text:
Spanish/Lessons/¿Dónde vives?

Lesson 4 — ¿Dónde vives?

Dialogue

 * Raúl: ¡Hola! ¿Dónde vives?
 * Sofía: Hola, Raúl. Vivo en un piso en Londres, Inglaterra. ¿Y tú?
 * Raúl: Vale. Vivo en el sur de España.
 * Sofía: ¿En el campo o en la ciudad?
 * Raúl: En el campo. Las ciudades son ruidosas.
 * Sofía: Sí, pero no hay nada que hacer en el campo.
 * Raúl: Pues, ¡adiós, Sofía!
 * Sofía: ¡Hasta luego!

Translation (wait until the end of the lesson).

Where do you live?
To say you are from a country, you use ser (meaning "to be [a permanent characteristic]"), then de (meaning "of" or "from"), then the country or place. To say you are currently living in a place or country, you use vivir (meaning "to live"), then en (meaning "in"), then the country or place.

To ask where someone else lives, you use Dónde then vivir (¿Dónde vives? means "Where do you live?"). To ask where someone is from, you use De dónde, then ser (¿De dónde eres? means "Where are you from?").

While vivir is totally regular (vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven), ser is about as irregular as they come. It is conjugated below.

 * Examples
 * Vivo en Inglaterra
 * I live in England.
 * Son de España, pero viven en Alemania.
 * They are from Spain, but they live in Germany.

The compass

 * Examples
 * Vivo en el suroeste de México.
 * I live in the Southwest of Mexico.
 * Soy del norte de Australia.
 * I'm from the north of Australia.

 * Notes

 * Noreste has a variant nordeste. Sureste and suroeste have, respectively, variants sudeste and sudoeste.

 * Oeste has a synonym occidente which is used with the same frequency. The corresponding synonym of este is oriente. You can also use them in compounds like nororiente, noroccidente, suroriente/sudoriente and suroccidente/sudoccidente.

 * Their corresponding adjectives are septentrional (northern), meridional (southern), oriental (eastern), occidental (western). Compound adjectives like noroccidental and sudoriental are also possible.

 * The adjectives norteño (northern) and sureño (southern) do not refer to geographical positions but to someone's regional origin.

 * Archaic usage had septentrión to mean north and mediodía to mean south. Some older books may still use them. Today, septentrión is no longer used, and mediodía means noon.

Go to the exercises.

Housing
The singular is una habitación, but the plural is unas habitaciones (without the accent)
 * Note
 * This is a general rule, because in the singular, the 'ó' shows the sound is to be emphasized, but for plural the 's' has also to be heard, so it is written as it is spoken, as 'o' without the accent).

 * Examples
 * Vivo en un piso.
 * I live in a flat.
 * Vivo en una casa adosada en Canadá.
 * I live in a semi-detached house in Canada.
 * Vive en un bungalow que tiene diez habitaciones.
 * He lives in a bungalow that has ten rooms.

Go to the exercises.

Adjectives
As we already learned, Spanish nouns each have a gender. This doesn't just affect the article, but the adjective; it has to agree. Also, adjectives go after the noun, not before it.

If the adjective (in its natural form - the form found in the dictionary), ends in an "O" or an "A", then you remove that vowel and add...
 * O for masculine singular nouns
 * OS for masculine plural nouns
 * A for feminine singular nouns
 * AS for feminine plural nouns.

 * Examples
 * Un hombre bueno
 * A good man
 * Unos hombres buenos
 * Some good men
 * Una mujer buena
 * A good woman
 * Unas mujeres buenas
 * Some good women

The masculine O / feminine A rule is applicable to the vast majority of Spanish nouns. There are a handful of exceptions, though, but you'll get to memorize them.

Go to the exercises.

City and Countryside

 * Examples
 * La ciudad es ruidosa.
 * The city is noisy.
 * El campo es aburrido.
 * The countryside is boring.
 * Lo bueno de la ciudad es que hay mucho que hacer.
 * The good thing about the city is that there are lots of the things to do.
 * Lo malo de la ciudad es que no quedan plantas.
 * The bad thing about the city is that there isn't any foliage.

Lo is the only Spanish word classified as neuter gender (although it is always accompanied by masculine adjectives). It is an unusual article that does not carry a noun, and is used to build sentences like esto es lo que yo quiero (this is what I want) and haz lo correcto (do the right [thing]), used to turn an adjective or adverb into a substantive. For this purpose, it's clearly demonstrated in this example: "lo peor ya pasó" (the worse [situation or thing] already had pass).

Go to the exercises.

Summary
In this lesson, you have learned You should now do the exercise related to each section (found here), and translate the dialogue at the top before moving on to lesson 5...
 * Various countries of the world (Australia; Italia; Francia; los Estados Unidos).
 * How to say where you and others live and come from (Vivo en Inglaterra; Somos de Gales).
 * How to ask where someone lives (¿Dónde vives?).
 * The points of the compass (el sur; el noroeste; el oeste).
 * How to describe your house (una casa; un piso).
 * The basics of adjectives ending in "O" or "A" (la mujer mala; el niño bonito).
 * How to talk about the city or the countryside (la ciudad; el campo; no hay mucho para hacer).

title: Spanish/Lessons/¿Dónde vives?


