text:
Wikibooks:Study help desk/Archive (July 2006-December 2006)

Deletion due to Copyright Violation
I am the author of the CFA Level III Study Guide that was deleted due to a copyright violation. (That is, listing the study sessions in the exam is apparently a copyright violation, which would make it nearly impossible to write a study guide without paying the CFA Institute for the right to display the the topics that need to be studied.) Two questions:

1. I realize that it's not Wikimedia's job to fight my battles for me, but why automatically assume that anyone who claims a copyright violation is in the right and delete the wikibook? It seems like some institutions might abuse it for their own interest (a propos to this situation).

2. Does a copy of the book exist so that I can make edits to it so that it doesn't mention the topics that need to be studied but just the specific information? Or alternatively, I can make up my own name for the study sessions. It's not too important. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 59.144.1.171 (talk • contribs).

 * If you don't think that a book was deleted fairly, nor that you were heard out about why it should not have been deleted, you should add a section on Votes for undeletion and add a link to where the content used to be. In this case I am not convinved either that this was indeed a copyright violation, and the information presented to me to justify why this was a copyvio seems to be a little weak.  In this particular case somebody sent the Wikimedia Foundation a cease and desist letter to remove this content, and the knee jerk reaction was to automatically delete it without any investigation as to if there was indeed a copyright violation.
 * It seems unlikely that a lawyer would send such a C&D letter without cause, but I've seen far worse before. I agree that this is precisely something that can be abused easily, and there is an attitude with some individuals that they don't care if it is abuse or not.  I requested an investigation and even added the copyvio tags to the content before it was deleted and even tried to contact the person who added the content.  Unfortunately other admins felt that this was being to "nice" and deleted it anyway.
 * If you want to have it "undeleted" temporarily, I or other admins can do that. As far as fair-use provisions of copyright law to use content like you are suggesting, I would recommend that you look at WB:FUP to go into details over what is permitted here on Wikibooks, including other links to Wikipedia articles and more about Fair-use.  This is indeed something that should have been dealt with on a local project level than having been hammered down from above.  --Rob Horning 19:14, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Upon further investigation, it appears as though there were some copyright violations here. I'm not going to get into specifics, but fair-use guidelines need to be reviewed for things of this nature.  Please add your objectsion to the Votes for Undeleteion if you really think this is something that should be undeleted, but try to help us overcome the copyright violation issues as well if this book is restored.  --Rob Horning 19:52, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Great! Thank you for your help. This can be removed. --VivekVish

Exercises in Wikibooks
Wikibooks are referred to as textbooks but there don't appear to be any exercises attached to them. Really, they're more like manuals for a particular topic, at least in their current state.

Are there any plans to add exercises to the Wikibooks? In my own experience, I have found it very difficult to learn by reading manual-style books. Rather, I learn stuff by working on problems.

Im sorry
im sorry i was only joking about the police thing please dont report me, me and my friends were just messing around --Bookworm123 11:41, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Be extra careful of what you write, as impersonation of legal authorities is a crime by itself. Joking around like this is something in other forums could get you to spend a fairly lengthy period of time in prison... especially in a prison of a country to which you are not a citizen, causing extra problems.  Also, unfortunately, this content doesn't simply disappear if you try to remove it.  It is not a matter of if I report you... it is if somebody who has a duty to report this reads it on a very public website.  BTW, if you think this was "funny", try joking about smuggling a bomb into a major European or American airport.  I'm sure you will get a very interesting educational experience from doing a joke like that.  --Rob Horning 06:47, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

vintage hot water vessels
what would you call the kind of bucket/pail the was used to heat and carry hot water to the bath/room back in the days of cowboys riding into town to get a drink, room and a bath at the saloon? It is made of brass ring on bottom, and copper body with pour spout and brass handle with porcelain knob in the middle. It also has a handle on the back side of body to assist in carrying and pouring water into tub.

About economics communities
what ia economics communities?

how to get wikibooks
1.How can I get wikibooks?i am a nigerian. 2.why is carbon carcinogenic?Please send the answer to tiis e-mail

Create an Account
I am trying to establish an account with Wikibooks but the system keeps giving me an error. I can enter my username, password and e-mail address but there is no special entry values present for me to use to prevent spam. I am using Windows 2000 Professional, Internet Explorer 6++, and Road Runner Cable communications.

Please assist me in completing my account. Thank you for your time and effort. v/r, Edward

 * I had a similar problem a while back. For some reason, my Internet Explorer wasn't loading the security images correctly, and I couldnt create an account. At the time, i downloaded [the FireFox browser to create the account, and was able to remove firefox from my computer thereafter. If, however, you don't want to (or are inable to) download a new browser, you can feel free to send me an email at wknight8111  hotmail com (pardon the anti-spam formatting), with your intended username. If you do send me an email, make sure to put the word "wikibooks" in your subject, so i dont delete it. I will create the account for you with a temporary password, which you will be able to change later. --[[User:Whiteknight|Whiteknight]] (talk) (projects) 12:33, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Books that already published somewhere else
I have few good and popular books published in my own website and at some other places too. Can I publish them in wikibooks?

Does wikibook support relevant external links from the content of the book? Or external links are big No No always? email

Cookbooks for bachelors
Is there some navigation trick I'm missing when looking in the Cookbook section? All the chicken recipies listed there are very exotic. Is there a way to cook chicken drumsticks rolled in bread crumbs? How long does it need to be in the oven? (375 deg. f, right?) --Connel MacKenzie 23:41, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Are Palm Treo downloads of Books possible?
Dear Wikibooks:

I found a book that I would like to carry with me on my palm phone for reading. It is the book of the month (September 2006 - Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience). Please tell me if this is allowed and if so, how it may be done. I have a palm reader on my treo, but I am not sure what format it requires. Do you have the ability to download to a palm devices in a format for palm readers?

Thank you,

Ronald Friedman

 * I have a Zire, and more often than not I use Adobe Acrobat Reader for Palm OS. Alternatives include using iSilo to convert an HTML file into an iSilo-readable PDB. Both of these are better alternatives than Palm Reader. To be honest, Palm Reader kind of sucks. Ed Ropple - B l a c k e n  - (Talk | Wikipedia talk) 17:00, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Printing a book
Just wondering if someone can contact me on how to best print a Wikibook.

My goal is to print a book by pressing the print button once instead of 40 times.

The book is on statistics. I'm an analyst and thought it would be good to stay sharp.

Any help would be great. My email is granty@westmarine.com.

Thanks for the wikid service :) -Grant

 * Do you mean Statistics? --Derbeth talk 18:24, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Anyway, I created Statistics/Print version. --Derbeth talk 19:25, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

2d blender editable views/ prodesktop
can i use blender like prodesktop? i know how to use prodesktop, but blender seems to be a bit over my head. can i edit things like in prodesktop? pre-emptive thanks! user:cheesethief

Can someone please make a book about becoming a Ninja?
Its a noteworthy topic, I know many people who want to to this. Maybe there are some members who are Ninjae who could help?

Ninjae is no such word. And no, It won't happen, there is no comprehensive guide to Nin.

What is Wikistudy
Is wikistudy like wikijunior, but for older?--Tigru 15:42, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Can you please tell that to me I need thet infiremation!--Tigru 12:31, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

slideshow viewing
Is there any way to view a page in slideshow format? The book "wikijunior alphabet" is an ABC book for early readers and would be more useful if it could be displayed as a slideshow.

24.126.231.170 20:35, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

download
Dear Administrator,

This site is very useful for my studies. How to download the books from this site or else i have to pay for books to download it. plz reply

 * All content of Wikibooks is available for free. You can copy them, print and even sale without paying anyone. You can find some of our books available in PDF format on PDF Versions page. Beyond these, many wikibooks have "print version" - which means a page with the whole text and images gathered in all. If you want to download such book, follow "print version" link, waint until the whole page is loaded and choose File -> Save as... -> Website (complete) from your web browser. --Derbeth talk 13:09, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

How to advertise/list
Hi,

I tried following all the directions on how to advertise a book. I am trying to get more authors/contributors to a new book I am starting. Is there a place to advertise/list such books? Harriska2

Thanks a ton!

 * Hm, this is a non-trivial question. I don't know particular places for such advertisement, but I can advise you some ways of promoting the book. First of all, you should add a link to the wikibook on Wikipedia. You can also write a message on the associated talk page asking people interested in the subject to help on Wikibooks. You can also post a message on some kind of discussion forums, but you should be careful not to be treated as a spammer. The last idea is to contact students on a university that may be interested in the subject - you could for example print a small announcement and post it on their notice board. --Derbeth talk 09:48, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * All great ideas, I'll follow up Harriska2

How to get started
Can someone please show me where to go to get started writing a book; i.e., what button do I click to get the book started? The site down not provide that readily. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Eyepredictor (talk • contribs).
 * Read Help:How to start a book and let me know if anything is unclear. --Derbeth talk 16:26, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Online High School Diploma
Will there be an opportunity for people to earn a high school diploma with Wiki....? I am Assistant Superintendent for the Rochester NH public schools and am interested in access to course materials, GED service and high school diploma opportunities for non traditional students.

