text:
Nanotechnology/Nano and Society

Principles for the Revision and Development of this Chapter of the Wikibook
''Unless they are held together by book covers or hypertext links, ideas will tend to split up as they travel. We need to develop and spread an understanding of the future as a whole, as a system of interlocking dangers and opportunities. This calls for the effort of many minds. The incentive to study and spread the needed information will be strong enough: the issues are fascinating and important, and many people will want their friends, families, and colleagues to join in considering what lies ahead. If we push in the right directions - learning, teaching, arguing, shifting directions, and pushing further - then we may yet steer the technology race toward a future with room enough for our dreams.'' -Eric Drexler, Engines of Creation, 1986

Our method for growing and revising this chapter devoted to Nanotechnology & Society will emphasize an open source approach to "nanoethics" - we welcome collaboration from all over the planet as we turn our collective attention to revising and transforming the current handbook. Nature abhors a vacuum, so we are lucky to begin not with nothing but with a significant beginning begun by a Danish scientist,  Kristian Molhave. You can read the correspondence for the project.

Our principles for the revision and development of this section of the wikibook will continue to develop and will be based on those of wikibooks manual of style

Introduction
Nanotechnology is already a major vector in the rapid technological development of the 21st century. While the wide ranging effects of the financial crisis on the venture capital and research markets have yet to be understood, it is clear from the example of the integrated circuit industry that nanotechnology and nanoscience promise to (sooner or later) transform our IT infrastructure. Both the World Wide Web and peer-to-peer technologies (as well as wikipedia) demonstrate the radical potential of even minor shifts in our IT infrastructure, so any discussion of nanotechnology and society can, at the very least, inquire into the plausible effects of radical increases in information processing and production. The effects of, for example, distributed knowledge production, are hardly well understood, as the recent Wikileaks events have demonstrated. The very existence of distributed knowledge production irrevocably alters the global stage.

Given the history of DDT and other highly promising chemical innovations, it is now part of our technological common sense to seek to "debug" emerging technologies. This debugging includes, but is not limited to, the effects of nanoscale materials on our health and environment, which are often not fully understood. The very aspects of nanotechnology and nanoscience that excite us - the unusual physical properties of the nanoscale (e.g. increase in surface area) - also pose problems for our capacity to predict and control nanoscale phenomena, particularly in their connections to the larger scales - such as ourselves! This wikibook assumes (in a purely heuristic fashion) that to think effectively about the implications of nanotechnology and emerging nanoscience, we must (at the very least) think in evolutionary terms. Nanotechnology may be a significant development in the evolution of human capacities. As with any other technology (nuclear, bio-, info), it has a range of socio-economic impacts that influences and transforms our context. While "evolution" often conjures images of ruthless competition towards a "survival of the fittest," so too should it involve visions of collective symbiosis: According to Margulis and Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking" (i.e., by cooperation).

Perhaps in this wikibook chapter we can begin to grow a community of feedback capable of such cooperative debugging. Here we will create a place for sharing plausible implications of nanoscale science and technology based on emerging peer reviewed science and technology. Like all chapters of all wikibooks, this is offered both as an educational resource and collective invitation to participate. Investigating the effects of nanotechnology on society requires that we first and foremost become informed participants, and definitions are a useful place to begin.

Strictly speaking, nanotechnology is a discourse. As a dynamic field in rapid development across multiple disciplines and nations, the definition of nanotechnology is not always clear cut. Yet, it is still useful to begin with some definitions. "Nanotechnology" is often used with little qualification or explanation, proving ambiguous and confusing to those trying to grow an awareness of such tiny scales. This can be quite confusing when the term "nano" is used both as a nickname for nanotechnology and a buzzword for consumer products that have no incorporated nanotechnology (eg. "nano"- car and ipod). It is thus useful for the student of nanoscale science to make distinctions between what is "branded" as nanotechnology and what this word represents in a broader sense. Molecular biologists could argue that since DNA is ~2.5 nm wide, life itself is nanotechnological in nature -- making the antibacterial silver nanoparticles often used in current products appear nano-primitive in comparison. SI units, the global standard for units of measurement, assigns the "nano" prefix for 10 -9 meters, yet in usage "nano" often extends to 100 times that size. International standards based on SI units offer definitions and terminology for clarity, so we will follow that example while incorporating the flexibility and open-ended nature of a wiki definition. Our emerging glossary of nano-related terms will prove useful as we explore the various discourses of nanotechnology.

Imagining Nanotechnology
As a research site and active ecology of design, the discussions in all of the many discourses of nanotechnology and nanoscience must imagine beyond the products currently marketed or envisioned. It thus often traffics in science fiction style scenarios, what psychologist Roland Fischer called the "as-if true" register of representation. Indeed, given the challenges of representing these minuscule scales smaller than a wavelength of light, "speculative ideas" may be the most accurate and honest way of describing our plausible collective imaginings of the implications of nanotechnology. Some have proposed great advantages derived from utility fogs of flying nanomachinery or self replicating nanomachines, while others expressed fears that such technology could lead to the end of life as we know it when self replicating nanites take over in a hungry grey goo scenario. Currently there is no theorized mechanism for creating such a situation, though the outbreak of a synthesized organism may be a realistic concern with some analogies to some of the feared scenarios. More profoundly, thanks to historical experience we know that technological change alters our planet in radical and unpredictable ways. Though speculative, such fears and hopes can nevertheless influence public opinion considerably and challenge our thinking thoroughly. Imaginative and informed criticism and enthusiasm are gifts to the development of nanotechnology and must be integrated into our visions of the plausible impacts on society and the attitudes toward nanotechnology.

While fear leads to overzealous avoidance of a technology, the hype suffusing nanotechnology can be equally misleading, and makes many people brand products as "nano" despite there being nothing particularly special about it at the nanoscale. Examples have even included illnesses caused by a "nano" product that turned out to have nothing "nano" in it.

Between the fear and the hype, efforts are made to map the plausible future impact of nanotechnology. Hopefully this will guide us to a framework for the development of nanotechnology, and avoidance of excessive fear and hype in the broadcast media. So far, nanotechnology has probably been more disposed to hype, with much of the public relatively uninformed about either risks or promises. Nanotechnology may follow the trend of biotechnology, which saw early fear (Asilomar) superseded by enthusiasm (The Human Genome Project) accompanied by widespread but narrowly focused fear (genetically modified organisms).

What pushes nano research between the fear and hype of markets and institutions? Nanotechnology is driven by a market pull for better products (sometimes a military pull to computationally "own" battlespace), but also by a push from public funding of research hoping to open a bigger market as well as explore the fundamental properties of matter on the nanoscale. The push and pull factors also change our education, particularly at universities where cross-disciplinary nano-studies are increasingly available.

Finally, nanotechnology is a part of the evolution of not only our technological abilities, but also of our knowledge and understanding. The future is unknown, but it is certain to have a range of socio-economic impacts, sculpting the ecosystem and society around us.

This chapter looks at these societal and environment aspects of the emerging technology.

Building Scenarios for the Plausible Implications of Nanotechnology
Scenario building requires scenario planning.

Technophobia
Technophobia exists presently as a societal reaction to the darker aspects of modern technology. As it concerns the progress of nanotechnology, technophobia is and will play a large role in the broader cultural reaction. Largely since the industrial revolution, many different individuals and collectives of society have feared the unintended consequences of technological progress. Moral, ethical, and aesthetic issues propagating from emergent technologies are often at the forefront discourse of said technologies. When society deviates from the natural state, human conciseness tends to question the implications of a new rationale. Historically, several groups have emerged from the swells of technophobia, such as the Luddites and the Amish.

Technophilia
It is interesting to contemplate the role that technophilia has played in the development of nanotechnology. Early investigators such as Drexler drew on the utopian traditions of science fiction in imagining a Post Scarcity and even immortal future, a strand of nanotechnology and nanotechnology that continues with the work of Kurzweil and, after a different fashion, Joy. In more contemporary terms, it is the technophilia of the market that seems to drive nanotechnology research: faster and cheaper chips.

Anticipatory Symptoms: The Foresight of Literature
...reengineering the computer of life using nanotechnology could eliminate any remaining obstacles and create a level of durability and flexibility that goes beyond the inherent capabilities of biology. --Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity is Near

''The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It would be, in principle, possible...for a physicist to synthesize any chemical substance that the chemist writes down..How? Put the atoms down where the chemist says, and so you make the substance. The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatly helped if our ability to see what we are doing, and to do things on an atomic level, is ultimately developed--a development which I think cannot be avoided.'' --Richard Feynman, There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

There is much horror, revulsion, and delight regarding the promise and peril of nanotechnology explored in science fiction and popular literature. When machinery can allegedly outstrip the capabilities of biological machinery (See Kurzweil's notion of transcending biology), much room is provided for speculative scenarios to grow in this realm of the "as-if true". The "good nano/bad nano" rhetoric is consistent in nearly all scenarios posited by both trade science and sci-fi writers. The "grey goo" scenario plays the role of the "bad nano", while "good nano" is traffics in immortality schemes and a post scarcity economy. The good scenario usual features a "nanoassembler", an as yet unrealized machine run by physics and information--a machine that can create anything imagined from blankets to steel beams with a schematic and the push of a button. Here "good nano" follows in the footsteps of "good biotech", where life extension and radically increased health beckoned from somewhere over the DNA rainbow. Reality, of course, has proved more complicated

Grey goo, the fear that a self-replicating nanobot set to re-create itself using a highly common atom such as carbon, has been played out by many sources and is the great cliche of nanoparanoia. There are two notable science fiction books dealing with the grey goo scenario. The first, Aristoi by Walter John Williams, describes the scenario with little embellishment. In the book, Earth is quickly destroyed by a goo dubbed "Mataglap nano" and a second Earth is created, along with a very rigid hierarchy with the Aristoi--or controllers of nanotechnology--at the top of the spectrum. The other, Chasm City by Alastair Reynolds, describes the scenario as a virus called the melding plague. It converts pre-existing nanotechnology devices to meld and operate in dramatically different ways on a cellular level. This causes the namesake city of the novel to turn into a large, mangled mess wildly distorted by a mass-scale malfunctioning of nanobots.

