text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5

= Two Knights Defence =

4...d5

 * This is the most commonly played move in the position.

 * It blocks White's attempt to win the f7 pawn and can lead to black sacrificing a pawn in return for space and development.

Statistics
Estimated next move popularity exd5 100%

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5

= Two Knights Defence =

5. exd5

 * An automatic move as other moves lose material. Black has a selection of interesting moves leading to diverse tactical positions.

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood

Na5 69.1%, Nd4 15.3%, b5 13.2%, Nd5 1.6%, Nb4 0.8%

Theory table
'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5. exd5'''

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5

= Two Knights Defence=

5 ... Nxd5?!

 * Immediate recapture of the pawn sometimes thought dubious, at other times theory considers it quite playable. From a positional point of view it's not considered a good move due to the creation of open lines that White can now use to aggressively attack, and for this reason it's rarely played at master level. While modern computer analysis suggests that it may be theoretically playable, few doubt that 5...Na5 is a more practical choice in an over the board game.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5


text:
A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Colour by Design/Check Your Notes/Absorption of Ulraviolet Light

Atoms contain electrons. When an atom is not in an excited state, the electrons have the lowest possible energy. This is known as being in ground state. Electrons can have an infinite number of discrete energy levels. If one visulises theses levels as concentric circles around a nucleus they begin to converge, as every step between energy levels gets smaller.

"http://i89.photobucket.com/albums/k213/blackcurrent_jelly/rt.jpg"

The diagram is very basic as electrons can possess many more levels than shown.

The distance between each energy level corresponds to the amount of energy an electron needs to be given to 'jump' to it. Once an electron has been excited to an energy level is does not remain there unless continually being supplied with the required energy, instead it emits the energy is was given, and jumps back down to ground state. Electrons require a specific frequency of energy to excite up a level.

Visible light is made up of many different frequencies. If an atom absorbs absorbs its required certain frequency of energy from visible radiation (light) an electron is promoted from ground state to one of several possible levels; the atoms is in an excited state. It does not remain excited for long, as the energy absorbed is re-emitted as the frequency it absorbs, producing light of the colour related to the frequency.

It must be noted that when a molecule becomes excited, it can drop to an intermediate energy level by releasing a smaller packet (quanta) of energy and loosing the rest via vibrational energy in collisions. This vibrational energy is converted into kinetic energy and molecules in a sample will move more vigorously causing the sample to become warm.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5

= Ulvestad Variation =

5 ... b5.
The defining move for the Ulvestad Variation. Black challenges the strong bishop on c4 by offering a pawn.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 b5

Ulvestad Variation

Estimated next move likelihood
Bf1 62%, Bxb5 28%, dxc6 6%, Bb3 2%, Qe2 1%


text:
User:Casimir~enwikibooks

Hello, I am Charles, an Architect practicing in Los Angeles. I am self learning in the Blender Noob to Pro tutorials and will start by doing cleanup along the way. My goal is to learn Architectural model building in Blender and teach others along the way.

title: User:Casimir~enwikibooks


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4

=Two Knights Defence:Fritz variation= 5 ... Nd4 The Fritz Variation of the Two Knights. This move put the Knight in a central position  and can lead to a number of tactical possibilities, however the Knight is always vulnerable to being attacked by a c3 pawn and then having few squares to retreat so the Knight is often exchanged or sacrificed.

Theory table

 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nd4


text:
User talk:Cadagnall

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --dark lama  14:49, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Moved Pages
I've moved the two pages you've created today so far, to comply with Wikibooks' naming policy and fixed the links on the page you got the names from, since I noticed links where written incorrectly. Hopefully this should make it easier for you to keep the pages part of the book they are intended to be apart of. If you come across any other links in that or any other books, which are disjointed from the book, could you please fix the link to follow Wikibooks' naming policy, before creating a new page? Thank You. --dark lama  14:49, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cadagnall


text:
False Friends of the Slavist/Map sto

sto

title: False Friends of the Slavist/Map sto


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5

= Two Knights Defence: Polerio Defense =

5...Na5
Attacking the bishop, yet moving to the side of the board. In theory this is Black's best move, but it's not that clear.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5

Statistics
Estimated next move popularity Bb5+ 87.4%, d3 11.9%, b3 0.7%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bxb5

= Ulvestad Variation= 6 Bxb5. White takes the pawn.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 b5 6.Bxb5

Estimated next move likelihood
Qxd5 100%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5

= Two Knights Defence =

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood c6 87.3%, Bd7 12.7%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6

= Two Knights Defence =

6 ... c6
Obvious move and best.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood dxc6 100%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1

= Ulvestad Variation = 6 Bf1! A strange looking move, undeveloping the Bishop, however White wisely retreats the Bishop as tactics advantage still remain on b5.

Theory table

 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 b5 6.Bf1

Estimated next move likelihood
h6 40%, Nd4 40%, Qxd5 15%, Nxd5 4%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6

= Two Knights Defence =

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood bxc6 99.9%, Nxc6 0.1%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...Bd7

= Two Knights Defence =

6 ... Bd7.

=Theory table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood Qe2 93%, Bxd7 5%, Be2 2%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3

=Two Knights Defence:Morphy Variation= 6 d3 Morphy Variation. An attempt to fully hang onto the pawn. This variation does not inspire, giving up a good bishop for the currently out of play Knight is not something many players would choose. Therefore this variation is seldom played.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.d3

Statistics
Estimated next move popularity h6 81%, Nxc4 10%, Be7 6%, Bg4 3%


text:
Cookbook talk:Soy Milk I

In this webpage's soy milk instructions, it states that 125g of soy beans make only 1 liter of soy milk. As this is only half of what the wiki-cookbook states, it may be best to place references or adapt the article.

16:45, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Soy Milk I


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3

=Two Knights Defence:Fritz variation= 6 c3. White attacks the Central Black Knight.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nd4 6.c3

Estimated next move likelihood
b5 96%, Nf5 4%


text: User talk:64.230.93.115

title: User talk:64.230.93.115


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...Nd4

=Two Knights Defence:Fritz variation= 6 ... Nd4. This has Transposed into the Fritz variation

Theory Table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 b5 6.Bf1! Nd4

Estimated next move likelihood
c3 100%


text:
Cookbook talk:Substitutions

Vegan substitutes for: Yogurt, Cheese, Sour cream, and mayonnaise not yet added. Thi is however just the vegan form of yogurt, cheese, ... (I think all also made of soy milk). Please look into it and add to the article (I'm not sure on how to formulate it neither).

KVDP 17:04, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Substitutions


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bxb5/6...Qxd5

= Ulvestad Variation = 6 ... Qxd5. Attacking the Bishop on b5 and the pawn on g2.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 b5 6.Bxb5 Qxd5

Estimated next move likelihood
Nc3 58%, Bxc6 17%, Be2 12%, Bf1 8%, Qe2 5%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5

=Two Knights Defence:Fritz variation=

6 ... b5. Position can also arise from the Ulvestad Variation

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nd4 6.c3 b5

Estimated next move likelihood
Bf1 90%, cxd4 8%, Bd3 2%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6

= Two Knights Defence =

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood Be2 51%, Qf3 45%, Bd3 3.5%, Ba4 0.3%, Bf1 0.2%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1

=Two Knights Defence:Fritz variation=

7 Bf1.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nd4 6.c3 b5 7.Bf1


text:
User:Monobi

 user page  ||  talk page • matrix •

Hi, I'm Monobi. I speak en & es-1/2.

title: User:Monobi


text:
User talk:Monobi

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:30, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Monobi


text:
User talk:SunCreator

{| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" valign="top"|

{| width="100%" style="background-color:#F0FFFF; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000; border-right:1px solid #000; " cellspacing="5" valign="top"|
 * style="background-color:#F0FFFF" valign="top" |
 * style="background-color:#F0FFFF" valign="top" |
 * style="background-color:#F0FFFF;padding:0px" valign="top" |
 * style="background-color:#F0FFFF;padding:0px" valign="top" |

Archive 12

'''Note: If you leave a message for me here, I will probably respond here, unless you ask for a response on your talk page.

