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The Computer Revolution/Computer Crime in the Workplace

Computer crime in workplace
Computer crime is increasing commonly in workplace, such as employees use their authorization to get some business data and change it or sell it in order to make money themselves. Such illegal activities may cause big negative effects to organization. To prevent these activities, companies provide employees their own user name and password, so all the employees need to log in their account before they using computers, this is effectively decrease such activities happened because companies can monitor their employees’ computer activities all the time.

Software Theft
Software theft can be defined as the unauthorized use or illegal copying of computer software. This can take many forms such as commercial counterfeiting, deliberate and unauthorized copying by dealers, unlicensed copying and use by "end users" and plagiarism by competitors.

Hardware Theft
Theft of hardware has increased from warehouses and manufacturing facilities due to the growing demand for high-tech products such as microprocessors, computer memory, microcomputers/PCs, Laptop/notebook, palmtop, hard disk drivers and cellular phone that are valuable, compact and easy to transport. For example, a suitcase of microprocessors is worth more than an equivalent volume of cocaine.

Approximately, 4 percent of the hardware theft accounted for over 60 percent of total company losses. While the average high-tech hardware theft is probably in the low thousands of dollars, it is the high-value thefts that dominate overall company losses. Hardware theft has created different levels of cost. In addition of the direct cost of replacing stolen equipment from manufacturers, there are other indirect costs.

Misuse of technology
The big problem about technology misuses can be resume in two words: culture and education. Some people do not have culture to use technology suitably such as a tool because they use it as an easy way solution of fashionable trending. Also, these people also do not have education for using it correctly.

Because of hundreds of services that technology offers, there are many techniques to harm persons and waste time. People use their time wrongly to harming others even though knowing that this is not good like crimes among others. For example, people use technology manufacturing weapons to destroy instead of developing themselves.

Actually, people are concern about misuse and abuse of technology. Society states that internet uses lead to intimidate or threaten people as well as allow software piracy downloading illegal music and doing plagiarism. Educational institutions are worried about student’s development in their classes due to misuses of technology. For instance, learners are using cellphones, playing games and surfing on some pornographic web sites and other non suitable sites during class. It is a fact that there are children who start to use cellphones at the age of ten. This is not bad at the beginning because both parents are working and have to leave their children with baby sitter. It is good to have communication with them. Nowadays, children not only want to have cellphones, but also prefer to have the latest version of it. If children do not have it, they feel ashamed with their friends and prefer to leave their old- fashioned cellphone at home. Moreover, the latest version of cellphones have an incorporate camera and some people use it to record pictures or videos that can be put in damage reputation’s people. Because all of above these, some people say and think that the technology is responsible and it is not good for society. However, people have to understand that this is happening because of the misuse of technology. Misuse of it is a threaten for society. Even though of misuses of technology, people continue using it.

Information Overload in the workplace
Today’s workers are in an epidemic where work life-balance has begun to diminish due to an increased work day for many reasons but one of the most glaring reason is workers are bombarded with information due to such an advancement in technology throughout the last century. Increased progress in the field of information technology has increased the speed, quantity and how you communicate with co-workers and clients. Email and fax have dramatically increased the speed and frequency of communication in the workplace. Email allows you to communicate without actually having a physical conversation. Email also allows you to send and share documents over long distances. Fax and scanning machines are also pieces of technology that have vastly improved the communication process. Many professionals also carry tools like cell phones, blackberries and laptop computers. Essentially an employee can be reached at all times of day. This 24/7 attitude has become somewhat of a standard in the corporate world especially once you reach the higher ranks in an organization. The separation from home and work becomes blurred. Advancements in technology have also contributed to people working from home which now allows people to take their work home from there again losing their work life balance. Although many of the increased technology has greatly improved how we do business it has also caused excess stress, strain and burnout for the average worker. When you are overloaded with anything, in this case information you tend to forget tasks, fail to prioritize therefore your tasks will be completed with less care and detail. This information overload is causing many workplace illnesses and health problems. Information overload has become part of our daily work life and it has become a standard of work however with increased health concerns we are now seeing today we need to take this topic seriously and try to think of ways to get back to a balanced healthy way of life that can handle all of the information we need to do our best at our occupation.

A Look at Productivity over Time
Most prevalent among workplace productivity issues appear to be such things as fussing and theft of time and services. In fact, Michael Kanell states that "growth in the amount Americans produced each working hour last quarter fell to zero". So what has happened in the workplace to result in such dismal returns.

Historically and following primary activities of traditional society, secondary activities of manufacturing became front and center in the work world and each new tool or invention was implemented to boost production. Productivity would eventually level off under the newly adopted process (sometimes decreasing with other factors such as breakdowns), then encounter another leap forward with the next change, upgrade or invention. These productivity increases were evidenced from World War II until the more sluggish progress of the 1970s.

Tertiary industries proliferated in the more modern society. Production had become highly automated and service industries became the name of the game in the business world. But how could productivity be measured in the service sector? Workers may not directly produce physical “items”, so productivity and efficiency are more difficult to determine. It became necessary to find alternative means of measuring productivity. Economic returns are one piece of evidence for productivity and one indicator of how good one’s economy is can be found in its productivity – a somewhat circular argument!

Well, one step further and one is greeted by the world of quaternary activity – the information age – the age of computers and their connection to the world. While one has the potential to measure how many haircuts a service industry employee can do in a day’s work, it is substantially harder to measure productivity, at the least, and efficiencies, even more so, in this new age. More and more enterprises have become involved in assembling, processing and transmitting information. But how can this be measured or valuated? I guess there’s money to be made somewhere for some people in this information dependent time – Bill Gates is but one example. Therefore, if there’s economic return, there must be productivity somewhere in the system if previous statements are true.

If one cannot directly measure productivity and efficiency in the workplace, then, the workplace must depend upon countering any inefficiencies and loss of productivity. At first glance, there’s a lot of work done – or appears to be – but what about output? According to Kathryn Kobe of Economic Consulting Services in Washington, "you are seeing ... an output slowdown, which also leads to a productivity slowdown".

If these output and productivity slowdowns are happening, what is causing them? What workplace problems exist to create this situation or is this simply part of the normal growth-stability-next leap forward cycles that existed even in earlier periods (e.g., manufacturing sector's history)?

No Crime, Just Lost Time?
Williams and Sawyer have referred to goofing off in the workplace as “undertime” and further noted that some amount of this downtime was tolerated in the name of workplace morale. However, with the advent of the computer and especially with their superior level of interconnectivity worldwide, computer use has resulted in “new ways to slack off.”

How long do you have to wait for that program to load and run? Did you have to spend time, energy and money (ie, yours or your employers) in software training, upgrading or problem solving? How much time are you spending awaiting some technical support? Did you count the volume of junk e-mail and spam in your in-box? How much time did you devote to reading or deleting these? Did you have to sort out disk storage issues or re-organize your computer desktop today? Then, system maintenance interruptions – how much time did you lose waiting for the problem to be fixed and for the system to be returned to operation? Oh, just 10 minutes yesterday and another half hour today. Well, it all adds up!

One news article stated that "well over half of all emails received in the EU are unsolicited, despite the increased efforts of anti-spam and spyware to block out messages" and another report tallied it up and "found that spam cost US$51.1 billion worldwide in lost productivity and higher computing bills last year." Furthermore, Postini, an email security company, noted that "worldwide, nine out of 10 emails are junk" and in one month alone, "more than 7 billion junk emails were sent worldwide".

One word that has been adopted to describe wasting of time on computer issues or problems is "fussing", which maybe defined as "to trouble or worry over trifles ..., to get into or be in a state of ... useless activity, ... to vex with unimportant matters". While some of the aforementioned uses of time (e.g., waiting for computer to load) simply nibble away at your day and seem appropriately entitled as "fussing", others can consume an inordinate amount of one's workday. In these cases, they can truly become the "gigantic time sink" or "great campus goof-off machine".

Therefore, justice is not necessarily served in using the term "fussing". There maybe no crime committed in the truest sense of the word because no criminal intent is involved (i.e at least by the employee), but one could just as easily view it as a crime – especially from the employer’s viewpoint. Technology has robbed the workplace of it productivity!

The Real Time Crime in the Workplace
An estimated "8.3 hours a week" are involved in "non-work-related" website "peeking". Add into this mixture the time spent employees may spend doing such things as downloading music, playing games and on-line shopping. These become the real crimes against the employer! The ultimate, however, is possibly conducting one’s own sideline business while on the employer’s time and using his/her company’s resources. There’s multi-tasking and then there’s lost productivity and revenues (also expenses) for the other party involved in this. What better business scheme than to make money twice over – with your own business (without overhead costs) and through the "unearned" company paycheck?

The "Inside Job" -- Computer Security in the Workplace
To counter some of this lost revenue and productivity, there has been an increased need and demand for surveillance techniques to monitor employees. Employers have resorted to many means, even to the point of creating separate computer security departments or divisions to deal with both the internal and external threats.

