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User:Chaturganj/Prarthana

Prarthana - Prayers

This is mostly a personal project. The languages used might be Hindi or English. Please feel free to translate Hindi into English if you would like.

Vandana
He Vaasudeva, aap ko pranam hai.

He Bhagwan, mera man bahut hi ashaant hai. Mein nahin jaanto, aisa kyon.

Mujhe lagta hai ki ye din ke actions ke karan hai. Aur bhi cheezein hongi, lekin he prabhu, aap ko pranam hai.

Aap hi, he naath meri is ashant budhi ko shaant karein.

Aap hi, he naath, mere is man ko apne charnon mein sthaan de kar shaant kar dein he prabhu

Aap ko pranam hai. Aaap ko pranam hai.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

He prabhu, aap ka sundar chehra. anokhi sundar bahein. Atyant sundar muskan, aap ki nirmal gardan, aap ki nabhi, jo ki ek kamal ke saman hai. Aap ki sundar aankhein. Aap ki sundar mala.

He Vaasudeva, aap ke komal, poorna sundarta ke swami, aap ke ye sundar charan.

He Vaasudeva. Ye aap ke bhakta ko atyant sukh dene wale hain.

Aap ki kripa se mera man ap se kabhi na hate he Bhagwan.

Mein Sada, bhakti poorna man se, aap ko yaad karta rahon.

Taki, he Hari, aap ki kripa se, mein sada apne man ko ap mein hi laga kar, anokhi shaanti ka anubhav karun.

Aap ki vandana kar ke jo shaanti milti hai, wo sansaar mein kisi bhi aur vastu se nahin mil sakti.

He Bhagwan, jo deen aap ki bhakti ke is sukh se anbhig hain, unke dukh se bada koi dukh nahin.

Aur he prabhu, jo log aap ki bhakti se milne waali shaanti ko janta hein, wo atyant sukh mein gote laga rahe hain.

He prabhu, mein sada aap ki bhakti karun.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Vandana
He Bhagwan, aap ka pranam hai.

He Vaasudeva, aap ki kripa se mein aap ki bhakti karun he iishwar.

Maine, he prabhu, pichle kuch dino mein thoda araam kiya beech beech mein. Bahut accha laga.

He Bhagwan, ye sara sansar, aap ke hi chalane se chal raha hai.

He Vaasudeva, aap ko pranam hai.

He Bhagwan, mera man beech beech mein uchale lene lagta hai. Mujhe samajh nahin aata ki kya karun.

He Vaasudeva, is kalyuga mein, itne parishram hain, aur itni info processing hai ki aadmi ka dimag baukhla gaya hai. Us par koi bhi shanti, yan naram bhavnayein insaan mein nahin bachi hain.

Har jagah paap hi paap ho raha hai. He Bhagwan, aise mein hum kya karein he prabhu.

Samaye ke pahiye se bandh kar ham bahe ja rahein hain.

Hume oi andaja nahin ki hum kahan ja rahein hain, aur na hi koi control hai.

He bhagwan, aap hi aise mein raksha karein.

Aap ki kripa se mein aap ki bhakti karun he naath.

Kisi ko kuch dikhaye bina, mein man mein aap ki hi bhakti karta rahun.

Yahi jeewan mein dharma hai. Aap ki ananta, nirantar, bhakti karna sukh hai he prabhu. Aur aap ki bhakti na karna har prakar ka dukh hai.

Yahi sukh ar dukh ki paribhasha hai. Aap ki bhakti karte huye aadmi ko sukh ki anihooti hoti hai, aur aap ko bhool jaane par aadmi dukh mein gte lagata hai.

He Bhagwan aap ko pranam hai. Mujhe apni sharan mein le lein he prabhu.

Mujhe apni sharan mein le lein.

He Nath, aaj apke roop, Shri Hanuman ji ko yaad kar ke mujhe atyant sukh mila.

Mera hridya khushi se bhar gaya he prabhu, Bhagwan Shri Hanuman ji ko yaad kar ke.

He Pprabhu, aap ki kripa se mein sada aap ki bhakti karun.

Ye jo dikh raha hai, ye jo sun raha hai, ye jo anya log baithe hain, ye jo situation hai, ye sab aap hi hain prabhu. Aap ke alawa is sansaar mein aur hai bhi kya.

He Bhagwan, isi satya ko jaan kar mein aap ki sada bhakti karun.

Isi satya ko jaan kar, mein aap ko sarvasva jaan kar, aap ki sharan lun, he prabhu.

Aap ko pranam hai. Aap ko punah punah pranam hai, he hari.

Aap ko pranam hai.

Aap ke sab roopon ko pranam hai.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Aap hi wo Bhrahma hain, jo in pavitra shabdon mein sthita hain.

Aap hi, he Naresh, humare swami, aur is sansaar mein ur bhi jo exist karta hai, uske maaliki hain.

Aap hi he bhagwan, har prani ke sarvottam laksha hain.

Aap hi he prabhu, wo mangalmay vichar hin jo aap ke liye yan aap ke bare mein hote hain.

Aap he prabhu wo atyanta sukhmayi shanti hain jo aap ko yaad karne se milti hai.

aap hi prabhu, mera swami hain. Aap hi mere maalik hain.

Aap hi prabhu, sab kuch jaanne wale, sab prakar se shaktiman, sab ke priye Shri Hari hain.

Aap ko pranam hai he bhagwan.

Is sansar mein aisa koi jeeva nahin, jo aap ko na yaad kar raha ho.

Is dukh ke mahasagar mein phas kar, kaun bhala aap ko yaad nahin kare ga.

Is dukh ke maha sagar mein sukh bhi milein to we bhi dukh ki kami ke karan hi sukh lag rahe hote hein.

Hey Bhagwan, vaastav mein to aap ko yaad karna hi sukh hai. Aur kuch Sukh nahin kaha ja sakta.

Isliye, aap ko yaad karna hi sukh hai. Aur He Bhagwan, wo sukh, jo aap ko yaad karne se milta hai, bhi aap hi hain.

He Parmeshwar, he Maheshwar, aap ko pranam hai. Aap ko sada pranam hai, he Hari.

Humari raksha karein he prabhu. Humari raksha karein.

Is dukh ke maha sagar se humari raksha karein.

Vandana
He Bhagwan, manushya ki buddhi din par din kamjor hoti ja rahi hai.

Aap ko pranam hai he Hari. Meri raksha kariye he naath.

Mein nahin jaanta ki jeewaan mein kya hone wala hai. Mein nahin janta ki mujh se sahi karma ho payengein yan nahin.

Lekin he prabhu, aap ki kripa se, mein jeewan ke har pal aap ki bhakti karta rahun.

He Bhagwan, mein jab jeewan mein peeche dekhta hoon, to mujhe dikhta hai ki aapne bar bar mujhe pyar diya hai.

Aap hi, he Prabhu, most directly hum sab ke pitah hain.

Aap hi ne, he Iishwar, hume janam diya hai. Aap hi ne hume pala posa hai.

Aap hi ne humari raksha ki hai, hum jaante bhi nahin kitni baar.

Aap hi sab kuch hain, he Iishwar.

Aadmi, jo dikh raha hai, use dekh kar chinta karne lagta hai.

Lekin, he Bhagwan, jo is sansaar mein satya hai, wo to aap hi Hain.

Aap hi to is Sansaar mein har jagah hain.

Aap hi to sab ke mano mein baithe hain.

Aap hi to sab kuch chalaye huye hain.

Aap ki agya ke bina to kch ho hi nahin sakta.

Isliye, he Iishwar, hmara chinta karna moorakhta hai.

Manushya ko to chahiye ki har samay aap ki hi bhakti karta rahe.

Har samay, aap hi ke bare mein soche. Aap hi ko pranam kare.

Aap hi ka gun-gaan kare main mein. Aap hi ko nihare.

Aap hi ko yaad kare. Aap hi ko dekhe.

Aap hi ki sharan le.

He Bhagwan, aap ki kripa se mein ye sab karma karun.

Aap hi meri raksha karein, he naath.

He Bhagwan, manushya ko din mein 2-4 baar nahin, 2-4 lakh bar aap ko yaad karna chahiye.

Sansa lena itna jaroori nahin jitna aap ko yaad karna hai.

He Bhagwan, is ghor kalyuga mein, jo ki aap hi ka roop hai, manushya ka dimag pagal ho raha hai.

Is ghar kalyuga mein, dimag vichlit ho raha hai.

He Vaasudeva, aap to sab jagah hain. Mere man mein bhi.

Aap ko he Naath, mein punah punah yaad karun.

Aap ko he Naath, mein punah punah chintan kar, pranam karun, aap ki sharan loon, aap ki puja karun, aap ko hi niharun, he Bhagwan.

He Vaasudeva, aap ko pranam hai.

He Bhagwan, aap hi ko yaad karna sukh kaha jata hai, aur aap hi ko bhool jana dukh hai.

Wo, dukhmayi pal, jab admi aap ko bhool jaye, he Bhagwan, aisa bhayanak pal kisi par na aye.

Aise pal mein, na to aadmi ji sakta hai, aur na hi marte bhi banta hai.

Aise pal mein jeewan to mrityu se bhi bura hai. Aur aise pal mein mrityu hone se bura kya hoga.

He Vaasudev, dhanya the wo log, jinhon ne, aap ko har pal yaad kiya. Aap ki nirantar, ananya bhakti ki.

Dhanya hain wo log, jo aap hi mein base hain he Prabhu.

Mein aap ki sharan leta hoon Naath. Raksha Karein.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Harinya Garbha Purush Pradhan Avyakta Roopine Om Namah Vaasudevaye Shudh Gyan Svaroopine

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

He Bhagwan aap ko pranam hai. Aap ke sab roopon ko pranam hai. Aap ko punah punah pranam hai.

Vandana
He Parmatma, aap ko pranam hai.

Vande Tamham Piteti Tva Namahaste Tvam Namahse Namah Namah Parmatmane Vishvatmane Parmesh Sarvesh Tva Bhutesh Hridyesh Sarve Sthita Hridesha Tva Parmartha Bhaktim Tvayi Parmartha Tva Pada Vandaneti Pranipatya Prabho Tvam Namahaste Namaste Tvam

kshamya Karoti Vaasudevaye moodho asi me Tyam Kripaye Vandetvam shakyo karoti me

He Bhagwan mujhe maaf kar dein, mere pap mein bhudhi ke karan jo apradh hote hain.

He Naath, aap to mere man mein hain. Aap hi he Nath, in sabhi logon ke hridyon mein sthita hain.

Aap hi he Nath, wo hain jo hume dikh rahe hain. Aap hi Nath hume sun rahe hain. Aap hi Nath sabhi jagah hain.

Aap hi Bhagwan, he Ananta, Srishti ke Maalik hain. Aap hi he Bhagwan, harame Swami hain.

Aap ko pranam hai, he Bhagwan.

Aap ke Charno ko pranam hai, punah punah.

Aap ko pranam hai, he Bhagwan.

