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The Computer Revolution/Effect on society/Health

Health
Vision for the Future

With the combination of technology and health care there are many possible doors to be opened and boundaries to be crossed. With the availability of information at our finger tips through the internet there are numerous possibilities to explore. Doctors and nurses are able to research any question or problem in a matter of seconds on the internet. Also organization of files and healthcare documents can all easily be stored on main frame computers, which can be accessed by doctors around the hospital. Also the availability of computers and technology to the health care system can easily increase the productivity levels of health care staff and help introduce new aspects that can be put into use.

When you think of Technology and health care, you can only imagine the possible outcomes. Many new and innovative projects have come from Technology inter mingling with health care. Especially the amount of research capability that has increased. With the use of technology more and more viruses are broken down and cures are found. This is also the case for treatment in medicine, with technology progressing so is medicine.

The much vaunted information superhighway is expected to improve the quality of life for all Americans. This vision—the National Information Infrastructure—consists of both existing systems and technologies and others still to emerge, all linked nationwide. Every part of the economy, including health care, will be affected.

For example:

Technology has developed an entirely paperless medical record system at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston that links computerized patient records with different departments, physician offices, and 20 satellite clinics. Developing a practical common medical terminology that will be the basis for computerized patient records, clinical decision support, health services research, data-driven guideline development, and electronic interchange of patient information. The Mayo and the Kaiser Foundations are collaborating on the project, which is co-funded by AHCPR and the National Library of Medicine.

Improved Quality
Improved Quality in Healthcare Computers are aiding healthcare advances in many different ways. An example of which is the HELP system. The HELP system stores useful information that can remind and aid physicians while solving clinical problems. For complex problems, computer workstations can integrate patient records, research plans, and knowledge databases for physicians. The HELP system was in place to study the significance of serving antibiotics two hours before surgery.

In addition to alerting physicians to abnormal and changing clinical values, computers can post reminders for physicians. For complex problems, computer workstations can integrate patient records, research plans, and knowledge databases. Physicians reminded by computer were twice as likely to give flu vaccine to patients at high risk during the winter in a 3-year trial by Indiana University investigators. Winter hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and tests for respiratory ailments were reduced by 10 to 30 percent because the high-risk patients were vaccinated. Computer alerts for physicians prevented serious kidney failure and preserved kidney function in patients. When indicators of kidney function rose in the patients, the computers alerted the physicians, who then stopped medications being given or adjusted doses more than 21 hours sooner than when there were no alerts.

Use of highly interactive HIV workstations for physicians can result in up to 20-percent decrease in hospitalization of HIV patients, increased use of primary care, and improved quality of care. From any of the terminals at the hospital or from home by telephone dialup, clinicians can access the patient data base and the HIV knowledge data base for improved patient care. Computers and databases can be used to compare expected results with actual results and to help physicians make decisions.

Decreased Costs
Several analyses have detected substantial quality problems throughout the health care system. The following 4 topics are covered under the health: 1.) Decreased Costs (under health) 2.) Security 3.) Quality 4.) visions Decreased Costs.

As publicly acknowledged, Information technology has drastically reduced the consumption of paper. In the health care industry the abundant selection and records of patients is overcome by a 50kb file containing the vital information about the patients treatments and health on the computer. Information technology has consistently been identified as an important component of any approach for improvement. Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) is a promising technology that allows physicians to enter orders into a computer instead of handwriting them. Because CPOE fundamentally changes the ordering process, it can substantially decrease the overuse, underuse, and misuse of health care services. Studies have documented that CPOE can decrease costs, shorten length of stay, decrease medical errors, and improve compliance with several types of guidelines. The costs of CPOE are substantial both in terms of technology and organizational process analysis and redesign, system implementation, and user training and support. Computerized physician order entry is a relatively new technology, and there is no consensus on the best approaches to many of the challenges it presents. This technology can yield many significant benefits and is an important platform for future changes to the health care system. Organizational leaders must advocate for CPOE as a critical tool in improving health care quality. When a physician orders a test by computer, it can automatically display information that promotes cost-effective testing and treatment.

Costs in total at Wishard Memorial Hospital in Indianapolis decreased by approximately $594 per admission (projected hospital savings: more than $3 million) when physicians used computers to write all inpatient orders. The workstations were linked to a comprehensive electronic medical record system. Total charges per admission were $887 less when workstations were used to write all inpatient orders at the hospital; tens of billions could be saved nationwide. Physicians ordered 14 percent fewer tests per outpatient visit when using computer workstations at a large primary care facility in Indianapolis. Workstations showed prior test results, predictions of abnormal results, and test prices.


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The Computer Revolution/Effect on society/Business

Business
[] Corporate

Advances
The Computer Revolution as a Business Tool Computers are an indispensable tool for doing business. This is the plain truth that all businesses large or small must understand.

When I was a kid, on allowance day, I'd cycle over to Mr. Lee's candy store and buy 25 cents of mixed candy. Mr. Lee knowing how much I preferred the sugar coated strawberries to those mini-tootsie rolls would fill the order (a little brown bag) top heavy with those delicious strawberries, a smattering of other sweets, and at the most one or two tootsie rolls. Unlike the competition up the street at the Blue Jeans candy store where no matter how you protested the order was always filled with goodies in equal amounts, Mr. Lee understood the business principle of customization. In fact, I'm sure that if Mr. Lee were doing business today, he would be keeping track of his customers buying habits with a computer like so many successful businesses are doing.

Consider this: When you shop at retailers like Superstore, Home Depot, Staples and so on, virtually all of the products on the shelf are there in an attempt to fit the shopper’s tastes. How do these retailers know the shopping habits of thousands people? Simple, they are tracking and recording purchases at the check out counter with a computer. More sophisticated software programs will record demographics like age, address, sex, occupation, and how much money you spend.

But computers don't just help record customer purchases. They are critical in managing inventories of literally thousands of products. This aids retailers in deciding how much and when to replenish there stocks; what is selling like hotcakes and what isn’t moving.

Perhaps most important of all, computers can track the flow of money. Accounting applications like Excel and Quicken allow retailers to keep record of debits and credits, profits and losses, charitable donations, and theft. They are useful for keeping the all important tax records too. Computers streamline business and keep costs down while enabling faster and more efficient service.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Privacy_policy/Business/Advances"

Drawbacks
It is easy to get carried away with the advances taking place in the world of business and technology, but for every leap forward there is an inevitable downside. Perhaps the upside to the increasingly global and technological nature of business far outweighs the negatives, however they should be considered none the less. Stop talking about candy!

=Future=

The Changing Workplace--

The changes in the office setting will be similar to those in the home. Computers will control more things and have more power. Businesses will utilize this to be more productive. Computers will take over more jobs. The biggest change will be in where people work. Actually traveling to a physical office will be unneeded. Faster networks will allow high quality instantaneous video. People will work from the home and be able to accomplish everything they did before. There will still be a need to travel to work for face to face meetings, but this will be a rarity. Personally meeting with people will still be necessary to understand and connect with other people. Technology will play a greater role in the office as it becomes more powerful. Humans will still do the creative thinking, but will play a smaller role in manual labor tasks. Computers in Factories--

Computers will play a larger role in factories of the future. Increasing computing power will allow for greater automation. This will reduce the number of jobs available, but people will always be needed. The amount of tasks done by computer will continue to increase.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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The Computer Revolution/Effect on society/Entertainment

iPods
Looking around everywhere in public, Apple iPod’s are everywhere. They are portable media players and allow you to listen to music uploaded onto the device from your computer. There are iPod video players now, which on top of listening to music, allow you to watch the music video to that song. You can also upload movies, pictures, and shows and view them on the little screen. There are a number of different types of iPod’s in the iPod family including the Nano, Shuffle, Mini, and Photo. Some University classes even make the lecture available to view from your iPod! Even news broadcasts are offered to be viewed with it. In order to transfer the media onto the device, you need iTunes, which is a program where you organize and load up your iPod with all the stuff you want on it. You can choose whether to take songs from cd’s, buy songs from the iPod store online, or even download what you want. There are many other MP3 players being made similar to the iPod, but by far the iPod is the most popular one being marketed. You can accessorize it with different covers, connect it to your car, and connect it to a boom-box so everyone can enjoy your music. With technology moving as fast as it is today, there are sure to be many more features made available on our precious iPods.


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The Computer Revolution/Effect on society/Careers

Careers
Careers are the general course or progression of one's working life or one's professional achievements.

IT and the Effects on Transportation
I'm writing about the effects, both good and bad alike, about how computers have affected people's careers. I'll be talking about how computers have changed transportation, and peoples careers.

