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A History of Japan: From Mythology to Nationhood/Post-War Japan

This chapter outlines the period of history which started at the end of the Allied occupation in 1952. During this period, Japan re-established itself as a global economic and political power, and as a democratic, pacifist nation.

Post-occupation politics
The Allied occupation ended on April 28, 1952, when the terms of the Treaty of San Francisco went into effect. By the terms of the treaty, Japan regained its sovereignty, but lost many of its possessions from before World War II, including Korea, Taiwan and Sakhalin. It also lost control over a number of small islands in the Pacific which it administered as League of Nations Mandates, such as the Marianas and the Marshalls. The new treaty also gave Japan the freedom to engage in international defense blocs. Japan did this on the same day it signed the San Francisco Treaty: Shigeru Yoshida and Harry Truman penned a document that allowed the United States Armed Forces to continue their use of bases in Japan.

Even before Japan regained full sovereignty, the government had rehabilitated nearly 80,000 people who had been purged, many of whom returned to their former political and government positions. A debate over limitations on military spending and the sovereignty of the emperor ensued, contributing to the great reduction in the Liberal Party's majority in the first postoccupation elections (October 1952). After several reorganizations of the armed forces, in 1954 the Self-Defense Forces were established under a civilian director. Cold War realities and the hot war in nearby Korea also contributed significantly to the United States-influenced economic redevelopment, the suppression of communism, and the discouragement of organized labor in Japan during this period.

Continual fragmentation of parties and a succession of minority governments led conservative forces to merge the Liberal Party (Jiyuto) with the Japan Democratic Party (Nihon Minshuto), an offshoot of the earlier Democratic Party, to form the Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyu-Minshuto; LDP) in November 1955. This party continuously held power from 1955 through 1993, when it was replaced by a new minority government. LDP leadership was drawn from the elite who had seen Japan through the defeat and occupation; it attracted former bureaucrats, local politicians, businessmen, journalists, other professionals, farmers, and university graduates. In October 1955, socialist groups reunited under the Japan Socialist Party, which emerged as the second most powerful political force. It was followed closely in popularity by the Komeito (Clean Government Party), founded in 1964 as the political arm of the Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society), a lay organization of the Buddhist sect Nichiren Shoshu. The Komeito emphasized traditional Japanese beliefs and attracted urban laborers, former rural residents, and many women. Like the Japan Socialist Party, it favored the gradual modification and dissolution of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact.

By the late 1970s, the Komeito and the Democratic Socialist Party had come to accept the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, and the Democratic Socialist Party even came to support a small defense buildup. The Japan Socialist Party, too, was forced to abandon its once strict antimilitary stance. The United States kept up pressure on Japan to increase its defense spending above 1 % of its GNP, engendering much debate in the Diet, with most opposition coming not from minority parties or public opinion but from budget-conscious officials in the Ministry of Finance.

Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei was forced to resign in 1974 because of his alleged connection to financial scandals and, in the face of charges of involvement in the Lockheed bribery scandal, he was arrested and jailed briefly in 1976.

The fractious politics of the LDP hindered consensus in the Diet in the late 1970s. The sudden death of Prime Minister Ohira Masayoshi just before the June 1980 elections, however, brought out a sympathy vote for the party and gave the new prime minister, Suzuki Zenko, a working majority. Suzuki was soon swept up in a controversy over the publication of a textbook that appeared to many as a whitewash of Japanese aggression in World War II. This incident, and serious fiscal problems, caused the Suzuki cabinet, composed of numerous LDP factions, to fall.

Nakasone Yasuhiro, a conservative backed by the still-powerful Tanaka and Suzuki factions who once served as director general of the Defense Agency, became prime minister in November 1982. In November 1984, Nakasone was chosen for a second term as LDP president. His cabinet received an unusually high rating, a 50 % favorable response in polling during his first term, while opposition parties reached a new low in popular support. As he moved into his second term, Nakasone thus held a strong position in the Diet and the nation. Despite being found guilty of bribery in 1983, Tanaka in the early to mid-1980s remained a power behind the scenes through his control of the party's informal apparatus, and he continued as an influential adviser to the more internationally minded Nakasone. The end of Nakasone's tenure as prime minister in October 1987 (his second two-year term had been extended for one year) was a momentous point in modern Japanese history. Just fifteen months before Nakasone's retirement, the LDP unexpectedly had won its largest majority ever in the House of Representatives by securing 304 out of the 512 seats. Despite the solid conservative majority, the government was faced with growing crises. Land prices were rapidly increasing due to the Japanese asset price bubble, inflation increased at the highest rate since 1975, unemployment reached a record high at 3.2 %, bankruptcies were rife, and there was political rancor over LDP-proposed tax reform. In the summer of 1987, economic indicators showed signs of recovery, but on October 20, 1987, the same day Nakasone officially named his successor, Takeshita Noboru, the Tokyo Stock Market crashed. Japan's economy and its political system had reached a watershed in their postwar development that would continue to play out into the 1990s.

Economy
The LDP government, through institutions such as MITI, encouraged Japanese industrial development overseas while restricting foreign companies' business within the country. These practices, coupled with a reliance on the United States for defense, allowed Japan's economy to increase exponentially during the Cold War. By 1980, many Japanese products, particularly automobiles and electronics, were being exported around the world, and Japan's industrial sector was the second-largest in the world after the U.S. This growth pattern continued unabated despite recession in the 1990s. The economy regained again by the mid-2000s.

The 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are often said to mark the re-emergence of Japan in the international arena: Japan's postwar development was showcased through innovations such as the Shinkansen high speed rail network.

The high economic growth and political tranquillity of the mid to late 1960s were tempered by the quadrupling of oil prices by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1973. Almost completely dependent on imports for petroleum, Japan experienced its first recession since World War II.

Foreign relations
In addition to wealth and central position in the world economy, Japan has had major influence in global politics for much of the postwar period.

The 1950s were largely marked by Japan re-establishing relations to numerous nations and redefining its international role, e.g. by joining the United Nations in 1956. One such total redefinition were Japan's relations to its former World War II-ally Germany, which were put on a new basis in 1955 focused on economic exchange.

Japan's biggest postwar political crisis took place in 1960 over the revision of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact. As the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security was concluded, which renewed the United States role as military protector of Japan, massive street protests and political upheaval occurred, and the cabinet resigned a month after the Diet's ratification of the treaty. Thereafter, political turmoil subsided. Japanese views of the United States, after years of mass protests over nuclear armaments and the mutual defense pact, improved by 1972, with the reversion of United States-occupied Okinawa to Japanese sovereignty and the winding down of the Vietnam War.

Japan had reestablished relations with the Republic of China after World War II, and cordial relations were maintained with the nationalist government when it was exiled to Taiwan, a policy that won Japan the enmity of the People's Republic of China, which was established in 1949. After the general warming of relations between China and Western countries, especially the United States, which shocked Japan with its sudden rapprochement with Beijing in 1971 (the Ping Pong Diplomacy), Tokyo established relations with Beijing in 1972. Close cooperation in the economic sphere followed.

Japan's relations with the Soviet Union continued to be problematic after the war, but a Joint Declaration between Japan and the USSR, ending the war and reestablishing diplomatic relations was signed October 19, 1956. The main object of dispute was the Soviet occupation of what Japan calls its Northern Territories, the two most southerly islands in the Kurils (Etorofu and Kunashiri) and Shikotan and the Habomai Islands (northeast of Hokkaido), which were seized by the Soviet Union shortly after Japan's World War II surrender.

Under the prime ministership of Tanaka Kakuei (1972-74), Japan took a stronger but still low-key stance by steadily increasing its defense spending and easing trade frictions with the United States. Tanaka's administration was also characterized by high-level talks with United States, Soviet, and Chinese leaders, if with mixed results. His visits to Indonesia and Thailand prompted riots, a manifestation of long-standing anti-Japanese sentiments.

Several cordial visits between Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone and United States president Ronald Reagan were aimed at improving relations between their countries. Nakasone's more strident position on Japanese defense issues made him popular with some United States officials but not, generally, in Japan or among Asian neighbors. Although his characterization of Japan as an "unsinkable aircraft carrier", his noting the "common destiny" of Japan and the United States, and his calling for revisions to Article 9 of the Constitution (which renounced war as the sovereign right of the nation), among other prorearmament statements, produced negative reactions at home and abroad, a gradual acceptance emerged of the Self-Defense Forces and the mutual security treaty with the United States in the mid-1980s.

Another issue in Japanese-American relations was Japan's growing trade surplus, which reached record heights during Nakasone's first term. The United States pressured Japan to remedy the imbalance, demanding that Tokyo raise the value of the yen and open its markets further to facilitate more imports from the United States. Because the Japanese government aids and protects its key industries, it was accused of creating an unfair competitive advantage. Tokyo agreed to try to resolve these problems but generally defended its industrial policies and made concessions on its trade restrictions very reluctantly, only making very few deals with the U.S.

Post-occupation culture
Japan continued to experience Westernization in the postwar era, much of which came about during the occupation, when American soldiers were a common sight in many parts of the country. American music and movies became popular, spurring a generation of Japanese artists who built on both Western and Japanese influences.

During this period, Japan also began to emerge as an exporter of culture. Young people across the world began consuming kaiju (monster) movies, anime (cartoons), manga (comic books), and other modern Japanese culture. Japanese authors such as Yasunari Kawabata and Yukio Mishima became popular literary figures in America and Europe. American soldiers returning from the occupation brought with them stories and artifacts, and the following generations of U.S. troops in Japan contributed to a steady trickle of martial arts and other culture from the country.

Timeline (1952 – 1989)

 * 1952: Allied occupation ends (April 28).
 * 1954: the Japan Self-Defense Forces established.
 * 1955: the Liberal Democratic Party formed.
 * 1956: Japan joins the United Nations.
 * 1960: labor strikes and student protests held across the country.
 * 1964: Olympic Games held in Tokyo. Shinkansen trains begin service.
 * 1965: Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea signed. Shin'ichiro Tomonaga awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
 * 1968: the nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise arrives in Sasebo amid controversy. Itai-itai disease is formally recognized as a public hazard disease. Ogasawara Islands revert to Japanese control.  Yasunari Kawabata receives the Nobel Prize in Literature.  A man, disguised as a police officer, steals ¥300 million (still at large as of 2003).
 * 1969: Prime Minister Eisaku Sato and U.S. President Richard Nixon meet. The date for the return of Okinawa to Japanese sovereignty set for sometime in 1972.
 * 1970: a World Exposition (EXPO 70) held in Osaka.
 * 1971: the yen moves to a floating exchange rate, contributing to a short slump in Japan's economic boom.
 * 1972: control of Okinawa reverts to Japan.
 * 1980: annual car production tops 10 million units, making Japan the world's largest car producer after the USA. Yomiuri Giants' Sadaharu Oh ends his career.
 * 1981: Kenichi Fukui awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
 * 1982: the Tohoku Shinkansen extended to Morioka from Omiya.
 * 1983: Mt. Oyama volcano on Miyakejima, one of the Izu Islands, erupts. A color wall painting of Genbu is discovered in the Kitora Kofun at Asuka-mura. Kakuei Tanaka sentenced to four years in jail.
 * 1984: the president of Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., a manufacturer of sweets, is abducted and held for ¥10 billion and 100 kg gold ransom, but he escapes. Later, an extortionist threatens to poison the company's products unless paid ¥60 million (later raised to ¥120 million). The culprit is never captured. New banknotes issued with the likeness of Fukuzawa Yukichi on the ¥10,000 bill, Inazo Nitobe on the ¥5,000 bill, and Natsume Sōseki on the ¥1,000 bill.
 * 1985: the first AIDS patient is officially recognized. Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashes into Omitaka-yama, breaking the record for aircraft-crash casualties with 520 dead and only four survivors.
 * 1986: Mount Mihara (Miharayama) on Izu Ohshima erupts, but the island's population is evacuated beforehand.
 * 1987: Japanese National Railways is privatized and split into seven JR (Japan Railways) companies, six regional companies and one freight. Actor Yujiro Ishihara dies.
 * 1988: the Seikan Tunnel connecting Hokkaido and Honshū completed. The Nadashio, a Maritime Self Defense Force submarine, collides with the Dai Ichi Fujimaru, a fishing vessel.
 * 1989: The Shōwa Emperor dies on January 7. Akihito ascends to the throne the next day and a new reign name, Heisei, is declared.

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A History of Japan: From Mythology to Nationhood/Japan Today

Japan today is a thriving, developed nation. The history, highlighted in this book so far, has left its mark on this nation. It has a mix of western and indigenous ideas and a diverse culture. It is a leader in world electronics and engineering.

Government and politics
Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people. The Emperor effectively acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasions. Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne.

Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a House of Representatives, containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age, with a secret ballot for all elective offices. In 2009, the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan took power after 54 years of the liberal conservative Liberal Democratic Party's rule.

The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. The position is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members. Shinzo Abe was designated by the Diet to replace Yoshihiko Noda as the Prime Minister of Japan on December 26 2012. Although the Prime Minister is formally appointed by the Emperor, the Constitution of Japan explicitly requires the Emperor to appoint whoever is designated by the Diet. Emperor Akihito formally appointed Abe as the emperor on the same day.

Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber stamp approval of the Emperor. The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation. Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts. The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the Six Codes.

Foreign relations and military

Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world. Japan has close economic and military relations with its key ally the United States, with the U.S.-Japan security alliance serving as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 19 years, most recently for 2009 and 2010. It is also one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council.

As a member of the G8, the APEC, the "ASEAN Plus Three" and a participant in the East Asia Summit, Japan actively participates in international affairs and enhances diplomatic ties with its important partners around the world. Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007 and with India in October 2008. It is the world's third largest donor of official development assistance after the United States and France, donating US$9.48 billion in 2009. Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces from Iraq. The Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force is a regular participant in RIMPAC maritime exercises.

Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks, with the People's Republic of China and Republic of China (Taiwan) over the Senkaku Islands, and with the PRC over the EEZ around Okinotorishima.

Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over its abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile program (see also Six-party talks).

Japan's military is restricted by the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force as a means of settling international disputes. Japan's military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations and the deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of its military since World War II.

Nippon Keidanren has called on the government to lift the ban on arms exports so that Japan can join multinational projects such as the Joint Strike Fighter. Japan has already helped develop the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System.

At this time Japan has no nuclear weapons, however there are some politicians who are calling for this policy to be reversed, with the threat of countries like North Korea.

Administrative divisions
Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns and villages.

The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.

Geography
Japan is a country of over three thousand islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia. The main islands, running from north to south, are Hokkaidō, Honshū (the main island), Shikoku and Kyūshū. The Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa, are a chain of islands south of Kyushū. Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago.

About 70% to 80% of the country is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use. This is because of the generally steep elevations, climate and risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, soft ground and heavy rain. This has resulted in an extremely high population density in the habitable zones that are mainly located in coastal areas. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.

Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, at the juncture of three tectonic plates, gives Japan frequent low-intensity tremors and occasional volcanic activity. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times each century. The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000. The most recent major quakes are the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, 2011 Tohoku earthquake and the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake. Hot springs are numerous and have been developed as resorts.

Geology
The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire. They are primarily the result of several large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the continental Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north.

Japan was originally attached to eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates, being deeper than the Eurasian plate, pulled Japan eastward, opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago. The Strait of Tartary and the Korea Strait opened much later.

Climate

The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south. Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones:
 * Hokkaidō: The northernmost zone has a temperate climate with long, cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snow banks in the winter.
 * Sea of Japan: On Honshū's west coast, the northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures, because of the foehn wind phenomenon.
 * Central Highland: A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night. Precipitation is light.
 * Seto Inland Sea: The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the region from the seasonal winds, bringing mild weather throughout the year.
 * Pacific Ocean: The east coast experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind.
 * Ryukyu Islands: The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season. Typhoons are common.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Japan was 40.9 °C (105.6 °F).

The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the stationary rain front responsible for this gradually works its way north until it dissipates in northern Japan before reaching Hokkaidō in late July. In most of Honshū, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.

Ecology
Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.

Environment
Today, Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies. Honda and Toyota hybrid electric vehicles were named to have the highest fuel economy and lowest emissions. This is due to the advanced technology in hybrid systems, biofuels, use of lighter weight material and newer engineering.

As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps related to curbing climate change. The Cool Biz campaign introduced under former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was targeted at reducing energy use through the reduction of air conditioning use in government offices. Japan is preparing to force industry to make big cuts in greenhouse gases, taking the lead in a country struggling to meet its Kyoto Protocol obligations.

Japan is ranked 20th best in the world in the 2010 Environmental Performance Index.

Economy
Japan had the third largest economy in the world, after the United States, at around US $4.7 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and third after the United States and China in terms of purchasing power parity, before China overtook it in 2010. In 2009 Japan's public debt was 193% of its annual gross domestic product. Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation, telecommunications and construction are all major industries. Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and processed foods. The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product.

The Big Mac Index shows that Japanese workers get the highest salary per hour in the world. Some of the largest enterprises in Japan include Toyota, Nintendo, NTT DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sharp, Nippon Steel, Nippon Oil, Japan Tobacco, Tepco, Mitsubishi, 711, Hitachi, Nissan, Æon, Toyota Tsusho, Fujitsu, and Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. It is home to some of the world's largest banks, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange (known for its Nikkei 225 and Topix indices) stands as the second largest in the world by market capitalization. Japan is home to 326 companies from the Forbes Global 2000 or 16.3% (as of 2006).

Japan ranks 12th of 178 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index 2008 and it has one of the smallest governments in the developed world. Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features. Keiretsu enterprises are influential. Lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are relatively common in the Japanese work environment. Japanese companies are known for management methods such as "The Toyota Way". Shareholder activism is rare. Recently, Japan has moved away from some of these norms. In the Index of Economic Freedom, Japan is the 5th most laissez-faire of 30 Asian countries.

Japan's exports amounted to 4,210 U.S. dollars per capita in 2005. Japan's main export markets are China 18.88%, the United States 16.42%, South Korea 8.13%, Taiwan 6.27% and Hong Kong 5.49% (for 2009). Japan's main exports are transportation equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals. Japan's main import markets are China 22.2%, the U.S. 10.96%, Australia 6.29%, Saudi Arabia 5.29%, UAE 4.12%, South Korea 3.98% and Indonesia 3.95% (for 2009). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. By market share measures, domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country. Junichiro Koizumi administration commenced some pro-competition reforms and foreign investment in Japan has soared recently.

Japan's business culture has many indigenous concepts such as the nemawashi, the nenko system, the salaryman, and the office lady. Japan's housing market is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas. This is particularly true for Tokyo, the world's largest urban agglomeration. More than half of Japanese live in suburbs or more rural areas, where detached houses are the dominant housing type. Agricultural businesses in Japan often utilize a system of terrace farming and crop yields are high. 13% of Japan's land is cultivated. Japan accounts for nearly 15% of the global fish catch, second only to China. Japan's agricultural sector is protected at high cost.

Science and technology
Japan is one of the leading nations in the fields of scientific research, particularly technology, machinery and biomedical research. Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget, the third largest in the world. Japan is a world leader in fundamental scientific research, having produced fifteen Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry or medicine, three Fields medalists and one Gauss Prize laureate.

Some of Japan's more prominent technological contributions are found in the fields of electronics, automobiles, machinery, earthquake engineering, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors and metals. Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, possessing more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the world's industrial robots used for manufacturing. It also produced QRIO, ASIMO and AIBO. Japan is the world's largest producer of automobiles and home to four of the world's fifteen largest automobile manufacturers and seven of the world's twenty largest semiconductor sales leaders as of today.

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's space agency that conducts space and planetary research, aviation research, and development of rockets and satellites. It is a participant in the International Space Station and the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) was added to the International Space Station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008. It has plans in space exploration, such as launching a space probe to Venus, Akatsuki, in 2010, developing the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter to be launched in 2013, and building a moonbase by 2030.

On September 14, 2007, it launched lunar orbit explorer "SELENE" (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) on an H-IIA (Model H2A2022) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center. SELENE is also known as Kaguya, the lunar princess of the ancient folktale The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter. Kaguya is the largest lunar probe mission since the Apollo program. Its mission is to gather data on the moon's origin and evolution. It entered into a lunar orbit on October 4, flying in a lunar orbit at an altitude of about 100 km (62 mi).

Infrastructure
As of 2005, one half of energy in Japan is produced from petroleum, a fifth from coal, and 14% from natural gas. Nuclear power produces a quarter of Japan's electricity.

Japan's traffic is on the left-hand side of the road. A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and are operated by toll-collecting enterprises. New and used cars are inexpensive. Car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy-efficiency. However, at just 50% of all distance travelled, car usage is the lowest of all the G8 countries.

Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; for instance, 7 JR enterprises, Kintetsu Corporation, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation. Often, strategies of these enterprises contain real estate or department stores next to stations. Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities. Japanese trains are known for their punctuality.

There are 173 airports and flying is a popular way to travel between cities. The largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, is Asia's second busiest airport. The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport (Tokyo area), Kansai International Airport (Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto area) and Chūbu Centrair International Airport (Nagoya area). The largest ports include Nagoya Port.

Demographics

Japan's population is estimated at around 127.3 million(2013). Japanese society is linguistically and culturally homogeneous with small populations of foreign workers. Zainichi Koreans, Zainichi Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese Brazilians, Japanese Peruvians are amongst the small minorities resident in Japan. In 2003, there were about 136,000 Western expatriates in Japan. The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; the primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin.

Japan has one of the highest life expectancy rates in the world, at 83.10 years of age as of 2012. The Japanese population is rapidly aging, the effect of a post-war baby boom followed by a decrease in births in the latter part of the twentieth century. In 2004, about 19.5% of the population was over the age of 65.

The changes in the demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in the workforce population and increases in the cost of social security benefits such as the public pension plan. Many Japanese youth are increasingly preferring not to marry or have families as adults. Japan's population is expected to drop to 100 million by 2050 and to 64 million by 2100. Demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem. Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population. According to the UNHCR, in 2007 Japan accepted just 41 refugees for resettlement, while the United States took in 50,000.

Japan suffers from a high suicide rate. In 2009, the number of suicides exceeded 30,000 for the twelfth straight year. Suicide is the leading cause of death for people under 30.

Religion

The highest estimates for the number of Buddhists and Shintoists in Japan is 84–96%, representing a large number of believers in a syncretism of both religions. However, these estimates are based on people with an association with a temple, rather than the number of people truly following the religion. Professor Robert Kisala (Nanzan University) suggests that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion.

Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs. Religion in Japan tends to be syncretic in nature, and this results in a variety of practices, such as parents and children celebrating Shinto rituals, students praying before exams, couples holding a wedding at a Christian church and funerals being held at Buddhist temples. Less than one percent in Japan profess Christianity] and possibly less than a half of one percent. The CIA World Fact Book claims two percent (2.4 million).

In addition, since the mid-19th century, numerous religious sects (Shinshūkyō) have emerged in Japan, some of the largest are Seicho-no-Ie at 3 million, Tenrikyo at 2 million, Pl Kyodan at 1 million, Sekai Kyuseikyo at 1 million, Sukyo Mahikari at 1 million, Honmichi at 0.9 million, Konkokyo at 0.5 million, Tensho Kotai Jingukyo at 0.4 million, Ennokyo at 0.3 million(as of 1978), Kurozumikyo at 0.25 million, and Omoto at 0.15 million

Languages
More than 99% of the population speaks Japanese as their first language. It is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary which indicate the relative status of speaker and listener. According to a Japanese dictionary Shinsen-kokugojiten, Chinese-based words make up 49.1% of the total vocabulary, indigenous words are 33.8% and other loanwords are 8.8%.

The writing system uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals. The Ryukyuan languages, also part of the Japonic language family to which Japanese belongs, are spoken in Okinawa, but few children learn these languages. The Ainu language is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaidō. Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.

Education and health

Primary, secondary schools and universities were introduced into Japan in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration. Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan consists of elementary school and middle school, which lasts for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school, and, according to the MEXT, about 75.9% of high school graduates attend a university, junior college, trade school, or other post-secondary institution in 2005.

Japan's education is very competitive, especially for entrance to institutions of higher education. The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University. The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Japanese knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds as the 6th best in the world.

In Japan, healthcare services are provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health care insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance. Patients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice.

Culture and recreation

Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions (games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan. Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have prospered since the 1980s and continue to have influence around the world.

Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth. Western classical music, introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop.

Karaoke is one of the most widely practiced cultural activities. A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremonies.

The earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the eighth century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters. In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative. An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel.

During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the chōnin, the ordinary people. Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship. The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors—Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).

Sports
Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport and it is a popular spectator sport. Martial arts such as judo, karate and modern kendō are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system.

The professional baseball league in Japan was established in 1936. Today baseball is the most popular spectator sport in the country. One of the most famous Japanese baseball players is Ichiro Suzuki, who, having won Japan's Most Valuable Player award in 1994, 1995, and 1996, now plays for the New York Yankees of North American Major League Baseball. Prior to that, Sadaharu Oh was well-known outside Japan, having hit more home runs during his career in Japan than his contemporary, Hank Aaron, did in the United States.

Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football (soccer) has also gained a substantial following. Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea. Japan is one of the most successful soccer teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup four times, most recently in 2011.

Golf is also popular in Japan, as are forms of auto racing, such as the Super GT sports car series and Formula Nippon formula racing. Twin Ring Motegi was completed in 1997 by Honda in order to bring IndyCar racing to Japan.

Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964. Japan has hosted the Winter Olympics twice: Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998. Japan is scheduled to host the Summer Olympics again in Tokyo in 2020.


text:
User talk:Benilde

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--AdRiley (talk) 07:42, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Benilde


text:
User talk:Kdarwish

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--AdRiley (talk) 07:43, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kdarwish


text:
User talk:Postmodern Beatnik~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--AdRiley (talk) 07:43, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Postmodern Beatnik. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Postmodern Beatnik~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:35, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Star-one~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--AdRiley (talk) 07:44, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Star-one. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Star-one~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:47, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:32, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Star-one~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Asrekdal

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--AdRiley (talk) 07:44, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asrekdal


text:
User talk:Dabreese

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--AdRiley (talk) 07:44, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dabreese


text:
User talk:Zanntics~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--AdRiley (talk) 07:45, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Zanntics. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Zanntics~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:55, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:40, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zanntics~enwikibooks


text: User talk:203.99.53.24

title: User talk:203.99.53.24


text:
Talk:System Monitoring with Xymon/Other Docs/FAQ

Reformatting comments
I hope you don't mind that I changed the Solaris/Developer error lines from questions to part of a question -- they didn't seem to belong in the FAQ index because they weren't answered, thus failing the "A" in "FAQ". Others don't seem to belong either; maybe a Frequently Unanswered Questions? ;) Also the SMS variables seemed to be more appropriately formatted as a table, although admittedly it takes up more space that way.--Goldfndr (talk) 09:34, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

ClientMonitoring using customized parameter.
Hi,

I want to monitor my client with localy configured monitoring parameters instead of server based parameters.This is required for my AIX servers running with different applications. We have different application mount points with different size and i want to set threshold values for mount points per server wise configured localy.I can see only three files under /xymon/etc folder in client; hobbitclient.cfg clientlaunch.cfg localclient.cfg

After adding --local in clientlaunch.cfg below parameter, the web page stop to show any status of CPU,Disk and other monitoring part,

[client] ENVFILE $HOBBITCLIENTHOME/etc/hobbitclient.cfg CMD $HOBBITCLIENTHOME/bin/hobbitclient.sh --local LOGFILE $HOBBITCLIENTHOME/logs/hobbitclient.log INTERVAL 1m I added the host entry to hobbitclient.cfg and localclient.cfg, even its not showing any alert on server webpage for this client(axmnyz). HOST= UP     1h LOAD   5.0 10.0 DISK   * 60 65 MEMPHYS 100 101 MEMSWAP 50 80 MEMACT 90 97

Kindly assist me to know the files that need to change on Client and Server side to make it enable and effective.

R'gs Prasoon Bansal.


text:
Khepera III Toolbox/Examples

In this chapter, we give examples on how to use the Khepera III Toolbox. Some of these examples are common tasks (e.g. odometry calibration) which you may need one day. Others are rather didactical or meant as a starting point for your own projects.

The files needed to run these examples are stored in the Examples folder the Khepera III Toolbox.

 * 1) /plot battery voltage/: Plot the battery voltage over time
 * 2) /infrared proximity sensor response/: Plot a diagram with the distance vs. infrared proximity value
 * 3) /measure real speed/: Measure the real speed of the robot
 * 4) /odometry calibration/: Calibrate the odometry of the robot
 * 5) /i2c odorboard/: Use the i2c and i2c_stream_read programs to access an extension board

title: Khepera III Toolbox/Examples


text:
User:Jxcole

I am an undergraduate computer science major and I will be graduating in a few weeks. I greatly support all forms of free information especially if they are legal. In particular, I feel that Wikibooks has the potential to provide great in depth information on subjects where wikipedia only provides brief, peripheral information.

title: User:Jxcole


text:
Khepera III Toolbox/Examples/plot battery voltage

This example shows how to record the battery voltage over time and plot it in Matlab afterwards.

Setup
Boot a Khepera III robot and make sure it is connected to your computer via WLAN or USB. In the following text, we assume that your robot is connected via USB. If you are using WLAN, simply replace the +usb by +RobotID (e.g. +203).

Copy the battery program onto the robot cd Programs k3put +usb battery You are basically ready now. But to test if everything is fine, log in to your Khepera III robot k3go +usb and type cd your_username ./battery This should print something like this: $BATTERY,0,7.8372,-0.4445,-0.4453,0.0000,76.0000,26.0000 The second number (7.8372) in this NMEA message reports the battery voltage in volts (V), which is usually somewhere between 8.2 V (fully charged battery) and 6.6 V (nearly empty battery).

Recording the Battery Voltage
We will now measure the battery voltage once every second and record the messages on the computer. Note that your robot needs to stay connected to the computer during the whole experiment.

On your computer, type the following: k3run +usb -o battery_measures "/root/your_username/battery -r -w 1000000" Note that this script will launch the program in the background and return immediately. The samples will be stored in the file k3-192.168.1.2/battery_measures instead of being printed in the terminal. (The folder k3-192.168.1.2 is automatically created by the k3run script.)

To see what is currently being stored, you can "tail" that file: tail k3-192.168.1.2/battery_measures This will print the last 10 lines of the output file. You can even follow the measurements with the -f option: tail -f k3-192.168.1.2/battery_measures

On the robot, you can check if the battery program is running by typing ps which lists all running processes.

Stopping the Measurement
If your robot is running on battery, the battery voltage will decrease until it drops below about 6.6 V, at which point the KoreBot board running Linux crashes. At this point, the recording will stop automatically.

If you want to stop recording before the robot crashes, you can do this manually by killing the battery process on the robot: killall battery If you type ps now, the battery process should have disappeared.

Alternative 1
In case your robot is not connected to the computer during the experiment, you can store the samples on the robot by typing (on the robot): ./battery -r -w 1000000 > battery_measures or if you want to print the samples at the same time ./battery -r -w 1000000 | tee battery_measures To terminate the measurements, just press Ctrl-C.

To download the measurements from the robot, type (on your computer): k3get +usb battery_measures

Note that the disk space on robot is very limited (only about 1 MB is free). Make sure you always download the measurements after the experiment and delete the file on the robot (rm battery_measures). The available disk space can be queried with df -h.

Alternative 2
Instead of running the battery program with the -r option (continuous measurements), you can launch the battery program each time you want to measure the voltage and just take one measurement at a time. This can be useful if the time span between measurement is much longer (e.g. once every 10 minutes) or if you want to take a measurement before/after your experiment.

To achieve that, it is best to write a short script which launches the battery program every now and then by executing the following line ssh root@192.168.1.2 "/root/your_username/battery" >> battery_measures A sample script (measure_alternative2.pl) can be found in the folder of this example.

Parsing the Result File
The file battery_measures contains NMEA 0183 records, from which we need to extract the voltage now. This can be done using one of the provided scripts parse_battery_voltage.pl (Perl) or parse_battery_voltage.py (Python). Both script are equivalent - choose whichever you prefer. We will stick to the Perl version here.

Launch the script as follows ./parse_battery_voltage.pl < battery_measures > matlab_battery_voltage The file matlab_battery_voltage now contains one number per line, which indicates the voltage of the corresponding measurement.

Plotting the Result
Now, launch Matlab and type plot_battery_voltage This is a very simple Matlab script (m-file) which loads the matlab_battery_voltage file and plots the curve.


text: User talk:193.172.26.226

title: User talk:193.172.26.226


text:
Transwiki:Introduction to metrics, norms and inner products

The following article is an introductory tutorial to inner products, norms and metrics. It is geared towards giving more insight on these topics by the use of common examples that can easily be related to the topics. At first glance, the topics will seem intricate, but after careful derivations and analysis, they will seem less so.

In addition to the analysis of the topics, this article will focus on the applications and various relationships between the inner product, norm and metric. The validation of the examples of inner products, norms and metrics will be done by using the various properties that will be described in detail in the article.

Definition
A metric, also known as a distance function, is a function on a set X that returns a value which is an element of the real numbers. Consider a metric d on X; it can be defined as a function acting on X whose result is in the reals as follows:

$$d:\, X\times X\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$$

Properties
Metrics have three properties that they must all satisfy. They are as follows:

 * 1. $$d(x,y)\geq0\quad\forall x,y\in X$$. The metric function will be equal to 0 if and only if x = y
 * 2. $$d(x,y)=d(y,x)\quad\forall x,y\in X$$
 * 3. $$d(x,y)+d(y,z)\geq d(x,z)\quad\forall x,y,z\in X$$

Application
Consider a metric d in a discrete metric space defined as follows:

 * $$d(x,y)=\begin{cases}

1 & if\, x\neq y\\ 0 & if\, x=y\end{cases}$$

The proof that d is a metric will be done as follows:

Property 1 (Metric) and Property 2 (Metric):

It is clear to see that d(x,y) is always greater than or equal to zero and equal to zero when x = y. Property 2 is satisfied because d(x,y) = d(y,x) at all times.

Property 3 (Metric):

Given x, y, and z in the discrete metric space, and supposing that d(x,z) = 0, the following will hold:

 * $$d(x,y)+d(y,z)\geq d(x,z)=0$$

Now, suppose d(x,z) = 1, y must be equal to either x or z or neither x nor z. Since x and z are not equal to each other, y cannot be equal to both x and z because that will mean that x and z are equal; which contradicts d(x,z) = 1. From these reasons, the following truth table can be derived:

 * $$\begin{matrix}

d(x,y) & d(y,z) & d(x,z) & d(x,y)+d(y,z) \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\  1 & 1 & 1 & 2 \end{matrix}$$

Definition
A norm on a vector space V over the real numbers or the complex numbers is a real-valued function, denoted as:

 * $$\Vert\cdot\Vert:V\rightarrow\mathbb{R}.$$

Properties
A norm must have the following properties satisfied:

 * 1. $$\Vert v\Vert\geq0\quad\forall v\in V$$
 * 2. $$\Vert sv\Vert=\vert s\vert\Vert v\Vert\quad\forall v\in V,\ s\in F$$
 * 3. $$\Vert v+w\Vert\leq\Vert v\Vert+\Vert w\Vert\quad\forall v,w\in V$$

Norms are often associated with assigning a length to vectors in a vector space.

There is a relation between the norm and the metric in that a metric can be defined in terms of a norm. If there is a function d such that $$d(v,w)=\Vert v-w \Vert$$, then d is a valid metric. The reverse of the statement does not hold meaning that a metric is not always a norm. The statement reads similar to: “The distance between v and w is equal to the length of the difference of v and w”.

Application
Suppose that the Euclidean metric d(x,y) is defined as $$\Vert x-y \Vert$$, then it can be shown that Property 3 of the metric, $$d(x,y)+d(y,z)\geq d(x,z)$$, will be satisfied. The proof of the property is as follows:

 * $$d(x,z)=\Vert x-z\Vert=\Vert x-y+y-z\Vert\leq\Vert x-y\Vert+\Vert y-z\Vert=d(x,y)+d(y,z)\geq d(x,z).$$

Definition
An inner product on a vector space V over the field of real numbers or complex numbers is a function $$\langle\cdot\vert\cdot\rangle : V\rightarrow F$$.

Properties
The following properties for an inner product must hold for $$u, v, w\in V and\, s\in F$$:

 * 1. $$\langle u+v\vert w\rangle=\langle u\vert w\rangle+\langle v\vert w\rangle$$
 * 2. $$\langle sv\vert w\rangle=s\langle v\vert w\rangle$$
 * 3. $$\langle v\vert w\rangle=\overline{\langle w\vert v\rangle}$$
 * 4. $$\langle v\vert v\rangle>0\ for\ v\neq0$$

Application
A common inner product is the dot product or the standard inner product. A dot product over $$F^n$$ on $$v=(v_1,v_2,\dots,v_n)$$ and $$w=(w_1,w_2,\dots,w_n)$$ is defined as follows:

 * $$\langle v\vert w\rangle = \sum_{i=1}^n v_i\bar{w}_i$$

The proof that the dot product is an inner product will be done as follows using $$u=(u_1,u_2,\dots,u_n)$$, $$v=(v_1,v_2,\cdots,v_n)$$, $$w=(w_1,w_2,\dots,w_n)$$ over $$F^n$$ and $$s\in F$$.

Property 1

 * $$\begin{align}

\langle u+v\vert w\rangle & {} = \sum_{i=1}^n (u_i + v_i)\bar{w}_i\\ & {} = \sum_{i=1}^n (u_i)\bar{w}_i + \sum_{i=1}^n (v_i)\bar{w}_i\\ & {} = \langle u\vert w\rangle + \langle v\vert w\rangle

\end{align}$$

Property 2

 * $$\begin{align}

\langle sv\vert w\rangle & {} = \sum_{i=1}^n (sv_i\bar{w}_i)\\ & {} = s\sum_{i=1}^n (v_i\bar{w}_i)\\ & {} = s\langle v\vert w\rangle

\end{align}$$

Property 3

The proof of this property will introduce the term, Hermitian, which means the transpose-conjugate. This means $$v^H = (\bar{v})^T$$ for a vector v.

 * $$\begin{align}

\langle v\vert w\rangle & {} = \sum_{i=1}^n (v_i\bar{w}_i)\\ & {} = w^Hv\\ & {} = (v^Hw)^H\\ & {} = \operatorname{conjugate}(\sum_{i=1}^n w_i\bar{v} _i)\\ & {} = \operatorname{conjugate}(s\langle w\vert v\rangle)

\end{align}$$

Property 4

 * $$\langle v\vert v\rangle =\sum_{i=1}^n v_i\bar{v}_i$$

For $$F=\mathbb{C}$$, $$v=a+\imath b$$, and $$a,b\in \mathbb{R}$$, $$v_i\bar{v}_i=a^2+b^2$$ which is a real number greater than or equal to 0. For $$F=\mathbb{C}$$, $$v_i\bar{v}_i=v_i^2$$ which is also real number greater than or equal to 0. The dot product will equal zero if $$v_i$$.

Since all four properties are satisfied for the inner product, the dot product is thus a valid inner product.


text:
User:H0sting~enwikibooks/Sandbox

Windows
Contrary to what some people may think, PHP on Windows is a very popular option. PHP will work on Windows 98/ME and WIndows NT/2000/XP/2003 versions of the operating system. On a Windows platform, you have the option to use either the open source Apache web server, or the native Internet Information Services (IIS) server from Microsoft, which can be installed from your Windows CD. When you have one of these servers installed, you can download and install the appropriate PHP distribution from PHP download page. For beginners or novice users, you may find downloading the msi installer for php an easier solution, which provides an installation interface to configure PHP for you. FOr advanced users, you can install PHP using the source code zip files instead, which allows you more flexibility with your installation.

Instructions for installing MySQL
First, you will need to download the Windows version of MySQL, and follow the installation instructions. If you have PHP 4, you do not need to install the equivalence of php-mysql on Linux, as MySQL support is built-in in Windows distributions of PHP. In PHP 5, if you have not used the PHP MSI installer and selected the option in modules, you will need to uncomment the following line in your php.ini file (that is, remove the ';' at the beginning of the line):

;extension=php_mysql.dll

The php.ini file can be found in the PHP's Installation Directory if using the Windows Installer. This also needs to be done if you are using the source code PHP installation, as MySQL support is not enabled by default.

If you find all the above too much a hassle, you have another option. Driven by the eternal desire to do things the safe/easy way, several conveniently packaged AMP bundles of Apache/MySQL/PHP can be found on the net. One of them is PHPTriad. Or, you can try Uniform Server. It is a small WAMP Package. 1 click install and also easy to use. Same with XAMPP for Windows. And after trying these out you can simply delete the directory and everything is clean. A number of portable Windows AMP package choices are summarized at List of portable Web Servers.

Also, a package installer called WAMP is available. It simply installs Apache, PHP and MySQL on windows with ease. http://www.en.wampserver.com/

title: User:H0sting~enwikibooks/Sandbox


text:
Talk:Kdenlive/Quickstart

This is a pretty funny thing: kdenlive running in gnome. Not a problem, but it'd make more sense running in KDE -kyle H

Bad English makes the app look unprofessional
I've just installed and run Kdenlive.

It comes up with a dialogue saying "This is the first time you run Kdenlive, please define your preferred settings, they can always be adjusted later from the Settings dialog."

That's three sentences, separated with commas. You must separate sentences with full stops. Also, after saying "this is the nth time" in English, you must use the present prefect tense, i.e. "you have run", not the present simple tense. Finally, "dialogue" is so spelt, and not the way you have it.

I went to bugs.kde.org to file a report, but it appears that this is not an official KDE app. 61.68.188.79 (talk) 12:58, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Update: when I chose a video format (I just wanted standard PAL, but there seems no way to select that) and clicked to continue, the app crashed. Here's the backtrace:

(no debugging symbols found) [Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled] [New Thread 0xb67006c0 (LWP 9666)] [New Thread 0xb3350b90 (LWP 9695)] [New Thread 0xb3b51b90 (LWP 9694)] [New Thread 0xb4b53b90 (LWP 9693)] [New Thread 0xb4352b90 (LWP 9692)] 0xb7f8d410 in __kernel_vsyscall at kernel/qwidget_x11.cpp:1853 at widgets/qsplashscreen.cpp:146 at /build/buildd/kdelibs-3.5.9/./kdeui/ksplashscreen.cpp:40 o=0xbfeb2b08) at kernel/qobject.cpp:2359   at .moc/debug-shared-mt/moc_qsignal.cpp:100    at kernel/qtimer.cpp:289    receiver=0x872fab0, e=0xbfeb2e18) at kernel/qapplication.cpp:2638 e=0xbfeb2e18) at kernel/qapplication.cpp:2361 61.68.188.79 (talk) 13:01, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) 0 0xb7f8d410 in __kernel_vsyscall
 * 2) 1 0xb762899b in read  from /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libpthread.so.0
 * 3) 2 0xb68591d3 in ??  from /usr/lib/libxcb.so.1
 * 4) 3 0xb685983b in xcb_poll_for_event  from /usr/lib/libxcb.so.1
 * 5) 4 0xb7688da9 in ??  from /usr/lib/libX11.so.6
 * 6) 5 0xb76890af in ??  from /usr/lib/libX11.so.6
 * 7) 6 0xb76897ff in _XEventsQueued  from /usr/lib/libX11.so.6
 * 8) 7 0xb7689882 in _XFlush  from /usr/lib/libX11.so.6
 * 9) 8 0xb7662b71 in XFlush  from /usr/lib/libX11.so.6
 * 10) 9 0xb79ec11c in QWidget::hideWindow (this=0x83938f8)
 * 1) 10 0xb7ac23af in QWidget::hide (this=0x83938f8) at kernel/qwidget.cpp:4086
 * 2) 11 0xb7ac914c in ~QWidget (this=0x83938f8) at kernel/qwidget.cpp:966
 * 3) 12 0xb7bc8222 in ~QSplashScreen (this=0x83938f8)
 * 1) 13 0xb712f0c1 in ~KSplashScreen (this=0x83938f8)
 * 1) 14 0x0818af2f in KdenliveSplash::~KdenliveSplash
 * 2) 15 0x0815892c in Gui::KdenliveApp::slotSplashTimeout
 * 3) 16 0x082125f3 in Gui::KdenliveApp::qt_invoke
 * 4) 17 0xb7a8c704 in QObject::activate_signal (this=0x872fad8, clist=0x860fe60,
 * 1) 18 0xb7e1baba in QSignal::signal (this=0x872fad8, t0=@0x872fb00)
 * 1) 19 0xb7aab7b2 in QSignal::activate (this=0x872fad8) at kernel/qsignal.cpp:215
 * 2) 20 0xb7ab3936 in QSingleShotTimer::event (this=0x872fab0)
 * 1) 21 0xb7a20c36 in QApplication::internalNotify (this=0xbfeb3178,
 * 1) 22 0xb7a22a5f in QApplication::notify (this=0xbfeb3178, receiver=0x872fab0,

Have you realised that this is wikibooks, where we document usage, and not a support forum? Have you read Kdenlive/Reporting bugs? You ought to. --Grin (talk) 13:33, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Notes on updating to 0.7
--Grin (talk) 21:53, 17 December 2008 (UTC)
 * transition crossfade is now luma (or wipe, actually...)
 * transitions seems to default from higher to lower strip, so the examples work with opposite order or reversed transition (eg. title on strip 1, movie on strip 0)
 * icons are different (nicer :))

title: Talk:Kdenlive/Quickstart


text:
XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial

SPARQL interface
The emp-dept RDF can be queried using SPARQL via an XQuery front end to a store provided by Talis. This script supports SPARQL queries and browsing the RDF graph.

The interface expands a query like select ?name ?job where { ?emp rdf:type f:emp. ?emp foaf:surname ?name. ?emp f:Job ?job. }

that you can run here into

prefix foaf:  prefix rdf:  prefix rdfs:  prefix f:  prefix xs:  select ?name ?job where { ?emp rdf:type f:emp. ?emp foaf:surname ?name. ?emp f:Job ?job. }

and sends this to the Talis service in a form that can be run that you can run here. The resultant SPARQLQuery Results XML is converted to HTML.

List all employees
select ?emp where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. } Run

List the names of all employees in alphabetical order
select ?name where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp foaf:surname ?name. } ORDER BY ?name Run

List the employees' name, salary, department number and job
select ?name ?sal ?dno ?job where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; foaf:surname ?name; f:Sal ?sal; f:Dept ?dept; f:Job ?job. ?dept f:DeptNo ?dno. } Note that ; in place of . repeats the subject.

Try out this and the following queries here.

List the first 5 employees
select ?ename where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; foaf:surname ?ename. } ORDER BY ?ename LIMIT 5

List the top 5 employees by salary
select ?ename ?sal where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; foaf:surname ?ename; f:Sal ?sal. } ORDER BY DESC(?sal) LIMIT 5

List the departments
select ?dept where { ?dept rdf:type  f:dept. }

List all departments and all employees
select ?dept ?emp where { {?dept rdf:type  f:dept } UNION {?emp rdf:type f:emp} }

List the employees with salaries over 1000
If the RDF literal is typed, for example as xs:integer as is the case with this generated RDF, then the following query will select employees with a salary greater than 1000:

select ?emp ?sal where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; f:Sal ?sal. FILTER (?sal > 1000) }

If the RDF literal is not typed, then the variable must be cast:

select ?emp ?sal where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; f:Sal ?sal. FILTER (xs:integer(?sal) > 1000) }

List employees and their locations
select ?emp ?loc where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp f:Dept ?dept. ?dept f:Location ?loc. }

List the names of employees and their managers
select ?ename ?mname where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; f:Mgr ?mgr; foaf:surname ?ename. ?mgr foaf:surname ?mname. }

Include employees with no manager
select ?ename ?mname where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; foaf:surname ?ename. OPTIONAL {?emp f:Mgr ?mgr. ?mgr foaf:surname ?mname. } }

List employees with no manager
select ?ename where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; foaf:surname ?ename. OPTIONAL {?emp f:Mgr ?mgr} FILTER (!bound(?mgr)) }

List the distinct locations of staff
select distinct ?loc where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp f:Dept ?dept. ?dept f:Location ?loc. }

List details of the employees who are ANALYSTs
select * where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp f:Dept ?dept. ?dept f:Location ?loc. ?emp f:Job ?job. FILTER (?job = "ANALYST") }

List employees who are either ANALYSTs or MANAGERs
select ?emp where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; f:Job ?job. FILTER (?job = "ANALYST" || ?job = "MANAGER") }

List employees who are neither ANALYSTs nor MANAGERs
select * where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; f:Job ?job. FILTER (?job != "ANALYST" && ?job != "MANAGER") }

List employees whose surname begins with "S"
select * where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp foaf:surname ?ename. FILTER (regex(?ename, "^S")) }

List employees whose surname contains "AR"
select * where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp foaf:surname ?ename. FILTER (regex(?ename, "AR")) }

List employees whose surname contains M followed by R ignoring case
select * where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp foaf:surname ?ename. FILTER (regex(?ename, "m.*r","i")) }

Compute the maximum salary
SPARQL 1.0 lacks min or max, although they are added to some implementations. The following recipe, due to Dean Allemang can be used:

select ?maxemp ?maxsal where { ?maxemp rdf:type  f:emp. ?maxemp f:Sal ?maxsal. OPTIONAL { ?emp rdf:type f:emp. ?emp f:Sal ?sal. FILTER ( ?sal > ?maxsal) }. FILTER (!bound (?sal)) }

How does this work? We seek a maximum salary of a maximum employee. For such an employee, the OPTIONAL clauses will not match, since there are no employees with a greater salary and thus ?sal will not be bound.

In SPARQL 1.1 max and min are allowed so the query to return the maximum salary becomes

select (max(?sal) as ?maxsal) where { ?maxemp rdf:type  f:emp. ?maxemp f:Sal ?sal. }

Compute employees with the same salary
select * where { ?emp1 f:Sal ?sal. ?emp2 f:Sal ?sal. FILTER (?emp1 != ?emp2) }

Get the department which SMITH works for
select ?dname where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp f:Dept ?dept. ?emp foaf:surname "SMITH". ?dept f:Dname ?dname. }

List the names of employees in Accounting
select ?ename where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp f:Dept ?dept. ?emp foaf:surname ?ename. ?dept f:Dname "Accounting". }

Employees hired in this millennium
select ?ename ?hire where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp f:HireDate ?hire. ?emp foaf:surname ?ename. FILTER (?hire > "2000-01-01"^^xs:date) }

Note that the literal needs to be typed to make this comparison work.

List the names of employees whose manager is in a different department
select ?name ?edname ?mdname { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; foaf:surname ?name; f:Dept ?dept; f:Mgr ?mgr. ?mgr f:Dept ?mdept. ?dept f:Dname ?edname. ?mdept f:Dname ?mdname. FILTER (?dept != ?mdept) }

List the grades of employees
In relational terms, this is a theta-join between the employee and the salgrade tables:

select ?ename ?grade where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp; foaf:surname ?ename; f:Sal ?sal. ?salgrade rdf:type f:salgrade; f:LoSal ?low; f:HiSal ?high; f:Grade ?grade. FILTER (?sal >= ?low && ?sal <= ?high) }

Abbreviated query syntax
A new prefix simplifies referencing individual resources by their URI

prefix e:  select ?sal where { e:7900 f:Sal ?sal. }

is short for

select ?sal where {  f:Sal ?sal. }

We could also introduce a default namespace:

prefix :  select ?name ?sal ?dno ?job where { ?emp rdf:type  :emp; foaf:surname ?name; :Sal ?sal; :Dept ?dept; :Job ?job. ?dept :DeptNo ?dno. } and use the abbreviation a for rdf:type:

prefix :  select ?name ?sal ?dno ?job where { ?emp a :emp; foaf:surname ?name; :Sal ?sal; :Dept ?dept; :Job ?job. ?dept :DeptNo ?dno. } and if we don't need to return the resource itself, it can be anonymous prefix :  select ?name ?sal ?dno ?job where { [ a :emp; foaf:surname ?name; :Sal ?sal; :Dept ?dept; :Job ?job ]. ?dept :DeptNo ?dno. }

Aggregate features
Aggregation functions like count and sum and the GROUP BY clause are not defined in SPARQL 1.0 although they are available on some services (such as the Talis platform) in advance of standardisation in SPARQL 1.1.

Count the number of departments
select (count(?dept) as ?count) where { ?dept rdf:type  f:dept. }

Count the number of employees in each department
select distinct ?dept (count(?emp) as ?count) where { ?dept a f:dept. ?emp f:Dept ?dept. } group by ?dept

Generic queries
The uniformity of the triple data model enable us to query the dataset in very general ways, which are useful if we know nothing about the data.

List all data
select * where { ?s ?p ?o } This would be impracticable on a realistic dataset, but a sample of the triples can be obtained by limiting the number of triples returned. select * where { ?s ?p ?o } LIMIT 20

List all employee data
select ?prop ?val where { ?emp rdf:type  f:emp. ?emp ?prop ?val. }

What types are there?
select distinct ?type where { ?s a ?type }

This shows that triples defining the emp vocabulary are in the same dataset.

What properties are there?
select distinct ?prop where { ?s ?prop ?o }

What is the domain(s) of a property?
select distinct ?type where { ?s f:Sal ?v. ?s a ?type. }

What are the ranges of a property?
select distinct ?type where { ?s f:Sal ?o. ?o a ?type. }

This query only finds ranges which are instances of a type in the dataset. Sal has a range of xs:integer but it is not easy to discover that with a SPARQL query.

select distinct ?type where { ?s f:Mgr ?o. ?o a ?type. }

What properties have a given type as its domain ?
select distinct ?prop where { ?s a f:salgrade. ?s ?prop []. }

Schema queries
The presence of schema data enables SPARQL to be used to query this meta-data. The results could be compared with the results by directly querying the data.

What properties have a domain of a given type?
select ?prop where { ?prop rdfs:domain f:emp. }

Note that this has only returned the properties in the empdept vocab, not the foaf name property used in the raw data.

What integer properties do employees have?
select ?prop where { ?prop rdfs:domain f:emp. ?prop rdfs:range xs:integer. }

What types of resources have salaries?
select ?type where { f:Sal rdfs:domain ?type. }

Queries on both the data and the vocab can be made

What literal properties do MANAGERS have?
select DISTINCT ?prop where { ?x f:Job "MANAGER". ?x a ?type. ?prop rdfs:domain ?type. ?prop rdfs:range rdfs:literal. }

To do

 * the example RDF lacks language tags which are required to illustrate lang function
 * all queries to be moved to the codelist together with the SQL and XQuery equivalents

title: XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial


text:
Zulu/Lesson 5

=Nginabantwana=

In this lesson, we learn how to tell people what family members we have. We also introduce plurals for all the professions that we learnt in isiFundo esibili. In addition, we introduce name of various other professions.

Ngiyimaneja

 * uNandi: Sawubona Philani!
 * uPhilani: Yebo sawubona Nandi!
 * uNandi: Unjani?
 * uPhilani: Ngiyaphila, wena unjani?
 * uNandi: Nami ngikhona kodwa angiphilile.
 * uPhilani: Uphethwe yini?
 * uNandi: Ngiphethwe ngumkhuhlwane.
 * uPhilani: Ube ngcono!
 * uNandi: Ngiyabonga kakhulu, Philani.
 * uPhilani: Ubaba wakho wenza msebenzi muni?
 * uNandi: Ubaba wami uyimeneja.
 * uPhilani: Ubaba wami uyi-Accountant.
 * uNandi: Hamba kahle.
 * uPhilani: Sala kahle.

The above dialogue illustrates how a conversation changes if someone is not feeling well. In the table below, we provide a short list of what someone might be suffering from. Note the use of words that have been borrowed from English, these words for profession all begin with an 'i'.

Plurals
In English, we form plurals, in general, by adding 's' to the end of words e.g. mother becomes mothers. In Zulu, this is done by changing the prefix of the word for example umzali becomes abazali.

The nouns in the above table belong to class 1 or 1a in singular and 2/2b in plural. Class 1 is all nouns that have singular um/umu- and plurals of Class 2 aba/abe- whereas Class 1a is all nouns that have singular u- and plural of Class 2b o-. This may seem unimportant presently but each noun class has its distinct subject concord i.e. umfundisi uyahamba and abafundisi bayahamba. Class 1/1a and 2/ 2b have different prefixes but the same subject concords. This is why they are grouped into the same class.

The table below has nouns from class 5 and plural of Class 6 that correspond to various borrowed words from English. These are by no means the only words in Class 5/6 but they are introduced here for your convenience.

Note that there is a true Zulu word for manager it is umphathi (um/aba). But borrowed words may and are often used especially in city centre or when speaking to second language speakers. Nouns of Class 5, have subject concords i- so 'iKholigi isenbenza eVodacom futhi'. In the plural form ,Class 6, has a- for its subject concord 'amaKhogili ayasebenza.'

Nginabantwana
uZandile

Sanibona! NginguZandile wakwaKhoza. Nginabantwana. Ngihlala eYeoville. Ngineminyaka engu-32 ubudala. Nginemoto. Nginomyeni. Igama lakhe uSipho. Sineminyaka engu-12 sihlala khona.

Use of na
In Zulu, when vowels come together one of three possibilities occurs. The three possibilities are:

 * If i or u is placed on another vowel it becomes y or w.
 * One of the vowels is deleted.
 * Vowel merge to form a new vowel, this called coalescence.

Coalescence simply mean a + a = a, a + i = e and a + u = o.

When we use 'na' as it is used in the short passage above, coalescence occurs. So if look more closely at some of the phrases above. For instance, 'Nginomyeni' the word umyeni means husband so Ngi + na + umyeni coalescence occurs a + u = o so we get Nginomyeni. If we examine the rest of the passage, we seeing coalescence happening five times.

Summary

 * We can ask someone what they are suffering from. Uphethwe yini?
 * We can form plurals of Class 1/1a and Class 3. uMama; oMama; umzali; abazali; iKholigi; amaKholigi.
 * We are able to use 'na' to express have.  Yena unemoto.

title: Zulu/Lesson 5


text: User talk:163.153.162.12

title: User talk:163.153.162.12


text: User talk:76.205.115.115

title: User talk:76.205.115.115


text:
User:Recipes~enwikibooks

http://www.fasteasyrecipe.com

title: User:Recipes~enwikibooks


text: User talk:70.252.220.118

title: User talk:70.252.220.118


text:
User:Dbabbitt

-Dbabbitt (talk) 21:37, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Dbabbitt


text:
User talk:Dbabbitt

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  21:38, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dbabbitt


text: User talk:W708

title: User talk:W708


text: User talk:64.184.47.190

title: User talk:64.184.47.190


text:
Template talk:BOOKSORTKEY

Please, add this template to Category:Templates using ParserFunctions. Helder 22:31, 11 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Please add also the Template:Documentation for this template. Helder 00:06, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Using Template:Documentation now. I don't see the point of the parserfunctions category.  People seek out templates based on what they do, not how they do it. -- Adrignola talk contribs 16:13, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Template talk:BOOKSORTKEY


text:
Template talk:NAIVEBOOKSTEM

Please, add this template to Category:Templates using ParserFunctions. Helder 22:31, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Is this still needed?
You folks might have missed it but was added to the list of valid Magic Words back in April of 2013 [//git.wikimedia.org/commit/mediawiki%2Fcore/d197fbd34940e3c5812049deeee0d95f346518bb] and accomplishes the same thing as this template.

 * Example

ROOTPAGENAME only contains the name of the top-most page without namespace, e.g. for " " it should return " " while BASEPAGENAME would return " " in the same instance. -- George Orwell III (discuss • contribs) 19:21, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

 * That would allow us to slightly simplify the implementation of the template, but since the implementation is already so simple, I for one don't see it as particularly worth doing. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 04:58, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

 * This template has now been retired, and shunted aside from "Template:BOOKNAME" to "Template:NAIVEBOOKSTEM" to make room for the name "Template:BOOKNAME" to be occupied by a more sophisticated template previously called "Template:ROOTBOOKNAME". The shuffling around of templates and the history behind it are described in a reading room thread.  (Of possible interest .)  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 17:28, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Template talk:NAIVEBOOKSTEM


text:
User talk:99.244.27.0

Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  23:03, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:99.244.27.0


text:
User talk:71.251.184.113

Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  23:08, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.251.184.113


text:
User talk:Christianfilmsinc~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 23:33, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Christianfilmsinc. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Christianfilmsinc~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:06, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:48, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Christianfilmsinc~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Norwegian/Lesson 2

Untitled
I think this Norwegian helps, but it doesn't include "ing", such as "fishing". I am trying to write a letter to my second cousins Fredrik and Marius who understand no English. Boy, they would have a difficult time! Please add it NOW!

title: Talk:Norwegian/Lesson 2


text:
User talk:71.182.83.64

Join Us!
--Laleena (talk) 01:11, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.182.83.64


text:
User talk:Irarodgers

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 02:13, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Irarodgers


text:
Bioinformatics/Other Data/Medical

Medical Informatics is the application of informatics to medicine.

title: Bioinformatics/Other Data/Medical


text:
User:Bivinvijai

test from admin.

The site will open shorlty.

title: User:Bivinvijai


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Transwiki:Korean-Words-English-Transliterated


text:
User talk:Bdsumonlinda

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 07:59, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bdsumonlinda


text:
User talk:61.1.58.237

Webaware talk 08:36, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:61.1.58.237


text:
User:Thewinster

WCI 2016

 * I was in Chandigarh at the WikiConferenceIndia 2016.
 * I have interviewed a lot of exciting mediawiki users over there regarding their experience with mediawiki and the wikipedia community.
 * You can find it at /WCI16

Sandbox
/Sandbox

 * Believes there is no ideal textbook yet for the JEE.
 * Believes preparing for the JEE saps out all the creativity from a person who does not have an aptitude for any of the subjects.
 * Believes "IIT aspirant" is a somewhat abusive term, because it often describes a bespectacled loser who is a puppet to his parents' dreams of boasting the presence of a cramming genius in the family.
 * Believes places like Bansal Classes are ideal for studying the Sciences provided there were just three hundred students over there, but are always congenial given you do not let your brain drown.
 * Believes there is no use blaming the system of education in India when the solution to it lies in a few edits on wikibooks everyday by a few hundred editors.
 * Believes students at the +1/+2 level should not put their lives on halt for two years unless theyre aiming AIIMS or Computer Science at Powai.

Accelerating Wikibooks
I will be delivering a talk at the 2011 Wikimedia Conference India at Mumbai on the topic of "Accelerating Wikibooks". I am looking forward to editing and discussing the proposal, thus making it more relevant and down to the ground level. I'm hoping to include the current few discussions that are going around in the Wikibooks community, The problems that Wikibooks faces, Some new ideas to tackle these problems and a few case studies.

Please discuss the proposal here at /Accelerating Wikibooks

Ready resources
The following files have been uploaded by me and I'd look forward to people bookifying them!
 * Techniques of Integration : Fairly exhaustive notes for indefinite integration.
 * Geometrical Optics : Can work as a stand alone text for introducing concepts and problem solving approach for the subject. Needs to be bookified well!

Collaboration needed
Currently looking for collaborators on Solved Question Papers - IIT JEE - An attempt to provide an insight to the most dreaded examination and to point out by non-preachy work how most resources for the JEE are sub standard. Inorganic Chemistry - Just working on the chemical bonding section.

title: User:Thewinster


text:
User talk:Bananas~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bananas. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bananas~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:01, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bananas~enwikibooks


text: User talk:217.23.233.243

title: User talk:217.23.233.243


text:
Operations Research/Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity Analysis deals with finding out the amount by which we can change the input data for the output of our linear programming model to remain comparatively unchanged. This helps us in determining the sensitivity of the data we supply for the problem. If a small change in the input (for example in the change in the availability of some raw material) produces a large change in the optimal solution for some model, and a corresponding small change in the input for some other model doesn't affect its optimal solution as much, we can conclude that the second problem is more robust then the first. The second model is less sensitive to the changes in the input data

We will consider the case of sensitivity of the optimum solution to changes in the availability of the resources. (Right hand side of the constraints.)

If in any linear programming problem there are n variables and m constraints we can think as the right hand sides as being the representatives of the amount of resources. For example, consider our old chemical company model:

Maximize z = $$5x_1+4x_2$$

subject to,

$$6x_1+4x_2\le 24$$, $$x_1+2x_2\le 6$$,

$$x_2-x_1\le 1$$,

$$x_2\le 2$$,

$$x_1,x_2\ge 0$$.

The right hand sides represented various resources: the amount of raw materials 1 and 2, the market limit, and the daily demand. Now if these right hand sides were changed the whole problem would change. Suppose we want to know is the worth of any particular resource. More precisely, we want to know how much is the amount of the first raw material being 24 units available really important. If we increase the amount from 24 to 25 our optimal value changes to 21.75, whereas previously it was 21. So a unit increase in the amount of the first resource changes the optimal value (which is the total profit) by 0.75. This can be therefore thought of as the unit worth of the first resource. The technical term for this is the first resources' shadow price.

Determination of shadow prices
To determine the shadow prices for the resources individually by increasing them one by one and solving the associated linear models is extremely inefficient. Let us examine another way of calculating the shadow prices.

Consider the following linear system:

Maximize z = $$3x_1+2x_2+5x_3$$

subject to,

$$x_1+2x_2+x_3\le 430$$, $$3x_1+2x_3\le 460$$,

$$x_1+4x_2\le 420$$,

$$x_1,x_2,x_3\ge 0$$.

The optimal simplex table with slack variables $$x_4,x_5,x_6$$ is:

Now to find out the shadow prices write the above model's standard form as follows:

$$x_1+2x_2+x_3= 430-x_4$$, $$3x_1+2x_3= 460-x_5$$,

$$x_1+4x_2= 420-x_6$$.

If resource 1 is increased by one unit it means that the first slack variable is decreased by one unit so that the equality between the left and the right hand sides remains unchanged. A similar thing holds for all other resources as well.

From the optimal simplex table we have the following constraint:

$$z+4x_1+x_4+2x_5+0x_6=1350$$.

This can be rewritten as:

$$z=1350-4x_1+1(-x_4)+2(-x_5)+0(-x_6)=1350$$.

Given that a decrease in the value of a slack variable is equivalent to an increase in its resource, we get

$$z=1350-4x_1$$+1(increase in resource 1)+2(increase in resource 2)+0(increase in resource 3)=1350

Thus we can see that:

 * A one unit increase in resource 1 increases z by 1
 * A one unit increase in resource 2 increases z by 2
 * A one unit increase in resource 3 increases z by 0

Thus the shadow prices are 1, 2 and 0 respectively.


text:
US History/Keywords5

Sci Fi/Horror Fiction
This period of history was known for many science fiction and horror classics. These were aired on the radio, shown on television, and printed in comic books. Among these horror classics was the Creep Show, a television science fiction and horror series, with episodes such as "Father's Day," known for such phrases as "Give me my Cake, dirty dish rag! It's mine! Give it to me!" and "It's Father's Day and I have my Cake! Happy Fathers Day!" and "Twilight of Cockroaches", known for such statements as "You don't know these cockroaches!" The Martian Commander from "Father's Day" is believed to be the inspiration for Darth Vader. The special effects were substandard by today's standards, such as the "Martians"' space suit made from a diving suit with added tentacles, but they are just as terrifying then as they were then, because the horror lay mostly in the plot. Common horrific ending to these productions was the main character being buried alive, going crazy, committing suicide, or being eaten by some kind of bug or carnivorous plant. There was one movie about a man who was turned into a plastic product, because of a curse put on him. The curse was that he had to get some girl interested in him in 72 hours or else be turned into a plastic product. He did not make the deadline.

Rest of Cold War
PRAVDA East Germany West Germany Richard "Tricky Dick" Nixon VietNam War Vietcong LBJ RFK MLK

Cold War Ideas
"I have a dream!" civil rights "The Creep Show" (tv horror series) James Bond 007 "mellow yellow" "Believe in Hope" John Birch Society Dark Winter Beatnik lunar landing First to Moon "If you believe in love, we can put a man on the moon!" hippy Yippy Party JFK Fidel Castro Operation Mongoose renounce renunciation

Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan Reagan Revolution Iran-Iraq War Saddam Hussein shah Tehran "Keys to the Kingdom" Söksa Kaleidoscope (novel)

title: US History/Keywords5


text:
United Nations History

The League of Nations

 * 1) /League Visualized/
 * 2) /League Formed/
 * 3) /Protocols of the League/
 * 4) /League Attacked/

United Nations

 * 1) /UN Formed/
 * 2) /Gladwyn Jebb/
 * 3) /Trygve Lie/
 * 4) /Dag Hammarskjöld/
 * 5) /U Thant/
 * 6) /Kurt Waldheim/
 * 7) /Javier Pérez de Cuéllar/
 * 8) /Boutros Boutros-Ghali/
 * 9) /Kofi Annan/
 * 10) /Ban Ki-moon/

New World Order (Onus Mundi)

 * 1) /Order Visualized/
 * 2) /Global Government/
 * 3) /League of Democracies/

Documents

 * Treaties

title: United Nations History