text:
Metal Gear Series/Early History

This is a timeline of fictional events that took place in the Metal Gear series, as well as fictional and non-fictional events that are referred to in the series. This timeline only covers canonical games and does not include side-stories or unofficial sequels. An X in this timeline represents an unknown year, while an XX represents an unknown decade.

1765
The original Sons of Liberty formed in the United States.

1789
April 30: George Washington takes office as the first President of the United States at Wall Street's City Hall in Manhattan, New York.
 * Wall Street's City Hall is renovated and renamed Federal Hall.
 * The Sons of Liberty as an active movement are disbanded.

18XX
It is claimed by the Patriots that in this period a kind of consciousness (the censorship and manipulation of information) formed layer by layer in the crucible of the White House.

1860s
The End is born.

1880s-1890s
McDonnel Benedict Miller's grandparents migrate from Japan to the US.

1904
A Japanese man called Jin-emon Natakama goes missing while exploring a stalactite cave.

1909
Major Zero (David Oh) born in Exeter, England, United Kingdom.

1914
Jin-emon Natakama walks out of a stalactite cave, a full ten years after he had gone missing while exploring the same cave. His family are doubly astonished to discover that he has apparently not aged a day since they last saw him (possibly the result of genetic experiments).

1922
December 30: The Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics / USSR) is formed.

1923
The "12 Wisemen" of the United States, the Republic of China, and the Soviet Union, gather together in a secret meeting that would later be known as the Wisemen's Committee. The secret pact they form there marks the beginning of the Philosophers. They begin controlling all the key decisions for the political, financial, economical and military affairs that take place in the US, USSR and China.

1924
The Joy (The Boss) born as a daughter of one of the United States' "Wisemen" Her name is an State's Ultra-Secret since her born, only her Father and the Higher Ranked Officials knowns her true name. Mother unknown.

1936
Jack (John / Naked Snake / Big Boss) born in Hawaii.

1936
May 15: EVA (Tatyana/Tanya/Big Mama) born in Meridian, Idaho, USA on May 15th 1936.

June 22: Para-Medic (Jane Doe / Quack/ Dr. Clarke) born in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

1938
The Mitsubishi J2M "Raiden" fighter plane is built in Japan.

1939

 * Sigint born in Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

August: Albert Einstein writes a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging the development of an atomic bomb.

September: German army invades Poland, setting off World War II.

November: Soviet army invades Finland (the Winter War).

 * The Joy's father becomes the last remaining member of the original Wisemen's Committee. He reveals the truth of the Philosophers to her but as a result, he is killed by the Philosophers.

194X

 * The Philosophers form a secret pact, a blueprint for defeating the Axis Powers and creating a new world order. To secure victory in the war, USA, USSR and China pool their resources to conduct the most covert types of operations and research, including the atomic bomb, rocket technology, and the Cobra unit. The Philosophers amass an enormous sum of money to fund these projects, enough to fight the war five times over. That wealth is known as the Philosopher's Legacy. Yevgeny Borisovitch Volgin's father is one of the men in charge of managing the Philosopher's Legacy and hence, in charge of the Philosophers' money laundering activities.
 * Jack loses the entire American side of his family in an Imperial Japanese Navy's attack during World War II. The Japanese side of his family are placed in internment camps.

1941
June: German army launches a surprise attack against the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa).

July: British army's SAS (Special Air Service) formed.

December 7: Imperial Japanese Navy attacks Pearl Harbour. US army participates in World War II as a result.

1942
August: US army's research division begins development of the atomic bomb (the Manhattan Project). Hal Emmerich's grandfather participates.

September: Siege of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) begins. * The Fear * The Pain * The End * The Fury * The Sorrow * The Boss / The Joy their names are State's Ultra-Secret.
 * In the midst of World War II, The Joy forms the Cobra Unit; the unit is formed by:
 * Mitsubishi J2M Raiden interceptors are used against the US in World War II. The code name the US Armed Forces used to refer to the Raiden fighter plane is "Jack".

December: Physicist Enrico Fermi succeeds in splitting an atom inside a nuclear reactor.

1943
January: Soviet army emerges victorious in the battle of Stalingrad.

 * The Joy becomes pregnant with The Sorrow's child.

1944
June 6: The D-Day incident: Allies land at Normandy, France. The Cobra unit take part in the landing at Normandy and are given a top secret mission to locate and destroy enemy V-2 rocket installations. Revolver Ocelot (Adamska) is born during the battle, when The Joy gives birth to him via a caesarian operation, after being shot in the gut. The Joy is left with a scar resembling the shape of a snake.

June: Adamska is taken away from The Joy by the Philosophers. He begins being raised as an agent of the Philosophers.

 * V-1 rockets fall on London.

1944-1945
Jack joins the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, a Japanese-American infantry unit, in his teens. He gains his first combat experience fighting against Nazis in France, his unit contributing to freeing towns from invading Nazi units.

1945
July 16: The first atomic test in history takes place at Los Alamos, New Mexico in the United States.

August: Hal Emmerich's father born in the US.

August 6 - August 9: Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.

August 15: World War II ends when Japan surrenders.

1945-1946

 * The Joy is given the title of "The Boss", and also becomes known as "Voyevoda" in the USSR.
 * After the end of World War II, the world is split into two - East and West. This marks the beginning of the era called the Cold War.
 * After the war, Jack returns back to the US, but suffers from prejudice against him due to his mixed ethnicity. This stunts his patriotism, and he turns his attention to fighting for himself and his own ideals.
 * In the confusion that ensues after World War II ends, Volgin's father devises a series of ingenious plots to ensure that the Soviet Union would have total control over the Philosopher's Legacy. The money amassed by the Philosophers, $100 billion, is divided up and laundered through banks all over the world, including Switzerland, Australia and Hong Kong. A microfilm contains a record of all those transactions, and hence the microfilm itself comes to be known as the Philosopher's Legacy.

1946
February: ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator), claimed to be the world's first computer, completed.

1947
September: CIA (US Central Intelligence Agency) established.

October: Pilot Chuck Yeager breaks the sound barrier in the Bell X-1.

 * The Boss disbands the Cobra unit.

1949
April: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) established.

May: Germany split into East and West.

June: British author George Orwell publishes 1984.

August: USSR tests its first atomic bomb at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, becoming the world's second nuclear power.

October: People's Republic of China founded.

1950
June:
 * Outbreak of Korean War (lasts until July 1953).
 * Jack becomes The Boss's disciple. She begins giving him combat training as a mentor and also starts teaching him Russian.

1951
November 1: "Buster Dog" atomic test conducted at Area 7 in Nevada, with Army troops participating. The Boss (formerly The Joy) is in the Nevada desert participating in this atomic test. (she is exposed to atomic radiation for research purposes of The Patriots, she became sterile after that).

1952

 * When a Roland Grace's grave is relocated, there are deep gouge marks discovered on the inside of the Hungarian farmer's casket lid. It appears the dying man had tried to claw his way out of the coffin.

November: US establishes the NSA (National Security Agency).

1953
April: James Watson and Francis Crick discover the double helix structure of DNA based on work performed by Rosalind Franklin.

July: Korean War ends.

August: Nikita Khrushchev becomes First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.

1954
January:
 * US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles announces the New Look policy (the so-called "massive retaliation strategy").
 * US Navy launches the world's first nuclear submarine, the USS Nautilus.

February: The Castle Bravo hydrogen bomb tested on Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands. Jack (late known as Naked Snake) is used as an atomic test subject there (he was rendered sterile due the radiation expose). He is involved in the testing of the first airborne detonation of a hydrogen bomb. After noticing Jack as an atomic test subject on Bikini Atoll, The Boss becomes more drawn to him due to their similar situations.

March: KGB (Soviet Commission for State Security) formed.

May: French garrison of Dien Bien Phu falls, signaling the victory of the Viet Minh. France pulls out of Indochina.

