text:
User talk:DJW2tone~enwikibooks

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:24, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called DJW2tone. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name DJW2tone~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:07, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:50, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:DJW2tone~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Widged

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:24, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Widged


text:
User talk:Prolu2009

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title: User talk:Prolu2009


text:
User talk:Jammi568~enwikibooks

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:25, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

thank you for the welcome. I'll have a look at those later. Jammi568 09:10, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jammi568. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jammi568~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:15, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jammi568~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Ninjatacoshell

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:25, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Would you like some imports?
Was having a look at the Wheel of Time book... would you like those Wikipedia synopses imported? -- SB_Johnny | talk 20:54, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That would be nice. Thanks.Ninjatacoshell 20:56, 16 March 2007

Cooperation and copyright concern
Hello and greetings from A Wheel of Time Wiki. I do not know why you decided to start this new project instead of contributing to ours. It doesn't seem like a good idea to work independently like this, but I wish you the best. However, I am concerned that some of your summaries appear to have been copied without a link back to the source, as required by the GFDL. For example, wikiasite:wot:The Eye of the World/Chapter 14 appears to have been copied to Guide to the Wheel of Time/Books/The Eye of the World/Chapter 14. Please let me know if I'm wrong about this... --Gherald 02:27, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ninjatacoshell


text:
User talk:RoelVanDijk

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:25, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:RoelVanDijk


text:
User talk:Mauro Bieg

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:25, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mauro Bieg


text:
User talk:SteinAlive

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:26, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:SteinAlive


text:
User talk:Mochimo

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:26, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mochimo


text:
User talk:Sensei TSKC

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:27, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sensei TSKC


text:
User talk:TATENSMOM

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:27, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Hi TATENSMOM--your name please?
I like your wikiname, but I need to be able to associate it with a name on the class role to give you credit for your efforts on the book. Could you email me and let me know who you are? Thanks! ~Kevin Provophys 01:43, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:TATENSMOM


text:
Horticulture/Daucus

Daucus is the genus of plants that includes carrots, wild carrots, and several related plants, including from 22 to 25 species.

Description
Flowers in large umbels.

Species

 * ../Daucus carota/ (Carrot, Queen Anne's Lace)

Uses
Some species are grown for the edible roots, but otherwise grown for their flowers.

Harvesting
Roots of edible species are harvested the first year, before flower stalks are created.

Pests and diseases
../Root Rot/ ../Blight/
 * Phymatotrichum omnivorum
 * Sclerotium rolfsii

../Boron Deficiency/

../Calcium Deficiency/

../Aphids/ ../Hoppers/ ../Bugs/ ../Flies/ ../Beetles/ ../Weevils/ ../Caterpillars/
 * Carrot-Willow Aphid: ../Cavariella aegopodii/
 * Coriander Aphid: ../Hyadaphis coriandri/
 * Green Peach Aphid: ../Myzus persicae/
 * Melon Aphid: ../Aphis gossypii/
 * Honeysuckle Aphid: ../Hyadaphis foeniculi/
 * Leaf Curling Plum Aphid: ../Brachycaudus helichrysi/
 * Aster Leafhopper: ../Macrosteles facifrons/
 * Garden Fleahopper: ../Halticus bractatus/
 * Tarnished Plant Bug: ../Lygus lineolaris/
 * Western Tarnished Plant Bug: ../Lygus hesperus/
 * Pale Legume Bug: ../Lygus elisus/
 * American Serpentine Leafminer: ../Liriomyza trifolii/
 * Carrot Rust Fly: ../Psila rosae/
 * Palestriped Flea Beetle: ../Systena blanda/
 * Carrot Weevil: ../Listronotus oregonensis/
 * Vegetable Weevil: ../Listroderes difficilis/
 * Alfalfa Webworm: ../Loxostege cerealis/
 * Beet Webworm: ../Loxostege stricticalis/
 * Parsleyworm: ../Papilio polyxenes/
 * Anise Swallowtail: ../Papilio zelicanon/
 * Celery Leaftier: ../Udea rubigalis/
 * Beet Armyworm: ../Spodoptera exigua/

title: Horticulture/Daucus


text:
Wings 3D/Tutorials/Modeling a generic helicopter

Overview:

This tutorial provides instruction which could be considered formulaic for modeling a basic helicopter via box modeling. Though primarily directed towards users of Wings 3D, the same concepts can be applied to any modeling program that employs box modeling and Catmull Clark subdivision as a construction method. The version of Wings 3D used is 0.98.35, there may be better tools available in subsequent releases which are not employed here. Likewise this instruction may show features not available in earlier and older versions. Even though this tutorial is fairly basic, it may not point out every detail or concept in the program. Hints for default keyboard shortcuts will be in bold capitals. You should familiarize yourself with the general features and operations described in the Wings 3D manual before starting if you haven't done so already.

Step 1: start with a cube

Start with a cube. This will be the fuselage. Elongate it by scaling along the Z axis.

Step 2: Develop form by adding loops

Select the edge rinG consisting of vertical edges and Connect.

Step 3: Block out the cab shape

Create another loop around the middle using method as described in the previous step. Extrude out the nose. Slide or move edges to get the approximate shape.

Step 4: Tail boom

Using extrude, scale|uniform, and move, create the tail boom as shown. Alternately, you can use inset and move to acomplish the same result.

Step 5: Centerline loop

Now would be a good time to add the centerline. You should know the method of adding such edge loops by now.

Step 6: Round the front

Select the edges on the front of the windshield and nose and move them forward. This will make the desired curvature when smoothing.

This is what it looks like so far using smooth preview. (Shift + Tab)

Step 7

From the smooth preview before, the tail boom ended up looking a little odd. Add edge loops to help control the smoothing as demonstrated in the picture.

Step 8

Smooth the model. It should appear similar to the example. Note the subtle difference in the extra edges in the previous step caused in the tail. Now there are extra surfaces to work with in later steps.

Step 9: Vertical stabilizer

Select faces near the end on the top and bottom of the tail boom. Extrude region|normal, scale axis|Z, and move|Z to create the vertical stabilizer.

