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Talk:The Q Document

Motivation
This Wikibook was motivated by two different things. For one, I started trying to create an article on the Q document at English Wikipedia, but found that teaching about Q isn't particularly suited to the format of an encyclopedia article. Rather, there's a distinct series of steps a student has to go through in order to understand Q--  first learning about the synoptic gospels, then the synoptic problem, then markan priority, then the double tradition, then Q, then the purported contents of Q, and then the hypothetical Q community, etc, and finally, alternatives to Q.  No one article really could cover it, but at the same time, just telling a student "read this article, this article, then this article" didn't seem appropriate either, since each article wouldn't have been written with an eye to being part of a unified whole designed to teach about Q.

A second motivation was the desire to find a home for a free-licensed copy of those portions of Luke believed to be copied from Q. Numerous such collections exist in print, and students should be able to have access to such a text in order to get a "general feel" for what scholars believe Q looked like. Such a text wouldn't fit in a Wikipedia, nor at Wikisource-- instead such a text seemed to belong in a Wikibook. --Alecmconroy (talk) 09:59, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Q Document


text:
The Q Document/Expanded contents of Q

In order to better develop of a feel for what Q might have look liked, you should read over those portions of the Gospel of Luke which are believed to have been copied from Q. Among scholars, Luke's use of Q is considered to be the more reliable.

In doing so, you should be aware that the reconstruction presented here is only one of many possible such reconstructions. While there is wide agreement on the overall contents of Q, the exact contents remain lost.

The contents presented here, for example, are probably fragmentary-- Q might well have contained passages that only Luke or Matthew quoted, but not both. Q might also have contained passages which neither author quoted. Similarly, it's conceivable Q contained passages which all three synoptic gospels quoted. Finally, there is some disagreement about how close two passages need to be in order to be considered "parallel".

Similarly, many many English translations of the New Testament exist-- the translation used is just one of many.

That said, despite the choice of translation and the selection of verses, reading over the text should provide a basic feel for aphoristic "sayings gospel" character of Q.

John's Preaching
3:7-9, 16b-17 He said therefore to the multitudes who went out to be baptized by him, “You offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath to come? Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of repentance, and don’t begin to say among yourselves, ‘We have Abraham for our father;’ for I tell you that God is able to raise up children to Abraham from these stones! Even now the axe also lies at the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that doesn’t bring forth good fruit is cut down, and thrown into the fire.” I indeed baptize you with water, but he comes who is mightier than I, the latchet of whose sandals I am not worthy to loosen. He will baptize you in the Holy Spirit and fire, whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly cleanse his threshing floor, and will gather the wheat into his barn; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire

Jesus Tested
4:2b-12 He ate nothing in those days. Afterward, when they were completed, he was hungry. The devil said to him, “If you are the Son of God, command this stone to become bread.” Jesus answered him, saying, “It is written, ‘Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God.’” The devil, leading him up on a high mountain, showed him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time. The devil said to him, “I will give you all this authority, and their glory, for it has been delivered to me; and I give it to whomever I want. If you therefore will worship before me, it will all be yours.” Jesus answered him, “Get behind me Satan! For it is written, ‘You shall worship the Lord your God, and you shall serve him only.’”* He led him to Jerusalem, and set him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, cast yourself down from here, for it is written, ‘He will put his angels in charge of you, to guard you;’ and, ‘On their hands they will bear you up, lest perhaps you dash your foot against a stone.’”* Jesus answering, said to him, “It has been said, ‘You shall not tempt the Lord your God.’”

Beatitudes
6:20-23 Blessed are you who are poor,for yours is the Kingdom of God. Blessed are you who hunger now,for you will be filled. Blessed are you who weep now, for you will laugh. Blessed are you when men shall hate you, and when they shall exclude and mock you, and throw out your name as evil, for the Son of Man’s sake. Rejoice in that day, and leap for joy, for behold, your reward is great in heaven, for their fathers did the same thing to the prophets.

Love your Enemies, Golden Rule
6:27-37 "But I tell you who hear: love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, and pray for those who mistreat you.  To him who strikes you on the cheek, offer also the other; and from him who takes away your cloak, don’t withhold your coat also.  Give to everyone who asks you, and don’t ask him who takes away your goods to give them back again. “As you would like people to do to you, do exactly so to them. If you love those who love you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners love those who love them. If you do good to those who do good to you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners do the same. If you lend to those from whom you hope to receive, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners, to receive back as much. But love your enemies, and do good, and lend, expecting nothing back; and your reward will be great, and you will be children of the Most High; for he is kind toward the unthankful and evil. Therefore be merciful, even as your Father is also merciful.

Judge Not, Blind leading the Blind, Beam in your own eye
6:37-42 Don’t judge, and you won’t be judged. Don’t condemn, and you won’t be condemned. Set free, and you will be set free. Give, and it will be given to you: good measure, pressed down, shaken together, and running over, will be given to you. For with the same measure you measure it will be measured back to you.”  Can the blind guide the blind? Won’t they both fall into a pit? A disciple is not above his teacher, but everyone when he is fully trained will be like his teacher. Why do you see the speck of chaff that is in your brother’s eye, but don’t consider the beam that is in your own eye? Or how can you tell your brother, ‘Brother, let me remove the speck of chaff that is in your eye,’ when you yourself don’t see the beam that is in your own eye? You hypocrite! First remove the beam from your own eye, and then you can see clearly to remove the speck of chaff that is in your brother’s eye.

The Test of a Good Person
6:43-45 For there is no good tree that brings forth rotten fruit; nor again a rotten tree that brings forth good fruit. For each tree is known by its own fruit. For people don’t gather figs from thorns, nor do they gather grapes from a bramble bush. The good man out of the good treasure of his heart brings out that which is good, and the evil man out of the evil treasure of his heart brings out that which is evil, for out of the abundance of the heart, his mouth speaks.

Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders
6:47-49 Everyone who comes to me, and hears my words, and does them, I will show you who he is like. He is like a man building a house, who dug and went deep, and laid a foundation on the rock. When a flood arose, the stream broke against that house, and could not shake it, because it was founded on the rock. But he who hears, and doesn’t do, is like a man who built a house on the earth without a foundation, against which the stream broke, and immediately it fell, and the ruin of that house was great.”

The Centurion's Servant
7:2-3, 7:6-10 A certain centurion’s servant, who was dear to him, was sick and at the point of death. When he heard about Jesus, he sent to him elders of the Jews, asking him to come and save his servant.Jesus went with them. When he was now not far from the house, the centurion sent friends to him, saying to him, “Lord, don’t trouble yourself, for I am not worthy for you to come under my roof. Therefore I didn’t even think myself worthy to come to you; but say the word, and my servant will be healed. For I also am a man placed under authority, having under myself soldiers. I tell this one, ‘Go!’ and he goes; and to another, ‘Come!’ and he comes; and to my servant, ‘Do this,’ and he does it.” When Jesus heard these things, he marveled at him, and turned and said to the multitude who followed him, “I tell you, I have not found such great faith, no, not in Israel.” 7:10 Those who were sent, returning to the house, found that the servant who had been sick was well.

John's Inquiry
7:18-23 The disciples of John told him about all these things. John, calling to himself two of his disciples, sent them to Jesus, saying, “Are you the one who is coming, or should we look for another?”  When the men had come to him, they said, “John the Baptizer has sent us to you, saying, ‘Are you he who comes, or should we look for another?’”

In that hour he cured many of diseases and plagues and evil spirits; and to many who were blind he gave sight. Jesus answered them, “Go and tell John the things which you have seen and heard: that the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor have good news preached to them. Blessed is he who finds no occasion for stumbling in me.”

Jesus praises John
7:24-35 When John’s messengers had departed, he began to tell the multitudes about John, “What did you go out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken by the wind? But what did you go out to see? A man clothed in soft clothing? Behold, those who are gorgeously dressed, and live delicately, are in kings’ courts. But what did you go out to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and much more than a prophet. This is he of whom it is written,

‘Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way before you.’

For I tell you, among those who are born of women there is not a greater prophet than John the Baptizer, yet he who is least in the Kingdom of God is greater than he.”

When all the people and the tax collectors heard this, they declared God to be just, having been baptized with John’s baptism. But the Pharisees and the lawyers rejected the counsel of God, not being baptized by him themselves.

Children in the marketplace
7:31 “To what then will I liken the people of this generation? What are they like? They are like children who sit in the marketplace, and call one to another, saying, ‘We piped to you, and you didn’t dance. We mourned, and you didn’t weep.’ For John the Baptizer came neither eating bread nor drinking wine, and you say, ‘He has a demon.’  The Son of Man has come eating and drinking, and you say, ‘Behold, a gluttonous man, and a drunkard; a friend of tax collectors and sinners!’  Wisdom is justified by all her children.

