text:
Cookbook:Date

Dates are the very sweet fruit of the date palm.

Characteristics
Dates are oblong, with a thin papery skin and a single central seed. The color can range from deep golden to dark brown, depending on the variety. They have a high sugar content, making them sticky and sweet.

Ripeness
Dates begin as small, green, inedible fruit. At the khalal stage, the fruits are starting to change color but are largely inedible, though some individuals may like to eat them cooked. Rutab marks the first fully edible stage, with juicy fruit, though they are still delicate and perishable here. When left to fully mature on the tree, the dates dry out to become dark-colored and stable, with a high sugar concentration.

Varieties
In terms of cultivated varieties, dates come in three main types. Soft dates have a high moisture content and are the kind typically grown for eating at the wet/rutab stage, with a relatively low sugar level. Semi-dry dates have less moisture, though they are still flexible to the tooth. Dry/hard dates are very stiff and very sweet, and may even be turned into a flour.

Selection and storage
When choosing dates, they should look appropriately plump according to the stage of development and the variety. Fresh immature dates are perishable and must be kept in the fridge. Fully mature dried dates generally have a long shelf life at room temperature. If exposed to air for too long, they may dry out. If you can, choose whole dates, and pit/process them yourself instead of getting pre-chopped dates.

Use
Dates are popular to eat simply as is or as part of a larger dish. They may be stuffed and served as hors d'oeuvres or petits fours, and they can also be cut into pieces for use in baked goods. They can also be processed into a paste, syrup, or "sugar", which is really just ground dried date.

When cutting dates, you'll want to oil or flour your knife to reduce excess sticking. Avoid mincing unless you want to get a paste.

Substitution
If you simply want to use dates as the dried fruit component of a larger whole (e.g. muffins), you can easily substitute with another high-sugar dried fruit.

title: Cookbook:Date


text:
Cookbook:Peanut Oil

| Oils and Fats

Peanut oil, also groundnut oil, is an oil extracted from peanuts or groundnuts. It has broad use across Asia.

Peanut oil has a high smoke point, making it suitable for frying. It is frequently used as the oil for stir-frying food.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook:Peanut Oil


text:
User talk:24.20.69.240

Webaware talk 13:21, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.20.69.240


text:
User talk:132.68.249.249

Hi! Welcome! Thanks for contributing! --CocoaZen 13:43, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:132.68.249.249


text:
User:Zarius/monobook.js

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title: User:Zarius/monobook.js


text:
User:Joel Lamoure

Professional Website: http://www.joelwlamoure.com/

'''Joel Lamoure RPh., B.Sc.Phm., FASCP. Assistant Professor and Assistant CME Director, Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario Teaching Associate, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto; Mental Health Pharmacist, London Health Sciences Centre, South St Hospital'''

Publications
Lamoure J. Assessing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(10):27 Lamoure J. How Often is Male Hypogonadism Associated with depression? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(10):21

Lamoure J. Theory of Mindfulness. Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(9):20

Lamoure J. When Should Antidepressants Not be Used for Depression? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(9): 34

Lamoure J. Anxiety, Depression and Dual SSRI Use Pharmacy Gateway Mental Health ATE. Aug 2009 http://www.pharmacygateway.ca/index/asktheexpert/mental_health.jsp

Lamoure J. What is the First-line Treatment for Bipolar Disorder for GP’s? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(6): 28

Lamoure J, Stovel J.  Parker N.  Do older "typical" antipsychotics share the same warnings as "atypical" regarding their use in the elderly with dementia? Are any of them safer? Pharmacy Gateway Mental Health ATE. June 2009 http://www.pharmacygateway.ca/index/asktheexpert/mental_health.jsp

Lamoure J, Stovel J,  Marchioni D. What Drug Interactions Are Common in Treatment-Resistant Depression? Medscape ATE June 2009 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/703441

Lamoure, JW., Rudnick,A. (Poster Abstract) A retrospective case report series of patients (post-marketing) receiving olanzapine intramuscular (IM) outside of product monograph does and indications:  Assessing safety and tolerability. UWO Psychiatry Research Day June 18, 2009

Lamoure, JW., Rudnick,A. (Poster Abstract) A retrospective case report series of patients (post-marketing) receiving olanzapine intramuscular (IM) outside of product monograph does and indications:  Assessing safety and tolerability. RMHC Research Day May 13, 2009

Lamoure J. Which Types of Psychotherapy are Effective for the Different Anxiety Disorders (Empirically Validated)? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(5):38

Lamoure J. How Common is Attention Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? In Adults/In Children? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(5):24

Lamoure J. What is the Best Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(4):33

Lamoure J. How Can We Best Help and Treat the Depressed Adolescent? Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(3):15

Lamoure J. What is the Medication/Treatment for Somatic Delusions?. Cdn. J of CME 2009; 21(2):20

Lamoure J, Stovel J. (Poster Abstract) Topiramate-Induced Hemiplegia. CSHP PPC Toronto February 1, 2009

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Depression: A Deeper Shade of Blue. Pharmacy Practice. 2009; 25 (1): 38-42

Lamoure J, Stovel J, Boivin M.  Schizophrenia for Pharmacists. Beyond the Diagnosis. Web Education Module. December 2008 www.rxbriefcase.com

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Medications and Mental Health. Cdn J. CME 2008: 20 (11):51-54

Lamoure J, Stovel J, Bateman K. How Common or Significant Is Serotonin Syndrome? Medscape ATE November 2008 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/582862

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Do SSRIs medications cause bleeding in general patients? Is there need to be cautious when patients take SSRI’s with other medications such as aspirin or NSAID’s? September 2008 http://www.pharmacygateway.ca/index/asktheexpert/mental_health.jsp

Lamoure J. Como funciona a estimulação magnética transcraniana no tratamento da depressão refratária. Jornal Mineiro de Psiquiatria. Edição No. 28 (agosto de 2008) Ano XII

Dixon D, Harris S,  Lamoure J,  Stovel J.  Webmodule: TZD in the news. Putting Evidence into Perspective. August 2008. http://www.rxbriefcase.com/process/view.asp?cid=358

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Overview of New Treatments and Efficacy of Medications in Mental Health. Pharmacy Gateway Mental Health ATE. July 2008 http://www.pharmacygateway.ca/index/asktheexpert/mental_health.jsp

Lamoure J, Bombardier S. Overview of  Options for Treatment Resistant depression and SSRI Augmentation. Pharmacy Gateway Mental Health ATE. June 2008 http://www.pharmacygateway.ca/index/asktheexpert/mental_health.jsp

Lamoure J. Neurobiology of rTMS. Medscape ATE May 2008  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/572342

Lamoure J, Stovel J. Does Quetiapine Produce False-Positive Methadone Tests? Medscape ATE January 2008 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/568245

Andrews E, Bombassaro A, Mills D, Lamoure J, Baskette J. (Poster Abstract) Medication Reconciliation In a Pre-Admission General Surgery Service. CSHP PPC January 2008

Pang S, Facca N ,Lamoure J, Delamere K. (Poster Abstract) Medication Reconciliation on 4-IP (Medicine). CSHP PPC January 2008

Lamoure J. Stovel J. Are Duloxetine's Side Effects Dose Related? Medscape Pharmacist ATE December 2007 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/566867

Lamoure J. Stovel J What are the Troublesome Side Effects of Topiramate? Cdn J of Diagnosis 2007; 24(12); 25

Lamoure J. Stovel J. Is It Safe to Use "Natural" Sleep Aids While Taking Antidepressants? Medscape Pharmacist ATE October 2007 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/563447

Lamoure J. Psychopharmacology Drug Case. Summary of Case and Conclusions. . UWO Department of Psychiatry Fall 2007 Issue 47:6-7

Chiu A, Lamoure J, Naidu K. Lamotrigine-Induced Blood Dyscrasias in Association with Rash. Cdn J Hospital Pharmacists 2007; 60 (4); 257-259

Smith L, Lamoure J. Drug-Disease Psychopharmacology Review. Clinical QandA Antipsychotics in Breastfeeding. UWO Department of Psychiatry Summer 2007 Issue 46:8-9

Lamoure J. Regarding expired medications, other than a decreased efficacy, is there a significant health risk? Cdn J. of Diagnosis 2007; 24(5) (In press-publication date May07)

Lamoure J. Does Combining Duloxetine and Amitriptyline Raise the Risk for Seizures? Medscape Pharmacist ATE April 2007. http://www.medscape.com/pharmacists/asktheexperts

Lamoure J. Schizophrenia.Getting the Right Drug to the Right Patient. Pharmacy Practice 2007; 23(4) 48-54, 63-64

Lamoure J. Somatization/Personality Disorders and Adverse Effects "My antidepressants or my eyesight?". Cdn J. of Diagnosis 2007; 24(4):47-50

Lamoure J, Turgay A, Sumpton J, Weiss G. Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children. Web Education Module March 2007 www.rxbriefcase.com Loder J, Lamoure J, Northcott S. Clarithromycin and Clozapine Interaction “Doctor, I don’t feel well”. Cdn. J of Diagnosis 2006; 23(12):34-37

Lamoure J. Treatment of Social Anxiety in Teenagers. Cdn. J of CME 2006; 18(10):10

Lamoure J. Antidepressant Use Associated with Type 2 Diabetes. UWO Department of Psychiatry Fall 2006 Issue 43 pp12-13

Lamoure J. Discontinuation Syndrome: Relapse vs. Withdrawal. Cdn. J of Diagnosis 2006; 23(9):95-98

Lamoure J, Smith L. Methamphetamine...Madness to the Method. : Cdn. J of CME 2006; 18(7): 51-54

Lamoure J. Role of Dalteparin in Stroke. Cdn. J of Diagnosis 2006;23(2):21

Lamoure J. IM MPA and BC Failure. Cdn. J of CME 2006;18(1):39

Lamoure J. Metformin and Glyburide. Cdn. J of CME 2005; 17(9):31

Lamoure J, Bush H. Atypical Antipsychotics as Poison in Overdose. Cdn. J of CME 2005; 17(5):71-73

Flinn A, Lamoure J. Olanzapine Induced Pancreatitis (Case Review): CSHP Journal PPC Feb 2004:p50

Bio
Bio (June 2009)

Joel Lamoure is a mental health pharmacist at London Health Sciences Centre, South Street Hospital. Joel also serves as an Assistant Professor and Assistant Director of CME in the Department of Psychiatry at the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario and Teaching Associate, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto. He recently became an Accreditor with Accreditations Canada specializing in medication management, infection control and mental health.