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry

/Transcluded Modules

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose

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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush

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Template talk:EWP

This template is for creating an Edible Wild Plant entry for inclusion in any number of places. It was created for use in the Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book. The fields are as follows:

 * name: The common name of the plant
 * binomial: The Latin name of the Genus (capitalize the first letter) and species (all lower case). Optional.
 * image: A link to a photograph or drawing of the plant. It should serve as an effective method of identifying the plant.
 * image_caption: The caption that will appear beneath the image. Often the Latin name.
 * image2: A second image (optional)
 * image_caption2: A caption for the second image
 * description: A physical description of the plant, useful in identifying it. Point out features that will help a person distinguish it from another plant.
 * range: Where the plant may be found. Include its habitat (moist woods, open fields) as well as the region (Eastern North America) where it may be found.
 * seasons: A description of when the edible part(s) of the plant may be gathered (e.g. Early Fall through Early Spring).
 * use: Describe which part of the plant is edible, and brief instructions for preparing it.
 * warning: Include any information a person would need to be aware of before ingesting this plant. Especially if the plant contains poisonous parts that should be avoided, or if the edible part is poisonous at other times of the year.  This is also a good place to describe similar, but poisonous plants, and how to distinguish them.

Here's how:

title: Template talk:EWP


text:
User talk:Twofingers

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 15:48, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Twofingers


text:
Abnormal Sexual Psychology/Editors/ElPara

Algolagnia (severe) Masochism (focused) Blood fetish (focused) Sadism (preferred)


text:
User talk:DavidHouse

Late but ..
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 16:15, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Emacs, mvs
I'm curious; has anything happened since you edited Notes for Contributors? It's been a while: has the 1.0 come out? Did you ever get a skeleton VC mode written? --Gwern (contribs) 03:29, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Just a reminder
Just a reminder to tag and source Image:Simple-cat.png. Cheers, User:Iamunknown 20:16, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:DavidHouse


text:
User talk:Crosstimer

Very late but
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 16:16, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problems
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title: User talk:Crosstimer


text:
Cookbook:Equivalencies

Equivalency Chart

 * Apple:
 * 1 medium chopped = 1 cup

 * Bacon Bits:
 * 1 tablespoon = 1½ strips of bacon
 * 1 × 3-ounces jar = 1½ pounds of bacon
 * 7 grams = 1 tablespoon
 * ¾ cup (not packed) = equals approximately 1 pound of bacon

 * Banana:
 * 1 medium mashed = ⅛ cup

 * Cheese, American:
 * 1 pound = 2⅔ cups cubed
 * 4 ounces = 1 cup shredded

 * Coffee:
 * 1 pound = 5 cups ground

 * Cornmeal:
 * 1 pound = 3 cups

 * Cracker Crumbs:
 * 23 soda crackers = 1 cup
 * 15 graham crackers = 1 cup

 * Cream, Whipping:
 * ½ pint = 2 cups whipped

 * Eggs:
 * 1 egg = 4 tablespoons liquid
 * 4–5 whole = 1 cup
 * 7–9 egg whites = 1 cup
 * 12–14 egg yolks = 1 cup

 * Flour:
 * 1 pound sifted all-purpose = 4 cups
 * 1 pound sifted cake = 4½ cups
 * 1 pound unsifted whole-wheat = 3¾ cups
 * 1 pound rye = 5 cups

 * Garlic
 * Approx 1/2 teaspoon packaged minced garlic = one medium clove

 * Gelatin:
 * 3¼ ounce package flavored = ½ cup
 * ¼ ounce package unflavored = 1 tablespoons

 * Herbs:
 * Approx 1 part dried herbs are equal to 3 parts fresh herbs.
 * For example: ⅓ Tb dried basil is approximately equal to 1 Tb fresh chopped basil
 * Can vary based on how fresh the dried herbs are. Longer exposure to light and air can reduce the flavor of dried herbs.

 * Lemons, juice:
 * 1 medium = 2–3 tablespoons
 * 5–8 medium = 1 cup

 * Lemons, Rind:
 * 1 lemon = 1 tablespoons grated

 * Onion:
 * 1 medium chopped = ½ cup

 * Orange:
 * 1 medium = ⅛ cup juice

 * Pasta:
 * 7 ounces spaghetti = 4 cups cooked
 * 4 ounces uncooked noodles (1½–2 cups) = 2–3 cups cooked
 * 4 ounces uncooked macaroni 1–1¼ cups = 2¼ cups cooked
 * 8 ounce package macaroni = 6 cups cooked
 * 8 ounce package noodles = 7 cups cooked

 * Rice:
 * 1 cup uncooked long-grain = 3–4 cups cooked

 * Sugar:
 * 1 pound brown sugar = 2½ cups
 * 1 pound sugar cubes = 96–160 cubes
 * 1 pound granulated sugar = 2 cups
 * 1 pound powdered sugar = 3½ cups

 * Walnuts:
 * 1 pound unshelled walnuts = 1½–1¾ cups shelled

title: Cookbook:Equivalencies


text:
Celestia/3D Models/CMS File

CMS File Reference
The CMS model format is deprecated. This means that its usage is discouraged and that it is likely to go away in a future version of Celestia.

