text:
Talk:Fujitsu Siemens Loox 720

Wikipedia edit history

 * 15:35, 2005 Jun 1 DJ Clayworth (remove advertising)
 * 15:33, 2005 Jun 1 DJ Clayworth (remove link to advertising page)
 * 14:30, 2005 Jun 1 Sururdavids (→Getting the most from your Loox)
 * 14:27, 2005 Jun 1 Sururdavids m (→Getting the most from your Loox)
 * 10:15, 2005 Jun 1 Sururdavids m
 * 10:13, 2005 Jun 1 217.205.229.146 (Added FSC link)
 * 22:58, 2005 May 31 Sururdavids (Added tutorial section)
 * 20:30, 2005 May 31 Sururdavids
 * 20:26, 2005 May 31 Sururdavids m (added bluetooth link)
 * 19:20, 2005 May 31 Sururdavids m (added xscale link)
 * 19:17, 2005 May 31 Sururdavids (Added external links)
 * 18:58, 2005 May 31 [[w:User:MrRay m (Added category link)
 * 18:57, 2005 May 31 Sururdavids m (Added link to usb peripherals list)
 * 18:54, 2005 May 31 Sururdavids m (Added future heading with news of upgrade)
 * 18:36, 2005 May 31 84.92.230.8
 * 18:34, 2005 May 31 84.92.230.8
 * 17:49, 2005 May 31 Sururdavids m (Spell check)
 * 17:47, 2005 May 31 Sururdavids

title: Talk:Fujitsu Siemens Loox 720


text:
Talk:Fujitsu Siemens Loox 720/Activating the VOIP Speaker

Wikipedia edit history

 * 18:02, 2005 Jun 1 Zzyzx11 (rv edit by Sururdavids)
 * 17:09, 2005 Jun 1 Sururdavids
 * 15:36, 2005 Jun 1 DJ Clayworth (vfd)
 * 10:58, 2005 Jun 1 Sururdavids (Added article)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Fujitsu Siemens Loox 720/Activating the VOIP Speaker

Like most pocketpc's with WIFI, the Loox 720 can use VOIP services such as Skype. In fact the Loox is specifically designed to exploit this exciting new development by the inclusion of two speakers, one large for music and alarms, and one small, placed on the top of the unit close to your ear if you held the device to your face. Unfortunately the Loox 720 did not expose the controls to this small speaker. This led to a very poor performance with VOIP applications unless a headset was used. This problem has now been rectified with the use of an application called OzLooxSpeaker by Oz, which allows the selective deactivation of the main speaker, allowing the exclusive use of the small top earphone for use mainly with VOIP software, but also for any other reason you would rather hold your Loox up to your head.

Its available for download on the Firstloox.org website here.


text:
Fujitsu Siemens Loox 720

On 1 September 2004 Fujitsu Siemens released the Pocket Loox 720. One of the new generation of VGA PocketPCs, it ran Windows Mobile 2003 SE and featured:

Specifications

 * VGA screen (480x640) 3.6 inches
 * 128MB RAM / 64MB Flash ROM
 * 520 MHz Intel XScale processor
 * WiFi 802.11b
 * Bluetooth 1.2
 * Compact Flash (CF) and Secure Digital(SDIO compatible) slots
 * 1.3 MegaPixel camera with LED flash
 * USB Host which worked with a number of USB peripherals
 * Jog Dial
 * Audio in via the headphone socket
 * Audio out via the sync and charge connector
 * VoIP (Voice over IP) speaker
 * Consumer Infra-Red IR transmitter
 * Dimensions (mm) 122 x 72 x 15.2

Related Models
The Pocket Loox 720 was released alongside the mid-range Pocket Loox 710, which contains most of the advanced features of the 720 but with slightly lower specifications.

In January 2005 the Pocket Loox 718, the 3rd member of the 7xx series, was released. Apart from the lack of a built-in camera, it is identical to the Pocket Loox 720.

Community
An active community grew around this device, mainly in the forums of FirstLoox.org where multiple further discoveries and enhancements of the device's capabilities took place e.g. discovery of Audio out via the cradle, Audio in via the headphone socket, and independent activation of the VoIP speaker.

Getting the most from your Loox
In most cases getting the best from your device will require installed additional software, which is usually downloadable from the Internet. To install this software you will usually need to double-click on the downloaded file on your desktop computer while your handheld device is in the cradle. If your downloaded file however ends in .cab you will need to copy this file to your handheld device (most simply by placing it in your "Synchronised Files" folder) and click on it on your PocketPC using Explorer.

 * Main uses:
 * /Organizing your life/ (PIM)
 * /Using at work/
 * /Internet Access/
 * Entertainment
 * /Using as a music player/
 * /Using as a video player/
 * /Using for playing games/
 * /Using to read E-Books/
 * Maintenance
 * /Maintaining the memory/
 * /Maintaining the battery/
 * /Maintaining the screen/
 * How to exploit unique Loox features
 * /Activating the VOIP Speaker/
 * /How to use the Audio In via Headphone socket/
 * /How to use the Audio Out via the Sync connector/

title: Fujitsu Siemens Loox 720


text:
Fujitsu Siemens Loox 720/How to use the Audio In via Headphone socket

The Loox 720 comes equipped with an adequate built-in microphone at the base of the unit. The range and quality is however limited. If you wish to use the Loox 720 to record a lecture or interview, you may want to use an external microphone. This is possible through the inclusion of Audio-In via the headphone jack. It requires a 4-conductor jack audio jack with mic input currently know to be available at PC-Mobile to use with your choice of 3.5mm microphone.


text:
Cookbook:Peanut Brittle

| Confections

Peanut brittle is a sugar based hard candy, with peanuts embedded in it.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup granulated white sugar
 * ½ cup light corn syrup
 * ¼ teaspoon salt (omit if using salted peanuts)
 * ¼ cup water
 * 1 cup shelled peanuts—raw, preferably blanched (skinless)
 * 2 tablespoons butter, softened
 * 1 teaspoon vanilla extract (optional)
 * 1 teaspoon baking soda (optional, see notes, below).

Procedure

 * 1) Grease a 9 x 12-inch cookie sheet. Set aside until needed.
 * 2) Over medium heat, in a heavy 2-quart saucepan, bring the sugar, corn syrup, salt, and water to a boil.
 * 3) Attach a candy thermometer to the saucepan with the tip in the mixture.
 * 4) Continue heating, stirring occasionally, until the mixture reaches 250°F (120°C).
 * 5) Add raw peanuts to the mixture. Continue heating and stirring gently until temperature reaches 300°F (150°C).
 * 6) If you are using roasted peanuts (not recommended), stir these into the mixture now.
 * 7) Remove from heat. Add butter and vanilla extract. Stir in quickly.
 * 8) Add baking soda and stir very quickly. The volume of the mixture will double as bubbles form throughout. Be sure the soda is evenly mixed in and does not collect in one spot.
 * 9) Pour mixture onto cookie sheet.
 * 10) Using a fork or wooden spoon, spread the mixture evenly across the entire surface of the prepared cookie sheet.
 * 11) Allow to cool to room temperature.
 * 12) Break peanut brittle into bite-sized pieces.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The use of a candy thermometer will ensure consistency between your batches of candy. Alternatively, 250°F can be determined by dropping a small amount of the hot mixture from a spoon or fork. When a string (filament) forms and curls back up toward the fork, the mixture is 250°F. The mixture has reached 300°F. when a small drop of the mixture forms an amber blob in cold water.
 * Baking soda adds an "easier bite" to the peanut brittle, causing it to break when less force is applied. It also causes the sugar base around the peanuts to be opaque. It does this by "foaming up" and introducing small bubbles in the sugar syrup. If you desire a clearer almost transparent sugar base around the peanuts and a "harder bite", reduce or omit the baking soda.
 * If you use roasted peanuts instead of raw, be careful not heat the mixture above 300°F. or the peanuts may taste burned. Roasted peanuts can also be added at the end of cooking to prevent burning.
 * If you use salted peanuts, omit the salt in the recipe.
 * See also Microwave Peanut Brittle

Warnings

 * Be very careful while working with boiling sugar mixtures, as they can cause severe burns.

title: Cookbook:Peanut Brittle


text:
User:Pseydtonne

I'm technically male and I live near Boston. I like tech writing, building Unix-based boxes out of computer parts I find in the garbage, and...

...okay, I'll admit it. I really like "Wichita Lineman" by Glen Campbell. I was a punk in high school, I did college radio for years, eccentric taste blah blah. Still, that song gets me. Why? Dunno.

title: User:Pseydtonne


text:
User:Grenavitar

 User pages: Meta-Wiki — English Wikipedia — Wiki Books — Wikimedia Commons

Goal, create books or force others to.
 * French-1.5
 * Arabic-0.5
 * Urdu-0

Created

 * Templates from Wikipedia to deal with Arab fonts

 * Template:Arabiyyah
 * Template:Semxlit
 * Template:Unicode

 * My attempt to mimic in browser play from Wikipedia

 * Template:Sample box start
 * Template:Sample box end
 * Template:Multi-listen start
 * Template:Multi-listen item
 * Template:Multi-listen end

title: User:Grenavitar


text:
User:J. 'mach' wust/monobook.css

/* use browser prefs for text size and font */ body, #globalWrapper { font: inherit !important; }

title: User:J. 'mach' wust/monobook.css


text:
User talk:Triddle~enwikibooks

Hi,

And thanks, I didn't know about the signature thing! Also, I appreciate the effort you are putting into "wikifying" the article. I'll see if today I'll find some time to make proper figures out of the ASCII art.

