text:
C++ Programming/UML

Modeling Tools
Long gone are the days when you had to do all software designing planning with pencil and paper, it's known that bad design can impact the quality and maintainability of products, affecting time to market and long term profitability of a project.

The solution seems to be CASE and modeling tools which improve the design quality and help to implement design patterns with ease that in turn help to improve design quality, auto documentation and the shortening the development life cycles.

UML (Unified Modeling Language)
Since the late 80s and early 90s, the software engineering industry as a whole was in need of standardization, with the emergence and proliferation of many new competing software design methodologies, concepts, notations, terminologies, processes, and cultures associated with them, the need for unification was self evident by the sheer number of parallel developments. A need for a common ground on the representation of software design was badly needed and to archive it a standardization of geometrical figures, colors, and descriptions.

The UML (Unified Modeling Language) was specifically created to serve this purpose and integrates the concepts of Booch (Grady Booch is one of the original developers of UML and is recognized for his innovative work on software architecture, modeling, and software engineering processes), OMT, OOSE, Class-Relation and OOramand by fusing them into a single, common and widely usable modeling language tried to be the unifying force, introducing a standard notation that was designed to transcend programming languages, operating systems, application domains and the needed underlying semantics with which programmers could describe and communicate. With its adoption in November 1997 by the OMG (Object Management Group) and its support it has become an industry standard. Since then OMG has called for information on object-oriented methodologies, that might create a rigorous software modeling language. Many industry leaders had responded in earnest to help create the standard, the last version of UML (v2.0) was released in 2004.

UML is still widely used by the software industry and engineering community. In later days a new awareness has emerged (commonly called UML fever) that UML per se has limitations and is not a good tool for all jobs. Careful study on how and why it is used is needed to make it useful.

title: C++ Programming/UML


text:
User:Gadfium

I'm a user on the English wikipedia. I don't check my talk page here regularly so if you want to discuss something with me, please see my page there or email me.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Gadfium


text:
Gothic/Verbs

What kind of verb is smart?
When you look up a verb in a Gothic dictionary, you will be told
 * whether it is strong or weak
 * which class it is in. There are seven classes of strong verbs (1 to 7, or I to VII) and four classes of weak verbs.

Strong verbs are marked with sv or abl.V.. Weak verbs are marked with wv or sw.V.. For example, look at the entries for skreitan (a strong verb) and skritnan (a weak verb) in this modern dictionary and this facsimile of a 1910 dictionary.

Present tense
The present tense goes as follows:

Infinitive
The infinitive of strong verbs always ends in -an. For example:

How weak verbs behave
...

title: Gothic/Verbs


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d3

= Giuoco Pianissimo = With 4.d3, White plays the Giuoco Pianissimo (Italian: "very quiet game"). White aims for a slow buildup deferring d4 until it can be prepared. By avoiding an immediate confrontation in the center White prevents the early release of tension through exchanges and enters a positional maneuvering game. If White plays c2-c3, the position can take some characteristics of the Ruy Lopez if his bishop retreats to c2 via Bc4-b3-c2. (The alternative move order 4.c3 Nf6 5.d3 is common in master play.) Despite its drawish reputation, this variation became more popular after being taken up by Anatoly Karpov in the 1978 World Championship.

Theory table
.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.d3


text:
Ordinary Differential Equations/First Order Linear 4

1)

$$y'+3y=sin(x)\,\!$$

Step 1: Find $$e^{\int P(x)dx}$$

$$\int 3dx=3x+C$$

$$e^{\int P(x)dx}=Ce^{3x}$$

Letting C=1, we get $$e^{3x}$$

Step 2: Multiply through

$$e^{3x}y'+e^{3x}3y=e^{3x}sin(x)\,\!$$

Step 3: Recognize that the left hand is $$\frac{d}{dx} e^{\int P(x)dx}y$$

$$\frac{d}{dx} e^{3x}y=e^{3x}sin(x)$$

Step 4: Integrate

$$\int (\frac{d}{dx} e^{3x}y)dx=\int e^{3x}sin(x)dx$$

$$e^{3x}y=\frac{e^{3x}(3sin(x)-cos(x))}{10}+C$$

Step 5: Solve for y

$$y=\frac{3sin(x)-cos(x)}{10}+\frac{C}{e^{3x}}$$

2)

$$y'+\frac{1}{x+3}y=7x^2+4x$$

Step 1: Find $$e^{\int P(x)dx}$$

$$\int \frac{dx}{x+3}=ln(x+3)+C$$

$$e^{\int P(x)dx}=Cx+3C$$

Letting C=1, we get $$x+3$$

Step 2: Multiply through

$$(x+3)y'+(x+3)y=(x+3)(7x^2+4x)\,\!$$

Step 3: Recognize that the left hand is $$\frac{d}{dx} e^{\int P(x)dx}y$$

$$\frac{d}{dx} (x+3)y=(x+3)(7x^2+4x)$$

Step 4: Integrate

$$\int (\frac{d}{dx} (x+3)y)dx=\int (x+3)(7x^2+4x)dx$$

$$(x+3)y=\frac{7x^4}{4}+\frac{25x^3}{3}+6x^2+C$$

Step 5: Solve for y

$$y=\frac{\frac{7x^4}{4}+\frac{25x^3}{3}+6x^2+C}{x+3}$$

3)

$$(x^4e^x-2mxy^2)dx+2mx^2ydy$$

Step 1: Rearrange

$$2y\dfrac{dy}{dx}-\frac{2y^2}{x}=-x^2e^x$$

Step 2: Substitute $$z=y^2 \implies \dfrac{dz}{dx}=2y\dfrac{dy}{dx}$$

$$\dfrac{dz}{dx}-2\frac{z}x=-x^2e^x$$

Step 3: Find $$e^{\int P(x)dx}$$

Integrating Factor$$=\frac1{x^2}$$

Step 4: Solve for y

$$y(x)=x^2\int \frac{-x^2e^xdx}{mx^2}=x^2\int \frac{-e^x}m dx=\frac{-x^2e^x}m+Cx^2$$


text:
Ordinary Differential Equations/First Order Linear 3

1) $$y'+3y=sin(x)\,\!$$

2) $$y'+\frac{1}{x+3}y=7x^2+4x$$

3) $$(x^4e^x-2mxy^2)dx+2mx^2ydy$$


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d3/4...Nf6

=4. d3 Giuoco Pianissimo= White plays the Giuoco Pianissimo (Italian: "very quiet game"). This solid but passive opening more often occurs through the Bishops opening (2. Bc4) move order.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.d3 Nf6


text:
User:ThreeE

Main project: Chess/Opening Theory

title: User:ThreeE


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. c3

= Centre Pawn Opening/MacLeod Attack/Lopez Opening=

White's second move prepares to push a pawn to d4, establishing a pawn center. However the idea is too slow as Black can respond vigorously with 2...d5 to eliminate transpositional possibilities. After 1. e4 e5 2. c3 d5 3. exd5 Qxd5, there is no 4. Nc3 to chase the queen away and gain a tempo.

Theory table
'''1. e4 e5 2. c3'''

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. c3


text:
Ordinary Differential Equations/Constant Coefficients

Lesson 2: Homogenous Equations

 * Explanation
 * Examples
 * Probems
 * Answers

Lesson 3: Nonhomogenous Equations

 * Explanation
 * Examples
 * Probems
 * Answers


text:
Wikijunior:Solar System/Saturn/Iapetus

Iapetus is a moon of Saturn.

How big is Iapetus?
Iapetus is the third-biggest moon of Saturn, and is about 1436 km wide.

What is its surface like?
From space, Ieaptus' two-tone colour is quite obvious. One hemisphere is a dark reddish-brown colour, while the other, while the other is bright and heavily cratered. The effect is like a ying-yang symbol.

Scientists don't know where the material covering the dark hemisphere comes from, but they think it might come from space or from inside Iapetus. If it came from space, it might have come from meteroites or the surface of comets, or it might have been knocked off from another moon of Saturn, Phoebe. If the material came from the inside of Iapetus, it might have come from cryovolcanoes or evaporation of water ice.

When Cassini flew by on Decembr 31, 2004, a ridge was discovered on Iapetus. It is 1300 km long, 20 km wide, and 13 km high. It follows Iapetus' equator almost perfectly, and is heavily cratered, and therefore ancient.

For now, scientists are not sure of the origins of the ridge. One theory is that the ridge is icy material that rose from inside the moon and solidified. The other is that Iapetus once grazed the outer edges of Saturn's rings.