He Vaasudeva ji, mein aap i bhakti karun, he Naath.

Jeewan mein saansa to mein baad mein loon, pahle aap ko yaad karun, he prabhu.

Aap hi to hain, he Bhagwan. Aap se atirikta hai bhi kya.

Ye maanav, ye hava, ye jo dikh raha hai, ye sansaar, aur sansaar ki sabhi paristhitiyan, sansaar mein prastut jo bhi hai, humara man, budhi, aankhein, shareer, hridya aap hi to hain he Bhagwan.

Aap hi to he prabhu Har jagah hain. Kahan yahan buildings hi Hain. Kahan yahan Manushya hi hain. Kahan yahan hava hi hai. Kahan Prithvi hi hai - Bhagwan aap hi to hain.

He Vaasudeva, aap ki kripa se, aur aap ke roopon ki kripa se hi maanav aap ke roopon ka satya charitra sun pata hai.

Bhagwan mein gad gad ho gaya, krit krit ho gaya aap ki Kripa se, he Naath.

Aap ko Pranam hai. Aap ke hi roop, Shri Prahlad ji ko, Bhagwan Shri Dhroov Ji ko, Bhagwan Shri Bharat Ji ko, Shri Narad Bhagwan ko, Shri Priya Bhagwan Hanuman Ji ko, Shri Bali ji ko, Shri Vibhishan ji ko pranam hai.

Aap ko pranam hai he Bhagwan.

Mein aap ki bhakti karun, he Naath. Meri raksha karein he prabhu.

Aap ki kripa se mein aap ki Bhakti karun he Naath.

Aap ko pranam hai. Aap ko pranam hai.

Vandana
He Bhagwan, aap ko pranam hai.

He Nath, ye email aap ko arpit hai. Aap hi raksha karein, he Prabhu.

He Parmesh, ye jo mein kha raha hoon, bhi aap hi ka diya hai.

Aap hi karna walein hain he Iishwar. Aap hi sab kuch karte hain.

Aap hi s sab kuch hota hai.

He Bhagwan, is sansaar mein jitne bhi log hain, jitne bhi prani hain, sab aap hi hain.

Aap hi ko pranam hai, he bhagwan.

Ye Sansaar, sab aap hi ke dvara chal raha hai. Aap hi, he Nath, shakti hain.

Aap hi ne Naath, Sundarta hain. Aap hi Shabha hain, he Prabhu. Aap hi Sukh hain. Aap hi jyoti hain, he Prabhu.

Aap ko Pranam hai. He Bhagwan, aap ko pranam hai.

Aap hi ki kripa se mujh jaisa nalayak bhi aap ki bhakti kar sakta hai, he Parmatma. Aap ko pranam hai.

Aap ke roopon ko pranam hai, jinhone, apne presence se is snsaar ko kalyan mayi kar rakha hai.

Aap ko prnam hai he Bhagwan.

Aap hi sabhi ke mano mein hain. Aap hi Iishwar, humare maalik hain.

Aap hi Naresh hain. Ye sara sansaar aap ke rajya se hi chal raha hai.

Aap hi, he Bhagwan, is sansaar ki apar, parikrami shakti hain.

Aap ko pranam hai, he Bhagwan.

Sabhi prakar se aap hi hain.

Aap hi ki bhakti sukh kahi jati hai. Aur aap ki Bhakti na kar paana hi dukh hai.

Yahi skh aur dukh ki paribhashayein hain.

Aap mein, he Ananta, humara man laga rahe, aap ki kripa se, humsada ap ka chintan karte rahein, aap ki Bhakti karte rahein, jisse, he Naresh humara ye manavi janam saphal ho jayega.

Aap hi ki kripa se mein sada, sada aap ki bhakti karta rahun he Nath. Aap ki kripa se, mera man aap hi ko yaad kare.

Aap hi Raksha karein he Swami.

Aap hi Auron ke man mein baith kar, aap hi Sarvatra Virajman hote huye, aap hi he prabhu, is sansar ke paalak hain, aap hi is sansar ke swami hain - aap ki kripa se hi hum aur ye sansar aap ki bhakti karta rahe.

Aap ko pranam hai he Parmatma. He Prabhu, aap ko pranam hai.

He Bhagwan, Shri Prahlad Ji Maharaj ke, aur Shri Hanuman Ji ke, aap hi swami hain. Aap hi ke in roopon ki kripa se mein sada aap ki bhakti karun, sada aap ke in mahatma roopon ki bhkti karun.

Mujhhe maaf karein he Prabhu.

Aap ko pranam hai. Aap ko pranam hai.

Namaste Te, Namaste Te.

He Naath, aap ko pranam hai.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Harinya Garbha Purush Pradhan Avayakta Roopine Om Namah Vaasudevaye Sudh Gyan Svaroopine

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Lakshmi Ma, Om Namah Vishnu, Om Namah Shivaye, Om Namah Parvati Ma, Om Namah Brahma, Om Nama Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Vandana
Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Ganeshaye Om Namah Ganeshaye

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Jai Shri Hanuman Jai Shri Narad Bhagwan Jai Sri Vishnu Bhagwan Om Namah Shivaye Om Namah Brahmane - Namah astu Te Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Om Namah Sapta Rishi Om Namah Sanandana Sanat Kumar Om Namah Bali Om Namah Vibhishan Om Namah Sugreev Om Namah Garg Om Namah Kaundinya Om Namah Vishnu Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Om Namah Kapila Muneshwar Om Namah ParshuRam Ji Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Prasharya Ji Om Namah Matrya Ji Om Namah Vyasa Ji Om Namah Dhruva Ji Om Namah Bharata Muni Bhagwan Om Namah Prahlad Ji Om Namah Shravan Bhakta Ji Om Namah Manu Ji Om Namah Indra Ji Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

He Bhagwan, aap ke sab roopon ko pranam hai.

Aap hi, is sansaar ke Vidhata, Dhata, Swami, Rakshak, Maalik, Raja, Samraat, Karta, Adhishthata, Poojya, Pita, Parmeshwar, Iiishwar - Sab aap hi hain.

Mujh se hui bhoolon ko maaf kar dein, Hey Pitah.

Aap ko pranam hai.

Shri Hanuman Ji ko, Shri Ganesh Ji ko, Shri Narad Bhagwan ko, Mata Lakshmi Ji ko, Ma Parwati Ji ko, aur Aap ko - punah punah pranam hai, he Naath.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Aap ko pranam hai He Bhagwan.

Aap ko pranam hai. Aap hi sada sab kuch hain. Aap hi sab kuch hain, He Nath.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Harinya Garbha Purush Pradhan Avyakta Roopine Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Shudh Gyan Roopine

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Aap ko pranam hai He Hari ji. Aap ko pranam hai.

Aap ke Satya Roopon ko Pranam hai.

Vandana
He Bhagwan, aap ko pranam hai.

He Nath, aap ko pranam hai. He Bhagwan, mein bina shak ke aap ki bhakti karun he Nath. Aap hi ki sharan loon. Isi mein sukh hain. Aap hi Shakti hain.

Aap hi Nath Karta hain. Aap hi Karan hain. Aap hi Kiye Ja rahe hain aur aap hi, he Prabhu, sab prakar se sab or hain.

Aap ko pranam hai, He Hari. Mein Aap ki Punya Bhakti karun, He Nath.

Aap ko pranam hai.

Aap ko pranam hai.

He Bhagwan, Aap ke Siva aur kch bhi nahin hai.

Aap hi sab prakar se shaktimaan hain.

Aap hi sab prakar se Shaktiman hain, He Prabhu.

Aap ko pranam hai. Aap ko pranam hai.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Mere ashant huye man ko shaanti mile, He Bhagwan, Aap ke Charnon ki Aradhna kar kar. Aap ko Pranam hai Bhagwan.

Aap ko Pranam hai.

Aap ko Pranam hai.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Vandana
He Bhagwan, aap ko pranam hai.

Is sansar mein aap ke tej se, roshan hua ye sansar, aap hi ki vandana karta hua, sundar prateet hota hai, He Bhagwan.

Aap ka bada upkaar hi, He Pitah.

Aap ki badi Kripa hai, He Nath.

Aap ko pranam hai. Aap ko Pranam hai.

He Bhagwan, aap ko pranam hai.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Jai Shri Hanumaan Ji Jai Shri Prahlad Ji Jai Shri Dhruv Ji Maharaj Jai Shri Bharat Muni Ji Jai Shri Narad Ji Jai Shri Hari

Jai Shri Hari

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

He Parmatma, Aap ko pranam hai.

Namaste te, Namah Astu te, Namaste Namaste Te Namah Aste te Namah Aste te Punah Punah

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

He Iishwar, mein sada aap hi ki Bhakti karun he Nath.

Samta mein man ko rakh kar, udvegon ko tyaga kar, aap ki mein sada sharan loon he Nath.

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

Om Namah Bhagwate Vaasudevaye

ap ko pranam hai He Bhagwan. Aap ko pranam hai.

Vandana
Bhagwan, mera hridya bahut wichlit sa ho gaya hai. Mujhe maaf kar dein He Prabhu.

He Bhagwan, chahe jo bhi ho, mein sada aap ki, aur aap ke Satya Bhakton ki poornta se bhakti karta rahun he Naath.

BHagwan, Shri Hanuman Ji ki mein sada bhakti karta rahun. Aap hi Nath sabhi cheshtaon ke controller hain. Aap hi se sab kuch hota hai Bhagwan. Aap ki kripa se mein sada aapke priye Shri Hanuman Ji ki bhakti karun He Nath.

Kabhi sapne mein bhi mein unhe bhoolon nahin He Pitah. Mujh par ye kripa karein He Nath.

Is Kal Yuga mein manushya bahut hi budhi heen ho gaye hain Nath. Mera man bhi sada uchalta rahta hai, samta aur constancy ko prapt nahi hota.

He Bhagwan, aise mein to aap hi sahare hain. Aap ki kripa se hi mein aapki aur Shri Hanuman Ji ki, Shri Prahlad Ji ki, Shri Dhruv Ji ki ur aap ke roopon ki sada Bhakti karun, He Prabhu.

Mujhe maaf kar dijiye.

Aap hi Man mein Bathe sab ke swami hain. Aap hi Prabhu sab kuch karne wale hain. Aap hi to hain. Aap ke alawa to aur kuch hai hi nahin. Aur He Bhagwan, aap ki marji ke bina to ek hava ka jhonka bhi nahin aa sakta.

Vandana
He Prabhu, aap ke charnon ki sharan leta hua, mein aap ko hi apna sab kuch jaanta hoon.

He Bhagwan, pahle ek dum se shaadi ki taraf badhna.

Fir ek dum se wall st aane lagna mere mangaye bina.

Phir mera padhayi ki taraf uksar hona.

Phir ek dam mera yahan group badlna.

Aur ab nauri mein badlav aana.

He Bhagwan, itne badlav to aap ki hi Kripa se aa sakte hain.

Bhagwan, mein aap ki sharan leta hoon.

Aap hi meri raksha karein. Aap hi meri raksha karein.

