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Swing Dancing/East Coast Swing/Guidelines for Editors

Want to write about East Coast Swing?
That's excellent. I certainly don't know all there is to know about any kind of dance, and I don't pretend to. Add knowledge. But you would be well-advised to glance over these guidelines, and indeed the rest of the book, before you do.

We need moves, vocabulary, and technique details. There's plenty of stuff we need. Don't be afraid to add stuff, even if you haven't read this entire thing, you, or someone else, can always fix it up later.

Choose a chapter
In this book, there are two main chapters: Beginner, intermediate. This is to make a distinction between moves that are the basics and essentials of East Coast Swing, and moves that are for people who have the basics and essentials down, but want to expand their repertoire or heighten their ability. Think of it this way:

 * 1) A beginner is assumed to be someone who doesn't know how to do swing dance. At all.
 * 2) An intermediate swing dancer is someone who's taken a good few lessons, maybe they've spent a total of 7 hours learning swing, but they certainly doesn't have the dance anywhere near down - there are many moves, styles, particulars they do not know.

These are the people that the different chapters of the book should be written for. Before you enter anything into the book, consider which kind of dancer you are writing for, and decide to put the information into that section.

A side note as to planned chapters
Because intermediate means "middle," in the future, the chapter should be renamed to something more appropriate, much like beginner has been moved to "getting started", intermediate should have its name changed or be broken into separate chapters. In the future, a new chapter should be created for non-essential moves, and a chapter should be created and devoted entirely to swing history, trivia, and custom (perhaps called "What is Swing?" or something to that effect). Finally, a new, and very short chapter should be written dedicated entirely to body positioning and movement. Although this is a small subject, it is absolutely essential to dance. Perhaps this book could share a chapter of that nature with the other swing books, as they share many characteristics in that respect.

Are you teaching a full move, some vocabulary, or general technique?
Each chapter is divided into sections. A section may cover three possible things: A single move, multiple vocabulary, and dance technique. But a section may cover only one of those subjects, and not multiple.

 * 1) A single move is an entire move. Something that you could do all on its own when dancing, as a substitute for one, or multiple basics.
 * 2) Vocabulary sections are arrays of short, simple explanations of what different terms mean in terms of dance.
 * 3) Technique is an extended or detailed look into the movement of the body during a particular part of the dance.

If you are writing a vocabulary section, please make the first part of the title 'Vocabulary:'.

As to organizing the book:
Teach core knowledge first. Then teach dance moves which use that knowledge.

Why? This book introduces knowledge progressively, on a step-by-step basis: knowledge which is introduced is (preferably) soon used in the context of another move, so the knowledge is useful and sticks in the dancer's head. But that does not mean essential knowledge should be thrown in while a move is being taught. The essential knowledge should be taught earlier, and then the move should be introduced.

Follow the word-use conventions of the book
This is less important than good organization, and easier to maintain, so it is number 3.

Do not use "the guy" or "the girl" to refer to different roles in the dance; use "the lead" and "the follow" if those are what you are referring to. You may also use the full versions ("leader" and "follower"). Although it is fine to use gender-related pronouns to refer to the leader and the follower ('his' referring to the lead, 'her' referring to the follower), those are used as a matter of ease of communication, not out of sexism or a belief that a male will always be the lead, and a female always the follower. Guys can make good followers, girls can make good leads, and to be able to dance well it is important to have tried the opposite role a few times.

In every chapter: Describe turns relative to a person as "clockwise" or "counter-clockwise."

Do not say "the lead turns left," because that is ambiguous whether he is turning to his left or the follow's left. Clockwise and counter-clockwise is the same from both the lead's and the follow's perspective. If you wanted to say, "Steve turns to his left," you could just say "Steve turns counter-clockwise." If you wanted to say, "Betty turns to her right," you could just say, "Betty turns clockwise."

In the intermediates chapter only:

Refer to clockwise as CW and counter-clockwise as CCW.

Writing style
A book on dance must have a consistent tone, good spelling, grammar, and clear language. These are all things that other editors can take care of should you be lax in including them yourself. This section is for those editors who wish to clean up and organize the book.

Tone The tone should be cheery and peppery.But the focus should be,without a doubt, on the moves.When discussing a move,do not sacrifice clarity for a joke or Jive.The most important thing is that the reader understand what is going on in the move.That said,in between describing move or techniques,or when introducing one or closing another,it would be best for the tone to be friendly,encouraging, and/or playful.While some teachers can make learning to dance a drab subject,by nature,dance is usually fun and exciting.The personality expressed in the writing should be of a similar bent.Newcomers are scared away by a cold or overly-technical author.The only way to get the reader interested in the subject is for the author to sound interested in the subject themselves. Make the writing passionate,energetic,and full of good nature at different parts of the book.

Good spelling All spelling should be correct, and in American English. East Coast Swing originated in America, and most of its practictioners are Americans. Britain may be a nice country, but using its spelling here would be out of place.

English brand aside, there are no reasons that there should be typos in this book. Outside of move names and dance slang, all english should be proper Merriam-Webster approved (www.m-w.com).

Good Grammar
When the individual parts of a move are described in a list format based on counts, or in the title of a chapter or section, you do not have to adhere to using complete sentences.

That is the only case in this book when we do not have to adhere to good grammar. In every other part of the book (and when possible in titles and in lists describing parts of a move): all text should be in complete, grammatically correct sentences.

Use Strunk & White here. If you don't own The Elements of Style already, buy it. The book is fantastic for your writing, and will make you very good at editing, too. All of Strunk and White applies to this Swing Dance book, and apply its grammatical and stylistic precepts to the book when possible.

Subject-Verb Agreement and Tense usage
Each sentence should have a subject (the noun that performs an action), and a verb (the action that the noun performs). For example, examine this sentence:

"The dog walked down the street."

The subject in this case is 'dog', and the verb is 'walked'. Note that there is an exception that is important to note in dance books: "You" can be implied in a sentence. For example:

"Remember to lift your knees."

Is a valid sentence. The subject is the reader, and the verb is 'remember.' Each sentences verb should agree with its subject. This is not a valid sentence:

"The lead jump to their right."

The verb "jump" does not agree with the subject "lead," which is singular. The singular form of "jump" is "jumps."

Also, one important part where writers of Dance books can often slip up is tense usage.. Examine the same dance instructions in separate tenses:

 * Present: "After the lead turns, the follower steps forward,"
 * Present Perfect: "After the lead has turned, the follower has stepped forward,"
 * A mix: "After the lead has turned, the follower steps forward,"

 * Past: "After the lead turned, the follower stepped forward,"
 * Past Perfect: "After the lead had turned, the follower had stepped forward,"

 * Future: "The lead will turn, and the follower will then step forward,"
 * Imperative: "The lead should turn, and after the follower should step forward,"

The past should only be used when describing a story or past event. In this book, most of the time, we will not be doing that often. Most of this book will be spent describing dance moves. Which tense do you think would be best for describing dance moves? The future tense sounds very stilted, the past is out of the question, and the imperative has too much of a sense of urgency and would be tiring to read over long durations.

The present tense sounds somewhat awkward when trying to describe recent events, and the present perfect finds it impossible to describe current action. The best approach is to use a mix of the present and the present perfect tense, using the present when describing the action, and using the present perfect when describing things which recently happened in the dance. The Imperative is the best alternative, but in almost all cases when instructing dance moves in this book, you should use the present and the present perfect.


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User talk:Msato613

Copyrighted Material
You appear to be adding copyrighted material to the The Computer Revolution/Security/Prevent Identity Theft page. This is illegal, and I must request that you do not do this. Wikibooks is not an arena for pirated material, but rather an area for the output of careful research, investigation, and personal knowledge, with sources cited to back up one's claims. Plagiarism could get wikibooks into a great deal of hot water. I will remove the material that appears to be copyrighted, and the material should stay off unless you can prove you have permission to post such text. The law is the law, and wikibooks is not in a position to violate international copyright rules. Please respect this policy in the future. -Monk talk 01:40, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Msato613


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Understanding C++/Glossary

 * api: an interface made by a system or library to provide access to features and services

 * build: the process of compiling source code files into executable files

 * cache: an area of RAM used to temporarily store data. This reduces the time taken to access the data.

 * executable: a file which can be read as by a computer, containing instructions to be executed

 * flush: A method of forcing any data in the cache to be written to the output device.

 * function: a portion of code which performs a specific task and is relatively independent of the remaining code. Also known as subroutine although this is less often used in C++

 * header: a file which is included into the program, usually for the purposes of reusing the code in other files. Headers typically contain functions.

 * IDE: an integrated development environment, may include a text editor, compiler and debugger or other variations.

 * integers: informally, a "whole number". An integer is any positive natural number (1, 2, 3...), any negative natural number (-1, -2, -3...) or zero (0).

 * runtime error: an error that occurs upon execution of a program i.e. infinite loop.

 * syntax error: an error which causes the compiler to fail while creating an executable. The error must be fixed for the code to be compiled successfully.

 * variable: a variable assigns a particular instance of an object type a name or label by which the instance can be referred to. Typically a variable is bound to a particular address in computer memory that is automatically assigned to at runtime, with a fixed number of bytes determined by the size of the object type of a variable and any operations performed on the variable effects one or more values stored in that particular memory location.