Transwiki request clarification
Hi SunCreator,

Regarding your request on Requests for Import, I just wanted to be sure: Did you start Chess Opening Theory/Theory table by copying the content from Wikipedia and want that page imported so that the edit history can be merged in with the Wikibooks page?

Cheers, --Swift (talk) 06:27, 15 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi Swift. No, the article Chess Opening Theory/Theory table was not copied. An import is not required either as an import request was made from Chess opening theory table and a transwiki did occur and it's now Chess/Opening theory table. So at present we have two Theory table articles although the intention is to merge them. SunCreator (talk) 13:57, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Other contributors
SunCreator (talk) 22:17, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
 * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/217.210.21.42
 * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/70.176.122.19

ECO index pages
Hi SunCreator,

I noticed your request for having the ECO index redirects removed. Just in the event that they weren't considered, I wanted to point out that redirects are not a big burden on Wikibooks (in terms of memory or processing) and can be quite useful. They not only to ensure that links don't break (these pages aren't that old, so I wouldn't care to guess how many may have linked to or bookmarked them) but can also help with searches (such as Special:Search/ECO_index).

I also wanted to note that page titles aren't just links. They are rendered at the top of the page and used in print versions. While Chess/ECOA is certainly simpler than Chess Opening Theory/ECO index: A00--A99 the latter is much more descriptive. The former, furthermore, places the page in the Chess book which seems to be of a much lower level.

Should you wish to break the ECO pages off from Chess Opening Theory, perhaps it is better to do so in a fresh book. A title like Handbook of Chess Openings might be an idea (to keep it away from developing into an ecyclopedia, as these are outside the scope of Wikibooks). --Swift (talk) 03:19, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I was aware that redirects are no issue to be left. Just at this time I'd like to keep things clean as I go along. The name Handbook of Chess Openings or Chess Openings Handbook sounds really good although it does not fit the ECO pages, but it does fit the Chess Opening Theory as a whole. SunCreator (talk) 03:40, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I see. If you plan to use acronyms in your page titles, (deliberately) creating redirects could be a good idea to help with searches. Note also that many wikibooks get a lot of hits even though they are still in development and users may have bookmarked them. As long as everyone is aware of the issues, book contributors are probably the best to judge which redirects should be left, so this is ultimately up to you.
 * I just looked over the ECO pages again. These just seem to exclusively link to Chess Opening Theory pages. How about just placing them on a sub-page of that book, such as "Index A", "A index" or even just "A"? Also, is the notation you use (e.g. "A01" etc.) specific to the book, or does it exist prior to it? Is there any need for this ECO? I'd be interested to hear how you plan to structure this book. --Swift (talk) 04:55, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yep. Will be putting the ECO pages on Chess Opening Theory. SunCreator (talk) 14:15, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Just a note
I am in the process of fixing all the links on Wikipedia to point to the Chess Opening Theory book's new page locations. That will also correct any links I broke deleting orphans. I fully intend to remedy the situation. -- Adrignola talk contribs 03:27, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:SunCreator


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5

=Two Knights Defence:Fritz variation= 7. ... Nxd5 Takes back a pawn and attacks the White Knight on g5.

Theory table
. This position can be reached by 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 b5 6.Bf1 Nd4 7.c3 Nxd5 or 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nd4 6.c3 b5 7.Bf1 Nxd5


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/106

=Text & Translation=

=Connotations of The Text=

Line 1
praeconem - auctioneer

The joke here is that Juventius is selling himself to an auctioneer. i.e. at the best price he can get for his services.

Line 2
vendere - to sell [himself]

Catullus suspects that his friend Juventius has been eloping with other men, as is mentioned in Poem 24 and Poem 81. Young boys were permitted to satisfy older men but a boy who sold himself was nothing more than a whore.

=External Links=

 * Catullus 106 A Translation of Catullus 106
 * Catullus 106 Another Translation of Catullus 106


text:
User talk:Athiests are wrong

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:39, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Note: You can not block me for having an offensive user name because it's spelled wrong

title: User talk:Athiests are wrong


text:
User talk:Jmlevy

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:45, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jmlevy


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4

=Two Knights Defence:Fritz variation= 8. Ne4. A testing move. Now Black's Knight on d4 is at risk while the White Knight aids to the defence of the King side.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 b5 6.Bf1! Nd4 7.c3 Nxd5 8.Ne4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bxb5/6...Qxd5/7. Bxc6

= Ulvestad Variation =

7 Bxc6. Exchanging the attacked Bishop.

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 b5 6.Bxb5 Qxd5 7 Bxc6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bxb5/6...Qxd5/7. Bxc6/7...Qxc6

= Ulvestad Variation =

7 ... Qxc6. Taking the bishop and the attack on g2 remains.

=Theory Table= .
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 b5 6.Bxb5 Qxd5 7 Bxc6


text: User talk:86.25.61.26

title: User talk:86.25.61.26


text:
User talk:Rajeshtrkmba

Hai every body This rajesh How you are How your life going

title: User talk:Rajeshtrkmba


text:
User:Fyo~enwikibooks

Fyo.

F stands for Find. Y stands for Your. O stands for Own. Find your own.You can find your own path in life, find your own meaning of being, you can even find your own friends you can find your own lover, the list is endless. Fyo does not stand for anything bad, so if you go to someone and say "Fyo" then you are actually complimenting them, you are telling them to find something, find something for which they can live for.

Fyo is an amazing thing. Created in the 20th century it has grown to become one of the most nicest things on earth. Fyo coming from the word "Fyodor" means "gods gift". Fyo wants to help people. And yes it is a blessing to have such a thing on this earth, it is a blessing to have such a remaquable thing live rank with humans.

Fyo is observant and it sees the mistakes people have made and make and he tries to stop people making them. In other words Fyo claims that it is the most innocent thing on earth.

Fyo can talk to animmals, and he can teleport from one place to another. Fyo can be your boyfriend or be your girlfriend. Fyo can be in your mind or outside it, Fyo can be the muscle in your finger that twitches before you pull the trigger of a gun. Fyo is that little voice in your head that tells all the stupid people in this planet not to steal, not to do drugs and not to kill.

Fyo is the love between two lovers and Fyo is also the pain you will feel if you commit a crime, lose someone important or fail miserably in your life.

What is Fyo??? Fyo is the ultimate everythingness that controlls your emotions and your conscience. It is the sexyness in your lovers face. Fyo is the thing that you love the most in life. Fyo is the will inside you to live. Fyo is the sun that shines and warms your heart.

So next time you see someone having troubles or you see someone that wants to do something bad just say "Fyo" and That person will feel much better =).

