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Principles of Finance/Section 1/Chapter 5/Risk/Risk

Systematic Risk
Systematic risk refers to the portion of risk in a stock that is impossible to avoid, it is also called the market risk, or undiversifiable risk. In the Capital Asset Pricing Model, systematic risk is represented by beta.

$$E(R_i) = R_f + \beta_{im}(E(R_m) - R_f).\,$$

Systematic risk is called undiversifiable risk because no matter how many securities are in a portfolio, there will always be some element of risk. This is due to the possibility of macroeconomic factors causing the entire market to decrease in value. Beta is a measure of how sensitive a particular security is to these market conditions. A stock with a high beta is more sensitive to market conditions; and, conversely, a stock with a low beta is less sensitive.

Unsystematic Risk
Unsystematic risk is also called idiosyncratic risk, or diversifiable risk. It represents the risk of a security that is unrelated to the market in general. Unsystematic risk can be reduced by holding a diversified portfolio. A diversified portfolio eliminates the likelihood of one isolated event causing a large decrease in portfolio value.

As you can see from the above image, as the number of stocks in a portfolio increase, the amount of unsystematic risk approaches zero. However, it is impossible to remove systematic risk, as it concerns the economy in general.


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Using GNOME/Terminal

When "Terminal" is clicked a command line terminal opens, using BASH. The prompt takes the form of fred@desktop where fred is the name of the user entered when setting up Gnome on first use and desktop is the name of the computer. Linux commands may be entered directly at the terminal.

Profiles
Gnome terminal supports profiles, which allows you to use different colour schemes, change fonts, terminal name, turn on effects and do many other things.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Using GNOME/Terminal


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Analogue Electronics/Current Mirrors

The Wilson Current Mirror is a simple method to make a very accurate current mirror with a very high output resistance, meaning little deviation in the current delivered.

title: Analogue Electronics/Current Mirrors


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User talk:203.128.23.14

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Jim Thomas (aka Jomegat) 14:06, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

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User talk:62.254.220.101

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Jim Thomas (aka Jomegat) 14:07, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

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User talk:125.99.243.107

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Jim Thomas (aka Jomegat) 14:07, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

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User talk:60.240.208.4

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Jim Thomas (aka Jomegat) 14:11, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:60.240.208.4


text: User:Mike.lifeguard

title: User:Mike.lifeguard


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User talk:Mike.lifeguard

Speedy deletion nomination of "US Corporate Law: Shareholders"
US Corporate Law: Shareholders, a page you created, has been tagged for deletion, as it meets one or more of the criteria for speedy deletion; specifically, it needs to be deleted for uncontroversial maintenance reasons.

You are welcome to contribute content that complies with our content policies and any applicable inclusion guidelines. However, please do not simply re-create the page with the same content, or remove the speedy deletion tag from the page. You can contest the deletion by clicking the "Contest this speedy deletion" button inside the speedy deletion tag. You may also wish to read our introduction to editing and guide to writing your first article.

Thank you. 02:16, 20 August 2017 (UTC),

Speedy deletion nomination of "Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6"
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6, a page you created, has been tagged for deletion, as it meets one or more of the criteria for speedy deletion; specifically, it needs to be deleted for uncontroversial maintenance reasons.

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Thank you. 02:17, 20 August 2017 (UTC),

title: User talk:Mike.lifeguard


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User talk:Dlcidso

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

I would like to add that your experiment on The main page discussion forum worked, but that is not the kind of participation we are looking for. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox for such experimentation.

Please be courteous to others who are working on this project. --Rob Horning 15:29, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

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Cookbook:Chocolate and Custard Layered Dessert (Nanaimo Bar)

| Desserts

Nanaimo Bars are a layered chocolate and custard dessert named after the mining town, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. This winning recipe was submitted by Joyce Hardcastle in 1986 when the City of Nanaimo and Harbour Park Mall had a contest to find the best Nanaimo Bar recipe. Variations of this recipe include using different nuts and/or adding flavours to the custard layer.

Bottom layer

 * ½ cup unsalted butter (European style cultured)
 * ¼ cup white granulated sugar
 * 5 tbsp cocoa
 * 1 egg beaten
 * 1¼ cups graham wafer crumbs
 * ½ cups finely-chopped almonds
 * 1 cup coconut

Middle layer

 * ½ cup unsalted butter
 * 2 tbsp and 2 tsp cream
 * 2 tbsp vanilla custard powder
 * 2 cups icing sugar

Top layer

 * 4 squares (4 oz) semi-sweet chocolate
 * 2 tbsp unsalted butter

Bottom layer

 * 1) Melt first 3 ingredients in top of double boiler.
 * 2) Add egg and stir to cook and thicken.
 * 3) Remove from heat. Stir in crumbs, coconut, and nuts.
 * 4) Press firmly into an ungreased 8 x 8-inch cake pan.

Middle layer

 * 1) Cream butter, cream, custard powder, and icing sugar together well. Beat until light.
 * 2) Spread over bottom layer.

Top layer

 * 1) Melt chocolate and butter over low heat. Cool.
 * 2) Once cool, but still liquid, pour over second layer and chill in refrigerator.
 * 3) Once set, cut into squares and serve. Enjoy.


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User talk:74.132.147.32

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Mattb112885 (talk) 16:22, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

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User talk:72.10.96.168

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Jim Thomas (aka Jomegat) 17:32, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- MichaelFrey 17:34, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

'''You are blocked. If you come back - behave, I have increased the block based on your record on Wikipedia - if you vandalize here again the next block will be much longer  -- Herby talk thyme''' 17:35, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Well I did warn you
The next time it will be long enough for you to grow up maybe -- Herby talk thyme 16:33, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:72.10.96.168


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Template:Nap-conj-è

/Templates

title: Template:Nap-conj-è


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Proteomics/Protein Separations - Centrifugation

Introduction to Centrifugation
Centrifugation is one of the most important and widely applied research techniques in biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and in medicine. In the field of proteomics it plays a vital role in the fundamental and necessary process of isolating proteins. This process begins with intact cells or tissues. Before the proteins can be obtained, the cells must be broken open by processes such as snap freezing, sonication, homogenization by high pressure, or grinding with liquid nitrogen. Once the cells have been opened up all of their contents; including cell membranes, RNA, DNA, and organelles will be mixed in the solvent with the proteins. Centrifugation is probably the most commonly used method for separating out all the non protein material. Within the centrifuge samples are spun at high speeds and the resulting force causes particles to separate based on their density.

Uses of Centrifugation
Centrifugation is capable of:
 * Removing cells or other suspended particles from their surrounding milieu on either a batch or a continous-flow basis

 * Separating one cell type from another

 * Isolating viruses and macromolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids or establishing physical parameters of these particles from their observed behavior during centrifugation

 * Separating from dispersed tissue the various subcellular organelles including nuclei, mitochondria, cholorplasts, golgi bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, and ribosomal subunits.

Once the mixture of proteins has been isolated using centrifugation the scientist is then able to use one of several methods to separate out individual proteins for further study. For more information on protein purification/separation see Protein Separations – Chromatography and Protein Separations– Electrophoresis.