The much more delightful (and more probable) scenario of a machine that can create anything imagined with a schematic and raw materials is dealt with extensively in The Diamond Age or A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer by Neil Stephenson and The Singularity is Near by Ray Kurzweil. Essentially, the machine works by combining nanobots that follow specific schematics and produces items on an atomic level--fairly quickly. The speculated version has The Feed, a grid similar to today's electrical grid that delivers molecules required to build its many tools.

Is the future of civilization safe with the fusion of malcontent and nanotechnology?

Early Contexts and Precursors: Disruptive Technologies and the Implementation of the Unforeseeable
In 2004, a study in Switzerland was conducted on the management of nanotechnology as a disruptive technology.

In many organization R&D models, two general categories of technology development are examined. “Sustainable technologies” are those new technologies that improve existing product and market performance. Known market conditions of existing technologies provide valuable opportunities for the short-term success of additions and improvements to those technologies. For example, the iphone’s entrance into the cellular market was largely successfully due to the existence of a pre-existing consumer cell phone market. On the other hand, “disruptive technologies” (e.g. peer-to-peer networks, Twitter) often enter the market with little or nothing to stand on - they are unprecedented in scale, often impossible to contain and highly unpredictable in their effects. These technologies often have few short-term benefits and can result in the failure of the organizations that invest in such radical market introductions.

At least some nanotechnologies are likely to fit into this precarious category of disruptive technologies. Corporations typically have little experience with disruptive technologies, and as a result it is crucial to include outside expertise and processes of dissensus as early as possible in the monitoring of newly synthesized technologies. The formation of a community of diverse minds, both inside and outside cooperate jurisdiction, is fundamental to the process of planning a foreseeable environment for the emergence of possible disruptive technologies. Here, non-corporate modalities of governance (e.g. standards organizations, open source projects, universities) may thrive on disruptive technologies where corporations falter. Ideally in project planning, university researchers, contributors, post-docs, and venture capitalists should consult top-level management on a regular basis throughout the disruptive technology evaluation process. This ensures a broad and clear base of technological prediction and market violability that will pave a constructive pathway for the implementation of the unforeseeable.

A cooperative paradigm shift is more often than not needed when evaluating disruptive technologies. Instead of responding to current market conditions, the future market itself must be formulated. Taking the next giant leap in corporate planning is risky and requires absolute precision through maximum redundancy "with a thousand pairs of eyes, all bugs are shallow." Alongside consumer needs, governmental, political, cultural, and societal values must be added into the equation when dealing such high-stakes disruptive technologies such as nanotechnology. Therefore, the dominant function of nanotech introduction is not derived from a particular organization’s nanotech competence base, but from a future created by an inter-organizational ecosystem of multiple institutions.

Global Standards
Global standards organizations have already worked on metrological standards for nanotechnology, making uniformity of measurement and terminology more likely. Global organizations such as ISO, IEC, OASIS, and BIPM would seem likely venues for standards in Nanotechnology & Society. IEC has included environmental health and safety in its purview.

Examples of Hype
Predicted revolutions tend to be difficult to make, and the nanorevolution might turn in other directions than initially anticipated. A lot of the exotic nanomaterials that have been presented in the media have faded away and only remain in science fiction, perhaps to be revisited by later researchers. Some examples of such materials are artificial atoms or quantum corrals, the space elevator, and nanites. Nano-hype exists in our collective consciousness due to the many products with which carry the nano-banner. The BBC demonstrated in 2008 the joy of nano that we currently embrace globally.

The energy required to fabricate nanomaterials and the resulting ecological footprint might not make the nanoversion of an already existing product worth using – except in the beginning when it is an exotic novelty. Carbon nanotubes in sports gear could be an example of such overreach. Also, a fear of the toxicity, both biologically and ecologically speaking, from newly synthesized nanotechnologies should be examined before full throttle is set on said technologies. Heir apparent to the thrones of the Commonwealth realms, Charles, Prince of Wales, has made his concerns about nano-implications known in a statement he gave in 2004. Questions have been raised about the safety of zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen, but the FDA has already approved of its sale and usage. In order to expose the realities and complexities of newly introduced nanotechnologies, and avoid another anti-biotech movement, nano-education is the key.

Surveys of Nanotechnology
Since 2000, there has been increasing focus on the health and environmental impact of nanotechnology. This has resulted in several reports and ongoing surveillance of nanotechnology. Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties is a report by the UK Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering. Nanorisk is a bi-monthly newsletter published by Nanowerk LLC. Also, the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars is starting a new project on emerging nanotechnologies (website is under construction) that among other things will try to map the available nano-products and work to ensure possible risks are minimized and benefits are realized.

Nanoethics
Nanoethics, or the study of nanotechnology's ethical and social implications, is a rising yet contentious field. Nanoethics is a controversial field for many reasons. Some argue that it should not be recognized as a proper area of study, suggesting that nanotechnology itself is not a true category but rather an incorporation of other sciences, such as chemistry, physics, biology and engineering. Critics also claim that nanoethics does not discover new issues, but only revisits familiar ones. Yet the scalar shift associated with engineering tolerances at 10-9th suggests that this new mode of technology is analogous to the introduction of entirely new "surfaces" to be machined. Writing technologies or external symbolic storage (Merlin Donald) and the wheel both opened up entirely new dimensions to technology - consciousness and smoothed spaced respectively. (Deleuze and Guattari)

Outside the realms of industry, academia, and geek culture, many people learn about nanotechnology through fictional works that hypothesize necessarily speculative scenarios which scientists both reject and, in the tradition of gedankenexperiment, rely upon. Perhaps the most successful meme associated with nanotechnology has ironically been Michael Chrichton's treatment of self-replicating nanobots running amok like a pandemic virus in his 2002 book, Prey.

In the mainstream media, reports proliferate about the risks that nanotechnology poses to the environment, health, and safety, with conflicting reports within the growing nanotechnology industry and its trade press, both silicon and print. To orient the ethical and social questions that arise within this rapidly changing evolutionary dynamic, some scholars have tried to define nanoscience and nanoethics in disciplinary terms, yet the success of Chrichton's treatment may suggest that nanoethics is more likely to be successful if it makes use of narrative as well as definitions. Wherever possible, this wikibook will seek to use both well defined terms and offer the framework of narrative to organize any investigation of nanoethics. Nanoscience and Nanoethics: Definning The Disciplines is an excellent starting guide to the this newly emerging field.

Concern: scientists/engineers as

-Dr. Strangeloves? (intentional SES impact)

-Mr. Chances? (ignorant of SES impact)

 * journal paper on nanoethics

 * Book on nanoethics

Take a look at their chapters for this section…

 * Grey goo and radical nanotechnology

 * Chris Phoenix on nanoethics and a priests’ article and the original article

 * A nanoethics university group

 * Cordis Nanoethics project

Concern: Nanohazmat
 * New nanomaterials are being introduced to the environment simply through research. How many graduate students are currently washing nanoparticles, nanowires, carbon nanotubes, functionalized buckminsterfullerenes, and other novel synthetic nanostructures down the drain?  Might these also be biohazards?    (issue: Disposal)

 * Oversight of nanowaste may lead to concern about other adulterants in waste water:  (issue: Contamination/propagation)
 * estrogens/phytoestrogens
 * BPA?

 * Might current systems (ala MSDS) be modified to include this information?

 * What about a startup company to reprocess such materials, in the event that some sort of legislative oversight demands qualified disposal operations?

There may well be as many ethical issues connected with the uses of nanotechnology as with biotechnology.
 * Joachim Schummer and Davis Baird, Nanotechnology Challenges, Implications for Philosophy, Ethics and Society

Prisoner's Dilemma and Ethics
The prisoner's dilemma constitutes a problem in game theory. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher working at RAND in 1950. Albert W. Tucker formalized the game with prison sentence payoffs and gave it the prisoner's dilemma name (Poundstone, 1992). In its classical form, the prisoner's dilemma ("PD") is presented as follows:

Two suspects are arrested by the police. The police have insufficient evidence for a conviction, and, having separated both prisoners, visit each of them to offer the same deal. If one testifies (defects from the other) for the prosecution against the other and the other remains silent (cooperates with the other), the betrayer goes free and the silent accomplice receives the full 10-year sentence. If both remain silent, both prisoners are sentenced to only six months in jail for a minor charge. If each betrays the other, each receives a five-year sentence. Each prisoner must choose to betray the other or to remain silent. Each one is assured that the other would not know about the betrayal before the end of the investigation. How should the prisoners act?

If we assume that each player cares only about minimizing his or her own time in jail, then the prisoner's dilemma forms a non-zero-sum game in which two players may each cooperate with or defect from (betray) the other player. In this game, as in all game theory, the only concern of each individual player (prisoner) is maximizing his or her own payoff, without any concern for the other player's payoff. The unique equilibrium for this game is a Pareto-suboptimal solution, that is, rational choice leads the two players to both play defect, even though each player's individual reward would be greater if they both played cooperatively. In the classic form of this game, cooperating is strictly dominated by defecting, so that the only possible equilibrium for the game is for all players to defect. No matter what the other player does, one player will always gain a greater payoff by playing defect. Since in any situation playing defect is more beneficial than cooperating, all rational players will play defect, all things being equal.

