text:
Talk:Topfield 5800/TAP Groups EPG/MyStuff

I have changed the name from "Q & A" to "Index" & removed any content that is not just indexing the current thread Mike.hinson 07:28, 3 November 2006 (UTC)


text:
Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure/About the Author

About the Author
(For updates, visit Edwin's blog: Technobiography )

Edwin S. Soriano is a project associate, researcher, technical consultant, and trainor for the Foundation for Information Technology, Education, and Development (FIT-ED) and Digital Philippines Foundation.

He is an Electrical Engineer from the University of the Philippines. The past years have found him teaching in an island without electricity in southern Philippines, deploying automation systems in the country's industrial parks, teaching cadets in the Philippine Military Academy north of Manila and conducting trainings, researches and projects focusing on ICT for development. His most permanent stead is an e-mail address he got back in 1996.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Mike.hinson

KeyBehaviour

Feature Requests
content deleted as this has been moved to http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Topfield_5800/TAP_Groups_EPG/MyStuff/FeatureRequests

/\/\

TestPage

Colours.... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors http://www.web-source.net/216_color_chart.htm http://www.seoconsultants.com/css/colors/web/safe/

title: User:Mike.hinson


text:
Nanotechnology/STM/STM tip etch

=Recipe for STM Tip Electrochemcial Etch of Tungsten Wire in KOH=

Before we begin, we apparently have to remind the users of the obvious: Clean up after you have used the setup – after use, empty the reservoir of the used KOH and flush it well with deionized (DI) water. KOH is etching, so wipe off droplets from the table/equipment after you.

 * Use a freshly cut wire -do not touch the wire roll with your fingers, since the grease will contaminate it for future users (some use the w-wire in UHV equipment where a greasy finger print can ruin quite a lot, so take care of it).
 * Prepare a solution of 16.8g KOH pellets in 100ml deionized (DI) water or use the prepared solution in the plastic bottle if available.
 * Fill the teflon cup well up with the solution.
 * Clip the needle onto the holder and set the needle on positive and the solution on negative bias.
 * Dip the needle about 0.5mm into the solution – the deeper you dip, the longer time it will take...
 * Etch with about 10V and 2mA stop current. You can increase voltage if you think nothing happens to break through eventual oxide layers.
 * Examine the tip in the microscope and etch again if necessary - sometimes just a quick dip can do wonders.

One reservoir of about 50mL KOH solution can efficiently etch about 3 tips, then it begins to take longer time. Stir the liquid when the etch rate drops to get fresh etchants into the reaction zone.

Tips get coated in oxide in some 10h time. They can be cleaned of oxide by flushing a bit of KOH solution over them, or in case of thick oxide by doing a quick electrochemical etch again. A thin film of liquid remains on the tip after etching – clean in DI water and drying in hot air usually helps on this.

title: Nanotechnology/STM/STM tip etch


text:
Talk:Demystifying Depression/The Genetic Link

Trauma may be getting mislabeled as genetics
This is basically my 2 cents worth on this subject. I am not an expert, and I cite no references (though I wish I could). I do write however as a long term sufferer of depression (8+ years). I was diagnosed as clinically depressed in 1998, but I believe that I had suffered for a long time before that. It's been a long and rocky road, and I am only now beginning to come to terms with my illness. After a lot of introspection, and even more digging around for real help and information, I'd like to contribute the following:

There is a lot of speculation, and studies rarely tend to agree, but the one thing that I find the most puzzling is this insistence that genetics is a large factor in the prevalence of depression across generations. Depression is a traumatic experience, and living with a depressed person can also lead to trauma in the sufferer's nearest family members. I was recently told by a psychologist (name intentionally withheld) who deals a lot with war veterans that trauma can take several generations to leave a family. Given the upheaval of the two great wars, and the many large conflicts and cold war since then, it is not unreasonable to believe that trauma from these terrible events is played out in the form of flashbacks, violence, and depression within families, and sometimes even years after the traumatic events took place.

I speak from personal experience here, and I am most certainly not a scholarly expert on the subject, but I would like to share a small part of my life with you in order to make my case a little clearer. I have an 8 year old son, who is normally a very happy and bright little boy, but who is able to display the most terrifying aspects of the depressive disorder. If I took him to a doctor, I'd probably be told he has attention deficit disorder, or is clinically depressed. The problem I have with this though is that I don't believe my child to be suffering from such maladies. I know my son better than any doctor ever could in a series of 15 minute visits, and experiencing depression gives me (I believe) a greater insight into the state of my son's mental health in that regard. So what is the problem? I believe it is likely that my son is simply acting out as he sees his father do. It's what he has learned from his role model, and so he shows violent tendencies, and blows small problems way out of proportion, mopes around the house, and basically doesn't know how to deal with his feelings of anger, guilt or sadness. The sad reality is that I have been traumatised, and I have unwittingly visited my trauma on my son. Left unchecked, it's likely he too will go through years of clinical depression, and is therefore something that I must learn to deal with, in order to avoid. Interestingly enough, both of my parents suffered with depression at different times in their lives. My father had an abusive father who had lived through two wars and the "great depression", while my mother suffered hers as a result of politics and stress. The thing is, I learned a lot of my behavior from both of my parents also, and looking back with an adults eyes at the child and adolescent that I was, I can see where my behavioral similarities have learned and developed.

"Depression" is a very generalised description of a range of symptoms that could have many causes, some of which might not necessarily be as a result of clinical depression. It's a convenient label for an inconvenient disease, and while I have no doubt that genetic traits could potentially see depression occur over generations, I believe very strongly that this is less likely to be the case, whereas trauma is something that occurs all too regularly, and is very easily passed on if not dealt with properly.

I believe that a major part of my recovery is to take ownership of the trauma that I have visited on others, and writing about this aspect of my illness has been of some help, and I hope you find the ideas interesting rather than simply speculative.

Thank you.

--srobins 59.167.65.161 10:05, 3 November 2006 (UTC)


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Flying

Overview
The subject of flying using brooms is taught by Madam Hooch to the first-years at Hogwarts.

Extended Description
Flying is done using brooms; we are led to believe that it is not possible for a wizard to fly without a broom or some other charmed device (e.g. a flying carpet, though those are currently not allowed in England) or animal (e.g. a Thestral).

One of the rules at Hogwarts is that first-years aren't allowed to possess brooms. This rule was bent for Harry, though: in his first-ever flying lesson, Professor McGonagall sees that he is a natural flier. As a result, Harry was recruited to the Gryffindor Quidditch Team, as Seeker, and was given a Nimbus 2000.

Once his natural ability has been discovered, there is little that Madam Hooch can teach him, and the main part of his flying instruction, we believe, is taken over by Oliver Wood, the captain of the Quidditch team, as part of ongoing Quidditch practice. We are not told about any further flying lessons with Madam Hooch; but we must assume that lessons continue for the other students.

Analysis
We will note that Harry Potter and the Phiosopher's Stone does not mention anything about flying classes after the first. It is a safe assumption that further instruction in flying is provided by Oliver Wood and the other members of the Quidditch team as part of practice, and so we have indicated that in the article above. There remains, however, this block in Harry's daily schedule marked "flying classes", and this being school, likely Harry will be expected to attend. It is our suspicion that Madam Hooch may have assigned him duties as an assistant instructor, however there is nothing in the book to suggest this.

Among Muggles, the ability to fly is often seen as one of the most cherished uses of magic. Flying carpets, flying broomsticks, flying animals, and (lately) flying cars have been a mainstay in imaginative fiction for centuries. This series being centered on magic, it would be unusual indeed if flying were not a part of the story. And in fact, we hear of or experience all of these: Harry, of course, has his broomsticks, but also rides on a Hippogriff and a thestral, drives and rides in Mr. Weasley's flying Ford Anglia, and rides in Sirius' flying motorcycle; and we hear that there is an import ban on flying carpets.

Teachers at Hogwarts actually instruct students on two of these, though one of them may be somewhat informal. Madam Hooch, as mentioned, instructs the first year classes in the use of brooms, and Hagrid has Harry riding the Hippogriff Buckbeak. The latter, we believe, may be less formal; Hagrid seems to be straying from the approved curriculum towards areas he finds more interesting.

