text:
User talk:Jnaneshvb

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jnaneshvb


text:
User talk:Bstojnic

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Bstojnic


text:
User talk:Wheger

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

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title: User talk:Wheger


text:
User talk:Amos Wittenberg

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

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title: User talk:Amos Wittenberg


text:
User talk:Gcrabs

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

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title: User talk:Gcrabs


text:
User talk:Nazaroo~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nazaroo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nazaroo~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:32, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nazaroo~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Andy85719

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

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title: User talk:Andy85719


text:
User talk:Pomte

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

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title: User talk:Pomte


text:
User talk:Luke321321

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

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title: User talk:Luke321321


text:
User talk:Zmoz~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:09, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Zmoz. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Zmoz~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:56, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:40, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zmoz~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Amay~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:09, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Amay. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Amay~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:57, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:31, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Amay~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Chris Forno

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:09, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chris Forno


text:
User talk:Dmforcier

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

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title: User talk:Dmforcier


text:
User talk:Jtowson

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

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Help
Well I actually thought you were doing a pretty good job!! You realised the mistake with the preface page and fixed it (I deleted the one you blanked). If you find something that is speedily deletable (and something you create but no longer want comes under that heading) then the template is delete (Take a look at Template messages/Deletion for more detail and some others. For other queries take a look at the links in the "Welcome" - they are pretty helpful.  If you don'y find what you want there then posting here looks to be a good idea.  It should mean whoever is around will respond.  Regards -- Herby  talk thyme 12:52, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * And the deletion request was just fine! Cheers -- Herby talk thyme 13:01, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jtowson


text:
User talk:Twelvie

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Twelvie


text:
User talk:Ajcfreak

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ajcfreak


text:
User talk:Agricolaplenus

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

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Mosquito
G'day Agricola, Image:Mosquito.png that you recently uploaded to Wikibooks already existed on the Wiki Commons as Image:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg. In general, it is better to source your images from Commons whenever possible. Also, unless there is a good reason otherwise (such as Fair Use), it is best to upload new images to Commons too - this makes them available to other projects such as non-English Wikibooks.

I've replaced the mosquito image on Lingua Franca Nova/21 with the Commons copy, and tagged the image you uploaded as NowCommons. cheers, Webaware talk 14:29, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Bird-fly
G'day again, Image:Bird-fly.jpg is stated to be from http://lfn.esef.net/index.php/Capitol_Dudes-un_-_Animales, but that page actually sources the image from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/bird-fly.jpg which is an external site to the wiki. I can't see anything about licensing on that website, although the user (cgboer) apparently has some relationship with the wiki you specify as the image source. Could you please follow up and determine what the real licensing situation is? thanks, Webaware talk 14:46, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you! I didn't know how to use wikicommons images on wikibooks - I see that it is obvious! Regarding the bird-fly.jpg image, cgboer is the founder of the website, so I assume that since the website is GNU, the jpg is also.  Is that sufficient? Agricola

 * No worries, I was stumped first time I tried to use a Commons image. Regarding bird-fly.jpg, please ask Mr. Boeree to state explicitly on the webspace website somewhere that this image is GFDL. I have no doubt that he intends it to be so, but Wikibooks needs a clear statement. cheers, Webaware talk 15:26, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. Thanks, mate! Agricola

 * G'day, how is this going? Have you heard back from Mr. Boeree? Webaware talk 02:30, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problems
Thanks for uploading image(s) to Wikibooks. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about what Wikibooks includes because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. Some or all of your uploaded files may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status. The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Please take the time to read Media to learn more about what copyright information is required to satisfy our requirements and remember to include this important information for every file that you upload in the future as well. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk.

To find the files in question, use (unlicensed|untagged)

Thanks! '''– MBA ( Bot talk | Mike talk | owner | block ) 01:18, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This is an automated message. Please ignore it if you've already provided license information for all your uploads.

Lamilia.png
I saw the lafamilia.png picture on the Lingua Franca Nova wikibook. Check out the pictures used on such pages as Spanish/Vocabulary/People and German/Appendices/Vocabulary/People. You may want to work this into a lesson! Cilantrohead (talk) 04:36, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

LFNcasa.jpg
Hi Agricola,

I'm learning LFN and I'm reading the LFN wikibook. Thanks for your image LFNcasa.jpg, but I think I've found a mistake. Shouldn't "porta" be "porte"? According to the LFN-English dictionary, "porta" is the verb meaning "to carry". Would there be any way you could update the diagram if there is a mistake? Thanks! Unimaginable666 (discuss • contribs) 05:45, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Agricolaplenus


text:
User talk:Proney~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Proney. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Proney~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Proney~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Purplerains06~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Purplerains06. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Purplerains06~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Purplerains06~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Mstenta

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mstenta


text:
User talk:Matthew1

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matthew1


text:
User talk:Lenoxus

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lenoxus


text:
User talk:PxMa~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called PxMa. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name PxMa~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:PxMa~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Mecalith~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mecalith. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mecalith~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:29, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:14, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mecalith~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:SteveSims~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called SteveSims. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name SteveSims~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:48, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:32, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:SteveSims~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Moon.kgec

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moon.kgec


text:
User talk:AHarper

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:11, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:AHarper


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Talk:C Programming/Statements

puts ("Hi there!");

title: Talk:C Programming/Statements


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Brewing/Recipes/Mead

Ingredients
3 pounds of honey per gallon (U.S.). (For example, 15 pounds of honey are used with a 5 gallon (U.S.) carboy.) 1 pound of raisins.(optional) 1 packet of dry winemaker's yeast EC1118 or similar as well as yeast nutrient.

Some vintners prefer to create a starter culture by preparing a mixture of one cup of room temperature sanitized fruit juice and the freeze dried winemaking yeast and placing it into a smaller one quart sanitized container fitted with a rubber stopper and airlock for a day or two until the mixture is bubbling. This container is kept at room temperature out of direct sunlight. This starter culture will cause the fermentation below to begin with vigor and may prevent the mead from failing to ferment.

Preparing the liquid
Honey is slowly added to a large pot half-full with water while heating. There is a common disagreement among mead makers as to whether you should boil the honey or not; mead makers have had success with either method. Boiling will alter the flavor, but will enhance the clarity of the finished mead. As the mead is heated over medium heat, it will just start to boil after the impurities have been cleared, as pure liquids boil at a lower temperature.

Fermenting
After a time of heating the honey (which helps it dissolve and can also pasteurize it), the mixture is cooled to between (170°F/76°C) and (140°F/60°C) and the raisins are added. The mixture continues to cool, then is transferred to the carboy. Once it has cooled to room temperature (68°F/20°C), yeast which has been rehydrated is added to the honey/water mixture (must) and the airlock is put on. After being placed in a cool (68°F/20°C), dark place for a few hours or a day, the airlock should start to allow bubbles to escape. This is waste carbon dioxide (CO2) and shows that the yeast is processing the sugar into alcohol. The raisins rise to the surface of the fermenting mixture. If they block the airlock, the mead maker will have to rack. Stirring or agitating the mixture is avoided, as it may cause the liquid to rise up and spill out of the airlock.

Racking
After a two to three week period the mead maker may want to rack the mead into a second sanitized carboy. An airlock is not necessary during primary (aerobic) fermentation. This racking will clear out the lees and allow the mead to clear faster. The mead is siphoned into the second carboy via a sanitized tube, usually filled it with sterile water to start the siphon. The mead is siphoned carefully to avoid splashing as excess oxygen at this point may cause an unpleasant taste in the final product. An airlock is placed on the second carboy. It is imperative that sterile conditions be maintained while the carboys are open to avoid infection. The mead is racked every two weeks until all signs of fermentation have stopped (usually when the airlock doesn't produce any bubbles for a long period of time—typically over 30 seconds between bubbles) and your mead has cleared. The carboy is clear enough when it is possible to read a newspaper through it.