November: Japanese movie Godzilla released in Japan.

1955
April: Albert Einstein dies, pleading for an end to nuclear weapons.

 * Jack and The Boss devise the CQC (Close Quarters Combat) style of combat.
 * Johan Jacobsen (Yozev Norden) becomes acquainted with Drago Pettrovich Madnar after they become college graduates.
 * Roy Campbell (Colonel Campbell / Chicken Fox) born in the US.

1957

 * Vietnam War begins.

August: USSR successfully launches an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).

October: Soviet Union succeeds in launching the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik, into orbit (the Sputnik Shock).

1958
January: US launches its first artificial satellite, Explorer I.

October: NASA (US National Aeronautics and Space Administration) begins operation.

1959
January: Cuban Revolution.

June 12: The Boss leaves Jack behind for a top-secret mission and does not see him again for 5 years, 72 days, and 18 hours.

1960

 * Francis Crick discovers that each gene in an individual produces a particular protein (and a particular characteristic).
 * Undercover Mafia sting operations begin in Chicago.

May:
 * American Lockheed U-2 spy plane violates Soviet airspace and is shot down over the Ural Mountains.
 * Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announces missile aid to Cuba.
 * South Vietnamese National Liberation Front (NLF) forms.

1961
January: John Fitzgerald Kennedy assumes office as the 35th President of the United States.

February: US conducts first test of Minutemen intercontinental ballistic missile.

April 12: USSR launches Vostok 1, the first manned spacecraft in history, piloted by Yuri Gagarin. The rocket that carries Gagarin into orbit is the A1, known as the Vostok rocket. Nikolai Stephanovich Sokolov, a famous Soviet rocket scientist, is said to be the man most responsible for the multi-engine cluster used in that rocket.

April: After Gagarin's flight, Sokolov leaves rocket development to become the head of the newly established OKB-754 Design Bureau, one of the Soviet's top-secret weapon research facilities, and the East's foremost expert on weapons development.

May: Alan Shepard becomes first American in rocket flight aboard the Redstone Rocket.

August: Construction begins on the Berlin Wall in Germany.

September: US 5th Special Forces Group, the "Green Berets" activated. Jack joins this group and stays until the Virtuous Mission.

October: USSR conducts the first atomic test in space above Russia.

December: U.S. President John F. Kennedy announces increase in military assistance to South Vietnam.

 * Acting as a mercenary for the French, Jack participates in the Congo Crisis.

1962
January: US Navy SEALS formed.

February: US achieves its first manned space flight with the launch of Friendship 7.

 * Nikolai Stepanovich Sokolov requests asylum in the West. Major Zero conducts the operation to sneak him out of the USSR. He uses a mole to get Sokolov's family out first and succeeds in sneaking Sokolov over the Berlin Wall shortly afterwards.

 * The Boss is assigned a mission to kill The Sorrow (her lover and Ocelot / Revolver Ocelot father) and she successfully completes it after The Sorrow allows her to kill him.

July: Kyle Cooper born in Fallowfield, Washington, USA.

October 16: American U2 spy planes confirm presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba, precipitating the Cuban Missile Crisis. The President of the United States receives word that the Soviet Union has deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The world trembles in fear as the prospect of nuclear war looms ever closer.

October:
 * There is a secret condition in the deal that would put an end to the crisis. Nikolai Stepanovich Sokolov, who recently defected to the West, is to be sent back to the Soviet Union. The US government agrees to this stipulation, and returns Sokolov to his native land, the USSR.
 * After days of tense negotiations, the Soviets finally agree on the 28th to withdraw their missiles from Cuban soil. This event would later be known as the Cuban Missile Crisis

December: US Mars rocket Mariner 2 approaches Mars and begins sending back survey data.

 * US begins producing "Davy Crockett" portable nuclear missiles.

1963
February: US and USSR sign Hotline Agreement, establishing a direct telephone hotline between America and Soviet leaders.

June: British spy James Bond makes his first movie appearance in Doctor No. Major Zero becomes a big fan of James Bond.

August:
 * US, UK, and USSR sign the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) in the Kremlin (banning atmospheric, space-based, and underwater testing of nuclear weapons).
 * Movie The Great Escape released.

August 24: Hideo Kojima born in Stagaya, Tokyo, Japan.

October: James Bond movie From Russia with Love released in the UK.

November: US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy assassinated. Lyndon Baines Johnson becomes President.

 * John le Carré publishes The Spy Who Came in from the Cold.
 * Deaths from Vietnam War in 1963: South Vietnamese army: 8,100. NLF: 20,600. US military: 78.
 * 10,000 US military advisors stationed in Vietnam. 100,000 South Vietnamese civilians serving US military.

1963-1964

 * Aleksandr Leonovitch Granin, the foremost weapons scientist in the Soviet Union and the head of the Granin Design Bureau, creates prototype designs for the development of a "Metal Gear". Yevgheny Borisovich Volgin, after his father's death, learns of the Philosopher's Legacy and obtains the microfilm. With this money and the support of Brezhnev and his allies, Volgin builds the fortress of Groznyj Grad and Granin's research facility in Tselinoyarsk, USSR. Colonel Volgin later cancels the funding for Granin's project, in order to continue research on Sokolov's "Shagohod" as a result of Granin failing to produce results.
 * McDonnel Benedict Miller (Master Miller / Hell Master) born in the US, 60 years after his grandparents migrated there.
 * Frank Jaeger (Frank Hunter / Gray Fox / Ashen Tod / Cyborg Ninja / Deepthroat / Null) born in Vietnam during the Vietnam War, as a half-German, half-Vietnamese.
 * Para-medic becomes a big fan of Godzilla.
 * The CIA's FOX (Force Operations X) unit is formed by Major Zero, but is not yet officially organized into a unit. Jack joins the FOX unit.
 * Adamska becomes the leader of the GRU Spetsnaz (Russian Special Forces) Ocelot unit, and becomes known as Major Ocelot.

title: Metal Gear Series/Early History


text:
Metal Gear Series/Big Boss Era

This is a timeline of fictional events that took place in the Metal Gear series, as well as fictional and non-fictional events that are referred to in the series. This timeline only covers canonical games and does not include side-stories or unofficial sequels.

1964
July: US President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act into law.
 * Granin, who is jealous of Sokolov, gives his prototype designs of Metal Gear to his friend, Hal Emmerich's grandfather, in the USA. Metal Gear requires technology that doesn't exist at this current time.

August:
 * Gulf of Tonkin Incident.
 * Realizing at last the urgency of the threat that the Soviets May cause with Sokolov in their hands, the CIA forms a plan to recapture Sokolov. They dispatch the covert FOX unit to Sokolov's research facility, located to the south of the great Soviet fortress of Groznyj Grad.

Tselinoyarsk Incident:
 * August 24: Virtuous Mission (takes place in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater). Jack is given the codename "Naked Snake".
 * August 24 - August 29: Naked Snake is asleep for several days in hospital due to his injuries caused by The Boss. Para-medic visits him while he is asleep.
 * August 29: The White House receives an unexpected call from the Soviet's Chairman Khrushchev. He accuses the US of being responsible for the attack on the OKB-754 Design Bureau and threatens them with a nuclear attack on the US if the US Government can't prove their innocence. President Johnson places the blame on The Boss. The government declares The Boss to be a traitor to the country and plan on sending her former disciple Jack to kill her.
 * August 29 - August 30: Naked Snake is asleep for several days in hospital due to his injuries caused by The Boss. Para-medic visits him while he is asleep. After Naked Snake wakes up, members of the top brass' inquiry interrogate him with many questions regarding The Boss' defection. Major Zero visits Naked Snake and gives him a briefing on Operation Snake Eater.
 * August 30 - September 2: Operation Snake Eater (takes place in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater).

