text:
Judaism/Jewish Ethnic Divisions

By sheer numbers, the overwhelming majority of Jews fall into only a handful of communities. The largest ethnically Jewish community, constituting the majority of world Jewry, are the Ashkenazim (historically meaning "German" in Medieval Hebrew) who can ultimately be traced back to Jews who migrated from Israel to Italy in the first and second centuries" and from Italy to southern Germany in the 7th-8th centuries, spreading thereafter to central and eastern Europe. The Sephardim (Hebrew for "Spanish") are those descended from Jews who migrated from the Middle East to the Iberian Peninsula, and were scattered in 1492 throughout North Africa, the Netherlands, south-eastern Europe, back to the Near and Middle East, and parts of the Americas. Together, Ashkenazim and Sephardim comprise 90-95% of the world's Jewish population — though the Ashkenazim alone constitute around 80% of Jews worldwide.

The designations "Ashkenazi" and "Sephardi" encompass cultural, religious, culinary, linguistic and other differences. Some scholars maintain that Ashkenazi Jews are inheritors of the religious traditions of the great Babylonian Jewish academies, and that Sephardi Jews are descendants of those who originally followed the Judean Jewish religious traditions.

History
As long ago as Biblical times, cultural and linguistic differences between Jewish communities even within the area of Palestine are observed both within the Bible itself as well as from archeological remains. The full extent of these differences, however, is unknown at this time. Following the defeat of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, the Jewish people were dispersed throughout the Middle East, especially in Egypt, Yemen and Mesopotamia. By the height of the Roman Empire, Jewish communities could be found in nearly every notable settlement throughout the Empire, as well as scattered communities found in settlements beyond the Empire's borders in northern Europe and in Africa. In the east, Jewish communities could be found throughout Parthia and empires even further east into India, China and in eastern Europe and southwestern Asia, where as much as a third of the population of Khazaria is believed to have been Jewish at one time. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, and especially after the Moorish invasion of Iberia, communications between the communities in various parts of the former Empire became sporadic. With increasing persecution in "Ashkenaz", i.e., the areas that are now northern France and Germany, masses of Jews began to move further to the east, where they were welcomed by the king of Poland. At the same time, as a result of the freer communications within the Muslim world, the communities in Iberia were in more frequent communication with those in North Africa and the Middle East. Meanwhile, communities further afield, in central and south Asia and central Africa, remained isolated and continued to develop their own unique traditions. Following the 1492 expulsion from Spain, the Sephardim were dispersed to the Americas, the Netherlands, the Balkans, North Africa and in smaller numbers to other areas of the Middle East.

In Israel
Although the Jewish population was severely reduced after the Arab invasions of the 7th century and the Christian Crusades, Jews were always present in Palestine. Over the centuries following the Crusades, Jews from around the world began returning in small numbers. Upon arrival, these Jews adopted the customs of the Mizraḥi and Sephardi communities into which they moved. With the rise of Zionism in the late 19th and early 20th century, and Nationalsozialisme in the 1930ties Ashkenazi immigration brought the Jewish population of Palestine to several hundred thousand, the majority of whom were Ashkenazim, by the time the State of Israel was proclaimed in 1948. Following the declaration of the State, a flood of Jewish immigrants entered Israel from Arab countries, most of whom were Sephardim or so-called "Arab-Jews" from the Maghreb, Yemen, Iraq, and smaller communities, principally from Egypt and Libya, and a number of Jews who came from non-Arab Muslim countries, mainly Persia and Turkey. More recently, other communities have also arrived, including large groups of Jews from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. Because of the relative homogeneity of Ashkenazic Jewry, over time, all Jews from Europe came to be called "Ashkenazi" in Israel, regardless of whether they were Ashkenazim, while Jews from Africa and Asia have come to be called "Sephardi", regardless of whether or not they are actually Sephardim. Tensions between the two groups instigated shortly after the declaration of the state. The European-descended people, claiming social superiority, occupied virtually all the important political positions. The student and lecturer body of Israel's universities was overwhelmingly Ashkenazi. Sephardim (in its wider meaning) were often victim to discrimination, and were sometimes called "Schwartze" (meaning "black" in Yiddish). An immigrant from Iraq recalls when he first arrived to Israel he was given a tent, while a friend of his from Germany was given an apartment. Another incident occurred when a young Ashkenazi girl nearly drowned in a lake in Ramath Gan and a teenaged Persian boy dove in and saved her. The boy did not receive any official recognition from the school or city, which he probably would have if he had been Ashkenazi. Marriage between the two groups of Jews was initially uncommon, but in recent generations, the social discrimination has diminished due to extensive intermarriage and assimilation as a whole into a common Israeli identity. Another community often written of are Mizraḥim. This is not an actual community, but rather a convenient "catch-all" for Jews from the Muslim world who are not Sephardim. For a more detailed discussion, see Mizrahi Jew.

Divisions
Because of the independence of local communities, Jewish "ethnicities", even when they circumscribe differences in liturgy, language, cuisine and other cultural accoutrements, are more often a reflection of geographic and historical isolation from other communities. It is for this reason that communities are referred to by referencing the historical region in which the community cohered when discussing their practices, regardless of where those practices are found today. The Jewish communities of the modern world can all be found represented today in Israel, which is as much a melting pot as it is a salad bowl. The smaller groups number in the hundreds to tens of thousands, with the Gruzim and Beta Israel being most numerous at somewhat over 100,000 each. Many members of these groups have now emigrated from their traditional homelands, largely to Israel. For example, only about 10 percent of the Gruzim remain in Georgia. A brief description of the extant communities is as follows, by the geographic regions with which they are associated:

Europe and the Caucasus
▪ Ashkenazim are Jews who migrated north from Italy into Germany and France, and later into Eastern Europe. Ashkenazim comprise far-and-away the majority of Jews, with approximately 70 percent of the Jewish total. Among the Ashkenazim are a number of cultural groups, roughly: ▪ Western (sometimes called Yekkes), stemming from northern France, from the Lowlands, historical Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Scandinavia. ▪ Oberlander, Western Yiddish speaking Jews originating in the Oberland region of Hungary and the district surrounding Bratislava in Slovakia. ▪ Central (Galitzianers) from Hungary, southwestern Poland, western Ukraine and northern Serbia and Montenegro ▪ Northeastern (see Litvak) ▪ Southeastern, predominantly from Ukraine, Moldova and Romania ▪ Bené Roma or Italkim are the Jews of Italy. ▪ Chuts were Dutch Jews, observing an amalgam of Ashkenazi and Sephardi customs, living in London, although this community has almost completely been lost to history. ▪ Gruzim are Georgian-speaking Jews from Georgia in the Caucasus. ▪ Juhurim are mountain Jews mainly from Daghestan and Azerbaidjan in the eastern Caucasus. ▪ Krymchaks and Karaim are Turkic-speaking Jews of the Crimea and Eastern Europe. The Krymchaks practice rabbinical Judaism, while the Karaim are Karaites. Whether they are primarily the descendants of Israelite Jews who adopted Turkic language and culture, or the descendants of Turkic converts to Judaism, is still debated. ▪ Romaniotes are Greek-speaking Jews from the Balkans that lived there from the Hellenistic era until today. ▪ San Nicandro Jews - A group of mid-20th century converts from Italy ▪ Sephardim are Jews whose ancestors lived in Spain or Portugal, where they lived for possibly as much as two millennia before being expelled in 1492 (see Alhambra decree); they subsequently migrated to North Africa, the eastern Mediterranean, Latin America, the Netherlands, the Balkans, and other parts of Europe. During the 1950s and '60s most Jews from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia fled to either Israel (where they presently comprise approximately 50% of the Jewish population) or to France (where they have become the majority of a Jewish population that was traditionally Ashkenazi). ▪ Spanish and Portuguese Jews Nação - West Europe Sephardi ▪ Conversos Belmonte, Portugal and some parts of Brazil ▪ Baleares Chueta ▪ Maghreb Anusim ▪ Amazonian Hebraicos - Moroccan Jewish communities in Belém, Santarém, Manaus and many river villages in the Amazon basin. ▪ Salonika Jews

Middle East and Central Asia
▪ Bukharan Jews are Jews from Central Asia. They get their name from the Uzbek city of Bukhara, which once had a large community. ▪ Iraqi Jews are descendants of the Jews who have lived in Mesopotamia since the time of the Assyrian conquest of Canaan ▪ Kurdish Jews from Kurdistan, as distinct from the Persian Jews of central and eastern Persia ▪ Persian Jews from Iran (commonly called Parsim in Israel) have a 2700-year history. ▪ Yemenite Jews are Oriental Jews whose geographic and social isolation from the rest of the Jewish community allowed them to develop a liturgy and set of practices that are significantly distinct from other Oriental Jewish groups; they themselves comprise three distinctly different groups. ▪ Egyptian Jews are generally Jews thought to have descended from the great Jewish communities of Hellenistic Alexandria. ▪ Lebanese Jews are the Jews that lived around Beirut. After the Lebanese Civil War, the community's emigration appears to have been completed; few remain in Lebanon today. ▪ Omani Jews are the early Jewish community of Sohar. They are thought to be descendants of Ishaq bin Yahuda, a Sohari merchant around the first millennia. This community is believed to have disappeared by 1900. ▪ Syrian Jews are generally divided into two groups: those who inhabited Syria from the time of King David (1000 B.C.), and those who fled to Syria after the Spanish Inquisition (1492 A.D). There were large communities in both Aleppo and Damascus for centuries. In the early twentieth century a large percentage of Syrian Jews emigrated to the U.S., South America, and Israel. Today there are almost no Jews left in Syria. The largest Syrian-Jewish community is located in Brooklyn, New York, and estimated at 40,000.