He has won the Western Teaching Roll of Honour in Medicine for the past 4 years, the UWO CME Award in Medicine for 2007 and the University Of Toronto Teaching Award in 2006. He has published over 40 journal papers and consultant reviews on mental health medications and their impact to the patient and their quality and quantity of life. He writes as a psyhcopharmacotherapy expert for several national and international publications.

Joel was awarded a Fellowship in the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists (Geriatrics) in 2000. Areas of interest and research include medical conditions that overlap and augment the severity of psychiatric disorders, impacts of alternative treatments and psychopharmacology. He is an inductee in the Canadian Book of Who’s Who, Strathmore’s Who’s Who and the International Book of Who’s Who in Medicine

title: User:Joel Lamoure


text:
Croatian/Main Contents

Introduction/Predgovor

This book aims to be a complete guide to the Croatian language. From the basics, to the most advanced concepts of grammar and speech. It also aims to provide some miscellaneous information in relation to Croatia and the Croatian language (for example: history of the Croatian language, different dialects, how the Croatian language evolved, etcetera).

The Lessons and Reference/Lekcije i preporuke
The lessons are put into levels. Each level focuses on a certain part of Croatian, to help build up your knowledge of the language, also known simply as Croatian. For example, the first level is mostly vocabulary. After studying and learning all the levels and lessons, hopefully the reader will be able to speak Croatian fluently. The levels are mainly for people who want to learn Croatian seriously as another language. If you wish to learn some of the language quickly because of business, a holiday or just out of curiosity, the reference is here for a quick guide. If you are familiar with another Slavic language (cf. Russian, Polish, Czech,Serbian,Bulgarian etc...), then you are at an advantage as Croatian shares the same noun declinations and sentence structures as her sister languages.

Reference is not a guide, however nor is it similar to the lessons. It is large portions of this South Slavic language put into a small area so the reader can look up verbs quickly without having to go through the lessons to find it. However, if you want to learn some more vocabulary, please use Level 1, not Reference to look up the word you want. Level 1 is not rigidly structured, so it is easy to use, like a dictionary.

Under Construction/U izradi
This book is currently under construction. The squares next to each page, level or lesson, shows whether the content inside is completed or not. Below shows what stages these squares show:

Levels/Razine
'''Level 1 is now completed. Level 2 is being made, and there will be a level 3 soon'''

Level 1 - Vocabulary and stress

Level 2 - Basic grammar

/Level 3/ - Forming sentences

title: Croatian/Main Contents


text:
Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 1

The Croatian alphabet
Croatian is an easy language to spell. Each letter is pronounced separately and clearly in almost every position and each word is spelt as it is pronounced (some exceptions are odsvirati pronounced [otsvirati]; another one is odšteta pronounced [otšteta]...). However, some words have a few vowels pronounced longer than others, so if you don't pronounce its vowels in correct length it might have a different meaning (for example: when "kada" is pronounced as it's written it means when, but when it's pronounced with a longer first a then it means bathtub).

The Croatian language uses a Latin alphabet, with 30 letters.

The following table lists all of the letters, together with pronunciations and "as in..." notes for easier pronunciation.

Note: Because of their similarity in pronucation, some Croatian children in certain areas don't learn to differ Č and Ć, Đ and DŽ or "je" and "ije" before fifth grade. Stress almost always falls on the second-last or third-last syllable

To oversimplify, remember six rules:

1. For the "c" without a hat, remember "cats." In English we pronounce the cat's head ("c") but in Croatian the tail is pronounced ("ts").

2. A hat on a "c," "s," or "z" becomes an English "ch," "sh," or "zh." Pronounce "ć" like "č", because it makes learning Croatian easier.

3. DŽ is an English "j," as in "John."

4. For "h" pretend you're Scottish and saying "loch" or German saying "Bach."

5. The "i" and "u" vowels are always long, never short.

6. The "j" is pronounced like "y" in English.

Stress
Croatian language has 4 types of stress. And there's also "ˉ". It means that the vowel is pronounced longer, but the stress isn't on this vowel. Example is pìlōt. Every stress has a name: short-rising (kratkouzlazni), short-falling (kratkosilazni), long-rising (dugouzlazni), long-falling (dugosilazni). Examples: žèna (wife; it means e is short, and the intonations is rising) kȕća (house; it means u is short, and the intonations is falling) rúka (arm; it means u is long, and the intonation is rising) zlâto (gold; it means a is long, and the intonation is falling)

Next lesson

Croat/Alfabet i pronúncia

title: Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 1


text:
Talk:Ruby Programming/Syntax/Method Calls

The ampersand (&)
I'm starting to learn Ruby and I think there is a mistake in the section about the ampersand. The redefinition of to_proc in class Symbol defined as

def to_proc lambda {|x, *args| x.send(self, *args)} end

doesn't work in my Ruby version 1.8.

What works is this:

def to_proc lambda {|*args| self.send(self, *args)} end

I am not sure if the first version worked in any of the previous releases of Ruby?

I would like to change it, but I would really appreciate someone checking if the new code is really 100% correct.

--filu 17:51, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

OK, the mistake is mine. The version of to_proc method found in the article indeed works, for method calls such as is the case with the upcase. However my version works for function calls, such as

def fun_upcase( s ) s.upcase end which in turn cannot be combined with the original to_proc.

Maybe this should be clarified in the text of the article.

--filu 19:31, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Great Explanation
Wow what a wonderful explanation of Proc and Blocks. I was struggling with these when doing Rails project. Now everything seems to make sense and is clear. 155.94.62.223 (discuss) 20:53, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Pasted blog post
In 2006 a blog post was pasted in. It arguably helps the page's content, and it's better than nothing, but it still needs copy-editing as it still reads as a blog post and not as part of a book. --Blaisorblade (discuss • contribs) 10:27, 15 May 2016 (UTC)


text:
User:Brim/test

Test to see if this works on Wikibooks - copied from Microsoft Office on Wikipedia.

 Desktop products: Access • Communicator • Entourage • Excel • Groove • InfoPath • InterConnect • MapPoint • OneNote • Outlook • PowerPoint • Project • Publisher • SharePoint Designer • Visio • Word • Equation Editor • Organization Chart • Draw

Server products: Live Communications Server • Project Server • SharePoint Server

Online services: Office Live • Live Meeting

Discontinued products: Mail • Schedule+ • FrontPage • PhotoDraw • Vizact • Binder • The Office Assistants

title: User:Brim/test


text:
Template talk:Authors

Authors
This is an attempt to make it possible to give attributions, claim authorship and grant any rights under the license used on Wikibooks. The use of this template has legal implications. If you are interested in the subject read carefully the Wikibooks copyright statement existing in each page the draft of Wikibooks talk:Ownership and it's talk page. --Panic (talk) 05:58, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Removing the comment about Source code
How is the bit about source code important to say Biblical Studies/Authors? Also, why is this acceptable? How do we know permission has been obtained from the other people that contribute to the books that use this template? Who are we to relicense their contributions into the public domain? My opinion is that we cannot course we cannot only the copyright holder's themselves can do that. Only the people themselves do that, and as this requirement is not part of our terms of use, then individual books cannot do this. Especially after the book has had source code contributed to it before any such claims about the public domain where in place as with C++ Programming. Thenub314 (talk) 00:13, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * If the book has no source code, "Any source code included..." it becomes void. It is a template it could probably be reworked to make it facultative, in any case only the right owners my decide if it is acceptable or not, in the specific case of Biblical Studies no one has claimed rights over that work, my use of the template was to give attributions to Wikipedia... (For historical context the template was exclusive to the C++ Programming namespace it was later moved to the global namespace)
 * Permissions are given by anyone that states rights over the work. Regarding the issue of source code in general the issue is more extensive and a solution like we use for images would be needed (having each source code that is copyrightable and constitutes or permits stand alone use to be licensed on its own) for instance before the recent license change to be legal if a user took the code and used it on his computer he would have to include a copy of the GFDL (for use and redistribution).
 * If you aren't claiming ownership over a source code or a work the Authors page is irrelevant to you. If a copyright holder has a claim he can always use the established practice to correct issues or request a pulldown of the work.  --Panic (talk) 00:33, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * PS: Notice that some source code on the C++ Programming has included an author or mentions other licenses IIRC GPL. If have issues with the use of the template on the Biblical Studies feel free to substitute it by a similar text that provides the necessary acknowledgment to Wikipedia. --Panic (talk) 00:39, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