65.175.134.16 13:15, 11 October 2006 (UTC)Kent Hemingway65.175.134.16 13:15, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

hemingway.k@rochesterschools.com 603-332-3678

 * Hello, please have a look also here. --Erkan Yilmaz 10:35, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

What about Wiki tutors?
For students learning to write, what about Wiki tutors to give pointers and praise. Pointers could be to subject areas / writing advice subheadings the tutors may be familiar with, but the new learning students might not be.--68.4.98.20 01:30, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

i am a 14 year old author
Hello i am a 14 year old author who would like to post my book on wikibooks and was wondering if you the staff would allow this

your sincerly

taylor johnston

 * If it's an instructional book, sure! What kind of book? -- SB_Johnny | talk 20:43, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

text from GNU sites ie Wikipedia
I've been searching around to no avail, so I'll just breakdown and throw this out there. Whats the policy on importing work from Wikipedia into Wikibooks? Are there any special steps that need to be considered? Obviously the work would have to be edited to provide cohesiveness, but it would make some huge strides in some areas. RichMac 03:59, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * We can use Special:Import actually. If you want to have something imported, just list it on Requests for Import.-- SB_Johnny | talk 11:50, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Can you put this in english form?
Someone had said this to me and I don't know what it says, can you put it english for me? Du Arschloch haben, einen schönen Tag -- —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.52.142.3 (talk • contribs).

It's very broken German, either meaning "you asshole, have a nice day", or "you have an asshole, a nice day". Where was this said and who said it? -- SB_Johnny | talk 16:51, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Use of text on my Web site
Hello Wikibooks,

I run a small computer services business for computer beginners and computer novice. Many of my customers have asked me to write manuals for beginners, but I just don't have the time. Instead, I work articles to help them resolve basic computer issues. After I complete the articles, I place them on my web site at www.basiccomputerguide.com. Is it possible to copy some of the basic computer books, or articles on Wikibooks to my web site?

I read the Wikibooks license, but I just want to make sure that I proceed in a legal manner.

Thanks,

Bryan Eaddy Computer Support Specialist

 * We tried to explain how to use our materials on Copyrights page; are these explanations not clear enough? Anyway, we are happy with every use of our content. You can copy our texts, but please link to originals (where readers can find list of authors) and write that the texts are licensed under GFDL license. --Derbeth talk 19:22, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Bryan. If you're having trouble understanding the requirements, try making a "beta" page or two, and leave us a link so we can check to see that the appropriate i's and t's are appropriately dotted and/or crossed. If in doubt, you can of course just send your clients a link to the relevant wikibooks page. -- SB_Johnny  | talk 19:51, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This is great! I'll be careful to provide links on my site that lead back to Wikibook Authors. The explanations of how to use your books are very clear; I just wanted to be sure that I'm not breaking any laws. You guys are providing a great service. I'm sure that I'll be making a donation after I become more familiar with WikiBooks, Awesome!

Bryan Eaddy

Help in moving Algebra 1 in Simple English to Simple English Wikibooks
I am a math teacher who is recruiting other math teachers to help write this textbook for use by the One Laptop Per Child computers that will soon be used by developing world students. I am currently getting contributions from regular wikibook writers, which is great. But unfortunately, the way it is organized with all the other Algebra books it just is not clear to people that the content must be written in Simple English. I'm getting lots of content that is completely inappropriate for limited english speakers.

Several months ago Robert Horning said he could arrange to move Algebra 1 in Simple English from en.wikibooks to simple.wikibooks, but nothing ever happened. Can one of you staff types help me out? I'm making my first big presentation to other math teachers on December 1st, and it would mean a lot to the project if this issue was resolved.

You can email me directly at olpc@hstutorials.net

Thanks,

Lisa Gehman Thorne aka --HSTutorials 05:42, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Do you mean this: Algebra I - A Verbose Approach book? --Derbeth talk 08:47, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I would assume this book: Algebra I in Simple English. I've never done a transwiki before, but lemme give it a shot. --Dragontamer 16:30, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Shoot, I am not an admin at simple.wikibooks.org. I can't import stuff into it... erm. The GFDL states that I have to copy the edit history as well, so a bot or special:import has to be invoked to do this in a legally clean way. (or manually, copying edits in one by one...) I know there is a time restriction, but I don't really know how I should go about this. --Dragontamer 16:42, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

I left a message on simple.wikibooks about this... the administrators here really can't do anything that you can't just as easily do yourself... it has to be copy-paste moved unless you want to request getting Import enabled there, and even then, you should probably elect more admins to be able to use them properly. w:User:Uncle G has a transwiki bot that auto-adds copies of the page history... he might be able to do something for you if he's around.-- SB_Johnny | talk 09:54, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, I forgot to write about it. I made a formal request on Wikimedia Bugzilla. Leave your comments to support it, because until now nothing has been done with it. --Derbeth talk 12:41, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Editor buttons
Is there any way to add buttons to the editor for additional functionality? I'm working in the organic chemistry textbook and repeatedly using subscripts and superscripts gets tedious when doing chemical formulas. It would be nice if I could add buttons just for my account or for working in the Chemistry book, that would automatically subscript and superscript selected text. --Pete 06:32, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Have you tried creating a template? Help:Template for more information. They are somewhat complex, but they are very powerful. They are much like subroutines in programming languages. --Dragontamer 07:57, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Templates are not my thing but there are a couple of very good .js editors available on Wikipedia which work fine here. I'm currently using the out of date one but it give good functionality for me but the new one has loads of buttons etc on.  is the grown up one or I can give you info on the other - best AFAIK on FF -- Herby  talk thyme 08:12, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Dragontamer, I know templates are powerful, but I don't think for this it's really going to help, since I still have to mark up the text. It's the manually marking up of the text that I'm trying to avoid, unless there's a way to use a template to add functionality to the editor itself. I don't think that's the case.. Herby, thanks for the idea. I'll check out the editor. -- Pete 13:51, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem - I've used the original version for sometime and would be lost without it (there's other "useful" .js stuff about to if you are interested). Let me know if I can help -- Herby  talk thyme 13:54, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Herby, thanks. This is MUCH, MUCH better. I see it's not entirely finished yet, but really, the major stuff, it's clearly going to make wiki coding much easier for me. Obviously I've only played with it for about 2 mins so far, but I just did some bumbling around on a page without saving the changes, just to see some of the functionality and it's exactly what I'm looking for. I also like the fact that it colors the text, though I find some of the colors very disagreeable, but it looks like I can change those. Thanks again. -- Pete 14:07, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The disagreeable colours are why I've not really got into that version yet. Be interesting to know how it works out -- Herby  talk thyme 14:09, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

is there already a wiki?
Is there already a wiki about the global farming industry?

 * There's a search box in the navigation area on the left that you can use to search for topics. The only thing that seems to come close, and it's not global, is the Technologies_for_Rural_Development wikibook which appears to be fairly new. -- Pete 15:50, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Reverting a move
I moved the page Organic Chemistry/Introduction to functional groups to Organic Chemistry/Introduction to functional groups old with the idea of replacing the original page with another page. I'd like to instead, undo the move and simply copy the text from the page I want into this page. What's involved?

Sorry, just got half way through it and realized I was going about it the wrong way. Thanks. -- Pete 04:23, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Pete if no one has got back to you - this is best done by an admin Administrators' noticeboard may be the best spot? (unless anyone knows better) -- Herby talk thyme 19:37, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I would go back to the original page, go into the "history", click back on the one with all the information still on it, then hit edit->save. Then, I'd go to the new page and mark it with a tag, mentioning that the move was in error and that the first page is still up. --Dragontamer 05:46, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, just using the "move" tool worked out perfectly. :-p --Dragontamer 05:48, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Stealing from Wikipedia
There's a table on a page in Wikipedia that's really nicely done and complete and would be perfect on one of the Organic Chem pages. Can I simply copy and paste the table? I'm assuming that's cool, but want to ask first. It's a fairly large table, but I don't want the page text. Just the table. -- Pete 02:54, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The whole business and hype with the "free content" and GFDL license is made so that people can re-use content of Wikipedia, Wikibooks and so on. You can copy-paste but write in edit summary: "copied table from article". --Derbeth talk 22:21, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm in the process of trying to move the table over. I'm doing all the work in a sandbox page under my account. Some of the images in the table aren't showing up. Does that mean that the images that ARE showing up are in Wikimedia Commons and that the ones that aren't showing up are only on Wikipedia? If that's the case, how do I handle that? Can I simply download the images from Wikipedia and upload them to Wikimedia Commons and provide the original wikipedia reference? Thanks. -- Pete 01:29, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Link to your sandbox would be helpful ;-) You can move these images to Commons, but you have to check every image license first (no fair use). Remember to add NowCommons and use the full-size version of the image. --Derbeth talk 18:51, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * There are two images on the right side near the bottom that are missing. Here is my sandbox. Still cleaning it up a bit. I did find a similar image to a third missing one, already on commons, so I used that as a replacement. -- Pete 20:07, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * How do I use the NowCommons template? Where do I place it? In Commons or on the original page where I got it from wikipedia? -- Pete 02:53, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Use add this template on image page on Wikipedia. If the name of the image is the same on Wikipedia and Commons, you add just {NowCommons}. If not, you write: {NowCommons|Image:imagenameoncommons.png}. --Derbeth talk 11:43, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

zombies
Who, what, or why is anything like "Zombie-proof shelters" allowed access to Wikibooks? Attrocious spelling, syntax, and content have no place in an educational/instructive venue like the Wiki world. Please get the zombies out. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.231.88.221 (talk • contribs) 14:39, 21 Nov 2006 (UTC)

 * Good point - marked for deletion -- Herby talk thyme 14:47, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Problem with image size
I can't seem to get images resized properly. What am I doing wrong here? Here's an example of my code. According to this page in the mediawiki help, I should be able to specify the width of the image, but my image is coming out full-size. I've tried reordering the arguments with 759px after center, but that didn't change anything. What am I missing? If you want to see how the images are coming out, they're on this page. -- Pete 20:13, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Nevermind... In the time it took me to write this question, Ewen fixed the images. Apparently I needed the "thumb" option to use the size.-- Pete 20:18, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Finding links to a page.
I know there's got to be an easy way to do this, but I can't figure it out. How can I find out what links there are to a page? I want to mark a page for speedy deletion, but before doing that, I want to make sure all links to it are properly redirected to the new location of the content. I've probably already done this before, but how to do it is now eluding me. -- Pete 17:13, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * On the left side, under the "search", there is the toolbox. Click on "What links here" and you've got it. I would suggest doing a redirect instead of a delete however. It saves no space to delete, and redirect automatically handles bookmarks from other sites and keeps other people's bookmarks functioning. --Dragontamer 17:28, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course! I knew I had used it before and for some reason, I just couldn't figure it out. Still recovering from Thanksgiving, I guess. I was looking all over "Module Cleanup".... Thanks for the reminder. -- Pete 18:14, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

criminal justice questions
1. an appeal to authority is justified when the authority is an appropriate and recongnizes authority?

