text:
Wikibooks talk:Deletion policy/Archive

msg:VfD
No mention of a msg:VfD? Well, I just created one: MediaWiki:VfD Akagu 01:34, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Which votes to count
The recent discussion on Cookbook:Special brownies has caused a problem. Several wikipedians have come over here to vote, yet they have no history at this project and are voting based on Wikipedia procedures/policies. However, Wikibooks is not Wikipedia. I'm inclined not to count the votes of users with no history here. Gentgeen 10:14, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This is not fair, as said policy was unilaterally formulated, voted for, and put into place by, guess who, Gentgeen. Just as (in many cases, at least) a contributor from de.wikipedia with no edits on en.wikipedia will sometimes be allowed to vote on en.wikipedia, en.wikibooks, which is not only a closely-allied project of the same organisation as en.wikipedia but also is in the same language as en.wikipedia, should allow Wikipedians with a reasonable number of non-vandalism contributions to any project to vote on issues. If you are concerned because they do not seem to have a grasp of Wikibooks policy differences from Wikipedia (which you have in the past and continue to greatly exaggerate), then why not tell them? And even if I voted on en.wikipedia for the deletion of a page, giving the justification "I don't like it", it would still count as a vote. In fact, no justification is nessecary on either project. --Node ue 23:06, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, the "keep" votes for "Special brownies" greatly outnumbered the votes for "delete", 9-4. It was extremely irresponsible of Gentgeen to 1. remove it from this page and 2. delete the article, without further discussion of which votes should be counted, and which should not, especially since he himself had voted "delete". --Node ue 23:13, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikibooks isn't Wikipedia. We have different domain names, main pages, software, goals, users, and pages for things like this. If VfD, VfU, Main Page, etc. were all the same page for all projects, we could count users from all different languages and projects. But we aren't the same. For one, anyone can create an account with the same name as a user on another project/language. This should be the deciding factor. - SamE 23:36, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No shit, it isn't. Are you a sockpuppet of Gentgeen? And as I noted before, en.wikipedia often lets well-established users from other Wikipedias vote. Each Wikipedia is essentially a different project, and it definitely has a different main page, users, pages for "things like this", goals, etc. However, you are wrong about different software: Both use MediaWiki software.
 * Now, as to being able to create another account: If a Wikipedian has over 1000 edits, there's a very good chance they already have a Wikibooks account, even if they don't use it. If they haven't, there is no good reason for somebody to create an account using the user name of an existing Wikipedian: it would be very easy to find out, and there's a good chance they would be caught in the act. Plus, how do we know that Gentgeen isn't an evil impersonator of the Gentgeen from Wikipedia? He used his sysop status on Wikipedia to make his request for sysop permissions on Wikibooks seem less objectionable, what if he's not really the same person? Does this mean I can register a new account under the name of a well known, well-respected sysop from Wikipedia, and then after contributing just a tad, put a page up for votes which, depending on when and where it was posted, could get only a vote from me (and potential sockpuppets I created, even, with over 100 contribs each; ie contrib distribution), and then go to Angela when I won in that way and ask for sysophood.
 * Going back to what you said about this not being Wikipedia: we share a lot with Wikipedia, more than what we don't share: a large portion of our users, some parts of our content, our software, our licence, the fact that we both have "wiki" in our names, a commitment to quality and to be neutral (or in the case of Wikibooks, at least to some degree), the fact that things change quickly, the fact that the number of Wikibooksians is growing rather than staying the same, a large portion of our policies (where do you think "What Wikibooks is not" came from? it's obviously not an original idea for a policy page), and most importantly, the fact that ANYONE CAN EDIT AN ARTICLE (with some exceptions)! --Node ue 04:48, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, en.wikipedia let a Wikibooksian that was mostly new to Wikipedia vote once, at least that I can remember. --Node ue 04:50, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, for one, I'm not a sockpuppet of Gentgeen as I work on totally unrelated stuff and have edited things at the same time as him many times. Wikipedia and Wikibooks use different software in that Wikipedia uses a different version of MediaWiki. One example is that articles that say "Wikipedia:" get a blue background on Wikipedia, but articles like this one on Wikibooks are still white. I'm not saying that impersonating someone else is a smart thing to do, or that anyone's doing it. I'm just saying that that should be the deciding factor for VfD and VfU. For example, if Wikiversity becomes a major section of Wikibooks, with its own policies and VfD, but is on the same site name and domain of Wikibooks, then Wikiversitians should be able to vote on Wikibooks and vice versa.
 * Before, you complained that What Wikibooks is not isn't a valid policy, and now you're saying it comes from Wikipedia. Let me give you some advice: Stop contradicting yourself! - SamE 02:04, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Be careful what you say, it may be used against you. Hyprocracy is an ugly thing. From
 * Uhh... no shit I deleted votes. Were some of them from non-sockpuppets? Yes. Were any of them from users who had made any other contributions other than to here (with the exception of users who made one or two other contributions, or who made quite a few other contributions but they were all vandalism)? No, with the exception of Nohat and one other (forgot who it was), who I replaced IMMEDIATELY. In short: I have only removed fraudulent votes. If "some" of them were by legit users, why not just add back the ones by legit users and leave the rest deleted? --Node 05:24, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Gentgeen 17:05, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, come on. That was a massive VfD where both sides were plagued by tens of obvious sockpuppets. Most had no userpages, had just been created, and did not exist on any other projects. I have never done this on any other VfD. Current Wikimedia policy regarding votes is that you leave them be - even if they're from anonymous users - unless you have reason to suspect bad intentions beyond just "Oh, it's /possible/ that this person is a sockpuppet". That means that in massive votes that are especially ugly, restrictions are generally more stringent, but in smaller-scale votes like all those which occur on Wikibooks, without obvious evidence of sockpuppetry or other voting irregularities, you are supposed to ask a developer to check for you or just let it be. --Node