What's a CMS file?
" C elestia? M odel? S imple?" files define simple shapes by deforming a sphere. Although deprecated, they are still used for a few generic objects such as asteroids, minor moons and the like.

They lie in the "models" directory of the Celestia root, or in an add-on's root subdirectory (itself in Celestia's "extra" directory).

They are plain text files, and can thus be modified with your favourite text editor.

#
The pound sign begins a comment: whatever lies after this sign up to the next carriage return is ignored by Celestia.

"SphereDisplacementMesh" { ... }
All of the cms stuff is within this block. The parameters appearing within the accolades are:

"Size [ x y z ]"
When a model is placed in a circular orbit around a parent body without rotation settings (so it is tide-locked) and with a mean longitude of 0,
 * x is the radial axis (running from the parent body to the model and through it: near-far)
 * y is the polar axis (running perpendicular to the orbital plane: north-south)
 * z is the orbital axis (running parallel to the orbit: forward-backward)

It defaults to [1.0 1.0 1.0].

"NoiseOffset [ a b c ]"
This is some kind of implementation of Perlin noise, and NoiseOffset (probably) moves the origin of the noise.

It defaults to [10 10 10].

"FeatureHeight f"
This controls the height of the bumps. Small numbers like 0.2 define a body that is roughly spherical with low hills, while larger numbers like 1.0 define a body with large hills.

It defaults to 0.0.

"Octaves i"
This defines the bumpiness of the model. Small values like 1 define a body with a fairly regular distortion, whereas large values like 9 define a very bumpy body. A value of zero gives a spherical body.

It defaults to 1.

"Slices <tt>i</tt>"
The Slices parameter controls the number of longitude lines. Together with Rings, this defines how much detail there is in the mesh. The default value of <tt>20</tt> defines a blocky mesh, while 200 defines a much smoother mesh that can take several seconds to render when displayed for the first time.

Setting Slices to a low value and Rings to a high value gives a mesh that is shaped like a peeled orange.

"Rings <tt>i</tt>"
The Rings parameters controls the number of latitude lines. Together with Slices, this defines how much detail there is in the mesh. It also defaults to <tt>20</tt>.

Setting Slices to a high value and Rings to a low value gives a mesh that is shaped like a pile of doughnuts of varying thicknesses stacked on each other.

title: Celestia/3D Models/CMS File


text:
User talk:69.29.78.45

Please stop adding pages with book titles - it is not what Wikibooks is about -- Herby talk thyme 17:57, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.29.78.45


text:
Abnormal Sexual Psychology/Bibliography

Sources by Chapter
Chapter 1:

 * 1) Diagnostic Criteria from DSM-IV-TR. By American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV. 2000 American Psychiatric Pub, Inc. ISBN 0890420262
 * 2) The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry By Robert E. (EDT) Hales, Stuart C. (EDT) Yudofsky. ISBN 1585620327
 * 3) New directions in sex therapy: Innovations and Alternatives By Peggy J. Kleinplatz. ISBN 0876309678
 * 4) The Mental Health Diagnostic Desk Reference to the DSM-IV-TR. By Carlton E. Munson ISBN 0789014645
 * 5) Reichlin, Seymour, Windhaber, Johann, Eher, Reinhard, Rosler, Ariel, Witztum, Eliezer.Treatment of Paraphilia with an Analogue of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone N Engl J Med 1998
 * 6) Zubenko GS, George AW, Soloff PH, Schulz P. 1987 Am J Psychiatry - Sexual practices among patients with borderline personality disorder.
 * 7) Carnes, Patrick (2001). Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sexual Addiction. Center City, MN: Hazelden.

title: Abnormal Sexual Psychology/Bibliography


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Bg5/6...e6/7. f4/7...b5/8. e5

=Polugaevsky Variation=

Moves : 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 b5 8.e5

A logical move which wants to attack the Black knight. Indeed this knight seems to be immobilized by the White bishop.

/8...dxe5/ (main line)

Theory table
.

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bg5 e6 7. f4 b5 8. e5


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User talk:Guardian~enwikibooks

Your offering on the talk page appears to be fiction and as such is not allowed on Wikibooks - please refrain from this type of action -- Herby talk thyme 19:13, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Guardian. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Guardian~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:15, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Guardian~enwikibooks


text:
Making an Island/Facilities/Transport

Transportation may be the most crucial necessity for living on a man-made island. It allows construction materials, food, and other items to be imported, grants you a means of escape from storms or attack, and most importantly, gets you to your island in the first place.

Ships & Boats
Ships and Boats will probably make up the basic transit system of your island, used for transporting people and cargoes through the waters around you. Canoes are cheap and practical. They are manually operated, so you need not worry about paying for fuel. Also, they are lightweight and could be stored on your island to protect them if a storm comes. Canoes can carry multiple people and items, thus making them perfect for performing tasks like aquaculture or fishing. Ships are larger, generally require fuel, and are much more cumbersome, however, if you have a larger island, with multiple citizens and a greater need for supplies, it is more logical to use ships.