Name of Feather 11:01, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks,

For your vote for Raising Chickens Klingoncowboy4 21:16, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

I am the primary contributer to Raising Chickens however their been contributions from other users. Anything you can contirbute would be useful. Klingoncowboy4 05:00, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Bong tutorial
Hi. In case you were wondering, I assimilated the bong tutorial, along with many others, into DIY because it probably wouldn't have survived upcoming policy changes. Unfortunately, it's future is still uncertain. —Snargle 22:32, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Triddle. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Triddle~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:48, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:36, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Triddle~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Iran

Iranian Recipes

 * Gheymeh
 * Ghormeh Sabzi
 * Havij Polo
 * Karafs
 * Khorak Morgh
 * Khoresht Bamiye
 * Khoresht Sabzi
 * Khoresht Bademjan
 * Khoresht Alu
 * Khoresht Kadu
 * Salad Shirazi
 * Zereshk Polo
 * kashke bademjan
 * kachi
 * abgosht
 * ashe sholeghalam kar
 * mirzaghasemi
 * kale pache
 * sirab shirdon
 * morasa polo
 * lubia polo
 * ash reshte
 * khoresht fesenjoon
 * dampokhtak
 * sabzi polo mahi
 * Kabab Barg
 * Kabab Kobide
 * Kabab Soltani
 * Kebab
 * Baghalaghatogh
 * Ghavoot
 * Sharbat bil Loz
 * Zereshk Palau

fa:کتاب آشپزی/آشپزی ایرانی 料理本/イラン料理

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Iran


text:
Puzzles/Physics puzzles/Flying around the World

Puzzles | Physics puzzles | Flying around the World

You intend to fly around the world starting from an island with any amount of identical planes and an indefinite supply of fuel. Each of the planes can go exactly half around the world with one supply of fuel. Planes flying next to each other can exchange any amount of fuel which takes no time. Also turning around and refueling takes no time for a plane.

Given that you cannot land any plane anywhere but on the island and no plane is to be crashed, what is the minimum amount of planes that you need to take one of them around the world?

solution


text:
Puzzles/Physics puzzles/Flying around the World/Solution

The minimum is three. Two planes obviously do not suffice. A sequence for three planes is:

Start three planes from the island. After going 1/8 around one plane refuels the two others with 1/4 of its tank, leaving it with 1/4 of the tank which is precisely enough to take that plane home. The other planes have a full tank again. Reaching 1/4 around one of the planes transfers 1/4 tank of fuel to the other one, leaving it with 1/2 tank again taking it precisely home. The remaining plane is the circling one and is full at 1/4 and can go to 3/4 with that fuel. The first returning plane refuels and start off the other way meeting the circling plane at its 3/4 position, where the circling plane is empty and the meeting one is half empty. Sharing their fuel they have both 1/4 tank left which can take them to the 7/8 position. The remaining plane has arrived there in the meanwhile with 3/4 tank giving 1/4 to the other now empty planes. All three planes have now 1/4 and can return home.

What a trip!

Two planes (A and B suppose). Both planes will fly together, one plane (A) will transfer the half of its fuel to other(B) at 1/4 the distance and come back, the second (B) will complete the trip up to 3/4 then first(A) plane should start flying other way round and at 1/4 transfer any amount of fuel between 1/4 to 1/2 of the full tank to B and both planes will land at island safely.

The error in the above thinking is that the first transfer amounts to a 1/4 tank, which allows plane B only to reach the 1/2 + 1/8 position which is not the 3/4 position as claimed. Recall here that a full tank with amount A (being a fraction between 0 and 1) will last for a fraction of A/2 of the trip distance. -sboehringer

Regarding solution 2:

Plane A cannot transfer any fuel to Plane B at 1/4 the distance, because that will leave it with less than half a tank, and it will not be able to return to the island. This problem is similar to the jeep problem, except that you can refuel from the other direction, and it can be shown that 2 planes will not suffice. (Plane A delivers 1/3 of a fuel tank to plane B after exhausting 1/3 of its fuel tank and returns to the island empty. Plane B is then able to fly for 4/3 of a tank, which only takes it to the 2/3 mark, while plane A can only perform the same refueling in the other direction for 1/3 of its tank, which is 1/6 of the flight, leaving a 1/6 gap.

The first solution is correct.

Solution 3. Split the whole circumference in to 12 units. Each plane has a full tank capacity to reach 6 units. Start two planes A and B travel 2 units, transfer the 2 unit fuel to plane A and use the remaining 2 units to come back. now plane A would be able to travel 8 units. using Plane B and C start the other direction at 2 unit distance transfer 2 unit fuel to plane C and plane B returns back home for refueling. plane B travels two more unit transfers the 2 units to plane A and now plan A and C would travel together to come back to two units short of destination. Now plane B can travel two units refuel A and C with one unit each. So plane A and C can now come one unit closer. then do a refueling from Plane B

Regarding solution 3:

The solution is incorrect. When A and C are 1 unit away from home with empty tanks, B is at the same location with them with 1 unit of fuel left. There is no extra time for B to fly home and come back to refuel A and C.


text:
Puzzles/Statistical puzzles/Summing n

Puzzles | Statistical puzzles | Summing n

Given a target sum $$n$$, you can choose $$k$$ summands each of which is a number, $$n_i \in \{0, 1, ...\}, i = 1, ..., k$$, such that $$\sum_{i=1}^{k}{n_i} = n$$. How many ways are there of doing this?

Here the notion of a sum is same as that of a permutation, so two sums are same $$iff$$ they contain the same summands in the same order. E.g. $$2+3+1$$ and $$1+3+2$$ are not the same.

While you are at it, whats the answer, if $$n_i \in \{1, 2, ...\}$$?

solution

title: Puzzles/Statistical puzzles/Summing n


text:
Puzzles/Statistical puzzles/Summing n/Solution

The solution is easily found if the problem is restated graphically. Consider n=3, k=2. Possible sums are 3 = 0+3, 3 = 1 + 2. A graphical representation could be:

||ooo |o|oo

, respectively, with the bars representing separations between the summands and 'o's representing the value of the summands. Then obviously the problems is equivalent to finding the number of ways to distribute $$k - 1$$ bars among $$n + k - 1$$ slots, since we need only $$k - 1$$ bars to partition the space into $$k$$ summands. Therefore the solution is $$ N = {n+k-1 \choose k-1} $$, if $$N$$ denotes the number of unique sums.

For the next part, set aside $$k$$ 'o's since each partition has to have at least $$1$$ 'o'. Now the problem reduces to the previous one with a reduced value of $$n$$ i.e. $$n-k$$. So the solution is

$$ N = {n-k+k-1 \choose k-1} = {n-1 \choose k-1} $$,

if $$N$$ denotes the number of unique sums.


text: Demystifying Depression/References

title: Demystifying Depression/References


text:
Written Chinese/Numbers

Introduction
The Chinese counting system is fairly easy and straightforward. There are not as many number words as in English (where the numbers zero up to twenty require twenty-one different words, plus more words for the tens, e.g. 'forty'). The Chinese characters for numbers are used much like the Arabic numerals (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9). There are a few more characters to say ten, hundred, thousand, and so forth.

Note that most of the number characters have another more complicated form representing exactly the same meaning. This form is used when we do not want the numbers to be altered after being written, like on bank checks. This will be explained in later parts of this lesson. However, the simpler form (小寫) and complicated form (大寫) do not correspond to Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese.

Basic Numbers
The 小寫 are common daily use, as they are easier to write. In fact, it will be rare to see the 大寫 numbers in normal lives. So, for the time being, you can ignore the 大寫 numbers unless you need it for the uses described later. The only exceptional case is 0 (zero). The character 零 is considered for normal use along with the other numbers, so do remember this - it will be weird to use 〇 in normal circumstances unless speed is needed, though everybody will still understand it.

Looking at the 小寫 numbers, 0 through 3 is fairly straightforward. In fact 0 does not change at all in Chinese characters, except that it seems more circular if you look at it more closely. The characters for numbers 1, 2, and 3 have one, two and three strokes. The other numbers are not as simple, but each has only a few strokes, so although the only way to learn them is by memorizing, you should not encounter much difficulty. As for the 大寫 numbers, it is not necessary to learn them actually when you only want to achieve basic communication with other Chinese people. However, read the following uses of the 大寫 numbers. If you find yourself in any these case(s), do learn them for your own use.

Tens, Hundreds, etc
The following table lists out the corresponding Chinese characters for tens, hundreds, etc. The way to express them will be explained afterwards. As a note, 万 and 亿 are not acceptable variants. That is, the correct variants for both 小寫 and 大寫 are 萬 and 億.

Basics
When we express a number to represent a value, or for counting (that is, cardinal numbers) we just use the number directly, for example, "three cups of tea" written in Chinese is "三(three)杯(cups)茶(tea)". Note that the word "of" is understood.

More digits
Consider this number: 42359

In Chinese: 四萬二千三百五十九

Analysing the Chinese number, we can get 4(四) "10,000s"(萬) + 2(二) "1,000s"(千) + 3(三) "100s"(百) + 5(五) "10s"(十) + 9(九).

So, in this example we can see that the Chinese numbers are expressed from the largest digit to the smallest, in a quite straight-forward translation. We write the number of a digit (42359 四), and then add the corresponding digit indicators (42359 四萬) and do the rest in this form. So we can express the numbers gradually as we analyse each digit in the Arabic number: 4-2-3-5-9 四萬-二千-三百-五十-九.

