text:
Pathology/Heart

Angeborene Fehlbildungen des Herzens
Ep.: 1:100 Neugeborene

Azyanotische Vitien
Herzfehler mit Links-rechts-Shunt ohne Zyanose und hyperkinetisch bedingter pulmonaler Hypertonie und Überdurchblutung der Lunge.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Der physiologische Verschluss nach der Geburt unterbleibt.

Folge: Kontinuierlicher (Windkessel!) Links-rechts-Shunt

Atrial septal defect (ASD)
ASD I:

Es gibt zwei verschiedene ASDs, die sich aus der Embryologie erklären. Am Anfang sind beide Vorhöfe über das Foramen primum offen verbunden. Das Septum primum wächst von oben Richtung Herzskelett (Klappenebene) herunter und fusioniert dort mit einem Endokardkissen. Eine Störung dieser Fusion führt direkt über den Klappen zum offen Foramen primum, das in seiner vollen Ausprägung dem Atrioventrikulären Septumdefekt (AVSD) entspricht. Einen partieller AVSD (PAVSD) nennt man auch ASD I. Diese Fehlbildung ist häufig bei Trisomie 21 anzutreffen. Die Fehlbildung ist mit weiteren Störungen assoziiert, z.B. Reizleitungsstörungen durch Fehlentwicklung des Reizleitungssystems und einem fehlenden Sprung zwischen Mitral- und Trikuspidalebene.

ASD II:

Das heruntergewachsene Septum primum reisst normalerweise in der Mitte ein und bildet das Foramen secundum bzw. Foramen ovale. Dieses wird durch das links vom Septum primum ebenfalls von oben herunterwachsende Septum secundum gardinenartig bedeckt (Ventil) und kurz nach der Geburt durch Umkehr der Druckverhältnisse funktionell (z.T. strukturell durch Verklebung) verschlossen. Ist der Verschluss so ungenügend, dass es zum Links-rechts-Shunt kommt, spricht man vom offenen Foramen ovale bzw. ASD II. Der ASD II ist im Ggs. zum ASD I weiter oben lokalisiert. Er macht oft wenig Symptome und wird oft erst im Erwachsenenalter erkannt. Der Links-Rechts-Shunt kann im EKG zu Zeichen der Rechtsherzbelastung führen (Rechtslagetyp, P pulmonale, inkompletter Rechtsschenkelblock ohne Hypertrophie-Zeichen (rsr's') als Zeichen der rechtsventrikulären Volumenbelastung) und bei starker Ausprägung zu klinischen Symptomen führen.

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Makro: Loch im Kammerseptum, meist im membranösen Teil.

Folge: Links-rechts-Shunt

Truncus arteriosus
Ep.: Selten

Makro: Fehlende Trennung von Aorta und A. pulmonalis, oft 4-segelige Taschenklappe.

Atrioventrikulärer Kanal (AVSD)
Makro: Partielles Fehlen von Vorhof- und Ventrikelwand (siehe ASD I).

Zyanotische Vitien
Herzfehler mit Rechts-links-Shunt und dadurch Ausbildung einer Zyanose

Tetralogy of Fallot
Die Fallotsche Tetralogie ist ein komplexer Herzfehler mit einer

 * Pulmonalstenose, genauer gesagt mit einer Hypoplasie des rechtsventrikulären Ausflusstraktes (die auch entscheidend für die klinischen Symptome ist), einer
 * Rechtsherzhypertrophie als Folge der Stenose, einem
 * Subaortalen (nicht perimembranösen) Ventrikelseptumdefekt und der
 * „Reitenden Aorta“. Letzteres meint, dass der Anfangsteil der Aorta nicht wie üblich links neben dem Septums liegt, sondern nach rechts-vorne direkt über das Septum bzw. hier über den VSD verschoben ist.

Klinik: Die Zyanose tritt erst einige Wochen nach der Geburt auf, da die Lunge pränatal kaum durchblutet ist und der rechte Ventrikel erst nach der Geburt belastet wird und hypertrophiert. Die Hypertrophie verstärkt im circulus vitiosus zunehmend die muskuläre Obstruktion des rechtsventrikulären Ausflusstraktes. Die Klinik der Obstruktion tritt dabei anfallsartig in Form „hypoxämischer Anfälle“ auf. Wenn unbehandelt, nimmt das Kind später im Anfall automatisch eine typische Hockstellung ein, um den venösen Rückfluss zu hemmen und das Herz zu entlasten. Auskultatorisch fällt das pulmonale Stenosegeräusch auf. Der VSD erzeugt wegen dem Druckausgleich zwischen linker und rechter Kammer kaum Turbulenzen und ist daher kaum zu hören.

Transposition of great vessels (TGA)
Makro: Die Aorta ist - inklusive der Koronarien - mit dem rechten, die Pulmonalis mit dem linken Ventrikel verbunden. Die Kreisläufe sind nicht seriell sondern parallel geschaltet. Die periphere Sauerstoffversorgung kann sich nach der Geburt sehr rasch und lebensbedrohlich verschlechtern durch Verschluss der embryonalen Kurzschlüsse (Foramen ovale, Ductus arteriosus B OTALLI ).

Klinik: Hyperaktives Präkordium, Zyanose

Pulmonalstenose / Pulmonalatresie
Makro: Verengung des pulmonalen Ausflusstraktes. Bei relevanter Druckbelastung entwickelt sich eine Rechtsherzhypertrophie.

Aortenstenose
Makro: Sub-, supra- oder valvuläre Stenose der Aorta aszendens. Folge ist eine Linksherzhypertrophie durch Druckbelastung.

Coarctation of aorta
Makro: Es handelt sich um eine hinter dem Abgang der linken A. subclavia gelegene Verengung der Aorta.

Es gibt zwei Formen:

 * Die proximale, präduktale (supraduktale) oder infantile Form, die vor dem Ductus arteriosus gelegen ist (95 % der Fälle). Das Blut fließt von der A. pulmonalis über den offenen Ductus in die Aorta deszendens und führt zur Zyanose der unteren Körperhälfte (Differentialzyanose).
 * Die distale, postduktale (infraduktale) oder adulte Form, die hinter dem Ductus arteriosus liegt (5 % der Fälle) geht mit einem geschlossenen Ductus arteriosus einher. Folgen sind Bluthochdruck in der oberen Körperhälfte mit Linksherzhypertrophie und Aortendilatation, sowie die Ausbildung eines Umgehungskreislaufs (Aa. thoracicae internae, Aa. intercostales, Ae. epigastricae)

Klinik der infantilen Form: Die Kinder sind bei Geburt typischerweise "gesund" (und passieren oft auch unbemerkt die U2), da die Stenose durch den offenen Ductus arteriosus umgangen wird und auskultatorisch kaum etwas zu hören ist. Die Femoralispulse sind allerdings häufig schon abgeschwächt und ihre Palpation ist die wichtigste diagnostische Maßnahme! Nach etwa 10 bis 14 Tagen entwickeln die Kinder durch den Verschluß des Ductus arteriosus unspezifische Symptome der Linksherzinsuffizienz wie Tachypnoe, Gewichtszunahme (kaum sicht- oder hörbare Ödeme) und Symptome der peripheren Minderperfusion wie Oligurie/Anurie, Trinkschwäche, Verlängerung der Rekapillarisierungszeit, kühle untere Extremitäten. Die Kinder können dann sehr rasch am - im Grunde vermeidbaren - Herzversagen sterben. In diesem Stadium erkannte Kinder müssen sofort notfallmässig behandelt werden, um sie zu retten.

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Makro: Hypotrophie des linken Herzens, defekte Mitral- und Aortenklappe

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
Makro: Die Pulmonalvenen erreichen nicht das linke Atrium, sondern die Portalvene (Pulmonalvene -> Portalvene -> Leber -> V. cava inferior -> rechter Vorhof -> Foramen ovale und Ductus Botalli -> Körperkreislauf -> Lunge) oder den Sinus coronarius.

E BSTEIN -Anomalie
Makro: Atrialisierter Ventrikel (tiefsitzende Trikuspidalklappen), Trikuspidaldefekt.

Erworbene Aortenstenose
Ät.: Degenerativ, rheumatisch

Makro: Die Taschenklappen sind plump verdickt, verkalkt und fusioniert. Die Querschnittsfläche ist verkleinert (< 2,5 cm²).

Klinik: Leistungsminderung, Belastungsdyspnoe, Synkopen, Schwindel.

Kompl.: Bakterielle Endokarditis, KHK (konzentrische Druckhypertrophie des Myokards mit relativer Koronarinsuffizienz), Linksherzinsuffizienz (-> Lungenstauung, Lungenödem),.

Mitralstenose
Klinik: Leistungsminderung durch die diastolische Füllungsstörung mit Reduktion des Herzzeitvolumens (HZV), Belastungsdyspnoe, spät: Facies mitralis („rote Bäckchen“), periphere Zyanose, Zeichen der Rechtsherzinsuffizienz, Tachyarrhythmia absoluta bei Vorhofflimmern.

Kompl.: Vorhofdilatation mit Vorhofflimmern und evtl. Vorhofthrombose und Embolie, Rückstau in die Lunge (Lungenstauung, Lungenödem) und ggf. bis in den großen Kreislauf (pulmonale Hypertonie, Rechtsherzbelastung/Cor pulmonale, Rechtsherzinsuffizienz), bakterielle Endokarditis.

Myocardial infarction
Ät.: Aufbrechen und/oder Thrombosierung einer arteriosklerotischen Plaque in einer Coronararterie, selten thrombembolischer Verschluß.

Acute myocardial infarction
Der Myokardinfarkt muss mind. 6 - 12 Stunden überlebt werden, bevor er morphologisch sichtbar wird!

Mikro: Koagulationsnekrose, Einblutungen. Die Myozyten zeigen eine verstärkte Eosinophilie und Kontraktionsbanden quer durch die Herzmuskelfasern. Typische Zellparameter wie Querstreifung, Zellkerne und Zellgrenzen gehen verloren. Das Infarktareal wird von einer Hyperämischen/hämorrhagischen Randzone begrenzt. Im Verlauf zunehmende leukozytäre Demarkation und Phagozytose des nekrotischen Gewebes, sowie Einwanderung von Fibroblasten mit Ausbildung eines narbigen Ersatzgewebes.

Makro: Lehmfarbene Abblassung mit hyperämischem/hämorrhagischem Randsaum.

Kompl.: Herzwandruptur mit Perikardtamponade (i.d.R. zwischen dem 3. und 10. Tag), Herzwandaneurysma, Papillarmuskelnekrose mit Sehnenfadenabriß, Herzrhythmusstörungen, Re-Infarkt, Herzinsuffizienz.

Labor: Positives Troponin T (Schnelltest!), EKG: Anstieg der T-Welle, dann der ST-Strecke.

Old myocardial infarction
Mikro: Bindegewebige Narben, Fibrozyten mit z.T. großen ovalen Zellkernen. Kompensatorische Hypertrophie der umgebenden Myozyten. Gute Darstellung in der EVG-Färbung: Herzmuskel grau, Narbe violett.

Makro: Fibrosiertes Areal mit Lipomatosis cordis.

EKG: Negative Q-Zacke

Endokarditis
Entzündung der Herzinnenwand und Herzklappen.

Infective Endocarditis
Ät.: Endothelschaden + Thrombozytenaggregate + Bakteriämie

RF.: Kardial: Implantate, Herzfehler (-> Jet-Läsionen), Z.n. rheumatischer Endokarditis, Klappenfehler u.a.m., systemisch: Diabetes mellitus, Alkoholabusus, Leberzirrhose, Immundefizite, Hypertonus.

