text:
Advanced Interactive Media/The Future For Immersive Media

Media that engulfs people with interactive experiences has invaded education, entertainment, business and just about every other aspect of life. Blockbuster video games lead the way in interactive development and some theaters are engaging viewers by stimulating all of their senses - This is all a reflection of the evolution of immersive media.

Sub woofers placed under chairs vibrate viewers in order to influence the way they react to sound. Experiments with the sense of smell are also becoming possible as an actor/baker performs within an expanded movie-environment that can now generate the aroma of warm apple pie to the viewers; thus pulling them further into the story through their sense of smell. These kinds of ideas are revolutionizing how people react to media as a new generation of producers begin to realize that nothing is preventing them from impacting all of the human senses. Here are a few great examples of interactive media that were showcased at the Siggraph conference in San Diego, CA.  Music Table Minority Report Becomes Reality

A Paradigm Shift
The stage is being set for a whole new level of interactive media. Television shows are involving audiences, and it's not uncommon to let viewers decide who wins on a show. Telling audiences what they want is a thing of the past and precedents are being set for immersive media in the immediate future. The success of reality shows is based on the fact that audiences want to take part in the plot. On the web, Flash is gaining more and more popularity; it enables users to merge more into the media scene and have more interactivity. Society is capturing new thought patterns, realizing that they are in control and can dictate what they want to consume. As a result, people are no longer willing to sit around and wait to be spoon fed. Instead they prefer to pick and chose when, where and how they want to experience information.

How is this mindset infiltrating society? Consider the options: There are many sources of entertainment and information; people have options that were not previously available. Back in the day, if the news started at 6:00 one had to watch it at 6:00 or miss it altogether. Now, the consumer can see what they want, when they want and have numerous alternatives as to how. Consider the choices available: Today, one can listen on the radio, watch on the internet, keep up to day via 3G cellphone media, or possibly wait until a rerun. A new way of thinking is circulating through society, and it is becoming noticeable. Reading has already been in the backseat, and now ordinary television is starting to be pushed to the side by a new era of interactivity.

New Media
An independent research company has discovered that 57% of all American teenagers create content for the internet. Paul Saffo, director at the Institute for the Future in California, says that people no longer "consume" media; they participate in it. Using personal creativity and allowing people to write their own newspaper will definitely revolutionize the participation in media. According to The Economist website, the days of media moguls and huge coorporate media giants have begun to come to an end. The days of individual person-to-person media are quickly approaching. It will be a revolution of interactivity across the world one person at a time.

Check out the full article at http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6794156

AxiomTV

There is a vibe going around in the media world that the Internet is soon going to take over the TV. Meaning, instead of watching programming from the viewer's satellite or cable, the viewer will download programming from Internet sources and play it on their TV. Making a head start into this new way of watching media is AxiomTV. AxiomTV is a Detroit based company that is taking family-friendly movies and DVD’s and making them available for people to download and play on their TV. The website is www.Axiom.tv and is currently in beta-testing. Not only does AxiomTV provide movies to watch, they are also selling channels to major networks where they can provide their own programming to AxiomTV and people can watch it all day long. For example, Will Rogers films playing all day long on a Will Rogers channel, or MTV streaming all day long off of AxiomTV. AxiomTV is created by Christians, so they are having a feature called Mother, which watches everything that is downloaded on the viewer’s computer and protects children from seeing inappropriate content. AxiomTV wants to be a family-safe website and Mother is making that possible. AxiomTV is a great new technology that allows a person, sitting at their home computer, access to just about anything they want to see whenever and wherever they want to see it.

IPTV- Internet Protocol Television

In case you haven’t noticed, telecommunications companies like AT&T, Verizon, and others have been aggressively creating miles of fiber-optic networks that can deliver digital media into the end users home through their TV. Telcos have poured hundreds of billions of dollars and several years of R&D into implementing small broadcast units (set-top boxes) that can stream media into user televisions. Telcos are making a bid to dominate how television and all media (data, voice, ect,) is delivered to you home in the future. They will do this through a service called IPTV or Internet Protocol Television.

In 2007 AT&T made a $400 million deal to purchase Microsoft's IPTV Edition software, and a US$1.7 billion deal with hardware maker Alcate. The question is, “Why are they investing all this time and money to do something the cable providers are already doing?” It is because they want to be the sole communications link for you’re your home, increase revenue through selling blocks of airtime to broadcast networks and advertisers, and basically corner the television market by being your home’s sole pipeline. IPTV is how they plan to do this.

What is IPTV

Internet Protocol Television delivers TV programming over a DSL connection from phone lines to homes through TV set-top boxes and is typically bundled with Video-On Demand, VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol- see Skype), digital-telephone and Internet typically called a “Triple Play.”	 Video pulled from satellites enters the Telco’s main IP servers. It is encoded into any necessary format (WMV MPEG H.264), then streamed to its core IP network which handles data, voice, and video. The media is then broken into small containers of info and streamed to the users home, where it is efficiently reassembled and decoded for viewing.

Advantages

IPTV is much more efficient than cable. there is none of the annoying “pause” that cable users typically get when they change a channel. Multiple users can record multiple programs from several TVs at the same time to a single DVR without a significant price hike on the unit IPTV users will have full DVR functionality and be able to remotely program their DVR to record programs with a personal phone while they are away! .

User customized view guides will make it easier for users to find their favorite programming. Picture-in-picture viewing will be done multiple tuners. You will watch one show, and channel surf with the PIP!

All traditional cable services (such as Video-on Demand) will be featured

Viewers won’t be far from their information as well. They will receive webmail and text messaging along with Caller ID on-screen. All this will be done at a vastly lower price for the end user compared to traditional cable.

IPTV’s killer app is will be interactive television. Similar to the scene in Fahrenheit 451, users will be able to participate in real time with hosts and contestants on the television shows, and see live programs in multiple camera angles

And since the Telco owns the entire network, total quality is assured. The Telcos believe that this technology, its reliability, and low cost will allow them to defeat the cable companies and corner the market.

iPhone

Apple Inc released the Apple iPhone in the summer of 2007. This new device merges interactive media, music and phone services together in one complete package. The iPhone is akin to a small personal laptop. It can take notes on the go and then send them as an email. It has a full calendar, and access to email from the most notable websites including Yahoo, Google and AOL. The phone also has YouTube built into the phone so users can access almost all the videos offered at YouTube.com. Its biggest selling point is the touchscreen. It is also the only phone running a software copy of Mac OSX.

Although this phone is not the greatest piece of equipment, it does allow the consumer many portable freedoms and connectivity. Future phones are attempting to copy and add their own specal feature to the phone market. This type of phone is inspiring other companies to allow users to do more with their phones. It is also forcing websites to function with standard computer users and mobile phone users. Now websites like Yahoo and Google have their classic website and a mobile website mode.

With the summer 2008 release of the iPhone 2.0 software update, the iPhone is beginning to differentiate itself from most, if not all, current phones on the market. The iPhone now has to capability to download, and run various games and applications built on Apple's iPhone Software Development Kit. While allowing users to run or develop any conceivable application for the iPhone, Apple also assures their legendary penchant for control of its platform is upheld by approving all applications that are placed within Apple's Application Store; Which can be accessed on an iPhone, or iPod touch running the 2.0 software, or through the Application navigation option which was built into iTunes beginning in version 7.7. The application store also allows for Apple to provide the seamless connection experience that they build into much of their software that is not currently available, or executed as well by other companies. Importantly, this is considered by many to be Apple's first foray into the extremely competitive market of video gaming, and is one of the few current examples of interactive media that is multi-platform, and executed without the use of conventional storage media. (i.e. DVDs, CDs, etc.)


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Advanced Interactive Media/Multisensory Media Is About To Explode

At the 2006 Boston SIGGRAPH symposium (http://www.siggraph.org/s2006/main.php?f=boston), it was possible to experience paintings that responded to touch, movies that could be tasted and nasal canons that triggered precise aromas at the instant they were required to enhance a video clip. Participants sat in a virtual kayaks and paddled through a virtual version of the west coast of Alaska while feeling the pressure of salt water on a paddle.

Research proves that smell is, by far, the most effective physical sense for triggering vivid memories, so why couldn't nasal cannons be used to help students use smell to recall important information during an exam?

And why don’t more media experiences take advantage of all human senses, rather than just sight and sound?

In the world of theme parks, 4D entertainment is becoming more and more popular. For example Disney's California Adventure offers Soarin' Over California which is an experience where you literally feel like you're flying over California. The ride triggers wind, water, and even the scent of oranges as you fly over orange fields.

In Las Vegas, at the Luxor, there is a virtual reality ride which is 4D. Not only do things come at you from the screen, but also from the floor, chair, and even from above.

The world is so close to reality that I believe we should be afraid of what is next. In my mind, I believe the next or future of multisensory media is to be able to affect our emotions by somehow connecting us with the characters in the story. We would feel what the character is feeling, If he is angry, our emotions will imitate that, if he was scared, we would be able to feel the depth of the fear. This would make a lot of movies better than just viewing because we will be placed in the character shoes, making us one with character and can understand why he did things in the movie. The Dark Knight, the recent Batman movie, created a dark and cynical atmosphere once Joker enters the scene. The sound is gripping, making you pay attention to the seriousness of what is being shown on screen. Joker's voice had the psycho-deranged touch to it, that many knew he wasn't playing around or just want money-he wanted to destroy Gotham. You can tell by his voice, He didn't have any sympathy, no care in the world, he didn't care about dying, He wanted to see Gotham burn, destroyed. All this was made just from sound. Sound affects the body in an amazing way and if movie producers, game designers, commercials even, find a way to control their onlookers, then effectiveness is boosted from a normal commercial to something memorable. Sound move us in such a way, where we can find sleep music that puts our body at ease, or music that can have our adrenaline pumping at the thump of rock. This is just a hair of what I believe is to come.