Transportation has, and will always be very important. Without it peoples lives would be greatly changed. Most people think of transportation as in buses, cars, trucks, and vans that people use for everyday uses for example food, mail, friends, and we don't think much about it or we take it for granted. Something people don't think about much is that there are careers based on transportation, like FedEx, UPS and others out there whose main purpose is to transport things. The ironic thing is that without the people who have careers in transportation and delivering goods we ourselves would have poor transportation. For with it ideas are shared, materials shipped from one place to another. One thing leads to another and soon you are here.

Computers had effects on this for with the advancement of computers leads to better design, faster methods, and many more wonderful things, which people dreamed about. Look at history and you will see that more change have happened in the last 50 years then ever before. Taking a look back to let's say the medieval times, they had horses, and maybe some chariots for royalty and wealthy merchants nothing more. You can go to http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-64340 a website that talks about it and the effects felt during those times. They didn't have computers and see how things were back then, not so good since the average person couldn't get supplies in a few days to make things better.

Now to our time, everywhere you look you can see some sort of transportation, be it a bike, car etc... We had cars before computers but after it was when things changed, you can go to www.computerhope.com/history/ for more info about the changes associated with computers. Since we have it peoples careers have changed from where you work to your stress level, like working in an office compared to fishermen not the average person I mean the ones that are on huge fishing ships that have nets, hooks, storage departments to hold the fish. They have an extremely high stress since they say its the most dangerous place to work you can go to www.wharfcat.com, one of a thousand sites that have more info about it. They rely on the ship to keep them alive and their careers, just like a mailman needs his truck to work properly, to FedXx people who deliver packages from place to place regardless of size.

Computers have had a tremendous effect on our transportation system for without it we would be less advanced then we are now. No planes, smaller boats maybe, but nothing like the cruise ships we have so seafood would be limited to shore catches. We would have cars that weren't as good as the ones we have now so ultimately computers have effected our way of life mainly with transportation for without it who knows where we might be today.

IT and Its Effects on Careers - Changes in the Career World
It's the "Age of Information Technology (IT)" and has had significant effects on our lives. We are inundated by the changes. We live with and by the changes. Among the many facets of our lives affected by Information Technology are the changes that have, and will continue to, occur in our careers.

How did you choose your first career? How did you determine if this would be an appropriate career choice for you -- physically and mentally? What is the job market and wage situation in your chosen field? How did you know what training was necessary to pursue this career? How did you determine where this training could be obtained? How did you find out the specific training and possible co-op or apprenticeship program that would benefit you in the pursuit of this career? How did you search for a job? How did you apply for the jobs of interest? To most or all of these questions, we can generally say that we have utilized the computer at some point. We have entered the "Age of Information Technology".

IT has become increasingly critical in career choices and within our career itself. IT has made it possible for many, especially the disabled community, to pursue a career. IT has opened up the career world -- from a career in IT itself to careers utilizing various aspects of IT to careers supporting the IT industry, to name a few. IT and its influence on people's careers is the main topic of investigation and this segment briefly examines the changes IT has had on careers. Of particular interest is how IT has affected change both within and around careers and career choices.

Choosing Your Career - What Career Best Suits Me?

One may know from a very early age what they "want to be when they grow up," while others have more difficulty defining their place in the work world. Fortunes or misfortunes of life, as well as life's experiences, may cause one to rethink and redirect their original intention. It appears that the 'career for life' is becoming non-existent and estimates have been given whereby individuals will be changing their jobs approximately seven times in their lifetime. So, whether you are beginning your journey in the career world or merely seeking that change (forced or otherwise), Information Technology will probably play a large part in how one assesses their competency and interest(s)in specific areas.

One may get their career advice from such sources as parents, friends, family and various other contacts (e.g., career or guidance counsellors). However, tapping into electronic sources of information is also gaining in popularity and maybe utilized in concert with, or exclusive of, human contacts. Add to this, the fact that various forms of Information Technology was likely used in the production of print materials offering career choices, advice and options. Furthermore, one's decision may be affected by some form of electronic testing or self-directed assessment, including some forms of IQ testing which would identify more precisely what career(s) may be best suited to you and your personality, abilities and interests.

One example of the latter maybe found at the Human Resources and Skills Development website (i.e., http://www23.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/ch/e/docs/ch_welcome.asp). This electronic version of the Career Handbook "... is the counselling component of the National Occupational Classification (NOC) system [which]provides global ratings assigned to occupations to further define skills, worker characteristics and other indicators related to occupations that are important for career exploration and informed career decision-making. This counselling resource is used by a wide range of professionals for many applications, and by individuals engaged in self-directed career planning. [It] ... provides 923 occupational profiles for counselling based on NOC 2001 occupations and ... includes information on aptitudes, interests, involvement with data/people/things, physical activities, environmental conditions, education/training indicators, career progression and work settings" (HRSDC website, accessed 09/12/09).

Choosing Your Career - IT and Career Selection

Not everyone selects a career path that "best suits" them. Choices are made for a variety of reasons. Sometimes it comes down to such factors as: a) what is in the best interests of the family?; b) the current or prospective job market; c) timeframe for, and availability of, training and/or apprenticeship spaces; d) wage rates; e) job location; f) one's age at the time of choosing; and even g)the level of IT knowledge required. For example, some may choose to shy away from careers that involve intensive use of Information Technology, whereas others may make IT their specific career.

If one must make a choice, whether as a "best fit" or for other reasons, IT can be invaluable in the decision-making process. The aforementioned HRSDC Career Handbook is just one source that could be of assistance in one's career selection. Another that may be of help to those seeking a career in Alberta or employment with an Alberta employer is the Alberta Learning Information Services (ALIS) website that maybe found at http://www.alis.gov.ab.ca/wageinfo/Content/RequestAction.asp?format=html&aspAction=GetWageHomePage&Page=Home). Four main links on this site include: a) OCCinfo; b) WAGEinfo; c) CERTinfo; and d) EDinfo.  As these names imply, one can find information about: a) the occupational "fit" for you and what you want by providing specific details about an occupation's duties, working conditions, salaries, advancement opportunities, personal characteristics and educational qualifications; b) Alberta wage and salary profiles (full- and part-time) by occupation, geographic area and industry group; c) certification and regulation requirements for specific Alberta occupations, including regulated occupations; and d) what educational programs are required and where they maybe obtained, as well as information about distance learning programs in Western Canada.

These are only two examples of IT at work in career selection. IT, therefore, can provide information as well as influence one's choice. For example, one's interests may lie in an area where there are few jobs and/or low pay and, as a result, one may look elsewhere for their chosen field.

Career Training - IT at Work for Your Work

Okay, so you've decided upon the career path, now what? On-the-job training is just one aspect of a career. Specific educational requirements may have to be met prior to, or in concert with, on-the-job training (e.g., co-op or apprenticeship). Information Technology may play a big part in this training, be it on-the-job or institutional-based.

There is no question that a career directly linked to the IT industry will require intensive study and hands-on application of IT. From programming to repairing IT products, IT "professionals" will be intimately involved in IT training programs. In other cases, learning to use specific IT tools is necessary (e.g., CADD in Architectural or Piping Drafting).

Educational facilities make extensive use of IT in the delivery of training programs (e.g., Blackboard, e-learning, video conferencing). This includes the need for the trainee to use IT in the application, course searching/scheduling and registration process. Finally, there are the numerous in-class instructional IT tools (e.g., laptops and projection equipment).

Then, for those of us employed in positions less dependent upon IT (if there are any), there maybe on-the-job training that could be delivered via IT tools. For example, customer service representatives may undergo intensive training on how to deal with various customers, situations and complaints by means of videos. Others may train by means of training modules on the company computer.

For each and everyone of us, IT is proving to be more important in career preparation.

Getting That Job -- IT and THE Job

Well, your training is complete and now you are ready for the real world! If you have not already landed the perfect job by way of an internship, apprenticeship or co-op program, then your work at finding work begins. IT has become an integral part of the job search and acquisition process. Jobs may still be found in the local, regional and national newspapers and magazines, but the use of IT sources has increased significantly. Potential job opportunities are posted online and maybe found on company, government and "job" sites (e.g., workopolis.com).

You've sought out various job postings and must now commence the application process. Here, too, potential employees are often required to apply on-line. In fact, one may have utilized a "resume builder" program in preparation for the application. Employers are often requesting a specific "company" application form be filled out and submitted on-line. There's no getting away from IT in these cases.

The application has been sent and is now in the hands of the potential employer. It is at this stage that your future maybe entirely outside the influence of human "hands" and under the influence of IT forces. Remember that on-line "company" application form? HR maybe deluged by a mountain of applications and unable to deal with the volume on a personal level, therefore, companies may opt to conduct an initial sort and assessment of applications by electronic means.

If you've made the "IT cut," then further assessment and possible interview maybe done in person. However, even at that stage, IT can be at work. People may conduct the interview, but IT maybe incorporated into the process. For example, the applicant maybe presented with a situational video and asked to comment on how they may handle the situation (e.g., a difficult customer that must be appeased in some manner).