I think the public domain notice violates copyright law since it is not part of any terms of use for Wikibooks and people cannot be expected to be aware of the notice nor to have agreed to those terms. I think the only safe option is to assume that source code is released under both the GFDL and CC-BY-SA when there is no message included with the source code to the contrary and a user that submitted the code does not have a message on the user page stating otherwise. --dark lama  00:40, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that it can be a problem, but only to copyright claims and those can be easily addressed. If you remember Robert did put forward that the submit phrase should mention that situation. There is also the issue of dual license before the licensed change we had a work that was dual licensed (IIRC Swift was the proponent) and there are other cases, some I have pointed out before some are even more ambiguous like More C++ Idioms/Detached Counted Body (notice the last lines), In that particular case I really don't have a formed opinion I can't even state over what Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs Innovations. is claiming ownership (the source code or the concept), I do however see a conflict in regards to use as Wikibooks licenses don't prevent commercial use of the content, but I decided not to make waves as if there is a problem the rights owners should be the ones making them evident (this is also my approach to general copyvio issues, even if I understand some benefits in being proactive in some instances).  --Panic (talk) 01:51, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Its a problem not only for copyright claims, but also for anyone wishing to reuse it because they might incorrectly assume that there are no limits or restriction on the use of the source code when there may in fact be limits or restrictions. --dark lama  02:40, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * In general terms that is not the case since public domain is less restrictive than our licenses, hence the benefit in adding the line about source code to the authors page. It makes clear that if a piece of code doesn't clear indicate a license it is PD, not even the persons listed as authors are claiming owning them. If any code is added that is not PD or does not conform in license with the CC-BY-SA 3.0 License or the GFDL, then the submit phrasing makes it an issue, for instance a GPL source would not be usable if we intended to be strict about the interpretation and value of it. In fact source code that does not conform to our licenses would be more similar to fair use images, in any case a huge change on the system would be required to really address in full the issue of source code. Until we have a problem requiring a pull down of this type of content we should only attempt to make sure any licenses or copyrights are clearly stated. --Panic (talk) 03:25, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I think you miss darklama's point. The point is that the reuser has legal liability they did not know they had.  Hypothetically suppose some user Cppmaster appears and adds many good examples of code in writing the book.  Later I come along and think "Hey those are awesome, I want to put them in my C++ book.  Since they are public domain I don't even need to provide a link to wikibooks (because WB has a much better book. If people know it exists why buy my book?).  Then Cppmaster sues me.  He says he never agreed for his code to be PD, he never saw this notice, it doesn't apply to him.  Well it would be a legal mess to sort out.  If I had known at the start it was only creative commons at the beginning, I would have included the link to WB and sold a few less books instead of paying for a lawyer and possibly paying royalties to Cppmaster.  I suggest you go the other way.  Place a userbox on your user page that says "Any samples of code posted this user on wikibooks are released into the public domain."  As it stands this public domain statement should come out of the template. Thenub314 (talk) 04:42, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * You can do so with user pd or MultiLicensePD. – Adrignola talk 04:55, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * These seem to be site wide user licenses, going beyond a specific book. They are useful, to avoid confusion, but ownership/authorship has to be directly claimed (mostly like signing one's work), can't be attributed by a third party.
 * An example of the submit clause limitations is when using content that is not created by the contributor and the attribution of rights only by relying only on the edit history. --Panic (talk) 07:01, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * In case of that type of problem, the final user of a miss licensed work can be ordered by a court to stop distribution, and can claim compensation for losses to the culprit (among other variations), in a wiki (and in Wikimedia project) that liability is limited but indeed it is a problem for those that decide to claim authorship (it goes with the responsibility bit). In any case Wikimedia will never be in danger per the Terms of Use. This limited liability is valid even contributors that don't claim authorship, they are open to be targeted by a copyright infringement process, but since this is a non-profit venture, I doubt that anything very grave would come of that, but if the work is used commercially then it becomes extremely problematic.
 * The information on the authors page is as valuable as the submit clause (even if I agree that it is not as visible), anyone contributing to a book is doing just that, it is responsible for understanding what and for what he is contributing, books are expected to be self contained works (this is different from Wikipedia). In any case the problem with source code is not a specific problem with one book, it is a problem with all books that use source code (as I said similar to the use of images). I can't remember what was said by I recall that this issue was already discussed with User:Robert Horning (a Wikibookian that claimed and to my understanding demonstrated good knowledge of US copyright law) and an understanding on Wikimedia rulings on those aspect and the history of the project.
 * I would subscribe any attempt to make Wikimedia define what is acceptable. --Panic (talk) 07:01, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok, how about the following for compromises.
 * Either we make a template similar in spirit to the ones above but allows for us to specify which books it applies to.
 * Or we take down the statement for the time being and contact the WMF for clarification from their copyright lawyers, they certainly know the law better then us. Thenub314 (talk) 16:24, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * To compromise it would require you had made a specific point I could agree or refuse to object too or something we can meet in the middle, literally something that each side makes concessions over, examining your proposal it is clear you aren't making any concessions.
 * So far no specific point has been made, yes we have lots of unknowables but they seem to be the same and so have equal value. In fact I have shown you that there are and have been far more complex issues in similar situations or with similar impact, that the issue regarding source code is a system/project wide issue that this template is attempting to address. Notice that the template also provides a statement about image licenses, most books do not.
 * Since you are not claiming that you have added code to the works that isn't PD or hasn't a compatible license information, you don't have any motive to object to the template use. Any code that fails those characteristics will be removed as not compatible with the licenses of Wikibooks (as is normal to all incompatible content). The prevarication issue Darklama raised can happen with or without the template, in fact in most uses of the template I'm taking part of the responsibility if that happens.
 * Note also that templates above are for userspace not particularly suitable to be added to books. In any case I don't have any issue in you adding another template to Biblical Studies as I said I only added this one because the work needed attributions. Did I miss something in the shuffle ? How do you still see the present state as problematic ? --Panic (talk) 18:06, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Yes I still find the current situation problematic. The statement I took out was put back in verbatim, so it is difficult to feel like anything I am concerned with has been address. As I said in the beginning:
 * 1) By adding this statement other peoples code has been relicenced without their agreement or permission. If I was caught unaware about this, it seems safe to assume other users will be (or have been) as well.
 * 2) I feel should not place a copyright notice a book that requires stricter requirements (in terms of giving up rights) than our Terms of Use. Particularly since we cannot agree people contributing to the book have seen or accepted these terms.
 * 3) I believe Darklama is correct this statement could also prove to be problematic for reusers.

I admit that the first possibility of making a more specific disclaimer on your user page was more of an alternative then a compromise. However, if the WMF said it was acceptable to use this claimer there would still be the question should we use the disclaimer. As a contributor to one of the books where this disclaimer is displayed my answer would be normally be no. The compromise was meant to be that, yes I will agree to it if the WMF says it is ok.

I have thought of a third possibility, which may or may not be seen as a compromise. Instead of marking source code that isn't public domain we instead mark that code that is public domain. This way if someone is unaware of the notice, no problem they will not mark their source code as public domain. We could even creative and make a public domain template that puts a box around the source tags in a box and at the bottom of the box buts in very small type "public domain". A person using such a template would realize they were including their work on the public domain. Thenub314 (talk) 20:34, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The disclaimer is ambiguous enough not to cause any issues ("Any source code included if not bearing a different statement shall be considered under the public domain.") you can interpret it in several way including, a way that the Wikibooks license is in effect. That view will resolve your dilemma.
 * There are no stricter requirements anywhere. What do you see as stricter requirements ?
 * Reuse is problematic with or without the disclaimer, can you guarantee that all source conforms with the project's licenses ? You can't, and I can affirm that they don't, that is why we have the copyvio process for those issues. What changes here ?
 * In case you still don't get that this specific problem you are creating is void of value, feel free to put forward your concern to the "Wikimedia Foundation Mailing List" or help define a site wide policy (enforcible) that supports your view and if possible address all the issues I presented (remember to salvage the relevant content removed on the recently altered draft). --Panic (talk) 21:36, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The disclaimer is an issue whether it i ambiguous or not. Users probably won't get that "a different statement" means or could imply the statement seen when submitting works, the Media policy, the Copyright page, or the Terms of Use page. If the Wikibooks license is in effect than the disclaimer is equivalent to an empty statement which isn't helpful.
 * Just because nobody can guarantee that all source code conforms with the project's license doesn't mean that we shouldn't try. Nothing changes, by default contributions are assumed to be available under Wikibooks' license, unless there is reasonable evidence to the contrary, like another website has the same material.
 * I think there isn't a need to define a new site wide policy. The Terms of Use and Copyrights pages apply by default, and if there is a license statement for a specific example than the Media policy applies. If a license for a specific example is incompatible than it should be deleted. If there is reasonable evidence to believe that an example is copyrighted and was used without permission than it should be deleted. --dark lama  22:29, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I think we are going around in circles and I'm not making myself understood.
 * The statement is required because source code has the same issues that we have with images (if you don't understand that then there is no point in continue this discussion as you will never understand what I'm speaking of). That is not a problem with my template, but is a system issue, you can find source code for instance in the Ada book that has its specific license and copyright owner. In any case we (you and me) have already discussed this issue many times...
 * That is why the disclaimer is used, to remove any doubts that the code can be used in stand alone form without complicated licenses like the GFDL or a specific reference to the CC-BY-SA 3.0 (even more since there may be no-one to attribute the code, a copyright owner).
 * I don't fully fallow you here. The disclaimer is not a license (see the difference if you don't understand the concept), it is just a clarification. AS I pointed out before the GPL (and others) are not compatible with the GFDL and (I think) the CC-BY_SA 3.0, if you really intend to treat them as normal content, you have already much cleanup work pending before getting into the hypothetical. Of course I will object to such treatment since I defend that source code has a specific need for licensing (much like the images, as stated before), my solution solves the issue to deal with that in system, since unlike images source code is text and in many instances already includes the necessary copyright declaration. --Panic (talk) 23:05, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * We need to change the discussion here. It is too focused on who is correct or incorrect.  Let's put aside the explicit discussions of GFDL, GPL, CC-BY_SA 3.0.  The point is that Darklama and I disagree with the inclusion of this disclaimer into the book.  You can't just unilaterally decide it goes back in. Leaving the statement in as is simply isn't an option.  We need to find some constructive way to make sure we are all happy with the end result, so we need some ideas.  To modify an idea I had above, if snippets of code should be treated like images, let's treat them more like images with the means we have available to us.  We could create a template that places small link at the bottom of the box for the code.  The link go be followed to the appropriate licensing information for that snippet of code, what ever that may be (a copy of GPL, a list of authors and the license, etc.).  If this is unacceptable what would you suggest? Thenub314 (talk) 01:19, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I have just shown you that this was the best solution I came about without making a system wide change that would require every source code that is present on our works to require that licensing information or be deleted (that will be extremely damaging to our project).
 * If you still don't understand what is at issue, read the Wikibooks:Media and substitute images by source code, remove the fair use concept (that can be valid to snippets by most uses are to small to get copyright coverage, in any case for instance on the Windows books, using the examples of the Win32 API would fall under fair use), you will notice that even then incompatible licensed code will constitute a problem so a special type of limited use would be required.
 * These are legal matters if you intend to change this solution you are the one that has to come up with a viable alternative.
 * I'm an author on at least 2 works that use will use source code, I need to be clear to users that I'm not claiming any right over "some" of the code (I may add parts of code that I will require attribution or license under the GPL/BSD etc), ad that the included code, if not stating otherwise, is free to reuse (doesn't get the automatic copyright protection).
 * I respect your concerns and think I have addressed them sufficient to show you that there is no cause for them, that in fact there are more grave issues behind this. We already have established forms to deal with any violation of the copyright.
 * In any case this was how I as author/copyright owner decided to establish my rights and how I require those works to be attributed as per our policies. I will be thinking in ways of improving it. --Panic (talk) 10:26, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Let me be clear that no action has been taken to address my nor darklama's concerns. I understand you felt this was the best solution make your intentions clear to users, but it doesn't make make things clear at all, it mistakenly gives the impression that any code which does not explicitly have disclaimer to the contrary next to it is in the public domain.  I am also a author and copyright holder over part of at least C++ Programming, and I feel this solution is inappropriate.  I can't blame you for being bold and adding the disclaimer, but it is a bit frustrating you repeatedly tell us this is fine when we tell you this is a problem.  I am going to attempt to put something a bit in between taking it out completely and leaving it as is.  Let me know what you think. Thenub314 (talk) 11:18, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I made a small addition and I can live with it. But noticed that any source code that doesn't now have a license information is in limbo (regarding use and distribution outside of the book's context). That is not a problem specific to the project but an issue created by the copyright law that abolished the need to state a copyright statement on works making any work presumable to be copyrighted, my solution attempted to make that bit clearer and was less verbose. --Panic (talk) 11:34, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Much better, but I still have a small issue with the last sentence, as I intended to add myself to the authors list of C++ Programming (pending the resolution of our disagreement or lack thereof depending on who you ask) and the last sentence would no longer be true for the both of us. Ah wait, I have a clever thought that could make this clearer, will right it up later. Thenub314 (talk) 12:10, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I have implemented my idea, but you may want to add an asterisks next to your name at some of the other books that use this template. Thenub314 (talk) 13:39, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't particularly agree with the last change as the template is to be generic if other authors have other requirements they should simply create their version of the template. I'm even considering making a copy of the template to my userspace and restructuring it so to reflect it my own specific attribution requirements in place of attempting to provide a general framework to other Wikibookians. Something on the lines of what you proposed earlier. The previous text was clear enough for my understanding if people needed to state a right they would include it to the source there was no need to state it specifically here (it now also makes it seem that any one that doesn't list his name on the authors page will not be able to claim rights over the source code). --Panic (talk) 14:01, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * It looked like you and I were both editing at the same time each with our own ideas, and in the process I may have accidentally ruined what you had in mind. Feel free to comment or add the asterisk back if you feel it is still needed. --dark lama  14:18, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