In light of the statistics available or opinions espoused, there is no wonder such measures have had to be taken. For example, one survey discovered that in the opinion of some security personnel, "the greatest threat to their company’s technology infrastructure as a result of cyberattacks were current employees (53%), former employees (10%), and nonemployees (28%)". In other cases, employees may “… use information technology for personal profit or to steal hardware or information to sell. They may also use it to seek revenge for real or imaged wrongs …” and, indeed, one report found that “… the disgruntled employee is a principal source of computer crime".

A Final Note
So, where's the criminal? He or she maybe seated right outside the boss’s door or at the next desk. Workplace crimes can come in many forms and with many different faces, but the obvious from this brief overview is that the technological advances in the workplace have put the employer at risk of being robbed of time, energy and resources – all in the name of productivity.


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User talk:Ixfd64

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 * Hey, thanks for the welcome! :) --Ixfd64 03:05, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

And
Thanks for picking up the vandalism -- Herby talk thyme 08:08, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ixfd64


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Talk:Autistic Survival Guide/dictionary

About (dictionary) A survival guide for people on the autistic spectrum/dictionary
Maybe we could list interpretations of every word, dependent on each person. Logictheo 09:53, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Like this:
 * Anal:
 * Arrogant:
 * Arrogant is a person who tells that other people are lazy, all the time, signed Beautycomplete Nov15
 * My interpretation of arrogant is someone who talks aggressively, Signed Temusici Nov24
 * My interpretation agrees with the definition of wiktionary date: |18:59, 20 September 2006, Signed ArcheoFi Nov28
 * Development:
 * This is a general term. So generally it means that one learns more things about the world as one progresses through life. Maybe it meant anything else in the way it was used. Were you referring to:
 * "Once you have a diagnosis, people may lose interest in your development, given current perceptions about autism, and your self esteem tends to suffer. These are _not_ good things for the wellbeing of young people." If so then we should change the word from development and type the quote of the article instead, Signed JonathanTik Dec02

 * Mature:

Logictheo 09:53, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Autistic Survival Guide/dictionary


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User talk:194.74.238.60

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 10:39, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Blocked
Contribute properly when the block expires or the next one will be long -- Herby talk thyme 11:47, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:194.74.238.60


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User:Hrishi7186

Computer Architecture & Organization/BASIC STRUCTURES OF COMPUTERS

Functional Units

Computers consists of 5 functionally independent parts: 1)	Input 2)	Memory 3)	ALU 4)	Output 5)	Control Unit

The input unit can get the information from outside source over digital communication line.The information received is either stored in the computer’s memory for later reference or is immediately used by the ALU to perform the desired operation.The processing steps are determined by the program stored in the memory.The results are then sent back to the outside world by the output device.All these actions are co-ordinated & controlled by the control unit.

Input Unit

Computers accept information through input units which read the data.Most well-known input device is the Keyboard.Whenever a key is pressed the corresponding character is automatically translated to the corresponding binary code & transmitted over the cable to either memory or processor.Other input devices are joysticks, trackballs & mouses.

Memory Unit

Its function is to store data & programs. There are two classes of storage: 1)	Primary 2)	Secondary

Primary StorageItalic text

It is a fast memory.This memory consists of semiconductor storage cells each capable of storing 1 bit of information. Memory in which any location can be reached in a short & fixed amount of time after specifying its address is called Random Access Memory (RAM).The time required to access one word is called Memory Access Time.The small, fast units of RAM are called Cache.

Secondary StorageItalic text

It is cheaper than primary.It is used when large amount of data & many programs have to be stored. Examples are magnetic disks, tapes, optical disks etc.

ALU

Most computer operations are executed in ALU. For e.g. suppose two nos. located at different memory locations are to be added. They are brought to the processor & the actual addition is carried out by ALU. The result is either stored in memory or frequently used by processor.

Output Unit

Its function is to send the processed results to the outside world. Examples are monitor, printers etc.

Control Unit

Its function is to coordinate the input, output, ALU & memory units. It sends the timing signal to coordinate & control the operation. Timing signals are signals that determine when a given action is to take place. A large number of control lines carry the signals used for timing are attached with the functional units.

title: User:Hrishi7186


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4

= Scotch Game =

3.d4
This aggressive move practically forces Black to play /3...exd4/ which releases central tension very early. This should lead to a very open game with a lot of space for both players.

A few tries have been made with /3...d6/ but this move is considered inferior because of 4.dxe5 dxe5 5.Qxd8+ Kxd8 6.Bc4.

/3...Nxd4/ is playable: 4.Nxd4 exd4 5.Qxd4 and some good players believe that black nearly equalizes in this line.

Also seen after /3...Nxd4/ is 4. Nxe5, after which black will have to move the knight.

Theory table
'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4'''


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4

= Scotch Game = The main line is the natural move /4. Nxd4/. White physically occupies the center and Black will probably attack it with 4...Bc5 or 4...Nf6.

White has also two other options.
 * /4. Bc4/, the Scotch Gambit. White leaves the pawn in peace and tries to establish attacking pressure with a lead in development.
 * /4. c3/, the Göring Gambit. A gambit that is quite similar to the Danish Gambit.

Theory table
. '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4'''


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User talk:83.156.240.14

Welcome!
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title: User talk:83.156.240.14


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Nxd4

=Scotch Game, main line= Black has now an opportunity to take the initiative that should not be wasted.

Three main weapons are available.

 * With /4...Bc5/ (Classical variation), Black attacks white's central knight on d4 and forces White to either move it or protect it. Black should expect replies like Be3, Nxc6, or Nb3.
 * /4...Nf6/ (Schmidt variation). Black puts immediate attacking pressure on white's e4 pawn, asking them what they intend to do with it.
 * /4...Qh4/ (Steinitz variation) is more aggressive. Black immediately attempts to win white's e- pawn outright and indeed can practically win it by force. However, doing so costs him development time and white is thought to get more than enough compensation after 5.Nc3 Bb4 6.Be2 Qxe4 7.Nb5 Bxc3+ 8.bxc3 Kd8 9.0-0.

Theory table
. '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. Nxd4'''


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A-level Mathematics/OCR/C3/Numerical Methods

Finding Roots of an Equation
In this module we will explore approximating where an equation has a root. Below we have two graphs.

Finding A Root Using a Graph
In the graph we have two functions. If we want to approximate where the roots are we have to look at where the function cross the x-axis. The lilac function crosses the x-axis somewhere between 2.05 and 2.25. The green function has roots around 1 and 3.5. If we want to know where the green function is equivalent to the lilac function we need to look at the graph. When the two graphs cross they are equivalent. This number will be the root. In this case it is around 1.75. We can also say that on this domain, the functions will only cross once.

Finding A Root By Searching for A Sign Change
When a function has a root the value of the function will change from a positive value to a negative value or vice versa. If below is the table of values for the lilac function we can say that the root occurs between 2.05 and 2.10:

Iterative Formulae
An iterative formula is a formula that is composed of itself. That is the output of the function is the next input of the function. $$x_{n + 1}= F(n)$$. These functions are a sequence of approximations that usually converge to the value of a function. You can tell if a function converges by the fact that the outputs become closer and closer to each other, if this does not happen then the function diverges and there is no value. The output of an iterative formula is written as:
 * $$x_2\,$$
 * $$x_3\,$$
 * $$x_4\,$$

The first x is provided for you. The output of the iterative formula is written as the Greek letter alpha: α. α can be found to the required degree of accuracy when $$x_n = x_{n + 1}$$ to the required number of decimal places. Given an iterative function you can find the root of an equation. Also you find the function from a given iterative function by setting x = iterative function, then solving so that you have a zero on one side. The aforementioned process can be done in reverse.

Example
Given the sequence that is defined by the iterative formula $$\left(2x+5\right)^{\frac{1}{3}}$$ with $$x_1 = 2$$ converges to $$\alpha$$ With an iterative formula we have:
 * 1) Find $$\alpha$$ correct to 4 decimal places.
 * 2) Find equation that has $$\alpha$$ as a root.
 * 3) Does the equation have any more roots?
 * 1) We plug in $$x_1$$ to get $$x_2$$ and so on
 * 2) $$x_2 = \left(2\times(2)+5\right)^{\frac{1}{3}} = 2.0801$$
 * 3) $$x_3 = \left(2\times(2.0801)+5\right)^{\frac{1}{3}} = 2.0924$$
 * 4) $$x_4 = \left(2\times(2.0924)+5\right)^{\frac{1}{3}} = 2.0942$$
 * 5) $$x_5 = \left(2\times(2.0942)+5\right)^{\frac{1}{3}} = 2.0945$$
 * 6) $$x_6 = \left(2\times(2.0945)+5\right)^{\frac{1}{3}} = 2.0945$$
 * 7) $$\alpha = 2.0945\,$$
 * 8) $$x = \left(2x+5\right)^{\frac{1}{3}}$$
 * 9) $$x^3 = 2x+5\,$$
 * 10) $$x^3 -2x -5 = 0\,$$
 * 11) To determine if the function has any roots just graph the graph of the highest power of x and then the rest. The number of times they cross is the number of roots you have.
 * 12) If we plot $$y = x^3$$ and $$y = 2x + 5$$ we can see that they only cross once.
 * 13) The function only has one root.

