text:
Basic Geography/Climate

Climate is commonly considered to be "the weather averaged over a long period of time, typically 30 years". The concept of "climate" includes the statistics of the weather—such as the degree of day-to-day or year-to-year variation."

Climate is variable across the globe; it is affected by landscape, relief, and activities (both human and physical). There are also microclimates. These are areas within a climatic region that can vary (e.g. top of hill, sunny side of hill, shaded side of hill, bottom of the hill, etc.). Climate is variable across time, including deep time.

It is important to note that weather is not the same as climate. Weather is the state of conditions at a certain point in time, as opposed to climate which covers a longer period of time. The different parts of the weather include: temperature, pressure, precipitation and humidity.

The science of monitoring and studying the atmosphere and predicting its weather and climate is called meteorology. People who study weather and climate are known as meteorologists.

Contents Of Climate

 * 1) /Climate Elements/ [[Image:75%.svg]]
 * 2) Weather Fronts and Global Air Masses [[Image:50%.svg]]
 * 3) Recording and Mapping the Weather [[Image:25%.svg]]
 * 4) Global Climate Zones [[Image:75%.svg]]
 * 5) Weather Extremes and Climatic Change [[Image:75%.svg]]

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Basic Geography/Climate


text:
Basic Geography/Climate/Climate Elements

Temperature
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of the atmosphere on some chosen scale. It is commonly measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit. Temperature is a very important factor in determining the weather, because it influences other elements of the weather.

Temperature may be affected by:

 * Sunshine
 * Latitude
 * Altitude
 * Aspect
 * Sea Proximity and Temperature
 * Ocean Currents
 * Prevailing Winds

Sunshine
The amount of sunshine at a certain place can influence its temperature. The amount of sunshine can be measured in sunshine hours. That is worked out by the number of hours of daylight and how many of these are cloud free. Sunshine is variable due to daylight hours as during the night there is no sunshine as the Earth is pointing away from the sun at the given spot. Also due to the Earth's tilt some times of the year have more sunshine (summer) and some less (winter).

Latitude
Latitude is the distance of a location from the equator. The hottest temperatures on Earth are found near the equator. This is because the sun shines directly on it for more hours during the year than anywhere else. As you move further away from the equator towards the poles, less sun is received during the year and the temperature become colder.

Altitude
Altitude is the height you are above sea level. The higher up you are the lower the temperature will be. This is because air that is higher up is less dense than it is at lower altitudes and air temperature depends on its density. As a general rule for every 1,000m higher you go the temperature will drop by 6.5 °C.

Aspect
Aspect is the direction in which you are facing. So if you are facing towards the equator then the temperature will be warmer than facing away. Therefore in the Northern Hemisphere if you wanted to lie in the sun on a hillside you would do so on the south facing slope (if you were in the Southern Hemisphere it would be the North Facing Slope).

Sea Proximity and Temperature
Sea temperature changes slower than land temperature. If the temperature on land drops then the area next to the sea will be kept warmer for longer than areas inland. Islands therefore have a less dramatic climate than continents. Different seas have different temperatures therefore allowing one side of an island to be a different temperature to the other side.

Ocean Currents
Currents are driven by the prevailing winds passing over the surface of the ocean. Therefore winds blowing from tropical areas bring warm currents and vice versa. The temperature of the current also affects the humidity of the air above it. Warm currents bring higher humidity than do cold currents.

Prevailing Winds
Winds acquire the properties (temperature and humidity) of the places they pass over. Prevailing winds that accompany a warm ocean current, tend to warm adjacent land. Scotland is an example as the North Atlantic Drift provides warmth picked up by the prevailing Westerlies of the mid-latitudes. Winds that originated over land at this latitude, for example those Westerlies reaching Labrador, Canada, are much colder. This is due to the thermal properties of land and water. Water warms and cools more slowly than does land. Inland, places are generally warmer in summer and cooler in winter than places on a coast. For example, London (near the coast) has warmer winters and cooler summers than does Kyiv (well inland), although both are at a similar latitude and receive Westerlies as the prevailing wind.

Humidity
Humidity is the level of water in the air, the more water vapour in the air the higher the humidity. If the humidity level exceeds the amount of water air can hold, condensation occurs forming dew if it's warm or frost if it's cold. When air is at a high altitude and has a high humidity then clouds start to form. Humidity varies with temperature. Warmer air can hold more moisture.

Precipitation
Precipitation is the term given to moisture that falls from the air to the ground. Precipitation can be snow, hail, sleet, drizzle, fog, mist and rain. The water cycle drives the water from the oceans/seas on-shore where it falls as precipitation and then flows via rivers back into the sea.

Types of Rainfall

 * Convectional Rainfall

This is where a water surface is heated by the sun, e.g. the sea. The air above the sea then becomes heated making the air less dense so it rises and cools. As we know cooler air can not hold as much water vapour as warm air therefore when the rising air becomes too cold to hold the moisture the condensation occurs giving us clouds. Once there is too much water in the cloud for the air to support gravity forces the water to be released in what we know as rain.

 * Frontal Rainfall

When two air masses meet where one is warmer than the other, the warmer air is forced to rise over the colder, denser, air. As this warm air rises it cools and forms clouds just like the air in convectional rainfall. This occurs at fronts (warm, cold and occluded).

 * Relief Rainfall

Wind bringing moist air from the seashore starts to rise up the (windward) side of a mountain. As this air rises, the air passes its Dew Point, the point at which condensation occurs, and the vapour condenses on microscopic dust particle (hygroscopic nuclei) to forms clouds. The microscopic droplets collide with each other to form larger drops which eventually fall by gravity as precipitation on the top of the mountain. As the air descends the other (leeward) side of the mountain, it warms (effect of altitude loss), causing condensation and, therefore rain, to stop. The area leeward to a mountain has relatively lower levels of precipitation and is known as the rain shadow. Examples of areas with high relief rainfall are western Britain (Pennines), the northwest Pacific coast of the United States (Cascades), the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain, and the Himalayas. The rain shadows for these areas are eastern Scotland, the Great Basin, the northern Sub-Plateau (Meseta), and the Tibetan Plateau.

Cloud Types

Clouds are split into different groups depending on their height, shape and size. The most common terms are:

 * Cirrus - Wispy, white clouds found at high altitudes
 * Cumulus - Fluffy or heaped white clouds at relatively low altitudes
 * Stratus - Low altitude layered cloud very rarely bringing precipitation
 * Nimbus - Rain Clouds
 * Cirro - High Altitude Clouds
 * Alto - Medium Altitude cloud

The above terms are put together to form names of certain clouds:

 * Cumulonimbus - Very large clouds bringing heavy rain, notice how the name comes from cumulus and nimbus above.

Air Pressure and Wind
Air pressure is simply the weight of the air above the Earth. Low Pressure is when air is warmer and therefore lighter. High pressure is colder air becoming heavier.

In meteorology pressure is charted on maps with isobars. The higher the number the higher the pressure.

Wind is simply the movement of air from high pressure to low pressure. The speed of the wind is determined by the difference between the high and low pressure. The greater the difference the faster the wind speed. Also the closer the isobars are on a weather chart the stronger the winds.

The wind brings with it the temperature of the area it is coming from, therefore a high pressure in a warm region will make the temperature in the low pressure area higher.

Wind-chill is the effect of the wind making it feel colder than it actually is. As the wind speed increases air is moving more quickly and therefore removes warm air, making it seem colder than the actual temperature.


text:
Basic Geography/Climate/Weather Fronts

Weather Fronts
There are three types of weather front:

 * Warm Front

A warm front is warm air moving into an area of cold air this forces the warm air to rise over the cold air. As the warm air lifts into an area of low pressure clouds form as flat sheets

 * Cold Front

A Cold front is cold air moving into an area of warm air. The cold air pushes under the warm air forcing the warm air to rise. The warm air then condenses producing rain.

 * Occluded Front

An occluded front is where two fronts, a warm and a cold meet. If the cold front cuts under the warm front it is known as a cold occlusion. If the cold front rises over the warm one it is known as a warm occlusion. Both types of occluded fronts can bring rain.

Global Air masses
Globally there are very large areas of high and low pressures. They form bands around the Earth that are parallel with the line of latitude. At the equator (0°) there is a low pressure band with two more, one near the Arctic (60° North) and one near the Antarctic (60° South). Between the low pressure lie high pressure belts one at 30° North and one at 30° South, just north and south of the tropical latitudes.

As air moves from high to low pressures it produces the global prevailing winds, known as trade winds. The trade winds are strongest between the high and low pressures with wind speeds relatively low at the pressure belts.

The trade winds do not blow in a straight line towards the poles as they are blown of course by the spinning of the Earth. In the northern hemisphere the winds are blown to the right and to the left in the southern hemisphere. Therefore making prevailing winds mainly south westerly in the North.

