text:
User talk:Dwetherow

Help:Purge
If you explain what you are interested in doing one of us will get back to you (I've blanked it as it isn't really the place for discussion) -- Herby talk thyme 10:40, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Welcome
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Not sure if you want this
Collaborative Problem Solving in the Classroom/Contents - this page has been marked for possible deletion - it may be that your plans have changed but if you want it kept do let me know (or remove the tag on it). Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 17:52, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Please note that this page has survived a vote for deletion. The text has been released under the GFDL. Webaware talk 13:42, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Plan Hierarchy.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Plan Hierarchy.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

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title: User talk:Dwetherow


text:
User talk:124.178.131.19

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 11:16, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:124.178.131.19


text:
User talk:Aramis~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:08, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Aramis. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Aramis~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:59, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:33, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aramis~enwikibooks


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Flowers - Advanced

2. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch 75 species of flowers. Make a scrapbook from these and correctly label each flower.
Rather than finding a specimen and comparing it to thousands of pictures in a Field Guide, the candidate for the Flowers - Advanced honor will need a more systematic approach to field identification if there is ever to be any hope in finding 75 species. The most important tool to the budding botanist is a key, which is a series of questions, the answers to which are mutually exclusive, and lead to another set of questions. See requirement 4 for more details on using a key.

Once the Pathfinder has a key in hand, it is time to set out in search of wildflowers. The important thing to remember here is that the term wildflowers covers a lot of different plants, not just the ones with showy blossoms. Many flowering plants bloom for only a short time, and luckily, the blossom (though useful) is not the only indicator of its identity. Wildflowers in the context of this honor are any flowering plants that are neither trees nor grass. This excludes ferns (which do not flower) and mushrooms (which are not plants, but rather, are fungi). This definition does include what most people would call "weeds".

In addition to having a good key, the Pathfinder will also need a camera or a sketch pad. Note that this honor does not require the collection of the plants themselves. In fact, this practice is strongly discouraged, as a troop of Pathfinders in search of wildflowers can quickly eliminate them from a heretofore thriving habitat. If the Pathfinder opts to use a camera, remember that there is no requirement for the photographs to be professional-grade prize-winning entries in an international competition.

Even if the Pathfinder is not a good artist, there is still much value in attempting to sketch a plant. Sketching requires attention to the details, and as the Pathfinder spends time recording these details in the form of a sketch, the information will work its way into the memory. Afterwards, the Pathfinder will be able to look at the sketch - however badly drawn it may be - and recall a vivid image of the plant as it really was.

In spite of this, we still recommend that a good key be taken along in the field and that the Pathfinder attempt to identify the plant while there. Otherwise, the key may ask a question that cannot be answered by looking at the sketches (or even photographs) and the Pathfinder will have no recourse other than to return to the field to gather the required information, or give up on identifying that specimen.

4. Prove ability to use plant keys to genus and species.
Identification keys - also called dichotomous keys - are a series of questions which when answered correctly and in the sequence given reveal the identity of a plant (or animal, or any pretty much other thing that naturalists have studied in the past three of four hundred years).

The questions are designed such that they offer two (sometimes more) mutually exclusive answers. The answer selected when using a key will lead to a different question (or to the identification of a species). Naturalists have developed various schemes for identifying the next set of questions.

Many keys are replete with technical terms which can be very confusing to the novice and it is very important to understand all the terminology used in the question before choosing an answer. Luckily most keys will also have a glossary, and ideally, illustrations as well. If you come to a term you do not understand, look it up until you do understand. A key is very much like directions to an unfamiliar place, and the questions are like road signs. If you make a wrong turn, you will end up in the wrong place.

Some keys are better than others, and some strive to use less technical jargon. If you have difficulty with a key, try a different one. Another thing that distinguishes a good key from a poor one is the number of "road signs" given at a particular juncture. For instance, the key may ask if the plant's fruit is red or blue, and you happen to be examining a plant when at a time when it does not bear fruit. Alternative questions help in situations like this.

It is best to have the key in hand when you are examining a plant, as it may very well ask a question that cannot be answered without close examination (sometimes with a hand lens, or even with a microscope). Read all the options presented by the question, as sometimes they are only subtly different. Choose the answer that fits best. If none of the answers seem to apply to the plant at hand, you may have previously chosen an incorrect answer. Backtrack and double check. When the last question is answered, and if all the questions were answered correctly, then the species will be successfully identified. Good keys will end with a detailed description of the plant. It is important to read this description and compare it to the plant you are keying just to be sure it is the right one.

== 5. Tell the difference between perfect and imperfect flowers. What is meant by pistillate and staminate flowers? Give an example of monoecious and dioecious plants. Tell the difference between monocotyledons and dicotyledons. ==

Perfect and Imperfect
The terms perfect and imperfect as pertaining to flowers relates to their sexuality. Flowers are the sexual organs of a plant, and they may contain male (stamens), female (pistils), or both parts. A plant is said to be perfect if it possesses both male and female equivalent parts. If a flower has only male, or only female structures, it is said to be imperfect.

Pistillate and Staminate
A flower is pistillate if it possesses only pistils, which are a plant's female reproductive structures. If it possesses only stamens (the male reproductive structures), it is called staminate.

Monoecious and Dioecious

A monoecious plant is one that possesses both male and female unisexual flowers on the same plant; from Greek for "one household". Individuals bearing flowers of both sexes at the same time are called simultaneously monoecious. Individuals that bear only flowers of a single sex at one time are called consecutively monoecious. An example of a monoecious plant is the Alder (a shrub).

A dioecious plant is one in which the male and female unisexual flowers occur on different individuals; from Greek for "two households". An example of a dioecious plant is the Holly.

Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons
Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. Monocotyledons, or "monocots" have a single embryonic leaf.

6. From the Bible point out two spiritual lessons in which writers used flowers for illustrations.
Jesus spoke of the futility of worry:
 * Matthew 6 : 28-30:"And why do you worry about clothes? See how the lilies of the field grow. They do not labor or spin. 29Yet I tell you that not even Solomon in all his splendor was dressed like one of these. 30If that is how God clothes the grass of the field, which is here today and tomorrow is thrown into the fire, will he not much more clothe you, O you of little faith? - NIV

The Lord caused Aaron's staff to blossom to show that He had set him up as the high priest.
 * Exodus 17 : 8: The next day Moses entered the Tent of the Testimony and saw that Aaron's staff, which represented the house of Levi, had not only sprouted but had budded, blossomed and produced almonds. - NIV

a. Name five plants that are of medicinal value and indicate what part of each plant is used.
Some of these plants may seem familiar as they were also listed in the previous requirement in the "poisonous plant" category. It is curious, though it should not be surprising, that medicinal plants are also considered poisonous. This would be a good opportunity to talk to your Pathfinders about drug abuse.

Any medicine, if taken incorrectly, can poison the body, and that is why it is important to never take medicines unless there is a need for them, and then it is vital to follow the doctor's instructions (or the instructions on the package for over-the-counter medicines). Note that medicinal herbs found in the wild do not come with instructions! We highly recommend that you stress to your Pathfinders that they should never attempt to medicate themselves or others using these plants, as it can be very dangerous or even fatal!

Poison Hemlock
Poison hemlock has been used as a sedative and for its antispasmodic properties. It was also used by Greek and Persian physicians for a variety of problems, such as arthritis. However, it wasn't always effective as the difference between a therapeutic and a toxic amount is very slight. Overdoses can produce paralysis and loss of speech being followed by depression of the respiratory function and then death.

Poison Ivy
Extremely dilute forms of poison ivy are used in homeopathic medicine, most often as a remedy for musculoskeletal complaints with progressive stiffness that worsens with cold, wet, or inactivity and improves with motion, warmth, and use. The patient may have a red tip of the tongue or a red triangle on the tongue, herpetic outbreaks, and itchiness that improves with very hot water.

Bittersweet
Bittersweet is used in homeopathy and herbalism. Its main usage is for conditions that have an impact on the skin, mucous membrane and the membrane (synovial membrane) around the joints. Bittersweet is considered by some to be a herbal remedy for treating herpes and allergies.

Dogbane
Dogbane was used in herbal medicine to treat syphilis, rheumatism, intestinal worms, fever, asthma, and dysentery. Although the toxins from the plant can cause nausea and catharsis, it has also been used for slowing the pulse.

Pacific Yew
The Pacific Yew Taxus brevifolia, native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, and Canada Yew Taxus canadensis are the sources of paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic drug used in breast and lung cancer treatment and, more recently, in the production of the Taxus drug eluting stent by Boston Scientific.

c. An option from requirement 6 of the Flower Honor not completed for that Honor.
We restate the requirements here for your convenience, but for instruction, we ask you to go to the entry on the Flowers honor.

 * a. Arrange, draw or photograph a series of at least six flowers showing in order the colors of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet.
 * b. Submit fresh, pressed or dried flowers which have: five petals, four petals, three petals, no petals.
 * c. Distinguish and name two out of five wild or cultivated flowers by their odor, while blindfolded.
 * d. List flowers that you have observed being visited for food by the following:
 * 1. Birds
 * 2. Honeybees
 * 3. Bumblebees
 * 4. Butterflies
 * 5. Moths
 * e. Watch a flower for at least ten minutes in the sunshine, and at least ten minutes after dusk, and report on insect visitors. State the number and kind of visitors and name of flower.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Grasses

1. What characteristics must a plant have to qualify as a grass?
Grasses generally have the following characteristics:

Poaceae have hollow stems called culms, plugged at intervals called nodes. Leaves are alternate, distichous (in one plane) or rarely spiral, parallel-veined and arise at the nodes. Each leaf is differentiated into a lower sheath hugging the stem for a distance and a blade with margin usually entire (meaning continuous and un-toothed). The leaf blades of many grasses are hardened with silica phytoliths, which helps discourage grazing animals. In some grasses (such as sword grass) this makes the grass blades sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs, called the ligule, lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath.

