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Talk:Bartending/Work/Responsibilities and duties

The weaponery section needs to be more international - keeping a gun behind the bar in the UK, for example, would get you sent to jail. Tango 23:15, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

I'd like to see a bit of a rewrite in some areas. There are plenty of chain bars here in the UK where staff drinking is not allowed and not every country places a fine on bar staff who serve underage customers, in restaurants in the UK you may in fact serve a half pint to a minor accompanied by their parents whilst seated for a meal. And none of the skills here are required in certain venues where you are simply an autonomous worker. I'm just asking for a better clarification of the context perhaps just a rename to "How to be a good bartender" and a clarification that these are the qualities expected in a low traffic, high quality bar and are not representative of busy student clubs, restaurants and venues with few regulars and other venues where quality of service is not a high priority. Im sure everyone can think of a bar theyve been to where this is the case. Ive never seen a bar here give out candy so perhaps a mention that its customary in the US but maybe im wrong or the bartenders dont like me. As for the lighter for lighting customers smokeables, smoking in bars is illegal in ireland, illegal next summer in all UK countries (following a recent policy change last month from restaurants to all bars and enclosed public spaces) and im fairly sure its illegal to smoke at the bar in a large number of US states. Something should also be mentioned while its important to be friendly sometimes you will get complete jerks demanding service and swearing and while you should give them a chance to improve their attitude you should be able to handle this and have them removed by the manager and/or security if necessary Discordance 01:25, 3 March 2006 (UTC)


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User:Tango

See Wikipedia:User:Tango

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tango


text:
Template:Guide to Unix/BSD

General: Introduction | Explanations | Why Unix-like Platforms: Linux | BSD Quick Reference: Commands | Environment Variables | Files | License General : Introduction | External Links Distributions: FreeBSD | Mac OS X | NetBSD | OpenBSD | Historical

title: Template:Guide to Unix/BSD


text:
User talk:71.249.63.82

Please use the Sandbox if you want to make test posts. Thx. --Dragontamer 00:47, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.249.63.82


text: Template:Decistage

title: Template:Decistage


text:
Guide to Unix/BSD/NetBSD

NetBSD is a very portable operating system.

This page will give information specific to NetBSD, such as /etc/rc.d and sushi.

title: Guide to Unix/BSD/NetBSD


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Small Engines

1. Describe the design and operation of the two-cycle engine and the four-cycle engine.
The four-cycle engine is easier to understand, so it is presented here first. Once the four-cycle engine is understood, it is easier to understand the two-cycle engine.

Four-cycle Engine
A four-cycle engine is so named because it makes four strokes to generate power. These strokes are as follows:
 * 1) Intake Stroke: During this stroke the piston moves down in the cylinder, which creates vacuum, drawing air through the carburetor, and sending the mixture of fuel and air into the cylinder.  The fuel and air enters through the intake valve which opens at the beginning of this stroke.
 * 2) Compression Stroke: Once the fuel and air have been drawn into the cylinder, the intake valve closes and the piston returns towards the engine's head.  This compresses the fuel.
 * 3) Power Stroke: When the piston reaches the top of the cylinder (just before Top Dead Center or TDC), the spark plug fires, igniting the compressed fuel and air mixture and causing an explosion.  This explosion causes the gases to expand which powers the piston downwards again. This is where the engine's power comes from.
 * 4) Exhaust Stroke: When the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder, the exhaust valve opens, and as the piston returns to the top of the cylinder again, the exhaust gases are pushed out.  When the piston reaches the top again, the four cycles are ready to repeat.

Two-cycle Engine

Power and Exhaust Stroke: In a two-cycle engine, the spark plug fires every time the piston reaches the top of the cylinder. This is the beginning of the power and exhaust cycle. As in the four cycle engine, the spark plug firing causes the compressed air/fuel mixture in the cylinder to explode, and the expanding gases drive the piston downward. As the piston goes down, it compresses the air/fuel mixture beneath the piston inside the crankcase. The crankcase is the area beneath the piston, and the cylinder is the area above the piston. When the piston nears the bottom of this stroke, it uncovers an exhaust outlet (port) and it also uncovers a passage between the crankcase and the cylinder. The compressed air-fuel mixture in the crankcase then rushes through this passage into the cylinder, forcing the exhaust gases out of the cylinder through the exhaust port. Some of the air/fuel mixture is also forced out the exhaust outlet, and this unfortunately decreases the engine's fuel efficiency and increases its pollution output. The piston's head is shaped in such a way as to minimize this waste, but it does not entirely eliminate it.

Intake and Compression Stroke: After the piston reaches the bottom of the stroke, it begins traveling upwards again, compressing the air/fuel mixture that rushed into the cylinder from the crankcase during the previous stroke, and simultaneously drawing more air and fuel into the crankcase. By the time the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, the air/fuel mixture is very highly compressed - much more compressed than it was in the crankcase. Just before the piston reaches the top of the cylinder (TDC), the spark plug fires, beginning the cycle over again. As soon as the air/fuel mixture is ignited, and the piston begins to move down, the pressure change in the crankcase closes the intake valve, which is located in the side of the crankcase, underneath the carburetor. On most 2 cycle engines, a reed valve is used, which is simply a piece of thin spring metal that acts as a one way valve.

Since the crankcase in a 2 cycle engine is used as part of the intake system, it can't be filled with oil like a 4 cycle, so another way to provide oil to the engine has to be used. If adequate oil wasn't provided, the engine would soon get so hot that it would begin tearing itself up, fuse together and destroy itself. This is solved by mixing special oil into the fuel before it is put in the tank. You must use oil labeled for 2 cycle engines, or you will ruin the engine. The normal ratio specified by engine manufacturers is usually between 16/1 and 50/1 (50 parts of fuel to 1 part of oil) depending on the engine. The newer the engine, the higher the ratio (less oil) usually is. On some engines, outboard boat motors especially, Oil Injection is used, where oil from a separate tank is injected into the gasoline just before the carburetor. This results in a cleaner burning engine. Since the oil is burned, this unfortunately increases the pollution levels generated by two-stroke engines as compared to a four-stroke engine.

2. Name the parts of the two-cycle engine and tell what each part does.

 * 1) Spark Plug: The spark plug produces an electrical spark igniting the air/fuel mixture as the piston reaches the top of the cylinder.
 * 2)  Piston: The piston travels up and down inside the cylinder. Its downward motion is propelled by an explosion of air and fuel ignited by the spark plug.
 * 3)  Rod: The rod connects the piston to the crankshaft.
 * 4) Crankshaft: The crankshaft converts the piston's up-and-down motion into rotary motion and transfers the engine's power to the outside of the engine.
 * 5) Cylinder: The cylinder is the space inside the engine block in which the piston moves. Combustion occurs at the top of the cylinder.
 * 6) Crankcase: The crankcase is the cavity in the engine block beneath the cylinder, and is where the crankshaft is. This is where fuel is drawn into the engine prior to being forced into the cylinder.
 * 7) Intake Port: The intake port is the passage-way between the crankcase and the cylinder.
 * 8) Intake Valve: The intake valve opens to allow the air/fuel/oil mixture to enter the crankcase during the piston's up-stroke, and closes to prevent its escape, and cause it to pressurize during the piston's down-stroke.
 * 9) Exhaust Port: The exhaust port is a hole in the cylinder wall through which the burnt fuel (exhaust) is expelled.
 * 10) Flywheel: The flywheel is a mass attached to the crankshaft. It preserves the engine's momentum, keeping the crankshaft turning between the explosions in the combustion chamber. It also has a magnet in one side, which passes by the magneto, generating the electricity to fire the spark plug.
 * 11) Magneto: The magneto sits next to the flywheel, and has a coil that acts like a generator when the magnet in the flywheel passes it. In older engines, the power from the magneto coil is switched by points, to control the timing of the spark. On newer engines, it uses electronics to control the spark, by sensing where the magnet on the flywheel is.
 * 12) Fuel Filter: The fuel filter captures dirt in the fuel, preventing it from entering the carburetor.
 * 13) Carburetor: The carburetor is the device that mixes the fuel and air together prior to its being transferred into the engine.

3. List four basic fuels used in small engines, and explain their use.

 * 1) Gasoline is the most common fuel for small engines, especially those found on lawnmowers, snowblowers, tillers, and other garden equipment.
 * 2) Gasoline/oil mixture is used in two stroke engines. The ratio of gas to oil is usually in the range of 16:1 to 50:1.  Two stroke engines are often found on smaller items such as chain saws and weed trimmers.
 * 3) Diesel fuel is sometimes used in larger "small" engines, such as those found on riding mowers, small tractors, or electric generators.
 * 4) Nitromethane is used for very small engines, such as those that power Radio Controlled model airplanes.

4. Show care and safety in fuel handling and storage.
References: Petrol Canada

 * 1) Store fuel only in government-approved containers.
 * 2) Do not leave it in a car or in the back of a truck when filling it - place it on the ground. This will prevent the build-up of static electricity which can ignite the fuel.
 * 3) After fueling an engine, wipe up any spilled fuel, and allow any remains to evaporate before starting the engine.
 * 4) Always move the engine at least 10 feet from where you filled it, and the gas can before starting it.
 * 5) Never add fuel to, or open the filler cap on or near a running engine.
 * 6) Do not smoke or allow anyone to smoke within 50 feet of an open fuel tank.
 * 7) Do not fill the container more than 90-95% full to allow room for expansion.
 * 8) Do not store a fuel container in the trunk of a car, in direct sunlight, or near an open flame or source of sparks.
 * 9) Keep the fuel nozzle in constant contact with the container when filling it. Keep the container's nozzle in constant contact with the fuel tank when adding fuel to the engine.

5. Describe three types of ignition systems.
Material for this section was adapted from the Wikipedia article on Ignition Systems

Glow plug ignition
Glow plug ignition is used on some kinds of simple engines, such as those commonly used for model aircraft. A glow plug is a coil of wire (made from nichrome normally) that will glow red hot when an electric current is passed through it. This ignites the fuel on contact, once the temperature of the fuel is already raised due to compression. The coil is electrically activated for engine starting, but once running, the coil will retain sufficient residual heat on each stroke due to the heat generated on the previous stroke. Glow plugs are also used to aid starting of diesel engines.