In the iterated prisoner's dilemma, the game is played repeatedly. Thus each player has an opportunity to punish the other player for previous non-cooperative play. If the number of steps is known by both players in advance, economic theory says that the two players should defect again and again, no matter how many times the game is played. Only when the players play an indefinite or random number of times can cooperation be an equilibrium. In this case, the incentive to defect can be overcome by the threat of punishment. When the game is infinitely repeated, cooperation may be a subgame perfect equilibrium, although both players defecting always remains an equilibrium and there are many other equilibrium outcomes. In casual usage, the label "prisoner's dilemma" may be applied to situations not strictly matching the formal criteria of the classic or iterative games, for instance, those in which two entities could gain important benefits from cooperating or suffer from the failure to do so, but find it merely difficult or expensive, not necessarily impossible, to coordinate their activities to achieve cooperation.

Market
Value chain

 * Overview of nanotech products

 * Articles on the Lux report on Nanotechnology

 * Lux 5’th report on Nanotechnology

 * Lux nanotec index and Article on Lux

See also notes on editing this book in About this book.

The National Science Foundation has made predictions of the of nanotechnology by 2015 All in all about 1000 Billion USD. “The National Science Foundation (a major source of funding for nanotechnology in the United States) funded researcher David Berube to study the field of nanotechnology. His findings are published in the monograph “Nano-Hype: The Truth Behind the Nanotechnology Buzz". This published study (with a foreword by Mihail Roco, Senior Advisor for Nanotechnology at the National Science Foundation) concludes that much of what is sold as “nanotechnology” is in fact a recasting of straightforward materials science, which is leading to a “nanotech industry built solely on selling nanotubes, nanowires, and the like” which will “end up with a few suppliers selling low margin products in huge volumes."
 * $340 billion for nanostructured materials,
 * $600 billion for electronics and information-related equipment,
 * $180 billion in annual sales from nanopharmaceutircals

Market analysis

 * http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_07/b3920001_mz001.htm

 * The World Nanotechnology Market (2006)

 * nanotube ecology http://www.nanotechproject.org/file_download/files/Nanotube%20SFA%20Report_revised%20part2.pdf

Some products have always been nanostructured:

 * Carbon blac used to color the rubber black in tires is a $4 billion industry.

 * Silver used in traditional photographic films

According to Lux Research, "only about $13 billion worth of manufactured goods will incorporate nanotechnology in 2005."

"Toward the end of the decade, Lux predicts, nanotechnology will have worked their way into a universe of products worth $292 billion."

Three California companies are developing nanomaterial for improving catalytic converters: Catalytic Solutions, Nanostellar, and QuantumSphere. QuantumSphere, Inc. is a leading manufacturer of high-quality nano catalysts for applications in portable power, renewable energy, electronics, and defense. These nanopowders can be used in batteries, fuel cells, air-breathing systems, and hydrogen production cells. They are also a leading producer of NanoNickel and NanoSilve. Cyclics Corp adds nanoscale clays to it's registered resin for higher termal stability, stiffiness, dimensional stability, and barrier to solvent and gas penetration. Cyclics resins expand the use of thermoplastics to make plastics parts that cannot be made using thermoplastics today, and make them better, less expensively and recyclable. Naturalnano is a nanomaterials company developing applications that include industrial polymers, plastics, and composites; and additives to cosmetics, agricultural, and household products. Industrial Nanotech has developed nansulate, a spray on coating with remarkable insulating qualities claiming the highest quality insulation on the planet with temperature ranges from -40 to 400 C. The coating can be applied to: Pipes-Tanks-Ducts-Boilers-Refineries-Ships-Trucks-Containers-Commercial-Industrial-Residential.

ApNano is a producer of nanotubes and nanosphere made from inorganic compounds. ApNano product, Nanolub is a solid lubricant that enhances the performance of moving parts, reduces fuel consumption, and replaces other additives. Production will shift from the United States and Japan to Korea and China by 2010, and the major supplier of the nanotubes will be Korea. Nanosonic is creating metal rubber that exhibits electrical conductivity. GE Advanced Materials and DOW Automotive have both developed nanocomposite technologies for online painted vertical body panels. Mercedes is using a clear-cost finish that includes nanoparticle engineered to cluster together where form a shell resistant to abrasion. eMembrane is developing a nanoscale polymer brush that coats with molecules to capture and remove poisonous metal proteins, and germs.

A study by FTM Consulting reported future chips that use nanotechnology are forecasted to grow in sales from $12.3 billion in 2009 to $172 billion by 2014. According to one Harvard researcher, applied nanowires to glass substrates in solution and then used standard photolithography techniques to create circuits. Nanomarkets predicts the market for nano-enabled electronics will reach $10.8 billion in 2007 and $82.5 billion in 2011. IBM researchers created a circuit capable of performing simple logic calculations via self-assembled carbon nanotubes (Millipede) and Millipede will be able to store forty times more information as current hard drives. MRAM will be inexpensive enough to replace SRAM and nanomarket predicts MRAM will rise to $3.8 billion by 2008 and 12.9 billion by 2011. Cavendish Kinetics store data using thousands of electro-mechanical switches that are toggeled up or down to represent either a one or a zero as a binary bit. Their devices use 100 times less power and work up to a 1000 times faster. Currently, the most common nanostorage devices are based on ferroelectric random access memory, FRAM. Data are store using electric fields inside a capacitor. Typically FRAM memory chips are found in electronics devices for storing small amounts of non-volatile data. A team from Case Western has approached production issues by growing carbon nanotube bridges in its lab that automatically attach themselves to other components with the help of an applied electrical current. You can grow building blocks of ultra large scale integrated circuits by growing self-assembled and self-welded carbon nanotubes. Applied Nanotech using an electron-beam lithograph carved switches from wafers made of single-crystal layers of silicon and silicon oxide.

Research Funding
//Michael can you tell me how much funding the EC goes to ‘nano’?

How big a percentage of nano research funding is

 * Corporate research funding (eg. Intel)

 * Public funding (eg. National nano initiative)

 * Military funding (public and corporate)

These may sum up to more than 100% since the groups overlap.

For the US 2007:

135 billion federal research budget

73 billion military Research, Development, Testing & Evaluation

The nanotechnology related part is a fraction of this budget amounting to a couple of billions

(newer reference is needed)

Open Source Nanotechnology
Common property resource management is critical to many areas of society. Public spaces such as forests and rivers are natural commons that can generally be utilized by anyone. With these natural spaces, resource management is in place to minimize the impact of any single user. With the advent of intellectual property, such as publications, designs, artwork, and more recently, computer software, the patent system seeks to control the distribution of such information in order to secure the livelihood of the developer. Open source is a development technique whereby the design is decentralized and open to the community for collaboration.

While patents reward knowledge generation by an individual or company, the reward of open source is usually the rapid development of a quality product. It is characterized by reliability and adaptability through continual revisions. The most notable usage for open source is in the software development community. The Linux operating system is continually improved by a large volunteer community, who desire to make robust software that can compete with the profit-based software companies while making it freely downloadable for users. The incentive for programmers is a highly regarded reputation in the community and individual pride in their work.

Author Bryan Bruns believes that this open source model can be applied to the development of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology and the Commons - Implications of Open Source Abundance in Millennial Quasi-Commons is a thoroughly written paper concerning open source nanotechnology by Bryan Bruns. The article describes roles of the open source nanotechnology community based on the claim that the technology for nanotechnology manufacturing will one day be ubiquitous. Since his early work a more urgent call has been coming for nanotechnology researchers to use open source methodologies to development nanotechnology because a nanotechnology patent thicket is slowing innovation. For example, a researcher argued in the journal Nature the application of the open-source paradigm from software development can both accelerate nanotechnology innovation and improve the social return from public investment in nanotechnology research.

''Building equipment, food and other materials might become as easy, and cheap, as printing on paper is now. Just as a laborious process of handwriting texts was transformed first into an industrial technology for mass production and then individualized in computer printers, so also the manufacturing of equipment and other goods might also reach the same level of customized production. If "assemblers" could fabricate materials to order, then what would matter would not be the materials, but the design, the knowledge lying behind manufacture. The most important part of nanotechnology would be the software, the description of how to assemble something. This design information would then be quintessentially an information resource, software''. -Bryan Bruns, Nanotechnology and the Commons - Implications of Open Source Abundance in Millennial Quasi-Commons

Several important elements of an open source nanotechnology community will be:
 * Establishment of standards - early adopters will have the task of developing standards of nanotechnology design and production for which the rest of the community will improve gradually.
 * Development of containment strategies - built-in failsafes that will prevent the unchecked reproduction and operation of "nanoassemblers". One possible scheme is the design of specialized inputs for nanoassemblers that are required for operation--the machine has to stop when the input runs out.
 * Innovative nanotechnology design and modelling tools - software that allows users to design and model technology produced in the nanoscale before using time and materials to fabricate the technology.
 * Transparency to external monitoring - the ability to observe the development of technology reduces the risk of "unsafe" or "unstable" designs from being released into the public.
 * Lowered cost - the price of managing an open source community is insignificant compared to the cost of management to secure intellectual property.

Application of Open Source to Nanotechnology
There are many currently existing open source communities that can serve as working models for an open source nanotechnology community. Internet forums promote knowledge and community input. In addition, new forum users are quickly exposed to a wealth of knowledge and experience. This type of format is easily accessible and promotes widespread awareness of the topic. One such community is:

[H]ard|OCP (http://www.hardforum.com) "[H]ard|OCP (Hardware Overclockers Comparison Page) is an online magazine that offers news, reviews, and editorials that relate to computer hardware, software, modding, overclockingcooling, owned and operated by Kyle Bennett, who started the website in 1997"[1]. Hardforum is a direct parallel to an traditional open source software community. Members obtain recognition, reputation, and respect by spending time and effort within the community. Members can create and discuss diverse topics that are not limited to just software. Projects focusing on case modding are of key interest as a parallel example of what is possible for a nanotechnology project. Within these case modding projects, specific steps, documention, results, and pictures are all shared within the community for both good and bad comments. The information is presented in a pure and straight forward manor for the purpose of information sharing.

