text:
Wikibooks:Book of the month

Books of the month are high quality wiki entries, selected in a voting process by registered Wikibook users.

Voting results

 * Voted in November 2006: December 2006 (Nanotechnology — 6)
 * Voted in October 2006: November 2006 (Special Relativity — 5)
 * Voted in September 2006: October 2006 (Rhetoric and Composition — 4)
 * Voted in August 2006: September 2006 (Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience — 20)
 * Voted in July 2006: August 2006 (Movie Making Manual — 5)
 * Voted in June 2006: July 2006 (Organic Chemistry — 9)
 * Voted in May 2006: June 2006 (European History — 9)
 * Voted in April 2006: May 2006 (German — 10)
 * Voted in March 2006: April 2006 (French — 10)
 * Voted in February 2006: March 2006 (Cookbook — 8)
 * Voted in January, 2006: February 2006 (Wikijunior:Big Cats — 10)
 * Voted in December, 2005: January 2006 (Chess — 12)
 * Voted in November, 2005: December 2005 (Japanese — 7)
 * Voted in October, 2005: November 2005 (Consciousness studies — 10)
 * Voted in September, 2005: October 2005 (Chinese (Mandarin) — 10)
 * Voted in August, 2005: September 2005 (Ada Programming — 16)
 * Voted in July, 2005: August 2005 (Wikijunior:Solar System — 6)
 * Voted in June, 2005: July 2005 (Blender 3D: Noob to Pro — 5)
 * Voted in May, 2005: June 2005 (FHSST Physics — 7)
 * Voted in April, 2005: May 2005 (How To Build A Computer — 9)
 * Voted in March, 2005: April 2005 (US History — 5)
 * Voted in February, 2005: March 2005 (High school extensions — 5)
 * Voted in January, 2005: February 2005 (Lucid Dreaming — 12)

Archive

 * All books of the month in 2006
 * All books of the month in 2005

title: Wikibooks:Book of the month


text:
Template:BOTM/Voting rules

Nomination Voting Evaluation
 * Every user can nominate books of interest for voting and add them at the end of the voting page.
 * A featured wikibook cannot be nominated again for one year.
 * To nominate a book just add that book to the voting section of the voting page using this Wiki code: === Book Name === where "Book Name" is the name of the book. When you have done this add Botm to the top of the front page of the Wikibook.
 * Every registered Wikibooks user can vote for as many of the nominated candidates as they like.
 * Only registered Wikibooks users should vote while they are logged in (check by history of page). This is because it is impossible to detect multiple votes by a user using different anon IPs.
 * Due to previous voting irregularities, we now require a user to show they are intending to participate with Wikibooks by showing a minimum of 20 edits in your edit history. This number may increase in the future if continued problems persist.
 * The use of sock puppets as a way to pad votes is strongly discouraged. While you are not restricted to only one user account on Wikibooks, please use just one account for any voting activities on Wikibooks including the Book of the Month voting.  Suspicious cases of duplicate voting may be reviewed using the CheckUser services of MediaWiki software.
 * To enter your votes, simply edit the appropriate sections by just inserting a new line with  to add your username and a time stamp in a new numbered list item.
 * Please add only support votes. Opposing votes will not affect the result, as the winner is simply the one with the most support votes (see Approval voting).
 * You may add short supporting or opposing comments to each candidate, signed with your name. These comments do not count in the voting process.
 * Votes can be retracted by the voter until the voting closes.
 * Voting ends 00:00UTC on the day specified.
 * The winner is the candidate book with the most support votes.
 * In case of a tie, the older book will be selected (by book history).
 * Books with 3 or more votes will be automatically nominated for the following month.
 * voting rules are adapted from the Wikinews logo contest voting

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:BOTM/Voting rules


text:
Wikibooks:Book of the month/February 2005 voting

The voting for the Book of the month for February 2005 is open from 16 - 31 January, 2005, and will close on January 31, 2005, 00:00 UTC. The book of the month will be featured on the main page of Wikibooks.

'''Closed. Any votes added will be reverted.'''

US History (4)
vote: comments:
 * 1) --Andreas Ipp 00:59, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) --EuropracBHIT
 * 3) --Godordorottya 18:21, 25 Jan 2005 (CET)
 * 4) SamE
 * It's always a good idea to have a Humanities book of rigorous content on the list, particularly in view of Black History Month. -EuropracBHIT 06:45, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Freeware (0)
vote:

comments:

 * I am withdrawing my vote from this book

 * - firstly because I am not logged in and secondly because I helped to write it. Interestingly it was (when combined with the open source book - now a separate book) voted for deletion, and is now up for an award - well no votes - but the thought is there. So let that be an inspiration to all wikibookians. :-)

I would like to offer a sincere thanks to the community members who worked hard on putting everything into tables. It means the information can be added to, improved and updated. I would like to thank my agent and. . . (sorry got a little carried away there - Nurse - my injection if you please!)

 * - the second reason for withdrawing my vote is a little Zen - I am withdrawing it because I never made it.

Good luck to Lucid Dreaming - which gets my vote even though I am not allowed to vote without logging in (which I have forgot my password for) Lobster

Physics Study Guide (6)
vote:
 * 1) SamE
 * 2) marsh 00:40, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Mark 14:44, 27 Jan 2005 (PST)
 * 4) User:Charlie123
 * 5) Sam 28 Jan 2005
 * 6) Sarah 28 Jan 2005

comments: sparse on explanations (not definitions) and could quickly be polished a lot with some publicity - Mark
 * This is one of the few completed books on this site. - SamE 03:31, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * And as a "guide", being as far along as it is makes it pretty useful - marsh
 * I think this books has broken the back of the problem regarding raising sufficient content but its pretty
 * Excellent book - Charlie123
 * this guide is good for students preparing for exams. for full impact it really needs a complimentary textbook... perhaps [] could provide that! (i hope i voted correctly... i just edited the page by hand)

General Biology (2)
vote: comments:
 * 1) Charlie123 17:06, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) AriD 01:51, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Clear and concise guide.
 * Too bad i didn't know about it when i was in high school, great book. AriD 01:51, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

UK Constitution and Government (2)
vote:
 * 1) marsh 00:44, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Ingolemo 14:31, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

comments:

Teaching Assistant in France Survival Guide (3)
vote:
 * 1) --Andreas Ipp 00:59, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) --marsh 00:53, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) --Tiberus 05:17, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

comments:
 * Despite misgivings I have about the French, this book is pretty cool. And somewhat unique idea for a wikitext and a fun read - marsh

 * A unique and informative guide, I can only hope more guides are made for teaching in other countries (China for instance, ya) -Tiberus

Lucid Dreaming (12)
vote:
 * 1) Andreas Ipp 00:59, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Lobster
 * This vote was made by somebody who wasn't logged in. I wrote on their user talk page and they should reply here to confirm their vote. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 17:21, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Still no response at the vote close. Struck out. --r3m0t (cont) (talk) 00:11, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Cyberman
 * 2) r3m0t (cont) (talk) 07:15, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC) (hoping there isn't a rule against creators voting for themselves!)
 * 3) Iamunknown 07:38, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC) Wow, this is a really great Wikibook.  Kind of odd -- I'm interested -- but a good book nonetheless!
 * 4) Christiaan -   ☎   22:48, 24 Jan 2005
 * This vote was made by somebody who wasn't logged in. I e-mailed them and they should reply here to confirm their vote. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 17:21, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Opps, sorry :( Christiaan 22:15, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) User:dkkarthik:Karthik Dantu 07:50, 23 Jan 2005 (PST) This is a good candidate for the book of the month.
 * 2) Tharenthel 23:31, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) -- mattrix 17:34, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC) I'm not sure about lucid dreams but the book is probably currently the best book on wikibooks. Well done!
 * 4) Datrio 11:34, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Simontzu 11:53, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) ThomasK 17:09, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Joygerhardt 17:15, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

comments:
 * I am dreaming you know. No? Sure?
 * omg!! Matrix wa nan desu ka?


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Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Render Size

Next Page: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/OSA

Previous Page: Render Settings -- Back to Index

When you render a scene in Blender, by default there will open a small window showing your image. If you want to publish your picture, you may want to render it a bit bigger. To do this, you have to open the Scene context (F10) and locate the Format sub-context (usually on the right).

You will see some settings there. Let's go through their meanings:
 * SizeX: This parameter sets the width of the image in pixels.
 * SizeY: This parameter sets the height of the image in pixels.
 * AspX, AspY: These parameters specify the aspect ratio of the pixels. By default, this is 100:100, because a pixel on a computer screen has equal width and height. These settings can be used for screens whose pixels don't have equal width and height. For example, on a PAL system one pixel's width/height ratio is 54:51, which you can select there easily. Notice that these parameters don't change the size of the image.

There is one more thing changing the render size: In the Render sub-context (usually in the middle) there are 4 buttons: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%. If you have chosen SizeX = 640, SizeY = 480 and you clicked 50%, your image will be 320 pixels wide and 240 pixels high.

WARNING: I have encountered some crashes when I changed those parameters. If you have problems too, locate the Output sub-context (usually on the left) and select the option DispView instead of DispWin. This renders the image "into" Blender instead of making a new window.

Output Formats

Images BMP- PNG- Jpeg-

Video AVI Raw- AVI Jpeg-

Next Page: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/OSA

Previous Page: Render Settings -- Back to Index

title: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Render Size


text:
User talk:Kellen/Archive 1

Hey Kellen, on the Votes for Deletion page did you really write that vote? The entry shows it was an anonymous IP, not you logged in. Perhaps someone is impersonating you? MShonle 06:46, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah that was me, just forgot to log in. meh. Kellen
 * btw, how do you timestamp stuff? I didn't see it in an obvious place in the docs...
 * You use four ~ characters: ~ MShonle 21:39, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for voting to keep The Che Cafe and The Smell as articles on Wikipedia -RiseRobotRise

Category:Recipe
Ah, that makes sense. When I first found Category:Recipe, I just thought it was redundant with Category:Recipes (much like Category:Bread and Category:Bread recipes, but it is nicer to have a full list elsewhere from the tree listing.

This project definitely has a lot of different design considerations than wikipedia. For instance, an index would be useless there, but necessary here (Say I want Jambalaya, which can be made with many meats. Do I look in Category:Chicken recipes, Category:Seafood recipes, or Category:Southern recipes first?)