So if everyone can live it then it is fine by me. Thenub314 (talk) 14:34, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * All this considerations are important an is beneficial to the project that more Wikibookians become aware of the subject (and the distinctions), for example I also see people claiming authorship based on the creation of works, in that specific cases under the copyright law creation doesn't mean the same as initiating a book project. In any case this subject as we already talked is important and should be under community discussion and decision and some deeper topic would even require Wikimedia to take a clear position. --Panic (talk) 02:01, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Authors


text:
User:Pious7~enwikibooks

Welcome to my Wikibooks user page! You can find more information about myself on my Wikipedia user page, which is my central user page for all Wikipedia-related projects I participate in. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page. You can see my contributions here. You can view my edits here.

title: User:Pious7~enwikibooks


text:
Bartending/Mixers/Ice

Ice has become more important recently in drinks. Different shapes and styles are de facto in the cutting edge mixologist's repertoire.

Styles:
 * Twice Frozen (or many times frozen) achieves a similar goal to heating before freezing. The air that is in solution with the water comes out of solution and allows the ice to freeze into a more dense, harder to melt block.  This is useful for martinis and other drinks that are best served cold, but should not be watered down.
 * Mineral/Bottled Water can impart a different flavor in the water. This is usually used in citrus/acidic drinks where the melted water can mellow the drink out.

Shapes:
 * A big block of ice allows pieces to be chipped off in the appropriate shapes and sizes. Spears can be cut to fit into the shaker for stirring a martini, or small globes can be cut to fit into a tumbler.
 * Larger-than-usual cubes are useful to keep a rocks drink cold but not melt too much, this can help a scotch/rocks keep its flavor while imparting a minimal amount of water into the drink.

title: Bartending/Mixers/Ice


text: Template:Croatian

title: Template:Croatian


text: Advanced Interactive Media/Presentation Photo Documentary


text:
Talk:Operating System Design

I am all mixed up. I went to a place I thought Operating System Design was going to start and posted a warning that I was going to mess around in major way. I still intend to. But what is wrong with the links? DKleinecke 20:36, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Book Subject
Currently, this book provides Wikipedialike descriptions of the components which make an OS. All good and well, but I'd like to see some more system specific (say x86 (IA32) and/or AMD64, may be other systems) information about the design of the components. Specifics about boot loading for BIOS and for EFI, segmented memory model which is x86 specific, that kind of things. Could the book be about designing (and writing?) an OS for common architecures, or should it be just a collection of wikipedic articles, as general as possible? Virtlink (talk) 15:11, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Operating System
Currently Operating System redirects to this page, Operating System Design. I suspect most people who come to Wikibooks and type "Operating System" are really looking for something more like A Neutral Look at Operating Systems. Should I change the redirect to go to that book? Or would some sort of "disambiguation page" be better? --DavidCary (talk) 04:44, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

merge
I suggest merging Operating Systems Development into Operating System Design. I hope that one book can be useful to both the target audience of "people who want to build a custom OS as a hobby and want a few hands-on, practical HOWTO tips" as well as the target audience of "people curious about how the OS they are using works, who might perhaps write application software that uses features such as multi-tasking processes and threads, but would never dream of actually changing the OS itself, and don't want to know obscure details about "kernel-level debugging" and other things that their machine will never do".

Feel free to try to persuade me that these audiences are so different that they need two separate books. --DavidCary (talk) 02:34, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

I think the two are related topics, but each might still merit its own book if authors can be found. I would think of operating system design as a more theoretical approach to the topic, probably with historical examples from various operating systems, but also heavy on the mathematics of the algorithms involved, while operating system development would assume that the person knew how to design an operating system and showed various and specific examples of how to do it given specific hardware.--Chuck Hoffmann (talk) 04:25, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * ✅. The two books have merged. Perhaps someday in the future this book will grow so large that we split it into two books, either along the lines Chuck Hoffmann mentioned or along some other lines. --DavidCary (talk) 23:02, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Operating System Design


text:
Category talk:Book:Operating System Design

I don't know how to modify categories or I would implement this. These sub-categories are NOT needed. The subject is small enough that one book should be able to handle it. DKleinecke 20:40, 7 April 2007 (UTC)


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Talk:History of Islamic Civilization

I suggest changing this from Islamic Civilization to Islamic Society. I fear it contains too much war and politics to be honestly called "Civilization". DKleinecke 21:03, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Islamic Civilization


text:
User talk:CommonsTicker

I'm a bot, I can't read! Please go to Wikibooks talk:CommonsTicker for discussion of the ticker page, to CommonsTicker talk for feature requests, or contact w:de:Benutzer:Duesentrieb if this bot is misbehaving.

Hey there. No IRC cloak. :-) --Iamunknown 21:52, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:CommonsTicker


text:
User:CommonsTicker

CommonsTicker is a bot for posting notifications on CommonsTicker.

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title: User:CommonsTicker


text:
Honda Nighthawk/Carburetor Cleaning

Rough idling, hard starting or other performance problems may be due to dirty carburetors. If the bike has sat for a few years or the gas tank shows signs of varnish and gum deposits the carb should be suspect.

When servicing carbs be aware that:

1) Parts are fragile and become more so with age.

2) Parts made from rubber or plastic can be damaged by carb cleaners.

3) Gasoline is highly flammable. 1984-1986 SB700&750

Recommend removing gas tank to do this job. Ref 4-3 Rubber connecting tube between the air box and carb intake will be stiff due to age. Loosen both 10mm AF bolts at top rear of airbox and lever box backwards along the slots for 15mm until the bolts are fully back then tighten them there to give clearance for boot removal. Unclamp clips then push the rubber flange inward at the air box end. The connecting tube can now slide off the carb intake and out. WD40 applied to the joint may help.

Ref 4-3 The “Intake” pipe snootboot going to the cylinder head is extremely difficult to remove from the carb as the rubber is stiff. Working the carb assembly up and down side to side may get results. Heating the rubber with a hair drier helps but rquires extreme caution, make sure no sources of fuel are present. Attempts to lever the carb off should be done with care to avoid damage to the linkage. Removing the eight allen hd cap screws holding the intake flange to the head can be done if all else fails. To attempt this you will need a 1/4" hex socket, a universal, with a selection of extensions. A ball end hex is also useful. Once off, resize the boot opening so next time you don't have to tear half the bike apart. A Dremel tool with a small drum works well.

