text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Typewriting

1. Show how to clean the type or element properly and change ribbon on a type writer.

 * Clean the type or element
 * There is/was a fuzzy pink material that you fed into the typewriter and then typed each key several times to clean the type/element.
 * You could dab alcohol on the type/element and brush off the type/element using an old toothbrush.
 * You could use a toothpick to clean the type/element individually, especially to clean out the center of some type/elements like: q, R, o, O, p, P, a, A, d, D, b, B, and some of the other keys.

 * Change the ribbon
 * Some typewriters came with a single spool of ribbon. You would have to open the cellophane pack, put the spool on the spindle, thread the ribbon through the guides and in the strike area, and catch the ribbon on the take-up spool. Wind the spool(s) somewhat to take up the slack, close it all up, and go wash your hands.
 * Some typewriters came with the ribbon in an enclosed cartridge, so all you had to do was to take out the old/spent cartridge and insert the new ribbon cartridge.

2. Know the difference between a fabric and a carbon ribbon.

 * A fabric ribbon is basically a ribbon of cloth that was soaked (impregnated) with ink and can be re-used until all of the 'ink' is depleted.

 * A carbon ribbon is basically a 'single use' ribbon. When the typewriter keys struck the ribbon, it transfers the carbon from the ribbon to the paper, and the ribbon now has no carbon (ink) there. Many of us were resourceful, and re-used the carbon ribbon until no more carbon was left.

a. Frame

 * The type or elements and the keys are attached to the FRAME. The shift keys moves the FRAME so that the upper or lower case letters can be typed.

b. Keyboard

 * These are those 'keys' with the letters on them - the Q, W, E, R, T, Y, ...
 * Depending on the typewriter you have (if you can find one), there are 26 alphabet keys and some number keys (picture on the right shows only eight - 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9), comma, parentheses, period, and other useful keys. The lowercase "L" was used for one (l) and uppercase "o" was used for zero (O).

c. Space bar

 * The wide key in the center (left-right) on the bottom row (closest to you).

d. Backspace key

 * This key moves the carriage one position to the left (i.e. backwards, therefore, backspace).

e. Shift keys and lock

 * The SHIFT keys are on the bottom left and right (sometimes only on one side) that moves the frame up or down so that the CAPITAL letters are typed instead of lower case. The SHIFT LOCK key may also be on one side only and mechanically locks the frame into the UPPERCASE position.

f. Platen

 * The roller used in typewriters (and friction-feed printers) to hold the paper in position for the typebars or print head.

g. Impression control

 * This controlled how soft or hard the typewriter key(s) would hit the paper.

h. Margin stops

 * The MARGIN STOPS limited how far you can go to the left or right. When using the CARRIAGE RETURN, the carriage would stop on the left margin stop, which is your left margin (and where you started to type for each line). You would get a bell shortly before the right margin stop so that you could finish up your word and use the carriage return to get to the next line to continue.

i. Paper release

 * The PAPER RELEASE releases the paper from the PLATEN so that you did not have to turn the platen to remove the paper.

j. Leverline-space lever

 * (maybe the question was supposed to be line-space lever since there is no mention of the carriage return lever)

 * A LINE-SPACE LEVER is otherwise known as a carriage return lever. This 'lever' returns the carriage (and your paper) to the leftmost margin for you to start a new line. You can also use the carriage return lever to advance the paper (and go up, or skip) a line.

k. Line-finder control

 * Not sure if this is related to the CARDHOLDER where there is usually a horizontal line on the clear plastic, so that you can find the line you want to type on and can correctly position the paper so that you type on the right line.

l. Paper centering scale

 * There is a guide on the side of the carriage. This guide has markings for different widths of paper. You would move this guide/scale to the width of your paper (8.5-inch, 11-inch, etc.) and when you aligned your paper to this guide/scale, your paper would be centered on the platen.

 * (I believe that is only on the typewriters where the carriage did not actually move - i.e. the electric typewriters, where the typing head/element moved, instead of the carriage).

m. Cardholder

 * Paper is more flexible than card stock. The cardholder is the clear plastic on both sides of the strike area that holds cardstock back against the platen so that it does not lean forward too much because it is bent/rolled around in the platen.

n. Paper bail lever

 * The paper bail is a horizontal bar across the platen with a number of small rollers to hold down the paper. The PAPER BAIL LEVER was on one side of the carriage which lifted this paper bail.

o. Pitch selection lever

 * A modern advance in technology introduced selectable "pitch" so that the typewriter could be switched among pica ("10 pitch", or 10 characters per inch) and elite ("12 pitch"), in one document.

 * (This is also in 'newer' typewriters that were usually electric).

p. Margin release

 * The MARGIN RELEASE allowed typing beyond the right MARGIN STOP so that if you had one or two letters to finish the word, you could do that.

4. Know how to set tabs for tabulation. Properly type a tabulated page with at least four columns.

 * See Wikipedia about tab stops.

 * A tab stop on a typewriter is a location where the carriage movement is halted by mechanical gears. Tab stops are set manually, and pressing the tab key causes the carriage to go to the next tab stop.

 * To set a tab stop, you would advance the carriage to each position where you want the TAB key to stop, and press the tab set key. When you are typing, you would use the TAB key to advance the carriage to the TAB STOP, type the information, and press the TAB key to advance to the next tab stop.

 * For example, you may want to create table data:

Trains       Farm Station    Suburban Station   City Center --              ---  Route101      06:30 am        07:00 am           07:30 am  Route102      09:30 am        10:00 am           10:30 am  Route202      12:30 pm        01:00 pm           01:30 pm

 * So, you would set the tab stops at the first position for each column, and press the TAB key as you finish the information in each column to quickly advance to the start of the next column.

Tab stop     Tab stop        Tab stop           Tab stop |            |               |                  |  v             v               v                  v  Trains        Farm Station    Suburban Station   City Center --              ---  Route101      06:30 am        07:00 am           07:30 am  Route102      09:30 am        10:00 am           10:30 am  Route202      12:30 pm        01:00 pm           01:30 pm          ^             ^               ^ |            |               |          Press TAB key when you finish the text to advance

5. Show how to center information horizontally and vertically on paper.

 * Center information horizontally
 * Count the number of spaces that the paper can contain from left to right (example: 80).
 * Count the number of letters for the line you are centering (example: 60).
 * Subtract the 60 from the 80, which results in 20 (for this example).
 * Divide the result (20) by two, which results in ten (10) (for this example).
 * You would start your typing TEN spaces from the left side of the paper.

 * Center information vertically
 * Count the number of lines that the paper can contain from top to bottom (example: 66)
 * Count the number of lines you want to type on the paper (example: 50)
 * Subtract the 50 from the 66 which results in 16 (for this example)
 * Divide the result (16) by two, which results in eight (8) (for this example).
 * You would advance the paper EIGHT lines down from the top before you start typing.

 * You have to do BOTH of the above to center information HORIZONTALLY and VERTICALLY.

 * Through trial and error, you will learn that there are half steps and other neat stuff you can do to get the information as centered as possible.

6. Show how to construct block and indented style letters.

 * In the block form, everything starts on the left margin.

Al Dubewe 123 Main Street Anytown, State 12345

May 22, 1901

Bigman Oncampus Chief Bottlewasher Antique Typewriter Company 1616 Pennsylvania Avenue Mytown, Yourstate 99999

Dear Bigman Oncampus, This is a letter in block form. No lines are indented. Your name and contact information is above and on the left, as is the date. A new paragraph simply skips a line. And then we have the closing paragraph here. Sincerely,

Your Signature Your name Your title

 * In the indented form, you would indent each paragraph.

Al Dubewe 123 Main Street Anytown, State 12345

May 22, 1901

Bigman Oncampus Chief Bottlewasher Antique Typewriter Company 1616 Pennsylvania Avenue Mytown, Yourstate 99999

Dear Bigman Oncampus, In the indented form, each paragraph is indented. Again, your name and contact information is at the top, and either centered, or indented on the right side. Each new paragraph is indented.

Sincerely, Your Signature Your name Your title

7. Operate a typewriter at a speed of forty words a minute on new material for five minutes with no more than five errors.

 * Practice makes perfect. This is your opportunity to show off what you have learned. Enjoy!

Historical Notes
Typewriting was one of the first AY honors, being introduced in 1929. It was discontinued in 1956 and then reintroduced as an antique honor in 1968


text:
Cookbook talk:Pan-fried Beef Steak

Oven Time
I wonder what the purpose is of putting the steak in the oven for such a short time - the effect will be negligible, you could just as well cook it a little longer and let it rest on the pan for a few minutes.
 * That cooking time doesn't seem right. I feel, that putting the steak in the oven is to finish it's cooking.  But you don't want to under cook it so it's rare or blue rare or you don't to over cook it so it's tough and dried out.  Medium to medium rare is the ideal doneness for steak in my opinion.  Mr. C.C. 20:54, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Grilled?
This doesn't fit with my idea of "grilled" anything; it more resembles fried. The short period in the hot pan isn't a bad idea to sear the outside and seal in the juices, but not to cook in, even under the grill. The same searing can be done both under the broiler or on the bar-b-que saving the need to clean the pan.
 * Bizarre, isn't it? The article doesn't treat actual grilling even once. This is just how to pan-fry a steak and assumes you'll always broil it as well. --216.133.112.234 (discuss) 21:10, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Marinating
At any time, I have found that it takes 15-16 minutes to cook a steak to medium and I do it all under the broiler in the oven on a broil pan, or on the bar-b-que. I have also found that in spite of the best efforts of the supermarket buyers and butchers, I marinate almost every steak (cannot afford real butcher). Improved flavour and protection against acquiring a tough cut are the major benfits. User:J0ckser 14:00, 14 Sep 2007 (UTC-6)

J0ckser, you do know that acids in marinades don't really tenderize? Ask any professional chef and they will tell you, "That's just a myth."

Other Meats
Should there really be an "Other Meats" section? Cooking chicken or salmon, for instance, is not the same as just pan-frying and broiling a steak with a different desired internal temperature. There are different techniques and preparation involved. Someone who wants to fry or broil a particular meat or fish would be better served just going to the appropriate page, no? 38.72.131.135 (discuss) 20:11, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook talk:Pan-fried Beef Steak


text:
User:JoshLMeyer~enwikibooks

My Contributions

title: User:JoshLMeyer~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:24.251.65.104

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits, such as those you made to European History, are considered vandalism. If you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks.

title: User talk:24.251.65.104


text:
Dutch/Lesson 13

More about adjectives
Dutch adjectives are only a little more complicated than their English counterparts. An adjective generally occurs in two forms, an undeclined one and a declined one, ending in -e. Which one is used depends on a number of factors.

