text:
Serial Programming/Modems and AT Commands/Commands A - M

AT Commands A - M
This module explains the AT commands A to M as used by a "generic" Hayes-compatible modem. Different modems use slightly different commands. However, this list is supposed to be as "generic" as possible, and should not be extended with modem-specific commands. Instead it is recommended to provide such command lists in an Appendix.

A: Answer Command
Syntax:

A

Description:

The command initiates handshake as answering side. No next commands in this command line are proceeded. If handshake succeeds, modem sends successful message ("CONNECT...") to serial line and serial line switches to data mode, otherwise failure message is sent and serial line remains in command mode.

Result Codes:

CONNECT message usually contains speed, protocol and other details of succeeded connection and may be preceded with other messages of connection details.

Related Commands and Registers:
 *
 *
 *
 *

B: Select Communication Standard
Syntax:[1]

B[0|1]   (original Hayes) B[number] (extensions)

Description:

In original Hayes modems, it selects protocols for 300bps and 1200bps handshake: B0 selects CCITT protocols; B1 selects Bell protocols.

Some vendors (e.g. Rockwell) extends it to limit connection speed (e.g. B15 - no more than 28800 bps).

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 * A: Answer
 * D: Dial
 * +MS: Speed and protocol selection

C: Carrier Control Selection
Syntax:

ATC0 The carrier detect (CD) override is always on (default) ATC1 The modem sends the carrier detect signal when it makes connection with another modem and drops the signal when it disconnects.

Description:

Controls the carrier detect signal sent by the modem to the computer. .

DTE Interface:

If AT&C1, the carrier detect enters into a true state when a connection is made. The carrier detect returns to a false state after the connection is dropped.

Aborting Events: None

Related Commands and Registers:

D: Dial Command
Syntax:

D [T|P|digits|misc]

Description:

The command initiates dialing a number using pulse or tone dialing. The dial string can be rather flexible. Almost all of the modem's default settings can be overridden in the dial string. Dialing is controlled by providing dial modifiers after the  command.

Dial Modifiers:

 * 0-9: Digits. This results in the corresponding DTMF tone being sent (tone dialing), or the corresponding number of pulses (pulse dialing) being sent.
 * A-D, #, *: (Tone dialing only) Tone dialing supports six more characters, which can be dialed in addition to the numbers 0-9. However, these characters can trigger special functions in the telephone network and should only be used if their function is required in a particular network.
 * NOTE, one of the nastiest things which can be triggered in some public networks with these characters is a test of the tariff time switch. The test consists of a rapid increase of the counter, which can end up at the phone bill as a huge debt.

 * P: Pulse Dialing Modifier. Indicates that all following numbers should be dialed using pulse dialing, until a  modifier is encountered. The modifier is persistent. It not only affects the current dialing, but also any other dialing (until a   modifier is encountered or the modem is reset).
 * T: Tone Dialing Modifier. Indicates that all following numbers should be dialed using DTMF dialing, until a  modifier is encountered. The modifier is persistent. It not only affects the current dialing, but also any other dialing (until a   modifier is encountered or the modem is reset).
 * W: Wait for Second Dial Tone. This is useful when working behind a PABX. Typically to dial out from behind a PABX it is first necessary to seize an external line by dialing a special number, and then waiting for the public line's dial tone before continuing.
 * ,: Delay. The modem will pause for the delay configured in register S8 before continuing dialing. This is useful when dealing with old, slow mechanical telephone equipment, as well as working in special PABX configurations. Some PABX need some time to seize a line, but provide no progress indication when they have done so. Note, if a second dial tone is provided, then the  modifier is a much better choice over the   modifier.
 * @: Wait for Silence. This is another modifier which is helpful in dealing with special PABX configurations. The modem waits for at least five seconds of silence before continuing dialing. Silence is defined as no signal in the call progress indication frequency band, not as absolute silence (not as absence of line noise).
 * If the modem doesn't detect these five seconds of silence prior to the expiration of the S7 call abort timer, the modem stops the dialing (call abortion), and returns a  result code. This is somewhat counter intuitive, since the modem is waiting for silence as an answer. If busy detection is enabled, some modems return a   answer code instead. Which is also arguable.
 * If an answer tone from some remote modem arrives while waiting for the five seconds of silence, the modem initiates the handshake procedure and aborts dialing. If the handshake succeeds the modem is on-line.

 * !: Flash. A flash is a special signal send to some telephone equipment, like a phone exchange. The flash is send by (ab)using the hook. The modem goes on-hook for a specific time. That time is exchange-equipment / telecom-standard specific. It has to be shorter than the on-hook time which is interpreted by the exchange as call/dialing abortion. The flash time can be configured via the modem's S29 register. Some PABX require a flash if they are supposed to seize a public line.
 * ;: Return to Command State after Dialing. This modifier indicates the end of the dialing, but instead of requesting the modem to go into the call progress state, the modem will return to the command line. This enables additional AT commands to be sent to the modem while it is still off-hook. These additional commands may be placed after the  on the same command line, or can be sent on additional command lines.
 * To continue the call, an additional dial command, e.g. a single  needs to be sent, which will transition the modem's state to enter call progress.
 * Alternatively, the call can be aborted by sending the on-hock command.

 * S=n: Dial Stored Telephone Number. Dial one of four (n = 0 ... 3) telephone dial strings. See the  command for how to store a number in the modem.
 * R: Originate Call in Answer Mode. Originate the call, but behave as being called instead. The modem expects that handshake negotiation is reversed. This is often not implemented in today's modems, and the modifier is ignored.

Modern modems accept and support a number of additional modifiers.

E: Command State Character Echo Selection
Syntax:

E[0|1]

Description:

Switches character echo on (1) or off (0) when in the command state. Given no argument, assumes 0.

Character echoing is usually not desired when controlling a modem via some software program. It is useful for debugging purposes, and when the modem is controlled manually, e.g. via some generic terminal program.

Result Codes:

F: On-line State Character Echo Selection
Command Description Template

Syntax:

Description:

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 *

H: Hook Command Options
Syntax:MiscModemState.java

H[0|1]

Description:

Controls if the modem goes on-hook (disconnects from the phone line), or off-hook (connects to the phone line). The wording is taken from normal telephone usage, where someone takes the handset off the hook (off-hook) when intending to place a call. The terminology is counter-intuitive for modems, since off-hook indicates the modem goes on-line, and on-hook indicates the modem goes off-line.

or
 * H
 * H0 : The modem will release the phone line (going on-hook) if the modem is currently on-line (off-hook). The command is also typically used to terminate a modem's self-test or automatic line test mode - if provided by a particular modem. The modem will go into command mode after the command. In order to issue the command while on-line, and while not in command mode, the escape code sequence need to be sent prior to the command, to force the modem in command mode first.

 * H1 : If on-hook (off-line), the modem will go off-hook (on-line), and remain in command mode. Typically, the next command in command mode is a  dial command. If the inactivity timer S7 expires while off-hook, the modem goes back on-hook (off-line). This behavior prevents accidental blocking of a phone line by broken DTE software which manages to go off-hook but for whatever reason doesn't use the seized line.

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 * A: Answer
 * D: Dial

I: Internal Memory Tests
Command Description Template

Syntax:

Description:

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 *

L: Speaker Volume Level Selection
Command Description Template

Syntax:

Description:

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 *

M: Speaker On/Off Selection
Syntax:

M[0|1|2|3]

Description:

 * 0 : switches the internal speaker always off.
 * 1 : switches the internal speaker off when connected and on otherwise.
 * 2 : switches the internal speaker always on.
 * 3 : switches the internal speaker on when not connected or during retrains, and off during normal connection.

Some vendors add additional modes.

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 * L: Set internal speaker loudness


text:
Serial Programming/Modems and AT Commands/Commands N - Z

AT Commands N - Z
This module explains the AT commands N to Z as used by a "generic" Hayes-compatible modem. Different modems use slightly different commands. However, this list is supposed to be as "generic" as possible, and should not be extended with modem-specific commands. Instead it is recommended to provide such command lists in an Appendix.

N: Negotiation of Handshake Options
Syntax:

N[0|1]

Description:

Controls whether during the handshake it is acceptable to fall back to a lower connection speed than specified by the S37 register. N0 indicates that fall back is not acceptable, N1 indicates that fall back is acceptable.

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 * B: Select Communication Standard (in modems that also specify speed via this command)
 * S37: Desired DCE Line Speed

O: On-Line Command
Command Description Template

Syntax:

Description:

Return a modem to data mode when it is on line and in command mode.

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 *

P: Select Pulse Dialing Method
Syntax:

P

Description:

Sets the default dialing method to pulse (rotary) dialing. The setting is valid until it is either changed by using the  command, or a   modifier with the   command.

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Bit 5

Q: Result Code Display Options
Syntax:

Q[0|1]

Description:

The command allows to configure if result codes are supposed to be send to the DTE or not.

or
 * Q
 * Q0
 * (default) Result codes are send to the DTE.

 * Q1
 * No result codes are send (silent mode).

Result Codes:

Result codes are only send if the option is turned on.