You can tell I'm such a wikiholic. Wikipedia is down to edits for a day and I go categorizing recipes like mad in wikibooks. --Laurascudder 22:14, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pasta e Fagioli
OK, I figured out your name.. Thanks again Too Old 17:37, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

BTW: To eliminate the problem with forgetting to log in;  If you always use the same IP, you can change your preferences to "Remember accross sessions".

Re: category hierarchies
''Hi, I perused your critique of wikibooks and since you're one of the more active people on here, I wonder what your opinion is on hierarchical category schemes. [snip] Kellen 21:35, 12 July 2005 (UTC)''
 * I hadn't quite got there yet. I've just added a section now. See: User:Aya/Wikibooks/A critique of Wikibooks. If you have any comments, please direct them to the talk page. - Aya 23:37, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

''My comment was somewhat apart from your document, but that is definitely a bug. Have you filed a report? [snip] Kellen 00:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)''
 * I haven't come across a document pertaining to the procedure for filing bug reports yet. Regarding the comment, you're correct, but should I get asked the same question again, I can simply point people at that same link. - Aya 01:02, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Did you ever read my replies in User talk:Aya/Wikibooks/A critique of Wikibooks? - Aya T C 18:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Problem: Jewish Cooking
I want to add a category or categories for Jewish cooking. My problem is that there are several different regional variations. Northern and Eastern European Jews (Ashkenazim) have one way of cooking, Southern European Jews another. Jews that trace their ancestry from the Mediaeval Jews of Iberia (Sfardim) have a third way. Then there are the Jews of Israel, and the Jews of North Africa. Let alone the Jews of India, China, etc.

I could provide several Ashkenazik recipes, but where should I put them? European Cuisine? Northern or Eastern? Where then would Sfardik or Israeli dishes go?

Should Jewish cooking be split among Regional Cuisines, or should the regional varieties of Jewish cooking be subsumed under an over-all category of Jewish Cooking?

Do you have any suggestions? Can you help? Too Old 02:27, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Now, if I got back to cooking, I could use my new camera to take pics of some of our recipes :) Gentgeen

Suggestion
Would it be possible to have some sort of link between some links so that adding one automatically inludes related links? eg recently I added a Peruvian recipe. I inserted the appropriate 'Peruvian Recipes' category at page end. Then found that also there is a South American cat, A Peruvion Cuisine link on some Peruvian recipes, and a link to the Wikipedia Peruvian Food section on another. It seems somewhat tedious if each has to be added individually when adding just the Peruvian foods could just trigger an alert for the other three or be programmed to do so.Conce 04:31, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You could create a template (to go at the bottom of the page), named perhaps Italic text"Template:Peruvian", which you would include by doing, and which would have the contents:

 * That said, you should probably not include Peruvian recipes in both Cat:Peruvian and Cat:SouthAmerican since Cat:SouthAmerican is a supercategory of Cat:Peruvian. In the future, there will probably be a way to see all the pages in descending categories, which means that anything in peruvian food would show up nicely in south american food without a tagging it with both categories. Also be warned that including a category through a template requires extra work when the template changes -- you'll have to do edits on all the pages that include the template in order for their category listings to refresh. Gah. hope this is all clear. Kellen T 05:14, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I dearly hope that the template problem is a soon-to-be-fixed bug and not something considered unfixable. AlbertCahalan 02:37, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

yes.thank you. usefull info. which I need to consider. Conce 05:32, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

rhubarb pie picture
I agree that a solution needs to be found. But I do think that my own arrangement is more satisfactory than your latest one. I won't revert yours, but I think some work should be done on this. I suppose that either the box or the picture needs to be drastically moved.... Hayford Peirce 15:33, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I'll try playing around with the Image and things, although I'm certainly not a guru at this. And yes, I did indeed take the picture -- if you click on it, it gives you all sorts of info about it.... Hayford Peirce 18:08, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Category unions
If you recall, we were previously discussing the possibility of creating a union of two existing categories. It seems there is a MediaWiki extension for this already, although it is presently only enabled on Wikinews. See DynamicPageList for details. Drop a request into bugzilla if you want it enabled for Wikibooks. - Aya T E C 16:53, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Cool, thanks for the pointer, I'll probably request it tonight. This doesn't really solve the problem though as the lists must still be manipulated by hand and what I really want is automatic inclusion of pages further up the category tree (DAG) and dynamic user-controlled cross-category listings (instead of page-controlled). This is definitely a step in the right direction, though. Kellen T 23:12, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Poe tay toe
I kinda think the potato varieties should just be merged with the main potoato page, no?
 * They originally were, but someone deleted them so I gave them a home of their own. The page could get very very big if more people add other varieties, as I would hope. (Although no-one did before ) Redlentil 09:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Sweet Potatoes or Yams
Well, the two are different things, both starchies like the potato, but they're not the same. So they really shouldn't be under yam. http://www.seedsofknowledge.com/yams.html Nmontague 02:59, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

cookwork
I agree with User:Duk, Cookbook:Tahini Goddess Dressing should not be marked with the cookwork template. You've marked many, many pages this way. The pages that really do need work are now buried in a category full of fairly-decent pages. Probably all the Cookbook pages could use some work!

I have been thinking of going down that list and just removing the template from 90% of the pages it is on. The template is way overused. It's like the "under construction" signs that most web pages had around 1995.

AlbertCahalan 15:54, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I did not actually add most of the recipes in that category, but had User:Uncle G mark them when he transwikied recipes since their links would probably be broken and not have proper formatting. I use the template to denote pages that don't conform to the standard cookbook formatting or need categorization, but don't have time to fix up when I mark them. Perhaps a less invasive template would be more appropriate for those types of pages, but they do need some sort of attention. Kellen T 19:24, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

thanks for your suggestion on vegan cheese
Thanks for your suggestion on vegan cheese. Feel free to add your input to the vegan cheese recipe. I will try out agar agar myself; I haven't yet seen it in a supermarket but then I wasn't looking for it either. --Fasten 16:30, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

RE: Naming policy
Well, the Salsa article was made before the List of dances article was made. --Wikamurai 23:28, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Chocolate cheesecake
Thanks for the attention you've given to Cookbook:Chocolate Cheesecake. I've done a little cleanup, but is there anything more you can think of that needs doing? This is really one of my favorite recipes, so I'd like to put its best foot forward.--Polyparadigm 02:22, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I see that the attention tag is gone. I made a few more changes, and I think that will be that until another editor has something to add.  Thanks again!--Polyparadigm 06:01, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

could use some help
We've been getting subtle and subversive vandalism by recently. I'm sick and very tired this week. Please have a look. It's a mess. Some of the more-reasonable-looking edits have had non-revert edits afterward, making it difficult to undo things properly. AlbertCahalan 00:49, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Title Case
I wouldn't object to moving the pages back, and I'll refrain from writing new titles in sentence case. I'll continue my practice of creating redirects with all case conventions not covered (except CamelCase, which would just be silly) when I have the time; this should simplify any eventual change in convention that may take place. Thank you for your courtesy, and for cleaning up after me on so many occasions.--Polyparadigm 05:37, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Matrix
G'day. What you've done looks really good, it's exactly what i meant. I might start getting invovled with the vegan cookbook again soon since i've just started going out with a vegan gf and so i need to learn how to cook vegan. The bellman 09:08, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Category:Chile recipes
The Category:Chile recipes category is something that could cause trouble. Chile peppers are fruits of capsicum plants, and are commonly (not always) hot tasting. Chile is a dish normally containing beef, chili peppers, tomatoes, cumin, etc. (from User:AlbertCahalan)

 * We have:
 * Category:Chile recipes, which I was using for hot peppers.
 * Category:Chili recipes, which I was using for the dish.
 * Category:Bell Pepper recipes, which I was using for the larger, related, and non-spicy peppers.
 * is there some better organization you can think of? This is pretty ad-hoc, so there's definitely room for improvement. Kellen T 03:39, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, Chile and Chili and Chilli are all valid ways to spell the various things. So you're using a very arbitrary distinction, no better than using uppercase or two spaces or a hyphen. AlbertCahalan 05:34, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. =) I chose those semi-arbitrarily.
 * A google test: "(chile|chili|chilli) (beans|pepper)" ("beans" to filter out non-dish pages to some minor degree):
 * chili beans: 3,230,000
 * chile beans: 1,900,000
 * chilli beans: 631,000
 * chili pepper: 2,920,000
 * chile pepper: 1,790,000
 * chilli pepper: 1,770,000
 * So "chili" wins out for both kinds. I think so long as they're consistent and the descriptions are clear, it'll be ok (since the words themselves are ambiguous). Any suggestion for a better kind of distinction? Kellen T 05:45, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Mississippi method
I think the Cookbook:Oven Temperatures page would be an appropriate home, especially if you can relate the values to regular measurements.

Accuracy will vary with alcohol consumption, calouses, age, sex, and audience.

AlbertCahalan 23:07, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe, but I actually have no idea what the temperatures relate to, since it's usually over coals... and it's BBQ specific. Kellen T 01:07, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Re: the other wiki cookbook
Hi Kellen. Including its creator, there are currently only three people on cookiwiki. The creator didn't know about this wikibook, and either did I when i joined the cookiwiki! Both he and I are just getting acquainted to the Cookbook and are considering contributing here instead. I've added a few things to the Cookbook already, and I have to admit, its been challenging to figure out how things work. Wikibooks has such a huge amount of info, that its difficult to figure out whether to consult pages on the overarching Wikibook, or on Cookbook specific pages. Over the weekend, I'm going to add an introduction page here to better orient new users to the organization of the site. The one major thing that isn't found here is a page to track changes specific to the entire Cookbook. That was initally a turn-off to the Cookbook, but some contributors have given me some alternative routes, and I plan to put those in the Intro page. Kneague 06:54, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

blanking
--Derbeth talk 09:45, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

is actualy:. It realy helps to see why you think the page should be deleted. --Krischik T 13:02, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Let you see my grill
Let you see my WHAAAAT??

ps. we are making biscuits right now and we were discussing how paul always thought they were really difficult or something but i told him that no, you are just lazy

68.15.29.44 17:15, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

You may just be onto something...
Hiya Kellen. Thanks for your response to my discussion with UncleG on the category naming thingybob. I think you may just be onto something very useful with your idea to do the recipes with a dietary indication in their name, rather than tagging them using my letter suggestions. I have vested interest, since I am on 2 diets, Gluten and Dairy Free. I would like to see recipes like that. So your way would be like this: Cookbook:Dutch Apple Cake (Diabetic)? That would work for me, definitely! Thanks for your comment. Tmalmjursson 03:04, 12 February 2006 (UTC) Thor's pet yack

"Subst:"
Hi. On Wikipedia I have been encouraged to substitute templates as per. The primary reason for doing so is that it speeds up the site since every time someone views a page, the server must get text from a separate page for every template used. However I am aware that some templates are inappropriate for this - I am going to revert my subst' back. --BorgQueen 17:40, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

German Recipesummary
Hi,

Thank for your information about the english recipesummary. I like the solution and i will adopt this idea to the german Cookbook as well as for our Bartending book. Anyway, have you seen our inputbox for new recipes? You might like this idea here too. -- ThePacker 23:45, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed it is not too hard. ;-) -- ThePacker 00:04, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Scratch page
Apologies, I must have gotten the wrong end of some stick somewhere. Now restored, Jguk 11:23, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

142.227.223.65
That's interesting. The user clearly has an account, because anons don't get watchlists. This person logs out to vandalize.