Apni hi buddhi-heenta ke karan hum aap ke apar ananta prem se bhi darne lagte hain He Vasudeva.

Aap ko pranam hai. Aap ko shat shat pranam hai.

Bhagwan, mein aap ki kripa se aap ki aur apke satya roopon ki sada bhakti karta rahun.

Mere janam safal ho jayeinge aap ki bhakti kar ke, He Bhagwan.

Aap ko pranam hai, he Hari. Aap ke Charnon mein jo sukh hai wo duniya ke kisi kone mein nahin.

Aap ke Charnom mein jo alaukik sukh hai, wo aur kahin nahin.

Aap ko Pranam hai. Aap ko Pranam hai.

Bhagwan, mein sada aap hi ki Charan vandana karta rahun. Aap ko pranam hai, He Hari. Aap ko Pranam hai.

Jab aap hi sab kuch hain. Jab sab kuch aap hi se chalta hai. Jab sab kuch aap hi hain, He Bhagwan, to hume darne ki bhi koi jaroorat nahin hai.

Is sansar ko mein aap hi ki parchayi jaanta hua, aap ki bhakti karta rahun Nath.

Mujhe maaf kar dein. Bhagwan, aap ki bhakti na kar kar, kahin bhi aur samay bitaya hua to atyanta dukh hi hai.

Aap ki bhakti na karte hue jo samay bita hai, wo mrityu se bhi dukhdayi hai. Aisa dukh kisi ko na mile.

Aur He Bhagwan, aap ko yaad karte jo samay beetta hai, wo sacha sukh hi sukh hai. Baki to sab dukh hi hain, He Nath. Aisa amrit mayi sukh sab ko mile Bhagwan. Aap ko pranam hai.

He Prabhu, mera man samta mein nahin rahta itni baar. Mein aap ki sharan le, is sansaar ko aap hi ki ek maya jaan kar shaant ho jayun.

Aap hi ki prikrama to mein har jagah dekh raha hoon. Aap hi to har jagah virajmaan hain.

He Purushottam, aap ko pranam hai.

He Bhagwan, agar din din, pal pal aap ki bhakti ki jaye, to bhi kam hai He Nath.

Vaastav mein to manushya ko chahiye ki kewal ek hi satya yaad rakhe - ki aap hain. Aap hain. Aap hain. Aur Aap hi Sab kuch hain. Aap se badh kar kuch nahin. Aap ki shakti ke bahar kuch nahin. Aap ki sada, har samay bhakti karte rahna is sansaar ka param sukh hai. Aap ki sharan lekar, aap ko yaad karte huye koi bhi kashta nahin aata, kyonki Bhagwan, aap karuna svaroop, anmol, atyant karuna ke maha sagar hain.

Mujh jaise papiyon ko, jinka man bar bar bhatakta hai, bhi aap ki boundless pyar bhari kripa ke karan aap ko yaad karne ka mauka mil jaata hai.

Aap ko pranam hai, He Hari. Aap ko pranam hai.

Aap ne, is sansaar mein apna tej vidyaman kar kar, is sansaar ko krit krit kar rakha hai He Parmatman.

Aap hi to ye shabd hain jo mein likh raha hoon. Aap hi to likhne wale hain, aur aap hi in shadon ke meaning bhi hain.

Aap hi Parmatma, is Sansaar mein Vyakta Sarvatma Sarvashakti Maan, amar, punya Jyoti hain. Aap ko pranam hai, He Hari.

Meri moorakhtayein maaf kar dein He Prabhu. Aap ko pranam hai.

He Bhagwan, ye jo dikh raha hai, aap hi hain. Ye jo nahin dikh raha hai bhi aap hi Hain.

Ye jo sun raha hai, ye jo ho raha hai, jo ho sakta hai, jo karne wale hain, jo kiya ja raha hai, jo yajya hai, aur jo yajya ke phal hain - sab aap hi hain, He Parmatma.

Aap hi ko sarva jaan kar, mein aap ki bhakti karta hua, aap ko sada yaad karta hua, aap ki vandana karta hua, aap hi ko apna sab kuch jaanta hua, aap ko hi, He Bhagwan, sab karnon ke Karan, sab Karyon ke Karta, Sab ke Swami, Sarva Shaktimaan, Sarvesh, Sarvatma, Sarva Bhootesh, Sarva Vyapta jaanto hua, aap ke Charno ki vandana karta hua, mein shaant ho jaun ke Bhagwan.

Aap ki kripa se mein aap ki Bhakti kar paun, He Nath.

Aap Priye Hain. Aap Priye Hain He Nath.

Aap Priye Hain. Aap ki Sharan anmol hai.

Aap ke Charan, sukh ke sagar hain, jinme mein sada gote lagaun.

Aap ko pranam hai, He Hari.

Aap ko pranam hai.

Jab ye Sansaar, dukh mein jal raha hai. Jab ye Sansaar, aag ke maha kundal mein atyant, dukh mein jal raha hai, He Bhagan, aap ka naam, aap ke charan to sheetal vayu hain.

Aap ka Naam to sab kashton ko katne wala hai.

Bhagwan, aap hi is sansar mein har jaga Virajmaan hain.

Aadmi dekh nahin pata, par aap to kan kan mein baithe Swami hain.

Aadmi samajh nahin pata, par Bhagwan, aap ki shakti to Sampoorna sansaar mein har jagah Vidyamaan hai.

Aap ne mujhe krit krit kar diya Naath.

Aap ko Pranam Hai

Aradhana
He Bhagwan aap ko pranam hai. He Bhagwan, aap ki kripa se mein sada aap ko yaad karun. Is Kaliyg mein bhi humara man aap hi mein lage he iishwar. Mera man aur buddhi, is kaliyug mein bahut vyakul ho rahein hain. He Bhagwan, aap ki kripa se, ye dono hi sada aap mein lage rahein.

He Bhagwan, meri har saans aap hi ko yaad kare. Aur mera har sapna aap hi ke liye ho. Mein aap hi ko apna sab kuch jaanu he Nath. Aap hi mere sab kuch banein he prabhu.

Aap ko pranam hai, he Hari. Aap ko pranam hai he Bhagwan.

Dukh ke kaaran hi aadmi aap ko bhool jaata hai, he iishwar. Aap ki kripa se, mein atyant dukh mein bhi aap ko hi yaad karta rahun, he prabhu. Jis se ki mera dhyaan sada aap hi mein laga rahe.

He iishwar, mein jaanta hoon ki mein bhrasht hua kaliyug mein ghoom raha hoon. Har jagah atyachaar hi atyachaar dikhayi deta hai. Log apne manon se sab prakaar ki achai ko tayag kar dusht hote chale ja rahein hain din par din.

Har samay, har jagah log kewal paap hi mein samate ja rahein hain he prabhu. Aise mein mera man atyant vyakul ho gaya hai iishwar. Mera khud par bhi control nahin raha hai. Subah se raat tak mujhe kewal mithya hi dikhta hai, mithya hi sunta hai aur mere man mein bhi mithya vichaar hi janam lete rahte hain.

He Vaasudeva, aise mein to kewal ek aap hi rakshak hain. Aise mein to, he Naath, ek aap hi humare pita hain. Aap hi he Bhagwan sab kuch hain. He Naath, aap ko yaad karte huye humara samay bite. Aur aap ko yaad karte huye humare jeewan beetein he Bhagwan.

Taaki humara jeewan safal ho. He Naath, aap ki kripa se, aap ko yaad karte hue hume shaanti mile he bhagwan.

Aap ko pranam hai he Hari. Aap ko pranam hai he Naath.

Aap ko pranam hai. He Pitah, raksha karein. He Naath, raksha karein.

Saubhagya se hi ek aadmi aap ki puja karta hai aur durbhagya se hi aadmi aap ko bhool jaata hai he naath. Aap ko Pranaam hai.

title: User:Chaturganj/Prarthana


text:
User talk:208.11.182.253

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:208.11.182.253


text: User talk:198.103.161.1

title: User talk:198.103.161.1


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Gardening

== 1. Prepare soil, fertilize, and plant a vegetable plot of not less than 100 square feet (30.5 square meters). Grow at least six different vegetables, three from seeds and three from seedlings, through harvesting.==

Preparing the soil
The first step in soil preparation is to select a suitable site for the garden. It should be clear of trees and relatively level, and it should receive full sunlight. The soil should be at least deep.

Once the site is selected, it needs to be plowed and tilled. Plowing can be done with a plow for large (and medium-sized) plots, or with a spade for very small plots (this is heavy labor though). Plowing loosens the soil so that the plants will have easy access to the soil to a depth of. Tilling can be accomplished with a disc for large plots or with a garden tiller for smaller plots. The purpose of tilling is to break the soil into a fine aggregate. The ideal time to till is when a dirt clod can be picked up and easily crumbled in the hand - it should not be done immediately following a rain.

Fertilizing
It's generally a good idea to test the soil before fertilizing it so that you know what type of fertilizer to apply. Soil testing kits are available in garden centers. Once you have tested the soil and have selected an appropriate fertilizer, it can be spread over the garden with a broadcast seeder. You can do this before tilling or after.

Planting
Planting includes plant selection and placement. In general, taller plants should be planted on the side of the garden furthest from the Earth's equator. (In the Northern Hemisphere plant them on the north side.  In the Southern Hemisphere plant them on the south side.) This is so they do not shade the smaller plants. Seed packets will contain data on them telling you how deep, how far apart from one another, and when to plant them in your geographic area. Seedlings can be bought from a nursery or grown from seeds indoors before the outdoor growing season begins.

For planted seeds, start by making a furrow with a hoe. The depth of the furrow should equal the desired depth of the seed. Then walk along and drop seeds in the furrow, burying them as you go. Be sure to space them as per the instructions on the seed packet. Do not pack the soil tightly over the furrow as you bury the seeds. A common practice is to place the seeds in the furrows in pairs so that if one does not come up, there's a chance the other will. If both come up, one of them must be thinned, even if they both look healthy.

For seedlings, dig a small hole for each plant so that you can bury it to the soil line. Do not remove the seedling from the container until you are ready to plug it into the hole, and avoid exposing the roots to direct sunlight. Lightly pack soil around the plant.

Once the seeds and seedling have been planted, water the garden generously. After that, you will need to make sure the garden is watered deeply and on an irregular basis. If you over-water the garden, the roots will stay near the surface where they will be susceptible to disease, and where they will do a poor job of anchoring the plant should a stiff wind arise. Watering deeply and irregularly will cause the plants send the roots deeply into the ground in search of water and other nutrients. This will also protect them from disease and strengthen the plant against the wind.

Plant Selection
Popular plants grown from seeds include: Popular plants grown from seedlings include:
 * Corn
 * Squash
 * Beans
 * Radish
 * Watermelon
 * Carrots
 * Peas
 * Cucumber
 * Tomatoes
 * Eggplant
 * Peppers

Pest control
When chemical pesticides were first introduced, they were used to the exclusion of all other types of pest control. This had the unfortunate effect of poisoning the environment. In the 1970's this situation was recognized, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques were introduced. Pesticides are still used, but they are a last resort.

