- James Dennett 20:38, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I rather like TOC2 myself! (Incidentally, I'm watching this page, so feel free to reply here if wish.) -- James Dennett 22:03, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi, Remi0o the navigation you've added are also showing on the single page version of the book, I mirror that page from time to time, can you fix it ? all the best, thanks. PS: I use TOC1 75.126.48.146 (unsigned) 00:09, 4 March 2007

 * I prefer toc1 also but about the navigation scheme Remi0o, in the past there were 3 types of navigations used on the book (at the same time) that was done using trasnclusion of the pages and joining the navigations under the same namespace on the book, they all worked fine but due to only one user supporting it and being hard to maintain (the book is using the / convention to provide a simple navigation) so I and Darklama (after a vote and decision was reached) removed all of them, I also agree with the above post using that navigation on the "real" book pages will mess about the monolithic version of the book (I use that also from time to time to get the flow of the book), if you strongly feel that there should be a navigation scheme used I will help you set it up but is up to you to maintain it (a bot would be helpful on that task, see about it with an administrator), or get more users to help you maintain it.
 * The book namespace as it is is a bit messed up now, I have requested that it be repositioned again so please wait until a response is given on that area, txs. --Panic 03:52, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Authors vs Contributors
Remi0o, the templates are shared or are intended to be shared in several places on a book or on several books when editing a template be careful to check the What links here page.

Contributors aren't authors and some general disagreements; the definition of author and contributor is not the same, an author of a works is someone that not only accepts a level of responsibility but have some rights over that work see Ownership, for instance correcting spelling, changing formats moving text is considered a contribution but does not create new content (translations are considered creative work so have a special treatment), basically an author is a contributor that has extensive enough work so to generates a derivative work (under GFDL), only he has the right to add his name or remove it from the authors list (under GFDL the top 5 authors are the top limitation to that list), authorship can't be imposed by a third party (it can no less be determined) consider it as signing your name (or not) on a work you have done. (you could also check out ghostwriting)

The point were some disagree is on what constitutes a work, for instance some consider a book an aggregation of several works (pages) under the GFDL or give importance to the history logs, in this regard to my knowledge there isn't consensus and even I have points that I can't clearly conciliate, for instance when you print a work from wikibooks no history logs are required on the printout, mention to Wikibooks is not a requirement for books (but needed for modules of wikibooks), should we consider to have a license that covers all the site and another that covers each book? Do authors need to comply with the US law requirements? This are still points that need proper analysis but at the moment people have not agreed upon. --Panic 12:51, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

I have also started a talk about it at User_talk:Darklama, feel free to participate. --Panic 16:20, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

The discussion has also moved to Administrators Noticeboard, you can also comment there. (try to read a bit about what was already talked) I have also replied to you on how to edit the template variable. --Panic 19:51, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Thank You
Thanks for moving my misplaced welcome. -- xixtas talk 00:17, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Opposition vote for SB_Johnny as bureaucrat
FYI, there is a whole lot of discussion that can happen about why I voted in opposition, and I think Withinfocus' comments that my vote of opposition should be disregarded is an insult.

I didn't want to open a can of worms to wide, and I did ask that if somebody other than the parties that I knew already had a pretty good understanding of the issues between me and Johnny wanted more of the history, they could ask me directly. So far nobody has.

Let me just say that I think now is not a good time to give him a "promotion" of this nature, as I believe there are many others on Wikibooks that would have less political baggage than Johnny. But that is something you and other Wikibookians can decide for yourself.

BTW, the #1 reason I'm not active on Wikibooks at the moment is mainly because of Johnny. I just don't want to deal with him any more. --Rob Horning 16:08, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

*Sigh*
Robert is quite aware of wikiversity, but he hasn't been involved there recently. OTOH, as a fellow "Custodian" (same link as above ;)), I appreciate the desire to attract new, trusted folks to Wikiversity... the two projects need to work together closely in the future if both are to fulfil their potentials.

