text:
IB Music/Music History/Romantic Period

Individuality of style

 * 1) Self-expression important
 * 2) People can distinguish composers easily

Expressive aims and subjects

 * 1) Love glorified
 * 2) Fascination with fantastic and diabolical
 * 3) Nature important influence

Nationalism and exoticism
Nationalism: Exoticism:
 * 1) music created with specific national identity
 * 2) Used folk songs, dances, legends, history of homeland
 * 3) fired up by French Revolution and Napoleonic wars
 * 4) led to unification --> this caused composers to write in styles, language and history of their homeland
 * 1) use of colorful materials from foreign countries
 * 2) Remote, picturesque, mysterious

Program music

 * 1) Instrumental music associated with story, poem, idea
 * 2) Accompanied with an explanation in a program
 * 3) “Union of the arts”

Expressive tone color

 * 1) Timbre really important
 * 2) Orchestra could have 100 musicians
 * 3) Brass, woodwind, percussion had more active role
 * 4) Mahler used 25 brass instruments in 2nd symphony
 * 5) Contrabassoon, bass clarinet, English horn, piccolo added to woodwind section
 * 6) New sounds drawn from old instruments
 * 7) * Low-range flutes
 * 8) * Pizzicato
 * 9) Piano made better, so better tone; damper pedal added

Colorful harmony

 * 1) New chords
 * 2) Chromatic harmony
 * 3) Dissonance more acceptable
 * 4) Wide variety of keys, rapid modulation
 * 5) Tonic less clear

Expanded range of dynamics, pitch, and tempo

 * 1) ffff, pppp used
 * 2) Frequent crescendos and decrescendos
 * 3) Range of pitch expanded with piccolo, contrabassoon
 * 4) Accelerando, ritardando, rubato

Form: miniature and monumental

 * 1) Short piano pieces for the home by Schubert and Chopin
 * 2) Several-hour Berlioz and Wagner pieces
 * 3) Symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, concertos, operas, choral works still produced
 * 4) individual movements longer than in classical
 * 5) Themes quoted in different movements to unify
 * 6) “Thematic transformation”
 * 7) Transitional passages between movements

The art song

 * a vocal composition
 * written for 1 singer with piano accompaniment
 * fairly short usually about 5 mins
 * written to be sung at home
 * fusion of poetry and music
 * lieder is a german art song
 * often set up by a brief piano introduction and finished with a conclusion called a postlude
 * typically strophic

Franz Schubert

 * (1797-1828) An Austrian composer.
 * He wrote some 600 Lieder (songs), completed seven symphonies, with his first at 16.
 * He is particularly noted for his genius for original melodic and harmonic writing.
 * He was the primary inventor of the Art Song.
 * strongly influenced by Beethoven

Robert Schumann

 * (1810-1856) A German composer and pianist.
 * His music was often introspective and often whimsical
 * his early music was an attempt to break with the tradition of classical forms and structure which he thought too restrictive.
 * most of his pieces had little kid titles like carnival and papillons which is french for butterflies
 * he wrote songs and short piano pieces
 * appreciated radical composers like chopin and berlioz
 * composed many piano pieces early in his career and then art songs in the middle, later turning to symphonies and chamber music under the influence of Clara

Clara Wieck Schumann

 * (1819- 1896) a German musician
 * one of the leading pianists of the Romantic era, as well as a composer, and wife of composer Robert Schumann. (social restrictions because she was a  woman)
 * she was close friends with Brahms so early in her career she allowed Brahms and Schumann publish some of her works as she coolant as she was a woman
 * was a child prodigy at 9 on the piano
 * so many of her pieces contain virtuosities
 * she wrote for piano, violin and cello

Frederic Chopin

 * (1810-1849) is a Polish born composer
 * wrote almost exclusively for piano
 * friends with Liszt and Berlioz
 * after leaving Poland the Russians conquered and burned down Warsaw, his home town making compositions of that time quite grieving
 * most pieces are short, however many moods are portrayed within them
 * his music is very elegant and graceful
 * expressed his love for Poland in mazurkas and Polonaises (dances)
 * added ornamental tones similar to that sung in the Italian Opera
 * allows lots of rubato throughout his pieces

Franz Liszt

 * (1831-1886) raised in Hungary, at 11 moves to Vienna where he met Schubert and Beethoven, then in his later teens moved to Paris
 * the best pianist of his time (he deserved it with his practicing of 8-12 hrs per day)
 * he was determined to become the Paganini (best violinist, very virtuosic) of piano
 * developed a new form of program music
 * later in his career he became deeply religious writing masses and oratorios with his notion to revive, renew and reform church music
 * considered controversial (some consider it to be vulgar and bombastic while others revel in its extroverted romantic rhetoric
 * his dynamics ranged from ppp--> fff
 * his music is quite disjunct as it has many leaping octaves
 * lyric melodies are embellished with rapid runs
 * wrote program music
 * used continual changed in tempo and mood and alterations between diabolical fury and meditation to give a feeling of improv.

Felix Mendelssohn

 * (1809-1847) born into a wealthy family in Hamburg, Germany
 * considered to be as good as Mozart
 * music was deeply rooted in classical tradition
 * child prodigy in composing
 * friends with Schumann
 * wrote all forms but opera

Hector Berlioz

 * (1803-1869), born in France
 * one of the first French Romantic composers and a daring creator of new orchestral sounds
 * he was very strict to orchestration of music, it must be played the way it was written
 * highly influenced by Shakespeare
 * considered one of the best composers of the time
 * his music was considered controversial as it was quite wild and impassioned sometimes considered diabolical.
 * his pieces "are passionate expressiveness, inner fire, rhythmic drive, and unexpectedness." ~Berlioz
 * used abrupt contrasts between high woodwinds and low strings, snarling brass and rumbling percussion
 * lots of dynamic fluctuations and tempo changes
 * he used orchestras of hundreds of people, much larger than any other of the time
 * uses long melodies that take unexpected turns and are irregular and asymmetrical in construction
 * most works are for orchestra
 * lots of call and response

Peter Illyich Tchaikovsky

 * (1840-1893) from Russia but he studied in St. Petersburg
 * Great ballet composer

Bedrich Smetana
He was a bohemian nationalist composer.

Giacomo Puccini
an Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly, are among the most frequently performed in the standard repertoire. (successor to Verdi)

Richard Wagner
a German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas" as he later came to call them). Unlike most other great opera composers, Wagner always wrote the scenario and libretto for his works himself. Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their contrapuntal texture, rich chromaticism, harmonies and orchestration, and elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with specific characters, locales, or plot elements. Wagner pioneered advances in musical language including extreme chromaticism and atonality which greatly influenced the development of European classical music.