2. What kind of roots do all grasses have?
Grasses (and several other plants) have roots called rhizomes. A rhizome is a horizontal stem of a plant that is usually found underground and often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes may also be referred to as creeping rootstalks, or rootstocks. Rhizomes typically have short internodes; they send out roots from the bottom of the nodes and new vertically growing shoots from the top of the nodes.

For many plants, the rhizome acts as the "seed", and is used by humans to propagate the plants.

3. About how many species around the world are there in the grass family called Gramineae or Poaceae?
The Poaceae is also known as the Gramineae. There are about 600 genera and between 9,000 to 10,000 species of these plants. Plant communities dominated by Poaceae are called grasslands; it is estimated that grasslands comprise 20% of the vegetation cover of the earth. This family is the most important of all plant families to human economies: it includes the staple food grains grown around the world, lawn and forage grasses, and bamboo, widely used for construction throughout Asia.

4. Do the seeds of grasses have two halves as does the bean (a dicotyledon), or does the seed consist of just one part as do the lily, date, and coconut (monocotyledons)?
All grasses are monocotyledons, so the seeds have only one part.

5. What unique characteristic in the growth of grass leaves makes it possible for the plant to flourish even though continually mowed or grazed?
Grass blades grow at the base of the blade and not from growing tips. This location of the grass growing point near the ground allows it to be grazed or mowed regularly without damage to the growing point.

6. Name three annual grasses, that is, grasses that sprout from seeds, blossom, bear seeds, and then die the same summer.

 * Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
 * Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.)
 * Common wild oat (Avena fatua)
 * Foxtail grass (Alopecurus spp.)

7. Name three perennial grasses, that is, grasses whose roots live on from year to year, although the top dies down to the crown each autumn.

 * Couch Grass (Elytrigia repens)
 * Panicum (Panicum spp.)
 * Fescue (Festuca spp.)
 * Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis)

a. Bread (three grasses)
Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, Corn

b. Brooms
Broomsedge

c. Fishing poles
Bamboo

d. Gluten
Wheat, Rye, Barley

e. Grain alcohol (two grasses)
Wheat, Rye, Corn

f. Hay
Rye, Timothy, Brome, Fescue, Coastal Bermuda, Orchard grass

g. Hominy
Maize (corn)

h. Molasses
Sugarcane, Sorghum

i. Oatmeal
Oats

j. Starch
Corn, Rice, Wheat

k. Sugar
Sugarcane, Corn

l. White flour
Wheat

9. Do one of the following
Review requirement 11 before starting on this one. If you follow requirement 11 as outlined, requirement 9a will be fulfilled.

a. Collect and correctly label ten cultivated grasses.
Cultivated grasses include the cereal grains as well as lawn grasses: What, rye, oats, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, bamboo, etc. Bahia grass, Bermuda, Buffalo, Fescue, Kentucky Bluegrass, St Augustine, Zoysia, etc.
 * Grains:
 * Lawn Grasses:

b. Write an essay on the various uses of grasses by different people around the world.
The most important use of grass in the world is as a food staple. Entire civilizations were founded on the ability to grow grain. Rice is used in Asia; wheat, rye, and oats in Europe and Africa, and corn in the Americas.

Grass is also used as the main plant on lawns, as feed for livestock, in broom making, thatching, and for fuels (including biodiesel). Corn husks are used for making dolls as well as for cooking vessels (i.e., wrap the food in corn husks and place it on a bed of coals).

Grass is also used for making clothing (hula skirts anyone?), mats, composting, mulching, bedding for humans and for livestock, and even as a primary building material in straw-bale construction.

It was used in rope-making by the Incas in South America, and these ropes would then be used to build bridges spanning large canyons.

10. Press or dry, mount, and correctly label the flower stalks or seed stalks of five pestiferous grasses that are commonly considered to be weeds.
"Pestiferous" means "weedy" in this case, and you should keep in mind, that a weed is any species growing where it is not wanted by humans. Fescue in the flower bed is a weed. Fescue in the lawn is not. Use your own judgement as to what is and what is not a weed.

Flower stalks should be pressed, and seed stalks should be dried. To press the flower stalks, place them between paper towels or some other absorbent material, then place between the pages of a heavy book. Close the book, and if desired, place the book at the bottom of a large stack of books. Another way to press them is to place the plants again between paper towels, then place that between two boards. Clamp the boards together. Whichever approach you use, leave the specimens there for several days.

For drying, all you need to do is leave the grass in a dry environment - on top of a bookshelf or in a closet. As long as it is dry, the seed stalks will dry just fine.

To mount the stalks, simply fasten them in place on a sheet of paper using transparent tape. This does not need to be nothing more than a spiral notebook, but if the Pathfinder wants to make it fancy, that should not be discouraged.

==11. In addition to your collection of flower or seed stalks of pestiferous kinds, press, mount, and correctly name the flower stalks or seed stalks of ten additional grasses that grow in your neighborhood. This collection may include some of the plants whose seeds are in your collection of cultivated grasses.== This requirement is referring to an old version of requirement 9, which read as follows:
 * Because of their value as food for man and/or his domestic animals, about sixty species of grasses are cultivated in the United States. Make a collection of, and correctly label, the seeds of ten of these valuable species.

The main difference between this requirement and the current incarnation of requirement 9a, is that this requirement stipulates that the plants should be pressed or dried, and mounted, and that they be grown to your neighborhood. Therefore, if the plants collected in requirement 9a are collected from your neighborhood, and if they are pressed or dried and mounted, this requirement is already finished.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Herbs

1. List 25 culinary herbs and their uses.

 * Allspice: The fruit of the allspice is more familiar, but the fresh leaves are also used where available: they are similar in texture to bay leaves and are thus infused during cooking and then removed before serving.
 * Arugula: Arugula (also known as Rocket) is generally used in salads but also cooked as a vegetable with pastas or meats and in coastal Slovenia, it is added in the squeaky cheese burek. It is often used in pizzas.
 * Basil: Basil is most commonly recommended to be used fresh, and in cooked recipes, is generally added at the last moment, as cooking destroys the flavor quickly. It is known as the King of Herbs.
 * Bay leaf: Bay leaf is often used to flavor soups, stews, braises and pâtés in Mediterranean Cuisine. The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavor until several weeks after picking and drying.
 * Chives: Uses for chives involve shredding its leaves (straws) for use as condiment for fish, potatoes and soups.
 * Cicily: Cicily leaves are sometimes used as a herb, with a rather strong taste reminiscent of anise; it is used mainly in Germany and Scandinavia.
 * Cilantro: Cilantro is also known as Coriander. The fresh leaves are an essential ingredient in many Vietnamese foods, Asian chutneys and Mexican salsas and guacamole.
 * Curry leaves: Curry leaves are commonly used as seasoning in Indian and Sri Lankan cooking, much like bay leaves and especially in curries with fish or coconut milk.
 * Dill: Like caraway, its fernlike leaves are aromatic, and are used to flavor many foods, such as pickled salmon, borscht and other soups and pickles.
 * Garlic: Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavour, as a seasoning or condiment or to enhance other flavours. Depending on the form of cooking and the desired result, the flavor is either mellow or intense. It is often paired with onion, tomato, and/or ginger.
 * Horseradish: The horseradish root is used as a vegetable or ground in a condiment called prepared horseradish, and has at times been used as the bitter herbs in the Passover meal in some Jewish communities. Horseradish, sometimes blended with cream and called horseradish sauce, is often served with roast or boiled beef, as well as smoked fish. Horseradish is also used in some prepared mustards. Also, much of what is styled wasabi is, outside of Japan, actually common horseradish dyed green.
 * Hyssop: Hyssop leaves have a slightly bitter minty flavor and can be added to soups, salads or meats, although should be used sparingly as the flavor is very strong.
 * Lemon grass: Lemon grass is commonly used in teas, soups, and curries. It is also suitable for poultry, fish, and seafood. It is often used as a tea in African countries.
 * Licorice: Liquorice flavor is found in a wide variety of liquorice candies.
 * Parsley: Two forms of parsley are used as herbs: curly leaf and Italian or flat leaf. Curly leaf parsley is often used as a garnish. Flat leaf parsley has a stronger flavor.
 * Peppermint: Peppermint has a high menthol content, and is often used as a flavoring in tea, ice cream, confectionery, chewing gum, and toothpaste.
 * Raspberry leaves: Leaves of the raspberry cane are used fresh or dried in herbal teas.
 * Rose hips: Rose hips are commonly used as a herbal tea, often blended with hibiscus and as an oil.
 * Rosemary: The fresh and dried leaves are used frequently in traditional Mediterranean cuisine as an herb; they have a bitter, astringent taste, which complements oily foods, such as lamb and oily fish. They are extensively used in cooking, and when burned gives off a distinct mustard smell, which can be used to flavor foods while barbequeueing.
 * Rue: Rue was used extensively in middle eastern cuisine in olden days, but because it is very bitter, it is usually not suitable for most modern tastes. However, it is still used certain parts of the world, particularly in northern Africa.
 * Sage: As an herb, sage is considered to have a slight peppery flavour. In Western cooking, it is used for flavoring fatty meats (especially as a marinade), cheeses, and some drinks. In Britain, sage is used with onion for stuffing and also in sauces. In French cuisine, sage is used for cooking white meat and in vegetable soups. Germans often use it in sausage dishes. Sage is also common in Italian cooking. In the Balkans and the Middle East, it is used when roasting mutton.
 * Saffron: Saffron is characterized by a bitter taste and a hay-like fragrance. It also contains a dye, crocin, that gives food a rich golden-yellow hue. These traits make saffron a much-sought ingredient in many foods worldwide.
 * Sorrel: The leaves may be added to salads to sharpen the taste. They are often puréed in soups and sauces.
 * Spearmint: Spearmint is used as a flavoring for toothpaste and confectionery.
 * Sumac: The hairy covering of the drupes is harvested and used as a spice (a deep red powder with a sour taste) in some Middle Eastern countries, particularly with salads. In North America, the smooth sumac and the staghorn sumac, are sometimes used to make a beverage, termed "sumac-ade" or "Indian lemonade" or "rhus juice".
 * Sweet grass: Sweet grass was used in France to flavor candy, soft drinks, and perfumes. In Russia, it was used to flavor tea.
 * Tansy: Tansy was formerly used as a flavoring for puddings and omelets, but that is almost unknown now.
 * Tarragon: Tarragon is one of the four fines herbes of French cooking, and particularly suitable for fish and chicken dishes. Tarragon is one of the main components of Bearnaise sauce.
 * Thyme: Thyme (pronounced time) is often used to flavor meats, soups and stews. It is used in French cuisine, where it is an important element in a bouquet garni, as well as in herbes de Provence. It is also widely used in Caribbean cuisine. In some Middle Eastern countries, the condiment za'atar contains thyme as a vital ingredient.