Bottling
Then next step is to bottle the mead. Mead is generally sealed in sanitized bottles using airtight caps or quality corks. If the fermentation is not complete, pressure will build up inside the sealed bottles and cause them to explode. Mead is generally aged for at least 6 months in the bottle before drinking.

Variations
In addition to the basic mead recipe, it is possible to enrich the flavour by adding spices, or using different sorts of honey. Some honeys can actually have a far less sweet flavour, although they still ferment just as well, and honeycomb can also be added so long as it is filtered out at the end of fermentation.

title: Brewing/Recipes/Mead


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Talk:Bartending/Alcohol/Liqueur

Lead now has content on uses, so can the tag be removed? JonesyLD 13:40, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bartending/Alcohol/Liqueur


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Talk:Bartending/Techniques/Blended cocktails

What needs cleaning up here? the tag is empty. JonesyLD 13:45, 24 June 2007 (UTC)


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Talk:Bartending/Alcohol/Beer

What needs cleaning up here? the tag is empty. JonesyLD 13:45, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bartending/Alcohol/Beer


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Bartending/Cocktails/Dark and Stormy

The 'Dark n' Stormy' is a popular rum based drink in Bermuda. It is especially appreciated on the north end of the island around St. Georges. It is the first cocktail to be registered internationally with a trade mark. It is not uncommon for bar owners to call their cocktails 'Dark and Stormy' so as to modify or alter the existing cocktail without breaching the rights of the trade mark.

Ingredients

 * 50cl Gosling's Black Seal
 * Squeeze of Lime Segment
 * 12.5cl Lime Juice
 * Topped with a can of ginger beer

Garnish
 * none

Glass

 * rocks glass

Procedure

 * 1) Load with ice.
 * 2) Shake and strain.
 * 3) Top with ginger beer.

Variations

 * Add 4 lumps of ginger before shaking
 * Use 2 measures of dark rum and no light rum.
 * Add 15ml lime juice before mixing

Related cocktails
{none}

Dark and Stormy

title: Bartending/Cocktails/Dark and Stormy


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User:Vassyana

Other WMF projects
Vassyana on meta.

Vassyana on Wikipedia.

Vassyana on the incubator.

Vassyana on Wikiversity.

title: User:Vassyana


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User talk:76.214.208.87

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 17:07, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.214.208.87


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Logic for Computer Scientists/Predicate Logic/SATCHMO

SATCHMO
The SATCHMO Theorem Prover was one of the first systems which used model generation, i.e. a bottom-up proof procedure. The prover was given by a small Prolog-program, which implements a tableau proof procedure. One restriction is that it requires range restricted formulae.

Definition 30
A first order clause $$A_1 \lor \cdots \lor  A_n \gets B_1 \land \cdots \land B_m$$ is called range restricted if every variable which occurs in the head $$A_1 \lor \cdots \lor  A_n$$ occurs in the body $$B_1 \land \cdots \land B_m$$ as well.

 * 1) Convert clauses to range restricted form: $$ q(x) \lor   p(x,y) \gets   q(x) \qquad \rightsquigarrow \qquad q(X) ; p(X,Y) <- q(X), dom(Y)$$
 * 2) assert range-restricted clauses and dom clauses in Prolog database.
 * 3) Call satisfiable:

kill satisfiable :-   assume(X) :- asserta(X). (Head <- Body)           assume(X) :- Body, not Head, !,         retract(X), !, fail. component(HLit, Head),     component(E, (E ; _)). assume(HLit),              component(E, (_ ; R)) :- not false,                  !, component(E, R). satisfiable. component(E, E). satisfiable.

First-Order completeness via Level-Saturation modification. This proof procedure implements Hyper Tableaux in the ground case.

Hyper Tableau - Ground Case

All open branches consist of positive literals only Take the following clause set as an example $$\{ \to  A, \quad    \to  B, \quad A\land B \to C\lor D,\quad A\land B \to E\lor D,\quad A\land C \to \}$$

Definition 31 (Literal tree, Clausal Tableau)
A literal tree is a pair $$(t,\lambda)$$ consisting of a finite, ordered tree $$t$$ and a labeling function $$\lambda$$ that assigns a literal to every non-root node of $$t$$. The successor sequence of a node $$N$$ in an ordered tree $$t$$ is the sequence of nodes with immediate predecessor $$N$$, in the order given by $$t$$.

A (clausal) tableau $$T$$ of a set of clauses $$\mathcal{S}$$ is a literal tree $$(t,\lambda)$$ in which, for every successor sequence $$N_1,\dots,N_n$$ in $$t$$ labeled with literals $$K_1,\dots,K_n$$, respectively, there is a substitution $$\sigma$$ and a clause $$\{L_1,\dots,L_n\} \in \mathcal{S}$$ with $$K_i = L_i\sigma$$ for every $$1 \leq i \leq n$$. $$\{K_1,\dots,K_n\}$$ is called a tableau clause and the elements of a tableau clause are called tableau literals.

Definition 32 (Branch, Open and Closed Tableau, Selection Function)
A branch of a tableau $$T$$ is a sequence $$N_0,\ldots, N_n$$ ($$n \geq 0$$) of nodes in $$T$$ such that $$N_0$$ is the root of $$T$$, $$N_i$$ is the immediate predecessor of $$N_{i+1}$$ for $$0 \leq i < n$$, and $$N_n$$ is a leaf of $$T$$. We say branch $$b= N_0,\ldots, N_n$$ is a prefix of branch $$c$$, written as $$b \leq c$$ or $$c \geq  b$$, iff $$c = N_0,\ldots , N_n, N_{n+1},\ldots , N_{n+k}$$ for some nodes $$N_{n+1},\ldots ,  N_{n+k}$$, $$k\geq 0$$. The branch literals of branch $$b = N_0,\ldots, N_n$$ are the set $$lit(b) = \{ \lambda (N_1),\ldots \lambda (N_n)\} $$. We find it convenient to use a branch in place where a literal set is required, and mean its branch literals. For instance, we will write expressions like $$A \in b$$ instead of $$A \in  lit(b) $$.

In order to memorize the fact that a branch contains a contradiction, we allow to label a branch as either open or em closed. A tableau is closed if each of its branches is closed, otherwise it is open.

A selection function is a total function $$f$$ which maps an open tableau to one of its open branches. If $$f(T) = b$$ we also say that $$b$$ is selected in $$T$$ by $$f$$.

Note that branches are always finite, as tableaux are finite. Fortunately, there is no restriction on which selection function to use. For instance, one can use a selection function which always selects the "leftmost" branch.

Definition 33 (Hyper Tableau - Ground Case)
Let $$S$$ be a finite set of clauses and $$f$$ be a selection function. Hyper tableaux for $$S$$ are inductively defined as follows: Initialization step: A one node literal tree is a hyper tableau for $$S$$. Its single branch is marked as "open".