September:
 * President Lyndon B. Johnson awards Naked Snake the title of "Big Boss" in honor of defeating The Boss. The FOX unit is officially organized into a unit.
 * First test flight of XB70, a heavy bomber capable of Mach 3.

October:
 * Tokyo Olympics held.
 * USSR sends 3 cosmonauts into space aboard the Voskhod 1.
 * October 15: Khrushchev is ousted from power. Leonid Brezhnev becomes the First Secretary of the Communist Party, with Alexey Kosygin as Premier.
 * October 16: China conducts its first successful nuclear test in the Takia Makan desert.

December: Motosada Mori (military advisor of Kojima's team) born in Hiroshima, Japan.

1965

 * Sigint joins ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency). He takes part in the development of the ARPAnet, which would go online in 1969.
 * Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe) is freed from British rule. Many Indians, who were former labourers for the British, remain in Rhodesia.

1966

 * The US government conducts a study on emergency medical treatment. The Department of Transportation lays the groundwork for the creation of the EMT (Emergency Medical Technician) system.

1968

 * Second Congo Crisis ends.
 * EVA disappears without a trace in Hanoi, Vietnam.

1969

 * ARPAnet goes online.
 * Big Boss offers his combat services in Asia, Africa, and the Middle and Far East. In the Vietnam War, he participates in the Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (LRRP) as an "unofficial soldier" attached to a team of Green Berets and US Army Ranger units. His skills earn him the "Legendary Soldier" moniker.

197X

 * Big Boss takes part in more than 70 missions attached to groups such as the SOG (Special Operations Group), the Wild Geese, and Delta Force.
 * Helena Dolph (Fortune / Helena Dolph Jackson) born as daughter of Commandent Scott Dolph.
 * Gustava Heffner (Natasha Marcova) born in Czechoslovakia.
 * Nastasha Romanenko born in Ukraine.
 * Naomi Hunter born in Rhodesia as a daughter of Indian labourers.
 * Holly White born from a French mother and an English father.
 * Frank Jeager earns the title of "Fox", the highest honor for a member of FOXHOUND. Campbell is given the codename "Chicken Fox".

1970

 * Para-Medic establishes the nation's first paramedic system in Seattle, Washington.
 * The downfall of the FOX unit (the events of Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops).
 * Major Zero disbands FOX.
 * The United States accumulates the remainder of the Legacy. The US branch of "Philosophers" changes its name to the "Patriots".

1971

 * Carrying on the traditions of Major Zero and his FOX unit, Big Boss establishes FOXHOUND.
 * Rhodesian Civil War begins in Rhodesia.

1972

 * The "Les Enfants Terribles" project. The Sons of Big Boss are born: Solid Snake (David), Liquid Snake, and Solidus Snake (George Sears).
 * Liquid Snake is taken to England.

1975
Vietnam War ends.

1979
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan begins in which Ocelot participates in and earns the name Shalashaska for his sadistic reputation.

198X

 * Frank Jaegar, now a young soldier under the name "Frank Hunter", is assigned a mission in Rhodesia during the Civil War. There he kills Naomi's parents, near the Zambezi River in Rhodesia, but can't bring himself to kill her too. He feels so bad that he decides to take her with him. Frank takes care of her, shares his rations with her and helps her survive during the war. He begins raising her like she is his own blood to soothe his guilty conscience. Naomi begins looking up to Frank as an older brother. Rhodesian Civil War ends that same year, when Rhodesia is renamed to "Zimbabwe".
 * Big Boss takes Frank and Naomi to the "land of freedom", America.
 * Frank joins FOXHOUND.
 * Frank and Big Boss return to Africa to continue fighting a war, leaving Naomi behind.
 * Big Boss participates in several regional conflicts and race liberation wars. He is heralded as a true hero and makes the front covers of popular magazines in many countries.
 * Zanzibar Province formed as a minor self-rule domain included in the USSR. It is a region surrounded by Pakistan, USSR, China and Afghanistan.
 * Kio Marv becomes famous as a computer games maniac. He subscribes many games he makes himself to various magazines, and is regarded as a splendid game designer.
 * McDonnel Miller serves as a survival master in SAS, the Green Beret Squad, and US Marine boot camp. He also serves as a drill sergeant in FOXHOUND, and is referred to as a 'Hell Master'. Draftees call him "Master Miller" with respect.
 * The scientific community estimate there to be about 100,000 types of proteins in an individual. Based on Crick's original theory on genes, this estimate reveals that there are about 100,000 genes in an individual.
 * Jack (Raiden / Jack the Ripper / White Devil / Snake) born.

1980
Hal Emmerich (Otacon) born in the US.

1986
January:
 * Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev proposes abandoning of nuclear weapons.
 * Voyager 2 approaches Uranus again.

February:
 * US President Ronald Reagan proposes whole abandoning of INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces).
 * USSR launches Mir.

April 26: Nastasha Romaneko and her family are showered by the radiation from the Chernobyl disaster in Prypiat (a city 3 kilometres north of Chernobyl).

October: USSR begins limited retreat from Afghanistan.

 * Meryl Silverburgh born as the officially recognized daughter of Matt Campbell. She is actually the biological daughter of Roy Campbell (Matt's older brother), conceived from an affair with Matt's wife.
 * Mei Ling born in America.

1987
February: Soyuz TM 2 and MIR succeed to dock.

May: USSR residential force in Afghanistan begins retreat.

October: USA and USSR come to a consensus on INF total ban in their diplomatic minister conference.

December 8: In Washington, USA and USSR sign INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) total ban treaty over national leader negotiation in Washington.

1988
June: In Moscow, USA and USSR prepare collaborated draft paper on "Scheme about the verification of INF Abandoning". August: Space shuttle launching restarted.
 * INF total ban becomes valid.
 * START (STrategic Arms Reduction Talks) is approved by both USA and USSR.
 * Big Boss frees many Kurds during the Iran-Iraq War, one of which is the 5 year old Sniper Wolf who thinks of him as Saladin.
 * Big Boss retires from the front line to concentrate on military education and training.
 * Big Boss uses the large amount of money he has collected over the years to secretly create the fortress nation Outer Heaven, deep in South Africa, 200 km north of Galzburg.
 * Solidus Snake kills Jack's parents. Solidus begins raising him as a mercenary and names him "Jack", after Big Boss' real name.
 * Jack first uses an AK-47 when he is around 6 years old.

1989
February 15: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ends.

 * USSR military forces including 500,000 personnel, 6 tank legions and other troops are cut.
 * SINF total abandoning is completed.
 * USA-USSR diplomatic ministers conference is held in Wyoming.
 * The separation between negotiations over START and SDI is prevailed to the public.
 * Peace between Iraq and Iran.
 * Democracy movement widespread in various Eastern European areas.
 * Malta conference is held.
 * Berlin Wall is torn down.
 * Democracy fever all over Eastern European nations.
 * The amount of asylum-seekers and refugees flowing into capitalism societies increase.
 * Voyager 2 re-approaches Neptune, and leaves solar system.

December 24: Liberian Civil War begins in Liberia. December: Solidus Snake starts training Jack as a mercenary in the Liberian Civil War. Jack begins fighting for Solidus as a child soldier in his "Army of the Devil" as part of the "small boys unit".

199X

 * Emma Emmerich-Danziger (Emma Emmerich / E.E) born in the US. She later becomes Hal Emmerich's step-sister.
 * Frank Jaeger earns the title of "Fox", the highest honor for a member of FOXHOUND. Frank is given the codename "Gray Fox".
 * Zanzibar Province's opposition toward the former regime of the USSR rises in the early 1990s, with the Baltic provinces and similar crises serving as a detonating cause.
 * The Patriots spread false information about the Y2K bug, later misleading the world into thinking it's a threat. Backdoor programs hidden in worldwide distributed software plants the seeds for the coming S3 Program.