Gustav Mahler
(1860-1911) Gustav Mahler was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and conductor. Mahler was best known during his own lifetime as one of the leading orchestral and operatic conductors of the day. He has since come to be acknowledged as among the most important post-romantic composers. The spirit of the Lied (German for song) constantly rests in his work. Keenly aware of the colourations of the orchestra, the composer filled his symphonies with flowing melodies and expressive harmonies, achieving bright tonal qualities using the clarity of his melodic lines. Among his other innovations are expressive use of combinations of instruments in both large and small scale, increased use of percussion, as well as combining voice and chorus to symphony form, and extreme voice leading in his counterpoint. His orchestral style was based on counterpoint; two melodies would each start off the other seemingly simultaneously, choosing clarity over a mass orgy of sound. This is shown most clearly by his approach to the issue of so-called 'progressive tonality'. Progressive tonality is the name given to the compositional practice whereby a piece of music does not finish in the key in which it began, but instead 'progresses' to an ending in a different key.

Contextual

 * during the french revolution and the napoleonic wars
 * causing many aristocrats to no longer be able to afford to maintain private opera houses
 * causing many musicians to lose their jobs when small states of Germany were abolished as political units and were merged with neighbouring territories. (In Germany, the court and its orchestra were disbanded for this reason)
 * composers wrote for mostly the middle class which had increased due to the industrial revolution
 * public concerts developed in 18th c but became a thing in the 19th
 * due to the creation of conservatories during this period many people who didn't have the opportunity before could now become a professional musician for example woman by the late 1800's could study music composition
 * the audience was captivated by virtuosity
 * pianos became very common, they became a fixture in every middle class home
 * most composers came from the middle class

title: IB Music/Music History/Romantic Period


text:
User:Scouch

John Locke: “The Philosopher of Freedom” Since the beginning of recorded history, many influential [political] theorists have contributed greatly to the formation of various governments and societies, as well as issues dealing with humanity in general. One theorist of significant importance, especially to the creation of the United States government, is none other than John Locke. Locke, who was one of the greatest philosophers in Europe at the end of the seventeenth century, was strongly opposed to authoritarianism on both the individual level as well as the societal level. Locke believes that if people use reason to find the truth and determine what functions of a government are legitimate, that human life will flourish (Uzgalis). Two of Locke’s most important works include, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and The Second Treatise on Civil Government. The life of John Locke, the importance and content of the previously mentioned works, and their overall influence on the west will be discussed in detail. John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 (to Puritan parents) in Wrington, a village located in Somerset (Great Britain). Locke’s father was a lawyer and also served as a captain for the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War (Uzgalis). His mother was the daughter of a tanner who was said to be very beautiful. Locke was baptized the same day he was born and shortly after his birth, his family moved to Pensford, and Locke grew up in the rural village of Belluton. In 1647, Locke was sent to the famous Westminster School, located in London (Uzgalis). After completing Westminster, Locke went to Christ Church College at Oxford. Locke was a gifted student; however he was discontent with the curriculum of his time (which authorities did not appreciate). He was interested in the modern philosophers of the time, not the classical material that was being taught (Uzgalis). Locke earned his bachelor’s degree in 1656 and his master’s degree in 1658. He also studied medicine and in 1667 Locke moved into Lord Ashley’s (eventually Earl of Shaftesbury), home and served as his personal doctor (although he didn’t receive his degree in medicine until 1674). Locke was not only Shaftesbury’s personal doctor, but he was his “secretary, researcher, political operative and friend” (Uzgalis). The influence of Shaftesbury helped to shape Locke’s political thought and also placed him at the very heart of English politics in the 1670s and 1680s. Shaftesbury appointed Locke to several minor government positions and in 1669, as one of his official jobs, Locke wrote a constitution for the Carolina Colony in North America (Uzgalis). In 1671 Locke began to write one of his most famous works, the Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which took his almost twenty years to complete due to his heavy involvement in Shaftesbury's political affairs. In 1675, after Shaftesbury lost his political positions, Locke left for England where he studied with several French scientist and philosophers (Uzgalis). After returning to England in 1679, Locke returned to Oxford where he stayed until he fled to Holland (in 1683) after being suspected of being involved in the Rye House Plot. While in Holland, Locke finished his Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1690 and in the same year, he published his Two Treatises on Civil Government (Uzgalis). After these works were published, Locke earned the reputation as the “leading philosopher of freedom”. After a prolonged decline in his health, Locke died in 1704 and was buried in Essex. As previously mentioned, the Essay Concerning Human Understanding is one of Locke’s most famous and influential works. This essay is broken down into four books, which explain the theory of knowledge. The first book called “Of Innate Ideas” attacks the Cartesian view of knowledge that states that human beings are born with the ideas that they have. Locke’s argues against the possibility of “innate propositional knowledge” and then continues by arguing against the possibility of innate ideas such as God. After arguing against the Cartesian view, Locke gives his own theory of the origins of knowledge. Most simply put, Locke says we develop our opinions from life experiences. In the second book, Locke describes his theory of ideas. His argument is that everything in our mind is an idea, and that all ideas come in through the senses or through reflection. In this book, Locke also explains that people have two types of ideas, simple and complex ideas (on which simple ideas are the building blocks for complex ones. In the second book, Locke also makes the distinction between primary and secondary qualities in their relation to people’s ideas.  Locke switched gears in the third book and begins a discussion of the philosophy of language.  Locke claims that words stand for ideas and relies heavily on his theory of ideas to support this claim. Locke also says that if there is not a clear or definite idea that our words refer to we should not use those words.  Finally, Locke says that all people should use the same words to refer to the same things, and that this will keep language from leading people astray. 	The final book of Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding is titled "Of Knowledge and Opinion," and as the title suggests, explains the theory of knowledge. Locke begins by defining knowledge as “the perception of strong internal relations that hold among the ideas themselves, without any reference to the external world”. In other words, knowledge depends on the perception of a necessary connection. In this book, Locke also lists the four relationships between ideas that he would count as knowledge. They include, identity, relation, coexistence, and actual existence. Locke identifies three different grades of knowledge with intuition as the highest, followed by demonstration, and finally sensitive knowledge. The rest of book four discusses opinions, and Locke says that gaining a better opinion of the world is a good thing, but that one must understand that opinions will never reach the level of knowledge. Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding is primarily concerned with issues in epistemology and metaphysics (SparkNotes Staff). Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with knowledge, belief, and thought. Metaphysics on the other hand is the philosophy related to what there is in the world (i.e. God) (SparkNotes Staff). During a time of great skepticism, Locke laid the foundation that other British Empiricists such as George Berkeley, Thomas Reid, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant, used as a basis their own work (SparkNotes Staff). Locke’s other and equally famous work is The Second Treatise on Civil Government and has been described as a cornerstone of Western political philosophy. Locke begins by making the point that no one can claim certain rights, because it is not possible to locate heirs of Adam. He also defines political power as the right of “making laws and penalties of death, and consequently all less penalties for the regulation of property….and all this only for the good of the public good” (Locke). The state of nature is the major topic Locke discusses, and is a state in which everyone is equal and no-one has power over anybody else. People are in this state of nature until the form some type of pack. Locke defines the state of war as “of enmity and destruction”, which brings about the law of self-preservation to protect ones self. He also says that the state of war and the state of nature explaining they are not the same. Locke says that the natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power and that the only time slavery is acceptable is during a state of war. The next discussion is about various types of power. Locke says that paternal power is necessary until the child is old enough add a meaningful contribution to society. When it comes to civil power, or marriage, the man and then woman have power over everyone else in the household. And finally when it comes to political power, Locke says that no one ever outgrows his authority. Next, Locke talks about the beginning of political societies and how they form from the majority. Following the beginning of political societies, Locke talks about the ends of political society and says that people give up their natural freedoms to protect their interests. After forming societies, the people must choose the form of government they are going to use (oligarchy, hereditary monarchy, elective monarchy, etc.). To Locke, the legislative power is very important, and says that the legislative power must preserve the society, follow established laws, not raise taxes without consent of the people, and cannot transfer the power of law making. Locke says that legislation should only be in session when there is need for a new law; on the other hand, the executive branch should always be in session, and the federal power which should also be in session handles international affairs. Next, Locke points out that the legislative power is most powerful, but the people are still above it. Finally, Locke defines tyranny as the “exercise of power beyond right” and says that a good leader is bound by the legislative power and has the duty of working for the people. Locke says that when the need for the dissolution of a government comes about, that the people become free, and form a civil-state to avoid chaos and eventually form a new legislative power. Perhaps the most important point that Locke makes in his Second Treatise on Civil Government when the governing abuse the power the people have entrusted them with, the people should rebel against their government and replace it with one that will serve them appropriately (Carmichael). This joining of “ideas--consensual, limited government based upon natural human rights and dignity, and unlimited personal property, based on those same rights, makes the Second Treatise a perfectly-constructed argument against absolutism and unjust governments” (Carmichael). It appeals both to abstract moral notions and to a more grounded view of the self-interest that leads people to form societies and governments (Carmichael). John Locke was not afraid to challenge the notion of Divine Right to advance the rights of life, liberty, property, and religious tolerance for all people. It wasn’t until the end of his life that Locke’s philosophy began to take hold in the minds of many Europeans (Kunze). However, his ideas of liberty spread to America and took root in the minds of many colonists who then demanded the rights they were denied. It is the opinion of some that the part of Locke’s writing that most influenced the creation of the United States constitution was the idea that the power to govern was given with the permission of the people (Kunze). Without the influence of Locke, the United States Constitution would most likely be profoundly different than it is today.