Foxes have dens
9:57-62 As they went on the way, a certain man said to him, “I want to follow you wherever you go, Lord.” Jesus said to him, “The foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has no place to lay his head.” He said to another, “Follow me!” But he said, “Lord, allow me first to go and bury my father.” But Jesus said to him, “Leave the dead to bury their own dead, but you go and announce the Kingdom of God.” Another also said, “I want to follow you, Lord, but first allow me to say good-bye to those who are at my house.” But Jesus said to him, “No one, having put his hand to the plow, and looking back, is fit for the Kingdom of God.”

The Mission Speech
10:2-12 When he said to them, “The harvest is indeed plentiful, but the laborers are few. Pray therefore to the Lord of the harvest, that he may send out laborers into his harvest. Go your ways. Behold, I send you out as lambs among wolves. Carry no purse, nor wallet, nor sandals. Greet no one on the way. Into whatever house you enter, first say, ‘Peace be to this house.’ If a son of peace is there, your peace will rest on him; but if not, it will return to you. Remain in that same house, eating and drinking the things they give, for the laborer is worthy of his wages. Don’t go from house to house. Into whatever city you enter, and they receive you, eat the things that are set before you. Heal the sick who are therein, and tell them, ‘The Kingdom of God has come near to you.’ But into whatever city you enter, and they don’t receive you, go out into its streets and say,  ‘Even the dust from your city that clings to us, we wipe off against you. Nevertheless know this, that the Kingdom of God has come near to you.’ I tell you, it will be more tolerable in that day for Sodom than for that city.

Woe to Chorazin
10:13-15 “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! For if the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago, sitting in sackcloth and ashes. 10:14 But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon in the judgment than for you. 10:15 You, Capernaum, who are exalted to heaven, will be brought down to Hades.

Rejecting the sender
10:16 Whoever listens to you listens to me, and whoever rejects you rejects me. Whoever rejects me rejects him who sent me.”

Father & son
10:21-22 In that same hour Jesus rejoiced in the Holy Spirit, and said, “I thank you, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that you have hidden these things from the wise and understanding, and revealed them to little children. Yes, Father, for so it was well-pleasing in your sight.” Turning to the disciples, he said, “All things have been delivered to me by my Father. No one knows who the Son is, except the Father, and who the Father is, except the Son, and he to whomever the Son desires to reveal him.”

Privileged eyes
10:23-24 “Blessed are the eyes which see the things that you see, for I tell you that many prophets and kings desired to see the things which you see, and didn’t see them, and to hear the things which you hear, and didn’t hear them.”

Lord's Prayer
11:2-4 He said to them, “When you pray, say, ‘Our Father in heaven, may your name be kept holy. May your Kingdom come.May your will be done on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us day by day our daily bread. Forgive us our sins, for we ourselves also forgive everyone who is indebted to us. Bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one.’”

Ask, seek, knock
11:9-13 “I tell you, keep asking, and it will be given you. Keep seeking, and you will find. Keep knocking, and it will be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives. He who seeks finds. To him who knocks it will be opened. “Which of you fathers, if your son asks for bread, will give him a stone? Or if he asks for a fish, he won’t give him a snake instead of a fish, will he? Or if he asks for an egg, he won’t give him a scorpion, will he? If you then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him?”

Beelzebul controversy
11:14-21 He was casting out a demon, and it was mute. It happened, when the demon had gone out, the mute man spoke; and the multitudes marveled. But some of them said, “He casts out demons by Beelzebul, the prince of the demons.”  Others, testing him, sought from him a sign from heaven. But he, knowing their thoughts, said to them, “Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation. A house divided against itself falls. If Satan also is divided against himself, how will his kingdom stand? For you say that I cast out demons by Beelzebul. But if I cast out demons by Beelzebul, by whom do your children cast them out? Therefore will they be your judges. But if I by the finger of God cast out demons, then the Kingdom of God has come to you. “When the strong man, fully armed, guards his own dwelling, his goods are safe. But when someone stronger attacks him and overcomes him, he takes from him his whole armor in which he trusted, and divides his spoils.

Return of an unclean spirit
11:24-26 The unclean spirit, when he has gone out of the man, passes through dry places, seeking rest, and finding none, he says, ‘I will turn back to my house from which I came out.’ When he returns, he finds it swept and put in order. Then he goes, and takes seven other spirits more evil than himself, and they enter in and dwell there. The last state of that man becomes worse than the first.”

Request for a sign
11:29b-32 This is an evil generation. It seeks after a sign. No sign will be given to it but the sign of Jonah, the prophet. For even as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so will also the Son of Man be to this generation. The Queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and will condemn them: for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, one greater than Solomon is here. The men of Nineveh will stand up in the judgment with this generation, and will condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and behold, one greater than Jonah is here.

Lamp & bushel, Eye & light
11:33-36 “No one, when he has lit a lamp, puts it in a cellar or under a basket, but on a stand, that those who come in may see the light. The lamp of the body is the eye. Therefore when your eye is good, your whole body is also full of light; but when it is evil, your body also is full of darkness. Therefore see whether the light that is in you isn’t darkness. If therefore your whole body is full of light, having no part dark, it will be wholly full of light, as when the lamp with its bright shining gives you light.”

Woes of the Pharisees
11:39-40, 42-43 Now you Pharisees cleanse the outside of the cup and of the platter, but your inward part is full of extortion and wickedness. You foolish ones, didn’t he who made the outside make the inside also? But woe to you Pharisees! For you tithe mint and rue and every herb, but you bypass justice and the love of God. You ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone. Woe to you Pharisees! For you love the best seats in the synagogues, and the greetings in the marketplaces.

11:46-52 He said, “Woe to you lawyers also! For you load men with burdens that are difficult to carry, and you yourselves won’t even lift one finger to help carry those burdens. Woe to you! For you build the tombs of the prophets, and your fathers killed them. So you testify and consent to the works of your fathers. For they killed them, and you build their tombs. Therefore also the wisdom of God said, ‘I will send to them prophets and apostles; and some of them they will kill and persecute,  that the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from the foundation of the world, may be required of this generation;  from the blood of Abel to the blood of Zachariah, who perished between the altar and the sanctuary.’ Yes, I tell you, it will be required of this generation. Woe to you lawyers! For you took away the key of knowledge. You didn’t enter in yourselves, and those who were entering in, you hindered.”

All will be revealed
12: But there is nothing covered up, that will not be revealed, nor hidden, that will not be known. Therefore whatever you have said in the darkness will be heard in the light. What you have spoken in the ear in the inner rooms will be proclaimed on the housetops.

Fear not
12:4-5 “I tell you, my friends, don’t be afraid of those who kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do. But I will warn you whom you should fear. Fear him, who after he has killed, has power to cast into Gehenna. Yes, I tell you, fear him.

On Fear
12:6-7 Aren’t five sparrows sold for two assaria coins? Not one of them is forgotten by God. But the very hairs of your head are all numbered. Therefore don’t be afraid. You are of more value than many sparrows.

Fearless Confessions
12:8-12 “I tell you, everyone who confesses me before men, him will the Son of Man also confess before the angels of God; but he who denies me in the presence of men will be denied in the presence of the angels of God. Everyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven, but those who blaspheme against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven.

When they bring you before the synagogues, the rulers, and the authorities, don’t be anxious how or what you will answer, or what you will say; for the Holy Spirit will teach you in that same hour what you must say.”

On Food and Clothing
12:22-31 Don’t be anxious for your life, what you will eat, nor yet for your body, what you will wear. Life is more than food, and the body is more than clothing. Consider the ravens: they don’t sow, they don’t reap, they have no warehouse or barn, and God feeds them. How much more valuable are you than birds! Which of you by being anxious can add a cubit to his height? If then you aren’t able to do even the least things, why are you anxious about the rest? Consider the lilies, how they grow. They don’t toil, neither do they spin; yet I tell you, even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. But if this is how God clothes the grass in the field, which today exists, and tomorrow is cast into the oven, how much more will he clothe you, O you of little faith? Don’t seek what you will eat or what you will drink; neither be anxious. For the nations of the world seek after all of these things, but your Father knows that you need these things. But seek God’s Kingdom, and all these things will be added to you.

Sell your possessions
12:33-34 Sell that which you have, and give gifts to the needy. Make for yourselves purses which don’t grow old, a treasure in the heavens that doesn’t fail, where no thief approaches, neither moth destroys. For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.

Homeowner & burglar
12:39-40 But know this, that if the master of the house had known in what hour the thief was coming, he would have watched, and not allowed his house to be broken into. Therefore be ready also, for the Son of Man is coming in an hour that you don’t expect him.”