 * Some simple variables include:
 * int - this creates a variable that is an integer (32 bits)
 * long - this too creates an integer variable, but it supports 64 bits
 * short - this again creates an integer, but it only supports 16 bits
 * float - this creates a variable that supports decimals
 * double - this creates a variable that supports MORE decimals
 * bool - this creates a boolean variable, that can only be true or false (1 bit)
 * char - this allows one character to be entered (i.e. "W") (7 or 8 bit)

title: Understanding C++/Glossary


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mobilicorpus

Overview
Mobilicorpus is a spell that allows an unconscious (or perhaps dead) body to be moved.

Extended Description
The Mobilicorpus spell is used in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to bring the unconscious body of Snape along the tunnel from the Shrieking Shack to the Whomping Willow.

Analysis
Professor Lupin used this spell rather than waking Snape because it was simpler, perhaps, than having to deal with him bound up. This spell seems to be related to the Locomotor spell, which is used for inanimate objects, and the Levicorpus spell which appears to lift a conscious body up by the ankles. Additionally, the Latin root "mobili" means "mobile" and "corpus" means "body." This implies the spell is used to move people or other bodies.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Ferula

Overview
Ferula is a spell that produces a splint for a broken limb, or, presumably, another part of the body.

Extended Description
We see this only once: it is used in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to splint Ron's broken leg. It results in the appearance of bandages and a splint wrapped around the affected limb; once this spell is cast, Ron is able to put some weight on his injured leg without apparent pain.

Analysis
Lupin casts this spell on Ron when they are about to leave the Shrieking Shack, saying that Madam Pomfrey is far better at repairing broken bones than he is. While Ron is able to walk after this spell is put on his broken leg, we don't have any information about whether the spell also deadened the pain, or whether it was simply immobilizing the break that decreased Ron's pain. As usual with spells, there must be some mental component; in this case, visualization of the specific splinting arrangement needed is probably necessary.


text: Category:Book:Nanotechnology

title: Category:Book:Nanotechnology


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Confundo

Overview
The Confundus charm makes the subject confused. It is fairly advanced magic and is cast by means of the incantation "Confundo." The Confundus charm can apparently also be cast silently.

Extended Description
In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Severus Snape knows that his story of what happened in the Shrieking Shack will differ radically from Harry's, so he claims that Harry was obviously suffering under the effects of a Confundus charm.

Professor Moody, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, suggests that the Goblet may have been Confunded to believe that there were four schools. While it is never explicitly stated that the Confundus charm was used, no other spell has been mentioned that would have similar effects. This is an indication that the Confundus charm may also work on inanimate objects that have been magically granted some level of reasoning ability, such as the Goblet and the Sorting Hat.

In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Hermione casts this charm on Cormac McLaggen, a potential goal-keeper, to prevent him looking better than Ron at the team try-outs.

It is mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that the Auror Dawlish, despite his other qualities, is very easily Confunded.

In that same book, Harry uses the Confundus charm to avoid being interrogated by human guards at Gringotts with Probity Probes.

We later see that Snape may have put Mundungus Fletcher under the Confundus charm to secretly give him the idea of having multiple Harrys flying to multiple safe-houses.

Finally, in the Epilogue, Ron admits to having Confunded his driving examiner into overlooking an error (checking a wing mirror) that Ron considers trivial.

Analysis
Cormac McLaggen's response to this charm would indicate that there are physical as well as mental effects; McLaggen, some time after he is Confunded, has trouble navigating stairs.

As seems to be the case with many other spells, there would appear to be a substantial mental component to this charm. The effects on McLaggen seem to be diverse and diffuse; however, Snape's discussion with Fudge, and Harry's using the charm to achieve a specific goal (convincing the guard that he has already been probed), suggests that the Confundus charm can, with the appropriate mental imagery imposed, cause the subject to believe something specific, other than what has happened.

Some characters, apparently, are more susceptible to this charm than others. We are told that Dawlish seems to be easily Confunded. We suspect that this probably relies on the same sort of mental control mechanism that underlies both the attraction of the Veela, and the Imperius curse. We would expect, in that case, that it would be harder to Confund Harry, as he has shown ability to throw off the Imperius curse completely. Ron, however, with his demonstrated susceptibility to both Veela and the Imperius curse, likely would be very easy to Confund.


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User talk:Rmccue

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --dark lama  05:06, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Wikibooks Newsletter, Volume 1
(Wikibooks gazette home | Discuss | Bulletin board | Subscription list)

This is a short newsletter that is being distributed to all active wikibookians. You are getting this message because you are recognized as an established contributor to the project. This newsletter will be distributed on a regular basis to help share news, information, and tips. It comes from a bot account, User:The Staff. User:The Staff is currently operated by a team of wikibooks admins, the complete list of which is available on the user page of the bot. If you would like to not receive this newletter anymore, please remove your name from the list at Active wikibookians.

The work you do at Wikibooks is greatly appreciated. However there are plenty of other opportunities for you to get involved and help us to create a thriving Wikibooks community. We are sure that there are things we can do to help you and your understanding of Wikibooks and similarly there are certainly things you could do to help Wikibooks become a better place.

We would like to ask all wikibookians to add the Bulletin Board to your watchlists. The Bulletin Board is a fast and easy way for wikibookians to communicate important news and events to the entire community. If you have important news to share with the community, you can feel free to add your own entry to that page.

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The Staff 04:17, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rmccue


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Modern Photography/Composition

Composition is simply the arrangement of elements within an image. It could further be said that composition is, beyond the raw selection of subject or subjects, one of the key tools that the photographer has in crafting an image. Composition has been the subject of extensive thought long before the invention of photography, with Renaissance artist and architect Leon Battista Alberti credited with the earliest surviving text on the subject, Della Pittura (On Painting). American photographer Alfred Stieglitz was one of the most influential practitioners to consider composition extensively, with the arrangement of lines in his Steerage focusing his attention much more than the human aspect of the image.

Basics
Composition considers the way the image is likely to be perceived. The placement of lines and shapes should be considered in terms of their expression (dynamic, static, monumental, etc.), balance, symmetry and the way they lead the viewer's eye around the image.

Lines and shapes
Lines, along with shapes, are some of the most basic compositional elements in photography. They can establish the mood of the photograph and used well can lead a viewer's eye around an image. As a general rule, diagonal lines and curves create a sense of motion, while horizontal lines tend to feel static or restful. Verticals, in turn, add strength and monumentality. Shapes are fields of generally uniform tone or color. They can add "weight" to certain areas of a photograph, and interact with other shapes and lines to create balance or dynamism. They can also act as centers of focus, especially aided by lines leading into or away from them.

Color and tone
Color and tone are basic considerations in photography. They can make a shape strong or weak, can make it appear to come forward or recede into the background. Two shapes of different colors will appear to have completely different weights within the image. Likewise, a small but strongly colored element can easily offset the impact of a much larger but weaker one, either achieving balance or striking a discordant note.

Symmetry and balance
Symmetry, the placement of similar elements on opposite sides of a real or imagined axis, plays an important part in photographic composition. While it's usually an element that adds balance by equalizing the weights of a picture's various elements it can also add dynamism, depending on the placement and number of axes of symmetry. A diagonal axis can result in a dynamic composition despite almost complete symmetry of the basic elements.

People
Because all of us are people and we are conditioned to react to other people, a lot of the above considerations can be radically thrown off by the addition of human elements into the picture. For instance, an eye within the frame will draw most viewers' attention much more strongly than another item of equal size and shape. A human figure will likewise tend to become the center of focus despite being of relatively insignificant size compared to other elements. This is not something even the most abstract thinker can overlook.

Popular guidelines
There are plenty of composition guides for photographers, both in print and online, none can compare with the influence of Kodak's seminal "Guidelines for Better Photographic Composition". Often derided for having spawned millions of "correct" but boring and unambitious photographs, the booklet does give a useful outline of the very basics of photographic composition that can be used by creative photographers as a jumping-off point.

Simplicity
Kodak's first "rule" of composition is to not overload the image with extraneous information. It's better to focus on the main subject than to lose it among a lot of surrounding objects or people.

Rule of Thirds
The much-abused and often-ridiculed rule of thirds is a simple guideline creating dynamism while keeping a measure of order in an image. It states that the most effective place for the main subject is at the intersection of lines dividing the image into thirds vertically and horizontally (see example).

Lines
Images tend to lead a viewer's eye around an image, and that's why it is important to pay attention to them when composing a photograph. As a general rule, diagonal lines crate dynamism, horizontal ones calm, vertical ones a feeling of monumentality or power. Curves can also add dynamism and add interest to an image.

Balance
In its guide, Kodak advocates creating balance within an image by arranging the main subjects in a way that doesn't look "lopsided", while refraining from putting them in the middle by using the rule of thirds above.

Framing
Kodak further advises readers to use foreground elements to "frame" images, to provide interest and context.

Avoiding mergers
Sometimes background or foreground elements interfere with the main subject, such as a background tree "growing out" of someone's head. Often with SLR cameras, in which focusing takes place with a fully open aperture and therefore very shallow depth of field, this is hard to avoid, since objects that during framing are out of focus end up much clearer in the final image.

Format
Composition operates within the selected format limitations of the camera and recording medium, so an awareness of their basic properties is generally required. Format is generally expressed as a ratio based upon width by height in some measure, e.g. 4x3 inches, 1920x1080 pixels, 36x24mm or 8688x5792 pixels. The important thing is the shape of the frame, not the units it is measured in. Many cameras allow you to alter this format within the camera, for example by changing the film type or altering a setting within a digital camera. It is always possible to crop (cut) a photograph down to a smaller format (permitting for some loss of quality), though it never possible to retroactively step outside of the bounds of the format at the time of capture. Composition is about fitting all the elements within that frame.