Socioeconomic Impact of Nanotechnology
Predicting is difficult, especially about the future and nanotech is likely not going to take us where we first anticipated.

For a Perspective

 * Nuclear technology was hailed the new era of humanity in the 60’s, but today is left with little future as a power source due to low availability for long term Uranium sources and evidence that utilization of nuclear power systems still generates appreciable CO2 emissions. The development of nuclear technology however has provided us with a wide range of therapeutic tools in hospitals and taught us a thorough lesson on assessing the potential environmental impact before taking a new technology to a large scale.

 * DDT was once the cure-all for malaria and mosquito related diseases as well as a general pesticide for agriculture. It turned out that DDT accumulated in the food chain and was banned, leading to a rise in the plagues it had almost eradicated. Today DDT is still generally banned by slowly reintroduced to be used where it has a high efficiency and will not be spread into nature and in minute quantities compared to when it was lavishly sprayed onto buildings, fields and wetlands in the 1950’s.

 * I need references for this one:

Polymer technology was ‘hot’ in the early 90’s but results were not coming as fast as anticipated, leading to a rapid decline in funding. But after the ‘fall’, the technology has matured and polymer composites are now finding applications everywhere. One could say the technology was actually very worthy of funding but expectations were too high leading to disappointment. But time has been working for polymer technology even without large scale funding and now it is reemerging –often disguised as nanotechnology.

 * Biotechnology, especially genemodified crops, were promised to eradicate hunger and malnutritionreference needed. Fears of the environmental impact led to strict legislation limiting its use in practical applications, and many cases have since proven the restrictions sensible as new an unexpected paths for cross-breeding have been discovered[[reference needed]. However, the market pull for cheaper products leads to increased GM production worldwide with a wide range of socio-economic impacts such as poor farmers dependence on expensive GM seeds, nutrition aspects and health influence[[reference needed].

These examples do not even include the military aspects of the technologies or the spin-off to civil life from military research – which is luckily quite large considering that in the US the military research budget is about 40% of the annual research funding reference needed and check up on the number!.

Socioeconomic Impact
The examples in the previous section demonstrate clearly how difficult it is to predict the impact of new technology society because of contingency - the inability to know which trajectories today determine the future.

Contingency stem from two main causes:

1) Trends versus events

Events -Taking a non-linear dynamics and somewhat mathematical point of view, Events (in nonlinear dynamics) are deterministic and so can be described with a model but they are also unpredictable (i.e. the model does not give point predictions when exactly they will occur)

Trends – The trends we observe depend largely on the framing we have in our perception of problems and their solutions. The framing is the analytical lens through which we perceive evolution and it changes over time.

Impact of Nanotechnologies on Developing Countries
Many in developing countries suffer from very basic needs, like malnutrition and lack of safe drinking water. Many have poor infrastructure in private and public R&D., including small public research budgets and virtually no venture capital.Even if they are developing such infrastructures, they still have little experience in technology governance, including the launch and conduct of research programs, safety and environmental regulations, marketing and patenting strategies, and so on. These are a couple of points to point out on the effect of Nanoenabled cheap produced solar-cells on these counties:

 * Whether a product is useful and its use is beneficial to a country are difficult to assess in advance.

 * The Problem with many technologies is that scientific context often ( by definition) ignores the prevailing socioeconomic and cultural factors of a technology, such as social acceptance, customs and specific needs.

 * Expensive healthcare products only benefit the economic elite and risk increasing the health divide between the poor and rich.

 * According to the NNI, nanotechnology will be the “next industrial revolution”. This can be a unique opportunity for developing countries to quickly catch up with their economical development.

 * About two billion people worldwide have no access to electricity (World Energy Council, 1999), especially in rural areas.

 * Nanotechnology seems to be a promising potential in increasing efficiency and reducing cost of solar cells.

 * Solar technologies seem to be particularly promising for developing countries in geographic areas with high solar radiation.

 * Many international organizations have promoted solar rural electrification since the 1980’s, such as UNESCO’s summer schools on Solar Electricity for Rural Areas and the Solar Village program.

 * The real challenges of these technologies are largely of an educational and cultural nature.

 * Implementing open source into nanotechnology, cheap solar cells for rural communities might be a possibility.

[1] "Impact of nanotechnologies in the developing world"

Contributors
This page is largely based on contributions by Kristian Mølhave and Richard Doyle.

Case Studies of Ongoing Research and Likely Implications
E SC 497H (EDSGN 497H STS 497H) is a course offered at Penn State University entitled Nanotransformations: The Social, Human, and Ethical Implications of Nanotechnology. Three case studies from the Spring 2009 class offer new insight into three different areas of current Nano and Society study: Nanotechnology and Night Vision; Nanotechnology and Solar Cells; Practical Nanotechnology. A sample syllabus for courses focused on nanotechnology's impact on society can prove helpful for other researchers and academics who want to synthesize new Nano and Society courses.

=References=

title: Nanotechnology/Nano and Society


text:
Bartending/Cocktails/Singapore Sling

The Singapore Sling is a cocktail that was invented by Mr. Ngiam Tong Boon for the Raffles Hotel in Singapore sometime between 1910 and 1915. At one point the recipe fell into disuse and was actually forgotten by the bar staff. The recipe currently used by the hotel (and repeated at the Wikibooks link below) was the result of recreating the original recipe based on the memories of former bartenders and some written notes that they were able to discover.

The original recipe, which no longer includes club soda, is rarely used outside the Raffles Hotel. A notable exception is on all Singapore Airlines flights, where the drink is free in all classes of travel.

Standard Mix

 * 30 ml gin
 * 15 ml Heering Cherry Liqueur
 * 7.5 ml D.O.M Benedictine
 * 7.5 ml Cointreau
 * 120 ml Pineapple juice
 * 15 ml fresh lime juice
 * 10 ml grenadine
 * dash of Angostura bitters
 * Garnish: maraschino cherry, pineapple chunk, and orange slice

The cost of a pre-mixed Singapore Sling at Raffles Hotel, Singapore is $25.90SGD (including the 10% service charge and 7% goods and services tax) (as of 2009). If you want a real one, ask the bartender to mix it for you.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bartending/Cocktails/Singapore Sling


text:
User:Arogersmd

G. Aaron Rogers, M.D.
Resident, Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia |View Profile on LinkedIn

title: User:Arogersmd


text:
User:Video Game Fan

Hi! Welcome to my temporary user page.

On Wikipedia, I'm Video game fan 11.

I joined Wikibooks on 10/4/06.

title: User:Video Game Fan


text:
Ossicle/Authors

Contributing Authors
G. Aaron Rogers, M.D.
 * Atlanta, Georgia; United States

title: Ossicle/Authors


text:
Ruby Programming/Alternate quotes

In Ruby, there's more than one way to quote a string literal. Much of this will look familiar to Perl programmers.

These alternative methods are:
 * single quotes with the  operator:   is the same as
 * double quotes with the  operator:   is the same as

Alternate single quotes
Let's say we are using single quotes to print out the following path.

This will result in the following output:

The single quotes keep the,  , and   from being treated as escape sequences (the same cannot be said for wikibooks' syntax highlighting).

Now let's consider the following string literal:

This outputs:

Escaping the apostrophes makes the code less readable and makes it less obvious what will print out.

Luckily, in Ruby, there's a better way. You can use the  operator to apply single-quoting rules, and choose your own delimiter. This delimiter will mark the beginning and end of the string literal.

puts %q!c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt! puts %q/c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt/ puts %q^c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt^ puts %q(c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt) puts %q{c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt} puts %q

Each line will print out the same text:

You can use any punctuation you want as a delimiter, not just the ones listed in the example.

Of course, if your chosen delimiter appears inside of the string literal, then you need to escape it.

puts %q#c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's \#9 bus schedule.txt#

If you use matching braces to delimit the text, however, you can nest braces, without escaping them.

puts %q(c:\napolean's documents\the (bus) schedule.txt) puts %q{c:\napolean's documents\the {bus} schedule.txt} puts %q

Alternate double quotes
The  operator (notice the case of Q in  ) allows you to create a string literal using double-quoting rules, but without using the double quote as a delimiter. It works much the same as the  operator.

Just like double quotes, you can interpolate Ruby code inside of these string literals.

title: Ruby Programming/Alternate quotes


text:
Engineering Analysis/Matrix Forms

Matrices that follow certain predefined formats are useful in a number of computations. We will discuss some of the common matrix formats here. Later chapters will show how these formats are used in calculations and analysis.

Diagonal Matrix
A diagonal matrix is a matrix such that:

 * $$a_{ij} = 0, i \ne j$$

In otherwords, all the elements off the main diagonal are zero, and the diagonal elements may be (but don't need to be) non-zero.