2. List 25 medicinal herbs and their uses.

 * Allspice: 18th century Russian soldiers would put allspice in their boots. Volatile oils found in the plant contain eugenol, a weak antimicrobial agent.
 * Aloe vera: Aloe vera has been used externally to treat various skin conditions such as cuts, burns and eczema.
 * Balm of Gilead: Balm of Gilead is a healing compound (a balm) made from the resinous gum of the North American tree species Populus candicans (Balsam Poplar).
 * Chamomile: Chamomile is used medicinally against sore stomach, irritable bowel syndrome, and as a gentle sleep aid. It can be taken as an herbal tea, two teaspoons of dried flower per cup of tea. For a sore stomach, some recommend taking a cup every morning without food for two to three months. It is also used as a mouthwash.
 * Comfrey: This herb contains allantoin, a cell proliferant that speeds up the natural replacement of body cells. This means that it will promote the swift healing of damaged or injured tissues, as well as maintaining cell growth and preventing diseases.
 * Coriander: Coriander has been used for the relief of anxiety. Coriander essential oil showed a delay in E. Coli growth, suggesting possible agricultural anti-bacterial applications.
 * Cowslip: Cowslip is used medicinally as a diuretic, an expectorant, and an antispasmodic, as well as for the treatment of headaches, whooping cough, tremors, and other conditions
 * Eucalyptus: An essential oil extracted from eucalypt leaves contains compounds that are powerful natural disinfectants and which can be toxic in large quantities.
 * Eyebright: Eyebright is used for eyestrain and to relieve inflammation caused by colds, coughs, sinus infections, and sore throats.
 * Garlic: Garlic extracts that are left to set overnight are very effective in healing wounds. In 1858, Louis Pasteur observed garlic's antibacterial activity, and it was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World War I and World War II.
 * Great Mullein: Great mullein is used as an herbal remedy for sore throat, cough and lung diseases.
 * Licorice: Powdered liquorice root is an effective expectorant, and has been used for this purpose since ancient times. Modern cough syrups often include liquorice extract as an ingredient. Additionally, liquorice may be useful for both mouth ulcers and peptic ulcers.
 * Hyssop: In John 19:29, a sponge soaked in sour wine or vinegar was stuck on a branch of hyssop and offered to Jesus on the cross just before he died. Hyssop has medicinal properties which are listed as including expectorant, carminative, relaxes peripheral blood vessels, promotes sweating, anti-inflammatory, anti-catarrhal, antispasmodic.
 * Oregano: In the Philippines, oregano is not commonly used for cooking but is rather considered as a primarily medicinal plant, useful for relieving children's coughs.
 * Peppermint: It is said that peppermint helps against upset stomachs, inhibits the growth of certain bacteria, and can help smooth and relax muscles when inhaled or applied to the skin.
 * Purslane: Purslane is used as a remedy for constipation and inflammation of the urinary system. In antiquity its healing properties were thought so reliable that Pliny advised wearing the plant as an amulet to expel all evil.
 * Raspberry leaves: Raspberry leaves have an astringent flavor and in herbal medicine are reputed to be effective in regulating menses.
 * Rosemary: Rosemary has a very old reputation for improving memory, and has been used as a symbol for remembrance (as in worn during weddings, war commemorations and funerals) in Europe, probably as a result of this reputation. Students in ancient Greece are reported to have worn sprigs of rosemary in their hair while studying for exams to improve their memory, and mourners would throw it into graves as a symbol of remembrance for the dead. In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Ophelia says, "There's rosemary, that's for remembrance".
 * Sage: Modern evidence supports the effects of sage as an antihydrotic, antibiotic, antifungal, astringent, antispasmodic, estrogenic, hypoglycemic, and tonic.
 * Saffron: Modern medicine has also discovered saffron as having anticarcinogenic (cancer-suppressing), anti-mutagenic (mutation-preventing), immunomodulating, and antioxidant-like properties.
 * Senna: Because of the presence of anthraquinones, senna species are used as the primary ingredient in certain commercial stimulant laxatives.
 * Sorrel: Sorrel is used as a laxative.
 * Spearmint: Recent research has shown that Spearmint tea may be used as a treatment for mild hirsutism (facial hair) in women. Its anti-androgenic properties reduce the level of free testosterone in the blood.
 * Tamarind: In the Philippines, the leaves have been traditionally used in herbal tea for reducing malaria fever. Tamarind is used as a medicine for gastric and/or digestion problems.
 * Tansy: Bitter tea made with the blossoms of Tansy has been effectively used for centuries as a drug that expels parasitic worms. Note that only Tanacetum vulgare is used in medicinal preparations; all species of tansy are toxic, and an overdose can be fatal. As a natural insect repellent, it was often planted next to kitchen doors to keep ants out.
 * Yarrow: Yarrow is purported to be a diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic. The plant also has a long history as a powerful 'healing herb' used topically for wounds, cuts and abrasions.

3. Cook one dish using herbs.
There are many possible recipes you can use to meet this requirement, but we present one here for your convenience. This bread stuffing recipe uses celery, onion, garlic, sage and thyme, and is very tasty. It was taken from requirement 7a of the Food Drying honor.

a. Cream
Natural Face Neck and Skin Cream

1. not made of any harmful products

2. Gentle on skin.

Steps

 * 1 egg white or 1 egg
 * 1 tsp lemon juice or 2 packs of Real Lemon 100% Lemon Juice
 * 1/4 cup olive oil
 * 5 - 6 drops of infused herbal water for to make it emulsify not for digestion for not taken internal but to infuse the herb sent.

1. Blend egg white and with lemon juice and oils, for about 3 minutes then slowly add herbal infused olive oil about 1 tab at a time.

2. Apply to face and let it dry completely, for about 20 minutes and wash it off with warm water.

Tightens skin and do not forget the cream on your neck also. The oil will make the skin feel softer and the egg will also make the skin feel amazing the mirror will love the look of the complexion. and egg also tightens the skin of wrinkles.

Actually I used the whole egg with mine and do not know if the that matters or not but it did not seem to have a negative effect.

Also I am considering using essential oils in the water and see what that would do more than just scented 3 - 5 drops in the water and blend.

(I used the Vita Mixer and made a double batch and keep it in the frig with what is not used. Still the same next time just cooler so may want to warm it up.)

b. Herb Pillow
A herb pillow is very simple to make. Simply make a small bag out of a light fabric (some people use cheesecloth) and stuff it with herbs of your choice. Lavender, rose petals, pine needles, mint, and eucalyptus are all popular herbs to use for this.

c. Jam
Jam can be made from rose hips, the fruit of the rose bush. Gather of rose hips after the first frost and remove the black ends. Wash them well to remove any chemicals with which the roses may have been treated. Boil them in water until they are soft an mushy, and then press them through a colander to strain out the seeds and other large pieces.

Continue to cook the pulp that comes through the colander until it is thicker than cream. Then combine with an equal weight of sugar ( should do) and check the taste. Continue cooking until the mixture has a jelly-like consistency. Pour into sterilized jars and seal.

Jam can also be made from sweet basil or rosemary.

Note that this activity can also be used to meet requirement 6d of the Food - Canning honor.

d. Soap
Herbal Soap Making Procedure

Here is a step-by-step procedure that you can follow to make your own herbal soap:

Once fully melted, pour in the mixture into the soap mold and allow to harden at room temperature. (It will be best to coat your soap mold first with vegetable oil before pouring in the soap mixture.)
 * Bring 1/4 cup of water to a boil then add about 2 tablespoons of finely ground herbs of your choice. Let the mixture steep for about 15 minutes.
 * Pour in the steeped concoction into your double boiler then reheat.
 * Add in the 1 lb of soap (make sure it is cut into fine pieces or grated) and let it melt.
 * You may add in coloring or essential oils at this point to make your soap more interesting.
 * After a few hours, remove the soap from the mold then allow to harden for a day or two before finally using.

Note though that coloring and essential oils can irritate sensitive skin. Also, it will be best to use glass or plastic spoons and containers as metals may react with herbal ingredients.

Making herbal soap is very simple. It only takes a few hours of your time. So why not give your skin the natural treatment it deserves? Go on and try making your very own herbal soap today.

5. Make one batch of potpourri.
Potpourri is a mixture of dried, naturally fragrant plant material, used to provide a gentle natural scent in houses. It is usually placed in a decorative wooden bowl, or tied in small bags made from sheer fabric.