How long is a day on Iapetus?
One day on Iapetus is equal to 79.32 days on Earth, or about 79 days, 7 hours and 41 minutes. It takes the same amount of time to finish an orbit around Saturn. This means that the same side of this moon is always facing Saturn.

What is it made of?
Iapetus is made of mostly ice, with a small amount of rock.

How much would Iapetus' gravity pull on me?
If you were standing on Iapetus, you would weigh about 1/40 of what you do on Earth.

Who is it named after?
When Iapetus, Tethys, Dione, and Rhea were discovered, they were named Sidera Lodoicea ("the stars of Louis") to honour king Louis XIV. However, astronomers called them and Titan Saturn I through Saturn V. Once Mimas and Enceladus were discovered, in 1789, the numbering scheme was extended to Saturn VII.

The name Iapetus was suggested by astronomer John Herschel (son of William Herschel, also an astronomer) in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope

Iapetus is a Titan from Greek mythology. He was son of Uranus and Gaia, and father (by an Oceanid named Clymene or Asia) of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius. Through Prometheus and Epimetheus and Atlas he is an ancestor of the human race.

How was it discovered?
Iapetus was discovered by Giovanni Cassini on October 25, 1671.

Wikijunior Sonnensystem/ Saturn/ Iapetus

title: Wikijunior:Solar System/Saturn/Iapetus


text:
Theatre and Acting

Theatre and Acting Welcome to the Theatre and Acting Wikibook. This book is almost unwritten; therefore, feel free to dive in and write about whatever you know.

About the Theatre

 * /Introduction/
 * A Short History of the Theatre

Acting Warmups and Games

 * /Physical Warmups/
 * /Vocal Warmups/
 * /Facial Warmups/
 * /Energy Warmups/
 * /Focus Warmups/
 * /Games/

The First Principles of Acting

 * /Faith/
 * /Impulse/
 * /Honesty/
 * /Objectives, Obstacles, Tactics/
 * /Choices/

Styles, Methods, Types of performance

 * /Improvisation/
 * /Naturalism/
 * /Coarse Acting/
 * /Commedia dell'arte/
 * /Theatre of Cruelty/
 * /Epic Theatre/
 * /Theatre of the Absurd/
 * /Method Acting/

Theatre Practitioners

 * /Antonin Artaud/
 * /Bertolt Brecht/
 * /Rudolf von Laban/
 * /Samuel Beckett/

Auditions

 * /Preparing For Auditions/

Teatro e interpretación

title: Theatre and Acting


text:
Theatre and Acting/Facial Warmups

Facial Warmups

 * /Using the Mouth/
 * Using the mouth by saying and speaking certain words and phrases can help to exercise the face.

 * /Using All the Face/
 * Some exercises use all of the face in order to warm up.

title: Theatre and Acting/Facial Warmups


text:
Ordinary Differential Equations/Higher 1

Initial value problems
Initial value problems still exist in higher orders. However, since we have to integrate twice or more, there will be more than one constant of integration, and it will not always be a single arbitrary. It will be shown in a later section by the existence theorems that an equation of order n in an initial value problem satisfying suitable conditions will a solution given n arbitrary contents, and therefore will contain, in general, n arbitrary constants.

Second order initial value problems
Let's take a simple equation:

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2}=2$$.

To solve this, we integrate twice:

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=2x+C$$
 * $$y=x^2+Cx+D. \,$$

Plug it in and check, this is the solution. Notice the 2 unknowns. In order to solve that, we need two initial conditions. For normal equations, this would do it - two equations, two unknowns. The problem here is that the two constants depend on each other. Suppose we had the initial conditions

 * $$y(x_0)=b_0 \,$$ and $$y(x_1)=b_1.\,$$

There are multiple curves for y that could hit those two points.

How can we get around that? We can't do it with 2 initial conditions for y. Instead, we need an initial condition for y and y'. Even more - they need to be for the same point. We need

 * $$y'(a)=b_0 \,$$ and $$y(a)=b_1 \,$$.

With these you can plug in y' and solve for C, then solve for D.

nth order initial value problems
So, generalizing, for the particular solution to an nth-order DE, we need n initial conditions. The initial conditions must take the form

 * $$y(a)=b_0,\ y'(a)=b_1,\ y''(a)=b_2,\ldots,\ y^{(n)}(a)=b_n$$

Separable Equations
Bad news - separable equations don't really exist in higher orders. You end up with only a small subset of problems that can be solved like that.

Second order separables
There are no real second order or higher separable equations. Mainly because we have 3 variables. However, suppose we had an equation of the form

 * $$y''=f(y')g(x). \,$$

While that isn't a separable equation we can solve for y - it is a first order separable for y'. We can replace y' with v (and y'' with v') and solve for v, then integrate with respect to x to solve for y.

Example needed

nth order separables
We can do the same thing in nth order equations. If we have an equation of the form

 * $$y^{(n)}=f(y^{(n-1)})g(x), \,$$

we can use separable techniques to solve for y(n-1) and integrate n-1 times to solve for y.

Linear Equations
Linear equations do exist in higher orders. They aren't as easy to solve though - there is no method like we demonstrated for first order equations. We'll spend the other lessons in this chapter dealing with the one easily solved subset - constant coefficients.

Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions
In first order equations, we were promised a unique solution if all terms of the function were continuous. In n dimensions, its similar.

Given an initial value problem

 * $$y^{(n)}+p_1(x)y^{(n-1)}+...+p_n(x)y=f(x)\,$$

with initial conditions at x=a, we are promised a unique solution if

 * $$p_1(x),\ p_2(x),\ldots,\ p_n(x)$$ and $$f(x) \,$$

are all continuous over some interval I.

Superposition principle
In many higher order equations, there are more than one solution to a problem. For example, the second-order DE

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2}-y=0$$

is satisfied by both

 * $$y=C_1e^x \,$$ and $$y=C_2e^{-x} \,$$.

Plug them in - they both work. So how do we get that unique solution we were promised?

We add them. This is the superposition principle:

 * If $$y_1=f(x) \,$$ and $$y_2=g(x) \,$$ are both solutions to a linear differential equation, then $$y=f(x)+g(x) \,$$ is also a solution.

Let's illustrate this. Suppose that u and v are solutions, where y=u and y=v are distinct solutions, comprised of functions of x, of the DE

 * (1)$$a\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2}+b\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}+cy=0.$$

Then,

 * (2)$$a\frac{\mathrm{d}^2u}{\mathrm{d}x^2}+b\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x}+cu=0$$

and

 * (3)$$a\frac{\mathrm{d}^2v}{\mathrm{d}x^2}+b\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x}+cv=0$$

A second order DE needs two arbitrary constants to properly define it. So, assume that the general solution is

 * (4)$$y=Au+Bv, \,$$

where A and B are our constants. Then,

 * (5)$$\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=A\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x}+B\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x}$$

and

 * (6)$$\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2}=A\frac{\mathrm{d}^2u}{\mathrm{d}x^2}+B\frac{\mathrm{d}^2v}{\mathrm{d}x^2}$$

Substituting back into our original DE, (1), we get

 * (7)$$a \left( A\frac{\mathrm{d}^2u}{\mathrm{d}x^2}+B\frac{\mathrm{d}^2v}{\mathrm{d}x^2} \right)

+b \left( A\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x}+B\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x} \right) +c \left(Au +Bv \right) =0$$

Now, regrouping to get all functions of u together, and functions of v together, we have

 * (8)$$A \left( a \frac{\mathrm{d}^2u}{\mathrm{d}x^2}+b\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x}+cu \right)

+B \left( a \frac{\mathrm{d}^2v}{\mathrm{d}x^2}+b\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x}+cv \right) =0$$

From our definitions in (2) and (3), we have

 * (9)$$A\times0+B\times0=0 \,$$

Now, since A and B are just numbers, this is true, therefore our original assumption must be true, so

 * $$y=Au+Bv \,$$

is the general solution, and y=u and y=v are distinct solutions. Now to solve the equation, we need to find u and v. This is done in the next lesson.


text:
Theatre and Acting/Facial Warmups/Using the Mouth

Some exercises use the mouth to exercise the face. Try these exercises:

T-t too...
Say the following phrase:

L-l-loo, l-l-low, l-l-law, l-l-lah, l-l-lay, l-l-lee

Now, replace the first consonant with another consonant, for example:

M-m-moo, m-m-mow, m-m-maw, m-m-mah, m-m-may, m-m-mee.

Continue through the alphabet.

Pss, Pss
At breakneck speed:

Pss, pss, ch-ka ch-ka {kiss} {click with tongue, wink with eye} ah

Then try backwards.