Related Commands and Registers:'
 * S14: General Bit Mapped Options Status Bit 2

Sr=: Write to an S-Register
Command Description Template

Syntax:

Description:

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 *

Sr?: Read an S-Register
Command Description Template

Syntax:

Description:

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 *

T: Select Tone Dialing Method
Syntax:

T

Description:

Sets the default dialing method to tone (DTFM) dialing. The setting is valid until it is either changed by using the  command, or a   modifier with the   command.

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Bit 5

V: Result Code Format Options
Syntax:

V[0|1]

Description:

Sets result code format to words or digits:

or
 * V
 * V0
 * digit responses (e.g. )

 * V1
 * (default) word responses (e.g. )

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 * to turn on/off the responses.

W: Negotiation Progress Message Selection
Syntax:

W[0|1|2]

Description:

The command controls the contents and format of the  message:

or
 * W
 * W0
 * (default). When connecting, the modem reports the DTE/DCE speed in the  message. The speed is reported only once, upon initial set up of the connection. Subsequent reports are disabled.

 * W1
 * When connecting, the modem reports the line speed, error correction protocol, and the DTE/DCE speed. The data is reported only once, upon initial set up of the connection. Subsequent reports are disabled.

 * W2
 * When connecting, the modem reports the line speed in the  message. The data is reported only once, upon initial set up of the connection. Subsequent reports are disabled.

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:'
 * for selecting the details of the reporting message.
 * Bits 2-3.

X: Call Progress Options
Syntax:

X[0|1|2|3|4]

Description:

The command governs the type and verbosity of connect message responses. If the modem is in facsimile mode (+FCLASS=1), the only message sent to indicate a connection is CONNECT without a speed indication.

or
 * X
 * X0
 * blind dial, no busy detect, CONNECT.

 * X1
 * blind dial, no busy detect, CONNECT xxxx.

 * X2
 * dial tone detect, no busy detect, CONNECT xxxx.

 * X3
 * blind dial, busy detect, CONNECT xxxx.

 * X4
 * full monitor, all messages, CONNECT xxxx.

where xxxx = DTE rate or DCE rate.

Note that the connect message response is a function of Wn, Xn and \Vn.

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 * W: Negotiation Progress Message Selection

Y: Long Space Disconnect Options
Command Description Template

Syntax:

Description:

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 *

Z: Soft Reset Command
Syntax:

Z (common) Z[0|1|2|3] (US Robotics)

Description:

Soft reset is started. If modem is connected, connection is dropped. Last saved profile is loaded from NVRAM to RAM. No more commands are read from the command line.

Result Codes:

Related Commands and Registers:
 * Serial Programming:Modems and AT Commands/& Commands
 * Serial Programming:Modems and AT Commands/& Commands
 * Serial Programming:Modems and AT Commands/& Commands

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Serial Programming/Modems and AT Commands

TODO

 * Due to the split of the long AT command reference into separate modules many cross-references to AT command descriptions are now wrong on this and the new module pages

 * The Result codes should also be moved to some own module.

 * And the Register description would also make a nice own module.


text:
User:Andjam

 * Main user page: wikipedia:User:Andjam

My current interest with wikibooks is creating errata for references I have used, which currently includes Errata/0949853054, Errata/0702234257 and Errata/0702226270.

Andjam/Australia Olympics errata overview - an overview of sources used for Australia at the Winter Olympics.

title: User:Andjam


text:
Social Deviance/What Is Crime And Deviance

Before we can understand what crime and deviance are, it is necessary to know that crime and deviance are changeable in nature. John Hagan in his book Crime And Disrepute states two theories of describing crime before presenting the most commonly used approach.

Thorsten Sellin
Thorstein Sellin proposes a cross-cultural approach which defines crime on the deviation from two types of rules which are "conduct norms" and "universal categories." Conduct norms are norms (rules enforced by the society) that change from group to group. Therefore, different societies enforce different conduct norms. There are also universal categories, which transcend the differences among societies and apply to everyone based on the inherent values that come with the construction of a society. However, Sellin's argument about universal categories is weak because it cannot clearly define what a universal category might be. Murder is an obvious example, but murder is defined differently across cultures. For example, soldiers killing an enemy during wartime is legal and allowed by the state, so this cannot be considered murder from the point of view of law.

Leslie Wilkins
Leslie Wilkins rejected Sellin's theory and came up with a new way to explain activities. The theory argues that for any given society, there is a bell-shaped curve that explains the frequency and type of activity. In the center, where the frequency is highest are the normal acts. Going horizontally to the right (where the activities become more and more "good"), the frequency decreases and these "saintly acts" rarely occur, becoming outliers. Conversely, going horizontally to the left (where the activities get "worse"), the frequency of the specific activity decreases and the activities start to pass the boundaries of "sinful acts," "illegal acts," "illegal acts worth notifying the police," and "serious crimes." The worst crimes, just as the most saintly of acts, are both outliers and occur infrequently.

The Crime Continuum
In modern theories, both Sellin and Wilkins have inadequate descriptions of crime. Whereas Sellin cannot clearly describe the universal categories, Wilkins relies too heavily on a one-dimensional factor (which is that of morality). Deviance and crime are affected by three variables, which are agreement about the norm, the severity of social response, and the evaluation of social harm.

Variables In The Definition Of Crime And Deviance

 * Social Agreement: This factor contributes to how the public views the crime, whether or not they believe that the norm is beneficial for society. If different people cannot agree on the rules of the norm or how strongly it should be enforced, then a law with weak social agreement will be weak. Abortion is an example of a right that is hotly contested today, and would be considered having low social agreement.
 * Social Response: This factor determines how serious the crime is by the seriousness of the punishments meted out. This is an indication of how serious an offense the society views a specific deviance or crime. In the early 20th century, the use of cocaine was very popular with upper-class women for pain relief. Therefore, it was viewed as an acceptable activity. However, in recent times, the trafficking and use of cocaine has become very stigmatized, with these activities bringing severe penalties. This is an example of an act that used to have a low social response but has changed to arousing severe social responses.
 * Social Harm: This evaluation indicates the level of harm that a particular crime puts on the society. Some crimes are "victimless" since they harm only the criminal, but some crimes hurt others or social institutions themselves. Drug usage would be considered low in social harm, while an act such as serial murder would be considered high in social harm.

These three factors generally tend to converge when a crime becomes more and more severe, but they are not necessarily linked. For example many corporate crimes cause more monetary damage than small-time theft, but the social response is minimal.

Crime Categories
A few different categories of crimes can be described using these four factors:
 * Consensus Crimes: These crimes are generally agreed to be serious by most members of a society. They are characterized by high social agreement, response, and/or harm.
 * Conflict Crimes: These are crimes that have low social agreement, varied social response, and varied social harm. Some individuals believe that particular conflict crimes are very serious while others may believe that these crimes are not serious at all. The social agreement on conflict crimes tend to be split by social groups. In other words, specific groups in society have particular biases towards the social agreement of seriousness of these conflict crimes.
 * Social Deviations: Social deviation generally has low social agreement on seriousness and the social response to deviation is often varied, with either formal or informal institutions enforcing the adherence to norms. People with more resources generally tend to be able to avoid social response better than those without these resources.
 * Social Diversions: Acts that fall under the category of diversions are those that are considered by the society to be acceptable variations in lifestyle. Social deviations can become social diversions when many people take part in the deviation and make it fashionable. Note that other societies may regard these social diversions as unacceptable within their collection of norms.


text:
Social Deviance/Early Theories

Utilitarianism

Early on, thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham believed that criminals committed crimes because in the utilitarian calculation of utility, the criminals regarded the cost of their crimes as smaller than the benefits that they reaped. Therefore, in order to prevent deviance, the society must impose strict sanctions upon the offender in order to increase the costs of deviance, causing the utility of crime to be far less beneficial for people.

 * Cesare Beccaria

Biological Theories

Cesare Lombrosos and his Italian School of criminology argued against the utlitarian school by assuming that deviants and criminals break social norms and laws due to atavistic traits. In other words, they believed that these people are not as highly advanced in the evolutionary process as normally functioning members of society. The Italian School also believed that these atavistic traits are indicated by physical, biological indicators of a person such as body type or the shape of the face. These theorists believed that deviants are not flexible individuals; criminal tendencies stem from biological factors, and thus they believed that punishment would not work since biological determinants on crime would be more or less fate. Therefore, if punishment would not work, then neutralization of the deviant was necessary. The theorists in the Italian School believed that institutions such as mental hospitals, lifetime imprisonment, or the death sentence would neutralize the deviant and thus make the society fit for the normal people to live safely.

Ever since sociology has been used as a tool to describe and analyze deviance, however, the biological theories such as those found in the Italian School has fallen into unpopularity. Biological theories of deviance have been seen as racist, since ideas such as eugenics have been justified with these theories. US schools are currently the only schools that consider biological theories of deviance in any detail. Foreign schools only mention these ideas briefly and refute them with sociological studies in social deviance courses. This is due to the availability and interest of the study of DNA in the US. However, these "biosocial" theories are generally not accepted by the mainstream sociological community because of the tenuous (at best) link between biology and behavior, as well as the strong evidence that these biosocial theories base their ideas on flawed research, confounded variables, and confusion about causality (correlation does not imply causation).

title: Social Deviance/Early Theories


text:
Social Deviance/Structural Functionalism

The structural-functionalist school of sociology is concerned with macro-level explanations. Therefore, this school is interested primarily in how norms and institutions fit in the study of deviance.

