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Talk:Developing A Universal Religion/Introduction to Part Four

Religion is born as a result of major superhuman enlightenment or observation of occurance of superhuman event by the masses. Only when the masses of people observe such event with their mortal senses then people would truely believe in the existence of the power and knowledge beyond their mortal existences and understand and believe those close to the immortals/with superhuman abilities.

Only under such circumstances, the mass of people will believe and follow the teachings of any new religion.

However, over time, the superhuman events may be forgotten or the newer generations begin to doubt and question such occurances. Thus books were written by our ancestors to remind the future generation of such events and teaching.

In the 21st century, only when events are observed by the mass of people in real life and not on internet, not on TV, not on radio will then a new universal religion be born. (Man has learned the skill of altering the airwave, microwave, radiowave, electromagnetic wave to shape the perception of events to their advantage, but man has not mastered the abilities to change the belief and morality for generations to come)

We are a long way from creating a new religion as we currently cannot fully understand the existing religions, and sincerely practice its teachings.

Too many interpretation of simple truth to suit one's unique circumstances thus result in sacrificing others' circumstances. The inability to even map out one's current cause and future effect does not make creating a new path easy.

The people of the 21st century need to understand and practice the core meaning of any chosen religion of their preference and they will understand that all religions are the same.

All doors open to the same path. Yet, few have the ability to open the right door so that they can walk on the right path. Worst, some may open the wrong door and tread the wrong path by choosing the non-core.

Till the day that we have learned the ability to live on another planet, we have only one Earth to share with all other living organisms. Hence human should treat this one planet well and human will live long enough to find another planet so as to leave this earth for other organisms to evolve peacefully and assist them a little when situation warrants.

The previous beings that live on this Earth has done so eons ago, and now is the time for human to repeat this same task for years to come.

By: sgxbroker on 28 Dec 06


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Spanish/Exercises/¿Dónde vives?

Welcome to the exercises related to lesson 4 of ¡Aprovéchalo! The answers can be found here. Also, try translating the dialogue at the top of the lesson page.

Countries of the World

 * Translate the following sentences from Spanish to English.
 * Vivo en Inglaterra
 * Son de España
 * ¿Eres de Alemania?
 * Vivimos en el sur de Francia
 * ¿Vivís en Gales?
 * Es de Escocia
 * ¿Dónde vive?
 * Somos del norte de Irlanda
 * Viven en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos
 * Soy de Canadá

 * Translate the following sentences from English to Spanish
 * We come from Spain
 * I live in England
 * He comes from the north of Mexico
 * Where are you from?
 * Why do you live in Australia?
 * They come from Canada
 * Do you all live in Wales?
 * He's from the UK
 * She lives in eastern Germany
 * Where does he come from?

Housing
Match the Spanish to the English.

Adjectives
Correct the following sentences.
 * 1) Las hombres malas
 * 2) Un niño buena
 * 3) Unas niñas malo
 * 4) Un mujer buena
 * 5) El hombre buena
 * 6) La niña bonito
 * 7) Unos hombres malas
 * 8) Los mujers malos

City and countryside
Translate the following from Spanish to English and visa versa.
 * 1) La ciudad es ruidosa
 * 2) I live in a house in the countryside
 * 3) El campo es fantástico; se puede caminar en los bosques
 * 4) She is from the city
 * 5) Viven en el campo de Inglaterra
 * 6) The city is lively; there are lots of things to do
 * 7) Lo malo sobre la ciudad es que no queda ninguna follaje
 * 8) Do you live in the city or the countryside?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Spanish/Exercises/¿Dónde vives?


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Spanish/Answers/¿Dónde vives?

Dialogue

 * Raúl: Hello! Where do you live?
 * ''Sofía: Hello, Raúl. I live in a flat in London, England. And you?
 * ''Raúl: OK. I live in the South of Spain.
 * ''Sofía: In the countryside or the city?
 * ''Raúl: The country. Cities are noisy.
 * ''Sofía: Yes, but there's nothing to do in the countryside.
 * ''Raúl: Well, bye Sophie!
 * ''Sofía: See you!

Countries of the World

 * 1) I live in England
 * 2) They're from Spain
 * 3) Are you from Germany?
 * 4) We live in the South of France
 * 5) Do you all live in Wales?
 * 6) He/She/It is from Scotland
 * 7) Where does he/she/it live?
 * 8) We are from Northern Ireland
 * 9) They live in Southwestern USA
 * 10) I am from Canada

 * 1) Somos de España
 * 2) Vivo en Inglaterra
 * 3) Es del norte de México
 * 4) ¿De dónde eres?
 * 5) ¿Por qué vives en Australia?
 * 6) Son de Canadá
 * 7) ¿Vivís en Gales?
 * 8) Es del Reino Unido
 * 9) Vive en el este de Alemania
 * 10) ¿De dónde es?

Habitations

 * c
 * g
 * a
 * h
 * d
 * i
 * e
 * b
 * f

Adjectives

 * 1) Los hombres malos
 * 2) Un niño bueno
 * 3) Unas niñas malas
 * 4) Una mujer buena
 * 5) El hombre bueno
 * 6) La niña bonita
 * 7) Unos hombres malos
 * 8) Las mujeres malas

City and Countryside

 * 1) The city is noisy
 * 2) Vivo en una casa en el campo
 * 3) The countryside is fantastic; you can walk in woodland
 * 4) Es de la ciudad
 * 5) They live in the English countryside
 * 6) La ciudad es animada; hay mucho para hacer
 * 7) The bad thing about the city is that there isn't any foliage
 * 8) ¿Vives en la ciudad o el campo?

title: Spanish/Answers/¿Dónde vives?


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Card Games/Klaverjas

Klaverjas is a trick-taking card game of unknown origin, possibly Dutch.

The game is easy to learn and very addictive, but offers a considerable level of complexity and depth. The game is played in many different ways, but the core rules are basically the same.

Playing the game
Start with a deck of 32 cards (2,3,4,5,6 and jokers) of each suit removed.

The game generally involves 4 players, two teams of 2, with players in the same team opposite each other. The game involves the selection of trumps and the accumulation of points, generally 1001 points per set.

Each player is consecutively dealt 3, 3 and 2 cards (8 cards per player), the last card being kept separate from the dealers hand. Players pick up their cards and sort them into the various suits, players do not show their hands to any other player. The dealer can look at the separated card to fully assess the hand, but is careful not to show that card to anyone.

Once all players have assessed their hand and are ready to play, the dealer turns over the separated card and the player to the left of the dealer is then required to either nominate the suit of the turned up card as TRUMPS ("take on") or passes ("pass"), if passed the next player to the left does the same, and so on until the dealer. On the first round, only the suit of the turned up card can be nominated. The first round is performed as quickly as possible so as to ensure that players are not able to alert their playing partner to any particular strength in the hand. IF the dealer passes, the player to the left of the dealer then has a second opportunity to "take on" in any suit other than the original turned up suit. If passed the next player to the left does the same and so on until the dealer. If all players pass twice, then the player to the left of the dealer is required to take on and may revert to any of the suits. In addition to "take on" in a suit, a player may in the second round nominate "no trumps".

In taking on a suit, a player needs to be reasonable sure of the strength in the hand and the ability of the team to collect sufficient points to beat the other team. If a player takes on and does not collect more points than the other team then the other team is awarded all the points for the hand, this is known as "Bait".

Once Trumps or No Trumps has been selected, the player to the left of the dealer, selects and plays the first card, each of the 3 remaining player consecutively play their cards ("A trick")

Rules

 * 1) All players are required to play a card in the suit of the first card played in the trick "suit called for".
 * 2) If a player does not have the suit that is called for then the player is required to play a trump card.
 * 3) If Trumps is called for then each consecutive player is required to play a higher trump card "over trump". If the player cannot over trump, then any trump card can be played. This is a strategy used by a team to try and capture the Minel or a high trump card. E.G. Player 1 plays an Ace of trumps, Player 2 is required to over trump with the Minel and player 3 (player 1 teammate) over trumps with the JAS. Player 4 cannot over trump and thus would play a low trump worth no points.
 * 4) Card Strength: trumps is stronger than any other suit, so any trump card will always beat any card of another suit. The relative strength of cards is as follows :
 * 5) *Trumps
 * 6) **Jack ("JAS") – worth 20 extra points - points belong to the team that takes the trick.
 * 7) **9 – ("Minel") worth 14 extra points - points belong to the team that takes the trick.
 * 8) **Ace – face value 11 points
 * 9) **10 – face value 10 points
 * 10) **K – face value 4 points
 * 11) **Q – face value 3 points
 * 12) **8 – no value
 * 13) **7 – no value
 * 14) *Other suits & no trumps
 * 15) **Ace – 11 points
 * 16) **10 – 10 points
 * 17) **K – 4 Points
 * 18) **Q – 3 points
 * 19) **J – 2 points
 * 20) **9 – 0 points
 * 21) **8 – 0 points
 * 22) **7 – 0 points
 * 23) *Other combinations worth extra points :
 * 24) **Player with 3 consecutive cards in the same suit - "A 20" worth 20 extra points
 * 25) **Player with 4 consecutive cards in the same suit - "A 50"  worth 50 extra points
 * 26) **Player with K & Q of Trumps "Bella" worth 20 extra points.
 * 27) **Team which takes the last trick in the hand "Stoch" - worth 10 extra points.

title: Card Games/Klaverjas


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Spanish/Lessons/¿Qué te gusta hacer?

Lesson 5 — ¿Qué te gusta hacer?