There is also Hagrid's off-hand remark in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone: asked how he had reached the island, he simply replies "Flew." In the morning, he uses the boat to return to shore, so he can't have used the flying motorcycle, and brooms, we later are told, cannot hold his weight; and we are led to believe that the flying charm cannot be applied to a wizard, so we have to assume that Hagrid somehow found a flying animal, such as a Thestral, large enough to carry him. Of course, the simpler explanation is that this is simply an author's mistake, in the light of the later storyline. (It is generally apparent that Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, though introducing the setting in many ways, is in others something of a misfit within the story cycle that starts in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.)

We do note that in the final book, Voldemort is seen to be flying without equipment of any sort, and later in that book, Snape is seen to have the same ability. Comments made at the time suggest that this is a charm that Voldemort has created, and taught to Snape. We can, in this case, rule out jealousy as a reason for the spell's exclusivity, or Snape wouldn't have got to know it either; hence, it is apparently magic of the most difficult kind, such as even Bellatrix Lestrange cannot master. Bellatrix, a strong witch, almost certainly would have copied Voldemort's personal trick if only for the fact that it was Voldemort's personal trick.

Questions

 * 1) We are led to believe that flying is only possible with the use of an object (broom, Sirius' flying motorcycle, Mr. Weasley's flying Ford Anglia), or with the assistance of a flying creature (Thestral, Hippogriff, Dragon). How is it that Voldemort, and later Snape, seem to be capable of unassisted flight in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows?
 * 2) We can assume that Harry went on to participate in flying lessons after receiving his Nimbus 2000, if only because the schedule tells him to do so. Would he be able to use his broom there, because it was his, or would he - for these lessons only - have to rely on a school broom, so as not to create envy within class?
 * 3) We only see two Dark wizards fly without use of enchanted objects (notwithstanding one of them's hidden loyalty); but it does not hurt any outstanders. Is such flying, then, a Dark Art?

Greater Picture
As a small aside, we will note that if Harry was, in fact, required to attend flying lessons despite being so far ahead of everyone else, it is possible that Madam Hooch would have assigned him a more supervisory task, assisting her in teaching. This would have exacerbated the already dangerous friction between Harry and Draco Malfoy, of course. But it also might have provided the very first hint that Harry would be able to teach. something he did four years later, in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, with Dumbledore's Army. Given that plot line, it is a little uncertain as to why Harry's being a teaching assistant to Madam Hooch was not touched on in the first book; even as much as one sentence would have provided useful context for the later instructional effort.


text:
Sustainable Consumption and Production

The CSCP
The Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production (CSCP) provides scientific support to activities undertaken by UNEP and other organisations in the field of SCP. This support includes the development, testing, implementation and monitoring of concrete projects, especially in developing countries, which will enable these countries to leapfrog to sustainable consumption and production patterns using life cycle thinking and regional perspectives as guiding principles.

In this respect the Centre supports the integration of environmental, social and cultural concerns into decision making at the level of national governments, regional and local authorities, the private sector, and consumer groups.

The Centre works on the exchange of experiences with partners in both developing and developed countries, with support for capacity building and training approaches as an integral part of its programmes.

The Idea Factory: How it began
The CSCP Idea Factory is a regular meeting of the members of the CSCP team, where new ideas are brainstormed. One of these ideas was to create an interactive Book where experts and other interested people can contribute.

The Book: Short background information
The future book is intended to be for the interested reader. No technical background is necessary, but it might be helpful in some parts.

How you can contribute
If you are an expert on any of the subjects below or have a very keen interest, please feel free to contribute. You can do so by adding articles, article titles that might spark ideas or even just some ideas, like keywords or titles of interesting studies that you have read.

Chapter 1: Introduction
From policy to practice

/What is the Marrakech Process?/

/Marrakech Task Forces/

What is Sustainable Consumption and Production?

Chapter 2: Sustainable Consumption and Production for National and Local Development
Capacity building to tackle national and local development needs

/Cooperation for implementing SCP/

Chapter 3: Changing Individual and Institutional Patterns of Consumption
Innovative strategies to promote sustainable lifestyles

/On the road to Sustainable Lifestyles/

Chapter 4: Encouraging Responsible Industrial Development
Support for enterprises to undertake corporate environmental and social responsibility

title: Sustainable Consumption and Production


text:
Nanotechnology/STM

=Scanning Tunneling Microscopy=

=Tips for STM=

 * KOH etched tungsten tips
 * PtIr tips

=References=

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About.

title: Nanotechnology/STM


text:
Template:Hcidebox/Examples

This is an infobox for herbicides, used in Horticulture. Although it might look complicated, it is relatively simple to use. Most parameters are optional, so if a particular entry is not relevant for the plant in question (or you just don't have the information), just leave it out.

Using Template:Hcidebox
This template is auto-included in the page template.

Example
/Templates/Examples

title: Template:Hcidebox/Examples


text:
Cookbook:Lentil and Sausage Stew

| Germany

This lentil and sausage stew is intended for eating with spätzle. It is a slightly modified recipe; the traditional one has no tomato and honey. But, as with many "national meals," there are different opinions. Try different variations until you get your own taste for it; the most important things for a traditional taste are the vinegar and the bay leaves.

Ingredients

 * 250 grams dry brown lentils
 * 1 litre water for the lentils (needed for the sauce; don't use more)
 * 1 carrot, diced
 * 1 onion, chopped
 * 2–3 potatoes, peeled
 * 2 cloves of garlic
 * 2 pairs of scalded sausage, whole or in pieces
 * 1 large piece of smoked pork belly
 * >1 bay leaf
 * 40 grams butter
 * 40 grams flour
 * ½ litre water
 * 1 tablespoon tomato paste
 * 2 tablespoons red wine vinegar
 * 1 teaspoon honey
 * about 1 teaspoon salt
 * Pepper

Special equipment

 * Medium-sized pot
 * Small pot
 * Sieve

Lentils

 * 1) Wash the lentils in sieve and cook them over low heat in the 1 litre of water for 40–50 minutes.
 * 2) About 20 minutes before the end of the cooking, add the carrot, onion, potatoes, garlic, sausages, bay leaf, and pork belly.
 * 3) After cooking, put the pot on the side and keep it warm.

Roux

 * 1) Melt the butter in the little pot, add the flour, and cook carefully until brown, stirring the whole time.
 * 2) Slowly and gradually add the ⅓ litre water, and bring to a boil.
 * 3) Add the tomato paste, vinegar, and honey. Season with salt and pepper to your liking.
 * 4) Stir the sauce into the lentils, mix well, and keep warm.

Notes, tips and variations

 * Perhaps at first you will think, "how can vinegar go in this stew?"; you will be surprised how well it fits, so don't be shy with it. You can also serve additional vinegar along with the meal.
 * Before eating, pick out the bay leaves.
 * Like many stews, lentil stew should be re-heated and tastes better the next day.

title: Cookbook:Lentil and Sausage Stew


text:
Template:Haskell/Haskell Basics

Getting set up Variables and functions Truth values Type basics Lists and tuples Type basics II Next steps Building vocabulary Simple input and output

title: Template:Haskell/Haskell Basics


text:
User talk:84.56.134.187

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it. -- Herby talk thyme 13:53, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

And you are very welcome
However do look around a little before you edit too much. The recipe you created needed to be correctly named to be in the Cookbook section of Wikibooks. Equally you added to the Black Forest Cake recipe a sentnece that was already lower down the page. If you need help do get back to me -- Herby talk thyme 13:55, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:84.56.134.187


text: Template:Haskell/Minitoc

title: Template:Haskell/Minitoc


text:
Turkish/Services

For those of who will visit Turkey for a short duration or for those who have just started with Turkish, here are some standard phrases that you can learn quickly and put to use straight away.

Many sentences required for common tasks are provided which will be very helpful in day to day life.

Hotel check-in:

Boş odanız var mı? Do you have a room?

Tek kişilik odanız var mı? Do you have a single room?

İki kişilik odanız var mı? Do you have a double room?

Geceliği ne kadar? How much is it for a night?

Kahvaltı dahil mi? Is breakfast included?

Kredi kartı ile ödeyebilir miyim? Can I pay with credit card?

Odada klima var mı? Is there air conditioner in the room?

Bu yakınlarda iyi bir restoran var mı? Is there a good restaurant nearby?

