text:
Foundations and Current Issues of Early Childhood Education/Chapter 4/4.1

=Kindergarten Readiness 1=

Introduction
The history of kindergarten is important because it became the first large-scale early childhood program (Harris, K., & Knudsen-Lindauer, S. L. 1988 pp. 61–73). The importance of the kindergarten readiness stems from the need to better prepare our children and to understand what is expected from our children as we send them to school maybe for the first time.A child will admitted into the program at various times due to birthday regulations that vary from state to state these deadlines schools use to determine who can enter the next kindergarten class. Your child must reach the age of 5 by the cutoff date. Starting school is an important time for young children, their families, and educators. Kindergarten is a time for children to expand their love of learning, their general knowledge, their ability to get along with others, and their interest in reaching out to the world. (Harris,K., & Knudsen-Lindauer, S. L. 1988 p.p 61-73) The fifth birthday is approaching and that brings the first of formal education to a child’s life. It is important to help prepare a child for kindergarten and the road ahead.

What to expect:

In kindergarten, a child will develop skills in many areas. However, kindergarten makes up only a small part of each day. The key to a successful school year is a strong partnership between home and school. The following are ideas that are used in many schools to help a child to prepare for the up and coming kindergarten year. The exposure to various important skills will be helpful such as: Counting out loud to 10 ,recognizing numbers 0-10 ,recognizing capital and lowercase letters of the alphabet, recognizing and drawing the four basic shapes (square, circle, rectangle, triangle),recognizing and writing his/her first name,buttoning and zipping clothing, tying shoelaces, coloring and cutting, listening and following directions,sharing and taking turns these will help a future student to become successful and help the kindergartner to improve their educational outcome. There are many studies that look at the interaction of teachers, parents and the community and how they contribute as critical roles in the early education of children (Journal of Early Childhood Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, 223-258, 2006). Children need to be made to feel good about who they are and that learning can be fun. Developing a love for learning and knowledge is an important life-long tool for every child.

When A Child Enters
When a child enters Kindergarten with confidence they will share their knowledge and speak more comfortably. But if children aren't ready, beginning school can be confusing and embarrassing, even frightening.The best way to help support a child in the route to kindergarten would be to attend the kindergarten orientation visit the school, arrange a tour of the school bus, involve your child in shopping for supplies and let him organize his backpack, and practice self-help skills. It is important to work with your child and the teachers as a team, the new world of school can be an exciting adventure and positive experience. It important that it is known that young children learn differently than older children, their schooling must be different. Thus, their teachers require special training to insure growth and development. It has been noted that kindergarten is "one of the major challenges children have to face in their early childhood years" (Victorian Department of School Education, 1992, p. 44) Parents and early childhood educators, on the other hand, have emphasized the importance of children adjusting socially to the school environment. It is important that children are playing and working with materials or other children. According to NAEYC, the following are good signs of a properly ran kindergarten classroom: Here are ten listed signs of a good kindergarten classroom:

1. Children have access to various activities throughout the day, such as block building, pretend play, picture

books, paints and other art materials, and table toys such as LEGO, pegboards, and puzzles.

2. Teachers work with individual children, small groups, and the whole group at different times during the day.

3. The classroom is decorated with children’s original artwork, their own writing with invented spelling, and dictated stories.

4. Children learn numbers and the alphabet in the context of their everyday experiences.

5. Children work on projects and have long periods of time (at least one hour) to play and explore.

6. Children have an opportunity to play outside every day that weather permits. This play is never sacrificed for more instructional time.

7. Teachers read books to children throughout the day, not just at group story time.

8. Curriculum is adapted for those who are ahead as well as those who need additional help. Because children

differ in experiences and background, they do not learn the same things at the same time in the same way.

9. Children and their parents look forward to school. Parents feel safe sending their child to kindergarten. Children are happy; they are not crying or regularly sick.

10. Individual kindergarten classrooms will vary, and curriculum will vary according to the interests and

backgrounds of the children. But all developmentally appropriate kindergarten classrooms will have one thing in

common: the focus will be on the development of the child as a whole.

(1990. Washington, DC: NAEYC) NAEYC is an organization that works toward positively building early childhood education by offering training and programs to schools and individuals. They offer studies that are based upon actual research which help further development in young children.

Sum it up: What Kindergarten should be.........
The whole experience of kindergarten is for five year olds. It is geared toward the five year old child.It is custom-made to fit children of this particular age. So remember that preparing for kindergarten takes the parent, the child and the community. So be prepared.

Multiple Choice
1. At what age are most children ready to attend kindergarten?

a. Age 4 b. Age 5 c. Age 6 d. I think children should skip kindergarten and stay home until they're ready for 1st grade

2. What is the worst way to pick a kindergarten program?

a. word of mouth b. just take what you get c. looking and talking with the teachers d. i don't know what I should do

3. How can parents/caregivers prepare their children for Kindergarten?

a. Parents/ caregivers should model a positive attitude towards school b. ignore the child c. offer advice to the child. d. none of the above

4. True / False

A kindergartner must attend preschool before attending kindergarten.

5. In Kindergarten the most important thing that a child will acquire will be

a.how to play b.preparation for the years to come c.how to fight d.that a teacher is a friend

answers: 1-b 2-b 3.a 4.false 5-b

What is "readiness," but what does it really mean? How does a parent know if there child is "ready?" How does anyone know?
Being "ready" for Kindergarten means, merely that your child is able to learn what will be taught in the Kindergarten he or she will attend, and can do the expected tasks comfortably with teachers and other children in that setting. Since learning builds on learning, this means that a child needs to have acquired the skills,information, and attitudes that are necessary to do this, and have the ability to get along with others and be part of a group. When many parents think about Kindergarten readiness, they sometimes wonder and think too much on academics, but the skills that define readiness are far broader than knowing letters, numbers, and how to count. To be ready for Kindergarten, a child should have a positive attitude toward starting school, some understanding of why he or she is there, and be open to learning new and exciting things and making new friends. The best way to learn what will be expected of your child is to contact the school your child will attend, schedule a tour and speak to the teachers that will possible be your child’s teacher. As far as wondering if anyone knows you as a parent should prepare your child by offering yourself as a great role model.

I hope that you enjoyed my thoughts about kindergarten readiness...................


text:
User:Antireconciler

Favorite WikiBooks

 * TI_83_Plus_Assembly

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Antireconciler


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Specialis Revelio

Overview
Specialis Revelio is a charm used to reveal hidden ink.

Extended Description
In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Hermione Granger uses it on the Half-Blood Prince's copy of Advanced Potion-Making.

Analysis
It seems as if the first word of the spell, Specialis, does not need to be stated for the spell to be used.


text:
XForms/IBM DB2

= IBM DB2 and XForms = IBM DB2 version 9 (also known as the "PureXML" release) supports both the XQuery language as well as an XML datatype. This makes it an ideal candidate for storing and retreiving your XForms instance data.

Unfortunately as of March of 2007 there is no pre-written REST interface to DB2 or a web-based administration tool for setting up and configuring DB2 XML collections.. To save your form data you will have to write some Java middleware to take the data in an HTTP POST and save it to a table in DB2 that has an XML datatype.

Here is an example from the IBM DeveloperWorks web on how to use Java to send XML data to DB2:

IBM DB2 XML Article

The good news is that once the data has been saved into DB2 you can query it using standard XQuery tools.

title: XForms/IBM DB2


text:
WebObjects/Database Development

The WO (EOF, actually) way of handling rows (objects) can be confusing if you are using to thinking in SQL. The general outline of using WO for database rows is:

FETCHING AN INITIAL SET OF OBJECTS
To fetch objects from your persistence layer (retrieve records from the database which will be converted to EnterpriseObjects on the fly), do the following:

- create your EOModel or obtain one that fits

- declare the NSArray in which you want store the Enterprise Objects that your table's rows will be turned into

- establish your editing context, "ec" (for simple cases, just use WOSession.defaultEditingContext, otherwise, be sure to lock/unlock).

- create an EOQualifier (if you want to filter the objects coming from a given table)

- create a set of EOSortOrderings (if you want your records presorted when they are retrieved)

- create an EOFetchSpecification, fs, to tie the fetch together

- execute ec.objectsWithFetchSpecification(fs);

OBTAINING RELATED OBJECTS
To obtain any object that is related (has an EORelationship) to any of the EnterpriseObjects that you've already fetched, just refer to them as you would to any object referenced by another POJO (Plain Old Java Object). The reference will be enough to cause WO to "fire a fault" which causes the referenced objects to be retrieved for you automatically.

UPDATING OBJECTS
If you've done enough to fetch objects from your database, then to update records, just update the appropriate fields (best to use the get/set methods) of the object and do:

ec.saveChanges;

CREATING NEW OBJECTS
Although there are a few ways to do this, the safest and probably most efficient is to use:

EOUtilities.createAndInsertInstance(ec, "myNewEntitiesName"); ec.saveChanges;

DELETING OBJECTS
In order to delete an object, first you must explicitly delete it from the ec then save the changes:

ec.deleteObject(myObject); ec.saveChanges;

RELATING OBJECTS
If you have two EnterpriseObject classes that have an EORelationship, such as a one to many relationship for instance as follows:

A <-->> B

or

objectA className myBs ( -->>B )

objectB name myA ( -->A )

then to create two such objects and relate them to one another, you would:

myA = (A)EOUtilities.createAndInsertInstance(ec, "A"); myB = (B)EOUtilities.createAndInsertInstance(ec, "B"); myA.addObjectToBothSidesOfRelationshipWithKey(b, "myBs"); // set other attributes of both myA and myB here. ec.saveChanges;

You could also, of course, have used:

myB.addObjectToBothSidesOfRelationshipWithKey(a, "myA");

The important thing to remember is that the addObjectToBothSidesOfRelationshipWithKey method need only be used once on one of the objects to establish the relationship in both directions whether either or both of the relationships is a toOne or a toMany and whether the relationship is bidirectional or not. It's a VERY HELPFUL method.