Lok.: Meist sind die mechanisch stärker belasteten Klappen des linken Herzens betroffen

Endocarditis ulcero-polyposa
Ät.: Eindringen von Bakterien (Pilzen) in die Blutbahn

Erreger: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptokokken, Gonokokken, Enterokokken, Pilze

Mikro: Fibrin, Plättchen, Bakterienkolonien, Immunzellen

Makro: Große, rötliche, unregelmäßige, brüchige, ulzerierende, polypöse Vegetationen an den Klappen, Ausbreitungstendenz und Klappendestruktion, Splitterhämorrhagien an den Nägeln (septische Mikroembolien).

Kompl.: Sehnenfadenabriß, Klappeninsuffizienz, septische Embolie, z.B. in Herz, Niere und Gehirn (Metastatische Herdenzephalitis), mykotisches Aneurysma (metastatische Absiedelung -> Zerstörung der Gefäßwand -> Aussackung), Immunkomplexvaskultis (Niere: L ÖHLEIN -Herdnephritis, Haut: O SLER -Knötchen).

Klinik: Fieber, kutane und konjunktivale petechiale Blutungen, Janeway-Läsionen (palmare/plantare indolente makulöse Hautläsionen), schmerzhafte O SLER -Knötchen palmar/plantar oder an den Fingerkuppen. Mikroembolien an den Akren oder auch subungual (Splitterhämorrhagien). Pathologisches Herzgeräusch (nicht selten das erste Symptom!). Im Verlauf Symptome durch Klappeninsuffizienz, Sehnenfadenabriß, septische Komplikationen.

Prg.: Abh. von der Größe der Vegetationen und dem Erreger (Streptokokken günstiger, Enterokokken ungünstiger, Staphylokokken noch ungünstiger).

Endocarditis lenta
Erreger: Streptococcus viridans-Gruppe (Zahnschäden, Parodontitis!), Enterokokken, Cardiobacterium hominis

RF: Ansiedelung auf vorgeschädigten Herzklappen

Verlauf: oft subklinisch, da Erreger weniger virulent

Morph.: ähnlich der akuten Form

Isolierte Rechtsherzendokarditis
Ät.: Häufig bei i.v.-Drogenabusus

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE)
Syn.: Endocarditis verrucosa simplex, Endocarditis marantica

Ät.: Chronische, aufzehrende Erkrankungen, Hyperkoagulabilität, DIC, Schock, paraneoplastisch.

Makro: kleine (meist < 5 mm), rosa, wärzchenförmige Vegetationen an den Schließungsrändern der Aorten- und Mitralklappe.

Endocarditis verrucosa rheumatica
Ät.: Rheumatisches Fieber nach Infekt mit ß-hämolysierenden Streptokokken (Angina tonsillaris, Impetigo)

Makro: 1 - 3 mm kleine, entlang des Klappenschließungsrandes fest haftende Wärzchen, A SCHOFF -Knötchen, immer Pankarditis.

Kompl.: Klappenvitium, z.B. Mitralklappeninsuffizienz

Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Ät.: Systemischer Lupus erythematodes (SLE)

Makro: Flache, blasse, spreitende Vegetationen auf Klappen, Endokard und Chordae tendineae.

Bakterielle Myokarditis
Mikro: Zentral Bakterienkolonien in der Kapillare umsäumt von Immunozyten.

Makro: Kleine, gelbe, punktförmige Mikroabszesse.

Virale Myokarditis
Ät.: Coxsackie-, ECHO-, Adenoviren, Influenzaviren

Pathogenese: Herzmuskelnekrose durch Virus und T-Zell-vermittelte Immunreaktion.

Mikro: Interstitielles lymphozytäres Infiltrat (kleine blaue Zellen), kaum Nekrosen.

Parasitäre Myokarditis
Ät.: Trypanosoma cruzi (Protozoon, C HAGAS -Krankheit)

Begleitmyokarditis
2-3 Wochen nach Infektion (Tonsillitis, Tbc, Diphterie), der betreffende Erreger ist nicht nachweisbar.

Immunpathologische Myokarditis
Ät.: Rheumatisches Fieber, infektallergisch, i.R. systemischer Viruserkrankungen.

Mikro: Granulomatöse Entzündung, A SCHOFF Knötchen perivasal (A SCHOFF Riesenzellen: Große, ein- oder mehrkernige Zellen mit prominenten Nukleolen), A NITSCHKOW Myozyten: Lange dünne Zelle mit elongiertem Kern.

D RESSLER -Myokarditis
Syn.: Postmyokardinfarkt-Syndrom

Ät.: Wahrscheinlich Autoimmunreaktion durch Freisetzung von Antigen.

Klinik: Tage bis Wochen nach Infarkt Fieber, Brustschmerzen, abakterielle Myokarditis, Perikarditis und Pleuritis.

SF: Post-Kardiotomie-Syndrom

Perikarditis
pericarditis

Serous pericarditis
Mikro: Kaum Entzündung, kein Fibrin, wenige Immunzellen

Makro: Seröses Exsudat

Fibrinous pericarditis
Ät.: Urämie, Myokardinfarkt, akute rheumatische Carditis

Mikro: Fibrin, Entzündung

Makro: Fibrinstränge von Epi- zu Perikard, Epikard rauh und trüb, bread-and-butter-Phänomen

Hemorrhagic pericarditis
Wie fibrinöse Perikarditis mit Einblutung.

Purulent pericarditis
Mikro: Massenhaft Granulozyten, ggf. Bakterien

Makro: Eitrige, gelbliche Flüssigkeit im Perikard

Hemopericardium
Ät.: Transmuraler Herzinfarkt, perforiertes Herzwandaneurysma, Aortendissektion.

Makro: Das Perikard ist mit Blut gefüllt.

Klinik: Abruptes Herzversagen im obstruktiven Schock.

Myokard-Hypertrophie
Zunahme der Herzmuskelmasse durch Zunahme der Zellgröße und der kontraktilen Elemente. Das kritische Herzgewicht beträgt abhängig von der Koronarreserve etwa 500 g.

Konzentrische Myokardhypertrophie
Hypertrophie mit konstant bleibendem Herzinnenvolumen.

Ät.: Druckbelastung

Makro: Das Myokard ist verdickt (normal 8-11mm 1cm unterhalb der Klappenebene), das Volumen vermindert, im Querschnitt ähnelt das Herz einem gotischen Bogen.

Kompl.: Erreichen des kritischen Herzgewichts -> Ischämie des Herzmuskels

Exzentrische Myokardhypertrophie
Muskelhypertrophie mit Zunahme des Herzinnenvolumens.

Ät.: Volumenbelastung

Makro: Das Myokard ist verdickt, alle 4 Kammern sind dilatiert, das Herz ist globoid abgerundet und ähnelt einem römischen Bogen. Die Konsistenz ist weich und gummiartig.

Kompl.: Gefügedilatation -> Herzinsuffizienz

Cor pulmonale, chronisch
Hypertrophie des rechten Herzens

Ät.:

 * Hyperkinetisch: kardialer Links-Rechts-Shunt -> Volumenbelastung des rechten Herzens
 * Präkapillär-vasooklusiv: bei morphologischer oder funktioneller Verkleinerung der Lungenstrombahn: Lungenfibrose, COPD (Euler-Liljestrand-Reflex), primäre pulmonale Hypertonie, rezidivierende Lungenembolien u.a.m. -> Druckbelastung des rechten Herzens.
 * Passiv postkapillär: Mitralstenose, chronische Linksherzinsuffizienz -> Druckbelastung des rechten Herzens und Lungenstauung.

Makro: Die Wand des rechten Ventrikels ist verdickt (normal sind 2-4 mm Wandicke 1 cm unterhalb der Klappenebene).

Kardiomyopathien
Herzmuskelerkrankungen, die nicht durch mechanische Überlastung oder KHK verursacht sind. Ausgeschlossen werden müssen: KHK, mechanische Herzbelastung (z.B. Aorteklappenstenose, Mitralklappeninsuffizienz), arterielle Hypertonie und Myokarditis.

Formen der Kardiomyopathie:

 * DCM - Dilated cardiomyopathy
 * Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
 * Obstructive (HOCM) - z.T. familiär (autosomal-dominant) mit Risiko des plötzlichen Herztodes. Das hypertrophierte Kammerseptum formt einen Muskelwulst, der in der Systole den aortalen Ausflußtrakt verengt.
 * Non-obstructive (HNCM)
 * Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)
 * Arrythmogene rechtsventrikuläre Kardiomyopathie (ARVCM)

Rhabdomyoma
Primärer Herztumor, selten

Makro: Große, solide, weiße Tumormasse.

Atrial myxoma
Häufigster primärer Herztumor, benigne.

Makro: Runder, ballförmiger, an der Herzinnenwand des Atrium, seltener des Ventrikels oder an einer Klappe haftender Tumor. Dieser kann embolisieren oder den Blutfluß behindern.

Mikro: Leeres, sehr zellarmes, myxoides Stroma mit spindeligen Zellen.

Metastases
Makro: Blasse, weißliche Knoten

title: Pathology/Heart


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Magnolia

Species list from Wikipedia
''Note: the following list only includes temperate species; many other species occur in tropical areas. For a full list, see the Magnolia Society list''
 * Magnolia subgenus Magnolia: Anthers open by splitting at the front facing the centre of the flower. Deciduous or evergreen. Flowers produced after the leaves.
 * Magnolia delavayi - Chinese evergreen magnolia
 * Magnolia fraseri - Fraser magnolia
 * Magnolia globosa - Globe magnolia
 * Magnolia grandiflora - Southern magnolia
 * Magnolia guatemalensis - Guatemalan magnolia
 * Magnolia macrophylla - Bigleaf magnolia
 * Magnolia macrophylla subsp. ashei - Ashe magnolia
 * Magnolia macrophylla subsp. dealbata - Mexican bigleaf magnolia
 * Magnolia nitida -
 * Magnolia obovata - Japanese bigleaf magnolia
 * Magnolia officinalis - Houpu magnolia
 * Magnolia sieboldii - Siebold's magnolia
 * Magnolia tripetala - Umbrella magnolia
 * Magnolia virginiana - Sweetbay magnolia
 * Magnolia wilsonii - Wilson's magnolia
 * Magnolia subgenus Yulania: Anthers open by splitting at the sides. Deciduous. Flowers mostly produced before leaves (except M. acuminata).
 * Magnolia acuminata - Cucumber tree
 * Magnolia amoena -
 * Magnolia biondii -
 * Magnolia campbellii - Campbell's magnolia
 * Magnolia cylindrica -
 * Magnolia dawsoniana - Dawson's magnolia
 * Magnolia denudata - Yulan magnolia
 * Magnolia kobus - Kobushi magnolia
 * Magnolia liliiflora - Mulan magnolia
 * Magnolia salicifolia - Willow-leafed magnolia
 * Magnolia sargentiana - Sargent's magnolia
 * Magnolia sprengeri - Sprenger's magnolia
 * Magnolia stellata - Star magnolia
 * Magnolia zenii -
 * Other
 * Magnolia hodgsonii
 * Magnolia sirindhorniae - Princess Sirindhorn's magnolia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Horticulture/Magnolia


text:
User:Jedudedek

cs:Uživatel:Jedudedek

title: User:Jedudedek


text:
User:Derbeth/monobook.js

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title: User:Derbeth/monobook.js


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User:Burr

I am the creator of the TI-Basic Developer wiki (TI|BD). I have been in the TI community for several years (since late 1999) and programming TI-Basic for much of that time. I primarily learned TI-Basic to pass the time during class. It has been a good learning experience.