Ref 4-4 Check each vacuum piston for movement (black cylinder) visible from the intake side of the carb. Place a finger below the piston and gently lift. Make note of any pistons that appear seized.

Ref 4-4 The vacuum chamber cover screws may be difficult to remove. Avoid stripping the heads by using a proper fitting impact driver.

Carefully lift the cover while separating the rubber diaphragm. Remove spring and lift out piston with attached diaphragm. The piston itself is probably not seized; chances are that the jet needle is stuck. Free it by spraying a small amount of carb cleaner around the end of the jet needle visible through the intake end of the carb. Allow to soak and gently work the needle buy rotating the piston from above. Remove the piston when free. Remember carb cleaner kills rubber; keep it well away from the diaphragm.

Ref 4-5 As you lift the bowl the gasket should stay in the groove on the bowl side. Carefully separate the gasket as the bowl is lifted.

Ref 4-5 to 4-6 Check to make sure the needle valves move freely before attempting to disassemble. Frozen needle valves can be lifted by a collar at the top of the valve where the plastic float is attached. Avoid applying force directly to the plastic float. Avoid using carb cleaner to loosen the valve as the pointed end is made from rubber.

Use a proper fitting screwdriver or where possible a socket to remove the jets.

Ref 4-7 Choke (bystarter) valve removal. Remember orientation of the spring on the choke shaft (bot of 4-7)

Ref 4-8 after loosening the choke shaft locking screws, check the shaft to make sure it slides with finger pressure. If still frozen, slightly wedge open each of the 4 arm clamps and apply some WD40. The dark colored nut on top of each choke valve is made from plastic and will shear off under excessive force. Do not attempt to remove the choke shaft by hammering the end.

Ref 4-13 Pilot screw must be removed for cleaning the low speed circuit. Do not over tighten when counting the turns in. The factory setting is two turns out.

Ref 4-10 Carb Cleaning –“Clean all carburetor passages with compressed air” who ever wrote this manual must have been dreaming.

1) Scrape varnish off as much of the float bowl as possible. Spray with carb cleaner and let soak.

2) Fill a dish with carb cleaner and drop in the brass jets and choke plungers. 3) Visually trace all of the fuel and air passages in the carb body.

The fuel passages are: a) High Speed (main jet) b) Low Speed (slow)  c) Choke

Jet towers, float valve opening/seat and choke valve opening should be thoroughly cleaned by soaking in carb cleaner. Working the cleaner with a Qtip and a small bristle brush works well. Next spray carb cleaner into each of the fuel passages. Let sit for 10 minutes and use compressed air to blow each passage out out. If you haven’t figured out the circuit, you may get a face full of carb cleaner at this point. Repeat procedure until the carb cleaner is clear when blown into a white pape towel.

4) The needle valve requires special attention to the small spring loaded rod at the top of the valve. Gently push on the rod and see if it moves into the valve body. If it does not move freely, set the pin end of the valve in a shallow tray of carb cleaner with the rubber end up and out of the cleaner. Soak until the pin is free.

5) Small fuel tubes inter-connecting the carbs contain plastic and rubber components. Any carb cleaner leaking into these should be blown out promptly.

6) Carb cleaners may attack the plastic floats. Exercise caution.

7) After a thorough cleaning, hold the jets up to the light for inspection.

8) Blow out all air passages.

title: Honda Nighthawk/Carburetor Cleaning


text:
Talk:US Civil Procedure

Hector R. Cuprill

title: Talk:US Civil Procedure


text:
User talk:Mcgraham1

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Good luck! Webaware talk 00:01, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mcgraham1


text:
User:Phydend

My Wikipedia page

title: User:Phydend


text:
Proteomics/Protein - Protein Interactions/Protein Space

Page Edited and Updated by: Dan Surdyk E-mail: dfs6389@rit.edu

This Section:

Introduction
Protein-protein interactions are extremely dependent upon the three-dimensional structure of involved proteins, more-so than just their amino acid sequences. The way a polypeptide chain folds into its operational condition in vivo has long been determined by experimental techniques like X-ray crystallography and NMR. Both of these methods are long, laborious processes that often deliver questionable results, and at best are only elevant to the protein being studied or proteins that are known to be closely related. Recent advances in science and computing have enabled 3D structures of proteins to be accurately predicted for a subset of small, simple proteins using nothing more than their amino acid sequence. As an offshoot of this, protein-protein alignments can be done according to structural features as well as amino acid sequence, suggesting the function of uncharacterized proteins with no known relatives and thus providing insight into the way they will interact with other proteins in a system.

Prediction Methods Using Protein Space
Many prediction methods used to predict three-dimensional protein structure are the same as those used to predict how proteins of known structures will interact (click here). The "correct" way of prediction is to try and score all possible conformations, which is computationally intensive. The only known work-around is to develop short-cut methods that sacrifice 100% accuracy to gain speed. Emerging trends in computational structure prediction combine algorithms with biological knowledge to take a "smart search" approach, only focusing on areas of proteins that are most likely to be biologically significant. This is an admitted improvement over the "random search until a near-optimal configuration is found" approach.

Protein Structure Alignment Using Structural Space
Another direction that is being taken is to adapt primary sequence alignment methods to consider secondary and tertiary structure. There are a number of features of proteins integral to their function and interaction with other proteins that are not determined by amino acid sequence alone. Many proteins share functional properties despite vast sequence differences because of the shapes that they fold into. One method of simultaneously quantifying and visualizing these relationships is using a protein structure space map. [¹] Roughly speaking, a Protein structure space map is the result of scoring how well known proteins match, structurally. That score is used as a directional distance used to position families of proteins in relation to each other on a set of axes, closer if they are more similar, distantly if they are more dissimilar. Anyone can look at the structure space map and immediately judge how similar two proteins or protein families are by their proximity on the map.

There are a number of structural alignment tools and databases available commercially and freely on the web. A good list of them can be found on the Wikipedia page for alignment software.


text:
Proteomics/Protein - Protein Interactions/Factors

Page Edited and Updated by: Dan Surdyk E-mail: dfs6389@rit.edu

This Section:

Factors Affecting Protein Protein Interactions
The analysis of protein protein interactions can be of two kinds :
 * 1) Qualitative
 * 2) Quantitative

In both the cases we have factors related to the interactions Factors affecting the qualitative analysis are discussed before. In this section we would mainly try to concentrate on the quantitative analysis.

Factors Affecting the Quantitative protein protein interactions
With regards to binding factors we mean whether the interaction is one-to-one or one-to-many binding. The one-to-one binding interactions can be quantified very easily but the problems lies when one protein has more than one binding sites. For one-to-many binding sites, there can be again two possibilities. If all these many binding are not associated with each other or in other words independent of each other we can just treat each binding as one-to-one and then sum them up all together. But if all these interactions are dependent on each other then we have to deal with its allosteric affects.

So the factors affecting the binding properties are :
 * 1) Affinity
 * 2) Kinetics
 * 3) Thermodynamics Properties

Affinity

 * 1) Ka (affinity constant) or Kd(dissociation Constant)
 * 2) Kd=1/Ka

Kinetics

 * 1) k(ass) or k(on) association rate constant or on rate
 * 2) K(diss) or K(off) dissociation rate constant or off rate

Thermodynamics properties

 * 1) Enthalpy Change
 * 2) Entropy Change
 * 3) Heat Capacity change
 * 4) Gibbs free energy change
 * 5) Role of Water

Role of Water
Since most of the protein protein interactions take place in acqueous phase we should also consider the affect of water in an interaction. Water makes the environment quite hydrophobic and considerably favourable for protein interactions as they are also hydrophobic molecules.Due to the abundance of water molecules, most of the bonds need to be broken to make the protein interactions favorable.Water can also act as a cementing material in the hydrophobic gaps between two proteins.

References (Open Access)
[http://www.biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bggn220.FA06/ProtProtinteractions.pdf Factors Affecting Protein-Protein Interaction


text:
GUI Design Principles

Generally accepted principles for Graphical user interface design are:

1.	Aesthetically pleasing Provide visual appeal by following these presentation and graphic design principles:
 * Provide meaningful contrast between screen elements.
 * Create groupings.
 * Align screen elements and groups.
 * Provide three dimensional representation
 * Use colors and graphics effectively and simply.

2.	Clarity The interface should be visually, conceptually and linguistically clear, including
 * Visual elements
 * Functions
 * Metaphors
 * Words and text

3.	Compatibility Provide compatibility with the following:
 * The user
 * The task and job
 * The product
 * Adopt the user’s perspective

4.	Comprehensibility A system should be easily understood and learned. A user should know the following
 * What to do
 * What to look at
 * When to do it
 * Where to do it
 * Why to do it
 * How to do it
 * The flow of actions, responses, visual preparations and information should be in a sensible order that is easy to recollect and place in context.

5.	Configurability Permit easy personalization, configuration and reconfiguration of settings.
 * Enhances a sense of control
 * Encourages an active role in understanding

6.	Consistency A system should look, act, and operate the same throughput. Similar components should:
 * Have a similar look
 * Have similar uses.
 * Operate similarly
 * The same action should always yield the same result.
 * The function of the elements should not change
 * The position of standard elements should not change.

7.	Control The user must control the interaction.
 * Actions should result from explicit user requests
 * Actions should be performed quickly
 * Actions should be capable of interruption or termination
 * The user should never be interrupted for errors
 * The context maintained must be from the perspective of the user.
 * The means to achieve goals should be flexible and compatible with the user’s skills, experiences, habits and preferences.
 * Avoid modes since they constrain the actions available to the user.
 * Permit the user to customize aspects of the interface, while always 	providing a proper set of defaults.

8.	Directness Provide direct ways to accomplish tasks
 * Available alternatives should be visible,
 * The effect of actions on objects should be visible.