'''Bir problemim var (Bir sorunum var). Bakabilir misiniz?''' I've a problem. Could you please help me?

Teşekkür ederim. Thank you.

Rica ederim. You're welcome

 Ben teşekkür ederim. You're welcome. (Literally "I thank you.)

title: Turkish/Services


text: Template:Haskell/Navigation

title: Template:Haskell/Navigation


text:
Talk:Turkish/Services

I have begun to add some phrases for a foreigner in Turkey in order to facilitate immediate start of communication in day to day life. Hope its helpful.

title: Talk:Turkish/Services


text:
Wikibooks talk:Reading room/Administrative Assistance

Vandal reports?
Ooo shiny new page! Do the vandal reports go here now? Or from when? Does the "recent changes" link to vandalism need doing. -- Herby talk thyme 14:31, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Usage?
While asking questions, should people start making all those requests here and is this meant to replace the other pages or should transclusions be done? --darklama 14:38, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe. Less pages to watch for admins might be a good thing :). -- SB_Johnny | talk 14:49, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * So is that merger or transclusion then? Should the first merge history request be for all the other pages? Then its just a mater of turning the other pages into redirects. BTW not sure the name really helps people know what its intended usage is. How about "Administrators' Help", "Requests for Help", "Request for Administrative Action", "Request for Administrative Help", "Staff Help", "Request Staff Help", etc. --darklama 15:09, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * See w:WP:AN. -- SB_Johnny | talk 15:11, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * So your trying to help Wikipedians too then? I was going to suggest "Staff Helpdesk" next as another name I just thought of to coincide with "Staff lounge". Nothing stopping this page from existing as a helpful redirect for Wikipedians. "Administrative noticeboard" on Wikipedia looks more like "Staff lounge" here from a quick look. --darklama 15:17, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It could be "staff desk" — User:Iamunknown 22:40, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Definitely not :). The WP version of the staff lounge is w:WP:VP. -- SB_Johnny | talk 15:42, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Checkuser requests
As we now have a rather fuller complement of Checkusers could we work out a way to make sure that all who need to be checked are? Understanding that Whitekinight would like to be notified of requests on his user talk page, I know Derbeth checks the Vandalism in Progress page BUT quite a few have been picked up and blocked by an admin and so don't get a mention on that page. Personally I tend to check the block log first thing and work on that. Would people like an acknowledgement that a check has been made? And if so where?

Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 12:55, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd like to know when checks are being made since this system should be used somewhat sparingly. I am not sure where these checks could be listed though. Maybe at the admins' noticeboard? -within focus 02:17, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The issue I was looking to resolve here was how folk would "request" a checkuser dig and a way of ensuring that none got missed by accident. On vandal ones I have done I have placed a message on the blocking admin's page acknowledging I have made the check.  If a block is the result, it and the reason, will be available for all to see.

 * As to use of checkuser rights the log of enquiries is available across Wikis so all those with the rights can see what is being done. There are really very few entries however equally it is clear that those with the rights will act on suspicion as well as requests.  I hope that it is quite clear that it would not be appropriate to divulge this information unless there was an issue that might be having an effect on us (such as sock puppetry).  Certainly if I found something as a result of such a check I would share it privately with other checkusers or admins/'crats if appropriate in the first instance to request views and advice. -- Herby  talk thyme 19:53, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Checkuser needs to be used quietly, privately, with considerable discretion, and above all rarely. We could come up with a public log of when it's done and why, but the wikimedia privacy policies wouldn't let us say who was checked and what we found. Would such a log be useful? -- SB_Johnny | talk 01:22, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * All of the Checkusers should keep tabs on each other, but I think in some cases it might not be detrimental to note that a Checkuser could be used in certain investigations. The outcome, when sensitive, would of course be kept under wraps. -within focus 00:18, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify, it's not that I need a special invitation or anything (although the attention is nice). I tend not to read VIP if the last edit to that page was made by an administrator. My thinking here is that 1), I have better things to do then read everything that ever happens, and 2) my fellow administrators can be trusted to quickly and ruthlessly destroy vandalism wherever it is found. Also, all vandals don't need to be checkuser'd, just vandals that appear to be coming from the same source. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 00:24, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Oversight of a sort
Testing my suspicion and following a test by Az1568 it is quite possible to remove edits to a page from "general" visibility (they can still be seen and restored by an admin only). To do so all you need do is delete the page and then selectively restore it leaving off the items not required. Ok it is rather more work but for now until we establish a real need it would pass for some instances? If you take a look at my user page history you (admins) will see 4 edits that have been "left off". -- Herby talk thyme 13:07, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Ordering of posts on AN
I just juggled all the unchronological posts and made them all chronological. I figure that, since the noticeboard is not used often (and when it is, in short spurts), and most of the posts of late are non-topical (or, at least, they were never put in their topical subcategory), it is best to keep it like this. If someone feels like reverting me, go ahead...I wouldn't care. --Iamunknown 01:59, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

eh?
This page has a rather rediculous name now. Since I'm the "original author" of WB:AN, am I allowed to revert the name change? ;p -- SB_Johnny | PA! 17:57, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh nevermind, I just made the redirect :(. -- SB_Johnny | PA! 18:00, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Re moving content
Thanks for the quick reply! The reason I came here was because I got the message

'''You do not have permission to move this page, for the following reason: The page could not be moved: a page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name, or use the administrative assistance reading room to ask an administrator to help you with the move. Do not manually move the content by copying and pasting it; the page history must be moved along with the page text.'''

Copying content is fine with me - but the history gets lost, and only stays preserved with "Moves". Should I go ahead and copy the content, and make a note in the Talk page? --Thomas.haslwanter (discuss • contribs) 15:25, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'll contact one of the administrators around here to help you. --atcovi (talk) 15:35, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Which page is it you want moving? QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 15:45, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * From what I can tell you are only moving part of the content, in which case the whole page cannot be moved. However, you don't need to bother copying the whole revision history to the Talk page. When you copy the content in the edit summary insert the permanent link URL to the page you copied from (by using the Permanent link option in the Tools section of the side bar menu visible on every page). This will provide a permanent link to where you got the content from and is sufficient for the license. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 15:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

--- OK, I have cleaned up the content, and (hopefully!) done it such that all the attribution information is still visible. So I have two questions left: 1) What to do with the original page

https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Sensory_Systems/NonPrimates&oldid=2750653

which was split into

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sensory_Systems/Arthropods

and

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sensory_Systems/Other_Animals

Should the original page be deleted? Or is is just kept there without reference? I have put a comment into the corresponding Talk Page, with the relevant links.

2) Can someone please tell me what the option

"Re-review this revision"

at the bottom of each page is intended for? Since I can mark my own pages, would not everybody mark his pages as "good"? --Thomas.haslwanter (discuss • contribs) 15:14, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I would change the original source page to a redirect to one of the two new pages so that the history is still available. As for Review this Revision, this is part of the FlaggedRevisions software. You can read more about it at Reviewer and WB:REVIEW. We really only use it to prevent vandalism appearing to users who aren't logged in on pages intended for younger readers and for anti-vandalism work. We trust people to flag their own pages appropriately! QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 15:48, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Vandalism in progress and personal threats: User:Joesbread
This user is repeatedly re-adding an item which has been removed by admins, and further is sending me threats via wikimail. Chazz (talk) 01:00, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The above non-sense & pure rubbish, trash & garbage makes no sense at all because I am not adding nothing on this page, IM simply asking a question on this page's talk page, so it surely deserves to be here. Also Chazz emailed me & told me to get lost so I simply told him to get lost. He is overstepping his bounds, trying to look smart but self-contradicts himself ...
 * oh, me. A slanging match? I have never emailed you. If I had, you'd know my TLD, which is a little odd. The question posted has been repeatedly removed by admins, as the page history will show. The page history would also show several threats directed both at me and at others in the edit comments, except that many of those revisions have been removed as possibly actionable... but any admin can see them. Chazz (talk) 01:08, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I put in a steward request for this sockpuppet. This person is banned by the WMF, so you can just remove anything he posts without comment. Antandrus (discuss • contribs) 02:39, 30 July 2019 (UTC) (Brief followup - actually Plyrstar93 did -- I reported a different one.) Antandrus (discuss • contribs) 02:44, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I was (and still am) being harassed by another editor over email who is now globally banned. Maybe this is related? Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 05:29, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Highly likely -- is it this one? Is he trying to recruit someone to his side to fight the battle of eternal justice against some bad bad admins or stewards, and doing so in non-native, comma-spliced invective, while making hyperbolic claims about being a bunch of different people? Antandrus (discuss • contribs) 14:36, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't know. The WMF confirmed that the account from whom mail was sent to me was related to a banner WMF user but did not specify which one, and also said that user was spamming/abusing WMF as well but wasn't aware till now that they had an account here. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 18:10, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Um, lol. Yes, that's the one (see recent page history). Antandrus (discuss • contribs) 20:49, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