Atmospheric circulation
The low pressure area at the equator is the driving force for the whole current system of the Earth. As warm air rises at this low pressure area it cools and condenses forming clouds and precipitation. The low pressure then takes cold air from the north and south to replace the rising air. This cold air is then itself heated pushing the now dry warm air further north and south. This dry air starts to sink back to Earth at the tropics creating the High Pressure areas. This falling dry air makes the areas have a much drier climate forming deserts and savannas.

This dry air is then sucked back towards the equator where the process is repeated. The areas where this cycles of winds happen is known as the Hadley Cells.

title: Basic Geography/Climate/Weather Fronts


text:
Basic Geography/Climate/Recording Weather

Recording The Weather
Weather conditions are measured at weather stations. These stations contain a variety of instruments to record weather data.

The most important instruments of a weather station are:

 * Hydrometer - Are a special type of thermometer that measures the humidity by calculating the water vapour in the air.
 * Rain Gauge - This is a container that collects precipitation and measured it in millimeters (mm).

 * Barometer - These instruments measures the air pressure. They may be either mercury or aneroid (vacuum) barometers. Often they are attached to a pen that charts movements in pressure on a piece of paper. The resulting chart is called a barograph.
 * Sunshine Recorder - The recorder is a chart which has the sun's rays focused onto it using a magnifying glass so it burns a record of the hours the sun shone.

 * Maximum and minimum thermometers measure the highest and lowest temperature in degrees Celsius.

 * Wind Vanes show the direction of the wind.

 * Anemometers are used to measure wind speeds, usually in km/h. The wind is caught in small cups and the speed is calculated by measuring how fast the cups rotate.

Clouds
Recording cloud type and cloud-cover is done manually, using the naked eye. Meteorologists measure cloud-cover in eighths of the sky or oktas.

 * 0 oktas = a completely cloudless sky
 * 4 oktas = half the sky is covered in clouds
 * 8 oktas = the sky is fully clouded-over

Mapping weather
The internationally agreed way in which to map the weather is by using synoptic charts. Data is collected across a large area from weather stations, balloons, ships, aeroplanes, and satellites. Informations on a synoptic chart is updated at least every six hours. The following information is displayed on a synoptic chart:
 * temperature
 * precipitation
 * atmospheric pressure
 * wind speed
 * direction
 * cloud coverage


text: User talk:200.136.239.100

title: User talk:200.136.239.100


text:
Basic Geography/Climate/Global Climate

Global Climate Zones
Different forests of the world experience different climatic conditions.

A forests climate influences the types of vegetation and animals that live there. It is therefore possible to divide the world into a number of climatic zones each with its own characteristic climate, vegetation and wildlife.

 * Tropical forests are found near the equator in Central America, parts Africa and Asia. They are very hot and humid and contain a huge variety of plants and animals - round half of all the world's species. Trees are mostly hardwood.

 * Temperate deciduous forests contain trees that lose their leaves and are found across Europe and USA.

 * Coniferous forests contain pine trees are found further north than deciduous forests, in Scandinavia, Russia and Canada.

 * Desert is the driest of areas. The largest expanse of desert is found in North Africa. Areas of scrubland that border the desert are called desert scrub.

 * Savannas or tropical grasslands are hot and dry, dominated by grass, scrub and occasional trees. They have two distinct seasons - a dry season when much of the vegetation dies back, and a rainy season when it grows rapidly. Savannas are found in central Africa (Kenya, Zambia, Tanzania), northern Australia and central South America (Venezuela and Brazil).

 * Temperate grasslands are areas dominated by grass, where trees and large bushes are scarce. The weather is less harsh than the savannas. Famous grasslands include the Puszta in Hungary, Veldts in South Africa, Pampas in Argentina, and Prairies in USA.

 * Mediterranean is a pleasant climate - not too hot or cold. As the name suggests it is found around the Mediterranean Sea and to a lesser extent elsewhere.

 * Tundra surrounds the poles. It has an extremely cold climate, with limited numbers of plants and animals.

 * Mountain areas can be very cold at night and during winter. The growing season is short and at higher levels trees will not grow.

Climate Types
The above climatic zones can be grouped into the following types:

 * 1) Tropical
 * 2) Monsoon
 * 3) Dry
 * 4) Warm
 * 5) Cool
 * 6) Cold

One of the easiest ways to tell these zones apart is to look at the climatic graph - a graph showing the average rainfall (usually shown as a bar graph) and average temperature (usually shown as a line graph) for each month in an average year.

Tropical

 * Generally winds are light, but occasionally tropical winds can be very powerful.
 * The tropics lie between the latitudes of the Tropic of Cancer (23°26'22" North of the Equator) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23°26'22" South of the Equator). However tropical climates are also experienced by some regions outside the tropics.

Monsoon

 * Monsoons occur in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.
 * There are two distinct seasons dry and wet.
 * The climate in South-East Asia, India and across the Indian Ocean is dominated by torrential monsoon rains. Monsoons also affect parts of Africa and South America.
 * The savannas regions of the world, the most extensive of which are in Africa, also have very pronounced wet and dry seasons. The only difference to the main monsoon areas is that the dry season is longer and the wet season shorter.

Dry

 * In the dry climatic zone there is little rain - sometimes no rainfall at all. This produces desert or semi-desert regions.
 * Desert skies are characterized by bright clear sunny skies, with no sign of cloud formation.
 * Deserts are found on every continent except Europe.
 * Deserts will spread into neighboring areas of grassland or bush. This may be caused by the climate, perhaps due to lack of rainfall, but it can also be helped along by man, through overgrazing and cultivation. This process is called desertification.

Warm

 * The warm climate regions are found north and south of the equator, midway between the areas that have a rainy season and the areas that have a cool climate. They lie in Europe, North America and Asia in the northern hemisphere and parts of Australia, South America and the southern tip of Africa in the southern hemisphere.
 * The seasons are of similar lengths. The temperatures are comfortable - not too cold in the winter, not too hot in the summer.
 * The precipitation (usually rain) is well-balanced, with slightly more rain during the winter months than the summer months, but no rainy season. In the hottest months, local winds help keep the temperature cool.

Cool

 * This climate covers the northern parts of Europe and America, extending from the warmer climate in the south to the very cold climate of the polar region above.
 * The cool climate zone includes the coniferous forests and parts of the temperate grasslands.
 * The winter season will tend to be longer than the summer season, and brings cool winds and regular night-time frosts.

Cold

 * The cold climate zone lies between the coniferous forests and the poles. It includes the Arctic and Antarctic as well as parts of Russia and Alaska.
 * Hi be sub-tropical.
 * There are few summer months. The mean temperature for the year is below 0°C and temperatures will not get higher than 10°C. The ground may remain frozen all year round.
 * Precipitation (ice, snow, rain) is fairly low, but balanced throughout the year. Irregular strong winds blow across the barren landscape.

title: Basic Geography/Climate/Global Climate


text:
User talk:86.1.11.82

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- MichaelFrey 17:43, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:86.1.11.82


text:
Cookbook:Italian Rice Pudding

| Italian cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Rice | Dessert

Ingredients

 * 2 cups (500 ml/1.1 pint) water
 * 1 cup (110 g/3.9 oz) risotto rice
 * ¼ teaspoon salt
 * 1 tablespoon butter
 * 3 cups (750 ml) half and half
 * 1 cup (225 g) granulated sugar
 * 1 cinnamon stick
 * 1 piece of lemon peel
 * Ground cinnamon to garnish

Procedure

 * 1) Bring water to a boil, then add rice, salt, and butter.
 * 2) Cover, lower heat to simmer, and cook for 20 minutes.
 * 3) Place rice in upper part of double boiler with half and half, sugar, cinnamon stick, and lemon peel.
 * 4) Bring to boil over direct heat.
 * 5) Place over simmering water in double boiler and cook for 45 minutes.
 * 6) Remove cinnamon stick and lemon peel.
 * 7) Pour rice mixture into a 2-quart (1.9 L) casserole and allow to cool.
 * 8) Sprinkle with cinnamon powder.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The rice should be plump, medium grain rice that contains a lot of starch, like Arborio or Carnaroli. Other rices that work well are Roma, Nano, Maratelli, and Vialone.
 * Mixture will thicken as it cools.
 * Best at room temperature or slightly warm.

title: Cookbook:Italian Rice Pudding


text:
Basic Geography/Climate/Weather Extremes

Weather Extremes
Weather extremes are the point at which the weather can have a dramatic effect on human activity. The extremes covered in this chapter are:

 * Hurricanes (also known as tropical storms, cyclones, or typhoons)
 * Droughts

Hurricanes
The strongest tropical storms are called either hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones. The different names mean the same thing, but are used in different parts of the world. The term "hurricane" is used to describe storms in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific oceans.