In Orlando Florida, at the amusement park Sea World; the ride Wild Arctic, gives adventure seekers a ride like none other. People are placed in what look like a space ship that has a big screen in front of everybody on the inside. The screen comes on and it appears that you are looking out the main window of an aircraft. The air craft takes off and all the seats turn right and left, and lift forward and back to give the feeling of flying. This feeling is increased do to the intense visual experience a person gets fro the screen in front of them. As the aircraft moves around the screen begins to show pictures of Polar Bears and at one point it gets to close and the bears attack the aircraft. The pilot of the aircraft looses control of the ship and it crashes. The door on the other side of the ride (directly across for the one you entered) opens and allows you to walk off the aircraft. As you walk off it becomes obvious that this is not the end of the ride. You are in a real life setting of the Arctic. As you follow the crowed, You are viewing real, living Polar Bears and penguins in artificial settings that mimic their natural habitat. By adding this to the end of the ride Sea World really took Interactive, Multisensory Media to the next level. You were not just seeing the world through a screen and feeling the effects of the aircraft through the seats, but you were feeling the cold of the Arctic as you got off the aircraft and walked into the artificial setting. This gives you the most real feeling of being there without actually being there. I think more things like this are expected. Rides and media that will actually be able to fuel a persons mind into believing they are really there.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Advanced Interactive Media/Problems Encountered and Solved/Challenges Related to All Interactive MultiMedia Development

The first attempt to create an interactive multimedia product can be overwhelming without the benefit of previous experience. Paralysis sets in early when developers start to wonder if they're collecting the right kind of media to be accessed by interactive users.

Interactive content development is confusing because it is so similar to and yet not the same as conventional, traditional, linear media (i.e. a video documentary). All of the skills required for conventional media are required, but additional skills and different thought processes are also required.

Interactive multimedia story telling can typically require a link from still photos, to a web site, to a six second video clip and then to a PDF document. Just visualizing this mix of disparate media types can be disorienting.


text:
Cookbook:Spinach Calzones

Ingredients

 * 426 g ricotta cheese
 * 2 eggs
 * 9 g dried Italian seasoning
 * 340 g shredded mozzarella cheese
 * 100 g freshly grated Parmesan cheese
 * 284 g frozen chopped spinach, thawed and squeezed dry
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste
 * 908 g frozen white bread dough, thawed

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 400°F (200°C).
 * 2) In a large bowl, mix together the ricotta cheese, eggs, Italian seasoning, mozzarella cheese, Parmesan cheese and spinach. Set aside.
 * 3) Divide the bread dough into 8 pieces and roll each piece out to about an 8-inch circle. Spoon about ½ cup of the ricotta filling onto each circle, fold over and seal the edges. Place onto a greased cookie sheet.
 * 4) Bake for 30 minutes in the preheated oven, or until nicely browned on the tops and bottoms.

title: Cookbook:Spinach Calzones


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Virtual Experiences: Now More Like Our Real World

Have you seen or experienced Nintendo's Wii controllers? Get ready to enter the game - I mean really ENTER the game when you become part of the action. Check these URL links for descriptions of this new controller technology that may make gamers the most physically fit people in their neighborhoods.

Los Angeles Times: http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-wii5mar05,1,1929371.story?coll=la-headlines-health

Canand.com: http://www.canada.com/topics/bodyandhealth/story.html?id=e4cac3b3-1f74-4616-be23-4d3b27afb65b&k=30298

mLive.com http://www.mlive.com/entertainment/grpress/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-2/1173109727270620.xml&coll=6

AMD CHIPS
This website showed how AMD demonstrated and taught about their new chips that are coming out. They also compared their chips to Intel's. Showing exactly why AMD is better. Its a "virtual tradeshow." I found it really interesting that they used a virtual experience in order for the crowd to interact with software. It was pretty cool. Check out the link.

http://www.downloadsquad.com/2006/09/16/amds-virtual-tradeshow-experience/


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Cookbook:Baked Brunch Omelet

| Omelet Recipes

Ingredients

 * ½ loaf (1 pound) white bread, cut into cubes
 * 680 g cheddar cheese, shredded
 * 135 g cubed cooked ham
 * 8 eggs
 * 475 ml milk
 * 1 g salt
 * 1 dash hot pepper sauce, or to taste
 * 25 g chopped green onion

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350 °F (175 °C). Lightly grease a 9x13-inch (23 x 33 cm) baking pan.
 * 2) Place half of the bread cubes on bottom of baking pan. Sprinkle with half of the ham and then half of the cheese; repeat.
 * 3) In a large bowl, beat together eggs, milk, salt, hot sauce and green onions. Pour egg mixture into pan.
 * 4) Place pan on top of a baking sheet with a rim and place in oven. Pour water into baking sheet and bake for 60 minutes, or until eggs have set.

title: Cookbook:Baked Brunch Omelet


text:
Template:Persian/stub

''This section of the Persian Language Wikibook is a stub. You can help Wikibooks by [ expanding it]. (See the Persian course Planning page.)''

title: Template:Persian/stub


text: Category:Book:Persian/Stubs

title: Category:Book:Persian/Stubs


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Advanced Interactive Media/Emerging Technologies: Preparing For The Next Job Market

According to some books now on the best seller list (The World is Flat, A New Kind of Thinking, The Tipping Point, Freakanomics), the rules for career success have changed. Jobs that require systematic, repetitious, detailed instruction sets or, that is to say, skills largely dictated by the analytical side of the human brain, have been, or soon will be, outsourced to another country or a computer.

If these authors are forecasting trends to be reckoned with in the immediate future, then it seems that well established and accepted rules for success have changed. The information age, as we knew it, rewarded systematic thinkers who could program computer code, analyze business trends or understand complex processes. According to these authors, the future belongs to those who have developed social skills and a creative approach to problem solving.

People entering the job market or new to the job market need to be aware of the current trends. It is very important to develop social skills and make connections with people that you meet in the market. Connections are key to your future success. If you lose your job in the future, the connections you made in the past could bring about your new job. You never know who you're sitting next to in a meeting, in a seminar, or even at a bookstore. So, develop the social skills early and be friendly with people; it could set up your future.

Another key to success in the job market is being flexible and wanting to learn new technologies. Because the market is changing so rapidly, you may be asked to make something with a program you have never used before. So, be open to teaching yourself new programs with online tutorials or books. If an employer asks you to make a flash website and you never have before, say yes, and try as hard as you can to teach yourself the program and create an excellent website. Even if you are not in the job market right now, it is wise to start learning different technologies other than just the one that you specialize in. Be open, be flexible, and most of all be dependable.

Change in Motion

Film is on its way out the door and video will soon take its place. Film style shooting will never change, the rules will still apply to the film medium, the technology of shooting will change. With advances in video like the RED camera, studios should be changing gears and adopting high-end video equipment over film. The RED camera is not as good as film, but the differences are so small that the average person will not know the difference. The beauty of video equipment in the film business is the cost. The RED camera is a fraction of the cost of a film camera, plus the RED does not require any type of film stock. With hard drive and VTR decks, studios can shoot straight from their camera to a deck or hard drive and then edit from the deck or drive, no more waiting to process the film. This will make productions take less time to finalize and less money will be spent to pay crews. The best of the film and video worlds will collide in the future. When that date is, no one really knows but it is coming. George Lucas ordered some RED cameras for his next production, and with more and more high-end video cameras and equipment coming online, the faster and less expensive movies will cost.


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Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations

__NEWSECTIONLINK__ The goal of this page is to feature those books which are considered among the best of what Wikibooks has to offer, in an effort to raise standards in content development. Criteria for judging books, and rules about discussions, can be found at Wikibooks:Good books. When nominating a book for removal of featured book status, consider adding featured book removal to the book and notifying the primary or active contributors, as they may be able to address your concerns about the content.

=Nominations for Removal=

Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine
The primary author has stated this book is no longer up to date with standard practice. This fails the Good books criteria 4. "Accurate, comprehensive, and concise enough to effectively teach and learn from in its current state." Unlike their author, I'm not in favor of deleting the book, and would support its reinstatement as a featured book should someone update them. It's a very niche subject though, so I'm unsure if we'll find someone who specializes in it anytime soon. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 05:52, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

US History
Apparently has already been removed as a featured book, but still appears in the featured book rotation. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 05:55, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I have removed it from all lists of featured books now. --ЗAНИA [[Image:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg|15px]]talk 08:49, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

=Nominations for Addition=

Minecraft Speedrunning
The book is very well formatted, contains a lot of useful information, and despite game strategies being allowed for quite some time, and quite a few books being made, there are no any featured books in Shelf:Electronic games. Therefore I think that once we get to the point where some books are really good, like this book is, we should nominate them to serve as an example for others. -Gifnk dlm 2020 From Middle English Wikipedia 📜📖💻 (talk) 17:56, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

 * I think there are still many improvements to be made.
 * KIV - Supposedly in this Wikibooks page Minecraft Speedrunning/Shipwrecks, it is mentioned there are three chest but assuming that the locations is fixed, it should specify WHERE the chests are. Or better need to add pictures. These are my two cents. In my opinion KIV until the author address this for all pages. MrAlanKoh (discuss • contribs) 07:51, 31 July 2022 (UTC)
 * The shipwreck issue has been resolved. Though this isn't a book im an expert at (never done a speedrun. I play slowly and just enjoy the ride). L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 21:16, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Therefore I think that once we get to the point where some books are really good, like this book is, we should nominate them to serve as an example for others. -Gifnk dlm 2020 From Middle English Wikipedia 📜📖💻 (talk) 17:56, 17 January 2022 (UTC)[ reply] 204.157.172.96 (discuss) 19:35, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Wikijunior:The Elements

 * [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Support - well laid out, good content, great narrative.

