text:
Using Firefox/Preferences

Preferences
To access the Preferences window, navigate to Tools → Options on Windows, Edit → Preferences on Linux, or Firefox → Preferences on OS X.

General
The General Tab of the Preferences window allows you to change a few things:
 * Home Page
 * Default Browser
 * How Firefox connects to the Internet

The Home Page setting will most likely be the most used from this window, as the other two only need to be set once (if at all). There are four ways to set a home page from this window:
 * Type an address into the Location(s): box (e.g., http://www.google.com)
 * Select the Use Current Page(s) button, which will set the current page as the home page if only one is showing, or set all tabs as multiple home pages
 * Select the Use Bookmark... button to open a dialog that will allow you to select a site currently bookmarked as the home page
 * Select Use Blank Page to have about:blank set as the home page.

The first time Firefox is launched, it will check if it is set as the default browser. The option Firefox should check to see if it is the default browser when starting, when checked, will make sure that Firefox remains the default browser (or, if Firefox is not the default browser, it will ask you each time if you'd like it to be). Also, pressing Check now will do the check after the browser has already been started.

The Connection Settings button only needs to be used if you use a proxy to connect to the Internet. If so, you can have Firefox auto-detect the settings, manually enter them, or use an automatic proxy configuration URL.

Privacy
The Privacy tab is described as follows: As you browse the web, Firefox keeps information about where you have been, what you have done etc. in the following areas: Each area has its own settings. As you select tabs inside the Privacy Tab, the main content area will change. However, there is one setting at the bottom of the window that is accessible from each tab. It says The Clear Private Data tool can be used to erase your private data using a keyboard shortcut or when Firefox closes. along with a Settings... button. Selecting that button will bring up a list of information that Firefox stores. Each can be set or unset individually. In addition to selecting which data you'd like cleared, there is an option to Clear private data when closing Firefox and another to Ask me before clearing private data. All private data that you have selected can be cleared at any time during a browsing session by hitting [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[Del].

Clearing private data is a public act that may, if your purpose was to keep some activity secret, expose that very secret. For a significant historical example see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project#Beginnings_of_the_program. Further, if "Clear Private Data" does not overwrite that data (and the prior paragraph does not so state) then that data may remain on your computer for some time and can possibly be accessed.

History
The History tab has only two items:
 * Remember visited pages for the last __ day(s).
 * A button to Clear Browsing History Now

These options are pretty self explanatory. Set the number of days you'd like Firefox to remember pages you have visited. Setting the value to 0 will cause Firefox to not use History. Pressing the Clear Browsing History Now button will erase all of the History.

The History is available from the Go → History menu item, by pressing [Ctrl]+[H], or by going to View → Sidebar → History. The Go menu itself also shows History.

History is an option for "Clear Private Data", and is selected by default.

Saved Forms
This tab, like the History tab, has only two items of interest:
 * Save information I enter in forms and the Search Bar.
 * Clear Saved Form Data Now

Checking the box (which is the default setting) will have Firefox save any data that is entered in a form. This includes things like the Google search box, any contact information (Name, Address, Email, etc) and other search boxes. Also, the Search Box included on the default Firefox toolbar (accessible by pressing [Ctrl]+[K]) Unchecking this box will stop Firefox from saving this information. Pressing the Clear Saved Form Data Now button will remove all the data currently stored by Firefox.

Saved Form Data is an option for "Clear Private Data", and is selected by default.

Note that you can clear out individual items (such as an erroneous or mis-typed entry) without having to clear all saved data. When the list of saved items shows up, navigate to the item you want to remove (don't click on it), then use the Shift-Delete key combination.

Passwords
When Remember Passwords is checked (default), Firefox will present you with an option to save a password on any site where one is entered. After entering a password and hitting the submit button, Firefox will present a dialog with three options, Remember, Never for This Site, and Not Now. Selecting Remember will have Firefox store the password for that page, and will automatically enter it on each successive visit. Selecting Never for This Site will prevent Firefox from remembering the password for that page, and it will not ask to save a password on that page again. Selecting Not Now will prevent Firefox from saving the password on that visit, but the dialog will be presented again the next time you visit that site.

Firefox also has the option to set a Master Password. Without one, Firefox will automatically enter any password that is stored--regardless of who is using the browser at that time. A Master Password will cause Firefox to prompt the user for a password before it will enter any saved passwords. However, it will only prompt once per session, meaning as long as the browser remains open. To prevent unauthorized use of passwords, be sure to close the browser when you are finished using it (if you entered a Master Password). The Master Password can also be unset from this window.

Pressing the View Saved Passwords button will open a new dialog. This window shows every site that Firefox has a username/password saved for. At first, the address of the site and the username are displayed. Press the Show Passwords button to display the saved passwords. Individual entries can be removed by selecting them, and pressing Remove. All entries can be removed with the Remove All button.

Also on the View Saved Passwords dialog is a tab that displays Passwords Never Saved. This window is very similar to the Passwords Saved window. Removing an entry from this list, however, will cause Firefox to ask to save a password the next time you visit that site.

Saved Passwords are an option for "Clear Private Data", but are not selected by default.

Download History
Any time you download an item from the Internet, Firefox opens the Download Manager to track it. After the download is finished, Firefox will keep that item visible. Each item can be removed individually, or the entire history can be cleared at once. Also, Firefox can be set to never save a history (or clear the download history on its own, after each download). The Download Manager can be accessed by going to Tools → Downloads, or by pressing [Ctrl]+[J]. It can also be accessed by pressing the View Download History button on this pane of the Preferences window.

The only setting here affects how Firefox clears the Download Manager. Remove files from the Download Manager:
 * Upon successful download
 * When Firefox exits
 * Manually (default)

Upon successful download will erase entries from the Download Manager as they finish downloading, When Firefox exits will clear the Download Manager history each time Firefox is closed, and Manually will leave all entries in the Download Manager until they are removed by the user.

Note: Removing files from the Download Manager does not delete the files from your computer. It only removes the history of you downloading it from Firefox.

Download History is an option for "Clear Private Data", and is selected by default.

Cookies
Cookies are "pieces of information stored by sites on your computer. They are used to remember login information and other data." This window can be a little more confusing than the others.

The first option, which is enabled by default, is Allow sites to set Cookies. Next to that option is a button named Exceptions. Setting exceptions will allow cookies from every site except for sites on the list.

Under that are two more options:
 * for the originating site only
 * unless I have removed cookies set by the site

Checking the first box will only allow cookies that are from the site you are currently on. For other sites to give you cookies, you will have to navigate to that site (with the option enabled; it is disabled by default). The second option will except all cookies, as long as you have not removed a cookie from that site. For instance, if you remove a cookie set by google.com, then google.com will no longer be able to send you cookies.

Beneath those options is a dropdown box. Keep Cookies:
 * until they expire (default)
 * until I close Firefox
 * ask me every time

Each cookie has an expiration date. By selecting the first option, Firefox will keep each cookie until it expires, and then discard it. Selecting the second option will keep all cookies only until Firefox is closed. The third option will make Firefox ask you each time a site tries to set a cookie, or modify an existing one.

Pressing the View Cookies button will bring up a new window, listing all cookies by site. From this window, it is possible to remove one, a few, or all cookies. Also, it is possible to view the contents of each cookie (though they are usually nonsensical).

Finally, the Clear Cookies Now button will clear all cookies.

Cookies are an option for "Clear Private Data", but are not selected by default.

Cache
Pages you view are stored in the cache for faster viewing later on. As you visit pages, Firefox will automatically save copies of them. If you navigate to the same page later, Firefox will use the page saved rather than downloading it again. With this setting, you can set the size of the cache.

Use up to __ MB of disk space for the cache. The default value is 50.

Press the "Clear Cache Now" button to remove all pages from the cache.

Cache is an option for "Clear Private Data", and is selected by default.

Content
The first setting on this pane is for blocking popups. Firefox is set to automatically enable all unwanted popups. The setting is Block Popup Windows, and is enabled by default. To the right is an Allowed Sites button, that lets you set sites to accept popup windows from. When a popup is blocked, the yellow "information bar" appears at the top of the window. From there, you can allow the popup that was blocked, or allow access for the site to open popups. Sites can be removed from the Allowed Sites list, which will cause Firefox to block popups from that site again.

Next is the Warn me when web sites try to install extensions or themes. This is also enabled by default. To the right of that is an Exceptions button. Any site that is not on the Exceptions list (which contains only addons.mozilla.org and update.mozilla.org by default) will be blocked from installing extensions or themes. A yellow information bar will appear at the top of the window, very similar to the one that appears when a popup is blocked. If you want to install an extension or theme from the current site, you can add it to the exceptions list, and then retry the install. If the install was unwanted (e.g., a web site tried to install a malicious extension), you don't need to take any further action, as the install was already blocked. Do not add the site to your exceptions list unless you want to install an extension/theme.

