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Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy/Censorship or Content Regulation

How are governments approaching content regulation?
Many governments around the world have sought to address the problems posed by materials on the Internet that are illegal under their offline laws, and those considered harmful to or unsuitable for minors. The nature of material of principal concern has varied substantially, from political speeches, to material promoting or inciting to racial hatred, to pornographic material.

AFly Airlines Government policies concerning censorship of the Internet may be grouped into four categories:

 * 1) Government policy to encourage Internet industry self-regulation and end-user voluntary use of filtering/blocking technologies. This approach is taken in the United Kingdom, Canada, and many Western European countries. It also appears to be the current approach in New Zealand where applicability of offline classification/censorship laws to Internet content seems less than clear. In these countries, laws of general application apply to illegal Internet content such as child pornography and incitement to racial hatred. It is not illegal to make content “unsuitable for minors” available on the Internet, nor is access to the same controlled by a restricted access system. Some governments encourage the voluntary use and ongoing development of technologies that enable Internet users to control their own, and their children’s, access to content on the Internet.
 * 2) Criminal law penalties (fines or jail terms) applicable to content providers who make content “unsuitable for minors” available online. This approach is taken in some Australian State jurisdictions and has been attempted in the USA. In these countries, in addition, laws of general application apply to content that is illegal for reasons other than its unsuitability for children, such as child pornography.
 * 3) Government-mandated blocking of access to content deemed unsuitable for adults. This approach is taken in Australian Commonwealth law (although it has not been enforced in this manner to date) and in China, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam, among others. Some countries require Internet access providers to block material while others allow only restricted access to the Internet through a government-controlled access point.
 * 4) Government prohibition of public access to the Internet. A number of countries, like China, either prohibit general public access to the Internet, or require Internet users to be registered/licensed by a government authority before permitting them restricted access.

Do developed countries regulate Internet content?
Yes. The Internet censorship regime in Australia consists of legislation at both Commonwealth and State/Territory Government levels. The Commonwealth regime is a complaints-based system and applies to content hosts, including ISPs, but not to content creators/providers. Content hosts are required to delete Australian hosted content from their server (Web, Usenet, FTP, etc.) that is deemed “objectionable” or “unsuitable for minors” on receipt of a take-down notice from the government regulator. The law does not require ISPs to block access to content hosted outside Australia. Instead, the ABA notifies filtering/blocking software providers of content hosted outside Australia to be added to their blacklists. Australian Internet users are not required by law to use blocking software. In addition, State and Territory criminal laws apply to content providers/creators. These laws enable prosecution of Internet users who make available material that is deemed “objectionable” or “unsuitable for minors”. The detail of the criminal offence provisions is different in each jurisdiction that has enacted or proposed laws of this nature.

Recent regulatory activity in France concerning illegal material on the Internet has focused on enforcing French laws prohibiting race hate material. In May 2000, a French judge ruled that USA Yahoo! Inc must make it impossible for French users to access sites auctioning race hate memorabilia. Yahoo! said it is technically impossible for it to block Internet users in France from seeing Nazi-related content on its USA Web site and that its French site complied with France’s laws prohibiting advertising Nazi memorabilia. In November 2001, a US District Court ruled that Yahoo! does not have to comply with the French court’s order concerning access to its USA site. The Court ruled that the USA First Amendment protects content generated in the US by American companies from being regulated by authorities in countries that have more restrictive laws on freedom of expression.

In the mid-1990s, German ISPs blocked access to some Internet content outside Germany containing material that is illegal under German laws of general application, particularly race hate propaganda and child pornography. In July 2000, it was reported that the German government had ceased trying to bar access to content outside Germany but police would continue to aim to stop illegal “homegrown” material. In 2001 and 2002, German authorities issued take-down notices to a number of Web hosts in the USA which refused to comply. The Ministry for Families, Seniors, Women and Children continues to issue take-down notices to foreign Web hosts under the “Act of the Dissemination of Publications and Other Media Morally Harmful to Youth” in relation to offshore sites that contain material “harmful to youth”. The Ministry claims jurisdiction over Web sites worldwide that contain “pornographic, extreme violence, war-mongering, racist, fascist and/or anti-Semitic content”. The notices require the Web host (as opposed to the Web site owner or content provider) to either remove the material or subject it to an age-verification system based on, for example, credit card checks.

What are the British and American approaches to Internet censorship?
The United Kingdom has not enacted censorship legislation specific to the Internet and appears to have no intention of so doing. In September 1996, a non-government organization named the UK Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) was established by ISP associations to implement proposals for dealing with illegal material on the Internet, with particular reference to child pornography. The IWF was established after the London Metropolitan Police sent a letter to all ISPs on August 9, 1996 requesting them to censor Usenet news groups or else police would find it necessary to prosecute ISPs in relation to illegal material made available via their systems.

The IWF operates a hotline to enable members of the public to report child pornography or other illegal material on the Internet. When the IWF receives a report, it reviews the material and decides whether it is potentially illegal. It then tries to determine the origin of the material and notifies the UK police or appropriate overseas law enforcement agency. It also notifies UK ISPs that they should take the material down from their servers; if they do not, they risk prosecution.

In February 2002, the IWF announced it would henceforth also deal with “criminally racist content” and that the Home Office had provided IWF with “an extended guide to the application of the [UK] law to racism on the Internet-’Racially Inflammatory Material on the Internet’”.

In 1996, the United States government began the push for Internet censorship when it passed into law the Communications Decency Act (CDA), which criminalized the sending of anything “indecent” over the Internet. In June 1996, a Philadelphia court struck down the CDA as unconstitutional as it went against the free speech guarantee. The Court ruled that the Internet is a “free marketplace of ideas” and should not be treated like television. One of the judges wrote, “...the Internet may fairly be regarded as a never-ending worldwide conversation. The Government may not, through the CDA, interrupt that conversation. As the most participatory form of mass speech yet developed, the Internet deserves the highest protection from governmental intrusion.”

Another failed Internet content regulation legislation is the Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA), a US federal law passed in December 2000 that ties crucial library funding to the mandated use of blocking programs on Internet terminals used by both adults and minors in public libraries. A federal court decisively rejected the CIPA on the ground that blocking programs cannot effectively screen out only material deemed “harmful to minors”. The court called the software a “blunt instrument”, adding that “the problems faced by manufacturers and vendors of filtering software are legion”.

The 9/11 attacks in New York and Washington and the presumed use of the Internet by terrorists to contact each other and prepare the operation resulted in the imposition of tough security measures and strict regulation of the Internet. A few hours after the attacks, FBI agents visited the head offices of the country’s main ISPs, including Hotmail, AOL and Earthlink, to confiscate details of possible e-mail messages between the terrorists. The monitoring of data on the Internet was legalized on October 24, 2001 with the enactment of the USA Patriot Act. This anti-terrorist measure confirmed the authority already given to the FBI to install the Carnivore program on an ISP’s equipment to monitor the flow of e-mail messages and store records of Web activity by people suspected of having contact with a foreign power. This requires only the permission of a special court.

Which developing countries regulate Internet content?
In September 1996, China reportedly banned access to certain Web sites by using a filtering system to prevent delivery of offending information. The banned sites included Western news outlets, Taiwanese commentary sites, anti-China dissident sites, and sexually explicit sites. A study by the Harvard Law School found that China has the most extensive Internet censorship in the world, regularly denying users access to 19,000 Web sites that the government deems threatening. The study, which tested access from multiple points in China over six months, found that Beijing blocked thousands of the most popular news, political and religious sites, along with selected entertainment and educational destinations. China also does not allow users to connect to major Western religious sites. News media sites are also often blocked. Among the sites users had trouble reaching in the test period were those of National Public Radio, The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, and Time magazine.

In Saudi Arabia public access to the Internet has been funnelled through a single government-controlled center since February 1999, when Internet access was first made available. From this center, the government blocks access to Internet content deemed unsuitable for the country’s citizens, such as information considered sensitive for political or religious reasons, pornographic sites, and the like. According to a report in The New York Times on November 19, 2001, over 7,000 sites are added to the blacklist monthly and the control center receives more than 100 requests a day to remove specific sites from the blacklist-many because they have been wrongfully characterized by the US commercial blocking software used.

The Singapore Broadcasting Authority (SBA) has regulated Internet content as a broadcasting service since July 1996. Under a Class Licence Scheme, Internet Content Providers and ISPs are deemed automatically licensed. Licensees are required to comply with the Class Licence Conditions and the Internet Code of Practice, which includes the definition of “prohibited material”. Briefly, “prohibited material” is that which is deemed “objectionable on the grounds of public interest, public morality, public order, public security, national harmony, or is otherwise prohibited by applicable Singapore laws.” The SBA has the power to impose sanctions, including fines, on licensees who contravene the Code of Practice.

The SBA takes a light-touch approach in regulating services on the Internet. For example, licensees found to be in breach of regulations will be given a chance to rectify the breach before the Authority takes action. Users in Singapore have access to all material available on the Internet, with the exception of a few high impact illegal Web sites, and Internet content is not pre-censored by SBA; nor are ISPs required to monitor the Internet. SBA is concerned primarily with pornography, violence, and incitement of racial or religious hatred. SBA’s purview covers only the provision of material to the public. Private communications, such as email and Internet Relay Chat between two individuals or parties, are not covered.

Are there countries that do not regulate content?
In August 1998, the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) called for public discussion on what role-if any-it should have in regulating matters such as online pornography, hate speech, and “Canadian content” on the Web. Subsequently, in May 1999, the CRTC issued a media release titled “CRTC Won’t Regulate the Internet”. It states, among others, that “[a]fter conducting an in-depth review, the CRTC has concluded that the new media on the Internet are achieving the goals of the Broadcasting Act and are vibrant, highly competitive and successful without regulation. The CRTC is concerned that any attempt to regulate Canadian new media might put the industry at a competitive disadvantage in the global marketplace.”

Likewise, as of this writing, Denmark has no law making it a criminal offense to make material unsuitable for minors available on the Internet. Nor is there any proposal to create such a law. Discussion regarding protection of minors is unfolding primarily around the issue of filtering at public libraries.

Similarly, the “new media” (Internet) in Norway is not regulated by law. Instead the efforts are toward informing the public of the developments in the Internet through the Norwegian Board of Film Classification, which every now and then publishes reports concerning technological advancements and their social impact.