Dialogue

 * Raúl: ¡Hola, Sofía! ¿Te gustan los deportes?
 * Sofía: Buenos días. Me encanta jugar al fútbol. ¿Y tú?
 * Raúl: No, no me gusta. Sin embargo, practico natación todo el tiempo/siempre.
 * Sofía: Ah, no sé nadar. ¿Juegas al ajedrez?
 * Raúl: Sí, me encanta; es un juego muy divertido.
 * Sofía: ¡Adiós, Raúl!
 * Raúl: ¡Hasta mañana!

Translation (wait until the end of the lesson).

Sports and Activities

 * Notes
 * In Spanish, if an activity is a game, then you "play" it (jugar), otherwise you "practice" it (practicar). For example, it's jugar al tenis ("to play tennis") but practicar la natación ("to go swimming").
 * If someone plays an instrument you use the verb tocar. For example, tocar la guitarra ("to play the guitar")
 * The verbs are all regular, except:
 * Jugar (this is discussed in detail below)
 * Ver (veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven)

 * Examples
 * Veo mucho la tele.
 * I watch TV a lot
 * Practico natación.
 * I go swimming.
 * ¿Practicas judo?
 * Do you do judo?
 * Practicamos muchas actividades.
 * We do many activites
 * ¿Por qué cantáis?
 * Why do you sing?
 * ¿Cuándo lee?
 * When does he or she read?

Go to the exercises.

Stem-changing Verbs
Jugar the first type of irregular verb; known as a stem-changing verb. Basically, in the "I", "you", "he/she/it" and "they" forms, the u or o changes to a ue. The jugar example is written out below.

 * Other verbs that follow this pattern
 * poder ("to be able to"): puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden
 * dormir ("to sleep"): duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen
 * encontrar ("to find"): encuentro, encuentras, encuentra, encontramos, encontráis, encuentran

 * Notes
 * The verb jugar always has a after it: jugar a. In Spanish, a el gets contracted to al and de el gets contracted to del. So, it would be juego al rugby.
 * Poder (meaning "to be able to") is usually followed by another verb, making "I can do something". The following verb must be in the infinitive. For example, puede leer ("he can read").

 * Examples
 * Juego al tenis.
 * I play tennis.
 * ¿Jugáis al ajedrez?
 * Do you play chess?
 * ¿Qué deportes juegas?
 * What sports do you play?
 * ¿Cuándo juegan al fútbol?
 * When do they play football?
 * ¿Puedes cantar?
 * Can you sing?
 * ¿Dónde duermes?
 * Where do you sleep?

Go to the exercises.

Compound Sentences
So far, everything we've written has been simple sentences — "My name is Santiago" (Me llamo Santiago); "The city is noisy" (La ciudad es ruidosa); "I play American football" (Juego al fútbol americano). Wouldn't it be fantastic if we could join them up? Below are some little words that will make our sentences longer, and more meaningful. You use them just like you do in English.

Also, everything we've written has been positive ("I do this, I do that"). To make it negative, we just add a word in front of the verb: no (meaning "not") or nunca (meaning "never"). For example, No juego al rugby (I don't play rugby"); Nunca como manzanas ("I never eat apples"). It's as simple as that.

 * Note
 * Porque ("because") and Por qué ("why") are similar and easy to mix up; make sure you don't!

 * Examples
 * Me llamo Chris y mi cumpleaños es el veinte de agosto.
 * My name is Chris and my birthday is on the 20th of August.
 * Hay dos direcciones: derecha e izquierda.
 * There are two directions: right and left one.
 * Me llamo Raúl, pero él se llama Roberto.
 * My name is Raúl, but his name is Robert.
 * No practica judo.
 * He doesn't do judo.
 * Juego al fútbol americano y practico natación también.
 * I play American football and I go swimming too.
 * No vivo en una ciudad porque las ciudades son ruidosas.
 * I don't live in the city because cities are noisy.

Go to the exercises.

¿Qué opinas sobre los deportes?
To ask someone about their opinions in Spanish, use Qué opinas sobre ("What is your opinion about") then the thing you want their opinion on (¿Que opinas sobre los deportes? means "What do you think about sports?").

Gustar
There is no verb for "to like" in Spanish. Instead, you use gusta (meaning "it pleases") and a personal pronoun; you say that "it pleases me" or "I am pleased by it". The personal pronouns are shown below.
 * Notes
 * Like any other verb, you can put no in front of it, to say "I don't like" (No me gusta).
 * If you like an activity rather than a thing, just use the infinitive afterwards: "I like swimming" (Me gusta nadar).
 * Gusta means "it pleases", so only works for singular things. If the thing that you like is plural (the women for example), you add "n"; because, in Spanish, the thing that you like (women, in this case) is the subject of the sentence: me gustan las mujeres ("I like women").

Love and Hate
Just saying you like or dislike something is a bit dull. Saying you love something is really easy. Instead of gusta, use encanta (Me encanta leer means "I love reading"). To say you hate something, use the regular verb Odiar (odio, odias, odia, odiamos, odiáis, odian). You can also use nada or mucho to add emphasis to gusta. For example, No me gusta nada ver la tele ("I don't like watching TV at all"); Me gusta mucho el ajedrez ("I like chess a lot"). Go to the exercises.
 * Examples
 * ¿Qué opinas sobre el ajedrez?
 * What do you think of chess?
 * Me gusta el críquet.
 * I like cricket.
 * No le gustan los deportes.
 * He doesn't like sports.
 * Nos gusta jugar al rugby y fútbol.
 * We like playing rugby and football.
 * Les gusta mucho nadar, pero no pueden cantar.
 * They like swimming a lot, but they can't sing.
 * ¿Te gusta practicar la natación?
 * Do you like going swimming?
 * ¿Por qué os gusta el tenis?
 * Why do (all of) you like tennis?
 * Odian el ajedrez.
 * They hate chess.
 * Me encantan los deportes, así vivo en la ciudad.
 * I love sports, so I live in the city.

Summary
In this lesson, you have learned: You should now do the exercise related to each section (found here), and translate the dialogue at the top before moving on to lesson 6...
 * How to say some sports and activities (el rugby; la natación; cantar).
 * How to say you play and do these things (juego al rugby; practicamos natación).
 * About a few stem-changing verbs (encuentro, encuentras, encuentra, encontramos, encontráis, encuentran)
 * How to make longer and negative sentences (no; nunca; así; pero).
 * How to ask for opinions (¿Qué opinas sobre el fútbol?; ¿Te encanta leer?)
 * How to express opinions (Me gusta; Le gustan; Me encanta; Odiamos)

title: Spanish/Lessons/¿Qué te gusta hacer?


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Food pyramid

The food pyramid guide is updated and published by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The 2005 version is shown here:

With the updated version, the USDA did away with "number of servings" criteria, and replaced it with a web-based tool that features individualized plans and statistics. The tool can be found at mypyramidtracker.gov. This tool also allows a person to enter a daily food diary, analyze nutrient intake, and can compare an individual's diet with the food pyramid recommendations. Other improvements to the pyramid include the replacement of "serving size" with the more objective "cups."

Following the food pyramid helps ensure that a person gets a balanced and varied diet. To know the recommendations for a particular individual using the current version of the USDA food pyramid, you must first go to MyPyramid.gov and enter the Pathfinder's profile (age, sex, and physical activity). This will tell you how much of each food category the Pathfinder should eat.

The values in the table below are for children who are physically active for 60 minutes or more per day. Use the USDA website for adults and for less active children.


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Food pyramid chart


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 21A of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section provides that, except where expressly provided elsewhere in the Taxes Acts, the profits of a Schedule A business are computed in the same way as the profits of a trade are computed for the purposes of Case I of Schedule D.

The following sections therefore apply to the calculation of profits under Schedule A in the same way as they apply to the calculation of profits under Schedule D:

The following provisions apply in accordance with subsection (1)-

 * Section 72 (apportionment);
 * the provisions of Chapter V of Part IV (computational provisions relating to the Schedule D charge), except as mentioned below;
 * Section 577 (business entertainment expenses);
 * Section 577A (expenditure involving crime);
 * Sections 579 and 580 (redundancy payments);
 * Section 588 (training courses for employees);
 * Section 589A (counselling services for employees);
 * Section 73(2) of the Finance Act 1988 (consideration for restrictive undertakings);
 * Section 43 of the Finance Act 1989 (deductions in respect of certain emoluments);
 * Sections 42 and 46(1) and (2) of the Finance Act 1998 (provisions as to computation of profits and losses).
 * Sections |196, 196A, 197, 198, 199 and 200 of the Finance Act 2004 (registered pension schemes);
 * Section 246 of the Finance Act 2004 (employer-financed retirement benefits schemes).

Section 74(1)(d) ICTA (disallowance of provisions for future repairs) applies in relation to a Schedule A business as if the reference to premises occupied for the purposes of the trade were to premises held for the purposes of the Schedule A business.

The following provisions that do apply for Schedule D purposes do not, however, apply for Schedule A:

 * Section 87 (treatment of premiums taxed as rent), and
 * Section 98 (tied premises: receipts and expenses treated as those of trade).

Part 1 of Schedule 22 to the Finance Act 2001 (deduction for capital expenditure on remediation of contaminated land) applies in accordance with subsection (1), and the other Parts of that Schedule (further provision as to relief for remediation of contaminated land) have effect in relation to a Schedule A business in accordance with their provisions.