Magneto system
The simplest form of spark ignition is that using a magneto. The engine spins a magnet (normally cast into the outer edge of the flywheel) past a coil, and also operates a contact breaker called "points", interrupting the current and causing the voltage to be increased sufficiently to jump a small gap. The spark plugs are connected directly to the magneto coil. Magnetos are not used in modern cars, but because they generate their own electricity they are often found on small engines such as mopeds, lawnmowers, snowblowers, chainsaws, etc. where there is no battery, and also in aircraft piston engines.

Battery Ignition
Battery ignition systems are very similar to the magneto ignition system, except that electricity is drawn from a battery rather than being induced by rotating a magnet past a coil. The battery is recharged by the engine's alternator. Battery systems are capable of delivering sparks to multiple cylinders which are selected by a rotor in the distributor. The advantage of a battery ignition system is that the timing of the spark may be adjusted to increase the engine's efficiency based on how fast it is turning. Older battery ignition systems used breaker points (often referred to as the "Points") which were opened and closed by a cam run off of the crankshaft to control the timing of the spark. The shortcoming of this system was that the timing stayed the same for all engine speeds, but the engine needs different timing for high speed than at idle. To make up for this, various engines used various systems to adjust the timing, such as vacuum and centrifugal advance, which always had problems. Now almost all engines use Electronic Ignition, which has a sensor on the engine that tells the electronics where the engine is, and how fast it is going, and adjusts the timing accordingly.

6. Explain why gasoline is an improper cleaning fluid.
Gasoline is extremely flammable and dangerous to work with. It is also a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent), so prolonged contact with it should be avoided. It can also damage plastic parts. Gasoline left on parts can burst into flame at the slightest provocation, causing an engine fire. It also has many additives, some of which stay on the part after you clean it. They also soak into your bloodstream.

7. List two acceptable cleaning fluids for small engines.
Mineral Spirits are often used for cleaning parts. Soaking parts in mineral spriits removes oil and grease without the need for scrubbing. Once the parts are removed from the bath, the mineral spirits quickly evaporate.

Environmentally Friendly Alternatives: There are many degreasers on the market today, and many of them are billed as "environmentally friendly." Examples include Simple Green, and various citrus-based cleaners containing limonene such as Citrus King, and Orange Power. These cleaners do require scrubbing, but they are all biodegradable.

8. List and tell how three basic lubrication systems operate.

 * Splash: In a splash lubrication system, dippers on the crankshaft are repeatedly submerged and lifted out of the oil in the oil pan. This happens as the crankshaft turns.  When the dippers emerge from the oil bath, oil is splashed all about the inside of the chamber where it finds its way to the pistons, rods, and other moving parts.  Channels are milled in the crankshaft to direct oil flow from the dippers to the bearings in the crankshaft, as it is vital that these receive plenty of lubrication.
 * Pressurized: In a Pressurized lubrication system, an oil pump sucks oil from the oil pan and forces it through a filter and then on through a system of passageways drilled into various parts of the engine. These passageways are called galleries.  The galleries open to spurt the oil onto critical components such as the bearings.  Galleries are also drilled from the main block and from there into the crankshaft's main bearing.  This connects to another gallery drilled into the crankshaft itself.  The crankshaft gallery supplies oil to the connecting rod bearings.
 * Combination Splash/Pressure: As the name suggests, a Combination Splash/Pressure lubrication system is a combination of the two systems described above.  The connection between the rod and the piston, as well as the cylinder walls, are lubricated using the splash method. The main crankshaft bearings, as well as the camshaft, rocker arms, Etc. are lubricated by the pressurized system.
 * Dry Sump: In a Dry Sump lubrication system, there is no oil in the oil pan. It is all stored in a pressurized reservoir, and then fed to the engine by the pump. Galleries are drilled in the crankshaft just as in the Pressurized system. But these galleries are also connected to galleries drilled in the connecting rod, and then through the pistons themselves.  Oil is squeezed through these galleries where it spills out onto the cylinder wall.

Reference: Integrated Publishing

9. List in order the steps of a general trouble-shooting procedure.
Remember the acronym FAST - Fuel, Air, Spark, and Timing.

 * Fuel: Make sure fuel is getting into the combustion chamber. The most obvious thing is to make sure the engine is not out of gas.  Then check the fuel lines, making sure they are in good shape and actually connected to what they should be connected to.  If the engine is flooded (that is, it has too much fuel in the carburetor), let it sit for a while, and then try starting it again.  If the engine has a fuel pump, make sure it's operating.  Check that the filter is not clogged.  A very common problem with small engines, especially after they have been sitting for a while, is for the carburetor to get clogged, or have the diaphragms get old and stiff. A normal carb is not very difficult to dissemble and clean, and rebuild kits can be obtained for a few dollars and will often  solve the problem if you are still having problems after you check everything else. If all of these check out, move on to the next stage in the acronym, which is air.
 * Air: Make sure the choke is adjusted properly. On an engine with a manual choke, close the choke all the way and open up the throttle.  Then try to start it.  If it doesn't start after a couple of pulls, open the choke halfway and try again.  When the engine starts, open the choke over the next few seconds until the engine runs smoothly.  If it still won't start, check that the air filter is not clogged.
 * Spark: Check that you have spark, and that it is a good strong blue spark. You can use a spark tester, unscrew the sparkplug and hold the outer threaded part against the metal of the engine as you crank the engine and watch for a spark, or just hold the end of the spark plug wire 1/8" to 1/4" inch away from the metal of the engine as you crank the engine. Be careful not to touch the metal tip! The shock will really hurt, and it could cause serious injury, especially if you have a pacemaker. If it is an older style engine with points, you should check them. After a while, they can get dirty or corroded, or just wear away. They are often under the flywheel. Electronic ignition engines can have the module burn out. Or you could have a loose wire somewhere, or the kill switch could be shorted.
 * Timing: On small engines, you normally can't adjust the timing, but that doesn't mean it can't be wrong! It is common on certain engines (Briggs and Stratton for instance) for the key holding the flywheel to the shaft to shear, (they are designed to do this to protect other parts of the engine, kind of like a fuse), and when it shears, the flywheel turns on the shaft. so you will still get a spark, but it won't be at the right time. so you should check the flywheel is in the correct position on the crankshaft. Engines that use a point style ignition system sometimes have an adjustment on the points, which are usually under the flywheel.

10. Demonstrate that you can overhaul, inspect, and properly tune any small engine.
Consult with a Qualified Person for this part! Don't just tear into the family lawnmower, and hope you can get it all back together. You are likely to end up with "extra" parts left over when you are done! (which is not a good thing)

11. Demonstrate that you know how to test and clean spark plugs and glow plugs.
A toothbrush can be a good tool to clean spark plugs. (Don't use it to brush your teeth afterwards though!) You also need to use a spark plug gap gage, or a feeler gage to set the spark plug gap according to the engine specs. When cleaning them, you just need to get all the carbon and soot buildup off. These days, sparkplugs are usually just replaced if they are full of crud.


text:
Microsoft Certified Professional Developer

There are the different certifications which would earn us the basic MCP, which in turn if we get more certificates will make us eligible to get higher such as MCAD and MCSD.

Web Developer

 * Exam 70-536: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Application Development Foundation
 * Exam 70-528: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Web-based Client Development
 * Exam 70-547: PRO: Designing and Developing Web Applications by Using the Microsoft .NET Framework

Web Developer Upgrade

 * /Exam 70-551/: UPGRADE: MCAD Skills to MCPD: Web Developer by Using the Microsoft .NET Framework.

Windows Developer

 * Exam 70-536: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Application Development Foundation
 * /Exam 70-526/: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Windows-Based Client Development
 * /Exam 70-548/: PRO: Designing and Developing Windows Applications by Using the Microsoft .NET Framework

Enterprise Applications Developer

 * Exam 70-536: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Application Development Foundation
 * /Exam 70-526/: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Windows-Based Client Development
 * Exam 70-528: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Web-Based Client Development
 * /Exam 70-529/: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Distributed Application Development
 * /Exam 70-549/: PRO: Designing and Developing Applications by Using the Microsoft .NET Framework

 * /Exam 70-290: Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment/


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Budget Watch Collecting/Regulating

All you ever wanted to know about regulating your watch yourself...and why you wished you hadn't asked...

I’ve noticed a lot of posts lately from people wanting to know how to regulate a Seiko 7S26 movement, and whilst there have been various posts in the past on this topic, there’s nothing tying it all neatly together in one post. So, having got me a Vibrograf timing machine recently (as if you didn’t know), I thought I’d cover the basics and also demonstrate how the machine works, and what it can do.

First, the basics.

1. Regulating a mechanical watch means making it run slightly faster or slower, by making a small change in the effective length of the balance hairspring. The shorter the effective length, the quicker the balance completes its swing and so the watch runs faster. If the effective length is made greater, the opposite occurs. This change is made by moving the regulating lever, marked ‘A’ in the photo below. Note that there is also a beat adjustment lever, marked ‘B’ in the photo. This lever should NOT be touched, unless you suspect the movement is ‘out of beat’ and you have some sort of instrument such as a watch timer which will allow you to see when it is ‘in beat’ again. I will explain these terms more fully later on.

Note that regulation is not the same thing as adjustment. To adjust a watch is to compensate for all the various factors that can affect timekeeping. This can be a complex and long-winded process, and is best left to professionals. Regulation is performed as the final ‘tweaking’ after adjustment has been carried out. As far as we are concerned in this post, we shall assume no adjustment is necessary, only regulation.