Predicative versus attributive
In general the undeclined form is used for a predicate, the declined form if the adjective is used as an attribute. Japanese speakers may recall the rules about na-type adjectives for this case:

 * predicative: dit huis is prachtig - this house is gorgeous
 * attributive: dit prachtige huis  - this beautiful house

Gender and indefiniteness
There is an important exception to the above main rule. If an adjective is used attributively before a singular neuter word in the indefinite case, it remains undeclined:

 * het mooie huis (definite)
 * een mooi huis (indefinite)
 * mooi werk ! (indefinite uncountable)

The 'indefinite' case includes words like geen, welk?, ieder etc.:

 * dit is geen mooi huis.

Adverbial use
Dutch adjectives can be used as adverbs without further ado, this contrasts with English where the ending "-ly" is usually required. Compare:

 * attributive
 * een langzame afdaling - a slow descent
 * predicative
 * de afdaling is langzaam - the descent is slow
 * adverbial
 * hij daalde langzaam af - he descended slowly

Substantives
The adjective can be made independent as a substantive, in which case it does carry an -e in the predicate:

 * dat is een mooie - that is a nice one

(Notice that Dutch does not add 'one' in this case, in contrast to Afrikaans).

The same holds for possessive pronouns, e.g.:

 * dat is de mijne - that's mine.

Fixed combinations
Sometimes the combination of adjective + noun have become a joint concept. In that case the inflection -e is dropped.

 * het [bijvoeglijk naamwoord] - the adjective
 * het [centraal station] - the central station
 * de [klinisch phycholoog] - the clinical psychologist
 * een [Amerikaans president] - an American president

Unfortunately there are many border line cases and it is hard to give fail proof rules, e.g. it is:
 * de Amerikaanse president.

And it is: but:
 * een Frans filosoof
 * niet een Franse, maar een Duitse filosoof.

In practice this seldom presents a serious problem for non-native speakers, as native speaker do not always agree on this point either.

Comparatives and superlatives
In English a few adjectives form comparatives and superlatives by adding "-er" and "-(e)st". Dutch follows the same pattern.

 * hoog - hoger - hoogst
 * high - higher - highest

However, in contrast to English this pattern is used for almost all Dutch adjectives, even for long ones and when formidable consonant clusters form.

 * interessant - interessanter - interessantst
 * interesting - more interesting - most interesting

After "-r" often a dental is inserted:

 * helder - helderder - helderst

For a few words ending in "-s" or "-isch" Dutch resorts to paraphrase as English does far more often;

 * fantastisch - fantastischer - meest fantastisch

Comparatives and superlative receive the ending -e as all adjectives:

 * de mooiste bloemen
 * de meest fantastische webstek

As in English a few adjectives have irregular forms:

 * goed - beter - best
 * good - better - best

 * weinig - minder - minst
 * little/few - less/ fewer - least/ fewest

 * veel - meer - meest
 * much/many - more - most

The same rules for inflection apply to the comparative ans superlative as do for the positive grade, but the inflection -e is dropped in many cases when there would be a lengthy succession of schwas, e.g.:

 * Een gemakkelijker(e) opdracht - an easier task

The word gemakkelijkere would have 4 schwas in a row  -kə-lə-kə-rə. In this case the last one is typically dropped.

Participles
As in English a participle behaves as an adjective and in most cases it receives the suffix "-e" as described above:

 * gekookte aardappels
 * kokende olie

An exception is the past participle of a strong verb that ends in "-en". It does not take an -e in attributive cases.

 * gebakken aardappels

Only as a substantive does it receive "-e":

 * dit is een gevangene - this is a prisoner (lit. a 'caughtee')

The adjective eigen (own) also follows this pattern. In fact, it descends from an old past participle.

 * Je eigen huis. - Your own house
 * Het eigen huis. - The owned house
 * Het eigene van de streek - The typical quality of the region
 * Deze streek heeft iets eigens - This region has something special

In contrast to English the present participle is seldom used to initiate a clause:

 * The train departing from platform 6 is delayed
 * De van perron 6 vertrekkende trein is vertraagd
 * De trein die van perron 6 vertrekt is vertraagd.

Vertrekkende would seldom be used after trein.

 * Alle treinen, vertrekkende van perron 6 -> Alle treinen die van perron 6 vertrekken.

The first construction is technically correct but sounds overly formal.

By contrast, past participles are occasionally found in such a construction, particularly if other attributes are already prefixed:

 * Het uitgestrekte gebied verloren bij het verdrag van XXX werd heroverd.
 * The vast territory lost at the treaty of XXX was regained by conquest.

Materials
As in English adjectives that indicate a material end in "-en":

wollen - woolen

They are indeclinable and are only used attributively:

 * de wollen muts

To express the predicate, the preposition van is used:

 * de muts is van wol.

Other endings
Dutch lost its case endings more recently than English did and it is not uncommon to encounter endings like "-er", "-en" etc. in frozen expressions:

 * te goeder trouw (dat. fem. sg.) -- in good faith
 * in koelen bloede (dat neut. sg.) -- in cold blood
 * goedenavond! (acc masc. sg.) -- good evening!
 * van ganser harte (dat. fem. sg., despite hart being neuter) -- with all my heart
 * te gelegener tijd (dat fem. sg.) -- at a convenient time

The latter contrasts with ten tijde van where tijd in shown as a masculine dative... Clearly the case system was getting pretty corrupt before most of it got abolished in official spelling (1947).

Partitive -s
One form of case ending is still productive. After words that indicate a quantity such as iets, wat, niets. veel an adjective gets a genitive (partitive) "-s":

 * iets moois - something beautiful
 * veel liefs - a lot of love
 * iets wikibooksachtigs - something like wikibooks

title: Dutch/Lesson 13


text:
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User talk:199.181.134.220

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. hagindaz 22:14, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

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Measure Theory

This book intends to be a basic approach to measure theory. In mathematics the concept of a measure generalizes notions such as "length", "area", and "volume" (but not all of its applications have to do with physical sizes). Informally, given some base set, a "measure" is any consistent assignment of "sizes" to (some of) the subsets of the base set. Depending on the application, the "size" of a subset may be interpreted as (for example) its physical size, the amount of something that lies within the subset, or the probability that some random process will yield a result within the subset. The main use of measures is to define general concepts of integration over domains with more complex structure than intervals of the real line. Such integrals are used extensively in probability theory, and in much of mathematical analysis. It is often not possible or desirable to assign a size to all subsets of the base set, so a measure does not have to do so. There are certain consistency conditions that govern which combinations of subsets it is allowed for a measure to assign sizes to; these conditions are encapsulated in the auxiliary concept of a σ-algebra

 * /Spaces of measurable functions/
 * /Convergence theorems/
 * /Morphisms and categories of measure spaces/
 * /The Caratheodory construction/
 * /Measures on topological spaces/
 * /Measures on Polish spaces/
 * /Integral operators/

Measure theory is that branch of real analysis which investigates σ-algebras, measures, measurable functions and integrals.

Chapters

 * 1) Basic Structures And Definitions
 * 2) Semialgebras, Algebras and σ-algebras
 * 3) Measures
 * 4) Measurable Functions
 * 5) Extension of a Measure
 * 6) Completion of Measure Spaces
 * 7) Regular Measures
 * 8) /Integration/
 * 9) /Riesz' representation theorem/
 * 10) L^p spaces

Contents

 * 1) /Advanced set theory/
 * 2) /Algebras and σ-algebras/
 * 3) /Pre-measures and measures/
 * 4) /Theorems on measures/
 * 5) /Multiplicative systems, Dynkin systems/
 * 6) /Carathéodory's theorem and extension of pre-measures/
 * 7) /Measurable functions, Lebesgue integration/
 * 8) /Theorems on Lebesgue integrals/ (note to self: don't forget trafo of vars, leibniz integral rule)
 * 9) /Lp spaces/
 * 10) /Riesz representation theorem, Radon–Nikodym theorem/

Users Actively Contributing

 * Bunder :
 * At the moment, before making any writing of material i'm creating a sort of workflow by using       templates
 * Raliaga :
 * I'm adding content to the first section of the first chapter, including some insights about the "reason of being" of the definitions and comments on the importance of the propositions presented.
 * S Pat   talk :
 * Basically uploading my lecture notes.

測度論

Medida e integração

title: Measure Theory


text:
Talk:Origami/Types/Wet Folding

Modular Origami
We desparatly need a section on modular techniques!! If anybody has a particular love of modular designs please feel free to contribute! David Comley 23:01, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Origami/Types/Wet Folding


text:
User:WikiBookManThatReadsBooks

Hi, this is a sister project of Wikipedia.

title: User:WikiBookManThatReadsBooks


text:
User talk:Effective Glory

Hello, and welcome to wikibooks.

I noticed you put up two VfD calls today. Both of these are baseless, and--judging by your slim contribution history--I venture to say that neither were made in good faith. Do not add any other VfD calls in this manner, or I will see to it that you are blocked as a vandal and disrupter of the peace. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 23:43, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Effective Glory


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Soft Body Animation

Due to rapid updates in Blender, some menu items may be different from those mentioned here. If the menus don't agree then just do what seems logical.

Softbody makes each individual vertex its own object that falls according to gravity and reacts to outside forces like fields. By adjusting the settings, you change the behaviour of the edges that connect the vertices. For example, you can make it so edges can stretch really far (aka elasticity), allowing the vertices to become distant, or you can make the edge stiff, so the vertices will always stay the same distance apart.

To put this in perspective, picture two cloths, one elastic and one cotton. The elastic one has edges that can extend, so if you view them in wire-frame (with vertices and edges visible) you would see the edges are more extended than an equal distance. The cotton one would only stretch a little bit, so the vertices would stay essentially the same distance apart.

We are going to make a big rubber ball, but not a big bouncy one, a flat (and somewhat lifeless) one. Start with a sphere. I would use a cube sphere or an icosphere, UV spheres don't deform well as they have too few vertices. A cube sphere is made by subdividing a cube and doing a "To Sphere" in the Edit window, under Mesh Tools.

Move the sphere up and place a plane below it. Make sure to do this in the right views so that it is aligned properly. Gravity acts on the z-axis (sphere should be above the plane relative to the z axis). Now for the soft body select the ball and go to the object tab then the physics subtab or whatever your version has. Click "enable softbody" and then turn up 'Grav' to 9.8. Click off use goal. Press the > arrow key (a few times) and you should see the ball fall. The center will remain in place but this is not a problem. If you are on a slow machine you will notice lag. This is because blender moves it vert by vert, not efficient.

'''Note: in Blender 2.49, you must deselect the "Use Goal" button to release the center of the ball. Otherwise, it will just hang there.'''