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Balanced menu

Of course you are free to select foods you like to eat, but here are a few ideas, including the food groups they belong to:

Suggested Breakfast Foods

 * Pancakes (Grains)
 * Oatmeal (Grains and Milk)
 * Cold cereal (Grains and Milk)
 * French Toast (Grains, Meat & Beans)
 * Scrambled eggs (Meat & Beans)
 * Vegetarian breakfast links (Meat & Beans)
 * Bananas (Fruit)
 * Hot Chocolate

Suggested Lunch and Supper Foods

 * Haystacks (Grains, Meat & Beans, Dairy, Vegetables)
 * Apples, Oranges, Bananas (Fruits)
 * Grilled Cheese (Grains, Dairy)
 * Vegetarian burgers (Grains, Meat & Beans, Vegetables)
 * Vegetarian hotdogs (Grains, Meat & Beans)
 * Vegetarian chili (Meat & Beans, Vegetables)
 * Salad (Vegetables)
 * Fruit juice (Fruit)
 * Spaghetti with marinara sauce and Parmesan cheese (Grains, Vegetables, Dairy)
 * Spaghetti with chili, onions, beans, and cheese (Grains, Vegetables, Dairy, and Meat & Beans)
 * Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches (Grains, Meat & Beans, Fruit)
 * Macaroni and Cheese (Grains, Dairy)
 * Bread on a stick (Grains)


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 21B of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section lists some further provisions that apply to a Schedule A business in the same way as they apply to a trade:

 * Sections 103, 104, 105, 106 and 110 (post-cessation receipts and expenses, etc.);
 * Section 337(1) (effect of company beginning or ceasing to carry on trade);
 * section 401(1) (pre-trading expenditure);
 * Section 64 of and Schedule 22 to the Finance Act 2002 (change of accounting basis).


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 21C of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section allows a Schedule A charge to arise on rental business conducted on a mutual basis. The surplus arising is treated as the Schedule A profit.

Nothing in this section affects the operation of section 488 (co-operative housing associations).


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 24 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section makes some definitions for the purposes of Part 2 of ICTA (except where the context otherwise requires).

The following are defined:

lease includes an agreement for a lease, and any tenancy, but does not include a mortgage or heritable security, and lessee, lessor and letting shall be construed accordingly; lessee and lessor include respectively the successors in title of a lessee or a lessor; premises includes any land; and premium includes any like sum, whether payable to the immediate or a superior landlord or to a person connected (within the meaning of section 839) with the immediate or a superior landlord.

Any sum (other than rent) paid on or in connection with the granting of a tenancy is presumed to have been paid by way of premium except in so far as other sufficient consideration for the payment can be shown to have been given.

Where paragraph (c) of section 38(1) (rules for ascertaining the duration of leases) applies, the premium, or an appropriate part of the premium, payable for or in connection with either lease mentioned in that paragraph may be treated as having been required under the other.

References in this section to a sum shall be construed as including the value of any consideration, and references to a sum paid or payable or to the payment of a sum shall be construed accordingly.

In the application of this Part to Scotland-

assignment means an assignation; intermediate landlord means, where an occupying lessee is a sub-lessee, any person for the time being holding the interest of landlord under a sub-lease which comprises the property of which the occupying lessee is sub-lessee, but does not include the immediate landlord; premium includes in particular a grassum payable to any landlord or intermediate landlord on the creation of a sub-lease; and reversion means the interest of the landlord in the property subject to the lease.

References to a lease extend only to a lease conferring a right, as against the person whose interest is subject to the lease, to the possession of the premises; and rent includes a payment by the tenant to defray the cost of work of maintenance of, or repairs to, the demised premises, not being work required by the lease to be carried out by the tenant.


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Corporation tax/Rental income

Rental income is taxed under Schedule A, if it arises from UK land, and under Case V of Schedule D if it arises from overseas land. The rules for UK and overseas land are the same.

In most instances a company is deemed to have a single Schedule A business. If, however, it is a partner in a partnership, rental income from that partnership is deemed to be a separate Schedule A business. These rules are amended for life assurance companies.

Rental income is calculated in the same way as trading income. In practice this means identifying the part of the profit shown in the financial statements that relates to rental income and making certain adjustments There are, however, some special rules that apply to taxing rental income that do not apply to trading income.

These are:

 * A Schedule A charge can arise on mutual business ;
 * There are special rules dealing with leases;
 * There are special rules dealing with furnished holiday accommodation;
 * There is a special rule allowing a deduction for expenditure on sea walls.


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Template:Anonlinks

Special:Contributions/

title: Template:Anonlinks


text:
User talk:67.170.163.63

Cookbook:Dessert
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Webaware 22:17, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.170.163.63


text:
User talk:80.194.188.248

Cookbook:Atkins Diet Cooking
Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is intended to be read without the need for external reference and requires content rather than external links particularly those which are for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links may include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that exist to attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page rather than re-adding it. See the welcome page to learn more about Wikibooks. Thank you. Webaware 22:22, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.194.188.248


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User:Az1568/List1

List 1 from Wikiversity:Open Proxies.

title: User:Az1568/List1


text:
User:Slady

have a look at slady's main account (or slady in english wikipedia)

cs:user:slady

title: User:Slady


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sleepwear

A good sleeping bag is essential to staying warm at night. Campers should absolutely not go to bed wearing their dirty day clothes. This will only make the sleeping bag filthy and the camper will not be as comfortable. Wear thermal underwear, pajamas, and/or a sweatsuit. Layering will keep you warmer, but if you toss and turn a lot, they may twist around and become uncomfortable.

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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire site selection

Do not build a fire within of a tent. Sparks from the fire can easily travel that far and strike a tent, either burning a hole in it, or setting it ablaze. If it is occupied, this can be deadly. A fire should likewise not be built underneath trees as it is possible to ignite the tree's canopy. Stay clear of vehicles as well.

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Econometric Theory/Methodology of Econometrics

How does the econometrician go ahead in analysing an economic theory? What is needed is a methodology, i.e. a step-by-step procedure. This is similar to other social sciences.

Theory
A theory should have a prediction. In statistics and econometrics, we also speak of hypothesis. One example is the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) proposed by Keynes. Other examples could be that lower taxes would increase growth, or maybe that it would increase economic inequality, and that introducing a common currency has a positive effect on trade.

Specification of the Mathematical Model
This is where the algebra enters. We need to use mathematical skills to produce an equation. Assume a theory predicting that more schooling increases the wage. In economic terms, we say that the return to schooling is positive. The equation is:

$$ Y = \beta_1 + \beta_2 X $$,

where Y is the variable for wage and $$ \beta_1 $$ is a constant and $$ \beta_2 $$ is the coefficient of schooling, and X is a measurement of schooling, i.e. the number of years in school. We also call $$ \beta_1 $$ intercept and $$ \beta_2 $$ a slope coefficient.

Normally, we would expect both $$ \beta_1 $$ and $$ \beta_2 $$ to be positive.

Specification of the Econometric Model
Here, we assume that the mathematical model is correct but we need to account for the fact that it may not be so. We add an error term, u to the equation above. It is also called a random (stochastic) variable. It represents other non-quantifiable or unknown factors that affect Y. It also represents mismeasurements that may have entered the data. The econometric equation is:

$$ Y = \beta_1 + \beta_2 X + u $$. The error term is assumed to follow some sort of statistical distribution. This will be important later on.

Obtaining Data
We need data for the variables above. This can be obtained from government statistics agencies and other sources. A lot of data can also be collected on the Internet in these days. But we need to learn the art of finding appropriate data from the ever-increasing loads of data.

Estimation of the model
Here, we quantify $$ \beta_1 $$ and $$ \beta_2 $$, i.e. we obtain numerical estimates. This is done by statistical technique called regression analysis.

Hypothesis Testing
Now we go back to the part where we had economic theory. The prediction was that schooling is good for the wage. Does the econometric model support this hypothesis. What we do here is called statistical inference (hypothesis testing). Technically speaking, the $$ \beta_2 $$ coefficient should be greater than 0

if schooling is positively effect on wages (accept the hypothesis).

Forecasting or Prediction
If the hypothesis testing was positive, i.e. the theory was concluded to be correct, we forecast the values of the wage by predicting the values of education. For example, how much would someone earn for an additional year of schooling? If the X variable is the years of schooling, the $$ \beta_2 $$ coefficient gives the answer to the question.

Use for Policy Recommendation
Lastly, if the theory seems to make sense and the econometric model was not refuted on the basis of the hypothesis test, we can go on to use the theory for policy recommendation. If your theory was really good, then maybe you will earn the Nobel Prize of Economics.


text:
Econometric Theory/Types of Econometrics

There are two branches of econometrics: theoretical econometrics and applied econometrics.

The former is concerned with methods, both their properties and developing new ones. It is closely related to mathematical statistics, and it states assumptions of a particular method, its properties. It is particularly important to know when they are not fulfilled.

Applied econometrics does what it says: it applies econometric theory to branches within economics, such as unemployment figures, portfolio theory, demand and supply functions, et.c.


text:
Econometric Theory/Statistical Packages

Many statistical programs are available for data analysis and statistical computing, including a variety of commercially distributed software: Eviews, SAS, Stata, RATS, TSP, WinBUGS and SPSS, and open source packages, such as Gretl and R.

Wikibooks

 * Statistical Analysis: an Introduction using R
 * R Programming
 * Stata
 * SAS

Wikipedia Links

 * Econometrics
 * Statistics Software

Software

 * SHAZAM
 * Eviews
 * SAS
 * Stata
 * RATS
 * TSP
 * WinBugs
 * SPSS
 * gretl: an open-source statistical package, mainly for econometrics

title: Econometric Theory/Statistical Packages


text:
User talk:Brian Barbera

Vandalism
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Webaware 01:12, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Web is grouchy! Haha! —Brian Barbera 01:13, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Blocked
You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikibooks. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. --Az1568(Talk) 01:44, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Thought
You seem to be spending time in rather non productive ways. We encourage you to use what you know to make meaningful contributions. If you interpret people here as grouchy, please realize most people are acting in good faith to improve the quality of the content. We would be thankful if you contribute your knowledge meaningfully. "[The internet]...cannot adequately convey emotion". --Remi0o 08:38, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I call people grouchy just for the fun of it. —Brian Barbera 06:25, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

PA People
Hello brian, I see that you are from pennsylvania as well. I right down the turnpike, near KoP.

