text:
Radiation Oncology/Breast/Inflammatory

Epidemiology

 * <5% of breast cancer cases
 * Rate 1.3 per 100,000 (black highest at 1.6, Pacific Islanders lowest at 0.7)
 * Stage: Regional 70%, Distant 25%
 * Risk: premenopausal women, high BMI (>26.6)

 * CDC, 2004 (1994-1998) PMID 15090727 -- "Population-based statistics for women diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer (United States)." (Wingo PA, Cancer Causes Control. 2004 Apr;15(3):321-8.)

Diagnosis

 * Clinical (classic signs of inflammation): warmth, edema (peau d'orange), erythema
 * Pathological: presence of tumor emboli in dermal lymphatics
 * Often no palpable mass (~50%)
 * Often develops <3 months
 * Haagensen's grave signs (more info)
 * Skin ulceration
 * Fixation of tumor to the chest wall
 * Edema of < 1/3rd of the skin of breast
 * Axillary nodes > 2.5 cm in diameter
 * Presence of fixed axillary nodes
 * Haagensen's signs of very poor outcome
 * Extensive skin edema ( >50% skin involved)
 * Satellite skin nodules
 * Inflammatory type of cancer
 * Clinically involved SCF and Internal Mammary nodes
 * Edema of arms
 * Presence of any TWO grave signs given above.

Histology

 * Most poorly differentiated ductal
 * Most ER- / PR-

Treatment Overview

 * Surgery alone poor results: median OS <20 months, 5-year OS <5%
 * Surgery + RT also poor results: median OS ~24 months, 5-year OS 5-10%
 * As a result, surgery became contra-indicated in IBC (minimal benefit, more morbidity)
 * RT alone resulted in a similarly dismal prognosis: 50% local control, but 5-year OS 10% (MD Anderson). Hyperfractionated RT appeared better in a small pilot study at MDACC, with local control improving 54% to 73%
 * Gustave Roussy established by 1985 that chemo + RT (AVM or AVCMF) is superior to RT alone
 * Washington University and MD Anderson demonstrated in mid-1990s that addition of mastectomy to CRT improves local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival. CR status was predictive of DFS and OS. However, mastectomy benefit on DFS and OS may be limited only to patients who have complete response after induction CRT
 * Some trials suggest that high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant may result in improved outcomes; however, randomized evidence is lacking and interest in stem cell transplant for breast cancer seems to have dissipated
 * MD Anderson data suggest superiority of 66 Gy in BID fractionation
 * An algorithm for management based on PMID 16154355 and PMID 14580242 (see review section below):
 * Clinical diagnosis -> Biopsy proven CA -> Metastatic staging
 * Neoadjuvant chemo (anthracycline-based or anthracycline/taxane combination)
 * If clinical response, then local therapy with either mastectomy + PMRT or primary RT
 * Benefit of mastectomy after CR is not completely clear due to retrospective nature of most studies
 * If mastectomy, then consider more adjuvant chemo, and then follow with PMRT (standard PMRT or could consider MD Anderson schedule)
 * Because of high rates of relapse, consider consolidative chemotherapy with antracycline or taxane
 * If ER+/PR+, should give 5 years of tamoxifen or anastrazole
 * If no clinical response and operable, mastectomy+ALND; then possibly more adjuvant chemo; followed by PMRT
 * If no clinical response and not operable, then RT. If still no response, can consider changing to hyperfractionated MD Anderson regimen (1.5 Gy BID to 66 Gy)

Tri-modality

 * British Columbia, 2005 (1980-2000) PMID 15774787 -- "Evolving treatment strategies for inflammatory breast cancer: a population-based survival analysis." (Panades M, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 20;23(9):1941-50.)
 * Retrospective. 485 patients. RT 98% tangents + SC + axilla, 80% 36/14 - 50/20 Gy, 20% 40/20-60/30 Gy. CT AC/MF or FAC. Median F/U 6.5 years
 * BCSS: DM+ 1.0 years, DM- 3.2 years. Most failures during first 3 years, survival curve almost flat 3-10 years
 * 10-year OS: intensive chemo 44% vs. normal chemo 26% (SS)
 * 10-year LRFS: CR, no mastectomy 34%, mastectomy + CRT 59%, CRT + mastectomy 63% (SS)
 * Prognostic factors: menopause, ER status, chemo type
 * Conclusion: Mastectomy with CRT improves local control, modern intensive chemo improves breast cancer specific survival

 * Florida, 2004 (1982-2001) PMID 14983486 -- "Inflammatory breast carcinoma: outcomes with trimodality therapy for nonmetastatic disease." (Liauw SL, Cancer. 2004 Mar 1;100(5):920-8.)
 * Retrospective. 61 patients. Neoadjuvant chemo (n=43), initial surgery (n=18), all RT with curative intent (20 patients <60 Gy). Some concurrent chemo-RT (n=27). 91% trimodality therapy. Median F/U 14 years
 * Outcome: LRC 78%, DM 55%, BCA-specific OS 47% at 5 years
 * Predictors of survival: size <4cm, age >55 years, RT dose >=60 Gy
 * Conclusion: Multimodality effective

 * NCI, 2004 (1980-1988) PMID 15483018 -- "Long-term follow-up for locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer patients treated with multimodality therapy." (Low JA, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Oct 15;22(20):4067-74.)
 * Retrospective. 107 patients with Stage III BCA (46 inflammatory) prospectively treated on protocol. Initial chemo (CAFM), if pCR then PMRT concurrent with CAF chemo and conjugated hormones; if pPR then mastectomy/ALND and PMRT concurrent with CAF chemo and conjugated hormones. Median F/U 16.8 years
 * Median OS: inflammatory 3.8 years vs. IIIA 12.2 years vs. IIIB 9.0 years; 15-year OS: 20% vs. 50% vs. 23%
 * Pathologic CR not associated with improved survival

 * M.D. Anderson
 * 1997 PMID 9225950 -- "Combined-modality treatment of inflammatory breast carcinoma: twenty years of experience at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center." (Ueno NT, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1997;40(4):321-9.)
 * Retrospective. 178 patients treated under 4 different protocols.
 * 15-year DFS: overall 28%. After induction: CR 44% vs. PR 31% vs. SD/PD 7% vs. single modality <5%
 * Recurrence patterns: 20% local, 40% systemic, 10% CNS
 * Role of mastectomy: no impact on DFS or OS
 * Conclusion: recommend chemotherapy -> mastectomy -> chemotherapy and RT
 * 1997 (1974-1993) PMID 9309333 -- "Effectiveness of mastectomy by response to induction chemotherapy for control in inflammatory breast carcinoma." (Fleming RY, Ann Surg Oncol. 1997 Sep;4(6):452-61.)
 * Retrospective. 178 patients. Median F/U 7.4 years
 * Conclusion: Addition of mastectomy to CRT improved local control. In complete responders to CRT, mastectomy improved DFS, and OS
 * 1995 PMID 8535907 — "Combined modality treatment of stage III and inflammatory breast cancer. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience." Buzdar AU et al. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1995 Oct;4(4):715-34.
 * Retrospective. 178 pts with inflammatory breast cancer. 30% of pts were free of disease after 10 years.
 * 1990 (1974-1986) PMID 2249339 -- "Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast: results of a combined-modality approach--M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience." (Koh EH, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;27(2):94-100.)
 * Retrospective. 106 patients. Group A) FAC + RT (1974-1977), Group B) FAC + surgery + chemo + adjuvant RT (1978-1981), Group C) FAC+vincristine+prednisone + surgery + chemo + adjuvant RT (1982-1986). Median F/U 56 months (if alive - 141, 111, 49)
 * RT: Group A) 51 Gy in BID, 4 fields + 20 Gy boost to 71 Gy, Group B) 45/30 + 15 Gy boost
 * 5-year OS: Chemo-RT 37% vs. chemo-surgery-RT 30% vs. chemo-surgery-RT 48% (NS)
 * 5-year DFS: complete response 70% vs. partial response 35%; 5-year LRC: CR 89% vs. PR 68%. Most local failures in CW, and in patients who did not achieve brisk erythema/moist desquammation
 * Role of mastectomy: comparable LR as RT alone, but fewer side effects from high dose RT
 * Conclusion: combined modality improves survival. BID RT better tolerated

 * Washington U, 1994 PMID 8004622 -- "Management of locally advanced carcinoma of the breast. II. Inflammatory carcinoma." (Perez CA, Cancer. 1994 Jul 1;74(1 Suppl):466-76.)
 * Retrospective. 179 patients. 33 RT alone, 35 RT + CT, 25 RT + surgery, 86 RT + CT + surgery
 * 5-year DFS: trimodality 40% vs. RT + surgery 24% vs. 6% RT alone/CRT; 10-year DFS 35% vs. 24% vs. 0%
 * Local control: trimodality 79% vs. RT + surgery 76% vs. 30% RT alone/CRT; DM: 57% vs. 60% vs. 85%
 * Morbidity: 10% vs. 3%, considered acceptable
 * Conclusion: Addition of mastectomy significantly improved LR, DFS, CSS. Chemotherapy improved DM, DFS, CSS

Chemotherapy + RT

 * Gustave Roussy (France)
 * 1990 PMID 2207344 -- "Therapeutic strategies in inflammatory breast carcinoma based on prognostic factors." (Rouesse J, Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1990 Jul;16(1):15-22.)
 * Prospective protocols. 210 patients. Protocol A (1976-1980): AVM x3 + RT (45 Gy breast/nodes + 20-25 Gy boost) + VCF maintenance, Protocol B (1980-1982): AVCMF x3 + RT as above, Protocol C (1983-1985) AVM + RT + VCF. Hormonal therapy for everyone
 * Groups B&C comparable, and better than group A
 * 1986 PMID 3783202 -- "Primary chemotherapy in the treatment of inflammatory breast carcinoma: a study of 230 cases from the Institut Gustave-Roussy." (Rouesse J, J Clin Oncol. 1986 Dec;4(12):1765-71.)
 * Prospective protocols. 230 patients. Group C (1973-1975) 60 patients RT alone (45 Gy + 20-30 Gy boost); Group A (1976-1980) 91 patients: AVM + RT + VCF maintenance; Group B (1980-1982) 79 patients AVCMF + RT + VCF maintenance. Hormonal therapy for everyone.
 * 4-year OS: RT alone 42% vs. AVM 53% vs. AVCMF 74% (SS); DFS 15% vs. 32% vs. 54% (SS)
 * Conclusion: Chemo adds highly significant benefit for both DFS and OS over RT alone