I believe a special factor here is whether or not there is a conflict of interest. Did the vote-counter have a position on the deletion of the article? If so, is it one that would benefit by eliminating the votes in question? If they hold the opposite point of view and stand to lose support for their opinion, then there's no problem. But I believe at Wikipedia (and it should be the same here, too) administrators are prohibited from using their administrative powers in cases they are personally involved with. Thus, it's OK to delete vandalism, but if you are involved in a content dispute or the like you may not use your admin powers to trump the other user. Gentgeen has done this to me in the past, and has done it on here, too. He has an obvious and strong opinion in a VfD case, then when it comes time to judge whether or not consensus was reached, he often decides it has been if the majority are in favor of his opinion and that it has not been if the majority are in favor of the opposing opinion. In addition, his vote-counting seems to suffer from the same problem. If it's to his benefit, he keeps questionable votes, but if they are votes against his viewpoint that push the opposition into the majority, he doesn't count them. --Node

 * Update: I have re-worded the page to indicate that each registered user should be considered equal, and should have one vote, to give the impression that the system is fair. In reality, the admins can do what the hell they like until policy dictates otherwise. If anyone can think of a better policy which is easy to enforce, suggest it here. - Aya 19:10, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The #1 problem I see is when something here is unpopular on Wikipedia... at least to a sizable group on Wikipedia, they come storming over to Wikibooks and vote en masse, which in effect overwhelms the typical Wikibookian user base. On the positive side they probabally aren't going to be voting on general policy issues, but they will be arguing for specific Wikibooks or pet projects.  The issue with Wikiversity is similar only it got a big storm of support from Meta.  I don't think this is completely avoidable, but policy decisions should be made by the rank and file ordinary Wikibookians and not some group that comes over, smashes up policy for a single "party" or cause, and then leaves.  On the other hand, if we can treat those visiting with a little respect we may be able to get them to help contribute over a longer term.  The question is how to do that and still protect Wikibooks to keep a consistant policy and organization outlook. --Rob Horning 12:26, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Proposition
Note: This section moved from Wikibooks talk:Votes for deletion. - Aya T C 22:00, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

This page whilst fulfilling a useful and required role is also responsible for some decisions which are stifling creativity. I would therefore suggest that it becomes the object of a wiki research project to ensure creativity and reviewers are suitably encouraged and accomodated 82.69.58.117 16:13, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Users of this site are continuously trying to make it better. It would be more helpful if you could give some suggestions for new policies. - Aya 19:10, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Templates on this page
Note: This section moved from Wikibooks talk:Votes for deletion. - Aya T C 22:00, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Both the VfD and speedy deletion pages appear on this page, which causes the page itself to be listed as VfD. Is there a way to include the templates without this happening? Should we just copy and paste the contents instead of including the templates? MShonle 19:08, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I added these templates yesterday because it helps newbies understand what's going on with the templates. In answer to question on surpressing the categories, no, there is no way, and the demonstration of the candidates for speedy deletion template requires the use of the template because of the |reason thing. But it's not a big problem, they've done it on Wikipedia for a long time and I thought it wouldn't hurt us here. If you'll notice, I mentioned on the categories pages that neither of these are actually being considered for deletion- as I hope any admin would know anyway.--Naryathegreat 20:01, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, it still seems a little sloppy. Why can't we just copy and paste the contents instead of actually using the templates themselves? (Also, remember it's just HTML generated in the end, the |reason thing is a red herring-- perhaps you don't know what I'm getting at?) The only disadvantage of copy and paste (which would *look* exactly the same as it does now) would be that if one changes, the other will need to change too. This seems far less of a problem than having the page actually be listed for deletion. MShonle 22:22, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed. The categories will still contain the templates, but there's no reasonable way around this - Aya 19:10, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Images by User:Siegfried Petry
Note: This section moved from Wikibooks talk:Votes for deletion. - Aya T C 22:00, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * All images by User:Siegfried Petry that can be converted to HTML and TeX. There appear to be hundreds of them, so it will be a long time before these can be deleted. Guanaco 21:36, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Not all of them can, but many could. One can look for them here: Special:Contributions/Siegfried_Petry -- mattrix 22:31, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned pages
Note: This section moved from Wikibooks talk:Votes for deletion. - Aya T C 22:00, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