Step 10: Horizontal stabilizer

Now find some faces further forward on the tail boom and extrude out the horizontal stabilizers.

Step 11: Place conrol edges and adjust

Add edges to control future smoothing (shown selected.) A handy technique to use for "control edgeloops" is the double-slide. This is done by sliding to the extreme in relative mode, and then making another adjustment in absolute mode. (Note the information on the lower right status area of the Wings3d window.) This is also a good time to make airfoil shape adjustments to the stabilizers.

Step 12: Adding engine hump

Select faces on top of the cab and extrude region as in the picture. This creates the engine compartment hump.

Step 13

Move and/or slide edges on the engine hump to give it a nicer shape.

Step 14

Add edges to the engine hump. (shown selected)

Step 15: Intake nacelle

Select these faces and extrude region by 0 units.

Step 16
Without deselecting faces from the previous step, hit L for Loop. This will select the edge loop around the region of selected faces. Then slide. You may need to make some other adjustments to square it up.

Step 17
Select the faces inside the loop again. Extrude inward to form the air intake nacelle.

Step 18

Select all faces inside the nacelle. (Might be simple as hitting the + key.) Extrude region|normal a small amount. This will help control any future smoothing.

Step 19: Exhaust port

Repeat the same process used to make the intake nacelle to make the exhaust opening.

Step 20: Rotor shaft opening

Select a vertice on top of the engine hump and bevel. You may have to move or slide some edges to place the vertice in a suitable position before beveling.

Step 21

Cut edges around bevel and connect to surrounding vertices as shown in the picture.

Step 22
Select the vertices around the bevel that was made earlier. (Select face inside and switch to vertice mode.) Use Deform|Inflate and adjust to 100%. It should make a circle as in the example.

Step 23

Select the face of the circle you just made and extrude it inward. This will be the hole for the main rotor shaft.

Step 24
Select all faces inside the hole and extrude region by a small amount.

Step 25

Inset and collapse bottom face to form a star. Then add an edgeloop inside the side. Set selected edges in picture to hard.

Step 26

Select the fuselage body and Smooth. You should have something akin to what is in the example picture. While in body mode, this is now a good time to rename it to "Fuselage" instead of "Cube1" if you haven't done so already. We'll probably not mess with the fuselage again until texturing time.


text:
Cookbook:Pear Pie

| Desserts

Ingredients

 * 2 Pillsbury pie crusts
 * 4 fresh Bartlett pears
 * ½ teaspoon cinnamon
 * 2 cups sugar
 * ¼ cup flour
 * 1½ cups water
 * ½ cup brown sugar
 * 2½ tablespoons cornstarch
 * Lemon juice from ½ lemon
 * ¼ teaspoon nutmeg

Procedure

 * 1) Core, peel, and slice the pears into ¼ or ⅛-inch segments.
 * 2) Add the lemon juice to the pear segments.
 * 3) In a separate pot, set the water and white and brown sugar to boil to make a simple syrup.
 * 4) In a separate bowl, mix the cinnamon, nutmeg, flour, and cornstarch.
 * 5) When the syrup is done boiling, bring all of the ingredients together.
 * 6) Arrange one of the pie crusts on top of the pie pan.
 * 7) Add the pear filling into the pie pan. Transfer excess juices to the pie pan as well.
 * 8) Cover the filling with the other pie crust and make three slits on top.
 * 9) Bake in the oven at 350°F for 60 minutes or until golden brown.
 * 10) Take out the pie and let cool.
 * 11) If desired, serve warm with ice cream or frozen custard.

title: Cookbook:Pear Pie


text:
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/How to Analyze a Recycle System

Differences between Recycle and non-Recycle systems
The biggest difference between recycle and non-recycle systems is that the extra splitting and recombination points must be taken into account, and the properties of the streams change from before to after these points. To see what is meant by this, consider any arbitrary process in which a change occurs between two streams:

Feed -> Process -> Outlet

If we wish to implement a recycle system on this process, we often will do something like this:

The "extra" stream between the splitting and recombination point must be taken into account, but the way to do this is not to do a mass balance on the process, since the recycle stream itself does not go into the process, only the recombined stream does.

Instead, we take it into account by performing a mass balance on the recombination point and one on the splitting point.

Assumptions at the Splitting Point
The recombination point is relatively unpredictable because the composition of the stream leaving depends on both the composition of the feed and the composition of the recycle stream. However, the splitting point is special because when a stream is split, it generally is split into two streams with equal composition. This is a piece of information that counts towards "additional information" when performing a degree of freedom analysis.

As an additional specification, it is common to know the ratio of splitting, i.e. how much of the exit stream from the process will be put into the outlet and how much will be recycled. This also counts as "additional information".

Assumptions at the Recombination Point
The recombination point is generally not specified like the splitting point, and also the recycle stream and feed stream are very likely to have different compositions. The important thing to remember is that you can generally use the properties of the stream coming from the splitting point for the stream entering the recombination point, unless it goes through another process in between (which is entirely possible).

Degree of Freedom Analysis of Recycle Systems
Degree of freedom analyses are similar for recycle systems to those for other systems, but with a couple important points that the engineer must keep in mind:

 * 1) The recombination point and the splitting point must be counted in the degree of freedom analysis as "processes", since they can have unknowns that aren't counted anywhere else.
 * 2) When doing the degree of freedom analysis on the splitting point, you should not label the concentrations as the same but leave them as separate unknowns until after you complete the DOF analysis in order to avoid confusion, since labeling the concentrations as identical "uses up" one of your pieces of information and then you can't count it.

As an example, let's do a degree of freedom analysis on the hypothetical system above, assuming that all streams have two components.

 * Recombination Point: 6 variables (3 concentrations and 3 total flow rates) - 2 mass balances = 4 DOF
 * Process: Assuming it's not a reactor and there's only 2 streams, there's 4 variables and 2 mass balances = 2 DOF
 * Splitting Point: 6 variables - 2 mass balances - 1 knowing compositions are the same - 1 splitting ratio = 2 DOF

So the total is 4 + 2 + 2 - 6 (in-between variables) = 2 DOF. Therefore, if the feed is specified then this entire system can be solved! Of course the results will be different if the process has more than 2 streams, if the splitting is 3-way, if there are more than two components, and so on.

