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Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/Excel

Introduction to Spreadsheets
This tutorial probably works with other spreadsheets (such as open office) with minor modifications.

A spreadsheet such as Excel is a program that lets you analyze moderately large amounts of data by placing each data point in a cell and then performing the same operation on groups of cells at once. One of the nice things about spreadsheets is that data input and manipulation is relatively intuitive and hence easier than doing the same tasks in a programming language like MATLAB (discussed next). This section shows how to do some of these manipulations so that you don't have to by hand.

Anatomy of a spreadsheet
A spreadsheet has a number of parts that you should be familiar with. When you first open up the spreadsheet program, you will see something that looks like this (the image is from the German version of open office)

First off, notice that the entire page is split up into boxes, and each one is labeled. Rows are labeled with numbers and columns with letters. Also, try typing something in, and notice that the box above the spreadsheet (to the right of $$ \Sigma = $$) will change automatically as you type. When you're just putting in numbers, this info box will just have the same number in there. But when you're putting in formulas, the cell will display the value calculated from the formula, while the info box will display what the formula was.

Inputting and Manipulating Data in Excel
The first step in any spreadsheet analysis is to input the raw data you want to analyze. It is most effective if you put it in columns, with one column for each variable. It lets you see more data at once, and it also is less limited because the maximum number of rows is much larger than the maximum number of columns.

It is good practice to use the first row for the names of the variables, and the remaining for the data points. Make sure you include units. In this section, the following data will be used as illustration:

Using formulas
In order to tell the spreadsheet that you want to use a formula rather than just enter a number, you have to start the entry with an equal sign (=). You can then use combinations of decimal values and cell designations. A cell designation is simply the column letter followed by the row number containing the value you wish to manipulate. For example, if you wanted to find the product of the distance traveled and the time spent traveling, you could put in the formula:

= A2*B2

into any empty cell and it would give you the answer. From here out it will be assumed that this value is in cell C2. You should label the column with the type of calculation you're performing.

Performing Operations on Groups of Cells
The question may arise: why not just put in the numbers themselves instead of referencing the cell? There are two major reasons for this:

 * 1) If you change the value in the referenced cell, the value calculated in the formula will automatically change.
 * 2) The built-in dragging capability of most spreadsheets.

The dragging capability is a simple concept. If you have put a formula into a spreadsheet, you can have it copied to any number of cells you want. To do this, select the cell with the formula and bring the mouse pointer to its lower-right hand corner. You should see a dark + icon:

Click on the + and drag it down. This will cause the formulas to change according to how you drag the box. In this case, if you drag it down to row 6, the spreadsheet will produce the following:

A           B              C 1  t (min)      D (yards)      t*D 2 1.1         559.5         615.45 3  1.9         759.5         1443.05 4  3.0         898.2         2694.6 5  3.8         1116.3         4241.94 6  5.3         1308.7         6936.11

If you click on the last value in column C (6936.11) the info bar will display:

=A6*B6

This is very useful for performing the same operations on multiple sets of data at once; rather than having to do the multiplication 5 separate times here, we just do it once and drag down the box.

Special Functions in Excel
In order to do many mathematical operations in Excel (or at least the easiest way), it is necessary to use functions (not to be confused with formulas). A function is simply an implementation someone already wrote for the mathematical operation, so all you have to do is know how to tell it to do the operation and where to put it when it's done. In excel, you can call a function named "function" by typing the following into a cell:

=function(inputs)

The function will then execute, and the cell containing the call will display the answer. The necessary inputs are sometimes numbers but are more often the cell addresses. For example, in the data above, say you wanted to take the exponential ($$ e^x $$) of all the time points in column A, and place the result in column D. The function for exponential is exp, and it can only accept one input at a time, but due to the dragging capability of Excel this will not matter much, you can just call it once and then drag the cell as you would with any formula containing cell addresses. So to do this you would type into cell D2:

=exp(A2)

Hit enter, then click the + in the bottom right and drag the cell down. You should end up with something like this after labeling the D column appropriately:

A         B            C          D 1       t (min)   D(yards)     t*D       e^t 2      1.1      559.5       615.45    3.004166024 3       1.9      759.5       1443.05   6.685894442 4       3        898.2       2694.6    20.08553692 5       3.8      1116.3      4241.94   44.70118449 6       5.3      1308.7      6936.11   200.33681

All excel functions output only one value at a time, though some can accept multiple cells at a time as input (mostly statistical functions).

Following is a brief synopsis of the functions available. For a complete list, see the help files for your spreadsheet, as the availability of each function may vary depending on which one you are using. CELL signifies either the row/column designation of the cell you want to pass to the function as input, or some numerical value you enter manually.

Mathematics Functions
Generally these only take one input at a time.

abs(CELL): Absolute value of CELL sqrt(CELL): Square root of CELL [to do nth roots, use CELL^(1/n)] ln(CELL): Natural log of CELL log10(CELL): Log of CELL to base 10 log(CELL, NUM): Log of CELL to the base NUM (use for all bases except e and 10) exp(CELL): Exponential(e^x) of CELL. Use since Excel doesn't have a built-in constant "e". sin(CELL), cos(CELL), tan(CELL): Trigonometric functions sine, cosine, and tangent of CELL. CELL must be in radians asin(CELL), acos(CELL), atan(CELL): Inverse trigonometric functions (returns values in radians) sinh(CELL), cosh(CELL), tanh(CELL): Hyperbolic functions asinh(CELL), acosh(CELL), atanh(CELL): Inverse hyperbolic functions

Statistics Functions
These are examples of useful statistics functions in Excel, they are not by any means the only ones.

GROUP means a group of cells that are directly next to each other. Define a group by the syntax FIRSTCELL:LASTCELL, for example, using GROUP = A2:A5 passes all the cells between A2 and A5 (inclusive) to the function. If a function requires two different groups (for example, a y and an x), both groups must be within continuous groups of cells.

average(CELL1, CELL2, ...) OR average(GROUP): Computes the arithmetic average of all inputs. intercept(GROUP1, GROUP2): Calculates the y-intercept (b) of the regression line where y = GROUP1 and x = GROUP2. GROUP1 and GROUP2 must have the same size. pearson(GROUP1, GROUP2): Calculates the Pearson correlation coefficient (R) between GROUP1 and GROUP2. stdev(CELL1, CELL2, ...) OR stdev(GROUP): Computes the sample standard deviation (divides by n-1) of all inputs. slope(GROUP1, GROUP2): Calculates the slope (m) of the regression line where y = GROUP1 and x = GROUP2. GROUP1 and GROUP2 must have the same size.

Solving Equations in Spreadsheets: Goal Seek
Excel and possibly other spreadsheets have a very useful tool called goalseek which allows the user to solve single-variable equations (and can be used as an aid in guess-and-check for systems of algebraic equations). Let's suppose for the purposes of this tutorial that you wish to find a solution to the equation:

$$ 0 = X^3 + 2X^2 - X + 1 $$

In order to set up the problem in Goalseek, it is necessary to define a cell for the variable you want to change (X) and a cell for the function you want to evaluate.

Here, we could set up the cells as follows:

A   B           1  X    f(X) 2 -1    =A2^3 + 2*A2^2 - A2 + 1

To solve this one, go to

Tools > Goalseek...

It'll give you three boxes: "Set Cell", "To Value", and "By Changing Cell". Since we want the value in cell B2 to equal 0, enter B2 into the "Set Cell" box and 0 into the "To Value" box. Since cell B2 depends on cell A2, we want to change A2 so that B2 equals 0. Hence, the "By Changing Cell" box should contain A2. Put that in and click "OK", and Goalseek will converge to an answer:

A          B           1  X          f(X) 2 -2.54683   -0.00013

Notice that the success of the goalseek depends on what your initial guess was. If you try to put in an initial guess of 0 in this example (instead of -1), goalseek will diverge. It will tell you so, saying "Goal Seeking with Cell B2 May Not have Found a Solution". However, the algorithm is generally fairly robust so it shouldn't take too many guesses to obtain convergence.

.

Graphing Data in Excel
In Excel, there are a variety of ways to graph the data you have inserted, such as bar graphs, pie charts, and many others. The most commonly-used in my experience is the scatterplot, which is the name Excel uses for the typical x-y "line graph" plot that you probably think of first when you think of a graph.