Radiation Alone

 * MD Anderson, 1976 (1948-1970) PMID 959534 -- "Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast." (Barker JL, Radiology. 1976 Oct;121(1):173-6.)
 * Retrospective. 86 patients treated with RT alone ("long protracted irradiation with a strong skin reaction").
 * Outcome: local control 50%; 5-year OS 10%

Hyperfractionation

 * MD Anderson
 * 2008 (1977-2004) PMID 18439768 -- "Locoregional treatment outcomes after multimodality management of inflammatory breast cancer." Bristol IJ et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Oct 1;72(2):474-84.
 * 256 pts. Univariate factors significantly associated with locoregional control in the patients who completed plan treatment were response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical margin status, number of involved lymph nodes, and use of taxanes. Increasing the total chest-wall dose of postmastectomy radiation from 60 Gy to 66 Gy significantly improved locoregional control for patients who experienced less than a partial response to chemotherapy, patients with positive, close, or unknown margins, and patients <45 years of age.
 * For patients who experienced a clinical CR or PR, the dose of postmastectomy radiation did not have a statistically significant impact on LRC (5-yr LRC 85% for 60 Gy and 91% for 66 Gy).
 * For patients with < PR, LRC 70% for 66 Gy vs 32% for 60 Gy.
 * 2000 (1977-93) PMID 10889372 — "Locoregional irradiation for inflammatory breast cancer: effectiveness of dose escalation in decreasing recurrence." Liao Z et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jul 15;47(5):1191-1200.
 * Retrospective. Pts received neoadjuvant chemo, mastectomy, adjuvant chemo and adjuvant RT. Old series (1977-81), 1.5 Gy BID to 45 Gy plus 15 Gy boost = 60 Gy. New series: 1.5 Gy BID to 51 Gy to CW and axilla, followed by 15 Gy boost in 10 fractions BID = 66 Gy.
 * Median f/u 5.7 yrs. 5-yr and 10-yr LC 73% and 67%, DFS 32% and 28.8%, OS 40.5% and 31.3%.
 * BID to 60 Gy vs BID to 66 Gy: LRC 57.8% vs 84.3% at 5 yrs and 57.8% and 77% at 10 yrs.
 * Conclusion: twice-daily postmastectomy RT to 66 Gy resulted in improved locoregional control compared to a dose of 60 Gy.
 * 1980 (1948-1972) PMID 6766788 -- "Clinical experience with irradiation of inflammatory carcinoma of the breast with and without elective chemotherapy." (Barker JL, Cancer. 1980 Feb 15;45(4):625-9.)
 * Retrospective. 69 patients treated with RT alone. 11 patients treated with BID fractionation to 66-74 Gy
 * Locoregional failure: QD RT 46% vs. BID RT 27%

 * Mayo, 1992 (1983-1987) PMID 1524037 -- "Inflammatory breast cancer: integration of irradiation, surgery, and chemotherapy." (Pisansky TM, Am J Clin Oncol. 1992 Oct;15(5):376-87.)
 * Retrospective. 36 patients treated with tri-modality approach. RT given 50.4 Gy QD or 44.2 Gy BID. Median F/U 2.5 years (5 years in survivors)
 * 5-year outcome: RFS 24%, OS 34%
 * Isolated locoregional recurrence: overall 19%; QD RT 28% vs. BID RT 8%

Breast Preservation

 * MCV/NEMC 1999 (1983-1996) PMID 10760421 -- "Accelerated superfractionated radiotherapy for inflammatory breast carcinoma: complete response predicts outcome and allows for breast conservation." (Arthur DW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 May 1;44(2):289-96.)
 * Retrospective. 52 patients at 2 centers. Induction chemo + RT 66 in 1.5 Gy/fx BID + consolidative chemo. Mastectomy reserved as salvage. Median F/U 2 years
 * Breast preservation 74%. 10 patients underwent mastectomy.
 * 5-year OS: CR 68% vs. incomplete response 14%; overall 33%
 * Conclusion: in complete responders, can defer mastectomy to preserve breast

Stem Cell Transplant

 * Marseille (France)
 * PEGASE 07 -- Ongoing
 * Phase III. EC x4 cycles + surgery +/- docetaxol

 * 2004 (1976-2000) PMID 15004544 -- "Multivariate analysis of survival in inflammatory breast cancer: impact of intensity of chemotherapy in multimodality treatment." (Bertucci F, Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004 May;33(9):913-20.)
 * Retrospective. 74 women, nonmetastatic IBC, 20 conventional vs. 54 high-dose + SCT, 84% mastectomy, 95% RT, 55% tamoxifen. Median F/U 4 years
 * Response pCR: normal dose 17% vs. high dose 26% (NS)
 * 5-year OS: normal dose 18% vs. high dose 50%
 * Conclusion: Suggests role for high dose with stem cell transplant

 * PEGASE 05 ASCO Abstract -- "Five years update of sequential high dose doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and docetaxel in inflammatory breast cancer; PEGAGE05 trial on behalf of FNLCC." (Palangie T, ASCO 2006, #10773)
 * Phase II. 54 patients - closed early due to toxicity. 4 cycles of high dose chemo (as PEGASE 2 + docetaxel)
 * Interim analysis showed comparable survival as PEGASE 2, with 2 treatment-related deaths, so closed early
 * 5-year: DFS 42% and OS 60% (appears better than PEGASE 02)

 * PEGASE 02 PMID 10507769 -- "First-line high-dose sequential chemotherapy with rG-CSF and repeated blood stem cell transplantation in untreated inflammatory breast cancer: toxicity and response (PEGASE 02 trial). (Viens P, Br J Cancer. 1999 Oct;81(3):449-56.)
 * Phase II. 100 patients, 4 cycles high dose chemo (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/5-FU) + stem cell transplant + mastectomy + RT
 * Mastectomy in 86%; clinical response 90%, pathologic response 32%
 * 5-year: DFS 33% and OS 50%
 * Conclusion: high dose chemo + stem cell transplant feasible with acceptable toxicity

 * Washington U, 1999 (1989-1997) PMID 10561251 -- "Outcomes of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation in stage IIIB inflammatory breast cancer." (Adkins D, J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jul;17(7):2006-14.)
 * Restrospective. 47 patients. Neoadjuvant 13 patients, adjuvant 14 patients, both 20 patients. 41 patients RT. Tamoxifen if ER+. Mean F/U 2.5 years
 * 4-year OS: 52%; 36% recurrent BCA
 * Toxicity: 2 deaths (4%)
 * Conclusion: high dose chemo compares favorably with other series

Prognostic factors

 * M.D. Anderson (1987-2001), 2006 - pCR of axillary LN after chemo
 * PMID 16444747 — "Disease-free and overall survival after pathologic complete disease remission of cytologically proven inflammatory breast carcinoma axillary lymph node metastases after primary systemic chemotherapy." Hennessy BT et al. Cancer. 2006 Mar 1;106(5):1000-6.
 * Pts treated with preoperative chemo, mastectomy, and post-op RT. Of 61 pts with confirmed LN+, 14 had pCR of LN after chemotherapy. 5-yr OS and RFS of these pts was 82.5 and 78.6% vs 37.1 and 25.4% for those without a pCR

Review

 * MD Anderson, 2005 PMID 16761358 -- "Inflammatory breast cancer: current concepts in local management." (Bristol IJ, Breast Dis. 2005-2006;22:75-83.)

 * Cambridge University, 2005 PMID 16154355 -- "Inflammatory" breast cancer." (Cariati M, Surg Oncol. 2005 Nov;14(3):133-43.)

 * MD Anderson, 2003 PMID 14580242 -- "Inflammatory breast cancer: clinical progress and the main problems that must be addressed." (Giordano SH, Breast Cancer Res. 2003;5(6):284-8.); MD Anderson Cancer Center

title: Radiation Oncology/Breast/Inflammatory


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Small Fruit Growing

1. What are the soil requirements for growing bramble berries, strawberries, grapes, and blueberries?

 * Bramble Berries: These include blackberries and raspberries. Brambles require loamy soil with a lot of organic matter mixed in with it.  They will not tolerate sandy soil, or heavy soil that leaves moisture standing on the roots.  A heavy layer of mulch will help the soil retain water and keep weeds down.
 * Strawberries: Strawberries need well-worked soil with good drainage and plenty of organic material mixed in with it.
 * Grapes: Grapes require fertile, well-drained soil. It should be mixed with plenty of compost, but be careful to not over-fertilize.
 * Blueberries: Blueberries require soil that is well-drained and porous. It should also have lots of organic material in it, and it should be acidic with a pH between 4.5 and 5.5.  A heavy layer of mulch will help the soil retain water and keep weeds down.

a. Variety selection
The main thing to consider when selecting a variety is whether it is well-suited to the climate in which it will grow. Check that the variety will grow in your hardiness zone. The hardiness zone is a number from 1 to 11, with 1 indicating a cold climate, and 11 indicating a warm one. Many seed packages and seed catalogs have a map showing the hardiness zones. Make sure the variety of plant you select is suited for your zone number or higher.

The next thing to consider is the area you intend to plant the variety. Some are more suited to shade, and others require lots of sun. Varieties are also suited to different soil pH (which you can control). Finally, you should consider other factors, such as fruit size, yield, thornless stems, when the fruit is expected to ripen etc. It is also a good idea to plant multiple varieties. This can improve disease resistance and stagger the harvest times.

Blackberries and Raspberries
Blackberries and raspberries produces canes that live for two years. A first year cane is called a primocane and a second year cane is called a florocane. In most varieties, only the florocanes produce fruit. Once they produce fruit, they die. Florocanes should be pruned to the soil line as soon as they are harvested to eliminate an important path to disease. Primocanes should be pruned in to a height of 18-20 inches (45–50 cm). This will cause them to send out branches which will bear more fruit. The branches should be pruned to a length of about 12 inches (30 cm).

Blueberries
Blueberries should not be pruned for the first three years. After that, you should prune every year during the dormant period, removing any of the lower branches that look weak or are less than six inches (15 cm) long. Remove any branches longer than two inches (5 cm) in diameter (small branches bear larger fruit), and remove a portion of the branches in the center of the plant to allow sunlight to penetrate. Ideally, you should have about twelve canes per plant, and these should be of different ages.

Strawberries
During the first season, remove all blossoms so that the plant puts its energy into building its root system. A healthy strawberry plant will send out runners every year, and these will take root if not dealt with. For large berries, do not let these take root, but prune them off instead. Allow four or five runners to grow into a matted row no wider than 24 inches (60 cm), and trim off any runners that exceed the row boundaries. Berries are harvested during the second and third years. After that, they should be plowed under and new plants should be started.

