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Emergency Medicine/The Dirty Bomb

Topics Covered

 * Radiation Background
 * “Dirty Bomb”
 * Radioactive Waste / Nuclear Reactors
 * Yucca Mountain

Basics of Radiation- Irradiation

 * Irradiation is exposure to penetrating radiation
 * External irradiation does not make a person radioactive.
 * External irradiation can damage tissue through direct or indirect means (generation of free radicals and H2O2 from ionization of water)

Basics of Radiation- Contamination

 * Contamination occurs when material that contains radioactive atoms is deposited on skin, clothing, body cavities, wounds. May also damage tissue, but much more slowly than direct irradiation.
 * Person contaminated with radioactive materials will be irradiated until the source of radiation (the radioactive material) is removed

Basics of Radiation

 * Ionizing radiation is produced by unstable atoms (isotopes) which have an excess of energy or mass.
 * Atoms give off, or emit, the excess energy or mass as radiation which collide with adjacent molecules and ionize (knock off electrons)
 * electromagnetic ( gamma or x-rays)
 * particulate (i.e., mass given off with the energy of motion - beta and alpha radiation).

4 types of ionizing radiation

 * Alpha- little penetration, easily stopped by skin and clothes, dangerous if ingested or inhaled. 20x more damaging than equivalent dose of beta or gamma.
 * Beta- light penetration, may cause red “burn” on skin.
 * Gamma- deep penetration, like x-rays.
 * Neutrons- particles that also penetrate deeply and cause extensive damage. Seen only in nuclear bombs.
 * All types of radiation cause damage to DNA of cells. Most vulnerable tissues are heme, GI and reproductive systems.

Biological Effects of Radiation

 * Stochastic- effects that are also seen in unexposed individuals, but are increased in frequency with radiation exposure (trigger effect). Not all individuals exposed will get effect. Severity is independent of dose.
 * Examples include cancer, mental retardation in exposed fetus, genetic damage.

Biological Effects of Radiation

 * Non-stochastic effects- threshold dose, predictable causal relationship with dose related severity in all individuals exposed.
 * Sterility, skin burns, cataracts, hemopoietic damage, GI and CNS damage.

Radiation Physics for Dummies

 * Absorbed dose = energy/mass=joule/kg
 * 1 Roentgen=1 rad
 * 100 rad= 1Grey(Gy).
 * Dose equivalent=energy/mass x (strength of type of radiation). Alpha is 20x.
 * 1 rad of gamma is 1 rem
 * BUT
 * 1 rad of alpha is 20 rem
 * 100 rem = 1 Sievert (Sv)

Radiation Physics for Dummies

 * Natural radioactivity - 40 mrem/year.
 * Air travel NYC-London- 4 mrem
 * CXR- 10 mrem
 * National Council of Radiation Protection
 * 5 rem/yr (50 mSv) =annual exposure limit of radiation workers
 * 0.5 rem (500 mrem or 5 mSv) = max annual exposure to layperson = 50 CXR.

Radiation Physics for Dummies

 * 50 rem is max single dose recommended for a first responder acting in a life saving situation
 * No risk of Acute Radiation Sickness
 * 1-4% estimated increase in Ca risk.
 * In this case, rem = rad, since workers in this situation will be wearing PPE, so gamma is only radiation that will penetrate.

Biological Effects of Radiation

 * Sterility- 30 rads in men, 300 rads in women. More exposure leads to longer effect. Usually temporary
 * 100 rads = N/V
 * 200 rads = Cataracts, Hemopoietic syndrome
 * 300 rads of Beta = skin erythema
 * 400 rads = usually fatal ARS due to heme depression.
 * 1,000 rads = GI syndrome → FATAL.
 * 2,000 rads = CNS syndrome → FATAL

What is a “Dirty Bomb”?

 * A conventional explosive packaged with radioactive material that scatters when the bomb goes off.
 * Could be a small device, or as big as a truck bomb

How does a Dirty Bomb do harm?

 * Initial blast of the conventional explosive
 * Airborne radiation and contamination

Only nuclear experts can make one, right?

 * Nope, requires not much more expertise than it takes to make a conventional bomb

So why aren’t we all dead?

 * The hard part is acquiring the radioactive material, not building the bomb.
 * There are reports that suggest organizations, such as Osama bin Laden’s al Qaeda, probably have radioactive contaminants such as strontium 90 and cesium 137, which could be used to make a dirty bomb, and have succeeded in manufacturing a small dirty bomb

Why else aren’t we all dead?

 * A dirty bomb is not a nuclear weapon
 * (nuclear weapons involve a complex nuclear-fission reaction and are thousands of times more devastating)

So do we have to worry?

 * Yes, dirty bombs are WMD’s but…
 * More for their capacity to cause terror and disruption than inflicting heavy casualties.
 * Panic over radioactivity
 * Evacuation measures
 * Area struck would be off-limits for at least several months—possibly years—for cleanup efforts

Acme Radioactive Materials, on sale for 3 payments of $9.99?

 * Radioactive materials for military, industrial, or medical applications: e.g. weapons-grade plutonium or uranium, freshly spent nuclear fuel
 * the most deadly
 * the most difficult to obtain
 * Medical supplies such as radium or certain cesium isotopes used in cancer treatments could be used
 * less dangerous
 * A measuring cup’s worth of radioactive material would be needed, but such small amounts would be unlikely to cause severe harm, especially if over a wide area.

Dirty Bomb- Summary

 * Explosion and trauma, moderate dispersal of radioactive debris, imbedded fragments, very little irradiation

Yucca Mountain

 * http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov

Location

 * Nye County, Nevada, ~100 miles NW of Las Vegas
 * Remote desert on federally protected land
 * Within secure boundaries of the Nevada Test Site.

What is Yucca Mountain?

 * A site slated by the federal gov’t to store all nuclear waste from power plants, weapons program, etc.

Why Yucca Mtn?

 * Remote
 * Dry climate
 * Stable geology
 * Deep water table
 * Closed water basin

How do we get the stuff to Yucca?

 * Nat’l experience to date
 * 2,700 shipments
 * 1.6 million miles
 * 30 years;
 * → No harmful release of radiation
 * Similar to Europe’s safety record- travel shorter distances, but more densely populated

Transportation of Nuclear Waste

 * Highly regulated
 * DOT and NRC regulations
 * Containers
 * Advance route approvals
 * Each state’s governor can specify
 * Local trained emergency response teams (34 states)
 * Escorts
 * 24-hr satellite surveillance

Scenario

 * A shipment to Yucca Mountain goes flying off an elevate section of the FDR
 * FDNY calls to confirm this and informs you that you will be getting 5 victims.
 * Soon after this 6 ambulatory patients with minor injuries show up. EMS soon brings 2 critically injured patients and 5 patients with compound fractures.
 * What is the most important next step in addition to mobilizing the mass casualties’ disaster plan?
 * In any explosion consider a “dirty bomb”.
 * So, radiation detection device required
 * Screen background radiation. If > 2x → contaminated.
 * For gross screening, may be able to use the radiation detection monitor used to monitor radioactive waste from the hospital.

LUDLUM M-3
SURVEY METER
 * PPE with an N95 respirator, coveralls/gloves, and eye shields should be worn by personnel treating patients
 * PAPR’s and full Decon suits are overkill, unless suspect simultaneous chemical contamination!
 * If life saving treatment is done without PPE (personal protective equipment), providers will need to be screened, change clothes and shower as well.
 * Personal electronic dosimeters should be worn as soon as available
 * The detection device confirms that all these patients are contaminated. DOE sends out word that Cesium 137 has been confirmed as the radioactive agent. No other toxic substances are identified.
 * What are the next steps?
 * Tendency is to run away from these victims out of fear of suffering harm to oneself. Wrong and unethical.
 * Treatment of the LIFE-THREATENING traumatic injuries should take place ASAP, even before decon is done.
 * Should don quick respiratory, eye and contact protection as in routine trauma.
 * IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR A LIVING PATIENT TO BE SO CONTAMINATED AS TO POSE AN IMMEDIATE HEALTH THREAT TO MEDICAL PROVIDERS.
 * This is in direct contrast to chemical contamination situations, where there is indeed an immediate hazard to health care providers.
 * That being said, non-life-threatening injuries will allow time for screening for radioactivity to take place. Remember, radioactive particles are PARTICLES, and can be washed and stopped by PPE (thin Tyvek suits with hoods, gloves, and respiratory face protection and eye shields).
 * If mixed chemical/radiologic incident is suspected, then treat as a chemical incident with greater PPE consideration.
 * All victims must be screened for radiation. Those that test positive will need to be decontaminated.
 * In the meantime, you will need to treat the most severely injured.

Decontamination

 * All victims need nasal swabs to assess degree of exposure prior to showering. Best if done <1 hour after exposure.
 * Treat the immediate victims first, then shower them (on gurneys).
 * All others can be showered, screened, and then treated.

Decontamination

 * Due to inhalation or ingestion, some victims may not be totally decontaminated. Admitted to special isolation rooms as determined by hospital administration and Radiation Safety Officer.
 * Radiation may not be detected externally even if ingestion has occurred (hence the nasal swabs, and save body secretions is important)

Treatment

 * All victims should have nasal swabs done to assess degree of exposure.
 * Urine, feces, vomitus should be collected as well, with names and times labeled.
 * Assess samples for radioactivity.
 * Internal decontamination may be necessary

Treatment- internal decontamination

 * Potassium iodide- to protect thyroid if I 131 is suspected
 * gastric lavage within 1-2 hrs. until fluid is, 2x background radiation.
 * Antacids (AlOH, MgCO3) reduce GI uptake
 * Dulcolex or fleet’s phosphosoda cathartic enemas.

Treatment

 * Vomiting- use 5-HT3 blockers (Zofran, Anzemet)
 * Draw blood for CBC, ALC, HLA, and Chromosome analysis in consultation with hematology.
 * CBC with an absolute lymphocyte count should be done. A drop of 50% in 24–48 hours has prognostic significance.
 * Consider anti viral and antibacterial prophylaxis in consultation with ID.
 * Isolation if pancytopenia is a risk.

Treatment

 * Prostaglandin (misoprostol) analogues in consultation with GI may prevent GI bleed.
 * Colony stimulating factor may help those at risk for pancytopenia.
 * DTPA-chelates plutonium and other transuranic elements
 * Prussian blue- chelates thallium and cesium
 * Consult Nuclear Medicine as well for general management.

Treatment

 * Amifostine- free radical scavenger, protective of cell membranes and DNA.
 * Clinically used to offset mucositis of RT.
 * Side effects- n/v, hypotension.
 * Protective pre exposure, may be valuable for first responders (and us!).
 * Post exposure not shown to help

Great websites

 * www.orau.gov
 * www.CDC.gov
 * www.gnyha.org

Acute radiation sickness

 * ARS results from direct exposure to radiation from either particles or beams.
 * Initially N/V
 * More severe exposure → diarrhea, shock, and AMS
 * Advanced symptomatic state from radiation exposure alone → unlikely to survive. But, can be difficult to distinguish from trauma related symptoms if an explosion has occurred.

In absence of injury

 * Acute Radiation Sickness – 4 phases:
 * Prodromal phase-nausea /vomiting or no symptoms.
 * Latent phase –recovery
 * Manifest Illness phase- heme (anemia, infection), GI sloughing, bleeding and fluid loss.
 * Recovery or death.

title: Emergency Medicine/The Dirty Bomb


text:
Category:Burrito recipes

Recipes for burritos.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Burrito recipes


text:
Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Metabolic Basic/Renal Osteodystrophy

Renal osteodystrophy is a very broad term used to describe all of the pathologic features of bone related to renal failure. Renal failure and modern therapies (including peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and renal transplant) result in derangments in calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, and bone metabolism.

Pathophysiology
Chronic renal disease leads to hyperphosphatemia (which binds serum calcium) and decreased production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (important in gut uptake of calcium) by the proximal convoluted tubule. Low serum calcium results, which stimulates the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. PTH acts to increase bone osteoclast activity, to decrease osteoid formation by the osteoblasts, to increase the kidney's production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, to increase active calcium resorption, and to decrease phosphate reabsorption.

In the setting of untreated renal disease, PTH is elevated and resultant high-turnover bone disease occurs. Specifically, hyperparathyroidism leads to bone resorption, commonly from subperiosteal regions and tufts of the phalanges, proximal humerus, tibia and femur, distal clavicle, and calvarium.