Load images is the next preference. It is enabled by default. This preference also has an Exceptions list, though it works slightly different from the extensions/themes exceptions list. From this list, you can both allow and deny permission for sites to load images. For instance, if the Load images preference is enabled, you can use the Exceptions list to deny specific sites the ability to load images. If, for example, you did not want wikibooks.org to load images, you would type "wikibooks.org" in the Address of the web site box, and hit Deny. All other sites would be allowed to load images as normal.

If the Load images preference was disabled, then no images would be downloaded. However, if (again for example) you wanted wikibooks.org to be allowed to load images, then you would type "wikibooks.org" in the Address of the web site box, this time hitting Allow. All images would be blocked except images from wikibooks.org. Both types (allowed sites and denied sites) can be set at the same time, but would depend on the state of the Load images preference.

Below Load images is a preference (disabled by default) for the originating web site only. When enabled, images will only load if they come from the same site as the current page. However, this will not display images for such large sites as Yahoo! and Wikipedia, as images on those sites are stored on separate servers.

The preference Enable Java (enabled by default), controls whether or not Java applets are loaded in Firefox.

Enable JavaScript (enabled by default) controls whether or not JavaScript is executed by the browser. Pressing the Advanced... button will bring up a new window with the following options: Allow scripts to:
 * Move or resize existing windows
 * Raise or lower windows
 * Disable or replace context menus
 * Hide the status bar
 * Change status bar text

The first three are enabled (meaning JavaScripts on a page will be able to do those actions) while the last two are disabled by default.

Finally, the Content tab contains Fonts & Colors settings. From this dialog, you can set the default font, and the default font size. The Advanced... dialog will allow you to select which specific fonts display which font type, and their sizes. The Colors... button allows you to set Link, Background, and Text colors.

Tabs
The first Tab-related preference is "Open links from other applications in:"
 * A new window
 * A new tab in the most recent window
 * The most recent tab/window

These options are mostly self explanatory. When another application (AOL Instant Messenger, for instance) tries to open a link, this preference will tell Firefox where to do it. The first two are easy enough to figure out, while the third will simply reuse the window that was most recently focused (replacing its contents).

The next preference is "Force links that open new windows to open in:"
 * The same tab/window as the link
 * A new tab

This preference is sometimes referred to as "Single Window Mode", as it prevents the "target:_blank" and "target:_new" attributes on links from opening new windows, always forcing Firefox to use one window. However, it has been disabled by default, as a few crashes have been reported with it enabled. There is little danger in enabling it, as it can be easily disabled again if a problem arises.

Three other preferences are on this window:
 * Hide the tab bar when only one web site is open
 * Select new tabs opened from links
 * Warn when closing multiple tabs

The tab bar is hidden by default when only one website is opened. To have it always visible, uncheck the box next to the preference. "Select new tabs opened from links" can be described as "open a tab in the foreground". In other words, with this preference enabled (it's disabled by default), a new tab opened by middle clicking a link will automatically be selected and visible. The default behavior is to have the new tab open in the background, where you have to manually select it to view it. The final preference is visible by opening more than one tab and trying to close the window. A warning will be displayed to make sure all of the tabs can be closed.

It is also possible to extend tabbed browsing functionality through Firefox's extension system. See Chapter 6 for more details on extensions. If Firefox split windows in taskbar when group tabs "browser.taskbar.previews.enable" to "FALSE" in about:config

Downloads
The Downloads tab has several preferences. First, there is the option of setting a "Download Folder". If Ask me where to save every file is selected, then Firefox will prompt you for a location to save every file you download. Selecting Save all files to this folder: will make it so every download goes to the same location. The Desktop is the default location for downloads on Windows.

Next, Show Download Manager when a download begins, which is enabled by default. This brings up the download manager for each file that is downloaded. You will manually have to close the Download Manager unless the preference Close the Download Manager when all downloads are complete is selected.

The final preference states Firefox can automatically download or open files of certain types. Pressing the View & Edit Actions... button will bring up a new window. It contains a list of file extensions, and default actions for files of that type. Each file type can be set to automatically open with its default application, automatically open with a non-default application, saved to the computer, or opened with a plugin (assuming the correct plugin is installed). At this time, there appears to be no "Add" button, so you're out of luck if the type you want to handle is missing from the list. Additionally, some users may have a blank dialog box (as of 8-8-2006), in which case none of the extensions are listed. The issue is mentioned at http://forums.mozillazine.org/viewtopic.php?p=2400536&sid=d02c030728278592cbeb3aee9805b14b but the fixes described may not work for all users. Those users should locate their profiles folder (%AppData%\Mozilla\Firefox\Profiles\xxxxxxxx.default on WinXP where x is a random character), and delete the appropriate files there.

Advanced
This pane offers some advanced settings. There is a third tab offered under "Advanced", "Security". However, most users should not need to change any preferences on this tab.

General
The setting Allow text to be selected with the keyboard controls caret browsing. When using caret browsing, a cursor is placed in the browser, and it can be moved with the arrow keys and used to select text. Pressing [F7] will also enable and disable this feature.

Begin finding when you begin typing is a setting for Find As You Type (FAYT). Normally, FAYT is activated only after pressing the / or  '  keys, or by pressing [F3]. With this setting enabled, FAYT will begin when any key is pressed (as long as the cursor is not in a form, or other text entry area).

Resize large images to fit in the browser window will automatically resize any image that is larger than the current browser window so that it fits in the window without causing scrollbars. Clicking on the image will display it at its full size, and clicking on it again will resize it to fit the window.

Use autoscrolling toggles the ability to autoscroll. With autoscroll enabled, click the middle mouse button to enter autoscroll mode. While in autoscroll mode, simply move the mouse up to scroll up, and move the mouse down to scroll down. Clicking the middle mouse button again will exit autoscroll.

Use smooth scrolling toggles the ability to make scrolling with the mouse wheel "smoother" than normal.

Finally, click the Edit Languages... button to change the order of preference of languages for pages that offer more than one language.

Update
The Update tab changes the way Firefox checks for updates for itself, extensions and themes, and search engines. All three should remain checked, as critical security updates will use the Update system.

The final preference determines how to install updates. If Ask me what I want to do is selected, then Firefox will alert you when new updates are found and wait for instructions. If Automatically download and install the update is selected, Firefox will apply updates without asking. However, if Warn me if this will disable extensions or themes is checked, and a new update may break a currently installed extension or theme, Firefox will display a warning.

Finally, select the Show Update History button to see a list of previously installed updates, and what they contained.

Multiple Users
With Firefox, it is possible to create many different profiles each with its own settings. This has several advantages, because it allows you to install the extensions you need for web development, while not slowing down your browser for normal surfing. The disadvantage is that only one profile can be running a the same time. To switch profiles, or add new profiles, you need to run firefox -profilemanager. On Windows, this can be achieved by typing the command into the "Run" dialog on the start menu, on most other systems this can be run wherever a command may be run, usually a Terminal or Command Line.

This command must be run when firefox is not running on your computer, if it is running,you will just get a new window with the preferences for the currently active profile. The dialog box that opens when the command is run successfully allows you to select from a list of profiles. With each profile you have the option to either "Rename" or "Delete" it, or just to "Start Firefox" by using it.

When you delete a profile from the profile manager, it asks you whether you want to delete or keep the files that contain the information associated with it. If you select the delete files option, then all private data associated with that profile, including history, saved passwords, and cookies, are deleted from the hard drive. There is no reason to keep these files as creating a new profile under the same name as the deleted one will not restore the profile.

Firefox/Préférences

title: Using Firefox/Preferences


text:
User:217.144.4.103

Radi Radi CPL/IR

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:217.144.4.103


text:
User talk:Rmky87~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

I noticed you've transwikiing cookbook pages. Would you mind adding Category:Cookbook pages needing work to each? Most wikipedia recipes don't fit in the cookbook formatting too well. If this is hard, forget it. Kellen 08:16, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

See my comment on your user page over at Wikipedia on transwikifying content to Wikibooks at w:en:User_talk:Rmky87. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:21, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rmky87. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rmky87~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:25, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rmky87~enwikibooks


text:
User:Brian0918

I am an administrator on Wikipedia. Please see my user page there

title: User:Brian0918


text:
User talk:Brian0918

I am an administrator on Wikipedia. Please reply to me at my talk page there

title: User talk:Brian0918


text:
Cookbook talk:Orange Chocolate Chip Muffins

In case you're wondering, the imperial units (cups, e.g.) were taken from the Edit History of muffin.Rmky87 16:49, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Couple of questions: 1. 220C=425F 350F=175C  Which is it? 2. Mix well usually means "don't overmix" in muffin recipes. Is this different?


text:
AutoCAD

AutoCAD is a high end CAD (Computer Aided Drafting) Program. It has a multitude of features which this book will try to address.