Simpson's Rule for Area
To find the area beneath a curve we have already learned the trapezium rule. The trapezium rule is not very accurate it takes a very large number of trapezoids to get an very accurate area. The Simpson rule is much more accurate to find the area underneath a curve. Simpson's Rule states: $$\int^b_a y dx \approx \frac{1}{3}h\left\{\left(y_0 + y_n\right) + 4\left(y_1 + y_3 + \ldots + y_{n-1}\right) + 2\left(y_2 + y_4 + \ldots + y_{n-2}\right) \right\}$$

where$$h = \frac{b-a}{n}$$ and n is even

Example
Use Simpson's Rule to evaluate $$\int_{1}^{5}x^2 + 2x\, dx$$ with h = 1.

$$\int_{1}^{5}x^2 + 2x \,dx \approx \frac{1}{3}\left[\left(1^2 + 2\times 1 \right) + 4\left(2^2 + 2\times 2 \right) + 2\left(3^2 + 2\times 3\right) + 4\left(4^2 + 2\times 4\right) + \left(5^2 + 2\times 5\right)\right]$$

$$\int_{1}^{5}x^2 + 2x\,dx = 65\frac{1}{3}$$

The area under the curve $$x^2 + 2x\,$$is equal to $$65\frac{1}{3}$$.

This is the true value. If we compare it to the value of 66 that we trapezium rule and to the value of 65 that we got from the midpoint rule we can see that Simpson's rule is the most accurate.


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Compressed air

In the Pacific Islands near the Philippines, there is a fire building technique that uses compressed air to ignite a small piece of tinder. The technology to do this is similar to a diesel engine and is called a sulpak by the islanders or fire piston by the rest of the world.

The sulpak is usually made out of a water buffalo horn or very dense wood. There are two parts to the device, a piston with a pad on the end, and a cylinder. The piston has a small divot in the end of it that holds a piece of tinder (char cloth works well) Also there is a small groove near the end of the piston that is wrapped with thread to create o-ring. The piston is normally lubricated with pig fat, but Crisco, and Vaseline work well.

The piston is smeared with the lubricant, and a small amount of lubricant is placed in the divot at the end of the piston. The char cloth is then pressed into the grease in the divot.

Push the end of the piston into the cylinder about a half inch. Then hold the cylinder in one hand and hit the pad of the piston with the other. Then pull the piston back out quickly and blow on the tinder. If it doesn't glow immediately you will need to try the process again, or check to make sure that the "o-ring" is tight enough.

There is not enough tinder to catch much on fire, so the best thing to do is light a larger chunk of char cloth and then use this to light the other tinder that will be part of the fire.

It is very difficult to manufacturer the sulpak in the wilderness, so this technique is not good for an emergency unless you just happen to have a sulpak with you. Many outdoor wilderness adventurers will carry their sulpak with them when they go camping and hiking.

Outdoors Magazine.com has a good article with pictures of how to make and use a fire starting piston.


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GNU C Compiler Internals/Compilation of a function 4 1

Function Prolog and Epilog

A prolog is used to initialize the function, for example set up its stack frame. A function epilog is used to finalize execution. At each level of compilation, there are common actions performed for each function. Therefore, a number of prolog/epilog generation functions exist in GCC.

At the GIMPLE level prolog is generated in function gimplify_function_tree. It adds profiling hooks if instructed so using -finstrument-functions.

At the RTL level, function expand_function_start is used. It starts the RTL for a new function, and set variables used for emitting RTL. It also makes the label for return statements to jump to and decides whether to return the value in memory or in a register. After this, it calls assign_parms which maps the formal-ins to the actual-ins.

Machine-level prolog and epilog are added in pass flow2, function thread_prologue_and_epilogue_insns which relies upon machine description file, for example i386.md. The description has a number of entries. The prolog and epilog entries is used in this case. They are set to ix86_expand_prologue and ix86_expand_epilogue respectively that generate RTL prologue and epilog for i386 architecture. The machine-specific code takes care of registered used in the function so that they are preserved between function calls. The push instructions are added as the very first instructions of a function.

The machine-specific code is generated as an RTL expression rather than assembly because this is the representation used at this pass of the compiler. The RTL representation is the most general across various targets. Therefore, a push instruction of i386 corresponds to a number of RTL expressions:

static rtx gen_push (rtx arg) {  return gen_rtx_SET (VOIDmode,                     gen_rtx_MEM (Pmode, gen_rtx_PRE_DEC (Pmode,                                                  stack_pointer_rtx)),                     arg); }

At the assembly output level, prolog is generated in functions assemble_start_function and final_start_function. Their output is mostly related to debugging.

One should note that the prolog functions are executed from the higher-level representation to the lower-level ones. At the run-time, the execution order of the added code is opposite. That is, the machine-level prolog is executed first. In case of i386, it saves the registers used in the function and sets up a new stack frame. Then the parameters are received and the profiling hooks are called.

Local Control Flow Analysis
A control-flow graph is built up of basic blocks which is a sequence of instructions with only one entry and one exit. Type struct basic_block describes it. There is a pointer to the statement list that defines the basic block. Each basic block also has a pointer to the previous and next BB. Therefore, it is possible to link them in a list. Fields preds and succs give access to control/data flow edges into and out of the block.

Function create_basic_block takes the first and the last statements and inserts the new BB after a given one. make_edge links the two BBs.

Use macro FOR_EACH_BB to traverse a CFG. Each function flow graph has an entry and an exit block accessed using ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR and EXIT_BLOCK_PTR respectively.

Function build_tree_cfg takes a GIMPLE tree and generates the CFG. First, it initializes the CFG with two BBs: ENTRY_BLOCK and EXIT_BLOCK. It calls make_blocks, then make_edges.


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GNU C Compiler Internals/Function calls 4 1

Global Control-Flow Analysis
The functions of a file are used to generate a callgraph in file cgraphunit.c. The two relevant functions are cgraph_finalize_compilation_unit which is called from function pop_file_scope after the file has been parsed and cgraph_finalize_function which is called from finish_function.

The effect of each function depends on the compilation mode. The unit-at-a-time mode instructs the compiler to build the callgraph only after each function has been parsed. When this option is not present a function is converted as soon as it is parsed.

cgraph_finalize_function calls cgraph_analyze_function that converts it to RTL. Otherwise, the function is queued in cgraph_nodes_queue. At the end cgraph_finalize_compilation_unit takes care of the queue. cgraph_nodes is the global variable representing the callgraph. Function dump_cgraph allows one to print out the callgraph.

Parameter Passing
In this chapter we will find out how functions call each other. Typically, a function passes a number of parameters when it makes a call. A stack frame is created when the function begins. It is possible, however, that the stack frame of the previous function gets reused. This type of function call is called a sibling call. When the function body is not large enough the run-time overhead of setting up a stack frame is too high. In this case the callee function gets inlined into the parent function.

Function expand_call takes a CALL_EXPR tree and generates RTL expression. It has to decide argument passing mode. struct arg_data contains necessary information for each argument.

Generating a function call is impossible without certain machine-specific information, for example the number of hardware registers of different types. A number of macros defined in each architecture .h file take care of connecting the middle-end with the back-end:

Function init_cumulative_args in file i386.c takes care of this in case of x86 architecture. It takes into account function attributes regparm and fastcall that a user might specify in which case the number of available registers is set accordingly. However, if the function takes a variable number of arguments then all parameters are passed in the stack.

Parameters' location is decided in function initialize_argument_information. A machine-specific function_arg returns the rtl for an argument if it goes into a register:

ret = gen_rtx_REG (mode, regno);

It is possible that a parameter is passed both on the stack and in a register, for example if the parameter's type is addressable.

Depending on certain conditions, sibling call instruction chain is generated in addition to the normal chain. Let us consider the case when only normal chain is generated. Variable rtx argblock is the address of space preallocated for stack parameters (on machines that lack push insns), or 0 if space not preallocated.

A number of machine-specific variables shape up the stack. ACCUMULATE_OUTOING_ARGS instructs the compiler to preallocate the sufficient number of bytes for all arguments of any function call in the function prolog. After that, function arguments are saved in that area without modifying stack frame size. ACCUMULATE_OUTOING_ARGS depends on variable target_flags. It depends on machine configuration and command-line options. In case of ACCUMULATE_OUTOING_ARGS, i386-specific variable

const int x86_accumulate_outgoing_args = m_ATHLON_K8 | m_PENT4 | m_NOCONA | m_PPRO;

and a command-line option -maccumulate-outgoing-args enable this feature. This means that it is enabled on a Pentium4 and that push/pop instructions are not used to pass funcitons' parameters.

