text:
User talk:24.180.208.48

Thanks for reverting vandalism!

Welcome!
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title: User talk:24.180.208.48


text:
User talk:Liaqat khan

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:26, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Liaqat khan


text:
User talk:AnneKent

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:27, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Please see what I have written in the discussion on the topology wikibook.

Topology Expert (talk) 04:30, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:AnneKent


text:
Primary Mathematics/Time expressions

Time math
Time is often difficult to perform mathematical operations upon due to all the different units used.

Seconds
The second is the basic unit of time. In scientific areas, seconds are often used for even large time measurements, with scientific notation applied in such cases. In common usage, however, many other time intervals are also used.

Seconds are abbreviated "sec" or just "s".

Minutes
There are 60 seconds per minute.

Minutes are abbreviated "min" or just "m".

Hours
There are also 60 minutes per hour, which means there are 60×60 or 3600 seconds per hour.

Hours are abbreviated "hr" or just "h".

Days
There are 24 hours per day, which means there are 60×24 or 1440 minutes per day. This, in turn, means there are 60×60×24 or 86400 seconds per day.

Days are abbreviated "d".

Weeks
There are 7 days per week. This means there are 7×24 or 168 hours per week.

Weeks are abbreviated "wk".

Months
There are 4 1/3 weeks per month, on average, and from 28 to 31 days per month, as follows:

 * 28 or 29 days, depending on leap year (see the section below for leap year info):

 * February

 * 30 days:

 * April, June, September, and November.

 * 31 days:

 * All remaining months.

Months are abbreviated "mo"

Memory methods
Recalling which months have how many days can be tricky. There are some memory methods available to assist you, however:

 * Knuckle method. Place your two closed fists together and use the knuckles and valleys between the knuckles to represent months:

J  M   M   J    A   O   D   A   A   A   U    U   C   E   N   R   Y   L    G   T   C   _   _   _   _    _   _   _   _ / \_/ \_/ \_/ \ / \_/ \_/ \_/ \ |               ||               | |   F   A   J   ||   S   N       | |  E   P   U   ||   E   O       | |  B   R   N   ||   P   V       | |              ||               | |              /  \              | |             /    \             | |            /      \            |

 * The knuckles represent months with 31 days while the valleys represent months with 30 days (or less, in the case of February). Note that the thumbs and the gap between the hands are not used, and neither is the last valley and last knuckle.

 * Rhyme method.

"30 days hath September, April, June, and November..."

Years
The length of the year is based on how long it takes the Earth to revolve once around the Sun, which is approximately 365 ¼ days.

Regular years have 365 days, while leap years have 366 (due to the addition of February 29th).

Normal years have 52 weeks and 1 day, while leap years have 52 weeks and 2 days.

All years have 12 months.

Years are abbreviated "yr" or just "y".

What years are leap years ?
Since there is a fractional number of days in a year, not an integer, some adjustments need to be made to prevent drift from occurring (where January would eventually end up in the summer). There are occasional "leap seconds" added to some years, in addition to leap years, to keep this from happening. Here are the rules for leap years:

 * Every fourth year is a leap year:

 * Except every 100th year, which is not a leap year.

 * Except every 400th year, which is a leap year.

 * Here's a list of "every 4th year" from 1900 through 2100. All are leap years except for 1900 and 2100:

Longer periods

 * Decade = 10 years

 * Century = 100 years

 * Millenium = 1000 years

 * Myr = million years

 * Byr = billion years

12-hour clock
In this traditional system, the first 12 hours in the day are called "AM" ("ante meridian", or before noon) and the last 12 are called "PM" ("post meridian", or after noon). One oddity of this system is that no zero hours are used, with 12 (from the previous time period) used in its place.

24 hour clock
In this system, sometimes called military time, the first number is zero, and the full 24 hours is counted:

Common name          12-hour clock   24-hour clock =================    =============   ============= "Midnight"            12:00 AM         0:00 "1 in the morning"    1:00 AM         1:00 "2 in the morning"    2:00 AM         2:00 "3 in the morning"    3:00 AM         3:00 "4 in the morning"    4:00 AM         4:00 "5 in the morning"    5:00 AM         5:00 "6 in the morning"    6:00 AM         6:00 "7 in the morning"    7:00 AM         7:00 "8 in the morning"    8:00 AM         8:00 "9 in the morning"    9:00 AM         9:00 "10 in the morning"  10:00 AM        10:00 "11 in the morning"  11:00 AM        11:00 "Noon"               12:00 PM        12:00 "1 in the afternoon"  1:00 PM        13:00 "2 in the afternoon"  2:00 PM        14:00 "3 in the afternoon"  3:00 PM        15:00 "4 in the afternoon"  4:00 PM        16:00 "5 in the afternoon"  5:00 PM        17:00 "6 in the evening"    6:00 PM        18:00 "7 in the evening"    7:00 PM        19:00 "8 in the evening"    8:00 PM        20:00 "9 in the evening"    9:00 PM        21:00 "10 in the evening"  10:00 PM        22:00 "11 in the evening"  11:00 PM        23:00

In the military, the time isn't necessarily reset at midnight. For example, a two-day operation may go up to 48:00 (said "forty-eight hundred"). This is done to make time math simpler. So, for example, the time between 20:00 and 40:00 is 20 hours.