When most people think of pests, they think of insects. In vegetable cultivation, this term should be expanded to include weeds, microorganisms, and mites. Pest control depends on the early and correct identification of the pest. The grower can use cultural mechanical, biological, or chemical controls to reduce the effect of pests. These methods all rely on constant vigilance by the grower.

Cultural Controls include the selection of disease and pest-resistant cultivars. Crop rotation is another important cultural control, as certain pests feed exclusively on one type of plant. Eliminating the plant from the environment for a year or two will disrupt that cycle. Another important control mechanism is to mulch, water, prune, and fertilize the plants correctly. A healthy plant is better able to defend itself from pests.

Mechanical Controls include covering the plants with netting or setting traps for expected (or observed) pests. Pests can also be removed with vacuums or by hand. Hoeing and cultivating around the plants will help control weeds. It is also important to remove infected plants from the crop as soon as possible so that the disease does not spread.

Many insects prefer to feed on the underside of leaves where they will be more difficult for a predator to find. These pests can be discouraged by laying aluminum foil on the ground, shiny-side-up to reflect additional sunlight to the underside of the leaves. This confuses the insects and encourages them to feed elsewhere.

Biological Controls include the introduction of natural predators. For instance, ladybug beetles feast on aphids, and poultry feed on a number of insect pests. Be careful when introducing predators though, that you do not introduce a non-native species which has no natural enemies of its own. This can - and has caused its own form of environmental damage. You can also use commercially available pheromones to disrupt the mating cycle of many insects.

Chemical Controls can be used when all else fails. Selection of a pesticide and a fungicide will depend on the particular pest being combated (which his why proper identification is so important). Sprays are generally more effective than dusts, as nearly all pesticides rely on contact with the pest for their effectiveness. Read the instructions on the chemical containers carefully before using, especially noting whether the chemical is safe to use on food plants. Many times a pesticide will warn against its use for a period of time before harvesting.

3. What is mulch? How and why is it used in the garden?
Mulch is decomposed plant materials that are used as a planting bed, source of nutrients, and protective top layer that can maintain soil moisture levels and keep heat in.

4. What is hardiness? Which vegetables are considered hardy in your area?
Hardiness determines the extent to which a plant or tree can tolerate cold or heat. Normally this is measured in cold such as "plant hardiness to 27 degrees." This means that below 27 degrees the plant will begin to be effected by the cold, starting with freezing of leaves and or fruit.

In North America hardiness is classed by hardiness zone (see below). Seed packets usually have a color-coded map on the back showing these zones - and accordingly, an indication of when the seeds should be planted.

a. Test germination for 100 of the same kind of seeds.
Testing germination can be accomplished with a rag-doll test. Note that this is also a requirement for the Seeds - Advanced honor.

c. Prepare any three varieties of vegetables for market.
When preparing vegetables for market, consider the following attributes:
 * Ripeness: Choose vegetables that are at their optimum ripeness.
 * Color: Bright colors are more attractive to buyers than dull colors.
 * Size: Consumers do not like vegetables that are too small or too large.
 * Shape: Look for vegetables that have a "regular" shape.
 * Injury: Choose vegetables that are free from injury.
 * Cleanliness: Wash and trim them before taking them to market.

d. Make and use a storage bin or pit for your vegetables.
A vegetable storage bin is a small cabinet with compartments for vegetables. They are often equipped with a wire mesh door to allow air to circulate. Some use solid doors to keep the inside of the bin dark (potatoes will sprout if exposed to light). Some have dark compartments as well as airy compartments to support different types of vegetables. You can find free plans for a combination bin online at http://www.woodworkersworkshop.com/cached_files/27838_files/


text:
Japanese/Lessons/Introduction/Ogenki desu ka/Yes and no

Vocabulary
Saying yes:
 * はい hai: yes (polite)
 * ええ ee: yes (polite, colloquial)
 * うん un: yeah (not polite, colloquial)
 * そう sou: yes, like that

Saying no / rejecting:
 * いいえ iie: no (polite)
 * いや　iya: no (less polite)
 * ううん uun: oh, no (less polite, colloquial)

Remember: いえ ie means house and should not be used as a shorthand of no.

 * chigaimasu: That's wrong. (polite)
 * chigau: That's wrong. (not polite)
 * wakarimasen: I don't know. (polite)
 * wakaranai: I don't know. (not polite)
 * wakannai: I don't know. (not polite, colloquial)

Uncertainty:
 * どうでしょうか dou deshou ka: Hmm...I wonder. (polite)
 * どうですかね dou desu ka ne: Hmm...I wonder. (polite, colloquial)
 * どうだろうか dou darou ka: Hmm...I wonder. (not polite)
 * どうかな dou ka na: Hmm...I wonder. (not polite, colloquial)
 * どうかしら dou kashira: Hmm...I wonder. (not polite, colloquial, feminine)

Usage Notes:
 * 1) The basic words for "yes" and "no" are はい hai and いいえ iie. However, as you see above, there are many variants, as well as other common responses to yes/no questions.
 * 2) Comparing はい hai, ええ ee, and うん un
 * 3) *はい hai is a polite way of saying "yes" and can be used in almost any situation.
 * 4) *ええ ee is a more colloquial but still polite way of saying "yes" and also carries a somewhat feminine connotation.
 * 5) *うん un is a colloquial way of saying "yes" and is closer to the English word "yeah".
 * 6) Comparing いいえ iie, いえ ie, いや iya, and ううん uun
 * 7) *いいえ iie is a polite way of saying "no" and can be used whenever a clear-cut "no" is needed.
 * 8) *いえ ie means house or household and is not to be confused with a shortened version of the above.
 * 9) *いや iya is a less polite synonym and also caries a masculine connotation.
 * 10) *ううん uun is colloquial and connotes a bit of surprise. It could be translated as "oh, no" or "certainly not".

Grammar
As a statement, そう sou can be used by itself as an interjection or as a na-adjective followed by です desu or だ da. As a question, そう sou can be used by itself with a rising tone, or followed by か ka or ですか desu ka. It means "that is right," or "that is so," and is used as an affirmative answer to a question.

 * 1) Interjection examples
 * 2) *ですか. Gakusei desu ka?
 * 3) *そうです. Sou desu.
 * 4) *Translation
 * 5) *Are you a student?
 * 6) *Yes, I am.
 * 7) *アメリカ? Amerika-jin?
 * 8) *そうよ. Sou yo.
 * 9) *Translation
 * 10) *Are you American?
 * 11) *Yes, I am.
 * 12) *です. Kangoshi desu.
 * 13) *そうですか. Sou desu ka?
 * 14) *Translation
 * 15) *I'm a nurse.
 * 16) *Are you really?
 * 17) *なだ. Kantan na shukudai da.
 * 18) *そう？ Sou?
 * 19) *Translation
 * 20) *This is simple homework.
 * 21) *Is it?
 * 22) Na-adjective examples
 * 23) *さんですか. Bengoshi-san desu ka?
 * 24) * そうです. Sou desu.

Culture
In Japanese, はい hai is similar to the English word "yes", while いいえ iie is similar to "no". The use of the Japanese terms, however, does not correspond exactly to that of the English words. More precisely, はい hai in Japanese means, "I agree with you", or, "It is correct." Thus, English speakers may struggle with the proper Japanese answer to negative questions (e.g. Don't you ...? or ..., don't you?). Specifically, はい hai answers a negative question in the sense that corresponds to the English "No." Likewise, いいえ iie answers a negative question in the sense that corresponds to the English "Yes."

Links
"Yes and Hai" by Keiichiro


text: User talk:203.26.206.130

title: User talk:203.26.206.130


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Digestion

2. Keep a record of what and how much food you eat for two weeks. Compare your diet to that of the food pyramid.
If you have access to the Internet, you can visit the USDA's MyPyramidTracker.gov web site, the official home of the Food Pyramid. Once you register, you can enter all the foods you eat in a day, and it will analyze your nutrient intake (among other things) based on this information. MyPyramidTracker can retain the information you enter for up to a year, so tracking it for two weeks will be easy.

If your Pathfinders do not have access to the Internet, have them record their diets on paper. You can then use the website to extract the necessary data by entering each food individually, or you can find a cookbook that has nutrient values of various foods in an appendix. Another option would be to meet in a place that has public Internet access, such as a library or Internet cafe. Then your Pathfinders can enter the data they have collected for a week and analyze it there.

The values in the table below are for children who are physically active for 60 minutes or more per day. Use the USDA website for adults and less active children.

3. What is digestion? What is another name for the human digestive system?
Digestion is the conversion of food into substances that can be absorbed by the body. Another name for the human digestive system is the gastrointestinal tract, or just the GI tract for short.

4. Where does saliva come from? What are the three functions of saliva?
Saliva, often informally known as spit, is the moist, clear, and usually somewhat frothy substance produced in the mouth. Saliva is produced in and secreted from the salivary glands.
 * 1) Saliva moistens food so it can be swallowed easily.
 * 2) Saliva contains an enzyme that breaks some starches down into maltose and dextrin.
 * 3) Saliva protects teeth from decay by plaque.  Saliva is used to neutralize acids made from sugars in the mouth, therefore helping to prevent demineralization. Remineralization is when saliva helps repair the damaged crystals of the tooth enamel.

5. Be able to identify the following parts of the tooth. What role do the teeth play in digestion?

The primary function of teeth is to tear and chew food, reducing it into smaller pieces. This is the first step in the digestive process.

Enamel
Enamel is the outside covering of the exposed portion of a tooth. It is the hardest substance that is part of the human body.

Dentin
The Dentin (also called Dentine) is the substance between the enamel (substance in the crown) or cementum (substance in the root) of a tooth and the pulp chamber.

Pulp
The dental pulp is the part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue.

Gum
The gums consist of the tissue surrounding the roots of the teeth and covering the jawbone.

Cementum
Cementum is a specialized bony substance covering the root of a tooth.

Periodontal membrane
The periodontal membrane is the tissue between the tooth and the tooth socket. It holds the tooth in place.

6. Be able to label a diagram or model of all the organs that help with digestion, starting from where the food goes into the mouth to where it is expelled from the anus.

Food enters the body through the mouth where it is manipulated by the tongue and chewed with the teeth. Salivary glands secrete saliva which is used to soften and lubricate the food. The tongue then pushes the food down the esophagus and it enters the stomach. The main job of the stomach is to break down large fat molecules into smaller ones, so that they can be absorbed into the intestines more easily. Food remains in the stomach for a few hours before it is passed into the upper part of the small initestine - the duodenum. The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. There are microscopic finger-like projections called villi covering the small intestinal walls which increase surface area for absorption.

The large intestine comes after the small intestine in the digestive tract. It is mainly responsible for storing waste, reclaiming water, maintaining the water balance, and absorbing some vitamins, such as vitamin K.