The book "Wikijunior:The Elements" is suitable for this target group and has an appropriate and consistent definition. There is comprehensive information about the chemical elements and each chemical element has a chapter. This makes it a fairly thick book. It is up to date and also takes into account the new elements. It is accurate, comprehensive, and concise enough to effectively teach and learn from in its current state. Of course, further interesting information can be added to all elements. Wikiwau (discuss • contribs) 08:24, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Suggestion for the entry:

Wikijunior: The Elements

The target of Wikijunior:The Elements are children. The periodic table of the elements is a way of organizing all the known elements. The elements are grouped on the basis of their properties, it becomes easy to study and compare their properties.

 * some chapters have empty sections and I have no idea why this poor explanation of neutrons is included here and presented as a "strange element". It's a poor explanation because it doesn't mention atoms at all, or protons, so leaves the reader thinking neutrons are just these things that exist somewhere. Most, if not all the reference sections are empty. Each chapter is extremely brief and sometimes, such as at Wikijunior:The Elements/Rare Elements, the images are confusingly laid-out. Overall, this is not the kind of book that I think ought to be featured on the main page. Cremastra (discuss • contribs) 00:57, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations


text:
User talk:80.162.35.74

You have been blocked from editing for 1 day because of vandalism on Wikibooks and repeated vandalism on Wikipedia over a period of time. When the block has ended please return and help the Wikibook project rather than damage it.

 * 1) Okay

Xania talk 21:28, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.162.35.74


text:
User talk:148.84.60.102

Thank you for your help reverting vandalism to the General Chemistry/Ionic bonds book.

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

Xania talk 21:31, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:148.84.60.102


text:
User talk:206.188.70.118

Xania talk 21:34, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:206.188.70.118


text:
Cookbook:Caramel Coffee Cake

| Cake

Cake

 * 3 eggs
 * 400 g (14 oz) white granulated sugar
 * 355 ml (12 fl oz) vegetable oil
 * 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
 * 375 g all-purpose flour
 * 1 teaspoon salt
 * 1 teaspoon baking soda

Topping

 * 115 g butter or margarine
 * 60 ml milk
 * 220 g packed brown sugar
 * 1 pinch salt

Procedure

 * 1) In a mixing bowl, beat eggs until foamy; gradually beat in sugar.
 * 2) Blend in oil and vanilla.
 * 3) Combine flour, salt, and baking soda; add to egg mixture, and fold in.
 * 4) Pour into a greased 10-inch tube pan; bake at 350°F (175°C) for 1 hour and 15 minutes or until the cake tests done.
 * 5) Cool in pan on a wire rack for 10 minutes. Remove cake to a serving platter.

Topping

 * 1) Combine all ingredients in a saucepan; boil 3 minutes, stirring constantly.
 * 2) Slowly pour sauce over warm cake (some topping will run down onto the serving plate).

title: Cookbook:Caramel Coffee Cake


text:
Cookbook:Brown Sugar Nutmeg Cookies

| Dessert

Ingredients

 * 375 g all-purpose flour
 * 3 g cream of tartar
 * 2 g baking soda
 * 0.8 g ground nutmeg
 * 205 g shortening, melted and cooled slightly
 * 440 g packed brown sugar
 * 2 eggs
 * 5 ml vanilla extract

Procedure

 * 1) Combine flour, cream of tartar, baking soda and nutmeg in a bowl. Set aside.
 * 2) Beat together in a large bowl the melted shortening and the brown sugar. Beat in the eggs, then the vanilla extract. Gradually blend in the dry ingredients.
 * 3) Shape dough into a log measuring 1½ inches in diameter. Wrap log in waxed paper or foil and chill for 4 hours or overnight.
 * 4) Preheat oven to 375°F (180°C). Lightly grease 2 baking sheets.
 * 5) Slice log into slices ¼ inch thick. Place slices 1 inch apart on the baking sheets.
 * 6) Bake for 8–10 minutes until lightly colored. Cool on wire racks.

title: Cookbook:Brown Sugar Nutmeg Cookies


text:
Talk:World History/The Middle Ages in Europe

what kind of things were grown by the serfs?

 * Food, of course! What else do you grow on a farm? ---Wanderingshadow


text:
Template:BottomNav

Table of Contents: ../

title: Template:BottomNav


text: Template:Featured Books

title: Template:Featured Books


text:
Tibetan

Contents

 * The Alphabet
 * /Nouns/
 * /Pronouns/
 * /Adjectives/
 * /Verbs/
 * /Vocabulary/

title: Tibetan


text: Wikibooks:Featured books/Nav

title: Wikibooks:Featured books/Nav


text: Template:JULIANDATE

title: Template:JULIANDATE


text:
Template talk:JULIANDATE

Inaccurate for exact Julian Date
This formula is inaccurate for the "correct" julian date, but it works pretty well for what we need to do on the Main Page. I'll try to fix it up to be more accurate in awhile. --Rob Horning 01:50, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:JULIANDATE


text:
Wikibooks:Featured books/Templates

This page contains Goodbook templates for the featured books. These templates can be used on the main page to advertise these books. The templates can be edited here and included in other locations.

title: Wikibooks:Featured books/Templates


text:
Template:Bird id

Notes: 1) 'image width' defaults to 300px and affects all images selected.         Any optional value given must end with 'px'.        2) Pipe shown below signifies the default value if the (optional) parameter is left undefined. 3) Parenthesised clarifications are not part of the parameter name. latin_name       = (top panel display)  name (common)    =  level            = Inserts a header before the table - a header is N equal signs                     surrounding name. That is, if level = 3, header will be                     ===  ===                     If level is omitted, no header is included.

image_width|300px= (affects all four possible image panels) Note: The definition of the image parameter acts as a switch to turn on handling logic for that image.

image 1         = caption 1       =

range map       = range note|Range =

image 2         = caption 2       = image 3         = caption 3       =

call            = (Audio link--> "[[Media: ]]  description      = (bottom text) Bird id

title: Template:Bird id


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Field Guide/Birds/Eastern US and Canada

The range maps presented here are color-coded, with yellow indicating the summer range, blue indicating the winter range, and green indicating the year-round range. Some of the range maps do not follow this color code, but it is not difficult to decode them.

title: Field Guide/Birds/Eastern US and Canada


text: Template talk:Bird id

title: Template talk:Bird id


text:
IB Mathematics (HL)/Discrete Mathematics

Natural Numbers
Whole numbers from 1 and above: {1, 2, 3...}


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User:KostaToronto2

Who I Am and What I'm Writing
My name is Kosta, and I live in Toronto (no big surprise there!). I am currently working on the following Wikibook:

 * Student's Guide to Michel Foucault

Interests
My personal interests include:

 * Literature (I'm currently into thrillers, but I keep coming back to works by Joyce and Atwood)
 * English (I love etymology and theories of language acquisition)
 * Education (especially technology-enhanced learning and critical pedagogy)
 * History (mainly post-confederation Canadian history, but also general Western history)
 * Philosophy (I've recently re-discovered my interest in Foucault, hence the Wikibook)

My applied interests include:
 * Teaching English to college-level ESL learners
 * Using Web 2.0 tools such as discussion boards, wikis, blogs, and podcasts, both in my own teaching and in my training of colleagues
 * Developing resources (handouts, "user guides," online demos, etc.)

Wiki Workbench

 * /Foucault Wikibook/ | /Work in Progress 1/ | /Scraps/

title: User:KostaToronto2


text:
User talk:KostaToronto2

I've replaced my old KostaToronto account with this one.

Sorry to hear it
No reason to delete it but if it does come up I will move it to your user space. Hope things go ok - take care -- Herby talk thyme 16:55, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:KostaToronto2


text:
Wikijunior:Bugs/Dragonfly & Damselfly

What does it look like?
Dragonflies are jewels among insects. They have shimmering wings, large reflective eyes and a long body. Their wings are very delicate and lace-like, and are usually spread when they rest.

Dragonflies have three main parts to their body: the head, the thorax and the abdomen. The thorax is just behind the head and is the power center. Its strong muscles control the two pairs of wings. Their forewings and hindwings narrow at the base and look like long tear-drops. Dragonfly legs bend, but are not very flexible. They are not made for walking. They have claws on the ends for perching on leaves and twigs. Compound eyes take up most of the head. Each compound eye has up to 28,000 separate lenses (ommatidia).

There are about 5000 species of dragonflies worldwide. About 450 species live in North America. They are large, slender insects that are up to 5 inches long. Some smaller species are less than 1 inch long.

Darners are large and fast-flying dragonflies belonging to the family Aeschnidae. They are 2-3/4 to 4-3/4 inches long. Colors are brilliant blue, green, or brown. They have large, clear wings with a span as wide as 5-7/8 inches. Darner naiads are 2 to 2-1/2 inches long with relatively short legs. Their flat lower lip lacks grasping bristles. Green Darners belong to one of the biggest dragonfly species. They range in size from 2-3/4 inches to 3-1/8 inches. The wingspan can be up to 4-3/8 inches. They are dark greenish-brown with green thorax and blue to purplish-gray abdomen. Their pale wings have pale yellow tips. Green darners have a target-like mark on the face. Naiads can be as long as 1-7/8 inches.

