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Statistics/Distributions/Gamma

Gamma Distribution
The Gamma distribution is very important for technical reasons, since it is the parent of the exponential distribution and can explain many other distributions.

The probability distribution function is:

$$ f_x (x) = \begin{cases} \frac{1}{a^p \Gamma (p)} x^{p-1} e^{-x/a}, & \mbox{if } x \ge 0 \\ 0, & \mbox{if } x < 0 \end{cases}\quad a,p >0 $$

Where $$ \Gamma(p) = \int_0^\infty t^{p-1} e^{-t}\,dt\,$$ is the Gamma function. The cumulative distribution function cannot be found unless p=1, in which case the Gamma distribution becomes the exponential distribution. The Gamma distribution of the stochastic variable X is denoted as $$ X \in \Gamma (p,a) $$.

Alternatively, the gamma distribution can be parameterized in terms of a shape parameter $$\alpha = k$$ and an inverse scale parameter $$\beta = 1/\theta$$, called a rate parameter:

 * $$ g(x;\alpha,\beta) = K x^{\alpha-1} e^{-\beta\,x}   \ \mathrm{for}\ x > 0 \,\!.$$

where the $$K$$ constant can be calculated setting the integral of the density function as 1:

\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}g(x;\alpha,\beta) \mathrm{d}t \, = \int_{0}^{+\infty} K x^{\alpha-1} e^{-\beta\,x}  \mathrm{d}x \, = 1 $$

following:

K \int_{0}^{+\infty} x^{\alpha-1} e^{-\beta\,x}  \mathrm{d}x \, = 1 $$

K = \frac{1}{\int_{0}^{+\infty} x^{\alpha-1} e^{-\beta\,x}  \mathrm{d}x} $$

and, with change of variable $$ y = \beta x $$ :

$$ \begin{align} K &= \frac{1}{\int_{0}^{+\infty} \frac{y^{\alpha-1}}{\beta^{\alpha - 1}} e^{-y}  \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\beta}} \\

&= \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\beta^{\alpha}}\int_{0}^{+\infty} y^{\alpha-1} e^{-y} \mathrm{d}y} \\

&= \frac{\beta^{\alpha}}{\int_{0}^{+\infty} y^{\alpha-1} e^{-y}  \mathrm{d}y} \\

&= \frac{\beta^{\alpha}}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \end{align} $$

following:

 * $$ g(x;\alpha,\beta) = x^{\alpha-1} \frac{\beta^{-\alpha} \, e^{-\beta\,x} }{\Gamma(\alpha)}  \ \mathrm{for}\ x > 0 \,\!.$$

Probability Density Function
We first check that the total integral of the probability density function is 1.
 * $$\int^\infin_{-\infin}\frac{1}{a^p \Gamma (p)} x^{p-1} e^{-x/a}dx$$

Now we let y=x/a which means that dy=dx/a
 * $$\frac{1}{ \Gamma (p)} \int^\infin_{0} y^{p-1} e^{-y}dy$$
 * $$\frac{1}{ \Gamma (p)} \Gamma (p)=1$$

Mean

 * $$\operatorname{E}[X]=\int^\infin_{-\infin}x \cdot \frac{1}{a^p \Gamma (p)} x^{p-1} e^{-x/a}dx$$

Now we let y=x/a which means that dy=dx/a.
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X]=\int^\infin_{0}ay \cdot \frac{1}{\Gamma (p)} y^{p-1} e^{-y}dy$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X]=\frac{a}{\Gamma (p)}\int^\infin_{0}y^{p} e^{-y}dy$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X]=\frac{a}{\Gamma (p)}\Gamma (p+1)$$

We now use the fact that $$\Gamma (z+1)=z\Gamma (z)$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X]=\frac{a}{\Gamma (p)}p\Gamma (p)=ap$$

Variance
We first calculate E[X^2]
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X^2]=\int^\infin_{-\infin}x^2 \cdot \frac{1}{a^p \Gamma (p)} x^{p-1} e^{-x/a}dx$$

Now we let y=x/a which means that dy=dx/a.
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X^2]=\int^\infin_0 a^2 y^2 \cdot \frac{1}{a \Gamma (p)} y^{p-1} e^{-y}ady$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X^2]=\frac{a^2}{ \Gamma (p)}\int^\infin_0 y^{p+1} e^{-y}dy$$
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X^2]=\frac{a^2}{ \Gamma (p)}\Gamma (p+2) =pa^2(p+1)$$

Now we use calculate the variance
 * $$\operatorname{Var}(X)=\operatorname{E}[X^2]-(\operatorname{E}[X])^2$$
 * $$\operatorname{Var}(X)=pa^2(p+1)-(ap)^2=pa^2$$

title: Statistics/Distributions/Gamma


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A Beginner's Guide to D/Conditions and Loops/Simple Branching

The if Conditional
Example: More Complicated Input - a program that asks age and makes a "clever" response

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Statistics/Distributions/Normal (Gaussian)

Normal Distribution
Normal distribution is without exception the most widely used distribution. It also goes under the name Gaussian distribution. It assumes that the observations are closely clustered around the mean, μ, and this amount is decaying quickly as we go farther away from the mean. The measure of spread is quantified by the variance, $$ \sigma^2 $$.

Some examples of applications are:

 * If the average man is 175 cm tall with a variance of 6 cm, what is the probability that a man found at random will be 183 cm tall?
 * If the average man is 175 cm tall with a variance of 6 cm and the average woman is 168 cm tall with a variance of 3cm, what is the probability that the average man will be shorter than the average woman?
 * If cans are assumed to have a variance of 4 grams, what does the average weight need to be in order to ensure that the 99% of all cans have a weight of at least 250 grams?

The density function is:

f_{\mu,\sigma} (x) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} $$ where $$ - \infty < x < \infty $$.

and the cumulative distribution function cannot be integrated into a single expression.

Normal distribution with parameters μ and σ is denoted as $$N(\mu,\sigma)$$. If the rv X is normally distributed with expectation μ and standard deviation σ, one denotes: $$\!\,X \sim N(\mu,\sigma)$$

Probability mass function
To verify that f(x) is a valid pmf we must verify that (1) it is non-negative everywhere, and (2) that the total integral is equal to 1. The first is obvious, so we move on to verify the second.
 * $$\int^\infin_{-\infin} \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} dx=\frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} \int^\infin_{-\infin} e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} dx$$

Now let $$w={x-\mu \over \sigma \sqrt{2}}$$. We see that $$dw={dx \over \sigma \sqrt{2}}$$.
 * $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \int^\infin_{-\infin} e^{-w^2} dw$$

Now we use the Gaussian integral that $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-w^2}\,dw = \sqrt{\pi}$$
 * $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{ \pi}} \sqrt{\pi}=1$$

Mean
We derive the mean as follows

 * $$\operatorname{E}[X] = \int^\infin_{-\infin} x \cdot f(x) dx$$
 * $$ = \int^\infin_{-\infin}x \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} dx$$
 * $$ = \int^\infin_{-\infin}[(x-\mu)+\mu] \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} dx$$
 * $$  = \int^\infin_{-\infin}(x-\mu) \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} dx + \int^\infin_{-\infin}\mu \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} dx$$
 * $$  = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}}(-\sigma^2)\int^\infin_{-\infin}{-x+\mu \over \sigma^2}  e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} dx + \mu\int^\infin_{-\infin} \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} dx$$

We now see that the right integral is the complete integral over a normal pmf. This is therefore 1.
 * $$\operatorname{E}[X] = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}}(-\sigma^2)\left[e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} \right]^\infin_{-\infin} + \mu$$
 * $$ = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}}(-\sigma^2)[0-0] + \mu$$
 * $$= \mu$$

Variance

 * $$\operatorname{Var}(X) =\operatorname{E}[(X-{E}[X])^2]= \int^\infin_{-\infin} (x-\mu)^2 \cdot f(x) dx = \int^\infin_{-\infin}(x-\mu)^2 \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left( \frac{x-\mu}{\sigma} \right) ^2} dx$$

We let $$w={x-\mu \over \sigma \sqrt{2}}$$
 * $$\operatorname{Var}(X) = \int^\infin_{-\infin}\sigma^2 2w^2 \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{-w^2} \sigma \sqrt{2} dw = \frac{2\sigma^2}{\sqrt{\pi}} \int^\infin_{-\infin}w \cdot w e^{-w^2} dw$$

We now use integration by parts with u=w and v=(-1/2)e^(-w^2)
 * $$\operatorname{Var}(X) = \frac{2\sigma^2}{\sqrt{\pi}}  \left(\left[w {-1 \over 2} e^{-w^2}\right]^\infin_{-\infin}-\int^\infin_{-\infin} {-1 \over 2} e^{-w^2} dw\right)$$

We see that the bracketed term is zero by L'Hôpital's rule.
 * $$\operatorname{Var}(X) = \frac{2\sigma^2}{\sqrt{\pi}}  \left({1 \over 2}\int^\infin_{-\infin}  e^{-w^2} dw\right)$$

Now we use the Gaussian integral again
 * $$\operatorname{Var}(X) = \frac{2\sigma^2}{\sqrt{\pi}} {1 \over 2}\sqrt{\pi}= \sigma^2$$