Africa
▪ Abayudaya of Uganda ▪ Beta Israel from Ethiopia, tens of thousands of whom were brought to Israel during Operation Solomon and Operation Moses ▪ The House of Israel, several hundred Sefwi tribesmen in Ghana ▪ The emergent Jewish community among the Igbo in Nigeria, perhaps as many as 30,000 strong ▪ Various other small African Jewish populations are also found, from the Lemba in Malawi, South Africa, Mozambique and Zimbabwe; the "prophetic" Jews from the vicinity of Rusape, Zimbabwe; as well as vestigial communities in São Tomé e Príncipe and Timbuktu, Mali.

India and China
▪ Bene Israel are the Jews of Mumbai, India, most of whom presently reside in Israel. ▪ Cochin Jews are also Indian Jews from southwestern India, most of whom also now reside in Israel. Included among these are the Paradesi Jews. ▪ Baghdadi Jews [3] Those Jews came from Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Arab countries and settled in India in 18th Century. ▪ Bnei Menashe. A group of Jews living in Manipur and Mizoram in northeastern India, claiming descent from the dispersed Biblical Tribe of Menasseh. ▪ Bene Ephraim, the Telugu-speaking Jews of Kottareddipalem in Andhra Pradesh, India. ▪ Chinese Jews: most prominent were the Kaifeng Jews, an ancient Jewish community in China, descended from merchants living in China from at least the era of the Tang dynasty. Today functionally extinct, although several hundred descendants have recently begun to explore and reclaim their heritage.

Americas
▪ Hispanic Crypto-Jews are the descendants of those Sephardi Jews who migrated to the New World at the onset of the Spanish Inquisition, and who then hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the inquisition's franchises that had followed them to Latin America. Their numbers are difficult to assertain as most are at least nominally Catholic. Collectively, they could possibly reach the millions. Most are mixed descendants, although some communities may have been able to maintain a degree of endogamy (marrying only other Crypto-Jews) throughout the centuries. They may or may not consider themselves Jewish, some may continue to preserve some of their Jewish heritage in secrecy, many others may not even be aware of it. Most are not recognised as Jews according to halakha. Small numbers of various communities have formally returned to Judaism over the past decade after over five centuries of isolation. See also anusim. ▪ Iquitos Jews are the "accidental" descendants of mostly Moroccan Jewish traders and tappers who arrived in the Peruvian Amazon city of Iquitos during the rubber boom of the 1880s. Because usually only one in four or eight of their ancestors was Jewish, and being that the Jewish descent was paterilineal (the Jewish traders were all males who had coupled up with local mestizo or Amerindian females), their Jewishness is not recognised according to halakha. The Iquitos Jews are integrated into the local mestizo population. Because of the still existing Peruvian race/class system, there is virtually no interaction between the small halakhic Jewish population concentrated in Lima (under 3,000, most of whom are integrated into Lima's elite white minority) and the Jews of Iquitos. Iquitos Jews have only recently begun rediscovering their Jewish roots thanks to efforts made by Israeli outreach programmes. Some have formally returned to Judaism and now live in Israel after having made aliyah. ▪ Inca Jews are converts to Judaism originally from the Andes Mountains north of Lima, Peru. Some of these individuals are of indigenous Amerindian descent — hence Inca — though most are mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian, though none with any known Sephardi ancestors). Again, there is virtually no interaction between Peru's small Ashkenazi population and the Inca Jews. The Ashkenazi community in Lima only approved of their conversions to Judaism if they were not conducted under the authority of the local beit din, and that they agree to emigrate from Peru once converted. The conversions were subsequently conducted under the auspices of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, most then made aliyah and now live in Israel. There are still some left in Peru, and a few hundred more of the same community are awaiting conversions. ▪ Other Jewish communities throughout the Americas are the descendants of Jews who found their way to the New World at different periods in modern history. Most of these Jews, particularly American Jews, are Ashkenazi, and they in fact compose the majority of recognised Jews on the American continent today. There are also Sephardi, Mizraḥi and other historic groups represented, as well as mixes of any or all of these, but they are included in their respective groups discussed in earlier sections of the article.

title: Judaism/Jewish Ethnic Divisions


text:
Judaism/Introduction

Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people with around 15 million followers as of 2006. It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. The values and history of the Jewish people are a major part of the foundation of other Abrahamic religions such as Samaritanism, Christianity, Islam, and the Bahá'í Faith.

Judaism has seldom, if ever, been monolithic in practice (although it has been, and continues to be, monotheistic in theology), and differs from many religions in that its central authority is not vested in any person or group but rather in its writings and traditions (known as the Torah). Despite this, Judaism in all its variations has remained tightly bound to a number of religious principles, the most important of which is the belief in a single, omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent, transcendent God, who created the universe and continues to be involved in its governance. According to traditional Jewish thought, the God who created the world established a covenant with the Jewish people, and revealed his laws and commandments to them in the form of the Torah. The practice of Judaism is devoted to the study and observance of these laws and commandments, as written in the Torah.

Judaism does not fit easily into conventional Western categories, such as religion, ethnicity, or culture, in part because most of its 5,000-year history predates the rise of Western culture, or occurred outside of the West. During this time, Jews have experienced slavery, anarchic and theocratic self-government, conquest, occupation, and exile; they have been in contact with, and have been influenced by ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, and Hellenic cultures, as well as modern movements such as the Enlightenment (see Haskalah) and the rise of nationalism (which would bear fruit in the form of a Jewish state in the Levant. They also saw an elite convert to Judaism (the Khazars), only to disappear as the centers of power in the lands once occupied by that elite fell to the people of Rus and then the Mongols. Thus, Talmud professor Daniel Boyarin has argued that "Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity, because it is not national, not genealogical, not religious, but all of these, in dialectical tension."

Source
Judaism

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Judaism/Introduction


text:
Judaism/Israel

The first wave of modern Jewish immigration to Israel, or Aliyah (עלייה) started in 1881 as Jews fled persecution, or followed the Socialist Zionist ideas of Moses Hess and others of "redemption of the land." Jews bought land from Ottoman and individual Arab landholders. After Jews established agricultural settlements, renewed tensions erupted between the Jews and Arabs.

Theodor Herzl (1860–1904), an Austrian Jew, founded the Zionist movement. In 1896, he published Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), in which he called for the establishment of a national Jewish state. The following year he helped convene the first World Zionist Congress. The establishment of modern Zionism led to the Second Aliyah (1904–1914) with the influx of around 40,000 Jews. In 1917, the British Foreign Secretary Arthur J. Balfour issued the Balfour Declaration that "view[ed] with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people". In 1920, Palestine became a League of Nations mandate administered by Britain. Jewish immigration reached peaks in third (1919–1923) and fourth (1924–1929) waves after World War I. Arab riots in Palestine of 1929 killed 133 Jews, including 67 in Hebron.

The rise of Nazism in 1933 led to a fifth wave of Aliyah. The Jews in the region increased from 11% of the population in 1922 to 30% by 1940. The subsequent Holocaust in Europe led to additional immigration from other parts of Europe. By the end of World War II, the number of Jews in Palestine was approximately 600,000.

In 1939, the British introduced a White Paper of 1939, which limited Jewish immigration over the course of the war to 75,000 and restricted purchase of land by Jews, perhaps in response to the Great Arab Uprising (1936-1939). The White Paper was seen as a betrayal by the Jewish community and Zionists, who perceived it as being in conflict with the Balfour Declaration of 1917, and was viewed with great alarm as the occurrences of the Nazi holocaust became apparent. The Arabs were not entirely satisfied either, as they wanted Jewish immigration halted completely. However, the White Paper guided British policy until the end of the term of their Mandate.

title: Judaism/Israel


text:
Judaism/Who is a Jew?

The question of who is a Jew? (Hebrew: ?מיהו יהודי) is a religious, social and political debate on the exact definition of which persons can be considered Jewish. As Judaism shares some of the characteristics of an ethnicity and a religion, the definitions of a Jew may vary, depending on whether a religious, sociological, or ethnical approach to identity is used. This question has been tackled not only within the Jewish community, but also by outside parties trying to understand and/or regulate it.

According to most definitions, a Jew is either born into the Jewish people, or becomes one through religious conversion. The debate centers around the following questions:

 * Mixed parentage: Debate tries to identify when people with mixed parentage should be considered Jewish, and when they should not be.
 * Traditional view: If one's mother is Jewish, then the person is Jewish, and if one's mother is not Jewish, then the person is not.

 * Conversion: Debate centers around the process of religious conversion in an attempt to specify which conversions to Judaism should be considered valid, and which should not.
 * Traditional view: There are two or three required steps for a valid conversion: A male must be circumcised. Both males and females must freely consent to all the obligations of being a Jew. Both males and females must immerse in a mikveh (ritual bath) in the presence of a beit din (rabbinic court).