2. Unless a watch is in good mechanical condition and adjustment, it’s really a waste of time trying to regulate it within a dozen or so seconds per day. By ‘good mechanical condition’ I mean the movement is free of dirt and is adequately lubricated with clean oil, there are no excessively worn bearings, the mainspring can supply a steady flow of power to the gear train, there are no chipped or missing gear teeth or pinions, etc. Similarly, it’s very optimistic to expect a cheap, low jewel-count movement to perform well on a regular basis. However, even an entry-level movement such as the Seiko 7S26 can produce astonishing results, as we shall see.

3. It’s important to realize that there are many factors that conspire against consistent timekeeping when a watch is worn. These include change in position (e.g. dial up, crown down, crown up), change in temperature, change in mainspring state-of-wind, and personal wearing habits of the owner (e.g. worn 24/7 or taken off at night, what position is it left in at night, shocks and bumps from sports activity, etc.). Whilst modern materials have reduced the effects of temperature and mainspring state-of-wind (also known as isochronism from the Greek meaning ‘equal time’), they still come into play, along with ever-present gravity. Thus, in regulating a movement we can only try to compensate for all the ‘errors’ caused by these factors on an overall basis. It’s important then that before attempting any regulation, the watch must be observed over several days of normal wear to establish how much it gains or loses each day, or its daily rate. It is this rate that is the starting point for regulation.

The Vibrograf machine

The Vibrograf was invented and developed in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, about 45 years ago by Portescap, the creators of the Incabloc shock absorber. Various models have been produced over the years, and because of its simplicity and reliability the B200 became the watchmaker’s standard workhorse. Although now superseded by more sophisticated (and expensive) machines such as those made by Witschi, the B200 is still more than adequate for simple diagnosis and regulation. In addition to mechanical movements it can, with the appropriate optional circuits, also be used for electro-mechanical, tuning fork and quartz clock movements.

How it works

The basic components of the B200 are an inductive pick-up mounted on a multi-positional arm; an amplifier; a quartz oscillator giving an extremely stable time base; a paper tape printer; and a read-out scale. The pick-up (which is basically a microphone) conveys the sound of the watch movement to the amplifier, and it is then compared to the time base. The printer then records the difference between the two frequencies onto a moving paper tape. The resulting linear trace (called a vibrogram) can then be analysed to determine the watch’s instantaneous rate and also a variety of defects such as beat irregularity, damaged escape-wheel teeth, out of poise balance, wrong type of mainspring, damaged pallet stone, dirty escapement, etc.

Multi-positional inductive pickup

How it’s used

First, the beat frequency of the movement to be tested (e.g. 21,600 bph) is selected by means of the black push-buttons on the front of the machine. Almost any standard frequency between 3,600 and 36,000 bph can be selected. Next, the watch is fixed (dial up or dial down) to the inductive pick-up by means of the built-in spring-loaded clamp. (For watches with thick cases or plastic movement rings, better results are achieved if the crown is in contact with one of the prongs of the clamp.) The amplifier is then switched on by means of the round black knob on the front panel. This knob is also the volume control. Nothing will be heard at this stage, unless headphones are plugged into the back of the machine.

To start the paper tape recorder the red push-button is depressed, and the volume knob is rotated until the sound of the movement ‘ticking’ can be heard. At that point a linear trace will appear on the paper. There are actually three major sounds associated with the escapement, but the amplifier is designed to use the most distinct one, which is the sound of the impulse pin on the balance hitting the notch of the lever fork. This is also known as the ‘unlocking’. When enough trace has been produced the large black knob on the sloping face of the machine is rotated so that the engraved lines on the clear plastic reading disc (to which it is geared) are parallel to the trace. The instantaneous rate can then be read directly from the dial under the large black knob. In the photo the rate is +18 sec/day in the dial up position.

The above operation is repeated with the watch in various positions (e.g. dial down, crown down), to see what the positional variations are. A difference of about 30sec/day between horizontal and vertical positions can be considered as ‘normal’ in an average-quality movement. If the positional differences are really large it can indicate basic faults within the movement, which will work against consistent timekeeping.

Interpreting the results

The trace produced by the machine is usually a single continuous straight line that may slope to the left or right, depending on whether the rate is losing or gaining. Sometimes the trace shows two parallel lines a small distance apart. This indicates the movement is ‘out of beat’, which means that the length of arc the balance swings through in one direction from the midpoint is not the same as in the other. Put simply, the length of the ‘tick’ is not equal to the length of the ‘tock’. Ideally, to achieve the best regulation possible the movement should be put ‘into beat’ by moving the beat lever (sometimes called the stud carrier), so that the balance swings through an equal arc on both sides. The effect of moving this lever is easy to see on the trace, but hard to distinguish without a machine of some sort. A movement that is ‘in beat’ starts easily and, provided there is enough power from the mainspring, is difficult to stop. Conversely a movement that is out of beat runs irregularly, is hard to start and is prone to stopping.

Traces that display a recurring irregularity or a sinusoidal effect (wavy line), divergence of the trace lines or sharp changes in direction when moving from a horizontal to a vertical position and vice versa all indicate certain defects that require correction before successful regulation can be carried out.

Practical Examples

1. Brand new Seiko SKX779 ‘Black Monster’ This watch utilizes the common or garden 7S26A 21-jewel movement that is regarded as the entry-level for Seiko automatics. Seiko themselves don’t hold out any great expectations for it, not even being game enough to quote acceptable accuracy limits in the instruction booklet that came with it. It’s known as a workhorse rather than a thoroughbred. After a couple of weeks’ wear it was running at +15 seconds/day—not bad but capable of improvement, I was sure. This was with being worn during the day (so the mainspring was nicely wound), and left dial up at night.

I popped it on the Vibrograf and got the following results: Dial up +30 s/d Dial down +30 s/d Crown up +30 s/d Crown down +36 s/d Crown left +27 s/d

To say I was surprised at the consistency of these results is an understatement—I was gobsmacked. Was I looking at a 7S26 or a classic Omega Observatory calibre? This augured well for a good result.

. Since the timing machine showed the watch to be running fast by about 30s/d, and when being worn it gained only 15 s/d, my “personal wear error” was a loss of 15 s/d. I therefore had to bear this in mind when regulating the rate. (NB It is conventional wisdom that watches lose about 30 s/d when being worn, which may be why Seiko send them out from the factory running fast.) I undid the bracelet, carefully removed the caseback and put the watch dial down on the pickup. After re-checking the rate I gave the regulator lever a tiny nudge in the loss (—) direction to reduce it by 15 seconds. I let the movement settle down, then checked it again. Oops, 15 s/d too far. Another fractional nudge in the gain (+) direction and a recheck. Spot on—the machine said +15. Combined with my personal error of –15, the watch should in theory now neither gain nor lose whilst being worn in my usual manner. I set the Monster to within a few seconds of atomic time and made a note of the exact offset. After wearing the watch for 4 days I checked it again against atomic time. The result? It had gained 1 second total over the 4 days. Can’t complain about that!

2. 1979 Seiko 6309-7040 17-jewels This recent acquisition had an unknown service history but was running strongly at –24 s/d in daily wear. The vibrogram looked OK but showed the following: Dial up +4 s/d Dial down -20 s/d Crown down -56 s/d

Hmmm, quite a bit of positional variation, possibly indicating considerable wear and/or an unpoised balance. This one wasn’t going to be so easy as the new Monster.

The regulator lever turned out to be very touchy and it took me quite a few tries to get near my target of +4 s/d (dial down). In the end I had to settle for +2 s/d as being ‘near enough’. After 4 days of normal wear the 6309 had only lost 3 seconds, which in my book is more than satisfactory (and rather surprising, given the positional variations).

The trusty 6309 17-jewel movement

How to regulate without a timing machine

Although having some sort of timing machine speeds up the process, it is perfectly possible to regulate your watches yourself with a little patience. Here’s how:

1. Wear the watch for several days in your normal manner, and make a note of the average gain or loss per day (your “personal error”) against atomic time or another known accurate time source such as an eco-drive or other quality quartz watch.

2. Remove the caseback carefully using a well-fitting opener (you may want to use masking tape on the caseback to avoid scratching it), and locate the regulator lever, screw or index. (See photos below for examples of the various types of regulator. They can be marked + and -, F(ast) and S(low) , or A(vance=fast) and R(etard=slow.)

3. In the case of a lever or index, hold a toothpick or the outside edge of a pair of watchmaker’s tweezers (e.g. #5’s) vertically, and gently nudge the lever so the pointer moves to counteract your personal error (p.e.). For example, if your p.e. is +20 sec/day, move the lever in the –ve or loss direction. If you’re unsure which is the correct direction, just remember that moving the regulator lever TOWARDS the stud carrier will effectively LENGTHEN the hairspring and thus SLOW DOWN the rate. Moving the regulator AWAY from the stud carrier will effectively SHORTEN the hairspring and thus SPEED UP the rate.

BE VERY CAREFUL NOT TO TOUCH THE HAIRSPRING—IT IS VERY DELICATE AND EASILY DAMAGED. Also, you only need to move the lever a very small amount—a little movement can make a big change in the daily rate. It helps to use a loupe (jeweller’s eyeglass) whilst doing this. I prefer to hold the toothpick/tweezers vertically as it is easier to control the movements of the lever. Pushing on the lever horizontally can lead to ‘overshooting the mark’ and the risk of the implement slipping off and damaging the hairspring. In the case of a microregulator with an adjusting screw, use a well-fitting screwdriver in the screw’s slot to turn it slightly in the appropriate direction.

4. Replace the caseback finger tight, making sure any seal or gasket is replaced correctly in its groove and is not pinched. Do not put the watch near any moisture or dust-laden environment until the regulation process is complete.

5. Wear the watch normally for 24 hours, noting the new daily rate. If necessary, repeat steps 2-5 until you are satisfied with your watch’s performance.

6. Tighten the caseback fully with the wrench, again making sure the seal/gasket is in good condition and correctly fitted. If you intend wearing the watch in water it is highly recommended to fit a new seal properly lubricated with silicon grease. Good luck and happy regulating!

title: Budget Watch Collecting/Regulating


text:
User:EbolaPox

Hello. A bit about myself...