Suggested Solving Method
The solving method for recycle systems is similar to those of other systems we have seen so far but as you've likely noticed, they are increasingly complicated. Therefore, the importance of making a plan becomes of the utmost importance. The way to make a plan is generally as follows:

 * 1) Draw a completely labeled flow chart for the process.
 * 2) Do a DOF analysis to make sure the problem is solvable.
 * 3) If it is solvable, a lot of the time, the best place to start with a recycle system is with a set of overall system balances, sometimes in combination with balances on processes on the border. The reason for this is that the overall system balance cuts out the recycle stream entirely, since the recycle stream does not enter or leave the system as a whole but merely travels between two processes, like any other intermediate stream. Often, the composition of the recycle stream is unknown, so this simplifies the calculations a good deal.
 * 4) Find a set of independent equations that will yield values for a certain set of unknowns (this is often most difficult the first time; sometimes, one of the unit operations in the system will have 0 DOF so start with that one. Otherwise it'll take some searching.)
 * 5) Considering those variables as known, do a new DOF balance until something has 0 DOF. Calculate the variables on that process.
 * 6) Repeat until all processes are specified completely.

Example problem: Improving a Separation Process
This example helps to show that this is true and also show some limitations of the use of recycle on real processes.

Consider the following proposed system without recycle.

A degree of freedom analysis on this process:

4 unknowns ($$\dot{m}_2,x_{A2},\dot{m}_3,\mbox{ and } x_{A3} $$), 2 mass balances, and 2 pieces of information (knowing that 40% of A and half of B leaves in stream 3 is not independent from knowing that 60% of A and half of B leaves in stream 2) = 0 DOF.

Methods of previous chapters can be used to determine that $$ \dot{m}_2 = 55 \frac{kg}{hr}, x_{A2} = 0.545, \dot{m}_3=45 \frac{kg}{hr}$$ and $$ x_{A3} = 0.444 $$. This is good practice for the interested reader.

If we want to obtain a greater separation than this, one thing that we can do is use a recycle system, in which a portion of one of the streams is siphoned off and remixed with the feed stream in order for it to be re-separated. The choice of which stream should be re-siphoned depends on the desired properties of the exit streams. The effects of each choice will now be assessed.

Implementing Recycle on the Separation Process
This is a rather involved problem, and must be taken one step at a time. The analyses of the cases for recycling each stream are similar, so the first case will be considered in detail and the second will be left for the reader.

Step 1: Draw a Flowchart
You must be careful when drawing the flowchart because the separator separates 60% of all the A that enters it into stream 2, not 60% of the fresh feed stream.

Note: there is a mistake in the flow scheme. m6 and xA6 before the process is actually m4 and xA4

Step 2: Do a Degree of Freedom Analysis
Recall that you must include the recombination and splitting points in your analysis.

 * Recombination point: 4 unknowns - 2 mass balances = 2 degrees of freedom
 * Separator: 6 unknowns (nothing is specified) - 2 independent pieces of information - 2 mass balances = 2 DOF
 * Splitting point: 6 unknowns (again, nothing is specified) - 2 mass balances - 1 assumption that concentration remains constant - 1 splitting ratio = 2 DOF

 * Total = 2 + 2 + 2 - 6 = 0. Thus the problem is completely specified.

Step 3: Devise a Plan and Carry it Out
First, look at the entire system, since none of the original processes individually had 0 DOF.

 * Overall mass balance on A: $$ 0.5* 100\frac{kg}{h} = \dot{m}_2*x_{A2} + \dot{m}_6*x_{A6} $$
 * Overall mass balance on B: $$ 50\frac{kg}{h} = \dot{m}_2*(1-x_{A2}) + \dot{m}_6*(1-x_{A6}) $$

We have 4 unknowns and 2 equations at this point. This is where the problem solving requires some ingenuity. First, lets see what happens when we combine this information with the splitting ratio and constant concentration at the splitter:

 * Splitting Ratio: $$ {m}_6 = \frac{\dot{m}_3}{2} $$
 * Constant concentration: $$ x_{A6} = x_{A3} $$

Plugging these into the overall balances we have:

 * On A: $$ 50 = \dot{m}_2*x_{A2} + \frac{\dot{m}_3}{2}*x_{A3} $$
 * Total: $$ 50 = \dot{m}_2*(1-x_{A2}) + \frac{\dot{m}_3}{2}*(1-x_{A3}) $$

Again we have more equations than unknowns but we know how to relate everything in these two equations to the inlet concentrations in the separator. This is due to the conversions we are given:

 * 60% of entering A goes into stream 2 means $$ \dot{m}_2*x_{A2} = 0.6*x_{A4}*\dot{m}_4 $$
 * 40% of entering A goes into stream 3 means $$ \dot{m}_3*x_{A3} = 0.4*x_{A4}*\dot{m}_4 $$
 * 50% of entering B goes into stream 2 means $$ \dot{m}_2*(1-x_{A2}) = 0.5*(1-x_{A4})*\dot{m}_4 $$
 * 50% of entering B goes into stream 3 means $$ \dot{m}_3*x_{A3} = 0.5*(1-x_{A4})*\dot{m}_4 $$

Spend some time trying to figure out where these equations come from, it's all definition of mass fraction and translating words into algebraic equations.

Plugging in all of these into the existing balances, we finally obtain 2 equations in 2 unknowns:

Solving these equations gives:

Once these values are known, you can choose to do a balance either on the separator or on the recombination point, since both now have 0 degrees of freedom. We choose the separator because that leads directly to what we're looking for.