1990
Normal-arms military balance over East and West, and negotiation over mutual reduction is approved by both.

CFE (Conventional Armed Forces in Europe), the European normal-arms military force cutting negotiation, advances.

USA-USSR chemical weapon prohibition treaty is signed.

August 2: The Gulf War begins when Iraq invades Kuwait.

August - December:
 * Liquid Snake works for the British Special Force SAS to destroy the mobile SCUD missile launchers during the Gulf War. During the mission he becomes a POW (Prisoner Of War) of Iraq and is declared a MIA (Missing In Action).
 * Solid Snake infiltrates western Iraq during the Gulf War with a platoon of Green Berets.

1991
February 28: The Gulf War ends.

August: Gulf War Veterans begin to suffer from Gulf War syndrome (which, according to Liquid, is the result of genetic experiments).

 * Liquid is brainwashed and begins being used for terrorist activities in the Middle East.
 * Regulation talk over SDI comes to dissatisfaction.
 * LINF total abandoning has finished.
 * North and south talks are held.
 * Output of high-power laser is improved.

1992

 * 50% reduction treaty over strategic nuclear weapons is signed.
 * Normal arms and war machines are cut in Europe.
 * Average ratio of GNP (Gross National Product) per population in Asian NICS countries to world average exceeds 10%.
 * Development of brain bombs.
 * Experiment of coil gun succeeds.

1993

 * SLCM, Submarine-Launched Cruising Missile regulation treaty, is signed.
 * Development of main battle tank Goliath.
 * Experiments of rail-velocity guns begin.

1994

 * 30% of remaining strategic nuclear weapons are cut.
 * Krypton-85 density in the air of USA and USSR stabilizes. Postponement of plutonium production for military purpose is confirmed.
 * US army seriously restarts development of mortar gears.
 * Laser beam gun experiments begin outside the Earth's atmosphere.
 * Big Boss gives David the codename "Solid Snake".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Metal Gear Series/Big Boss Era


text:
Metal Gear Series/Solid Snake Era

This is a timeline of fictional events that took place in the Metal Gear series, as well as fictional and non-fictional events that are referred to in the series. This timeline only covers canonical games and does not include side-stories or unofficial sequels.

1995
Average ratio of Japanese GNP per population to world average exceeds 60%.

NASA develops experimental walking tank for exploring planets.

Outer Heaven Uprising:
 * Operation Intrude N312: Big Boss sends Gray Fox to Outer Heaven to gather data about the new ultimate weapon in development. Several days later, after his final report "Metal Gear...", contact with him is lost.
 * Big Boss sends Solid Snake, a new rookie in FOXHOUND, on a mission to Outer Heaven.
 * Operation Intrude N313 (the events of Metal Gear).
 * Outer Heaven is decimated.

1996

 * Solid Snake retires from FOXHOUND and moves to Alaska.
 * The Mobile ICBM (Inter-continental Ballistic Missile) is totally abandoned.
 * LSI (Large-Scale Integrated circuit) production using reso-graphy and SOR (Successive Over-Relaxation) begins.
 * First completed Metal Gear developed in Zanzibar Province.

1997

 * Zanzibar Land Independence War (War of the Mercenaries) takes place against the USSR. Zanzibar Land proclaims its independence after claiming victory, which is achieved through the efforts of mercenaries from all around the world. Zanzibar Land becomes an armed fortified nation.
 * Tactical nuclear weapons are totally abandoned (Third Zero).
 * Development of high-speed reproductive nuclear plants advance rapidly.

1998

 * Chemical weapons are totally abandoned.
 * Third Oil Shock.
 * Super-LSI with 100 M-bit class of memory in one chip becomes available.
 * Metal Gear D is developed in Zanzibar Land.

1999
Metal Gear G (Gustav) units are mass-produced in Zanzibar Land.

Zanzibar Land Disturbance:
 * USA and USSR storage quarters for weapons disposal are raided by Zanzibar Land.
 * Dr. Kio Marv, the inventor of "Oilix", is kidnapped and taken to Zanzibar Land.
 * December: Roy Campbell, the new leader of FOXHOUND, calls Solid Snake out of retirement to send him on a mission to Zanzibar Land.
 * December 24 - December 25: Operation Intrude F014 (the events of Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake).

December 25 - 31:
 * Solid Snake returns to his retirement in Alaska and settles down at Twin Lakes.
 * Big Boss' corpse is recovered by the US Government.
 * Zanzibar Land is decimated.

2000

 * Roy Campbell retires as FOXHOUND's commanding officer. Liquid Snake joins FOXHOUND and takes his place as the new field commander.
 * George Sears (Solidus Snake) is "elected" President of the United States.

2003

 * Gray Fox escapes confinement and kills Dr. Clark, FOXHOUND's chief of medical staff and leader of the Genome project. Naomi Hunter covers up the incident as a lab accident and replaces Clark as medical chief.
 * Development of Metal Gear REX instigated by a joint conspiracy between Secretary of Defense Jim Houseman, DARPA Chief Donald Anderson, and Armstech President Kenneth Baker, all behind the Patriots back. Black Budget funding from the Pentagon diverted from Navy to the Rex Project.

2004
President Sears elected for a second term.

2005
Shadow Moses Incident (the events of Metal Gear Solid).

President Sears is removed from office, after the exposure of the Genome Army and Metal Gear REX, by the Patriots. He goes in to hiding and reverts to his codename, Solidus Snake. He is succeeded by James Johnson.

Sometime during this year, Revolver Ocelot attaches Liquid Snake's arm through surgery in France as a replacement for the hand he lost in his confrontation with Cyborg Ninja.

2007
August 8: Tanker Incident (takes place in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty).

August - December: Solid Snake and Otacon steal Liquid Snake's body and use it as a replacement for Solid Snake's, to make the world think he's dead.

2009
April 29 - April 30: Big Shell Incident (takes place in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty).

201X
Restrictions on military intervention in foreign countries ease up, creating high demand for mercenaries. Many PMCs (private military companies) are established. Liquid takes advantage of this military boom and re-establishes Outer Heaven to be an overseer of the five biggest PMCs. He creates a giant army equal in power to the US's armed forces.

2014
The UN locates Liquid Snake (Liquid Ocelot) in the Middle East and Solid Snake is recruited to infiltrate the new Outer Heaven and take out Liquid Ocelot (the events of Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots).

title: Metal Gear Series/Solid Snake Era


text:
User talk:AnnaKucsma~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Kellen T 17:04, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Please also check out the Cookbook policy page and the Cookbook talk pages.

Category aliasing
Please do not change to the title of the page. It's done like that so that if the page moves, the category links are automatically updated. This is a work-around for a needed enhancement in MediaWiki. Kellen T 17:05, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called AnnaKucsma. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name AnnaKucsma~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:58, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:33, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:AnnaKucsma~enwikibooks


text: User:Jagged 85

title: User:Jagged 85


text:
User:Eaefremov

w:User:Eaefremov

title: User:Eaefremov


text:
The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/ASIMO

 * What is ASIMO?

ASIMO is a humanoid robot which can simulate the motions of the human body. ASIMO is designed by the Honda corporation and has been under development since 1986. ASIMO initially started off as a set of legs to simulate walking and since than has come under change into a complete robot with legs, a core unit, arms and head.

 * How ASIMO moves

ASIMO moves through the use of a Prediction Movement Control system. This system allows ASIMO to anticipate its next step and even shifts its center of gravity to maintain balance; these adjustments can all occur within real time. Although ASIMO’s legs are important, they are not the only part which enables ASIMO to move dynamically. The hips which ASIMO uses are specially designed to flex for quick adjustments in movements.

 * Other functions of ASIMO

Other functions of ASIMO include climbing stairs, face recognition, voice recognition and the ability to grasp objects. All of these functions have been developed over years of modification to ASIMO. The current development is the ability for ASIMO to run and maintain balance. Even though the pace of the run is quite slow compared to a person, ASIMO can run at a pace of 5.9 miles per hour.

