text:
A-level Chemistry/AQA/Module 2/Group VII: The Halogens

Physical Properties
The elements contained in group VII of the periodic table are often referred to as the Halogens, or Halide ions when they exist in their anion (negatively charged) form e.g. the halide of fluorine is F-. There are generally four Halogens that we are concerned with; Fluorine (F2), Chlorine (Cl2), Bromine (Br2) and Iodine (I2).

At room temperature, these 4 elements exist as the following:

Fluorine: Yellow gas Chlorine: Yellow-Green gas Bromine: Red-Brown liquid Iodine: Dark purple solid - sublimes to a purple vapour

The halogens are highly reactive elements and exist covalently bonded in a diatomic state (X2). Due to their high reactivity, they never occur in the free state, but instead are always found combined with other elements, forming compounds.

Size of atoms
The atoms get bigger as you go down the group because each element has one extra filled main level of electrons compared with the one above it.

In the case of fluorine existing as a diatomic molecule the F-F bond is unexpectedly weak. This is due to the tiny size of these atoms being the smallest of the halogens and the electrons when bonded being so close together leads to a repulsion occurring between electrons that are not bonded.

The outer shell gets further from the nucleus as we go down the group.Therefore, there is a weaker attraction between the outer electrons and the nucleus due to the shielding between the electrons.

Boiling points
The boiling points of halogens increase down the group due to their increasing strength of the Van der Waals forces as the size and relative atomic mass of the atoms increase. This change manifests itself in the change in physical state of the of the elements down the group from gaseous fluorine to solid iodine.

Electronegativity
This is the ability of an atom to attract electrons or electron density towards itself within a covalent bond. Electronegativity depends upon the attraction between the nucleus and bonding electrons in the outer shell which inturn depends on the balance between the number of protons in the nucleus (nuclear charge), the distance between the nucleus and bonding electrons and the shielding effect of inner electrons.

Hydrogen halides (HX) where X is the halogen the H-X bond gets further away from the nucleus as the atoms get larger going down the group. This makes the shared electrons further from the halogen nucleus and increases the shielding by more inner electrons thus electronegativity decreases down the group.

Displacement reactions
Halogens will react with metal halides in solution in such a way that the halide will be displaced by a more reactive one, these reactions are known as displacement reactions such as the following.

Cl2 + 2NaBr → Br2 + 2NaCl

ionically:

Cl2 + 2Na+ + 2Br- → Br2 + 2Na+ + 2Cl-

The two sodium ions are spectator ions.

In this redox reaction chlorine is acting as an oxidising agent by the removing electrons from Br- and so oxidising 2Br- to Br2. In general a halogen will displace the ion of a halogen below it in the periodic table.


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The Computer Revolution/Videogame Systems

There are three main manufacturers of home video game systems; Microsoft, Sony and Nintendo. Microsoft's currently has the Xbox 360, Sony has the PlayStation 3 and Nintendo has the Wii.

The Xbox is intended to be played online with other users. The Xbox also enables users to connect cameras, digital music players, televisions and surround systems.

Sony's PlayStation 3 is apparently more powerful than the Xbox. Video players can not only videoconference over the Internet but also have movie quality graphics, colors and motion.

Ninetendo's Wii is a more affordable choice for a home video game system. It doesn't have the same capabilities as the Xbox or PlayStation, but has innovative, networked game capabilities.

The Gameboy Advance
With all the current hype these days about the Nintendo Wii and PlayStation 3 which were just released, there is not much out there about the Nintendo Gameboy Advance. Although it's not exactly new, it spans from the good old gameboy which most kids I went to school with had. Its previous boxy, grey, somewhat awkward body has evolved into a sleek foldable compact little device that comes in colors ranging from Graphite to Pearl Blue. Its improvements include a clear backlit screen which emphasizes the graphic richness and brings out ultra clear sharpness of the games. The picture can vividly display clear high-resolution graphics in hundreds of colors at once. Newer versions allow for the use of wireless adapters so up to five people can play with/against each other in compatible multiplayer games. The Gameboy Advance features a rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery which delivers hours of nonstop gaming. It recharges quickly to get you back into the game ASAP. Its improved sound quality also allows you to hear the action through a speaker (and a headphone jack). In addition to the music, you can hear audio effects and even voice. There are also many other accessories out there you may purchase to jazz up your Gameboy Advance if you like. All the numerous games out there will never fail to keep you entertained no matter what age you are!

The Nintendo Wii
The Nintendo Wii is a new gaming console that has taken the user and put them directly into the game. Taking the traditional concept of gaming systems and putting a new spin on it, the Nintendo Wii uses the user's movements and placement into play. Using a sensor that is mounted on top of the T.V. the gameplay measures very accurately the movement of the controller. Nintendo is using this new technology to compete with their powerful competitors the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3. While all three of these consoles have improved gameplay graphics, speed, and size, the Nintendo Wii is trying to take the gaming industry and push it to expand horizons. Whether you are playing tennis, boxing, racing games, or even first-person adventure games the system makes you perform realistic actions that get you into the game. Also another innovative feature about the Nintendo Wii is the ability to download and play any game from any Nintendo system, EVER! So games from the beginning of video-gaming itself can be played. Games like Mario 3 or Blades of Steel from the original Nintendo all the way to Nintendo 64 Mario Kart are accessible on this system.

Sony PlayStation 3
Just released in mid November 2006 the PlayStation 3 had buyers camping out for up to a week in advance. Police all over North America have had to deal with fights over the limited number of machines including one instance where a man was stabbed. This was one of the most anticipated launches since Microsoft released the 360. To date the new PlayStation 3 has received more criticism than praise. Aside from the $600.00 price tag reviews have criticized Sony for rushing the release to get it out before Christmas. There are very few games however this is to be expected with any new console hitting the market. Many users who waited in anticipation have say the rival Xbox 360 still remains dominate in the graphics department. Other criticism is that there is no cradle for the controllers to charge (and that you have to plug them in) and that a few units have been overheating. Despite all of this if you are looking at a new gaming system the Sony PlayStation is still a sure bet with a number of new title games on the way and with the backing of Sony it is sure to be a hit.

Downtime
Sony had major problems, around early to mid 2011, as their online network for PlayStation 3 was "hacked" making Sony to voluntarily take the service down. The intrusion was blamed on the infamous hacking group, Anonymous, although there was no evidence to lead on, leaving to believe some members could have acted alone in this instance. The whole situation left over 70 millions accounts registered with no online activity for a few weeks. PlayStation 3 forums, blogs, and twitter accounts experienced an overload of complaints about the length of the outage. Sony did offer incentives, such as two free full game downloads and a month free of its PlayStation Plus subscription, after the network was finally restored.

Information made available via BBC Technology News at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13169518

The Xbox 360
The Xbox 360 is a revolution in home gaming consoles. Capitalizing on HDTV, the Xbox works with these new high power TVs to create unparalleled graphics. Although the newly released PlayStation 3 was set to compete with the graphics, many users have said that the year old Xbox still takes the cake with the quality of graphics. Microsoft has combated the PS3 and taken over a huge part of the market which used to solely belong to Sony. By creating games exclusive to Xbox such as 'Gears of War' and the much anticipated first person shooter 'Halo 3' there are many gamers that are forced into staying with the Xbox due to excitement about these games. Technology like wireless controllers, the online gaming system (Xbox Live) and HD gaming really took the gaming market and took it to the next step pushing companies like Sony and Nintendo to compete for this market share. Xbox Live is also a very strong attraction for gamers. Although it costs money as opposed to the play station online gaming (which is at no cost), the Xbox has superior speed and forum management. There is very rarely any lag that occurs and commonly more users that are online which allows for better connection rates. Games, software, music, videos and TV shows are also capable for download of the Xbox browser. Doubling as a Windows media player as well with a 20 GB hard drive it makes it virtually a PC doubling as a media hub. The draw backs to the Xbox are a noisy exhaust fan, a massive 'power brick' that is a external power outlet to make the actual console lighter.they have got another Xbox the new Xbox 360 elite which was released in March 2007 it is basically the same but it comes in black and comes with a 120g hard drive and has not got all the bugs or problems that the original Xbox 360 had like the over heating and scratching of discs.

PSP
PSP stands for Play Station Portable. It is a brand new gaming console that can be held in a user's hands. With capabilities such as gaming, watching movies, listening to music, surfing the Internet, playing games online with friends. The PSP comes equipped with Wi-Fi technology which allows the user to access the Internet picking up wireless signals. It uses disks called UMD (Universal Media Disk) which are capable of holding games for the PSP as well as full length movies. It often comes out with firmware updates which keep increasing the possible uses for the machine. With amazing graphics on a 4.3 inch LCD screen it's display features are one of a kind in the market and really set this portable gaming unit away from the rest. With recent firmware updates you are capable of fully surfing the Internet just as if you were on a PC. Also with the add on of a bigger memory stick, one is able to download full length movies or images giving the PSP capability to do virtually any media task it is asked to do.