The prevalence of hemodialysis and renal transplantation, which helps to normalize PTH, has helped changed the presentation of this disease to a lower-turnover bone disorder. Phosphate binding compounds, including aluminum, inhibit osteoblast activity and contribute to the spectrum of disease.

Clinical Presentation
Renal osteodystrophy can have varied presentation, from vague complaints of bone pain and tenderness to striking skeletal deformity. In adults, the spectrum of disease is dominated by osteomalacia (and resultant bone weakness), and findings of hyperparathyroidism. In children, whose active development is at risk, skeletal deformities (rickets) are more prominent. These include skull flattening in neonates, bowing deformities of the appendicular skeleton in children, and in early adolescence, scoliosis and SCFE. Both adults and children are at increased risk of fracture. Children are additionally at risk of growth retardation.

Radiologic Images
Imaging findings are many and quite varied. Some of the more prevalent are:

 * osteopenia - often seen early.
 * thinning of cortices and trabeculae.
 * "salt and pepper" skull.
 * subperiosteal resorption
 * "rugger jersey" spine—sclerosis of the vertebral body end plates.

Differential Diagnosis

 * primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism
 * multiple myeloma
 * calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD)
 * osteoporosis


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Emergency Medicine/Pediatric Rehydration

= Pediatric Rehydration =
 * Alex Flaxmanman==

= Clinical Eval of Dehydration = = Oral rehydration = = Oral Rehydration Solutions = = After Rehydration = = Parenteral Rehydration = = Bolus = = End Points = = Post-acute Treatment = = Monitoring- Give enough = = But not too much = = Calculations- Where to start = = Calculating Deficits = = Maintenance Fluids- Goals = = Maintenance Fluids- Calculations =
 * Mild (3–5%): HR nl or ↓, ↓ UO, thirsty, nl PE ==
 * Moderate (7–10%): cool and pale, tachy, delayed cap refill, little or no UO, irritable/lethargic, sunken eyes and fontanel, ↓ tears, dry MM, mild skin tenting ==
 * Severe (10–15%): cold and mottled, pulse rapid and weak, ↓ BP, no UO, very sunken eyes and fontanel, no tears, parched MM, skin tenting, very delayed capillary refill ==
 * Pick a fluid (more later) ==
 * Mild dehydration- 50 mL/kg within 4 hr ==
 * Moderate dehydration- 100 mL/kg over 4 hr ==
 * Additional fluids as per clinical condition ==
 * Vomiting with the first 2 hrs of ORS → 1 teaspoon q1-2min ==
 * Resume breast feeding, or usual formula/milk ==
 * Resume feeding, if appropriate ==
 * (IVF) ==
 * 20 ml/kg, over 20 min ==
 * Use isotonic fluids- NS or LR ==
 * Blood, 5% albumin, plasma ==
 * “Adequate intravascular volume” ==
 * Clinical improvement ==
 * ↓ HR ===
 * Normal BP ===
 * Improved tissue perfusion (UO) ===
 * More alert affect ===
 * Must complete initial rehydration ==
 * Calculate amount of fluids needed ==
 * Dehydration % ===
 * Maintenance ===
 * Ongoing losses (e.g. cont’d V/D) ===
 * Give ½ minus any boluses in first 8 hrs ==
 * Give ½ in following 16 hrs ==
 * Vitals ==
 * Pulse ===
 * BP ===
 * CVP- if critically ill ===
 * I/O’s ==
 * Fluid balance ===
 * UO and specific gravity ===
 * Physical Exam ==
 * Daily weight ===
 * Clinical signs of depletion or overload ===
 * Electrolytes ==
 * Edema ==
 * Pulmonary congestion ==
 * Mild		3–5%	→	 5% ==
 * Moderate	7–10%	→	10% ==
 * Severe		10–15%	→	15% ==
 * Water Deficit 	 = 	% dehydration × weight ==
 * Sodium Deficit	 = 	Water deficit × 80 mEq/L ==
 * Potassium Deficit = 	Water deficit × 30 mEq/L ==
 * Prevent dehydration ==
 * Prevent electrolyte disorders ==
 * Prevent ketoacidosis ==
 * Prevent protein degradation ==
 * “100/50/20” rule ==
 * 100 ml/kg for up to the 1st 10 kg of body weight* ===
 * 50 ml/kg for up to the 2nd 10 kg of body weight ===
 * 20 ml/kg for up to the 3rd 10 kg of body weight ===
 * Max total fluid/day usually 2-2.5L cc ==

= Maintenance- Rate = A calculator exists for this calculation.
 * “4/2/1” Rule ==
 * 0–10 kg: 4 mL/kg/hr
 * 10–20 kg: 40 mL/hr + 2 mL/kg/hr × (wt-10 kg)
 * >20 kg: 60 mL/hr + 1 mL/kg/hr × (wt-20 kg)

= IV Fluids = = Special Cases = = Special Cases (cont’d) = = Special Cases- Lungs = = Special Cases (cont’d) = = Special Cases (cont’d) = = Hyponatremic dehydration =
 * NS ==
 * [Na]	154 mEq ===
 * [Cl]	154 mEq ===
 * LR ==
 * [Na]	130 mEq ===
 * [Cl]	109 mEq ===
 * [K]		   4 mEq ===
 * [Ca]	   3 mEq ===
 * [Lactate]	 28 mEq ===
 * Metabolic Acidosis (RTA, renal insufficiency) ==
 * Replace some NaCl with NaHCO3 or Na-acetate ===
 * If acidosis caused by lactic acidosis, be careful giving HCO3 ==
 * As correct acid-base problems, watch K ==
 * Fever ==
 * Premature infants ==
 * Radiant warmers ===
 * Phototherapy ===
 * ↑ Fluids requirement ==
 * Tachypnea ==
 * Tracheostomy ==
 * ↓ Fluids requirement ==
 * Mist tent ==
 * Vent ==
 * NGT ==
 * Surgical drains ==
 * Diarrhea dehydration ==
 * Isotonic 60-70% ===
 * Hyponatremic 10-15% ===
 * Hypernatremic 10-20% ===

= Hypernatremic Dehydration = = IVF for Ongoing Losses = = Summary =
 * D5 1/4 NS + 15 mEq/L bicarbonate + 25 mEq/L KCl ==
 * Replace stool mL/mL every 1–6 hr ==
 * Restore intravascular volume ==
 * NS 20 mL/kg over 20 min (repeat until intravascular volume restored) ===
 * Calculate water deficit ==
 * Calculate 24-hr water needs ==
 * Calculate deficit sodium and potassium ==
 * Calculate 24-hr electrolyte needs (Na, K) ==
 * Select fluid (based on total water and electrolyte needs). ==
 * Give ½ calculated fluid minus boluses during first 8 hrs ==
 * Give ½ calculate fluid over the next 16 hrs ==
 * Replace ongoing losses as they occur ==


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Emergency Medicine/Blood and Fluids

= Fluid & Blood Resuscitation =

= Topics = = Which Fluid to use? = = What are you fixing? = = Fluids = = Dextrose = = Crystalloids = = Crystalloids = = LR = = Crystalloids = = Others = = Others (cont’d) = = +/- Dextrose = = Colloids = = Why Colloids =
 * Available IV Fluids ==
 * Blood products ==
 * Fluid Selection Exercises ==
 * IV Drips with Exercises ==
 * Hypoperfusion / hypotension ==
 * Dehydration ===
 * Symptomatic anemia ===
 * Acute blood loss ===
 * Ongoing hemorrhage- Coagulopathy? ===
 * Maintenance / NPO ==
 * Electrolyte imbalances ==
 * Dextrose / Free Water ==
 * Crystalloid ==
 * NS, LR, Ringer’s Acetate ===
 * Colloid ==
 * Albumin, Hetastarch, Modified gelatin, Dextran ===
 * Hypertonic Saline ==
 * Non blood-based Oxygen Carrying ==
 * Hemoglobin-based, fluorocarbon-based ===
 * Blood products ==
 * D5 ==
 * 1 Liter = 170 calories ===
 * D10, D20*, D50* ==
 * *= requires central line ==
 * Hypo-oncotic ==
 * Ratio of 3:1 for acute blood loss ===
 * 1 L NS →	275 cc into vascular space ==
 * +	825 cc into interstitial volume ==
 * 1100 cc = 1.1 L ??? ==
 * Saline ==
 * NS, ¼ NS, ½ NS ===
 * LR ==
 * Hypertonic Saline ==
 * Others ==
 * Normosmol (acetate) ===
 * Plasma-Lyte (gluconate) ===
 * [Cl]LR → [Cl]plasma ==
 * Calcium can bind to rx’s, including citrated anticoagulant in blood products ==
 * → Cannot use LR as the diluent for blood transfusions ===
 * NS or LR? ==
 * Lots of NS can ↓ intracellular K and cause ↑Cl acidosis ===
 * LR can increase lactic acidosis ===
 * Neither one has been shown to be superior ===
 * ¼ NS, ½ NS ==
 * Hypertonic Saline ==
 * Others ==
 * Normosmol (acetate) ===
 * Plasma-Lyte (gluconate) ===
 * Normosmol (acetate), Plasma-Lyte (gluconate) ==
 * Additional buffers: pH → pHplasma ==
 * Mg ==
 * Careful in RF or insufficiency ===
 * 8% Amino Acids ==
 * Osmolality 950 mOsm/L ===
 * provides protein in varying percentages; assists with tissue repair and to correct negative nitrogen balance ===
 * Intralipids 10%, 20% ==
 * isotonic ===
 * provides fatty acids and calories ===
 * EtOH ==
 * 5% Alcohol in 5% Dextrose ===
 * 10% ===
 * All of the crystalloid fluids ==
 * D5, D10, D20, D50 ===
 * Albumin 5%, 25% ==
 * Hetastarch ==
 * Dextran 6%, 10% ==
 * Gelatin ==
 * Oncotic pressure → fluid remains intravascular ==
 * No risk of infection ==
 * Heat treated albumin ===