Note: In Blender 2.44, click F7 on keyboard, select the "Physics Buttons" button, select "Soft Body". When it reaches the plane it will pass through. To fix this we must make the plane affect the softbody. To do this make the plane deflect in its physics buttons.

Noob Note: To do this in version 2.49 select the plane, go to object buttons -> physics context -> collision subcontext and select Collision. The variables you can play with here are under the Soft Body and Cloth Interaction.

Now the ball collapses into a strange quivering wreck after impact. To fix this, you need to turn on the stiff quad button, but set the edge stiffness down a bit, so its more bouncy. You can use the bake function to solidify the settings see below

Noob Note: You might have to turn up the Rigidity Level to 0.100 (in the Soft Body Tab) as well in order to prevent the object from collapsing. (I used a subdivided cube as Object) What I recommend to do before rendering as animation: In the Bake Settings (Soft Body Tab) Set Interval to 2 or 1, so the object will not start deforming too early before impact. This will slow down the bake process - just slightly - but make the object bounce more dynamically. Then bake again.

 Noob note: In blender 2.46 you have to adjust the value of Be in the soft body tab, I changed it to 0.4

Explanation of Settings
I invite you to correct and expand these definitions:

Softbody

 * Friction: creates a resistance to movement of the whole object, like being submerged in a viscous fluid
 * Grav: the rate of velocity change due to gravity. Results in a constant -z force.
 * Mass: (Force = mass × acceleration) affects everything by making the object heavier.
 * Speed: tweaks the simulation to run faster or slower.
 * ErrorLimit: raise it and the simulation will solve faster but strange things might happen. Save frequently, as blender might go nuts with this or any physic simulation (but less so after 2.4)
 * Goal: makes the object try to return to its original position, useful at times, in the tutorial you could turn gravity off and key the ball falling and use this to keep it a ball.
 * use Edges: uses the edges a means of resistance to movement for the object. Helps to keep it looking possible


text:
Mirad/Orthography and Pronunciation

Alphabet

 * The Mirad alphabet has both lower-case and upper-case letters. The alphabet has the same base letters as Latin or English, except that the letters Qq, Xx, and Yy are considered non-native and are used only in foreign names and borrowings.  Also, the letters Hh and  Ww are additional to Agapoff's original Unilingua alphabet and are unique in that they have no inherent semantic values; they are used for various grammatical-only purposes.  A unique feature of Mirad is that every native letter is a semantically- or functionally-significant atom in the language and can be thought of as a brick in word-building.  See Word-building

 * The order of the native alphabet is as follows:

 * a á à â b c d e é è ê f g h i í ì î j k l m n o ó ò ô p r s t u ú ù û v w z

 * The above lower-case letters can also be represented as upper-case letters. In Unicode representations and indexing, the uppercase graphemes precede the lowercase values. Uppercase letters are used much as in American English, that is, for the first letter in sentences, proper nouns, etc.  See  for more details. As mentioned above, the Mirad graphemes Ww and Hh are additional to the letters in the original Unilingua and are used to form the passive voice of verbs and the correlative deictics, respectively.  Foreign names and borrowings sometimes also incorporate Hh, Qq, Xx, and Yy.

Consonants

 * The following letters are classified as consonants:

 * b c  d  f  g  h  j  k  l  m  n  p  r  s  t  v  w  z

Vowels

 * Vowels, or more accurately, vowel nuclei consist of plain vowels and iotated vowels, that is, vowels that have a y-glide sound (iota) before, after, or around them. A synonym of iotated is palatalized.

 * The plain vowels are (only miniscules listed here):
 * a e  i  o  u

 * The iotated vowel nuclei are:
 * á é í ó ú  (pre-iotated)
 * à è ì ò ù  (post-iotated)
 * â ê î ô û  (circum-iotated)

Punctuation

 * Despite Agapoff's idiosyncratic system of punctuation, the punctuation symbols and usage in Mirad are just like those of American English.

Capitalization

 * Capitalization in Mirad follows the same rules as in English. European learners need to be especially careful to capitalize the first letter of the names of languages, nationalities, and inhabitants, which in most European languages are left in lowercase.

 * Note the following examples. The words are all capitalized because the root word is the name of the country China:

Consonant sounds

 * This chart shows the closest phonetic approximations of the Mirad consonant graphemes in English and some other familiar languages, along with the exact value in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet):

Simple vowel sounds

 * a as in Spanish l a  (IPA:/a/)
 * e as in French th é  (IPA:/e/)
 * i as in Spanish s í ! (IPA:/i/)
 * o as in Spanish n o  (IPA:/o/)
 * u as in Spanish t ú  (IPA:/u/)

Pre-iotated vowel sounds

 * These vowels are pronounced the same as the simple vowel above, but with a y-glide at the beginning.

 * á is like ya as in English  ya cht
 * é is like ye as in German  je der or English yes
 * í is like yi as in French  yi ppie or English  ye  (without the final y-glide)
 * ó is like yo as in German  Jo ga or English  yo- yo (without the final w-glide)
 * ú is like yu as in German  Ju li or English  u nit

Post-iotated vowel sounds

 * These vowels are pronounced like the simple vowels, but with a y-glide at the end.

 * à is like ay as in English Th ai
 * è is like ey as in English f ey
 * ì is like iy as in English s ee
 * ò is like oy as in English b oy
 * ù is like uy as in English f ooey

Circum-iotated vowel sounds

 * These vowels are pronounced with a y-glide at both the beginning and end.

 * â is like yay as in English  yi kes!
 * ê is like yey as in English  yea!
 * î is like yiy
 * ô is like yoy
 * û is like yuy

Syllabification and Stress

 * A closed syllable is one that ends in a consonant or a y-glide (i.e., a post- or circum-yodified vowel). A syllable consists of [C]V[C], where V, the vowel nucleus, can begin or end with a y-glide, but contain only one of the set of vowels [aeiou], and where C consists of one or two homorganic consonants, i.e. [bcdfgjknpstvz]+[lrwy].

 * The rule for stress is: If a word ends in a closed syllable, then the last syllable receives the stress, otherwise, the penultimate (next-to-last) syllable receives the stress.

 * Every vowel in Mirad is given its full syllabic pronunciation, even when juxtaposed in what English or European speakers might consider dipthongs:

title: Mirad/Orthography and Pronunciation


text:
Java Programming/Keywords/enum

This enumeration constant then can be passed in to methods:

An enumeration may also have parameters:

It is also possible to let an enumeration implement interfaces other than  and , which are already implicitly implemented by each enumeration:

title: Java Programming/Keywords/enum


text:
Talk:Georgia Water

Naming Convention
I am going to go through and rename the pages in this book to follow a better naming convention. Exactly what that convention should be is certainly open to suggestion. Here is my recommendation:

 * 1) The title of the book will be "Water Resources Planning and Management in Georgia".
 * 2) We will use the "Forward Slash" Convention
 * 3) Since this book already uses a clear "book > Chapter > Page" hierarchy, we can use a hierarchical naming scheme, ie:
 * "Water Resources Planning and Management in Georgia/Chapter/Page"
 * 1) For simplicity, we can hijack the page WRPMG as a pseudo-namespace for this book, so that we can make links in the form "WRPMG/Chapter/Page". That way, we can save our fingers from all that extra typing.

Anyway, those are my suggestions, any comments or questions will be appreciated. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:32, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

It would appear "Georgia Water" is a name that has been picked. So I'm fixing links, redirects and double redirects and page names in hopes of getting things squired on the naming policy. --darklama 18:25, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * And now I see if I had seen User_talk:KHatcher before I got started, I could of saved some time. When I fixed some links in the process of moving pages to Georgia Water, I tried to use relative links, which should at lest make things easier when moving from Georgia Water to Water Resources Directory. --darklama 22:33, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Note
As a quick note, considering our international audience here at wikibooks, it might be prudent to mention that this is for Georgia the state, not Georgia the eastern-european country. I think people will assume it, but we should err on the side of caution none-the-less. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:40, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point. So, I'll add the information about USA state to the main cover page for the book.  Once readers have selected the book, there's no need to constantly remind them inside the book that they are reading about the USA state; they'll already know that, and the additional unnecessary clarification would add clutter to the pages plus extra typing. -- KHatcher 14:55, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Book Title and shorter Book Name
The literary title of the book is Water Resources Planning and Management in Georgia, selected to accurately reflect the book content. However, since this book title is rather long, the short book name is Georgia Water, rather than WRPMG. (As another example of this convention, the short book name Botany on Wikibooks has the literary book title "Study Guide to the Science of Botany" given on its cover page.) Does Wikibooks have some sample templates which could be used to design nice looking book covers or book title pages? Thank you for any hints and links to good photos to help in designing the cover page. -- KHatcher 14:55, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the book can be split ?

This would allow to make a generic Water Use And Conservation Manual in which eg the creation of water buffers and water harvesting, and responsible use of water can be discussed. The specifics of the rivers in Georgia can then be split to a new book eg Practical Use of the Georgia Rivers

New Wikibook just for Rainwater Harvesting
Hi all, I'm also from Georgia (Athens area) and I found this resource pretty cool. However I think that considering how long it has been since anyone has edited or modified content here, it would be awesome if maybe (or just at least) we could make a wikibook just for rainwater harvesting. It would no longer be solely Georgia, U.S. specific and also it could address the advances made since the content was originally added here (circa 2006, right?). Does anyone have any thoughts? I am thinking that this wikibook could be targeted to an audience that has some knowledge of rainwater harvesting, but maybe is either a homeowner, small time plumber, contractor or even a smaller to larger sized company that are seeking to get into the business.--Ivangiesen (discuss • contribs) 15:13, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Georgia Water


text:
Talk:Movie Making Manual/Post-production/Digital Intermediate

IMO, this should be renamed to color enhancement. The term digital intermediate should only be used for the film --> DI --> film workflow, not as a general term for color correction/enhancement.

Glenn Chan 02:37, 7 July 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Water Resources Directory

Category
I've created a category for this book, Category:Water Resources Directory. This category should be put on every page in this book, so that things stay well organized. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 03:08, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

What exactly is this purpose of this?
Hi all, I just stumbled across this wikibook, and whatever this kind of page/directory is. What exactly is the purpose of this? I'm assuming that each page in the online version of this wikibook would have a redirect to this page, so people could get offsite information on the issue? Is this a common tactic? Is there any resource for how to properly use this kind of directory?--Ivangiesen (discuss • contribs) 15:17, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Water Resources Directory


text:
Hokkien/Lesson 2

Lesson 2 contains a dialogue of two students discussing their classes for the day.

The Han characters provided below are for reference and are consistent with the Taiwanese Minnan Recommended Hanzi Usage (台灣閩南語推薦用字) which has been promoted by the government of Taiwan. Individual usage may vary from speaker to speaker based on preference.