How Hurricanes form

Hurricanes need a lot of heat to form, which is why they usually occur over tropical seas. It works like this:

 * Rising warm air rises fast, causing towering clouds, heavy rainfall, and intense low pressure.

 * The low pressure sucks in air, causing very strong winds which spiral—clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere or anticlockwise on the Southern Hemisphere—around the centre of the low pressure area, at speeds of around 120 km/h (75 mph).

 * Seen from above hurricanes are huge circular bodies of thick cloud around 450 km (300miles) wide. The cloud brings heavy rain, thunder, and lightning.

 * In the centre is the eye of the hurricane, about 45 km across (30miles) across. Often there will be no cloud in the eye. Seen from below it will seem calmer, with a circle of blue sky above. The eye is formed because this is the only part of the hurricane where air is sinking.

 * In the northern hemisphere, the prevailing easterly tropical winds tend to steer hurricanes toward land - although their course is unpredictable. As they move inshore their power gradually reduces, because their energy comes from sucking up moist sea air.

Effects of Hurricanes
The intense winds of tropical storms can destroy whole communities, buildings, and communication networks. As well as their own destructive energy, the winds generate abnormally high waves and tidal surges, which cause flooding in coastal areas. The most destructive elements are the high seas and the flooding that accompany the storms.

Droughts
Droughts occur when a long period of abnormally dry weather leads to a severe water shortage. Extreme weather conditions are not the only cause of droughts, however - they are often caused by the activity of man as well. Human activities which can help trigger droughts include:

 * Constructing a dam on a large river may help provide electricity and water to irrigate farmland near the reservoir. But it may also cause drought downstream by severely reducing the flow of water.

 * Widespread cutting down of trees for fuel reduces the soil's ability to hold water - drying out the ground, triggering desertification, and leading to drought.

Effects of drought

 * Droughts endanger people's lives and livelihoods through thirst, hunger (due to crops dying from lack of water), and the spread of disease.

 * Millions of people died in the 20th century due to severe drought and famines. One of the worst hit areas was the Sahel region of Africa, covering parts of Eritrea, Ethiopia, and the Sudan.

 * Droughts and famines can have other geographical impacts - for example, forcing people to migrate to a new home, thus putting pressure on resources in neighboring countries.

Climate change
The climate and weather has always affected Humans in the way we live from everyday climates to the extremes mentioned above. Although throughout the 20th and beginning of the 21st century it has become clear that Humans can affect the climate.

What is global warming?
The average temperature of the Earth has fluctuated over the past 10,000 years, but has recently been rising. Global warming refers to this rise in the average temperature of the Earth's surface. To understand the way in which humans are contributing to global warming we must first understand the Greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is greenhouse gases acting like a giant blanket around the Earth. This effect is completely natural and it is what keeps the Earth at a comfortable living temperature. The greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere helps keep some of the heat reflected by the Earth's surface from escaping into space.

Climatologists believe the way humans affect global climate is by the way humans used the world's resources. The theory is that human activities contribute to global warming through the production of greenhouse gases. The main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases are naturally occurring in atmosphere, but are believed to have increased through burning more fossil fuels, such as oil, petrol, and coal.

Plants use CO2, but, it is argued that man is producing more carbon dioxide than plants can consume. This balance is not helped by deforestation around the world. The gases encourage the atmosphere to retain more radiation from the sun. This is because less radiation is reflected by the outside of the atmosphere, while less heat is released by the atmosphere into space. This therefore increases the temperature of the Earth.

Impacts of global warming
In the last 100 years it is believed that the average temperature of the earth has risen by 0.6°C. There are estimates that in the next 100 years, the global temperatures could rise by as much as 1.4 to 5.8°C, as a result of global warming. There are several possible effects of such a significant increase in atmospheric temperature.

 * Sea levels may rise around the globe by as much as a meter over the next hundred years, caused mainly by the melting of ice caps and glaciers. The islands of Tuvalu in the South Pacific are an example of a place which is already being slowly invaded by the sea. The highest part of the islands is only four meter above sea level.

 * Extreme weather conditions will become more common. Many scientists argue that global warming is contributing to an increased frequency of droughts and severe storms such as hurricanes.

 * Diseases associated with warm climates - such as malaria - may become prevalent in many more countries.

Tackling global warming
International efforts have been made to encourage governments to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. In Kyoto, Japan in 1997, many governments pledged to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The treaty has not however been signed by the United States, the largest producer of CO2.

Environmental campaigners encourage consumers to boycott businesses and companies who do not act in a sustainable way. Individuals are also encouraged reduce their personal consumption of resources, that contribute to global warming, by driving smaller cars and making the heating in their houses more efficient.


text:
Cookbook:Italian Rice with Wild Mushrooms

 * Italian cuisine | Rice

Ingredients

 * 3 cups chicken stock
 * 5 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
 * 3 chopped shallots
 * 2 cups risotto rice
 * 1 cup dry white wine
 * ¼ cup Parmesan cheese
 * 4 ounces (commercial) wild mushrooms, sliced and sautéed
 * 1 teaspoon truffle oil
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Bring the stock to a simmer before you begin. It's important that the temperature is as high as possible, without letting the stock boil. The surface of the stock should just be moving a little.
 * 2) Sauté the shallots in olive oil until soft.
 * 3) Add the rice, stirring for 3–5 minutes, until coated with oil.
 * 4) Pour in wine and about ½ cup of the hot broth and continue stirring.
 * 5) Keep adding liquid as necessary and stir for an additional 15 minutes, keeping the rice creamy.
 * 6) Remove from heat and add Parmesan cheese, mushrooms, and truffle oil.
 * 7) Serve immediately.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The rice should be plump, medium grain rice that contains a lot of starch, like Arborio or Carnaroli. Other rices that work well are Roma, Nano Maratelli, and Vialone.


text:
Category:Cookbook templates

Templates used in the Cookbook.

title: Category:Cookbook templates


text:
User talk:168.184.250.97

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 19:26, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:168.184.250.97


text:
Basic Geography/Coasts

The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the ocean.

This chapter will cover:

 * /Processes and Features/ 00%.svg
 * /Management/ 00%.svg

title: Basic Geography/Coasts


text:
Talk:SPM/Installation on Mac OS (Intel)

for spm5, matlab 7.3 on mac OSX 10.4 intel I did the following: 1. installed spm and the latest patches according to the standard linux/mac instructions

2. edited the makefile in spm5/src to set and explicit path to 'mex'. (perhaps this was needed because the 'bin' directory was not in a standard place.)

3. executed the following command in matlab, !make PLATFORM=Darwin.intel

This seemed to work fine.

Mbolding 18:31, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

This article is far to cryptic and incomplete. For example, which versions of Matlab are used with which versions of SPM?

title: Talk:SPM/Installation on Mac OS (Intel)


text:
Animal Behavior/Nature v Nurture

Nature vs. Nurture
Behaviors exist on a continuum from being to a large extent contingent on genetic factors (i.e., instinctive), to others which are mostly acquired through experience. Instinctive components are those that are exhibited without the benefit of, or need for, prior experience. They come to the fore when, for instance, newly hatched, inexperienced individuals of a particular species of spider construct their webs with little variation, despite the lack of a tutor. Learned behaviors are those that are acquired through interactions with the surrounding world.

Nature vs. Nurture describes a debate about the degree to which individual differences in physical and behavioral traits are the product of an individual's innate qualities ("nature") versus those shaped by personal experiences ("nurture"). This dichotomy aims to delineate how much of the human (psychological) make-up is the result of environmental influences and how much is a result of phylogenetic heritage. In today's view there are multiple problems with phrasing the issue in this either-or form. Most significant of all, as the two are NOT mutually exclusive concepts. It is now clear that in every instance both influences play significant roles as all development represents a complex interaction between inherited factors and environmental conditions.

Essentially, an individual’s phenotype is a result of the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to its development. A genotype is the entire set of genetic material an individual inherited from its parents. A phenotype is the observable characteristics or traits of an individual’s genotype, which include morphologic, physiologic, and behavioral traits. The environment encompasses every other aspect, besides genes, of an individual and its surroundings (hormone levels, diet, family life, etc.).

The Four Primary Relations of Developmental interactions
In order to better understand and study how this complex network of interactions between an individual’s genotype, phenotype and environment work in concert to affect the development of an individual, it is useful to break down these interactions into four primary relations: (1) how the parent’s genotype contributes to the individual’s genotype, (2) how the individual’s genotype affects its phenotype, (3) How the individual’s environment affects its phenotype, and (4) how the individual’s phenotype affects its environment.