Grapes
Before planting grapes, you should set up a two-wire trellis. This is simply two wires stretched horizontally, one above the other. The lower wire should be 30 inches (75 cm) from the ground, and the upper should be 60 inches (150 cm) from the ground. The grapes are planted below the wires and all except the best looking cane are removed. The remaining cane should be pruned such that only two buds are left. Don't be afraid to prune grapes - they are vigorous and very forgiving.

During the late winter of the second year, you should again remove all but the best looking canes. If this cane is higher than the top wire, cut it at that height and tie it tautly to the wire. If it is not higher than the top wire, prune it to two buds and tie it to the lower wire. If it is not higher than the lower wire, prune as if it were a first-year cane.

During the late winter of the third year, you should remove all but two of the best canes. Shorten the two remaining canes so that only four buds remain.

During the fourth year and beyond, you should have two canes per wire, each trained to go in a different direction. Remove all other canes, keeping the four that originate close to the trunk, and shortening them to six to eight buds each. Eliminate all other growth.

f. Watering
During the early months of the growing season, the soil should be kept moist, but not soggy. Once the fruit is harvested, the plants should be watered less frequently, but with a good soaking. Remove any furrows or low spots before winter so that water is not allowed to stand around the plant and induce rot.

g. Pest control
When chemical pesticides were first introduced, they were used to the exclusion of all other types of pest control. This had the unfortunate effect of poisoning the environment. In the 1970's this situation was recognized, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques were introduced. Pesticides are still used, but they are a last resort.

When most people think of pests, they think of insects. In small fruit cultivation, this term should be expanded to include weeds, microorganisms, and mites. Pest control depends on the early and correct identification of the pest. The grower can use cultural mechanical, biological, or chemical controls to reduce the effect of pests on small fruit. These methods all rely on constant vigilance by the grower.

Cultural Controls include the selection of disease and pest-resistant cultivars. Crop rotation is another important cultural control, as certain pests feed exclusively on one type of plant. Eliminating the plant from the environment for a year or two will disrupt that cycle. Another important control mechanism is to mulch, water, prune, and fertilize the plants correctly. A healthy plant is better able to defend itself from pests.

Mechanical Controls include covering the plants with netting or setting traps for expected (or observed) pests. Pests can also be removed with vacuums or by hand. Hoeing and cultivating around the plants will help control weeds. It is also important to prune diseased canes or remove infected plants from the crop as soon as possible so that the disease does not spread.

Biological Controls include the introduction of natural predators. For instance, ladybug beetles feast on aphids, and poultry feed on a number of insect pests. Be careful when introducing predators though, that you do not introduce a non-native species which has no natural enemies of its own. This can - and has caused its own form of environmental damage. You can also use commercially available pheromones to disrupt the mating cycle of many insects.

Chemical Controls can be used when all else fails. Selection of a pesticide will depend on the particular pest being combated (which his why proper identification is so important). Sprays are generally more effective than dusts, as nearly all pesticides rely on contact with the pest for their effectiveness. Read the instructions on the chemical containers carefully before using, especially noting whether the chemical is safe to use on food plants. Many times a pesticide will warn against its use for a period of time before harvesting.

h. Harvesting
Taste test a few blueberries and grapes before harvesting. It is difficult to tell if they are fully ripe by the color alone. Blackberries should be completely black before they are picked. Raspberries are ready when the berries separate from the plant easily. Strawberries should be picked daily until they quit producing. They are ripe when less than 25% of the berry is pink or white. Strawberries that are 25% white will be ripe the next day.

Place harvested fruits in small shallow baskets. Deep buckets will cause the berries to become crushed and unmarketable.

3. Name three varieties of each fruit that will grow well in your area.
In North America hardiness zones map can be used as a guideline for categorizing locations suitable for growing a particular annual plant variety. Consult a nursery catalog to select an appropriate cultivar for your area. Many catalogs are available online:
 * Gurney's
 * Nouse Farms
 * Woodstock Nursery

I interpret the "each fruit" phrase of this requirement to be limited to the types listed in requirement 1, namely, brambles, blueberries, strawberries, and grapes.

4. Prune two blueberry bushes, two grape vines, or a ten-foot row of bramble berries at the proper time in the family garden or for a friend or neighbor.
See the section on pruning in requirement 2e for instruction.

5. What is a perishable crop?
A perishable crop is one that must be harvested and used (or preserved) in a timely manner or the produce will spoil. All small fruits fall in this category.

By way of counter-example, a non-perishable crop would include cereals, corn, and cotton.

6. How long can strawberries, bramble berries, blueberries, and grapes be stored?
Once harvested all small fruit should either be used immediately or refrigerated. Small fruit will spoil in less than a day without refrigeration. It is best to refrigerate berries at 30 °F (-1 °C). Berries will not freeze at that temperature because of the sugars inside. It is also crucial to refrigerate at a high humidity; 90-95% RH is ideal. If properly refrigerated, bramble berries will last up to seven days, blueberries up to three weeks, and strawberries up to a month.

Pests affecting all small fruit
The tarnished plant bug (TPB) is one of the most serious pests of small fruits and vegetables in New England. No truly effective or reliable management options currently exist. Growers routinely make 3-5 applications of insecticides each year to control this insect. The cost is $200-$500/acre. Considering the narrow profit margin for today's farmers, these costs are significant. The research being conducted at the Entomology Research Laboratory represents the first step towards developing insect-killing fungi for management of TPB. These pests are active from April or May until the first heavy frost of the year. TPB can be controlled by keeping weeds down.

Bramble Berry Pests
Aphids, also known as greenfly/blackfly or plant lice, are minute plant-feeding insects. Aphids are distributed world-wide, but they are most common in temperate zones. It is possible for aphids to migrate great distances depending on the weather patterns (mainly passive dispersal riding on winds). Look for aphids in late spring and early summer, especially on the underside of the leaves near the tips of the canes. If more than two aphids per cane are found, treat with a pesticide. Aphids overwinter on brambles, so when you prune, be sure to destroy the clippings.

Picnic beetles are small (5–12 mm) ovoid, usually dull-coloured beetles, with knobbed antennae. Some have red or yellow spots or bands. They feed mainly on decaying vegetable matter, over-ripe fruit, and sap. Picnic beetles become active when the temperature rises above 60 °F (15 °C). Cultural controls are effective because these pests live near the ground. Keep berries off the ground and pick them promptly. You can also trap them by placing overripe fruit in buckets away from the plants.

Leafhoppers have piercing sucking mouthparts, they feed on plant sap and can transmit plant viruses. Species that are significant agricultural pests include the potato leafhopper, beet leafhopper, white apple leafhopper, two-spotted leafhopper, and glassy-winged sharpshooter. Leafhoppers migrate into the central and northern US in the spring. Plants should be checked frequently in early summer and if signs of leafhopper are detected, the use of a pesticide is justified.

Blueberry Pests
The Plum curculio is a beetle native to the regions east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. It is notorious for destroying fruits if left uncontrolled. The larvae bore into the blueberries causing them to drop off the plant and reduce the yield. Adults become active in the spring about the time the cultivars begin to bloom. Plum curculio are attracted to fruit trees, so if possible, do not plant blueberries near fruit trees. Otherwise, apply insecticide when the blossoms fall off and again ten days later.

The gypsy moth was introduced into the United States in 1868 by a French scientist, Leopold Trouvelot, living in Medford, Massachusetts, who enjoyed raising many types of caterpillars including silkworms. It is now one of the most notorious pests of hardwood trees in the Eastern United States. The first outbreak there occurred in 1889. By 1987, the gypsy moth had established itself throughout the Northeast USA and southern Quebec and Ontario. When gypsy moths feed on blueberry plants, they eat the leaves and buds. Bud loss leads to fruit loss. The eggs hatch in April or May and the larvae feed on the blueberry plants until early July. The larvae can be removed by hand in May and June, and the egg masses can be scraped from the bushes in the winter.

Strawberry Pests
Spider mites are extremely small, barely visible with the naked eye as reddish or greenish spots on leaves and stems; the adults measure about 0.5 mm. The red spider mite is extremely versatile; it can feed on hundreds of plants, including most vegetables and food crops (peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, corn, strawberries) and ornamentals: roses, etc. It lays its eggs on the leaves, and it poses a threat to host plants by sucking cell contents from the leaves cell by cell, leaving very tiny, pale spots or scars. Spider mites are active through the warm months. The best way to control them is by reducing the use of pesticide which destroys their natural predators. Lady bugs and lacewings are particularly effective against spider mites, and some mites that prey on spider mites are commercially available. There is very little in the way of chemical controls available against spider mites. Spraying with a moderately high-pressure water hose can reduce the populations.

Grape Pests
The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) is a beetle about 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) long and 1 cm (0.4 inches) wide (smaller in Canada). It is not very destructive in Japan, where it is controlled by natural enemies, but in America it is a serious pest to rose bushes, grapes, crape myrtles, and other plants. It is a weak flyer and drops several centimeters when it hits a wall. Japanese beetle traps therefore consist of a pair of crossed walls with a bag underneath, and are baited with floral scent, pheromone, or both.

These insects damage plants by eating the surface material, leaving the veins in place, producing a curious — but alarming to the experienced gardener — sort of "transparent leaf" effect on its victims. Adults emerge in late June.

==8. Take a soil test from a garden and determine which fruits will grow there. Ask for fertilizer recommendations for one of the crops and determine the cost of fertilizer needed for six 100-foot (30.5 meters) rows.== Soil testing kits are available at garden centers or over the Internet: You can also have your soil tested for a small fee by a university or county extension service (see your local phone book white pages under "county government").
 * Home Harvest
 * Outsidepride.com

Once you have tested your soil, you'll need to find someone to give a fertilizer recommendation. The best place to do that would be at a nursery that sells small fruit plants. If the staff seems clueless, try another nursery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Template:Honor header

/Honors | /Skill Level /Honors Introduced in

Contents

Honor header

title: Template:Honor header


text:
User talk:Johncub

Feel Free to leave me a message.Johncub 15:34, 11 April 2006 (UTC) =Working on the characters thing here=

Grove Street Family

 * Carl 'C.J.' Johnson
 * This is the protagonist in this story game, the one you play. Voiced by Young Maylay

 * Sean 'Sweet' Johnson
 * CJ's brother. Naive but powerful. Voiced by Faizon Love.

 * Melvin 'Big Smoke' Harris
 * One of your homies from back in the day. A strange minded fellow who's down for his homies. Key factor in Los Santos' problems and OG Loc's manager. Voiced by Clifton Powell.

 * Kendl Johnson
 * CJ's sister. Good business sense and is currently dating Cesar Vialpando. Voiced by Yolanda Whittaker (credited as Yo Yo.)

Mission based characters

 * Catalina
 * Cesar's cousin and CJ's girlfriend in the countryside part of the game. She gives you the deed to a garage in San Fierro and then last rival alive. Voiced by Cynthia Farrell.