Work Cited Carmichael, James. “ Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government.” 2006. SparkNotes. 1 May. 2006 . Kunze, Fred. “A Biography of John Locke.” From Revolution to Reconstruction. 2005.     Department of Humanities Computing. 30 Mar. 2006  SparkNotes Staff. “ Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding.” 2006. SparkNotes. 1 May. 2006 . Uzgalis, William. “John Locke.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2001. Stanford University. 30 Mar. 2006

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Scouch


text: South East Queensland

title: South East Queensland


text:
Talk:Raising Chickens/Chicks

would like some idea about light. One book gave specific amounts of light each day for chicks but how do you do this when you use a heat lamp as the heat source?

Well I can offer some advice. When I use a heat lamp I am trying to keep the Temperature at around 90 deg. F shield this with foil or a pie pan. Use an incandescent light on a timer available from most hardware stores set it at standard days or around 10 to 12 hour intervals. But I will tell you that I have also had good luck just leaving the light on day and night for the first week. Chicks sleep when they want to. So you can be very scientific and use shields and timers or just caveman it and leave the heat lamp on. I always use heat at one end of the enclosure. This allows space for the chicks to escape the heat if need be.

title: Talk:Raising Chickens/Chicks


text:
User talk:Camitava0321

The Sonnets, file copyright problem
Thanks for trying to contribute to Wikibooks, but you do not need to put Shakespeare's sonnets here.

I have deleted the sonnets that you added to Wikibooks because all of the sonnets are already available at The Sonnets. Wikibooks is a project for writing textbooks, while Wikisource is a project for storing previously-published works such as Shakespeare.

Also, you uploaded a file, Image:ArtTimeline.xls, but you did not specify its copyright status. You were supposed to choose a license from the menu on the Special:Upload, but since you did not, you need to go to Image:ArtTimeline.xls, click "edit this page", and provide information about the file, including an image copyright tag. I do not otherwise know how to help you here, because I cannot open an "xls" file on my computer, so I do not know whether this file is a copyright violation or whether it belongs on Wikibooks.

Do understand though, that your ArtTimeline.xls file will be DELETED on or after 10 May 2006 unless you can provide information to justify its presence on Wikibooks. --Kernigh 06:11, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Camitava0321


text:
User talk:Xornok~enwikibooks

Please do not create empty pages
Empty pages, like the ones that you created for Final Fantasy X/Glitzball/Agents, are completely useless. This is because empty pages confuse readers. Also, the wiki software (in web browsers that support color) uses red for all links to nonexistant pages; if you create an empty page, the link becomes blue for no reason; the red indicates that there is no content and that any wiki user can try to create a page with content.

Thanks, and I hope this encourages you to create pages that actually have text on them. --Kernigh 06:37, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Xornok. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Xornok~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:53, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:39, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xornok~enwikibooks


text:
Greek Mythology/Gods/Helios

Helios was widely known as the personification of the Sun, which rode across the sky in a chariot during the day.

title: Greek Mythology/Gods/Helios


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Prometheus

Prometheus, whose name means "forethought", was the brother of Epimetheus. During the war of the Titans, Prometheus, foreseeing the victory of Zeus, fought on the Olympians side. Epimetheus, looking to the past, kept fighting with the Titans.

After the victory, Prometheus was given the task by Zeus of creating all life on Earth. He then also made humans from clay without Zeus' permission. This upset Zeus; but Prometheus was able to save humanity.

At the first animal sacrifices, Prometheus tricked Zeus into choosing the bones and entrails for the gods' portion by wrapping them in enticing fat, while the choice cuts were hidden under the stomach. This resulted in human celebrants receiving the choice meats at future animal sacrifices.

Prometheus was reputed to have felt pity on the early days of humanity, and decided to share with them the gift of fire, which only the deities knew. For this, he was punished by being chained to a pole on the side of a mountain and have his subsequently regenerating liver eaten day after day by an eagle. To punish humanity, Zeus sent Pandora along with Pandora's box.

After 30,000 years, Prometheus was released from his torture because he possessed a great secret. This secret was that Zeus could only be overthrown by a child he fathered by the nymph Thetis.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Prometheus


text:
D Programming/Digital Mars D compiler

DMD is the reference compiler for the D programming language written by the author himself, Walter Bright. http://www.digitalmars.com/d/dcompiler.html

title: D Programming/Digital Mars D compiler


text:
User talk:Jamit

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:38, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Image Copyright Problem: Image:Ion exchange.jpeg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ion exchange.jpeg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law. We need you to specify two things on the image description page:
 * The copyright holder, and
 * The copyright status

The copyright holder is usually the creator. If the creator was paid to make this image, then their employer may be the copyright holder. If several people collaborated, then there may be more than one copyright holder. If you created this image, then you are the copyright holder.

Because of the large number of images on Wikibooks, we've sorted them using image copyright tags. Just find the right tag corresponding to the copyright status of this image, and paste it onto the image description page like this:.