Hyper extension step: If then the literal tree $$T'$$ is a hyper tableau for $$S$$, where $$T'$$ is obtained from $$T$$ by attaching $$m+n$$ child nodes $$M_1,\ldots ,M_m,N_{1},\ldots ,N_{n}$$ to $$b$$ with respective labels $$ A_1,\ldots, A_m ,\lnot B_1, \ldots , \lnot B_n $$ and marking every new branch $$(b,M_1),\ldots ,(b,M_m)$$ with positive leaf as "open", and marking every new branch   $$(b,N_{1}),\ldots ,(b,N_{n})$$ with negative leaf as "closed".
 * 1)  $$T$$ is an open hyper tableau for $$S$$, $$f(T) = b$$ (i.e. $$b$$ is selected in $$T$$ by $$f$$) with open leaf   node $$N$$, and
 * 2) $$C = A_1, \ldots, A_m \gets  B_1, \ldots , B_n$$ is a clause from $$S$$ ($$m \geq 0$$, $$n\geq 0$$),   called extending clause in this context, and
 * 3) such that  $$\{  B_1, \ldots, B_n\} \subseteq b$$ (referred to as hyper condition)

Minimal Model Reasoning
The clause set $$M = \{ A \lor B \gets, \quad  B  \gets A \} $$ obviously has two different models: $$ \{ A,\;B \}$$ and $$\{ B \}$$. Under set inclusion these models can be compared and there are some tasks where it is appropriate to compute the (or in general a) smallest one. This is for example the case with There are basically two different methods to compute minimal models.
 * Knowledge Representation, Circumscription
 * Basis for default negation (GCWA)
 * Applications: Deductive database updates, Diagnosis

Minimal Model Reasoning – Niemel¨a’s Approach
Given a set of ground clauses $$M$$ the methods applies a model generating procedure, e.g. hyper tableau, which is able to generate all models.

Lemma 1: For every minimal model $$p$$ for $$M$$ there is a branch with literals $$p$$.

Assume that $$\Sigma$$ is the set of atoms, which occur in the head of a clause from $$M$$, than the following Lemma holds.

Lemma 2: $$p$$ is a minimal model for $$M$$ iff $$M \cup \{ \lnot A\mid A \in \Sigma\setminus p\} \models p$$

This offers a general method: Generate model candidates, and test with Lemma 2.

$$p =\{A,\; B\}$$ is not a minimal model in our example from above, because $$M \cup \{\} \models \{A,\; B\}$$  iff  $$M \cup \{   \gets A\land B \}$$ is unsatisfiable, which is not the case, hence $$p$$ does not correspond to a minimal model and hence the branch is closed.

$$p = \{B\}$$ is minimal because $$M \cup \{ \gets A \} \models \{B\} $$  iff $$M \cup \{ {} \gets A \} \cup \{ {} \gets B   \}$$ is unsatisfiable. This is the case and hence $$p$$ is minimal and the branch remains open.

Properties: Soundness (by Lemma 2) Completeness (by Lemma 1), space efficiency.

Minimal Model Reasoning – Bry& Yayha‘s Approach
As an example we have the set $$M = \{ A \lor B \lor C \gets, \quad B  \gets A, \quad  D  \gets B\}$$

Lemma: With complement splitting, the leftmost open branch is a minimal model for $$M$$.

General method: Repeat: generate minimal model $$p$$, add $${} \gets p$$ to $$M$$. Properties: Soundness (by Lemma) Completeness as before, possibly exponentially many new clauses $${} \gets p$$.


text:
User talk:24.202.202.235

—Cel es tianpower háblame 18:19, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.202.202.235


text:
GCSE Science/Energy in the Home

Energy is never lost, it is constantly changing.

title: GCSE Science/Energy in the Home


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Talk:ILife/iTunes

This should not be merged with the iLife article since the iLife suite is only available on the Mac platform, whereas this article covers the Windows version of iTunes. Totti 19:34, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:ILife/iTunes


text:
Hindi/Verbs

क्रिया (Verb)
In Hindi verbs are inflected basing upon gender, person, number, tense, mood, and aspect. There are three tenses – past, present and future (some linguists include the subjunctive mood in the tenses); three moods - imperative, indicative, and subjective; two aspects: imperfective and perfective. In sentence structuring the verb always comes at the end. The verb होना which is equivalent of 'be' is used as a copula in simple predicative sentences and as an auxiliary in different types of verbal constructions (just as in English). The verb होना has four sets of verbal forms: present, past, presumptive, and subjunctive. It is one of the most important verbs, and a learner has to learn its different inflected forms before progressing any further for the sake of avoiding confusion.

a)Present (corresponds to the verb 'be')

b)Past (corresponds to past form of 'be' I.e - was/were)

c)Prejunctive form

d)Subjunctive Form

Verb forms

The lexical form of Hindi verbs I.e – the infinitive form found in dictionaries is always in the form of verb stem+ना. For example to sleep = सोना, to eat = खाना, to cook = पकाना. To form other forms we remove ना and add the required suffix (which depends upon tense as well as person). For example 'will sleep' (3rd person sing.) = सोना-ना+एगा=सोएगा.

Let us just have a basic idea of how to make and use verbs in present tense. We'd learn more about the modification of verbs basing upon tense and aspect in the lesson on tenses.

To form verbs for describing an action that regularly goes on (the present imperfect), add ता/ते to the verb stem. Example : लिख+ता+=लिखता/ते. Remember that लिखते is used for plural nouns/pronouns (and the 2nd person singular in honorary form I.e-for आप). So we can say मैं लिखता हूँ (I write), वो किताबें लिखते हैं (They write books) etc.

For changing verb to show present continuous for describing a current ongoing action, add रहा हुँ (1st person sing), रहा है (2nd person sing. intimate,3rd person sing.), रहे हो (2nd person plural intimate) or रहे हैं (all rest plural and 2nd person sing honorary) has to be added to verb stem. So we can have मैं लिख रहा हूँ (I'm writing), वे लिख रहे हैं (They are writing) and so on.

Another point to be noted is that these are all masculine forms. For agreement with a feminine noun/pronoun the last 'आ/ए’ mātrā must be replaced by the mātrā 'ई’. Examples : गीता जाती है (Geeta goes), वो लिखती है (She writes), हम जा रही हैं (We are going) etc. VERB in short related to just two words simply -> 1. TO BEING ( hona ) , 2. TO DO ( karna )

Hindustani has a peculiarity that not only the number, but also the gender of the noun or the pronoun may be shown by the verb. The infinitive form of any verb ends with ना / نا / na. As in many other languages, this form can be used as a noun (masculine gender, and declined likewise). There are three main tenses: present, past and future. Hindustani uses both end-inflections in the verb-stem and auxiliary verbs for conjugation. It is interesting to note that like English, but unlike Sanskrit, Latin, French, German, Russian, etc., Hindustani possesses the continuous tense for all—present, past and future. Similarly, the perfect tense can be formed using a number of auxiliaries. The present and the past participles can be used as adjectives (they undergo declination). The imperative mood and equivalents for English can / should / must / have to can also be found. Verbs can be transitive or intransitive. Hindustani demonstrates very regular verb conjugation, with the only major irregular verb being होना / ہونا / hona "to be." Three other verbs, करना / کرنا / karna "to do," लेना / لینا / lena "to take," देना / دینا / dena "to give," break from the pattern only in the perfect aspect. Aside from these, however, conjugation is very regular, with rules even governing conversion of a verb into its causative and double causative. But on the whole, the verbal conjugation can be very, very complicated for English speakers.

Conjugation
The following table gives the conjugation for the verb करना / کرنا / karna "to do" —indicative mood. The root morpheme of करना / کرنا / karna is कर / کر / kar. The second column gives the conjugation in the 2nd person with तुम / تم / tum. To conjugate the verb with तू / تو / tu, use the 3rd person singular form. To conjugate the verb with आप / آپ / ap, use the 3rd person plural form.

The present participle here is करता  and the past participle is किया  (with variant in this case as करा  — not considered as standard) — both must be declined like adjectives when needed (see ff.). The Imperative Mood is an exception for all verbs because it has entirely different conjugal forms for  and . For the former, it is कर , and for the latter, it is कीजिये  (with variations in this case as करिये  and करें  — not considered as standard). The future also has two other conditional forms, not listed here.

Hindustani has two voices—active and passive.

A stem change in the penultimate syllable of the infinitive form can lead to a semantic change in many verbs. e.g., बनना  (to be made, to become) → बनाना  (to make) → / बनवाना  (to cause to be made). See ff.