'''Ah! {wink and click} {kiss} ch-ka ch-ka pss.'''

Betty's Butter
Try saying this at a fast pace:

Betty bought a bit of butter, But the bit of butter Betty bought was bitter, So Betty bought a bit of better butter, To make the bit of bitter butter better.


text:
User talk:Cma~enwikibooks

Hi Cathy! :-)

Hello. I answered you here http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:Anthere#Wikimania_presentation

Greetings. Anthere

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cma. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cma~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:03, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:48, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cma~enwikibooks


text:
Palm OS Guide

Table of Contents

 * /Getting Started/
 * /Handhelds/
 * /Hacks/
 * /Troubleshooting/

title: Palm OS Guide


text:
Ordinary Differential Equations/Homogenous 1

Homogeneous Equations of Constant Coefficients
Consider a DE of the form

 * $$p_0(x)\frac{d^ny}{dx^n}+\ldots+p_{n-1}(x)\frac{dy}{dx}+p_n(x)y=f(x)$$

Constant coefficients refers to the left hand side of a differential equation - the coefficients of all terms of y,(i.e. p1(x), etc) are constants. While this may seem unrealistic, this actually happens frequently in electric circuits and harmonic motion.

"Homogeneous" refers to the right hand side of the equation. If f(x)=0, the equation is homogeneous, if it isn't, it is nonhomogenous. Again, it seems useless but it isn't. And it makes for a much easier to solve problem. We'll deal with nonhomogenous equations later.

So a homogenous equation of constant coefficients is an equation of the form

 * $$\frac{d^ny}{dx^n}+c_1\frac{d^{n-1}y}{dx^{n-1}}+c_2\frac{d^{n-2}y}{dx^{n-2}}+\ldots+c_ny=0$$

where c1, c2, etc are all constants.

Second order equations
In order to show how these equations are solved, lets start with the most basic case - a second order equation

 * $$A\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+B\frac{dy}{dx}+Cy=0$$

where A, B, and C are constants.

The Auxiliary Quadratic
For a DE

 * $$a\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+b\frac{dy}{dx}+cy=0,$$

Make the following substitution:

 * $$y=e^{mx}\,$$

This gives also

 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}=me^{mx}\,$$
 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=m^2e^{mx}\,$$

The DE is now

 * $$am^2e^{mx}+bme^{mx}+ce^{mx}=0 \,$$

Dividing by $$e^{mx}$$ gives (note:$$e^{mx}$$ can never equal zero)

 * $$am^2+bm+c=0 \,$$

This is the auxiliary quadratic (AQ) of the DE. There are four classes of outcomes to the auxiliary quadratic:

 * 1) $$b^2-4ac > 0, \,$$, giving two distinct, real, roots.
 * 2) $$b^2-4ac = 0, \,$$, giving two coincident real, roots.
 * 3) $$b^2-4ac < 0, \,$$, giving complex roots.
 * a: Purely imaginary roots.
 * b: Complex-conjugate pair.

The method of solution of the DE depends on the class of AQ.

Class 1: Distinct, Real Roots
Consider the DE

 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+\frac{dy}{dx}-6y=0 $$

The AQ is

 * $$m^2+m-6=0 \,$$
 * $$(m+3)(m-2)=0 \,$$

This gives us the following roots:

 * $$m=2, \ m=-3$$

Going back to the substitution we made to obtain the AQ, we have

 * $$y=e^{2x},\ y=e^{-3x}$$

as two distinct solutions to the DE. According to the superposition principle, the general solution is therefore

 * $$y=Ae^{2x}+Be^{-3x} \,$$

General Solution to Class 1 DEs

 * Generalizing, for the Second Order DE

 * $$a\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+b\frac{dy}{dx}+cy=0$$

 * with the auxiliary quadratic given by

 * $$am^2+bm+c=0 \,$$

 * with roots α and β, the general solution is

 * $$y=Ae^{\alpha x}+Be^{\beta x} \,$$

Class 2: Coincident, Real Roots
Consider the DE

 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}-4\frac{dy}{dx}+4y=0 $$

The AQ is

 * $$m^2-4m+4=0 \,$$
 * $$(m-2)(m-2)=0 \,$$

so, $$e^{2x}\,$$ is a solution. However, we cannot have it as both solutions as the factor of two produced will be absorbed into the constant, leaving us with only one constant, and therefore a DE without a full solution.

For the other solution we will use the Method of Reduction of Order. To do so we assume that it is in the form of:
 * $$y_2=u(x)y_1=u(x)e^{2x}\,$$

At the end we will check if our assumption is correct. We will now substitute this equation and solve for u(x)
 * $$y_2''-4y_2'+4y_2=0\,$$
 * $$u''(x)e^{2x}+2u'(x)e^{2x}+2u'(x)e^{2x}+4u(x)e^{2x}-4(u'(x)e^{2x}+2u(x)e^{2x})+4u(x)e^{2x}=0\,$$
 * $$u''(x)e^{2x}=0\,$$
 * $$e^{2x}\,$$ is always non-zero so the only way the product can equal zero is if:
 * $$u''(x)=0\,$$

Integrating twice offers
 * $$u(x)=a_1x + a_2\,$$

Therefore
 * $$y_2=(a_1x+a_2)y_1\,$$
 * $$y_2=(a_1x+a_2)e^{2x}\,$$

Our general solution is:
 * $$y=C_1y_1+C_2y_2\,$$
 * $$y=C_1e^{2x}+C_2(a_1x+a_2)e^{2x}\,$$
 * $$y=(C_1+a_2)e^{2x}+C_2a_1xe^{2x}\,$$

Because each constant is arbitrary we can simply write
 * $$y=C_1e^{2x}+C_2xe^{2x}\,$$

The Method of Reduction of Order can be used on different equations and u(x) does not always equal x. You can see below that $$y=xe^{x}$$ is a valid solution.
 * $$y=xe^{2x}\,$$
 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}=2xe^{2x}+e^{2x}=e^{2x}(2x+1)\,$$
 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=2e^{2x}+2e^{2x}(2x+1)=e^{2x}(4x+4)\,$$

To check substitute these into the original DE:

 * $$e^{2x}(4x+4)-4e^{2x}(2x+1)+4xe^{2x}=0 \,$$
 * $$4xe^{2x}+4e^{2x}-8xe^{2x}-4e^{2x}+4xe^{2x}=0 \,$$
 * $$0=0\,$$

Therefore, $$y=xe^{2x}\,$$ is a solution as well.

General Solution to Class 2 DEs

 * Generalizing, for the Second Order DE

 * $$a\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+b\frac{dy}{dx}+cy=0$$

 * with the coincident root α of the AQ, the general solution is

 * $$y=(A+Bx)e^{\alpha x} \,$$

Class 3a: Purely Imaginary Roots
To have complex roots, the AQ must have a discriminant less than zero, so

 * $$b^2-4ac < 0 \,$$

Also, for the solution to be purely imaginary, the value of b must be exactly zero.

Therefore,

 * $$4ac>0\,$$

This means that a and c have to have the same signs: either a and c are both positive or they are both negative. If we consider our general second-order DE:

 * $$a\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+b\frac{dy}{dx}+cy=0$$

Setting b to zero gives

 * $$a\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+cy=0$$

Dividing through by a gives

 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+\frac{c}{a}y=0$$.

Therefore, the y term is always positive, and this can be represented by

 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+\omega^2y=0$$.

(I'm using ω here as it is used for simple harmonic motion, which is the primary use of this DE). There are now two paths to the solution of the DE. The first relies on us spotting that we can use the cyclical nature of trig. functions when derived. Substitute the following

 * $$y=\cos \omega x \,$$
 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}=-\omega \sin \omega x\,$$
 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=-\omega^2 \cos \omega x\,$$

And check in our DE:

 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+\omega^2 y=-\omega^2 \cos \omega x+\omega^2 \cos \omega x=0$$

This checks out, so $$\cos \omega x\,$$ is a solution. A similar result holds true for the substitution using $$y=\sin \omega x \,$$.