Love Life...You Only Live Once

title: User:Fyo~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Fyo~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:06, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fyo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fyo~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:10, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fyo~enwikibooks


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3

= Two Knights with 8.Qf3 =

8. Qf3?!
Develops the queen and pins the c6 pawn, as ...cxb5 gives Qxa8.

This variation has become popular in light of the game Nigel Short vs Mark Hebden in which Short won convincingly. Apparently, computer analysis has suggested that Black hasn't enough compensation for the pawn. Black now faces the prospect of giving up a second pawn or the a8 Rook in order to maintain a development advantage.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood Rb8 60%, Be7 11%, h6 9.5%, Qc7 7%, Bb7 7%, cxb5 3.5%, Qd5 2%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Bd3

= Two Knights Defence =

8. Bd3
Odd looking move, blocking in the d-pawn but the Bishop controls the e4 square for the Knight.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Ba4

= Two Knights Defence =

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2

= Two Knights Defence=

8. Be2
White retreats the bishop to the natural square. It also partly protects the King side position.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood h6 98.6%, Be7 0.7%, Bd6 0.7%


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7

=Fried Liver Attack= 6. Nxf7! is an aggressive Knight sacrifice with no sensible way to decline, Black's King becomes exposed while White gains momentum in development.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6

= Two Knights Defence =

8 ... h6
White now has two choices to place the knight either out of immediate play on h3 or the more normal f3 square where it can be provoked again with 8 ... e4

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Be2 h6

Statistics
Estimated next move likelihood Nf3 66%, Nh3 34%


text:
Talk:C Programming/Standard libraries

 * Shouldn't the internal links in this page point to Wikipedia? Signedlongint 00:24, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

This module C Programming/Standard libraries appears to be a copy-and-paste fork of C standard library. So I slapped the "dewikify" template on it, as recommended by Dewikify. Anything else I need to do that isn't already mentioned on that page? --DavidCary (talk) 03:37, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I've requested the missing history merge. --Panic (talk) 09:16, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Edit history merge is now done. --Panic (talk) 23:46, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:C Programming/Standard libraries


text:
User talk:201.170.95.128

Thank you for looking at the Muggles' Guide, but I'm afraid that your changes had to be removed: while the writeup was possibly better than our existing one, or would be with some work, by replacing the entire page, including the framework, you had pretty much destroyed the uniform look of the individual pages of the project. If you wish to work on the Muggles' Guide, we would appreciate it; but please do get an ID, so we can credit your work properly, and please do adhere to the project standards, available here. Thank you. Chazz (talk) 00:50, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:201.170.95.128


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/ECO volume A

Links of this page seem incorrect, or require a review.

Done mass replace so now links referred to /Opening_theory_in_chess folder E5ricky 00:14, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/ECO volume A


text:
American Sign Language/Spelling

The American Manual Alphabet is a manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language when spelling individual letters of a word is the preferred or only option, such as with proper names or the titles of works. Letters should be signed with the dominant hand and in most cases, with palm facing the viewer.