Lens and aperture
Many lenses are sharper in the center than at the edge, particularly when used under wide-open apertures. This is due to the optical properties of the lens, and may be a concern during composition. For example, if you have chosen to shoot at an aperture that results in a loss of clarity to the edge of your image, and the most important subject is placed there, then you will be very seriously influencing the overall aesthetic of the resulting image.

Modes of composition
In more considered modes of conception, such as studio photography, complete control may be given to the photographer to experiment with different composition options. In more spontaneous photography, such as event photography, the photographer may have very little time to achieve a composition for capturing a moment. In the former cases composition may be approached formally and in conjunction with other shot parameters such as camera position and perspective, aperture, shutter speed, lens, lens zoom, lighting, and recording medium sensitivity. In the latter cases, the photographer may already have an eye squinting through the viewfinder, and only a fraction of a second to re-frame the subject in order to capture some important moment.

Common criticisms
The most widely criticized choices for composition are the following, though it is important to emphasize that they all have their place and can be effective and justified decisions at times, they are usually the most common failings within early amateur photography.

Bullseyeing
Moving the main subject off center takes a wee bit of forethought but it's well worth the effort. Most photography and videography follow the classic "golden mean" which divides the "frame", viewfinder or monitor, approximately into thirds vertically and horizontally (think tic-tac-toe grid). Main subjects and points of interest are best placed at or near the intersection of the lines. In scenics, place horizon either above or below but not through center.

Too far
Allowing too much in the view, such as legs and feet in portraits or group shots makes your subject too far away and small while including more distracting background. A famous quote states: If your pictures aren't good enough, you're not close enough! Think about composing from the hips up, or better waist up. Most people hold their camera horizontally and almost never think to turn it vertically. The general rule of taking portraits of one person (or pet) vertically and two or more horizontally, along with the idea of "filling the frame" as professional photographers know it, will help achieve more intimate, powerful photos.

Distracting backgrounds
Using the portrait setting on point and shoot cameras or, on SLR's, using the larger apertures (the smaller numbers) allows the background to go out of focus and hold interest in your main subject. Also watch for poles, trees, etc. coming out of your subject's head or torso.

Lack of depth
The most common method is to include foreground such as close, aesthetically pleasing rocks or flowers “anchoring” the photo. Tip: Eliminate flat subjects and "see" like your camera by closing or covering one eye. This should help you watch for clues and angles that suggest depth and counter flat lighting and busy subjects that meld into a confusing mess.

title: Modern Photography/Composition


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title: Category:Book:Microtechnology


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title: Category:Book:Microtechnology/Redirects


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GCC stackframe

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User talk:202.63.118.51

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 09:02, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Herby talk thyme 09:10, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.63.118.51


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Talk:Practical Electronics/Crowbar circuit

SCR devices are very useful in crowbar circuits, and should be presented.

 * Done. The article now shows a SCR-based crowbar circuit diagram. (-: Even though the text calls it a "thyristor" :-). --DavidCary (talk) 13:56, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Diode SD1
The text says, SD1 prevents triggers dure to capacitors in the main circuit. I fail to see how capacitors can induce overvoltages. Maybe inductors were meant instead?---<(kmk)>- (talk) 18:44, 14 October 2008 (UTC)


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User talk:59.178.5.25

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 11:26, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:59.178.5.25


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Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/World Stamp Catalogue

World Stamp Catalogue
Seems more like a hobby/collection book rather then a book with any educational/learning purpose and consists mostly of list of images that from a quick look at some of them aren't marked with any license tag. The short description in its title says it all "A list of postage stamps from around the world". --dark lama  15:35, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep - This book has potential and it's still being developed but not much has happened there since it was created in April. The book is intended for those interested in the hobby of stamp collecting and it could be used in such a way when complete.  The image problem needs adressing and it should focus on being a guide to stamp collecting rather than a 'list'. Xania 15:45, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep - this book will still be being worked on when we are all long gone! It may not be exciting but it is what stamp collecting is all about.  The images need sorting and I do object, on a number of grounds, to the vast collection of redlinks -- Herby  talk thyme 16:55, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment - I have two concerns, one is the use of unlicensed images in the book and the other is whether or not its approperiate for Wikibooks. The book seems more for people to find stamps that might be worth collection then a book that teaches about stamp collecting. To me it seems more like an encyclopedia of stamps then a textbook (What is Wikibooks). Without the images the book in its current form probably doesn't even make an encyclopedia. --dark [[Image:Yin yang.svg|12px]] lama 17:31, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Some of the licences are licensed, others not. Sticky situation. The book definitely needs a lot more annotation though... has anyone been in touch with the primary contributor? (I've been in touch with someone about licensing images, but I don't think I've heard back). -- SB_Johnny | talk 17:48, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I understand your concerns for the image license status, but while that is an argument for their deletion, the same can hardly be said about the book. If it stands of falls with these images and no other ones can be found to replace them, then they would break the book.
 * As for the appropriateness for this project, I would argue that whatever happens, it isn't ecyclopædic. It doesn't fit all that well under the "educational" hat since there is little outreach, but I bet philatelists would argue that it does wonders for the human condition.  --Swift 07:08, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I really think that this is a valuable contribution, and its an appropiate wikibook that Im willing to participate.User:StampMan 15:35, 2 December 2006 (GMT -3) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 190.16.201.212 (talk • contribs) 18:03, 2 Dec 2006  (UTC)
 * Welcome anon placed on IP talk page -- Herby talk thyme 18:08, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep -- there needs to be a lot of annotation, but the book works as an outline for now. -- SB_Johnny | talk 18:20, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep -- I have personally contributed on this book in the past. It's indeed in the first place, as the title says, a catalogue. A catalogue is a book like any other, and the purpose is to educate. Collecting stamps is a hobby for sure, but how different is that from making music (Harmonica), or learning a programming language (C++ Programming)? I agree that the current form of this wikibook needs some changes, for which I made a proposal about 3 months ago (Talk:World Stamp Catalogue). Also copyright of images would have to be dealt with according to general rules of images. In fact I would urge for a policy to close image-uploading to wikibooks, since images belong on wikicommons. However, single copyright-violations, or possible violations, do not justify the closing of an entire book. It merely justifies deleting of the image. --Kempm 11:49, 8 December 2006 (UTC)


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Horticulture/Vinca minor

Vinca minor (Lesser Periwinkle) is a plant native to central and southern Europe, from Portugal and France north to the Netherlands and the Baltic States, and east to the Caucasus, and also in southwestern Asia in Turkey. The species is commonly grown as a ground cover in temperate gardens for its evergreen foliage, spring and summer flowers, ease of culture, and dense habit that smothers most weeds. The species has few pests or diseases outside it native range and is widely naturalised and classified as an invasive species in parts of North America.

Other vernacular names used in cultivation include Small Periwinkle, Common Periwinkle, and sometimes Myrtle or Creeping Myrtle in parts of the United States.

Description
Vinca minor grows as a trailing vine or subshrub, spreading along the ground and rooting along the stems to form large clonal colonies and occasionally scrambling up to 40 cm high but never twining or climbing. The leaves are evergreen, opposite, 2-4.5 cm long and 1-2.5 cm broad, glossy dark green with a leathery texture and an entire margin. The flowers are solitary in the leaf axils and are produced mainly from early spring to mid summer but with a few flowers still produced into the autumn; they are violet-purple (pale purple or white in some cultivated selections), 2-3 cm diameter, with a five-lobed corolla. The fruit is a pair of follicles 2.5 cm long, containing numerous seeds.

The closely related species ../Vinca major/ is similar but larger in all parts, and with relatively broader leaves with a hairy margin.

Varieties
There are numerous cultivars, with different flower colours and variegated foliage, including 'Argenteovariegata' (white leaf edges), 'Aureovariegata' (yellow leaf edges), 'Gertrude Jekyll' (white flowers), and 'Plena' (double flowers).

Uses
Ethnomedically, the dried leaves, aerial parts, and in some cases the entire plant of Vinca, are used to enhance blood circulation, including that of the brain, enhance metabolism in the brain, and to treat cardiovascular disorders. Vincamine is the pharmaceutical molecule responsible for Vinca's nootropic activity.

The stems and foliage are often used in cut flower arrangements as well, providing a dark, glossy base or allowed to cascade over the vase's lip.

Maintenance
Vining weeds such as Mock Strawberry and crown vetch can be a serious problem, so careful monitoring should be kept up in order to catch these problems early. Grasses (especially lawn grasses) can also establish in Vinca patches, and can be difficult to remove without ripping up the vines in the process, so care should be taken when overseeding nearby lawns.

Heavy leaves should not be allowed to sit on the vines through the winter, as fungal diseases often result. Likewise, mulches should not be added over the vines, and if bulbs are interplanted, the dying bulb foliage should be kept off the vine's foliage.

During severe winters, the plant may be burned and lose its foliage. It regrows quickly in the spring, but extra care should be taken to keep weeds from establishing themselves before the leaves can shade the soil.