Dialogues 1 & 2: Characters
Dialogue 1

Dialogue 2

Dialogues 1 & 2: POJ/English
Dialogue 1

Dialogue 2

Vocabulary
Note: Visit this lesson's Stroke Order subpage to see images and animations detailing how to write the following characters. Audio files of the words are linked from the POJ when available. Problems listening? See media help.

Affirmative-negative questions
Example: Q: 伊是 毋是Tony?
 * I sī m̄-sī Tony?
 * Is he Tony?

A: 是. or 毋是.
 * Sī. or M̄-sī.
 * Yes (he is). or No (he isn't).

Example: Q:
 * Kin-á-jit Amy bô-êng mā?
 * Is Amy busy today?

A:
 * I chin bô-êng. or I ū-êng.
 * Yes, she's busy. or No, she's not busy.
 * This is a special case because the word for busy (bô-êng) literally means "to not have leisure time," whereas ū-êng literally means "to have leisure time."

Sentences using ū [有]
Example:
 * Góa ū saⁿ-chiat-khò.
 * I have three classes.

Using bô [无/無] to negate ū [有]
Example:

 * Kin-á-jit in bô chi̍t-chiat-khò.
 * They don't have any class today.

More about bô and m̄

 * m̄ is used to negate verbs in present and future tense.
 * Example: i m̄ lâi - he does not come or he will not come
 * the exception to this rule are helping verbs such as:
 * beh - want to + verb; will + verb
 * ài - must + verb
 * èng-kai - should + verb
 * kah-ì - like to + verb
 * Example: i bô beh lâi - he is not going to come
 * for all other verbs, bô is used to indicate past tense negative
 * Example: i bô lâi - he did not come
 * bô is also used to negate adjectival nouns
 * Example: i bô súi - she is not beautiful
 * An exception can be made for hó (good), m̄-hó = bô-hó - not good.

title: Hokkien/Lesson 2


text:
Purported Ancient Worlds

Contents

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) /Previous Universe/
 * 3) /Garden of Eden/
 * 4) /Atlantis/
 * 5) /Sea Kingdom/
 * 6) /Astral Spheres/
 * 7) /Welch Indians/
 * 8) /Middle Earth/
 * 9) /Utopia/
 * 10) /World beyond the Stars and Sky/

title: Purported Ancient Worlds


text:
User talk:144.132.169.196

Race to Pine Gap
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks. I'm sorry to say that Wikibooks does not accept fictional works, so I have deleted your Race to Pine Gap page. I suggest you add your book to the Fiction Wikia instead. If you do not have the content you added to Wikibooks somewhere else, I can restore the page so you can copy it. Please note so on this page if that is the case. I hope you will continue to contribute to Wikibooks after reading WB:WIW. Thanks, hagindaz 06:03, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:144.132.169.196


text:
Pro Engineer/Sketcher

Sketcher is used to create arbitrary geometries that will define the various features of a mechanical part. It is similar to the Sketch function in other 3D solid modeling software such as Unigraphics, Inventor, Solidworks, and CATIA.

Invoking and Finishing
Sketcher is invoked by clicking the Sketch Tool button on the Datum toolbar, or through the menu via "Insert > Model Datum > Sketch..."

Once invoked, a dialog box titled Sketch appears, asking the user for the Placement and other Properties of the sketch. The dialog appears with the Sketch Plane field highlighted, ready for the user to select some Datum Plane or part surface. In an new part file, at least three predefined Datum Planes should already be available: RIGHT, TOP, and FRONT. Simply choose one to begin; the sketch will later be placed on the chosen plane.

Once a plane is selected, the dialog suggests a reference plane. Choosing this plane is required to orient the sketch on the screen for the session. However, the choice is often irrelevant until existing geometry has already been modeled. The reference plane must be perpendicular to the sketch plane and must be designated as orientation Top, Bottom, Left, or Right. For example, if you had chosen the sketch plane to be TOP, Pro/Engineer may have suggested the RIGHT plane as the reference, with orientation Right. This means that the RIGHT plane will be placed on the Right side of the sketch. If Orientation is changed to Top, then the selected RIGHT plane will now be on the top of the sketch.

If desired, the sketch may be named at this time in the Properties tab of the dialog, but it can easily be renamed later.

Click the Sketch button to begin. Pro/Engineer changes the colorscheme as visual notification that the mode has changed. The available toolbars changes as well.

For convenience, the References tool is automatically invoked at the start of every sketch session. References allow a sketch to be placed and constrained relative to other geometries in the part outside of the sketch. For example, to draw a line across the diagonal of an existing solid brick, the sides of that brick would need to be referenced to the sketch. This is similar to the Project Geometry function in the sketchers of Unigraphics and Inventor. References show as dotted lines; by default the two other base datum planes have already been referenced in a new part sketch, which gives the user horizontal and vertical axes as a start. Most sketches need extra user-picked references. Once all desired ones are picked, ensuring that Reference Status reads Fully Placed, close the dialog.

At this time the sketch is free to be created using the various tools listed below.

Once the sketch is complete, choose Sketch > Done from the main menu or click the checkmark in the Sketcher Tools Toolbar. The sketch can be saved as a separate file at any time from the File menu or the File toolbar.

List of Sketching Tools
Sketcher Tools Toolbar
 * Select
 * Line
 * 2-point
 * Tangent Line
 * Center Line
 * Rectangle
 * Circle
 * Center/Point Circle
 * Concentric Circle
 * 3-Point Circle
 * 3-Tangent Circle
 * Ellipse
 * Arc
 * 3-Point Arc
 * Concentric Arc
 * Center/Endpoints Arc
 * 3-Tangent Arc
 * Conic Arc
 * Fillet
 * Circular
 * Elliptical
 * Spline
 * Point
 * Point
 * Reference Coordinate System
 * Create from Edge
 * on edge
 * offset from edge
 * Dimension
 * Modify
 * Constraints
 * Vertical
 * Horizontal
 * Perpendicular
 * Tangent
 * Midpoint
 * Coincident
 * Symmetric
 * Equal
 * Parallel
 * Text
 * Trim
 * Dynamic Trim
 * Cut/Extend
 * Divide
 * Copy
 * Mirror
 * Scale and Rotate
 * Copy
 * OK
 * Cancel

Datum Display Toolbar
 * Display Planes
 * Display Axes
 * Display Points
 * Display Coordinate Systems

Sketcher Toolbar
 * Orient Sketch to Screen
 * Toggle Display Dimensions
 * Toggle Display Constraints
 * Toggle Display Grid
 * Toggle Display Vertices

Differences From Other Parametric Sketching Systems

 * All sketches are always fully constrained. Pro/Engineer automatically suggests constraints to all sketch elements as soon as they are created; these are generally shown in gray and are called weak constraints.  Constraints specified by the user are shown in a brighter color and are called strong constraints.  Users may accept the automatically-chosen weak constraints by invoking the RMB context menu and selecting the Strong option.  A Strong constraint may be weakened by invoking its context menu and selecting Delete.
 * Fully (strongly) constrained sketches can still be moved and reshaped. Other CAD packages consider all dimensions to be locks whereas Pro/Engineer allows the user to drag and modify even the strong dimensions already specified.  To experiment with a geometry with particular constraints locked, the Lock option can be selected from a dimension's context menu.
 * There is no offset. It can be avoided by sketching entities and constraining them with dimensions and geometrical constraints.
 * Datum planes have positive and negative sides which are colored differently and have different behavior.
 * Pro/E Sketcher is simpler than similar sketchers in some other 3D CAD packages, as it has relatively few 2D entity toolbar buttons. Other CAD packages such as CATIA V5 have many more toolbars.

title: Pro Engineer/Sketcher


text:
Wikijunior talk:How Things Work/Refrigerator

Please explain about the bare basics behind CFCs and how they damaged the ozone layer in terms of the history of refrigeration; try creating an article about how the ozone layer works, and link the Refrigerator article back to it.

~PlasmaFire3000

---

Added some basic examples of steps in the refrigeration cycle under "How does it work?" (such as putting rubbing alcohol on the hand to simulate the evaporator stage), as well as some more extensive explanations about the parts (especially the thermal expansion valve).

~PlasmaFire3000

---

This explanation needs to address the relationships between vapor, liquid and pressure as heat is absorbed or released.


text:
User talk:Oscar the mooch

Hi Oscar the Mooch!

Great to get some good inputs on A Wikimanual of Gardening! I don't want to be a pain, but could you cite the references you used there? (Alternatively, just let me know what they were, and I'll put in the ISBNs, etc.). Johnny 09:15, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oscar the mooch


text:
Template:Horticulture/Cooking

 For tips on cooking with, check out the page on Cookbook: in the Cookbook.

About this template
This template provides a linking box to an ingredient page in the Cookbook, intended for use in the Horticulture book.

To use this template, enter.

title: Template:Horticulture/Cooking


text:
User:Ulissi

I was born in New Jersey in 1950 and have a doctoral degree in Clinical Psychology. I live in Bethesda, Maryland and work in a large naval hospital in this city, National Naval Medical Center.

I am a citizen of both the United States and Italy. I have built a small house, called Casale, in Valle San Giovanni, a suburb (frazione) of the city of Teramo in Italy's Abruzzo region. I return there fairly often for visits.

I am working with a kind gentleman from Teramo, Lucio De Marcellis, on Wikipedia articles for Teramo and its surrounding communes. Part of this work involves translating information from Italian to English.

I am very interested in the Abruzzo Region of Italy in general and, more particularly, the province of Teramo.

I also enjoy contributing to the Wikitravel:Ulissi site.

My external links include the following:
 * Casale in Abruzzo
 * Ulissi Family
 * Valle San Giovani
 * Frondarola

it:Utente:Ulissi

title: User:Ulissi


text:
User:Iam-kenty

WELCOME!!! I'am kenty and I like writing and reading Geography and history books. I have not yet had chance to do much, but watch this space!

title: User:Iam-kenty


text:
User:Lsmoura

=Good Books=

3D
Blender_3D:_Noob_to_Pro

Languages
Japanese

title: User:Lsmoura


text:
Prolog/Built-in predicates

List of built-in predicates in ISO Prolog.

