text:
User talk:Laleena/Archive 3

Newsletter
What are your ideas about a newsletter? I would love to help get this kind of thing going. Do you have an email address where you can be contacted, or are there other ways to get in touch with you (AIM, IRC, etc)?

I would love to chat about this, let me know. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 20:38, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Pilingual Primer
Could you please explain your point of view why the Pilingual Primer should be deleted in contrast to Klingon, Quenya and other constructed languages? The language is, for instance, used for Parenting awards in the Mentoring Handbook. --Fasten (talk) 17:01, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Most of the content is just plain nonsense ("conspiracy to take over the world"). I realize very well you are a competent user with well-meaning intention, but you need to get rid of the nonsense. Laleena (talk) 01:39, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * There is no conspiracy to take over the world in this book. --Fasten (talk) 06:38, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Re:Help a little bit?
I can help, what do you need? Tell me what you want done and I can try to do it.

We had a newsletter at one point, at Wikibooks Gazette. People lost interest and so it was abandoned. That may be a good starting point for you, at the very least to see what we had, and possibly pick up where others left off. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 02:46, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I like that idea. Monthly delivery is a good thing, a schedule will help to keep people motivated. Are we going to "deliver" it using some sort of bot, or are we going to simply use a template, and post changes to the template every month? How would we pick who the editors are? Have you taken a look at Wikibooks Gazette? I think that would be a good starting point, and we can modify what we want from there. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:24, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Good, I like it. I certainly would be willing to be an editor. We don't exactly have "departments" around here (not yet anyway), but I'll post out an announcement. This is going to be a small operation, at least at first, so we are going to have to find some stories ourselves. I would like to set this up at Wikibooks Gazette, so we can delete all the old stuff that we don't want, and set up the new structure, templates, whatever. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:42, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I've set up a basic news template: . feel free to edit/update it as you see fit. The template currently has enough space to hold 9 news stories each issue. Of course, we could expand that if we needed to. I've also cleared out the page at Wikibooks gazette, and set up a basic page for us. We can put stories at "Wikibooks:Wikibooks gazette/YEAR/MONTH/STORY NAME", or something similar to that. Take a look, let me know what you think. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 14:19, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

new user log
To answer your question to WK, the new user log is located here. Have a good day. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 22:24, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Re:New Users Log
The new users log is HERE. I can write up stats for the newsletter, what kinds of stats are you talking about? I'll throw a few together. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 23:56, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

User:Laleena/Workshop
I wanted to ask you a quick question about why you are keeping a copy of a deleted book here in your userspace? The community voted to delete this book, so you can't keep a copy in your user pages for too long. If you want to keep the book, you will need to find a place off-Wikibooks to keep it. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:24, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Classification discussion
Hi Laleena, I got your reference on the Card Catalog Office. Maybe you can help. What would be the right discussion page for questions on classification. I try to catagorize some uncategorized categories :-) and I have some questions. For example there is a category Car and a Category Automobile, where do I link "Car washing techniques"? Regards -- Jacques (talk) (email) 05:25, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Algebra 2
Thanks for helping, and anymore help you can offer would be greatly appreciated. Portlandiaman (talk) 17:45, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Featured books/Nominations
My comment that Quenya should be nominated for deletion was intended for you, not Girdi. You said that "the content itself does not belong on Wikibooks per Pilingual Primer and its demise and eventual deletion". I'm not sure how that deletion would be a precedent here. Nevertheless, if you think something doesn't belong on Wikibooks, then it should be nominated for deletion - not nominated for de-featuring. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:13, 21 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi, maybe this post on my talk page was intented to Mike not to myself? Otherwise I do not know what comment you are refering to. I posted a question just the section before this one. Regards -- Jacques (talk) (email) 03:09, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Remote Talk Gadget
I see that you are trying out my remote talk gadget. It's still in development, so any comments/suggestions you have about it would be great. I'm trying hard to make it easier to install too, so if you have any suggestions about that I would love to hear them. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:02, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Re: Wikipedia
Nope. I'm not really familiar with the Wikipedia community. --cuckooman4 (t/c) 21:02, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Stats
I have some general stats ready, how do you want me to write them up? Where do you want me to put them? --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 02:22, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, I'll start posting the stats to the gazette, and I'll look at your javascript code to make sure it is all set-up right. Out of curiosity, which browser are you using? There are some issues that I know about in Safari, but everything else should work alright. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 00:41, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Posted the stats: Wikibooks gazette/2008/01/Statistics. I'll look at your script now. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:30, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I looked at your gadget, fixed a few errors and rearranged it a little bit. Clear your browser cache (press ctrl + F5 in IE or FireFox) and look at it again. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:39, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

WB:AN
The best place to report users that need to be blocked is at the administrator's noticeboard page. most, if not all of the admins have that page on their watchlist, and requests there will often be handled very quickly. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:22, 12 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Another minor point: When you warn users, please use so your signature appears in the template. This makes it easier to tell who left what warnings and when - sometimes warnings are mistakes, or are from very long ago. Without the signature, it's tough to tell whether the warning is reliable when deciding whether to block or not. To make things easier, you can enable the Welcome User gadget (or whatever it's called) to automagically warn/welcome users. This option is on the Gadgets tab in Special:Preferences.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:44, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It's no problem, not everybody realizes what the administrative assistance page is all about. I just want to make sure that when you have a request that it gets acted on as quickly as possible. Thanks for finding and alerting people about vandalism, by the way. It's a big help. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:50, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Thanks
Volcanos now in VfD - I think you have a point, regards -- Herby talk thyme 09:04, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Warnings
Hi - I noticed a couple of warnings you placed. I think I am right in saying that most templates should be "subst"'d so you would want for example. Equally they should be signed so that someone knows who to contact if they wish to do so (newbies may well not understand "history" and the like - regards -- Herby talk thyme 13:19, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Apologies - didn't realise I was so far behind folks. The trouble is that with the "+" you tend not to look at what else is on a talk page.  Also - bear in mind whoever we are we are just users the same as the rest - we just deal with some of the harder garbage!  regards -- Herby  talk thyme 17:33, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Getting the attention of the 3 of us means you're doing good things, otherwise we wouldn't have noticed. :) – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:56, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

For images with no license info, please tag the image with then notify the user with the template code provided (tag all of a user's images with no info, but only one warning is usually needed, since there's a link to a tool to show all their problem images). As well, if you want to help me test a (rather buggy) script I'm working on, please ask me about it - it automagically tags things like this and notifies the user when appropriate. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:59, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

WB:BB
I re-worded your notice there. It's actually not anyone's job to do anything here unless they choose to do it. As well, deletion is probably not an option for many of those modules as they've likely been tagged as such after a VFD was closed as "no consensus to delete, but there are NPOV problems." Great to see you still involved in cleanup though - keep it up! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:32, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

IP block
Hi - I noticed that yesterday. In practice we both warned them about the same edit so there are not really "two" warnings. Had they done anything else at the time I would have blocked them (& will do so if they return). Bear in mind that blocking is to prevent disruption and as they are not currently editing that is not necessary. Thanks for spotting it - regards -- Herby talk thyme 07:50, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Err
I didn't "warn" Malcolmsb21 as I indefinitely blocked him! Vandalism only account. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 13:27, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Ip warning
Hi Laleena! I made a couple of changes to your new template. They should make it easier to do what you intended the template to do, I believe:

How's that? And by all means, feel free to change it back if you had other ideas in mind. Νεοπτόλεμος 02:08, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I also gave this a facelift. It now uses parserfunctions to return the most appropriate message. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:39, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Non-latin usernames
Those who had user names that were approximately related to latin characters (such as Ł,Đ,α, and others) didn't seem to be that big of a deal. I think it was Arabic, Chinese, Thai, and other characters that were really off the reservation in terms of similarity to latin characters that really got a few admins into a tizzy for a little bit. The rationale for removing these accounts (they had the user accounts blocked and the user pages/talk pages deleted) was the fear that non-latin characters would contain potentially offensive words (something IMHO that could be dealt with through other means than blocking all non-latin accounts) and the potential for abuse by vandals, such as the Willy on Wheels accounts. Some users very legitimately insisted on keeping the non-latin usernames because they started on Wikipedia projects that were decidedly not using latin alphabets (such as the Japanese Wikipedia) and wanted to keep common account names across all Wikimedia accounts.