2. prejudicial language attempts to persuade through the choice of words that convey a bias?

3. an inductive argument does not arrive at a final conclusion but at a hypoythesis?

4. a good inductive argument supports its claims with adequate and sufficent evidence?

5. unknowable statistic by definition is the fallacy of arriving prematurely at the conclusion without having made a careful study of the evidence?

these are all true and false questions

6. a physician uses inductive reasoning when she examines youe symptons in order to make a diagnosis that is a hypothesis?

7. circular reasoning seeks to discredit an idea on the basis of objections that are beside the point?

all the questions are true or false —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.63.228.232 (talk • contribs) 19:16, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for contacting Wikibooks. You may wish to have a look at the links from Logic. --Swift 20:38, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

NASD Series 22
Can you help me find study materials for the series 22 exam? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.184.52.252 (talk • contribs) 14:57, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, a search for NSAD turnes up blank. A Google search doesn't do much better. --Swift 07:17, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

article from a newspaper
Hi,

Am I allowed to post an article from a newspaper? If so, what liscence should it be? Thank you very much! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Lingmalu (talk • contribs).

 * No, unless the newspaper is copyrighted as either GFDL or Public Domain, which is unlikely :-). If the article can be found in an online version, you can of course link to it as a reference or "further reading". -- SB_Johnny | talk 16:27, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Free Education Books on Humane education
I have authored a series of 7 teacher's guides/handbooks for volunteers and teachers to become better humane educators and offering this curriculum through character development and the guidance counselor's office. They contain more than 1,000 pages total.

They are downloadable here:

http://21stcenturycares.org/1spotlightbook.zip

http://21stcenturycares.org/2mustreadsbook.zip

http://21stcenturycares.org/3Youthbook.zip

http://21stcenturycares.org/4Miscbook.zip

http://21stcenturycares.org/5Lessonplans.zip

http://21stcenturycares.org/6projectsuggestions.zip

http://21stcenturycares.org/7forchangebook.zip

Where are all the locations I could offer these at no charge to persons who are into animal protection and for teachers? The message within these books is very relevant for today's educators.

Randy N. Warner 21stcares@citlink.net

 * There is no pool of external resources here at Wikibooks, but if you think it would comply with What is Wikibooks, then you are welcome to create a book on the subject. --Swift 14:00, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Determining the molecular cutoff of the given dialysis bag...?
From, Mathenkumar.P.S, Lab Assistant, Mediclone Research Center, Chennai-600048, INDIA.

Can't create account
When I try to create an account, I am queried to enter some graphic text (to foil spammers?), but the box which should contain the text only has numbers such as "44 - 5" in the standard font. I tried entering "39", but the system always responds that my entry is invalid, and will not let me create an account. I have tried a number of times on different days, but with the same result. I have successfully created an account on wikipedia, and have tried to use that account on wikibooks but alas, wikipedia username does not work on wikibooks. 71.116.74.34 07:12, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I know of no reason why you should not be able to create an account. The IP address does not appear to be blocked.  I can only suggest that you keep trying - if the problem persist do post here again and I'm sure someone will look at it again -- Herby  talk thyme 08:04, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Searching for cashew nut recipies.
Hello friends,

I am Abhijeet from India.

I am searching for recipies of salted, roasted and spicy cashew nuts which is a popular snack almost all over the globe. Being a manufacturer of raw cahsew nuts,I am searching for abovesaid preparations as I am willing to enter the further food processing in this sector.

Can anybody enlighten me regarding this?

Please feel free to reply me either by email on abhijeetsase@gmail.com or through here.

 * You'll want to head over to the Cookbook for this. There is an ingredient page at Cookbook:Cashew and clicking the What links here (in the "toolbox" in the sidebar) will give you pages that link to it. Have fun! --Swift 14:07, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Sir, I am mathenkumar, an employee in the research center. I had a problem in determining the molecular cutoff of the given bag. I need a clear idea about this? Plz help me........

Yours Faithfully Mathenkumar.P.S                                                        [mathen111@YAHOO.CO.IN]


text:
Template talk:General Chemistry/Navigation

9-21-06 it looked like someone inserted some garbage text into the menu so i reverted to the previous version.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:164.165.217.254

9-21-06 it looked like someone inserted some garbage text into the menu so i reverted to the previous version.

title: User talk:164.165.217.254


text:
Electronics/Inductors/Special Cases

This section list formulas for inductances in specific situations. Beware that some of the equations are in Imperial units.

The permeability of free space, μ0, is constant and is defined to be exactly equal to 4π×10-7 H m-1.

1. Basic inductance formula for a cylindrical coil

 * $$L=\frac{\mu_0\mu_rN^2A}{l}$$

 * L = inductance / H
 * μr = relative permeability of core material
 * N = number of turns
 * A = area of cross-section of the coil / m2
 * l = length of coil / m

2. The self-inductance of a straight, round wire in free space

L_{self} = \frac{\mu_0 b}{2 \pi} \left[ \ln \left(\frac{b}{a}+\sqrt{1+\frac{b^{2}}{a^{2}}}\right) -\sqrt{1+\frac{a^{2}}{b^{2}}}+\frac{a}{b}+\frac{\mu_{r}}{4} \right] $$

 * Lself = self inductance / H
 * b = wire length /m
 * a = wire radius /m
 * $$\mu_r$$ = relative permeability of wire

If you make the assumption that b >> a and that the wire is nonmagnetic ($$\mu_r=1$$), then this equation can be approximated to

 * $$L_{self} = \frac{\mu_0 b}{2 \pi} \left[ \ln \left( \frac{2b}{a} \right) - 3/4 \right]$$ (for low frequencies)

 * $$L_{self} = \frac{\mu_0 b}{2 \pi} \left[ \ln \left( \frac{2b}{a} \right) - 1 \right]$$ (for high frequencies due to the skin effect)

 * L = inductance / H
 * b = wire length / m
 * a = wire radius / m

The inductance of a straight wire is usually so small that it is neglected in most practical problems. If the problem deals with very high frequencies (f > 20 GHz), the calculation may become necessary. For the rest of this book, we will assume that this self-inductance is negligible.

3. Inductance of a short air core cylindrical coil in terms of geometric parameters:

 * $$L=\frac{r^2N^2}{9r+10l}$$
 * L = inductance in μH
 * r = outer radius of coil in inches
 * l = length of coil in inches
 * N = number of turns

4. Multilayer air core coil

 * $$L = \frac{0.8r^2N^2}{6r+9l+10d}$$
 * L = inductance in μH
 * r = mean radius of coil in inches
 * l = physical length of coil winding in inches
 * N = number of turns
 * d = depth of coil in inches (i.e., outer radius minus inner radius)

5. Flat spiral air core coil
$$L=\frac{r^2N^2}{(2r+2.8d) \times 10^5}$$
 * L = inductance / H
 * r = mean radius of coil / m
 * N = number of turns
 * d = depth of coil / m (i.e. outer radius minus inner radius)

Hence a spiral coil with 8 turns at a mean radius of 25 mm and a depth of 10 mm would have an inductance of 5.13µH.

6. Winding around a toroidal core (circular cross-section)

 * $$L=\mu_0\mu_r\frac{N^2r^2}{D}$$

 * L = inductance / H
 * μr = relative permeability of core material
 * N = number of turns
 * r = radius of coil winding / m
 * D = overall diameter of toroid / m

title: Electronics/Inductors/Special Cases


text:
Electronics/Inductors/Networks

Series

Consider n inductors in series, as above. The voltage across the whole arrangement (i.e. across the two terminals) must be equal to the sum of the voltages across the individual inductors:

 * $$v_{tot}=v_1 + v_2 + \cdots + v_n.$$

from our definition of inductance, where the voltage is the inductance multiplied by the rate of change of current, we get

 * $$v_{tot}=L_1 \frac{di_1}{dt}+L_2 \frac{di_2}{dt}+ \cdots + L_n \frac{di_n}{dt},$$

where i1 is the current in element 1, and so on. Since the current in every element the series must always be the same (by Kirchhoff's Current Law), we can see that

 * $$v_{tot}=L_1 \frac{di}{dt}+L_2 \frac{di}{dt}+ \cdots + L_n \frac{di}{dt},$$

where i is the current in the network. Factorising, we get:

 * $$v_{tot}=\left(L_1+L_2+\cdots+L_n \right)\frac{di}{dt}$$.