1: I'm a High School student in the United States of America. I am currently in mostly Advanced Placement classes and I am a big fan of Wikipedia's goal of spreading free knowledge. 2: I love math and physics. I'm currently in AP Calculus BC and AP Physics B. 3: I'm big on technology, research, and I love to read about the newest breakthroughs. 4: I despise any novel by Jane Austen. Why? Because they're lame. Joseph Heller, however, is an awesome writer. (As is Kurt Vonnegut.)

title: User:EbolaPox


text: User:Gentgeen/images

title: User:Gentgeen/images


text:
User:っ~enwikibooks

ja:user:っ jawp - jawn

title: User:っ~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Video Capture, Transcoding, and Authoring/Converting AVI to MPEG-2 with AviSynth and TMPGEnc Xpress

To Derbeth
While I appreciate your enthusiasm for editing other people's work, I don't appreciate you making changes to my work without prior discussion, as you did (again) in the case of this book. I do in fact intend to complete the basics of this book myself as time permits, but the holidays have severely limited the time that I can devote to it. In addition, I'm currently trying to get some issues resolved with some of the software used. Thank you. --John Navas 06:32, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

TMPGEnc Xpress 4.0 AC3
AC3 encoding is built into TMPGEnc Xpress 4.0. Works fine.

I added that and revised a few sentences of other notes. 71.202.20.47 22:29, 26 April 2007 (UTC) Joe n bloe 22:30, 26 April 2007 (UTC) (new account)

Also: This should be updated to reflect the large number of new features and filters available in TMPGEnc Express 4.0. The filters include pretty good noise reduction, sharpening, so on. If it does what you need it's a lot less painful than mplayer/mencoder, although mencoder is still probably the most versatile transcoder in existence. It's also nice not to have to deal with Avisynth.

This guide should probably include mencoder and avidemux, both of which have pretty solid Windows ports nowadays. Joe n bloe 22:40, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

I Recommend a Rename
I'd like to rename this book "Video Capture, Transcoding, and Authoring." (or something similar) It could and IMO should be a lot broader.

I have a fair bit of material from a few years back when I did a lot of capture and transcoding in Linux. Currently I'm doing the same but on Windows, using whatever tools are at hand, including DVD authoring with DVD-lab. I can put a lot of the text I wrote previously in here.

This can be a tremendously challenging endeavor and I'd like to share my experiences about what works. Good advice can save people days of misery and frustration.

I think your (John Navas) guide is very helpful and sensible, but it needs a lot of expansion and some reorganization. Not to brag, but I'm the author of a published book (Effective Perl Programming), and I have quite a bit of writing experience that I could bring to bear.

I'm going to start some chapters under Video_Capture,_Transcoding,_and_Authoring/xxxxxx. If a few weeks or months go by without a response from you, and I still have time to do some work myself, I'll probably rename this book.

I hope you see this as help and not just mucking about with your stuff. I will certainly respect your work; however, Wikibooks and Wikipedia are collaborative efforts and anyone who can make legitimate and constructive contributions, and has the time to do so, should be free to contribute. Joe n bloe 23:57, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

This Guide (Needs Help / Is Worthless)
For what it's worth, I'll enter the disclaimer that I am a professional technical writer. That being said, this guide is useless. Where is the step-by-step? Where are *ANY* screenshots? If I wrote a guide like this, I'd be fired! This assumes knowlege of both software titles required, giving the user zero guidance. If I knew both AVISynth and TMPGEnc Xpress so thoroughly, I wouldn't need a guide at all! I recommend this guide's deletion.


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Biblical Studies/Christianity/God the father

God is
God is the higher power, worshiped by the majority of people in the world. The Christian God is an infinite and absolute being; a perfect spirit—eternal, immutable, omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good, the true and righteous Almighty Creator God the Father. Fully addressed as Father in the sense of the doctrine of the Trinity which declares the union of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit as Three Persons and One God. The term persons is not applied in Scripture to the Trinity, but something analogous to the conception of personality seems to be implied in the apostolic statements of the New Testament epistles.

The arguments for the existence of God have been divided into the ontological, the psychological, the cosmological, the teleological and the moral. The ontological argument starts from the idea of God itself and professes to demonstrate the existence of God as a necessary consequence from that idea. The manner in which it was stated by Anselm, in the eleventh century, is this: "God must be thought of as that being than whom none can be thought greater; but this being, the highest and most perfect that we can conceive, may be thought as existing in actuality as well as in thought—that is to say, may be thought as something still greater; therefore God, or what is thought as greatest, must exist not only in thought but in fact." This argument has been presented in other forms. Descartes, while refuting Anselm’s form of the ontological argument, revived it himself in another form. Applying the test of truth which he derived from his celebrated formula—"I think, therefore I am"—that whatever we clearly and distinctly perceive to belong to the true and unalterable nature of a thing may be predicated of it, he found on investigating God that existence belongs to his true and unalterable nature and therefore may legitimately be affirmed of God because he is the living one.

Another argument, called the psychological, was adduced by Descartes to prove the existence of God, which, although not the same as the ontological argument, appears to resemble it. It starts from the idea of a supreme and perfect being, but it does not assert the objective existence of that being as implied in its idea, but infers such objective existence on the ground that we could have acquired the idea only from the being which corresponds to it.

The cosmological argument starts not from an idea, but from a contingent existence, and infers from it an absolutely necessary being as its cause. The argument is: Every new thing and every change in a previously existing thing must have a cause sufficient and pre-existing. The universe consists of a system of changes. Therefore the universe must have a cause outside of and before itself.

The argument called teleological is that which is commonly known as the argument from design and has been fully illustrated by Paley in his Natural Theology. It is simply this, that in nature there are unmistakable evidences of the adaptation of means to ends, which lead us inevitably to the idea of some intelligence that planned this adaptation, that is, of God.

The moral argument is derived from the constitution and history of man and his relations to the universe, being based on such considerations as our recognition of good and evil, right and wrong, the cautions received of conscience and the fact that a moral government of the world may be observed. Another argument is based on the alleged fact that a belief in the existence of a supreme being is everywhere found to be implanted in the human breast. This argument is used by Cicero among others, and many thinkers are inclined to give a good deal of weight to it; still it is pronounced by others to be at best only a probable argument, if it may be accepted as valid to prove anything at all. Others argue the existence of God from the manifestations which he has made of himself to mankind, but these, as well as miracles, it is admitted even by Christian theists, may only be accepted as real by such as previously believed in the divine existence, still, the facts of religious history speak of just such divine providence in human affairs as to define the very God in question.

Epistemology: How we know God

 * The Names of God

 God − The Son − The Holy Spirit

Return to Christianity contents page


text:
Biblical Studies/Christianity/Jesus

Jesus of Nazareth
 * For so greatly did God love the world that He gave His only born Son, that everyone who believes in Him should not be subject to death but have eternal Life.

Life
Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem, Judea, according to the generally accepted chronology in the year of Rome 750, that is, 4 BC. This apparent discrepancy in date is due to an error that was made when the Christian calendar originated with Dionysius in 556 AD. He fixed upon the year of Rome 754 as that in which Christ was born. Later information proved beyond a doubt that this date should have been 750, which gives the birth of Christ four years before the beginning of the Christian era according to the calendar of Dionysius. The mother of Jesus was Mary, who was probably a descendant of David. Her husband, Joseph, was also a descendant of the same family. The birth of the holy child occurred in a manger at a public inn in Bethlehem, where Joseph had gone to be registered in his place of origin in accordance with the Roman census and Jewish law relating to taxation. The miraculous conditions connected with his birth to the Virgin Mary prove to the satisfaction of most followers of Christianity that Jesus was of divine origin. His parents remained at Bethlehem for some time. The infant Savior was circumcised on the eighth day, and at the end of the fortieth day he was presented in the Temple, and his mother, according to the Jewish law, made the customary offers for her purification. Soon after this he was visited by wise men, or Magi, from the East, who claimed to have been guided to the spot where he was by the miraculous appearance of a star. Inquiries of these men as to where the child who was to be king of the Jews was born, led Herod (at that time ruler of Judea under Rome) to order that all the male children in Bethlehem under the age of three years were to be put to death. Joseph, however, was warned by an angel, and he fled with Mary and Jesus into Egypt, where he remained an uncertain length of time, until after Herod's death, when the holy family returned and took up their residence at Nazareth. There, Jesus lived and grew to maturity, and because of that connection he is frequently called the Nazarene.

Of the boyhood and youth of Jesus almost nothing is known. The only authentic account given is that of his appearance in the Temple when twelve years of age (Luke 2: 46-50). All details concerning his life previous to his public ministry are without foundation, but it is probable that he remained with the family at Nazareth and engaged in the same work as his father, who was a carpenter. The public ministry of Jesus was preceded by the preaching of John the Baptist, his cousin, who proclaimed the coming of the kingdom of God and called men to repentance. Jesus was pointed out by John as the Son of God, and two of John's disciples from that time became his followers. He was baptized by John, when his divine nature was manifested by the miraculous appearance of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove and by a voice from heaven saying, "This is my beloved son, in whom I am well pleased." After the initial meeting, his new followers declared Jesus, the Christ, or the expected Jewish Messiah. Following the baptism, Jesus retired into the wilderness of Judea, where he was subjected to various temptations. His first public appearance was at the marriage in Cana of Galilee, where he performed the miracle of turning water into wine. He then visited Capernaum, affirmed the apostles Andrew, Peter, James and John nearby and later appeared in Jerusalem at the time of the Passover to reveal his majesty and power by cleansing the Temple of those who were changing money and selling animals for sacrifice. He received an inquisitive teacher of Israel at night by the name of Nicodemus and pointed out the way to everlasting life. His works and teachings immediately aroused the opposition of the leaders of the Jews because the news was spreading over Judea that Jesus' disciples were baptizing even more new adherents than John the Baptist and, finding that this work in Judea was to be rejected, he departed into Galilee. During the remainder of the first year of his ministry he preached at Nazareth, where his own townspeople attempted to cast him over a precipice because of his teachings; then at Capernaum again. After the calling of his disciples he began his first circuit through Galilee. During this time occurred the Sermon on the Mount; also the Sermon in the Boat, which was followed by the miraculous draught of fishes. Near the close of this year he called Levi, or Matthew, who became one of his most devoted followers.