The mass balances on the separator can be solved using the same method as that without a recycle system, the results are:

Now since we know the flowrate of stream 3 and the splitting ratio we can find the rate of stream 6:

Now we can assess how effective the recycle is. The concentration of A in the liquid stream was reduced, by a small margin of 0.015 mole fraction. However, this extra reduction came at a pair of costs: the flow rate of dilute stream was significantly reduced: from 45 to 29.165 kg/hr! This limitation is important to keep in mind and also explains why we bother trying to make very efficient separation processes.


text: MediaWiki:Noarticletext

title: MediaWiki:Noarticletext


text:
General Relativity/Christoffel symbols

( << Back to General Relativity)

Definition of Christoffel Symbols
Consider an arbitrary contravariant vector field defined all over a Lorentzian manifold, and take $$A^{i}$$ at $$x^{i}$$, and at a neighbouring point, the vector is $$A^{i}+dA^{i}$$ at $$x^{i}+dx^{i}$$.

Next parallel transport $$A^{i}$$ from $$x^{i}$$ to $$x^{i}+dx^{i}$$, and suppose the change in the vector is $$\delta A^{i}$$. Define:

$$DA^{i} = dA^{i} -\delta A^{i}$$

The components of $$\delta A^{i}$$ must have a linear dependence on the components of $$A^{i}$$. Define Christoffel symbols $$\Gamma^{i}_{kl}$$:

$$\delta A^{i} = -\Gamma^{i}_{kl} A^{k} dx^{l}$$

Note that these Christoffel symbols are:  dependent on the coordinate system (hence they are NOT tensors) functions of the coordinates

Now consider arbitrary contravariant and covariant vectors $$A^{i}$$ and $$B_{i}$$ respectively. Since $$A^{i}B_{i}$$ is a scalar, $$\delta (A^{i}B_{i}) = 0$$, one arrives at:

$$B_{i}\delta A^{i} + A^{i}\delta B_{i} = 0$$

$$\Rightarrow A^{i}\delta B_{i} = \Gamma^{i}_{kl} A^{k} B_{i} dx^{l}$$

$$\Rightarrow A^{i}\delta B_{i} = \Gamma^{k}_{il} A^{i} B_{k} dx^{l}$$

$$\Rightarrow \delta B_{i} = \Gamma^{k}_{il} B_{k} dx^{l}$$

Connection Between Covariant And Regular Derivatives
From above, one can obtain the relations between covariant derivatives and regular derivatives:

$${A^{i}}_{;l} = \frac{\partial A^{i}}{\partial x^{l}} + \Gamma^{i}_{kl} A^{k}$$

$$A_{i;l} = \frac{\partial A_{i}}{\partial x^{l}} - \Gamma^{k}_{il} A_{k}$$

Analogously, for tensors:

$${A^{ik}}_{;l} = \frac{\partial A^{ik}}{\partial x^{l}} + \Gamma^{i}_{ml}A^{mk} + \Gamma^{k}_{ml}A^{im}$$

Calculation of Christoffel Symbols
From $$g_{ik}DA^{k} + A^{k}Dg_{ik} = D\left(g_{ik}A^{k}\right) = DA_{i} = g_{ik} DA^{k}$$, one can conclude that $$g_{ik;l} = 0$$.

However, since $$g_{ik}$$ is a tensor, its covariant derivative can be expressed in terms of regular partial derivatives and Christoffel symbols:

$$g_{ik;l} = \frac{\partial g_{ik}}{\partial x^{l}} - g_{mk}\Gamma^{m}_{il} - g_{im}\Gamma^{m}_{kl} = 0$$

Rewriting the expression above, and then performing permutation on i, k and l:

$$\frac{\partial g_{ik}}{\partial x^{l}} = g_{mk}\Gamma^{m}_{il} + g_{im}\Gamma^{m}_{kl}$$

$$\frac{\partial g_{kl}}{\partial x^{i}} = g_{ml}\Gamma^{m}_{ki} + g_{km}\Gamma^{m}_{li}$$

$$-\frac{\partial g_{li}}{\partial x^{k}} = - g_{mi}\Gamma^{m}_{lk} - g_{lm}\Gamma^{m}_{ik}$$

Adding up the three expressions above, one arrives at (using the notation $$\frac{\partial A^{i}}{\partial x^{j}} = {A^{i}}_{,j}$$):

$$2 g_{mk}\Gamma^{m}_{il} = g_{ik,l} + g_{kl,i} - g_{li,k}$$

Multiplying both sides by $$\frac{1}{2} g^{kn}$$:

$$\Rightarrow \Gamma^{n}_{il} = \delta^{n}_{m}\Gamma^{m}_{il} = \frac{1}{2} g^{kn}\left(g_{ik,l} + g_{kl,i} - g_{li,k}\right)$$

Hence if the metric is known, the Christoffel symbols can be calculated.

title: General Relativity/Christoffel symbols


text:
User talk:72.72.41.180

Regarding edits made during March 16 2007
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Regarding edits made during March 17 2007
Please stop vandalising Wikibooks. If you continue to hinder this project then you will be blocked from editing. Xania talk 23:36, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:72.72.41.180


text:
English for B2 Students

Target Audience
This book is intended for adult and teenage learners of English as a second language who are at B2 (Upper Intermediate) level. B2 refers to level B2 on in the Common European Framework of Reference. Usually students of this level have studied English for at least 4 years or have previously taken the University of Cambridge PET examination or wish to sit the FCE (First) examination in the future. This book is also suitable for use by students who are preparing for similar examinations, for example the 'matura' examination in Polish state schools.

Because this book is read by people of all ages any new edits will have to be reviewed by an administrator or a reviewer before they are visible.