If you need to get a hold of me or you any questions to ask, you can contact me through email: t i b a s i c d e v @ g m a i l. c o m (remove the spaces). I check my email account quite frequently, and will try to get back to you as soon as possible.

title: User:Burr


text:
Kdenlive/What Kdenlive is

Kdenlive (pronounced Kay-den-live) stands for KDE Non-Linear Video Editor, and it is, well, a non-linear video editing suite for the KDE desktop.

Kdenlive is Free-software. The project was initially started by Jason Wood in 2002, and is now maintained by a small team of developers. Kdenlive aims to become the most advanced non-linear video editor under GNU/Linux.

Most of this documentation is based on version 0.5 which is the version of Kdenlive for KDE3.

Kdenlive is currently under heavy development, based on KDE4. This version is called 0.7, and its interface differs in many subtle ways from Kdenlive 0.5. Kdenlive 0.5 is deprecated, and at this point (Oct. 2008) more or less unsupported.

This wiki is in a transitional state, moving from documenting the 0.5 version to the 0.7 version. It's therefore possible that some options or features are explained different here than in the version you are using. Some features from 0.5 are not yet supported in 0.7, but will be supported in future releases.

=Supported Formats and Codecs= To make short, Kdenlive is the most versatile video editor available today:

 * No need to import/convert footage prior to editing. Kdenlive knows how to handle any format smoothly.
 * Support for Low resolution camera and camcorder files, including:
 * DV editing (Raw and AVI).
 * Mpeg2, mpeg4 and h264 AVCHD (small cameras and camcorders),
 * 4:3 and 16:9 screen sizes, PAL and NTSC systems,
 * Support for high resolution camcorder files, including:
 * mpeg2 HDV.
 * h264 AVCHD HDV.
 * Native HDV editing, 720 and 1080, interlaced or full frames. Support for larger resolutions can added using the extensible MLT framework.
 * Support for brand new codecs and formats:
 * SNOW lossless codec,
 * Ogg vorbis, etc ...
 * Ability to mix different video sources in a single project. For example, you can edit a film using two sources : a small mpeg4 camera and an HDV mpeg2 camcorder.
 * Any resolution. Kdenlive will adapt resolution of source files to the resolution of the project.
 * Any frame rate (from 15fps to 30 fps). Kdenlive can duplicate/remove frames when needed.
 * Export to most formats
 * Export to any format supported by ffmeg, including DV (PAL and NTSC), Mpeg2 (PAL, NTSC and HDV) and AVCHD (HDV).
 * Export to any DV devices,
 * Create a DVD with chapters and a simple menu (with k3b, xine, and dvdauthor)
 * One format however that Kdenlive cannot handle is SWF which needs to be reformatted first.

=Video editing features=

 * Multitrack edition with a timeline and virtually unlimited number of video and audio tracks, plus facilities for splitting audio and video from a clip in multiple tracks
 * Non-blocking rendering. You can keep working on a project at the same time a project is being transformed into a video file
 * Effects and transitions can be used with ease, and you can even create some wipe transitions of your own!
 * Simple tools for easy creation of color clips, text clips and image clips
 * Automatic slideshows creation from pictures directories, with crossfade transitions among the images
 * Configurable keyboard shortcuts and interface layouts
 * and much more!

=Underlying frameworks= Choosing kdenlive is interesting, because it relies on two important and active free-software projects:

The MLT Framework
kdenlive is a graphical interface to the MLT framework, which is the core and soul of Kdenlive. Its name comes from "mutton, lettuce and tomato", but, instead of being a tasteful sandwich, it is an open-source framework for multimedia, specially directed to television broadcast.

ffmpeg
ffmpeg is a complete solution to record, convert and stream audio and video. It includes libavcodec, the leading audio/video codec library. FFmpeg is the most active Free-software project producing audio/video codecs. MLT relies on ffmpeg. When a codec is added in ffmpeg, you can be sure that Kdenlive can support it.

=License= Kdenlive is released under the GPL (GNU Public License). Briefly, this means that Kdenlive is free in the meaning that you can copy it as much as you want, distribute it to anyone, and modify it as long as your modifications don´t change its freedom state.

And, well, it is free as in free beer as well :)

=Kdenlive developers and contributors=

Jean-Baptiste Mardelle - Current maintainter, lead developer. jb AT kdenlive.org

Jason Wood - the original founder of the Kdenlive project (not active anymore). jasonwood AT blueyonder.co.uk

Kdenlive/Cos'è_Kdenlive Kdenlive/Co je Kdenlive Kdenlive/ Was Kdenlive ist Kdenlive/Que es Kdenlive

title: Kdenlive/What Kdenlive is


text:
Kdenlive/Digital Video

Digital video is a generic term for pictures, with motion or not, that were changed to a format of sequenced numbers (digitized) for being stored in a computer file or a distribution medium, like a DVD, in a way that it can be read by a computer. The digital video files can be made from an analog source, such as a 35mm film movie or a VHS videocassete tape; or captured from a camera or device which does the analog/digital conversion internally and already outputs the video in digital format; or it can be completely generated in a computer, which is the case of an animation, a slideshow, or simply a text to be shown on-screen.

After a video is recorded and digitized, it can be edited with specialized electronic equipment or with a computer, and the latter allows the use of a simple and efficient method --- non-linear editing.

 * Basic concepts of Non-Linear video editing
 * Frames, NTSC, PAL, etc: basic info about video systems
 * File formats and compression methods for digital video
 * File formats and compression methods for audio in digital video
 * Conversion among the various formats of digital video

Kdenlive/ Hintergrundwissen Kdenlive/Vidéo numérique Kdenlive/Video digitale

title: Kdenlive/Digital Video


text:
Pathology/Vessels

Atherosclerosis
Et.: Aging processes, ROS, hypertonia, dyslipoproteinemia, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperfibrinogenemia (, hyperhomocysteinemia) and others.

Micro: Necrosis of the media with calcifications, detritus, foam cells (macrophages which have accumulated lipids) and cholesterol clefts, fibrosis of the intima. Thickening of the arterial wall with stenosis.

Gross: Fatty streaks, calcification, ulceration, thrombotic material.

Common localisations:
 * Coronary heart disease (CHD) - Klinik: Angina pectoris, Myokardinfarkt.
 * Peripheral artery occlusive disease (pAVK) - Klinik: Claudicatio intermittens („Schaufensterkrankheit“), Ulcus cruris arteriosum. Klinische Stadieneinteilung nach Fontaine-Ratschow: 1) Keine Symptome, 2) Ischämiesschmerz bei Gehstrecke a) > 200m, b) < 200m, 3) Ruheschmerz, 4) Nekrosen.
 * Zerebrale Mikroangiopathie oder Stenosen der hinversorgenden Arterien - Klinik: TIA, RIND, PRIND, apoplektischer Insult, SAE, vaskuläre Demenz.
 * Carotis stenosis - Klinik: Asymptomatisch oder Symptome einer zerebralen Minderperfusion, Emboliequelle.
 * Stenosis of the kidney arteries - Klinik: Sekundärer arterieller Hypertonus.
 * Proximal stenosis of the subclavian artery - Klinik: Subclavian-Steal-Phänomen (Versorgung des gleichseitigen Armes retrograd über die gleichseitige A. vertebralis durch Flußumkehr aus dem Hirnkreislauf, letzlich also Versorgung über die kontralaterale Vertebralarterie). Symptome: Schwindel und Armparästhesien (DD: AMI) bei Armbelastung und Überkopfarbeiten.

Arteriosklerose Typ M ÖNCKEBERG
Monckeberg's medial calcific sclerosis

Mikro: isolierte Verkalkung der Media v.a. muskulärer Arterien, Kalkspangen ("Gänsegurgelarterien"), das Endothel bleibt intakt!

Idiopathische Medianekrose E RDHEIM -G SELL
Ät.: Z.B. M ARFAN -Syndrom

Mikro: Degeneration der Media elastischer Arterien mit Bildung von Pseudozysten.

Kompl.: Aortendissektion

Primäre Varikosis
Syn.: Krampfadern

Ät./RF: Bindegewebsschwäche, Klappendefekte, Langes Stehen, Adipositas, Schwangerschaft.

Path.: Degeneration und Aussackung der epifaszialen oberflächlichen Venen.

Makro: Die Venen sind dilatiert und geschlängelt.

Formen:
 * Stammvarikose - V. saphena magna, V. saphena parva
 * Seitenastvarikose - Z.B. V. accessoria lateralis
 * Perforantenvarikose - D ODD, B OYD , C OCKETT ,...
 * Retikulär- und Besenreiservarikose

Klinik: Schweregefühl, Ödeme bes. abends, dumpfe Schmerzen, Wadenkrämpfe, Zeichen der chronisch venösen Insuffizienz.

Kompl.: Thrombose, Ulcera crurum venosum bei chronisch venöser Insuffizienz.

Sekundäre Varicosis
Degeneration epifaszialer Venen im Rahmen eines posthrombotischen Syndroms.

Panarteriitis nodosa
Mikro: Proliferation der Intima und fibrinoide Nekrose

Makro: Hauptsächlich die kleinen bis mittelgroßen Arterien sind betroffen. Es kommt zur Ausbildung perlschnurartig angeordneter kleiner Knötchen

D.: Muskelbiopsie

Weblink: DermIS - Panarteriitis nodosa

Arteriitis temporalis (H ORTON )
Erstmanifestation mit etwa 60 Jahren.

Mikro: Endothelproliferation, Zerstörung der Elastica interna, Auftreten mehrkerniger Riesenzellen.

Makro: Schwellung der A. temporalis.

Klinik: Schmerzhafte Schwellung der Temporalarterie, Schläfenkopfschmerz, Kauschmerzen, Sehstörungen bis hin zur Erblindung, BSG-Beschleunigung.

Weblink: DermIS - Arteriitis temporalis

T AKAYASU -Arteriitis
pulseless disease

Betrifft eher junge Frauen

Mikro: Unspezifische Entzündung der Media, Riesenzellen

Makro: Aorta oder Pulmonalarterie sind betroffen

Thrombangiitis obliterans
Syn.: Morbus W INIWARTER -B UERGER

Ät.: Disposition + Rauchen

Makro: Befall der mittleren und kleinen Extremitätengefäße, perivasale Entzündung

Klinik: pAVK-Beschwerden, Ulzera, Amputation

Nekrotisierende Vaskulitis
Vorkommen z.B. bei:
 * Granulomatose mit Polyangiitis
 * Polyarteritis nodosa
 * Eosinophile Granulomatose mit Polyangiitis

Klinik: Multiorganerkrankung, Purpura, Nekrosen.

Vasculitis allergica
Immunkomplexvaskulitis

Ät./Pg.: Typ III-Reaktion: Lösliche bakterielle, virale, Autoantigene oder Medikamente -> Bildung von zirkulierenden Immunkomplexen -> Ablagerung in Gefäßen -> Entzündungsreaktion.

Klinik: Palpable Purpura, hämorrhagische Blasen, disseminierte konfluierende Nekrosen, Ulcera.

Weblinks: DermIS - Vasculitis allergica

Aneurysma
Aneurysmen sind Aussackungen arterieller Gefäße (die Gefäßerweiterungen bei venösen Gefäßen heißen Ektasien).