AutoCAD is a vector based drawing application intended for engineering purposes. Commands can be entered at a command line or through toolbars and menus.

Table of Contents

 * /DWG Files/
 * /Basic Drawing Tools/
 * /Basic Modifying Tools/
 * /Drafting/
 * /Layout Space & Model Space/
 * /Layers/
 * /External links/

title: AutoCAD


text:
When It Hits the Fan

What is 'it'? It applies to any disaster, large or small. From the strictly personal scale calamity to those of a more global nature, and everything in between. Regardless of the size of the problem, preparing beforehand will increase your chances of surviving.

Hopefully this book will attempt to provide help for you to prepare, survive whatever disaster or emergency awaits and thrive when civilization breaks down. We will discuss skills and tools and strategies you can use in a negative situation to help yourself and others.

What kind of disasters are we talking about? Well, on a personal level, are you prepared to survive a blown engine or car crash in the middle of a desert? Or in the middle of a blizzard? What do you do if your house burns down? That's what this book is for.

Are you ready to deal with a global pandemic? It may be the bird flu, swine flu or something we haven't even heard of yet. Are you ready? You may be asking yourself "how do I even start answering that question?". That's what this book is for.

If a hurricane strikes; what will you do, where will you go, and how will you cope? If a tornado strikes your town or a rail road tank car releases a cloud of chlorine gas, now what? That's what this book is for.

How about economic meltdown, short and long term power disruptions, food riots and zombies? That's what this book is for. Okay, maybe not the zombies.

Especially in "modern" nations (economies based mostly in transformation and services), most citizens are utterly dependent on the steady availability of food, water, electricity, advanced medical care, and a million other goods and services and to the generally predictable state of things. Most of the time people can get away with that dependence, if things work in the expected parameters, but it is certain that there will be times that events be it natural disasters, political strife or any one of a multitude of possible and even unimaginable accidents that can and will interrupt the normal flow of life and leave people inconvenienced at best and at risk of dead at worst.

"Any city is three days from starvation and one week from cannibalism."

Start reading and contributing to the book, above all start preparing. Because you do not want to be that guy, standing there with the dumbfounded look on his face, when 'it' hits the fan.

= Part 1: /Generalities/ =

= Part 2: /Personal Strategies and Know-how/ = This section will provide basic guides and approaches to problems, general needs and considerations to generalized procedures for surviving various personal emergencies. On how to take some steps that can help you in a survival situation, especially if you are low on material and must live from your environment.

These guides should only include information and strategies that will require only stone age materials or easily recyclable from today's environment and should focus on projects that ultimately are possible to be created and transported by a single person.

= Part 3: Specific Calamities = Applying the generalities of the previous chapter to specific major events. Some of this events can be predicted or even expected, while others have a very low chance of happening. This section will only cover events that can be survivable and possible to happen in a given person life time. Things like the end of the universe, the Sun collapsing, alien invasions or a zombie apocalypse as well as religious or premonitory situations for the end of the world should be avoided.

= Part 4: Rebuilding = When "it" does hit the fan, it can be so severe than there will be no rescuers coming for you and your companions. You should not give up hope easily, but being realistic will push you to deal with the inevitable conclusion (in this situation) that you must become self sufficient. This section is kind of a how-to for restoring civilization from scratch.

There are many literary works that cover the subject of survival in general, even after large catastrophes. From Lord of the Flies by William Golding, Tunnel in the Sky by Robert A. Heinlein, The Scarlet Plague by Jack London (in the public domain) or even Lucifer's Hammer by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle for a broader view on how these situations may evolve.

This is also a subject that is covered in movies with some realism (or lack of it): Deadly solar flare(s) - Where Have All The People Gone? (1974), Hell (2011).

title: When It Hits the Fan


text:
User talk:MichTheWeird~enwikibooks

Responding to my moving of "How To Eat"
Thanks for moving How To Eat. An easier way of doing it is to click on the move tab above, that automatically removes the old version too. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay. --MichTheWeird 20:27, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called MichTheWeird. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name MichTheWeird~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MichTheWeird~enwikibooks


text: Template:Wikijunior:Solar System/Mars

title: Template:Wikijunior:Solar System/Mars


text:
The Descent of Man

This book is a summary of The Descent of Man published by Charles Darwin in 1871.

Introduction
In his introduction to The Descent of Man, Darwin states that he wrote this book because of the wide acceptance the concept of natural selection had received following the publication of The Origin of Species. He states a three-fold object for writing The Descent of Man, first of all to consider whether man "descended from a pre-existing form; secondly, the manner of his development; and thirdly, the value of the differences between the so-called races of man."

Darwin mentions three authors who had written about "the high antiquity of man", i.e., Boucher de Perthes, Sir Charles Lyell, and Sir John Lubbock. He also states that he will not be making a detailed comparison between man and apes because of the work others had already done in that area, and he mentions the work of Prof. Thomas Henry Huxley who had "conclusively shown that in every visible characteristic man differs less from the higher apes" than the apes differ from other primates.

Furthermore, Darwin mentions others including Lamarck, Wallace, Vogt, Buchner, Rolle, and Haeckel in addition to the four already mentioned who had concluded that man had descended with other species from a common, ancient and extinct ancestor. He even mentions the titles of the works of the less well-known German authors, his point being that what he had to say in The Descent of Man was not entirely new.

Contents

 * 1) Chapter I: The Evidence of the Descent of Man from some Lower Form
 * 2) Chapter II: On the Manner of Development of Man from some Lower Form
 * 3) Chapter III: Comparison of the Mental Power of Man and Lower Animals
 * 4) Chapter IV: Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals -continued
 * 5) Chapter V: On the Development of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties
 * 6) Chapter VI: On the Affinities and Genealogy of Man
 * 7) Chapter VII: On the Races of Man

title: The Descent of Man


text:
User:Andymussell

www.myspace.com/blackandy

title: User:Andymussell


text:
Cookbook talk:Venetian Soup

Old edit history:
 * (cur) (last) 02:28, 31 July 2005 Rmky87 (It's been moved, so any and all cleanup will take place at Cookbooks from now on.)
 * (cur) (last) 15:04, 24 July 2005 SimonP
 * (cur) (last) 08:47, 24 July 2005 Rmky87 (moved to cookbooks)
 * (cur) (last) 07:12, 27 March 2005 CanisRufus m (Robot: Changing category Soup)
 * (cur) (last) 22:07, 22 March 2005 FreplySpang ( + )
 * (cur) (last) 19:20, 24 January 2005 Wikicaz
 * (cur) (last) 02:30, 18 November 2004 Brockert m (Please help out by clicking here to fix someone else's Wiki syntax)
 * (cur) (last) 16:02, 18 September 2004 Anthony DiPierro
 * (cur) (last) 15:35, 2 August 2004 Burschik m (added category)
 * (cur) (last) 10:54, 11 July 2003 Malcolm Farmer m
 * (cur) (last) 15:51, 25 February 2002 Conversion script m (Automated conversion)

Rmky87 02:31, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Venetian Soup


text:
Template:When It Hits the Fan/Disastertoc

This was a table-of-contents template for book Historical Disasters and Tragedies, which was later merged into the current book.


text:
Learn Electronics/Semiconductors

When we take the individuall p-type and n-type semiconductors it conduct with equal facility in both the directions just like a resistor and exbhit linear conduction characteristic.such behavior is known as "OHMIC BEHAVIOUR"

Semiconductors
A semiconductor is a material that is neither a conductor nor an insulator - it is somewhere in between. This sounds like a resistor, and indeed it is possible to make resistors from semiconductor material. However, in electronics, semiconductor has a more specific meaning.

If we take a crystal of some pure material, such as silicon, we find that each silicon atom has four bonds (this is called the valency of the atom), and each bond links it to another silicon atom. This bonding forms a crystal lattice and occupies all of the electrons in the silicon atoms. Because there are no free electrons, this material cannot pass a current, and is an insulator.

If we carefully add an additional element to the material, the situation changes. If we add an atom with a valency of five instead of four, we find that wherever an atom of the introduced element is found, four of its bonds will attach to nearby silicon atoms, but the fifth bond will be unattached, leaving a free electron available, which will carry a current. Such a material is said to be doped with the donor material, but because only a small amount of donor material is added, the number of free electrons is quite small and so it will conduct, but rather poorly.

N-type and P-type
If we dope silicon with material having a valency of five, extra free electrons are created in the crystal. These electrons carry charge in the normal manner, and are called majority carriers. Material doped in this way is referred to as N-type or "negative type" semiconductor (because the charge is carried by electrons, and such charge is actually negative with respect to conventional current).