The second year's ministry began with the attendance upon the Passover at Jerusalem and the healing of the lame man at the Pool of Bethesda. Following this were several other miracles, followed by discussions with the Pharisees and other leaders of the Jews, in which Jesus continued (Matthew 9: 12-13) to set forth his gospel, or good news, calling for repentance and the forgiveness of sins, and showed clearly the difference between this new dispensation and the underlying principles of the Jewish law and the ceremonials largely practiced at that time. This increased the already growing opposition and was followed by the sending out of the twelve disciples to promulgate his teaching concerning entry into the kingdom of heaven. After the visit to Jerusalem, Jesus began his second general circuit through Galilee. This circuit was characterized by the performing of a number of miracles and the relating of some of the most important parables in the Gospels, among them those of the sower, of the tares, of the mustard seed, of the leaven and of the hid treasure. This was followed by the third general circuit, during which occurred the death of John the Baptist, the feeding of the five thousand and the walking on water. The third and last year of Jesus' ministry was by far the most important with many discourses, parables, and miracles recorded, the year which saw the Transfiguration, curing of an epileptic boy, his appearance at the Feast of Tabernacles, sending out the seventy to prepare the way with all power over demons and disease, his calling the fallen Prince of this world to account, and the raising of Lazarus which so aroused the envy of the Jews that they resolved upon putting him to death, while just before the events of the last week leading up to the crucifixion, generally known as the Passion Week, he stopped everything to welcome the little children into his presence, for such is the kingdom of God. After which he warned about the dangers of the accumulation of wealth, and then gave a prediction of his own death and resurrection for the third time. As his passion drew near, Jesus prepared to eat the last Passover with his disciples. On the first day of the week, which is still remembered as Palm Sunday, he made his triumphal entrance into Jerusalem as the long awaited but unique Son of David. During the next two days he spent his time in and around the city, cursing a barren fig-tree, cleansing the Temple, predicting the destruction of Jerusalem and the nation, sealing the judgment to come with separation of the sheep from the goats and delivering discourses in which he used a number of parables, in particular, those conveyed in private to his disciples to answer the ultimate questions concerning his mission. These things accomplished, he retired to Bethany. On Wednesday he gave a warning of the betrayal by one of his own, and on the following day in a specially prepared upper room in the holy city he ate the last Passover with his disciples assuring them that after his departure he would come again to usher in his kingdom and during the discourse proclaimed the wine and the bread a lasting remembrance of the new covenant established that evening, additionally, a new commandment was directed to his disciples: that you love one another as I have loved you, for greater love has no man than this, that he lay down his life for his friends. After the Passover meal, having been betrayed by Judas, he was arrested in the Garden of Gethsemane, brought before the high priest Caiaphas, condemned by the Jewish Sanhedrin for claims of divinity (Mark 14: 62) and early on Friday morning sent before Pilate, the Roman governor of Jerusalem, in order that the sentence of death might be legally confirmed, which led to the requisite punishment of flagellation and further humiliation. By Pilate he was released to the Jews, by whose compliance he was crucified on that day. Late in the afternoon, Jesus cried out, “It is finished,” and yielded up the spirit. The Sabbath approached demanding his body be taken down from the cross and prepared for burial by Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus. The tomb was one belonging to this same Joseph, a member of the Sanhedrin, a man of considerable means, and there the body of Jesus was buried that same day in a garden close to Golgotha, the place of the skull, the site of the crucifixion.

Resurrection
On the morning of the first day of the week, or the third day after his death, Mary Magdalene and other women in charge of the spices hastened to the tomb in order to complete the work of embalming the body, but they found the stone rolled away from the door of the tomb and the place where Jesus had lain occupied by an angel, who told them that Jesus had risen. After his resurrection on that Sunday which would later be celebrated as Easter Sunday, Jesus remained on earth for forty days, during which time he appeared eleven times to his disciples and followers, the instance (John 20: 27-28) of a doubting Thomas tempered all unbelief. Jesus commissioned his disciples to continue his earthly ministry and at the last gathering on the Mount of Olives he ascended into heaven and was received by a cloud out of their sight. The disciples stood there awestruck with eyes skyward after the ascension and heavenly messengers in attendance (Acts 1: 11) announced that his return will be in like manner at the end of the age. They returned to the upper room in Jerusalem as instructed and devoted themselves to worship and fellowship together in the common calling while planning for the future, with earnest prayer, blessing God continually. Their numbers increased to 120 believers as they awaited the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, or Advocate, as promised by the risen Savior.

The belief in the resurrection of Christ is one of the Christian articles of faith. Secular explanations of the resurrection include (1) that according to the statement of the Jews, the disciples stole the body and then published the story that their Lord was risen; (2) that Jesus had not really died on the cross; that His apparent death was only a swoon, from which He afterward recovered; (3) that there had been no real resurrection and that the disciples had been deceived by visionary appearances or hallucinations; (4) that the assertion of the resurrection was originally allegorical. In Acts, chapter 5, the words of one of the most learned Jews of the time, Gamaliel, are more to the point, “put forth [the apostles] a little space... for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to naught: but if it be of God, you cannot overthrow it.” Thus, with regard to the significance of Christ's resurrection, to Christians it is the crowning event, evidence of the divine character of His mission and His atonement for the sins of the world.

Teaching
The great commandment according to the gospel was love the Lord your God with all your heart and the second, similar to it, love your neighbor as well as yourself. Jesus reinforced his teaching by miracles and by parables. His miracles were evidently for the purpose of convincing the people of his divine origin and power. They were thirty-five in number and ranged in importance from the turning of water into wine to the raising of the dead to life. Most of them were connected with the healing of disease and a majority of those contained a demonstration of the petitioner's faith, and with few exceptions all of them were for the welfare of those upon whom or in whose favor they were wrought. The parables, forceful maxims of a metaphorical nature such as the Pearl of Great Price, the Prodigal Son and the Good Samaritan, were thirty-three in number and contain the best illustrations of moral and religious truth to be found anywhere in literature. So broad is their application that the truths which they teach are accepted by the non-Christian as well as by the Christian world.

God − The Son − The Holy Spirit

title: Biblical Studies/Christianity/Jesus


text:
Talk:Computer Science Design Patterns

I haven't found a more logical place to ask this as yet. If this remains unanswered for too long, I'll ask elsewhere because this discussion doesn't look too... active :-)

Could we consider merging the many millions of Design Pattern articles in WikiPedia/Books? Clearly we keep the different Design Patterns seperate, but I see no sense in having an entries in WikiPedia, the C -/-/- Design Pattern book, this Design Patterns book, the Java Design Patterns book, ... you get my point?

Should we not rather focus on fixing a set of design pattern articles in one place (I propose WikiPedia) and link to it from various other places? I see no sense in defining the Template Method Pattern, or more abstractly, Behavioural Patterns, four times (or however many WikiBooks there are on the topic) --The Extremist 13:36, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Commands
What does it mean to decouple a sender and receiver? --Remi0o 22:24, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Momento
In the original Gang of Four-Book, it is not called Momento, but Memento. As in MEMory (aka encapsulating state information to be rememberedlater). I'll change that now. -- de:Benutzer:Schmiddtchen 217.186.226.237 14:50, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Merge request
I've acted on the pending merge request to the C++ Programming book and noticed that some of the content was duplicated, I have extracted all the C++ source examples and since there is still much useful content to RfD or complete a merge of the edit history I will re-tag it as a merge to the Java book (since most of the content may already be present or be useful there). If the request is opposed or after the Java content is removed/merged, please re-tag the remaining to be merged into the Computer Programming... --Panic (discuss • contribs) 07:56, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I searched for the word "Design patterns" and found out that the subject is scattered all over the computer language books, which results in information duplication, making the access to all the knowledge about a design pattern subject at one place impossible. As a matter of fact, design patters can and should be used to implement code in specific languages, but the subject is high level compared to language details. I think that there should be a "software architecture book" with design pattern explained there. The merge place could be at Introduction to Software Engineering/Architecture/Design Patterns or here - that doesn't matter. Sae1962 (discuss • contribs) 11:30, 29 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I do not fully understand the "Wiki-speak", but merging these examples to specific language books would be incorrect. I agree with Sae1962, for this subject, the correct place for the code is under Computer_Science_Design_Patterns/whatever-pattern-name. Then have a link from each relevant language specific book to Computer_Science_Design_Patterns. I understand this would be an exception to the general rule of where examples should be collected, but this is what I would expect, and I believe my peers will expect the same.
 * A second point, when the C++ example was moved to the C++ book was a link created? I cannot find one, it may be just an oversight, but I could not navigate from Visitor pattern to the example I wanted. This is what has made me sign-up as a contributor! -- Rfrankla (discuss • contribs) 12:43, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I see no point in continuing the debate about merging since the work has been reformatted a lot from the source initial proposed for merge in 2011 that it makes no sense in 2014, I would have hoped someone had closed it a long time ago (after 7 days of no opposition a proposal should be considered dead unless someone wishes to pursue the matter further). --Panic (discuss • contribs) 21:23, 16 July 2014 (UTC)

Design Patterns aren't code reuse
The opening sentence says design patterns are "convenient ways of reusing your code". Aren't design patterns design reuse rather than code reuse? Maybe it's better to say design patterns offer general solutions to reoccurring design problems. --EEB 75.87.186.225 (discuss) 19:21, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Done. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 20:53, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