 * Life circumstances: Debate focuses on whether people's actions (such as conversion to a different religion) or circumstances in their lives (such as being unaware of Jewish parentage) affect their status as a Jew.
 * Traditional view: Judaism does not recognize conversion to another religion as valid: "Once a Jew, always a Jew." However, one who does so is viewed as having turned his back on his people, and therefore is denied many of the privileges of being a Jew (such as being counted towards a minyan (quorum for prayer) or being eligible for burial in a Jewish cemetery). In theory, a person is Jewish even if he was raised as a non-Jew and later learned that his mother (or his maternal grandmother, or his mother's maternal grandmother, and so on) was Jewish. But in practice, such cases might be founded on rumor or even just wishful thinking, and so (depending on how much evidence can be found) many rabbis might want the person to undergo a ritual conversion just to be sure.

Source

 * Who is a Jew?

title: Judaism/Who is a Jew?


text:
Judaism/What do Jews Believe?

There are a number of basic Jewish principles of faith that one is expected to uphold in order to be said to be in consonance with the Jewish faith. Unlike most Christian denominations, Judaism lacks a dogma. The closest anyone has come, though, is the list of Thirteen Principles by Maimonides (Rambam).

 * 1) God exists
 * 2) God is one and unique
 * 3) God is incorporeal
 * 4) God is eternal
 * 5) Prayer is to be directed to God alone and to no other
 * 6) The words of the prophets are true
 * 7) Moses' prophecies are true, and Moses was the greatest of the prophets
 * 8) The Written Torah (first 5 books of the Bible) and Oral Torah (teachings now contained in the Talmud and other writings) were given to Moses
 * 9) There will be no other Torah
 * 10) God knows the thoughts and deeds of men
 * 11) God will reward the good and punish the wicked
 * 12) The Messiah will come
 * 13) The dead will be resurrected

The final two principles are two of the most controversial, with many outside of Orthodox Judaism not adhering to the final two principles.

A number of formulations of Jewish beliefs have appeared, though there is some dispute over how many basic principles there are. Rabbi Joseph Albo, for instance, in Sefer Ha-Ikkarim counts three principles of faith, while the Rambam (Maimonides) lists thirteen. While some later rabbis have attempted to reconcile the differences, claiming that the Rambam's principles are covered by Albo's much shorter list, the difference, and alternate lists provided by other medieval rabbinic authorities seem to indicate a some level of tolerance for varying theological perspectives.

In comparison to Christianity, Judaism tends to focus more on actions and practical results and less on theological understandings. Ultimately, however, theology is also quite important in Judaism.

Jewish principles of faith

title: Judaism/What do Jews Believe?


text:
BLL German/A1/Pronunciation

Bite-sized language lessons for German - Level A1 - Pronunciation
This is an overview of how German is pronounced. German pronunciation is very regular, hence it makes sense to explain all the rules. For this reason, this page will be more extensive and structured differently than the rest of the lessons. You don't need to learn all this by heart, just read it for a basic idea of what German should sound like and then refer to it whenever you're unsure of how something should be pronounced.

For the purpose of examples of various sounds and letters, I shall be using the following words and phrases, most of which you will find useful to know:

In order to hear one of these words and phrases pronounced, just click on it. This also applies to the latter parts of this lesson, when the same words will be used to illustrate all aspects of German pronunciation.

German uses the same alphabet as English, with the following additions: ß, ä, ö and ü. The sound of the letters is not always the same as in English though. It is mainly the vowels and the r that sound different. Since German didn't undergo the vowel shift that makes English vowels so different and French and Spanish didn't undergo that shift either, it is always better in cases of doubt to assume that a German vowel is pronounced like a French or Spanish one, rather than an English vowel.

Vowels and vowel combinations
Here's a list of all vowels and vowels combinations, an explanation of how they sound and a sample:

Consonants and consonant combinations
Now for the consonants. Fortunately most of them are like in English. I will just provide explanations for those that are different or may be different. If you are still unsure about a consonant that is not listed, just consult the list of sample words. Every consonant appears there at some place.

title: BLL German/A1/Pronunciation


text:
Multiseat Configuration/Xephyr

Here, we are going to describe how to make a Multiterminal with Xephyr. There are already a lot of different ways to build multiterminals (also known as multiseats), and new ways are constantly being developed.

The way described here uses modifications on Xephyr that make possible to use it in order to implement a multiterminal system. The system is configured to run one X server controlling all video cards, and one Xephyr for each screen, running above the main X server, the same way as with Xnest.

While normal Xephyr receives events from its parent X server, modified Xephyr now is able to read the input devices events directly from kernel event interface.

Operating System required
Debian Etch (but it's easy to adapt it to other linux distributions).

Introduction
Xephyr is an X server that runs inside another X server. Xephyr is both an X client and an X server, simultaneously. Xephyr is a client of the real X server, but also a server to its own clients. Xephyr is normally used to allow working on two or more desktops at the same time. However, we’ve made modifications to use Xephyr to implement a multiterminal system.

The system works in the following way. Only one «real» X server is run, configured to use several screens, each of which will be associated to one video card. After the X start-up, one Xephyr is run inside each screen. Each user will use one Xephyr, in a transparent way.

The original Xephyr gets the input devices events from its parent X server. However, to allow Xephyr to be used in the multiterminal, we had to modify its source code to make it read the events directly from kernel event interface, bypassing X. To read the mouse and keyboard events, the evdev protocol is used.

The great advantage of this approach is the possibility to make a multiterminal with any combination of video cards, as long as they are supported by the X. Besides that, Xephyr has several advantages over Xnest: Xephyr is being maintained, is faster than Xnest, and supports the implementation of X extensions more easily.

Installing XOrg
Here are the steps required to configure a multiterminal system using the XOrg X-Server, although it is possible to use XFree86, with few changes. In order to use XOrg, you should be using Debian Etch or later, since Debian Sarge doesn’t have XOrg, only XFree86. If you are using Debian Sarge, follow theses instructions to update it to Etch:

Note: for most of the steps, you’re going to need to be the system Root. To do so, use the command 'su', and then type the root password.

1. Change the occurrences of «sarge» or «stable» in the file /etc/apt/sources.list to «etch», for instance:

deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian sarge main contrib non-free

Should become:

deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian etch main contrib non-free

2. Update the system and install the xserver-xorg package:

apt-get update apt-get upgrade apt-get install xserver-xorg

Evdev and Udev
Make sure your kernel is compiled with evdev support. Also install udev, which provides a dynamic /dev directory, updated according to the connected devices:

apt-get install udev

Udev requires a kernel 2.6 or newer.

Input Devices
Now, you need to check if your input devices (mice and keyboards) have been correctly detected by the kernel. In order to do this, analyze the file /proc/bus/input/devices, which show details about the input devices detected by the kernel. Use the following command to see the contents of this file in a terminal: $ cat /proc/bus/input/devices

An example of this file is shown below. Only two fields are of interest: the name of each device, shown in the lines starting with «N: Name=", and the name of the file related to each device, shown in the lines starting with "H: Handlers=".

I: Bus=0011 Vendor=0001 Product=0001 Version=ab41 N: Name="AT Translated Set 2 keyboard" P: Phys=isa0060/serio0/input0 H: Handlers=kbd event0 B: EV=120013 B: KEY=4 2000000 3802078 f840d001 f2ffffdf ffefffff ffffffff fffffffe B: MSC=10 B: LED=7

I: Bus=0011 Vendor=0002 Product=0005 Version=0000 N: Name="ImPS/2 Generic Wheel Mouse" P: Phys=isa0060/serio1/input0 H: Handlers=mouse0 event1 B: EV=7 B: KEY=70000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B: REL=103

I: Bus=0003 Vendor=0a81 Product=0101 Version=0110 N: Name="CHESEN USB Keyboard" P: Phys=usb-0000:00:10.2-1/input0 H: Handlers=kbd event2 B: EV=120003 B: KEY=10000 7 ff87207a c14057ff febeffdf ffefffff ffffffff fffffffe B: LED=7

I: Bus=0003 Vendor=0a81 Product=0101 Version=0110 N: Name="CHESEN USB Keyboard" P: Phys=usb-0000:00:10.2-1/input1 H: Handlers=kbd event3 B: EV=3 B: KEY=1f 0 20000 3878 d801d101 1e0000 0 0 0

I: Bus=0003 Vendor=04fc Product=0013 Version=06b0 N: Name="USB OpticalWheel Mouse" P: Phys=usb-0000:00:10.2-2/input0 H: Handlers=mouse1 event4 B: EV=7 B: KEY=70000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B: REL=103

Notice that the file seem to indicate the presence of 3 keyboards, although the system in question actually has only two. This happens because many USB keyboards have special keys (to control multimedia or access the internet, for instance), which are detected by the kernel as a secondary keyboard, whose physical address finishes with "input1». You need to configure only the primary keyboards, whose physical address finishes with «input0». Therefore, the section corresponding to the secondary keyboard’s physical adress «usb-0000:00:10.2-1/input1» will be ignored.

The example given show the presence of 2 «primary» keyboards, related to the files /dev/input/event0 and /dev/input/event2, respectively, and 2 mice, related to the files /dev/input/event1 and /dev/input/event4, respectively. These files are important, because they are used to relate each head of the multiterminal with the correct input devices.