We can also dope silicon with a donor having a valency of only three instead of four. This also creates a semiconductor material because the shortage of bonds leaves holes in the lattice. These holes are the absence of an electron, but they still carry a charge, equivalent to the charge on an electron, but of the opposite sign. These are called minority carriers. Holes carry charge in the opposite direction to normal current, because their charge has the opposite sign. In fact what happens is that current is carried by electrons as usual, but wherever an electron meets a hole, it falls into the hole, opening up a new hole behind it. So while the current is still really caused by electrons, it appears as if the holes are migrating in the opposite direction. This is exactly equivalent to a positive charge moving the opposite way.

P and N type materials are in themselves not very interesting, but remarkable properties emerge when a sandwich is formed from the two kinds of materials. Such sandwiches are called junctions and are the basis for all kinds of semiconductor devices.

Diodes
A diode allows current to flow one way but not another. It is important to remember that when looking at a circuit diagram that conventional current flows in the direction of the arrow (positive to negative). The word "di-ode" means two-terminaled.

A diode is formed by bonding a single piece of N-type semiconductor to a single piece of P-type. This two-layer device consists of a single P-N junction, and is the simplest semiconductor device. When current is flowing through the device, it is said to be forward biased and has a fairly low resistance. If the voltage across the diode is reversed, the diode is said to be reverse biased and usually no current will flow; but see also Zener diodes.

How it works is as follows. When reverse biased, free electrons in the N-type material, being negative, are attracted to the positive potential applied to the diode. At the other side, positively charged holes are attracted to the negative terminal. The carriers (holes and electrons) are pulled away from the junction area, leaving it depleted of any charge carriers. This forms a depletion layer and it is an insulator, so no current can flow through the device, except in Zener diodes.

When the potential difference across the diode is reversed, the opposite happens - carriers are pushed away from the terminals towards the junction, until they reach the opposite type of material. Here, electrons are able to "fall into" holes, completing the circuit and allowing current to flow.

Diodes are used also to make DC out of AC. They are then called rectifiers.

Zener diodes are used as voltage sources.

See also more about Diodes and Zener diodes

Light-Emittting Diode
A light-emitting diode or LED is a 2-layer semiconductor device just as any typical diode is, but it is doped using exotic materials to give it its light-emitting properties. When reverse-biased, an LED blocks the current just as any diode does, but when forward biased, each time an electron falls into a hole, it gives up its energy as a number of photons, which we see as visible light.

The exact amount of energy given up dictates the colour of the LED, and this in turn is controlled by the exact proportions and types of doping material used. Low energy photons are seen as red light, while higher energies gives us orange, green and blue. White LEDs are made by producing a wide range of colours simultaneously.

Most LEDs need to have a carefully limited amount of current, since they are easy to burn out if too much flows. Thus a series resistor is necessary to make sure the current can't be too high. As long as the current is kept within the LED's design limits, they are extremely robust and have very long lifetimes - far greater than ordinary lightbulbs.

A simple experiment:

Take the a LED and the appropriate resistor and battery to make it work and simply switch the two connections of the diode to the resistor and battery. If done correctly it should light in one direction and not the other.

wikipedia definition

Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device with three terminals. There are numerous types of transistors, but in general they all do the same job - they control a current under the influence of another, usually much smaller current or voltage. The most basic type of transistor is the field effect transistor (FET), and as these are what is used in most kinds of integrated circuit, they are also the most common.

An FET consists of a rod of doped semiconductor material (say, N-type) which is surrounded by a metal plate. The metal plate is insulated from the semiconductor and there is no P-N junction here. The metal plate is connected to the control terminal of the device or gate. The two ends of the rod (called the channel) are connected to the source and the drain. A circuit is so arranged so that a current flows through the device from source to drain. Because the material is semiconducting, some current will flow even if the gate terminal is not connected.

If we connect up the gate so that we can change the voltage on it, the metal plate can accumulate charge, just like a capacitor. The charges on this plate can attract or repel the carriers in the channel. If carriers are repelled away from the gate, the channel increases in resistance, because fewer carriers can get through in the region of the repulsion. By changing the design of the gate, it will attract carriers, making available more carriers to carry the current, which will thus increase. So by changing the voltage on the gate, the resistance or conductance of the channel can be varied at will.

When a current is changed by the influence of a voltage, this is called transconductance. The word "transistor" was originally coined to mean a "transconducting resistor".

The type of FET we have just described is sometimes called an "insulated gate" FET or IGFET. It is the simplest kind. There are others, such as the Metal-Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET), or the Junction FET or JFET, but all operate on similar principles.

Historically, the FET was not the first kind of transistor that was invented, though the FET as described above works in a very similar fashion to the much older thermionic valve or tube. When transistors were first invented, the type that was made is known as a bipolar junction transistor. This is the kind usually meant by the unqualified term "transistor". Junction transistors are more complicated than FETs however, which is why we explained the FET first.

 * See also Semiconductors

Bipolar Junction Transistors
A Bipolar Junction Transistor or BJT consists of a three-layer sandwich of semiconductor material, arranged N-P-N or P-N-P. The central section is usually much narrower than the other two and is connected to a terminal called the base. The outer areas are connected to terminals called the collector and the emitter.

At first glance a BJT looks a bit like two diodes placed back-to-back, and indeed if one tests a BJT using a multimeter it may be treated as one when testing between the base and either of the other two terminals. However, its physical behaviour is not the same as two diodes back-to-back, because of the very close physical proximity of the two junctions. This is an important point to note to understand the working of a BJT.

In a circuit, a current flows from the collector to the emitter through the device. If the base terminal is not connected, in fact no current will flow because at least one of the internal junctions is reverse biased, so just like the diode, carriers are repelled away from the junction join to form an insulating depletion layer. Unlike the diode, this depletion layer is not altered by reversing the voltage across the device, but by injecting extra carriers via the base terminal.

If a small current is arranged to flow into the base terminal, it adds carriers to the depletion layer, making it narrower. This reduces its resistance and allows more current to flow across the junction from collector to emitter. This current can be very much greater than the current flowing the in the base, yet is proportional to it, thus the base current acts as a control for the collector-emitter current.

The ratio between the base current and the collector current is called the gain of the device (also called its beta), and could be 100 times or even more. Thus in one sense a transistor amplifies the signal - the much larger current changes in sympathy with the smaller base current. However this relationship is not linear - overall it follows a square law - the collector current varies in proportion to the square of the base current. However over limited ranges the output is more or less linear, and usually for amplification purposes a transistor is operated on this part of the curve. The fact that it is a curve is where distortion arises when amplifying music or other small signals.

Memory
See also Electronics/RAM and ROM

Previous chapter ../Foreword/ | Next chapter: ../Integrated Circuits/ | Go back to Index

title: Learn Electronics/Semiconductors


text:
Talk:Making an Island/Moving a Floating Island

You should throw in a motor or paddles. Another one is using the currents to carry you.


text:
User talk:Ppragman

Please add as much as you can to this. It is a work in progress.

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

I'm not quite sure if you were trying to start a new page in the Sandbox, but see the help about creating new pages above. Anyway, here is the text that you added, just in case you need it: (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 09:34, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

You may want to refer to the discussion at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Talk:Becoming_a_Private_Pilot for information on this topic that is already freely available on the Web.

= Getting Your Private Pilot License =

About
This wiki is put together in order to aid all of those out there who may be interested in the aviation field. More will come, but at the moment I am more concerned with putting the very basics out there to get people interested in aviation. Sections about aerodynamics, flight maneuvers, and other resources will follow. The idea is to eventually create a free resource for training that may reduce the great burden that falls on the shoulders of every emerging student pilot.

What, Why?
The two greatest questions that may dissuade or entice people into flying are the questions "what?" and "why?".

What
A Private Pilot Licence (or, in the United States, a certificate) permits the holder to operate an [] under [flight rules]. In most countries, a private pilot possessing an [rating] may also conduct flights under [flight rules]. Passengers may be carried and [] in furtherance of a business is permitted; however, a private pilot may not be compensated in any way for services as a pilot and must pay at least the pro rata share of a []'s expenses. Neither passengers nor cargo may be carried for hire.

For more information see: []

Why?
People become pilots for many reasons. You may do it to have a goal to work at. You may do it because you need a way to commute to work faster. You may do it because it is your life long dream. Whatever the reason, aviation will become a way of life for you if you do. You will not regret a single penny of the money you spend, or a single second of the time you labor. It is one of the most satisfying feelings in the world to know you are a pilot. I recomend it to anyone.

Getting Started
It's not just as easy as jumping into the cockpit and fire-walling the throttle, there is some work for you to do first.

What You'll Need To Do
According to the FARs (Federal Aviation Regulations) there are some things you'll need to do to become a pilot.

1. First you will need to be at least 17 years old at the time of certification. If you are younger this does not disqualify you, it simply means that you will have to wait to get your license proper.

2. You must be able to read, speak, and write in English. It makes it hard to read all of those books on flying you'll need to read (we'll get to that later).