 * The future of ASIMO

The future of ASIMO is further development into complete dynamic movements along with prolonged battery life. ASIMO is expected within the next thirty to forty years to be released to the public for everyday use and assistance. Already ASIMO has been incorporated into specific companies and museums as greeters, and has made its way over into North, where it currently is involved in a fifteen-minute show that introduces ASIMO to people and the benefits of ASIMO’s capabilities.


text:
User talk:193.108.73.47

Welcome! Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. --Brian Brondel 18:50, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:193.108.73.47


text:
User talk:85.250.41.110

Welcome! Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. --Brian Brondel 18:59, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:85.250.41.110


text:
User:KrakatoaKatie

Visit KrakatoaKatie on en.

title: User:KrakatoaKatie


text:
Wikijunior:Big Book of Fun Science Experiments/Lemon battery

To make a lemon battery you will need:

 * A lemon
 * A penny
 * A nickel
 * Copper wire
 * An LED or calculator.

Experiment:

 * First, use some wire to cover a penny and other piece of wire on the nickel.
 * Insert the coins in the lemon and put the other sides of the wires in the sides of the LED.
 * Then you will see the electric power of the lemon flowing in the diode.


text:
Scienceshow/Microtechnology

Demonstration Experiments and Activities Related to Microtechnology

See also the Open source handbook on Microtechnology.

This page is currently a brainstorm - detailed activity descriptions will come. Please add comments and ideas!

=Brainstorm for New Activities=
 * Make cakes 'lithography style'
 * Play with acceleration sensor and make your own sensors
 * Recreate the first transistor (piece of semiconductor and cut gold foil)
 * Lego Mindstorm programmable toys
 * Experiments with Optical fibers - light through running water to introduce the concept
 * Solar cells - make your own and compare to commercial ones
 * Light emitting diodes -band gaps and materials properties as fct of temperature
 * Webcams and their IR sensitivity
 * Webcams, can they be used to detect a radioactive source?
 * Maize starch in water for microfluidic demonstration?

title: Scienceshow/Microtechnology


text:
The Computer Revolution/Networks/Bluetooth

 * King Harold: The wireless technology called Bluetooth is named after the Danish King Harold Blatand (Harold Bluetooth). As Harold was largely responsible for the unification of warring parties of Sweden,Denmark, and Norway, similarly,the modern Bluetooth is responsible for the unification or better yet communication of businesses worldwide.
 * Bluetooth more specifically
 * Bluetooth is a wireless short range communications specification supported by a special interest group comprised of Ericsson, Nokia, Intel, IBM and Toshiba. It allows cable free connectivity between mobile phones, mobile PCs, printers, and hand helds. The range of Bluetooth is 10 meters (30 feet). It supports voice or data transmissions at a rate of up to 1Mbps and has a frequency range of 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz. It is specifically designed to replace the use of cables between devices, such as to connect wireless keyboard or wireless mouse to the desktop computer. Bluetooth technology is even used to send print job wirelessly from a portable computer to a printer or it is used to connect two mobile phones for transferring certain data like music or files. In today’s world Bluetooth Technology is available in cars too, so that the mobile phone is connected to car Bluetooth and it enables the driver to receive or make calls or even connect his music files to the car stereo system. The signals of Bluetooth can transmit through clothing or other non-metallic objects; hence it can connect directly to any Bluetooth Technology encrypted device.

 * More on Bluetooth
 * Bluetooth is a radio technology that allows exchange of communications even in areas with electromagnetic disturbances. It is replacing cable or infrared devices by making use of low cost transceiver chips that are embedded in the mobile devices. It also makes use of built in encryption and verification codes which allow the secure transfer of information.

 Telemedicine

Telemedicine Today is the leading news and information source for the telemedicine industry, with a readership that includes telemedicine practitioners, physicians, hospital administrators, healthcare information specialists, vendors, consultants, policy makers, and others interested in this dynamic field. Telemedicine is the use of networking technology to provide medical information and services and is mosIt is specifically designed to replace the use of cables between devices, such as to connect wireless keyboard or wireless mouse to the desktop computer. Bluetooth technology is even used to send print job wirelessly from a portable computer to a printer or it is used to connect two mobile phones for transferring certain data like music or files. In today’s world Bluetooth Technology is available in cars too, so that the mobile phone is connected to car Bluetooth and it enables the driver to receive or make calls or even connect his music files to the car stereo system. The signals of Bluetooth can transmit through clothing or other non-metallic objects; hence it can connect directly to any Bluetooth Technology encrypted device.t often used to provide care to individuals who live in remote areas to consult with a specialist. For example, physician can use Videoconferencing to communicate remotely with other physician or with hospitalized patients. Physicians can also use telemedicine to perform remote diagnosis of patients. For example, healthcare workers at rural locations, childcare facilities, and other locations can use video cameras, electronic stethoscopes, and other devices to send images and vital statistics of a patient to a physician located at a medical facility. There is another example of telemedicine is telesurgery - a form of robot assisted surgery where a robot controlled by a physician operates on the patient. At least one of the surgeons performs the operation by controlling the robot remotely over the Internet or another network. Robot assisted surgery systems typically use cameras to give human surgeon an extremely close view of the surgical area. Telemedicine has a huge potential for providing quality medical care to individuals who live in rural areas or underdeveloped areas that do not have access to medical care. It will also be necessary for future long-term space explorations. NASA astronauts and physicians recently performed telesurgery experiments in the Aquarius Undersea Laboratory 50 feet below the ocean surface to help in the development of a robotic unit that will allow physicians to perform surgery remotely on patients who are in outer space. Telemedicine is not a separate medical specialty. Products and services related to telemedicine are often part of a larger investment by health care institutions in either information technology or the delivery of clinical care.

 Telepharmacy

Just like telemedicine, the goal of telepharmacy is to bring healthcare services to remote locations where these services are needed. Telepharmacy takes advantage of network technology to bring pharmacy services to those remote areas where a pharmacist is needed. Telepharmacies can stock typical inventory of prescription as well as over-the-counter medications and appear just like full-service retail pharmacies or they can exist within institutional settings such as hospitals. The way telepharmacy works is that the telepharmacy is always staffed by a pharmacy technician who can accept prescription orders from patients. The order is then prepared by the technician for final check by the pharmacist. The pharmacist will then review the patient's profile of concurrent medications to identify any issues such as drug interactions or allergies and will also check the prescription order prepared by the technician using the same network technology. Patient counseling is also conducted via videoconferencing which is conducted inside a private consultation room where the technician will direct the patient to speak with the pharmacist privately. From start to finish, the same pharmacy services can be provided to patients through the use of videoconferencing and the safe delivery of pharmacy services still remains the responsibility of the pharmacist.


text:
Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation/For Further Reading

For Further Reading
Best, M. and C. M. Maclay, Community Internet Access in Rural Areas: Solving the Economic Sustainability Puzzle, Center for International Development, Harvard University, available from http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cr/pdf/gitrr2002_ch08.pdf

Colle, R. D. and R. Roman, Modules For Training Telecentre Staffs. An Interim Report with Sample Modules, Cornell University, 1 June 2001, available from http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/univ_access/telecentres/documents/ModTrainingTelecStaff.pdf.

Delgado, S., N. Eagle, A. Hasson and P. K. Sinha, A Market Analysis for Mobile Computing Services in Rural India, Media Lab Asia / Global Entrepreneurship Lab, New Delhi, January 2002, available from http://web.media.mit.edu/~nathan/research/mla/Final_MLA_report.pdf.

Dertouzos, M., K. Keniston and D. Kumar (eds.), Bridging the Digital Divide: Lessons from India, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 2000, available from http://www.altavista.com_r?ck_sm=308aef64&ref=20080&uid=3239905bb71a333a&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mit.edu%2Fpeople%2Fkken%2Fpapers8draft.htm.

