text:
Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/EBV-SMT

EBV-Associated Smooth Muscle Tumors (EBV-SMT)

 * Hong Kong; 2007 PMID 17446968 -- "Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumor in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome." (Wong KH, J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2007 Apr;40(2):173-7.)
 * Case report. 2 patients. AIDS. Both tumors EBV+
 * Outcome: 1/2 treated with RT. Both on HAART with stable disease

 * Singapore; 2006 PMID 16330945 -- "Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors are distinctive mesenchymal tumors reflecting multiple infection events: a clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of 29 tumors from 19 patients." (Deyrup AT, Am J Surg Pathol. 2006 Jan;30(1):75-82.)
 * Retrospective. 29 tumors from 19 patients. Mean age 39 years, male > female. Immunosuppression renal transplant (53%), AIDS (42%), steroids (5%). EBV infection confirmed in all cases by FISH. Wide variability in EBV copy number
 * Location: 68% multiple sites; 26% soft tissue, 26% lung, 21% liver, rest miscellaneous.
 * Conclusion: EBV-SMT are histologically distinct from classic soft tissue smooth muscle tumors

 * Chulalongkorn University; 2005 (Thailand)(2001-2003) PMID 15844077 -- "Epstein-Barr virus infection-associated smooth-muscle tumors in patients with AIDS." (Suankratay C, Clin Infect Dis. 2005 May 15;40(10):1521-8. Epub 2005 Apr 12.)
 * Retrospective case series. 9 patients with AIDS and SMTs. All CD4 <200. All EBV+. Location: 9 epidural (5 brain, 4 spine), 2 vocal cords, 2 adrenal, 2 abdominal wall, multiple other single sites. 7/9 multicentric
 * Outcome: 3/9 died. 4 patients received RT after surgical resection
 * Conclusion: SMTs in AIDS patients arise in multiple and unusual sites; associated with EBV

title: Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/EBV-SMT


text:
Circuit Idea/Relaxation versus LC Oscillators

<<< contents - LC tank - page stage >>>

Comparing the Ideas behind Relaxation and LC Oscillators

A relaxation oscillator
The basic idea. The simpler and more intuitive relaxation oscillator consists of (Fig. 1) a flow (current) source, an accumulator of potential energy (a capacitor), a switch SW and a load (a resistor). Such an arrangement operates in two stages as follows: in the first stage, we connect the current source to the accumulator and begin charging it; in the second stage, we connect the accumulator to the load (turn on the switch SW) and discharge it. Let's repeat it in other words: in a period of a relaxation oscillation, we first draw a kind of energy (usually, potential) from the flow source to fill the accumulator, then "suck dry" the energy from the accumulator and just "throw out" it to the environment. Thus, in the first stage of every period the source has to restore the energy in the accumulator.

Features. Note that the relaxation arrangement needs only one accumulator. It lies on the way of energy and serves as a buffer that interrupts temporarily the flow (only, the average flow remains constant). In this way, it intermits, tears to "pieces" the energy flow. It is interesting fact that a continuous current enters the accumulator while an intermittent current leaves it; so, we might say that a relaxation oscillator "discretisizes", "portens", "doses" the unceasing input flow of energy. At the same time, the accumulator's contents increases and decreases periodically. The shape of the curve is not sinusoidal because at the points of switching (at the peaks) the "flow-creating" quantity has a maximum magnitude. Note also that increase and decrease can have different durations. Examples of this possibility are a photoflash (slow charging, fast discharging) or a toilet tank.

An LC oscillator
The basic idea. Contrary, in order to create an ideal LC oscillation (assume an LC tank without losses), we charge the accumulator only once in the beginning (by turning on the switch SW on the bottom of the figure). Then, we "suck dry" the energy from the accumulator but do not "throw it away"; instead, we convert it into an opposite kind (kinetic to potential or potential to kinetic) and store the converted energy in another accumulator. We move, transfer, convey the energy from the one accumulator to the other. After, we use this energy to restore the energy of the first accumulator instead to "suck" energy from the source (we move back the energy).

Implementation. For this purpose, the LC arrangement consists of two heterogeneous (regarding to the two kinds of energy) accumulating elements (Fig. 2). Each of them can either provide energy (when it serves as a source) or store the energy (when it serves as a load). When act as a source, it is a weakening, depleting, exhausting source because the other (accumulating) element "sucks out" the source's energy. The energy moves from the source to the accumulator and the source's output quantity decreases.

Similarities

 * 1) Both the oscillating circuits contain at least one accumulating element that acts either as a source or as an integrator.

Differences

 * 1) A relaxation oscillator consists of only one accumulating element while an LC oscillator consists of two accumulating elements.
 * 2) The relaxation accumulator is flow or pressure like; the LC accumulators are heterogeneous (the one is flow-like and the other is pressure-like).
 * 3) A relaxation oscillator stores only one kind of energy (usually potential) in the accumulator while an LC oscillator stores two opposite kinds of energy (kinetic and potential) in the two accumulators.
 * 4) In a relaxation oscillator we "throw away" the energy while in an LC oscillator we treasure it temporarily in an additional accumulator with the purpose of future usage. That's why, LC oscillators are more economical than relaxation ones.
 * 5) Resonance phenomenon does not exist in a relaxation circuit; it can be observed only in the LC tank.
 * 6) In a relaxation oscillator the energy moves only in one direction (source -> accumulator -> load) while in an LC oscillator the energy changes periodically its direction (it circulates between the two elements).
 * 7) The shape of a relaxation oscillation is peaked, angular while the shape of an LC oscillation is rounded (sinusoidal). The reason of that is that at the peaks the source of a relaxation oscillator changes its output quantity with the maximum magnitude while the "source" of an LC oscillator (charged accumulator) does not change its output quantity.
 * 8) The shape of the relaxation oscillation can be asymmetrical (the increase and the decrease can have different durations) while the shape of the LC oscillation is precisely symmetrical.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Circuit Idea/Relaxation versus LC Oscillators

(I would like to start the discussion about relaxation oscillations by moving here the text below from the page about LC tank) Circuit-fantasist (talk) 18:31, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

What the secret of relaxation oscillations is
Maybe, we have first to say here what the truth about relaxation oscillation is and then to discuss how to present this wisdom to visitors (these are different things). Well, let's begin with the first.