Parable of the Faithful Servant
12:42-46 The Lord said, “Who then is the faithful and wise steward, whom his lord will set over his household, to give them their portion of food at the right times? Blessed is that servant whom his lord will find doing so when he comes. Truly I tell you, that he will set him over all that he has. But if that servant says in his heart, ‘My lord delays his coming,’ and begins to beat the menservants and the maidservants, and to eat and drink, and to be drunken, then the lord of that servant will come in a day when he isn’t expecting him, and in an hour that he doesn’t know, and will cut him in two, and place his portion with the unfaithful.

But to bring a sword
12:51-53 Do you think that I have come to give peace in the earth? I tell you, no, but rather division. For from now on, there will be five in one house divided, three against two, and two against three. They will be divided, father against son, and son against father; mother against daughter, and daughter against her mother; mother-in-law against her daughter-in-law, and daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law.”

Before the judge
12:57-59 Why don’t you judge for yourselves what is right? For when you are going with your adversary before the magistrate, try diligently on the way to be released from him, lest perhaps he drag you to the judge, and the judge deliver you to the officer, and the officer throw you into prison. I tell you, you will by no means get out of there, until you have paid the very last penny.”

Parable of the Leaven
13:20-21 Again he said, “To what shall I compare the Kingdom of God? It is like yeast, which a woman took and hid in three measures of flour, until it was all leavened.”

The Two Ways; Closed Door
13:24 “Strive to enter in by the narrow door, for many, I tell you, will seek to enter in, and will not be able.

13:25-29 When once the master of the house has risen up, and has shut the door, and you begin to stand outside, and to knock at the door, saying, ‘Lord, Lord, open to us!’ then he will answer and tell you, ‘I don’t know you or where you come from.’  Then you will begin to say, ‘We ate and drank in your presence, and you taught in our streets.’   He will say, ‘I tell you, I don’t know where you come from. Depart from me, all you workers of iniquity.’  There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when you see Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and all the prophets, in the Kingdom of God, and yourselves being thrown outside. They will come from the east, west, north, and south, and will sit down in the Kingdom of God.

Lament over Jerusalem
13:34-35 “Jerusalem, Jerusalem, that kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, like a hen gathers her own brood under her wings, and you refused! Behold, your house is left to you desolate. I tell you, you will not see me, until you say, ‘Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!’”

A Sheep Who Falls into a Pit on the Sabbath
14:5 He answered them, “Which of you, if your son or an ox fell into a well, wouldn’t immediately pull him out on a Sabbath day?”

Parable of the Wedding Feast
14:16-23 But he said to him, “A certain man made a great supper, and he invited many people. He sent out his servant at supper time to tell those who were invited, ‘Come, for everything is ready now.’ They all as one began to make excuses. “The first said to him, ‘I have bought a field, and I must go and see it. Please have me excused.’ “Another said, ‘I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I must go try them out. Please have me excused.’ “Another said, ‘I have married a wife, and therefore I can’t come.’ “That servant came, and told his lord these things. Then the master of the house, being angry, said to his servant, ‘Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in the poor, maimed, blind, and lame.’ “The servant said, ‘Lord, it is done as you commanded, and there is still room.’ “The lord said to the servant, ‘Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled.

Hating one's family
14:26-27 “If anyone comes to me, and doesn’t disregard his own father, mother, wife, children, brothers, and sisters, yes, and his own life also, he can’t be my disciple. Whoever doesn’t bear his own cross, and come after me, can’t be my disciple.

Salt Losing its Flavor
14:34-35 Salt is good, but if the salt becomes flat and tasteless, with what do you season it? It is fit neither for the soil nor for the manure pile. It is thrown out. He who has ears to hear, let him hear.”

Parable of the Lost Sheep, Parable of the Lost Coin
15:4-10 “Which of you men, if you had one hundred sheep, and lost one of them, wouldn’t leave the ninety-nine in the wilderness, and go after the one that was lost, until he found it? When he has found it, he carries it on his shoulders, rejoicing. When he comes home, he calls together his friends and his neighbors, saying to them, ‘Rejoice with me, for I have found my sheep which was lost!’ I tell you that even so there will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents, than over ninety-nine righteous people who need no repentance. Or what woman, if she had ten drachma coins, if she lost one drachma coin, wouldn’t light a lamp, sweep the house, and seek diligently until she found it? When she has found it, she calls together her friends and neighbors, saying, ‘Rejoice with me, for I have found the drachma which I had lost.’ Even so, I tell you, there is joy in the presence of the angels of God over one sinner repenting.”

Two masters / God and Mammon
16:13 No servant can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to one, and despise the other. You aren’t able to serve God and mammon.”

God's rule & violence
16:16 The law and the prophets were until John. From that time the Good News of the Kingdom of God is preached, and everyone is forcing his way into it.

Not one stroke of a letter
16:17 But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away, than for one tiny stroke of a pen in the law to fall.

Millstone award
17:1 He said to the disciples, “It is impossible that no occasions of stumbling should come, but woe to him through whom they come!

Scold & forgive
17:3-4 Be careful. If your brother sins against you, rebuke him. If he repents, forgive him. If he sins against you seven times in the day, and seven times returns, saying, ‘I repent,’ you shall forgive him.”

Mountains into the sea
17:5-6 The apostles said to the Lord, “Increase our faith.” The Lord said, “If you had faith like a grain of mustard seed, you would tell this sycamore tree, ‘Be uprooted, and be planted in the sea,’ and it would obey you.

Coming of son of Adam
17:23-37 They will tell you, ‘Look, here!’ or ‘Look, there!’ Don’t go away, nor follow after them, for as the lightning, when it flashes out of the one part under the sky, shines to the other part under the sky; so will the Son of Man be in his day. But first, he must suffer many things and be rejected by this generation. As it happened in the days of Noah, even so will it be also in the days of the Son of Man. They ate, they drank, they married, they were given in marriage, until the day that Noah entered into the ship, and the flood came, and destroyed them all. Likewise, even as it happened in the days of Lot: they ate, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they built;  but in the day that Lot went out from Sodom, it rained fire and sulfur from the sky, and destroyed them all. It will be the same way in the day that the Son of Man is revealed. In that day, he who will be on the housetop, and his goods in the house, let him not go down to take them away. Let him who is in the field likewise not turn back. Remember Lot’s wife! Whoever seeks to save his life loses it, but whoever loses his life preserves it. I tell you, in that night there will be two people in one bed. The one will be taken, and the other will be left. There will be two grinding grain together. One will be taken, and the other will be left.” They, answering, asked him, “Where, Lord?”He said to them, “Where the body is, there will the vultures also be gathered together.”

Parable of the Talents
19:12-13, 15-26 He said therefore, “A certain nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom, and to return. He called ten servants of his, and gave them ten mina coins, and told them, ‘Conduct business until I come.’ “It happened when he had come back again, having received the kingdom, that he commanded these servants, to whom he had given the money, to be called to him, that he might know what they had gained by conducting business. The first came before him, saying, ‘Lord, your mina has made ten more minas.’ “He said to him, ‘Well done, you good servant! Because you were found faithful with very little, you shall have authority over ten cities.’ “The second came, saying, ‘Your mina, Lord, has made five minas.’ “So he said to him, ‘And you are to be over five cities.’ Another came, saying, ‘Lord, behold, your mina, which I kept laid away in a handkerchief, for I feared you, because you are an exacting man. You take up that which you didn’t lay down, and reap that which you didn’t sow.’ “He said to him, ‘Out of your own mouth will I judge you, you wicked servant! You knew that I am an exacting man, taking up that which I didn’t lay down, and reaping that which I didn’t sow. Then why didn’t you deposit my money in the bank, and at my coming, I might have earned interest on it?’ He said to those who stood by, ‘Take the mina away from him, and give it to him who has the ten minas.’ "They said to him, ‘Lord, he has ten minas!’ ‘For I tell you that to everyone who has, will more be given; but from him who doesn’t have, even that which he has will be taken away from him.

On twelve thrones
22:28-30 But you are those who have continued with me in my trials. I confer on you a kingdom, even as my Father conferred on me, that you may eat and drink at my table in my Kingdom. You will sit on thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.”

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Q Document/Expanded contents of Q


text:
Horticulture/Brunnera macrophylla

Siberian Bugloss is an herbaceous perennial grown for its blue flowers and shade tolerance.

Description
This plant is a clump-forming perennial with a woody rootstock. Leaves are heart-shaped, coarse, and medium-greem (though a variegated cultivar is common in the trade). Abundant small blue flowers are produced in spring.

Pests and Diseases
Botrytis, Leaf Spot, Fusarium, Phytopthora, Thielavpiosis, Rhizoctonia, Pythium.