 * Cesar Vialpando
 * Kendl's boyfriend. Spanish southsider, rolling with the Aztecas. Likes fast cars. Voiced by Clifton Collins, Jr.

 * Jizzy B
 * A pimp in San Fierro involved in selling drugs. Voiced by Charles Q. Murphy (credited as Charlie Murphy.)

 * Mike Toreno
 * An agent of an unknown agency. Uses CJ to complete his secret missions. Voiced by James Woods.

 * Madd Dogg
 * A rapper living in a mansion on the hills in Los Santos. After you make him go bankrupt, you later help him regain his power and wealth. Voiced by rapper Ice-T.

 * Lance 'Ryder' Wilson
 * Short tempered, violent, and an OG of the Grove Street families. Always in it for himself, he betrays his gang, and joins his longtime gang rivals, the Ballas, and then gets wasted by CJ. Voiced by MC Eiht.

 * The Truth
 * A hippy pothead who always talks about all sorts of conspiracies. Introduces you to San Fierro. Voiced by Peter Fonda.

 * Wu Zi Mu
 * Goes by the name "Woozie". A blind member of the Triads in San Fierro. He remains a steady friend for CJ throughout the course of the game after your first meeting in which you race him (despite the fact that he's blind). Voiced by James Yaegashi.

Girlfriends

 * Denise Robinson
 * Enjoys drive by shootings and fast food. Voiced by Heather Simms (credited as Heather Alicia Simms.)

 * Michelle Cannes
 * Voiced by Vanessa Aspillaga

 * Helena Wankstein
 * Voiced by Bijou Phillips.

 * Katie Zhan
 * Voiced by China Chow

Police

 * Officer Frank Tenpenny
 * A crooked cop who frames you in the beginning and has gangs do his dirty work for him. Voiced by Samuel L. Jackson.

 * Officer Eddie Pulaski
 * Voiced by Chris Penn.

 * Officer Hernandez
 * Voiced by Armando Riesco (also credited with pedestrian voice work.)

=Temporary end of character thing=

title: User talk:Johncub


text:
User:Surphaze

package xenon;

public class StarterB{

public static void main(String[] args){ System.out.println("This is the BOMB DIGGITY!"); }//end main }//end class

title: User:Surphaze


text:
Umbraco/Samples and Articles/Dot Net Controls

.NET Controls

 * Using .NET controls with umbraco
 * Access Umbraco Data with .NET controls
 * Using page properties in userControls
 * Using Querystring Parameters in userControls


text:
Umbraco/Samples and Articles/Dot Net Controls/Using Dot NET Controls With Umbraco

Using .NET controls with umbraco
Originally from the PDF at http://www.umbraco.org/media/42a0202c-b0ba-4f84-bcf1-64dfd5230322-usingcontrolswithumbraco.pdf

This tutorial is a teaser of the coming Umbraco Developer Lounge product. If you like what you read, you’ll love “the lounge”. It’s a site containing tutorials like this, best-practices, sample-code and much more. Umbraco Developer Lounge will be available in the second quarter of 2005, and will be priced at a yearly fee as low as €300 pr. User (or €30 a month).

You can use .NET controls together with umbraco whether it be Usercontrols (.ascx files) or CustomControls (.dll) by using macros. You’re even able to communicate with your control by using Public Properties and macro elements.

This document will tell you how to implement both types of controls and how to communicate.

Copying files
First you need to copy your control. Whether it’s a usercontrol or a customcontrol you’ll need to copy the assembly (dll) into the /bin folder of your umbraco installation. If it’s a UserControl you’ll need to copy the .ascx file as well. Your install already contains a /usercontrols folder which we’ll recommend that you use, but you’re free to place them anywhere in your application.

Example
We have a usercontrol called HelloWorld written in Visual Basic.NET containing a Textbox and a button. Let’s have a look at the files in the project folder:

What we need here is the HelloWorld.ascx file at the project root and the HelloWorld.dll stored in the bin-folder.

We’ll copy HelloWorld.ascx into /usercontrols/HelloWorld.ascx and HelloWorld.dll will go into /bin/HelloWorld.dll. Now we’re ready to register the usercontrol into umbraco using a macro!

Register .NET controls using macros
To be able to use the .NET controls directly from umbraco, it’s necessary to register them into a macro. So open up umbraco, go to the “Developer” section and right click the macro-folder. Select Create and call it “HelloWorld”.

Now select the HelloWorld macro in the opened macro folder and type “usercontrols/HelloWorld.ascx” into the field called “Type” as shown on the following screenshot:

Hit the save button and you’re ready to use your HelloWorld.ascx usercontrol just like any other macro. That’s it! If you’re using assemblies the assembly should be the name of your dll (without the dll-extension) and the type should be the full name including namespace!

Communicating through Elements and Public Properties
By creating Public Properties in your control and match them with macro elements, you’re able to communicate with your control directly from within umbraco. umbraco will even create the UI when inserting the macro. It’s important that the Alias of your macro element matches the name of your Public Property and be aware of case-sensitivity!

Example
First of – let’s create a Public Property in our HelloWorld usercontrol and call it “HelloWorld” too. If not posted back – we’ll set the text inside a TextBox to the contents of the Public Property – here’s a simple way of doing it in Visual Basic.NET – you can use any .NET supported language you want (like C# or Delphi.NET):

Compile and copy the files again as described above.

Next we’ll need to create a macro element, so go back to umbraco and edit the “HelloWorld” macro. The checkbox (with missing label) is whether the element should be showed to the user when the macro is inserted, so check it. The Alias of the element should be exactly the same as the name of the Public Property – and watch out, it’s case sensitive. If you click the “browse properties” button, you can choose which public properties you’d like and umbraco will create them.

The name of the element is what the user will see inside umbraco when the macro is inserted, so type something meaningful like “Message on postback”. Next decide what type of element you’re creating, when used together with .NET controls its only about the UI that the user will see (different from using XSLT macros where the type can influence the XML that the macro will use). Choose “Text” as we’ll let the user type a message. Click add.

And that’s all – now umbraco can communicate with your control! Let’s try it!

Inserting a macro
Umbraco does not by default insert a .NET serverside form into your content. If you’re using server-side elements in your controls (with attribute runat=”server”), then it’s important that you insert the <?ASPNET_FORM> umbraco tag into the top and bottom of your template.

To insert our macro with the .NET control, you’ll need to go to the Template section inside “Settings” or insert it directly inside the editor. In this sample will insert it into the template.

Open up a template – like “Textpage” if you’re using the sample site. Make a new line before the “<?UMBRACO_GETITEM/>” tag an hit the insert macro button at the toolbar. Choose the “HelloWorld” macro and you should see this:

Type whatever you like and click ok. Your template should now look something like this:

Hit the save button and go see a page using your macro. It should look something like this:

Try changing the text in the textbox and hit the button. Umbraco will even take care of state.

Multiple .NET control macros on same page
If you’re using more than one instance of the same .NET control macro on a page or if you just want to be sure of the Id given to the Control, you can add an extra attribute to the <?UMBRACO_MACRO> tag, called “controlID”. To do so, the tag above will look as follows:

<?UMBRACO_MACRO macroID=”7” HelloWorld=”It worked!” controlID=”HelloWorld1”>

As you can see it’s easy to use .NET controls with Umbraco – and you can use existing controls that aren’t made for Umbraco. Enjoy…

Important notice for .NET 2.0 developers
In order to successfully compile a user control for Umbraco 2.xx, download Visual Studio 2005 Web Application Projects from MSDN. Once the add-on is installed, you can create projects in the same manner as in former Visual Studio.NET versions.

When developing for Umbraco, take special care that you use the old codebehind-directive in your separate codefile instead of the new codefile-directive introduced with .NET 2.0

Using Dot NET Controls in recursive Macro
Using the method umbraco.library.RenderMacroContent you can render a control and create a "recursive macro".

Using Dot NET Controls it doesn't work because the control created in RenderMacroContent are transformed into a String and then is lost: it isn't added to the Page.Controls and so no Handlers of your controls are called.


text:
Talk:PHP Programming/The while Loop

And you get whose baby?! Very odd example given there.

Looks like this page needs a retouch. More examples needs to be added.

title: Talk:PHP Programming/The while Loop


text:
Talk:Spanish/How to study Spanish

Asking the custodian?
While I very much encourage people to use their Spanish as regularly as possible, please be considerate of the fact that many English-speaking Hispanics find it somewhat patronizing for someone to just approach them and speak in broken Spanish. I have heard several people express dismay at the perceived implicit assumption that the Hispanic does not actually speak English.

If there is going to be a few minutes of interaction (as with a waiter), I could recommend tossing out a word or phrase to test the waters. Usually it will be fairly clear if the person is amenable to conversing in a language you are trying to learn.

Please note the reaction that students of Spanish have when visiting Spain or Latin America and have people try to insist on speaking to them in English (when the purpose of the trip itself may be to practice Spanish).

Many people may be indifferent, but I would just recommend being conscious of how speaking Spanish to a stranger may be. I have several personal anecdotes I could relate here but will leave the point made as-is.

156.56.73.196 18:10, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish/How to study Spanish


text:
Control Systems/Digital and Analog

Digital and Analog
There is a significant distinction between an analog system and a digital system, in the same way that there is a significant difference between analog and digital data. This book is going to consider both analog and digital topics, so it is worth taking some time to discuss the differences, and to display the different notations that will be used with each.

Continuous Time
A signal is called continuous-time if it is defined at every time t.

A system is a continuous-time system if it takes a continuous-time input signal, and outputs a continuous-time output signal. Here is an example of an analog waveform:

Discrete Time
A signal is called discrete-time if it is only defined for particular points in time. A discrete-time system takes discrete-time input signals, and produces discrete-time output signals. The following image shows the difference between an analog waveform and the sampled discrete time equivalent:

Quantized
A signal is called Quantized if it can only be certain values, and cannot be other values. This concept is best illustrated with examples:

 * 1) Students with a strong background in physics will recognize this concept as being the root word in "Quantum Mechanics". In quantum mechanics, it is known that energy comes only in discrete packets. An electron bound to an atom, for example, may occupy one of several discrete energy levels, but not intermediate levels.
 * 2) Another common example is population statistics. For instance, a common statistic is that a household in a particular country may have an average of "3.5 children", or some other fractional number. Actual households may have 3 children, or they may have 4 children, but no household has 3.5 children.
 * 3) People with a computer science background will recognize that integer variables are quantized because they can only hold certain integer values, not fractions or decimal points.

The last example concerning computers is the most relevant, because quantized systems are frequently computer-based. Systems that are implemented with computer software and hardware will typically be quantized.