I pray that such attitudes never come to Wikibooks, and I will fight vigerously against any user/admin who tries to institute such a policy here. I also fought against such a policy on en.wikipedia as well when it was a hot topic, and strongly voiced my opinion there. But unfortunately I didn't have admin rights there to undo the actions (almost petitioned to become an admin there for that reason alone, however). --Rob Horning (talk) 20:30, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

There's really no need to pile on many of these templates. The links in it will find all affected images for the user, so we don't need to fill up their whole talk page with warnings. On the other hand, we often will repeat a warning if the user is ignoring it and many images are slated for deletion. Not a big problem, but having a ton of big red template messages is a bit much for people to deal with, and isn't strictly necessary. Thanks! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:38, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Wikijunior
It'd be great to have your help on some of the wikijunior books. I think that the languages book looks pretty good but could use some refinement and work on continuity between chapters. That might be a satisfying place to start. The ancient civilizations book seems to have a good head start on it as well. I'm interested in working on any of the books that could be used for school work. Do you want to just pick one or two books and work on them until they're as good as we can get them and then move on to some of the others? What ones interest you in particular? I'm not picky.

By the way, thanks for your interest. I'm a homeschooling mom and hope to teach orphans in the developing world at some point so I know that these books would be a really valuable resource with a little more work. Rmawhorter (talk) 02:35, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Closing VfD
Can't spot the policy for now but certainly practice is that a VfD should rarely be closed in under 7 days (frequently longer) to allow the community time to evaluate the book properly. It may be best if you revert your closure please - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 08:15, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Pardon me for chipping in, but: Deletion policy = After one week, if the voters have mostly reached a consensus about what to do, the appropriate action will be taken by an administrator. Webaware talk 08:46, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I've re-opened it. It's easy to get impatient, especially when consensus is clear; I do too (in fact I closed on early today & had to re-open it). – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:20, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Wikijunior Languages
I noticed that you had upgraded Arabic to publishable status but I'm not sure if you noticed that it's still lacking a few things. First, which would have be easily missable, it doesn't include a section for famous authors or poets. The unknown author of Aladdin might be an obvious edition. Also, the section with the poem to learn doesn't have an English translation. What are your thoughts? Rose (talk) 23:31, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I was thinking of adding some to a famous people section but I was at a bit of a loss as to how to find a poem or song to be translated since translations are all copyright protected and not something that I can create. Thoughts? Rose (talk) 01:45, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Wikijunior:Big Book of Fun Science Experiments/How A Bath Fizzer Works, and How To Make One

 * I suppose that wasn't really needed. One downside of scripted patrolling. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:22, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Rollbacker
You've been nominated; please accept if you want the bit. If you're interested in doing new page patrol, I encourage you to do a few days' worth without the bit so you'll have the current patrollers looking at your work, and we can get a sense of your work there. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:28, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know if you noticed Herby's comment. I think it's valid. I would still like you to have rollback, but perhaps mentor you for a bit in how it's to be used. I'm going to wait and let another admin grant the right instead of me and/or wait for more comments. I'm going to fix up Dealing with vandalism; I suggest you read it once I'm done. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:54, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * So it turns out I did an overhaul on Dealing with vandalism and Wikibooks:Rollback. I think the pictures on WB:ROLL should be especially helpful for understanding how it works. As well, WB:DWV and WB:DWV should be helpful for the sequence of events when reverting vandalism, I think. Please do let me know where there's still room for improvement. After reading those, you might also make some statement about having done so at WB:RFP. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:26, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, I've said we'll not give rollbacker now. Instead we'll wait a week or two, see some good vandalism reverts, and reconsider then. Fair enough? – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:26, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I think so. I guess that I mainly edit, as vandals here almost don't exist... However, I still enjoy reverting the edits as they come. Cheers, Laleena (talk) 19:21, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Transwiki:Denmark
I imported this page for you. There were some problems with the import, and I was not able to get the entire revision history. This may cause a problem, so I suggest that you make some kind of explicit note on the page that it was originally derived from the article at Wikipedia (and make sure to mention that in your summary, so it appears in the edit history as well). --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 02:15, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Welcome back!
Good to have you back. Νεοπτόλεμος 23:30, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Commons
Just a reminder that you don't need to move images from Commons to Wikibooks to use them. You can just pretend they exist here, and the software does will know what to do. For reference: Image markup etc. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:24, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Making decisions
There's no rule that non-admins can't close VFDs, but it is customary that decisions are made only by people who can actually take the action decided upon. So that means a nomination for adminship would be closed by a bureaucrat since only they can actually take that action. Admins decide whether to block, since only an admin can take that action. Deviation from this is fine in obvious cases when done properly, but otherwise can be seen as being bossy.

While we normally have no problems with non-admins closing VFDs in obvious cases if they do it properly, that's not been the case in the last 2 you've done. Similarly, when you come across vandals that you think need blocking, just let us know there's someone causing disruption. An admin will make the decision to block or not. Instead what you've done is to say "Block this person," and almost every time you've done so, it's been a false positive. I think as a relatively new user here, you probably just need to be exposed to the community a bit so you get a better feel of the "culture" here. I'm certainly not asking you to stop participating, but I am asking that you try to adhere to the norm of letting those who can take the action decided upon to actually make that decision. Thanks for your understanding. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:48, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Request to close a VfD
I am rusty on some stuff here but I am reasonably sure VfDs must be kept open for at least a week unless they are exceptional. The VOIP one has only just been open a week now - is there any real rush with this? Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 14:00, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Re:Remote Talk Gadget
I took a quick look at your remote talk gadget code, and I made a few small fixes. Refresh your cache, and see if it works now. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:51, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Just saw you message in the Wikibooks New Projects page. You are welcome to make your contributions to Iranian History :-). The references must be added at Iranian History/Contents/Bibliography/. Looking forward to your contributions. tc :-) -Ravichandar84 (talk) 06:32, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

VfD
It was closed early in under 7 days hence my removal of the impending doom notice. Please revert it to my edit as soon as possible -- Herby talk thyme 13:21, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Re: US History
Hi Laleena,I'm not entirely sure that I understand what you mean. These pages have already been moved. The pages tagged with delete are merely redirects to these pages. Reece  (Talk)   (Contributions)  15:07, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh. Well, then, that's fine with me. Laleena (talk) 15:10, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Admin Nomination
Hi Laleena,

I have nominated you for admin on the WB:RFA page. I think you can make good use of the tools. You should probably accept it on that page, as I'm not sure how many will have seen the discussion here. --Jomegat (talk) 02:21, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

re:Votes for deletion
Now signed ChessCreator (talk) 14:53, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Laleena/Archive 3


text:
Radiation Oncology/Physics/Atomic

Related Wikibooks

 * Wikibook: Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Radiation Oncology/Physics/Atomic


text:
Radiation Oncology/Physics/AAPM

American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM)
 * Website

AAPM Reports
Listing of AAPM Reports

Task Groups:
 * TG 34 (PDF) - "Management of Radiation Oncology Patients with Implanted Cardiac Pacemakers" (Reprinted from Medical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 1) (1994)
 * TG 36 (PDF) - Fetal Dose from Radiotherapy with Photon Beams
 * TG 40 (PDF) - Comprehensive QA for Radiation Oncology
 * TG 43 (PDF) - Dosimetry of Interstitial Brachytherapy Sources (1995)
 * Update of formalism and source characterizations (PDF)
 * Impact of implementation on prostate doses (PDF)
 * TG 60 - Intravascular Brachytherapy Physics
 * TG 63 (PDF) - Dosimetric considerations for patients with HIP prostheses undergoing pelvic irradiation
 * TG 65 (AAPM 85) - Tissue Inhomogeneity Corrections (PDF, 2004)

TG 43 (Dosimetry of Interstitial Brachytherapy Sources)
 * Introduction: New formalism needed due to significant variance in exposure rate constants, and due to difficulty of accurately calculating 2D dose distribution in tissue due to significant anisotropy of actual cylindrical brachytherapy sources
 * Description of sources: Iridium-192, Iodine-125, Palladium-103
 * Recommended dose calculation formalism:
 * Historically: Dose rate = A * f * Γ * 1/r2 * T(r) * Φ
 * New: Dose rate = Sk * Λ * G(r,θ)/G(r0,θ0) * g(r) * F(r,θ)
 * Sk: air kerma strength, usually specified at 1 m, unit defined by U (μGy m2 h-1
 * Λ: dose rate constant, defined as dose rate to water at a distance 1 cm on the transverse axis
 * G(r,θ): geometry factor, accounts for variation of relative dose due only to spatial distribution of activity within the source, ignoring photon absorption and scattering
 * g(r): radial dose function, accounts for effects of absorption and scatter in the medium along the transverse axis of the source
 * F(r,θ): anisotropy function, accounts for anisotropy of dose distribution around the source, including the effects of absorption and scatter in the medium
 * Reference point (r0, θ0): lies on transverse bisector of the source, at a distance of 1 cm from its center
 * Recommended dosimetry parameters provided for I-125, Ir-192, and Pd-103

title: Radiation Oncology/Physics/AAPM


text:
User:Gogebic

Here are some of my favorite links within en.wikibooks.org:

Human_Physiology

Consciousness_Studies

Cookbook:Table_of_Contents

Featured books

Lucid_Dreaming

Introduction_to_Paleoanthropology

Physics_Study_Guide

title: User:Gogebic


text:
Cookbook:Oaties

Ingredients

 * 8 oz self raising flour
 * 2 tsp baking powder
 * 8 oz rolled oats
 * 4 oz white sugar
 * 6 oz black treacle
 * 8 oz butter/margarine

Procedure

 * 1) Put the butter or margarine, sugar, and treacle into a saucepan. Stir over low heat until the fat and sugar have melted.
 * 2) Add the oats, flour, and baking powder and combine thoroughly.
 * 3) Press into two well greased 7-inch round cake tins.
 * 4) Bake in the centre of a moderate oven at 180°C (350°F / gas mark 4) for 20–25 minutes or until cooked through (test with a skewer).
 * 5) Mark into slices whilst warm.
 * 6) Allow to become almost cold in the tin before removing.

title: Cookbook:Oaties


text:
User talk:Elbow~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:36, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Elbow. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Elbow~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:55, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elbow~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Gogebic

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:36, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gogebic


text:
User talk:Jesh

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:36, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jesh


text:
User:Alex Smotrov

m:User:Alex Smotrov

ru:User:Alex Smotrov

title: User:Alex Smotrov


text:
Cookbook:Cheese Crisps

Ingredients

 * ½ pound softened margarine
 * 2 cups grated sharp cheddar
 * 2 cups flour
 * 1 teaspoon salt
 * ¾ teaspoon powdered cayenne pepper
 * 2 cups puffed rice cereal

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 300°F (150°C).
 * 2) In a large bowl, blend the margarine and cheddar.
 * 3) Add the flour, salt, and powdered cayenne pepper to the bowl.
 * 4) Stir in the cereal, mixing thoroughly.
 * 5) Shape into small balls, flattening each ball with a fork. Place each cookie onto an ungreased cookie sheet.
 * 6) Bake at 300°F (150°C) for 20 minutes.

title: Cookbook:Cheese Crisps


text:
Template talk:Template doc

Purpose
This template is intented to be used to visually harmonize the documentation in the various templates using the WP:DOC /doc subpage paradigm. —Quarl (talk) 2007-03-09 04:19Z

 * Thank you, nice work. -- Earle Martin [t/c] 13:17, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I really like it! It does indeed appear visually appealing.  --Iamunknown 18:53, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Excellent man! -- Andersmusician $  20:46, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This really is a good idea. It's alot easier to read the template if the "doc" section is split onto its own subpage. Timneu22 11:33, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Deprecates old way?
Does this mean that  is totally deprecated? — Omegatron 23:44, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. This new solution is much better and looks much better. --David Göthberg 07:42, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Editprotected to finish merge tagging, and to fork template into template code and doc page per its own purpose (d'oh).
Editprotected

Please add: to the top of the documentation of this template (i.e. under the template code itself); someone has created and is deploying another system of template documentation templates, and now we have a sensless situation of competition between two sets of templates that functionally do precisely the same thing. I find it unbelievable ironic that this template's own documentation is not using its own advice and having the template and the documentation separated, thus necessitating this editprotected request. SO, please also fork this page into the template code and the documentation /doc subpage so this won't ever have to be editprotected for any reason other than changes to the template's actual code. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 05:17, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There is a doc page. For clarity I have split up the code into an includeonly and noinclude part, so that the latter is standard.--Patrick 08:06, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Merge Template:Documentation and Template:Template doc
The result was merge into Template:Documentation with the merge talk page designated as Template talk:Documentation. -- Conrad T. Pino 07:23, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposed by User:SMcCandlish.
 * Merge to Template doc Documentation: There should probably be only one of these templates, and I prefer Template doc, since it is slightly more compact, it doesn't include confusing jargon (i.e., "transcluded"), and has the ability to "preload" a doc page (very nice feature). However, I do like the documentation namespace better, since this doesn't need to be used exclusively with templates. +m t  07:58, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I did not propose it, I just fixed an error in the tag. Anyway, I support it. Preload works for both templates.--Patrick 09:32, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * (sorry ... fixed the nominator) +m t  18:21, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * See my sandbox for a comparison between and  (essentially a list of improvements). — {admin} Pathoschild 04:04:00, 09 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This discussion seems rather stagnant. I think documentation is clearer and it doesn't use an abbreviation. Also, documentation uses better code. I vote to merge template doc into documentation. --MZMcBride 18:54, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree — we can always merge any missing features from template doc in the future. So I guess convert template doc into a redirect to documentation ? +m t  19:43, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * support We need only one way to do this. --Gadget850 ( Ed) 17:21, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Support: I agree with the proposal to keep Documentation and remove the other variant for aesthetic reasons as well as functional reasons. I have worked with all the succession templates and have been adding /doc pages to all of them, and after considerable thought, enjoy the first option much better, although I agree that the second does have some handy features.  Keep the pretty one, merge the good features of the ugly one.  'Tis all! –Darius von Whaleyland, Great Khan  of the Barbarian Horde  23:48, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Support: Keep it at Documentation—the less templates for this purpose, the better. Perhaps there can be a subpage option for specifying the template namespace (this method could also be applied to other name spaces). Or this can be built into the original, provided someone here has strong Wiki-fu to alter the template display based on its namespace. —Down10 TACO 21:51, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Support: Keep Documentation. No need for multiple methods provided the function is equivalent. I've been reading both and finding significant behavior differences indicating lengthy discussion. Where and how shall we discuss the issues and determine consensus? – Conrad T. Pino 16:54, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Closure: The merge was proposed 2007-10-07 and there are no dissents. Shall the close the proposal and move on to implentation? – Conrad T. Pino 17:06, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Parameters
What is the purpose of the two parameters and  ? 16@r 23:09, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There is only one: 1 = name of the documentation page.--Patrick 23:19, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

This template's heading
This template previously implemented the classic "(icon) Template documentation" heading but now implements the default Documentation heading. This change is part of the {{Documentation, template}}'s final fate discussion. – Conrad T. Pino (talk) 18:51, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Broken?
I haven't been following the merge discussion, but I've noticed that yesterday's changes to this template appear to have broken it. See for example Template:Citation or Template:Infobox Football biography - doc subpages exist but aren't displayed properly any more. If this isn't a transitory thing I'd suggest reverting to the last functional version of this template. Bryan Derksen (talk) 09:44, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I made a quick fix. Works at least for regular cases now.--Patrick (talk) 11:38, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Template doc


text:
Template:Documentation/doc

This template automatically displays a documentation box like you are seeing now, whose content is transcluded from another page. It is intended for pages which are transcluded in other pages, i.e. templates, whether in the template namespace or not.

Normal /doc
<noinclude>{{}}</noinclude>

Any /doc page
<noinclude>{{|Template:any page/doc}}</noinclude>

In-line content
<noinclude>{{|content=This is documentation.}}</noinclude>

In-line content with [view][edit] links
<noinclude>{{ |1=Template:any page/doc |content={{Template:any page/doc|parameters}} }}</noinclude>

Best practice
This code should be added at the bottom of the template code, with no extra space before " " (which would cause extra space on pages where the template is used). The parameter can be used as shown above to transclude an arbitrary documentation page.

Add categories and interwiki links to the documentation page inside <includeonly> </includeonly> tags.

If the documentation page contains includeonly or noinclude tags as part of the documentation, replace the "<" with "&lt;".

Customizing display
Overrides exist to customize the output in special cases:
 * : change the text of the "documentation" heading. If this is set to blank, the entire heading line (including the first [edit] link) will also disappear.