Videogame systems
When we want to get away from the stress of everyday school, work, life, etc. we will sit down in front of the television and turn on the hottest video game. In the 21st century the trends include snatching up the PlayStation 3, XBOX 360, or the Nintendo WII. All three of these systems are the latest upgrades from Nintendo, PlayStation, and XBOX. For generations it was the Atari, CollecoVision, the original Nintendo, Super Nintendo, Nintendo 64, Nintendo Game Cube, Sega Genesis, Sega Saturn, and emulators which you can download an entire video game arcade for about 200GB and play them as they originally came out from the arcade from 1940s to the present trends. I might be a video game junkie but to this day all of these consoles still work and is never bored when I am not in the mood to watch TV, or a Blu-Ray. For the computer I have Multiple Arcade Emulator Machine (M.A.M.E. v.0115 which I think is still the latest version since they upgrade every six months. With the newer systems besides being able to play the hottest game like Call of Duty Black Opts, Halo 3, Mortal Kombat 2011, Dead Rising 2, Super Mario Brothers 2010, and The Legend of Zelda Twilight Princess to name a few from the millions of video games you are able to play DVDs, rent movies from Netflix, and play additional components online via wireless Internet access, and of course download additional content from the PlayStation, XBOX360, or Nintendo WII online Market Place to add bonus material to your video games to add bonus upgrades that don't get sold with the games from the market.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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A-level Chemistry/AQA/Module 2/Extraction of Metals

Reduction of Metal Oxides Using Carbon
Extraction of Iron: Iron, Fe, is extracted from its metal oxide in the Blast Furnace using Carbon as a reducing agent. To the Blast Furnace, the following 'ingredients' are added: Hematite (Fe2O3), Limestone (CaCO3) and Coke (C). Hot air is also blown into the furnace which reacts with the Carbon in a highly exothermic reaction, producing much of the heat required to keep the mixture molten.

In the first stage of the process, the coke reacts with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide reacts further with more coke, producing carbon monoxide as another reducing agent. Finally, the Haematite compound reacts with the carbon monoxide, producing iron and carbon dioxide.

$$ C + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 $$ $$ CO_2 + C \rightarrow 2CO $$ $$ Fe_2O_3 + 3CO \rightarrow 2Fe + 3CO_2 $$

The Hematite compound contains a number of impurities, including silicon dioxide, and this is where the use of calcium carbonate comes in. Calcium carbonate decomposes in the high temperatures into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. The calcium oxide reacts with the silicon oxide impurities forming a calcium silicate, more commonly known as slag.

$$ CaCO_3 \rightarrow CaO + CO_2 $$ $$ CaO + SiO_2 \rightarrow CaSiO_3 $$

This slag floats on top of the molten iron due to its lower density, and can be scraped off the top and used in the construction industry.

Iron Impurities The iron produced directly from the Blast Furnace still contains a number of impurities which render the iron unfit for some uses. These impurities can be removed in the Basic Oxygen Converter as follows:

Phosphorus impurities are removed by blowing air through the molten iron $$ P_4 + 5O_2 \rightarrow P_4O_{10} $$

Lime (CaO) then reacts with the phosphorus oxides.

Sulphur impurities are removed by adding Mg. Magnesium is used instead of oxygen to prevent the formation of SO2, which is a highly toxic gas and leads to the formation of acid rain. $$ S + Mg \rightarrow MgS $$

Reduction Using Electrolysis
Some metals are above carbon in the reactivity series, and therefore can not be extracted from their ores using carbon reduction methods.

Despite Aluminium being the most abundant metal on earth, it is a relatively expensive material, owing to the fact that the extraction of aluminium from its ore, Bauxite, is a costly process.

First, the Bauxite ore is purified to produce aluminium oxide as a white powder. In order to electrolyse the aluminium oxide the mixture must be melted so that the ions are free to move and carry electrical charge. Aluminium oxide has a very high melting point (over $$2000^oC$$), and therefore melting this compound would prove extremely costly - instead, an aluminium-containing compound is added, cryolite, which lowers its melting point and thus reduces some of the energy costs involved with the process.

Once the solution is melted the aluminium cations ($$Al^{3+}$$) and the oxygen anions ($$O^{2-}$$) are free to move to the electrodes. At the Anode (+ve charge) the oxygen ions each lose 2 electrons to become molecules of oxygen gas. At the Cathode (-ve charge) the aluminium ions each gain 3 electrons to become atoms of aluminium with no charge - they fall to the base where molten aluminium metal is collected.

Anode: $$ 2O^{2-} \rightarrow O_2 + 4e^- $$

(Here, the oxygen slowly reacts with the carbon electrodes to form carbon dioxide, which causes the carbon to slowly burn away. Consequently the anodes need replacing periodically.)

Cathode: $$ Al^{3+} + 3e^- \rightarrow Al $$

Extraction of Titanium
Titanium is one of the most abundant metals in the earth's crust and has some extremely useful applications and properties. Despite this, it is highly expensive due to the great costs of extraction, which can be explained by looking at the process by which titanium is extracted.

The first stage of this process involves the reaction between titanium oxide, TiO2, chlorine, Cl2 and coke, C at $$900^oC$$:

$$ TiO_2 + 2Cl_2 + 2C \rightarrow TiCl_4 + 2CO $$

The titanium chloride produced is then reacted with either sodium or magnesium under an inert argon atmosphere at $$500^oC$$:

$$ TiCl_4 + 4Na \rightarrow Ti + 4NaCl $$ (The reaction is exothermic and thus the temperature increases to approx. $$1000^oC$$)

Once the reaction is complete and the mixture left to cool (for a few days, an obvious inefficiency), the mixture is washed with HCl to remove the sodium chloride.

Why is it so expensive? The above process is very costly. First of all it is carried out in a batch process, which renders it much more expensive compared to a continuous process. In both stages of extraction there is also a need for relatively high temperatures which result in high energy costs, and in stage 2 an argon atmosphere must be maintained to prevent oxidation of the titanium-containing product. Sodium/magnesium is also employed which must be initially produced, adding further costs to the process.

Some economies can be made by recycling the products from the reactions. The $$NaCl$$ produced in the final stage can be separated by electrolysis into sodium and chlorine, used in the first and second stages respectively.

Economic Issues & Recycling
Both iron and aluminium are readily recycled. Recycling these metals prevents the waste of raw materials and also saves on the high costs of extraction, particularly the high costs associated with aluminium extraction. Recycling also cuts down on the waste we produce and dump, thereby preventing unsightly scrap metal piles etc. Conversely there are some other financial issues that are associated with the recycling of metals; the waste must be transported, sometimes over long distances, to reach a site where the metal can be melted down and re-used. There are also costs associated with the melting of the scrap material etc.

The choice of which reductant method used is a balance between the reductant cost, the energy requirements for the particular process and the required purity of the metal.


text:
User talk:24.115.33.129

Adding TOCs in the middle of pages is not appropriate. You have been blocked for vandalism. -- SB_Johnny | talk 23:56, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * EEK! Sorry about that!!!! We had an unusually large attack of vandals last night with people putting random things in pages using multiple IP addresses (presumably either an organized effort or someone with mysterious access to multiple IPs), so a lot of short blocks were made to try to stem the tide. I'm very sorry... adding your edits back in now. The block expired shortly after it was made. -- SB_Johnny | talk 10:49, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.115.33.129


text:
User talk:Kehbe~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

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Assembly page
Just to let you know I have marked this for deletion. If it was intended to be part of an existing book it needs naming correctly. Otherwise please look at the links given in the welcome message above. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 13:37, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kehbe. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kehbe~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:22, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kehbe~enwikibooks


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User talk:Vatsal4ev1~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- SB_Johnny | talk 00:16, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vatsal4ev1. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vatsal4ev1~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:49, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vatsal4ev1~enwikibooks


text:
Wikijunior:Europe/Vatican City

Vatican City is an independent state that is located inside Rome, Italy. It came into existence only in 1929. It is clearly distinct from the central authority of the Roman Catholic Church, known as the Holy See, which existed long before 1929. Vatican City is ruled by the Pope and he represents all of the world's Roman Catholics. Vatican City is the smallest country in the world, with an area of 44 hectares (110 acres, about half a square kilometre). Vatican City has its own constitution, postal system, seal, flag, coat of arms, and other symbols of statehood. The Vatican City uses the Euro (but it isn't part of the European Union) as its currency and produces special Vatican Euro coins which are very valuable because of their rarity.

Vatican City's History
During the Middle Ages, the Papacy, where the pope resided, controlled much of central Italy, (known commutatively as the Papal States). However, soon pressure from outside and the reunification of Italy made it so the Papacy lost all of its land except the Holy See.