3. Pass two knowledge tests. One of them is written (on which you must score at least 70%), the other is practical.

What to Start With
Before you even try to spend your money on flying, try to get an introductory lesson at a lower price, or a ride in an airplane from a neighbor. You want to know from the beginning if this is something you want to do. After that, get all the information in written form you can. The ASA FAR/AIM book is an excellent resource for all the regs, though Jeppesen's Private Pilot Manual, is a more readable form. Buy both of these books, and read as much of them as you can. Go in to the whole situation with as much knowledge as you can, and use that knowledge to supplement the practical training you will receive as a student.

Choosing a Flight School
In aviation, there are two types of schools: the larger more corporate flight schools like Sportys or Big Bend Community College, and the smaller, part 61 (a reference to the regulations) flight schools, that typically are nothing much more that an instructor that calls his flight school his home business as well. For your Private Pilot Certificate, a part 61 school will suffice, but if you want to work your way all the way up to the big airlines, you might as well start at a part 141 school (the larger one). A part 61 school may be more hands on, and more personal than a part 141 school, but often times, you will find a welcome atmosphere at both. The choice is yours. Talk to graduates from your local schools, and see who they'd recommend. Remember, pilots want safe pilots flying with them, and if they don't think a certain instructor trains competant pilots, heed their warnings, you want to be the very safest pilot in the air.

Follow Through
Remember during your training this one thing: "I CAN DO IT." Regardless of how tough it may seem along the way, you will always regret it if you decide half-way through that you did not have what it takes. Your own drive is probably the greatest of your allies.

Cost
Flight school can cost alot. From what I've seen, the average flight training costs about $5,000 dollars, though I know people who have gotten it for less than $4000. Again, the quality of the training, and your own commitment are going to play a roll in this. If you cannot afford to fly every day for a month, your price is going to increase due to the extra time it will take you to get back in the habit every week when you do fly. The best and cheapest way to get your certificate is to do it all at once. That way, you can feel your progress, and have a more intuitive grasp on how the plane flies. This is crucial to the training of a successful pilot.

=Background=

Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics is the study of fluids in motion. To be a competant pilot, you will need to know and understand aerodynamics intuitively, and also scientifically.

Maneuvering
=Standard Day=

Clouds
=Systems and Aircraft Componants= In this segment I will cover the systems for a 1967 Cessna 150. I choose this aircraft because it is a fairly common training aircraft, and it has fairly simple systems. More complex aircraft will require more study when it comes to systems.

Flight Control Surfaces
=In The Cockpit Basics= The basic thing to remember in the cockpit is this: "THINK!" Being impulsive will get you nowhere-in fact, it will get you killed - know what and how to do what ever needs to be done. If you don't, ask someone. They will be certain to help.

=Take Off= The basic point behind take off is simple. Get the airplane in the air without crashing into anything! There are a couple of standard ways to do this:

Standard
The standard way to take off is fairly simple. Advance the throttle to full, and start off down the runway. Once your speed has sufficiently built (this should be your Vy speed) you pull back slightly on the stick, and raise the nose gear off of the runway. The airplane should, at this point, fly itself off the runway and into the air. Keep the airspeed at that Vy speed until you have finished climbing.

Soft Field
=Landings=

Go - Arrounds
=Steep Turns=

=Slow Flight=

Lost Procedures
=Disclaimer= I take no responsibility for any of the data posted on this Wiki. This information may be a helpful training aide, but it cannot take the place of logged instructional time with an instructor. Thanks, and happy landings.

title: User talk:Ppragman


text:
User talk:Mubasher~enwikibooks

I see that you are linking to pages that contain virtually nothing but an external link. Please avoid this, as it creates pages without good reason, so they will be deleted. I would suggest incorporating the external link directly into your article, as I have done with one already. Thanks, (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 07:37, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

I see that you have changed the external link back to an internal link. Do you intend to expand the article that it links to, so that it is more than a sentence with an external link? If so, then I will undelete the target page. But, if you don't, then you must understand, that under Wikibook's policy, pages that are not intended to become full sized instructional modules will be deleted. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 08:04, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Okay, I see that you are making an effort. I'll leave you to it, and hopefully Ahmadiyya Books will become a good instructional resource. Good luck. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 08:04, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Ahmadiyya Books Vote for deletion
A book you created and have been contributing to has been nominated for deletion. You may want to be part of the discussion at Votes for deletion. --JMRyan 19:30, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mubasher. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mubasher~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:29, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mubasher~enwikibooks


text:
Quest for Glory/Quest for Glory IV

Introduction
Quest for Glory IV:Shadows of Darkness is the fourth game in the series. It's a version often remembered for being plagued with bugs and glitches, and like most of the Sierra games based on an SCI engine timing issues can make it difficult to play on modern computers. Patches have been developed by the games fan community however, to deal with these issues. If you intend to play this game on a modern computer, apply the patch from the previous link and I would strongly recommend using an emulator for older drivers such as VDMSound or DOSBox

The game's interface is a variation on the point and click interface perhaps best known for the King's Quest series, with actions allowed for looking at, using, and talking to objects in the game environment as well as using and combining inventory objects. Quest for Glory IV also expands the interface to allow multiple actions to be performed on an individual object by selecting one from a list of choices, and rather than having conversation being a scripted action which takes place when one character talks to another, each character has a large number of topics which you can ask them about. This leads to quite a lot of dialogue being included, even for an adventure game. Some of the exchanges by the inhabitants of the inn are also ad-libbed on top of the game's script.

A good number of the puzzles in the game are "knowledge-based." In other words, solving a puzzle isn't necessarily using the right item from inventory or even being able to fight a monster or use an ability with enough skill. Being able to complete a puzzle may be a matter of getting enough information from a particular character, or relating some of the things you hear from different people and are able to verify for yourself. In addition to asking people questions your character has the options to tell them things when you click the mouth icon on yourself, which can allow you to let them know things you've found out or things you've done, which can lead to a solution to a puzzle or give you more information or clues. Gaining information and using it becomes analogous to using items from your inventory.

The game has elements of the usual adventure game with solving puzzles with some of the above methods, it has RPG elements since you can get into random fights with monsters as you wander around the valley and enter into some guaranteed "boss" type fights. And completing some puzzles involves building up a skill to a certain level. Your skills increase the more you practice them. Killing enemies to build experience isn't particularly helpful by itself, it's only by performing actions such as dodging and using your weapon that your character grows any stronger. Hence, practicing throwing and your other skills outside of battle can be more effective than fighting a large number of battles.

You have two or three gauges of health depending upon your character class. All character classes have Health Points and Stamina. Your health points determine how much damage you can take, and are decreased when you suffer damage in battle or gameplay situations. Losing all your health points kills you and ends the game. Your stamina determines how many actions you can perform, every time you perform an action it consumes a little bit of stamina. Performing actions which require stamina drains it and if you run out of stamina doing strenuous activity like running will lower your health. Some actions in battle can not be performed without sufficient stamina as well. Wizards also have mana points, which determine how many spells can be cast, each one draining a set amount of mana. If you are poisoned your health will drop steadily until it wears off or you cure yourself, and you also need to rest and get meals at the inn or eat rations to keep your character from starving or dying of exhaustion.

Your abilities and the ways you solve puzzles will vary with your character class. Fighters generally have to rely on brute force, and using strength and fighting monsters to clear their way through things. Thieves will rely on picking locks and breaking into places, using stealth to avoid notice, or disarming traps. Magic Users will want to use spells from a distance generally and find some creative application of magic to get through a situation. Paladins share traits in common with Fighters and Magic Users, and will generally take an approach more similar to Fighters, but they also get more helpful abilities at their disposal and have the ability to participate in more sidequests.

The game also uses a time-sensitive system where the game transitions between different hours of the day and night. You can rest for an hour at a time to recover some health, stamina, and mana, and you can go sleep for the night at a few select locations to restore all your stats. Certain events also take place on specific days, and some characters have different conversation trees for the first few days on which you talk to them. Certain characters and events are only accessible during the day or night.

General Advice
If you're finding some of the puzzles or battles too difficult, you can adjust the skills slider in the menu all the way down, and some of the puzzles can be skipped by clicking the question mark repeatedly when they bring up their own screen, but this will skip all points for that puzzle.

Surviving in Mordavia
Food and Shelter:

The two essentials of survival to start with are resting and eating. You need to eat twice a day and sleep through the night fairly regularly to keep your stamina up. Staying at the inn of Mordavia is only a handful of Kopeks for the week, so you can pay the innkeeper at the start of the week to be guaranteed a place to sleep and able to eat some meals whenever you sit down at the table. The town gates lock at nighttime and the door to the inn is locked at sunset, although you can still get in from sunset to midnight. If you find yourself locked out of the inn because it's later than midnight you can try to climb your way up or levitate into your window at the inn. If you find yourself locked out of the town because it's nighttime you can also try to climb or levitate over the gates.