Larger numbers
Up to "10,000s" (萬), there are corresponding Chinese characters for each digit. However, as the number gets larger, the digits are not that much available. Look at the following case to solve this problem.

Arabic Number:430,000

In English you have only tens, hundreds, and thousands - what about the "ten thousands" and "hundred thousands"? You express it just as if you're counting the "thousands", that is, you count that there are "four hundred and thirty" thousands. So that's how you write it.

In Chinese we do the same: we have the most "10,000s" (萬) available in this case. So, we count the 10,000s, which gives us 43 "10,000s". So we write 四十三萬 to express these larger numbers.

Place holders
Consider this number: 4,560,082

To express this in Chinese we first write the "10,000s" we see, that is, 四百五十六萬. Now we see nil digits. To express this we simply replace all the zeros with "零", and continue expressing the number: 四百五十六萬零八十二.

For multiple place holders required, we use one "零" for each place holder, while for consecutive place holders only one "零" is required.

Consider this number: 50,237,005

Applying the above rules we can express it as 五千零二十三萬七千零五.

In addition to the above rules, there is one left: when expressing 10~19, we write 十,十一...十九 - we don't say 一十,一十一,一十九 alone. However in other numbers like 110~119, we have to add a 一 in front of the 十, that is, 一百一十,一百一十一...一百一十九. This only affects 10s to simplify the form in daily uses.

The use of 大寫 numbers
The convenience of using the simplier 小寫 numbers can be clearly seen, but the drawback of these numbers also comes from its simplicity. Imagine you're writing a cheque, and the payable amount is supposed to be 三十萬 (300,000). However, just by adding three strokes, others can easily change it to 五千萬 (50,000,000)! This might be an extreme case, but you can see its drawbacks. The simplicity such as 一(1), 二(2), 三(3),etc, could cause much problems.

For this reason, the 大寫 numbers should be used whenever you don't want the numbers to be modified. In the above example, if you have written 叁拾萬 instead, nobody could have changed your writings simply because of the complexity of the characters.

title: Written Chinese/Numbers


text:
Talk:Written Chinese

The author (CrossTimer) will hold responsibility for his updates of this document; and the update timelines will be posted here. Generally, CrossTimer will be writing the whole Written Chinese tutorial, however not regularly (i.e, don't expect a new lesson per week/month, etc) as some articles need longer time.

Suspension in June
I have other works to do in June from now on thus will stop updating the article for the time being. Others please feel free to continue writing this book.

back now
I am pleased to announce that I am back now, periodic updates will be seen here.

Crosstimer 16:40, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I have some doubts about this Wikibook... I can imagine a Wikibook on Mandarin or on Cantonese, but on written Chinese in general? What do we aim for in our student exactly — that he/she can read a text in Chinese without thinking about Chinese words and Chinese pronunciation?
 * When a Chinese speaker reads, the process is exactly the same as when an English speaker reads, it is based on pattern recognition linked to spoken language. When I read Chinese, each of the characters seem to form a "sound" for me in my head, telling me what it is, almost as if one part of my brain (the visual pattern recognition area, probably) is interpreting the shapes into spoken language and then reading it out loud to another part of my brain (probably Broca's area). Any reading done in any written language, English, Chinese, whatever, works like this. I don't see how this can be done (in any language) by bypassing the process altogether. -- Ran 23:03, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I am not trying to bypass it, as I will include the pronunciation of Cantonese and Putonghua after the text - and include reference where the learners can learn the pronunciation of those words (to their corresponding Wikibooks of course). I am trying to bypass the dialect barrier in China and create a Wikibook about the general Chinese such that it fits for most of the dialects. For pronunciation, it is supposed to be universe - just use the own dialect's pronunciation at the users' wishes. Crosstimer 09:26, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If that's the case, then what's the difference between this wikibook and the Mandarin wikibook or the Cantonese wikibook? Which learner, for example, would use this book rather than the Mandarin or Cantonese one? -- Ran 17:49, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Stroke Order
May I suggest to the people working on this that one of the very first chapters should deal with the idea of stroke order. Without understanding this it is very difficult for a person familiar only with the Latin alphabet to grasp how a Chinese character is drawn. Perhaps the articles could include progressive diagrams where each adds one stroke to the previous diagram until the character is finished. Eclecticology 18:15, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That would be the job of CJK, which covers stroke shapes and stroke order. -- Ran 23:03, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Division of Dialects
I noticed on the page the statement "[Chinese] can be mainly divided into Mandarin and Cantonese...". While Mandarin and Cantonese are arguably the two Chinese dialects that are most prominently spoken (because of various diaspora populations, number of native speakers, etc.), I think the statement is misleading.

For example, Shanghainese (Wu) is considered to be a separate dialect from Mandarin or Cantonese, and some sources indicate that the number of speakers of the Wu dialect is considered to be more than that of the Yue (Cantonese) dialect. Therefore Wu should be counted as one of the major dialect groups in China also.

There are others (such as Min and Gan) Chinese dialect groups. In short, saying that Chinese can be mainly divided into only two dialect groups is an oversimplification, in my opinion.

title: Talk:Written Chinese


text:
Volapük

'An Introduction to Volapük'

This is an introduction to the constructed language Volapük, which was quite popular for a period at the end of the 19th century, and is still in active use by a small number of people today.

Background
Volapük was originally the creation of a German priest, Johann Martin Schleyer (1831–1912), and was published in 1879. It met with immediate success, with Volapük supporters' clubs being formed throughout Europe and the United States, and even as far away as Brazil and China. In its heyday, about 1889, there were dozens of Volapük periodicals, and hundreds of different books had been published in and on the language.

There is much debate about the cause of Volapük's speedy decline. Some put it down to the clamour for reforms to the language, others point to the author Schleyer's proprietorial attitude to his creation, and still others point to the fact of Esperanto being easier to learn. There was a revival of Volapük in the 1930s, principally in the Netherlands, led by Arie de Jong (1865–1957), who also revised the language slightly into the form which is normally used today.

His revised form of Volapük is the one which is described here, but section III below describes where the classical form of the language differs from the modern one.

Pronunciation and orthography
Volapük uses the Roman alphabet, except for the letters Q and W, which are not used, and with the addition of Ä, Ö, and Ü. Rules for capitalisation are much the same as in English. The "names" of the letters are themselves plus e for the consonants and just themselves for the vowels, giving a, ä, be, ce, de, e, fe etc.

 * a – as a in 'father' or 'nap'.
 * ä – as ea in 'head' or 'bear'.
 * c – as ch in 'church'.
 * e – as e in 'obey'.
 * g – always as g in 'get'.
 * h – as h in 'house'.
 * i – as i in 'ski' or 'fit'.
 * j – as sh in 'shoe'.
 * o – as o in 'for' or 'no'.
 * ö – as u in 'fur' or more properly as eu in French 'fleur'.
 * u – as oo in 'fool'.
 * ü – as ue in French 'rue' or ü in German 'Büro'.
 * z – as ts in 'bats'.

The other letters have their usual values in English. Where a letter only has an unvoiced version, e.g. c, j, s, z, some voicing is permitted.

Stress is always on the last syllable, except when that syllable is the hyphened suffix -li or -la, in which case the stress falls on the syllable preceding.

Articles
There is no article for Volapük words. Thus pod can mean apple, an apple or the apple according to the context.

There is an article el which is used with proper nouns which have not been assimilated and other words which for one reason or another are not declinable. This article is declinable in the same way as nouns (see below). For example:

 * Kanobs logön eli Sputnik me daleskop. We can see the sputnik with a telescope.
 * El Paris binon cifazif Fransäna. Paris is the capital of France.

Here the -i on the end of el signifies the accusative (direct object) case.

Affixes can also be added on to el, e.g. you can use jiel if you want to indicate that the proper name refers to a female (male: hiel), elep for a plant etc.:

 * Elaf Felis Catus lödon valöpo. The (animal) Felis catus lives everywhere.

Nouns
Nouns in Volapük have four main cases. These are the nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases. The nominative case has no ending and is used for the subject of a sentence or with a preposition, e.g.

 * Vom binof in dom. The woman is in the house.

Here, both vom and dom have no ending as they are in the nominative.

The accusative ending is -i added on the end of the noun. The accusative in Volapük is not shown by word order as in English. Thus:

 * Man beitom dogi AND Dogi beitom man both mean the man bites the dog.

In some languages, the accusative form of the noun is sometimes used to signify motion after some prepositions. This is not the case in Volapük.

 * Dog bunon sui tapäd. The dog jumps onto the carpet.
 * Dog bunon sua tapäd. The dog jumps off the carpet

Here we see that Volapük can form prepositions of motion to and motion from by adding the suffixes -i and -a respectively to prepositions.

The prepositions of motion can also be used with adverbs as in Esperanto, but the accusative ending is added on before the adverb ending in Volapük:

 * Vom golof domio. The woman is going homewards.

(From home would be domao, and at home would be domo).

The genitive case ending is -a:

 * Gramat Volapüka. The grammar of Volapük.
 * Jul hipula. The boy's school.

The dative case ending is -e:

 * Givob buki tidane. I give the book to the teacher (or I give the teacher the book).

The plural ending is -s which is added on after any case ending:

 * Flens binons gebovik.  Friends are useful.
 * No labom flenis mödik. He does not have many friends.
 * Selidöp flenas.        The shop of the friends.
 * Egivom oni flenes okik. He has given it to his friends.

The fifth case is the vocative, which just means you have to use the word o if using a noun as a form of address:

 * O flens, o Romans, o kelänans! Friends, Romans, countrymen!