Ldconfig
Add the following line to the file /etc/ld.so.conf: (unnecessary in Ubuntu 8.04)

/usr/local/lib

After that, run ldconfig:

ldconfig

Modified Xephyr download

 * 1) Download the Xephyr binary here. Extract into the directory /usr/local. You can see the patches by clicking here (newer version for Xorg 7.2, Xorg 7.3 already has needed patches ), but the patches are only needed if the user is going to compile it.
 * 2) Download the wrapper script necessary to run Xephyr: Xephyr.sh. The script must be copied to /usr/sbin and have executable permission. To give the file executable permission run the following command:

chmod +x /usr/sbin/Xephyr.sh

For Ubuntu 8.04, the following command installs and updates the Xephyr binary

 * 1) apt-get install xserver-xephyr

X(XOrg) configuration
To configure a multiterminal with N terminals, edit the file /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and do the following:

1. Define a layout with N screens.

2. Define one Device Section for each video card:

3. Define the Monitor Sections.

4. Define the Screen Sections

5. The keyboard definition can be the same as the already existing in your xorg.conf, however, certify that the Identifier is the same as defined on Section Layout («Generic Keyboard»). It is needed to make the mouse point to the device /dev/input/mice

6. Xorg.conf should have only one keyboard section, like this:

7. To avoid problems on the X Server initialisation caused by the not recognizing of the mouse, you can include, without problems, the following section:

Ps: That will not affect the multiterminal because the keyboard/mice devices will be passed as parameters to the Xephyr.

8. Finally, to disable the VT changes and the Ctrl+Alt+Backspace keys, verify that the section «ServerFlags» has the following options:

Using a script
Because the input devices detection (mice, keyboards) made by the kernel (see section «Input Devices») doesn’t always follow the same order, it is possible that the kernel will associate the same device with different files, in each initialization, and that may «shuffle» the keyboards and mice.

To avoid this problem, we made scripts that automate the mice and keyboards association process to their respective displays. It is just needed to configure the layout (which keyboard and mouse are associated with which display) one time, and the script will keep this «layout» on the file /etc/X11/devices.conf. To use the script, follow these steps:

1. Install the xdialog package:

apt-get install xdialog

2. Uncompress the file xkb-evdev.tar.gz on the directory /etc/X11.

3. Remove or rename the file /etc/gdm/gdm.conf:

mv /etc/gdm/gdm.conf /etc/gdm/gdm.conf.backup

[edited on 04/11/2007] Perhaps the mods should be edited into the /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom file, which will not be overwritten by an update.

4. Uncompress the file public.tgz and copy the files «configura_layout» and «select.out» to the directory «/usr/local/sbin». Then copy the file «configuracao_automatica» to the directory «/etc/init.d».

5. Configure configuracao_automatica to be executed on the system initialization:

update-rc.d configuracao_automatica start 70 S.

6. Execute the following command to configure the system layout. The script will ask questions for each display to determine which keyboard and mouse is associated with each monitor.

PS: Before doing this, you must stop «gdm». Enter as root and type «/etc/init.d/gdm stop».

invoke-rc.d configuracao_automatica start

The script will automatically generate the file /etc/gdm/gdm.conf if it doesn’t exist, as well as the XKB configuration files (/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/XX-config.keyboard). The script will create links on the /dev/input directory, called kbd0mt, kbd1mt, etc., that refer, respectively, to the keyboard of the first terminal, the keyboard of the second terminal, and so on. The script will also create links called mouse0mt, mouse1mt, etc., that refer, respectively, to the first terminal’s mouse, to the second terminal’s mouse, and so on.

After answering the questions, the script will generate the /etc/X11/devices.conf file, which will contain each terminal’s mouse and keyboard associations, and the keyboard configurations (rules, model, layout).

Another possibility to get the correct matching between the physical input devices and the event numbers is to modify the Xephyr wrapper script. The wrapper has been modified to obtain the event id from the physical device address. You can see the modified script here:

Manual configuration
If you used the script from the «using a script» section, don’t follow these steps. However, reading this section will provide and understanding about how the script works.

XKB configuration
In order to allow Xephyr to use the XKB extension, you should uncompress the file xkb-evdev.tar.gz into the directory /etc/X11. After that, it’s necessary to create an XKB configuration file for each Xephyr. The XKB configuration for the first Xephyr should be placed in the file /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/X1-config.keyboard, for the second Xephyr in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/X2-config.keyboard, and so on. You can see an example of an XKB configuration file below.

GDM configuration
The last step is to configure the login manager to start the main X server and also to run the wrapper scripts that will open Xephyr. We’ll explain how to do this on GDM, but other managers, like XDM and KDM, can be configured in a similar way.

Edit the file /etc/X11/gdm.conf in the servers section, adding the following:

title: Multiseat Configuration/Xephyr


text:
Literary Criticism

Welcome to the Wiki-Textbook on Literary Criticism. Feel free to contribute!

Chapters

 * /Preface/
 * /Introduction/
 * /Reading as a Literary Critic/
 * /Reading Novels/
 * /Reading Plays/
 * /Reading Poetry/
 * /Schools of Criticism/
 * /Formal Literary Criticism/
 * /Historical Literary Criticism/
 * /Psychological Literary Criticism/
 * /Feminist Literary Criticism/
 * /Archetypal Literary Criticism/
 * /Poems for Close Reading with Questions/
 * /Shakespeare Our Contemporary/
 * /Comparison Exercises/
 * /Shakespeare Statistics/
 * /Glossary/
 * Authors and Contributors

title: Literary Criticism


text:
Literary Criticism/Introduction

Traditional literary criticism is a system of analyzing, reviewing, and critiquing a work of literature. Literary criticism in practice is typically performed from the perspective of a particular school of critical thought. The purpose is to analyze a work's relevance and quality from that school's 'viewpoint'. The major schools of literary criticism include, but are not limited to: formal criticism, historical criticism, psychological criticism, and archetypal criticism. Each of these schools addresses the subject in a different manner, and are usually taught individually. However, there are certain underlying skills associated with all literary criticism which it is helpful to understand before learning about the methods and concerns of each of the schools.

title: Literary Criticism/Introduction


text:
Literary Criticism/Reading as a Literary Critic

The most important pre-requisite to literary criticism is the ability to read like a literary critic. You must read not only for content and understanding of the subject, but you must also be careful to read for any and all literary devices, as well as trying to understand the reason and motivation behind every line. This is a difficult habit to get into, but it is helpful to take notes while you read.

In other words, a careful reader does not just read a text for the 'story'. Rather than just being interested in what happens or what is being described by a literary work, a critical reader is interested in how the writer has used language, form and style in order to convey meaning and affect the reader's response to the subject matter. A critical reader pays attention to patterns in texts and to how these establish tone, register, atmosphere and mood.


text:
Literary Criticism/Reading Novels

Develop a sensitivity to the 'voice' telling the story. From whose perspective is the story being told? Is there a first person narrator? How does the way in which he or she describes events reflect his or her perspective and attitudes, and is his or her narration 'reliable'? If the story is told in the third person, does it focus on describing the thoughts and feelings of one character, does it only describe external actions, or does the author allow us to 'see inside' the thoughts of many different characters?

You must be able to visualize the 'flow' of a story, understanding where the character(s) go, where events happen, how the characters and the plot develop, and the themes within the story.

It is helpful to construct a flow chart after reading showing prominent characters, where they go, what happens to them, how they change (for this you must look very carefully at their actions and dialogue and ask yourself 'Is that what they would have done/said at a previous point in the story?), and what events caused that change.

The most important thing to read for is character development, where you analyze characters to see how they have changed over the course of the story.

title: Literary Criticism/Reading Novels


text:
Literary Criticism/Reading Plays

The most important thing to remember when studying a play is that most plays were not written to be read but to be performed in front of an audience. It is important to pay attention not just to what is said by characters, but to whom, to who else on stage can overhear this and to how other characters would react. Also pay attention to stage directions and to implicit directions in what characters say so that you can form a mental picture of what characters are doing. Consider how characters' lines might be spoken differently by different actors and how this would affect the meaning.

A good exercise is to look at a play from the perspective of a director, a casting director, a props and scenery manager, a costume-team leader or a lighting engineer. Think about the decisions that all these different people would make in order to bring the script to life on the stage. It is very difficult to understand how plays work as theatre without having first-hand experiences of performances, so if it is at all possible, you should see a live performance of the play that you are studying. Failing this, watching film versions of the play is also helpful. Seeing more than one production is a good way to understand how different directors can interpret the same script in very different ways and will help you to start thinking about what you would do in their position.

title: Literary Criticism/Reading Plays


text:
Literary Criticism/Formal Literary Criticism

Formal literary, should be used in criticism focuses mainly on the clarity, quality and complexity of the writing of the subject. A formal critic looks primarily at syntax,  literary devices, and the flow of the writing. Formalist literary criticism can be divided into two categories: descriptive and prescriptive.

Descriptive formalism focuses on the technical analysis of the literary and linguistic devices in texts, with especial regard for how these make a text 'literary' i.e. how the text uses language in a special way which sets it apart from everyday discourse. Prescriptive formalists advocate a style of literary writing which is as distinct as possible from everyday discourse, as they believe that it is the responsibility of literary writers to make readers see things in a new way.