Organic farming
Organic farming is defined as production of crop, animal, and other products without the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides, transgenic species, or antibiotics and growth-enhancing steroids, or other chemicals. AG's UNITY (discuss • contribs) 13:58, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

Critical
About about a bot and how to kill it 2605:8600:3E4:8971:3963:B281:BAA1:A6E0 (discuss) 16:56, 3 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
Telescope Making

You can make a telescope for around $25 in materials. You can make one for $50 that will amaze your friends and family, and show you things you didn't know existed. It can be done in a few weeks. However, telescope-making can get messy. You can break a piece you've slaved over. Then you walk around in the worst mood you have ever been in. But in the end you have a telescope that people will look at, and through, and say, "You couldn't have made this." Yes, you did, and that is the best part of all.

Let's make a telescope.

Table of Contents

 * /Thinking About Telescopes/
 * /Project 1: The Newtonian Reflector/
 * /Making the Optics/
 * /Assembling the Telescope/
 * /The Telescope Mount/

title: Telescope Making


text:
Nanotechnology/AFM

=Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)=

This is a new page and we hope you will help proof reading it and add to it!!

The relation between torsional spring constant and lateral spring constant is in doubt. Please check ("Normal and torsional spring constants of atomic force microscope cantilevers" Green, Christopher P. and Lioe, Hadi and Cleveland, Jason P. and Proksch, Roger and Mulvaney, Paul and Sader, John E., Review of Scientific Instruments, 75, 1988-1996 (2004), DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1753100) and ("Lateral force calibration in atomic force microscopy: A new lateral force calibration method and general guidelines for optimization" Cannara, Rachel J. and Eglin, Michael and Carpick, Robert W., Review of Scientific Instruments, 77, 053701 (2006), DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2198768) for details.

=Resources=
 * A Practical Guide to Scanning Probe Microscopy by Rebecca Howland and Lisa Benatar

=Methods in AFM=

A wealth of techniques are used in AFM to measure the topography and investigate the surface forces on the nanoscale:

For imaging sample topography:
 * Contact mode, where the tip is in contact with the substrate. Gives high resolution but can damage fragile surfaces.
 * Tapping / intermittent contact mode (ICM), where the tip is oscillating and taps the surface.
 * Non-contact mode (NCM), where the tip is oscillating and not touching the sample.

For measuring surface properties (and imaging them):
 * Lateral force microscopy (LFM), when the tip is scanned sideways it will tilt and this can be measured by the photodetector. This method is used to measure friction forces on the nanoscale.
 * Force Modulation Microscopy. Rapidly moving the tip up and down while pressing it into the sample makes it possible to measure the hardness of the surface and characterize it mechanically.
 * Electrical force microscopy. If there are varying amount of charges present on the surface, the cantilever will deflect as it is attracted and repelled. kelvin probe microscopy will normally be more sensitive than measuring s static deflection.
 * Kelvin probe microscopy. By applying an oscillating voltage to an oscillating cantilever in non-contact mode and measuring the charge induced oscillations, a map can be made of the surface charge distribution.
 * Dual scan method - an other kelvin probe method described below.
 * Magnetic Force Microscopy. If the cantilever has been magnetized it will deflect depending on the magnetization of the sample.
 * Force-spectroscopy or force-distance curves. Moving the cantilever up and down to make contact and press into the sample, one can measure the force as function of distance.
 * Nanoindentation. When pressing the cantilever hard into a sample it can leave an imprint and in the force distance curve while doing indentation can tell about the yield stress, elastic plastic deformation dynamics.
 * Liquid sample AFM. By immersing the cantilever in a liquid one can also image wet samples. It can be difficult to achieve good laser alignment the first time.
 * Electrochemical AFM.
 * Scanning gate AFM
 * Nanolithography
 * Dip-pen lithography

Reviews of Atomic Force Microscopy

 * Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications. Surface Science Reports 59 (2005) 1–152, by Hans-Jurgen Butt, Brunero Cappella,and Michael Kappl. 152 pages extensive review of forces and interactions in various environments and how to measure and control these with AFM.

=Cantilever Mechanics=

Cantilever has width w, thickness t, length L and the tip height from the cantilever middle to to the tip is h.

When the cantilever is bent by a point force in the z-direction $$F_{N}$$ at the tip will deflect distance z(x) from the unloaded position along the x-axis as

$$z(x)=\frac{1}{2}\frac{F_{N}L}{EI}\left( x^{2}-\frac{1}{3L}x^{3}\right) $$

with cantilever length $$L$$, Youngs modulus $$E$$, and moment of inertia $$I$$.

The tip deflection is

$$\Delta_{z}=z\left( L\right)  =\frac{1}{3}\frac{F_{N}}{EI}L^{3} $$

giving a spring constant $$k_{N}$$ from

$$F_{N}=k_{N}\Delta_{z}$$

so

$$k_{N}=3\frac{EI}{L^{3}}$$

The angle of the cantilever in the x-z plane at the tip $$\theta_{x}$$, which is what gives the laser beam deflection will be

$$\theta_{N}=z^{\prime}\left(L\right)$$

$$z^{\prime}\left( x\right) =\frac{1}{2}\frac{FL}{EI}\left(  2x-\frac{1}{L}x^{2}\right)$$

$$z^{\prime}\left( L\right)    =\frac{1}{2}\frac{F}{EI}L^{2}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{z\left(  L\right)  }{L} $$

giving the relation

$$\theta_{N}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{\Delta_{z}}{L} $$

between the tip deflection distance and tip deflection angle. This is a factor 3/2 bigger than the result we would expect if the beam was stiff and hinged at the base, showing us that we get a bigger deflection of the laser beam when the beam is bending than when its straight.

The AFM detector signal
The cantilever can bend in several ways, which is detected by the quadrant photo detector that most AFMs are equipped with. Normal topography signal is given by 'normal' deflection of the cantilever tip in the x-z direction, $$\theta_{xz}=\theta_{N,}$$ and detected by the left-right (or A-B) detector coupling quadrants as $$V_{LR}=V_{1}+V_{3}-V_{2}-V_{4}$$.

Lateral forces applied to the tip will bend the cantilever in the x-y and x-z plane too. Lateral deflection cannot be detected by the quadrant detector since it doesn't change laser beam deflection, and  deflection is also rather small, as we shall see. Lateral forces also twist the cantilever tip producing torsional deflection in the y-z direction, $$\theta_{yz} =\theta_{tor},$$ which in turn produces the lateral force signal from the top-bottom detector measuring $$V_{LR}=V_{1}+V_{2}-V_{3}-V_{4}.$$

For deflection in the z-direction, 'normal' spring constant relating the force and deflection $$F_{N}=k_{N}\Delta_{z}$$ is

$$k_{N}=\frac{1}{4}Y\frac{wt^{3}}{L^{3}}$$

Expressed in the angle of deflection, $$\theta_{N}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{\Delta_{z}}{L},$$ there is an angular spring constant

$$F_{N}=c_{N}\theta_{N}$$

with $$c_{N}=\frac{2}{3}k_{N}L$$.

=Contact, Tapping, and Non-contact Mode=

If an oscillator experiences an attractive force pulling it away from it rest position, the resonance frequency will drop (at snap-in it will be zero). A repulsive force squeezing it will increase the resonance frequency.

If an AFM tip is moved to contact with a sample, the resonance frequency is first decreasing slightly due to attractive forces and then increasing due to the repulsive forces. Eventually the repulsive force become so high we cannot oscillate it and we have achieved contact.

Contact mode: Because the tip is in contact, the forces are considerably higher than in non-contact mode and fragile samples as well as the tip can easily be damaged. The close contact on the other hand makes the resolution good and scan speeds can be high.