Once you have acquired the position, then there's the aspect of getting you on the payroll. IT is intimately involved in this in that your personnel files maybe stored electronically. Then, what about getting that paycheque? The trend has been toward the use of direct deposits. At the current time, one can also see their pay stub on-line, but Employment Standards has (to-date) not allowed this as the sole means of receiving notification of your pay -- a paper copy must still be provided to the employee.

IT On the Job

Whether you've landed that IT job or a more "traditional" job, IT is bound to be involved in that job. One can pretty much say that "traditional" no longer has the meaning it once did, but now must include IT as part and parcel of the job.

The following example will help to explain. In most instances, a reservations clerk no longer simply answers the phone and enters your request or responds to your inquiries without the benefit of IT. The clerk may not, in fact, be the first point of contact for the customer -- e.g., there maybe an automated telephone answering system that directs the call or an answering machine may give alternative contact information and/or updates on bookings and availability. Computer software has also been designed to aid in this clerk's job. It may offer feedback on availability, allow bookings and collection of customer information on the spot in a one-step process. IT has, as a result, made many jobs more efficient and less time consuming. Old jobs have become more streamlined, although some would disagree on this point in some circumstances.

IT could also be utilized in monitoring one's job, not only for security reasons, but also for assessing one's on-the-job efficiency. The video surveillance camera and the remote controlled electronic door access are two such "security" related IT tools at the workplace. For the grocery clerk passing items across the scanner, there is less need for manual input of codes or prices, but this system can also assess the volume of sales and efficiency of the clerk in doing their job. This, too, decreases the need for order clerks and physical shelf checks -- the system can automatically submit an order when a certain volume of sales has been achieved (and the stock is in need of replenishing).

Physically challenged persons are no longer as restricted in their career choices. With IT, there are many potential positions available. Simply being confined to a wheelchair, for example, does not necessarily mean that you are not interested or suited to an IT job such as programming or data entry, to name a couple. In addition, some jobs have been redefined by IT and are now within the range of possiblity for those with various challenges. Some of the once physically challenging duties are aided by technology and even getting to work and about the workplace has become less difficult (e.g., electronic doors and automatic door openers).

IT has changed many jobs from within. From personal experience, a job that entailed face-to-face contact and "juggling" a great deal of paper has shifted to one encompassing IT. The paper has disappeared for the most part and people are no longer dealing with you across the counter. The medium of contact and job focus has shifted to Blackboard and e-mail. IT has redefined the job and has necessitated a change in duties and expertise.

IT was once, and often continues to be, thought of as somewhat of an evil monster lurking to grab one's job. Computers were going to take over! They would be the downfall of society! Well, maybe this is true in some cases, but not all. While IT can and has changed jobs from within (as noted above), IT can also expand one's job skills and duties. This can be especially relevant cases where downsizing has taken place because the company no longer found it necessary to retain employees with "old" job skills, but have downloaded some of that employees duties onto another. On the other hand, some positions are moving "offshore" because of the Age of Information Technology.

IT and a Final Note

We are defined by our career or job. Information Technology has defined our job and our career. One cannot definitively say that they are not influenced by Information Technology in some way in determining, acquiring, performing or getting paid for their job. IT has had a significant impact on people's work world.


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The Computer Revolution/Effect on society/Visions

Vision for the Future

With the combination of technology and health care there are many possible doors to be opened and boundaries to be crossed. With the availability of information at our fingertips through the internet there are numerous possibilities to explore. Doctors and nurses are able to research any question or problem in a matter of seconds on the internet. Also organization of files and healthcare documents can all easily be stored on main frame computers, witch can be accessed by doctors around the hospital. Also the availability of computers and technology to the health care system can easily increase the productivity levels of health care staff and help introduce new aspects that can be put into use.

When you think of technology and health care, you can only imagine the possible outcomes. Many new and innovative projects have come from Technology inter mingling with health care. Especially the amount of research capability that has increased. With the use of technology more and more viruses are broken down and cures are found. This is also the case for treatment in medicine, with technology progressing so is medicine.

The much vaunted information superhighway is expected to improve the quality of life for all Americans. This vision—the National Information Infrastructure—consists of both existing systems and technologies and others still to emerge, all linked nationwide. Every part of the economy, including health care, will be affected.

For example:

Technology has developed an entirely paperless medical record system at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston that links computerized patient records with different departments, physician offices, and 20 clinics. Developing a practical common medical terminology that will be the basis for computerized patient records, clinical decision support, health services research, data-driven guideline development, and electronic interchange of patient information. The Mayo and the Kaiser Foundations are collaborating on the project, which is cofunded by AHCPR and the National Library of Medicine.


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The Computer Revolution/Software/Word processing

Word Processing
Introduction and Overview

Word processing is probably the most common among the "productivity" software applications in use. The computer was certainly adopted quickly as a replacement for the typewriter when users had increased access to computers and discovered its advantages in document creation, editing, formatting and saving — that is, its word processing capabilities. This is especially true when it comes to making changes to previously created documents. No longer is it necessary to re-type entire pages and/or documents in order to add, delete and make corrections, among other things. It has become as simple as retrieving the originally typed document from the computer (or storage device), making the necessary changes and either printing it with the "push of a button" (or few keystrokes) or putting the new version back into a file on the computer or on a storage device. In fact, there should be less chance of errors and typos because of such features as spelling and grammar checking options.

Possibly the greatest advantage in word processing is the "word wrap" feature which eliminates the need for time consuming "carriage returns," therefore also decreasing the expenditure of energy in the typing process. In order to do "word processing," one needs a computer and a program called a "word processor" (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/word_processing.html  Retrieved Oct 2, 2006).

Computers are generally sold with factory installed word processing software, but often this software is not the product or version desired by the customer. For example, the functionality of the software (e.g., Notepad) is more limited compared to the likes of Microsoft Word. As a result, purchasers tend to purchase, install and upgrade to a more common and familiar word processor.

In the early 1980s, word processing software such as DW3 (DisplayWriter) was command based and, as a result, more dependent upon "function" keys for implementing commands. Since the 1990s, users are not required to remember specific functions because the programs tend to be more 'user friendly' in terms of providing icons and drop-down menu options for the user's convenience. Although it may take one some time to find the appropriate command, a user can search and/or browse even request "help" from the program itself --  to find what they wish to accomplish in their document.

Perhaps the most common and familiar to computer users are such word processing software as Microsoft Word and WordPerfect. In fact, word processing has advanced to the point of being within a "suite" of productivity software applications and, as a result, can utilize the interconnectivity of the programs in this "suite" to produce advanced word document presentations with such features as 'linked' tables, maps and websites.

For more technical documents, there's an option to utilize a feature called "Cite While You Write" which inserts commands into the menu (i.e., 'Tools') of the word processing program (e.g., Microsoft Word) to give the user direct access to references and enables the bibliographic software (e.g., EndNote or ProCite) to conduct bibliographic formatting during the writing stage in the open document (Thomson ISI ResearchSoft, 2003, "EndNote 7 ... Bibliographies & More Made Easy," p. 38; ISI ResearchSoft, 2000, "ProCite," pp. 63-64).

Today, rather than purchasing word processing software, there is the option to use Free Software (e.g., AbiWord). Many word processors can open and save Microsoft Word Document files [and] .... suitable for a wide variety of word processing tasks [and] ... available for a number of languages and operating systems" (http://www.abisource.com/ Retrieved Oct 3, 2006).. Another option is to make use of  web based word processors (e.g., Writely).  One can "share documents instantly & collaborate [in] real-time ... edit your documents from anywhere ... store your documents securely online ... [and is] easy to use ... [because it provides] a familiar, desktop feel" (https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin?service=writely&passive=true&continue=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.writely.com%2F&ltmpl=homepage&nui=0  Retrieved Oct 2, 2006).

While there are many word processors available, each and everyone has the ability to perform the basics. That is, word processors enable the user to create or type a document, edit (make additions and corrections, as well as check spelling and grammar, move, copy and paste text), format (e.g., change spacing and capitalization, bold, italicize and underline text), print and save (http://www.compusmart.ab.ca/alummis/beginnerword/index.htm  Retrieved Oct 2, 2006). Word processors can be quite complicated and provide the user with very advanced functions (as noted above), but the following discussions will begin by focusing on the basics for the benefit of all users.

Since 2007 Windows Vista has speech recognition included with Microsoft Word. The Speech Recognition allows you to issue commands to your computer with your voice. You can launch programs, switch between open programs, close a window, etc with a microphone connected to the computer. With Microsoft Word, you can dictate text, edit and format the text. Once it is set up, there a many possibilities for commands you can use like waking a “sleeping” system, selecting or correcting words in a document or even requesting for a list of possible commands to use.