Brown Darners are 2-3/4 to 3-1/8 inches long with a wingspan from 3-1/8 to 3-7/8 inches. The body is brown with 2 large, pale yellow spots on each side of the thorax. There is a brown spot at the base of each wing and a yellowish spot on the front wing margin. The four powerful wings move independently, so Brown Darners are able to fly both forward and backward. Dragonflies in Order Odonata have wings that extend horizontally to the side. They are unable to fold their wings flat against the body. Their long legs are unsuitable for walking, but are used to capture prey in flight.

Biddies belong to the Order Odonata in the Family Cordulegastridae. They are 2-3/8 to 3-3/8 inches long. Their color is brownish-black with yellow markings. Most members of this family have a very long abdomen. Their heads are wide with eyes that are slightly separated or meet at a single point. Antennas have 7 segments. Biddies are large and hairy with wings that are clear or smoky. Wings have a black spot (stigma) along the front margin. Naiads are stout and hairy with huge spoon-shaped lower lips.

Dragonflies in the Gomphidae Family are about 1-7/8 to 3 inches long. They have widely separated compound eyes. Naiads’ heads are wedge-shaped with thick antennas.

Green-eyed skimmers belong to the Family Corduliidae. They are often quite hairy. Many are brownish-black in color with a red, green, or blue metallic sheen. The abdomen is metallic green and may be long and cylindrical or flat. On the head, eyes touch each other. The thorax is hairy and wings have yellow marks.

“Downy Emerald” dragonflies (Cordelia aenea) are named for their hairy bodies and green abdomens. Their wingspan ranges can be up to 2 inches.

Small Western Gomphids are about 2 inches long and have a 4-inch wingspan. They have a yellowish face and a thorax that is black with yellow markings. The abdomen is black with a yellow tip and base. On the abdomen, there is a thick yellow stripe that narrows to a thin line. The wings are clear. Naiads are dark brown in color and about 1 inch long.

Club-tailed Dragonflies have brightly colored bodies. The thorax is yellowish with dark markings. The body has various patterns and colors combinations of black, yellow, or green. In males, the end of the abdomen is swollen, giving the appearance of a club. Females sometimes have this feature as well.

Common skimmers or “darters” usually have stout, colorful bodies and a broad, flat abdomen. Wings sometimes have dark, irregular markings with a dark base next to the body. The thorax has pale stripes on either side. Males' abdomens are pale blue and females’ are brownish yellow. Both sexes have yellow marks at the side of the abdomen.

Where does it live?
Dragonflies live near water. They inhabit open fields, forests, grasslands and woods. They are also seen in urban areas, as long as these are near water.

Brown Darners are found from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Texas, and north to Illinois. They live at the edges of free-flowing streams. They are good fliers but do not fly very far from their home stream. Brown Darner naiads are found under stones and debris near woodland streams. Green Darners live near ponds and slow streams throughout North America. They are less common in the west. Walsingham’s Darners live in the Southwest and Heroic Darners are found from Mexico to Quebec.

Gomphid dragonflies live near streams. They can be found resting on logs, stones, and leaves or darting from one resting place to another. Sometimes they fly along roads or through woods far from the streams. They return for mating and laying eggs.

Small Western Gomphids are found near rippling streams from Nevada to Baja California and north to British Columbia.

Biddie naiads live in forest streams and cover themselves with silt. Adults can be seen flying slowly up and down streams, hovering about a foot above the water.

What does it eat?
Dragonflies are specialized hunters with large compound eyes, a freely moving head, and sharp biting mouthparts. They are very fast, catching prey with their front legs while in flight. This is called “hawking.” Hovering over plant life to catch insects is called “gleaning.”

Dragonflies eat a wide variety of insects. Their prey includes flies, midges, mosquitoes, and butterflies. They have even been known to eat hummingbirds!

Green and Brown Darners and Small Western Gomphids eat small flying insects like caddisflies and mosquitoes. Club-tailed dragonflies eat small flies, midges and mosquitoes. They use their specially-shaped legs to scoop up prey while in flight.

Dragonfly nymphs, live in water and eat worms, fleas, and insect larvae. As they grow, they feed on bigger prey like water beetles, snails, and sometimes small fish.

How does it defend itself?
They defend themselves with an advanced flight motion. Catching dragonflies is not easy. They seem to fly in 2 different directions at once. Their large mobile head and large compound eyes allow them to see motion and color. They can move swiftly through the air, darting and weaving to avoid predators.

Dragonfly wings can work independently of each other. There are joints at the base of the wings where they attach to the thorax. This arrangement lets one set of wings thrust downward while the other thrusts upward. When all four wings move together they can fly forward at up to 35 miles per hour.

Many species are mottled with different colors that act as camouflage in wooded areas near ponds and streams. Dragonfly naiads have gills and bury themselves in silt, mud, or gravel. Just the head and front legs are left out to grab prey.

What stages of metamorphosis does it go through?
Dragonflies mate in flight. Females usually deposit between 500 and 1500 eggs in or near water. Eggs hatch in 5 to 60 days depending on location and temperature. Very few eggs survive to adulthood. Dragonflies undergo simple metamorphosis with 3 stages—egg, nymph, and adult. Naiads crawl out of the water when fully grown in early spring or late summer. Males mate soon after emerging because they only live a short time as adults. Females live longer so they can lay eggs.

Darners place one egg at a time just beneath the water surface or into stems of submerged plants. Mated pairs of Brown Darners can be seen resting on lily pads while females deposit eggs. Darner naiads turn into adults in May in the north and October in the south.

Female Gomphids do not have ovipositors. Flying low over the water, they break the surface with the tip of the abdomen. Then they deposit eggs under the water surface while in flight.

Biddies lay eggs on bottoms of rivers and fast-flowing streams. Nymphs may take up to 5 years to mature, but adults of many species only live a few weeks.

Green-eyed skimmer females lay more than 2000 eggs at a time. Nymphs usually live at the bottom of stagnant water in marshes or peat bogs.

Club-tailed dragonflies mate in vegetation. Females use their tail to hit the surface and release eggs. The larval stage lasts from 3 to 5 years. Unlike other species, Club-tailed dragonflies do not have long slender larvae cases. Instead, their larvae cases are short and squat due to their unusual shape.

What special behavior does it exhibit?
Most males are highly territorial. They choose an area that has a good egg laying site. Then they protect the area by dive bombing any nearby males to force them away. Green Darners form a “mating wheel” shape while attached upside-down to each other. After mating, the male tows the female around so she can deposit eggs. This tandem flight behavior is called “contact guarding.” It is a way for males to protect the female from advances by other males.

Some dragonfly species have a resident population that stays in the same place. Others have a migrating population. They follow the same migration paths as song birds and hawks. They stop to rest about every 3 days. Some individuals can cover 100 miles in one day. Like birds, they are able to make accurate corrections if they go off course. Nymphs of migrating species hatch and develop more quickly than those of resident species so they can begin their journey.

Dragonflies sometime swarm together on hilltops far from water. This is called “hilltopping” and may have something to do with finding a mate.

How does this bug affect people?
Dragonflies are a source of great beauty and inspiration. They have a place in folklore of many countries. Some believe they sew together fingers of people who are asleep. In the Middle Ages they were called “devil’s needles.”

In the United States, they are called darning needles, snake doctors, and snake feeders. In Japan, they are a sign of good luck, courage, and strength. If found inside the home, they are thought to be a visiting spirit. They are found in Native American art and creation myths.

Dragonflies do not harm people. Naiads and adults are beneficial, destroying huge numbers of mosquitoes. In Thailand, they are used as pest control to keep mosquitoes and other insects from rice paddies.

Scientists use dragonflies as an “indicator” species to determine if a pond or other body of water is healthy. They play an important role in preserving the balance of nature. In Italy they are called “keepers of the fish.”

title: Wikijunior:Bugs/Dragonfly & Damselfly


text:
User talk:Funklove

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 07:56, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Project scope
Hi - Wikibooks is about textbooks for educational purposes as such your recent contribution has been deleted. Please do read the info above and we hope you will be able to make other contributions within the scope of the project. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 07:56, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Funklove


text:
User talk:Shaz~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 07:56, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Project scope
Hi - Wikibooks is about textbooks for educational purposes as such your recent contribution has been deleted. Please do read the info above and we hope you will be able to make other contributions within the scope of the project. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 07:56, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Shaz. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Shaz~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shaz~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:204.218.240.11

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 09:47, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:204.218.240.11


text:
Cookbook:Orange Lemon-Lime Soda Float

| Beverages

Ingredients

 * 235 ml orange juice
 * 130 g vanilla ice cream
 * 235 ml lemon-lime soda

Procedure

 * 1) Place orange juice and ice cream in a blender.
 * 2) Cover and process until smooth.
 * 3) Stir in soda.
 * 4) Pour into glasses.

title: Cookbook:Orange Lemon-Lime Soda Float


text:
Cookbook:Chocolate Zucchini Cake

| Cake

This cake can be frozen for up to 6 months.

Ingredients

 * 115 g butter or margarine
 * 120 ml vegetable oil
 * 350 g white sugar
 * 2 eggs
 * 120 ml sour milk or buttermilk
 * 5 ml vanilla extract
 * 250 g sifted all-purpose flour
 * 5 g baking soda
 * 1 g ground cinnamon
 * 1 g ground cloves
 * 3 g salt
 * 20 g unsweetened cocoa powder
 * 280 g grated zucchini
 * 20 g ground walnuts
 * 40 g semisweet chocolate chips

Procedure

 * 1) Cream together butter, vegetable oil and sugar.
 * 2) Add eggs, sour milk, and vanilla. Blend well.
 * 3) In a separate bowl, sift dry ingredients together.
 * 4) Blend dry ingredients into the butter mixture.
 * 5) Add grated zucchini, and mix well.
 * 6) Spread in a greased floured 9 x 13-inch (23 x 33 cm) pan. Sprinkle walnuts and chocolate chips on top.
 * 7) Bake in a preheated 325°F (165°C) oven for 45 minutes.