There are 2 basic ways to licence an image on Wikibooks:
 * 1) An open content licence
 * Public Domain

 * The copyright holder gets the best protection of his work by licencing their work under an open content license like the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. If you have the express permission of the copyright holder to licence their work under the above licence, use the image copyright tag: cc-by-sa-2.5.  The GNU Free Documentation License is another choice for licencing one's work.  Again, if you have the express permission of the copyright holder, use the tag: GFDL.

 * The copyright holder can also release his work into the public domain, see here for images released into the public domain.
 * Images from certain sources are automatically release into the Public Domain. This is true for most governments like the federal United States government. However not all governments release their work into the public domain, such as the UK government .  Non-free licence governments are listed here.

For any other sources of for more information see Image copyright tags. Please remember that if you don't tag your images, they will be deleted.

 * P.S. If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them.  Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. Derbeth talk 08:38, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you have permission to use images from website you mention as source? If not, these images have to be deleted. --Derbeth talk 09:28, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Just insert write reason text to their description. --Derbeth talk 22:36, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Image:Alex.jpeg
This image was uploaded with no copyright information. It will soon be deleted if none is provided. Thanks. -- LV (Dark Mark) 02:44, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jamit


text:
User talk:ChrisParkin

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:39, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Image Copyright Problem: Image:Dialysis bag.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Dialysis bag.png. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law. We need you to specify two things on the image description page:
 * The copyright holder, and
 * The copyright status

The copyright holder is usually the creator. If the creator was paid to make this image, then their employer may be the copyright holder. If several people collaborated, then there may be more than one copyright holder. If you created this image, then you are the copyright holder.

Because of the large number of images on Wikibooks, we've sorted them using image copyright tags. Just find the right tag corresponding to the copyright status of this image, and paste it onto the image description page like this:.

There are 2 basic ways to licence an image on Wikibooks:
 * 1) An open content licence
 * Public Domain

 * The copyright holder gets the best protection of his work by licencing their work under an open content license like the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. If you have the express permission of the copyright holder to licence their work under the above licence, use the image copyright tag: cc-by-sa-2.5.  The GNU Free Documentation License is another choice for licencing one's work.  Again, if you have the express permission of the copyright holder, use the tag: GFDL.

 * The copyright holder can also release his work into the public domain, see here for images released into the public domain.
 * Images from certain sources are automatically release into the Public Domain. This is true for most governments like the federal United States government. However not all governments release their work into the public domain, such as the UK government .  Non-free licence governments are listed here.

For any other sources of for more information see Image copyright tags. Please remember that if you don't tag your images, they will be deleted.

 * P.S. If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them.  Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. Derbeth talk 08:39, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:ChrisParkin


text:
User talk:Gm1121983~enwikibooks

Image:Bus33.jpg
Why did you give GFDL license to this image? Do you know that we do not allow copying any images from the Internet? --Derbeth talk 08:41, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

I never thought of that. Sorry. —Gm1121983

So, do you want me to delete the image? —Gm1121983

Gm1121983 20:39, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You can't. You mark the image with or  and the administrators take care of it. --Krischik T 11:31, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I get it now. Gm1121983 14:56, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Check out my new sig. -- Gm1121983 I like cars  21:36, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

It's me, John Doerrman!
[laughs like Ernie from Sesame Street] Cedric the Entertainer! Cedric works at BARTA! --Doerrman (discuss • contribs) 02:44, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * You're funny, John. -- Gm1121983 I like cars  15:00, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gm1121983. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gm1121983~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:14, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gm1121983~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:JDBoutell

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:44, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Image Copyright Problem: Image:Protein.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Protein.png. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law. We need you to specify two things on the image description page:
 * The copyright holder, and
 * The copyright status

The copyright holder is usually the creator. If the creator was paid to make this image, then their employer may be the copyright holder. If several people collaborated, then there may be more than one copyright holder. If you created this image, then you are the copyright holder.

Because of the large number of images on Wikibooks, we've sorted them using image copyright tags. Just find the right tag corresponding to the copyright status of this image, and paste it onto the image description page like this:.

There are 2 basic ways to licence an image on Wikibooks:
 * 1) An open content licence
 * Public Domain

 * The copyright holder gets the best protection of his work by licencing their work under an open content license like the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. If you have the express permission of the copyright holder to licence their work under the above licence, use the image copyright tag: cc-by-sa-2.5.  The GNU Free Documentation License is another choice for licencing one's work.  Again, if you have the express permission of the copyright holder, use the tag: GFDL.

 * The copyright holder can also release his work into the public domain, see here for images released into the public domain.
 * Images from certain sources are automatically release into the Public Domain. This is true for most governments like the federal United States government. However not all governments release their work into the public domain, such as the UK government .  Non-free licence governments are listed here.

For any other sources of for more information see Image copyright tags. Please remember that if you don't tag your images, they will be deleted.

 * P.S. If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them.  Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. Derbeth talk 08:44, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:JDBoutell


text:
User talk:Knuxus

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:45, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Image Copyright Problem: Image:3 G.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:3 G.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law. We need you to specify two things on the image description page:
 * The copyright holder, and
 * The copyright status

The copyright holder is usually the creator. If the creator was paid to make this image, then their employer may be the copyright holder. If several people collaborated, then there may be more than one copyright holder. If you created this image, then you are the copyright holder.

Because of the large number of images on Wikibooks, we've sorted them using image copyright tags. Just find the right tag corresponding to the copyright status of this image, and paste it onto the image description page like this:.

There are 2 basic ways to licence an image on Wikibooks:
 * 1) An open content licence
 * Public Domain

 * The copyright holder gets the best protection of his work by licencing their work under an open content license like the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. If you have the express permission of the copyright holder to licence their work under the above licence, use the image copyright tag: cc-by-sa-2.5.  The GNU Free Documentation License is another choice for licencing one's work.  Again, if you have the express permission of the copyright holder, use the tag: GFDL.

 * The copyright holder can also release his work into the public domain, see here for images released into the public domain.
 * Images from certain sources are automatically release into the Public Domain. This is true for most governments like the federal United States government. However not all governments release their work into the public domain, such as the UK government .  Non-free licence governments are listed here.

For any other sources of for more information see Image copyright tags. Please remember that if you don't tag your images, they will be deleted.

 * P.S. If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them.  Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. Derbeth talk 08:45, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Why did you mark this image as public domain? You still haven't specified the source. --Derbeth talk 20:19, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Knuxus


text:
AvernumScript/Appendix/Location and Distance Calls

Note that none of these functions are meant to be used in outdoors mode. They will not return proper values. Also, if you are writing a creature or terrain script, be sure to look up the calls  and.

short char_loc_x(short which_char)

 * Returns the x coordinate of the character which_char.

short char_loc_y(short which_char)

 * Returns the y coordinate of the character which_char.

short char_dist_to_loc(short which_char,short x, short y)

 * Returns the distance of character which_char from location {x,y}.