Naturally scented plants used in traditional potpourri include:
 * Cedar wood shavings
 * Cypress wood shavings
 * Incense-cedar wood shavings
 * Juniper wood shavings
 * Lavender leaves and flowers
 * Mignonette leaves and flowers
 * Pinyon pine cones
 * Rose flowers, Rose hips, or Rose oil
 * Cinnamon bark
 * Marjoram

Much modern potpourri consists of any decoratively shaped dried plant material (not necessarily from scented plants) with strong synthetic perfumes (and also often strongly coloured dyes) added, with the scent often bearing no relation to the plant material used. Sometimes, items which do not originate from plants are mixed in with the potpourri, to give it bulk and to make it more aesthetically pleasing. It is possible to spray scents onto potpourri, however a fixative is needed so that the scent is absorbed. Generally, orris root is used for this purpose.

The word potpourri comes from the French word "pot-pourri," which was the French name for a Spanish stew with a wide variety of ingredients called olla podrida. In English, "potpourri" is often used to refer to any collection of miscellaneous or diverse items.

In ceramics manufacture, a potpourri vase is a vase specifically designed for holding potpourri. In the traditional designs a potpourri container is provided with a pierced fitted lid, through which the scent may slowly diffuse.

6. Make one pomander.
A pomander, from French pomme dambre, i.e. apple of amber, is a ball made of perfumes, such as ambergris (whence the name), musk, or civet. The pomander was worn or carried in a vase, also known by the same name, as a protection against infection in times of pestilence or merely as a useful article to modify bad smells. The globular cases which contained the pomanders were hung from a neck-chain or attached to the girdle, and were usually perforated and made of gold or silver. Sometimes they contained several partitions, in each of which was placed a different perfume. There is an early Spanish pomander set with emeralds, and a fine 16th century one, dredged from the Thames, in the British Museum.

Today some make pomanders out of oranges studded with whole cloves, following an early American custom.

7. Name and identify 5 herbs growing wild near you.
A good Field Guide to edible wild plants or wildflowers will be very useful in meeting this requirement. We recommend one of the following (or an equivalent Field Guide that covers your area):

 * A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants: Eastern and central North America (Peterson Field Guides) by Lee Allen Peterson and Roger Tory Peterson.  Note that this book is also very useful for earning the Edible Wild Plants honor, as well as the Pioneering and Wilderness Living honors.
 * Wildflowers of North America: A Guide to Field Identification

8. Name 5 herbs you can use for dying and state the color they give.

 * 1) Poke - pink
 * 2) Dandelion - red
 * 3) Sunflower - orange
 * 4) Goldenrod - a golden yellow
 * 5) Rosemary - green
 * 6) Woad - indigo blue
 * 7) Geranium - purple
 * 8) Fennel - brown
 * 9) Yarrow - gray, black

9. Name 5 herbs that can be used in insect control.
Natural Bug Control.

 * Basil - Flies, Mosquitoes
 * Catnip - Flea Beetle, Ants
 * Dead Nettle - Potato Bug
 * Garlic - Mosquitoes
 * Henbit - General Insect Repellant
 * Hyssop - Cabbage Moth
 * Lavender - Moths
 * Mint - White Cabbage Moths, Aphids, Flea Beetle
 * Pennyroyal - Flies, Mosquitoes, Fleas
 * Rosemary - Cabbage Moth, Bean Beetle, Carrot Fly
 * Sage - Cabbage Moth, Carrot Fly, Flea Beetle, Slugs
 * Thyme - Cabbage Worm

10. Grow 5 culinary herbs for 3 months.
Start with this Wikipedia on herbs: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_garden

The links there may be useful to growing your herbs.

 * How to Grow Herbs Information about planting, propagating and growing herbs

Herbs can be grown indoors in the winter months by using hydroponic techniques. Growing them hydroponically meets a requirement in the Voyager AY curriculum.

See this link for details.

11. Name 5 herb plants that particularly attract bees.
Herbs that attracts bees and butterflies:
 * Basil
 * Borage
 * Catnip
 * Cornflower
 * Dill
 * Echinacea
 * Evening Primrose
 * Fennel
 * Goldenrod
 * Horehound
 * Hyssop
 * Lavender
 * Parsley
 * Poppy
 * Thyme
 * Sage

12. Name 5 herbs mentioned in the Bible and give the Bible references for them.

 * (All scripture text New International Version)

 * Exodus 16:31
 * The people of Israel called the bread manna. It was white like coriander seed and tasted like wafers made with honey.

 * Numbers 11:5
 * We remember the fish we ate in Egypt at no cost—also the cucumbers, melons, leeks, onions and garlic.

 * Numbers 24:6
 * Like valleys they spread out, like gardens beside a river, like aloes planted by the LORD, like cedars beside the waters.

 * Psalm 51:7
 * Cleanse me with hyssop, and I will be clean; wash me, and I will be whiter than snow.

 * Matthew 13:31
 * He told them another parable: "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed, which a man took and planted in his field.

 * Matthew 23:23
 * Woe to you, teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You give a tenth of your spices—mint, dill and cummin. But you have neglected the more important matters of the law—justice, mercy and faithfulness. You should have practiced the latter, without neglecting the former.

 * Luke 11:42
 * Woe to you Pharisees, because you give God a tenth of your mint, rue and all other kinds of garden herbs, but you neglect justice and the love of God. You should have practiced the latter without leaving the former undone.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Insects

(3) Arrange all specimens neatly in an insect box according to orders and families. Orders should be pinned to the box rather than attached to the individual insect pins.
===b. Make colored drawings or paintings of 20 species of insects, representing at least six different orders. Drawings or paintings need to be life size or larger, to show the details of small insects, and in natural coloring. Label the drawings with common names and genus or species level names.=== ===c. Take color photographs of 20 species of insects, representing at least six different orders. All pictures should be in focus, close-ups and properly labeled, showing where photographed, the date photographed, common names and genus or species level names.===

Photographing insects can be challenging, but with a few tips, success is within reach. Perhaps the most important feature of your camera for insect photography is the "macro mode." This feature allows the camera to focus on subjects less than away. It is often marked on the camera body with a small flower icon (since flower photography is also mostly close-up). If you cannot find how to enable this feature on your camera, consult the user's manual. If you cannot find that, search for one on the Internet.

Once you find an insect, you may discover that it moves far too quickly for you to be able to take a decent picture. One trick you can use in this case is to capture the insect and pop it in a refrigerator for about an hour. This will not harm the insect, but it will certainly slow it down. After taking a few pictures, release the insect into the wild again.

You can also try placing the insect in a drinking glass, and covering the top with the camera lens and body. Use a transparent glass for this so that light can illuminate the insect. Once it settles down, take the picture.

This requirement can really be divided into two phases: field work, and lab work. The field work comes first, and it consists of going out into the wild and finding as many insects as you can. Do not worry about identifying them. Photograph as many as you can. If they are too difficult to photograph, capture them and bring them back to the "lab" where you can refrigerate them as described previously. The "lab work" is when you sit down and attempt to identify the insects you have captured, either photographically, or physically.

We present a crude identification guide below, but if you want to identify the insects you find, you will very likely need a good field guide. You can try various on-line identification aids as well, including Bug Guide.

2. What are the distinguishing characteristics of an insect?
Insects possess segmented bodies supported by an exoskeleton, a hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The body is divided into a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and mouth parts. The thorax has six legs (one pair per segment) and wings (if present in the species). The abdomen (made up of eleven segments some of which may be reduced or fused) has respiratory, excretory and reproductive structures.

3. Name five species of injurious insects and tell how to control them.
Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (mosquitoes, lice, bedbugs), transmit diseases (mosquitos, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control, often using insecticides, but more and more relying on methods of biocontrol.

4. Name five species of useful insects.
Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some pollinate flowering plants (for example wasps, bees, butterflies, ants). The silkworm has greatly affected human history, as silk-driven trade established relationships between China and the rest of the world. Fly larvae (maggots) were formerly used to treat wounds to prevent or stop gangrene, as they would only consume dead flesh. This treatment is finding modern usage in some hospitals. Adult insects such as crickets, and insect larvae of various kinds are also commonly used as fishing bait.

5. Tell two Bible stories in which insects played an important part.

 * Exodus 8:21-31: God sent a plague of flies on Egypt.
 * Exodus 10:1-18: God sent a plague of locusts on Egypt.
 * Proverbs 6:6-8: The ant "stores its provisions in summer and gathers its food at harvest."
 * Jonah 4:5-11: God used a worm (possibly an insect larva) to teach Jonah about His concern for people.
 * Acts 12:20-23: King Herod was eaten by worms and died.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Insects - Advanced

1. Have the Insects Honor.
== 2. Do one of the following:a. Add to your collection 50 species of insects representing at least ten different orders. Labels must include collector's name, date, locality, order, family, and genus or species level name. (Carelessly mounted or broken specimens are not acceptable.)b. Add to your colored drawings or paintings 50 species of insects, representing at least ten different orders. Drawings or paintings need to be life size or larger, to show the details of small insects, and in natural coloring. Label drawings with date, order, family, and genus or species level name.c. Add to your colored photographs 50 species of insects, representing at least ten different orders. All pictures are to be in focus, close-ups and properly labeled, showing where photographed, the date photographed, and order, family, and genus or species level name. == There are several insects described in the Insects honor, though not nearly enough (currently) to satisfy this requirement. We recommend that you obtain a Field Guide to the insects common to your area. As with any nature identification task, the better approach is to find the insects first, and then identify them. This works far better than deciding which insects you want to find and then going out to look for them.

3. How do the special structures and habits of insects fit them so admirably for life?
Insects possess segmented bodies supported by an exoskeleton, a hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units; a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, one to three simple eyes and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six segmented legs and two or four wings (if present in the species). The abdomen has most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures.

Many insects possess very sensitive and/or specialized organs of perception. Some insects such as bees can perceive ultraviolet wavelengths, or detect polarized light, while the antennae of male moths can detect the pheromones of female moths over distances of many kilometers.