Notes, tips and variations

 * To make imitation sour milk, mix ½ cup milk with 2 teaspoons lemon juice and let stand 10 minutes.

title: Cookbook:Chocolate Zucchini Cake


text:
User talk:82.203.3.9

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 12:30, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:82.203.3.9


text:
Canne de Combat/Attacks

Attacks
There are six standardized attacks in Canne de Combat. They are:

 * Brisé
 * Croisé téte
 * Latéral croisé
 * Latéral extérieur
 * Enlevé
 * Croisé bas

Requirements for attacks
There are some requirements for every attack to be valid. An attack is valid, if it is done with a valid technique (means one of the standardized attacks), and accomplishes the following requirements:

 * Every strike must be armed
 * The hit is clear
 * The hit reached a valid target zone
 * The hit is done with the upper 1/4 part of the stick
 * The stick is in one line with the hand
 * There was no sabring movement

title: Canne de Combat/Attacks


text:
Canne de Combat/Defenses

Defenses
After you learned how to attack, it is a necessary to learn how to defend yourself. In canne you can defend yourself two way: first, you can use a parry with the stick, the second you can move out of the way of the strike. This movement is called evasion. An evade can be a single step, a jump, a crouch, or a step over with one leg above the attacking stick.

The parries are the following:

 * (1) Upward parry
 * (2) Inverse upward parry
 * (3) Parry to the left while the sticks end points upwards (parry against attack to the head and torso)
 * (4) Parry to the right while the sticks end points upwards (parry against attack to the head and torso)
 * (5) Parry to the left while the sticks end points downwards (parry against attack to the torso)
 * (6) Parry to the right while the sticks end points downwards (parry against attack to the torso)
 * (7) Parry to the left while the sticks end points downwards and the end reaches the floor (parry against attacks to the leg)
 * (8) Parry to the right while the sticks end points downwards and the end reaches the floor (parry against attacks to the leg)

The parry 5 and 6 is not often used.

Defense rules
There is no simultan attack, which means, if one of the players started an attack, the other has to parry or evade, and is allowed to counterattack only after the evade. The or is a very important thing we must remember, you can parry or you can evade. You are not allowed to do the same thing in one time. This is a rule, however this rule is not taken into account very heavy. (But it depends from the judges, so please, take care of it!)

As described above, the simultan attack is not allowed. The logic of canne does not accepts the "getting a small hit in order to do a bigger hit". If player A starts and attack, and if B does not defends himself, but starts an attack, then the following is the rule:

 * If nobody hits, nobody gets a point
 * If B hits, nobody gets a point
 * If both A and B hits, then A gets a point (because he/she attacked first)

title: Canne de Combat/Defenses


text:
Canne de Combat/HandChange

Hand change
In Canne de Combat it is a very good idea to change the hand during the match. There are more reasons of it: first, if you work only with one of your hand, it will very easy get tired and next you are able to attack with the help of the hand changes from unpredictable directions.

title: Canne de Combat/HandChange


text: Canne de Combat/Combinations

title: Canne de Combat/Combinations


text:
Canne de Combat/Introduction

There is no book available in English about Canne de Combat till now. I hope that a lots of people will help me to make this contribution to everybody, who plays this wonderful sport, or just wants to start it.

title: Canne de Combat/Introduction


text:
Canne de Combat/WhatIsCDC

What is Canne de Combat?
Canne de combat is a French martial art that uses a weapon, the canne, which looks like a straight walking stick and is approximately 1m in length.

There is another weapon, that is used during the training, and it's the baton, a kind of quarterstaff.

The players of Canne de Combat are called cannists (whom are working with the canne), tireurs (firers) or batonists (whom are working with the staff). Sometimes we refer to Canne de Combat as Canne.

Canne is not just a martial art, but a sport, including free sparring with the stick, and competitions. During the sparring a padded suit and a fencing mask are worn for protection. There are rounds, time limits, scoring, and so on, we will talk about it later.

title: Canne de Combat/WhatIsCDC


text:
Canne de Combat/Equipments

Equipments in Canne the Combat
In Canne people use the weapons for attack with, and protective equipments for protections.

The weapons

 * The canne (stick) is a chestnut stick that comes in two versions. First (marked with a green line) is heavier and used for training of basic techniques. Canne used in competitions and advanced training is lighter (marked with a black line). Lighter stick are faster and safer to use (you can't seriously injure your opponent because the stick breaks first). The length of a canne is 95 cm, weight is cca 120g for green and cca 100g for the black canne.

 * The baton (staff) is a two handed stick of cca 140 cm and 400g.

Sometimes is hard to get the chestnut sticks. It is a good idea to use some other wood (like bamboo or reed). Reed is very good, has the same weight as a black line stick, but need some additional protection, because it can easily crack. Use sellotape to make it stronger. For a better grip add some tennis grip at the end of the stick.

The equipments
After you get your sticks, you need some additional equipments for training. For a beginner there is no need to buy all the stuffs described below, but only a pair of shinguards. Later, you can buy a fencing helmet, and after around one year, you should buy (or create) your suit.

 * Shinguard: shinguard is used to defend our shin, that is a basic target in Canne de Combat.
 * Fencing helmet: the helmet is used for head protection. It is a normal fencing helmet (350N) with additional padding, that defends the stick, and decreases the impact of a hit.
 * Suit: the suit has three parts: the jacket, the gloves, and the trousers. It is made from a strong material that contains filling for better protection.

title: Canne de Combat/Equipments


text:
Canne de Combat/Warmup

Warmup exercises
This is very important to warm up, because you can very easily hurt yourself without it. I will describe some exercises, you should do before every training.

You hold the stick with your right hand. The stick is pointing down. You bring the stick behind your back, then get it with your left hand and brings to front. Then you grab your stick under the left hand, and take it to the right. As you do this movement fluent, the stick will move around your body.

Take the stick with two hands above your head and do a body turn to the left and to the right.

Take the stick with two and twist your body to the left and to the right.

The stick is before you and is horizontal. Grab it with both hands at the ends. Try to knee the stick with the left and with the right leg.

Lift up your leg and put the stick under your leg into your other hand.

Hold the stick with one hand. The end of the stick is on the floor. Release the stick, and try to step over the stick and grab it, before it falls. Do this exercise inwards and outwards too.

Put your stick behind your back with your left hand so, that it will point upwards. Get the stick with your right hand from up, like a ninja :) You can do it from the other direction, too.

Hold the stick at the ends. Put your stick behind your head horizontally, release it, and try to catch it before it falls.

- Try to draw an 8 form with your stick from up to down. (Stick twrist)

- Try to draw an 8 form with your stick from down to up. (Stick twrist)

- Throw the stick horizontally into the air, and try to catch it with palms up.

- Throw the stick horizontally into the air, and try to catch it with palms down.

- Throw the stick horizontally into the air, and try to catch it with one palm up and the other down. At every throw change your hands positions. (from upwards palm will be downwards, and from downwards, it will be upwards)

- Throw the stick horizontally into the air, clap your hands, and try to catch. Increase the number of claps.

Warmup exercises with lots of people

Everybody is running with his/her stick around in random directions.

Case 1:

- We meet with somebody, and hit our stick with her/him. - We meet with somebody, and change stick.

For a sign, we:

- stop, put the end of the stick to the floor, run around the stick as we are holding it. It can be done forwards and backwards, too.

title: Canne de Combat/Warmup


text:
Canne de Combat/Strength

Strength and stretching exercises
It is important to have some strength and stamina for work. It can be developed with free sparring, but without a partner you have to do different exercises. In order to be able to do the lunges, you have to do some stretching exercises. There are people who are lucky, but the rest have problems with the lunges, who have stiff legs and so. The good news is that there are exercises for loosening the legs.

There is a really great problem with the stretching: the first, you cannot be sure that you have any kind of muscle problems, the second, that everybody has different "problems", so as sportsmen, we have to first identify what OUR problem is, and try to work on it. This is the case; that stretching should be really personal. It is primarily the teacher's (or the doctor's) responsibility to identify the problems (what should be worked on) and to show the exercises. The sportman's main responsibility is to understand her/his own problem, and to do the exercises regularly. There is lots of informations on the internet about stretching, however there is one book that I really recommend: it is the book from Pavel Tsatsoline: Relax Into Stretching.

In Canne de Combat we do lots of leg attacks, so, it is a good idea to work on the legs.

Exercises:

Step into avant. Hold yourself in a position that is comfortable. Try to increase the space between your legs with steps. Do it until you feel uncomfortable. This is the point, what you should have to hold. It must not hurt, you should just feel a little bit uncomfortable.