In much of Punjabi-influenced region of north west India, Pakistan, and the Indian state of Rajasthan, the pronoun आप / آپ /  is used with verbs conjugated for the '''तुम / تم / form. e.g, आप / آپ / ap .... करोगे / کرو گے / karo-ge, आप करो / آپ کرو / ap karo.'''

There is another class of perfectives unique to Hindustani. These are used if the noun or pronoun is followed by the subject-case postposition ने / نے  (and rarely in the absence of ने / نےे too). For करना / کرنا / karna, these would be :
 * किया  (Simple perfective)
 * किया है  (Present perfective)
 * किया था  (Past perfective)
 * किया होगा  —expressing doubt or possibility in the future.

Other equivalents with English areː
 * should : infinitive + चाहिये  (The subject must be followed by the postposition को . If the subject is a pronoun, then the accusative case for it without any postposition is also allowed.) E.g., मुझे .... करना चाहिये or मुझको .... करना चाहिये.
 * may / can: root-morpheme + सकना —conjugated in the Simple Present tense. e.g., मैं .... कर सकता हूँ.

Some facts about Hindustani verbs
The root morpheme of any verb can be made by removing the suffix  from the corresponding infinitive form. The imperative form for  will also give the same root morpheme. The number of single-word root morpheme is very few in Hindustani, and so a lot of the so-called compound roots are used. Note that the existence of the so-called compound verbs in Hindustani has been denied by some eminent linguists like Prof. Rajendra Singh (Université de Montréal).

The auxiliary verbs in Hindustani can be listed under the following six categories (Tiwari [1966] 2004):
 * 1) Tense marker. (i.e., है  and था  — the present and past tense markers; forms of the verb होना  — to be). These come at the end of the verbal phrase. E.g., मैं जाता हूँ । तुम खा रहे थे |
 * 2) Voice-marking verb. E.g., the verb जाना ; किताब पढ़ी जाती है, indicating the passive voice.
 * 3) Aspect-marking verb. The verb रहना  indicates the continuous or progressive aspect. It comes just before the tense marker. E.g., आप लिख रहे हैं ।
 * 4) Modal verb. These include a variety of verb to express the mood or viewpoint of the speaker. E.g., पड़ना  and होना  denote compulsion or requirement, चाहिये  (not conjugated) denotes advice or need, चुकना indicates completeness of action — the perfective, पाना  and सकना  indicate capability. E.g., उसे एक लाख रुपये ख़र्च करने पड़े ।
 * 5) Explicator/vector/intensifier. Such auxiliaries colorize or intensify the main verb. E.g., लेना, देना , मारना , etc. For instance, मैंने काम कर लिया । मैंने पत्र लिख दिया | Such verbs sometimes additionally denote the perfective aspect.
 * 6) Verbalizer. This kind of auxiliary creates a verb from a noun or an adjective that precedes it. करना  is the most important such verb. Most verbs listed under intensifier may also act as verbalizer, and so does होना . E.g., मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ ।

The root of the first causative verb can be made from the basic verbal root morpheme by adding the suffix ' or '. The root of the second causative verb can be made from the basic verbal root morpheme by adding the suffix ' or '. Both cases may additionally involve ablaut gradation in the root morpheme's vowel or even a change in the consonants. E.g., बोलना — बुलाना — बुलवाना.

Hindustani participles and verbal derivative forms (कृदन्त):
 * 1) Present participle: It is made by the root morpheme + (present suffix) + . The word must be declined properly as given below. It is also called the imperfective derivative. E.g., करता, चलता, etc. It is used as a noun, verb (including as a part of the conjugation), adjective and adverb.
 * 2) Past participle: It is made by the root morpheme + . The word must be declined properly as given below. It is also called the perfective derivative. E.g., मरा, चला, etc. It also has numerous exceptions. It is used as a noun, verb (including as a part of the conjugation), adjective and adverb.
 * 3) Verbal noun or infinitive: It is made by the root morpheme + (infinitive suffix) + . When used as a noun, it must be declined as the long-a ending adjectives. It also comes in verbal conjugations and imperatives. E.g., करना, चलना, etc.
 * 4) Pluperfect: It is made by the root morpheme + ' or ' or null. If the root morpheme itself is ' (but not otherwise), the form is '. E.g., खाकर, दौड़कर, etc. It is used as a verb and adverb.

The declension/conjugation for the Present and past participles is given below along with the suffixes for the verb root. As as example, use the verb root चल / چَل / — to go. It would not work for कर / کَر /  because it has exceptions.

title: Hindi/Verbs


text:
Back Pain/Introduction

Lower Back pain is a major problem in modern society. It affects almost all of us at some time in our lives and frequently leads to pain, distress and time away from work.

The problems with the lower back can be compounded by the fact that almost every specialist or therapist you see will offer a different reason for your symptoms. They often also suggest a different treatment. So who do you believe? Whose treatment tips can you trust?

Do you have a lower back problem? Have you had it previously? What about friends or relatives, do they suffer from pain in the lower back?

If you can honestly answer no to all of these questions then you are quite an unusual person. Lower back problems are very common. In times gone by they were regarded as one of lives "fleeting ills" and was so widespread as to not even be regarded as an illness needing treatment. Little has changed. In 1993 nearly seventeen million people in Britain experienced backpain or lower backache. Recent estimates state that up to six million people in the USA will be experiencing lower-back symptoms at any given time. More than six out of every ten of us will suffer from it at some time during our lives. In one year the UK government spends two thousand million pounds on paying benefits to people with backache and the UK National Health Service spends another five hundred million pounds on their treatment.

New research shows that half of all lower back attacks take more than four weeks to completely go away. Treatment speeds things up but many back-pain sufferers don't seek treatment early enough. One person in twenty will have trouble that goes on for years - whether they get treatment or not.

That's the bad news!

But don't despair! There is some good news too. Simple first aid treatment measures and early hands-on treatment will get most sufferers fit within a fortnight. Many are better even sooner. If you follow sensible treatment advice at an early stage then you have nothing to fear from your lower back. The pages of this website aim to provide exactly the sort of treatment advice that you need.

If you are in lower lumbar pain as you read this then it is likely that you will be feeling a range of different emotions. Frustration, anger, puzzlement and maybe even fear. Often these feelings come about because of a lack of factual knowledge. What is wrong with my lower back? Why has this happened to me? Do I need to stay in bed or is it safe to work? Have I got a serious illness, will I become a cripple? How do I find treatment?

These questions go through the minds of many people with lower back pain. The answers are all on these pages. Sometimes knowing the answers is all that is needed to get rid of the negative thoughts and emotions that can slow down recovery if they persist.

Never allow yourself to get too depressed or worried if you suffer from a back problem. There is always treatment help at hand. In some cases this book will provide it. In others you will be pointed in the direction of help. Remember - DON'T PANIC.

Author: Dr Gordon Cameron

title: Back Pain/Introduction


text:
User talk:Gordon Cameron

My name is Dr Gordon Cameron

I'm a specialist in back pain and joint pain based in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:09, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to orthopaedic Surgery!
Hello Dr Cameron,

Wonderful to have someone interested in this wikibook. Hope you will persist and add more towards making this an excellent and resourceful book.

If you have any queries or suggestions please do not hesitate to contact me.

BDB 05:34, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gordon Cameron


text:
User:Gordon Cameron

My name is Dr Gordon Cameron

I'm a physician and a specialist in back pain, joint pain and sports medicine based in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Recently I've contributed to wiki books on Back Pain and on Orthopaedic Surgery

You can read more about me on the websites I maintain:

Frozen Shoulder Treatment

Cameron Medical

title: User:Gordon Cameron


text:
Beginning Mathematics/Set Theory

In this section we shall go over some basic set theory.