Aphids, Slugs and Snails, Fungus Gnats, Foliar Nemetodes.

title: Horticulture/Brunnera macrophylla


text:
Horticulture/Carex

Carex is a genus of plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (although other, related species are also called sedges, those of genus Carex may be called "true" sedges). It is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology, a word reportedly created by Robert Kral, retired botanist at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee. The genus was established by Carolus Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum in 1753. Estimates of the number of species vary from about 1100 to almost 2000. They are distributed all over the world, but predominantly found in temperate regions.

Most (but not all) sedges are found in marshes, where they can be the dominant vegetation.

Description
Carex species are grasslike, though the inflorescences are markedly different from true grasses.

title: Horticulture/Carex


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Carex

Species list from Wikipedia

 * ../Carex acuta/ L.
 * Carex acutiformis Ehrh.
 * Carex arenaria L.
 * Carex alba
 * Carex albida
 * Carex aligata
 * Carex asturica Boiss.
 * ''Carex atrofusca
 * Carex binervis Sm.
 * Carex bohemica
 * Carex brevicollis DC.
 * Carex brevior
 * Carex brachystachys
 * ''Carex brizoides
 * Carex camposii Boiss. et Reuter
 * Carex capillaris L.
 * ''Carex capitata
 * Carex caryophyllea Latourrette
 * Carex cespitosa L.
 * ''Carex cordorrhiza
 * Carex curvula Al.
 * ''Carex cyperoides
 * Carex davalliana Sm.
 * ''Carex davisii
 * Carex demissa Hornern.
 * Carex depauperata Curtis ex With.
 * Carex despressa Link
 * Carex digitata L.
 * Carex distachya Desf.
 * Carex distans L.
 * Carex disticha Hudson
 * Carex divisa Hudson
 * Carex divulsa Stokes
 * ''Carex dioica
 * Carex durieui Steudel
 * Carex echinata Murray
 * Carex elata All. (= C. stricta)
 * Carex ericetorum Pollich
 * Carex extensa Good.
 * Carex ferruginea Scop.
 * Carex filiformis L.
 * ''Carex fimbriata
 * ''Carex firma
 * Carex flacca Schieber
 * Carex flava L.
 * ''Carex globularis
 * ''Carex grayi
 * ''Carex guestphalica
 * Carex halleriana Amo
 * Carex haydeniana Olney
 * Carex hirta L.
 * Carex hispida Willd.
 * Carex hordeistichos Vill.
 * Carex hostiana DC.
 * Carex humilis Leysser
 * Carex jamesii Schwein
 * Carex lachenalii Schkuhr

 * Carex laevigata Sm.
 * ''Carex leporina
 * Carex liparocarpos Gaudin
 * Carex loliacea (image)
 * ''Carex longii
 * ''Carex macloviana
 * Carex macrostylon Lapeyr.
 * Carex mairii Cosson et Germ.
 * ''Carex maritima
 * ''Carex microglochin
 * Carex monostachya
 * Carex montana L.
 * Carex muricata L.
 * Carex muskingumensis Nutt.
 * Carex nigra (L.) Reichard
 * Carex nudata S.Watson
 * ''Carex obtusata
 * Carex oedipostyla Duval-Jouve
 * Carex ornithopoda Willd.
 * Carex otrubae Podp.
 * Carex ovalis Gooden
 * Carex pallescens L.
 * Carex panicea L.
 * Carex paniculata L.
 * ''Carex pairae
 * ''Carex pauciflora
 * ''Carex paridoxa
 * Carex parviflora Host.
 * Carex pendula Hudson
 * ''Carex pensylvanica
 * Carex pilulifera L.
 * Carex praecox Schreber
 * Carex pulicaris L.
 * Carex pseudocyperus L.
 * ''Carex pulicarus
 * Carex punctata Gaudin
 * Carex pyrenaica Wahlenb.
 * Carex remota L.
 * Carex riparia Curtis
 * Carex rostrata Stokes
 * Carex rupestris
 * Carex sempervirens Vill.
 * Carex serotina Mérat
 * Carex serpenticola
 * Carex simpliciascula
 * Carex spicata Hudson
 * ''Carex spissa
 * Carex strigosa Hudson
 * Carex sylvatica Hudson
 * ''Carex teretiuscula
 * Carex umbrosa Host
 * Carex vesicaria L.
 * Carex vulpina L.

title: Talk:Horticulture/Carex


text:
Horticulture/Cercis canadensis

Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) is a large shrub or small tree native to eastern North America from southern Ontario, Canada south to northern Florida, United States. In the wild, Eastern redbud is a frequent native understory tree in mixed forests and hedgerows. It is also much planted as a landscape ornamental plant.

The redbud is the state tree of Oklahoma.

Description
It typically grows to 8–12 m tall, with a short, often twisted trunk and spreading branches. The bark is dark in color, smooth, later scaly with ridges somewhat apparent, sometimes with maroon patches. The twigs are slender and zigzag, nearly black in color, spotted with lighter lenticels. The winter buds are tiny, rounded and dark red to chestnut in color. The leaves are alternate, simple, cordate in shape with an entire margin, 7–12 cm (3-5 inches) long and wide, thin and papery, and may be slightly hairy below.

The flowers are showy, light to dark pink in color, 1.5 cm (½ inch) long, appearing in clusters from March to May, on bare stems before the leaves, sometimes on the trunk itself. The flowers are pollinated by long-tongued bees such as blueberry bees and carpenter bees. Short-tongued bees apparently cannot reach the nectaries. The fruit are flattened, dry, brown, pea-like pods, 5–10 cm (2-4 inches) long that contain flat, elliptical, brown seeds 6 mm (¼ inch) long, maturing in August to October.

Small tree, with a sturdy upright trunk which divides into stout branches that usually spread to form a broad flat head. Found on rich bottom lands throughout the Mississippi valley; will grow in the shade and often becomes a dense undergrowth in the forest. Very abundant in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. Hardy far north; grows rapidly; is a satisfactory ornamental tree. Many trees are sterile and produce no fruit.

 * Bark: Red brown, with deep fissures and scaly surface. Branchlets at first lustrous brown, later become darker.
 * Wood: Dark reddish brown; heavy, hard, coarse-grained, not strong. Sp. gr., 0.6363; weight of cu. ft. 39.65 lbs.
 * Winter buds: Chestnut brown, obtuse, one-eighth inch long.
 * Leaves: Alternate, simple, heart-shaped or broadly ovate, two to five inches long, five to seven-nerved, chordate or truncate at the base, entire, acute. They come out of the bud folded along the line of the midrib, tawny green, when full grown become smooth, dark green above, paler beneath.  In autumn they turn bright clear yellow.  Petioles slender, terete, enlarged at the base.  Stipules caducous.
 * Flowers: April, May, before and with the leaves, papilionaceous. Perfect, rose color, borne four to eight together, in fasciles which appear at the axils of the leaves or along the branch and sometimes on the trunk itself.
 * Calyx: Dark red, campanulate, oblique, five-toothed, imbricate in bud.
 * Corolla: Papilionaceous, petals five, nearly equal, pink or rose color, upper petal the smallest, enclosed in the bud by the wings, and encircled by the broader keel petals.
 * Stamens: Ten, inserted in two rows on a thin disk, free, the inner row rather shorter than the others.
 * Pistil: Ovary superior, inserted obliquely in the bottom of the calyx tube, stipitate; style fleshy, incurved, tipped with an obtuse stigma.
 * Fruit: Legume, slightly stipitate, unequally oblong, acute at each end. Compressed, tipped with the remnants of the style, straight on upper and curved on the lower edge.  Two and a half to three inches long, rose color, full grown by midsummer, falls in early winter.  Seeds ten to twelve, chestnut brown, one-fourth of an inch long; cotyledons oval, flat.

Uses
In some parts of southern Appalachia, green twigs from the Eastern redbud were once used as seasoning for wild game such as venison and opossum. Because of this, in these mountain areas the Eastern redbud was, and in a few locales still is, known as the spicewood tree.

Pests and Diseases
The leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, for example the Io moth (../Automeris io/).

title: Horticulture/Cercis canadensis


text:
Horticulture/Chionodoxa

Chionodoxa (Glory-of-the-snow) is a genus of eight bulbous perennials in the family Hyacinthaceae. The blue, white or pink flowers appear early in the year making them valuable garden ornamentals.

Four species occur in West Turkey, one in Southwest Turkey, two in Crete and one in Cyprus. Some species (mainly ../Chionodoxa siehei/ and ../Chionodoxa luciliae/) have naturalised from gardens outside of their native range. E. g. in Great Britain, Germany, Austria, The Netherlands. A natural hybrid of Chionodoxa siehei x Chionodoxa luciliae also occurs.