Next section: /History of the Centrifuge/

Subscription Based References

 * 1) Sheeler, P. "Centrifugation in Biology and Medical Science." Dept of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California

Open Access References

 * 1) Claude, A. & Potter, J. S. "Isolation of Chromatin Threads From The Reasting Nucleus of Leukemic Cells" The Journal of Experimental Medicine.


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Proteomics/Protein Separations - Centrifugation/CENTRIFUGATION

 * 1) Centrifugation
 * 2) Some fundamental physical and mathematical concepts
 * 3) Centrifugal fractionation of tissues and cells: Basic approaches and instrumentation
 * 4) Density gradient centrifugation: Preparing gradients and measuring density
 * 5) Density Gradient centrifuation: Rate and isopynic separations of particles

Centrifugation

Centrifugation is one of the most important and widely applied research techniques in biochemistry, in cellular and molecular biology, and in medicine. In its various forms, centrifugation is regularly used to:

(1) remove cells or other suspended particles from their surrounding milieu on either a batch or a continous-flow basis.

(2)separate one cell type from another.

(3)isolate viruses and macromolecules, including DNA,RNA,proteins, and lipids or establish physical parameters of these particles fron their observed behavior during centrifugation.

(4)separate from dispersed tissue the various subcellular organelles including nuclei, mitochondria, cholorplasts, golgi bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum , polysomes, and ribosomal subunits.

Reference: Centrifugation in Biology and Medical Science==Author Phillip sheeler, dept of biology, california state university, northridge, california


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Proteomics/Protein Separations - Centrifugation/SOME FUNDAMANTAL PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS

 * 1) Some fundamental physical and mathematical concepts
 * 2) Centrifugal fractionation of tissues and cells: Basic approaches and instrumentation
 * 3) Density gradient centrifugation: Preparing gradients and measuring density
 * 4) Density Gradient centrifuation: Rate and isopynic separations of particles

Some fundamental physical and mathematical concepts
 "Molecular Biology Techniques Centrifugation"

 * Gravity

It was Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) who first systematically and scientifically investigated gravity as a natural phenomenon. The gravitational acceleration constant is customarily assigned the symbol "g" and for simplicity taken to be 980 cm/sec sec. Newton showed that the force acting on a body undergoing constant acceleration is equal to the product of its mass and its acceleration that is,

F = ma      // Force F = mass x acceleration

 * Centrifugal Force

Consider an object P of mass m moving in a horizontal circular path at a constant speed (i.e, at a specific number of revolutions per unit of time and at a fixed distance x from the axis of rotation. Although the speed is constant, the direction of movement is continuously changing. Since velocity is defined in terms of the direction of motion, and this direction is changing, the velocity is continuously changing and the object is said to manifest constant acceleration. To restrict the movement to a circular path, a force must be exerted in a horizontal plane toward the axis of rotation. In the absence of such a force, the object would move off along a tangent to the circle. The force called the "centrifugal force" can be given as the same equation.      F=ma.

 * Relative Sedimentation Rate

Relative Centrifugal Force--gFORCE Usually, the value cited for the force applied to a suspension of particles during the centrifugation is a relative one, that is to say it is compared with the force that the earth's gravity would have on the same particles.It is called relative centrifugal force (RCF) RCF = F centrifugation / F gravity

CORIOLIS FORCE:  In addition to centrifugal force, particles in suspension ( and the body of suspending fluid itself) within a spinning rotor are subjected to Coriolis force The Coroilis force which results from the inertia of the liquid and the suspended particles, is a small force directed at the right angles to both the axis of rotation clockwise, the force acts to deflect particles in a counterclockwise direction (and vice versa). Under nearly all experiment conditions, the coroilis force is very small in comparison with the inertial force, its effects are magnified when the rotor's speed changes (e.g during acceleration and deceleration). While the centrifugal force acts to accelerate a particle away from the axis of rotation, the radially sedimenting particle is also subjected to additional forces including frictional force, the force of buoyancy and gravitational force. Frictional Forces, Force of Buoyancy.

 * The Sedimentation Coefficient

Sedimentation Coefficients of some biological particles differ greatly.The parameters determining sedimentation rate fall into three major categories:

(1) the physical conditions of centrifugation

(2) the nature of the suspending medium.

(3) the properties of the suspending medium( i.e its density and viscosity)

 * Diffusion

Diffusion is the bulk movement of solute molecules or particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Such a movement occurs as a consequence of random molecular motion or Brownian movement. Since the sedimentation of suspended particles is in effect a means of concentrating the particles, it is opposed by diffusion.


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Proteomics/Protein Separations - Centrifugation/CENTRIFUGAL FRACTIONATION OF TISSUES AND CELLS: BASIC APPROACHES AND INSTRUMENTATION

 * 1) Some fundamental physical and mathematical concepts
 * 2) Centrifugal fractionation of tissues and cells: Basic approaches and instrumentation
 * 3) Density gradient centrifugation: Preparing gradients and measuring density
 * 4) Density Gradient centrifuation: Rate and isopynic separations of particles

CENTRIFUGAL FRACTIONATION OF TISSUES AND CELLS: BASIC APPROACHES AND INSTRUMENTATION
" separation in excellence"

 * Differential Centrifugation

A Technique for Separating organelles or other differently-sized cell components In A centrifuge, Particles of the Same Size and Weight will settle out Into common Layers.

Also, Differential centrifugation is a procedure in which the homogenate is subjected to repeated centrifugations each time increasing the centrifugal force. -Uses equilibrium density gradient: A solution composed of different layers because of the difference in density between the layers. Differential centrifugation separates the homogenate into:

->Nuclei

In cell biology, the nucleus (from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, kernel) is found in all eukaryotic cells and contains the nuclear genes which form most of the cell's genetic material. Nuclei have two primary functions: to control chemical reactions within the cytoplasm and to store information needed for cellular division.

->Mitochondria

In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) (from Greek mitos thread + khondrion granule) is an organelle, variants of which are found in most eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants," because their primary function is to convert organic materials into energy in the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Usually a cell has hundreds or thousands of mitochondria, which can occupy up to 25% of the cell's cytoplasm. Mitochondria usually have their own DNA, and, according to the generally accepted Endosymbiotic theory, they were originally derived from external organisms.

->Lysosomes

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) to digest macromolecules. They are found in both plant and animal cells, and are built in the Golgi apparatus. At pH 4.8, the interior of the lysosomes is more acidic than the cytosol (pH 7). The lysosome single membrane stabilizes the low pH by pumping in protons (H+) from the cytosol, and also protects the cytosol, and therefore the rest of the cell, from the degradative enzymes within the lysosome. The digestive enzymes need the acidic environment of the lysosome to function correctly. For this reason, should a lysosome's acid hydrolases leak into the cytosol, their potential to damage the cell will be reduced, because they will not be at their optimum pH. All these enzymes are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum, and transported and processed through the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus produces lysosomes by budding. Each acid hydrolase is then targeted to a lysosome by phosphorylation. The lysosome itself is likely safe from enzymatic action due to having proteins in the inner membrane which has a three-dimensional molecular structure that protects vulnerable bonds from enzymatic attack.