Our solutions are therefore

 * $$y=\cos \omega x \,$$
 * $$y=\sin \omega x \,$$

So the general solution is

 * $$y=A\cos \omega x+B\sin \omega x. \,$$

The other method of solving this equation is to use Euler's Formula:

 * $$e^{\omega ix}=\cos \omega x +i \sin x \,$$

 * and

 * $$e^{-\omega ix}=\cos \omega x -i \sin x \,$$

From our original DE, we have an AQ of

 * $$m^2+\omega^2=0 \,$$

giving us roots of

 * $$m=\pm i \omega \,$$

so the general solution, similar to the Class 1 DEs, is

 * $$y=Ae^{\omega ix}+Be^{-\omega ix} \,$$
 * $$y=A(\cos \omega x +i \sin \omega x)+B(\cos \omega x -i \sin \omega x)\,$$
 * $$y=(A+B)\cos \omega x+i(A-B)\sin \omega x \,$$

Since A and B are arbitrary, we can set new constants for convenience, letting our new A equal A+B and our new B equal i(A-B).

Thus we have as our general solution

 * $$y=A\cos \omega x+B\sin \omega x \,$$

General Solution to Class 3a DEs

 * Generalizing, for the Second Order DE

 * $$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+\omega^2 y=0$$

 * the general solution is

 * $$y=A\cos \omega x+B\sin \omega x \,$$

Class 3b: Complex Conjugate Roots
Since it is a proven theorem that complex roots of polynomials always occur in conjugate pairs, the only remaining class of AQ is the one with complex conjugates for solutions.

Given that the solutions are complex, we know that in the AQ

 * $$am^2+bm+c=0 \,$$
 * $$b^2-4ac,<0,\ b \ne 0 \,$$ (see Class 3a).

The roots of this are in the form

 * $$(p \pm iq)\,$$

The general solution is then

 * $$y=Ae^{(p+iq)x}+Be^{(p-iq)x}\,$$
 * $$y=e^{px} \left( Ae^{iqx}+Be^{-iqx}\right)\,$$

From Euler's Formulas, we can now get

 * $$y=e^{px}\left( A\left(\cos q x + i \sin q x \right)+B\left(\cos q x - i \sin q x \right) \right)\,$$
 * $$y=e^{px}\left( (A+B)\cos q x+i(A-B)\sin q x \right)\,$$

As A and B are arbitrary, we can collapse them as in Class 3a, so that we have the general solution

 * $$y=e^{px}\left( A\cos q x+B\sin q x \right)\,$$

General Solution to Class 3b DEs

 * Generalizing, for the Second Order DE

 * $$a\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+b\frac{dy}{dx}+cy=0$$

 * with an AQ with roots

 * $$m=p \pm iq,$$

 * The general solution is

 * $$y=e^{px}\left( A\cos q x+B\sin q x \right)\,$$

We have now covered all possible types of homogeneous second-order differential equation, and we didn't even have to integrate anything! We will now have a look at higher order equivalents.

nth-Order Equations
How do we expand the above to the nth order? Well, the nth order has the same requirements of orders of x as second order equations do. So we still need functions involving $$e^{mx}$$. There's just 2 major differences. Firstly, we'll have more terms - we won't just be able to plug into the auxiliary quadratic equation to get the roots. Secondly, there are more roots. We'll end up with n roots, so y will be the sum of n equations.

An Example of a Third-Order Equation
Consider the third-order DE

 * $$\frac{d^3y}{dx^3}-4\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}-7\frac{dy}{dx}+6y=0$$.

Find the roots of the auxiliary cubic equation of the form

 * $$m^3-4m^2-7m+6=0 \,$$
 * $$m=-1,2,3 \,$$

Our distinct solutions are therefore

 * $$y=e^{-x},\ e^{2x},\ e^{3x}\,$$

This gives us a general solution

 * $$y=Ae^{-x}+Be^{2x}+Ce^{3x}\,$$


text:
Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Pericyclic reactions

Pericyclic reactions are one of the three major classes of organic reactions, along with polar/ionic reactions and radical reactions. Pericyclic reactions have been understood only relatively recently compared to the other classes.

In a polar/ionic reaction, one reactant (the nucleophile) donates two electrons to another (the electrophile) to form a bond. In a radical reaction, each reactant donates one electron. In a pericyclic reaction, only the π bond electrons are involved, and all bonds are changed in a single cyclic step without any intermediates being formed.

Using the Diels-Alder reaction as an example, pushing arrows are used to show electron flow, but they are drawn in a circle, and the direction of the arrows can arbitrarily be shown as clockwise or anticlockwise. All the bonds are made and broken in a single step. This is called a concerted reaction.

The types of pericyclic reactions are:
 * Cycloadditions (including the Diels-Alder reaction)
 * Electrocyclic reactions
 * Sigmatropic rearrangements

See also the Wikipedia article about pericyclic reactions.


text:
Cookbook:Pudina Hilsa (Bengali Fish with Mint)

Pudina hilsa is a wonderful Bengali preparation of hilsa fish. It is very easy and can be served hot with boiled rice.

Ingredients

 * 1 kg hilsa fish (kelee shad), cut into 10 pieces
 * 1 tsp pudina leaves (mint)
 * 1 tsp ginger paste
 * 1 tsp nutmeg
 * 50 g butter, chopped
 * 3 tbsp capsicum
 * Salt according to taste
 * 1 pinch of sugar
 * 1 tsp green chili paste

Procedure

 * 1) Wash the fish thoroughly in water.
 * 2) Put the salt, sugar, 25 g of butter and all the other ingredients into a baking dish.
 * 3) Add the fish pieces and sprinkle the rest of the butter on the top.
 * 4) Bake at 200°C until the fish turns golden in color or otherwise appears to be done.


text:
Cookbook talk:Pudina Hilsa (Bengali Fish with Mint)

This article was transwikied from Pudina hilsa. —Cryptic (talk) 11:32, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

The history of the article there was:
 * 01:32, 16 August 2005 Splash (rm vfd tag, being transwikied, already has tag)
 * 15:53, 9 August 2005 Uncle G ({{recipe moving}})
 * 15:40, 9 August 2005 Usrnme h8er (vfd (WP is not a recipie book))
 * 15:33, 9 August 2005 61.0.137.200


text:
Talk:ProLaw

It's Thomson-Elite - no "p". Easiest place to check is their logo out at elite.com.

title: Talk:ProLaw


text:
User talk:Geo.

This user exist solely to prevent the impersonation of User:Geocachernemesis. Geo.T 13:10, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Geo.


text:
User talk:Kwhitefoot

Visual basic Classic: To do

 * Continue simple arithmetic
 * Effective programming: Discuss and dismiss defensive programming, recommend fail fast.
 * Optimization: add object pooling, arrays.

Done

 * Optimization: add dictionaries, collections
 * Split main page into many pages, replace main page with contents page similar to Ada.

Programming:Windows Programming
This book is in pretty lousy condition, and I would like to start a project soonish (within the next few weeks) to try and expand this book. I have started a basic outline on my user page to try and lay out the things that (I think) this book should cover. I see that you have been a contributer to this book in the past, and I would therefore like to get your input on the current outline, and see if there is anything that i should add, or anything that I should remove from it.

The outline can be found at User:Whiteknight/Windows Programming. -- 23:35, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * My contribution was simply to list VB as one of the programming tools. Nonetheless I'd be happy to contribute if I can find both the time and the necessary expertise.  I have only two comments so far on the proposed outline.  Firstly I think that the .NET stuff should come later in the book because .NET is not really Windows specific and other topics such as device drivers, DLLs (both traditional and COM), and shell programming are more important.  In fact I think it could be argued that .NET deserves only a passing mention.  Secondly I think that it is a very ambitious work.  When I think of the size of Charles Petzold's original Programming Windows book which doesn't have anything like the range you are proposing I wonder if you aren't biting off more than we can chew, there is material for a whole series of books but let's see how it goes.  Is there a central location for discussions of your outline?  Should comments go to your talk page, the talk page of the outline or...? --kwhitefoot 08:53, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Discussion can really go anywhere, although i suppose we should probably limit it to the talk page of the outline. My idea with creating a book as ambitious as this one is that if any particular section gets too big, it can be easily separated out into it's own book. However, there are alot of important topics to discuss when talking about programming windows. Petzold is an impressive book (i have 2 editions of it on my shelf), but it falls far short of explaining everything there is to say on the subject. Also, if we look at WB:WIW, I am constantly reminded of the statement "wiki is not paper." We don't have the size limitations that a physical paper book would have, and so we are capable of creating a monstrous book such as this. I am more then willing to contribute a very large amount to this project myself, so hopefully we can get a few more contributers on board, eventually. -- 14:41, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

=Religions and their Source= Thanks for suggesting that the Dissentions on:

"Talk:Religions And Their Source/3. Present Day Religions/1. Some Major Religions/3. My Dissatisfaction With Existing Religions; 17:15 . . Kwhitefoot (Talk) (Someone seems to have misunderstood the point of the discussion page)"

should be put on the Discussion page. Is it OK if I (David Hockey, the origional author) move them there? David Hockey 19:47, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

If I, or someone, does this, how do readers know to check the Discussion Page for suggested changes? David Hockey

 * Surely it's obvious that the discussion page is where discussions should occur. Sorry, being facetious, you wouldn't have asked otherwise.  My solution in the book I am editing (Programming:Visual Basic Classic) was to add a note explaining how readers should use the book to the introduction.  As no one seems to be reading it I have no idea if it works :-/  Another option would be to provide a separate page for Dissenting Opinions so as to avoid distracting the reader while still having the Dissent as part of the book.  By the way, I think the conventional spelling is dissension not dissention and anyway I'm not sure that it's the correct word to use as it usually implies not merely disagreement but discord  (on the other hand the example in question was pretty discordant in my opinion, so perhaps it is appropriate after all).