Contast breathing exercise:

Sit down, put your legs in as a large V form that you feel comfortable in. Take a deep breath, hold the air in for a few seconds, and tighten your body, especially your legs. Pay attention not to decrease your stretched legs. Suddenly let the air out. The breathing out will cause the decrease of the tension. (It is so in every case, this is the reason you should take care of your breath during the matches, too.) Try to mentally release the tension from your leg. It can help if you touch your leg with your hand, so you will get a much better feedback about your muscle tension. Hold this relaxed position a few seconds, then increase your stretch. Repeat the sequence.

title: Canne de Combat/Strength


text:
Canne de Combat/Basics

First steps
Now you have all the necessary equipments, you can begin the work with your canne. What you have to learn:

 * Warm up
 * Strength and stretching exercises
 * Stances
 * Footwork
 * Feel the stick
 * Attacks
 * Defenses
 * Lunges
 * Hand change tricks
 * Voltes
 * Jumps
 * Combinations
 * Double canne
 * Baton

Stances
There are two basic stances. The first is a classical fencing like stance. In this case you show only your side to you opponent. Your stance is a kind of L or T stance. This is useful, because you show a smaller target, however in Canne de Combat we move in a circular way, and from this stance is very hard to use both of the hands (the change of hands is a preferred thing in Canne). Because of the reasons described above the classical fencing stance is only partially used (during lunges). What we prefer in Canne de Combat as a default stance is to use a kind of kickboxing stance. Your whole body faces your opponent, you are standing on the toes, having the stick before you, ready to attack and to parry. The distance between your legs is one shoulder length. Make your toes parallel. Now, step forward one step with either your left or the right leg. This is the basic stance. Now you have either your left or the right leg frontal. You hold the stick in that hand, that's leg is frontal. So, if your left leg is the frontal, then you hold the stick in your left hand. It's easy to remember and maintain this stance, if you imagine that you are standing on a rectangle. From this stance you can easily move both to the left or to the right, change to the fencing stance and do the lunges, or make hand changes, or jumps. Try to move from this stance, you will fell it comfortable.

Footwork
The footwork is very important in canne. If you are mobile it is hard to hit you, whilst you can hit you opponet. Assume that your right leg is forward. Where can you move?

 * Forwards
 * Backwards
 * Left
 * Right
 * some degree to left
 * some degree to right

The main principle is that if you want to move to one direction, than that leg will step first, what is closer to the point, you want to be there. If you want to step forward, then your frontal leg will step first, and your rear leg next. If you have the right stance, and want to go right, then your right leg will move first, than the left. There is one exception: if you want to play with the distance for example in a case of a lunge, you can step with the other leg, too. But mainly it's preferred to use the principle.

Exercises: here comes some exercises for improvement the footwork

Feel the stick
There is one very important in the weapons art, is the feel of the weapon, in our case the stick. The principle of this feeling is that the stick moves itself, and through this motion, the body will move. The movement of the stick implies the movement of the body, but only then, if it's necessary. If you want to make a twirl with a stick, you have to let the stick to do it's motion based on its weight and the gravity using your hand as a turning point. Really you don't twirl the stick, but it just falls because of the gravity, but you hold it, so it will make a circular movement. You can add additional power to this motion of course, but the base is to let the stick turning. In order to achieve it, it is important to hold the stick loose. Do not grab the stick with a strong grip, but hold it with a gentle wrist. In this case you will not have tension in your wrist and forearm, so you will be able to work more time with the stick, and you will be able to do the tricks much easier. The secret of stickfighting is to let the stick show it's possibilities, and to be able to change hitting planes easy.

title: Canne de Combat/Basics


text:
Canne de Combat/Grades

Blue pommel

 * The beginning

 * Technical requirements : balance, quality, the 6 techniques, the 8 parries , dodgings.
 * Theory : Knowledge of the weapon, and the history of the canne.

Green pommel

 * The two hands works together

 * Topic: I touch and I am not touched
 * Technical requirements : slits, voltes and framing
 * Theory: Criteria of the validity of a hit (movement, valid areas)

Red pommel

 * The co-operation to the opposition

 * Topic: I am not touched and I touch
 * Principle: defensive organization and concept of response
 * Technical requirements: Shift, overflow, opposition, management of the effort
 * Theory: regulation Canes of Combat and Bâton, the behaviour, the equipment, the obligations of the players, the principles of the judgement, the sanctions and penalties
 * Allows to be initiator

White pommel

 * Entered the confirmation

 * Topic: I touch before being touched
 * Principle: anticipation
 * Technical requirements: behavioral diagram, sequence prepared for a demonstration, interiorization of the practice (closed eyes)
 * Theory: the file of J/A, the categories of age and the various types of competition

Yellow pommel

 * Pommel of the acquisition

 * Topic: “I disturb for touching”
 * Principle: pretence (see the article on the pretence of B. Dubreuil)
 * Technical requirement: work in simple cane, double cane and stick
 * Theory: to have the diploma of regional training J/A, take part at the various meetings (official and semi-official)
 * Allows to be instructor

title: Canne de Combat/Grades


text:
Canne de Combat/Rules

Rounds and age-groups

 * Children between 10-14 years: 2 or 3*1.5 minutes
 * Adolescent between 14-17 years : 2 or 3* 1.5 minutes
 * Youth between 17-20 years : 2 or 3* 2 minutes
 * Adults between 21-40 years : 2 or 3* 2 minutes
 * Senior 41- years : 2 or 3* 2 minutes

title: Canne de Combat/Rules


text:
Horticulture/Rosa

A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa, and the flower of this shrub. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants.

Growing conditions
Roses thrive in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate root-stock.

Species
Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent. A few cultivars, such as the Lady Banks rose have been selected for having no thorns.

Rose hips are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade.

There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:
 * Wild Roses - The wild roses includes the species listed above and some of their hybrids.
 * Old Garden Roses - Most old garden roses are classified into one of the following (ordered by approximate age - oldest first):
 * Alba - Literally "white roses", derived from R. arvensis and the closely allied R. alba. These are some of the oldest garden roses, probably brought to Britain by the Romans. Once-flowering. Examples: 'Semi-plena', 'White Rose of York'.
 * Gallica - The Gallica roses have been developed from R. gallica which is a native of central and southern Europe. They flower once in the summer. Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (R. gallica versicolor).
 * Damask - Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing them from Persia to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276. Summer Damasks (crosses between Gallica roses and R. phoenicea) bloom once in summer. Autumn Damasks (Gallicas crossed with R. moschata) bloom later, in the autumn. Examples: 'Ispahan', 'Madame Hardy'.
 * Centifolia (or Provence) - These roses, raised in the seventeenth century in the Netherlands, are named for their "one hundred" petals. Once-flowering. Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'.
 * Moss - Closely related to the centifolias, these have a mossy excrescence on the stems and sepals. Once-flowering. Example: 'Comtesse de Murinais', 'Old Pink Moss'.
 * China - The China roses brought with them an amazing ability to bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn. Four china roses ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792; 'Parsons' Pink China', 1793; 'Hume's Blush China', 1809; and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China', 1824) were brought to Europe in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which brought about the creation of the repeat flowering old garden roses and later the modern garden roses. Examples: 'Old Blush China', 'Mutabilis'.
 * Portland - These are named after the Duchess of Portland who received (from Italy in 1800) a rose then known as R. paestana or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). This group was developed from that rose. Repeat-flowering. Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'The Portland Rose'.
 * Bourbon - They originated on l'Île de Bourbon (now called Réunion). Probably the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush China'. Introduced in France in 1823. Repeat-flowering. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'.
 * Hybrid Perpetual - The dominant class of roses in Victorian England, they were derived to a great extent from the Bourbons. Repeat-flowering. Examples: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes'.
 * Tea - The result of crossing two of the original China Roses ('Hume's Blush China' and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China') with various Bourbons and Noisette roses. Somewhat more tender than other old garden roses (most likely because of R. gigantea in the ancestry of the Parks rose), teas are repeat-flowering roses although their fragrance is not always a tea scent. Example: 'Lady Hillingdon'.
 * Bermuda "Mystery" Roses - A group of several dozen "found" roses that have been grown in Bermuda for at least a century. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both nematode damage and the fungal diseases that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas, and capable of blooming in hot and humid weather. Most of these roses are likely Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered.
 * Miscellaneous - There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Noisette, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together.
 * Modern Garden Roses - Classification of modern roses can be quite confusing because many modern roses have old garden roses in their ancestry and their form varies so much. The classifications tend to be by growth and flowering characteristics, such as "large-flowered shrub", "recurrent, large-flowered shrub", "cluster-flowered", "rambler recurrent", or "ground-cover non-recurrent". Many of the most popular modern cultivars can however be assigned to one of these two groups:
 * Hybrid Tea - The favourite florist's rose, with typically one to at most five or six large flowers per stem, the flower with numerous tightly arranged petals with reflexed tips (see photo, right). They are favoured in small gardens in formal situations, and for buttonhole roses.
 * Floribunda - Flowers often smaller, in large clusters of ten or more (often many more) on each stem. These tend to give a more prominent display from a distance, so are more often used in large bedding schemes in public parks and similar spaces.
 * Buck Roses - Griffith Buck, professor of horticulture at Iowa State University from 1948 to 1985, hybridized nearly 90 rose varieties. Buck roses are known for disease resistance and winter hardiness.

Some representative rose species:
 * ../Rosa canina/ - Dog Rose, Briar Bush
 * ../Rosa dumalis/ - Glaucous Dog Rose
 * ../Rosa eglanteria/ (syn. R. rubiginosa) - Eglantine, Sweet Brier
 * ../Rosa gallica/ - Gallic Rose, French Rose
 * ../Rosa gigantea/ (syn. R. x odorata gigantea)
 * ../Rosa glauca/ (syn. R. rubrifolia) - Redleaf Rose
 * ../Rosa laevigata/ (syn. R. sinica) - Cherokee Rose, Camellia Rose, Mardan Rose
 * ../Rosa multiflora/ - Multiflora Rose
 * ../Rosa persica/ (syn. Hulthemia persica, R. simplicifolia)
 * ../Rosa roxburghii/ - Chestnut Rose, Burr Rose
 * ../Rosa rugosa/ - Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose
 * ../Rosa stellata/ - Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose
 * ../Rosa virginiana/ (syn. R. lucida) - Virginia Rose

Uses
Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume.

Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers - for example, about 2,000 flowers are required to produce one gramme of oil.

Pests and diseases
Roses are subject to several diseases. The most serious is rose rust(../Phragmidium mucronatum/), a species of rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus ../Diplocarpon rosae/, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by ../Sphaerotheca pannosa/. ; Bacterial ../Leaf Spots/
 * ../Pseudomonas syringae/

../Crown Gall/
 * ../Agrobacterium tumeifasciens/

../Hairy Root/
 * ../Agrobacterium rhizogenes/

../Powdery Mildew/
 * ../Sphaerotheca pannosa/ var. rosae

../Leaf Spots/
 * ../Alternaria circinans/
 * ../Cercospora puderi/
 * ../Monochaetia compta/
 * ../Mycoshpaerella rosicola/
 * ../Septoria rosae/

../Black Spot/
 * ../Diplocarpon rosae/
 * ../Rose Anthracnose/
 * ../Elsinoë rosarum/

../Downy Mildews/

../Black Mold/
 * ../Chalaropsis thievaloides/

../Blight/
 * ../Botrytis cinerea/: Flowers, buds, and stems

../Wilt/
 * ../Verticillium albo-atrum/

../Cankers/
 * Cane Blight Canker: ../Botryosphaeria dothoidea/
 * Graft Canker: ../Coniothyrium rosarum/
 * Brand Canker: ../Coniothyrium wernsdorffiae/: black, sooty patches
 * Brown Canker: ../Cryptosporella umbrina/: cankers brown with a purple margin
 * ../Cryptosporium minimum/
 * Crown Canker: ../Cylindrocladium scoparium/
 * ../Cytospora/
 * ../Diplodia/
 * ../Griphosphaeria corticola/
 * Common Stem Canker: L../eptosphaeria coniothyrium/: becoming cracked and sunken
 * ../Nectria cinnabarina/

../Rusts/
 * ../Phragmidium americanum/
 * ../Phragmidium fusiformae/ (on wild roses)
 * ../Phragmidium mucronatum/ (in dry climates)
 * ../Phragmidium montivagum/ (on wild roses)
 * ../Phragmidium rosae-arkansanae/ (on wild roses)
 * ../Phragmidium rosae-californiacae/ (on wild roses)
 * ../Phragmidium rosae-pimplinellifoliae/
 * ../Phragmidium rosicola/ (on wild roses)
 * ../Phragmidium speciosum/

../Mosaic/
 * ../Rose Mosaic Virus/

Streak
 * ../Rose Streak Virus/

../Root Knot:/
 * ../Meliodgyne hapla/
 * ../Meliodgyne incognita/

../Root Lesion/
 * ../Pratylenchus vulnus/

../Stubby Root/ ../Trichodorus christiei/

../Leaf Curl/: Transmitted through grafting

../Chlorosis/:Caused by iron deficiency

../Dwarfing/: Rose Spring Dwarf: transmitted through grafting (virus?)

Mercury damage: Caused by mercury vapor ../Aphids/ ../Scales/ ../Hoppers/ ../Bugs/ ../Earwigs/ ../Thrips/ ../Flies/ ../Beetles/ ../Weevils/ ../Caterpillars/ ../Sawflies/ ../Wasps/ ../Mites/ ../Slugs and Snails/
 * Melon Aphid, Cotton Aphid: ../Aphis gossypii/
 * Potato Aphid: ../Macrosiphum euphorbiae/
 * Rose Aphid: ../Macrosiphium rosae/
 * Aphid: ../Myzaphis rosarum/
 * Green Peach Aphid: ../Myzus persicae/
 * Rose Grass Aphid: ../Metolophium dirhodum/
 * California Red Scale: ../Aonidiella aurantii/
 * Rose Scale: ../Aulacaspis rosae/
 * Florida Red Scale: ../Chrysomphalus aonidum/
 * Greedy Scale: ../Hemiberlesia rapax/
 * European Fruit Lecanium Scale: ../Lecanium corni/
 * Oystershell Scale: ../Lepidosaphes ulmi/
 * Walnut Scale: ../Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae/
 * San Jose Scale: ../Quadraspidiotus perniciosus/
 * Black Scale: ../Saissetia oleae/
 * Camphor Scale: ../Pseudaonidia duplex/
 * Cottony Maple Scale: ../Pulvinaria innumerabilis/
 * Latania Scale: ../Hemiberlesia lataniae/
 * Olive Scale: ../Parlatoria oleae/
 * Rose Leafhopper: ../Edwardsiana rosae/
 * Fourlined Plant Bug: ../Poecilocapsus lineatus/
 * Campylomma Bug: ../Campylomma verbasci/
 * European Earwig: ../Forficula auricularia/
 * Western Flower Thrips: ../Frankliniella occidentalis/
 * Flower Thrips: ../Frankliniella tritici/
 * Tobacco Thrips: ../Frankliniella fusca/
 * Greenhouse Thrips: ../Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis/
 * Onion Thrips: ../Thrips tabaci/
 * Rose Midge: ../Dasineura rhodophaga/
 * Rose Stem Girdler: ../Agrilus aurichalceus/
 * Rose Chafer: ../Macrodactylus subspinosus/
 * Asiatic Garden Beetle: ../Maladera castanea/
 * Raspberry Cane Borer: ../Oberea maculata/
 * Japanese Beetle: ../Popillia japonica/
 * Rose Curculio: ../Rhynchites bicolor/
 * Hoplia Beetle: ../Hoplia callipyge/
 * Oriental Beetle: ../Exomala orientalis/
 * Tenlined June Beetle: ../Polyphylla decimlineata/
 * Japanese Weevil: ../Callirhopalus bifasciatus/
 * Oblique Banded Leafroller: ../Choristoneura rosaceana/
 * Fall Webworm: ../Hyphantria cuneata/
 * European Corn Borer: ../Ostrinia nubilalis/
 * Rose Budworm: ../Pyrrhia umbra/
 * Fall Cankerworm: ../Alsophila pometaria/
 * Green Fruitworm: ../Lithophane antennata/
 * Hag Moth: ../Phobetron pithecium/
 * Io Moth: ../Automeris io/
 * Oriental Fruit Moth: ../Grapholita molesta/
 * Saddleback Caterpillar: ../Sibine stimulea/
 * Speckled Green Fruitworm: ../Orthosia hibisci/
 * Spotted Cutworm: ../Xestia/ spp.
 * Stinging Rose Caterpillar: ../Parasa indetermina/
 * Tobacco Budworm: ../Heliothis virescens/
 * Variegated Leafroller: ../Platynota flavedan/:
 * Western Tent Caterpillar: ../Malacosoma californica/
 * Bristly Rose Slug: ../Cladius isomerus/
 * Rose Slug: ../Endelomyia aethiops/
 * Curled Rose Sawfly: ../Allanthus cinctus/
 * Raspberry Horntail: ../Hartigia cressoni/
 * Rose Shoot Sawfly: ../Hartigia trimaculata/
 * Mossy Rose Gall Wasp: ../Diplopepis rosae/
 * Two Spotted Mite: ../Tetranychus urticae/
 * European Red Mite: ../Panonychus ulmi/

title: Horticulture/Rosa


text:
Ada Programming/Pragmas/Interface

pragma Interface (language_name, subprogram_name);

Summary
Interface is an Ada 83 interfacing pragma equivalent to pragma Import. However, it can be used just for subprograms while pragma Import allows also interfacing with global variables.

Some compilers for recent versions of the language still allow this pragma, but treat it just like pragma Import. In older code, pragma Import was usually followed by the implementation-defined pragma Interface_Name to specify the external name of the subprogram.

It is worth noting that "interface" is a new Ada 2005 keyword. However, a special exception is made in the standard to allow it as a pragma identifier for backwards compatibility.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Pragmas
 * Ada Programming/Pragmas/Import
 * Ada Programming/Pragmas/Export
 * Ada Programming/Pragmas/Convention
 * Ada Programming/Pragmas/Linker_Options
 * Ada Programming/Pragmas/Interface_Name (implementation defined)

title: Ada Programming/Pragmas/Interface


text:
User talk:74.225.27.114

Regarding edits made during March 7 2007
This message is regarding the article Cookbook:Quick Marshmallow Rice Squares. Your change was determined to be unhelpful, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 18:08, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:74.225.27.114


text:
Econometric Theory/Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)

Ordinary Least Squares or OLS is one of the simplest (if you can call it so) methods of linear regression. The goal of OLS is to closely "fit" a function with the data. It does so by minimizing the sum of squared errors from the data.

Why we Square Errors before Summing
We are not trying to minimize the sum of errors, but rather the sum of squared errors. Let's take a brief look at our sweater story again.

Notice that the Sum of Model A is $$5 + 10 - 5 -10 = 0$$ and that the Sum of Model B is $$ 3 - 3 + 3 - 3 = 0$$

The error of both Models sum to 0. Does this mean they are both are great fits! NO!!

So to account for the signs, whenever we sum errors, we square the terms first. Thus, both positive and negative deviations are penalized equally, while trying to minimize the errors of the fitted line.

The Model
These two models each have an intercept term $$\alpha$$, and a slope term $$\beta$$ (some textbooks use $$\beta_0$$ instead of $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta_1$$ instead of $$\beta$$, this is a much better approach once we move to multivariate formulas). We can represent an arbitrary single variable model with the formula: $$y_i = \alpha + \beta x_i + u_i$$ The y-values are related to the x-values given this formula. $$y$$ is called the dependent variable and $$x$$ is called the independent variable, since the value of $$y_i$$ is determined by the value of $$x_i$$. We use the subscript i to denote an observation. So $$y_1$$ is paired with $$x_1$$, $$y_2$$ with $$x_2$$, etc. The $$u_t$$ term is the error term, which is the difference between the effect of $$x_i$$ and the observed value of $$y_i$$.