Scatterplots
Scatterplots can be made relating any one independent variable to any number of dependent variables, though if you try to graph too many it will get crowded and hard to read. Excel will automatically give each different dependent variable a different color and a different shape, so that you can distinguish between them. You can also name each "series" of data differently and Excel will automatically set up a legend for you.

This is how to make a scatterplot:

 * 1) Put the data into columns just like it was given in the problem statement.
 * 2) Now we need to set up the graph. Go to: $$ Insert \rightarrow Chart $$.
 * 3) Select "XY (scatter)" and click "next".
 * 4) Click the "series" tab (on top). If there are any series present, remove them with the remove button (since it usually guesses wrong what you want to graph).

Now we can add a series for each dependent variable we want to graph as follows:

 * 1) Click "add".
 * 2) Next to "X values" click the funky arrow symbol to the right of the text box. A small box will pop up.
 * 3) Click on the first value for the independent variable and drag the mouse down to the last value. Click the funky symbol again to bring you back to the main window.
 * 4) Do the same thing with the "Y values" but this time you want to select the values of the dependent variable.
 * 5) Click next, and give the graph a title and labels if you want. Then click next and "finish" to generate your graph.

Performing Regressions of the Data from a Scatterplot
Once you have a scatterplot of your data, you can do one of several types of regression: logarithmic, exponential, polynomial (up to 6th degree), linear, or moving-average. Excel will plot the regression curve against your data automatically, and (except for moving average) you can tell it to give you an equation for the curve. To do this:

 * 1) Right click on one of the data points (it doesn't matter which). Click "add trendline..."
 * 2) A new window will come up, asking you for the type of regression. Choose the type of regression you want to use.
 * 3) Click on the "options" tab, and check the "Display Equation on Chart" box (and, if you want, the "Display R-squared value on Chart" box). Click OK.

If you chose a "linear" regression with the sample data above, the equation and $$ R^2$$ value appear on the graph as $$ y = 177.87x + 391.28, R^2=0.9843 $$. Note Excel displays $$ R^2$$ rather than R (so that we don't need to worry about negative vs. positive values); if you want R just take the square root, which is 0.9921 as we calculated in the section on linear regressions.

Further resources for Spreadsheets
Excel and other spreadsheets can do far more than what is described here. For additional information, see Microsoft Office, Excel, or the help files for the program you are using.


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Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/MATLAB

Polynomial Regressions
MATLAB is able to do regressions up to very large polynomial orders, using the "polyfit" function. The syntax for this function is:

polyfit(XDATA, YDATA, Order)

The x data and y data must be in the form of arrays, which for the purposes of this application are simply comma-separated lists separated by brackets. For example, suppose you want to perform the same linear regression that had been performed in the "linear regression" section. The first step is to define the two variables:

>> XDATA = [1.1,1.9,3.0,3.8,5.3]; >> YDATA = [559.5,759.4,898.2,1116.3,1308.7];

Then just call polyfit with order '1' since we want a linear regression.

>> polyfit(XDATA, YDATA, 1) ans = 1.0e+002 * 1.77876628209900  3.91232582806103

The way to interpret this answer is that the first number is the slope of the line (1.778*10^2) and the second is the y-intercept (3.912*10^2).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:General Astronomy/The Heliocentric Model

Maybe include more pictures!

Elaborate on more flaws associated with Copernicus' model. Maybe compare/contrast with what is still believed and validated today.


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User talk:72.130.139.84

Mattb112885 04:39, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:72.130.139.84


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Talk:General Astronomy/Mass

Mizar and Alcor--maybe mention briefly where they are, which galaxy they're in.

Maybe explain what you mean by "period of 10,000 years" in case don't understand. Also, maybe define binary system more clearly.

Maybe can clarify on what is a star's "proper motion". Pictures of wavy and straight paths?

Maybe explain why escape velocity gets smaller as a star gets bigger in addition to mathematical relationship given by equation, seems counterintuitive, at least to me...

Elements
The elements section here is grossly wrong as it stands. Nearly all stars are about 75% H, 25% He, and 2% or less other stuff ... yes, I know that sums to more than 100%, but those are good ball-park numbers. Main sequence stars fuse H to He. Red giants continue that, and also fuse He to C and O, and fuse to heavier elements still, depending on stellar mass, evolutionary stage, and so on. AGB stars make elements heavier than Fe via the s-process. Only white dwarfs and neutron stars don't have hydrogen as their primary constituent! (And yes, there are other oddball things like the hydrogen-deficient carbon stars that seem to be lacking H, but there is not yet a consensus about what those things are and how they are made, so omitting those is within the tradition of textbook writing for low levels, as is the complex variety of binary star evolution, maybe.) Getting into the nuclear processing is part of stellar structure and evolution, a later part of the book. Here, the point should be that most stars are H and He and a percent or so of other elements, and heavier elements produced in stars' interiors stay there until the end stages of stars' lifetimes. BSVulturis (discuss • contribs) 00:26, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:General Astronomy/Mass


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Talk:General Astronomy/Luminosity

Maybe explain what magnitude is exactly.

title: Talk:General Astronomy/Luminosity


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Talk:General Astronomy/Galactic Formation

Maybe establish link to more information about cosmic microwave background and recombination for readers to gain more background.


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Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Text/Embedding Fonts

One advantage to using Flash to deliver online content is the ability to embed fonts. On a standard HTML page, the fonts that are displayed are limited to those found on viewer’s computer. Flash, however, allows the developer to determine exactly which fonts will be displayed regardless if the user doesn’t have the font installed on his or her computer. Static text automatically embeds the necessary font outlines so the .swf displays the font properly. For more control over embedding dynamic and input text, the designer may choose to use the embedding dialogue box. This allows the designer to specifically control which characters, symbols, & glyphs to embed into the .swf. To use the embedding dialogue box, create a dynamic or input text field. Then click on the embed button in the properties inspector. In the embedding dialogue box, select the specific character sets to embed or use the auto-fill button to automatically load all the characters in the current text field. Selectively choosing character sets can reduce file size and optimize the performance of the movie.

<< Back


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File:TextPic2.jpg

Summary
A screen shot of the text tool in Flash Professional 8.

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Talk:Movie Making Manual/Screenwriting

I'm not sure this book should be under writing. I was looking for more normal writing help. For papers, essays, books and poetry. Is it available at all.

Concerning the title...
If nobody objects, I will change the title to 'screen writing', rather than simply 'writing'. I had been looking for a general writing guide to contribute to myself, only to find a rather poor screen writing Wikibook... 15:21, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Movie Making Manual/Screenwriting


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Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Filters and Blend Modes/Adding Filters

Adding Filters
The Filters panel is nested alongside the Property inspector in the default Flash layout.

To add a filter, first select a MovieClip, text field, or button symbol. Next, either click on the Filters tab in the Property inspector, or open the filters panel. After a filter is selected, it will appear in a list on the left side of the filters panel, and you will see the filter effect applied to the selected item.

The settings for each filter are different, so it is best to try them out and see what each one does. It will be fairly simple to adjust each filter to your liking. If you would like to remove a filter, just select the name of the filter in the list and click the minus symbol at the top of the panel.

To select the individual settings for an applied filter at any time, simply select a single filter in the filter panel list. Be careful of using too many filters at once, though, as it has a tendency to make your project look tacky. You can also toggle these on and off to view different filter combinations. This is done by clicking the check mark or cross icon that appears next to the filter name.

It would be impossible to let you know all about every filter combination, but I can go over some of the main settings as a place to start your experimentation.

Blur X, Blur Y: This sets the distance that the edge of a shape will extend either horizontally (X) and vertically (Y).

Strength: This sets the opacity of the filter effect you are using. The default is 100, or 100 % opacity. You will usually want to change this to anywhere between 1 and 100 to achieve the desired opacity. If you wish to change the opacity of a filter past 100 percent, it will add opacity to the softened area of the shape. The maximum strength is 1,000 percent, but the result will be an expanded solid shape with a jagged edge, much like something rendered without anti-aliasing, so use this only if you have a good reason.

Quality: This sets the smoothness of the rendered filter. It also has an impact on the performance of the finished movie. Quality is low by default, and as the quality is increased, gradients are smoother, and the steps in blurs are softened. However, if performance is an issue, you should make adjustments in the color and blur settings instead.