The varying resonance frequency is the cantilever moves between the attractive end repulsive regions of the force distance curve can be used to measure the cantilever position and to keep it in the attractive or repulsive part of the force distance curve.

Non-contact mode: If we oscillate the cantilever at a higher frequency than its free resonance and use the feedback loop to maintain a oscillation amplitude setpoint slightly lower than that of the free oscillation, it will move the tip down until the attractive forces lower the resonance frequency and makes the oscillation amplitude drop to the setpoint level.

Tapping mode: if we oscillate the cantilever at a lower frequency that its free oscillation, moving it towards the sample will first make it oscillate at a lower frequency which will make the stage move closer to try and raise the oscillation amplitude, and at eventually as it reaches repulsive forces will settle where resonance frequency cannot increase more without giving too high an amplitude.

Tapping Mode
Tapping-mode (also called intermittent contact mode) is the most widely used operating mode in which the cantilever tip can experience both attractive and repulsive forces intermittently. In this mode, the cantilever is oscillated at or near its free resonant frequency. Hence, the force sensitivity of the measurement is increased by the quality factor of the cantilever. In tapping-mode operation, the amplitude of the cantilever vibration is used in feedback circuitry, i.e., the oscillation amplitude is kept constant during imaging. Therefore it is also referred as amplitude modulation AFM (AM-AFM). The primary advantage of tapping mode is that the lateral forces between the tip and the sample can be eliminated, which greatly improves the image resolution. Tapping mode experiments are done generally in air or liquid. Amplitude modulation is not suitable for vacuum environment since the Q-factor of the cantilever is very high (up to 105) and this means a very slow feedback response.

Non-contact Mode
=Lateral Force Microscopy=

If the sample is scanned sideways in the y direction, the frictional forces will apply a torque on the cantilever, bending it sideways and this can be used to measure the frictional forces. The lateral force gives both a lateral and torsional deflection of the tip. Only the torsional can be detected in the photodetector.

For sideways/lateral bending, the lateral spring constant is corresponding to the normal spring constant but with width and thickness interchanged

$$k_{lat}  =\frac{1}{4}Y\frac{tw^{3}}{L^{3}} =k_{N}\frac{w^{2}}{t^{2}} $$

and a similar eq's for angular deflection as above. With thickness typically much smaller than the width for AFM\ cantilevers, the lateral spring constant is 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than $$k_{N}.$$

For a sideways, lateral force $$F_{lat}$$ on the cantilever we will have a sideways deflection determined by

$$F_{lat}=k_{lat}\Delta_{y-lat}$$

If the lateral force is applied to the AFM tip, $$F_{lat}$$, it will give a lateral deflection but also apply a torque $$\tau$$ twisting the beam

$$\tau=hF_{tor}$$

Twisting an angle $$\theta_{tor}$$ gives a torional tip deflection of $$\Delta_{y-tor}=\theta_{tor}h.$$

The relation for the torsional spring constant is (please check this equation)

$$F_{tor}=k_{tor}\Delta_{y-tor}$$

with

$$k_{tor}  =G\frac{wt^{3}}{3h^{2}L} =\frac{Ywt^{3}}{8h^{2}L} =k_{N}\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{L}{h}\right)  ^{2}$$

and then

$$\tau=h^{2}k_{tor}\theta_{tor}=\frac{1}{2}k_{N}L^{2}\theta_{tor}=\frac{1}{2}k_{N}\frac{L^{2}\Delta_{y-tor}}{h}$$

From above we have

$$\frac{k_{lat}}{k_{tor}}=2\left( \frac{wh}{tL}\right)  ^{2}$$

The factor $$2\left( \frac{wh}{tL}\right)  ^{2}$$ is typically $$2\left(\frac{20\ast10}{2\ast100}\right)  ^{2}=2.0$$ - so about 1 but larger or smaller depending on whether its a contact or non-contact cantilever.

Friction Loop Scan

For optimal torsional sensitivity - but the following is not always correct since it depends highly on the contact forces you need etc: For high torsional sensitivity, $$wh>>tL$$. Since we are in contact mode AFM, L must be large and t thin for a low $$k_{N}$$. So better torsional sensitivity means wider cantilevers and definitely large tip heights.

Coupled Lateral and Torsional deflection in the cantilever
But how much will a cantilever bend laterally and how much will it twist when applied a lateral force at the tip? An applied lateral force will move two degrees of freedom with a Hookes law behaviour - the torsion and lateral motion. The applied force $$F_{tor}$$ is also an applied $$F_{lat.}$$

The effective spring constant for pushing the tip in the y direction is then

$$F_{tor}=k_{eff}\Delta_{y} $$

with $$\Delta_{y}=\Delta_{y,lat}+\Delta_{y,tor}$$ and

$$ k_{eff}  =\frac{1}{\frac{1}{k_{lat}}+\frac{1}{k_{tor}}} =\frac{k_{lat}}{1+\frac{k_{lat}}{k_{tor}}} $$

and the deflection made in the torsional spring $$\Delta_{y,tor}$$ is

$$\Delta_{y,tor}=\frac{\Delta_{y}}{1+\frac{k_{tor}}{k_{lat}}}$$

and this approaches $$\Delta_{y}$$ when $$k_{tor}<k_{lat,}$$so the cantilever is more prone to tilting than lateral deflection. The lateral deflection can be found from

$$ \Delta_{y,lat}k_{lat}  =\Delta_{y,tor}k_{tor} \Delta_{y,lat}   =\frac{k_{tor}}{k_{lat}}\Delta_{y,tor} $$

The torsional deflection angle is then

$$ \theta_{tor}  =\frac{\Delta_{y,tor}}{h} =\frac{k_{lat}}{k_{lat}+k_{tor}}\frac{F_{tor}}{hk_{eff}} =\frac{k_{lat}}{k_{lat}+k_{tor}}\frac{1+\frac{k_{lat}}{k_{tor}}}{k_{lat} }\frac{F_{tor}}{h} =\frac{1}{h}\frac{F_{tor}}{k_{tor}} $$

as anticipated from the assumption that the torsional and lateral springs are coupled in series. So when a constant force is applied, the detector signal is a measurement of the force.

Question: during a friction loop scan, the tip is fixed by static friction on the surface and its a constant deflection, both torsional and lateral deflection must be included to find the actual deflected distance of the tip before its pulled free from to slide the surface and the lateral deflection could influence the beginning of the friction loop curve?

=Measuring the cantilever dimensions=

The vibration frequency of the fundamental mode of the cantilever is an easily measurable quantity in the AFM and can be used to evaluate a cantilever is within specifications. Its given by

$$f[Hz]=\frac{t\beta_{i}^{2}}{4\pi L^{2}}\sqrt{\frac{Y}{3\rho}} =\frac{\left( 1\ast10^{-6}\right)  \left(  1.875\right)  ^{2}}{4\pi\left( 100\ast10^{-6}\right)  ^{2}}\sqrt{\frac{\left(  160\ast10^{9}\right)  } {3\ast2330}}=1.\,338\,5\times10^{5}$$

Easily measurable quantities in AFM: length L, resonance freq f, tip length $$l_{tip},$$width $$w$$,

Not so easy: thickness t, cross section (often there are inclined sidewalls), force konst $$k_{norm},$$ tip length from middle of the cantilever since we dont know the thickness.

=Noise Sources in AFM=

Thermal noise
$$E=\frac{1}{2}kx^{2}=\frac{1}{2}k_{B}T $$

$$\left\langle x\right\rangle _{rms}=\sqrt{\frac{k_{B}T}{k_{spring}}} $$

for a 1 N/m cantilever this amounts to $$\left\langle x\right\rangle _{rms}=\sqrt{k_{B}300}=0.6.$$Å. So a 1 Å noise level requires $$\frac{k_{B}300}{10^{-20}}=0.4$$ N/m which is not a very low spring constant for a contact mode cantilever.

So thermal noise can become a problem in some AFM cantilevers at room temperature!!

=Electrical Force Microscopy=

The Kelvin Probe Microscopy Method and Dual Scan Method can be used to map out the electrical fields on surfaces with an AFM.