 * As to whether you or someone else can move them: of course you can. The real question is how to do it without getting into an edit war.  As the dissenter is anonymous in this case you can't easily discuss the point with him or her (him I think).  My own reaction if this happened to a book I was largely responsible for would be to move it to the discussion page and attach an explanation to the discussion page and a link to it from the book page.  After a decent interval I would then remove the link.  I'm no expert so don't take this as advice, just an idea.  --kwhitefoot 20:26, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, Kwhitefoot. I like what you wrote and have been thinking about how to apply it. I won't be able to do that for a few days (going to see the kids) but will try it on return. David Hockey 13:57, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello Kwhitefoot.
 * I haven't been able to find the original references, but Global Footprints was part of it. Here is their site: http://www.ecouncil.ac.cr/rio/focus/report/english/footprint/
 * And here are some quotes:
 * “Accepting 12 percent as the magic number for biodiversity preservation, one can calculate that from the approximately 2 hectares per capita of biologically productive area that exists on our planet, only 1.7 hectares per capita are available for human use.” http://www.ecouncil.ac.cr/rio/focus/report/english/footprint/benchmark.htm
 * and, “Footprints are too large. Most countries presented in this report live on footprints larger than what their own ecosystems can support. On a global basis and even by conservative measures, humanity’s footprint has overshot global capacities by over 35 percent.”
 * “Population versus consumption. The numbers show the impact of both consumption and population. Clearly, the high levels of consumption in industrialized countries take the biggest share of the planet’s bounty. But with ever larger populations it becomes progressively less likely that a reasonable quality of life can be secured for everybody. Particularly the rapidly growing populations will lose their prospects even faster.” from http://www.ecouncil.ac.cr/rio/focus/report/english/footprint/numbers.htm

 * It is more than energy use I was referring to. I know that this site is only one of many differing points of view. That’s one of the discussion points, I guess! David Hockey 14:24, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that those quotations and urls would make good footnotes/endnotes. Armed with that information a reader can dig further and come to a reasoned agreement, or disagreement, with your points.  Also I think that such information will help defend the book against charges of violating the NPOV policy.  --kwhitefoot 08:09, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the idea. I have added a reference to the site in the text and kept our discussions on the discussion page (maninly because adding an endnote means I would have to change all the endnote numbers to the other endnotes to this chapter). David Hockey 14:25, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

VB book query
hi ,I am an experienced pascal programmer ,who knows come C.

I'm looking for an online tutorial source to study VB from scratch(having some previous experience in othe languages) ,after accomplishing this I'd like to know more about DB interfaces such as in Exel and access scripts.

There are so many sources on the Net ,do you believe the current version of the VB wikibook is sufficient and complete as a tutorial that'll guide me thorugh all various aspects I needed ,or do you recommende an exisintg site ..?

thank's for all your honest help..:)

w:user:Diza

 * I'd love to be able to say it was that good but unfortunately it isn't. In fact I doubt that any book on any subject could ever be that good.  However, I have a fairly wide experience of VB6, including using it and VBA to drive Excel, Word, Access and various other programs so if you are willing to help we might be able to turn the book into the book you need by working together.  I also have about thirty years of experience of writing in various other languages (that's a statement of fact, not a boast - it's not all useful and the early years were certainly nothing to be proud of).  If you look at the history of the various pages you will see that the rate of additions to the book has declined over the last month, and that isn't just beause it was Christmas; the principal reason is that I realized that I was simply writing chapters that interested me and that I really didn't know if they were of use to anyone else.  One of the problems with Wikibooks is that it is very hard to know if anyone is reading a book (really reading it as a textbook I mean, not just using it as part of the great World Wide Web reference library).  So to summarize: if you would be willing to read some of the book and comment on its structure, content and quality and to name topics that are missing that you need I'll try to fill them in.  --kwhitefoot 22:20, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

So ,by Help you mean commentery.Oky.

I'll try to start learning from elsewhere and report back to you on the WWW best places difference to this book.

 * Thanks. Don't forget that you can contribute as well.  Even if all you do is add chapter and section headings that can help.  --kwhitefoot 07:05, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Link to Advanced page in C sharp
The Advanced page as well as several others are referenced in the table of contents header seen at the top of the page. Advanced is only meant in that context, as a content section. That's why the links aren't there (they're already above in the TOC). -Matt 03:17, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * So I see, but that header is not visible when you are looking at the little list of advanced topics so it isn't exactly reader friendly. --kwhitefoot 17:42, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

=Coding Cookbook=

This surely overlaps with the http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:Source_code which is also much more extensive and has more comments attached to the code. Without explanatory comments it surely doesn't qualify as a textbook or even an instruction manual. Is there any point in having both? --kwhitefoot 12:25, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Good question! Well, to begin with, before I started I searched to find a similar project and didn't find anything. I haven't search Wikisource, since (quote from Help:How to start a book) "Original, finished work should go to Wikisource. Wikibooks is a place to develop books", and this seems to me something that will never be finished. I have taken a quick look at Source code and must say I'm a bit overwhelmed by all the missing links and unclear structure... -- Peter 12:47, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

=Hit counters=

We should press for hit count sampling using Wikibook's own counters. They used to have counters on each page when the project was started but all we need is access to occasional sampling of single pages. RobinH 10:25, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You are right. And the load shouldn't be very great if only a small proportion of pages are sampled at anyone time.  --kwhitefoot 10:30, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for the note on my talk page about my userpage link. I actually discovered that when I visited the old site, but I appreciate the attention and good will. It really is the thought that counts. I must admit that I am slightly boggled at how you found out I worked there. Even going through the many userpages there would take serious amounts of time. I am also glad you didn't bother to tell me on each of my userpages, since that would simply have been a waste of time. --Cromwellt|talk|contribs 05:45, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't remember for sure what prompted me to track you down but thanks to Google it wasn't in the least bit challenging. cromwellt gets 11 700 hits and your user pages are the first 22 hits.  Even less certain why I picked any particular hit to follow.  I hope the trouble over simple English gets resolved in your favour.  --kwhitefoot 13:44, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Image deletions
I note your posting on another editors page. In practice this was widely advertised and discussed for in October and November with even the "mast head" notice changed to that effect for quite sometime (the fact that links were removed as well was unfortunate however) -- Herby talk thyme 11:06, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Image:VBClassicSimpleGraphicsExample.png is missing a fair use rationale

 * The entire book may be deleted if you wish. I have copied all my my contributions to http://www.wikiknowledge.net/wiki/VB_Classic --kwhitefoot (talk) 12:17, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kwhitefoot


text:
User talk:60.228.84.48

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Geo.T 13:32, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:60.228.84.48


text:
Cookbook:Binagoongan (Sautéed Pork with Shrimp Paste)

| Cuisine of the Philippines

Binagoongan is a Filipino cooking process consisting of vegetables (most notably water spinach) or meat (usually pork, but can also be chicken or beef) sautéed or braised in bagoong alamang (shrimp paste), garlic, black peppercorns, and bay leaves. Some recipes also add pineapples, chilis, or coconut cream to balance the flavors. The dish is characteristically quite salty with a strong umami flavor, which is why it is always paired with white rice and never eaten on its own. It is very similar to pinatisan which is cooked with patis (fish sauce), one of the by-products of fermenting bagoong.

Sautéed pork from the Philippines.