You do need to train the Speech Recognition feature to learn your voice accurately through an interactive tutorial before you begin using it, it is highly suggested to use a good quality microphone so the computer can hear you better which will reduce errors. The dictation mode allows you to easily speak what’s on your mind and have Microsoft Word do all the work for you, dramatically reducing the use of your keyboard and mouse, it will also allow you to navigate between screens and applications with ease. The Speech Recognition feature is not very useful though for those who often work with text that is not grammatical, such as computer programmers, accountants, and computer administrators.(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb530325.aspx)

Microsoft Word 2007 attempts to change the de facto word (and office) document file format, but the Open Document is used across more word processors and is gaining in popularity faster.

Microsoft's newest update to the application is Word 2010 which was released in June of 2010. The application included a release of a free online version that works on an applet on most browsers that could be accessed through Microsoft’s online email client, Live or Hotmail. The new version also replaced what once was Microsoft Works with Office Starter 2010 offering a more basic word processor in the suite which comes pre-installed on most computers.The new version of Word most noticeable change could have been the look of the "Orb" which was the icon for the File option which is now a tab icon with the word File on it. Along with these changes and other the application does offer more features for common to power users. (Wikipedia Office 2010)

Document Creation

When you enter text onto a new Word document by a use of a keyboard, you are not only inputting data into the computer but you are also forcing the computer to begin working in a new document (William.B & Sawyer.S, 2007. Using Information Technology. The McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc: New York). Three functions of word processing assist you with the process of what is called creating or starting a new document.

The most integral function is the cursor. This small arrow or vertical line that appears on the screen allows you to see where you are located in the document. It allows you to navigate through the document so that you do not loose your place.

On the left or right side of your document you will also find a scrolling device that allows you to quickly move back and forth through the document from beginning to end. This device allows you to preview the beginning and end of the document while saving a vast amount of time (William.B & Sawyer.S, 2007. Using Information Technology. The McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc: New York).

When it comes to creating a document the easiest package that comes to mind is Microsoft Word. With Microsoft Word you are able to create, edit, spell check, print, and save professional looking documents, calendars, brochures, etc. In addition to creating, editing, spell checking, printing, and saving professional looking documents you can import other applications into Microsoft Word including spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations, and database directly into Microsoft Word maximizing all the specifications of other applications. There are similar packages out there that will do basically the same as Microsoft Word. They include Word Perfect, Open Office, and Lotus to name a few.

Document Revision

Editing is the process of making changes or modifications to an existing document. In word processors there are many features that can assist you with editing your document. Word processing allows people to spend less time with editing and formatting which in turn allows them to put more time into the piece they are writing (http://office.microsoft.com/en-ca/word/HA101650321033.aspx, Retrieved December 5, 2006). Information technology has greatly improved the process of human editing but also has allowed us to become “editing inept” as we the computer just does it for us with the touch of a button. Essentially an English professor may say we have become lazy in our approach to English.

Part of the reason we have become lazy is due to the fact that word processing has made it so easy for us to edit. Instead of whiteout or erasing if we make a mistake we can use the insert & delete button. If we feel we want to make additions to the document we can use the insert button and start typing wherever we place the cursor. All other text will shift (William.B & Sawyer.S, 2007. Using Information Technology. The McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc: New York). You can also replace text in a document. For example, if you have typed one word throughout the whole document but realize you made a mistake you can find all instances of the words and then replace them with the word you meant. This feature saves the average writer an enormous amount of time. Making a mistake used to be a great annoyance in those handwriting days because it meant using an eraser, whiteout or even starting over. However, now with the Undo command you can undo the last mistake you made just by using a touch of a button or simple command — Control Z on the keyboard. (William.B & Sawyer.S, 2007. Using Information Technology. The McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc: New York).

Editing a word processor document also allows you to cut and paste which used to be accomplished with scissors and glue. However, you can do this on the computer now with a touch of a button. Word processing allows you to copy a word, paragraph or picture and paste to another location or another file.

If you are having trouble thinking of a synonym all you have to do is use the built in thesaurus which is part of most word processors today.

The last two elements of word processing that we have become to increasingly rely on in our daily careers, schooling and writing is spelling and grammar check. The computer will scan your document and pick up any miss-spelled word or grammar issues you may have in your writing. This technique is and was one that you would spend hours and hours on in your English class learning however now the computer will automatically check and fix for you. Be careful with the spell check feature as if the word is spelled correctly but in the wrong context it will not pick it up. These features are good but still need the human eye to totally understand the language.

Formatting Options

Two very useful tools in Microsoft Word are Templates and Wizards. There are numerous pre-made Templates you have access to in Microsoft Word; ranging from certain types of business and personal Templates. There is also an option to create your own personalized Template. The purpose of these Templates is to save you time when creating specific documents you may use with the same outlines just different body information. Template can contain formatting, styles, headers, footers, and graphics. The Wizard is a tool that can save a lot of time formatting, printing, and mail merging. In Microsoft Office 2010 both of these tools can be accessed through the File tab.

Morley, Deborah, and Charles S. Parker. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow. Boston, MA: Course Technology, Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.

The use of templates in word processing has become very popular. Templates are extremely helpful whether you are working in a Fortune 500 company or own your own small business. The templates that are available are wide spread and include fax cover sheets, resumes, calendars, business cards and memos to name just a few. I think that the resume templates are most helpful whether you are a recent college graduate or if you are returning to work. The templates give you many different options to choose from, but also give you the ability to customize them to make them your own.

(Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow/13th Edition/Morley and Parker page 29)

Styles vs Direct Formatting

It is always a good idea, especially for longer documents of more than one page, to use the Header1, Header2, Header3 markup rather than using direct formatting. The advantage of building a document using styles is that when it comes to outputting to PDF, the word processor will build an outline view of the document and this will be handy in finding Chapters and Sections in a longer document.

Styles are beneficial also when you want to change the text properties of your headings. For example, if you have set your sub-sections to 14pt Arial and have a 20 page document. If you want to change the typeface to something else, using direct formatting it will be necessary to manually go thru the complete document changing the typeface to "Liberation Serif". Using the style for Heading1 you go into a dialog box and change the properties of Heading1 - font-size, font-weight, color, etc... This step alone will save a lot of time.


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The Computer Revolution/Software/Database

reserved for group 4

Database management system
The Database management system (DBMS)is a collection of interrelated data together with a set of programs to access the data, also called database system, or simply database. A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of the data.That is, the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained. Thereby, data can be stored in complex data structures that permit efficient retrieval, yet users see a simplified and easy-to-use view of the data. The lowest level of abstraction, the physical level, describes how the data are actually stored and details the data structures. The next-higher level of abstraction, the logical level, describes what data are stored, and what relationships exist among those data. The highest level of abstraction, the view level, describes parts of the database that are relevant to each user; application programs used to access a database form part of the view level. []

Free DBMS software

~Berkeley DB

~MySQL

~mSQL

~Firebird

~PostgreSQL

~SAP DB

~Xindice

~Apache Derby

~SQLite

~HSQLDB

What Is a Database?
It is a collection of related data kept on a computer and organized well enough to be easily retrievable. The data is organized into fields, records, and files. A field/column is a single type of data that is to be stored in a database, like a last name or telephone number. A record/row is a group of related fields, like the name, address, and major of Phyllis Hoffman. A table is a collection of related rows, like all student address data.

Database The above is an example of a database. A database can contain various columns and rows that consist of data needed to perform a task. The task can be mailing, labels, email blast, etc.   Some terms used in composing a database are the following: Tables – rows and columns Record – row Field - column

A database is a collection of related data that is stored and organized in a manner that enables information to be retrieved as needed. There are advantages and disadvantages for DBMS, database management system, which is used to create, maintain, and access a database. The biggest disadvantage is increased vulnerability because the data can be highly integrated. A nice advantage is that the database usually has a faster response time.

A database is a collection of data that is stored and can then be accessed by the designer, developer, administrator or the user. The designer is the person who would work with the analysts and others who are involved in the SDLC. This group would determine what type of data is going to be collected and what output is desired. The database developers will actually create the database based on the information from the designers. The developers also get the database ready for data entry. The database administrators are responsible for managing, maintaining, determine monitoring user access and the security of the database. Then eventually the users are responsible for entering the data. “Understanding Computers, Today and Tomorrow, Edition 13, Deborah Morley and Charles Parker, Page 552"

Evolution of Databases
Databases have evolved greatly since the 1960s. As our reliance on information systems have increased, so has the evolution of databases. Examples of our reliance includes the need to store and retrieve complex data such as multimedia objects. The biggest advances in databases can be expressed in terms of their organization of data. The organization of data has evolved from a collection of flat files with tree levels with a high level of data redundancy to a collection of tables and objects that support multimedia objects with a minimum data redundancy.

Creating a Database
First a files needs to be created, then the objects that the database is going to contain. Every time the Access is launched it gives the user the option of creating a new and blank database file/template or opening an already existing one. These will open in Datasheet view, which shows a table with rows and columns.