Section title issues on printable and PDF versions
In the print version, section/chapter 16 is titled "Print version". In the PDF version, this is also the case for sections/chapters 4, 6, 10-16, 18, 20, 21, and 23. I'm new to Wikibooks, so unfortunately I don't know how to fix this myself, otherwise I would. --Aardila (discuss • contribs) 12:50, 27 April 2016 (UTC)
 * ✅ [//en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Science_Design_Patterns%2FModel%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller&type=revision&diff=3075497&oldid=3074753 Fixed here], and then I've reprinted it with PDF Creator and updated [[Media:Computer Science Design Patterns.pdf]]. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 07:04, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Change the title
This title is weird. There is no such thing as Computer science design patterns any more than there are Computer science pointers or Computer science closures or Computer science interfaces. The term design pattern isn't a general computer science term, it is a term specific to object-oriented programming. I propose to change the title to Design patterns in object-oriented programming. Rp (discuss • contribs) 13:26, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

The text needs to provide this context, too. This article cannot be understood by a reader who isn't already familiar with design patterns. It should start out by saying which problem they are designed to solve, why they help solve it, who came up with the idea, etcetera. Rp (discuss • contribs) 13:30, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Computer Science Design Patterns


text:
User:Nanderman~enwikibooks

I no longer use this username and I suspect it will be deleted soon. I now go by The Extremist

title: User:Nanderman~enwikibooks


text:
User:Allagappan

Allagappan M

9843682620

title: User:Allagappan


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User:The Extremist~enwikibooks

I will update this page as time permits, or update my page at WikiPedia and point you there ;-)

title: User:The Extremist~enwikibooks


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Cookbook:Bean-Semolina Burger

 * Vegan cuisine

Ingredients

 * Cooked mashed white or kidney beans
 * Semolina flour
 * Breading mix
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Cumin (optional)
 * Oregano (optional)
 * Savory (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Combine about equal volumes of the mashed beans and semolina. Mix in just enough water to get a moldable dough.
 * 2) Combine the breading mix, salt, pepper, and spices.
 * 3) Shape the bean mixture into patties.
 * 4) Dip both sides of the patties in the breading mix in order to coat completely. Shake off any excess breading.
 * 5) Push the patties carefully on a spatula and fry them on both sides in a hot, oiled pan. If you use too much oil the patties will be soaked in fat, if you use too little, the breading mix will not be fried. It's probably best to add a little bit of oil and then shuffle the patties around in the pan. The patties very quickly become robust enough so you can easily pick them up and turn them with a spatula to see if the other side had enough oil.
 * 6) Serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Bean-Semolina Burger


text:
Metroid Prime

Table of Contents

 * /Items/
 * /Locations/
 * /Bosses/

title: Metroid Prime


text:
User talk:Bravibabu

Hi Friends,

This is Ravichandra, a DWH practioner...much interested in DWH domain..

Thanks, Ravi

title: User talk:Bravibabu


text:
Talk:Bartending/Alcohol/Serving alcohol responsibly

My daughter recently advised me she is an alcoholic. She is a bartender and has to work and that is what she has done for 10 years. No insurance. Any help out there? Any reading materials, links, etc?


text:
WebObjects/Database Compatibility and Comparisons/Sybase

Sybase IQ Highly scalable relational database optimized for unsurpassed query performance in business intelligence and large data warehouses.

Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise (ASE) Powerful data management platform that provides real-time services for mission-critical, transaction-intensive applications.

SQL Anywhere Studio Market-leading data management and enterprise data synchronization solution. It enables the rapid development and deployment of database-powered applications for mobile, remote, and small- to medium-sized business environments.

Sybase Dynamic Archive Is an online database archiving solution that enables customers to proactively manage runaway data growth by offloading inactive data from the production system – while keeping both production and archived data fully accessible online. Sybase Dynamic Archive allows customers to reduce maintenance windows, lower storage costs, improve application performance and comply with regulatory requirements for long-term storage, fast access and data integrity.


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Biblical Studies/Christianity/Holy Spirit

The Holy Spirit is the spirit resident in the Godhead as the third person by whose indwelling the Christian is enabled to live a godly life.

Quotes Concerning The Holy Spirit

 * As though he had said, Think not, my dear disciples, that I leave you out of anger: no, it is for your sakes, for your profit, that I go away: for if I go not away, if I die not upon the cross for your sins, and rise again for your justification, and ascend into heaven to make intercession, and plead my merits before my Father's throne; the Comforter, the Holy Ghost, will not, cannot come unto you; but if I depart, I will send him unto you. And that they might know what he was to do, "When he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment (John 16: 8)." The person referred to in the words of the text, is plainly the Comforter, the Holy Ghost; and the promise was first made to our Lord's apostles. But though it was primarily made to them, and was literally and remarkably fulfilled at the day of Pentecost, when the Holy Ghost came down as a mighty rushing wind, and also when three thousand were pricked to the heart by Peter's preaching; yet, as the Apostles were the representatives of the whole body of believers, we must infer, that this promise must be looked upon as spoken to us, and to our children, and to as many as the Lord our God shall call.
 * − George Whitefield, Sermon 40.

The Person of The Holy Spirit
The Bible relates many attributes of the Holy Spirit.
 * The Spirit is God. (Acts 5: 3-5)
 * The Spirit is all knowing. (1 Cor 2: 10-11)
 * The Spirit is eternal. (Heb. 9: 14)
 * The Spirit is manifest by the sound of a blast of wind. (Acts 2: 2)
 * The Spirit is accompanied by the appearance of tongues of fire:
 * As poured out on the first church at Pentecost. (Acts 2: 3)

 * The Spirit is assigned equal status with the Father and the Son:
 * In the Great Commission (Matt. 28: 19)
 * In blessings (2 Cor. 13: 14)
 * In divine oneness. (1 John 5: 7)

 * The Spirit was active in the life of Jesus:
 * In His birth (Luke 1: 35)
 * In His ministry (Luke 4: 18, Acts 10: 38)
 * In directing Him (Matt. 4: 1)
 * In His crucifixion (Heb. 9: 14)
 * In the resurrection. (Rom. 8: 11)

 * The Spirit gave specific instructions to the early Church:
 * To ordain Barnabas and Saul (Acts 13: 2)
 * Forbade Paul to go to Asia (Acts 16: 6)
 * Foretold what would happen to Paul (Acts 20: 23, 21: 11)
 * In letters to the seven churches in Asia. (Rev. 1, 2, 3)

The Work Of The Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit was given to move on the unbeliever and to comfort the believer.

 * The Holy Spirit works with the unbeliever:
 * Regenerates the sinner. (John 3: 5)
 * The Spirit brings conviction to the souls of those lost in sin. (John 16: 9)
 * Convinces men and women that Jesus is the Son of God and can be their Savior. (John 16: 10)
 * Shows men and women that the power of Satan is broken by Jesus in His death on the cross. (John 16: 11)

 * The Holy Spirit works with the believer:
 * Comforts and assures believers of their salvation. (Rom. 8: 16)
 * Teaches and leads into all truth. (John 16: 13, 1 John 2: 27)
 * Empowers believers to witness. (Acts 1: 8)
 * Fills the believer’s mouth with Spirit-filled words in the time of need. (Luke 12: 12)
 * Gives the believer direction. (Rom. 8: 14)
 * Helps the believer live above lusts of the lower nature. (Gal. 5: 16)
 * Seals the believer with the promise that God is in control of the Spirit-filled life. (Eph. 1: 13,14)
 * Gives and administers gifts to the Church. (1 Cor. 12: 7)
 * The Spirit affirms that Jesus is the LORD God. (1 Cor. 12: 3)
 * The Spirit joins with the Church in inviting the lost and disconsolate to Jesus Christ. (Rev. 22: 17)

God − The Son − The Holy Spirit

Return to Christianity contents page


text:
C Sharp Programming/Foreword

C# (pronounced "See Sharp") is a multi-purpose computer programming language suitable for all development needs.

Introduction
Although C# is derived from the C programming language, it has features such as garbage collection that allow beginners to become proficient in C# more quickly than in C or C++. Similar to Java, it is object-oriented, comes with an extensive class library, and supports exception handling, multiple types of polymorphism, and separation of interfaces from implementations. Those features, combined with its powerful development tools, multi-platform support, and generics, make C# a good choice for many types of software development projects: rapid application development projects, projects implemented by individuals or large or small teams, Internet applications, and projects with strict reliability requirements. Testing frameworks such as NUnit make C# amenable to test-driven development and thus a good language for use with Extreme Programming (XP). Its strong typing helps to prevent many programming errors that are common in weakly typed languages. Because of these similarities to other languages, it is possible to introduce C# as a language with features of C++ in addition to having the programming style of Java and the rapid application model of BASIC.

A large part of the power of C# (as with other .NET languages), comes with the common .NET Framework API, which provides a large set of classes, including ones for encryption, TCP/IP socket programming, and graphics. Developers can thus write part of an application in C# and another part in another .NET language (e.g. VB.NET), keeping the tools, library, and object-oriented development model while only having to learn the new language syntax.

Because of the similarities between C# and the C family of languages, as well as Java, a developer with a background in object-oriented languages like C++ may find C# structure and syntax intuitive.

Standard
Microsoft, with Anders Hejlsberg as Chief Engineer, created C# as part of their .NET initiative and subsequently opened its specification via the ECMA. Thus, the language is open to implementation by other parties. Other implementations include Mono and DotGNU.

C# and other .NET languages rely on an implementation of the virtual machine specified in the Common Language Infrastructure, like Microsoft's Common Language Runtime (CLR). CLR, for example, manages memory, handles object references, and performs Just-In-Time (JIT) compiling of Common Intermediate Language code. The virtual machine makes C# programs safer than those that must manage their own memory and is one of the reasons .NET language code is referred to as managed code. More like Java than C and C++, C# discourages explicit use of pointers, which could otherwise allow software bugs to corrupt system memory and force the operating system to halt the program forcibly with nondescript error messages.

History
Microsoft's original plan was to create a rival to Java, named J++, but this was abandoned to create C#, codenamed "Cool".

Microsoft submitted C# to the ECMA standards group mid-2000.

