text:
Talk:Voter's Guide

I had this idea the other day, and I'm excited about it. I think this is a way that Wikibooks and the rest of Wikimedia's projects could gain some publicity and respect. I could easily see that, by the 2008 US election, we could have well-developed guides to the issues, parties and candidates, vetted by people of all political stripes and found neutral, and available in a dozen or more languages... This will require a number of participants, however, of diverse backgrounds. TUF-KAT 00:54, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

NPOV implies Wikipedia article
When an issue is described with a NPOV, it should be in Wikipedia, leaving the contentious, left vs right, issues summarized here, with the relevant interwikilinks, of course. in fact, the Wikipedia article will also benefit from a summary of the contentious issues explained more here too. Mark Hurd 10:04, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Um, neutral point of view is a policy across all of Wikimedia, it is not limited to Wikipedia. That being said, each project applies it differently, and the Voter Guide will need to have a special application of the policy, as the Wikimedia Foundation could loose it's non-profit status in the US (where the foundation is located) if it violates certin campaign laws, such as endorsing a particular candidate for office. There was a short discussion of this earlier on the Foundation-l mailing list. Gentgeen 12:26, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree that neutrality is important here. Also, the Voter's Guide should focus on which candidates and parties hold the various positions.  There should indeed by summaries of why people hold different opinions, but I agree that the nitty-gritty should be in Wikipedia.  I think the purpose of the Voter's Guide should be to point voters who already have at least a vague idea of where they stand on the issues to the candidates who best represent those positions.  For example, we can summarize the gun control arguments and explain what various pieces of legislation mean, with the primary purpose of explaining which politicians hold various views -- all the historical details and such should be at Wikipedia, and we should be liberally interlinking with those articles. TUF-KAT 17:54, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia-related idea
On Wikipedia, I nominated "Voter education" for collaboration of the week. But it needs two more votes by Oct. 17 to avoid removal.
 * Maurreen, Oct. 17, 2004

Related projects
I am aware of a few "related projects" that you may want to check out, either as an alternative to this format, complementing this site, or as a place to grab content from:
 * 1) The Pittsburgh Forum: Similar idea to Wikibate, may eventually change name. (Currently public domain, but may change to GFDL or CC-SA)
 * 2) LibertarianWiki: An encyclopedia for libertarians (Public domain)
 * 3) DKosopedia: A progressive political encyclopedia (GFDL)
 * 4) The Progress Pittsburgh Knowledge Base: A local progressive group, probably has the resources to make a good voter's guide. (No copyright notice, but told me that they do not intend to make the information free)
 * 5) theballot.org: The ultimate progressive peoples' voter guide. Find, create and share progressive voters guides.

w:User:AdamRetchless

Just some notes on potential structures
Feel free to comment - TUF-KAT 04:43, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

(Since I haven't thought of a remotely usable name for the whole proposal, I'm just calling it The Guide for the moment)

The Guide's purpose should be to encourage an educated debate of controversial issues and to provide a neutral database of information to help guide newcomers to our subjects. Note that by "encouraging an educated debate", I don't mean actually holding debates, but rather giving a one-stop source for information on why beliefs are held.

Departments

 * Voter's Guide: Collects information on specific elections, parties and candidates
 * Voter's Guide:George W. Bush with standardized subpages like maybe Voter's Guide:George W. Bush - Voting Record or Campaign Funding and the like.
 * Voter's Guide:Democratic Party with standardized subpages on whatever seems important
 * Voter's Guide:U.S. presidential election, 2008 with subpages if needed
 * We don't limit the notability of elections for any local, provincial or state elections. We should also allow for voter's guides for things like unions and other large organizations, but not for every podunk clubhouse, so there should be a line somewhere.
 * Issue Guide: (or a better name) collection of relevant facts and arguments on a particular debate
 * We should also have a guide to debates of fact. Maybe Issue Guide:Number of civilian Iraqis killed during the US occupation of Iraq, for example, where we could collect information on the different numbers that have been produced, explaining how they were derived.  Also Issue Guide:Change in homelessness during the Bush Administration
 * Maybe a separate section for conspiracy theories
 * We should have a section for brief explanations of logical fallacies of all kinds. This would be useful to link to.
 * Need to set a line for issues. Issue Guide:How much does Pantera RAWK!? is out, but Issue Guide:Nu Metal, if done in a neutral fashion, would be fine.  What about, however, critical reviews of movies and the like? Perhaps even expand into all manner of opinions and provide a meta-database of critical reviews of movies, albums and books.
 * A standardized method of citing scholarly journals. Say, on medical marijuana or the effects of secondhand smoke.
 * We should treat all opinions equally, assuming they are not idiosyncratic. I mean really equally, irregardless of popularity -- should Voter's Guide:Barack Obama document that some may not want to vote for him because he is black?  With a link to Issue Guide:White Supremacy, of course.  I think so, since it isn't our place to judge the reasonableness of opinions -- we provide documentation of reasons why people hold opinions.
 * The namespace Issue Guide should be for overviews of a particular dispute. The namespace Morality should be for examining moral claims that are inherently unprovable.  The namespace Factual Claim should be used for (theoretically) verifiable statements such as those involving history and statistics.  The namespace Premise should be used for other claims which rely on unverifiable statements but are not direct moral claims (such as funding priorities, justifications for specific bills and actions).

Name suggestions
Please, we need names

For the overarching project consisting of the Issue Guide, the Voter's Guide and all related paraphernalia. This is the one that really should begin with Wiki:
 * Some words to consider: en:forum, en:concord, en:summit, en:dispute, en:controversy, en:issue, en:debate, en:parliament, en:congress, en:feast, en:senate (mediators in ancient Rome were called internuncius, medium, intercessor, philantropus, interpolator, conciliator, interlocutor, interpres, and finally mediator)
 * Other words:

togetherness in spirit and humanness), and is also compared to Navajo k'e and Lakota ti ospaye customs and traditions that starts at community level, derives its name from a grass called Urucaca that thrives well in homesteads. The mechanism is founded on dialogue, reconciliation and reparation. Whenever there is a feud between two or more parties, elders gather in front of the homestead amidst Urucaca. Each party is then asked to present their case. The role of the council of elders is to facilitate the reconstruction of relationships. Meanwhile the party in the wrong is required to pay a fine as a way of punishment. Soon after, beer is shared by both parties and the council of elders, followed by a feast. Industrial Court, told participants in the inter-faith summit. Traditional dispute resolution, principally aimed at preventing the rupture of relationships, in addition to rectifying the wrong, begins at the family level. In cases where disputes cannot be dealt with at that level, they are referred to the ward Kgotla, a localized court in the vicinity of the defendant's home. Throughout the process, the defendant's kinsmen are actively involved. If the matter cannot be resolved at the ward Kgotla, then it goes to the main Kgotla, which is presided over by the chief. Mokgwa le Molao, the legal system in this context, literally means "law and custom," and expresses the character of a system of law that prescribes a moral content.'' courts have tried less than six percent of those detained for suspected genocide offences. There are some 110,000 Rwandese in the country's detention facilities, the vast majority of them still awaiting trial. The Gacaca system currently works as a tribunal, having been embraced by the community and the law. Late last year, 260,000 adults of "integrity, honesty and good conduct" were selected by local communities to serve as magistrates on the more than 10,000 Gacaca tribunals.'' council of elders (Lotido-Apoka)... Mato-Oput is usually performed after a fight, disagreement or any rift that would affect harmonious coexistence in the society. Where arms are involved, a ceremony known as "bending of spears" is performed. This involves the exchange of spears between the warring parties and the bending of the tips of the same. From then on, all the parties must vow not to harm one another, since they are united by the ritual and therefore rendered brothers and sisters.''
 * k'e - Navajo, meaning solidarity and reciprocity or what I do has an impact on you and what you do has an impact on me
 * hozhooji naat’aanii - Navajo, meaning peacemaking or people talking together to re-form relationships with each other and the universe, combination of the words for rightness and to talk
 * ki-ah-m - Cree, meaning law or for everything you do, good or bad, there are consequences, similar to the Zulu ubuntu (which is also defined as ''an attitude of
 * ''Another example of peace-building mechanism comes from the Banyarwanda community in Rwanda. Gacaca, an intricate system of
 * ''In Botswana, traditional courts form a critical part of the justice system, Judge Elijah Legwaila, President of Botswana's
 * ''In modern Rwanda, Gacaca is used as an institution to find out the truth about the 1994 genocide. The country's special genocide
 * ho‘oponopono - Hawaiian, a mediation session among a family in which all discussion is directed towards a leader that attempts reconciliation (Note: the word wiki is originally Hawaiian)
 * mogaji, the lineage head, and the baale, an elderly head of the district, act as mediators among the Yoruba They apparently use blackmail and the threat of excommunication to achieve a compromise
 * So Da Bee - title of a Yoruba television show in which disputes are solved
 * The ancient Indian system of Panchayat involved a mediator (pancha), whose decisions were irreversible
 * In early Irish law, a brithem, who had trained in law but had not been appointed by the king as the official judge, could work as an arbitrator. The law established the arbitrator’s pay at one-twelfth of the sum at issue.
 * Old Testament - King Solomon
 * Jewish tradition, based on the Torah and Talmud, provided a judicial setting called Beth Din in which disputants argued their case before three rabbinical judges. The disputants first had to agree to be bound by the judges’ decision. Prior to appearing before the judges, the disputants were strongly urged to resolve their differences informally in bitzua(mediation) or p’sharah (arbitration)
 * From the earliest days of Islam, Muhammad (570?–632) encouraged and practiced tahkim, or arbitration, to resolve a variety of disputes. Muhammad’s role as arbitrator is sanctioned by revelation. Once Islam became dominant in a community, local law was amended to include arbitration (Moussalli, 1997).
 * The Islamic tradition and culture focuses more on the group or community than on the individual. Originating in ancient Middle Eastern tribes and villages were the dispute resolution practices of Sulh(settlement) and Musalaha (reconciliation). The two together, often referred to simply as Sulh, have been used to control conflict and maintain harmony within and between tightly knit social groups. The ritual practices involve conversations, information sharing, and exchanging promises about the future.
 * ''The Acholi's Mato-Oput ritual involves the appearance of an individual or group of people involved in a conflict before a
 * It'd be neat to have a name based on one of these traditional terms related to dispute resolution - Wikike, Wikubuntu, Wikipono, Wikisolomon, Wikipancha, Wikibrithem, Wikitakhem, Wikioput
 * Other Ideas: Wikisummit, Wikiforum (I believe it's taken)
 * Some words to replace Issue Guide as a namespace and a specific part of the project: Disputarium or Disputorium