UNCONFIRMED: Using ME here, or -1, from a creature script doesn't seem to work right. It gives a distance number, but does not give the distance from the creature whose script was running. I had to use the creature's number. You can do this through using the constant my_number.

short char_on_loc(short x,short y)

 * Returns the number of the character on space {x,y}. If there is no character there, returns -1. Unlike, this call also checks if one of the player’s characters is there.

short dist_to_waypoint(short which_char,short which_point)

 * Returns the distance of character which_char from waypoint which_point.

short group_dist_to_loc(short which_group,short x, short y)

 * Returns the distance of closest character in group which_group to the location {x,y}. Remember that group 0 is the party (in case you want to see who in the party is closest to a point). If the group is empty, the distance returned is 10000.

short my_dist_from_start

 * This call can only be made from a creature script. Returns the character’s distance, in spaces, from where it started.


text:
User talk:Lukas habegger

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:47, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lukas habegger


text:
User talk:Tlerche

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:50, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Image Copyright Problem: Image:Relayunit1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Relayunit1.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law. We need you to specify two things on the image description page:
 * The copyright holder, and
 * The copyright status

The copyright holder is usually the creator. If the creator was paid to make this image, then their employer may be the copyright holder. If several people collaborated, then there may be more than one copyright holder. If you created this image, then you are the copyright holder.

Because of the large number of images on Wikibooks, we've sorted them using image copyright tags. Just find the right tag corresponding to the copyright status of this image, and paste it onto the image description page like this:.

There are 2 basic ways to licence an image on Wikibooks:
 * 1) An open content licence
 * Public Domain

 * The copyright holder gets the best protection of his work by licencing their work under an open content license like the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. If you have the express permission of the copyright holder to licence their work under the above licence, use the image copyright tag: cc-by-sa-2.5.  The GNU Free Documentation License is another choice for licencing one's work.  Again, if you have the express permission of the copyright holder, use the tag: GFDL.

 * The copyright holder can also release his work into the public domain, see here for images released into the public domain.
 * Images from certain sources are automatically release into the Public Domain. This is true for most governments like the federal United States government. However not all governments release their work into the public domain, such as the UK government .  Non-free licence governments are listed here.

For any other sources of for more information see Image copyright tags. Please remember that if you don't tag your images, they will be deleted.

 * P.S. If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them.  Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. Derbeth talk 08:50, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tlerche


text:
User talk:Jawboot

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:52, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jawboot


text:
User talk:KaiMartin

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:54, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:KaiMartin


text:
User talk:Ultimadesigns

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:56, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

European History Wikibook
Hello! I'm a Wiki user who's trying to study European History but I have trouble downloading this wikibook's PDF version; perhaps my computer is too slow. Do you mind if you send me the PDF copy of the European History Wikibook through e-mail? My e-mail address is: hfc1102@gmail.com Thank you!! 68.48.32.65 20:57, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

General Scope of the Project
As I understand, the purpose of this book is to give general information in an accessible manner about wide scope of general European history for English speakers interested in the subject. Thus I can agree on using simple language. However, the way in which that information was given is unsystematic, sometimes overly simplified, other times confusing and out of context (more on terminology and bibliography in the next section), perhaps even somewhat innacurate, tendentious, or otherwise questionable. In subsequent sections I shall try to illustrate. TheUg 20:58, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Resources, Glossaries etc.
Interesting to see what resources did you use for some of the chapters. I know my history, and have no trouble navigating in facts, figures, terms, putting them in context, making conclusions and so forth. However, we need to understand, that many kids will have trouble understanding concepts, issues, even basic terminology used there. I’ll give you particular examples below, but here’s the general idea: after each chapter and/or section make a list of resources (bibliography), glossary with basic explanation of terms used and, mayhaps, links to Wikipedia articles for those interested in deeper understanding. TheUg 20:58, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Russian Revolution of 1917
Let this be my first set of examples.

Terminology: term “soviet” was used for the first time out of the blue, only with later hint on “woker council”, without explanation of the idea behind it, and therefore later ambiguous usage. Same applies to Duma, “zemstvo”, and so forth.

Also I deem incorrect description of ЧК, НКВД and КГБ, as “secret police groups”. First of all, it’s incorrect in terms of time frame (possible to put it as “CheKa (later NKVD, KGB)”. Secondly, NKVD was not a “secret police group”, but rather, in American terms, “Department of Interior” (Or, in Russian way, “Ministry of Internal Affairs” (law enforcement and Interior Forces (somewhat analogous to American National Guard) under one umbrella)), which incorporated in itself elements of so-called “secret police” (later taken out into separate entity, such as KGB). And thirdly, these were not the only mechanisms of political supression, as implied in context.

Percipitating Factors, should be reorganised and generalised. For instance, it should say in general about the crisis of the absolutism (just like the causes of many other European revolutions of preceding era), some factors (such as Russo-Japanese war) should be put in context, and some things, such as Stolypin’s reforms or congress of the first State Duma (representative, although only consultative, parliament) after the Revolution of 1905, should be deemed as positive attempts by the system to reform itself, albeit those attempts were perhaps futile in all eventuality.

And also must be mentioned the general importance of that particular set of circumstances in that it determined the scape of European and world politics for many decades ahead, and still echoes nowadays.

Rasputin, I believe, was not all that important. Yes, people talked about him and his perceived influence on the royal family, but it was mostly in tabloid terms, and I doubt he was akin the “grey cardinals” of the past, or Roves and Cheyneys of today.

Civil war, again, was greatly simplified. Tere were many political parties of many colours, vying for dominance, international intervention (expeditionary forces of Western powers) was there for many various reasons, importance and implications were as big as the preceding revolutions themselves, nevermind sheer magnitude of the conflict. All in all, it is a bit more complicated, bloody, and politically devisive than known to you American civil war, which in itself wasn’t that black-and-white as some might portray it today, I am sure.

These are some things, I felt, we should discuss before we draft or even start editing right and left. TheUg 20:58, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

WB:NC
Please stick to "European History/Chapter name or number" as the naming format. For more, see WB:NC. I suggest "European History/Chapter name" rather than number. Thanks and regards, ✉haginძazt\c 02:14, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

No personal attacks Change of text
You voted for enforcement of No personal attacks. The text of this policy has been changed by Jguk during the vote, I have further modified these changes to restore some of the original "bite". This is highly unusual but without these changes Jguk is unwilling to allow the policy to move to enforced. I am happy that the changes are not sufficiently substantial to undermine the policy, if you disagree then please make your views known. Changes to text during a vote could be construed as a delaying tactic so I have proposed a move to "enforced" status by 1st June. RobinH 10:10, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Image:Portrait hr.jpg
Why do you assume this image is public domain? What is the source of this image? --Derbeth talk 12:32, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I deleted this image and added another one instead. See European History/Europe: 1945 to Present. --Derbeth talk 21:27, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:MapEurope1920.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:MapEurope1920.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. SB_Johnny | talk 14:20, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:ReformationEur.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ReformationEur.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. SB_Johnny | talk 16:12, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:MapAfrica1890.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:MapAfrica1890.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. SB_Johnny | talk 16:16, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ultimadesigns


text:
User talk:Kb1cvh

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:56, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kb1cvh


text:
User talk:Ktoth

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:57, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ktoth


text:
User talk:Rtshigeta

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:57, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rtshigeta


text:
User:Zag (knott)