One of the easiest ways to create databases is to use Microsoft Access. When the program opens you are in a blank database. In the bottom right corner type the name of your database. After that you are shown in Datasheet View with a blank Database with just the Field ID as the Primary Key. A primary key is a field in a table that is used to relate that table to other tables. A primary key must uniquely identify each record in that table, which means that no two records within a table can have the same value in the primary key field. When selecting a primary key, it is important to pick a field that contains unique data that isn’t likely to change. To change the Primary Key text you double click in the field and type what you desire as the Primary Key. To add fields to the database you right click on the tab that says click to add fields. Then choose one of the field types: Text, Number, Currency, Date & Time, Yes/No, Lookup & Relationship, Rich Text, Memo, Attachments, Hyperlinks, Calculated Field, and Paste as Fields. Once you have chosen what you want to add to the Database you can type that form of data within the cell. To add lines to your database just press the Enter Key. Once you are done with your database you can add all the same formatting that you are used to in any other application within Microsoft. Some of them include Font Color, Background, Table Styles, Conditional Formatting, and Table Formatting. Every time you open the database it automatically updates your information stored within the database.

Shortcuts in Access

Sometimes creating databases can be long and strenuous and even creating multiple databases at one time. That is why Microsoft has included shortcuts in Access to make databases faster and easier to create. There is an extended list of shortcuts posted on the shortcutworld.com web page. Some of these shortcuts can be used in all versions of Access but the majority of the listed shortcuts only pertains to Access 2010. Shortcutworld.com divided all the shortcuts into five different groups with many subgroups. The groups are: Manage Databases, Manage Access Features, Working with Text and Data, Working with Access Views, and The Rest.

Marketing Database and Government Database

Marketing Database contain Marketing and demographic data about people, such as where they live and what products they buy. This type of information is used for marketing purposes, such as sending advertisements flyers by mail or email that fit each individual’s interests or trying to sign people up over the phone for some type of service. For example, when you subscribe a magazine, fill out a sweepstakes entry or any product registration card, or buy any product or service using a credit card, there is a good chance that the information will find its way into a marketing database. Marketing database is also used with Web activities such as social network activity and searches performed via Facebook, MySpace, Twitter etc data can be tracked and used for marketing purposes. Google also collect enormous amounts of data about individuals, worries many privacy advocates. Google may have data stored about your search history via search site, browsing history such as Google Chrome, e-mail – Gmail account, appointments such as Google calendar, telephone messages – Google voice, photos – Picasa Web Albums, reading history – Google books, and media history, and Google health.

Governments provide a few different types of databases depending on the laws that govern the country. Some of the usual databases one might find are property value search databases, vital records search databases, and address number and phone number search databases. For example, if you're listed in the U.S. telephone book, someone can look for you using either your name or telephone number. These particular databases rely heavily on the law because they wouldn't exist at all if they weren't allowed. It is important to know your local and federal laws regarding databases so you know what is allowed and what is not allowed in your area. .

Information about individuals is also available in Government databases. Some information such as Social Security earnings, income tax returns, is confidential and can legally be seen only by authorized individuals. Other information – such as birth records, marriage certificates, and divorce information, as well as property purchases, assessments, liens, tax values – is available to the public, as well as to marketing companies that specialize in creating marketing databases. Other government databases application is the creation of national ID system that link’s driver’s license databases, I-Pass ID is also linked to the State government databases. There is a big advantage of these online databases and one of them is checking the background of a potential employee or looking up a misplaced phone number etc. And also to keep an eye on hackers who is stealing all these information from these databases. In short, both these databases are useful and helpful to all these organizations.


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The Computer Revolution/Software/Presentation

Presentation software
Some ways to create a slideshow within Windows or Mac to create a presentation include Microsoft Power Point, Adobe Photoshop, or Corel Draw to produce professional presentations. Once you open any of these applications you have to create a slide on the screen to convey each portion of what you desire to present. Once you have created your text of a maximum of eight lines or less per slide you have to choose the options within the application to attract the viewer to what you are presenting. Some of these options include the Font Size, Color, Bullets, Shapes, 3D Appearance, and other features to maximize your presentation that you can place anywhere within the slides. Once you are finished creating the presentation you have to Rotate, Pivot, and use several Transitions to make your final project run smoothly.

Power Point
Microsoft PowerPoint Is a very easy to use presentations software designed and made for Microsoft windows and Mac OS operating systems. Power point is most commonly used by business people and students to create phenomenal presentations and projects. It can easily be used by Junior high student all the way up to senior's, with intermediate options to technically challenging options. Apparently the Microsoft corporation believes that thirty million presentations are made each day with the power point program.

There are many different options and abilities to use when working with PowerPoint, text, graphics, animation, movies and other objects are all possibilities within the program itself. It offers challenging components as well as easy to do elements that allows all levels off people to use it.

Presentation Graphics Concepts

The saying “a picture is worth a thousand words” is the cornerstone of Presentation Graphics. The basic concepts and features of presentation graphics is an image designed to enhance a presentation such as an electronic slide show or a printed report. A variety of software including spreadsheet programs, image editing programs, and presentation graphics software can be used to create presentation graphics. It takes the form of electronic slide containing images, text, video and more that are displayed one after other in an electronic slide show. Electronic slide shows are created with presentation graphics software and can be run on individual computers or presented to a large group of people in a conference room on a big computer projector; they are frequently used for business, Educational presentations. Today's most common presentation graphics programs are Microsoft PowerPoint, Corel Presentations, and Apple Keynote.

Creating a Presentation - A Presentation graphics program contains a variety of tools for creating and editing slides. For example, new slide can be added to a new or existing presentation. Charts can be added or edited in a new or existing presentation slide. Text, photographs, tables, shapes, charts and more can be added to slides using the Insert tab and formatted as needed using the Format tab. To create more exciting and dynamic presentation, multimedia objects and animation effects can be used. Video and audio clips can be inserted into a slide and set up to play automatically each time the slide containing those elements is displayed. Once the basic slides in a presentation have been created, the overall appearance of the entire slide show can be changed by applying a theme such as combination of colors, fonts, and effects that can be applied to an entire slide show at one time to the presentation using the Design tab. Transitions-special effects used between slides can be applied to specific slides. In PowerPoint, animation and transition are both specified using the Animation tab.

Helpful Rules When Creating a PowerPoint Presentation
Power Point presentations should be developed around 2-3 messages. The messages should summarize what you want the audience to remember. A rule that is good to remember when creating a Power Point presentation is KISS: keep it short and simple. The slides should show key points, one idea per slide. For a presentation, it is good to remember 1 slide per minute. When using technical terms in a presentation, it is a good idea to give an explanation of the technical terms. This will help the audience to have a better understanding of the presentation. On the slides use short phrases, but make sure to capture the important points. The only exception to this is when quoting something, and it can be cited in its entirety. A good rule to follow when preparing a Power Point presentation is the “6X6” rule. The rule is to use 6 words per line and 6 lines per slide, not including the title. Fonts should be large enough for the audience to see, font size 32-44 for titles and no smaller than 28 point for text or bullet items. Presentations should have a consistent look throughout each slide. So, it’s important to use the same font, size, color and capitalization format. Short, strong statements should be used, and the bullet point should open with a noun or verb in active voice. The same structure should be used for each slide.

Flash
Macromedia Flash can take the power of presentations to the next level. With the addition of movies, sounds, animations and more integrative options a flash presentations can be more advanced and powerful then a PowerPoint presentation, since Flash is not specific a platform for creating presentations. Though flash presentations are hard to make then PowerPoint presentations..flash really allows more freedom to everything to an artistic presentation. A company by the name of Impact Engine designs custom flash presentations for companies. www.presentationengine.com.

About Flash Flash® Professional 8 is the industry's most advanced authoring environment for creating interactive websites, digital experiences and mobile content.

With Flash Professional 8, creative professionals design and author interactive content rich with video, graphics, and animation for truly unique, engaging websites, presentations or mobile content.

Why Flash Professional 8 Great ideas deserve great tools. Flash provides full design control to maximize creativity, resulting in a consistent end-user experience across a variety of platforms. Build once, deliver anywhere.

Unleash applications to the web, Windows, Macintosh, Unix, PDAs, and even cell phones. Reach the widest possible audience via the Flash Player, installed on 98% of desktops globally.

Create rich and compelling 2D animations with the tool that brought animation to the Web. Take video where it has never gone before by taking advantage of the most widely deployed video platform on the Internet.

Occasional users may be interested in Flash Basic 8—a subset of Flash Professional 8 which includes all the core functionality needed to design simple motion graphics and interactivity for delivery to the Flash Player. Find out more.


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User talk:67.43.245.6

This is the only warning you will receive. Your recent vandalism will not be tolerated. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks. --Az1568 06:27, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.43.245.6


text: User:Kurt

title: User:Kurt


text:
User talk:Eseaw001

Image:Animals.JPG
Can you write your source?