During World War II Vatican City was officially neutral even though it is located inside Italy which was part of the Axis powers. The Vatican City pressured both sides in the war to make sure that Rome (and Vatican City) was never bombed from the air. The present Pope is Francis who has been Pope since 2013.

Vatican City's Geography
Because of its minute size, the Vatican City has a climate and geography similar to that of Rome. Vatican City has a temperate, Mediterranean climate with mild, rainy winters from September to mid-May and hot, dry summers from May to August.

The main areas accessible to the public are St. Peter's Square, a large open square bordering Italy; St. Peter's Basilica (the principal church of the Catholic church) and other buildings including the Vatican Museum and the Sistine Chapel.

Vatican City's People
Vatican City's population is around 800. It is the smallest independent country in the world and the country with the lowest population. Vatican City uses Italian in its legislation and official communications. Italian is also the everyday language used by most of those who work in the state while Latin is often used in religious ceremonies. All citizens of Vatican City are Roman Catholic.

The only people allowed to live in the Vatican City are clergy (religious people) and the Swiss Guards who are the Police force of the country. Over 2,400 other people work in the country but they travel in each day from Italy.

The sights of Vatican City
The Vatican City is itself of great cultural significance. Buildings such as St. Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel are home to some of the most famous art in the world, which includes works of art by artists such as Botticelli, Bernini, Raphael and Michelangelo. The whole of the Vatican City is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and thousands of tourists visit the country every day.

title: Wikijunior:Europe/Vatican City


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Wikijunior:Europe/Sweden

Sweden is a large country in northern Europe. It is one of the 5 countries of Scandinavia. Sweden shares borders with Norway and Finland. The country is also linked to Denmark by a road bridge. The capital city of Sweden is Stockholm. Other big cities are Malmo and Goteborg. Sweden has been part of the European Union since 1995. Sweden uses the Swedish krona as its currency.

Sweden's History
The Vikings, who conquered the British Isles, many parts of western Europe and even visited North America, were from the area which today includes Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The Black Death hit Sweden very hard and large numbers of people were killed in the 14th Century.

During the 17th Century Sweden ruled over the Swedish Empire which included present-day Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of Norway, Poland and Germany. After 1709 the empire shrank because of a failed attempt to invade Russia. In the 19th and early 20th century large numbers of Swedish people emigrated to the USA and Canada.

The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union with Sweden, a union which lasted until 1905. Sweden remained officially neutral during World War I and World War II.

Sweden's Geography
Sweden covers 449.964 km2 (173.732 sq mi) of land. Sweden is the third largest country by area in Northern Europe and fourth in all of Europe. Sweden is surrounded by Norway, Finland, the Skagerrak, Kattegat and Öresund straits, and the Baltic Sea. The highest mountain in Sweden is Kebnekaise at 2,111 metres.

Sweden has a temperate climate despite its northern latitude with distinct seasons and mild temperatures both in winter and summer. Sweden is much warmer than other places in the same latitude, mainly because of the Gulf Stream. In southern and central Sweden, summers are pleasantly warm (sometimes hot or cooler for a couple of days) with comfortable cool evenings; while the north experiences cooler temperatures. In the summer the sun hardly sets in Sweden, especially in the far north where it does not set at all. This allows activity until late in the evening, or even through the night. During winter, temperatures are close to freezing in the south, slightly below freezing in the central regions, and very cold, snowy and below freezing for around 6 months in the north.

Yearly average precipitation (rainfall) in most of the country is between 500 and 800 millimeters per year. In some parts though the average is between 1000 and 1700 millimeters. Thunderstorms account for most of the precipitation in the summer. Snowfall usually occurs between November and April, but in northern regions, snow could fall from September to May and stay on the ground for almost 6 months.

Sweden's People
Just over 10 million people live in Sweden. The dominant language is Swedish, though it is not an official language. Other languages spoken include Finnish, Meänkieli, Sami, Romani, and Jiddisch. Sweden's population is mostly made up of Scandinavians and Germans. Today most Swedish people are Atheist but traditionally most of the Swedish population have Christian Lutheranism as their religion. Around 5% of the population are Muslim, mostly because of recent emigration from south-eastern Europe and the Middle East.

All young children from 1-5 years old are guaranteed a place in a public day-care facility. Between ages 6-16, children attend required comprehensive school, divided in three stages. After completing the ninth grade, 90% of students continue with a three-year upper secondary school.

Sweden is the third largest exporter of music in the world after the UK and the USA. ABBA, The Hives, Ace of Base, The Cardigans, Caesars and Roxette are notable groups from Sweden which are popular all around the world.

Sweden is a constitutional monarchy, with King Carl XVI Gustaf as its current head of state.

Sweden's Sights
Sweden is mostly visited by tourists from its neighboring countries Denmark, Norway and Finland. Tourists also come from Germany and the United Kingdom. Sweden has a large number of lakes and forests, and it is very good for fishing and canoeing. There are several large lakes. Walking is quite a popular activity in the summer. There are no very high mountains in Sweden, so climbing is somewhat limited.

Sweden is the 21st most visited country in the world with over 7 million foreign visitors every year. Stockholm is popular with tourists of all types and people often go further north to experience the wild and under-populated parts of Sweden. There are 14 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Sweden including Laponian area (Swedish Lapland) and the ancient town of Visby on the island of Gotland.

title: Wikijunior:Europe/Sweden


text:
User talk:AverieZen

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --dark lama  00:51, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

I noticed you uploaded some images and used free screenshot without providing which license it uses, which is needed. For example: --dark  lama  00:51, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:AverieZen


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Celestia/Trajectories

Introduction
The orbits and trajectories of objects in Celestia are predefined. Their definitions are loaded when Celestia starts.

Celestia does not calculate any gravitational effects. All gravitational effects must be included in the orbit and trajectory definitions. Gravitational effects are already incorporated in Celestia's VSOP87 CustomOrbits and in the JPL DE405 ephemeris files which can be used in CustomOrbits, in NASA's SPICE ephemeris files which can be used in SpiceOrbits, and in the SampledOrbits of the spacecraft which are included with Celestia.

In many cases, Celestia assumes that an object will always be at same place at the same time. Periodic orbits have an orbital path drawn for them.

CustomOrbit, EllipticalOrbit and SampledOrbit directives are recognized by all versions of Celestia. FixedPosition, SpiceOrbit and ScriptedOrbit are new directives which require Celestia v1.5.0 or later.

By default, if an SSC or STC object orbits a Star or STC Barycenter, then trajectories are defined relative to our Solar System's J2000 Ecliptic plane. If an SSC object orbits another SSC object, then its trajectory is defined relative to the parent body's J2000 equator. In Celestia v1.5.0 or newer, one also has the option of specifying any of a number of other Reference Frames in an SSC catalog. These new orbit and reference frame directives are not yet recognized in an STC file.

The following is a list of the orbit and trajectory directives which are recognized in SSC files. More information is available on the page Celestia/SSC File.

FixedPosition
Requires Celestia 1.5.0

The FixedPosition trajectory type makes the center of a body stationary within its Reference Frame.

Usage:

FixedPosition [    ]

Units for the coordinates are AU for bodies orbiting Stars or Barycenters, and kilometers for all other objects.

Alternate Usage (Requires Celestia 1.6.0):

It can be convenient to specify a fixed position using spherical rather than rectangular coordinates, thus Celestia offers an alternate form of FixedPosition:

FixedPosition {    Planetographic [   ] }

Longitude and latitude are in degrees; altitude is the height in kilometers above the surface of the parent object.

EllipticalOrbit
An EllipticalOrbit can be used either in an SSC file or in an STC file.

Usage:

EllipticalOrbit {    Period   SemiMajorAxis   PericenterDistance   ArgOfPericenter   LongOfPericenter   MeanAnomaly   # default: 0 MeanLongitude   Eccentricity   # default: 0 Inclination   # default: 0.0 AscendingNode   # default = 0.0 Epoch   # default: J2000.0 }

A valid EllipticalOrbit requires Period and SemiMajorAxis (or PericenterDistance) to be specified. All the other properties have default values and are optional.

Period
gives the orbital period in Earth years for bodies that orbit Stars or Barycenters, and Earth solar days for all other bodies.

Several of the orbital parameters may be specified in two different ways.

SemiMajorAxis
The size of the orbit can be given as the SemiMajorAxis or PericenterDistance. The latter is more intuitive for hyperbolic orbits. If both SemiMajorAxis and PericenterDistance are specified, SemiMajorAxis overrides PericenterDistance. The units of both SemiMajorAxis and PericenterDistance are AU for bodies that orbit Stars or Barycenters, and kilometers for all other bodies.