Norms
In a society, a norm is a sort of rule that is enforced by the society. They are generally unwritten and most people take them for granted, not realizing the powerful force of norm enforcement until they have deviated from a norm. Society may punish deviants in three different levels:
 * Legal sanctions.
 * Stigmatization by the society as a deviant.
 * The preference of one action over another.

Anomie
Anomie, in contemporary English, means a condition or malaise in individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of standards or values. When applied to a government or society, anomie implies a social unrest or chaos.

The word comes from Greek, namely the prefix a- “without”, and nomos “law”. The Greeks distinguished between nomos (νόμος, “law”), and arché (αρχή, “starting rule, axiom, principle”). For example, a monarch is a single ruler but he or she might still be subject to, and not exempt from, the prevailing laws, i.e. nomos.
 * Etymology

In the original city state democracy, the majority rule was an aspect of arché because it was a rule-based, customary system which might or might not make laws, i.e. nomos. Thus, the original meaning of anomie defined anything or anyone against or outside the law, or a condition where the current laws were not applied resulting in a state of illegitimacy or lawlessness.

The contemporary English understanding of the word anomie can accept greater flexibility in the word “norm”, and some have used the idea of normlessness to reflect a similar situation to the idea of anarchy. But, as used by Émile Durkheim and later theorists, anomie is a reaction against or a retreat from the regulatory social controls of society, and is a completely separate concept from anarchy which is an absence of effective rulers or leaders.

The nineteenth century French pioneer sociologist Emile Durkheim borrowed the word from the French philosopher Jean-Marie Guyau and used it in his book Suicide (1897), outlining the causes of suicide to describe a condition or malaise in individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of standards or values (referred to as normlessness), and an associated feeling of alienation and purposelessness. He believed that anomie is common when the surrounding society has undergone significant changes in its economic fortunes, whether for good or for worse and, more generally, when there is a significant discrepancy between the ideological theories and values commonly professed and what was actually achievable in everyday life. This is contrary to previous theories on suicide which generally maintained that suicide was precipitated by negative events in a person's life and their subsequent depression.
 * Anomie as individual disorder

In Durkheim’s view, traditional religions often provided the basis for the shared values which the anomic individual lacks. Furthermore, he argued that the division of labor that had been prevalent in economic life since the Industrial Revolution led individuals to pursue egoistic ends rather than seeking the good of a larger community.

Robert King Merton also adopted the idea of anomie to develop Strain Theory, defining it as the discrepancy between common social goals and the legitimate means to attain those goals. In other words, an individual suffering from anomie would strive to attain the common goals of a specific society yet would not be able to reach these goals legitimately because of the structural limitations in society. As a result the individual would exhibit deviant behavior. Friedrich Hayek notably uses the word anomie with this meaning.

Anomie as a social disorder is not to be confused with anarchy. Anarchy denotes lack of rulers, hierarchy, and command, whereas anomie denotes lack of rules, structure, and organization. Many proponents of anarchism claim that anarchy does not necessarily lead to anomie and that hierarchical command actually increases lawlessness (see e.g. the Law of Eristic Escalation).

As an older variant, the Webster 1913 dictionary reports use of the word anomie as meaning “disregard or violation of the law”.

Durkheim

Emil Durkheim is the founder of the structural functionalist perspective. This is essentially the view that everything in society has a given function that it must perform within that society in order for it to continue to survive. There are two main types of functions that a particular social phenomena can perform. They are Manifest and Latent functions. The former are those functions in society that are intended and direct. An example of this would be the function of a police force to prevent crime and enforce criminal law. Latent functions on the other hand are those things which come about indirectly and, while still being a necessary function, are less straight forward. Another example using a police force would be its latent function of maintaining the belief in the general population that society is operating smoothly (or that it isn't running so smoothly, depending on regional variations).

Merton
Robert King Merton expanded on the idea that anomie is the alienation of the self from society due to conflicting norms and interests by describing 5 different types of actions that occur when personal goals and legitimate means come into conflict with each other. Instead of social integration and social regulation, Merton focused on the two variables of goals and legitimate means. These two dimensions determine the adaptation to society according to the cultural goals, which are the society's perceptions about the ideal life, and to the institutionalized means, which are the legitimate means through which an individual may aspire to the cultural goals. There are 5 possible combinations of adaptation. When an individual accepts the goals and means together, he is working under conformity. (Example: White collar employee who holds a job to support a family.) When an individual accepts the goals but uses illegitimate means in order to achieve them, he commits crimes in order to emulate the values of those who conform; in other words, they must use innovation in order to achieve cultural goals. (Example: Drug dealer who sells drugs to support a family.) An individual may lose faith in cultural goals but still feel obligated to work under the routines of legitimate daily life. This person is practicing ritualism. (Example: A white collar employee who holds a job, but has become completely discontent with the American Dream.) Individuals may also reject both goals and means and fall under retreatism, when they ignore the goals and the means of the society. (Example: Drug addicts who have stopped caring about the social goals and use drugs as a way to escape reality.) Finally, there is a fifth type of adaptation which is that of rebellion, where the individual rejects the cultural goals and the institutionalized means, but seeks to redefine new values for society. (Example: Radicals who want to repair or even destroy the capitalist system in order to build a new social structure.)
 * Merton states that anomie is the state in which social goals and the legitimate means to achieve them do not correspond.
 * 5 ways of adaptation to society according to Culture Goals (A) and Institutionalized Means (B)
 * Conformity: A+B+
 * Innovations: A+B-
 * Ritualism: A-B+
 * Retreatism: A-B-
 * Rebellion: A(Change)B(Change)


text:
Social Deviance/Symbolic Interactionism

The symbolic interactionist school of sociology came up as a counterpoint to the structural-functionalist view. This school is interested primarily in individual-to-individual interactions by way of communication through symbols (the symbolic, subjective definitions of objects and ideas in the world; definitions that may hold different meanings for different individuals).

title: Social Deviance/Symbolic Interactionism


text:
Social Deviance/Power Conflict

Sociologists and philosophers who take on the power-conflict perspective believe that structural-functionalists and symbolic interactionists do not adequately take into account the use (or abuse) of power within societies. Many thinkers of this school tend to base their explanations of crime from the division of classes and the inequal distribution of power among different groups within the context of the larger group of the society.

Foucault
Michel Foucault's works in the field of Sociology covers a wide range of topics, but his book Discipline and Punish is a work concerning the study of crime, punishment, and discipline in the modern society.

Torture was the mode of punishment in the middle ages in Europe because in those times, crimes were perceived to be injuries upon the power of the sovereign himself. Therefore, the sovereign felt a need to use his power to inflict pain upon the criminal. Thus, torture was widespread during this time.

As the power shifted over from the sovereign to the individual, the view of crime and punishment changed entirely. The sovereign was no longer the most important figure of the state; rather, the various states in Europe started to represent the individuals within it more fully. Therefore, crimes became to be seen as deviation from the norms and the values of the state rather than injury to the power of an individual or groups of individuals. Since crimes were no longer viewed as providing injury, it was also unnecessary for the state to punish in a vengeful way.

Another shift in power relations made torture unnecessary in the modern world. In the middle ages, catching criminals and subsequently punishing them was not an easy task. States were very weak and power was unevenly distributed. Therefore, it was necessary to make punishment public. The various methods of torture and execution were made public so that everyone could see it. This was used to show off the power of the state and was used as a warning to future criminals. However, as states gained more power and as they stabilized, it was easier to enforce civil laws. Because the states no longer had to rely on extremely powerful sovereigns to control a feudal society due to the modern city making it easier to control the new liberal society, power could be more evenly diffused throughout society. The individual gained power along with the state, which also gained stability. Therefore, a strong show of violence became unnecessary to facilitate order.

These two factors helped to provide the punishment of the modern era, which is that of imprisonment, or the revoking of freedom. Because individuals became more important, and there was no longer any need to punish in a vengeful or public way, punishment became more of a hidden phenomenon. Prisons are places which control the actions of the individual, implicitly prescribing and proscribing certain actions. In order to control action, prisons instill a sense of discipline. Discipline is the control of individuals in a certain institution.

Even though punishment is now hidden, discipline became one of the most important and visible uses of power in the modern times. In the modern society where individuals supposedly are the most important, something is required to keep the institutions running. Discipline comes down from the institutions in order to regulate the society. The prison therefore is the template for modern institutions because the prison (or panopticon) is the institution with the best use of discipline. Therefore, schools, militaries, bureaucracies are all built with discipline in mind. These institutions all observe the individual (with or without the individual's knowledge) with the threat of punishment lurking by in order to control these individuals. In the modern age, not only are individuals closely watched but their physical actions are now controlled as well. Soldiers in a military move in unison, to a prescribed pattern set by the institution. Students are controlled by the bureacracy of the school and learn according to the wishes of the society, under the watchful eye of the teacher or the professor.

In other words, institutions have come to dominate the society instead of the individual as some think. It is the institutions, norms, and values that guide the individual, instilling discipline into the group. Foucault believes that humans no longer have a right to their own fates because it is institutions that govern the society.

title: Social Deviance/Power Conflict


text:
Electronics/Transmitter design

Radio transmitter design is a complex topic which can be broken down into a series of smaller topics.