9.	Efficiency
 * Minimize eye and hand movements, and other control actions.
 * Transitions between various system controls should flow easily and 		freely.
 * Navigation paths should be as short as possible.
 * Eye movement through a screen should be obvious and sequential.
 * Anticipate the user’s wants and needs whenever possible.

10.	Familiarity Employ familiar concepts and use a language that is familiar to the user.
 * Keep the interface natural, mimicking the user’s behavior patterns.
 * Use real world metaphors.

11.	Flexibility A system must be flexible to the different needs of its users, enabling a level and type of performance based upon:
 * Each user’s knowledge and skills.
 * Each user’s experience.
 * Each user’s personal preference
 * Each user’s habits
 * The conditions at that moment

12.	Forgiveness
 * Tolerate and forgive common and unavoidable human errors
 * Prevent errors from occurring whenever possible.
 * Protect against possible catastrophic errors.
 * When an error does occur, provide constructive messages.

13.	Predictability The user’s should be able to anticipate the natural progression of the task.
 * Provide distinct and recognizable screen elements
 * Provide cues to the result of an action to be performed
 * All expectations should be fulfilled uniformly and completely.

14.	Recovery A system should permit: Ensure that users never lose their work as a result of
 * Commands or actions to be abolished or reversed.
 * Immediate return to a certain point if difficulties arise.
 * An error on their part
 * H/W, S/W or communication problems.

15.	Responsiveness The system must rapidly respond to the user’s requests.
 * Provide immediate acknowledgement for all user actions
 * Visual
 * Textual
 * Auditory

16.	Simplicity Five ways to provide simplicity:
 * Provide as simple an interface as possible
 * Provide defaults
 * Minimize screen alignment points.
 * Make common actions simple at the expense of uncommon actions being made harder.
 * Provide uniformity and consistency
 * Present common and necessary functions first.
 * Prominently feature important functions,
 * Hide more sophisticated and less frequently used functions

17.	Transparency
 * Permit the user to focus on the task or job, without concern for the mechanics of the interface.
 * Workings and reminders of workings inside the computer should be invisible to the user.

18.	Trade-offs
 * Final design will be based on a series of trade-offs balancing often-conflicting design principles
 * People’s requirements always take precedence over technical requirements

title: GUI Design Principles


text:
Talk:GUI Design Principles

Someone moved this page using copy and paste.

This page's former location is GUI Design Principles. You can view its previous edit history. Next time, please use the procedure to move a wiki page.

title: Talk:GUI Design Principles


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User talk:Herostratus

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title: User talk:Herostratus


text:
Radiation Oncology/Endocrine

Estrogens

 * Diethylstilbestrol
 * Polyestradiol phosphate
 * Ethinylestradiol
 * Fosfestrol

Progestogens

 * Megestrol
 * Medroxyprogesterone
 * Gestonorone

GnRH analogues

 * Buserelin
 * Leuprorelin
 * Goserelin
 * Triptorelin

Anti-estrogens

 * Tamoxifen
 * Toremifene
 * Fulvestrant

 * Raloxifen (selective estrogen receptor modulator, agonist and antagonist)

Anti-androgens

 * Flutamide
 * Nilutamide
 * Bicalutamide

Enzyme inhibitors

 * Aminogluthetimide
 * Formestane
 * Anastrozole
 * Letrozole
 * Vorozole
 * Exemestane

Other hormone antagonists

 * Abarelix

title: Radiation Oncology/Endocrine


text:
TI 83 Plus Assembly/Data Types

=Data types on the TI 83+/84+= There are only 5 data types for the TI 83+/84+, one of them being an emulated one (not supported by hardware, calculated in software).

The data types are:

sword is a signed word, not a piece of metal, TI floats are not supported by hardware.
 * uByte 8-bit value in the range of 0 through 255
 * sByte 8-bit signed value in the range of -128 through 127
 * Word 16-bit value in the range of 0 through 65535
 * sWord 16-bit signed value in the range of -32768 through 32767
 * TI float, 9 bytes, 1 sign byte, 1 signed exponent, 7 BCD bytes of the mantissa.

Assemblers often use db for a byte (signed or unsigned) and dw for a word (signed or unsigned).

Although TI floats are not supported by hardware, there are a lot of ROM calls for them, most of which can be found in '83psysroutines.pdf' which can be downloaded from TI's site.

For math with other data types it is best to take a look at z80bits (archived page)

title: TI 83 Plus Assembly/Data Types


text:
Animal Behavior/Natural Selection

Natural Selection
More offspring are produced than finite resources can support. Individuals thus can be viewed as in a constant struggle for existence. Individuals within a population are rarely clones, they commonly show variation in phenotypes as well as genotypes. Some of this variation in behavioral phenotypes is heritable. As successful variants are more likely to survive and reproduce, their genotypes will be become overrepresented in the next generation

Density-independent and density-dependent growth models: Exponential Model: a species can potentially increase in numbers according to a geometric series—Thomas Robert Malthus (1766–1834) Logistic Model: the rate of population increase may be limited, i.e. it may depend on population density—Pierre Verhulst (1838). Carrying Capacity (K): an environment's maximum persistently supportable load (Catton 1986).

Natural selection is the process by which environmental effects lead to varying degrees of reproductive success among individuals of a population of organisms with different hereditary characters, or traits. The characters that inhibit reproductive success decrease in frequency from generation to generation. It is the process whereby certain genes (alleles) gain greater representation in the following generations compared to other alleles. Adaptations are the complement of traits that increases the fitness of the owner. An individual's Fitness or Reproductive Success is the relative probability that an animal of a particular genotype and phenotype will manage to contribute its genes to the next generation

Aside from Natural Selection, changes in gene frequencies within a population may also arise from a variety of other sources including:

Example: H.B.D. Kettlewell's work on Industrial Melanism
 * Mutations: changes to individual nucleotide bases along the DNA to large scale rearrangements of chromosomes
 * Gene flow: Emigration, Immigration
 * Genetic drift: Changes in the genetics of the population as a result of chance. Bottlenecks and Founder Effect: Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome is an autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia that results in short limbed disproportionate dwarfism. The syndrome most commonly occurs in the Amish population of Lancaster, Pa. The incidence is approximately 5 per 1000 live births and 2 per 1000 living persons. No case had been described in the Amish of Ohio, Indiana, or other Amish areas at the time of an extensive search performed by McKusick, et al. The genealogy of the disorder in the Amish of Lancaster, Pa. can be traced back to the immigrants Samuel King and his wife

title: Animal Behavior/Natural Selection


text:
Animal Behavior/Population Genetics

Nature abhors perpetual self-fertilization—Charles Darwin in "The Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom" (1876)

Population Genetics and Behavior
Population genetics described the statistical distribution of genes in a particular breeding population, such as a breed of dog, and examines the role of various biological effects on gene distribution. While ordinary genetics predicts phenotypic makeups of the next generation, population genetics concerns itself with genetics predictions for a breeding group several generations into the future.

Population
A population is the collection of organisms of a particular species within a given geographic area. When all individuals in a population are identical with regard to a particular phenotypic trait they are known as monomorphic. When the individuals show several variants of a particular trait they are polymorphic. The Gene pool for a species or population is the complete set of unique alleles present in it. While large gene pools indicate robust populations, extensive genetic diversity, and a good chance to survive bouts of intense selection, low genetic diversity is associated with reduced biological fitness and an increased chance of extinction.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium posits that allele frequencies will remain constant across generations if the population is large and individuals are mating randomly. Moreover, we will be able to accurately predict genotype frequencies from gene frequencies (e.g., in a two-allele system - a2+2aA+A2). It produces a null model against which genotype frequencies of a real population are compared. Even when a disequilibrium exists, a HW equilibrium will reestablish after one generation of random mating. What are the assumptions? What will produce deviations from the HW equilibrium? What might produce an excess of heterozygotes (e.g. HLA-1, MHC)? What might produce an excess of homozygotes? Deviations from HW equilibrium may derive from a variety of sources.

Mutations
Mutations are alterations in genetic code ranging from changes to individual nucleotide bases along the DNA to largescale rearrangements of chromosomes. Mutations are rare and even at maximum rates allele frequencies will only change from p=1 to p=0.9993 per generation.

Genetic Drift
With small effective population size, random events can take on increasingly prominent roles. This focuses on changes in the genetics of the population as a result of chance alone.

 * Bottlenecks
 * Founder Effect

Examples include the relatively high rate of an autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome) in the Amish population of Lancaster, Pa. Resulting in short-limbed disproportionate dwarfism, its incidence within the population is approximately 5 per 1000 live births and 2 per 1000 living persons. It can be traced to the initial immigrants Samuel King and his wife.