title: American Sign Language/Spelling


text:
Talk:American Sign Language/Spelling

Untitled
* (cur) (last) 12:45, 10 October 2007 Yk Yk Yk (Talk | contribs) (6,473 bytes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 12:43, 10 October 2007 218.208.247.230 (Talk) (6,473 bytes) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:48, 28 September 2007 AnonMoos (Talk | contribs) (6,436 bytes) (rvv) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:46, 28 September 2007 12.213.224.58 (Talk) (6,427 bytes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:13, 10 August 2007 68.98.89.199 (Talk) (6,436 bytes) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:13, 10 August 2007 68.98.89.199 (Talk) (6,455 bytes) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:11, 8 August 2007 Bobo192 (Talk | contribs) m (6,436 bytes) (Reverted edits by 72.91.120.230 (talk) to last version by Bkell) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:17, 8 August 2007 72.91.120.230 (Talk) (6,489 bytes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:51, 18 July 2007 Bkell (Talk | contribs) m (6,436 bytes) (→Good form - removed bullets) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:18, 7 June 2007 71.252.229.233 (Talk) (6,442 bytes) (→Good form) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:23, 5 June 2007 Oxymoron83 (Talk | contribs) m (6,434 bytes) (Reverted 4 edits by 142.163.66.66 to last revision by Ntennis. using TW) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:23, 5 June 2007 142.163.66.66 (Talk) (1,087 bytes) (→See also) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:23, 5 June 2007 142.163.66.66 (Talk) (1,138 bytes) (→Common mistakes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:22, 5 June 2007 142.163.66.66 (Talk) (4,080 bytes) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:22, 5 June 2007 142.163.66.66 (Talk) (4,786 bytes) (→Good form) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:03, 22 May 2007 Ntennis (Talk | contribs) m (moved American Manual Alphabet to American manual alphabet: wikipedia title case conventions) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:27, 14 May 2007 Irishguy (Talk | contribs) m (6,434 bytes) (Reverted edits by 206.54.203.179 (talk) to last version by Wirbelwind) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:27, 14 May 2007 206.54.203.179 (Talk) (empty) (←Blanked the page) (undo) * (cur) (last) 17:23, 8 May 2007 Wirbelwind (Talk | contribs) (6,434 bytes) (Revert to revision 128333829 dated 2007-05-05 01:01:41 by H3llbringer using popups) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:09, 7 May 2007 130.13.107.25 (Talk) (6,450 bytes) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:01, 5 May 2007 H3llbringer (Talk | contribs) m (6,434 bytes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:01, 2 May 2007 Chanueting (Talk | contribs) m (6,443 bytes) (revert) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:00, 2 May 2007 99.244.199.244 (Talk) (6,276 bytes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:18, 23 April 2007 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (6,443 bytes) (→Chart - rvv) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:52, 22 April 2007 Wendy81 (Talk | contribs) (6,502 bytes) (→Good form) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:02, 12 April 2007 72.188.93.7 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:02, 12 April 2007 72.188.93.7 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:57, 10 April 2007 Micahbrwn (Talk | contribs) m (Deleted references to international differences, as this is a page to discuss American Sign Language fingerspelling modes) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:47, 9 April 2007 KJS77 (Talk | contribs) (rv vandalism) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:46, 9 April 2007 69.176.60.145 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:40, 9 April 2007 69.176.60.145 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:55, 23 March 2007 Terrx (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted 1 edit by 69.180.81.63 identified as vandalism to last revision by Msh210. using TW) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:55, 23 March 2007 69.180.81.63 (Talk) (→Letters) (undo) * (cur) (last) 17:18, 23 March 2007 Msh210 (Talk | contribs) m (←Undid vandalism 117128166 by 208.68.122.6 (talk)) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:27, 22 March 2007 208.68.122.6 (Talk) (→Good form) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:51, 22 March 2007 71.48.220.146 (Talk) (rv linkspam) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:08, 20 March 2007 41.242.17.68 (Talk) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:31, 13 March 2007 Ward3001 (Talk | contribs) (rem linkspam) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:32, 13 March 2007 41.242.46.37 (Talk) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:56, 5 March 2007 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 71.87.35.8 (talk) to last version by Signermon) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:33, 5 March 2007 71.87.35.8 (Talk) (→Letters) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:53, 26 February 2007 Signermon (Talk | contribs) m (→External links - updated link) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:16, 24 February 2007 EgyptianSushi (Talk | contribs) (vandalism from previous user, as well as older incorrect error pointing out. the Q is closer to a P than a G, as it says the finger that normally would be out in the P ('unseen') is curled in.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:21, 22 February 2007 71.64.6.122 (Talk) (Just a comment!) (undo) * (cur) (last) 17:23, 8 February 2007 Ahoerstemeier (Talk | contribs) m (rvv) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:48, 7 February 2007 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (m: rv) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:16, 7 February 2007 24.144.190.163 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:14, 1 February 2007 24.205.233.209 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:13, 1 February 2007 24.205.233.209 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:13, 1 February 2007 24.205.233.209 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:18, 26 January 2007 Rich Farmbrough (Talk | contribs) m (→Chart - ordinals) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:58, 25 January 2007 NeilEvans (Talk | contribs) m (→External links - remove this article is not a sign language and is akready in sub cat Manual Alphabet) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:52, 19 January 2007 HalJor (Talk | contribs) (rv) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:47, 19 January 2007 65.33.42.214 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:47, 19 January 2007 65.33.42.214 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:51, 15 January 2007 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (→Chart - rv) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:23, 14 January 2007 75.23.88.158 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:22, 14 January 2007 AntiVandalBot (Talk | contribs) m (BOT - rv 75.23.88.158 (talk) to last version by Dave314159) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:22, 14 January 2007 75.23.88.158 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:51, 2 January 2007 Dave314159 (Talk | contribs) (revert edits by 24.56.11.202 to last edit by Qaz) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:06, 31 December 2006 24.56.11.202 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:05, 31 December 2006 24.56.11.202 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:04, 31 December 2006 24.56.11.202 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:04, 31 December 2006 24.56.11.202 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:27, 20 December 2006 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (shorten subheadings) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:46, 19 December 2006 12.189.32.56 (Talk) (→Mistakes with numbers) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:01, 12 December 2006 King Toadsworth (Talk | contribs) (vandalism revert) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:01, 12 December 2006 76.187.133.221 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:58, 30 November 2006 FlyHigh (Talk | contribs) m (Disambiguation, link to aspiration) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:01, 29 November 2006 Dancor (Talk | contribs) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:00, 29 November 2006 Dancor (Talk | contribs) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:59, 29 November 2006 Dancor (Talk | contribs) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:38, 23 November 2006 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (m: not the ASL alphabet) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:36, 23 November 2006 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (m: revert vandalism) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:59, 22 November 2006 Born2killx (Talk | contribs) m (Fixed it up a little.) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:57, 22 November 2006 70.22.215.72 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:43, 21 November 2006 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) (→Mistakes with rhythm & speed - pause at the beginning of a word) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:40, 21 November 2006 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:06, 21 November 2006 72.179.48.246 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:28, 10 November 2006 Sam8 (Talk | contribs) (dab Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:21, 30 October 2006 Dina (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 68.106.208.66 (talk) to last revision (84451968) by Mike.lifeguard using VP) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:16, 30 October 2006 68.106.208.66 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 17:49, 29 October 2006 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (m: this is now the AMA) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:50, 29 October 2006 Emilymellow (Talk | contribs) m (→Mistakes with letters) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:49, 29 October 2006 Emilymellow (Talk | contribs) m (→Mistakes with rhythm & speed) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:12, 18 October 2006 130.86.229.18 (Talk) (→External links) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:21, 16 October 2006 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (moved American Sign Language alphabet to American Manual Alphabet: The alphabet is not exclusive to ASL, and is not supposed to be called the ASL alphabet. ASL, along with other signed languages, and manual communication methods that aren't langua) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:38, 15 October 2006 71.35.153.197 (Talk) (typo) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:57, 15 October 2006 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:56, 15 October 2006 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) m (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:55, 15 October 2006 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) (→Common mistakes made by beginners - added sections on rhythm and speed) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:35, 7 September 2006 207.69.137.14 (Talk) (→Mistakes with numbers) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:11, 30 August 2006 24fan24 (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 71.131.208.51 to last version by Ntennis) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:10, 30 August 2006 71.131.208.51 (Talk) (→Good fingerspelling form) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:57, 20 August 2006 Ntennis (Talk | contribs) (rv) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:25, 20 August 2006 69.92.140.12 (Talk) (→Good fingerspelling form) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:52, 24 July 2006 AntiVandalBot (Talk | contribs) m (BOT - rv 87.79.3.253 (talk) to last version by 69.227.209.98) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:52, 24 July 2006 87.79.3.253 (Talk) (bmzwx onjzawp) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:46, 28 June 2006 69.227.209.98 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:48, 19 June 2006 Geoffrey Gibson (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 66.18.213.222 (talk) to version 59175045 by Qaz using VandalProof) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:48, 19 June 2006 66.18.213.222 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:16, 17 June 2006 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (→Mistakes with letters - + however) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:16, 11 June 2006 JoeSmack (Talk | contribs) m (rvt - no matter how 'beautiful' your christmas carrol dvd is, you are selling and it and thats linkspam) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:49, 11 June 2006 71.104.195.67 (Talk) (→See also) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:45, 9 June 2006 67.82.152.112 (Talk) (→Mistakes with letters) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:54, 8 June 2006 70.22.120.191 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:02, 8 June 2006 216.221.81.98 (Talk) (→Use for sign languages other than ASL) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:57, 30 May 2006 Tawkerbot2 (Talk | contribs) m (BOT - rv 69.10.212.252 (talk) to last version by Ntennis) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:57, 30 May 2006 69.10.212.252 (Talk) (→Use for sign languages other than ASL) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:57, 28 May 2006 Ntennis (Talk | contribs) (move ASL-specific content from fingerspelling to this article) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:55, 25 May 2006 Ed g2s (Talk | contribs) m (→See also) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:10, 23 May 2006 66.41.255.209 (Talk) (→See also) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:20, 11 May 2006 Hawaiian717 (Talk | contribs) m (rv vandalism by 65.13.19.226 to last version by SEJohnston) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:19, 11 May 2006 65.13.19.226 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:59, 30 April 2006 SEJohnston (Talk | contribs) (Revert to revision 50485007 using popups) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:57, 30 April 2006 71.252.254.108 (Talk) (→Use for sign languages other than ASL) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:44, 27 April 2006 68.144.202.140 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:01, 24 April 2006 Ds13 (Talk | contribs) (revert vandalism by 72.78.29.13) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:22, 24 April 2006 72.78.29.13 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:57, 23 April 2006 Waggers (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 66.41.255.209 (talk) to last version by Tawkerbot2 using VandalProof) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:56, 23 April 2006 66.41.255.209 (Talk) (→Use for sign languages other than ASL) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:59, 23 April 2006 Tawkerbot2 (Talk | contribs) m (BOT - rv 66.25.54.162 (talk) (49688614) to 147.31.184.140 (talk) (49479326)) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:59, 23 April 2006 66.25.54.162 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 18:34, 21 April 2006 147.31.184.140 (Talk) (→How the manual alphabet is used) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:36, 20 April 2006 Ds13 (Talk | contribs) (rvv) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:49, 20 April 2006 82.30.77.64 (Talk) (my opera) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:13, 6 April 2006 Ds13 (Talk | contribs) (Revert to revision 44150158 using popups) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:59, 6 April 2006 24.192.26.167 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:28, 17 March 2006 DopefishJustin (Talk | contribs) m (revert to last version by Jaxl (preserving de: addition)) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:26, 17 March 2006 64.229.209.109 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:25, 17 March 2006 64.229.209.109 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:39, 17 March 2006 24.61.227.122 (Talk) (→How the manual alphabet is used) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:15, 12 March 2006 217.245.60.239 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:13, 11 March 2006 209.6.126.251 (Talk) (→How the manual alphabet is used) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:49, 22 February 2006 Jaxl (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 64.228.94.126 (talk) to last version by 68.161.121.218) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:48, 22 February 2006 64.228.94.126 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:24, 17 February 2006 68.161.121.218 (Talk) (→Use for sign languages other than ASL) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:22, 17 February 2006 68.161.121.218 (Talk) (→Use for sign languages other than ASL) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:21, 17 February 2006 Dustimagic (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 68.161.121.218 to last version by Kwamikagami) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:21, 17 February 2006 68.161.121.218 (Talk) (→Use for sign languages other than ASL) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:10, 7 February 2006 Kwamikagami (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 205.154.160.162 (talk) to last version by 66.56.170.140) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:55, 7 February 2006 205.154.160.162 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:08, 29 January 2006 66.56.170.140 (Talk) (→How the manual alphabet is used) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:08, 29 January 2006 66.56.170.140 (Talk) (→How the manual alphabet is used) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:04, 27 January 2006 Wayward (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 64.12.116.195 (talk) to last version by Apostrophe) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:04, 27 January 2006 64.12.116.195 (Talk) (sign chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 22:49, 19 January 2006 Apostrophe (Talk | contribs) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:29, 13 January 2006 RexNL (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 71.248.171.249 (talk) to last version by Denelson83) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:29, 13 January 2006 71.248.171.249 (Talk) (→How the manual alphabet is used) (undo) * (cur) (last) 08:07, 7 January 2006 Denelson83 (Talk | contribs) (Add new category) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:17, 4 January 2006 12.111.220.15 (Talk) (→How the manual alphabet is used) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:16, 4 January 2006 12.111.220.15 (Talk) (→How the manual alphabet is used) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:13, 4 January 2006 12.111.220.15 (Talk) (→How the manual alphabet is used) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:48, 16 December 2005 PTSE (Talk | contribs) m (→Use for sign languages other than ASL - Redirect bypass repair: Hongkong -> Hong Kong) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:04, 15 December 2005 Fuzzy Logic (Talk | contribs) m (revert) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:11, 14 December 2005 Sct72 (Talk | contribs) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:46, 14 December 2005 69.226.106.231 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:45, 14 December 2005 69.226.106.231 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 04:44, 14 December 2005 69.226.106.231 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:47, 12 December 2005 Kwamikagami (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 65.133.225.202 (talk) to last version by Fuzzy Logic) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:39, 11 December 2005 65.133.225.202 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 20:32, 10 December 2005 Fuzzy Logic (Talk | contribs) (→Use for sign languages other than ASL) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:21, 30 November 2005 70.236.18.166 (Talk) (→Common mistakes made by beginners) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:39, 16 November 2005 Kwamikagami (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 205.127.72.9 to last version by PuzzletChung) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:07, 16 November 2005 205.127.72.9 (Talk) (→Chart) (undo) * (cur) (last) 07:14, 31 October 2005 PuzzletChung (Talk | contribs) m (→See also) (undo) * (cur) (last) 03:47, 26 October 2005 129.170.237.244 (Talk) (→Common mistakes made by beginners) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:02, 26 October 2005 70.66.108.215 (Talk) (→Mistakes with letters) (undo) * (cur) (last) 01:00, 26 October 2005 70.66.108.215 (Talk) (→Mistakes with letters) (undo) * (cur) (last) 00:58, 26 October 2005 70.66.42.84 (Talk) (→Common mistakes made by beginners) (undo) * (cur) (last) 21:58, 26 September 2005 Kwamikagami (Talk | contribs) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:03, 25 September 2005 Isnow (Talk | contribs) m (→See also - +zh) (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:50, 25 September 2005 Kwamikagami (Talk | contribs) m (undo) * (cur) (last) 09:43, 25 September 2005 Kwamikagami (Talk | contribs) (use in other languages) (undo) * (cur) (last) 02:01, 20 September 2005 66.66.139.73 (Talk) (→Mistakes with numbers) (undo) * (cur) (last) 11:43, 19 August 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (→Mistakes with numbers - as -> such as) (undo) * (cur) (last) 23:24, 16 August 2005 65.223.57.26 (Talk) (→Common mistakes made by beginners) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:45, 16 April 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (→Mistakes with numbers - reword) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:42, 16 April 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (→Mistakes with numbers) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:26, 13 April 2005 Blitzkid196 (Talk | contribs) (→Mistakes with numbers - - put in ")" after "(Towards the signer") (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:54, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (complements change to augments) (undo) * (cur) (last) 15:25, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:59, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (remove some material to move to fingerspelling article) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:54, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (how to fingerspell acronyms) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:48, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (+ sub headings) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:45, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (paragraph breaks) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:43, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (→Common mistakes made by beginners) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:42, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (→Common mistakes made by beginners) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:41, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (reorder to have numbers come last) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:34, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (→Common mistakes made by beginners) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:33, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (→Common mistakes made by beginners) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:31, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (→Common mistakes made by beginners) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:30, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:27, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (→Common mistakes made by beginners - zero like the letter "o") (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:25, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) m (→Common mistakes made by beginners) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:25, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (→Common mistakes made by beginners -quotes around letters) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:22, 19 March 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (how to sign cardinal numbers + no bouncing) (undo) * (cur) (last) 14:51, 18 March 2005 65.42.26.190 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 06:53, 7 March 2005 Alai (Talk | contribs) m (typo) (undo) * (cur) (last) 13:35, 2 March 2005 Warofdreams (Talk | contribs) (Category:Sign languages) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:38, 23 February 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (exception to palm forward) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:23, 23 February 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (caveat about palm orientation) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:13, 23 February 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (+ example) (undo) * (cur) (last) 05:12, 23 February 2005 Qaz (Talk | contribs) (replaced "right" hand with dominant) (undo) * (cur) (last) 19:45, 22 January 2005 Ds13 (Talk | contribs) (revert vandalism of last edit by 24.60.54.197) (undo) * (cur) (last) 16:21, 22 January 2005 24.60.54.197 (Talk) (undo) * (cur) (last) 17:08, 1 January 2005 JTN (Talk | contribs) m (Category:Sign language) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:32, 18 December 2004 Ds13 (Talk | contribs) (+basic description) (undo) * (cur) (last) 10:21, 18 December 2004 Ds13 (Talk | contribs) (new entry)