Parent’s Genotype → Offspring’s Genotype
Parents each contribute 50% of their genetic material to comprise the entire genome of their offspring. The genes that are coded for within an individual’s DNA affect development and behavior. Although an individual’s entire genome is inherited from its parents, because there are mechanisms that contribute to genetic diversity (such as mutation and recombination) no two individuals will have the exact same genotype (with the exception of identical twins).

Individual’s Genotype → Individual’s Phenotype
An individual’s genotype contains all of the genes that were parentally inherited, but not all of those genes are expressed in the individual’s phenotype. This occurs through several mechanisms, which include developmental changes and dominance patterns.

Developmental changes: In any given cell at any given time in an organism’s body, some genes will be active (turned on) while others will be inactive (turned off). Regulator genes primarily control when genes will be turned on or off, both for changes that occur only during critical times in development as well as for matters of day-to-day operation. Genes are typically used in concert with other genes, forming a complex network of genetic expression, and are rarely used in isolation.

Dominance patterns: Many genes have more than one allele (a different form or expression of the same gene). Due to Mendelian inheritance patterns, such as dominant-recessive or co-dominant patterns, many genes are never expressed or are only partially expressed. Therefore, all of the different alleles of a gene that influence the expression of a particular trait or characteristic (e.g. eye color) may result in a different phenotypic expression (e. g. brown, green, blue, hazel). However, the phenotypic expression of most traits or characteristics are the resulting summation of multiple genes (polygenic inheritance), and some genes can affect multiple traits.

Individual’s Environment → Individual’s Phenotype
As stated earlier, an individual’s phenotype is the result of the interactions of both their genes and the environment. Therefore, any given genotype will develop differently under different environmental conditions; this is called phenotypic plasticity. The concept of the Norm of Reaction describes this potential variability in the phenotypic expression of an individual genotype: “all the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop.”

An extreme example of phenotypic plasticity is the recessive autosomal metabolic genetic disorder, Phenylketonuria (PKU). This disorder is due to a mutation in a gene on chromosome 12 which codes for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Because the mutation renders the enzyme nonfunctional, people who possess two copies of this recessive gene cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many foods. If individuals with PKU eat a normal diet, the accumulation of phenylalanine builds up in the bloodstream and leads to impaired brain development, intellectual disability, seizures and other health issues. However, if individuals with PKU are placed on a strict phenylalanine-free diet shortly after birth they can develop and live healthily. Therefore, individuals with PKU (The genotypic trait of interest), under different environmental conditions (the presence or absence of Phenylalanine in the diet), will develop drastically different behavioral phenotypes (impaired brain development vs. unimpaired brain development).

Parents also contribute greatly to their offspring’s environment. Parents have a great influence over what experiences their children are exposed to, including the quality of parental care and nutrition that they receive. It is important to note that parent’s behavior toward their offspring is influenced partially by their genetics as well as by their previous developmental experiences, which all contributes to their particular parenting style. Therefore, an individual’s environment is also greatly affected by the phenotype and genotype of its parents. For example, mice with a mutation that inactivates the fosB gene are significantly deficient in their nurturing ability towards their young. This suggests that nurturing ability in mammals has a genetically induced component.

Individual’s Phenotype → Individual’s Environment
The genetic predispositions in behavior an individual has and exhibits will naturally evoke certain responses from those around it. For instance, active kittens who do not like to be held will receive significantly less snuggling than those who enjoy to sleep curled up on a human’s lap. Therefore, an individual also has a significant influence on its own environment which in turn influences its phenotype.

Additionally, an individual actively shapes its own environment by seeking the experiences and surroundings that suit its interests, temperament, and abilities. For instance, children who enjoy reading will tend to read more than children who don’t enjoy to read. The more they read, the better they will become at reading which will allow them to read more challenging books and lead them to develop a more advanced vocabulary. With this more developed skill-set and general knowledge that they have acquired though pursuing their interests, children who enjoy reading will most likely experience greater success in school.

Studying The Four Primary Relations
These four primary relations, typically summarized by the term gene-environment interactions, form the basic perspectives through which the complex web of interactions that influence development can be understood. These various gene-environment interactions are comprised of many time-sensitive and precisely-incorporated changes that work together to produce every trait. Therefore it would be foolish to say that a complex phenotypic trait, such as behavior, was purely genetically or environmentally determined. Likewise, neither can it be claimed that either an individual’s genotype or its environment are more significant in the development of its phenotype. Therefore the Nature vs. Nurture Debate is a fallacy, however the debate did frame many questions which are still of great interest. The field of behavioral genetics is concerned with studying how these relationships between the genetic and environmental factors that result in the variation observed in the behavioral and developmental phenotype

Behavioral geneticists study this through two main premises: the extent to which a behavioral or phenotypic trait is influenced by genetic factors, and the extent to which a behavioral or phenotypic trait is influenced by environmental factors. Twin Studies: An extremely valuable source for research in the heritability of behavioral traits in humans are adoptive twin studies, because scientists cannot control and manipulate human pedigrees or developmental environment. These studies compare monozygotic (identical) twins who were raised together with those who were separated at birth and raised apart. Because identical twins share 100% of their genome, differences between the twins can be assumed to be due to environmental factors.

title: Animal Behavior/Nature v Nurture


text:
Cookbook:Risotto alla Milanese

| Italian cuisine

Ingredients

 * ¼ tsp saffron threads
 * 3½–4 cups chicken broth
 * 7 tbsp butter or margarine, divided
 * 1 large onion, chopped
 * 1½ cups uncooked risotto rice
 * ½ cup dry white wine
 * ½ tsp salt
 * Dash pepper
 * ¼ cup freshly-grated Parmesan cheese
 * Chopped fresh parsley, fresh parsley sprig, and tomato slices for garnish (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Crush saffron in mortar with pestle to a powder. Place saffron in glass measuring cup.
 * 2) Bring broth to a boil in small saucepan over medium heat; reduce heat to low.
 * 3) Stir ½ cup broth into saffron to dissolve; set aside. Keep remaining broth hot.
 * 4) Heat 6 tablespoons butter in large, heavy skillet or 2½-quart saucepan over medium heat until melted and bubbly.
 * 5) Cook and stir onion 5 minutes or until onion is soft.
 * 6) Stir in rice; cook and stir 2 minutes.
 * 7) Stir in wine, salt and pepper.
 * 8) Cook, uncovered, over medium-high heat 3–5 minutes until wine has evaporated, stirring occasionally.
 * 9) Measure ½ cup hot broth; stir into rice mixture. Reduce heat to medium-low, maintaining a simmer throughout adding broth.
 * 10) Cook and stir until broth has absorbed. Repeat, adding ½ cup broth 3 more times, cooking and stirring until broth has absorbed.
 * 11) Add saffron-flavored broth to rice and cook until absorbed.
 * 12) Continue to add remaining broth, ½ cup at a time, cooking and stirring until rice is tender but firm and mixture has slight creamy consistency. Not all broth may be necessary. Total cooking time of rice will be about 20 minutes.
 * 13) Remove risotto from heat.
 * 14) Stir in remaining 1 tablespoon butter and cheese.
 * 15) Garnish, if desired.
 * 16) Serve immediately.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Plump, medium grain rice that contains a lot of starch is required. Arborio, Carnaroli, or Vialone Nano are traditionally best. Other rices that work well are Maratelli and Roma.
 * You may substitute vegetable broth for chicken broth.
 * This recipe is often served with Osso Buco.

title: Cookbook:Risotto alla Milanese


text:
User talk:129.1.84.29

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

-- Herby talk thyme 19:49, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:129.1.84.29


text:
User talk:GregtheMan~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:49, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called GregtheMan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name GregtheMan~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:15, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:GregtheMan~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Mbolding

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:49, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mbolding


text:
User talk:168.184.220.4

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 19:51, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:168.184.220.4


text:
User talk:24.74.114.99

I see you have done a lot of work on the Wikijunior Dinosaurs book. Thank you and welcome. --xixtas 19:51, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

-- Herby talk thyme 19:52, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.74.114.99


text:
Cookbook:Tuscan Mushroom Risotto

| Italian cuisine | Rice

Ingredients

 * ¼ cup unsalted butter
 * 2 garlic cloves, chopped
 * 2 tablespoons shallots, chopped
 * ~½ cup dry porcini mushrooms
 * 1 cup white mushrooms, diced
 * 1½ cups risotto rice
 * ½ cup white wine
 * 5 cups chicken broth or vegetable broth
 * ¼ cup heavy cream
 * 1 cup choice of Parmesan, Romano cheese, or Asiago cheese
 * Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste
 * 1 tablespoon parsley, chopped

Procedure

 * 1) Keep broth heated in a medium-size saucepan.
 * 2) On medium heat in a large pan combine butter, garlic or garlic oil, shallots, mushrooms, and rice.
 * 3) Heat for about 2 minutes, stirring well.
 * 4) Add white wine and let simmer on low for 2 minutes.
 * 5) With lid off, add chicken or vegetable broth, add cream, and let simmer on low until liquid is absorbed, approximately 25 minutes, stirring regularly.
 * 6) Add cheese of choice and salt and pepper to taste.
 * 7) Garnish with parsley and grated choice.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * May substitute vegetable broth for chicken broth.
 * Plump, medium grain rice that contains a lot of starch, like Arborio or Carnaroli, are traditionally best. Other rices that work well are Roma, Nano, Maratelli, and Vialone.

title: Cookbook:Tuscan Mushroom Risotto


text:
Cookbook:Steak Knife

| Utensils

Steak knife is the term for small knives used at the table for eating. It is about the size of a butter knife but is sharpened and usually serrated for more effectiveness when cutting through tough, meaty samples. It is important that any knives are kept sharp, as blunt knives require more force to use, actually increasing the likelihood of injury (cuts from a sharp knife heal more quickly than those from a blunt one). A knife sharpener can be used to keep knives sharp.

title: Cookbook:Steak Knife


text:
Cookbook:Deviled Eggs

 * Appetizers

Serve these deviled eggs for any occasion, whether it be a wedding feast, a picnic in the park, or for lunch or dinner!