->Microsomes

In cell biology, a microsome is a small vesicle that is derived from fragmented endoplasmic reticulum produced when cells are homogenized. They contain the cell's cytochrome p450 enzymes, involved in oxidative metabolism.

Liver microsomes are used for determination of EROD activity as an indicator of CYP1A1-dependent enzymatic activity. The term microsome refers to a mixture of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum (ER) vesicles present in a cell homogenate after mechanical breakage (homogenization) of tissues such as liver. These microsomes can be concentrated and separated from the other cellular organelles by means of differential centrifugation. Different cellular organelles possess different and unique sedimentation velocities and sediment out of aqueous solution at different centrifugal forces. Unbroken cells, nuclei and mitochondria sediment out at 10,000g, while soluble enzyme and fragmented ER which contains the P450s stay in the solution. At a higher speed, 100,000g, ER sediments out of solution as pellet and the soluble enzymes stay in the supernatant. In this way, P450s in microsomes are concentrated and isolated. Microsomes appear as reddish brown color due to the presence of heme in P450s. P450s are highly abundant in livers of rats, mice and humans.

Technique of getting hepatic cytochrom P-450 from rat:

Rat is sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Liver is excised, chilled, blotted-dry with paper tissue, and weighed. Liver is homoginated using tissue homigenizer with a medium comprising of 0.154 M KCl containing 50 mM tris-HCl (pH 7.4). The homigenate is centrifused at 12000g for 20 minues, supernatant is collected and again centrifused for 1 hour at 105000g. Then, supernatant is discarded and pellet is resuspended in the homogenizing medium and centrifused again for 1 hour at 105000g. Liver microsome obtained from the pellet by resuspendingwith he homogenizing medium, is ready for use for pharmacological studies. All the procedures are performed at 4 degree celcious.

 * Basic Centrifuges and Rotors

-->Superspeed and Ultraspeed Centrifuges:

As two different types of preparative centrifuges may be distinguished: superspeed centrifuges and ultraspeed centrifuges or ultracentrifuges.

Superspeed centrifuges generally operate at speeds to about 20,000 rpm, usually do not require evacuation of the rotor chamber, and either drive the rotor directly to through belts or gears.

Ultracentrifuges can be operated at much greater speeds ( upto 65,000 or 75,000 rpm), thus the rotor chamber must be evacuated of air to reduce friction and permit accurate rotor temperature control.

In most ultracentrifuges the rotor is driven either by a motor and a set of gears or by an oil or air turbine system.

-->Swinging-Bucket Rotors:

The most popular and widely used superspeed and ultraspeed centrifuge rotors are the swinging-bucket and fixed-angle rotors.

-->Rotor and Tube Materials:

Early rotors such as the Svedberg rotors were made of steel and ocassionally brass.The high density of these materials and the resulting high rotor weight produces an appreciable load on the centrifuge drive and significantly limits operating speeds.

Most commercial rotors are now made of the partly or entirely of aluminum or titanium.

-->Fixed-Angle Rotors:

Fixed-angle ( or angle head ) rotors are generally simpler in design than are swinging-bucket rotors. In this type of rotor, the centrifuge tubes are held at a specific and constant angle to the horizontal plane that is the tube does not reorient between the vertical and horizontal positions.

 * Convection in Swinging-Bucket and Fixed-Angle Rotors

Convection occurs whenever uniform suspensions of particles are sedimented in conventional swinging-bucket and fixed-angle rotors.

The term "convection" means the bulk movement of solute and/or solvent within the centrifuge tube.

The Most common cause of unwanted cinvection is temperature variation in different parts of the centrifuge tube.

 * Nature of Tissue Fractions Produced by Differentail centrifugation

The approaches to tissue fractionation taken by Behrens,Bensley, and others in the early 1930s had a major aim the isolation from disrupted cells of one or more identifiable components that could then be physically and chemically characterized.The principal method of analysis was light microscopy. In this sense, their approach was strictly preparative and is to be contrasted with the more analytical procedures of Claude and his successors who were concerned with the purity of centrifugally isolated fractions, examining their enzymatic activities and questioning whether certain properties were unique to specific types of subcellular particles or were more broadly distributed.

 * The four major differential fractions.

1. The Nuclear Fraction:

-->The pellet produced by centrifugation of the original homogenate at 600g for 10 minutes.

2. The Mitochondrial Fraction:

-->The pellet obtained when the post-nuclear supernatent (i.e,,the supernatent of the first centrifugation ) is centrifuged at 5000g for 10 minutes.

3. The Microsomal Fraction:

-->The pellet produced when the postmitochondrial supernatent is centrifuged at 50,000g for 60 minutes.

4. The Cytosol or Soluble Phase:

-->The supernatent of the last centrifugation.


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Talk:Proteomics/Protein Separations - Centrifugation

Currently modifying this page, so will be working to fix the plagiarism of the previous edits made in creating the text on this page.

Please do not delete this page. We are working to modify the page for our proteomics class. We will be fixing the copyright issues as we modify the page. Right now we have just been moving the chapters around and adding a new chapter.


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Proteomics/Emerging and Miscellaneous Proteomics Technologies

Presentation
=Emerging and Miscellaneous Technologies in Proteomics= This part of the book will be an area where proteomics techniques that have been newly developed will be discussed. Techniques that do not currently fit into any other part of the book can also be added to this page. As chapters or sections are added elsewhere that discuss these techniques in the context of a greater proteomics problem, the information on this page will be moved to those pages.

X-Ray Tomography
Description and Discussion of X-ray Tomography.

A new branch of X-ray microscopy is being used in proteomics analysis. This is called X-ray Tomography. This method uses projected images to calculate and reconstruct a 3D object. This technology is being used in proteomics to determine the location of labeled proteins or large complexes within a cell. This technique can also be used in conjunction with images of cells from light based microscopes to help identify where a protein is located and how this location factors in to its function and identification.

Introduction to Proteoinformatics
Proteoinformatics is the use of bioinformatics and computational biology techniques solely within the realm of protein identification and proteomics. Proteoinformatics is currently in its infancy and the largest work being done is on standardizing databases and data submission. Other proteoinformatic work is being done on the image analysis of 2D gels and other images in proteomics used to help identify and annotate proteins in the proteome.

What are Protein Identification Databases?
Protein Identifications Databases such as ProFound at Rockefeller University and Protein Prospector at the UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility are used to help identify proteins found with proteomics techniques such as mass spectrometry. Digestion of proteins into peptide fragments allows each protein to break apart in a different way, resulting in a unique peptide fingerprint that can be used to identify the protein. The masses of these fragments as well as the molecular weights and isoelectric points are what is stored in many of these databases. This data can be used to perform high-throughput protein identification.

The Future of Protein Identification Databases
In order to continue advancing the cause of mapping the human proteome, international databases need to be established which integrate both transcriptome and proteome data. The Human Proteome Organization is currently working on establishing a defined standard for data submission and annotation for the many different proteomics techniques currently used to identify and annotate proteins.