Color: Click on color chips to access currently loaded swatches, and set the colors you will use for rendering Drop shadow and Glow effects. These colors can be picked on the color wheel, or by their specific hexidecimal number values. Drop shadow's default solid color is black. Glow's default solid color is red. The solid color set will fade from solid to transparent, making a soft glow or shadow effect, depending on the color choice. The Bevel filter requires a shadow and a highlight color, by default black and white. The Gradient bevel and glow make it possible to add multiple colors to gradients. If you click the color anchors on the gradient strip, you can change the colors being used in that particular gradient.

Angle: This sets the direction of offset that is applied with the Distance setting. For instance, if you set the distance to 0, the angle setting will have no visible effect. By default, this setting is at a 45 degree angle, and the range is at 0 to 360 degrees. You can change this setting either by entering numbers manually, or by clicking and dragging on the circle.

Distance: This sets how many pixels the distance is between the center of the item, and the center of the gradient.

Angle: Sets the direction of offset to be applied with the Distance setting. If Distance is set to 0, changing the Angle (or degree of offset) will have no visible effect. The default is a 45-degree angle and the range is 0 to 360 degrees. You can change this setting by manually entering a number (decimals are allowed), or by dragging a small circle icon around a fixed 360-degree arc invoked by clicking the arrow (drop-down menu) icon next to the Angle value field. The higher the Distance setting, the more obvious the off- set direction or Angle will be.

Distance: Sets the pixel value for the distance between the center point of the original item and the center point of the rendered filter (gradient). The default setting is 5 and the range is from -32 to 32 pixels. If the distance setting is 0, the rendered gradient and the original item will be center-aligned.

In addition to the adjustable settings, there are some check box options that expand the visual possibilities for filters:

Knockout: Converts the original shape into a transparent area, while leaving the ren- dered effect visible in any area that was not cut out by the original shape. Filter types: For Blur and Drop shadow filters, this is a check box to switch the ren- dered gradient from outside to inside the boundary of the original shape. For the multi- color gradient filters (Bevel, Gradient Glow, and Gradient Bevel), the options are listed in a drop-down menu that enables the filter to be set to render inside (Inner), outside (Outer), or inside and outside (Full) the boundaries of the original item.

Hide object: This option is the secret to creating sophisticated Drop shadows (as we describe later in this chapter). When Hide object is enabled, the original object disap- pears, but the drop-shadow is preserved.

The filter settings we have described thus far relate to the various gradient-based filters. The sliders available with the Adjust Color filter settings for adjusting various color qualities will be familiar to anyone who has worked in image editing programs like Photos hop or Fireworks. Flash updates the selected item on the Stage as you make color adjustments, so it is easy to experiment with the filter settings. However, it is important to know when to apply the Adjust Color filter and when to use the color controls available from the Properties panel.


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Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Filters and Blend Modes/Blend Modes

Why use Blend Modes?
Blends use different formulas on a pixel by pixel basis to mix a blend image with any images underneath. This can produce interesting, but sometimes unpredictable results, so the best way to go about figuring out which blend mode to use is to simply experiment. Each type of blend mode will produce a different result, so just play around with them until you see what you can do with each of them. It will be important to remember the concepts behind each of the blend modes for future projects.

This is a list of Blend modes available in Flash 8:

Normal: This is the default blend mode. Pixel values remain unchanged.

Layer: This also creates no visual change, but it is a requirement for Alpha and Erase blend modes.

Darken: Pixels in the base image that are lighter than the ones in the blend image, are replaced with the ones in the blend image. Pixels that are darker in the blend image will remain the same.

Multiply: This blend mode multiplies the RGB values of the base image pixels with the blend image pixels. Multiplying a color with black leaves it black, while multiplying it with white leaves the pixel unchanged.

Lighten: This compares the brightness of the base image pixels with the blend image pixels. Bas image pixels that are darker than the blend image are replaced with blend image pixels. Pixels in the base image lighter than the blend image are left unchanged, and the blend images disappears over white.

Screen: Screen multiples the inverse of the blend and base colors. The results are a lighter combination of the base image and the blend image. Screening the image with black leaves the base image unchanged. Screening with white makes white. This one also disappears over white.

Overlay: If the base color is lighter than middle gray, the image is lightened. If it is darker than middle gray, it is darkened.

Hard Light: If the blend color is lighter than middle gray, the image is lightened. If the blend color is darker than middle gray, the image is darkened. If you overlay the image with white or black, it will appear either solid white or solid black.

Add: This adds the color values of the blend image to those in the base image. Results are the bleached out combination of the two.

Subtract: This subtracts the blend color value from the base color value. Results for this one are a darkened combination of the two images.

Invert: The result of this blend mode is a reversal of color values.

Alpha:This blend mode is used to apply the contents of a nested Movie Clip as a mask for a parent Movie Clip.

Erase: This can be used to apply a nested Movie Clip as an eraser to cut out an area of an image in a parent Movie Clip.


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User talk:Tinkstar1985~enwikibooks

Here when I am, gone when I'm not!
Just came over from wikipedia, so probably won't contribute a heap to this. I'm only really on wiki during my holidays (or when I'm procrastinating over assignments) so my contribs are pretty sparse and sporadic anyhow. Let me know if you want to talk about any of my edits, I do make mistakes and when I do I like to know about them!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tinkstar1985. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tinkstar1985~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:47, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:36, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tinkstar1985~enwikibooks


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Wireless Mesh Networks/Motivation

= Motivation = Below are listed of several reasons on why the "hacktivist" are keen on developing the mesh network technology

Digital Divide
In rural area, there are often lack of Internet access. There are few projects in the world that tries to bridge the digital divide in the rural area.

(1) (India) SARI (Sustainable Access in Rural Area)

Mesh network created India to let the rural India have access to Internet

(2) (India) Aravind Teleophthalmology Kiosk

Mesh network created to let the patients self diagnosed himself in a kiosk and send the results to the doctors who maybe hundreds of kilometer away

(3) (Tibet) Dharamsala Wireless Mesh Network

In remote northern India region of Dharamsala where the Internet connection is patchy and unreliable, a group of networking experts helped the local people to set up the network.Using recycled PC parts and materials for antenna, they managed to connect over 2000 devices to the mesh networks itself.

(4) (Nepal) Nepal Wireless

In remote mountain of Nangi ,Mahabir Pun uses TV relay dishes to connect to Internet using the relays of mesh network. In May 2002, with help of university students, the Internet signal from Pokhara is sending Internet signal to Mohare

Service Provider
(1) (South Africa) Mesh Potato by Village Telco

Mesh Potato is the wifi based mesh network services that provided data and free voice call to anyone in the network

(2) (Germany) BBNG / Citizen Broadband Network Company

In a population of few hundreds people, a small village Löwenstedt decided to take the slow patchy Internet connections by building their own Internet mesh network

(3) (United States) DBUIA / Doe Bay Internet User Associations

A group of neighbours frustrated by the Century Link patchy internet connections decided to establish their own Internet network

Hobbyist
(1) (Greece)Free sharing culture inside the Greece community

(2) (Wall Street) Occupy Wall Street - Freedom Tower

The Internet we knew is under huge surveillance by NSA and now the Freedom tower is creating the other Internet which will provide freedom

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Motivation


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User talk:Velko Ruse

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 10:56, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Velko Ruse


text:
User talk:Havinew

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 11:09, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 11:09, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Havinew


text:
User talk:81.104.48.220

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 11:54, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.104.48.220


text:
User:JadeRoc

de:Benutzer:JadeRoc hu:User:JadeRoc

title: User:JadeRoc


text:
Category:User hu

de:Kategorie:User hu eo:kategorio:uzanto hu it:Categoria:Utenti hu hu:Kategória:User hu ja:Category:User hu

title: Category:User hu


text:
User:Multichill

meta:User:Multichill

nl:Gebruiker:Multichill

title: User:Multichill


text:
Orthopaedic Surgery/Bone Viability

Bone is living too. We lose sight of this, but somehow the bone bound creatures that are osteocytes have managed to find a cooperative arrangement whereby they are transported from place to place while remaining comfortably ensconced in their protective surroundings. They have their side of the bargain to uphold as well which is to manage the volume and pattern of structure which is their immediate environment and tend it like a garden. They are like beavers it seems, mending breaks and leaks in their dam to restore the integrity of the structure upon which they rely.

title: Orthopaedic Surgery/Bone Viability


text:
Orthopaedic Surgery/Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome? It is a bit like asking what causes traffic jams. It depends; many things. but then it all amounts to the same thing; sitting in traffic. On the other hand, the cause is nice to know as it is likely to influence how long you will be sitting there. If it was an accident, then the delay will be self limiting, if it was a cave in at the tunnel ahead then you had best figure a way to turn around. Similarly carpal tunnel syndrome can come about as a result of unaccustomed use. Use of the hands it seems can result in a transient thickening of the lubricating linings around the tendons. Their cumulative volume being increased has the effect of increasing the volume of tissue transiting the carpal tunnel, and a choke point is created. But the tendons do not come completely to rest, they continue to move as does the nerve only with more friction, and a higher interstitial pressure with resultant venous congestion, possibly leading to intercalary segment ischemia of the nerve, even eventual fibrosis. So it seems that whatever the initial cause of the traffic jam, secondary accidents happen as well as road rage and the situation eventually can become a nightmare. Why did they not make the road bigger in the first place? That is all well and good, however do we all wish to lug about great thick appendages with lots of room for all moving parts, how unwieldy would that be?