Aneurysma verum
Morph.: Es sind alle Wandschichten betroffen, die Aussackung kann fusiforme (spindelförmig) oder sacciforme (sackförmig) sein.

Beispiele:
 * Aortenaneurysma - Kompl.: Ruptur, Embolie, Harnleiterstauung, aorto-duodenale Fistel.
 * Hirnbasisaneurysma - Kompl.: Subarachnoidalblutung

Aneurysma spurium
Syn.: Falsches Aneurysma

Durch Verletzung einer Arterie bildet sich paravasal ein Hämatom, das organisiert wird und einen Hohlraum formt, der schließlich mit Endothel ausgekleidet wird.

Akute Aortendissektion
Syn.: Aneurysma dissecans (nicht ganz treffend)

Ät.: Atherosklerose, M ARFAN -Syndrom, E HLERS -D ANLOS -Syndrom, Zystische Medianekrose E RDHEIM -G SELL oder Mesaortitis syphilitica bei der Lues

Lok: Meist als (thorakale) Aortendissektion

Morph.: Endothelriss (entry) mit Ausbildung eines zweiten Lumens zwischen Endothel und Media oder Media und Adventitia. Evtl. findet das falsche Lumen durch einen zweiten Riß (re-entry) wieder einen Anschluß an das Gefäßlumen.

Einteilung nach Stanford:
 * Typ A: Lokalisation des entry an der Aorta aszendens
 * Typ B: Lokalisation des entry am Aortenbogen oder Aorta deszendens

Klinik: Schlagartig beginnendes thorakales Schmerzereignis, "messerstichartig"

Kompl: Koronarkompression, Perikardtamponade, Hämatothorax, Verblutung.

Prg.: Hohe Letalität (30 - 40 % in den ersten 24 Stunden, mehr als 1 % pro Stunde, weitere 30 - 40 % versterben in den folgenden Tagen und Wochen, Überleben: 10 - 20 %)! Wegen der Seltenheit im Vergleich zu anderen häufigen Differentialdiagnosen (instabile Angina pectoris, BWS-Syndrom) häufig Therapieverzögerung. Einfache Diagnose: CT.

Thrombose
Intravitale Blutgerinnung in einem Gefäß oder einer Herzhöhle.

Ep.: Inzidenz der TVT: 2-3/1.000/a, dritthäufigste, akute kardiovaskuläre Erkrankung nach Herzinfarkt und Schlaganfall.

Ät.: V IRCHOW -Trias:
 * Gestörte Hämodynamik (z.B. bei Varikosis, Immobilisation, Vorhofflimmern)
 * Endothelalteration
 * Gerinnungsstörungen (z.B. Hyperkoagulabilität)

RF.: Hüft-, Becken-, Beinfrakturen, Hüft-, Knieersatz, größere chirurgische Eingriffe, größerere Traumata, Rückenmarksverletzungen, Arthroskopie, Malignome, pulmonale oder kardiale Einflussstauung, Hormonersatztherapie (HRT), orale Kontrazeptiva, Paresen nach Schlaganfall, Postpartalperiode, Z.n. nach Thombembolie, Thrombophilie (Bsp.: Faktor-V-Leiden-Mutation, AT III-Mangel, Protein C- oder S-Mangel, APC-Resistenz, Hyperhomocysteinämie, Antiphospholipid-Antikörper, persistierende Faktor-V-Erhöhung), Immobilisierung, Alter, Laparoskopie, Adipositas, prä partum, Varikosis, Rauchen.

Formen:
 * Herz: Vorhofthrombus meist im linken Vorhof (Herzohr) bei Vorhofflimmern
 * Gefäße:
 * Thrombophlebitis - Entzündung und Thrombose oberflächlicher Venen.
 * Phlebothrombose - Tiefe-Venen-Thrombose (TVT), meist in den Bein- oder Beckenvenen.
 * Phlegmasia caerulea dolens - Plötzlicher Verschluss aller Venen einer Extremität.

SF:
 * Sinusvenenthrombose (SVT) - Ät.: Eitrige HNO-Infekte, Hyperkoagulabilität, Schwangerschaft. Klinik: Kopfschmerzen, neurologisch-psychiatrische Störungen, faziale Stauungszeichen, Hirndruckzeichen.
 * Paget-von-Schroetter-Syndrom - Vena axillaris- oder subclavia-Thrombose. Ät.: Armbelastung (Überkopfarbeiten, ruckartige Bewegungen) -> Endothelläsion -> lokale Thrombosierung.
 * L EMIERRE -Syndrom - Thrombose der V. jugularis, assoziiert mit Fusobacterium necrophorum (HNO-Infekte, bes. Peritonsillarabszesse).

Pg. der Gefäßthrombose: Beginn meist an den Taschenklappen und appositionelles Thrombuswachstum nach unten (descendierend) oder oben (aszendierend).

Klinik bei symptomatischer TVT: Ziehende Schmerzen im ganzen Bein, oft nachlassend in Horizontallage, ziehender muskelkaterartiger Schmerz in der Wade, Schweregefühl des Beins. Die Extremität ist ödematös geschwollen, warm, rot-livide verfärbt (Zyanose) und glänzend, oft Thrombophlebitis auf dem Fußrücken (P RATT -Warnvenen). Klinische Zeichen: Plantarschmerzen beim Auftreten (P AYR ), Wadenschmerz bei Druck (L OWENBERG ), Wadenschmerz bei Dorsalextension des Fußes (H OMAN ), Schmerz entlang der tiefen Venen (M EYER ), sichtbare dilatierte Kollateralvenen (P RATT ).

Kompl.: Thrombusabriss und Embolisation in die Lunge (TVT) oder das Gehirn u.a. Organe (Vorhofthrombembolie oder bei gekreuzter TVT-Embolie), sekundär: Bindegewebiger Umbau mit Rekanalisation und Zerstörung der Venenklappen und folgendem postthrombotischen Syndrom (PTS, chronisch venöse Insuffizienz) mit Stauungsdermatitis und Ulcus cruris venosum.

Thrombophlebitis
Entzündung/Thrombosierung epifaszialer Venenabschnitte.

Ät.: Stase, Trauma, Thrombophilie, Paraneoplasie, idiopathisch, Vaskulitis, Kollagenose (Phlebitis saltans!), i.v. Injektionen, Venenkatheter, infektiös.

Klinik: Klassische Entzündungszeichen.

Abscheidungsthrombus
Ein Abscheidungsthrombus entsteht nur bei Restzirkulation.

Morph.: Geriffelt-geschichteter grauer Thrombus (grau-rot)

Gerinnungsthrombus
Entstehung bei Gefäßverschluß (geronnene Blutsäule).

Morph.: Roter Thrombus (dunkelrot)

Embolie
Hämatogene Verschleppung von Material in ein anderes Organ

Arterielle Thrombembolie
Ursprung ist in 80 % der Fälle das linke Herz, in 20 % sind es Arterien

Venöse Thrombembolie
Ursprung tiefe Bein-, Becken-, Halsvenen

Formen der Embolie:
 * Zentrale fulminante Lungenembolie durch Verlegung der Lungenstrombahn
 * Periphere Lungenembolie
 * Paradoxe/gekreuzte Lungenembolie (der Thrombembolus gelangt über das Foramen ovale in den Körperkreislauf)

Fettembolie
Ät.: Knochenbrüche, Polytrauma, schwere Weichteilverletzungen.

Die Fettembolie endet tödlich, wenn mehr als 30 % der Lungenkapillaren verschlossen sind (zentrale Fettembolie). Z.T. passieren die Fetttröpfchen auch die Lunge und landen in Gehirn (Purpura cerebri), Herz, Niere u.a. Organen, wo sie Gefäße verstopfen und pertechiale Blutungen hervorrufen.

Fruchtwasserembolie
Eindringen von Fruchtwasser in eröffnete maternale venöse Gefäße bei starken Presswehen unter der Geburt.

Luftembolie
Venöse Luftembolie:

Ät.: Lufteintritt (> 30 ml) in die venöse Strombahn, z.B. über einen zentralen Venenkatheter, bei Operationen an den Lebervenen oder bei Beatmung Frühgeborener.

Pg.: Bildung von Blutschaum im Herzen mit Rechtsherzversagen. Arterielle Luftembolie: Hier können schon wenige Milliliter tödlich sein (Gehirn).

Gasembolie
Syn.: Caisson Krankheit, Taucherkrankheit

Ät.: schnelles Auftauchen führt zum äußeren Druckabfall und Aufschäumen des im Blut gelösten Stickstoffs (analog wie beim Öffnen einer Sprudelflasche) -> Gasembolie.

Knochenmarksembolie
Ät.: Reanimation, Trauma, Frakturen/Ostosynthese.

Tumorembolie
Hämatogene Streuung von Tumorzellen und Arrest in kleinen Gefäßen/Kapillaren.

Fremdkörperembolien
Ät.: i.v.-Drogenkonsum, Dialyse, Herzklappen

Bakterielle Embolie
Septikopyämie, Ausschwemmung bakterieller Mikrothromben

Chronisch venöse Insuffizienz (CVI)
Keine Krankheitsentität, sondern Syndrom bei verschiedenen venösen Grunderkrankungen.

Manifestationen abhängig vom Schweregrad:
 * Corona phlebectatica paraplantaris, Phlebödem
 * Siderose (Purpura jaune d'ocre), Stauungsdermatitis, Dermatolipo(fascio)sklerose, Atrophie blanche
 * Ulcus cruris venosum, arthrogenes Stauungssyndrom

Hämangiom
Syn.: Blutschwamm

Benigne Gefäßfehlbildung

Formen:
 * Kapilläres Hämangiom
 * Kavernöses Hämangiom
 * Trauben- bzw. beerenförmiges Hämangiom
 * Sklerosierendes Hämangiom
 * Haemangioma planotuberosum

Weblinks: DermIS - Hämangiom

title: Pathology/Vessels


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Kdenlive/Basics of Non-Linear Video Edition

Before editing video on computer was possible, most editing was done on linear editors --- these work by having essentially, two video recorders. The first would hold the video that you are editing together, and the second would be used to find the next clip that you want to record. Find a clip, record it, find the next clip, record it. This is called linear editing because the medium of tape forced things to be edited sequentially. If you have edited 10 minutes worth of footage together, and decide that you made a mistake after five minutes, you can't just "push" the last five minutes around to add space for new clips.

Non-linear editing is by far a more flexible way of editing. You can place clips anywhere within your final video (in Kdenlive, this is represented via the timeline), and you can move them around as much as you want, rearrange them in a completely different order. Best of all, at any point during this you can press play and (with a sufficiently powerful computer) watch back what you have done there and then.

Kdenlive/ Videobearbeitung Kdenlive/Fondamenti di elaborazione video non lineare


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Talk:Horticulture/Verbena

Species list, recipes from wikipedia

 * Selected species

Diseases
List of verbena diseases

Uses and legends
Vervain is believed to be a galactagogue.

Folk legend states that vervain (Common Vervain V. officinalis) was used to stanch Jesus's wounds after his removal from the cross.

Herbal Medicine
Vervain can be chopped finely and boiled with water to make tea. The tea has been used as a herbal remedy for insomnia at night and for general ailments during the day.

 * Vervain Tea Recipes

FEVER REDUCER

2 tsp dried Catnip

1 tsp dry Vervain

Pour 2 cups boiling water over herbs. Steep 10 minutes & strain.

INSOMNIA

1 ½ oz dried Vervain leaves

1 oz Chamomile

½ oz Spearmint

Mix all and add to 1 cup boiling water. Steep 8 minutes; strain.