There are actually a surprisingly large number of wikibookians from our humble state. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 00:38, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Blocked - again.
You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikibooks - again. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. Note that block periods are increased until you will be blocked indefinably. --Krischik T 15:57, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Re:Horses
I am neither a knight in shining armor, nor do I ride a horse. To be honest, i've never rode a horse in my life! --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 18:29, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Wikimedia Pennsylvania
Hello there!

I'm writing to inform you that we are now forming the first local Wikimedia Chapter in the United States: Wikimedia Pennsylvania. Our goals are to perform outreach and fundraising activities on behalf of the various Wikimedia projects. If you're interested in being a part of the chapter, or just want to know more, you can: Thanks and I hope you sign up!  Cbrown1023  talk  16:33, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Contact us on IRC at #wikimedia-pa
 * Join our mailing list
 * Visit our blog at http://wmfpa.blogspot.com
 * Sign our list of interested participants

title: User talk:Brian Barbera


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire safety

 * Locate the fire in a safe place. It should be clear for 10 feet (3 meters) all around.
 * Do not light a fire beneath overhanging branches.
 * Do not use accelerants, such as lighter fluid, gasoline, kerosene, etc. Learn to light a fire without these.
 * Put the fire out completely before leaving it. If it's too hot to put your hands in the ashes, it's not sufficiently out.  Douse it down with water, turn the coals with a shovel, and be sure to extinguish every coal and ember.
 * Do not build a fire on top of flammable material such as grass or leaves.
 * Cut away the sod (keep it moist so it stays alive, and replace it before your leave), and clear away the duff and litter.
 * Keep fire extinguishing supplies handy and near the fire. A bucket of water or sand, or a fire extinguisher are recommended.
 * Do not remove burning sticks from a fire.
 * Watch for embers that escape the fire pit and extinguish them immediately.
 * Wear proper footwear around a fire.
 * Be aware that paper, cardboard, and leaves create floating embers that rise out of the fire pit and may land dozens of yards away.
 * Do not light a fire when conditions are adverse (high winds, or drought conditions).


text:
User talk:74.224.36.22

Cookbook:Tempura
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Webaware 02:25, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:74.224.36.22


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Knife safety

 * Keep your blades sharp. A dull knife is difficult to push through wood, requiring additional force. When the wood finally gives, the blade keeps going.
 * Always push the blade away from you, and constantly consider where the blade will go.
 * Keep your fingers clear of the blade at all times.
 * When splitting wood with a knife, do not hammer on the back of the blade. This weakens the attachment to the handle and deforms the blade.
 * Close a pocket knife when it's not in use or when you are carrying it.
 * Keep all blades away from heat. Heat will remove the temper, softening the blade. A soft blade will not hold an edge, making it nearly impossible to keep it sharp.

|


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Axe safety

 * Before chopping any wood, take a gentle practice swing to check that the axe will not catch on anything (such as an overhead branch).
 * Consider what will happen if you miss whatever you are chopping at - will you accidentally hit a finger? A foot? A bystander? Leave plenty of margin for error.
 * Make sure the axe head is firmly attached to the axe handle. If it is loose, you may tighten it by wetting the handle, by driving a hardwood wedge into the handle through the eye of the blade, or by rapping the axe handle vertically on a hard surface.
 * Keep bystanders away by one arms length plus two axe-lengths.
 * When handing someone an axe, present the handle to them rather than the blade.
 * Walk with the blade facing away from you.
 * Sheathe the axe when it is not in use.
 * Always maintain firm footing when using or carrying an axe.
 * Stop when you are tired and rest. Tired people are more prone to accidents and mistakes.

/Overlapping requirements


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/Writing in Chinese

=Writing in Chinese= Learning to read and write Chinese characters will probably be your largest obstacle in this course. Since Chinese has no alphabet with reusable letters, there is no way around lots of writing practice and rote memorization. But while there is no small set of glyphs that can be used to write the entire language, there is reuse and repetition. Although pinyin is useful for representing the sounds characters make, they couldn't be used to replace characters, since many words make the same sounds.

Remember the way you learned to write the Latin alphabet—with extensive practice. While difficult and time consuming, learning Chinese characters can be an enjoyable and rewarding experience that provides a window into Chinese culture. The writing system has been in continuous use for over 3000 years, with the traditional characters essentially unchanged since the 7th century. There is a story in every character.

Additionally, because of the difficulty, people tend to be that much more impressed by foreigners who take it upon themselves to learn Chinese characters.

CJK strokes
The CJK strokes (also known as the CJK(V) or CJKV strokes) are the strokes needed to write the Chinese characters used in East Asia. The corresponding CJKV characters being the characters that come from Chinese Hanzi, and which are now used in China, Japan, Korea, and still a little in Vietnam.

There are some thirty distinct types of strokes recognized in Chinese characters, some of which are compound strokes made from basic strokes. The compound strokes comprise more than one movement of the writing instrument, and many of these have no agreed-upon name.

Each single stroke includes all the motions necessary to produce a given part of a character before lifting the writing instrument from the writing surface; thus, a single stroke may have abrupt changes in direction within the line. For example:
 * [[Image:S-black.png|30px]] is one stroke, named Shu, and also a basic stroke (one direction)
 * [[Image:SZZ-black.png|30px]] is a compound stroke, named ShuZheZhe, comprising 3 basic strokes but written without lifting the writing instrument from the writing surface.

Several aspects of interest in the study of CJK(V) strokes are, for example, their use in East Asian calligraphy (how write them, which shape, which way), their change according to which style is in use, their naming and counting conventions, and their use on computers.

Basic strokes

The "dot" is rarely a real dot. Instead it usually takes the shape of a very small line pointing in one of several directions, and may be long enough to be confused with other strokes.

Certain strokes (such as gōu and zhé, the "hook" and "break") never occur alone, but always in compound strokes. Thus, they are not in themselves individual strokes.

The character for "eternity" shown in the following image demonstrates some of these compound strokes. The centre line is a compound stroke that combines three stroke shapes in a single stroke.

Writing CJK strokes
To write CJK characters, one must know how to write CJK strokes, and thus, needs to identify the basic strokes that make up a character. The following section lists the most usual common shapes of the basic CJK strokes, and the proper way of writing each. Many different lists of basic strokes coexist and there is no broad agreement as far as the stroke names are concerned (examples). We use a set of 37 CJK strokes based on the 8 basic strokes of 永, and 29 other compound strokes. We also use a common naming system, which is not the only available. The strokes are painted in black and a red arrow shows the way to write it (you can click on images to enlarge them).
 * The 8 principles of Yong, the 8 basic strokes
 * [[Image:D-black.png|25px]] － the Diǎn 點, is a Dot. Filled from the top, to the bottom, traditionally made by "couching" the brush on the page.
 * [[Image:H-black.png|25px]] － the Héng 横, is horizontal. Filled from left to right, the same way the Latin letters A, B,C,D are written.
 * [[Image:S-black.png|25px]] － the Shù 豎, is vertical-falling. The brush begins by a dot on top, then falls downward.
 * [[Image:G-black.png|25px]] － the Gōu 鉤, ending another stroke, is a sharp change of direction either down (after a Heng) or left (after a Shù).
 * [[Image:T-black.png|25px]] － the Tí 提, is a flick up and rightwards
 * [[Image:W-black.png|25px]] － the Wān 彎, follows a concave path on the left or on the right
 * [[Image:P-black.png|25px]] － the Piě 撇, is a falling leftwards (with a slight curve)
 * [[Image:N-black.png|25px]] － the Nà 捺, is falling rightwards (with an emphasis at the end of the stroke)
 * (+ [[Image:XG-black.png|25px]] － the Xié 斜 is sometimes added to the 永's strokes. It's a concave Shù falling right, always ended by a Gōu, visible on this image).

This 8 traditional basic strokes are used to make all other compound strokes －or complex strokes－. In example, Shù plus Gōu produce named ShùGōu. The new way of naming strokes is simply the sum of the names of the basic strokes, in the writing order. Moreover, a turn of 90⁰ (and only of 90⁰) producing a Shù or a Héng is called Zhé 折. In example, Héng plus Shù plus Gōu produces named HéngZhéGōu. Shù plus Héng plus Shù produces a ShùZhéZhé. Nearly all complex strokes can be named using this simple scheme.
 * 8 basics making 29 compound strokes

It is essential to recognize and know how to draw the different strokes that make a character. To properly draw a Chinese character, it is also necessary to draw the strokes with respect to a certain order.

Stroke Order
Every character has a specific stroke order to it. It may seem at first like this would make writing characters harder by being one more thing to remember, but definite stroke orders actually help you to remember characters. The "motor memory" you develop from following the same order every time helps develop a rhythm that flows through until the end of the character. In contrast, just attacking a character with a random stroke order each time might leave you with lots of half-completed characters!

The principal rules to keep in mind are shown in the chart below, with specifics following.

1. Write from left to right, and from top to bottom.

As a general rule, characters are written from left to right, and from top to bottom. For example, among the first characters usually learned is the word "one," which is written with a single horizontal line: 一. This character has one stroke which is written from left to right (see image).

The character for "two" has two strokes: 二. In this case, both are written from left to right, but the top stroke is written first. The character for "three" has three strokes: 三. Each stroke is written from left to right, starting with the uppermost stroke.

This rule applies also to more complex characters. For example, 校 can be divided into two. The entire left side (木) is written before the right side (交). There are some exceptions to this rule, mainly occurring when the right side of a character has a lower enclosure (see below), for example 誕 and 健. In this case, the left side is written first, followed by the right side, and finally the lower enclosure.