If we now call all the element in the series a single, equivalent inductance, Leq, we see that

 * $$v_{tot}=L_{eq} \frac{di}{dt}.$$

Thus,

 * $$L_{eq}=L_1+L_2+\cdots+L_n$$

This means that when in series, the total inductance is just the sum of all the constituent inductances.

Parallel

When inductors are in parallel, then each inductor has the same voltage across it, that is, the voltage present at the terminals of the network. This can just be called v. Now, our equation describing the equivalent inductance, Leq, is:

 * $$v=L_{eq}\frac{di_{eq}}{dt},$$

where ieq is the current through the network.

By Kirchhoff's Current Law, we have

 * $$i_{eq}=i_1+i_2+\cdots+i_n$$

Differentiating with respect to time gives

 * $$\frac{di_{eq}}{dt}=\frac{di_1}{dt}+\frac{di_2}{dt}+\cdots+\frac{di_n}{dt}$$

Now by rearranging the general equation describing inductance in the i'th element, we can obtain, for each term in the above,

 * $$\frac{di_i}{dt}=\frac{v}{L_i}$$

Substituting into the equation before, we get

 * $$\frac{di_{eq}}{dt}=\frac{v}{L_1}+\frac{v}{L_2}+\cdots+\frac{v}{L_n}$$

Factorising,

 * $$\frac{di_{eq}}{dt}=v \left( \frac{1}{L_1}+\frac{1}{L_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{L_n} \right)$$

Rearranging, we get

 * $$v=\frac{ \frac{di_{eq}}{dt}} {\frac{1}{L_1}+\frac{1}{L_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{L_n}}$$

 * $$v=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{L_1}+\frac{1}{L_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{L_n}} \frac{di_{eq}}{dt} $$

So, therefore:

 * $$L_{eq}=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{L_1}+\frac{1}{L_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{L_n}}$$

 * $$\frac{1}{L_{eq}}=\frac{1}{L_1}+\frac{1}{L_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{L_n}$$

This is identical to the rule for combining resistors.

title: Electronics/Inductors/Networks


text:
Electronics/Inductors/Transient Analysis

The following is a description of the events that take place when a DC voltage is applied to an inductor. We need to consider that fact that the inductor has a parasitic resistance caused by the fact the wire it is made from is not superconducting. If we do not consider this, then we have a circuit with no way to dissipate energy - an ideal inductor is just a short circuit to DC once the magnetic field has been set up. So, we consider an ideal inductor in series with an ideal resistor as shown to the right.

 * Before the switch is closed, there is no voltage or current across either the resistor or the inductor.
 * When the switch is first closed, the current through the inductor is zero, because it cannot change instantaneously.
 * This means that the inductor acts like an open circuit, so all the voltage is across the inductor.
 * As the current ramps up from zero, the magnetic field builds in strength.
 * The changing magnetic field creates a back emf which acts to oppose the current in the inductor. This back emf will not stop the current completely, but it will slow it down.
 * Eventually, the current in the inductor reaches full strength (as governed by the resistor and the voltage by Ohm's Law).
 * When this happens, the current is no longer changing, so the voltage across the inductor is zero. The magnetic field is still present, but it is static, so there is no back emf.
 * All the voltage is now across the resistor, and the inductor acts as a short circuit.

The circuit will remain like this, with a certain current, all the voltage across the resistors and none over the inductor. There is a constant magnetic field in the inductor, and no back emf. However, when the switch is opened again,

 * The current drops to zero very rapidly.
 * The magnetic field collapses rapidly.
 * The hanging magnetic field induces a back emf in the inductor. As the magnetic field changes so rapidly, the back emf is very large (infinite if the switch was perfect).
 * This large voltage is across the switch.
 * It is likely that a spark will jump the gap, possibly damaging the switch. If a transistor is used, it should be protected with diodes.
 * After the back emf has settled, the circuit has no current and no voltage in it - we are where we started.

As you can see, inductors don't really add much to a DC circuit, except when energized and de-energized. However, in AC circuits, inductors can be used for many things.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/The Three Broomsticks

General Overview
The Three Broomsticks is one of the major attractions of Hogsmeade for the staff of Hogwarts, and the students on their infrequent Hogsmeade weekends. Located on the main street of Hogsmeade village, it is a warm and cheerful place, presided over by Madam Rosmerta, a warm, cheerful, and curvaceous witch.

Extended Description
We should note that many major revelations occur in the Three Broomsticks. The subsections below are intended to serve as spoiler warnings.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Harry's first visit to the Three Broomsticks is extremely alarming; it is here that he hears the story of how Sirius Black had betrayed his parents, and killed another wizard and a number of Muggles.

Goblet of Fire
It is in this pub in Harry's fourth year that Harry is invited by Hagrid to come and see the dragons that will make up the First Task of the Triwizard Tournament; at the same time, we learn that Alastor Moody's magical eye can see through Harry's Invisibility Cloak. Later in the same year, Harry is offered information on beating the Second Task by Ludo Bagman, and Hermione tells off Rita Skeeter, an action that results in Rita writing a scurrilous story for Witch Weekly about Hermione.

Order of the Phoenix
In Harry's fifth year, needing a place to meet with other students, Hermione chooses to meet at the Hog's Head, rather than the Three Broomsticks, as there would be more privacy there. This privacy proves illusory, which may be why Hermione chooses the Three Broomsticks for a later meeting with Harry, Luna Lovegood, and Rita Skeeter. At this meeting, Harry talks briefly with a morose Hagrid, who is thinking about his family, then is interviewed by Rita about his experience the previous year when Voldemort had returned.

Half-Blood Prince
While Harry, Hermione, and Ron do visit the Three Broomsticks in Harry's sixth year, it is a cheerless visit, and culminates in the Trio seeing Katie Bell being jinxed by a package she had apparently received there. As a result, Hogsmeade Weekends are canceled for the rest of the year. Harry does pass the Three Broomsticks later in the year, with Professor Dumbledore, but they do not enter: Dumbledore tells Madam Rosmerta that he fancies a quieter drink and heads towards the Hog's Head. Returning from that trip, which had been cover for retrieval of one of Voldemort's Horcruxes, Harry and a greatly weakened Dumbledore return to Hogsmeade, where they are met by Madam Rosmerta who warns them of the Dark Mark floating over Hogwarts. She loans them brooms, and Harry and Dumbledore fly to the school.

It turns out that Draco Malfoy, who has been given the mission of killing Dumbledore by Voldemort, has placed Madam Rosmerta under the Imperius curse, and thus has been aware of Dumbledore's absences. Madam Rosmerta, under Draco's control, had given the jinxed necklace to Katie Bell, had apparently provided poisoned mead to Professor Slughorn, and had provided Draco with information about Dumbledore's absences from the school.

Deathly Hallows
Harry does not attend Hogwarts in the seventh book, but he does return there to hunt down a final Horcrux. Apparating into Hogsmeade, Harry triggers an alarm, the Caterwaul, which brings Death Eaters out of the Three Broomsticks hunting him.

Analysis
Wizards, much like anyone else, like to have a place where they can unwind and relax, and for the residents of Hogsmeade and the teachers at Hogwarts, that place is the Three Broomsticks. This is where wizards go to get Butterbeer, mead, and Firewhisky, among other things. As is usual among pubs, there are those that cater to the more regular class of clients and those that cater to the fringes of society; the Three Broomsticks serves the regular wizards, leaving the more shady customers to the Hog's Head Inn.

The Three Broomsticks is something of a leveled playing field; it is here that some of the distinction between student and teacher is lifted, so that Harry can speak relatively freely with Hagrid, and so that he can eavesdrop on private conversations between teachers. Of course, the alcohol helps this, and in fact at one point when we see Hagrid, he is rather morosely drunk. It is worth mentioning that the drinking age in the UK is much lower than it is in the United States; it is legal to drink at age 18 in a pub, or at 16 in a restaurant with a meal, and at age 5 at home. The laws in the Wizarding world must be even more lenient, as the Three Broomsticks and the Hog's Head are clearly pubs, yet third-years (age 13 and 14) can order Butterbeer (which is apparently mildly alcoholic).

Given how crowded the Three Broomsticks is, one might wonder why there are no other pubs apart from the unsavory Hog's Head Inn. One must consider, however, that whenever we see the Three Broomsticks, it is a Hogsmeade weekend, and the pub is full of Hogwarts students. It is almost certain that business on regular days is slow enough that a third pub would not be supported by the population. However, it is equally certain that the Three Broomsticks pub would not fail even with the ending of Hogsmeade weekends. The pub is so central to the British way of life that every town must have at least one; it is unthinkable that a village without a pub could exist.

It is not surprising that the first stirrings of Ron's sexual awareness should happen in the Three Broomsticks. When we first see the pub, Harry notes that Madam Rosmerta is a curvaceous witch; this, combined with the more casual atmosphere of the pub is likely responsible for Ron's paying her a rather inordinate amount of attention. Ron's low-level infatuation with Madam Rosmerta continues well into the sixth book, as it is mentioned that he is apparently looking around for her in the one Hogsmeade visit that occurs in Harry's sixth year. To the observant reader, this may seem somewhat odd, as Ron is actually present at the conversation where Madam Rosmerta admits to having served Harry's father when he was a student, making her necessarily old enough to be Ron's mother.