Functions
If the documentation page doesn't exist, the "edit" link includes a preload parameter so that clicking it will pre-fill the edit form with the basic documentation page format.

Rationale

 * Use of this template allows templates to be protected where necessary, while allowing anyone to edit the documentation, categories, and interwiki links.
 * Text on the template page itself adds to the amount of text which must be processed when displaying the template, which is limited for performance reasons: there is a pre-expand include size maximum of 2,048,000 bytes. Placing the documentation in a subpage reduces the wikitext for documentation on the template page itself to a template call and noinclude tags. MediaWiki developers have recommended this system for this reason.

Remember
Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis in Wikidata, not in the template page.

title: Template:Documentation/doc


text:
Template:Documentation/doc/see also

{{ Documentation }} family

 * Template:Documentation
 * Template:Documentation/doc
 * Template:Documentation/doc/see also
 * Template:Documentation subpage

title: Template:Documentation/doc/see also


text: Template:Intricate template

title: Template:Intricate template


text:
Template:Nowrap/doc

This is the nowrap template.

This template prevents word wraps (line breaks) in text and links that contain spaces.

Usage
Lots of text 10 kg (22 lb) more text.

It may render like this:

 * Lots of text 10 kg (22 lb)
 * more text.

Or like this:
 * Lots of text
 * 10 kg (22 lb) more text.

But it will not render like this:
 * Lots of text 10 kg (22
 * lb) more text.

Handling interpreted characters
Templates have problems to handle parameter data that contains equal signs " " or vertical bars " ". In such cases consider using nowrap begin + nowrap end instead. But there are also workarounds:

For text that includes an equal sign "=", precede the text with. For example:

Which renders this:
 * 2 + 2 = 4

For text that includes a vertical bar "|", escape the bar(s) with  or. For instance like this:

Or like this:

Which renders this:
 * |2| < 3

Technical details
The actual code that does the job is this HTML+CSS code:

Spaces at the beginning or end of your text will fall outside the no-wrap tag in the rendered text due to MediaWiki rendering mechanisms.

title: Template:Nowrap/doc


text:
User:Cuckooman4

 Committed identity: ebc5295b0bb8c6cf0bd1a14b98c5dd307baec070642b0caab12ef23937baf40d95455f18af6ee90b0ddc6dcd8dc756865234d34449e61d84b35066e68966cf23 is  commitment to this user's real-life identity.

title: User:Cuckooman4


text:
User talk:Cuckooman4

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 03:31, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia
Hi there. Do you know any Wikipedians who would be willing to come over? I am from Wikipedia myself, but I left do to spam that inflamed my talk page more then once. I'm not coming back for a long time. Cheers, Laleena (talk) 01:49, 30 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope. I'm not really familiar with the Wikipedia community. --cuckooman4 (t/c) 21:02, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cuckooman4


text:
College Guide/Grinnell College

Grinnell is a highly competitive liberal-arts college in Iowa.

Admission

 * 41% ../Acceptance rate/ (class of 2011)
 * ../Early Decision/ November 20 (I) and January 1 (II)
 * Regular admission - January 20
 * Middle 50% of SAT scores:
 * Critical Reading: 630 - 740
 * Math: 620 - 720
 * Writing: N/A
 * Average High School ../GPA/: N/A

Admission Factors
Very important:
 * Secondary school record
 * Class rank
 * ../Recommendations/
 * Standardized test scores
 * Extracurricular activities
 * Talent/ability

Important:
 * Application essay(s)
 * Interview
 * Race/ethnicity

Academics

 * ../Student-faculty ratio/ - 8:1

Demographics

 * Enrollment: 1654
 * M/F ratio: 45/55

Cost and Financial Aid

 * Tuition: $34,392
 * Room and Board: $8,030

Location
55 miles from Des Moines.

Sports
NCAA Division III

Campus Life
No fraternities or sororities.

Should You Go?
Grinnell's lax course distribution requirements allow students to take charge of their own education, which can be a double-edged sword. Grinnell is one of few colleges that are need-blind in admissions, which when added to its generous financial aid, make it a good value.

title: College Guide/Grinnell College


text:
JavaScript/Arrays

In JavaScript, an array is an object where you can store a set of values under a single variable name. So far, it's the same as in many other languages. But there are distinctions. (Hint: When using arrays, you should always use the bracket notation with non-negative integers, e.g., . Technically, it's also possible to use the dot notation, but this leads - at least for beginners - to unexpected behavior.)
 * It's not necessary that the values are of the same data type. You can put everything you want in an array and worry about the data type later. (But there are also typed arrays where all values have the same data type.)
 * When you create an array, you do not need to declare a size - but you can. Arrays grow automatically. This makes arrays very convenient to use, but not well-suited for applications in numerical analysis.
 * Because arrays are objects, they have methods and properties you can invoke at will. For example, the  property indicates how many elements are currently in the array. If you add more elements to the array, the value of the   gets larger.
 * The element-counting starts at 0, which means, for instance, that the 5th element is located with [4].

Create an array
First, as with all objects, there is a constructor.

Next, the JavaScript syntax supports square brackets when creating or working with arrays.

You can predefine the size of an array when declaring it.

Access an array element
Array elements are accessed for reading or writing with the usual bracket notation.

When you access an element above the array's actual length, the size of the array will grow, and the new element will be created.

Varying data types
You can store values of different data types within an array.

Nested arrays
As shown before, an array element may be an array (which itself may contain elements of type array (which itself may contain ...)). This can occur during runtime or during initialization. To access the lower levels directly, you must specify as many bracket pairs  as necessary to reach this level.

... and a little more complex

is a property of each array (it's not a method). It represents the number of elements in that array. Please notice that array indices are zero-based. Therefore the array's length is huger than the last index.

The  method returns the combination of two or more arrays. To use it, first, you need two or more arrays to combine.

Then, make a third array and set its value to.

Note that in this example, the new arr3 array contains the contents of both the arr1 array and the arr2 array.

and
The  method returns a single string that contains all of the elements of an array — separated by a specified delimiter. If the delimiter is not specified, it is set to a comma.

There is also a  method that performs the opposite of  : it operates on a string, divides him into elements based on the specified delimiter, and returns an array that contains those elements. (Hint:  is a method of the data type string, not of array.)

To use, first make an array.

Then, make a new variable and assign it to.

You can also use a dedicated delimiter.

Convert it back into an array with the string's  method.

The  method adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the array's new length.

The  method removes the last element of an array and returns the element.

and  work at the end of an array; they reverse their respective effects.

The  method adds one or more new elements to the beginning of an array and returns the array's new length. It works by 'unshifting' every old element from its old index $$i$$ to $$i+1$$, adds the new element to index $$0$$, and adopts the array's  property. It is comparable with  but works at the beginning of the array.

The  method removes the first element of an array and returns the removed element. It works by 'shifting' every old element from its old index $$i$$ to $$i-1$$, adopts the array's  property, and returns the old first element. It is comparable with  but works at the beginning of the array.

and  work at the beginning of an array; they reverse their respective effects.

Exercises

 * ... are available on another page (click here).

title: JavaScript/Arrays


text:
User:GireeshSharma

I am a new enthusiast in writing. My recent writing "How to Win Office Politics", has already sold more than 2000 copies.

Wait for me to write more..

title: User:GireeshSharma


text:
User talk:GireeshSharma

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 04:56, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Copyrights
Hello, GireeshSharma, how are you? I saw the two pages you created. If you are planning to donate your books to Wikibooks, you should read WB:DONATE. That page has lots of information about book donations. Specifically, you must relicense your books under the GFDL license. I hope this is acceptable for you. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 05:07, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:GireeshSharma


text:
User talk:EmpXtrack

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 05:18, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:EmpXtrack


text:
User talk:Alex Smotrov

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 05:23, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alex Smotrov


text:
User talk:Teaandcrumpets~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 05:23, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Teaandcrumpets. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Teaandcrumpets~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:35, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Teaandcrumpets~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Spanish-schools

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 05:23, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spanish-schools


text:
User talk:Kenjie~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kenjie. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kenjie~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:23, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kenjie~enwikibooks


text:
Wikijunior talk:Europe/Vatican City

Name
The state is Vatican City, not The Holy See. The Holy See normally refers to all of the pope's jurisdictions, religious and moral as well as civil and diplomatic. The terms Vatican City and Holy See are not synonymous. The Holy See includes several bodies and organs that have nothing to do with Vatican City, such as the Congregation for the Oriental Churches or the Pontifical Biblical Commission. While being the sovereign of Vatican City is certainly a part of the job of being pope, in reality, it is one of the least important. Vatican City State has its own constitution, its own government, its own president,, its own legislature, its own police force, its own courts, and several other institutions that go along with being a state, that are quite distinct from the other parts of the Holy See. Gentgeen (talk) 08:39, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Europe/Vatican City


text:
User talk:Nesnad/sandbox/Asking to know more

So you can say a few phrases but how do you get other Japanese speakers to help you learn more words to plug in to your knowledge of the language? Like this!