Kelvin Probe Microscopy Method

In the Kelvin probe microscopy (KPM) method a voltage is applied between the AFM tip and the surface. Both a DC and AC voltage is applied to the tip so the total potential difference $$V_{tot}$$ between the tip and surface is:

$$V_{tot}= -V_S + V_{DCt} + V_{ACt}\cdot \sin(\omega \cdot t),$$

where $$V_S = V_S(x,y)$$ is the local surface potential, $$x,y$$ is the position of the tip, $$V_{DCt}$$ is the DC signal on the tip, $$V_{ACt}$$ is the amplitude of the AC signal, and $$\omega$$ is the frequency of the AC signal.

The frequency of the AC signal is much lower than the resonance frequency of the cantilever (a factor of 10) so the two signals can be separated by a lock-in amplifier. Via the electrostatic forces the setup measures the surface potential. If one assumes that the electrostatic force ($$F$$) between the tip and surface is given by

$$F=\frac{\frac{\partial C}{\partial z} \cdot V_{tot}^2}{2},$$

where $$C$$ is the capacitance and $$z$$ is the distance between the tip and the surface.

If a parallel plate capacitor is assumed

$$C = \frac{A_c \epsilon_0}{z}$$,

where $$A_c$$ is the area of the tip. The derivative of capacitance is

$$\frac{\partial C}{\partial z}=-\frac{A_c \epsilon_0}{z^2}$$.

Combining the force ($$F$$) and $$V_{tot}$$ yields:

$$F=\frac{\frac{\partial C}{\partial z}}{2}\cdot \Big(-V_S + V_{DCt} + V_{ACt}\cdot \sin(\omega \cdot t)\Big)^2=$$

$$\frac{\frac{\partial C}{\partial z}}{2}\cdot \Big((V_{DCt}-V_S)^2+V_{ACt}^2 \cdot \sin(\omega \cdot t)^2 +2 \cdot (V_{DCt}-V_S) \cdot V_{ACt} \cdot \sin(\omega \cdot t)\Big).$$

Using Pythagorean identities

$$\big[\cos(x)^2+\sin(x)^2=1\big]$$

and de Moivre's formula

$$\big[(\cos(x)+i \cdot \sin(x))^n = \cos(n\cdot x)+i \cdot \sin(n\cdot x)\big],$$

We find

$$V_{ACt}^2 \cdot \sin(\omega \cdot t)^2 = V_{ACt}^2 \cdot \ \big(1-\cos(\omega \cdot t)^2\big)=$$

$$\frac{1}{2} \cdot V_{ACt}^2 \cdot \big(2-2\cdot \cos(\omega \cdot t)^2 \big) =$$

$$\frac{1}{2} \cdot V_{ACt}^2-\frac{1}{2} \cdot V_{ACt}^2 \cdot \cos(2 \cdot \omega \cdot t).$$

This inserted in the equation for the force ($$F$$) gives :

$$F=\Big(\frac{\frac{\partial C}{\partial z}}{2}\cdot \big((V_{DCt}-V_S)^2+ \frac{1}{2} \cdot V_{ACt}^2\big) + \big(2 \cdot (V_{DCt}-V_S) \cdot V_{ACt}\big) \cdot \sin(\omega \cdot t)-$$

$$(\frac{1}{2} \cdot V_{ACt}^2) \cdot \cos(2 \cdot \omega \cdot t)\Big)$$

$$F = k_{1}+k_{2}\cdot \sin(\omega \cdot t)+k_{3}\cdot \cos(2\cdot \omega \cdot t),$$

where

$$k_1 = \frac{\frac{\partial C}{\partial z}}{2}\cdot \big((V_{DCt}-V_S)^2+ \frac{1}{2} \cdot V_{ACt}^2 \big)$$,

$$k_2 = (2 \cdot (V_{DCt}-V_S) \cdot V_{ACt})$$, and $$k_3 = -\frac{1}{2} \cdot V_{ACt}^2$$.

The frequency $$\omega$$ is set by an external oscillator and can therefore be locked by the lock-in amplifier. The signal detected by the lock-in amplifier (the $$k_2$$ part) is minimized by constant varying $$V_{DCt}$$. When this signal approaches zero, this corresponds to $$V_{DCt}=V_S$$ i.e. mapping $$V_{DCt}$$ vs. the sample surface $$(x,y)$$ gives $$V_S(x,y)$$.

Dual Scan Method

In the Dual Scan (DS, or sometimes called lift-mode method) one first makes a line scan with no potential on either the AFM tip or the sample in either tapping or non-contact mode. Next, the AFM tip is raised several tens of nanometers (30-70 nm) above the surface. A new line scan is made at this height, but this time with a potential on the sample also in non-contact mode. This is repeated over the desired scan area until the whole area has been scanned. For imaging the surface potential, the phase of the cantilever vibration is mapped out. The principle is shown in the figure where d is the distance between the tip and the surface in the second scan. The phase shift is dependent on the force ($$F$$) acting on the tip

$$\phi = \tan^{-1}(\frac{k}{Q \cdot \frac{\partial F}{\partial z}})$$

where $$Q$$ is the quality factor of the cantilever, $$k$$ the spring constant, and $$z$$ the distance between the tip and the surface.

For small phase shifts the phase can be written as

$$\phi \approx \frac{Q \cdot \frac{\partial F}{\partial z}}{k}.$$

The derivative of the force can be written as:

$$\frac{\partial F}{\partial z} = \frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial z^2} \cdot V_{s}^2,$$

where $$V_s$$ is the surface potential and $$C$$ is the capacitance between the tip and the surface . The second derivative of the capacitance is

$$\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial z^2}=\frac{2A_c \epsilon _0}{z^3}.$$

Combining equations for the phase and the derivative of the force yields the phase dependence of the phase shift

$$\phi \approx \frac{Q \cdot \frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial z^2} \cdot V_{s}^2}{k\cdot 2}.$$

To find the surface potential, one must estimate the other parts of equation for the phase. The spring constant ($$k$$) can be determined if the dimensions (a regular cantilever) and material of the cantilever are known:

$$k = \frac{E \cdot w \cdot h^3}{4\cdot L^3},$$

where $$E$$ is the Young modulus, $$w$$ is the width of the cantilever, $$h$$ the height, and $$L$$ is the length. The quality factor ($$Q$$) of the cantilever can be found by measuring the shape of resonance peak. The second derivative of the capacitance can be estimated by assuming that the tip of the AFM is a plate with radius $$r$$ so the derivative of the capacitance is given by:

$$\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial z^2} = \frac{2 \cdot \pi \cdot r^2 \cdot \epsilon _0}{z^3},$$

where $$\epsilon _0$$ is the vacuum permittivity. This way of estimating the other parts of the equation for the phase is quite accurate according to. One can also estimate the values by measuring them at a surface with a known potential and at different known heights and then one simply calculate backwards for that particular AFM tip.

Discussion
Both the DS and KPM methods have their strengths and weaknesses. The DS method is easier to operate, since it has fewer interlinked parameters, needing to be adjusted. The KPM method is faster, as it does not require two scans (an image with the DS method with a resolution of 512 $$\times$$ 512 pixels and a scan rate of $$0.8$$ Hz takes about half an hour). The DS method will normally obtain much better lateral resolution in the potential image compared to the KPM method. This is due to the fact that the signal depends on the second derivative of the capacitance, which in turn depends on the distance in $$\frac{1}{r^3}$$ compared to the KPM method where the dependence is only $$\frac{1}{r^2}$$. This rapidly reduces the problem of the tip sidewall interaction. On the other hand, the KPM method has better sensitivity because it operates much closer to the surface.

title: Nanotechnology/AFM


text:
X Window Programming/Xlib

 * 1) Library Conventions
 * 2) Standard Headers
 * 3) Types and Values

Xlib is an X Window System protocol client library written in the C programming language. It contains functions for interacting with an X server. These functions allow programmers to write programs without knowing the details of the protocol. Few applications use Xlib directly; rather, they employ other libraries that use Xlib functions to provide widget toolkits:

 * Intrinsics (Xt)
 * Athena widget set (Xaw)
 * Motif
 * GTK+
 * Qt (X11 version)
 * fpGUI (Free Pascal GUI Toolkit)

Xlib appeared around 1985, and is currently used in GUIs for many Unix-like operating systems.