mainly used in acute hemorrhage management

= Albumin as plasma expander = = Hetastarch = = Cost = = Dextran = = NaCl 3%, 7.5%- Fluid or Medication? = = Hypertonic Saline = = Hypertonic NaCl limits = = Oxygen-carrying fluids = = Types = = Fluorocarbon-based = = Hemoglobin-based = = Blood = = Blood Products = = Whole Blood = = Blood Products = = PRBC’s = = When not to give PRBC’s = = PRBC Numbers = = PRBC Administration = = Blood Products = = Platelets = = Platelets = = Blood Products = = FFP = = FFP Administration = = Blood Products = = Bleeding Problems = = Factor VII = = Universal Donor = = Time = = Infection Risk = = Alex’s Recommendations = = Exercise #1 = = Answer #1 = = Exercise #2 = = Answer #2- Part I = = Answer #2- Part II = = 100/50/20 = = 4/2/1 = = Answer #2- Part II: 22 kg = = Which Fluid? = = Exercise #3 = = Answer #3 = = How many drops can an IV drip? = = A pt needs 1 Liter over the next 8 hours, and all IV pumps are being used. Now what? = = What do we have? = = The Equation = = Quicker Alternative = = Drop Factor = = Common drop factors = = Back to our problem = = Solution = = Logic = = Questions? = = References =
 * Albumin 5% ==
 * 1 L → ↑ intravasc vol by 0.7–1.3 L ===
 * Albumin 25% ==
 * 1 L → ↑ intravasc vol by 4–5 L ===
 * Oncotic effects lasts 12-18 hrs ==
 * Similar to albumin except cheaper ==
 * T1/2 = 17 days except… ==
 * Oncotic effects last < 24 hrs (albumin 12-18 hrs) ==
 * ↑ Amylase ==
 * Crystalloids ~ $11/L ==
 * Colloids ~ $65–100/L ==
 * No survival benefit with colloids ==
 * Dextran 6%, 10% ==
 * Dextran 6% = Dextran-70 ===
 * Dextran 10%=Dextran-40 ===
 * 40 causes ↑ plasma vol but 70 lasts longer ===
 * Can cause anaphylaxis ===
 * Dose-related bleeding, give < 20 cc/kg ===
 * Can affect the type-and-crossmatching (“wash” specimens to eliminate this problem) ===
 * Increases ESR ===
 * Rare reports of RF ===
 * Systems-engineering approach ==
 * Remove from IV cart ===
 * Treat as rx, not IVF ===
 * Trauma resuscitation fluid- except it doesn’t work ==
 * Rapidly expands intravasc vol ==
 * Limits edema ==
 * Beneficial effects beyond vol expansion ==
 * Extravasc → intravasc ===
 * Hypernatremia ==
 * Addition of dextran ==
 * May be helpful in serious trauma ===
 * Military? ===
 * Fluorocarbon-based ==
 * Hemoglobin-based ==
 * Human ===
 * Bovine ===
 * rDNA ===
 * Dissolve gasses (O2 and CO2) in fluid ==
 * Linear- requires FiO2 > 70% ==
 * Toxic at high doses ==
 * So far, no safe formulations ==
 * Vasoconstriction ==
 * No 2,3-diphosphoglycerate ==
 * Whole blood ==
 * PRBC’s ==
 * Platelets ==
 * FFP ==
 * Specific factors ==
 * Generally not available in US except ==
 * Autotransfusion ==
 * Requires training to operate the equipment ===
 * Setup time ===
 * Whole blood ==
 * PRBC’s ==
 * Platelets ==
 * FFP ==
 * Specific factors ==
 * Acute blood loss with s/s ↓O2 delivery and two of the following: ==
 * Estimated 15% blood loss
 * Hotn
 * Tachycardia
 * Oliguria
 * AMS
 * Symptomatic anemia ==
 * Myocardial ischemia ==
 * AP
 * SOB
 * Dizziness with mild exertion
 * Hgb > 10 (men), > 7 (women) if otherwise stable and/or asymptomatic ==
 * 1 U → ↑ hgb by ~ 1g/dl, ↑ hct by ~ 3% ==
 * Large-bore IV line with NS ==
 * Can give 50-100 cc NS to dilute and infuse faster ==
 * Usually 1 U over 60–90 minutes, but within 4 hrs ==
 * If PRBC unrefrigerated for > 30 min, cannot return to blood blank ==
 * Whole blood ==
 * PRBC’s ==
 * Platelets ==
 * FFP ==
 * Specific factors ==
 * Give whenever plts < 20,000 ==
 * or ===
 * < 50,000 and oozing or pt going for invasive procedure ==
 * ABO matching unnecessary but should Rh match ==
 * 1 bag containts 5.5 x 1010 in 50-70 cc plasma ==
 * Whole blood ==
 * PRBC’s ==
 * Platelets ==
 * Fresh Frozen Shrimp Plasma ==
 * Specific factors ==
 * Emergent reversal of warfarin ==
 * Correction of known coagulation deficiencies ==
 * DIC if PT/PTT > 1.5x nl ==
 * Must be ABO compatible ==
 * 1 ml of FFP is ≈ 1 unit of activity for any clotting factor ==
 * For warfarin reversal give 5-8 ml/kg ==
 * Otherwise, give for 30% of nl plasma factor concentration, usually 10-15 ml/kg ==
 * Whole blood ==
 * PRBC’s ==
 * Platelets ==
 * FFP ==
 * Specific factors ==
 * Hemophilia A → Give Factor VIII ==
 * Hemophilia B → Give Factor IX ==
 * vWF deficiency → FFP, Factor VIII, Desmopressin ==
 * rFVIIa = recombinant factor VIIa ==
 * O+ for all pts except women of, and before, childbearing age ==
 * O- for women of childbearing, and pre-childbearing ages ==
 * Type O: immediately ==
 * Type-specific: 5-10 min ==
 * Incomplete Type and Crossmatched: 30 min ==
 * Fully crossmatched: 45 min ==
 * Saline ==
 * Consider colloids in certain situations such as ↑ICP, anaphylaxis ===
 * Blood products when appropriate (absolute or relative low O2 delivery, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, ongoing bleeding) ==
 * Keep eyes out for blood-replacement products ==
 * Mom brings in her 7 yo, 22 kg son for altered mental status. He was marching in a parade without access to any water source. ==
 * What fluid(s), and how much? ==
 * Crystalloid (NS or LR) ==
 * 22 kg x 20 cc/kg = 440 cc, wide open ==
 * He perks right up and is now tolerating PO. ==
 * Mom brings in her 7 yo, 22 kg son for altered mental status. He was playing in the snow, bundled in 3-4 layers of clothes, but he has not been drinking recently because of throat pain.  On PE you notice he has vesicles over his palatoglossal fold. ==
 * What fluid(s), and how much? ==
 * Crystalloid (NS or LR) ==
 * 22 kg x 20 cc/kg = 440 cc, wide open ==
 * But he’s still not tolerating PO → Admit ==
 * Now what? ==
 * “100/50/20” or “4/2/1” Rule ==
 * 100 cc/kg/24 hr for each of the first 10 kg ==
 * Then 50 cc/kg/24 hr for each of the next 10 kg ==
 * Then 20 cc/kg for addt’l kg ==
 * Add together, then divide by 24 hr for hourly rate ==
 * Max total daily fluid 2-2.5 L ==
 * 4 cc/kg/hr for each of the first 10 kg ==
 * 2 cc/kg/hr for each of the next 10 kg ==
 * 1 cc/kg/hr for each addt’l kg ==
 * Add together for hourly rate ==
 * 100/50/20 ==
 * 100 x 10 = 1000 ==
 * 50 x 10 = 500 ==
 * 20 x 2 = 40 ==
 * 1000 + 500 + 40 = 1540 ==
 * 1540 / 24 = 64 cc/hr ==
 * 4/2/1 ==
 * 4 x 10 = 40 ==
 * 2 x 10 = 20 ==
 * 1 x 2 = 2 ==
 * 40 + 20 + 2 = 62 cc/hr ==
 * D5 ___ NS + 20 mEq/L KCl ==
 * < 20–25 kg → D5¼NS + 20 mEq/L KCl ==
 * >25 kg → D5½NS + 20 mEq/L KCl ==
 * 10 yo M, 24 kg, with ongoing diarrhea ==
 * What fluids, how much, and add what to fluid? ==
 * Diarrhea dehydration ==
 * Isotonic 60-70% ===
 * Hyponatremic 10-15% ===
 * Hypernatremic 10-20% ===
 * D5 1/4 NS + 15 mEq/L bicarbonate + 25 mEq/L KCl ==
 * Replace stool mL/mL every 1–6 hr in addition to maintenance fluids ==
 * Volume to be infused, drop factor, gtt’s, and other fun stuff ==
 * Stopwatch, eyes → can see how fast fluid is dripping ==
 * Given: Amount of fluid per hour ==
 * Given: 60 minutes in an hour ==
 * We can control: Drops/min ==
 * Given: Tubing’s drops/ml ==
 * Total volume / hours → cc/hr ==
 * Cc/hr ÷ 60 → cc/min ==
 * We need to get from cc/min to drops/min ==
 * Manufacturer Specification ==
 * In drops/ml ==
 * Only required if not using an infusion pump or if using an old pump ==
 * Macrodrip tubing: drop factor 10-20 ==
 * Microdrip tubing: drop factor 60 ==
 * We have a few in our ED ==
 * We need to give 1 Liter over 8 hours, but all of our computerized infusion pumps are broken or being used. ==
 * How can we use a standard IV set to give our IVF? ==
 * 1 Liter in 8 hours = 1000 cc in 8 hrs ==
 * = 125 cc/hr ==
 * =      cc/min ==
 * For a drop factor of 10, a drip rate of 21 → 125 cc/hr ==
 * For a drop factor of 15, a drip rate of 31 → 125 cc/hr ==
 * Drip rate < 10 → IV clots ==
 * Comments? Email address is  alex.flaxman@rcn.com  ==
 * Criticism? Mailbox in the PA office ==
 * Hedner U, “Recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven) as a hemostatic agent”, Dis Mon – Jan 1, 12003; 49(1): 39-48. ==
 * Rozycki GS, “What's new in trauma and critical care”, J Am Coll Surg, May 1, 2004, 198(5): 798-805. ==
 * Bickell, WH, “Immediate versus Delayed Fluid Resuscitation for Hypotensive Patients with Penetrating Torso Injuries”, NEJM, October 27, 1994, 331(5): 1105-1109. ==
 * Elliott, JE, RN, BSN, CCRN. “Intravenous Therapy”, http://www.nursewise.com. ==
 * LaBonne, CH, MA, CES, RNC. “NURS 1100”, Henry P. Becton School of Nursing & Allied Health, Fairleigh Dickinson University, http://www.fdu.edu ==
 * Marx, John, Rosen’s Emergency Medicine; Concepts and Clinical Practice, Fifth edition. Mosby, Philadelphia, 2002.  p. 48-51, 64-100, 1767-1768. ==
 * Tintinalli, Judith E. Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide 6th edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, 2003. p. 225-231. ==
 * Marino, Paul L. The ICU Book; second edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, 1997, p. 228-241, 691-720. ==

title: Emergency Medicine/Blood and Fluids


text:
User:Richard 23~enwikibooks

Richard 23 currently lives in western Washington state, USA and came here to learn a little Japanese.

title: User:Richard 23~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Monopoly

Title
Shouldn't it be that what immediately follows  be   rather than   ? This, because the sort key for the category list is then messed up. This is assuming you care to pay any attention to that. Besides, does it really need to be any bigger than what it is? On the other hand, why bother using the template for one (or two — of the other I can't remember the title) occasions in which you want to use, even though you don't even need it? After all, it is bigger than all the other text anyways. --D. F. Schmidt 09:18, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hm, you're right! I've removed it now... it was mainly there because the title page was looking rather small and lonely. :)
 * The template adds far more than just font scaling though, it also applies the Monopoly-like font and color as well as placing the menu bar above it. This also means that any change made on a whim to the header formatting affects all pages in the wikibook instead of having to be manually changed in each. Not only that, it adds each page to the category without intervention.
 * You can see the template I modelled it off in use throughout the Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas wikibook. GarrettTalk 11:46, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I do understand why you have a template. (I've studied Cascading style sheets, which is a lot like templates here.) I was commenting that it seems silly to add  to a template-modified thing, where the template already adds a font-size increase. I'm sorry if that's poorly worded. It's the best I can think of right now. That's all I was saying really. -- D. F. Schmidt 03:58, August 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah I see now. :) I did it to have the text huge in one place and smaller in the other, otherwise yes it would have been in the template. GarrettTalk 13:45, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

The Mega Edition
So why was "The Mega Edition" deleted? It is officially licensed and of interest to the Monopoly community. It may be the most important addition to Monopoly since the Stock Exchange.

title: Talk:Monopoly


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 2, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)

SCENA 1: Strasbourg: Catherina e Petro es in le appartamento de Petro. Illes discute lor planos pro lor viage a Geneva. In le presentia de Catherina, Petro ascolta le messages in le registrator automatic de su telephono.

Nos ascolta un message registrate per Alicia, su secretaria, qui le revela que illa autorisava que on portava via le cosas in su officio a causa de su obligation de vader a Geneva pro su travalio. Illa informa a Petro que illa vadera directemente a Geneva pro travaliar con ille al fin de su periodo feriate.

Petro non pare multo enthusiastic sur su transferimento a Geneva. Ille invita Catherina (qui trova le situation amusante) a dinar con ille, ma illa non accepta le invitation proque illa ha multo a facer.

Petro: Nos arriva tosto. Ecce mi appartamento. Vamos. Entra.

Catherina: Gratias.

Petro: Seque me, per favor.

Catherina: Iste es un camera multo belle.

Petro: Si. Illo non es mal. Esque vos vole biber alique?

Catherina: No. Io sta ben, gratias. Io debera partir ante pauc tempore. Io ha multo a facer.

Petro: E vos vade a Geneva deman.

Catherina: Si.

Petro: E io, io vade dominica, e nos nos videra le postmeridie de dominica o le matino de lunedi.

Catherina: Si, exactemente. Io poterea telephonar vos post que vos arriva in vostre officio.

Petro: Illo esserea un pauco tosto, ma .... Illo non vos molestarea de ulle maniera?.

Catherina: No, de nulle maniera. Que es isto?

Petro: Un registrator automatic de messages de telephono.

Catherina: Un tal cosa poterea esser multo utile.

Petro: Si. Io non es in mi appartamento multo sovente.

(Petro prime un button sur le machina pro audir su messages.)

Alicia: Es io, Alicia. Ubi esseva vos heri durante le postmeridie? Io telephonava tres vices.