New Techniques in Image Analysis
According to the Image Analysis Wikipedia page, "Image analysis is the extraction of meaningful information from images." In terms of Proteomics, image analysis can be used to compare different images generated using proteomics techniques, such as 2D-PAGE gel images. New programs are being developed that will help to optomize and automate the process of locating a protein spot between two gel images in order to identify the differences between 2D-PAGE gels. Other programs can be used to help clean up and remove variability between these images as well.

Laser Capture Microdissection
Laser capture microdissection or LCM is a process that isolates and removes distinct populations from a tissue. This will facilitate the comparison of diseased tissue with normal tissue from an organism.

In LCM, an infrared laser beam melts a thermosensitive polymer film that traps a specific group of cells. This polymer film is then extracted and moved to a test tube where an extraction buffer is used to remove the groups of cells for more advanced proteomics analysis such as 2D-PAGE, Ion Chromatography, etc. This technology will become more useful as systems with higher sensitivity for analysis of smaller amounts of tissue become developed and realized.

Proteomic Complex Detection using Sedimentation
Approaches such as TAP tagging, which require the addition of fusion proteins, can interfere with protein interactions that would have normally occurred. Many times it takes a great deal of work to express these tagged proteins, so this technique is used to give evidence that there is a stable protein complex detected early on in the proteomics experiment before more laborious approaches are used to isolate and identify the protein complexes of interest. Issues also occur in MS and 2D Gel processes where one cannot be sure that a portion of a gel spot is the desired protein because multiple proteins could be traveling together in that spot as a complex.

This is where proteomic complex detection using sedimentation (ProCoDeS) is applicable. ProCoDeS is a technique for the high-throughput identification of both soluble and membrane proteins that are found in stable complexes. Relative sizes of protein complexes are estimated via their sedimentation in a gradient. In this case a rate zonal gradient or RZG is used to better estimate the relative size of protein complexes. The distribution of a protein of interest in this sedimentation can be detected using classic techniques such as Western Blotting or newer techniques such as ICAT. This can be done for a large number of proteins. Thus, ProCoDeS can be used to identify stable protein complexes. ProCoDeS is especially well suited for the screening of unrefined cellular material to help find new proteins that cannot be discovered because they exist in protein complexes such as proteins found in protein membranes.

Next Chapter: Protein Identification - Mass Spectrometry


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Introduction to Art/Paints (Water-Based)

Paint
The broader term for water-based painting media is "watermedia". The term "watercolor" most often to refers to traditional transparent watercolor or gouache (an opaque form of the same paint), but also includes the use of thinned acrylic paint.

Traditional watercolor paint is made of finely-ground pigment mixed with gum arabic for body, and glycerin or honey for viscosity and to bond the colorant to the painting surface. Unpigmented filler is added to gouache to lend opacity to the paint. Oil of clove is used to prevent mold.

Watercolor paints vary in their transparency, some being less transparent (more covering) than others. The more transparent paints allow the paper (or an undercolor) to show through while others allow less of the undercolor to be seen.

As there is no transparent white watercolor, the white parts of a watercolor painting are most often areas of the paper "reserved" (left unpainted) and allowed to be seen in the finished work. White paint might be used to indicate snow on a fence or the foam in the sea, as examples, by using Chinese White or White Gouache. These are not transparent. Traditionally, such non-transparent paint is used sparingly so as not to lose the light and airy look of the work.

Some watercolor pigments are "fugitive", meaning they fade over time when exposed to light. An example is Alizarin Crimson. Some paint makers offer a different formulation of pigment as a less-fugitive alternative. These often have the word "hue" as part of the name. "Alizarin Crimson Hue" can be expected to be less fugitive than Alizarin Crimson.

"Staining" is another characteristic of certain watercolor pigments. A staining color is difficult to remove and persists on the paper. Less staining colors can be lightened or removed almost entirely when wet or when re-wetted by "lifting" with a wet brush, paper towel, tissue, sponge, or similar.

Commercial watercolor paints come in two grades: "Artist" (or "Professional") and "Student". Artist quality paints are usually formulated using a single pigment, which results in richer color and vibrant mixes. Student grade paints have less pigment, and often are formulated using two or more less expensive pigments. Artist and Professional paints are more expensive but many consider the quality worth the higher cost.

Paint pigments and formulation vary among manufacturers. Paints with the same color name from different makers can vary in hue, staining, and other characteristics.

Brushes
Brushes for watercolor are made to hold water and softer as compared to the stiffer brushes used for acrylic and oil paint.

Watercolor brushes come in various shapes including flat, round, mop, and fan. There are numerous specialty brushes; for example, a long thin brush originally designed to paint the lines of rope (rigging) on a seascape is called a "rigger".

Artists typically have a few favorites and do most work with just one or two brushes. A single brush can produce many lines and shapes. A "round" for example, can create thin and thick lines, wide or narrow strips, curves, and other painted effects. A flat brush when used on end can produce thin lines or dashes in addition to the wide swath typical with these brushes.

Brush hairs come from a variety of sources including the very expensive hair of the Kolinsky Sable, the ear hair of the ox or other cattle, and others. "Camel" is used to describe hairs from several sources, none of which is from a camel.

Brush hairs can be natural, synthetic, or a combination. Brush prices vary considerably depending on the type of hair and the quality of the manufacture. A good brush will hold a fair amount of water and will keep and return to its original shape even after much use.

Brushes are numbered to indicate the size of the brush, the larger numbers for the larger brushes. A typical manufacturer's offering of brushes might go from a very small "0" to the larger size "20" or more. Flat, wide brushes are usually described by the width of the brush such as "1/2 inch" or "1 inch". There are no common standards for brush sizes. A "10" Round from two manufacturers might be slightly different in size.

Paper
Watercolor paper is designed to properly support the paint and be sturdy enough to withstand the painting action.

Heavier paper is much better than lighter paper if you are planning to make a brightly colored painting. Thin paper may allow pigments to soak through causing dampness and dull coloring.

The surface of watercolor paper can vary in its smoothness from very smooth to very rough. A watercolor painting on rough paper will result in quite a different look than a similar painting on smoother paper. The artist selects paper with a finish to give the desired effect.

Rough-surfaced paper is called "Rough", a smoother surface but still slightly rough is called "Cold Press" (aka "Not"), the smoothest surface is "Hot Press."

Watercolor paper is typically made of 100% cotton rag. Papers of lesser quality might be mixtures of rag (cotton) and other materials. Some artists use only better grade papers to get the effects they desire. The quality of paper can make a significant difference in the result.

The thickness of commercial watercolor paper varies from 90 pounds to 300 pounds (the weight of a ream of about 500 sheets of the paper.) A middle weight, common thickness, is 140 pound paper. While almost any paper of any thickness will buckle when wet, paper less than 140 pound thickness will buckle severely from the water and should be "stretched" before using. Even 140 pound paper will show some stress when wet watercolor is applied over large areas. 300 pound weight paper does not buckle severely and does not have to be stretched.