I suppose blocking the IP is justified. There are no non-vandalism contributions, and the IP is probably not a short-term allocation.

AlbertCahalan 00:07, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Che/Smell/etc.
Thanks for the headsup/help poops! I think it is interesting that this person is not even a registred user. These are non-profit community spaces, duh, not private business. Whatevs. Why dont you email me sometime?? We got so many internets right now you dont even know. Except you dont - how is Bristol?? 69.181.69.233 01:18, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Mika Miko
Hey Kellen, I took off the deleation notice on Mika Miko, I also added a notice to editors to examine the talk page before disputing notability. RiseRobotRise 12:10, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Marking content for speedy deletes
It would be appreciated if you didn't remove the text prior to marking up for a speedy delete. By leaving the offending text (unless you really think it is obscene and don't want to bother admins with it) you make it very obvious to get a second opinion on the topic, and one that with all of the markups you've given I have agreed with you. Just to verify, I have had to go in and check the history (to avoid removing content that was marked up as an act of vandalism).

Anyway, thanks for helping to clean up and maintain Wikibooks. Efforts like yours, even though small, are very much appreciated and make a huge difference. --Rob Horning 05:05, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Swing Kids
Hi Kellen, an article about one of Justin Pearson's older projects, Swing Kids has been nominated for deletion. So far the consensus is pretty much split. If you can help out and add weight to keep the page, that would nice. Thanks RiseRobotRise 07:44, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kellen/Archive 1


text:
Japanese/Lessons/Asking for something

「___をください. 」
When you want to ask for an item, you say 「___をください. 」

In some circumstances you may have to specify the amount of the item that you want. To do this, you would say the number of items and add the suffix counter for the type of item: 「___を___ください. 」

 * 「タオルを三枚ください. 」 "Please give me three towels."

Please show me ___.「___を見せてください. 」
If you just want to see an item, you'd say 「___を見せてください. 」 (___を　みせて　ください).
 * 見せて means "show (it to me)"

 * You'll hear this at customs as you enter Japan, when the customs official requests to see your passport.

「パスポートを見せてください 」　(パスポート　を　みせて　ください). Please, show me your passport.

title: Japanese/Lessons/Asking for something


text:
Japanese/Lessons/Giving directions

Vocabulary
See Japanese/Vocabulary/Direction for more vocabulary.

Grammar
The grammar here is pretty straight forward.

 * 「まっすぐ行ってください. 」 "Please go straight."

Please go to the left/right.
 * "Please go to the left/right."

Please turn left/right at the next corner.:

If you are in a taxi and want to let the driver know when and where to stop and not throw you out the door, you say:
 * 「あそこで止まってください. 」 "Please stop there."

title: Japanese/Lessons/Giving directions


text:
Robotics/Design Basics/Building Materials

Robotics: Design Basics: Building Materials

There is plenty of choice when it comes to picking the building materials for your robot. However not every material is a good choice.

There are three groups of materials. Each of these three groups have their own characteristics, possibilities and difficulties.

Note: There is a fourth group of materials called ceramics. However this group is only marginally useful for robotics.

Note In this book robot sizes are mentioned as small, medium and large. With small I mean any robot that can maneuver on a table. Medium means any robot that's too large to move on a table but still is light enough to lift on your own. Large mean anything bigger and heavier than that. Also robots that'll have to operate in real life (rough) condition should be counted as either medium or large.

Wood
Wood is probably the best material to start with. It's light, pretty strong and easy to work on. Not to mention cheap and easily available. Even if you intend to use metal or plastic, wood can be handy for various purposes like prototyping and building jigs and other aids in working on metal or plastic parts.  The main reason that you will not see many wooden robots is because wood doesn't seem to fit in the picture of high tech machines. Funny thing is that (synthetic) composite materials have a very high coolness-factor (e.g Kevlar® Yes, Kevlar is a brand name. It's made of Aramide), yet wood, a natural composite material, hasn't.
 * Useful for small or medium sized robots, prototyping and as construction aid.

Metal
There are 80 different pure metals each having different properties. However in the world of Robotics there are only a select few from the 80 that are useful. This list is increased by Alloying. Alloying is the process of combining either in solution or compound, two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components.The properties of some metals and their alloys are below.

Some alloys are limited in supply in the market due to the limited demand for them. In order to obtain these materials it is often required to look further than the general consumer market.

Aluminum
Aluminium (or aluminum, both are correct) is commonly available in extruded forms in different shapes. It's pretty cheap, light, strong, resistant to corrosion and easy to work with. However welding aluminum isn't practical as it needs special welding equipment (MIG/MAG or TIG welding) and the bond isn't very strong. While soldering is possible, it doesn't make a strong bond. Rather use nuts and bolts or rivets.
 * Useful for small or medium sized robots.
 * Useful for non-load bearing parts in large robots.
 * Not very good for bearings.

There is an alloy of aluminium called Duraluminium it is almost as strong as soft steel but very light thus making it a natural choice for the construction of Aircraft. However as a trade off for the combination of being strong and light it is quite expensive (if you can find it at all). The best bet is to search aircraft wrecking yards.

Steel
Commonly available steel is an alloy of iron. It's stronger than aluminum, but it's also heavier and harder to work with - in particular, it blunts tools more easily and swarf is always razor sharp. Welding isn't much of a problem. However heating steel (at welding temperatures) changes its characteristics (strength, hardness, rust resistance). Note that drilling steel requires cooling and a slow drill speed (both rotational and feeding). If you drill too fast, you'll see your drill heating up red hot. Drills that have been red hot lose their hardness and will be dull in no time.
 * Useful for large robots and robots intended to operate in rough conditions. Too heavy for small or medium sized robots.

Bronze
Heavy. Very good for bearings. Too expensive and heavy for most other purposes.

Brass
Heavier and more expensive than aluminum. Can be soldered.
 * Useful for bearings.

Copper
Mostly available as wire or axles. Quite heavy, very good conductor.
 * Useful for special parts and wires.

Synthetic Materials
Like steel, synthetic materials are a name for a very large group of materials. There are hundreds of different plastics each with different characteristics and uses. We'll be covering only a few of them, but many techniques work just as well with other synthetics.

Most synthetic materials can be bent into shape after they are heated. A hot air gun (used to remove paint) can be sufficient for this purpose. Drilling and sawing these materials requires low speeds or they have to be cooled with water so the material doesn't melt. Soft plastics can be cut with an utility knife.

PVC
Polyvinyl chloride: Used for plastic tubes.

Plexiglass
Polymethyl methacrylate: Transparent material. Can be bent when heated to 200°C.

Composite materials
Polymer composite materials are materials consisting of a polymer matrix and a reinforcing material. (think of reinforced concrete: the polymer matrix is the steel grid and the reinforcing material is the concrete) These materials are considerably stronger and stiffer than steel and aluminium alloys.

Material          Specific strength        specific stiffness Steel             150*103 Nm/kg            20*106 Nm/kg E-fiberglass/epoxy 300*103 Nm/kg           10*106 Nm/kg Aramide/epoxy     500*103 Nm/kg            25*106 Nm/kg

The reason why composite materials haven't replaced steel is because of cost. Composites are only used where weight is a more important factor than price, e.g., airplanes: less weight means less fuel consumption and/or more useful payload.

Foamcore
Foamcore is relatively weak, but it is very practical for making fast prototypes. .

Cardboard
Generally, it's weak and looks ugly, but it's very practical for making fast prototypes. Can be cut with a knife or scissors and put together with duct tape, glue gun, or sticky tape. When dry, it's an insulator and can be used as a prototyping board for circuits.

With careful design, corrugated cardboard is strong enough to hold up full-sized humans ( a b c ).

Often a cardboard mockup is built to make sure the parts of the robot all fit together properly.

Sometimes cardboard is more than strong enough for many parts of a working robot (a b).


text:
IB French

Bienvenue mes amis dans le monde magnifique des francophones !

=French B SL=

As of 2012 the IB Language B exam has changed in format and contents. This article is outdated.

Pour faciliter la communication entre les étudiants de ce niveau, et puisque ceci est la section Anglaise de « Wikibooks », la plupart de cette section est en Anglais.

To begin, French B is the second lowest difficulty of Group 2 Subjects. It is intended for students who have some background in French already, and wish to improve upon their reading and writing. There is no IB syllabus for French, so it really depends on your teacher to prepare you for your exams.

The Exams
Your French IB mark is determined primarily by external markers. The Oral Exam is internally marked, and externally moderated, whereas the Paper 1 & 2 are externally marked.

The Oral Exam
You are expected to speak for 3 to 5 minutes on a subject of your choice. Following this, there is a question period between you and your teacher for 2-3 minutes. During this question period, their job is to show your breadth and depth in the French language.

Note: You have to do your oral via cassette tape recording or digitally via CD recorder.

Tips for the Oral:
 * It would be most beneficial to your mark if you chose something relating in some way to French culture. Talking about Ford cars really has nothing to do with French culture, and would not impress markers. Some examples that are sure to "wow" the marker would be
 * French Regions (e.g. Provence, Champagne, Franche-Comté)
 * Francophone Countries (e.g. Cameroon, Haiti, Belgium, etc...)
 * French Cuisine
 * French Art
 * Basically, anything distinctly French or Francophone will do
 * Pick something you're interested in and can talk easily about
 * Read newspapers and magazines about recent events in France or French-speaking countries, and express your opinions.
 * Watch French television. It is very helpful in picking up enunciation and pronunciation, as well as French expressions, which the markers love to hear.
 * Practise your speech and record yourself. It is very helpful to hear yourself on tape, and to recognise what common errors you make.