 * I rather like the idea of using some kind of traditional dispute resolution, since our goal after all is to facilitate communication among people who disagree with each other so that everyone can hopefully come to an amicable, informed and conscientious position. Of these, Wikubuntu is nice.  From the Zulu word ubuntu which I have found defined as an attitude of togetherness in spirit and humanness, humanity to others, humanness and I am what I am because of who we all are.  It is also apparently the name of a Linux distribution.  It serves as the spiritual foundation of African societies. It is a unifying vision or world view enshrined in the Zulu maxim umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu, i.e. a person is a person through other persons (Shutte, 1993:46). At bottom, this traditional African aphorism articulates a basic respect and compassion for others. It can be interpreted as both a factual description and a rule of conduct or social ethic. It both describes human being as "being-with-others" and prescribes what "being-with-others" should be all about.  Later, Ubuntu underscores the importance of agreement or consensus. African traditional culture, it seems, has an almost infinite capacity for the pursuit of consensus and reconciliation (Teffo, 1994a:4). Democracy the African way does not simply boil down to majority rule. Traditional African democracy operates in the form of (sometimes extremely lengthy) discussions (cf. Busia, 1967:28). Although there may be a hierarchy of importance among the speakers, every person gets an equal chance to speak up until some kind of an agreement, consensus or group cohesion is reached. This important aim is expressed by words like simunye ("we are one", i.e. "unity is strength") and slogans like "an injury to one is an injury to all" (Broodryk, 1997a:5, 7, 9).  Also, Ubuntu inspires us to expose ourselves to others, to encounter the difference of their humanness so as to inform and enrich our own (cf. Sidane, 1994:8-9). Thus understood, umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu translates as: "To be human is to affirm one's humanity by recognising the humanity of others in its infinite variety of content and form" (Van der Merwe, 1996:1). This translation of Ubuntu attests to a respect for particularity, individuality and historicality, without which decolonization cannot be. and The Ubuntu respect for the particularities of the beliefs and practices of others (cf. also Wiredu, 1995), is especially emphasised by a striking, yet (to my mind) lesser-known translation of umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu, viz.: "A human being is a human being through (the otherness of) other human beings" (Van der Merwe, 1996:1— italics mine). For post-apartheid South Africans of all colours, creeds and cultures, Ubuntu dictates that, if we were to be human, we need to recognise the genuine otherness of our fellow citizens.  Ubuntu's respect for the particularity of the other, links up closely to its respect for individuality and Ubuntu defines the individual in terms of his/her relationship with others (Shutte, 1993:46ff). According to this definition, individuals only exist in  their relationships with others, and as these relationships change, so do the characters of the individuals. Thus understood, the word "individual" signifies a plurality of personalities corresponding to the multiplicity of relationships in which the individual in question stands. Being an individual by definition means "being-with-others". "With-others", as Macquarrie rightly observes, "...is not added on to a pre-existent and self-sufficient being; rather, both this being (the self) and the others find themselves in a whole wherein they are already related" (1972:104).  (Much of the previous from ).
 * So... I kind of like Wikubuntu, though it is weird-looking and kind of difficult to pronounce. Anyone know how ubuntu is pronounced in Zulu? TUF-KAT 03:45, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Campaigns.wikia.com
On July 4th, Jimmy Wales launched Campaigns Wikia at Wikia.com, and it seems to dovetail with this Voter's Guide project. I'd like to propose that much of the content here be moved to that site. It might be useful to have a wikibook describing how to vote in general terms, but getting down to candidate names and specific initiatives and levies that might be on a ballot somewhere seems to be beyond the scope of the Wikipedia Foundation. Chadlupkes 21:21, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * While this may be considered a gentle suggestion that it is, this should not be considered as rationale for a VfD of this book. Unfortunately, any effort that may have been put into this Wikibook may have in fact been zapped by this alternative Wiki.  Some of the voter's guides that have been generated here are of some significant value, and this is not necessarily outside of the scope of Wikibook.... provided it is NPOV and you can cite sources for the information that is being presented.  BTW, what exactly is "outside the scope of the Wikipedia Foundation"?  I didn't even know there was a Wikipedia Foundation.  The Wikimedia Foundation does try to set the scope of some projects, but I don't know of anything explicitly wrong here unless the WMF board itself is explicitly endorsing and providing financial or other support (like hosting an advocacy website) for a political candidate.  That is outside of the scope of this book and against Wikibooks policies as well like WB:WIW.  --Rob Horning 22:11, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * To be fair, Erik has used the term "Wikipedia foundation" frequently enough on foundation-l to create more then a little bit of confusion. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:12, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voter's Guide


text:
Canadian History/Introduction

‹ Back to the Preface

An Introduction to Canada

Canada is a land of vast distances and rich natural resources. Canada was founded in 1867 and retains ties to the United Kingdom through the Commonwealth agreement. Canada has strong historic ties with both France and the United Kingdom and has traditionally supported and sided with these nations during international conflicts. Recently however, Canada tends to side with the United States of America when international issues arise. Such a relationship with the United States results from the strong economic ties between these two neighboring nations.

Major social and political issues within the nation include funding of the armed forces, taxation levels, healthcare and education funding and the relationship between the province of Quebec, known nationwide for its uneasy political relationship with the federal government.

Forward to the First Settlers ›

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Canadian History/Introduction


text:
Voter's Guide/United States

2014 elections
The next election in the United States will be the biennial election for Senators (one third are up for election) and all Representatives. The next Presidential election will occur in 2016.

The last election in the United States was the 2012 presidential elections. The race attracted attention world-wide.

Here are some guides to the issues likely to be of importance to voters in forthcoming elections.

 * Abortion
 * Death Penalty
 * Economy
 * Energy
 * Environment
 * Immigration
 * Gay Marriage
 * War in Afghanistan

And here is some information on the political parties that will likely play a role in the 2010 elections.

 * Democratic Party
 * Republican Party

 * Green Party
 * Libertarian Party
 * Reform Party

Voter's Guide by State:

 * Alabama
 * Alaska
 * Arizona
 * Arkansas
 * California
 * Colorado
 * Connecticut
 * Delaware
 * Florida
 * Georgia
 * Hawaii
 * Idaho
 * Illinois
 * Indiana
 * Iowa
 * Kansas
 * Kentucky
 * Louisiana
 * Maine
 * Maryland
 * Massachusetts
 * Michigan
 * Minnesota
 * Mississippi
 * Missouri
 * Montana
 * Nebraska
 * Nevada
 * New Hampshire
 * New Jersey
 * New Mexico
 * New York
 * North Carolina
 * North Dakota
 * Ohio
 * Oklahoma
 * Oregon
 * Pennsylvania
 * Rhode Island
 * South Carolina
 * South Dakota
 * Tennessee
 * Texas
 * Utah
 * Vermont
 * Virginia
 * Washington
 * West Virginia
 * Wisconsin
 * Wyoming
 * Puerto Rico
 * American Samoa
 * Guam
 * Northern Mariana Islands
 * United States Virgin Islands

title: Voter's Guide/United States


text:
Computer Programming/OS Programming

Operating System (OS) Programming
A computer is a series of electrical pathways some of which can be changed by use of some of its own electrical pathways.

A computer instruction is a series of electrical signals that make use of a computer.

A computer program is a series of computer instructions.

An operating system (OS) is a computer program with the purposes of:

 * allowing user input in its operation
 * maintaining itself
 * switching computer operation to other computer programs (tasks)
 * maintaining other computer programs (tasks)
 * controlling hardware
 * allocating memory to software as needed

OS programming is ...

Many people are dissatisfied with currently-available operating systems, and research ways to improve them—or introduce entirely new replacements.

Some computer engineers develop entirely new computing hardware, and need to write a new OS for it (typically by adapting parts of some pre-existing OS).

 * A Neutral Look at Operating Systems
 * Operating System
 * Operating system
 * http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?OperatingSystemsResearch
 * http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?OperatingSystemsDesignPrinciples
 * the TUNES Project Wiki http://cliki.tunes.org/

title: Computer Programming/OS Programming


text:
Talk:PHP Programming/Mailing

What are the correct headers to avoid becoming spam? 211.7.138.241 03:35, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Email address format
>> There is no requirement to write E-mail addresses in format "Name ", you can just write "email".

Actually, there is, it's in the standard. Many SMTP servers will refuse to send your email if you do not put addresses in angle brackets. "Name" is optional, though.

Error detection or shutup operator?
I became interested in the entry about "error detection", expecting to see at least one example of try/catch or something like... Instead, came to found you only hide the error below the carpet using the shutup operator: "@". Jefrancomix (discuss • contribs) 08:02, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:PHP Programming/Mailing


text:
Talk:High School Mathematics Extensions/Supplementary/Summation Sign

Nice work
Nice work! Thanks bro Xiaodai 03:41, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC) -You're more than welcome :) Lemontea 21:15, 4 Oct 2004 (GMT+8)


text:
Talk:Investing

This page ought to be cleaned up a bit. The Real Estate and rental property labels can be renamed to either real estate or investment property, but I think rental property is too specific for these purposes

title: Talk:Investing


text:
Statistics/Testing Data/compare-prop2

A running example from the 2004 American Presidential Race follows. It should be clear that the choice of poll and who is leading is irrelevant to the presentation of the concepts. According to an October 2nd Poll by Newsweek (link), 47% of 1,013 registered voters would vote for John Kerry/John Edwards if the election were held today. 45% would vote for George Bush/Dick Cheney, and 2% would vote for Ralph Nader/Peter Camejo.

 * Open a new Blank Workbook in the program Microsoft Excel.
 * Enter Kerry's reported percentage p in cell A1 (0.47).
 * Enter Bush's reported percentage q in cell B1 (0.45).
 * Enter the number of respondents N in cell C1 (1013). This can be found in most responsible reports on polls.
 * In cell A2, copy and paste the next line of text in its entirety and press Enter. This is the Microsoft Excel expression of the standard error of the difference as shown above.