Propagation
Botrytis Blight, Dieback, Vinca Canker, Leaf Spots, Root & Stem Rot, Aster-yellows.

title: Horticulture/Vinca minor


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User talk:168.221.143.68

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 14:18, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:168.221.143.68


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Horticulture/Ilex

Holly (Ilex) is a genus of about 400 species of flowering plants in the family ../Aquifoliaceae/, and the only genus in that family. They are shrubs and trees from 2–25 m tall, with a wide distribution in Asia, Europe, north Africa, and North and South America. Many species are quite attractive, and are a fixture in both formal and informal gardens. The evergreen species in particular are used for winter interest, but some of the deciduous species are equally useful for their heavy sets of bright berries.

Holly berries are mildly toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by people. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the fall and early winter the berries are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the berries soften, and become edible. During winter storms, birds often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from predators (by the spiny leaves), and food.

In many Western cultures, holly is a traditional Christmas decoration, used especially in wreaths. The wood is heavy, hard and white; one traditional use is for chess pieces, with holly for the white pieces, and ebony for the black. Other uses include turnery, inlay work and as firewood. Looms in the 1800s used holly for the spinning rod. Because holly is dense and can be sanded very smooth, the rod was less likely than other woods to snag threads being used to make cloth.

Several American holly species are also used to make various caffeine rich teas. The South American I. paraguariensis is used to make yerba mate, a common drink. Ilex guayusa is used both as a stimulant and as an admixture to the entheogenic tea ayahuasca; The leaves of I. guayusa have the highest caffeine content of any known plant. In Northern and Central America, Ilex vomitoria, Yaupon holly, was used by southeastern American Indians as a ceremonial stimulant and emetic known as the black drink. In China, the young leaf buds of Ilex kudingcha are process in a method similar to green tea to make a tisane called Ku Ding tea

Description
The leaves are simple, and can be either deciduous or evergreen depending on the species, and may be entire, finely toothed, or with widely-spaced, spine-tipped leaves. Hollies are mostly dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants, with some exceptions. Pollination is mainly by bees and other insects. The fruit is a small berry, usually red when mature, with one to ten seeds.

Species

 * ../Ilex aquifolium/ - European Holly
 * ../Ilex cornuta/ - Chinese Holly
 * ../Ilex crenata/ - Japanese Holly
 * ../Ilex decidua/ - Possumhaw
 * ../Ilex dipyrena/ - Himalayan Holly
 * ../Ilex glabra/ - Gallberry, Inkberry
 * ../Ilex integra/
 * ../Ilex opaca/ - American Holly
 * ../Ilex paraguariensis/ - Yerba Mate
 * ../Ilex pedunculosa/
 * ../Ilex serrata/ - Japanese Winterberry
 * ../Ilex verticillata/ - American Winterberry
 * ../Ilex vomitoria/ - Yaupon Holly

Arthropod Pests

 * ../Aphids/:
 * Black Citrus Aphid: ../Toxoptera aurantii/

 * ../Scale Insects/:
 * California red scale: ../Aonidiella aurantii/
 * Oleander scale: ../Aspidiotus nerii/
 * India Wax Scale: ../Ceroplastes ceriferus/
 * Florida Wax Scale: ../Ceroplastes floridensis/
 * Tea scale: ../Fiorinia theae/
 * Greedy scale: ../Hemiberlesia rapax/
 * Camellia Scale: ../Lepidosaphes camelliae/
 * Oystershell scale: ../Lepidosaphes ulmi/
 * Gloomy Scale: ../Melanaspis tenebricosa/ (on I. glabra)
 * White Peach Scale: ../Pseudaulcapsis pentagona/
 * Black scale: ../Saissetia oleae/
 * Euonymus Scale: ../Unaspis euonymi/
 * Cottony Camellia Scale: ../Pulvinaria floccifera/
 * Cottony Maple Leaf Scale: ../Pulvinaria acericola/
 * Holly Pit Scale: ../Asterolecanium puteanum/
 * Holly scale
 * Lecanium scale: ../Lecanium/ spp.
 * Nigra Scale: ../Parasaissetia nigra/
 * Walnut Scale: ../Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae/

 * ../Psyllids/:
 * Yaupon Psyllid

 * ../Whiteflies/:
 * Citrus Whitefly: ../Dialeurodes citri/
 * Greenhouse Whitefly: ../Trialeurodes vaporariorum/
 * Mulberry Whitefly: ../Tetraleurodes mori/

 * ../Spittlebugs/:
 * Two-lined Spittlebug

 * ../Mealybugs/:
 * Striped Mealybug: ../Ferrisia/ sp.
 * Comstock Mealybug: ../Pseudococcus comstocki/

 * ../Flies/:
 * Berry Midge: ../Asphondylia ilicicola/: infests the berries, preventing coloring.
 * Holly Leaf Miner: ../Phytomyza ilicis/: maggot yellowish white, adult a black fly, flying in early spring
 * American Holly Leaf Miner: ../Phytomyza ilicicola/: mines slender.

 * ../Beetles/:
 * Twig Pruner: ../Elaphidionoides villosus/
 * Twig Girdler: ../Oncideres cingulata/
 * Japanese Beetle: ../Popillia japonica/
 * Black Blister Beetle
 * Potato Flea Beetle

 * ../Weevils/:
 * Black Vine Weevil: ../Otiorhynchus sulcatus/
 * Japanese Weevil: ../Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus/

 * ../Caterpillars/:
 * Holly Looper: ../Thysanopyga intractata/
 * Bud Moth: ../Rhopobota naevana ilicifolia/ in Pacific Northwest
 * Fall Webworm
 * Holly Bud Moth (Blackheaded Fireworm)

 * ../Mites/:
 * Southern Red Mite: ../Oligonichus ilicis/

Pathogens

 * Bacterial blight caused by Corynebacterium illicis
 * Powdery Mildews caused by Microsphaera alni and Phyllactinia corylea
 * Anthracnose caused by Elsinoë ilicis
 * Tar Spots and Leaf Spots caused by numerous fungal pathogens
 * Cankers caused by Diaporthe eres, Diplodia spp., Gloeosporium spp., Nectria coccinea, Physalospora ilicis, and Phomopsis crustosa
 * Root Rot caused by ../Phytophthora/ spp.
 * Leaf Drop caused by Pellicularia filamentosa, which invades foliage in the Rhizoctonia stage, soilborne, affecting cuttings and branches on the ground, affecting American Hollies.
 * Flower Blights caused by ../Botrytis/ spp. on American hollies, and Thielaviopsis basicola, causing Black knot disease
 * Twig Blight caused by Phytophthora ilicis is a problem in Pacific Northwest region of the United States:
 * Root Knot caused by nematodes

Other problems

 * Spine Spot is caused by spines impaling leaves due to winds, particularly a problem in winter
 * Winter Scorching of the foliage may occur due to wind and sun exposure in winter.
 * Copper Burn occurs when copper sprays are applied to or drift onto hollies. Copper-based sprays should never be applied on or near hollies for this reason.
 * Deer browsing may occur on hollies in the United states, particularly to unspined or sparsely spined species.

title: Horticulture/Ilex


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User talk:Powanikutin

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Xania 17:10, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Please ensure that you follow Wikibooks naming convention. Sub pages of a book should be in this format: book/subpage. You can move pages using the 'move' button at the top of the screen or just as myself or any other active users if you need help. Xania 17:10, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

More on naming
Further to the comment above, the redlinks on the Magick page would lead you to name pages in a way that was not in accordance with policy. Please checkout the links in the welcome message above. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 18:24, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Again please observe naming policy - I have just moved Magick/The Basics to correct this -- Herby talk thyme 08:12, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Religion and Magick
If you want to delete the page Religion and Magick, please tag it with {{delete}}. Blanking the page does not delete it. Alternatively, if you wish to merge it some where, please copy and paste the text to that page, and then insert #REDIRECTPageName. Thank you. Cheers, Iamunknown 21:02, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Powanikutin


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User talk:Sthomas~enwikibooks

Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is intended to be read without the need for external reference and requires content rather than external links particularly those which are for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links may include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that exist to attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page rather than re-adding it. See the welcome page to learn more about Wikibooks. Thank you.

In addition the page specifically states "do not make any changes or additions to this page" -- Herby talk thyme 18:14, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sthomas. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sthomas~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:48, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:33, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sthomas~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:165.138.113.252

Xania 18:47, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:165.138.113.252


text:
User talk:129.72.64.24

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 19:08, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:129.72.64.24


text:
User talk:72.91.164.195

No problem but please use the Sandbox for learning -- Herby talk thyme 20:20, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:72.91.164.195


text:
Horticulture/Hemerocallis

Daylilies are a group of plants in the genus Hemerocallis, including several species and many thousands of cultivars. These plants produce flowers that last for just a day, but they tend to produce many flowers on each scape, providing a relatively long bloom period.

Daylilies are tough and extremely adaptable. They are successfully grown in nearly any USDA hardiness zone, preferring full sun but tolerant of some shade.

Sun or shade
Flowers will be more prolific in better soil and in full sun. In heavy shade, foliage may be more abundant with few flowers. Daylilies prefer at least six hours a day for the paler shades, less for the darker reds and purples. If flowers fade, wilt or burn in direct sun, move them to filtered shade.

Spacing
Daylilies can spread quickly in good soil (depending on the specific cultivar), so should be spaced appropriately. For large daylilies allow at least 18 to 20 inches between plants, 15 to 17 inches for medium size plants and 12 to 14 inches for small size plants. Daylilies should be planted high, never deeper than the crowns. If bare rooted plants are simply thrown on the ground, they sometimes root themselves in.