I'm not a cabalist, a power hungry madman, or anything of the sort. My beefs with Robert are legitimate, however: as I've told him several times (on various talk pages and some emails), I don't want him to leave the project. Your mentor on WV knows me a lot better than Rob does, if you feel the need to ask around. -- SB_Johnny | talk 23:33, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

ENGR
I saw some of your edits on the engineering bookshelf, and I appreciate them. Not too many users besides myself work on that shelf, so it's always nice to have another set of hands around to make the work lighter. I removed some of the whitespace that you added at the top of the page because i felt it made things look too spread out. I didnt touch any of your other changes, however.

by the way, are you an engineer? A surprisingly large number of people around here are, but most of them choose not to work on engineering books (and i can't blame them). --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:30, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm no engineer. Psychology is what I have studied so far. It is unfortunate there are not more users who contribute to highly technical books. --Remi 03:02, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Requests for import
I stumbled across your request for an import from Wikipedia here. In the future, you should ask at WB:RFI if you want something imported. This allows us to do it in a timely manner, and also log all requests in a central location. Hope you like the new version of that page. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:06, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Remi0o


text:
Cookbook:Christmas Ham

The ancient Romans, who sacrificed a pig to their god Saturn about the same time Christmas is celebrated nowadays, are probably the starters of a Christmas tradition still alive in some parts of the world. This is a recipe for a boneless, lightly salted Finnish-style ham, popular since about the 1940s, before which Finns used to eat several kinds of meats during Christmas.

This is often eaten with traditional Christmas cuisine, including baked potatoes, red wine, and potato, carrot, and rutabaga casseroles, as well as during the night or in the morning and in-between 'proper' meals with bread, mustard and milk. Ham goes well with almost anything. If you have been eating ham for several days with mustard, try chili for a change.

Ingredients

 * 1 ea. (7–10 kg) ham, lightly salted and boneless
 * Prepared mustard
 * Breadcrumbs

Procedure

 * 1) If ham is frozen, thaw it in its plastic package, for 3 days in the refrigerator for a 7kg ham, 5 days for a 10kg ham.
 * 2) Before putting the ham in the oven, take it out from the refrigerator and let come closer to room temperature. If you intend to put the ham in the oven in the evening, take it out during the early morning. The ham should be about 10 °C (50 °F)  when you put it in the oven.
 * 3) Use a wet paper towel to clean the ham a bit; then dry it.
 * 4) Place ham on baking tray in oven, with some water on the tray. Or, if you have a large roasting bag, there is no need for water. Do not use only the oven rack, as nothing will catch all the liquid from the ham if the roasting bag fails, messing up your oven. However, you can put the ham on the rack if you put a baking tray beneath that to catch drips. Aluminum foil can be used on the baking tray to protect it.
 * 5) Preheat oven to 200 °C (390 °F) and let ham roast in the oven for half an hour. You can skip this if you are not worried about the possible bacteria on the ham.
 * 6) Turn temperature down, and cook at 100–125 °C (210–260 °F), for about 1 hour/kg (a 7 kg ham will take 7 hours or more) until a meat thermometer in the center of the ham reads 75–80 °C (158–176 °F). Traditional ham is ready at 80 °C but most take the ham out of the oven at 77 °C or so, when the ham has more water left in it and is considered tastier.
 * 7) After you take the ham out of the oven, wait a little while before removing the thermometer. It is recommended you do not pour the liquid from the bag or baking tray down the drain.
 * 8) Wait until ham is cool enough to handle, then glaze it all over with mustard and breadcrumbs. First remove the rind from the ham, then cover the ham with mustard, then with breadcrumbs. Bake in a 250 °C (480 °F) oven for 10 minutes.
 * 9) The ham is ready to eat when it has cooled down a bit. This makes about enough for 3 or 4 people for a week, but if you think you will not eat it all within a week, freeze the rest.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * A 10 kg ham is considered better-tasting as the pig has gotten bigger.
 * The use of a meat thermometer is recommended because the actual temperature of an oven commonly varies from its setting; thus the ham can be severely under- or overcooked if you do not use a thermometer. The thermometer should be placed in the middle of the ham. Be careful that it does not touch the oven walls. You can test if the thermometer works properly before using it by dipping it in boiling water–it should show about 100 °C (212 °F).
 * It is possible to salt a ham yourself if you buy ham from a farm or butcher or buy a pig in time to fatten it for Christmas. There are several methods available; here is one that is called tönkkösuolaus: Dissolve 1.8 kg large crystal salt into 10 L water, and cool to 0 °C or slightly lower. Fully submerge a 10 kg ham in the brine, and let it brine at around 0 °C for 2 months, replacing the brine from time to time. During the last week you can keep ham in water only if you want it to be slightly less salty.
 * Several people swear by sauna-cooked ham, in which case you will put the ham in a sauna instead of an oven (glazing still done in oven). It will take maybe 12–24 hours for a ham in a 100 °C sauna, and several days in a 80 °C sauna. Use a meat thermometer if you use a sauna to cook a ham and remember to have something beneath the ham collecting all the liquid. Often people also use a wood-burning stove to cook a ham, this method is hardest as you can not use a meat thermometer easily with one, so unless you have good instructions to the very oven you have (or have a spare ham just in case), this would not be recommended for first-time Christmas ham lovers.