One of User:Theresa knott's pupils Please let me know if you have any problems.

title: User:Zag (knott)


text:
User talk:Masterofhogets

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 09:10, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Masterofhogets


text:
User talk:Phhuang

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 09:11, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phhuang


text:
User talk:Sandycx

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 09:12, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sandycx


text:
User talk:Msheffer

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 09:12, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Msheffer


text:
User talk:Yrosser~enwikibooks

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 09:15, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Yrosser. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Yrosser~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:54, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:40, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yrosser~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Knvb1123~enwikibooks

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 09:15, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Knvb1123. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Knvb1123~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:20, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:09, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Knvb1123~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Scouch

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 09:15, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scouch


text:
User talk:Mathdude314

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 09:15, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mathdude314


text:
User talk:Oliver87~enwikibooks

Duplicate account - User:Oliver6
Please do not use more than one account. In order to prevent unfair voting, we do not allow creating multiple accounts by single user. Decide which account you want to use and inform me about it. If you don't do this, I will block one randomly selected. --Derbeth talk 09:32, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Oliver87. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Oliver87~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:19, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oliver87~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Oliver6

Duplicate account - User:Oliver87
Please do not use more than one account. In order to prevent unfair voting, we do not allow creating multiple accounts by single user. Decide which account you want to use and inform me about it. If you don't do this, I will block one randomly selected. --Derbeth talk 09:32, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oliver6


text:
IB Environmental Studies

 * 1) /Systems and Models/
 * 2) /Ecosystem/
 * 3) *Structure
 * 4) *Function
 * 5) *Changes
 * 6) /Global Cycles and Physical Systems/
 * 7) *Atmosphere
 * 8) *Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone
 * 9) *Tropospheric Ozone
 * 10) *Global Warming
 * 11) *Acid Deposition
 * 12) *Hydrosphere
 * 13) *Lithosphere
 * 14) *Soil System
 * 15) /Human Population and Carrying Capacity/
 * 16) *Population Dynamics
 * 17) *Resources - Natural Capital
 * 18) *Growth Limits

IB Environmental Systems Introductory Notes
Strategies for Survival

	Numbers ("r") large number of offspring no parental care short pregnancy breed when young pioneers niche generalists

e.g., insects, fish

       Investment ("k") late maturity specialists (niche) mainly predators high trophic level (generalization) adapted to stable environment

e.g., elephants, dolphins

Factors affecting populations

Predators - How many? Food availability - how much, where (is there need to travel?), is it difficult to obtain food? Habitat availability - are they specialists/generalists?, can they live anywhere?, Is their habitat being degraded? Reproduction - are mates easy to find? does it require much effort?

Carrying Capacity (Def: The number of organisms a particular area can support)

If organisms exceed the carrying capacity; a negative feedback loop occurs - organisms eat all the food = no food leads to dying out

Growth Rates (Def: The time a population takes to grow by a particular percentage)

It often depends on population density. populations grow fastest at low population densities (e.g., birds of prey, limited by prey availability) -Intermediate density (locusts need reasonable densities to reproduce etc.) -High Densities (seabirds less vulnerable to predators when in large group)

Fastest growth rates have quickest response to change; slow growth has slow response to changes

Generation Time (Def: The time taken for an individual to reach sexual maturity, and produce offspring)

Population grow in two ways - "S" curve- initial slow growth, as population increases limiting factors such as food supply, slow growth rate. Levels out as the population approaches the carrying capacity.

"J" curve- Large populations build up over time and then crash before building up again. Common in population of primary consumers, in communities with few species where extreme abiotic (physical) factors may control population growth. Also, natural predators are few, or completely absent.

Succession (Def: The change in vegetation in an area over time (or sometimes over distance)

Can be: Primary Succession (from bare earth) or Secondary Succession (disturbed land recovering)

Primary Succession - After a volcanic explosion/glacial scrape Dust accumulates on rock surface, seeds begin to grow.

This is the first stage in the succession process - hardy, small colonizers (typically less complex organisms) Usually occurs in dry environments with plenty of sunlight

Secondary Succession - Recovering growth from disturbed lands

Example of Forest Succession

Grass-forbs -Dominated by small grass and small shrubs

Shrubs-seedlings -Trees appear on the scene and begin to dominate. The shade intolerant species grow rapidly and dominate over shade tolerant species.

Sapling-pole -Trees dominate and out-compete shrubs

title: IB Environmental Studies


text:
User:Kuang Eleven

Hello all!

I mostly created an account to work with Wikiversity, thougth I may do some work with Wikibooks as well. My background with wikis does not, unfortunatly, include much editing. There's something about Wikipedia that just seems too... intimidating. Well, I do use Wikipedia whenever I need to look anything up!

Anyways, the relevent personal information is that I am currently an undergraduate student at UCSB double majoring in Physics and Math and I hope to put my use in both fields and my organization abilities to use in helping Wikiversity.

What Kuang Eleven is doing on Wikibooks: Finding out what the devil Wikiversity is doing!

title: User:Kuang Eleven


text:
Portuguese/Contents/BPL1/Segunda lição

Verb 'ser'/Verbo "ser"
You learned, at the last lesson, that there were two copula verbs in Portuguese. You've already learned the first one, "estar". Now it is time to learn the other one, ser, which denotes a permanent situation or condition. It is not a regular verb. The verb ser is conjugated in the present indicative as follows:

See some examples:
 * Nós somos alunos. ("We are students.")
 * Eles são felizes. ("They are happy.")

To illustrate the difference between "ser" and "estar", compare the next two phrases:
 * Eu estou alegre. – "I am happy (right now)."
 * Eu sou alegre. – "I am happy (a happy person)."

Possessive pronouns/Pronomes possessivos
The possessive pronouns (pronomes possessivos) in Portuguese are the same than the possessive adjectives. As adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the possessed thing. They are:

Just like adjectives and nouns, the plural forms are made adding -s.

 * meu apartamento ("my apartment/flat")
 * meus apartamentos ("my apartments/flats")
 * minha casa ("my house")
 * minhas casas ("my houses")

The inflection patterns of "teu" (compare with "tu") and "seu" are the alike.

 * seu livro ("his/her/its/their book")
 * seus livros ("his/her/its/their books")
 * sua revista ("his/her/its/their magazine")
 * suas revistas ("his/her/its/their magazines")

The pronouns "vosso" (compare with "vós") and "nosso" (compare with "nós") are inflected just like adjectives.

 * nosso trabalho ("our work")
 * nossos trabalhos ("our works")
 * nossa piada ("our joke")
 * nossas piadas ("our jokes")

As "você" and "vocês" are address pronouns, they behave as third person pronouns. So, the possessive forms of them are "seu"-words. This is a important and confuse point, as you saw that "seu" can mean either "your(s)", "his", "her(s)", "its" and "their(s)". So instead of using "seu" (which have that lot of meanings) one changes it for:

Those are all contractions of the preposition "de" and the personal pronouns "ele", "ela", "eles", "elas". The same rule applies for "vocês" (but no contraction can be made between "de" and "vocês"). So, the possessive form used is "de vocês" ("of you").