Eggleston, K., R. Jensen and R. Zeckhauser, Information and Communication Technologies, Markets, and Economic Development, Center for International Development, Harvard University, available from http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cr/pdf/gitrr2002_ch07.pdf.

Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), Vol. 4, April 2001, Special Edition on Telecentres, available from http://www.ejisdc.org.

Evans, D. L., N. J. Victory, B. McGuire-Rivera and S. J. Downs, Networking the Land: Rural America in the Information Age, The Technology Opportunities Program, United States Department of Commerce, December 2001, available from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/otiahome/top/publicationmedia/rural2001/networking_the_land.pdf.

Fuchs, R., If You Have a Lemon, Make Lemonade: A Guide to the Start-up of the African Multipurpose Community Telecentre Pilot Projects, Newfoundland, Canada, available from http://www.idrc.ca/acacia.

Global Community Telecentre Resources Website (UNESCO), available from http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1896&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html.

Gómez, R. and P. Hunt, Telecentre Evaluation - A Global Perspective, Report of an International Workshop on Telecentre Evaluation, IDRC, Far Hills Inn, Québec, Canada, 28-30 September 1999, available from http://www.radiofalamulher.com/man_cyberela/docs/gomez_lamoureux_telecentre_eval.pdf.

Harris, R., Success Stories of Rural ICTs in a Developing Country, Report of the PANAsia Telecenter Learning & Evaluation Group’s Mission to India, involving visits to the Foundation of Occupational Development and the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, November 1999, available from http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-4509-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html.

Harris, R., Telecentres in Rural Asia: Towards a Success Model, International Conference on Information Technology, Communications and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 29-30 November 2001, available from http://www.itcd.net/itcd2001/papers/doc_pdf/doc_10.PDF.

Heeks, R., Understanding e-Governance for Development, Institute for Development Policy and Management, 2001, available from http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/idpm/publications/wp/igov/igov_wp11.htm.

Heeks, R., Building e-Governance for Development: A Framework for National and Donor Action, Institute for Development Policy and Management, 2001, available from http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/idpm/publications/wp/igov/igov_wp12.htm.

Information and Communication Technologies for Development: Present Situation, Perspectives and Potential Areas for German Technical Cooperation in Peru, Lao P.D.R., Vietnam, Tanzania and Uganda, ZEF Bonn, the Center for Development Research, University of Bonn.

Information and Communication Technologies in Development: The Role of ICTs in EC Development Policy, Commission of The European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Brussels, 14.12.2001Com(2001) 770 Final, available from http://ec.europa.eu/prelex/detail_dossier_real.cfm?CL=en&DosId=170279.

Jensen, M. and A. Esterhuysen, The Community Telecentre Cookbook For Africa. Recipes For Self-Sustainability. How To Establish A Multi-Purpose Community Telecentre In Africa, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Paris, 2001, available from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001230/123004e.pdf.

Kanungo, S., On The Sustainability Of Rural Information Systems: Analysis Of Preliminary Experimental Evidence, Twenty-Second International Conference on Information Systems, Department of Management Science, George Washington University, 2001, available from http://aisel.isworld.org/Proceedings/ICIS/2001/track.asp?track_id=42.

Kirkman, G. S., C. A. Osorio and J. D. Sachs, The Networked Readiness Index: Measuring the Preparedness of Nations for the Networked World, Center for International Development at Harvard University, available from http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cr/pdf/gitrr2002_ch02.pdf.

Matalambaya, F. and S. Wolf, The Role of ICT for the Performance of SMEs in East Africa Empirical Evidence from Kenya and Tanzania, ZEF – Discussion Papers on Development Policy, Bonn, December 2001, available from http://www.zef.de/download/zef_dp/Zef-dp42.pdf.

Morino Institute, From Access to Outcomes: Raising the Aspirations for Technology Initiatives in Low-Income Communities, July 2001, available from http://www.morino.org/divides/report.htm.

O’Neil, Dara, Merging Theory with Practice: Toward an Evaluation Framework for Community Informatics, paper presented at Internet Research 2.0: INTERconnections, The Second International Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, St.Paul Minnesota, USA, 10-14 October 2001.

Peters, T., Comparison of E-Readiness Assessment Models, Final draft, v. 2.13, 14 March 2001, available from http://www.internetpolicy.net/readiness/ereadinesscomparison.pdf.

Proenza, F. J., R. Bastidas-Buch and G. Montero, Telecenters for Socioeconomic and Rural Development in Latin American and the Caribbean. Investment Opportunities and Design Recommendations, with special reference to Central America, available from http://www.iadb.org/regions/itdev/telecenters/index.htm.

Rajora, R., Bridging The Digital Divide Through Community Network, Gyandoot, Bangalore, 28-30 August 2001 (presentation), available from http://www.adb.org/Documents/Events/2001/ICT/Theme5_Poverty_Reduction_Rajora.pdf.

Roman, R. and R. D. Cole, Themes and Issues in Telecentre Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Institute for Development Policy and Management, available from http://www.man.ac.uk/idpm.


text:
User:Alphachimp

I'm an administrator on English Wikipedia. You can check out my primary userpage here.

title: User:Alphachimp


text:
Cookbook:Pie

A pie is a baked food, with a baked shell (pie crust) usually made of pastry that covers or contains a filling of meat, fish, vegetables, fruit, cheeses, creams, chocolate, custards, nuts, or other sweet or savory ingredients.

List of sweet pies

 * Apple Pie
 * Apple Pie I
 * Apple Pie II
 * Banana Pie
 * Banana Cream Pie
 * Blackberry Pie
 * Blueberry Pie
 * Cherry Pie
 * Grape Pie
 * Key Lime Pie
 * Lemon Pie
 * Lemon Meringue Pie
 * Lime Pie
 * Orange Pie
 * Peach Pie
 * Pear Pie
 * Pecan Pie
 * Pumpkin Pie
 * Raisin Crumb Pie
 * Raspberry Pie
 * Strawberry Pie
 * Strawberry Rhubarb Pie

List of savory pies

 * Chicken Pot Pie
 * Chicken Pot Pie I
 * Chicken Pot Pie II
 * Pork Pot Pie
 * Radish Pie
 * Radish Tart
 * Zucchini Pie

title: Cookbook:Pie


text:
Engineering Analysis/Leibniz Rule

Leibniz' rule allows us to take the derivative of an integral, where the derivative and the integral are performed using different variables:

title: Engineering Analysis/Leibniz Rule


text:
Cascading Style Sheets/Compatibility

Test in at least four browser engines (Gecko, Webkit, Trident, Presto) each time you make a change to avoid massive debugging efforts at the "end" of a layout styling task

Only use classes for a collection of elements that may appear in multiple sections of a single page, otherwise just reference the collection using the ID of their container

Validate the HTML and CSS code to make sure the markup is not breaking the layout and the style rules do not contain any syntax errors

Make sure that margins and paddings have been reset if there is mysterious whitespace between elements

Make sure that there are no line breaks or whitespace between an anchor tag and a nested image or span if the layout is mysteriously broken

Make sure that all four corners of each element is visible using the a browser-based box model tool (eg: Web Developer Toolbar for Chrome, ' for Firefox, ', or IE Developer Toolbar) to identify overflow related issues. If the width is too large and the right border is missing, reduced the fixed width of the element. If the height is too large and the bottom border is missing, turn off overflow if the content is not truncated, otherwise reduce the height or reposition any neighboring elements with absolute positioning, relative positioning, or negative margins that are obscuring the content

Use applied styles context menu in the IE Developer Toolbar to see which rules in the cascade are overwriting the ones you want

Make sure the parent element used to increase specificity is available in all templates

Copy and paste generated source in HTML validator for pages where the validator doesn't work on the URL