Greater Picture
We note that the Death Eaters who are on guard in Hogsmeade in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows appear out of The Three Broomsticks when the caterwaul sounds. It is worth speculating briefly on the author's reasons for having them there, rather than in the Hog's Head Inn, which seems more attuned to the Death Eater psyche. There is, of course, the story requirement that the Trio meet up with Aberforth in order to complete the story line; this would be more difficult to arrange with Death Eaters in the Hog's Head around the clock, certainly. So why are the Death Eaters not staying there? Aberforth seems to have some power over the Death Eaters; the threat of closing his pub and moving out does seem to dismay them, as it would leave them with no place to transact their shadier business. Because of this, Aberforth can unilaterally shut his doors at, say, 1AM as usual, leaving the all-night business to The Three Broomsticks, who either do not have a way of exerting that power over the Death Eaters, or who do not choose to use it. So while it is a story requirement, the author has managed to give a valid reason for the vacancy of the Hog's Head. This power that he holds over the Death Eaters could relate to his kinship to Albus Dumbledore and no doubt his prowess with a wand, which is shown in the Battle of Hogwarts.


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Elements

This page has a list of all of the elements. You might also want to check out the Periodic Table page for more info.

Well-known Elements
There's a good chance you've heard of these.

Well-known Metals

 * Gold
 * Iron
 * Silver
 * Copper
 * Aluminum
 * Titanium
 * Nickel
 * Platinum
 * Tin
 * Lead
 * Mercury
 * Lithium
 * Sodium
 * Potassium
 * Calcium
 * Cobalt
 * Zinc
 * Uranium

Well-known Non-metals

 * Oxygen
 * Carbon
 * Nitrogen
 * Arsenic
 * Helium
 * Neon
 * Argon
 * Chlorine
 * Iodine
 * Phosphorus
 * Sulfur

Alkali Metals
These are silver-colored, soft, low-density metals that are highly chemically reactive. They are never found in pure form in nature, tarnish easily, and have low melting points and densities. They react readily with the halogens and with water.

 * Lithium
 * Sodium
 * Potassium
 * Rubidium
 * Cesium
 * Francium

Alkaline Earth Metals
These are silver colored, soft, low-density metals that react with the halogens (but not as readily as the alkali metals do), and with water (except Beryllium).

 * Beryllium
 * Magnesium
 * Calcium
 * Strontium
 * Barium
 * Radium

Rare Earth Metals
The more modern name for these is "inner transition metals". They are highly chemically reactive metals. They catch fire in air very easily, and react with water (which liberates hydrogen from the water). They have higher melting and boiling points than the alkaline earth metals. On the periodic table, these elements are usually kept separate and put right at the bottom, in two rows. This is because the periodic table world be too long, and it wouldn't be able to fit on a piece of paper, if they were put into their proper places.

 * Lanthanum (This is also considered a transition metal.)
 * Cerium
 * Praseodymium
 * Neodymium
 * Promethium
 * Samarium
 * Europium
 * Gadolinium
 * Terbium
 * Dysprosium
 * Holmium
 * Erbium
 * Thulium
 * Ytterbium
 * Lutetium

 * Actinium (This is also considered a transition metal.)
 * Thorium
 * Protactinium
 * Uranium
 * Neptunium
 * Plutonium
 * Americium
 * Curium
 * Berkelium
 * Californium
 * Einsteinium
 * Fermium
 * Medelevium
 * Nobelium
 * Lawrencium

Transition Metals
These are the metals in the middle of the periodic table. Some people exclude zinc, cadmium, and mercury from being transition metals (those are the three in the rightmost column of this part of the table), because the rest of the transition metals have more chemical properties in common with each other than they do with those three. Still, the transition metals have less in common than most other groups of elements in the table do.

 * Scandium
 * Titanium
 * Vanadium
 * Chromium
 * Manganese
 * Iron
 * Cobalt
 * Nickel
 * Copper
 * Zinc (Some people don't count this as a transition metal.)

 * Yttrium
 * Zirconium
 * Niobium
 * Molybdenum
 * Technetium
 * Ruthenium
 * Rhodium
 * Palladium
 * Silver
 * Cadmium (Some people don't count this as a transition metal.)

 * Lanthanum (This is also considered a rare earth metal.)
 * Hafnium
 * Tantalum
 * Tungsten
 * Rhenium
 * Osmium
 * Iridium
 * Platinum
 * Gold
 * Mercury (Some people don't count this as a transition metal.)

 * Actinium (This is also considered a rare earth metal.)
 * Rutherfordium
 * Dubnium
 * Seaborgium
 * Bohrium
 * Hassium
 * Copernicium

Other Metals

 * Aluminum
 * Gallium
 * Indium
 * Tin
 * Thallium
 * Lead
 * Bismuth

Metalloids
These have properties of both metals and non-metals.

 * Boron
 * Silicon
 * Germanium
 * Arsenic
 * Antimony
 * Tellurium
 * Polonium

Noble Gases
At ordinary temperatures and pressures, these are all odorless, colorless gases that are relatively difficult to involve in chemical reactions.

 * Helium
 * Neon
 * Argon
 * Krypton
 * Xenon
 * Radon

Halogens
The halogens are highly chemically reactive, so that in sufficient quantities they can be harmful or lethal to living things. Several of them are used as disinfectants.

 * Fluorine
 * Chlorine
 * Bromine
 * Iodine
 * Astatine

Other Non-metals

 * Hydrogen
 * Carbon
 * Nitrogen
 * Oxygen
 * Phosphorus
 * Sulfur
 * Selenium

Newly discovered elements
Some elements were discovered recently, or are too radioactive for scientists to know which type of element they are. Because of this, their place in the periodic table is only temporary and might change if scientists learn more about them.

 * Darmstadtium
 * Roentgenium
 * Copernicium
 * Nihonium
 * Flerovium
 * Moscovium
 * Livermorium
 * Tenessine
 * Oganesson

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Elements


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Plutonium

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Plutonium is silver when pure and turns a yellowish color when it oxidizes. A large piece of Plutonium is warm to the touch, and even larger pieces produce enough heat to boil water. Plutonium (pronounced /pluːˈtoʊniəm/) is a radioactive, metallic and toxic chemical element. It has the symbol Pu and the atomic number 94. It is a fissile element used in most modern nuclear weapons. The most significant isotope of plutonium is 239Pu, with a half-life of 24,100 years. It can be made from natural uranium and is the most useful fissile isotope of plutonium. The most stable isotope is 244Pu, with a half-life of about 80 million years, long enough to be found in extremely small quantities in nature, making 244Pu the nucleon-richest atom that naturally occurs in the Earth's crust, albeit in small traces.

How was it discovered?
Plutonium was first made by Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edward M. McMillan and Arthur C. Wahl at the University of California, Berkley in 1940. It is, therefore, an artificial element (although it IS found in extremely small quantities in nature.) It was created for use in the atomic bomb.

Where did its name come from?
Plutonium was named for the planet Pluto. There is an interesting story behind its abbreviation, though. It became Pu instead of Pl because the discoverers, knowing it to be a dangerous element, chose Pu. Have you ever heard the exclamation "P.U.!" used? Well, now you can make a connection to the world of atoms and molecules.  Did You Know?
 * One kilogram of plutonium produces 22 million kilowatt hours of heat energy.
 * Plutonium has been used to power space probes and heart pacemakers.
 * It was used aboard Apollo 14 to power seismic devices.

Where is it found?
Plutonium is usually manufactured artificially in special reactors designed and built especially for this task. Trace amounts of plutonium have also been found naturally inside some uranium ores. It's virtually nonexistent, however, in the soil.

What are its uses?
The most well known use of plutonium is in the building of nuclear weapons and power plants, using its isotope 239. It is one of the key materials that cause the nuclear explosion. Less well known, however, it has been used in many instances to build long-lasting batteries for things like space probes/satellites and heart pacemakers. The heart-pacemaker use of plutonium uses the isotope 238, just one neutron away from the deadly isotope 239. If it (naturally or artificially) gained just one neutron, the heart pacemaker would probably kill you if you used it. The use of plutonium as a power source for pacemakers has been stopped in more recent years, due to this.

Is it dangerous?
Raw plutonium is both radioactive and toxic. If it comes in contact with a person, it is likely to cause an increased chance of cancer in later years of life. If ingested or inhaled it can be toxic. When used to build weapons, plutonium is extremely dangerous. It is used in the two most powerful and deadliest weapons of all time, the atomic and hydrogen bombs.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Plutonium


text:
User:Jocke Pirat~enwikibooks

Please visit my wikipedia page for more information about me.

Under Construction

 * PL/M Programming - will be in my userspace until I can be confident with it.
 * Gothic - Restructuring and enhancing, mostly

title: User:Jocke Pirat~enwikibooks


text:
Student Congress Debate/Introductions

Common types of introductions:

 * 1) Historical: Link the topic to a historical event
 * 2) Analogy: Make a comparison between the bill and something else
 * 3) Refutation: Quote what other representatives have stated and clash with one of their points
 * 4) Summarize: Rehash the main points in the debate and state their relevance to the debate
 * 5) Quote: Use a quotation and link it to the legislation (*Be careful. This is often the most overused and uninteresting type of introduction)
 * 6) Story or Anecdote: Provide a humorous or factual story to illustrate your point

Tips for Introductions:
 * Keep your introduction short (15-30 seconds)
 * End with a stance (affirmation or negation) or creatively integrate your points preview into the introduction
 * Remember to link back to the introduction during the conclusion at the end of your speech

title: Student Congress Debate/Introductions


text:
Bahá'í Faith/The Báb

THE BÁB

Siyyid 'Alí-Muhammad, known to history as the Báb (Arabic for "the Gate"), was born in Shiraz, Iran, in 1819. He was a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, and his spiritual devotion and depth were noted early on by His teachers and family members.