Lets brake a sentence into pieces.

 これ  は  にほんご  で  なんと  いいます  か

''' This is  what  say  in  Japanese  ? '''

(How do you say this in Japanese?)

Mary knows a lot more about words in Japanese than Johnny does. That's OK. Johnny can just ask her to explain how things are said in Japanese!

You could be Mary too! If Johnny asked you how to say mobile phone or newspaper or anything you could answer him right? Let's see what Mary is holding right now.

But Mary speaks a million languages! Let's ask her to explain things in other languages too! She's sure a super person.

That Mary! I bet she is reading the newspaper in order to find out all sorts of cool things about the world. I wonder what language she is reading it in?

 * Next: empty link


text:
User talk:Nesnad/sandbox/Things you can see

OK! If you have been following along with us, Johnny is really able to communicate quite well by now. Of course he needs some more words, so lets look at a list of plug-in words for better communication!

So lets hear Johnny and Mary talk about these kind of things. Oh, look, they are sitting at home watching TV. Go ahead Johnny...

Wow, Mary sounds angry! I wonder what they were watching. Maybe Mary is just in a bad mood. I wonder if she likes sushi?

If you were Johnny how would you ask Mary if she thought sushi was delicious?

With those words in the plug-in box you could even ask Mary if she thinks monkeys are interesting, if rice wine is expensive, or even if she thinks monkeys are delicious!

Although we know Mary wouldn't eat a cute little monkey, right?!

Mary has been quite moody though, let's see what's on her mind. Lets ask about her feelings next.

 * Next: empty link


text:
A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Digital Storage

Digital Data
There are two different types of data: analogue and digital. Analogue data can, potentially, take on any value. Examples include a page of handwritten text, a cassette, or a painting. Digital data can only take on a set range of values. This enables it to be processed by a computer. Examples include all files stored on computers, CDs, DVDs, etc.

Pixels
Digital images are made up of pixels. A pixel represents the value of an individual square of the image, and it has a value assigned to it. The total number of pixels in an image is just like the formula for the area of a rectangle: number of pixels across multiplied by number of pixels down. When representing text, each pixel is a component of one character (for example, a letter, a number, a space, or a new line), it is not the entirety of a character. For instance if the letter 'E' was to be taken as an example and a section was to be taken through the three protrusions; a minimum of seven (7) pixels would be used, one white pixel at the top, then one black (for the first protrusion), then one white for the gap, then a black one for the centre - and so on. A type face - such as Helvetica, or Times New Roman, maybe made up of a more complex pattern of pixels to allow for serif details.

Bits
Each pixel's value is digital: it takes on a definite value. In a higher quality image, each pixel can take on a greater variety of values. Each pixel's value is encoded as a number of bits. A bit is a datum with a value of either 0 or 1. The more values a pixel can take on, the more bits must be used to represent its value. The number of values (N) that a pixel represented by I bits can take on is given by the formula:

N = 2I

Hence:

$$I = \frac{\log N}{\log 2} \approx \frac{\log N}{0.301029996}$$ Log base 10 used here. For ratios, the base of the log does not matter, now we have evaluated log 2 using base 10 log N must be base 10 as well.

A pixel may be represented by values for red, green and blue, in which case each colour channel will have to be encoded separately. When dealing with text, the number of values is equal to the number of possible characters.

Overall, for an image:

Amount of information in an image (bits) = number of pixels x bits per pixel.

Bytes
A byte is equal to 8 bits. The major difference between bytes and SI units is that when prefixes (such as kilo-, mega-, etc.) are attached, we do not multiply by 103 as the prefix increases. Instead, we multiply by 1024. So, 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes, 1 megabyte = 10242 bytes, 1 gigabyte = 10243 bytes, and 1 terabyte = 10244 bytes.

Questions
1. An image transmitted down a SVGA video cable is 800 pixels wide, and 600 pixels high. How many pixels are there in the image?

2. A grayscale image is encoded using 3 bits. How many possible values can each pixel have?

3. The characters in a text document are numbered from 0 - 255. How many bits should each character be encoded with?

4. A page contains 30 lines of text, with an average of 15 characters on each line. Each character is represented by 4 bits. How many megabytes of uncompressed storage will a book consisting of 650 pages like this fill on a computer's hard disk?

5. A 10 cm wide square image is scanned into a computer. Each pixel is encoded using 3 channels (red, green and blue), and each channel can take on 256 possible values. One pixel is 0.01 mm wide. How much information does the scanned image contain? Express your answer using an appropriate unit.

/Worked Solutions/


text:
Horticulture/Phlox subulata

Phlox subulata (Moss Phlox, Moss Pink, Mountain Phlox) is a perennial creeper growing to a height of 6 inches and covering a 20 inch wide area. The small, five-petaled flowers bloom in rose, mauve, blue, white, or pink in late spring to early summer.

Growing Conditions

 * Requires full sun and well-drained soil.
 * Hardiness zones: USDA zone 3 to 9

title: Horticulture/Phlox subulata


text:
A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Digital Storage/Worked Solutions

'''1. An image transmitted down a SVGA video cable is 800 pixels wide, and 600 pixels high. How many pixels are there in the image?'''

$$800 \times 600 = 480 000\mbox{ pixels}$$

'''2. A grayscale image is encoded using 3 bits. How many possible values can each pixel have?'''

23 = 8

'''3. The characters in a text document are numbered from 0 - 255. How many bits should each character be encoded with?'''

There are 256 possible values.

$$b = \frac{\log{256}}{\log{2}} = 8$$

'''4. A page contains 30 lines of text, with an average of 15 characters on each line. Each character is represented by 4 bits. How many megabytes of uncompressed storage will a book consisting of 650 pages like this fill on a computer's hard disk?'''

Total number of characters = 650 x 30 x 15 = 292 500

Total amount of information = 292500 x 4 = 1 170 000 bits

$$1170000\mbox{ bits} = \frac{1170000}{8}\mbox{ bytes} = 146250\mbox{ bytes} = \frac{146250}{1024^2}\mbox{ Mbytes} \approx 0.14\mbox{ Mbytes} $$

'''5. A 10 cm wide square image is scanned into a computer. Each pixel is encoded using 3 channels (red, green and blue), and each channel can take on 256 possible values. One pixel is 0.01 mm wide. How much information does the scanned image contain? Express your answer using an appropriate unit.'''

$$10\mbox{cm} = \frac{0.1}{0.01 \times 10^{-3}}\mbox{ pixels} = 10 000\mbox{ pixels}$$

Total number of pixels = 10 0002 = 100 000 000 pixels

$$b = \frac{\log{256}}{\log{2}} = 8\mbox{ bits per. channel per. pixel} = 8 \times 3\mbox{ bits per. pixel} = 24\mbox{ bits per. pixel}$$

Total information = 24 x 100 000 000 = 2 400 000 000 bits = 300 000 000 bytes

$$\frac{300 000 000}{1024^2} \approx 286\mbox{ Mbytes}$$ (This is why we usually compress images before storage, or at least use fewer bits per. pixel.)


text:
Horticulture/Physocarpus

Physocarpus (Ninebark) is a genus of about ten species of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, native to North America (most of the species) and northeastern Asia (one species).

Description
They are deciduous shrubs growing to 1-3 m tall. The name comes from the appearance of the bark, which is flaky, peeling away in many layers. The leaves are maple-like, palmately lobed, 3-15 cm long and broad, with an irregularly serrated margin. The flowers are white with five petals and numerous stamens, produced in corymbs. The fruit is a cluster of inflated follicles, which turn dry and brown and then split open to release the seeds.