Ingredients

 * 1 lb pork, cut into pieces
 * ½ lb of baby shrimp
 * ½ cup of bitter melon
 * ¼ cup oil
 * ½ head garlic, crushed
 * 1 onion, sliced thinly
 * 1 large tomato, sliced
 * ½ cup bagoong alamang
 * ½ cup vinegar
 * 2 cups water

Procedure

 * 1) Fry pork pieces in hot oil.
 * 2) Sauté garlic, onions and tomatoes after pork has browned.
 * 3) Add shrimp.
 * 4) Add the rest of the ingredients and let simmer until pork is tender. If desired, let water reduce.
 * 5) Serve with rice.


text:
Cookbook talk:Binagoongan (Sautéed Pork with Shrimp Paste)

This article was transwikied from Binagoongan. —Cryptic (talk) 13:57, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

The history of the article there was:
 * 13:12, 16 August 2005 Sjakkalle (Removing VfD tag, decision was TRANSWIKI to Wikibooks, replace with {{move to wikibooks}})
 * 13:22, 8 August 2005 Usrnme h8er (rv, blanking, vfd)
 * 04:58, 8 August 2005 MarkSweep (blank; don't know if it can be speedied)
 * 04:41, 8 August 2005 70.68.240.240


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/The Bloody Baron

Overview
The Bloody Baron is the Slytherin House ghost at Hogwarts. He has "blank staring eyes, a gaunt face, and robes stained with silver blood." No one that we know of has ever asked how he became covered in blood. He is the only one that Peeves is afraid of. His favourite pastime is clanking around in the Astronomy Tower.

Philosopher's Stone
At the Welcoming Feast, Harry sees the Bloody Baron at the Slytherin table. He is apparently sitting quite near Draco Malfoy, who is looking rather uncomfortable; this cheers Harry up a bit. Seamus asks Nearly Headless Nick why he is all covered in blood, and Nick replies, primly, that he had never asked.

We hear later that Professor Dumbledore and the Bloody Baron are the only people who have any measure of control over Peeves.

When Harry, Ron, and Hermione are on their way to the Trophy Room for the Wizard's Duel with Draco, they run into Neville who has been locked out of Gryffindor Tower because he forgot the password. Neville insists on going with them; he says the Bloody Baron has been by twice already.

Harry impersonates the Bloody Baron while under his Invisibility Cloak with Ron and Hermione, to avoid being caught by Peeves as they head for the trap door.

Half-Blood Prince
Returning from Hagrid's hut, where he has just retrieved a much-needed memory from Horace Slughorn, Harry finds his way back into the Common Room barred by The Fat Lady who tells him that it's after midnight and the password has changed. Harry comments to Nearly Headless Nick, who is passing idly through the wall, that he really wants to see Dumbledore; Nick tells him that the Bloody Baron had just seen him returning.

Deathly Hallows
From The Grey Lady, we learn that the Bloody Baron had been sent to bring her back from the forest in Albania where she had been hiding, to see her mother Rowena Ravenclaw on her deathbed. When she refused, he became angry, and killed her in a fit of rage. Discovering what he had done, he was instantly horrified and guilty and took his own life by turning his dagger on himself. The Baron has since been covered in her blood and bound himself with heavy chains as punishment for the heinous crime he committed against the woman he loved.

Strengths
He controls Peeves, as Peeves fears him.

Weaknesses
He is dead

Relationships with Other Characters
While we never talk to the Baron directly, it is revealed that in life he was greatly in love with Helena Ravenclaw who became the Grey Lady.


text:
Template:Gothic/Alphabet

 * Note: this article contains Gothic characters. You may need to install a Gothic Unicode Font.

title: Template:Gothic/Alphabet


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Millicent Bullstrode

Overview
Millicent Bullstrode (or Bulstrode) is a Slytherin student in Harry's year. "She was large and square and her heavy jaw jutted aggressively." CS11

Philosopher's Stone
The Sorting Hat places Millicent Bulstrode into Slytherin House, the first new one for the school year.

Chamber of Secrets
Millicent Bullstrode, identified by last name only ("Miss Bullstrode"), is partnered with Hermione Granger in the Dueling Club. While we don't see exactly what happens in their duel, the end result is that Millicent has Hermione in a headlock, which Harry ends up breaking. Hermione later tries to use a hair that Millicent left on her in a Polyjuice potion to turn into Millicent and sneak into the Slytherin common room; unfortunately this fails as the hair is not in fact one of Millicent's own.

Order of the Phoenix
Millicent is one of the Slytherin students who are appointed to the Inquisitorial Squad by Professor Umbridge.

Millicent pins Hermione to the wall of Umbridge's office after Harry and the others are captured while trying to contact Sirius Black. We are led to believe that it was Millicent who captured Hermione, although we can't be sure because this action happens off stage.


text:
Talk:Korean/Alphabet

Classification of Vowels
I'm a native Korean speaker (i.e. born in Seoul, so native Standard Korean speaker, to be precise), and when I pronounce the words, it seems 의 (or ㅢ, but... more on that below) should be a pure vowel. IMHO (I have no references) it's analogous to um-lauted vowels in German--it's just 으 pronounced at the more front part of the vocal tract.

On the other hand, when I pronounce 외 or 위, the ones marked as pure vowels I feel my mouth changing shape as I pronounce the syllable--and I thought that was what marked diphthongs from vowels.

Also, I believe y in "ya" (or 야) is a consonental y (or j in some Indo-European languages). While I'm not sure how that would classify the vowel, but I don't think it's a diphthong, strictly speaking. Andrew B. Park 14:46, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I'm a purely native Korean speaker. born in Korean, never went to abroad before. Sorry for my humble writing, but I'm trying my best to delieve my thought. IMHO, 야 (or ya) is more similar to 'ya'(or I will say exactly same), than 'jya' or that kind of 'j in some indo-european). I'm still in learning in phonetic sounds of english. --TimewalkerCharon 01:56, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There is no difference between "ya" and "ja", if "j" is what is called "consonantal i". This particular sound is written, depending on the language, as "i" (Latin, in original orthography), "j" (German, in particular), or "y". However, there is phonological difference between a vowel that comes after a consonantal i and a vowel-like sound that is a diphthong. I myself am not a linguist, so I can be wrong, but diphthong has much more change in the shape of the mouth during the pronunciation of the sound.
 * BTW, what do you mean by "purely" native speaker? It almost sounds like "purely" pregnant. One is either pregnant or not. Likewise, one is either a native speaker or not at all; there's no "mixed" native speaker (for example, the second-generation Koreans in U.S. are not native speakers of Korean at all, in the same way Koreans who moved to U.S. and speak English fluently are not native speakers of English). novakyu (talk) 06:00, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Description of Consonants
For many Koreans (I think) initial ㅇ is considered more as a placeholder than "silent," as there are true silent consonents (i.e. ones that probably were pronounced earlier but are not pronounced now), whereas ㅇ is there just to keep the square shape of the character). A good example of silent sound would be 'l' in 닭 ('d-a-lg'). I think most Koreans have the capability to pronounce the 'l' there (just in the way some American dialect pronounce 'l' at the back of the mouth as in "cold"), but in formal education system, it is taught to be pronounced identical to 닥 ('d-a-g'). The 'l' comes out only when 닭 is followed by a vowel, in which case ㄹ and ㄱ separates (in speech, not orthography).

Also, Korean consonants are minimally voiced. I don't think any end-of-syllable consonants are voiced in Korean (as it is in English sometimes), and I would even question whether ㄲ and any such consonants are voiced (it may be more similar to unaspirated 'k', as in "skip" in some American dialects then to 'gg', to mean simply 'g' with extra stress on the consonant). And even ㄱ or ㄷ cannot be pronounced by itself (all Korean sounds must be "supported" by a vowel--whereas in English people have no problem pronouncing consonants by themselves, as we can see in "street." In Korean, this one-sylable word must be stretched to three sylables to "support" each consonant with a vowel: 스트릿, or even four 스트리트. It's difficult to mark the pronounciation in Roman Alphabet, as 으 sound doesn't exist in English. Andrew B. Park 14:46, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't speak Korean. I find the Korean language very complicated. The romanization does not follow the pronunciation of Korean words, it changes according to conditions like you mentioned. Romanization works well for Japanese and even Chinese but fails for Korean, in my opinion. The example of dalg you gave, I had always thought hanguel was pronunced exactly as they appear, therefore dalg, when actually it's dag, as you said.

Correct, it is pronounced totally as they appeared as those letters are symbolization of our articulator.