Make sure that padding for any child elements is not forcing the container to expand outside of its defined dimensions, and reduce the dimensions accordingly if you cannot avoid setting both padding and width or height on the same element

Make sure to test the layout with and without toolbars in the browser chrome to make sure no min-height bugs are triggered by adding or removing menus from the browser

Make sure that styles you have defined are not being overwritten by existing styles with more specificity or those defined later in the CSS code by increasing the selector weight using references to parent classes or IDs

Make sure to use Firebug or Web Inspector (CTRL + Shift + C) to verify mini-resets of localized CSS rules and increase the selector weight if necessary to override cascading that may inadvertently cause mysterious layout issues

Make sure to increase the selector weight of IE specific CSS rules when doing so for universal styles

Make sure that the width and height dimensions of the container allow enough space to provide the vertical or horizontal positioning declared in the CSS code

Make sure that the width and height dimensions of all floated elements fit within the constraints of the container

Make sure that the width of right aligned content such as label copy is only as large as needed to avoid using left margins or padding for alignment since it may not be consistent across browsers

Make sure that floated elements with wrapping content have a defined width and proper text alignment

Make sure that any containers that expand on :hover have the a default width and height which is greater than or equal to the size of any nested elements

Make sure that fixed-width containers use overflow:hidden so shrinkwrapped nested blocks don't cause margin collapsing in older versions of Firefox

Make sure that all inline elements are absolutely positioned or contained in block level elements Change the position attributes of the container to make sure it allows absolute or relative placement of nested elements

Create a copy of the template and remove all divs except the misaligned one and its adjacent divs to debug positioning issues

Put a container div around block level elements that don't respond to display:inline or display:inline-block declarations

Remove margins from inner divs when debugging ignored positioning values in absolutely positioned divs Remove all inline text and start with a non-breaking space as the placeholder content to debug width and height issues

Set margin, padding, font-size, and border size to zero for debugging unseen inheritance issues

Use display:block with a fixed height if margins are inconsistent for inline text in situations such as creating a header using markup and one-pixel high element with margin offsets to create rounded corners

Use a unique fixed width for each row instead of margin offsets to create rounded corners inside of inline-block containers for IE6 and IE7 Use a unique background-position for each row to create rounded corners with a background image covering half of the container but not the other

Use IE specific styles when absolutely positioned elements or margins are inconsistent with other browsers

Use a fixed width container when absolutely positioned elements do not appear within the correct relatively positioned parent in IE

Use position:relative on a container with overflow:scroll or auto if content with position:absolute or relative behaves like position:fixed upon scrolling in IE

Use obvious background colors to highlight misplaced or misaligned nested elements when debugging inner divs

Use inline styles and remove ID and class references to display elements that are invisible due to an unknown CSS error

Use word-wrap:break-word(CSS3 Property) or wbr(and its alternatives) to break lines within long words to prevent overflow of an unbreakable string from causing horizontal scrollbars or inadvertent wrapping of blocks to a new line

Use table specific font rules in IE5 set since those applied to html and body tags do not cascade to table elements

Use divs instead of paragraphs when margins don't take effect

Use divs instead of paragraphs to avoid the inherit vertical margins between paragraphs

Use display:inline on an absolutely positioned elements to avoid hasLayout issues

Use margins to move absolutely positioned elements instead of directional shifts

Use border-collapse: collapse; and border-spacing:0 to remove gaps between table columns

Use border styling on the td element instead of the tr element after doing the above to create grid lines on a table

Use empty-cells: hide to remove borders from empty table cells

Use position:relative on inline text and position:absolute on block-level containers and media

Use inline-block to give hasLayout to a relatively positioned container

Make sure class selectors aren't inadvertently overridden by default values of ID selectors, especially background-position changes for sprites, by dividing the properties of ID selectors using longhand notation

Use vertical-align middle to line up inline-block elements in IE; use vertical-align:top for form elements

Use overflow:visible on parent elements if negative margins don't reveal overflow content

Create more classes with specific names instead of creating more complex parent=>child references

Make sure there's not a more specific CSS rule or one that comes later in the style sheet which is overriding the desired effect

Make sure the there's not a number at the beginning of the ignored class or ID name

IE will only change the state of a hovered child element when something changes on the anchor tag, so use a redundant effect like a:hover{ visibility:visible; } if something like a:hover span { display:block; } doesn't work

IE will only change the state of a hovered child element that is referenced using a parent class or id if a property is set on the anchor tag that hasn’t been declared in any other pseudo classes for that anchor, such as text indent:0, float:none, direction:inherit, visibility:inherit, white-space:normal, etc ex. .class a:hover span{} needs .class a:hover{visibility:inherit;}

IE will increase the width of a container with an italicized font style so use overflow:hidden to avoid inconsistent wrapping if possible

If links on a page are clickable in IE only, look for an absolutely positioned element that overlaps the links and raise the z-index value of the link container or reposition the layout so the overlap does not happen

If the property value for a group of elements doesn't work, redefine that property value for one of those elements to see if a comma is missing or an unsupported selector nullified the entire rule

If neighboring elements are mysteriously repositioned when an event or hover triggers the display or a submenu or other hidden content, make sure that content is not relatively positioned in external CSS, inline CSS, or generated JavaScript attributes.

If margins between a series of lists with headers are inconsistent due to special cases such as scrollbars for overflow in long lists or different margins for the first or last list, remove margins from the lists themselves and put them on the headers and use padding at the top and bottom of the container to handle spacing between the first or last list and the borders

If a border does not show up on around an element, make the color black or white to see if the color is too light or dark to distinguish from the background

If a div is being pushed beneath its specified position to a new line, use the mouse to select the content within the div to see if the dimensions of a block element within it are causing overflow outside the container. Make sure to set the width of any forms within the container in addition to validating the HTML to make sure no block tags are missing or inline tags have block tags nested within them.

If a hover or visited state of a hyperlink is not working correctly, do the following checks: -Make sure the pseudo classes are defined in the correct order -Make sure the pseudo classes don't share the same definition as a less-specific element, like a:hover{color: #ccc;} and .mylink:hover{color: #ccc;} since the browser will group them together and parse the less-specific rules in the cascade before the more specific rule, such as .mysite{color: #eee;}. If this is the case, add a reference to the parent container to the pseudo class rules, for example .mymenu .mylink:hover{color: #ccc;} to increase the selector weight. -Make sure the pseudo classes are defined or the element selector instead of the class selector, for example .nav a:hover vs nav a.submenu:hover. This may not work in IE6. -Make sure the rules are defined in the proper order, which is the following: 1. :link, :visited 2. :hover, :focus 3. :active

Since a link can simultaneously be in the :visited, :hover, and :active states, and they have the same specificity, the last one listed wins. Increase or decrease the text inside a container to make sure it wraps text and resizes properly

Increase or decrease the font size of the browser a few times to see how it affects your backgrounds and margins, especially for text used in headings and navigation

Apply classes to different elements to make sure each class is not dependent upon a specific tag

Include several block elements such as a few paragraphs and a large list inside a div to see if it breaks the flow of the container

Set position:relative on floated elements if they are not visible in IE6 or IE7

Set a fixed width or height for a data table cell if word wrapping causes any nested containers with relative dimensions to expand. If there is a div container with a percentage width inside any table cell, content that forces word wrapping in another cell causes the relative width of the div will grow in IE6 and IE7 to match the overflow width of the table cell if an explicit width or height is not set on the cell to contain the content

Reset the line-height of an element if it stretches larger than its defined height in IE

Use clear to break an element away from a floated sibling and wrap it to a new line

Separate HTML structure and CSS design by developing the naming conventions and organization of the container styles without thinking about the content

Create a reusable library of headers, footers, submenus, navigation bars, lists, forms, and grid layouts

Use consistent semantic style names for classes and IDs

Design modules to be transparent on the inside

Extend objects by applying multiple classes to an element

Use CSS reset styles, web-safe fonts, and grids on all projects

Avoid location dependent styles that break outside of the cascade

Avoid using a class name that describes the tag or property it is mapped to, such as .hidediv or .floatleft

Avoid using IDs to style content within the main layout containers

Avoid using images to replace text

Avoid drop shadows and rounded corners over irregular backgrounds

Avoid nesting divs inside of spans or having spans adjacent to divs to prevent triggering side-effects caused by the behavior of anonymous block boxes

Using 1px dotted borders in IE6 is buggy and will display a dashed border. Use an IE6 specific style of 2px border-width and a lighter shade of the desired color to offset the larger pixel size.