Is regulating the Net similar to regulating the telephone, radio or TV?
No. Government involvement in radio and television is based on the “scarcity” doctrine, which holds that government censorship of content is justified by the government’s role in assigning broadcast frequencies on a scarce spectrum. The Internet, on the other hand, is not a “scarce” resource as anyone can attach a computer to it without the government’s permission. Nor is it a government-licensed common carrier like a phone company. Moreover, the regulations that have been held constitutional for telephone, radio and TV merely seek to shift (“channel”) explicit speech to a time or place where children cannot access it, but not to ban such speech entirely.

Is censorship of the Internet the answer?
The Internet is the fastest growing and largest tool for mass communication and information distribution in the world. It can be used to distribute large amounts of information anywhere in the world at a minimal cost. The problem is that information may be “good” or “bad.” In the last 10 years, there has been increasing concern about damaging Internet content, including violence and sexual content, bomb-making instructions, terrorist activity, and child pornography.

What then? Should governments step in to filter information? Or should individuals be allowed to determine for themselves what is harmful? The question is not easily answered as it involves striking a delicate balance between the individual’s freedom of expression and information and a State’s right to prevent what it considers harmful to its subjects.

Table 2 sums up the two positions on censorship of the Internet.

 * Source: Matt Butt, “Summary: Should governments censor material on the World Wide Web?” (November 3, 2000); available from IDEA Debatabase http://www.debatabase.org/debatabase/details.asp?topicID=83

What about self-regulation?
Self-regulation is less costly than traditional command-and-control regulation. First, command-and-control rules are unsuited to the rapid changes of technology in the innovation age. Second, with self-regulation authorities need not drastically expand their enforcement mechanisms. From the standpoint of participants in markets, whether industry or consumers, self-regulation might arise as a natural outgrowth of consumer demand. This “bottom-up” process is voluntary and likely to be highly decentralized.

How can self-regulation be made effective?
Codes of conduct should be adopted to ensure that Internet content and service providers act in accordance with principles of social responsibility. These codes should meet community concerns and operate as an accountability system that guarantees a high level of credibility and quality. For instance, as part of codes of conduct, Internet providers hosting content have an obligation to remove illegal content when they are informed that such content exists. The procedure for giving notice and take-down should be indicated.

A service provider may include in its contracts with users and content providers terms that allow it to comply with its legal obligations and protect it from liability. It is in the best interest of industry to take on such responsibility since it enhances consumer confidence and is ultimately good for business.

To be effective, codes of conduct must be the product of and be enforced by self-regulatory agencies. Such agencies must be broadly representative and accessible to all relevant parties. Subject to a process of acquiescence by public authorities, they should enjoy certain legal privileges enhancing their functions. Effective self-regulation requires active consumer and citizen consultation by such agencies. Without user involvement, a self-regulatory mechanism will not accurately reflect user needs, will not be effective in delivering the standards it promotes, and will fail to create confidence.

Is there a role for government under a regime of self-regulation?
Self-regulation cannot function without the support of public authorities. The support can be in the form of simply not interfering with the self-regulatory process, or endorsing or ratifying self-regulatory codes and giving support through enforcement.

There are clearly limits to what can be achieved by self-regulation. It alone cannot guarantee that child pornographers are caught and punished. However, self-regulatory mechanisms can help ensure that criminals do not use the Internet with impunity. Governments should, through education and public information, raise awareness among users about self-regulatory mechanisms such as the means to filter and block content and to communicate complaints about Internet content through hotlines.

For governments, the emphasis should be on achieving regulatory efficiency by allowing business to take on as much of the task as possible. After all, business has a strong interest in creating trust across the whole spectrum of users and providers of services.

But where should the dividing line between business self-regulation and government regulation be drawn? Clearly, governments must ensure that the law is respected in cyberspace, to protect intellectual property and stop criminal abuse, for example. Business accepts the key role of governments in establishing Internet policy and is no less determined that the Internet should not become a free-for-all. In general terms, business urges governments to leave untouched those areas where there is no clear evidence that business conduct will have a negative effect on society or on the fundamental rights of individuals.

What about empowering the end-users?
Filtering technology can empower users by allowing them to select the kinds of content they and their children are exposed to. Used wisely, this technology can help shift control of and responsibility for harmful content from governments, regulatory agencies, and supervisory bodies to individuals. Thus, there is need for an improved architecture for the rating and filtering of Internet content. An independent organization that will provide a basic vocabulary for rating and oversee updates to the system at periodic intervals is needed.

A good filtering system realizes several important values: end user autonomy, respect for freedom of expression, ideological diversity, transparency, respect for privacy, interoperability and compatibility. Moreover, the system must feature a user-friendly interface that encourages actual use of its features and makes choice a real possibility for the vast majority of end users. Third parties should be encouraged to develop and provide free filters. Industry should promote the availability and use of filtering systems, educating consumers about how to filter and making it easy for parents, teachers, and other concerned adults to choose, install and adapt filters to their set of values. Regulatory requirements for service providers to screen or filter content should be avoided. Government or regulatory agencies may supply filters but should not mandate their use.

Likewise, there is a need for technical and organizational communication devices to ensure that users can respond to content on the Internet that they find to be of substantial concern. These “hotlines” ensure that, where necessary and appropriate, effective action can be taken to remedy such concerns. The task of evaluating the legality or illegality of specific data is difficult for Internet providers and should, therefore, be integrated into the work of hotlines. In order to function, hotlines need an environment and operational rules that honor their specific task of handling problematic-and perhaps illegal-content. Legislators should formulate minimum require-ments regarding the organizational setup and procedures of hotlines and, in turn, shield them from criminal or civil liability incurred in the proper conduct of their business (“safe harbor”).

What should be considered when choosing a particular regulatory mechanism?
Whatever the approach to content regulation, the important consideration is that regulation must not stifle innovation. It would seem that a hybrid between a government-regulated regime and an industry-regulated regime may be the right combination when dealing with censorship in the information age.

Because the Internet is global, there is a need for an international network of hotlines governed by a framework agreement containing minimum standards on the handling of content concerns and stipulating mutual notification between hotlines. The hotline in the country where the content is located is asked to evaluate it and to take action. This mechanism results in content providers being acted against only if the material is illegal in the host country. The mechanism also overcomes difficulties in the complex diplomatic procedures necessary for cross-border cooperation of law enforcement authorities.

In the final analysis, no regulatory mechanism can work independently of an education and awareness campaign. The Internet industry should have a continuous online and offline program to develop general awareness of self-regulatory mechanisms such as filtering systems and hotlines. Schools should provide the necessary skills for children to understand the benefits and limitations of online information and to exercise self-control over problematic Internet content. The Internet is itself a process, an enormous system for change and response, feedback and transformation. Like the Internet, the legal system and regulatory mechanisms around it must incorporate similar practices of learning and changing.


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Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy/Further Reading

 * Baumer, David and J. Carl Poindexter. 2001. Cyberlaw and e-commerce. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
 * Berners-Lee, Tim. 1999. Weaving the Web: the original design and ultimate destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor. Harper San Francisco.
 * Black, Sharon K. 2001. Telecommunications law in the Internet age.1stedition. Morgan Kaufmann.
 * Casey, Eoghan. 2000. Digital evidence and computer crime. Academic Press.
 * Ferrera, Gerald R. et al. 2000. Cyberlaw: text and cases. 1st edition. South-Western College Pub.
 * Girasa, Rosario. Cyberlaw: National and International Perspectives.
 * Hiller, Janine and Ronnie Cohen. 2002. Internet Law and Policy. 1st edition. Prentice Hall.
 * Hitcock, David. Patent searching made easy: how to do patent searching on the Internet and in the library. 2nd edition. Nolo Press.
 * Isenberg, Doug. 2002. GigaLaw guide to Internet law. Random House.
 * Lessig, Lawrence. 1999. Code and other laws of cyberspace. New York: Basic Books.
 * Lessig, Lawrence. 2001. The future of ideas: the fate of the commons in a connected world. New York: Random House.
 * Litman, Jessica. 2001. Digital copyright. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
 * Rosenberg, Donald K. (2000). Open source: the unauthorized white papers. John Wiley & Sons.
 * Stallman, Richard, Lawrence, Lessig and Joshua Gay. (2002). Free software, free society: Selected essays of Richard Stallman. Free Software Foundation.
 * Vaidhyanathan, Siva. 2001. Copyrights and copywrongs: the rise of IP and how it threatens creativity. New York University Press.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy/Notes