So it seems we know a bit more about what it is like to be in a traffic jam than we know about how to prevent traffic jams. We know what is happening to the nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome, we know what to watch for when it is coming on, we know who tends to get it. Life deals us some interesting problems, menapause means the tissues, have retained more fluid, the volume of the tendon, perineurium and tenosynovium collectively is enlarged and the space must be made larger to accommodate the change.

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome may be the question that is voiced, but the question being asked is really this. Who needs to pay for the surgery and the recovery and any residual disability from this carpal tunnel syndrome. It matters then whether the cars have gotten larger and slower, or whether there was a land slide on the roadway. The fix it different and the fault lies with different responsible parties.

Investigators may continue to work on what we mean by thickening. Are the tissues inflammed, are they bogged up with insoluble protein debris?Surgeons can work on ways to make the road way bigger without holding up the works too long. Epidemiologists and occupational medicine specialists and rheumatologists can hold forth on whats to be done to lessen the probability of the occurrence and individuals can listen to their bodies and live in harmony with their physiologic limits but when all is said and done we are likely to be dealing with carpal tunnel syndrome for some time to come.


text:
How To Build a Pinewood Derby Car/Links

Interwiki Links

 * Carpentry:Wikibook
 * Kinematics:Physics Wikibook
 * Newtonian Gravitation:The Free High School Science Texts Wikibook
 * Pinewood Derby:Wikipedia
 * Pinewood Derby Media:Wikimedia Commons
 * Scouting:Coherent Guide to Scouting Wikibook

Construction Tutorials

 * Designing Your Car:in The Virtual Cubscout Leaders Handbook
 * 'Ol Buffalo Pinecar Page:Tutorial and links
 * Pinewood Derby Car Design:By Stan Pope
 * Pinewood Derby Supersite:The San Diego 500 Resource
 * Ultimate Pinewood Derby Site:by Randy Worcester

Books and Videos

 * Cub Scout grand prix: Pinewood derby guidebook;by Boys Scouts of AmericaI, '1992', ISBN 978-0839537212
 * Down and Derby:Excel Entertainment, 2006
 * Extreme Pinewood Racing Advanced Technique & Design (Volume 1):by T. Dean White, Pinewood Extreme Enterprises,2005, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000EVPG0E
 * How to Book - Formula for Building & Racing PineCars:by Woodland Scenics (Corporate Author), 1988, ISBN 978-1887436045
 * How to Build a Champion Pinewood Derby Race Car (video):Superior Promotions, 1999, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1581681119
 * How to Win a Pinewood Derby:by Thomas L. Pedigo, Winning Edge Publications, 2002, ISBN 978-0976851257
 * Learn to Build a Winner:by Stan Pope, 2002, http://stanpope.net/lbw1.htm
 * Pinewood Derby Design Secrets:by DK Publishing, 2007, ISBN 978-0756632625
 * Pinewood Derby Speed Secrets - Design and Build the Ultimate Car:by David Meade, DK Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-0756627331
 * The fastest car in the county( fiction):by Nancy Simpson Levene, Chariot Books, 1992, ISBN 1555133959
 * What Every Parent Should Know About Pinewood Derby Cars & More:ISBN 9780966403404
 * Winning Pinewood Derby Secrets:by Joe Gargiulo, Pinewood Pro Publishing, 1999-2015, ISBN 978-0981937809, http://www.amazon.com/dp/B001JBDA38

Rules

 * Pinewood Mania:Rules Links

Parts and Supplies

 * Shape N Race:Car kits, supplies, how-to's, go fast, and design tips
 * Pinewood Extreme:Parts, supplies, designs and design tips
 * ABC Pinewood Derby:Parts, supplies, designs and design tips
 * DerbyWorx:Tools
 * Maximum Velocity:Parts, supplies, designs and design tips
 * Pinewood Pro:Parts, supplies, designs and design tips
 * Derby Champ:Parts, supplies, designs and design tips

Discussion

 * Derby Talk:phpBB Board
 * DerbyWorx:ProBoard discussion
 * PDDR:Pinewood Derby Drag Racing Forum

title: How To Build a Pinewood Derby Car/Links


text:
How To Build a Pinewood Derby Car/Glossary

 * Alignment:The process of aligning the wheel vertically (camber angle) and parallel to the direction of travel (toe and steer angles).

 * Axle Slot:One of two slots cut in the stock BSA kit block.

 * Beveling:tapering the axle to reduce the contact area between the axle head and the outer wheel hub.

 * Balancing:Wheel modification to achieve an equivalent mass distributed about the hub.

 * Block:The 7 x 1-3/4 x 1-1/4 pine block.

 * Bore polishing:Polishing the inner surface of the hub to reduce friction between the wheel and axle.

 * BSA:Boy Scouts of America.

 * Coning:Modification of the inside wheel hub to reduce hub-to-body friction.

 * Center Rail:On wood tracks, a lane guide that is approximately 1/4" inch tall and 1-5/8" wide that the car straddles to keep it on the track.

 * Deburring:Axles are essentially one-inch nails that have two burrs under the head from the stamping process. A typical axle treatment consists of removing these burrs followed by sanding and polishing.

 * Dominant Wheel:The front wheel that touches when the car is on a flat surface. In a raised front wheel configuration, this is the wheel that is not raised.

 * Extended Wheelbase:The largest distance possible between the axles such that the wheels do net extend past the end of the block: 5-3/4" with the axle holes 5/8" from the end of the block.

 * Graphite:A form of carbon that is found in pencil lead. It is one of the favored dry lubricants

 * Grooving:Notching of axles to reduce the contact area and thus the friction between the axle and the wheel.

 * H Tread:A wheel modification in which the tread is cut with a "H" cross-section to allow contact with the track surface on the inner and outer parts of the tread only.

 * Kit:The Official BSA "Grand Prix Pinewood Derby Kit" with block, 4 axles, 4 wheels and instructions.

 * Krytox:A liquid synthetic lubricant (MSDS)., Krytox oils and greases are perfluoropolyether (PFPE) synththetic lubricants made by DuPont

 * Light Wheels:Wheels that have been reduced in mass, typically by removal of material from the inner side of the wheel.

 * Matched Wheels:Wheels taken from the same mold number.

 * Mold:The plastic injection mold for pinewood derby wheels.

 * Mold Number:The number on the inside of a wheel, indicating the injection mold.

 * Moly:Molybdenum disulfide lubricant.

 * Molybdenum disulfide:Molybdenum disulfide is a dry lubricant similar to graphite.

 * Nickel plating:Nickel plated axles can be polished to a smoother finish than stock zinc BSA axles.

 * Notching or Grooving:Axles can be notched or grooved to reduce the contact area and thus the friction between the axle and the wheel.

 * Nyoil:A liquid synthetic lubricant (MSDS).

 * Outlaw Wheels:Thin wheels machined from a high-performance polymer such as delrin that are typically allowed only in open class races.

 * Oversize Axles:Oversize axle (e.g. 0.091 diameter) axles can reduce wheel wobble. Official BSA axles are 0.087 inch in diameter.

 * Rail Riding:Adjustment of the dominant front wheel alignment to induce a slight steer toward the track center rail to cause the car to hug the rail as it goes down the track.

 * Raised Wheel:One wheel (typically front) raised approximately 1/16 inch on the car body. This wheel is not in constant contact with the track and thus contributes less to the rotational inertia.