Varieties

 * ../Physocarpus alternans/ (Dwarf Ninebark)
 * ../Physocarpus amurensis/ (Asian Ninebark)
 * ../Physocarpus bracteatus/
 * ../Physocarpus capitatus/ (Pacific Ninebark)
 * ../Physocarpus glabratus/
 * ../Physocarpus malvaceus/ (Mallow Ninebark)
 * ../Physocarpus monogynus/ (Mountain Ninebark)
 * ../Physocarpus opulifolius/ (Common Ninebark)

Uses
Current use of this plant in its name cultivars (see below) for landscape design is to form a line of uninterrupted, loose informal hedge. Individual specimens may be used for the attractive colors of the foliage. There are little medicinal or food uses of this plant.

Much development has gone into developing attractive foliage and smaller size of this native shrub. Two popular and common cultivars exist. 'Darts Gold' is a gold color leaf version of this native plant, while 'Diablo', a purple (almost black) leaf cultivar also exists.

Since the new century, much work is continuing to develop hybrids based on the above two cultivars. 'Coppertina' a cultivar exhibiting orange-red leaves, is such a development, created when the above two cultivars were crossed.

Maintenance
Little maintenance is required for this native shrub once established. To maintain the shape of the plant, pruning is highly recommended. As the old branches exhibit an exfoliating bark which is for some gardeners its chief attraction, leaving the older branches on the plant is often achieved by only pruning and rejuvenating one third of the older branches on a plant in any one year. If a more youthful looking plant is desired, then hard pruning of all the older branches may also be accomplished. In such a case, pruning should be conducted during the spring.

Propagation
Like all native shrubs that originate from a basal rosette of stems from a common root, this native North American shrub is easy to propagate.

The shrub after flowering forms many tiny seeds, which are held onto the plant well into winter. Mature seeds may be easily released when the shrub is brushed against or shaken. Seedlings formed from self seeding into cracks and crevices may be carefully removed and transplanted.

Another method of propagation is to divide the basal clump of stems, ensuring each group of stems are attached to a viable root. This is done by cleaving the clump at the basal rosette of stems, right down to the root level, separating the one clump into two or more smaller clumps. Each small clump can then be transplanted. In this initial stage, adequate watering is crucial to ensure the survival of the severed clumps. If a severed clump survives the first winter, it will live on. Severing of the clumps may be done anytime, but typically fall time is best, as the cooler temperatures and increased rainfall ensure less evaporation and demands on the smaller severed root system.

A third method is achieved by layering a long branch. This is done by bending one of the younger more flexible stems to the ground, and pinning it in place. Over the course of one year, tiny rootlets will develop where the stem touches the ground. At that point, the rooted portion may be severed from the mother plant and carefully tended.

Cuttings rooted in rooting hormone has a lower success rate but nonetheless may be a viable option of reproducing this species. However, many state laws prohibit the unauthorized reproduction of any named cultivar without the prior consent of the original nursery that had developed the cultivar.

title: Horticulture/Physocarpus


text:
A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Digital Storage/Logarithms

That formula involved logarithms. If ab = c, then:

$$\log _ac = b$$

In other words, a logarithm is a way of asking the question, "a to the power of what is c?" a is known as the base of the logarithm. log a is shorthand for log10a, and can be calculated using the 'log' button on a scientific calculator.

Just as with indices, there are some laws of logarithms. At present, we are only concerned with this one:

$$\log _a(c^n) = n \log _ac$$

If we apply this to the formula for calculating the number of possible values a pixel can take on (v = 2b), we can rearrange it to get a formula for b by taking the logarithm to the base 10 of both sides:

$$\log v = \log (2^b)$$

$$\log v = b \log 2$$

$$b = \frac{\log{v}}{\log{2}}$$

We can then use a scientific calculator to calculate log 2, giving us the formula:

$$b \approx \frac{\log{v}}{0.3}$$


text:
Horticulture/Polygonatum odoratum

Polygonatum odoratum, commonly known as Angular Solomon's-seal or Scented Solomon's-seal, is a plant species of the genus Polygonatum. In Britain it is one of three native species of the genus, the others being ../Polygonatum multiflorum/ and ../Polygonatum verticillatum/.

Description
Polygonatum odoratum is a colonizing herbaceous plant with alternate, simple leaves, on green stems. The flowers are white, borne in spring.

Varieties
Variegated Solomon's seal (P. odoratum 'Variegatum') is often cultivated in shade gardens.

Uses
P. odoratum is used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called yùzhú (玉竹).

title: Horticulture/Polygonatum odoratum


text:
Talk:Physics with Calculus/Part 0/Vectors

Re: merge
There's no reason for "vectors" to have its own section separate from "scalars and vectors". When talking about vectors, one invariably needs to compare it with a scalar, so in any "vector" page one would mention scalar. The only possible reason to cover vector in its own section is to cover vector algebra and vector calculus in depth (like the triple product, vector derivatives, maybe Green's theorem, etc.) but those are too advanced for first-and-second-year physics textbook. That type of stuff usually gets covered (in U.S., at least at the university I graduated from) in upper division (third or fourth year) electrodynamics. I will merge the additional stuff (diagrams, additional explanations) in from this section to the other one as I find time, but please(unless someone has objections), feel free to do it (for anyone out there). novakyu (talk) 11:49, 20 December 2007 (UTC)


text:
Horticulture/Prunus laurocerasus

Prunus laurocerasus (Cherry-laurel or Laurel Cherry) is an evergreen shrub native to regions bordering the Black Sea in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe, from Albania and Bulgaria east through Turkey to the Caucasus Mountains and northern Iran.

Description
It is an evergreen shrub or small tree, growing to 5-15 m tall, rarely to 18 m tall, with a trunk up to 60 cm diameter. The leaves are dark green, leathery, shiny, (5–)10–25(–30) cm long and 4-10 cm broad, with a finely serrated margin. The flower buds appear in early spring and open in early summer in erect 7-15 cm racemes of 30–40 flowers, each flower 1 cm diameter, with five creamy-white petals and numerous yellowish stamens. The fruit is a small cherry 1-2 cm diameter, turning black when ripe in early autumn.

Prunus laurocerasus is often called 'laurel' because of the similarity of foliage and appearance to the true laurel, ../Laurus nobilis/. However, the two plants are not related.

Varieties
Over 40 cultivars have been selected, including:
 * 'Aureovariegata' – variegated, leaves with a yellow margin.
 * 'Magnifolia' – vigorous, with large leaves up to 30 cm long and 11 cm broad.
 * 'Otto Luyken' – semi-dwarf, with small leaves 10 cm long and 2–3 cm broad.
 * 'Zabeliana' – selected for winter cold tolerance.

Uses
Prunus laurocerasus has been widely planted as an ornamental plant in temperate regions worldwide, and has become naturalised widely in some areas. It is often used for screening, and also as a mass landscape and ground cover plant. Most forms are tough shrubs that can cope with difficult growing conditions (including shaded and dry conditions), and which respond well to pruning. The foliage is also used for cut greenery in floristry.

Unlike the rest of the plant, which is poisonous, the cherries are edible, although rather bland and with a somewhat astringent flavour compared to the fruit of apricots, true cherries, plums, and peaches, to which it is related. The seeds contained within the berries are poisonous like the rest of the plant, containing cyanogenic glycosides and amygdalin. This chemical composition is what gives the smell of almonds when the leaves are crushed.

Laurel water, a distillation made from the plant, has a pharmacological usage.

Maintenance
In some regions such as the Pacific Northwest of the United States, this species is an invasive plant. Its rapid growth, coupled with its evergreen habit and its tolerance of drought and shade, often allow it to out-compete and kill off native plant species. This reduces the overall diversity of ecosystems and impacts other plants and animals that live there negatively. It is also difficult to control once it has naturalised, because some species of birds eat the fruits and spread the seeds in their droppings.

title: Horticulture/Prunus laurocerasus


text:
Horticulture/Prunus serotina

The Black Cherry (Prunus serotina, also occasionally Wild Black Cherry, Rum Cherry, or Mountain Black Cherry) is a large forest tree native to eastern North America from southern Quebec and Ontario south to Texas and central Florida, with disjunct populations in Arizona and New Mexico, and in the mountains of Mexico and Guatemala. It is a member in the subgenus Padus.

Description
Black Cherry is a deciduous tree growing to 15-30 m tall with a trunk diameter of up to 70-120 cm, occasionally more. The leaves are simple, 6-14 cm long, with a serrated margin. The flowers are in racemes, small (10-15 mm diameter), with five white petals and about 20 stamens, and are fragrant; there are around 40 flowers on each raceme. The fruit is a drupe, 1 cm diameter, green to red at first, ripening black; it is usually astringent and bitter to eat fresh, but sometimes sweet. The fruit is readily eaten by birds, which do not taste astringency as unpleasant.