ArgOfPericenter
The pericenter angle is given by either ArgOfPericenter or LongOfPericenter. ArgOfPericenter is measured from the ascending node, whereas LongOfPericenter is measured from the fundametal direction. If both ArgOfPericenter and LongOfPericenter are specified, ArgOfPericenter overrides LongOfPericenter.

MeanAnomaly
The position of the body on its orbit at Epoch is given by either the MeanAnomaly or the MeanLongitude. MeanAnomaly is measured from the pericenter angle, whereas MeanLongitude is measured from the fundamental direction. If both MeanAnomaly and MeanLongitude are specified, MeanAnomaly overrides MeanLongitude.

Eccentricity
determines the shape of the orbit. In fact, the name EllipticalOrbit is a bit misleading because the orbit may be circular, elliptical, parabolic, or hyperbolic depending upon the eccentricity:

 * eccentricity = 0 – circle
 * 0 < eccentricity < 1 – ellipse
 * eccentricity = 1 – parabola
 * eccentricity > 1 – hyperbola

If Eccentricity is not provided, a circle is assumed.

Inclination
is optionally used to specify how much the orbit is tilted with respect to its reference plane. By default, that plane is the Ecliptic for bodies that orbit Stars or Barycenters, and the equator of the parent object for all other bodies. Starting with Celestia v1.5.0, any of a number of different reference planes can be specified. See Reference Frames for details. If Inclination is not specified, a value of 0 degrees is assumed.

AscendingNode
optionally defines the longitude of the point in its orbit where the orbiting body crosses the reference plane going "upward" or "northward". It is measured in degrees from the fundamental direction. If AscendingNode is not specified, a value of 0 degrees is assumed.

Epoch
optionally specifies the date at which these parameters are valid. It can be provided either as a number or as a quoted string. A number is interpreted as a Julian date. A quoted string is interpreted as a Gregorian date in the format "   :<minutes: " e.g. "2007 10 09 12:13:14". If Epoch is omitted, a date of January 1, 2000, is assumed.

Starting with Celestia v1.5.0, Epoch must be specified in TDB. See Celestia/Time Scales for more information about TDB and UTC.

CustomOrbit
A CustomOrbit is an orbit calculation that is built in to Celestia. Orbital theories for all the major planets and most of the larger satellites are available. The valid standard CustomOrbit names are listed below. Starting with Celestia v1.5.0, a JPL DE405 ephemeris can be provided. See JPL Ephemerides for details. A CustomOrbit takes priority over an EllipticalOrbit, but a CustomOrbit which specifies an unrecognized name is ignored.

Usage:

CustomOrbit

Example:

CustomOrbit "vsop87-venus"

The following list gives all of the available CustomOrbits in Celestia 1.5.0:

VSOP87
VSOP87 (Variations Séculaires des Orbites Planétaires) is an orbital theory for the major planets by P. Bretagnon et al. Celestia does not use the full set of terms. For a higher accuracy alternative to VSOP87, JPL Ephemerides may be used for the orbits of the major planets, Pluto, the Moon, and the Sun.

 * vsop87-mercury
 * vsop87-venus
 * vsop87-earth
 * vsop87-mars
 * vsop87-jupiter
 * vsop87-saturn
 * vsop87-uranus
 * vsop87-neptune
 * vsop87-sun (orbit of Sun about the Solar System Barycenter)

Pluto
Reference needed

 * pluto

Galilean satellites
From J. H. Lieske's "E5" theory as given in Jean Meeus's Astronomical Algorithms, pp. 301-315:

 * io
 * europa
 * ganymede
 * callisto

Satellites of Saturn
From Gérard Dourneau (1987), "Observations et étude du mouvement des huit premiers satellites de Saturne"

 * mimas
 * enceladus
 * tethys
 * dione
 * rhea
 * titan
 * hyperion
 * iapetus

Satellites of Uranus
From Laskar and Jacobson (1978), "An Analytical Ephemeris of the Uranian Satellites"

 * miranda
 * ariel
 * umbriel
 * titania
 * oberon

The Moon
Reference needed

 * moon

SampledTrajectory
This is available only in Celestia v1.5.0 or later.

SampledTrajectory is used to import an ASCII file containing a list of time stamps and positions (or optionally, positions with velocities.) Typically, such files are generated by trajectory modeling and analysis software.

SampledTrajectory {    Source DoublePrecision Interpolation }

The Source property is required, while the others are optional. The contents of the Source file are the same as for a SampledOrbit file. Valid values for interpolation are currently "linear" and "cubic", with cubic the default. DoublePrecision defaults to true. The following two trajectories are equivalent:

SampledTrajectory {    Source "file.xyz" DoublePrecision false Interpolation "cubic" }

SampledOrbit "file.xyz"

Whenever accuracy is important, SampledTrajectory should be used with DoublePrecision true. Single precision floating point numbers are only precise to about one part in eight million; for an interplanetary trajectory to the outer solar system, this means errors of hundreds of kilometers.

A sampled trajectory file is a list of time and position records. Here's an excerpt from a trajectory file for Galileo:

2447818.615972 134114700.2612462193 64912642.6984842718 39861.799941 2447819.615972 133153386.7785827518 66969511.3118158504 237125.784089 2447820.615972 132137795.3581911474 69024279.8844281882 418499.867572 2447821.615972 131079666.1268854141 71061806.8872888833 596914.157647

The first value on each line is a Julian date (TDB), and that last three values are positions in kilometers. The reference frame for the positions is given in the ssc file. By default, Celestia uses a technique called cubic Hermite interpolation for smooth motion between points.

Celestia 1.6.0 adds support for position and velocity trajectory files. These files have the extension xyzv, and can be used in exactly the same manner as xyz files in a SampledTrajectory:

SampledTrajectory { Source "trajectory.xyzv" }

The records in an xyzv file have the same layout as in an xyz file except that three velocity values are appended after each position. The units for velocity are kilometers per second. For a given file size, xyzv files give much more accurate positioning of objects. Thus, if it's possible to get velocities as well as positions for an object, an xyzv file should always be preferred over an xyz file.

The web interface for HORIZONS can be used to produce trajectories with velocities as well as positions. There's also a new tool for Celestia called spice2xyzv that will generate an xyzv file from one or more SPICE kernels.

SampledOrbit
SampledOrbit is deprecated; SampledTrajectory is more flexible and provides the same functionality.

SampledOrbit is used to import a file of times and associated coordinates.

Usage:

SampledOrbit

Example:

SampledOrbit "galileo.xyz"

The file must be located in the directory named data which is associated with the object.

The file must contain sets of 4 numeric values which define positions along the object's trajectory. The individual values must be separated by spaces, tabs, or line terminators. Celestia reads 4 values for each set and doesn't care what "white space" is used to separate them. The file could contain one number per line or all of the numbers in the file could be on a single line.

Each set of numbers consists of a TDB Julian date followed by x, y and z positions measured in kilometers. They are positions within the coordinate system associated with the object. By default, for example, the SampledOrbit for a spaceprobe orbiting the Sun would contain heliocentric Ecliptic J2000 coordinates. In Celestia v1.5, any of a variety of Reference Frames could be specified. See Celestia/Reference_Frames for details.

Limitation:

Although the x, y and z coordinates may be provided with any precision, Celestia stores them internally as single precision (32 bit) floating point numbers. V1.5.0 of Celestia implements double precision as a separate option. See SampledTrajectory above.

SpiceOrbit
Requires Celestia 1.5.0

SpiceOrbit is used to import a trajectory from NASA's SPICE spacecraft information system into Celestia. Not all versions of Celestia are built with SPICE support.

Usage:

SpiceOrbit {    Kernel   Target  Origin  Beginning   Ending   BoundingRadius   Period   }

The Kernel property specifies the name of the SPICE kernel (SPK) file to load. Celestia expects the kernel file to reside in an add-on's data directory.

Target is the NAIF ID code for the object that you want to place in Celestia. A list of codes may be found here: http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~marsdata/req/naif_ids.html

Either the integer ID or name may be used. The SpiceOrbit will be ignored if the kernel file does not contain a trajectory for specified object ID. The trajectory coordinates are relative to the position of the Origin object, which is specified with another NAIF ID code. It must match the origin of the reference frame. The coordinate system of the SpiceOrbit is the mean ecliptic and equinox of J2000. This matches the default reference frame that Celestia uses for Sun-orbiting bodies, but not the reference frame for other bodies. For an object that does not orbit the Sun and has its trajectory defined by a SpiceOrbit, you must explicitly specify an ecliptic reference frame:

OrbitFrame {    EclipticJ2000 { Center   } }

Beginning and Ending delimit the time range over which the SPICE trajectory is valid. The values can be either numeric Julian dates or Gregorian date strings. These times must be within the bounding times specified inside the SPICE kernel.