An alternate to this is to wet the water on a non-absorbing surface like plexiglass. Once the paper is soaked and lying flat on the surface, roll over the paper with a tightly rolled-up towel, squeezing and pressing the water out as you roll. The paper remains wet and stuck to the plexiglass with no bubbles. You can draw and paint right on the damp paper, and it will not buckle for usually up to an hour.

Techniques

Traditionally, watercolor paint is applied with brushes, but it may be applied with other implements in experimental approaches or mixed with other materials (usually acrylic or collage).

The paint is thinned before application to allow for lighter areas within the painting. This transparency provides watercolor its characteristics of brightness, sparkle, freshness, and clarity of color since light has passed through the film of paint and is reflected back to the viewer through the film.

According to a tradition, dating from at least the early 20th century, the white of the paper is the only white used in transparent watercolor. Opaque paint is seldom used for whites or to overpaint.

Watercolor techniques have the reputation of being quite demanding; it is more accurate to say that watercolor techniques are unique to watercolor. Maintaining a high quality of value differences and color clarity are typically the most difficult properties to achieve and maintain.

The medium is effective in portraiture, figurative art, and photorealism.

Watercolor proponents prize it as a studio medium for its lack of odor and ease of cleanup, and also as a plein air medium for its portability and quick drying.

Fingerpainting originated in China with watercolor paints.

Washes and glazes
Basic watercolor technique involves the layering of "washes" of colour. A "wash" refers to the application of a uniform colour over an area of the painting. Typically, this might be a light blue wash for the sky, a uniform color on a field or other area. Washes can be "graded" or "graduated" if they gradually become lighter or darker in parts such the fading of color to show the lighter sky near the horizon. A "variegated" wash blends more than one color such as a wash with areas of blue and perhaps some red or orange for a sky at sunrise or sunset. The term "glazing" refers to the layering of colour mixed with a medium that must include a varnish as a component, thus glazing is a technique mainly used in oil painting.

Wet in wet
Two methods of applying paint to the surface for special effect are "wet-in-wet" (or "wet-on-wet") and "dry brush". Wet-in-wet is used to avoid a hard edge at the margin of the paint. Wet-in-wet paint flows on a wet surface. The paint is wet (diluted) and the surface of the medium is wet.

The surface of the paper or other medium is first "painted" with water, thinned paint is then dripped or lightly applied to the wet surface. The color flows along the wet area. More paint can be added to increase the area covered.

After the first wet application has dried, additional wet layers can be applied. The flow is controlled to some extent by the wetness of the surface; the amount, consistency, and placement of the paint; and by tilting the surface to encourage the paint to flow in the desired direction. The somewhat unpredictable results of the wet-in-wet technique can lead to some surprising but welcome effects.

Dry brush
Dry brush is used to obtain a rough, textured appearance for the edges of beach grass, a rocky exposed hill surface, tree bark, sunlight skipping on the surface of water, are some examples. A brush is loaded with relatively thick paint then lightly pulled over the dry surface of the medium. Some artists hold the brush with just two or three fingers at the very end of the handle so just the weight of the brush glides along the surface.

The paint adheres and covers only the higher points and ridges of the surface but stays out of the deeper areas. The method is especially effective on Rough and Cold Press (medium rough) paper. It is not very useful on smooth surfaces.

Painting light to dark
Watercolors are typically made darker on the paper by repeated application of the same color. These coats of paint are called "glazes. A glaze of a different color can also be used to create a combined color. It is also possible to achieve various lightness and darkness of a color (value) by diluting the paint in the mixing area before application.

Limited palette
An artist might use a limited set of colors in his or her palette creating other colors by mixing two or three colors from the limited set. Mixing more than three colors can result in a muddy, unacceptable color.

The "palette" refers to the array of colors used in a painting and also refers to the tray, dish, or other implement used to hold and mix the paints.

Other considerations
When using watercolors, it is a good idea to think of using the medium in the consistency as it comes from the tube. Using dried out "cake" watercolors will prevent the user from being able to take full advantage of the medium. When the colors are tube fresh, one can go from totally thinned with water to create the most elusive effects and in an instant to very dense full bodied mixtures for deep dark passages. The best way to keep colors from drying out would be to use a covered palette such as the "John Pike Watercolor Palette" which has plenty of colors "wells" and sufficient mixing space. A great tip for squeezing paint from the tube is as follows: Squeeze an amount about the size of a lima bean or slightly larger. Do not leave the paint in a "mound", but rather spread it through the area of the designated color well. The logic behind this method is that since watercolors are resoluble with water, one can simply spray water on the surface of dried color to refresh it as it came from the tube. If the colors are left in a mound, the water will roll off; but if the colors are spread evenly, the water has no place to go but into the color bringing it back to life. Do this twenty minutes or so before painting if your colors are dried out or if time does not allow just squeeze a little fresh color over the exsisting dried out color and spread. The new color will interact with the old making all the color usable. Do not put a damp sponge in the palette for storage as this can lead to mildew and mold. The primary thing to remember is to take full advantage of the wide range of consistentcies watercolor has to offer.

Though there seem to be endless colors available in tubes, one need only a very limited palette. Consider a primary color palette to include: Lemon Yellow; Cadmium Yellow; Cadmium Red; Alizarin Crimson; Cerulean Blue; French Ultramarine Blue; Phtalo Blue; and perhaps Burnt Sienna and Raw Sienna. These nine colors will give you the ability to mix virtually any color possible. A brief summary of color mixing is: A red and a yellow make orange; yellow and blue make green; blue and red make violet. A red, yellow, and blue make gray and if mixed dense enough, black. It's simple color theory of primary color mixing. Primary colors being: red - yellow - blue. Secondary colors (mixing any two colors): orange - green - violet. and Tertiary colors (three color mixes): any gray imaginable and black. When mixing three colors, avoid muddy mixtures by "undermixing" on the palette. Pull the colors into the mixing space and simply "swish" the colors together. Your darkest darks can be very exciting so long as you are sure to not "overmix." Another reason for muddiness comes from excessive brushing. Apply the washes with conviction being sure to limit your brushstrokes.

Making other colors
If you don't have the color you want, you don't have to buy that color, you can simply mix it! Here are a few mixtures:

Yellow+blue=green Yellow+red=orange Red+blue=purple Red+green=brown Why mixing paints doesn't produce the color white. The accompanying figure represents the artist's color wheel. Colors opposite one another are called complementary colors. Those next to each other are adjacent colors.

A dab of paint is an opaque body. Its color is due to reflection. No paints are pure colors; they reflect light over a narrow wavelength band. Yellow paint reflects yellow light, but also reflects small amounts of orange and green light, while absorbing red and blue light. Red paint absorbs blue and yellow light, but reflects a bit of orange. When yellow and red paints are mixed, the yellow paint absorbs the red light and the red paint absorbs the yellow light, but they both reflect orange. So the mixture appears orange. When two paints mix, the color produced is the color that both paints reflect. Add some blue paint, which absorbs orange, to the red and yellow mixture and the paint loses its hue. By mixing all your paints together, each pigment absorbs a particular wavelength and therefore no colors are reflected and the paint mixture appears a dark, dull gray.