Most insects lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate, or compete for mates. A small number exhibit some form of parental care, where they will at least guard their eggs, and sometimes continue guarding their offspring until adulthood, and possibly even actively feeding them. Another simple form of parental care is to construct a nest (a burrow or an actual construction, either of which may be simple or complex), store provisions in it, and lay an egg upon those provisions. The adult does not contact the growing offspring, but it nonetheless does provide food.

Bees
Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax honeycomb, produced and shaped by the worker bees. Larvae are initially fed with royal jelly produced by worker bees, later switching to honey and pollen. The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly, which will develop into a queen bee. The larva undergoes several moltings before spinning a cocoon within the cell, and pupating. Drones hatch from unfertilized eggs, females (Queens and worker bees) hatch from fertilized eggs. The queen actually can choose to fertilize the egg she is laying, usually depending on what cell she is laying in.

Young worker bees clean the hive and feed the larvae. When their royal jelly producing glands begin to atrophy, they begin building comb cells. They progress to other within-colony tasks as they become older, such as receiving nectar and pollen from foragers, and guarding the hive. Later still, a worker takes her first orientation flights and finally leaves the hive and typically spends the remainder of its life as a forager.

Worker bees cooperate to find food and use a pattern of "dancing" (known as the bee dance or waggle dance) to communicate information regarding resources with each other; this dance varies from species to species, but all living species of Apis exhibit some form of the behavior. If the resources are very close to the hive, they may also exhibit a less specific dance commonly known as the "Round Dance".

Honey bees also perform tremble dances which recruit receiver bees to collect nectar from returning foragers.

Virgin queens go on mating flights away from their home colony, and mate with multiple drones before returning. The drones die in the act of mating.

Colonies are established not by solitary queens, as in most bees, but by groups known as "swarms", which consist of a mated queen and a large contingent of worker bees. This group moves en masse to a nest site that has been scouted by worker bees beforehand. Once they arrive, they immediately construct a new wax comb and begin to raise new worker brood. This type of nest founding is not seen in any other living bee genus, though there are several groups of Vespid wasps which also found new nests via swarming (sometimes including multiple queens). Also, stingless bees will start new nests with large numbers of worker bees, but the nest is constructed before a queen is escorted to the site, and this worker force is not a true "swarm".

Housefly
Each female fly can lay over 9,000 eggs. The eggs are white and are about 1.2 mm in length. Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed in (usually dead and decaying) organic material, such as garbage or feces. They are pale-whitish, 3–9 mm long, thinner at the mouth end, and have no legs. They live at least one week. At the end of their third instar, the maggots crawl to a dry cool place and transform into pupae, colored reddish or brown and about 8 mm long. The adult flies then emerge from the pupae. (This whole cycle is known as complete metamorphosis.) The adults live from half a month to a month in the wild, or longer in benign laboratory conditions. After having emerged from the pupae, the flies cease to grow; small flies are not young flies, but are indeed the result of getting insufficient food during the larval stage.

Some 36 hours after having emerged from the pupa, the female is receptive for mating. The male mounts her from behind to inject sperm. Normally the female mates only once, storing the sperm to use it repeatedly for laying several sets of eggs.

Monarch Butterfly
The life cycle of a monarch includes a change of form called complete metamorphosis. The monarch goes through four radically different stages:

 * 1) The eggs are laid by the females during spring and summer breeding months.
 * 2) The eggs hatch, revealing worm-like larvae, the caterpillars. The caterpillars consume their egg cases, then feed on milkweed. During the caterpillar stage, monarchs store energy in the form of fat and nutrients to carry them through the non-feeding pupa stage.
 * 3) In the pupa or chrysalis stage, the caterpillar spins a silk pad on a twig, leaf, etc., and hangs from this pad by its last pair of prolegs. It hangs upside down in the shape of a 'J', and then molts, leaving itself encased in an articulated green exoskeleton. At this point, hormonal changes occur, leading to the development of a butterfly (metamorphosis). The chrysalis darkens (actually becomes transparent) a day before it emerges, and its orange and black wings can be seen.
 * 4) The mature butterfly emerges after about two pupal weeks and hangs from the split chrysalis for several hours until its wings are dry (often in the morning). Meanwhile fluids are pumped into the crinkled wings until they become full and stiff. Some of this orangey fluid (called meconium) drips from the wings. Finally (usually in the afternoon) the monarch spreads its wings, quivers them to be sure they are stiff, and then flies away, to feed on a variety of flowers, including milkweed flowers, red clover, and goldenrod.

Antlion
The life cycle of the antlion begins with oviposition (egg-laying). The female antlion repeatedly taps the sand surface with the tip of her abdomen. She then inserts her abdomen into the sand and lays an egg. The antlion larva is a ferocious-appearing creature with a robust, fusiform body, a very plump abdomen, the thorax bearing three pairs of walking legs. The prothorax forms a slender mobile "neck" for the large, square, flattened head, which bears an enormous pair of sicklelike jaws with several sharp, hollow projections. The jaws are formed by the maxillae and mandibles, which in each pincer enclose a canal for injecting venom between them. Depending on species and where it lives, the larvae will either hide under leaves or pieces of wood, in cracks of rocks, or dig pits in sandy areas.

The pupal stage of the antlion is quiescent. The larva makes a globular cocoon of sand stuck together with fine silk spun from a slender spinneret at the posterior end of the body. These cocoons may be buried several centimeters deep in the sand. It remains there for one month, until the completion of the transformation into the sexually mature insect, which then emerges from the case, leaving the pupal integument behind, and climbs to the surface. After about 20 minutes the adult's wings are fully opened and it will fly off in search of a mate. The adult is considerably larger than the larva; they exhibit the greatest disparity in size between larva and adult of any type of holometabolous insects, by virtue of the adults having an extremely thin, flimsy exoskeleton - in other words, they have extremely low mass per unit of volume.

5. Name two kinds of social insects. How do they differ from nonsocial insects?
Social insects, such as the termites, ants and many bees and wasps, live together in large well-organized colonies that may be so tightly integrated and genetically similar that the colonies of some species are sometimes considered superorganisms.

The term eusocial was originally defined to include those organisms (originally, only invertebrates) that had certain features:

 * 1) Reproductive division of labor (with or without sterile castes)
 * 2) Overlapping generations
 * 3) Cooperative care of young

The most familiar examples are insects such as ants, bees, and wasps (order Hymenoptera), as well as termites (order Isoptera), all with reproductive queens and more or less sterile workers and/or soldiers.

a. Aerial net
An aerial net can be made from some netting, a coat hanger, a broomstick, and some duct tape.

For netting it might be tempting to use pantyhose, but it is almost impossible to find pieces large enough to make a good net. Instead, use cheesecloth or material used for making a bridal veil (you can get that pretty cheaply at a fabric store). Sew the netting into a tube and close it at one end, and make a hem at the open end.

Unwind the coat hanger and form it into a circle with two prongs. Thread it through the hem at the opening of the netting. Attach the prongs on the end of the coat hanger wire to the broomstick with duct tape. If desired, you can also use hose clamps to hold the wire to the broomstick.

b. Sweeping net
It is used for sweeping along at ground level through an open field. It is made the same way as the aerial net described above, except that an old pillowcase should be used instead of netting.

c. Aquatic net
An aquatic net can be made by attaching a kitchen strainer to a broomstick with hose clamps. Unless you are using your very own strainer, get permission from its owner (and from the person who uses it the most)! You will quickly learn that using your mother's (or your wife's) kitchen strainer to catch bugs will not earn you any points with her!

To use the aquatic net, submerge it just beneath the surface of the water with the opening facing up. Wait until an aquatic insect swims over the opening, and then quickly lift.

8. Construct and use a trap for night-flying insects.
An easy way to trap night-flying insects is to suspend a white bedsheet vertically next to a light bulb. Be careful that the bulb does not touch the sheet, as this would be a fire hazard. If possible, use a light bulb that emits ultra-violet light (but be careful to not look at the lit bulb as it can cause eye damage). The insects will be attracted to the light and land on the sheet. They can be picked off by hand.

You can also suspend a light bulb over a pan filled with water and a few drops of dish soap. The dish soap breaks the surface tension on the water so that the insects sink and drown (rather than walking on the surface). Such a trap can be left overnight.

(1) Aquatic
The family Gerridae contains insects commonly known as water striders, water bugs, magic bugs, pond skaters, skaters, skimmers, water scooters, water skaters, water skeeters, water skimmers or water skippers. These are predatory insects which rely on surface tension to walk on top of water. They live on the surface of ponds, slow streams, marshes, and other quiet waters. They can move very quickly, up to 1.5 m/s.

(2) Leaf mining
The horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella or Cameraria operculella) is a moth of the lepidopteran family Gracillariidae. The Horse Chestnut Leaf Miner was first observed in Macedonia in northern Greece in the late 1970's, and was described as a new species in 1986. The moth grows up to 5 mm long and has shiny, bright brown forewings with thin black and white stripes. Its larvae are leaf miners on the Common Horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), causing significant damage to the appearance of the trees. Despite the poor appearance of horse-chestnut trees infested with C. ohridella, there is no evidence that damage by the moth leads to a decline in tree health, the development of dieback, or tree death. Trees survive repeated infestations and re-flush normally in the following year. It appears that most of the damage caused by the moth occurs too late in the growing season to greatly affect tree performance. Consequently, there is no reason to fell and remove trees just because they are attacked by C. ohridella.

(3) Leaf rolling
The tortrix moth Tortrix viridana is known as the European oak leafroller and the green oak moth. It is a distinctive green moth whose larvae feed on tree leaves, especially oak.

An infestation of the larvae can defoliate an oak tree. The adult female lays its eggs next to leaf buds which the larvae consume when they emerge. As the larvae grow bigger they eat larger leaves, and then roll themselves up in a full-sized leaf to pupate.