=Sets=

A set is a well defined collection of things; which things can be objects, numbers, symbols and so on. If we can determine whether the given thing belongs to the collection or not,then that collection is said to be well defined. Those things that make up a set are its members, and are also called elements of that set. Elements of sets may be objects, letters, items, or even other sets. Sets can be finite(those containing a definite number of elements), or infinite(those containing an endless list of members).

Sets are denoted by capital letters of the English alphabet such as A,W,D,C,V,X,Z... . The elements of the set are indicated between the flower braces (also known as curl brackets),usually with members separated by commas. Ex: A={2,4,6,8,10}. Since all the elements are listed, it is called List form. This is also called Roster form.

Often, sets will have a pattern of elements or the elements will be similar in some fashion. At times, when it is clear what the pattern is, the set will end with "..." indicating the elements continue in that fashion. Ex:X={1,3,5,7,9,11,...}. Other times the set may be described in words or mathematical notation. Mathematical notation is read as in the following example: for the set X X={1,3,5,7,9,11,...}. This is shown as X={x/x is an odd number} we read this as X is a set of all x's such that x is an odd number. In general, this is read as " X is the set of x such that x has a property". Here the / stands for "such that" often a colon will be used instead.

To denote an element is in a set we write: $$ x \in A $$ this reads "x is an element of the set A" or "x is in A".

Special Sets
Some sets are used frequently in mathematics so they are given by special notation.

$$\mathbb{N} = \{Set\;of\;natural\;numbers\} = \{1,2,3,4,5,6,...\} $$

$$\mathbb{Z} = \{Set\;of\;all\;integers \} = \{...,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...\} $$

$$\mathbb{Q} = \{Set\;of\;rational\;numbers\} = \{\frac{a}{b} \; | \; a,b \in \mathbb{Z} \; and \; b \neq 0\} $$

$$\mathbb{R} = \{Set\;of\;real\;numbers\} $$

$$\mathbb{C} = \{Set\;of\;complex\;numbers\} = \{a + bi \; | \; a,b \in \mathbb{R} \; and \; where \; i^2=-1 \} $$

Examples
$$\{1,2,3 \}$$

$$\{7,12,80\}$$

$$\{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z\}= \{\text{letters of english alphabet}\} $$

$$\{1,2,3,4,5,...\} = \{\text{Set of positive integers}\}$$

$$\{2,4,6,8,10,12,14...\} = \{\text{Set of positive even integers}\} = \{x \mid x \in \mathbb{Z}\;\text{and }x\text{ is even}\}$$

Union
The union of two sets is denoted by $$ \bigcup $$. The union of two sets is best described as "everything in both the sets once".

Formally: $$A \bigcup B = \{x | x \in A \; or \; x \in B\}$$

For example:

$$A = \{1,2,3\}$$ $$B = \{4,5,6\}$$

$$ A \bigcup B = \{1,2,3\} \bigcup \{4,5,6\} = \{1,2,3,4,5,6\}$$

Intersection
The intersection of two sets is denoted by $$ \bigcap $$. The intersection of two sets is best described as "only what is in both of the sets".

Formally: $$A \bigcap B = \{x | x \in A \; and \; x \in B\}$$

For example:

$$A = \{1,2,3,4,5,6\}$$ $$B = \{2,4,6,8,10\}$$

$$ A \bigcap B = \{1,2,3,4,5,6\} \bigcap \{2,4,6,8,10\} = \{2,4,6\}$$

title: Beginning Mathematics/Set Theory


text:
First Aid/Shock

Shock can refer to a range of related medical conditions in which the victim's heart, lungs and blood cannot deliver oxygen to the body properly. Shock is not a diagnosis or condition, it is always a symptom of a larger problem, and is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. One should never confuse true shock with a feeling of extreme surprise – one does not lead to the other.

Key types of shock

 * Hypovolemic shock
 * caused by the rapid loss of blood from the blood vessels, either inside and outside the body.

 * Cardiogenic shock
 * caused by failure of the heart to move blood adequately. This is typically caused by damaged heart muscle due to a heart attack.

 * Distributive shock
 * caused by enlargement of the blood vessels so that the pressure within them drops.
 * Anaphylactic shock
 * caused by an allergic reaction which forces fluid out of the blood vessels.
 * Septic shock
 * caused by a severe infection which poisons the blood vessels, causing them to enlarge.
 * Neurogenic shock
 * caused by a spinal cord injury, preventing the brain from communicating with blood vessels.

 * Obstructive shock
 * caused by a blockage in a blood vessel, preventing blood from flowing past it.

Regardless of type, the goals of the layperson rescuer are the same: prevent blood loss and preserve body temperature.

Recognition
The sooner a shock is recognized, the better the victim's outcome will be. Although signs of shock can range greatly, some common signs are:

 * Early Phases
 * A fast pulse
 * Pale, cool, clammy skin
 * Sweating
 * Flushed face
 * Anxiety or agitation
 * Developing phase
 * Ashen or blue skin on lips and nail beds
 * Cold, damp skin
 * Weakness and dizziness
 * Nausea and possibly vomiting
 * Thirst
 * Rapid, shallow breathing
 * Weak, very rapid, "thready" pulse
 * Confusion, disorientation
 * Advanced phases
 * Lack of pulse in wrists or feet
 * Restlessness and aggressiveness
 * Yawning and gasping for air
 * Unconsciousness
 * Final phase
 * Multiple organ failure
 * Cardiac arrest

Treatment
The most important treatment for shock of any variety is to try to maintain the blood flow to the body's vital organs (brain, heart, and lungs). To do this, lie the patient flat on the floor and raise their legs about 6–12 inches (15–30 cm) off the ground. Do not incline the victim's head, chest, or pelvis, as this brings no improvement and can cause harm.

Other important factors in the treatment of shock can be remembered by the simple mnemonic WARTS:
 * Warmth
 * ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)
 * Rest and Reassurance
 * Treatment of underlying cause
 * Semiprone position (only if the victim would like to assume semiprone position; if unconscious do it)

Unconscious patients
Should a patient become unconscious, confirm that an ambulance has been called, and take the following steps:
 * Reassess the ABCs. Should any change occur, compensate with required treatment. (exception: Patient goes into cardiac arrest, begin CPR.)
 * As airway takes priority over other treatment, you should place them in the recovery position in order to ensure a patent airway.

title: First Aid/Shock


text:
First Aid/Head & Facial Injuries

Head Injuries
Head wounds must be treated with particular care, since there is always the possibility of brain damage. The general treatment for head wounds is the same as that for other flesh wounds. However, certain special precautions must be observed if you are giving first aid to a person who has suffered a head wound. Victims with a head injury causing decreased level of consciousness (no matter how brief) require assessment by a physician. Victims with a head injury also require assessment for a potential spinal injury. Any mechanism of injury that can cause a head injury can also cause a spinal injury. Also it is important to note that injuries to the head involve more blood than lacerations to other parts of the body.

Concussion

 * Mild head injury that causes a brief "short-circuit" of the brain.
 * Essentially, the brain has been rattled within the skull.
 * No damage or injury to brain tissue.

Recognition

 * Possibly unconscious for a short period of time.
 * Dazed and confused for several minutes.
 * Vomiting
 * Visual disturbances (seeing stars)
 * Amnesia (memory loss)
 * Pupils unequal in size or unresponsive to light.
 * Head pain
 * Anxiety & agitation

Compression

 * Pressure on the brain caused by a build-up of fluids or a depressed skull fracture.
 * The brain has been bruised.
 * Damage to brain tissue is likely.
 * Symptoms are progressive, and will usually get worse over time.