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Moses

Moses lead the Israelites out of Egypt and lived in the desert for 40 years. During the whole of this time, he was their leader. Moses demonstrated both patience and wisdom. He cared for the people he led, and was constantly trying to help them both physically and spiritually. /Transcluded Modules


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/David

During the time of King Saul's reign, Saul was determined to kill David. As a result, David fled to the wilderness where he was joined by a band of men. David demonstrated patience, cunning, and forgiveness. He was willing to let the Lord place him on the throne in His own time rather than taking matters into his own hands. /Transcluded Modules


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Elijah

Like David, Elijah fled to the wilderness to escape the wrath of the king. He lived by the brook Cherith for two years during a time of drought. The Lord provided his food, and his water was supplied by the brook. When the brook dried up, Elijah was sent to Zaraphath, and was present when the Lord performed a miracle for a widow and her son living there. Elijah lived with this widow until the drought ended. /Transcluded Modules


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Joshua

When Moses died, Joshua took over as the leader of the Israelites. Joshua showed wisdom and patience as Moses did, and was faithful to Moses' legacy. /Transcluded Modules


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/John the Baptist

John lived in the wilderness before he began his ministry as "the Elijah to come."
 * John's clothes were made of camel's hair, and he had a leather belt around his waist. His food was locusts and wild honey. Matthew 3:4 NIV

It takes a wilderness leader to be able to make clothing of this sort and to survive on his chosen diet. /Transcluded Modules


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Jesus

Jesus' ministry began with a trip to the wilderness where he was tempted by Satan (Matthew 4). First, Satan suggested that Jesus use His power to satisfy his physical hunger; this was a temptation to use His divine power to satisfy His own needs. Second, he suggested that Jesus leap from a high place, so that the angels would catch him; this was a temptation to use His divine power to glorify Himself. Third, he told Jesus that if He would worship him, he would release his claim on the world; this was the temptation to admit that Satan's charges were correct, and that God's law was unfair.

Jesus overcame the temptations, quoting scripture to refute Satan on each point. Jesus used the time He spent in the wilderness to commune with His Father, and to lay out His mission. We too can use time spent in the wilderness to do the same.

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User talk:131.111.200.200

Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is intended to be read without the need for external reference and requires content rather than external links particularly those which are for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links may include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that exist to attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page rather than re-adding it. See the welcome page to learn more about Wikibooks. Thank you. Az1568(Talk) 00:41, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:131.111.200.200


text:
User talk:Goplat

Those are some fine edits to the snes wikibook! --Snarius 01:53, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Goplat


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Cookbook:Deli Roll Bread

| American cuisine | Bread

Dough

 * 1) Stir yeast and sugar into warm water. Let stand until bubbly.
 * 2) Add the salt and about half the flour so the dough can be handled.
 * 3) Knead on lightly-floured surface until smooth and elastic, adding flour only if necessary.
 * 4) Cover the ball of dough and let sit 10–15 minutes.
 * 5) Roll into 14x16-inch rectangle.
 * 6) Spread with slivered pepperoni, cheese, and herbs of your choice.
 * 7) Sprinkle liberally with fresh grated black pepper.
 * 8) Roll as you would a jellyroll, sealing edge by pinching. Form the roll into a circle.

Bake
Dutch oven method Conventional oven method
 * 1) Put dough in a 14-inch Dutch oven. Let rise. Start baking breads slightly before reaching the "double" stage—as the oven heats, the dough continues to rise.
 * 2) Place 11 hot charcoal briquettes on bottom and 17 on top.
 * 3) When bread is ⅔ baked, take off bottom coals.
 * 4) Brush with melted butter.
 * 1) Place dough in a well-greased round pan. A cast-iron frying pan works well.
 * 2) Let rise for 1 hour.
 * 3) Bake at 375°F for 1 hour.
 * 4) Brush with melted butter.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Rising bread requires warmth. Cool or dry weather inhibits the process. When outside temperatures are too cool for breads to rise, place 3–4 hot coals on top of the oven with bread inside. If it's windy, provide a windbreak.

title: Cookbook:Deli Roll Bread


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Personal gear

Personal Gear
 * Sleeping bag
 * Foam ground pad or air mattress
 * Flashlight
 * Pocket knife
 * Quarter roll of toilet paper
 * Coins (for campground showers)
 * Bible
 * Camera
 * Notepad and pencil
 * Toiletries (Toothbrush, toothpaste, shampoo, etc.)

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Group gear

These are things that will be needed by the group. Usually, a Pathfinder club will purchase these items.
 * First aid kits
 * Medical release forms (signed by guardians)
 * Sleeping tents - enough to separate the boys and girls.
 * Kitchen tent/canopy
 * Dining tent/canopy
 * Camp stoves
 * Fuel for the stoves
 * Dishes
 * Plates
 * Cups
 * Bowls
 * Eating Utensils
 * Mesh hosiery bags, clothes pins, and clothes line - the dishes go in the mesh bags after washing them, and then the bags clip to the clothesline. This allows them to dry.  Each plate, cup, bowl, knife, fork, and spoon should be numbered with a permanent marker, and each camper (including staff) should be assigned a number.  This will make every camper accountable for their own dishes.
 * Cooking Supplies
 * Pots and pans
 * Spatula
 * Ladle
 * Serving/stirring spoons
 * Salad bowls
 * Can opener
 * Knives
 * Cutting board
 * Fire Equipment
 * Matches or lighter
 * Firewood, kindling, tinder
 * Fire Extinguisher
 * Axe/saw/hatchet
 * Shovel
 * Storage tubs - These should be numbered, and an alphabetized list of the contents of each should be attached. If the tubs are clear, the lists can be taped to the inside and read from the outside.  A master alphabetized list denoting in which tub an item belongs should also be kept in the kitchen.  This makes finding things a lot easier.  It does require discipline though.  Storage tubs can double as dish sinks.
 * Broom/dustpan
 * Tarps
 * Large water jugs
 * Coolers and ice
 * Food
 * Tool kit
 * Duct tape

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Living in Japan

Contents

 * Finding a Job
 * Teaching - The professional market - Other avenues

 * Enrolling in School
 * Pre-college programs - Study abroad - Getting a degree

 * Getting to Japan
 * Visa - Airfare - Other alternatives - Moving

 * Getting Established
 * Housing - Alien registration - Health insurance - Seals - Banking - Computing

 * Daily Life
 * Etiquette - Health care - Transportation - Having fun

 * Planting Roots
 * Learning Japanese - Marriage - Children - Buying a house - Permanent residency - Naturalization

 * Dealing with Trouble
 * Job trouble - Landlord trouble - Marital trouble - Police trouble

 * Leaving Japan

title: Living in Japan


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Cookbook:No-Knead Oatmeal Bread

| American cuisine | Bread

Batter

 * 1) Butter two 8-inch Dutch ovens
 * 2) Combine boiling water, oats, shortening, and molasses.
 * 3) Add salt, cool to lukewarm.
 * 4) Add yeast and mix well.
 * 5) Blend in eggs.
 * 6) Gradually add flour, mixing until dough is well blended.
 * 7) Place dough in greased Dutch oven; let rise until double (about two hours).

Cooking
Dutch oven method

 * 1) Bake in Dutch oven for 45 minutes with 5 briquettes on bottom and 11 on top.

Conventional oven method

 * 1) Place in a well-greased round pan.
 * 2) Let rise until doubled.
 * 3) Bake in conventional oven for 1 hour at 350°F.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Rising bread requires warmth. Cool or dry weather inhibits the process. When outside temperatures are too cool for breads to rise, place 3–4 hot coals on top of the oven with bread inside. If it's windy, provide a windbreak.
 * Start baking breads slightly before reaching the "double" stage. As the oven heats, the dough continues to rise. Have the bottom heat ready to go when the bread is. Add top heat immediately. When bread is ⅔ baked, take off bottom heat.

title: Cookbook:No-Knead Oatmeal Bread


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Fortran 2003

Fortran 2003 is a standard of Fortran. This book will focus on modern Fortran, and it will not cover the obsolescent features of Fortran 77 and earlier standards.

Hello World
Here is a Hello World program in Fortran.

The "implicit none" statement forces the programmer to declare all variables, which is considered good style. Fortran has integer, character, real, complex, and logical data types. The following program illustrates their use.

output: i = 3  x = 3. z = (3.,3.) tf =  T

arithmetic operators
Fortran has the arithmetic operators +, -, /,*, and ** (for exponentiation). The output of

is

5 -1 0 12 8

Arrays
Fortran 90 and later versions have powerful functionality for arrays. The following program demonstrates some features of arrays. By default, array elements are numbered from 1, not 0, as in C or C++.

output:

vec = 9 4 1 vec(1) = 9, vec(3) = 1 size(vec), sum(vec), product(vec) = 3 14 36 minval(vec), maxval(vec) = 1 9 vec = 11 6 3 vec = 121 36 9

loops
Fortran uses do loops for iteration. For example, the program

gives output

1 1 2 4 3 9 i= 4 1 3 i= 5

because within the first loop, variable i takes on values between 1 and 3 with step size of 1, and in the second loop the step size is 2. After completing the loop the value of i is its last value before leaving the loop plus the step size.

comparison operators
Fortran has the comparison operators < <= /= == >= >, where /= means "not equal" and the other operators have the usual meanings. The program

has output

F F F T T T

do
One can have a DO loop without a counter variable, in which case an EXIT statement will be needed to leave the loop, as shown in the following program

Declaring max_fib a parameter means that its value cannot be changed in the rest of the program.

nested loops
Loops can be nested, as shown in the following program

which gives output

i,j= 1 1 i,j= 1 2 i,j= 2 1 i,j= 2 2 i,j= 3 1 i,j= 3 2

functions and return values
A function can be used to return a value depending on zero or more arguments. The code below shows a function that converts from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius.