title: Cookbook:Christmas Ham


text:
User talk:217.97.181.253

Cześć!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Xania 21:00, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:217.97.181.253


text:
The Computer Revolution/Software/System Development

System Development
System development comes into play when a new system is needed or when an existing system has problems. The definition of system development is based of the six phases; analyzing, design or modify, acquiring new software or hardware, training, and lastly is ensuring the system works properly. As times have advanced the need for more information and processing have procured system development to make the changes to current systems or put new systems in place to be able to provide the necessary information which all ties in with intelligence and architecture on a enterprise or business level. The process goes into more detail as shown below breaking down each phase further to better understand system development.

Source: Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition - Course Technology, Cengage Learning

The 1st Phase
Preliminary investigation

1. Conduct the preliminary analysis

2. Propose alternative solutions

3. Describe the costs & Benefits 4. Submit a preliminary plan that's it

5. yes last one it has lots of works...

1st one Software Engineer 2nt one Network Engineer

The 2nd Phase
Systems analysis

1. Gather data

In gathering data, you will review written documents, interview employees and managers, develop questionnarires, and observe people and proveses at work.

2. Analyze the data

Once the data has been gathered, you need to come to grips with it and analyze it. Many analytical tools, or modeling tools, are availabe. Modeling tools enable a system. an example of a modeling tool is a data flow diagram (DFD), which graphically shows the flow of data through a system that is, the essential processes of a system, along with inputs, outputs, and files.

3.  Write a report

Once you have completed the analysis, you need to document this phase. This report to management should have three parts. First, it should explain how the existing system works. Second, it should explain the problems with the existing system. Finally, it should describe the requirements for the new system and make recommendations on what to do next.

The 3rd Phase
Design the system

1. Do a preliminary design

A preliminary design the general functional capabilities of a proposed information system. It reviews the system requirements and then considers major components of the system. Prototyping refers to using workstations, Case tools, and other software applications to build working models of system components so that they can be quickly tested and evaluated.

2.Do a detail design

A preliminary design describes how a proposed information system will deliver the venereal capabilities described in the preliminary design. the detail design usually considers the following parts of the system in this order : output requirements, input requirements, storage requirements, and system controls and backup.

3. Write a report

All the work of the preliminary and detail designs will end up in a large, detailed report. When you hand over this report to senior management, you will probably also make some sort of presentation or speech

The 4th Phase
Develop the system

1.Develop or acquire the software

During the design stage, the systems analyst may have had to address what is called the “make- or –buy” decision, but that decision certainly cannot be avoided now.

2.Acquire hardware

3.Testing the system

-Unit testing

-System testing

The 5th Phase
Implements the System

1. Covert to the new system

-Direct implementation

-Parallel implementation

-Phased implementation

-Pilot implementation

The 6th Phases
Maintain the System

Adjusts and improves the system by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions.


text:
Talk:Chinese Tractor Maintenance/Jinma 304 354

I am having trouble with my Jinma 284. The rear hydraulics will rais the snow blower but will not lower. Is there something I need to do to lower it?


text:
The Computer Revolution/Personal Technology/PDA's

PDA stands for Personal Digital Assistant which involves a distinct characteristic of a touch screen. PDAs have developed into tools which fit your daily routines and in business needs. Originally personal planners were the main use for pda technology, however today they have evolved into portable computers. The various different tasks that can be completed are; checking email, surfing the internet, creating work documents (Word, Excel etc.), using it as a media tool while still maintaining the functions of a typical cell phone. Video, Mp3, radio, text messaging can all be sent virtually anywhere using connection to the internet. Software can also be downloaded that personalizes the PDA to the user's needs. There are several main operating systems that compete with PDAs: Blackberry, Palm Pilot, and Microsoft's Pocket PC; the three main companies that manufacture them are Nokia, Motarola, Panasonic, and Sony Ericson.