Unfortunately, we don't know the values of $$\alpha, \beta$$ or $$u_t$$. We have to approximate them. We can do this by using the ordinary least squares method. The term "least squares" means that we are trying to minimize the sum of squares, or more specifically we are trying to minimize the squared error terms. Since there are two variables that we need to minimize with respect to ($$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$), we have two equations:

$$f = \Sigma u_i^2 = \Sigma (y_i - \alpha - \beta x_i)^2$$

$$\frac{\partial f}{\partial \alpha} = -2\Sigma (y_i - \alpha - \beta x_i) = 0$$

$$\frac{\partial f}{\partial \beta} = -2\Sigma (y_i - \alpha - \beta x_i) x_i = 0$$

Call the solutions to these equations $$\hat \alpha$$ and $$\hat \beta$$. Solving we get:

$$\hat \alpha = \bar y - \hat \beta \bar x$$

$$\hat \beta = \frac{\Sigma(x_i - \bar x)y_i}{\Sigma(x_i - \bar x)^2}$$

Where $$\bar y = \frac{\Sigma y_i}{n}$$ and $$\bar x = \frac{\Sigma x_i}{n}$$. Computing these results can be left as an exercise.

It is important to know that $$\hat \alpha$$ and $$\hat \beta$$ are not the same as $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ because they are based on a single sample rather than the entire population. If you took a different sample, you would get different values for $$\hat \alpha$$ and $$\hat \beta$$. Let's call $$\hat \alpha$$ and $$\hat \beta$$ the OLS estimators of $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$. One of the main goals of econometrics is to analyze the quality of these estimators and see under what conditions these are good estimators and under which conditions they are not.

Once we have $$\hat \alpha$$ and $$\hat \beta$$, we can construct two more variables. The first is the fitted values, or estimates of y:

$$\hat y_i = \hat \alpha + \hat \beta x_i$$

The second is the estimates of the error terms, which we will call the residuals:

$$\hat u_i = y_i - \hat y_i$$

These two variables will be important later on.


text:
Java Programming/JavaSpaces

After J2EE, Sun had a vision about the next step of network computing: in a network environment, there would be many independent services and consumers. That is JavaSpaces. JavaSpaces would allow these services/consumers to interact dynamically with each other in a robust way. It can be viewed as an object repository that provides a distributed persistent object exchange mechanism (persistent can be in memory or disk) for Java objects. It can be used to store the system state and implement distributed algorithms. In a JavaSpace, all communication partners (peers) communicate by sharing state. It is an implementation of the Tuple spaces idea.

JavaSpaces is used when someone wants to achieve scalability and availability and at the same time reducing the complexity of the overall system.

Processes perform simple operations to write new objects into a JavaSpace, take objects from a JavaSpace, or read (make a copy of) objects from the JavaSpace.

In conventional applications, objects are assembled from the database before presenting to the end user. In JavaSpace applications, we keep the ready made "end user" objects and store them in the JavaSpace. In JavaSpace applications the services are decoupled from each other; they communicate through objects that they write and read/take from the JavaSpace. Services search for objects that they want to take or read from the Space by using template object.

JINI
JavaSpaces technology is part of the Java Jini technology. The basic features of JINI are:
 * No user intervention is needed when services are brought on or offline. (In contrast to EJBs where the client program has to know the server and port number where the EJB is deployed. In JINI the client is supposed to find, discover the service in the network.)
 * Self healing by adapting when services (consumers of services) come and go. Services need to periodically renew a lease to indicate that they are still available.
 * Consumers of JINI services do not need prior knowledge of the service's implementation. The implementation is downloaded dynamically and run on the consumer JVM, without configuration and user intervention. For example, the end user may be presented with slightly different user interface depending which service is being used at the time. The implementation of those user interface code would be provided by the service being used.
 * This fact that the implementation is running on the consumer/client's JVM can increase performance, by eliminating the need of remote calls.

A minimal JINI network environment consists of:
 * One or more services
 * A lookup-service keeping a list of registered services
 * One or more consumers

The JINI Lookup Service
The lookup service is described in the : Jini Lookup Service Specification (reggie). This service interface defines all operations that are possible on the lookup service. Clients locate services by requesting with a lookup server that implements a particular interface. Client asks the lookup server for all services that implement the particular service interface. The lookup service returns service objects for all registered services that implement the given interface. The client may invoke methods on that object in order to interact directly with the server.

Lookup Discovery
Jini Discovery and Join Specification describes how does the client find the jini lookup service. There is a protocol to do that, jini comes with a set of API's that implement that protocol. The Jini Discovery Utility Specification defines a set of utility classes that are used to work with the protocol.

Leasing
When a service registers with the lookup service, it receives a lease from the lookup service, described in the Jini Distributed Leasing Specification.

title: Java Programming/JavaSpaces


text:
User talk:167.206.146.147

Regarding edits made during March 7 2007
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 19:36, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

September 2010
You cannot edit for 1 week due to your persistent vandalism. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. – Adrignola talk 20:23, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

November 2010
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title: User talk:167.206.146.147


text:
Econometric Theory/Classical Normal Linear Regression Model (CNLRM)

Econometrics is all about causality. Economics is full of theory of how one thing causes another: increases in prices cause demand to decrease, better education causes people to become richer, etc. So to be able to test this theory, economists find data (such as price and quantity of a good, or notes on a population's education and wealth levels). However, when this data is placed on a plot, it rarely makes neat lines that are presented in introductory economics text books. Data always comes out looking like a cloud, and without using proper techniques, it is impossible to determine if this cloud gives any useful information. Econometrics is a tool to establish correlation and hopefully later, causality, using collected data points. We do this by creating an explanatory function from the data. The function is linear model and is estimated by minimizing the squared distance from the data to the line. The distance is considered an error term. This is the process of linear regression.

The Line
The point of econometrics is establishing a correlation, and hopefully, causality between two variables. The easiest way to do this is to make a line. The slope of the line will say "if we increase x by so much, then y will increase by this much" and we have an intercept that gives us the value of y when x = 0.

The equation for a line is y = a + b*x (note:a and b take on different written forms, such as alpha and beta, or beta(0) beta(1) but they always mean "intercept" and "slope").

The problem is developing a line that fits our data. Because our data is scattered, and non-linear, it is impossible for this simple line to hit every data point. So we set our line up so that it minimizes the errors (and we need to actually minimize the squared errors). We adjust our first line, or explanatory function to have an error term, so that, given x and the error term, we can correctly come up with the right y.

y = a + b*x + error

Basic Example
After blowing our grant money on a vacation, we are pressured by the University to come up with some answers about movements of the sweater industry in Minnesota. We do not have much time, so we only collect data from two different clothing stores in Minnesota on two separate days. Fortunately for us, we get data from one day in the summer and one day in the winter. We ask both stores to tell us how many sweaters they have sold and they tell us the truth. We are looking to see how weather (temperature—independent variable) affects how many sweaters are sold (dependent variable).

We come up with the following scatter plot.

Now we can add a line (a function) to tell us the relationship of these two variables. We will minimize the sum of errors, and see what we get. The distance to the line from the cold side is +15 and the difference from the hot side to the line is -15. When we add them together, we get 15 - 15 = 0. 0 error, our line must be perfect!

Notice that our line fits the data well. The differences between the data and the function are evenly distributed ($$ \sum \epsilon = 0$$). So there is a relationship between temperature and sweater sales. "Hot weather increases Sweater Sales" will be the title of our famous paper! But it will be wrong, and we'll probably be fired from our job at the University.

If we had only minimized the absolute distances between the line and the data! Well, here is a plot with an estimated line that does just that. To do this, we minimize the sum of squared errors.

Once we minimize the absolute distances between the line and the data, we have a better fit and we can declare that "cold weather increases Sweater Sales" ($$ \sum \epsilon^2 = 0$$)

Basic bivariate model
Our basic model is a line that best fits the data.

$$Y_i = \alpha + \beta X_i + \epsilon_i$$

Where $$Y_i \in [1,n] $$ and $$ X_i \in [1,n] $$, α and β are unknown parameters that must be estimated. $$ \epsilon_i \in [1,n] $$ is the unobserved error term. This term is an iid random variable. regression coefficient.

Notes on Notation:

Properties of the error term
The error term, also known as the disturbance term, is the unobserved random component which explains the difference between $$Y_i$$ and $$\alpha + \beta X_i$$. This term is the combination of four different effects.

1. Omitted Variables: in many cases, it is hard to account for every variability in the system. Cold weather increases sweater sales, but the price of heating oil may also have an effect. This was not accounted in our original model, but may be explained in our error term.

2. Nonlinearities: The actual relationship may not be linear, but all we have is a linear modeling system. At 30 degrees, 10 people buy sweaters. At 20 degrees 40 people buy sweaters. At 10 degrees 80 people buy sweaters. In our model, the error term does not take into account this nonlinearity.

3. Measurement errors: Sometimes data was not collected 100% correctly. The store told us that 10 people bought sweaters that day, but after we talked to them, 4 more people bought sweaters. The relationship still exists, but we have some error collected in the error term.

4. Unpredictable effects: No matter how well the economic model is specified, there will always be some sort of stochasticity that affects it. These effects will be accounted for by the error term.

Looking again at our OLS line in our sweater story, we a can have a look at our error terms. The error, is the distance from our data Y and our estimate Ŷ. We get an equation from this: $$ \hat{\epsilon_i} = Y_i - \hat{Y_i} = Y_i - \alpha - \beta X_i$$

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