Contents

 * Introduction to English for B2 students
 * Aims of the units
 * Unit 1 - The World of English
 * Unit 2 - I am learning English for travel
 * Unit 3 - I've visited Venice
 * Unit 4 - If I had €1,000,000, I would live in Spain
 * Unit 5 - I'm going to Athens in the summer
 * Unit 6 - I used to be a student
 * Unit 1 to 6 Progress Test
 * Unit 7 - I'm looking forward to Christmas
 * Unit 8 - The film had already started when we arrived
 * Unit 9 - I want to be a scientist
 * Unit 10 - You mustn't smoke in here
 * Unit 11 - Mary is wearing a beautiful, old dress
 * Unit 12 - Rome wasn't built in a day
 * Unit 7 to 12 Progress Test
 * Bibliography
 * Vocabulary Extra
 * FCE Grammar Reference
 * Further Reading Practice
 * Answers to exercises and tests
 * Notes for editors to this Wikibook
 * /Links/

Related books

 * See Subject:English language

Bahasa Inggris SMA

title: English for B2 Students


text:
Cookbook:Marinated Mackerel

| Cuisine of the UK

Ingredients

 * 4 or more mackerels
 * 2 fresh bay leaves, chopped
 * 6 cloves
 * 1 blade of mace
 * 1 sprig of fresh thyme
 * 1 onion, chopped
 * 10 peppercorns
 * Salt
 * Malt vinegar

Procedure

 * 1) Clean and scale fish. Place in a baking dish large enough for the fish and vinegar.
 * 2) Mix other ingredients, except vinegar, with salt to taste, and pour over fish.
 * 3) Pour over enough vinegar to cover well.
 * 4) Place in moderate oven for 40–50 minutes.
 * 5) Lift fish carefully onto serving dish, and strain liquor over top.
 * 6) Let cool and serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * from Boscastle W.I. in Cornish Recipes, Ancient & Modern, 22nd Edition, The Cornwall Federation of Women's Institutes 1965.
 * First collected & published by Edith Martin, Tregavethan, Truro, 1929, for The Cornwall F.of W. I.

title: Cookbook:Marinated Mackerel


text:
Movie Making Manual/Budget

The first step of pre-production is creating a budget and schedule for the production and post-production. While the budget and schedule will change constantly throughout prep, into production, even up to delivery, you have to start somewhere. The initial budget and schedule will be source of much discussion and compromise, but it gives all the department a common ground from which to plan. It also informs the studios or other interested parties (bond company, investors, etc.) what is the plan.

Budget
A production budget covers not just the production portion (when film is exposed, videotape recorded, or other storage media used). It must cover pre-production and post-production as well. Often, at least some of the costs of development and/or distribution and marketing are also in there.

Schedule
Whereas the budget will cover from pre-production through post, the schedule will only cover the period of production, images are put to film, video, or other media. There will be another schedule drawn up to cover post-production, but that is often done later and is considered part of the post-production process.

title: Movie Making Manual/Budget


text:
Movie Making Manual/Preproduction

People often think of filmmaking as the everything that happens from production onward, but getting ready for that first day of filming is incredibly important and a lot of work. This phase of prepping for the shoot is pre-production which usually referred to by the shorthand prep.

Pre-production is the first, very practical step in the filmmaking process. Whereas development is somewhat amorphous with every film or TV show having a different story of its development process, pre-production is straight-forward in approach if not execution. This is not to say it is easy, nor that different projects deal with different problems, but the basic work that needs to be done can be clearly broken down with allowances for each project's unique characteristics.

The steps in pre-production have a rough order of execution, though they may shift a bit and certainly overlap. As in production and post, there are departments, each dealing primarily with one aspect of prep. Below will be a breakdown of the steps in pre-production by department in their rough order of start (very little is 'finished' in pre-production and nearly every aspect continues on at least into the beginning of production).

title: Movie Making Manual/Preproduction


text:
Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/M

Mirror Axis menu

title: Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/M


text:
Foundations and Current Issues of Early Childhood Education/Chapter 7/7.3

Introduction
The inspiration for the Reggio Emilia approach came from Reggio Emilia, Italy. In Italy, all the preschools are centered on this approach. It is a city run program for children from birth to the age of six (Cyert Center, 2004). The philosophy is that, “children’s interactions and relationships with other children and adults are a vital component of their learning” (Schiller, 1995). Reggio Emilia schools in the United States, Italy, and other countries around the world differ greatly from standard preschools here in the United States. Some of the key differences and components of the Reggio Emilia program is its role in the community, attention to the environment, and its emergent curriculum which functions as a part of the teachers and the children.

Role of the Community
The community is a big part of the Reggio Emilia schools. There are regularly scheduled meetings for parents to take part in. These meetings are scheduled in the evening so that working parents are able to attend. The parents and teachers discuss issues regarding school policies, child development concerns, and curriculum planning and evaluations (Wikipedia, 2007). The parents are involved in the whole process of the education of their children. Teachers send home journals of children’s thoughts and ideas expressed in class. This kind of cooperation among teachers and parents make learning on the children’s part much easier and complete.

Attention to the Environment
According to Lilian G. Katz, “The physical environment of a preschool center is considered a ‘teacher’ in and of itself!” (Katz, 1990). This holds true in a Reggio Emilia school. The environment is considered the “third” teacher to the students attending this kind of program. The building itself and classrooms are filled with indoor plants, vines, and lots of natural light. Natural light enters the classrooms through wall-sized windows letting the children connect with the outside world. All of the classrooms have a door to the outside and open to a center piazza. Each classroom flows well with each other and the surrounding community. The lunch rooms, courtyards and bathrooms are designed in a way to encourage community among all the students (Wikipedia, 2007). Incorporated into each school is a common space available to all children in the school that includes dramatic play and work tables (Cyert Center, 2004).

Each classroom is connected with a phone, passageway or a window. The classrooms are equipped with art centers called atelier (Gandini, 1993). In the atelier are easels, watercolors, crayons, markers, paper, and any art materials children need to be creative. Another part of the classroom has books about artists and a place where children can read comfortably (Schiller, 1995). Displayed around the classroom, among all the photographs of the children and carefully placed mirrors in the school, are works completed by the children with transcriptions of their discussions about the work.

Emergent Curriculum
There is no time schedule where at some part of the day the students are learning about science, then language arts, and then math. The kind of schedule the students follow is that there is a group meeting when the students arrive in the morning. Then there is a work period, play period, lunch time, play time, nap time, and then another work period or play period (Hertzog, 2001). For their work period, there is no set curriculum that the teachers must follow. The curriculum is an emergent curriculum which is child centered. Emergent means that is builds upon the interests of the child. The teachers have broad goals but can follow the lead and interests of the children (Schiller, 1995). During the work periods, a teacher will work with one small group on their project while the other students are engaged in self selected activities.