The Different Uses of a PDA
In a school setting, professors can use a PDA to organize information, keep lecture notes, manage his/her files, check e-mails, check students grades, file management, and a PDA synchronizes with your computer which allows it to transfers files, which is better than copy & paste.

In a hospital setting, a nurse may use a PDA as a drug calculator(for proper dosage), to organize their patients, drug dictionary which notifies the nurse as what drug would be proper to use in that specific situation. The main advantage of the PDA to a nurse is the portability that accompanies a PDA.

For the doctors, they use the PDA to complete similar tasks as the nurses except in their PDA they have Artificial Intelligence which guides them to prescribes the correct medicine and treatment. The PDA can only be used in these settings if the accurate software is downloaded to it.

PDA’s are an important asset to a stores well-being now days. It is essential to have one so that they can track all inventory. This is a picture of a PDA used at Target by employees. This hand held gadget holds a lot of information to help the employee with merchandise. You can see what is in stock and the location of where the item should be or if it’s in the backroom. As you can see on the PDA someone was looking up a product; note the dpci number, if we have the item, how much the item sells for and the regular price. In this instant there are none in stock but you can check to see which other stores may have the item. If it would have gave a location then we could get the item for the guest. If items are clearance, it would give a clearance price. You can find sizes, color and quantity of items. If it is an online item or no longer sold, it would state that as well. This hand-held device is great for managers as well. It helps them to keep track of sales goals for the day, it also keeps track of whether employees have went to lunch on time or whether they have punched out after their shift has ended. It also notifies managers if a cashier is having trouble or issues at their register. These various alerts send off a series of beeps until it is cleared. This is a great piece of equipment and has made life so much easier for stores.

Downsides of a PDA

 * Small screen
 * Slow use of internet
 * Slow processing
 * Sensitive screen; you need to learn the appropriate way to interact with the PDA. For an example, the characters are written in a disciplined manner which hinders the completion of tasks.

The Tablet
The tablet is a mobile computer that has a touch screen and is primarily operated by touching the screen. It is bigger than a typical PDA but has the same functionalities as one. It is more versatile than a PDA as it has ports for connectivity to other external devices. There are several types of tablets. The slate is the standard type of tablet in which there is no physical keyboard. The convertible notebook computer is one that has a keyboard and converts to a tablet by either swiveling or sliding it away. Hybrids are those that allow external keyboards to be connected to them, but can also be utilized as a standalone tablet. The last type is the booklet, which has two touchscreens and one side can be converted into a virtual keyboard so that it can then be used as a notebook computer.

One of the first introductions of the tablet was the conceptual Dynabook by Alan Kay in 1968 which was later developed into the notebook computer. Microsoft later tried to introduce a comercial tablet, Microsoft Tablet PC, but unsuccessful in its launch. It wasn't until Apple introduced the iPad, which is based on the technology from the iPhone, that truly catapulted the tablet into commercial use and gave way for many other makers to develop their own version of the tablet.


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User talk:71.60.83.111

Xania 23:08, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.60.83.111


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C++ Programming/Editor's TOC

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|. C++-Programmierung Programación en C Más Más Programmation C plus plus C++ Си++

title: C++ Programming/Editor's TOC


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C++ Programming/Memory Management

Overview
Memory management is a large subject, and C++ offers a wide range of choices for how to manage memory (and other resources, but our focus will initially be on memory).

The good news is that modern C++ makes memory management straightforward in most cases, while providing comprehensive facilities for those who need to stray from the beaten path. We will cover both the high-level approaches (which are usually preferable), and also give details of lower-level aspects such as use of new/delete/new[]/delete[] which are usually best hidden inside classes implementing higher level patterns.

Garbage Collection and RAII
Garbage collection (GC) deals with the management of dynamic memory, with different levels of automation, where the construct called collector, attempts to reclaim garbage (memory that was used by application objects that will never be accessed or mutated again). This is often regarded as an important feature of recent languages, especially if they forbid manual memory management, since manual memory management is very prone to errors and therefore requires a high level of experience from programmers. Errors due to memory management result mostly in instabilities and crashes that are only noticed at runtime, making them extremely hard to detect and correct.

C++ has optional support for garbage collection and some implementations include garbage collection (often based on the so-called Boehm collector). The C++ standard defines the implementation of the language and its underlying platform, but allows for the inclusion of extensions. For instance, Sun's C++ compiler product does include the libgc library (a conservative garbage collector).