I mean something like "selfmade", a link/internet adress, "from the Book ..." or what ever.

-- MichaelFrey 07:46, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eseaw001


text:
Wikijunior talk:How Things Work/Car Engine

"How dangerous is it?"
Is this a predefined template, or can we do away with this? I don't see how relevant this question is in regards to an automotive engine. An automotive engine is *not* dangerous, so I will edit that section. I'll wait and see if I receive any objections.

 * It's a pedefined template. In this case, I would just use this question as an opportunity to discuss general safety around cars and engines. In general, the questions should just be used as an opportunity to discuss a particular aspect of the topic, IMO.

 * Engines are hot and have lots of moving parts. So they have to be turned off before you can work on them. Cars can be very dangerous when they are not operated properly and legally and many people die in auto accidents every year. --Xixtas 12:00, 23 September 2006 (UTC)


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GIMP/Decompose

The Decompose tool will decompose a colour image into a series of grey scale layers. This allows you to edit the image in many different colour models.

Decompose
Go to  Colours > Components > Decompose. This will bring up the Decompose Dialog.

The Decompose window looks like this:

Select the colour model that you wish to use from the drop down menu that matches the colour model you wish to split to.

Recompose
When done editing your image, select Colours > Components > Recompose, to recompose the image back into an RGB Image. When saving to the XCF format, the layers will be preserved.

title: GIMP/Decompose


text:
Horticulture/Organic Lawn Care

Organic lawn care is a method of establishing and caring for a garden lawn without the use of synthetic chemical inputs such as pesticides, herbicides, or artificial fertilisers. Using organic practices on a lawn is a good way to avoid exposure to potentially harmful chemicals, since among all the elements of the garden, the lawn is the part that humans come in contact with the most often, either through walking or sitting on the lawn, as well as through exposure to pets that have been on the lawn.

Managed organically, the lawn can be more than simply a green carpet and can contribute to the overall biodiversity and richness of the garden ecosystem. Organic lawns can be valuable habitats in their own right, providing a home for a variety of insects, birds and other wildlife. Indeed, by relaxing a little and allowing the grass to grow longer, we will find that the lawn becomes healthier, requires less work and even becomes more visually interesting.

Choices of grass for the organic lawn
An important principle of organic lawn care is the choosing of grasses that will suit the location and the type of lawn required, and the uses that will be expected of it. Hard wearing grass mixes can be chosen for lawns used for football and play, whilst shady spots or a fine quality ‘ornamental’ lawn would have different requirements.

Cool season grasses
Cool season grasses are grown in climates with cold winters. They are evergreen, but may go dormant in midsummer.

 * Bluegrass - Fine textured, somewhat less durable than some other cool season grasses.
 * Ryegrass- hard wearing perennial grass that provides a good utility lawn, withstands drought and looks good.
 * Red fescue- both slender and creeping varieties of red fescue grow strongly to provide thick growth which is hard-wearing and reasonably drought tolerant.
 * Meadow grasses- smooth-stalked varieties are used in blends for fine lawns.
 * Other grasses- Chewings fescue, browntop bent and crested dog's tail are just some of the other grasses used in lawn seed mixes.

Warm season grasses
Warm season grasses do well in hot climates. They are green throughout the heat of summer, but will go dormant during cold weather.

 * Zoysia grass
 * Bermuda grass
 * St. Augustine grass

Cutting the grass
The frequency and height of cut will depend on the use to which the lawn will be put. By varying them the lawn can have either a formal appearance or a more natural look. There are a wide variety of lawnmowers available, and again, these should be chosen to be appropriate to needs and circumstances. For a small lawn a hand push mower with cylinder cutting blades would be sufficient, but for larger areas it might be worthwhile to consider the benefits of power mowers, including mulching mowers. These chop the cut grass into tiny fragments which are then blown down close to the soil surface where they will quickly decompose, recycling nutrients and adding fertility to the turf. Regular mowing should only be required during the growing season between spring and autumn. Frequency will depend upon speed of growth, which will vary according to conditions, but generally speaking a weekly trim will be sufficient in early spring, increasing to twice a week later on, especially on play areas or that are required to be neater. Grass growth decreases again in autumn, and whilst the grass will still grow in winter, it isn’t usually necessary to mow, besides which conditions are often too wet.

Longer grass tends to resist drought better than short grass, and is more able to compete with weed growth. Most lawn areas can be cut to about 3 cm (1.5”), although may be shorter in play areas. Lawn mowings should never be discarded, instead should be either composted, used as a high nitrogen compost activator or used as a mulch around trees, shrubs or vegetables.

The organic gardener can recreate the traditional ‘stripe’ pattern favoured in more formal landscapes simply by using a cylinder mower or one fitted with a rear roller, but these can be a chore to maintain. Instead interest and wildlife friendly habitats can be created by mowing large lawn areas to different heights, leaving some areas to grow long with mown ‘paths’ between them.

Lawn edges can be trimmed with long handled shears, which avoid the need to bend down, and occasionally cut to a clean border edge using a spade or half-moon edge cutter.

Weeds in The lawn
Lawns do not have to consist of only grasses, indeed they will be colonised by a variety of other plant species. A tolerant attitude will see this as an asset rather than a problem to be eradicated. For example, allowing clover (Trifolium spp.) to spread will feed the grass with nitrogen. The grass will therefore grow more strongly and will be a deeper green, and will not require artificial nitrogen fertilisers. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) will also grow very well in the lawn, and is a valuable plant in its own right, being rich in minerals and greatly enriching the compost heap. It will also increase the vigour of grass and its resistance to disease. Yarrow also has medicinal properties, and if left uncut will produce beautiful white flowers. Daisies (Bellis perennis) will also brighten any lawn, often flowering even into the depths of winter, whilst another attractive lawn flower, the dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) has a wealth of uses, all parts are edible and it has medicinal properties. In addition its deep tap root will mine minerals from deep in the subsoil to be made available via the compost heap. Other valuable wild plants that will often make themselves at home in the organic lawn include chicory (Cichorium intybus), catsear (Hypochoeris radicata), melilot (Melilotus officinalis), salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor), plantain (Plantago spp.), rough hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus) and coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara).

If however weeds do become a problem, there are organic methods which can be used to control them, including;
 * Removal of individual weeds such as dandelions, daisies and plantain by hand, using an old kitchen knife or weed grubbing tool.
 * Fill in holes left after removing weeds with soil or potting compost, and sow fresh grass seed into this.
 * Avoid mowing too low, short grass offers less competition for weeds and can weaken it, making it easier for weeds to invade.
 * Scarify to remove debris and improve conditions for grass growth.
 * Ensure good drainage to prevent water-logging which will encourage moisture loving weeds and moss.

Moss can be a problem on some lawns, thriving in moist or waterlogged conditions, but also on drier soils where fertility is poor and acidity high (in particular, under evergreen trees). Moss will colonise in shady areas and spread over soil where the grass is mown too short. Moss does not withstand foot traffic as well as grasses, and trampled moss can result in bare soil and soil loss. Moss can be controlled by regular raking in spring and autumn. Bare patches should be re-seeded, and a poor lawn should be fed, for example with seaweed meal. In addition, mower blades should be raised to 2.5 cm (1”), drainage should be improved (see below) and limestone or dolomitic lime added to raise the Soil pH levels. Moss is valuable to birds as nesting material, so the wildlife conscious organic gardener may opt to leave some areas of mossy lawn for this reason.

Lawn pests
Lawn pests can include;
 * Leatherjackets (Tipula and Nephrotoma spp). These softgreyishh black legless grubs growing up to 5 cm (2”) long are the larvae of thecraneflyy, and can feed upon grass roots, causing growth to become yellow and withered. They can be controlled by watering yellow areas and covering overnight with tarpaulin or sacking. Theleatherjacketss will come to the surface and can be picked off the following morning.
 * Ants (Lasiuss and Myrmica spp). Ants can cause problems by building nests and mounds in the lawn, causing it to become unsightly and difficult to mow. They are very difficult to control, however pouring cold or boiling water onto troublesome colonies can go some way to reducing numbers. There are numerous species of ants, however, and many live in lawns without causing problems.
 * Moles. Moles cause damage to the lawn by their tunneling actions, leaving mounds of earth which can make lawn mowing difficult and reducing valuable earthworm populations. Strong smells or the vibrations of electronic molescarerss can deter them, but trapping is the only effective permanent means of control.