The projects are teacher directed and child initiated and begins with the teacher observing the children and asking the children questions on a topic that interests the child. The students then do in depth studies of the content that interests the children of that group (Wikipedia, 2007). The project moves in unanticipated directions. To avoid confusion the teachers help children make decisions about direction of study, how to research the topic, and how to represent the topic (Cyert Center, 2004). The projects can range in length from one week to the whole school year. When the students are content to be complete with their project they depict their knowledge through drawing, sculpting, dramatic play, or writing.

At every school, there is a visual art specialist, an atelierista, who works closely with the other teachers and children (Gandini, 1993). The atelierista guides the children into appropriate media choices to complete their ideas and projects. Because art is such an integral part of all activities, the students’ old works, finished and unfinished, are available to them to finish or add on. While they work on their art projects, the teachers talk to the children and write down any thoughts or ideas the students have. They display the students’ discussions with their art work around the classroom and school (Schiller, 1995).

In order for this curriculum to work, the teachers must also learn with the students. The teachers take turns with the following roles: observing, note taking, and recording observations between children. After all observations are recorded, they are shared with other teachers and parents in the planning of the students’ projects. It is crucial that teachers become skillful observers of the children. Their observations guide the curriculum planning and implementation (Wikipedia, 2007).

Conclusion
The Reggio Emilia approach to learning is a constructivist approach where the students learn at their own pace and guide the curriculum. It is all about the children. The children’s interests lead them into a project that is researched in depth at a level that they can understand. The children’s thoughts and ideas are implemented into the curriculum and planning and are shared with the community. Reggio Emilia works because the children are learning what they want to learn with the help of their parents, teachers, and the community.

Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Who is involved in the child’s learning and curriculum planning?

a) The child

b) The teacher

c) The parents

d) All of the above

( Answer: (d)  the child, teacher, and parents are involved in the children’s learning)

2) Where did the Reggio Emilia approach come from?

a) The United States	b)  Italy

c) European countries

d) A man named Reggio Emilia.

(Answer: (b)  the Reggio Emilia approach came from Italy)

3) What is an atelierista?

a) Space designed for art

b) The classroom

c) A visual arts teacher

d) The name of the schools

(Answer: (c) an atelierista is a visual arts teacher)

4) What is an atelier?

a) Space designed for art

b) The classroom

c) A visual arts teacher

d) The name of the schools

(Answer: (a) an atelier is a space designed for art)

5) Do the students have to follow a set curriculum?

a) Yes

b) No

(Answer: (b) the students do not have a set curriculum)

Essay Question
Describe fully the kind of curriculum used in Reggio Emilia schools.

The students follow an emergent curriculum. Emergent means that the curriculum is child centered and integrated and builds upon the interests of the child. The teacher has broad goals for the students, but the children are the ones that guide where their learning goes. The teachers first observe the children and their thoughts, ideas, and interests. They take turns with other teachers taking notes, observing, and recording observations between children. The teachers then take the observations and notes recorded and share them with the other teachers and parents. From there, the teachers take small groups and begin an in depth research into the interest of choice for the children. The teachers help the students with research, the direction of the study and how to represent the topic. The projects can go in any direction and can last from one week to the whole school year. When the students have finished their research, they then display the information obtained through sculptures, drawings, dramatic play, or writing. To help them with their display, visual art teachers help the students chose the right media that best fits their projects. The students’ works are displayed around the classroom and school. Along with their projects are descriptions of the students’ talk while working on the project.


text:
Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/V

Rip - for example, select one edge of a cube, and press VKEY to separate and drag it away from the edges it's attached to.

title: Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/V


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/3D Tiling Backgrounds For The Web

Overview
This tutorial will guide you through the process of making 3D tiling backgrounds for use with web pages, your desktop, or anything else for that matter. We will be using Blender and a graphic editing program such as Adobe Photoshop or GIMP. I will provide detailed explanation to cator to beginners, however more experienced Blenderists can probably get away with just following the picture diagrams provided. You may also find the diagrams useful if English is not your native language, or if you hate reading instructions.

Create The Object You Wish To Tile
Start up Blender and look at your lonely cube. We will use this cube as a starting point for the sake of demonstration, but feel free to use any shape you like. Press "Tab" to enter Edit Mode. Press the "E" key on your keyboard and the Extrude menu will appear. Select "Individual Faces". As you then drag your mouse cursor you will see some numbers move in the bottom left in the window and text saying "Shrink/Fatten". I recommend setting it to 1.0000 to keep it simple. Hold down the "Ctrl" key while dragging to do so in set increments.

Next, with the six faces of the cube still selected, press the "S" key to scale those faces. I recommend scaling to 0.8000.

Good. Now that we have created our object we will prepare to tile it.

Specify Your Tiling Area
"Tab" back into Object Mode and press "NumPad 7" to go to the Top View, or manually click "View" at the bottom of the window and select "Top".

Press "spacebar" and from the menu that appears select "Add" > "Mesh" > "Plane". The plane has appeared, but is obstructed by our cube object, so press "S" to scale the plane to 5.0000.

You'll notice that I've colored my plane black. This is only to make it easier for you to see. You need not bother with this as we will be deleting the face of this plane shortly.

We now have an easily visible boundary representing the area which will be tiled. If at any point we decide we no longer need or want this we can move it to another layer by pressing "M" and selecting a layer to move it to.

Tile Away!
Now the fun part begins. If you have created 2D tiling backgrounds before, this concept will be very familiar to you.

While in Object Mode, select your cube object. At this point you have a couple of options. One is to make duplicates of the cube object. Another is to make linked duplicates of the cube object. I recommend making linked duplicates because you can later edit the mesh of one object in order to change the mesh of all the duplicated objects. This can be especially useful if you later plan to animate your tiling background (careful not to distract from the foreground). It is also useful if you want to experiment with new designs easily without having to re-place all your objects.

With your cube object still selected, press "Alt+D" to make a linked duplicate. (Non-linked duplication is done with "Shift+D") Now hold down "Ctrl" to move in set increments and move the object to one of the corners of our plane. Make sure the center of the object (represented by a pink dot) is aligned with the very corner of the plane. At this point you may notice it's somewhat difficult to tell whether the center of the object is exactly on the corner of the plane, and that's why we are going to press "NumPad 5" or click "View" and select "Orthographic". For all practical purposes we can spend the rest of the time we are building the tiling pattern in Orthographic View because this view is essential for tiling.