The BoundingRadius of the orbit needs to be supplied in order for culling to work. Period is optional; it's used by Celestia only for orbit path rendering. If it's set to zero or not given at all, the orbit is assumed to be an aperiodic trajectory. The units for BoundingRadius and Period are AU and years for bodies that directly orbit a star, and kilometers and Earth solar days for other bodies. The use of two different units is for consistency with other Celestia trajectory types.

Example: Pluto
This example uses a SPICE kernel for the orbit of Pluto. Note that the origin "SUN" matches the reference frame center, given here by the parent object.

"Pluto" "Sol" {    SpiceOrbit {         Kernel "de403_2000-2020.bsp" Target "Pluto Barycenter" Origin "SUN" Beginning "2000 1 1" Ending "2020 1 1" BoundingRadius 40 Period 248.0 } }

ScriptedOrbit
Requires Celestia 1.5.0

A ScriptedOrbit is used to create custom trajectory functions with Lua scripts.

Usage:

ScriptedOrbit {    Module   Function   ...additional properties... }

Module gives the name of a package that will be loaded via Lua's require method. It searches a standard lists of paths for a script file with the specified name. An Addon's ScriptedOrbit's Module file should be located in a directory named celxx in the Addon's main directory. Function is the name of a factory function that produces a table with the orbit properties, including a function that returns the position at a particular time. All of the ScriptedOrbit properties other than Module and Function are passed on to the Lua function to create the orbit object. The function name is the only required parameter.

To create your own ScriptedOrbit, you need to have some familiarity with the Lua scripting language used in Celestia's celx scripts. The Lua function specified in the ScriptedOrbit definition is a factory function that gets called immediately after the ScriptedOrbit is parsed. The factory function accepts a single table parameter containing all the properties from the ScriptedOrbit definition. The function must return a Lua orbit object, which is just a table with several standard fields. They are:

 * boundingRadius - A number giving the maximum distance of the trajectory from the origin; must be present, and must be a positive value.
 * period - A number giving the period of the orbit. If not present, the orbit is assumed to be aperiodic. The orbital period is only used for drawing the orbit path.
 * beginDate, endDate - optional values that specify the time span over which the orbit is valid. If not given, the orbit is assumed to be usable at any time. The orbit is invalid if end < begin.
 * position(time) - The position function receives a time value as input (TDB Julian day) and must return three values which are the x, y, and z coordinates. Units for the position are kilometers.

ScriptedOrbits have a few limitations. The only allowed parameters are simple types: strings, numbers, and booleans. Complex types such as arrays and property lists will not be passed on to the Lua factory function. This limitation may disappear in a future version of Celestia. Also, Celestia expects that the position function will always return the same position for identical time values.

Example ScriptedOrbit
Here's an example ScriptedOrbit usage in an .ssc file.

"Scripted" "Sol/Test Object" {    Radius 500 ScriptedOrbit {        Module "orbits" Function "lissajous" PeriodX 1 PeriodY 3.1 PeriodZ 2.4 PhaseX 0.5 PhaseY 0.2 PhaseZ 0.0 AmplitudeX 1000 AmplitudeY 800 AmplitudeZ 540 } }

The above ssc fragment tells Celestia to load a file called orbits.lua and invoke the function lissajous to create a new script orbit object. The rest of the properties will all be passed to the lissajous function as fields of a table. Next, the actual Lua function:

function lissajous(t) -- Create a new table local orbit = {}; -- Save the parameter list orbit.params = t;   -- Set the required fields boundingRadius and position; note that position is actually a function -- Compute the bounding radius from the amplitudes orbit.boundingRadius = math.sqrt(t.AmplitudeX * t.AmplitudeX +                 t.AmplitudeY * t.AmplitudeY +                  t.AmplitudeZ * t.AmplitudeZ) -- The position function will be called whenever Celestia needs the position of the object function orbit:position(tjd) local t = tjd - 2451545.0 local pi2 = math.pi * 2; local x = self.params.AmplitudeX * math.sin((t / self.params.PeriodX + self.params.PhaseX) * pi2) local y = self.params.AmplitudeY * math.sin((t / self.params.PeriodY + self.params.PhaseY) * pi2) local z = self.params.AmplitudeZ * math.sin((t / self.params.PeriodZ + self.params.PhaseZ) * pi2) return x, y, z    end return orbit end

The Lissajous function may be used over and over with different ScriptedOrbit properties. As long as you know what parameters are expected, you can use an orbit script written by someone else without actually writing a line of code your self.

title: Celestia/Trajectories


text:
User:Lonchi**

やぁ.  Lonchi(ろんち)です.  私は日本人で日本語を話します.  主にWikipedia日本語版で作業してます.  詳しくは:ja:User:Lonchi**

hi. i'm Lonchi(ろんち). i'm japanese and speak japanese. mainly, i work in wikipedia-jp. As for details:ja:User:Lonchi**

salut. Je suis Lonchi (ろんち). Je suis japonais et parle japonais. Principalement, je travaille dans le wikipedia-jp. Quant aux détails :ja:User:Lonchi**

hallo. Ich bin Lonchi (ろんち). Ich bin japanisch und spreche Japaner. Hauptsächlich arbeite ich im wikipedia-jp.
 Was Details anbetrifft:ja:User:Lonchi**

hola. Soy Lonchi (ろんち).
 Soy japonés y hablo japonés.
 Principalmente, trabajo en wikipedia-jp.
 En cuanto a detalles:ja:User:Lonchi**

title: User:Lonchi**


text:
User talk:216.1.16.126

Thanks for putting that fixme notice up on the East Coast Swing page. Dancers often have trouble articulating the actions involved in a dance move. They just *remember* how to do it and it's an effort to explain it in words. As a result, if a dancer haven't been wording out a dance often (ie. they're not a skilled instructor), they often mess up the explanation. Even commercial dance books by dance instructors can be ambiguous, because dancers just have a hard time knowing what needs to be said. As such, I'm very grateful for any help in pointing out ambiguities... god knows I have trouble seeing them. Thanks. --Monk 06:14, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.1.16.126


text:
User talk:Dcsmith77~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:50, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Equally
Thanks for the vandal assistance, help is always appreciated -- Herby talk thyme 08:50, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Me again
Coudl you take a look at the naming policy here. Cello Handbook:Shifting should actually be named Cello Handbook/Shifting to follow it. The page can easily be "moved". Policy is at WB:NP. Let me know if I can help -- Herby talk thyme 11:11, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dcsmith77. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dcsmith77~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:04, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:52, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dcsmith77~enwikibooks


text:
User:Bestlyriccollection~enwikibooks

References for Polit articles

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_Canadian_federal_election%2C_2006 Issues in the Canadian federal election, 2006
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federal_election%2C_2006 Canadian federal election, 2006
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_in_the_Canadian_federal_election%2C_2006 Opinion polling in the Canadian federal election, 2006

--

Jours de garbage
Egs Si Sa Lak Ngo Sa

--
 * 5/1-7, 44; 1, 11, 1, 11, fri5, 1130holanmui, 12
 * 5/8-14, 36; 1pmMacky-bant, 11, 1, thur11, fri12, 930, 12
 * 5/15-21, 40; 1, 930, 3, 10(2pmarmoriefri18), 1, SAT20, 12
 * 5/22-28, 35; 3, 10, thur25, 1sheep, 1, 12
 * 5/29-6/4, 34; 2, 1bant, 3, thur1, 1, 3bant, sun4
 * 6/5-11, 33; 930, 2, 9, thur8, fir9, 10, 12
 * 6/12-18, 33; 2, 2, 9, thur15, 10bant, 930, 12
 * 6/19-25, 35; 9, 1, wed21, thur22, 11, 1, 12portman
 * 6/26-7/2, 30; 1, 11, 11, 3, fri30, sat1, 12

FORMAT CHANGED SUN-SAT

 * 7/3-8, 34; 3, 930(Catdimmoksi), 1(sapdimNgWa), thur6(muigant), fri7(catdimwui), 930
 * 7/9-15, 34; 12, 10, 3, wed12, thur13, 1, 930
 * 7/16-22, 34; Sun16, 10, 10, 3, 10, fri21, 930
 * 7/23-29, 21; 12, MonUlysses

apreyanyon

 * 9/3-9, 15; sun3, mon4, tue5, wed6, thur7, 830, 11
 * 9/10-16, 31; 12, 3, tue12, wed13, 12, 10, 11
 * 9/17-23, 32; sun17, mon18, 4, 4, 3, 10, 12
 * 9/24-30, 35; 12, mon25, 1230, 3, thur28, 10, 1
 * 10/1-7, 35; 12, mon2, 1230, 315, thur5, 115, 1230
 * 10/8-14, 27; 1145, mon9, 1230, 315, thur12, fri13, 1230
 * 10/15-21, 35; sun15, 1230, 115, 115, 115, fri20, 1230
 * 10/22-28, 43; sun22, 1230, 115, 215, 215, 1230, 115
 * 10/29-11/4, 37; 1215, mon30, 1230, 115, thur2, 1, 115
 * 11/5-11, 38; 12, 1, 115, wed8, thur9, 1230, 11
 * 11/12-18, 40; sun12, bantjay930, 1230, 1230, 1230, 1230, 915
 * 11/19-25, 37; 1145, 11, tue21, wed22, 1, 10, 10
 * 11/26-12/2, 40; 10, 11, tue28, wed29, 1215, 11, 1230
 * 12/3-9, 44; sun3, 1215, 1215, 945, 1215, 1215, 1045
 * 12/10-16, 44; sun10, 1215, 1215, 1245, 945, 130, 1245
 * 12/17-23, 44; 945, mon18, 130, 1245, 945, 1245, 945