 * 1 Doug Isenberg, GigaLaw Guide to Internet Law (Random House, 1985).
 * 2 EDIAS Software Intern. V. BAGIS Intern., Ltd., 947 F. Supp. 412 (D. Ariz. 1996)
 * 3 DVD Copy Control Association, Inc. v. Andrew Thomas McLaughlin et al., Case No. CV 786804 (Superior Court of the State of California, County of Santa Clara).
 * 4 Richard, Taylor, The APEC Group and E-commerce Policy: Implications of the U.S. “Framework” for Global Electronic Commerce; available from http://www.ist.psu.edu/iip/Publication/Taylor/ITS98rt3.pdf
 * 5 Approaches in Electronic Authentication Legislation; available from http://rechten.uvt.nl/simone/Ds-art4.htm#_Toc468692769
 * 6 Ibid.
 * 7 Ibid.
 * 8 Ibid.
 * 9 Ibid.
 * 10 Paul Scholtz, “Economics of Personal Information,” First Monday 5, 9 (September 2000), [e-journal] http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_9/sholtz/#s4
 * 11 Ibid.
 * 12 Ibid.
 * 13 “Trade Secrets”; available from http://www.cerebalaw.com/tradesec.htm
 * 14 James Hollander, “Amazon.com and Wal-Mart Settle Explosive E-commerce Lawsuit,” E-Commerce Times (April 5, 1999), [e-journal] http://www.ecommercetimes.com/news/articles/990405-1.shtml
 * 15 “Internet Business Patents,” available from Nolo Encyclopedia http://www.nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article.cfm/objectID/C2DBFF26-7097-4B7B-AE36DA00499851EE
 * 16 State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signal Financial Group, Inc. 149 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 1998) cert denied 119 S. Ct. 851 (1999); available from http://www.kuesterlaw.com/saris.htm
 * 17 Jennifer Hampton, “Hollywood Claims Victory in DVD Piracy Case, E-Commerce Times (August 18, 2000), [e-journal] http://www.ecommercetimes.com/news/articles2000/000818-6.shtml
 * 18 “Songwriters, Music Publishers and Recording Industry Take Audiogalaxy.com to Court For Wholesale Copyright Infringement,” Recording Industry Association of America Press Releases (May 24, 2002); available from http://www.riaa.com/PR_story.cfm?id=520
 * 19 Susan Rush, “Audiogalaxy vs. The Music Industry: Case Closed,” Broadbandweek.com (June 18, 2002); available from http://www.broadbandweek.com/news/020617/020618_content_Agalaxy.htm
 * 20 http://www.dsl.org/copyleft/
 * 21 http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html
 * 22 http://www.evolt.org/article/GNU_GPL/17/137/
 * 23 Principles for Providing and Using Personal Information; available from http://iitf.doc.gov/ipc/ipc/ipc-pubs/niiprivprin_final.html
 * 24 Irving J. Sloan, Law of Privacy in a Technological Society (Oceana Publications, 1986).
 * 25 Margaret N. Uy, “Internet Privacy, Are We Prepared For It? (Part 1)”, e-Legal 1:2.
 * 26 “Council Definitively Adopts Directive on Protection of Personal Data”, European Commission Press Release: IP/95/822 (July 25, 1995); available from http://www.privacy.org/pi/intl_orgs/ec/dp_EC_press_release.txt
 * 27 OECD, Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (2000); available from http://www1.oecd.org/publications/e-book/9300023E.PDF
 * 28 Janet Reno, 5 April 2000
 * 29 Electronic Frontier Foundation, “EFF Analysis Of The Provisions Of The USA PATRIOT Act That Relate To Online Activities” (October 31, 2001); available from http://web.archive.org/20011103150914/www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism_militias/20011031_eff_usa_patriot_analysis.html
 * 30 “Cybercrime,” Cyberlaw India FAQs; available from http://www.cyberlawindia.com/cyberindia/cybfaq.htm#cybercrime
 * 31 US v. Brown, 925 F.2nd 1301, 1308, 10th Circ. 1991
 * 32 http://eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism_militias/20011031_eff_usa_analysis.html
 * 33 Jonathan Wallace, “Protecting the Worldwide Conversation: CDA Decision is a Sweet Victory - Part I;” available from http://www.spectacle.org/cda/decision.html
 * 34 “Federal Court Rejects Government Censorship in Libraries, Citing Free Speech Rights of Patrons,” Press Release (May 31, 2002); available from American Civil Liberties Union online archives http://www.aclu.org/news/2002/n053102a.html
 * 35 Center for Democracy & Technology, “CDT Principles;” available from http://www.cdt.org/mission/principles.shtml


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Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy/Acknowledgements

Acknowledgement of the Author
I wish to acknowledge the following: Kimi, for her love, patience, and friendship; Senator Juan M. Flavier, my boss, for the encouragement, and for generously granting me time to write this; Romy and Lydia Quimbo, for encouraging me to go back to school; Emmanuel Lallana and Jaime Faustino, for introducing me to e-commerce policy study; Ramon J. Navarra Jr. and Renato N. Bantug Jr., able co-researchers and dearestfriends;Greta, whose tail always wags when I arrive home;Pavan Duggal, Advocate, Supreme Court of India, for patiently reviewing the draft; and Borro, Bheng, Rommel, Pids, Angie, Percy, Celia, Jean, Winnie, Rene, Didith, Philip,Cynthia, Bong, Perry, and Bats, and Katch, Shelah, Patricia, co-workers and friends.


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[ Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy/Notes ]


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Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/South Asian Skin

Material

Col: R=0.75 G=0.52 B=0.4 Spe: R=0.75 G=0.52 B=0.4 Mir: R=0.75 G=0.52 B=0.4 (note: the intensity of light and the type of lamp{and other light settings} will affect the material preview ,press f5 ,under the lamp buttons make sure that:-  energy="1" r,g,b all are set to "1" under preview pane lamp is selected )

Shaders

[Oren-Nayar] Reflection: 0.95 Roughness:0.3 [CookTorr] Specularity: 0.05 Hardness: 10 Translucency 0.00 Ambient: 0.500 Emit: 0.000

Preview

(Note:in this image the actual color of the material is not so clearly visible as it is highly compressed,click on the image to see the image in original size and actual shades{color})

South Asian Skin


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Ukrainian Dancing/Central Ukraine/Steps for Men and Boys

To add to this page, go to Template:Steps. Click on edit this page, and then highlight and copy the entire template. Return to this page and click on edit this page. Go to the end of the page and paste the template. Update the template with your description of the steps.

Description

 * 1) On one, hop on the balls of both feet, and then bend the knees and descend into a grand plié.  Thighs should not touch calves.  Knees should be extended as far to sides as possible.
 * 2) On two hop lightly on the ball of the left foot, remaining in the plié, and raise the right leg forward.  The right leg should be bent and turned so that the heel of the right foot is in front of the left knee.  The toes of the right foot should be pointed downward.

Repeat on the next beat, exchanging working and supporting legs.

Description

 * 1) On one, hop on the balls of both feet, and then bend the knees and descend into a grand plié.  Thighs should not touch calves.  Knees should be extended as far to sides as possible.
 * 2) On two, quickly rise out of the plié, hop, and land in 2nd position with feet flat on the ground.

Take care not to jump or land on the heels, as this can cause injury.

Description

 * 1) On the first beat, hop on the balls of both feet, and then bend the knees and descend into a grand plié.  Lean onto one hand.
 * 2) On the second beat, kick the leg that is on the same side as the supporting hand into the air, holding it straight above the head.  At the same time, bend the other leg so that the foot approaches the knee of the first leg.  The dancer is inverted on the supporting hand.

This step is usually performed as a solo in a Kozak dance or a Hopak.


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User:Coasttocoast

Wikipedia page

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User:Markusbradley~enwikibooks

i don't visit wikibooks often, but i do enjoy the wikipedia

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User talk:Kelbel

Muggles' Guide
Welcome to Wikibooks and the Muggles' Guide. If you have any questions, please write to me or some of the other big editors on our talk pages. Always remember to follow the project standards when editing. I noticed you started adding explicit numbering to the questions sections of some pages. I also noticed that you started using the correct pound notation, but I wanted to tell you I went back and fixed your earlier edits. Again, if you have questions, just ask. Thanks. -within focus 05:40, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

thanks
Thanks! I figured out the numbering earlier today and was going to fix everything this evening, but you're already on top of things. I have a big printout of the guidelines and formatting tips, but I'm definitely still learning how things are done around here. Please let me know if I'm doing something wrong, since I don't want to make extra work for anyone else to fix my mistakes (or for myself, for that matter)! I think the work you and the other editors have put into this project is absolutely amazing, and I hope I can make a positive contribution. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Kelbel (talk • contribs) 02:48, 30 August, 2006 (UTC).

 * There is one thing -- I'm not seeing internal links in your summaries. Not a big deal, they can always be added later... but normally we create a link to a character the first time he is mentioned on a page; we create a link to a magical item the first time it is mentioned on a page; and so forth. If you go into any chapter page in the first two books, and edit the chapter summary, you'll see a bunch of links in there that you can use as models. Note that the sixth book, HBP, also has a lot of links, but they almost all seem to point into Wikipedia rather than pointing here into the Mugles' Guide.

 * Oh -- and it looks like you've been steaming ahead on the summaries. Good going, mate! Chazz 23:43, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Umbridge question
I'm sorry, but i have to remove the fourth question ("Why did Umbridge send Dementors after Harry?"). I don't remember this fact having been mentioned anywhere before, and also the section about her role in book 5 doesn't mention even a hint of it... If the whole thing is an interesting idea of yours that you're particularly fond of, you can reword it as "Could it be possible that DU have sent ..." or something. If it's canon, please provide reference. Thank you. -- Jokes Free4Me 20:46, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

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User:Asarwary

tix ist cool

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User talk:Scarleto

Thanks for experimenting with the page Canadian History/Introduction on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

Please to not add POV polemics to wikibooks. If you would like to add a chapter to this book about mistreatment of native people, please feel free to do so. If you vandalise this page again, you will be blocked. -- SB_Johnny | talk 10:06, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scarleto


text: Category:Book:Relational Database Design


text:
User talk:Apape

Danke für den Vote! :)

--Aschoeke ( talk ) 10:50, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Apape


text:
Korean/RWP/Lesson 1

Congratulations on your decision to start learning Hangeul, the Korean script! You will see that being able to read Korean will baffle your friends and enrich your life. Also, you will no longer be completely illiterate when travelling to Korea.

Even though Korean may look similar to Chinese or Japanese to the uninitiated, it is actually much easier because the characters are a combination of just 24 letters (jamo) and a few simple variations, rather than thousands of drawings to memorize. So even going at a relaxed pace of 4 letters per lesson, you will have learned everything you need to read Korean after just a few lessons, compared with the years of training required to master the Japanese or Chinese scripts!

First letters
First we will learn the Korean letters (jamo) for "A" and "B".

B
The letter ㅂ (called bieup) is pronounced somewhat like the English b sound. It can also sound like the English p sound but it is not aspirated. It is said without a burst of air. To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, put a hand or a lit candle in front of your mouth and say "pin" ([pʰɪn]) and then "spin" ([spɪn]). You should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with "pin" that doesn't appear with "spin".

So, ㅂ sounds like the b in in the English word "bin" or like the p in the English word "spin".

A
The letter ㅏ (a) is pronounced somewhere between the "a" in "map" and the "a" in "father".

Combining letters
To combine them into a complete Korean character, fit them into an imaginary little square box:

Exercise
The character 바 is the actual spelling of a Korean word. Can you guess what it means? Click "▼" below to see the answer.

There is a standard way to represent Korean words in the Latin alphabet (the alphabet used to write English), called the Revised Romanization of Korean. In that system, 바 is represented as "ba". When there is a difference between the standard romanization and the usual pronunciation of a Korean word, this course shows the standard romanization of Korean characters and words in italics (like ba for the standard romanization of 바) and the pronunciation in square brackets (like [pa] for the pronunciation of 바).

N
Now, the next important letter to learn is ㄴ (nieun):

The letter ㄴ (nieun) represents the n sound.

Notice how the letter ㄴ (n) combines with the letter ㅏ (a) to make the character 나 (na):

Exercise
Try to read and understand the following word:

When you think you know the answer, click "▼" above and to the right to see whether you are right.