Ingredients

 * 6 eggs (large)
 * 3 tablespoons of mayonnaise or creamy salad dressing
 * 1 tablespoon of sugar
 * 1 teaspoon of mustard
 * 1 teaspoon of vinegar
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste
 * Paprika (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Place eggs in enough cold water to cover completely, and bring to a rolling boil over high heat.
 * 2) Reduce heat to a lower medium boil, and cook for 12 minutes.
 * 3) Drain eggs, and promptly chill eggs in cold water so they stop cooking.
 * 4) Remove shells from eggs, and halve lengthwise with a knife.
 * 5) Carefully extract the yolks without breaking the whites, and place the yolks in a bowl.
 * 6) Mash yolks with a fork, and mix in remaining ingredients.
 * 7) Very carefully spoon the mixture back into the egg white halves.
 * 8) Garnish with a light sprinkling of paprika.

Llibre de cuina/Receptes/Ous farcits

title: Cookbook:Deviled Eggs


text:
Cookbook:Garlic Bread

| Bread

Ingredients

 * Soft baguette or French bread loaf
 * 1 stick (¼ lb or a bit over 100 g) butter
 * 3 cloves garlic, peeled

Procedure

 * 1) Place oven rack to middle setting, and preheat to 350°F (175°C).
 * 2) Using a bread knife, cut baguette in half lengthwise, then cut diagonal slits towards the bottom but not all the way through.
 * 3) With a garlic crusher or chef's knife, mince the peeled garlic cloves.
 * 4) In a medium bowl, soften butter in a microwave. The time will depend on the microwave.
 * 5) With a fork, mash minced garlic into softened butter, and mix until even.
 * 6) With a butter knife, spread butter mix onto both halves of bread and in the diagonal slits.
 * 7) Wrap each half with foil, and place in oven on middle rack. Bake for 15–20 minutes.
 * 8) Remove bread from oven, remove foil, and serve warm.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you're a garlic lover, add one or more cloves of garlic and/or additional garlic powder.

title: Cookbook:Garlic Bread


text:
Video Production/Save dvavi from premiere pro

To save a timeline from Premiere pro to a DVavi

This is useful when you need a dvavi for an external encoding application, or for archiving files. DVAVI files are as good a quality as you can get when editing with Premiere Pro. They are also large in filesize so are not very good for archiving but a DV avi file may be more readily accessible than storing the Video on tape.

Select File > Export > Movie

Then click on settings button

Select the General tab on the left and make sure that Microsoft DVAVI is selected under File Type

Select the Video tab on the left and make sure Compressor is set to DV(PAL) [only NTSC if you are in N.America]

Select the Audio tab on the left and make sure the Sample type is set to 48000

Click OK

Give the file a name and save it


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...e6

=Scheveningen Variation= 5... e6, building a so-called "small center", is the signature move of the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. 5... e6 strengthens Black's control of the important d5 square and opens e7 for the development of his dark-squared bishop. If Black is able to safely play ... d5 later on, he will have a good position.

In contrast to the Najdorf Variation, 5... a6, the Scheveningen commits Black earlier to a certain pawn structure in the center and delays queenside operations, but does more to promote Black's early development and castling. Both systems are considered very solid choices for Black, however 5... a6 has been played by even the best Scheveningen specialists (including Garry Kasparov) to avoid the dangerous Keres Attack, '''5... e6 6. g4!''' (Although by no means winning for White, statistics sharply favour the white pieces.)

Theory table
.

'''1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e6'''


text:
File:Mfas image001.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book image

title: File:Mfas image001.jpg


text:
File:Mfas image002.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book image

title: File:Mfas image002.jpg


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6

I rewrote an earlier version of this page that said that the Dragon was one of the easiest Sicilian systems to play. While the general themes are easy to understand, the sharpness of the variation makes it a very dangerous line for both players and I wouldn't say it's easy to learn all the myriad pitfalls. I also elaborated on the basic plans for both sides. MadeofPlants 21:29, 17 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with this change, I have been playing the dragon for years, and I would not claim to be good at it, to understand all the nuances, or anything like that. It's a difficult variation, all the more so because the people who typically play it are grandmasters and such. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 00:05, 18 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
ActionScript Programming/PartI/Getting Started

Before starting reading the book, you need to know how to use the “Actions” window.

Actions toolbox is used for helping you to write script. The script is written in Script pane. There are 2 modes of programming in Flash MX. The first one is Normal Mode, which is for beginners and the code is written with the help of Actions Toolbox and Expression text field, and the second one is the Expert mode, which consists only of Actions Toolbox and Script Pane. If you use Normal Mode, then the Expression text field helps you to write the expression in it. And the Actions Combo Box is used to navigate from one object to another.


text:
File:Mfas image005.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book file

title: File:Mfas image005.jpg


text:
File:Mfas image007.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book image

title: File:Mfas image007.jpg


text:
ActionScript Programming/PartI/Chapter 1

Properties
Every Symbol instance in Flash has properties, which control the object itself and how it is displayed and its interaction with the environment. However, Graphic type symbol instances cannot be referenced with action script, since you can´t assign them an instance name.

Properties in ActionScript contain an underscore before the property name, to indicate that it pertains to the display or environment. The properties of a symbol instance can be modified in design time or in runtime using action script, an essential task for animation.

In this chapter we will learn to use properties.

{| border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border-collapse: collapse;"
 * valign=top|[[Image:mfas_image002.jpg]] ||
 * valign=top|[[Image:mfas_image002.jpg]] ||

X, Y Coordinates
x and y are the coordinates of the object. As the screen is 2D the object doesn’t have the 3rd z coordinate. Now let's write a small program. We will draw a ball and then move it to a specified location.

Step 1

Select the oval tool from the toolbar and draw a circle.

Step 2

Select the oval you have drawn and press F8. "Convert to Symbol" dialog will appear. Type "mov_ball" in the "Name" field, choose "Movie Clip" behavior and press "OK"

Step 3

Now select the oval. In the properties window (at the bottom of the screen by default) in the "Instance Name" field (Near "Swap" button) type "ball". Now we can customize our ball’s properties.

Step 4

Right click the keyframe in the "Timeline" window and choose "Actions". "Actions" window will appear. In the Script pane write the following:

This example will set the position of the ball to (200, 200). But let's analyze the code. "ball" is our object in the scene. "_x" is the x coordinate of the object and "_y" is the y coordinate of the object. In ActionScript, the properties begin with "_" including the x and y coordinates. In many languages, ";" is put after each line, so that the program could find the end of the statement.
 * }

Width, Height Measures
Width and height are the vertical and horizontal sizes of the object. The use of them are just as the use of x and y properties. Add the following lines to the previous example and you will understand.

XScale, YScale
Scaling the local coordinate system affects the _x and _y property settings, which are defined in whole pixels. For example, if the parent movie clip is scaled to 50%, setting the _x property moves an object in the movie clip by half the number of pixels as it would if the movie were set at 100%.

Visible
This property makes the object visible and invisible. To test this property we will need to add one button to the scene. Draw something like button in the scene and convert it to button (using F8), or you can just add the any button from "Common Libraries" in the "Window>Common Libraries" menu. After you have added the button right click it and choose "Actions" from the popup menu. In the Script pane type the following:

But note, if you are using the Normal mode then don’t write this. Choose "Properties" from the left side of the "Actions" window and then double click "_visible". You will notice than the first and third lines will be written automatically, but the second line will just be "_visible". In the "Expression" field above the Script pane write "ball._visible = false". But if you are using the Advanced mode, then copy all the code written above. The first line is the beginning of "Release" event. "Release" event occurs when the user clicks the button. The structure of writing events is "on  {". The "{" tells the program the beginning of the event. And "}" tells the end of the event. So when the user clicks the button, the code written between "{" and "}" is being executed. The second line makes the ball invisible, using "_visible" property. This property can be set to "true" ("yes"), this means visible, and to "false" ("no"), this means invisible. This type of construction ( "true" and "false") is called "Boolean", which you will learn later.