Output:

degrees_F degrees_C 12.0    -11.1      32.0       0.0      52.0      11.1      72.0      22.2      92.0      33.3

subroutines
A subroutine cannot be used in an expression and is invoked with a call statement, as demonstrated in the program below, which gives the same output as the program above.

=See Also=
 * Fortran
 * Programming Language

title: Fortran 2003


text:
Living in Japan/Finding a Job

Basics
In order to work in Japan as a non-citizen, you need a visa. Visas are described in detail later in this guide, but the most important things to know are:

 * You need a job before you can get a working visa.
 * You generally need a bachelor's degree or a large amount of work experience to get the visa.

Teaching in Japan
The most common profession among native English speakers in Japan is teaching English.

There are a number of ways to teach in Japan. The most basic is to teach on a freelance basis, where the teacher and student(s) meet at a coffee shop or other location for private lessons. Compensation for this sort of teaching varies, but is generally between ¥1,500 and ¥5,000 an hour. However, since there is no guaranteed source of income through this method, people seeking full-time employment usually look for a position at some sort of school.

Language schools
Japan has a number of specialized language schools, which may cater to adults, children or both. The largest of these schools, such as NOVA, AEON, ECC, GEOS and GABA, often recruit teachers from overseas and place them within Japan. These schools provide an easy way for a first-timer to come to Japan, but they may demand stressful working hours, and the employment contract may try to restrict your activities outside the workplace.

There are also many smaller language schools which hire teachers on a more ad-hoc basis. While these often provide a more easygoing work environment, they rarely hire outside Japan, and they often want an applicant to have a work visa before applying.

Starting salaries at private language schools are about ¥200,000 to ¥250,000/month; part time wage per hour ranges from ¥1,500 to ¥4,000. Only a bachelor's degree is generally required, and some teachers get by without even a bachelor's degree if they are otherwise eligible to work in Japan (e.g. by having a Japanese spouse).

While English is the most popular language by far, Mandarin Chinese teachers are in rapidly increasing demand, and other languages such as French, German and Korean are also taught in many locations.

Schools
Another avenue for teachers who would rather work with children is to teach at an elementary, junior high or senior high school.

One popular avenue for doing this is the JET Programme, a government-run program which places foreigners under 40 in "assistant language teacher" positions at public schools or local boards of education. The JET Programme provides special orientations for living in Japan, and is a common stepping-stone into the country for newcomers. However, the program is fairly competitive, not all nationalities may participate, and many areas of Japan have withdrawn from the program in recent years, instead opting to recruit trained foreign teachers directly.

Outside of JET, which requires no particular teaching experience, schools often demand some teaching experience or teaching qualification. Salaries range from ¥250,000 to ¥300,000/month for entry-level jobs; experienced teachers may make a bit more.

Universities
Universities offer higher pay than schools, but also demand a better resume: you will need at least a master's degree to teach at a university. Note that foreigners generally do not receive tenure-track positions at Japanese universities: instead, they are hired as lecturers on fixed-term contracts.

Finance
Tokyo is one of the financial capitals of the world, and many foreigners are employed in investment banks and securities firms which offer high salaries and good benefits.

The most common way to get a position in the Tokyo finance industry is to join a firm overseas and then be transferred to Japan. This is not the only way to manage things, however: many firms, particularly smaller ones, hire foreigners directly in Japan. These positions are usually filled through personal contacts or through "headhunters" (executive search consultants).

Many finance positions demand fluency in Japanese, and a good number demand fluency in a third language as well.

Law
Legal services are also clustered around Tokyo, although there are a few firms in Osaka, Nagoya and other major cities. Most "serious" work for foreign lawyers and paralegals is in a handful of multinational law firms and investment banks in Tokyo, which have fairly high hiring standards and often seek both experience and language ability. Japanese law firms employ some entry-level foreigners to proofread contracts and memoranda, and employ some more experienced foreign lawyers to work as handlers for foreign clients.

IT
The IT industry is big in Japan and employs many foreigners with programming and engineering backgrounds.

Naturally, a technical background is a must. Most foreigners who work in the Japanese IT industry also need to know Japanese on a basic level. Besides daily communication, a command of the language is necessary in order to navigate and program local computer systems, since Japanese systems have issues of character encoding, IMEs, and other features that often do not exist on Western systems.

Starting a business
Thanks to recent legal changes, it is now easier than ever to start a business in Japan. However, this is probably not a task for those who are unaccustomed to managing a business or working in Japan.

The Japan External Trade Organization, an organ of the Japanese government, has published a guide on setting up business in Japan. For a basic office-based business you should anticipate an initial investment of at least ¥10,000,000 to cover rent and legal paperwork. If you are entering Japan for the purpose of starting the business, the business must also meet certain conditions of scale in order to be the basis for your working visa as a "business manager." Generally, this means having at least two employees in addition to yourself (often a Japanese manager and secretary).

Bars and restaurants
Restaurants, bars and nightclubs have long been a vocation of foreigners in Japan. However, because there is no visa for waiters and bartenders, you will need another form of work eligibility (such as a spouse visa or working holiday visa) in order to obtain such a job legally.

Hostessing
One potentially lucrative market for young foreign women is the "hostess bar" industry. Hostesses are often compared to the traditional geisha – entertainers who get paid to "charm" men. Hostessing is not prostitution, and sexual services are not part of the job description, which could be better described as "paid flirting". While hostessing pays well, it is not a particularly secure job, and it requires a certain degree of appearance and charisma. One good essay on the hostessing experience is "Mama-san's Babies" by Sarah Dale. Male "hosts" are also in some demand nowadays, although this market is much smaller.

title: Living in Japan/Finding a Job


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Pitch and strike a tent

The details vary for every type of tent there is, so we provide only general tips here. First, carefully read the instructions that came with your tent. If it's a new tent, keep the instructions. You might be surprised how easy it is to forget which pole goes where.

First, unpack the tent and spread it on the ground. Some people like to put the ground cloth under the tent, and others like to put it inside. If you're going to put it beneath the tent, spread it out first. Before doing anything else, lie down on the ground cloth and test each sleeping area. If you feel a lump get rid of it now.

Then lay out the tent's canopy (that is, the cloth part that is not the fly). Find the door and orient it where you want it. Then stake it down. This will prevent the wind from blowing it away while you are trying to raise it. Slide the poles into the tubes, but do not raise the tent until the main poles (usually two of them) are all in place. Then raise them together. There are usually aluminum "hooks" located at the stake-down straps and shaped somewhat like a question mark. They are usually a couple of inches long, and are there to slip the pole ends over. Once all the pole are in place, throw the fly over the tent, being careful that the up side is up and the front side is to the front.

Flies often have elastic ropes that attach to plastic clips near the pole anchors, and they also generally have a rope at the four major corners. These should be anchored such that the fly is held off the tent's canopy, usually by staking them down or tying them to a tree. In the "olden days" a taut line hitch would be used to tighten these ropes, but these days the ropes are fitted with a three-hole plastic strap. The end of the rope passes through the bottom-most hole and is tied off with a stopper knot. From there, the rope goes to the anchor (tree, stake, etc.), and passes through the middle hole, and then again through the top hole. The plastic strap can then be slid up and down the rope to adjust the tension. Do not over-tension these ropes - they should have some give so that the tent can move a little with the wind. If they are too tight, the wind will rip the stakes from the ground or topple the tent.

If possible, do not strike the tent until it has dried. If you can, wait until the morning dew has evaporated. This is, of course, not always possible - it could be pouring rain when it's time to go, so you'll have to strike a wet tent. If your tent is wet when you strike it, you will need to set it up to let it dry as soon as you get back. Do not store a wet tent. It will be quickly ruined with mold and mildew.

To strike the tent first inspect the inside, being sure that everything has been removed. Check the loops in the ceiling (coat hangers tend to hide there) and the "stuff" bags on the walls (glasses and keys tend to hide there). Then sweep the tent. Once everything has been removed, pull off the fly, and stow it inside the tent (spread it out as flat as you can). If you stand next to the tent's door, you can pull the fly off the canopy and stuff it directly inside without it ever hitting the outside ground (and thus picking up dirt, leaves, and moisture). Stowing the fly inside also avoids the sad problem of cramming the canopy and poles into the tent's duffel, and then noticing the that the fly still needs to get crammed in there too. It's one less thing to roll up.

Then let down the poles. Carefully remove the poles from the canopy and fold them up. If the tent poles are sectional tubes with a long piece of elastic running through them all, it is better to push the poles out of the canopy rather than trying to pull them through. Pulling on them merely separates the sections and may break the elastic. Broken elastic will have to be repaired before the tent can be pitched again, because the elastic actually holds the poles together.