Initial consonant placeholder
Every Korean character represents one syllable, and each starts with a space for a consonant. But some syllables start with a vowel, such as the beginning of the Korean greeting "annyeong haseyo". Those syllables use the placeholder ㅇ (called ieung) for the initial consonant. It's easy to remember the placeholder because it has zero pronunciation and is written like the number zero (0):

To make a syllable that starts with a vowel, write the placeholder ㅇ followed by that vowel:

So, the initial consonant placeholder ㅇ (ieung) combines with ㅏ (a) to make the word 아 (a, meaning "ah" or "oh").

Exercise
Try to read the following Korean words:

When you think you know the answer, click "▼" above and to the right to see whether you are right.

Syllables with a final consonant
Some syllables end in a consonant, especially when a word has a cluster of two consonants in the middle: one consonant then forms the end of one syllable and the other forms the beginning of the next syllable. Fitting two consonants and a vowel into a little square box is a little trickier. First write the initial consonant and the vowel next to each other as before, then put the final consonant below them. For example:

Exercise
Can you read the following?

When you think you know the answer, click "▼" above and to the right to see whether you are right.

Did you manage to read that? If so, you will soon be able to read Korean fluently.

End of lesson 1
This was in fact the hardest lesson of all, because you didn't have any previous knowledge. The next lessons will build on what you learned here and you will find them easier, also because you will be able to practice reading much more once you know a few more letters. If you don't feel overwhelmed right now, you can already continue with the next lesson, where you will learn a few more letters and many more words. Otherwise, please come back to it later.

Jamo learned so far:

title: Korean/RWP/Lesson 1


text:
User:216.54.14.84

kbuff001

title: User:216.54.14.84


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6

= Open Sicilian with Nc6 = 4...Nf6 is a move which starts the conventional Sicilian counter attack. The move attacks the e4 pawn - one of the counter attacking themes apart from the traditional Queen side attack and the break through with d5. This move also practically forces 5. Nc3 since all other moves are inferior. Now after 5. Nc3 black no longer has to face the Maroczy bind positions in which White takes control of the d5 square with c4, making the equalizing try d5 difficult or some times impossible for black to achieve.

Theory table
1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6


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A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP1/Mathematical Induction

Proof by induction is a method of deductive reasoning that produces a fully rigorous mathematical proof:

 * Step 1 Prove that the result is true for a starting value, such as $$n=1$$ . This is called the basis case.
 * Step 2 Assume that the result is true for some value, $$k$$
 * Step 3 Prove that if it is true for $$n=k$$, it is true for $$n=k+1$$.
 * Step 4 Conclude that the proposition is true for all positive integers.

Since we have proved the result for a general value, $$k$$, then if we prove it for the next value, $$k+1$$ , we can logically conclude that it will be true for the next value, and the next, and the next, and so on ad infinitum.

An Example
Prove that the sequence: $$1+2+3+\cdots+n=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}$$

Step 1: when $$n=1$$ : LHS = $$1$$, RHS = $$\frac{1(1\cdot2)}{2}=1$$. Therefore, we have proved the hypothesis for one value...

Step 2: Now let $$n=k$$, and prove this.

Let us use the symbol $$s$$ to represent the series $$1+2+3+\cdots+(k-2)+(k-1)+k$$

However, $$s$$ also represents $$k+(k-1)+(k-2)+\cdots+3+2+1$$ (which is the same series, but in a different order)

If we add the two series together, we get:

$$2s=(k+1)+(k+1)+(k+1)+\cdots+(k+1)+(k+1)+(k+1)=k(k+1)$$

$$s=\frac{k(k+1)}{2}$$

Step 3: Now let $$n=k+1$$:

$$1+2+3+\cdots+k+(k+1)=\frac{(k+1)(k+2)}{2}$$

However, the part in italics of the above line, is already known. Thus:

$$s+(k+1)=\frac{(k+1)(k+2)}{2}$$

$$\frac{k(k+1)}{2}+(k+1)=\frac{(k+1)(k+2)}{2}$$

When we expand the left hand side, we get:

$$\frac{k^2}{2}+\frac{3k}{2}+1=\frac{k^2+3k+2}{2}=\frac{(k+1)(k+2)}{2}$$

Step 4 The left hand side of the equation is equal to the right hand side, so therefore we can conclude that, by the principle of mathematical induction, since it is true for $$n=1$$, and since if it is true for $$n=k$$ then it is true for $$n=k+1$$ , it is true for any positive integer.

Another Example
Prove that the sequence: $$\sum{r^2}=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}$$

Step 1:

Prove true when $$n=1$$

 * $$1^2=\frac{1(1+1)(2+1)}{6}$$
 * $$1=\frac{6}{6}$$

LHS = RHS therefore true

Step 2:

Assume true when $$n=k$$

 * $$1+4+9+\cdots+k^2=\frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6}$$

Step 3:

Prove true when $$n=k+1$$

 * $$1+4+9+\cdots+k^2+(k+1)^2=\frac{(k+1)(k+1+1)(2(k+1)+1)}{6}$$

We have assumed that $$1+4+9+\cdots+k^2=\frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6}$$ ''is true. So we can now assume that'' $$\frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6}+(k+1)^2=\frac{k(k+1)(k+1+1)(2(k+1)+1)}{6}$$

''will also be true. However this time we need to prove it as well. This bit can get confusing, but all we have to rearrange each side so that we can see they are equal.''

 * $$\frac{(k+1)(k(2k+1)+6(k+1))}{6}=\frac{(k+1)((k+1+1)(2(k+1)+1))}{6}$$ (LHS: took out a factor of $$\tfrac{k+1}{6}$$ ) (RHS: nothing)
 * $$\frac{(k+1)(2k^2+7k+7)}{6}=\frac{(k+1)((k+2)(2k+3))}{6}$$ (LHS: expanded the brackets) (RHS: simplified the brackets)
 * $$\frac{(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)}{6}=\frac{(k+1)((k+2)(2k+3))}{6}$$ (LHS: factorized brackets) (RHS: nothing)

RHS = LHS therefore true


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User:Luv2shoot84

My name is Isabel. I'm a student at Old Dominion University and am working on the outline of a text, "Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education. thats pretty much it :)

title: User:Luv2shoot84


text:
User:Smieskes

I'm Sarah Mieskes from Germany, and a student of Cognitive Science in Osnabrueck.

title: User:Smieskes


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Vernon Dursley

Overview
Vernon Dursley is Harry Potter's uncle by marriage (Vernon's wife is Harry's mother's sister). He and his wife Petunia Dursley reluctantly took Harry in as a baby, while they had their own son, Dudley. Vernon feels somewhat threatened by Harry's magical abilities and wishes to "stamp it out of him," to the extent of refusing to allow him to speak of anything even slightly out of the ordinary.

Philosopher's Stone
The first person we actually meet in the series is Vernon Dursley. We follow Vernon as he kisses his wife goodbye in the morning, and as he drives off to his workplace, Grunnings, where he sells drills and yells at people. On his way to work he sees a cat apparently reading a map, and several small groups of people wearing robes, talking excitedly about something. He happens to overhear one of the groups talking about one "Harry Potter" and this worries him to the point that he nearly calls home. He decides, however, that it would not be normal to phone his wife over such a small occurrence, and decides to wait until he gets home. There, while watching a news report about strange occurrences happening all around Britain, he casually asks the name of Petunia's sister's child. She confirms that he is named Harry Potter, "a dreadfully common name". Vernon is still worried, and still not daring to show it, when he goes to sleep that night.

We see Vernon some ten years later, sitting at the breakfast table, and doting on his son, Dudley. It is Dudley's birthday, and Vernon cheerfully tells him that there are thirty-seven presents there. Dudley is immediately angered: he had thirty-eight the year before. He calms down when Petunia promises him two more. A phone call interrupts them; Petunia reports that Mrs. Figg has broken her leg and will be unable to take care of Harry while everyone else is at the zoo. Petunia and Vernon discuss what to do with Harry as if he was not present in the room, except that when Harry suggests he could stay at home by himself, Vernon dismisses that idea out of hand. Eventually they decide that Harry will have to go to the zoo with them. Vernon warns Harry that if he makes anything "unusual" happen, he'll be locked in his cupboard from that day until Christmas.

On the way to the zoo, Harry mentions that he had dreamed about a flying motorcycle. Vernon, livid, yells at him that there are no such things as flying motorcycles.

Despite Vernon's attempts to keep Harry in the background, Harry has a good time at the zoo, as vendors naturally assume that Vernon will be buying for all three of the boys he has with him. When the glass in front of the snake vanishes, and Dudley falls into the moat, Vernon apparently blames Harry. Once they get home, Vernon, evidently unable to speak, locks Harry back into his cupboard under the stairs, saying he will have no meals. Harry, left to his own devices, plans to sneak out to the kitchen for some food after the Dursleys are all asleep.

Vernon is extremely pleased that Dudley will be attending Smeltings, his old school. In the face of Vernon's obvious and overweening pride, Harry retreats to hide his amusement at Dudley's uniform. It is the same day the first of Harry's letters arrives. Vernon is apparently appalled when he realizes who has sent the letter to Harry, and immediately sends both Harry and Dudley out of the kitchen. While Harry and Dudley listen at the door, Vernon and Petunia discuss what they are going to do about this letter, eventually deciding to ignore it. However, now knowing that someone knows Harry is in the cupboard under the stairs, that being where it was addressed to, Vernon decides to move him to Dudley's second bedroom, where all Dudley's broken toys are stored.

This turns out to be a less than useful decision, as the letters keep coming. The next day, Dudley announces a second one, addressed to Harry in "The Smallest Bedroom", and Vernon has to fight both Harry and Dudley for it. The next day, Harry gets up early to reach the door before anyone else, and finds Vernon sleeping across the doorway. Three more letters are delivered onto his chest, and he tears them up before Harry's eyes. Vernon, now getting more frantic, nails up the letterbox.

On Friday, twelve more letters for Harry arrive, stuffed in all the cracks around the door, as they can't be put in the letterbox. Vernon, now very jumpy and humming "Tiptoe Through the Tulips", seals up all the cracks that letters had come through.

On Saturday, twenty-four more letters arrive, inside the two dozen eggs delivered through the window by the milkman. Vernon, of course, phones the dairy, demanding to know who was responsible for them being there.