Here is an example waveform of a quantized signal. Notice how the magnitude of the wave can only take certain values, and that creates a step-like appearance. This image is discrete in magnitude, but is continuous in time:

Analog
By definition:

An analog system is a system that represents data using a direct conversion from one form to another. In other words, an analog system is a system that is continuous in both time and magnitude.

Digital
Digital data is represented by discrete number values. By definition:

Digital data always have a certain granularity, and therefore there will almost always be an error associated with using such data, especially if we want to account for all real numbers. The tradeoff, of course, to using a digital system is that our powerful computers with our powerful, Moore's law microprocessor units, can be instructed to operate on digital data only. This benefit more than makes up for the shortcomings of a digital representation system.

Discrete systems will be denoted inside square brackets, as is a common notation in texts that deal with discrete values. For instance, we can denote a discrete data set of ascending numbers, starting at 1, with the following notation:

 * x[n] = [1 2 3 4 5 6 ...]

n, or other letters from the central area of the alphabet (m, i, j, k, l, for instance) are commonly used to denote discrete time values. Analog, or "non-discrete" values are denoted in regular expression syntax, using parenthesis. Here is an example of an analog waveform and the digital equivalent. Notice that the digital waveform is discrete in both time and magnitude:

Example: Digital Clock

 * {| class="wikitable"

!Minute !! Binary Representation
 * 1 || 1
 * 10 || 1010
 * 30 || 11110
 * 59 || 111011
 * }
 * 30 || 11110
 * 59 || 111011
 * }
 * }

Hybrid Systems
Hybrid Systems are systems that have both analog and digital components. Devices called samplers are used to convert analog signals into digital signals, and Devices called reconstructors are used to convert digital signals into analog signals. Because of the use of samplers, hybrid systems are frequently called sampled-data systems.

Continuous and Discrete
A system is considered continuous-time if the signal exists for all time. Frequently, the terms "analog" and "continuous" will be used interchangeably, although they are not strictly the same.

Discrete systems can come in three flavors:
 * 1) Discrete time (sampled)
 * 2) Discrete magnitude (quantized)
 * 3) Discrete time and magnitude (digital)

Discrete magnitude systems are systems where the signal value can only have certain values.Discrete time systems are systems where signals are only available (or valid) at particular times. Computer systems are discrete in the sense of (3), in that data is only read at specific discrete time intervals, and the data can have only a limited number of discrete values.

A discrete-time system has a sampling time value associated with it, such that each discrete value occurs at multiples of the given sampling time. We will denote the sampling time of a system as T. We can equate the square-brackets notation of a system with the continuous definition of the system as follows:

 * $$x[n] = x(nT)$$

Notice that the two notations show the same thing, but the first one is typically easier to write, and it shows that the system in question is a discrete system. This book will use the square brackets to denote discrete systems by the sample number n, and parenthesis to denote continuous time functions.

Sampling and Reconstruction
The process of converting analog information into digital data is called "Sampling". The process of converting digital data into an analog signal is called "Reconstruction". We will talk about both processes in a later chapter. For more information on the topic than is available in this book, see the Analog and Digital Conversion wikibook. Here is an example of a reconstructed waveform. Notice that the reconstructed waveform here is quantized because it is constructed from a digital signal:

title: Control Systems/Digital and Analog


text:
User talk:BD2412

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! BD2412 T 18:44, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Heh. You welcomed yourself. Welcome! Kellen T 01:13, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks - I feel welcome! BD2412 T 22:25, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

et.png
Thx for better name (:-)) but can you change from coputed to computed .  Regards --Adam majewski (discuss • contribs) 14:41, 30 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Done. Cheers! BD2412 T 14:14, 10 August 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:BD2412


text:
User:BD2412

Not very active on this project.

Greetings! I'm a sysop on the English Wikipedia. Just here to have fun. BD2412 T 18:45, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

User:BD2412 on Wikipedia

title: User:BD2412


text:
Control Systems/Transforms

Transforms
There are a number of transforms that we will be discussing throughout this book, and the reader is assumed to have at least a small prior knowledge of them. It is not the intention of this book to teach the topic of transforms to an audience that has had no previous exposure to them. However, we will include a brief refresher here to refamiliarize people who maybe cannot remember the topic perfectly. If you do not know what the Laplace Transform or the Fourier Transform are yet, it is highly recommended that you use this page as a simple guide, and look the information up on other sources. Specifically, Wikipedia has lots of information on these subjects.

Transform Basics
A transform is a mathematical tool that converts an equation from one variable (or one set of variables) into a new variable (or a new set of variables). To do this, the transform must remove all instances of the first variable, the "Domain Variable", and add a new "Range Variable". Integrals are excellent choices for transforms, because the limits of the definite integral will be substituted into the domain variable, and all instances of that variable will be removed from the equation. An integral transform that converts from a domain variable a to a range variable b will typically be formatted as such:

 * $$\mathcal{T}[f(a)] = F(b) = \int_C f(a)g(a,b)da$$

Where the function f(a) is the function being transformed, and g(a,b) is known as the kernel of the transform. Typically, the only difference between the various integral transforms is the kernel.

Laplace Transform
The Laplace Transform converts an equation from the time-domain into the so-called "S-domain", or the Laplace domain, or even the "Complex domain". These are all different names for the same mathematical space and they all may be used interchangeably in this book and in other texts on the subject. The Transform can only be applied under the following conditions:
 * 1) The system or signal in question is analog.
 * 2) The system or signal in question is Linear.
 * 3) The system or signal in question is Time-Invariant.
 * 4) The system or signal in question is causal.

The transform is defined as such:

 * $$\begin{matrix}F(s) = \mathcal{L}[f(t)] = \int_0^\infty f(t) e^{-st}dt\end{matrix}$$

Laplace transform results have been tabulated extensively. More information on the Laplace transform, including a transform table can be found in the Appendix.

If we have a linear differential equation in the time domain:

 * $$\begin{matrix}y(t) = ax(t) + bx'(t) + cx''(t)\end{matrix}$$

With zero initial conditions, we can take the Laplace transform of the equation as such:

 * $$\begin{matrix}Y(s) = aX(s) + bsX(s) + cs^2X(s)\end{matrix}$$

And separating, we get:

 * $$\begin{matrix}Y(s) = X(s)[a + bs + cs^2]\end{matrix}$$

Inverse Laplace Transform
The inverse Laplace Transform is defined as such:

 * $$\begin{matrix}f(t)

= \mathcal{L}^{-1} \left\{F(s)\right\} = {1 \over {2\pi i}}\int_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty} e^{st} F(s)\,ds\end{matrix}$$

The inverse transform converts a function from the Laplace domain back into the time domain.

Matrices and Vectors
The Laplace Transform can be used on systems of linear equations in an intuitive way. Let's say that we have a system of linear equations:

 * $$\begin{matrix}y_1(t) = a_1x_1(t)\end{matrix}$$
 * $$\begin{matrix}y_2(t) = a_2x_2(t)\end{matrix}$$

We can arrange these equations into matrix form, as shown:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix}y_1(t) \\ y_2(t)\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}a_1 & 0 \\ 0 & a_2\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}x_1(t) \\x_2(t)\end{bmatrix}$$

And write this symbolically as:

 * $$\mathbf{y}(t) = A\mathbf{x}(t)$$

We can take the Laplace transform of both sides:

 * $$\mathcal{L}[\mathbf{y}(t)] = \mathbf{Y}(s) = \mathcal{L}[A\mathbf{x}(t)] = A\mathcal{L}[\mathbf{x}(t)] = A\mathbf{X}(s)$$

Which is the same as taking the transform of each individual equation in the system of equations.

Example: RL Circuit
Here, we are going to show a common example of a first-order system, an RL Circuit. In an inductor, the relationship between the current, I, and the voltage, V, in the time domain is expressed as a derivative:

 * $$V(t) = L\frac{dI(t)}{dt}$$

Where L is a special quantity called the "Inductance" that is a property of inductors.

Partial Fraction Expansion
Laplace transform pairs are extensively tabulated, but frequently we have transfer functions and other equations that do not have a tabulated inverse transform. If our equation is a fraction, we can often utilize Partial Fraction Expansion (PFE) to create a set of simpler terms that will have readily available inverse transforms. This section is going to give a brief reminder about PFE, for those who have already learned the topic. This refresher will be in the form of several examples of the process, as it relates to the Laplace Transform. People who are unfamiliar with PFE are encouraged to read more about it in Calculus.

Final Value Theorem
The Final Value Theorem allows us to determine the value of the time domain equation, as the time approaches infinity, from the S domain equation. In Control Engineering, the Final Value Theorem is used most frequently to determine the steady-state value of a system. The real part of the poles of the function must be <0.

 * $$\lim_{t \to \infty}x(t) = \lim_{s \to 0} s X(s)$$

From our chapter on system metrics, you may recognize the value of the system at time infinity as the steady-state time of the system. The difference between the steady state value and the expected output value we remember as being the steady-state error of the system. Using the Final Value Theorem, we can find the steady-state value and the steady-state error of the system in the Complex S domain.

Initial Value Theorem
Akin to the final value theorem, the Initial Value Theorem allows us to determine the initial value of the system (the value at time zero) from the S-Domain Equation. The initial value theorem is used most frequently to determine the starting conditions, or the "initial conditions" of a system.

 * $$x(0) = \lim_{s \to \infty} s X(s)$$

Common Transforms
We will now show you the transforms of the three functions we have already learned about: The unit step, the unit ramp, and the unit parabola. The transform of the unit step function is given by:

 * $$\mathcal{L}[u(t)] = \frac{1}{s}$$

And since the unit ramp is the integral of the unit step, we can multiply the above result times 1/s to get the transform of the unit ramp:

 * $$\mathcal{L}[r(t)] = \frac{1}{s^2}$$

Again, we can multiply by 1/s to get the transform of the unit parabola:

 * $$\mathcal{L}[p(t)] = \frac{1}{s^3}$$

Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform is very similar to the Laplace transform. The fourier transform uses the assumption that any finite time-domain signal can be broken into an infinite sum of sinusoidal (sine and cosine waves) signals. Under this assumption, the Fourier Transform converts a time-domain signal into its frequency-domain representation, as a function of the radial frequency, ω, The Fourier Transform is defined as such:

 * $$F(j\omega) = \mathcal{F}[f(t)] = \int_0^\infty f(t) e^{-j\omega t} dt$$

We can now show that the Fourier Transform is equivalent to the Laplace transform, when the following condition is true:

 * $$\begin{matrix}s = j\omega\end{matrix}$$

Because the Laplace and Fourier Transforms are so closely related, it does not make much sense to use both transforms for all problems. This book, therefore, will concentrate on the Laplace transform for nearly all subjects, except those problems that deal directly with frequency values. For frequency problems, it makes life much easier to use the Fourier Transform representation.