title: Talk:American Sign Language/Spelling


text:
American Sign Language/Basic Grammar 1

=Basic Grammar 1=

The Basic Grammar Structure
Like all languages, American Sign Language (ASL) has a well-defined sentence structure. Similar to English sentences, basic verb clauses in ASL are in Subject-Verb-Object order. ASL has more flexible word order, though, because it also uses topics and usually drops pronouns that have been established as topics. A full sentence in ASL has the following order:

 * [time-context] [topic] [subject] [negative-tag-start] verb [object] [subject-pronoun-tag] [negative-tag-end]

 * Time context
 * In ASL, the time context (e.g. morning, yesterday) is optional. If expressed, it occurs at the beginning of the sentence and functions like an adverb for the verb of the main clause that follows.

 * Topic
 * The topic is also optional. When expressed, it is usually indicated by raised eyebrows.  The topic is then typically not expressed again in the following sentences, except for emphasis, or to change the topic, or where confusion may otherwise occur.

 * Subject
 * If the established topic is the subject of the sentence, the subject is typically dropped (not expressed), except for emphasis or where confusion may occur.

 * Verb
 * Verbs in ASL may express actions (e.g. "to talk") or states (e.g. "to be happy"). Aside from the optional time context, ASL grammar does not have tense.  That is, it does not change the form of a sign to indicate past, present, and future actions or states.  Verb signs in ASL do inflect, though.  For example, they may be signed emphatically by using larger gestures than their standard forms, or repeated to show repeated actions, or interrupted before the end to indicate the "unrealized inceptive" mood (also indicated by holding one's breath).

 * Object
 * If the established topic is the object of the sentence, the object is typically dropped, except for emphasis or where confusion may occur.