The initial point: A steady quantity
At the starting point we need a steady quantity. Where to get it from? As usual in this world, we need energy to create a quantity. We can get this energy from some power source. So, the first thing what we need (in this world) is a power source.

The problem: How to make it oscillate?
Then, we ask yourself, "How do we make the steady quantity oscillate?" But what does mean "to oscillate"? Simply speaking, to oscillate means just to make the quantity increase and decrease consecutively and regularly. How do we do this magic?

Preparing a steady quantity to be changed
It seems it's too difficult to make the very power source oscillate (power sources keep up constant their output quantities). Then, what do we do? We can act like in many situations of routine: instead to change the whole source energy we get some amount of energy from the source and store it in some "place" with the purpose to change it. As there are two kinds of energy - kinetic and potential, we can store energy in two kinds of energy accumulators (integrators). Let's do it; we have got the initial steady quantity. Examples: if we have stored a kinetic energy in an inductor, we obtain a constant current; if we have stored a potential energy in a capacitor, we obtain a constant voltage.

Changing the accumulated quantity
Now, we can begin doing the "veritable work" - to increase and decrase the steady quantity, in order to make it oscillate. How can we make it increase? Of course, by adding continuosly energy to the accumulator. And how can we make it decrease? Contrary, by subtracting continuosly energy from the accumulator. In both the cases we move, transport, transfer energy from one place to other - from the source to the accumulator and v.v.

Relaxation oscillations
(...We might explain what an LC oscillation is, if we say what it is not. Here, we might say that an LC oscillation is not a relaxation one. Only, we would explain what a "relaxation oscillation" is. This phenomenon is no less vague and mystic than the LC phenomenon (I have never met good resources about it). Now, we have opportunity to reveal the secret behind relaxation phenomenon by comparing it with LC one. After that, we may move these thoughts to the future story about relaxation oscillations...)

The basic idea. According to the powerful idea above, we might first build the simpler and more intuitive relaxation oscillator by using three elements: a flow (current) source, an accumulator of potential energy (a capacitor) and a load (a resistor). Such an arrangement operates in two stages as follows: in the first stage, we connect the current source to the accumulator and begin charging it; in the second stage, we connect the accumulator to the load (turn on the switch SW) and discharge it. Let's repeat it in other words: in a period of a relaxation oscillation, we first draw a kind of energy (usually, potential) from the flow source to fill the accumulator, then "suck dry" the energy from the accumulator and just "throw out" it to the environment. Thus, in the first stage of every period the source has to restore the energy in the accumulator.

Features. Note that the relaxation arrangement needs only one accumulator. It lies on the way of energy and serves as a buffer that interrupts temporarily the flow (only, the average flow remains constant). In this way, it intermits, tears to "pieces" the energy flow. It is interesting fact that a continuous current enters the accumulator while an intermittent current leaves it; so, we might say that a relaxation oscillator "discretisizes", "portens", "doses" the unceasing input flow of energy. At the same time, the accumulator's contents increases and decreases periodically. The shape of the curve is not sinusoidal because at the points of switching (at the peaks) the "flow-creating" quantity has a maximum magnitude. Note also that increase and decrease can have different durations. Examples of this possibility (see the analogies below) are a photoflash (slow charging, fast discharging), a toilet tank, a husband that fills slowly and continuously a family money deposit while his wife empties rapidly and regularly it:)

What does "relaxation oscillation" mean? I have been asking myself many times what the word "relaxation" means in this context. What does "relax" here? Maybe, the capacitor? If yes, when does the capacitor relax? Maybe, when we charge it (in this case, "relaxation" would mean restoring, retrieving, recreating the content of the accumulating element). Or maybe, the capacitor relaxes (returns to its initial "zero energy" state of equilibrium) when we discharge it...

Relaxation analogies. We can see many manifestations of this phenomenon in nature, routine, engineering and finally, in electronics. For example, I have a remembrance from my childhood how sometimes faulty toilet tanks began working intermittently (filling -> emptying -> filling -> emptying... up to infinity:) Similarly, imagine you were foolish enough to make a common money deposit with your wife:) Then, you begin working hard to feed up continuously the deposit. As a result, the amount of money increases continuously through time. Only, at some point your wife decides that's enough and draw out all the money accumulated. You begin working again... and she empties the deposit again... and this repeats again... and again... and again...:) Circuit-fantasist (talk) 20:06, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

LC oscillations

The basic idea. Contrary, in order to create an ideal LC oscillation (assume an LC tank without losses), we charge the accumulator only once in the beginning (by turning on the switch SW on the bottom of the figure). Then, we "suck dry" the energy from the accumulator but do not "throw it away"; instead, we convert it into an opposite kind (kinetic to potential or potential to kinetic) and store the converted energy in another accumulator. We move, transfer, convey the energy from the one accumulator to the other. After, we use this energy to restore the energy of the first accumulator instead to "suck" energy from the source (we move back the energy). By the way, maybe is more correctly to say "energy moves" rather than "we move the energy". But why the energy moves by itself? What make it move? What make it move to and fro without end? Don't you think there is something mystic in this endless "ping-pong" movement?

Implementation. For this purpose, the LC arrangement consists of two heterogenious (regarding to the two kinds of energy) accumulating elements. Each of them can either provide energy (when it serves as a source) or store the energy (when it serves as a load). When act as a source, it is a weakening, depleting, exhausting source because the other (accumulating) element "sucks out" the source's energy. The energy moves from the source to the accumulator and the source's output quantity decreases.

Similarities

 * 1) Both the oscillating circuits contain at least one accumulating element that acts either as a source or as an integrator.