 * Silicone:A polysiloxanes organic/inorganic polymer lubricant.

 * Speed Axles:Nickel-plated aftermarket axles.

 * Teflon:The trade name for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer. Powdered Teflon is a common Derby car lubricant.

 * V Tread:A wheel modification in which the tread is cut with a "V" cross-section to allow a single radial point of contact with the track surface.

 * Wheelbase:The spacing between the front and rear wheels from wheel center to wheel center. The standard pinewood derby wheelbase is about 4.5 inches and the extended wheelbase is 5.75 inches with the wheels 5/8 inch from the end of the 7 inch block.


text:
User:Ysangkok

See commons:User:Ysangkok, w:da:User:Ysangkok, w:en:User:Ysangkok. User:80.63.213.182 is also me.

title: User:Ysangkok


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Appendix D - Mesh network vendors

= Mesh network vendors =

Cisco
http://www.cisco.com

Concentris Systems LLC
http://www.concentris-systems.com

Concentris Systems uses open standards wireless mesh networking technology to develop unique solutions that solve real life, challenging problems for rugged and severe-duty applications.

Concentris pioneered the versatile RapidLink network architecture that offers reliable, secure, high performance wireless mesh data networking. Easy to deploy and manage, RapidLink is ideal for situations where conventional data networking techniques are impractical or cost prohibitive.

Concentris Systems is focused upon making other people’s technology work better. The company provides a comprehensive suite of hardware and software products, coupled with training programs and hands-on service, for OEM and System Developer customers. Its toolkit is flexible and intuitive making it possible to create application-specific solutions in a surprisingly short time.

MIT graduate Tareq Hoque founded Concentris Systems. Before Concentris, Hoque was the president of Firetide, a successful early innovator in the field of mesh networking protocol and ad-hoc mesh networking. He was also president of Adtech Inc., the largest contributor to the Spirent Communications group of companies.

Concentris Systems LLC is a small, disadvantaged minority-owned business based in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Firetide
http://www.firetide.com/

Mesh Dynamics
http://www.meshdynamics.com

Incorporated in 2005, MeshDynamics is a privately held, profitable, U.S based corporation. Our headquarters are in Santa Clara, Northern California, USA. Target Markets: Emerging outdoor enterprise wireless market opportunities such as those in mining, materials processing, military and border security, video surveillance, seismic oil exploration etc., place high demands on the wireless network infrastructure. Beyond data, critical real-time voice and video streams must also be supported, often in motion. Traditional wireless mesh architectures have been unable to support demands of this traffic, and thus have not penetrated these fast-developing markets to date.

Extensive testing by USAF, Battelle and others confirm that MeshDynamics' patented wireless mesh technology provides the highest throughput, low latency, and low jitter demanded by these applications through the use of dynamic channel allocation and a robust tree-based (deterministic and scalable) topology. High quality voice/video transport in demanding underground mine environments some up to 40 hops deep are in operation. No other mesh provider has demonstrated this level of scalability. MeshDynamics mesh nodes have been installed in demanding applications requiring performance over multiple hops, noise free voice and video and rapid mesh formation with high speed mobility nodes. Applications include: municipal networking, underground mining and industrial, video surveillance, homeland security and public safety.

Nortel
http://www.nortel.com

RoamAD
http://www.roamad.com

Strix
http://www.strixsystems.com

ClearMesh Networks
http://www.clearmesh.com

Tropos
{chapter stub}

ValuePoint Networks
http://valuepointnet.com


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Social Impact

= Social Impact =

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Social Impact


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Regulatory

= Regulatory =

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Regulatory


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Taxonomy of Mesh Types

= Taxonomy of Mesh Types =

WAN, LAN or PAN?
Wide Area Network

Local Area Network

Processing Area Network

Storage Area Network


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Design Parameters

= Design Parameters =


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/How many radios?

= How many radios? = Meshes can be built with nodes that have a single radio, two radios and multiple radios. The number of radios in mesh nodes depends on the throughput and latency demands of the mesh network.

One
Single radio wireless mesh nodes are low cost, but are limited by latency and scalability. The single radio node has take turns providing client access and transport to the network. The node is forced to store and forward and thus introduces latency.

Two
Dual-radio wireless mesh nodes enhance the scalability and capacity of the wireless mesh network. One radio is used for client access and the other radio provides transport. Since the radios operate independently on two different frequencies, one radio can send while the other one is receiving. This reduces the latency from the access link to the transport link. However, when one node is relaying from one node to the next, a two radio node still needs to store and forward, which introduces latency.

Three or More
A multi-radio wireless mesh node solves the latency problem for both the access link and the transport link. Multi-radio wireless nodes perform with very low latency and work well with real-time applications such as multimedia, voice and video applications. Because the throughput is related to throughput, multi-radio nodes address high density coverage areas, and can be used to aggregate traffic from single- and dual-radio wireless mesh nodes.

Sample Deployments
Colgate University <!--- Colgate University in New York state is broadening its Wi-Fi horizons by launching a campus-wide outdoor network using Tropos Networks' MetroMesh equipment— but none of the units are meshing, reports Wi-Fi Planet

The university decided that it needed to expand its reach after a student survey found that students had as many as three to four IP-based devices—everything from PCs to game consoles to handheld devices used primarily for text messaging.

"We just wanted maximum throughput," says Rich Grant, the associate director of technology planning for the liberal arts school. "We have backhaul on all the Tropos access points. That's an unusual implementation, but we wanted to maximize the number of users. It wasn't about geographical area — we wanted to service a large volume [of users]."

"To be competitive, any campus needs to support some kind of Wi-Fi," says Grant. The network was installed for Colgate by Integral Wireless Solutions, an integrator based in Atlanta.

There have been some technological hurdles in implement in wider Wi-Fi system, however.

It was hoped that the Tropos hardware would provide a very strong signal strong, which worked fine on the lower part of campus where most of the buildings are wood-frame construction. The upper campus, however has stone buildings and needed interior APs. For that, Colgate turned to Cisco products supporting 802.11a/b/g.

The network is free to the college community of 2,750 undergraduates plus faculty and staff, plus it's open to visitors for Internet access.

==== When is a mesh network not a mesh network?

http://www.colgate.edu/ in central New York State knows. It recently completed the rollout of a campus wide outdoor network using http://www.tropos.com/ MetroMesh equipment but none of the units are meshing.

“We just wanted maximum throughput,” says Rich Grant, the associate director of technology planning for the liberal arts school. “We have backhaul on all the Tropos access points. That’s an unusual implementation, but we wanted to maximize the number of users. It wasn’t about geographical area we wanted to service a large volume [of users].”

Colgate’s foray into wireless started after the school’s Student Services group performed a survey of the student body, the vast majority of whom live on campus. Most reported owning as many as three to four IP-based devices. That includes everything from PCs to game consoles to handheld devices used primarily for instant messaging.

“To be competitive, any campus needs to support some kind of Wi-Fi,” says Grant. The network was installed for Colgate by http://www.integralwireless.net/, an integrator based in Atlanta.

Originally, Grant hoped the Tropos hardware would provide a signal strong enough to punch through walls and give students, faculty, and staff access to the network indoors. That worked fine on the lower part of campus where most of the buildings are wood-frame construction. However, on the upper campus filled with big stone buildings, it required interior APs. For that, Colgate turned to http://www.cisco.com/ products supporting 802.11a/b/g.

For now, the 5GHz 11a aspect is unused. It could come into play in the future for wireless VoIP. “It wasn’t that much more expensive to have a/b/g than b/g,” says Grant. “We’re hoping it’ll be upgradeable to 11n.”

Colgate uses http://www.bluesocket.com/ controllers to manage both the indoor and outdoor networks.

The outdoor Tropos-based network also extends into downtown http://www.hamiltonny.com/, Colgate’s hometown not far from Syracuse. The downtown hotspots are limited to areas around the http://www.colgateinn.com/ (owned by the college) and a centralized park. “It’s not an attempt at a pervasive metro network in town,” says Grant.

The network is free to the college community of 2,750 undergraduates plus faculty and staff, plus it’s open to visitors for Internet access.

-->

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/How many radios?