 * o escritório dele ("his office")
 * o escritório dela ("her office")
 * o escritório deles ("their office")
 * o escritório delas ("their office")
 * o escritório de vocês ("your office")

At everyday language, "seu" is used only as possessive form of "você", making things much easier.

But some even do not use "seu" for "você", because of the confuse meanings it may have. Those use "teu" instead. It is grammatically wrong because "teu" is the possessive form of "tu". Grammatically, one must use the pronoun alongside with its respective possessive form: "tu" with "teu" and "você" with "seu".

Concluding, the possessive pronouns are:

Common greetings, thanks and goodbyes/Cumprimentos, agradecimentos e despedidas comuns
Portuguese greetings ("cumprimentos") and goodbyes ("despedidas") are quite simple. The most usual ones among them are:

This obrigado means "thank you" (not to be confused with "obligated" means obrigado).

Some actually say "muito obrigado" insted of "obrigado" ("muito" means "very").

 * Obrigado por sua ajuda! ("Thank you for your help!")
 * Muito obrigado por sua ajuda! ("Thank you very much for your help!")

Orally, there is also a reduced form of "obrigado":

 *  ' Brigado por sua ajuda! ("Thanks for your help!")

Days of the week/Dias da semana
Most of the names of the days of the week today, are adaptations made in the medieval age from the Classical Latin roots, this is true to other Latin based languages such as Spanish or Italian. But in Portuguese this was made in an easier way, naming it after fairs (naming system used in Ecclesiastical Latin). So, except for Sunday and Saturday, the days of the week are formed by ordinal numbers plus the Portuguese word for "fair":

For time expressions, the copula verb used is "ser".
 * Hoje é sábado. ("Today is Saturday.")
 * Meu aniversário é em uma sexta-feira. ("My birthday is in a Friday.")

Introduction to verbs/Introdução a verbos
The infinitive of all verbs in Portuguese language end in -r. The vowel before the -r is called the stem vowel, and it rules the conjugation of the verb. The root is what comes before the stem vowel. There are three stem vowels, that divides the verbs in three groups:

 * first conjugation ("primeira conjugação"): infinitive ends in -ar.
 * second conjugation ("segunda conjugação"): infinitive ends in -er.
 * third conjugation ("terceira conjugação"): infinitive ends in -ir.

Also, there are some infinitives that end in -or. Those are all derivate forms of the verb "pôr", ("to put") that is an irregular verb. All its derivates follow "pôr" ' s conjugation pattern. This verb comes from the old Portuguese "poer" (Latin "ponere"), so all verbs in -or are considered to be irregular verbs of the second conjugation.

title: Portuguese/Contents/BPL1/Segunda lição


text:
Cookbook:Reuben Sandwich

| Sandwiches

The Reuben or Reuben sandwich is a grilled or toasted sandwich made with corned beef, sauerkraut, Swiss cheese, and Russian dressing. It is typically made with rye bread though originally it may have been served on pumpernickel bread.

The origins of the Reuben are contested. One account holds that Reuben Kulakofsky (sometimes spelled Reubin), a grocer from Omaha, Nebraska, was the inventor, perhaps as part of a group effort by members of Kulakofsky's weekly poker game held in the Blackstone Hotel from ca.1920–1935. The participants, who nicknamed themselves "the committee," included the hotel's owner, Charles Schimmel.The sandwich first gained local fame when Schimmel put it on the Blackstone's lunch menu.

Ingredients

 * ½ lb (225 g) sliced corned beef (or try using pastrami)
 * ¼ cup (60 ml) drained sauerkraut
 * 2 tbsp chopped sweet onion
 * 2 tbsp creamy Russian dressing
 * 2 slices rye bread (or use sourdough bread in case of rye allergy)
 * 1–3 slices Swiss cheese
 * Chopped parsley
 * 1 tbsp butter

Procedure

 * 1) Combine the sauerkraut, onion, and parsley.
 * 2) Spread the dressing on two slices bread.
 * 3) Pile layers of corned beef, cheese, and sauerkraut mixture on one slice.
 * 4) Add second slice of bread.
 * 5) Butter the outside of the bread.
 * 6) Grill until lightly browned, roughly 5–10 minutes.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The Reuben has a "sister" sandwich, the Rachel, which is made with pastrami or turkey in place of corned beef (and sometimes coleslaw in place of sauerkraut).
 * A Georgia Reuben is a Reuben made with turkey and coleslaw instead of sauerkraut.
 * A Reuben served in a Jewish delicatessen would not contain cheese or butter, as dietary laws forbid meat and dairy in the same dish.

title: Cookbook:Reuben Sandwich


text:
Wikijunior:Big Book of Fun Science Experiments/Secret Messages

Have you ever wanted to write a secret message where nobody could look in except you and the person you are writing to because it is invisible to all? If you do we can tell you how...

You Will Need

 * A piece of paper
 * A paintbrush
 * Half a lemon
 * A small dish

Method

 * Squeeze the half lemon over the dish so the juice drops into a bowl
 * Dip the paintbrush in the juice and write your message on the paper

You Will Need

 * An oven

Method

 * Gently heat the oven to a warm temperature
 * Put your piece of paper in the oven & when the lemon juice turns brown, take your paper out of the oven and read the message!

Principle
Lemon juice, and any other things made from plants, are called organic chemicals and contain carbon. When organic chemicals burn the carbon, which is black, breaks off from the molecule, like wood turns black when it is burned. Instead of lemon juice, you could use any fruit juice or tree sap (don't cut a living tree to get the sap), but this experiment works best with colourless or light-coloured liquids.


text:
Wikijunior:Big Book of Fun Science Experiments/Bicarbonate and vinegar

Popping Cork
you will need:
 * a small glass bottle,
 * a cork that fits in the bottle,
 * baking soda,
 * vinegar,
 * piece of paper,
 * water.

When it is mixed with vinegar it makes a gas called carbon dioxide, so the cork flies out!
 * 1) Pour some baking soda in the bottle by folding the paper and putting the baking soda in it and then slowly slide the baking soda into the bottle.
 * 2) Wet the cork in the water so it is wet. Pour some vinegar into the bottle, shove the cork in and stand really far from it!
 * 3) The cork will pop out because baking soda is a chemical, called sodium bicarbonate.

Stink Bomb
You will need:
 * Wine vinegar
 * Bicarbonate of soda

The more of the ingredients the bigger the fizz and the stinkier it will get!

 * 1) Pour the wine vinegar into a container followed by the bicarbonate of soda.
 * 2) Watch the mixture fizz and bubble
 * 3) Smell the mixture then run away because it will stink!

Bubbley Bang
What you need:
 * water
 * measuring cup
 * zip-lock bag
 * tablespoon
 * baking soda
 * vinegar

'''Warning! Only do this experiment outside or somewhere where it doesn't matter if things get wet!'''
 * 1) Mix a tablespoon of baking soda with some water, and pour the mixture into the zip-lock bag.
 * 2) Add a tablespoon of vinegar, close the bag, and move away.
 * 3) If the experiment has worked, the zip-lock bag should explode.