Fixed frequency systems
For a fixed frequency transmitter one commonly used method is to use a resonant quartz crystal in a Crystal oscillator to fix the frequency. For transmitter where the frequency has to be able to be varied then several options can be used.

Variable frequency systems

 * An array of crystals—This approach uses several oscillators, each tuned to a different fixed frequency.
 * Variable frequency oscillator (VFO)
 * Phase locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer

Multiplication
It is often the case for VHF transmitters that it is not possible to operate the crystal controlled or variable frequency oscillator at the frequency of the final output. Also, for reasons including frequency stability, it is better to multiply the frequency of the free running oscillator up to the final frequency which is required.

If the output of an amplifier stage is tuned to a multiple of the frequency which the stage is driven with, the stage is optimised to give a larger harmonic output than that found in a linear amplifier. In a push-push stage, the output will only contain the even harmonics. This is because the currents which would generate the fundamental and the odd harmonics in this circuit (if one valve was removed) are canceled out by the second valve. Note that in these diagrams that the bias supplies and the neutralization have been omitted for clarity. In a real system it is likely that tetrodes would be used as plate to grid capacitance in a tetrode is lower so making the stage less likely to be unstable.

Here in the push-pull stage the output will only contain the odd harmonics because of the canceling effect.

Frequency mixing and Modulation
The task of many transmitters is to transmit some form of information using a carrier wave. This process is called modulation. There are many types of RF modulation, and the choice of modulation often depends on the type of information being transmitted.

For instance, audio information is continuous in time and value, and scaling by a constant (i.e. signal inversion, volume control) is acceptable, so AM and FM transmission work. But for digital communications, the signal is discrete in time and discrete in value, and inversion of the signal is unacceptable, so AM and FM are not (on their own) satisfactory. For digital communications, a modulation such as frequency shift keying (FSK) or on-off keying (OOK) over FM would be better.

AM modes
In many cases the carrier wave is mixed with another electrical signal to impose upon it the information. This occurs in Amplitude modulation (AM).

Low level
Here a small audio stage is used to modulate a low power stage, the output of this stage is then amplified using a linear RF amplifier.

 * Advantages

The advantage of using a linear RF amplifier is that the smaller early stages can be modulated, which only requires a small audio amplifier to drive the modulator.

 * Disadvantages

The great disadvantage of this system is that the amplifier chain is less efficient, because it has to be linear to preserve the modulation. Hence class C amplifiers cannot be employed.

An approach which marries the advantages of low-level modulation with the efficiency of a Class C power amplifier chain is to arrange a feedback system to compensate for the substantial distortion of the AM envelope. A simple detector at the transmitter output (which can be little more than a loosely coupled diode) recovers the audio signal, and this is used as negative feedback to the audio modulator stage. The overall chain then acts as a linear amplifier as far as the actual modulation is concerned, though the RF amplifier itself still retains the Class C efficiency. This approach is widely used in practical medium power transmitters, such as AM radiotelephones.

High level

 * Advantages

One advantage of using class C amplifiers in a broadcast AM transmitter is that only the final stage needs to be modulated, and that all the earlier stages can be driven at a constant level. These class C stages will be able to generate the drive for the final stage for a smaller DC power input. However, in many designs in order to obtain better quality AM the penultimate RF stages will need to be subject to modulation as well as the final stage.

 * Disadvantages

A large audio amplifier will be needed for the modulation stage, at least equal to the power of the transmitter output itself. Traditionally the modulation is applied using an audio transformer, and this can be bulky. Direct coupling from the audio amplifier is also possible (known as a cascode arrangement), though this usually requires quite a high DC supply voltage (say 30V or more), which is not suitable for mobile units.

Types of AM modulators
A wide range of different circuits have been used for AM. While it is perfectly possible to create good designs using solid-state electronics, valved (tube) circuits are shown here. In general, valves are able to easily yield RF powers far in excess of what can be achieved using solid state. Most high-power broadcast stations still use valves.

Plate AM modulators
In plate modulation systems the voltage delivered to the stage is changed. As the power output available is a function of the supply voltage, the output power is modulated. This can be done using a transformer to alter the anode (plate) voltage. The advantage of the transformer method is that the audio power can be supplied to the RF stage and converted into RF power.

Anode modulation using a transformer. The tetrode is supplied with an anode supply (and screen grid supply) which is modulated via the transformer. The resistor R1 sets the grid bias, both the input and outputs are tuned LC circuits which are tapped into by inductive coupling.

An example of a series modulated amplitude modulation stage. The tetrode is supplied with an anode supply (and screen grid supply) which is modulated by the modulator valve. The resistor VR1 sets the grid bias for the modulator valve, both the RF input (tuned grid) and outputs are tuned LC circuits which are tapped into by inductive coupling.

When the valve at the top conducts more than the potential difference between the anode and cathode of the lower valve (RF valve) will increase. The two valves can be thought of as two resistors in a potentiometer.

Screen AM modulators

Under steady state conditions (no audio driven) the stage will be a simple RF amplifier where the grid bias is set by the cathode current. When the stage is modulated the screen potential changes and so alters the gain of the stage.

Other modes which are related to AM
Several derivatives of AM are in common use. These are

Single-sideband modulation
(SSB, or SSB-AM single-sideband full carrier modulation), very similar to single-sideband suppressed carrier modulation (SSB-SC)

Filter method
Using a balanced mixer a double side band signal is generated, this is then passed through a very narrow bandpass filter to leave only one side-band. By convention it is normal to use the upper sideband (USB) in communication systems, except for HAM radio when the carrier frequency is below 10 MHz here the lower side band (LSB) is normally used.

Phasing method
The phasing method is another way to generate of single sideband signals. One of the weaknesses of this method is the need for a network which imposes a constant 90o phase shift on audio signals throughout the entire audio spectrum. By reducing the audio bandwidth the task of designing the phaseshift network can be made more easy.

Imagine that the audio is a single sine wave E = Eo sine (ωt)

The audio signal is passed through the phase shift network to give two identical signals which differ by 90o.

So as the audio input is a single sine wave the outputs will be

E = Eo sine (ωt)

and

E = Eo cosine (ωt)

These audio outputs are mixed in non linear mixers with a carrier, the carrier drive for one of these mixers is shifted by 90o. The output of these mixers is combined in a linear circuit to give the SSB signal.

Vestigial-sideband modulation
Vestigial-sideband modulation (VSB, or VSB-AM) is a type of modulation system commonly used in TV systems, it is normal AM which has been passed through a filter which removes one of the sidebands.

Morse
Strictly speaking the commonly used 'AM' is double-sideband full carrier. Morse is often sent using on-off keying of an unmodulated carrier(Continuous wave), this can be thought of as an AM mode.

Direct FM
Direct FM (true Frequency modulation) is where the frequency of an oscillator is altered to impose the modulation upon the carrier wave. This can be done by using a voltage controlled capacitor (Varicap diode) in a crystal controlled oscillator. The frequency of the oscillator is then multiplied up using a frequency multiplier stage, or is translated upwards using a mixing stage to the output frequency of the transmitter.

Indirect FM
Indirect FM employs varicap diode to impose a phase shift (which is voltage controlled) in a tuned circuit which is fed with a plain carrier. This is termed Phase modulation, the modulated signal from a phase modulated stage can be understood with a FM receiver but for good audio quality the audio applied to the phase modulation stage.

This is a solid state circuit, on the right a RF drive is applied to the base of the transistor, the tank circuit (LC) connected to the collector via a capacitor contains a pair of varicap diodes. As the voltage applied to the varicaps is changed the phase shift of the output will change.

 * Sigma-delta modulation (∑Δ)

Valves
For high power systems it is normal to use valves, please see Valved RF amplifiers for details of how valved RF power stages work.

Advantages of valves

 * Good for high power systems
 * Electrically very robust, they can tolerate overloads for minutes which would destroy bipolar transistor systems in milliseconds

Disadvantages of valves

 * Heater supplies are required for the cathodes
 * High voltages (Threat of death) are required for the anodes
 * Valves have a shorter working life than solid state parts because the heaters tend to fail

Solid state
For low and medium power it is often the case that solid state power stages are used. Sadly for high power systems these cost more per Watt of output power than a valved system.

Linking the transmitter to the aerial
The vast majority of modern equipment is designed to operate with a resistive load driven via coaxial cable of one particular impedance, often 50 ohms. To connect the aerial to this coaxial cable transmission line a matching network and/or a balun may be required. Commonly a SWR meter and/or an Antenna analyzer are used to check the goodness of the match between the aerial system and the transmission line (feeder).

See Antenna tuner and balun for details of matching networks and baluns respectively.

EMC matters
While this section was written from the point of view of a radio ham with relation to Television interference (radio transmitter interference) it applies to the construction and use of all radio transmitters, and other electronic devices which generate high RF powers with no intention of radiating these. For instance a dielectric heater might contain a 2000 Watt 27 MHz source within it, if the machine operates as intended then none of this RF power will leak out. However, if the device is subject to a fault then when it operates RF will leak out and it will be now a transmitter. Also computers are RF devices, if the cases is poorly made then the computer will radiate at VHF. For example, if you attempt to tune into a weak FM radio station (88 to 108 MHz, band II) at your desk you may lose reception when you switch on your PC. Equipment which is not intended to generate RF, but does so through for example sparking at switch contacts is not considered here, for a consideration of such matters please see Television interference (electrical interference) for further details.