Also see removeObjectFromBothSidesOfRelationshipWithKey for it's deleting counterpart.

NOTES ON THE EDITING CONTEXT
In general, remember that the purpose of an editing context is to provide a runtime context for your program in which each EnterpriseObject is unique (within the editing context) and in which you can create, add, update and delete objects made known to that editing context. However, in general, nothing you do within your editing context is reflected in the database until you do ec.saveChanges. Then, all the changes you've made since the last saveChanges will be committed to the database.

There are esoteric exceptions to the above, but that's the best way to remember it.

There are, of course, many other things to know about WebObjects, but knowing the above should help you a lot and at least provide you with hooks to look up many of the ideas in the API reference.

A Warning
If you're new to WO, be sure to read over the EOF Commandments to avoid some pernicious problems.

If any of the commandments aren't obvious to you, ask someone.

title: WebObjects/Database Development


text:
User talk:206.131.30.1

-- Jim Thomas (aka Jomegat) 19:14, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:206.131.30.1


text:
Programmable Logic/Timing and Synchronization

In microprocessor-based software systems, instructions are performed sequentially. Each instruction is allowed to complete before the following instruction may begin. Even in situations where this is not strictly the case, such as pipelined and superscalar processors, the changes to this pattern are transparent to the programmer and can essentially be ignored.

In programmable logic, however, this is the case. Instructions can neither be expected to occur in a particular timeframe, nor in a particular order. Verilog and VHDL both contain constructs to force certain synchonization, although these constructs may carry with them a performance penalty.

Typically, a hardware design should have a clock signal that all the various modules have access to. Actions that occur in response to the clock signal are known as synchronous, and actions that occur without the clock signal are known as asynchronous. Furthermore, through the use of clock multipliers, different modules in a design can be moving at different speeds. Needless to say, timing and synchronization can be very important problems to solve for a hardware designer.


text:
Talk:Perl Programming/Objects

Encapsulation
The encapsulation example is well meant, certainly, but it's just not very common or useful. I don't think this is common in any language without strict, technically enforced private variables (Python, Javascript); it's just suggested by outside parties as a way to get something more like C++ or Java.

title: Talk:Perl Programming/Objects


text: Template:Persian/Answer

title: Template:Persian/Answer


text: Template:Persian/review head

title: Template:Persian/review head


text:
User talk:125.236.44.41

Inappropriate placement of questions
Hi there - I appreciate that this may be a shared IP address, or it might have changed hands since the event mentioned - but please be aware that your question placed at the bottom of Programming:Visual_Basic_Classic/Arrays has been removed by me, since Wikibooks is a site for providing information, not asking questions. Feel free to ask questions on some Visual Basic Forums, or maybe even on the Talk:Programming:Visual_Basic_Classic/Arrays page (the discussion page, as has been done previously by another user). However, please do not ask questions in articles again.

Thanks, Carl Turner 20:58, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Recent edit to Wikijunior:How Things Work/Toaster
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

Xania talk 22:06, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:125.236.44.41


text:
XForms/Warn on Navigate Away

Sample Program
= Preventing Form Data Loss When User Navigate Away from Unsaved Data =

Add this code to global.js

Mozilla Page

IE Manual

Discussion
Use the xf:load action in combination with an xforms-value-changed event to call a "dirty" function containing setBunload(true).

Likewise, use the load action within the submission to call a "clean" function containing "setBunload(false)".

title: XForms/Warn on Navigate Away


text:
Turkish/Ways of enhancing your Turkish/Turkish on the internet

Here are some very useful websites for you to visit. You've got dictionaries, language exchange websites, everything you'll need!

 * Online English-Turkish Turkish-English Dictionary
 * Online English-Turkish Dictionary with 1,500,000 words and idioms
 * Turkish Wiktionary
 * Useful Turkish Phrases
 * Turkish words in the English Wiktionary
 * Cypriot-Turkish
 * http://www.mylanguageexchange.com/
 * www.language-exchanges.org
 * A Forum for Turkish Learners
 * Manisa Turkish - The Turkish Language explained for English Speakers
 * Tatoeba Project - Great resource for sentence examples
 * Turkish Wikipedia - Great place to practice reading Turkish


text:
User talk:Jrez94

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 21:28, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jrez94


text:
Metasploit/StyleGuide

The Metasploit Book Writing Guide
When using screen shots please keep them "clean" and non-promotional. Tech writers tend to insert screen shots of their company's web site or their research groups banner. Try to keep all screen shots boring and generic for the sake of consistency.

When using screen shots try to use light backgrounds with dark text for all screen shots. It's not quite as leet looking but it uses much less ink if someone decides to print out the content.

When using any graphics keep in mind that light colors will not print well. Avoid using yellow on a white background and try not to color-code screen elements when a description or other icon will suffice. If you talk about how the green button does one thing and the rest does another the reader will be very confused when they print in black and white. Some readers are color blind and would not understand these references either.

A screen shot is not a replacement for a thorough explanation but there is no need to describe every element of a screen shot.

Write as if you are working with the reader in real-life. Use "we" to represent yourself and the reader. For example "Now that the buffer has been created we can use this method to insert our return address". Do not use "we" to represent yourself and the co-authors.

Always use present tense and active voice. For example write "Use the ENCODER option to specify a particular payload encoder" do not write "The ENCODER option is used to specify a particular payload encoder"

Avoid slang and curse-words. Some users aren't as cool as you and may not understand. Worse they may be offended.

Avoid long words and sentences. If you are using more than 3 commas in a sentence think about a shorter way to represent the same idea. Try to keep paragraphs short. Over two sentences but no more than half a page long each.

title: Metasploit/StyleGuide


text:
Talk:Linux Guide/Freezes

I just helped a coworker "unfreeze a terminal" by pressing the scroll lock key, which had inadvertently been left in the "on" state.

title: Talk:Linux Guide/Freezes


text:
Metasploit

This project is an attempt to document the tools and research created by the Metasploit Project.

 * Style Guide

 * Meterpreter Client
 * Case of Study
 * Writing Windows Exploits
 * Tips and Tricks
 * Developing Auxiliary Modules
 * Using Metasploit
 * Utilizing Mixins for Exploit/Auxiliary modules development
 * Writing Modules for Automation
 * Frequently Asked Questions
 * Need help? Join the mailing list! or check out the Video Tutorials
 * Writing Payload Modules
 * Module Development List
 * Evasion Options
 * Metasploit Articles
 * Writing a Linux Exploit

Metasploit

title: Metasploit


text:
English for B2 Students/Unit 1

= The World of English =

Aim of this lesson: Practice some common questions and their replies and familiarise yourself with common adjectives and their dependent prepositions.

Grammar Focus - Answering Questions
''It is often difficult in English to know which tense to use when having a conversation with somebody. We often don't have time to think about the uses of each tense and then make a decision. Look again at the questions at the start of this unit. What tenses are the questions in? Now look at the answers given - what tenses are they in?''

Responding to questions

 * Where are you from? Present Simple
 * I am from Ireland. Present Simple
 * What countries have you visited? Present Perfect
 * What languages did you study at school? "Past Tense"
 * I have visited France, Italy and Poland. Present Perfect

When speaking with someone it is important to listen to the question as this will help you phrase your answer. We generally use the same tense in our reply as in the question.

Vocabulary Focus - Adjectives with Prepositions
Is it possible to say 'I am interested at...?' or 'I am interested on...?
 * I am interested in ancient history

Many adjectives are used with specific prepositions. It is important to learn many of the most common adjective + preposition pairs as this will make you sound much more natural.

Speaking about yourself
''Now that you've studied the grammar and vocabulary above you should practice answering these questions. Remember to listen to (or read) the questions carefully as this will help you phrase your answer.''

 * What are you interested in?
 * What language do you want to learn?
 * What do you worry about?
 * What are you scared of?
 * What do you want to eat?

Exercises
Try these questions to see if you can answer these questions and use adjectives correctly.

Complete the following sentences using the correct preposition:

 * 1) My sister's afraid ..... spiders and I'm scared ..... dogs.

This is the lesson page - the answers are not to be inserted here, but to be found here

title: English for B2 Students/Unit 1


text:
Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Ichthyosaur

Ichthyosaurs were not actually dinosaurs. They were more like ancient dolphins, or fish, but much bigger. Their name comes from Greek, and means 'fish lizard.'

What did they look like?
Ichthyosaurs looked like modern-day dolphins. They had a long nose, a fin on top, and all of the other things that would make you think of dolphins. The only two major differences were that Icthyosaurs had an extra set of tiny fins that it used in times of need and that the tail fin of an Ichthyosaur was rotated from that of a modern dolphin. Their size range was great, from 2.4 meters (eight feet) to 23 meters (75 feet). They biggest Ichthyosaurs are still the largest known sea-dwelling reptiles today!

What did they eat?
Ichthyosaurs were predatory. They lived in the sea, so they ate any food they could find, catch, and kill, including squid, fish, and shellfish. They were very good at catching food. They had streamlined bodies capable of swimming up to 40 miles an hour. They also were able to dive far into the water. Finally, their dolphin-like mouths were filled with sharp teeth, and some Ichthyosaurs may have been able to bite down hard enough to break open clams.