Decimal time
There was an attempt at decimal time during the French Revolution, but it never caught on. Days were divided into 10 "hours", which were divided into 100 "minutes" each. "Weeks" were also 10 days long. No metric time system has ever been established.

Addition
Addition of a time interval to a starting time (or of two time intervals) works like normal addition, except that you may want to convert to different units.

Examples

 * 31 seconds + 5 seconds = 36 seconds

 * 43 seconds + 22 seconds = 65 seconds, which you may want to convert to 1 minute and 5 seconds

 * 43 seconds + 11:59:22 AM = 12:00:05 PM

 * 43 seconds + 12:00:05 PM = 12:00:48 PM

Subtraction
Subtraction of a time interval from an ending time (or a time interval from another) works like normal subtraction, except that you may want to convert to different units.

Examples

 * 36 seconds - 5 seconds = 31 seconds

 * 1 minute and 36 seconds - 55 seconds = 60 seconds - 19 seconds = 41 seconds.

 * 12:00:05 PM - 43 seconds = 11:59:22 AM

Multiplication
You can multiply a time interval by a scalar (unitless value), but it doesn't yet make sense to multiply specific time with anything else or two time intervals together. As before, you may want to change units to something that makes sense or perform a different operation.

In Physics, you may see time intervals being multiplied. However, this is beyond the scope of elementary math and should be reserved until you are ready for the course (which requires knowledge of algebra.)

Examples

 * 43 seconds × 2 = 86 seconds = 1 minute and 26 seconds

 * 1 day, 21 hours, 45 minutes, and 43 seconds × 2 = 2 days, 42 hours, 90 minutes, and 86 seconds = 2 days, 42 hours, 91 minutes, and 26 seconds = 2 days, 43 hours, 31 minutes, and 26 seconds = 3 days, 19 hours, 31 minutes, and 26 seconds

 * Wrong: 10 seconds x 2 seconds = 20 seconds (Corect: 20 seconds^2)

Division
You can divide a time interval by a scalar (unitless value), but it doesn't make sense to divide one time by another. As before, you may want to change units.

You may also see a scalar divided by a time interval. This can be used to show frequency (how often something occurs), or velocity (how fast something moves.)

Repeated division by a time interval appears in physics and is used to denote acceleration. However, this concept is beyond the scope of this book.

Examples

 * 1 minute and 25 seconds / 2 = 85 seconds / 2 = 42.5 seconds
 * 30 / 5 seconds = 6 / 1 second (indicates something happens six times every second)
 * 50 km / 2 hours = 25 km / 1 hour (indicates somthing moving at 25km/h).

title: Primary Mathematics/Time expressions


text:
User talk:Jahanzeb~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:27, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jahanzeb. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jahanzeb~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Jahanzeb~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Shalom Yechiel

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:28, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Usurp
To start this process, please add a new section to your Wikipedia talk page that confirms you are that user. Once complete, please leave a message on my talk page. Thanks. -within focus 23:29, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't see the need to wait for anything. You are now renamed. -within focus 20:45, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks again. Shalom 15:36, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Image:Cresol isomers.PNG
To do this in the future, save the image (highest quality) to your computer, then go to Commons to upload it. Their instructions are fairly straightforward. Make sure the image has good source and license information - Commons folks are very picky about having complete information. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:42, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Shalom 16:55, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Please take note of when images are located at Commons. If that's the case, nobody will see comments you leave on the image's talk page here, since the image page doesn't exist - it's transcluded from Commons. Instead, follow the link to the Commons description page and leave your comment on that talk page. I've already moved your comment from Image talk:Alcohols from ketone via reduction.png to commons:Image talk:Alcohols from ketone via reduction.png– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:50, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

page blanking
Instead of blanking pages, please use to request deletion. Thanks! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:34, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Chess Puzzles
Looking forward to puzzles 4 thru 7

Chess:Optional homeworks
Optional homework 3

Problem 1

I don't understand why lose of one white bishop caused immediate victory of black. I'm a bad chess player; maybe, that's why I would prefer to spend some time with disadvantage and (possibly and likely) lose later, rather than to surrender outright.

Optional homework 2

Problem 1

Why Qd4 and not Qe7? The black queen would attack the knight, and if the white knight goes away, the black queen would eat the white pawn.

Problem 2

Yes, very beautiful and complex sequence of moves.

Optional homework 1

Theoretically, I understand that it's possible, trivial and easy: black king has nothing to protect himself. But without a chessboard nearby it's difficult to make so many moves.

Thank you for the chess home-works!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Shalom (usurped). To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Shalom (usurped)~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shalom Yechiel


text:
User talk:80.144.125.30

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 14:42, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.144.125.30


text:
User talk:Charlie Arya

Copyright problem with Image:Myy bkt sauces.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Myy bkt sauces.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about what Wikibooks includes because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. Image:Myy bkt sauces.jpg and other files you uploaded may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status. The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Please take the time to read Media to learn more about what copyright information is required to satisfy our requirements and remember to include this important information for every file that you upload in the future as well. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk. Thank you.