Soil type
A well-drained soil rich in organic material with a pH between 6 and 7 is recommended. Amend soils with compost, peat, good top soil, a little manure, and / or other available organic material. Mix the added materials with a garden fork to the depth of the fork. Spending time and money on your soil is always a good investment.

Varieties
Select the appropriate daylily varieties for your climate. While most daylilies will grow in a wide variety of climates, some are best suited for specific areas. Because most of the daylilies grown today are hybrids of dormant and evergreen species, they can be categorized into these three groups depending on whether they lose their foliage during the dormant season. Daylilies are divided into three general categories:
 * Evergreen - cultivars that retain their foliage throughout the year. Especially popular in mild climates, but grown widely.
 * Semi-evergreen - cultivars that tend to lose most of their foliage during the winter. Adaptable to a wide variety of climates.
 * Dormant - cultivars that lose their foliage entirely during the winter. Especially adaptable to cold climates but will grow well in all except the most tropical environments.

Maintenance

 * Early spring
 * In early spring, daylilies should be cut back to within 5 cm (2 in.) on the soil line or the base of the crown. They will appreciate a good layer of mulch.

 * Bloom period (mid-summer)
 * During bloom, these plants need a consistently moist soil, otherwise the buds may fail to open or the flowers will be dwarfed. Overhead irrigation or rain will mottle or "melt" the day's blooms, so irrigation should either be done by hand, drip, or in the late afternoon when the day's flowers have begun to fade.
 * Many daylilies also need to be deadheaded, meaning the spent flowers must be removed by pinching off or cutting. Particularly on large-flowered varieties, the spent flowers may get wrapped around other buds, preventing them from opening properly. Many newer cultivars are "self-deadheading", meaning that the flowers drop by themselves rather than needing to be pinched or cut. Care must be taken with some varieties, as the spent blooms closely resemble opening buds.

 * After blooming
 * After blooming, most daylilies put on a new flush of vegetative growth. The old foliage is often yellow and unattractive, so it is often removed. This can be done either by pulling the old leaves out, or simply cutting the plant to the ground (they quickly regrow).

 * Fall cleanup
 * After the foliage goes completely yellow, it is best to cut back the foliage to within 20 cm (8 in.) of the soil line, to prevent matting during the winter months. While this is not necessary, it makes for a more attractive winter garden and eliminates a potential harbor for undesirable pests and fungi. At a minimum, remove the spent, brown flower scapes.

Propagation
Daylilies are usually propagated by division, and are one of the easiest perennials to divide. There are several methods for dividing daylilies:

 * The most common method is to take two digging forks, inserted through the middle of the clump back to back, and simply prying the plant apart.
 * For very large clumps, daylilies can also be divided by either driving a shovel or spade through the clump while still in the ground, or else the clump can be dug up and cleaved with an axe or mattock.
 * For special cultivars, daylilies can be divided by hand, using fingers and a knife.

Divisions can be as small as a single fan.

Proliferations
A proliferation is a small fan that grows in the node of a bract on the scape. These fans can be rooted to make a new plant (which will, like divisions, be a clone). To encourage proliferations, simply make sure that no seed pods are allowed to develop on the top of the scape. Harvest the proliferations as soon as the scape shows signs of yellowing, and root in water with a piece of the scape still attached.

Tissue culture
Some of the newer, patented cultivars of daylily are propagated through tissue culture.

Seed propagation
Many daylily cultivars can produce fertile seed (however, triploid cultivars do not). To harvest seed, simply leave the seed pod on the plant until it completely dries up and opens. Some prefer to harvest a little earlier, but at least wait until the pod shows some sign of an open crack. The time from pollination to harvest runs around 45 days.

Daylily seeds are easy to gather, but not all seeds are fertile. Some plants may be sterile and never produce seeds, some may be fertile one way or both ways.

When seed pods turn brown and start to split, gently remove seeds. Jason will tie a bag over the flowers he pollinated to catch the seed, and leave the pod on the stem as long as possible. Seeds should dry (at least one month is recommended) before refrigerating or planting.

Germinate seeds approximately two weeks in any suitable germinating mixture. Cover seeds to a 1/8 to 1/4 inch depth. Place containers in partial shade to prevent drying out. Transplant when adequate roots develop and wait two to three years for a flower.

To properly hybridize a new registered daylily will take some patience and persistence, but since each seed-grown daylily is different from every other daylily in the world, even a beginning gardener can help create a brand new flower.

Harvesting
The buds and flowers of the daylily are edible, and used in some Asian cuisines. They can also be stuffed, similar to Squash flowers.

The difficulty with daylilies is that since the blooms only last a day, they must be picked and used the same day. The best time to pick is just after the flowers have fully opened. Refrigeration is not appropriate, as it will cause them to wilt.

The enlarged roots can be peeled and eaten raw or stir-fried. They have a sweet radish flavor.

Fungal diseases

 * Leaf Spot caused by Cercospora hemerocallis
 * Russett Spot
 * Leaf Streak caused by Aureobasidium microstictum
 * Crown Rot (Southern Blight) caused by ../Sclerotium rolfsii/
 * Rust caused by the heteroecious fungus Puccinia hemerocallidis (alternate host: ../Patrina/.

Nematodes

 * Root Knot caused by the Southern Root Knot Nematode (Meliodgyne incognita):

Insects, mites

 * A plant bug (Lopidea confluenta)
 * Grasshoppers
 * Earwigs
 * Thrips, including
 * Flower Thrips (Frankliniella tritici)
 * Western Flower Thrips
 * Daylily Thrips
 * Hemerocallis Gall Midge
 * Beetles, including
 * Imported Longhorned Weevil
 * Japanese Beetle
 * Bumble Flower Beetle
 * Convict Caterpillar
 * Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae)

Other animals

 * Slugs and Snails
 * White Tailed Deer

Unknown cause

 * Spring Sickness (see About Spring Sickness)

title: Horticulture/Hemerocallis


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Talk:Robotics/Design Basics/Physical Design

The Article Still Needs Too Much Work
Well, I think that the person who was working has left the article. I hope they come back soon.

Anyways, I have formatted the article a bit and have placed a few comments in for the editors for extra attention. Please fill in the incomplete sections first...

Xenodevil (talk) 13:30, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Issue Related to Mentioning the Names of Tradmarks
Must we specify the tradmarks in the articles? I don't think we should do this. It would be a lot better to place such stuff in the links part, if really necessary. We can surely describe the general tools (without any mention of the companies that manufacture them) related to the articles in the body of the article...

For the time being, I have replaced the text related to Vex™ Robotic Design Kit in the article with more generalized one...

Xenodevil (talk) 13:36, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Trademarks
I'm not a fan of writing (TM) or (C) anywhere. It makes the text much less readable. I would make the trademarked or copywrited name a link to the official site. (Microsoft should link to www.microsoft.com for example). But that's just my opinion. These days my activity here is limited to cleaning up vandalism. --Patrik (talk) 07:07, 15 December 2008 (UTC)


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The Computer Revolution/Databases/Limitations

Limitations of Databases in Research – The Complete Story and Whole Truth
It is not uncommon in today’s classroom for an instructor to receive a final research paper from the majority (if not all) of his/her students based solely on information gleaned from the Web. There is no doubt that in our “plugged in world” this medium provides such quick and easy access to information. There are few instructors who now request papers wholly documented from references outside the internet world – but there are a few of the “old guard” – and they have their reasons, or more appropriately, their suspicions of the information available.

Before you submit that next paper, it maybe wise to recognize that there are limitations to the on-line data. This understanding may serve you well in seeking out alternative sources or conducting further checks on the information that has been provided. The following sections outline five limitations of using databases for research purposes.

First, can you be sure you have the whole story? There always seems to be “more than meets the eye.” Even in printed works there is generally no all-encompassing coverage of a topic in one particular source, therefore, there is a need to consult many works. However, despite all efforts, there is still the feeling that the “more you get to know, the less you think you know.” So, a word of caution in using any and all sources of information, including databases for research, is to be cognizant of the fact that you may not be getting the whole story. “Databases are only a foot in the door … [with] many facts or facets of the topic … not in the database” (Williams & Sawyer,  2007,  Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications, Montreal: McGraw-Hill Irwin, p. 467).

Let the truth be known! However, it is not easily revealed on one’s computer screen nor is it guaranteed by accessing an on-line database for information for that term paper. Who put the information in the database in the first place? Was it checked or verified by experts? Unlike juried journals, databases may not have been subjected to quite the same rigor or scrutiny and, as a result, may not be as accurate as it could be. This does not mean to say, however, that the written word (juried or otherwise) is any more truthful. It is simply necessary to undertake some type of verification of facts and figures before inclusion in a research paper.

Accept the fact that no one source is the answer to your research prayers. As Williams and Sawyer (p. 468) point out, “one database service doesn’t have it all.” Be sure to consult many on-line sources and compare the content and coverage of each potential source. This, too, is a necessary part of real world research and undertaking literature reviews in an attempt to garner background knowledge and information from books and journals or other published and unpublished materials.