Blue, red, and yellow are primary colors. Violet, orange and green are the secondary colors (colors made from two primaries). The array of browns, mauves and grays are the tertiary colors (colors made from a primary and a secondary, in other words, colors made from all three primaries). It is interesting to note that the tertiary colors are the most common colors in the landscape, followed by secondaries, with pure primaries being ever so rare in the natural landscape--rainbows, sunsets and the aurora borealis, to name a few.


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User talk:Andrew Hampe

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title: User talk:Andrew Hampe


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Embedded Control Systems Design/Design Patterns

Programming for real-time environments is hard and needs a good understanding of the complete system, hardware as well as software. In the ideal case, every part of the system is well described and easily understandable, but the real world seldom allows this ideal situation. Therefore, the system should be robust against the uncertainties in the system. design patterns are a useful support for all designers: they are generalized solutions to commonly occurring problems, based on experience of what has worked already in the past in a large number of systems. Patterns are also appropriate to create portable code that may be reused and adapted in several applications.

Design patterns always come with a certain context: they are the result of a number of design forces that each pull the design in several directions, and for which the pattern provides a balanced solution. However, the forces in different systems may be so different that also the resulting trade-off gives rise to a different pattern.

Software patterns without need for an operating system
When programming for micro-controller (like a PICmicro), programs will often be written in machine language or low level languages like assembler. Assembler programs tend to be smaller and more efficient with active memory. Nevertheless it's also possible to use higher level languages such as C when the controller has enough resources. The article "Using A High level Programming Language" has a short list of the advantages of using a higher level language over assembler. (Even higher level languages have those same advantages over C, but they are rarely available on small microcontrollers).

In this section we will only discuss design patterns used when programming in assembler. These design patterns seem really basic, but good understanding of them is important. The knowledge of assembler is not needed, but a good help to understand this section.

Subroutines
When you often need to do same operations, you can use subroutines. By putting a value in the register you can give a parameter to the subroutine. The result of the subroutine will be also stored in the register. Here we give a simple example of a subroutine:

Data Tables
Sometime you need a structure where you can store values in. Or you need to do a conversion but it's easier to get values from table. Then the use of a data table is handy.

On a PICmicro, constant data tables (in Flash memory) are a kind of normal subroutine. When the subroutine is called, the value in the working register will be used to determine the amount of instructions the processor has to skip. This is done by increasing the 'Process counter'? The process counter is the address of the instruction that is currently executed. Increasing the counter will make the processor skip the next instructions. A little example, in the data table we have the order in which 5 leds (5 bits) have to blink.

 * The article PIC "Microcontroller Memory  Methods: Tables" has detailed information on various ways to access a table, the "crossing a 256 byte page boundary" gotcha (which always occurs with tables longer than 256 bytes, and sometimes occurs even with very short tables), and work-arounds.
 * The article "File Select Register" discusses the file select register, which is used for reading and writing arrays of values in RAM.

Interrupts
FIXME: write something about basic interrupt programming

We talk more about interrupt servicing in a later chapter, interrupt servicing.

Aim
The watchdog timer is an internal timer in the processor. The purpose of this timer is to avoid that an embedded controller gets stuck.

Implementation
The principle of a watchdog timer is simple, it resets the embedded controller after a predefined time. But this only happens if the program didn't reset the watchdog timer first.

Therefore the program should reset the watchdog timer on a predefined time. When the watchdog timer doesn't get reset on time, the program probably got stuck and the micro controller will reset itself. See also: RTOS watchdog timers, Watchdog timer.

= Design patterns & Real-time programming for embedded devices with OS =

Assembler programs are often hardware specific and not very portable and modular. This makes programming of big complex system rather difficult. This can be solved by using an 'abstraction layer' that handles the processor and the hardware interfacing. This layer is also known as 'the kernel' of a system. The kernel also takes care of the hardware specific calls and task management, which allows to stay focused on the most important task; Making a real-time program. Of course more time and more memory is needed, but it makes the program more flexible and modular. Also the use of higher programming language makes the code also portable and easier to debug.

In the next section we will describe some important design patterns:

Aim & Problem
The most important difficulty in real-time programming is knowing that a specified operation will happen on a defined moment. Therefore it's important to know exactly how long each operation will take.

Implementation
This pattern consist of 2 parts. In the first part all operations that have no predictable execution time are done. This includes memory allocation, hardware initialisation and object creation. This part is called the Configuration of the system. When the configuration is completely done, the main loop can be started.

More about: Logical vs. Physical architecture

More about: C++

Consequences

 * All memory allocation should be done _before_ starting.

Asynchronous & Synchronous design pattern
The asynchronous/synchronous design pattern is also known as:
 * interrupt service routine / deferred service routine (ISR/DSR)
 * first-level interrupt handler / second-level interrupt handler (FLIH/SLIH)
 * fast interrupt handlers / slow interrupt handlers
 * top-half of interrupt / bottom-half of interrupt

Aim
When data arrives on a input, the processor will execute a predefined interrupt function. Sometimes this data needs to be processed before it can be used. The interrupt function should be kept as short as possible to allow new data to arrive, and to avoid to miss this new data (because of the interrupt lock).

Implementation
In this design pattern the data handling happens in 2 phrases:
 * the interrupt service routine (ISR): This is the function that handles the data when the interrupt comes in. Often it just reads the data on the input and writes it in a buffer. It runs with interrupts disabled, and ends with a "return from interrupt" that enables interrupts.
 * the deferred service routine (DSR): This is a function that runs continuously in the background and that processes the new data. It runs with interrupts enabled, and ends with a normal "return".

Consequences

 * No data lost
 * Sometimes it's possible that more data comes than needed. The DSR function will then only process the needed data.

Finite state machine pattern
This pattern is also known as the State pattern or the FSM pattern

Aim
A system often consist of different states or phases, where each state has to complete some actions. Therefore the embedded controller should react differently on inputs depending state of the system.

Implementation
This can be done by programming a FSM, this is a class where the behaviour of the function differs depending of the state of the system.

We discuss finite state machines in more detail in a later chapter, ../Finite State Machines and Petri Nets

Deadlock
A deadlock is a situation wherein two or more competing actions are waiting for the other to finish, and thus neither ever does. It is often seen in a paradox like 'the chicken or the egg'.

In the computing world deadlock refers to a specific condition when two or more processes are each waiting for another to release a resource, or more than two processes are waiting for resources in a circular chain (see Necessary conditions). Deadlock is a common problem in multiprocessing where many processes share a specific type of mutually exclusive resource known as a software, or soft, lock. Computers intended for the time-sharing and/or real-time markets are often equipped with a hardware lock (or hard lock) which guarantees exclusive access to processes, forcing serialization. Deadlocks are particularly troubling because there is no general solution to avoid (soft) deadlocks.

This situation may be likened to two people who are drawing diagrams, with only one pencil and one ruler between them. If one person takes the pencil and the other takes the ruler, a deadlock occurs when the person with the pencil needs the ruler and the person with the ruler needs the pencil, before he can give up the ruler. Both requests can't be satisfied, so a deadlock occurs.