Nineteenth century Iran was gripped by messianic fervor as Muslims awaited the appearance of "the Lord of the Age." In such a climate, the Báb first declared Himself to be a Messenger of God on 23 May 1844.

The Báb founded a distinct religion, the Bábí Faith, which had its own laws, ordinances, and mystical and doctrinal works. Against a backdrop of widespread moral breakdown, He called for the spiritual and moral reformation of Persian society. He insisted that the station of women be uplifted and that the lot of the poor be improved. He promoted education and the useful sciences. However, the main theme addressed by the Báb and His teachings was the imminent appearance of another Messenger from God. This second Messenger would be far greater than the Báb Himself, and He would usher in the age of peace and justice promised in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the other great religions of the world. The Báb referred to this Figure as "Him Whom God shall make manifest." The Báb thus heralded Bahá'u'lláh. His proclamation of an entirely new religion helped His followers to break free from their traditional frame of reference and mobilized them to prepare for the coming of "the Promised One of all ages."

The Báb's mission was of short duration - only six years - but in that time He attracted thousands of followers. Most of the Bábís never met Him face to face but came to know of His religion by reading His writings, which were widely disseminated. His followers were severely persecuted by the authorities, who saw these conversions to the new Faith with alarm. The clergy were alarmed by His call for spiritual renewal and persuaded the secular authorities that the Báb's call for social reform could lead to civil unrest. Thousands of Bábís, exhibiting great heroism, were tortured and killed for their beliefs.

After three years' imprisonment, the Báb was executed by a firing squad in the city of Tabriz on 9 July 1850, in most unusual circumstances that were witnessed by more than 10,000 onlookers and reported widely in the Western media of the day. When first taken from His cell, the Báb was conversing with his secretary and warned the guards that "no earthly power" could silence Him until He had finished all that He had to say. A regiment of 750 Armenian soldiers carried out the execution, but when the smoke from their rifles had cleared, the Báb had disappeared from view. He was found back in His cell, finishing His instructions to His secretary. When the guards arrived, He calmly announced, "Now you may proceed to fulfill your intention." The first regiment refused to have anything further to do with the execution, but a second regiment was brought in, and this time the bullets found their mark.

The remains of the Báb were hidden by His followers for many years and were eventually brought to the Holy Land. Bahá'u'lláh instructed that they should be buried on Mount Carmel and pointed out the exact spot where the tomb should be constructed. In 1909, the remains of the Báb were interred in a simple mausoleum, which was later beautified. The familiar golden-domed superstructure, known as the Shrine of the Báb, was completed in 1953. It is one of the two holiest spots in the world to members of the Bahá'í Faith. A Closer Look at the Life and Mission of the Báb

title: Bahá'í Faith/The Báb


text:
Bahá'í Faith/Introduction

THE BAHÁ'Í FAITH

The Bahá'í Faith is an independent monotheistic religion with a worldwide population of some 5 million from more than 2,000 different tribal, racial, and ethnic groups and live in 235 countries and dependent territories. The Britannica Book of the Year (1992) referred to the Bahá'í Faith as the second-most geographically-widespread religion in the world, after Christianity. It originated in Iran in 1844 and has its own sacred scriptures, laws, calendar, and holy days.

The Bahá'í Faith teaches that the founders of the world's major religions, including Krishna, Guatama Buddha, Zoroaster, Abraham, Moses, Jesus Christ, and Muhammad, are divine Teachers sent by one God to educate humanity through teachings and laws suited to its stage of development. The Bahá'í Faith recognizes two additional Teachers for this age: the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh. Bahá'ís believe that religious revelation will continue in the future to provide guidance to "an ever-advancing civilization."

In 1844 the Báb ("the Gate") founded the Bábí Faith or Bábísm. His main purpose was to prepare humanity for the imminent appearance of another divine teacher who would lead humanity into an age of universal peace. In 1863, one of his followers - Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Nuri - declared himself Bahá'u'lláh ("the Glory of God") and announced that he was the figure foretold by the Báb. The Faith's unity has been preserved through the provisions of a written "Covenant," which established the Faith's principles of succession and institutional authority; there are no clergy in the Bahá'í Faith. The Bahá'í community governs itself by elected councils at the local, national, and international levels, and only Bahá'ís are permitted to contribute to the funds of their faith. Bahá'ís in Iran have suffered persecution for their beliefs since the Faith's earliest days.

The main theme of Bahá'u'lláh's revelation is unity. He taught that "the earth is but one country, and mankind its citizens," emphasizing a oneness of all humans irrespective of national origin. His writings contain principles, laws, and institutions for a world civilization, including: abandonment of all forms of prejudice; equality between the sexes; recognition of the common source and essential oneness of the world's great religions; elimination of the extremes of poverty and wealth; universal compulsory education; responsibility of each individual to search independently for truth; establishment of a world federal system based on principles of collective security; and recognition that religion is in harmony with reason and scientific knowledge. Because of its commitment to these ideals, the Bahá'í community has been an active supporter of international organizations such as the United Nations. Service to humanity is another central teaching of the Bahá'í Faith, which has led Bahá'ís to initiate thousands of social and economic development projects - most of them modest, grassroots efforts such as schools, village health care campaigns, and environmental projects - around the world.

The Bahá'í World Centre in the Acre/Haifa area of Israel has been both the spiritual and administrative center of the Bahá'í Faith since Bahá'u'lláh was exiled here in 1868. The Shrines (burial places) of the Báb on Mount Carmel in Haifa and of Bahá'u'lláh near Acre are the two holiest places on earth for Bahá'ís.

title: Bahá'í Faith/Introduction


text:
Bahá'í Faith/Bahá'u'lláh

BAHÁ'U'LLÁH

Bahá'u'lláh, which is Arabic for "the Glory of God," is the title adopted by the Founder of the Bahá'í Faith, Mírzá Husayn-'Alí (1817-1892). Born into a noble family in nineteenth century Iran, Bahá'u'lláh refused the political position offered to him when He was a young man and chose instead to spend His wealth caring for the poor and the sick. He became an early follower of the Báb ("the Gate"), a young merchant from Shiraz who claimed to be the bearer of a new religion destined to renew Persian society. The Báb moreover heralded the imminent coming of another Messenger of God, who would fulfill the prophecies of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the other major religions of the world, ushering in an era of peace and justice for all peoples. When the Báb was executed by the authorities in 1850, many of His movement's members - called Bábís - turned to Bahá'u'lláh for leadership.

In 1852, while imprisoned in Tehran for his activities as a Bábí, Bahá'u'lláh received the first intimations of the mission foretold by the Báb. Upon His release from prison, Bahá'u'lláh was exiled to Baghdad and, in 1863, declared there that He was the long-awaited Messenger of God. The vast majority of the Bábís accepted this declaration and the Bahá'í community was born.

Through 40 years of exile at the hands of the Persian and Ottoman authorities, from Baghdad to Constantinople, Adrianople, and finally to the Ottoman penal colony of Acre, Palestine (now Israel), in 1868, Bahá'u'lláh revealed more than 100 volumes of divinely inspired mystical writings, ethical and social teachings, and laws and ordinances. He also addressed the kings and rulers of His day, including the Shah of Persia, the Sultan of Turkey, Pope Pius IX, Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany, Queen Victoria, Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria, Napoleon III, and the heads of governments in the West, informing them of the Revelation He bore. He exhorted them to govern their subjects with justice and compassion, and He warned them that if they did not, power would pass from their hands.

The key points of Bahá'u'lláh's message can be summed up as global unity and justice. He taught that there is only one God who has revealed His will through a series of divine Teachers such as Abraham, Moses, Jesus Christ, Muhammad, Krishna, Buddha, and Zoroaster. While the social teachings of the great religions they founded differ according to the time and place they were delivered, the spiritual essence of all faiths is the same: that the purpose of all human beings is to know and worship their Creator. In this age, humanity is capable of recognizing the oneness of God, religion, and the human family. Bahá'u'lláh also taught that men and women are equal, that the teachings of science and religion are in harmony, that the extremes of wealth and poverty must be abolished, that education must be universal and compulsory, and that a universal auxiliary language must be chosen to facilitate international communication and understanding.

Before His death in 1892, Bahá'u'lláh provided for the succession of leadership of the Bahá'í community, ensuring its unity and protecting it from schism. His eldest son, 'Abbás Effendi (who adopted the title 'Abdu'l-Bahá, which means "servant of the Glory"), was appointed the head of the Bahá'í Faith and the sole authorized interpreter of Bahá'u'lláh's writings. This act enabled the Bahá'í community to pass through the first century of its existence with its unity firmly intact, in the face of both external and internal challenges.

title: Bahá'í Faith/Bahá'u'lláh


text:
Bahá'í Faith/`Abdu'l-Bahá

'ABDU'L-BAHÁ

'Abbás Effendi, known as "'Abdu'l-Bahá" (Arabic for "Servant of the Glory"), was born on 23 May 1844 - the same night that the Báb first declared His mission. He was the eldest son of Bahá'u'lláh and was only eight years old when his Father was first imprisoned. He accompanied Bahá'u'lláh through 40 years of exile and imprisonment, and as he grew into adulthood he became not only his Father's closest companion but also His deputy, His shield, and His principal representative to the political and religious leaders of the day. 'Abdu'l-Bahá's leadership, knowledge, and service brought great prestige to the exiled Bahá'í community.