When did they live?
Ichthyosaurs evolved during the Mesozoic era, which was around 250 million years ago, slightly before the dinosaurs. They became extinct 90 million years ago, which was during the Cretaceous 25 million years before dinosaurs died out.

Wikijunior Dinosauri/Ichthyosaurus

title: Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Ichthyosaur


text:
Lucid Dreaming/Introduction

Disclaimer
When attempting some of the techniques in this book, you may have some frightening experiences, such as falling sensations or sleep paralysis. Although the authors attest these are not dangerous, you should avoid techniques that create these sensations if you would prefer not to experience them.

Your own expectations will have a significant effect on your dreams. If you believe that dream characters act dull and lifelessly, they are far more likely to do so. If you believe they can be creative, original, and surprising, they are far more likely to be. Remember that the easier you think it is to dream lucidly, the easier it will be.

Many of the techniques and “facts” presented on these pages are not backed up by scientific research. This is not to say that these techniques do not work, only that they may be placebos or be ineffective much of the time.

About dreaming
The stages of sleep

Each night, we spend about one and a half to two hours dreaming. We dream about once every 90 minutes of sleep. The time you spend in dreams becomes longer throughout the night, from about 10 minutes to around 45 minutes or slightly longer. But what happens when we sleep?

There are five stages of sleep: four stages of NREM (Non-REM) sleep, also called SWS (Slow-Wave Sleep), and one stage of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. The most vivid and remembered dreams occur during REM sleep. Research has shown that a person being woken from REM sleep will account having just been in a dream roughly 80% of the time, while this percentage is 15% during non-REM sleep. One sleep cycle is roughly 90 minutes long.
 * (NREM 1) The first stage is a transition state between wakefulness and sleep. This is the stage in which hypnagogic imagery occurs. It usually passes into stage 2 within a few minutes.
 * (NREM 2) During stage 2, the body gradually shuts down, and brain waves become longer in wavelength.
 * (NREM 3) Stage 3 usually occurs 30 to 45 minutes after falling asleep the first time. Large, slow delta brain waves are generated.
 * (NREM 4) Stage 4 is often called “deep sleep” or “delta sleep”. The heart beats the slowest and there is the least brain activity. It is during this stage that sleepwalking usually occurs.
 * After stage 4, the NREM stages reverse and move back to stage 2, and then into REM sleep.
 * (REM) During REM sleep, some parts of the brain are nearly as active as while awake. In this stage, your eyes flicker rapidly (hence the acronym Rapid Eye Movement). Your body is paralyzed, preventing the body from acting out dreams.

After the REM state, you sometimes wake briefly. This is usually forgotten by the time you wake up in the morning. If you don't wake up, you go to stage 2.

I never dream anyway.

Actually, everyone has dreams — but some people simply don’t remember them. In the next chapter, you will find out how to improve your dream recall.

'''Why do we dream? What do dreams mean?'''

These questions are outside the scope of this book, but you can find several hypotheses in the Wikipedia article on dream interpretation.

About lucid dreaming
Lucid dreaming is simply being aware that you are dreaming. With enough experience, you can increase control over your dreams — anything from flying to creating people and places, and even changing into animals. Having a lucid dream is like being the director of your own movie! A passage from the fantasy novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (chapter at King's Cross) that may explain what this looks like:

"For the first time, he wished he were clothed. Barely had the wish formed in his head than robes appeared a short distance away."

Lucid dreams have been scientifically proven to exist. Stephen LaBerge of The Lucidity Institute used a special machine to track eye movements during a dream (these are linked to your eye movements within the dream). He asked lucid dreamers to point their eyes left and right in quick succession once they became "conscious" in their dreams, and this movement was recorded on the machine. For more information on this and other experiments, read Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming (ISBN in Further Reading).

There are plenty of reasons you might want to dream lucidly:
 * For fun! Just flying in a lucid dream is an exhilarating feeling. Lucid dreams are generally far more intense and vivid than most non-lucid dreams. You can use a lucid dream to wind down after a long day.
 * Transforming into animals or getting superpowers is a unique experience that is hard to get any other way.
 * If you are particularly interested in dreams — either spiritually or psychologically — trying lucid dreaming could help you in your research.
 * If you're writing fiction or even creating a world for a computer game, lucid dreaming can help you visualize it. You could ask your characters how they feel about something or what they think will happen.
 * Some people compose music in their lucid dreams.
 * Lucid dreams can be realistic enough to rehearse a speech or musical performance.
 * You can relive previous dreams or experiences.
 * They can help in dream interpretation and communicating with your subconscious.

I can’t control my dreams.

This is very rarely actually the case (though sometimes it is in nightmares). Usually it is just your memory which treats you as though it were beyond your control. If you become lucid in a dream where you have a body, you will almost always be able to control your body. However, you might not manage to do anything else. Don't worry, though — most people have no problem with jumping very high or flying in a lucid dream!

On the other hand, parts of your brain are less active while dreaming, which can lead to dream/trance logic and sometimes choices you will later regret. For example, you might choose to continue your lucid dream, although you know that once you wake you will only remember half of it. Once you wake up, you may wish that you had stopped your dream. Another example is of somebody who dreamt they were sitting next to Mother Theresa. They wondered if they might be dreaming, thinking isn’t Mother Theresa dead? They then concluded that she was obviously right next to them and therefore alive, and that it wasn’t a dream!

Are lucid dreams related to psi phenomena?

There are differing views on this. Some people claim to have organized shared dreams or precognitive dreams through lucid dreaming. Others say these are simply created in the brain like any other dream, something like self-hypnosis.

How long does it take to learn how to dream lucidly?

This completely depends on the person and circumstances. Some people have a lucid dream after just a few nights of learning about it, while for others, it may take months! If you don't get enough sleep or feel too stressed after work to regularly practice induction techniques, then it may take a long time, especially if you expect it to. It will also depend on how much effort you put in. However, everybody has the ability to dream lucidly.

'''I think I do this naturally. Does this happen?'''

It is quite rare to have regular lucid dreams naturally, although most people have had a lucid dream at some point in their lives. If you want to increase the frequency of your lucid dreams, carry on reading through the book; otherwise, skip to the Using section to get some ideas for your dreams.

I had [a dream], was I lucid?

In general, a lucid dream is defined as a dream in which you know you are dreaming at some point, regardless of anything else. Even if you were lucid one second but lost your lucidity, it is still technically a lucid dream.

However, this can be a little misleading. Sometimes you dream that you fall asleep and have a lucid dream! This is often thought of as a sign that you will have a proper lucid dream soon, as your mind is thinking a lot about lucid dreams.

Try using this table:

* However, some people may have lucid dreams and deliberately choose to treat dream characters as if they were real. In fact, it can be intriguing to have real conversations with dream characters, such as physics or philosophy discussions - you may discover they know more than you do!

Possible dangers of lucid dreaming
There is no current evidence of lucid dreaming being abnormal or unhealthy in any way. However, there may be some more or less minor side effects associated with having lucid dreams. Please don’t let this scare you away from trying this; rather, remember that with dreams you are dealing with your own subconscious mind and recklessness is not recommended.

Alienation
Most people have never even heard of lucid dreaming, much fewer ever experienced it. Some people are also less than open-minded and receptive to new ideas. Don’t be surprised if someone considers this whole phenomenon “weird” or “crazy” (which it is not). Don’t preach, either; you don't have to convince anybody.

Often people who spontaneously lucid dream, especially children, may find it surprising that not everyone does. They may even start thinking that they are the only people in the world who have lucid dreams. If they’re worried, the best support is to let them know that they’re not alone.

Dissociation
Lucid dreaming may weaken the borders between waking and dreaming, the conscious and subconscious mind, reality and fantasy. This might lead to problems of a dissociative nature. Probably the most common form of dissociation involves having problems distinguishing your waking memories from dream memories. Everyone who recalls at least one dream will have to sort out their dreams from reality in the morning. This can really be a problem for those who have previously had zero recall and, due to lucid dreaming, have had a major uptick in recall. Now, suddenly, they have all these excess, illogical memories to sort out. This is unlikely to be a major problem, but may be a big annoyance. An example is when you have actually misplaced an item, and "find it" in a dream. If you cannot distinguish dream from reality you will now think you know where that item is, perhaps even placed it where you felt sure to find it later, but when you awake it will not be there.

However, there are signs that you should watch for which indicate a larger problem may be developing. Lucid dreaming in itself should not cause these to appear in a waking state:
 * Ability to ignore extreme pain or what would normally cause extreme pain
 * Absorption in a computer game, television program or movie
 * Remembering the past so vividly one seems to be reliving it
 * Finding evidence of having done things one can’t remember doing
 * Not remembering important events in one’s life
 * Being in a familiar place but finding it unfamiliar
 * Seeing oneself as if looking at another person
 * Other people and objects do not seem real
 * Looking at the world through a fog or haze
 * Not recognizing friends or family members
 * Finding unfamiliar things among one’s belongings
 * Finding oneself in a place but unaware of how one got there
 * Finding oneself dressed in clothes one doesn’t remember putting on

If this has happened, and there is no other cause (e.g. drugs), take a break from lucid dreaming for a while. In fact, take a break from anything fictional for a while, at least until symptoms stop. In addition, you may consider avoiding experimentation with lucid dreaming if you have a mental condition that will alter your perception of reality, eg. Schizophrenia, Hallucinations, Dementia.