When there are upper and lower components, the upper components are written first, then the lower components, as in 品 and 襲.

2. Horizontal lines are written from left to right; vertical lines are written from top to bottom

3. Horizontal before vertical

When strokes cross, horizontal strokes are usually written before vertical strokes: the character for "ten," 十, has two strokes written as follows: 一 → 十.

4. Ocassionaly Vertical before Horizontal

There are some circumstances where the vertical stroke is written before a horizontal, such as when the character ends in a horizontal stroke at the bottom. E.g., 上 is written 一 then | then _.

5. Cutting strokes last

Vertical strokes that "cut" through a character are written after the horizontal strokes they cut through, as in 書 and 筆.

Horizontal strokes that cut through a character are written last, as in 母 and 海.

6. Diagonals right-to-left before left-to-right

Right-to-left diagonals (ノ) are written before left-to-right diagonals (乀): 文.

7. Centre verticals before outside "wings"

Vertical centre strokes are written before vertical or diagonal outside strokes; left outside strokes are written before right outside strokes: 小 and 水.

8. Outside before inside

Outside enclosing strokes are written before inside strokes; bottom strokes are written last (see 4): 日 and 口. This applies also to characters that have no bottom stroke, such as 同 and 月.

9. Left vertical before enclosing

Left vertical strokes are written before enclosing strokes. In the following two examples, the leftmost vertical stroke (|) is written first, followed by the uppermost and rightmost lines (┐) (which are written as one stroke): 日 and 口.

10. Bottom enclosing strokes last

Bottom enclosing strokes are always written last: 道, 週, 画.

11. Dots and minor strokes last

Minor strokes are usually written last, as the small "dot" in the following: 玉.

If you're not sure about the stroke order of a Chinese character, you can usually look it up in an online Chinese dictionary. For example, nciku has stroke order animations for almost all Simplified Chinese characters (look up a single-character word and scroll down to the bottom of the page).

title: Chinese (Mandarin)/Writing in Chinese


text:
User:Az1568/List2

List 2 from Wikiversity:Open Proxies.

title: User:Az1568/List2


text:
Paleontology/What is Paleontology

Paleontology is the study of past life. It is considered to include all the history of life on Earth from about 3.5 billion years ago to nearly the present. The study of past human civilizations and their immediate precursors, which are covered by the related science of archaeology.

The study of Palaeontology includes the study of fossils, the places they occur, how things become fossils, the relationship of one fossil with other fossils and living species, and the environment they lived in. It also involves the piecing together past organisms from their remains as living organisms.

Most paleontologists need to have some knowledge of geology, anatomy, ecology, and other fields of science depending on their specialty.

Paleontology is usually classed as a branch of geology, but because it studies past life, it is heavily reliant on the biological sciences as well. In universities and museums paleontologists, and some paleontology programs, are included as part of biology departments instead of or in addition to their relationships with geology departments.

Among the sub disciplines of paleontology are the following:

 * Invertebrate paleontology - the study of fossil invertebrates.
 * Molecular Paleontology - the recovery of DNA from ancient remains.
 * Paleoanthropology - the study of human evolution (this comes closest to archaeology).
 * Paleoautecology - the study of an individual fossil in relation to the ancient habitat where it occurred.
 * Paleobotany - the study of fossil plants.
 * Paleoecology - the study of ancient ecosystems as a whole, not just the individual species that occurred.
 * Paleosynecology - the study of fossil assemblages.
 * Paleornithology - the study of fossil birds.
 * Ichnology - the study of tracks, burrows etc. considered to be trace fossils.
 * Taphonomy - the study of process of dying and the processes that occur after an organisms death).
 * Vertebrate paleontology - the study of fossil vertebrates.
 * Micropaleontology - the study of microscopic fossils.
 * Palynology - the study of fossil pollen.

title: Paleontology/What is Paleontology


text:
Talk:Choosing The Right File Format/CAD

SVG?
Should SVG be included here somewhere? Or maybe not, I'm not a draughtsman. — Sam Wilson (Australia) 05:51, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, done. --DuLithgow 09:33, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Choosing The Right File Format/CAD


text:
Talk:Paleontology/What is Paleontology

I will slowly develop this over the next feww weeks. Enlil Ninlil 05:54, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paleontology/What is Paleontology


text:
User:Enlil Ninlil

Help me please, im in a mental state.

title: User:Enlil Ninlil


text:
User talk:216.60.250.44

Regarding edits made during December 29 2006 (UTC)
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 06:24, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.60.250.44


text:
User talk:Enlil Ninlil

If you would like something to do, over at Wiki Source, A Course In Miracles could use inputting.

This website is being used as the source for the Wikisource entry. If you were consistent with the formatting already inputted into chapters one and two it would be appreciated. --Remi0o 06:28, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Enlil Ninlil. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Enlil Ninlil~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Enlil Ninlil


text:
User:Mrgabbard~enwikibooks

Michael Gabbard lives in Southwest Florida on the Gulf of Mexico in the U.S.A. with his life-partner and 4 Chihuahuas. Born in North Carolina and raised throughout the South, Texas, and California in a military family, Michael benefitted from the multi-cultural melting pot that is the American military. He chose European History and English Literature as his major areas of study in college.

He is an avid collector of world coinage, recipes from the 'old south' and around the world, and as an amateur genealogist has researched his extended family tree back to 1790 c.e. He is a student of religion, spirituality, and mythology.

title: User:Mrgabbard~enwikibooks


text:
SuperCard Programming/Basics/Project Structure

Projects
SuperCard files are usually refered to as projects.

A project can be:
 * edited and played in Supercard
 * played in the Supercard Player
 * turned into a Macintosh Application with the Standalone builder.

A SuperCard project can contain:
 * Windows, these windows contain one or more cards which contain the interface elements:
 * buttons
 * fields
 * graphics
 * Menus
 * Resources

Supercard Projects can use:
 * external files
 * QuickTime movies
 * sounds
 * text
 * other files

A Supercard project must contain one window, but the other elements are optional.

Using SuperTalk we can find out a lot about a project from:

the properties of the project

and

describe(this project,all)

Windows
SuperCard displays its contents in standard (or custom) Macintosh windows.

The windows can be Dialog, Movable, Palette, Plain, Scrolling, Shadow or Standard Style. You can also create custom windows of any shape in these styles: customWindow, customDialog, customPalette.

A project can be made up of one or many windows, the windows in a project can be any of the possible styles.

Windows do not have any parts, they contain cards which contains the other interface elements.

You can retrieve a list of cards and backgrounds with

describe(windowDescriptor, all)

Cards
Windows can be thought of as a pack of cards. Cards can be thought of as slides in a slide show or index cards of a rolodex.

A window contains at least one card.

Cards contain the interface elements: buttons, fields and graphics. Cards can also display video, QuickTime and other media. Cards have two layers the card layer and a background layer that is shared by one or more cards.

A list of objects on a card can be obtained with SuperTalk:

describe(cardDescriptor,all)

Background
Objects on a background appear on all the cards that share that background. Navigation buttons are an example of common background content. If you create a new card it will share the background with the current card. Creating a new Background will create a background and the first card of that background.

A list of objects on a Background can be obtained with SuperTalk:

describe(backgroundDescriptor,all)

Parts
Parts or Objects There are three main types of card parts. These can be on the card or the background layer:
 * buttons
 * fields
 * graphics

Parts are added to a card (or background) by choosing the appropriate tool and drawing them. For example you can choose the Round Rectangle button tool from the RTE's tool palette and draw a button. You can then double click it with the pointer tool and its info dialog will open and you can set it properties.

Parts can also be created with a SuperTalk script. In SuperTalk scripts parts can be referred to in three ways, by id, name or number. The id is given to an object by SuperCard when it is created in such a way it will be unique. The name can be give to an object via the Object Info dialog or with SuperTalk, it is not necessarily unique and can be changed. The Number is the objects stacking order.


text:
SuperCard Programming/Additional Resources

Web Links

 * SuperCard
 * modulopi Alt RTE
 * http://www.externals.net/ central place for finding externals
 * sc mail list
 * SuperCard Shell Essentials Wiki
 * sc webring
 * lorenz tschudi Example projects and SC tools
 * Matteo Varisco Externals
 * The Smallest SC Pages, keith martin Various SC information
 * sonsothunder- SuperCard Developer Resources
 * yenco.com Shareware made with SC
 * Fourth World SuperCard Embassy
 * Andy Baird Example projects and applications.
 * HairyHighlandCow Example projects and applications.
 * Littlefish - supercard Example projects and information.


text: User talk:Iamunknown/Header

title: User talk:Iamunknown/Header


text:
User talk:Jay W.

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:52, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jay W.


text:
User talk:Aussievic~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:54, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Aussievic. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Aussievic~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:57, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Aussievic~enwikibooks


text:
This Quantum World/Appendix/Complex numbers

Complex numbers
The natural numbers are used for counting. By subtracting natural numbers from natural numbers, we can create integers that are not natural numbers. By dividing integers by integers (other than zero) we can create rational numbers that are not integers. By taking the square roots of positive rational numbers we can create real numbers that are irrational. And by taking the square roots of negative numbers we can create complex numbers that are imaginary.

Any imaginary number is a real number multiplied by the positive square root of $$-1,$$ for which we have the symbol $$i=\, _+ \!\sqrt{-1}.$$

Every complex number $$z$$ is the sum of a real number $$a$$ (the real part of $$z$$) and an imaginary number $$ib.$$ Somewhat confusingly, the imaginary part of $$z$$ is the real number $$b.$$

Because real numbers can be visualized as points on a line, they are also referred to as (or thought of as constituting) the real line. Because complex numbers can be visualized as points in a plane, they are also referred to as (or thought of as constituting) the complex plane. This plane contains two axes, one horizontal (the real axis constituted by the real numbers) and one vertical (the imaginary axis constituted by the imaginary numbers).