Catherina: Qui es illa?

Petro: Alicia, mi secretaria.

Catherina: Illa non es hic in iste momento?

Petro: No, illa es in su dies feriate.

Alicia: Finalmente, vos ha retornate a vostre appartamento. Io ha unes novas pro vos. Vos va partir pro Geneva multo tosto. Un littera arrivava ex Paris ante un septimana. Illes voleva saper si vos voleva le position in Geneva. Io diceva a illes que le position vos interessava e scribeva a illes un littera de confirmation pro vos.

Petro: Multe gratias!

Alicia: Vos va haber besonio de un secretaria in Geneva. Non vos preoccupa. Io non va abandonar vos. Io vadera illac pro travaliar con vos multo tosto, post mi dies feriate.

Petro: Illa pensa vermente a toto!

Alicia: Vostre superior in Geneva essera un femina, Catherina De Sanctis. Illa es juvene ... e multe attractive, il me pare.

Caterina: Io trova vostre secretaria multo sympathic!

Petro: Vermente?

Alicia: Il ha un altere cosa: Marc Revel ha besonio de vostre officio. Deman illes venira portar via omne vostre cosas. Il essera necesse que vos trova un altere officio usque le fin del septimana. Io diceva que omne stava ben proque tosto vos vaderea a Geneva.

Petro: Ille femina essaya planificar mi vita como si illa esseva mi matre!

Alicia: Isto es toto. Io va sortir pro prender le sol. Vos va mancar me, io sape, ma nos nos videra in multo pauc tempore. Io va inviar a vos un carta postal.

Catherina: Bon. Illa ha explicate toto lo que io voleva dicer a vos.

Petro: Si.

Catherina: Toto nunc se ha explicate.

Petro: Completemente. Omne es sur mi registrator de messages.

Catherina: Ben. Io nunc va vader via. Nos non ha ullo a discuter in iste momento, il me pare.

Petro: Si. Vos ha ration. Ascolta. Ubi va vos mangiar? Vole vos dinar con me?

Catherina: No, gratias. Io non crede que io vole facer illo. Io ha multe cosas a facer.

Petro: Ben. Tunc nos nos videra le septimana proxime

Catherina: Si. Assi es le cosas. Usque le septimana proxime!

Petro: Io vos accompania ex le edificio.

Catherina: No. Non face illo. Alicia forsan va telephonar vos. E vos non esseva hic le ultime vice que illa vos telephonava.

EXERCITIO 1: Ascoltar un message.

Guida: Bon. Petro nunc sape ubi ille va e proque. Su secretaria, iste Alicia, pare assatis autoritari. Que nos nunc ascolta un altere message ex un registrator telephonic.

Un femina: Illo es un registrator telephonic.

Martina: Petro, io es Martina. Martina Barrate. Ascolta, mi automobile es stropiate. Illo es in le garage. Io non cognosce le causa del problema, ma io non potera recuperar lo hodie. Tunc, esque tu poterea portar me al officio in tu automobile in le matino deman? Io non pote usar le automobile de Eric proque ille ha besonio de illo. Esque io pote partir con te? Io essera hic omne le vespere, si tu vole telephonar me.

Un femina: Ubi vole illa vader?

Un homine: Al officio, pro travaliar.

Un femina: Quando? A que hora?

Un homine: Deman per le matino.

Un femina: Esque illa usara su proprie automobile pro vader al officio?

Un homine: No. Su automobile es in le garage. Illa vole que Petro la porta illac.

Guida: Io comprende. Finalmente, io suppone que omne illo va devenir plus facile, con le tempore.

SCENA 2: Strasbourg, in le officios de Marex Mundial: In iste scena Petro parla a su chef de servicio. Ille le dice que tosto ille va a Geneva. Il pare que Bernardo, le Chef, jam sapeva isto, e ille deveni irritate a causa del attitude apparentemente casual de Petro sur su partita e le problemas que illo va causar a omnes in le departimento.

Ille deveni specialmente irritate quando Petro demanda su adjuta in su cerca pro su caffetiera preciose. Ille expressa su irritation assatis fortemente, e Petro rapidemente vade via, exprimente que ille comprende proque le chef es assatis irritate.

Petro: Bernardo?

Bernardo: Si?

Petro: Esque io pote vider vos un momento?

Bernardo: Si.

Petro: Io va comenciar travaliar tosto sur un nove projecto. Io sape que io non ha potite dar a vos mi notification antea, ma ...

Bernardo: Io sape. Vos vade a Geneva.

Petro: Ah, vos jam lo sapeva?

Bernardo: Si. Vos parti multo tosto, nonne?

Petro: Si, multo tosto.

Bernardo: Al fin del septimana?

Petro: Exactemente. Io vola ibi deman.

Bernardo: Isto me pare un pauco troppo precipitate.

Petro: Si, si, io sape, e anque pro me.

Bernardo: Henrique va esser sol.

Petro: Si.

Bernardo: Ille va deber facer omne le travalio completemente sol.

Petro: Oh, io es confidente que ille potera facer lo assatis facilemente.

Bernardo: Vos vermente crede isto?

Petro: Si. Felicemente, il non ha multe travalio in iste momento. Toto es multo calme.

Bernardo: Felicemente pro nos!

Petro: Si. Io sape que isto es vermente difficile pro vos.

Bernardo: Si, ma ...

Petro: Bernardo, io volerea vos demandar un favor.

Bernardo: Si?

Petro: Heri on ha portate via omne le cosas in mi officio, e io ha perdite alique. Illo es alique que es mie personalmente.

Bernardo: Ah, si? Que?

Petro: Un caffetiera. Alicuno sin dubita credeva que illo esseva le proprietate del compania, ma illo es mie. Le problema es que io non pote trovar lo, e ...

Bernardo: Un caffetiera?

Petro: Si. Un caffetiera marron. Electric. Io lo ha comprate solmente ante un mense.

Bernardo: Ascolta, Petro. Io regretta isto, ma io trova que vos exaggera le importantia de omne isto un pauco. Vos me dice que vos va a Geneva in quatro dies. Vostre partita causa multe inconvenientias pro Henrique e le servicio. Isto anque me causa grande problemas. E nostre clientes? Que va illes pensar de omne isto? Vermente, Petro, io non crede que isto es multo importante. E io lo regretta, ma io non ha ulle tempore a perder pro un caffetiera, mesmo si illo es nove.

Petro: Certemente. Io comprende. A revider. (A se) Le Chef non es multo sympathic hodie.

EXERCITIO 2: Le datas e le tempore.

Guida: Si io comprende ben, le chef de Petro es assatis irritate a causa de su viage a Geneva. Il ha parlate de un demora troppo curte, il me pare.

Prime homine: Demanda quando va comenciar illo?

Un femina: Quando va illo comenciar?

Secunde homine: Illo comencia lunedi. Demanda a ille que lunedi.

Un femina: Que lunedi?

Prime homine: Le proxime lunedi. Demanda a ille quanto dies illo face.

Un femina: Quanto dies face illo?

Secunde homine: Illo face sex dies solmente. Hodie es martedi.

Un femina: Illo es un demora assatis curte.

Guida: Ah!

Un homine: Io sape. Illo es un demora multo curte.

Un femina: Io ha besonio de plus tempore.

Un homine: Illo comencia lunedi. Nos ha solmente un septimana.

Un femina: Que die es hodie? Que esseva le die de heri? Heri il esseva lunedi. Tunc hodie es ...

Un homine: Martedi.

Un femina: Illo vole dicer que deman le die essera ...

Un homine: Mercuridi.

Un femina: E le die post deman essera ...

Un homine: Venerdi.

Un femina: In quatro dies le die essera ...

Un homine: Dominica.

Un femina: Illo significa tunc que in sex dies le die essera

Un homine: Lunedi de novo.

Un femina: Io ha besonio de plus tempore.

Un homine: Nos non ha le tempore.

Un femina: E il va continuar le septimana proxime.

Guida: Bon. Catherina debeva vader in avion a Suissa hodie. Io me demanda si illa jam ha arrivate a Geneva.


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 2, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)

SCENE 1: Strasbourg: Catherina and Petro are in Petro's apartment. They are discussing his plans for his trip to Geneva. In Catherina's presence, Petro listens to the messages on his telephone answering machine.

We hear a message recorded by Alicia, his secretary, who reveals to him that she authorized that everything be taken from his office because of his obligation to go to Geneva for his work. She informs Petro that she will go directly to Geneva to work with him at the end of her vacation.

Petro does not seem very enthusiastic about his transfer to Geneva. He invites Catherina (who finds the situation a bit funny) to have dinner with him, but she does not accept the invitation because she has a lot to do.

Petro: We'll be arriving soon. There is my apartment, over there. Let's go. Come on in.

Catherina: Thanks.

Petro: Follow me, please.

Catherina: This is a very nice room.

Petro: Yes. It isn't bad. Would you like something to drink?

Catherina: No. I'm fine, thanks. I will be having to leave before long. I've got a lot to do.

Petro: And you're going to Geneva tomorrow.

Catherina: Yes.

Petro: And me, I'm going Sunday, and we will see each other Sunday afternoon or Monday morning.

Catherina: Yes, exactly. I could telephone you shortly after you get to your office.

Petro: That would be a little early, but .... That wouldn't bother you in any way?

Catherina: Not at all. What is this?

Petro: A telephone answering machine.

Catherina: Something like that can be very useful.

Petro: Yes. I'm not in my apartment all that often.

(Peter presses a button on the machine to hear his messages.)

Alicia: It's me, Alice. Where were you yesterday afternoon? I called you up three times.

Catherina: Who's that?

Petro: Alicia, my secretary.

Catherina: She isn't here right now?

Petro: No, she is on vacation.

Alicia: Finally, you've returned to your apartment. I've got some news for you. You're gonna leave for Geneva very soon. A letter arrived here from Paris a week ago. They wanted to know if you would be interested in the position in Geneva. I told them that you were interested in the job and wrote them a confirmation letter for you.

Petro: Thanks a lot!

Alicia: You're gonna need a secretary in Geneva. Don't worry. I'm not gonna abandon you. I will be going there to work for you very soon, after my vacation.

Petro: She really thinks of everything!

Alicia: Your boss in Geneva will be a woman, Catherina De Sanctis. She's young ... and very attractive, it seems to me.

Catherina: I think your secrtary's very nice!

Petro: Really?

Alicia: There's something else: Marc Reval needs you office. Tomorrow they're gonna move out all your things. It will be necessary for you to find another office until the end of the week. I said that everything was okay because soon you would be going to Geneva.

Petro: That woman's trying to plan my life as if whe were my mother!

Alicia: That's everything. I'm gonna go out to take in the sun. You're gonna need me, I know, but we will be seeing each other very shortly. I'm gonna send you a post card.

Catherina: Good. She's explained to you everything I wanted to say to you.

Petro: Yes.

Catherina: Everything has now been explained.

Petro: Completely. Everything is on my answering machine.

Catherina: Fine. I'm now gonna go away. We don't have anything to discuss right now, it seems to me.

Petro: Yes. You're right. Listen. Where are you going to eat? Do you want to go out to eat with me?

Catherina: No, thanks. I don't believe I want to do that. I've got many things to do.

Petro: Fine. Then we will see each other next week.

Catherina: Yes. That's the way things are. See you next week.

Petro: I'll walk with you out of the building.

Catherina: No. Don't do that. Alicia perhaps is gonna call you up. And you weren't here the last time she called you.

EXERCISE 2: Listening to a message.

Guide: Good. Petro now knows where he is going and why. His secretary, this Alicia, seems rather authoritarian. Let's listen to another answering-machine message.

Martina: Petro, this is Martina. Martina Barrate. Listen, my car has broken down. It is in the garage. I don't know the cause of the problem, but I won't be able to get it back today. So could you give me a lift to the office in your car tomorrow morning? I can't use Eric's car because he needs it. Could I go with you? I will be here all evening if you want to call me up.

A woman: Where does she want to go?

A man: To the office, to work.

A woman: When? At what time?

A man: Tomorrow in the morning.

A woman: Will she use her own car to go to the office?

A man: No. Her automobile is in the garage. She wants Peter to give her a lift there.

Guide: I understand. Finally, I suppose that all this will become easier, with time.