Paper 1
The Paper 1 exam is 1h 30 minutes. This exam is designed to test your reading comprehension. You will be given two packages:
 * Your readings
 * The exam itself

The exam is composed of approximately 50 questions. They range from True/False to Fill in the Blanks to Finding Synonyms to Matching.

A strong grasp of French vocabulary and grammar is a must to succeed in this exam.

Paper 2
The Paper 2 exam is also 1h 30 minutes. It is designed to test your writing skills. A list of questions will be given to you - you must choose one of these and write a response of at least 250 words to it.

Some teachers recommend that you write at least double the minimum, but to be honest, go with quality over quantity. Aim for 350 words, but make those 350 words rife with idiomatic expressions, various verb tenses, and a clear presentation of your knowledge of the language. It is all a matter of personal preference in the end.

Tips for Paper 2
Il faut que vous sachiez comment écrire dans les formes suivantes:

- Discours

- Lettre à un ami

- Lettre formelle

- Page de journal intime / Blog

- Essai

- Guide (humoristique ou non)

- Interview / Dialogue / Conversation

- Editorial

- Brochure

- Compte-rendu

- Page d'accueil d'un site Internet

- Article de journal

- Critique (de livre ou de film)

- Fin d'un récit

Know the specific formats of each form, as these are easy marks to get. If you fail to write in the specific format, your points can go down by a lot. Format includes register, vocabulary, phrases, and physical appearance (for example if it is a newspaper article include columns).

Les questions d'écriture vont exiger une de ces formes. Si vous n'écrivez pas dans la forme précisée, vous serez pénalisé.

=French B HL=

The Exams

 * THE ORAL EXAM

title: IB French


text:
SPM

SPM (Statistical Parametric Mapping) refers to the construction and assessment of spatially extended statistical processes used to test hypotheses about functional imaging data. These ideas have been instantiated in software that is called SPM.

The SPM software package has been designed for the analysis of brain imaging data sequences. The sequences can be a series of images from different cohorts, or time-series from the same subject. The current release is designed for the analysis of fMRI, PET, SPECT, EEG and MEG.

SPM is made freely available to the [neuro]imaging community, to promote collaboration and a common analysis scheme across laboratories. The software represents the implementation of the theoretical concepts of Statistical Parametric Mapping in a complete analysis package, as a suite of MATLAB functions and subroutines with some externally compiled C routines.

Overview

 * SPM website
 * Overview of SPM from Wikipedia
 * Overview of SPM from Scholarpedia
 * Introduction to Statistical Parametric Mapping
 * History of Statistical Parametric Mapping in functional neuroimaging

Installation
Overview of SPM installation:
 * Download

System Requirements (hardware and software):
 * MATLAB version
 * Advice on hardware selection

Detailed installation and compilation on:
 * Windows 64bit
 * Linux 64bit
 * macOS 64bit

Instructions for older platforms: Windows 32bit, Linux 32bit, MacOS (Intel), MacOS (PowerPc), SunOS / Solaris.

Standalone version using the MATLAB Compiler:
 * Standalone SPM

Optimising your installation:
 * Optimising MATLAB/SPM

Containerisation:
 * Docker and Singularity

Miscellaneous:
 * GNU Octave
 * Julia
 * Python
 * Continuous Integration

Experimental Design for fMRI

 * Design efficiency
 * Block design
 * Event related design

Data Formats

 * Importing data from the scanner
 * DICOM Import

Preprocessing

 * Slice Timing
 * Normalisation

Modelling

 * Haemodynamic Response Function
 * Basis functions
 * General Linear Model
 * Correlation and Regression
 * Covariance
 * Autocorrelation
 * Non-sphericity
 * Session concatenation
 * Group analysis

Statistical Inference

 * F and T tests
 * Contrasts
 * Inference
 * Power Analysis
 * Correlation
 * Information to include in papers
 * Calculating Percentage signal change
 * Comparing a single patient versus a group of controls
 * Timeseries extraction

Voxel Based Morphometry

 * VBM (Voxel Based Morphometry)

Connectivity Analysis

 * Structural Equation Modelling
 * Psychophysiological Interactions (PPI)
 * Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM)
 * /The DCM Equation. 1. Motivation/
 * /The DCM Equation. 2. Dynamical Systems/
 * /The DCM Equation. 3. Networks and Matrices/
 * /The DCM Equation. 4. The State Equation/
 * Two-State DCM for fMRI
 * /Bayesian Parameter Averaging (BPA)/
 * /Parametric Empirical Bayes (PEB)/

Misc

 * How-tos
 * Atlases
 * Datasets
 * BIDS
 * Working with 4D data
 * Programming intro
 * Writing batch scripts
 * No Display Mode
 * Learning SPM: Courses, books and websites

Other tools

 * SPM Toolboxes and Extensions

title: SPM


text:
User:BOOMducky

=BOOMducky=

My real name is Em. I'm a computer systems engineering student from Australia. I like playing the saxophone, video games, and loud music (in no particular order...)

[mailto:emcarter@ozemail.com.au My email]

=My Contributions= I've started contributing to Electrical Engineering, Basic signals, and once the computer engineering text gets going, I intend to contribute to that too.

I reckon I might contribute to some of the cs texts too. I'll just have to see how I go.

I also notice that the saxophone text is really barren... but that's kind of a difficult text to work on. Once again, I'll see how I go.

=My Usage=

I'm currently teaching myself Japanese from wikibooks, much to the amusement of my younger sister, who is studing Japanese in her final year of high school. I have used some the programming texts as a reference, and the same with markup lingos like XHTML and CSS.

=Final Words= Wiki is great. Long live Wiki in all it's wonderous forms.

--BOOMducky 13:31, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User:BOOMducky


text:
Talk:Saxophone

Hi, I reckon this needs a bit of work... I'm thinking that the first issue is finding (or creating...) an open source key diagram. This text is useless until it has that. A good idea might be to digitally edit a digital photo that someone could take of a saxophone.

--BOOMducky 13:39, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I'm adding this section now, and I'll do basic fingering sections tomorrow. I restructured the whole thing a little bit.

Hi there. I'd like to contribute to this book as well. Have we considered adding a section on reading music?

-MasterSheep 05:10, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

I've filled out the rest of the sharp and flat keys. Might it not be worth removing the references to the key signatures as this is really a forward reference to a non-existent page as it currently stands.

--62.50.86.3 12:19, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saxophone


text:
Saxophone/The Saxophone Family

The saxophone is a family of woodwind musical instruments. Each type of saxophone has a different size, pitch and key. There are four types of saxophone commonly used, although more do exist, they are very rare and are not yet covered in this text.

Soprano Saxophone
One of the highest in pitch of the saxophones is the Bb Soprano Saxophone. A person who masters the soprano usually finds it easy to play the alto saxophone because of the mouthpiece size. The soprano comes in three shapes. The most common is the straight soprano, which looks like a brass clarinet, albeit with a conical shape, rather than a cylindrical one. The next is the curved soprano which looks like a mini-alto sax. The least common is the saxello, which looks like a straight soprano, but the bell faces front

There are two smaller varieties of saxophone, the sopranino (in Eb, an octave above the alto, in both straight and curved versions), and newly developed, the soprillo saxophone in Bb, an octave above the soprano, straight version only. The sopranino is sometimes used in saxophone choirs but the soprillo is almost never seen.

Alto Saxophone
Lower in pitch than the soprano, and higher than the tenor, the alto sax is an E flat instrument. The notes range from low Bb to a high F, not including altissimo. It is the most popular member in the saxophone family simply because it is the easiest to play and master, especially among beginning students. There are straight versions of the alto as well. Both LA Sax and Keilwirth make straight varieties of this sax, but it is again, uncommon. One of the most influential alto sax players in the Bebop era of the jazz scene is Charlie Parker, who was known for introducing flurries of 8th and 16th notes into improvised solos.

Tenor Saxophone
This is probably the most famous and well known sounds in the music of today. It ranges from low Bb on the treble cleff to high F, and even higher with altissimo notes. Usually, the tenor is in the key of Bb, played by 80's musician, Eddie Money, and in 1952 the father of free jazz, John Coltrane. Sometimes they are placed in the key of C, which was most notably played by Lester Young.

The tenor sax is used in marching bands, concert bands, and jazz bands. In marching bands, they play close to the same thing as trombones and baritones. In concert bands, they act as a woodwind baritone if you will. In jazz bands, they have the most significant role in a big band setting. They are good instruments for improvisation and used in solo jazz settings.

Baritone Saxophone
One of the lowest saxophones, the baritone is an E flat instrument. It is the largest common saxophone, and it is characterised by its unusual curled neck. There is also a straight baritone saxophone, but it is extremely rare.

There are lower pitched members of the saxophone family that do exist. The bass, contrabass, tubax, and subcontrabass tubax are members that plummet to the deepest pitches of the piano.

title: Saxophone/The Saxophone Family


text:
Counterpoint

Table of Contents

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) /History/
 * 3) Consonant Intervals
 * 4) Dissonant Intervals
 * 5) /First Species/
 * 6) /Second Species/
 * 7) /Third Species/
 * 8) /Fourth Species/
 * 9) /Fifth Species "Florid"/
 * 10) /Three Voices/
 * 11) /Four Voices/
 * 12) /Five Voices/
 * 13) /Free Counterpoint/
 * 14) /Forms/
 * 15) /Cadence and Neo-Harmony/

title: Counterpoint


text:
Wikibooks:Law bookshelf

Australian law

 * Property Law

Canadian law
This is a collection of texts on core topics in Canadian law. They are most useful as companions in the study of law, and as such are organized based on a typical curriculum at a law school in Canada.

Basics

 * Introduction
 * Legal Citation

Core areas of law

 * Constitutional law
 * Contract law
 * Criminal law
 * Evidence
 * Property law
 * Tort law

Procedural law

 * Civil procedure
 * Criminal procedure

Business and Finances

 * Business Associations

Intellectual Property

 * Copyright Law
 * Trade-mark Law
 * Patent Law

Annotated Laws

 * Annotated Charter of Rights and Freedoms

European Law

 * European Union Law

German Law

 * German Law
 * German Tax Law

United Kingdom Law

 * Taxation in the United Kingdom
 * UK Database Law

English Law

 * English Contract Law
 * English Criminal Law
 * English Property Law
 * English Tort Law
 * Equity and Trusts

Japanese Law

 * Japanese Law and Government

Comprehensive texts

 * US Copyright Law
 * US Patent Law
 * US Trademark Law

Developing texts

 * Employment Discrimination
 * Federal Rules of Evidence
 * Internet Law
 * US Corporate Law
 * US Income Tax
 * US Property Law
 * US Civil Procedure
 * US Constitutional Law
 * US Criminal Law
 * US Contract Law
 * US Tort Law

International law

 * Private International Law

de:Regal:Rechtswissenschaft

title: Wikibooks:Law bookshelf


text:
Counterpoint/Second Species

In Second Species counterpoint, two tones are used against each note of the melody. It is important to note where one places the consonant and dissonant tones.