Priority inversion
In scheduling, priority inversion is an antipattern. Priority inversion occurs when a low priority task holds a shared resource that is required by a high priority task. This causes the execution of the high priority task to be blocked until the low priority task has released the resource, effectively "inverting" the relative priorities of the two tasks. If some other medium priority task, that does not depend on the shared resource, attempts to run in the interim, it will take precedence over both the low priority task and the high priority task.

In some cases, priority inversion can occur without causing immediate harm—the delayed execution of the high priority task goes unnoticed, and eventually the low priority task releases the shared resource. However, there are also many situations in which priority inversion can cause serious problems. If the high priority task is left starved of the resources, it might lead to a system malfunction or the triggering of pre-defined corrective measures, such as a watch dog timer resetting the entire system. The trouble experienced by the Mars Pathfinder is a classic example of problems caused by priority inversion in realtime systems.

Priority inversion can also reduce the perceived performance of the system. Low priority tasks usually have a low priority because it is not important for them to finish promptly (for example, they might be a batch job or another non-interactive activity). Similarly, a high priority task has a high priority because it is more likely to be subject to strict time constraints—it may be providing data to an interactive user, or acting subject to realtime response guarantees. Because priority inversion results in the execution of the low priority task blocking the high priority task, it can lead to reduced system responsiveness, or even the violation of response time guarantees.


text:
User talk:148.61.54.6

Welcome!
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

Xania talk 20:48, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:148.61.54.6


text:
User talk:152.1.193.137

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
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 * Your own user page
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

sorryfornologin Iarlagab 20:58, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Page protection
The page is protected from edits by IP addresses because of vandalism. Register as a user and you will be able to edit it. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 18:12, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:152.1.193.137


text:
User talk:66.214.113.98

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

title: User talk:66.214.113.98


text:
User talk:71.121.138.80

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

Xania talk 20:50, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.121.138.80


text:
User talk:Fcauwe

welcome
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 20:52, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Interrupts
Should interrupts be explained again here? They have been discussed in the chapter Operating Systems, and even more extensively in the Real Time Operating Systems chapter. Perhaps creating a different page and merging all text about interrupts could be a solution?

Thomas Van Dijck 08:09, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Design patterns
Lots of stuff about design patterns http://www.eventhelix.com/RealtimeMantra/Patterns/

Thomas Van Dijck 15:10, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fcauwe


text:
User talk:Bth~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 20:53, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Welcome comments
Thanks for your message. 'Welcomes' aren't usually this fast - some people I have welcomed tonight actually joined Wikibooks in February! Good luck and I hope you can help out with the A Level Physics book as you mentioned on your userpage.

Xania talk 20:59, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bth. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bth~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:00, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:43, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bth~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jan Boddez

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 20:54, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jan Boddez


text:
User:Bth~enwikibooks

Hello. I am the same Bth as w:User:Bth. I've got a bit fed up of Wikipedia because the stuff I'm vaguely knowledgeable on has already been made better by people far more expert than me, the Manual of Style has got too big and complicated for me to hold in my head so I feel like I'm not really helping when I do proofreading/copyediting stuff, and it's too full of arguments.

Here, on the other hand, I feel like I might be able to do some good.

I am currently a trainee Physics teacher, so I may well have a go at sprucing up the A-level Physics textbook (which already looks to have had a good start made on it).

title: User:Bth~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Aerojackson

Hi I know you're not exactly new but as you don't already have a welcome message I'll post it here for you now.

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 20:55, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aerojackson


text:
User talk:Kebbie

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 20:56, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kebbie


text:
User talk:Ive.boonen

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 20:56, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ive.boonen


text:
User talk:Kopietz

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

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Xania talk 20:57, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kopietz


text:
User:Stalefries~enwikibooks

I'm stalefries on Wikipedia.

title: User:Stalefries~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Stalefries~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!

Xania talk 21:00, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Stalefries. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Stalefries~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:47, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:32, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stalefries~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Velyra

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!

Xania talk 21:01, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Velyra


text:
User talk:Dholt

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!

Xania talk 21:02, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dholt


text:
User talk:Kgochko

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

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Xania talk 21:03, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kgochko


text:
User talk:Nabeeli

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

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Xania talk 21:03, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nabeeli


text:
User talk:Guerra1

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

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Xania talk 21:03, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Guerra1


text:
User talk:Soarhead77

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!

Xania talk 21:05, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Soarhead77


text:
User talk:FlexBot

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!

Xania talk 21:05, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:FlexBot


text:
User talk:Nassar.rami

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
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 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!

Xania talk 21:05, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nassar.rami


text:
User talk:Brilliand~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!

Xania talk 21:06, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Brilliand. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Brilliand~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:04, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:43, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brilliand~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Shadow1

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
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 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!

Xania talk 21:06, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shadow1


text:
Field Guide/Birds/Columba livia

/Transcluded Modules

title: Field Guide/Birds/Columba livia


text:
Linear Algebra/Matrix Inverses/Finding the Inverse of a Matrix

The inverse of a matrix may be found using several different methods. The method that is guaranteed to work is by augmenting a n×n matrix with $$I_{n}$$, and solving to the RREF.

An example
$$\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \Bigg| \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$$

$$...$$

$$\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \Bigg| \begin{bmatrix} -\cfrac{1}{2} & \cfrac{3}{4} \\ \cfrac{1}{2} & -\cfrac{1}{4} \end{bmatrix}$$

The inverse of the matrix is the second augmented matrix. In this case,

$$\begin{bmatrix} -\cfrac{1}{2} & \cfrac{3}{4} \\ \cfrac{1}{2} & -\cfrac{1}{4} \end{bmatrix}$$


text:
Field Guide/Birds/Streptopelia turtur

|

title: Field Guide/Birds/Streptopelia turtur


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Birds/Wood Pigeon

|


text:
Field Guide/Birds/Melanerpes carolinus

|

title: Field Guide/Birds/Melanerpes carolinus


text:
C++ Programming/Chapters/Fundamentals

= Fundamentals for getting started =

Chapter Summary
|2

title: C++ Programming/Chapters/Fundamentals


text:
Field Guide/Birds/Columba oenas

/Transcluded Modules

title: Field Guide/Birds/Columba oenas


text:
Field Guide/Birds/Leptotila verreauxi

/Transcluded Modules

title: Field Guide/Birds/Leptotila verreauxi


text:
Field Guide/Birds/Patagioenas fasciata

/Transcluded Modules

title: Field Guide/Birds/Patagioenas fasciata


text:
Talk:Visual Rhetoric/Definitions of Visual Rhetoric

On track...
You guys really seem to be on track. Just make sure you focus on writing for a person that does not know anything on the subject. This will help you organize your thoughts. Make sure to put extra emphasis on topics which act as the foundation of your general topic. This is important because your chapter is the first of many we are working on. Good Job, keep it up. - Grant


text:
Talk:Visual Rhetoric/Gender and Visual Rhetoric

Great Job
I really like the fact that you are using the new subjet matter we are working with in our texts for your chapter. This chapter was the first thing I thought of while reading chapter 7, and I wanted to make sure you used it. It is a very simple idea, but make sure you keep things organized. The hardest thing to do when it comes to writing a chapter like this is to organize it so a normal reader can comprehend everything and really learn the structure that brings all of our ideas together. Keep that in mind while writing.