Do not be mislead by the whimsical tags "real" and "imaginary". No number is real in the sense in which, say, apples are real. The real numbers are no less imaginary in the ordinary sense than the imaginary numbers, and the imaginary numbers are no less real in the mathematical sense than the real numbers. If you are not yet familiar with complex numbers, it is because you don't need them for counting or measuring. You need them for calculating the probabilities of measurement outcomes.

This diagram illustrates, among other things, the addition of complex numbers:

z_1+z_2 = (a_1 + ib_1) + (a_2 + ib_2) = (a_1 + a_2) + i(b_1 + b_2).$$

As you can see, adding two complex numbers is done in the same way as adding two vectors $$(a,b)$$ and $$(c,d)$$ in a plane.

Instead of using rectangular coordinates specifying the real and imaginary parts of a complex number, we may use polar coordinates specifying the absolute value or modulus $$r= |z|$$ and the complex argument or phase $$\alpha$$, which is an angle measured in radians. Here is how these coordinates are related:

 * $$a = r \cos \alpha,\qquad b = r \sin \alpha,\qquad r = \, _+ \!\sqrt{a^2+b^2},$$

(Remember Pythagoras?)

 * $$\alpha =

\begin{cases} \arctan(\frac ba) & \mbox{if } a > 0\\ \arctan(\frac ba) + \pi & \mbox{if } a < 0 \mbox{ and } b \ge 0\\ \arctan(\frac ba) - \pi & \mbox{if } a < 0 \mbox{ and } b < 0\\ +\frac{\pi}{2} & \mbox{if } a = 0 \mbox{ and } b > 0\\ -\frac{\pi}{2} & \mbox{if } a = 0 \mbox{ and } b < 0 \end{cases}\qquad\hbox{or}\quad \alpha = \begin{cases} +\arccos(\frac ar) & \mbox{if } b \geq 0\\ -\arccos(\frac ar) & \mbox{if } b < 0 \end{cases}$$

All you need to know to be able to multiply complex numbers is that $$i^2 = -1$$:

z_1 z_2 = (a_1 + ib_1)(a_2 + ib_2) = (a_1a_2 - b_1b_2) + i(a_1b_2 + b_1a_2).$$

There is, however, an easier way to multiply complex numbers. Plugging the power series (or Taylor series) for $$\cos$$ and $$\sin,$$

 * $$\cos x = \sum^{\infty}_{k=0} \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k)!} x^{2k} = 1-{x^2\over2!}+ {x^4\over4!} -{x^6\over6!}+\cdots$$

 * $$\sin x = \sum^{\infty}_{k=0} \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)!}x^{2k+1} = x-{x^3\over3!}+ {x^5\over5!} -{x^7\over7!}+\dots,$$

into the expression $$\cos\alpha+i\sin\alpha$$ and rearranging terms, we obtain

\sum_{k=0}^\infty {(ix)^k\over k!} = 1+ix+{(ix)^2\over2!} + {(ix)^3\over3!} + {(ix)^4\over4!} +{(ix)^5\over5!}+{(ix)^6\over6!} + {(ix)^7\over7!}+\cdots $$

But this is the power/Taylor series for the exponential function $$e^{y}$$ with $$y=ix$$! Hence Euler's formula

e^{i\alpha} = \cos\alpha + i\sin\alpha,$$

and this reduces multiplying two complex numbers to multiplying their absolute values and adding their phases:

(z_1)\, (z_2) = r_1 e^{i\alpha_1}\, r_2 e^{i\alpha_2} = (r_1 r_2)\, e^{i(\alpha_1 + \alpha_2)}.$$

An extremely useful definition is the complex conjugate $$z^* = a-ib$$ of $$z=a+ib.$$ Among other things, it allows us to calculate the absolute square $$|z|^2$$ by calculating the product

zz^* = (a+ib) (a-ib) = a^2+b^2.$$

1. Show that

\cos x={e^{ix}+e^{-ix}\over2}\quad\hbox{and}\quad\sin x={e^{ix}-e^{-ix}\over2i}.$$

2. Arguably the five most important numbers are $$0,1,i,\pi,e.$$ Write down an equation containing each of these numbers just once. (Answer?)


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Talk:Digital Circuits/Finite State Machines

=Help Needed= I wrote what I know of finite state machines, transition tables, and state diagrams from a more general mathematics/computer science background in a fashion I thought applied to digital circuits, but I was actually reading through here in an attempt to learn about digital circuits, so I am uncertain as to its appropriateness for this context. Jay W. 10:56, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Fact Check
User:139.168.29.22 wrote that:

A system that has "n" inputs can potentially go from any state to 2^n other states. (here)

This strikes me as false. A finite state machine with $$n$$ inputs could have only 1 state, its initial, with all combinations of those inputs generating a transition to the identical state. (For example: a 2-input AND gate acting as the function $$F(x) = xx^\prime$$.) If someone else thinks he was right, feel free to comment here about it, and we can see about adding it back in. —Jay W. 23:34, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I think what that confusingly-brief sentence was trying to say was: Given a system with "n" inputs, the "branching factor" of any particular state is at most 2^n. For example, given a finite state machine with only 1 input, each state can transition to at most 2^1 = 2 other states (a binary tree). Certainly most real systems have a branching factor far, far less than 2^n -- any particular state goes to only a few other states, any particular input is ignored in most states.

It seems fairly obvious to me -- but it is obvious enough that we don't need to mention it to a new learner? --DavidCary 17:59, 13 July 2007 (UTC)


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User:Jay W.

I am a math student with nascent interests in operations research, high-performance computing (especially parallel computing), and applied math in general. I've side interests in scripts, languages, and programming.

I've also recently taken an interest in computer architecture/engineering, hence my work on the Digital Circuits book.

title: User:Jay W.


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Horticulture/Forsythia

Forsythia is both the common name and botanical name of a plant genus belonging to the ../Oleaceae/ (Olive family). It is named after William Forsyth, and comprises six species of deciduous shrubs to 3–6 m tall, mostly native to Asia, but one native to southeastern Europe.

Description
The leaves are opposite, usually simple but sometimes trifoliate with a basal pair of small leaflets, and range from 4–12 cm long; the margin is serrated. The flowers are produced in the early spring before the leaves, bright yellow with four petals. The fruit is a dry capsule, containing several winged seeds.

The species are:
 * ../Forsythia europaea/, from the Balkans
 * ../Forsythia giraldiana/, from northwest China
 * ../Forsythia japonica/ from Japan
 * ../Forsythia ovata/, from Korea
 * ../Forsythia suspensa/, from China
 * ../Forsythia viridissima/, from China

The hybrids Forsythia × intermedia (F. suspensa × F. viridissima) and Forsythia × variabilis (F. ovata × F. suspensa) have been produced in cultivation.

Ecology
Forsythias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Brown-tail and The Gothic.

Use
Forsythias are popular early spring flowering shrubs in gardens and parks. Two are commonly cultivated for ornament, Forsythia × intermedia and Forsythia suspensa. They are both spring flowering shrubs, with yellow flowers. They are grown and prized for being tough, reliable garden plants. Forsythia × intermedia is the more commonly grown, is smaller, has an upright habit, and produces strongly coloured flowers. Forsythia suspensa is a large to very large shrub, can be grown as a weeping shrub on banks, and has paler flowers. Many named garden cultivars can also be found.

Commercial propagation is usually by cuttings, taken from green wood after flowering in late spring to early summer; alternatively, cuttings may be taken between November and February.

F. suspensa (Chinese: 连翘; pinyin: liánqiào) is considered one of the 50 fundamental herbs in Chinese herbology. Forsythia sticks are used to bow a Korean string instrument called ajaeng.

Forsythia bloom is frequently used as a phenological indicator for timing pre-emergent herbicides in lawns.

Pests and diseases
../Crown Gall/ caused by ../Agrobacterium tumeifasciens/

../Leaf Spots/ caused by several species of fungi including ../Alternaria/ and ../Phyllosticta/ spp.

../Dieback/ caused by ../Sclerotinia sclerotiorum/

../Root Knot/
 * ../Meloidgyne hapla/: Northern Root Knot Nematode

../Scales/ ../Bugs/ ../Beetles/
 * White Peach Scale: ../Pseudaulacapsis pentagona/
 * Four-Lined Plant Bug: ../Poecilocapsus lineatus/
 * Twobanded Japanese Weevil: ../Callirhopalus bifasciatus/
 * Redheaded Flea Beetle: ../Systena frontalis/
 * Twobanded Japanese Weevil: ../Callirhopalus bifasciatus/ (on roots)

title: Horticulture/Forsythia


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Introduction to Game Theory/Theory of rational choice

Rational choice theory assumes human behaviour is guided by instrumental reason. Accordingly, individuals always choose what they believe to be the best means to achieve their given ends. Thus, they are normally regarded as maximizing utility, the "currency" for everything they cherish (for example: money, a long life, moral standards). As the modern formulation of much older descriptions of rational behaviour, Rational choice theory belongs to the foundational theory of economics. Over the last decades it has also become increasingly prevalent in other social sciences.

Rational choice theory adopts methodological individualism; it conceives of social situations or collective behaviors as the exclusive result of individual actions. However, rational choice theory is not only applied to individual human actors. Often, the same pursuit of cherished values is assumed for collective entities, for example corporations or national governments.