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Transport

= Transport =

ZigBee
ZigBee does not incorporate electric power lines into its technology therefore it is all wireless. ZigBee is very efficient, it can send up to 128 kilobits at a range of 250 feet. It is expected to be seen every from smoke detectors in your house to medical sensing devices. The best part is that it can function for a long time, on inexpensive batteries. Z-Wave also consists solely of wireless technology which is power efficient. It can send about 127 kilobits per second to a range of 100 feet. When you compare you would notice that Z-Wave and Insteon are very much similar. The only difference is that Insteon used electric power cables and Z-Wave doesn't.

Others
proprietary microwave

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Transport


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Access

= Access =

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Access


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/RF concerns

= RF Concerns =

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/RF concerns


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/What layers does it operate on?

= What layers does it operate on? =


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Topology Control

= Topology Control =

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Topology Control


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Mobility Handoffs

= Mobility Handoffs =


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Applications

= Applications =

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Applications


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Content

= Content =

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Content


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Getting Power to the Node

= Getting Power to the Node =


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Survey Tools

= Survey Tools =

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Survey Tools


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Planning Tools

= Planning Tools =

NetSim
NetSim is a popular tool for wireless network design and planning. The steps would be

Modeling and Simulation: Model the network scenario, and set up the protocol / device parameters. Then run the simulation Visualizing the simulation using the packet animator: This would show the flow of packets, movement of nodes etc Analyzing the results: Study the output statistics and then iterate if required

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Planning Tools


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Mounting Options

= Mounting Options =

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Mounting Options


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Testing Tools

= Testing Tools =

iPerf
iperf -s

D-ITG
D-ITG http://traffic.comics.unina.it/software/ITG/

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Testing Tools


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Meshes you can build

= Meshes you can build =


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Conclusion

= Conclusion =

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Conclusion


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Appendix A - Applicable Standards

= Applicable Standards =


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Appendix B - Known Deployments

= Known Deployments =


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Appendix C - Mesh Timeline

= Mesh Timeline =


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Introduction

= Introduction =

Wireless networks nowadays are part of our everyday life, as witnessed by several features: the number of cell (mobile) phone subscriptions reached 7.3 billion in 2014. , short-range radio technologies such as WiFi and Blue-tooth are widespread as well as radio frequency IDs (RFIDs). In a search on Google for “next generation wireless network,” top hits mostly refer to evolutions of the cellular technology collectively named 4G, including technologies such as LTE (Long-Term Evolution), LTE Advanced, etc. These technologies are essentially aimed at improving quality of service (QoS) in cellular networks, especially that which concerns data services, which are expected to play an increasing role in connected world. The improvements are mostly obtained through advancements in the physical and medium access layer of the network protocol stack, for example, through extensive use of multi antenna systems, while the overall architecture of the cellular network is mostly unchanged. Thus, forthcoming 4G networks can be considered as an evolution of the well-established cellular network concept.

On the other hand, the class of networks (ad hoc networks, mesh networks, wireless sensor networks, vehicular networks, and opportunistic networks) that we collectively call next generation wireless networks are characterized by very different features compared to cellular networks:

 * Cellular networks rely heavily on a wired, very expensive communication infrastructure – the network of cellular base stations – to perform communication; on the contrary, next generation wireless networks are characterized by a lightweight – or even absent – infrastructure.
 * Cellular networks are based on the use of relatively long wireless links,with typical communication ranges in the order of up to a few kilometers; on the contrary, next generation wireless networks use short-range – in the order of a few tenths of meters, or hundreds of meters at most – wireless links.
 * Cellular networks rely heavily on the presence of several centralization points, where servers are used for optimizing resource allocation and coordinate radio channel access between the different users in a cell and in adjacent cells; on the contrary, in next generation wireless networks, centralization points are typically lacking, and most network functionalities must be realized in a fully distributed, self-coordinated environment.
 * Cellular networks are single-hop wireless networks, since a mobile terminal directly communicates with a base station in the vicinity; on the contrary, next generation wireless networks typically make extensive use of multi-hop communications to compensate for the short radio range and increase coverage.

It is then evident that the class of emerging short-range wireless networks mentioned above displays striking differences with respect to traditional cellular networks, and that the design and realization of a network of this class entails defining brand-new network architectures and networking solutions spanning the entire network protocol stack. This explains our choice of naming the emergent class of short-range, multi-hop, decentralized wireless networks “next generation wireless networks.” Unless stated otherwise, in the remainder of this Wikibook we will use the term next generation wireless network exclusively to refer to a member of the class of short-range, multi-hop,decentralized wireless networks

What it is actually ?
Wireless mesh network is a multi-hop, peer-to-peer wireless network in which mesh nodes connect with redundant interconnections and cooperate with one another to route packets inside the network. Mesh nodes are small radio transmitters that function in the same way as a wireless router. Nodes use the common WiFi standards known as 802.11a, b and g to communicate wirelessly with other nodes.

Nodes are programmed with algorithms that tells them how to interact within the mesh network. The packets that carries informations travels across the network from point A to point B by hopping wirelessly from one mesh node to the next. The nodes automatically choose the quickest and safest path in a process known as dynamic routing. . There are two types of mesh network which are partial mesh and also full mesh. Partial mesh is mesh where not all the nodes are connected to each other meanwhile the full mesh is mesh where all the nodes are connected to each other

=References=

 * 1) USENIX 2003 Annual Technical Conference, FREENIX Track — Paper "Building a Wireless Community Network in the Netherlands"
 * 2) "The innovation journey of wifi" authors Wolter Lemstra, Vic Hayes, John Groenewegen, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands Cambridge University Press 2010 ISBN:9780521199711

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Introduction


text:
Horticulture/Malus

Malus is a genus of about 30-35 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including the domesticated Orchard Apple, or Table apple as it was formerly called (M. sylvestris domestica, derived from M. sylvestris sieversii, syn. M. pumila). The other species and subspecies are generally known as "wild apples", "crab apples", "crabapples" or "crabs", this name being derived from their small and tart fruit. The genus is native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, in Europe, Asia and North America.

Description
Apple trees are small, typically 4-12 m tall at maturity, with a dense, twiggy crown. The leaves are 3-10 cm long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The flowers are borne in corymbs, and have five petals, which may be white, pink or red, and are perfect, with usually red stamens that produce copious pollen, and an inferior ovary; flowering occurs in the spring after 50-80 growing degree days (varying greatly according to subspecies and cultivar). Apples require cross-pollination between individuals by insects (typically bees, which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen); all are self-sterile, and (with the exception of a few specially developed cultivars) self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential. The honeybee and mason bee are the most effective insect pollinators of apples. Malus species hybridize freely, so identification can sometimes be difficult.

The fruit is a globose pome, varying in size from 1-4 cm diameter in most of the wild species, to 6 cm in M. sylvestris sieversii, 8 cm in M. sylvestris domestica, and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples; among the largest-fruited cultivars (all of which originate in North America) are 'Wolf River' and 'Stark Jumbo'. The centre of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star-like, each containing one to two (rarely three) seeds.

Malus trilobata, a species from southwest Asia, has three- to seven- lobed leaves (superficially resembling a maple leaf) and with several structural differences in the fruit; it is often treated in a genus of its own, as Eriolobus trilobatus.

Uses
Many consider crabapples unpalatable, but others enjoy eating them raw or using them for cooking or juicing. Cultivars such as 'Whitney' have been independently domesticated for better fruit quality.

For Malus sylvestris domestica, see Apple. The fruit of the other species is not an important crop in most areas, being extremely sour and (in some species) woody, and is rarely eaten raw for this reason. However, crabapples are an excellent source of pectin, and their juice can be made into a ruby-coloured jelly with a full, spicy flavour. A small percentage of crab apples in cider makes a more interesting flavour.

Crabapples are widely grown as ornamental trees, grown for their beautiful flowers or fruit, with numerous cultivars selected for these qualities and for resistance to disease.

Some crab apples are used as rootstocks for domestic apples to add beneficial characteristics. For example, Siberian crab rootstock is often used to give additional cold hardiness to the combined plant for orchards in cold northern areas.

They are also used as pollinators in apple orchards. Varieties of crab apple are selected to bloom contemporaneously with the apple variety in an orchard planting, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. In emergencies a bucket or drum bouquet of crab apple flowering branches are placed near the beehives as orchard pollenizers. See also Fruit tree pollination.

Maintenance
Prune in early winter.

Propagation
Most cultivars are propagated by grafting or budding.