Differences

 * 1) An relaxation oscillator consists of only one accumulating element while an LC oscillator consists of two accumulating elements.
 * 2) The relaxation accumulator is flow or pressure like; the LC accumulators are heterogenious (the one is flow-like and the other is pressure-like).
 * 3) An relaxation oscillator stores only one kind of energy (usually potential) in the accumulator while an LC oscillator stores two opposite kinds of energy (kinetic and potential) in the two accumulators.
 * 4) In an relaxation oscillator we "throw away" the energy while in an LC oscillator we treasure it temporarily in an additional accumulator with the purpose of future usage. That's why, LC oscillators are more economical than relaxation ones.
 * 5) Resonance phenomenon does not exist in relaxation circuit; it can be observed only in LC tank.
 * 6) In an relaxation oscillator the energy moves only in one direction (source -> accumulator -> load) while in an LC oscillator the energy changes periodically its direction (it circulates between the two elements).
 * 7) The shape of a relaxation oscillation is peaked, angular while the shape of an LC oscillation is rounded (sinusoidal). The reason of that is that at the peaks the source of a relaxation oscillator changes its output quantity with the maximum magnitude while the "source" of an LC oscillator (charged accumulator) does not change its output quantity.
 * 8) The shape of the relaxation oscillation can be asymmetrical (the increase and the decrease can have different durations) while the shape of the LC oscillation is precisely symmetrical.

Circuit-fantasist (talk) 18:31, 24 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Rlunaro

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 19:02, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rlunaro


text:
User talk:Holshy

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Good luck! --Panic (talk) 19:02, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Holshy


text: User talk:64.91.143.253

title: User talk:64.91.143.253


text:
User talk:Omniuni~enwikibooks

Welcome!
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title: User talk:Omniuni~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:217.224.70.227

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:26, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:217.224.70.227


text: User talk:24.97.199.49

title: User talk:24.97.199.49


text:
Wikijunior talk:Languages/Bengali

I have made some significant edits to the numbers in the "How many people speak this language" section. I took my data from the Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ben). The ethnologue also says that the language's primary name is Bengali and not Bangla. I think that it might be appropriate to change this as well unless there's some compelling reason to leave it the way that it is.Rmawhorter (talk) 00:38, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Languages/Bengali


text: User talk:75.138.61.155

title: User talk:75.138.61.155


text: User talk:87.194.41.173

title: User talk:87.194.41.173


text: User talk:69.47.117.136

title: User talk:69.47.117.136


text:
Robotics Kinematics and Dynamics/Serial Manipulator Position Kinematics

Forward Position Kinematics
The forward position kinematics problem can be stated as follows: given the different joint angles, what is the position of the end-effector? With the previous sections in mind, the answer is rather simple: construct the different transformation matrices and combine them in the right way, the result being $$^{ee}_{bs}T \,$$, where $$\{bs\}$$ is the base frame of the robot manipulator.

Solution
Suppose the mutual orientation matrices between adjacent links are known. (As the fixed parameters of each link are known, and the joint angles are a given to the problem, these can be calculated. One possible way to do this would be to make use of the Denavit-Hartenberg convention.) The transformation that relates the last and first frames in a serial manipulator arm, and thus, the solution to the forward kinematics problem, is then represented by the compound homogeneous transformation matrix. The axes are moving, thus, the compound homogeneous transformation matrix is found by premultiplying the individual transformation matrices:
 * $$^{ee}_{bs}T = \, ^{N}_{0}T = \, ^{1}_{0}T \, ^{2}_{1}T \ldots \, ^{N-1}_{N-2}T \,^{N}_{N-1}T$$

The Planar Three-Link Manipulator

The equations below use 3 × 3 pose matrices, as this is just a 2-dimensional case (cf. the figure on the right).

The pose of the first link, relative to the reference frame, is given by (recall the elementary rotation about the z-axis from the previous section):

T_1(\theta_1) = \begin{pmatrix} \cos(\theta_1) & -\sin(\theta_1) & 0 \\ \sin(\theta_1) & \cos(\theta_1) & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} $$

The pose of the second link, relative to the first link, is given by:

T_2(\theta_2) = \begin{pmatrix} \cos(\theta_2) & -\sin(\theta_2) & l_1 \\ \sin(\theta_2) & \cos(\theta_2) & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} $$

This corresponds to a rotation by an angle $$\theta_2$$ and a translation by a distance $$l_1$$, where $$l_1$$ is the length of the first link.

The pose of the third link, relative to the second link, is given by:

T_3(\theta_3) = \begin{pmatrix} \cos(\theta_3) & -\sin(\theta_3) & l_2 \\ \sin(\theta_3) & \cos(\theta_3) & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} $$

The pose of the end effector, relative to the third link, is given by:

T_4 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & l_3 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} $$

The solution to the forward kinematics problem is then:
 * $$^{ee}_{bs}T = \, ^4_0T(\theta_1, \theta_2, \theta_3) =

\begin{pmatrix} c_{123} & -s_{123} & l_1 c_1 + l_2 c_{12} + l_3 c_{123} \\ s_{123} & c_{123} & l_1 s_1 + l_2 s_{12} + l_3 s_{123} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} $$

Hence:

\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} = T \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} $$

The resulting kinematic equations are:

\begin{array}{l} x = l_1 \cos \theta_1 + l_2 \cos(\theta_1 + \theta_2) + l_3 \cos(\theta_1 + \theta_2 + \theta_3) \\ y = l_1 \sin \theta_1 + l_2 \sin(\theta_1 + \theta_2) + l_3 \sin(\theta_1 + \theta_2 + \theta_3) \end{array} $$

Inverse Position Kinematics
The inverse kinematics problem is the opposite of the forward kinematics problem and can be summarized as follows: given the desired position of the end effector, what combinations of the joint angles can be used to achieve this position?

Two types of solutions can be considered: a closed-form solution and a numerical solution. Closed-form or analytical solutions are sets of equations that fully describe the connection between the end-effector position and the joint angles. Numerical solutions are found through the use of numerical algorithms, and can exist even when no closed-form solution is available. There may also be multiple solutions, or no solution at all.

Example: Planar Three-Link Manipulator
The inverse kinematics problem for this 2D manipulator can quite easily be solved algebraically.