 * Subject pronoun tag
 * Subject pronoun tags are optional. If expressed, it refers to the subject of the verb and may suggest emphasis.  In a positive sentence, the subject pronoun tag is usually indicated with a head nod.

 * Negative
 * Negatives usually are indicated by shaking the head "no" from the beginning of the verb through the end of the sentence, and are optionally also expressed with an explicit negative sign after the verb and its optional object.

Examples
SCHOOL ME GO [topic] [subject] [verb]

EVERYDAY SCHOOL ME GO-GO-GO [time-adverb] [topic] [subject] [verb] I attend school everyday

Time phrases are put in front.

title: American Sign Language/Basic Grammar 1


text:
American Sign Language/Simple Sentences 1

To Start off here are a few examples of simple ASL sentences:

 * Hello, my name is Mike.
 * hi my name

 * Nice to meet you.
 * nice meet-you

 * What is your name?
 * you name what?

 * I can speak ASL a little bit.
 * ASL some i can

 * I'm sorry, I didn't understand that. Can you repeat yourself?
 * sorry, me understand-not you. again?

 * Please spell more slowly.
 * fingerspell slow please

 * Where is the washroom?
 * toilet, where?


text:
User:Whiteknight/Wikibooks book

I've been kicking around the idea of writing a book about Wikibooks, but not necessarily one that would fit the inclusion criteria here. It would be a book about my experiences here, and the lessons that I've learned about community and collaboration from this project.

The Plan

 * Target Audience: readers, likely people not familiar with Wikibooks, Wikipedia, or wiki in general
 * Scope: Will cover the history of wikibooks, including my participation in this project, some of the trials and tribulations of the community here, and some of the decisions that we've made that have shaped this project. I would like to offer an insiders perspective to Wikibooks, and a perspective of Wikipedia that is not encountered often in the media.

Table of Contents

 * Introduction
 * History of Wiki, Wikimedia, and Wikibooks
 * What is Wiki?
 * History of Wikipedia, and creation of Wikibooks
 * Community and Founding Principles
 * Collaboration and Decisions
 * Being Bold
 * Wikimedia foundation and sister projects
 * Early Wikibooks History
 * Exodus of early users
 * Early norms and policies
 * My Activity in Wikibooks
 * Relation with Wikipedia
 * Jimbo's Declaration on Videogames
 * Wikibooks as a dumping ground for deleted articles
 * Decisions and Administration
 * Be Bold and the Decision making process
 * Roles of administrators, bureaucrats
 * Getting Checkusers
 * Desysopping and Administrator Tenure
 * Policy and Guidelines
 * Role of Administrators, status, power
 * Wikibooks Identity Crisis
 * Wikijunior
 * Updating help and policy pages
 * Videogame Guide Issue
 * Wikiversity project
 * Defining "Textbook"
 * Logo
 * Content and Copyright
 * Fair Use images and Wikimedia Commons
 * Unlicensed Images backlog and mass deletion
 * Success stories
 * Class Projects
 * Wikimedia and the Sister Projects
 * Rebranding Survey
 * My Blog and Planet Wikimedia
 * Wikibooks and the WMF
 * Organization
 * Bookshelves and manual lists
 * Categories and Categorization
 * difference from printed books
 * Beyond Wikibooks
 * Publishing Booksand controversy
 * Attracting Contributors
 * Wikibooks in the Classroom

Resources
I'm going to list some links to pages and discussions here as research for the book

title: User:Whiteknight/Wikibooks book


text:
American Sign Language/Grammar 1

American Sign Language or ASL (aka Ameslan) is a natural language that is used by many Deaf (being a part of the Deaf culture) and deaf (being physically deaf without necessarily adapting to the Deaf culture) people not only in the United States of America, but some parts of Canada as well. Other people who may use ASL may include people with speech disorders such as people with an Autistic Spectrum Disorder, people with hearing difficulties, people with mental illness that prohibit their ability to communicate with speech etc. One may think that British Sign Language(BSL) is very similar to ASL, but this is an incorrect assumption. In fact, ASL was derived from langue des signes française {Language of French of Signs, LFS, aka French Sign Language FSL.} Over the many years since LSF was brought to America and taught by Laurent Clerc, ASL has transformed into a natural language capable of communicating complex ideas as well as simplistic ones. Also, it has a very distinct grammatical structure, which contrary to popular belief is not similar to the English syntax, but is more similar to spoken Japanese.

Nouns, Pronouns, and Usage
Nouns and pronouns allow a signer to talk about things and ideas. They are a key building block to proficiency in ASL and other languages.

Nouns and Pluralization
Nouns are a common concept to all languages. However, unlike many other languages, American Sign Language does not alter the form of nouns to express plurality ( for example: a 'noun' denotes a single thing. But, if I use the word 'nouns', you know just by looking at the word that I am talking about more than one thing). In ASL, the noun is understood to be plural or not, depending on what the context suggests it should be.

Pronouns
Pronouns in ASL are fairly simple, because ASL is a visual language. Simply pointing using the index finger or a 1 handshape is a normal pronoun. See the section about contrastive structure for what to do if the subject is not present. To form a possessive pronoun such as my, your, his, or our one uses an extended B handshape with an outward palm orientation. Once again with possessive pronouns you may merely point to what you wish to speak about, however it's not really pointing in this case. Finally, reflexive pronouns are made using an extended A handshape. As one can see pronouns in ASL are fairly simple. All you do is point and identify the object.

Contrastive Structure
Suppose you want to talk to someone about a person who is not physically nearby, you should use contrastive structure. The rules of contrastive structure are easy. First, identify the person by fingerspelling his or her name; describing a few key features such as hair color or height also helps. Second, just point to the right of one's body. That's all there is to it. Once a person has been established using contrastive structure, you simply point back to that spot to refer back to them. This works with multiple people as well, but try to refrain from using more than two people at a time, as it may confuse the other signer.

Verbs and Usage
Verbs are another common concept in all natural languages. They allow us to explain what it is we are doing. In fact, without verbs, language would cease to exist. Verbs in ASL come in three types: plain, inflecting, and spatial.

Plain Verbs
A plain verb is a normal verb in ASL. When using plain verbs the signer must designate the subject and the object. Examples of plain verbs in ASL are PLAY, RUN, JUMP, and SING. Must have a subject and an object in the phrase in order for the verb to be understood. A good example of this is the sign CAN (the verb, not the noun). If you sign CAN by itself, the person you're signing to won't know what you're trying to convey.

You could sign:

ME GO CAN. I can go.

HELP CAN YOU? Can you help?

Inflecting/Indicating Verbs
Inflecting/Indicating verbs allow the signer to incorporate the subject and object into the verb in one fluid motion. Examples of inflecting verbs in ASL are GIVE, INFORM, TELL, PICK-ON, SEND, and PAY. The sign PAY can have two different meanings as in I pay to you or you pay me, depending on the starting and ending locations of the sign.

Spatial Verbs
The last type of verb is a spatial verb. These just allow the signer to specify where things are or how he or she moved them around. Examples of spatial verbs in ASL are PUT-UP and PUT-BELOW.

Adjectives and Adverbs
Descriptive words are adjectives and adverbs. They help us describe things in detail. They also add imagery to our writing, speech, and signing.

Placement of Adjectives
Typically, ASL puts an adjective after the noun it modifies, but one may place the adjective before the noun for stylistic purposes. This is similar to the word order of many Romance languages, but differs from English, which requires that an adjective precede the noun it modifies.