RF leakage (defective RF shielding)
All equipment using RF electronics should be inside a screened metal box, all connections in or out of the metal box should be filtered to avoid the ingress or egress of radio signals. A common and effective method of doing so for wires carrying DC supplies, 50 Hz AC connections, audio and control signals is to use a feedthrough capacitor. This is a capacitor which is mounted in a hole in the shield, one terminal of the capacitor is its metal body which touches the shielding of the box while the other two terminal of the capacitor are the on either side of the shield. The feed through capacitor can be thought of as a metal rod which has a dielectric sheath which in turn has a metal coating.

In addition to the feed through capacitor, either a resistor or RF choke can be used to increase the filtering on the lead. In transmitters it is vital to prevent RF from entering the transmitter through any lead such as a power, microphone or control connection. If RF does enter a transmitter in this way then an instability known as motorboating can occur. Motorboating is an example of a self-inflicted EMC problem.

If a transmitter is suspected of being responsible for a television interference problem then it should be run into a dummy load, this is a resistor in a screened box or can which will allow the transmitter to generate radio signals without sending them to the antenna. If the transmitter does not cause interference during this test then it is safe to assume that a signal has to be radiated from the antenna antenna to cause a problem. If the transmitter does cause interference during this test then a path exists by which RF power is leaking out of the equipment, this can be due to bad shielding. This is a rare but insidious problem and it is vital that it is tested for.

 * You are most likely to see this leakage on homemade equipment or equipment which has been modified. It is also possible to observe RF leaking out of microwave cookers.

Spurious emissions

 * Early in the development of radio technology it was recognized that the signals emitted by transmitters had to be 'pure'. For instance Spark-gap transmitters were quickly outlawed as they give an output which is so wide in terms of frequency. In modern equipment there are three main types of spurious emissions.

 * The term Spurious emissions refers to any signal which comes out of a transmitter other than the wanted signal. The spurious emissions include harmonics, out of band mixer products which are not fully suppressed and leakage from the local oscillator and other systems within the transmitter.

Harmonics
These are multiples of the operation frequency of the transmitter, they can be generated in a stage of the transmitter even if it is driven with a perfect sine wave because no real life amplifier is perfectly linear. It is best if these harmonics are designed out at an early stage. For instance a push-pull amplifier consisting of two tetrode valves attached to an anode tank resonant LC circuit which has a coil which is connected to the high voltage DC supply at the centre (Which is also RF ground) will only give a signal for the fundamental and the odd harmonics.

Here is a slightly worse design which only has one tetrode, while perfectly good designs have been made using this circuit it does have more potential shortcomings than the above circuit.

In addition to the good design of the amplifier stages, the transmitter's output should be filtered with a low pass filter to reduce the level of the harmonics.

The harmonics can be tested for using a RF spectrum analyser (expensive) or with an absorption wavemeter (cheap). If a harmonic is found which is at the same frequency as the frequency of the signal wanted at the receiver then this spurious emission can prevent the wanted signal from be received.

Local oscillators and unwanted mixing products
Imagine a transmitter, which has an intermediate frequency (IF) of 144 MHz, which is mixed with 94 MHz to create a signal at 50 MHz, which is then amplified and transmitted. If the local oscillator signal was to enter the power amplifier and not be adequately suppressed then it could be radiated. It would then have the potential to interfere with radio signals at 94 MHz in the FM audio (band II) broadcast band. Also the unwanted mixing product at 238 MHz could in a poorly designed system be radiated. Normally with good choice of the intermediate and local oscillator frequencies this type of trouble can be avoided, but one potentially bad situation is in the construction of a 144 to 70 MHz converted, here the local oscillator is at 74 MHz which is very close to the wanted output. Good well made units have been made which use this conversion but their design and construction has been challenging. This problem can be thought of as being related to the Image response problem which exists in receivers.

One method of reducing the potential for this transmitter defect is the use of balance and double balanced mixers. For example, here is a simple but poor mixer

If the equation is assumed to be

E = E1. E2

and is driven by two simple sine waves, f1 and f2 then the output will be a mixture of four frequencies

f1

f1+f2

f1-f2

f2

If the simple mixer is replaced with a balanced mixer then the number of possible products is reduced. Imagine that two mixers which have the equation {I = E1. E2} are wired up so that the current outputs are wired to the two ends of a coil (the centre of this coil is wired to ground) then the total current flowing through the coil is the difference between the output of the two mixer stages. If the f1 drive for one of the mixers is phase shifted by 180o then the overall system will be a balanced mixer.

E = K. Ef2. ΔEf1

So the output will now have only three frequencies

f1+f2

f1-f2

f2

Now as the frequency mixer has fewer outputs the task of making sure that the final output is clean will be simpler.

Instability and parasitic oscillations
If a stage in a transmitter is unstable and is able to oscillate then it can start to generate RF at either a frequency close to the operating frequency or at a very different frequency. One good sign that it is occurring is if a RF stage has a power output even without being driven by an exciting stage. Another sign is if the output power suddenly increases wildly when the input power is increased slightly, it is noteworthy that in a class C stage that this behaviour can be seen under normal conditions. The best defence against this transmitter defect is a good design, also it is important to pay good attention to the neutralization of the valves or transistors.

Reference
Radiocommunication handbook (RSGB), ISBN 0900612584

title: Electronics/Transmitter design


text:
Social Deviance/Social Control

Foucault
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher who died in 1984. His work which relates most closely to the theme of social control was Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. In this work, Foucault traces the history of punishment from the middle of the 18th century to the present. Although the book starts with a vivid image of harsh corporeal punishment, Foucault's main purpose in this work is to discuss not merely how we have become a "nicer" society, but how punishment has changed. For Foucault, the change that occurred in our treatment of criminals moved the target of our punishment from the body to the "soul", or the psyche.

Economic Theories
Sometimes norms are informally enforced. Foreign cars are not popular in Detroit (and Michigan as a whole) because they are a threat to the local economy. Those cars tend to be vandalized (especially keyed). Since most people do not want to have their cars damaged they will buy an American one. Those who still drive foreign cars in Michigan do so at their own risk. In Atlanta (and most of Georgia) drinking Coca-Cola is a social norm. This is enforced by the lack of Pepsi products at restaurants and stores.

Scrubs Theories

 * Placing your gum in the trash is a social norm. Chris Turk violated this norm when he spit his gum on the floor.  The Janitor enforced this norm when he used gum to write "Gum goes in the trash" on the windshield of Turk's car (the Janitor violated a social norm).

 * Not farting is a social norm. The Todd violated this norm when he farted in the OR.  Dr. Wen made him leave (he enforced the norm).

 * Respecting others' property is a social norm. Dr. Cox violated this norm when he increased the speed on Dr. Kelso's treadmill (which resulted in him being thrown against the wall).  Dr. Kelso enforced this norm when he spoiled the Heat-Lakers game for Dr. Cox.

Law Enforcement
A local law enforcement ensures or at least tries to ensure that deviant behaviour can be controlled.

title: Social Deviance/Social Control


text:
Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book

Need Help on a companion project
Like others, I have really used this WikiBook extensively, directing my staff to this site as a great resource. Now I need help on a companion (not Companion) project. I am working on a WikiBook for the new Investiture Achievement Awards and need all the help I can get. It's at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Adventist_Investiture_Achievement_Awards - thanks in advance for your help! Soupmix (discuss • contribs) 13:43, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Thank You!
Thank you for making this available!!!!!. When I ask someone to teach an honor it is great to be able to give them this resource and not just the honor requirements to go by. Now I can't figure out how to send this message.

 * Just save it, and I will see it here. Thanks for your kind words.  I really enjoy working on this project, and it's even better when someone like you comes along with a friendly thanks. -- Jim Thomas 03:09, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

This is a fantastic resource - seriously saves time researching. Thanks to all contributers, and I'm trying to fill some of the few remaining gaps JadeDragon (discuss • contribs) 06:18, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

Talk to Us
If you have used these answer books to teach an honor, we would love to hear from you. This is a volunteer effort, so the only payment we get is in the form of user feedback. If you liked what you found here, please let us know. If you didn't like what you found here, we need to know that too. Just click the edit link on this page (upper right) and leave a note. It can be anonymous if you like, but we'd sure like to chat with you.

Dutch Oven Cooking
That was a great article on the cooking with Dutch Oven. I would like to see more info on how to care for Dutch Oven in the wilderness where one might not have access to newspaper or anti stick cooking spray. Also, if oven should get rancid, can it be saved by turning upside down over campfire?

 * Thanks. I assume that you meant "paper towel" rather than "newspaper".  A clean cloth will work just as well for that.  As for cooking spray, and kind of high-quality cooking oil will do, it's just that cooking spray is more convenient.  Also, I'm going to assume that by "wilderness" you mean something more along the lines of a log cabin in Alaska rather than a backpacking trip along the Appalachian Trail.  Dutch ovens are not practical for trekking because they weigh so much. They are good for canoe trips though, and I imagine they would be alright for dog sleds too.  But you would quickly regret stuffing one into a backpack that you intend to carry more than a couple hundred yards.