Prescriptive formalism is often associated with Marxism; the early Soviet critic Shlovsky argued that the function of literature was to "make the stone stonier" i.e. to use the alienating effect of challenging devices in order to avoid offering up an immediate, transparent meaning to readers so that they would have to engage actively with texts and discover new meanings from them, in a way analogous to the development of political consciousness. Bertold Brecht argued that such literary forms as satire operate through a 'Verfremdungseffekt' - i.e. they present the familiar in unfamiliar ways and therefore arouse readers' and audiences' awareness of the ideological nature of their assumptions.

Descriptive formalism was at the heart of the New Criticism school which emerged at Cambridge in the 1930s under F.R. Leavis, William Empson and Cleanth Brooks, and which encouraged students to engage in 'practical criticism', looking at literary texts as self-contained artefacts which should be explained on their own terms rather than by reference to external information such as biographical and historical details. This approach, encouraging close analytical reading, was very similar to that of the structuralist school which emerged after the Second World War and was advocated by figures such as Roland Barthes, Lacan, Bhaktin and Levi-Strauss.

Post-structuralism and deconstructionism emerged from the structuralist school but criticised structuralism's analytical approach as being reductive and simplistic. Post-structuralists drew attention to the relationships between texts and their referents and to the limitless possibilities of reading as a creative process, seeing texts not just as self-contained structures but as structures sitting within the larger meta-structures of society and ideology, with readers equally forming their readings from within these structures. Deconstructionists similarly see textual interpretation as a process which can never arrive at a final, fixed 'authoritative' reading of any text because it takes place within the constraints of readers' ideological assumptions, and also draw attention to the contradictions within texts and to the flawed ideological assumptions of their authors. Derrida, Foucault and Culler are some well-known critics in this field.


text:
Literary Criticism/Historical Literary Criticism

Historical literary criticism focuses mainly on the subject's relevance, relationship with, and influence upon the historical period in which it was written. A historical critic looks at how the time period influenced the writing of the work as well as how events in the authors life influenced him or her. A work of historical criticism posits a thesis about the author or time period based on the subject. Thus historical criticism looks at texts in the same way as a historian looks at historical documents: in order to learn what they reveal about the historical and socio-cultural circumstances in which they were produced.

New Historicism shares this interest in the historical context within which texts were produced, but also acknowledges that the act of reading texts is as much a product of the historical context within which it is done as the writing of texts is. It thus sees interpretation as both a creative activity and as a process which is never-ending, as each successive generation of readers experiences texts from the past from the perspective of a new social/ historical context.


text:
Literary Criticism/Psychological Literary Criticism

Psychological criticism focuses primarily on the characters, and on what psychological forces influence and shape them throughout the work. This school of criticism emphasizes character development and the relationships between characters. Most psychological critics rely on the works of Sigmund Freud as their psychological base, though this is by no means necessary.

Review of "New Psychologies in Psychological Literary Criticism"
 * Interdisciplinary Literary Criticism,* 7.2 (Spring 2006): 102 -121.

Joseph Carroll, Literary Darwinism: Evolution, Human Nature, and Literature. New York: Taylor Francis/Routledge, 2004;  Sara E. Cooper, ed. The Ties that Bind: Questioning Family Dynamics and Family Discourse in Hispanic Literature. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2004; Piotr Sadowski, Dynamism of Character in Shakespeare's Mature Tragedies. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press, 2003.

For those interested in psychologically-oriented literary criticism, see *Striking at the Joints* (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996);


text:
Literary Criticism/Feminist Literary Criticism

Feminist criticism focuses on how literature has represented women and relationships between women and men, drawing attention to how women have been marginalized and denied a voice of their own in much of canonical literature, and to how literature reflects society's prevailing ideological assumptions with regard to gender and power.


text:
Literary Criticism/Archetypal Literary Criticism

Archetypal criticism focuses on the archetypes ( comedy, romance,  tragedy, and  anti-romance) of stories. This school relies on the theories of the psychologist Carl Jung that all stories originate from the collective unconscious. This school of criticism involves the analysis of symbols (even ones unintended by the author) in the literature.

Archetypal criticism was further developed in the twentieth century by Northrop Frye.


text:
Cookbook talk:Classic Vanilla Milkshake

How can you make a lowfat foamy milkshake?
 * Just added the Super Foamy. --Abdull 09:29, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Classic Vanilla Milkshake


text:
Literary Criticism/Preface

This is the Wiki-Textbook on Literary Criticism. Feel free to contribute!

title: Literary Criticism/Preface


text:
Feminism/Literary Criticism

Feminist criticism focuses on how literature has represented women and relationships between women and men, drawing attention to how women have been marginalized and denied a voice of their own in much of canonical literature, and to how literature reflects society's prevailing ideological assumptions with regard to gender and power.

=Reading as a Literary Critic=

The most important pre-requisite to literary criticism is the ability to read like a literary critic. You must read not only for content and understanding of the subject, but you must also be careful to read for any and all literary devices, as well as trying to understand the reason and motivation behind every line. This is a difficult habit to get into, but it is helpful to take notes while you read.

In other words, a careful reader does not just read a text for the 'story'. Rather than just being interested in what happens or what is being described by a literary work, a critical reader is interested in how the writer has used language, form and style in order to convey meaning and affect the reader's response to the subject matter. A critical reader pays attention to patterns in texts and to how these establish tone, register, atmosphere and mood.

Reading Novels

Develop a sensitivity to the 'voice' telling the story. From whose perspective is the story being told? Is there a first person narrator? How does the way in which he or she describes events reflect his or her perspective and attitudes, and is his or her narration 'reliable'? If the story is told in the third person, does it focus on describing the thoughts and feelings of one character, does it only describe external actions, or does the author allow us to 'see inside' the thoughts of many different characters?

You must be able to visualize the 'flow' of a story, understanding where the character(s) go, where events happen, how the characters and the plot develop, and the themes within the story.

It is helpful to construct a flow chart after reading showing prominent characters, where they go, what happens to them, how they change (for this you must look very carefully at their actions and dialogue and ask yourself 'Is that what they would have done/said at a previous point in the story?), and what events caused that change.

The most important thing to read for is character development, where you analyze characters to see how they have changed over the course of the story.

Reading Plays The most important thing to remember when studying a play is that most plays were not written to be read but to be performed in front of an audience. It is important to pay attention not just to what is said by characters, but to whom, to who else on stage can overhear this and to how other characters would react. Also pay attention to stage directions and to implicit directions in what characters say so that you can form a mental picture of what characters are doing. Consider how characters' lines might be spoken differently by different actors and how this would affect the meaning.

A good exercise is to look at a play from the perspective of a director, a casting director, a props and scenery manager, a costume-team leader or a lighting engineer. Think about the decisions that all these different people would make in order to bring the script to life on the stage. It is very difficult to understand how plays work as theatre without having first-hand experiences of performances, so if it is at all possible, you should see a live performance of the play that you are studying. Failing this, watching film versions of the play is also helpful. Seeing more than one production is a good way to understand how different directors can interpret the same script in very different ways and will help you to start thinking about what you would do in their position.

=Formal Literary Criticism=

Formal literary criticism focuses mainly on the clarity, quality and complexity of the writing of the subject. A formal critic looks primarily at syntax,  literary devices, and the flow of the writing. Formalist literary criticism can be divided into two categories: descriptive and prescriptive.

Descriptive formalism focuses on the technical analysis of the literary and linguistic devices in texts, with especial regard for how these make a text 'literary' i.e. how the text uses language in a special way which sets it apart from everyday discourse. Prescriptive formalists advocate a style of literary writing which is as distinct as possible from everyday discourse, as they believe that it is the responsibility of literary writers to make readers see things in a new way.

Prescriptive formalism is often associated with Marxism; the early Soviet critic Shlovsky argued that the function of literature was to "make the stone stonier" i.e. to use the alienating effect of challenging devices in order to avoid offering up an immediate, transparent meaning to readers so that they would have to engage actively with texts and discover new meanings from them, in a way analogous to the development of political consciousness. Bertold Brecht argued that such literary forms as satire operate through a 'Verfremdungseffekt' - i.e. they present the familiar in unfamiliar ways and therefore arouse readers' and audiences' awareness of the ideological nature of their assumptions.

Descriptive formalism was at the heart of the New Criticism school which emerged at Cambridge in the 1930s under F.R. Leavis, William Empson and Cleanth Brooks, and which encouraged students to engage in 'practical criticism', looking at literary texts as self-contained artefacts which should be explained on their own terms rather than by reference to external information such as biographical and historical details. This approach, encouraging close analytical reading, was very similar to that of the structuralist school which emerged after the Second World War and was advocated by figures such as Roland Barthes, Lacan, Bhaktin and Levi-Strauss.

Post-structuralism and deconstructionism emerged from the structuralist school but criticised structuralism's analytical approach as being reductive and simplistic. Post-structuralists drew attention to the relationships between texts and their referents and to the limitless possibilities of reading as a creative process, seeing texts not just as self-contained structures but as structures sitting within the larger meta-structures of society and ideology, with readers equally forming their readings from within these structures. Deconstructionists similarly see textual interpretation as a process which can never arrive at a final, fixed 'authoritative' reading of any text because it takes place within the constraints of readers' ideological assumptions, and also draw attention to the contradictions within texts and to the flawed ideological assumptions of their authors. Derrida, Foucault and Culler are some well-known critics in this field.

title: Feminism/Literary Criticism


text:
Multiseat Configuration/Xnest

This article describes a way to make a Multiterminal with Xnest. For other ways, see multiterminal.