RELAXANT

1 ½ oz dried Vervain leaves

1 oz Valerian Root

½ oz Devils Hoof or Juniper

Allow to steep for 20 mins, use hot but NOT boiling water else you will destroy the active ingredient in the Valerian.

Strain, then drink 20 mins before bedtime.

title: Talk:Horticulture/Verbena


text:
Pathology/Mediastinum

Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the Mediastinum.

Ät.: Bacterial

Tumours

 * Morbus Hodgkin - Tumour of the lymphatic tissue
 * NHL - Tumours of the lymphatic tissue
 * Thymoma - Assoziated with Myasthenia gravis
 * Thymuscarcinoma
 * Teratoma - germ cell tumour
 * Seminoma - germ cell tumour

title: Pathology/Mediastinum


text:
French/Vocabulary/Fruit

Common fruit
This list includes common edible fruits.
 * Apple: la pomme
 * Avocado: l'avocat (un avocat)
 * Banana: la banane
 * Blackberry: la mûre
 * Blueberry: la myrtille
 * Cherry: la cerise
 * Chestnut: la châtaigne
 * Clementine: la clémentine
 * Coconut: la noix de coco
 * Date: la datte
 * Fig: la figue
 * Guava: la goyave
 * Grape: le raisin
 * Grapefruit: le pamplemousse
 * Hazelnut: "la noisette"
 * Kiwi/kiwifruit: le kiwi
 * Lemon: le citron
 * Lime: le citron vert, la lime
 * Lychee: le litchi
 * Mandarin/Mandarin orange: la mandarine
 * Mango: la mangue
 * Melon: le melon
 * Olive: l'olive (une olive)
 * Orange: l'orange (une orange)
 * Papaya: la papaye
 * Peach: la pêche
 * Pear: la poire
 * Pineapple: l'ananas (un ananas)
 * Plum: la prune
 * Pomelo: le pomelo
 * Raspberry: la framboise
 * (Garden) Strawberry: la fraise
 * Walnut: la noix
 * Watermelon: la pastèque, le melon d'eau

Related words

 * Seed: pépin (example: ces raisins ne contiennent pas de pépins)
 * Shell: la coquille (example: la coquille d'une noix)
 * Stone: le noyau (example: le noyau d'une cerise)
 * Peel: la pelure
 * To peel: peler (example: peler une pomme)

The pome fruits

 * Apple: la pomme
 * Chokeberry: l'aronia
 * Loquat: la nèfle du Japon
 * Medlar: la nèfle
 * Pear: la poire
 * Quince: le coing

Prunus

 * Apricot: l'abricot
 * Cherry: la cerise
 * Plum: la prune
 * Peach: la pêche
 * Greengage: la reine-claude

Bramble fruits

 * Blackberry: la mûre sauvage (fruit de la ronce commune, ronce des haies, ronce des bois, mûrier sauvage, mûrier des haies, mûrier de renard, aronce)
 * Raspberry: la framboise

The true berries are dominated by the family Ericaceae

 * Bearberry: le raisin d'ours
 * Bilberry or whortleberry: la myrtille (commune)
 * Blueberry: la myrtille
 * Cranberry: le cranberry, la canneberge or l'atoca
 * Lingonberry: l'airelle rouge
 * Strawberry (Fragaria) : l'arbourse

Other berries not in the Rosaceae or Ericaceae

 * Currant: la groseille
 * Elderberry: le sureau
 * Hackberry: micocoule
 * Mulberry: la mûre

Fruits of Asian origin

 * Goumi: Goumi du Japon
 * Kiwifruit or Chinese gooseberry or kiwi: le kiwi
 * Persimmon (or Sharon Fruit): le kaki or la plaquemine

title: French/Vocabulary/Fruit


text:
Kdenlive/Using Kdenlive

If you had followed the Quickstart tutorial, you may already have a basic notion of Kdenlive´s potential. But it can do more for you once you know it better.

 * A detailed view on the Kdenlive interface and how to change it
 * Settings, preferences, key shortcuts and advanced options
 * Adding video and audio files to your project
 * Capturing video and audio for your project
 * Making clips from images
 * Color Clips and Text Clips
 * Making Slideshows from pictures
 * Combining clips with transitions
 * Video and Audio effects in Kdenlive
 * Making a movie file from your project
 * Using external softwares with Kdenlive

Kdenlive/ Kdenlive verwenden Kdenlive/Uso Kdenlive/Utiliser_Kdenlive

title: Kdenlive/Using Kdenlive


text:
French/Vocabulary/Animals

Domestic animals: les animaux domestiques; pets: les animaux familiers; les animaux de compagnie

 * A cat: un chat (female: une chatte) (meow: miaou)
 * A dog: un chien (female: une chienne) (woof: ouaf)
 * A goldfish: un poisson rouge
 * A Guinea pig: un cochon d'Inde / un cobaye
 * A rabbit: un lapin (female: une lapine)
 * A mouse: une souris
 * A parrot: un perroquet
 * A hamster: un hamster
 * A horse: un cheval
 * A snake: un serpent

Farm animals: les animaux de la ferme

 * a cow: une vache
 * a bull: un taureau
 * an ox: un bœuf
 * a calf: un veau
 * a sheep: un mouton
 * a ewe: une brebis
 * a lamb: un agneau
 * a goat: une chèvre
 * a pig: un porc, un cochon
 * a sow: une truie
 * a horse: un cheval
 * a mare: une jument
 * a chicken: un poulet (as food)
 * a hen: une poule
 * a duck: un canard
 * a goose: une oie
 * a donkey: un âne

Sea creatures: les animaux de la mer

 * a shark: un requin
 * a whale: une baleine
 * an octopus: une pieuvre
 * a squid: un calamar
 * a swordfish: un espadon
 * a prawn: une crevette
 * a lobster: un homard
 * a crab: un crabe
 * a starfish: une étoile de mer
 * a seal: un phoque
 * a turtle: une tortue marine
 * a dolphin: un dauphin
 * a jellyfish: une méduse
 * a killer whale: un épaulard, une orque
 * an eel: une anguille
 * a seahorse: un hippocampe
 * a stingray: une pastenague
 * a walrus: un morse
 * a manatee: un lamantin
 * a lamprey: une lamproie

Fish: les poissons

 * a salmon: un saumon
 * a trout: une truite
 * a catfish: un poisson-chat
 * a pike: un brochet
 * a mackerel: un maquereau
 * a cod: une morue
 * a monkfish: une lotte
 * a perch: une perche
 * a tuna: un thon
 * a carp: une carpe
 * a sea bream: une dorade
 * a piranha: un piranha

Reptiles and amphibians: les reptiles et les amphibiens

 * a snake : un serpent
 * a grass snake: une couleuvre
 * a crocodile: un crocodile
 * an alligator: un alligator
 * an iguana: un iguane
 * a toad: un crapaud
 * a frog : une grenouille
 * a newt: un triton
 * a tadpole: un têtard
 * a tortoise: une tortue terrestre
 * a salamander: une salamandre
 * a chameleon: un caméléon
 * a turtle: une tortue
 * a lizard: un lézard

Large mammals: les grands mammifères

 * a bear: un ours
 * a polar bear: un ours polaire
 * a panther: une panthère
 * a tiger: un tigre
 * a leopard: un léopard
 * a lion: un lion
 * a buffalo: un buffle, un bison
 * a hippopotamus: un hippopotame
 * a rhinoceros: un rhinocéros
 * a chimpanzee: un chimpanzé
 * a gorilla: un gorille
 * a hyena: une hyène
 * a jaguar: un jaguar
 * a wild boar: un sanglier

 * a camel: un chameau
 * a zebra: un zèbre
 * an elephant: un éléphant
 * a panda: un panda
 * a moose: un élan
 * a kangaroo: un kangourou
 * a monkey: un singe
 * a giraffe: une girafe
 * a hind: une biche
 * a deer: un cerf
 * a cheetah: un guépard

Small mammals: les petits mammifères

 * a hare: un lièvre
 * a badger: un blaireau
 * a weasel: une belette
 * a squirrel: un écureuil
 * a raccoon: un raton laveur
 * an otter: une loutre
 * a koala: un koala
 * a ferret: un furet
 * a bat: une chauve-souris
 * a rat: un rat
 * a fox: un renard
 * a hedgehog: un hérisson
 * a platypus: un ornithorynque

Birds: les oiseaux

 * an eagle: un aigle
 * a blackbird: un merle
 * a swallow: une hirondelle
 * a sparrow: un moineau
 * a raven: un corbeau
 * a crow: une corneille
 * a nightingale: un rossignol
 * a robin: un rouge-gorge
 * a thrush: une grive
 * a magpie: une pie
 * a hummingbird: un colibri
 * a turkey: un dindon, une dinde
 * a pheasant: un faisan
 * a quail: une caille
 * a dove: une colombe
 * an ostrich: une autruche
 * a peacock: un paon
 * a penguin: un manchot
 * a pigeon: un pigeon
 * a swan: un cygne
 * a vulture: un vautour
 * an owl: un hibou
 * a stork: une cigogne
 * a turtledove: une tourterelle
 * a falcon: un faucon
 * a hawk: une buse
 * a crane: une grue
 * a partridge: une perdrix

Insects & arthropods: les insectes et les arthropodes

 * a caterpillar: une chenille
 * a bee: une abeille
 * a spider: une araignée
 * an ant: une fourmi
 * a butterfly: un papillon
 * a moth: un papillon de nuit
 * a worm: un ver
 * a silkworm: un ver à soie
 * an earthworm: un ver de terre
 * a beetle: un scarabée, un coléoptère
 * a cricket: un grillon, un cri-cri (invariable)
 * a grasshopper: une sauterelle
 * a slug: une limace
 * a centipede: un mille-pattes (invariable)
 * a fly: une mouche
 * a bedbug: une punaise des lits
 * a ladybug: une coccinelle
 * a firefly: une luciole
 * a cockroach: un cafard, une blatte
 * a dragonfly: une libellule
 * a flea: une puce
 * a mosquito: un moustique
 * a wasp: une guêpe
 * a scorpion: un scorpion

title: French/Vocabulary/Animals


text:
Kdenlive/Effects

Effects change the way that an audio or a video clip is shown in your video. They can be used for some little improvements, like filtering color blurs in the image or hum interference in the sound, or for surreal, impressive modifications like turning an image to its negative form, changing colors, adding a "vinyl-like" sound to your clips, and so on. They can be combined in a multitude of ways. Once the effects are provided by the editor software, its use depends only on the user creativity --- ok, some processing power too :)

In the following pages you can see in details which effects are available in Kdenlive, with descriptions of what they do and the meaning of their settings:

 * Video effects
 * Audio effects

Using effects in your project
Kdenlive/Efekty Kdenlive/_Effekte Kdenlive/Effetti Kdenlive/Effets

title: Kdenlive/Effects


text:
Kdenlive/Troubleshooting

No software is free of bugs, those little pests which can make your video look or sound weird, or can suddenly close your project without warning. Sometimes it looks like computers have life... who knows. Some other times, however, the problem is between the keyboard and the chair :)

Although Kdenlive is already extremely useful and packed with functionality, it is not yet a finished product. As with any other software project, the development process, solves some bugs and create others. As of Aug 2009, the latest stable version is 0.75.

If you are using an older version, please update! This manual can not cover bugs and limitations which were corrected in the latest versions.