Principle
When the vinegar and baking soda come in contact, a chemical reaction occurs. A gas called carbon dioxide is released. When this happens, bubbles form, and pressure builds, because the density of carbon dioxide is much less than the density of the baking soda or vinegar. Eventually this pressure cannot be contained within the container and the weakest part of the container (in this case, the cork) bursts.

This experiment demonstrates an acid-base reaction. Acids and bases are measured on something called the “pH” scale, where anything below a 7 is an acid, anything above a 7 is a base. When the acid and base mix, they create a reaction, which breaks bonds between the molecules of the acids and bases. In some cases, this reaction can produce heat (which is why many cartoons show acids as being able to burn through steel and other materials) or and it always releases some molecule, in this case carbon dioxide.


text:
Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Edutainment

Edutainment

 * Game Theory
 * Educational Television Programs for Adults
 * Educational Television Programs for Children
 * Radio Education
 * Lego Mindstorms
 * BBC Jam
 * Educational Software
 * Educational Geography Games
 * Second Life (educational applications)


text:
Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Edutainment/Radio Education

Radio Education

Radio had been used in education for a period of more than 80 years. It has in that time been used in many various ways. Its uses comprise school broadcasting, informal general education, social action programming and adult basic education and literacy.

In Australia, radio has been used for direct teaching, whereby radio schools are used to connect children in secluded farmsteads in the outback together with a teacher sited many hundred miles away. There are two examples of radio direct teaching 1. In the farmsteads having short wave receive and transmit radio, enabling the learners to partake directly in the lesson. 2. Parent offer the back up support, in this way a teacher operates in the same way to a classroom and the teacher except that the learners are at a distance (Bates, 2005)

Distance teaching universities frequently employ radio for its advertising and enrolment value, as well as for teaching. The Open University in Britain uses this system more often for discussion of course materials, alternative viewpoints to those contained in the printed materials, source material for analysis and for performance e.g. dramatization literature, etc.

Radio has been used lengthily as an educational medium in developing countries. The radio has supported educational programs in a wide range of subjects area and in many different countries. Below will follow some examples of how radio is been utilised in developing countries:

v	India, for rural development. v	Swaziland, for public health purposes. v	Nigeria, for management courses for agriculture sector. v	Kenya, in support for correspondence courses. v	The Dominion Republic, in support pf primary education. v	Philippines, for nutrition education. v	Paraguay, to offer primary schools instruction. http://cade.icaap.org/vol2.2/7_Nwaerondu_and_Thompson.html v	Namibia, in the Oshakati area of northern Namibia, local radio is part of non- formal education project entitled “cattle is our livelihood” to improve cattle keeping practice among local farmers. http://www.col.org/knowledge/ks_radio.htm

Radio like other available instruments and channels of communication and social action could be used to assist put across essential knowledge and enlighten and educate people on social issues. In addition radio can be mobilised to comprehend the potential towards meeting basic education for all. http://www.col.org/events/0006commradio.htm

Radio is an effectual system for delivery of education to larger numbers of people. In facilitates information exchange at the community level, acting as a “community telephone”. Radio plays a vital educational role as the sole medium for formal and non-formal education.

Further Research

Studies of children's radio programs, particularly educational programs, offers an area of research that brings new perspectives to social, cultural, and political history. Such research also expands investigations of children's increased visibility and status as a special group in society, for instance as reflected in the UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (1989). Children's programs provide material for inquiries into children's place in society as well as representations of childhood from a historical perspective, particularly during the period from 1920 to 1960, when radio was regarded as the major electronic medium in society. It is also a field well attuned to further developments of theoretical and methodological issues. In addition to actual programs, manuscripts, program sheets, and other documents concerning children's broadcasts, a number of studies measure children's reading and comprehension skills in relation to radio. Such materials could be used to investigate the systems of knowledge and meaning that have affected the child in different decades of the twentieth century.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Christenson, Peter G., and Peter DeBenedittis. 1986. "'Eavesdropping' on the FM Band: Children's Use of Radio." Journal of Communication 36, no. 2: 27-38. Cuban, Larry. 1986. Teachers and Machines. The Classroom Use of Technology since 1920. New York and London: Teachers College Press. Lindgren, Anne-Li. 1999. "'Att ha barn med är en god sak': Barn, medier och medborgarskap under 1930-talet" ("Including children is a good thing": Children, media and citizenship in the 1930s). Linköping Studies in Arts and Science 205. Paik, Haejung. 2000. "The History of Children's Use of Electronic Media. In Handbook of Children and the Media, ed. Dorothy G. Singer and Jerome L. Singer. Thousand Oaks, CA, London, and New Delhi: Sage.


text:
AvernumScript/Appendix/Scenario Initialization Calls

These calls are all meant to be made in the scenario script, either in the state LOAD_SCEN_STATE or START_SCEN_STATE. They can, however, be made anywhere.

void add_item_to_shop(short which_shop,short which_item,short how_many)

 * This call should be made in the state START_SCEN_STATE. This places 1 or more "items" in store which_shop. which_shop ranges from 0–129. Normally, the "item" placed is an item of type which_item. The argument how_many defines the quantity of the item added to the store.

 * However, if you pick certain high values of which_item, you can put into the store things besides items — you can also have spells, alchemy recipes, and skills.

Values for which_item are:

Note:
 * Items
 * Any given shop can only have 25 types of items in stock.
 * If how_many is greater than 500, the store will have an infinite quantity of the item which_item.
 * In all cases, you will want to put a number above 0 for how_many. If you don't, the item will disappear from the store.

void create_boat(short which_boat,short which_town,short loc_x,short loc_y,short others_property)

 * This call should be made in the state START_SCEN_STATE. Initializes the boat which_boat, which ranges from 0–29. The boat is placed in town which_town in space [loc_x, loc_y].

Values for others_property are:

void create_horse(short which_horse,short which_town,short loc_x,short loc_y,short others_property)

 * This call should be made in the state START_SCEN_STATE. Initializes the horse which_horse, which ranges from 0–29. The horse is placed in town which_town in space [loc_x, loc_y].

Values for others_property are:

void init_quest(short which_quest,string quest_name,string quest_desc)

 * This call should be made in the state LOAD_SCEN_STATE. It sets the name of quest which_quest to quest_name and the description text to quest_desc.

Note:
 * The name can be at most 29 characters long
 * The description can be at most 199 characters long.
 * The acceptable range for which_quest is 0–99.

void init_special_item(short which_item,string item_name,string item_desc)

 * This call should be made in the state LOAD_SCEN_STATE. It sets the name of special item which_item to item_name and the description text to item_desc.

Note:
 * The name can be at most 29 characters long.
 * The description can be at most 199 characters long.
 * The acceptable range for which_item is 0–59.

void set_creature_type_level(short which_type,short what_level)

 * Sets the level of creature type which_type to level what_level. This is the only call that changes creature types, normally these changes are the scennamedata script.). It is provided because, in order to balance a scenario, you will probably need to adjust the levels of at least some creature types.