If we preallocated stack space, compute the address of each argument and store it into the ARGS array.

Precompute parameters as needed for a function call. this routine fills in the INITIAL_VALUE and VALUE fields for each precomputed argument. precompute_arguments

Given a FNDECL and EXP, return an rtx suitable for use as a target address in a call instruction

funexp = rtx_for_function_call (fndecl, addr);

Precompute all register parameters. It isn't safe to compute anything once we have started filling any specific hard regs. precompute_register_parameters (num_actuals, args, &reg_parm_seen);

Now store (and compute if necessary) all non-register parms. These come before register parms, since they can require block-moves, which could clobber the registers used for register parms. Parms which have partial registers are not stored here, but we do preallocate space here if they want that.

store_one_arg (&args[i], argblock, flags,                             adjusted_args_size.var != 0,                              reg_parm_stack_space)

Do the register loads required for any wholly-register parms or any parms which are passed both on the stack and in a register. Their expressions were already evaluated.

load_register_parameters (args, num_actuals, &call_fusage, flags,                              pass == 0, &sibcall_failure);

Finally, emit_call_1 generates instructions to call function FUNEXP, and optionally pop the results. The CALL_INSN is the first insn generated.

When the placement of the arguments is decided variable struct args_size args_size saves the total size of stack arguments. It records the size of a sequence of arguments as the sum of a tree-expression and a constant. The tree part is necessary to handle arguments of variable size, for example arrays arguments which size is not known at compile-time. The C language does not allow variable-sized arguments.

One might wonder how the callee function finds out where the arguments arrive. It also uses machine-specific information that the caller used. Rerunning INIT_CUMULATIVE_ARGS, FUNCTION_ARG, and FUNCTION_ARG_ADVANCE in the callee decides whether an argument should arrive in a register or on the stack identically to expand_call.


text:
GNU C Compiler Internals/Return Address Defense 4 1

Return Address Defense
A prerequisite to understanding the proposed extension is the following paper:

Tzi-Cker Chiueh, Fu-Hau Hsu,"RAD: A Compile-time Solution to Buffer Overflow Attacks,"  21st IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), Phoenix, Arizona, USA, April 2001.

http://www.ecsl.cs.sunysb.edu/tr/TR96.pdf

The paper proposed to instrument function prolog and epilog. The return address is saved in a well-protected buffer so that overwriting stack frame does not hurt it. The copy of the address is cross-checked with the one on the stack to detect a possible attack.

Implementing the proposed method has a number of difficulties. Different architectures have different stack frame layout. For example, the x86 prolog has the code to save clobbered registers which is generated in the machine-specific component of GCC. Therefore, instrumenting prolog at the RTL level will not take into account those registers because their number is unknown at that time. There are two approaches to this problem. The first is to instrument prolog at the machine level which is not portable across different architectures. The second approach is to instrument the call-site instead.

The idea of the proposed implementation is to find the approximation of the return address using the address of a code label immediately following the call instruction. It is also possible to find the address on the stack where the return address is written using the number of actual arguments that are pushed on the stack. In case of x86 frame layout, the space is reserved at the frame creation time, therefore the stack pointer not modified when a function is called. The return address approximation and the stack pointer are saved in a well-protected buffer, similarly to the original RAD approach. The following code snippet illustrates the idea:

func1 { ...     jmp L2 L1:  // the return address is on stack push $esp // we also need stack pointer rad_prolog // save the two arguments in a safe buffer add $esp, 8 // make sure no traces left func2; // the original call-site jmp L3 L2: call L1 L3:  ....

When the instrumented code is executed, the control flow is directed to a label after the original call instruction. At that point, a call instruction saves the current EIP value and directs the control flow back to label L1. Therefore, the return address approximation argument is already on stack. We also need to push the ESP as the second argument. Function rad_prolog adds the pair to a safe buffer. The arguments are popped and the original function is called. The added call instruction is jumped over upon return.

We also need to instrument function epilog. GIMPLE level works in this case because there is a TRY_FINALLY_EXPR code. The most recent pair of return address and its location in the well-protected buffer are used to validate the return address on the stack. An alarm is generated in case the two values mismatch.

This extension does not use any machine-specific information. Therefore, it is portable across different architectures, even though we were unable to test it under anything except x86.


text:
Horticulture/Physical Removal of Plant Pathogens

One way of getting plant diseases under control is to simply remove the infected parts, in the hopes of preventing the spread of the infection to other parts of the plant.

Care must be taken to make sure pruning equipment is kept sterile, to avoid becoming a "vector" for the disease.

Disposal of these wastes depends on the particular pathogen involved.

/Diseases/Controls


text:
Horticulture/Chemical Controls for Plant Pathogens

Many chemicals have been developed for the control of plant pathogens. The majority are fungicides, though antibiotics are also used for bacterial diseases. There are no chemicals for controlling viruses and viroids.

Many of these chemicals are permitted in organic agriculture and accepted in organic horticulture.

/Diseases/Controls


text:
User:Elocina

A 26 year-old library science student out in the Boston area.

title: User:Elocina


text:
User talk:Eura23

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 18:11, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Also
Could you please look at the naming guidelines before creating new sub pages of your project. The should be named Uberish/And then the Title You Want. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 18:11, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You do not need to blank and create new pages - they can be moved -- Herby talk thyme 18:37, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Shout if you want any help! -- Herby talk thyme 18:43, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Answers
Is this part of the book? If so could you "move" it to the correct name. Just use the move tab and then add in the correct start to the name together with / and it's done. I'll help if you want -- Herby talk thyme 10:58, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Uberish
Is there a reference anywhere on the Internet to Uberish or to Eugene Rabinovich, its creator? I cannot find any. Cheers, Iamunknown 17:59, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Uberish is in its construction stages. Wikibooks is a means to get people interested in Uberish. So far, wikibooks is the only place to find information about Uberish. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Eura23 (talk • contribs) 18:03, 10 Dec 2006 (UTC)

 * Please clarify. Did you construct Uberish and are now posting it on Wikibooks? Thank you. Iamunknown 18:07, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Eura23 (talk • contribs) 18:08, 10 Dec 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the clarification. Iamunknown 18:10, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Would you be interested in learning it? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Eura23 (talk • contribs) 18:11, 10 Dec 2006 (UTC)

 * I absolutely love natural and constructed languages, so yes, I would like to learn it. I think, however, that this Wikibook qualifies as original research, which is unacceptable. May I suggest that you request it to be transwikied in its entirety to the conlang wikia? Cheers, Iamunknown 18:34, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

I just saw that you tagged Uberish for deletion as "original work." If you want to keep it, as you have put in a lot of effort, please consider moving it to the conlang wikia. Regardless if you move it or not, please consider staying and working on other wikibooks. We have many tasks, and can also use help on cleanup, and I'm sure you can find a book you are interested in at Alphabetical Classification. If you ever need anything, feel free to ask at my talk page or at the staff lounge. Cheers, Iamunknown 19:01, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eura23


text:
User talk:Msmithma/Archive

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

title: User talk:Msmithma/Archive


text:
User talk:213.165.182.233

Please do not add commercial links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. Note that books may be collections of external links for educational purposes only. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 19:11, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:213.165.182.233


text:
User:Moka989

Hello this is Moka989's personal page. How will you edit?

title: User:Moka989


text:
Talk:Engineering Thermodynamics/Applications

We need a section for an ideal vapor compression cycle or is that too specific for this area? jmp--Jmp407 (discuss • contribs) 21:44, 19 November 2011 (UTC) more applacaton s neened


text:
Poker/CrazyPineapple

Crazy Pineapple is a variant of hold'em in which each player receives 3 cards as a holding and must discard one of these 3 cards after the post-flop betting interval. The game play is otherwise similar to hold'em.

title: Poker/CrazyPineapple


text:
User:Robbimj

I am a student at Auburn University, majoring in Finance.

title: User:Robbimj


text:
Future/Prologue

The Advent of the Post-Modern Era
We are in the modern era, but it seems that in the near future this will shift to what futurologists commonly term the "post-modern" era, supposedly a world of dystopia or utopia. I here present a world that is neither: it is a continuation of our current world, though with many notable changes (that are not altogether complete) which help give pointers to the direction in which the world is going.

The Post-Modern Era breaks from the Modern Era in no particular event or Point of Divergence, but rather from a series of changes each of which are important but are not of cataclysmic significance. These changes take place in various contexts and can be categorized under "New World Order" (political), "Newly Under the Sun" (technological), "Crises Encountered and Countered", and "Reign of the Peoples" (social). These are by no means the only way in which the things can be divided, and generally they tie together to form a futuristic vision of the world that is moving together with all its parts in tandem rather than piece by piece.