Your help is welcome to hunt bugs. The recommended steps for hunting bugs are as follows:

Reporting a bug
The recommended steps for reporting bugs are as follows:

Installing Kdenlive and MLT from SVN
First, make sure you install Kdenlive from SVN. Compile Kdenlive and MLT with debugging support: ./configure --prefix=your_path --enable-debug=full ; make clean ; make ; make install

When compiling, you may be interested in the log: export LANG=C; make 2>&1 | tee kdenlive-compile.log tar -czf kdenlive-compile.tar.gz kdenlive-compile.log

You can automate the task of building a debug version of KDEnlive based on the current SVN sources of FFMPEG, MLT, MLT++ and KDEnlive by using the kdenlive-dev-helpers set of tools.

The kdenlive_builder.sh tool automatically builds a full unstripped version of KDEnlive and those libraries with debug symbols and places the build in the directory named ~/build/kdenlive_YYYY-MM-DD_HH_MM.

Such a build has to be launched by the special script kdenlive_launcher.sh.

In order to launch such a KDEnlive build with gdb or valgrind, simply modify the kdenlive_launcher.sh accordingly.

Rendering using inigo
The MLT command line player is inigo.

You can play or render a .westley or .kdenlive file with it. To play it: inigo my_playlist.westley

to render inigo my_playlist.westley -consumer avformat:rendered_file.mpg real_time=0 [then add ffmpeg 's avformat specific parameters]

Publishing a gdb trace
gdb is an interactive debugger allowing to execute programs step-by-step, print the value of variables and display backtrace after segfault. When using gdb, you should try to compile kdenlive from sources directly, in order to use debugging symbols. Executables provided in GNU/Linux distributions are stripped (they do not include debugging symbols). When trying to reproduce a bug, it is highly recommanded to use the latest SVN version of kdenlive.

gdb kdenlive After segfault, ask for a backtrace: bt For more complete information, prepare a log of your session with gdb: script gdb kdenlive Turn off pagination (everything will be available in the typescript file afterwards, anyways): set pagination off Then extract backtrace for all running threads: thread apply all bt and a verbose backtrace with listing of local variables: where full

 * Can this be any more arcane? Isn't there an easier way? One copy and paste into the terminal at the beginning of the session to get the data you need?

Copy the output and publish a message on Kdenlive Bug reports forum, here:

Publishing a valgrind trace
Valgrind is a valuable tool for debugging and finding memory leaks. You may use the following options: valgrind --leak-check=full --freelist-vol=100000000 --log-file-exactly=log.txt -v kdenlive

Create a tar file and append the file to your message on Kdenlive Bug reports forum: tar -czf log.tar.gz log.txt

Contacting authors
Kdenlive relies on MLT framework, which is the video editing engine. MLT framework relies on ffmpeg. The power of free software is to aggregate the work of thousands of developers.
 * How to contact authors in case of a problem?

kdenlive bug forum
The first step was to post a detailed message on Kdenlive bug forum, but since September 2007, you should post an issue at [the Kdenlive bug tracker].

MLT mailing list
If your project does not run in inigo, post a report on MLT mailing list.

ffmpeg bug page
Ultimately, you may be interested to escalate to ffmpeg/libavformat project. ffmpeg deals with all video and audio codec and containers issues. To report a bug, visit ffmpeg bug report page.

Known bugs

 * .75 - System freezes while rendering (Fedora 11)
 * 0.7 - System freezes while rendering - see http://www.kdenlive.org/mantis/view.php?id=180
 * 0.4/0.5 - Upgrading from previous versions causes the dialog boxes to be badly sized, and the application crashes when exiting. This is a bug in how Kdenlive manages it's configuration file. You can remove it: rm~/.kde/share/config/kdenliverc

 * 0.5+ - If your install cannot find its MLT source, even after you have found it in /usr/lib or wherever it may be, and it still doesn't accept it -- remove the file at /home/youruser/.kde/share/config/kdenliverc  Note this will reset any changes to the layout that you may have made; I am sure there is a better way to do this but I've not looked into it.

 * 0.5 - Kubuntu and Ubuntu users may not be able to use some files with AAC sound, such as some MP4/M4V files. You will need to recompile the software following the directions here  after installing the list of needed libraries, also on that same page.  Read here for more details:

 * 0.5 - Kubuntu and Ubuntu (Gutsy) users may not be able to use the firewire port directly inside Kdenlive, see . Just upgrade to dvgrab 3.1 will solve the problem.

Troubleshooting
Kdenlive/Problemi e difetti conosciuti

title: Kdenlive/Troubleshooting


text:
Horticulture/Helleborus foetidus

Helleborus foetidus, known variously as Stinking hellebore, Dungwort, or Bear's foot, is a member of the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, from England south to Portugal, and east to Germany and Italy.

Description
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 80 cm tall and 100 cm across, with evergreen leaves. The flowers are yellowish-green, often with a purple edge to the five petal-like sepals on strongly upright stems. Foliage is pungent when crushed.

Growing Conditions
Helleborus foetidus prefers woodland conditions with deep, fertile, moist, humus rich, well drained soil, and dappled shade. The species is, however, drought tolerant.

Varieties
The cultivar Green Giant has very bright green flowers and finley divided foliage; Miss Jekyll has fragrant flowers, intensity varying with the time of day; Wester Flisk Group has red tinted leaves and stems and gray-green flowers; the Sierra Nevada Group is dwarf reaching 30 cm.

Uses
It is grown in gardens for its handsome evergreen foliage and large numbers green, bell shaped flowers borne in late winter. Because of its toxicity, it is often grown where ../Deer/ are a problem.

Maintenance
This plant tends to be somewhat short-lived in the garden, but replaces itself well with copious seedlings. Deadhead to prevent reseeding, and remove the plant if it has blackened leaves or stems.

Propagation
Propagations is via division or from seed, which can be prolific, naturalising well in ideal conditions.

Pests and Diseases
(see ../Helleborus/ for a discussion of pests and diseases).

title: Horticulture/Helleborus foetidus


text:
French/Vocabulary/Vegetables

 * Asparagus: l'asperge (féminin)
 * Bean: l'haricot
 * Beet: la betterave
 * Bell Pepper: le poivron
 * Broccoli: le brocoli
 * Cabbage: le chou
 * Carrot: la carotte
 * Cassava: le manioc
 * Cauliflower: le chou-fleur
 * Celery: le céleri
 * Chick pea: pois chiche
 * Courgette or zucchini: la courgette
 * Eggplant: l'aubergine (féminin)
 * Endive: l'endive (in France) and le chicon (in Belgium)
 * Garlic: l'ail (masculin)
 * Gherkin or pickle: le cornichon
 * Globe Artichoke: l'artichaut (masculin)
 * Green beans: haricots verts
 * Leek: le poireau
 * Lentil: la lentille
 * Lettuce or latuca: la laitue
 * Maize: le maïs
 * Mushroom: le champignon
 * Nettle: l'ortie (féminin)
 * Onion: l'oignon (masculin)
 * Pea: le petit pois
 * Pepper (UK) or chili (US): le piment
 * Potato: la pomme de terre and la patate (colloquial)
 * Pumpkin: la citrouille
 * Shallot: l'échalote
 * Soya bean: le soja
 * Spinach: l'épinard (masculin)
 * Squash: la courge
 * Tomato: la tomate
 * Turnip: le navet
 * Wasabi: le wasabi

title: French/Vocabulary/Vegetables


text:
OpenOffice.org/OASIS File Format

OpenDocument (OASIS Open Document Format for Office Application) is the native file format of OpenOffice.org. It is an Open Standard file format, meaning it is freely available and implementable without the need for paying a royalty fee. A common OpenDocument Format file is a plain XML file (Extensible Markup Language), usually contained inside a ZIP archive.

Brief History of OpenDocument Format
OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards) takes the base for the OpenDocument standard from OpenOffice's native file format, which originates from Sun's proprietary office suite StarOffice file format. Later OpenOffice became the first and the de facto standard for implementation of OpenDocument.

Competing Formats

 * Microsoft's OpenXML file format, which is largely hailed as an incompatible competitor to the OpenDocument Format. This standard is implemented on the new Microsoft Office 2007, and updates would be available to support this format on previous versions of Microsoft Office. On the most current release, OpenOffice.org does natively support Microsoft's OpenXML format.
 * Microsoft's binary proprietary format, which is Microsoft Office's native file format prior to Microsoft Office 2007. OpenOffice.org could open and save to this format, however the conversion process could take some time for really large and complex files. OpenOffice.org is reported to be capable to open old files created by previous version of Microsoft Office that even the newer Microsoft Office Suites cannot.
 * Microsoft Works format - OpenOffice.org can open documents in Works' format, however saving is not supported.

OpenOffice.org/Estrutura de um documento

title: OpenOffice.org/OASIS File Format


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Ad Hoc

An Ad Hoc report is created for a single use rather than stored and reused.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Ad Hoc


text:
Suomen kieli käyttöön/haastattelu

This is taken from an interview conducted to Conan O'Brien by two children aptly named "Pikku-Jaska" ("Little Jaska") and "Pikku-Lore" ("Little Lore") from a Finnish TV programme called "Huuma". ("ecstasy")

Text
This is only an excerpt, but the whole text will be available at some point.

Suomeksi
Poika

Sinun ohjelmasi tulee keskiyöllä, mutta tämä tulee parhaaseen katseuaikaan. Hermostuttaako?

Conan

Kyllä. Tämä on selvästikin erittäin iso ohjelma. Tämä on minun tilaisuuteni tehdä vaikutus moniin ihmisiin.

Poika

Onko oltava hassun näköinen vanha mies saadakseen talk shown Amerikassa?

Conan

Se auttaa. Hyvännäköisiä ihmisia ei yleensä käytetä hauskoissa ohjelmissa. Eli kyllä, olen 62-vuotias, näytän omituiselta ja se on auttanut minua paljon Amerikassa.

Poika

Olet sanonut että naiset ovat uskomattoman kauniita Suomessa. Miltä sinun vaimosi sitten näyttää?

Conan

Vaimoni on erittäin kaunis ja rakastan häntä paljon, mutta nämä Suomen naiset, voi pojat, teillä on hyvät ajat edessä.

Translation
Boy

Your programme is on at midnight, but this is on primetime. Are you nervous?

Conan

Yes. This is clearly a very big show, so this is my chance to impress a lot of people.

Boy

Do you have to be a funny looking old man to get a talk show in America?

Conan

It helps. Good looking people aren't generally used in comedy shows. But yes, I'm 62 years old, very strange looking man and it's helped me a lot in America.

Boy

You have said that women are unbelievably beautiful in Finland. What does your wife look like, then?

Conan

My wife is very beautiful and I love her very much, but these Finnish women, oh fellas, you're in for a treat!!

Analysis
Poika

Sinun ohjelmasi tulee keskiyöllä, mutta tämä tulee parhaaseen katseuaikaan. Hermostuttaako?

 * Keskiyöllä: Midnight, literally "At middle night". Time phrases like this require the adessive case.
 * Parhaaseen katseuaikaan: "Into the best watching time", primetime. Illative plural on parha (Stem of paras ("best")).
 * Hermostuttaako: From the verb "hermostuttaa", to be nervous. With a question particle on the end means "are you nervous"?

Conan

Kyllä. Tämä on selvästikin erittäin iso ohjelma. Tämä on minun tilaisuuteni tehdä vaikutus moniin ihmisiin.