Term unification

 * =/2
 * Prolog unification

 * unify_with_occurs_check/2
 * (\=)/2
 * Not Prolog unifiable
 * Not Prolog unifiable

Type testing

 * var/1
 * True if term currently is a variable

 * atom/1
 * True if term is bound to an atom

 * integer/1
 * True if term is bound to an integer

 * float/1
 * True if term is bound to a floating point number

 * atomic/1
 * True if term is bound to an atom, integer or floating point number

 * compound/1
 * True if term is bound to a compound term

 * nonvar/1
 * True if term is not a variable

 * number/1
 * True if term is bound to an integer or floating point number

Term comparison

 * (@=<)/2
 * Term less than or equal to

 * (==)/2
 * Term identical

 * (\==)/2
 * Term not identical

 * (@<)/2
 * Term less than

 * (@>)/2
 * Term greater than

 * (@>=)/2
 * Term greater than or equal to

Term creation and decomposition

 * functor/3
 * arg/3
 * (=../2)
 * copy_term/2
 * (=../2)
 * copy_term/2
 * copy_term/2

Arithmetic evaluation

 * is/2

Arithmetic comparison

 * '=:='/2
 * Arithmetic equal

 * '=\='/2
 * Arithmetic not equal

 * '<'/2
 * Arithmetic less than

 * '=<'/2
 * Arithmetic less than or equal to

 * '>'/2
 * Arithmetic greater than

 * '>='/2
 * Arithmetic greater than or equal to

Clause retrieval and information

 * clause/2
 * current_predicate/1
 * current_predicate/1

Clause creation and destruction

 * asserta/1
 * assertz/1
 * retract/1
 * abolish/1
 * retract/1
 * abolish/1
 * abolish/1

All solutions

 * findall/3
 * bagof/3
 * setof/3
 * setof/3
 * setof/3

Stream selection and control

 * current_input/1
 * current_output/1
 * set_input/1
 * set_output/1
 * open/4, open/3
 * Opening a stream
 * set_output/1
 * open/4, open/3
 * Opening a stream
 * Opening a stream

 * close/1, close/2
 * Closing a stream

 * stream_property/2
 * at_end_of_stream/1, at_end_of_stream/0
 * set_stream_position/2
 * set_stream_position/2
 * set_stream_position/2

Character input-output

 * get_char/2, get_char/1
 * get_code/2, get_code/1
 * peek_char/2, peek_char/1
 * peek_code/2, peek_code/1
 * put_char/2, put_char/1
 * put_code/2, put_code/1
 * nl/0, nl/1
 * put_char/2, put_char/1
 * put_code/2, put_code/1
 * nl/0, nl/1
 * put_code/2, put_code/1
 * nl/0, nl/1
 * nl/0, nl/1

Reading from binary streams

 * get_byte/2, get_byte/1
 * peek_byte/2, peek_byte/1
 * put_byte/2, put_byte/1
 * put_byte/2, put_byte/1
 * put_byte/2, put_byte/1

Term input and output

 * read_term/2, read_term/3
 * read/1, read/2
 * read/1, read/2

Writing terms

 * write_term/3, write_term/2
 * write/1, write/2
 * writeq/1, writeq/2
 * write_canonical/1, write_canonical/2
 * writeq/1, writeq/2
 * write_canonical/1, write_canonical/2
 * write_canonical/1, write_canonical/2

Operators

 * op/3
 * current_op/3
 * current_op/3

Character conversion

 * char_conversion/2
 * current_char_conversion/2
 * current_char_conversion/2

Logic and control

 * (\+)/1
 * Not provable

 * once/1
 * repeat/0
 * repeat/0

Atom processing

 * atom_length/2
 * atom_concat/3
 * sub_atom/5
 * atom_chars
 * atom_codes/2
 * char_code/2
 * number_chars/2
 * number_codes/2
 * atom_codes/2
 * char_code/2
 * number_chars/2
 * number_codes/2
 * number_chars/2
 * number_codes/2
 * number_codes/2

Implementation defined hooks

 * set_prolog_flag/2
 * current_prolog_flag/2
 * halt/0, halt/1
 * halt/0, halt/1
 * halt/0, halt/1

Evaluable functors

 * (+)/2
 * Addition

 * (-)/2
 * Subtraction

 * (*)/2
 * Multiplication

 * (//)/2
 * Integer division

 * (/)/2
 * Division

 * (rem)/2
 * Remainder

 * (mod)/2
 * Modulus

 * (-)/1
 * Negation

 * (abs)/1
 * Absolute value

 * (sign)/1
 * Sign

 * (float_integer_part)/1
 * Integer part

 * (float_fractional_part)/1
 * Fractional part

 * (float)/1
 * Float coercion

 * (floor)/1
 * Floor

 * (truncate)/1
 * Truncate

 * (round)/1
 * Round

 * (ceiling)/1
 * Ceiling

Other arithmetic and bitwise functors

 * (**)/2
 * Power

 * sin/1
 * Sine

 * cos/1
 * Cosine

 * atan/1
 * Arc tangent

 * exp/1
 * Exponentiation

 * log/1
 * Log

 * sqrt/1
 * Square root

 * (>>)/2
 * Bitwise right shift

 * (<<)/2
 * Bitwise left shift

 * (/\)/2
 * Bitwise and

 * (\/)/2
 * Bitwise or

 * (\)/1
 * Bitwise complement

Prolog/Predicati built-in Prolog/Predicados embutidos

title: Prolog/Built-in predicates


text:
Talk:Ada Programming/Building

HP Ada
Please note that the product name is HP Ada.

Previously it was VAX Ada, DEC Ada (not DecAda), Compaq Ada.

Adding this comment to help anyone with a search engine to find this based on the product name.

never heart
HP Ada? - which HP Ada?

ACS ACS is the Ada program library manager for Compaq Ada. The program library manager performs library management functions and provides an interface to the Compaq Ada compiler and OpenVMS Linker.

Unlike Compaq, HP did not even bother to update online help.

--Krischik T 14:10, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ada Programming/Building


text: User:Pfctdayelise/Uyghur/Introduction

title: User:Pfctdayelise/Uyghur/Introduction


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Mountain Biking

Please note that the South Pacific Division version is a bit different in places, so those in New Zealand and Australia etc need to look up the requirements on the SPD website. There is also a handy work book there too.

2. Using a mountain bike and a road bike as examples, show and describe five differences between mountain and road bicycles.

 * 1) Tires - Mountain bikes have knobbie tires for gripping the trail. Road bikes have slick tires to minimize rolling resistance, increasing speed and ease of riding.
 * 2) Handlebars - Mountain bikes have a wide, flat handlebar to allow better control and a more upright riding style to allow better vision of the trail. Road bikes have a narrower, dropped (downward curved) handlebar to allow more riding positions and more aerodynamics.
 * 3) Gearing - Most Mountain bikes have three chainrings (44/36/22) paired with a 7, 8, or 9 speed cassette. Most Road bikes have two chainrings (53/39), larger than a Mountain bike, paired with a smaller 9 or 10 speed cassette. The larger gear ratios on a Road bike allow greater speed on smooth surfaces.
 * 4) Shifters / Brake Levers - Mountain bikes have a horizontal brake lever paired with a trigger shifter (rapidfire) or a twist shifter (GripShift). Road bikes have either an integrated vertical lever, meaning that the brake lever is also used for shifting by pushing the lever to the side, or a vertical brake lever paired with downtube shifters, paddle levers on the sides of the downtube used for shifting.
 * 5) Wheels - Mountain bike wheels are typically 26 inch wheels, although 29 inch wheels are becoming popular among experienced riders. The rims are sturdy, made to stand up to the abuse of a rough trail. There are many spokes, to support the rim and the hub is beefy to provide a strong foundation. Road bike wheels are typically 700c though 650c wheels are occasionally used by smaller riders. The rims are light, but strong, and are shaped to provide little wind resistance. There are normally fewer spokes that are occasionally bladed (flattened) to cut through the wind. The hub is smaller to provide less of an obstacle for the wind, but is still very strong. Road wheels, however, could not likely stand up to the constant pounding that Mountain bike wheels can.

4. List at least three materials that mountain bike frames are made from and explain why new materials are always being tested for mountain bike frames.

 * 1) Steel
 * 2) Aluminum or Aluminum Alloy
 * 3) Titanium
 * 4) Carbon Fiber

New materials are being researched to find stiffer, lighter, and more durable frame options.

5. Explain differences between single track, double track, and fire roads.
The essential feature of single track is that it is narrow. In addition it is frequently smooth and flowing, but it may also exhibit technical rocky sections and may be criss-crossed with tree roots. Single track contrasts with double track or fire road which is wide enough for four-wheeled off-road vehicles.

6. Give the definition for the terms “hard tail” and “full suspension” and explain the advantages and disadvantages of a full-suspension bike compared to a hard tail.
A "hard tail" mountain bike only has suspension on the fork, whereas a "full suspension" mountain bike has two suspension devices (one on the fork and one supporting the rear tire from the frame).

A few advantages of having a "hard tail" are that it costs less, has fewer components that can break, and is much easier to operate when climbing up hills.

On the other hand, some of the advantages of a "full suspension" mountain bike are that they are more comfortable (even on rough terrain), can handle greater abuse when riding tough trails, and can be adjusted to fit a number of different types of terrain.

7. Describe the basic rules of courtesy that should be followed when doing off road riding.
1.- Do not leave trash.

2.- Riders yield to all other trail users, including horses and hikers.

3.- Riders traveling downhill should yield to ones headed uphill, unless the trail is clearly signed for one-way or downhill-only traffic.

4.- Help a stranded companion.

5.- Yell out "passing" before passing another rider. Thank them when they let you pass.

6.- Respect road signs and private property.

7.- The first of the group must warn others of possible obstacles.

8.- Do not leave alone a partner who is slower.

9.- Allow cars to pass you safely.

10.- Be punctual.

11.- Do not spook animals like horses.

8. List 3 basic pieces of safety equipment that should be worn when mountain biking.

 * 1) Helmet
 * 2) Closed Toe Shoes
 * 3) Gloves
 * 4) Protective Eyewear

Commonly Broken Bones
Clavicle (avoid fall!!) Skull (use helmet) Wrist, scaphoid bone (you can´t do nothing or avoid fall whit extended hand) Head of radius (you can´t do nothing or avoid fall whit extended hand)

Injury Prevention
To prevent injuries from occurring be sure to make choices that decrease the risk of injury-(all injury).
 * 1)  Wear protective gear.
 * 2)  Choose trails appropriate to your riding ability and riding experience.
 * 3)  Be physically fit enough for the trail you choose to ride.  Do not ride when fatigued!
 * 4)  Keep bike in top mechanical shape. When mountain biking, bikes should be checked and properly maintained before every ride.

10. Demonstrate how to properly clean, polish and lube your bike after you ride it.
==11. Complete the following riding requirements: All rides must be done on some sort of off-road trail like single track and a given trail may be used for more than one ride or repeated to make a ride long enough to meet the requirements (if needed).==
 * a. Three 5 mile rides.
 * b. Two 10 mile rides.
 * c. One 20 mile ride.