False awakenings
One of the advantages of having lucid dreams is being able to change a dream or wake up if things are not turning out as planned. A false awakening is when you seem to have woken up but are actually still dreaming. For example, you may find yourself waking up in your room. But once there, new things will start happening—for example, someone might visit, or you might wander outside because of an odd noise, or there might be objects all over the place. There are no such things as loops of awakenings. You can simply shock your body awake by applying a stimulus in your dream. It's a good idea to get in the habit of doing a reality check just after waking up so that you'll realize when this happens and become lucid.

When this happens repeatedly in the same night, it can be very tiring and often frightening. Not only can the belief of being fully awake in your room while being exposed to unusual situations be scary, but you also may start fearing you won't be able to actually wake up. And, depending on the content of the dream, since all your dreams tend to start in your room, you may fear what could happen once you actually do wake up.

But this is not a very common situation. Once you are lucid, it is usually easier to wake up or lose the dream than it is to keep dreaming.

Controversial: Accidentally encountering “spiritual” entities
This depends on your worldview. If you believe that dreams are a creation of your brain and nothing more, you don’t need to worry about spirits or anything similar. If you want to be on the safe side, treating objects in your dream decently and politely won’t do you any harm.

The book "The Art of Dreaming" by Carlos Castaneda has a lot to say on this subject. (See Further Reading)

Controversial: Creating bad habits or becoming a control freak
When lucid dreaming, you have the option to control the dream world in ways that are impossible in the waking world. You can, for example, make objects appear or disappear, or make people act according to your will. Some people believe this may lead your subconscious to desire this kind of control in the waking world, where it’s highly inappropriate. Also, you might be tempted to apply dream-world solutions to waking-life problems instead of actually facing them; for example, just willing bad things to go away or escaping or destroying them by superpowers. Again, this is probably more of a problem if you are not mentally stable at the outset of your dreaming process.

Controversial: Exhaustion
Some people believe that experiencing many artificially induced lucid dreams often enough can be very exhausting. The main reason for this phenomenon is the result of the lucid dreams expanding the length of time between REM states. With fewer REMs per night, this state in which you experience actual sleep and your body recovers becomes infrequent enough to become a problem. This is just as exhausting as if you were to wake up every twenty or thirty minutes and watch TV. The effect is dependent on how often your brain attempts to lucidly dream per night. If you enter into a routine of attempting to lucidly dream, you may cause recursive lucid dreams that occur at each state change.

Controversial: Inability to stop
If you have trained your mind to the point where it can step over the boundary without conscious effort, you might find it difficult to stop. Do not become alarmed if you have trouble stopping the process of lucid dreaming, it is possible to get out of the habit. As long as you truly expect to stop having lucid dreams regularly, you will. You just need to stop any further attempts to lucid dream, and within a few months the lucid dreaming will go away by itself. Remember; do not be alarmed if, even with your attempts to stop, you experience further lucid dreams. It might take a while to break the habit. If you have real concerns, it may be advisable to talk with your doctor or therapist regarding appropriate treatment, including medication.

Similar techniques
I can do astral projection, should I learn how to dream lucidly?

Possibly not. If you often enter a “dream world” after having the experience of leaving your body, that is basically the same as the method called Wake-Initiation of Lucid Dreams. Keep in mind that many people believe that “astral projection” or “out-of-body experiences” are actually lucid dreams. Whether these are real psi phenomena or the creative product of your dreaming mind, learning to dream lucidly will expand the variety of your experiences.

If this is so similar, why learn lucid dreaming and not astral projection?

Here are some reasons:
 * Lucid dreaming is something that everybody can understand. In fact, most people have already had a lucid dream. No single theory about astral projection is accepted even in the astral projection community.
 * If you are prepared to spend money, there are some gadgets that can help induce lucid dreams. They usually emit light or sound signals shortly after the REM state is detected. Hypnosis tapes usually focus more on self-improvement and you cannot decide what to do with your hypnotic trance.
 * If you don’t believe in psi phenomena, you will likely be much more comfortable reading books about lucid dreaming than those on astral projection. If you have to keep stopping and thinking "but that's not possible", there's always the danger that your feelings of skepticism will affect the way you think about lucid dreaming and make it much harder for you to do.
 * You would be sleeping anyway, so it doesn't take up waking time.
 * You'll be able to use this Wikibook to your advantage!

title: Lucid Dreaming/Introduction


text:
User talk:68.77.134.69

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

Xania talk 23:18, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.77.134.69


text:
Lucid Dreaming/Dream Recall

It is essential to improve your dream recall. There are at least two reasons for this:

 * 1) While it is very rare, it is possible to forget about a lucid dream. It would be meaningless to invest so much effort into lucid dreaming, only to forget about it upon waking.
 * 2) Recording your dreams will eventually allow you to start recognizing recurring patterns, characters, and scenarios. Having these details will be invaluable once you begin practicing lucid dream induction techniques.

While asleep, we experience a period of REM sleep approximately every 90 minutes. It is during this time that we typically dream. These periods are initially very brief – only around 10 minutes. But as the night progresses, these periods become increasingly longer - often stretching to over 45 minutes at a time. Waking up in the midst of dreaming dramatically increases your ability to remember the details of the dream. Therefore, try setting an alarm clock to 4½, 6, or 7½ hours after you normally fall asleep. This should awaken you directly from a dream.

The most important part of improving your dream recall is keeping a dream journal (or a dream diary). Virtually any medium will do; an office notebook, artist’s sketchpad, an online journal, a sheet of paper, or even a Dictaphone — whatever is easiest for you. Here are some guidelines for keeping your journal:
 * Write all your dreams and only your dreams
 * Write down everything you can possibly remember about the dream. Phrases, colors, feelings...everything. Record them as soon as you wake up.
 * Sketch pictures into your notebook to help you remember symbols, places, faces, and other visual dream elements.
 * If you wake in the night and have trouble waking up enough to record a dream you can use the mnemonic technique recommended in Harry Lorayne and Jerry Lucas's "The Memory Book" of changing something in your room, for example, knocking something onto the floor, and associating that with an image from your dream. On waking the displaced object should trigger your memory of the image and so make it easier for you to remember the dream.
 * Ritualize your diary
 * Using a dedicated pen in a special color helps to make keeping your journal more of a ritual.
 * You might want to copy out rough notes into a neater dream diary later on in the day. This helps ingrain the dream in your mind.
 * Recall as much as you can while still lying in bed
 * Go to bed early to ensure that you wake a while before you start your day. In this free time, mull over any dreams you had and do a reality check.
 * You may want to keep your eyes closed for as long as possible, particularly if you wake up near the sunrise. Try to use a notebook which holds a pen and scribble down whatever you can with your eyes still closed.
 * Stay in the same position and run your dreams over in your head a few times before arising from bed. After you have remembered your dream, move to a different position (with your eyes still closed) that you normally sleep in, then recall your dream. The position that you are in may help your brain remember what dream you had while sleeping in that position.
 * If you are still unable to remember anything, allow your mind to wander through events of yesterday or through any issues you have been thinking about. These may help to trigger details of your dreams.
 * If you share a bed with a partner, make a habit of exchanging dreams upon waking before talking about anything else.
 * Be prepared to record dreams throughout the day
 * Keep a small dream diary notebook with you all the time. It is quite easy to remember a dream in the day and then forget it by the time you get home.
 * Even if you only get a fleeting feeling of some dream during the day, note down as much as you can remember about the dream and what triggered the memory.
 * Think about your dream or dreams throughout the day, and ask yourself “What did I dream?” several times. Often, you only get a good answer to this an hour after you woke up.
 * You can try to remember your dream by “back-tracking” — start from the moment when you wake up, and try to remember what you were doing before that. You may even be able to reconstruct your dream to the beginning.
 * If you find that many of your dreams are about certain items, such as cars and painting, then, if you cannot remember your dream in the morning, think about whether it contained your specific dream signs, in this case, cars and painting. You can even make a “dream lexicon” — a piece of paper with common dream items written on it, so you can read it every time you wake up.

Also, use the autosuggestion technique to improve your dream recall (see the full description of the autosuggestion technique in the next chapter).

Once you have a lot of dreams in your diary, you can start looking through it for dream signs. Some dream signs are commonly experienced by many people. These include things like flying, being chased, chasing something, or being in an old house. However, a number of signs will be unique to you. These unique signs may involve meeting with significant people (from your life), being at your job, or talking with passed away relatives.

Stay alert to any of your dream signs appearing within in real life. And when they happen, always perform a reality check to determine if you are dreaming.

'''I sometimes remember more dreams than the time I was asleep could allow. How is this possible?'''

You may have had several dream scenes within a single dream period or some memories could be from past nights.

It is also possible that dream time doesn't strictly correspond to real time. Days may pass in a dream during a single night's sleep. Dreams which seem to last for hours while you have them have sometimes been found to actually have a duration of only a few minutes. There have been accounts of people having lucid dreams lasting years: Robert Monroe reported having a lucid dream that lasted a hundred years.

You might also be having a memory that was not an actual dream, but rather a waking memory mistakenly related with dream memories instead of being properly related with waking memories. Thus, these memories might not be dreams from the past, but rather ongoing subconscious experiences.

In what order should I write my dreams?

It is usually very hard to tell if the dreams you dreamt happened in the order you recalled them. Generally they are written in the order remembered, though others may prefer to write them in a completely random order. Find what works for you. If you dream that you told somebody about a previous dream that happened the same night, then that previous dream probably came before the other one (though the “previous dream” could have been a false memory). The important thing is to write the dream down. Later, if you can recall the order of the dreams, just go back into your diary and rearrange them.

title: Lucid Dreaming/Dream Recall


text:
Lucid Dreaming/Glossary

 * CAT :See Cycle Adjustment Technique.
 * Cycle Adjustment Technique
 * Adjusting your sleep cycles to increase the likelihood of having a lucid dream.