Species

 * ../Chionodoxa albescens/ (White Glory-of-the-snow) - Crete
 * ../Chionodoxa forbesii/ (Forbes Glory-of-the-snow) - Southwest Turkey
 * ../Chionodoxa lochiae/ (Loch's Glory-of-the-snow) - Cyprus
 * ../Chionodoxa luciliae/ (Lucile's Glory-of-the-snow) - West Turkey
 * ../Chionodoxa nana/ (Dwarf Glory-of-the-snow) - Crete
 * ../Chionodoxa sardensis/ (Lesser Glory-of-the-snow) - West Turkey
 * ../Chionodoxa siehei/ (Siehe's Glory-of-the-snow) - West Turkey
 * ../Chionodoxa tmoli/ (Tmolus Glory-of-the-snow) - West Turkey

title: Horticulture/Chionodoxa


text:
Horticulture/Claytonia virginica

Claytonia virginica (Eastern spring beauty or fairy-spuds) is a flowering plant in the family Portulacaceae, native to eastern North America. It is found in moist woods and clearings.

Description
It is a trailing plant growing to 5–40 cm long. The leaves are slender lanceolate, 3–14 cm long and 5–13 mm broad, with a 6–20 cm long petiole. The flowers are 7–14 mm diameter, with five pale pink or white (rarely yellow) petals, flowering is between March and May.

Growing Conditions
Claytonia virginica is native to open woodlands with dry to moist soils, and performs best when these conditions are replicated in the garden. The foliage is somewhat ephemeral and becomes ratty by late summer, so it should either be planted in lawns or where taller plants will hide the dieback.

title: Horticulture/Claytonia virginica


text: Horticulture/Fritillaria meleagris

title: Horticulture/Fritillaria meleagris


text:
Horticulture/Kerria japonica

Kerria japonica, commonly named Kerria or Japanese Yellow Rose )the sole species in the genus Kerria), is a deciduous shrub in the rose family Rosaceae, native to eastern Asia, in China, Japan and Korea. It is named after William Kerr, who introduced the cultivar 'Pleniflora'. The scientific genus name is also used as a common name Kerria. Kerria is a very popular ornamental plant in gardens, often using the double-flowered cultivar 'Pleniflora'.

Description
It grows to 1–3 m tall, with weak arching stems often scrambling over other vegetation or rocks. The leaves are alternate, simple, 4–7 cm long, with a sharply serrated margin. The flowers are golden yellow, with five petals. The fruit is a dry single-seeded achene 5 mm long.

title: Horticulture/Kerria japonica


text:
Horticulture/Lamium

Lamium (deadnettle) is a genus of about 40-50 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, of which family it is the type genus. They are all herbaceous plants native to Europe, Asia, and north Africa, but several have become very successful weeds of crop fields and are now widely naturalised across the temperate world.

The genus includes both annual and perennial species; they spread by both seeds and stems rooting as they grow along the ground.

The common name refers to their superficial resemblance to the unrelated stinging nettles, but unlike those, they do not have stinging hairs and so are harmless or apparently "dead".

Growing Conditions
Lamiums are frost hardy and grow well in most soils. Flower colour determines planting season and light requirement: white- and purple-coloured flowered species are planted in spring and prefer full sun. The yellow-flowered ones are planted in fall (autumn) and prefer shade. They often have invasive habits and need plenty of room.

Varieties

 * ../Lamium album/ (White Deadnettle)
 * ../Lamium amplexicaule/ (Henbit Deadnettle)
 * ../Lamium bifidum/
 * ../Lamium barbatum/
 * ../Lamium corsicum/
 * ../Lamium flexuosum/
 * ../Lamium garganicum/
 * ../Lamium glaberrimum/
 * ../Lamium hybridum/ (Cut-leaf Deadnettle)
 * ../Lamium maculatum/ (Spotted Deadnettle)
 * ../Lamium moluccellifolium/ (Northern Deadnettle)
 * ../Lamium moschatum/
 * ../Lamium orvala/
 * ../Lamium purpureum/ (Red Deadnettle)

Several closely related genera were formerly included in Lamium by some botanists, including ../Lamiastrum/ (Yellow Archangel), ../Galeopsis/ (hemp-nettles) and ../Leonurus/ (motherworts).

Propagation
Propagate from seed or by division in early spring.

Pests and Diseases
Lamium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades, Setaceous Hebrew Character and the Coleophora case-bearers C. ballotella, C. lineolea and C. ochripennella.

title: Horticulture/Lamium


text:
Horticulture/Lindera benzoin

Lindera benzoin (Common Spicebush, Northern Spicebush or Benjamin Bush) is a flowering plant in the family Lauraceae, native to eastern North America, ranging from Maine to Ontario in the north, and to Kansas, Texas and northern Florida in the south.

Description
It is a medium-sized deciduous shrub growing to 5 m tall, typically found only in the understory of moist thickets. The leaves are alternate, simple, 6–15 cm long and 2–6 cm broad, oval or obovate and broadest beyond the middle of the leaf. They are very aromatic when crushed, hence the common names and the specific epithet "benzoin". The flowers grow in showy yellow clusters that appear in early spring, before the leaves begin to grow. The fruit is a berrylike red drupe about 1 cm long and is highly prized by birds. It has a peppery taste and scent, and contains a large seed.

Growing Conditions
Requires moderate to moist, humous-rich soils.

Uses
Used for naturalizing a landscape. Lindera benzoin provides a food source for larval Spicebush Swallowtail Butterflies, and for various species of bird.

title: Horticulture/Lindera benzoin


text:
Horticulture/Lunaria annua

Annual Honesty (Lunaria annua) is a tall (height about 1 m), hairy-stemmed Biennial plant found throughout Europe. It has large, pointed oval leaves with marked serrations. The common name "Honesty" arose in the 16th century, and it may be due to the translucent seed-pods which are like flattened pea-pods and borne on the plant through winter. In South-East Asia, it is called the Money Plant, because its seed pods have the appearance of silver coins.

title: Horticulture/Lunaria annua


text:
Horticulture/Mazus reptans

Mazus reptans is a low-growing, creeping perennial that is grown as a ground cover or between paving stones.

title: Horticulture/Mazus reptans


text:
Horticulture/Nepeta x faassenii

Nepeta × faassenii, a catmint also known as "Faassen's Nepeta" or "Faassen's Catnip", is a hybrid species of garden origin grown as a ground cover, the cross has produced plants that have viable seeds. Numerous cultivars are available in the trade that are produced from seed or by asexual propagation such as stem cuttings or division of clumps.

Description
Nepeta x faassenii is an herbaceous plant with opposite, simple, dark green leaves, on square stems. It produces showy blue or white flowers from summer through fall.

title: Horticulture/Nepeta x faassenii


text:
VHDL for FPGA Design/Decoder

Link to Video of ISE Navigation to RTL Schematic
Video of how to get to the Decoder RTL Schematic (circuit diagram) in the Xilinx ISE Project Navigator

title: VHDL for FPGA Design/Decoder


text:
Horticulture/Pulmonaria

Description
Lungworts are perennial herbs that form clumps or rosettes. They are covered in hairs of varied length and stiffness, and sometimes also bear glands. The underground parts consist of a slowly creeping rhizome with adventitious roots. Flowering stems are unbranched, rough, covered with bristly hairs, usually not exceeding 25-30cm, with a few exceptions (P. mollis, P. vallarsae). The stems are usually upright, or slightly spreading.

The leaves are arranged in rosettes. The blades are usually large, from narrowly lanceolate to oval, with the base ranging from heart shaped to very gradually narrowing, and can have a sharply pointed or blunt tip. Leaf margin is always entire, but in some species and forms can be rather wavy. Basal leaves are carried on stalks that can be short or longer than the leave blade in various species. Stem leaves are smaller and often narrower, and are unstalked or clasping the stem. All leaves are covered with hairs that are usually bristly, or occasionally soft. The leaves are often prominently spotted in black and blue, or sometimes in pale green, or unspotted.

The inflorescence is a terminal scorpioid cyme, with bracts. Lungwort flowers are heterostylous, with two distinct forms of flower within each species; those with short stamens and long styles ("pin" flowers) and those with long stamens and short styles ("thrum" flowers), with the former usually being larger and more showy. The calyx is hairy, 5-lobed, tubular or funnel-shaped, enlarging as the fruit ripens. The corolla is funnel-shaped and consists of a long, cylindrical tube and a limb with five shallow lobes. Within the corolla throat, five tufts of hairs alternate with the stamens to form a ring. The colour of corolla varies from purple, violet or blue to shades of pink and red, or sometimes white. The colour of the flower in bud is often pink, which then changes as the flower matures. The stamens and style are included within the corolla and not protruding.

The nutlets are smooth, egg-shaped, brownish, up to 4.5 mm long and 3 mm wide, each containing a single seed. Up to four nutlets per flower are produced, ripening mostly in summer.