Grant


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Sailing/Rules of the road

For the purposes of the sailing honor we will focus in the rules of the road that apply to small sailing boats.

It is important to note here that you are responsible for learning the rules and regulations that apply to whichever boat you are operating in the country and state or province where you are operating the boat.

There are five basic rules of the road for small sailing boats to decide who has the "Right-of-Way" so that each boat's skipper (driver) will know what to do to avoid a collision.

When sailing the words "left" and "right" in reference are replaced with "port" and "starboard". It is important to remember which is which since the rules of the road for sailing rely on using these words to assign right-of-way.

You might be able to remember this by noticing that the letter "R" appears twice in the word "starboard", and only once in "port". Then since "right" begins with "R", you will know that the right hand side of the boat when facing forward is the starboard side.

The next item to remember is the word "tack" and how it is used to describe which side of the boat the wind is blowing from. As seen in the illustration below, if the wind is coming from the right hand side of the boat, and the sail is on the left side, the boat is on a starboard tack. When the wind and sail are reversed, the boat is on a port tack.

Rule Number 1
When two sailboats are approaching each other and are on different tacks, the boat on the starboard tack has the right-of-way over the boat which is in the port tack. An easy way to remember this is to think about power boat lights. At the front the boat has red on the port (left side) and green to the starboard (right). If you are approaching a boat and can "see" the red light, then the other boat has the right of way. (small sail boats rarely have the actual lights, but you can imagine them)

In the illustration below, boat "A" on the port tack, must turn to avoid boat "B" on the starboard tack.

Rule Number 2
When two sailboats are approaching each other and are on the same tack, the leeward boat has the right-of-way over the windward boat. Another way to say this is to say that the boat closer to the wind source must keep clear. The boat further from the wind source has the right-of-way.

In the illustration below, boat "B" is the windward boat and must turn to avoid boat "A" which is leeward.

Rule Number 3
A sailboat that is staying on a tack has the right-of-way over a sailboat that is tacking or gybing. A simpler way to say this is to say "make sure you have room to complete a tack or a gybe without interfering with any other boats before doing so". Make sure that you can see clearly in all directions to ensure you have room.

In the illustration below, boat "A" must ensure that it leaves plenty of room to avoid boat "B", who has the right-of-way, since boat "B" is continuing on its tack. However, in the event that boat "A" was unable to tack due to the proximity of "B", remember that "A" is the leeward boat so therefore could tell boat "B" to give room to tack, but would lose this right of way as soon as they actually began to tack.

Rule Number 4
Any sailboat that is overtaking a slower boat from behind must steer clear of the slower boat and give right-of-way. The slower boat should hold its course and allow the faster boat to pass.

In the illustration below, boat "A" is a faster boat, and must steer around the slower boat "B", who should remain on the same course.

Rule Number 5
Most of the time sailboats have the right-of-way over power boats. Since most powerboats are more easily maneuverable than sailboats, they must steer clear. This is not always the case however. Larger power boats are sometimes steering in the deep channel of the area, and cannot leave the channel. In this case the sailboat does not have right-of-way, and must avoid impeding the progress of the larger vessel. Many larger power boats cannot simply stop quickly or easily turn to avoid a small sailboat, so it is in the sailor's best interest to steer well clear of these larger boats.

In the illustration below, the powerboat "A" must turn to avoid the sailboat "B", who has the right-of-way.


text:
Talk:Visual Rhetoric/Mediums and Manifestations of Visual Rhetoric

Great Medium Ideas
I really like your organization. Keep that up, and constantly be looking for new mediums. Make sure you link all of the ideas you are focusing on together within each section. Organization is huge when it comes to helping outsiders understand what we are doing.

Grant

your chapter talks abous some of the topics discussed in other chapters
Sean and Lee Ann:

your chapter discusses at least 2 topics that are covered in other chapters of this book: film and academe. How can we resolve this so that there is no duplication of the discussion in the book? I can. for instance, see the merger between sections of your chapter and the chapter on visual rhetoric in the academic world. What do you think?


text:
User:AmyW

Amy Whitson, grad student.

title: User:AmyW


text:
User talk:67.186.248.121

Regarding edits made during March 27 2007
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 03:33, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.186.248.121


text:
User talk:210.11.188.20

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Jim Thomas (aka Jomegat) 04:54, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:210.11.188.20


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Print version

=Unit 1: Knowing before Making=

=What Blender Can Do=

=3D Geometry=

=Orthographic Views=

=Perspective Views=

=Coordinate Spaces in Blender=

=User Interface Overview=

=Keystroke, Button, and Menu Notation=

=Non-standard Input Devices=

=Operating System-specific Issues=

=Blender User Interface=

=Blender Windowing System=

=User Preferences Windows=

=Buttons Windows=

=3D View Windows=

=What is a Mesh?=

=Quickie Model=

=Quickie Render=

=Improving Your House=

=Extruding a Simple Person=

=Smoothing Your Simple Person=

=Improving Your Simple Person= =Spinning a Simple Hat=

=Putting the Hat on the Person=

=Materials and Textures=

=Quickie Material=

=Multiple Materials Per Object=

=Image Textures=

=Procedural Textures=

=Quickie Texture=

=Halo Materials=

=A common pitfall in older tutorials (align to view issue)=

=Using Bones=

=Mountains Out Of Molehills=

=Modeling a volcano=

=Penguins from Spheres=

=Die Easy 2 (Dice Modeling)=

=Die Another Way (Dice Modeling for versions under 2.44)=

=Model a Silver Goblet=

=Model a Silver Goblet Another Way=

=Light a Silver Goblet ( Early look at lighting )=

=Simple Vehicle=

=Simple Vehicle: Wheel=

=Simple Vehicle: Seat=

=Simple Vehicle: Rocket Launcher=

=Simple Vehicle: Body=

=Simple Vehicle: Some Assembly Required=

=Modeling a 3D Parachute in Blender=

=Model a Low Poly Head=

=Building a House=

=Pipe Joints=

=Aligning Vertices with a Guide Image=

=Modeling a Fox from Guide Images=

=Using Bézier Curve to Model a 3D logo from a 2D logo=

=Curve and Path Modeling=

=Intro to Bézier Curves=

=Curves in 3d=

=Deforming Meshes using the Curve Modifier=

=Modeling with Meta Balls=

=Using Textures=

=Using a texture to make a material partially transparent=

=Creating Basic Seawater=

=Mountains Out Of Molehills 2=

=Basic Carpet Texture=

=The Rusty Ball=

=Procedural Eyeball=

=Creating Pixar-looking eyes=

=UV Map Basics=

=Realistic Eyes In Blender=

title: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Print version