For a choice to be considered "rational", a number of assumptions are ordinarily stated:
 * In economics, the key concept is preference: a preference ranking for a set of items is considered rational if preferences are 1) complete (every item is ranked) and 2) transitive (if A is preferred to B, and B to C, then A is preferred to C). Thus, the decision-maker is able to compare all of the alternatives, and all comparisons are consistent.
 * If uncertainty is involved, then the independence axiom is often assumed in addition to rational preferences.
 * If decision-making over time is involved, time consistency is generally assumed as well.
 * Finally, the rational decision-maker must always choose the item he or she prefers.

Often, to simplify calculation and ease prediction, some rather unrealistic assumptions are made about the world. These can include:

Sometimes these assumptions have the status of "as if" propositions—statements that are not meant to be literally true but that predict the behaviors individuals are believed to exhibit.
 * An individual has precise information about exactly what will occur under any choice made. (Alternatively, an individual has a reliable probability distribution describing what will happen under any choice made.)
 * An individual has the cognitive ability to weigh every choice against every other choice.
 * An individual is aware of all possible choices.

Both the assumptions and the behavioral predictions of ""rational choice theory"" have sparked criticism from a number of camps. Some people have developed models of bounded rationality, which hope to be more psychologically plausible without completely abandoning the idea that reason underlies decision-making processes. For a long time, a popular strain of critique was a lack of empirical basis, but experimental economics and experimental game theory have largely changed that critique (although they have added other critiques, mainly by demonstrating some human behavior that consistently deviates from rational choice theory). Early critiques of the rational choice approach in political science for example, argued that the rational choice theorists could not explain why people voted, much less make more sophisticated arguments about political behavior.

Why rational choice theory?

One question that can be asked is why people try to base their models on concepts such as "reason", "preferences", and what is implied by them, free will. Some potential reasons: a) They see people as "rational" beings, and thus believe that a model in which they are represented as such should be reasonably accurate; b) Assumptions of rationality have useful formal properties; c) The individualistic methodology and the mathematical formalization of rational choice behavior allow for an easier understanding of complex social phenomena.

Teoria del joc/Teoria de la tria racional


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Econometric Theory/Important Terms and Concepts of Regression Analysis

In the Introduction chapter, it was mentioned that regression is the tool of econometrics. Here, some important terms and concepts are introduced.


text: User:LaTeX~enwikibooks

title: User:LaTeX~enwikibooks


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Econometric Theory/What is Regression?

Historical Meaning of Regression
The historical meaning of the term regression was coined by statistician Francis Galton. He observed that tall parents tended to have short children and short parents tended to have tall children. It seemed as though the height of people was heading to the average of the population across generations. His friend Karl Pearson collected statistics on the heights of individual family members. He found that sons of short fathers tended to be taller than the average height of those fathers and sons of tall fathers thus turned out to be shorter than their fathers.

Modern Interpretation of Regression
It can be said that regression analysis is used to model relationships between variables and determine the magnitude of those relationships. Regression analysis is really a more accurate description for regression, but regression is fully comprehensible as an abbreviated term and we will use that one henceforth.

Examples
A number of examples where regression can be used is:

 * 1. Galton was interested in finding out why average height was stable over generations. We could also say that we are interested in finding out why the average height of sons would be different from the average height of fathers. A hypothetical distribution can be seen in the scatter diagram to the right. In it, you can also see the regression line which shows the average height of sons given the average height of the fathers.

{scatter diagram}

 * 2. A monopolist wants to know how demand adjusts for changes in price or output. This allows him to maximise profit. This price responsiveness is called price elasticity.
 * 3. The Phillips curve describes the effect of changes in unemployment to the unemployment rate. This could be used to predict a suitable level of inflation that is suitable to the public opinion on unemployment.
 * 4. A policy maker may want to see if there is a relationship between expenditure on police and the crime rate in a particular area. It can be useful if we want to know how to tackle crime more efficiently by allocating more money where crime is higher.

Wikipedia links
Regression analysis

title: Econometric Theory/What is Regression?


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Econometric Theory/Regression versus Causation and Correlation

Statistical and deterministic Relationships
A deterministic relationship implies that there is an exact mathematical relationship or dependence between variables. An example in physics is Newton's law of gravity: $$ F = k \left ( \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2} \right ) $$, where F, the force, is proportional to a constant, k, the mass of two objects, $$ m_1 $$ and $$ m_2 $$, and inversely to the square of the distance.

A random or stochastic relationship allows that there is some variation in a relationship. This is where probability distributions will enter later on. The relationship may not be exact due to

 * measurement errors
 * reporting errors
 * computing errors
 * other influence,

etc. One example is crop yield relative to rain fall. We may not be able to measure the amount of rain accurately (measurement error), we round off to one decimal point (reporting error), there is a bug in the computer software that computes the sum (computing error) and there might be other factors such the quality of fertilisers, the quality of the earth and pollution (other influences).

Regression versus Causation
Regression deals with dependence amongst variables within a model. But it cannot always imply causation. For example, we stated above that rainfall affects crop yield and there is data that support this. However, this is a one-way relationship: crop yield cannot affect rainfall. It means there is no cause and effect reaction on regression if there is no causation.

In short, we conclude that a statistical relationship does not imply causation.

Regression versus Correlation
Correlations form a branch of analysis called correlation analysis, in which the degree of linear association is measured between two variables. If we calculate the correlation between crop yield and rainfall, we might obtain an estimate of, say, 0.69. This is reasonably high to prove that there is a mathematical relationship between them.

There is a distinction in how we regard the relationship between rainfall and crop yield. In statistics, both variables are assumed to be variables with random error in them. Both are treated on an equal footing and there is no distinction between them..

In regression analysis, crop yield is the dependent variable and rainfall is the explanatory variable, according to our theory. The distinction is that the independent variable has no random component, all values are fixed from this distribution

This will be important in {section on measurement}.

Wikipedia links
Correlation does not imply causation


text:
User talk:81.225.88.122

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
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 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

-- Herby talk thyme 15:43, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.225.88.122


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Econometric Theory/Terminology and Notation

Terminology and Notation
Above we discussed dependent variables and explanatory variables. There are many synonyms of various terms and these are no exception. The dependent variable can also be called:

 * Explained variable
 * Predictand
 * Regressand
 * Response
 * Endogenous
 * Outcome
 * Controlled variable

and the explanatory variable:

 * Independent variable
 * Predictor
 * Regressor
 * Stimulus
 * Exogenous
 * Covariate
 * Control variable

If we have one explanatory variable. We get what is called two-variable (simple) regression analysis. If we include more than one explanatory variable, it is called multiple regression analysis.

The error term is assumed to be random or stochastic variable. It implies that it can take any value within a given probability distribution and there are no other factors determining it. If other influences were known, it would no longer be random.


text:
Gmail/Chatting

Gmail chat is a relatively new instant messaging client which is compatible with other IM networks. At present it is only available to users of GMAIL and Google talk.

The Google Talk applications implement XMPP (the Jabber protocol). Clients which can use this protocol are widely available, so the lack of official Google clients on non-Windows systems is not an issue.

Using Jabber and associated technologies it is possible to talk to users of Google Talk even if you have a different Jabber client and do not have an account with Google.

(see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Talk)

title: Gmail/Chatting


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Econometric Theory/Data

Econometrics in absence of data would not exist. All data can be classified into a category and that can be important as the success of good econometric work depends on the nature, sources and limitations of the data used. Econometrics is a branch of economics that make use of mathematical approach to data.

Types of Data by opal
There are three types of data: time series, cross-section, and a combination of them is called pooled data.

Time series data of a variable have a set of observations on values at different points of time. They are usually collected at fixed intervals, such as daily, weekly, monthly, annually, quarterly, etc. Time series econometrics has applications in macroeconomics, but mainly in financial economics where it is used for price analysis of stocks, derivatives, currencies, etc.

Cross-section data are collected at the same point of time for several individuals. Examples are opinion polls, income distribution, data on GNP per capita in all European countries, etc.

Pooled data is a mixture of time series data and cross-section data. One example is GNP per capita of all European countries over ten years.

Panel, longitudinal or micro panel data is a type that is pooled data of nature. The difference is that we measure over the same cross-sectional unit for individuals, households, firms, etc. This branch of econometrics is called micro-econometrics.

Sources of Data
There are many sources of data and it can be very time-consuming to find all the data needed. In fact, finding data can take up more of the time than analysis in a project. Some sources are governmental agencies (Eurostat), international agencies (the International Monetary fund (IMF), the World Bank, the World Health Organisation (WHO), etc.), firms, etc.

The Internet has become the newest source of information over the last decade. There are lots of economic and financial data to obtain.

Data Accuracy
Because data in the social sciences are seldom generated under controlled conditions, there will always be unknown influences. This makes it difficult to obtain qualitative data for research. This was mentioned in the previous section.

Measurement of Scale Data fall into four categories which are important to know:

 * Ratio scale refers to quantities such as ratios $$ X_2/X_1 $$ and distances $$ X_2 - X_1 $$. There can be ordering of the data where comparisons are meaningful, such as $$ X_2 \le X_1 $$. Basically, this can be measure with a parametric approach to statistic.
 * Interval scale refers to distances as mentioned above, it can also be measure with a parametric approach to statisticss.
 * Ordinal scale refers to an order that is not quantitative but qualitative. We can also say that there is a "natural order" of grouping different categories. For example, there are different income classes (high, medium, low), sizes (large, medium, small), etc. An ordinal scale can be measure with both parametric and non-parametric statistics.
 * Nominal scale refers to states but there is no ordering amongst them. For instance, genders (male, female), materials (paper, plastics, wood), etc. Interval scale can only be measure with non-parametric approach to statistics.

title: Econometric Theory/Data


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User talk:RIKSHIT

Your username
Hi - we are sorry but your user name is not considered appropriate for editing on this Wiki - we do welcome contributions and hope you will look at selecting another user name - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 16:33, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:RIKSHIT


text:
User talk:Economiss

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 16:39, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Economiss


text:
Living in Japan/Dealing with Trouble

Emergencies
You can reach the police at any time by dialing 110, and fire and ambulance services by dialing 119. Dispatchers may not speak English. However, because they can trace the phone line you are dialing from, you really only need to know two words:

 * kaji = fire
 * kyu-kyu = emergency

It's also a good idea to keep the number of your home country's embassy so that they can notify your relatives or other contacts overseas in the event of an emergency.