 * If the oven should get rancid, you certainly can turn it upside-down over a campfire. Indeed, that's the only way I know of to fix the problem.  Once you do that though, you have to re-season the oven.  Dutch ovens are practically indestructable.

 * Thanks again for your comments! --Jomegat (talk) 12:40, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Cheating?
Why isn't this a form of Cheating?--Beamer (talk) 00:14, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi Beamer. I don't think this is a form of cheating because the requirements are not a test.  They are the things a Pathfinder must demonstrate knowledge of before the honor is earned.  It is not enough to just read the answers - they must be learned.  Furthermore, many of the requirements are for the Pathfinder to do something, and having instruction on how to do it is certainly not cheating, and the instruction does not get the requirement done.  I hope that answers your question.  If not, we can bring it up on the Pathfinder forum at http://www.pathfindersonline.org/forumbb3/index.php --Jomegat (talk) 02:10, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Ok, I am not sure I understand fully, but it seems as though you have given this subject some thought. That is good enough for me. Thanks.--Beamer (talk) 04:46, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

PD change
For anyone wondering, I made this edit per this page.--Rockfang (talk) 08:55, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the update. I don't know where 1920 came from, but I'm almost certain it was from me. --Jomegat (talk) 13:20, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Question
I was wondering if the Honors for Pottery & Photography are still taught? I saw the link for Digital Photography, but I'm refering to the original photography (darkroom & film). --Dreamweaver3959 (discuss • contribs) 22:48, 31 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, they are. Both patches are still available at AdventSource.  I bought an old kiln a couple years ago thinking our club might work on Pottery - but it needs repair, so that project is still pending.

teaching honors...
i was told there are honors for teaching honors...if so how do i find them and which ones are available...most sites are antiquated and clumsy so it makes it hard to find exactly what one is looking for any help on this would be appreciated
 * There is insignia for teaching an honor, and that would be a silver diamond that goes on the honor patch (AdventSource catalog number 002100). These diamonds can be placed on the patch for any honor you have taught. There is also a Teaching honor, but it is related to teaching in general, and not to teaching honors. The only other thing I can think of is the Pathfinder Instructors Award, which can be earned by a Master Guide.  --Jomegat (discuss • contribs) 01:27, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

AdventSource says to contact local conf office for the diamondsJadeDragon (discuss • contribs) 06:16, 11 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Some items at AdventSource (such as all "earned" insignia) require a password before they appear in the catalog. If you have the password (given to you by your conference) then you can order the diamonds (and other insignia) directly from AdventSource.  Otherwise, you have to go through your conference to buy it.  This is to protect the integrity of the insignia.  --Jomegat (discuss • contribs) 14:34, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

Cats
I'm now most of the way through migration the book category from old naming scheme to new (it's now :). Unfortunately, the process it seems I've lost four pages out of /Overlapping requirements, which had 40 pages in it before the move and now has only 36. (I also found and fixed one or two categorization errors here and there, so that a few of the subcats have grown slightly.) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:26, 7 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Update: I managed to find and recover one of the four dropped pages from there.  More were dropped from /Transcluded Modules (at this writing, still being migrated so I'm not entirely sure how many), a few of which I've recovered.  I've noticed, during this operation, that there are other, and sublter, pre-existing flaws in categorization that the few I've fixed.  (I'm considering what one could do to help a situation like this through semi-automation without diminishing the scope for human control of the process.)  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 16:00, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * The transcluded-module category dropped eight pages, from 106 to 98. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:05, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * (Just noting, in case I lose track before the end of this migration: before I started, the book cat had 37 cats and 803 pages in it.) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:09, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book


text:
User talk:12.72.95.139

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book
I have noticed that you have added back-links to sub-pages of the Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book. This would not be necessaray if the book would follow the Naming policy as those backlinks would then be provided automaticly. Prephaps it might be better to fix the chapter names. --Krischik T 15:32, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:12.72.95.139


text:
Template:Unsigned

— Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)

title: Template:Unsigned


text:
Talk:Developing A Universal Religion/A Universal Religion/Developing A Universal Religion

' An Additional point of view. (Check history page, 19.29, December 25, 2005, for details.) '''

''So, how could the details of this religion be determined, or better, where would the tenets of this religion be found? Clearly, the best fit would be characteristics of this religion that would most resemble the actual reality for humans, and that leaves the question of whether or not a significant amount of this actual reality, outside of the obvious aspects that all can see, can be identified. One writer suggests that evidence for that reality of mankind that seems to be most consistent and arguably logical is the information that has been derived from what is now known as the near death experience, or NDE. Since a Gallup Poll found that about 3% of Americans were determined to have had an experience that could be classified as an NDE, and subsequent studies from other parts of the world have supported this possibly surprising percentage, what is left to determine is whether the depth and consistency of the accounts of these NDE's seem sufficient to build a a working hypothesis from which a kind of trustworthy religion or philosophy can be built. It occurred to this same writer that such information could possibly influence peoples and cultures of the world that have religious tenets that are not in harmony with the peaceful expression of social behavior, possibly even influential enough to reduce terrorism, crime, and even more mild antisocial behaviors. To that end, the following proposal was written to determine the amount of interest and the realistic chances for success that could accrue. PROPOSAL: The following comprises notes intended for personal use in discussing the concept of using NDE information to foster positive intercultural relations among the various religious communities and create a means of approaching religious-terrorist factions with NDE information drawn from significant numbers of experiencers within their own broader-religions communities.

I assert that the use of Near Death Experience information can achieve an understanding between all, but especially the Muslim and Christian communities due to its inherently unifying influence as a spiritual experience that is similar for people of all cultures and all religions. The result of such experiences is awareness of the human family and the artificial divisions that are imposed upon it. Experiencers can be said to learn ‘whom they are’ in the "real reality", or what many may take to be the apparent "real plan of God".

Sufficient numbers of experiencers from the world’s major religions testifying to these truths and communicating them to others within their own communities could prove a substantial means for dissolving intercultural barriers. These experiencers from the various religious communities would likely be willing to join together as a linking network for interfaith communication and ecumenism. Reasons for considering this idea as a counter to terrorism: Terrorism is greatly affecting society by (1) harming the world economy and depleting global financial resources, (2) increasing the gulf between various cultures and religions, and (3) reducing public safety resulting in ever-increasing limitations on personal freedom.

Causes of terrorism apparently include, (among others): 1.	Anger toward countries perceived as allies of enemies 2.	Anger toward countries perceived as natural-resource thieves 3.	Religious ignorance, especially within factions devoted to eliminating infidels out of (1) a sense of duty, and/or (2) belief that such acts constitute a pathway to heaven

The Hypothesis: Terrorism can be reduced by educating perpetrators with facts ‘proving’ their error. The best source of such evidence is those followers of Islam that have had verifiable near death experiences (such as the well-known blind experiencers verifiably “seeing” despite their physical limitations) since polls indicate that near death experiencers (NDEers) almost universally adopt the following beliefs: a.	A spiritual force (God) exists and cares equally for human of both sexes, all races, and all nationalities, and b.	Religion should foster caring and respectful human relationships that are not divisive or harmful

Method of testing the hypothesis: Re-educate religion-driven fanatics using these steps: •	Acquire and package this compelling “evidence”; include scientific reports and peoples’ proofs for the validity of their experiences •	Communicate this packaged evidence to the centers that teach fanaticism and cross-cultural hatred •	Continue this process with ever-new sources of this evidence

Possible steps to achieve these ends: 1.	Poll religious gatherings to identify experiencers and request participation in a research study. 2.	Convene an assembly of the experiencers to verify the universality of their experiences. 3.	If substantiated, publicize the findings using groups of credible representatives from each religion with the goal of defusing aggressive intentions and hostile attitudes within their worldwide affiliates. 4.	Appeal to additional researchers to participate in validating these experiences and their implications, assemble the evidence, and work toward its dissemination and achievement of this goal. 5.	Package the evidence at appropriate stages and disseminate the results to news media. 6.	Expand the program with continued studies and regularly communicate the project’s accomplishments through the media. A Note about this proposal: To many people, this idea may seem absurd. One can counter that by asserting that there seems to be no better solution to the problem caused by modern terrorism. With inherent ramifications for religious beliefs some might judge this to be too delicate, while others might dismiss it as a ‘long-shot’ and not worth a trial. But, it could be argued, what is there to lose by its trial? The concept behind this proposal is simple: No matter whether one believes there is validity in accounts of near death experiencers, learning about this evidence could cause many terrorists to reevaluate their roles in ‘the big-picture’.

Worth mentioning are other possible benefits from publicizing these facts since they are philosophically challenging to all humans. Such benefits could include an improvement in the world’s economy, increase in worldwide spiritual consciousness, and a decrease in crime (just to name a few; others exist, but they are beyond the scope of this proposal).