The XCB library is an attempt to replace Xlib.

Data types
The main types of data in Xlib are the  structure and the types of the identifiers.

Informally, a display is a physical or virtual device where graphical operations are done. The  structure of the Xlib library contains information about the display, but more importantly it contains information relative to the channel between the client and the server. For example, in a Unix-like operating system, the  structure contains the file handle of the socket of this channel (this can be retrieved using the   macro.) Most Xlib functions have a   structure as an argument because they either operate on the channel or are relative to a specific channel. In particular, all Xlib functions that interact with the server need this structure for accessing the channel. Some other functions need this structure, even if they operate locally, because they operate on data relative to a specific channel. Operations of this kind include for example operations on the event queue, which is described below.

Windows, colormaps, etc, are managed by the server. Thus, all their data are stored in the server, and the client cannot directly modify or operate on an object. Instead, the client submits requests to the server, each request specifying an operation and an object's identifier.

The types,  ,  ,  , etc, are all identifiers, which are 32-bit integers (just as in the X11 protocol itself). A client “creates” a window by asking the server to create a window. This is done via a call to an Xlib function that returns an identifier (a number) for the window. This identifier can then be used by the client to request further operations on that window.

The identifiers are unique to the server. Most of them can be used by different applications to refer to the same objects. For example, two applications connecting to the same server would use the same identifier to refer to the same window. These two applications use separate channels, and therefore have two different structures; however, when they request operations on the same identifier, these operations will be done on the same object.

Protocol and events
The Xlib functions that send requests to the server usually do not send these requests immediately but store them in a buffer, called the output buffer. The term output in this case refers to the output from the client that is directed to the server: the output buffer can contain all kinds of requests to the server, not only those having a visible effect on the screen. The output buffer is guaranteed to be flushed (i.e., all requests done so far are sent to the server) after a call to the functions  or , after a call to a function that returns a value from the server (these functions block until the answer is received), and in some other conditions.

Xlib stores the received events in a queue. The client application can inspect and retrieve events from the queue. While the X server sends events asynchronously, applications using the Xlib library are required to explicitly call Xlib functions for accessing the events in the queue. Some of these functions may block; in this case, they also flush the output buffer.

Errors are instead received and treated asynchronously: the application can provide an error handler that will be called whenever an error message from the server is received.

The content of a window is not guaranteed to be preserved if the window of one of its parts are made not visible. In this case, the application is sent an  event when the window of one part of it is made visible again. The application is then supposed to draw the window content again.

Functions
The functions in the Xlib library can be grouped in:

 * 1) operations on the connection (,  , ...);
 * 2) requests to the server, including requests for operations (,  ,...) and requests for information ( , ...); and
 * 3) operations that are local to the client: operations on the event queue (,  , ...) and other operations on local data ( ,  ,  ,  ,  , ...)

Example
The following program creates a window with a little black square in it and exits on a keypress.

The client creates a connection with the server by calling. It then requests the creation of a window with. A separate call to  is necessary for mapping the window, that is, for making it visible on the screen.

The square is drawn by calling. This operation can only be performed after the window is created. However, performing it once may not be enough. Indeed, the content of the window is not always guaranteed to be preserved. For example, if the window is covered and then uncovered again, its content might require that it be drawn again. The program is informed that the window or a part of it has to be drawn by the reception of an  event.

The drawing of the window content is therefore made inside the loop handling the events. Before entering this loop, the events the application is interested in are selected, in this case with. The event loop waits for an incoming event: if this event is a key press, the application exits; if it is an expose event, the window content is drawn. The function  blocks and flushes the output buffer if there is no event in the queue.

Going Further
manual of the Xlib

Other libraries
Xlib does not provide support for buttons, menus, scrollbar, etc. Such widgets are provided by other libraries, which in turn use Xlib. There are two kinds of such libraries:

 * libraries built atop of the Intrinsics library (Xt), which provides support for widgets but does not provide any particular widget; specific widgets are provided by widget set libraries that use Xt, such as Xaw and Motif;
 * libraries that provide widget sets using Xlib directly, without the Xt library, such as GTK+, Qt (X11 version), and FLTK (X11 version).

Applications using any of these widget libraries typically specify the content of the window before entering the main loop and do not need to explicitly handle  events and redraw the window content.

The XCB library is an alternative to Xlib. Its two main aims are: reduction in library size and direct access to the X11 protocol. A modification of Xlib has been produced to use XCB as a low-level layer.

title: X Window Programming/Xlib


text:
X Window Programming/GTK+

Introduction
The GIMP Toolkit (abbreviated as GTK+) is a free and open source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces that was initially created in 1998 for the GIMP, a raster graphics editor, by Spencer Kimball, Peter Mattis, and Josh MacDonald — all of whom were members of eXperimental Computing Facility (XCF) at Berkeley University. GTK+ is licensed under the LGPL.

Unlike many other widget toolkits, GTK+ isn't based on Xt. The advantage of this is that it allows GTK+ to be available on other systems and to be much more flexible. GTK+ allows the end-user to configure the look of the toolkit, down to offering a number of different display engines. Engines exist which emulate the look of other popular toolkits or platforms, like Windows 95, Motif, Qt or NextStep. The disadvantage is that it doesn't have access to the X resource database, which is the traditional way for customizing X11 applications.

GTK+ 2 includes improved text rendering using Pango, a new theme engine, improved accessibility using Accessibility Toolkit, complete transition to Unicode using UTF-8 strings and a more flexible API. However, GTK+ 2 lacks compatibility with GTK+ 1, and programmers must port applications to it. Starting with version 2.8 GTK+ relies on the Cairo library for rendering of vector graphics.

Programming languages
GTK+ uses the C programming language, although its designers use an object-oriented paradigm. The GNOME platform bindings provide for C++ (gtkmm), Perl, Ruby, Java and Python (PyGTK) bindings; others have written bindings for many other programming languages (including Ada, D, Haskell, Lua, Pascal, PHP, Pike and all .NET programming languages).

Environments that use GTK+

 * The GNOME environment uses GTK+ as a base, which means that programs written for GNOME use GTK+ as their toolkit.
 * Xfce also uses it as its base, though its apps typically do not depend on as many programs. (This is the difference between something being branded as a "GNOME program" and as a "GTK+ program".)
 * The GPE Palmtop Environment, Maemo (Nokia's Internet-tablet framework), and Access Linux Platform (a new Palm OS-compatible Personal digital PDA platform) also use GTK+ as a base.

Those desktop environments are not required to run GTK+ programs, though. If the libraries the program requires are installed, a GTK+ program can run on top of other X11-based environments such as KDE or an X11-plus-window manager environment; this includes MacOS X if X11.app is installed. GTK+ can also run under Microsoft Windows. Some of the more unusual ports include DirectFB and ncurses.

title: X Window Programming/GTK+


text:
Talk:X Window Programming/GTK+

i moved this article to GIMP Toolkit since i think this is a clearer solution than just using a wrong/incomplete name for technical reasons. --Pythagoras1 22:35, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
 * i propose we move it back. according to Announcements for January, plus signs are now allowed in article names. --Unforgettableid | talk to me 17:09, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I really must need glasses, but I cannot see this announcement! Would you mind telling me where on Announcements this is? --Lox (t,c) 18:45, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't remember where I read it, but it's true. Move done. enochlau (talk) 02:20, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

GIMP Toolkit/Ruby Bindings
(this discussion was copied from my talk page) - Motor (talk) 09:54:20, 2005-08-12 (UTC)

Why did you reverse my edit to GIMP Toolkit ? The information that it's architecturally unfit for garbage-collected language is true, important and relevant to in the section about support for programming languages. Taw 02:17, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Because with the edit (and edit summary) you were trying to make a case, and not writing a encyclopedia article (and yes, I read the link you included). As I said in my edit summary, wikipedia isn't for grinding axes, nor is it a surrogate for mailing list technical disputes. Also, considering the link you provided, I'm pretty sure it counts as original research - Motor (talk) 04:46:00, 2005-08-11 (UTC)

 * I'm not trying to make any case, I'm merely documenting the facts, and they're not disputed by anyone.

 * According to your own link, they do seem to be disputed -- if not the fact that you can provoke a memory leak (which is hardly unique), then certainly the severity of the problem. Not to mention, this isn't a highly technical article (nor is it developer documentation, or a language bindings howto).