Pronouns
Pronouns are one of the few groups of words in Volapük which are mostly a priori, i.e. not borrowed from existing languages even in a mutilated form.

The main pronouns are:

 * ob - I
 * ol - you (singular)
 * om - he
 * of - she
 * on - it or he/she
 * oy - one
 * os - impersonal (null subject), e.g. reinos - it is raining.
 * obs - we
 * ols - you (plural)
 * oms, ofs, ons - they (masc., fem., common/neuter)

These pronouns are also added on the end of verbs:

 * Golob.    I go.
 * Golom.    He goes.
 * Man golom. The man goes.

Pronouns are declined just like nouns.

Other pronouns are ok, the reflexive pronoun:

 * Flapom omi. He hits him (i.e. somebody else).
 * Flapom oki. He hits himself.

and od the reciprocative pronoun:

 * Löfons odis. They love each other.

As opposed to:
 * Löfons okis. They love themselves.

The polite forms of ol and ols are or and ors, but these are hardly ever used except poetically. Part of Arie de Jong's official modern grammar, but never used are og (you or me) and ogs (you and me/you and us).

Some other pronouns are: at (this), et (that), it (itself), ot (the same thing), ut (whoever), kel (who/which: relative, not question), kin (who?), kis (what?), ek (somebody), nek (nobody), bos (something), nos (nothing).

Verbs
The verb in revised Volapük has 1683 possible conjugations, including many that are extremely rare. It is important to observe that these forms are derived simply and regularly, so there is no great difficulty involved. There are four tenses which are commonly used: the present, which is the form used in most of the examples so far, the future, which involves adding the prefix o-, the imperfect with prefix ä-, and the perfect, which has e-. The suffix used is the pronoun involved, or if a noun is the subject, whichever pronoun would be appropriate for that noun.

Fidol.         You are eating. Man fidom.     The man is eating. Vom fidof.     The woman is eating. Cil fidon.     The child is eating. Studans fidons. The students are eating. Ofidol.        You are going to eat. Äfidol.        You were eating. Efidol.        You have eaten.

The prefix for the present tense is a-, but this is only used in certain circumstances. One of these is if used with a word other than a verb, because in Volapük, not only verbs can have tenses:

Delo. By day. Adelo. Today. Odelo. Tomorrow. Ädelo. Yesterday.

The other circumstance is in the passive voice:

Pafidol. You are being eaten. Pofidol. You are going to be eaten, etc.

which uses the prefix p- before the tense prefix.

There are four other tenses which are much less common: the future perfect (prefix u-), the pluperfect (prefix i-), the future in the past (ö-), and the future in the past perfect (ü-):

Ufidobs. We will have eaten. Ifidobs. We had eaten. Üfidobs. We were going to eat. Öfidobs. We were going to have eaten.

Questions are constructed by adding the particle -li after the verb:

Nolol vegi.    You know the way. Nolol-li vegi? Do you know the way?

There are four other moods in Volapük: the conditional which uses the ending öv, the optative (polite imperative) ending in ös, the imperative ending in öd, and the subjunctive which uses the particle -la.

The subjunctive is only used where something ridiculous or unimaginably unlikely is referred to.

 * Ekömoböv, if ilaboböv moni. I would have come if I had had the money.
 * Seilolös! Please be quiet.
 * Seilolöd! Be quiet!
 * Golobsös! Let's go!
 * Ogivob-la dolaris lul? Cogol, no-li? Me, give you five dollars? You're joking, aren't you?

Notice how the pronoun is still inserted in the optative and imperative.

The infinitive form of the verb ends in ön. Where the infinitive form actually means in order to, we add the word ad:

 * Fidobs ad lifön. We eat to live.

Participles end in öl. Participles behave as adjectives (see below).

 * Ovisitob oli ün vig okömöl. I shall visit you in the coming week.
 * Ägolölo ve süt, älogob fleni bäldik oba. While (I was) going along the street, I saw an old friend of mine.

Whether a verb is naturally transitive or intransitive varies from one word to the next. Transitive verbs can be made intransitive by inserting the affix ik, and intransitive verbs made transitive by the use of the affix ük:

Seadom su stul.        He is sitting on the chair. Seadükom cili sui stul. He seats the child on the chair.

Eperom moni okik.      He has lost his money. Mon omik eperikon.     His money has got lost.

(In the above examples, oka and oma are acceptable alternatives for the possessive adjectives okik and omik respectively).

The affix ik can be used with intransitive verbs, and ük with verbs that are normally transitive. In these cases, they provide a kind of medial voice or causative voice respectively.

 * Äseadikom sui stul. He sat down on the chair.
 * Man päperükom moni oki fa briet. The man was caused to lose his money by drunkenness.

Adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives in Volapük end in -ik. The normal position for adjectives is after the noun they qualify and if placed there, and there is no ambiguity, they  do not  need to agree with their noun in case or number. However, if placed before the noun they qualify, or there is ambiguity, they must agree.

The comparative and superlative of adjectives is formed by adding um or ün respectively after the ik and before any case or number agreement. The prepositions used with the comparative and superlative degrees are ka and se respectively.

Flens gudik.              Good friends. Flens gudikum ka ons.     Better friends than they. Flens gudikün se valikans. Best friends of all.

Adverbs end in o, and can be formed from adjectives or nouns:

Delo.  By day. Deliko. On a daily basis.

When they modify other adverbs, they always go in front, but when they modify adjectives and verbs, they can go on either side, though there is a convention to put them in front of adjectives.

There are also a number of common adverbs which are roots in themselves and do not end in o: ai (always), ba (perhaps), i (also), is (here), nu (now), plu (more), te (only), ti (almost), us (there), ya (indeed), ye (however), kö (where: relative), kü (when: relative), lio (how: question), vio (how: relative).

(The questions where and when are kiöpo? and kiüpo? respectively. These are formed from ki- then the affix of place or time respectively (öp or üp), then the adverb ending.

Numerals
The numerals are:

 * balion = million (10^6).

 * telion = billion (European)/trillion (US) (10^12).
 * kilion = trillion (European)/quintillion (US) (10^18) etc.

The key words used in forming decimal fractions are:

0,1     = dim 0,01    = zim 0,001   = mim 0,0001  = dimmim 0,00001 = zimmim 0,000001 = balyim

The fractional part should be read as if an integer number, followed by the decimal fraction word to give the order of magnitude. Thus

 * 0,345 = kiltumfoldeglul mim
 * 0,123456 = tumteldegkilmil foltumluldegmäl balyim

For smaller magnitudes telyim (10^-12), kilyim (10^-18) etc. are formed in the same way as their high magnitude counterparts telion, kilion etc.

(You probably noticed most of the numerals are  apriori ).

Numerals are placed after their nouns:

 * Dolars teltumluldeg. $250.

Ordinal numerals are formed by the suffix -id; Fractional numerals are formed by the suffix -dil; Repetition or multiplication is expressed by the suffix -na, e.g.:

Binos düp velid soara.           It is 7 o'clock in the evening. Foldils kil binons veldeglul zim. 3/4 is 0,75. Ibinos visit folnaik ofa us.     It had been her fourth visit there. Folna fol binos degmäl.          4 x 4 = 16.

Other parts of speech
The other parts of speech are prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.

These can exist as roots in themselves, with no particular ending as in the following examples.

 * Prepositions : bü (before: time), dis (under), fo (before: place), ko (together with), ma (according to), nen (without), po (behind), su (on), sus (above), ta (against), vü (between).

 * Conjunctions : ab (but), bi (because), das (that), dat (so that), do (though), du (while), e (and), klu (therefore), u (or).

 * Interjections : ag! (ah!), he! (hey!), o! (oh!), sö! (psst!).

Alternatively, they can be formed from other roots by adding the endings -ü for prepositions, -ä for conjunctions, and -ö for interjections:

Nil.  Proximity. Nilü. Near. Kod.  Cause. Kodä. Why. (relative; question is Kikodo?) Seil. Silence. Seilö! Silence!

Word formation, prefixes and suffixes
Formation of compound words takes place in Volapük in a similar way to English, German, Esperanto, Hungarian, Chinese and many other languages.

The main word comes last:

Bödakanit. Birdsong. Kanitaböd. Songbird. Pokamon.  Pocket-money. Monapok.  Money pocket.

In the above examples, the roots are joined by the genitive ending -a. It is also possible to join words using the accusative ending -i, which allows subtle differentiation of meaning:

Dogapöjut. Dog-chase. (Dog(s) chasing (someone/something).) Dogipöjut.    "      ((Someone/something) chasing dog(s).)

Numerous prefixes and suffixes also allow Volapük's approximately 3000 root words to be vastly extended. Some of the most important of these are:

 * Prefixes : be (see example below), fi (to the end), hi (male), ji (female), ke (together), läx (ex-), le (greatness), lu (disparagement or step relationship), lü (in-law), ne (opposite), ru (ancient).

Givön.   To give. Begivön.    To present with. (Makes what was the indirect object the direct object).

Reidön.  To read. Fireidön.   To read completely. Jevod.   Horse. Hijevod.    Stallion. Jip.     Sheep. Jijip.      Ewe. Men.     Human being. Kemen.      Fellow human being. Presidan. President. Läxpresidan. Ex-president. Kan.     Ability. Lekan.      Art. Dom.     House. Ludom.      Hovel. Fat.     Father. Lufat.      Stepfather. Blod.    Brother. Lüblod.     Brother-in-law. Laodik.  Loud. Nelaodik.   Quiet. Fot.     Forest. Rufot.      Primeval forest.