Once the poles have been stowed, remove the stakes and carefully fold the tent. Put everything back into the bag it came in.


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Cookbook:Chocolate and Banana Bread

Dough

 * 1 kg strong bread flour
 * 21 g dried yeast
 * 650 ml tepid water
 * 2 teaspoons salt
 * 35 g granulated sugar

Chocolate banana filling

 * Nutella or other chocolate spread
 * 3–4 bananas, cut in 1-inch thick slices
 * Chopped nuts (e.g. almonds, walnuts, pecans)
 * Chocolate chips (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven 180°C.
 * 2) Mix all the dry ingredients together, add the water, and mix well with your hands.
 * 3) Work into a large pliable ball. Cut in half.
 * 4) Roll the first half of the ball out on a floured board, to about ½ inch thick, 12–15 inches wide, and as long as you can get it within those dimensions.
 * 5) Spread nutella thickly and evenly down and across the dough, leaving an inch or so free on all sides.
 * 6) Cover the chocolate spread with the banana slices. Sprinkle with chopped nuts and chocolate chips if desired.
 * 7) Take one of the long sides of the dough and roll it inwards, forming a spiral log. Make sure the filling stays "tucked in".
 * 8) Arrange the bread on a baking tray, either laid out straight or curled around on itself, whichever you prefer.
 * 9) Brush lightly with olive oil. Sprinkle with more chopped nuts if desired. Leave loaf aside in warm place to proof for 30 minutes.
 * 10) Bake for 30–35 minutes in the preheated 180°C oven.
 * 11) Use the second half of the dough to make either a second sweet bread or a savory bread (see variation below). Fill and bake as above.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * To make a savory filling, use ingredients like bacon, egg, cheese, caramelized onion, etc.

title: Cookbook:Chocolate and Banana Bread


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire ring

There are many ways to prepare an area where you will build your campfire. If you are in an established camping area, look for a place where a fire has already been built. Do not start a fire in a new area if there are fire pits already available. If you must build a fire in a new area, dig out any sod first, and lay it aside. Keep it in the shade (perhaps beneath a vehicle) and water it every day so it does not dry out (perhaps with your rinse water). You will replace it before you leave. If there is no sod, clear out all the duff and debris so that only inorganic material is in the fire ring. Clear an area double the diameter of the intended fire. Then place stones inside this ring, building a small wall as it were. Try to fit the stones so that there are no gaps, or only small gaps. The stone ring should be six to eight inches high, and it should go all the way around the circle. Before you lay the fire, make sure you have a means to extinguish it nearby and ready to go. This could be a fire extinguisher, a bucket of sand, or a bucket of water. Means of extinguishing the fire should be on hand before the fire is lit. The fire ring should then be ready for a fire.

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Living in Japan/Getting to Japan

Visas
If you plan to work or study in Japan, you should obtain a visa before traveling to Japan. Japanese visas are issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) through the Japanese embassies and consulates in your home country. MOFA maintains a comprehensive guide to visas on its website.

Your employer or school in Japan will most likely provide you with a "Certificate of Eligibility." This is a document issued by the Ministry of Justice, which shows that you have fulfilled the legal criteria to obtain permission to enter Japan. The certificate does not entitle you to enter Japan. Instead, it expedites the process of obtaining a visa and obtaining landing permission upon your arrival.

Once you have a Certificate of Eligibility, you can provide it to your nearest Japanese embassy or consulate, along with a visa application form and your passport. Visas are usually issued within a few business days, unless there is an obvious problem with the Certificate of Eligibility: in that case, the embassy will have to contact the Ministry of Justice in Tokyo, which will delay the visa application.

If you do not have a Certificate of Eligibility, you must submit additional documentation to the embassy in order to obtain a visa. The required documentation varies based on which type of visa you seek. The MOFA guide to visas contains a complete list of required documents.

Once you enter Japan, the Ministry of Justice will grant you "landing permission" to engage in the activities provided for by your visa. At this point, any issues regarding the legality of your stay in Japan will be handled by the Immigration Bureau, which is a unit of the Ministry of Justice.

Working holiday program
As of June 2016, people in 15 countries/regions can take advantage of Japan's working holiday programme.

These countries/regions include (the numbers in brackets are the maximum numbers visa could be issued per year):

You do not need a Japanese contact, and do not even need to know Japanese to get this visa: People between 18 and 30 (18 to 25 for Australia, Canada and South Korea) are eligible to apply. The maximum stay with this visa is one year (6 months for Australia, but extendable). The visa can be renewed depending on which country you are from. Holders are also prohibited from working in nightclubs and similar establishments.

Visa waiver program
It is also possible to enter Japan without a visa. As of December 2014, there are 67 countries that have visa waiver arrangements with Japan, under which nationals of those countries may enter Japan without a visa. The permitted stay ranges from 15 days to 90 days depending on the visitor's nationality: the most common period is 90 days. However, a visa waiver bars the visitor from engaging in "paid activities" within Japan.

A number of foreigners stay in Japan for extended periods without a visa by leaving and re-entering Japan every 3 months. While this is not technically illegal, it is frowned upon by immigration officers, and some foreigners who attempt it are temporarily detained when they return to Japan.

Flying to Japan

Japan has three main international airports: Narita Airport (NRT) near Tokyo, Kansai Airport (KIX) near Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto, and Chubu Centrair Airport (NGO) near Nagoya. Intercontinental flights to Japan are basically limited to these airports, with the bulk of the service using Narita. However, many smaller airports in Japan have direct service to major cities in East Asia. Incheon Airport (ICN) in Korea is a particularly good connecting point for accessing smaller Japanese cities from Europe or the Americas.

Published airfares to Japan (such as those offered by airline websites) tend to be quite high, particularly fares on the two national airlines, JAL and ANA. For cheaper fares, your best bet is to find a Japanese travel agency in your local area. These agents tend to buy seats in bulk at cut rates, and can therefore offer very low fares in comparison with the airlines.

What to bring
Japan is a very advanced country, and you can find just about anything you need there. Don't worry about packing every daily necessity. Here are some items you should be sure to bring:

 * Cash or travelers' checks. Wiring money to Japan or accessing your foreign account from a Japanese ATM can be expensive, both due to bank fees and wide exchange rate spreads. Instead, you should bring some money with you to Japan and convert it into yen at the airport. Airport currency kiosks in Japan tend to have the best exchange rates and won't charge you additional fees. There is no legal limit to how much you can bring, but if you are on a student or trainee visa, you will have to declare the amount to Immigration.
 * Power adapters if you have electronics. Japan uses 100V outlets. These are very similar to American 110V outlets, but there are very few three-prong outlets in Japan, so even Americans will need to bring an adapter for any devices which require one. Some items, such as plug-in clocks, will not work properly unless they were designed for 50 Hz. Laptops, cameras and other items built for 110V are usually fine in Japan.
 * Gifts. Small items from your home country are an excellent idea. You don't have to go overboard: a few keychains, refrigerator magnets or postcards will do. People are often curious about where you come from, and a small gift can help build a relationship with them.

You can find a full list of what to bring, what you *could* bring, and what NOT to bring here.

What NOT to bring
Narita Airport Customs has a fairly thorough guide of what you absolutely cannot bring into Japan:

 * Drugs . Illegal drugs are, of course, right out. You should also avoid bringing Vicks inhalers or Sudafed, as these drugs are considered to be illegal stimulants in Japan.
 * Pornography. Japan has a thriving porn industry, but it is still illegal to show a person's genitalia in Japan, and any items you have containing frontal nudity will be confiscated if Customs finds them.
 * Firearms and firearm components (including ammunition) cannot be brought into the country.
 * Counterfeit articles, including money and designer goods, may be confiscated if Customs finds them.

title: Living in Japan/Getting to Japan


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Gathering firewood

If camping at a commercial campground, bring your own wood or buy some at the camp store. Do not gather firewood from the surrounding forest! Most campgrounds have rules against this, and it is not only so they can sell you expensive wood. In a heavily camped area, the forest simply cannot sustain that level of use. Rule breakers will already have depleted enough of the forest - don't add to their sins!

If there was already a fire ring present, if it is allowed, and you are in the wilderness, gather firewood well away from the campsite. Do not cut down any trees, live or dead. Dead trees are an important habitat for many forest creatures. Instead, look for fallen limbs that are not lying in full contact with the ground and use those. Wood that is lying fully on the ground will likely be too wet to use as firewood.

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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Cutting firewood

Once you have found a large, dead limb, it is time to cut it loose and drag it to the campsite. You can do this with either an axe, a hatchet, or a saw. Be sure you have firm footing before swinging an axe or a hatchet, and be sure no one is within six feet of you to the sides or to the rear, and within twelve feet of you towards your front. Axe heads have come off before (2 Kings 6:5), and they are very dangerous when they do. For this reason, it may be better to use a saw. A saw will also leave more of the wood intact with the log for burning rather than as wood chips that fly all over the place.