By the time the chyme has reached this tube, almost all nutrients and 90% of the water have been absorbed by the body. The rectum comes after the large intestine and acts as a temporary storage facility for feces. Feces are expelled from the body through the anus during the act of defecation, which is the primary function of the anus.

Related Organs

The liver secretes bile into the small intestine, employing the gallbladder as a reservoir. The pancreas secretes a fluid containing several enzymes into the small intestine. Both these secretory organs aid in digestion.

7. Know the difference between food bolus and chyme.
Bolus is any fairly large quantity of matter, usually food, making its way through the digestive tract.

Chyme is the liquid substance found in the stomach before entering the duodenum. It is made of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes.

8. Where does bile come from? Where is it stored? What does it do in the duodenum?
Bile (or gall) is a bitter, greenish-yellow fluid secreted by the liver. It is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.

==9. What are villi? What makes them absorb the nutrients so quickly? At what point are all the nutrients removed from the food/chyme? Compare the amount of water absorbed by plain paper compared to a similar sized paper towel using an 1/8 cup (17.2 ml) of water.==

Villi are tiny, finger-like structures that protrude from the wall of the intestine. In all humans, the villi increase intestinal absorptive surface area 9000-fold, providing exceptionally efficient absorption of nutrients. This increases the surface area of the intestine to an area about the same size as a tennis court. There are also enzymes on the surface of the villi for digestion.

Plain paper is smooth, but a paper towel is bumpy. The bumps in the paper towel are similar to the villi, as they increase the surface area of the paper towel, and thus increase its absorption capacity. You should see most of the water run off the surface of the plain paper, while most of it is absorbed by the paper towel.

10. What happens if too much water is present in the large intestine? What happens if not enough water is present?
Too much water in the colon results in diarrhea. This occurs when insufficient fluid is absorbed by the colon. As part of the digestion process, or due to fluid intake, food is mixed with large amounts of water. Thus, digested food is essentially liquid prior to reaching the colon. The colon absorbs water, leaving the remaining material as a semisolid stool. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, absorption is inhibited, and watery stools result.

Too little water in the large intestine results in constipation. Constipation or Irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person experiences hard feces that are difficult to eliminate; it may be extremely painful.

11. How does fiber in your diet aid in digestion? How long should food remain in the digestive tract? What happens if food stays in the digestive system too long?
Increased fiber consumption appears to lower the risk of developing type II diabetes and heart disease. It may also help prevent high cholesterol and help fight obesity. High-fiber foods help move waste through the digestive tract faster and easier, so possibly harmful substances do not have as much contact with the gastrointestinal tract and reduce straining.

Food stays in the stomach between 30 minutes and two hours. It takes another two to six hours for it to pass through the small intestine, and between six and 72 hours in the large intestine.

Since the large intestine absorbs water from the food, any food that stays there for too long has too much water removed from it resulting in constipation.

But that is not the worst of it. Without proper digestion, food stays in the stomach for prolonged periods, fermenting and producing increasing amounts of gas and building up toxins.

If some type of antacid is taken at this point, the stomach contents will become alkaline, which will then cause this undigested food to drop into the small intestine where it continues to ferment and produce even more gas.

At this stage, nothing has happened to improve digestion because the antacid has now effectively been made worse by halting any further digestion and merely relocating the symptom by exchanging stomach gas for intestinal gas.

If the emptying time of the stomach is delayed for too long, bile is regurgitated backward into the stomach. Bile is caustic and very irritating to the stomach lining.

So in short, what happens if food stays in the digestive system too long is: #1 Toxicity. Extras: fermentation, constipation, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), and heartburn.

12. Demonstrate the digestion of starch into simple sugar using the iodine test.
Starch is converted into sugar by saliva, and when iodine comes into contact with starch, it turns from brown to a dark purple or black. These two facts can be used in a simple experiment.

First, have a Pathfinder volunteer to generate some saliva, and collect it in a test tube. You will need about 1.5 inches of saliva in the test tube. To aid in salivation, the Pathfinder may find it advantageous to chew on some clean rubber bands. Do not use gum, as this will put sugar into the saliva and ruin the experiment. You will need a second test tube with an equal amount of water (1.5 inches).

Second, take a single saltine cracker and wrap it in wax paper. Then pulverize it into a fine powder. Add half the "powdered" cracker to a test tube of saliva, and add the rest to the test tube of water. Allow them to sit for 30 minutes.

Finally, add a drop of iodine to each test tube. The iodine in the cracker/water test tube should turn purple, showing the presence of starch. The iodine in the cracker/saliva test tube should not change color (it should remain brown) showing that the starch has been converted to something else (sugar in this case).

To ensure success, do not allow the Pathfinder to mix the saliva and cracker in his mouth. You need a LOT of saliva and only a little cracker so that all of the starch is converted to sugar before the iodine is added.

13. What are the six basic nutrients that are essential for life and where does the bulk of their digestion/absorption take place?

 * Carbohydrates are compounds made of sugars. Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine.
 * Proteins are made of amino acids. Most protein digestion takes place in the duodenum with the overall contribution from the stomach being small.
 * Fats consist of a glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached. Fats are completely digested in the small intestine.
 * Vitamins are organic compounds essential to the body. Vitamins are absorbed by the small intestine.
 * Minerals are trace elements such as iron, copper, and salts essential to metabolism. Minerals are absorbed in the small intestine.
 * Water is an essential nutrient and is directly involved in all the chemical reactions of life. It is primarily absorbed in the large intestine.

14. Know the difference between monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. What is the most important carbohydrate?

 * Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste.
 * Disaccharides are sugars (carbohydrates) composed of two monosaccharides.
 * Polysaccharides are relatively complex carbohydrates. They are made up of many monosaccharides joined together. They are therefore very large, often branched, molecules.

The most important carbohydrate is the one that they are all made from: monosaccharide.

==15. What are amino acids? How many are needed to make all the proteins in the body? What is meant by essential amino acids? How many of them are essential? Where can you get all the essential amino acids?==

Amino acids are the molecules from which proteins are built. There are twenty standard amino acids used by cells in protein biosynthesis.

Essential amino acids are the nine amino acids required for protein synthesis that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained in the diet: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

Only some foods contain all the essential amino acids. These include milk and dairy products, eggs, fish, meat and poultry. If you don't eat animal products, the only way you can get all the essential amino acids is by combining plant foods. For example: corn plus peas or beans, rice plus beans, lentils plus bread.

16. What is ATP? What is it used for? What does your body make ATP from? What three sets of chemical reactions make ATP in your body? Why do we need to breathe oxygen?
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. ATP is used for transporting energy around in your body. All the energy your body uses is supplied by ATP. ATP is made by three chemical reactions: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

 * Glycolysis is a pathway that takes place within the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen. The reaction produces four ATP molecules, but consumes two of them during the process.
 * The Krebs Cycle is a pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. The Krebs cycle produces ATP and another chemical called NADH.
 * Oxidative phosphorylation converts the leftover NADH produced by the Krebs cycle into more ATP.

While glycolysis does not require oxygen, the other two ATP-producing reactions do. We need to breathe oxygen to supply it to these processes.

17. Know the difference between water and fat soluble vitamins. What are two common vitamins that are fat soluble? What are two vitamins that are water soluble?
Fat-soluble vitamins may be stored in the body and can cause toxicity when taken in excess. Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body, with the exception of Vitamin B12, which is stored in the liver.

Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K.

Water-soluble vitamins include the eight B's and C.

19. List five (5) E.G. White references that promote proper digestion. Choose a variety of topics.

 * Counsels on Diet and Foods, page 175, paragraph 2
 * Selected Messages Book 2, page 415, paragraph 3
 * Testimony Studies on Diet and Foods, page 91, paragraph 7
 * Child Guidance, page 390, paragraph 3
 * A Call to Medical Evangelism and Health Education, page 36, paragraph 1


text:
Climate Change/Further Reading

Non-technical works

 * Broecker, Wallace S. and Robert Kunzig: Fixing Climate: What Past Climate Changes Reveal About the Current Threat--and How to Counter It. Hill and Wang, 272 pp. ISBN-10: 0809045028, ISBN-13: 978-0809045020
 * Fagan, Brian: The Great Warming: Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations. Bloomsbury Press, 304 pp. ISBN-10: 159691601X, ISBN-13: 978-1596916012.
 * Flannery, Tim: The Weather Makers: How Man Is Changing the Climate and What It Means for Life on Earth. Grove Press, 400 pp. ISBN-10: 0802142923, ISBN-13: 978-0802142924.
 * Kolbert, Elizabeth, 2006: Field Notes from a Catastrophe: Man, Nature, and Climate Change. New York, NY, Bloomsbury. ISBN: (978-)1-59691-125-3
 * McDonough, William and Michael Braungart, 2002: Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the way we make things. North Point Press.
 * Hillman, Mayer, Tina Fawcett and Sudhir Chella Rajan, 2007: The Suicidal Planet: How to Prevent Global Climate Change. New York, NY, St. Martin's Press.

Textbooks

 * Burroughs, William James, 2001, Climate Change: A multidisciplinary approach, Cambridge Univ. Press, 320 pp. ISBN: 0521567718.
 * Hartmann, D. Global Physical Climatology
 * Peixoto & Oort, Physics of Climate
 * Holton, J. Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 4th Ed.
 * Archie Duncanson. "Ecology Begins at Home" ISBN 190399845X. Free downloadable version is available. Contains many methods to reduce your footprint on planet Earth.
 * Sophie Uliano. "Gorgeously Green: 8 Simple Steps to an Earth-Friendly Life" ISBN 0061575569. Women way to solve everyday problems with reducing impact on planet and improving heath.
 * Anita Evangelista. "How to Live Without Electricity and Like It". ISBN 0966693213. Provides great insights into low-tech solutions for everyday problems.
 * Giles Slade. "Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America" ISBN 0674022033. Gives overview of history of technologies embedded in everyday life of modern society and wasteful culture.
 * Richard Heinberg. "The Party's Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies". ISBN 0865714827. Interesting philosophical outlook on history of technological civilization and it's possible fate.
 * Human Footprint video by National Geographic Channel
 * Elizabeth Royte. "Bottlemania: How Water Went on Sale And Why We Bought It". ISBN 1-59691-371-1. History and problems of bottled water with comprehensive review of issues with tap water and additional filters.
 * "Food, Inc. How Industrial Food Is Making Us Sicker, Fatter, and Poorer — And What You Can Do About It". ISBN 978-1-58648-694-5. Great insight into modern industrial food production system.

Scientific Literature

 * Hansen et al., 2005. Science 308[3]
 * Hegerl, Gabriele C., Thomas J. Crowley, William T. Hyde and David J. Frame, 2006: Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries. Nature 440(7087), pp. 1029-1032. 10.1038/nature04679
 * Oreskes, Naomi, 2004. Science 306(5702), 10.1126/science.1103618.
 * Pacala S, Socolow R, 2004: Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies. Science 305(5686), pp. 968-972. LINK

title: Climate Change/Further Reading


text:
Talk:French/Lessons/Shopping

Untitled
Ils/elles payent are also correct. – M·D 23:31, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Could we have some vocabulary relating to supermarket loyalty cards here? Peter R Runes 22:28, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Ce sera tout?
The expression Avec ceci? is also commonly used instead of the question Ce sera tout ? Galoubet (talk) 10:35, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:French/Lessons/Shopping


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Wikibooks:Book of the month/2006

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title: Wikibooks:Book of the month/2006


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Muffliato

Overview
Muffliato is a spell that "fills the ears with an unidentifiable buzzing sound."