See for a complete list of your uploads which may get deleted soon.

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title: User talk:Charlie Arya


text:
User talk:Nabha

Copyright problem with Image:Congestion1.jpg
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title: User talk:Nabha


text: User talk:Janhelge

title: User talk:Janhelge


text: Talk:SA NC Doing Investigations

title: Talk:SA NC Doing Investigations


text:
User talk:Djzanni~enwikibooks

Copyright problem with Image:Doing Investigations Pie1.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Doing Investigations Pie1.png. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about what Wikibooks includes because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. Image:Doing Investigations Pie1.png and other files you uploaded may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status. The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Please take the time to read Media to learn more about what copyright information is required to satisfy our requirements and remember to include this important information for every file that you upload in the future as well. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk. Thank you.

See for a complete list of your uploads which may get deleted soon.

 – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:06, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Djzanni. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Djzanni~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:10, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:53, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Djzanni~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jaxe'd

Copyright problem with Image:Doing Investigations Pie1.png
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text:
How to Reform Multi-national Corporations

What is the point of this guide?
This guide is meant as a "How to" on how to form a nonprofit organization with the ability to reform multinational corporations from the inside out and from the top down.

Who will want to read it?
The guide is aimed mostly at activists in the nonprofit arena working on corporate reform issues. While it is meant to give a specific model for moving forward with corporate reform it is not meant to be an exhaustive resource. Moreover, it is really meant to be a 'concept' paper. In other words, unfinished, incomplete and in need or refinement would be appropriate descriptors of the project.

Do you encourage input from others?
Yes, this is a wikibook that I hope is picked up by others. It is not meant to be a static project, but should always be in flux. Literally, if you have a better idea, please tell us what that might be. Put it here, in black and white for all to see.

Are there any ground rules for the discussion?
Yes, do not use the name of specific corporations in the text. This is supposed to be an exercise in solution-making not gripe-making. Moreover, make sure that your examples, even without the names of specific corporations, can not be identified as a specific company. That is to invite lawsuits. It is best to stick to examples that are "common industry practice" in the such and such field. They should be sufficient for the needs of the text anyway.

What is the Basic Idea?
You have to promise to stick with it beyond this paragraph otherwise you will dismiss the idea as nuts. Here is the idea in a nutshell:

Step 1 - Buy a (preferably, public) company.

Step 2 - Reform it from the ground up.

Step 3 - Sell it back into the market.

Step 4 - Refine the model as necessary.

Step 5 - Repeat steps 1 to 4.

Let me explain.

What is the More Advanced Idea?
To look at the idea as a whole adequately, it is necessary to talk about the step in fuller detail.

Step 1. Buy a Company (preferably a publicly traded one)
This step presumes a huge previous step--finding enough money with which to buy a company. Moreover, the idea of buying a company, just any old company, is too simplistic. We need to be sure the right companies are bought. Even more importantly, in order to identify the 'right' companies we need to create a filter based on broadly agreed upon values and principles that are defensible in public debate as universal or nearly so. So, step one actually looks more like this:

Step 1a = Raise enough cash in charitable donations to buy a publicly traded company that is an appropriate target for the mission on the charity buying it.
This is, of course, what sounds so nutty about the entire idea. The corporations most in need of reform often seem to be the largest of all possible corporations in the world. If we look at the top 10 corporation listed in the world's stock exchanges we companies with market capitalizations of 521 Billion USD (on 10 Oct 2007). This is an enormous sum. If you think it is crazy to propose buying such a titan of industry on a nonprofit's budget, you are correct. It is crazy.

Luckily, that is not the proposal. We need to turn the model (and our thinking) on its head. At the moment, we think of multinational (global even) corporations and despair from our inability to effect change in the way they do their business. Their resources are simply too large, and ours are simply too small. In fact, this is not true. It is only our thinking that is too small. Let me explain.

While it is true that there are huge corporations with market capitalizations on the order of 500+ Billion USD. It is also true that there are a great deal of smaller companies as well. Many thousands of these smaller corporations exist and are traded in the public markets daily. Why is this so important?

Let us take another example. What if there is a publicly traded company in need of reform that is only worth 5 Billion USD? Well, certainly that is much better than the 500 we contemplated in our worst case scenario, however from a practical point of view it is, in fact, no better. I know of no non-profit organization (with the exception of the UN and a very few other NGO's) with budgets in this range. However, even if we could get the entire UN to dedicate its budget to such an undertaking, we would be lucky to buy a small publicly traded company in the US.

As it is...these many thousands of publicly traded companies in the US are still well out of reach for change.

Fortunately, there is still much more to think about in this regard. The following several factors all need to be taken into consideration in thinking about such a proposal. I will state them first and then discuss them in great detail.

1. It is not necessary to buy all the shares of a publicly traded company.
50% gets you total management control. You have just saved yourself half of your task. Your 500B task just shrank to 250B!