 * =sqrt(A1*(1-A1)/C1+B1*(1-B1)/C1+2*A1*B1/C1)

 * In cell A3, copy and paste the next line of text in its entirety and press Enter. This is the Microsoft Excel expression of the probability that Kerry is leading based on the normal distribution given the logic here.

 * =normdist((A1-B1),0,A2,1)

 * Don't forget that the percentages will be in decimal form. The percentage will be 0.5, or 50% if A1 and B1 are the same, of course.

The above text might be enough to do the necessary calculation, it doesn't contribute to the understanding of the statistical test involved. Much too often people think statistics is a matter of calculation with complex formulas.

So here is the problem: Let p be the population fraction of the registered voters who vote for Kerry and q likewise for Bush. In a poll n = 1013 respondents are asked to state their choice. A number of K respondents says to choose Kerry, a number B says to vote for Bush. K and B are random variables. The observed values for K and B are resp. k and b (numbers). So k/n is an estimate of p and b/n an estimate of q. The random variables K and B follow a trinomial distribution with parameters n, p, q and 1-p-q. Will Kerry be ahead of Bush? That is to say: wiil p > q? To investigate this we perform a statistical test, with null hypothesis:
 * $$\, H_0: p = q$$

against the alternative
 * $$\, H_1: p > q$$.

What is an appropriate test statistic T? We take:

 * $$\, T=K-B$$.

(In the above calculation $$T=\frac Kn - \frac Bn = \frac{K-B}n$$ is taken, which leads to the same calculation.)

We have to state the distribution of T under the null hypothesis. We may assume T is approximately normally distributed.

It is quite obvious that its expectation under H0 is:

 * $$\, E_0T = 0$$.

Its variance under H0 is not as obvious.

 * $$\, var_0(T) = var(K-B) = var(K) + var(B) - 2cov(K,B) = np(1-p) + nq(1-q) + 2npq $$.

We approximate the variance by using the sample fractions instead of the population fractions:

 * $$var_0(T) \approx 1013\times 0.47(1-0,46) + 1013\times 0.45(1-0.45) + 2\times 1013\times 0,47\times0.45 \approx 931

$$. The standard deviation s will approximately be:

 * $$\, s = \sqrt{var_0(T)} \approx \sqrt{931} = 30.5 $$.

In the sample we have found a value t = k - b = (0.47-0.45)1013 = 20.26 for T. We will reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative for large values of T. So the question is: is 20.26 to be considered a large value for T? The criterion will be the so called p-value of this outcome:

 * $$\, p-value = P(T\ge t; H_0) = P(T\ge 20.26; H_0) = P(Z\ge \frac{20.26}{30.5}) = 1-\Phi(0.67) = 0.25$$.

This is a very large p-value, so there is no reason whatsoever to reject the null hypothesis.

title: Statistics/Testing Data/compare-prop2


text:
Windows: An Overview

At the time of this era, the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems runs the vast majority of the world's home computers. How did Windows rapidly become the dominant operating system for home use on the planet?

History
Microsoft Windows began as a GUI add-on to DOS. The early versions of Windows required DOS to be installed first. The first version that did not require DOS to be pre-installed was Windows 95. Early on, Windows split into two branches - the DOS-based branch and the NT based branch. Today, The DOS-based branch has been discontinued due to bugs (errors in software), Lack of hardware support, and instability. All versions of Windows since Windows NT 3.1 (these are Windows NT 3.1, NT 4.0, Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, and 8) are NT based.

Predecessors
Here are the predecessors to Microsoft Windows 95 in the order of release:

 * Windows 1.0

 * Windows 2.0

 * Windows 2.1 (Windows/286, Windows/386, and Windows/486)

 * Windows 3.0

 * Windows 3.1 (with a respective Windows for Workgroups release)

 * Windows 3.11 (also with a respective Windows for Workgroups release)

 * Windows 3.2 (a minor update to 3.1 for Simplified Chinese support, also with a respective Windows for Workgroups release)

CP/M
The CP/M Operating System, first written by Gary Kildall in PL/M, a language of his own invention, in 1975. It was written for the Intel 8080 CPU, which was the power behind such legendary machines as the Altair 8800 and the IMSAI 8080, one of which was used in the movie 'War Games'. The system was very popular among those early computer users, and saw the introduction of many new devices, such as the 5 1/4" floppy disk drive and the hard disk drive. In 1980, when IBM was building its first PC, they went to Gary Kildall, who didn't think the system would take off. It might interest you to know that one or two years later, the CP/M-86 OS was released independently of IBM, and cost about ten times what the then-new MS-DOS system did. Initially CP/M had many advanced features that MS-DOS did not have. However, because Gary did not want break off from his licensed based distribution of CP/M rather than accepting the OEM based distribution IBM wanted, Microsoft's MS-DOS was chosen to be the choice on the IBM PC. In addition to this, many of CP/M's features, such as multi-level directories and hard drive support, were not really thought of as needed.

DOS
DOS stands for Disk Operating System. A product called Microsoft DOS was released by Microsoft in 1981 for the IBM Personal Computer. It offered file system access to FAT partitions and had tools for editing, programming, and management. Later versions would support a semi-graphical navigator, and the ability to mount remote shares. Microsoft DOS had a long-lasting effect on the computer world, a very scaled down version of Microsoft DOS was present in every Windows OS including the recent Windows Vista (and the Windows NT operating systems, Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003, and Windows XP).

OS/2
New Key Features: Overlapped windows and icons Windows 2.0 came with the ability to let windows and icons are overlapped. Windows can be freely resized and moved in the screen. 386 enhanced mode to take advantage of memory larger than 640K There are two versions of Windows 2.0. The first version of Windows 2.0 was called Windows/286 later after Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with support of 386 enhanced modes, which is called Windows/386. The 386 enhanced modes gave the system the capability to run multiple MS-DOS applications simultaneously in extended memory.

Inception
Microsoft was not the first company to investigate the use of a Graphical User Interface, or GUI, to control a personal computer. Microsoft uses private servers to run Windows. That distinction belongs to the Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC). Xerox demonstrated seven key ideas whose strategic importance were immediately apparent to both Microsoft and Apple, and critical to the success of both the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows: 1. The use of a windowing system to give a user common presentation and operation of different applications, 2. The concept and use of a mouse to navigate that system, 3. A clear demonstration that multitasking (running several applications at the same time) could actually be useful to home and business users, 4. The demonstration of a laser printer, which significantly increased the potential for desktop publishing, 5. That a computer could potentially be used by an operator with little or no training, 6. That such an operator, once familiarized with the system, would be strongly opposed to moving back to a more complicated environment, and 7. That such a computer could be networked. The impact of that final idea took a long time to be fully realized- Windows certainly did not embrace it, or even support it, initially- but the whole package really was demonstrated that long ago. Why Xerox wasn't able to capitalize on its own strokes of genius would be (and, indeed, is) another book, in and of itself.

16-Bit Versions
Most Personal Computers are using Intel X86 instruction sets. As long as they are using the same instruction sets, they can perform the same job. That is, 286, 386, 486, Pentium and many other types of processors are equally well. The only differences between them are the speed, and memory addressing capability. Although 086 and 286 are using the same X86 instruction set, however, because of having some troubles on addressing the high memory, therefore, many programs are not able the run on these older processors.

Windows 3.0 - 3.1
386 Enhanced mode implemented all the benefits of Standard mode, plus 32-bit addressing and paging for faster memory access, and virtual 8086 mode for safer execution of MS-DOS programs: each of them now ran in a virtual machine. In the previous modes, multiple MS-DOS programs could only be run in full-screen, and only the program currently active was executing; but in 386 enhanced mode, they could be run simultaneously in separate windows. This mode required a 386 processor and 1 MB of extended memory (in addition to the base 640KB) – beyond the specifications of most PCs sold in 1990.

Windows for Workgroups
A Winsock package was required to support TCP/IP networking in Windows 3.x. Usually, third-party packages were used, but in August 1994, Microsoft released an add-on package (codenamed Wolverine) that provided TCP/IP support in Windows for Workgroups 3.11. Wolverine was a 32-bit stack (accessible from 16-bit Windows application via WinSock thunks), which gave it superior performance to most of the third-party TCP/IP Windows stacks available. However, it was only compatible with Windows for Workgroups 3.11 and lacked support for dial-up. The Wolverine stack was an early version of the TCP/IP stack that would later ship with Windows 95 and provided an early testbed for the 16-to-32-bit compatibility layer that was crucial to Windows 95's success.

32-Bit Versions
The increased address-space size in 32-bit Windows impacts 16-bit code in several ways: •Pointers are all 32 bits wide and are no longer near or far, and your code cannot make assumptions based on segmented memory. •Window handles to other objects (such as pens, brushes, and menus), and graphics coordinates have increased to 32 bits. Thus, you cannot use types such as WORD interchangeably with HWND as you could in 16-bit Windows. •Message handlers must be rewritten because the different sizes can change the way information is packed in some message parameters. •The larger size of graphics coordinates affects a number of function calls. The key areas of 16-bit code affected by these changes are: •Window procedure declarations •Near and far type declarations •Data types •Messages •Calls to API functions •WinMain function For a thorough discussion of 32-bit adaptations in each of these areas, see Porting 16-Bit Code to 32-Bit Windows.

Windows NT
MS-DOS and all previous versions of Windows were single-user systems. NT, however, supports multiprogramming, so several users can work on the same machine at the same time. For example, a network server may have multiple users logged in simultaneously over a network, each accessing its own files in a protected way.

Windows 95
The first 32-bit operating system in the Windows Family outside of Windows NT. But still, it is easier to crash than Windows NT (but harder to crash than Windows 3.1), and relative to Windows NT, not very stable. This project has been abandoned years ago.

Windows Nashville
Windows Nashville is a cancelled version of Windows commonly referred to as "Windows 96" by the community.

Windows 98
In computing, the Windows Driver Model (WDM) — also known at one point as the Win32 Driver Model — is a framework for device drivers that was introduced with Windows 98 and Windows 2000 to replace VxD, which was used on older versions of Windows such as Windows 95 and Windows 3.1, as well as the Windows NT Driver Model.

Windows 98 SE
Windows 98 SE (Second Edition) included DVD support)

Windows 2000
This version of Microsoft Windows preceded Windows XP. Its core functionality is very similar, but it lacks some of the features later added to XP. Many continue to use 2000 instead of XP because they believe the extra XP features are unnecessary and cause the computer to run slower. Windows 2000 is the final NT-based system without activation.