 * DC :See Dream character.
 * DILD :See Dream-Initiated Lucid Dream.
 * Dream character
 * Any character inside your dream. Some people believe they are real people or spirit guides, others that they're just products of the dreaming mind.

 * Dream-Initiated Lucid Dream
 * A lucid dream that begins during a "normal", non-lucid dream.

 * Dream recall
 * The ability to remember details of one's dreams.

 * Dream Result
 * Result from a reality check that indicates that one is dreaming. Ex: Breathing through your nose while pinching your nostrils.

 * Dreamscape
 * The landscape and scenery of one's dreams.

 * Hypnagogic imagery
 * The images, sounds, etc. that you perceive as you fall asleep. Not to be confused with phosphenes.

 * EILD :See Erotically induced lucid dream
 * Erotically induced lucid dream
 * A lucid dream with sexual activity. They may trigger a real orgasm, a phenomenon know as nocturnal emission or wet dream.

 * HI :See Hypnagogic imagery.
 * LD :See Lucid dream.
 * LILD :See Lucid Induction of Lucid Dreams.
 * Lucid dream
 * A dream in which you are aware that you are dreaming.

 * Lucid Induction of Lucid Dreams
 * The technique in which you do something in a lucid dream that theoretically will remind you that you're dreaming in your next dream.

 * MILD :See Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams.
 * Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams
 * The technique in which you mentally repeat to yourself, as you fall asleep, your future intention to realize that you're dreaming.

 * Named Subconscious Technique
 * (See "Getting more help with MILD from your subconscious", in the forum links box in the MILD section.) This technique is a useful aid to the MILD and autosuggestion techniques where the dreamer actively engages his or her subconscious for dream results.

 * NST :See Named Subconscious Technique.
 * Oneironaut
 * A skilled lucid dreamer.

 * Phosphenes
 * Patches of colour (usually red or blue) that you can constantly see while your eyes are closed.

 * Rapid Eye Movement
 * The stage of the sleep cycle that your most vivid dreams occur in.

 * RC :See Reality check.
 * Reality check
 * A simple and quick method of determining if one is dreaming. Ex: Breathing with your nose shut, faulty light switches, etc.

 * Real-life result
 * A reality check result which indicates one is may not be dreaming. Ex: Being unable to will oneself to fly.

 * REM :See Rapid Eye Movement.
 * Sleep paralysis (SP)
 * The body's natural phenomenon of paralyzing the limbs of the body while asleep. This may be experienced consciously, either by accident or during the WILD technique.

 * VILD :See Visual Induction of Lucid Dreams.
 * Visual Induction of Lucid Dreams
 * The technique in which you incubate a dream that reminds you to do a reality check and become lucid.

 * Vivid dream (VD)
 * A dream with a notably higher level of detail.

 * Wake-Back-To-Bed
 * The technique in which you wake up for a bit after a few hours of sleep and go back to sleep again. Usually used in combination with other techniques.

 * Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream
 * A lucid dream triggered by consciously falling asleep.

 * WBTB :See Wake-Back-To-Bed.
 * WILD :See Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream.

title: Lucid Dreaming/Glossary


text:
Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/FAQ

r3m0t is currently attempting to obtain copyright permission to host the FAQ on this website. (The author's email isn't working, and that's a permanent error - "Unrouteable address"! This does not look good... r3m0t (cont) (talk) 20:10, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC))

Thanks for the interest in my FAQ, my current email is lars@eid.online.no

I'm busy with my Graduation Examination Paper right now, but I have a more updated FAQ stored locally. I like what is taking form here, and I have decided to participate.

So I will update the whole section here and at wikipedia as I find the time.

So long!

Lars

Meanwhile, the web version can be found here: Lucid Dreaming FAQ — Frequently Asked Questions

title: Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/FAQ


text:
Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/VILD

This is the most recent full description of the VILD technique by its creator, Peter Harrison (Pedro on the LD4ALL.com forums), with a TOC.

Visually Incubated Lucid Dream
OK guys, Pedro here. VILD is the method I use to induce lucid dreams and in this document I will do my best to describe how the method is used.

I have practiced and refined different ideas and techniques to come up with the best possible method for me to become lucid and I can now induce a lucid dream at will. I call it VILD. Hopefully you will also be able to use my method either directly or by taking parts from it to create an induction technique which may work better for you.

A few things before I go onto the VILD method...

Mind Model
First thing is first though......I tried explaining this method to some friends who try to lucid dream and I was shocked to discover they knew nothing of the "mind model"! I think anyone (using my method or not) should understand the mind model to achieve lucid dreams! Please read and understand this next section as it will greatly aid you in having lucid dreams!

You. I am going to talk about YOU. I want you to understand (if you do not already) that YOU cannot see. YOU cannot hear. YOU cannot taste. YOU also can't feel anything. I'll take sight for this example:

YOU do not see because it's your EYES that see. You are only your mind, you are your brain. This might seem strange but keep reading. Imagine there is a tree in front of you. YOU cannot see the tree but your eyes do. Your eyes see the tree first hand and the vision they see is totally 100% pure! The eyes then turn this pure image into DATA and send it to you! You do not see, it is your eyes that see. When you stand in front of a tree you think you can see it and the rest of the world, but the tree you see is only a model based on reality. Your mind takes all the information and data it can from the senses and creates a model of the world. This "mind model" is how you experience your world. Technically one of your senses could make a mistake or send some kind of corrupted data and the world you see would actually be different from the REAL world, but this is almost never the case. I hope you understood that...

A good example to back this up is radio waves! We have instruments that detect light (eyes) and instruments that detect sound waves (ears) so our mind model has these elements in the model. We do not have instruments that detect radio waves, we have no sense to interpret them or even show they exist. Therefore, we see no radio waves shooting around in our world! They are there in the real physical world. The radio waves are there as much as the trees are or the sound of your voice. They are not in our mind model though as we have no sense that detects them so they are not used to construct our mind model!

Now here is where dreaming comes in.... You experience your world in the same way when you are dreaming. The only difference is that your mind doesn't receive many signals from your senses when you are asleep. This lack of external information is countered by creating the mind model from mostly INTERNAL information such as wishes and memories. This is how a dream is created!

Now I hope you understand that, even in real life, the world you are experiencing is not actually the real world but a model of the world which is created in your mind. If you know this information when attempting lucid dreams it should help a lot.

Throughout the day you should stop and think about the world around you. Think about everything you can possibly tell about the world at that moment. Sight, sound, touch and think about how everything you experience is a model of the physical world. Think hard about it for a couple of minutes. Now on to another thing you should do a lot during the day...

Reality Checks
I'm sure everyone reading this knows that a Reality Check is an action used to determine whether the world around us is real or a dream. I would like to recommend two reality checks which always work with me and do not rely on any object or other character in a dream. (Plus these ones don't make you look stupid if testing while in real life!).

 * 1) Close one eye and try to look at your nose with your open eye. If you can see your nose then you are awake. If you cannot then you are asleep. Whether a reality check turns out positive or negative you should ALWAYS perform a backup one just incase. No matter how sure you are of the results from the last check. After you've checked to see your nose you should try this:
 * 2) Hold your nose tight and try to breathe through it. If you can you are certainly dreaming.

VILD Induction
VILD is my own method. It came about when I discovered I could incubate dreams of my choice. Incubation is when you go to sleep aiming to have a certain dream and "incubating" this dream in a way that you eventually go into the desired dream. Before I explain how I incubate dreams I will go through the rest of the method in brief. After I've went through the whole method briefly I will then describe the whole method part-by-part in detail.

In Brief
After a discussion on the LD4all.com forum I discovered how I could use my incubated dreams to get me lucid. I was told that I could incubate a dream where I was forced to do a Reality Check. I managed to design a dream where I would always remember to perform a Reality Check. This dream is the dream I would then incubate from now on and it has had a 100% success rate with me so far.

I enter the dream, do the reality check, and become lucid.

VILD Method In Full
Okay, this will be a long section so I will split it up slightly. I have split the VILD method into the following three sections:
 * Preparation
 * Incubation
 * Once you are lucid

Preparation
The key points in the preparation of VILD are:
 * 1) To have a dream designed early on and to keep to this dream no matter what.
 * 2) The correct times and actions when going to bed and when going to sleep.

Firstly you need a dream ready to incubate right now. After this next paragraph I would like you to sit and plan the dream out exactly. When I say dream I actually mean a dream "situation". This is the exact dream I incubate every single night, hopefully this will make a good example:

"'I am in a room. The room is a normal shape and is totally bare and empty. The only details about the room are the fact that it is painted a dark red and that there is a door. I am in this room and so are two of best friends, A and C. They both come running up to me and say 'Do a reality check! This is a Reality Check competition!' over and over again. I then agree and I close one eye and look for my nose and I cannot see it. I tell them that I might be dreaming. I then try holding my nose and checking if I can breathe or not. I find I can breathe quite easily and I look at my friends and say 'I am dreaming!'. My friends look at me with pleased faces and I head for the door in the room.'"

This is the dream situation which I use. Your dream can be like this one or totally different, that is your choice. Pick whatever is comfortable for you, if mine sounds good then use it by all means! BUT take note:

Don't plan the whole dream, only this situation. Don't make an end for the dream or any kind of plot change. Keep it simple! Think of it as a small part before a proper dream rather than designing a whole dream.