Unlike many high level languages, C++ does not impose the use of garbage collection, and mainstream C++ idioms for memory management do not assume the use of conventional automated garbage collection. The most common garbage collection method in C++ is the use of the strangely named idiom "RAII", that stands for "Resource Acquisition Is Initialization", this idiom is covered in the RAII Section of the book. The key idea behind RAII is that a resource, whether acquired at initialization time or not, is owned by an object, and that the object's destructor will automate the release of that resource at an appropriate time. This enables C++ through RAII to support deterministic cleanup of resources, since the same approaches that work for freeing memory can also be used to release other resources (file handles, mutexes, database connections, transactions, and many more).

In the absence of a default garbage collection, RAII is a robust way to ensure that resources are not leaked even in code that might cause exceptions to be thrown. It is arguably superior to the finally construct in Java and similar languages; when a class owns a resource, Java requires every user of that class to wrap its uses in a try/finally block. In C++ the class provides a destructor, and users of that class don't need to do anything except ensure that the object is destroyed when they are finished with it (which normally takes no work, for example in the case that the object is a local variable or a data member of another object).

For common applications, the appropriate classes have already been written: many simple cases of memory management are covered by std::string and std::vector (along with the other standard containers such as std::map and std::list).

Memory Management Comparison to C
Many programmers coming to C++ from C are used to doing manual memory management, particularly for string manipulation.

Here's a simple comparison between a C program and a C++ program with similar functionality. Both examples omit error handling, which would be present in real code.

Firstly, the C code (using C99, but trivially changed to be C90-compatible):

For comparison, the C++ code

The C++ version is shorter and doesn't contain any explicit code to work out how much memory to allocate, to allocate or free memory and doesn't need to know the implementation details of 'getstr'; that's all taken care of by the standard string class. The C++ version also traps failure of memory allocation, whereas the C version shown above needs additional checking on the result of realloc in order to be safe in low-memory situations.

Smart Pointers for Memory Management
While smart pointers have many more uses in C++ than simple memory management, they are often useful ways to manage the lifetimes of other dynamically allocated objects.

A smart pointer type is defined as any class type that overloads operator->, operator*, or operator->*. One thing to note straight away is that "smart pointers" are, in a sense, not really pointers at all -- but overloading these operators allows a smart pointer to behave much like a built-in pointer, and much code can be written which works with both "real" pointers and smart pointers.

std::auto_ptr
The only smart pointer type included in the 2003 C++ Standard is std::auto_ptr. While this has certain uses, it is not the most elegant or capable of smart pointer designs.

Provides the ability to:
 * simulate the lifetime of a local variable or member variable for an object that is actually dynamically allocated
 * provide a mechanism for "transfer of ownership" of objects from one owner to another.

 * Simple auto_ptr example:

The = operator in auto_ptr works in a different to normal way. What it does is transfers ownership from the rhs (right hand side) auto_ptr to the lhs (left hand side) auto_ptr. The rhs pointer will then point to NULL and the object it used to point to is deallocated.
 * For example:

a loc: 0x3d5ef8 a val: 3 b loc: 0x3d5ef8 b val: 3 a loc: 0
 * Output (sample)

Sometimes, it may be not obvious that an object never gets deallocated. Consider the following example:
 * Memory leak

The sample class is allocated. 42
 * Output

The memory leak can be fixed using auto_ptr: Note that sometimes you can allocate an object on stack, avoiding such difficulties.

To sum up, the behavior of auto_ptr is useful when it is desired that only one pointer ever points to a particular object, but the pointer that does point to it may be changed. If different behavior is desired, using one of the boost pointers is a better option.

Boost Smart Pointers
The boost c++ libraries include 5 different kind of smarts pointers which, along with the std::auto_ptr, can be used in almost all memory management situations. Also, some of the smart pointers in boost are going to be in the standard libraries for the proposed c++0x revision of c++ when it is released.

 * The boost and std smart pointers

Creating Your Own Smart Pointer Type
One of the rationale of using smart pointer is to avoid leaking memory. In order to avoid this, we should avoid manually managing heap-base memory. So, we have to find a container which can automatically return the memory back to the operation system when we do not use it. The destructor of class can match this requirement.