There are modifications in Xnest that make possible to use it in order to implement a multiterminal system. The system is configured to run one X server controlling all video cards, and one Xnest for each screen, running above the main X server.

While normal Xnest receives events from its parent X server, multiXnest (modified Xnest) reads the input devices events directly from kernel event interface, bypassing the X.

Operating System required
Debian Sarge (but it's very easy to adapt it to other Linux distributions).

Introduction
Xnest is an X server that runs inside another X server. Xnest is both an X client and an X server, simultaneously. Xnest is a client of the real X server, but also a server to its own clients. Xnest is normally used to allow working on two or more desktops at the same time, however, we've made modifications in its code to make possible to use Xnest to implement a multiterminal system.

The system works in the following way. Only one "real" X server is run, configured to use several screens, each of which will be associated to one video card. After the X start-up, one Xnest is run inside each screen. Each user will use one Xnest, in a transparent way.

The original Xnest gets the input devices events from its parent X server. However, to allow Xnest to be used in the multiterminal, we had to modify its source code to make it read the events directly from kernel event interface, bypassing the X.

The great advantage of this approach is the possibility to make a multiterminal with any combination of video cards, as long as they are supported by the X.

Evdev and Udev
Make sure your kernel is compiled with evdev support.

Also install udev, which provides a dynamic /dev directory, updated according to the connected devices:

apt-get install udev

Udev requires a kernel 2.6.12 or later.

Input devices
Now, you need to check if your input devices (mouses and keyboards) have been correctly detected by the kernel. In order to do this, analyze the file /proc/bus/input/devices, which show details about the input devices detected by the kernel.

An example of this file is shown below. Only two fields are of interest: the name of each device, shown in the lines starting with “N: Name=”, and the name of the file related to each device, shown in the lines starting with “H: Handlers”.

I: Bus=0011 Vendor=0001 Product=0001 Version=ab41 N: Name="AT Translated Set 2 keyboard" P: Phys=isa0060/serio0/input0 H: Handlers=kbd event0 B: EV=120013 B: KEY=4 2000000 3802078 f840d001 f2ffffdf ffefffff ffffffff fffffffe B: MSC=10 B: LED=7

I: Bus=0011 Vendor=0002 Product=0005 Version=0000 N: Name="ImPS/2 Generic Wheel Mouse" P: Phys=isa0060/serio1/input0 H: Handlers=mouse0 event1 B: EV=7 B: KEY=70000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B: REL=103

I: Bus=0003 Vendor=0a81 Product=0101 Version=0110 N: Name="CHESEN USB Keyboard" P: Phys=usb-0000:00:10.2-1/input0 H: Handlers=kbd event2 B: EV=120003 B: KEY=10000 7 ff87207a c14057ff febeffdf ffefffff ffffffff fffffffe B: LED=7

I: Bus=0003 Vendor=0a81 Product=0101 Version=0110 N: Name="CHESEN USB Keyboard" P: Phys=usb-0000:00:10.2-1/input1 H: Handlers=kbd event3 B: EV=3 B: KEY=1f 0 20000 3878 d801d101 1e0000 0 0 0

I: Bus=0003 Vendor=04fc Product=0013 Version=06b0 N: Name="USB OpticalWheel Mouse" P: Phys=usb-0000:00:10.2-2/input0 H: Handlers=mouse1 event4 B: EV=7 B: KEY=70000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B: REL=103

Notice that the file seem to indicate the presence of 3 keyboards, although the system in question actually has only two. This happens because many USB keyboards have special keys (to control multimedia or access the internet, for instance), which are detected by the kernel as a secoundary keyboard, whose physical address finishes with “input1”. You need to configure only the primary keyboards, whose physical address finishes with “input0”.

The example given show the precense of 2 "primary" keyboards, related to the files /dev/input/event0 and /dev/input/event2, respectively, and 2 mouses, related to the files /dev/input/event1 and /dev/input/event4, respectively.

XOrg installation
We'll describe the necessary steps to configure a multiterminal using Xorg, but it's possible to use XFree86, with few changes. To install XOrg, on Debian Sarge, do the following:

1. Make a backup and delete the file /etc/init.d/xfree-common. 2. Add the following lines to the file /etc/apt/sources.list:

deb http://people.debian.org/~nobse/xorg-x11/ sarge main deb-src http://people.debian.org/~nobse/xorg-x11/ sarge main

3. Install the xserver-xorg package:

apt-get update apt-get install xserver-xorg apt-get upgrade

Modified Xnest (multiXnest) download
1. Download the multiXnest binary (version 0.1.3) here. The binary should be put in the directory /usr/local/bin. You can download the patch to Xnest (from Xorg 6.8.2) here. 2. Download the wrapper script necessary to run Xnest: multiXnest.sh. The script must be copied to /usr/sbin.

X(XOrg) configuration
To configure a multiterminal with N terminals, edit the file /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and do the following:

1. Define a layout with N screen's.

2. Define one Device Section for each video card:

3. Define the Monitor Sections.

4. Define the Screen Sections

5. Xorg.conf should have only one keyboard section, like this:

The mouse section can be deleted, which is recommended, but you must add the AllowMouseOpenFail option to the ServerFlags Section, as shown below, otherwise the X server will fail to start.

6. Make sure the ServerFlags section has the following options:

XKB configuration
Now it's necessary to create an XKB configuration file for each multiXnest. The XKB configuration for the first multiXnest should be placed in the file /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/X1-config.keyboard, for the second multiXnest in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/X2-config.keyboard, and so on. You can see an example of an XKB configuration file below.

GDM configuration
The last step is to configure the login manager to start the main X server and also to run the wrapper scripts that will open Xnest. We'll explain how to do his on GDM, but other managers, like XDM and KDM, can be configured in a similar way.

Edit the file /etc/X11/gdm.conf in the servers section, adding the following:

title: Multiseat Configuration/Xnest


text:
User:Grm wnr~enwikibooks

Hi, I'm grm_wnr from en and Commons. Please direct all inquiries to w:User talk:grm_wnr.

title: User:Grm wnr~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Grm wnr~enwikibooks

Hi, I'm grm_wnr from en and Commons. Please direct all inquiries to w:User talk:grm_wnr.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Grm wnr. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Grm wnr~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:15, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grm wnr~enwikibooks


text:
WebObjects/Database Compatibility and Comparisons/OpenBase

Performance
http://www.codefab.com/wordpress/index.php/2006/02/11/webobjectseof-patch-better-way-to-limit-fetches-with-openbase/

Deadlocks
When writing high volumes of data over multiple tables from a WebObjects system, it is possible to create a deadlock. OpenBase resolves the deadlock condition by aborting one of the transactions and returning an error to the WebObjects application.

A possible solution to this problem is to identify the tables to write to immediately after opening a transaction. The necessary SQL would look something like this.

START TRANSACTION WRITE TABLE foo, bar INSERT INTO foo... INSERT INTO bar... COMMIT

Supplied with LEWOStuff (http://www.lindesay.co.nz/) is a framework called JavaOPENBASEJDBCAdaptor. This framework is able to place these locks after each EOF generated transaction is started in order to prevent deadlocks from occurring. You need to copy the framework build product into your local library folder. Under MacOS-X this would be...

/Library/Frameworks/JavaOPENBASEJDBCAdaptor.framework

You then need to add this framework to the Frameworks grouping within your X-Code WO project. In your WebObjects "Application" subclass constructor, insert some code of the following form to get this adaptor to work with your model.

EOModel model = EOModelGroup.defaultGroup.modelNamed("MyModel"); if(null!=model) model.setAdaptorName("OPENBASEJDBC");

This code will locate the framework for the adaptor, load the adaptor as well as set the adaptor in the model. If you are using SQL logging from EOF, the WRITE TABLE... clauses will be written to the log as well.

There is no need to include the LEWOStuff framework in your project if you are going to use this one.


text:
A-level English/Wise Children/Model Answers

Exam Tips

 * Underline Key Words in the title of your exam. If it's: "Describe the importance of..." then underline "importance". It may sound a bit obvious, but doing this means you won't accidentally misread the question or forget what it's about.
 * Every paragraph should contain the word "importance" or "vital" or any other synonym of importance, that's what's going to get you full marks.
 * Make a statement, a quotation (not "quote", examiners don't like that), then explain. Do this for every paragragh. Don't write, for ages, an introduction about Angela Carter's life or the importance of other characters - this is not important.
 * Paragraph structure is the basis for a good essay: - P.E.E.E.E

P - Point. Make your point clearly and in a straight forward manner. E - Evidence. Supply evidence for your point (a short quotation or close textual reference) E - Explanation. Remember the novel is written for a purpose. Explain this purpose; why has Carter written this, what's her motivation? examine the quotes relevance to the whole novel, language, structure etc.) Make a link to the next piece of evidence.     E - Evidence. Support your previous point, evidence and explanation with a another quote or close textual reference.      Try to flow through your argument to the end of the paragraph, and develop your point as you go.      E - Evaluation. Evaluate the point with its evidence as a whole. Make an observation about the quotes  as a group, analyze Carters intent and purpose.      Further analyze the devises and techniques she uses and why. Make a short link to the next paragraph.