 * English: I have a brown dog.
 * ASL: DOG BROWN I HAVE

Placement of Adverbs
In English the adverb is placed after the verb, whereas in ASL it is placed before the verbs. Most of the time adverbs are simple the same sign as an adjective, only it is distinguished by the context of the sentence.

 * English: I enter the house quietly.
 * ASL: HOUSE I QUIET ENTER

Adding -LY to the end of the adjective to form an adverb is improper and is considered Signing Exact English. One should avoid slipping into other portions of the sign continuum at all costs.

Usage of Conjunctions, Interjections, and Prepositions
These three concepts are probably the least used in ASL, because it is a high contextual language. Despite this fact, they are still used in signing to an extent.

Conjunction
The combining of two sentences in ASL is different based on the conjunction needed. For example, the concept of the word and does not exist in ASL. Simply, sign a sentence, take a short pause and then sign the next sentence. Similar conjunctions such as or and but have signs.

 * English: I have two cats and they are named Billy and Bob.
 * ASL: TWO CATS I HAVE. NAME #BILLY #BOB.

 * English: I like to swim, but I don't like to run.
 * ASL: SWIM I LIKE, BUT RUN I LIKE-NOT

Interjections

 * Interjections such as WOW! or OH! can be fingerspelled or they may have a sign like WOW. They are usually made into a separate statement such as:  WOW. YOUR BIKE RED I LIKE.

Prepositions
Prepositions in ASL are shown by context. For example, to say you walked to your house, establish the house, then show yourself (represented by a 1 handshape) moving towards the house. It is a good idea to avoid separate signs for prepositions when signing in ASL, as those are reserved for Signing Exact English.

Syntax
With background on how parts of speech are used in ASL, we can now evaluate the syntax, or word order, of ASL. As stated previously in the article, the word order of ASL is different from that of English. English follows a SVO, Subject-Verb-Object sentence pattern, whereas ASL uses a Topic-Comment pattern.

 * English: I go to the store.

 * ASL: STORE I GO

Signing is a heavily visual language and does not require as many words as spoken English. In the above example one can see that the words to and the are deemed unnecessary for an ASL sentence. However, the inclusion of these words is called Signing Exact English and is therefore not ASL.

Placement of Time Words
Time words are the only thing that comes before the topic of the sentence in ASL. So, adding time words makes our ASL word order now Time-Topic-Comment. Also, the concept of AM and PM does not exist in ASL. They simply sign MORNING or AFTERNOON to denote AM or PM.

 * English: I'm going to the store at 9:00AM.

 * ASL: 9:00 MORNING STORE I GO

Word Order of Questions
In other natural languages such as English, French or German, statements are given in a particular word order. Then for questions they either invert the word order or add in a few words such as: do or est-ce que. ASL does not invert its word order nor does it add in any helping words, it uses non-manual signals to display a question asked. These non-manuals can consist of body movements, facial expressions, or eyebrow movements. Let's examine a simple YES/NO question in ASL and English.

 * English: Did you go to the store?

 * ASL: STORE YOU GO?

English added our helping verb to do, but ASL didn't change or add anything. This is because in a YES/NO question the eyebrows are raised and the body leaned forward slightly. These non-manuals show the receptive signer that the statement is actually a question.

Another type of question is a WH-question. These types of question require more of a response than yes or no. They always include signs like WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW, or WHY? These WH-words always come at the end of the question, unlike in English where it is the first word in the question.

 * English: What are you eating?

 * ASL: YOU EAT WHAT?

Similar to a YES/NO question, WH-word questions also have non-manual markers, however this time instead of raising your eyebrows, you must lower your eyebrows. In addition to lowering your eyebrows the signer must lean the body in slightly and extend the last sign for a couple seconds. This allows the receptive signer to understand they are being asked a question that requires more of a response.

The final type of question is called an RH-question. The use of an RH-question is like an English speaker using the word because. There is no sign for the word because in ASL, therefore they sign a question and answer it themselves. The non-manual markers for an RH-question are the same as a YES/NO question.

 * '''English: I like to play tennis, because it is fun.

 * '''ASL: TENNIS I LIKE PLAY WHY? #FUN

Negation in ASL
The role of negation in ASL is a fairly easy concept to grasp. There are only two signs one needs to know to be able to negate a sentence. These two signs are NOT and NONE. The non-manual marker for a negated sentence is simply a shake of the head when signing the word NOT or NONE. Also, one must remember that in ASL syntax negation words always come at the end. The only exception to this rule is a WH-word.

NONE is typically used when talking about possession of a noun. It functions similar to the English words none or any.

 * English: I don't have any dogs.

 * '''ASL: #DOG I HAVE NONE

NOT functions the exact way it does in English. Except that in English it is typically found in contractions like don't.

 * '''English: I shouldn't eat candy.

 * '''ASL: CANDY I SHOULD EAT NOT

Modal Verbs
The concept of modal verbs is essentially the same in ASL and English. In ASL the modal can come after the other verbs in the sentence. However, in English it is the very first verb.

 * English: I can go to the store for you.

 * ASL: FOR YOU, STORE I GO CAN

Fingerspelling and Numbers
The English alphabet has 26 letters and ASL uses a manual alphabet the mimics that of English. Signing numbers is different than the hand-signs that most English speakers use.

The Role of Fingerspelling
Fingerspelling is used for proper nouns. They may include, but are not limited to movie titles, books, names, and street names. When glossing ASL or writing it down, we denote fingerspelled words like this: #DOG. Fingerspelling should not be used in place of a sign. If you do not know what a sign is do not immediately fingerspell. First, one should gesture or attempt to describe the object. If that does not work, then you can fingerspell.

The Role of Numbers
All numbers under one thousand are signed using a single hand, and the second hand is only used to designate that a number is in the thousands or millions. There are separate signs that need to be learned in order to talk about age, time, money, and other concepts. Numbers are used the same way that they are in English.

title: American Sign Language/Grammar 1


text:
American Sign Language/Deaf Culture

Deaf vs. hard of hearing vs. hearing-impaired
Deaf generally implies complete lack of ability to hear; someone with a partial inability to hear is more likely to be referred to as hard of hearing or the qualified partially legally deaf. People with varying degrees of hearing loss have also been referred to as hearing-impaired.

The term "hearing impaired" may be used to describe all degrees of hearing loss, up to and including total deafness. In the case of profound deafness this may be political correctness, a euphemism for the simpler and accurate "deaf." Interestingly, this is seen as a euphemism only from the side of the mainstream - the Deaf community sees it as a potentially pathological label.

Total deafness is quite rare - most deaf people can hear a little. However, since hearing loss is generally frequency-based rather than amplitude-based, a deaf person's hearing may not be usable if the normal frequencies of speech lie in the impaired range.

People with a moderate hearing loss, of about 36–50 dB, generally describe themselves as "partially deaf." Others who were born hearing, but who have partially lost their hearing through illness or injury are "deafened." Those with a slight hearing loss (eg. about 16–35 dB hearing loss), or have lost some of their hearing in old age may prefer an informal term such as "hard of hearing" or "hearing-impaired".

Those with some functional hearing generally do not take part in the Deaf community, and typically work and socialize with hearing people to the best of their ability. People with all degrees of hearing impairment may encounter discrimination when looking for work, while at their jobs, or when socializing with hearing people.

Deaf Culture
Deaf community and Deaf culture are two phrases used to refer to cultures comprised of people who are culturally Deaf as opposed to those who are deaf from the medical/audiological/pathological perspective. When used in the cultural sense, the word deaf is very often capitalized in writing, and referred to as "big D Deaf".