Windows Me
Windows Millennium Edition was meant to bring an end to the 95/DOS line of OS's, although it still contains DOS 8.00. It sported new features in the multimedia area, such as Windows Movie Maker 1.0 and Windows Media Player 7. It also had other important new features such as System Restore. Most of the new features were continued into Windows XP making XP what it is. Windows Me is the final DOS-based system without activation.

Windows XP
Windows XP was originally released in the year 2001. It included improved graphics and a more user-friendly environment. Windows XP was built on the core of Windows 2000 but adds greater stability for most desktop users plus a fancier graphical user interface. Although the goal of perfect security continues to elude the OS, Service Pack 2 (SP2) improves matters over the original release and rolls up enhancements added between release and mid-2004.

Windows 2003 Server/Advanced Server
Windows Server 2003 (sometimes referred to as Win2K3) is a server operating system produced by Microsoft, introduced on 24 April 2003. An updated version, Windows Server 2003 R2, was released to manufacturing on 6 December 2005. Its successor, Windows Server 2008, was released on 4 February 2008. According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 is more scalable and delivers better performance than its predecessor, Windows 2000.

64-Bit Versions
There is currently support for the 64-bit Intel Itanium processor in Windows Server 2003 Enterprise and Datacenter editions, supporting up to 64 Itanium CPUs in the later. Windows Server 2003 SP1 adds x64 support. Note: Source update under this version will be suffixed by "IA64", there is the difference from the usual Intel/AMD architecture of "x64" bit sources.

Note also that there are computers based on the 64-bit IBM Power chips that are used in the G5 Macintosh computers that are running the Windows NT kernel. These "Macs running Windows" are used for game development on the future generation Xbox that will use IBM Power CPUs.

(explain existing 64-bit CPUs- AMD, Intel, etc.)

Windows Vista
This version of Microsoft Windows, released on January 2007, is the latest major upgrade for the Windows operating system.

Until the product name was revealed in July 2005, Windows Vista was known as 'Codename Longhorn'.

It includes major changes graphically. Translucency and other visual effects are highly used. Also, applications are now switching over to the .NET framework. (Add something more about core like Avalon, and GUI)

Windows Server 2008 Systems
With this introduction of Microsoft Windows Servers, released in October 2008, it contains the same code base as Vista (Windows6.0). Its significant change and added feature set are enabling the virtualization of Microsoft Windows Server Systems. The support from 32-bit Windows 2000, Windows 2003, 2003 R2 and Windows 2008 itself, plus the associated existing 64-bit version will expect to become the enabler of any enterprise system, large, medium or small to harness the use and simplicity of virtualized Windows systems (including some flavors of Linux) to meet everyday needs of computing.

Design Goals
A main design goal of Windows was hardware and software portability.

Installation
This chapter will explain how to install Windows. Since installation is fairly similar between versions- with important, and sometimes subtle, differences- we will example how to install Windows XP, Home Edition, and then review the differences for other versions. This chapter explains only the basics; once you're up and running, check out the Configuration chapter to personalize your system.

Make sure that whatever you are installing, that you have a copy of the files you need to be stored in a safe place, even if it's on a separate partition. You're generally better off wiping the partition with your old operating system so as to remove all the incompatible files, viruses, spyware and general clutter/temp files that all computers accrue over their lives.

Installing Windows XP, Home Edition
Depends if you install from booting a CD or from running the setup program from another version of Windows. It's better to boot from the disk, this way you can alter your partitions before you install whereas otherwise, you may find yourself being forced to install it over an old copy.

Differences for Windows XP Professional
Adds greater networking and enterprise features. If you have a network, this is the version you need.

Differences for Windows MCE base-2004-2005
Windows XP Media Center Edition is distinguished from other editions of Windows XP by an exclusive preinstalled application, Media Center, which provides a large-font ("10-foot"), remotely accessible interface for TV viewing on the computer as well as recording and playback, DVD playback, video playback, photo viewing, and music playback.

Configuration
The Windows configuration was always meant to be user-friendly to office support and home, although some Windows Operating Systems and editions were meant to mean one thing or another.

Basic Configuration
(how to set the machine name, time, etc.; NOT networking)

Appearance and Environment
For Windows Classic, you will normally follow this step to change the appearance, wallpaper, resolution, etc.: In a desktop area (not on a window), right click. A menu will appear so you will click properties.

Networking
The workgroup is usually set up when the operating system is first installed. This choice can be edited from the network wizard later on. Once a computer has a network (basically before its first boot) it can trade files with other computers on that network.

(basic Workgroup and Domain configuration; NOT connection sharing, firewall stuff, etc.; that goes into Advanced Stuff)

Printers
(needs to be below networking because this should explain network printers; explain how to add a printer; how to change the default printer; how to change the printing defaults; when to choose PCL vs. PS when printer offers both; parallel vs. USB vs serial vs. network; explain FAX send can be a printing device, etc.)

Accessibility
Both Windows XP and Windows Vista include options for those with difficulty reading or using a computer(Color-blind etc). They are found under: Start->All Programs->Accessories->Accessibility.

(handicapped access; explain Magnifier, text-to-speech, voice recognition, etc., including a -brief- a discussion of third-party options)

Outlook Express
By default, Microsoft Windows includes Outlook Express to allow access to electronic mail.

Note: for Windows Vista/7, there's Windows Mail instead of Outlook Express

Mozilla Thunderbird
A rather more secure e-mail program than Outlook Express and works almost exactly the same. Further details: http://www.mozilla.org/products/thunderbird/

Using Windows
Windows comes with a variety of software including Paint(A basic image editing program), Notepad(A simple text editor) and in later versions: Word, Internet Explorer, Outlook Express or Windows Mail and so on. A great variety of freeware, shareware and commercial packages are available.

Basic Operation
Most computers come pre-installed with an OS called Microsoft® Windows®. Most OS's and programs have the same features whether they use Windows or not, but all computers running Windows will have these features with these names. The thing we did in the last chapter with the box that comes up when you turn on your computer is called logging in. The screen you see after logging in is called the Desktop. Most things on a computer are named after things in real life, and they are usually used similarly too. Just like a real desktop the desktop on a computer is where you go to access all your data. However, a real desktop has a flat horizontal surface.

Screenshots
A screenshot of the entire monitor, complete with taskbar, can be copied to the system clipboard by pressing the Print screen key. Alternatively, pressing [Alt + Print screen will copy just the active window to the clipboard. One can then paste the clipboard into a program such as MS Paint or Paint.NET to save it as an image file (for posting online, for instance), or paste it directly into a document. If saving as an image file, it is best to use a format which uses lossless compression (e.g. PNG) or no compression (e.g. BMP). Use a format which supports 24-bit color if the screenshot contains many colors.

Optimizing Performance
Some people say that the various "tweaks" one can apply to the system never improve the performance significantly, certainly not enough to justify the hours and hours that some people spend experimentally tweaking.

The problem is that the effects of many tweaks are a bit iffy. There are some programs that work and some tweaks that, while they have an effect, are not something that you are likely to notice. Generally the Internet Speed tweaks and XPLite programs are worth using. Beyond that though, don't bother. If things like the appearance settings and NTFS Last Access Stamp tweaks noticeably improve your speed then you would be better off running either Win98SE or Linux, conversely they all have some effect and removing unneeded features does help.

Some people say that many "tweaks" are well worth doing.

There are lots of things you can do to improve performance. Defragment the disk, turn off services you don't need - Google for a list - restart Firefox regularly (if you use it) since it's a memory hog...

Ways to increase performance include: defragmenting the hard disk, disabling unneeded visual effects, upgrading the amount of RAM in the computer, and using various utilities and programs available for download or purchase.

If the intent is simply to improve the speed at which the system runs, regardless of all other considerations, then the ultimate speed improvement is achieved by uninstalling Windows XP, and installing Windows 98SE or Windows ME instead, since those versions of Windows are only half the size of Windows XP, so they subjectively run twice as fast as XP on any given CPU.

General Tips
Several programs work for almost all Windows versions.

X-setup Excellent commercial tweaking program for Win9x/ME and WinXP/Vista/7, comes well recommended. DH TuneXP Free WinXP tweaker program, has useful tweaks. SG TCP/IP Optimizer Use this for fast internet tweaking. cFos Homepage (English) Get the packet shaping software from here. XpLite Very useful in removing parts of Windows 2000 and XP systems. Nlite Fulfils the same function as XpLite but instead works on a Windows XP CD image, which is then transformed into a bootable CD. This program is freeware and more versatile than XpLite.

Processor Scheduling
When using Windows 2000 and XP there is an option to retry your operating system allocates processing power to programs. this is governed by registry entry called Win32PrioritySeparation and the values for this are allocated as follows...

Start with zero and add numbers as follows

The ratio of foreground to background priority

''3:1, add 2.  2:1, add 1.  1:1, add 0. ''

Length of the quanta

''Variable lengths: add 4.  Fixed lengths: add 8. ''

The intervals between switching quanta.

''Shorter: add 32.  Longer: add 16. ''

By default it is set to "2" which is equal to "38", setting it to background processes sets it to "24". Note that this value is in decimal. Personally, I use a value of "36" for the best all-around benefit. This value allows all programs to work seamlessly even at 100% processor usage; mind you this is on a P4 so your mileage may vary.

Internet Speed
Generally optimizing an Internet connection involves tweaking the MTU (maximum transmission unit)and the receive window. The MTU controls how much data is in every download packet, larger settings improve efficiency by reducing overhead and require fewer acknowledgement packets. The receive window sets how much data is to be received before needing to send an acknowledgement packet, this setting does not need to be a multiple of the MTU and should be as large as reasonably possible.

It would also be worth the time to set up a packet scheduler. Generally doing heavy uploading and downloading at the same time would slow down your connection, with a packet scheduler this is less of an issue. Additionally, some packet schedulers like cFosSpeed allow for prioritizing specific programs like games over more bandwidth intensive but less interactive applications like FTP clients.

Trimming the OS
Litepc creates software to trim operating systems. Removing unused parts of the OS is beneficial in several ways. It reduces the amount of disk space that the OS takes up, removes possible security issues and results in less of a RAM hit. XPLite allows for a currently installed operating system to be altered while NLite (as previously mentioned) does the same to a CD image. XPLite leaves corrupted registry entries and is less versatile than Nlite.