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Talk:Japanese/Vocabulary/Food and drink

Displaying Correctly?
Is anyone else seeing the information displayed under the correct sections? On my laptop and mobile browsers, I'm seeing all of the info shoved under the "Alcohol" section, even though each word is in fact listed in its own correct section. It appears the removal of tables in edit 04:02, 14 July 2008 may have caused this. Would anyone be opposed to me adding them back in? (The French version of the page uses tables and displays correctly.) Nozomi134 (discuss • contribs) 20:54, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

alcoholic drinks in general
shouldn't sake be o-sake? (o is usualy used to describe things dirty or traditional)

it can be either; o-sake is usually used as a polite form, or when talking about traditional japanese rice wine. whereas sake can be used to talk about alcohol as a whole. or just the abreviated form of o-sake in conversation.

title: Talk:Japanese/Vocabulary/Food and drink


text: User:Pfctdayelise/Uyghur/Basics

title: User:Pfctdayelise/Uyghur/Basics


text:
Modern Physics/Introduction

Welcome
Welcome to Modern Physics. This book has a lot of information, but it also needs a lot of work. Feel free to read all the material that we have, and edit the material that needs editing. If you want to do a lot of work on this book, it is recommended that you read the note for contributors.

Who This Book is For
This book is for an introductory undergraduate study of calculus-based physics. The material covered in this book frequently is spread out over two or three semesters in an average undergraduate curriculum, if not more. This book will rely heavily on Calculus, including differential and integral calculus, multivariable calculus, and differential equations. Also, some topics of Linear Algebra will be considered and utilized. Students without the necessary background in mathematics will have a difficult time reading and following the material.

What This Book Will Cover
This book will cover the topic of waves first, because they are a predominant part of modern physical theory. Next, this book will cover the basics of motion. Next, the theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are introduced. In the later sections, we cover a number of disjointed topics, including Gravity, Electromagnetism, Fluid dynamics, Thermodynamics, and Nuclear Physics. Additional topics may be added later, as needed. Many of the sections in this book are incomplete, and many pages are stubs. Readers are encouraged to help expand sections that need help.

Where To Go From Here
At the present time, there are no materials on Wikibooks that cover material that is more advanced than this. More material on future subjects may be added, however.

title: Modern Physics/Introduction


text:
Modern Physics/For Contributors

This page is going to be a brief introduction to editing this book, as well as a general style guide for new contributors.

A Radically Modern Approach to Introductory Physics
This book was published under the GFDL, and is a good resource. Since it is under the GFDL, material can be harvested from it, and adapted for this wikibook:

 * A Radically Modern Approach to Introductory Physics is a Creative Commons physics text written by David J. Raymond of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.

This textbook aims to cover every aspect of modern physics at an undergraduate level in such a manner that anyone who is literate, and not frightened of math, should be able to understand and use it. It can be used to add new material to the Modern Physics book.

Navigation Templates
The following template was created for this book, to provide a standardized navigational system.

 * Template:Modern Physics/Nav

Sections can also be altered to have their own navigational templates, as needed.

Stubs
Some pages are stubs, and new pages may become stubs. To ensure that stubs are found and expanded, they should be marked. To mark a stub, you should use the following template:

 * Template:Modern Physics/Stub

This will put a little notice in the section that it is a stub, and will add the page to the following category:

 * /Stubs

All current stub pages are listed in that category, and new users should become familiar with it.

Category
All pages and templates in this book should belong to the following category:

 * :

The navigation templates automatically add a page to this category, so any page that doesn't have an appropriate navigation template won't be included in this category. Templates can be added to this category manually.

Contributors
Contributors can list themselves on the Modern Physics main talk page, or they can list themselves on this talk page. Contributors should not list their names on any module pages, nor should they sign their contributions on the module pages. Such signatures or name lists will be deleted.

title: Modern Physics/For Contributors


text:
User:Steveysjs

Steveysjs started surfing the web in 1994. He has lived all over the Mid-West (Ohio, Illinoise, Indiana, Michigan) and was born in Dallas Texas were he currently resides. More to come soon...

title: User:Steveysjs


text:
Talk:General Mechanics/Fundamental Principles of Dynamics

Did you mean to mispell the name of this page? Jim Thomas 20:20, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I didn't notice. In fact, this page has been misspelled for over 2 years now, much longer then I've even been a contributing member. I'll change it immediately, thanks for the heads up. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 22:11, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Did you mean to misspell misspell? ;) 83.84.91.158 11:43, 20 September 2007 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Cordwoodguy

CORDWOOD / STACKWALL

title: User talk:Cordwoodguy


text:
Introduction to Physical Science/Excerpts from sources

This is the final chapter of a wikibook entitled Basics Physics of Nuclear Medicine, written originally by [mailto:kieranmaher@mac.com Kieran Maher] in 1997.

Chapter Review: Atomic & Nuclear Structure

 * The atom consists of two components - a nucleus (positively charged) and an electron cloud (negatively charged);
 * The radius of the nucleus is about 10,000 times smaller than that of the nucleus;
 * The nucleus can have two component particles - neutrons (no charge) and protons (positively charged) - collectively called nucleons;
 * The mass of a proton is about equal to that of a neutron - and is about 1,840 times that of an electron;
 * The number of protons equals the number of electrons in an isolated atom;
 * The Atomic Number specifies the number of protons in a nucleus;
 * The Mass Number specifies the number of nucleons in a nucleus;
 * Isotopes of elements have the same atomic number but different mass numbers;
 * Isotopes are classified by specifying the element's chemical symbol preceded by a superscript giving the mass number and a subscript giving the atomic number;
 * The atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12th the mass of the stable, most commonly occurring isotope of carbon (i.e. C-12);
 * Binding energy is the energy which holds the nucleons together in a nucleus and is measured in electron volts (eV);
 * To combat the effect of the increase in electrostatic repulsion as the number of protons increases, the number of neutrons increases more rapidly - giving rise to the Nuclear Stability Curve;
 * There are ~2450 isotopes of ~100 elements and the unstable isotopes lie above or below the Nuclear Stability Curve;
 * Unstable isotopes attempt to reach the stability curve by splitting into fragments (fission) or by emitting particles/energy (radioactivity);
 * Unstable isotopes <=> radioactive isotopes <=> radioisotopes <=> radionuclides;
 * ~300 of the ~2450 isotopes are found in nature - the rest are produced artificially.

Chapter Review: Radioactive Decay

 * Fission: Some heavy nuclei decay by splitting into 2 or 3 fragments plus some neutrons. These fragments form new nuclei which are usually radioactive;
 * Alpha Decay: Two protons and two neutrons leave the nucleus together in an assembly known as an alpha-particle;
 * An alpha-particle is a He-4 nucleus;
 * Beta Decay - Electron Emission: Certain nuclei with an excess of neutrons may reach stability by converting a neutron into a proton with the emission of a beta-minus particle;
 * A beta-minus particle is an electron;
 * Beta Decay - Positron Emission: When the number of protons in a nucleus is in excess, the nucleus may reach stability by converting a proton into a neutron with the emission of a beta-plus particle;
 * A beta-plus particle is a positron;
 * Positrons annihilate with electrons to produce two back-to-back gamma-rays;
 * Beta Decay - Electron Capture: An inner orbital electron is attracted into the nucleus where it combines with a proton to form a neutron;
 * Electron capture is also known as K-capture;
 * Following electron capture, the excited nucleus may give off some gamma-rays. In addition, as the vacant electron site is filled, an X-ray is emitted;
 * Gamma Decay - Isomeric Transition: A nucleus in an excited state may reach its ground state by the emission of a gamma-ray;
 * A gamma-ray is an electromagnetic photon of high energy;
 * Gamma Decay - Internal Conversion: the excitation energy of an excited nucleus is given to an atomic electron.

Chapter Review: The Radioactive Decay Law

 * The radioactive decay law in equation form;
 * Radioactivity is the number of radioactive decays per unit time;
 * The decay constant is defined as the fraction of the initial number of radioactive nuclei which decay in unit time;
 * Half Life: The time taken for the number of radioactive nuclei in the sample to reduce by a factor of two;
 * Half Life = (0.693)/(Decay Constant);
 * The SI Unit of radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq)
 * 1 Bq = one radioactive decay per second;
 * The traditional unit of radioactivity is the curie (Ci);
 * 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 radioactive decays per second.

Chapter Review: Units of Radiation Measurement

 * Exposure expresses the intensity of an X- or gamma-ray beam;
 * The SI unit of exposure is the coulomb per kilogram (C/kg);
 * 1 C/kg = The quantity of X- or gamma-rays such that the associated electrons emitted per kg of air at STP produce in air ions carrying 1 coulomb of electric charge;
 * The traditional unit of exposure is the roentgen (R);
 * 1 R = The quantity of X- or gamma-rays such that the associated electrons emitted per kg of air at STP produce in air ions carrying 2.58 x 10-4 coulombs of electric charge;
 * The exposure rate is the exposure per unit time, e.g. C/kg/s;
 * Absorbed dose is the radiation energy absorbed per unit mass of absorbing material;
 * The SI unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy);
 * 1 Gy = The absorption of 1 joule of radiation energy per kilogram of material;
 * The traditional unit of absorbed dose is the rad;
 * 1 rad = The absorption of 10-2 joules of radiation energy per kilogram of material;
 * The Specific Gamma-Ray Constant expresses the exposure rate produced by the gamma-rays from a radioisotope;
 * The Specific Gamma-Ray Constant is expressed in SI units in C/kg/s/Bq at 1 m;
 * Exposure from an X- or gamma-ray source follows the Inverse Square Law and decreases with the square of the distance from the source.

Chapter Review: Interaction of Radiation with Matter

 * Alpha-Particles:
 * exert considerable electrostatic attraction on the outer orbital electrons of atoms near which they pass and cause ionisations;
 * travel in straight lines - except for rare direct collisions with nuclei of atoms in their path;
 * energy is always discrete.
 * Beta-Minus Particles:
 * attracted by nuclei and repelled by electron clouds as they pass through matter and cause ionisations;
 * have a tortuous path;
 * have a range of energies;
 * range of energies results because two particles are emitted - a beta-particle and a neutrino.
 * Gamma-Rays:
 * energy is always discrete;
 * have many modes of interaction with matter;
 * important interactions for nuclear medicine imaging (and radiography) are the Photoelectric Effect and the Compton Effect.
 * Photoelectric Effect:
 * when a gamma-ray collides with an orbital electron, it may transfer all its energy to the electron and cease to exist;
 * the electron can leave the atom with a kinetic energy equal to the energy of the gamma-ray less the orbital binding energy;
 * a positive ion is formed when the electron leaves the atom;
 * the electron is called a photoelectron;
 * the photoelectron can cause further ionisations;
 * subsequent X-ray emission as the orbital vacancy is filled.
 * Compton Effect:
 * A gamma-ray may transfer only part of its energy to a valence electron which is essentially free; ** gives rise to a scattered gamma-ray;
 * is sometimes called Compton Scatter;
 * a positive ion results;
 * Attenuation is term used to describe both absorption and scattering of radiation.