Now with your duplicate object still selected, scale it ("S" key) so that is somewhat smaller than the first. Then rotate it using the "R" key. While rotating you can constrain to a particular axis by typing "X", "Y", or "Z" respectively.

We will now make linked duplicates (Alt+D) of our rotated and scaled cube object and place one in each corner exactly on the grid (remember to hold "Ctrl" while dragging). If you place an object in one corner, you must place it in all four corners because corners touch both the X axis and the Y axis.

Now as you will notice in the following diagram, I made an object that is crossing over the edge of our plane. This is good. This is how to make natural tiling backgrounds. However! Whenever we do this we must be absolutely certain to do the same on the opposite side, or else our backgrounds will not tile properly.

So now we've created a few objects of different sizes and orientations, however they have all been along the same spot on the Z axis. So let's give our pattern some depth - after all, that is the joy of working in 3D!

Before we do this, we'll want to get our guide plane out of the way. So right click on the plane to select it, then "Tab" into Edit Mode. Press "X" and from the Erase menu choose "Only Faces". Now "Tab" back into Object Mode. There! We now have only the segments of the plane as our guide.

Hold down the middle mouse button while dragging the mouse to see what our design looks like in three dimensions. Now right click one of the cube objects, duplicate a linked copy (Alt+D), and press "Z" to constrain movement to the Z axis.

Navigate in this way along the X and Y axis as well and once you've found a good spot, scale and rotate. Remember to make a duplicate on the opposite side whenever you cross the outline of the plane guide. You can go on like this and populate your tiling pattern with as many objects as you wish. The grid is your friend during this process, so you should always have your finger on "Ctrl" while moving the duplicate of an object that crosses a border of the guide plane. Also, any object that will "tile" across the border must be at the same point on the Z axis as its counterpart on the other side of the seam. Press "NumPad 7" periodically to see where you are from a 2D standpoint. This is the view from which we will eventually render the image, so this perspective is the one that counts. Beginners, remember that mouse wheel zooms in and out, and "Shift+middle mouse button" allows you to "drag" your way around.

Keep in mind that in Orthographic View we do not perceive the depth of objects. Those far away and those near by appear to be at the same distance. This is what allows us to make a tiled image, but it also limits the apparent depth of the scene. We can compensate for this by scaling down the objects we want to appear further away. Or, as in this example, we can just make each object a different size and place some in front of others.

Camera Settings
We will now position the camera directly over our cluster of objects. Press "NumPad 7", center the view on the cluster using "Shift+middle mouse button", and zoom out a couple notches with the mouse wheel. From the 3D View Window's menu, click "View" > "Align View" > "Align Active Camera to View". Now you may be wondering why everything appears to be distorted. This is because when we changed to the camera's perspective, the view automatically reverted to Perspective View because by default the camera is set to that view. But just as we changed to Orthographic View in the 3D View Window, we can change the view of the camera as well. While in Object Mode, swivel the view until you see the camera. It is represented by a pyramidal wireframe with a black triangle atop the opening. Right click to select it. Now press "F9" or click the Editing button (it's icon is four vertices joined in a square). Now in the Camera panel you will see a button labelled "Orthographic". Press it. Above the button is a value labelled Scale. Set it to around 20. (See figure below)

Lighting & Materials
Place some lights in your scene, and add some materials to your objects. Lighting and materials are subjects which demand their own tutorials, so if you don't know how to do these things yet, please consult the Wiki.

Note: I advise lighting your scene pretty evenly in order to make the tiling seem contiguous.

Note: You could also only use Sun lamp, so the light is clean all over the mesh!

Rendering
Now that you've presumably got your lighting and materials as you want them, it's time to render the scene. Under User Preferences click "Render" > "Render Settings" or just press "F10". In the Format tab you can choose the dimensions of your rendered image, the file format you prefer, and the quality. I'm going with 800x600 at 100% quality.

'Shopping
And it's time to begin post-production. Open your rendered image in your preferred image editor. I will be using Photoshop in this example. Now find and mark the four corners of your tile (on a new layer of course). Just eyeball it.

We will use guides to mark the tile boundaries. In Photoshop guides can be inserted by selecting "View" > "New Guide...". Guides can be positioned with the Move Tool. You can zoom in and make sure your guides are accurately positioned by holding "Ctrl" while typing "+" or "-". You can now hide or delete the layer with the markers, as that was only to help us get accurate guides.

Should you decide to make an animated tiling background I recommend layering all your frames on top of one another in your image editor before editing in order to keep the position uniform. You can then animate them using Adobe ImageReady (comes with Photoshop) or find decent low-budget and occasionally free GIF animation programs online.

Now select an area just outside of the guides with the Marquee Tool. Make sure "Feather" is set to 0px and that the marquee is rectangular and Style is set to Normal (meaning no Fixed Aspect Ratio or Fixed Size). Also, it will help you to have Snap enabled, so go to "View" and make sure it is enabled for guides.

Once you have selected the area, copy (Ctrl+C) and paste (Ctrl+V). Then drag to the right using the Move Tool and that piece should snap to the inside of the rightmost vertical guide.

Select the Eraser Tool and choose a brush size. I'm going with a diameter of 65. You'll want to use a soft gradient-like brush for this. Now erase the left edge of the newly pasted selection so that it blends into the picture. Don't erase any of the right edge.

Press "Ctrl+E" or alternatively, select "Layer" > "Merge Down".

Alright, so that procedure you just performed copying from left to right - now do it bottom to top. Once again, erase the edge. Do a Save As.

Finally, select the square center area that will become your tile and do "Image" > "Crop".

Now scale your new tiling background to a web-friendly size. Save As a JPEG, GIF, or PNG. You're done!

''Note:If your pattern still isn't tiling quite perfectly, load the version with the guides again and repeat the copy-paste-erase process. Remember to merge down your layers each time or the corners may not tile correctly. If still no joy, try tiling the background in a web browser, taking a screenshot, pasting that into your graphics editor, and touching up from there.''