Companion Form Matrix
If we have the following characteristic polynomial for a matrix:

 * $$|A - \lambda I| = \lambda^n + a_{n-1}\lambda^{n-1} + \cdots + a_1\lambda^1 + a_0$$

We can create a companion form matrix in one of two ways:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & -a_0 \\

1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & -a_1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & -a_2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 & -a_3 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots &\ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 & -a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix}$$

Or, we can also write it as:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix} -a_{n-1} & -a_{n-2} & -a_{n-3} & \cdots & a_1 & a_0 \\

0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots &\ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$$

Jordan Canonical Form
To discuss the Jordan canonical form, we first need to introduce the idea of the Jordan Block:

Jordan Blocks
A jordan block is a square matrix such that all the diagonal elements are equal, and all the super-diagonal elements (the elements directly above the diagonal elements) are all 1. To illustrate this, here is an example of an n-dimensional jordan block:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix} a & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\

0 & a & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & a & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots &\ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & a & \cdots & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & a       \end{bmatrix}$$

Canonical Form
A square matrix is in Jordan Canonical form, if it is a diagonal matrix, or if it has one of the following two block-diagonal forms:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix}D & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\

0 & J_1 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots &\ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & J_n \end{bmatrix}$$

Or:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix}J_1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\

0 & J_2 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots &\ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & J_n \end{bmatrix}$$

The where the D element is a diagonal block matrix, and the J blocks are in Jordan block form.

title: Engineering Analysis/Matrix Forms


text:
Engineering Analysis/Matrix Functions

If we have functions, and we use a matrix as the input to those functions, the output values are not always intuitive. For instance, if we have a function f(x), and as the input argument we use matrix A, the output matrix is not necessarily the function f applied to the individual elements of A.

Diagonal Matrix
In the special case of diagonal matrices, the result of f(A) is the function applied to each element of the diagonal matrix:

 * $$A = \begin{bmatrix}

a_{11} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & a_{22} & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{bmatrix}$$

Then the function f(A) is given by:

 * $$f(A) = \begin{bmatrix}

f(a_{11}) & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & f(a_{22}) & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & f(a_{nn}) \end{bmatrix}$$

Jordan Cannonical Form
Matrices in Jordan Canonical form also have an easy way to compute the functions of the matrix. However, this method is not nearly as easy as the diagonal matrices described above.

If we have a matrix in Jordan Block form, A, the function f(A) is given by:

 * $$f(A) = \begin{bmatrix}

\frac{f(a)}{0!} & \frac{f'(a)}{1!} & \cdots & \frac{f^{(r-1)}(a)}{(r-1)!} \\ 0 & \frac{f(a)}{0!} & \cdots &  \frac{f^(r-2)(a)}{(r-2)!} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & \frac{f(a)}{0!} \end{bmatrix}$$

The matrix indices have been removed, because in Jordan block form, all the diagonal elements must be equal.

If the matrix is in Jordan Block form, the value of the function is given as the function applied to the individual diagonal blocks.

title: Engineering Analysis/Matrix Functions


text:
Engineering Analysis/Cayley Hamilton Theorem

If the characteristic equation of matrix A is given by:

 * $$\Delta(\lambda) = |A-\lambda I| = (-1)^n(\lambda^n + a_{n-1}\lambda^{n-1} + \cdots + a_0) = 0$$

Then the Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that the matrix A itself is also a valid solution to that equation:

 * $$\Delta(A) = (-1)^n(A^n + a_{n-1}A^{n-1} + \cdots + a_0) = 0$$

Another theorem worth mentioning here (and by "worth mentioning", we really mean "fundamental for some later topics") is stated as:


text:
Ruby Programming/Here documents

For creating multiple-line strings, Ruby supports here documents (heredocs), a feature that originated in the Bourne shell and is also available in Perl and PHP.

Here documents
To construct a here document, the  operator is followed by an identifier that marks the end of the here document. The end mark is called the terminator. The lines of text prior to the terminator are joined together, including the newlines and any other whitespace.

The result:

If we pass the  function multiple arguments, the string literal created from the here document is inserted into the argument list wherever the   operator appears.

In the code below, the here-document (containing the four grocery items and a blank line) is passed in as the third argument. We get the same output as above.

Multiple here documents
You can also have multiple here documents in an argument list. We added a blank line at the end of each here document to make the output more readable.

The output after running this code is:

We have been using the  function in our examples, but you can pass here documents to any function that accepts Strings.

Indenting
If you indent the lines inside the here document, the leading whitespace is preserved. However, there must not be any leading whitespace before the terminator.

The result:

Indenting the terminator
If, for readability, you want to also indent the terminator, use the  operator.

Note, however, that the whitespace before each line of text within the here document is still preserved.

Quoting rules
You may wonder whether here documents follow single-quoting or double-quoting rules.

Double-quoting rules
If there are no quotes around the identifier, like in our examples so far, then the body of the here document follows double-quoting rules.

The output of this example is:

Double-quoting rules are also followed if you put double quotes around the identifier. However, do not put double quotes around the terminator.

Single-quoting rules
To create a here document that follows single-quoting rules, place single quotes around the identifier.

The result:

title: Ruby Programming/Here documents


text:
Engineering Analysis/Lyapunov Equation

 * $$AM + MB = C$$

Where A, B and C are constant square matrices, and M is the solution that we are trying to find. If A, B, and C are of the same order, and if A and B have no eigenvalues in common, then the solution can be given in terms of matrix exponentials:

 * $$M = -\int_0^\infty e^{Ax}Ce^{Bx}dx$$

title: Engineering Analysis/Lyapunov Equation


text:
Engineering Analysis/Quadratic Forms

If we have an n × 1 vector x, and an n × n symmetric matrix M, we can write:

 * $$x^TMx = a$$

Where a is a scalar value. Equations of this form are called quadratic forms.

Matrix Definiteness
Based on the quadratic forms of a matrix, we can create a certain number of categories for special types of matrices:

 * 1) if $$x^TMx > 0$$ for all x, then the matrix is positive definite.
 * 2) if $$x^TMx \ge 0$$ for all x, then the matrix is positive semi-definite.
 * 3) if $$x^TMx < 0$$ for all x, then the matrix is negative definite.
 * 4) if $$x^TMx \le 0$$ for all x, then the matrix is negative semi-definite.

These classifications are used commonly in control engineering.

title: Engineering Analysis/Quadratic Forms


text:
Cookbook:Greek Moussaka

| Cuisine of Greece

Eggplant

 * 1 large eggplant (aubergine)
 * Salt
 * Greek olive oil

Meat sauce

 * 1 large onion, chopped
 * 6 cloves of garlic, chopped
 * 3 tablespoons olive oil
 * 1 kg (2.2 lbs) minced/ground beef or lamb
 * 1 large tin (28 oz/800 g) diced tomatoes
 * 1 cup (250 ml) red wine
 * 2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley
 * 2 tablespoons chopped fresh Greek basil (optional)
 * 2 bay leaves
 * 1 teaspoon sugar
 * 1 cinnamon stick
 * Freshly ground black pepper
 * 2 tablespoons tomato paste

Cheese sauce

 * 3 tablespoons butter
 * 4 tablespoons plain flour
 * 2 cups (½ L) milk
 * Sprinkle of nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper
 * ½ cup (120 ml) freshly-grated Parmesan cheese
 * 1 cup (250 ml) grated cheese (e.g. Edam, etc.)
 * 1 egg

Procedure

 * 1) Cut eggplant into 5 mm slices. Lay the slices out and sprinkle liberally with salt. This leaches out the bitterness. Leave these for at least an hour.
 * 2) Heat olive oil in a saucepan and add onion and garlic. Sauté these until the onion starts to change colour. Add the meat and brown thoroughly.
 * 3) Add bay leaves and cinnamon stick, and continue to stir the meat until all the moisture from the meat is gone.
 * 4) Add tomatoes, herbs and sauces. Mix through and allow to cook for 15 minutes, stirring occasionally.
 * 5) Add wine and continue to cook until the sauce is very thick. It should have very little moisture in it all. Remove the bay leaves and cinnamon stick, and allow to cool.
 * 6) In another saucepan, melt butter over a low heat. Remove from heat and add the flour. Blend this through thoroughly, then return to the heat and cook gently for 3 minutes, stirring continuously so that it does not catch (burn). Remove from heat and add the milk. Mix this through then return to the heat and allow mixture to boil. Allow sauce to cook gently for one minute, stirring continuously. Remove from heat, add cheeses, nutmeg, cinnamon and pepper and mix through. Allow to cool.
 * 7) Rinse the slices of eggplant under running water and dry on paper towels. Heat olive oil in a frying pan. Place slices of eggplant in the pan and quickly turn to coat both sides in the hot oil. Fry until the slices are cooked (when they change colour and become soft). Drain and repeat with remaining slices.
 * 8) In a large casserole dish, lay slices of eggplant to cover the bottom. Cover with a layer of the meat sauce. Repeat layering eggplant and meat sauce until within 3 cm of the top of the dish.
 * 9) Add the egg to the cool, cheese sauce and mix through thoroughly. Spoon this on the top layer in the casserole dish and sprinkle with extra grated cheese. Bake at 200 °C (400 °F) for 45 minutes. Remove from oven and allow to cool and set for 10 minutes.
 * 10) Serve with a tossed Greek salad, red wine and crusty garlic bread.

Kochbuch/ Moussaka Artes culinarias/Recetas/Mousaka Livre de cuisine/Moussaka Libro di cucina/Ricette/Moussaka Kookboek/Moussaka Książka kucharska/Musaka z bakłażanów

title: Cookbook:Greek Moussaka


text:
Cookbook:Rosemary Garlic Fish

 * Greek cuisine | Fish

This is the Catsoulis family recipe from the Greek island of Kythera.