Improving the lawn
The lawn is made up of millions of individual plants, and as with other parts of the garden, a healthy and fertile soil with a good soil structure is essential to obtaining good results. Feeding the lawn should not be necessary unless growth is poor, in which case an organic fertilizer such as seaweed meal can be raked in as a top dressing, or else garden compost can be thinly spread over the lawn surface. An annual top dressing consisting of a mix of 3 parts sharp sand, 1 part loam and 1 part bulky organic material on heavy soils where moss is a problem can be beneficial, as can 2 parts loam to 3 parts bulky organic material on lighter, free-draining sandy lawns. Over-fertilizing a lawn, however, can actually reduce biodiversity. Many plants, in particular legumes such as Clover, thrive in nitrogen-poor lawns, and adding nitrogen can eliminate these plants.

Acid soil conditions can cause a build up of fibrous organic matter and debris called thatch, and can also encourage weeds such as sheep’s sorrel. If the pH is below 5.5-6, lime the area to raise it to around 7. Ground limestone ordolomiticc lime evenly sprinkled over the lawn and gently raked in is the appropriate organic treatment. Repeat annually if required until the desired pH is reached. Vigorously raking the lawn in autumn with a lawn rake to remove debris and leaves is known as scarifying. In addition to preventing diseases and removing obstructions to the growing grass, this process will help the lawn to thicken up by encouraging side shoot production.

Aerating the lawn is the process of creating holes in the soil in order to improve drainage and increase air circulation, and can be particularly beneficial on compacted areas. This is best carried out in early autumn when the soil is moist. A special hollow tined aerator can be used, which takes out a core of soil about 10 cm (4”) deep, or else the soil can simply be spiked with a fork on small areas. Most lawns should not need to be aerated more than once every three years or so.

Alternative lawns
Lawns are usually established with grasses, but other evergreen species can be used. These include chamomile (Chamaemelum nobilee), which releases a sweet, apple like scent when crushed underfoot, and is thus very useful in a sensory landscape, or as a feature in the herb garden. However such a lawn will not tolerate heavy wear. The non flowering clone Treneaguee’ is especially suitable for the establishment of a chamomile lawn as it is naturally low growing. Cotulaa’ has fern like leaves and is more hard-wearing, but will not survive temperatures below −4 °C (25 °F). Another alternative, particularly where space is abundant, might be to establish a wild flower meadow. Simply leave some areas uncut and see what comes up, or else a wild flower meadow can be created by using one of the numerous seed mixes that are available that include a selection of wild flowers and grasses. Wild flowers prefer poorer soils, so should not be fertilized. Mowing is carried out infrequently, preferably on a sunny day after a period of dry weather. Mowings should be left on the ground to dry out, then shaken well in order to release any seed, but should not be left to break down as this will tend to raise fertility levels.

In shady yards, a grassy lawn can be particularly difficult to maintain. Grasses are best adapted to full sunlight, and in shade tend to be out-competed by a variety of plants, including mosses, Ground ivy, and other plants. These plants can combine to form a robust ground-cover that can withstand periodic mowing and some foot traffic. Mowing in such shade lawns needs to be carried out less often, since the plants grow more slowly due to the lack of sunlight. Care should be taken to not mow the lawn too close to the ground, as shady yards tend to have less dense growth, and removal of too many plants can lead to soil loss. In the most shaded yards, many people choose to forgo mowed lawns entirely and choose instead to use a ground cover that does not require mowing.

/Lawns

title: Horticulture/Organic Lawn Care


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Organic Lawn Care

Transwiki notes
Copied from Organic lawn management 10:08, 23 September 2006 (UTC), using this version.

Edit history pasted here as article will likely be deleted:

(cur) (last) 06:50, 18 September 2006 SB Johnny (Talk | contribs) (rv... link is to an organisation that is seeking to set standards for this topic.) (cur) (last) 06:13, 18 September 2006 66.38.39.120 (Talk) (→External links) (cur) (last) 20:08, 14 September 2006 MPF (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 69.253.202.23 (talk) to last version by WinBot) (cur) (last) 15:27, 14 September 2006 69.253.202.23 (Talk) (→External links) (cur) (last) 06:59, 28 August 2006 WinBot (Talk | contribs) m (BOT - Unicodifying) (cur) (last) 05:47, 3 August 2006 SB Johnny (Talk | contribs) (rm spam) (cur) (last) 00:58, 3 August 2006 Schave (Talk | contribs) (→External links) (cur) (last) 18:57, 6 July 2006 71.250.17.62 (Talk) (→Weeds in The lawn) (cur) (last) 18:54, 6 July 2006 71.250.17.62 (Talk) (→Weeds in The lawn) (cur) (last) 18:47, 6 July 2006 71.250.17.62 (Talk) (→Choices of grass for the organic lawn) (cur) (last) 18:47, 6 July 2006 71.250.17.62 (Talk) (→Choices of grasses for the organic lawn) (cur) (last) 09:29, 2 July 2006 Alerante (Talk | contribs) (move to wikibooks) (cur) (last) 19:38, 28 June 2006 66.169.48.226 (Talk) (→Cutting the grass) (cur) (last) 17:38, 28 June 2006 SB Johnny (Talk | contribs) (→Lawn pests - copyedit (old vandalism?)) (cur) (last) 13:20, 20 June 2006 Ohnoitsjamie (Talk | contribs) (Revert to revision 56926999 dated 2006-06-05 01:52:42 by Lupinelawyer using popups) (cur) (last) 13:07, 20 June 2006 216.93.53.114 (Talk) (→External links) (cur) (last) 21:52, 4 June 2006 Lupinelawyer (Talk | contribs) m (→Alternative lawns - add missing quotemark to remove long italics) (cur) (last) 00:31, 31 May 2006 WeggeBot (Talk | contribs) m (robot Adding: da) (cur) (last) 15:48, 27 May 2006 EverettColdwell (Talk | contribs) m (cur) (last)  11:48, 28 April 2006 Cazort (Talk | contribs) m (→Weeds in The lawn - explained why moss is bad) (cur) (last) 11:41, 28 April 2006 Cazort (Talk | contribs) (→Alternative lawns - added section on shade yards) (cur) (last) 11:31, 28 April 2006 Cazort (Talk | contribs) m (→Improving the lawn - added warning about not overfertilizing) (cur) (last) 11:26, 28 April 2006 Cazort (Talk | contribs) m (→Lawn pests - added comment that not all ants are bad) (cur) (last) 06:37, 16 March 2006 YurikBot (Talk | contribs) m (robot Adding: da) (cur) (last) 15:21, 16 February 2006 66.97.236.230 (Talk) (space before unit symbols) (cur) (last) 16:37, 15 December 2005 Hurricane111 (Talk | contribs) (→Alternative Lawns - move see also to external links) (cur) (last) 16:30, 15 December 2005 205.245.52.30 (Talk) (cur) (last) 12:15, 11 August 2005 Curps (Talk | contribs) m (Organic lawn management on wheels! moved to Organic lawn management) (cur) (last) 11:51, 11 August 2005 Willy on Wheels on Wheels on Wheels (Talk | contribs) m (Organic lawn management moved to Organic lawn management on wheels!) (cur) (last) 07:20, 2 August 2005 Cavrdg (Talk | contribs) m (dab habitat (ecology)) (cur) (last) 17:25, 18 March 2005 Pekinensis (Talk | contribs) m (→Weeds In The Lawn - fix links) (cur) (last) 02:27, 6 March 2005 Grammarbot (Talk | contribs) m (Removed space before comma. I am a bot. Please revert my change if it was incorrect. I will notice automatically.) (cur) (last) 22:16, 16 February 2005 69.37.210.239 (Talk) (→Improving The Lawn) (cur) (last) 22:14, 16 February 2005 69.37.210.239 (Talk) (→Alternative Lawns) (cur) (last) 06:02, 31 January 2005 Sonelle (Talk | contribs) m (→Choices of grasses for the organic lawn) (cur) (last) 18:12, 2 January 2005 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) m (cur) (last)  03:09, 21 June 2004 Stan Shebs (Talk | contribs) (Category:Gardening) (cur) (last) 17:54, 18 May 2004 Zoicon5 (Talk | contribs) m (=Alternative Lawns=) (cur) (last) 17:54, 18 May 2004 Zoicon5 (Talk | contribs) m (=Weeds In The Lawn=) (cur) (last) 17:53, 18 May 2004 Zoicon5 (Talk | contribs) m (=Weeds In The Lawn=) (cur) (last) 15:59, 8 April 2004 Jrdioko (Talk | contribs) m (disambig spring) (cur) (last) 21:27, 27 November 2003 Wik (Talk | contribs) m (cur) (last)  15:03, 3 November 2003 Zoicon5 (Talk | contribs) m (cur) (last)  12:23, 19 October 2003 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) ((see also Weed control)) (cur) (last) 12:06, 19 October 2003 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) m (cur) (last)  12:02, 19 October 2003 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (created a heading so that TOC will be at the top, ) (cur) (last) 11:59, 19 October 2003 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (more wiki) (cur) (last) 06:26, 19 October 2003 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (more wiki- have to leave for now, more editing later...) (cur) (last) 06:12, 19 October 2003 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (created some headings) (cur) (last) 06:07, 19 October 2003 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (begun wiki'ing, removed highly POV first paragraph) (cur) (last) 05:51, 19 October 2003 Quercusrobur (Talk | contribs) (raw text pasted in, needs copyedit, NPOV etc)

title: Talk:Horticulture/Organic Lawn Care


text:
Find Employment/Start Business

More and more people are creating their own next job by starting their own business. You can start your own business with the purpose of just yourself working for it or you can create a business with the ambition to employ other people.