Side Note
On a final note it is important to know what any changes actually do, besides "provides speed boost" and how they affect your computer. I have had many incidents where the accusation of "tweaks" served to slow the computer down. Don't rely on being able to undo them with the program.

Windows CE
The consumer edition of Windows. Used with consumer electronics. Most notably used with the revolutionary Sega Dreamcast video game console. Windows CE is also used on many Pocket PCs and Smart Phones. The newest ist Windows CE 6.0, released in 2007.

Windows XP / 2000 / Server 2003
Beforehand it should be noted that 2000 is often acknowledged to provide better performance with real-world use (Several programs running at the same time). It lacks some of the features of XP including the themes but is essentially the same and uses the same drivers.

There are some tweaks that do not require specialized software.

Control Panel>System Advanced>Performance Settings> Disabling features will reduce the overhead on any action and some users can notice significant performance benefits from deselecting everything. Font smoothing, especially if using ClearType, will depend heavily on the graphics card, disabling it may have a significant effect.

Paging File
There are plenty of recommendations on this, the one that makes the most sense is to set the minimum to cover normal system use like 256 or 512 MB which will not require it to change in size while in general use but to set the maximum much higher to cover contingencies. The default will work fine in most cases, note that setting the minimum higher will result in paging file fragmentation, which is very hard to fix and if succeeded, will give a speed hit. An average user might be able to download and use PageDefrag from Sysinternals to defragment paging file on Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Server 2003.

Cluster Size
This represents the cluster size on a partition, generally bigger means less fragmentation as files expand and slightly higher disk speed as less data is spent on overhead, conversely it wastes space as each file takes up a minimum of one cluster. The default seems to do fine. Altering the cluster size on the partition with the Master Boot Record may cause problems. Also, the default cluster size (4KB on NTFS / Windows XP) allows the computer to transfer data without using extra buffering.

Services.msc / Msconfig
Run>services.msc

Really there is no reason why anyone should bother with this section. Unless disabling security flaws removing services causes no end of interesting errors and will free up around 7-12MB.

One benefit to using services.msc to msconfig is that services can be set to manual. However most services will not properly startup, I recommend to use Run>msconfig after identifying what services are necessary to disable them, they can also be restored to Windows default by clicking select all.

Services that are critical or that are needed and may not start otherwise should be set to Automatic while the other Automatic services should be set to Manual. This will theoretically cause them to only start when needed (again, it should be noted that this is almost never true). Note that some services are set to disable by default on Windows Server 2003, these are Windows XP features that are generally not needed by a server, if they are required they must first be enabled at services.msc.

UDMA/66
Hardware>Hard Disk This must be enabled on Windows 2000 as it is disabled by default. If your system is capable of UDMA/66, enable it, if the system is not capable then rebooting will untick the box.

Prefetching
System>File system>Windows Prefetching Windows prefetcher will monitor an application's startup sequence and Windows boot. After three application startups or three Windows boot ups, it creates a .PF file in the Windows Prefetch folder for the application or the associated boot item. This file is referenced anytime the application is launched but only when it is launched and NOT before. Windows uses the information in the applications.PF file to optimally load the necessary files associated with the application loading into memory. Such as DLL A before B etc... Windows also use this file when the defragmenter is run to layout all necessary files that the application uses to startup in sequence on the hard drive to further improve application load time. The same things happen during boot up but only in relation to files used for the boot process. Applications that are not loaded on startup are NOT precached or preloaded into Memory during boot. They are not precached at any time. This is NOT a cache and the .PF files should NOT be deleted or "cleaned". Manually deleting .PF Files does nothing but force Windows to recreate the .PF file if it is missing the next time the associated application is launched. This is a waste of time. Simply leave the .PF files and the Prefetch folder alone. Windows will automatically clean it as necessary in relation to uninstalled applications. Prefetching is NOT Caching, it is a new feature of Windows that improves application load and boot time performance automatically.

File System
System>File system>Windows NT/2K/XP Options>Windows File System Options These are generally useless features, note that disabling the last access timestamp can cause windows cleanup to have interesting ideas on what is useless data. Disabling the creation of short file names may cause issues in some programs as well as pretty much all programs are written for dos. Conversely, you are unlikely to use those programs and it will help when dealing with folders that have many files that start the same.

RAM
System>Memory Unloading .dll files instantly can cause system instability, conversely, extra ram is always a good thing. Instability will only occur in very rare circumstances however if you start the same programs over and over this could be beneficial. This depends on how much ram you have thought of leaving it as it is may be the best choice.

Disabling paging will force the computer to keep more of the system in RAM. This will also prevent the computer from entering sleep mode. Windows will NEVER page the core kernel & drivers (that would cause a crash), however, it is willing to page a part of its systems. This setting causes more of the system to not be paged, probably won't help your game speed but if you run RAM heavy programs it will prove beneficial. The theory is that the programs will page but not the Windows core which should do less of a performance hit.

Cacheman
Just one setting, may improve performance, may do nothing.

Settings>Cache Set the bottom box to "Balance" It would be a good idea to stop Cacheman starting with Windows which you can do from the Options bar; it's worth noting here that "RAM Recovery" is generally agreed to be completely worthless, don't use it.

Other Links
Optimize Xp Wonderful site, also includes links to tweaking myths.

Ancient times
Microsoft was trying to enter the PDA market years before the release of the first Windows-powered handhelds. First development initiatives happened as early as 1990. When Apple's Newton MessagePad emerged, Microsoft decided to begin development of the new OS.

The WinPad project would be a revolution in the user interface design. With the touch screen and handwriting recognition support, the project promised brand-new user experience. However, the mobile devices' hardware was not ready for such an operating system at that moment. The main fault of the developers was possibly the attempt to use portions of the existing kernel modules' code. The project was closed in 1994.

At the same time, Microsoft worked on the Pulsar project. The concept of a multi-purpose wire- and keyboardless device featuring unique architecture was too pathbreaking, and Microsoft discarded this idea as well.

(to be continued...)

(...and PocketPC... and Handheld PC... and so on... make some sense of this mess for the reader! this of all things is clear as MUD even to developers!)

And on 9th March 2006, MS has unveiled their UMPC.

Windows XP Embedded
Microsoft® Windows® XP Embedded is a componentized version of the Microsoft® Windows® XP Professional operating system that brings the rich feature set of Windows XP Professional to embedded devices. However, there are some differences between Windows XP Professional and Windows XP Embedded. The major difference is that Windows XP Embedded is engineered specifically to support embedded devices and their manufacturers. This document describes Windows XP Embedded solutions for common embedded scenarios and describes Windows XP Professional features that Windows XP Embedded does not include.

Microsoft's Development Cycle
SDL Practice #1:

Core Security Training

Software security training is a prerequisite for implementing the SDL, and individuals in technical roles (developers, testers, and program managers) who are directly involved with the development of software programs must attend at least one unique security training class each year.

Why should I follow this practice? Understanding software security problems is a foundational part of building better software. By allowing individuals involved with the development of software programs to stay informed about security basics and latest trends in security and privacy, you’ll increase their commitment to writing more secure software. For more information, read the Essential Software Security Training for the Microsoft SDL whitepaper.

When should I employ this practice? Basic software security training should cover foundational concepts such as:

■Secure design, including attack surface reduction, defence in depth, the principle of least privilege, secure defaults

■Threat modelling, including an overview of threat modelling, design implications of a threat model, coding constraints based on a threat model

■Secure coding, including buffer overruns (for applications using C and C++), integer arithmetic errors (for applications using C and C++), cross-site scripting (for managed code and web applications), SQL injection (for managed code and web applications), and weak cryptography

■Security testing, including: differences between security testing and functional testing, risk assessment, security testing methods

Privacy, including types of privacy-sensitive data, privacy design best practices, risk assessment, privacy development best practices, and privacy testing best practices

Training resources by SDL phase Training Phase: Introduction to Microsoft Security Development Lifecycle (SDL) Requirements Phase: Privacy in Software Development Design Phase: Basics of Secure Design, Development and Test Introduction to Microsoft SDL Threat Modeling SDL Quick Security References – Cross-Site Scripting, Exposure of Sensitive Information, SQL Injection SDL Developer Starter Kit – Secure Design, Threat Modeling, and Threat Modeling Tool Principles Implementation Phase: Basics of Secure Design, Development and Test SDL Quick Security References – Cross-Site Scripting, Exposure of Sensitive Information, SQL Injection SDL Developer Starter Kit – Secure Implementation Principles, Banned APIs, Code Analysis, Source Annotation Code Language, SQL Injection, Compiler Defenses, Buffer Overflows, and Cross-Site Scripting Verification Phase: Basics of Secure Design, Development and Test SDL Quick Security References – Cross-Site Scripting, Exposure of Sensitive Information, SQL Injection SDL Developer Starter Kit – Secure Verification Principles, Fuzz Testing, Code Review, SQL Injection, Compiler Defenses, Buffer Overflows, and Cross-Site Scripting

The Windows Version Lifecycle
When a version is released, it is soon discovered that there are thousands of bugs (errors) and miscellaneous problems, especially security issues. This leads to a large stream of patches being released which sometimes get condensed into a service pack. As the program ages and newer systems are released the support will be discontinued so as to force users to upgrade.

More info here: http://www.microsoft.com/windows/lifecycle/default.mspx

(explain how a Windows version is serviced- Service Packs, Windows Update, etc- and finally obsoleted; explain how support options change and eventually evaporate)

Windows Vienna
See Wikipedia article Windows 7.