The Stages of Civilization
The Post-Modern Era can be considered the sixth of the seven stages of civilization:

 * 1) Classical Antiquity, ending with the collapse of the western roman empire.
 * 2) Middle Ages, ending with the Renaissance and spread of the printing press.
 * 3) Renaissance, ending with the Industrial Revolution.
 * 4) Industrial Age, ending with the World Wars.
 * 5) Modern Age, ending with various political, technological and social factors.
 * 6) Post-Modern Age, ending with the augmentation of human thought through technology, including the completion of the Human Mind Project.
 * 7) Transhuman Age
 * 8) If there are any stages beyond this, we do not yet know what it might be.

So?
In the post-modern era, more so than ever, we need to analyze the different underlying forces behind the push toward the future and its political, technological, and social differences from the present. We need, more than ever before, to understand how current trends and past events may foreshadow similar yet different future occurrences. We need to prepare for the future, because the time when we could sit back idly and let the currents of change carry us is about to pass by—now the currents are far swifter, far more forceful, and if we do not prepare for them, all too soon the tidal wave of change will drown us.

title: Future/Prologue


text:
Future

WELCOME to the FUTURE, where advancements and changes in biology, electronics, engineering, and society result in many different futuristic scenarios that synergize into scenario-books. In this book, you will find a vast database of ideas pertaining to the discipline of futurology, as well as of current trends, various subject areas, and changes yet to occur. Are we speculative or are we scientific? We're both: we recognize the importance of scientific accuracy and practical realism, as well as that of drastic points of divergence, in the creation of our scenarios. Our guide to futurology provides an introduction to the discipline of futurology, while our standard timeline provides an introduction to the future.

We all dream of what the future might hold.

Help us grow the Tree of the Future by seeding the ideas, and

discover the future.

Table of contents

 * 1) Prologue [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 2) Futurology <What's This?[[File:100%.svg]]
 * 3) Prophesy's Principal Practical Principles [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 4) Four Future-Forming Fundamental Factors [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 5) Ten Tenets to Technological Trends [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 6) Accelerating Progress [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 7) Certainty [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 8) Concepts [[image:75%.svg]]
 * 9) Prediction Methods [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 10) Uncertainty [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 11) General Predictions
 * Biology
 * 1) Biotechnology [[image:75%.svg]]
 * Engineering
 * 1) War [[File:100%.svg]]
 * Informatics
 * 1) Artificial Intelligence [[image:75%.svg]]
 * 2) User Interface [[image:75%.svg]]
 * 3) Virtual Reality [[File:100%.svg]]
 * Politics
 * 1) Emergence of China [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 2) Emergence of the EU [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 3) Emergence of India 1, 2 [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 4) New World Order [[File:100%.svg]]
 * Social
 * 1) Education [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 2) Scenarios <What's This? [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 3) End of Civilization [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 4) Totalitarian State [[image:50%.svg]]
 * 5) Quotes [[File:100%.svg]]
 * 6) Links [[File:100%.svg]]

title: Future


text:
User talk:Kingcoin

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

No, I'm not a bot :-p But I am an Admin who spams welcome messages on your user page. Good luck and have fun in Wikibooks! --Dragontamer 04:50, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kingcoin


text:
User:Cheonhajangsa

天下壯士

Email

title: User:Cheonhajangsa


text:
Future/6PPPP

The Prophesy's Principal Practical Principles, or 7PPPP, are the basic rules that every successful futurologist should adhere to. Only by following these rules can we be sure that our predictions have much chance for success. They are as follows:

1. Knowledge
We need knowledge before we can utilize it in the writing of our prophesies. This is because, as change accelerates in our world, the body of information that any one person can garner is apparently increasingly limited compared the amount of information necessary to know what we are doing. Of course, we cannot obtain singularity at this point; we can only hope to understand all the fundamental concepts—the forces underlying change. Doing so will enable us to better face the future and at the same time not overburden ourselves with the breadth and depth of information available. However, this comes at a compromise. While with a basic knowledge on most issues we can make a good prediction, it is by no means accurate, especially since the more knowledge we obtain, the more accurate our predictions are likely to become. However, we cannot expect to ever know everything, and as we increase our knowledge the additional facts that we learn help us less and less in determining the future because of the uncertainties involved in what the future may hold as compared to what the present already holds.

Over the years I have been amassing a body of knowledge which now provides me with an abundance of information with which to investigate in understanding the past, finding the present, and predicting the future. My knowledge is by no means complete, and therefore the predictions that follow are not set in stone nor necessarily accurate.

2. Wisdom
Wisdom is the ability to understand how all this knowledge will come together, and what options the future will hold for various factions. Instances of compromise, strategy, tricks, and traps are all part of the bigger category of wisdom. With it, we can maneuver around difficulties, ideological, political, economic, and social; with it, we can better understand how others will try to maneuver; with it, we can begin to appreciate the need for brilliant ideas. Yet wisdom is not something easy to achieve; it needs a combination of practice in the real world as well as an innate ability to empathize with others, that is, to understand how others are thinking and feeling, and thereby being able to face their challenges and compromise. That said, wisdom is crucial to the process of predicting the future because so much of history has shown us that wisdom is instrumental in much of what has ever happened in human history. They say that the mind is the greatest treasure of mankind. Wisdom is partly one's mind, and partly everyone else's mind—truly a spectacular force to be reckoned with.

I have been placing myself in others' shoes, so to speak, in order to understand how various points of view may be held toward what I predict will occur. Of course, who is to say that wisdom is true? ...And in any case, all too often "wisdom" as a weapon is generally laughed out of the arena, only to stab back swiftly.

3. Pragmatism
These two concepts tie together to form a pragmatic worldview that is fundamentally important to the understanding of the forces running the world of our future. The predictions one can make can only be pragmatic to a point as the other concepts' limitations come into play, yet still can be considered much more reliable than if this rule were not followed. Indeed, the stress on diversity that I present here contradicts the stress on megascale engineering and "wishful thinking" that many other futurologist-wannabes have considered—and which I consider to be less than likely.

In the realm of politics, in the 1880's it had already become obvious that foreign affairs (and domestic policy as well) were determined by practical politics, also called realpolitik (German) as opposed to ideological conflicts. Bismarck understood the need to be pragmatic in the world of his time; subsequently, when the kaiser removed him from his position, Germany quickly sank into the horror World War One. This is just one example in which pragmatism should be valued by futurologists.

4. Ingenuity
Ingenuity has proven to be one of the greatest wonders that mankind has in its possession. Ever since the beginning of history, time and eras have been marked by the changes in technology and ideology—things that few other people could have expected, yet have nevertheless taken place. Of course, many of them are hard to predict, since they are accidents—for example, TNT, nylon, and glue have all made significant contributions to the future world of their time, which is also the present of ours. However, with a bit of ingenuity we can create much more realistic predictions of the future, especially since one of the few constants we know of is that there will continue to be new inventions, innovations, and discoveries in the years to come, and probably for all time.

As you read through this text, you might note that some ideas are very unusual. Indeed, I have taken the liberty to introduce new, sometimes drastic ideas, both overly pessimistic and optimistic. I feel that I can do this because so much of the past was in fact determined by new creations invented during what was then their "future".

5. Neutrality
Bias is inherent in every futurologist's drafts. However, it is not hard to pinpoint. To clear articles and edit out bias, I have proofread my work from the perspective of an opponent or the general public. In doing so, I have detected some cases of obvious unfair writing that onewould disagree with or would not like to see written, and have taken steps to remove them. Yet for the general public, bias would seem at firsthand to be something positive, as it is so pervasive. For example:

 * Example: "All Islamists are terrorist fundamentalists"—not true for the vast majority of Islamists, and definitely will result in animosity from more people than just those Islamists being targeted.
 * Example: "In the future, people must be futurewise or they shall be left behind"—while this may be true, it does not reflect the beliefs of the majority of the population, who are psychologically more prone to being conservative than radical.

How much does one accurately know about on one's topics? Most people would not realize it, but bias has such an extensive influence on the perception of the world around us that we may fall into the trap of accepting this bias as a total truth. Therefore, we need to enforce our neutrality on the issues in order to see more clearly into the future.

6. Justification
In any prediction, there should be a good reason for its occurrence. Therefore, any claims that I have presented have been justified appropriately.

 * Example: "We all gonna die."—why? If you are going to make statements that are unlikely to occur (and you should know what they are), then you should also take the time to explain why you think so. Don't just put this up with the intention of stirring up animosity.
 * Example: "An asteroid will hit the earth and lots of people will die."—this may be possible, and therefore qualifies as a Point of Divergence that then leads to its own scenario. However, you should justify the claim through reasoning.

I will try to justify each of my claims at every point. Of course, I cannot expect nor meet every counterargument; herein lies the greatest flaw in my prediction. Yet, that is something we need to understand in everything that we come across.

7. Limitation
Given the uncertainty in any prediction, everything is limited; almost nothing presented in this text can be taken as definite. Instead, I have replaced these words with less absolutist terms.