From the earlier results (for simplicity, the displacement over the distance $$l_3$$ shall be omitted here):

^3_0 T = \begin{pmatrix} c_{123} & -s_{123} & 0 & l_1 c_1 + l_2 c_{12} \\ s_{123} & c_{123} & 0 & l_1 s_1 + l_2 s_{12} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} $$

Now assume a given end-effector orientation in the following form:

^{ee}_{bs} T = \begin{pmatrix} c_{\phi} & -s_{\phi} & 0 & x \\ s_{\phi} & c_{\phi} & 0 & y \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} $$

Equating the two previous expressions results in:

\begin{array}{lll} c_{\phi} & = & c_{123} \\ s_{\phi} & = & s_{123} \\ x & = & l_1 c_1 + l_2 c_{12} \\ y & = & l_1 s_1 + l_2 s_{12} \\ \end{array} $$

As:

\begin{array}{lll} c_{12} & = & c_1c_2 - s_1 s_2 \\ s_{12} & = & c_1 s_2 + s_1 c_2 \\ \end{array} $$, squaring both the expressions for $$x$$ and $$y$$ and adding them, leads to:

x^2 + y^2 = l_1^2 + l_2^2 + 2 l_1 l_2 c_2 $$

Solving for $$c_2$$ leads to:

c_2 = \frac{x^2 + y^2 - l_1^2 - l_2^2}{2 l_1 l_2} $$, while $$s_2$$ equals:

s_2 = \pm \sqrt{1 - c_2^2} $$, and, finally, $$\theta_2$$:

\theta_2 = \mbox{Atan2}(s_2, c_2) $$

Note: The choice of the sign for $$s_2$$ corresponds with one of the two solutions in the figure above.

The expressions for $$x$$ and $$y$$ may now be solved for $$\theta_1$$. In order to do so, write them like this:

\begin{array}{lll} x & = & k_1 c_1 - k_2 s_1 \\ y & = & k_1 s_1 + k_2 c_1 \\ \end{array} $$ where $$k_1 = l_1 + l_2 c_2$$, and $$k_2 = l_2 s_2$$.

Let:

\begin{array}{lll} r & = & \sqrt{k_1^2 + k_2^2} \\ \gamma & = & \mbox{Atan2}(k2,k1) \\ \end{array} $$

Then:

\begin{array}{lll} k_1 & = & r \cos \gamma \\ k_2 & = & r \sin \gamma \\ \end{array} $$

Applying these to the above equations for $$x$$ and $$y$$:

\begin{array}{lll} x/r & = & \cos \gamma \, c_1 + \sin \gamma \, s_1 \\ y/r & = & \cos \gamma \, s_1 + \sin \gamma \, c_1 \\ \end{array} $$, or:

\begin{array}{lll} \cos (\gamma + \theta_1) & = & \frac{x}{r} \\ \sin (\gamma + \theta_1) & = & \frac{y}{r} \\ \end{array} $$

Thus:

\gamma + \theta_1 = \mbox{Atan2}(y,x) $$

Hence:

\theta_1 = \mbox{Atan2}(y,x) - \mbox{Atan2}(k_2,k_1) $$

Note: If $$x = y = 0$$, $$\theta_1$$ actually becomes arbitrary.

$$\theta_3$$ may now be solved from the first two equations for $$s_{\phi}$$ and $$c_{\phi}$$:

\theta_3 = \phi - \theta_1 - \theta_2 = \mbox{Atan2}(s_{\phi},c_{\phi}) - \theta_1 - \theta_2 $$


text:
User talk:Rmawhorter

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 00:26, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Wikijunior
I promise to start the work over there if you tell me what you think is worth expanding, etc. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 01:15, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, I would like to do some work on The Elements, but my main focus will probably be either Languages or Europe. That said, I am open to comments if you think other books need some help. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 13:21, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I wasn't sure whether to edit here or on your talk page. Not sure what common protocol would be for that. The only books that seem to be done are Big Cats, Kings and Queens, The Solar System, World at Work and Alphabet. On the non-canonical list of books I'm thinking of indicating completion status so people know where each book is at. I'm planning on working on Languages for awhile but The Elements seems like a fine place to move to after that. I see value in working on almost any of the books there. The only two that I that I think I would struggle with would be The US Constitution (I'm Canadian) and WWII. Rmawhorter (talk) 15:30, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * There is no protocol for responses, unfortunately :(. Anyhow, though, you might be able to nominate the above books, if not already FB, to Featured status. I know that the Solar System is FB, although I would also note that Languages is FB. I agree, though, that Languages is probably not good, I'll work there for a while. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 00:12, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I upgraded Arabic to publishable status because at the time I thought it quite comprehensive. If you wanted to make that point, though, you might write that in. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 01:39, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Could be your loss is that we don't have enough resources to catch up on this count. I suggest asking Mike.lifeguard or Whiteknight for some input on the topic or Wikijunior in general. I suggest, however, checking out this user, largely inactive now, but was a great contributor to Wikijunior. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 01:56, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rmawhorter


text:
User:Laleena/Signature Evolution

 * Laleena (talk)

title: User:Laleena/Signature Evolution


text:
User talk:Matt 3

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
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 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
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 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
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 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 01:39, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matt 3


text:
User talk:Mlbarnes

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 01:40, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mlbarnes


text:
User talk:Vodeligos

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
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 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 01:41, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vodeligos


text:
User talk:Gzoek~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 01:44, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gzoek. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gzoek~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:15, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:01, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gzoek~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Oberiko

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 01:45, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oberiko


text: User talk:68.8.26.221

title: User talk:68.8.26.221


text:
User:ImmortalBeauty

ImmortalBeauty
I'am ImmortalBeauty, I'am feamle and live in enternal darkness. I shan't give out any of my personal information, such as a/s/l or whatever the internet talk is. I shall say that most of my postings on Wiki will be about Anti-slaughtering of Horses, Wolves or other wild animlas, or my faveorite topic, the immortal. I'am dark and twisted, which is why many tend to avoid me. I hate large crowds and would prefer to be alone in the dark. I prefer night to day, for day is when the sun comes out, and I'am much too pale for sunlight. I love to look at the moon, mainly when its full, with stars lingering around it like diamonds on black silk. I think that is the most romantic time of the wakeing hours. I like soft music, such as violin or piano, but I can also mosh to bands such as Slipknot or HIM. I'am a cutter I'll just throw that out there now, and if you have a problem with it you can go die.