What is crucial, is to control the voting rights of those shares.
Voting rights can be free. Voting rights can be borrowed and lent without cost. Persuasion is all that is really necessary to control a company. You may have just saved yourself several percentage points of work on the task if you can compel others to act on your behalf. Let's say in the worst case scenario described above you are 10% persuasive. You just saved yourself another 25B USD. Your fundraising task is now reduced to 225B USD! Well done.

Step 1b = Create or describe a set of universal values that can be broadly publicly agreed upon to describe a filter by which to evaluate targets.
The idea here is articulate a set of values that are as broadly agreeable as possible to those who are NOT investors in such companies. Some examples MIGHT be:

1. Equal pay for equal work across gender, age, ethnicity and other classes. 2. A livable wage for all. 3. Union or collective bargaining agreements for all labor pools. 4. Executive pay caps and principles aligning the needs of the community with the pay of executives. 5. Explicit commitment to fair labor practices and sustainable principles by corporate management. 6.

Step 2. Reform the purchased company from the ground up.
Of course, this involves several other activities. They include:


title: Template:Cc-by-sa-3.0


text:
Insubric

The Insubric language is the language spoken about in former Duchy of Milan, so the Western Lombardy, at the western side of Adda river; for this causes, it's also called Milanese language, Western Lombard language or Cisabduano language. It's considered as a Romance Gallo-Italian language. The Insubric literature was born in XIII century with Bonvesin de la Riva but it reach the age of major development between XVIII and XIX centuries with, for example, Carlo Maria Maggi (theatre) and Carlo Porta (poetry) and in the first XX century; the Insubric literature continues till now with great authors. The knowledge of Insubric language have decreased during the XX century because of wider development of Italian language as everyday tongue, for public education in Italian and for massive immigration from other regions; although, the Insubric continues being understood by about a third of the people of the region, in particular in small communes. This Course of Insubric could be entitled Course of Milanese dialects: in fact, we will refer to Milanese dialect written in classic orthography, which is the standard literary variant of Insubric language.

Contents

 * Authors

 * Dialects
 * Orthography
 * Classical Milanese
 * Others
 * Morphology
 * Declination
 * Altered nouns
 * I conjugation
 * II conjugation
 * III conjugation
 * IV conjugation
 * Particular conjugations
 * Adjective and its degrees
 * Pronouns
 * Determinative adjectives
 * Articles
 * Prepositions
 * Syntax
 * Verbal idiomatic expression
 * Proposition
 * Lexicon
 * Readings
 * Conversation

Insubre

title: Insubric


text: Category:Book:Insubric

title: Category:Book:Insubric


text:
Primary Mathematics/Unit expressions

Unit math
Until now, most of the numbers we've used have been scalar (unitless). However, in the real world, most numbers have units associated with them. There are special rules which apply when doing math on numbers with units.

Addition and subtraction
The following rules apply:

 * If the units are the same, add or subtract normally.

 * If the units are different, then:

 * If they can be converted to the same units, then addition and subtraction can occur.

 * If they can't be converted to the same units, then addition and subtraction are not possible.

Examples
4 apples + 3 apples = 7 apples 4 apples - 3 apples = 1 apple

In the following case, we try adding apples and oranges, but encounter a roadblock: 4 apples + 3 oranges = ?

These two items cannot be directly added together. However, depending on the context, it may be possible to convert them into "pieces of fruit" and add them. The result would look like this: 4 pieces of fruit + 3 pieces of fruit = 7 pieces of fruit

While the same may apply to subtraction, it is highly dependent on context (for example, the problem may be solvable if you treat it as receiving 4 pieces of fruit and giving 3 pieces of fruit in exchange.).

More commonly, you will encounter situations where you use standard unit conversion (e.g. 1 foot = 12 inches):

1 foot + 3 inches = 12 inches + 3 inches = 15 inches

A complex example where unit conversion is required:

60 MPH - 30 fps = 60 miles/hr - 30 ft/sec = (60 miles × 5280 ft/ mile )/(1 hr × 3600 sec/ hr ) - 30 ft/sec = 316,800 ft / 3600 sec - 30 ft/sec = 88 ft/sec - 30 ft/sec = 58 ft/sec

This method is called unit cancellation, and is quite useful is science and engineering.

Here is an example where it isn't possible to convert to the same units:

4 apples + 3 degrees = ?

Multiplication and division
When multiplying or dividing numbers with units, the units are also multiplied or divided.

Examples
Here's are examples using the same base units:

2 feet × 3 feet = 6 square feet = 6 ft² 6 square feet / 2 feet = 3 feet 2 meters × 3 meters × 4 meters = 24 cubic meters = 24 m³ 24 m³ / 2 m = 12 m²

Here are examples using different base units:

2 feet × 3 pounds = 6 foot pounds (a unit of torque) 100 miles / 2 hours = 50 miles/hr = 50 MPH 60 pounds / 4 square inches = 15 pounds/square inch = 15 PSI 200 miles / 10 MPH = 200 miles / (10 miles/hr) = 200 miles × (1 hr / 10 miles ) = 20 hrs

It is also possible to multiply or divide a number with units by a scalar (a unitless number):

3 apples × 2 = 6 apples 3 apples / 2 = 1.5 apples

So, two groups of 3 apples each gives us 6 apples, while 3 apples divided into 2 equal groups gives us 1.5 apples per group.