What we need to store in a basic smart pointer is, of course, the address of the allocated memory. For this, we can simply use a pointer. Let's say we are designing for storing a piece of memory for an int.

class smt_ptr {  private: int* ptr; };

In order to make sure that every user puts an address in this smart pointer when doing initialization, we have to specify the constructor to accept a declaration of this smart pointer with the target address as the argument, but not "mere declaration" of the smart pointer itself.

class smt_ptr {  public: explicit smt_ptr(int* pointer) : ptr(pointer) { } private: int* ptr; };

Now, we have to specify the class to "delete" the pointer when the instance of this smart pointer destructs.

class smt_ptr {  public: explicit smt_ptr(int* pointer) : ptr(pointer) { } ~smt_ptr { delete ptr; } private: int* ptr; };

We have to allow users to access the data stored in this smart pointer and make it more "pointer-like". For this, we may add a function to provide the access the raw pointer, and overload some operators, such as operator* and operator->, to make it behave like a real pointer.

class smt_ptr {  public: explicit smt_ptr(int* pointer) : ptr(pointer) { } ~smt_ptr { delete ptr; } int* get const { return ptr; }       // Declares these functions const to indicate that int* operator-> const { return ptr; } // there is no modification to the data members. int& operator* const { return *ptr; } private: int* ptr; };

Actually, we have finished the basic parts and it is ready to use, however, to make this "homemade" smart pointer work with other data types and classes, we have to turn it into a class template.

template class smt_ptr {  public: explicit smt_ptr(T* pointer) : ptr(pointer) { } ~smt_ptr { delete ptr; } T* get const { return ptr; } T* operator-> const { return ptr; } T& operator* const { return *ptr; } private: T* ptr; };

This implementation is really very basic and only provides basic features, and is subject to many serious problems, such as copying this smart pointer will lead to double deletion but we are not discussing these problems here.

Other Smart Pointers
Apart from auto_ptr, there are many other smart pointers to cover tasks from wrapping COM objects, providing automatic synchronization for multi-threaded access, or providing transaction management for database interfaces.

A good repository for many of these is the Boost library; some smart pointers from boost are included in the C++ Committee's "TR1", a collection of library components which integrate well with standard C++.

Manual Memory Management with new, delete etc.
Modern C++ code tends to use new quite rarely, and delete very rarely. From a memory standpoint, the disadvantage is that "new" allocates memory off the heap while local objects allocate memory off the stack. Heap allocation times are much slower than allocations off the stack. However, there are still times when it's appropriate to do so, and a solid understanding of how these low-level facilities work can help with understanding of what normally happens "below the hood". There are even times when new and delete are too high-level, and we need to drop back to malloc and free -- but those situations are rare exceptions indeed.

The basic idea of new and delete is simple: new creates an object of a given type and gives a pointer to it, and delete destroys an object created by new, given a pointer to it. The reason that new and delete exist in the language is that code often does not know when it is compiled exactly which objects it will need to create at runtime, or how many of them. Thus new and delete expressions allow for "dynamic" allocation of objects.

 * Example

Unfortunately it is hard to write a realistic example in a few lines of code; dynamic allocation is only justified when a simpler approach won't work, for example because an object needs to outlive a function's scope, or because it uses so much memory that we only want to create it on demand.

For those of you familiar with the C programming language, new is a kind of "type-aware" version of malloc: the type of the expression "new int" is "int*". Hence in C++ where a cast would be necessary to write, no cast is required when using new. Because new is type-aware, it can also initialize the newly created objects, calling constructors if appropriate. The example above uses this ability to initialize the int created to have the value 3. Another enhancement of new and delete compared to malloc and free is that the C++ standard provides a standard way to change how new and delete allocate memory; in C this is normally achieved using a non-standard technique known as "interpositioning".

The basic new and delete operators are intended to allocate only a single object at a time; they are supplemented by new[] and delete[] for dynamically allocating entire arrays. Uses of new[] and delete[] are even rarer than uses of basic new and delete; usually a std::vector is a more convenient way to manage a dynamically allocated array.

Note that when you dynamically allocate an array of objects, you must write delete[] when freeing it, not plain delete. Compilers cannot usually give an error if you get this wrong; most likely your code will crash when you run it.

When a call to delete[] runs, it first retrieves information stored by new[] describing how many elements are present in the dynamically allocated array, and then calls the destructor for each element before deallocating the memory. The actual address of the memory block that was allocated may differ from the value returned by new[] to allow room to store the number of elements; this is one reason why accidentally mixing the array form of new[] with the single-element form of delete may lead to crashes.