Pests and diseases
../Blight/ ../Powdery Mildew/ ../Leaf Spots/
 * ../Erwinnia amylovora/
 * Podosphaera leucotricha

../Scab/ ../Fruit Rot/
 * Venturia inequalis

../Brown Rots/

../Cankers/ ../Heart Rot/
 * Nectria galligena
 * Phoma mali
 * Physalospora obtusa

../Mushroom Root Rot/

../Rusts/ ../Bitter Pit/ (Calcium Deficiency)
 * ../Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae/
 * ../Gymnosporangium globosum/

../Bud Blast/ Caused by late freezes

../Aphids/ ../Scales/ ../Hoppers/ ../Psyllids/ ../Cicadas/ ../Whiteflies/
 * Cowpea Aphid: ../Aphis craccivora/
 * Wooly Apple Aphid: ../Eriosoma lanigerum/
 * Apple Grain Aphid: ../Rhopalosiphum fitchii/
 * Putnam Scale: ../Diaspidiotus ancyllus/
 * Calico Scale: ../Eulecanium cerasorum/
 * Greedy Scale: ../Hemiberlesia rapax/
 * European Fruit Lecanium Scale: ../Lecanium corni/
 * Oystershell Scale: ../Lepidosaphes ulmi/
 * San Jose Scale: ../Quadraspidiotus perniciosus/
 * Forbes Scale: ../Quadraspidiotus forbesi/
 * Buffalo Treehopper: ../Stictocephala bisonia/
 * White Apple Leafhopper: ../Typhlocyba pomaria/
 * Rose Leafhopper: ../Edwardsiana rosa/
 * Apple Sucker: ../Psylla mali/
 * Periodical Cicada: ../Magicicada septendecim/

../Mealybugs/ ../Bugs/ ../Earwigs/ ../Thrips/ ../Maggots/ ../Beetles/ ../Weevils/ ../Caterpillars/ ../Sawflies/
 * Taxus Mealybug: ../Dysmicoccus wistariae/
 * Comstock Mealybug: ../Pseudococcus comstocki/
 * Grape Mealybug: ../Pseudococcus maritimus/
 * Alder Lacebug: ../Corythucha pergandei/
 * Boxelder Bug: ../Leptocoris trivittatus/
 * Western Boxelder Bug: ../Leptocoris rubrolineatus/
 * Tarnished Plant Bug: ../Lygus lineolaris/
 * European Earwig: ../Forficula auricularia/
 * Western Flower Thrips: ../Frankliniella occidentalis/
 * Apple Maggot: ../Rhagoletis pomonella/
 * Western Cherry Fruit Fly: ../Rhagoletis completa/
 * Flatheaded Appletree Borer: ../Chrysobothris femorata/
 * Plum Curculio: ../Conotrachelus nenuphar/
 * Japanese Beetle: ../Popillia japonica/
 * Roundheaded Appletree Borer: ../Saperda candida/
 * Shothole Borer: ../Scolytus rugulosus/
 * Pacific Flatheaded Borer: ../Chrysobothris mali/
 * Rain Beetles: ../Pleocoma/ spp.
 * Redheaded Flea Beetle: ../Systena frontalis/
 * Tenlined June Beetle: ../Polyphylla decimlineata/
 * Asiatic Oak Weevil: ../Cyrtepistomus castaneus/
 * Whiteline Leafroller: ../Amorbia humerosana/
 * Snailcase Bagworm: ../Apterona helix/
 * Fruittree Leafroller: ../Archips argyrospila/
 * Io Moth: ../Automeris io/
 * Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer: ../Choreutis pariana/
 * Obliquebanded Leafroller: ../Choristoneura rosaceana/
 * Yellownecked Caterpillar: ../Datana ministra/
 * American Plum Borer: ../Euzophera semifuneralis/
 * Hickory Tussock Moth: ../Halisodota caryae/
 * Whitemarked Tussock Moth: ../Hemerocampa leucostigma/
 * Saddled Prominent Caterpillar: ../Heterocampa guttivitta/
 * Cecropia Moth: ../Hyalophora cecropia/
 * Fall Webworm: ../Hyphantria cunea/
 * Gypsy Moth: ../Lymantria dispar/ (syn. Porthetria dispar):
 * Eastern Tent Caterpillar: ../Malacosoma americanum/
 * Western Tent Caterpillar: ../Malacosoma californica/
 * Forest Tent Caterpillar: ../Malacosoma distria/
 * Speckled Green Fruitworm: ../Orthosia hibisci/
 * Western Tentiform Leafminer: ../Phyllonorycter elmaella/
 * Blackheaded Fireworm: ../Rhopobota naevana/
 * Redhumped Caterpillar: ../Schizura concinna/
 * Saddleback Caterpillar: ../Sibine stimulea/
 * Sparganothis Leafroller, Blueberry Leafroller, Cranberry Leafroller: ../Sparganothis sulfureana/
 * Dogwood Borer: ../Synanthedon scitula/
 * Apple Bark Borer: ../Synanthedon pyri/
 * European Leafroller: ../Archips rosanus/
 * Eyespotted Bud Moth: ../Spilonota ocellana/
 * Cherry Bark Tortrix: ../Enarmonia formosana/
 * Cherry Fruitworm: ../Grapholita packardi/
 * Oriental Fruit Moth: ../Grapholita molesta/
 * Pistol Casebearer: ../Coleophora malivorella/
 * Redbanded Leafroller: ../Argyotaenia velutinana/
 * Resplendent Shield Bearer: ../Coptodisca splendoriferella/
 * Leaf Crumpler: ../Acrobasis indigenella/
 * Lesser Appleworm: ../Grapholita prunivora/
 * Apple Pandemis: ../Pandemis pyrusana/
 * Variegated Leafroller: ../Platynota flavedana/

../Wasps/

../Mites/
 * Brown Mite: ../Bryobia rubrioculus/
 * Spider Mite: ../Oligonychus newcomeri/
 * European Red Mite: ../Panonychus ulmi/
 * Twospotted Spider Mite: ../Tetranychus urticae/

list of Lepidoptera which feed on Malus.

title: Horticulture/Malus


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Accounting and Billing

= Accounting and Billing =


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Operations

= Operations = There are few popular protocol operations used in the mesh network. Below are a few popular ones.

http://www.pps.univ-paris-diderot.fr/~jch/software/babel/
 * Babel

http://www.open-mesh.org/projects/open-mesh/wiki
 * B.A.T.M.A.N.

 * L3 and L2

http://bmx6.net/projects/bmx6
 * BMX

http://olsr.org/
 * OLSR

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Operations


text:
Wireless Mesh Networks/Management

= Management =

Configuration
The goal of configuration management is too allow network managers track and modify the hardware and software configurations of devices in the network being managed.

title: Wireless Mesh Networks/Management


text:
Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Publishing

In order to view completed .fla files on the internet or allow others to view it, the .fla must be published through Flash to access the file in a format viewable by their own computers. Publishing saves the multimedia project, from layers and music to channels and text, in a compressed streaming file that even those viewers on dial-up don't normally have a problem viewing, unless your project contains large multimedia files embedded within its library.

Flash makes it easy for anyone to put their files online after the engine has finished processing the file. However, there are some steps that need to be taken before the files can be fully viewed online.

Checking your publishing settings

Though flash can be fairly intuitive most of the time, the author of the flash project still has to go into the publish settings to customize where the SWF as well as the HTML files are going to be saved to.

This menu is located under File>Publish Settings.

Most of the time, the SWF and HTML options are the only ones which need to be checked, though the others have their purposes as well. As each option is checked, a new tab appears in the Publish Settings menu that corresponds to the check.

 * Options within the Publish Settings dialogue box
 * Flash (.swf)
 * Web browsers must have flash player or Shockwave player installed to view any movies
 * HTML (.html)
 * This file is needed in order for the flash file to be contained somewhere. If an .swf is directly linked to in a web browser, the movie will automatically resize to the dimensions of the viewer's web browser, possibly causing some distortion or scaling in any graphics used within the movie
 * GIF Image (.gif)
 * Saves the movie as animated or still GIF images. The tab for it offers various optimization options.
 * JPEG Image (.jpg)
 * Will publish the first frame of the movie.
 * PNG image (.png)
 * This format is not supported by all browsers or computers yet, but it also contains optimization options. Will publish the first frame of the movie.
 * Windows Projector (.exe)
 * Creates a standalone movie that is playable on any Windows-based operating system without the use of a flash player or Shockwave plug-in, but is a considerably larger file than a swf.
 * Macintosh Projector
 * The same as the Windows projector but for Macintosh computers instead. Will create a considerably larger file than a SWF.
 * Quicktime Movie (.mov)
 * Creates a Quicktime standalone movie

An option also appears here is the Use Default Names checkbox. If this option is enabled, the SWF and HTML files that are about to be created will be automatically named whatever the original .fla file was labelled as. This may lead to problems if someone creates a new flash file and accidentally overrides their old one. To avoid this, uncheck the box and feel free to edit the boxes next to SWF and HTML to whatever filename you desire.