After the passing of Bahá'u'lláh on 29 May 1892, 'Abdu'l-Bahá became the leader of the Bahá'í community, the position to which he had been formally appointed by Bahá'u'lláh. In this way, the question of religious succession that has plagued other faiths was avoided. Through His Will and Testament, Bahá'u'lláh prevented schism and established a firm foundation for the further development and progress of His Faith by preserving the integrity of His teachings.

Bahá'u'lláh titled 'Abdu'l-Bahá as "the Centre of the Covenant" to whom all Bahá'ís should turn for guidance. He was the sole authorized interpreter of his Father's teachings, which he elucidated. As unerring guide and architect of the rapidly expanding community, he also amplified the doctrines and outlined the main features of the Faith's administrative institutions. In doing so, he also devoted himself to providing members of the Faith, through the way he lived, with an example of the personal life called for in the Bahá'í teachings.

In 1911, after more than 40 years of imprisonment and suffering, 'Abdu'l-Bahá was able to journey to the West. He visited Europe and North America, where he spoke extensively to all sorts of audiences on Bahá'u'lláh's prescription for the moral and spiritual renewal of society. He called himself a "herald of peace and reconciliation" and "an advocate of the oneness of humanity." Highly acclaimed in the media and by leaders of society, he nevertheless made it clear that his greatest glory was to be "'Abdu'l-Bahá"- the servant of Bahá'u'lláh - and that his Father's teachings were the source of everything he said or did.

'Abdu'l-Bahá died on 28 November 1921, in Haifa. Some ten thousand people of Jewish, Christian, and Moslem backgrounds, as well as Bahá'ís, gathered at his funeral. They eulogized him as a "living example of self-sacrifice," a "pillar of peace," and one who led humanity to the "Way of Truth."

Like Bahá'u'lláh, 'Abdu'l-Bahá wrote a Will and Testament. In his Will he appointed his eldest grandson, Shoghi Effendi, as his successor, to be known as "the Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith." With this act, the unity of the Bahá'í community was again preserved and its progress and development assured.

A look into the Kitab-i-Aqdas (the most holy book of the Baha'i) may give any interested person deep insights into the nature of this faith and is therefore strongly recommended. Please note especially the things that are said about the rights of women. The Universal House of Justice, the highest elected Baha'i administrative and legislative council is considered divinely guided, it being supported by the guidance of the sacred writings and by the prayers of all the Baha'i. It is hoped that this body will guide humanity in the future. Naturally only Baha'i have electional rights in the elections of the Universal House of Justice. Strangely, unlike any other aspect of the faith and it's administration, there are no women in this one council. This is a real challenge for most Baha'is as every other aspect of the faith speaks of the equality of men and women - they are seen as the two wings of a bird that must be equal for the bird to take flight. We are told that this is a mystery which will become clear in time. Whatever the case it can be said with confidence that the Universal House of Justice and the Baha'i in general work around the globe for equality and human rights, often being persecuted themselves as a result.

title: Bahá'í Faith/`Abdu'l-Bahá


text:
Bahá'í Faith/Writings of the Faith

THE BAHA'I REFERENCE LIBRARY

The Bahá'í Reference Library (http://reference.bahai.org) contains searchable archives of majors works of Bahá'u'lláh, The Báb and 'Abdu'l-Bahá as well as other compilations and documents published by the Bahá'í International Community.

The Bahá'í Library

The Bahá'í Library.com has a large searchable archive of primary, secondary, and supplemental materials of the Bahá'í International Community.

title: Bahá'í Faith/Writings of the Faith


text:
The Computer Revolution/Networks/WAN

Wide Area Network
WAN is the computer network that covers a large geographical area, which usually consists of two or more smaller networks called LANs. The LAN network is the public network and it could run through the telephone lines or through satelites. Our personal computers are connected to the LAN network. The internet is the WAN network which is the largest network. The LAN networks could be public or privately owned. There are few WAN technologies used:
 * point-to-point links - point to point links connects the customer's premise to the main network through a telephone circuit.Usually these connections are more expensive than the shared networks.
 * circuit switching - the data communication is initiated when is needed and is disconnected when is not needed. It is similar to a voice service. Some wireless devices work on the ISDN network, which is usually faster and more reliable. ISDN is an example of circuit switching.
 * packet switching - here customers share the carrier's network. The cost is usually cheaper for the customer and allows the carrier to use the network more efficiently.
 * WAN virtual circuits - this is a shared network between two other networks
 * WAN dial-up services - it is a very cheap way of initializing the network. Here the customer uses a telephone line to connect to the internet using on demand routing.
 * WAN devices - there are switches, access servers, modems, ISDN adapters, routers and ATM switches.

title: The Computer Revolution/Networks/WAN


text:
The Computer Revolution/Programming/1stgeneration

A first-generation programming language is a machine-level programming language. It consists of 1s and 0s.

Originally, no translator was used to compile or assemble the first-generation language. The first-generation programming instructions were entered through the front panel switches of the computer system.

The first generation was very technical and flexible, but it was not for those that had minimal computer knowledge. Machine language as it was called was not user friendly and it wasn't until the third generation of programming language come into use that it became easier for the average consumer to use

Machine
Machine Language refers to the "ones and zeroes" that digital processors use as instructions. Binary, 0 and 1's The Zero's symbolize off and the 1's symbolize as being on. Give it one pattern of bits (such as 11001001) and it will add two numbers, give it a different pattern (11001010) and it will instead subtract one from the other. A code such as 00101010 would symbolize the number 42, where the computer reads it as exponents such as 2^1.


text:
The Computer Revolution/Databases/basic structure

Data Base Storage Hierarchy

 * Data Bases: A data base is more than a collection of information. It is logical rather than random organization of info designed for a specific purpose. Data bases can be any size or degree of detail, they can be stored manually or by computer. As you will see below they are hierarchical in structure.

 * Bits & Characters: A bit is the smallest unit of data a computer can store. These representations are made with 0 meaning off and 1 meaning on. Bit is short for "binary digit". When bits are combined into groups of 8 they are called a byte or character. A character can be a letter (A,B,C) number (1,2,3)or special character (+,=,$.) For example the letter G in bits is 01000111. A computer's memory is stored in multiples of bytes like kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and so on. Bits and bytes are not what the user sees, they are what "the hardware sees" and uses to store info.

 * Fields: Fields make the binary digits meaningful to users. Examples of a fields are names, addresses, or social security number. A field is comprised of one or more characters. They are useful in storing different types of data like, dates, text only, numbers only, web links only, pictures, sound, or video.

 * Records: A record is made up of several fields. Its purpose is to store multiple pieces of information about a single entity. Stephen Harper 24 Susex Drive; Ottawa Ontario, is an example of a record.

 * Files: At the top of the data base hierarchy is the File. As you may have guessed a File is a collection of related records. A company may keep various types of files which record information about employees. A file named "Past Employees" may contain information such as date hired, date released, reason for release, salary at time of release and so on. Examples of other types of files are: payroll, retirement benefits, and sales.

 * There are two types of files known as Program and Data. A program file contains software and instructs the computer to act on information in the data files. Two of the most important types of program files are source and executable. Data files contain several types of data like text, graphics, audio, and video. But unlike program files they do not instruct the computer to do anything. They are used to store data only.

Database Query Queries are the primary mechanism for retrieving information from a database. They consist of questions presented to the database in a predefined format. A database query can be either a select query or an action query. A select query is simply a data retrieval query. An action query can ask for additional operations with the data, such as insertion, updating, or deletion. Languages used to interact with databases are called query languages. The most popular query language standard is Structured Query Language (SQL).

Database Report

"Report" is used to create a formal and attractive output for the data or when information is to be presented in a professional way. It can be designed to include all the records which are located in the assigned table or from the results that are created from the query. Hence, just as queries; reports can generate or even can pull all the information from more than one table at a time if they are in a way related to each other and even they can saved as objects in the database file in Microsoft Access. Reports are often created using Microsoft Access Report Wizard and they can be even formatted, designed, or even modifies as needed using appropriate tools in Design view ribbon.

⇑===== Database management system(DBMS) ===== A DBMS is a software program that is use to create database application. Database applications are the way you can use the data stored in a database. A rational database is the most common type computerized database. They help make the data useful to use instead having a ton of data.A database has a faster response time, lower storage requirements, and is also easier to secure. Data accuracy is increased because this is cutting down the possibility of any errors that can be made or any inconsistencies when multiple tables are uploaded together. The main disadvantage that a database may have is the vulnerability it is exposed to. The database is exposed to records that are accidentally deleted or problems if the computer system failed. This is the main reason that extra precautions need to be taken while using databases, such as back up procedures and extra security to your computer system. Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow 13th Edition


text:
The Computer Revolution/E commerce/E-bay

EBay has been described as “The World's Online Marketplace”. Being able to shop online means that you as the consumer or seller would not have to be physically present to sell or buy a product. Although originally intended for consumer-to-consumer transactions (also known as the C2C business model), even small businesses use eBay along with their own e-commerce website. EBay has dramatically changed the way we in the marketplace exchange goods and services. The interaction between buyer and seller is all done online and eBay provides you with the tools and cyber market to do so. EBay can also be described as an online auction where bidding on an item can take place. .