Job trouble
Japanese law is very employee-friendly. In most cases, it is very difficult for your employer to fire or demote you unless you have been warned well in advance and have had opportunities to improve your problematic behavior. Even if you are fired, you are generally entitled to advance notice or equivalent severance pay.

The government provides labor consulting offices in every city (list in Japanese) which you can visit if you need help.

Marital trouble
A married couple in Japan can divorce by agreement at any time: all that's required is a divorce application, which is available at city hall. However, if you are unable to agree on the terms of your divorce, it is very difficult and time-consuming to get a divorce: hearings in the Family Court move at a glacial pace and may take years of hassle and legal bills. As a result, many Japanese couples end up living separately but remaining legally married.

Child custody is a major problem for foreigners who marry in Japan. Although both parents have the right to custody of their children in principle, disputes generally result in custody being awarded exclusively to one parent. Due to oddities in the family registration system, it is almost impossible for a foreigner to be a single parent in Japan, so custody is most likely to be awarded to the Japanese spouse, particularly if that spouse is the mother.

However, because court enforcement mechanisms are very weak in Japan, divorce has very few financial repercussions.

Questioning
A police officer may stop you in public to ask you some questions. The best strategy is to cooperate, as police officers expect cooperation from Japanese citizens. Some key points to remember:

 * As a foreigner, you must carry your alien registration card at all times.
 * You must show your alien registration card to any public official if they ask for it. However, you are entitled to see their ID before showing yours in order to ensure that they actually are a public official. You have no obligation to show ID to anyone who is not a public official.
 * Finally, you do not have to go to a police station unless you are arrested. If the police want to ask you questions, you can talk to them on the street or in any other convenient location.

Arrest
Getting arrested in Japan can be a very traumatic experience. Under Japanese law, the police may detain you for up to 23 days without a trial. They use this time to try to coerce a confession out of the suspect.

Criminal cases rarely proceed in Japan until the suspect confesses. Generally, if you do not confess to a crime while in police custody, the charges will be dropped or (if the evidence against you is strong) the police will detain you again. A form of "plea bargaining" often occurs through this process, where a suspect agrees to confess to a lesser crime in exchange for release and a lenient punishment (a fine or deportation).

If you are arrested, you are constitutionally entitled to the assistance of a lawyer. Local bar associations provide a "lawyer on call" (toban bengoshi) to assist anyone who is arrested. You can contact this lawyer by asking the police, or by calling the hotline for your local area. These attorneys are generally volunteers; you have no right to a government-appointed attorney until you are actually indicted (i.e., after you confess).

title: Living in Japan/Dealing with Trouble


text: Template:User United Kingdom

title: Template:User United Kingdom


text:
Template talk:User United Kingdom

Template transwikied from w:en:Template:User United Kingdom Ksbrown 17:47, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:User United Kingdom


text:
Ruby on Rails

Welcome to the Ruby on Rails book.

If you are interested in learning more about the Ruby language, then please go to the Ruby Programming book.

Ruby on Rails, or often seen as RoR is a contemporary web framework used by many web companies such as Twitter, Hulu and Kongregate. It allows developers to easily create and maintain applications with very little effort but huge functionality.

Important Note
Rails command start with "rails" and not "ruby/script".

Preface

 * /Introduction/
 * /Contributors/

Installation

 * Install on Windows
 * Install on OS X
 * Install on Linux

Concepts

 * Don't repeat yourself
 * Model-View-Controller
 * Convention over Configuration

First Application

 * Creating the application
 * Running the Server

Generators

 * Generators
 * Make a generator

Rake

 * What is Rake anyway?
 * Convenient Rake tasks
 * Make your own rake tasks
 * Command-Line Reference

ActiveRecord - The Model

 * Naming
 * Migrations
 * Associations
 * Callbacks
 * Validations
 * Attributes
 * Aggregations
 * Calculations
 * acts_as

ActionView - The View

 * Rendering and Redirecting
 * Layout Files
 * Forms
 * Uploads
 * Custom Helpers

ActionController - The Controller

 * Actions
 * Parameters
 * Sessions
 * Cookies

Routing

 * Routing

ActiveSupport

 * ActiveSupport

ActionMailer

 * ActionMailer

Examples

 * Examples
 * Generating valid HTML4.01

Other Resources

 * Other Resources

Ruby on Rails Ruby on Rails Ruby on Rails

title: Ruby on Rails


text:
Spanish/Contents/Archived

Old lessons and exercises

 * 1) Cómo presentarse Learn how to introduce yourself and converse with others. Learn how to talk about what you are and learn the alphabet.
 * 2) De viaje Learn how to say "a" and "the". Learn colors, nationalities, time, and more.
 * 3) Actividades recreativas Learn how to conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, and learn some irregular verbs.
 * 4) La familia Learn how to talk about your family. Learn stem changing verbs, the present participle, and the present progressive.
 * 5) La escuela Learn vocabulary about school, how to ask questions, and compare things.
 * 6) De compras Learn about direct and indirect object pronouns. Learn some vocabulary about food.
 * 7) En la casa How do I talk about things that have happened in the past? Learn how to talk about things in the past, the two past tenses in Spanish, and vocab for around-the-house work.
 * 8) La ayuda médica In this chapter, learn how to give commands in Spanish. Also, learn about the body and your health in Spanish.
 * 9) Las culturas hispanas Learn about Spanish media, and some of the perfect tenses in Spanish here.
 * 10) En el hotel Vocabulary and dialogue encountered at a hotel, with additional grammar.
 * 11) En la plaza y el parque In this chapter, you will learn about the typical Spanish park and plazas..

Vocabulario (Vocabulary)
Vocabulary | Idioms | Slang | Spanish phrasebook (on Wikivoyage)

Gramática (Grammar)
Grammar Index | Parts of Speech | Word Order

Verbos (Verbs)
Verbs | How To Conjugate Verbs | Reflexive Verbs | Verbs List | Verb Phrases | Verb Tenses

Herramientas para el aprendizaje (Learning Tools)
Dictionaries | How to study Spanish | Pronunciation | Web Resources | Wikiversity Translation Practice Course| Wikiversidad Prácticas de traducción

Ejercicios (Exercises)
Exercises | Solutions To Exercises

Y más (And More)
Cuisine of Spain | List Of Sound Files | Typing Spanish Characters

Acerca del libro (About The Book)
Contributors | History | Users

Contribuir (To Contribute)
This book is a wiki textbook — feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and otherwise increase its teaching potential. To find out more about wikis, see the Wikipedia main page.

 Donar imágenes a este libro   Donate images to this book

If you are a native speaker of Spanish, please consider adding sound files. See this page for requests or contact a contributor.

There are many ways you can contribute to this Wikibook:

 * Donate images to this book
 * Expand stubs
 * Fufill requests

Enlaces externos (External Links)

 * www.dilo.com.mx Dilo en español Podcast with audio to learn spanish. It's free.
 * Learn Spanish Live Online Learn Spanish Online  via Audio-Conference - Lots of free resources, PowerPoints and presentations for IPod and mp3 players available.
 * Learn Spanish for Free Learn Spanish vocabulary. Free Spanish vocabulary games and articles.
 * Spanish Schools Spanish Immersion Programs
 * E-learning Spanish - Free sample class
 * Spanish Alphabet Pronunciation of Spanish words and letters in the Spanish alphabet.
 * [http://www.learnspanishliveonline.com/ Study Spanish via Audio-Conference - Certified native Spanish speaking teachers. Affordable fees!
 * Learn to Speak Spanish Online Free online Spanish lessons.
 * More free learning materials are available at Spanish-kit's website at http://www.spanish-kit.net/
 * Spanish for men an entertaining approach to learning Spanish, for men only
 * Free exercises and a free verb trainer (conjugator) provided by Spanish language schools in Spain and Latin America.
 * English to Spanish finance and accounting words and Spanish to English finance and accounting words.
 * English Spanish Translator Org Spanish  Translators Forum.
 * 123TeachMe Free spanish lessons, word of the day, verb conjugations, idioms, and other resources.
 * Study Spanish Live Online Online Live Spanish Courses with certified native Spanish speaking instructors. Affordable fees!
 * Free resources for language learners - Practice speaking spanish online with audio forums
 * Learn Spanish - New online learn Spanish resource, picture dictionary with audio, greetings, numbers, football, grammar and more.

title: Spanish/Contents/Archived


text:
Ruby on Rails/Getting Started

This section covers the basics for getting and installing Rails.

Installation

 * /Install on Windows/
 * /Install on OS X/
 * /Install on Linux/
 * /Is everything installed?/

Once you have installed ruby on your system, make sure that RUBY_HOME/bin folder is in path. This would enable you to use ruby and other commands associated from any folder within the shell.

Concepts
There are certain concepts which are core to how Rails works.

 * /Don´t repeat yourself/
 * /Model-View-Controller/
 * /Convention Over Configuration/

First Application
Now that Rails is installed, it's time to build something.

 * /Creating the application/
 * /Running the Server/

title: Ruby on Rails/Getting Started