(4) Wood boring
The common furniture beetle (Anobium punctatum) is a woodboring beetle. In the larval stage it bores on wood and feeds upon it. Adult Anobium punctatum measure 2.7–4.5 mm in length.

Adults do not feed, they just reproduce. The female lays her eggs into cracks in wood or inside old exit holes, if available. The eggs hatch after some three weeks, each producing a 1 mm long, creamy white, C-shaped larva. For three to four years the larvae bore semi-randomly through timber, following and eating the starchy part of the wood grain, and grow up to 7 mm. They come nearer to the wood surface when ready to pupate. They excavate small spaces just under the wood surface and take up to eight weeks to pupate. The adults then break through to the surface as adults, making a 1mm to 1.5 mm exit hole and spilling dust, the first visible signs of an infestation.

(5) Paper eating
Lepisma saccharina (commonly called the silverfish) is a small, wingless insect typically measuring from a half to one inch (12–25 mm).

The favorite food of silverfish is any matter that contains starch or polysaccharides, such as dextrin in adhesives. These include glue, book bindings, paper, photos, sugar, hair, and dandruff. Silverfish can also cause damage to books, tapestries, and textiles. Silverfish will commonly graze in and around showers, baths, and sinks on the cellulose present in many shampoos, shaving foams and so on. Apart from these cases, the damage caused by silverfish is negligible and they have no direct effect on human health beyond psychological distress to those who are frightened or disgusted by their appearance. Other substances that may be eaten include cotton, linen, silk and synthetic fibers, and dead insects or even its own exuvia (moulted exoskeleton). During famine, a silverfish may even attack leatherware and synthetic fabrics. In extreme cases, silverfish may live for a year without eating.

(6) Parasites on the body of bird or mammal.
The cat flea's primary host is the domestic cat, but this is also the primary flea infesting dogs in most of the world. The cat flea can also maintain its life cycle on other carnivores and on the Virginia opossum. Rabbits, rodents, ruminants and humans can be infested or bitten, but a population of cat fleas cannot be sustained by these aberrant hosts.

Cat fleas can transmit other parasites and infections to dogs and cats and also to humans. The most prominent of these are Bartonella, the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum, and murine typhus.

Termites

 * Kings and Queens: A female that has flown, mated, and is producing eggs, is called a "queen". Similarly, a male that has flown, mated, and remains in proximity to a queen, is termed a "King". These anthropocentric terms have caused great misunderstanding of colony dynamics. Research using genetic techniques to determine relatedness of colony members is showing that colonies are not headed by a single monogamous royal pair. Multiple pairs of kings and queens within a colony are not uncommon. In some families (Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae, and possibly others) sperm competition does not seem to occur, suggesting that only one male (king) generally mates within the colony.
 * Workers: Worker termites undertake the labors of foraging, food storage, brood, nest maintenance, and some of the defense effort in certain species. Workers are the main caste in the colony for the digestion of cellulose in food and are the most likely to be found in infested wood.
 * Soldiers: The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioral specializations, providing strength and armor which are primarily useful against ant attack. The proportion of soldiers within a colony varies both within and among species. Many soldiers have jaws so enlarged that they cannot feed themselves, but instead, like juveniles, are fed by workers.

Honey Bees

 * Queen: A honey bee colony has only one queen, and she is the one that lays all the eggs. If the queen dies or becomes sick, the workers can make a new queen by feeding the larvae royal jelly.  As these larvae mature, they attain the ability to lay eggs.  They will fight to the death until only one bee remains as the new queen.  A fertile queen is able to lay fertilized or unfertilized eggs. The unfertilized eggs develop into drones and the fertilized eggs develop into either workers or virgin queens.
 * Drones: Drones are male bees. They have no stingers, and their only job is to mate with the queen.  Drones do not even feed themselves, but rely on the workers to feed them.  The colony does not need drones when the queen is not laying eggs, and needs to conserve its resources to survive the winter.  Therefore, drones are not allowed to live in the hive in winter - they are ejected and die.  In the spring when the queen lays eggs, they will, being unfertilized, develop into drones.
 * Workers: The vast majority of honey bees are workers, which are the sterile females. They have many responsibilities throughout their lives:

c. Compare the degree of intelligence exhibited by a grasshopper or a beetle, and an ant, bee, or wasp.
Ants, bees, and wasps are eusocial insects. Each individual cooperates with the others in the colony. They work together as if they were different parts of a larger organism. This behavior requires a greater degree of intelligence than is exhibited by the likes of grasshoppers and beetles (which are solitary).

The Ant and the Grasshopper is one of Aesop's fables drawing upon this difference. The fable concerns a grasshopper who has spent the warm months singing away while the ant (or ants in some editions) worked to store up food for winter. After the winter has come, the grasshopper finds itself dying of hunger, and upon asking the ant for food is only rebuked for its idleness. The story is used to teach the virtues of hard work and saving, and the perils of improvidence. Some versions of the fable state a moral at the end, along the lines of:

 * Idleness brings want
 * To work today is to eat tomorrow
 * It is best to prepare for the days of necessity


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Livestock

(Changed from Domestic Animals)

1. Distinguish between the draft horse and the light horse.

 * Draft Horses: Draft horses are recognizable by their tall stature and extremely muscular build. In general, they tend to have a more upright shoulder, producing more upright movement and conformation that is well-suited for pulling. They tend to have short backs with very powerful hindquarters, again best suited for the purpose of pulling. Additionally, the draft breeds usually have heavy bone, and a good deal of feathering on their lower legs. Many have a straight profile or "Roman nose" (a convex profile). Draft breeds range from approximately 16 hands high to 19hh and from 1,400 to 2,000 lbs.

 * Light Horses: Light riding horses such as Arabians, Morgans, or Quarter Horses usually range in height from 14.0 (142 cm) to 16.0 hands (163 cm) and can weigh from 386 kilograms to about 540 kg (850 to 1200 lb). Larger riding horses such as Thoroughbreds, American Saddlebreds or Warmbloods usually start at about 15.2 hands (157 cm) and often are as tall as 17 hands (172 cm), weighing from 500 kg to 680 kg (1100 lb to 1500 lb).

3. List four physical characteristics of the mule.

 * 1) Mules are almost always sterile.  They are a cross between a male donkey and a female horse. The sterility is attributed to the different number of chromosomes the two species have: donkeys have 62 chromosomes, while horses have 64. Their offspring thus have 63 chromosomes which cannot evenly divide.
 * 2) Mules are generally considered to be more intelligent than either horses or donkeys.
 * 3) Its short thick head, long ears, thin limbs, small narrow hooves, short mane, absence of chestnuts (horny growths) inside the hocks, and tail hairless at the root, make the mule look like a donkey.
 * 4) Its height and body, shape of neck and croup, uniformity of coat, and teeth, make it look like a horse.
 * 5) The mule possesses the sobriety, patience, endurance and sure-footedness of the donkey, and the vigour, strength and courage of the horse.
 * 6) Their hooves are harder than horses, and they show a natural resistance to disease and insects.
 * 7) They are capable of striking out with any of their hooves in any direction.

4. Identify a burro from a picture or live. Give its size, color, and usefulness.
The Spanish brought donkeys, called "burros" in Spanish, to North America, where they were prized for their hardiness in arid country and became the beast of burden of choice by early prospectors in the Southwest United States. In the western United States the word "burro" is often used interchangeably with the word "donkey" by English speakers. Sometimes the distinction is made with smaller donkeys, descended from Mexican stock, called "burros," while those descended from stock imported directly from Europe are called "donkeys."

6. Know the milk-producing qualities of the Jersey, Guernsey, and Holstein breeds.

 * Jersey: Brown Bessie, the famous champion butter cow of the Chicago World's Fair dairy test, averaged over 40 pounds (18 kg) of milk a day for five months, and made 3 pounds (1.3 kg) of butter a day several times.

 * Guernsey: Guernsey cows produce around 6000 liters per cow per year, or 16.4 liters (4.3 gallons) per day.

 * Holstein: Recorded cows in the USA produced 22,347 pounds (10,158 kg) of milk at 3.64% fat and 3.05% protein.

7. What is the difference between the Angora and milch goats? Give the distinguishing colors of at least three different breeds of goats, such as Saanen, Toggenburg, Nubian, and British Alpine.
The word milch is German for milk, so one might correctly infer that the milch goat is one that has been bred for milk production. An angora goat is bred for wool production.

==8. Identify from pictures or live sheep and note wool and meat production, size, markings, and general appearance of three breeds of sheep, such as Merino, Rambouillet, Shropshire, Hampshire, and Lincoln.==


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Mammals

1. What Bible verse gives the day mammals were created?
Genesis 1:24,25, 31

2. List four characteristics of a mammal.

 * 1. Endothermic (Warm-blooded)

 * 2. Hair or Fur

 * 3. Mammary (milk producing) glands

 * 4. Sebaceous (fat-secreting) glands

 * 5. Heterodont Dentition (Different shapes of teeth in their mouths)

a. Marsupialia
Marsupials have a pouch that protects the young as they are developing. The infant is born at very early stage of development and crawls out of the womb and across the mothers belly to the pouch where the baby finds a nipple that it attaches to as it continues to grow.

b. Insecivora

This literally means insect eater eater and that is the main connecting feature of the animals in this order. Many of the animals that were once a part of this order have been moved to other orders based on DNA analysis. The order Insectivora has been replaced by the orders Erinaceomorpha and Soricomorphaaa.

c. Chiroptera

 * The order of flying mammals commonly called "bats".

Bats are mammals. Though sometimes called "flying rodents", "flying mice," or even mistaken for invertebrate bugs and birds, bats are neither rodents nor arthropods. There are two suborders of bats:
 * 1) Megabat Megachiroptera (megabats)
 * 2) Microbat Microchiroptera (microbats/echolocating bats)

Despite the name, not all megabats are larger than microbats. The major distinction between the two suborders is based on other factors:
 * Microbats use Animal echolocation, whereas megabats do not (except for Rousettus and relatives, which do).
 * Microbats lack the claw at the second toe of the forelimb.
 * The ears of microbats do not form a closed ring, but the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.
 * Microbats lack underfur; they have only guard hairs or are naked.