Free Agents
Our modern economy has been described as a free agent economy. Free agents are people who work for several companies independently not being hired as an employee by the companies. A free agent can in many cases work much like an employee of a company but does not have the same rights to benefits etc. as an employee.

Things to consider

 * skills
 * Do I have the knowledge to be my own boss?
 * Do I know "enough" about the law?
 * attitude
 * Do I have the stamina, persistence it takes? Or, if not, do I want to adopt that attitude?
 * viability
 * short-term: Are there enough opportunities?
 * Who sets the prices? Is the market saturated?
 * Liability? What insurances are necessary?
 * long-term: social security and health benefits
 * Do I run risk of old age poverty? Would it make a difference if I worked a regular job?
 * What if I cannot work for a period of time? How do I finance myself?

title: Find Employment/Start Business


text:
ILife/iTunes/Burning CDs from iTunes

You've always dreamed of listening to your music in your car, at home on a boom box, or uploading it on your friend's computer. Well, you can. All you have to do is burn a CD-R or a CD-RW (which are blank CDs that are recordable). So what you're doing is putting your songs onto a disc from your iTunes library. But you could only have around twenty songs on a blank disc (it depends on how much memory is on the disc). Now, to start: you need to have iTunes, of course. Then have your songs ready on your playlist or library. You will see little checks in check-boxes on the left of the songs' names. Check or uncheck the songs that you want or don't want (checked box means that it will be burned onto your blank CD; unchecked means that the song will not be on the blank CD).Then take one of your blank CDs and stick it into the CD drive. An icon will come up on your desktop. A box might pop up that says put a name for the disk; you can do that if you want. Then look up on top of your iTunes, and you will see a closed hole that says "Burn Disk"; press that. The hole will open and a glowing icon will appear. Then continue on: you will know how to do the rest. Once you are done, take your CD out and enjoy!

Where to find CD-Rs
You can find CD-Rs anywhere, basically. The best place to buy CD-Rs is your local office supply store, like Office Depot or Staples. You can either buy CD-Rs or CD-RWs. The difference is that CD-Rs are just one-time recording. CD-RWs can rewrite many times. I would advise for you to just buy CD-Rs. You can use them for presentations for your company, music, clips and more. If you have a video camera, you can record your video and put it on your computer. You cannot put a video on a CD-R (technically you can, but you have to burn it as a VCD, which is compatible with most of the newer model DVD players.  VCDs do not hold nearly as much as DVDs, so this is ideal for short video clips.), so you need a DVD-R. Then download your movie on the DVD-R and watch your movie on your DVD player.

Don't overload a blank CD
You only have a certain amount of capacity on your blank CD. You can always check your CD's amount on the blank CD or the blank CD case.

title: ILife/iTunes/Burning CDs from iTunes


text:
Talk:ILife/iTunes/Burning CDs from iTunes

Transwiki log
Copied from How To Burn A Disc On iTunes 10:56, 23 September 2006 (UTC). History copied here as the article is about to be deleted through the AfD process.

(cur) (last) 22:52, 18 September 2006 Switchercat (Talk | contribs) (Nominated for deletion.) (cur) (last) 20:32, 16 September 2006 71.106.89.27 (Talk) (→More Help) (cur) (last) 20:19, 16 September 2006 71.106.89.27 (Talk) (→Headline text) (cur) (last) 20:18, 16 September 2006 71.106.89.27 (Talk) (cur) (last) 23:02, 13 September 2006 Klacquement (Talk | contribs) (prod: how-to) (cur) (last) 22:50, 13 September 2006 Wikipediafriend (Talk | contribs)


text:
Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions

 * Student Misconceptions
 * The correct scientific explanation

 * Plants get most of their food from the soil. This is why fertilizers are needed.
 * Plants are autotrophs, meaning they create their own food from inorganic substances and energy. The Plant takes inorganic substances and water from the soil, not food.

 * The simple conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen is photosynthesis.
 * Photosynthesis is a complex series of reactions in which light energy is utilized to convert inorganic substances into carbohydrates. The oxygen released is a byproduct.

 * Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and at night, plants respire.
 * Photosynthesis includes the light reactions and the light-independent reactions. Both sets of reactions together comprise the suite of reactions that we refer to as "photosynthesis".  The requirement of light means that plants can only perform the full set of photosynthetic reactions during hours of the day when light is present.  The reactions of respiration have no such dependency on light, but the accessible chemical energy carried in the ATP produced during respiration is needed at all times—day and night—in order to power the living cells that constitute the plant.  Plants therefore must respire every second of their lives; when respiration stops, death begins.

 * Plants are green because they do not absorb green light.
 * Plants are green because their cells absorb other wavelengths of light more efficiently. Some green light is still absorbed, notably by accessory pigments rather than chlorophylls a and b.

 * Chlorophyll molecules in the light harvesting complexes transfer electrons to reaction centers.
 * Light energy is relayed into each of the photosystems. This energy reaches the chlorophyll a molecules in Photosystem II.  Electrons in the chlorophyll are excited into a higher energy state.  The excited electrons leave the chlorophyll a molecules.  The primary electron acceptor begins the electron transport chain.  Energy lost by electrons is used to move protons into the thylakoid.  Photosystem I electrons replace those that have passed through the electron transport chain in Photosystem II.  Electrons must be replaced in the system for the electron transport chains to continue functioning.

How can teachers help students to overcome these misconceptions?
Photosynthesis is one of the more difficult concepts taught in high school biology. There are definitely misconceptions that come with such broad and complex topics. The misconception mentioned above is one held by elementary, middle, and secondary students alike. Photosynthesis presents a difficult problem for educators since the molecules involved are so small, actually visualizing this process is difficult (Russell, 2004). The actual results of photosynthesis are also hard to analyze since plants grow at seemingly slow rates. Textbook diagrams have proved inadequate in addressing this misconception, but a new form of technology is promising. A group of researchers has developed “Photosynthesis in silico”, a multimedia exploration of photosynthesis and laboratory practices. The CD-Rom has separate modules for students to explore photosynthetic reactions. Because of the expense of laboratory equipment, the CD-Rom offers students a means by which to perform photosynthesis activities. After being tested, it was demonstrated that the use of such forms of multimedia eliminated over 70% of misconceptions. This tool represents a great way for teachers to educate their students in a cost efficient and highly effective manner. These interactive diagrams therefore seem imperative for students to understand the photosynthetic pathways.

Misconceptions are formed through five categories: oversimplifications, overgeneralizations, obsolete concepts or terms, misidentifications, and flawed research (Hershey, 2004). Many pre-service biology teachers are ill prepared to teach botany, and therefore they cannot readily recognize errors in literature and textbooks. Students’ misconceptions are then reinforced due to ignorance. Biology teachers must focus on these misconceptions in order to recognize when literature is incorrect (Hershey, 2004). The only way to overcome these misconceptions is to have teachers prepare more and have a more comprehensive analysis of what they are teaching.

The overall trend for eliminating misconceptions seems to be experiential learning and proper instruction. While the article by Russell does not outright say it, the CD-Rom is a form by which students can discover photosynthesis and experience it. The media used enables abstract ideas and concepts to come to life for students. Rather than imagining the electrons, students can visualize the movement of these particles. Furthermore, teachers need to understand misconceptions that students may have in order to help students overcome them. These are simply a few ways in which educators are assisting learners in their hunt for truth.

title: Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions


text:
Transwiki talk:Photosynthesis misconceptions

Transwiki notes
Copied from Photosynthesis misconceptions 11:05, 23 September 2006 (UTC). History copied as the article is soon to be deleted.

(cur) (last) 09:34, 19 September 2006 TheronJ (Talk | contribs) (Nominated for deletion - see Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Photosynthesis misconceptions) (cur) (last) 23:43, 11 September 2006 Petaholmes (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 12:09, 20 August 2006 JSettlage (Talk | contribs) m (→PHOTOSYNTHESIS MISCONCEPTIONS) (cur) (last) 14:00, 16 August 2006 Lago14 (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 13:59, 16 August 2006 Akradecki (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 13:59, 16 August 2006 Akradecki (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 13:59, 16 August 2006 Akradecki (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 13:58, 16 August 2006 Lago14 (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 13:54, 16 August 2006 Lago14 (Talk | contribs) (cur) (last) 13:53, 16 August 2006 Lago14 (Talk | contribs)