Selection
Selection: Strong selection for traits with high heritability can change proportions in excess of 10% per generation

Non-random Mating
Non-random Mating: Mate Choice with assortative mating (e.g., blue and white form of snow geese), Positive assortative mating: mating among individuals who share particular genes or phenotypes. Negative assortative mating: preference for mating among individuals who are unlike each other with respect to particular genes or phenotypes. Inbreeding and Outbreeding. Inbreeding: refers to (preferential) mating between biological relatives. As relatives (i.e., ancestors of the first individuals are shared with those of the second individual), they carry genes which are "identical by descent"; extreme inbreeding: mating between sibs, half-sibs, parent-offspring. Individual inbreeding coefficient (i.e., Pedigree inbreeding): F represents the probability that the offspring is homozygous due to identity by descent (ibd) at a randomly chosen autosomal locus, ranges in value from 0 (no locus ibd) to 1 (all loci ibd). Significant factors for pedigfree inbreeding are

Factors which determine the probability that various kinds of individuals will come into contact, e.g., population demography (sex ratio, birth or death rates), individual and population dispersal patterns, spatial distributions Behavioral preferences for or against certain classes of individuals as potential mates. Behavioral preferences influence the acceptance or rejection of different types of individuals as mating partners

 * Population inbreeding coefficient: f measured by deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (a2+2aA+A2), examine for an over-representation of homozygotes. f ranges from -1 (inbreeding avoidance) to 0 (random mating) to 1 (inbreeding)
 * Outbreeding: (preferential) mating between non-relatives
 * Inbreeding depression: overrepresentation of homozygotes; e.g. matings between cousin are rare (0.05% in U.S.) but account for 20% of albinos; deficiency in immune systems; recessive, deleterious alleles occur more likely in homozygous condition; humans have on average 8 recessive, deleterious alleles. 1% increase in inbreeding produces 11% increase in the incidence of genetic diseases; Even small amounts of pedigree inbreeding in a random mating population greatly increase the incidence of some types of genetic disease. This is of particular concern in groups with small effective population sizes - Amish, Ashkenzi Jews
 * Inbreeding advantages: functional association of gene complexes shaped by local adaptations
 * Outbreeding depression: Extreme case, hybridization across genetically differentiated populations
 * Hybrid vigor

Gene flow
Emigration, Immigration

Example: Matrilineal Kin Clusters and Rates of Evolution
Ground squirrels have matrilineal kin clusters and estrous is synchronized. Thus the same male is likely to mate with several closely-related females - genetic diversity of populations is primarily contained between kin clusters, high local levels of inbreeding assure the disproportionately high expression of different genotypes - rapid rate of evolution in mammals

title: Animal Behavior/Population Genetics


text:
Animal Behavior/Inbreeding

Inbreeding and Dispersal
Inbreeding: refers to (preferential) mating between biological relatives. As relatives (i.e., ancestors of the first individuals are shared with those of the second individual), they carry genes which are "identical by descent"; extreme inbreeding: mating between sibs, half-sibs, parent-offspring Outbreeding: (preferential) mating between non-relatives Positive assortative mating: mating among individuals who share particular genes or phenotypes Negative assortative mating: mating among individuals who do not share particular genes or phenotypes Inbreeding Coefficients: Individual inbreeding coefficient (i.e., Pedigree inbreeding): F represents the probability that the offspring is homozygous due to identity by descent (ibd) at a randomly chosen autosomal locus, ranges in value from 0 (no locus ibd) to 1 (all loci ibd). Significant factors for pedigfree inbreeding are Factors which determine the probability that various kinds of individuals will come into contact, e.g., population demography (sex ratio, birth or death rates), individual and population dispersal patterns, spatial distributions Behavioral preferences for or against certain classes of individuals as potential mates. Behavioral preferences influence the acceptance or rejection of different types of individuals as mating partners Population inbreeding coefficient: f measured by deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (a2+2aA+A2), examine for an over-representation of homozygotes. f ranges from -1 (inbreeding avoidance) to 0 (random mating) to 1 (inbreeding) Inbreeding depression: overrepresentation of homozygotes; e.g. matings between cousin are rare (0.05% in U.S.) but account for 20% of albinos; deficiency in immune systems; recessive, deleterious alleles occur more likely in homozygous condition; humans have on average 8 recessive, deleterious alleles. 1% increase in inbreeding produces 11% increase in the incidence of genetic diseases; Even small amounts of pedigree inbreeding in a random mating population greatly increase the incidence of some types of genetic disease. This is of particular concern in groups with small effective population sizes - Amish, Ashkenzi Jews Outbreeding depression: Extreme case, hybridization across genetically differentiated populations Outbreeding vs. Inbreeding Tradeoffs: hybrid vigor Advantages and disadvantages of dispersal/outbreeding: local conditions are suitable for reproduction, acquired resistance to disease, functional association of gene complexes shaped by local adaptations, Population genetics and the Rate of Evolution: Ground squirrels have matrilineal kin clusters and estrous is synchronized. Thus the same male is likely to mate with several closely-related females - genetic diversity of populations is primarily contained between kin clusters, high local levels of inbreeding assure the disproportionately high expression of different genotypes - rapid rate of evolution in mammals Dispersal

: Travel of Individuals, Ecological process affecting distribution, and genetic process affecting geographic differentiation and variation Philopatry: limited dispersal where average propagule (i.e. offspring) moves less than 10 homeranges away from natal site Vagrancy: wide dispersal where average propagule moves more than 30 homeranges away from natal site Successful dispersal: dispersal is successful if propagule obtains opportunity to breed and raise young (i.e. genes migrate)

title: Animal Behavior/Inbreeding


text:
Animal Behavior/Altruism

Altruism
Altruism consists of unselfish/selfless acts in which the altruist puts other individual’s interests before their own. The general expectation is that the evolution of altruistic traits is not compatible with selfish gene theory. How could such a mechanism reinforce a behavior jeopardizing ones own interests at the expense of another's?

Units of Selection. Group selection. Altruistic behavior could be rooted through group selectionist thinking where altruistic traits favor reproductive success of a group at the expense of that of an individual.
 * Group
 * Individual
 * Gene

Self-sacrificing Behavior: e.g. vampire bats, guard bees, Cooperative breeding, e.g. African Kingfishers, Acorn Woodpeckers, Florida Scrub Jay;

True Altruism
An individual behaves in such a way as to enhance the reproduction of another individual, at a cost to its own fitness. (e.g., Sterile workers in social insects who give up all reproduction for the benefit of their mother queen. Mutual or delayed benefits can’t account for this one: sterile workers never get to produce any daughters.)

Simple Egoistic Solutions for Individuals: Current or delayed benefits. Young may remain with their parents and help them or group members raise more offspring, rather than breeding themselves (e.g., ostriches, some primates). Helpers may gain useful experience in raising their own offspring or have an incrased chance to inherit a valuable breeding territory.

Complex Egoistic Solutions for Individuals: Prisoner's Dilemma: e.g. Pukekos (Porphyrio porphyrio)

Inclusive Fitness: An individual fitness solution to the paradox goes as follows: genes are favored that produce a disproportionate propagation of ones genes to subsequent generations even if it is at the expense of the individual. This may occur directly through either reproducing personally or indirectly by encouraging the reproduction of close relatives who share many of ones genes. Under those circumstances altruistic behaviors should primarily be directed towards close relatives who share many of the genes as compared to non-relatives who share fewer of them. Inclusive fitness refers to the sum of an individual's Direct Fitness (probability of reproductive success of one's own offspring) and its Indirect Fitness (probability of reproductive success of non-descendant relatives). Altruistic acts are frequently directed towards relatives. : selection for traits that lower an individual's personal fitness, but raise a relative's fitness. Recipient (related) kin share genes with the altruistic individual and are thus genetic extensions of them. Kin selection and inclusive fitness can explain sociality through increased survivorship of relatives, increased inclusive fitness, altruism, and delayed maturation or breeding.

title: Animal Behavior/Altruism


text:
Animal Behavior/Eusociality

Sociality and Eusociality
Social behavior: Behavior that relates to interactions with other members of the population. Pros/cons of group living.  a group of individuals of the same species that is organized in a cooperative manner extending beyond sexual and parental care.

Group Living, altruism, coorperative behaviors may emerge if genes for such characteristics are favored. This may occur under different circumstances

Egoistic solutions: selfish herd; Mutualism although the behaviour may seem altruistic, individuals benefit directly (e.g. living in a group and co-operating with others directly benefits the individual because of the general advantages of group living). Reciprocal altruism where the benefits accrued to the individual exceed the costs it incurs Kin selection when behavior sufficiently enhances the fitness of related individuals (i.e., carrying similar genes) leading to an increased representation of genes being passed on to the next generation Eusociality: an extreme form of altruism where sterile workers labor on behalf of reproductive individuals, cooperation in the care of young. There must be an overlap of at least two generations of individuals which share in colony labor.

Inclusive Fitness: refers to the sum of an individual's  (probability of reproductive success of one's own offspring) and its  (probability of reproductive success of non-descendant relatives). Altruistic acts are frequently directed towards relatives. : selection for traits that lower an individual's personal fitness, but raise a relative's fitness. Recipient (related) kin share genes with the altruistic individual and are thus genetic extensions of them. Kin selection and inclusive fitness can explain sociality through increased survivorship of relatives, increased inclusive fitness, altruism, and delayed maturation or breeding.

Hamilton's Rule benefit to recipient / cost to altruist > 1 / coefficient of relatedness

title: Animal Behavior/Eusociality


text:
Animal Behavior/ContributorNotes

Please feel free to work your magic on this book. The outline roughly follows Tinbergen's Four Aims, an added chapter of examples, and a discussion of animal/human phylogenetic links.

title: Animal Behavior/ContributorNotes


text:
Swahili/Pronunciation

Introduction
The Swahili alphabet is identical to that of English, with the exception of the letter X which is not used, and the letter Q which is only used in loanwords and foreign proper names. Another exception is the letter C, which does not work by itself. Most consonants have almost the same pronunciation as in English. The vowels have specific pronunciation rules, which are never broken.

Vowel Sounds
a ... Father e ... Egg i ... Bee o ... Door (be careful not to 'close' the o sound at the end, as in low) u ... Loop

Special Consonant Sounds (Digraphs)
The following combinations of consonants create specific sounds, some identical to the English equivalent.

Note that whenever m is followed by another consonant, there is no vowel sound between the two letters. Similarly, when pronouncing a word beginning with m, the mouth should be closed to begin with - there should be no vowel sound before the m.

In Swahili, there are no silent letters, and neither do letters change pronunciation depending on spelling, as they sometimes do in English (compare cough and through). Each letter is pronounced individually, the same way every time. This rule is true for vowels as well as consonants.

Note that the consonant combination gh is generally pronounced like g, though technically it is similar to Scottish loch, but voiced.