If you know the right word, you can go a long way, but what if you don’t know the best one? Just as it is ill advised to use one source, so too is it bad practice to use one keyword or search word in your attempt to find information on your selected research topic. Using more than one, however, still does not guarantee the best outcome(s). As the old adage goes -- “garbage in, garbage out (GIGO)” – lends itself to this point. Knowing the best or crucial word or words to input into the database will help you attain the best results, but use incorrect terminology and you may be in cyberspace for a very long time with little or nothing of value to show for your efforts. Unfortunately, one’s research work often begins with one’s interest, not one’s intimate knowledge. One has simply embarked upon the research journey in search of information and details. At this level, therefore, how is one to know the topic or subject area sufficiently in order to actually input appropriate keywords or search terms. Furthermore, and in keeping with the issue of getting the whole story, if you do happen to stumble across an appropriate term, you may still miss something in your search.

Another limitation of notable significance when using databases for research is that of historical inclusion. Although a great many people undertake more current research topics, there are many still interested in history. In other cases, researchers wish to “fill in the blanks” so-to-speak by understanding the historical background or significance of their chosen topic. In many cases, researchers are picking up the story or research from the last known or published stage, while others are simply doing historical research. Beware that databases do not necessarily reach too far back in history and, in fact, may only encompass the more recent past (e.g., two decades or less).

Are you interested in researching your genealogy? Have you checked the available databases lately to see what you could come up with? If so, was it accurate according to your records? Was it complete and up-to-date? No! Well, you have just experienced some of the limitations of using databases for research on a very personal level.

Finally, do not be discouraged with databases and their limitations. The printed word, too, has its drawbacks. Some things never get printed and/or published or become lost (possibly) forever. At least computer databases are available and provide a wealth of information – maybe too much – but beware of its limitations and use the data/information wisely and appropriately.

Data Integrity
Data integrity is one of the most important aspects of a database. It is essential for the data to be accurate in order to generate quality information. Many businesses make important decisions based on data obtained from their information systems, which includes databases. Data validation is a process of ensuring accurate data is entered into the database by assigning input masks and validation rules to fields and tables within a database. This prevents errors when invalid data is supplied, by showing an error message on the screen and not allowing the invalid information to be entered until it is valid, according to the specification of the input masks and validation rules. The stricter and numerous the rules, the less likely it is to have invalid data in the database.

Data Security
Data security is a big issue to think of when creating a database. Since databases are usually used by many different people, they are susceptible to security problems. Hackers can get in the database and steal people's personal information. One way to the protect the database is to implement a database activity monitoring program which will detect and report any possible threats in real time. Although there are other tricks to protecting your data. One simple one is to just save your work as you. Another good way of protecting your data is by protecting your computer, what i mean by this is Use a secure operating system which requires users to be 'authenticated'. As an added benefit these operating systems also restrict what individual users can see and do on the system. The best way to probably protect your data is to perform regular maintenance. What i mean by this is learn how to use the utilities that diagnose your system for problems. It is a good idea to run a disk-scanning program, defragment your hard drive, or whatever else your system might need. These utilities can prevent little problems from becoming big problems, and will keep your system running at top speed. If you need help with a big problem IST has a Hardware Repair Service.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Time-Turner

Overview
A Time-Turner in appearance is a small, sparkly hourglass, often worn as a pendant.

Extended Description
A Time-Turner allows for limited time travel; turning the Time-Turner over once causes everyone within the attached chain to go one hour back in time. It also appears that it allows for some control over where in space they will appear. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Hermione uses this extensively to attend more classes and exams than would be physically possible; for instance, we see on her first day at school that she is taking three classes at the same time. The Time-Turner is loaned to her by Professor McGonagall under the conditions that she use it strictly for attending classes, and that she never allow herself to be seen using it. Hermione does somewhat break this injunction at the end of the book, when she and Harry use the Time-Turner to revert to a time three hours earlier so that they can save Sirius Black. At the end of that book, Hermione drops a class, which she says will put her onto a schedule that is at least humanly possible; she returns the Time-Turner to Professor McGonagall.

In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, part of the battle at the Department of Mysteries takes place in a room devoted to the mystery of Time, and Neville, aiming a Stun jinx at a Death Eater, misses when the Death Eater ducks. The spell hits a glass-fronted cabinet containing a large number of hourglasses, which Harry recognizes as Time-Turners. The cabinet falls over and smashes, and then immediately returns to its prior state, only to fall and smash again and again.

In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Hagrid, resigned to the fact that none of the Trio are taking his course, mentions that he knows their schedules are full, and reckons that they might have been able to fit Care of Magical Creatures in if they had Time-Turners. Hermione tells him that the entire collection of Time-Turners at the Ministry were destroyed, and that there are none left in the world as far as anyone knows.

Analysis
The Time-Turner is an incredibly useful device; even with the need for precautions, it would be amazingly useful to have the ability to go back and do over the past. The Time-Turner is a device that could destroy any mystery, and make anything possible: with a Time-Turner, Voldemort could "fold" himself, and three of him could face one Harry, thus making his final victory assured. Presumably, it is because it is possible to misuse this device that the author felt they should be destroyed in the battle at the Department of Mysteries.

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Dumbledore, speaking of a different event, mentions that something is very deep magic and not well understood by anyone. This implies that there are other areas of magic that are extremely obscure. We could safely expect one of those to be time, as an entire subdepartment at the Ministry is devoted to it. It is entirely possible that the witches or wizards who created Time-turners initially were unable to pass on the secret of how they did so; likely they were naturally adept at manipulation of time, and were unable to pass on their knowledge because no other adept was then available. So while to a Muggle observer, it seems obvious that someone should have just made more Time-Turners, it is quite possible that no living witch or wizard knew how.


text:
Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Time-Turner

Spoiler warning and functionality
The functionality of the Time Turner is relatively central to the plot of Prisoner of Azkaban, and revelation of the device and its function in chapter 21 is one of the better "aha!" moments in the book. For this reason, I have elected to put the description of what the device does entirely behind spoiler warnings. Chazz 23:01, 11 December 2006 (UTC)


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The Computer Revolution/Entertainment/Digital Video Quality

Digital Video basically is better visual picture quality, which comes from higher pixel resolution. The more the pixels there are the smoother the picture will be.

Digital video is widely used today. There are digital camera recorders, digital television recorders, digital dvd recorders and pretty much most of the electronics today are digital.

In smaller visual device the resolution can not be noticed between analog and digital quality, but when the visual is larger, the pixels in analog video are clearly noticed, because they can only be stretched so far and the actual pixel blocks are no longer smooth. In digital video quality, the resolution is better because there are more pixels, and when enlarged they have the capability to be stretched. For example in digital cameras, 3-megapixel camera can develop photos up to 5X7, if you would like to get clear 8X10 photos, then a 5-megapixel camera is needed, and poster size photos a 8 to 10-megapixel camera is required. The pixels can stretch so much before the picture becomes blurry.

Also, for example an analog TV would have 680 megapixels, where as digital TV would have 1680 and up, which gives a clear and smooth picture in larger TV screens.


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The Computer Revolution/Communication/Computers and Health

How do computers affect our overall health?
Computers affect very many aspects of our health. They have so many great benefits to us and at the same time they have many negative effects on us. It has grown extremely common to find a job that has a primary function of computer use and as time goes on, it will only continue to get worse. Computers have become the way of the world, however although there are so many reasons that computers make our daily lives easier, there are also big effects that they have on us. Prolonged use has attributed to things like Carpal tunnel syndrome, it has also highly attributed to DeQuervain's tendonitis, both are attributed to the long term use of electronics. CVS (computer viral syndrome) is something that is a big issue that is growing and more increasingly a problem. CVS is a problem which contributes to eye and vision problems, it includes things like dry eyes and eye fatigue, sensitivity to light and many other problems. Some tumors have also been directly attributed to the long term electrical use. The amount of time that people spend on their cell phones is an increasing problem and can attribute to radiation and some forms of cancer, as the electronic age grows, so will the health concerns.

How do computers affect our mental health?
Where would we be without computer technology? There is little doubt that we would be lost without it, but there are dangerous side effects that affect our physical and mental health.Using the computer too much and other forms of technology are beginning to raise concerns about the state of people’s emotional health. Technology is something that is constantly changing whether it is on a personal level or at a job. People now have to know more computer skills in order to do their jobs and this can be stressful. There are some jobs that require people to be “on call” 24-7 and when they are not working they prefer if they didn’t have any contact with a phone or computer. A person can also feel burnt out with a combination of too much information and the ability to have access to technology all the time. You can also have an addiction to the Internet, this is beginning to be considered a serious disorder.

(Understanding Computers 13th edition, Deborah Morley and Charles S. Parker. 2011. pgs 658-661)

The Bad News - Isolation, depression and "data smog"
As we spend more and more time surfing the net, we are spending less time interacting with friends and family, going out to the movies, shopping, or walking in the park. Our time spent online is done alone, even though we may be chatting with real people, we are still alone. This leads to feelings of isolation which leads to depression.

One study uncovers another mental health issue associated with computer use: computer addiction. According to http://www.nique.net/issues/2000-09-15/news/6

"Use of the computer for pleasure, gratification, and stress-relief, as well as feelings of depression and irritability when away from the computer may indicate a computer use addiction. Also, neglecting work, school, and social activities in favor of computer time or sacrificing sleep for computer use can be symptoms of excessive use".

“Computers interfere with my sleep. I’ve lost hours of sleep when I’ve been on the computer,” freshmen Andrew Hyder said.