Once the settings are in place (typically the HTML and SWF boxes are the only ones that need to be checked), the user can then press the Publish button in the settings dialogue box to have Flash create the HTML and SWF documents for upload and placement on the internet.

Another viable option is to press the OK button and then go to File>Publish to accomplish the same thing.

Publishing onto the Internet

With both the SWF and HTML files created, the files must be uploaded onto publicly accessible webspace. Both files must be present for the SWF to display correctly. By default, the SWF will be aligned left in the HTML file.


text:
User talk:Foutsj

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 19:22, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Foutsj


text:
User talk:Atiwari22

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 19:23, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Atiwari22


text:
User talk:Biancavillar

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 19:24, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Biancavillar


text:
User talk:HirunaSachiro

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 19:25, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:HirunaSachiro


text: Category:Book:Wireless Mesh Networks

title: Category:Book:Wireless Mesh Networks


text:
User:UsedHONDA

=UsedHONDA- The one. The only.=

Me in a nutshell
I hang out in cool forums and play around in Paint.NET

Main Hangouts
Paint.NET Message Board

Wiki

Not much else.

Contact
E-Mail: usdhnda@gmail.com

Why not usedhonda@gmail.com? Because it's already taken by a Japanese guy ! [Yuzuru Honda]

Cool places
Uber.com Getpaint.net Google Wikipedia

title: User:UsedHONDA


text:
User:Crossmr

I have an account on wikipedia crossmr.

title: User:Crossmr


text:
User talk:Crossmr

Feel free to leave me a message.

The Sims and The Sims 2
Hello, I noticed your recreation and contributions to the game guides The Sims and The Sims 2. I believe you would be better off contributing to The Sims and The Sims 2. Both of these guides on Wikibooks, were previously transwikied there and deleted from Wikibooks as part of the Votes for deletion/The Sims community decision and will be deleted again shortly, because pages and books which were previously voted to be deleted are candidates for speedy deletion. --dark lama  14:54, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crossmr


text:
Blender 3D: Blending Into Python/OrphanScripts

=Orphan Scripts= Hi, post unmaintained scripts here.

Be wary of malicious code, especially the OS module, check in the history every so often for edits to see nobody's doing bad stuff.

Currently there are two scripts here in need of nice mothers or fathers.

This script is a simple L system that allows you to use pre-defined meshes. It DOES work in 2.43 and could possibly be a building generator (with some work).

This script apparently WONT work in blender 2.43, updates welcome.


text:
Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Symbols/Making

There are several different ways to generate new symbols, and the method you choose depends primarily on personal preference. In essence, you can either build a shape and then turn it into a symbol, or make a symbol and then build the shape inside of it. Regardless, symbols can always be edited after they are made.

A. Build the shape first
a. Right-click and select 'Convert to Symbol' b. Press F8. c. Go to Modify>convert to symbol.
 * 1. Select the shape(s) you wish to convert into a symbol.
 * 2. [choose one]
 * 3. Name your symbol, and choose the type of symbol you want.

The symbol will then appear in your library indicated by the name you gave it. In addition, it now has a name in the Properties panel, and a selection box.

B. Create the symbol first
a. Click the 'new symbol' button, located on the bottom left of the library panel. b. Go to Insert > new symbol. c. Press ctrl/cmd F8.
 * 1. [choose one]
 * 2. Name and choose the type of symbol you want.
 * 3. You will then be presented with a blank screen to build what your symbol will look like.

C. Import an external file, such as an eps or bitmap.
1. Create/acquire the image you want, in a program such as Photoshop. 2. Go to File > Import > Import to library / to stage. If you import to library, the file will appear in your library with the name the external file has. If you import to stage, the file will appear on the stage. The method you choose is up to you, but I generally import to library and then drop the file into another symbol (see below).


text:
Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Symbols/Using

A. Instances
Once you have a symbol, you can then use them in other symbols, or on the main stage. An occurrence of a symbol outside of the library is called an 'instance'. Virtually all of the work done in Flash is done with symbol instances. To create an instance of a symbol, just drag and drop from the library to the stage. This process can be repeated many times, thus promoting a simpler work load, as well as a smaller file size.

B. Combining symbols
While an instance cannot be placed inside its own symbol, it can be placed inside other symbols. This is a good practice when building complicated structures, such as a web page. Symbol instances, such as buttons and content can be dropped into a page symbol, and then that super-symbol can be dropped onto the main stage in one step, rather than the several steps it would take with the individual symbols themselves. In the example, I have combined the cat, tree, cloud, house, and BG symbols into the cat scene symbol, and then dropped the cat scene symbol onto the stage.

C. Global changes to symbols
If you want to change all the instances of a symbol, say to make all the green buttons blue, you can edit the original symbol and all instances of that symbol will show the change. To edit a symbol, just double-click on its name in the library, and a screen will just show that symbol. In this example, I painted the cloud purple, and you can see that all the clouds are now purple in cat scene.

D. Changing individual instances
There are two ways to change individual instances; you can either apply filters to the instance, or make it into a new symbol. a. Filters

Select the instance you want to change, and go to the filters drop-down in the properties panel. Select the attribute you want to apply, and then modify it. These apply to the whole instance, so you may need to go to a lower level (to one of its component symbols) to make the desired changes.

b. New symbol

You can also change any instance to a new symbol. Use any of the aforementioned methods for symbol generation and make your desired changes.

E. Naming instances for ActionScript
If you are going to be using ActionScript in your project, you will need to name the instances you will be targeting. Simply select the instance, go to the properties panel, and type in a new instance name. It is advisable to use plain English names that make sense. In the example, I named the instance 'cat_mc', because it is a cat. The '_mc' means that the instance is a movie clip symbol. There are standard extensions for each symbol type, such as _txt and _btn. While not strictly necessary, it is good form, and helps Flash give you the appropriate code hints.


title: File:1Bx.jpg


text:
File:1Cx.jpg

self-produced screenshot

title: File:1Cx.jpg


text:
File:IIE2.jpg

Fair Use
self-produced screenshot
 * provides information to the Wikibook entry
 * cannot be taken as fair-use
 * does not hurt profits

title: File:IIE2.jpg


text:
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/Chapter 2 Practice Problems

Chapter 2 Practice Problems
{{Problem|5. Suppose that a river with a molar flow rate of 10000 mol/s meets another, larger river flowing at 500000 m^3/s at room temperature. What is the mass flow rate of the river downstream of the intersection if you assume steady state?

b} Evaluate the feasibility of the steady state assumption in this situation. Also qualitatively evaluate the probability that the flowrates are actually constant.}}

/Solutions/


text:
User:Panic2k4/CrossTalk

A number of communication mediums exist in which Wikibookians may communicate with one another. Some of these, such as the Wikibooks IRC Channel at freenode, and the Textbook-l mailing list exist specifically for use by Wikibookians, and all Wikibookians are encouraged to join in discussions at both those venues.

A number of other communications media exist, such as instant messengers, telephone, and personal email correspondence that Wikibookians may use for correspondence. This is neither encouraged nor discouraged.

The Textbook-l mailing list is archived, but other discussion media usually are not. It is a tricky matter, therefore, to make decisions here on wikibooks based on discussions that happened elsewhere and are not available for reference. The nature of the MediaWiki software is to maintain records of changes and of discussions, and without these records a number of our usual methods for making decisions and holding discussions are difficult to apply. It is for this reason that any discussions which are held off-wiki should be summarized and loaded here onto wikibooks for public viewing. These summaries should likely be approved by all people who participated in the discussions before they are posted.

It is acceptable for the community not to accept a decision that was made in secret, and to deny the existence of agreement or consensus if there is no record of it.

title: User:Panic2k4/CrossTalk