Chapter Review: Attenuation of Gamma-Rays

 * Attenuation of a narrow-beam of gamma-rays increases as the thickness, the density and the atomic number of the absorber increases;
 * Attenuation of a narrow-beam of gamma-rays decreases as the energy of the gamma-rays increases;
 * Attenuation of a narrow beam is described by an equation;
 * the Linear Attenuation Coefficient is defined as the fraction of the incident intensity absorbed in a unit distance of the absorber;
 * Linear attenuation coefficients are usually expressed in units of cm-1;
 * the Half Value Layer is the thickness of absorber required to reduce the intensity of a radiation beam by a factor of 2;
 * Half Value Layer = (0.693)/(Linear Attenuation Coefficient);
 * the Mass Attenuation Coefficient is given by the linear attenuation coefficient divided by the density of the absorber;
 * Mass attenuation coefficients are usually expressed in units of cm2 g-1.

Chapter Review: Gas-Filled Detectors

 * Gas-filled detectors include the ionisation chamber, the proportional counter and the Geiger counter;
 * They operate on the basis of ionisation of gas atoms by the incident radiation, where the positive ions and electrons produced are collected by electrodes;
 * An ion pair is the term used to describe a positive ion and an electron;
 * The operation of gas-filled detectors is critically dependent on the magnitude of the applied dc voltage;
 * The output voltage of an ionisation chamber can be calculated on the basis of the capacitance of the chamber;
 * A very sensitive amplifier is required to measure voltage pulses produced by an ionisation chamber;
 * The gas in ionisation chambers is usually air;
 * Ionisation chambers are typically used to measure radiation exposure (in a device called an Exposure Meter) and radioactivity (in a device called an Isotope Calibrator);
 * The total charge collected in a proportional counter may be up to 1000 times the charge produced initially by the radiation;
 * The initial ionisation triggers a complete gas breakdown in a Geiger counter;
 * The gas in a Geiger counter is usually an inert gas;
 * The gas breakdown must be stopped in order to prepare the Geiger counter for a new event by a process called quenching;
 * Two types of quenching are possible: electronic quenching and the use of a quenching gas;
 * Geiger counters suffer from dead time, a small period of time following the gas breakdown when the counter is inoperative;
 * The true count rate can be determined from the actual count rate and the dead time using an equation;
 * The value of the applied dc voltage in a Geiger counter is critical, but high stability is not required.

Chapter Review: Scintillation Detectors

 * NaI(Tl) is a scintillation crystal widely used in nuclear medicine;
 * The crystal is coupled to a photomultiplier tube to generate a voltage pulse representing the energy deposited in the crystal by the radiation;
 * A very sensitive amplifier is needed to measure such voltage pulses;
 * The voltages pulses range in amplitude depending on how the radiation interacts with the crystal, i.e. the pulses form a spectrum whose shape depends on the interaction mechanisms involved, e.g. for medium-energy gamma-rays used in in-vivo nuclear medicine: the Compton effect and the Photoelectric effect;
 * A Gamma-Ray Energy Spectrum for a medium-energy, monoenergetic gamma-ray emitter consists (simply) of a Compton Smear and a Photopeak;
 * Pulse Height Analysis is used to discriminate the amplitude of voltage pulses;
 * A pulse height analyser (PHA) consists of a lower level discriminator (which passes voltage pulses which are than its setting) and an upper level discriminator (which passes voltage pulses lower than its setting);
 * The result is a variable width window which can be placed anywhere along a spectrum, or used to scan a spectrum;
 * A single channel analyser (SCA) consists of a single PHA with a scaler and a ratemeter;
 * A multi-channel analyser (MCA) is a computer-controlled device which can acquire data from many windows simultaneously.

Chapter Review: Nuclear Medicine Imaging Systems

 * A gamma camera consists of a large diameter (25-40 cm) NaI(Tl) crystal, ~1 cm thick;
 * The crystal is viewed by an array of 37-91 PM tubes;
 * PM tubes signals are processed by a position circuit which generates +/- X and +/- Y signals;
 * These position signals are summed to form a Z signal which is fed to a pulse height analyser;
 * The +/- X, +/- Y and discriminated Z signals are sent to a computer for digital image processing;
 * A collimator is used to improve the spatial resolution of a gamma-camera;
 * Collimators typically consist of a Pb plate containing a large number of small holes;
 * The most common type is a parallel multi-hole collimator;
 * The most resolvable area is directly in front of a collimator;
 * Parallel-hole collimators vary in terms of the number of holes, the hole diameter, the length of each hole and the septum thickness - the combination of which affect the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the imaging system;
 * Other types include the diverging-hole collimator (which generates minified images), the converging-hole collimator (which generates magnified images) and the pin-hole collimator (which generates magnified inverted images);
 * Conventional imaging with a gamma camera is referred to as Planar Imaging, i.e. a 2D image portraying a 3D object giving superimposed details and no depth information;
 * Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) produces images of slices through the body;
 * SPECT uses a gamma camera to record images at a series of angles around the patient;
 * The resultant data can be processed using a Filtered Back Projection method;
 * SPECT gamma-cameras can have one, two or three camera heads;
 * Positron Emission Tomography (PET) also produces images of slices through the body;
 * PET exploits the positron annihilation process where two 0.51 MeV back-to-back gamma-rays are produced;
 * If these gamma-rays are detected, their origin will lie on a line joining two of the detectors of the ring of detectors which encircles the patient;
 * A Time-of-Flight method can be used to localise their origin;
 * PET systems require on-site or nearby cyclotron to produce short-lived radioisotopes, such as C-11, N-13, O-15 and F-18.

Chapter Review: Production of Radioisotopes

 * Naturally-occurring radioisotopes generally have long half lives and belong to relatively heavy elements - and are therefore unsuitable for medical diagnostic applications;
 * Medical diagnostic radioisotopes are generally produced artificially;
 * The fission process can be exploited so that radioisotopes of interest can be separated chemically from fission products;
 * A cyclotron can be used to accelerate charged particles up to high energies so that they to collide into a target of the material to be activated;
 * A radioisotope generator is generally used in hospitals to produce short-lived radioisotopes;
 * A technetium-99m generator consists of an alumina column containing Mo-99, which decays into Tc-99m;
 * Saline is passed through the generator to elute the Tc-99m - the resulting solution is called sodium pertechnetate;
 * Both positive pressure and negative pressure generators are in use;
 * An isotope calibrator is needed when a Tc-99m generator is used in order to determine the activity for preparation of patient doses and to test whether any Mo-99 is present in the collected solution.


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Introduction to Physical Science/Isotopes

Isotope is noted in an atomic name by the number following the Element which is always equal to the number of neutrons in a single atom of that isotope. Neutrons are the only particles that can be added or removed within an atom without changing the elemental properties. However, changing the isotope of a substance can alter more minor features. Changing the isotope of Uranium cannot make it a gas, but it can, for example make the Uranium more radioactive. When a particle is given more neutrons than the nuclear force can hold within the atom they begin to be released. Depending on the element, this process can take any amount of time from a few miliseconds to millions of years. This time of loss of neutrons is called a half-life and the process of losing particles is called decay. Isotopes that have this decay are known as Unstable Isotopes Unstable Isotopes usually decay until they reach a point where they become stable again. However, some elements have no stable isotopes, and therefore will continue to decay, losing protons and electrons in the process creating a lighter, more stable element altogether.


text:
User talk:216.237.58.10

Spam
Please do not add commercial links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. --hagindaz 23:18, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.237.58.10


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Cycling

1. Know the name and explain the purpose of the various parts of a bicycle.

 * Bottom bracket- Attachment of crankset to body of bike
 * Brake cable- Cable connecting the brake lever to the brake mechanism
 * Brake lever- Lever on handlebar to activate brake. Left side is front brake, right is rear brake
 * Cassette- There are up to 10 sprockets of increasing size attached to a hub housing making up a modular cassette. This housing is slipped over an outward extending splined part of the hub. The rear hub is a "freewheel" (ratcheted so the wheel is pulled around when pedaling, but allowing the wheel to spin freely while you coast). The chain is shifted from one sprocket to another by moving the right shifter lever to activate the rear derailleur.
 * Chain- Circular set of links to transfer power from chain ring to cogs of freewheel
 * Chainring- Toothed rings attached to crank that hold chain
 * Chainstay- Lower bar on portion of frame that attaches rear wheel. If there's no second tube on dual suspension bike, it is referred to as a swing arm.
 * Crank- Lever extending from bottom bracket to pedal, transfers power to chain rings
 * Derailleur- Mechanism for moving chain from one cog to another
 * Down tube- Section of frame extending downward from stem to bottom bracket
 * Dropout- Cut slot at bottom of front fork or chain stay, designed to accept axle of wheel
 * Freewheel- Set of rear cogs and idling mechanism
 * Front brake- Brake on front fork of bike
 * Front shock- Shock absorber on front fork
 * Handlebar- Horizontal bar attached to the stem with handgrips at the end, to which attach brake levers and shifters
 * Headset- Mechanism in front of frame that connects front fork to stem and handlebars
 * Head tube (steering tube) - Section of frame extending downward from top tube to down tube
 * Hub- Center portion of the wheel, to which the spokes attach
 * Idler pulley- Bottom pulley of the rear derailleur, with spring tension to keep chain tight
 * Nipple- Threaded receptacle that holds the end of the spoke into the rim
 * Pedal- Platform for the foot to press on, attached to crank
 * Rear brake- Brake on the rear wheel, usually attached to seat stay
 * Rear shock- Shock absorber for rear tire on dual-suspension bikes
 * Rim- Metal ring with U-shaped cross section, holds spokes on the inside and tire on the outside
 * Saddle (Seat) - What you sit on
 * Seat post- Support post for saddle, fits into seat tube with mechanism for changing height
 * Seat stay- Upper support arm for the rear wheel, not present on dual-suspension bikes with simple swingarm
 * Seat tube- Section of frame extending downward from top tube to bottom bracket
 * Shifter, front- Shifting mechanism for the front derailleur, mounted on the left side of the handlebar
 * Shifter, rear- Shifting mechanism for the rear derailleur, mounted on the right side of the handlebar
 * Skewer- Metal rod that goes through the hub, attaching the wheel to the dropouts of the frame
 * Spindle- Freely rotating "axle" to which the crank arms attach, part of the bottom bracket
 * Spokes- Thick wires joining the hub to the rim, with tension adjusted via a nipple on the rim side
 * Stem- Piece that attaches the handlebar to the steering tube (headset)
 * Swingarm- Lower bar on portion of frame that attaches rear wheel with some form of spring, on full suspension bikes
 * Tire- Where the rubber meets the road
 * Top tube- Top bar of the bicycle frame
 * Valve stem- Stem poking out of rim to inflate tire
 * Wheel hub- Center of the wheel, to which the spokes attach

3. Take apart, clean, and properly reassemble a bicycle.
At first glance this appears to be a big task with bits left over after the reassembly. For this requirement all that is intended is the ability to remove both wheels to aid giving the bike a good clean. A more detailed disassembly is required in the advanced honor (cleaning bearings & regreasing). Even in the advanced honor taking apart a bike completely is not intended.