If you need to chop a log in half, do not lay it directly on the ground. Otherwise the axe blows will push the log into the ground. Instead, lay it on another small log (three inches in diameter is good). Strike the log to be cut at the point where it is in contact with the supporting log. Otherwise, the log may flip up and strike you or a bystander. This can cause a serious injury, so be watchful. Again, it is better to use a saw.

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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Splitting firewood

Unless the log you wish to split has been sawn and has a flat end, it will be very difficult to split it. Steady it on its end, and make sure it can stand on its own. Instruct everyone to clear away from you, and do not swing the axe if anyone is near. Grip the end of the axe handle with both hands, and gently lay the blade of the axe on the top of the log, on the edge nearest where you are standing. Fully extend your arms when you do this, and back up if necessary. Spread your feet apart by about the same distance as your shoulders are wide, and make sure your footing is firm. If you are right handed, slide your right hand towards the head of the axe as you draw it towards yourself. Take aim, and draw the axe over your head, bringing it down mightily as your right hand slides down the handle. The right hand should meet the left about the same time the axe strikes the log. Note how the axe strikes the wood farther away from you than where you were resting it at the beginning. This is why you should aim for the edge nearest you. If you overshoot the log, you will bring the handle down on the edge of the log and damage the axe. Do that enough, and you'll need to replace the handle.

When splitting a log, try to divide it into two equal masses. If you try to split off a smaller segment, the split will run out, and the piece you remove will be smaller on one end than on the other.

To split a small piece of wood (less than in diameter), place the blade of a hatchet on the end of the log, raise the log and the hatchet together, and bring them down sharply on another log or a rock. When they strike the second log, the hatchet's momentum will drive it into the log. Raise the pair again, and strike repeatedly until the log splits apart. Do not steady the log with one hand and strike it with the other. If you miss the log and hit your hand, you will cause an unnecessary emergency.


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Living in Japan/Getting Established

Housing
Finding a good place to live is difficult no matter where you are, but it is particularly difficult in Japan. Apartments and houses tend to be very small by American standards, and rather cramped by European standards.

Apartments
There is no shortage of rental apartments 賃貸マンション chintai manshon in Japan: you can find "for rent" signs on every other city block in Tokyo, plenty of options on listings sites, and new buildings are constantly being constructed (and old ones demolished, due to government policy supporting homebuilders). Due to falling population, the vacancy rate in most areas is rising, and thus housing is easy to find. The population of Tokyo is still rising for a few years, but vacancy rates are nowhere near as low as cities like New York. In smaller or grayer cities, like Kyoto, it is possible to rent large housing for quite cheap prices, particularly older stock (50,000 yen/month for a mid-century machiya is reasonable).

The key variables are:
 * Monthly rent
 * Commute: both train and walk to station
 * Size
 * Building age

Key issues are: These should all be checked as soon as possible, as they can all be deal-breakers.
 * Moving expenses (key money, deposit, agent fee)
 * Guarantor
 * “No foreigners”
 * Pets

You should also be aware of:
 * Disaster risk (earthquakes and tsunamis)

Ideally you will have four to six months rent on hand, an established Japanese professional adult as guarantor, and a good command of Japanese or Japanese friend who can assist.

Be aware that many landlords also charge a renewal fee 更新料 kōshinryō at contract renewal. This is primarily found in Kantō (including Tōkyō) and Kyōto. There are other regional variations: in Ōsaka key money is instead deducted from a large security deposit, which is known as 敷引き shikibiki.

You should also consider Urban Renaissance (see below), a semi-public housing agency that avoids many of the problems typically associated with Japanese housing.

Moving expense
The main consideration in getting an apartment is money. Usually, leases are for at least one or two years, and it can be difficult for a landlord to evict a long-term tenant without cause. So getting an apartment in Japan usually requires a lot of money up front, in addition to guarantor (see below). The up-front money is divided into key money (礼金 reikin), a non-refundable fee to the landlord, and deposit (敷金, shikikin), which is in principle refundable (minus cleaning fees), but often fails to come back. Reikin and shikikin together usually amount to three or four months' rent. If you go through a real estate agent to get your apartment, you will need to pay the agent a commission as well, usually equal to one month's rent.

Some of these expenses can be avoided, analogously to “no-fee” apartments elsewhere: direct rentals (no agent fee) and no key money apartments exist, though the selection is more limited.

Guarantor
As a rule you will need a guarantor, who is ideally an established Japanese professional; Japanese people will typically use their father. (The idea is that apartments are for younger people, and established people should buy their own place.) In many cases it is possible to use one’s employer as a guarantor, or instead pay an additional fee to a special guarantor company if this is not acceptable. If you have young Japanese friends, it is often possible to use their parents, particularly if you have met them already.

If you use a Japanese friend as guarantor, please remember to give or send a gift, such as some local sweets – this is an expected courtesy. Further, pay your rent and do not do anything which may require recourse to your guarantor, particularly when Leaving Japan.

If you do not have a suitable friend and your employer will not act as guarantor, you have no choice but to use a guarantor company.

If you wish to use your employer as guarantor and the landlord refuses, consider another apartment, as the guarantor company fee is simply wasted money and there are plenty of apartments.

Beware that landlords making a fuss over a guarantor (only accepting a Japanese person as guarantor) may actually just not want foreigners, and are using guarantor issues as a way to avoid saying so directly. Thus if you have trouble with this, consider interpreting this as a “no foreigners” sign and look elsewhere.

No foreigners
Japanese landlords can refuse to rent to someone without giving a reason. In particular they may refuse to rent to foreigners, though they may also refuse to rent to Japanese whom they feel are lower class or outsiders, and these both happen. It is thus safest to ask up-front if foreigners are allowed, and to be aware of possible anxiety by the landlord or management company throughout.

In some cases a landlord categorically refuses to rent to foreigners, due to the additional hassle, risk, or simply racism. In other cases, landlords or management companies may express anxiety about a foreigner who has poor command of Japanese or is not used to Japanese customs – speaking Japanese, being polite (and showing command of Japanese manners), and showing acquaintance with Japanese culture and housing customs (esp. having spent time in Japan) can go a long way to relax people.

Pets
As elsewhere, apartments vary in which pets they allow – cats, small dogs, and large dogs are the main categories. It is easiest if you not have a pet, but if you have a pet or plan to get one, this is an important criterion.

Building age
An unusual feature of Japanese apartment is that new construction is very highly prized, in contrast to the West, where older buildings are often desirable. This is most simply because Japanese buildings are shoddily built and designed to only last a few decades (typically 20–30 years), and there are essentially no old stone or brick buildings like New York’s prewar Brownstones or London’s Victorian tenements. Thus a 15-year old building will often be visibly shabby.

A second reason is that building standards are constantly improving, particularly around earthquake safety, notably in the wake of the Kōbe earthquake. It is thus safest to live in an apartment where construction started after the Kōbe quake, so completed after 1996/97 or so.

If you do not mind a somewhat rundown building, you can save money by renting in an older building, bearing in mind the concern about earthquake safety.

Size
Some apartments in Japan are as small as 9 square meters (100 square feet)! Usually, the size of an apartment is given in square meters or in tatami mats. The configuration of an apartment is usually described using the following codes:

 * ワンルーム (wan-rūmu) denotes a one-room (studio) apartment.
 * A "1K" has a bedroom and a tiny but separate kitchen.
 * A "1DK" has a bedroom and a kitchen large enough to eat in.
 * A "1LDK" has a bedroom and a larger kitchen which can accommodate both a table and a couch.
 * "2K" usually denotes an apartment with two bedrooms and a small kitchen, but some landlords or agents may use the term to refer to something more like a 1DK (in which the kitchen is part of the smaller "bedroom").
 * After this, you have 2DK, 2LDK, 3DK, 3LDK, etc.

Naturally, if you plan on spending much time at home, you will likely want a 1LDK or larger apartment, though if you minimize on furniture you may find a 1DK, 1K, or even studio sufficient. In any location within 45 minutes of central Tokyo, a 1LDK costs at least ¥70,000/month in rent alone, and the cost of rent goes up dramatically in the most popular areas of the central city. One-room and 1K apartments are often much cheaper, however.

Location
As the saying goes, “location, location, location” – location, and associated commute time, is a key factor in desirability and cost. Housing in a fashionable, central neighborhood (such as Omotesandō) can be very expensive, while housing in a more distant or less fashionable area is much cheaper.

The cost of rent also goes down if you live in a more distant location, or if you are further from a station – an apartment a 10-minute walk to a station will be significantly cheaper than one a 5-minute walk away, and even a 1-minute difference can make a noticeable difference in price. Bearing in mind that commute time (and commute quality, given crowded Japanese commuter trains) is a significant factor in quality of life, you will need to balance commute, size, and quality within your budget. It is possible to live within walking distance of work, but in central Tokyo this is very expensive.

Another important and easily overlooked feature is earthquake and tsunami risk. Major earthquakes and tsunamis occur periodically in Japan, and thus living on landfill or in a low-lying area runs a risk of death or serious injury from ground liquification in an earthquake (if on landfill) or flooding (from an earthquake). If living near the coast, including Tōkyō, safest is to check the elevation of the address via a website (elevation given latitude/longitude).