Pulmonaria species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including ../Coleophora pulmonariella/ which feeds exclusively on P. saccharata.

title: Horticulture/Pulmonaria


text:
Horticulture/Sassafras albidum

Sassafras albidum (Sassafras, White Sassafras, Red Sassafras, or Silky Sassafras) is a species of Sassafras native to eastern North America, from southern Maine and southern Ontario west to Iowa, and south to central Florida and eastern Texas. It occurs throughout the eastern deciduous forest habitat type, at altitudes of sea level up to 1,500 m.  It formerly also occurred in southern Wisconsin, but is extinct there as a native tree.

The name "Sassafras", applied by the botanist Nicolas Monardes in the sixteenth century, is said to be a corruption of the Spanish word for saxifrage. Before the twentieth century, Sassafras enjoyed a great reputation in the medical literature, but became valued for its power to improve the flavor of other medicines.

Description
It is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 15–35 m tall, with a trunk up to 60 cm diameter, and a crown with many slender branches. The bark on trunk of mature trees is thick, dark red-brown, and deeply furrowed. The branching is sympodial. The shoots are bright yellow green at first with mucilaginous bark, turning reddish brown, and in two or three years begin to show shallow fissures. The leaves are alternate, green to yellow-green, ovate or obovate, 10–16 cm long and 5–10 cm broad with a short, slender, slightly grooved petiole. They come in three different shapes, all of which can be on the same branch; three-lobed leaves, unlobed elliptical leaves, and two-lobed leaves; rarely, there can be more than three lobes. In fall, they turn to shades of yellow, tinged with red. The flowers are produced in loose, drooping, few-flowered racemes up to 5 cm long in early spring shortly before the leaves appear; they are yellow to greenish-yellow, with five or six tepals. It is usually dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate trees; male flowers have nine stamens, female flowers with six staminodes (aborted stamens) and a 2–3 mm style on a superior ovary. Pollination is by insects. The fruit is a dark blue-black drupe 1 cm long containing a single seed, borne on a red fleshy club-shaped pedicel 2 cm long; it is ripe in late summer, with the seeds dispersed by birds. The cotyledons thick and fleshy. All parts of the plant are aromatic and spicy. The roots are thick and fleshy, and frequently produce root sprouts which can develop into new trees.

Growing Conditions
It prefers rich, well-drained sandy loam with a pH of 6–7, but will grow in any loose, moist soil. Seedlings will tolerate shade, but saplings and older trees demand full sunlight for good growth; in forests it typically regenerates in gaps created by windblow. Growth is rapid, particularly with root sprouts, which can reach 1.2 m in the first year and 4.5 m in 4 years. Root sprouts often result in dense thickets, and a single tree, if allowed to spread unrestrained, will soon be surrounded by a sizable clonal colony, as its stoloniferous roots extend in every direction and send up multitudes of shoots.

Uses
Sassafras is often grown as an ornamental tree for its unusual leaves and aromatic scent. Outside of its native area, it is occasionally cultivated in Europe and elsewhere.

An essential oil, called sassafras oil, is distilled from the root bark or the fruit. It was used as a fragrance in perfumes and soaps, food (sassafras tea and candy flavoring) and for aromatherapy. The smell of sassafras oil is said to make an excellent repellent for mosquitoes and other insects, which makes it a nice garden plant. Acids can be extracted from bark for manufacturing perfumes.

The essential oil was used as a pain killer as well as an antiseptic in dentistry. The pith is used in the U.S. to soothe eye inflammation and ease catarrh.

Sassafras oil is the preferred source of safrole, which is the main component (75-80%) of the essential oil.

The root or root bark is used to make tea, although commercial "sassafras teas" are now artificially flavored as a result of the FDA ban (see below). A yellow dye is obtained from the wood. The shoots were used to make root beer (formerly an alcoholic beverage, but now a soft drink), which owed its characteristic odor to the sassafras extract, now replaced by other natural and/or artificial flavors. The dried and ground leaves are known as filé powder. Filé is still used for thickening sauces and soups in Cajun, Creole, and other Louisiana cooking, notably in the dish filé gumbo.

Safrole is now recognized by the United States Department of Agriculture as a potential carcinogen. Safrole, and sassafras not certified as safrole-free, have been banned in the United States as food additives or flavoring agents by the FDA since 1976 due to safrole's designation as a carcinogen. Sassafras leaves do not contain sufficient amounts of safrole to be covered by the FDA ban.

Safrole is commonly used by clandestine laboratories to synthesize various hallucinogenic drugs such as MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), MDMA (Ecstasy), and MDEA (Love). For this reason, the sale of safrole and sassafras oil is monitored by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.

In some regions it was a popular additive to moonshine.

The wood is dull orange brown, hard, and durable in contact with the soil; it was used in the past for posts and rails, small boats and ox-yokes, though scarcity and small size limits current use. Some is still used for making furniture.

Propagation
Propagation of the tree is most easily achieved trough the separating of root sucklings that are found around almost all mature trees. Simply cut the root below the sapling leaving some 10 cm of the root. Plant the sapling in a pot containing a free draining organic rich soil and leave in a relatively protected spot from wind, heat, and intense sunlight. They are very hardy and it's almost impossible to fail.

title: Horticulture/Sassafras albidum


text:
Horticulture/Stylophorum diphyllum

The poppywort (also known as stylophorum, celandine poppy, wood poppy, or yellow poppy) is a member of the poppy family native to eastern North America, with yellow-orange flowers.

Description
The flowers are 4 showy sepals that are petal like, with many stamens in the middle. Plants grow about 1.5 feet tall, with pinnatifid shaped leaves. The flowers are produced in umbels that can have one to a few flowers each, the umbels terminate the stems and after blooming a pod like fruit is produced that hangs down under the foliage. When the seeds are ripe in mid summer, the pods split open along four valves. The plants have a yellow-orange sap that can stain hands.

Growing Conditions
Plants are relatively long lived and readily self seed under garden conditions, were they are grown under part shade.

title: Horticulture/Stylophorum diphyllum


text:
Horticulture/Trillium stamineum

Trillium stamineum is a species of Trilliums native to southeastern North America, but grown elsewhere for its attractive foliage.

title: Horticulture/Trillium stamineum


text:
Horticulture/Tulipa

Tulips are spring blooming bulbs with a long history of cultivation, as well as a notorious history in commerce.

Description
Tulips grow from bulbs, each bulb producing a single shoot with alternate, straplike leaves and a single flower. The plant dies back shortly after flowering in mid-spring.

Growing Conditions
Tulips require a well drained soil, and can suffer from over-irrigation in the summer.

Uses
Tulips are grown for spring color and as cut flowers.

title: Horticulture/Tulipa


text:
Talk:Rhetoric and Composition/Teacher's Handbook/Teaching Sentence Structure

teaching style
Russ has a good start on the Teaching Structure portion of this page. Anyone want to tackle an addition for teaching sentence style? --Klka0701 (talk) 13:50, 13 December 2007 (UTC)


text:
Horticulture/Veronica peduncularis

Veronica peduncularis is an herbaceous ground cover, grown for its fine textured foliage and showy blue flowers in spring.

title: Horticulture/Veronica peduncularis


text:
Horticulture/Viburnum x burkwoodii

Viburnum x burkwoodii is a hybrid viburnum grown for its extremely fragrant flowers borne in early spring.

title: Horticulture/Viburnum x burkwoodii


text:
Horticulture/Waldsteinia fragarioides

Barren Strawberry is an herbaceous ground cover grown for its dense growth and showy spring flowers. The "barren" in the name refers to its having no showy fruits.

Description
Barren strawberry is a creeping herbaceous ground cover, with vaguely strawberry-like leaves and large yellow flowers that appear in spring.

Uses
This plant makes a good ground cover for weed suppression in low-maintenance gardens.

title: Horticulture/Waldsteinia fragarioides


text:
Horticulture/Aesculus hippocastanum

Aesculus hippocastanum is a large deciduous tree, commonly known as Horse-chestnut. It is native to a small area in the mountains of the Balkans in southeast Europe, in small areas in northern Greece, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Bulgaria. It is widely cultivated throughout the temperate world.

Description
It grows to 36 m tall, with a domed crown of stout branches, on old trees the outer branches often pendulous with curled-up tips. The leaves are opposite and palmately compound, with 5-7 leaflets; each leaflet is 13–30 cm long, making the whole leaf up to 60 cm across, with a 7–20 cm petiole. The flowers are usually white with a small red spot; they are produced in spring in erect panicles 10–30 cm tall with about 20-50 flowers on each panicle. Usually only 1-5 fruit develop on each panicle; the fruit is a green, softly spiky capsule containing one (rarely two or three) nut-like seeds called conkers or horse-chestnuts. Each conker is 2–4 cm diameter, glossy nut-brown with a whitish scar at the base.

Uses
Cultivation for its spectacular spring flowers is successful in a range of climatic conditions provided summers are not too hot, with trees being grown as far north as Edmonton, Alberta, the Faroe Islands, and Tromsø, Norway. In more southern areas, growth is best in cooler mountain climates.