Like the Laplace Transform, the Fourier Transform has been extensively tabulated. Properties of the Fourier transform, in addition to a table of common transforms is available in the Appendix.

Inverse Fourier Transform
The inverse Fourier Transform is defined as follows:

 * $$f(t)

= \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left\{F(j\omega)\right\} = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^\infty F(j\omega) e^{j\omega t} d\omega$$

This transform is nearly identical to the Fourier Transform.

Complex Plane

Using the above equivalence, we can show that the Laplace transform is always equal to the Fourier Transform, if the variable s is an imaginary number. However, the Laplace transform is different if s is a real or a complex variable. As such, we generally define s to have both a real part and an imaginary part, as such:

 * $$\begin{matrix}s = \sigma + j\omega\end{matrix}$$

And we can show that s = jω if σ = 0.

Since the variable s can be broken down into 2 independent values, it is frequently of some value to graph the variable s on its own special "S-plane". The S-plane graphs the variable σ on the horizontal axis, and the value of jω on the vertical axis. This axis arrangement is shown at right.

Euler's Formula
There is an important result from calculus that is known as Euler's Formula, or "Euler's Relation". This important formula relates the important values of e, j, π, 1 and 0:

 * $$\begin{matrix}e^{j\pi} + 1 = 0\end{matrix}$$

However, this result is derived from the following equation, setting ω to π:

 * $$\begin{matrix}e^{j\omega} = \cos(\omega) + j\sin(\omega)\end{matrix}$$

This formula will be used extensively in some of the chapters of this book, so it is important to become familiar with it now.

MATLAB
The MATLAB symbolic toolbox contains functions to compute the Laplace and Fourier transforms automatically. The function laplace, and the function fourier can be used to calculate the Laplace and Fourier transforms of the input functions, respectively. For instance, the code:

t = sym('t'); fx = 30*t^2 + 20*t; laplace(fx)

produces the output:

ans = 60/s^3+20/s^2

We will discuss these functions more in The Appendix.

title: Control Systems/Transforms


text:
Talk:PHP Programming/The foreach Loop

I believe we should change the  used in the code examples to for consistency between lessons and because it is the proper and correct way to declare a break in xhtml (unless of course you are some HTML 4.01 masochist.) Also, should the last example not output "3rd => My Lab " according to the code in the example? It is concatenated with the "=>" not a "-" 167.1.120.20Deselect

title: Talk:PHP Programming/The foreach Loop


text:
Control Systems/System Metrics

System Metrics
When a system is being designed and analyzed, it doesn't make any sense to test the system with all manner of strange input functions, or to measure all sorts of arbitrary performance metrics. Instead, it is in everybody's best interest to test the system with a set of standard, simple reference functions. Once the system is tested with the reference functions, there are a number of different metrics that we can use to determine the system performance.

It is worth noting that the metrics presented in this chapter represent only a small number of possible metrics that can be used to evaluate a given system. This wikibook will present other useful metrics along the way, as their need becomes apparent.

Standard Inputs
There are a number of standard inputs that are considered simple enough and universal enough that they are considered when designing a system. These inputs are known as a unit step, a ramp, and a parabolic input.

{{TextBox|1=
 * Unit Step: A unit step function is defined piecewise as such:

{{eqn|Unit Step Function}}
 * $$u(t) = \left\{

\begin{matrix} 0, & t < 0 \\  1, & t \ge 0 \end{matrix}\right. $$

 * The unit step function is a highly important function, not only in control systems engineering, but also in signal processing, systems analysis, and all branches of engineering. If the unit step function is input to a system, the output of the system is known as the step response. The step response of a system is an important tool, and we will study step responses in detail in later chapters.

}}

Also, sinusoidal and exponential functions are considered basic, but they are too difficult to use in initial analysis of a system.

Steady State
When a unit-step function is input to a system, the steady-state value of that system is the output value at time $$t = \infty$$. Since it is impractical (if not completely impossible) to wait till infinity to observe the system, approximations and mathematical calculations are used to determine the steady-state value of the system. Most system responses are asymptotic, that is that the response approaches a particular value. Systems that are asymptotic are typically obvious from viewing the graph of that response.

Step Response
The step response of a system is most frequently used to analyze systems, and there is a large amount of terminology involved with step responses. When exposed to the step input, the system will initially have an undesirable output period known as the transient response. The transient response occurs because a system is approaching its final output value. The steady-state response of the system is the response after the transient response has ended.

The amount of time it takes for the system output to reach the desired value (before the transient response has ended, typically) is known as the rise time. The amount of time it takes for the transient response to end and the steady-state response to begin is known as the settling time.

It is common for a systems engineer to try and improve the step response of a system. In general, it is desired for the transient response to be reduced, the rise and settling times to be shorter, and the steady-state to approach a particular desired "reference" output.

Target Value
The target output value is the value that our system attempts to obtain for a given input. This is not the same as the steady-state value, which is the actual value that the system does obtain. The target value is frequently referred to as the reference value, or the "reference function" of the system. In essence, this is the value that we want the system to produce. When we input a "5" into an elevator, we want the output (the final position of the elevator) to be the fifth floor. Pressing the "5" button is the reference input, and is the expected value that we want to obtain. If we press the "5" button, and the elevator goes to the third floor, then our elevator is poorly designed.

Rise Time
Rise time is the amount of time that it takes for the system response to reach the target value from an initial state of zero. Many texts on the subject define the rise time as being the time it takes to rise between the initial position and 80% of the target value. This is because some systems never rise to 100% of the expected, target value, and therefore they would have an infinite rise-time. This book will specify which convention to use for each individual problem. Rise time is typically denoted tr, or trise.

Percent Overshoot
Underdamped systems frequently overshoot their target value initially. This initial surge is known as the "overshoot value". The ratio of the amount of overshoot to the target steady-state value of the system is known as the percent overshoot. Percent overshoot represents an overcompensation of the system, and can output dangerously large output signals that can damage a system. Percent overshoot is typically denoted with the term PO.

Steady-State Error
Sometimes a system might never achieve the desired steady-state value, but instead will settle on an output value that is not desired. The difference between the steady-state output value to the reference input value at steady state is called the steady-state error of the system. We will use the variable ess to denote the steady-state error of the system.

Settling Time
After the initial rise time of the system, some systems will oscillate and vibrate for an amount of time before the system output settles on the final value. The amount of time it takes to reach steady state after the initial rise time is known as the settling time. Notice that damped oscillating systems may never settle completely, so we will define settling time as being the amount of time for the system to reach, and stay in, a certain acceptable range. The acceptable range for settling time is typically determined on a per-problem basis, although common values are 20%, 10%, or 5% of the target value. The settling time will be denoted as ts.

System Order
The order of the system is defined by the number of independent energy storage elements in the system, and intuitively by the highest order of the linear differential equation that describes the system. In a transfer function representation, the order is the highest exponent in the transfer function. In a proper system, the system order is defined as the degree of the denominator polynomial. In a state-space equation, the system order is the number of state-variables used in the system. The order of a system will frequently be denoted with an n or N, although these variables are also used for other purposes. This book will make clear distinction on the use of these variables.

Proper Systems
A proper system is a system where the degree of the denominator is larger than or equal to the degree of the numerator polynomial. A strictly proper system is a system where the degree of the denominator polynomial is larger than (but never equal to) the degree of the numerator polynomial. A biproper system is a system where the degree of the denominator polynomial equals the degree of the numerator polynomial.

It is important to note that only proper systems can be physically realized. In other words, a system that is not proper cannot be built. It makes no sense to spend a lot of time designing and analyzing imaginary systems.

Example: System Order
In the above example, G(s) is a second-order transfer function because in the denominator one of the s variables has an exponent of 2. Second-order functions are the easiest to work with.

System Type
Let's say that we have a process transfer function (or combination of functions, such as a controller feeding in to a process), all in the forward branch of a unity feedback loop. Say that the overall forward branch transfer function is in the following generalized form (known as pole-zero form):

 * $$G(s) = \frac {K \prod_i (s - s_i)}{s^M \prod_j (s - s_j)}$$

we call the parameter M the system type. Note that increased system type number correspond to larger numbers of poles at s = 0. More poles at the origin generally have a beneficial effect on the system, but they increase the order of the system, and make it increasingly difficult to implement physically. System type will generally be denoted with a letter like N, M, or m. Because these variables are typically reused for other purposes, this book will make clear distinction when they are employed.

Now, we will define a few terms that are commonly used when discussing system type. These new terms are Position Error, Velocity Error, and  Acceleration Error. These names are throwbacks to physics terms where acceleration is the derivative of velocity, and velocity is the derivative of position. Note that none of these terms are meant to deal with movement, however.

 * Position Error:The position error, denoted by the position error constant $$K_p$$. This is the amount of steady-state error of the system when stimulated by a unit step input. We define the position error constant as follows:

 * $$K_p = \lim_{s \to 0} G(s)$$

 * Where G(s) is the transfer function of our system.

 * Velocity Error:The velocity error is the amount of steady-state error when the system is stimulated with a ramp input. We define the velocity error constant as such:

 * $$K_v = \lim_{s \to 0} s G(s)$$

 * Acceleration Error:The acceleration error is the amount of steady-state error when the system is stimulated with a parabolic input. We define the acceleration error constant to be:

 * $$K_a = \lim_{s \to 0} s^2 G(s)$$

Now, this table will show briefly the relationship between the system type, the kind of input (step, ramp, parabolic), and the steady-state error of the system:

 * {| class="wikitable"

! ! colspan=3 | Unit System Input ! Type, M !! Au(t) !! Ar(t) !! Ap(t)
 * 0  || $$e_{ss} = \frac{A}{1 + K_p}$$ || $$e_{ss} = \infty$$  || $$e_{ss} = \infty$$
 * 1  || $$e_{ss} = 0$$ || $$e_{ss} = \frac{A}{K_v}$$ || $$e_{ss} = \infty$$
 * 2  || $$e_{ss} = 0$$ || $$e_{ss} = 0$$ || $$e_{ss} = \frac{A}{K_a}$$
 * > 2 || $$e_{ss} = 0$$ || $$e_{ss} = 0$$ || $$e_{ss} = 0$$
 * }
 * 2  || $$e_{ss} = 0$$ || $$e_{ss} = 0$$ || $$e_{ss} = \frac{A}{K_a}$$
 * > 2 || $$e_{ss} = 0$$ || $$e_{ss} = 0$$ || $$e_{ss} = 0$$
 * }
 * }

Z-Domain Type
Likewise, we can show that the system order can be found from the following generalized transfer function in the Z domain:

 * $$G(z) = \frac {K \prod_i (z - z_i)}{(z - 1)^M \prod_j (z - z_j)}$$

Where the constant M is the type of the digital system. Now, we will show how to find the various error constants in the Z-Domain:

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Error Constant !! Equation
 * Kp || $$K_p = \lim_{z \to 1} G(z)$$
 * Kv || $$K_v = \lim_{z \to 1} (z - 1) G(z)$$
 * Ka || $$K_a = \lim_{z \to 1} (z - 1)^2 G(z)$$
 * }
 * Ka || $$K_a = \lim_{z \to 1} (z - 1)^2 G(z)$$
 * }
 * }

Visually
Here is an image of the various system metrics, acting on a system in response to a step input:

The target value is the value of the input step response. The rise time is the time at which the waveform first reaches the target value. The overshoot is the amount by which the waveform exceeds the target value. The settling time is the time it takes for the system to settle into a particular bounded region. This bounded region is denoted with two short dotted lines above and below the target value.

title: Control Systems/System Metrics


text:
Control Systems/Transforms Appendix

Laplace Transform
When we talk about the Laplace transform, we are actually talking about the version of the Laplace transform known as the unilinear Laplace Transform. The other version, the Bilinear Laplace Transform (not related to the Bilinear Transform, below) is not used in this book.