Tokyo
In Tokyo, the most desirable neighborhoods are primarily between central Tokyo and Yokohama, in the southwest (particularly along the Tōyoko line 東横線 Tōyoko-sen), and some west of Shibuya and Shinjuku, with a few in central Tokyo. This is all in the traditional Yamanote area, which is build on bedrock and at high elevation, hence safety from earthquakes and tsunamis. By contrast, the port and Shitamachi areas are built on landfill or swamp, and are at high risk from earthquakes and tsunamis.

By far the two most popular are Kichijōji (west of Shinjuku and Shibuya) and Jiyūgaoka (southwest, towards Yokohama). Other consistently popular areas include Yokohama, Ebisu, Hiroo, Meguro, and Nakameguro. Popular neighborhoods outside the usual areas include Kamakura, Tomosu, and Kagurazaka, while a recently redeveloped and popular area is Futago tamagawa (also in the southwest). While Shibuya and Shinjuku are very lively areas, they are not typically considered great residential areas, though music fans may enjoy Shibuya, and there are many residential towers near Shinjuku. A neighborhood that is quite popular with youth and foreigners is Shimokitazawa, which has a rather funky feel, similar to Brooklyn.

Kansai
If living and working in Kansai, there are a number of cities located in close proximity, and it is often possible to live in one but work in another. Ōsaka, Japan’s second city, is the largest and has the most jobs; Kyōtō, Japan’s traditional capital, is the most cultural; Kōbe (in Hyōgo prefecture), a port city, is the most fashionable and comfortable (due to the proximity to the sea). It is also possible to live near the boundary between Ōsaka and Kyōtō in order to work in one and visit the other.

In Kansai, by far the most fashionable area is Ashiya, in Hyōgo, by Kōbe, the Beverly Hills of Japan, home of many celebrities.

An interesting particularity of the Kōbe area is that there are 3 rail lines in parallel in the narrow strip between the mountains and the sea. There is accordingly “rail line pride”; the closer to the mountains is more expensive and more fashionable. This also results in competition between the rail companies to build more stations and apartment complexes to serve the crowded area.

Kyoto
Kyōtō is an ancient city, with some neighborhoods having centuries or millennia of history. The main interest in the central part (north of 4th Street 四条通 Shijō-dōri) and along the mountains, where most temples are clustered.

As a foreigner, the most interesting housing, if not the most comfortable, is to live in a traditional machiya, particularly in the Nishijin or Higashiyama areas. This is relatively inexpensive and often uncomfortable, due to the age and poor condition of the houses, but is an unforgettable experience. Heating in winter is a particular problem – usually people use unvented kerosene or gas heaters indoor, which is extremely dangerous for indoor air quality due to the carbon monoxide (hence one often leaves the window open to ventilate, which quite defeats the point). An electric oil heater is much, much healthier and safer.

Particularly convenient is to live near or along one of the two main subway lines, particularly the north-south Karasuma line. A bicycle is very useful, due to the city being relatively compact and bikeable, and car parking being generally absent. For north-south biking, the side streets of Muromachi and Shinmachi are much safer and more interesting than the main Karasuma street itself, and the path along the Kamo river is well-maintained for much of its length and very refreshing, particularly in summer.

The south of the city, particularly from 5th Street 五条通 Gojō-dōri south is traditionally poor and generally lacks interest, though there are scattered places of interest even in this area.

Finding an apartment
There are a few overall networks, such as Suumo. You can also find an area that you are interested in and find the rental agencies that cover that area.

Urban Renaissance
Urban Renaissance Agency (UR) is a semi-public agency that offers relatively inexpensive housing without many of the inconveniences and expenses of renting from a private landlord (no key money, foreigners allowed, deposit consistently returned, no guarantor required, no renewal fee). They do require a security deposit, which may be 1 to 3 months, and proof of income. As a large agency, many offices will have someone who speaks English, and there are private agencies that provide English assistance.

See “There are advantages to choosing UR property” and “Home Truths #3” for details.

Monthly mansions
An alternative to an apartment is a "monthly mansion" or "weekly mansion." These are designed for shorter stays and do not require any deposit up front. To compensate for this, the monthly rent is about ¥20,000 to ¥50,000 higher than an equivalent apartment.

Guest houses
A "guest house" is a building shared by several people. Tenants in a guest house have their own bedrooms, but usually share bathrooms and living space. Some guest houses are actual houses in residential areas: others may be set up in apartment blocks or in converted commercial space. A number of guest houses are only occupied by foreigners: these are often called "gaijin houses."

There are obvious privacy and security concerns inherent in living in a guest house, and the other tenants may be insufferable. However, these tend to be the cheapest form of medium to long-term housing in major cities. A guest house room can be had near major train stations in central Tokyo for as little as ¥65,000/month.

Hankou/Seals
Hankou or (signature) seals are carved stamps used throughout Japan for official matters. They are legally considered as an equivalent to your handwritten signature and are used whenever you are required to sign an official document (lease, mortgage, will etc). You will need to purchase your own hankou if you intend to stay in Japan, and you are obliged to register the hankou with your local city hall.

Residency registration
All aliens who plan to stay in Japan for more than 90 days must register with their local ward office 区役所 kuyakusho during their first 90 days in Japan. Registration, known as the Foreign residents’ registration system, is a relatively simple procedure. Household registration is also required for Japanese nationals (戸籍 koseki), and foreigners are now registered in the same system. The forms are available in English, Chinese and Korean, and you only need to bring your passport and two photographs (the photographs can usually be purchased from a machine at city hall).

Once you are registered, you will be issued a Residence Card (在留カード zairyū kādo). You are required by law to carry either the card or your passport at all times. Japanese police may ask you to show your card from time to time, so you should carry it any time you are in public. Under the former system, this was instead a Certificate of Alien Registration (外国人登録証明書 gaikokujin tōroku shōmeisho), abbreviated to gaitōshō (外登証?), and colloquially referred to in English as an "alien registration card" ("ARC") or "gaijin card." You may see references to this in older references.

See Start of a new residency management system! (Japanese) for details.

Opening an account
Once you have a Residence Certificate, you can go to a Japanese bank and ask to open an account. There are many banks in Japan. The largest are Mitsubishi-Tokyo UFJ (MTU), Sumitomo Mitsui (SMBC) and Mizuho. In addition to these, many foreigners use Citibank (which has a full presence in Japan) or Shinsei Bank (a Japanese bank with foreign management and extensive service in English). Note that you need to open a new account at Citibank Japan even if you have a Citibank account in another country.

Another option is Japan Post Bank (JP Bank, Yūcho-ginkō), a savings institution tied to the post office, and the biggest bank in the world by deposits. This is very convenient while in Japan, due to the extensive branch network. However, JP bank has several drawbacks for foreigners: it is more difficult to establish an account (they are relatively conservative and inflexible); many tasks can only be done in person, on paper (not over the internet), notably overseas remittances; and you are not allowed to keep a bank account open after leaving Japan, which can cause serious inconveniences in receiving money (final paycheck, return of apartment deposit) or making final payments (e.g., utilities).

Some banks insist that you must live in Japan for a certain period before opening an account. This is incorrect, and if a bank denies you an account on these grounds you should find another bank.

Using your account
Some banks, particularly the large ones, give you an ATM card and send you a monthly statement in the mail–a familiar process for most foreigners. Smaller banks may still follow the "traditional" approach of giving you a passbook instead. To check your balance, you insert the passbook into an ATM, and the numbers are printed directly on the passbook.

Cheques are rarely used in Japan. Instead, you will probably pay your bills and receive your pay through furikomi, an interbank transfer system. You can send a furikomi from an ATM, or through online banking if your bank offers it. There is usually a fee of 100-500 yen to send a furikomi.

To make a cash deposit, you insert the bills directly into the ATM, which counts the money and confirms the total before depositing it into your account.

To make a cash withdrawal, you can use your bank's ATM or another ATM within the same network. MTU, SMBC and Shinsei all have large nationwide ATM networks, including 24-hour machines inside convenience stores. If you go with a smaller bank, you may be restricted to that bank's ATMs, which may have tight operating hours.

Sending and receiving money internationally
There are several ways to transfer money from a foreign account to your Japanese account:

 * 1) International wire transfer can be difficult due to money laundering countermeasures. Some banks only allow you to send an international wire in person. Check with your institution at home about the rules and fees. There will probably be fees to send the wire, to receive the wire and to convert the money into yen.
 * 2) Writing a cheque to yourself may be cheaper and easier than sending a wire, but usually takes much longer (as much as five weeks).
 * 3) You can also withdraw cash from your foreign account at a post office ATM, then deposit the cash in your Japanese account. This avoids fees on the Japanese end, but depending on the foreign bank's pricing, you may lose quite a bit of money in ATM fees and the exchange rate spread.

Some banks in Japan now offer accounts in multiple currencies. If you have such an account, you can receive a wire from the US in dollars, then convert the money to yen whenever you want to. This is useful for taking advantage of exchange rate fluctuations, and may also give you a better exchange rate than an ATM.