 * I and Ruby/GNOME2 developers found a problem that requires a change to Gtk architecture to fix correctly.

 * I'm not disputing that you have a technical issue with GTK while writing Ruby bindings (who doesn't), nor am I interested in defending GTK developers, merely stating that Wikipedia is not the place to complain about specific "bugs". Does the official GTK documentation acknowledge the problem, if so, perhaps you could quote that?

 * One of the Gtk developers that answered agreed that the problem exists, but he's clear they're not going to fix it. So nobody's disputing the facts. The problem (cooperation across GC boundaries) is not unusual, it should be documented in general in any decent reference on GC,

 * Your edit was not documenting the issue. It was complaing about it. Your post to the mailing list documents the issue, and that's where it belongs. If you think it hasn't had due attention, then repost it. In fact, you might find it useful to include a link to your edited version of the article. You can find a link to it via the page history (sorry if you already know this, I'm just covering bases).

 * and in the Gtk case it seems it has been already discussed, even as early as 1998, wrt Guile bindings. If you cared to read No original research, you'd see quite clearly that this has nothing to do with my edit. Taw 08:29, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I've read it... it is original research. You think you've found a big technical problem with GTK. Reading the link it's clear that he does not agree with you about the severity of the problem, in fact he says quite clearly that "they" designed around it. None of this is relevant -- you are quoting your own research on a mailing list as a source. As I said, the mailing list is the place for this. - Motor (talk) 09:03:52, 2005-08-12 (UTC)

Peer review of a related article
I submitted X Window core protocol for peer review, as I intend to candidate it for featured status. I would appreciate comments (Peer review page). - Liberatore(T) 18:07, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:X Window Programming/GTK+


text:
Talk:X Window Programming/Motif

Peer review of a related article
I submitted X Window core protocol for peer review, as I intend to candidate it for featured status. I would appreciate comments (Peer review page). - Liberatore(T) 18:06, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:X Window Programming/Motif


text:
X Window Programming/Motif

Introduction
Motif (often capitalized as MOTIF) is a graphical widget toolkit for building graphical user interfaces under the X Window System on Unix and other POSIX-compliant systems. It emerged in the 1980s as UNIX workstations were on the rise, as an alternative to the OpenLook GUI.

It is also an industry standard by the name IEEE 1295 (in which case it would be better referred to as the Motif API in order to avoid ambiguity). It was and still is used as the basic building blocks for the Common Desktop Environment. As of version 2.1 Motif supports Unicode which has made it widely used in several multilingual environments.

Motif is distinguished by its use of square, chiseled, three dimensional effects for the various user interface elements — menus, buttons, sliders, text boxes, and the like. This was in vogue, however, as Microsoft Windows 3.x had added a 3D effect and Motif on Unix was increasingly seen as a competitor to Microsoft on Intel personal computers.

Some argue that it is practically obsolete when compared to ../GTK+/ or ../Qt/: Sun Microsystems, a major Motif user, has announced that they will switch over to GTK+ (and GNOME). However, Motif is still the choice for many mission critical systems, especially in the aerospace industry.

Motif was created by the Open Software Foundation (and was sometimes even called OSF/Motif) but is nowadays owned by The Open Group.

There are a few implementations of the Motif API. Motif the toolkit is the first. There is also Open Motif which is a release of the "original" Motif under more liberal licensing terms. Finally, the LessTif project has been working hard to implement the API under the LGPL license.

Open Motif
Open Motif (or, unofficially, OpenMotif) is a source code release of the Motif computer programming toolkit by The Open Group, the current owners of Motif.

Open Motif has the same functionality and source code as Motif, but is offered under a license which allows royalty free distribution of Open Motif if the platform upon which it is used is Open Source. This is in contrast to Motif, whose use and distribution requires the payment of royalties.

The license of Open Motif, in other words, allows developers to replace Motif (which many applications still depend on) with Open Motif and avoid the payment of royalties, if the platform the application runs on is Open Source. This includes popular platforms such as Linux and the various variants of BSD.

Open Motif was released to make it easier for users of open source platforms to use applications that require the Motif toolkit to run (thus creating a greater market for vendors of Motif applications).

The initial release of Open Motif was version 2.1.30 in May 2000. The current release that most Linux distributions ship is Open Motif 2.2.3. Open Motif 2.3 is currently in beta test and is available for download at the Open Motif project page.

LessTif
LessTif is a reimplementation or clone of the Motif computer programming toolkit. LessTif is developed by the Hungry Programmers. It aims to be a compatible free software replacement for Motif.

As opposed to Motif, which is distributed under a proprietary software license that can require the payment of royalties, LessTif is distributed under the LGPL, a less restrictive but free software license, which makes LessTif more attractive to many developers, distributors and users. The license of Motif was the main motivation for the development of LessTif.

LessTif aims for full source and binary compatibility with Motif. While this has not yet been achieved, many Motif applications run with LessTif and/or can be compiled with it.

After the release of Open Motif there is now a second alternative to replace Motif for open source applications. Still, since Open Motif is not itself Open Source software, the development of LessTif continues.

title: X Window Programming/Motif


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User:HDBot

This bot will mark all untagged images and eventually even delete them. HDBot 16:57, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

w::de:User:HardDisk

title: User:HDBot


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dennis Creevey

Overview
Dennis Creevey, brother of Colin Creevey, is a perpetually-excited Gryffindor who entered Hogwarts in Harry's fourth year.

Goblet of Fire
Dennis Creevey, first seen wearing Hagrid's immense moleskin coat, is Sorted into Gryffindor. On reaching the House table, he tells Colin that he had fallen into the lake and was saved by the giant squid.

When Harry Potter becomes the second Hogwarts Champion, Draco Malfoy starts distributing buttons that alternate between saying "Support Cedric Diggory, the Real Hogwarts Champion", and "Potter Stinks". As Harry heads out for an appointment with Hagrid, he sees the Creeveys, Colin and Dennis, working with one of these badges, trying to charm it to say something different. On his return, he sees that they have not been successful; all that they have managed is to make the badge say "Potter Really Stinks".

Order of the Phoenix
Both Dennis and Colin Creevey are members of Dumbledore's Army. While we don't hear much of them, it seems that Dennis is managing to master some of the more advanced charms, possibly with Colin's help, despite being only second-year.

Deathly Hallows
Dennis and Colin are seen trying to figure out how they can stay at Hogwarts and assist in the defence before the final battle, but Professor McGonagall sends them both away.

Strengths
Dennis is likely the youngest member of Dumbledore's Army; as a member, however, he has a thorough grounding in defensive magic at such a young age. He is gifted with the same boyish enthusiasm that his brother displays.

Weaknesses
Dennis is young and inexperienced. He could be a skilled wizard in the future, but when we see him, he is still in the beginning stages of magical schooling.

Relationships with Other Characters
Dennis is seen to be hanging out with his brother a lot. This shows us that he has a good relationship with his brother.

Like his brother, he also seems to idolise Harry a bit.

Analysis
Like the Weasleys, both Creevey siblings are sorted into the same house; the author shows here that she is aware magic can be taught to more than one family member. It is of note that both Colin and Dennis are Muggle-born; it is unusual that both siblings from a Muggle family would show this trait.

Dennis is in Gryffindor; he certainly shows courage by attending DA meetings. Most people of his age wouldn't dare.

Questions

 * 1) Why do you think Dennis Creevey wanted to stay for the Battle at Hogwarts?
 * 2) How did Dennis attend the first meeting of the DA, as he was a second-year and wouldn't be allowed in Hogsmeade yet?

Greater Picture
It is worth remembering that Colin dies during the Battle of Hogwarts. Dennis' young life is therefore marked by tragedy at this point.


text: Category:Book:Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure


text:
Template:Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure

 Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure Preface — Introduction — Enter the Net — Viruses, Privacy and Security — For Further Reading — Notes — Glossary — Acknowledgment — About the Author


text:
Template:Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation

 Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation Preface — Introduction — Concepts & Definitions — Development Strategies and ICTs — The Lessons of Experience — Towards a General Framework — Conclusion — Annex — Notes — References — For Further Reading — About the Author — APDIP


text: Category:Book:E-government

title: Category:Book:E-government