C# 2.0 was released in late-2005 as part of Microsoft's development suite, Visual Studio 2005. The 2.0 version of C# includes such new features as generics, partial classes, and iterators.

title: C Sharp Programming/Foreword


text:
User:MasterSheep

I'm an avid user of Wikimedia websites, simply because I believe in the principle that knowledge and information should be free and easily accessible.

title: User:MasterSheep


text:
User talk:Athgorn~enwikibooks

=Oi Athgorn, about the C++=

Hello Athgorn... have you noticed that:

ie: Next Section: Source File Organization

similar sections on your last edits are breaking the single page version of the book, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programming:C_plus_plus:All_Chapters ?

Can you fix it or is there a way of providing the same functionality without altering the All Chapters structure ?

Txs... I'll reply to you comments on the CPP talk page later in the day, txs for the help... --Panic 20:17, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Ok, I've removed the changes that created problems to the All_Chapters version, a solution that could use the same idea can probably be found in using a template or something on those lines, for example the go back part only is shown on the by chapter navigation, wikibooks (wikimedia) hides that information on the full version of the book... If you have the time and disposition that would be a great idea so to facilitate navigation but by using a similar solution one should keep the order of the chapter virtual so future re-orders doesn't force an edit of all the parts (this bit can difficult it not impossible)--Panic 02:36, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Athgorn. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Athgorn~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:57, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:35, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Athgorn~enwikibooks


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User:ManuelGR/Centralized development status proposal

Development stages is a great idea, but it is patent that in its current implementation the status of a book is replicated in several places, at least in the Main Page templates and on the Bookshelves. If this status were centralized we could remove this redundancy improving the maintainability of Wikibooks. Once this is done, we could start displaying the development status of a book every where we want.

This problem has already been resolved in the Spanish Wikibooks (aka Wikilibros) where we have two templates, es:Template:Libro2 and es:Template:Libro, which are used to link to a book and display to its right the development icon. This templates as you can see, uses transclusion for centralizing the development status of each book.

I have created this template for implementing this feature here in English Wikibooks: Template:Book link. There is a default parameter for the link text, by the default is the book name, but can be set to a different value.

I have implemented a difference with the current system used in Wikilibros, the page centralizing the development status is not in the main namespace, but in the template one. I think this solution is better for avoiding conflicts with chapters named Sample Book/Development as might happen in Wikilibros.

I have made some tests for Ada Programming.
 * gives
 * gives


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User talk:MasterSheep

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Templates can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- LV (Dark Mark) 20:51, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:MasterSheep


text:
Template:Ada Programming/Development

Development

title: Template:Ada Programming/Development


text:
User:K4zem~enwikibooks

es:Usuario:kazem

title: User:K4zem~enwikibooks


text:
Statics/Forces As Vectors

Reading(s):

Vectors, Chapter 1.1 - 1.7

Scalar
A scalar is a quantity possessing only a magnitude. Examples include mass, volume, and length. In this book, scalars are represented by letters in italic type: $$A$$. Scalar quantities may be manipulated following the rules of simple algebra.

Vector
A vector is a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. Examples include velocity, position, and force. In this book, vectors are represented by letters with arrows over them: $$\vec A$$. Vector quantities are manipulated using vector mathematics, which is described in some detail in the following section.

Velocity vs. Speed
Consider a car traveling South at a speed of 110 km per hour.

We can describe the motion of the car as a velocity with a magnitude of 110 km per hour and a direction of south. The velocity is a vector because it indicates magnitude and direction.

The motion of the car could also be described as a scalar by saying the speed is 110km per hour and ignoring the direction. Speed is a scalar because it consists of only a magnitude.

Force
An applied force is a vector quantity having both a magnitude and a direction.

Consider a hot air balloon suspended over a farmer's field at a constant altitude. The bouyant force on the ballon pushes the balloon up. At the same time, gravity exerts a force on the balloon pulling the balloon down.

The bouyant force and the force due to gravity act in opposite directions. If they have the same magnitude, the balloon will remain suspended at the same altitude. If the bouyant force is greater than the force due to gravity, the balloon will rise. If the force due to gravity is greater than the bouyant force, than the balloon will fall.

Vector Representation (Two Dimensions)
Forces, and any other vector, may be represented in a number of ways.

Graphically
A vector may be represented graphically by an arrow. The magnitude of the vector corresponds to the length of the arrow, and the direction of the vector corresponds to the angle between the arrow and a coordinate axis. The sense of the direction is indicated by the arrowhead. But when a vector changes direction the unit will change 10x

Polar Notation
In polar notation, the vector is represented by the magnitude of the vector, $$r$$ and its angle from the coordinate axis, $$\theta$$ in the form:

$$\vec A=r\angle\theta$$

or

$$\vec A=(r, \theta)$$

Component Notation
In component notation, a vector is represented by the magnitude of the components of the vector along the coordinate axes.

Scalar Notation
The components of the vector are represented as scalar values which are positive if their sense is in the same direction as the coordinate axis, and negative if their sense is opposite of the coordinate axis. For a vector with a positive x-component and a negative y-component:

$$\vec A = A_x + (-A_y) = A_x - A_y$$

Cartesian Notation
The components of the vector are represented as positive scalar values multiplied by cartesian unit vectors. Cartesian unit vectors are vectors with a magnitude of one that represent the direction of the coordinate axes. The unit vector $$\hat{i}$$ represents the x-axis, and the unit vector $$\hat{j}$$ represents the y-axis. The vectors sense is indicated by the sign of the unit vector. For a vector with a positive x-component and a negative y-component:

$$\vec A = A_x\hat{i} + A_y(-\hat{j}) = A_x\hat{i} - A_y\hat{j}$$

or

$$\vec A = \langle A_x, -A_y\rangle$$

Forces as Vectors
In engineering statics, we often convert forces into to component notation. Replacing a force with its components makes it easier to compute the resultant of a group of forces acting on a body. Conversion of a force from polar to component notation is accomplished by the following transformations:

For force $$\vec F = F\angle\alpha = F_x + F_y$$

$$F_x \ = F \cos \alpha$$

$$F_y \ = F \sin \alpha$$

$$F \ = \sqrt{F_x^2+F_y^2}$$

$$\alpha \ = \arctan \frac{F_y}{F_x}$$

Example 1

Consider a force, $$\vec F$$, with a magnitude, $$ F$$, of 100 N acting in the x-y plane. This force acts at an angle, $$\alpha$$, of 30 degrees to x-axis. What is this force in component notation?

We can replace this force with a pair of forces acting along the x-axis and the y-axis as follows.

$$F_x = F \cos \alpha = 100 cos(30) \ = 86.6 N$$

$$F_y = F \sin \alpha = 100 sin(30) \ = 50.0 N$$

Example 2
Two forces acting in the x-y plane are acting on a point. The first force is 100 N at an angle of 0 degrees. The second force is 50 N acting at an angle of 60 degrees. What is the resultant?

First, resolve the forces into their x and y components. $$ F_{1x} = F_1 \cos (A) \ = 100 cos(0) = 100 $$ $$ F_{1y} = F_1 \sin (A) \ = 100 sin(0) = 0$$ $$ F_{2x} = F_2 \cos (B) \ = 50 cos(60) = 25 $$ $$ F_{2y} = F_2 \sin (B) \ = 50 sin(60) = 43.3$$

Sum all the forces in the x-direction. $$ F_x = F_{1x} + F_{2x} \ = 100 + 25 = 125 $$

Sum all the forces in the y-direction. $$ F_y = F_{1y} + F_{2y} \ = 0 + 43.3 = 43.3 $$

Finally, convert the resultant components back into polar notation. $$ \sqrt{ \left ( \vert F_x \vert ^2 + \vert F_y \vert ^2 \right )} = 132.3 $$ $$ \theta\ = \arctan \left ( \frac{F_y}{F_x} \right ) = 19.1^\circ $$

The resultant force is 132.3 N at an angle of 19.1 degrees.

coming soon!

Quick links:Statics, Mechanical Engineering

title: Statics/Forces As Vectors


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ronan

Overview
Ronan is a Centaur living in the Forbidden Forest. He has a slow, doleful voice.

Philosopher's Stone
When Harry is serving his detention in the Forbidden Forest, he, Hermione, and Hagrid hear something moving. Challenged, the something moving turns out to be Ronan, a Centaur, who discusses astronomy ("Mars is very bright tonight").

Later, when Harry has encountered the being that is killing Unicorns, Firenze, another Centaur, rescues him, and offers to carry him back to Hagrid. As he is doing so, Ronan (along with Bane, another centaur), confront Firenze. Bane is infuriated that Firenze is acting as a beast of burden, while Ronan says dolefully that he is sure Firenze is doing what he thinks best.

Order of the Phoenix
Ronan is one of the centaurs who confront Dolores Umbridge in the Forbidden Forest when Hermione is leading her (and Harry) to the supposed weapon they claim to have been working on. After Umbridge is spirited away, and the others are trying to decide what to do with Harry and Hermione, Ronan reminds the others that they do not attack foals.

Deathly Hallows
A group of centaurs from the Forbidden Forest assisted at the Battle at Hogwarts. This group probably contained Ronan and Bane – we know that Hagrid addressed Bane directly when speaking to that group after Harry's apparent death. They came charging out of the Forbidden Forest, and started firing arrows at Voldemort and his followers. While the centaurs are generally dismissive of "human concerns," for whatever reason, they chose to interfere with Voldemort's plans in this instance.

Strengths
Ronan is strong of character and has a well-aligned moral compass. He does not berate Firenze for carrying Harry in the first book, and exhorts the other centaurs to not harm the Trio in the fifth, as the centaurs "do not harm foals".

As a centaur himself, Ronan is also a well-practised archer, fighter and astrologer.

Relationships with Other Characters
Ronan was part of a herd of centaurs. Other explicitly named members of the herd are Firenze, Bane and Magorian. He had a strong relationship with some members of the herd, but unlike Firenze, he strongly disapproved of meddling in human affairs, preferring to keep them at a distance.