SCENE 2: Strasbourg, in the offices of Marex Mundial: In this scene Petro is talking to the service chief. He tells him that soon he will be going to Geneva. It seems that Bernardo, the chief, already knew this, and he becomes irritated because of Petro's apparently casual attitude about his departure and the problems it will cause everyone in the department.

He becomes especially irritated when Petro asks his help in his search for his precious coffee maker. He expresses his irritation rather strongly, and Petro rapidly goes away, expressing that he understands why the chief is a bit irritated.

Petro: Bernardo?

Bernardo: Yes?

Petro: Can I see you a moment?

Bernardo: Yes.

Petro: I'm going to start soon on a new project. I know that I have not been able to give you my notification before, but ...

Bernardo: I know. You're going to Geneva.

Petro: Ah, you already knew that?

Bernardo: Yes. You are leaving very soon, aren't you?

Petro: Yes, very soon.

Bernardo: At the end of the week?

Petro: Exactly. I'm flying there tomorrow.

Bernardo: This seems a little sudden to me.

Petro: Yes, yes, I know, and also for me.

Bernardo: Henrique is gonna be alone.

Petro: Yes.

Bernardo: He's gonna have to do all the work completely alone.

Petro: Oh, I'm confident that he will be able to do it rather easily.

Bernardo: You really think so?

Petro: Yes. Fortunately, he does not have much work right now. Everything is very calm.

Bernardo: Happily for us!

Petro: Yes. I know that this is really difficult for you.

Bernardo: Yes, but ...

Petro: Bernardo, I would like to ask a favor of you.

Bernardo: Yes?

Petro: Yesterday someone took away all the things in my office, and I have lost something. It is something that is mine personally.

Bernardo: Oh yes? What?

Petro: A coffee maker. Someone no doubt thought it was company property, but it is mine. The problem is that I can't find it, and ...

Bernardo: A coffee maker?

Petro: Yes. A brown coffee maker. Electric. I bought it only a month ago.

Bernardo: Look, Petro. I'm sorry about this, but I find that you are exaggerating the importance of all this a little bit. You tell me that you are going to Geneva in four days. Your departure is causing a lot of inconvenience for Henrique and the service. This is also causing me big problems. And our clients? What are they going to think about all this? Really, Petro, I don't think that this is very important. And I'm sorry, but I don't have any time to lose for a coffee maker, even if it is new.

Petro: Certainly. I understand. See you later. (To himself) The chief isn't in a very good mood today.

EXERCISE 2: Dates and the time of day.

Guide: If I understand correctly, Peter's boss is rather irritated because of his trip to Geneva. He has talked about too short a delay, it seems to me.

First man: Ask him when it is gonna start.

A woman: When is it gonna start?

Second man: It starts Monday. Ask him which Monday.

A woman: Which Monday?

First man: Next Monday. Ask him how many days that is?

A woman: How many days is that?

Second man: That is only six days. Today is Tuesday.

A woman: That is a rather short delay.

Guida: Ah!

A man: I know. That is a very short delay.

A woman: I need more time.

A man: It starts Monday. We have only a week.

A woman: What day is today? What was the day yesterday? Yesterday it was Monday. So today is ...

A man: Tuesday.

A woman: That means that tomorrow the day will be ...

A man: Wednesday.

A woman: And the day after tomorrow will be ...

A man: Friday.

A woman: In four days the day will be ...

A man: Sunday.

A woman: That means then that in six days the day will be ...

A man: Monday once again.

A woman: I need more time.

A man: We don't have the time.

A woman: I need another week.

A man: The congress is gonna start next week.

A woman: And it is going to continue next week.

Guide: Good. Catherina had to go by plane to Switzerland today. I'm wondering if she has already arrived in Geneva.


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 2, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)

SCENA 3: Geneva, al aeroporto e in le automobile de Carla Jackson: Catherina es in le aeroporto de Geneva. Un femina, Carla Jackson, veni in incontro de illa. Carla es suisse, ma su marito es american e vive in Suissa.

Illa ha venite con su automobile pro portar Carla a un hotel, e illa parla un pauco sur su vita e su marito, qui cerca travalio in iste momento.

Illa da a Catherina le nomine de su hotel e indica a illa ubi illo se trova. Quando illes arriva al hotel in le centro de Geneva, Carla exprime su surprisa quando illa discoperi que Catherina non porta multe bagage con se.

Carla Jackson: Excusa me, esque vos es senioretta De Sanctis?

Catherna: Si, es io.

Carla Jackson: Bon die. Mi nomine es Carla Jackson.

Catherina: Bon die.

Carla Jackson: Benvenite a Geneva.

Catherina: Gratias.

Carla Jackson: Vos ha habite un bon viage?

Catherina: Oh, excellente, gratias.

Carla Jackson: Io ha un automobile pro portar vos via a vostre hotel.

Catherina: Ah, multo ben. Vos es multo gentil pro venir reciper me. De ubi es vos, vos mesme?

Carla Jackson: Io es suisse.

Catherina: Suisse? Vostre nomine pare plus tosto anglese o american.

Carla Jackson: Ah, si, Jackson. Mi marito es american.

Catherina: Vive vos in Geneva, vos e vostre marito?

Carla Jackson: Si. Assatis vicin al aeroporto, a unes kilometros. Vinti minutas in automobile.

Catherina: E que face vostre marito?

Carla Jackson: Non multo. Ille non travalia in iste momento. Ille cerca travalio.

Catherina: Qual es su profession?

Carla Jackson: Ille es professor. Ille insenia le education physic.

Catherina: Ah, il me pare que il non es facile esser un estraniero in Suissa, specialmente quando on non ha travalio.

Carla Jackson: Vos ha ration. Vermente, il es multo difficile. Ma io, al minus, ha un travalio. Il non es facile pro mi marito, proque ille es un professor, e ille non ha le nationalitate suisse. Il ha le nationalitate american.

Catherina: Ma vos, vos ha le nationalitate suisse?

Carla Jackson: Si. Io nasceva in Suissa. Ma mi marito, ille es american. E in plus il non parla multo ben le francese.

Catherina: Tunc ille non pote travaliar in un schola switze.

Carla Jackson: Assi es. Il pote travaliar solmente in un schola international o un schola private si il ha un position libere. Il es assatis dur pro ille in iste momento. Le cosas meliorara quando ille cognoscera ben le francese. E vos, vos parla anglese o un altere lingua?

Catherina: Si. Io parla assatis ben le anglese e le germano.

Carla Jackson: Il es vermente utile parlar diverse linguas. ... Oh, io non ha dicite a vos le nomine de vostre hotel. Illo es le hotel Leman. Illo es in le centro del citate, ma in un loco non multo ruitose.

Catherina: Illo es perfecte.

Carla Jackson: Si vos ha besonio de ulle altere cosa, dice me.

Catherina: Gratias. Io lo facera. Ma primo io debe trovar un appartamento.

Carla Jackson: Trovar un officio non es difficile. Ma un appartamento es plus complicate.

Catherina: Le senior Tanner essaya trovar me alique. Ille cognosce ben Geneva e le partes que lo circumfere.

Carla Jackson: Ah, si, Le senior Tanner. Il non travalia in le mesme loco que io, ma io le cognosce. Nos ha arrivate al hotel.

Catherina: Ben. Multe gratias.

Carla Jackson: Il esseva un placer. Isto es vermente toto lo que vos ha como bagages?

Catherina: Si. Io recipera le restante tosto in le futuro.

Carla Jackson: Vos non ha multo.

Catherina: Illo es sufficiente pro me in iste momento. Ah, Me place multo iste hotel.

EXERCITIO 3: Positiones de empleo e nationalitates:

Guida: Multo interessante iste conversation. Io volerea ben audir un altere vice le parolas e le expressiones pro describer le nationalitates e le positiones de empleo.

Un homine: Iste homine, le doctor Charles Lautner, ille veni de Suissa?

Un femina: Ille es suisse. Ecce le senior Maurice Gobin. Ille veni de Francia.

Un homine: Ille es francese. Bon. Le seniora Renate Schwartz. Illa veni de Germania.

Un femina: Illa es german. E le seniora Contini? Illa veni de Italia.

Un homine: Illa es italian. E le senior Gonzalo Alvarez? Ille veni de Espania.

Un femina: Ille es espaniol. E le senior Joao Soares? Ille veni de Portugal.

Un homine: Ille es portugese. E le senior Akiro Mishima? Ille veni de Japon.

Un femina: Ille es japonese. Que face ille?

Un homine: Ille es un homine de affaires. Ille es le presidente de un compania parve que probabilemente devenira multo importante in le futuro.

Un femina: E le marito de Carla Jackson?

Un homine: Ille non ha travalio. Ille es disempleate. Ille es un professor. Ille es american. Su marita es suisse e travalia in un officio.

Guida: Hmm, io volerea audir un parte de isto un altere vice, ma un pauco plus lentemente.

Un homine: Que face ille?

Un femina: Ille cerca travalio

Un homine: Que typo de travalio?

Un femina: Como professor.

Un homine: De ubi veni ille?

Un femina: Del Statos Unite. Ille es american.

Un homine: E su femina?

Un femina: De Suissa. Illa es suisse.

Un homine: Esque illa anque cerca travalio?

Un femina: No. Illa ha un empleo. Illa travalia in un officio. Ille es empleate in un officio.

Guida: Catherina nunc va al officio. Que nos vide lo que tunc passa.

SCENA 4: Geneva, le officios del holding: In iste scena nos face le cognoscentia de Alan Tanner, qui travalia in le edificio del Holding. Il es obvie que ille e Catherina se cognosce multo ben socialmente. Illa demanda a ille como on pote trovar un officio in Geneva.

Alan Tanner explica que il non ha ulle spatio in le edificio del holding ma que ille ha arrangiate que Catherina consulta immediatemente con un agente qui potera adjuvar la. Ma ante que Catherina parti pro vider le agente, Alan la invita a dinar con ille. Catherina observa que ille non ha cambiate de ulle maniera.

Catherina: Esque io pote entrar, senior Tanner.

Tanner: Catherina! Ah! Io es felice de vider vos. Como sta vos?

Catherina: Multo ben, gratias, Alan. E vos?

Tanner: Multo ben. Que pensa vos de Geneva?

Catherina: Illo ha un ar multo agradabile.

Tanner: Vos ha habite un bon viage?

Catherina: Multo bon, gratias.

Tanner: E le hotel, vos lo trova conveniente?

Catherina: Si. Illo es multo bon.

Tanner: E omne le cosas in Paris, illos va ben?

Catherina: Si, omne va multo ben in Paris.

Tanner: Ah. Nos ha passate momentos multo bon in in Paris vos e io.

Catherina: Si, vermente.

Tanner: Vos ha venite un pauco ante tempore pro organisar vos?

Catherina: Si. Al minus io vole organisar lo que io pote ante comenciar mi travalios. Dice me, como trova on un officio in iste citate?

Tanner: Ah, infelicemente, il non ha ulle spatio in iste edificio.

Catherina: Si, io sape. Io sape.

Tanner: Omne isto es stupide. Vos es solmente quatro personas, e omne es tanto grande hic. On poterea creder que nos poterea accommodar quatro nove personas, ma isto non es vermente possibile.

Catherina: Si, si. Io comprende. De ulle maniera illo non es le mesme organisation. Il esserea possibilemente preferibile que nos non sia in le mesme edificio.

Tanner: Io non comprende proque non. Ma de omne manieras, io ha telephonate un agente qui specialisa in trovar officios, e io ha arrangiate un reunion inter vos e ille. Io crede que il esserea melio si vos parlava directemente con ille.

Catherina: Ah, multo ben. Quando essera le reunion?

Tanner: Nunc.

Catherina: Nunc?

Tanner: Si. Le reunion esseva pro nove horas e medio.

Catherina: Ma il es nunc nove horas e medio.

Tanner: Io sape.

Catherina: Tunc que nos va illac.

Tanner: Attende. Que nos fini nostre caffe primo. Nos non ha ulle besonio de hastar nos. E io ha unes cosas a dicer a vos.

Catherina: Ah, si? Sur que?

Tanner: Sur le possibilitate que vos e io dinara conjunctemente iste vespere.

Catherina: Alan, vos non ha cambiate de ulle maniera.

EXERCITIO 4: Como parlar sur le hora del die.

Guida: Io vole esser confidente de saper dicer le hora in interlingua.

Un femina: Que hora es il?

Un homine: Il es circa cinque horas trenta.

Un femina: Cinque horas trenta. Cinque horas e medie.