 * Selvästi: "Clear". "kin" as a particle has two meanings, "also" and it can also add emphasis to a word. In this case it adds emphasis, giving "selvästi" an air of "indeed clear".
 * erittäin: Very/Particularly. A very common word.
 * Tilaisuus: Chance/Opportunity. Words ending in -us have the inflectional stem ute-.
 * Tehdä vaikutus: To impress. Requires the illative case, as seen in "moniin ihmisiin". (nominative plural: Monet ihmiset, plural illative: Moniin ihmisiin")

Poika

Onko oltava hassun näköinen vanha mies saadakseen talk shown Amerikassa?

 * Olla oltava: To have to be.
 * Näköinen: Looking, e.g. Hyvännäköinen "Good looking". The adjective should be in the accusative case, as seen in hassun (From "hassu", funny)
 * Saadakseen: in order to get, from "Saada", "To have/receive/get"

Conan

Se auttaa. Hyvännäköisiä ihmisia ei yleensä käytetä hauskoissa ohjelmissa. Eli kyllä, olen 62-vuotias, näytän omituiselta ja se on auttanut minua paljon Amerikassa.

Poika

Olet sanonut että naiset ovat uskomattoman kauniita Suomessa. Miltä sinun vaimosi sitten näyttää?

Conan

Vaimoni on erittäin kaunis ja rakastan häntä paljon, mutta nämä Suomen naiset voi pojat, teillä on hyvät ajat edessä.

title: Suomen kieli käyttöön/haastattelu


text:
Minesweeper

Table of Contents

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) Playing Levels
 * 3) /Playing The Game/
 * 4) /Game Patterns/
 * 5) /Challenges/
 * 6) /Authors & Contributors/

title: Minesweeper


text:
User talk:Acrajan

I'm just curious, what is that book that you're writing? Is it intended to be an annotated book, or is it something you're writing/have written? If it is something someone else wrote and is not intended to be annotated, a better place for it would probably be Wikisource. I just wanted to tell you that before you put too much work into something here!

Thank you for your contributions, hope to continue seeing you around. Here is our welcome template, the link is there to why I changed the names of all the pages (instead of using colons to separate pages you should use slashes, that's the only real difference)!

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
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 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

Mattb112885 (talk) 21:45, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds good, if you want someone to move what you already have you mark the book with the template and leave a message on the Administrators' noticeboard that you'd like it to be moved (admins check it fairly often). Someone will get to it shortly, and it should save some work.

 * Just to be sure, is this work public domain/ you have permission to publish it under a free license? Gotta stay on top of that stuff :). Let me or an admin know if you need anything else. Thanks and regards. Mattb112885 (talk) 22:13, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Devaneya Pavanar.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Devaneya Pavanar.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. The image that may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status.

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk. Thank you.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:06, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Acrajan


text:
User talk:Mesti001

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 21:52, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mesti001


text:
User talk:Hsmit014

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 21:52, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hsmit014


text:
User talk:Angelachappell

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 21:58, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Angelachappell


text:
Pathology/Adjustment Reactions

The tissues of the body react dynamically on changes in the environment, on metabolic and mechanical stress as well as on the current internal conditions. By means of the morphologic and etiologic characteristics we can distinguish different forms of adaption.

 * Hypertrophy: Increase in organ size/tissue mass by increase in cell size.
 * compensating - e.g. myocardial hypertrophy in hypertonia.
 * by activity - hypertrophy of the muscles in athletes.
 * endocrine - e.g. through anabole steroids.
 * Hyperplasia: Increase in organ size/tissue mass by increase in cell count.
 * through regeneration - increase in skin thickness of the palms through hard working.
 * endocrine - e.g. hyperplasia of the adrenal glands in CRH/ACTH-producing tumour.
 * Atrophy: Decrease in organ size/tissue mass by decrease in cell size and/or in cell count.
 * Involution - normal atrophy, e.g. thymus in adults, uterus in the older woman.
 * Inaktivity - e.g. in paresis.
 * Aging - involution + Inaktivity, e.g.: Osteoporosis.
 * Hunger - deprivation of protein and other nutrients
 * Vascular Atrophy - e.g. skin atrophy in diabetic foot or chronic arterial occlusion.
 * Pressure - e.g. bone reduction near an pulsating aneurysm.
 * Metaplasia: e.g. Barret-Esophagus in chronic reflux, bronchial squamous epithelium metaplasia through smoking.

title: Pathology/Adjustment Reactions


text:
User talk:Bbrun002

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 22:26, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bbrun002


text:
Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Applications

Applications
Gel electrophoresis is used in forensics, molecular biology, genetics, microbiology and biochemistry.

GE of nucleiacids
Electrophoresis is used in DNA fingerprinting. Certain DNA segments that vary vastly among humans are cut at recognition sites by restriction endonuclease enzymes. The DNA fragments are run through electrophoresis and the distance between bands are measured and recorded as the DNA "fingerprint Electrophoresis is used for DNA sequencing.

GE of proteins
Used for separation, identification, and purification of proteins. SDS-PAGE is used for finding the molecular mass of protins. SDS-PAGE is also used for protein identification and quantitation, determining purity of sample,identifying disulfide bonds,and also in blotting applications. Native-PAGE is used to separate proteins in their native form without denaturing. QPNC-PAGE is used to isolate active or native metalloproteins in biological samples. Since 2D-PAGE separates modified proteins and staining intensity of spots roughly reflects the protein amount, it can provide information about various modified states. 2D-PAGE and DIGE are used to study differential expression of proteins.


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Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Gel Electrophoresis/Types of Gel Electrophoresis

Gel Electrophoresis(GE)

Gel electrophoresis is a group of techniques used by scientists to separate molecules based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, or isoelectric point as they are forced through a gel by an electrical current. Gel electrophoresis is usually performed for analytical purposes, but may be used as a preparative technique to partially purify molecules prior to use of other methods such as mass spectrometry, PCR, cloning, DNA sequencing, or immuno-blotting for further characterization. (Wikipedia).It is based on the principle that,when charged molecules are placed in an electric field, they migrate toward either the positive or negative poledepending on their charge. The phosphate backbone in nucleic acids render them a consistent negative charge, so they migrate toward the anode. But proteins can have either a net positive or net negative charge.

GE of Nucleic acids
In the case of nucleic acids, the direction of migration, from negative to positive electrodes, is due to the natural negative charge due to the sugar phosphate backbone of a DNA molecule. Double-stranded DNA fragments are normally long stranded molecules, therefore their migration through the gel is relative to their size of DNA molecules and amount of bases. Single-stranded DNA or RNA tend to fold into tertiary structure due to their wearer single backbone and travel through the gel in a complicated manner. DNA can be denatured by breaking hydrogen bonds and renatured to provide easier and more accurate results frm the gel.

GE of Proteins
Proteins vary on many different levels in comparison to DNA. Protein can have different charges and complex shapes, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure that make migration through the gel have extremelyt different rates when placing a negative to positive EMF on the sample.Proteins are commonly separated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). PAGE can be used to purify proteins prior to other proteomics techniques or to analyze to get information on the mass, charge, or presence of a protein.SDS-PAGE is the most widely used electrophoresis technique for separates proteins.Due to these complex structures proteins are usually denatured, or broken down to simple primary structures in the presence of a detergent such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)which coats the proteins with a negative charge.This allows the protein to have an overall negative charge and allow for proper migration. The amount of SDS bound and used is relative to the size of the protein,thus this method separates proteins mainly based on mass. Two-dimensional PAGE (2-D PAGE) separates proteins by isoelectric point in the first dimension and by mass in the second dimension.Native PAGE separates proteinsby mass/charge ratio without denaturing them.

Gel characteristics
Electrophoreseis is usually carried out within a matrix or gel made of agarose or polyacrylamide. These gels are chemically inert, so they will interfere little with the molecules. The sample is loaded in the gel;in wells for nucleic acids separation. Agarose is a polysaccharide extracted from seaweed. Agarose gels have a large range of separation depending on the concentration.The higher the concentration the smaller the pore size will be.Polyacrylamide is a cross-linked polymer of acrylamide.To avoid inhibition of polymerization by oxygen, they are poured between glass plates to mage gel slabs.Low concentration of polyacrylamide or less cross linking results in gels with large pores. Standard protein gels are typically composed of two layers, ahe top-most layer called the stacking gel and a lower layer called separating or resolving gel.The stacking layer contains a low percentage of acylamide and low pH, while the acrylamide concentration of the separating gel varies according to the samples to be run and pH is higher.The difference in pH and acrylamide concentration at the stacking and separating gel provides better resolution and sharper bands in the separating gel.Acrylamide is a neurotoxin and therefore person handling the gel should wear gloves to avoid contact with it. The polyacrylamide gels have a high resolving power compared to agarose gels.Dependent on the substance being run, the composition, pourous nature, and percentage of gel will be varied to provide proper separation. This separation using acrylamide is normally done on proteins, DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides and other smaller molecules due to its less pourous nature. Using different concentration and compositions of aryclamide provide a thicker or thinner matrix which will separate based on size and charge. Separating larger nucleic acids is normally done with agarose gels.Again cases of concentration and composition can vary the results of the distance a substance travels on a gel.

Separation
The samples are loaded in the wells in the gel covered with buffer. The electrophoresis buffer provide uniform pH and provide ions to support conductivity. When an electric current is applied, the molecules move through the matrix at different rates, towards the anode if negatively charged or towards the cathode if positively charged. (Wikipedia) The voltage as well as the time depend on the size of the gel and the type of sample. Caution must be taken to not run the samples too long or the samples may run off the gel. Caution must also be taken with the voltage, voltage too high may burn the gel or damage the samples.

Staining
When the gel electrophoresis has completed its run the gel is stained to allow for the bands of sample to be seen and analyzed. Stains that are normally used are Ethidium Bromide, silver, or coomassie blue dye depending on the sample. The gels are cafefully removed and placed directly into staining solution where it will sit overnight to allow for proper staining. Once fully stained bands should appear if samples were run correctly along with a molecular mass marker be placed on one or both ends of the gel to provide proper analysis.This method of protein separation and identification is useful because very little protein is needed to determine a difference in a protein. Distinct spots can be found with as little as 0.1 mg of protein when stained with Coommasie blue and even less (0.02 mg), is need when silver staining. Other methods of staining are Fluorescent dyes, and zinc or copper staining.

Visualization
Visualization can be done by the naked eye as well as under a UV light to provide easier visualization.If the analyte molecules fluoresce under ultraviolet light, a photograph can be taken of the gel under ultraviolet light. If the molecules to be separated contain radioactive atoms, an autoradiogram can be recorded of the gel

Analysis
Bands are then compared to those of the known molecular mass marker on the sides of the gel to determine the approximate mass of the substance as well as separate out bands. A sample that has several bands coming from a single sample can indicate an impure sample. Further analysis can be done on proteins by removing the separted sample from the gel by cutting the band out and using In-gel digestion to remove the protein from the gel for further analysis.Some drawbacks to this technique are that it is time-consuming and the purity of your protein sample will affect your results.


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Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Types of Gel Electrophoresis/Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide

Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is a method of gel elctrophoresis to separate proteins based on the their mass.Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is a detergent that breaks up the interactions between proteins. The proteins are dissolved in SDS and then electrophorised. The smallest molecules move through the gel fast, while larger molecules take longer and result in bands closer to the top of the gel.