title: User:ImmortalBeauty


text:
User talk:147.9.77.154

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:24, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:147.9.77.154


text:
User talk:ImmortalBeauty

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, please note that claiming an upload is your work when it isn't is grounds for a block. If you do it again, I will do so. Please provide correct and complete license information on your uploads only. Anything less will get you blocked and/or your uploads deleted. This all per policy; if you have questions, please ask on my talk page. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:36, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:ImmortalBeauty


text:
User talk:Vinayagamoorthy~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vinayagamoorthy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vinayagamoorthy~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:50, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vinayagamoorthy~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Moorthy~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Moorthy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Moorthy~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:28, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moorthy~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Kasia1986

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Username
Changed now. Welcome aboard! -- SB_Johnny | PA! 16:29, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Absolutely not
If you have a good reason to protect your userpage, let me know. Otherwise you can protect it yourself by putting it on your watchlist. -- SB_Johnny | PA! 00:01, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Nevermind: you're blocked at your IPs, both here and on wikiversity. Bye-bye. -- SB_Johnny | PA! 00:42, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kasia1986


text:
User talk:Kellymichael3777

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kellymichael3777


text:
User talk:Kellymichael~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kellymichael. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kellymichael~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:23, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kellymichael~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Oceancetaceen~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hi Oceancetaceen,

I'm not a lead person in wikistudy and have been taking a wiki break for a few months now. Try the bulletin board, they may be able to help you there.

Thanks Pluke (talk) 09:45, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Oceancetaceen. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Oceancetaceen~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:32, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:19, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oceancetaceen~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Islamabad

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Islamabad


text:
User talk:Jfendler

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jfendler


text:
User talk:Ermiyas Gebrehiwot~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ermiyas Gebrehiwot. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ermiyas Gebrehiwot~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:56, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Ermis~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:28, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ermis. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ermis~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:56, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ermis~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Llxllscorpionllxll

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:29, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Llxllscorpionllxll


text:
User talk:Idontknow610~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:30, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Idontknow610. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Idontknow610~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:18, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:03, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Idontknow610~enwikibooks


text: Category:Book:Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment


text: User talk:99.237.89.76

title: User talk:99.237.89.76


text:
Latin/Spoken/Lesson 2

Nationality

 * If you're referring to an English man you say Anglicus and if you're referring to an English woman you say Anglica. The ending -us is used for men and the ending -a for women.

If you're going to say "I'm Japanese" you just need to say Sum Japonicus. if you're male, and Sum Japonica if you're a female. Examples:
 * Sum Islandica = I'm Icelandic (female)
 * Sum Romanus = I'm Roman (male)
 * Sum Japonica = I'm Japanese (female)
 * Sum Anglicus = I'm English (male)

Language
To say that you "speak" a language you just need to say loquor. Loquor means "I speak", so if you're going to say "I speak Latin", you say: Latine loquor. Notice we use the adverb form of the language. It will be explained later. For now, just remember that you add an 'm' to a word when it's the object. Now, some examples: Now to make the sentence negative you simply add non which means "no" or "not":
 * Anglice loquor. = I speak English.
 * Latine loquor. = I speak Latin.
 * Latine non loquor = I don't speak Latin.
 * Islandice non loquor = I don't speak Icelandic.
 * Japonice non loquor = I don't speak Japanese.

Referring to other people
If you're going to say "you are English" or "you are Roman" we need how to say "you are". You almost never have to use personal pronouns (I, we, they, you) in Latin because they are inferred from context or the verbs. So if you are going to say "you are" you simply say "es". Example:
 * Es Islandicus = You are Icelandic (male)
 * Non es Japonica = You aren't Japanese (female)
 * Es Romana = You are Roman (female)
 * Es Anglicus = You are English (male)

Now you rarely need to tell people of what nationality they are (what did you say? "you rarely need to use Latin either"? Just shut up and pay attention!). If you want to ask people a question, you add -ne to the first word of the sentence. For example:
 * Es Anglicus = You are English (male)
 * Esne Anglicus? = Are you English? (male)
 * Es Japonica = You are Japanese (girl)
 * Esne Japonica? = Are you Japanese? (girl)
 * Sum Islandicus = I'm Icelandic (male)
 * Sumne Islandicus = Am I Icelandic? (male)

Asking what languages
Here we'll learn how to ask people what languages they speak. First let's overview a very limited conjugation of the verb "to speak". Now it would be advisable for you to learn by heart, as it'll prove immensely useful. Let's now learn a few things.
 * loquor = I speak
 * loqueris = you speak
 * loquitur = he/she/it speaks

Do you speak?
To learn how to ask what people know or speak you must first learn to "declare" that they know something. E.g.: Now you wonder; "how can I ask questions?". Did you just learn the enclitic (don't worry about knowing that word, you're never going to use it) -ne which makes sentences into questions? You just add it to the first word of the sentence!
 * Latine loquor. = I speak Latin.
 * Anglice loquitur. = He/she speaks English.
 * Islandice non loquor. = I don't speak Icelandic.
 * Japonice loqueris. = You speak Japanese.
 * Loquerisne? = Do you speak?
 * Loquerisne Latine? = Do you speak Latin?
 * Loquiturne Latine? = Does he/she speak Latin?

How would we say "don't you speak Latin"? Did you maybe think since we know how to say "do you speak Latin" and we know how say "no" (non) that it's: The way to say "don't" or "aren't" is the word nonne! (you might also see that it's made from non and -ne)
 * Linguamne Latinam non loqueris? ... Nope sorry that's wrong.
 * Nonne Linguam Latinam loqueris? = Don't you speak Latin?
 * Nonne Anglicus es? = Aren't you English? (referring to a man)
 * Nonne Lingua Latina est? = Isn't this Latin?
 * Notice that the word Latin is written as "Lingua Latina" but not as "Linguam Latinam". This is because nothing "affects" it.