Powers, roots, and exponents
Just like multiplication or division, the operation also applies to the units.

Examples
(2 ft)³ = 2³ ft³ = 8 ft³ = 8 cubic ft

(100 miles²)½ = 10 miles

So, in the first case we calculated that a cube 2 feet long on each side has a volume of 8 cubic feet, while in the second case we calculated that a square plot of 100 square miles of land would be 10 miles long on each side.

To distinguish between feet, square feet, and cubic feet, the term "linear feet" is sometimes used to clarify that we are talking about regular feet, not square or cubic feet.

Unit conversion
Sometimes it is necessary to do a unit conversion by itself. The unit cancellation method shown previously can be applied to convert from any unit to any other compatible units.

Examples
Convert 10 miles per day to inches per second:

(5280 ft/ mile ) × 10 miles /day = 52,800 ft/day (12 inches/ ft ) × 52800 ft /day = 633,600 inch/day 633,600 inch/ day × (1 day /24 hr) = 26,400 inch/hr 26,400 inch/ hr × (1 hr /60 min) = 440 inch/min 440 inch/ min × (1 min /60 sec) = 7.33333 inch/sec

title: Primary Mathematics/Unit expressions


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User talk:Codice1000~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:24, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Codice1000. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Codice1000~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:06, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:48, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Codice1000~enwikibooks


text:
User:BobeAFett

I am BobeAFett. I like to read all kinds of books, but that is just something people say. I actually only read things that are interesting or things that I am assigned to read. Luckily, many of the things I am assigned to read turn out to be interesting. My taste in books and magazines changes by the day, but I mainly like anything that is provocative. My favorite fictional work is The Rum Diary by Hunter S. Thompson and my favorite non-fiction work is Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs by Chuck Klosterman.

title: User:BobeAFett


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User:Codice1000~enwikibooks

Codice1000 is Stefano Prina.

title: User:Codice1000~enwikibooks


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Insubric/Authors

Major authors:
 * Stefano Prina aka. Codice1000

title: Insubric/Authors


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Insubric/Dialects

The Insubric language is spoken in Lombardy (Italy), in province of Milan, Monza, Lodi, Pavia, Como, Varese, Lecco, Verbania, Novara, a part of Cremona and in Valsesia, and in Canton Ticino and some valleys of Grigioni (Switzerland).

There are many local variants, sometimes with big differences of pronunciation and lexicon from the central and literary variety, the Milanese dialect or Meneghin. The dialects are quite intercomprehensible.

The dialects of Insubric are very heterogeneous, so their cataloguing is fairly difficult. A more scientific system consists in grouping them in four macro-sections: lombardo alpino (provinces of Sondrio and of Verbania, Sopraceneri of Canton Ticino, Grigioni), lombardo-prealpino occidentale (provinces of Como, Varese and Lecco), basso-lombardo occidentale (Pavia and Lodi), and macromilanese (provinces of Milan, Monza and Novara). The traditional catalogue is based on historical-geographical factors mor then purely linguistic: Milanese or Meneghin, Bustocco-Legnanese, Brianzolo, Comasco-Lecchese, Ticinese, Varesino or Bosin, Lombardo Alpino, Basso-Lombardo Occidentale.

In this course we will ever refer to Milanese dialect, while sometimes indicating some notable dialectal variant.

title: Insubric/Dialects


text:
Insubric/Classical Milanese orthography

 * L'accento è normalmente sulla penultima sillaba nelle parole terminanti in vocale, sull'ultima in quelle terminanti in consonante. Negli altri casi si colloca graficamente l'accento, ma è in ogni caso facoltativo.
 * L'ortografia tradizionale letteraria della lingua insubre è l'ortografia milanese classica, utilizzata in tutta la letteratura a partire dal Settecento e affiancata nel Novecento da altre ortografie locali, tendenzialmente più legate alla fonetica. L'ortografia milanese classica infatti è abbastanza complessa e la forma scritta risulta molto diversa dall'effettiva pronuncia.
 * Vi sono due filoni all'interno di questa ortografia: uno etimologico, che conserva le doppie consonanti anche all'interno della parola; l'altro fonetico, che le usa solo quando vi è un riscontro fonetico, cioè limitando il loro campo di applicazione alla fine delle parole. Questi due filoni convivono pacificamente e si possono utilizzare anche entrambi in uno stesso testo, a seconda delle scelte di stile e delle esigenze di comprensibilità.

title: Insubric/Classical Milanese orthography


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Template:Dual license

This template supports the inclusion of up to 6 licenses.

title: Template:Dual license


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Primary Mathematics/Scientific and engineering notation

Scientific and engineering notation
In science and engineering it is necessary to represent extremely small and large numbers. Representing such numbers with conventional notation becomes difficult, for numbers such as these:

123,456,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 378

One way to represent such numbers is using exponents. The first number, for example, could be represented as one of the following:

123,456 × 1021 123.456 × 1024 1.23456 × 1026 0.123456 × 1027

The second number could be represented as one of:

378 × 10-30 37.8 × 10-31 3.78 × 10-32 0.378 × 10-33

This notation is used to make extremely large and small numbers easier to write. It is composed of the base on the left, and the exponent (on the right).