Un homine: A que hora veni le traino?

Un femina: Pro le horarios de trainos, on usa le horologio de vinti-quatro horas.

Un homine: Que nos vide. Dece-septe horas. Que vole dicer illo?

Un femina: Dece-septe horas es cinque horas.

Un homine: Que nos essaya dece-sex horas quaranta.

Un femina: Cinque horas quaranta. E dece-octo horas cinquanta. Que es illo?

Un homine: Sex horas cinquanta.

Un femina: E un altere maniera de dicer septe horas minus dece?

Un homine: Sex horas cinquanta.

Un femina: E dece-nove horas dece? Que pote on dicer in vice de dece-nove horas dece?

Un homine: Septe horas dece.

Un femina: Si, septe horas dece.

Un homine: Si, septe horas dece.

Un femina: E septe horas dece-cinque? Que pote on dicer in vice de septe horas dece cinque?

Un homine: Septe horas e un quarto.

Un femina: E septe horas quaranta-cinque?

Un homine: Octo horas minus un quarto.

Guida: Ah, gratias. Io nunc comprende un pauco melio.

A woman: Ben. Nos debe trovar le traino, e nos debe usar iste horologio de vinti-quatro horas. Que es dece-octo horas cinque?

A man: Sex horas cinque. Que es dece-nove horas dece-cinque?

A woman: Septe horas e un quarto. Que es vinti horas vinti-cinque?

A man: Octo horas vinti-cinque. E vinti-un horas trenta?

A woman: Nove horas e medio. E vinti-un horas trenta cinque?

A man: Dece horas minus vinti-cinque. E vinti-tres horas quaranta?

A woman: Le medienocte minus vinti.

Guida: Que nos retorna a Strasbourg ubi nos ha lassate Petro. Il es necesse que ille prepara su viage a Geneva. Ecce ille al agentia de viage.


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 2, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)

SCENE 3: Geneva, at the airport and in Carla Jackson's automobile: Catherina is in the Geneva airport. A woman, Carla Jackson, comes to meet her. Carla is Swiss, but her husband is American and lives in Switzeland.

She has come with her car to take Carla to a hotel, and she talks a little about her life and her husband, who is looking for work at this moment.

She gives Catherina the name of her hotel and indicates to her where it is located. When they arrive at the hotel in downtown Geneva, Carla expresses her surprise when she discovers that Catherina is not carrying much baggage with her.

Carla Jackson: Excusa me, are you Miss De Sanctis?

Catherina: Yes, that's me.

Carla Jackson: Good afternoon. My name is Carla Jackson.

Catherina: Good afternoon.

Carla Jackson: Welcome to Geneva.

Catherina: Thanks.

Carla Jackson: Have you had a good trip?

Catherina: Oh, excellent, thanks.

Carla Jackson: I have an automobile to take you away to your hotel.

Catherina: Ah, very good. You are very nice for coming to pick me up. Where are you from yourself?

Carla Jackson: I'm Swiss.

Catherina: Swiss? Your name seems more English or American.

Carla Jackson: Oh, yes, Jackson. My husband is American.

Catherina: Do you live in Switzerland, you and your husband?

Carla Jackson: Yes. Rather near the airport, a few kilometers away. Twenty minutes by car.

Catherina: And what does your husband do?

Carla Jackson: Not much. He's not working at this moment. He's looking for work.

Catherina: What's his profession?

Carla Jackson: He's a teacher. He teaches physical education.

Catherina: Ah, it seems to me that it is not easy to be a foreigner in Switzerland, especially when a person doesn't have work.

Carla Jackson: You're right. Really, it's very hard. But I, at least, have a job. It is not easy for my husband, because he is a teacher, and he is not a Swiss national. He's an American citizen.

Catherina: But you, you are a Swiss national?

Carla Jackson: Yes. I was born in Switzerland. But my husband, he is American. And on top of that he doesn't speak French very well.

Catherina: Then he can't work in a Swiss school.

Carla Jackson: That's right. He can work only in an international school or a private school if there is an available position. It's rather hard for him at this moment. Things will get better once he knows French well. And you, do you speak English or another language?

Catherina: Yes. I speak English and German rather well.

Carla Jackson: It's really useful to speak several languages. ... Oh, I haven't told you the name of your hotel. It's the Hotel Leman. It's in the downtown area of the city, but in an area that is not very noisy.

Catherina: That's perfect.

Carla Jackson: If you need anything, let me know.

Catherina: Thanks. I will do so. But first I must find an apartment.

Carla Jackson: Finding an office is not difficult. But an apartment is more complicated.

Catherina: Mr. Tanner is trying to find me something. He knows Geneva well as well as the parts surrounding it.

Carla Jackson: Ah, yes, Mr. Tanner. He doesn't work in the same place I do, but I know him. We've arrived at the hotel.

Catherina: Good. Thanks a lot.

Carla Jackson: It was a pleasure. This is really all the baggage you have?

Catherina: Yes. I will be getting the rest very soon later on.

Carla Jackson: You don't have much.

Catherina: It's enough for me right now. Ah, I really like this hotel.

EXERCISE 3: Jobs and nationalities.

Guide: Very interesting, this conversation. I would like to hear once again the expressions for describing nationalities and positions of employment.

A man: This man, Dr. Chrales Lautner, he comes from Switzerland?

A woman: He is Swiss. Here is Mr. Maurice Gobin. He comes from France.

A man: He's French. Good. Mrs. Renate Schwartz. She comes from Germany.

A woman: She's German. And Mrs. Conini? She comes from Italy.

A man: She's Italian. And Mr. Gonzalo Alvarez? He comes from Spain.

A woman: He's Spanish. And Mr. Joao Soares? He comes from Portugal.

A man: He's Portuguese. And Mr. Akiro Mishima? He comes from Japan.

A woman: He's Japanese. What does he do?

A man: He's a businessman. He is the president of a small company that will probably will become very important later on.

A woman: And Carla Jackson's husband?

A man: He doesn't have any work. He is unemployed. He is a teacher. He is American. His wife is Swiss and works in an office.

Guide: Hmm, I would like to hear part of this again, but a little more slowly.

A man: What does he do?

A woman: He's looking for work.

A man: What kind of work?

A woman: As a teacher.

A man: Where does he come from?

A woman: From the United States. He's American.

A man: And his wife?

A woman: From Switzerland. She's Swiss.

A man: Is she also looking for work?

A woman: No. She has a job. She works in an office. She is employed in an office.

Guide: Catherina is now going to her office. Let's see now what's happening.

SCENE 4: Geneva, the offices of the holding company: In this scene we get to know Alan Tanner, who works in the building owned by the holding company. It is obvious that he and Catherina know each other very well socially. She asks him how a person can find an office in Geneva.

Alan Tanner explains that there is no space in the holding company's building but that he has arranged for Catherina to immediately consult with an agent who will be able to help her. But before Catherina leaves to see the agent, Alan invites her to have dinner with him. Catherina observes that he hasn't changed in any way at all.

Catherina: Can I come in, Mr. Tanner?

Tanner: Catherina! Ah! I'm happy to see you. How are you?

Catherina: Very well, thanks, Alan. And you?

Tanner: Very well. What do you think of Geneva?

Catherina: It seems to be very nice.

Tanner: Have you had a good trip?

Catherina: Very good, thanks.

Tanner: And the hotel, do you find it convenient?

Catherina: Yes. It is very good.

Tanner: And things in Paris, are they going well?

Catherina: Yes, everyting is going very well in Paris.

Tanner: Ah. We had some really nice times in Paris, you and I.

Catherina: Yes, really.

Tanner: You came a little early to get organized?

Catherina: Yes. At least I want to organize what I can before starting work. Tell me, how can a person find an office in this city?

Tanner: Ah. Unfortunately, there is no space in this building.

Catherina: Yes, I know. I know.

Tanner: All this is stupid. You are only four people, and everything is so big here. You'd think we could find something for four new people, but this isn't really possible.

Catherina: Yes, yes. I understand. At any rate, it is not the same organization. It would probably be better for us not to be in the same office.

Tanner: I don't see why not. But in any event, I have called an agent who specializes in finding offices, and I have arranged a meeting between you and him. I believe that it would be better if you talked directly with him.

Catherina: Ah, very good. When will the meeting take place?

Tanner: Now.

Catherina: Now?

Tanner: Yes. The meeting was for nine thirty.

Catherina: But it is now nine thirty.

Tanner: I know.

Catherina: Then we'd better go there.

Tanner: Wait. Let's finish our coffee first. We don't have any need to hurry up. And I have some things to say to you.

Catherina: Oh yeah? About what?

Tanner: About the possibility of the two of us going out to dinner this evening.

Catherina: Alan, you haven't changed at all.

EXERCISE 4: How to talk about the time of day.

Guide: I want to be confident about knowing how to tell the time of day in Interlingua.

A woman: What time is it?

A man: It is about five thirty.

A woman: Five thirty.

A man: What time does the train come?

A woman: For train schedules, people use a twenty-four-hour clock.

A man: Let's see. Seventeen hundred hours. What does that mean?

A woman: Seventeen hundred hours is five o'clock.

A man: Let's try sixteen hundred forty hours.

A woman: Five forty. And eighteen hundred hours fifty. What is that?

A man: Six forty.

A woman: And another way of saying ten to seven?

A man: Six fifty.

A woman: And ninteen hundred hours ten? What can be said instead of nineteen hundred hours ten?

A man: Seven ten.

A woman: Yes, seven ten.

A woman: And seven fifteen? What can be said instead of seven fifteen?

A man: A quarter past seven.

A woman: And seven forty five?

A man: A quarter to eight.

Guide: Ah, thanks. I now understand a bit better.

A woman: Fine. We have to catch the train, and we must use this twenty-four-hour clock. What is eighteen hundred five hours?

A man: Six oh five. What is nineteen hundred five hours?

A woman: Seven fifteen. What is twenty hundred twenty-five hours?

A man: Eight twenty-five And twenty-one hundred thirty hours?

A woman: Nine thirty. And twenty-one hundred twenty-five hours?

A man: Twenty-five to ten. And twenty-three forty hours?

A woman: Twenty minutes to midnight.

Guide: Let's return to Strasbourg where we have left Petro. He has to prepare for his trip to Geneva. Here he is at the travel agency:


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 2, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)

SCENA 5: Strasbourg: Petro es in le officio de un agente de viages. Ille face reservationes pro un volo a Geneva. Il non ha un volo directe a ille destination, e ille debe volar a Paris e transbordar a un altere avion. Le agente suggere que Petro vade a Lyon e de Lyon per un traino de grande velocitate (TGV) a Geneva, ma Petro prefere viagiar completemente per avion. Le agente tunc le vende un billet a Geneva via Paris, e Petro le da un cheque pro le viage.

Petro: Esque vos pote adjuvar me?

Le agente: Un momento. Si. Como pote io servir vos?

Petro: Io vole vader a Geneva iste dominica.

Le agente: Como vole vos viagiar illac?

Petro: Per avion.

Le agente: Que compania?

Petro: Le compania? Illo non importa. Ulle compania sta ben.

Le agente: Prime classe? Classe tourista?

Petro: Classe tourista.

Le agente: Le matino o le postmeridie?

Petro: Io prefere le postmeridie. Que nos dice verso tres o quatro horas.

Le agente: Tunc ... e ben, il pare que il non ha un volo directe inter Strasbourg e Geneva. Il es necesse cambiar a un altere avion in Paris. Il ha un volo Air Inter inter Strasbourg e Paris. Vos tunc viagiara per Air France usque Geneva. Vos partira le matino.

Petro: E ... le viage dura quanto tempore?

Le agente: Que nos vide. ... Illo depende del tempore que vos debera attender in Paris. Quando vole vos partir? Que die?

Petro: Dominica. Le proxime dominica. A dece horas.

Le agente: Dominica. ... Vos tunc habera un vol Air Inter pro Paris a dece un horas trenta, que arriva a Paris a dece duo horas quaranta cinque.

Petro: Si. ... E postea como vade io a Geneva?

Le agente: Vos tunc ha un volo Air France pro Geneva, que parti a dece septe horas dece cinque de Paris e arriva a Geneva a dece septe horas vinti.

Petro: Il non ha ulle volo directe?

Le agente: No, nullo. Si vos non vole prender duo aviones, vos pote vader per avion a Lyon, e tunc vos pote vader in le TGV usque Geneva a dece septe horas vinti.