Recognition

 * Possibly unconscious for a short period of time.
 * Dazed and confused for several minutes.
 * Vomiting
 * Visual disturbances (seeing stars)
 * Amnesia (memory loss)
 * Pupils unequal in size or unreactive to light.
 * Head pain
 * Anxiety & agitation
 * Symptoms usually worsen over time.

Treatment

 * EMS
 * Immobilize spine if required.
 * Treat for any bleeding, bruising or swelling (if you suspect a skull fracture, do not apply pressure – instead, use a thick dressing with as little pressure as possible).

Notes for head injuries

 * If the level of consciousness is altered, call EMS.
 * Do not use direct pressure to control bleeding if the skull is depressed or obviously fractured, as this would cause further injury by compressing the brain.

Injuries involving the eye
Wounds that involve the eyelids or the soft tissue around the eye must be handled carefully to avoid further damage. If the injury does not involve the eyeball, apply a sterile compress and hold it in place with a firm bandage. If the eyeball appears to be injured, use a loose bandage. (Remember that you must NEVER attempt to remove any object that is embedded in the eyeball or that has penetrated it; just apply a dry, sterile compress to cover both eyes, and hold the compress in place with a loose bandage). Any person who has suffered a facial wound that involves the eye, the eyelids, or the tissues around the eye must receive medical attention as soon as possible. Be sure to keep the victim lying down. Use a stretcher for transport.

Many eye wounds contain foreign objects. Dirt, coal, cinders, eyelashes, bits of metal, and a variety of other objects may become lodged in the eye. Since even a small piece of dirt is intensely irritating to the eye, the removal of such objects is important. However, the eye is easily damaged. Impairment of vision (or even total loss of vision) can result from fumbling, inexpert attempts to remove foreign objects from the eye. The following precautions must be observed:

 * DO NOT allow the victim to rub the eye.
 * DO NOT press against the eye or manipulate it in any way that might cause the object to become embedded in the tissues of the eye. Be very gentle; roughness is almost sure to cause injury to the eye.
 * DO NOT use such things as knives, toothpicks, matchsticks, or wires to remove the object.
 * DO NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES ATTEMPT TO REMOVE AN OBJECT THAT IS EMBEDDED IN THE EYEBALL OR THAT HAS PENETRATED THE EYE! If you see a splinter or other object sticking out from the eyeball, leave it alone! Only specially trained medical personnel can hope to save the victim’s sight if an object has actually penetrated the eyeball. However if you have two rolls of gauze, apply one to each side of the impaled object and then cover it with a plastic cup and then secure the cup to the victim with tape.

Small objects that are lodged on the surface of the eye or on the membrane lining the eyelids can usually be removed by the following procedures:

 * 1) Try to wash the eye gently with lukewarm, sterile water. A sterile medicine dropper or a sterile syringe can be used for this purpose. Have the victim lie down, with the head turned slightly to one side. Hold the eyelids apart. Direct the flow of water to the inside corner of the eye, and let it run down to the outside corner. Do not let the water fall directly onto the eyeball.
 * 2) Gently pull the lower lid down, and instruct the victim to look up. If you can see the object, try to remove it with the corner of a clean handkerchief or with a small moist cotton swab. You can make the swab by twisting cotton around a wooden applicator, not too tightly, and moistening it with sterile water.
 * CAUTION: Never use dry cotton anywhere near the eye. It will stick to the eyeball or to the inside of the lids, and you will have the problem of removing it as well as the original object.

 * 1) If you cannot see the object when the lower lid is pulled down, turn the upper lid back over a smooth wooden applicator. Tell the victim to look down. Place the applicator lengthwise across the center of the upper lid. Grasp the lashes of the upper lid gently but firmly. Press gently with the applicator. Pull up on the eyelashes, turning the lid back over the applicator. If you can see the object, try to remove it with a moist cotton swab or with the corner of a clean handkerchief.
 * 2) If the foreign object cannot be removed by any of the above methods, DO NOT MAKE ANY FURTHER ATTEMPTS TO REMOVE IT. Instead, place a small, thick gauze dressing over both eyes and hold it in place with a loose bandage. This limits movement of the injured eye.
 * 3) Get medical help for the victim at the earliest opportunity.

title: First Aid/Head & Facial Injuries


text:
Cookbook:Garbanzo Bean Stew

| American cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Beans

Ingredients

 * 1 tablespoon olive oil
 * 1 medium red onion, chopped
 * 1 red bell pepper, peeled, cored and chopped
 * 2 cloves garlic, minced
 * Pinch saffron
 * ½ pound new or boiling potatoes, unpeeled and cut into bite-sized chunks
 * 2 teaspoons smoked sweet paprika (such as Pimenton de la Vera)
 * ¼ cup sherry
 * 2 cups cooked chickpeas (garbanzo beans), drained or 1 can (15 ounces) chickpeas, rinsed and drained
 * 1 can (14½ ounces) diced tomatoes plus their liquid
 * 2½ cups vegetable stock or water
 * Salt to taste
 * Freshly-ground pepper to taste
 * 2 cups hot cooked rice
 * Chopped parsley, optional garnish

Procedure

 * 1) In a Dutch Oven or large soup pot, heat oil over medium heat.
 * 2) Sauté onion, red pepper, garlic, saffron, and potatoes, stirring occasionally, until the potatoes start to soften, about 15 minutes.
 * 3) Stir in paprika, then sherry and cook about 1 minute.
 * 4) Add chickpeas, tomatoes, stock, salt and pepper.
 * 5) Bring to a boil, reduce heat to low, and cook partially covered until potatoes are tender and stew thickens, 30–40 minutes.
 * 6) Remove from heat and let stand about 15 minutes to meld flavors and thicken slightly.
 * 7) To serve, make a pyramid of rice in the center of each of 4 bowls, then ladle hot stew around rice.
 * 8) Garnish with parsley, if desired.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you prefer a spicier dish, add a pinch of red pepper flakes or a dash of hot sauce to the pot while the stew is cooking.

title: Cookbook:Garbanzo Bean Stew


text:
Cookbook:Fish Pie

| Seafood

There are so many ways of doing fish pie that no one person can provide the definitive recipe. Please do feel free to add suggestions on how you do this perennial favourite!

Ingredients

 * 200 g of fresh salmon
 * 200 g of smoked haddock
 * 100 g prawns
 * 100 g mussels
 * 5 scallops
 * 2 lb (1 kg) potatoes

 * Nutmeg
 * Butter
 * ¼ pt (150 ml) fresh single cream
 * 2 bay leaves
 * milk
 * 50 g Ementhaler or Appenzeller cheese, grated

Procedure

 * 1) Take all the fish and place it all in a saucepan with sufficient milk so that the fish is submerged. Add the bay leaf and a pinch of salt.
 * 2) Poach on a low heat for about 5 minutes
 * 3) Remove the fish from the pan, skin the haddock and the salmon, and flake, using a fork, into pieces. Return to the milk and set aside.
 * 4) Peel and boil the potatoes until they are soft enough to mash. This will take at least 20 minutes of boiling, otherwise the mash may remain lumpy. The potato needs to be mashed very well indeed, and an electric whisk is recommended after the initial crushing of the potatoes.
 * 5) Pour some of the milk into the potatoes so that the taste of fish infuses into it. The mash should not get too runny, but add some of the cream and grate some nutmeg into the potato as well.
 * 6) Put the cooked fish into the bottom of an oven-proof dish, with any remaining milk sauce. The dish should not be too large as it is nice to build a couple of layers of the fish, rather than lay it out in one layer. Once you have done this, pat the fish gently down a little so that it is slightly compacted.
 * 7) Spread the mashed potato over the top of the fish to a height of about 1½ inches (38 mm) making sure it is flat, and not piled up in the middle. Using a fork, ridge the top of the potato as this will make it colour up nicely in the oven.
 * 8) At this stage, if you want, add the grated cheese over the potato, and if you are feeling artistic, decorate the top of the pie with some large peeled prawns around the edge of the fish, and maybe a decoration in the middle.
 * 9) Place the pie in the oven at 220°C and leave for about 30 minutes or so, until the top of the potato/grated cheese is nicely coloured and the potato is bubbling nicely.
 * 10) Remove from the oven and serve immediately.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * A good accompaniment to fish pie is samphire if you can get it (boil it for 10 minutes, add butter and maybe a little grated Parmesan cheese) or a lovely, fresh green salad.

title: Cookbook:Fish Pie


text:
User talk:69.134.226.100

Regarding edits made during June 24 2007

 * [[Image:Octagon-warning.svg|left|30px]] You have been blocked from editing Wikibooks  as a result of your .  Please note that page blanking, addition of random text or spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires.