Megabats eat fruit, nectar or pollen while microbats eat insects, blood (small quantities of blood of animals), small mammals, and fish, relying on animal echolocation for navigation and finding prey.

d. Carnivora
Carnivora are meat eaters, and have canine teeth that are especially adapted for this behavior. They tend to have good eye sight, a good sense of smell and a well developed brain, all working together to improve their hunting ability.

The order carnivora is not the only order that has carnivores or hunters. Many other orders have creatures that hunt their prey. For example marsupialia contains the Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian Devil) and the now extinct Thylacinus cynocephalus (Tasmanian wolf). Insectivora species hunt, but they primarily hunt and eat insects or worms. Bats hunt insects, and the Vampire bat stalks many mammals to drink blood as they sleep.

It should also be said that there are a number of species included in the order carnivora that are not carnivores. Ailuruss (Pandas) are a good example as they primarily eat bamboo, using their canines to rip the hard bamboo apart. Many or the ursas (bears) will have a diet higher in berries than meat.

The skull of carnivora often has a ridge that runs along the top from front to back. This ridge is where the powerful muscles that work the jaw is attached to provide the maximum force. The Panthera leo (lion) has a jaw force of 1768N, Pathera tigris (Tiger) 1525N, Ursus Arctos (Brown Bear) 751N, and the Canis lupus (gray wolf) 593N. Because the canine teeth are so sharp in carnivora, these forces can result in enough pressure to break bones.

e. Pinnipedia
An order of carnivorous aquatic mammals that comprises the seals, sea lions, and walrus. They are distinguished by their flipper-like limbs.

f. Rodentia
Rodents have two incisors in the upper as well as in the lower jaw which grow continuously and must be kept worn down by gnawing; this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere, to gnaw, and dens, dentis, tooth. These teeth are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. The teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentine on the inside, so they self-sharpen during gnawing. Rodents lack canines, and have a space between their incisors and premolars. Nearly all rodents feed on plants, seeds in particular, but there are a few exceptions which eat insects or even fish.

g. Lagomorpha
Lagomorphs differ from rodents in that:
 * they have four incisors in the upper jaw (not two as in rodents);
 * they will only eat vegetation (unlike rodents, who will eat meat and vegetation)
 * they will redigest first-time droppings to obtain the most from their plant diet.

They resemble rodents, however, in that their teeth grow throughout their life, thus necessitating constant chewing to keep them from growing too long.

h. Artiodactyla
The Artiodactyla are mammals with hooves and which bear most of their weight on an even number of toes. They are sometimes called the even-toed ungulates (ungulates are hooved animals).

i. Sirenia
These slow moving herbivores are named after the Sirens of the Homerian legend of Odysseus.

j. Cetacea
This group includes whales, porpoises and dolphins. The word cetus means large sea animal, and is the name of a constellation also known as the whale. These mammals are truly aquatic, and many are quite massive, incapable of walking on land.

See questions 6 and 7 below.

4. List four beneficial mammals and tell how they are beneficial.

 * .Bats eat flying insects

 * .Dogs provide assistance to the blind and comfort to the sick.

 * .Meerkats eat scorpions and snakes.

 * .Cats keep down the rodent population

 * .Hyena is a scavenger and also helps keep the environment clean and free of disease

 * .Bears carry the nutrients of the salmon they eat into the forest. This actually completes the mineral cycle. Minerals start in the forest and are carried by the rains into the streams, then rivers, and finally into the ocean. The salmon take the minerals from the ocean environment and carry them back to the streams and rivers where they are eaten by the bears. The bears carry these minerals back to the forest when they defecate or die. If this cycle was not complete the forest would eventually not have enough of the nutrients needed to be healthy.

 * .When wolves were put back into the ecosystem of Yellowstone, we learned how important one animal is in helping form a healthy ecosystem. Without wolves, the elk could eat and drink without fear, and they had eaten most of the willow along the river. There were very few beaver left. When the wolves came back into the environment, the elk were afraid of certain areas where a wolf might hide and this allowed the willows to grow back. Now there is a growing beaver population.

 * Any others that the Pathfinder can think of. Accept all reasonable answers.

5. List four things mammals do that are harmful.

 * Skunks can make a neighborhood smell quite bad
 * Tigers, lions, bears, wolves and many other carnivorous mammals have killed and sometimes eaten people. They also prey on livestock.
 * Groundhogs, prairie dogs, gophers, moles and many other burrowing animals can create tripping hazards for humans, horses and other mammals
 * Mice can eat a large amount of grain and reproduce so rapidly that large quantities of food can disappear quite quickly.
 * Rats can carry disease such as bubonic plague and leptospirosis
 * Deer can carry a disease known as chronic wasting disease
 * Beavers can back up streams and flood areas as well as cut down trees that are part of an orchard or yard
 * Many mammals can carry rabies or distemper and pass these diseases to humans or pets
 * Coyotes in urban settings can eat pets or spread garbage
 * Deer, moose and other large mammals are involved in thousands of car accidents every year. Sometimes these accidents include human fatalities.

6. List four mammals that are completely aquatic and designate their natural range.

 * Salt Water Mammals
 * 1. Whales
 * a. Balaenoptera musculus (Blue Whale) lives near the surface of the ocean and can be found in every ocean of the world.
 * [[image:Faroe stamp 402 blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus).jpg|140px]] [[image:cetacea range map Blue Whale.PNG|240px]]
 * b. Delphinapterus leucas (Beluga Whale) lives in Arctic and Sub-Arctic waters. Some will migrate to warmer waters in the summer and even swim up northern rivers into brackish (partly-salty) waters to hunt.
 * [[image:Belugawhale MMC.jpg|240]] [[image:Cetacea range map Beluga.png|240px]]
 * c. Balaena mysticetu (Bowhead Whale) lives solely in the Arctic near the surface of the ocean.
 * [[image:Bowheads42.jpg|240px]] [[image:Cetacea range map Bowhead Whale.png|240px]]
 * d. Megaptera novaeangliae (Humpback Whale) lives in all the oceans in the world except the polar seas. They live mostly in shallow water.
 * [[image:Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg|240px]] [[image:Cetacea range map Humpback Whale.png|240px]]
 * 2. Dolphins
 * a. Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphins) live in warm and temperate seas and oceans all over the world.
 * [[Image:Bottlenose Dolphin KSC04pd0178 head only.JPG|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea range map Bottlenose Dolphin.png|240px]]
 * b. Orcinus orca (Orcas or Killer Whales) live in all the oceans and many of the seas in the world. (Even though this aquatic mammal has the name of "whale" it is in the dolphin (Delphinidae) family)
 * [[Image:Killerwhales jumping.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea range map Orca.PNG|240px]]
 * c. Stenella longirostris (Spinner Dolphin):
 * 1.Eastern Spinner Dolphin (S. l. orientalis), found in the tropical eastern Pacific.
 * 2.Central American or Costa Rican Spinner Dolphin (S. l. centroamericana), also found in the tropical eastern Pacific.
 * 3.Gray's or Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin (S. l. longirostris), found in the central Pacific around Hawaii but represents a mixed bag of broadly similar subtypes found throughout the world.
 * 4.Dwarf Spinner Dolphin (S. l. roseiventris), first found in the Gulf of Thailand.
 * [[Image:SpinnerDolphinsoffKauai 1999-03-15.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea range map Spinner Dolphin.PNG|240px]]
 * d. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Pacific White Sided Dolphin) lives in the Pacific Ocean
 * 3. Porpoise
 * a. Neophocaena phocaenoides (Finless Porpoise) lives in the shallow coastal waters of Asia especially around India, China, Indonesia and Japan. A unique fresh water population is found in the Yangtze River. At the western end, their range includes the length of the western coast of India and continues up into the Persian Gulf.
 * [[Image:Cetacea range map Finless Porpoise.PNG|240px]]
 * b. Phocoena phocaena (Harbour Porpoise) is widespread in cooler coastal waters in the Northern Hemisphere, largely in areas with a mean temperature of about 15°C. In the Atlantic, Harbour Porpoises may be present in a concave band of water running from the coast of western Africa round to the eastern seaboard of the United States, including the coasts of Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland.
 * [[Image:Porpoise touching.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea range map Harbour Porpoise.PNG|240px]]
 * c. Phocoena sinus (Vaquita) is a very endangered species that lives only in the Sea of Cortez, the northern part of the Gulf of California.
 * [[Image:Cetacea range map Vaquita.PNG|240px]]
 * d. Phocoenoides dalli (Dall's Porpoise) ranges across the north Pacific Ocean from southern California to southern Japan (including the Sea of Japan in the south up to the Bering Sea in the north).
 * [[Image:Dalls Porpoise Back.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea range map Dall's Porpoise.PNG|240px]]

 * Fresh Water Mammals
 * 1. Inia geoffrensis (Amazon or Pink Dolphin) lives in the Amazon River and Orinoco River systems.
 * [[Image:Inia.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea range map Amazon River Dolphin.PNG|240px]]
 * 2. Platanista gangetica (Ganges and Indus River Dolphin or Indian River Dolphin) lives in the Ganges River in India and in the Indus River in Pakistan.
 * [[Image:Schnabeldelphin-drawing.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea_range_map_South_Asian_river_dolphin.png|240px]]

7. Name the largest mammal in the world and tell where it lives, how it feeds, and what it eats.
The Balaenoptera musculus (Blue Whale) is the largest animal on the planet. Specimens have been recorded over 30 meters in length and are estimated to weigh more than 90 tonnes. These whales have been seen in every ocean of the world and feed by filtering the water through the giant balleen plates in their mouth. Adult whales can eat up to 4 tones krill (euphausiids) and copepods each day and the calves can drink up to  400 liters/day.