Ingredients

 * Flathead fillets
 * Plain flour, seasoned with salt and pepper
 * 1 tbsp olive oil
 * 2 cloves fresh garlic, chopped
 * 1 sprig fresh rosemary leaves, chopped
 * ½ cup brown vinegar

Procedure

 * 1) Toss fillets in seasoned flour until coated.
 * 2) Heat oil in a skillet, and add garlic and rosemary leaves. Cook slightly, then add the fish.
 * 3) When the fish is cooked, remove from pan and drain off excess oil.
 * 4) There should be enough flour in the pan (fallen from the fish) to make the sauce. If there isn’t, add a tablespoon of flour to the pan juices and brown. Add vinegar (and stand back). Add a little water and stir to make gravy.
 * 5) Spoon gravy over fish and serve with a Greek salad.

title: Cookbook:Rosemary Garlic Fish


text:
Cookbook:Cinnamon-braised Chicken (Kotopoulo Kapama)

Kotopoulo kapama is a Greek dish of braised chicken flavored with cinnamon. This recipe is the Catsoulis family version, from the Greek island of Kythera.

Ingredients

 * Chicken pieces (one per person)
 * 2 large onions, finely chopped
 * 4 cloves garlic, finely chopped
 * 1 tin tomatoes, or 300 g of fresh tomatoes
 * 3 tablespoons olive oil
 * 1 cinnamon stick
 * 3 bay leaves
 * ½ tablespoon finely-chopped fresh parsley
 * ½ cup red wine (shiraz)
 * 3 tablespoons tomato paste

 * 1 carrot, cut into thick slices
 * 1 stick of celery, cut into thin 3-inch strips
 * Finely-chopped celery leaves
 * ¼ teaspoon ground cloves

Procedure

 * 1) Heat oil in saucepan and add onion. Stir gently until onion is well browned.
 * 2) Add chicken, bay leaves, and cinnamon, then thoroughly brown chicken on all sides. The objective is to get as much "stock" from the skin as possible as this adds to the flavour later on.
 * 3) Add tomatoes, garlic, wine, and water, and cook through. Add parsley, celery leaves, celery, carrot.
 * 4) Add enough water to cover the contents of the pot. Allow to cook slowly for at least 2 hours. It is important to cook over a low heat so that sauce does not catch. Stirring or agitation will only cause the vegetables and chicken pieces to break up.
 * 5) Serve with thin pasta. Grate cheese generously over dish.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The fresher the ingredients, the better it will taste.
 * It is important to get as much "stock" from the chicken as possible. This is the reason for leaving the skin and bone on, although too much skin will result in a fatty dish.
 * The chicken should be browned for at least 10 minutes before the tomatoes are added.
 * If wine is added, it should be a good wine. When wine is used in cooking, the alcohol boils off leaving only the taste of the wine, therefore a poor quality wine will do little for the flavour.
 * Don't be overgenerous when adding ingredients, as an imbalance will shift the final result. In particular, strong sauces should only be used in small quantities.
 * In addition, a small piece of pumpkin may be finely chopped and added to thicken the sauce. It will cook away completely but will enhance the flavour.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Frameworks

The frameworks below should be used with page layouts in the Guide. Note that when a spoiler warning appears below a header, it is intended that all the text of that subsection should fall under the warning.

Overview
Title: Title

Greater Picture
NB: Technically a beginner should not access chapter summaries at all, so that's why is used instead of the beginner-specific version of.


text:
Nanotechnology/Targeting Diseases

=NanoMedicine=

Helping improve humanity is one of the promises of nanotechnology. Much hope and hype has surrounded nanomedicine. Research is actively pursuing the benefits of nanotechnology enabled medicine and the promise of organ specific drug delivery and cancer treatments. But, there is no consensus among the research and medicine community that shows the toxic effects of heavy metal nanoparticles in the body when used as "treatments". This chapter will highlight some of the research findings in the nanomedicine area.

Scientists are working to find "nanostructers" for many different kinds of cures, including Parkin's and Cardiovascular Disease, treatment for cancer, nanomaterial for new artificial limbs, and nanodevices that could restore hearing and vision. Soon, nanomedicine will be able to cure many diseases and illnesses. References: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/67702.php

The scientists have found a way to deliver molecules within 'wells' of polymers that are a part of a capsule. They are also making ground medicine with particles in the nanoscale to increase effectiveness.

Source- Nanotechnology A gentle introduction to the next big idea, Written by Mark and Daniel Ranter

 * eMedicine – The original open access comprehensive medical textbook for all clinical fields.
 * Nanomedicine book site

Example #1: Nanosilver
For thousands of years, silver has been known to be a potent bacteria killer. However, due to the fact that silver could not dissolve well, it's efficiency as an antimicrobial has been slim. This problem has been solved by the company Nucryst Pharmaceuticals. To combat it's inability to dissolve, they use a nanocrystalline form of silver to fight off bacteria. Silver ions rapidly kill microbes in a variety of ways which include blocking the cell respiration pathway, interfering with components of the microbial electron transport system, binding DNA, and inhibiting DNA replication. Their first product with the silver is Anticoat, a dressing for serious burns. Anticoat antimicrobial barrier dressing works to reduce or kill off bacteria, have high absorbency rates, continue working for a full 7 days, and are easy to remove without disrupting the wound. When the dressing is removed, it peels off in one piece and a new coat can be applied. A high absorbency rate is required because many wounds release a lot of body fluids and a good absorbency rate will maintain a healthy wound environment. It is usable for a week and can also be used for serious words. Also, now they are exploring the anti-inflammatory properties of silver for use in atopic dermatitis and certain respiratory conditions.

Example #2: Regenerating Neurons
There is a research team at USC that is working on producing artificial motor neurons. These neurons could serve several functions; including letting people with paralyzed limbs use their limbs again. These fake neurons would essentially take over the functions of the real motor neurons. Using this technology doctors could replace motor neurons since neurons do not grow back.

Example 3: Peptides for wound healing
Researchers at MIT have found liquids called peptides that form a nanoscale barrier in seconds, stopping the flow of blood. later. when the wound is healed, the solution breaks down and can be used by the body as new tissue. The same scientists also reported that a peptide partially restored a hamster's vision.

Examples #6: Malaria
Dr. Subra Suresh, a professor at MIT, using nanotechnology, has studied malaria, an infection spread by mosquitoes, in which tiny parasites infect the red blood cell. Using “laser tweezers” and two nano-sized glass beads fused to the red blood cell surface, he found that infected cells may be as much as 15-times stiffer than normal cells, which causes them to clog up small blood vessels. He is now looking at the effect of different genes in the parasite that may produce this effect as this may allow the finding of a treatment for this worldwide disease. "Tiny tools tackle malaria", 2005. Retrieved on 6-26-2008.

Example #7: Increased drug dispersion from nanoparticles
One of the greatest prospects of nanomedicine is in drug delivery. On the most basic level current drugs ground into a smaller state have a greater surface area which allows them to dissolve more quickly in the stomach. A variation on this idea is using small crystals of medicine. These crystals allow every molecule to be close to the surface which creates an environment where even the most slow dissolving compounds will dissolve quickly.

Example #8: Drug delivery polymer nanoparticles
Drug delivery is one of the best benefits of nanomedicine. There are many different schemes for improving drug delivery, for example, molecules can be put into nanoscale cavities inside polymers. The polymer can then be swallowed as part of a tablet or pill, and when the polymer opens inside the body, the drugs can be released into the body. More complex schemes have also been developed, such as getting drugs through cell walls and into the cell. Efficient drug delivery is essential, because many diseases depend on processes within the cell, and can only be affected with drugs delivered into the cell.

Example #9: IMEDD (Intelligent MicroEngineered Drug Delivery)
IMEDD (Intelligent MicroEngineered Drug Delivery) is trying to make tiny drug deliver pumps. The researchers at IMEDD are working with Terry Conlisk, who is an engineer at Ohio State, who has made a computer model that helps small drug reservoirs pump out drugs when they are needed. They use this principal to work the pumps, "If a fluid is positively or negatively charged and there is a like charge to the inner surfaces of a channel, the charges will repel each other. The result is that the fluid will flow down the channel." In their experiments, they have been able to put almost 0.5 nL of saline per minute through a channel only 7nm wide. Medical researchers hope to use this technology to push tiny amounts of drugs into the body exactly where they are needed. They accomplish this by a technique developed by a team of scientists and engineers at ASU called photocapillarity. Photocapillarity is defined as "the microfluidic actuation of water in an enclosed capillary or microchannel using light".

=Targeting Cancer=

Cancer is the focus of many new nanomedicine therapies under development for repairing damaged tissues and treating and detecting cancer by developing medical interventions at the molecular scale that couples nanotechnology, clinical science, and the life sciences. People are developing innovative drug and gene delivery strategies and modulating molecular events can control cell processes such as initiating, enhancing, and maintaining macro- and micro- vasculature to ensure tissue viability, vessel networks within tissue engineered constructs and autologous tissue flaps and grafts. Developing novel synthetic, natural, or hybrid materials to control cell-material interactions, biomechanics, angiogenesis, and the in vivo release of therapeutic agents.

 * Cancer
 * Oncology -the study and treatment of cancer

Cancer example #1: Nanoparticles Generate Supersonic Shock Waves to Target Cancer
Researchers from UCM (the University of Missouri-Columbia) and the United States Army have made a nano-sized “bomb”. This bomb can target drug delivery to cancer tumors without damage to any other cells. The nano thermites produce shock waves in the Mach 3 range. Cancer fighting drugs would be administered via a needle, and then a device would send a pulse into the tumor. The pulse would create little holes in the tumor, so the drugs can enter.

Cancer example #2: monitor post-treatment relapse
MNC is working with the Medical School at Swansea to develop a nanoscale sensor that would be put into the body and would be capable of detecting the growth of cancerous cells in patients. It would monitor post-treatment relapse. This way of finding the cancer cells at an early stage would reduce mortality rates dramatically.