 * I find there are several problems with learning Korean:
 * 1. The extra vowel sounds of ㅡ (eu), ㅓ, (eo). I can hear there's a very slight difference to the normal vowels of a, e, i, o, u but personally I find the sound difference so small that I don't understand why these 2 sounds aren't abolished. Compare that Japanese abolished "yi, ye" characters and just use "i, e". The only way I'd know to use eu or u, o or eo would be to memorize the written version. Otherwise, I wouldn't have a clue which one to use. As for ㅐ (ae), it seems similar to ㅔ(e). I haven't even mastered these sounds. Very difficult.
 * Andrew B. Park 01:22, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) There is a slight difference. ㅡ has a wider mouth shape than ㅓ when pronounced. Now, it is true that the difference is very slight and will probably be lost to non-Korean speakers, but as there exists a minimal pair 걷다 (to walk) and 긋다 (to draw a line), the distinction still must be retained (and probably will be taught as different sounds to those learning Korean as second language, much the same way we learn extra vowels when we learn one of the European languages (er, French?) that has more vowels than English). ㅐ and ㅔ are also different, but ever so slightly. ㅐ has a slightly wider and more tense mouth shape (closer to ae; ㅔ is more like e), and as before, ㅐ and ㅔ also have a minimal pair: 개 (dog) and 게 (crab). However, even for a native Korean speaker, these sounds are difficult to distinguish in everyday speech (so we just tell "dog" apart from "crab" from context), and in fact, I believe they are taught as non-distinguishable here in U.S. (at least in the Korean class I took in high school). Well, if it helps, I think of Korean writing system as a function (or "mapping") from set of written characters to sounds that is not one-to-one. i.e. There is only one way to pronounce a given Korean character, up to "natural" sound changes (that is, natural to a speaker of Korean, of course...), but more than one way to write any given sound. (English is much less phonetic--a case in point: how do you pronounce "gh"?) So spelling is still a problem (after all, why would Korean grade schools have spelling quizes if it were intuitive and trivial?), and memorization is still the only way for some cases, albeit not as much as in English.
 * 2. Another problem is k/g, t/d, p/b, ch/j, and r/l. Which sound should be used? Some people might tend to try and sound out the G or K sound when they see ㄱ or get confused which romanization should be used to represent them. Likewise for ㄷㅂㅈ. I've been told that the sound is pronounced in between such as Japanese R (between R/L). This is the safest method to use since those sounds are very similar and works well when reading hanguel, but how to represent them in English? If only there were special characters or just stick to G, D, J, R. Then there's the instruction to change L and R to LL when they appear at the end and beginning of the next hanguel. 절라 (Jeolla), I used to think it was jeon ra.
 * Andrew B. Park 01:22, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) ㄹ is most accurately described as a sound between r and l. In fact, a good way for Koreans to pronounce 'l' (such as in "Los Angeles" when it's not pronounced at the back of mouth like in "bald") is by pronouncing ㄹ twice. In the case of "Los Angeles" if a Korean says 을로스 엔젤레스 where first 을 is pronounced very short, it will sound closest to American pronounciation of the word (note that there are two ㄹ's wherever there's one 'l'). As for ㄱ (and all the other sounds like it), I think it's most correctly pronounced like 'g' in English. However, there's a slight distinction. If you say "ga", your vocal cord will vibrate sooner than if you said 가. i.e. No voicing for ㄱ. But the distinction is very slight--I can barely notice it when I look for it (even so, it maybe some sort of panacea effect). For the most part, g -> ㄱ, k -> ㅋ, etc. is probably most correct approximation. (Now, k -> ㄲ might be more appropriate for some context, e.g. skip -> 스낍 rather than 스킵, which is actually a mark of Korean accent (that is, to prounounce "k" in "skip" identically to that in "cat"), but the classification of ㅋ and ㄲ is a bit tricky, I think. Here's what I think I know: i) neither of them are aspirated. ii) they are both alveolar plosives. iii) the distinction is... it takes a little more effort (muscles more tense) to pronounce ㄲ. All of this is somewhat needless and confusing detail and k -> ㅋ works well for most cases... of course, until you try romanizing ㄲ. But for most cases, "k" will probably work better and I think "gg" is almost as good as writing ㄲ as it is, since no one will have an idea how to distinguish it from "g".
 * But, back to ㄹ, it is probably identical to Japanese R (I don't know Japanese, so I can't say for sure, but I think this was the rule of thumb--Korean has all the sounds Japanese has). And it is most correctly romanized as "r". I think the rule to change L and R to LL is sensible (as although there is no real sound difference between L and LL, LL denotes that there were two ㄹ's there instead of one), however, in the example you gave, the correct romanization would be "jeon ra." Reason: The correct Korean spelling is 전라 (as in 전라도, one of the provinces of Korea, I think). However, it is pronounced identical to 절라 due to consonant assimilation (or 자음동화; this is "natural" for Korean speakers, as Koreans find it difficult to pronounce ㄴ (at the end of a syllable) and ㄹ (at the beginning) with no break in-between). Now, when we get to romanization, it's a matter of principle, I think. IMHO, I think any romanization must reflect the original orthography (when we "romanize" (although we don't :)...) German words, we don't rewrite "Guten Tag" as "Guten Tak" because that follows English pronunciation more closely). In that case, we should romanize Korean syllable by syllable, and that would give "jeon ra." Romanizing the whole word as a unit gives "jeolla".... but, anyway. You see that your confusion was well-warranted--there is no consensus even among Koreans... or the Korean government is simply not advertising its standardization very well (note to self: check Korean website for romanization standard guidelines).
 * 3. Thirdly, I was so tempted to use ㅢ (eui) ui, ㅚ (oi) oe, ㅙ (oae) wae, ㅘ (oa) wa, ㅟ (ui) wi, ㅞ (ue) we, ㅝ (ueo) wo. Brackets being the romanization I would've used. It's a bit strange to use W for characters that uses ㅗ or ㅜ (ㅟ wi, ㅙ wae -- uses W when either U or O starts the character). Just an example of how the romanization doesn't reflect hanguel one-to-one.
 * Andrew B. Park 01:22, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) Well, true. In fact, I don't think Korean sound has "w" (i.e. consonental w), and thus Koreans can't (or at least I couldn't) distinguish pronunciation of "woman" and "ooman" (if there were such word). I think if there are no published standards (i.e. something preferably published by Korean government, not ad-hoc by another frustrated scholar) for romanization, the ones you suggest here are probably more appropriate.
 * 4. I've had some confusion over pronunciation of hanguel ending in ㅅ(t),ㅆ(ss),ㅊ(ch). When I first encountered them, I found it strange. Do the endings sound out when connected to the next hanguel? I noticed some words composed of 2 or more characters are pronounced together (slides into the next character, instead of pronounced individually). -- [[User:Mkn|Mkn (Talk)]] 15:54, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Andrew B. Park 01:22, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) Ah. At least for this I have a concrete answer :). The sounds ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅌ, ㄷ, ㅈ, and ㅊ are pronounced identically when they come at the end position of a syllable. For example, 갓, 같, 갇, all sound the same, when pronounced by itself. (This is the justification for keeping the orthography, as the difference comes out by different pronounciation when the syllable is followed by a vowel or by ㅎ, etc.) Anyway, when pronounced by itself, they are most close to "got" in English ("god" has that voicing at the end, which Korean lacks). Perhaps this is one case where romanization should be done by the word... (since pronunciation of the whole word reveals the original orthography better than separate pronunciation of a syllable). Additionally, ㅂ and ㅍ have the same sound at the end position of a syllable and likewise with ㄱ and ㅋ. Now... for the combined consonants, well, it looks tricky... Since Korean doesn't (at least officially) allow two consonants right next to each other within a syllable, only one of them must be pronounced. I think the priority goes in this order: ㅂ>ㅅ>ㅁ>ㄹ, where each consonant is a representative of the group that sound alike. Most Koreans get around this by trying to pronounce both syllables. :) Oh, and yes, you did note correctly that double consonants are separated when followed by another syllable, most commonly when it's followed by a vowel. There are some other (rather complicated) sound changes that occur as well... (one example is 밭이 ("farm" in what might be called nominative case) being pronounced identical to 바치), but once you learn the (complicated) rules, they follow the rules very well--I don't think there are any exceptions (that can't be explained by an additional rule, which the original set of rules should have contained...).

 * Andrew B. Park 01:22, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) So, all in all, yes--you are very right to be confused. Korean is a very complicated language (I always thought I was lucky to be born Korean, so that I don't have to learn Korean as second language :)...), but another thing is that Korean is very regular (most certainly in pronunciation, and I think even in grammar). There may be many rules, but once you learn all the rules, you will find no exceptions (and the rules don't sound as arbitrary as, oh, the rules for Ancient Greek seems sometimes).