In Britain, the nuts are used for the popular children's game conkers. During the two world wars, horse-chestnuts were used as a source of starch which in turn could be used via the Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation method devised by Chaim Weizmann to produce acetone. This acetone was then used as a solvent which aided in the process of ballistite extrusion into cordite, which was then used in military armaments.

The nuts, especially those that are young and fresh, are slightly poisonous, containing alkaloid saponins and glucosides. Although not dangerous to touch, they cause sickness when eaten. Some mammals, notably deer, are able to break down the toxins and eat them safely. They are reputed to be good for horses with wind, but this is unproven and feeding them to horses is not advisable. The saponin aescin, however, has been used for health purposes (such as varicose veins, edema, sprains) and is available in food supplements, as is a related glocoside aesculin.

In the past, Horse-chestnut seeds were used in France and Switzerland for whitening hemp, flax, silk and wool. They contain a soapy juice, fit for washing of linens and stuffs, for milling of caps and stockings, etc., and for fulling of cloth. For this, 20 horse-chestnut seeds were sufficient for six liters of water. They were peeled, then rasped or dried, and ground in a malt or other mill. The water must be soft, either rain or river water; hard well water will not work. The nuts are then steeped in cold water, which soon becomes frothy, as with soap, and then turns milky white. The liquid must be stirred well at first, and then, after standing to settle, strained or poured off clear. Linen washed in this liquid, and afterwards rinsed in clear running water, takes on an agreeable light sky-blue colour. It takes spots out of both linen and wool, and never damages or injures the cloth.

In Bavaria the chestnut is the typical tree for a beer garden. Originally they were planted for their deep shade which meant that beer cellar owners could cut ice from local rivers and lakes in winter to cool their beer well into summer. Nowadays guests enjoy the shade to keep their heads cool - even after the second Maß (a mug with a liter of beer). Conkers have been threatened by the leaf-mining moth Cameraria ohridella, whose larvae feed on horse chestnut leaves. The moth had been in Europe since 1985 but took 17 years to reach Britain.

Aesculus hippocastanum is used in Bach flower remedies. When the buds are used it is referred to as "Chestnut Bud" and when the flowers are used it is referred to as "White Chestnut".

The flower is the symbol of the city of Kiev, capital of Ukraine. Horse-chestnuts can be used to make jewelry using the conkers as beads.

title: Horticulture/Aesculus hippocastanum


text: Template:Horticulture/Cat (add "y" where applicable)


text:
Talk:Rhetoric and Composition/Teacher's Handbook/Teaching with Wikitexts

List of reasons to/not to use the wikitext vs printed text
Does anyone else have any pro/cons to add to the Reason to use/not use bulleted lists?--Klka0701 (talk) 15:04, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

I added some ideas to the "Reason to use/not use" section. The bulleted lists seemed incomplete, and as such, I decided to expand on them and turn them into full sentences. I also added more updated information on e-books, which may or may not have been in their infancy since the last edit of this page. --Heja0805 (discuss • contribs) 15:56, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

Teaching with the Rhetoric and Composition Wikibook vs wikitexts in a general sense
I may have been mislead, but I initially thought this page was dedicated to teaching with wikitexts in a general sense. I think there must be a distinction between how to teach with the Rhetoric and Composition Wikibook and how to implement wikis in pedagogical settings. I propose the creation of a separate page on this wikibook to address how to teach using wikis in educational contexts. --Heja0805 (discuss • contribs) 22:22, 18 October 2012 (UTC)


text:
User talk:169.139.1.20

And again
This block will last until school gets out. --Jomegat (talk) 17:42, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:169.139.1.20


text:
Rhetoric and Composition/Teacher's Handbook/Teaching Writing for the Web

Writing for the Web
Writing for the Web demands more than an understanding of proper mechanical and grammatical writing techniques and rules. Unfortunately, these techniques and rules are often the last focus of Web-based writing. Within Internet writing, delivery becomes the main focus. Known as the 5th Canon of writing, delivery becomes essential to an audience's reaction and willingness to view what has been written. If you are writing for a corporate site, or a personal blog, delivery will decide if an audience will exist. In this way, the lines distinguishing writing and marketing begin to blur.

Some of the focal points given more prominence during the process of Web-writing are:

 * Understanding target audience.
 * Speed at which a web-page can be uploaded.
 * Use of color and imagery to capture and sway an audience.
 * Long-term affect of writing in a public forum.
 * Everything published on the web can be found.

Writing for the Web can offer any individual the opportunity to be published. The words placed on-line when one is 15 will most likely still exist when they are 95 years old. Corporations and hiring agencies WILL scour the web to find out more information on a potential employee or customer. For this reason, understanding what students are writing and sharing online may affect their future.

Also, on-line writing allows students to include voice recordings, pictures and images, video clips, and typed words. Graphics and fonts change the meaning of words just as much as a well-chosen synonym will. In this then, Web-based writing demands an understanding beyond the well structured paragraph.

Audience and Writing
An understanding of online audience is key for students. Most students have a natural understanding of this concept. The majority of students born after 1981 can be considered digital natives. A digital native is someone who has grown up around, and using, digital and Internet technology. For these students, the techniques needed for quality online writing will center around grammar, mechanics, and subject matter. For students not considered digital natives, achieving an appropriate length for the document will be a major goal.

Below are a few Web writing tips your audience will appreciate:

Be concise. Writing for the Web requires relaying your message concisely and succinctly and omitting unnecessary words. A good rule to follow is to write 50 percent less for the Web than you would for a hardcopy publication. Consider using bulleted lists for important points.

Write for scanning. Write so readers can scan the text. If the Web page contains long blocks of text the reader will grow weary and leave your page. The back door is only a click away. Guide the reader through the page and/or site by using headlines, lists and bold/italic formatting for emphasis.

Chunk large amounts of information. Carefully dividing material into shorter blocks can help maintain an engaged reader. Appropriately dividing the material or "chunking" is a great way to break up long blocks of continuous text. Chunking also helps limit the length of the Web page. Readers usually prefer shorter pages.

On the other hand, avoid fragmentation. Over-subdividing the information can overwhelm and frustrate the reader. An information chunk should have give the appropriate amount of background, context and amount of information. Use links to other pages that provide supporting information.

Use links effectively. Links can support your material by providing further background information, adding detail, and expanding on related concepts.

Proper formatting. Always start with a headline and use subheads throughout the page. Remember, readers are scanning the page looking for specific topics. Headlines and subheads provide an outline to guide the reader's eyes. Providing a summary paragraph at the beginning of longer documents can help orient the reader to the page's contents. Use italics for emphasis and to make your text more conversational.

Writing on Social Networking Platforms
Within a Social writing space, such as Myspace and Facebook, as well as blog providers like Wordpress and Blogger, the length of a composition is key. Within the blogging sections of these spaces, any document consisting of more than 300 words is considered excess. People who write often on-line instinctively know, with the help of these visit counters, what length of entry will keep, and lose, an audience. The average length of time a reader spends scanning a web page is 5-15 seconds. Effective blog entries are thus typically shorter in length. Many of the social sites now offer a viewing tally and useful tools to view page analytics.

Microblogging has thoroughly imbued writing practice on social networking sites. Twitter has quickly become one of the most widely used online social networking services and is founded on posting "tweets" of 140 characters or less. Facebook, in an effort to compete with microblogging platforms such as Twitter, now enables users to post status updates of up to 420 characters in length.

The constraints of microblogging has required users to pay close attention to minute details, clarity, and of course, concise language on their posts. Microblogging is an excellent way to provide instant updates on anything from news to personal details. While some users on Twitter choose to dedicate their profiles to their personal life, others find it suitable for professional networking opportunities.

Microblogging also poses a unique potential area for creative writing. Flash fiction, and more genres like micropoetry and flarf, display the unique opportunities of constrained writing on the Internet.

Your Words will follow You
The words written today will exist tomorrow. This is the belief of many internet users. For the most part, they are correct. Any document, photo, video, and podcast can be recorded or photographed by another computer user. For this reason, one of the most important concepts students must learn is that their words are not just part of the current moment.

Use of Video and Graphics
Not everyone in the world has high-speed internet. For this reason, one of the first writing concepts of web content deals with upload speed. Upload speed will affect how quickly an audience can view the information you are trying to share. In the early years of the internet web-designers would incorporate intricate images and graphics that would start up as soon as a page was opened. This slows down upload speed. Though fun to view, these graphic openings have since been considered bad practice, because viewers do not wish to wait for the upload to be completed.


text:
Talk:Rhetoric and Composition/Teacher's Handbook/Teaching Writing for the Web

goal of this page
The goal of this page, currently, is to offer wisdom and common sense information. I'm targeting the novice computer user who is going to enter into a web-based teaching world.