Please note that the evidence of NDE verification is voluminous. One sample is in an article from The Lancet; (http://www.zarqon.co.uk/Lancet.pdf). Others are available from the International Association for Near Death Studies, (http://www.IANDS.org). Accounts of well-known experiencers are also found in the press. Examples include those for Senator Bob Kerrey and King Hussein (found in Vanity Fair, Jan. 1992 page 98, Bob Kerrey’s Odyssey by Peter J. Boyer, and, The New York Times, Apr. 22, 1984, Section 6, page 24, King Hussein’s Delicate Balance, by Judith Miller, Cairo bureau chief, respectively).

Several well-known NDE researchers would certainly be available for consultation. People agreeing that such a proposal could be attempted and that the degree of success could at least be meaningful, could contact this writer at eriess@cinci.rr.com.

puzzle bits
I am pleased to find somebody working on a project such as this. It reminds me of a project I started on belief.net and abandoned due to overwhelming political noise.

My project was called "puzzle bits". The primary axioms were these.

1. All of the world religions have been politicized and emptied of useful content.

2. All of the world religions could in theory support a spiritual life, but this is generally not the case for any of them.

3. All of the worlds religions have good and bad within them, and it is possible using modern logic and personal experiences to determine the difference.

4. The truth within any given religion is not exclusive. Gods assorted attempts to relate to human beings were never meant to exclude as real Gods other assorted attempts to relate to human beings. All of the religions which have exclusionary ethnocentric predjudice are wrong on that count. All religions were somebodies attempt to have a spiritual life.

5. The most meaningful task ahead of us then, is to extricate the good from the bad, in all of the religions of the world, and then to put the peices of the puzzle that is obviously generated by that process together.

6. This requires us to make a very large database of the beliefs and axioms of the assorted world religions (allready being done for us) and then to begin sorting the gems from the trash. (Not done yet very well by anybody as far as I have seen.)

7. The nature of God is also revealed in other paradigms aside from religious ones; Quantum Mechanics has now proven the existence of Information and Consciousness as operational forces in their own right in the universe, for example.

8. God does not discriminate on the basis of race, creed, color, sex, age, sexual preference, country of residence, or anything else. God is an equal opportunity God.

9. Spiritual Paradigms that function operate to connect the human animal to altered states of consciousness. The best and most functional reality models in existence for this purpose come to us from Psychology and Self Hypnosis.

10. Once in an altered state of consciousness, Spiritual life means connected and relating as well as communicating with the forces of Nature, The web of life, non-local information, The mind of God, The Ashkashic Records, And Angelic Intelligences.

11. The result of Spiritual experiences that are real are opening into greater levels of compassion, love, and stronger senses of moral and social responsibility.

12. Spiritual Paradigms that are politicized function to limit us from obtaining altered states of consciousness, in order to control people and thus in order for the "rulers" to stay in power.

13. God promotes A Democratic, Meritocratic, Free Enterprise, Socialist form of government, which is Utopian in nature.

14. God is beyond human conception and thus definition, no archetype, personification, or characterization will ever be sufficient to define God.

Prometheuspan 02:14, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Prometheuspan:

Sorry for the delay in responding: we have been on vacation.

Some interesting ideas!

But, how do you know that, for instance, your “bits” numbered 8 and 13 are correct? --- I don't try to number the bits, i examine them piecemeal. Its called axiomatic and syllogistic analysis, and its the labor of applying conversational logic. Putting the puzzle together happens after. Prometheuspan 00:32, 23 February 2006 (UTC) --

And how do you sort the “gems from the trash”? How do you decide which is which? Prometheuspan 00:32, 23 February 2006 (UTC) Cognitive, rational, logical discussion pro and con, each axiom, its attendant syllogisms, and its history and propaganda attachments. Prometheuspan 00:32, 23 February 2006 (UTC) -

David Hockey 21:49, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

- Hello Prometheuspan:

I asked "how do you sort the “gems from the trash”?" because making any decision requires having a "goal" one seeks. (See the extract from Ch 3 Summary, below.) So, I am asking, "what goal do you seek" when you state, 'this is a gem, but this is trash.' ? Prometheuspan 02:34, 25 February 2006 (UTC) Truth as it is rendered given logical cogency and validity. Or, a reasonable facsimile thereof. Prometheuspan 02:34, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Chapter Three. Summary

 * Before moving to Part Two, it may be helpful to summarize a few of the points that have been made in the past three chapters. The following are important.

 *  The universe’s causal construction dictates that inhabitants who think and act rationally have a greater chance of surviving, procreating and succeeding, than those who do not. This, in turn, has favoured the genetic continuation of mutations which help minds to work in this manner.

 *  Practical problem solving and decision making entails consulting external environments to find the criteria that acceptable solutions must meet, then consulting the mind’s internal environment to find what personal purpose [i.e., gaol] is sought.

 *  Moral problem solving and decision making entails consulting the mind’s own environment to find both the criteria for acceptable solutions, and the purpose being sought. Mental environments are always invented ones (composed, as we saw in Chapter One, Thinking, from linked memories of perceived events, experiences and learnings, all tinged by the choice of words used when envisioning them consciously), and have no reality outside the minds of those who subscribe to them.

David Hockey 15:08, 23 February 2006 (UTC) Prometheuspan 02:34, 25 February 2006 (UTC) right, well, thats a good cut and paste. Moral problem solving is a problematic thing for logic, because many moral issues are not translatable into logical terms. Still, it can be done, and as soon as i get around to deciding that wikibooks is ready for it and that I'm ready for wikibooks, I'll start two different books, one on Eclectic Integrative Comparative World Religions, and one on Ethics. I can't do any worse than has allready been done.

It is safe to say however that with enough perspective and actual information, many of these things approach a rational aproximation of truth value. For instance, assorted justifications for genocide in the Bible are trash. Throwing them out is eventually made easier when one realizes that most of them were spliced in by the Cathars in the first place. Stoning children is trash. Its safe to say that even the jews figured that out a long time ago. The list goes on and on. In each case, history, logic, and a lucid mind for unveiling propaganda are the most important tools. Prometheuspan 02:34, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

NDEs
The reason why NDEs aresuch an effective means of telling us about the nature of reality is that once we are dead, we begin to travel up the tree of life. (Qaballah) Visiting the other side gives special dispensation to understanding what the other side is.

However, I am not sure that NDEs will ever be sufficient for generating a whole religion, for a variety of reasons.

1. NDEs confirm the tiferet problem; People do tend to experience what they expected to experience as a lens.

2. NDE travelers generally don't make it any higher on the tree than Tiferet, in fact, most experiences sound like they don't even get any further than Yesod.

3. NDE travelers aren't generally motivated to become missionaries as much as to make changes in their own lives...theres an aspect to journeys that are inherantly deeply personal in the same sense as say for instance, sex.

For these and other reasons, I think that NDEs will be one of several invaluable resources, but will not ultimately proove useful outside of defining the nature of the lower third of the Tree.

er, duh, sorry about the accidental anonymity, i am a TOTAL newbie... Prometheuspan 02:13, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Please sign contributions to talk pages
Please sign contributions to talk pages by adding ~ (four consecutive tilde characters) to the end of the text. --kwhitefoot 22:30, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Developing more content for the book
The following is some draft writing that can be edited and included in an appropriate spot, or not.

There can only be one real universal religion. Well, that is not exactly accurate. Unless the truth is that there is no one truth and that there are multiple truths, but then that would be the ultimate truth. (note) Ultimately there is one truth. There could be no God, in theory. There could be no supreme deity. There could be a supreme deity. This deity could be a male or female in theory, or it could be no gender. The nature of God could be comprehended or it could not be. How could anything be comprehended if there is nothing to comprehend? What if it is all just materialism? What if it is all just atoms and molecules that allow for some people to be deluded that they are perceiving some spiritual feelings?

How could any person know what they cannot see with their eyes? How could a universal religion be developed if none of this could be seen? What if Buddhism is the one true religion? What if they got everything right? Then everything else must be wrong.

What if Christianity is the one true religion? Then why develop a new universal religion?

Yet, within Christianity, there are many different denominations. Which one is "right"? Could they all be right? Could they all be equally true? Could they all be united into one?

What if the quantum physicists are right? What about the many worlds interpretation?

...

So then what senses could be used to determine what should be included in the one universal religion? Do we not want this religion to correspond with the truth? If it is going to be dogmatic, don't we want this dogma to be right? Must it be dogmatic?

Perhaps certain principles should be used to determine what is the true religion, and therefore could be applied with ease universally.

Hypothetically, what if the followers experienced bliss, well being, and health all the time? This may or may not be realistic. But if this occured, would it be fair to say this is closer to the truth than a religion whose followers and adherents experience constant suffering, pain and misery?

That is that. --Emesee (talk) 00:23, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

note - but then how could it be there there are multiple truths? What are the dynamics of this? more...

Are there certain things that are unknowable? Could it be that the ultimate truth is unknowable? Would that just be something we would have to accept. Or could it be unknowable if it is unknowable?

People do seem to claim to know. People take an oaths to partake in poverty and abstain from sex. Based on what they think they know, or at least have faith in.

Determining - Notes. . . to be formulated more clearly later, perhaps...

Direct revelation

If the Pope is infallible....