Scientific notation
In scientific notation, the goal is to get the base number to be greater than or equal to 1.0, and less than 10. So, in the above examples, the two values in scientific notation were:

1.23456 × 1026

3.78 × 10-32

Engineering notation
Engineering notation is a variation of scientific notation, where the exponent is a multiple of 3, and the base is as close as possible to the range 0.1-1.0. In the above examples, the two values in engineering notation were:

0.123456 × 1027

0.378 × 10-33


text: Template:Mbox-side

title: Template:Mbox-side


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Radiation Oncology/Esophagus/Staging

Staging AJCC 7th Edition (2009)

T-stage:
 * T1 - invades lamina propria, muscular mucosae, or submucosa
 * T1a - invades lamina propria or muscular mucosae
 * T1b - invades submucosa
 * T2 - invades mucularis propria
 * T3 - invades adventitia
 * T4 - invades adjacent structures
 * T4a - resectable tumor invading pleura, pericardium, or diaphragm
 * T4b - unresectable tumor invading other adjacent structures, such as aorta, vertebral body, trachea, etc.

N-stage: Regional lymph nodes "extend from periesophageal cervical nodes to celiac nodes."
 * Includes: levels 1 (low cervical, supraclavicular), 2 (upper paratracheal), 3P (retrotracheal), 4 (lower paratracheal), 5 (subaortic), 6 (ascending aorta), 7 (subcarinal), 8 (paraesophageal), 9 (pulm ligament), 10 (hilar), 15 (diaphragmatic), 16 (paracardial), 17 (L gastric), 20 (celiac).* [levels according to Lymph node mapping system for Esophageal Cancer. From Casson (PMID 7979715); see lymph node map Korst 1998(PMID 9535455)]
 * See erratum in 7th reprint of AJCC Staging Manual

 * N0 - no lymph node metastases
 * N1 - metastasis in 1-2 regional nodes
 * N2 - metastasis in 3-6 regional nodes
 * N3 - metastasis in 7 or more nodes

M-stage:
 * M0 - no distant metastasis
 * M1 - distant metastasis

Tumor location
 * Location is defined by the position of the upper/proximal edge of the tumor -- see Overview#Anatomy

Overall stage:

Changes from 6th edition
 * Subdivided T1 into T1a and T1b
 * Subdivided T4 into T4a and T4b
 * Changed N-stage from N0-1 to N0-3 based on # of nodes
 * Revised definition of regional lymph nodes
 * Overall stage: I subdivided into IA/IB, III into IIIA/B/C
 * Overall stage now incorporates tumor grade and tumor location (upper,middle,lower) and histology
 * M1 no longer subdivided into M1a and M1b (M1a was redefined as N+ regional nodes)
 * Note: This staging includes tumors of the esophagogastric junction and proximal 5 cm of the stomach (see details at Overview). This division was clarified in the 7th edition AJCC Staging Manual. There was also specification of tumor location as cervical, upper thoracic, middle thoracic, and lower.

8th Edition
AJCC 8th edition (2017) -- To be used for staging beginning Jan 1, 2018.

T-stage:
 * Tis - high grade dysplasia, defined as malignant cells confined to the epithelium by the basement membrane
 * T1 - invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa
 * T1a - invades lamina propria or muscularis mucosae
 * T1b - invades submucosa
 * T2 - invades mucularis propria
 * T3 - invades adventitia
 * T4 - invades adjacent structures
 * T4a - invades pleura, pericardium, azygos vein, diaphragm, or peritoneum
 * T4b - invades other adjacent structures, such as aorta, vertebral body, or airway

N-stage: Regional lymph nodes "extend from periesophageal cervical nodes to celiac nodes."
 * N0 - no lymph node metastases
 * N1 - metastasis in 1-2 regional nodes
 * N2 - metastasis in 3-6 regional nodes
 * N3 - metastasis in 7 or more nodes

M-stage:
 * M0 - no distant metastasis
 * M1 - distant metastasis

Overall stage:

{| class=wikitable ! colspan=3 | Adenocarcinoma ! Clinical Stage (cTNM) !! Pathological Stage (pTNM) !! Postneoadjuvant Therapy Stage (ypTNM)
 * valign="top" |
 * 0 - Tis
 * I - T1 N0
 * IIA - T1 N1
 * IIB - T2 N0
 * III - T2 N1 or T3 N0-1 or T4a N0-1
 * IVA - T4b or N2 or N3
 * IVB - M1
 * 0 (Tis)
 * 0 (Tis)
 * 0 (Tis)

 * valign="top" |
 * I - T0-2 N0
 * II - T3 N0
 * IIIA - T0-2 N1
 * IIIB - T3 N1 or T0-3 N2 or T4a N0
 * IVA - T4a NX-2 or T4b N0-2 or N3
 * IVB - M1
 * }