Cancer Example #3: Photodynamic therapy
Photodynamic therapy (a type of treatment for cancer that is nothing like chemotherapy) is directed to hit the spot where the cancer is, it is a therapeutic idea. What happens during photodynamic therapy? They would put a metal nanodot or a molecular dot (the particle) inside your body and then they would shine a type of light to illuminate it from the outside. Then the light is absorbed by which ever particle they put in your body. So if you have a metal nanodot and it have absorbed the light the energy will heat the metal nanodot up making every tissue that it near heat up to. But with the molecular dot the light absorbed creates oxygen molecules that are very energetic. And since the oxygen molecules are highly reactive it chemically reacts or destroy the organic molecules that are beside it (example: tumors).

Cancer Example #4: NIH Roadmap's Nanomedicine initiative
NIH Roadmap's Nanomedicine initiative is working on advancing the study of nanotechnology. They hope to be able to detect cancer cells before a tumor develops and accurately destroy them, and have nano-sized pumps in your body that deliver medicines into your body where you need it. They believe they will be able to do this in ten years.

=MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging=

MRI Example #1: MRI nanoparticles
Biophan is a company specializing in nanomedical applications. One of their projects is to make MRIs safer for patients with microelectronic implants that include metals. By using a coating of nanomagnetic particles, these devices, including pacemakers, are shielded from the radio waves from the MRI machine and current (which could harm the patient) caused by electromagnetic radiation is reduced. It was also found that these particles could be used as contrast agents to allow for a clearer image by creating sharper contrast among the different tissue types in the body during an MRI scan. Biophan is also working towards longer lasting batteries for pacemakers and other medical devices (by using body heat), smart drug delivery, and other nanomedicine projects.

MRI Example #2: magnetic nanoparticles
Magnetic nanoparticles have shown promise as contrast-enhancing agents for improving cancer detection using magnetic resonance imaging, as miniaturized heaters capable of killing malignant cells, and as targeted drug delivery vehicles. Now, researchers at the University of Nebraska have developed a novel coating for magnetic nanoparticles that allows the particles to carry large amounts of drug and to disperse efficiently in water. This development may enable targeted delivery of water-insoluble anticancer agents or imaging agents.

=The story of the 'Nanobacteria'= In 1988, Olavi Kajander discovered what he described as "nanobacteria." Something was killing his mammalian cells, and after looking closer using an electron microscope, he found something inside of the cells. However, this was not any normal bacterium- the organisms had diameters between 20 and 200 nanometers. Their sizes were too small to support a complex metabolism like the bacteria known to microbiologists. Though his nanobacteria was dismissed by most of the rest of the scientific world, Kajander had become attached to them. After multiple failed attempts to prove their scientific legibility, he connected their hard outer shells-made up of calcium phosphate- and kidney stones, which are caused by calcium compounds. It turns out that the so-called "nanobacteria" were related to, not only kidney stones, but ovarian cancer, Alzheimer's, and prostatitis. Though they are not recognized as true bacteria and have no DNA or RNA, nanobacteria can reproduce, albeit slowly. Strange. Interestingly enough, nanobacteria has been reported in underground rock and other such geological formations. Further, there are claims that nanobacteria have been found in meteorites and, after being transported into zero gravity, nanobacteria has been found to reproduce at a much faster rate than when on earth. Some wonder if nanobacteria is not really from earth, but outer space.

=BioMedicine=

Herb Example #1: Clinacanthus nutans
In Thailand the leaves of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus nutans) had been used by traditional healers to treat herpes infections and it's shown to have verifieable antiviral activity. It was found that C. Nutons was able to increase lymphocyte proliferation significantly and reduce the activity of natural killer cells (NK Cells) significantly. It's shown to increase immune response activity strong enough to cure different diseases. It's beliefed that it can cure cancer aswell. It possess a strong anti-inflammatory activity, because of the ability to inhibit the neutrophil responsiveness as evidenced by the significant inhibtiion of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. C. nutans is a plant used extensively by traditional healers of southern Thailand and North-western Malaysia as a remedy for envenomation be it snakes or venomous insects like scorpions and bees effectively. Cherdchu et al did not find any antivenin activity, that's why it's not known how it's works as Antivenom. Pannangpetch et al looked found antioxidant and protective effects against free radical-induced haemolysis properties in ethanolic extracts of the leaves of C. nutans.

Herb Example #2: Annona muricata
There is evidence indicating that the fruit's extracts selectively inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells by downregulating expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in vitro and in a mouse model, but the effect has not been studied in humans.

=References=

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About.

title: Nanotechnology/Targeting Diseases


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Nanotechnology/Reaching Out

=Teaching Nanotechnology= Teachers' Toolbox is a Wikibook on teaching methods and ways to improve teaching. The toolbox is intended to give you an overview of methods you can use when teaching in general.

If you know of places that have teaching material available on the net, please add a link to the list below:
 * Nanotechnology
 * Nano-to-Macro Transport Processes, Fall 2004
 * nanostructured materials and interfaces

=Outreach projects= There are several nanotechnology related outreach projects. Here are some examples to give ideas:
 * Nanoscale Science Education
 * Citizens school of nanotechnology
 * Webcast outreach lecture
 * Exploring the nanoworld
 * K-14 outreach
 * Cornell Museum

=Demonstration experiments=

There is a dedicated section for nanotechnology in  the Wikiboook on Science Show, which is a cross disciplinary collection of demonstration experiments. The Danish version is growing steadily and we will begin to add to the English version soon. Please add to these books with any demonstration experiments and ideas you have!

There are others available on the net:
 * Nano-Tex: Testing New Nano Fabrics
 * Nano kits and for instance the exercise moving a wall

=References=

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About.

title: Nanotechnology/Reaching Out


text: User talk:210.212.184.4

title: User talk:210.212.184.4


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User talk:Have~enwikibooks

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 09:42, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Polskie Wikibooks
Nie byłbyś czasem zainteresowany polskojęzycznymi Wikibooks? --Derbeth talk 09:42, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Have~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:203.214.66.170

its just me forgetting to login. marz 11:16, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.214.66.170


text:
Horticulture/Manual of Style

This is the style manual for Horticulture.

Structure
For ease of linking, this book uses a flat structure. All chapters should thus be of the form Horticulture/CHAPTER, not Horticulture/Chapter/PAGE.

By using the flat structure, links from chapter to chapter can be easily made using the form ../CHAPTER/.

Categories
There are several subcategories of this book, arranged hierarchically. The |Main Category should include only the subcategories, the main page and new pages that don't seem to fit into any of the current categories, or that have not yet had appropriate page templates added to them. Any new subcategories should be placed in :, only the main page should be in the main category. For ease of use categories should sort subpages alphabetically using | to give for example /Pests.

The current list of categories is as follows. Further indented categories are subcategories of the main ones:

Images
Images should be uploaded to commons, rather than to wikibooks, since this book cross-links with wikipedia, wikiversity, and other projects.

Since this book is intended to be printable, avoid thumbnails except in galleries. For best print quality, make images at least 300px.

Plant profiles
Plant profiles should:

 * Be placed in as many subcategories as are needed, so long as they are not redundant (e.g., "Fruit trees" and "Weed trees", but not also "Horticulture")
 * Use the appropriate templates (if you don't know how to use them, just drop them on there in the proper place so another editor can fill them out).
 * Use Wikipedia transwikis as a base when there is good information there.
 * Use scientific names only: Common names have caused considerable confusion and tension on Wikipedia. Common names can be pointed to in the index, so do not make redirects from common names.

Templates
The plant pages use templates to provide structure and consistency. Most of the plant profiles are based on transwikis from Wikipedia using the Import tool. After an article is transwikied and moved to Horticulture, adding to the top of the page (generally just before the "taxobox") and remove any categories or interwiki links at the bottom of the page.

Additional templates are used to identify specific types of plants and other things grown. See Horticulture/Using Templates for more information.

Pest and disease lists
The Pest and disease lists are compiled from various source materials, including sources on the plants themselves, as well as sources on the pests and diseases themselves. These lists can be kept up-to-date using the What links here page (on the sidebar).

The early lists are from a donated website, "Johnny's Plant Profiles", which was hosted by User:SBJohnny from 2000 through 2005. These lists were compiled for the purpose of databasing to find alternate hosts (including both garden plants and weeds) as part of an organic IPM program, and that databasing approach has been used as part of building this book as well (using Special:Wantedpages to find the most linked pests and diseases.

The weakness of these lists is that they assume a very high level of knowledge about the individual pests and diseases, since it lists only the pest organisms, rather than the symptoms of any given pest or disease problem. For this reason, these should eventually be replaced by troubleshooting sections (see below).

Troubleshooting sections
Troubleshooting sections will be like keys for using symptoms to provide causes and treatments.

NPOV
This book uses a Neutral Point of View, so several things need to be kept in mind.
 * 1) Since this text is intended to address a wide geographical audience (all gardens in regions prone to freezing), a geographically neutral language is required:
 * 2) Plants should not be discussed as "native", but rather "native to such and such regions"
 * 3) Likewise, "invasive" should be avoided as a stand-alone term, using "invasive in this/these region(s)" instead
 * 4) Hardiness should be described using zones, rather than using language like "hardy perennial" or "tender perennial"
 * 5) Weed species should be discussed as to their weediness in general or in specific regions.
 * 6) Aesthetic language is of course par for the course in a Garden book, but superlatives should be avoided.
 * 7) "This tomato has sweet, firm flesh, and is good for slicing" is fine, but "this is the world's best slicing tomato" is certainly over the top.
 * 8) Imperatives should be avoided at all costs (e.g., "this plant should never be destroyed, but always transplanted to other gardens".
 * 9) Aside from the upper-level chapters on organic gardening, permaculture, and so on, organic-specific pages should be avoided. Plant, pests and disease profiles should instead simply list both organic and non-organic approaches.