Specializing Watercraft
You may require specialized craft for a certain function, such as trawlers, freighters, nuclear submarines, or ferries. Speeders are probably the best choice for carrying one or two people around the outskirts of your waters quickly, but are expensive. Kayaks are a cheaper but less effective alternative. If you plan to carry large amounts of minerals from your island for trade, it may be good to purchase a small freighter. If your island is not far from another landmass, and receives tourism, or if you/your citizens must commute to another landmass regularly, it may be in your best interest to purchase a ferry or make one. Since they are not meant for long journeys or to carry equipment they may be as simple as a primitive raft. Your island may also need ship specialized towards defense, especially if your location is heavily pirated. If you have a wealthy micronation, you may be able to afford some gunboats or other military material. Other than that, armed vehicles will most likely consist of boats with armed people on them.

Aircraft
If you have an island far from any human outpost, Aircraft may be critical to your island's survival. But they are painfully costly. Just the vehicle itself can cost several hundred thousand dollars at best. Not to mention fuel, safety equipment, and a pilot/flying class. If you have the means, however, aeronautics can provide a myriad of opportunities to your island. You can travel to other places, transport supplies, export your island's goods, and launch nuclear strikes at any entity that does not recognize your island's sovereignty. They travel faster than watercraft, but cannot carry as much.

title: Making an Island/Facilities/Transport


text:
Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 11AA of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section provides for determining for the purposes of corporation tax the amount of the profits attributable to a permanent establishment in the United Kingdom of a company that is not resident in the United Kingdom ("the non-resident company"). There shall be attributed to the permanent establishment the profits it would have made if it were a distinct and separate enterprise, engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions, dealing wholly independently with the non-resident company.

It is assumed that the permanent establishment has the same credit rating as the non-resident company, and that the permanent establishment has such equity and loan capital as it could reasonably be expected to have in the circumstances specified in that subsection. No deduction may be made in respect of costs in excess of those that would have been incurred on those assumptions.

Deductions are allowed for allowable expenses incurred for the purposes of the permanent establishment, including executive and general administrative expenses so incurred, whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. For these purposes "allowable expenses" means expenses of a kind in respect of which a deduction would be allowed for corporation tax purposes if incurred by a company resident in the United Kingdom.

The Board of HM Revenue and Customs may by regulations make additional provision concerning how to apply the rules for insurance companies.

This section also introduces Schedule A1 to the Act.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Bg5/6...e6/7. f4/7...b5/8. e5/8...dxe5

=Polugaevsky Variation=

Moves : 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bg5 e6 7. f4 b5 8. e5 dxe5

Now the following move is very logical in the main line of Polougaevsky Variation : /9. fxe5/ (main line)

Theory table
.

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bg5 e6 7. f4 b5 8. e5 dxe5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Bg5/6...e6/7. f4/7...b5/8. e5/8...dxe5/9. fxe5

=Polugaevsky Variation=

Moves : 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 b5 8.e5 dxe5 9. fxe5

Now Black has a very tactical move (main line):

/9...Qc7/ (main line)

Theory table
.

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bg5 e6 7. f4 b5 8. e5 dxe5 9. fxe5


text:
User talk:82.137.216.16

Regarding edits made during December 26 2006 (UTC)
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 21:32, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:82.137.216.16


text:
A Beginner's Guide to D/Conditions and Loops

This chapter introduces the basics of conditions and loops, the basic constructs of program flow.

Table of Contents

 * 1) /The Concepts of Conditionals and Loops/
 * 2) /Simple Branching/
 * 3) /Simple Iteration/ (The foreach loop)
 * 4) /Simple Looping/ (The while and do-while loops)
 * 5) /Complex Iteration: The for Loop/
 * 6) /Switch Statement/ (The Switch conditional)


text:
A Beginner's Guide to D/Conditions and Loops/The Concepts of Conditionals and Loops

At this point, you should know how to do some simple interaction with the user. But without conditions or loops, your programs can only follow one simple pattern.

One fundamental capability of any programming language is conditions. A condition statement, such as an if statement, causes different code to run depending on whether a condition is true or false. if statements will be introduced in the following section.

Another important ability is a loop. It's often necessary to make one section of code run multiple times. The foreach, for and while loops allow this. They will be introduced later in this chapter.


text:
Algorithm Implementation/Mathematics/Fibonacci Number Program

Fibonacci is similar to a "hello world" for many functional programming languages, since it can involve paradigms like pattern matching, memoization, and bog-standard tail recursion (which is equivalent to iteration). However, iteration or tail-recursion in linear time is only the first step: more clever exponentiation runs in logarithmic time.

Although the Binet/Lucas formula is technically also exponentiation, ita use of floating-point numbers makes it less attractive than the matrix-based solution. In addition, the above discussion of complexity and indeed most of the code here assumes that both addition and multiplication are done in a single step, which is not the case for big, exponentially-growing numbers easily created by fibonacci calculation.

C
An explanation of many of the following above can be found in nayuki's post.