Now, the question arises that how E-bay or other online auction generates revenue? The answer is E-bay or other online auction sites generate revenue basically from the seller himself, when the item are initially listed for sale and even when successful bidder purchases the item from the site. They basically charge some fee say 10 cents to $4, depending on the starting bid specified by the seller. On the other hand, they generate revenue when seller adds an extra feature to the bid, or specifying the minimum bid, adding more than one photo, or even having bold listing and even by promoting the item to the top. In addition to that, they generate revenue from seller in a way of charging a percentage of selling prices usually from 6%, depending on the final amount of selling price.

How to Buy and Sell on eBay
First the seller must register with eBay and set up an account. Next the seller must decide on what they would like to sell, take pictures of the item(s) and then write a full description of the product before posting the item(s) on the website. EBay actually has a sellers' checklist, suggestions and process for sellers to follow. As the seller you should also set your price for the item. Although the seller is a price setter, there may be certain rules or price ceilings that may be in place to prevent extortion of a product. As a seller you can sell almost anything, however, there is a prohibited items list posted on the eBay website that restricts the selling of a number of items such as illegal substances, government issued IDs, games and pirated software.

After the item has been posted on the eBay website the auction will begin and buyers from around the world can bid for the sale of the item. The product will be open for bid for a certain amount of time. In order to buy an item on eBay you must use PayPal for online credit card payment or a bank account depending on what the buyer wants.


text:
The Computer Revolution/Programming/Designing the Program

Program Design & Program Logic
As you sit down at your computer, whether at home or at work, did you ever consider what it took --  planning, researching, developing, debugging, implementing, updating, etc. --   to get this machine to do what you are doing?

Systems development, in simplest terms, is a six-stage process or life cycle (SDLC) that consists of phases, which often overlap and typically may include:

 * 1) conducting a preliminary investigation;
 * 2) then analyzing the system;
 * 3) designing and
 * 4) developing the system before
 * 5) implementation, and finally
 * 6) providing systems maintenance, including updating and upgrading, with the possibility of beginning the process all over again (Williams, B.K. & S.C. Sawyer. 2007.  Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications.  7th ed.  Montreal: McGraw-Hill Irwin, pp. 498-505).

The following discussion will focus on the fourth or development phase of this system development process – that is, programming. This particular process involves creating, as the term implies, a “program” or list of instructions that enables the computer to process data into more meaningful information.

While most of us intuitively view programming as simply the writing of program code, there is a great deal more to the process. Reeves is quick to point out that “programming is not about building software; programming is about designing software” and furthermore, “designing software is an exercise in managing complexity” (http://www.bleading-edge.com/Publications/C++Journal/Cpjour2.htm  Retrieved Dec 4, 2006). In fact and in review, the following five steps are involved in the programming process:

 * 1) problem clarification or defining the problem;
 * 2) program design or designing a solution,
 * 3) writing or coding the program;
 * 4) program testing with alpha and beta testing; and
 * 5) program documentation and maintenance (Williams & Sawyer,  pp. 505-516).

Once there has been a decision to proceed with systems development, programming must be undertaken – whether by an external or internal source of programmers. Further, once programming needs have been clarified, the next stage involves designing a “solution specified by the systems analysts” (Williams & Sawyer, p. 507).

First in finding a solution is to create an “algorithm” or set of steps or rules that are unambiguous, as well as simple and as minimalist as possible in achieving that solution. No doubt a “software design must be complete and correct in all its aspects … [but it is also crucial to understand] there are important aspects of software design that do not fall cleanly into the categories of data structures and algorithms,” so it is necessary to use whatever “tools and notations” that help and to recognize that “all design activities interact.” Therefore, the “probability of the initial design being unchanged during this [design] cycle …” is (or should be deemed) impossible. It is essentially a “…controlled process of refinement…” requiring “… good design at all levels” (http://www.bleading-edge.com/Publications/C++Journal/Cpjour2.htm Retrieved Dec 4, 2006).

So, in order to design a program, there are essentially two steps that involve determining:

 * 1) the program logic and
 * 2) then its detail.

In today’s world of programming and in the first step (i.e., determining the program logic), a structure or hierarchy chart is utilized to determine program logic. As the term, ”hierarchy,” suggests, it is a top-down design or approach and within the hierarchy are modules or processing steps in the program which attempt to identify all elements and relationships among the elements or modules that maybe required to achieve the program’s purpose. This latter “modularization” concept breaks each operation into smaller, more manageable and often less complex, single functions that enables separation of development and testing activities (Williams & Sawyer, pp. 507-508). Williams & Sawyer have provided a list of considerations or rules that should be kept in mind in determining the modularization, such as keeping each module to a manageable size; each with a single function independent of the others; making sure input and output functions are “clearly defined in separate modules;” with single entry and exit points; and making sure control is returned to “… the point from which is was ‘called’ by …” a first module (p. 509).

In summary, in determining program logic in the program design step, this “structured programming takes a top-down approach that breaks programs into modular forms.”  “Standard logic tools called control structures” are also used and will be examined in greater detail in the following section which looks at how design details are determined (Williams & Sawyer, p. 508).

Design Details: Flowcharts, Page Layouts, and Storyboards
When designing a Web site, a flowchart is used to describe how the pages in the site relate to one another. The flowchart is basically a map of the structure of the Web site. It uses a single box to signify each Web page and the lines between boxes show the consistent organization of the site.

Three Control Structures
The control structures are divided in three groups:

 * 1) sequence control structure
 * 2) selection control structure
 * 3) iteration control structure

The sequential control structure is the most important structure. Its purpose is to execute actions in sequence ( one after another). In all structures of control can be utilized logic operations like (or, and, not) or relations ( =, <, >, <=.=>,< >)

The selection control structure allows the algorithm make decisions or select. The process is executed or omitted according to the fulfillment of the condition or several conditions. A condition is an expression that gives back a true or false value so that the algorithm makes the decision. Structure-“If”: It is specified by a condition or also known as logical expression, which can be true or false. The algorithm always takes one from both ways.

Structure-“Case”: It is used for the resolution of situations which the number of alternatives is greater than two. According to the value of the expression, can be take different X values, and only one can be executed.

In the iteration control structure is necessary to execute several times and instruction or and instruction set in order to solve some problems. In some cases the number of repetitions is known, but in others the repetition depends on calculation of variables that occur within the resolution of the problem.

 * Do Until
 * In this structure is fulfilled the condition and is evaluated after each execution.Therefore, the condition is executed at least once and it is repeated as long as the condition remains false. There is known interactions but always they are greater than 0.

 * Do while
 * This structure is opposite to Do until structure. The actions are repeated while the condition remains true. If the condition is false, the execution cannot be generate or the execution of the action stop the production.


text:
The Computer Revolution/E commerce/Online Banking

With the emergence of online banking there is a new era of convenience and security while you manage your money.

Online banking allows you to check your balance, pay your bills, view statements, transfer funds, view transaction history, and much more!

The business now can be run not only in the real world but also online. Sometimes, you only need to manage everything from your home by using the internet, including how you make transaction with the employees and the customers.

The business gets easier and easier by understanding e-commerce online banking. If previously you have to rent a place to sell your products, you must have lots of financial capital, and even you have to spend all your day in the work place to run a business, now you can simply sit in front of your computer to manage everything. The great advantage of e-commerce online banking is resulting in the growing of online shops lately. You too can make an online shop if you want. You do not need to rent or build a real shop and you do not need to spend your time outside your home.

The way you manage your business will be easier by using e-commerce online banking because you can save your money in the online banking, paying the salary, and receive the payment from the customer right from your home. However, you cannot run you online business well if you do not learn about it first. Therefore, you better learn about it before you can apply it for real.

Transactions

 * Check the balance and recent activity of your accounts including investments, loans, mortgage, or credit cards
 * Pay your bills - you can set up utility companies, phone bills, and other bills to make regular payments, or one-time payments
 * View statements - this allows you to look at statements from previous or current months
 * Transfer funds - move money between accounts
 * View transaction history - view details of each transaction

Security

 * Online transactions are encrypted with technology and layers of security to protect your private information retrieved on Jan 23, 2007
 * Online banking is protected under the Privacy legislation.

Check Deposit via the internet
Although increasing in popularity, the ability to deposit a check over the internet is a little-known feature being offered by some banks. Being able to deposit a check without heading to the bank is another added convenience for those that use online banking.

Benefits to depositing a check online:
 * no waiting in line at the bank
 * safer and more discreet-no paper trail that can compromise your sensitive account information
 * less waste (waste created by filling out bank slips and getting back receipts)

How it works (common procedure): 1. The check(s) will still need to be endorsed by the party receiving the money as if they were depositing it at the bank. The bank might also require additional information under that signature (such as account number for example). 2. The service is available through the bank's website through which the account holder may have to go through a short registration process to be able to use the service. 3. After registering and signing into the account, the check(s) will need to be scanned. Users of this service must have a scanner at home in order to be able to deposit their check(s) online. 4. Depending on the procedure of the bank, the check(s) may need to be scanned on both sides to capture all pertinent information as well as the signature. In addition to the image of the check(s), the amounts listed may have to be manually entered (some programs can automatically "read" the amounts listed on each check) 5. After submitting, the image(s) and all pertinent information will be sent instantly to the bank for processing. An online banker will review the deposit for appropriateness and will choose to either accept or reject the deposit. If accepted, the money will be deposited to the account.