Emesee (talk) 21:27, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Religion is not just one thing - belief in a supreme being or obedience to a legal code, rather, it is a culture of many things, particularly preferences and habits that have helped this or that tribe/nation/state to prevail over its neighbours, and thus survive conquest, wars, disease, and famines that afflicted the ancient world.

Religion hitherto has been intricately divisive - 'the good' versus 'the rest' or 'us' versus 'them'. The Universal declaration of Human Rights which was signed in 1948 is close to the ideal of a universal religion, but then too is the idea of democracy, free markets and much else that corrupt governments and dictators abhor.

The idea of a supreme being or World leader leads to deeply flawed people like Hitler assuming the mantle of ultimate ruler and making poor decisions because they go unchallenged. Before Hitler it was divine rights of kings and much other so-called religious mumbo jumbo that kept despots in power.

Any modern religion would have to balance personal rights with collective needs, not the aspirations of some latter-day 'God' such as 'democracy', 'free trade', or 'human rights'. Life is a messy business.

Where in Europe people used to live some 40 years or so, most now can expect twice that lifespan. Elsewhere in the world life expectation is actually falling below 40 years. In some countries obesity and eating disorders are as common as famine elsewhere. These are today's survival challenges. No man is an island, complete unto himself...


text:
User:Twinkling Wizard

 * Wikiversity
 * School of Magic
 * School of Magic:Introduction
 * School of Magic:List of Participants
 * School of Magic:Divination
 * School of Magic:Classroom
 * School of Magic:Library
 * School of Magic:Voting
 * School of Magic:School Board
 * School of Magic:Tests
 * School of Magic:Subjects
 * School of Magic:Quizzes
 * School of Magic:Graduating
 * School of Magic:Lessons Planning

title: User:Twinkling Wizard


text: User talk:Twinkling Wizard

title: User talk:Twinkling Wizard


text:
Neurology and Neurosurgery/Aphasia

Aphasia is difficulty in expressing one's self, which may be accompanied by speech difficulties. Aphasia is seen in association with various neurological disorders.

title: Neurology and Neurosurgery/Aphasia


text:
Neurology and Neurosurgery/Amnesia

Loss of memory unlike that of dementia (a decrease in memory), and is associated with various neurological disorders.

title: Neurology and Neurosurgery/Amnesia


text:
Wikibooks:Book of the month/January 2006

The book of the month for January is Chess – an instructional and strategy guide to the ancient game.

Vote for February - Book of the month


text:
Wikibooks:Book of the month/February 2006 voting

The voting for the Book of the month for February 2006 is open from January 1st, 2006, and will close on February 1st, 2006, 00:00 UTC. The book of the month will be featured on the main page of Wikibooks.

UK Constitution and Government
(Automatically renominated with 5 votes for January) Votes: Comments:
 * 1) Rob Horning 12:05, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) JMRyan 16:57, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Novialiste 17:25, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Odd bloke 05:12, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Hdstubbs 21:09, 27 January 2006 (UTC) less than 20 edits

America's Army: Special Forces
(Automatically renominated with 3 votes for January) Votes:
 * 1) Wikoogle 02:59, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Bulgarian
(Automatically renominated with 9 votes for January) Votes: Comments:: This book is also nominated as a Collaboration of the month of February please cast your vote there as well. --Vanka5 19:48, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Vanka5 03:41, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) --Neva 18:23, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Nupton 17:34, 15 January 2006 (UTC) less than 20 edits
 * MarkovV09 16:06, 21 January 2006 (UTC) no such user
 * Strong oppose. Does not look like a Wikibook, it's in fact a single article. I don't believe I would be able to learn even basics of Bulgarian reading this book. --Derbeth talk 23:05, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

USMLE Step One Review
Votes:
 * 1) Vikram Vaka 00:30, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Wikoogle 02:52, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Rancor 10:55, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This book sontains much text copied from other websites and not formatted, which does not look nice. --Derbeth talk 23:28, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

The Path to Success & Fulfillment
Votes:
 * 1) Wikoogle 02:58, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Rancor 10:55, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) --EuropracBHIT 02:18, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * equillibrium 14:00, 17 January 2006 (EET). less than 20 edits

Comments: Overall, i think it is too premature of a book to vote for Book of the Month. Maybe in a few months, this would be a good book, but currently, I don't see it worth of the title. --Dragontamer 16:47, 8 January 2006 (UTC) Why was this nominated for book of the month while there are still sections missing from it? --CatastrophicToad 17:52, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * While this work is probably within policy, I don't think 5 modules of less than 1000 words each consitutes a "Book of the month". Additionally, this book is in the format of a mini-wikipedia right now, and I don't think that makes it "book worthy" material.
 * "Every day is an exercise in tolerance." I cried when I saw this part of the book. I am sure it will be a great practical and theoretical help for many - it is based on sound humanist principles and very helpful. I would like to see the body part of the book better developed, even though the trauma and depression part is again based on sound principles. I don't know about having people think that trauma and depression are part of growing up... --EuropracBHIT 02:18, 12 January 2006 (UTC).

Introduction to Psychology
Votes:
 * 1) Wikoogle 02:59, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * User:mrmewe no such user
 * 1) Rancor 16:52, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This book is far from finished. While I like the topic, the average stubby book on Wikibooks does not deserve to be another a Book of the Month. I would like to see this book finished however, and perhaps it would be better as the collaboration of the month instead. --Dragontamer 16:49, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Half of this book TOC are red links! I think it still needs much work. --Derbeth talk 23:05, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Introduction to Philosophy
Votes:
 * 1) Wikoogle 02:59, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Dr.alf 03:24, 10 January 2006 (UTC) less than 20 edits
 * 1) Rancor 16:52, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) MasterSheep 03:23, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Keith Aquino 18:52, 19 January 2006 (UTC)  less than 20 edits
 * 4) Derbeth talk 23:05, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * M.Imran 10:35, January 25, 2006 (UTC) unregistered user
 * JJRosseau 20:57, 27 January 2006 (UTC) less than 20 edits
 * 1) Mastermind 007 13:34, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * DSYoungEsq 20:55, 31 January 2006 (UTC) less than 20 edits

Comments:

Still not quite finished, but it does an excellent job so far, and with a little more attention that book of the month would give, this would turn into an outstanding WikiBook. --MasterSheep 03:23, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it would be nice if some chapters will be written or expanded, but good work so far. --Derbeth talk 23:05, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I appreciate efforts of authors. There is a need to enhance chapters on Metaphysics and Logic. M.Imran 10:40, January 25, 2006 (UTC)

Better as a book than the still undergoing basic work WikiJunior on Big Cats. That one should wait until they at least have the front cover set! ;) DSYoungEsq 20:55, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Wikijunior Big Cats
Votes:

 * 1) Rob Horning 14:08, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Dragontamer 16:39, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Gerard Foley 03:46, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Krischik T 07:28, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) CatastrophicToad 00:53, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) Grue 08:21, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) Klingoncowboy4 19:18, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 8) JMRyan 20:53, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 9) Konstable 00:26, 28 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 10) Vault 14:07, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * --Someoneinmyheadbutit'snotme 04:06, 30 January 2006 (UTC) less than 20 edits

 * Big Cats win BOTM vote --Derbeth talk 08:40, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

There has been an incredible amount of work that has been done on this Wikijunior book over the past month or so, and it has made some huge progress toward being one of the outstanding Wikibooks that we can all be proud of here. This is certainly as worthy if not more so than many of the previous Wikibooks that have made book of the month recently. --Rob Horning 14:08, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

I've seen this book evolve, and if i knew we were allowed to vote for wikijunior books, then I'd have voted for this last month. --Dragontamer 16:39, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Latin

 * 1) User:ThisDude415 15:09 (local) Jan 6 2006 sorry, but unregistered users cannot vote Thisdude's comment: I am very much a member. I dont quite know how you came to this conclusion, but please reallow my vote.
 * Um, ThisDude415, the vote was added while you were not logged in, at the least, then. You might try revoting while logged in.  :)  DSYoungEsq 00:53, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Votes:
 * Rjrawlings 01:18, 10 January 2006 (UTC) less than 20 edits
 * Mets 06:11, 13 January 2006 (UTC) less than 20 edits

 * 1) Geoking66 20:57, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I would vote for this book if it contained a bit more text. --Derbeth talk 23:05, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Civilization IV
Votes:
 * 1) Mastermind 007 12:04, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

It can provide you with every single information of Civilization IV and it also serves as the game guide including leaders, civics, city managing tips, cheats and all information necessary.
 * It's copyright violation! --Derbeth talk 23:28, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm about to delete it barring somebody going out to defend this Wikibook. As a copyright violation it doesn't even really need to go to the VfD page, but if somebody is willing to show where copyright permission was granted, I would reverse that decision. If I do delete it, I will remove these votes here as well, and would recommend the same for any other admin that beats me to deleting it. --Rob Horning 13:43, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Make it go away at once, please! DSYoungEsq 22:23, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Your wish is my command. Done!  --Rob Horning 01:21, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

How To Become A Good Student
Votes:
 * 1) Mastermind 007 13:15, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 19:21, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:


text:
Wikibooks:Collaboration of the Month/January 2006

The Collaboration of the Month for January is Electronics - a textbook on the fundamentals of electronic circuit design and concepts.

Vote for February - Collaboration of the Month