Health Insurance
Health insurance is obligatory for all permanent employees and is automatically deducted from your wage packet. It goes towards the maintenance of the National health system and entitles you to free healthcare throughout Japan.

title: Living in Japan/Getting Established


text:
User talk:Versageek

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!. Az1568(Talk) 07:48, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

And you want help?
For why - you are doing a good job  - thanks for the help it is always appreciated -- Herby talk thyme 08:12, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Versageek


text:
User:Versageek

My English Wiktionary Userpage

title: User:Versageek


text:
Talk:IB Biology/Cells

spambot clobbered content
This happened several months ago & there have been many changes since:

This is the diff showing what it did

Perhaps someone more familiar with the subject can determine if any of the content still needs to be restored (undo doesn't work). --Versageek 08:07, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Not got time now but I will take a look later and see if I can help - cheers -- Herby talk thyme 08:09, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * With apologies - looking at it not a subject I feel able to help with - sorry -- Herby talk thyme 13:45, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Oddly, I actually know this subject material - I had to read it a few times before it came back to me.. it's been more than a few years since my last A&P class.. I overwrote some newer material when I resored, but the old content on the the subject was better. --Versageek 06:31, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

"tipos de celulas"?!
Can we change the graphic depicting the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes to one in English? It's not that big of a deal.

205.215.177.155 (talk) 19:36, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Cell Theory
Some of the exceptions to the cell theory aren't really exceptions. Multi-nucleated cells are still cells.

I'd also like to see support on that statement "Some biologists consider unicellular organisms to be acellular."

I suppose you need to add a definition of a cell.

Corrected your misspelling of Schwann as Swan. Here is the wikipedia entry for it. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Schwann

Rozzychan 21:56, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Right. And one reason exceptions seem necessary is that part 5 about DNA is not actually part of the cell theory.63.249.108.159 (talk) 23:02, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

I LOVE FLOWER BOY RAMYUN SHOP!!! 121.54.54.37 (discuss) 12:00, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

biology
I have some question Tashi dema (discuss • contribs) 13:20, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:IB Biology/Cells


text:
Category:Pakistani recipes

Recipes from Pakistan.

ko:분류:파키스탄 요리

title: Category:Pakistani recipes


text:
User talk:Willie whoremoan

ŵ==User name== Your user name is considered inappropriate for use on Wikibooks. We welcome contributions generally but please select a user name that is more appropriate - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 09:22, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Willie whoremoan


text:
Introduction to Game Theory/Matrix Notation

If you remember, the game we've looked at—the Prisoner's Dilemma—had to be explained with the use of a story. However this is not only very verbose and imprecise but also impossible to do for many games that are simply too complicated. One simple way of showing a game is by using a game matrix

This is really a table of utility. Utility is the amount of happiness an agent (player) gets from a particular outcome, or payoff.

In order to create a game matrix, we first need to work out the utility values. We assign the payoffs that are least attractive to a player low values and payoffs that are attractive to the player high payoffs. Initially, these are what we call "ordinal" utility values, not "cardinal" utility values. This means that a payoff of 10 isn't necessarily twice as good as one of 5. In fact, there is no difference between the two following utility values lists when talking about ordinal values:

It's just that the first list is far more concise. Remembering that we go from lowest level of attraction to highest, let's assign payoffs to the Prisoner's Dilemma game.

10 years in jail = 1 7 years in jail = 2 2 years in jail = 3 Get off free  = 4

Now we can arrange a table that shows what happens when each player chooses different options.

It should be clear soon how to read this table. Player 1 has two rows, "Confess" and "Stay Silent", and Player 2 has two columns marked the same. Where a column and a row intersect are the payoffs. Thus when Player 1's "Confess" row and Player 2's "Stay Silent" column intersect (which means in terms of the game, when Player 1 confesses and Player 2 stays silent) the payoff (4,1) is awarded. This means that Player 1 (whose personal payoff comes first in the brackets) gets a payout of 4—his highest payoff—and Player 2 gets a payout of 1—the lowest.


text:
Introduction to Game Theory/Nash equilibrium

Basic Definition:
A Nash Equilibrium is a set of mixed strategies for finite, non-cooperative games between two or more players whereby no player can improve his or her payoff by unilaterally changing their strategy. Each player's strategy is an 'optimal' response based on the anticipated rational strategy of the other player(s) in the game.

Nash outlined a new paradigm for mathematical and economic thinkers with his pioneering use of Equilibrium Theory. He had been accepted to study in New Jersey from his native West Virginia on a Scholarship for (Pure) Mathematics, and worked briefly under the advice of Albert Einstein. Many of Nash's contemporaries refer to him as a (post)modern day 'genius' for his reformations to some of Adam Smith's views on Economics and when considering his more personal characteristics, including his unorthodox teaching and research procedures, and his past experiences with schizophrenia.

Equilibrium Theory:
The Nash Theorem maintains its focus on rivalries with mutual gain; a perceptual focus of Nash's mathematical vision found in the light of Leon Walras' General Equilibrium Theory (published 1874) and John von Neumann's and Oskar Morgenstern's Theory of Games (1944), now simply called Game Theory. Nash later established his own idea of dominant strategy equilibria through maximization solutions for zero-sum games. He did this with original mathematical techniques to demonstrate the existence of methods for finding a measurable equilibrium in a general class of non-cooperative games.

Other academic theorists used the concept of 'equilibrium' in the 19th century (Maxwell, Walras, Gibbs), for chemical and economic equilibrium in the early stages of the 20th century (van der Waals, Onnes, Keynes) before Nash used it in the middle of the 20th century. Others improved upon Nash's original formulation in the 1950's and 60's (Selten, Harsanyi) and explored different possible aspects of a General Equilibrium Theory (GET) from the 70's to the 90's (Arrow, Hicks, Debreu). Many students of economics still study GET today. Recent academic applications of equilibrium theory from non-economists (Kolmogorov, S. Nagel), and in directions other than those laid down by the neo-Classicalists (cf. neo-Keynesians below), persist as well. The proposed universality of equilibrium theory (i.e. that all situations or economic conditions can/should be considered in the paradigm of general or specific equilibrium thinking) by some theorists makes it difficult to analyze subjects or objects with(-in) a single interpretive framework, and often demands multiple perspectives or even 'relativized' equilibria to explain and interpret diverse economies across the disciplines. Ordeshook above shows us the reach of Nash's equilibrium theory over disciplinary boundaries, and its relevance for practical mathematical-economic applications; now (post)modern theorists must again find ways to deal with its implications in the 21st century academy.

The possible theoretical limitations of equilibrium theory have led to disequilibrium neo-Keynesian theories during the last fifty years (Hahn, Fisher). And stubborn questions remain, even with uncertainty: what if there is more than one Nash Equilibrium in a given game; or if the players in a game have incomplete information; or if the rationality thesis fails to clearly convince readers who live beyond the so-called Age of Reason...? How does a unified Nash Equilibrium maintain itself in a theoretically plural academic culture and with increasingly complex indicators and instruments used in the scientific pursuit? Such may be the cases, for example, when turn-of-the-century relativity theories or even practical evolutionism (i.e. applied morphology) in Economics disallow unification on any shared equilibrium goal(s) or value(s). But then again, this message is itself being written in a time of (post)war.

John Nash can be credited against astonishing odds with making a normative distinction between cooperative and non-cooperative games, and for using mathematical models to support and exemplify his research. But his contribution to theory has become (neo-Nash) a web of explanation(s) and justification(s) far beyond the original conceptions of the author, and has also progressed steadily into the social world—somewhere Nash himself may not have wanted it to go.


text:
Statistics/Distributions/Chi-square

Chi-square Distribution
Chi-square distribution is related to normal distribution. A chi-square statistic is the sum of a number of independent and standard normal random variables.

Assume that we have n number of random variables Z, that are normally distributed. Therefore, we can write $$ Z \sim N(0,1) $$. If we square Z such that $$ Z^2 $$, then we get the chi-square distribution $$ Z^2 \sim \chi_{1}^2 $$. If we sum n number of $$ \chi_{1}^2 $$, we can write

$$ Y = Z_1^2 + Z_2^2 + ... + Z_n^2 \sim \chi_{n}^2 $$.

One example could be that we want to know whether the weight of a set of eight apples is normally distributed. Chi-square distribution can be used to test for this. Assume that the apples weigh 88, 93, 110, 76, 78, 121, 92 and 86 grams, and we have knowledge of the mean and the standard deviation weight of all apples. We obtain the normally distributed Z values by subtracting the mean weight (93) and divide by the standard deviation (15.41). For example, the first apple has Z-score $$ Z_1 = \frac{88-93}{15.41} = -0.3245 $$ using four decimal points. Square all the Z values, then taking the sum yields a Chi-squared distributed random variable with mean 8 and variance 16.

Now when we have the value of the chi-square statistic Y, we compare it to the critical value of the chi-square distribution at n = 8 degrees of freedom and 95% level of significance which can found in a Chi-square statistical table. The null hypothesis is that the sample of apples is normally distributed. It is rejected if the value of the test statistic is higher than the critical value.