Matrix exponentiation, compact
A similar alternative is based on Lucas numbers.

C#
C# code is essentially the same as C with some static method specifiers.

Arithmetic version
algorithm taken from the Pascal "more efficient" version, below

Simple recursive
This version uses F# System.Numerics.BigInteger type

Forth
0 1 rot 0 ?do over + swap loop drop ;

Awesome recursive version
Or : Or :

Closed-form version
Defines arithmetic operations on a custom data type, and then uses it to run the explicit formula without going via floating point - no rounding or truncation. Calculates the ten millionth fibonacci number in a few seconds (it has roughly two million digits).

For other versions, see :
 * Haskell/Overview
 * nayuki's fast doubling again, but recursive this time

Basic Tail-Recursive Version
fibonacci?{ ??0 1   ?=0:???    (1??,+/?)? ?-1 }

Array-Oriented Version
fibonacci?{+/{?!??}(??)-?IO}

Other Versions
See Fibonacci at the Dynamic Functions Database

Linotte
Fibonacci: Principal : Rôles : n :: nombre Actions : "Entrez un nombre :" ! n ? fibo(n) ! Fibo : Rôles : * n :: nombre Actions : si n < 2 alors retourne n 	retourne fibo(n-1) + fibo(n-2)

Lexico (in Spanish)
clase Fib publicos: mensajes: Fib nop Fibonacci(deme n es una cantidad) es_funcion cantidad { 	los objetos uno, dos, tres, i, respuesta son cantidades copie 0 en uno copie 1 en dos variando i desde 1 hasta n haga: { 		copie uno en respuesta copie uno + dos en tres copie dos en uno copie tres en dos } 	retornar uno } /**********************************/ tarea { el objeto f es un Fib muestre "el 5: ", f.Fibonacci(doy 5) }

Recursive version
fib(n):= if n < 2 then n    else fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2) $

Lucas form
fib(n):=(%phi^n-(-%phi)^-n)/sqrt(5);

Iterative version
fib(n) := block(    [i,j,k],     i : 1,     j : 0,     for k from 1 thru n do         [i,j] : [j,i + j],     return(j) )$

Exponentiation by squaring
fib(n) := block(    [i,F,A],     if n <= 0 then         return(0),     i : n - 1,     F : matrix([1,0],[0,1]),     A : matrix([0,1],[1,1]),     while i > 0 do block( if oddp(i) then F : F.A,        A : A^^2, i : quotient(i,2) ),    return(F[2,2]) )$

A bit more efficient
Note that Power is usually defined in Math, which is not included by default.

For most compilers it's possible to improve performance by using the Math.IntPower instead of the Math.Power.

Binary recursion, snippet
Runs in Θ(F(n)) time, which is Ω(1.6n).

Recursive version
Or :

Lucas sequence identities, recursion
As with the iterative version, this solution is also O(log n) with arbitrary precision.

Ruby
Alternate:

Logarithmic-time Version
This version squares the Fibonacci transformation, allowing calculations in log2(n) time:

UCBLogo
to fib :n output (cascade :n [?1+?2] 1 [?1] 0) end

Recursive version
to fib :n if :n<2 [output 1] output (fib :n-1)+(fib :n-2) end

Alternative recursive version
and  is optional arguments.

Iterative version
This example supports negative arguments.

Stack recursion
This example uses recursion on the stack.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts

/Transcluded Modules


text:
Video Production/Ffmpeg to theora

Conversion of Dv Avi file into the ogg theora video file using windows

The free software to convert videos into the Ogg Theora Format is called "ffmpeg2theora", you can download it here. http://www.v2v.cc/%7ej/ffmpeg2theora/download.html

You must have the program 'ffmpeg2theora' in the same folder as the video (video.dv or video.avi) that you want to convert (copy-past or drag and drop it in the right location).

Then you must start the Command Prompt', you can find it under : Start > Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.

Imagine the where the video that you want to convert is on your harddrive with the name "E:" in a folder called "umwandeln".

You can navigate to the right harddisk by using commands like "E:" and Enter You can navigate to the right folder by using the "cd" command, for example: "cd umwandeln" and Enter (cd stands for 'change directory')

Other help: The command 'dir' shows a list of the content of that folder (directory)

The command 'cd ..' moves you up to one folder level

Then, you can start the conversion by giving the command:

"ffmpeg2theora -p pro video.dv" (or .avi) and Enter:

After some time, depending on your hardware, the ogg video is ready and available in the same folder.

Notes:

It is possible to create ogg videos in a lower quality, for example the preview version, the command for that is: "ffmpeg2theora -p preview video.dv". Next to that, it is also possible to code the video in a diffent quality, e.g.: Video Quality 7 and Audio Quality 3, then you use the command: "ffmpeg2theora -v 7 -a 3 video.dv"

ffmpeg2theora -p pro video.dv -> Video: 720x576 if fps ~ 25, 720x480 if fps ~ 30 Quality 7 - Sharpness 0 Audio: Max 2 channels - Quality 3

ffmpeg2theora -p preview video.dv -> Video: 384x288 if fps ~ 25, 320x240 if fps ~ 30 Quality 5 - Sharpness 2 Audio: Max 2 channels - Quality 1

The command "ffmpeg2theora -h" gives a list of the possible output parameters that can be used.