Many prepositions are also used as prefixes.

 * Suffixes : am (verbal noun), ag (abundance), an (person associated), at (amount of), av (science), äb (victim), äd (generalisation of effect), än (country), ät (abstraction), ed (particularisation), ef (group of people), el (maker of), em (group of things), et (consequential or concrete example), iäl (inclination), il (diminutive), im (philosophy), od (softer or less serious example), ot (harder or more serious example), ov (possibility), öf (quality), öm (equipment), öp (place), ül (young of animals, endearment).

Finükön. To complete. Finükam. Completion. Her.    Hair. Heragik. Hairy. Feil.   Agriculture. Feilan.  Peasant. Mäl.    Six. Mälat.   Half-a-dozen. Stel.   Star. Stelav.  Astronomy. Fan.    Imprisonment. Fanäb.   Prisoner. Spik.   Power of speech. Spikäd.  Lecture. Deutän. Germany. Men.    Human being. Menät.   Humanity. Pen.    Writing. Pened.   Letter (correspondence). Reidan. Reader. Reidanef. Readership. Bod.    Bread. Bodel.   Baker. Buk.    Book. Bukem.   Library. Jonön.  To show. Jonet.   (TV) screen. Ok.     One's self. Okiäl.   Selfishness. Dom.    House. Domil.   Cottage. Sogäd.  Society. Sogädim. Socialism. Mag.    Image. Magod.   Illustration. Mag.    Image. Magot.   Statue. Pron.   Pronunciation. Pronovik. Pronounceable. Flen.   Friend. Flenöfik. Friendly. Nün.    Information. Nünöm.   Computer. Vob.    Work. Voböp.   Workplace. Kat.    Cat. Katül.   Kitten.

This lists only a proportion of the affixes available.

Differences with classical Volapük
In 1887 there were also a number of reforms to the original Volapük. These are also outlined here, but the majority of changes refer to those agreed in 1930 and proposed by Arie de Jong.

Pronunciation and orthography
Exactly the same as modern Volapük except that the apostrophe (') was used instead of h before 1887.

The letter r was much less commonly used in classical Volapük, and a number of new words have been introduced using it. Some of these replace old words which appeared too mutilated as a result of not using an r. Many other words, especially the most common ones, still retain their original l. Some words crept in classical Volapük where the root began with a vowel. This was standardised to begin with l. A very small proportion of words have changed for no other reason than the passage of time or to remove ambiguities. Here are some examples of the changes in vocabulary:

OLD       NEW '''Gletik. Gretik.'''  (large). '''Flentän. Fransän.''' (France). '''Jeval. Jevod.'''   (horse). '''Ägüptän. Lägüptän.''' (Egypt). '''Nelij. Linglän.''' (England). '''Lilöm. Rein.'''    (rain) '''Lilädön. Reidön.'''  (to read) '''Lemön. Remön.'''   (to buy)

Changes to the vocabulary as a result of changes to the affix system and to attitudes to word formation are dealt with later.

Articles
The use of el and its derivatives occurs only in modern Volapük.

Nouns
The predicative case and the modified prepositions to show motion are used only in modern Volapük.

Pronouns
The pronouns oy, or, ors and od do not occur in classical Volapük. Previously on was used instead of oy, and om was used instead of on for all common or neuter items as well as masculine ones.

Before 1887, the reflexive pronoun was added to the end of the verb, e.g. modern lavons okis (they wash themselves) was lavomsok or lavomoks.

Verbs
The future in the past and future in the past perfect tenses do not appear in classical Volapük.

Classical Volapük also had an aorist aspect, which was formed by placing an -i- between the tense marker and the verb root, e.g.

Olödob in zif. I shall live in the town. Oilödob in zif. I shall always live in the town.

Classical Volapük also had a third imperative mood, called the jussive, which was stronger than the other two and ended in -öz.

Seilolös! Please be quiet. Seilolöd! Be quiet! Seilolöz! Why don't you shut up?!

The subjunctive mood was formerly used more often than it is now.

Adjectives and Adverbs
No change.

Numerals
The numbers ten, twenty, thirty> etc, which are deg, teldeg, kildeg etc. in modern Volapük were previously formed by adding an s to the numbers for one, two, three, etc.: bals, tels, kils. The units were added on to the tens by the word e (and), e.g. balsebal (11), balsetel (12) etc.

The decimal fractional numerals are also modern.

Other parts of speech
No major change except that modern ad is al in classical Volapük.

Word formation
Modern Volapük uses affixes to form words less than was previously the case. This is largely because of the greater number of roots available.

The modern Volapük affix system is much more systematic and regular than the classical one. A number of the modern affixes did not appear in the classical form of the language.

Some classical affixes have been abolished. Previously gle- existed in addition to le- as an augmentative prefix, and sma- in addition to -il as a diminutive affix.

The old suffixes -lik and -nik are the equivalent of the modern -öfik and -agik respectively. Previously the affix -el covered the meanings of both -el and -an.

As you can see below, one problem where the word lemel previously existed as an isomer (it could be analysed in two different ways: le-mel and lem-el) has been removed.

Also, Arie de Jong introduced some new words to address the problem of sexism in the affix system. And even classical Volapük never said ji-fat and ji-man for mother and woman.

OLD                     NEW Ludog.   (dreadful dog) Lup.      (wolf) Snekafit. (snake fish)  Pil.      (eel) Lemel.   (big sea)      Sean.     (ocean) Lemel.   (buy-er)       Reman.    (buy-er) Flenlik. (friendly)     Flenöfik. (friendly) Lutnik.  (airy)         Lutagik.  (airy) Lezif.   (big town)     Cifazif.  (chief town, i.e. capital) Glezif.  (big town)     Lezif.    (big town, i.e. city) Jiblod.  (she brother)  Sör.      (sister) Jison.   (she son)      Daut.     (daughter)

Nim Pebuüköl Söla K
Ven Söl K. päsäkom, nimi kinik gönom-li mödiküno se ons valik, enemom leefadi, ed ekleilükom atosi so:

Leefad balon käfi me näm. Ye atos no binon käf zesüda, kelos saidikon ad skeapön se dinäd, ud ad kädedön fidi nen paküpön, ab käf lü kel näm gebidön ad dunots gretik. Kö nim at ebinon, dugon veg veitik. To at, binon benovimik, suemon cogi. Binon flen gudik, asä binon neflen gudik. Vero gretik e vetik, binon i vemo vifik. Probod ona blinon kope levemik ona igo fidotis smalikün, äsi nötis. Lils ona binons mufoviks; lilon te utosi, kelos lönedon one. Vedon i vo bäldik. Binon i sogädik, e no te leefades votik. Valöpo ä palöfon ä padredon. Kodü sot cogiäla, mögoy igo stümön oni. Labon skini bigik, ini kel neifs breikons okis; ab ladälastad ona binon molädik. Kanon vedön lügik. Kanon vedön zunik. Löfilon ad danüdön. Deadon in bimilem. Löfon cilis e nimülis votik. Binon gedik, e paküpon te sekü gretot ona. No binon pafidäbik. Kanon vobön gudiko. Löfilon ad drinön e vedon läbik. Dunon bosi pro lekan: Blünon viori ....

(Translation of Herrn Ks Lieblingstier by Bertolt Brecht).

Analysis:

NIM   P-E-BU-ÜK-ÖL                    SÖL-A       K. Animal pass.-perf.-before-trans.-part. mister-gen. K. Animal preferred/favourite            of mister   K.

Ven Söl K. p-ä-säk-om,       nim-i       kin-ik    gön-om-li When Mr. K. pass.-imp.-ask-he animal-acc. what-adj. favour-he-qu. When Mr. K. was asked        animal      which     he preferred

möd-ik-ün-o           se     on-s  val-ik,  e-nem-om much-adj.-superl.-adv. out of they all-adj. perf.-name-he most                  of           all      he named

leefad-i,    ed  e-kleil-ük-om         at-os-i         so: elephant-acc. and perf.-clear-trans.-he this-neut.-acc. thus the elephant and explained             this            thus:

'''Leefad      bal-on     käf-i        me   näm. Ye''' Elephant    one-he/she cunning-acc. with force. However The elephant unites    cunning      with force. However

at-os     no  bin-on    käf         zesüd-a,       kel-os this-neut. not be-he/she cunning    necessity-gen. which-neut. this      not is        the cunning of necessity   which

said-ik-on        ad  skeap-ön    se     din-äd,       ud ad enough-adj.-he/she to escape-inf. out of thing-der. or to suffices          for escaping    from   a predicament or to

käd-ed-ön     fid-i    nen     p-a-küp-ön,             ab cash-der.-inf. eat-acc. without pass.-pres.-notice-inf. but collect       food     without being noticed,          but

käf     lü           kel   näm   geb-id-ön     ad dun-ot-s cunning according to which force use-inv.-inf. to thing-der.-plur. cunning according to which force is used       for deeds

'''gret-ik. Kö   nim    at   e-bin-on,       dug-on''' greatness-adj. Where animal this perf.-be-he/she lead-he/she great. Where animal this has been,      leads

'''veg   veit-ik. To     at,   bin-on''' way   width-adj. Despite this, be-he/she a path wide. Despite this, he/she is

ben-o-vim-ik,               suem-on              cog-i. blessing-adv.-attitude-adj., understanding-he/she joke-acc. good natured,               he/she understands   a joke.