On Sunday, an apparently slightly demented Vernon announces that this is his favourite day of the week, because there is no post. Almost as he speaks, a rumbling noise heralds the delivery of what seems to be about a hundred letters, all addressed to Harry, down the kitchen chimney. Vernon throws Harry bodily out of the kitchen, and pulling tufts out of his moustache, tells everyone that they are going away, and to pack some clothes.

Vernon drives them in apparently random directions all day, often turning 180 degrees and going back on his course, all the while muttering something about "shaking them off". By the end of the day Dudley is howling, as he had missed five television programs, and Vernon had not stopped for any food. Eventually they end up at a gloomy hotel on the outskirts of a large city. In the hotel restaurant the next morning, the clerk approaches them, saying that he's got about a hundred letters for Harry Potter at the desk; Vernon rises to take them, and they set off again.

Today, Vernon seems to be madly looking for some place that they can't be reached, stopping and looking around in the middle of a suspension bridge, or deep in the woods, but none of these seems correct somehow. Eventually, as night falls, they stop on a seacoast, and Vernon leaves the car. He returns in a short while saying he has found just the place, and points at a hut precariously perched on a rock out in the ocean. He is also carrying a long, thin package, and says he has provisions and a boat to get out there.

Once in the hut, the provisions prove scanty: a packet of crisps (US: chips) and a banana for each of them. With a storm coming on, Vernon seems quite cheerful, thinking nothing could get through to them now. He and Petunia take the bedroom, leaving Dudley on the broken-down couch in the main room, and Harry with the thinnest blanket on the floor.

When Hagrid arrives, knocking the door down at the height of the storm, Vernon appears, now carrying the contents of the long thin parcel: a rifle. Hagrid bends the rifle into a pretzel and throws it away, and Vernon retreats, though he does retain enough sense to tell Dudley not to eat anything Hagrid offers him. When Harry admits that he knows nothing about Hagrid's world, the Wizarding world, Hagrid turns angrily on Vernon, who, much abashed, subsides into incoherence. Vernon does try a number of times to prevent Hagrid telling Harry about the Wizarding world, and insists that Harry is not going to Hogwarts, but Hagrid overrides him easily. When Vernon angrily protests that he is not going to pay good money to have some "doddering old man" teach Harry magic tricks, Hagrid angrily warns him not to insult Albus Dumbledore, and by way of emphasis gives Dudley a pig's tail. Panicked by this display of magic, the three Dursleys retreat to the back bedroom.

When Harry returns to Privet Drive, Vernon has apparently chosen to ignore him, and so Harry's life is much quieter. As the day of departure comes closer, Harry asks Uncle Vernon if he could get a ride into London to catch his train. Vernon agrees, saying that they had to go into London anyway to get Dudley's tail removed surgically. When Vernon comments sarcastically about Harry's need for a train, Harry says that he has to catch the train at King's Cross Station at platform nine and three quarters. Vernon seems surprised by this.

The next day, as they reach King's Cross Station, Vernon is uncharacteristically jolly. He even loads Harry's trunk onto a dolly and pushes it into the station. He points out the big signs for platforms nine and ten, and observes that there doesn't seem to be a platform nine and three quarters. He then wishes Harry a happy term, and leaves, laughing. Harry sees the three Dursleys laughing at him in the car as they drive away.

At Christmas, Harry receives a note acknowledging his earlier message – he had written to say he had made it to school – and enclosing his Christmas gift, a 50p piece. The note is signed by Vernon and Petunia. Harry gives the coin to Ron, who is amazed at the appearance of this Muggle money.

When Harry returns to London on the Hogwarts Express, Uncle Vernon is extremely brusque in his greeting, to the point of shocking Hermione and Mrs. Weasley. As Vernon leaves, Harry tells Ron and Hermione that he'll be having some fun with the Dursleys, as they don't know he isn't allowed to practice magic.

Chamber of Secrets
When Harry comes down to breakfast, he reminds Dudley to "use the magic word" when Dudley commands him to pass the bacon. This results in Vernon throwing a temper tantrum at the breakfast table, as he has forbidden all mention of magic in the house. Harry is briefly amazed to hear Uncle Vernon say that it is a special day, as it is Harry's birthday. It turns out, however, that Vernon is talking about his guests that evening, the Masons, a couple that he is trying to impress, as they could place the largest order of drills Vernon has ever received. Vernon then leads his family in rehearsing what they will be doing, reminding Harry repeatedly that his role is to be upstairs in his room, pretending he is not there. Harry several times has trouble keeping a straight face, as the plans for the evening seem to him to be ludicrously transparent attempts to curry favour.

As the guests arrive, Harry, as ordered, goes to his room, where he finds a house-elf jumping on his bed. The elf, who introduces himself as Dobby, apparently feels he is being very disobedient by coming to see Harry, and must punish himself. The resulting noise bring Vernon upstairs to chide Harry, who has managed to hide Dobby when he heard Vernon approaching. When Dobby drops the Dursleys' dessert in the kitchen, Vernon almost manages to calm down his guests; but very shortly after that an owl arrives with a parchment, which it drops on Mrs. Mason's head. Mrs. Mason, who is morbidly afraid of birds, runs screaming from the house, and Mr. Mason follows, saying he will not be dealing with Grunnings.

Furious, Vernon brings the letter to Harry and tells him to read it out loud. It is a warning from the Ministry that Harry has violated the Decree for the Reasonable Restriction of Underage Sorcery by performing a Hover Charm. Vernon, now knowing that Harry is not allowed to perform magic at Privet Drive until he comes of age, decides to lock him into his bedroom, adding bars across the window for good measure.

When Ron, Fred, and George break Harry out of his room, Harry almost forgets Hedwig, who is locked into her cage. Hedwig's loud hoot at being forgotten wakes up the Dursleys, and Vernon rushes into the room, barely catching Harry's foot as Harry is lifted out of the window by the Weasleys' flying Ford Anglia. Vernon tumbles down into the bushes under the window, and Harry escapes in the car.

At Christmas, the Dursleys send Harry a toothpick and a letter telling him to find out if he can stay at Hogwarts for the summer vacation.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Somewhat less afraid of Harry having learned that he is not allowed to practice magic at Privet Drive, Vernon has locked all Harry's school supplies away in the cupboard that was previously Harry's bedroom. Harry has used the lock-picking skills he had learned from Fred and George Weasley to get the materials he needs out of the cupboard, and now does his homework by torch under his bedcovers at night.

When Harry's Hogwarts letter arrives with the next years' booklist, it contains a permission slip; signed by a parent or guardian, it would allow Harry to visit Hogsmeade on specified weekends. Harry wonders how he will get Uncle Vernon to sign it.

Vernon, the next morning, announces that he is off to the train station to collect his sister, Harry's Aunt Marge. Harry receives strict instructions as to how he is to act: be civil to Marge, no discussion of magic, and Harry is to recall that Marge has been told that he has been placed in St. Brutus' Secure Centre for Incurably Criminal Boys. As Vernon is leaving, Harry takes him aside and points out that he's going to have a hard time remembering the stuff he's been told he has to remember. Vernon, thinking about how much damage one small slip could do, pales. Harry suggests that if there was something in it for him, he would be more careful, and asks if Uncle Vernon would be willing to sign his permission slip. Vernon grudgingly agrees that if Harry manages to stay convincing for the full week of Marge's stay, he will sign the permission slip.

The following week is very hard on Vernon, as Marge insists on not only keeping Harry in view so he can't sneak around behind her back, but in insulting Harry and his parents. Vernon is unusually sensitive to Harry's moods, repeatedly trying to distract Marge off subject so that Harry won't get upset and say something that would reveal that he isn't normal. On the last night of her visit, however, Marge insults Harry's father, and Harry loses control, inadvertently causing Marge to inflate like a balloon. Knowing that he is in trouble, Harry hastily retrieves his school supplies, threatening Vernon with his wand when he tries to stop Harry and get him to deflate Aunt Marge, and leaves, dragging his trunk.

When Harry reaches the Leaky Cauldron, he is intercepted by the Minister for Magic, Cornelius Fudge, who tells him that Aunt Marge had been punctured and her memory adjusted. He says that the Dursleys are willing to have him back at Privet Drive over the summer if he stays at Hogwarts over Christmas and Easter.

When Harry returns to London after the school year, he tells Vernon that he has met his godfather. When Vernon says he doesn't have one, Harry says he does, his name is Sirius Black and he's a convicted murderer who is on the run, but he is very interested in Harry's wellbeing and will expect to hear from him over the summer. Vernon turns quite pale at this news.

Goblet of Fire
The school nurse has sent instructions home with Dudley that he is to be put on a diet, as he is so fat; Vernon's temper has not been improved by Petunia putting the entire family on a diet, to keep Dudley from feeling singled out.

In mid-August, Vernon receives a letter from Mrs. Weasley, asking if Harry could go to the Quidditch World Cup with her family, as they have tickets. Vernon is disconcerted by the letter, which has aroused the postman's interest because it is totally covered with stamps, except for a small area where Mrs. Weasley has written Vernon's address. Clearly, this is Different, and therefore Bad. The contents of the letter are equally dismaying, because they leave Vernon with a quandary: if he permits Harry to go, then Harry will be doing something he likes, which is clearly bad; however, Mrs. Weasley has also said that he can stay the rest of the summer with her, which would mean that Harry would be out of Vernon's hair a good fortnight sooner than expected. Sensing this indecision, Harry points out that he should get an answer from Uncle Vernon soon, as he is writing to his godfather, and Sirius will want to know where he is and what he's doing. Reminded of Sirius' existence, Vernon backs down from his indignation and gives Harry permission to go.