Az1568(Talk) 23:58, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.134.226.100


text:
Cookbook:Corn Bread Fish

| Southern cuisine | Fish

Ingredients

 * 4 boneless, skinless fish fillets (about 6 ounces each, 1–1¼ inches at thickest), such as tilapia, catfish or trout (see notes)
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste
 * ⅓ cup bottled Italian dressing
 * 1 large corn muffin, or ⅔ cup coarse crumbs
 * 1 lemon, or 3 tablespoons lemon juice

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 400°F (204°C).
 * 2) Spray a glass baking dish with cooking-oil spray.
 * 3) Season each fish piece with salt and pepper, and place in the dish.
 * 4) Pour the dressing evenly over the fish.
 * 5) Crumble the corn muffin, and sprinkle the crumbs over the fish.
 * 6) Place the dish in the preheated oven, and bake until the dressing is bubbling at the edges, the crumbs lightly brown, and the thickest part of the fillets are opaque and flake easily with a fork (about 15 to 20 minutes).
 * 7) While fish is baking, cut the lemon into 4 parts and set aside.
 * 8) When the fish is done, remove it from the oven, squeeze the juice from the lemon quarters over the fish, and serve immediately.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If the only available fillets are large, cut two of them in half to make four servings.
 * When placing the fish in the baking dish, the thick parts should not be layered.

title: Cookbook:Corn Bread Fish


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Sweden

| European cuisines

Traditional Swedish Food
Traditional Swedish food includes: and caper)
 * Biff à la Lindström (Beef made of ground/minced meat with chopped red beets
 * Blodpudding (Black pudding)
 * Dillkött (Cooked meat with Dill)
 * Falukorv (Sausage from Falun (Korv means Sausage))
 * Fläsklägg med rotmos (Pork with mashed turnips)
 * Gravad lax (Cured and salted salmon)
 * Isterband (Sausage made of pork and potatoes)
 * Janssons frestelse (Potato Gratin with onions, sprats and cream.)
 * Julbord (Christmas Smorgasbord)
 * Julskinka (Christmas ham (Grilled with a coating of egg and breadcrumbs))
 * Köttbullar (Swedish Meatballs)
 * Kroppkakor (Boiled potato dumplings filled with pork.)
 * Kåldolmar (Cabbage rolls)
 * Kålsoppa (Cabbage soup)
 * Köttsoppa (Beef soup)
 * Lutfisk (Stockfish)
 * Inlagd sill (Herring pickled in salt, vinegar and spices.)
 * Pannkakor (Swedish pancakes)
 * Pölsa (Hash)
 * Raggmunk (Potato pancakes)
 * Stekt fläsk och bruna bönor (Fried pork and brown beans)
 * Pyttipanna (Mixture of fried potato, onion and meat)
 * Sill (Herring)
 * Smörgåsbord (Smorgasbord)
 * Smörgåstårta (Sandwich cake)
 * Strömming (Baltic herring)
 * Surströmming (Fermented Baltic Herring)
 * Våfflor (Waffles) (Often served with jam and ice cream or whipped cream.)
 * Wallenbergare (ground veal steak mixed with cream and egg yolk, served with potato puré, butter and lingonberry.)
 * Ärtsoppa (Pea soup)

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Sweden


text:
Cookbook:Italian Dressing I

|American cuisine

Ingredients

 * ¼ cup drained capers
 * 1 clove garlic, pressed
 * 1 shallot, minced
 * ½ cup olive oil
 * ½ teaspoon black pepper
 * 1 small dried red chile, sliced
 * ½ teaspoon crushed fennel seed
 * 1 tablespoon white Chianti or dry white wine
 * 2 tablespoons lemon juice

Procedure

 * 1) Combine all ingredients in a jar with tight-fitting top.
 * 2) Shake well.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Best if used fresh.

title: Cookbook:Italian Dressing I


text:
User talk:71.87.68.246

Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is intended to be read without the need for external reference and requires content rather than external links particularly those which are for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links may include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that exist to attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page rather than re-adding it. See the welcome page to learn more about Wikibooks. Thank you. Webaware talk 03:39, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.87.68.246


text:
Wikijunior:World at Work

World at Work shows pictures of people working all over the world. About -- Authors -- Contributing ---

Miller - Netherlands

Bus Driver - Guatemala

Teacher - China

Blacksmith - Lebanon

Field Worker - Thailand

Waitress - United States of America

Archaeologist - Slovakia

Fruit Seller - Cameroon

Shoemaker - Pakistan

Grape Grower - Tajikistan

Drummer - Cuba

Dive Master - Mexico

Life Guard - Australia

Nature Guide - Tanzania

Fisherman - Portugal

Weaver - Myanmar

Baker - Norway

Firefighter - Canada

Surgeon - United Kingdom

Rickshaw Driver - Bangladesh

Candy Maker - Israel

Barista - Finland

Wood Gatherer - Ethiopia

Domestic Helper - Philippines

fr:Wikijunior:Le monde au travail Profissões pelo mundo bn:Wikijunior:কাজের দুনিয়া id:Wikijunior:Pekerjaan di Berbagai Negara

title: Wikijunior:World at Work


text:
Wikijunior:World at Work/Bus driver

fr:Wikijunior:Le monde au travail/Chauffeur de bus

title: Wikijunior:World at Work/Bus driver


text:
Data Recovery

Recovering data from an EXT3 disk
Although most sources of basic information on the EXT3 disk format states that you can't recover deleted files it's not strictly true. As they also state, you can 'grep' for text in the partition and in that way recover many types of files.

Strangely many tools for recovery of EXT2 and EXT3 disks actually run on the windows platform instead of the Linux platform which uses these formats.

Before heading for powerful tools which can take a long time to run it is worth thinking about the type(s) of information you want to recover. Information stored as plain text can be easily recovered inside a working GNU/Linux installation with a command which simply writes what it finds on the partition to a text file. In the example /dev/sda7 has the information we want and /path/to/big_text_file is where the information will be saved as one big text file. Make sure there is enough space for it and do not put it on the partition you are trying to recover from:

 * 1) strings /dev/sda7 > /path/to/big_text_file

The GNU/Linux tool TestDisk can find and recreate lost partitions, and its sister project PhotoRec can recover many types of image and video files by looking for the distinctive pattern at the start of such files.

A slightly different tool is giis which allows for recovery of files deleted after it is installed.

What is data recovery and what do we do when a hard disk is damaged?

Data Recovery is a specialized IT industry that deals exclusively with problems in storage media, such as conventional hard drives, SSD drives, flash drives, memory cards, CD / DVDs, mobile phones, etc. . This process involves technicians with specialized knowledge, special equipment and strict process protocols to ensure the best possible success rate.

What tools are needed so that one can retrieve data?