 * Eksseysamlokmsam
 * samcsamrbadu
 * 1) seysapmaosey
 * 2) catsaphitlersam
 * 3) samsapmaoyi
 * 4) gawsaphitleryat

Lesezeq
Nov

wed1, thur9, fri17, sat25

title: User:Bestlyriccollection~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Bestlyriccollection~enwikibooks

Spam
I have removed this as this is a very large collection of links which would probably be considered spam. I would ask you to look at your user page carefully and deal with the links on that as well. If not I will review it myself -- Herby talk thyme 09:07, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok I've removed them myself. Please do not replace them without consulting others.  the Staff lounge would probably be the most appropriate place.  Thanks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bestlyriccollection. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bestlyriccollection~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:58, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:38, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
User talk:85.12.80.1

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 09:35, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:85.12.80.1


text:
User talk:Businesschannel1

Removal of talk page text
I have taken this away as the overall content could well be construed as advertising. Feel free to contact me if you wish to. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 13:19, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Businesschannel1


text:
Cello Handbook/Shifting

Shifting is the act of moving your left, or fingering hand up and down the neck of the cello. Your left hand remains in the same position as it would at the base location, but the location is just shifted up and down the neck. This is done for convenience as well as making it easier to play higher notes on the a string.

title: Cello Handbook/Shifting


text:
Horticulture/Pineapple

The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant and fruit native to Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay. The plant is a short (1–1.5 m) herbaceous perennial with 30 or more trough-shaped and pointed leaves 30–100 cm long, surrounding a thick stem. The leaves of the Smooth Cayenne cultivar mostly lack spines except at the leaf tip, but the Spanish and Queen cultivars have large spines along the leaf margins. Pineapples are the only bromeliad fruit in widespread cultivation.

The name pineapple in English (or piña in Spanish) comes from the similarity of the fruit to a pine cone.

The word "pineapple", first recorded in 1398, was originally used to describe the reproductive organs of conifer trees (now termed pine cones). When European explorers discovered this tropical fruit, they called them "pineapples" (term first recorded in that sense in 1664) because they resembled pine cones. The term "pine cone" was first recorded in 1695 to replace the original meaning of "pineapple".

In the binomial "ananas comosus", ananas comes the original (Peruvian) Tupi word  for pineapple nanas, as recorded by André Thevenet in 1555 and comosus means "tufted" and refers to the stem of the fruit.

Fruit
The fruitlets of a pineapple are arranged in two interlocking spirals, eight spirals in one direction, thirteen in the other; each being a Fibonacci number. This is one of many examples of Fibonacci numbers appearing in nature.

The natural (or most common) pollinator of the pineapple is the hummingbird. Pollination is required for seed formation; the presence of seeds negatively affects the quality of the fruit. In Hawaii, where pineapple is cultivated on an agricultural scale, importation of hummingbirds is prohibited for this reason.

At one time, most canned and fresh pineapples were produced on Smooth Cayenne plants. Since about 2000, the most common fresh pineapple fruit found in U.S. and European supermarkets is a low-acid hybrid that was developed in Hawaii in the early 1970s. Pineapple is commonly used in desserts and other types of fruit dishes, or served on its own. Fresh pineapple is often somewhat expensive as the tropical fruit is delicate and difficult to ship. It will not ripen once harvested, so must be harvested ripe and brought to the consumer without delay. Pineapple is therefore most widely available canned. The pineapple juice has been fermented into an alcoholic beverage commonly called pineapple wine which is a type of fruit wine, most commonly produced in Hawaii. Pineapples are also used as topping for American and European pizza, most commonly in the "Hawaiian" type pizza (where it is paired with ham or Canadian bacon).

Truly ripe pineapples are not found in the supermarket because almost all pineapple fruits are harvested at the mature-green stage of maturity. Fruit of the low-acid hybrid, usually containing "gold" in the brand name, are of good and consistent quality. Fruit of the best quality will have a fresh crown and little or no obvious shrinkage or wrinkling of the shell.

Dietary effects
Pineapple contains a proteolytic enzyme bromelain, which digests food by breaking down protein. Pineapple juice can thus be used as a marinade and tenderizer for meat. The enzymes in pineapples can interfere with the preparation of some foods, such as jelly or other gelatin-based desserts. There is significant evidence pointing to the anti-inflammatory benefits of bromelain. Some have claimed that pineapple has benefits for some intestinal disorders while others claim that it helps to induce childbirth when a baby is overdue. These enzymes can be hazardous to someone suffering from certain protein deficiencies or disorders, such as Ehlers-danlos. It can also be used in savory dishes to enhance digestion.

Pineapple is a good source of manganese, as well as containing significant amounts of Vitamin C and Vitamin D.

Cultivation history
The pineapple spread from its original area through cultivation, and by the time of Christopher Columbus it grew throughout South and Central America and the Caribbean (West Indies). Columbus may have taken a sample back to Europe. The Spanish introduced it into the Philippines, Hawai'i (introduced in the early 19th century, first commercial plantation 1886) and Guam. The fruit was successfully cultivated in European hothouses beginning in 1720. Commonly cultivated varieties include Red Spanish, Hilo, Smooth Cayenne, St. Michael, Kona Sugarloaf, Natal Queen, and Pernambuco. Canned pineapple is almost always Smooth Cayenne.

In 1996, Del Monte began marketing its Gold Extra Sweet pineapple, known internally by the much more prosaic name MD-2. MD-2 is a hybrid that originated in the breeding program of the now-defunct Pineapple Research Institute in Hawaii, which conducted research on behalf of Del Monte, Maui Land and Pineapple, and Dole. Two similar seedlings, numbered 73-114 and 73-50, were found to have bright-gold, very sweet, low-acidity flesh, high resistance to parasites and internal rot, skin that turned amber when ripe and, best of all, the ability to survive cold storage for up to two weeks. Both versions were briefly marketed, but at the time, couldn't dent the Smooth Cayenne stranglehold on the Hawaiian industry.

The Pineapple Research Institute dissolved in 1987 and its assets were divided between Del Monte and Maui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took 73-114, which it dubbed MD-2, to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996. (Del Monte also began marketing 73-50, dubbed CO-2, as Del Monte Gold.)

Southeast Asia dominates world production: in 2001 Thailand produced 1.979 million tons, the Philippines 1.618 million tons and Brazil 1.43 million tons. Total world production in 2001 was 14.220 million tons. The primary exporters of fresh pineapples in 2001 were Costa Rica, 322 000 tons, Côte d'Ivoire, 188 000 tons and the Philippines, 135 000 tons.

In commercial farming, flowering can be artificially induced and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits.

How to grow your own pineapple
The best soil for the pineapple is a friable, well-drained sandy loam with a high organic content. The pH should be within a range of 4.5 to 6.5. Soils that are not sufficiently acidic can be treated with sulfur to achieve the desired level. The plant cannot stand water-logging and if there is impervious subsoil, drainage needs to be improved.

The pineapples is a tropical or near-tropical plant. It will usually tolerate brief exposures to 28° F, but cold weather will adversely affect the quality of the fruit. So you want to be planting it where the temperature remains the warmest, such as a sunny portion of a garden or the south side of a home. They will grow as a potted plant, but will require enough light, and protection from the cold. Prolonged cold above freezing retards growth, delays maturity and causes the fruit to be more acidic. Pineapples are drought-tolerant and will produce fruit under yearly precipitation rates ranging from 25 - 150 in., depending on cultivar, location and degree of atmospheric humidity. For good fruit production, adequate soil moisture will be required.

Nitrogen is essential to increase fruit size and total yield, which should be added every four months. Spraying with a urea solution is another way to supply nitrogen. Fruit weight has also been increased by the addition of magnesium. Of the minor elements, iron is the most important, particularly in high pH soils. Iron may be supplied by foliar sprays of ferrous sulfate.

Pineapples are propagated by new vegetative growth. There are four general types: slips that arise from the stalk below the fruit, suckers that originate at the axils or leaves, crowns that grow from the top of the fruits, and ratoons that come out from the under-ground portions of the stems.