Accented beats on the counterpoint should create consonant intervals. The exceptions for this are that the perfect unison should only fall on unaccented beats until the last note of the song and the octave should be used sparingly on accented beats.

Dissonant tones can be used on the weak beats provided that it is used as a passing tone.

A rest may be used in place of the first beat for the counterpoint. This is the only place a rest is allowed. In this case, the unaccented beat must have a perfect consonant interval. If the cantus firmus is above, this would refer only to the octave or the prime. If below, it refers to the octave, the prime, and the fifth.

It is often best to start by writing the cadence first.

Cadences
When writing the cadence in second species counterpoint, you have to think about whether you are writing your counterpoint above or below the Cantus Firmus.

Writing cadences above the Cantus Firmus
If your Cantus firmus ends in 2-1, then your counterpoint will end with (6-7)-8. Often the 5 will proceed the 6.

If your Cantus Firmus ends in 7-8, then your counterpoint will end with (2-5)-P

Writing cadences below the Cantus Firmus
If the cadence of the Cantus Firmus is 7-8 then the counterpoint will end with (5-2)-1.

If the cadence of the Cantus Firmus is 2-1 then the counterpoint will end with (6-7)-8.

NOTE: Numbers in show that they are half the duration of the others.

title: Counterpoint/Second Species


text:
Counterpoint/Passing Tone

A passing tone is a nonchordal tone (disonant tone) that breaks up a movement of a third into two seconds. The motion is in the same direction each time.

title: Counterpoint/Passing Tone


text:
Bartending/Alcohol

As well as being enjoyable in their own right, alcoholic drinks are frequently used as ingredients in recipes. This page lists the most common types of drink. See also Cocktails for mixed drinks, and Beverages in the Cookbook for drink recipes not normally considered part of mixology.

Alcoholic Beverage Ingredients
Alcoholic beverages can be served straight (also called neat), meaning there is only one ingredient (a particular type of alcohol), or mixed. Most mixed drinks include other ingredients, or mixers, besides the alcohol or blend of alcohols. Common mixers include carbonated beverages, sweeteners, bitters, flavorings, colorings, sauces, and salt. Ice is an important ingredient in many mixed drinks, whether the drink is poured over the ice or the ice is blended as part of the beverage. Mixed drinks also include non-alcoholic, or "virgin", cocktails, which are generally made in the same manner, but leaving out the alcohol.

Buying Basics
In nearly every bartender's stock, you will find these basic ingredients, which are key to making a wide variety of drinks.

 * Bourbon - Kentucky whiskey
 * Gin - distilled spirit flavored with juniper berries and other botanicals
 * Rum, Dark - flavorful distilled spirit from sugar cane
 * Rum, White - lightly flavored distilled spirit from sugar cane
 * Scotch - Scottish whisky, more smoky than other whisky.
 * Tequila - flavorful distilled Mexican spirit from the agave plant
 * Triple Sec or Cointreau - orange flavored liqueurs
 * Vermouth, Dry - a common aromatized mixer wine
 * Vermouth, Sweet - a common aromatized mixer wine
 * Vodka - clear, nearly flavorless distilled spirit
 * Wine, White - more delicately flavored than red wine

Beyond the Basics
After stocking a bar with the basics, it is time to grow in new directions. These common ingredients help to expand the variety and diversity of the drinks you can provide to your patrons.

 * Beer, Lager
 * Flavored Spirits/Liquors - the more flavors, the wider range of cocktails you can serve
 * High-Proof Spirits - any spirit or liquor with a high alcohol content (e.g., Bacardi 151 or Everclear)
 * Kahlua - coffee flavored liqueurs
 * Local Variants and Locally Distilled Alcohols - regional differences highlight different alcohols (e.g., sake, pisco, ouzo)
 * Pre-mixed Mixers - the ingredients for several popular mixed drinks (martinis, margaritas, mudslides, etc.) are available pre-mixed; all you do is add the alcohol
 * Schnapps - peach and peppermint are common flavors
 * Whiskey, Rye - Tennessee whiskey
 * Wine, Red - more robustly flavored than white wine

Distilled Alcohols
Mixed drinks where the primary ingredients by volume are one or more distilled alcohols are referred to as cocktails.

Spirits
The term spirits includes brandy, rum, vodka and whiskey. These are made by distilling weaker drinks to concentrate the alcohol content to 35 per cent or more.
 * Arak (Middle East)
 * Arrack (South Asia and South-East Asia)
 * Vodka (Northern Europe)
 * Tequila - made from distillation of Mexican agave plant (not cactus)
 * Calvados - French spirit made by distilling hard cider
 * Shochu - Japanese spirit made from koji and starch / sugar based ingredients with ~30 to ~90 percent alcohol by volume.
 * Cachaça (pronounced [kuh.chah.'suh]) - Brazilian spirit made from sugar cane

Fermented Alcohols
Fermented alcohols are most often served "straight", without mixing. However, many enjoyable mixed drinks can be made by combining a fermented alcohol with other ingredients. Such drinks are usually referred to as mixes (beer mix, wine mix, etc.) or punches, rather than "cocktails".

Beer
Beer is any variety of alcoholic drink produced by the brewing process: fermentation of starchy material derived from grains or other plant sources, such as malted barley or wheat. Beer typically has an alcoholic strength of from 3 to 8 per cent. The main categories of Beer are Ale and Lager.

Cider and Perry
Cider (known as 'hard cider' in the US) is made by fermenting apple juice; the less common perry is made by fermenting pear juice. Both can be made in a variety of styles, but the alcoholic strength is usually similar to that of beer.

Wine
Wine usually has an alcohol content of between 10 and 15 percent, and is made by fermentation of grape juice. Fortified wine, such as Port, Sherry and Madeira, is made by adding brandy to wine before the completion of the wine's fermentation process, increasing the strength to around 20 percent.

title: Bartending/Alcohol


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/To do

Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interaction among rational decision-makers .

[1] It has applications in all fields of social science, as well as in logic,

'''systems science and computer science. Originally, it addressed zero-sum games, in which each participant's gains or losses are exactly balanced by those of the other participants. Today [ when? ], game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and is now an umbrella term for the science of logical decision making in humans, animals, and computers.'''

'''Modern game theory began with the idea of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumann's original proof used the Brouwer fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and'''

'''mathematical economics. His paper was followed by the 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, co-written with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty.'''

'''Game theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. It was explicitly applied to biology in the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. As of 2014, with the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences going to game theorist Jean Tirole, eleven game theorists have won the economics Nobel Prize. John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize for his application of game theory to biology.'''

Current To-Dos (January 28, 2007 and later)

 * 1) Add template to all subpages, using the following code:
 * 2) Come up with a better design for template.
 * 3) Make sure navigation links are added to the top of every chapter. (Navigation fixed in book template)
 * 4) Group chapters by topic -- any suggestions for grouping schemes?
 * 5) I was thinking "Principles of XML," "Languages derived from XML," and "XML in Applications" (the last category referencing mainly AJAX) -- Runnerupnj
 * 6) Provide links from a chapter to the exercises it covers, and vice-versa.
 * 7) Mend links to previous module main page.
 * 8) Separate exercise questions and answers.
 * 9) Break chapters into shorter sections.
 * 10) Create a glossary with links from within the book.
 * 11) Create a Ajax Page. - There is no page here for Ajax help with XML!
 * 12) We can link the AJAX book here.
 * 13) Create a PDF version available from Wikibooks

To-Dos Previous to January 28, 2007
''These to-dos remained from before the project was reinvigorated, and rested for a brief period on the Talk page. -- Runnerupnj 08:41, 29 January 2007 (UTC)''

The list is in no particular priority

 * 1) Convert all code examples to the format specified in Author guidelines
 * 2) A print version to make reading easier
 * 3) Breaking chapters into shorter sections
 * 4) Hints for common problems (hint box)
 * 5) FAQs
 * 6) a "Common Errors" section near the exercise section. That way when future students run into problems in the exercises, especially the stylesheets, they can hopefully find a common error and fix their problem quickly
 * 7) Glossary with links from within the book
 * 8) Chapter 2 on XHTML (move later chapter and make complete)
 * 9) Exercises and answers on separate pages (tell people how to open a second copy and use it – end of chapter 1)
 * 10) Good XML editor
 * 11) Check all answers (also indicate who validated the answer with person’s email)
 * 12) Major league baseball exercise
 * 13) Develop an XML schema to show the organization of Major League Baseball. There are many teams within MLB and the teams are all composed of different athletes.
 * 14) Set up the XML Document with a Division of either the American League or the National League. Enter a representative data into the document to justify your answer.
 * 15) Organize the XML stylesheet to nicely display the data.
 * 16) Move all Java parsing to a separate chapter
 * 17) Write BlueJ as per database access for XML parsing
 * 18) Move exercise 4 from chapter 3 (one-to-many relationship) and place it in chapter 5 (many-to-many relationship). My reason for this is as follows:
 * 19) This problem asks you to create a personal library. As we learned earlier a library can have many books and books have many copies. There can be many different people who check out books, however, what they actually check out are copies of books making this a many-to-many relationship since a borrower can check out many copies of a book. I feel like this exercise is a little misleading and would be better off in ch. 5. Most people who have had any experience in data modeling and are trying to learn XML from this book would be confused by this exercise (i.e. myself). It's hard to do something that you haven't learned how to do yet.
 * 20) Comments in the code and not elsewhere
 * 21) Instead of giving a complete explanation for an example of an xml/xls/xsd after the problem, explain each piece of the code as you go through it. Or after a given solution, repeat the entire line of code that you are trying to explain. I've found this layout in other technology related books, and it has been easier to follow along. Also, when referring to a table or different section of the book, create a bookmark or link to that section. Could this be in the instructions for authors and what else could we add.
 * 22) Instructions on how to convert XML to HTML with NetBeans and any other editor
 * 23) Convert all slides to DocBook slide format
 * 24) Chapter on XQuery
 * 25) Chapter on Lenya
 * 26) Spellcheck the book on a regular basis

title: XML - Managing Data Exchange/To do


text: User:D.evil~enwikibooks

title: User:D.evil~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Miso Soup

| Soup | Cuisine of Japan

In traditional Japanese cuisine, miso soup is served for breakfast every day, and often served with meals as well.