The Weasleys had said that they would arrive to collect Harry; Vernon wonders how they will arrive, and whether they will be dressed normally or in wizards' clothes. Vernon himself has dressed in his best business suit, to try and intimidate the Weasleys. The time of their scheduled arrival comes, and goes, with Harry looking anxiously outside to see them arrive, when there is a noise from the fireplace: Mr. Weasley has had the Dursleys' fireplace attached to the Floo network for the day, and he, Fred, George, and Ron have all appeared in the Dursleys' walled-up fireplace. Mr. Weasley blows the wall apart magically to get his family out, coating Vernon and Petunia with white dust. Stunned, Vernon and Petunia say nothing, despite Mr. Weasley's attempts at making conversation, while Fred and George go to retrieve Harry's trunk. As he re-enters the fire, Fred drops a bag of toffees, and though he picks most of them up, one is left behind. With all the other Weasleys gone, Harry is preparing to go when Mr. Weasley stops him. He reminds Vernon that Harry is about to leave for several months, isn't Vernon even going to say goodbye? Grudgingly (and very resentfully), Vernon says, "Well, goodbye then." Mr. Weasley is amazed at this brusqueness, but Harry prepares to enter the fire. He is stopped by a gagging noise: Dudley has found and eaten the toffee left by Fred, and it has expanded his tongue to several feet in length. Outraged, Vernon starts attacking Mr. Weasley. As Harry departs, he sees Mr. Weasley destroying the china figurines that Vernon is throwing at him.

At one point, Hermione mentions that the Dursleys would likely be pleased to hear how well he was doing in the Triwizard Tournament. Harry demurs, saying they would be happier if he had managed to get himself killed.

Vernon meets Harry again at King's Cross Station, and is, as usual, surly and untalkative.

Order of the Phoenix
Knowing Voldemort is back, Harry is intensely interested in both the Wizarding and the Muggle news, looking for evidence of his return. He cannot watch the Muggle news without being abused by Uncle Vernon, so in order to at least hear the news, in hopes that he will be able to recognize the effects of Dark Magic, he lies in the garden, hidden from the neighbours by the geraniums, listening through the open windows. While he is listening this way, he hears a noise in the street that he recognizes as the sound of someone Diasapparating, and leaps up, wand at the ready, only to crack his head on the window standing open above him. Vernon, discovering him there, pulls Harry in through the window, and then makes conciliatory noises at the neighbours who have looked around at his bellow of outrage, to try and reassure them that there is nothing wrong. Vernon and Harry then have a low-voiced argument, until Harry goes out, in part to investigate the noise he had heard.

Harry later brings a very ill Dudley, who has just been attacked by Dementors, back home. Harry hopes to escape to his room, but Dudley manages to mention Harry, and Vernon calls Harry back into the kitchen. While Vernon and Petunia Dursley confront him about their now-ill son, Harry receives a letter from the Ministry of Magic expelling him from Hogwarts and saying his wand will shortly be destroyed. Harry decides that his only option is to become a fugitive, but before he can get past Uncle Vernon, another owl letter arrives from Arthur Weasley, telling him to stay in his uncle's house, not let Ministry representatives break his wand, and not use magic again; Dumbledore is straightening things out. As he must remain in the house anyway, Harry stays at the kitchen table and tries to explain what happened. He insists that he did not use magic against Dudley, that it was the Dementors. When Uncle Vernon asks what Dementors are, Aunt Petunia answers, "they are the guards of the Wizard prison, Azkaban."

Petunia's revelation shocks everyone, including Petunia, who belatedly covers her mouth with her hands, as if realizing she has just said something horribly obscene. Harry is amazed to find himself sitting in Aunt Petunia's antiseptic kitchen, answering questions about the Wizarding world. Meanwhile, another owl arrives from Arthur, and one from Sirius, briefly telling Harry that the situation is being sorted out. Finally, a second owl from the Ministry of Magic arrives revoking his expulsion and wand destruction. Instead, Harry's fate rests on a hearing scheduled for "9 A.M. on August 12th."

When Harry says Lord Voldemort has returned, Uncle Vernon, recognising the danger he and his family are in while they house Harry, demands he leave. However, this is interrupted by one final owl carrying a Howler—surprisingly for Petunia Dursley. A menacing voice reverberates throughout the kitchen: "REMEMBER MY LAST, PETUNIA!!!" Petunia quickly overrides her husband, insisting that Harry remain at their house, on the grounds that sending him away at this point would attract awkward questions from the neighbours, but sending him to bed immediately.

Harry is now once again locked in his room, though we don't know whether this is Vernon's decision or Petunia's. Three days later, Vernon tells Harry that he, Petunia, and Dudley have been invited to a Best Kept Suburban Lawn award, and are leaving Harry alone in the house, locked into his room. Harry listens to them leave. Shortly, the Advance Guard arrives to take him away to the Headquarters of the Order of the Phoenix. As he is leaving, Harry wonders what Vernon will think when he discovers there is no Best Kept Suburban Lawn competition.

When Harry returns to London for the summer vacation, he finds Mr. and Mrs. Weasley, Tonks, Lupin, and "Mad Eye" Moody who tell Harry they plan to have a stern talk with his aunt and uncle about how they treat him. The whole group confront Uncle Vernon, intimidating him, despite his initial bluster, into making the necessary concessions for Harry's comfort over the summer, warning the Dursleys that there will be consequences if they find out that Harry is mistreated. They also mention that they will be in touch, either by Harry's owl, or in person.

Half-Blood Prince
Although Professor Dumbledore had told Harry he would be arriving only two weeks into the summer vacation to take Harry away to The Burrow, Harry had not told the Dursleys about it, partially out of fear that it would not actually be happening. So when Dumbledore arrives, the Dursleys are stunned almost to insensibility. Dumbledore makes himself at home, and sweeps the Dursleys into a couch; then offers everyone mead. The Dursleys refuse to acknowledge the mead, despite the animated glasses getting more and more insistent about being taken, to the point that one of them ends up bouncing off Vernon's head and spilling most of its contents as it does so. Dumbledore and Harry, meanwhile, discuss Harry's inheritance; Sirius, it seems, had left Harry the house at Grimmauld Place and all its contents. This catches Vernon's attention: Harry owns a house in London? When, in order to test whether the house actually did pass to Harry, Dumbledore summons the house-elf Kreacher, Vernon and Petunia are both revolted at finding this dirty thing in the middle of their spotless living room.

After Harry had packed for school and brought his trunk downstairs, Dumbledore addresses the Dursleys again, saying that he had expected that the Dursleys would treat Harry as one of their own children, rather than maltreating him as they had. However, Harry had apparently not been as poorly served by the Dursleys as the child between them. Both Vernon and Petunia look around at this, as if expecting someone other than Dudley to be present. Dumbledore then says that Harry must return to Privet Drive next summer, at least briefly, but that his magical protection in that place would end when he reached his majority. When Vernon points out that Harry will only be turning seventeen, not eighteen, Dumbledore says that in the Wizarding world, seventeen is the age of majority. Vernon says that's stupid.

At this point, Harry and Dumbledore leave Privet Drive. As this book ends before Harry returns for the summer, Vernon plays no further part in it.

Deathly Hallows
Harry, assisted by Kingsley Shacklebolt and Arthur Weasley, has been trying to convince Uncle Vernon to accept the offer of a safe retreat for protection from the chance that Voldemort will attack the house at Privet Drive once Harry's protection there ends. Vernon seems quite happy to speak with Kingsley, who he has seen on television in the company of the Prime Minister, but he still doesn't entirely trust Harry or Arthur. He asks Harry at one point why Kingsley cannot be sent to guard them, and Harry does not have an answer. When we first see Vernon in this book, he has just changed his mind again, saying that he will not leave the house because he expects that Harry would immediately try to transfer title to himself. Harry wearily points out that he already owns a house in London, and that there is nothing that would make him want to stay at Privet Drive anyway.

When the members of the Order of the Phoenix who will be travelling with the Dursleys arrive, Vernon is not particularly reassured. Dedalus Diggle is a very short and bouncy man, whose admission that he doesn't understand all the gadgets in a car is worrying to Vernon, and whose watch, alarmingly, talks, saying that they are late. Hestia Jones, while much less flamboyant, also does not seem to impress Vernon. All the same, the three Dursleys and the two wizards all climb into the Dursleys' car, and the last we see of Vernon is him driving away to safety.

Strengths
Vernon is physically quite strong, having a beefy body and displaying physical violence towards Harry at several points. His drill company, Grunnings, is doing business and, as its manager, Vernon is rich and successful. He has a nice house, a doted-for son and a company car, all of which he likes to show off as proof of his lifestyle.

Weaknesses
Vernon is a narrow minded and often cruel man. He despises having Harry under his roof and rarely misses a chance to belittle him. Vernon is fearful of the magical world and considers Harry's wizarding abilities an abnormality that must be suppressed and concealed. Vernon has the tendency to throw temper tantrums at any mention of magic or its related contents, whether directly or indirectly.

Relationships with Other Characters
Vernon's relationships with other characters are very different in nature, though apparently uniformly shallow. Toward Harry, we see that Vernon makes no accommodation to Harry's needs, such as refusing to sign a Hogsmeade permission slip in Harry's third year. Vernon often restricts his nephew to his room for days at a time. Vernon is verbally, emotionally, and on occasion, physically abusive to Harry. As Harry matures and becomes more powerful as a wizard, Vernon's feelings towards him shift, becoming less authoritarian and more fearful. By the beginning of the sixth book, Vernon is almost as afraid of Harry as he is of any mature Wizard.

Vernon acts completely differently towards his son, Dudley, showering him with gifts and making nearly infinite allowances for his desires. However, one cannot tell whether Vernon's motivation here is affection towards his son, or simply the need to keep up appearances. Fathers love their sons, so Vernon must show the appearance of loving Dudley. He does seem, however, to be genuinely fond of Dudley.

It is hard to determine Vernon's actual feelings, if any, towards his wife, Petunia, or his sister Marge. It could be that all we see is Vernon acting properly to keep up appearances. However, Vernon again makes great allowances for Marge's foibles and her opinions, wincing as Marge puts the saucer down for her dog, and keeping her liquor glass filled in order to attempt to defuse her diatribe against Harry. Towards Petunia, he has the appearance of the dutiful husband, caring for his wife, but with Petunia herself seeming to discourage intimacy, it is extremely hard to determine what feelings, if any, they have for each other.

Analysis
Clearly, the main driving force behind Vernon Dursley is "what other people think." From the beginning of the first book, it seems that his world image is based on what he believes other people think of him, and he is at great pains to appear "normal." Because of this, when things that are not normal happen around Harry, Vernon will often punish Harry inordinately. Events at the zoo in the first book are clearly out of the ordinary, and the punishment Harry receives, being locked in his "room" under the stairs for several days, is clearly out of line. (One wonders, in fact, how Vernon and Petunia made Harry's extended absence from school on this occasion seem "normal". We are led to believe that this form of punishment was not uncommon, so the Dursleys may have explained his frequent absences by claiming that Harry was a sickly child.)