Rotation
Rotation property specifies the rotation of the object in degrees. To test this property follow the steps.

Step 1

Select the Rectangle Tool in the Toolbox, draw a rectangle, double click the drawn rectangle and press F8 to convert it to symbol. When the "Convert to Symbol" dialog will appear, type "mov_box" as the name of the symbol, choose the "Movie Clip" behavior and press OK. Select the rectangle you have drawn and give "box" name to it.

Step 2

Now right click the Keyframe in Timeline window and choose "Actions" from the popup window to show "Actions" window. When the window is shown, turn on Advanced Mode and write the following:

Now test the movie by pressing Ctrl + Enter and you will see the result.

Quality
Property quality is not very important. It only changes the quality of the scene. But it doesn’t change the quality of the object, since its quality property is set. Rather it changes the quality of all the movie. For example if you write the following:

then this will decrease not only of the quality of box object, but also the qualities of all other objects.

Name
This property changes or reads the name of the object. To understand how to use this property let's test it. We will use the example which we used when we were learning "Rotation" property. Right click the keyframe in Timeline window to see the "Actions" window. Now add the following lines to the code:

Test the movie and you will notice that nothing has changed. Why? Because you have changed the name of the "box" to "box2", so now the object with the name "box" doesn’t exist. But if you only replace the word "box" in the second line to "box2" and it will look like "box2._rotation = 45; ", then, by testing the movie you will see that the box is rotated.

Alpha
Alpha gives the object transparency. If alpha value is set to 0, then the object is completely invisible. If the value is set to 100, then the object is completely visible. You can set alpha value to your object both in design time by choosing "Alpha" in "Color" combo box in the Property window and in runtime, by using ActionScript. To test this add the following line to the previous example.

The following line will make the box transparent.

<< Previous   Next >>


text:
File:Mfas image008.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book file

title: File:Mfas image008.jpg


text:
File:Mfas image010.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book image

title: File:Mfas image010.jpg


text:
File:Mfas image011.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book file

title: File:Mfas image011.jpg


text:
File:Mfas image012.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book file

title: File:Mfas image012.jpg


text:
ActionScript Programming/PartI/Chapter 1/Page2

XMouse, YMouse
Say you have a button and the user clicks it. You want to get the position of the mouse. This property will help you get the coordinates of the mouse.

Step 1

Create any button (by drawing it yourself or taking it from Common Libraries) and set its name to "button1".

Step 2

Select the Text Tool from the Toolbox and draw it. Then select it and in the Properties window set its width to 100, height to 20, font size to 20, Var to "info" and change the Text Type to "Dynamic Text". There are 3 types of Text Type So we use "Dynamic Text" type in our example to see the values of xmouse and ymouse. "Var" property is value of the Text. For example if you have a "Input Text", which’s "Var" property is set to "zzz" and want to retrieve its value, then you can get it from the "zzz". I mean that the value of the textbox is stored in "zzz". But by using the "Var", in our case "zzz", you can also change the value of the Text". For example if you write
 * Static Text – you choose this type of Text if you don’t want the value of the Text to be changed. For example, if you just want to "hello" in the Text and you don’t want "hello" to be changed during runtime, then you use "Static Text". This is good for usual texts.
 * Dynamic Text – this type of Text can be change at any time during runtime. This type of Text is very useful if you want to write information of current process.
 * Input Text – this is a text field and is almost the same as "Dynamic Text". The only difference between these two types is that "Input Text" Text can be changed by the user, but "Dynamic Text" can’t be changed at all.

then the value of the Text will become "hello";

Step 3

Right click the button you have created and choose "Actions" from the popup menu to open the actions of the button. Make sure that the "Advanced Mode" is turn on and write the following:

The first and the third lines are the beginning and the end of the "Release" event (discussed in property "Visible"). The second line sets our Dynamic Text’s value to the mouse coordinates using "_xmouse" and "_ymouse" properties. So when you click the button you will see the coordinates of the mouse in the Dynamic Text. But the null point is the center of the object. So if you click the left side of the button, the x coordinate will be less than 0 and if you click right side of the object, then the x coordinate will be more than 0.

CurrentFrame
This property tells you which frame of current Movie Clip is being played now. I wrote Movie Clip instead of object, because this property is available only for Movie Clip. This time we will create more complicated example.

Step 1

Select the Rectangle Tool in the Toolbox, draw a rectangle, double click it and press F8 to convert it to symbol. When the "Convert to Symbol" dialog appears, set its’ name "g_box" and behavior "Graphic".

Step 2

Press F11 to see the Library window and click "Create New Symbol". When the "Create New Symbol" dialog appears, set its’ name to "m_box" and the behavior to "Movie Clip" and press OK. When you are in "m_box", add "g_box" graphic from the library. Then right click the 32-nd frame in Timeline window and choose "Insert Keyframe". Now click any frame between 1 and 32 and in the Properties window from the Tween combo box choose "Motion". Then in Rotate combo box choose "CW" (Clockwise) and in the "Rotation Count" field type 1. This will make the box 1 time to rotate in clockwise direction.

Step 3

Now go to the "Scene1" and select the Text Tool from the Toolbox. Draw a Text and set its’ width to 40, height to 20, font size to 20, Var to "info" and change the Text Type to "Dynamic Text".

Step 4

Now right click our box and choose "Actions". When the Actions windows appears make sure the "Advanced Mode" is turned on and type the following the movieclip m_box:

Now lets understand the code. The word "onClipEvent" is an event handler like "on". The word "enterFrame" is the event. If we use "on (event) {" in our previous examples for Buttons, then for Movie Clips we use "onClipEvent(event) {". Now lets discuss the second line. "_root" is the main object in the Flash. Imagine something like this: you are sitting in the car, the car is in the garage, the garage is in the building, the building is in the city. As you see the chief of all these is the city of course, the building is sub chief and so on. This mean that if you want to see the building you must first go out of the car, then out of garage, then out of the builing and only then you will see it. So if we programmly describe your position then it will be "_root.building.garage.car.you" where _root is the city. In our example we are in "onClipEvent (enterFrame) " event, so if we want to access var info, then we will have to access if via "_root", this means "_root.info". Now you ask why we write "_currentframe" without anything. Because we are already in the Movie Clip. For example if you are sitting in the car and you need to take keys from it. You will not get out of the car, then again enter it to take the keys, you will just simply take them and then get out. So that’s why in our example we use "_currentframe" without anything. But if you want to access it via "_root" then you will write "_root.box._currentframe".

Step 5

Now test the movie and you will see the result.

TotalFrames
_totalframes property just tells you how many frames are in the Movie Clip. For testing it we will use the previous example. Right click the keyframe in the Timeline window in Scene1 and choose "Actions". Then write the following in the Script pane:

Trace is used to record programming notes or to display messages in the Output window while testing a movie. The use of trace is the following "trace(expression);". For example if you write "trace ("hello!!!");" then "hello!!!" will be displayed in the Output window. But this action is working only in Macromedia Flash MX. I mean that if you publish your movie, the user won’t see the Output window. So use it just for yourself to test the movies. Now lets go back to our example. This code will write the frames count to the Output window, and it will be 32.

URL
_url property retrieves the URL of the SWF file from which the movie clip was downloaded. As in the previous property add "trace(box._url)" and you will see the path of the SWF file.

Target
This returns the target path of the Movie Clip. This is nearly what we discussed in "TotalFrames". For example as we mentioned there, if we were in car then our target will be "\building\garage\car". Or another example: if you create a Movie Clip and set its name "m1" and then create another Movie Clip and put the previous Movie Clip in this one and name the new one "m2" then if in "m1" actions you write:

then the return path will be "\m2\m1"

DropTarget
Discussed later.

FocusRect
This is a Boolean (true, false) value that specifies whether a movie clip has a yellow rectangle around it when it has keyboard focus. If the focus is set, then it returns true else false.

FramesLoaded
The property _framesloaded tells how many frames of the movie were loaded. This is very useful to monitor the download process.

SoundBufTime
Discussed later.

<< Previous   Next >>


text:
ActionScript Programming/PartI/Chapter 2

Operators (1)
In this chapter you will learn all of the operators which are used in ActionScript.

Usual operators

Arithmetic operators

Assignment operators

Other operators are discussed later after chapter Data types.