Previous staging editions
6th edition (2002) T-stage:
 * T1 - invades lamina propria or submucosa
 * T2 - invades mucularis propria
 * T3 - invades adventitia
 * T4 - invades adjacent structures

N-stage:
 * N0 - no lymph node metastases
 * N1 - lymph node metastases

M-stage:
 * M0 - no distant metastasis
 * M1 - distant metastasis
 * Lower thoracic esophagus:
 * M1a - celiac lymph nodes
 * M1b - other distant mets
 * Mid-thoracic esophagus:
 * M1a - N/A
 * M1b - nonregional lymph nodes and/or other distant mets
 * Upper thoracic esophagus:
 * M1a - cervical nodes
 * M1b - other distant mets

Overall stage:
 * I - T1 N0
 * IIA - T2-T3 N0
 * IIB - T1-2 N1
 * III - T3 N1 or T4 any N
 * IV - M1
 * IVA - M1a
 * IVB - M1b

5th edition (1997) - same as 6th 4th edition (1992) 3rd edition (1988) 2nd edition (1983) - clinical staging
 * I - <5 cm length, no obstruction, not circumferential
 * II - >5 cm length, obstruction or circumferential involvement:
 * III - evidence of extraesophageal spread.

title: Radiation Oncology/Esophagus/Staging


text:
Radiation Oncology/Esophagus/Overview

Esophageal Cancer Overview

Epidemiology

 * Incidence: 15,600 cases in US (2007 Estimate)
 * Incidence rate about 200-260 per 100,000
 * Higher incidence in men 4x (12.1k vs. 3.4k)
 * Higher incidence in African Americans by 5x
 * Deaths: 13,900 deaths in US (2007 Estimate)
 * Percentage and overall incidence of adenocarcinomas is increasing; increasing number of cancers involving the distal esophagus.
 * 1/3 of H&N cancer patients who develop a second primary tumor will have esophageal cancer.
 * Barrett's esophagus risk for developing adenoCa is significantly higher (14-150x) over general population, and corresponds ~0.5% per year. Progression is more likely with development of dysplasia within the metaplastic area, occurring in ~20% patients

 * Leeds; 2007 (UK) PMID 17890521 -- "Risk of Mortality and Cancer Incidence in Barrett's Esophagus." (Cook MB, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Oct;16(10):2090-6. Epub 2007 Sep 21.)
 * Retrospective. 502 patients with BE. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and standardized incidence rates (SIR) estimated
 * Outcome: Overall mortality elevated (SMR 1.21), even after excluding esophageal CA (1.16). Risk for esophageal CA mortality (SMR 7.3), digestive tract diseases (SMR 2.0)
 * Esophageal CA incidence rates: overall esophageal CA SIR 8.7, esophageal adenoCA 14.3
 * Conclusion: Increased risk of esophageal CA incidence (9x; for adeno 14x) and mortality (7x)

Risk Factors

 * Tobacco
 * Alcohol
 * Fruits and vegetables - protective
 * Socioeconomic status - low is worse, particularly in African American men
 * Obesity - worse for adeno
 * GERD - associated with development of Barrett's
 * H. pylori - protective for adeno
 * Barrett's esophagus - single most important risk factor for adeno
 * Tylosis - autosomal dominant, tylosis esophageal cancer (TOC) gene, develop esophageal papillomas, and at extremely high risk of developing esophageal cancer
 * Plummer-Vinson - approximately 10% develop hypopharynx or esophagus cancer
 * Caustic injury
 * Achalasia
 * Prior aerodigestive tract malignancy