 * Example: "We cannot know the future."—true, but then exactly what is the future? We can know some things to a reasonable extent.
 * Example: "Wikipedia gives all the information on all topics that you may want to know."—Wikipedia is HUGE, but as the contributors are not screened before-hand, the reliability of the source is of great controversy in schools.

I have taken care to present the limitations of my arguments so that they may seem to contradict the very claims that I am trying to make, and would seem detrimental to my main points. However, only by doing so can I ensure that everything is well-founded and therefore not easily criticized.

As I have already repeatedly mentioned, there are many limitations to what we know and what we can predict; therefore, there will be many events that I cannot foresee that may have significant influences on the future. As we go further into the future, however, these predictions can become more and more accurate for any particular event.

title: Future/6PPPP


text:
Future/4FFFF

The Future-Forming Fundamental Factors, or 4FFFF, are the basic building blocks that constitute changes in the future. Everything that society will adopt as its own will have to satisfy at least one of these factors; the more of them that are satisfied and the more each of them are satisfied, the more acceptable the new technology will be to the general public.

1. Fast
Things are becoming faster and faster. Civilization started with the most basic agricultural implements, before domesticating the oxen, introducing stronger tools, and then creating tractors, each of which hasten the pace of farming. Likewise, construction of goods was first done by hand, before its conversion to the spinning jenny and later the introduction of the factory helped to propel industrial construction forward. Then enter Ford's assembly line, which ushered in the modern era. In the field of transportation, we started on foot, then on chariots and carriages, then on horseback, then by ship, steam engine, train, car, airplane, jetplane, rockets... In informational exchange, we had scribes; then we had the printing press and lately the internet has grown as never before. Communication sped up with couriers on horseback, then the telegram, the telephone, television, and computers. Capturing images was first sketched and painted; now photography and motion pictures have taken its place for most utilitarian purposes. Things are being made faster and used faster; people are getting things done faster and getting to places faster. This trend is everywhere, and will continue as people continually strive to become faster.

Fast-ness is something that knows no limits but what humanity is ingenious enough to devise. In the future, then, we can be sure that speeds will continue to increase. We will also note that by speed we do not mean simply that the velocity of movement is increasing; more often, it is the speed at which something is performed which matters the most, as the industrial revolution and the factory system have shown beyond doubt. In the future, the ability to produce will become far greater, and yet its importance will remain in the foreground. Even though we are getting faster and faster, and tasks are being completed faster and faster, yet there is always more to do; we do not remain idle but drive ourselves to strive for more; therefore, there will continually be more changes to this respect that will propel the speeds of the world around us.

2. Forceful
For humanity, fast isn't good enough. This is because oftentimes speeding something up does not change the quality of the product, and in terms of the power of humanity's new brainchild, forcefulness is therefore one facet that we cannot readily eclipse by speed. There are examples enough; each introduction opens a new level of force. We started with our fists, before proceeding to clubs, maces, and swords; we also had the bow, which evolved into the gun and artillery; machine guns led to tanks, and trenches led to poison gas while forests led to flamethrowers; out at sea we had galleys, then galleons; cruisers, then carriers; above us flew the zepplins, the airplanes, and the jet planes, before entering the space age with rockets; when we looked back upon the earth there was Hiroshima. Back at home, threats of biological warfare had begun to spread; we were no longer so sure of our own safety; our capacity to destroy life and to build skyscrapers, to create massive governments and to crush resistance movements, has increased every year. Who is to say that this is not to continue? For as long as we have existed, even the billions of years before that, the forcefulness of life has always resulted in competition, and will forever result in competition. In order to survive in a perpetual conflict—both wartime and peacetime—we must always strive to adopt new technologies, to remain a step ahead and forcing everyone else to once again outstrip us in technological development. This is a trend that will continue, something to which everyone strives for.

3. Functional
It was never enough for something to be fast and forceful. It also had to be functional—the ability to do what it set out to do. There are so many niches for objects to fill in our society, such as clothing, glues, books, houses... the list goes on and on. You could barely call them "fast" nor "forceful", but they are nevertheless being used worldwide, and the only reason is because they are functional—they did what people needed something in the world to do, and thereby gained humanity's favor. The issue with functionality is that the niches change; whereas before we needed clothing, now we also need bulletproof vests, arctic gear, and swimming suits; where once we needed nails, now we need book binds, glues, and elastic bands; where once houses were adequate, now we need business offices, hotels, and garages. Not only does the list of niches continue to expand due to previous developments in technology, but also some of the niches which we once needed filled have been eradicated, replaced altogether by something filling a "higher" niche that erased the need for "lower" ones. For example, where once we needed scribes, now we have printing presses, thereby obliterating the demand for scribes. This brings the case in point: functionality depends on the demand of civilization—the society as a whole and the wishes of individual consumers—for the product. And as the niches change, so do the ways in which we devise solutions to fill those niches, whether they be discoveries, innovations, or inventions.

4. Flexible
Increasingly, things need to be flexible in order to be truly useful. Why adopt a technology that covers three facets if there is another technology covers ten? Of course, the functionality and the supply influence the answer, but generally technology advances so as to reduce the prices of whatever is most promising, thereby making it even more promising. As a result, flexibility is a significant factor in making something accepted. For example, the computer and internet are both extremely flexible devices that mankind has developed. The computer has since its creation been used for decryption, encryption, data processing, calculations, word processing, graphics design, entertainment, and much, much more. The internet has in the last few decades seen such a great boom in its use that it has spread to blogs, emails, web pages, wikis, global connectivity, chat rooms, multiplayer games, and marketing. Other enormously flexible instruments are houses, cars, and televisions. The tremendous flexibility of these things mean that they are very likely here to stay; few inventions in the future can hope to surpass them in versatility, which in many cases is the greatest factor of all in designing the future.

So here we have them: the four great factors that will determine the direction toward which the future is headed. We shall see them recur throughout the predictions that we make; much of technological progress involves increasing the yield of these four qualities.

title: Future/4FFFF


text:
Future/10TTTT

The Ten Tenets to Technological Trends, or 10TTTT, are the general trends of technological enquiry.

Eternity's End
Eternity has ended. Now, humanity embarks on its own journey, cut off from the rest of nature by its unique abilities of creation.

Wit Beyond Measure
As someone once said, "Wit beyond measure / Is humanity's greatest treasure". Fundamentally, this means that throughout history, brains have always triumphed over brawns; brainchilds last forever and pave the way to the future, while the brightly lit empires of force are too easily extinguished. As Churchill once said, "The empires of the future are the empires of the mind."

The Realm of the Infinite
Our capacity for endless ingenuity and creation results in an endless quest; we can never discover all that there is, for there is always something better, toward which humanity will strive for.

The Changing Face of Prophesy

 * See main article: Prophesy's Principal Practical Principles.

Growth as a Transcendent Function
Our growth as a civilization is increasing faster and faster, and the rate of increase of that is also increasing faster and faster, and so is the rate of that. Therefore, growth follows a transcendental function.

The Limit Toward Infinity
We cannot achieve our goal of infinite knowledge, because at any period of time we can only gather a finite amount of knowledge. There are some who believe that knowledge is finite, but as the universe itself is getting bigger, and as the realms of the big and small are increasingly hard to explore, we are actually headed toward the standard calculus approach: "the limit as time goes from present to infinity of the amount of knowledge". In other words, we can strive all we want for infinite knowledge, but we shall never reach it, only the amount of knowledge will rise faster and faster until it seems as if we had reached singularity, but in reality the singularity always remains "in the future". Thus, there will be no post-singularity epoch. Instead, our goals will become harder and harder to reach, requiring magnitudes more effort for every increment upward. This phenomenon is also known as the law of dimishing returns.

The Summation Toward Infinity
All the technologies ever invented by mankind come together all the time to create the next microstate of the future. In essence, as civilization develops, as its growth rate increases faster and faster, the degree of our ability to garner knowledge and power increases according to the transcendental function (as mentioned earlier). Thus, while each subsequent goal we strive for requires increases in magnitude of effort, our civilization's ability to provide that effort also increases in orders of magnitude. Therefore, these two can be seen to roughly cancel out, yielding continual, undimishing discoveries per increment of time.

The Fall is Eternal
All this is to say that we cannot reach our ideals. The infinity concept is not idealistic; it entails a future in which we continue along the same paths as we have done for time immemorial, without ever realizing the ultimate goals of utopia which people have dreamed long ago. According to these principles, we can get ever closer and closer to perfection in our knowledge and capability, but will never reach it. Meanwhile, the ideals will always remain beyond our grasp. It seems that we are never going back to Eden.