 * Focus on the character they want. Focus on his importance, both explicitly and implicitly.
 * Apply this knowledge to any other question you may get.
 * Sophisticated expression of points being made.
 * Answer the question; don't forget what it's about! If you get a question on roles, the best technique is to outline each role and its significance, and only then look for an example from the text. That way you don't ramble on about a quotation which isn't relevant.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Video

1. Be familiar with the type of videos available. Know the difference between VHS-C and Video 8 tapes.
VHS-C - VHS-C is the compact VHS format introduced in 1982 and used primarily for consumer-grade compact camcorders. The format is based on the same videotape as is used in VHS, and can be played back in a standard VHS VCR with an adapter. Though quite inexpensive, the format is largely obsolete even as a consumer standard and has been replaced in the marketplace by digital video formats, which offer smaller form factors and better video quality.

The magnetic tape on VHS-C cassettes is wound on one main spool and used a sort of a gear wheel which moves the tape forward. It can also be moved by hand and so is the spool. This development hampered the sales of the Betamax system somewhat, because the Betamax cassette geometry prevented a similar development.

VHS-C was one of the pioneering formats of the compact camcorder market, and was released to compete with Video8. VHS-C was larger than Video8, but was compatible with VHS tapedecks, making the choice between the two non-obvious, and splitting the market; VHS-C also eventually crowded full-sized VHS camcorders out of the market. A higher quality version of VHS-C was released, based on S-VHS, known as S-VHS-C, that competed against Hi8, the higher quality version of Video8. The arrival on the market of inexpensive S-VHS-C camcorders led to the inclusion on many modern VCRs of a feature known as SQPB, or SuperVHS Quasi-PlayBack, but did not make a significant impact on the market as the arrival of MiniDV as a consumer standard made low-cost, digital, near-broadcast-quality video widely available to consumers, and rendered analog camcorders largely obsolete.

Video8 - The 8 mm video format refers informally to three related videocassette formats for the NTSC and PAL/SECAM television systems. These are the original Video8 format and its improved successor Hi8 (both analog), as well as a more recent digital format known as Digital8.

Their user-base consisted mainly of amateur camcorder users, although they also saw important use in the professional field.

The format was introduced in 1985, the year that Sony of Japan introduced the Handycam, one of the first Video8 cameras. Much smaller than the competition's VHS and Betamax video cameras, Video8 became very popular in the consumer camcorder market.

a. Viewfinder
This is what you look through to see what the video camera is 'seeing'. place your eye on the top and switch on the camera, capture the subject and be in a position to capture as many as subject as you can for better publication

b. Record button
You press this button to start and to stop recording.

c. Lens
The video camera 'sees' through the lens.

d. Zoom button
You use this button to zoom in (get a closer view) or zoom out (get a wider view).

e. Power on/off switch
This button is the master switch to turn on/off the video camera.

f. Manual focus and zoom levers/rings
Some video cameras have a manual focus and/or zoom levers/rings so that you can fine tune the focus.

g. Tape loading door
You insert the video tape through this door.

h. Time lapse switch
This switch allows you to use the video camera to record short takes (e.g. 5 seconds) every so often.

3. Know what the viewfinder messages mean.
There are many messages that are seen in the video camera's viewfinder. You should look at the manual that came with your equipment for the unique messages.

Some common messages could include:
 * Battery Low : this is the condition where there is little or no charge left in the battery.
 * End of Tape : this is the condition where you are getting to the end of the video tape.
 * Lens Cover : this is because you did not remove the lens cover on your video camera.
 * Pause : this tells you that you are ready to record, but not recording yet.

4. Identify and change the battery. Know how to charge up the battery and when to replace-recharge the battery. Know how to get the best life from the Ni-cad battery.
The battery allows you to use your video camera without being connected or wired to a power source. Normally you would use the supplied adaptor which will either charge the battery with the battery still attached to the video camera, or, the battery would be removed an attached to the charger to re-charge the battery.

A Ni-cad battery will get the best life when you keep it fully charged, or, trickle charge (charge a little bit at a time). If it is not going to be used for a long time, it should be discharged down to 40% (although some manufacturers recommend discharging it completely). Your best information would be found in the manual for your equipment.

The nickel-cadmium battery (commonly abbreviated NiCd and pronounced "nye-cad") is a popular type of rechargeable battery using the nickel hydroxide (NiOH) and metallic cadmium (Cd) as the active chemicals.

The principle advantages of NiCd over other rechargeable types is lower weight for a given quantity of stored energy, good charging efficency, small variation in terminal voltage during discharge, low internal resistance, and non-critical charging conditions.

The abbreviation NiCad is a registered trademark of SAFT Corporation and should not be used to refer generically to nickel-cadmium batteries, although this brand-name is commonly used to describe all nickel-cadmium batteries.

5. How else can the camera be powered?
The video camera can also be powered using household electricity. In the photo above (with the labeled parts), you can see a wire leading away from the video camera. An adaptor is attached to the video camera where the battery usually goes, and is providing power to the video camera.

6. Video a five minute segment then view with your instructor. Discuss your technique including the following and learn how to correct if necessary
This is your activity. Here are some comments. Your instructor may have more comments.

a. Zooming
Zooming in will get the viewer closer to the subject. You would do this if there were some detail that the viewer should be able to see. Zooming out will increase the field of view. For example, you might do this to show the relative size of something to something larger. Zooming too fast can sometimes make it difficult to 'view' a video.

b. Lighting
Lighting is always important, otherwise the viewer may not be able to see what you are shooting.

c. Panning
Panning moves the view from left to right, or, right to left. If you move too fast, the viewer can experience 'motion sickness'.

d. Steadiness of camera
Nobody likes to see a video where everything is jumping and shaking all the time. Keep the video camera steady.

7. Demonstrate how to set up and use a tripod.
For the most part, the tripod should be level. Some tripods have a leveling bubble to help you.

8. Demonstrate how to edit video using a VCR by editing segment taken for requirement 6.
Note that most video productions (including amateur productions) are now done digitally rather than with tape. It is far easier to edit video digitally than with an analog VCR, and the results are far superior.

Most digital cameras on the market can also shoot video as can nearly every cell phone on the market. These cameras create files that can be stored on a computer and edited with a wide selection of video editing software. Some may even be included with your computer's operating system.

Here are some links:
 * List of Video Editing software on Wikipedia
 * Comparison of Video Editing software on Wikipedia

9. Demonstrate your ability to use titles and design your own by hand or computer.
Some of the information in Requirement #8 above may also be able to help you with this requirement.

10. Complete one of the following and show it in a public place. Length of video clip must be 4-7 minutes.
This is all you. You could take various videos throughout the year and put together a summary to show at the end of the year about what your club has done. Could be a good promotional video. Enjoy!


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxAccordian

AjaxAccordian
AjaxAccordian provides a wrapper around the Rico framework's accordian control. A demo of the control is available here.

The WO version consists of an AjaxAccordian component that contains a series of AjaxAccordianTab components. See the AjaxExamples example project for more information on the CSS styles that can be applied to the tabs.

Note: The actual component name is spelt with an 'o' ie) AjaxAccordion and AjaxAccordionTab

Wonder Bindings

 * id - the ID of the accordian element

Rico Bindings

 * expandedBg
 * hoverBg
 * collapsedBg
 * expandedTextColor
 * expandedFontWeight
 * hoverTextColor
 * collapsedTextColor
 * collapsedFontWeight
 * hoverTextColor
 * borderColor
 * panelHeight
 * onHideTab
 * onShowTab
 * onLoadShowTab


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxAccordianTab

AjaxAccordianTab
AjaxAccordianTab should only be used inside of an AjaxAccordian. AjaxAccordianTab uses WOComponentContent, so you can place any content that should appear inside the tab between the AjaxAccordianTab's webobject tags.

Wonder Bindings

 * id - the ID of the Accordian Tab element
 * title - the Title that appears on the tab bar


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxAutoComplete

AjaxAutoComplete
AjaxAutoComplete works much like WOTextField except that it supports a auto-completion popup list box. A demo of the raw Scriptaculous version is available here.

Wonder Bindings

 * list (requred) - the list of possible values (similar to WORepetition)
 * value - the value currently typed into the text field
 * item - the repetition item value (similar to WORepetition)

Scriptaculous Bindings
Scriptaculous Documentation
 * tokens
 * frequency
 * minChars
 * indicator
 * updateElement
 * afterUpdateElement


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxDraggable

AjaxDraggable
AjaxDraggable represents one half of the drag-and-drop implementation in Ajax framework. AjaxDraggable uses a WOComponentContent, so any content that you would like to be draggable should appear inside of the AjaxDraggable's webobject tags.

One element of the AjaxDraggable/Droppable implementation that is particularly cool is that you can actually bind a full-blown object to your Draggable that will be delivered to your Droppable when the drop action is fired. You never have to deal with maps of IDs and manual lookups. The Ajax framework automatically handles that for you.

An example of the Scriptaculous drag-and-drop is available here.