At http://mentalhealth.about.com/cs/computerstuff/a/datasmog.htm "data smog" is a term coined by David Shenk to refer to the information overload that many of us have experienced recently. The internet allows us to have access to entire libraries of information. The sheer volume of information which many of us are exposed to every day may actually impair our performance and add stress to our lives. Following are some tips to help avoid data smog:

 * Turn off the television for at least an hour or two every evening.
 * Spend some time each week without your pager or cell phone.
 * Resist advertising - never buy a product based on unsolicited email (spam).
 * Go on periodic "data fasts." A weekend in the country away from the telephone can rejuvenate a smogged-in brain.
 * Write clearly and succinctly. Verbose writing is wasteful and difficult to read.
 * Skim newsletters and magazines and rip out a copy of an article or two that you really want to read and digest.
 * Filter your email. Many email programs allow you to set "filters" which send unwanted email directly to the trash. It is worth taking the time to do this.
 * Allow others to filter the data for you. About.com's Guides are human information filters.
 * Use the sites here to point you to just the information you want, while eliminating unwanted information.
 * Do not forward chain letters, urban legends, urgent messages about email viruses, or claims that Bill Gates will send everyone thousands of dollars. These things clog up everybody's inbox with worthless stuff.
 * Organize your Web bookmarks or favorites. Keeping these in meaningful folders will go a long way toward helping you really find that site you are looking for.

The Good News - Computer use is good for Seniors
On a more positive note, studies have shown that seniors can benefit and improve their well-being through computer use. At the Today Seniors Network (http://todaysseniorsnetwork.com/Computers_Mental_Health_Link.htm) one article states, "Seniors who become adept at and use a computer appear to have fewer depressive symptoms than those older adults who aren’t so technologically connected". Further, the seniors who participated in the study reported fewer depressive symptoms, regardless of the number of hours they spent on the computer.

Repetitive Strain Injury
Also commonly known by "RSI", Repetitive Strain Injuries are the result of repeated physical movements which can damage tendons, nerves, muscles and other soft body tissues. There is no limitation on the occupations which this syndrome is related to. It can be anybody from musicians, to computer techs, to factory workers.

When it comes to computers these injuries seem to be causing an epidemic directly related to the increase in computer use. Especially affecting the hands, arms, and shoulders. One of the main culprits of Repetitive Strain Injuries is the use of a mouse or trackballs. If there is an initial injury, dragging the mouse slowly actually increases the damage. There is also a problem with the thousands of repeated keystrokes which work the same muscles in the same way over and over, causing the injury. The typing technique and body position is extremely important. Incorrect positioning leads to unnecessary stress on the tendons and nerves in the hand, wrist, arms, and even the shoulders and neck. Lack of adequate rest and breaks and using excessive force almost guarantee trouble.

What are the Symptoms?: 1) Tightness, discomfort, stiffness, soreness or burning in the hands, wrists, fingers, forearms, or elbows

2) Tingling, coldness, or numbness in the hands

3) Clumsiness or loss of strength and coordination in the hands

4) Pain that wakes you up at night

5) Feeling a need to massage your hands, wrists, and arms

6) Pain in the upper back, shoulders, or neck associated with using the computer.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
One common RSI is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is pressure on the nerve in the wrist that supplies feeling and movement to parts of the hand. It can lead to numbness, tingling, and intense pain in the hand and wrist. The most common cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is typing on a computer keyboard on a consistent basis for a long period of time. That’s why it is so common in office workers.

Internet and Technology Addiction
When an individual is unable to stop using the internet to a level that it interferes with their life, their friends, and their schoolwork. This is called internet addiction. It can affect anyone of any age, race, or social class and can take on a variety of forms. Some of those are compulsive online gambling, shopping, social networking, e-mailing, and texting.

DeQuervain's Tendinitis
DeQuervain's Tendinitis is a condition where the tendons on the thumb side of the wrists are swollen and irritated. It is associated with typing on the tiny keyboards and thumbpads on mobile phones.It can result in wrist and forearm pain on the side of the thumb, particularly with certain positions and movements of the wrist. It is most often noticed after unaccustomed activity involving repeated lifting or side to side motion of the wrist. The problem is due to irritation of two tendons at a point where they run through a very tight channel ("the first dorsal compartment") from the forearm to the thumb. Many people have two small separate channels for the tendons and are particularly predisposed to this problem. How to avoid it: Avoid wrist positions and activities which are painful, if possible, ice for five to fifteen minutes at a time on the area which is most swollen and tender, a splint or brace which supports both the wrist and the thumb, a wrist support splint which doesn't support the thumb is not as effective as one that does, wait and watch. http://www.eatonhand.com/hw/hw008.htm

Computer Vision Syndrome
Computer Vision Syndrome is a collection of eye and vision problems associated with computer use. The most common symptoms are eyestrain, eye fatigue, dry eyes, burning eyes, light sensitivity, blurred vision, headaches, and pain in the shoulders, neck, or back. This is growing more common as people are reading more and more content on the small displays commonly built into mobile devices.

Professional Advice on Computer Vision Syndrome
VSP is a provider of eyecare benefits that was founded by a group of optometrists in 1955. On their website, they provide professional advice on how to relieve symptoms that point to computer vision syndrome. Here are the tips that they provide on their website. The link on the bottom will take you directly to the VSP page that provides this advice:

1.	Keep blinking. It washes your eyes in naturally therapeutic tears. 2.	Remember 20-20-20. Every 20 minutes, spend 20 seconds looking at something 20 feet away, minimum. 3.	Get the right light. Good lighting isn’t just flattering – it’s healthy for your eyes. So, keep bright lighting overhead to a minimum. Keep your desk lamp shining on your desk, not you. Try to keep window light off to the side, rather than in front or behind you. Use blinds and get a glare screen. Position the computer screen to reduce reflections from windows or overhead lights.

4.	Monitor your monitor. Keep it at least 20 inches from your eyes. Center should be about 4 to 6 inches below your eyes. Also, make sure it’s big enough and with just the right brightness and contrast. Adjust the screen so you look at it slightly downward and are about 24 to 28 inches away. Adjust the screen settings to where they are comfortable — contract polarity, resolution, flicker, etc.

5.	Wear those computer specs. Your doctor can prescribe a pair of glasses just for seeing the computer screen well. If necessary, wear the appropriate corrective lenses while at the computer.

6.	Talk to your doc. Have a thorough annual exam conducted by your eye doctor.

[| VSP's advice on computer vision syndrome]

Information Overload
The amount of information we are able to access through the internet, television, cellular phones that feature voice, text, and internet connection, radio, and newspapers, can be so vast that it could be able to cause an information overload. To help deal with searching for material on the internet, using good search techniques are critical to specifically finding what you are looking for. Work environments now integrate email messaging to allow the employers to contact the employees and for the employees to also contact other employees. A great way to cut down on wasted time on deleting spam messages is to create filters that reroute spam messages to the trash can. Another great way to save time while working with the workplace email messaging is to create folders and colors for certain people and projects. To resolve information over load one would just simply turn off the devices. The book states that “It can take up to 25 minutes after an interruption to concentrate fully again on a task, these companies have found that employees who avoid continually jumping back and forth between email and other activities increase productivity and decrease stress significantly.” In order to be able to more easily avoid wanting to check for messages, “close your email program, turn off your new email alert notifier, or mute your speakers.” Taking these measures will allow you to be able to focus on accomplishing tasks.

References: Morely, Deborah; Parker, Charles. Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow. Course Technology, 2011. Pages 659-660. Print.


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The Computer Revolution/Programming/Object Oriented Programming

OOP (Object Oriented Programming)uses objects which are self-contained items that have a data type, a data structure, and can also have the data. For example, an object might be road objects, vehicle objects, landscape objects which could be part of a driving simulation. The data within an object can be in a couple different formats. Such as text, numeric, video, image, audio etc. This and the ability to change different types of objects with the same methods leads to the development of programs that were near impossible to make with procedural programming languages.

The object is self-contained in that it only has necessary data sent to it, and the results are sent back. To change a current object takes a little more work. Especially if the source code is not available for the object, only the functionality. The objects have both functions and data and can be related to other objects.

One of the principal advantages of object-oriented programming techniques over procedural programming techniques is that they enable programmers to create modules that do not need to be changed when a new type of object is added. A programmer can simply create a new object that exhibits many of its features taken from existing objects. This makes object-oriented programs extremely easier to modify.

To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an object-oriented programming language (OOPL). Java, C++ and Smalltalk are three of the more popular languages, and there are also object-oriented versions of Pascal.

An Example of Object-Oriented Programming Software: Visual Basic

One of the easiest programming software to learn to use is called Visual Basic. It is a product of Microsoft which was designed based on the BASIC programming language. It is was designed to be very user friendly and is taught in many schools as an intro into the world of computer programming. One of its biggest appeals is that it employs a graphical user interface which helps many newcomers to familiarize themselves with computer programming as opposed to just having them use a text based software when starting out with coding.


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Tomato Firmware

 * |Introduction, Features, Licensing and Support
 * Supported Devices
 * Installation and Configuration
 * Menu Reference
 * Distributions

= Introduction =

Tomato is a partially free open source Linux-based firmware for several Broadcom-based Wi-Fi routers, including the Linksys WRT54G. The major emphasis of Tomato is on stability, speed and efficiency. It is maintained by Jonathan Zarate, who also developed HyperWRT +tofu. Tomato is notable for its web-based user interface that includes several types of bandwidth usage charts, advanced QoS access restriction features, raised connection limits which enables P2P networking, and support for 125 High Speed Mode (marketed by Linksys as "SpeedBooster").