Darwin's Greater Nightmare
Darwin's main thesis is that everything living is in conflict with everything else in its attempts to survive, and that the best will survive. This holds true for humanity as well. As if wartime weaponry and peacetime economical competition weren't enough, we are also looking at the war against pests and weeds; the war against diseases; the war against "insubordinate" nature. Yet, just as our civilization's ability to wage these disparate types of war continually increases exponentially, so does the ability of our opponents to resist us, both resistant bacteria and rebelling people. We will forever be locked in competition with everything else, and everything that people can ever hope to do to avert this will simply prove to be folly, just as everything that people have ever done up to the present have proven to be folly.

The Resilience of Eternal Change
So what does it all mean? Precisely that, although we cannot achieve our ideals, we cannot stop striving for it; failure to strive for perfection is also our individual death-knell. We must strive for perfection, even as we know it to be futile, just so that we can live out our lives to their fullest potential. This is hence a worldview far more dismal than any other, but also the worldview that the trends of civilization have shown to be arguably the truest.

title: Future/10TTTT


text:
Category:Book:Future

We all dream of what the future might hold.

Help us grow the Tree of the Future by seeding the ideas, and

discover the future.

title: Category:Book:Future


text:
Future/New World Order

 * In the near future, the world's political landscape will alter drastically...

The Rise of China and India
China, People's Republic of; and India are the greatest nations on the Earth in terms of population: at well over a billion, they are each four times the population of the United States and twice that of Europe. They are currently rapidly rising in developmental status, and with time (supposedly in two or three decades) will surpass the United States in output (GNP or GDP).
 * Justification:China has a growth rate considerably higher than that of the United States at present.
 * Justification:Indeed, the United States already owes China a tremendous trade deficit on the order of trillions of USD.

Its economic and diplomatic significance will in time result in more and more nations coming to terms with mainland China as opposed to sole recognition of Taiwan.
 * Justification:Diplomatic recognition helps trade.

Through it all, however, India will remain outside of the five seats of the UN Security Council's permanent members.
 * Justification:Who is permanently on the UN Security Council is based on who won World War 2; that has been set in stone.

In accordance with the strengthening of China is the rise of India, due to surpass China at around the same time as China surpasses the United States, should the current trends in growth rates (both technological and populational) continue steadily.
 * Justification:India has growth rates slightly faster than that of China as of present.

These two will then become recognized as superpowers; indeed, they are already recognized as fierce nuclear powers and economic powerhouses.
 * Justification:China and India are already massively influential through economic impact alone, not to mention their militaries.

The Lambasting of the United States
In the last several decades, the United States has spent a significant amount of resources to establish a worldwide presence diplomatically, economically, and politically. All this has resulted in significant disapproval from many nations, while the nations receiving aid generally are induced to pay for it diplomatically through alternation of their domestic and foreign policies.
 * Justification: The general belief in the United States among politicians is that World Wars One and Two have demonstrated that the most powerful nation on earth has to make its presence known throughout the world.

However, this foreign policy has also created ample places of conflict of interest as well as places which the United States could very well be ashamed of, such as the Vietnam War, the Iraq War (at least to many), and possibly even the Afghanistan War.
 * Justification: In these wars, victory is uncertain; yet in each case more and more people have grown antagonistic toward the United States war policies each year.

This is not to mention that the War on Terror as a whole, sapping tremendous amounts of resources, is turning into a quagmire with little hope for absolute success and no tangible way of knowing if the terrorists are all dead or just biding their time. This is also the case in Iraq, which seems to be headed toward disaster; and Afghanistan, where already the Taliban is making a comeback.
 * Justification: Terrorists do not represent a state; instead, their tenet is to keep low; therefore, we cannot measure our degree of success except through the tally of malignant events occurring daily. Yet even this tally is unreliable, because should terrorists withhold activity for a few days, this statistic will become unreliably low.
 * Justification: Historians will see that the War in Iraq and the War in Vietnam share many points in common, chiefly: the resentment of the people; a weak pro-American government; a strong resistance movement that lurks in the shadows; continual escalation of war; not knowing when the end might be; administrators simply hoping for the best without a change in policy.

On a different front, the giving of aid to dozens of countries will turn around to injure the United States' reputation, calling it 'unreliable' source of aid.
 * Justification: This is an analogy to pampering a child. Soon the child (in this case, the receptor nations) will view the aid as merely granted; our withdrawing of such aid will result in defamation by those nations, who now think that we are depriving them of something that is their birthright.
 * Justification: This trend has already been seen in various nations in Africa where we have once given aid and now refuse to do so; as well as Vietnam, which once obtained but no longer obtains aid from China.

All these aspects combine to form a crippling attack on United States foreign policy, which is both nonproductive and economically destructive at home. Soon, there must be a drastic shift in policy.

The Internalization of United States Policy
The result of all this lambasting is that the United States administration will be forced to turn its sights inward, where most of its citizens are more interested in. Issues such as the "broken borders", homeland security, outsourcing, welfare, and wages must all be addressed.
 * Justification: Historically, whenever the United States administration has run into stiff resistance abroad, it turns its attention toward domestic policies in order to pull attention away from the fiasco. This is being demonstrated even now.

Once this shift has occurred, any attempts to involve the United States in foreign matters will result in divisions among the populace; the citizens will say no to any further shifts of attention and will refuse to inaugurate war with another country.
 * Justification: Americans have, since World War Two, been afraid to lose more than a few hundred casualties in any foreign policy move, much less war, unless there can be a good reason to fight a war. They will not be so eager to resume the War in Iraq given its current direction.

This shift will mean the end of an era of United States domination over the globe, to be replaced by the other rising powers: the European Union, the Muslim League, China, and India, as well as any Spanish-oriented South American or non-Saharan African political blocs that might rise at around the same time.
 * Justification: There will always be another party (or parties) willing to exert political influence worldwide once another power ebbs. For example, after World War Two the United States replaced Great Britain as the leader of the world.
 * Justification: The European Union, Muslim League, China, and India all have the potential to exceed the United States technologically and economically; for years the European Union has been valued as higher than the United States economy by many statisticians.

The Disintegration of the Multinational States
In the next few decades, there will be more national splits as disillusioned minority ethic groups clamor for independence from their parent countries.
 * Justification: This pattern has already been seen in many disparate situations. The decolonization efforts after World War Two, and the splintering of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics all demonstrate this trend; it is likely to continue.
 * Justification: Various ethnic groups in Asiatic Russia are already clamoring for independence, as are the Basques and Kurds, to name a few.

With this disintegration, some of the current world powers will decline, and the number of members in the United Nations will rise once again. Hence, we will see a shift in power toward the allies of those smaller states.
 * Justification: Each sovereign nation can send its delegate to the United Nations and has one vote. This is as much as the United States or Russia or France can get (though the permanent members of the Security Council have veto power).
 * Justification: As the number of minor nations continues to rise, other nations will begin to court them, in the hopes of obtaining their support in the form of United Nations votes on various issues. This in turn will give more power to these minor states.

The Rise of the United Nations
Not only the United States, but also other prominent nations, will begin to lose leverage. This is because the United Nations will fill with more participants (in other words, newly created states) all clamoring for a "fair share" of the voting and decision-making power.
 * Justification: Each nation wants as much diplomatic/political leverage as it can get, and therefore will clamor to receive as much power as it can get under the rules set forth in the United Nations constitution.
 * Justification: As the United States withdraws from foreign politics, so will it begin to lose leverage among the nations of the world (of course, the Central Intelligence Agency will still be of much impact in smaller states).

Meanwhile, the United Nations will gain more power in its own right, instead of being powerful only through the United States, resulting from the withdrawal of the United States from active global activity.
 * Justification: Up to now, the United Nations has been living solely through the military power of the United States, and therefore the citizens of the United States have come to see the United Nations benignly (due to their influence in the United Nations).
 * Justification: This benign view will make United States citizens want to see the United States continue in its support and participation in the United Nations, even after the United States is no longer in firm control of that entity.
 * Justification: With the rise of other world powers (as listed before) that will continue their firm support of the United Nations, this body will become independent of the military provided by the United States.

Therefore, the United States will be diplomatically on a lower level than the United Nations, and yet the United States administration cannot complain about this reversal of roles.
 * Justification: The citizens of the United States all believe in the ideals of liberty, voting, etc. So does the constitution of the United Nations. Therefore, it is only common sense that to the average United States citizen, support of the two go hand-in-hand.
 * Justification: The citizens of the United States will not turn against the United Nations unless there is a direct conflict of interests on the whole people, and the United Nations will not adopt policies that will bring about such conflict of interests because the policy makers in the United Nations are not that stupid, having the intelligence to get to their positions.

The Communist-Democratic Cycle
Communism has thrived for nearly a century. And, to view things pragmatically, it may never be eradicated, based solely on its utopian promise. Who can resist the temptation of a society in which everyone is equal, in which the workers own everything, in which people cooperate to the fullest degree, in which there is no worry of famine, poverty, nor war?
 * Justification: Communism as per Karl Marx is a worldwide revolution in which the lower class (proletariat) overthrows the upper class (bourgeois) and creates an utopian society.