 * [[Image:Baleen parts.png]]

These amazing creatures were hunted by man to the brink of extinction. Over 378,000 were killed to provide oil and whale meat. The population of B. musculus (Blue Whales) is now only about 1% of the total 100 years ago.

8. List eight species of wild mammals that are in your region. Spend at least 5 hours searching for wild mammals in their natural habitat.
http://www.enature.com/home/ is a good place to find wild animals in your area. You can search by zip code for mammals, and also any other animals and plants, so it's a useful resource for any Nature honor.

9. Write or tell a story about "Wild Mammals I Have Observed".
A good opportunity for a story would obviously be the 5 hour search in the last requirement, if you can't think of another story about wild mammals that you have observed.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Mammals - Advanced

2. What mammals in your locality are protected by law? Why?
Most mammals are protected by law in the form of hunting seasons and licenses. It is illegal to kill most medium-to-large mammals in most parts of the United States without a license, and these licenses are only good during certain seasons. Mammals which are considered pests or vermin, such as rats, mice, and groundhogs, are not protected in this way. They can be exterminated at any time. But deer, squirrels, opossums, beaver, muskrat, weasels, mink, fishercats, bobcats, mountain lions, and wolves either have a designated season, during which a licensed hunter may kill them, or they enjoy a total ban on hunting.

The purpose of these laws is to stabilize the population. Generally, hunting seasons are in the autumn, and this is to allow the mammals to reproduce in the spring and summer, but be culled out before winter sets in. In many cases, hunting is the only predation a mammal knows, and without a hunting season, the population would explode. Large populations of deer, for instance, cannot survive the winter, as the available food resources are limited. Without a hunting season, many would starve.

In other cases, mammals are protected because they have been listed as endangered. This usually means that in our unenlightened past, man hunted them to the brink of extinction, or has eliminated so much of the animal's habitat, that it cannot survive without legal protection.

Monotremes
Monotremes include the platypus, echidna, and several other species. Monotremes lay eggs. However, the egg is retained for some time within the mother, who actively provides the egg with nutrients. Monotremes also lactate, but have no defined nipples, excreting the milk from their mammary glands via openings in their skin.

Marsupials
Marsupials include kangaroos, opossums, and several other species. The pregnant female develops a kind of yolk sac in her womb which delivers nutrients to the embryo. The embryo is born at a very early stage of development (at about 4–5 weeks), upon which it crawls up its mother's belly and attaches itself to a nipple (which is located inside the pouch). It remains attached to the nipple for a number of weeks. The offspring later passes through a stage where it temporarily leaves the pouch, returning for warmth and nourishment. Most are found in Australia, New Guinea, and South America.

4. Name five different ways in which mammals protect themselves and their young, and cite an example of each.

 * 1) Speed: Several species of antelope are able to outrun many other animals within hours of being born. If a predator cannot catch it, it cannot eat it either.
 * 2) Camouflage: Mother deer hide their spotted fawns in the forest. The spots on the fawns make it nearly impossible to see them in the dappled light.
 * 3) Teeth: Many mammals are armed with very sharp and long teeth. If cornered, they will first bare their teeth, and if pressed, they will bite!  Raccoons are a prime example.
 * 4) Claws: Many mammals are also armed with long, sharp claws. These can be used offensively for catching prey, or defensively.  A prime example would be the bear - nobody wants to tangle with one of those!
 * 5) Quills: Porcupines have specialized thick, stiff, hairs called spines or quills which can be ejected at will into the snout of a potential predator. These quills are barbed at the tips so that they do not come out easily.  An animals that finds itself on the receiving end of this formidable weapon will retreat immediately.
 * 6) Odor: Skunks have the ability to spray a foul-smelling liquid on anything that threatens it.  The smell aside, the spray can cause irritation and even temporary blindness, and is sufficiently powerful to be detected by even an insensitive human nose anywhere up to a mile downwind.  Imagine how difficult this would make stalking other potential prey until that smell wears away!

5. What mammals are agents for the transmission of tularemia, bubonic plague, trichinosis, and rabies?

 * Tularemia: Rabbits are a major agent for the transmission of Tularemia, which is also known as rabbit fever.
 * Bubonic plague: Rodents, primarily rats are responsible for the spread of bubonic plague.
 * Trichinosis: Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, or trichiniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork and wild game products infected with the larvae of a species of roundworm Trichinella spiralis, commonly called the trichina worm.
 * Rabies: About 50% of the rabies cases in the United States are found in raccoons, though dogs, cats, skunks, and bats are also common sources of the disease. All mammals are susceptible to rabies.

==6. List 15 species of wild mammals which you personally have observed and identified in the wild. For each one listed, include the following data: a. Name b. Date observed c. Locality d. Habitat (woods, field, swamp) e. Time of day f. Behavior (what the animal was doing)== This requirement requires either a lot of dedicated observation, or persistence over a long period of time. Get into the habit of logging the requested information (dates, localities, habitats, etc.), so that after a period of time, you will have all this data recorded.

If you prefer to dedicate time for observation so that you may earn the honor more quickly, it would be a good idea to earn the Animal Tracking honor first. Armed with the knowledge provided in this honor, you will be better equipped to detect that mammals have been in a given locality, and thus improve your chances of spotting them.

Many wild mammals are very easy to spot in North America, such as deer, squirrels, mice, rabbits, and raccoons. Others are more elusive, such as beavers, muskrats, members of the weasel family, wolves, skunks, porcupines, and bears. However, with persistence, you should be able to spot 15 species.

Perhaps you've recorded some of this information already without trying to earn the honor. Have you ever written in an email to a friend or your family about seeing some mammal? Go through your old email and look for it. The level of detail you wrote about may surprise you. Do you keep a blog? Look there! In fact, recording these in a blog may not be a bad idea...


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Maple Sugar

1. What part of the world and time of year does the maple sugar industry function and why?
Northeastern United States and eastern Canada. This is where the maple trees that produce sugar grow and where the weather gets cold enough to produce a good flow of sap when there are warm days with the temperature above freezing and nights with the temperature below. This occurs most often in winter and early spring.

2. Explain how sweet sap is made by the Maple tree and how it is stored over the winter.
Each fall the tree produces its own supply of starch which it stores in its root system during the winter season. In the spring the roots begin to take up water, mixing it with the starch to create sap. The sap rises up the trunk and is distributed to the branches to prepare the tree for the growing season.

3. Identify the Sugar Maple tree by its bark and leaf.

The leaves are the easiest way to identify a maple tree so it is easiest to pick out the trees you are going to tap before they lose their leaves in the fall. The bark of the sugar maple is usually dark brown with vertical grooves and ridges. The easiest way to pick out maple trees without their leaves is to look for a tree that has its branches and buds in opposite position (that is in pairs on opposite sides of a branch) rather than alternate. Four native maples - sugar maple, silver maple, red maple, and black maple - all produce a sweet sap; as does the box elder (ash leaf maple). The Norway maple, a common introduced ornamental in towns, also produces sweet sap.

4. How deep into a Maple tree does one drill for best results?
The holes should be drilled about 2 1/2 inches deep including the thick bark. It should be about 7/16 or 1/2 inch in diameter and should be drilled upward at a slight angle so the sap won’t pool in the hole.

The diameter of the hole really ought to be matched to the size of the tap. Taps are tapered, so the hole diameter should fall somewhere between the smaller and larger ends of the tap. If the hole diameter is too large, the tap may fall out of the hole. This is especially true if a bucket is suspended from the tap (some are designed for that). In this case, the more sap that flows into the bucket, the heavier it gets, making it even more likely that the tap will pull out. For insurance, you might consider tying a rope around the tree, catching (and thus securing) the tap.

5. How long does it take for a healthy Maple tree tap's hole to heal?
It heals within a few weeks after the sap season.

6. How close to an old tap hole can a new tap hole be made?
Two to three inches.

a. 10 inch (25.4 cm) diameter tree
none on trees less than 10 inches. One if at least 10 inches.

b. 12 inch (30.5 cm) diameter tree
one tap on trees 10 to 18 inches.

c. 24 inch (61.0 cm) diameter tree
two taps on trees 18 to 28 inches.

d. 36 inch (91.4 cm) diameter tree
three taps on trees over 28”.

8. Tell how maple sugar is made from maple syrup.
Maple syrup is ready when the boiling temperature reaches about 7 degrees above boiling point of water (e.g. 218o F. in Michigan). If you continue boiling until the temperature reaches 30 to 33 degrees F. above the boiling point of water(e.g. 241 to 244o F. in Michigan) and then stir the syrup vigorously it will start to crystallize. At this point you put it into whatever molds or containers you wish before it hardens too much in the pan.

9. What is the ideal weather for sap to flow?
Warm sunny days above freezing and cold nights below freezing.

10. Does a Maple tree crown (limb & leaf area) affect the sap flow and sweetness?
A full well-proportioned tree in the summer will be a more healthy tree and will produce a better quality and quantity of sap the next spring.

11. On an average, how much sap is needed to produce one gallon of syrup?
30 to 40 gallons.

12. Taste pure maple syrup or maple sugar.
Yummmm! Very sweet!

a. Drill
to hold the bit that makes the hole in the tree.

b. Bit
use a 7/16 or 1/2 inch bit to make the hole.

c. Spigot
inserted into tap hole (may be made of 1/2 inch 			dowel with a hole drilled in it). Used to hang bucket.

d. Bucket
to collect sap (plastic milk jug, etc.)

e. Bucket cover
to keep out rain and foreign material. Rain would dilute the sap and require more boiling.

f. Evaporator
used to boil sap so the excess water in the sap is driven off leaving the maple syrup or sugar.