Ingredients

 * ½ tsp sesame oil
 * 3 cups water
 * 2 tbsp miso
 * 2 green onions (optional), finely minced
 * ½ cake tofu (optional), cut into ½-inch cubes
 * 2–3 fresh mushrooms (optional), thinly sliced
 * 5–6 shrimp (optional), cubed or shredded
 * Some pieces of seaweed (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Heat oil in a small pot.
 * 2) Add green onion. Cook for a few minutes while stirring frequently.
 * 3) Add 2 ½ cups of water. Bring to a boil.
 * 4) Dissolve miso in remaining ½ cup of water and add to pot.
 * 5) Lower heat and add mushrooms, seaweed, and tofu if desired
 * 6) Enjoy!

title: Cookbook:Miso Soup


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Category:Subject:Biology

bg:Категория:Биология cs:Kategorie:Biologie el:Κατηγορία:Βιολογία es:Categoría:Biología fr:Catégorie:Biologie it:Categoria:Dewey 574 hu:Kategória:Biológia nl:Categorie:Biologie ja:カテゴリ:生物学 ko:분류:생물학 pl:Kategoria:Biologia pt:Categoria:Biologia vi:Thể loại:Sinh học zh:Category:生物学 hy:Կատեգորիա:Կենսաբանություն

title: Category:Subject:Biology


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SPM/Download

=Introduction=

The SPM software is a suite of MATLAB functions to organise and interpret functional neuroimaging data.

SPM is made freely available to the (neuro)imaging community, to promote collaboration and a common analysis scheme across laboratories. The software represents the implementation of the theoretical concepts of Statistical Parametric Mapping in a complete analysis package.

=Licence=

SPM (being the collection of files given in the manifest in the Contents.m file included with each distribution) is free but copyright software, distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence as published by the Free Software Foundation (either version 2, as given in file spm_LICENCE.man, or at your option, any later version). Further details on "copyleft" can be found at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. In particular, SPM is supplied as is. No formal support or maintenance is provided or implied.

=SPM Version=

SPM12
SPM12 was released in October 2014 and represents a major update to the SPM software, containing substantial theoretical, algorithmic, structural and interface enhancements over previous versions:
 * http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm12/

Previous versions
Previous versions are still available for download, however you should prefer the most recent one:
 * SPM8: http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/
 * SPM5: http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm5/
 * SPM2: http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm2/
 * SPM99: http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm99/
 * SPM96: http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm96/

=Prerequisites=

You need the following to run SPM on your computer:
 * MATLAB: MATLAB is a high level numerical mathematics environment developed by MathWorks, Inc. Natick, MA, USA. SPM requires only core MATLAB to run (no special toolboxes are required). See this page for more details.
 * SPM also uses external C programs, linked to MATLAB as C-mex files, to perform some of the more computationally intensive operations. Pre-compiled binaries are provided with the distribution for Linux (*.mexglx, *.mexa64), Windows (*.mexw32, *.mexw64) and Mac (*.mexmac, *.mexmaci, *.mexmaci64). Hence, most of the time, SPM will work immediately using these binaries; in some instances, you might have to recompile them for your own architecture, details are provided here for each platform.
 * SPM12 uses the NIFTI-1 file format for the image data. All images are written as NIFTI-1, but it will also read the old Analyze format used by SPM2. Tools are provided to import data from DICOM, MINC and ECAT7. SPM12 also uses the GIfTI file format for surface-based data.

=Download= SPM is freely available, but you will be asked to complete a registration form prior to downloading. Having completed the form, you will be directed to the download location.

=Installation=
 * On Unix/Linux, use unzip SPM.zip or tar xvfz SPM.tar.gz
 * On Windows, use 7-Zip (free and powerful file archiver) or any other archive software that you might already have installed.
 * On Mac, double-click to unpack the archive

Then launch MATLAB and add SPM to MATLAB's path: >> addpath C:/software/matlab/spm SPM is now ready to use: >> spm

Managing your MATLAB path
To ensure SPM is automatically on your MATLAB path in the future, you can either use the command >> pathtool and save the path, or (better, if you have multiple MATLAB versions) you can edit your MATLAB startup file to include the above addpath command.

(Expert tip: since the startup file can be a general MATLAB script/function you could consider more elaborate things like bringing up a GUI window with a choice of SPM versions to add to the path.)

=Updates= SPM updates are made from time to time and advertised on the SPM mailing list. They can be downloaded from the following addresses: On Unix systems (Linux, Mac), use this command line syntax to install the updates unzip -o spm12_updates_rxxxx.zip -d spm12 On other platforms, just unpack the update archive over your SPM installation so that newer files overwrite existing files.
 * http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/download/spm12_updates/
 * http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/download/spm8_updates/
 * http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/download/spm5_updates/
 * http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/download/spm2_updates/

=Toolboxes= A list of SPM toolboxes and extensions is available on the SPM website: http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/ext/.

To install one of them, follow the instructions probably provided with the package. It usually consists in simply copying the functions into a subdirectory of the toolbox directory of your SPM installation.

title: SPM/Download


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SPM/Advice on hardware selection

SPM requirements in terms or hardware are closely related to those of MATLAB, see:
 * MATLAB System Requirements
 * Choosing Hardware for Use with MATLAB
 * Computer hardware which best optimizes the performance of MATLAB

= Processor =

No particular requirements, apart from those for MATLAB. The faster the better but little memory or a slow hard disk can become a bottleneck so make sure to have a coherent hardware installation.

Mono-/multi-processors
Recent MATLABs support implicit multiprocessing allowing to run multiple threads on a single machine without any change to the MATLAB code itself: this requires a multiple CPU (multiprocessor or multicore) system. The gain in compute time with SPM is not dramatic though.

See:
 * http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/matlab_prog/brdo29n-1.html
 * http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/ref/maxnumcompthreads.html

If you run many MATLAB sessions in parallel to manually distribute your SPM processings, it is recommended to set the number of computational threads to one.

Some effort is currently done to provide a parallel version of SPM that could automatically distribute tasks on a multicore/multiprocessor machine or a cluster.

32/64 bit
Major Operating Systems, MATLAB and SPM support 64bit architectures and are nowadays recommended.

= Memory =

The more RAM you have the better but SPM should accommodate with any amount of memory you have (provided there is enough for MATLAB itself). Remember that a 32 bit Operating System might not be able to make use of the full amount of memory.

For more information, see:
 * http://www.mathworks.com/support/tech-notes/1100/1106.html
 * http://www.mathworks.com/support/tech-notes/1100/1107.html

= Hard Disk =

Neuroimaging datasets can be quite large so a slow hard disk can be a bottleneck for SPM processing. (I.e. if you've got the choice, choose the hard disk with the highest RPM. For even more performance, use multiple hard drives in a RAID1 or other RAID setup). Concerning the capacity, it's also obviously the more the better.

Reviews of hard disks
http://www.storagereview.com

Network File System
It is certainly possible to store your datasets on an NFS server. If the server is located in another building or section of your building, make sure the entire connection to your SPM processing workstation is at least 100MB/s.

= Graphic Card =

At current time little use is made of the GPU in SPM so the graphic card should not have any impact in SPM processing.

title: SPM/Advice on hardware selection


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SPM/Faster SPM

Adjusting SPM settings
A defaults variable called maxmem indicates how much memory can be used at the same time during GLM estimation. If your computer has a large amount of RAM, you can increase that memory setting in spm_defaults.m:

defaults.stats.maxmem  = 2^30;

 * 2^32 = 4GB
 * 2^31 = 2GB
 * 2^30 = 1GB
 * 2^29 = 512MB

In SPM12, there is another defaults variable called resmem governing whether temporary files during GLM estimation are stored on disk (false) or kept in memory (true). If you have enough available RAM, not writing the files to disk will speed the estimation.

defaults.stats.resmem  = true;

Compiling the MEX files
The compiled MEX files provided with SPM are built in such a way to be compatible with most platforms and MATLAB versions but you might benefit from compiling them for your exact platform/MATLAB version - some C compilers might also produce better optimised binaries (such as Intel Compilers). See the installation pages for more details on how to recompile SPM MEX files.

General statements
Maximizing MATLAB Performance.

Note that it is not recommended to disable the JAVA Virtual Machine when launching MATLAB (matlab -nojvm). If you don't want to use the MATLAB desktop, you can preferably launch MATLAB with: matlab -nodesktop

When using Matlab in 'nodesktop' mode, initialise SPM in the following manner to prevent graphics windows from opening:

(Substituting 'fmri' for 'pet' or 'eeg' as appropriate.)

Multithreading
Recent MATLABs support implicit multiprocessing allowing to run multiple threads on a single machine without any change to the MATLAB code itself: this requires a multiple CPU (multiprocessor or multicore) system. The gain in compute time with SPM is not dramatic though.

See:
 * https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/maxnumcompthreads.html

If you run many MATLAB sessions in parallel to manually distribute your SPM processings, it is recommended to set the number of computational threads to one.

Updating BLAS/LAPACK
Install the latest Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines (BLAS)/Linear Algebra PACKage (LAPACK) for your system, as MATLAB doesn't ship the latest version in its releases. The main choices are between: For more information on how to upgrade your MATLAB libraries with ATLAS/MKL, see:
 * BLAS
 * LAPACK
 * ATLAS - Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software (open source)
 * MKL - Intel Math Kernel Library
 * ACML - AMD Core Math Library
 * GotoBLAS - GotoBLAS (Texas Advanced Computing Center)
 * http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/using-intel-mkl-with-matlab/
 * http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-math-kernel-library-intel-mkl-for-windows-using-intel-mkl-in-matlab-executable-mex-files/
 * http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/SpmWithPentium4

SPM toolboxes
See pSPM for SPM2.

General tools
There is currently work in progress to provide an official parallel/distributed version of SPM.