DOS
Ctrl+Alt+Delete - performs a soft reset

Left arrow, right arrow - Move cursor backwards or forward one character

Ctrl + left arrow, right arrow - Move cursor backwards or forward one word

Home, End - Move cursor to start or end of line

Up, down arrow - Scroll up and down stored (command) buffer

Page up, down - Places oldest or most recent (command) in a command line

Insert - Toggle between the insert and over-type modes. (square cursor denotes over-type mode)

Esc - Delete current line

F1 - Repeat text typed in preceding line character by character

F3 - Repeat text typed in preceding line (complete)

F5 - Cycle through entire current (command) buffer

F7 - Display all entries in current (command) buffer with line numbers

Alt+F7 - Delete all entries in current (command) buffer

F8 - As F5, If preceded by entry of character string, will load the latest buffer line with corresponding characters (from the start of buffer entry line)

F9+Buffer line number - Displays relevant buffer line; normally F7 first to show lines with numbers

Ctrl+C - Close down most applications and return to prompt

All versions
On Windows XP and later, CTRL+ALT+DELETE starts Windows Task Manager, which you are able to force programs to close, see CPU activity, and even manage user CPU status.
 * ALT+F4 closes the active program
 * Win+M Minimizes most programs
 * CTRL+ALT+DELETE presented shutdown options
 * CTRL+C - Copies the selected text or images
 * CTRL+X - Cuts the selected text or images
 * CTRL+V - Pastes the previously copied or cut material

Microsoft Windows Windows-opas

title: Windows: An Overview


text:
Cookbook:Potato Soup

| Soup

Ingredients

 * 6 potatoes, peeled and diced
 * 3 cups milk
 * 1 large onion
 * 2 carrots, diced
 * ¼ cup butter or margarine
 * 3 cups water
 * 2 cubes chicken bouillon
 * ½ tsp ground black pepper to taste
 * 3 tbsp all-purpose flour
 * 1 tbsp dried parsley
 * ¼ tsp dried thyme

Procedure

 * 1) Cook onion in butter until tender.
 * 2) Bring the diced potatoes, carrots, water and chicken bouillon in another stock pot to a boil. Simmer about 10 minutes or until tender. Add ground black pepper.
 * 3) Add the flour to the cooked onions to make a paste. Stir in the milk. Cook over low heat stirring constantly until warmed through. Add the potato and carrot mixture. Stir in the parsley and thyme and heat through. Serve hot.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Use vegetable stock instead of chicken bouillon for a vegetarian soup.
 * Add leeks if available.
 * Omit all ingredients except potatoes, water, salt and pepper for a simple and surprisingly pleasing potato soup. High quality, flavorful potatoes are required for this variation, which itself presents an ideal base for an inventive cook to expand upon.

sr:Кувар:Кромпир чорба

title: Cookbook:Potato Soup


text:
User talk:60.25.120.133

Please stop spamming. It will just be reverted. - Omegatron 16:40, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:60.25.120.133


text:
User:Gkhan

I hate writing pages about myself, so I'll just link to the things I am/were/are going to write.

 * User:Gkhan/Asymptotic Notation
 * User:Gkhan/Matrix Multiplication DP version (I don't know why everybody likes this one)
 * User:Gkhan/Closest pair of points (now that's a cool algorithm)
 * User:Gkhan/Fibonacci using memoization and DP

title: User:Gkhan


text:
User:Gkhan/Asymptotic Notation

The two most important aspects of any algorithm (except for perhaps correctness) is speed and memory consumption. How do you measure these? The most obvious way perhaps is to determine a function on the size of the input to determine speed. For instance, an algorithm can be found use

 * $$f(n) = n^2 + 3n + 14$$

units of time (in this discussion the main focus will be on speed, but it's the same for memory consumtion). Is this a good approach to determine speed of an algorithm. Yes and no. When to different algorithm is very similar in time consumption a clear-cut function might help to understand what algorithm is faster under what conditions. But in the majority of the cases this it is just to combersome to figure out an exact speed, especially in higher level languages. Conditions also vary wildly from system to system so there are never one definite function. So what do you use? What is really interesting here is not what the function is excactly but really how it grows. What does this then mean? Consider the two functions

 * $$f(n) = n^3-12n^2+20n+110$$
 * $$g(n) = n^3+n^2+5n+5$$

They look quite different, but how do they behave? Let's look at a few plots of the function (f(n) is in red, g(n) in blue).

In the first, very limited plot the curves appear somewhat different. In the second they start going in sort of the same way, in the third there is only a very small difference, and at last they are virtually identical. Infact they approach n3, the dominant term. When n gets large, the other terms become minescule in comparison to n3.

As you can see, if you want to improve an algorithms non-dominant terms, it doesn't change much. What really matters is the dominant term. This is why we adopt a new notation for this. We say that:

 * $$f(n) = n^3-12n^2+20n+110 = O(n^3)$$

We ignore the low-order terms. We can say that:

 * $$O(\log {x}) \le O(\sqrt{n}) \le O(n) \le O(n \log {n}) \le O(n^2) \le O(n^3) \le O(2^n)$$

This gives us a way to easily compare algorithms with eachother. Bubblesort sorts in $$O(n^2)$$. Mergesort sorts in $$O(n \log {n})$$. Therefore mergesort is faster than bubblesort.

See "Big O notation" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation

title: User:Gkhan/Asymptotic Notation


text:
File:Algorithms-Asymptotic-ExamplePlot1.png

Example plot 1 for asymptotic notation part of algorithms book. Made with Matematica by me, User:Gkhan (that should be no copyright problems right?)


text:
File:Algorithms-Asymptotic-ExamplePlot2.png

Example plot 2 for asymptotic notation part of algorithms book


text:
File:Algorithms-Asymptotic-ExamplePlot3.png

Example plot 3 for asymptotic notation part of algorithms book


text:
File:Algorithms-Asymptotic-ExamplePlot4.png

Example plot 4 for asymptotic notation part of algorithms book


text:
User talk:203.29.131.4

+	Why not add a list of good quality freeware games? -reader

~ put this in the link section of Freeware if you want

 * -) Lobster 20:36, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.29.131.4


text:
File:Backsideattack.gif

Back side attack (Sn2 organic chemistry mechanism)

title: File:Backsideattack.gif


text:
Cookbook talk:Shepherd's Pie II

So the last changes here purged a lot of the previous article. Someone with more knowledge of this dish should resolve any problems that came w/ the changes. Kellen T 17:37, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It had been 50% a procedure for mashing potatoes. Not much else changed: elimination of non-creamed corn, paprika instead of black pepper, green ketchup as an alternative to red ketchup, more formal writing. AlbertCahalan 19:23, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

This recipe was originaly published in the Wikipedia article Pate Chinois. The page history of that page is included below.

 * 17:18, 3 Oct 2004 Qartis m
 * 17:17, 3 Oct 2004 Qartis m (Fix)
 * 16:50, 3 Oct 2004 Qartis m
 * 15:14, 3 Aug 2004 Rbrwr (wikify, format, )
 * 08:44, 2 Aug 2004 Burschik m (added category)
 * 23:16, 6 Mar 2004 66.131.155.251
 * 23:12, 6 Mar 2004 66.131.155.251

title: Cookbook talk:Shepherd's Pie II


text:
Cookbook:Cheese

| Dairy

Cheese is a dairy product made from the curdled milk of various animals (most frequently cows, but often goats, sheep, and water buffalo). In some locations, as a response to the loss of diversity in mass-produced cheeses, a cottage industry has grown up around home cheesemaking.

Production
All cheeses are made by curdling milk to separate the solid fat and protein from the liquid whey. Milk is a suspension of many components in water, including sugars, fat globules, proteins, and more. Most salient to the cheesemaking process are the fat globules and a group of proteins called caseins. In plain milk, caseins are grouped together into bundles called micelles, held together by calcium with a bunch of negative charges on the outside. These negative charges prevent the bundles from all clumping together, which keeps them suspended in the milk. Interfering with the negative charges and/or disrupting the casein micelles causes the proteins to bind together in a network, trapping the fats and separating them out from the liquid portion. These curds are then processed into cheese. Now, there are multiple ways to go about these processes, and the varied combinations of ingredients and techniques are what generates the sheer variety of cheeses available across the world.

Culturing
When making some varieties of cheese, you start out with a culturing step much like when making yogurt. Here, the milk is warmed and (often) inoculated with specific strains of "starter" and "finishing" microbial cultures. This mixture is kept warm for a period to allow the starter cultures to begin fermenting the milk, which contributes both flavor and the acidity needed to help curdle the mixture in subsequent stages. Higher temperatures cause faster fermentation (to a point) and help weaken the casein bundles. The finishing cultures will start playing a bigger role in later stages (e.g. aging) and contribute to the specific characteristics of the cheese.

Curdling
While several stages of cheesemaking are optional, depending on the desired outcome, the curdling stage is required for every kind of cheese. This is achieved through any combination of acidity, temperature, and enzymes. In direct acid cheesemaking, a large amount of acid like citrus juice or vinegar is stirred into heated milk, which causes curds to rapidly form. Alternatively, the addition of rennet—a mixture of protein-cleaving enzymes —to cultured milk chews off the negatively-charged portions of the casein micelles, which similarly disrupts the proteins and causes a stable curd network to form.

Cutting
After the curd network forms, the curd may be cut into small pieces order to drive out more moisture and solidify the texture—this can be done with a variety of tools such as a knife or harp. The smaller the pieces, the more whey can be lost through surface area and the drier the final product—some curds are cut to the size of rice grains, which tends to produce hard cheeses.

Cooking
Once cut, curds can be heated to induce further changes. For example, slowly stirring and heating the curd for a period further denatures the protein, causing it to shrink and release more water —this too helps decrease the moisture of the final product. Heating may also help activate some microbial cultures that were added earlier, preparing them for the aging process—one example of this is the gas bubbles formed from heating the bacteria used to make Swiss cheese. A few cheeses are formed by heating and stretching the curds at 60°C (140°F), making an elastic and sometimes stringy final product that can be shaped by hand (e.g. mozzarella, provolone).

Draining
In order to fully separate the curds from the way, the cheesemaker must drain them. The most basic way to do this is by gravity, where the curds are transferred to a mesh or perforated container and let drip for anywhere from hours to weeks. This removes relatively little moisture, often yielding a softer, moister cheese like brie. In order to remove more moisture, the curds must be pressed —this can be done by stacking the curds in layers, topping them with weights, or using pressing machines.

Forming
If it has not already taken place during the cooking or draining stage, the curd must be shaped to give it its final form. A variety of forms are available in different sizes, shapes, and materials.

Aging
Unless making fresh cheese (e.g. ricotta), the last step in the cheesemaking process is aging or ripening. In this stage, the shaped cheese is allowed to rest in a controlled environment, where it is carefully tended to—sometimes for years —in order to ensure correct development. It is here that cheeses start taking on their final distinct character, adopting a variety of flavors, textures, and appearances according to the steps taken in prior stages.