Here is the final result:


text: Talk:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts


text:
User talk:Hadi~enwikibooks

سلام دوستان من هادی هستم.امیدوارم بتوانم به گسترش زبان فارسی کمک کنم

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:05, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Please note
This is "English" wikibooks and as such your uploaded pdf files are not apparently relevant to the project. Thank you -- Herby talk thyme 09:05, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Hadi. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Hadi~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:16, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:01, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hadi~enwikibooks


text:
Horticulture/Allium

Allium is the genus which includes both Onions and Garlics, with about 1250 species, making it one of the largest plant genera in the world. They are perennial bulbous plants that produce chemical compounds that give them a characteristic onion or garlic taste and odor, and many are used as food plants. Allium is classified in family Alliaceae although some classifications have included it in the lily family (Liliaceae).

Members of the genus include many valued vegetables such as onions, shallots, leeks and herbs such as garlic and chives. A strong "oniony" odor is characteristic of the whole genus, but not all members are equally flavorful.

Description
Allium species occur in temperate climates of the northern hemisphere, except for a few species occurring in Chile (as Allium juncifolium), Brazil (Allium sellovianum) or tropical Africa (Allium spathaceum). They can vary in height between 5 cm and 150 cm. The flowers form an umbel at the top of a leafless stalk. The bulbs vary in size between species, from very small (around 2–3 mm in diameter) to rather big (8–10 cm). Some species (such as Welsh onion, A. fistulosum) develop thickened leaf-bases rather than forming bulbs as such.

Most bulbous alliums increase by forming little bulbs or "offsets" around the old one, as well as by seed. Several species can form many bulbils (tiny bulbs) in the flowerhead; in the so-called "tree onion" (A. cepa Proliferum Group) the bulbils are few, but large enough to be used for pickling.

Species
Some important species: ../Allium acuminatum/ - tapertip onion ../Allium ampeloprasum/
 * A. a. var. ampeloprasum - elephant garlic
 * A. a. var. kurrat - kurrat
 * A. a. var. porrum - leek (vegetable)|leek

../Allium anceps/ - twinleaf onion ../Allium angulosum/ - mouse garlic ../Allium atrorubens/ - dark red onion ../Allium campanulatum/ - dusky onion ../Allium canadense/ - Canadian garlic ../Allium cepa/ - garden onion ../Allium fistulosum/ - Welsh onion ../Allium neapolitanum/ - white garlic ../Allium nevii/ - Nevius' garlic ../Allium nigrum/ - black garlic ../Allium oleraceum/ - field garlic ../Allium oschaninii/ - shallot ../Allium ramosum/ - wild Chinese chives ../Allium sativum/ - cultivated garlic ../Allium schoenoprasum/ - chives ../Allium scorodoprasum/ - Sand leek ../Allium triquetrum/ - three-cornered leek, triquetous garlic ../Allium tuberosum/ - Chinese chives ../Allium ursinum/ - wild garlic, ramsons ../Allium vineale/ - crow garlic See full list.

Uses
Some Allium species, including A. cristophii and A. giganteum, are used as border plants for their flowers, and their "architectural" qualities. Several hybrids have been bred, or selected, with rich purple flowers. Allium hollandicum 'Purple Sensation' is one of the most popular and has been given an Award of Garden Merit (H4). By contrast, other species (such as the invasive Allium triquetrum) can become troublesome garden weeds.

Pests and diseases
../Leaf Spots/

../Downy Mildew/

../Southern Blight/

../Bulb Rots/ ../Rusts/
 * Onion White Rot: ../Sclerotinium cepivorum/
 * Onion Neck Rot: ../Botrytis alii/

../Smuts/

../Nematodes/ ../Aphids/ ../Thrips/ ../Flies/ ../Beetles/ ../Caterpillars/ ../Mites/
 * Onion Nematode
 * Shallot Aphid: ../Myzus ascalonicus/
 * Tobacco Thrips: ../Frankliniella fusca/
 * Western Flower Thrips: ../Frankliniella occidentalis/
 * Onion Thrips: ../Thrips tabaci/
 * American Serpentine Leafminer: ../Liriomyza trifolii/
 * Onion Bulb Fly: ../Emerus strigatus/
 * Onion Maggot: ../Delia antiqua/
 * Pea Leafminer: ../Liriomyza huidobrensis/
 * Seedcorn Maggot: ../Delia platura/
 * Banded Cucumber Beetle: ../Diabrotica balteata/
 * Beet Armyworm: ../Spodoptera exigua/
 * Saltmarsh Caterpillar: ../Estigmene acrea/
 * Bulb Mite: ../Rhizoglyphus echinopus/

Cabbage Moth, Common Swift moth (recorded on garlic), Garden Dart moth, Large Yellow Underwing moth, Nutmeg moth, Setaceous Hebrew Character moth, Turnip Moth and Schinia rosea, a moth which feeds exclusively on Allium spp.

title: Horticulture/Allium


text:
User talk:Scar~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:41, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Scar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Scar~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:43, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:28, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scar~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Bluebonnet86

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:41, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bluebonnet86


text:
User talk:Nadamou

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:41, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nadamou


text:
User talk:Hasan2000

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:41, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hasan2000


text:
User talk:Dlife

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:41, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dlife


text:
User talk:Eramz3~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:41, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Eramz3. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Eramz3~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:56, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eramz3~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:BobMaestro~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:41, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called BobMaestro. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name BobMaestro~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:03, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:40, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:BobMaestro~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:MichaelShoemaker

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:42, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:MichaelShoemaker


text:
User talk:EyeRmonkey~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:42, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called EyeRmonkey. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name EyeRmonkey~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:09, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:57, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:EyeRmonkey~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Joannelynn001~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:42, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Joannelynn001. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Joannelynn001~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:17, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joannelynn001~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Wanorris

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:45, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wanorris


text:
User talk:Gangleri2001~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:45, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gangleri2001. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gangleri2001~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gangleri2001~enwikibooks