 * MATLAB Parallel Survey
 * Parallel MATLAB: Doing it right
 * Parallel MATLAB: The next generation

See also the Sun Grid Engine Project (SGE):
 * Sun Grid Engine
 * qsubfunc

Using the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
It is possible for MATLAB to take advantage of the GPU (the processor of the graphic card, by opposition to the CPU), to perform some operations, resulting in significant speed improvements. A number of toolboxes are available:
 * Parallel Computing Toolbox GPU Computing with MATLAB
 * MATLAB GPU Computing
 * MATLAB Acceleration with CUDA-enabled GPUs
 * NVIDIA GPU and MATLAB
 * NVIDIA NGC
 * CUDA SPM GPU-Accelerated SPM image registration
 * Deep Learning Frameworks

See also:
 * https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fninf.2014.00024/full
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169260711001957
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361841513000820
 * https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2Fs13415-013-0165-7
 * https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2009.935387

title: SPM/Faster SPM


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SPM/F and T tests

Pages from WikiPedia
F test

T_Test

title: SPM/F and T tests


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SPM/Correlation and Regression

Pages from WikiPedia
Correlation

Regression toward the mean

title: SPM/Correlation and Regression


text:
SPM/Inference

Pages from WikiPedia
Inference

title: SPM/Inference


text:
SPM/Basis functions

From WikiPedia
Basis Function

title: SPM/Basis functions


text:
SPM/Covariance

Pages from WikiPedia
Covariance

title: SPM/Covariance


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SPM/Autocorrelation

Pages from WikiPedia
Autocorrelation

Pages from MathWorld
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Autocorrelation.html

title: SPM/Autocorrelation


text:
SPM/Learning SPM

=Courses=

See http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/course/

=Books=

See Statistical Parametric Mapping: The Analysis of Functional Brain Images

=Websites=

SPM
http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/

http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/CbuImaging

MATLAB

 * MathWorks
 * MATLAB Central
 * MATLAB for Psychologists

Maths
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/

=Example Data Sets=

 * SPM datasets and tutorials

=Mailing list=

http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/support/

title: SPM/Learning SPM


text:
Introduction to Theoretical Physics/Mathematical Foundations/Arithmetic, Physics, and Mathematics

Tentative outline for Arithmetic, Physics, and Mathematics; or the Units of Measurement

Units of Measurement as Mathematical Constants

 * 1) Physics and Mathematics begin with counting
 * 2) *1 apple, 2 apples, etc.
 * 3) *Thus an "apple" in our records is a unit of measurement, the quantity in question being "number of apples"
 * 4) This evolves into simple arithmetic
 * 5) *1 apple added to 1 apple is 2 apples
 * 6) *10 apples subtracted from 30 apples is 20 apples
 * 7) Introduction of shorthand notation
 * 8) *$$1\; apple + 1\; apple = 2\; apples$$
 * 9) *$$30\; apples - 10\; apples = 20\; apples$$
 * 10) Mathematics can discard the physical objects in question and has the luxury of concerning itself with abstract concepts
 * 11) *$$1 + 1 = 2$$
 * 12) *$$(1 + 1) \times a = 2 \times a$$
 * 13) *$$1 \times a + 1 \times a = 2 \times a$$
 * 14) Whereas in mathematics the constant $$a$$ represents a numerical constant, in physics this constant can represent a physical constant, thereby allowing physical objects to behave as mathematical entities in mathematical equations
 * 15) *$$1 \times apple + 1 \times apple = 2 \times apple$$
 * 16) Units of measurements are important in mathematical equations since they represent critical information and errors in calculations will result if these physical constants are neglected
 * 17) *$$1 + 1 = 2$$ is wrong in the sense that $$1 \times apple + 1 \times orange = 1 \times apple + 1 \times orange$$ is the only answer allowed under the rules of mathematics
 * 18) Also, care must be taken when we perform mathematical operations
 * 19) *$$(3 \times apples) \times (3 \times apples) = 9 \times apples^2$$ represents 9 apples arranged in a square
 * 20) *$$(3 \times apples) \times (3 \times oranges) = 9 \times apples \times oranges$$ creates a new physical quantity apple(orange) that is neither apples nor oranges! This is how new physical quantities, i.e. energy are created from lengths, times, and masses.

Basic Units of Measurement

 * 1) Time
 * 2) *Usually measured in seconds
 * 3) **Shorthand is s
 * 4) ***10 seconds
 * 5) ***10 s
 * 6) *Only unit of measurement not to be decimalized (although such a system does exist)
 * 7) Distance
 * 8) *Usually measured in meters
 * 9) **Shorthand is m
 * 10) ***10 meters
 * 11) ***10 m
 * 12) Mass
 * 13) *Base unit is the kilogram
 * 14) **Shorthand is kg
 * 15) ***10 kilograms
 * 16) ***10 kg
 * 17) *Sometimes measured in grams
 * 18) **Shorthand is g
 * 19) ***10 grams
 * 20) ***10 g

Derived Units of Measurement

 * 1) Area
 * 2) *Usually measured in meters squared
 * 3) **$$10\; meters\times meters$$
 * 4) **$$10\; square \ meters$$
 * 5) **$$10\; \mbox{m}^2$$
 * 6) Volume
 * 7) *Usually measured in meters cubed
 * 8) **$$10\; meters\times meters\times meters$$
 * 9) **$$10\; cubic \ meters$$
 * 10) **$$10\; \mbox{m}^3$$
 * 11) Density
 * 12) Linear density
 * 13) *Usually measured in kilograms per meter
 * 14) **$$10\; kilograms \ per \ meter$$
 * 15) **$$10\; \mbox{kg}/\mbox{m}$$
 * 16) Area density
 * 17) *Usually measured in kilograms per meter squared
 * 18) **$$10\; kilograms \ per \ square \ meter$$
 * 19) **$$10\; \mbox{kg}/\mbox{m}^2$$
 * 20) Volumetric density
 * 21) *Usually measured in kilograms per meters cubed
 * 22) **$$10\; kilograms \ per \ cubic \ meter$$
 * 23) **$$10\; \mbox{kg}/\mbox{m}^3$$

Scientific Notation

 * Shorthand notation for large or tiny numbers based on powers of 10
 * 1) Large
 * 2) *$$1,000,000 = 10^6 = 1 \times 10^6$$
 * 3) *$$2,500,000 = 2.5 \times 10^6$$
 * 4) Small
 * 5) *$$0.001 = 10^{-3} = 1 \times 10^{-3}$$
 * 6) *$$0.000234 = 2.34 \times 10^{-4}$$

Système International d'Unités (International System of Units, aka SI)

 * Further simplification of written numbers
 * $$4,430 \mbox{ meters} = 4.43 \times 10^3 \mbox{ meters} = 4.43 \mbox{ kilometers}$$
 * $$4,430 \mbox{ m} = 4.43 \times 10^3 \mbox{ m} = 4.43 \mbox{ km}$$

The Mathematics of Conversion Between Units

 * 1) In mathematical equations, units of measurement behave as constants
 * 2) *$$(1\mbox{ m} + 2\mbox{ m})\times 4\mbox{ m} = 12\mbox{ m}^2$$
 * 3) To convert from one unit of to another, we utilize an equation relating the two measurements
 * 4) *$$1\mbox{ km} = 1000\mbox{ m} \,$$
 * 5) We can solve and substitute for the constant $$m$$
 * 6) *$$\frac{1}{1000}\mbox{ km} = \mbox{ m}$$
 * 7) *$$\left[1\left(\frac{1}{1000}\mbox{ km}\right) + 2\left(\frac{1}{1000}\mbox{ km}\right)\right]\times 4\left(\frac{1}{1000}\mbox{ km}\right) = 12 \left(\frac{1}{1000}\mbox{ km}\right)^2$$
 * 8) *$$\left(1\times 10^{-3}\mbox{ km} + 2\times 10^{-3}\mbox{ km}\right)\times 4\times 10^{-3}\mbox{ km} = 12\times 10^{-6}\mbox{ km}^2$$

The Mathematics of Conversion Between Units

1. In mathematical equations, units of measurement behave as constants * (1\mbox{ m} + 2\mbox{ m})\times 4\mbox{ m} = 12\mbox{ m}^2 2. To convert from one unit of to another, we utilize an equation relating the two measurements * 1\mbox{ km} = 1000\mbox{ m} \, 3. We can solve and substitute for the constant m         * \frac{1}{1000}\mbox{ km} = \mbox{ m}          * \left[1\left(\frac{1}{1000}\mbox{ km}\right) + 2\left(\frac{1}{1000}\mbox{ km}\right)\right]\times 4\left(\frac{1}{1000}\mbox{ km}\right) = 12 \left(\frac{1}{1000}\mbox{ km}\right)^2 * \left(1\times 10^{-3}\mbox{ km} + 2\times 10^{-3}\mbox{ km}\right)\times 4\times 10^{-3}\mbox{ km} = 12\times 10^{-6}\mbox{ km}^2

A Physicists' View of Calculus

 * 1) The derivative and small quantities
 * 2) The integral and summation of infinite quantities


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Using Firefox/Search

Quick searches and keywords
Quick Searches allow you to define custom search keywords for entering in the Location Bar. After setup, just type your search keyword before your search terms. A wiki of popular quick searches is maintained here. The steps needed to make a new Quick Search are outlined below:

 * 1) Go to a web page that contains a search box.
 * 2) Right click in the search entry box.
 * 3) Select "Add a Keyword for this Search".
 * 4) Give your quick search a keyword. For example, a Wikipedia search could be w. Obviously, shorter keywords are more efficient than longer ones, such as wikipedia.

An alternative method for older versions of Firefox or locations without search boxes is to:

 * 1) Go to a webpage that contains a search box.
 * 2) Search for something. In this case, oddball will be the search word.
 * 3) Note the term in the URL, and replace it with %s. For example, searching on the Google search engine gives us the URL:
 *  http:// www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=oddball&btnG=Google+Search
 * Using our example, the new address would be:
 *  http:// www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%s&btnG=Google+Search

 * 1) Copy the modified URL from the location bar.
 * 2) Go to Bookmarks → Manage Bookmarks → New Bookmark.
 * 3) Paste your modified URL in the Location box.
 * 4) Give your quick search a name, e.g. Google Quick Search.
 * 5) Give your quick search a keyword. Note: This can be one character or more. For example, a Google search could be g.

To use your new quick search all you need to do is type keyword your search term in the address bar; for example, to search for the information regarding the history of Wikipedia in Google, you would type, g history of wikipedia. You can also bookmark advanced searches using the same technique. Just try a search and replace your search term with %s. Simple!

This functionality doesn't have to be limited to web searches; it can be used to quickly go to pages that have a certain structure. For example, one way to get more out of Wikipedia would be to create a bookmark to  http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%s with keyword w. Getting to Wikipedia articles now only requires typing in w article title.

Another example is currency conversions. To easily convert from US dollars to Euro, one could create a bookmark to  http:// www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi?From=USD&To=EUR&Amount=%s and give it the keyword $. To convert a given amount (say $50), all one has to do now is enter $ 50 into the address bar (note the space, it's very important).