Big D Deaf communities do not automatically include all those who are clinically or legally deaf, nor do they exclude every hearing person. According to Baker and Padden, a person is Deaf if he or she "identifies him/herself as a member of the Deaf community, and other members accept that person as a part of the community." Deaf culture may include those who attended deaf schools, children of deaf parents, and some sign language interpreters.

The primary languages of those who identify themselves as Deaf are signed. Deaf communities also often possess social and cultural norms that are distinct from those of surrounding hearing communities.

Background
The use of the cultural label of being Deaf can be a declaration of personal identity rather than an indicator of hearing ability. Indeed, many people who self-identify as Deaf from a cultural perspective may have 'better' hearing than those who don't.

Deaf culture commonly perceives the term hearing impaired as insulting or misleading. The primary reason is that Deaf people feel the word "impaired" carries too much negativity. Some Deaf people also do not feel the terms "hard-of-hearing" and "Deaf" are synonymous or should be put in the same category.

Deaf communities provide a sense of belonging for deaf people, who might otherwise feel excluded from the dominant hearing culture. As deafness is a relatively rare condition, relationships within a Deaf community can extend over great distances to bring people together. Deaf culture emphasizes community and interdependency but the main characteristic of Deaf culture is the use of signed languages. Signed languages are distinct from local spoken and written languages. Although some spoken words may have a corresponding sign, the usage, inflections, and grammar (and even the rate of communication) of signed languages can differ greatly from speech.

Distinction between clinical deafness and Deaf culture
The word 'deaf' can be used both to refer to individuals who are clinically deaf and individuals who are members of a cultural group consisting mostly of people who are clinically deaf. The label of the cultural group is conventionally distinguished in writing by using an upper case D. The distinction between 'deaf' and 'Deaf' individuals is not simply a matter of perspective since there are deaf people who do not consider themselves part of Deaf culture and hearing people who do, but in practice the groups have a very similar membership.

Acceptance within Deaf culture can depend on the age at which a person became deaf, attendance at a residential school or college for the deaf, and especially the ability to sign. While children of deaf adults and interpreters may be considered "honorary Deaf", hearing people are not generally accepted as members of the Deaf community.

Common beliefs and values in Deaf culture
The affinity that Deaf people have for one another does not derive from the same source as cultural groups that are based around ethnicity since Deaf people do not necessarily share common ancestry or a common language. They don't share common ancestry since the majority of Deaf people come from hearing families and Deaf people from around the world are as divided by language barriers as hearing people. In the United Kingdom the dominant sign language is British Sign Language, in the United States, it is American Sign Language, in Australia, it is Auslan and so on. Each of these languages has a distinct grammar and vocabulary that makes them mutually unintelligible in exactly the same way that spoken languages such as English and Chinese are mutually unintelligible.

In many respects it may be more accurate to speak of many distinct Deaf cultures that are specific to particular geographic regions and the specific sign languages that are used in them. There is however a general affinity between Deaf peoples from around the world that is associated with the common physical and cultural obstacles that they face. International events that reinforce this identity include the Deaflympics which has been staged every four years since 1924, though it is not sufficient for athletes to self-identify as members of Deaf culture to participate in this event since qualification is based on clinical deafness.

A belief commonly shared by Deaf people from around the world is that deafness should not be regarded as an impairment or disability. Deaf people are disadvantaged relative to hearing people, but much of this can be attributed to the fact that societies are structured almost exclusively around the concerns of the hearing. However, deaf people are also at a disadvantage simply by virtue of having a channel of information about their environment closed off to them and this is irrespective of how they are treated by the dominant hearing culture.

Mainstream recognition of Deaf culture
For much of history, deaf people were expected to adapt to hearing culture as best they were able or to be hidden or invisible. Recently, especially in the United States and the Nordic countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland), the existence of a Deaf culture has been increasingly recognized. (Charlotte Baker, 1980)

Deaf President Now: The 1988 student strike at Gallaudet University, in Washington, D.C., was a watershed moment in the awareness of Deaf culture by the dominant American hearing culture. Deaf President Now student organizers and allies forced the university, which, after all, served an all-deaf and hard of hearing population, to select its first deaf president. Perhaps more importantly, the movement helped frame the struggle of deaf people within the context of a civil rights movement. Having a leader who can fully understand and relate to this principle was considered vital to the Deaf population.

Cultural Centres: The Dorothy Miles Cultural Centre, based in Guildford, England, exists to bridge the gap between deaf and hearing people through social, cultural and educational activities. The Centre also offers courses in British Sign Language (BSL) which are accredited by the Council for the Advancement of Communication with Deaf People. DMCC runs drama workshops involving professional actors and organises sporting events, including an annual cricket match. There is also widespread availability of BSL courses from other providers across the UK. Nearly all terrestrial television is closed captioned.

The Deaf Culture Centre opened in 2006 in central Toronto. A project of the Canadian Cultural Society of the Deaf, it features a museum, art gallery, and gift shop. It also houses archives and provides facilities for research. Visitors can sample state-of-the-art visually rich technology highlighting Deaf historical artifacts and literature. There is also an ASL/LSQ interactive website/television and multimedia production studio.

Cultural Behaviors
Members of the Deaf culture tend to behave very differently from their hearing counterparts as the differences will be listed below:

 * Attention getting devices
 * Hearing: Shouting, "Hey!"
 * Deaf: Tapping firmly on the shoulder with the whole hand, flickering the lights (to gain the attention of a whole room), stomping the feet, and throwing things at the person.
 * Facial Expressions
 * Hearing: Extreme emotions are displayed.
 * Deaf: All emotions are displayed, as well as grammatical information (these expressions are non-optional markers of grammar).
 * Pointing to certain people/things
 * Hearing: pointing is often considered rude, though acceptable to give directions for example
 * Deaf: pointing is permitted in order to use pronouns in sign language, as well as giving directions, etc.
 * Settings of social gatherings
 * Hearing: choice of room might be based on what is quietest - no auditory distractions
 * Deaf: congregating in the kitchen where there is better lighting, in order to make it easier to see everyone signing
 * Introduction rituals
 * Hearing: "Nice to meet you"
 * Deaf: Long introduction rituals (i.e. Where are you from? Which schools are you going to?  Who your parents are? and so on)
 * Manner how introduction rituals are completed
 * Hearing: shaking hands
 * Deaf: hugging after rituals (which is very common)
 * At the Table
 * Hearing: It is considered rude to talk with the mouth full of food
 * Deaf: Can "talk" (sign) with mouth full of food
 * Misbehaving children
 * Hearing: Hearing misbehaving children cover their ears when being scolded at
 * Deaf: Deaf misbehaving children cover their eyes when being scolded at

Deaf Cinema/Theatre
There are several films that was produced by deaf, those films also included deaf actor/actress.

The company ASL Film has featured 3 films: "Forget Me Not", "Wrong Game" and finally a new feature-length film "The Legend of the Mountain Man". All of those films are in American Sign Language, with no audio, but with optional subtitles.

Children of deaf adults
Children of deaf adults (CODAs) with normal hearing ability may consider themselves, and be considered, culturally Deaf or as members of the deaf community. In some cases they may need speech therapy due to limited exposure to spoken language. An organization, also called CODA, was established in 1983 and now holds annual conferences. There are also support groups for Deaf parents who may be concerned about raising their hearing children, as well as support groups for adult CODAs.

There are also several camps established for CODAs, such as the one at Camp Mark Seven which hosts two separate 2-week programs for CODAs, one from age 9 to 12 and one for CODAs from age 13 to 16 and it usually occurs during the summer, from the last week of June to mid-August.

title: American Sign Language/Deaf Culture