Mature Black Cherry can easily be identified in a forest by its platy, dark grey to black bark, which has the appearance of very thick, burnt potato chips. However, for about the first decade or so of its life, the bark resembles that of a Birch, and is thin and striped. It can also quickly be identified by its long, shiny leaves resembling that of a Sourwood, and by an almond-like odor when a young twig is scratched and held close to the nose.

Black Cherry is closely related to the Chokecherry (../Prunus virginiana/), from which it differs in the larger leaves and the cherries, which are black when ripe (hence the name), not red, though some populations of Chokecherry also produce black fruit.

Growing Conditions
The Black Cherry is a pioneer species. In the Midwest, it is seen growing mostly in old fields with other sunlight loving species, such as Black Walnut, Black locust, and Hackberry. It is a moderately long-lived tree, with ages of up to 258 years known, though it is prone to storm damage with branches breaking easily; any decay resulting however only progresses slowly

Varieties
There are two subspecies: The typical subsp. serotina is sometimes further divided into four varieties, var. serotina in the east of the range, var. eximia in Texas, and vars. rufula and virens in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.
 * Prunus serotina subsp. serotina. Canada, United States.
 * Prunus serotina subsp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh. Mexico, Guatemala.

Uses
The fruit is suitable for making jam and cherry pies; they are also a popular flavoring for sodas and used in many ice creams.

The timber is valuable, perhaps the premier cabinetry timber of the U.S., traded as "cherry". It is known for its strong red color and high price.

Maintenance
The foliage, particularly when wilted, contains cyanogenic glycosides which convert to hydrogen cyanide if eaten by animals. It is recommended that farmers remove any Black Cherry trees that fall in a field containing livestock, because the wilted leaves could poison the animals. Removal is not always practical though, because Black Cherries often grow in very large numbers on farms, taking advantage of the light brought about by mowing and grazing. Entire fencerows can be lined with this poisonous tree, making it difficult to monitor all the branches falling into the grazing area.

Black Cherry is locally naturalized in parts of Europe, having escaped from cultivation as an ornamental tree.

Propagation
Generally propagated by seed.

Harvest
Wood is harvested when trees are mature (at least 24" diameter). Cherries can be difficult to harvest because of the height of the tree.

Pests and Diseases
See List of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus. The ../Eastern tent caterpillar/ defoliates entire groves some springs.

title: Horticulture/Prunus serotina


text:
Horticulture/Pyracantha

Firethorn (Pyracantha) is a genus of thorny evergreen large shrubs in the family Rosaceae, subfamily Maloideae. They are native from southeast Europe east to southeast Asia, and are closely related to ../Cotoneaster/, but have serrated leaf margins and numerous thorns (Cotoneasters are thornless).

Description
The plants reach up to 6 m tall. The seven species have white flowers and either red, orange, or yellow berries (more correctly pomes). The flowers are produced during late spring and early summer; the pomes develop from late summer, and mature in late autumn.

Varieties

 * Species:
 * Pyracantha angustifolia. Southwest China.
 * Pyracantha atalantoides. Southern China.
 * Pyracantha coccinea (Scarlet firethorn). Italy east to Asia Minor.
 * Pyracantha crenatoserrata. Central China.
 * Pyracantha crenulata. Himalaya.
 * Pyracantha koidzumii. Taiwan.
 * Pyracantha rogersiana. Yunnan.

 * Selected hybrids and cultivars
 * 'America'
 * 'Golden Charmer'
 * 'Golden Dome'
 * 'Lalandei'
 * 'Mohave'
 * 'Navajo'
 * 'Orange Glow'
 * 'Rosy Mantle'
 * 'Santa Cruz'
 * 'Teton'
 * 'Watereri'

Uses
Pyracanthas are valuable ornamental plants, grown in gardens for their decorative flowers and fruit, often very densely borne. Their dense thorny structure makes them particularly valued in situations where an impenetrable barrier is required. The aesthetic characteristics, in conjunction with their home security qualities, makes them a considerable alternative to artificial fences and walls They are also a good shrub for a wildlife garden, providing dense cover for roosting and nesting birds, summer flowers for bees and an abundance of berries as a food source. Pyracantha berries are not poisonous as commonly thought; although they are very bitter, they are edible when cooked and are sometimes made into jelly.

title: Horticulture/Pyracantha


text:
Horticulture/Robinia pseudoacacia

Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is a tree in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae. It is native to the southeastern United States, but has been widely planted and naturalized elsewhere in temperate North America, Europe and Asia and is considered an invasive species in some areas. A less frequently used common name is False Acacia, which is a literal translation of the specific epithet. It was introduced into Britain in 1636.

Like the honey locust, the black locust reproduces through its distinct hanging pods, but on the black locust they are smaller and lighter and thus easily carried long distances by the wind. Unlike the pods of the honey locust, but like those of the related European Laburnum, the black locust's pods are toxic. In fact, every part of the tree, especially the bark, is considered toxic, with the exception of the flowers. However, various reports have suggested that the seeds and the young pods of the black locust can be edible when cooked, since the poisons that are contained in this plant are decomposed by heat. Horses who consume the plant show signs of anorexia, depression, diarrhea, colic, weakness, and cardiac arrhythmia. Symptoms usually occur about 1 hour following consumption, and immediate veterinary attention is required.

The name locust is said to have been given to Robinia by Jesuit missionaries, who fancied that this was the tree that supported St. John in the wilderness, but it is native only to North America. The locust tree of Spain, which is also native to Syria, is supposed to be the true locust of the New Testament; the fruit of this tree may be found in the shops under the name of St. John's bread.

Robinia is now a North American genus—but traces of it are found in the Eocene and Miocene rocks of Europe.

Description
It grows to 14–25 m tall, with a trunk up to 0.8 m diameter (exceptionally up to 27 m tall and 1.6 m diameter in very old trees), with thick, deeply furrowed blackish bark. The leaves are 10–25 cm long, pinnate with 9–19 oval leaflets, 2–5 cm long and 1.5–3 cm broad. Each leaf usually has a pair of short thorns at the base, 1–2 mm long or absent on adult crown shoots, up to 2 cm long on vigorous young plants. The intensely fragrant flowers are white, borne in pendulous racemes 8–20 cm long, and are considered edible. The fruit is a legume 5–10 cm long, containing 4–10 seeds.

Although similar in general appearance to Honey locust, it lacks that tree's characteristic long branched spines on the trunk, instead having the pairs of short thorns at the base of each leaf; the leaflets are also much broader.

Native from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia and westward as far as Arkansas and Oklahoma, but has been widely spread. Reaches the height of seventy feet with a trunk three or four feet in diameter, with brittle branches that form an oblong narrow head. Spreads by underground shoots. The leaflets fold together in wet weather, also at night; some change of position at night is the habit of the entire leguminous family.

 * Bark: Dark gray brown tinged with red, deeply furrowed, surface inclined to scale. Branchlets at first coated with white silvery down. This soon disappears and they become pale green, afterward reddish brown. Prickles develop from stipules, are short, somewhat triangular, dilated at base, sharp, dark purple, adhering only to the bark, but persistent.
 * Wood: Pale yellowish brown; heavy, hard, strong, close-grained and very durable in contact with the ground. Sp. gr., 0.7333; weight of cu. ft., 45.70 lbs.
 * Winter buds: Minute, naked, three or four together, protected in a depression by a scale-like covering lined on the inner surface with a thick coat of tomentum and opening in early spring; when forming are covered by the swollen base of the petiole.
 * Leaves: Parallel, compound, odd-pinnate, eight to fourteen inches long, with slender hairy petioles, grooved and swollen at the base. Leaflets petiolate, seven to nine, one to two inches long, one-half to three-fourths of an inch broad, emarginate or rounded at apex. They come out of the bud conduplicate, yellow green, covered with silvery down which soon disappears; when full grown are dull dark green above, paler beneath. Feather-veined, midvein prominent. In autumn they turn a clear pale yellow. Stipules linear, downy, membranous at first, ultimately developing into hard woody prickles, straight or slightly curved. Each leaflet has a minute stipel which quickly falls and a short petiole.
 * Flowers: May, after the leaves. Papilionaceous. Perfect, borne in loose drooping racemes four to five inches long, cream-white, about an inch long, nectar bearing, fragrant. Pedicels slender, half an inch long, dark red or reddish green.
 * Calyx: Campanulate, givvous, hairy, five-toothed, slightly two-lipped, dark green blotched with red, especially on the upper side teeth valvate in bud.
 * Corolla: Imperfectly papilionaceous, petals inserted upon a tubular disk; standard white with pale yellow blotch; wings white, oblong-falcate; keel petals incurved, obtuse, united below.
 * Stamens: Ten, inserted, with the petals, diadelphous, nine inferior, united into a tube which is cleft on the upper side, superior one free at the base. Anthers two-celled, cells opening longitudinally.
 * Pistil: Ovary superior, linear-oblong, stipitate, one-celled; style inflexed, long, slender, bearded; stigma capitate; ovules several, two-ranked.
 * Fruit: legume two-valved, smooth three to four inches long and half an inch broad, usually four to eight seeded. Ripens late in autumn and hangs on the branches until early spring. Seeds dark orange brown with irregular markings. Cotyledons oval, fleshy.