Once you start thinking about them, keywords can become quite useful.

You can also use the SmartSearch extension to do all your quick searches from the context menu, by highlighting a word on a page, right-clicking it and search using any of your quick searches.

Find Toolbar
A new and innovative feature is the Find Toolbar. It is used to search for text within a page, without being too obtrusive. When activated by pressing Ctrl+F, the Find Toolbar appears, at the bottom of the Firefox browser's window, ready to search the current web page. The Find Toolbar uses incremental searching. This means that it searches (and continuously updates the displayed result) while you type. This is more helpful than traditional find, as finding is done immediately when typing starts. The Find Toolbar has the ability to find the next or previous result and select it, highlight all the matched results and match case. Firefox will search down until reaching the end of the document, and then "wraparound" to the beginning of the page. If nothing matches your terms, Firefox 'beeps'. (If you want to disable this sound, go to <tt>about:config</tt> and change the value <tt>accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound</tt> to <tt>false</tt>.) When you are done searching, simply press the Esc key, and the Find Toolbar will hide.

Find As You Type
A very useful feature is Find As You Type, which lets you use the functionality of the Find Toolbar without having to open or close it with Ctrl+F or Cmd+F.

By default, Find As You Type will only begin after pressing the / key. Alternatively, to only search links, press the  '  key (apostrophe). However, it is possible to have Find As You Type work without needing an additional key press. To do so, go to Tools → Options → Advanced → General and check "Begin finding when you begin typing".

From now on, when searching about some topic on a website, just start typing into the body of the page. You will instantly go to the first instance of the sequence of letters as you type. The Find Toolbar will temporarily appear at the bottom of the page, allowing you to highlight all the places the term occurs, or jump to the next one. More Find Toolbar shortcuts can be found in the ../Keyboard shortcuts/ section, and a complete description here.

A useful tip to navigate around a web page is to use find as you type. You simply push the  '  key (apostrophe) and begin typing the text of the link you wish to follow. Once Firefox highlights that link (whether you've only typed a few letters or the entire word), you hit the Enter key and Firefox will begin loading that page. For example, if on this same page, you quickly want to go to the Table of Contents. Notice that the link for the table of contents is << To Contents. Press the apostrophe key to activate the Find Toolbar for searching for links and then type "to". Firefox will then highlight part of the link. Pressing enter will take you to the Using Firefox Table of Contents. One thing to note is that the apostrophe key does not necessarily have to be used for this tip to work; just using Find As You Type can accomplish the same thing, but since it searches all text, whether it's a link or not, it may not be as quick as beginning your search with the apostrophe key.

Firefox/Recherche dans les documents

title: Using Firefox/Search


text:
Using Firefox/Extensions

Extensions are small add-ons that add new functionality to Firefox, but should not be confused with plug-ins.

In Firefox, add-ons is a general term that in Firefox is applied to extensions proper, themes, userscripts, userstyles, service workers, plug-ins, spellcheckers and language packs. Extensions rely on built-in frameworks and API s within Firefox, and are integrated into the browser after installation. Whereas plug-ins, such as Adobe Flash, use programming not native to Firefox, and are usually embedded into a web page only when said page contains code that requires Flash to be loaded.

Extensions that use the legacy XPCOM, XUL, and JetPack frameworks, are supported until Firefox 56.0. These are known both as legacy extensions, and legacy versions of Firefox, respectively. In late 2018, Mozilla ceased support for XUL-based extensions, and no longer hosts them, though various ways of obtaining legacy extensions still exist.

WebExtensions were initially supported in Firefox 48.0, and beginning with Firefox 57.0, only WebExtensions are supported.

What can extensions do
Extensions can add anything from a toolbar button to a completely new feature. They allow the browser to be customized to fit the personal needs of each user, if they need additional features, while Firefox proper remains relatively unadorned.

Many links herein will not necessarily point to a specific extension, but rather to general links at the Mozilla Addons.

Mozilla Addons
Most extensions for Firefox, SeaMonkey, Thunderbird, and derivatives are available at the Mozilla Addons site, which hosts well over a thousand extensions. The great number of addons may make it difficult for people to find what they want.

Mozilla Addons has easy-to-use pages linking to extensions by category, popularity, or recommended status.

There are many themes available, which make Firefox more attractive. The most popular themes are listed here.

Mozilla once launched Fashion Your Firefox, an easy-to-use service for users who didn't want to go through the entire library of addons to choose just a few good ones based on what they use Firefox for. Fashion Your Firefox has since long been discontinued.

The below sections herein provide links to specific extension categories at Mozilla Addons — this means that the information will stay up-to-date.

Alternative sources
Since Mozilla no longer hosts legacy extensions, then their installers in the form of XPI files are still available from a number of places:
 * back-ups by various open-source volunteers;
 * occasional mirrors of Mozilla Addons FTP site;
 * the developers' own websites, or original web resources (MozDev, GitHub); and
 * at the Internet Archive WayBack Machine.

The Internet Archive serves as the resource closest-possible to the original Mozilla Addons site, and hosts most extensions' description and version pages. If an extension page was archived before October/November 2018 (inclusive), then it's mostly functional, too, such as showing if an extension is compatible with the visiting browser.

The requirement to see an extension's archived pages is to know its original address at the Mozilla Addons site. This can be found out from an extant extension's install information in a browser, or by searching the Internet using the addon's name.

If the "Add to Firefox" button on the archived page of an extension, or in its versions page is active (usually coloured green), then clicking the button may redirect the user to the extension's installer (XPI) file, but not always. The workaround is to right-click on the "Add to Firefox" button, and open the button's link (that directs to an XPI file) in a new tab. This would lead to a couple of redirects to the correct XPI file. Note also, that you'll have to allow installation of extensions from web.archive.org in an extension install notification window.

Not all extension installers are available from the WayBack Machine, due to not having been archived when they were originally available.

Alternative, and in some cases, more technical download sources of extensions for Firefox are available at XULRunner Hall of Fame at MozDev, at mirror.umd.edu, and at http://ftp.metu.edu.tr.

Content blocking

 * Adblock Plus — Blocks or hides advertisements and other annoyances from web pages, while still retaining the correct page format. It is designed around blocklists, and allows you to block flash and image banners built into the web page, as well as scripts. You add your own filters using wildcards (*) for simple custom filters, or regular expressions for advanced ones. Adblock Plus automatically downloads a pre-set blocklist, and provides additional lists of blocklists to enable and download, based on region or function (such as cryptominers).

 * Flashblock — A legacy Firefox add-on to easily block Flash, Silverlight, and HTML5 animations. The initial Flash file in each embed does get downloaded, but its animations are replaced with a click-to-play icon. Additional downloads via Flash are won't be initialised either.

Download Tools

 * DownThemAll! — Easily manage downloads while accelerating them as well.
 * Video DownloadHelper — Download video and audio files — Flash Video (.flv) files from sites like YouTube, MP3 files, and more.

E-mail and social

 * Cookiepie — An extension to handle multiple web accounts simultaneously, opening many Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail accounts in different tabs on the same browser. This extension is currently unmaintained.

 * All the below links are very outdated, with the last update made on 14 July 2013, which makes the newest links nearly seven years old as of January 2020. They are displayed here for historical purposes.

 * StumbleUpon — Lets you 'stumble upon' websites that have been recommended ("thumbed up") by friends and community members with interests similar to your own. See also StumbleUpon website.

Themes

 * Vista-aero — A theme for Firefox meant to look like Internet Explorer 7 in Windows Vista, with Aero-like visual effects.

Miscellaneous

 * BBCode — Enables you to quickly and easily insert various BBCode tags in editable textboxes from the context menu. Very handy for customizing posts on forums.

 * ChatZilla — A simple, straightforward Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client.

 * FoxyTunes — Adds media player controls within Firefox. Currently supports many different music players across multiple platforms.

 * FasterFox — A simple-to-use performance and network tweaker. Fasterfox allows you to change certain setting to make Firefox load pages more quickly, depending on your computer speed and Internet connection.

 * Wikipedia — Provides text formatting options in the context menu for use on wiki sites based on Mediawiki, such as Wikipedia and Wikibooks.

Mouse gestures

 * All-in-one mouse gestures — Enables you to use the mouse for a wide variety of customizable shortcuts.

Navigation

 * Linkification — Injects CSS on the fly making text URLs clickable with the default option to suppress referrer information.

 * Paste & Go — Lets you paste a URL from the clipboard and directly load it.

News

 * Sage — A lightweight RSS and Atom feed aggregator. Very useful for viewing news from many sites.

Page Display

 * Image Zoom — Adds zoom functionality for images. Functionality is also included in the Mouse Gestures extension.

Personal information management

 * Calculator — A simple calculator extension.

 * Calculator — An advanced calculator extension.

 * Calendar — An iCal compatible Calendar for Firefox. You can download calendars for your favourite sports teams, etc., from iCal Share

 * Quick Note — A note taking extension with advanced features.

Search tools

 * termBlaster — Lets you search selected text using search engines selected by context menu. It comes with 110+ search engines from encyclopedias to translators to web-search engines organized in folders.

 * Dictionary Search — Looks up selected word in a (customizable) online dictionary. Functionality is also included in the SmartSearch extension, which lacks the 4 search limitation.

 * Googlebar — The Google Toolbar for Firefox. Additionally, Googlebar Lite provides a simpler interface (which is recommended for new users).

 * Groowe Search Toolbar — Groowe Search Toolbar bundles Google toolbar, Yahoo, Ask Jeeves, Teoma, Amazon, Download.com and others. The application is available for Internet Explorer as well.

Tabs and windows

 * Focus Last Selected Tab — Brings focus to the last selected tab when closing the active tab. Functionality is also included in the TabMix extension.

 * Session Saver — Saves the open tabs when closing the browser, and restores them upon restarting it. Functionality is also included in the TabMix extension.

 * Single Window — A simple extension that allows Mozilla to fully utilize the built-in tabbed browsing behavior. Traps links that would normally open in a new window. Functionality is also included in the TabMix extension.

 * Tabbrowser Preferences — Enables enhanced control for tabbed browsing. Most functionality is also included in the TabMix extension. Recommended for users who would like to change the way tabs behave in Firefox.

 * TabMixPlus An extension that allows considerable customisation in the use of tabs and windows as well as a "restore" function that is as useful (or better) then the built in FireFox one.

 * Undoclosetab — Reopen a closed tab. Functionality is also included in the TabMix, SessionSaver, and Mouse Gestures extensions.

title: Using Firefox/Extensions