This wikibook serves as the documentation for the Tomato firmware and its variations, documenting features, installation, configuration and use of the firmware.

Note: most likely the author of this Tomato firmware is no longer accessible, hence development of this software has ceased in the past 6-7 years! Multiple known/unknown security vulnerabilities may have been identified running in the last version, and therefore it is strongly NOT recommended to use this old software nowadays. Search for other custom firmware products elsewhere!

= Features = The following features implemented in the Tomato base firmware over typical OEM firmware and open alternatives such as DD-WRT and OpenWRT:
 * Dynamic interactive GUI using Ajax (a technique for creating interactive web pages that update without reloading), SVG (scalable vector graphics that provide quality graphics within a browser) and CSS-based color schemes (allowing you to change the look and feel of the router configuration screens).
 * CLI (using BusyBox) with access via TELNET or SSH (using Dropbear)
 * DHCP server (using Dnsmasq) with dynamic and static DHCP leases
 * DNS forwarder (using Dnsmasq) with local hostnames, local domain names, and caching of internet addresses
 * Netfilter/iptables with customizable settings, IPP2P and l7-filter
 * Wake-on-LAN
 * Advanced QoS: 10 unique QoS classes defined, real-time pie graph display of prioritized traffic with drilldown into class details
 * Bandwidth graphing/statistics: real-time, last 24 hours, daily, monthly
 * Wireless modes: access point (AP), wireless client station (STA), wireless ethernet (WET) bridge, wireless distribution system (WDS aka wireless bridging), simultaneous AP and WDS (aka wireless repeating)
 * Dynamic DNS service with ezUpdate and services extended for more providers
 * Syslog viewable through the GUI (also downloadable)
 * SES button control
 * JFFS2
 * CIFS client
 * Adjustment of transmit power of wireless LAN, antenna selection, and 14 wireless channels
 * 'Boot wait' protection (increase the time slot for uploading firmware via the boot loader)
 * Advanced port forwarding, redirection, and triggering with UPnP page to view and delete UPnP forwarded port mappings
 * Advanced access restrictions
 * Init, Shutdown, Firewall, and WAN Up scripts
 * Uptime, load average, and free memory status
 * Reboot ability, although almost no configuration changes require a reboot
 * Wireless survey page to view other networks in your neighborhood
 * Known bugs in Broadcom-based Linksys firmware fixed

= Licensing =

While the core source code is licensed under GPLv2, the source code for the user interface is under a more restrictive license which forbids use without the author's permission.

= Support =

 * Tomato (eng) — Official Tomato firmware web site

 * Tomato FAQ (eng) — The basic facts about the Tomato foundation

 * |Tomato (Firmware) — Tomato (Firmware) Documentation (this book)
 * Tomato (Firmware) — Tomato (Firmware) - German (deutsches) Wikibook

 * Tomato USB Mod — Teddy Bear' mod with USB support.

 * Linksys (eng) — Forums for the grand-daddy at LinkSys.

 * Linksysinfo (eng)

 * Tomato Phoenix (chn) — MT7620A/N Tomato Firmware called Tomato Phoenix from China.

Weblinks

 * Screenshots
 * Many screenshots of version 1.25

 * Video
 * Screencast of the actual upgrade from LinkSys firmware to Tomato 1.25, 7:22 min, 11 MB

 * Wikipedia
 * Hardware routers
 * Wireless networking

title: Tomato Firmware


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The Computer Revolution/Hardware/Refresh Rate vs. Sampling Rate

Refresh Rate
The refresh rate refers to monitors, televisions and other visual display devices. It is also known as: "vertical refresh rate", or "vertical scan rate for CRTs. It refers to the number of times in a second that a display is fully lit up. For a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) this is the number of times the ray draws from the top corner of the screen to the opposite bottom corner, in one second. It is measured in hertz. It is this phenomenon that causes the bar on a screen that is seen on a television show as the refresh rate is not enough to compensate for the intermediate frames taken by the camera.

This is in contrast to a frame rate, which is the number of frames shown per second. Whereas if a monitor has a 48Hz refresh rate and the show is at a 24 frame rate, then the screen will be lit up twice for each frame that appears on the screen.

Sampling Rate
The sampling rate for audio is the equivalent to the refresh rate for video. There are instances that the refresh rate is called the sampling rate interchangeably. In audio, this is the number of times a second that the sound input is recorded and saved. The sample rate of an audio recording is a good indicator of the overall sound quality. With the same measurement unit as the refresh rate, it is a noticeably higher number for a sampling rate for audio. Here are some rates and what they are commonly used for:

 * 8,000 Hz - telephone, adequate for human speech
 * 11,025 HzC
 * 22,050 Hz - radio
 * 32,000 Hz - miniDV digital video camcorder, Digital Audio Tape (LP mode)
 * 44,100 Hz - audio CD, also most commonly used with MPEG-1 audio (VCD, SVCD, MP3)
 * 47,250 Hz - world's first commercial PCM sound recorder by Nippon Columbia (Denon)
 * 48,000 Hz - digital sound used for miniDV, digital TV, DVD, Digital Audio Tape, films and professional audio
 * 50,000 Hz - first commercial digital audio recorders from the late '70s from 3M and Soundstream
 * 50,400 Hz - sampling rate used by the Mitsubishi X-80 digital audio recorder
 * 96,000 or 192,000 Hz - DVD-Audio, some LPCM DVD tracks, BD-ROM (Blu-ray Disc) audio tracks, and HD DVD (High-Definition DVD) audio tracks
 * 2.8224 MHz - Super Audio CD, 1-bit sigma-delta modulation process known as Direct Stream Digital, co-developed by Sony and Philips


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User:Rmccue

Currently working on:
 * C++ Programming/Glossary - I created it

title: User:Rmccue


text:
User talk:Bibliomaniac15

Hello, welcome to wikibooks! I have to ask, is the word spelled "Cheetohs" or "cheetos"? I only asked because you spelled it one way in the title of the module, and one way in the body of the module. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 01:59, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bibliomaniac15


text:
Neapolitan/501 Neapolitan verbs/ghì

ghì
Also, jì, ì, annare
 * to go

1. Innecativo
 * a. presente
 * {| class="wikitable"

 * align="left"|io
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|vaco (vac')
 * align="left"|tu
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|vaje (va')
 * align="left"|isso/essa
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|va
 * align="left"|isso/essa
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|va

 * align="left"|nuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jammo
 * align="left"|vuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|annate or jate
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|vanno
 * }
 * b. mperfetto
 * {| class="wikitable"
 * }
 * b. mperfetto
 * {| class="wikitable"

 * align="left"|io
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jevo
 * align="left"|tu
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jive
 * align="left"|isso/essa
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jeva
 * align="left"|nuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jevemo
 * align="left"|vuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jiveve
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jeveno
 * }
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jiveve
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jeveno
 * }
 * }

 * c. passato remoto
 * {| class="wikitable"

 * align="left"|io
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jette
 * align="left"|tu
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jiste
 * align="left"|isso/essa
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jette
 * align="left"|nuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jettemo
 * align="left"|vuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jisteve
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jetteno
 * }
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jisteve
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jetteno
 * }
 * }

 * d. futuro sémprece
 * {| class="wikitable"

 * align="left"|io
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarraggio
 * align="left"|tu
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarraje
 * align="left"|isso/essa
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarrà
 * align="left"|nuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarrimmo
 * align="left"|vuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarrite
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarranno
 * }
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarrite
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarranno
 * }
 * }

2. Cungiuntivo
 * a. mperfetto
 * {| class="wikitable"

 * align="left"|io
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jesso
 * align="left"|tu
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jissi
 * align="left"|isso/essa
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jesse
 * align="left"|nuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jessemo
 * align="left"|vuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jistene
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jesseno
 * }
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jistene
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jesseno
 * }
 * }

3. Cundizionale
 * a. presente
 * {| class="wikitable"

 * align="left"|io
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarria
 * align="left"|tu
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarrisse
 * align="left"|isso/essa
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarria
 * align="left"|nuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarrissemo
 * align="left"|vuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarrissevo
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarriano
 * }
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarrissevo
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jarriano
 * }
 * }

4. Mperativo
 * a. presente
 * {| class="wikitable"

 * align="left"|tu
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|va
 * align="left"|vuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|jate
 * }
 * }

5. Participio passato
 * ghiuto or juto

6. Gerunnio
 * ghienno or jenno

title: Neapolitan/501 Neapolitan verbs/ghì


text:
The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/Education

Intelligent tutor systems (ITSs) allow flexibility in presentation of material and greater ability to respond to individual student needs. They have improved students’ performance and motivation in school. ITSs achieve their “intelligence” by representing pedagogical decisions about how to teach as well as information about the learner.

Intelligent tutoring systems basically consist of 5 interdependent components.

1. Student model – stores information that is specific to each individual learner.

2. Pedagogical model – provides a model of the teaching process, such as when to review and when to present a new topic.

3. Domain knowledge – includes the information the tutor is teaching.

4. Communications module – allows for interaction with the student.

5. Expert model – contains information being taught as well but focuses more on how someone skilled in a particular domain represents the knowledge.