The chi-square distribution is a special case of the gamma distribution, where a=2 and p=k/2. The probability density function is:
 * $$\frac{1}{2^{k/2}\Gamma(k/2)}\; x^{k/2-1} e^{-x/2}\quad x\geq 0,\,k \in [1,2,...]$$

Summary statistics
The mean of a chi-squared is $$k$$

The variance of a chi-squared is $$2k$$

For the proof of these, see the gamma distribution.

title: Statistics/Distributions/Chi-square


text:
Statistics/Distributions/Student-t

Student-t Distribution
Student t-distribution (or just t-distribution for short) is derived from the chi-square and normal distributions. We divide the standard normally distributed value of one variable over the root of a chi-square value over its r degrees of freedom. Mathematically, this appears as:

$$ t = \frac{\mbox{Z}}{ \sqrt{ \chi_{r}^2 /r }} $$

where $$ Z = \frac{X - \bar{X}}{\sigma} $$ and $$ \chi_{r}^2 = \chi_{r_1}^2 + ... + \chi_{r_n}^2 $$.

title: Statistics/Distributions/Student-t


text:
User talk:Classical Chinese

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 13:18, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Language help wanted
I'd be happy to look at your grammar for you. Just drop me a note on my talk page (or here) as you add new pages. --AdRiley 15:08, 28 December 2006 (UTC)talk

title: User talk:Classical Chinese


text:
User talk:Whisky brewer

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 13:19, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Page naming
Hi - could you look at how you are dealing with naming (the links above will help). I'm guessing Data is actually a sub page of something (Statistics?) but as such it should be named Statistics/Data. There is no needs to loose any edits - just use the "move" tab to rename the page. Ask if you need help - regards -- Herby talk thyme 16:38, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

You have created a number of pages which I believe are part of the same book. If they are all part of the same book then you should name them as "BOOKNAME/PAGENAME" rather than "PAGENAME". You can easily do this by using the "MOVE" button at the top of the screen (near the "EDIT" button). Xania talk 22:55, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Again could I ask you to look at naming. I believe Sample Points, Sample Space and Events possibly should be named Economics/Sample Points, Sample Space and Events or Economic Theory/Sample Points, Sample Space and Events? -- Herby  talk thyme 19:29, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Again could I ask you to look at the naming here - this page needs to be part of a book and should be so named - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 08:10, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Naming policy
You appear to continue to ignore messages about naming policy. Wikibooks is not the same as Wikipedia where stand alone pages are the norm. Wikibooks is structured to provide text books for people to read with pages gathered below an appropriate title for the "book" as a whole. Details on this information can be found in the links provided in the welcome above.

I have now moved a number of the pages that you created to a location that appears more appropriate to me. Please review this and if you feel I have got it wrong request help. I have also amended some of the redlinks on the Econometric Theory page to try and show you how they should be done. Please try to ensure that your future contributions follow our policies - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 13:12, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Whisky brewer


text:
User talk:Zddune

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 13:19, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Those articles
Much tho I understand your point those two are still in VfD as I added them to the bottom one (currently) and that has not closed yet. Let me know if anything is not clear or I can help - regards -- Herby talk thyme 17:40, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zddune


text:
User talk:Joe Jones

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 13:19, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joe Jones


text:
User talk:Engel47~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 13:20, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Engel47. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Engel47~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:56, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Engel47~enwikibooks


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/1881/decameron/oscookbook recipes

1881/decameron/oscookbook recipes
On the Cookbook talk page, it was agreed to delete pages from Please read over the discussion at Talk:Cookbook before commenting. --Swift 19:06, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * the public domain 1881 Household Cyclopedia. (tagged by 1881).
 * the public domain cookbook The Cook's Decameron: A Study In Taste, Containing Over Two Hundred Recipes For Italian Dishes. (tagged by Decameron)
 * the Open Source Cookbook. (tagged by Oscookbook)

 * Delete. As these pages are available on another site and as the recipes and measurements are dated there is little point in keeping them especially given the discussion that's already taken place on the cookbook talk page. Xania 19:59, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * This doesn't belong here as a vote. It is up to cookbook contributors, not the general community, what is wanted inside the cookbook. A cookbook contributor should go through the listed recipes and tag all the ones that have not been appropriately updated or whatever with  and an administrator should then delete them. Some of these recipes are probably still wanted as they have been modified and improved by previous cookbook contributors, but most of them aren't worth the effort. Kellen T 08:58, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Close per Kellen's notes. Cheers, Iamunknown 17:58, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep/Delete case-by-case. Seems to me that some of them might be good recipes, though of course they'd need to be updated. As Kellen points out, these are chapters of a large book with lots of contributors, and should be discussed internally. -- SB_Johnny | talk 12:50, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Hum - suggestion to close? Over the next few days I'll review each recipe individually.  Where they look reasonably worked up pages fine - the others I will qr-em.  In practice this will allow a couple of weeks over Xmas (unless any of us have a bad time and want to take it out of something!) before they actually get deleted.  Anyone against say so please -- Herby  talk thyme 13:30, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, close this VFD and let it be dealt with internal to the cookbook. Kellen T 14:10, 20 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Historical Documents

Historical Documents
Wikibooks is not a repository of source texts, and that's what this book is providing. All the links are red even after a month or more of work, and I think we need to stop this now before wasted effort goes into it. -within focus 17:05, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete - What he said. Xania 20:16, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Where can I put in sources other than wikisource, since they have alot of the documents?
 * The documents are already on wikisource?-- SB_Johnny | talk 21:30, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * If the documents are already on wikisource, I can't imagine you would need to upload another copy anywhere else. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 21:54, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep book. Delete original source document once confirmed at Wikisource. - The only original source document that I could see was contributed by someone other than User:Tannersf. That single page should be at Wikisource, but the rest of the book has all the potential to be a valuable book of annotated texts. I'll contact Tannersf regarding defining a scope for the book and regarding putting this on Wikisource. --Swift 17:50, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment Source already available on Wikisource: Declaration of Arbroath. --Swift 18:21, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment - Swift, if you do contact the editor maybe a suggestion to move this into his own namespace (and consider some of his other work that may have been published "too early") might be a sensible solution?? -- Herby talk thyme 08:23, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment. If it's properly annotated, then we can keep it. Wikibooks is allowed to contain original source material if it is part of an annotated text. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:52, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete unless evidence of intent to annotate surfaces. Cheers, Iamunknown 17:53, 12 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Petrus b~enwikibooks

Superluminal particle accelerator
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Superluminal particle accelerator
Would you please clarify the licensing/sourcing of the content you've added to this book? Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:40, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Your pages have been deleted
Pages that you have created have been deleted. These pages include: Superluminal particle accelerator, Gravifugal Levitation, Levitation, Levitation and antigravity, and Do-It-Yourself/Levitation and antigravity. Wikibooks is not a host for unverifiable or self-published works such as these. Please let me know if you have any questions regarding this policy. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:49, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Petrus b. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Petrus b~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Petrus b~enwikibooks


text:
Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Development Process

The WikiText Development Process in ECI301 at Old Dominion University Darden College of Education, Fall 2006/Spring 2007/Summer 2007/Fall 2007

This WikiText, The Social and Cultural Foundations of Education, is the combined effort of a dedicated group of professional collaborators, faculty, graduate, and undergraduate students. The course was planned over the summer of 2006 by Dr. Patrick O’Shea, Adjunct Faculty Member, who had the original idea for a WikiText, Dwight W. Allen, Eminent Scholar of Educational Reform, Peter Baker, Coordinating Graduate Assistant for ECI301 where the WikiText has been developed and used, and Douglas Allen, Associate Professor of Human Resources Development at the University of Denver.

In the fall they were joined by two other senior researchers, Kevin DePew, Assistant Professor of English, and Danny Curry-Corcoran, Director of Evaluation for the Newport News Public Schools.

The senior research team also offered an applied research course in the fall semester, paralleling the development of the WikiText. The major objective of this course was to plan a series of research initiatives to study the outcomes of this unprecedented, innovative approach to the introduction of students to the profession of teaching. Preparation of the WikiText and the evaluation of learning associated with that text comprised about one half of the total introductory course which also includes traditional lectures, both online and in a face to face format. The course materials and syllabus can be found at: http://www.odu.edu/educ/dwallen/classallen.htm.

Though the idea of WikiTexts is new, others have developed texts with the cooperation of students, often though not always graduate students. (See, for example, the developing student-written text about educational psychology, as well as the online Wikibooks version called Contemporary Educational Psychology). We decided to take a very different approach taking advantage of the large numbers of students enrolled (about 225) in this introductory class. First of all students were asked to produce a relatively brief (1,000 words) and very narrowly focused article on one of about 75 topics selected by the professional staff as representing a “typical” mix of topics for comparable courses. With about 225 students in the class, we created a “sign up page” in the WikiText which allowed as many as three students to sign up for each topic. In most cases we had two or three student-authored versions of each article.

It was not expected that they would “cover” the topic, but rather would select two to five major concepts they felt would be of value to them as teachers in training. Students were also required to write five multiple choice questions, applying the concepts their article to real life situations, and one essay question. In addition they were asked to find a “sidebar” something that would make the article more interesting – a quote, a video clip, an illustration or cartoon, a chart or graph.

The “book” was written during the first four weeks of class, and the balance of the semester was spent reading the text they had written. Each student was assigned to read and rate only one version of each article, about ten topics each week. Typically we received about 50 ratings of each article. The highest rated article by students was selected as the “official text.”  The other articles, some of which were also highly rated are shown as supplementary materials.