Dialogue
Now let's look at some dialogue (in a freak turn of events the speakers are Caesar and Brutus)..

title: Latin/Spoken/Lesson 2


text:
Talk:Latin/Spoken/Lesson 2

Untitled
Please review this segment and feel free to add. =) I tried to make this chapter explain this fluently, but there are always slip-ups. ^_^ Oh and do add more nationalities, I don't remember that many. --BiT (talk) 10:38, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

I fixed up the section on 'loquor', which is intransitive in Latin and cannot take an accusative direct object. It might also be worth adding in an explanation on the use of 'scire' with languages. "Scisne Latine?" or something like that.

title: Talk:Latin/Spoken/Lesson 2


text:
Talk:Volcanoes/Basics of Volcanoes

VEI 9
I am curious if someone could research this category for me. I found it in a book called Volcanoes by Robert & Barbara Decker. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 12:50, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volcanoes/Basics of Volcanoes


text:
User talk:Dwils047

Welcome message
G'day, welcome to Wikibooks. Please note that you only need to sign your contributions to talk pages, not any other pages. And now, here's our standard welcome message:

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Webaware talk 13:10, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dwils047


text:
User:Laleena/Sandbox

THIS IS A TEST PAGE SOLELY FOR MY USE!!!! IF YOU WANT TO USE IT PLEASE ASK ME!!!!

Plate tectonics is the theory (nothing in science can be absolutely proven) that the Earth is constantly moving, usually only a few inches per century. Plate tectonics mainly deals with the crust of the earth, not the mantle or core. The theory of Pangaea is relative to this. The Pangaea theory in its standard form says that the continents as they are now have moved apart over millions of years to make the world the way it is today. Plate tectonics is what causes volcanoes and earthquakes. It can also help with ocean-floor building, etc. When these plates move apart too fast, an earthquake happens. Earthquakes can lead to volcanic eruptions.

title: User:Laleena/Sandbox


text:
User:Laleena/NPOV Violations

Hello. Hopefully you have come here to start with the effort to clear our. Well, the steps to this are:
 * 1) Read-perhaps the vios are catered to, say, a graduate scientist. Check.
 * 2) Re-edit-if your reading shows the concentration of NPOV, then GO FOR IT!!!! It is important that you, however, replace the NPOV with very good information that can be verified.
 * 3) Reform-even if you have cycled through reading, and perhaps re-editing, and are convinced that it is hopelessly NPOV, then nominate it for deletion. If you add it to this /List of NPOV Violations/, however, you can be saved the trouble of nominating it, because periodically I will post the contents of it up for deletion, and then there will be mass action.

title: User:Laleena/NPOV Violations


text: User talk:200.161.113.253

title: User talk:200.161.113.253


text: User talk:172.141.211.135

title: User talk:172.141.211.135


text:
Artificial Neural Networks/Print Version

= GNU Free Documentation License =


text: User talk:65.18.61.229

title: User talk:65.18.61.229


text: User talk:66.244.215.162

title: User talk:66.244.215.162


text:
Radiation Oncology/CNS/Cavernous malformation

Overview

 * A cavernous malformation is a vascular malformation composed of sinusoidal vessels without a large feeding artery.
 * The primary difference between a cavernous malformation and an AVM is the lower pressure gradient.
 * Represent 8-15% of intracranial malformations
 * 70-80% are supratentorial.
 * 0.25% to 6% annual risk of hemorrhage.

Stereotactic radiosurgery

 * Pittsburgh, 2002 (1987-2000) - PMID 12015835 -- "Long-term results after stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with cavernous malformations." Hasegawa T et al. Neurosurgery. 2002 Jun;50(6):1190-7.
 * Ho et al. (2012) Brainstem Cavernoma Treated with Cone-based Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Therapeut Radiol Oncol 2012; 19(3): 255-261 • Two cases with brainstem cavernoma treated with linear accelerator (LlNAC) cone-based stereotactic radiosurgery  • CASE 1: 14 Gy in two fractions, brain MRI showed the cavernoma over left pons remitted gradually  • CASE 2: 18 Gy in two fractions, 0.7 cm cavernoma at left ambient cistern of the 4th ventricle roof, follow-up brain MRI of the cavernoma demonstrated very good treatment response


text:
User:ScienceApologist (usurped)

I believe cooking is a form of chemistry. So does the creator of The Magic Schoolbus, aparently. That's where my user name comes from. I'm going to try to get more into Wikibooks with time.

title: User:ScienceApologist (usurped)


text:
User talk:207.157.190.2

Blocked
Play somewhere else - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 20:00, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Blocked again
You've been warned several times before. Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 18:55, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.157.190.2


text: User:Flrn

title: User:Flrn


text:
User:East718

Hi! I'm east718 on the English Wikipedia.

title: User:East718


text: User talk:199.185.2.81

title: User talk:199.185.2.81


text:
User talk:Hytham assad

Νεοπτόλεμος 00:44, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hytham assad


text:
User:AzaToth

I'm en:User:AzaToth

title: User:AzaToth


text:
Geometry/Volume

Volume
Volume is like area expanded out into 3 dimensions. Area deals with only 2 dimensions. For volume we have to consider another dimension. Area can be thought of as how much space some drawing takes up on a flat piece of paper. Volume can be thought of as how much space an object takes up.

Volume formulae
(The units of volume depend on the units of length - if the lengths are in meters, the volume will be in cubic meters, etc.)

Pappus' Theorem
The volume of any solid whose cross sectional areas are all the same is equal to that cross sectional area times the distance the centroid(the center of gravity in a physical object) would travel through the solid.

Cavalieri's Principle
If two solids are contained between two parallel planes and every plane parallel to these two plane has equal cross sections through these two solids, then their volumes are equal.

title: Geometry/Volume


text:
User talk:Gmonterubio~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 01:19, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gmonterubio. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gmonterubio~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:14, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gmonterubio~enwikibooks


text:
Trombone/Keys and Scales

Key of a Trombone
The traditional straight tenor trombone is written in the key of C,and it is in "Concert Pitch." This means that trombone, unlike many other wind instruments, will have the same notes and note names as a piano.

Many trombones have an "F key" or "F attachment" which adds piping to the trombone allowing it to play in the key of F. This is often used to improve the tuning of the instrument as it gets farther down the scale, or to make faster passages less difficult to play.

Bass Trombones often have two rotors valves which can have an F attachment or a Db attachment. sometimes these can be played at the same time to produce an even lower tone.