Questions

 * 1) Why didn't Ronan like having humans in his part of the Forbidden Forest?
 * 2) Do you think Ronan liked Firenze?
 * 3) Why do you think Ronan helped with the battle?


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Felix Felicis

Overview
Felix Felicis is a potion that makes its drinker "lucky" or brings more good fortune than usual. It is the color of molten gold.

Extended Description
Felix Felicis is a very complicated potion to brew, normally taking six months or more. Somehow, Professor Slughorn has some available for the first N.E.W.T.-level Potions class in Harry's sixth year, despite his having been hired less than two months before school started, and having arrived at Hogwarts on the Hogwarts Express less than a week before. The use of this potion is forbidden before Quidditch matches, academic tests, or any other kind of competition, because it constitutes an unfair advantage. It is very difficult to make and can be disastrous if not properly brewed. Side effects of this potion include giddiness, recklessness and dangerous overconfidence if taken in excess, as well as the fact that it is very toxic in large quantities. Professor Slughorn offers a small amount of this potion as a prize to whoever brews the best potion in his first class; Harry wins this by following the marginal instructions in his second-hand Potions book.

Harry pretends to put some of this potion in Ron's pumpkin juice at breakfast before the first Quidditch match of Harry's sixth year; the confidence this gives Ron is enough to allow him to goalkeep well, where he had been suffering a bit of a crisis of confidence earlier.

Harry uses the potion on himself when he is attempting to retrieve a memory from Professor Slughorn at Professor Dumbledore's request. The potion makes him act in a way that would seem to an impartial observer to be irrational; the end result, however, is that he succeeds in getting the memory, which Slughorn has been withholding. A side effect is that he manages to break up the relationships between Ron and Lavender Brown, much to Ron's benefit, and between Dean Thomas and Ginny, much to his own benefit.

The remainder of the potion is shared between members of Dumbledore's Army, who are acting to defend Hogwarts in the battle at the end of book 6. The potion does seem to prevent their receiving any injury.

Analysis
The mechanism at work with Felix Felicis is never explained, though it is perhaps reasonable to consider it an extension of the old concept of "making one's own luck." When Harry uses this potion he experiences a feeling of unlimited possibility. Under its influence Harry was nudged and guided to make certain inexplicable decisions that eventually lead to his success. Only a step or two at a time was made apparent, characterized more as whims rather than logical instructions; and Harry rightly referred to these as decisions made by the potion, rather than by himself.

There is an apparent belief on the part of Muggles that potions, like medicines, can only affect the person who takes them; while there is, quite possibly, some truth to this, Felix Felicis seems initially to act counter to this, taking Harry to places where he would never go of his own accord, and apparently impelling people to meet with Harry at Harry's pleasure. On close examination, however, we can see that Harry is, in fact, simply supernaturally good at picking up outside cues, and acting on them, while under the influence of Felix Felicis. Harry knows that it is twilight, and probably subconsciously knows of the phases of the moon, and so may guess, without realizing it, that Slughorn will be at the greenhouses collecting potion ingredients just then; he may also have somehow perceived Slughorn from his dormitory window. That one apparent coincidence, Harry's choosing to visit Hagrid by way of the greenhouses and somehow managing to meet Slughorn there, would seem to be the only inexplicable event in Harry's travels that evening. All else that befalls Harry can easily be seen as originating from within Harry himself. It is worth noting that Harry had earlier considered using Felix Felicis to try and get Ginny Weasley as his girlfriend and find a better match for Ron than Lavender Brown, so it is unsurprising that, consciously or otherwise, he engineered the breakup of Ginny and Dean, and of Lavender and Ron, while under the influence of Felix Felicis.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Love Potion

Overview
A Love Potion is a potion that makes the drinker "fall in love". Generally these potions are somehow "keyed" to an individual; the person who imbibes the potion will fall in love with a specific individual, usually the one who prepared (or at least performed the final steps in preparing) the potion.

Extended Description
In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Professor Slughorn states that you cannot truly create actual love, the only thing the potion brings is obsession or infatuation. Apparently, love potions are fairly common; Fred and George, for instance, are apparently doing a pretty brisk business selling them to the girls at Hogwarts.

Analysis
Love potions do not figure particularly prominently in the story until Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Up until Harry's fourth year, Harry and his classmates are too young to be overly concerned about such things. The sole mention comes from outside: Rita Skeeter, in writing about Hermione in Witch Weekly during Harry's fourth year, quotes Pansy Parkinson as suggesting that Hermione may be using love potion to keep both Harry and Viktor Krum on a string.

The conflict between the Champions in the fourth book, and the Ministry campaign against Harry in his fifth year, make him not a particularly desirable "catch", so love potions are not something that anyone in the story has need of. By the beginning of Harry's sixth year, though, with the Ministry electing to blow up Harry's significance and make him "The Chosen One", several girls, most noticeably Romilda Vane, are scheming and conniving to get hooked up with him; and love potions end up being a big part of that. The first solid mention of a love potion is the Amortentia potion, shown by Professor Slughorn by way of example in his first Potions class, and identified by Hermione.

In the days preceding Professor Slughorn's Christmas party, Hermione hears several girls scheming about ways to slip Harry a love potion, and warns him. As a result of this, he turns down an offer from Romilda Vane to share a Gillywater, but does accept a box of chocolate cauldrons with Firewhisky centres, which he carefully sets aside, expecting them to be spiked with more than alcohol. Ron discovers them on his birthday, some months later, and assumes that they are a birthday present for him; he, of course, promptly becomes infatuated with Romilda, completely forgetting about his current entanglement with Lavender. Professor Slughorn is able to cure him of this infatuation in short order.

One other use of Love Potion mentioned in this same book is the use of it on Tom Riddle by Voldemort's mother. After using the potion for a while, she incorrectly believes that Riddle Sr. is truly in love with her, and discontinues the potion; he, feeling betrayed, abandons the now-pregnant Merope and returns to his family home.

Questions

 * 1) We never see a Love Potion brewed in the series. What would be some possible ingredients?

Greater Picture
The two times we see Love Potions being used, they are very specific in their effects: the potion used to spike the Chocolate Cauldrons, as mentioned, gave Ron an instant infatuation with Romilda Vane, and the potion we believe Merope Gaunt used on Tom Riddle Sr. similarly had Merope as the object of desire. This would seem to be incompatible with the Twins selling love potions by owl post; how could the Twins know who the love potion was supposed to be causing infatuation for? This begins to make a little more sense when we think back on the brewing of the Polyjuice Potion: the potion was not complete until some hair (or presumably fingernails, toenails, or other "shed" matter) was added to it. What the Twins presumably shipped would be incomplete; the recipient would have to then finish it by adding something to identify the target of affection. So for instance Romilda could have received potion from the Weasleys, added a bit of her own hair to it to aim it at herself, and then used it to spike the Gillywater that she offered Harry, and the Chocolate Cauldrons that she gave him.

Alternately, when ordering a love potion, the order form may require you to include a lock of hair. But that could cause serious headaches for the Twins if hairs got mixed up. We can imagine Romilda's fury if the potion she had ordered made Harry infatuated with, say, Lavender Brown... We won't speculate on the sort of practical jokes that could be caused by creating a love potion that would cause two very inappropriate people to become infatuated with each other, except to suggest that the only reason the Twins aren't seen to be doing this is likely because this is a book series meant for children.

The Amortentia potion that we see in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is presumably unfinished, needing only a lock of hair, or equivalent, to make it effective.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Pensieve

Overview
The Pensieve is primarily a device for storing memories outside of one's own head.

Extended Description
The Pensieve has multiple functions.

At times, when one's head is so full of thoughts that one cannot hear oneself think, it is useful to be able to take some of those thoughts and literally set them aside. The practiced Wizard can extract a thought from his head and store it in a phial or in the Pensieve for another time. If it is in the Pensieve, it is possible to stir the thoughts stored there together and look for patterns. It appears that the wizard has the choice of extracting an entire memory, leaving no trace of it in his head, as Professor Snape does in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, or extracting a copy of a memory, retaining the original, as Professor Slughorn does in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. It is also apparently possible to edit these extracted memories, though it is a difficult task and one which is often not done well.

If one places one's head within the Pensieve, one becomes immersed in a memory that is stored in the Pensieve, and is able to relive it as if one was living that time over again. Harry experienced Professor Dumbledore's memories of the Wizengamot trials of several Death Eaters this way in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and Professor Snape's memories of Harry's father in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.

A thought or memory stored in the Pensieve can, with proper stimulus, appear to nearby viewers as if standing on the surface of the basin. Professor Dumbledore used this technique to show Harry the prophecy that had been made about him, in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, and it is used in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince when full immersion in memory was not needed.

It is also possible to take another person's memories, place them in the Pensieve, and then enter them to relive them as if one were the person whose memories you have just added to the Pensieve. Harry and Professor Dumbledore do this a number of times in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince in order to determine the salient points of the early history of Tom Riddle, or as he later styled himself, Lord Voldemort.

Analysis
Most interestingly, the memories viewed by the person watching in the Pensieve are more complete than the person's own observations. For instance, in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Bob Ogden visits the Gaunt family. Morfin speaks to him only in Parseltongue, which Ogden does not know and so would not be able to remember properly; yet Harry, reliving Ogden's memories, not only understands what the Gaunts are saying in Parseltongue, he is able to perceive things happening outside Ogden's range of vision.

Greater Picture
In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, a number of times we are privileged to see the memories of wizards long dead – Morfin Gaunt and the house-elf Hokey, to give two examples. From this, we can be certain that extracted memories, if preserved in vials, live on past the death of their owners. Dumbledore's Pensieve, whenever we see it, is swimming with memories that Dumbledore has set aside; we never do find out if Dumbledore's memories in the Pensieve survive his death. If they did survive, it would seem extremely likely that Harry would have need to consult these memories in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, but the situation does not arise. He does use the Pensieve, however, to review the memories of another dead wizard, namely Snape.