Comments
Comments are useful for keeping track of what you intended, and for passing information to other developers if you work in a collaborative environment or are providing samples. There are two types of using comments. The first one is a one line comment and the other one: multi-line comment. For implementing one line comment just put "//" followed by your comment at the end of the line, if the line is not empty, and at the beginning of the line if it is empty. Examples:

This example demonstrates the use of comment at the end of the line

This example demonstrates the use of comment in an empty line

This example demonstrates the use of comment in an empty line in work

Note that you cannot use any type of comment inside the script! For implementing a multi-line comment you must just put your comment between symbols "/*" and "*/" (Note that all rules applied for one line comment are also applied for multi-line comment). Examples:

You cannot use comments like this: This is a syntax error.

<< Previous   Next >>


text:
ActionScript Programming/PartI/Chapter 3

Data types
In this chapter we will learn how to use variables and data types. First lets talk about variables. Variables are very useful to keep data in them, but each variable has its data type. Below are listed data types available in ActionScript:

General concepts and difference between Number and String data types
Lets write a small program to test this data types. Create a new movie and open Frame 1’s actions by right clicking the first frame in the Timeline window and choosing "Actions". In the Script pane type the following:

The first line declares a new number variable: "num". The word "var" is used to declare variables. After "var" must follow the variable’s name, in our case it is "num". You can declare variables without assigning any data type. For example:

"var i;" means that we declare i variable without assigning any data type. In in our code "var num = new Number;" we declare "num" variable and assign "Number" data type. This means that "num" variable can keep and work with only numbers. The word "Number" and other data types must be followed with the brackets. If there is nothing written in the brackets then the value of the variable is set to its default. In our case, our num variable is 0 at first. If you delete the line 4, you will notice, that the traced value is 0. In line 2 we declare another variable "txt" but this time we assign it "String" data type. This means that "txt" variable will not be able to calculate or simply work with numbers. In line 4 we set the value of "num" to 5 and in line 5 we set the "txt" value to "hi". And finally when we trace these two variables in lines 7 and 8 we saw the output:

Now lets make a test.

In first 4 lines we declare 2 number and 2 string variables and set their values. In lines 6 and 7 we calculate two same data type variables with each other and keep the result in the first variable. For example in line 6 "num1" variable is 20, by using "+=" operator we add "num1" "num2". We can replace the line with "num1 = num1 + num2". This is the same. If we add 5 to 20 the result will be 25. In line 7 we combine two strings with each other. The result is kept in "txt1" as in "Hello…". Now test the movie by pressing Ctrl + Enter and you will see the results 25 and "Hello…". Now lets test the same example but only change lines 6 and 7:

What do you think will happen? Test the movie and see. The variable "num1" will become a string, because the result will be:

<< Previous   Next >>

Programació en ActionScript 3/Tipus de dades


text:
ActionScript Programming/PartI/Chapter 3/String

String
In the previous section you understood the difference between String and Number data types. Now we will analyze String data type in details. The following is the structure of declaring String variable:

Parameter is the name of the variable you want to declare, and the parameter [expression] is the value you want the variable to be assigned when it is created.

charAt
String.charAt;

This method returns the character in the position specified by the parameter. The first character of the string is indicated by 0, so if you want to read the first character of the specified string you must put 0 as parameter, for reading the third character you must put 2 as. Now lets write a program which will get the second character of string “hello”.

charCodeAt
String.charCodeAt;

For understanding what this method does you must first know something about the keyboard and “ASCII value”. Each “symbol”, which is printed on the screen has an equivalent code. For example the code of the capital letter “A” is 65. In the American Standard(“ASCII”) there are 127 character codes. All computers in the world support ASCII standard. In this character set (character codes from 0 to 127) are only the standard codes of the symbols. For example the code of the symbol “©” in Microsoft® Windows® is 165. In other operating systems it can be another code. Here is the list of symbols with their equivalent codes:

These characters aren't supported by Microsoft Windows.

 * *Values 8, 9, 10, and 13 convert to backspace, tab, linefeed, and carriage return characters, respectively. They have no graphical representation but, depending on the application, can affect the visual display of text.

You will understand the use of this method later. For now you must know this. Now lets write a program which will print all codes of the characters of string “hello”.

concat
String.concat(, …,  );

This method combines the value of the String object with the parameters and returns the newly formed string. But note, it doesn’t change the string, it just returns it. This example shows the use of this method:

fromCharCode
String.fromCharCode( , …,  );

This method returns a string made up of the characters represented by the character codes (ASCII values) in the parameters. In this method “String” must not be replaced with a name of String variable for example: “mystring.fromCharCode”, it must be left as “String”. In this case “String” is represented by as a String object. The following example creates a “hello” string:

indexOf
String.indexOf(, [startindex] );

This method searches the string you specified by the parameter and returns the position of the first occurrence of it. If the string is not founded it returns -1. For example this code searches for “ll” string in “tmpString” variable, which’s value is “hello”:

The method “indexOf” will return 2, which means that the beginning of the string you was looking for is at character 3(don’t forget that the first character of the string is 0). The parameter [startindex] tells Flash to begin searching the string from the specified character. In the following example the value returned by “indexOf” method is -1, which means, that the string wasn’t found.

lastIndexOf
String.lastIndexOf(, [startindex] );

This method searches the string you specified by the parameter and returns the position of the last occurrence of it. If the string is not founded it returns -1. For example this code searches for “ZZ” string in “tmpString” variable, which’s value is “ZoZZooZZoZoZZ”:

The method “indexOf” will return 11, which means that the beginning of the string you was looking for, from the end of the string, is at character 11(don’t forget that the first character of the string is 0). The parameter [startindex] tells Flash to begin searching the string from the specified character. This means that the part of the string which is followed after the specified character is not involved in the search process. In the following example the value returned by “indexOf” method is 6:

slice
String.slice(, [endindex] );

This method returns a string that includes the character and all characters up to (but not including) the [endindex] character. If you do not specify [endindex] parameter then the return value will be a string that includes the character and all characters up to the end of the String. In this example we slice the word “How” from the String “How are you?”:

Now lets slice all characters from 4 till the end of the String:

split
This method is discussed later after Array data type.

substr
String.substr(, [length] );

This method returns the characters in a string from the index specified in the parameter through the number of characters specified in the [length] parameter. It is nearly the same as method “slice” but in this function you specify the length of the string to be cut, not the index of the last character. This example illustrates the use of this method:

substring
String.substring(, [endindex] );

This method returns a string consisting of the characters between the points specified by the and [endindex] parameters. If the parameter [endindex] is not specified then the string which is returned consists of the characters from the point till the end of the string. This example illustrates the use of this method:

toLowerCase
String.toLowerCase;

This method returns a copy of the specified String, with all of the uppercase characters converted to lowercase. For example a string “Hello” will be converted to “hello”:

toUpperCase
String.toUpperCase;

This method returns a copy of the specified String, with all of the lowercase characters converted to uppercase. For example a string “Hello” will be converted to “HELLO”:

length
String.length

This method returns the length of the string. For example the length of string “hello” will be 5:

<< Previous   Next >>


text:
ActionScript Programming/PartI/Chapter 3/Number,Boolean,Date

Number
In section General concepts and difference between Number and String data types you understood the difference between String and Number data types. Now we will analyze Number data type in details. The following is the structure of declaring Number variable:

var = new Number( [initnumber] );

The parameter is the name of the variable you want to declare, and the parameter [initnumber] is the value you want the variable to be assigned when it is created.

toString
String.toString;

This method returns the string representation of the specified String object. You already know the difference between Number and String objects so there is no need to explain why we need this method.

valueOf
String.valueOf;

This method returns the primitive value type of the specified Number variable (object).

Boolean
Now lets test the Boolean data type. Add a new button or movie clip in the scene and set its’ name to “testobject”, then open the actions of Frame 1 and write the following in Script pane:

The first line declares a Boolean variable “show” and sets its’ value to “false”. In the third line we set “testobject’s” property “Visible” to the “show” variable we declared. If you test the movie you won't see the “testobject”, because the show value is “false” but if you change the word “false” in line 1 to “true” then the object will be shown.

toString
String.toString;

This method returns the string representation of the Boolean object. Now you ask why do you need to use this method if you can do without it by just writing for example: “x=x+true;”, where x is a String variable. To understand the use of “toString” method you must first understand the Boolean data type. Actually the Boolean data type is a masked number data type. The values “true” and “false” are numbers. “true” is 1 and “false” is 0. To test this, we can write a simple code:

If you run the program, you will see “0” in “output window”. Lets understand what we have done. First we declared a Number variable “i”, then assigned “false” to it. If you omit the third line, the output will be “false”. But what have we done? In line three we added 0 to variable “i”. Why have we done this? Because we wanted Flash to think that we added some number to variable “i” which would change the value of it. So it converted the stored “false” value to number and then added 0 to it. Briefly we made Flash convert the value “false” to number. If we write “true” instead of “false” in line 2, then you will see that the traced value is 1. This means that actually “true” and “false” values are numbers and correspondingly equal to 1 and 0.

valueOf
String.valueOf;

This method returns true if the primitive value type of the specified Boolean object is true, false if it is false.