Scales
The trombone can play in any scale, however generally the easiest and most common are the first few flatted keys. Bb, Eb, Ab, Db. These are the keys most commonly played in beginning trombone music.

Scales are often learned in terms of slide position, for example, 2 octaves of the Bb scale would be: 1 6 4 3 1 4 2 1 3 1 3 1 #2 2 1. Gradually, as the player progresses, this should be developed into knowing the notes of the scale as well to encourage the understanding of what they are playing, not just how.

You may notice the notation "#2" in the scale numbers above, this indicates a "short second," the slide is moved slightly closer to the mouthpiece (a process which takes a great deal of practice and good ear) to produce a more in tune note than the "normal" position for the note. Such "short" positions are generally only used in the very upper reaches of a trombone's range. Flat positions are more commonly used for trombonists in the valve or F-attachment range like an E below the staff being in b2 position.

title: Trombone/Keys and Scales


text: User talk:80.168.172.141

title: User talk:80.168.172.141


text:
XForms/Form Generators

Motivation
You want to generate a user interface form directly from a model.

Method
Because XForms is a declarative XML file it can be generated by transforming a model of your data directly into a form. The most common way to store a model of hierarchical data is using an XML Schema. A server-side program will scan the XML Schema document and for each element found it will create the appropriate XForms elements.

Generated forms have the advantage over hand-crafted forms in that they can can be generated with the same set of transforms. If you change your form standards all the forms can be quickly be regenerated. Many of these advantage can be gained by pushing the formatting and layout functionality of a form into CSS style sheets. But there are also many aspects of a form that are not governed by a style sheet.

If you using a consistent naming convention in your forms you can also use this naming convention to decide what types of input controls to generate based on the information in the element name. For example simple names and amounts will map to input controls, boolean true/false values will map to inputs formatted as checkboxes, dates will use calendar selectors, text objects will use textarea controls and codes will use select or select1 controls.

Here is a sample of how ISO Data element Representation Terms map to XForms controls:

title: XForms/Form Generators


text:
XForms/NIEM to XForms

Motivation
You want to convert a constraint XML Schema that uses subsets generated by the US National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) directly into an XForm

title: XForms/NIEM to XForms


text:
User talk:Cybidude3

G'day, I see that nobody has given you the "welcome" treatment yet - so, here it is!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Now, you've uploaded a few images, but I suspect that they may be copyright. Please read our copyright policy, and determine whether your images really belong here. You can discuss this further on one of the reading room pages, or ask me directly on my talk page if you like. cheers, Webaware talk 14:21, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cybidude3


text:
User talk:Leningrad

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Leningrad. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Leningrad~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:22, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leningrad


text:
User talk:72.87.57.201

Mattb112885 (talk to me) 14:59, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Off topic pages
Please stop creating pages that are not textbook material - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 16:20, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:72.87.57.201


text: User talk:86.129.8.207

title: User talk:86.129.8.207


text: User talk:196.208.162.91

title: User talk:196.208.162.91


text:
MediaWiki:Filedelete-reason-dropdown

 * Licensing
 * Copyright violation unresolved for 7 days
 * Incomplete license information provided after 7 days
 * Unused GFDL-presumed media
 * Scope
 * Wikibooks is not a personal web host
 * Non-free use
 * No non-free use rationale provided after 7 days
 * Unused non-free use media
 * Replaceable non-free use media
 * Replacement
 * Duplicate of or superseded by
 * Now available at Wikimedia Commons

title: MediaWiki:Filedelete-reason-dropdown


text:
User talk:Benpage26

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 17:23, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Benpage26


text:
User talk:FM Hallman

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 17:23, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:FM Hallman


text: User talk:79.112.3.201

title: User talk:79.112.3.201


text:
User talk:CBMIBM~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called CBMIBM. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name CBMIBM~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:00, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:44, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:CBMIBM~enwikibooks


text:
User:AzaToth/monobook.css

/* * Skin name:         Milky * Author:                Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason * Reference:             http://en.wikipedia.org/style/monobook/main.css * To include in your CSS: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User:%C6var_Arnfj%F6r%F0_Bjarmason/monobook.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css */

/* remove the ugly, recently-reinstated link underlines
 * 1) BodyContent a { text-decoration: none; }
 * 2) BodyContent a:hover { text-decoration: none; }*/

a { text-decoration: none;} a:hover { text-decoration: none;}

/* make a few corners round, only supported by moz/firefox/other gecko browsers for now, i reduced this from 1em to 4px to make it very illnoticable */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 4px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 4px; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {

-moz-border-radius-topleft: 4px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 4px; }
 * 1) content, #footer {

div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 4px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 4px; }

/* Dotted borders on pre look ugly, replace with a solid one */ border: 1px solid #aaa; }
 * 1) bodyContent pre {

/* Kill that stupid M$-ish capitalist asshole person dancecommander usericonthingy */ li#pt-userpage { background: none }

/* Eliminate yellow colour everywhere in borders */ border-color: #aaa; } /* Make the footer not 100% wide, but as wide as the content box, and change it from the annoying yellow colour */ border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; border-left: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0.6em 0em 1em 155px; } /* Dont need this copyright notice on every page */
 * 1) p-cactions li.selected {
 * 1) footer {

/*li#f-copyright, li#f-lastmod,
 * 1) editpage-copywarn { display: none; }*/

.portlet li, #BodyContent li { /*list-style-image: url("/style/monobook/bullet.gif");*/ list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url("http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/6/69/AAAAAA_Bullet.png"); }

.portlet li:hover, #BodyContent li:hover { list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url("http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/4/44/000000_Bullet.png");

}

li.FA { list-style-image: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d4/Monobook-bullet-star.png") !important; } .portlet a {text-decoration: none; color: #666 !important;} .portlet a:hover {text-decoration: none; color: #000 !important;}

/* Make borders a little better */

border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #eee; } /* Mozilla.org-like input box focus */ background-color: #fff; }
 * 1) searchInput {
 * 1) p-search input:focus, #p-search input:hover {

border-top: 1px inset; border-left: 1px inset; border-right: 10px inset; }
 * 1) searchInput {