Your only other options for a place to sleep are Erana's Staff in the center of town or Erana's Garden to the southeast of town. You can also wait out the night or rest for an hour at a time if you're desperate, but it's better to get at least some rest at night to avoid dying of exhaustion. You'll also want to eat to keep up your strength, so you can sit down at the inn to grab a meal and having a good number of rations on hand from the general store is advisable as well.

Combat/Survival:

Surviving in Mordavia in general is often a question of just saving your game often enough and at enough points that you can restore your progress if you hopelessly mess things up. The game includes an automatic save feature that creates an automatically saved game whenever it thinks you're in a dangerous situation such as combat or a place you're likely to be killed. Save often, and restore when you need to. A few actions in the game like failing to save Igor or not speaking to the Domovoi in time may leave you in unwinnable states without you realizing it, so you may need to restore an older game or start over in these cases.

To increase your odds of surviving combat you'll want to have a large number of Healing and Poison Cure potions on hand, which you can obtain for free on a daily basis from Dr. Cranium. Magic Users can also fetch mana-restoring fruit at Erana's garden. If you get poisoned you should drink a poison cure potion or you can simply head to Erana's garden and drink the water there to dispel the status. Thieves and Magic Users may be able to do damage before combat begins by casting spells or throwing daggers from a distance at their target, and you can pursue a hit and run strategy of running away then throwing daggers outside the combat screen or dazzling your opponent then attacking with magic spells.

Combat can take place with a strategy or arcade mode, where you set stats for how aggressive your character should be and their use of special attacks and magic and the computer plays automatically, or you can control your character yourself. The special attacks can be performed by holding down a magic spell to charge it for magic users, and right clicking below the line and on an opponent for thieves. Dodging can be done by left clicking yourself and attacking can be done by left clicking near the enemy or up in the air to dodge and attack a hard to hit opponent. Building up your strength, vitality, and weapon use all help in combat as well as specialized skills like acrobatics, throwing, and magic. Your stamina will also gradually recharge in combat, and some actions can't be performed without enough stamina.

Monsters:

(Daytime) (Day/Night) (Night) (Special Battles)
 * Vorpal bunnies. Small rabbits you won't be able to hit with thrown daggers or magic spells, you'll need to take them out with your sword, you can do a jump slash by clicking above them to hit them more easily.
 * Wyverns. These things can use fire attacks on you from a distance and will poison you with their tails if you get up close. Make sure you have poison cures or can reach Erana's garden if you want to engage them, and retreat if you have to.
 * Necrotaurs. Large creatures which prefer to fight close up. You can keep them at bay if you keep attacking with spells or other special attacks, but they can take and deal out a lot of damage. Run away if you need to and try to rest or heal before fighting them.
 * Badders. A set of three bats which fly around and will poison you if they strike you. Very weak, but can't be damaged from a distance very effectively, so it's just a matter of timing your strikes to hit them. It may be best to let the computer do these battles automatically.
 * Revenants. These things will actually give you some cash if you search their bodies. They're slow lumbering zombies which are immune to cold spells, hit them with everything you've got at a distance or keep attacking fast and you should take them out.
 * Chernovy. Another creature which carries money on its person, and will cast spells on you from a distance. Whether you want to fight up close or far away yourself likely depends upon your class.
 * Wraiths. Wraiths guard silver rock hordes of treasure during the Mordavian night. You'll want a magical amulet or an aura spell engaged before you try to fight them to avoid their life-draining effects. They'll try to drain your health if you stay near them for too long, so engage them quickly before battle. They'll cast spells on you and are immune to cold, so whether you prefer fighting close up or from a distance will depend upon your class once again.
 * Two necrotaurs. These creatures will guard the castle entrance and you'll be forced to fight both in a row if you try to break your way in as a fighter or paladin. Just make sure you're strong enough and are healed up.
 * Two chernovy. These creatures guard the mad monk's tomb and will start out casting spells at you from a distance. You'll want to move as fast as possible to engage them on both their islands, or alternatively as a wizard you can trade spells with them from a distance and cast reversal to ward off their blows. They may try to fill your world with darkness, so cast a juggling lights spell if so and be prepared to battle them face to face.
 * Fairies. Magic users will have to fight these creatures to gain the heart ritual. You'll need to summon Erana's staff and cast reversal on yourself to block their direct spells, and use the elemental resistance spell to gain additional protection from their area attacks. Frost bite is the only spell you have that will get around their own reversal spell, so use it or engage them close range.
 * The pit monster. A vicious creature in the dark one's cave, some classes may be able to sneak around it or use a few tricks to get what they want from it, but if you're determined to fight it be prepared to deal with some powerful attacks up close and from a distance. Strike fast and furious.

Building up your Skills
All classes should learn how to use the exercise machine in the Adventurer's Guild and use it as much as possible each day to build up their Strength. Strength can also be increased by most activities involving physical exertion or consuming stamina, including running.

Attributes such as Vitality can be increased by taking damage and engaging in combat, Intelligence can be increased by casting spells and solving puzzles, Communication is increased by talking to people, and Agility is increased by most any thief related action or dodging. Luck is increased by most random events including combat.

Fighters and Paladins will learn how to climb in this game, and will need to go to the Adventurer's Guild to learn the basics, and use the rope and grapnel there when they're starting out. The easiest way to practice the Climbing skill is to simply click the hand icon on any of the trees in the forest which allow themselves to be climbed, you'll consume a little stamina and by rapidly clicking them you can build up your climbing stat.

The best way to build your Throwing skill is to pick up a large number of rocks just by clicking the hand icon on the ground and then throwing them at nothing in particular.

Pick locks can be tricky to practice since you may only build up the skill when you're able to repeatedly try picking a lock and failing. Your options include doing everything in the thieves guild, and breaking into the Burgomeister's window and jail cell/desk until they're a piece of cake.

Stealth is hard to build up, but going to the character menu and choosing to sneak will gradually increase it.

Acrobatics can be built by selecting the acrobatics icon and clicking it on nowhere in particular in the forest to practice a brief acrobatics move.

Combat based skills such as Dodge, Parry, and Weapon Use can be increased by going into combat and doing those moves repeatedly. Weapon Use can be increased more easily by blunting your sword on the castle gates if you have one.

Magic Users can increase Magic just by casting any spell and can level up any spell by casting it repeatedly. The only spells which are really worth levelling up at all are the combat based spells which do damage, namely zap, flame dart, force bolt, lightning ball, and frost bite. The protection type spells which give you a certain status may also be worth levelling up so they last for a longer duration, and take note that the ritual of release and glide spells serve only a single purpose and disappear after this game.

Honor is important for Paladins and their abilities and a convenient measure of your moral scale for everyone else. Honor can be increased by doing simple honorable things like helping people, completing major tasks, or even fighting monsters. It can be decreased by stealing from people, winning a puzzle in a "cheap" way, or irrevocably set to zero for something truly dishonorable like murder. One easy way to increase honor is to keep offering flowers to the Rusalka.

For a more detailed list of spells and abilities, see the main Quest for Glory page.

Walkthrough
Quest for Glory/Quest for Glory IV/Walkthrough

Story
Quest for Glory IV Plot

Points All Characters can receive
6 Light bone cave 2 Get equipment 15 Cross Pit 6 Get Dark One Sign 15 Re-enter cave with rituals 6 Open Cranium's front door 6 Reunite old man with wife 2 Identify Antwerp 2 Catch Antwerp 6 Solve Antwerp maze 6 Unlock Cranium inner door 2 Identify Hexapod 2 Give Cure Potion formula 2 Give Healing Potion formula 2 Give Rehydration formula 2 Answer Leshy riddle - Riddle 2 Answer Leshy riddle - Bush 2 Answer Leshy riddle - Rusalka 2 Answer Leshy riddle - Baba Yaga 2 Answer Leshy riddle - Elderbury 2 Answer Leshy riddle - Ritual 15 Get Bonsai 6 Get Grue Goo 6 Open Squid Stone 6 Plant Bonsai bush 6 Find Baba Yaga 6 Convince ghost she is one 2 Get hat 6 Give hat to Bonehead 6 Catch Baba Yaga's hut 2 Make bone meal 2 Give Baba Yaga pie 2 Get rubber chicken 15 Restore Gnome's humor 6 Get berries 6 Enter monastery 6 Rehydrate Dry Domovoi 6 Open Secret Passage 6 Find Man Monk's Grave 2 Open Mad Monk's Grave 6 Capture Will o Wisps 6 Enter Adventurer's Guild 2 Sign Logbook 15 Rescue Gravedigger 2 Enter camp by invitation 2 Get fortune told 6 Give Rusalka flowers 6 Enter Crypt 6 Take Secret passage to castle 6 Escape Crypt 15 Give doll to Tanya 25 Save Tanya 6 Perform Bone Ritual 15 Escape Bone Cave 6 Perform Blood Ritual 15 Escape Blood Cave 6 Perform Breath Ritual 15 Escape Breath Cave 6 Perform Sense Ritual 15 Escape Sense Cave 15 Get Ritual from Pit Horror 6 Perform Heart Ritual 50 Endgame