Date
This is a very complicated data type, it has 37 methods. Now we will learn some of them.

The first line declares a new Date variable “d”. So now the date is stored there. In lines 3-11 we trace the values of our “d” variable.

Methods
<< Previous   Next >>


text:
User:Marky1991~enwikibooks

About Me
I'm 15 and I live in Douglasville, Georgia. I like to play the Trombone and play in my high school's marching band. I also play the Vibraphone and play in W.A.R., an indoor drumline. I also like to play videogames, and i own a Nintendo Wii. Wiiii!

--Marky1991 23:24, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Marky1991~enwikibooks


text:
File:Mfas image017.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book file

title: File:Mfas image017.jpg


text:
File:Mfas image018.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book file

title: File:Mfas image018.jpg


text:
File:Mfas image019.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book file

title: File:Mfas image019.jpg


text:
File:Mfas image020.jpg

Summary
Action Script Book file

title: File:Mfas image020.jpg


text:
Wikibooks:Good books

This page describes in detail the process for nominating featured books.

Featured books
Featured books serve to highlight quality books that readers can learn from and authors should be inspired by. Books that have successfully been nominated by the community are listed for rotation on the Main Page and may be included on other pages as well.

Criteria
What makes a book "good enough" to be featured is not specified, but some common general ideas are:

Featured books that no longer meet the community's criteria should be withdrawn until the community is satisfied again. This process is intended to be fluid and not a big deal.

Discussions
Anyone can nominate any book and participate in the discussion process at Featured books/Nominations. You should be prepared to defend your argument. The strength and quality of the arguments made decide what the outcome of the discussion is. A neutral person should determine what the consensus is. Reasonings or explanations should include "support", "oppose", "neutral", or simply "comment" before it for convenience.

Where consensus is determined to support featuring, a goodbook template for the book will be created and added to the appropriate places for rotation on Wikibooks' Main Page, and featured book added to the feature book's main page, talk page or some other page as desired by book contributors. Where consensus is determine to support withdrawing a featured book, the goodbook template will be removed from rotation on Wikibooks' Main Page, and former featured book added to the book's main page, talk page or some other page as desired by book contributors. If you need help to add or remove a book from Wikibooks' Main Page rotation, you can ask an administrator for assistance.

featured book candidate or featured book removal should be added to a book's main page as appropriate to inform and encourage participation by the book's contributors. Nominations made in bad faith can be removed immediately. Criticisms from previous nominations should be addressed before nominating a book again.

  is generally used to added featured books to rotation for Wikibooks' Main Page, where BOOKNAME is the full book title. Go to Template:Goodbook to create it, and it is best to semi-protect the newly created page to prevent vandalism. Goodbook needs a book cover image and a short summary describing the book's scope and audience.   may be added to other organizational pages as well.

Template:Goodbook/List should be updated with the promoted book, and Main Page/Featured should have the X in increased by one to update the number of featured books. Featured books/Templates should be updated in the "New featured books" and department sections, and Featured books should also be updated. It is helpful to message the nominator about the promotion. For featured Wikijunior books and featured recipes, do the same thing at Main Page/Wikijunior and Main Page/Recipe.

it:Wikibooks:Vetrina/Criteri

title: Wikibooks:Good books


text:
ActionScript Programming/PartI/Chapter 3/Arrays

Arrays
Arrays are almost the most useful data type of all others. This data type was designed for keeping not one but many values in it. For example you want to have 10 users’ names in variables. So you must declare 10 variables with different names. It will be hard for you do add another user. But using arrays you can just declare one variable and keep all 10 users’ names in it. Now we will learn how to use array and its methods.

The example above shows you the usage of array. Line 1 just declares an array named “users”. Line 2 declares an array with 10 elements. This means that in that array can be kept 10 values at indexes 0 through 9. The first element in an array is always 0. Line 3 declares an array and sets its’ first 5 elements values. “c” will be the element with the index 2 in this array, because as we have already said the index of the first element in an array is always 0. Now lets write a small program to understand arrays better. Write the code written below to Frame 1 actions.

In line 1 we declare array “users” which consists of 3 elements. In lines 3-5 we set “users” each element. If you have an array and you want to get or set any of its element then you must write the name of the array, then “[]” and the number of element inside the quotation marks (“[]”). For example in line 3 we set the first element of “users” to “User 1”. You can use arrays for storing any data in them. For example you have an array which consists only of 2 elements. You can set the first elements value a string (e.g. myArray[0] = “hello”) and the second element a number (e.g. myArray[1] = 5). And finally in the lines 8-11 we trace our “users” array. Now we will create a more complicated example. Follow the steps:

Step 1

Select the Text Tool from the Toolbox and draw Text. Then select it and in the Properties window set its’ width to 80, height to 25, font size to 20 and change the Text Type to “Static Text”. Type “Number:” in it.

Step 2

Select the Text Tool from the Toolbox and draw Text. Then select it and in the Properties window set its’ width to 30, height to 25, font size to 20, var to “input”, change the Text Type to “Input Text” and select “Show Border Around Text” button. Place this Text near the previous Text. This will be our input field.

Step 3

Select the Text Tool from the Toolbox and draw Text. Then select it and in the Properties window set its’ width to 110, height to 25, font size to 20, var to “output” and change the Text Type to “Dynamic Text”. Place this Text under the two previous labels. The scene must look like this.

Step 4

Set the Fill Color to green and the Stroke Color to black. Then select the Rectangle Tool in the Toolbox, click the “Round Rectangle Radius” button  in the Options window, set the “Corner Radius” to 5, press OK and draw a rectangle. Double click the rectangle you have drawn and set its width to 35 and height to 25. Select the Text Tool from the Toolbox and draw Text. Then select it and in the Properties window set its’ width to 25, height to 18, font size to 13, color to red and change the Text Type to “Static Text”. Type “OK” in it and place it in the center of the rectangle. Now select the whole rectangle and this text (by dragging mouse) and convert it to button. In the “Convert to Symbol” dialog set the button’s name to “button” and press OK. Select the button you have created, place it near the Input Text and in the Property window set its name to “btnOK”. The scene must look like this.

Step 5

This is enough for our design. Now open the Frame 1 actions and type the following in the Script Pane:

Then right click “btnOK” and choose “Actions” to view its’ actions. In the Script pane type the following:

I think you understood everything. The first part of code was nearly the same as in the previous example, and in the second part of code we write a code which must be performed when the user click our “btnOK”. In lines 1 and 3 is written the beginning and the end of “release” event, and in line 2 we write the element of the “users” array which the user has written as “input” is the text which the user has written in the Input Text and “output” is the Dynamic Text in which the element of array is written. The arrays can also be multidimensional. For example you have some users and their phone number and address. For not making 3 different arrays it is easier to create one multidimensional array. The example below shows how to do that.

In lines 1 to 3 we create a multidimensional array “users”. You can write all these lines in one line. The variable is declared in three lines because it is easier to read. If you combine these lines then the result will be a very long line. Why we don’t put “;” after each line? Because the lines 2 and 3 are the other parts of the main line. So by putting the “;” in the 3-rd line we tell the computer that this was the end. The program will think that this is only one line. Now lets understand how we create a multidimensional array. This is the type of writing multidimensional arrays:

var :Array = new Array( [, , <…> );

When you write “var myarray = new Array( [], [], [] );” you create an array with 3 subarrays. Imagine something like this:

 * Myarray
 * 0
 * value
 * 1
 * value
 * 2
 * value

If you write “var myarray:Array = new Array ( [ [], [] ], [], [ [] ] );” then this is something like this:

 * myarray
 * 0
 * 0
 * value
 * 1
 * value
 * 1
 * value
 * 2
 * 0
 * value

This is like there is a folder, in which there are three folders. In the first folder there are two folders, in the third folder there is one folder. So if you want to get value from the second folder of the first folder then you must write “myarray[0][1]”. We do the same in our example. If we draw the structure of our array then it will be:

 * users
 * 0
 * 0
 * User1
 * 1
 * Phone1
 * 2
 * Address1
 * 1
 * 0
 * User2
 * 1
 * Phone2
 * 2
 * Address2
 * 2
 * 0
 * User3
 * 1
 * Phone3
 * 2
 * Address3

In this structure you see that the names on folders are only numbers. You can also give them names by writing the following:

The output is 3.

« Previous    Next »


text:
User talk:Mal1024

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! Az1568(Talk) 23:52, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Propertiesrightclick.PNG
Thanks for uploading Image:Propertiesrightclick.PNG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. Az1568(Talk) 23:52, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mal1024