Petro: Si, ma io deberea vader desde le aeroporto de Lyon usque le station ferroviari. No. Io prefere prender le avion.

Le agente: Multo ben. Esque vos pote dar me vostre nomine?

Petro: Minelli, em, i, en, e, duple el, i.

Le agente: Vostre initiales?

Petro: Pe, como Petro.

Le agente: Un minuta. Vos vole reservar vostre viage de retorno in iste momento?

Petro: No, io non vole un billet de vader e retornar. Un billet simplemente a Geneva suffice.

Le agente: Ben. Un minuta, per favor. Ecce vostre billet. Vostre reservation es pro dominica le dece de iste mense. Vos parti le dominica desde Strasbourg a dece un horas trenta e vos arriva a Geneva a dece septe horas vinti. Vos tunc debera attender in Paris a tres horas e medio.

Petro: Multo ben, gratias.

Le agente: Como vole vos pagar? Carta de credito? Cheque, billetes de banca?

Petro: Per cheque.

Le agente: Multo ben. Le precio total es mille sex centos euros, per favor.

Petro: Si. Pro qui debe io inscriber mi cheque?

Le agente: Pro le agentia Kaufmann.

Petro: Ke, ...

Le agente: Ka majuscule, a, u, ef, em, a, duple en.

Petro: Gratias. Ecce le cheque.

EXERCITIO 5: Comprar un billet.

Guida: Bon. Petro ha reservate su sede de avion. Que nos essaya practicar le vocabulario que on usa pro facer isto. Que dice vos al agentia de viage?

Un homine: Io vole vader a Frankfurt. Io vole viagiar in avion. Io volerea reservar un sede de avion pro Frankfurt.

Un femina: Quando vole vos partir?

Un homine: Venerdi.

Un femina: Il ha un volo a dece horas.

Un homine: Esque il ha un volo in le postmeridie?

Un femina: Si. Il ha un altere volo Lufthansa a quatro horas.

Un homine: A que hora arriva on a Paris?

Un femina: Le vola dura un hora.

Un homine: Tunc io arrivara illac a cinque horas?

Un femina: Si, exactemente.

Un homine: Ben. Esque vos pote reservar me un sede sur le volo de quatro horas pro Frankfurt?

Un femina: Si. Io pote preparar pro vos un billet pro le volo de quatro horas pro Frankfurt, le venerdi quatro junio. E quando vole vos retornar?

Un homine: Esque io pote lassar aperite le volo de retorno? Io non sape in iste momento quando io potera retornar, e io volerea decider isto plus tarde.

Un femina: Si, io comprende. Io lassa aperite le billet de retorno. Como vole vos pagar? Vos pote pagar con un cheque.

Un homine: Esque io pote pagar con un carta de credito?

Un femina: Si, naturalmente. O vos anque pote pagar in notas de banca. Como vole vos pagar?

Un homine: Con un carta de credito. Quanto costa le billet?

Un femina: Sex centos cinquanta cinque euros.

Un homine: Multo ben. Ecce mi carta de credito.

Guida: Que nos retorna a Petro. Ille es in le aeroporto, e ille nunc face un nove amico.

SCENA 6: Petro es al puncto de imbarcar in le avion pro Geneva in le aeroporto de Strasbourg, ubi ille face le cognoscentia de un certe senior Melville, qui dice que ille es un consultante de affaires commercial. Petro le da un discurso assatis de- taliate sur su travalio.

Le senior Melville le da su carta, dicente que, gratias a su multiple contactos inter diverse governamentos, ille probabilemente potera inviar unes nove projectos a Petro. Ille suggere finalmente que Petro invia a ille un plan detaliate pro un projecto de ingenieria. Petro es incantate e dice que ille inviara alique al senior Melville multo tosto.

Le hostessa: Le passageros qui ha un carta de imbarcation verde habera le prime prioritate pro imbarcar. Per favor, da al passageros con un carta de imbarcation verde le prime prioritate pro imbarcar al avion.

Melville: Mi carta es verde.

Petro: E anque le mie. Il pare que nos ha solmente unes trenta minutas pro attender.

Melville: Si. Vos vive in Geneva, o vos vade ibi solmente como un tourista?

Petro: Io va travaliar illac.

Melville: Ah, si. Que face vos?

Petro: Io travalia in le transporto urban.

Melville: Vermente?

Petro: Si. Le trainos, le autobuses, etc.

Melville: Permitte me introducer me. Mi nomine es John Melville.

Petro: Petro Minelli. Multo felice de facer vostre cognoscentia.

Melville: Tunc vos es ingeniero?

Petro: Si, exactemente. Io ha un formation technic e commercial, le duo.

Melville: Parla me un pauco de iste systemas de transporto e de vostre nove compania. Illo me interessa.

Petro: Eh, ben. Imagina que vos ha un citate de unes million de habitantes. Vos ha besonio de un medio de transporto public, subterranee possibilemente, como le metro. O forsan vos vole un monorail suspendite. O possibilemente un vehiculo de superficie, un tramway.

Melville: Interessante. Continua.

Petro: Vos veni a vider nos. Nos vos explica le possibilitates existente. Nos parla a vos. Nos submitte a vos solutiones differente. Nos tunc pote construer un projecto de transporto pro vos que vos trova le plus convenibile.

Melville: Como? Vos provide le material, le machinas, le locomotivas, le trainos?

Petro: Toto. Nos construe omne per le companias de nostre gruppo.

Melville: A un precio.

Petro: A un precio multo competitive. Io pensa que vos vermente trovara lo que nos potera offerer vos le plus economic de omne le possibilitates.

Melville: Illo es multo interessante. Multo interessante. Ascolta, vos ha un carta?

Petro: Io non ha mi carta nove.

Melville: Permitte me dar a vos le mie. Io non trova mi carta professional in iste momento, ma ecce mi carta personal. Il es possibile que io pote diriger a vos un projecto o duo.

Petro: Ah si? Que genere de travalio face vos?

Melville: Io es un consiliero pro diverse interprisas, ma io ha contactos specialmente bon con differente agentias governamental, e io pensa que io poterea haber besonio de servicios simile al vostres.

Petro: Vermente? Illo pare multo ben.

Melville: Il ha alique que vos pote facer pro me. Que nos dice que nos ha un citate de un million de habitantes, pro exemplo. Que nos dice que nos ha un tal citate in le Medio Oriente. Esque vos pote inviar me un littera explicante me como vos comenciarea, como vos establirea vostre horarios e tarifas, quanto tempore esserea necesse pro le projecto, etc. Vos pote facer illo?

Petro: Certemente. Io dara a vos un idea de nostre manieras de planificar nostre projectos e lo que nos pote offerer a nostre clientes.

Melville: Perfecto.

Le hostessa: In unes minutas nos va arrivar a Geneva. Que vos extingue vostre cigarrettas, per favor, e attacca vostre cincturas.

Melville: Multo interessante. Multissimo interessante.

Guida: Multo ben. Petro ha arrivate a Geneva. Il pare que su travalio nove va comenciar ben tosto. Que nos vide lo que nunc se passa in le proxime parte.


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 2, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)

SCENE 5: Strasbourg: Petro is in a travel agent's office. He is making reservations for a flight to Geneva. There is no direct flight to that destination, and he must fly to Paris and transfer to another plane. The agent suggests that Petro go to Lyon and from Lyon by a high-speed train (TGV) to Geneva, but Petro prefers to travel completely by plane. The agent then sells him a ticket to Geneva via Paris, and Petro gives him a check for the trip.

Petro: Can you help me?

The agent: Just a moment. Yes. What can I do for you?

Petro: I want to go to Geneva this Sunday.

The agent: How do you want to go there?

Petro: By plane.

The agent: What company?

Petro: The company? That doesn't matter. Any company is okay.

The agent: First class? Tourist class?

Petro: Tourist class.

The agent: Morning or afternoon?

Petro: I prefer the afternoon. Let's say about three or four o'clock.

The agent: Then ... well, it seems that there isn't a direct flight between Strasbourg and Geneva. You'll have to transfer to another plane in Paris. There is an Air Inter flight between Strasbourg and Paris. You will then go by Air France to Geneva. You will leave in the morning.

Petro: And ... the trip takes how long?

The agent: Let's see. ... It depends on the time that you have to wait in Paris. When do you want to leave? What day?

Petro: Sunday. Next Sunday. At ten o'clock.

The agent: Sunday. ... You then will have an Air Inter flight for Paris at eleven thirty, which arrives in Paris at twelve forty-five.

Petro: Yes. ... And afterwards, how do I get to Geneva?

The agent: You then have an Air France flight for Geneva, which leaves at seventeen hundred fifteen hours from Paris and arrives in Geneva at seventeen hours twenty.

Petro: There's no direct flight?

The agent: No, none. If you don't want to take two planes, you can go by plane to Lyon, and then you can take the TGV to Geneva at seventeen hundred hours twenty.

Petro: Yes, but I would have to go from the Lyon airport to the railroad station. No. I prefer to take the plane.

The agent: Very well. Can you give me your name?

Petro: Minelli, em, I, en, ee, double ell, I.

The agent: Your initials?

Petro: Pea, as in Petro.

The agent: Just a minute. Do you want to reserve your trip from Geneva at this time?

Petro: No, I don't want a round-trip ticket. A one-way ticket to Geneva is good enough.

The agent: Fine. One minute, please. Here's your ticket. Your reservation is for Sunday the tenth of this month. You leave Sunday from Strasbourg at eleven thirty and you arrive at Geneva at seventeen hundred hours twenty. You then will have to wait in Paris three and a half hours.

Petro: Very well, thank you.

The agent: How do you want to pay? Credit card? Check? Cash?

Petro: By check.

The agent: Fine. The total price is sixteen hundred euros, please.

Petro: Okay. How do you want me to make out my check?

The agent: To the Kaufman Agency.

Petro: Kay, ...

The agent: Kay, ay, you, eff, em, ay, double en.

Petro: Thanks. Here's the check.

EXERCISE 5: Buying a ticket.

Guide: Good. Petro has reserved his plane seat. Let's try practicing the vocabulary used to do this. What do you say to the travel agent?

A man: I want to go to Frankfurt on Friday, the fourth of June. I want to travel by plane. I want to reserve a plane seat for Frankfurt.

A woman: When do you want to leave?

A man: Friday.

A woman: There is a flight at ten o'clock.

A man: Is there a flight in the afternoon?

A woman: Yes. There is another Lufthansa flight at four o'clock.

A man: What time does it get to Paris?

A woman: The flight lasts an hour.

A man: Then I will arrive there at five o'clock?

A woman: Yes, exactly.

A man: Fine. Can you reserve for me a seat on the four o'clock flight to Frankfurt?

A woman: Yes. I can prepare for you a ticket for the four o'clock flight to Frankfurt. And when do you want to return?

A man: Can I leave the return flight open? I don't know right now when I will be able to return, and I would like to decide this later.

A woman: Yes, I understand. I am leaving the return ticket open. How do you want to pay? You can pay with a check.

A man: Can I pay with a credit card?

A woman: Yes, naturally. Or you can also pay in cash. How do you want to pay?

A man: With a credit card. How much does the ticket cost?

A woman: Six hundred fifty-five euros.

A man: Very well. Here's my credit card.

Guide: Let's return to Petro. He is in the airport, and he is now making a new friend.

SCENE 6: Peter is at the point of getting on the plane for Geneva at the Strasbourg airport, where he meets a certain Mr. Melville, who says he is a business consultant. Petro gives him a rather detailed description of his work.

Mr. Melville gives him his card, saying that, because of his many contacts with various governments, he probably will be able to send some new projects to Petro. He suggests finally that Petro send him a detailed plan for an engineering project. Petro is very happy and says he will send something to Mr. Melville very soon.

The flight attendant: Passengers who have a green embarcation card will have the first priority for embarking. Please give passengers with a green embarcation card the first priority for embarking on the plane.

Melville: My card is green.

Petro: So is mine. It seems we have only thirty minutes to wait.

Melville: Yes. Do you live in Geneva, or are you going there only as a tourist?

Petro: I'm gonna work there.

Melville: Oh, yes. What do you do?

Petro: I work in urban transport.

Melville: Really?

Petro: Yes. Trains, buses, etc.

Melville: Allow me to introduce myself. My name is John Melville.

Petro: Petro Minelli. Very nice to meet you.