Tools required include: . Software tools, which are responsible for logical recovery. . Hardware tools such as special hard disk imagers, firmware read / write tools, ROM Readers / Writers. . Specialized Equipment: Clean Rooms, Clean Boxes / Benches, specially designed tools for mechanical disc testing, stereoscopic microscope, oscilloscopes, BGA Workstations and many custom made tools from the laboratory engineers themselves.

title: Data Recovery


text:
Scratch/Lessons/Making Sprites

Starting Scratch
When you first start Scratch, or press the "new" button to begin a new Scratch project, you always start out with the basic Scratch Cat as an icon for you to manipulate. However, Scratch projects would get very boring if this is all you could work with, so there are a few basic tool buttons that you should perhaps look at for creating additional sprites. All of these buttons are found right below the "stage" display where you can watch your Scratch project while it is in development.

Random Sprites
The first button that will be introduced here is the random sprite button. Hover over the cat button at the bottom right of your screen, and a menu should pop up. Click the button that has a star: Go ahead and press this button a few times. What is happening is that Scratch is loading up random images from the images that are originally added to your computer when Scratch is installed for the first time (specifically, those found in the Media folder within the main Scratch directory). While the images that you are going to get will be different than those shown, the variety of images means that almost anything could appear as a new sprite.

Sometimes this can also help to inspire you to come up with a new idea to make with Scratch, such as a game with cartoon characters being watched over by a football referee. Remember that this is but one way to create new sprites, and we have just started out.

Remember, you can delete sprites with the scissors located on the toolbar.

Creating Your Own Sprites
To draw your own sprite click this button: You will then be met with the Scratch Costume Editor screen. This interface may seem complicated to begin with, but don't worry, you don't need to know much of it at the start.

Navigate to the portion of the paint editor shown here. The buttons found on this toolbar, reading left to right top to bottom are: Paint Brush, Eraser, Fill Tool, Rectangle Tool, Ellipse Tool, Line Tool, Text Tool, Selection Tool, Stamp Tool, and the Eyedropper Tool. Here is a brief break down of what all these tools do.

Paint Brush: This tool allows you to paint freely. You can change colors using the Eyedropper tool or clicking using the Color Palette located below the toolbar. This tool has varying sizes.

Eraser: This tool allows you to erase drawings you have already made. Like the Paint Brush, you may change its size.

Fill Tool: The Fill Tool (or Paintbucket) allows you to click somewhere and have everything of the same color that is adjacent to your cursor filled in a certain color.

Rectangle Tools: With this tool you may draw filled or unfilled rectangles by dragging a box with your cursor.

Elipse Tool: This tool functions the same as the Rectangle Tool except it creates shapes that are circular or elliptical.

Line Tool: This tool draws lines of your chosen color from the place where you first clicked to your cursor.

Text Tool: This tool allows you to type text in a variety of fonts.

Selection Tool: This tool allows you to select a region of your picture and move it.

Stamp Tool: This tool allows you to select an area and then paste it down again elsewhere by clicking.

Eyedropper Tool: The Eyedropper Tool is used for clicking on a color and then having that become your selected color.

These are the main tools you will use in the Scratch paint editor. Familiarize yourself with them and you will do fine, for a more in-depth tutorial of the Paint Editor look on the Table of Contents under advanced tutorials.

Importing Sprites
There is one other button on the toolbar that you have not experimented with yet. That is the "Import Sprite" button which allows you to import a pre-made image to use as the costume for your sprite.

With this button you can take images of all file types and import them into the costumes tab of a sprite. Note: if you import a gif it will only import the first frame of the file. If you want to import the entire gif drag the gif onto the thumbnail the sprite whose costumes you wish to contain the gif.

title: Scratch/Lessons/Making Sprites


text:
Linux Audio: A Guide For Beginner and Beyond/Preface

= About This Book =

As a matter of fact, Linux doesn't have any decent documentation about plethora of different audio API and approaches for working with sound on this platform. Any book covering this topic to a sufficient detail will serve as a great asset to Linux community (and a great helping hand for new users). With your help, this book can become this asset. It is open for everybody interested in audio on the Linux platform for read and write. From people interested to use Linux as a home media center to pro-audio folks and game developers. Hopefully, it can also become an introduction into pro-audio world with Linux.

There are many reasons for using Linux for audio work. One of them - it is ubiquitous - you can find it everywhere - from the musician's home studio, PC at university, in tablets and Android phones to studios with some of the biggest names in the music and film industry. Whether you are looking for an alternative to proprietary implementation in your home studio, or just for a more cost effective solution for your post production department, Linux has already established itself as a free (as in free software), stable, fast, and secure platform even for the most demanding uses.

= A Word From the Contributors =

The scope of audio topics can be very broad regardless of the platform, so it is ok if information is too professional or specific. However, feel free to provide a good explanation for whatever you find appropriate if you can. In the end - we've all been there - unable to get something, either because of too advanced concepts, ot a bad English. Let's make a handy guide.

Linux is a moving target and many newcomers become frustrated in search of information. Even some well-known online sources have very outdated FAQ's and guides (some of them have not been updated for over ten years). So it is important to keep this book here updated with current changes and tendencies.

As this book is meant as a collaborative effort by and for the community, feel free to enhance it and add yourself to this list. A small bio or message is also welcome!

Justin Towson
I started this book in hopes to consolidate a lot of information available around the internet on the topic, as well as share my experiences (and failures) for those who may be interested in linux and audio, but who are having trouble finding where to start, or how to keep going. I do not consider myself an expert on the subject, but I at least hope to start something that others will want to add their own experiences to, and help bring linux audio more into the mainstream. As both a musician and a programmer, I have been following the development of this niche for quite a few years, and (while in some fields it already has) I feel a lot of things have come together and the time has come for linux to really show how far it has come. As free software continues to grow, I wish to dedicate this book to all who have brought it to where it is today, and hope this book will help newcomers to bring it that much further.

anatoly techtonik
I just need to know the best cross-platform API to use with Linux for playback and the only source we have is this 4 year old (but very good) overview at http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/guide-to-sound-apis by Lennart Poettering. It would be nice if this book served the same purpose, but had more dynamic and diverse content.


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User talk:Jeroenr

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:09, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Share your experience and feedback as a Wikimedian in this global survey
Hello! The Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey. We want to know how well we are supporting your work on and off wiki, and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. You have been randomly selected to take this survey as we would like to hear from your Wikimedia community. To say thank you for your time, we are giving away 20 Wikimedia T-shirts to randomly selected people who take the survey. The survey is available in various languages and will take between 20 and 40 minutes.

Take the survey now!

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Thank you! --EGalvez (WMF) (talk) 21:27, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

Your feedback matters: Final reminder to take the global Wikimedia survey
(Sorry to write in Engilsh)

Hello! This is a final reminder that the Wikimedia Foundation survey will close on 28 February, 2017 (23:59 UTC). The survey is available in various languages and will take between 20 and 40 minutes. Take the survey now.

If you already took the survey - thank you! We won't bother you again.

About this survey: You can find more information about this project here or you can read the frequently asked questions. This survey is hosted by a third-party service and governed by this privacy statement. If you need additional help, or if you wish to opt-out of future communications about this survey, send an email through EmailUser function to User:EGalvez (WMF) or surveys@wikimedia.org. About the Wikimedia Foundation: The Wikimedia Foundation supports you by working on the software and technology to keep the sites fast, secure, and accessible, as well as supports Wikimedia programs and initiatives to expand access and support free knowledge globally. Thank you! --EGalvez (WMF) (talk) 08:23, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeroenr


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User talk:JonesyLD

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:10, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:JonesyLD


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User talk:Totti~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:10, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Totti. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Totti~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:51, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:36, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Totti~enwikibooks


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User talk:Gcprakashh

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:10, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gcprakashh