More information on Ogg Theora :: here http://www.v2v.cc/%7ej/ffmpeg2theora/

title: Video Production/Ffmpeg to theora


text:
Cookbook:Three-Meat Stew

| North America

Ingredients

 * 2 big chicken legs, chopped up
 * 8–10 sausage links
 * ½ pack bacon

Procedure

 * 1) Fry everything together in a big cast-iron pan.
 * 2) Every few minutes, pour off some of the grease drippings. Be careful!
 * 3) Cook until everything is good and crispy.

title: Cookbook:Three-Meat Stew


text:
Category:Camping recipes

Recipes for camp cooking.

title: Category:Camping recipes


text:
Fortran/FAQ

This article contains some frequently-asked questions (FAQs) regarding Fortran and their answers.

Q. Should I learn Fortran? Is it obsolete?
A: Fortran is not obsolete and it will not be any time soon. Fortran is a general purpose programming language and is suitable for many applications. However, it excells at numerical computation and high performance computing. It is fast, portable and it has seamless handling of arrays. Because of this, there are many high-quality Fortran libraries for numerical algorithms and it is widespread in scientific communities (e.g. numerical weather predicion). The language itself is still maintained and regularly updated with modern features; the latest version is Fortran 2018.

Q: What Fortran compiler should I use?
A: Oracle Solaris Studio, GNU Fortran, G95, and Silverfrost (Windows only) are free software Fortran 95 compilers, and Absoft, IBM, Intel, Lahey, NAG, Pathscale and PGI sell Fortran compilers. Comparative information on Fortran compilers is available at Wikipedia.

Q: How do I create numbered file names such as out_01.txt, out_02.txt etc.?
A: Use an "internal write" to create the file names, for example

A: A neater way to do this would be:

This way the formatting is clear and you are writing the correct string to the variable. I assume you wanted an integer as the number. 'I' format statement requires an Integer length, or zero in some cases. You are probably thinking of F where the decimal point denotes the number of decimals to consider.

Q: What does the open statement look like using this technique? OPEN(UNIT = __, FILE = ???, STATUS='NEW')?
A: Gfortran does not accept this block

Gives, ERROR, file tag must be of type CHARACTER

Can someone else help with this?

A: See the answer above. Basically the way you have written the variable file_name is incorrect.

Assuming that ITN has been declared as an integer and given a value.

Q: How can I convert a string to an integer and other types? What about the reverse?
A: Use an "internal read" or "internal write". In effect, you use a character variable as the file name and read or write the I/O list. You write things like

to convert a string to another type and

to convert to a string from another type, as demonstrated by the following program:

This answer is based on messages in comp.lang.fortran by Paul van Delst and Dick Hendrickson.

Q. How do I issue a command to the operating system within a Fortran program?
A. The Fortran 2008 standard provides the  intrinsic procedure to make system calls. Prior versions have no standard way to make system calls, but many compilers have an extension named "system" or something similar. Please consult the documentation of your compiler. In Fortran 2003, one can call C code, and it is possible to call the operating system from C.

title: Fortran/FAQ


text:
User talk:74.113.131.114

Edits here done by KostaToronto(Talk) 04:00, 27 December 2006 (UTC) (ignore automated message below).

title: User talk:74.113.131.114


text:
User talk:Saptaraag

S.ST HOLIDAY HOMEWORK

Q1- DISTINGUISH BETWEEN WHEATHER AND CLIMATE. ANS- climate is the sum total of weather conditions over a large area for a long period of time. Weather stands for actual atmospheric conditions for a short period.

Q2-WHY THE TAMILNADU COAST RECIEVES WINTERRAINFALL? ANS-Tamilnadu gets most of rain from retreating monsoon in October and November. These winds after picking up moisture from Bay of Bengal. Thus tamilnadu gets most of rain in winter when the fury of monsoons is over in most parts of the country

Q2-WHY WE NEED PARLIAMENT? ANS-The powers of parliament include law making or legislation, financial, executive and judicial powers. i.The parliament can enact laws on the subjects mentioned in the union list and concurrent list. ii.The parliament controls the finance of the nation. iii.The parliament controls the executive.

Q3-WHAT ARE THE WORKS AND POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT? ANS-The president appoints the prime minister. The president appoints some members of the lok sabha and rajya sabha. He appoints governors, judges of Supreme Court and high courts, ambassadors and attorney general. He gives approval to many bills passed by the state legislature. He distributes the share of income tax among the states.

Q4- WHAT ARE THE WORKS AND POWERS OF THE PRIME MINISTER? ANS- He prepares the list of the ministers according to his sweet will. He decides what department is to be allotted to a particular minister. The prime minister is the head of the council of ministers. The council of minister has no existence without the prime minister. The prime minister may advise the president for the dissolution of the lok sabha.

Q5- WHAT IS THE WORK OF THE SPEAKER IN THE LOK SABHA? ANS- He assures systematical and peaceful work. He is neutral. He does not go on his own party’s meeting. He can punish any member of any party.