The particularly astute reader might be wondering if it would be possible to eliminate the need to remember which of new/new[] and delete/delete[] to use, and make the compiler figure it out instead. The answer is that it would be perfectly possible, but doing so would add overhead to each single-object allocation (as delete would need to be able to work out whether the allocation was for a single object or an array), and a design principle behind C++ has been that you "don't pay for what you don't use", so the trade-off made is that single object allocations remain efficient, but users have to take care when using these low-level facilities.

Use of typedef
Read the following (buggy) code.

... typedef char CStr[100]; ... void foo {  ...   char* a_string = new CStr; ...  delete a_string; return; }

The code above will lead to resource leakage (or, in some cases, to a crash). It is a common mistake to release a piece of memory array with delete, but not "array delete" (i.e. delete[]). In this situation, the typedef gives the illusion that "a_string" is a pointer which points a piece of memory enough for a "char" variable but not a piece of memory array. By wrongly executing delete, other than delete[], only the memory allocated for the first element of the array is freed, and letting the memory for those 99 "char" elements be leaked. There are only 99 bytes leaked in this case, but when the array is for holding complex classes with a lot of non-static data members, megabytes of memory is leaked. Also, when the same program which contains this bug runs again, another piece of memory will be leaked.

Thus, in the code above delete a_string; should be corrected to delete[] a_string; or, better still, a string class such as std::string should be used instead of a plain array hidden behind a typedef.

title: C++ Programming/Memory Management


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The Computer Revolution/Security/Prevent Identity Theft

What is Identity Theft?
While recent developments in telecommunications and computer processing make it easier for companies and consumers to reach each other, they can also scatter your personal information more widely, making life easier for criminals.

Identity theft is the unauthorized collection and use of your personal information, usually for criminal purposes.

Our name, date of birth, address, credit card, Social Insurance Number (SIN) and other personal identification numbers can be used to open credit card and bank accounts, redirect mail, establish cellular phone service, rent vehicles, equipment, or accommodation, and even secure employment.

How to Prevent Identity Theft?

 * Watch out for "shoulder surfers" when using phones and ATM's
 * When using PINs and passwords at public telephones and automated teller machines, shield your hand so that anyone watching you through binoculars or using a video camera can’t see what you are doing on the keypad.

 * Check your credit card billing statements
 * If you see some fraudulent charges, report them immediately. If you don't receive your statement, call the creditor first.

 * Use strong passwords/PINs
 * You should not use your birth date for your PIN numbers. You should make a password that thieves can not be able to guess from you personal data or habits.

Hire a Company to Protect You From Identity Theft

There are a number of companies out there that will monitor any activity that uses your personal information and alert you of it to make sure that it is you who is using it and not some thief. They will monitor many different situations where your personal information is used, such as when you apply for a credit card, utilities, wireless service, or mortgage loans to name a few. These companies are very useful because if someone does somehow use your identity without your permission and it gets by the company that is supposed to protect your identity, they will assist you and pay for the services needed to help you recover and resolve the matter.

Another way to prevent your identity from being stolen is properly erase your hard drive when you dispose of your old computer. Your computer is an extension of you and has many things such as bank account numbers and personal information that you would not want anyone else to know. When you erase your hard drive, this eliminates the chances of anyone getting a hold of your identity. This is very critical especially if you donate your computer to people or organizations that you don’t know.

Ways to prevent identity theft from your online activities.

•Watch out for phishing websites: These websites look like business websites but are actually fake. They might ask for all of your private information.

•Use an Anti-virus/Anti-Malware Program: Backdoors, keyloggers and other nefarious programs can allow entry to your system and they can be installed in any number of ways. The only way to be sure to protect against them is to install both anti-virus and anti-malware.

•Unique Passwords for Every Website: Generating a secure password is the first step to prevent identity theft by keeping your accounts secure

•Shop Only at Reputable Websites: You might check to see if the site is safe using one of the link checkers or run it by the Web of Trust who also provides a browser plugin.

•Secure Your Wireless Network: If you leave your wireless network open and without a password, not only can an attacker use your network without your knowledge but can also view your website usage. This can allow them to easily build a detailed profile of you and the websites you visit.

Source: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/9-ways-prevent-identity-theft-online-activities/