Wonder Bindings

 * id (required) - the ID of the Draggable element
 * elementName - the name of the HTML element to wrap the Draggable, either: "div" or "span"
 * draggableID - the Draggable's internal ID. if not set, it will default to the value of "id"
 * draggableObject - the object to bind to this Draggable. When the Draggable is dropped, this object will be bound to the drop target's droppedObject binding

Scriptaculous Bindings
Scriptaculous Documentation
 * starteffect
 * reverteffect
 * endeffect
 * zindex
 * revert
 * snap
 * ghosting
 * handle
 * change


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxDroppable

AjaxDroppable
AjaxDroppable represents the second half of the drag-and-drop implementation in Ajax framework. AjaxDroppable also uses a WOComponentContent, so any content that you would like to appear in the drop target should be inside of the AjaxDroppable's webobject tags.

An example of the Scriptaculous drag-and-drop is available here.

Wonder Bindings

 * id (required) - the ID of the Droppable element
 * elementName - the name of the HTML element to wrap the Droppable, either: "div" or "span"
 * droppedDraggableID - the draggableID of the Draggable that was dropped on this Droppable
 * action - the action that is fired when the drop occurs
 * droppedObject - the object that was dropped (if droppableObject was bound on the AjaxDraggable)

Scriptaculous Bindings
Scriptaculous Documentation
 * accept
 * containment
 * hoverclass
 * overlap
 * greedy
 * onHover
 * onDrop


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxInPlaceEditor

AjaxInPlaceEditor
AjaxInPlaceEditor provides a WOTextField-like wrapper around the Scriptaculous In-Place Editor. This control provides rich-text editing with an optional on-the-fly replacement of rendered HTML text (i.e. toggleable edit mode).

A demo of the Scriptaculous In-Place Editor is available here.

Wonder Bindings

 * value (required) - the value of the editor's content
 * elementName - the name of the HTML element containing the text ("div" or "span")
 * class - the CSS class of the HTML element containing the text
 * id - the ID of the HTML element containing the text
 * dateformat - a date formatter (like WOTextField) for handling date values
 * numberformat - a number formatter (like WOTextField) for handling number formats
 * formatter - a formatter (like WOTextField) for handling other formats
 * useDecimalNumber - whether or not to use BigDecimals

Scriptaculous Bindings
Scriptaculous Documentation
 * okButton
 * okText
 * cancelLink
 * cancelText
 * savingText
 * clickToEditText
 * formId
 * externalControl
 * rows
 * onComplete
 * onFailure
 * cols
 * size
 * highlightcolor
 * highlightendcolor
 * savingClassName
 * formClassName
 * loadTextURL
 * loadingText
 * callback
 * submitOnBlur
 * ajaxOptions

Fixing charset encoding problems
On your Application constructor call setDefaultEncoding("UTF-8"), this will fix encoding problems when using AjaxInPlaceEditor.


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxRoundEffect

AjaxRoundEffect
AjaxRoundEffect is a wrapper around the Rico rounded-corner CSS modifier. AjaxRoundEffect can be used in two ways. In the short-cut style, it acts as a WOComponentContent that will declare a "div" and class on the fly for rounding. If the rounding settings are to be reused on multiple elements, then AjaxRoundEffect should be declared at the bottom of your page (below anything it will round) with no content in it. AjaxRoundEffect actually modifies your CSS style definitions on-the-fly. As a result, it should only be used one time on a page for each CSS class that is being modified. If it is applied multiple times, you will get strange double-corners.

A demo of the Rico rounding effect is available here.

Wonder Bindings

 * elementName - the name of the HTML element to create ("div" or "span")
 * class - the CSS class to round
 * id - the ID of the element that is generated
 * generateTags - whether or not to generate "div" or "span" tags. If false, the assumption is that the wrapping component provided the tags.

Rico Bindings
Rico "Documentation"
 * corners
 * color
 * bgColor
 * blend
 * border
 * compact


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxSlider

AjaxSlider
AjaxSlider provides a wrapper around the Scriptaculous slider control.

An example of the Scriptaculous slider is available here Two other examples, illustrating WebObjects integration, can be found in the AjaxExamples, under Slider, and Updates (tables and display groups). Sources from the latter examples are available within Project Wonder sources.

Wonder Bindings

 * orientation - "horizontal" or "vertical"
 * value - the value of the slider
 * minimum - the minimum value of the slider
 * maximum - the maximum value of the slider
 * possibleValues - an NSArray of possible slider values (for snapping)

Scriptaculous Bindings
Scriptaculous Documentation
 * alignX
 * alignY
 * disabled
 * handleImage
 * handleDisabled
 * increment
 * onSlide
 * onChange


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxSortableList

AjaxSortableList
AjaxSortableList provides support for automatic reordering of an NSArray based on an Ajax drag-and-drop list. AjaxSortableList is a WOComponentContent. By default, it renders an unordered list.

A demo of the Scriptaculous sortable list is available here.

Wonder Bindings

 * id - the id of the list (required)
 * list - the list to allow reordering on (required)
 * item - the repetition item (required)
 * listElementName - the HTML element name of the list (defaults to 'ul')
 * listItemElementName - the HTML element name of the list item (defaults to 'li')
 * listItemIDKeyPath - the unique identifier key path of the id of each item, currently the id has to be numeric (required)
 * listItemClass - the css class for a list item
 * listItemStyle - style attribute for a list item
 * listClass - the css class for the list wrapper
 * listStyle - style attribute for the list wrapper
 * startIndex - only allow reordering of the list starting at this index
 * action - the action to fire when the list is reordered. When the action fires, the "list" binding will contain an NSArray that has been reordered to match the reordering the user performed.

Scriptaculous Bindings
Scriptaculous Documentation
 * tag
 * only
 * overlap
 * constraint
 * containment
 * handle
 * the handle binding will be the css class name of the element that is to be used as a handle. For example, if you have an image that will be used as the handle for the draggable area, you would put it within a span and set class="handleName" on the span.  Then simply set the handle property of the AjaxSortableList component to "handleName".   An additional tip, set the cursor style to "move" on mouse over and the cursor will change to the four arrows icon indicating that the user is over the handle.
 * hoverclass
 * ghosting
 * dropOnEmpty
 * scroll
 * onChange
 * onUpdate


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxUpdateContainer

AjaxUpdateContainer
AjaxUpdateContainer is a particularly cool component that allows any component on your page to be refreshed in the background without a full page refresh. AjaxUpdateContainer uses a WOComponentContent. All content between its webobjects tags will be refreshed when it is ordered.

If your AjaxUpdateContainer contains component actions, you must include the ERExtensions framework in your application and extend ERXApplication and ERXSession as described in the Project Wonder Quickstart guide. If all of your actions are Direct Actions inside the update container, this is not necessary.

Additionally, if you intend to use the "observeFieldID" binding, you must also include the ERExtensions framework (as described above). The requirement is because a partial form submit is necessary (to send the modified observed field back to the server), and WOForm required a change to be able to recognize that it should takeValuesFromRequest for the observed value.

A convenience Javascript function is autogenerated for each AjaxUpdateContainer of the form "Update". For instance, if your id is "messageBox", then the Javascript function would be named "messageBoxUpdate". Calling this function will cause the container to refresh.

A series of demos of AjaxUpdateContainer is available in the AjaxExamples project in Project Wonder.

Wonder Bindings

 * id (required) - the ID of the generated HTML element that will contain your content
 * elementName - the HTML element name of the container ("div" or "span", defaults to "span")
 * observeFieldID - This provides support similar to the observe_field helper on Ruby on Rails. The value of observeFieldID should be the id of the form element you want to observe (for instance, set the id = "Something" on a WOTextField and set observeFieldID = "Something"; on your update container).  When the field changes, this will cause the field you were watching to submit its new value and the update container will refresh.  This allows you to do things like dependent WOPopUpButtons where one popup button changes, causing the second popup button to refresh with new values.  I've only tested this where both are in the same form.

Prototype Bindings
Prototype Documentation
 * frequency - when specified, the update container will automatically periodically refresh at this rate (in seconds)
 * decay - if the container updates and the contents do not change, slow down the rate of update by this factor each request
 * evalScripts - whether or not script tags should be evaluated when the container updates
 * insertion
 * onComplete
 * onSuccess
 * onFailure
 * onException


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Ajax/AjaxUpdateLink

WebObjects Wikibooks considered deprecated
Please look at http://wiki.objectstyle.org/confluence/display/WO/Programming__WebObjects-Project+WONDER-Frameworks-Ajax-AjaxUpdateLink instead.

AjaxUpdateLink
AjaxUpdateLink provides a WOHyperlink-like wrapper around an update trigger for an AjaxUpdateContainer. AjaxUpdateLink uses a WOComponentContent, so any text that should appear as part of the link should be enclosed between the AjaxUpdateLink's webobjects tags.

Wonder Bindings

 * action (required) - the action to fire when the link is pressed
 * updateContainerID - the ID of the AjaxUpdateContainer to refresh when the link is pressed

Prototype Bindings

 * onComplete
 * onSuccess
 * onFailure
 * onException
 * insertion
 * evalScripts


text:
BLL German/Vocabulary/Study subjects

This list is not exhaustive. So far, it covers only the most common subjects. Feel free to add anything.

title: BLL German/Vocabulary/Study subjects