Q6-WHAT PROBLEMS CAME IN THE SPREAD OF FARMING OF WHEAT? ANS- When wheat cultivation had expended dramatically in the early twentieth century, zealous farmers recklessly uprooted all vegetation, and tractors had turned the soil over, and broken the sod into dust. The whole region had become dust bowl.

Q7- WHAT ARE THE REASONS OF CHANGE IN WEATHER IN THE INDIAN SUB- CONTINENT? ANS- The heat low around the Arabian sea caused due to intensive heating during the pre monsoon months. The Tibetan high-level plateau gets intensely heated during summer, which results in strong vertical air currents and the formation of high pressure over the plateau.

Q8-WHEN AND WHERE THE DUST STORM CAME? ANS- Dust storm came in 1930 in the southern plains of North America.

Q9-WHY MANCHU WAS AGAINST FORREIGN MATERIALS? ANS- The manchus, were suspicious of all foreign merchants. They feared that the merchants would meddle in local politics and disrupt their authority.

Q10-WHAT ARE THE MAIN FACTORS OF POVERTY IN INDIA? ANS- The factors responsible for poverty in India are as follows                	   1.Low level of economic development. 2. Huge income inequalities. 3. Higher illiteracy rate. 4. Social exclusion.

Q11-WHAT IS POVERTY LINE? ANS- A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given minimum level and the minimum level is called poverty line.

Q12-WHY THERE IS DIFFERENT TYPES OF POVERTY LINE IN DIFFERRENT COUNTRIES? ANS- Each country uses an imaginary line that is considered appropriate for its existing level of development and its accepted minimum social norms. For example, a person in the United States may be considered poor. In India, owning of a car is still considered luxury.

Q13-WHAT IS EPIDEMIC? WHAT ARE THE FACTORS OF EPIDEMIC? ANS- An epidemic is defined as the occurrence of an illness or other health related event that is unusually large or unexpected.

Q14-GIVE SOME SAFETY MEASURES TO COPE WITH RAIL ACCIDENT. ANS- The safety measures are as follows: •	At railway crossing pay attention to the signal and the swing barrier. •	Do not stop the train on a bridge or tunnel where evacuation is not possible. •	Do not take flammable material. •	Do not smoke in train. •	Do not pull the emergency cord unnecessarily.

Q15-GIVE SOME REASONS OF RAIL ACCIDENTS. ANS- The most common types of rail accident are due to lack of maintenance, human error or sabotage. Various type of dangerous cargo such as fuel oil products.

Q16-GIVE SOME SAFETY MEASURES TO COPE WITH ROAD ACCIDENTS. ANS- The safety measures are as follows: •	Drive only if you are competent enough •	Be familiar with road markings •	Be careful while driving in rainy season •	Be a licensed driver •	Keep to your lane •	Don’t accelerate or decelerate suddenly

Q17-GIVE SOME REASONS OF ROAD ACCIDENT. ANS- The main causes are the violation of traffic regulations, speeding, drunk driving and poor maintenance of the vehicle and the roads. All these reasons add to the rising number of accidents and road fatalities.

Q18-WHO WAS CAPTAIN SWING? ANS- Captain Swing was a mythic name used in letters addressed to land owners to break their threshing machines. The workers feared loss of job livelihood owing to the introduction of threshing machine.

Q19-WHAT CHANGES CAME WITH MODERN AGRICULTURE? ANS- The richer farmers expanded grain production sold grains in the world market, made profits and became powerful. The poor left their villages in large numbers. Some went from midlands to the southern counties where jobs were available. The income became unstable, their jobs insecured, their livelihood precarious.

Q20-WHEN AND WHERE DID BTHE DUST STORM CAME?. HOW THE WHOLE LANDSCAPE GOT CONVERTED INTO DUST BOWL? ANS- In 1930s, terrifying dust storms began to blow over southern plains. When wheat cultivation had expanded dramatically in the early twentieth century, zealous farmers recklessly uprooted all vegetation, and tractors had turned the soil over, and broken the sod into dust. The whole region had become a dust bowl.

Q21-HOW THE PEASANTS WERE FORCED TO CULTIVATE OPIUM? ANS- Opium was, however, primarily known for its medicinal properties. In 19th century, there were great demands for the international commercial crops- Indigo and opium. Here it is pertinent to discuss the fiscal policy of colonial rulers and conditions of farmers in India. The British saw land revenue as a major source of government income. For this reason, they took several measures as increased revenue rates, and expand the area under cultivation. Opium cultivation naturally augmented the revenue of the colonial rulers.

Q22-WHAT IS THE MAIN ROLE OF OPPOSITE PARTY IN LOK SABHA? ANS- There role is very important because sometimes there comments make the other party change there decision and are necessary for running the nation properly.

Q23-WHAT HAPPENED TO THE POOR? ANS- They could no longer collect apples and berries or hunt small animals for meat. Nor could they gather the stalks that lay on the fields after landlords, everything had a price which the poor could not afford to pay.