Bin-on   flen     gud-ik,       as-ä       bin-on    ne-flen Be-he/she friend  goodness-adj. as-and    be-he/she opp.-friend He/she is a friend good         as well as           an enemy

'''gud-ik. Ver-o     gret-ik        e   vet-ik,     bin-on''' goodness-adj. Truth-adv. greatness-adj. and weight-adj. be-he/she good. Truly     large          and heavy,      he/she is

'''i vemo    vif-ik. Probod on-a       blin-on''' also very    speed-adj. Trunk he/she-gen. bring-he/she also very    quick. Trunk his/her     he/she brings

kop-e    le-vem-ik         on-a        igo  fid-ot-i-s body-dat. aug.-expanse-adj. he/she-gen. even eat-der.-acc.-plur. to body  enormous          his/her     even the foodstuffs

'''smal-ik-ün,            äs-i    nöt-i-s. Lil-s''' smallness-adj.-superl., as also nut-acc.-plur. Ear-plur. smallest               such as nuts. Ears

on-a       bin-on-s  muf-ov-ik-s;              lil-on       te he/she-gen. be-he/she movement-der.-adj.-plur.; ear-he/she  only his/her    are       adjustable;               he/she hears only

ut-os-i,              kel-os      lön-ed-on       on-e. that which-neut.-acc., which-neut. own-der.-he/she he/she-dat. what                              suits           him/her.

'''Ved-on         i    vo   bäld-ik. Bin-on   i    sogäd-ik,''' Becoming-he/she also very age-adj. Be-he/she also society-adj. He/she gets    also very old. He/she is also sociable,

'''e  no  te   leefad-e-s          vot-ik. Val-öp-o''' and not only elephant-dat.-plur. otherness-adj. All-place-adv. and not only to elephants       other. Everywhere

ä       p-a-löf-on              ä        p-a-dred-on. and also pass.-pres.-love-he/she and also pass.-pres.-fear-he/she. both    he/she is loved         and      he/she is feared.

Kod-ü      sot    cog-iäl-a,     mög-oy  igo  stüm-ön Cause-prep. kind  joke-inc.-gen. may-one even respect-inf. Because of a kind of jovialness  one may even respect

'''on-i. Lab-on           skin-i    big-ik,        in-i''' he/she-acc. Possession-he/she skin-acc. thickness-adj. in-acc. him/her. He/she has       a skin    thick          into

kel  neif-s      breik-on-s         ok-i-s;          ab which knife-plur. break-he/she-plur. self-acc.-plur.; but which knives     break;                              but

lad-äl-a-stad        on-a        bin-on    mol-äd-ik. heart-der.-gen.-state he/she-gen. be-he/she softness-der.-adj. disposition          his/her     is        gentle.

'''Kan-on        ved-ön          lüg-ik. Kan-on''' ability-he/she becoming-he/she sadness-adj. Ability-he/she He/she can    get             sad. He/she can

'''ved-ön       zun-ik. Löf-il-on       ad danüd-ön.''' becoming-inf. anger-adj. Love-dim.-he/she to dance-inf. get          angry. He/she likes    to dance.

'''Dead-on     in bim-il-em. Löf-on      cil-i-s          e''' Death-he/she in tree-dim.-coll. Love-he/she child-acc.-plur. and He/she dies in the thicket. He/she loves children        and

'''nim-ül-i-s            vot-ik. Bin-on   ged-ik,        e''' animal-dim.-acc.-plur. otherness-adj. Be-he/she greyness-adj., and young animals         other. He/she is grey,         and

p-a-küp-on                 te   sek-ü           gret-ot pass.-pres.-noticing-he/she only following-prep. greatness-der. he/she is noticed          only because of      size

'''on-a. No bin-on    p-a-fid-äb-ik. Kan-on''' he/she-acc. Not be-he/she pass.-pres.-eating-der.-adj. Ability-he/she his/her. Not he/she is edible. He/she can

'''vob-ön   gud-ik-o. Löf-il-on       ad drin-ön       e''' work-inf. goodness-adj.-adv. Love-dim.-he/she to drinking-inf. and work     well. He/she likes    to drink         and

'''ved-on         läb-ik. Dun-on       bos-i          pro''' becoming-he/she happiness-adj. Action-he/she something-acc. for he/she becomes happy. He/she does  something      for

le-kan:      Blün-on         vior-i .... aug.-ability: Supply-he/she  ivory-acc. art:         He/she supplies ivory ....

Abbreviations
acc.: accusative; adj.: adjective; adv.: adverb; aug.: augmentative; coll.: collective; dat.: dative; der.: derivative; dim.: diminutive; gen.: genitive; imp.: imperfect; inc.: inclination; inf.: infinitive; inv.: inversion; neut.: neuter; opp.: opposite; part.: participle; pass.: passive; perf.: perfect; plur.: plural; prep.: preposition; qu.: question; superl.: superlative; trans.: transitive.

Dictionaries

 * English-Volapük dictionary

Further information

 * Volapükalised
 * A complete original grammar of Volapük (classic Volapük) by Charles E. Sprague - 1888
 * A complete Italian grammar of Volapük (1888) (Schleyer's classic Volapük) by V. Amoretti
 * Una grammatica completa di Volapük in lingua italiana (1888) (Il Volapük classico di Schleyer - non riformato) a cura di V. Amoretti

You can get in touch by post with either of the following:

Flenef Bevünetik Volapüka (The International Friends of Volapük) c/o Ralph Midgley 24 Staniwell Rise Scunthorpe South Humberside DN17 1TF England

Mr. Midgley will provide you with a Volapük course and dictionary for a small amount of money.

or

Zänabür Volapüka (The Volapük Centre) c/o Brian R. Bishop 155 Leighton Avenue Leigh-on-Sea Essex SS9 1PX England

Introduction to Volapük

title: Volapük


text:
Talk:Volapük

Edit history
* (cur) (last) 04:42, 30 May 2005 Uncle G m (Reverted edit of 203.25.67.14, changed back to last version by Wytukaze) * (cur) (last) 02:21, 30 May 2005 203.25.67.14 * (cur) (last) 16:26, 12 May 2005 Wytukaze (, regrettably) * (cur) (last) 01:56, 2 Mar 2003 ILVI * (cur) (last) 00:28, 2 Mar 2003 ILVI * (cur) (last) 00:27, 2 Mar 2003 ILVI * (cur) (last) 00:26, 2 Mar 2003 ILVI * (cur) (last) 19:49, 1 Mar 2003 ILVI * (cur) (last) 19:45, 1 Mar 2003 ILVI

 * Hello everyone. I've made several minor changes to this page (e.g. correcting the stress rule and adding that prepositions can take -a as well as -i). I'd be happy to discuss the page with anyone who's interested.
 * Custard7 (talk) 19:29, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * What's the source? 88.81.100.235 (discuss) 21:32, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * That comment was posted in 2008. However I think that the author speaks the language.  A lot of information here is based on first-hand knowledge, and corrected when someone challenges it. If you think it's wrong, you can fix it, however if you don't speak Volapuk yourself (as I think Custard7 did), it would probably be wise to provide a source. Regards, --Quintucket (discuss • contribs) 19:58, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volapük


text:
User talk:129.31.64.105

"mhos" is correct. 1 mho = 1 siemens. - Omegatron 18:23, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:129.31.64.105


text:
Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Prostate Overview

Prostate Cancer Overview

Anatomy

 * Please see the anatomy page

PSA

 * Please see the PSA page

Gleason score
The Gleason grading system, originally developed in 1966, was modified in 2005 at the International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Conference. In general, the changes resulted in a more narrow scope of grade 3 and an expanded scope of grade 4, thus shifting a number of previously diagnos

 * 1966 PMID 5948714 -- "Classification of prostatic carcinomas." (Gleason DF, Cancer Chemother Rep. 1966 Mar;50(3):125-8.)
 * 2005 PMID 16096414 -- "The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma."
 * 2006 (Web article, non peer reviewed) PCRI Insights "Gleason Grade Migration: Changes in Prostate Cancer Grade in the Contemporary Era" (August 2006, 9(3))
 * 2009 PMID 19886716 Full text -- "Current perspectives on the Gleason grading of prostate cancer."
 * 2010 PMID 20157302 -- "Clinical implications of changing definitions within the Gleason grading system.

Clinical correlates

 * Colorado/SEER; 2014 (2004-2006) PMID 25151595 -- "Gleason stratifications prognostic for survival in men receiving definitive external beam radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer." (Rusthoven CG, Urol Oncol. 2015 Feb;33(2):71.e11-9)
 * Retrospective. 26,885 men with Gleason 6-10 PCa, 2004-2006, managed with definitive external beam radiation alone.
 * For Gleason 6, 3+4, 4+3, 4+4, 8 with pattern 5 (3+5 or 5+3), 9, and 10 the 7.5-year PCSS rates were 99%, 97%, 95%, 91%, 86%, 81%, and 78% and 7.5-year OS rates were 83%, 76%, 72%, 67%, 66%, 58%, and 54%, respectively.
 * CONCLUSION: "In the largest reported survival analysis of Gleason stratifications, biopsy-assigned GS 6, 3+4, 4+3, 4+4, 8 w/P5, 9, and 10 represented sequential prognostic factors for survival in patients managed with definitive EBRT."