Points Fighters can receive
2 Get rope and grapnel 2 Learn climbing 2 Use stair stepper 2 Enter castle by front gate 15 Destroy Boss Wraith 2 Kill Badder 2 Kill Bunny 2 Kill Revenant 2 Kill Wyvern 2 Kill Chernovy 2 Kill Necrotaur 2 Kill Wraith 4 Kill Pit Horror

Points Magic Users can receive
6 Learn Gypsy's spell 6 Learn Baba Yaga's spell 6 Learn Dark Master's spell 2 Learn Cranium's spell 6 Learn Erana's spell 15 Deal with Faerie Folk

Points Thieves can receive
2 Exit inn by window 6 Get black bird 2 Get rope and grapnel 6 Enter thief guild 2 Get guild card 2 Get lock pick 2 Learn to disarm traps 2 Get thieves' tool kit 2 Find Chief Thief 2 Cure Chief Thief 6 Break Gypsy out 6 Destroy Boss Wraith 2 Oil door to Great Hall

Points Paladins can receive
2 Get rope and grapnel 6 Learn climbing 6 Use stair stepper 15 Destroy Boss Wraith 15 Return Piotyr's Sword 6 Beat Grave/Defeat Wraith 15 Kiss Ugly Rusalka

title: Quest for Glory/Quest for Glory IV


text:
User talk:24.30.74.145

Thanks!
I just wanted to thank you for writing a lot of useful stuff in the Mambo book! I reccomend that you create an account - it will make it easier to contact you.

title: User talk:24.30.74.145


text:
Robotics/Exotic Robots/The LEGO World/LEGO Robots

LEGO has created the Robotics Invention System, which is essentially a LEGO set which may be used to build and prototype robot designs.

The main components provided are,
 * 2 Motors
 * 2 Touch sensors
 * Light detector
 * RCX (Robotic Command Explorer) controller

These can be used with Technic Lego such as cogs, axles, gears and other components to build reasonably complex systems.

Interface
The robot interfaces to a PC through the RCX controller using either an RS-232 serial port and cable, or an infrared (IR) transceiver connected to a USB port. The program can be executed through the connection in real time or downloaded to and stored on the RCX controller. Downloading and storing the program allows the robot to run autonomously without the need to be tethered to the computer.

Programming and Software
Lego provide their own GUI Software  to program the RCX controller. The versatility of the LEGO system, and the added sophistication you get with scripting languages has meant other people have developed their own programming languages to control the RCX, namely,
 * NQC - Not quite C: A C derived scripting language.
 * lejos - Robots control in Java.


text:
Corset

Corsets have a curious history. Western women of the upper class wore them for centuries. Women have protested the use of corsets, saying their restrictive nature is un-feminist. Still, people wear corsets to this day. This wikibook aims to provide information about the history, making and cultural significance of corsets. New contributors welcome!

The Corset Book

 * /History/
 * The Stays
 * The French Corset (whalebone and sewing machine)
 * The classic Victorian corset (steelbone and belly)
 * The Edwardian corsets (hollow back.)
 * Tightlacing in Corset
 * /Tightlacing/Affect/
 * Make a Corset
 * Against Corset
 * Books About Corsets
 * Corsets in popular culture
 * /Dictionary/
 * /Dictionary/Floating ribs/
 * /Tightlacing/Edwardian/

title: Corset


text:
Corset/History

Overview
The oldest find of corset is a pair of stays form in Spanish mediaeval painting from c. 1460.

 * The Stays
 * The French Corset (whalebone and sewing machine)
 * The classic Victorian corset (steelbone and belly)
 * The Edwardian corsets (hollow back.)

It is not easy to make a list of corset periods because many types were in use at the same time. All corset makers had their own style, but from about 1860, the corset industry of Paris was at the forefront of corset fashion. Below is a list of periods in the history of the corset.

Before 1500
It is unclear whether corsets existed before 1500, as information on them is unreliable.

Many books say that Cretan women used the corset c. 2000 BC because they made idols in the shape of a corset. These idols were originally two round pots bottom to bottom, the handle on the top pot being the nose on the idols and the edge line of bottom to bottom being the waist of the idols. The shape of the idols was traditional for idols, not the shape of Cretan women. The detail of the idols tell us that the old Cretan idols wore big loincloths, and the later idols have a tunic of open lace and a loincloth. The corset-shaped figure of the idols was a primitive Cretan style.

Virgins from 15th century sometimes wore a long tight lace outfit, but it was only a dress, not a corset.

1500-1970
In this period many different corsets were in fashion.

Iron corset covers, about 1500
Iron corsets are Victorian Era corsetcovers made of metal. There are several in museum collections.

It is sometimes claimed that these were the everyday wear of women and girls throughout in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. But they are more likely to be orthopedic instruments used by a very few women whose posture was not considered acceptable by the health and beauty standards of the time.

 * It is likely that the Iron Corset was originally a type of armour worn only by men.
 * The fact is as the "iron corset" was used both of men and women, but only on dress occasions. The iron was heavy, but the dress was also heavy, and the iron was padded underneath like armour. The silk of that time was very expensive but of poor quality and stretched poorly. It looked beautiful on the shining metal. The iron corset also worked as a bulletproof waistcoat, because assassination by knife in heart was a common risk.
 * The padded "iron corset" and armour was known as a corset on women, and a waistcoat (vest) on men.

In these images, you can see a man and woman in corset with iron cover, covered by silk.

Stays, 1550? to about 1890
Stays are an old type of corset. It is worn over the dress or skirt and is laced to the waist, as opposed to a more conventional corset which extends below the hips. Typically stays were made by hand in 1860 or earlier in some countries. Over time, stays became shorter and shorter, eventually evolving into an early form of brassiere.

A set of stays has a shoulder strap opposed to a waist cincher.

Victorian Corsets, 1831 - 1901
Most people have an idea of a "Victorian corset"; however, the British Victorian era comprised a long period of changes in culture and fashion from 1837 to 1901. During that time many styles of corsets were in use. The most ubiquitous feature was the "horizontal waist" which was common from about 1850 to 1899. The "Victorian corsets" for sale today are most likely New Look corsets.

The S-curve corset (1900 - ?) and the Straight-fronted corset 1903 - 1912?

The straight-front corset (also known as the swan-bill corset and the s-curve corset) was a type of corset worn from the start of the nineteenth century until around 1907. Its name is derived from the very rigid, straight busk that was used down the center of the front.

It was the most complex shape of corset ever made, with high-quality corsets consisting of up to 48 intricately curved and shaped pieces. The straight-front corset was intended to be less injurious to wearers' health than other corsets; but, when worn too tight, these corsets were the most uncomfortable and harmful style of corset to ever have been widely popular. The silhouette given by the straight-front corset is familiar from the Gibson Girl of the period.

The straight-front corset was popularised by Inez Gaches-Sarraute, a corsetiere with a degree in medicine. The style was probably the result of several like-minded corsetieres and medical professionals. It was intended to create fewer health problems and to be less constricting than previous types of corsets. The hourglass corset "suppress[ed] the bust," and the spoon busk, which often curved inwards for part of its length, "forced the organs downwards" claimed Gaches-Sarraute in her 1900 study Le Corset: Etude physiologique and pratique (The Corset: A Physiological and Practical Study).

Gaches-Sarraute suggested a corset that:
 * freed the bust by starting below the breasts;
 * supported, rather than constricted, the abdomen with a very rigid, straight busk and inflexible boning.

The first element was not problematic, although in order to create the 'monobosom' effect that was fashionable women started wearing bust supporters, the design of which eventually lead to the brassiere.

The second feature created more problems, though. When the straight-front corset was worn laced moderately tight, very little pressure was placed on the abdomen and some of the compression was transferred to the sides of the waist, where boning was lighter and more flexible. However, because of the extreme rigidity at the front of the corset, it was possible to achieve greater reductions on waist size than with the hourglass corset. When tightlaced, the straight-front corset put a great deal of pressure on the lower abdomen. This caused the S-curve silhouette: the wearer's hips were thrust back, giving a deep curve to her lower back, and her chest was thrust forward. In most cases, tightlacing in a straight-front corset caused lower back pain, breathing difficulties, and knee problems (through hyperextension). It has also been claimed that the pressure placed on the lower abdomen caused a prolapsed uterus, although this has not been proved.

Wasp Creations' page on corset shapes has a very good section on the straight-front corset, including good diagrams.
 * External link:-

The Pipe-shape corsets, 1912 - 1928?

Pipe-shape was a name sometimes given to a type of corset in fashion from 1908 to 1920. It helped to give the slender, straight silhouette that was a reaction to the exaggerated curves of the S-shape corset.