The Laplace Transform is defined as:

 * $$F(s)

= \mathcal{L}[f(t)] = \int_{-\infty}^\infty x(t)e^{-st}dt$$

And the Inverse Laplace Transform is defined as:

 * $$f(t)

= \mathcal{L}^{-1} \left\{F(s)\right\} = \frac{1}{2\pi j} \int_{\sigma-j\infty}^{\sigma+j\infty} X(s)e^{st}ds$$

Table of Laplace Transforms
This is a table of common Laplace Transforms.

Properties of the Laplace Transform
This is a table of the most important properties of the laplace transform.

Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform is used to break a time-domain signal into its frequency domain components. The Fourier Transform is very closely related to the Laplace Transform, and is only used in place of the Laplace transform when the system is being analyzed in a frequency context.

The Fourier Transform is defined as:

 * $$F(j\omega)

= \mathcal{F}[f(t)] = \int_0^\infty f(t) e^{-j\omega t} dt$$

And the Inverse Fourier Transform is defined as:

 * $$f(t)

= \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left\{F(j\omega)\right\} = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^\infty F(j\omega) e^{-j\omega t} d\omega$$

Table of Fourier Transforms
This is a table of common fourier transforms.

Table of Fourier Transform Properties
This is a table of common properties of the fourier transform.

Z-Transform
The Z-transform is used primarily to convert discrete data sets into a continuous representation. The Z-transform is notationally very similar to the star transform, except that the Z transform does not take explicit account for the sampling period. The Z transform has a number of uses in the field of digital signal processing, and the study of discrete signals in general, and is useful because Z-transform results are extensively tabulated, whereas star-transform results are not.

The Z Transform is defined as:

 * $$X(z)

= \mathcal{Z}[x[n]] = \sum_{n = -\infty}^\infty x[n] z^{-n}$$

Inverse Z Transform
The inverse Z Transform is a highly complex transformation, and might be inaccessible to students without enough background in calculus. However, students who are familiar with such integrals are encouraged to perform some inverse Z transform calculations, to verify that the formula produces the tabulated results.

 * $$x[n] = \frac{1}{2 \pi j} \oint_C X(z) z^{n-1} dz$$

Modified Z-Transform
The Modified Z-Transform is similar to the Z-transform, except that the modified version allows for the system to be subjected to any arbitrary delay, by design. The Modified Z-Transform is very useful when talking about digital systems for which the processing time of the system is not negligible. For instance, a slow computer system can be modeled as being an instantaneous system with an output delay.

The modified Z transform is based off the delayed Z transform:

 * $$X(z, m)

= X(z, \Delta)|_{\Delta \to 1 - m}        = \mathcal{Z} \left\{ X(s)e^{-\Delta T s} \right\}|_{\Delta \to 1 - m} $$

Star Transform
The Star Transform is a discrete transform that has similarities between the Z transform and the Laplace Transform. In fact, the Star Transform can be said to be nearly analogous to the Z transform, except that the Star transform explicitly accounts for the sampling time of the sampler.

The Star Transform is defined as:

 * $$F^*(s)

= \mathcal{L}^*[f(t)] = \sum_{k = 0}^\infty f(kT)e^{-skT}$$

Star transform pairs can be obtained by plugging $$z = e^{sT}$$ into the Z-transform pairs, above.

Bilinear Transform
The bilinear transform is used to convert an equation in the Z domain into the arbitrary W domain, with the following properties:

 * 1) roots inside the unit circle in the Z-domain will be mapped to roots on the left-half of the W plane.
 * 2) roots outside the unit circle in the Z-domain will be mapped to roots on the right-half of the W plane
 * 3) roots on the unit circle in the Z-domain will be mapped onto the vertical axis in the W domain.

The bilinear transform can therefore be used to convert a Z-domain equation into a form that can be analyzed using the Routh-Hurwitz criteria. However, it is important to note that the W-domain is not the same as the complex Laplace S-domain. To make the output of the bilinear transform equal to the S-domain, the signal must be prewarped, to account for the non-linear nature of the bilinear transform.

The Bilinear transform can also be used to convert an S-domain system into the Z domain. Again, the input system must be prewarped prior to applying the bilinear transform, or else the results will not be correct.

The Bilinear transform is governed by the following variable transformations:

 * $$z = \frac{(T/2) + w}{(T/2) - w},\quad w = \frac{2}{T} \frac{z - 1}{z + 1}$$

Where T is the sampling time of the discrete signal.

Frequencies in the w domain are related to frequencies in the s domain through the following relationship:

 * $$\omega_w = \frac{2}{T} \tan \left( \frac{ \omega_s T}{2} \right)$$

This relationship is called the frequency warping characteristic of the bilinear transform. To counter-act the effects of frequency warping, we can pre-warp the Z-domain equation using the inverse warping characteristic. If the equation is prewarped before it is transformed, the resulting poles of the system will line up more faithfully with those in the s-domain.

 * $$ \omega = \frac{2}{T} \arctan \left( \omega_a \frac{T}{2} \right).$$

Applying these transformations before applying the bilinear transform actually enables direct conversions between the S-Domain and the Z-Domain. The act of applying one of these frequency warping characteristics to a function before transforming is called prewarping.

Wikipedia Resources

 * Laplace transform
 * Fourier transform
 * Z-transform
 * Star transform
 * Bilinear transform

title: Control Systems/Transforms Appendix


text:
SanDisk Sansa MP3 Players/c100

This is a good place for adding tips, tricks, bugs and experiences which would help other owners of players in the SanDisk Sansa c100 series, which consists of:
 * Sansa c140 - 1 gig
 * Sansa c150 - 2 gig

While both the European and the American models of these players (for either c140 or c150) feature exactly the same hardware, the wireless, some recording functions and extra high volume settings are sadly disabled in the euro-firmware. In order to enable this functionality you may download and install the American firmware (see the links section, use at your own risk).

Windows
In Windows, the default setting is to use "MTP". In practice, this means you need to have installed the relevant software (Windows Media Player 10). If you don't want to do this, or are using a different computer which doesn't have the software installed, then you can use it in "MSC" mode, and as described below.

Other operating systems
The c100 series can be used as a USB mass storage device. The computer treats it as another hard drive, and you can drag and drop files into the SanDisk player (or copy and paste). This makes it compatible with any standard operating system, including Windows, Mac or Linux.

To use it in this mode, it should be set to MSC, under Settings>USB>MSC. (Auto-detect should make this unnecessary in theory, but it may not work properly).

A method that involves clearing the player's contents
Follow these instructions, and it should work for you.

and press "Finish".
 * 1) Delete all the music on the Sansa (which should be located in the "...media/music/" directory). Also, delete the "WMPinfo.xml" file in the "...media/" directory (if there is one).
 * 2) Create a playlist or multiple playlists (.m3u) on Winamp, or some other mp3 playing program.
 * 3) Start-up Windows Media Player. Since you have deleted all the music on the Sansa, including the "WMPinfo.xml" file, Windows Media Player will "think" that it is the first time you have connected the device
 * 4) Press the "Set Up Sync" button at the top of the Windows Media Player window. A prompt should appear, asking you if you want to set up your walkman "automatically" or "manually". Select "Manually"
 * 1) To get your custom playlist(s) (the one(s) you just made) to appear in WMP's list of selectable playlists (you will see this list of selectable playlists in step 7), locate the ".m3u" file(s) you just created. Drag and drop it/them into the main window of Windows Media Player. Press the "Start Sync" button. It will give you the following error: "Error: Windows Media Player cannot synchronize the file. The Player might not support the file type."

This is okay, since the only reason we were doing this was to get your playlist to appear in WMP's list of playlists.

The following steps (a-d) are optional steps you might wish to take before continuing to step 6: I've noticed that WMP tries to convert some files on its own as it transfers them. Why? I do not know. And sometimes, WMP will say that it cannot transfer a given file because the file is not supported, even if you know for a fact that you are transferring a file that you know is just an mp3. So...to get around this, after completing step 5:

a.) In the top of the Windows Media Player window, there is a bar that says "Windows Media Player" with the Windows logo to the  left of it. Right click it. Go to "Tools->Options".

b.) Select the tab that says "Devices". Your Sansa player should be in the list. Highlight it (by clicking on it), and press the "Properties" button.

c.) Now, there should be two tabs; one that says "Synchronize" and another that says "Quality". Click the "Quality" tab, and uncheck the box that says "Convert files as required by the device (recommended)". A warning will appear asking you if you are sure you want to uncheck the box and you "wish to continue". Click "Yes".

d.) Then click on the "OK" button on the "Sansa c140 Properties" window, and "OK" on the "Options" window. Now...you can proceed to step 6.

6.) Now, press the "Set up Sync" again. A window will appear that says "Synchronization Settings" at the top. Check the box that says "Synchronize device automatically".

7.) Once checked, you will have the ability of checking each of the playlists listed in the window that you want to send to your device. Most of them are playlists that are automatically generated by Windows Media Player based upon your listening habits while listening to your music on Windows Media player. The playlist you created earlier will be in the list. Check the box next to it. Make sure there are no other boxes checked...except for the playlist that you want to send. Note: YOU CAN DO THIS FOR AS MANY PLAYLISTS AS YOU WANT.

8.) Press the "OK" button and...voila! Your music starts to transfer to your device, from the playlist you generated.