 * Johns Hopkins; 2013 PMID 23464824 -- "Prognostic Gleason grade grouping: data based on the modified Gleason scoring system" (Pierorazio PM, BJU Int. 2013. May;111(5):753-60)
 * Retrospective. 7,869 men with PCa, diagnosed 2004 or later, managed with prostatectomy. Biochemical recurrence-free (BFS) survival evaluated as the primary endpoint.
 * 5-year BFS rates for men with Gleason grade ≤ 6, 3 + 4, 4 + 3, 8 and 9-10 tumours at biopsy were 94.6, 82.7, 65.1, 63.1 and 34.5%, respectively (P < 0.001 for trend); and 96.6, 88.1, 69.7, 63.7 and 34.5%, respectively (P < 0.001), based on RP pathology
 * Conclusion: "There is a need for a change in (Gleason) reporting to more closely reflect tumour behaviour." Authors propose reporting Gleason score ≤ 6 (prognostic grade group I); Gleason score 3+4=7 (prognostic grade group II); Gleason score 4+3=7 (prognostic grade group III); Gleason score 4+4=8 (prognostic grade group (IV); and Gleason score 9-10 (prognostic grade group (V).

 * Harvard; 2009 (1984-2004) PMID 19433685 -- "Gleason score and lethal prostate cancer: does 3 + 4 = 4 + 3?" (Stark JR, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jul 20;27(21):3459-64. Epub 2009 May 11.)
 * Retrospective. 812 patients with GS 7 (prostatectomy 693, biopsy 119) on Physicians Health Study and Health Professionals Followup Study. Blinded review by 3 pathologists. Lethal PCA defined as bony mets or PCA death
 * Gleason score: Striking upgrading in GS score. Initial GS 2-5 in 25%, on review in <1%
 * Outcome: No leathal PCA in GS 2-6; reference 3+4; hazard ratios for lethal cancer GS 4+3 HR 3.1 (SS), GS 8 HR 7.4 (SS), GS 9-10 HR 19 (SS)
 * Conclusion: Ignoring pattern 4 in GS 7 may conceal important prognostic information

 * MSKCC; 2012 (1989-2011) PMID 23182392 -- "Prognostic Importance of Gleason 7 Disease Among Patients Treated With External Beam Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Results of a Detailed Biopsy Core Analysis" (Spratt DE, IJROBP. 2012 Nov 20;S0360-3016(12)03663-2)
 * Retrospective. 613 patients with GS 7 (all solely with EBRT). Required complete core biopsy information (location of each biopsy core, positive core percentage, individual core involvement, PIN, and PNI). First EBRT study to assess bRFS, DM, and PCSM between GS 3+4 vs 4+3.
 * Outcome: The 8-year bRFS rate for pG3 versus pG4 was 77.6% versus 61.3% (P<.0001), DMFS was 96.8% versus 84.3% (P<.0001), and PCSM was 3.7% versus 8.1% (P=.002). On multivariate analysis, pG4 predicted for significantly worse outcome in all parameters. Excellent review of all studies on the subject of GS 3+4 vs 4+3.
 * Conclusion: Primary Gleason grade 4 independently predicts for worse bRFS, DMFS, and PCSM among Gleason 7 patients even in the setting of biopsy information.

Workup

 * Use of bone scan and CT scan: Use of routine scans in early stage prostate cancer questioned. Bone scan + in <5% and CT scan + in <12% for those with PSA < 20, and <2% and 9% for those with PSA < 20 and Gleason 6 or less. For PSA > 50, positive in 10%; for Gleason 8-10 with PSA >20, positive in 20%. — (SEER data, Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study - Albertsen et al. PMID 10737483 J Urol. 2000 Apr;163(4):1138-43.)
 * PMID 15126770 reviews 48 articles and finds
 * Bone scan + in 2.3% if PSA < 10, in 5.3% with PSA 10-20 and 16.2% with PSA 20-50.
 * Bone scan + in 5.6% if Gleason 7 or less vs 29.9% if Gleason 8-10
 * Bone Scan + in 6.4% if stage T2 or less vs 49.5% if T3-4
 * CT + in 0% if PSA < 20 and 1.1% if PSA > 20
 * CT + in 1.2% Gleason 7 or less vs 12.5% Gleason 8-10
 * CT + in 0.7% T2 or less vs 25.8% of T3-4s

Pattern of spread to lymph nodes
Prostate lymphatic drainage is to hypogastric (primary), obturator (secondary), external iliac (tertiary), and presacral (quarternary). For radical prostatectomy, lymph node dissection includes only the obturator and external iliac LNs, and is recommended for PSA > 10 and Gleason > 6. Heidenreich et al (PMID 11912387) reported that with extended lymphadenectomy (including all four drainage regions), LN mets were detected in 26% vs 12%, and that 2/3 of patients had LN mets outside of the fields of standard lymphadectomy. Recommended extended lymphadenectomy of external and internal iliacs and obturator for pts with PSA > 10 and Gleason 7 or above (only 2% LN+). Do not recommend dissection of presacral region or common iliac.

Partin tables

 * Online tool: Partin tables (Johns Hopkins)
 * Original; 1993: PMID 7685418 — "The use of prostate specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage in men with localized prostate cancer." Partin AW et al. J Urol. 1993 Jul;150(1):110-4.
 * Update; 1997: PMID 9145716 — "Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multi-institutional update." Partin AW et al. JAMA. 1997 May 14;277(18):1445-51.
 * Update; 2001: PMID 11744442 — "Contemporary update of prostate cancer staging nomograms (Partin Tables) for the new millennium." Partin AW et al. Urology. 2001 Dec;58(6):843-8.
 * 2007 (2000-2005) PMID 17572194 -- "Updated nomogram to predict pathologic stage of prostate cancer given prostate-specific antigen level, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason score (Partin tables) based on cases from 2000 to 2005." (Makarov DV, Urology. 2007 Jun;69(6):1095-101.)
 * Retrospective. 5730 men, prostatectomy, no neoadjuvant therapy. Variables used PSA (80% <10), clinical stage (77% T1c), biopsy Gleason (76% GS 5-6)
 * Outcome: Nomogram developed
 * Conclusion: Updated "Partin tables" reflect trends in presentation
 * 2012 (2006-2011) PMID 22834909 Full text -- "An updated prostate cancer staging nomogram (Partin tables) based on cases from 2006 to 2011." (Eifler JB, BJU Int. 2012 Jul 26. -- Epub ahead of print)
 * 5629 men. Median PSA 4.9; Gleason 6 in 63%; T1c in 78%.
 * OC (organ confined) in 73%, EPE 23%, SV+ 3%, LN+ 1.
 * Compared to prior cohort (2000-2005), more likely to have PSA <= 4 (30% vs 25%), Gleason score >= 7 on biopsy (37% vs 23%) and prostatectomy (50% vs 36%), but were similar in clinical and pathologic stage.
 * Conclusion: "The distribution of pathologic stages did not change at our institution between 2000-2005 and 2006-2011. The updated Partin nomogram takes into account the updated Gleason scoring system and may be more accurate for contemporary patients diagnosed with prostate cancer."
 * 2017 (2010-2015) PMID 27367645 -- "Prediction of pathological stage based on clinical stage, serum prostate-specific antigen, and biopsy Gleason score: Partin Tables in the contemporary era." (Tosoian JJ, BJU Int. 2017 May;119(5):676-683. )
 * Median PSA 4.9; Gleason 6 in 47%
 * OC in 74%, EPE 20%, SV+ 4%, LV+ 2%.
 * Caution: The Partin tables assign the "worst-case" pathologic stage for each case; the categories are mutually exclusive. (E.g., those included as "capsular penetration" had to have no seminal vesicle involvement or lymph node involvement, and those included as "positive seminal vesicle" had to have no lymph node involvement. The categories sum to 100%.) This method gives an underestimation of the true rate of extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle involvement.

Roach equations

 * Seminal vesicle involvement - PSA +([Gleason -6] x 10) — PMID 7523343
 * Cutoff is 13%. If <13%, risk 7%; if >=13%, risk 37%.
 * Lymph node involvement - 2/3 x PSA + ([Gleason-6] x 10) — PMID 7505775
 * Cutoff is 15%. If calculated risk is <15%, actual risk 6%; if >=15%, actual risk 40%.
 * Extracapsular extension - 1.5 x PSA + ([Gleason-3) x 10) — PMID 10875450
 * Approximates actual risk.

Kattan nomogram

 * see also page at Localized Prostate Cancer#Outcome Prediction for other nomograms

 * Metagram; 2009 PMID 19544545 -- "Development of a prostate cancer metagram: a solution to the dilemma of which prediction tool to use in patient counseling." (Nguyen CT, Cancer. 2009 Jul 1;115(13 Suppl):3039-45.)

 * Preoperative nomogram; 1998 - PMID 9605647 — "A preoperative nomogram for disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer." Kattan MW et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 May 20;90(10):766-71.