Anatomy

 * Length is about 25 cm. Esophageal lesion distance on EGD is typically given from incisors
 * Clinically important distance is from incisors to GEJ, which is ~40 cm.
 * Layers:
 * Mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa. Separated by basement membrane from rest of esophageal wall
 * Submucosa: fibroelastic fibers, nervous plexuses, glands
 * Muscularis propria: inner circular muscle layer, outer longitudinal muscle layer
 * Adventitia: dense periesophageal connective tissue
 * The serosa only lines the intra-abdominal esophagus
 * AJCC divisions of the esophagus: (These are based on adjacent surgical landmarks)
 * Cervical esophagus:
 * Hypopharynx to the thoracic inlet, which is at the level of the sternal notch.
 * By endoscopy, 15 to <20 cm from the incisors
 * If thickening of the esophageal wall begins above the sternal notch, the location is cervical
 * Upper thoracic esophagus:
 * Thoracic inlet to lower border of the azygos vein
 * By endoscopy, 20 to <25 cm
 * Middle thoracic esophagus:
 * Lower border of the azygos vein to the inferior pulmonary veins
 * By endoscopy, 25 to <30 cm
 * Lower thoracic esophagus and EG junction:
 * Inferior pulmonary veins to the stomach; includes the intraabdominal portion of the esophagus
 * By endoscopy, 30 to 40 cm
 * For cancers arising near the EGJ, they are staged as esophageal/EGJ if the epicenter is in the lower thoracic esophagus, the EGJ, or within the proximal 5 cm of the stomach (cardia) and extend into the EGJ or esophagus
 * Those with an epicenter in the stomach greater than 5 cm distal the EGJ, or those within 5 cm of the EGJ but that do not extend into the EGJ or esophagus, are staged as gastric
 * Siewert classifaction is disregarded
 * Historical divisions of the esophagus
 * Cervical esophagus - begins at cricopharyngeal muscle, 18 cm from the incisors (C7 level), to the thoracic inlet, 20-24 cm from incisors (T3 level).
 * Thoracic esophagus - from thoracic inlet, 24 cm from incisors (T3), to GE junction (usually T10 or T11).
 * Upper thoracic - T3 to T4, 20 cm to 25 cm - thoracic inlet to carina
 * Mid thoracic - T5 to T8, 25 cm to 35 cm - carina to inferior pulmonary vein
 * Lower thoracic - T9 to T10, 35 to 40 cm - below pulmonary vein
 * GE junction: (Classification by Siewert: PMID 11525305, PMID 9823902), center within 5 cm proximal/distal to GEJ
 * Type I (distal esophagus) - arises from area with specialized intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus. Commonly, center of the tumor located 1 - 5 cm above the gastroesophageal junction
 * Type II (cardia, considered gastric) - arises from the cardiac epithelium or short segments with intestinal metaplasia at the GEJ. Commonly, center of the tumor located 1 cm above to 2 cm distal to GEJ
 * Type III (sub-cardia, considered gastric) - arises from subcardial location and infiltrates GEJ from below. Commonly, center of tumor >2 cm distal to GEJ
 * Resectability often limited:
 * Lack of fibrous serosa to prevent local spread
 * Rich lymphatic network in submucosa and muscularis that allows longitudinal and circumferential drainage
 * Frequent medical comorbidities

Barrett's Esophagus

 * Multi-Institutional -- RFA vs. Sham procedure
 * Randomized, 2:1. 127 patients, dysplastic Barrett's esophagus. Arm 1) RFA vs. Arm 2) Sham procedure. Primary outcome 1-year rate of dysplasia/metaplasia
 * 2009 PMID 19474425 -- "Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia." (Shaheen NJ, N Engl J Med. 2009 May 28;360(22):2277-88.)
 * Outcome: In low grade dysplasia patients: complete eradication RFA 90% vs. sham 23% (SS). In high grade dysplasia patients 81% vs. 19% (SS). Disease progression RFA 4% vs. sham 16% (SS), cancer development 1% vs. 9% (SS)
 * Toxicity: More chest pain, 1 patient UGI bleeding, 6% esophageal stricture
 * Conclusion: RFA associated with a high rate of complete eradication of dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia, and reduced risk of disease progression

Presentation

 * 50% present with local or locoregional disease.
 * Fewer than 60% of pts with locoregional disease are operable.

Patterns of spread
LN involvement risk is 20% for cervical tumors, 50% for mid thoracic, 30% for distal.

Extensive longitudinal interconnecting system of lymphatics.
 * LN+ risk by location:
 * Cervical esophagus - 69% peritracheal & periesophageal. Only 6% supraclav, 9% abdominal LN.
 * Upper thoracic - 29% superior mediastinal nodes, 27% middle mediastinal nodes, 29% lower mediastinal nodes, 32% abdominal nodes
 * Middle thoracic - 11% superior mediastinal, 21% middle mediastinal, 18% lower mediastinal, 40% abdominal nodes
 * Lower thoracic - 10% superior mediastinal, 14% middle mediastinal, 27% lower mediastinal, 70% abdominal nodes
 * LN+ risk by stage
 * T1a - 7%
 * T1b - 20%
 * T2 - 40%
 * Overall distant metastasis rate 50%. Most commonly to the lung and liver.

 * Southern Tohoku, Japan; 2009 (1989-2008) PMID 19042946 -- "Determination of the irradiation field for clinical T1-T3N0M0 thoracic/abdominal esophageal cancer based on the postoperative pathological results." (Nakamura T, Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb;39(2):86-91. Epub 2008 Nov 28.)
 * Retrospective. 95 patients, clinical T1-T3N0 thoracic/abdominal esophageal cancer. Squamous cell 85%, adeno 9%. Rate of pathologic LN involvement evaluated
 * Outcome: Positive LN 42% (upper 37%, middle 32%, lower 46%, abdominal 70%).
 * Radiation fields: Extent of irradiation fields for each subsite determined
 * Conclusion: Lymph node mets seen often in cT1-T3; optimal fields designed

Prognosis

 * No treatment: 6 month OS 20%, 5-year OS 0%
 * Surgery alone: 5-year OS 20-25%
 * Stage I: 5-year OS 80-90%
 * Stage IIA (T2-T3 N0): 50%
 * Stage IIB (T1-T2 N1): 20%
 * Stage III (T3-T4 N1): 10-15%
 * Stage IVa (M1a): 10%
 * Palliation of dysphagia with surgery - 80%.

title: Radiation Oncology/Esophagus/Overview