Make sure that the same characters (I use 2 friends) and in the dream every time and that they always do and say the exact same stuff each time. Keep it constant!

Also keep YOUR reactions constant! Always see yourself doing and saying the same things just as you do with the other characters. Keep everything the same order every time!

The idea is that you will have this dream so planned that you know EXACTLY where everyone is located, what they say, what they do and how they act. This means that each time you imagine the dream it should be the exact same. No changes...EVER! Please take the time to plan it now. If you do decide to plan it later could you please come back and read this again incase you forget a key point when planning! I really think you should do it now.....NOW DAMN IT!

Next part of the PREPARATION is what you should do leading up to going to bed.

This may seem vague but the best time to go to bed is not too late but not too early. OK, perhaps I should go into more detail there! Do not go any earlier than is natural for you. Any earlier than you usually go to bed and you will have trouble getting to sleep and you will be too awake for VILD to work. You need to go to bed when you are feeling tired but do not overdo it! Don't go to bed at about 4.00am or something stupid! I recommend getting into bed at about 11pm personally. If you are someone who goes to sleep very early then maybe 10pm or 10.30pm would be better. Try to get into bed before midnight though.

Sometime before you have went to bed you should have had a little something to eat and washed it down with a drink. You should then go to the toilet as this is a major cause of waking up from dreams! Make sure there is a good time gap between drinking and using the toilet. If you choose to go to bed at 11pm then you should eat and drink at 10pm. Eat and drink whatever you would usually have at this time of the night, don't change drastically as it can disrupt your sleep.

I'm going to assume that everyone chooses to go bed at 11pm. This is what I do when using VILD...

Get into bed at 11pm and have a lamp or some kind of light source beside your bed. Also keep your dream journal and your pen/pencil handy. (BY THE WAY: Write using a weird colour in your dream journal and never use that colour anywhere else....try it out...). Turn the main bedroom lights out and turn the lamp on. Now you should read a book for about an hour. I say an hour because after an hour I am usually having some difficulty keeping my eyes open and find it hard to read. If you get like this after half an hour it should still be fine. Push yourself to read an extra 10 minutes to insure you are pretty damn tired. Now put the book down and turn of the lamp. Make sure you do not need to get up to turn the lamp on or off. This is so you don't make any movements that can get you more awake and this is also why you shouldn't use the bedroom lights! Lie down and relax in darkness...

TIP: Read a book about lucid dreaming if you can get one! This is the best choice of book although any book will do essentially as it is only to get you tired but keep your brain fairly active. The reason a lucid dreaming book would be good is that if you have just read things about lucid dreaming they stay with you. So even if you do not directly think about anything you read when you go to sleep you probably do subconsciously. It is good to have these thoughts of lucid dreaming in your head even if your not thinking about them, this is also why I mentioned the "Mind Model" as having this knowledge in your head will greatly increase your chances of becoming lucid.

Whenever I read about lucid dreaming and relaxation I see MILLIONS of different positions to lie in. Forget them and also forget about positions altogether! The more you think about how you are lying it keeps your UNrelaxed! Just lie any way you want and just basically do what you usually do. Changing your position in bed from its normal one can disrupt sleep. Just get in the bed and r e l a x.......

Some techniques for relaxation are crap and some are truly helpful. Try downloading some relaxation/hypnosis sound files from the net. Some are not very good but I've found some great ones. Try warpmymind.com for a couple of really relaxing files! A good method is the one where you start from your toes are work your way up. What you do is you tense the muscles in that certain part fop the body your working on. You tense for about 30 seconds and then you just stop and let the body part relax. Feel it get heavy then work your way up to the next limb or body part. When you reach your head sit and focus on the point between your eyes in the middle of your head. Imagine it getting emptier and emptier while you get more and more relaxed and sleepy. You will feel very heavy.

Incubation
This is the process for actually incubating your pre-designed dream which you hopefully will have practiced thinking about during the day. Remember...keep it EXACT!

When you feel sufficiently relaxed you should be ready to begin straight away. Hopefully you will be starting to feel sleepy by now after that book read! This is perfect as the technique for incubation requires you to think of nothing else other than your dream. If you are not tired at all and you'll be awake for several hours it could be disastrous! Who could think about their dream EXACTLY over and over again for hours!? Not me anyway! So hopefully you will be near sleep...

Close your eyes. You should be tired enough to have your eyes closed no matter what anyway! Now think of the dream as you did earlier. Think about it happening around you. Whenever you get through it you must start again straight away. Keep thinking about it. After a couple of time try "seeing" the dream. Imagine the dream happening right before your eyes. Remember your eyes should be closed. You should start to see shapes or at least still images from your dream. This should be like daydreaming, try to see the dream moving and alive in front of you. Remember to keep the dream CONSTANT every time!

Try not to see yourself in your dream, see the dream through your eyes just as you would if you were in the dream. Don't go too far in your thoughts...Once you discover you are lucid and tell your friends you should then start over. Don't think about what happens next except you head for the door perhaps. This isn't important because you will be lucid by then in your dream and not need to remember to use the door!

If you notice yourself thinking of ANYTHING else, other than the dream, you must forget about the thought and just let it go. Don't think about a thought! Don't answer any of them. Ignore it and think even harder on the dream when this happens.

Be patient, don't think "ah I don't feel like I'm about to dream or sleep, I'll leave it for a while". Once your finished your dream situation just rethink it. Over and over and over and over and over!

You will not realize the transition between these thoughts and the actual dream.....but eventually you will enter the dream...

At the time you will just think you are still just imagining your thoughts and then suddenly you will do the Reality Checks and you REALLY will be dreaming!!! How strange! Now head out that door, after thanking your friends of course!

Once you are lucid
Now that you are lucid you can do whatever you like. My VILD method stops now and this is technically the end of the document but I would like to comment on some techniques I have discovered through experiments in my dreams. These are all for use once you are lucid.

Shortcuts
A shortcut is a little technique I've developed and I accidentally titled it a "shortcut" when describing it to a friend and the name has stuck. There are different levels of lucidity and some people can start very lucid and other have trouble. Absolute lucidity is the state I have reached where I can literally do ANYTHING. Full stop. Some people become lucid but not fully lucid, this is what I used to be like. For example you may be able to fly and walk through walls which is impressive but if asked to create a house from nothing, right in front of you, you may have problems. This would be because you do not have full control yet. A shortcut is something that skips needing to have full control which doesn't seem to improve you but it does in the end......I think an example is needed here:

You cannot fly. You are lucid though and you can do other things but flying is too hard. Even though it's all in your head you just can't take off! Instead of just trying to fly you should take a different approach....try creating a jetpack! Or a rucksack with wings! Anything that would give you flight. Now you can fly! This is what I call a shortcut. These shortcuts seem to make matters worse because they do not improve overall control. They just make the task easier. But this is not true! You just need to do one more thing which you have done before....become aware!.....

You become lucid by becoming aware that you are in a dream and that nothing in your world is real. This sudden awareness is needed again once your up there flying around with your jetpack on. Become aware that the jetpack is not real. It does not exist and is only another part of your mind! Therefore, you don't really need it at all to fly! You can fly yourself as the jetpack was never really there!

Shortcuts allow you to achieve what you want and they can also be used to get more fuller control in the long run!

Shortcuts could be used for many things! Having trouble creating people? Draw pictures of them on a magic scrapbook so they appear! Having trouble morphing or body swapping? Use a magic body swaping kiss or a sex change gun or anything your imagination can think of!

Prolonging your lucidity
Spinning is known to be the best method for prolonging lucidity. I do not think it is the best but I do believe it is the best out of all the common techniques. The reason it works is because you feel yourself in the world around you. Spinning gives you multiple impressions that you really are in the world you believe you are. You can feel the air, you can see different angles of the world quickly and you can feel yourself change position in the world. This brings dreams back when they fade. Other techniques work better though....it all depends on the person dreaming! Any technique which makes you "feel" and gives you proof that you are a part of the complex world around you will work. Spinning, jumping and touching the ground, clapping your hands as you spin and also rubbing your hands together are good ones. Don't just rub your hands together...rub them on the wall or floor and FEEL the textures!

I had some other things to talk about when you are lucid but I'm tired now and can't be bothered.

Okay, I hope this was of some use to someone out there! This whole document took me just less than an hour to write and it wasn't planned or anything! I just wrote it all now! I am planning on making a website where I can describe the method in the most detailed way possible except that will take planning and time. So until then I hope this quick document is enough information and I hope I didn't just waste an hour for nothing!

Thanks for reading (if you did).

I hope you do actually read it! (If you didn't).

Pedro.

Or Peter Harrison if anyone cares!

P.S. VILD is copyright (C) Peter Harrison 2003 lol....hmm maybe not

Questions answered by Pedro
'''Something doesn't seem to make sense; when you go to sleep at evening, your body goes through some stages before entering REM mode. So why do you claim that you immediately enter your dream after visualizing that dream scene?'''

I'm sure you don't remember any of the other sleep periods... you have no recollection of the periods between RL and dreaming. So it seems immediate. I'm thinking of my dream scene over and over and suddenly I realize that this time I'm not just imagining it! I'm in the dream - how strange...

'''Let's say I do VILD and eventually I do end up in the dream. How am I supposed to know that it is a dream and I am not just imagining the scene again?'''