LN involvement

 * Harvard; 2009 (2004) PMID 19286330 -- "Predicting the risk of pelvic node involvement among men with prostate cancer in the contemporary era." (Nguyen PL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 May 1;74(1):104-9. Epub 2009 Mar 13.)
 * SEER analysis. 9,387 men with cT1c-T4 PCA, surgical LN evaluation, GS and PSA. 98% were cT1c/T2
 * Patient characteristics: PSA <4 in 16%, 4-10 in 62%, 10-20 in 14%, >20 in 6%. Gleason <=6 in 39%, 7 in 46%, and 8-10 in 13%. Clinical T1c in 51%, T2 in 46%, T3-T4 in 2.5%. Median 5 LN evaluated.
 * Outcome: LN+ in 3.3%. Roach scores overestimated actual rates by 16x if score <10%, by 7x if score 10-20%, and by 2.5x if score >20%. Adjusted expected risk of LN+ is 0.2% for Roach scores <=10%, 2.0% for Roach scores 10-20%, 9.7% (with observed risk 6.5%) for Roach scores 20-30%, and 13.9% for Roach scores 30-40%. Note: adjustment factors should not be applied for T3-T4 disease.
 * Provides table of LN risk by clinical T stage, PSA, and Gleason score (similar to Partin table).
 * Comment: Synopsis of data from table: >15% risk of +LN for: T1c with G 8-10 and PSA >20; T2 with G 8-10 and PSA >10; T3 overall risk 15%; T4 overall risk 41%.
 * Conclusion: Roach formula appears to overestimate contemporary patients with mainly T1c/T2 disease

 * Yale formula; 2011 (2004-2006) PMID 20594769 -- "A new formula for prostate cancer lymph node risk." (Yu JB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 May 1;80(1):69-75.)
 * Based on SEER database for cT1-T2, PSA < 26. In contrast to Roach equation and Harvard (Nguyen formula), includes T-stage.
 * %LN+ risk is [GS - 5] × [PSA/3 + 1.5 × T], where T = 0, 1, and 2 for cT1c, cT2a, and cT2b/cT2c.

SV invasion
Seminal vesicle invasion:
 * Mayo (1988-93) - PMID 8948342, 1996 — "Correlation of pretherapy prostate cancer characteristics with seminal vesicle invasion in radical prostatectomy specimens." Pisansky TM et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Oct 1;36(3):585-91.
 * T-stage (T2a or less vs. T2b-c vs. T3a-b), primary Gleason grade (1-2, vs. 3, vs 4+), and PSA predict for SVI on multivariate analysis.

Definitions of Risk Groups

 * NCCN (v1.2011)
 * Very low risk: T1c, GS 2- 6, PSA < 10, Fewer than 3 prostate biopsy cores positive, < 50% cancer in each core, PSA density < 0.15 ng/mL/g
 * Low risk: T1-T2a and GS 2-6 and PSA <10
 * Intermediate risk: T2b-T2c or GS 7 or PSA 10-20
 * High risk: T3a or GS 8-10 or PSA >20
 * Locally advanced (Very High): T3b-T4
 * Metastatic: N1
 * Metastatic: M1

 * RTOG risk group classification - PMID 10837943 (Roach) - does not include PSA information. Used in RTOG Meta-Analysis
 * Group 1 / low risk (T1-2,G<=6)
 * Group 2 / int (T1-2,G7; T3 or N1, G<=6)
 * Group 3 / high (T1-2,G>=8; T3 or N1, G7)
 * Group 4 / very high (T3 or N1, G>=8)

 * D'Amico, 1998 (1989-97) - PMID 9749478 — "Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer." D'Amico AV et al. JAMA. 1998 Sep 16;280(11):969-74.
 * 1872 pts treated by RP, implant, or EBRT. Defined risk groups:
 * Low risk: T1c-T2a, PSA 10 or less, and Gleason 6 or less - PSA failure risk <25% at 5 years.
 * Intermediate risk: T2b, or PSA >10 and <= 20, or Gleason 7 - 25-50% risk.
 * High risk: T2c or PSA > 20 or Gleason 8 or more - > 50% risk.
 * See also update of trial under Comparison of Primary Treatments section (D'Amico, Cancer 2002)

 * Shipley (Multi-institutional), 1999 (1988-1995) - PMID 10235152 — "Radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: a multi-institutional pooled analysis." Shipley WU et al. JAMA. 1999 May 5;281(17):1598-604.
 * 1765 pts, T1-2N0M0 with available pretreatment PSA levels were treated with RT alone (median dose 63-79 Gy, 51% 3-D Conformal, various field sizes).  Mean pretreatment PSA was 18.9 and median was 10.1 with 74% T2 and ~25% with PSA > 20.
 * Median f/u 4.1 years
 * RPA used with pretreatment PSA a continuous variable to find specific risk/cutoff points.
 * Group 1: PSA <~10 bPFS = 81%
 * Group 2: ~10 > PSA < ~20 bPFS = 69%
 * Group 3: PSA > ~20 and Gleason <=6 bPFS = 47%
 * Group 4: PSA > ~20 and Gleason >= 7 bPFS = 29%
 * See also: at page Localized Prostate Cancer

 * Pisansky (Mayo), 1997 (1987-93) - PMID 9179062 — "An enhanced prognostic system for clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate." Pisansky TM et al. Cancer. 1997 Jun 1;79(11):2154-61.
 * 500 pts, T1-4N0M0 treated with RT alone (median dose 64-66 Gy). Elective nodal RT in 30%.
 * Median f/u 43 mos.
 * Risk groups (and 5-yr relapse-free survival): Low - 92, Intermediate - 67, High - 24.

Subclassification
Subclassification of Intermediate Risk into Unfavorable and Favorable:
 * Zumsteg; 2013 (1992-2007) PMID 23541457 Full text -- "A new risk classification system for therapeutic decision making with intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients undergoing dose-escalated external-beam radiation therapy."
 * Based on pts treated with EBRT to ≥ 81 Gy +/- ADT. Using NCCN risk classification.
 * Unfavorable intermediate risk : primary Gleason 4 (G 4+3) pattern, percentage of positive biopsies (ppb) ≥ 50%, or ≥ 2 intermediate-risk factors (using NCCN, i.e. T2b-T2c, PSA 10-20, Gleason 7).
 * Favorable intermediate risk : a single NCCN intermediate risk factor, Gleason ≤ 3+4=7, and < 50% positive biopsy cores.

Other prognostic factors

 * Percent positive prostate cores: D'Amico 2004 (1988-2002) - retrospective
 * PMID 15365069 — "Impact of the percentage of positive prostate cores on prostate cancer-specific mortality for patients with low or favorable intermediate-risk disease." D'Amico AV et al. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Sep 15;22(18):3726-32.
 * 421 pts, low or "favorable intermediate risk", treated with RT alone.
 * Median f/u 4.5 yrs. Percentage of positive prostate cores (>=50 vs <50%) was the only significant predictor of disease-specific mortality, with a RR between 6 and 12.

Utilization

 * ''Please also see Radiation_Oncology/Prostate/Protons for Proton Therapy utilization

 * Center for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta; 2007 PMID 17469027 -- "Use of additional treatment for prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, androgen deprivation, or watchful waiting." (Berge V, Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2007;41(3):198-203.)
 * SEER + Medicare claims data. 12,711 patients. Initial RP 31%, initial RT 31%, initial ADT 9%, initial WW 28%
 * Outcome: Initial RP: 8% additional RT, 12% additional ADT. Initial RT: 23% additional ADT. Initial WW: 22% additional ADT
 * Conclusion: If initially treated with RT or observation, more likely to receive ADT as follow-up treatment than if initially treated with RP

 * American College of Radiology; 2002 (1992-1993) PMID 12065564 -- "Comparing the costs of radiation therapy and radical prostatectomy for the initial treatment of early-stage prostate cancer." (Burkhardt JH, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Jun 15;20(12):2869-75.)
 * Linked SEER-Medicare analysis.
 * Outcome: Costs RT $14,048 vs. RP $17,226 (SS)
 * Conclusion: For early-stage PCA, average costs were at least 23% greater for RP

 * UCLA; 2000 (1993-1996) PMID 11042575 -- "A nationwide charge comparison of the principal treatments for early stage prostate carcinoma." (Brandeis J, Cancer. 2000 Oct 15;89(8):1792-9.)
 * HCFA claims data for inpatient, outpatient and Part B claims. 10,107 men with initial diagnosis of prostate cancer, treatment, +6 months of follow-up. RT 58%, brachy 7%, RP 35%. During the 4 years, RT decreased by 20%, brachy increased by 21%
 * Cost: RP + adjuvant RT $31,329 vs. RT + brachy boost $24,407 vs. RP $19,019 vs RT $15,937 vs brachy $15,301 (SS). Utilization varied with age, race, and geographic region
 * Outcome: Without clear survival advantage, costs, QoL and patient preference take on paramount importance

Other Resources

 * eContouring Webinar - Prostate Cancer with Michael Zelefsky, M.D.
 * ASTRO/ARRO Journal Club Webinar 2012 - "Surrogate endpoints for prostate cancer-specific mortality after radiotherapy and androgen suppression therapy in men with localised or locally advanced prostate cancer: an analysis of two randomised trials" with Anthony D'Amico, MD, PhD, FASTRO
 * ASTRO/ARRO Journal Club Webinar 2011 - "Radiotherapy and short-term androgen deprivation for localized prostate cancer" with Anthony Zietman, MD


text:
Radiation Oncology/Prostate

 * Staging
 * Official Guidelines
 * Prostate Overview
 * Screening and prevention
 * Workup
 * PSA
 * Natural History: Watchful Waiting and Active Surveillance
 * Localized Prostate Cancer
 * Radical Prostatectomy
 * Cryotherapy
 * Adjuvant RT
 * Androgen Suppression Therapy
 * Node Positive Prostate Cancer
 * Advanced disease
 * Chemotherapy in Advanced Disease
 * Salvage RT
 * Treatment of recurrence after RT

RT Techniques:
 * Anatomy & Target Definition
 * External Beam RT
 * Dose Escalation
 * Hypofractionation
 * IMRT
 * Brachytherapy
 * Proton Therapy
 * Toxicity
 * Rectum
 * Bladder
 * Erectile dysfunction

 * Randomized Evidence

 * Clinical Trial Listing
 * RTOG Prostate Trials
 * NCI Prostate Trials
 * EORTC Prostate Trials
 * SWOG Prostate Trials

title: Radiation Oncology/Prostate