The democratic nations of the world and the communist nations of the world have tried to overthrow each other during the course of the third world. Neither side has succeeded. Neither side can succeed. The promises of both are just too great, and neither is more able to attract followers than the other. People will always want to experiment with both. Thus, we should simply let them experiment both:
 * 1) Through the United Nations, pass policies so that the nations in which a majority of the population advocate communism to become communist as an experiment lasting around a decade. During this decade, no anti-communist nation is to overthrow this new state.
 * 2) No democratic nation is to give diplomatic recognition, political support, nor economic aid to this nation.
 * 3) This "embargo" will cause the existing communist countries to come closer together, and the older communist states will help the new one. The new communist state will not allow the older communist states to draw resources from itself.
 * 4) However, since the majority of the nations in the world are communist-paranoid, the majority of the nations in the world will observe the "embargo" as mentioned earlier and refuse aid to the newly communist state.
 * 5) Despite the draining support that the communist nations provide, the new state will remain extremely weak, and sink further and further into poverty.
 * 6) At the end of a decade of communist rule, the people will look around them, see that the democratic states are faring much better, and will overthrow the communist rule with help from secret agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency.
 * 7) The state will return to democracy, its citizens having learned for their lifetimes that communism doesn't work (see main article: Future/Tragedy of the Commons) and therefore ardently in favor of democracy, thereby preventing the return of communism to that state for the next century.
 * 8) As the state turns to democracy, all aid that the other communist states had provided to it will now be "on the democratic side" (note that the reverse can't happen, as mentioned earlier), in effect weakening the communist bloc.
 * Justification: Supposedly, communism is superficially good (it has good aspirations of utopia) but is actually fundamentally flawed (see main article: Future/Tragedy of the Commons). Therefore, only by letting a state become communist and thus collapse economically can its citizens be shown that communism is inferior.
 * Justification: The main argument behind this is that if the democratic nations are not in favor of supporting this strategy, then maybe democracy isn't that good after all (not that it isn't--clearly, it's a character attack / taunt) and that "we should all simply create the utopia that Marx made a century ago". This will cause the democratic nations to support this policy.

This strategy will be presented some time in the near future by the futurologist and sage Yunzhong Hou.

title: Future/New World Order


text:
Future/Links

This is a compilation of all the pages with nothing but links with descriptions attached. Please delete such pages as soon as you move their content here. For this section, please do NOT add a link without adding a description. Add it in the section further below.

Links with descriptions

 * 1) http://www.ahajokes.com/fp044.html The most famous failed predictions
 * 2) *Wormholes invented.*Warpdrive invented. Wikipedia: 2030
 * 3) Events of the Year 2158* Super Bowl CXCII will attract 800 million viewers from Earth, Mars, and Venus'
 * 4) The Sun will become the major source of Human Energy without an appetite for food. Humans will live in a Dyson Sphere.
 * 5) Society in 2026 - a brief description by Danila Medvedev (Russian).
 * 6) It's everything what's in my head right now and just before. A thoughts flow w\o changes and with little comments. Now_Chaos Chaotic_order Chaos
 * 7) Predictions for 2006* Wikipedia: 2006
 * 8) Future Techniques Techniques to predict the future on Wikipedia
 * 9) "SL4: predicting the future" has some excellent ideas about predicting future and why it is so hard for people to do right.

Links
Please attach these links to longer articles as you find them relevant.
 * 1) Skyhook (structure)
 * 2) Dyson Spheres in fiction
 * 3) Orbital (space habitat)
 * 4) Artificial world
 * 5) Astroengineering
 * 6) Matrioshka brain
 * 7) Tipler Cylinder
 * 8) 'the web site is ready with its new url:http://futurism.biz'
 * 9) Stellar engine
 * 10) Space Fountain
 * 11) Halo
 * 12) Stanford Torus
 * 13) Traction City
 * 14) Megastructure
 * 15) Mega City One
 * 16) Jupiter Brain
 * 17) Globus Cassus
 * 18) Alderson disk
 * 19) Star Lifting on Wikipedia
 * 20) Dyson Sphere on Wikipedia
 * 21) Wikipedia: 2015
 * 22) Wikipedia: 2050
 * 23) Wikipedia: 2008
 * 24) Wikipedia: 2040
 * 25) Wikipedia: 2080
 * 26) Wikipedia: 2060
 * 27) Wikipedia: 2077
 * 28) Wikipedia: 2091
 * 29) Wikipedia: 2025
 * 30) Wikipedia: 2032
 * 31) Wikipedia: 2067
 * 32) Wikipedia: 2017
 * 33) Wikipedia: 2007

From the Websites Article

 * What's Our Future? - Welcome to What's Our Future, a web site dedicated to an open discussion on what you think our future holds in different areas.
 * Future Hi - "Celebrating the Rebirth of Psychedelic Futurism"
 * Futurismic - Futurismic is a website for people interested in the future and the effects of science and technology on the present.

Taken from Futurology:
 * Future Culture The e-mail discussion list called Future Culture, dedicated to well.. the future of culture
 * A Futurist's Toolbox: a guide to methods and tools used by the UK government in medium & long-term trends forecasting
 * Foresight Exchange: On-line market for predictions
 * Future 25: Open project to enhance our abilities to address problems arising in the long-term future
 * Humanity's Future: Challenges, possible catastrophes, and timeline
 * Links to the Future from Strategic Futures International
 * Long Bets: Predictive bets by public figures
 * Future-Institute
 * Political Futurists and Radical & Utopian SF Authors
 * Principia Cybernetica: Links on future development
 * Progress and its Sustainability by computer scientist John McCarthy
 * Shaping Tomorrow Environmental scanning and trends research firm
 * Futures Wiki - The Global Future, 50 Years Out
 * - Futuresedge.info exploring life living at the edge between the present and futures
 * Millennium Project — Global Futures Studies & Research. A global participatory futures research think tank of futurists, scholars, business planners, and policy makers. Produces the annual "State of the Future" series. & mdash; A HUGE resource with scenarios, indicators, links and everything else.
 * Trendwatching has a great free newsletter about emerging trends (with emphasis on marketing). They allow their texts to be freely copied and reused. A great source.
 * RAND Pardee project - long term predicting, RAND trying (rather unsuccessfully) to learn to plan/predict 200 years ahead.
 * The Immortality Institute
 * The Cryonics Institute
 * BetterHumans
 * CryoNet
 * Nanomedicine
 * Senescence.Info
 * KurzweilAI.net
 * The Extropy Institute
 * Aubrey de Grey
 * Internet Time Capsule Time Netsule is the first Internet time capsule for the masses. For the first time ever, the entire world can participate in what is quickly becoming the largest most extensive time capsule effort of all time. Make your predictions, mark special occasions, or leave a message for someone special.
 * Future For All small writeups on some of the most important future areas written in popular style.

From the Predictions page

 * Predictions in the media - current articles with predictions about the future in mainstream media.
 * Predictions for 2006 - list of links to lists of predictions
 * Sysprog predictions
 * Battelle - Technology Forecasts
 * http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Incorrect_predictions
 * Illustrated and detailed page - grouped into sections. Would look particularly well when combined with key events (s-curves) from this timeline.
 * Predictions and hindsight
 * Past predictions

From the Timelines page
This page links to various timelines, mostly those of the future.

 * 21st Century
 * Personal Predictions
 * Regenerative medicine (2011–2026)
 * Kurzweil's predictions
 * Timeline of Major Trends and Events 1750-2100, including social, tech, economical and political.
 * Timeline of the future in forecasts timed authoritative predictions with references
 * Цивилизация богов (in Russian) — 2000-2100. Detailed description, optimistic, well thought-out, gradual transition to posthumanity, no Singularity by 2100.
 * Brian Wang—aggressive, nano-focused, singularity 2035-2050
 * Lion Kimbro (2004)—programming & comm. tech focused, stops ~2025, soft takeoff
 * 2010-2050 (page moved)
 * Genetics 2010-2040 (Russian)
 * poorly done 2006-2051 by BT
 * another timeline by BT (2000–2030)
 * Internet/interfaces 2006-2040 (Russian)
 * TechCast Strategic Analysis (FSL2):
 * The Information Age - Part II, 2004 to 2059 C.E.
 * TimeLines on Futures wiki

From the Visions of the Future page

 * Visions of the Future: a Day in the Life of a Scientist, Science, 3, 10, 17, 24 Dec, 1999. — Eleven scientists use a variety of situations in 2050 to visualise lifestyles and science in 21st century.
 * Student visions - from some American high schools. To see the students' perception of the future.

From Research
R&D Magazine

The Trends Research Institute

Technology Research News

R&D on BBC

Technology Review Emerging Technologies and their Impact

Each student from The School of Futurology will need to explain 3 research in each field. For example 3 research in Nanoelectronics with the names, how much is invested in each research, what will be the products at the end, the market aiming and the size of it.

title: Future/Links