Analysis
Muffliato was one of the spells Harry found in the Half Blood Prince's copy of the Advanced Potion Making textbook.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Montague

Overview
Montague is a Slytherin, probably one or two years older than Harry Potter.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Montague is mentioned as being on the Slytherin Quidditch team, where he plays in the final against Gryffindor. He and team Captain Marcus Flint, between them, rack up a very impressive number of fouls. During the match, he scores Slytherin's second and last goal.

Order of the Phoenix
It is mentioned that Montague is the new captain of the Slytherin Quidditch team, presumably replacing Marcus Flint. The commentary on the game lets us know that he is playing as one of the three Chasers again.

Dolores Umbridge appoints Montague to be on her Inquisitorial Squad. He attempts to dock House points from Fred and George Weasley, and they shove him into an old, broken Vanishing Cabinet. Some short time later, he reappears, apparently partly embedded in one of the toilets. He never seems to fully recover from this misadventure, and while his parents do visit at one point, he is still in the Hospital Wing at the school as OWL exams finish up in mid-June — when Harry goes to the Hospital Wing to speak with Professor McGonagall after his vision in the History of Magic exam, Madam Pomfrey is spooning blue potion into Montague's mouth.

Half-Blood Prince
Draco Malfoy reveals that when he was trapped in the Vanishing Cabinets, Montague had found himself sometimes hearing things happening inside the school, sometimes hearing things happening inside Borgin and Burkes. Realizing that the two cabinets were linked, Draco had repaired the Cabinet at Hogwarts, and had used that to allow Death Eaters to enter Hogwarts.

Strengths
It is mentioned that Montague is physically quite strong, and evidently he is a competent flyer.

Weaknesses
It is strongly suggested by the author that after his shattering sojourn in the Vanishing Cabinets, and the bad landing from his Apparating out of that situation, that his mental abilities are impaired, as is his physical strength.

Analysis
We are never actually told about Montague's strength, either mental or physical, after the events in the Vanishing Cabinet. We are, however, given some very strong hints.

On the mental acuity side, when we see him mid-June, Madam Pomfrey is spooning some blue potion into his mouth. The implication inherent in the word "spooning" is that Montague is not capable of steering the spoon himself. On the physical side, it is certain that Montague remained in the Hospital Wing from when the accident occurred, about April, to at least mid-June. Even for wizards as young and healthy as Montague, that much confinement must cause some muscle mass loss. One certainly gets a picture of a near-invalid, confined to the Hospital Wing for two months, and still unable to feed himself.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Colin Creevey

Overview
Colin Creevey is student a year younger than Harry. Colin is obsessed with Harry in his first year, and along with Ginny Weasley, is teased about creating a Harry Potter fan club.

Chamber of Secrets
Colin, an almost intolerably chirpy child, is Sorted into Gryffindor.

On the first day of classes, Colin corners Harry, demanding a photograph as proof that he has actually met the famous Harry Potter. A small crowd, including Draco Malfoy, gathers while this was going on, and Draco immediately seizes on this, telling Gilderoy Lockhart, who is passing by, that Harry is offering signed photos. Gilderoy overpowers Harry's reluctance, and tells Colin to make it a picture of the two of them. He then drags Harry away for some "fatherly advice on handling fame". Harry is later teased about this by Hagrid.

Harry is not terribly successful in his attempts to avoid Colin over the next week, and Colin accompanies him to the first Quidditch practice of the season. Oliver Wood is initially concerned about this strange person always clicking away with his camera while they are practicing, but soon has larger problems: the Slytherin team arrive, claiming that they have been granted use of the pitch by Professor Snape, to allow them to train their new Seeker, Draco Malfoy. When Ron curses Draco with his broken wand, is hit by the curse backfire, and starts vomiting slugs, Colin has to be restrained from taking pictures of him in his distress.

Passing Harry in the hall, Colin mentions that someone had said Harry was the heir of Slytherin, the one apparently responsible for opening the Chamber of Secrets.

When Harry is struck by an enchanted Bludger during the Quidditch game against Slytherin, a mistaken spell by Professor Lockhart removes all the bones in his arm, sending him to the Hospital Wing overnight. While he is there, Professor Dumbledore and Professor McGonagall bring in Colin, who has been Petrified. They surmise from the bunch of grapes he had been carrying that he was on his way to the Infirmary to visit someone, probably Harry, and as he was holding his camera before his face, they believe he was trying to take a picture of something. Opening the back of his camera to see what he had been trying to photograph, Dumbledore releases a cloud of burned-plastic smoke.

The news of Colin's Petrification apparently quite upsets Ginny. We do not yet know quite why.

Once Harry and Ron determine that the monster in the Chamber is a Basilisk, they also realize that every person attacked was Petrified, rather than killed, because they did not see the monster directly. In Colin's case, he was looking through his camera, and saw the Basilisk through his camera lens (and presumably mirror, assuming a single-lens reflex camera).

At the end of the story, Colin is re-animated, as are the rest of the Petrified students.

Prisoner of Azakban
When Harry enters the Gryffindor Common Room during the first Hogsmeade weekend, he sees several younger and older students sitting around, including Colin. When Colin asks Harry if he wants to join him and his friends, Harry leaves the Common Room, not in the mood to have people look at his scar. Other than that, Colin doesn't appear in the book except in crowd scenes.

Goblet of Fire
Colin very excitedly tells Harry that his brother Dennis is starting at Hogwarts. Dennis is Sorted into Gryffindor, and Colin points out the famous Harry Potter to him.

Colin is the messenger who summons Harry to the Weighing of the Wands ceremony before the First Task. His prattle of photo opportunities and the associated fame quite sours Professor Snape, whose class Harry is being summoned from. As Harry and Colin proceed to the designated classroom, Colin goes on about how it must be nice to be so famous, not heeding Harry's weariness at the prospect.

Draco Malfoy has started distributing buttons that say "Support Cedric Diggory, the True Hogwarts Champion", and when pressed, change to say "Potter Stinks". Colin, with his brother Dennis, are seen at one point trying to Charm one of these badges, but are unsuccessful; when Harry returns to the Common Room that night, they have given up and left the badge on the table. The badge now reads "Potter Really Stinks", and when Ron interrupts Harry's conversation with Sirius Black, Harry throws it at him in anger.

Order of the Phoenix
Colin is one of the students who attends the first meeting of Dumbledore's Army. We are led to understand that he attends further meetings, and makes much progress with the spells that Harry teaches, but he does not play a very large part in this book.

Deathly Hallows
Colin, seen in the Great Hall, is told to evacuate the school with the other underage wizards, but apparently somehow makes his way back to the school. He is killed by Death Eaters in the final Battle of Hogwarts; in the quiet time after Harry has seen Snape killed, Harry sees Oliver Wood and Neville Longbottom bringing Colin's body in from the grounds.

Strengths
Colin's main strength is his unremitting cheerfulness. While this can be annoying to those around him, like Harry, it results in him being willing to take on almost any challenge.

Weaknesses
While his cheerfulness does make him willing to take on many challenges, the fact is that much of what he tries to do is beyond his ability. We see this in his attempt to change what the Potter Stinks button says, and quite possibly it is what leads to his death.

Relationships with Other Characters
Colin almost worships Harry, and is amazed that he has been Sorted into the same House as the famous Harry Potter.

His perpetual gung-ho enthusiasm seems to keep many others at a distance; we certainly never seem to see him spending time outside class with any other students, apart from his brother Dennis.

Analysis
Colin is a rather interesting mix of Muggle and Wizarding attributes. Clearly, he has not been raised among Wizards, because like Harry he is totally unfamiliar with the ways of magic; he has never before seen Wizarding photos, and is quite obviously amazed to learn that if he uses the correct potion as a developer, the resulting photos will move. However, he also hero-worships Harry, who is a celebrity only among Wizards, and it seems he feels his parents do the same, as he says he wants a signed photo for them. Additionally, there is Dennis, who is also a Wizard; how likely is it that two Wizards can spring from one set of Muggle roots? We have no way of judging.

In part because of this, Colin and Dennis' Blood status was never entirely clear. On the one side, some commentators have suggested that the Basilisk attack on Colin was evidence of his Muggle origin, though it may be questioned exactly how much control over the Basilisk the Heir actually has at that point. On the other side of the question, the fact that Colin was at Hogwarts during the final battle in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, when Hogwarts has been closed to all except those who can claim Blood status, is seen as evidence that Colin is able to prove that he has Wizarding ancestry.

The author has stated, since publication, that Colin and Dennis are, in fact, Muggle-born, and did not attend Hogwarts during Harry's seventh year. In an online question and answer session on July 30th 2007, she said that Colin had returned to the school along with the other exiled and graduate members of Dumbledore's Army, when Neville summoned them, and joined them all in the Great Hall where they gathered to prepare for the coming battle. There, McGonagall ordered him to leave, which he did, though presumably not actually getting as far as the Room of Requirement. He then sneaked back in to join the battle, as a true Gryffindor would, and died.

Questions

 * 1) Why do you think Colin Creevey is so obsessed with Harry?


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Cedric Diggory

Overview
Cedric Diggory is Seeker and Captain of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Cedric Diggory, here described as a fifth-year student, is the new captain of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team that is competing against Gryffindor in the Hogwarts Quidditch championship first match. Cedric caught the Snitch, winning the match, after Dementors illegally glided onto the pitch during the game, causing Harry to faint and fall off his broom. Believing that Hufflepuff won by an unfair advantage, Cedric wanted to replay the game, but he was overruled by Oliver Wood, the Gryffindor Quidditch captain, and also Hogwarts faculty.

When Harry brings his new Firebolt down to breakfast, before the Gryffindor vs Ravenclaw game, Cedric comes over to congratulate Harry on getting a superb replacement for his destroyed Nimbus 2000.

Goblet of Fire
Cedric and his father briefly appear as they journey to the Quidditch World championship with Harry Potter, the Weasleys, and Hermione Granger. They then head for another campsite, and we do not see Cedric again until the school year starts.

At Hogwarts, both Cedric and Harry are chosen as contestants in the inter-school Triwizard Tournament that is being held at the castle. Though Harry is under-aged, he is forced to compete in the dangerous event after an unknown person entered his name into the Goblet of Fire. Much of the plot involves Harry and Cedric's ongoing rivalry while competing in the Tournament, and also for Cho Chang's affections, though she is already dating Cedric.