Melville: So you're an engineer?

Petro: Yes, exactly. I have a technical and commercial background, both of them.

Melville: Tell me a little about these systems of transport and about your new company. That interests me.

Petro: Okay. Imagine that you have a city of about a million people. You need a means of public transportation, underground possibly, like the metro. Or perhaps you want a suspended monorail. Or possibly a surface vehicle, a tramway.

Melville: Interesting. Continue.

Petro: You come to see us. We explain to you the existing possibilities. We talk to you. We submit to you different solutions. We then can construct the transport project for you that you find most suitable.

Melville: How? You provide the material, the machines, the locomotives, the trains?

Petro: Everything. We build everything through the companies in our group.

Melville: At a price.

Petro: At a very competitive price. I think you will really find what we offer you to be the most cost effective of all possibilities.

Melville: That's very interesting. Very interesting. Listen, do you have a card?

Petro: I don't have my new card.

Melville: Let me give you mine. I can't find my professional card at this moment, but here's my personal card. It is possible that I can send a project or two your way.

Petro: Oh yeah? What type of work do you do?

Melville: I am a consultant for different enterprises, but I have especially good contacts with different government agencies, and I think that I could have need for services similar to yours.

Petro: Really? That sounds very good.

Melville: There is something that you can do for me. Let's say we have a city of a million inhabitants, for example. Let's say that we have such a city in the Middle East. Can you send me a letter explaining to me how you would begin, how you would establish your schedules and prices, how much time would be necessary for the project, etc. Can you do that?

Petro: Certainly. I will give you an idea of our ways of planning our projects and what we can offer our clients.

Melville: Perfect.

The flight attendant: In a few minutes we will be arriving in Geneva. Please put out your cigarettes and attach your seat belts.

Melville: Very interesting. Very interesting indeed.

Guide: Very well. Petro has arrived in Geneva. It seems his new work will be starting very soon. Let's see what happens in the next part.


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 3, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)

SCENA 1: In iste scena, le agente que Alan Tanner presentava a Catherina monstra un officio vacue a illa. Secundo lo que ille dice, le officio es in un del districtos le plus elegante de Geneva. Catherina examina omne detaliatemente e face planos pro cambiar unes cosas. Illa vole un area de reception plus parve con plus de spatio pro le officios.

Le agente confirma que tal cambios non debe presentar ulle problemas. Postea illa verifica unes detalios sur le contracto de location, includente le precio de location e su periodo de tempore (tres annos, con le option de extender le contracto). Catherina e le agente retorna a su officio pro concluder le formalitates.

Le agente: Io es un agente de benes immobile, e io cognosce Geneva. Io pote dicer a vos que iste es un bon officio. Illo es ben situate. Vos cognosce Geneva un pauco?

Catherina: No.

Le agente: Eh ben, vos es in un de su vicinitates le plus belle.

Catherina: Ah si?

Le agente: Si, un vicinitate excellente--e anque central e practic. E le edificio es moderne. Illo es in le tertie etage. Esque vos vole usar le ascensor o le scala?

Catherina: Le scala.

Le agente: Ecce le officio.

Catherina: Quanto spatio ha illo?

Le agente: Circa sexanta metros quadrate.

Catherina: Illo debe esser sufficiente.

Le agente: Le area de reception es multo grande.

Catherina: Qual esseva le ultime organisation que occupava iste officio?

Le agente: Le ultime locatarios travaliava in le television o alique simile. Io non sape exactemente.

Catherina: Io comprende. Io solmente esseva curiose.

Le agente: Ecce un officio hic.

Catherina: Ma illo es multo parve!

Le agente: Si, vos ha ration. Illo non es multo grande. Hic se trova le cameras del WCs. Illac il ha un altere parve camera.

Catherina: Si. On pote installar illac un distributor de bebitas.

Le agente: Si, on poterea facer illo multo facilemente. Illac vos ha un sala de conferentia. Illo es un camera multo belle.

Catherina: Qual es su grandor? Trenta metros quadrate?

Le agente: Si. Su dimensiones es sex metros contra cinque, o trenta. Si. Quasi trenta metros quadrate. Forsan un pauco plus.

Catherina: Si. Illo facerea un officio multo belle.

Le agente: Illo es un camera belle, clar, con grande fenestras.

Catherina: De ubi veni le sol?

Le agente: Le sol? Attende. Ubi es le sud? Il debe esser illac. Que nos vide, le sol torna assi. Vos lo haberea hic le matino. Il ha connexiones pro telephonos e le electricitate.

Catherina: Multo ben.

Le agente: Io crede que il ha anque un altere camera parve illac.

Catherina: Si.

Le agente: Ecce lo hic.

Catherina: Pro iste camera de reception, nos poterea mitter un muro hic e remover le muro illac pro facer plus grande iste parte hic.

Le agente: Si. Reducente un pauco le area del camera de reception.

Catherina: Esque illo causarea problemas?

Le agente: No, no, nulle problema. Vos pote construer un muro hic. Si, on poterea facer illo multo facilemente.

Catherina: Esque il ha unes formalitates que nos debe finir?

Le agente: Illo depende de lo que vos vole facer. Ma in principio il non ha ulle problemas. Multe clientes nostre face parve cambios structural simile.

Catherina: E le moneta pro le location?

Le agente: Si. Tres menses de anticipation.

Catherina: E un contracto pro tres annos.

Le agente: Tres annos, si. Illo es correcte.

Caterina: E si nos vole un contracto pro plus que tres annos?

Le agente: Nos pote discuter isto plus tarde. Io crede que il non haberea ulle problemas pro extender lo.

Catherina: Ben. Illo me pare perfecto.

Le agente: Multo ben. Eh ben, que nos nunc vade a mi officio pro arrangiar le formalitates, si vos vole.

Catherina: Multo ben.

EXERCITIO 1: Description del officio:

Guida: On ha presentate a nos multe parolas technic in iste conversation, parolas sur le location, etc. Ma primo que nos audi alique sur le manieras de describer un officio:

Un homine: Un officio es componite de quatro partes. Qual es le parte in le qual on entra?

Un femina: Illo es le parte de reception. Su dimensiones generalmente es tres metros per quatro. Le spatio total de isto es ...

Un homine: Dece duo metros quadrate. E tunc il ha un grande camera pro le reuniones. Qual es su nomine?

Un femina: Un sala de conferentias. Illo es cinque metros contra sex. Qual es le spatio total in iste caso?

Un homine: Trenta metros quadrate. Tunc il ha duo cameras pro travaliar. On los nomina ...

Un femina: ... le officios. Illes generalmente es unes tres metros per tres metros. Isto es quanto in metros quadrate?

Un homine: Nove metros quadrate cata un, o sia un total de dece octo metros quadrate.

Un femina: E qual es le superficie total? Dece duo, plus trenta, plus dece octo metros quadrate combinate esserea ...

Un homine: Illo esserea un total de unes sexanta metros quadrate. Le edificio se trova presso le station ferroviari, presso le bancas, e presso le magazines. Illo es in le centro del citate. Il ha spatio pro parcar automobiles e haltos de autobuses. In altere parolas ...

Un femina: ... illo es ben situate. E como es le edificio mesme.

Un homine: Illo es un edificio moderne.

Un femina: Le officio se trova in le nivello del strata?

Un homine: No, illo es sur le tertie etage. Un magazin grande se trova sur le nivello del strata.

Un femina: Quanto debe on pagar cata mense pro le location?

Un homine: Quaranta octo mille euros cata anno. On paga cata tertie mense.

Un femina: Tunc quanto debe io pagar cata tertie mense?

Un homine: Dece duo mille euros cata tertie mense.

Un femina: Io vole le officios pro tres annos. Esque isto es possibile?

Un homine: Si. Nos facera un contracto pro tres annos.

Guida: Ah, io comencia comprender. In omne caso, que nos nunc vide si Petro e Catherina se ha incontrate.

SCENA 2: Le officio de Geneva: Petro finalmente trova Catherina post perder se unes minutas in le tertie etage. Catherina le monstra lor nove officios, e Petro los trova assatis impressionante. Ille verifica que le telephonos functiona ben, e illes parla sur le necessitate de contractar un nove receptionista/secretaria. Petro dice que ille telephonara Alan Tanner in cerca de su adjuta pro trovar un candidato convenibile. Al fin del scena nos apprende que Petro debera comenciar un altere viage.

Catherina: Ma, ubi es Petro. Nos iva vider nos a dece horas.

Petro: Catherina? Ubi es vos?

Catherina: Io es hic.

Petro: Ah, ecce vos. Io vos ha cercate in omne partes del tertie etage.

Catherina: Io esseva hic.

Petro: Vos me diceva que io debeva vader al dextra post arrivar al tertie etage con le ascensor.

Catherina: Si. Illo es ver.

Petro: Ma io faceva un error. Io vadeva al sinistro. Il es a causa de isto que io ha arrivate retardate.

Catherina: Non vos preoccupa. Illo non es ullo grave. Que pensa vos de nostre nove officios?

Petro: Illos es bon. Omne es ben illuminate. Le ambiente es agradabile. Il ha assatis spatio pro omne nos.

Catherina: Si. Quando nos essera in plen function, il habera sex o septe de nos in iste officios.

Petro: Nos ha assatis spatio. Mesmo in iste camera il ha assatis spatio pro sex personas.

Catherina: Le ultime locatarios lo usava como un sala de conferentia.

Petro: Illo es belle. Le telephonos functiona?

Catherina: On me ha dicite que illos functiona.

Petro: Que nos vide. Hallo? Excusa me. Io ha facite un error. Io voleva un altere numero. Si, illos functiona.

Catherina: Hic on pote mitter le telex.

Petro: Ben.

Catherina: E hic il ha le spatio pro un photocopiator.

Petro: Excellente!

Catherina: Ecce vostre officio.

Petro: Multo ben. Un tabula, un lampa, un sede de officio, un sede plus confortabile, un telephono--perfecte!

Catherina: Io crede que nos debera aveller ille muro pro facer plus grande iste camera.

Petro: Si, obviemente. Illo es un idea excellente. Duo o tres dies essera necesse pro ille travalio, que essera assatis facile.

Catherina: Illes vole facer lo le fin de iste septimana.

Petro: Me place que nos pote facer illo tanto rapidemente!

Catherina: Nos habera hic un secretaria/receptionista.

Petro: Si, un altere idea excellente.

Catherina: Ben, que vole vos facer nunc?

Petro: Vos es le chef.

Catherina: Vos pote trovar un secretaria. Nos habera besonio de un persona qui sape claviar.

Petro: Naturalmente.

Catherina: Le senior Tanner de Marex Mundial pote adjuvar nos.

Petro: Le american?

Catherina: Si, ille.

Petro: Io le cognosce.

Catherina: Ille nos ha adjuvate a resolver nostre problemas de installar nos in iste officios.

Petro: Perfecte. Io va telephonar le.

Catherina: Io es confidente que vos sapera facer un bon selection. Multo ben. Io vole installar le machinas necesse, specialmente le computator.

Petro: E io, io debe facer un altere viage a Paris le mercuridi. Esque il ha ulle altere cosa special que io pote facer pro vos?

Catherina: In iste momento, no. Vos jam cognosce nostre necessitates.

Petro: Si, un officio que functiona.

Catherina: Exactemente.

Petro: Multo ben. Io vos videra deman.

Catherina: Multo ben. A revider.

EXERCITIO 2: Le equipamento de un officio.

Guida: Io volerea verificar le nomines del cosas que illes ha in lor officios:

Un homine: Io me demanda como on nomina le loco ubi on mitte le litteras, le papiros, e le documentos. Vos mitte omne le litteras in

Un femina: ... classificatores. Il ha un classificator pro cata dossier. Ubi es le classificatores?

Un homine: Le classificatores es in le cassa de classificatores. Il ha photocopias de omne le litteras in le classificatores.

Un femina: Mantener photocopias de omne le documentos es un idea excellente. E illo, io sape, es un machina a scriber.

Un homine: Que es illo?

Un femina: Un telex.

Un homine: Vermente?

Un femina: E ille machina es un photocopiator.

Un homine: E que es iste machina con le qual on face additiones de columnas de numeros. Un machina a adder?

Un femina: Si, un machina a adder o un calculator.

Guida: Ah si. Bon. Petro ha vadite a un altere officio e demanda adjuta. Que nos vide lo que se passa: