text:
User talk:Merriehearted~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:44, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Merriehearted. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Merriehearted~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Merriehearted~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Chi-bmet

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:44, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Chi-bmet


text:
User talk:Sister sleuth

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:44, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sister sleuth


text:
User talk:Bobisphat~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:44, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bobisphat. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bobisphat~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:03, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:40, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bobisphat~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Theguy01

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:45, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Theguy01


text:
User talk:Afrocreole Griot

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:45, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Afrocreole Griot


text:
User talk:Forrest Dale

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:45, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Forrest Dale


text:
User talk:Bloodstane

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:45, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bloodstane


text:
User talk:Eameirelles

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:46, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eameirelles


text:
User talk:Jkmiller76013

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:46, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jkmiller76013


text:
User talk:Shuchingwu~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:46, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Shuchingwu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Shuchingwu~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shuchingwu~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Mhismyman

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:46, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mhismyman


text:
User talk:Positron~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:47, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Positron. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Positron~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:35, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Positron~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Mikey~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:47, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mikey. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mikey~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikey~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Arisontime~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:47, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Arisontime. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Arisontime~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:59, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:34, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arisontime~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Si pal

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:47, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Si pal


text:
User talk:Giddy~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:48, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Giddy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Giddy~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:14, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Giddy~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Ksmith85

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:48, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ksmith85


text:
User talk:Mattreaves96

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:48, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mattreaves96


text:
User talk:Chhitiz buchasia~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:48, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chhitiz buchasia. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chhitiz buchasia~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:05, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:47, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chhitiz buchasia~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jbachur

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:48, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jbachur


text:
User talk:Swanand.paranjape

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:48, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Swanand.paranjape


text:
User talk:Jlyons22~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

If all that seems too much to wade through, you're welcome to ask any question at all on the New Users Page of the Staff Lounge. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of that page, and enter your question! Webaware talk 03:49, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jlyons22. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jlyons22~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:20, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jlyons22~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Lynx0609

Welcome message
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User talk:Dpinkwonder

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Internet and Society/Technological Infrastructure/Network Infrastructure

Architecture of the Internet
The internet is a worldwide network of computers with the property that each computer can send data to and receive data from any other computer on the internet.

A brief history of the internet
The idea of connecting computers via phone lines or some other long distance network was first tested in 1965 when two university researchers, Larry Roberts and Thomas Merrill, connected a computer in Massachusetts with one in California using a phone line and demonstrated that they could run programs and receive data on the remote machines. A key idea behind this research was that the computers would communicate by breaking up their data into many small packets and sending these packets individually. If any packets were lost (due to background noise on the line), they could easily be resent. This experiment led directly to a DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) proposal in 1967 to build the ARPANET, which is a military precursor of the internet. In 1968 a group led by Frank Heart at BBN in Boston won the government contract to build the initial ARPANET hardware. In 1969, the initial ARPANET was constructed and consisted of four computers: three in California and one in Utah. In 1972, Roberts wrote the first email program, and email quickly became the most frequently used network application. In 1973, Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn proposed a new set of communication rules for the computer networks called TCP/IP (Tranmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) which allowed users to implement a wide range of network applications including network telephony, email, and network disk sharing. The ARPANET was converted to a TCP/IP net in 1983 at which point it was split into two nets: the MILNET for military applications and the ARPANET for civilian applications. Throughout the 70's several other networks were developed. These included CSNET (connecting Computer Science Departments), USENET (connecting UNIX computers), and BITNET (connecting academic mainframe computers). The 80s saw the rapid prolifieration of PC's and workstations combined into small local area networks (LANs) and these LANs came to be added to the ARPANET in greater numbers, resulting in a rapid growth of the internet. Also, in 1985, the NSFNET was formed by the National Science Foundation with the stipulation that a university could connect to this network only if it provided access to all scholars at the institution, not just the science departments. Another important development during the 1980's was the connection of networks into a single internet all using the TCP/IP protocol for communication. The 90's saw the birth of the World Wide Web and the rapid expansion of the internet both in terms of size and in terms of its use by the general population. References: A Brief History of the Internet by Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff

Internet Addressing: domain names and IP addresses
The internet currently consists of about 40 million servers although this number grows every month (and actually oscillates minute by minute for reasons that will become clear). Each computer on the internet has a unique identification number called its IP address (for Internet Protocol). An IP number consists of a sequence of four numbers in the range 0-255. For example, a typical IP address at Brandeis in 2003 is 129.64.2.10, where the numbers in the IP address are separated by periods by convention. This is the dotted decimal form of an IP address. IP addresses are actually stored on the computer and transmitted as 32 bit long binary numbers. Please read the appendix on binary numbers to learn about binary numbers and how they are used to represent decimal numbers. Most computers on the internet also have an identifying name known as a domain name. For example, the domain name for the main Brandeis web server is www.brandeis.edu and its IP address is 129.64.99.138. The relationship between domain names and IP addresses is available on the net from computers known as domain name servers. The internet actually consists of a large number of networks which are seamlessly interconnected. For example, the Local Area Network (LAN) at Brandeis University consists of a few thousand computers. These computers are all directly connected to the internet and have IP addresses of the form 129.64.xxx.yyy where xxx and yyy are numbers in the range 0-255. Conversely, any IP address of this form refers to the Brandeis LAN. Thus, the Brandeis LAN can expand to include up to 256 x 256 = 65536 computers which can all be simultaneously directly connected to the internet. This method of allocating IP addresses in blocks is widely used today.

(Add to this section?) -IPV4 vs. IPV6 -MAC addresses

References: Netcraft survey Protocol on Wikipedia

Internet Routing
The internet is a large collection of interconnected networks. There are approximately 40 million servers currently active on the internet. When a message is sent from one computer to another. That message is partitioned into smaller packets (so as not to monopolize the network), and each packet is sent individually to the destination. Each individual packet is sent from computer to computer as it makes its way through the internet. It typically passes from the user's computer to a centralized router at the University or ISP office. From there it is sent across a series of networks before arriving at the destination computers ISP, where it is finally forwarded to the destination computer. On UNIX systems you can use the traceroute program to print the list of intermediate computers (and the length of time the message takes to get there). For example, we show below a traceroute of a message from a computer in Brandeis University (in Waltham Mass, USA) to the main web server at the University of Tokyo in Japan. % traceroute www.u-tokyo.ac.jp traceroute to www.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.128.254), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 igs.cs-i.brandeis.edu (129.64.46.1) 75.332 ms 2.887 ms 3.342 ms 2 129.64.253.1 (129.64.253.1) 2.558 ms 2.94 ms 3.561 ms 3 192.5.89.121 (192.5.89.121) 4.227 ms 4.087 ms 4.583 ms 4 192.5.89.10 (192.5.89.10) 16.261 ms 9.059 ms 11.282 ms 5 chinng-nycmng.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.82) 42.434 ms 29.005 ms 33.558 ms 6 iplsng-chinng.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.77) 48.242 ms 39.73 ms 42.387 ms 7 kscyng-iplsng.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.81) 42.807 ms 43.039 ms 42.4 ms 8 dnvrng-kscyng.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.13) 64.458 ms 53.008 ms 103.271 ms 9 sttlng-dnvrng.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.49) 78.625 ms 78.774 ms 78.308 ms 10 transpac-pwave.pnw-gigapop.net (198.32.170.46) 78.716 ms 79.304 ms 78.448 ms 11 192.203.116.34 (192.203.116.34) 207.539 ms 207.635 ms 207.323 ms 12 wide-ge-tpr3.jp.apan.net (203.181.249.41) 206.627 ms 207.231 ms 207.323 ms 13 foundry3.nezu.wide.ad.jp (203.178.138.244) 208.736 ms 207.737 ms 207.612 ms 14 ra37-vlan560.nc.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.125.201) 216.799 ms 216.645 ms 229.441 ms 15 ra36-vlan3.nc.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.127.66) 216.845 ms 216.945 ms 238.735 ms 17 foundry1.nc.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.125.82) 226.653 ms 216.101 ms 216.02 ms ms 18 133.11.128.254 (133.11.128.254) 215.942 ms 216.082 ms 216.13 ms Notice that the message spends sometime getting out of Brandeis, and then goes to New York City, Chicago, Kansas City, Denver, and between hops 10 and 11, crosses the Pacific Ocean. It takes a few more hops to get to the University of Tokyo, and then moves through some local routers before it gets to the main web server. This is a typical path for an internet packet.

References: Traceroute from all over the world

Ports, Sockets, and Services
The computers on the internet interact in a wide variety of ways, but their interaction is nonetheless restricted. It would not be wise to allow any computer on the internet to have full access to every other computer on the net because an unscrupulous user might decide to delete all of your disk files or to otherwise use your computer without permission. To get around this problem, the internet is modelled on an abstract view of the net in which each computer specifies exactly what kinds of interactions it will allow. These types of interactions are called services and each computer on the net can offer up to 65536 services. These services are specified by a number from 0 to 65535 called a port. Typically, the ports with numbers under 1024 are reserved for system services (such as email and web page serving), but anyone is free to offer any service they please on ports numbered greater than 1024. A computer that offers a service to another computer is called a server and a computer that requests a service is called a client. It is typical for computers on the internet to be both clients and servers and the same time. The communication between client and server is initiated by the client by specifying the IP address of the server computer and the port number of the service to be provided. If the specified computer is offering that service, then a special connection called a socket is created. The socket allows the two computers to send data back and forth between themselves. References: Wikipedia and in particular the Router entry NOTE: Wikipedia is completely untrustworthy because anyone can vandalize any page at any time. Nevertheless, many webpages are not currently vandalized and hence contain useful information. The only way you can have any trust that something you read on wikipedia is true is to fact-check everything you read there from an authoratative source. Wikipedia articles are encouraged to provide evidence for all claims in the form of links to authoritative sources.

Common Services on the net
Some of the more common system services are listed below. Each service has a set of rules governing how the client and server interact. These rules are called protocols and they simply represent the conventions that the two computers will use when communicating on that port. * Echo (port 7) an echo service, simply echos back what it receives * Daytime (port 13) this returns the date and local time and ignores client input * FTP (ports 20,21) allows the client to transfer files of data to and from the server. * Telnet (port 23) allows the client to interact with the servers operating system remotely * SMTP (port 25) offers an email service for delivering email to a user on the server * DNS (port 53) domain name serving, returns IP addresses for domain names * WWW (port 80) uses the HTTP protocol and sends specified web pages to the client. * POP3 (port 110) offers another email service

Some Common Internet Services You can access some of these ports from Linux using the telnet command. Below we give examples of accessing the date and echo services respectively: The date service returns the local time on the server being queried. The echo service is used for testing whether a connection is active and just echo back each line of text that it receives. USER % telnet www.cs.brandeis.edu 13 Trying 129.64.2.3...     Connected to diamond.cs.brandeis.edu. Escape character is '^]'. Thu Aug 31 15:55:41 2000 Connection closed by foreign host.

Accessing the DATE service USER % telnet www.cs.brandeis.edu 7 Trying 129.64.2.3...     Connected to diamond.cs.brandeis.edu. Escape character is '^]'. USER This is the echo port This is the echo port USER bye bye bye bye USER ^] telnet> USER    quit Connection closed.

Accessing the echo service on port 7 References: IANA Port Assignments

Web Browsers and Servers
The HTTP service is perhaps the most revolutionary service that has been developed for use on the internet. It provides a mechanism for clients to access files on the server by giving the name of the file in the webserver folder. The HTTP server then responds to such a request by returning several lines of information about the file (e.g. what kind of data it contains, text, image, movie, sound, etc.) when it was last modified, how large the file is, etc. HTTP services are generally provided on port 80. The HTTP service is one half of the technological foundation of the World Wide Web. The other half is the HTML language. HTML is an acronym for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML specifies the layout of webpages and provides mechanisms for including links to other webpages and to images, sounds, movies, and other content. In the next Chapter we will provide an introduction to HTML and some related technology (CSS and XML). Below we give an example of the use of this service to request the web page "/~cs2a/index.html" from the server "www.cs.brandeis.edu". Observe that the request (in blue) specifies the page to access and the response provides quite a bit of information about the file including (in yellow) its size, its last modification date, its size, what type of information is in the file, the kind of server that is providing the service, the locate time at which the page is being served, and some more arcane information as well, as well as the actual web page content itself (in green). % telnet www.cs.brandeis.edu 80

Trying 129.64.2.3... Connected to diamond.cs.brandeis.edu. Escape character is '^]'. GET /~cs2a/ HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Tue, 02 Sep 2003 21:20:33 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.26 (Unix) Last-Modified: Tue, 02 Sep 2003 21:20:16 GMT ETag: "44b052-221-3f550990" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 545 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html  Brandeis University, Intro to Computers, Cosi 2a, Aut 03    The Home page for CS2a has moved to  http://frege.cs-i.brandeis.edu:9090/cs2a03/index.html  Sorry for the inconvenience. Tim Hickey

Connection closed by foreign host. Accessing the HTTP service on port 80

There are many web browsers that are currently available. The most common browsers at the moment are Internet Explorer and Netscape, but some of the lesser known browsers such as Opera and Amaya, provide additional features which are not currently supported by the mainstream browsers such as mathematical and graphical markup processing. URLs and Domain Names As you probably know, all of the content on the World Wide Web can be accessed by providing its address to a browser. The formal name for a web address is URL which stands for Universal Resource Locator. ( Some people also use URI for Universal Resource Identifier.) URLs are our first example of a formal language. Each URL has several parts, some of which are optional. Some examples of URLs are: http://www.brandeis.edu http://www.brandeis.edu:80 http://www.brandeis.edu:80/index.html http://www.brandeis.edu:80/go/index.php?go=cosi http://129.64.2.3/~tim http://jscheme.cs.brandeis.edu:8080 ftp://ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/linux/ The simplest form of a URL is just: http://DOMAINNAME where "http" and "ftp" specify the type of service being accessed and "DOMAINNAME" specifies the computer that is offering the service. The general form for a URL is PROTOCOL://DOMAINNAME:PORT/PATH/FILE.EXT#P?N=V&N2=V2 ... Lets break this apart. "PROTOCOL" specifies the protocol that the web browser must use to communicate with the web server. There are many other protocols besides http. The most common is "ftp" which is the "file transfer protocol." The "mailto:" protocol is also common and is used to allow the user to send email from a browser. DOMAINNAME is the symbolic name of the web server. All web servers have a unique IP address (as described above). The conversion between domain names and IP addresses is performed using special servers on the net called "Domain Name Servers." These servers accept domain names and send back the corresponding IP address. They are the equivalent of the "411" service on phone networks and every browser must have the address of at least one Domain Name Server if it is going to use domain names. You can use IP addresses directly in the URL instead of a domain name, but this is rarely done as IP addresses can be hard to remember. "PORT" is a number between 0 and 65535 which specifes the port used by the server, the default value is 80 for http protocols "PATH" specifies the location of the file on the server "FILE.EXT" is the name of the file to be returned "#POS" specifies a location in the file. POSITION is a symbolic name (containing no blank spaces). The browser will scroll the window down to that position when first viewing the file. item "?N=V&..." This is a mechanism for passing values to the server which it can use to generate the web page it will send back to you. You often seen this kind of an address after filling out a search form for a search engine. When you bookmark this page and return to it, the URL contains a precise description of everything you entered on the form. These more complex URLs will be come easier to understand after we have discussed servlets in a later chapter. References: none ...


text:
Book of Magic/Further Reading

General (covers a wide range of effects)
Books: Videos:
 * Mark Wilson's Complete Course in Magic by Mark Wilson
 * Roped In featuring Aldo Colombini

Card Effects
Books:
 * Royal Road to Card Magic by Jean Hugard and Frederick Braue
 * Card College series by Roberto Giobbi
 * The Expert at the Card Table by S.W Erdnase
 * Expert Card Technique by Jean Hugard and Frederick Braue

Videos:
 * Easy to Master Card Miracles series by Michael Ammar

Coin Effects
Books:
 * Modern Coin Magic by J.B. Bobo

Videos:
 * Easy to Master Money MIracles series by Michael Ammar

Mental Effects
Books:
 * 13 Steps to Mentalism by Tony Corinda

Videos:
 * Easy to Master Mental Miracles series by Richard Osterlind
 * Mind Mysteries series by Richard Osterlind
 * Banachek's PSI Series by Banachek

Online Learning Resources

 * www.reelmagic.com

title: Book of Magic/Further Reading


text:
History of Mathematics

From Wikipedia's History of Mathematics: This text will guide you through the history of mathematics, emphasizing mathematics that are believed to have had a significant impact on the modern field of Math. This text is designed to be used in a course supporting general mathematical studies, to provide the student with an appreciation of the struggles and achievements of historic mathematicians. It is expected that the student has been exposed to introductory mathematics concepts, such as logic, college level algebra, introductory calculus, basic trigonometry, and geometry. Thorough knowledge should not be required, but the student should be able to follow progressions from postulate to theorem.

title: History of Mathematics


text:
Template:History of Mathematics/TOC

{| align="left" cellspacing="0" class="toccolours" style="clear:both;"

Contents

 * - style="background:#edf;"
 * Main
 * 1) Early Math Prehistoric and ancient maths, from Egypt, India, and Mesopotamia
 * 2) The Greeks Hellenistic math, including the accomplishments of Pythagoreans, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Euclid, and Archimedes
 * 3) Post Greco Maths Maths during the Medieval times (c 300-1100), in Europe, India, the Middle East, and China
 * 4) Rebirth and the Dawn of Modern Mathematics
 * Authors
 * }
 * }

title: Template:History of Mathematics/TOC


text:
User talk:Essie

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User talk:Dintiradan~enwikibooks

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User talk:Kendricbeachey

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User talk:Alexlimo

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Book of Magic/Card Magic/Card Shuffling

Overhand Shuffle
1. Hold the deck with the four fingers of the left hand on the front short side, and thumb at the rear. The right hand turns upward so it can receive the cards.

2. Approach the deck with the right hand, and grab it with the thumb at the top long side, and the fingers at the bottom. Keep hold of the deck with the left hand.

3. Move both hands apart so that the left hand is holding the majority of the cards and the right hand is holding a small stack. The left hand is the only hand that should move here.

4. Begin to move the left hand to the right and downwards so that the packet of cards in the right hand goes behind those in the left. The right thumb should contact the top of the lefthand packet as before.

5. Repeat the action of dropping a packet of cards into the right hand.

6. Repeat until all the cards are in the right hand

Tips:

 * Keep the right forefinger on the front of the deck as you shuffle
 * Keep the right little (pinky) finger on the back of the deck as much as possible
 * Start off with only a small amount of packets shuffled (like two or three), and then gradually progress up to a large number of packets.

title: Book of Magic/Card Magic/Card Shuffling


text:
Template talk:History of Mathematics/TOC

Organization of this book
My desire is to see the final chapters to each follow the development of individual fields of study. However, given the intertwined development of most fields, it may prove to be counter-productive, and given my tendency to drift from subject to subject, a resultant text may prove to have too much digression, and probably too much overlapping content. Also, such an arrangement of information might not fit with educator lesson plans. --Schusselig 05:16, 12 July 2007 (UTC)


text:
History of Mathematics/Early Math

Ancient Egypt
The Egyptian system employed hieroglyphs, shown in figure 1, in a manner similar to the later Roman numerals, that also allowed the Egyptians to describe fractions. While each symbol represents a power of 10, the Egyptian system did not have a base like modern number systems because the position of a digit within an Egyptian number didn't give you information about its value. The Egyptians would express numbers by drawing a given symbol as many times as was needed to describe the multiple it represented. Thus the number 2369 could be written as shown in figure 2.

Multiplication was done by employing a form of what we now call binary arithmetic. The multiplicand would be written next to the glyph 1, then the multiplicand would be doubled and written next to the glyph 2. Then both numbers would be doubled and this process would be continued until the glyph was at or greater half the value of the multiplier. Finally, the glyphs would be subtracted from the multiplier, while the corresponding multiplicands would be added together. Thus, an example of multiplying $$12 \times 13$$:

Figure 7: Egyptian Multiplication of 12 by 13

Rhind papyrus
Much of our understanding of Egyptian mathematics comes from the deciphering of a few papyri that were actually written in hieratic script. The most famous such papyrus is the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, which dates from about 1650 BC, but its author, Ahmes, identifies it as a copy of an older Middle Kingdom papyrus. The Rhind papyrus contains 84 word problems, and a table of 101 Egyptian fraction expansions for numbers of the form 2/n. It also includes formulas and methods for the addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of sums of unit fractions, and contains evidence of other mathematical knowledge, including arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means; composite and prime numbers; and simplistic understandings of both the Sieve of Eratosthenes and perfect number theory. It also shows how to solve first order linear equations as well as summing arithmetic and geometric series.

An example of these word problems, asks the reader to find x and a fraction of x such that the sum of x and its fraction equals a given integer. Problem #24 from the papyrus asks the reader "A quantity added to a quarter of that quantity become 15. What is the quantity?" In modern notation the problem is to solve x + x/4 = 15. The problem is worked out by guessing that x = 4, which will remove the fraction from the problem. With x = 4, x + x/4 = 5, which is not the correct answer, however 5 x 3 = 15, so, 4 x 3 = 12 = x, which is correct. Some historians believe that the method was to divide x into 4 equal pieces, ie x = 4y, so that the solver could find the number of these pieces required to equal 15, being 5, or 4y + 4y/4 = 4y + y = 5y = 15. Thus the size of each piece is 3, being 4 of them to make x, x = 12.

Moscow papyrus
The Moscow Mathematical Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian mathematical papyrus, also called the Golenishchev Mathematical Papyrus, after its first owner, Egyptologist Vladimir Golenishchev. Golenishchev bought the papyrus in 1892 or 1893 in Thebes. It later entered the collection of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow, where it remains today.

Based on the palaeography and orthography of the hieratic text, the text was most likely written down in the 13th dynasty and based on older material probably dating to the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt, roughly 1850 BC. Approximately 18 feet long and varying between 1½ and 3 inches wide, its format was divided into 25 problems with solutions by the Soviet Orientalist Vasily Vasilievich Struve in 1930. It is a well-known mathematical papyrus along with the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus. The Moscow Mathematical Papyrus is older than the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, while the latter is the larger of the two.

Berlin papyrus
The Berlin papyrus, written around 1300 BC, shows that ancient Egyptians had solved two second-order, one unknown, equations that some have called Diophantine equations. The Berlin method for solving x2 + y2 = 100 has not been confirmed in a second hieratic text, though it has been confirmed by a second Berlin Papyrus problem.

Mesopotamia
Another ancient people with respectable mathematics were the peoples of Mesopotamia. From the time of the Sumerians until the fall of Babylon, the mathematics used by these people is referred to as Babylonian mathematics. We know much about these peoples capabilities from several hundred clay tablets that have been uncovered since the mid-nineteenth century.

Arithmetic
Babylonian mathematics was based on a sexagesimal numeral system, and unlike the Egyptians, they employed a place value system to describe numbers larger than 59. Individual digits were described using a sub-base-ten system, where a "<" would be used to describe the value of what we would call the "tens" place, and a "Y" would describe the "ones" place. So the number 12 could be written <YY and the number 31 would be <<<Y, see figure 1. Also, a number such as 82 would be written Y<<YY; Y or 1 for the high order digit, <<YY or 22 in the lower order digit.

The Babylonians did not initially have a figure to represent the number 0, and simply assumed the idea of zero to simply be the lack of a number. Thus, a number like 364, which would be 1,0,4 in sexagesimal, would be Y YYYY. Note the space, which later would be replaced by a place holder and would be the only approximation to zero the Babylonians ever bothered to use.

To simplify writing sexagesimal numbers using modern Arabic numerals, places are often separated by a comma, and a decimal place described by a semicolon, thus the number 398.44 would be written 6,38;44. To convert from decimal to sexagesimal, divide the number by the highest sexagesimal place value that will go into the number, then repeat with the remainder. (7299 → 20 × 360 + 99 → 20 × 360 + 1 × 60 + 39 → 7299 = 20,1,39)

For multiplication, the Babylonians used tables of squares and the equation

$$ab = \frac{(a + b)^2 - a^2 - b^2}{2}$$ or $$ab = \frac{(a + b)^2 - (a - b)^2}{4}$$

Thus, to find 9 x 3, a babylonian could find the squares of 9 + 3 (12) and 9 - 3 (6), or 144 and 36, respectively, subtract the smaller from the larger 144 - 36, or 108, and take a fourth of this number, 27.

To perform division, a table of reciprocals was used, basing the method on the fact that $$a/b = a\times1/b$$. An example of 144/6, using sexagesimal notation (1,14/6):

$$\frac{2,14}{6} = 2,14\times;6 = \frac{(2,14 + ;6)}{hi}$$

Ancient India
In India lot of Jain granth (Scriptures) contain complicated mathematics. Those books are very old and contains all forms of mathematics. It will be a great help to world of Mathematics if some body do the proper study of Jain Books which contains mathematics.

title: History of Mathematics/Early Math


text:
Book of Magic/Card Magic/False Counts

Elmsley and Jordan
Card mechanics come in various types, some complex, some simple. To learn them all would be almost impossible. As a magician you should strive to master those things which you do learn, practicing them until you can do them without looking at the cards. With every move, there are certain degrees of difficulty. Learning those moves that have a smaller degree of difficulty first will make it easier to learn the more complex moves later.

With this in mind, there are two very valuable utility moves that you can learn that with just a little practice can make you look like a professional magician. These are the Elmsley Count and the Jordan Count. Both moves are designed to allow the magician to show any number of cards as four cards, or to show four cards as all facing the same direction when one is inverted.

Elmsley
Lets look at the last method first, as it is the easiest to understand. The starting position of the cards would be two face down the third face up and the fourth face down in the left hand ( in mechanics grip.) the right hand takes the top card as you make the count (inferred or vocal.) The left hand pushes the top two cards as one; to the right (this would be the second card which is face down, and the third card which is face up.) As the right hand moves to take the two cards, it will redeposit the first card taken back to the bottom of the left hand as you count the second card. Now both hands should contain two cards. The right hand should contain from top to bottom, one face down card and one face up card. The left hand should contain two face down cards. The left hand pushes the top card over and the right hand takes it for the count of three. Finally the right hand takes the last card from the left hand for the count of four. The right hand now contains from top to bottom three face down cards and a face up card on bottom. This is the starting position of the Jordan Count which we will discuss in a moment.

The Elmsley Count can also be used to show several cards as four. For example let’s say you had six cards and you wanted to show that you only had four. You would start with the six cards in your left hand, and take the top card with your right hand. As you bring the hands back together to apparently get another card, you push off all of the cards except the bottom one with the left hand and at the same time you take the small packet with the right hand, you redeposit the card in the right hand to the bottom of the left hand. At this point you would have four cards in the right hand and two cards in the left hand. At this point you would be at a count of two. On the count of three, you would take the card from the top of the left hand. Taking the last card from the left hand to the right on the count of four. At this point you could count them again, or remove one leaving five cards and repeat to show that you still only have four cards. You can keep doing this until you only have three cards left and can still count them as four.

Pictures and or Video will be forthcoming.

Jordan
As with the Elmsley Count, the Jordan Count can hide the orientation or quantity of cards in the packet. The difference is in the starting position of the cards. With the Jordan Count, you start with 3 face down cards on top of a face up card. To do the count you first take one card from the left hand with the right hand, as you take the second card from the left hand you get a break between the two cards in the right hand. As you take the apparent third card from the left hand you actually take the remaining cards from the left hand while simultaneously redepositing the bottom card of the right hand back in to the left on the count of three. Then simply take the last card (this was originally the top card of the packet) with the right hand for the count of four.

title: Book of Magic/Card Magic/False Counts


text:
Book of Magic/Card Magic/Double Lift

Double Lift
The object of performing a Double Lift, is to pick up the top or bottom two cards as onecard only. . To do a Double Lift, hold the deck on the palm of the left hand with your fingers on one side and have the thumb on the other side. With either the little finger of your left hand or the index finger of your left hand,you can now casually count off the two top or bottom two cards for that matter. (Normally Its best and safer to use the little finger for counting.) Now bevel the deck across your finger tips or better stil, get a little fingertip break or separation between the the top or bottom two cards (after counting them), Thus separating the top or bottom two cards from the rest of the deck. You now have easy access to the two top or bottom cards. You now slide the two cards across the deck with the left thumb to the right, so that you can now move your right hand pick them up at the top corner, between the right thumb on top and forefinger below held firm, so you can correctly pick them up as ONE CARD.

The double-lift is a powerful technique in the hands of a magician. If performed with even a modicium of skill, it easily goes unnoticed even close up!It is usually used to fool spectators, by showing the the second card As the top card.

title: Book of Magic/Card Magic/Double Lift


text:
User talk:Shantanu naware

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User talk:Vanja~enwikibooks

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title: User talk:Vanja~enwikibooks


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User talk:Raj.aprilfool

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title: User talk:Raj.aprilfool


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User talk:Tataji ch

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User talk:Umarali~enwikibooks

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Umarali~enwikibooks


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User talk:Nani246496~enwikibooks

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nani246496. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nani246496~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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title: User talk:Nani246496~enwikibooks


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User talk:Manojksinghania

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title: User talk:Manojksinghania


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User talk:Hammon27

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title: User talk:Hammon27


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User talk:Choonghonda~enwikibooks

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:47, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Choonghonda~enwikibooks


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User talk:Gracia Caroline

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title: User talk:Gracia Caroline


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User talk:Matasg

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title: User talk:Matasg


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User talk:Saleeha~enwikibooks

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Saleeha~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Air.nitin

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title: User talk:Air.nitin


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User talk:Shpooya

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title: User talk:Shpooya


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User talk:Mshanka

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title: User talk:Mshanka


text:
User talk:Karthiknlk1

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title: User talk:Karthiknlk1


text:
User talk:58.69.85.9

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 10:14, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:58.69.85.9


text:
Logic for Computer Scientists/Modal Logic/Translation Method

Translation Method
There are several methods aiming at a translation of propositional modal logics into first order predicate logics. The idea is, to transform the semantic conditions for the reachability into logical formulae: One rule for the definition of the semantic was: $$ w \models \Box A   \;\;  \mbox{ iff } \mbox{for all } v \in W, (w,v)\not\in R \mbox{ or } v\models A $$ This can be compiled into a formula by substituting the modal formula $$\square P$$ by the first oder formula $$ \forall y R(x,y) \to P'(y)$$. Hence we can eliminate all modal operators by introducing the first order translations. The result of such a translation is a classical first order formula, which can be processed by the methods we have seen before.

For a modal formula $$F$$ we define its translation $$F^*$$: As a result, we have
 * $$P^* = P(x)$$, if $$P$$ is a propositional constant
 * $$(\lnot F)^* = \lnot (F)$$
 * $$(F \land G)^* = (F^* \land G^*)$$
 * $$(\square F)^* = (\forall y (R(x,y) \to F^*(x/y)))$$, where $$y$$ is a new variable not occurring in $$F^*$$ and $$ F^*(x/y)$$ is the result of replacing  all free occurrences of $$x$$ in $$F^*$$ by $$y$$.

Theorem 1
F is a valid modal formal in $$K$$ iff $$F^*$$ is a valid first order formula.

Together with the observation that validity in modal logic $$K$$ (like in many others) is decidable, we hence have a sublogic of first order classical predicate logic which is decidable! Modal logic can be seen as a fragment of 2-variable first-order logic $$FO^2$$.


text:
Logic for Computer Scientists/Modal Logic/Temporal Logics

Temporal Logics
The two modalities $$\square$$ and $$\diamond $$ cannot be used to distinguish between past and future. For this we need a multi-modal logic with the following $$\square$$-operators and the corresponding $$\diamond$$-operators:
 * $$ [F] A $$: $$ A$$ holds always in the future
 * $$ [P]A$$: $$ A$$ holds always in the past
 * $$ [A]A$$: $$ A$$ holds always
 * $$ \langle F\rangle A $$: $$ A$$ holds somewhere in the future
 * $$ \langle P\rangle A $$: $$ A$$ holds somewhere in the past
 * $$ \langle A\rangle A $$: $$ A$$ holds somewhere

The semantics is then given as before, by giving constraints for the three reachability relations or by giving appropriate axioms, e.g. In addition there are many other aspects of temporal logics. E.g. one can distinguish between left- and rightlinear structures or between dense and discrete time structures.
 * $$[F] A \to [F][F]A$$: Transitivity; an analog axiom holds for the two other $$\square$$-operators.
 * $$A \to [F] \langle P\rangle A$$: if we go from a time point $$t$$ in the future $$t'$$, we can go back in the past to the time point where $$A$$ was true.
 * $$[A] A \leftrightarrow [F]A \land[P] A $$: connection of past with future.


text:
User talk:Shuffster

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

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title: User talk:Shuffster


text: Template:User university

title: Template:User university


text:
User:Thefrettinghand

I'm a researcher in abstract algebra, in particular group theory at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. I'm also interested in mathematical analysis - in particular questions in real analysis and geometric measure theory.

Current work
My research focuses in computational problems in geometric group theory and generalisations to semigroups and monoids; I also have a long-standing research interest in combinatorial group and semigroup theory.

I also have an interest in formal systems, and in particular the interplay between computational and dynamical properties of such systems. This particular aspect of systems theory applies well to both abstract dynamical systems, as well as having a role to play in developing a theoretical framework to model evolutionary behavior in biology.

I founded the fractal geometry book in wikibooks, and have contributed to work in abstract algebra, analysis and geometry while I was an undergraduate student.

Other Interests
I feel that it's important to maintain interests outside of mathematics; I am and have been an active musician for over half a decade. My main instruments are bass guitar and guitar, but I've been experimenting with synthesiser performance and sound design recently. My main styles of music are Scottish Folk music, blues, jazz, electro and drum and bass.

title: User:Thefrettinghand


text:
User:Mintz l

Hi
You'd probably reach me on my hebrew wikibooks talk page.

title: User:Mintz l