Any vertical-align value besides top or bottom will be rendered inconsistently across browsers for form elements

Only use the !important declaration to create user style sheets or to override an inline style if the HTML markup is not editable. The !important declaration must follow the value of the property that it intends to give weight to. Since inline styles can be added to any HTML tag, using the style attribute selector is the only way to override those styles if a class or ID attribute is not defined for the element, as in the following example:

When using abs pos elements, make them the last child element of the rel pos container in the HTML source order for IE6

Use an abs pos span nested inside an href to create dropdowns that show up in different places

Use the nested span trick to highlight the parent container of a nav list by setting it's background color to the desired nav background and making it visible on hover. Make the ul the rel pos parent and give it overflow hidden, and make the empty span bottom:0; z-index:-1; height: 99em; and width equal to the nav

Use the nested span trick to create polygonal shaped links by offsetting their background positioning and placing them over the desired content

Use a:focus{width:0,height:0,outline:0} to remove dotted borders

Use abs/rel positioning to emulate outlines in IE6/7

Use resets to debug margin/padding issues

Use margins is remove padding and top/bottom positioning for abs positioned elements if spacing is off

Use :default to select all radio button sets

Use :active as :focus in IE6

Make sure parent div used for specificity is available in all templates

Use relative/absolute div with a background color to replace text with ellipsis using the following steps:

Create a content div with the original content and a height equal to the font-size * the number of rows you want visible

When a JavaScript event is triggered, reduce the height to the new number of rows you want visible by adding a class with that setting

Make sure class selectors aren't inadvertently overridden by default values of ID selectors, especially background-position changes for sprites, by dividing the properties of ID selectors into pieces

Use vertical-align middle to line up inline-block elements in IE; use vertical-align:top for form elements

Use change events to delegate input and select elements

Use active link states and relative positioning to respond to link clicks

Use the following alternatives for buffering offscreen content: -Negative margins instead of display:none -Relative positioning offsets instead of visibility:hidden for text -background-position instead of visibility:hidden for images -display:inline block instead of display:table -clip:rect instead of max-width/height

Absolutely positioned elements moved outside of their relatively positioned parents in Firefox 2 cause the containers to stretch

Use margins for the outermost elements

Use padding for elements that have a background color or image

 * -moz-only-whitespace matches an element that has no child nodes at all or empty text nodes or text nodes that have only white-space in them. Only when there are element nodes or text nodes with one or more characters inside the element, the element doesn't match this pseudo-class anymore.

 * -moz-selection (::selection) pseudo-element applies to the portion of a document that has been highlighted (e.g. selected with the mouse) by the user.

The :-moz-first-node pseudo-class matches an element that is the first child node of some other element. It differs from :first-child because it does not match a first child element with (non-whitespace) text before it.

The :-moz-last-node pseudo-class matches an element that is the last child node of some other element. It differs from :last-child because it does not match a last child element with (non-whitespace) text after it.

The ::-moz-list-bullet pseudo-class is used to edit the bullet of a list element.

The :default pseudo-class is used to identify a user interface element that is the default among a group of similar elements

Use -ms-text-align-last for orphan lines at the end of paragraphs

Use xsl:number to mimic generated content for counters in IE

Use outlines to style buttons with white accents

Use q { quotes: '"' '"' } to define quote characters

Use the following to trigger quote character display:

Use fixed positioning with @media print to show header and footer containers on every page

Use absolute:positioning instead of fixed positioning to avoid showing header and footer containers on every page

title: Cascading Style Sheets/Compatibility


text:
Talk:Gmail/Gmail basic

Delete or include
I propose that we either delete this page since it does little other than repeat a part of the contents page, or remove the page list and include it there to make creating single page documents easier. --Swift 04:53, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, no that I have just deleted the old naming convention versions of the page, I just realised that the navigation template points here ... and that is a good thing. Ach, this is why I need you guys to keep me in check.
 * Guess I'm going to look at including or other methods. --Swift 07:46, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gmail/Gmail basic


text:
E-Commerce and E-Business

Table of Contents

 * /Preface/
 * /Introduction/
 * /Concepts and Definitions/
 * /E-Commerce Applications: Issues and Prospects/
 * /E-Commerce in Developing Countries/
 * /About the Author/
 * /For Further Reading/
 * /Notes/
 * /Acknowledgment/

Information
This book is donated by UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) to the community. The original publication by:

Author: Zorayda Ruth Andam

© UNDP-APDIP, 2003, 47 pages

ISBN 81-312-0076-6

ISBN 978-81-312-0076-6

is located at http://www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-ecom.pdf

This wikibook is available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution License 2.5

title: E-Commerce and E-Business


text:
E-Commerce and E-Business/Introduction

Introduction
In the emerging global economy, e-commerce and e-business have increasingly become a necessary component of business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development. The integration of information and communications technology (ICT) in business has revolutionized relationships within organizations and those between and among organizations and individuals. Specifically, the use of ICT in business has enhanced productivity, encouraged greater customer participation, and enabled mass customization, besides reducing costs.

With developments in the Internet and Web-based technologies, distinctions between traditional markets and the global electronic marketplace-such as business capital size, among others-are gradually being narrowed down. The name of the game is strategic positioning, the ability of a company to determine emerging opportunities and utilize the necessary human capital skills (such as intellectual resources) to make the most of these opportunities through an e-business strategy that is simple, workable and practicable within the context of a global information milieu and new economic environment. With its effect of leveling the playing field, e-commerce coupled with the appropriate strategy and policy approach enables small and medium scale enterprises to compete with large and capital-rich businesses.

On another plane, developing countries are given increased access to the global marketplace, where they compete with and complement the more developed economies. Most, if not all, developing countries are already participating in e-commerce, either as sellers or buyers. However, to facilitate e-commerce growth in these countries, the relatively underdeveloped information infrastructure must be improved. Among the areas for policy intervention are:

 * High Internet access costs, including connection service fees, communication fees, and hosting charges for websites with sufficient bandwidth;
 * Limited availability of credit cards and a nationwide credit card system;
 * Underdeveloped transportation infrastructure resulting in slow and uncertain delivery of goods and services;
 * Network security problems and insufficient security safeguards;
 * Lack of skilled human resources and key technologies (i.e., inadequate professional IT workforce);
 * Content restriction on national security and other public policy grounds, which greatly affect business in the field of information services, such as the media and entertainment sectors;
 * Cross-border issues, such as the recognition of transactions under laws of other ASEAN member-countries, certification services, improvement of delivery methods and customs facilitation; and
 * The relatively low cost of labor, which implies that a shift to a comparatively capital intensive solution (including investments on the improvement of the physical and network infrastructure) is not apparent.

It is recognized that in the Information Age, Internet commerce is a powerful tool in the economic growth of developing countries. While there are indications of e-commerce patronage among large firms in developing countries, there seems to be little and negligible use of the Internet for commerce among small and medium sized firms. E-commerce promises better business for SMEs and sustainable economic development for developing countries. However, this is premised on strong political will and good governance, as well as on a responsible and supportive private sector within an effective policy framework. This primer seeks to provide policy guidelines toward this end.

title: E-Commerce and E-Business/Introduction