Despite being the head of the household where Harry lives, Vernon is clearly not a father figure for Harry. It could be argued that if he is a father figure for his own son, Dudley, he is not a particularly good one; rather than a source of security, Dudley seems to see Vernon as a source of gifts and toys. We find that Harry has somewhat idealised his deceased parents, which of course makes Vernon even less likely to fulfil the role of parent in Harry's mind; rather, he is an oppressive force to be first avoided, then negotiated with, and finally outright defied, as Harry matures and gains power.

Vernon's role, then, would largely be one of highlighting how Harry is maturing, as the series progresses. As Harry develops abilities that Vernon will never have, his self confidence increases, as does his willingness to stand up to Vernon for what he wants and needs. In his interactions with Harry, Vernon is handicapped by needing to appear normal to the neighbours, and Harry, as he develops, is able to use this in his dealings with Vernon and Petunia.

Even so, Vernon does not seem a genuinely cruel person. His love for Petunia and Dudley is genuine, if, as regards the latter, counterproductive in the way it is expressed. Likewise, he seems to generally honour at least his family duties towards Harry, though Petunia at least once, in a stressful and dangerous situation, has to persuade him to do so. His punishments of Harry are excessive, but the stress of being an utter philistine and having a magician of feared powers and with powerful enemies under one's roof must be taken into account. He seems to be at the very least moderately successful with his drills company (when house-elves searching for Harry don't ruin his business dinners), and Harry, though detesting his time at the Dursleys', does trust Vernon to keep his promises (such as signing Harry's Hogsmeade permission if he behaves for a week). The writer makes it clear that Vernon is a large part of why Harry's stay at his house are as horrible as they are, but he is still by no means a genuine villain of the calibre of Lord Voldemort, Bellatrix Lestrange, Dolores Umbridge, or even Aunt Marge. It is possible, however, to detect similarities to Cornelius Fudge's personality – which are probably not accidental, but stem from the fact that both share the character trait of philistinism, which is more important than whether one is magical or unmagical.

Questions

 * 1) Why do you think Vernon married Petunia, if she is from a family with a magical member?
 * 2) Do you think Vernon does have any genuine affection for Harry?
 * 3) Is Vernon's treatment of Dudley fair? How, or how not, has this affected him?
 * 4) Where do you think the Dursleys went with the Order members during the seventh book? Were they safe there?

Greater Picture
It may be important to note that Vernon appears less and less throughout the books. He is in all of them, even having a little more "screen time" than Petunia or Dudley. As Harry matures and the Wizarding world becomes more and more of his life, he spends fewer days with the Dursleys than he did between his first and second, or second and third, years. Vernon becomes less of a genuine threat, and more of an annoyance, towards the end of the series.

In the final two books, Vernon is only seen in one chapter each, in both of which he reiterates his mistrust of the magical world, even refusing to drink mead conjured by Dumbledore due to its magical genesis. He almost does not go with the Order members in the final book, but does so when Dudley decides to go.

We do not see Vernon again. The story moves on without him, unlike Petunia, who we later see in the extended flashback sequence in the Pensieve. It is very unlikely that Harry, who now very much belongs in the Wizarding world, would ever wish to see him again (and, if he does so, it would be likely to be brief). Despite his being the first character mentioned in the entire saga, by the end, he is practically transparent.


text:
User talk:168.9.26.150

Thanks for experimenting with the page History of Computers on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

-- SB_Johnny | talk 20:00, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:168.9.26.150


text:
User talk:208.102.28.48

-- SB_Johnny | talk 20:03, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:208.102.28.48


text:
User:Emp~enwikibooks

Page of Emp.

title: User:Emp~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Handbook of Genetic Counseling/Polydactyly and Syndactyly

does anyone know for sure what is behind the Preaxial duplication of the thumb type I in a new born?


text:
Sexual Health/References

Other Birth Control

 * 1) Moore W. Searching for Dr Condom. BMJ 2008; 337:a1166.
 * 1) Moore W. Searching for Dr Condom. BMJ 2008; 337:a1166.
 * 1) Moore W. Searching for Dr Condom. BMJ 2008; 337:a1166.

title: Sexual Health/References


text:
Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/classification

Living organisms have been tried to classify since ancient times. Many ancient cultures, from different parts of the world have named organisms using a nested classification, as we do now according to Linneo.


text:
Go/Glossary of terms

Atari
Chinese: 打吃 (da3 chi1)/叫吃 (jiao4 chi1) | Japanese: アタリ/当たり (atari) | Korean: 단수 (dansu) A stone or group of stones with only one liberty left are said to be in atari.

Dan
Chinese: 段 (duàn) | Japanese: 段 (dan) | Korean: 단 (RR: dan, M-R: tan) Dan is the basic unit of rank used to denote Go strength in the case of professionals and stronger amateurs, dan can be translated as "degree"

Fuseki
Chinese: 布局 (bùjú) | Japanese: 布石 (fuseki) | Korean: 포석 (RR: poseok, M-R: p’osŏk = posuk) Fuseki is a Japanese go term meaning "arraying stones", and refers to whole board openings.

Goban
A Go board.

Group
A group of stones (of one colour) that are nearby on the board.

influence
The influence a group of stones has on part of the board. In other words, the places where one player can easily make territory.

Joseki
A fixed good set of moves. There are many joseki, and there are books and websites documenting them. It's a good idea to study the common ones.

prisoners
The stones that are captured from the other side. Traditionally they are kept in the lid of your Go bowl.

stone
One the small playing pieces used to play Go.

title: Go/Glossary of terms


text:
User:Michaelnelson~enwikibooks/monobook.js

function formatBookHeading { // Grab all the h1 elements within the document var h1Elements = document.getElementsByTagName('h1'); // We need to check every h1 element in the document: for (i = 0; i < h1Elements.length; i++) {   // But we only want to modify the h1 elements that have the // class of "firstHeading". if (h1Elements[i].className == "firstHeading") {     // Then use the / to split the heading into it's parts var headings = h1Elements[i].innerHTML.split('/'); //     // If there is only one heading (ie, the Book Title), then // leave it as the h1 element and do nothing. Otherwise // we want to set the Chapter:Subchapter as the h1 heading, // and put the book title as a paragraph _before_ the h1     // heading? (Just check this, I think that's what you're after?     //      if (headings.length > 1)      {        // First, create the paragraph that will contain the        // book title, and give it a class so we can style it from CSS.        var bookTitle = document.createElement('p');        bookTitle.setAttribute("class","booktitle");        // Then for the IE bug:        bookTitle.setAttribute("className","booktitle");        // And add the Booktitle text from the original heading        bookTitle.innerHTML=headings[0];        // Next, set the h1 heading to the Chapter title:        h1Elements[i].innerHTML = headings[1];        // Check if there's a third sub heading:        if (headings.length == 3)        {          var subchapter = document.createElement('span');          subchapter.innerHTML = ":" + headings[2];          // and add the subchapter to the h1 heading:          h1Elements[i].appendChild(subchapter); }       // Finally, add the book title before the h1 heading: h1Elements[i].parentNode.insertBefore(bookTitle, h1Elements[i]); // Finally, add the chapter element after the heading. //h1Elements[i].parentNode.insertBefore(chapter, h1Elements[i].nextSibling); }    } // end if class=firstHeading } //end for loop } if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load",formatBookHeading,false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload",formatBookHeading);


text:
Talk:College Survival Guide/Preparing for College

'I've read many scientific and sociological studies that say "students are eating themselves stupid".' I've taken this out until we get a source. Also, the passage uses "I." Njk 01:19, 30 August 2006 (UTC)


text: User:DarthBob~enwikibooks

title: User:DarthBob~enwikibooks


text:
Guide to Clinical Examination/Quick Guide/Quick examination of everything

FINGERNAILS

The condition of the nail beds has been associated with no fewer than 24 diseases. Here are some signs to observe:

Curved down at the tip = associated with respiratory, heart or liver disease

Curved up = nutritional deficiency esp Iron (koilonychia)

Ridges --transverse (Beau’s lines) = hyperthyroid, also infectious diseases such scarlet fever or typhus --longitudinal = rheumatoid disease

White lines (Mee’s lines) = heart disease, Hx of fever, arsenic poisoning

Absence of lighter area at base = hypo-thyroidism or cardiac weakness

Enlarged area at base = hyper-thyroidism

Bluish area = Wilson’s disease

Reddish area = Cardiac failure, hypo-thyroid

Entirely white nail (Terry’s nails) = cirrhosis, hypo-albuminemia

Half & half (Lindsay’s nails) = renal disease

Hemorrhages in nail = subacute bacterial endocarditis, trichinosis

Pitted and discolored = Psoriasis

Crumbling = Onycholysis = fungal infection

Thickened = Onichogryposis = Thyroid toxicosis


text:
Guide to Clinical Examination/Quick Guide/Gastrointestinal examination

Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis

On History: Anorexia with vomiting 75% of cases

15% report diarrhea (esp in children)

Describes pain as sharp or colicky of less than three days duration

Pain tends to decrease upon rupture

On Exam:

Increased pulse and temperature

Patient avoids movement due to pain

Localized Abdominal Signs:

---Abdomen is rigid with guarding

---Rovsing’s sign = RLQ pain on palpation of LLQ

---Obturator sign pain on external rotation of right leg

---Flex pain = pain on flexion of hip (internal obturator muscle)

---Psoas sign = pain on rear extension of hip (iliopsoas muscle)

sometimes a tender mass on rectal exam

LABORATORY

WBC moderate increase (<20K) with increased Segs

ESR increased

U/A w/o signs of infection

Often an air-fluid level seen on abdominal x-ray

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:

Acute gastro-enteritis

U TI

Ureteral colic

Meckel’s diverticulosis

Mesenteric Lymphadenitis

Intussusception in young children

Primary peritonitis

Peptic ulcer

Females:

--Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

--Twisted Ovarian Cyst

--Ruptured Follicle

Males:

--Epididymitis

--Testicular torsion


text:
Guide to Clinical Examination/History Taking, Examination and Advice

DIAGNOSIS OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS

American Rheumatism Association The American Rheumatism Association (ARA) has developed 11 criteria for the diagnosis of SLE.