Links to useful multi-modal teaching places (education muds, blogs, and wikis) would be nice. Basically, try to help Teachers understand what is the focus of web writing overall, while also helping the teacher get their "feet wet" so to speak.

A list of quality web-writing books will help too. I'll try to add a few books I like during the week of Dec. 17th--Klka0701 (talk) 16:21, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Proper Place?
Does this really belong to the teacher's handbook section? I think it should go somewhere else.


text:
User:Aditya Kabir

Nothing to write home. This is my first edit, and I can't call it a contribution.

title: User:Aditya Kabir


text:
Talk:A-level Physics/Cosmology/How the universe may evolve

This page is actually incorrect. The density parameter does determine the geometry of the universe (whether it is flat, open or closed), but it does not determine the final state. This is because we now know that there is dark energy in the universe, which contributes to Ω but makes the expansion accelerate rather than decelerate.

Given that it seems most A-level syllabuses have yet to catch up on this, I would hesitate to put the correct information in the main page. -- Anon


text:
User:Gfranken

About Me Gary Frankenbery is a high school teacher of Computer Science in a small town in Southern Oregon. Among other classes, he teaches Computer Programming 1 (Ruby), Computer Programming 2 (Java), and Advanced Placement Computer Programming (Java).

title: User:Gfranken


text:
User talk:Wickedjester

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:51, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wickedjester


text: User talk:198.170.192.10

title: User talk:198.170.192.10


text:
User talk:LGJD

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:55, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Image:Light-candles.jpg
Hi there; we need a source (URL) for the image you just uploaded. Please provide a link on the image description page. Happy editing! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:55, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem with Image:Light-candles.jpg

 * You need to edit the image description page to fix this - do not upload a new version. Please add both a link to the source, and the appropriate license template. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:10, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:LGJD


text:
User talk:Gfranken

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:57, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gfranken


text: User talk:196.31.11.194

title: User talk:196.31.11.194


text:
Horticulture/Contributors

Active Contributors
(The users listed below have made contributions to this wikibook, and have listed themselves as authors.)
 * 1) -- SB_Johnny | PA!

Contributors by number of contributions
(This data was compiled on the Toolserver, and calculates by edit count, rather than edit size. Many of the users below contributed to the Wikipedia articles upon which many of chapters in this book are based.)

Regular Users
(These are the top 30 contributors by edit count who were using regular accounts to add or modify content either on Wikibooks or Wikipedia)
 * 1) User:SBJohnny / User:SB Johnny
 * w:User:MPF
 * w:User:JoJan
 * w:User:Richard Barlow
 * w:User:Pollinator
 * w:User:DanielCD
 * 1) User:Herbythyme
 * w:User:Stan Shebs
 * w:User:Stemonitis
 * w:User:Marshman
 * w:User:Imc
 * w:User:Circeus
 * w:User:UtherSRG
 * w:User:Seglea
 * w:User:Marktee1
 * w:User:WormRunner
 * w:User:TeunSpaans
 * w:User:Ricardo Carneiro Pires
 * w:User:Jaknouse
 * w:User:Pekinensis
 * w:User:CanisRufus
 * w:User:Sengkang
 * w:User:Badagnani
 * w:User:Heathhunnicutt
 * w:User:Shadbush
 * w:User:Jhml
 * w:User:TheAlphaWolf
 * w:User:PierreAbbat
 * w:User:Williamb
 * w:User:Filll

Robotic Editors
(Several editors have contributed to this book in various ways using "bots", or automated editors, which came up while compiling the top 30 lists. The edits of most Wikipedian bots will probably not be reflected in the current content of this book.)
 * 1) User:Lcarsbot
 * w:User:Gdrbot
 * w:User:YurikBot
 * w:User:AntiVandalBot
 * w:User:SmackBot
 * w:User:Thijs!bot
 * w:User:Robbot
 * w:User:Tawkerbot2
 * 1) User:Herbys bot

/Project

title: Horticulture/Contributors


text:
User talk:JeffD

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
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 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
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 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:53, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:JeffD


text:
User talk:Taodan

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:54, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Taodan


text:
User talk:Klka0701

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:54, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Klka0701


text:
User talk:BBird

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:54, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:BBird


text:
User talk:Noword

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:54, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Noword


text:
User talk:Aditya Kabir

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:54, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aditya Kabir


text:
User talk:Cthames

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
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 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:54, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cthames


text:
User talk:Julleras~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:54, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Julleras. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Julleras~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:21, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:06, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Julleras~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Contributors

Contribution log from toolserver on 19:33, 13 December 2007 (UTC) 2637	SBJohnny 1508	MPF 921	SB Johnny 493	Lcarsbot 488	JoJan 315	Gdrbot 256	Richard Barlow 225	Pollinator 205	YurikBot 170	DanielCD 150	Herbythyme 117	Stan Shebs 107	Stemonitis 90	Marshman 87	Imc 81	Circeus 80	UtherSRG 80	Seglea 80	AntiVandalBot 77	Marktee1 74	WormRunner 64	TeunSpaans 61	Ricardo Carneiro Pires 60	SmackBot 59	Jaknouse 59	Pekinensis 58	Thijs!bot 58	CanisRufus 56	Badagnani 56	Sengkang 55	Heathhunnicutt 54	Shadbush 54	Jhml 52	TheAlphaWolf 51	Robbot 50	Tawkerbot2 50	PierreAbbat 48	Williamb 48	Herbys bot 47	John-Nash 47	PDH 47	Filll 45	FlaBot 44	Fir0002 44	Dr U 44	Josh Grosse 44	Dyanega 44	Wikiklaas 44	Bluebot 44	Gdr 43	SiGarb 43	Yath 42	82.159.136.238 41	Bogdangiusca 40	Curtis Clark 40	Quadell 39	Djlayton4 38	Ellmist 38	IronChris 38	Quercusrobur 37	Heron 36	Pigsonthewing 36	Maveric149 36	Jimfbleak 35	Ahoerstemeier 35	RexNL 34	Dunning 33	Angilbas 32	Tarquin 32	Menchi 32	Joy 32	207.203.58.10 32	Orjen 31	Obli 31	Oscar the mooch 30	Karen Johnson 30	Hoogli

title: Talk:Horticulture/Contributors


text: User talk:86.108.89.41

title: User talk:86.108.89.41


text: User talk:216.64.172.165

title: User talk:216.64.172.165


text:
User:Storkk

See w:User:Storkk and commons:User:Storkk

title: User:Storkk


text:
The Q Document/The Synoptic Gospels

The Synoptic Gospels
Of the four canonical gospels included in the New Testament, three are very similar: Mark, Matthew, and Luke. These gospels often recount the same stories about Jesus, generally follow the same sequence and, often use the same or similar wording. Because they share the same view, these three gospels are known as the Synoptic Gospels (from Greek synoptic, meaning "seeing with the same eyes").

A substantial amount of material is repeated in all three synoptic gospels. This material is known as the triple tradition. About half of the material in the synoptic gospels (taken together) would be considered "triple tradition" material.

Another substantial block of material is repeated in both Matthew and Luke, but is absent from Mark. This material is known as the double tradition. About one-fifth of the material in the synoptic gospels (taken together) would be considered "double tradition" material.

A small amount material (about 9%) is found in both Mark and Matthew, but not in Luke. A very small amount of material (about 2%) is found in Mark and Luke, but not in Matthew.

Additionally, each gospel has some material that is unique to it alone. Luke has a relatively large amount of such material-- Luke-only material makes up about 15% of the synoptics. Matthew-only material, meanwhile, makes up about 9% of the synoptics. Mark has the least amount of unique material-- Mark-only material makes up less than 1% of the synoptics.

The Synoptic Problem

The relationships between the three synoptic gospels goes beyond mere similarity in viewpoint. The gospels often recount the stories, usually in the same exact order, sometimes even using the exact same words. Some sections are repeated nearly verbatim.

Scholars note that the similarities between the Mark, Matthew, and Luke are too great to be accounted for by mere coincidences. Since multiple eyewitnesses reporting the exact same events will basically never relate a story using exactly the same word-for-word telling, Scholars and theologians have long assumed there was some literary relationship between the three synoptic gospels.

The precise nature of the relationships between the gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke is know as the Synoptic Problem. The recognition of the question, and attempts to resolve it, date to antiquity. For example, Augustine of Hippo, a 5th century bishop, tried to explain the relationships between the synoptic gospels by proposing that perhaps Matthew was written first, then Mark was written using Matthew as a source, and finally Luke was written using Matthew and Mark as sources. Although this specific solution has fallen out favor with modern scholars, it represents one of the earliest and most influential proposed solutions to the synoptic problem.

title: The Q Document/The Synoptic Gospels