Procedure
The samples are treated with SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), an anionic detergent which denatures the protein by breaking the disulfide bonds and gives negative charge to each protein in proportion to its mass. Without SDS, different proteins with similar molecular weights would migrate differently due to differences in folding, as differences in folding patterns would cause some proteins to better fit through the gel matrix than others. SDS linearizes the proteins so that they may be separated strictly by molecular weight. The SDS binds to the protein in a ratio of approximately 1.4 g SDS per 1.0 g protein [], giving an approximately uniform mass:charge ratio for most proteins, so that the distance of migration through the gel can be assumed to be directly related to only the size of the protein.Proteins may be further treated with reducing agent, such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or TRP(Tributyl phosphine) to break any reformed disulfide bonds and then alkalated with iodoacetamide to prevent reformation of disulfide bonds. A tracking dye like bromophenol blue may be added to the protein solution to track the progress of the protein solution through the gel during the electrophoretic run.

Gel
The gel used for SDS-PAGE is made out of acrylamide which form cross-linked polymers of polyacrylamide. Standard gels are typically composed of two layers, one top-most layer called the stacking gel and a lower layer called separating or resolving gel.The stacking layer contains a low percentage of acrylamide and has low pH, while the acrylamide concentration of the separating gel varies according to the samples to be run and has higher pH.The difference in pH and acrylamide concentration at the stacking and separating gel provides better resolution and sharper bands in the separating gel.

Electrophoresis
The proteins denatured by SDS are applied to one end of a layer of polyacrylamide gel submerged in a buffer.Buffer provide uniform pH and ions for conducting electric potential. When an electric current is applied across the gel,the negatively-charged proteins migrate across the gel to the positive pole. Short proteins will more easily fit through the pores in the gel and move fast, while larger ones will have more difficulty.Due to differential migration based on their size, smaller proteins move farther down the gel, while larger ones stay closer to the point of origin.After a given period of time,proteins might have separated roughly according to their sizes.Proteins of known molecular weight (marker proteins) can be run in a separate lane in the gel to calibrate the gel.

Staining and analysis
Following electrophoresis, the gel may be stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue or silver stain to visualize the separated proteins.After staining, different proteins will appear as distinct bands within the gel according to their sizes (and therefore by molecular weights). The molecular weight of a protein in the band can be estimated by comparing it with the marker proteins of known molecular weights.The separatesd protens can be cut from the gel and further analyzed by other proteomics techniques.


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Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Types of Gel Electrophoresis/Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis

2D-PAGE is a form of gel electrophoresis in which separation and identification of proteins in a sample are done by displacement in 2 dimensions oriented at right angles to one another(orthogonal). This technique is also used to compare two or more samples to find differences in their protein expressions.

Basis for separation
In this technique proteins are separated by two different physicochemical properties. In the first dimension proteins or polypeptides are separated on the basis of their net charges by isoelectric focusing and in the second dimension they are separated on the basis of their molecular masses by electrophoresis. Because it is unlikely that two molecules will be similar in both properties, molecules are more effectively separated in 2-D electrophoresis than in 1-D electrophoresis.

Sample preparation
The goal of sample preparation is to solubilize maximum number of proteins and maintain their solubility throughout the process. The materials for sample should be carefully collected, snap frozen and ground under liquid nitrogen in the presence of protease inhibitors. After extracting proteins from source material they are then solubilized and denatured by means of chaotropes, detergents, and reducing agents. Hydrogen-bonds in the sample proteins are disrupted by chaotropes urea and thiourea. Uncharged detergents are used to disrupt hydrophobic interactions. Detergents such as CHAPS, Triton X-100, sulfobetaine SB3-10, and amidosulfobetaine are IEF-compatible additives. Disulfide bonds are reduced to sulfhydryls by reducing agents dithiothrietol (DTT), dithioerythritol, and tributyl phosphine (TBP).

Sequential extraction is done to categorize proteins based on their solubility. This is an example of pre-fractionation to enrich low abundance proteins. Proteins are sequentially extracted into chaotrope/detergent solutions of increasing solubilization power. First, proteins are treated with an aqueous buffer, the insoluble proteins remaining from this extraction are treated with urea/CHAPS/TBP, and the insoluble proteins remaining from this step are then treated with urea/thiourea/CHAPS/SB 3-10/TBP. 2-D PAGE is then done to separate the proteins in each of the supernatants. The remaining insoluble material from the final extraction can be taken up in SDS-PAGE sample solution and run in a one-dimensional gel.

Isoelectric focusing (IEF)
In IEF, proteins are separated by electrophoresis in a pH gradient based on their isoelectric point(pl). A pH gradient is generated in the gel and an electric potential is applied across the gel. At all pHs other than their isoelectric point, proteins will be charged. If they are positively charged, they will move towards the more negative end of the gel and if they are negatively charged they will move towards the more positive end of the gel. At its isoelectric point, since the protein molecule carry no net charge it accumulates or focuses into a sharp band.

Immobilized pH Gradeint (IPG) and IEF run
Immobilized pH gradients are used for IEF because the fixed pH gradients remain stable over extended run times at very high voltages. The pH gradients of IPGs are generated by means of buffering compounds that are covalently bound into polyacrylamide gels. IPGs are cast strips with plastic backing sheets and are commercially available in different pH ranges and lengths. They offer high resolution, great reproducibility, and allow high protein loads. Isoelectric focusing is run in the same solutions that are used to extract or solubalize the proteins. The IPG strips with the protein sample must be rehydrated in the rehydration/sample buffer during with protein samples are loaded into the strips. Rehydration can be active or passive. To load larger proteins active rehydration in small voltage is applied. After the run in IEF cell, the proteins focus as bands on the strip according to their isoelectric points. The focused strips can be frozen for storage

IPG gel strips equilibration
The proteins in the focussed IPG strips are uncharged because they are at their pI and so they will not move into the SDS- PAGE gel. So the strips are treated with SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), an anionic detergent which denatures the protein by breaking the disulfide bonds and gives negative charge to each protein in proportion to its mass. Without SDS, different proteins with similar molecular weights would migrate differently due to differences in folding, as differences in folding patterns would cause some proteins to better fit through the gel matrix than others. SDS linearizes the proteins so that they may be separated strictly by molecular weight. The SDS binds to the protein in a ratio of approximately 1.4 g SDS per 1.0 g protein (although binding ratios can vary from 1.1-2.2 g SDS/g protein), giving an approximately uniform mass:charge ratio for most proteins, so that the distance of migration through the gel can be assumed to be directly related to only the size of the protein. Proteins may be further treated with reducing agent, such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or TRP(Tributyl phosphine to break any reformed disulfide bonds and then alkalated with iodoacetamide to prevent reformation of disulfide bonds. A tracking dye like bromophenol blue may be added to the protein solution to track the progress of the protein solution through the gel during the electrophoretic run.

SDS-PAGE run
The equlibrated IPG strip is placed on the top of the SDS-PAGE gel submerged in a suitable buffer and sealed in place with agarose gel. An electric current is applied across the gel, causing the negatively-charged proteins move out of the gel and migrate across the gel. Depending on their size, each protein move differently through the gel matrix. Smaller proteins travel farther down the gel, while larger ones remain closer to the point of origin. The proteins separate roughly according to size and therefore by molecular weight. It is common to run "marker proteins" of known molecular weight in a separate lane in the gel, in order to calibrate the gel and determine the weight of unknown proteins by comparing the distance traveled relative to the marker.

Visualization
After electrophoresis the gel is stained to visualize the separated proteins. Commonly used stains are Coomassie Brilliant Blue or SYPRO Ruby or silver stain. different proteins will appear as distinct spot within the gel. Coomassie Brilliant Blue or SYPRO Buby are compatible with Mass Spectrometry. Coomassie Brilliant Blue has detection limit about 10ng of proteins per spot and the gel images of spots can be captured by scanning densitometer which operate in visible light[]. SYPRO Ruby can detect 1ng of proteins per spot and since it is fluorescent, the sopts are visualized by a fluorescent imager. Silver stain can detect spots containing proteins less than 1 ng and is the most sensitive non – radioactive protein visualization method.Laser devices for image capturing are useful for fluorescently stained gels.

Analysis
The images can be further analyzed using image –analysis softwares. These softwares quantify proteins spots, match images and compare corresponding spots intensites of related gels, prepare gel data reports, remove background patterns, and integrate image information to databases.Alternately the proteins separated can be obtained from the gel can be analyzed by MS for protein identification. 2D- PAGE can be used to study differential protein expression by comparing images from 2D –PAGE gels samples labeled with stable isotopes or fluorescent dyes.

Advantages and Disadvantages
Using 2D-PAGE,100 –1000’s of polypeptides can be analyzed in a single run. The proteins can be separated in pure form the spots. The spots can be quantified and also analyzed by MS. In this method polypeptides can be probed with antibodies and also they can be tested for post- translational modifications. The disadvantages may include large amount of sample handling, less reproducibility, difficulty to separate low abundance proteins, acidic and basic proteins, very large and very small proteins and hydrophobic proteins.Also not automated for high throughput analysis.2D-PAGE has limited dynamic range.


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Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/History of Electrophoresis

History of Electrophoresis
1930s First reports of the use of sucrose for gel electrophoresis.

1937 The official launching of Tiselius' moving boundary electrophoresis (MBE).

1939 Zone Electrophoresi

1950 Rich in introducing novel methodologies in zone electrophoresis (ZE)

1950 Agar Gel electrophoresis

1955 Introduction of starch gels, not very good separation

1957 Cellulose acetate Electrophoresis(CAc) by Kohn

1959 Introduction of acrylamide gels for 1st time (Raymond and Winstraub) Accuracy of control of parameters such as pore size and stability

1961 Electrophoresis in silica gel by Honnegar

1961IsoElectricFocusing by Svensson

1964 Electrophoresis in thin layer of sephadex beads by Fasella et.al

1964 Disc gel electrophoresis Ornstein and Davis

1969 Introduction of denaturing agents especially SDS separation of protein subunit (Beber and Osborn)

1970 Laemmli-T4 phage separated 28 components Mstacking gel + SDS

1975 2 Dimensional gels OFarrell isoelectric focussing then SDS gel electrophoresis.

1977 Sequencing gels

Late 1970s agarose gels

1980sImmobilized pH gradients

1983 Pulsed field gel electrophoresis

1983 Capillary electrophoresis introduced


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User talk:83.131.181.13

Regarding edits made during April 1 2007
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 00:47, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:83.131.181.13


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Kdenlive/Video effects

This is the list of video effects available in Kdenlive and its parameters. They are implemented as part of the MLT Framework.

=No effect= This is the original image with no effects, to allow comparisons.

=Box blur= This effect blur the image.

=Brightness= With this one, you can make the video look as if there was less light -- or more of course.

=Charcoal= Here you can get a charcoal pencil draw.

=Gamma= Here you can change the gamma.

=Greyscale= This one will help you publishing on very old TV sets ;-)

=Invert= Inverts the colors of the video, you get something like a argentic negative.

=Mirror= Here you can mirror half of the image, either horizontaly, verticaly, or following a diagonal. The invert option helps on getting the interesting part of the video mirrored.

=Obscure= Allows you to mask a portion of screen with keyframable mosaic effect.

=Sepia= Let's make an old fashioned movie : sepia transforms colors in shades of brown. But with Kdenlive, you can control the color output, so this can be shades of any color.

=Speed= Allows you to slow down, speed up, reverse play and make stroboscope effect. This effect is available only if Kdenlive was compiled with the latest development version of MLT, taken from its cvs. and clip.

=Freeze= Allows you to freeze the clip at, after or before a certain frame. You choose a frame that will be shown for the whole clip, or just a part of it.

This effect is available only since Kdenlive version 0.5.

Kdenlive/ Effekte Kdenlive/Effetti video

title: Kdenlive/Video effects