During ripening, the microbial cultures introduced earlier continue to act, breaking down the fats and proteins into smaller molecules. If added before curdling, the cultures will work homogeneously from the inside-out, creating a uniform texture throughout. On the other hand, if cultures are introduced to the outside after forming, they will break down the cheese from the outside-in, often creating a microbial rind.

The cheeses must be closely monitored and tended to during this stage. One key task is to regularly turn the cheese, which controls microbial growth and evens the shape. The cheese may also be washed or brined. It is also important to note and control any undesired microbial growth or pest infestations such as mites or maggots—infected cheeses must be discarded and prevented from contaminating the rest.

Salting
Salt may be added to the curds at varying points during the cheesemaking process, and in varying forms. In some types of cheese, the curds or molded forms are simply seasoned with salt crystals after draining. Other cheeses are salted by soaking in or washing with brine. Both methods remove further moisture from the curds, helping preserve it and regulating the type of microbial growth possible. It also contributes flavor of its own and helps enhance the final flavors of the cheese.

Characteristics
A huge number of factors come into play when determining the ultimate final characteristics of a cheese, ranging from diet of the animal producing the milk to the final moisture content, microbial strains, and much more. These factors and the specific ways in which they are combined are how we get the large variety of cheeses available today.

Rind
Aged cheeses can either develop their own rind or have one applied to the exterior. In bloomy rind cheeses, microbes grow on the outer layer of the cheese and develop into a soft, edible rind. Another variety—the washed rind—is made by repeatedly applying a brine to the outside of the cheese. Inedible rind varieties include wax, which holds in moisture very well,

Color
Unless they are colored, cheeses tend to be a creamy or mild yellow color that darkens over the course of the aging process. If a stronger yellow/orange color is desired, annatto may be added to the milk before curdling.

Texture
Ultimately, the texture of a finished cheese depends on the moisture content and the enzymatic activity of the microbes breaking down the fat and protein in the curd. Unripened, fresh cheeses tend to have a higher moisture content and softer texture.  On the other hand, cheeses like parmesan that have been aged for a long time become much drier and harder.

Additionally, some cheeses melt well when heated—these tend to be rennet-based cheese with high to medium moisture levels, which have stable but not-too-tangled proteins. In acid-curdled cheeses like paneer, the proteins are tightly tangled together and cannot melt.

Flavor
There are as many flavors of cheese as there are varieties. Fresh cheeses tend to be very mild in flavor, though some are tangy if significantly cultured before curdling. On the other hand, aged cheeses develop a wide range of flavors and aromas from the microbial breakdown of nutrients. Initially, proteins are broken down into amino acids, which all have their own flavor profiles. Over time, these amino acids are then broken down into strong-smelling amines, and eventually even smaller, diverse flavor molecules. A similar process takes place with fats, and low-fat cheeses tend to be less flavorful and aromatic.

Selection and storage
Each variety of cheese will have its own individual criteria for selection. Storage-wise, the shelf life of cheeses is highly variable—low-moisture and long-aged cheeses keep on the order of weeks, while soft and fresh cheeses may only keep for a few days. No matter what, cheese should be stored in the fridge, well-wrapped to prevent moisture loss.

Use
Cheese is both eaten plain and incorporated into a variety of cooked preparations, where it provides salt, fat, and a lot of flavor. When serving aged cheese plain, make sure it has fully come to room temperature before eating—this allows for optimal flavor and texture. It pairs well in a cheese plate with fruits, nuts, and preserves. When cooking cheese, use the lowest possible heat to prevent undesirable stringiness and curdling. If incorporating it into a sauce, adding starch (such as flour) helps it properly incorporate; a small amount of sodium citrate can also keep it from separating.

Substitution
Different kinds of cheese in the same class can often be substituted for each other. For example, parmesan and pecorino make reasonable substitutes for each other if one is not available. In addition to traditional dairy-based cheeses, there are also non-dairy cheese facsimiles.

title: Cookbook:Cheese


text:
Van Dwelling/Conversion Diaries/1983 Chevy Diesel SuperVan (G20)

In this section, I'm going to describe how I converted my 1983 Chevy diesel SuperVan (G20) into a vandwelling. I bought the van for $800.00 from AAA Upholstery in Raleigh, NC.

To Do:
 * 1) Clean interior
 * 2) Replace tires
 * 3) Paint body
 * 4) Replace rear fender
 * 5) Repair air conditioning
 * 6) Paint interior
 * 7) Install Flooring
 * 8) Build cooking module
 * 9) Build bed
 * 10) Build bath module
 * 11) Install 4X4
 * 12) Install poptop
 * 13) Repair front driver's side window
 * 14) Repair rear door lock
 * 15) Repair window rollers
 * 16) Install window tinting
 * 17) Install shatterguard
 * 18) Install autogen generator
 * 19) Install water tanks
 * 20) Build toilet module


text:
Voter's Guide/Australia

The next election in Australia will be the 2007 Legislative election, which elects representatives for the two houses, House of Representatives and the Senate.

Here are some of the issues that have been important:

 * Aged Care
 * Environment
 * Education
 * National Security
 * Truth in Government
 * Economy
 * Medicare and Bulk-Billing

Here are some of the parties in Australia and information on them:
 * Liberals
 * Labor
 * Greens
 * Democrats
 * Citizens Electoral Council
 * Family First
 * One Nation

Here are the leaders of the parties in the Federal Parliament:

 * John Howard (Liberal Party of Australia)
 * Kevin Rudd (Australian Labor Party)
 * Mark Vaile (National Party of Australia)
 * Bob Brown (Australian Greens)
 * Lyn Allison (Australian Democrats)
 * Steve Fielding (Family First Party)

title: Voter's Guide/Australia


text:
Voter's Guide/Australia/Issue Guide/Aged Care

Aged care emerged as an issue in the 2004 election in Australia when Opposition Leader Mark Latham announced and costed a policy for aged care, which was for the Government to take care of people over 75.

This has become an issue because the baby-boomers (the generation born from 1942 to 1967) will be in the senior age group, some of them in the next four years.

The policy for aged care included both public and private hospital care, as well as care for the elderly at home.

The person responsible for such a policy is the Minister for Health and the Minister for Aged Care.


text:
Voter's Guide/Australia/Issue Guide/Education

Education was early an important issue in the 2004 Australian legislative election, when in January 2004, John Howard said, in effect, that there were no values in the public schools.

This invited backlash from schools and families, particularly those who go to Government schools.

Teachers of all education levels had strikes all through 2004.

The issue of how much funding to give non-Government schools heated up significantly during the election campaign. Mark Latham announced in the television debate that he would cut or freeze funding from non-Government schools like Kings' in Sydney that are in the SES 1 bracket of Government Funding to schools.

Higher education was important in the campaign too. The Liberals announced that they would fund students who took up a trade, and that they would build new technical schools of excellence. Labor said, however, that they would reduce the 25% HECS on university students, and create 12,000 TAFE and university places.


text:
Voter's Guide/Australia/Issue Guide/Truth in Government

Truth in Government has been an ongoing issue ever since on August 29, John Howard announced that the 2004 election would be based on trust.

The Australian electorate tends to be very cynical about its politicians and the things they do, especially when it comes to keeping promises.

Forty-three former diplomats sent a petition to the Prime Minister about the war in Iraq. They felt that the Prime Minister was getting bad advice and making decisions which affected the issue of Truth in Government.


text:
Voter's Guide/Australia/Issue Guide/Environment

Environment is an issue in the 2004 legislative election of Australia.


text:
Voter's Guide/Australia/Issue Guide/National Security

National security is an issue in the 2004 election on several fronts: Australia's own borders, South-East Asia and the Middle East.

National security decisions are often, but not always, connected to the national interest.

The person who is responsible for taking National Security decisions is the Foreign Minister, with advice from the Prime Minister, public servants and diplomats who know the regions concerned well.


text:
Voter's Guide/Australia/Issue Guide/Economy

Economy is an issue in the 2004 election.

The person responsible for the economy is the Treasurer, who makes a budget every year in May.


text:
Voter's Guide/Australia/Issue Guide/Medicare and Bulk-Billing

Medicare, Australia's universal health insurance system, became an issue in 2004, particularly when combined with the increasing scarceness of bulk-billing.


text:
User talk:Alsocal

Hello Alsocal, welcome to Wikibooks! I say you moved Atkins Friendly Tiramisu to the cookbook namespace. Thank you, but in the future, please use the Move tab at the top of the page to rename modules. This preserves the page history, a requirement of the GFDL.

Thank you, and keep contributing. Gentgeen 05:01, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I totally forgot about the move feature.

Ada pages.
Hello,

thank you for adding a back link to one of our pages. Only we do have navigation templates (Template:Ada/Navigation 1, Template:Ada/Navigation 2, etc.) which realy should be used. See Talk:Ada Programming/Contributing for details.

Thank you

Martin

Visual Basic Classic
I see you edited some of the VB6 book a while ago. If you feel inclined to do some more work please do. The book needs exercises, introductory stuff, etc. --kwhitefoot 10:01, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Red Cross Fudge
What was wrong with my formatting (tables)? I thought it made the recipe more readable. Did I violate a wikibook policy? Rsduhamel 18:28, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

World History
Thanks, Alsocal! I'd love your help, though I would like your concurrence that the AP World History Standard is superior to the California Standard (the standard used by the American state of California as the base curriculum for World History classes at the secondary level). As you may gather from my talk page, a few months back I joined and "saved" it, as you say. However, someone eventually returned and demanded that the California standard be reinstated (they never contacted me directly, only Karl Wick, our de facto supervisor and head honcho). On his/her behalf, Karl asked me to reinstate the California Standard or develop seperate projects based on the two, which I objected to. Apparently this person claimed that they had a group of "experts" who wanted to help, but only under the California standard. At this time, I became busy with issues in my life and left for a period. Upon my return in late January 2005, I discovered that since my last contact with Karl, only a single minor edit had been made to the textbook in my elapsed period, so I guess this person was just making it up, as I suspected. However, if you are this person I'd love to work with you! Contact me at your leisure, --Naryathegreat 02:06, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