During the Tournament's final task, Cedric and Harry, who have helped each other throughout the contest, agree to grab the Triwizard trophy together. But the cup is actually a portkey crafted by Lord Voldemort's servants. Cedric and Harry are transported to a graveyard, where Cedric is immediately murdered by Peter Pettigrew (Wormtail), a Death Eater. As Harry duels Voldemort in the cemetery, Cedric's "shade," along with the shades of the Dark Lord's other recent victims, helps distract the re-animated Voldemort long enough for Harry to escape to the portkey, returning to Hogwarts with Cedric's body. Later, Harry offers his prize money to Cedric's parents, believing Cedric won it, but they refuse, saying it rightfully belongs to Harry.

Order of the Phoenix
While Cedric is physically no longer present, he is mentioned several times during the book, chiefly due to Cho Chang crying about his death. Part of the impetus for the relationship between Cho and Harry is Cho's questions about Cedric's death; and Cho's lingering grief contributes to the relationship ending.

Strengths
An athletic, intelligent, and handsome young man, Cedric is what many boys Harry's age aspire to be. He easily makes friends, and has many, and appears to have no enemies. He is considered honourable, fair-minded, and trustworthy.

Although sorted into Hufflepuff, a house that traditionally garners students with more average abilities, Cedric clearly shows talents and skills far above the usual standard. He quickly becomes a leader within his own house, is the captain of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team, and is selected over all other Hogwarts students to compete in the grueling and dangerous Triwizard Tournament. Although Harry Potter was also selected, his bogus entry into the Tournament was orchestrated by Lord Voldemort's agent, who "confunded" the Goblet of Fire into sensing that Harry was a student from another school. Despite Harry's suspicious entry, Diggory supports him throughout the Tournament, as Harry does for him.

Weaknesses
Although Cedric is honest and hardworking, he occasionally demonstrates a certain lack of ingenuity, initiative, and drive, though this changes as he competes in the Tournament. Prior to the first Triwizard event, the other contestants, aided by their mentors, utilize whatever means they can to discover what the task might entail. Cedric, however, apparently does nothing to try and give himself a competitive edge, and merely waits for instructions. If not for Harry tipping him off about the Dragons, Cedric, woefully unprepared, might have fared disastrously in that event.

Relationships with Other Characters
Cedric always acts fairly with Harry, even when they are directly in competition with each other in the Tri-Wizard Tournament; Harry believes it is only fair to provide Cedric the same information that the other champions have learned regarding the first task; in return, Cedric later gives Harry a hint for solving a riddle related to the second task. As mentioned above, when Cedric feels that Hufflepuff unfairly won the Quidditch match against Gryffindor, he demands a rematch.

Because Harry is rather slow to act, Cedric beats him in inviting Cho Chang to the Yule Ball in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire; this seems to be the start to Cedric and Cho's serious romance, much to Harry's dismay. Their relationship lasts until Cedric's death during the Tournament. It is unknown if they would have lasted as a couple, but Cho is deeply affected by her loss.

Cedric, apparently an only child, is close to his parents, particularly his father, Amos, though the modest Cedric always seems mildly perturbed by Amos' constantly touting his son's accomplishments. Cedric's parents are devastated by their son's death.

Analysis
Cedric's father, Amos Diggory, appears to be creating a competitive atmosphere where none exists – casting Cedric's Quidditch win over Gryffindor as a great victory when Cedric would rather attribute it entirely to luck, and by making the rivalry between Harry and Cedric during the Triwizard Tournament into more than either boy is comfortable with. This is an all-too-common tendency of a father trying to live through his child's accomplishments.

Another editor has pointed out that Cedric somehow becomes a seventh-year student in book 4, after being a fifth-year student in book 3. While this has not yet been verified by reference to the fourth book it is certainly possible; Cedric was a Champion in the Tournament and so must have been over 17 years old on 31 October. We will, however, point out that while Harry did not turn 17 until just before what would have been his seventh year, Hermione was 17 for a significant part of her sixth year at Hogwarts; if Cedric's birthday falls between 1 September and 31 October, he would have turned 17 in his sixth year. If in fact Cedric missed a year as described, this would be referred to as a Flint, named for another character whose schooling was mistakenly prolonged.

Questions

 * 1) If Cedric had not been murdered, what do you think would have happened between Cedric and Cho, and what impact would that have on the books?


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Viktor Krum

Overview
Viktor Krum is the representative from the Eastern European school of magic, Durmstrang, in the Triwizard Tournament. He was also on the Bulgarian National Quidditch team. He is Hermione Granger's date for the Yule Ball during the Triwizard Tournament and is therefore seen with jealousy by Ron Weasley.

Goblet of Fire
We are introduced to Viktor Krum at the Quidditch World Cup. Krum is Seeker for the Bulgarian team, and is widely believed to be the best Seeker in the world; he manages to out-fly his opponent on the Irish team repeatedly, and catches the Snitch in the end despite his injuries. When he is not on his broom, his walk is ungainly; he is repeatedly described as "slouching" instead of walking. Ron almost worships Krum, to the point of buying a souvenir figurine of Krum that walks back and forth across his hand with Krum's characteristic duck-like gait.

When the representatives of Durmstrang Institute arrive at Hogwarts to enter the Triwizard Tournament, Ron is stunned to realize that Krum is among them — he had not thought that Krum was young enough to still be in school. His hopes of having Krum sit at the Gryffindor table for dinner are dashed, though: the Durmstrang delegation chooses the Slytherin table.

Krum's name is chosen by the Goblet of Fire, making him the Durmstrang champion for the Tournament. His headmaster, Igor Karkaroff, seems to feel that the Goblet has made the only logical choice. Krum does not say much when Harry is also chosen as a Champion; Karkaroff has to do most of his talking for him.

During the Fall term, Hermione keeps finding Krum in the library when she goes there to study. She finds this irritating, not because of Krum, but because of the gaggle of giggling girls who seem to follow him around, looking for autographs.

In the first Task of the Tournament, Krum uses the Conjunctivitus curse on his dragon to allow him to get past it and steal the Golden Egg. The dragon, enraged, flails around and breaks some of its own eggs, which costs him points; however, he comes out of the First Task with 40 points, tied for first with Harry.

Krum, it transpires, has invited Hermione to the Yule Ball. This infuriates Ron, though he doesn't really understand why; he thinks that he is angry with Hermione for "consorting with the enemy". After the Ball, Hermione and Ron have a flaming row in the Gryffindor common room, which Hermione ends by saying "Next time there's a ball, ask me before someone else does, and not as a last resort!", and stalking off to the girl's dormitory. Harry later finds an arm on the floor of the dormitory that looks suspiciously like it might have been broken off a figurine of Krum that Ron owns.

In the Second Task of the Tournament, the Champions each have to retrieve something of great value to them which is being held by the Merpeople deep under the lake at Hogwarts. The thing of great value to Krum is Hermione. Krum uses a partial Transfiguration spell to give himself a shark head, but is unable to cut Hermione free; Harry, who is there waiting to see if any other hostages need rescuing, hands him a sharp stone that he has picked up off the lake bed. On the surface, Krum seems to be trying to keep Hermione's attention away from Ron and Harry, when they surface. It is during this interval that Krum invites Hermione to visit him in Bulgaria over the summer. After consultation between the judges, Krum is awarded 40 points for the Task, putting him in second place behind Harry and Cedric Diggory, who are tied for first.

Shortly afterwards, Rita Skeeter, writing in Witch Weekly, says that Hermione is keeping both Harry and Krum on a string. Hermione wonders how Rita knows that Viktor has invited her to Bulgaria, as she hasn't told anyone.

Shortly after the briefing for the Third Task of the Tournament, Krum takes Harry aside to ask if Hermione is Harry's girlfriend. Harry responds that she is not; Krum says she talks about him all the time, and Harry says, that's because they are friends, no more than that. While they are talking, Mr. Crouch emerges from the Forbidden Forest. Krum is at a loss for what to do, but Harry tells him to keep an eye on Crouch, and goes off to fetch Professor Dumbledore. On Harry's return, Crouch is gone, and Krum is Stunned; when Dumbledore revives him, he says that Crouch must have Stunned him.

Being in second place, Krum enters the Third Task maze after Harry and Cedric. Harry finds him performing the Cruciatus Curse on Cedric, Stuns him, and signals that he is out of the competition. It turns out later that Krum was being controlled at the time by Barty Crouch Jr. using the Imperius curse.

After the return of Lord Voldemort, Karkaroff runs. As the Durmstrang delegation prepares to leave Hogwarts at the end of the year, Ron wonders how they are going to get back to school with Karkaroff gone. Krum, who evidently has come to say goodbye to Harry and Hermione, remarks that Karkaroff had not done much of the driving; Krum had been in charge most of the way over and could get them back again easily enough. Finally, Ron unbends enough to ask Krum for his autograph.

Order of the Phoenix
Viktor is mentioned in passing when Hermione is trying to get Harry to teach Defence Against the Dark Arts. Hermione says that Viktor had mentioned that Harry could do all sorts of things that Viktor couldn't, and Viktor was in his last year at Durmstrang. Ron, as usual, makes a sarcastic comment about "Vicky", which Hermione dismisses.

When Hermione, Harry, and Ron are discussing the events of the final session of Dumbledore's Army before the Christmas break, Hermione is in the middle of writing quite a long letter to Viktor. Ron is again sarcastic about "Vicky", and says darkly that he'd like to be much more than just a pen pal. To the reader, it is quite clear that Ron is correct about Viktor's intentions, that Ron is jealous of Viktor's attentions to Hermione, and, perhaps, that Ron is unaware of these feelings himself.

Half-Blood Prince
Viktor Krum is likely still corresponding with Hermione, but no particular mention of that is made in this book.

Deathly Hallows
Fleur Delacour has invited Viktor to her wedding; Hermione is quite startled and evidently pleased to see him there. Ron, of course, is jealous.

Harry, disguised as the Weasleys' "Cousin Barny", is sitting at a table with Ron and Hermione when Krum joins them; this inspires Ron to ask Hermione if she'd like to dance. Krum points out Xenophilius Lovegood, saying that he would duel him in other circumstances, because he is wearing the symbol of Grindelwald. He brandishes his wand, reminding Harry of the Weighing of the Wands ceremony in Harry's fourth year, and that reminds him that Mr. Ollivander had said this was a Gregorovitch wand. Harry had been trying to remember where he had heard the name Gregorovitch, and recognizing the source, he says that Krum's wand was made by Gregorovitch. Krum asks where he had heard that, Harry says it was a fan magazine. Krum muses that he didn't think he had spoken to any fan magazines about his wand, and then comments that this was one of the last wands made before Gregorovitch retired. He then inquires whether Ginny Weasley is seeing anyone; Harry says that she is, and that he's big. Viktor expresses displeasure, asking what the point is of being famous if all the good women are taken?

Hermione later comments that she had seen Viktor storming away from Xeno Lovegood, and wonders if they had had an argument.

Strengths
Viktor is an international standard Quidditch player. He displays a perfect example of the Wronski Feint which impresses the spectators at the Quiddich World Cup.