It might not make much sense just now but if it works you'll see that there is a difference. When you get in the dream you are actually in your scene rather than just visualizing it. You do realize this but you don't really since you aren't lucid and your goin with the flow. As soon as you do the reality checks you become lucid. I promise you won't still think your imagining it. It's a totally different experience.

title: Lucid Dreaming/Appendices/VILD


text:
Lucid Dreaming/Further Reading

On the web

 * Lucid Scribe Database — an online sleep and consciousness research database documenting the effects of lucidity on dreams.
 * Lucid Dreaming FAQ — Frequently Asked Questions (Updated 2009)
 * bird's lucid dreaming website has sample material from the webmaster's 200 page ebook, "The Ultimate Lucid Dreaming Manual: Basics And Beyond".
 * Lucid dreaming at the Skeptic's Dictionary A skeptic's view of lucid dreaming.
 * Learn Lucid dreaming: A Step by Step Approach A step by step guide on the various methods of inducing lucid dreams.

In print

 * The Art of Dreaming by Carlos Castaneda ISBN 006092554X : Like the skins of an onion, there are other worlds existing within our own and, through training and study, we can alter our consciousness and visit these amazing places. The greatest student of traveling through those spiritual universes is anthropologist Carlos Castaneda. Via the teachings of the great sorcerer don Juan, he has taken millions of readers on amazing journeys of the soul with such books as The Teachings of Don Juan, A Separate Reality, and Journey to Ixtlan. After six years of study and meditation, Carlos has now written what may be his most significant book of all, The Art of Dreaming - a book that fully explores how those on a spiritual quest can use "the fourth gate" of dreams as a two-way hatch to other worlds. With The Art of Dreaming, you will learn, as Carlos did, how finding the way to alternate realities through the consciousness of dreams is the essence of the great sorcerers; how ancient, remarkable, and sometimes dangerous beings now live among us; and how don Juan's training allows two or more people to dream and explore together. You will witness an adventure of the psyche unlike any other you've ever experienced, and you will participate fully in Castaneda's latest discoveries and explorations - discoveries and explorations that are as eye-opening and thrilling as anything he's ever written about before. Most of all, however, you will be utterly captivated by the story of this man's remarkable life and journeys of the soul; journeys that could only come from the teachings of don Juan, and the writings of Carlos Castaneda.

 * The Conscious Exploration of Dreaming : Discovering How We Create and Control Our Dreams by Janice E. Brooks and Jay A. Vogelsong ISBN 1585005398 : This book is the summary of the experiences of some experienced lucid dreamers. It's not written from the same viewpoint as many of the more mystical books on the subject, which is both interesting, as they report on their experiences in detail without trying to influence you, and discouraging, in that they do not believe it is equally easy or possible for everyone to dream lucidly.

 * "Creative Dreaming" by Patricia L. Garfield, Ph.D., ISBN 0-345-33144-3 : Includes chapters on Senoi Dreamers, Yogi Dreamers, as well as Lucid Dreamers.

 * Dreaming Reality by Joe Griffin and Ivan Tyrrell ISBN 1-89-939836-8 : A rewritten, simplified version of The Origin of Dreams incorporating further recent supporting studies and simplified for a wider audience.

 * Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming by Stephen LaBerge ISBN 0-34-537410-X : One of the best known books about lucid dreaming. Includes techniques for lucid dream induction. Not really a "scientific study", more of a how-to/self-help book with some theory about lucid dreaming. For scientific publications by LaBerge, see for example Sleep and Cognition.

 * Lucid Dreaming : A Concise Guide to Awakening in Your Dreams and in Your Life by Stephen LaBerge ISBN 1-59-179150-2 : Dr. Stephen LaBerge draws on recently developed techniques that teach you to be aware of what you are dreaming, and ultimately control and manipulate the outcome of your dreams, in order to: overcome long-term, deep-seated fears, anxieties, and phobias; harness the healing power of your unconscious, awaken creativity, and more.

 * Lucid Dreams in 30 Days : The Creative Sleep Program by Keith Harary and Pamela Weintraub ISBN 0-31-219988-0 : Harary and Weintraub explore the mysteries of our sleeping selves and show readers how to not only understand but also control their dreams in this fascinating creative sleep program.

 * The Origin of Dreams by Joseph Griffin ISBN 1-89-939830-9 : A recent theory about why we dream and what dreams mean. Includes in-depth information about the biology of dreams. Only briefly mentions lucid dreaming.

 * "Dream yoga and the Practice of Natural Light" By Chogyal Namkhai Norbu editor Michael Katz ISBN 1-55939-161-8. : An extremely influential presentation of Tibetan Buddhist techniques for developing awareness within the dream state and their relationship to the experience of death and dying. Available in more than 20 languages.

 * The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep by Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche ISBN 1559391014 : A presentation of meditation practices which promote conscious dream and sleep experiences that can lead to liberation.

Sueño lúcido/Lecturas Sogno lucido/Letture

title: Lucid Dreaming/Further Reading


text:
User talk:Sidpatil

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Lucid_Dreaming/Using
This concerns the edit to Lucid_Dreaming/Using

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title: User talk:Sidpatil


text:
User talk:Migo416

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

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title: User talk:Migo416


text:
A-level Mathematics/OCR/M1/Formulae

Formulae
By the end of this module you will be expected to have learnt the following formulae:

Forces and Equilibrium

 * Weight $$= mass \times g $$
 * Limiting Friction: $$F = \mu R \,$$
 * $$ F = ma \,$$

Kinematics

 * $$ v = u + at \,$$
 * $$ s = ut + \frac {1}{2} at^2 $$
 * $$ s = \frac {1}{2}(u+v)t $$
 * $$ v^2 = u^2 + 2as \,$$
 * $$ s = vt - \frac {1}{2} at^2 $$
 * $$ v = \frac {ds}{dt}$$, $$ a = \frac {dv}{dt} $$

Linear Momentum

 * Momentum of a Particle: $$p = mv \,$$

Momentum is conserved. Therefore if there is a collision between 2 objects, the momentum before = momentum afterwards.

Impulse is the change in momentum.

title: A-level Mathematics/OCR/M1/Formulae


text:
Radiation Oncology/Ovary/Granulosa Cell Tumor

Granulosa Cell Tumor of the Ovary

Epidemiology

 * Uncommon, represents 2-5% of ovarian cancers
 * Incidence 1/100,000
 * Adult GCT
 * 95% of cases
 * Median age at diagnosis: perimenopausal (50-54)
 * Juvenile GCT
 * 5% of cases
 * Usually seen in prepubertal girls and women <30
 * Present with isosexual precocious pseudopuberty, or abdominal/pelvic pain due to large mass
 * Typically favorable prognosis
 * No association with known mutations, including BRCA1/BRCA2
 * Typically present with vaginal bleeding due to increased hormones

Histology

 * Derived from the granulosa cell (estradiol production)
 * Convert androstenedione produced in thecal cells to estradiol via aromatase
 * Categorized as sex cord-stromal tumor
 * Tumor markers
 * Estradiol
 * Even though granulosa cells produce estradiol, it's not a great marker
 * No elevation in ~30% of patients with GCT
 * Inhibin
 * Useful marker of GCT in pre- and post-menopausal women
 * Negative feedback stimulator of FSH
 * Levels should be low in post-menopausal women
 * Mullerian inhibitory substance (MIS)
 * Produced by granulosa cells in developing follicles, and is thus cyclical
 * Undecetable in post-menopausal women

Risk Factors

 * Clinical factors
 * Stage most important
 * Path factors
 * Large tumors (>10-15 cm worse)
 * Tumor rupture
 * High mitotic index

Survival

 * Staging uses FIGO System
 * Majority present with Stage I disease (80-90%)

Treatment Overview

 * Surgery is main initial management
 * Patients are typically in the same way as epithelial ovarian CA
 * Stage IA: Can consider fertility preservation with unilateral SO and careful staging
 * Otherwise: TAH/BSO (2-8% bilateral)
 * Perform endometrial biopsy to rule out concomitant uterine CA
 * Adjuvant therapy
 * Stage I (no RFs): none
 * Stage I (high risk):
 * Chemotherapy (BEP, EP, CAP, or single agent platinum) or
 * RT to whole pelvis or whole abdomen
 * Stage II:
 * Same as high risk Stage I: chemo or RT
 * Stage III/IV:
 * Platinum-based chemo
 * Whole abdomen RT if optimally debulked Stage III
 * Recurrent disease:
 * Secondary surgical debulking if feasible
 * Abdominal RT
 * Platinum-based chemo
 * Hormonal approaches (GNRH, tamoxifen, progestins) in selected patients

Radiation

 * MD Anderson, 1999 (1949-1988) PMID 10094877 -- "Radiation treatment of advanced or recurrent granulosa cell tumor of the ovary." (Wolf JK, Gynecol Oncol. 1999 Apr;73(1):35-41.)
 * Retrospective. 14 patients treated with RT for measurable residual or recurrent disease. Median F/U 13 years
 * RT: 10/14 moving strip whole abdomen to 27-28 Gy, 4/10 pelvic RT to 45-61 Gy
 * Response: 6/14 CR, but 3/6 failed 4-5 years later. 8/14 PD with median survival 12 months
 * Conclusion: RT can induce response, with occasional long-term remission

Review

 * Harvard, 2003 PMID 12637488 -- "Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary." (Schumer ST, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Mar 15;21(6):1180-9.)


text:
User:Jacobroche

I'm here for the Hebrew. That's about it. Almost everything I know of it, I learned here.

title: User:Jacobroche


text:
Radiation Oncology/NSCLC/Lung Brachytherapy

Lung Brachytherapy

Guidelines

 * American Brachytherapy Society; 2001 PMID 11301833 -- "Brachytherapy for carcinoma of the lung." (Nag S, Oncology (Williston Park). 2001 Mar;15(3):371-81.)