Although slips and suckers are preferred, crowns are the main planting material of home gardeners. These are obtained from store-bought fruit and are removed from the fruit by twisting the crown until it comes free. Although the crown may be quartered to produce four slips, in California's marginal conditions it is best not to cut or divide the crown. The bottom leaves are removed and the crown is left to dry for two days, then planted or started in water.

Pineapples are planted outside during the summer months. A ground cover of black plastic works very well for pineapples, both as protection from weeds and for the extra heat it seems to absorb. It also helps to conserve moisture. Traditionally, plants are spaced 12 inches apart. Set crowns about 2 inches deep; suckers and slips 3 to 4 inches deep.

Mealy bugs spread by ants can be a problem. Controlling the ants will control the mealy bugs. In most commercial growing areas, nematodes, mites and beetles can also be damaging, but these have not been a problem in California.

It is difficult to tell when the pineapple is ready to be harvested. Some people judge ripeness and quality by snapping a finger against the side of the fruit. A good, ripe fruit has a dull, solid sound. Immaturity and poor quality are indicated by a hollow thud. The fruit should be stored at 45° F or above, but should be stored for no longer than 4 - 6 weeks.

Fruiting can be forced when the plant is mature by using acetylene gas or a spray of calcium carbide solution (30 gms to 1 gal. water), which produces acetylene. Or calcium carbide (10 -12 grains) can be deposited in the crown of the plant to be dissolved by rain. A safer and more practical method for home growers is a foliar spray of a-naphthalene acetic acid (1 gm in 10 gal water) or B-hydroxyethyl hydrazine. The latter is more effective. The plants usually produce for about four years, but they may last longer in California since the life cycle is slowed down by cooler weather.

Cultivars
A compact 2-3 lb. Hawaiian variant of the Smooth Cayenne. The fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers but no slips. 5-6 lbs, white flesh with no woodiness in the center. Cylindrical in shape, it has a high sugar content but no acid. An incredibly delicious fruit. 2-3 lbs, golden yellow flesh, crisp texture and delicate mild flavor. Well adapted to fresh consumption. Keeps well after ripening. Leaves spiny. 2-4 lbs with pale yellow to white flesh. Sweet, melting and excellent for eating fresh. Poorly adapted for shipping. Leaves spiny. 2-4 lbs, pale yellow flesh with pleasant aroma; squarish in shape. Well adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets. Leaves spiny. 2.5–3 kg (5–6 lb), pale yellow to yellow flesh, cylindrical in shape, high sugar and acid content, well-adapted to canning and processing, leaves without spines. It is an ancient cultivar developed by Amerind peoples. Until recently, this was the variety from Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in US grocery stores, but has been replaced by 'MD-2'. It is one of the ancestors of cultivars '73–114' (also called 'MD-2') and '73-50' (also called 'MD-1' and 'CO-2').
 * 'Hilo':
 * 'Kona Sugarloaf':
 * 'Natal Queen':
 * 'Pernambuco' (Eleuthera):
 * 'Red Spanish':
 * 'Smooth cayenne':

Ethnomedical Uses
The root and fruit are either eaten or applied tropically as an anti-inflammatory and as a proteolytic agent.

A root decoction is used to treat diarrhea.

Diseases of pineapple
Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by mealybugs (Jahn et al. 2003). The mealybugs are generally found on the surface of pineapples, but can also be found inside the closed blossom cups (Jahn 1995). Other diseases include pink disease, bacterial heart rot, and anthracnose.

Other uses and trivia

 * The pineapple is an old symbol of hospitality and can often be seen in carved decorations (untufted pine cones are sometimes mistaken for pineapples).

 * The pineapple is used as a weapon in several video games, including Pocket Tanks (Developed by Blitwise) and Donkey Kong 64 by Rareware.

 * The World War II Mark 2 hand grenade was commonly known as the "pineapple" because of the grooves cut into its surface.

 * SpongeBob SquarePants lives in a pineapple under the sea.

External links and references

 * USDA Hawaii Agricultural Statistics - Pineapple yields 2001-2005
 * Social History of the Pineapple - a look at the symbolism behind the pineapple
 * Pineapple Fruit Facts - Information on pineapples from California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.
 * The price of pineapples - Pesticide pollution in Costa Rica
 * FAO. Tropical Fruits Commodity Notes, 2003
 * Francesca Beauman, 'The Pineapple', ISBN 0-7011-7699-7, publisher Chatto and Windus
 * Pineapple Nutrition
 * How to Grow Pineapples
 * Jahn, G. C. 1995. Gray pineapple mealybugs, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley, found inside of pineapple fruit. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 32: 147-148.
 * Jahn, Gary C., J. W. Beardsley and H. González-Hernández 2003. A review of the association of ants with mealybug wilt disease of pineapple. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 36:9-28.

title: Horticulture/Pineapple


text:
User talk:Indikaimk

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title: User talk:Indikaimk


text:
User talk:Anudhyan

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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title: User talk:Anudhyan


text:
User talk:Nintendude~enwikibooks

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 12:27, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Octagon-warning.svg|left|30px]] You have been blocked from editing Wikibooks  as a result of your .  Please note that page blanking, addition of random text or spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires.

Az1568(Talk) 02:29, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nintendude. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nintendude~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nintendude~enwikibooks


text:
Horticulture/Sclerotium rolfsii

Southern Blight is a serious fungal disease affecting a wide variety of both food crops and ornamental plants. Southern blight is a serious problem for both agriculture and the nursery industry, and is very hard to eradicate once established in a garden.

Symptoms and Signs
Affected plants show signs including wilted leaves and soft, rotten crowns, often followed by the death of the infected plant.

The fungus is microscopic when inside the plant tissue, but eventually the organism forms sclerotia, which are an asexual dormant body which are visible to the naked eye, and look like white, yellow, or brown mustard seeds.

Life Cycle
The fungus overwinters as a sclerotium, which is a dense mass of hyphae with a hard outer shell. When Warm, humid conditions are present, the sclerotia "germinate", and infect plant parts. The pathogen is not systemic on the plant, so removing infected parts can help control the disease.

Host Range by Genus

 * ../Allium/ (Onion, garlic)
 * ../Amaryllis/
 * ../Ananas/ (Pineapple)
 * ../Apium/ (Carrot, celery)
 * ../Arachis/ (Peanuts)
 * ../Beta/ (Beet)
 * ../Brassica/
 * ../Capsicum/ (Pepper)
 * ../Chrysanthemum/
 * ../Cichorium/ (Endive, escarole, chicory)
 * ../Citrullus/ (Watermelon)
 * ../Coffea/ (Coffee)
 * ../Colocasia/ (Taro)
 * ../Cucumis/ (Cucumber, melon)
 * ../Cucurbita/ (Squash)
 * ../Cynara/ (Artichoke)
 * ../Cynodon/ (Bermudagrass)
 * ../Dianthus/ (Carnations, pinks)
 * ../Delphinium/
 * ../Digitaria/ (Crabgrass)
 * ../Dioscorea/ (Yam)
 * ../Glycine/ (Soybean)
 * ../Gossypium/ (Cotton)
 * ../Hemerocallis/
 * ../Hibiscus/
 * ../Hosta/
 * ../Ipomoea/ (Sweet potato, morning glory)
 * ../Iris/
 * ../Lactuca/ (Lettuce)
 * ../Lagenaria/ (Gourds)
 * ../Lycopersicon/ (Tomato)
 * ../Mangifera/ (Mango)
 * ../Medicago/ (Alfalfa)
 * ../Musa/ (Banana)
 * ../Narcissus/
 * ../Nicotiana/ (Tobacco)
 * ../Petroselinum/ (Parsley)
 * ../Phaseolus/ (Beans)
 * ../Physalis/ (ground cherry)
 * ../Pisum/ (Peas)
 * ../Polianthes tuberosum/ (Tuberose)
 * ../Rheum/ (Rhubarb)
 * ../Saccharum officinarum/ (Sugar cane)
 * ../Solanum/ (eggplant, tomato, potato, etc.)
 * ../Spathiphyllum/ (Peace Lily)
 * ../Tulipa/ (Tulip)
 * ../Zea/ (Corn)
 * ../Zingiber/ (Ginger)

title: Horticulture/Sclerotium rolfsii


text:
User:Drewbie

Hello,

I am Drew, and I am a Biochemist.

Useful Pages
WikiBooks: Biochemistry Genetics Biology immunology microbiology Cell_Biology Biochemistry_bookshelf

Wikipedia: Biochemistry w:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology

Images: commons:Category:Biochemistry

My Projects
Biochemistry Project
 * Macromolecules

Xray_Crystallography

title: User:Drewbie


text:
User talk:163.153.32.127

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 14:38, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:163.153.32.127


text:
A-level Physics/Forces, Fields and Energy/Appendix of Formulae

Formulae by Section
This is the list of required formulae in the order that they appear in the OCR Syllabus for this module.


text:
User talk:207.235.29.160

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 15:52, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.235.29.160


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Engorgio

Overview
Engorgio is a spell that enlarges an object. It means 'To Fill In'.