Uses
Black locust is a major honey plant in eastern USA, and, having been taken and planted in France, is the source of the renowned acacia monofloral honey from France. Flowering starts after 140 growing degree days. In Europe it is often planted alongside streets and in parks, especially in large cities, because it tolerates pollution well. The species is unsuitable for small gardens due to its large size and rapid growth, but the cultivar 'Frisia', a selection with bright yellow-green leaves, is occasionally planted as an ornamental tree.

Black locust has nitrogen-fixing bacteria on its root system; for this reason it can grow on poor soils and is an early colonizer of disturbed areas.

In 1900 it was reported that the value of Robinia pseudacacia is practically destroyed in nearly all parts of the United States beyond the mountain forests which are its home, by the borers which riddle the trunk and branches. Were it not for these insects it would be one of the most valuable timber trees that could be planted in the northern and middle states. Young trees grow quickly and vigorously for a number of years, but soon become stunted and diseased, and rarely live long enough to attain any commercial value.

The wood is extremely hard, resistant to rot and long lasting, making it prized for fence posts and small watercraft. As a young man, Abraham Lincoln spent a lot of time splitting rails and fence posts from black locust logs. Flavonoids in the heartwood allow the wood to last over 100 years in soil. In the Netherlands and some other parts of Europe, black locust is the most rot-resistant local tree, and projects have started to limit the use of tropical wood by promoting this tree and creating plantations. It is one of the heaviest and hardest woods in North America.

Black Locust is unsurpassed as firewood for wood stoves; it burns slowly, with little visible flame or smoke, and has a higher heat content than any other wood that grows in the Eastern US, comparable to the heat content of anthracite". . However, for this use it should be split when green, then dried for 2 to 3 years, and ignited by insertion into a stove already hot from burning of a load of some other hardwood. In fireplaces it is less satisfactory because knots and beetle damage in black locust make the wood prone to "spitting" coals for distances of up to several feet. If the Black Locust is cut, split, and cured while relatively young (within ten years) typically damage and "spitting" problems are minimal. It can be an excellent firewood in stoves, campfires, and fireplaces if properly cultivated. As it is fast-growing and highly resilient in a variety of soils it renews itself readily for future use.

title: Horticulture/Robinia pseudoacacia


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6/2. Nc3/2...d5

= Alekhine's Defence =

2...d5
Both main options 3. exd5, and 3. e5 lead to drawish positions in their mainlines where equality is achieved easily. However, both black and white can deviate in the 3. e5 line, leading the potentially sharper positions. However, if white wants to try get a sharp game, they can play 3. d4?!, the Blackmar-Diemer Gambit. However, this is considered dubious with best play, but is good for club-level and blitz/bullet play, especially given the trap potential. Other alternatives are 3. d3, 3. f3, or even 3. Bd3, but none of them give white any more than equality.

After 3. exd5 Nxd5 4. Nxd5 Qxd5, Black has a strong centralised queen and easy development, leaving equality or a slight advantage to black. After 3. e5, black will most likely play 3... Nfd7, leading to a possible transposition to the Steinitz French or a pawn exchange after 4. Nxd5 Nxe5, or 3... d4, leading to either a similar variation to Nfd7 or a complex position after 4. exf6 dxc3 where many captures are possible.

Theory table
1.e4 Nf6 2.Nc3 d5


text:
User talk:Stefanie

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:07, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stefanie


text:
Horticulture/Rubus occidentalis

Commercial growing and processing
The center for black raspberry production is in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The main cultivar, 'Munger', is grown on about 600 ha (1500 acres). Other cultivars include 'John Robertson', 'Allen', 'Jewel', 'Blackhawk', 'Macblack', 'Plum Farmer', 'Dundee', 'Hanover', and 'Huron'. The plants are summer tipped by hand, mechanically pruned in winter and then machine harvested. The yields are generally low per acre and this is why the fruits are often expensive.

The species has been used in the breeding of many Rubus hybrids; those between red and black raspberries are common under the name purple raspberries; 'Brandywine', 'Royalty' and 'Estate' are examples of purple raspberry cultivars.

The berries are typically dried, frozen or made into purées and juices or processed as colorants. Two well known liqueurs predominantly based on black raspberry fruit include France's Chambord Liqueur Royale de France and South Korea's various manufacturers of Bokbunja.

title: Horticulture/Rubus occidentalis


text:
Linear Algebra/Subspaces

Suppose V is a vector space over a field F. A nonempty set of vectors H within the vector space V is defined to be a subspace of V when:

 * 1) If u and v are elements of H then u+v must also be an element of H

 * 1) If u is an element of H and c is an element of F, then cu is also an element of H

Where addition and scalar multiplication in H is defined to be the same as addition and scalar multiplication in V when all vectors involved are within H.

A subspace of any vector space is also a vector space because it is obviously true that when x, y and z are elements of H and c and d are elements of F, it is obviously true that x+y=y+x and (x+y)+z=x+(y+z) because they are elements of V, and also 1x=x, c(dx)=(cd)x, (a+b)x=ax+bx, a(x+y)=ax+ay because x and y are elements of V, and by the second condition, for every x, there exists a 0x within the set, which is the identity, so its identity is within the subspace, and also by the second condition, for every x, there exists a (-1)x, which is its inverse. Thus, all subspaces of a vector space are also vector spaces.

Properties of Subspaces
If a set of vectors are in a subspace H of a vector space V, and the vectors are linearly independent in V, then they are also linearly independent in H. This implies that the dimension of H is less than or equal to the dimension of V.

Also, for every basis in a subspace H, there exists a basis in V which contains that basis of H. This follows from the completion theorem proven earlier.

Dimension
A set of vectors v1, v2, v3, ..., vn in a vector space V over a field F is said to be linearly independent over a subspace H when, for elements a1, a2, a3, ..., an within the field F, a1v1+a2v2+a3v3+...+anvn is an element of H only when a1, a2, a3, ..., an all equal 0. Linear independence over the subspace containing only the 0 vector is obviously the same as ordinary linear independence. The maximum number of vectors in V which are linearly independent over H is defined to be the dimension of V over H.

If a set of vectors O in V are linearly independent over H and a set of vectors I are linearly independent within H, then they union of those two sets is also linearly independent. This is because if there is a linear combination of those vectors, then it can equal 0 only when the linear combination of the vectors in O is the opposite of the linear combination of the vectors of I, which is also within H, implying that the coefficients of the elements of O are all 0, but which implies that all elements of I are also 0.

If, given any subspace H of a vector space V, one has a basis B for H, and a basis C of V containing B, then the elements of C-B are linearly independent over H since any element of H must be linearly dependent on elements of B (since it is a basis of H), and since the elements of C-B are all linearly independent to the elements of C-B, any linear combination of them in which not all coefficients are 0 must not be an element of H, thus proving that they are all linearly independent over H. Thus, if a vector space has dimension d, and a subspace has dimension s, the dimension of a vector space over that subspace is d-s.

title: Linear Algebra/Subspaces


text: User talk:202.122.165.222

title: User talk:202.122.165.222


text: User talk:80.24.148.187

title: User talk:80.24.148.187


text:
User talk:165.107.9.47

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:52, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:165.107.9.47


text:
User talk:Garyfirst~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:23, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Garyfirst. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Garyfirst~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:13, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Garyfirst~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Radoshi~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:23, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Radoshi. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Radoshi~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:39, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Radoshi~enwikibooks