/* Nice borders for (almost) all boxes */ input[type="radio"], input[type="checkbox"] { border:none; } input[type="text"], input[type="submit"], textarea { border: 1px solid #aaa !important; } /* make round corners for the rest */ input[type="text"], input[type="submit"], textarea, pre, #toc { -moz-border-radius: 2px; } /* The 'Edit summary' box is way to crammed in the textarea box by default */ textarea { margin-bottom: 4px; }

input[type="submit"] {color: #aaa !important;} input[type="submit"]:hover, input[type="submit"]:focus {color: #000 !important;}
 * 1) p-cactions li a {color: #aaa;}
 * 2) p-cactions li a:hover {color: #000;}
 * 3) p-cactions li.selected a {color: #000 !important;}
 * 4) p-cactions li.new a {color: #ba0000 !important;}

/* Transform the user toolbar into a sidebox */ position:relative; z-index:3; width: 11.6em; }
 * 1) p-personal {

width: 10.8em; border: none; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0em; float: none; overflow: hidden; font-size: 95%; background: White; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 0.8em 0.3em .5em; }
 * 1) p-personal .pBody {

line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; font-size:95%; margin: 0.3em 0 0 1.5em; padding:0; text-align:left; text-transform: none; }
 * 1) p-personal ul {

display: list-item; padding:0; margin: 0 0 0 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em; }
 * 1) p-personal li {

display: inline; }
 * 1) p-personal h5 {

/*#footer {display:none;} .printfooter {display:none;}

/* - */

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title: User:AzaToth/monobook.css


text: User talk:Rroeb001

title: User talk:Rroeb001


text:
User talk:201.37.206.76

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:15, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:201.37.206.76


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Wikibooks:Language Learning Difficulty for English Speakers


text: User talk:24.150.15.31

title: User talk:24.150.15.31


text: User talk:209.6.251.54

title: User talk:209.6.251.54


text:
Cookbook talk:Stargazy Pie

No! This recipe is not authentic and won't even produce a palatable result! Stargazy Pie was called because the fish were baked standing upright on their tails - their (intact) heads thus pointing straight up, poking through the pastry layer. This was to prevent the oil inside the fish (usually pilchards but also herrings or mackerel are used) from leaching out into the pie. This recipes wants beheaded fish laid laterally and the heads arranged on top of the pastry. What would be the point of that - unless you thought fish heads make a good garnish? Secondly, a large handful of fresh parsley and a bay-leaf or two were always added (both of which commonly grow in garden plots in the area and invariably find their way into most savoury dishes) and thirdly, clotted cream - plentiful and no more expensive in the necessary quantity (about a spoonful) than egg and always preferred - is added through a little centre gap in the pastry AFTER the pie has cooked. THIS RECIPE here WILL NOT WORK! I'm not blaming the poster of it - a Cornish Women's Institure book should have a good recipe, right? Not from that date. No one made in the 60's - its been revived recently but regular authentic use didn't survive WWI. By then, it was just folklore and this recipe is someone's idea of it based upon a standard shortcrust pastry pie technique. I'll post mine. Directly.90.242.102.64 (talk) 02:52, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

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As I haven't bothered to try this, I can only imagine that the recipe doesn't taste paticulaly good - but one thing is certain and that is that the dish has absolutely nothing to do with the original version, where the entire boned fish is covered with pastry and the fish heads stick out looking upwards. LB --- is the picture location from wikipedia

title: Cookbook talk:Stargazy Pie


text:
Cookbook:Cornish Cuisine

| UK Cuisine

The cuisine of the far south-west peninsula of the United Kingdom was traditionally based upon both the constraints and abundance dictated by its geography and later by its industrial heritage. Abundant but rough seas, edged by precipitous coastline, provided both cheap protein for the locals and an export trade in salted fish when shoals swarmed close in but desperation when they failed; scattered fishing villages starved when unable to put to stormy seas in the relentless south-westerlies.

Tin-miners, originally working proud under their unique system of tribute, slowly lost political and monetary ground after the Enclosures Act and Industrial Revolution together put power solidly back into the hands of the wealthy - and largely absent -landowners. Importation of grain, whether from across the Tamar or shipped in, was ever needed due to the lack of suitable land for crop cultivation without the peaty moorlands, saltings and stream-tumbled valleys. What pasture could be found was thin and difficult: goats and sheep invariably provided what little meat the tinner, labourer or fisherman might see on a rare holiday. Farming was largely subsistence: wool was the usual product and comparatively few holdings outside of the landed estates were able to raise pigs or poultry beyond the family's own needs. Fortunately, the mild, wet climate meant that what crops and livestock (other than those exposed on the moors) that were raised - whether on the isolated farms or grown in the small gardens of the cob cottages - were rarely threatened by frosts. Both geography and climate continued to be the critical economic and social factor in the homogenisation of regional cultures precipitated by the advent of the railways, as Cornwall became the popular holiday destination it remains.

The end of the 20th century saw the last of tin-mining and the struggles of a remnant fishing industry at the same time as a new awareness and appreciation of local history and cultural heritage sought to preserve and celebrate what remained. As tourism thrives in new directions in the county, these forces together have been the major factor in the late 20th century renaissance in the production, distribution and appreciation of locally -grown and reared food. This led to a renewed interest in traditional cuisine and methods and this has in turn provided the tourist trade with a new and stimulating venture in attracting visitors keen to sample local flavours. Independent shops, farms and markets have also thrived from the demand for their produce and even the major supermarket branches have responded to pressure to reduce food miles and improve diversity by offering both staples and specialities that are locally sourced.

Savoury Dishes

 * Cornish Pasty
 * Stargazy Pie

Some Cornish savoury dishes not included in the list:
 * Hog's Pudding
 * Squab Pudding

Cakes and Sweets

 * Cornish Fairings

Some Cornish cakes and sweets not included in the list:
 * Cornish Cream Tea
 * Cornish Ice Cream
 * Figgy 'obbin
 * Heavy Cake
 * Saffron Bun

title: Cookbook:Cornish Cuisine


text: User talk:90.242.102.64

title: User talk:90.242.102.64


text: User talk:82.234.4.64

title: User talk:82.234.4.64