Extended Description
The Engorgio charm is used to make things larger; it is possible, though not certain, that it is the same as the Engorgement Charm that Hagrid is using on his pumpkins in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. The first place we see it for certain is when Professor Moody uses it to enlarge a spider so that the entire class can see the effect one of the Unforgivable Curses has on it.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Point Me

Overview
The Point Me charm, or Four-Point-Spell, makes a wand turn so that it points north.

Extended Description
This spell was used by Harry in the Third Task maze in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Knowing that he had to travel roughly north-west from the entrance of the maze to reach the center, he was able to use this charm at several points in the maze to correctly select a direction to travel in.

Analysis
Basically, this spell is a magical equivalent of a Muggle compass. it is, however, slightly more useful as a wizard will have his wand with him all the time; there is no need to carry a compass in addition to the wand.

Questions

 * 1) What would the disadvantage be, to a wizard, of carrying a compass? Is there some reason, apart from the small effort needed to carry an additional item, that a magnetic compass would not work?


text:
User talk:Claurel

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Wikibooks cannot accept copyrighted content
I contacted Mike by way of his "talk" page and he's OK with it now. ...Selden 14:20, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Claurel


text:
User talk:162.136.192.1

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 17:08, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:162.136.192.1


text:
Wikimedia/Wikipedia/Getting Started

 * This Wikipedia guide will tell you all the basics on how to use Wikipedia.

Getting started
First things first: you will need to get an account to begin creating pages and to post on Wikipedia. After you have created your account, it would be a good idea to create a user homepage, which people can search out to find out about you. If you do make a user page, be careful not to reveal personal information you would not want to be known about you.

Editing
A great thing about Wikipedia is the freedom to edit any page you want at any time. Some downsides to Wikipedia and Wikibooks are that other editors can be a little picky when it comes to what you write, and nothing stops other people from editing what you've written. Vandals may even destroy the page; however, the fact that a page history is maintained means that such vandalism can be countermanded.

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One of the more fun sides of any Wikimedia project is creating a user page or a wiki page — with several wikis to choose from, such as Wikibooks, Wikimedia, Wikinews and the well-known Wikipedia. If you are going to create a page, you must first make sure it hasn't already been made. If it hasn't, it is easy to make; just click on the  create this page button.

Creating a book/guide
When it comes to making a book or guide based on another wiki, you must keep a close eye out for copyrights. If you incorporate without permission something which is copyrighted, you can be blocked from Wikipedia for a short time or for good. Now, we don't want that.

title: Wikimedia/Wikipedia/Getting Started


text:
User talk:Lgorham

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 18:06, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Starting new pages
Hi - you are more than welcome here on Wikibooks. However you have now started three fairly similar pages. Could you look at this and decide which one you maybe want to focus on?

title: User talk:Lgorham


text:
Wikijunior:All Books

All Wikijunior books currently in development:

{| style="width:100%;"
 * style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" |

Well Developed Books

 * Alphabet
 * Animal Alphabet
 * Video version of the Wikijunior Animal Alphabet book - Download - Info
 * Animal Kingdom
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 * Big Cats
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 * Kings and Queens of England
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 * Life
 * The Little Gardener
 * Maze and Drawing Book
 * Numbers from 1 to 20
 * Particles
 * Shapes
 * Small Numbers
 * Transport Alphabet
 * Solar System
 * United States Charters of Freedom
 * World at Work
 * NATO phonetic alphabet
 * style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" |

Developing Books

 * Africa
 * American Founding Fathers
 * Ancient Civilizations
 * Big Book Of Cities And Towns
 * Bugs
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 * Dinosaurs
 * Extinct Birds
 * The Elements
 * Famous Americans
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 * Handwriting Worksheet Book: Pre-school Level
 * How Things Are Made
 * How Things Work
 * Human Body
 * Introduction to History
 * Introduction to Mathematics
 * More on Mathematics
 * Musical Instruments
 * North America
 * Philosophy
 * Raspberry Pi
 * Reading and writing Alphabet
 * Science Alphabet
 * South America
 * Summer Flowers of Northern New England
 * Transport
 * United States
 * Visual Math
 * Water Safety
 * What Can You Use Math For?
 * Wild Animals
 * World Religions
 * World War II
 * Future
 * World Heritage Sites

 * }

Why aren't some of these books listed on the front page?
The front page is reserved for books that have substantial useful content and few missing articles, or are books that have been sanctioned by the Wikijunior community.

Contributors who are interested in adding a title, and are planning to do substantial work on it themselves may add it here.

title: Wikijunior:All Books


text:
User talk:Online pawan~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Online pawan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Online pawan~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:19, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Online pawan~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Mxxjxx

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

title: User talk:Mxxjxx


text:
User talk:Swats012

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
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 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:46, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Swats012


text:
User talk:Only1NIG1

Apologies
However there has been a spate of vandalism lately which I guess has me think the worst. Sorry -- Herby talk thyme 20:09, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

First Aid Wikibook
If you're still up for it, we need some help editing the First Aid wikibook. The whole thing has been re-organized (let me know what you think of it) and lots of content has been added, but we still have a long way to go before it's usable. Any help is appreciated. Mike.lifeguard 16:50, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Only1NIG1


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User:Ask~enwikibooks

geek in action!!!

title: User:Ask~enwikibooks


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User:Erkan Yilmaz

about me
I am working in the IT business in quality management. Because of this I write/edit some articles about testing/quality. Also see my blog. The first wiki article I wrote, was kind of much work. I thought at beginning it would take just 30 mins. I had everything prepared in notepad, but there has to be considered many things when writing a wiki article. And then when I reached the neutrality point, I realized, what I wrote unconsciously in the article. So, lots of work at first, but now with time I get faster :-)

Do you think you can not change something in the world? It is so simple, just remember: if you help someone, this can cause a chain reaction. If everyone, who gets help, helps 3 other people we can change something/quality (not only for software) in the world.

just an example: Muhammad Yunus had a small, easy idea, which helped to change the world.

We can do the same. What is wrong being part of this movement NOW ? Just do it!

de:Benutzer:Erkan Yilmaz

title: User:Erkan Yilmaz


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Cookbook:Gambas al Ajillo (Garlic Shrimp)

| Cuisine of Spain

Gambas al ajillo (garlic shrimp) is a popular Spanish dish found principally in the south and center of Spain. The primary ingredients consist of shrimp, garlic and olive oil but there are many variations. It's often served in Spain's tapas bars as an appetizer. However, this dish is so popular that it's occasionally offered as an entrée.

Ingredients

 * 1 pound shrimp
 * 4–6 large cloves of garlic, finely minced
 * 1 teaspoon sweet Spanish paprika
 * 2–3 oz dry sherry (you may substitute cognac instead)
 * ¼ cup virgin olive oil
 * 3 teaspoon chopped fresh parsley
 * 1 oz fresh lemon juice

Procedure

 * 1) In a sauté pan or other heavy frying pan, warm the olive oil over medium heat. Add the garlic and sauté for about one minute or until it begins to brown. Be careful not to burn the garlic.
 * 2) Raise the heat to high and add the shrimp, lemon juice, sherry or cognac and paprika. Stir well, then sauté, stirring briskly until the shrimp turn pink and curl (about 3 minutes).
 * 3) Remove from heat and transfer shrimp with oil and sauce to a warm plate or serve right from the pan.
 * 4) Season to taste with salt and freshly ground black pepper. Sprinkle with parsley.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The shrimp can be peeled first, before cooking them if you prefer.
 * If you like larger shrimp, you may purchase shrimp with fewer count to a pound. However, 25 to a pound are about the right size for this tapa.


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User:Koweja/Bookshelf

 * Authoring Webpages
 * Blender 3D: Noob to Pro
 * CSS Programming
 * Computer Hardware
 * Excel
 * Gmail
 * Guide to X11
 * HTML Programming
 * iLife 06
 * Learning the vi editor
 * Linux For Newbies
 * Linux Guide
 * Mac OS X Tiger
 * Macromedia Flash Basics
 * Microsoft Office PowerPoint
 * Microsoft Word User's Manual
 * MySQL
 * OpenOffice.org
 * Photoshop
 * Securing Windows XP
 * The GIMP
 * Troubleshooting Windows XP
 * Understanding eBay
 * Using GNOME
 * Using KDE
 * Using iTunes
 * Web Design
 * Windows
 * Windows XP Customization
 * XHTML
 * XML: Managing Data Exchange

title: User:Koweja/Bookshelf


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Talk:Computer Programming/Design by Contract

what's a subscripted ? an array ? and subscripted variable name?