Weaknesses
Viktor is something of a loner and rarely talks unless it is necessary. However, he gets along well with people he knows. While he seems to be quite curt with both Harry and Ron, part of that may be the result of the language barrier; Viktor's native tongue is, of course, one of the Slavic languages, probably Bulgarian.

Relationships with Other Characters
Viktor is Hermione Granger's date for the Yule Ball, and he also asks her to visit him in Bulgaria. He tells her he has never felt before the way he does about her. Hermione does not reciprocate these feelings, but that does not seem to prevent Viktor writing to her repeatedly and at some length during the years following the TriWizard Tournament.

Ron Weasley is jealous of Viktor's relationship with Hermione, yet he has to grudgingly admit that he is a fan of Viktor as a Quidditch player as at the end of the 4th Harry Potter book, Ron asks Viktor for a signiture.

Unlike Fleur, who needs some persuading, Viktor seems to have no particular problem with Harry participating as a Champion in the Tournament. He is quite civil to Harry, compliments his flying, and treats him with a certain amount of respect.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Firenze

Overview
Firenze is a Centaur who lives in the Forbidden Forest with the other Centaurs. Although they generally avoid humans, Firenze, the least aloof member in his herd, frequently interacts with Hagrid.

The author has said that Firenze's name is pronounced similarly to that of the Italian city.

Philosopher's Stone
When Harry is serving detention with Hagrid in the Forbidden Forest, Firenze rescues him from an unknown presence. Firenze also helps Harry figure out who is trying to steal the Philosopher's Stone and why. He is roundly criticized for helping Harry by Bane, a member of his herd, who believes Centaurs should remain aloof from puny Human problems.

Order of the Phoenix
At Albus Dumbledore's request, Firenze agrees to teach Divination at Hogwarts when Sybill Trelawney is sacked by Dolores Umbridge. This causes enormous turmoil between Firenze and the other centaurs, and Firenze is ejected from the herd.

Firenze teaches the Centaur method of divination, which is different from those used by Professor Trelawney. Instead it emphasizes divination's inexactness. Firenze also calls Harry aside to pass on a message to Hagrid saying that his (Hagrid's) attempt is not working. Although this is left unexplained, it is shortly learned that Hagrid is attempting to civilize his giant half-brother, Grawp.

Half-Blood Prince
Although Firenze continues teaching Divination at Hogwarts, alternating with Professor Trelawney, Harry is no longer taking the class and does not interact with him.

He is later seen at Dumbledore's funeral, where Umbridge (having been attacked by centaurs the previous year) sits far away from him.

Deathly Hallows
Firenze is still at Hogwarts. During the battle at Hogwarts, he receives a fairly major injury and is unable to stand. Apparently he is later fully healed.

In an interview after the seventh book was finished, the author stated that, as events had proven him, if not right, at least not wrong in helping the Humans, he was allowed to rejoin his herd in the Forbidden Forest.

Strengths
Firenze is skilled in the ancient Centaurian divination techniques involving smoke and stars. He demonstrates great patience with these strange Human foals that he has been called upon to teach.

Weaknesses
Like all centaurs, he tends to discount the cosmic importance of any non-Centaur race, including humans.

Relationships with Other Characters
Firenze is more sympathetic to Humans than other Centaurs, but that is not saying much; he remains aloof and supercilious. He evidently shares the opinion that Humans are a lesser breed unable to understand the subtleties apparent to Centaurs or possess their deeper understanding of the universe. He is more open to discussion with Professor Dumbledore and Harry, perhaps because he sees them as pivotal characters in the unfolding events in their personal corner of the universe. However, even with Harry, there is a reserve, an apparent belief that he cannot fully understand the Centaur way. It seems Firenze believes Dumbledore is the one Human who can understand Centaurs. Dolores Umbridge, however, hates and fears him, as she does all intelligent non-human or partly-human creatures. She is furious when Dumbledore appoints Firenze as the new Divination teacher after she sacks Professor Trelawney. Firenze's sympathy for humans causes trouble, and he clashes with the herd's elders. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, he is banished from the herd and is now a lone Centaur.

Questions

 * 1) Why did Firenze choose to abandon the other centaurs and teach at Hogwarts?
 * 2) In Firenze's first lesson, he seems unconcerned that none of his students succeed. What does this say about accepting things like control and fate?


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arabella Figg

Overview
Arabella Doreen Figg is Harry Potter's neighbor, possibly living on Wisteria Walk, near the Dursley home on Privet Drive. "Old Mrs. Figg" often is called on to watch Harry when the Dursleys are on some fun outing or other, such as Dudley's birthday parties. She is a classic old lady with too many cats.

Philosopher's Stone
Harry dreads Dudley's birthday because it means he will be sent to Mrs. Figg's, where he will spend the entire day being told, again, about the life histories of the cats in her photo album. As it turns out, however, she has broken her leg and so Harry has to go to the zoo with Dudley, much to Dudley's displeasure. After the events at the zoo, Harry is locked, once again, in the cupboard under the stairs; by the time he has been released, Dudley has knocked over Mrs Figg, on her crutches, with his new racing bike.

When he has to visit her later, she is not quite so keen to tell him about all her cats; it seems that she broke her leg tripping over one of them... so he gets to watch television instead.

Goblet of Fire
Harry's time at home at the beginning of this book is very limited, and he does not get a chance to speak with Mrs. Figg before the Weasleys arrive to take him to the Quidditch World Cup.

At the very end of the book, when Professor Dumbledore is sending people off on missions, he tells Sirius Black to get in touch with "the old crowd", and explicitly mentions Arabella Figg as one of that group. The reader doesn't notice the name going by, as who would connect batty old Mrs. Figg with her cats to the world of magic?

Order of the Phoenix
Much to Harry's surprise, it is revealed that Mrs. Figg is a Squib and a member of the Order of the Phoenix. Apparently, she was stationed to live near Harry in order to keep an eye on him and the Dursleys. With the re-creation of the Order of the Phoenix, she was formally brought into that order to assist in guarding Harry. She sees the attack on him and Dudley by Dementors, and roundly chastises Mundungus Fletcher for abandoning his post to attend to one of his shady deals at what turns out to be the worst possible time. During this reveal, she apologizes to Harry for making his stays with her unpleasant, explaining she couldn't otherwise have gotten the Dursleys to agree to them. Finally, she is a witness at the Wizengamot when Harry is tried for using magic on that occasion. Although she does testify that Harry was attacked by Dementors, the author has stated that she never actually saw the Dementors, but recognized them by their effects.

Half-Blood Prince
Harry spends so little time on Privet Drive in this book that there is no time to mention Mrs. Figg or the other members of the Order who are likely still present and keeping an eye on Harry. However, it is mentioned in passing that she attends Dumbledore's funeral, along with many other Order members.

Strengths
Arabella is a Squib and, as such, is not tracked or noticed by the Ministry of Magic. Thus she is able to assist Dumbledore in keeping an eye on Harry without the knowledge of the Ministry.

She also appears to have an ability to communicate with her cats, as one of them — Mr Tibbles — was able to relay information to her: specifically, that of the disappearance of Mundungus Fletcher.

Arrabella has a fairly strong will when provoked, as she physically attacks Mundungus in anger with her bag, and is confident enough to testify to the Ministry regarding Harry's innocence.

Weaknesses
Arabella is unable to use magic to defend herself or Harry. Without a wizard to assist, her guardian capabilities are limited.

Relationships with Other Characters
Arabella Figg is a Squib, and as such her relationships with the rest of the Wizarding world are of a very uneven sort; most pity her because she is part of their world, yet unable to partake, being unable to do any sort of magic. She does, however, know Dumbledore, maintaining a line of contact there. She presumably also knows many other members of the Order; she certainly knows Mundungus.

Despite being a Squib, Arabella does seem to have more of a connection to the Wizarding world than one might expect; she uses phrases such as "no use crying over spilt potion" and "the cat's among the pixies" (as opposed to "milk" and "pigeons"), once her Wizarding connection has been revealed. The author has also said that Arabella has a "roaring business" breeding cat-Kneazle hybrids like Crookshanks; it is possible Crookshanks came from Mrs. Figg originally, but that cannot be certain.

It may be difficult to connect Mrs. Figg to the Wizarding world before the reveal of her affiliation in the fifth book, but when Harry visits her on the first book, she lets him watch television and gives him cake, which hints at her true, kindly nature. In their limited interactions throughout the series, she clearly seems to like Harry.

Analysis
Mrs. Figg's major role is in the start of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, where she witnesses and bears witness to the attack on Harry and Dudley by the Dementors. There has been some question raised as to whether she, being a Squib, could actually perceive Dementors; a major point against is, of course, the author's statement that she could not see them. However, against this we have to put the words of Mrs. Figg herself, in the first paragraph of chapter 2 of that book: before anyone else has said anything, Mrs. Figg says "Dementors! In Little Whinging!" Clearly, whether or not she can see the Dementors, she is aware of their presence and can identify them.

Questions

 * 1) Someone has to be placed near the Dursleys' to watch over Harry while he is growing up – the prophecy makes it clear that he will be an important wizard. Why a Squib?
 * 2) In the first book, we see that Mrs. Figg has broken her leg and is in a cast and using crutches. If the Wizarding world can mend bones in an instant, why is she using Muggle forms of healing?

Greater Picture
A popular theory for why Mrs. Figg is selected as guard for Harry, is that no one could detect their magical power because Arabella, a Squib, has none, and Harry is underage and so theoretically can't do magic. Harry's being underage would, of course, be no bar to the detection of his use of magic once he purchases a wand, as is amply demonstrated when the Ministry for Magic warns him about the use of magic in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Perhaps a better explanation is Dumbledore's sympathy for the non-magical. It is likely Dumbledore who managed to get Argus Filch a job as caretaker of the castle at Hogwarts, a job which is one of the few in the Wizarding world of which he is capable; likewise, this watchman job is one suited to Mrs. Figg's lack of magical ability. It is also likely true that once a Wizarding child is tested as non-magical, and therefore a Squib, he or she no longer falls under the purview of the Ministry of Magic, and so is no longer tracked by that Ministry. Arabella could thus be set to watch over Harry, and the Ministry would be none the wiser that anyone was taking any interest in him.


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User talk:65.43.117.65

Please stop vandalizing Wikibooks, you will get banned if you continue to do so.

title: User talk:65.43.117.65


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Cookbook:Creamy Mustard Vinaigrette

| Salad Recipes

This variation on the basic vinaigrette is much thicker and goes great with contrasting flavors in salad such as dried cranberries and bell peppers.

Ingredients

 * 6 tablespoons Dijon mustard
 * 5 tablespoons olive oil (light or virgin)
 * 2 teaspoons white wine vinegar or cider vinegar
 * 1 tablespoon honey
 * Salt to taste
 * Freshly-ground pepper to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Mix all ingredients except oil until well blended.
 * 2) Slowly mix in oil until fully incorporated.
 * 3) Add salt and pepper to taste.

title: Cookbook:Creamy Mustard Vinaigrette