If a patient has four or more of the following symptoms over a period of time, he or she may have lupus.


text:
User:SBJohnny/monobook.js

function formatBookHeading { // Grab all the h1 elements within the document var h1Elements = document.getElementsByTagName('h1'); // We need to check every h1 element in the document: for (i = 0; i < h1Elements.length; i++) {  // But we only want to modify the h1 elements that have the // class of "firstHeading". if (h1Elements[i].className == "firstHeading") {    // Then use the / to split the heading into it's parts var headings = h1Elements[i].innerHTML.split('/'); //    // If there is only one heading (ie, the Book Title), then // leave it as the h1 element and do nothing. Otherwise // we want to set the Chapter:Subchapter as the h1 heading, // and put the book title as a paragraph _before_ the h1    // heading? (Just check this, I think that's what you're after?    //     if (headings.length > 1)     {       // First, create the paragraph that will contain the       // book title, and give it a class so we can style it from CSS.       var bookTitle = document.createElement('p');       bookTitle.setAttribute("class","booktitle");       // Then for the IE bug:       bookTitle.setAttribute("className","booktitle");       // And add the Booktitle text from the original heading       bookTitle.innerHTML=headings[0];       // Next, set the h1 heading to the Chapter title:       h1Elements[i].innerHTML = headings[1];       // Check if there's a third sub heading:       if (headings.length == 3)       {         var subchapter = document.createElement('span');         subchapter.innerHTML = ":" + headings[2];         // and add the subchapter to the h1 heading:         h1Elements[i].appendChild(subchapter); }      // Finally, add the book title before the h1 heading: h1Elements[i].parentNode.insertBefore(bookTitle, h1Elements[i]); // Finally, add the chapter element after the heading. //h1Elements[i].parentNode.insertBefore(chapter, h1Elements[i].nextSibling); }

} // end if class=firstHeading } //end for loop }

if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load",formatBookHeading,false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload",formatBookHeading);

title: User:SBJohnny/monobook.js


text:
Korean/RWP

Welcome to a course teaching you how to read, write and pronounce the Korean script! Here you will learn the script without difficulty, because we're taking it step by step and you will have plenty of opportunities to practice. So dive in!

 * Lesson 1 (first four letters: ㅂㅏㄴㅇ)
 * Lesson 2 (four more letters: ㅁㅣㄹㄱ)
 * Lesson 3 (final ㅇ and four more letters: ㅗㄷㅅ一)
 * Lesson 4 (the last basic letters: ㅜㅓㅔㅐㅎㅈ)
 * Lesson 5 (aspiration, diphthongs)
 * Lesson 6 (doubled letters, more digraphs)
 * Summary

title: Korean/RWP


text:
Korean/RWP/Lesson 2

Welcome back! This is the second lesson of "Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean".

In the last lesson, you already learned four letters: ㅂ (bieup), ㅏ (a), ㄴ (nieun) and ㅇ (ieung). In this lesson, you will learn four new letters. Combined with the four you already know, they will open up quite a few Korean words to you.

The consonant ㅁ (mieum)
The first new consonant to learn is ㅁ (mieum):

ㅁ (mieum) is pronounced just like a regular English m. Be careful not to confuse it with 'ㅇ', which doesn't have corners.

Exercise
Try to read the following Korean words that contain the letter ㅁ (mieum). Click "Show" to check your answers, as usual.

The vowel ㅣ (i)
The first new vowel to learn is ㅣ (i):

The vowel ㅣ (i) looks much like the English letter I and is pronounced like the i in "machine", so it's easy to remember. It also looks similar to the Korean letter ㅏ (a), except that the dash to the right is missing. (Note: all Korean vowels are based on long horizontal or vertical lines, most with short dashes attached to them.)

Exercise
Try to read the following Korean words that contain the letter ㅣ (i). Click "Show" to check your answers, as usual.

The consonant ㄹ (rieul)
The next consonant, ㄹ (rieul), has two different sounds:

ㄹ (rieul) is pronounced like the l in let or like the r in the Spanish word árbol, and is transliterated as r or l.

Exercise
Each of these words has ㄹ (rieul). Translate each word into English. Click "Show" to check your answers, as usual.

The consonant ㄱ (giyeok)
Finally, the consonant ㄱ (giyeok) will unlock lots of words to you:

ㄱ (giyeok) is pronounced like the k in sky or the c in scrape. It is not aspirated, so it does not sound like the c in cry or vacation. Many English speakers liken it more to the g sound. It is transliterated as g or k. Be careful not to confuse it with ㄴ (nieun). When ㄱ (giyeok) is combined with a vowel such as ㅏ (a) or ㅣ (i), it changes shape slightly:

Exercise
Translate these words with ㄱ (giyeok) into English. Click "Show" to check your answers, as usual.

End of lesson 2
Very good! You have now learned 8 Korean letters already and the rest won't be difficult either. Feel free to continue with the next lesson.

title: Korean/RWP/Lesson 2


text:
Talk:Q3Map2

Are there and specs/docs about the .map file format used for q3map2 as input?

Dead links
The link to the archive is dead and on the homepage only the index-page works... 84.60.115.106 07:46, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Textures in editor don't turn up the same in game
Okay, I've recently had to start using the terminal for compiling my maps, and when I tried q3map2 in the terminal, it produced the map, but it also changed how I set the textures in the editor. A lot of the textures were offset, or scrunched up. Is there a command to compile and prevent the textures from moving? 66.222.103.126 (talk) 15:50, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Q3Map2


text:
Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Ankylosaurus

Ankylosaurus means 'fused lizard' in Greek. It is one of largest members of a group of armoured dinosaurs. The most common species of Ankylosaurus was Ankylosaurus magniventris. Magniventris means great-bellied.

What did it look like?
Ankylosaurus was heavily armoured. Its back was covered in thick plates. Also, there were two rows of plates along its back and its tail ended in a big bony club. These features were used as a defense against bigger dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus. Its belly was unprotected, but because Ankylosaurus had a row of plates on each side, and was very heavy, it was hard to flip it over. Even its eyelids were made of bone! It weighed 3–4 tons. It was 25–35 feet long and 4 feet tall.

What did it eat?
Ankylosaurus was a herbivore. This means it only ate plants, such as fruit and leaves

When did it live?
Ankylosaurus lived between 65.5 and 68 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period, and was one of the dinosaurs to survive until the K-T mass extinction.

Where did it live?
Ankylosaurus lived in woodland with lots of open spaces and clearings, where lots of plant life could be found. They lived in North America but close relatives lived in Asia.

How was it discovered?
Ankylosaurus fossils have been found in the continent of North America. They were named in 1908 by a famous fossil-hunter named Barnum Brown. Ankylosaurus footprints have been found in Bolivia, South America.

What do we need to learn?

 * Their skin colour.
 * Did they travel alone, or in herds?

Wikijunior Dinosauri/Ankylosaurus

title: Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Ankylosaurus


text:
Guide to Clinical Examination/General Philosophy

The obvious goal of the medical exam is to find, define and explain the patient’s problems. The standardized convention for recording this exam is referred to as a S.O.A.P. note. This stands for SUBJECTIVE (history), OBJECTIVE (physical exam and supporting tests), ASSESSMENT (diagnosis) and PLAN (treatment). When the patient &/or the problem is new, the most valuable information will most likely be provided in the History. At the very least, the history will allow the clinician to get an idea of what is wrong with the patient. It will also allow the clinician to get an idea of what kind of testing should be performed on the patient to determine the injury/illness and what kind of care that the patient should receive.

Any problem should be defined with as many adjectives as possible. Every problem should be defined in terms of site, onset, timing (duration, recurrence, periodicity), character (description, severity), exacerbation or relief, associated symptoms and the results of prior treatment attempts. [see the P-Q-R-S-T mnemonic.] When records are available, it is also important to ask about the status (resolution?) of prior known problems. Each problem should be addressed in terms of its Anatomy, Physiology, Etiology and Function. Most exams begin with documenting the reason that the patient is there at that time: the Chief Complaint. From there, the examiner can pursue a directed line of questioning concerning the history of this complaint. This is the S of SOAP and is recorded as such. This section should be very thorough. The O consists of a directed exam and results of indicated tests. Objective is what the examiner finds. The A is the diagnostic conclusion arrived at from the synthesis of the above information. Sometimes no precise diagnosis can be determined on the spot. In such cases, the A-portion of the record would be a Differential Diagnosis or a list of diagnoses to Rule Out (R/O). In such cases, the P-portion is the list of steps to better define the problem; likely more tests. If the A is a definitive diagnosis, then the P-portion will be the treatment planned. Explain all treatsment to be done. Remember that the plan might change as time goes on.

The above are the minimum elements of a proper exam and record. There are times when a more comprehensive approach is called for; at admission to hospital, for example, or at the intake exam for a new patient.

The additional elements of such a comprehensive exam include a Family History of Disease, a Social History (activities, hobbies, alcohol intake, smoking), a list of any known Allergies, prior Hospitalizations and Surgeries and any current medical problems under treatment. Occasionally, a history of childhood illnesses and immunizations may be pertinent as well. An area often overlooked in such history taking is a Work history or Occupation (this might shed light on the Etiology of the problem as mentioned above). When the Chief Complaint is of a physical nature as opposed to a disease, a traumatic injury for example, a brief statement as to the circumstances of the injury may prove very useful for record, statistical or even legal purposes. The statement might read something like “fractured leg, sustained while a passenger in a vehicle accident.”  Such statements are especially valuable when the injury was sustained on the job.

When the Physical Exam is a comprehensive one, the examiner should be schooled to proceed in the same manner every time. Each and every area of the body must be observed and properly tested and the results recorded. If one always does the same exam, then when recording the results, one only need remember the abnormal findings and can safely record all other areas as WNL (within Normal Limits). One normally begins such an exam at the head and works down the body ending at the feet. Depending on personal preference and training, there are some minor exceptions to this head to toe approach. For example, the examiner might defer the neurologic exam of reflexes in the arms until he reaches the legs and picks up the reflex hammer. When recording the physical findings, normal values (WNL) should not be overlooked. They can sometimes be very helpful later in establishing the timing of the onset of a new problem.


text:
User talk:Spectrums~enwikibooks

Delete User
Hi,

is ist possible to delete my username from the "en.wikibooks.org", because I've created an account at "de.wikibooks.org" where I want to work.

Spectrums 13:11, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Spectrums. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Spectrums~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:43, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:31, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spectrums~enwikibooks