The pipe-shape corset should not be confused with the pipe-stem waist, which is sometimes found on other corsets, particularly the hourglass corset.

Corset from 1993 to today
See Corset and Tightlacing

Nursing corsets
In the age before formulas and pre-made baby food, most Victorian mothers breastfed their babies, or the rich had wet nurses. Nowadays, nursing bras are available. But then, overbust corsets were in fashion, so nursing corsets were needed.

Maternity corsets
At that time women used corsets. They had a problem during pregnancy because they needed a corset to support the back and the sides, and because pressure from the tight lacing thinned the abdominal wall. The solution was a Maternity corset. Corset: QUESTIONS OF PRESSURE AND DISPLACEMENT a corset patent

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_corsets

Korset/Historie

title: Corset/History


text:
Kinematics

Preface

 * /Introduction/

Kinematics is the branch of physics dealing with the motion of particles or bodies. It defines movement at the level of position, velocity and acceleration, without incorporating masses and forces.
 * /Prerequisites/

A proper study of the subject requires an understanding of 2D and 3D vectors. Of course you also need to review basic algebra, trigonometry and calculus. A proper understanding of kinematics require an understanding of vector calculus too.
 * /Sample Problems/

Chapter 0: A Mathematics Review

 * 1) /Algebra Review/
 * 2) /Geometry and Trig Review/
 * 3) /Calculus Review/
 * 4) /Vector Review/

Chapter 1: Plane Kinematics

 * 1) /1D Coordinate Systems/
 * 2) /2D Coordinate Systems/
 * 3) /Linear Motion/
 * 4) /Transformations/

Chapter 2: Kinematics in Three Space

 * 1) /3D Coordinate Systems/
 * 2) /Particles/

Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
Displacement is the change in position with respect to the frame of reference. In the case of a car moving on a road, the displacement is the change in position with respect to the road. This is important because the Earth itself is rotating and orbiting at considerable speed, which you do not notice due to inertia. Since omnipotence is not possible, all observations are made from a specific frame of reference. Displacement is usually expressed as a length measurement. Velocity is the change in displacement with respect to a change in time. The velocity of an object is again relative to the frame of reference. Acceleration is the change in velocity with respect to a change in time. Therefore, we know that, for functions for displacement, velocity, and acceleration, respectively d, v, t :
 * $$	d(t)=\int_0^t v(x)dx$$
 * $$	v(t)=\frac{dd}{dt}=\int_0^t a(x)dx$$
 * $$	a(t)=\frac{dv}{dt} $$

Kinematics Formulas
Using the above can create the basic kinematics formulas(subject to acceleration being constant):
 * $$x=x_0+v_0t+\frac{1}{2}at^2$$
 * $$v=v_0+at$$
 * $$v^2=v_0^2+2ax$$

Motion
Motion is by far the simplest application of Kinematics, and uses the formulas with no adaptation.

Gravity and Falling Objects
Gravity affects most all earthly motion, and therefore is discussed first. Gravity pulls all objects the same distance from the earth with equal acceleration, regardless of mass, as discovered by Galileo in his famous test on the Leaning Tower of Pisa. In this section we will assume that friction and air resistance are negligible. The standard gravity constant, 'g', is the is equal to 9.8m/s2, and is the acceleration done by the earth's gravity at sea level. Therefore, a falling object fall accelerating at rate g. When using this with the Kinematics formulas, g replaces a.

Example 1
Show that the force (F) of a body is directly proportional to its momentum

Example 2
Cinemàtica

title: Kinematics


text:
Kinematics/Introduction

Kinematics is the branch of mechanics that studies the motion of a body or a system of bodies without consideration given to its mass or the forces acting on it. Although it excludes forces and statics, they will be included within this wikibook regardless. This wikibook aims to take a more informal approach towards explaining the subject of kinematics and forces using mathematical derivations and such.

title: Kinematics/Introduction


text:
Kinematics/Prerequisites

Prerequisites
The start of every course is always the stating of prerequisites. To start off this book requires a firm understanding of the following:

- Algebra Methods for solving equations are required to be known, as well as the manipulation of equations.

- Geometry and Trigonometry Geometric and Trigonometric properties are required to be known in order for some problems to be modeled.

- Calculus A firm understanding of what derivatives and antiderivatives are is an integral requirement for this book.

- Vector Algebra/Calculus Vectors, what they are, and how they are modeled based on given information is required to be known.

All of the above required for this book will be covered in Chapter 0, a review chapter highlighting the mathematics required for this book.

If you are fairly confident that you already know all of the prerequisites, please take the mathematics review test at the end of Chapter 0.

If you score 80% or higher, go ahead to Chapter 1 and begin your studies.

title: Kinematics/Prerequisites


text:
Mythology/English Mythology/Cormoran and Cormelian

Cormoran and his wife Cormelian were a pair of giants said to have created St Michael's Mount in Cornwall. According to the legend, in ancient times St Michaels Mount was six miles inland and surrounded by woodland. The giant Comoran live in the area and decided to build himself a fortified home and raise it high above the trees so that he could see for miles around and in doing so created the mount.

He choose only the finest white granite from the local area which his wife would carry to the mount in her apron. One day, though, she decided to use the lighter, more abundant green stone instead. So whilst Cormoran was asleep she placed a boulder of greenstone in her apron, hoping to hide it beneath the rest. Unfortunately Cormoran awoke and seeing what she was doing kicked her so hard that he sent her flying through the air. The greenstone became buried deep into the sand and could not be moved. The stone became known as Chapel rock.

After years of terrosing the area, the local people decided to rid themselves of Cormoran. They offered a reward to anyone who could slay the giant. A farmer's son named Jack took up the challenge and decided to trick the giant into a vulnerable position. He dug a huge pit and covered it with saplings, leaves and straw. When the pit was ready he called the giant down from the mount by blowing his horn. Cormoran rushed down and fell straight into the trap. Jack struck the giant a fatal blow to the head with his pick. The local people were delighted and awarded Jack with a sword engraved with his name. He hence became known as Jack the Giant Killer.


text:
User:MichaelDubner

Michael P. Dubner — user of wikimedia projects since 2005-04-14.

In other wikies: ru en ru-pedia en-pedia ru-wikt en-wikt wikisource MoinMoin

=Contact info=
 * PyWebMail project which eats most of my spare time
 * Home page (almost empty)
 * My CV (but, I don't do active job-hunting now)

ru:User:MichaelDubner

title: User:MichaelDubner


text:
Kinematics/Algebra Review

Algebra Review
- Variables, Equations, Polynomials and Systems

A variable is a mathematical term represented by letters that can have varying values. If independent, the variable depends on no other variable(s). If dependent, the variable depends on other variable(s).

Imagine we are describing the location of a car. We could use two variables, x and y, to give its location in terms of longitude (x) and latitude (y). If we want to see how the car moves over the course of a day, we can include a variable for time, t. Then, measuring the longitude and latitude of the car over the day, we can express the position at a given time, x(t) and y(t). Here x and y depend on t, and thus are dependent variables. Time continues on its merry way, independent of any other variable.

An equation is a mathematical statement that shows two expressions to be the same, equal, to each other.

A linear equation is one in which the only power of the variable(s) is 1.

A homogeneous equation is one in which all variables of the same type {dependent, independent} are on one side of the equation whereas the other side is 0.

For example, x = 3 would mean that x is equal to, or x is, 3. x = y would mean that x is equal to y, or x is, y. A re-arrangement, x - y = 0, is an equation that is both homogeneous and linear. Whenever two expressions are equal, one may be directly substituted for the other in an equation.

An equation may be solved for a certain variable by means of manipulations conforming to the following laws: Where k and c are constants, If x - k = c, x = c + k If x + k = c, k = c - k  If kx = c, x = c/k If x/k = c, x = kc

The general rule to remember is that you perform the reverse operation on the other side of the equation.

An example is 5x + 3 = 96, you would first move 3 to the other side, using +'s reverse operator -: 5x = 96 - 3 = 93

And then divide by 5, using the reverse operator of multiplication, division: x = 93/5

A system is a set of equations containing 2 or more variables that have 1 solution, no solutions, or an infinite set of solutions.

The equations: x + y = 5 2x + 3y = 2 form a system of linear equations; solving them is a matter of using a substitution. (Though this is not the only method of solving them, other methods are beyond the scope of this book)

For example, let's use the substitution that y = 5 - x (From the first equation), we can then do the following: 2x + 3y = 2 2x + 3(5 - x) = 2

Expanding the bracket, by multiplying everything inside it by 3, yields: 2x + 15 - 3x = 2 -x + 15 = 2 -x = -13 x = 13

You now have one variable's solution; finding y's solution is using the initial substitution: y = 5 - x = 5 - 13 = -8 You now have the solution set (13, -8)

To be continued...

title: Kinematics/Algebra Review