When the player is done transferring, even though there will not be any playlist(s) file(s) in the "...Media/Playlists" directory (when navigating via Windows Explorer), when you disconnect the player, and you navigate, via the player's on-screen menu, to "Music -> Playlists", your playlist(s) will appear beneath the "Go List" that is already on the player.

An easier way than wiping out your player and using WMP
Use the Rapsody music management software. On the window to the left that shows devices/drives as well as playlists, you may drag & drop a playlist into the c140. When you unplug your device and navigate, the list will show up in the Playlist menu beneath the "go list."

A way that doesn't require Rhapsody
If you set your Sansa up as an MSC device (it's in the settings menu under "USB"), there's an even easier way. Copy your music to a folder in the Sansa, then the files to an M3U playlist in Winamp (or another music player which supports M3U- nearly all do) and save the M3U playlist to the same folder on your Sansa. In other words:
 * 1) Drag & drop music to your Sansa.
 * 2) Open up Winamp. Drag & drop your music ON THE SANSA into Winamp's playlist.
 * 3) Click List Opts (lower right corner of the playlist), then "Save List".
 * 4) Save the list in the folder on your Sansa that you drag & dropped the music into. Make sure you save it as an M3U playlist, not PLS or M3U-8 (Unicode).
 * 5) Unhook and enjoy. Your playlist will now be in the "Playlists" menu.

Player hangs on startup, no keys work
Try these in order until you get one that works: (when instructions call for RESET, hold down the power button for 20 seconds)
 * 1) RESET
 * 2) Remove the battery, RESET, replace the battery
 * 3) Remove the battery and replace it in the player BACKWARDS, RESET, put the battery back in correctly
 * 4) Use the Recovery Tool to perform a firmware update (NOTE: this will clear the contents of your player)
 * 5) Download the Firmware Update found at the end of this page
 * 6) Unrar the file
 * 7) Carefully read and follow the howto.txt file

title: SanDisk Sansa MP3 Players/c100


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Human Body

This tutorial should cover the modelling, skinning and animation of human body, plus facial expressions.

There are some tools to generate human body from parameters like:

Use lightwave(obj) export. The exported file is located at ...\Documents\makehuman
 * makehuman free software program (gpl). The models generated are under MIT license. The models generated can be easily imported in blender.

Delete the original cube first. The human object is smaller than the standard cube. Use the UVImage editor to see the UV mapping but it actually uses a texture stored in the image file texture.png

 * facegen proprietary program. Used for The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion.

links to anatomy sites :
 * fineart
 * Body proportions

tutorials: Blender 3D: Tutorial Links List

title: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Human Body


text:
Umbraco/Samples and Articles/XSLT/Sitemap

You could use the following XSLT to create a sitemap

      <xsl:value-of select="@nodeName"/> </a> <xsl:call-template name="drawNodes"> <xsl:with-param name="parent" select="."/> </xsl:call-template> </li> </xsl:for-each> </ul> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet>


text:
Umbraco/Samples and Articles/XSLT

XSLT

 * How to create a sitemap
 * How to get info from Media Library
 * How to create a simple gallery (demo)
 * Extend XSL using Javascript, VB or C#
 * Create your own Library like umbraco.Library in C#
 * Various simple XSLT methods for use in Umbraco
 * Embed FlashPlayer with Swf file specified by Media Id
 * Print entire Xml document sent to your XSLT

title: Umbraco/Samples and Articles/XSLT


text:
Biblical Studies/History of the Roman Catholic Church

This is a study guide for the history of the Roman Catholic Church.

The importance of history
1.Sources of history
 * Books: both by those "participating" in history, and those "observing" history
 * Audio and video recordings
 * Newspaper, magazine, and internet news articles
 * Artifacts
 * Oral history

2.Why do we study history?
 * To make sure that we don't repeat the mistakes of the past
 * To repeat the successes of the past
 * To maintain and use a database of experiences that will allow us to infer courses of action when we encounter new situations
 * To understand that events in the past effect current events; chronologies (timelines) only give us the foundational facts

3. The role of the church in the world has changed over time

Models of church

 * 1) Servant: Church acts to serve all people
 * 2) Herald of God's Word: Church spreading the gospel throughout the world
 * 3) Institution: A corporate structure which is organized with particular rules and a hierarchy which then allows it to grow and continue over time
 * 4) Community of Disciples: Church acting in such a way so as to show how Jesus wants us to live
 * 5) Sacrament: Church, unified, acting to bring God into the world
 * 6) Body of Christ/People of God: Church acting to bring Christ into the world

The earliest church

 * 1) Paul went on three missionary trips
 * 2) Paul got in trouble and said he was a Roman citizen, which he was.
 * 3) When he got to Rome, he was persecuted

Paul's Mission
Paul acted as a missionary to spread Christianity around the areas of Rome, Israel and North Africa, he made 3 trips and after that he revisited the areas he had visited to preach again and to monitor the conditions of the area.

Paul's primary motivation is always to bring as many as possible to salvation through Christ. In Rome Paul wanted to also accomplish : 1. Make Christianity larger and more influential. 2. Wants Roman Citizens to send him as missionary into Spain.

In Spain, Paul didn't do well because of the different culture, religious beliefs, and language. In 50 AD, the Council of Jerusalem established that you don't have to follow Kosher laws to be Christian.

Persecutions
Demand for conformity lead to Persecution lead to Martyrs.

Two major persecutions
 * a. Mid 2nd century.
 * b. Starts in 303 with clergy, then all Christians in 305; ends in 311

As Paul was persecuted by people by his teachings, newly baptized Christians too faced the same, their persecution in the Roman society led to deaths; these Christians were forced to profess Pagan Religions at that time and Christians too refused to offer offerings to Pagan gods before competitions and wars. In 285, Diocletian rises to power and splits the Roman Empire into East(Constantinople) and West(Rome) and has a leader for each which is called the Augustus and a Caesar who is the vice leader.

306 Diocletian abdicates which means a new Caeser needs to be chosen. The people want Constatine to become Caesar but on the way down to Rome, the other one dies..

The Battle of the Milvian Bridge, October 28, 312

Constantine sees the Greek letters chi and rho, which is the symbol for Christianity. God told him to put it on everything he could find. This is the first time someone fought with Christianity. The Edict of Milan, 313, made Christianity legal in the Roman Empire.

Constantine
a) He wants the empire to be unified, and he trys Christianity to do that.   1) He gives them money and land. 2) He makes church officials government officials too. The Church endorses the Empire in return for the things that it has given to them.

The Church begins to develop a theology.

Heresies

Heresy- a teaching that is contrary to the essential teachings of a religion.

Gnosticism- All matter is inherently evil, therefore Jesus cannot be man. Arianism- Jesus is man, not God. Monophysitism- Jesus was fully human but then was taken over by a divine nature, and then was fully God.

The Creed

A creed was written to stamp out these heresies, to make it unified.

A creed is a statement of beliefs.

In 324 Constantine called a council in his seaside resort of Nicea. He paid for all the bishops to come. It took six months.

On 14 June 325, they came up with the Nicene Creed.

Arianism continued for another fifty-five years.

A Christian Empire

380 Theodosius made Christianity the only legal religion in the empire.

May 381 the Constantinopolitan Creed was written, it expanded the part about the Holy Sprit, and it used a narrative style for better use in liturgy. It clarified the anti-Arian language of Nicea. Arianism goes away.

Monasticism Isolated from society to seek God because monastics want to escape the imperial influence on Christianity.

The first known monk was St. Anthony of Egypt, he spent eighty years in the desert, and started monasteries.

Hermetic Monasticism: Serve God through work and prayer.

Communal Monasticism: community of monastics

Women greatly influenced the great people of the church. convent- where women are bound together by vows of religious life.

St. Basil came up with a system of monastic life.

St. Basil's Rule 1) Eat only what you need. 2) Own only what you need. 3) Obey the abbot.

Rule of St. Benedict ORA ET LABORA A monks life should be a balance of prayer and work.

Basil's rule was generally used in the east, and Benedict's in the west.

PAX ROMANA Economic stability Organized society System of defense National identity

West After the fall of the empire Christianity is the only unified thing in the west. Conglomeration of Barbarian tribes. Uses: Latin, Basilicae, Benedictine monks.

East Byzantine Empire The empire controlled the church in the east "Patriarchs" and the empire appointed them Uses": Greek, Eastern basilicae, Basilian monks. Justinian was the last strong emperor 527-565

 * He establishes the Justinian Code "laws"
 * It was the basis of all early European law and the Napoleonic Code.
 * It made divorce harder, and you couldn't sell your family.


text:
Umbraco/Samples and Articles/XSLT/MediaLibrary

Reading information from the media library
Reading information from the media library is actually quite simple - It's all implemented in Umbraco. You only need to use a method in the umbraco.library in your XSLT.

To get the filename of a file in media library use the following XSLT:


text:
Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Creating Pixar-looking eyes in Blender

twofingers 19:16, 1 February 2007 (UTC) Something's wrong here... Ray Transparency and ZTransparency cannot be turned on in the same time and 'SpecTra' is stricte Ray Transparency tweaker. I would personally add some Ray Mirror for cornea so it shows seen objects when close up.

Wouldn't a simpler (at least to understand) way for making the iris be this: Create a new mesh "tube" with 8 vertices, then select one end of it and resize it. Then shorten the tube until you have a concave disc with a hole in the middle.

Could someone please put detailed instructions on how to model each piece of the eye (with pictures)? I have no idea what the writer(s) is talking about. Sayibng "I won't go deep into modelling of each element - it uses Blender's subdivision surfaces and it's quite simple as you can see." really doesn't help noobs at all. I've been struggling wiht this for and 2 hours but I still have nothing but the eye white. ~frustrated noob

-If you haven't read the previous tutorials then you shouldn't really be able to understand it ;)

Cornea
This tutorial makes no reference to curving the cornea, or even what shape it is supposed to be of. I assume it is supposed to be a circle, similar to the iris, but this time curving it outward from the eye. Is this correct?

Try creating a new sphere and then delete everything except the tip with triangular faces.202.153.251.2 (talk) 12:39, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

=Iris= at the bottom of Materials > Iris someone has put in "you had better follow rules" for no reason, at least that is what it looks like. --Jawboot (talk) 12:45, 25 June 2008 (UTC)


text:
Umbraco/Reference

Reference

 * umbraco.library v4.0.1: Most methods are currently missing documentation, but are listed.

 * Umbraco XML Format the format in which Umbraco exposes its content repository for manipulation via XSLT or programatically.

 * Debugging

 * Generating images with TextGen.aspx

 * Authentication using Umbraco Members

title: Umbraco/Reference


text:
Umbraco/library

Umbraco.library

 * GetMedia

title: Umbraco/library