There is a seperate textbook at COSTP World History Project based on the California standard, but it was created by Karl and has not had a single sentence of content since its creation almost two months ago. As to the overlap- I don't really think so. Anyway the difference is more philosophical than practical- honestly I don't think the California standard is anywhere near specific enough and almost 50% of the non-Western stuff is not even outlined,so I think it's silly not to put all our effort into the AP one- and I don't mean to focus on AP format, I just thought that many people who might eventually use the book would be AP teachers and maybe if they wanted to use it with their students that they would want an overview of the AP Exam. Anyway, does this mean you would like to contribute? I'd love to point out a place to start or you can just dive right in (that's what I would do-but it's up to you of course). Hope you join me!--Naryathegreat 23:40, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Great! I've got one thing to ask you- do you want to be added to the World History/The "Staff" page? I don't want you to be a proofreader or something boring, because frankly I know I've put a bunch of typos in, I read them a lot, I just think we should get articles in. So what do you want to do? History's fun, but I must ask that you don't just reword from Wikipedia, if you have a book (or reliable website) about a topic you like, go right ahead! I personnally would like you to work on medieval European history, because I abhor it (It'd probably be the last thing I'd write). Anything you'd like to do is fine!--Naryathegreat 23:14, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Using History of the United States
I've started the Interwar Years chapter. As some of the content on the abovementioned book is relevant, is it OK to copy it in or at least summarise it? (in particular the wall st crash, New Deal etc.) We've studied this extensiely at school so I know a bit about this area anyway. Thanks Charlie123 12:28, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Recipe navigation template
Hi, when you're adding navigation to a recipe, please use the template. This will add the main Cookbook link, a link to the recipe index, and include the recipe in the "Recipes" category (a primitive attempt at getting a recipe index). Kellen 20:40, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Deleting
--Derbeth talk 12:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

The Wealthy Barber
You previously contributed to The Wealthy Barber (a typo correction at The Wealthy Barber: A Surprising Referral). This book has been suggested for deletion. You might want to see the discussion at Votes for deletion. --JMRyan 10:18, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alsocal


text:
User:Sjc~enwikibooks

mail: sjc2000_uk@yahoo.removethistopreventspam.com

Works of Norse Mythology
Hávamál: The Words of the High One, translated and annotated

Historical Theory
An Introduction to the Study of History User:Sjc/Work in Progress

Computing Topics
An Introduction to Java JDBC using SqLite

title: User:Sjc~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Albanian Fried Meatballs

| Cuisine of Albania | Meat Recipes

Fried meatballs (qofte të fërguara) is an Albanian dish.

Ingredients

 * 1 slice stale bread
 * 1 lb ground meat
 * 1 small onion, finely-grated
 * 2 tablespoons chopped feta cheese
 * 2 tablespoons bread crumbs
 * 2 tablespoons oil or melted butter
 * 1 tablespoon chopped parsley
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Mint
 * Oregano
 * 1 cup flour
 * 1 cup oil (olive oil recommended)

Procedure

 * 1) Soak bread in water and squeeze hard to drain.
 * 2) Combine soaked bread, ground meat, bread crumbs, oil or melted butter, onion, cheese, parsley, salt, pepper, and mint, and mix thoroughly.
 * 3) Form mixture into 1 inch-thick patties, then sprinkle with salt, pepper, and oregano.
 * 4) Roll in flour and fry in hot oil.
 * 5) Serve hot with French fries or mashed potatoes.

title: Cookbook:Albanian Fried Meatballs


text:
Cookbook talk:Albanian Fried Meatballs

This module was originaly published in the Wikipedia article Fried meatballs (which may have been deleted there). The page history at the time the text was copied is included below.

* (cur) (last) 13:34, 27 Dec 2003 Moink (vfd) * (cur) (last) 22:18, 1 Oct 2003 Dysprosia m (intro) * (cur) (last) 22:05, 1 Oct 2003 Hephaestos m (fmt.) * (cur) (last) 22:04, 1 Oct 2003 Dori (new, needs editing)

title: Cookbook talk:Albanian Fried Meatballs


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Cookbook talk:Requested Recipes

Incorporating the Open Source Cookbook
I'm going to be adding recipes and such from the Open Source Cookbook. It should add quite a bit to the Wikibook.--Alsocal 07:28, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Glazed Sweet Potatoes
I have finished that recipe. So I removed it from the list. Mr. C.C. 03:42, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Lobster Thermidor
I added this recipe to the Northeastern American cookbook -- it has been subsequently been removed from the list of requested recipes. Sarah Murray 16:25 3 August 2006 (PST)

Jewish cuisine?
Why isn't there a category? It's an ethnic cuisine like any other. --204.246.229.240 15:25, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * There is Cookbook:Cuisine of Israel, as well as Category:Israeli recipes, Category:Jewish recipes, Category:Yiddish recipes. If you think we need a page describing how Jewish cuisine differs from Israeli cuisine (e.g. through European and American influences) then be bold and create it. Webaware talk 02:33, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Requesting recipes
If one wishes to request a recipe, does one simply edit the list here? Jade Knight 10:39, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. Webaware talk 08:40, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Shouldn't be classified as a recipe
This page is classified as a recipe, which it should not be. —Kri (discuss • contribs) 13:09, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

Pocky sticks? Really?
They're just biscuit sticks dipped and dried in chocolate or other sauces. There are any number of recipes for biscuit sticks and anyway, why is a trademarked snack listed as a recipe request? Might as well include a recipe request for Snickers. 199.116.169.72 (discuss)

title: Cookbook talk:Requested Recipes


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Cookbook:Tiramisù

| Desserts | Italian Cuisine

Tiramisù means "cheer me up" in Italian and aptly describes this dessert traditionally made from savoiardi or ladyfingers or sponge cake, espresso coffee, mascarpone cheese, egg whites, yolk and sugar. The biscuits are sprinkled with strong coffee, and then embedded in a thick rich custard.

Ingredients

 * 4 egg whites
 * 2 egg yolks
 * 100 g (½ cup) white granulated sugar
 * 500 g (2 ½ cups) mascarpone cheese
 * 4 small coffee cups espresso coffee
 * 400 g of lady fingers (savoiardi) (or sponge cake)
 * Unsweetened cocoa powder

Procedure

 * 1) Make espresso coffee, and let it cool a bit.
 * 2) Separate the egg yolks and the whites of two eggs in two bowls.
 * 3) Beat sugar into the egg yolks.
 * 4) Beat the mascarpone into the sweetened yolks.
 * 5) Add two more egg whites to the other two and whip until they form stiff peaks.
 * 6) Gently fold egg whites into mascarpone mixture.
 * 7) Quickly dip both sides of the ladyfingers in the espresso.
 * 8) Layer soaked ladyfingers and mascarpone in a large bowl or pan (start with fingers, finish with mascarpone).
 * 9) Refrigerate for one hour or two.
 * 10) Sprinkle unsweetened cocoa powder on top just before to serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Savoiardi are the traditional biscuits used with this recipe, rather than ladyfingers. Sponge cake can also be used.
 * Is common but not in original recipe use marsala wine (or brandy or cognac)or Amaretto di sarono with the coffee.
 * Cream can be used as an alternative to Mascarpone cheese. Whip ¾–1 pint of double cream until stiff peaks form, then add the sugar and continue from step 2.
 * Full-fat spread cheese can be used as an alternative to mascarpone; add some cream to taste.
 * There is also an Atkins friendly recipe.

Warnings

 * The raw eggs in this recipe are not heated as part of the recipe. Using already pasteurized eggs, or pasteurizing the eggs while following the recipe, may help avoid health hazards like salmonella.
 * In this recipe the term "ladyfingers" refers to a kind of biscuit or cake, not to okra.
 * Whether thickening with egg whites or cream, ensure it is stiff before adding to the other ingredients; if it is not stiff, the tiramisu will not set properly.

Kochbuch/ Tiramisù Artes culinarias/Recetas/Tiramisú Livre_de_cuisine/Tiramisu Libro_di_cucina/Ricette/Tiramis%C3%B9 Kookboek/Tiramisu Książka kucharska/Tiramisu

title: Cookbook:Tiramisù


text:
Van Dwelling/Van Pictures/1990 Nissan Sentra 2 door sedan

For about six months, I lived out of a 1990 Nissan Sentra 2 door sedan

To create enough space in the rear area (passenger seats and trunk) that I could lie down with my legs outstretched, I remove the rear seat and back rest, as well as a particleboard wall separating the passenger area and the trunk. From a foam shop in Palo Alto, I bought a 5 x 8 sheet of 3 in. polyurethane foam, which I cut to (roughly) fit the trunk and seat area.

I had the rear side windows, and rear window tinted as dark as possible (95% light blocked). A casual observer could not see in, if you didn't have a light on, and they weren't close to the vehicle.

To hide my sleeping self from prying eyes, I bought a blue window curtain from Walmart. I took the curtain to a seamstress. She doubled it up, thereby making it opaque, as well as shortening it enough so that it hung just below the seats. I hung the curtain from a spring tensioned shower rod placed just behind the back seats. The curtain and rod could be removed quickly if I didn't want to make it appear that I was living in the car.


text:
Cookbook talk:Tiramisù

To Do

 * Links need to be editted.
 * Needs to become more recipe like.
 * I edited the recipe and made it fit the template. It now looks like a recipe, but some of the amounts are missing.  If anybody knows some approximate ingredients measurements, please add them.  liblamb 21:35, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I had tried to edit it, and I came back to check on it, and it was changed back to the original. Not sure why, but alright?- Melissa Portland, OR

 * Your edit was reverted because you have added what appears to be vandalism to several pages. Please explain yourself on your talk page. Kellen T 01:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Not the original recipe.
While this is a very common version of the dish, the original did not include alcohol of any kind. I have made an edit to say this.Djkrysa (discuss • contribs) 17:40, 15 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I didn't notice that this is mentioned in the introduction. Chocolate powder,however is in the original recipe. http://www.tiramesu.it/?ricetta_originale Djkrysa (discuss • contribs) 17:59, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Tiramisù


text:
Cookbook:Oregano

Oregano is a herb that is found in both Mediterranean and Mexican cuisine. The leaves are used either fresh or dried, but the taste is stronger in the dried herb. The Mediterranean variety is mild in flavor, whereas its Mexican counterpart has a more earthly taste. It can be used with anything that has tomato and in salads, and is frequently used in pizza toppings and guacamole.

Oregano is very similar to marjoram, another herb from the same family, and is sometimes called wild marjoram or pot marjoram. Oregano is stronger in flavor than marjoram, and marjoram is sweeter.

Oregano is often used in combination with basil in Mediterranean cuisine.

Kookboek/Oregano

title: Cookbook:Oregano