Authoritative Source
Here's just about as authoritative a source as can be found on Romanization of Korean (mostly in English, although it helps to be able to see the Korean characters (and even better if you know about standard sound changes--i.e. when the sound of a word is somewhat different from orthography--in Korean)). And it has some additional information classification of sounds (although sans any explanation or justification, as it still escapes me why ㅚ and ㅟ are considered simple vowels). novakyu 12:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Maybe a Slight Overhaul?
I've been working on this korean section for a couple days now. The template for the whole thing is great, but some of the pages seem to be lacking detail that is required for newbies to learn. The tables on this section are well organized and look great. I feel that there must be a bit more emphasis on aspiration and tensification of consonants. Since there haven't been any major updates to this page in recent times, I think that I will go ahead and divide some of the tables, while keeping to the original format as close as possible, to reflect these differences. I feel that this will help students discern whether the vowel should be more aspirated (for instance, b or p) and also a slightly more accurate knowledge of pronounciation in general. I'll leave it alone for the next few days to see if anyone has any objections to this, but if there is no reply or people feel it is a worthy update, I'll go ahead and do it. - Iamgravity 05:14, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Conflicting diphthong reports
The page Korean/Alphabet contained the following comment:
 * (10 or 8? conflicting information given by Korean Ministry of Culture and Tourism (10 basic vowels, 11 diphthongs) vs. western scholars (8 basic vowels, 13 diphthongs); the link provided below says there are 10 basic vowels. Does anyone have a reference for what western scholars say?

One possible reason for the conflict is the possible misunderstanding between the words diphthong and digraph and the possible disagreement about whether certain jamo (e.g. ㅐ) are in fact diphthongs or even digraphs. The iotized vowels (ㅑ, ㅒ, ㅕ, ㅖ, ㅛ, and ㅠ) are definitely diphthongs. Most of the compound vowels (ㅐ, ㅒ, ㅔ, ㅖ, ㅙ, ㅚ, ㅝ, ㅞ, ㅟ, and ㅢ) are clearly digraphs. Two of the compound vowels (ㅐ and ㅔ) were diphthongs in Middle Korean but are no longer in modern Korean. Anyway, I changed the text to work around the confusing diphthong issues. Rodasmith 02:18, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Korean/Alphabet


text:
User talk:Javariel

Wikiversity's on going discussion
I wanted to give you a "heads up" on how things are moving right now on Wikiversity. It appears as though the Wikimedia Foundation board has decided to tackle the issue directly, and there have been many different proposals and thoughts on the subject. It seems as though going to Wikicities is the least desireable option, and instead it seems as though there is going to be a new Wikimedia server that will be set up for new projects that are going to go "beta" in development before they are "turned loose" as independent Wikis. I don't know if this will be a full server or what, but it will have its own namespace and DNS record independent of all other projects, and that Wikiversity will more than likely be the first project on there. What is required to get started on there is also going to be subject to debate, but I do want you to know that there is movement on the issue.

I also started a thread on Foundation-l regarding Wikiversity, including establishing a formal timeline on when it could be "turned on" as a formal Wikimedia Foundation "sister project". This timeline is going to take most of the rest of the year in order for it to happen, and that is based on current policies and procedures. It is likely that the formal procedures are also going to be "thrown out" in this case, but at least this is the way new projects are "supposed" to happen.

Please visit Wikiversity for ongoing discussion. This is where the future of Wikiversity really ought to be discussed right now.

Thanks
Hey, thanks for reading the whole thing! Now I at least feel like I didn't waste three hours of my morning when I could have been doing research. ;-) --MShonle 00:13, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Reverse Engineering Wikibook
Thanks for the heads up about the discussion of deleting the Reverse Engineering wikibook. I've dedicated alot of my time recently to writing that book, and it seems that the few contributions the book has received from other writers (the CVS camera page is one of the only things so far i havent personally written) has caused quite a stir. My main point is this: the topic of the Reverse Engineering book is "legal reverse engineering" and anything that doesnt fit that topic should be written somewhere else. Thanks once more for the heads-up, Let me know if you need some help on your proposed CS wikiversity course. Whiteknight
 * See also my reply on Whiteknight's talk page. --MShonle 00:26, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Wikiversity Vote
I know you would like to close the election. Please look at today's date carefully before you think it is time to close the vote: It is October still, not November. I purposely put the time to vote at six weeks, because I knew there was going to be some contention about the quality of the votes and some objections. I have no idea on how to fix this, but apparently some people are objecting to the votes done with no user pages that link to the regular site that they do most of their work on.

I think it is a silly rule, but it is there in black and white on the voting instructions. It is also going to kill far more "yes" votes than "no" votes.

There are also some votes that were done by anonymous users... all of them "yes" votes as well. Those are improper and need to be stricken from the tally. Again, kinda silly, but you really do need a registered account on Meta in order to vote. And it is easy to start one as well if you need to.

I've seen a fairly consistant margin of 3 "yes" votes to 1 "no" vote so far, and I hope that for those that are interested will try to fix their votes if there are objections. I just don't know a way to notify everybody that may have cast an inproper vote. The board will take all of this into consideration anyway, and a spoil sport that wants to trash the vote by getting technical is really going to shoot themselves in the foot anyway. --Rob Horning 00:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikijunior Solar System "About gravity, mass, and weight" module
Thanks for your speedy response to my request. I hope there will be more responses and I don't mind if some prefer Metric100's point of view (if they can find it coherent, that is) as I'd just like some material other than from me and Metric100 to inform any subsequent arbitration.

Yes, I fear it may be moving that way. Since you added your response to the Rewrite? thread on the module's talk page, Metric100 has posted another attempt to provoke me in response to my announcement there that I'd made a request for comments etc. As before, I won't rise to the bait.

If Metric100 really thinks it's about being right or "flat-out wrong", I'd say he's being even more beside the point than his long passages on the talk page indicate. I would also question his understanding of the nature of science. Most of all I'm concerned that he might have more success in provoking other contributors with the manner of his posts. (Yes, I'm assuming from this manner that Metric100 is likely to be male.)

My regards, David Kernow 05:31, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikiversity Vote
Since you have been active with Wikiversity, I'm giving you another "heads up" on the issue. The formal vote has ended, and I've submitted formal notice to the Wikimedia Foundation board. Angela wrote a kind note back thanking me for my efforts, and informed me that it will be a major item on the agenda of the next board meeting. BTW, the "unofficial" vote for Wikiversity was to start the project, by a vote of 208 in favor and 86 opposed. That is by far the largest user interest survey on any topic I have ever seen for any Wikimedia project, which should go and show what overall interest is in this project. Try to prove the 86 people opposed to the project wrong, and that we can indeed bring more people to the table to see this project up and running. --Rob Horning 15:22, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Gabe...
I know we seem to have gotten off on the wrong foot, but I would like to bury the hatchet. I think we both fully understand that we disagree on the issues we have been discussing. After re-reading the comments I had made yesterday, I would like to apologise. I had other things going on in RL and was a little more touchy than usual. I was perhaps not as civil as I should have been, and for that, I am sorry. I hope nothing we've said causes any more ill-will between the two of us. Let us please stop this argument. Your friend, -- LV (Dark Mark) 14:42, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. You are probably right, we are just two very opinionated editors. I know there can never be a guarantee that we won't argue in the future, but I just thought I'd extend an olive branch to try to stem the tide of heated debate. But anyway, good to see you back. Hope you enjoyed your long weekend. Cheers. -- LV (Dark Mark) 17:24, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Removing votes
Care to explain what happened here? -- LV (Dark Mark) 18:04, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay... I had thought it was a mistake. (We all make 'em, right?) I just wanted to make sure it wasn't some grudge held against me or anything. Thanks for the response. -- LV (Dark Mark) 18:14, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Differential Equations
Rather than going on ahead and editing that book, it looks like you're doing some work with it too. I just read the notes page, and would be willing to expanding it. Give me a ring. Fephisto 22:56, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Policy review
Policy is not the most exciting subject at Wikibooks but we do have some major unresolved issues.

The most important issue, in my opinion, is Dispute resolution which starts by declaring that:

"Currently there is no official organized process to resolve disputes between users"

The suggested remedy for this is: Ad hoc administration committee which puts into place the absolute minimum in terms of an enforcement apparatus.

The second most important is No personal attacks where a vote has recommended the policy be enforced but it still languishes as "proposed".

The third policy that is needed and which will prevent edit disputes from getting out of hand is Editing disputes policy.

Other policies that need consideration are at: Policies and guidelines.

Please spare a minute or two to peruse these issues and add a comment and/or a vote. RobinH 12:19, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Javariel