4. Adjust the brakes and front and rear derailleur properly.
WikiBooks Derailleur Adjustment

Rim Brakes

Most bicycle brakes use a lever on the handlebars to pull a cable: that cable draws together a pair of brake arms, pressing the brake blocks (aka pads or shoes) against the rim of the wheel. Friction between the blocks and the rim is what slows the bike down.

First, check that your tires are inflated to their correct state, since any faulty pressures will confuse your efforts.

Check that you have good brake blocks and rims. Rims should be free of corrosion and dirt, and the brake blocks should be appropriate for the rim. Replace worn blocks in pairs.

 * To clean steel rims of rust, use wire wool.
 * Avoid getting harsh cleaning products on the tires. Degreasers may corrode rubber.
 * Leather-faced blocks are best for steel rims.
 * Do not get oil, grease or wax on the rims or blocks.
 * Excess dirt on rims and blocks will make them wear out faster.
 * The rubber brake blocks need to be aligned with the metal rims, but the leading edge of each block should be slightly closer to the rim than the trailing edge. This prevents brake squealing and is called "toeing-in".  Use a coin or piece of thin cardboard under the back end of the block as a spacer when adjusting.   Some suggest tying an elastic band temporarily to the trailing end of the block instead of a spacer.
 * To make the adjustment, slacken the screw holding the block then swing the brake arm in so that the block is pressed squarely against the metal rim, then retighten it with your "toeing-in" device in place.  Do one block at a time.
 * When both blocks are aligned correctly, decide whether the distance of the blocks from the rims is correct by trying the feel of the brake lever, or by reference to your handbook.   V-brakes might need only a 1mm gap, while others will have different settings.   If a significant adjustment is needed, it should be done by resetting the cable length, but if a small  change will do then use the handlebar barrel adjusters, installed near the brake levers.
 * To reset the cable length slacken the brake cable clamp and let the brake side arms relax.  Adjust the position of the blocks by moving in both of the side arms until the blocks nearly touch the rims.   Retighten the cable in the clamp.  This may take a couple of tries to get the blocks close to, but not touching, the rim.
 * A fine adjustment may be made with the barrel adjuster. If not on the handlebars it may be near the brake blocks.  A locknut keeps the adjustment in place. If the brakes just need a small adjustment, this fine adjustment may be all you need.  Screwing the barrel adjusters all the way in before making brake adjustments will allow the widest range of outward adjustments at a later date, though leaving a couple of threads showing on the adjuster will allow a slight inward adjustment of the blocks if it is needed.
 * Rotate the wheel to check brake clearance.  If it slows too soon then some thing is rubbing.   A regular, periodic rubbing when the wheel is spun indicates that the wheel is out of true and needs to be trued. (See: Truing a bicycle wheel.).   Sometimes the blocks just need moved out minutely.
 * The brake should be centered so that both blocks apply equal pressure to the rim. The method varies:
 * For side-pull and centre-pull brakes, slacken the central retaining bolt and correct the position of the whole brake assembly.
 * For cantilever and V-brake systems, there is a spring-tension adjusting screw on one or both of the arms. Adjust these to bring both arms into balance.   Screw it in to move the block further out.

5. Know and practice courtesy and safety rules in bicycling.
Wear a Helmet Bicyclists and bicycle passengers under 18 years old are required to wear helmets.

Always carry identification. Especially when riding alone, carry identification with your name, address and an emergency phone number.

Always ride with traffic. This is the law. Motorists are not looking for bicyclists riding on the wrong side of the road.

Observe stop signs, signals and basic right-of-way-rules. Bicycle riders on public streets have the same rights and responsibilities as automobile drivers. Cyclists are part of the normal traffic flow and are entitled to share the road with other drivers. Like drivers, bicyclists must yield to pedestrians.

Keep clear of the door zone. Try to ride a door’s width away from parked cars. If you have to ride in the door zone, ride very slowly. You have the right to ride in a traffic lane if it is too narrow to share with a car.

Use hand signals. Hand signals tell motorists what you intend to do. Signalling is a matter of law, of courtesy, and of self-protection.

Keep both hands ready to brake. You may not stop in time if you brake one-handed. Allow extra distance for stopping in the rain and heavy fog, since brakes are less efficient when wet.

Ride a well equipped bike. Be sure your bike is adjusted to fit you properly. For safety and efficiency, outfit it with a bell, rear-view mirror, rack or basket, lights and reflector. Carry a water bottle, bike pump and patch kit. Wear a helmet. Keep your bike in good working order.

Don’t weave between parked cars. Don’t ride out to the curb between parked cars, unless they are far apart. Motorists may not see you when you try to move back into traffic.

Follow lane markings. Make left and right turns in the same way that cars do, using the same turn lanes.

DON'T wear headphones.

DO pull over if you need to use your cellphone.

6. What is the advantage of wearing a cycling helmet?
A helmet is a form of protective gear worn on the head. Traditionally, helmets have been made of metal. In recent decades helmets made from resin or plastic and typically reinforced with Aramid fiber (e.g. Twaron or Kevlar) have become preferred for most applications. Designed for protection of the head in combat, or in civilian life, from sports injuries, falling objects or high-speed collisions.

Helmets are common in the military, construction, mining, and some sports, including American football, baseball,, ski, snowboarding, ice hockey, equestrian sports, motorsports, and rock climbing. Motorcycle helmets and bicycle helmets are compulsory headgear in some jurisdictions; in the United Kingdom only Sikhs are allowed to ride motorcycles without wearing motorcycle helmets. Bicycle helmet compulsion and even strong promotion has been a heated subject of debate amongst cyclists and scientists since at least the 1990s, lately focusing on alleged net protective effect at the population level.

 * Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute : Helmet info.
 * Thoughts from Texas Department of Transportation : Wear a properly fitting helmet to reduce the chances of head injury and death. In some places, city or county law requires it.

7. Have the following riding record

 * a. Take three separate 10-mile (16.1 km) rides in different locations.
 * b. Take a 50-mile (80.6 km) ride in ten hours or less.

8. Know how to read a road map by routing out your 50-mile (80.6 km) course and following it accurately on an actual ride.

 * What do maps show?

 * Create your own routes using google maps!


text:
Eiffel Programming

Welcome to 'Eiffel for Everyone at Wikibooks.

About Eiffel
First developed by Bertrand Meyer, Eiffel has a clean and very readable syntax. Many of the design principles of the language emphasize the readability and maintainability of the code.

Because of its excellent implementation of language features like multiple inheritance and generics (especially constrained generics) it takes less code to express complex ideas in Eiffel than it does in other programming languages. A strong type system with exhaustive static type checking allows programs to scale easily in size, and to evolve in ways that are difficult to achieve with other languages.

Eiffel has been criticized for being a verbose language, and it's easy to get hung up on the verbosity of some of its constructs (like its loop statement). Yet I've found that other languages that are often hyped for their terseness, especially the C family with Java and C++, can be very verbose in declaration and use of complex types.

Guiding Design Principles

 * Everything is an Object
 * Design by Contract
 * Single Entry, Single Exit
 * The Open/Closed Principle
 * Command/Query Separation

Eiffel Features -- What's Unique About the Language
Contracts and contract inheritance Rich set of assertions Multiple Inheritance Constrained Genericity Type-safe agents (also known as closures) Void Safety SCOOP (Simple Concurrent Object Oriented Programming)

Parts of a class
Eiffel Names Reserved words Notes or indexing Name Inherit create features more notes the end Features Attributes Functions The Uniform Access Principle Procedures Commands vs Queries

Nuts and Bolts
Implementing Features Local Variables Creating objects Assignment Calling features Operators Expressions Copying Objects Comparing Objects Conditional control The if statement The inspect statement Iteration—looping Flow of Control Attachment Checking and Locals (e.g. if attached l_foo as al_foo then ... end)

Base Types
Expanded Types INTEGERs of Various Sizes REALs CHARACTERs BOOLEAN Reference Types ANY STRINGs DATE Containers

Contracts
What's required What's ensured Invariants: What is always true (about a class) Checks Variants and loop contracts

Inheritance
Why its useful How it works LSP Renaming Redefining Undefining Extending Non-conforming inheritance Implementation inheritance Multiple inheritance Inheritance of Contracts

Generics
With Containers With Algorithms Constrained Genericity Example: Hash tables

Tuples
Uses for tuples Returning multiple values from a function Named tuples

Agents
As a way of iterating over containers Using agents Closed and Open Arguments Agent declarations

Advanced Topics
Covariance and Anchored Types

Really Advanced Topics
Memory Management Details Garbage Collection Limitations Interfacing to Other Languages .Net Support Low-level Debugging

title: Eiffel Programming


text:
Cookbook talk:Tom Kha Kai

To the anonymous user at 147.161.1.25: Technically, there isn't any such word as "kai" or "khai" either. They're just Romanizations for Thai words! "Khai" would actually be wrong, as chicken in Thai is written with the consonant Go gai, this one: ก, which is an unaspirated "G/k" sound. Also, I think you'll find that "gai" is just as common a Romanization for chicken as "kai" is. Although you are right that "kai" is the proper Romanization as specified by the Royal Institute, "gai" is closer to the real pronounciation of the word and will yield a better approximation from an Enlgish speaker's lips. Jazzcello 00:11, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I've edited all the parts about galangal (ginger). "Kha" in Thai (the second word of the soup) means galangal! This is a galangal soup. As, I've made it clear that the two are different and that ginger should really only be a last resort. Jazzcello 01:50, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Shouldn't it be 'kai' even if it isn't the best Romanization? If that is the generally accepted form and also what is used in Thai Restaurant Menus then it should be that on this page to avoid confusion. Bmboon 21:47, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

tofu?
this website recommends adding tofu instead of chicken for a vegetarian version. Is this worth adding as a variation to the recipe? Has anyone who tried it with tofu have an opinion? Jon513 (talk) 17:07, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It wouldn't be Tom kha kai without the kai (chicken). There would be a different name for the vegetarian meal. (Reminds me of the Sanitarium recipe for a nice vegetarian "Nutmeat con Carne" - I wonder if they still have that printed on the cans?) Webaware talk 03:31, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Tom Kha Kai