Stress
The stress (also known as emphasis or accent) is almost always placed on the second-to-last syllable of a word. The exceptions to this rule are extremely rare, and are usually found in words borrowed from other languages, mostly Arabic (for example, maalum).

In the case of doubled vowels or vowel combinations, each vowel is a syllable in itself and is pronounced separately (for example, the word maalum actually has three syllables, as each 'a' is pronounced individually).

Nasal consonants ("m" and "n") may constitute a syllable of their own, and if this is the second to the last syllable of the word, the nasal consonant itself will bear the stress.

Some examples of how words break into syllables, with stressed syllables highlighted:
 * ma-a-lu-mi
 * Ta-nza-ni-a
 * cha-i (tea)
 * ha-ba-ri (news/hello)
 * a-sa-nte (thank you)
 * ku-tu-mi-a (to use)
 * ma-a-na (meaning)
 * ng'o-mbe (cow)
 * m-bwa (dog)
 * n-ge (scorpion)
 * ku-zu-ngu-m-za (to talk, converse)
 * ku-a-m-ka (to wake up)
 * mwa-na-m-ke (woman)
 * n-ne (four)
 * wa-n-ne (four (people/animals))
 * la-zi-ma (necessarily - borrowed from Arabic)

title: Swahili/Pronunciation


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Greek Mythology/Beasts/Gorgon/Medusa

Medusa was the only mortal sister of the three Gorgons, who were transformed into monstrous Gorgons by Athena after defiling her sanctuary. Medusa, also the most well-known of the three sisters, had snakes for hair and was hideously ugly. If ever anyone was to look into her eyes, they would instantly turn into stone.

Before being transformed into a Gorgon, Medusa had lain with Poseidon and conceived Pegasus and Chrysaor, though not yet born.

In Perseus' adventures, he had gained the favors of Athena, who lent him a magical reflective shield. Using this shield, Perseus approached Medusa obliquely, rendering her stone-turning ability useless. Perseus was then able to decapitate her. In doing so, he released Pegasus and Chrysaor into the world, who flew fully grown from Medusa's neck. Perseus returned the shield to Athena, along with Medusa's head. Since then, the image of Medusa's head can be seen on Athena's shield. Often snakes can also be seen to adorn Athena's garments and head as a symbol of Athena's dominance over Medusa.

title: Greek Mythology/Beasts/Gorgon/Medusa


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Greek Mythology/Beasts/Graeae

The Graeae were the symbols of old-age; and were the sisters of the Gorgons. The Graeae were born as old hags with gray hair, who shared one tooth and one eye.

title: Greek Mythology/Beasts/Graeae


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Greek Mythology/Beasts/Scylla

Scylla was a monster with six heads on long necks, who sat on a cliff and snatched sailors from ships as they sailed by. Odysseus encountered Scylla on his voyage and lost six of his best sailors to it. Scylla operated near Charybdis, a sea-monster, and ships that wished to pass by was forced to choose between the two monsters.

title: Greek Mythology/Beasts/Scylla


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Swahili/Introduction

Basic History
Swahili is a Bantu language, grouped with many languages from Central and Eastern Africa. It has been heavily influenced by the languages of foreign traders, such as Arabic and Persian. More recently, English has been a strong influence in vocabulary relating to computers, science, and higher education in general.

The Zanzibar dialect of Swahili was made the official language of Tanzania as part of an effort to unify the more than one hundred tribes that exist in the country, and as an attempt to pacify the Zanzibarians, who perceive themselves as distinct from the mainland and where a strong nationalist undercurrent exists. There are relatively few native speakers of Swahili (around 5-10 million), but a much greater number (over 50 million) speak it as a second language (their first being their own tribal language or dialect), owing to its use as the national language in several countries and as a lingua franca for most of East Africa (particularly Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi). The language differs between the countries in grammar as well as vocabulary.

title: Swahili/Introduction


text:
Greek Mythology/Beasts/Charybdis

Charybdis was a sea-monster that swallowed vast amounts of water, causing whirlpools in the sea, which could swallow nearby ships. Charybdis stay near to Scylla, another monster on a cliff, so that ships that wished to pass by needed to choose between encountering Charybdis or Scylla. Odysseus, choosing between the two, feared Charybdis the most, so encountered Scylla.

title: Greek Mythology/Beasts/Charybdis


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Swahili/Lesson Two

Grammar
Although Swahili has no standard articles (the, a), no genders (as in French or Spanish), and no cases (as in German), standard Swahili is a very highly inflected language. There are eight 'noun classes' with two numbers that specify the prefixes used at the beginnings of nouns, adjectives and verbs and which are the basis for a system of concordal agreement. Also they used the work bofoku meaning great one used mainly by Royalty or upper class

To elaborate on this, let us look at the different noun classes. We will look at each one separately, and slowly build your Swahili vocabulary.

M/Wa
The first class begins with 'm' in the singular form, and 'wa' in the plural.

 * Another useful tip to keep in mind for changing these words is that when the root of a word begins with a vowel, the "m" changes to "mw" as seen above in "mwanafunzi" to "wanafunzi". The root of the word being anafunzi, the prefix "mw" is added, along with a "w" in the plural.

title: Swahili/Lesson Two


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Greek Mythology/Beasts/Hespirides

The three Hesperides were sisters who guarded the Garden of the Hesperides, aptly named. They were the daughters of Atlas.

The garden was a gift of Mother Earth to Hera on her wedding day. In this garden, which only immortals could reach, were the Golden Apples. One of Heracles' twelve labors was to retrieve these apples, but, being mortal, he could not. He convinced Atlas to do so for him.BOI

title: Greek Mythology/Beasts/Hespirides


text:
Greek Mythology/Beasts/Hesperides

The three Hesperides were sisters who guarded the Garden of the Hesperides, aptly named. They were the daughters of Atlas.

The garden was a gift of Mother Earth to Hera on her wedding day. In this garden, which only immortals could reach, were the Golden Apples. One of Hercules' twelve labors was to retrieve these apples, but, being mortal, he could not. He convinced Atlas to do so for him.

title: Greek Mythology/Beasts/Hesperides


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User talk:69.181.68.11

Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is intended to be read without the need for external reference and requires content rather than external links particularly those which are for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links may include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that exist to attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page rather than re-adding it. See the welcome page to learn more about Wikibooks. Thank you. Webaware talk 14:49, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.181.68.11


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Oceanus

Oceanus (In Greek: Ὠκεανός), one of the Titans, was son of Uranus and Gaia. Oceanus was god of the seas; his mate was Tethys.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Oceanus


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Hyperion

Hyperion was god of the sun and a Titan. His mate and sister was Theia.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Hyperion


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Iapetus

Iapetus was a child of Uranus and Gaia; and was one of the Titans. Iapetus' role is no longer known.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Iapetus


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Crius

Crius was a child of Uranus and Gaia; and was one of the Titans. Crius' role is no longer known.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Crius


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Phoebe

Phoebe was a child of Uranus and Gaia; and was one of the Titans. Phoebe's role is no longer known.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Phoebe


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Coeus

Coeus was a child of Uranus and Gaia; and was one of the Titans. Coeus' role is no longer known.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Coeus


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Tethys

Tethys was a Titan; and was daughter of Uranus and Gaia. Her mate was Oceanus.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Tethys


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Mnemosyne

Mnemosyne was the goddess of memory and a Titan. Her parents were Uranus and Gaia. Mnemosyne is the only Titan who is associated with a human characteristic, while the others are associated with natural forces.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Mnemosyne


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Themis

Themis was a Titan, being a daughter of Uranus and Gaia. She, as many others, is an Earth goddess.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Themis


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Rhea

Rhea was a Titan, being a daughter of Uranus and Gaia. She, as many others, is an Earth goddess.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Rhea


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Theia

Theia is a daughter of Uranus and Gaia and thus a Titan. She is the sister and mate of Hyperion.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Theia


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/The Seasons

The Seasons, or the Horae, were both the personifications of the seasons, but were also the guardians of the cloudy entrance to Mount Olympus, as well as remembering which gods/goddesses were on Mount Olympus and which were abroad.

There were only three Seasons because classically, only spring, summer and winter were recognized.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/The Seasons


text:
Horticulture/Macrosteles facifrons

The Aster Leafhopper is a small Hopper that feeds on a wide range of hosts, primarily in the Composite family, ../Asteraceae/.

Description
Green with bright red stripes.

Symptoms and Signs
Stippling from feeding, but more importantly vectoring ../Aster Yellows/.

Host plants

 * ../Ambrosia/
 * ../Apium/
 * ../Aster/
 * ../Avena/
 * ../Brassica/
 * ../Centaurea/ (Bachelor’s Buttons)
 * ../Chenopodium/
 * ../Chrysanthemum/
 * ../Cichorium/
 * ../Citrullus/
 * ../Coreopsis/
 * ../Cosmos/
 * ../Cucumis/
 * ../Cucurbita/
 * ../Datura/
 * ../Daucus/
 * ../Dendranthema/
 * ../Echinacea/ (Coneflower)
 * ../Galium/
 * ../Helianthus/
 * ../Helichrysum/
 * ../Hordeum/
 * ../Lactuca/ (Lettuce)
 * ../Linum/
 * ../Lycopersicon/
 * ../Matricaria/
 * ../Papaver/ (Poppy)
 * ../Phlox/
 * ../Plantago/
 * ../Poa/
 * ../Polygonum/
 * ../Rudbeckia/
 * ../Salvia/ (Sage)
 * ../Scabiosa/ (Pincushion)
 * ../Solanum/
 * ../Solidago/
 * ../Sonchus/
 * ../Spinacia/
 * ../Stellaria/
 * ../Tagetes/
 * ../Thlaspi/
 * ../Triticum/
 * ../Vicia/
 * ../Viola/
 * ../Zinnia/

title: Horticulture/Macrosteles facifrons