Focus limitations
Information about the plant other than garden-related issues is encouraged, but "how-to" information outside the scope of horticulture should be discussed in other books.
 * Discussion of the harvesting and storage of food and medicinal crops should be included, but specific recipes and preparations should be instead added to the Cookbook or to an herbal medicine book.
 * Discussion of material uses (lumber, etc.) should be limited to the properties of the material and examples for how it is used. Specific discussions of how to make specific use of a material should be given in another book (or another chapter, if the use is garden-related).
 * Links to websites about products made from plant materials are not permitted.

/Project

title: Horticulture/Manual of Style


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XForms/Selecting Codes From File

Motivation
People who design forms frequently have to maintain many code tables. These code tables may change frequently and there may be processes that update a database of centrally maintained code tables. So you want each form to dynamically get the current relevant codes from an XML file or a RESTful web service.

This sample program demonstrates how to read a list of codes with labels directly from a file or code-table web service. In this example the file that contains the codes is just a well-formed XML file in the same directory that the form is located in.

Loading XML instance data from a local file or web service
The following code fragment, usually in the HTML head, demonstrates how to read XML data from a local file in the same directory as the form by using the "src" attribute of the instance.

Loading Codes from a Web Service
It is common to have a single web service load all code tables. This service can be passed parameters such as the name of the code table as well as the group the person is a part of. This can narrow down the list of selections for long lists.

Loading all Codes into a single Instance
The problem with loading individual code tables into individual instances is that you must perform a separate HTTP get for each code table. This is not a problem for forms with one or two small selection lists. But for large forms with many selection lists this can slow down form response time. The solution is to load all codes into a single instance with a single HTTP GET request. Each code table can then be selected from this instance.

In this second example all the codes in the entire form are generated by a service of the Metadata Registry (MDR). The data returned by this server is a collection of codes for each select1 control in the form.

This will look for a well-formed XML file in the current directory and load it into the model instance.

Note that in this case the model is given an id. This is necessary to allow multiple code tables to each be read into their own separate model.

Screen Image
Here is a screen image of the program. As the user selects from the drop-down list, the value of the output is immediately updated.

Note that label on the screen is not the same as the label stored in the model.

Sample Program
   This selection list was read from a file.  Select XML Schema data type:        Value of MyXMLSchemaTypeCode:

Sample XML Data
Note that to be well-formed the XML file MUST contain a root data element that must match the node-set argument.

Extracting data from an XML REST web service
You can replace the instance src attribute with a path directly to a XML REST web service. For example, if you put all your code tables into a project resources collection the path would look like the following:

or if your system codes are stored in a single XML file and you have a wrapper XQuery

Selection Lists From A Single Instance
To keep your forms fast, it is usually better to do a single HTTP GET operation for all your codes. Forms that have many selection lists will take a long time to load if each list does a separate HTTP GET operation. For large forms it is easy to get a 10x speedup in form load times.

Structure of Code Tables Instance
The following is a sample structure of all codes loaded into a single instance:

Sample Select1
Once your data is loaded into your model, each of your select1 or select controls can get its data directly from the model using the xf:itemset element. Itemset works just like repeat and uses nodeset (not ref) to get all its values. Here is an example of how to get the itemset data from your code-tables instance.

Note that the predicate [code-table-name='MyElementCode'] will only put the items for that code into the selection list.

Auto Generation of Code Tables from Metadata Registry
Because XML Schema does not contain information for presentation we use the following workflow as a "best practice".

 * 1) Store all label/value pairs in external code table files or get this information from a web service.
 * 2) For each form, create a web service that will generate a code-tables element for all the codes used in that form.
 * 3) Load the code-tables element into a separate  instance in your model with an id of "code-tables".
 * 4) Select the code table out of that instance for each select1 or select element by getting a code table with that name.

Discussion
When a group of complex forms that share common codes needs to be placed in their own directory and yet still link to a central directory of codes, you can also use relative code table linking. For example a sibling directory could be called "code-tables" and the src="MyCode.xml" statement could be modified to be src="../code-tables/MyCode.xml".

If you have an XML Schema for the form you can also extract a list of all enumerations for each simpleType. This list of codes can then be passed to a web service that creates a list of all the codes in your registry. This allows the form to automatically be updated when new codes are added to the XML Schema.

If you have a RESTful web service that contains all the codes for a form, you can replace this web service URI for the XML file.

title: XForms/Selecting Codes From File


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Free Direct Instruction Curriculum and Training/Science 1

Created: 2006 10 05 | Percent completed:

What is Free Direct Instruction Science 1 (Free DI Science 1) Image:25%.svg
Free DI Science 1 is the teacher's guide for teaching science at the second or third grade level depending on ability of learner and state standards.

Each section is numbered and can be taught in one day. Each section also contains scripted instructions for the teacher. Most sections contain workbook pages, images, and/and video clips.

Short video clips (5 to 20 seconds) can be added to integrate current events into the curriculum. For instance, the idea of science is to ask questions and get answers. Could there be life on Mars? To answer that we sent rockets and rovers to Mars to get pictures and samples of the surface. You can show video clips, often free from NASA, a government agency, that shows rover taking samples.

Also, pictures can be added to enhance and describe scientific ideas, experiments, or events.

What order do I teach this in?
Each state has different standards that include subject matter to be taught at specific times. This makes teaching this science module more difficult. It might be a good idea to align your state standards to this curriculum and make some modifications. Please make a note of your state standards and it's alignment to this program in the talk section (discussion tab).

Understand structure and properties of matter.

 * Objects that sink and float
 * Describe shapes of objects

Chemical & Physical Changes

 * Water in open container disappears, water in closed container doesn't
 * Water in glass is shorter than same amount of water that is frozen

Force

 * Difference between resting and moving objects
 * Things fall to the ground unless they are held up

Energy - interactions & transformations

 * Sun is a source of energy and warms land, air, and water
 * Without the sun, it would be very cold

Organisms: Understand the characteristics, structure, and functions of organisms.

 * Sort and classify collections by features (flies, swims, gills)
 * Use senses to find out about the world around you and yourself (smell, touch, hear, see)
 * Living things are people, animals & plants
 * All living things need water, food, and air

Heredity: traits in living things

 * When animals have babies they are called offspring
 * Many offspring have 2 parents
 * People might keep animals from having offspring (dogs, cats)
 * Sequence parts of a cycle

Diversity/interdependence

 * Plants & animals may look alike and do similar things but others are different
 * Living things are everywhere but in different places
 * Habitats of weeds, aquatic plants, insects, worms, and amphibians
 * Ways in which animals & plants depend on each other (i.e. animals depend on plants & animals)

Earth materials

 * Made of rock, soil, water, air
 * Materials can be used again (recycled)
 * Observe changes in weather (clouds, precipitation)

Earth in solar system & universe - Earth, sun, moon, and solar system

 * Identify the sun & moon during the day (have calendar with moon phases)
 * Identify moon and stars seen at night (moon is either crescent or big)

Ask questions and get answers based on observations - hypothesis

 * Raise questions about the world around the students
 * Describe things in terms of their number, shape, size, and color
 * Make observations

Design investigation to answer question

 * Follow a list of steps

Collect and present data

 * Describe or draw simple observations
 * Record data on form
 * Transfer from form to simple graphs
 * Observe changes in world

Concepts

 * May not work if parts are missing (batteries)
 * Observe and describe changes
 * Difference between statement & question
 * One person can have an effect on others
 * Magifiers can help people see things that they couldn't otherwise

Resources

 * Check for videos (amazon)
 * Check for activity books
 * Check books.google.com for science experiments
 * Cross check with BCP

General Materials needed

 * Colored pencils, pens, or crayons
 * Pencils
 * Paper: construction
 * Paper: lined
 * Paper: plain white
 * Glue sticks
 * Scissors
 * Tape
 * Water
 * Worksheets (not yet developed)

Lesson specific materials needed

 * Cardboard boxes [lesson xx, xx]
 * Chalk [lesson xx, xx]
 * Chalkboard eraser [lesson xx, xx]
 * Cotton [lesson xx, xx]
 * Crayons [lesson xx, xx]
 * Food: jelly beans [lesson xx, xx]
 * Food: M&Ms snack sized [lesson xx, xx]
 * Food: M&Ms 1/4 pounder [lesson xx, xx]
 * Index cards [lesson xx, xx]
 * Paper cups [lesson xx, xx]
 * Paperclips [lesson xx, xx]
 * Rocks (3") [lesson xx, xx]
 * String [lesson xx, xx]
 * Shoe box [lesson xx, xx]
 * Yarn [lesson xx, xx]
 * Heavy book [lesson xx, xx]
 * Bowls: 6 transparent equal sized [lesson xx, xx]
 * Dowels: 1/4" [lesson xx, xx]
 * Hole punch [lesson xx, xx]
 * Ruler [lesson xx, xx]
 * Various sized, weighted, and colored school objects (paper clips, erasers, pens, pencils) [lesson xx, xx]
 * Spool: empty thread [lesson xx, xx]
 * Tennis balls, raquet balls - small balls that bounce [lesson xx, xx]


text:
XForms/Best practice

This cookbook identifies example programs that demonstrate best practices. An XForms Best Practice is a specific way of solving a general problem that has been selected from among posible solutions by various authors. There are a variety of reasons for best practices but in general best practices increase program modularity, maintainability and flexibility.

The following logo will appear next to sample programs that constitute a best practice: .

These should also be some reason in each example why this solution is usually preferred by developers over other solutions as well as give some indication of why this may not be appropriate in some situations.

Although a best practice is usually the preferred way of solving a given problem, it is not always the right choice for all circumstances. For example developers frequently put a style sheet in an external file but if you are doing training and want the example to contain the CSS file, there are good reasons to put the CSS file directly in the html header.

title: XForms/Best practice


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Template:Free Direct Instruction Curriculum and Training/Science 1

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