Limited Resection with Intraoperative Brachytherapy

 * ACOSOG Z4032 -- sublobar resection versus sublobar resection + brachytherapy
 * Randomized. 222 patients. Median age 71. Surgery versus surgery + brachytherapy. Inclusion criteria: tumor ≤ 3 cm; and high risk (FEV1<50% predicted, DLCO <50% predicted or age >75, exertional dyspnea, borderline PFTs)
 * 2007 PMID 17909906 -- "Dosimetric evaluation of radiation exposure during I-125 vicryl mesh implants: implications for ACOSOG z4032." (Smith RP, Ann Surg Oncol. 2007 Dec;14(12):3610-3. Epub 2007 Oct 2.)
 * Dosimetry. 22 patients. I-125 vicryl mesh implants, 40-60 seeds. Median activity 0.5 mCi per seed, median total activity 23 mCi
 * Outcome: median dose to radiation oncologist 1 mrem, surgery 2 mrem, control diode on patient 5.4 mrerm/h
 * Conclusion: Very little radiation exposure to physicians and staff during segmentectomy and I-125 vicryl mesh implantation
 * 2014 PMID 24982457 -- "Impact of Brachytherapy on Local Recurrence Rates After Sublobar Resection: Results From ACOSOG Z4032 (Alliance), a Phase III Randomized Trial for High-Risk Operable Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer." (Fernando HC, J Clin Oncol. 2014 Aug 10;32(23):2456-62. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.53.4115. Epub 2014 Jun 30.). Median F/U 4.4 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS surgery 61% vs surgery + brachytherapy 56% (NS). 5-year LR 14% vs 17% (NS); no difference in time to recurrence or pattern of local recurrence. Local recurrence/death 43% vs 49% (NS)
 * Conclusion: Brachytherapy did not reduce local recurrence after sublobar resection

 * Multi-Institutional; 2005 PMID 15678034 -- "Lobar and sublobar resection with and without brachytherapy for small stage IA non-small cell lung cancer." (Fernando HC, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Feb;129(2):261-7.)
 * Retrospective. 4 institutions (Pittsburgh, UCLA, City of Hope, Allegheny General). 291 patients with T1N0. Sublobar resection (n=124) compared with lobar resection (n=167). Brachytherapy in 48% of sublobar operations. Sublobar patients older (SS), worse pulmonary function (SS). Mean F/U 2.9 years
 * Outcome: Sublobar LR no brachy 17% vs. brachy 3%. No difference in OS in small tumors (<2 cm). Significantly better OS in large tumors (2-3cm) lobar 5.8 years vs. sublobar 4 years (SS)
 * Conclusion: Intraop brachy may reduce LR with small tumors

 * Pittsburgh; 2003 PMID 14605631 -- "Comparison between sublobar resection and 125Iodine brachytherapy after sublobar resection in high-risk patients with Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer." (Santos R, Surgery. 2003 Oct;134(4):691-7; discussion 697.)
 * Retrospective. 203 patients. 102 Stage IA treated 1989-1994 with surgery alone, 101 patients Stage IA-B treated 1997-2002 with surgery + intraoperative I-125 BT. BT mesh placed over staple line
 * Recurrence: local - surgery alone 19% vs. surgery + BT 2% (SS), systemic 28% vs. 22% (NS)
 * Toxicity: no difference in periop mortality or hospital stay
 * Conclusion: Safe, should be considered in compromised patients

 * Tufts; 2003 PMID 12537222 -- "Limited resection for non-small cell lung cancer: observed local control with implantation of I-125 brachytherapy seeds." (Lee W, Ann Thorac Surg. 2003 Jan;75(1):237-42; discussion 242-3.)
 * Retrospective. 33 patients with 35 NSCLC, limited resection + brachytherapy I-125 seeds. Median F/U 4.2 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS 47%, T1N0 67%, T2N0 39%. Cancer-specific survival 77% and 53%
 * Recurrence: overall 29%, local 6%, regional 17%
 * Conclusion: Brachytherapy I-125 implantation gives low local recurrence, may prolong survival

Review
 * Royal Surrey; 2008 (UK) PMID 19056322 -- "Intraoperative seed placement for thoracic malignancy-A review of technique, indications, and published literature." (Stewart AJ, Brachytherapy. 2008 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print])
 * Summary of methods of brachytherapy seed placement and the published experience of brachytherapy implants within the thorax; radiation safety and postoperative dosimetry also reviewed

Aorta RT Tolerance
 * ''Please see the Aorta Toxicity section

Definitive Endobronchial Brachytherapy

 * MSKCC Experience PMID 3027826 -- "Intraoperative radiotherapy in stage I and II lung cancer." (Hilaris B, Seminars in Surgical Oncology. 1987;3(1):22-32.)
 * Treated patients with brachy alone from 1950's to 1980's who were unable to tolerate surgical resection.
 * Median survival of 2.6 years
 * 53% local control

Palliative Endobronchial Brachytherapy

Systematic Review
 * Cochrane Review; 2008 PMID 18425900 -- "Palliative endobronchial brachytherapy for non-small cell lung cancer." (Cardona A, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD004284.)
 * 13 randomized trials; meta-analysis not attempted due to heterogeneity of patients and treatments.
 * Outcome: EBRT alone more effective for palliation than EBB alone. No conclusive evidence to recommend EBRT + EBB compared with EBRT alone.

 * Cancer Care Ontario; 2006 PMID 16864071 -- "The role of high-dose-rate brachytherapy in the palliation of symptoms in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review." (Ung YC, Brachytherapy. 2006 Jul-Sep;5(3):189-202.)
 * 29 trials
 * Outcome:
 * Previously untreated patients: EBRT alone more effective than HDRBT. HDRBT with EBRT seems better symptoms relief than EBRT alone
 * Previously treated patients: HDRBT recommended, provided it is technically feasible
 * Toxicity: Fatal hemoptysis ranged from 7% to 22%

Retrospective Evidence
 * Novi Sad, Serbia; 2010 PMID 20439194 -- "Clinical risk factors for early complications after high-dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy in the palliative treatment of lung cancer." (Zaric B, Clin Lung Cancer. 2010 May;11(3):182-6.)
 * Retrospective. 761 patients, advanced-stage lung cancer, HDRBT as part of multimodality therapy.
 * Outcome: Complication rate 5.4%. Predictors for complications: HTN, chronic cardiac arrhythmias, COPD, cardiomyopathy
 * Conclusion: Closer monitoring of patients with identified risk factors is advisable

 * Heidelberg; 2010 (1987-2005) PMID 19836162 -- "Treatment of recurrent bronchial carcinoma: the role of high-dose-rate endoluminal brachytherapy" (Hauswald H, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jun 1;77(2):373-7. Epub 2009 Oct 14.)
 * Retrospective. 41 patients, prior EBRT (median dose 56 Gy), retreatment with HDRBT for symptomatic recurrence. Median dose 15 Gy (5-29 Gy), median time-to-irradiation 9 months (2-54). Median F/U 7 months
 * Outcome: Initial local control 73%; LC 6-months 38%, 1-year 17%. OS 6-months 58%, 1-year 18%. Median LC PFS 4 months
 * Toxicity: Fatal hemorrhage 15%; no Grade 3-4 toxicity in patients with locally controlled disease
 * Conclusion: Palliative retreatment with HDRBT can be effective, causing only few complications

 * Poznan, Poland; 2009 PMID 19854525 -- "HDR endobronchial brachytherapy (HDRBT) in the management of advanced lung cancer--comparison of two different dose schedules." (Skowronek J, Radiother Oncol. 2009 Dec;93(3):436-40. Epub 2009 Oct 23.)
 * Retrospective. 648 patients, advanced lung cancer. Palliative HDRBT doses schedules 22.5/3 once/week (47%) or 10/1 (53%)
 * Outcome: No difference in survival, similar efficacy in overcoming difficulties in breathing
 * Conclusion: Similar efficiency between the two treatment protocols

 * MD Anderson, 2000 PMID 11020566 -- "High-Dose-Rate Endobronchial Brachytherapy effectively palliates symptoms due to airway tumors:  The 10-year M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Experience." (Kelly, J.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48(3):697-702.)
 * 175 patients who underwent HDR
 * 15 Gy at 6mm most common Rx
 * 66% patients show symptomatic improvement
 * 2nd look bronchoscopy showed 78% objective response rate
 * 13% actuarial complication rate at 1 year

 * Indiana University, 1994 PMID 7509330 -- "High dose rate afterloading intraluminal brachytherapy in malignant airway obstruction of lung cancer." (Chang, LF. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Feb 1;28(3):589-96.
 * 76 pts (225 HDR applications); 59 received concurrent external beam, 1pt w/ concurrent xrt
 * 7 Gy to 1cm; 3 fractions at 2 wk intervals
 * 87% response rate for dyspnea (28% CR)
 * 95% response rate for hemoptysis (57% CR)
 * 4 acute complications (3 massive hemoptysis, 1 mild hemoptysis).


text:
User talk:210.55.214.73

Regarding edits made during March 20 2007
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 02:45, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 02:46, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:210.55.214.73


text:
User talk:61.69.12.11

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Jim Thomas (aka Jomegat) 03:24, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Regarding edits made during March 20 2007
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 03:43, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Stop hand.svg|left|30px]]

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.  -- Az1568(Talk) 04:41, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:61.69.12.11


text:
User:Kroum

Visit my page at Wikipedia.

title: User:Kroum


title: Hebrew/Language2