Q24- BY THE END OF CENTURY PEASANTS WERE PRODUCING WHICH KIND OF CROPS? ANS- By the end of century, peasants were producing sugarcane, cotton jute, wheat and several other crops for export, to feed the population of urban Europe and to supply the mills of Lancashire and Manchester in England.

Q25-WHAT WAS THE OPINION OF FARMERS ON THRESHING MACHINES? ANS- They complained of the insolence of labourers, their drinking habits, and the difficulty of making them work. The machines they thought, would help them reduce there dependence on labourers.

title: User talk:Saptaraag


text:
User:That Guy, From That Show!/Texas Holdem (limit and pot limit) for beginners

Introduction
Texas Hold 'em, while seeming easy to learn, is in reality a subtle game and it takes quite a while to master. To win or at least stay even over the long run, beginners should play a very tight game (play very few hands they are dealt, 10-15% at most) at first. If all of the guidelines below are followed and a person keeps studying, at some point everything will 'click' and the person will understand the game enough to work on becoming an advanced player. At that time, players can easily adjust their playing styles and tactics outside of the general guidelines shown in this guide and will assuredly do quite well.

It is very strongly suggested that players restrict themselves to low-limit games ($3/$6 and lower) until they become more familiar with the subtleties of this game and have learned positional play as well as being able to determine what possible hands other players have. No limit Hold 'em is very exciting yet can will easily cause a player to become broke after making only one mistake.

One good way to get many practice hands is for the reader to play at one of the online poker sites that have free chips for players to use in games. But, keep in mind that online free chip play is very different from cash play because many of the players aren't playing seriously. But, being able to play 1 or more fast games at a time will help you become more familiar with Texas Hole em.

It is assumed that the reader understands basic poker and hand rankings.

Traits of good players
These traits cannot be avoided. They are all essential to a winning strategy.

Good players watch other opponents to help get insight as to what they are doing and what cards they have.

Good players are extremely patient and wait for profitable situations to occur. If the hand is bad, they fold, they do not rely on hunches or luck.

Good players are aggressive. When they have a good situation, they raise the profit by increasing the amount of $ in the pot by betting.

Good players are not afraid to try to win even though it appears there may be an opposing better hand. If the odds are right, getting rid of opponents who may possibly have a better hand isn't something to avoid.

Good players constantly try to improve their skills.

The above guidelines must be followed even for advanced players.

Rules of the game
Two cards are dealt to each player. These are considered 'hole cards'. They are the only cards in the game that are unseen by other players.

The cards are dealt clockwise from the position of the current dealer. The dealer position moves clockwise to the next player after each hand dealt.

There isn't an ante in most Hold 'Em games, the person to the immediate left of the dealer adds an automatic bet equal to the minimum bet for that game. For instance, if the game rules are $3/6 limit, the immediate left player would put in $6. He is referred to as the Big Blind.

The player to the left of the Big Blind is the Small Blind. His automatic bet is almost always 1/2 of the Big Blind (ie: if the game is $3/6 limit, his automatic bet will be $3).

Position
Player position is determined in regard to where the player is in relation to the Big and Small blinds (BB and sB respectively). For the purposes here, it is assumed that the table is full with 10 people playing. The Button is the to the right of the BB and the person playing from there bets after everyone else.

Pre-flop
''Fold all hands that do not apply to your position if you must put money in. This is extremely important. By playing a smaller field of cards as a beginner, you will save yourself quite a bit of grief.''

Early Position
A player who is in the first player to the left of the BB is considered to be 'under the gun' (UTG). He has a very extreme disadvantage due to the fact that he has to make decisions before he can see what all of the other players are going to do regarding checking or raising. This also applies to the player to the immediate left of the UTG player. Together, they are considered to be in Early position and should be played similarly.

A beginning player is advised to only bet AA, KK, QQ, and AK (suited or unsuited) from the early position. All other hands are very vulnerable and will lose more often than they win. Betting other hands will result in lost money over the long run due to the fact that others are in a better position and can raise a much wider variety of starting hands. When a player becomes more advanced with time and practice, other hands can be played depending on the types of other players in any particular game.

Check all hands besides the ones listed above and fold if someone after you bets.

Middle Position
The middle position is considered to be the 3 seats to the left of early position. Here, you can play a few more hands due to the fact that you can see what players behind you (to the right) are doing.

In addition to the first position cards AA-QQ and AK, you can bet (call if a raise is made before you):

Any Ace with a face card of the same suit as well as ATs. KQs, QJs, JJ, TT, AQ-Js are strong cards as well.

Late Position
The last 3 seats before the BB and sB are considered late position. From here you can see quite a bit of information about what other players have and can play a large variety of cards.

Hands to raise if no one else has raised (call if someone has raised):

AA-77, AK-A8, KQ-KTs, KQ-KJ.

The dealer button (late-late position)
Here you can play AA-22, AA-2s, AK-A5, KQ-K9

Betting
To win in holdem, you want to win big pots, not a bunch of small ones. Chasing a lot of small pots is more expensive in the long run than the return. (Exceptions exist such as 'stealing the blinds') If you are winning a lot of small pots, you are playing too many of them and will eventually lose all of your money.


text:
User:That Guy, From That Show!/monobook.js

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