There are more than 500 orphaned pages, and many of them should be deleted. Some are not in English, so I can't judge. I deleted all pages in French among them. Yann 14:49, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

'''Keep, keep keeeeep! Your list is bogus!''' I see 3 copies of the perfectly-good Egg_Roll recipe in that list. Something is not right about that list. AlbertCahalan 22:20, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I spotted something that appears 5 times, all identical. Soppose there are 6 copies in the database, 5 of which are counted as orphans. So you delete 5... but in doing so, wipe out the copy with the most recent history. Maybe you even corrupt the database worse than it is already. As for the egg roll, that may be partly my doing, caused by the wiki telling me that the page is empty when I save it for the first time. So of course I hit the back button and try again, figuring that some database connection somewhere got dropped the first time. So that's at least 2 serious bugs right there, falsly (?) reporting that a fresh module has no data and allowing the addition of multiple modules with the same name. It would be very unwise to touch this mess without first investigating what is going wrong with the wiki database and other code. AlbertCahalan 22:46, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why is this even listed here? It's not a specific page or book to be deleted. AlbertCahalan 21:38, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Read what Yann said. "many of them should be deleted". Some of them may be speedy deletes, which needs to be brought to immediate attention. Dysprosia 04:08, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Candidates for speedy deletion
Note: This section moved from Wikibooks talk:Votes for deletion. - Aya T C 22:00, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I'm confused about one thing.. should candidates for speedy deletion be listed on this page or is enough? - Sik0fewl 04:20, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It's always helpful to list it on this page too, so there can be a discussion (if neccessary). Also, this page is read more than the page that lists all pages with the Delete template. MShonle 16:05, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've changed policy to remove this requirement. There's no need to list speedies on this page, since the whole point of them is for deletions which don't require a vote. Should an admin be uncertain as to whether or not to delete a speedy, they should personally add it to the VfD list, and change the 'delete' template inclusion to a 'vfd' one. It's probably wiser to use a speedy deletion tag even if the page doesn't break policy, but that you suspect it would be unilaterally voted to be deleted. An admin can easily promote it to a full VfD if they think you're wrong. This should save a lot of time. - Aya 19:10, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Transwiki and votes
Note: This section moved from Wikibooks talk:Votes for deletion. - Aya T C 22:00, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm a bit confused on the "Pages to be transwikied." I don't see anybody voting on them? And neither any one of them seems to be signed? There is a lot of pages listed under the different languages, are there no administrators working on them? Or are there just a lot of books written in other languages(?) It's hard to get an idear on how long the different books has been listed there, because they are not signed. RoceKiller 22:43, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * That's just an open note that tells users that these articles are written in other languages, and thus must be moved out of the English wikibooks and into the ones for the approprate languages, as per the transwiki policy set out on meta (I think it's at Transwiki). The reason that little work has been done is that we are patiently waiting for MediaWiki 1.5 where new features will make the transwiki process will be largely painless (currently it's a cut-and-paste job, and legal restrictions make moving page histories more difficult to deal with).  If you want to do transwiki, you are of course more than welcome. KelvSYC 01:49, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * There's no real need to debate these for any length of time. Stuff that isn't in English should be moved to the appropriate place, and that list is just a simple way to keep track of which ones need to be moved where. TUF-KAT 21:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry to beat a dead horse, but the transwiki list is starting to be a nuisance. :) I'm not familiar enough with other languages and other languages' Wikis to help, so I can only bug people to ask if there is any progress in this area. - Lynx7725 7 July 2005 06:46 (UTC)

 * These entries seem to be beyond the scope of VfD, so I've moved them all to Pages to be transwikied, and linked from here. - Aya 19:10, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Deletion of images
Note: This section moved from Wikibooks talk:Votes for deletion. - Aya T C 22:00, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

I've listed a few images for speedy deletion. The actual image has been removed form the image page (this is the big step, because it's not undoable), but the image page has remained intact. So, does the image page get deleted eventually, or does it remain forever? If they are never deleted, then I'll simpy remove them from the speedy deletion list. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 05:03, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * After watching the same images for a few days, I've come to the conclusion that it does no harm. One, any image uploads in the future with the same name will simply override whatever's inside there with no warning, so no big issue there.. (well there is, but still.) Two, if nothing is linked to it, it becomes orphaned and nobody but us ghosts will know of it.

 * Given the lack of response to this query, I'll housekeep this next week (after you have a chance to read this), to keep the Talk Page manageable. - Lynx7725 7 July 2005 06:49 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Deletion policy/Archive


text:
Calculus/Work

$$\begin{align} W =\int F\,dr &=\int m a\,dr \\ &=\int m \, \frac{dv}{dt} \, dr \\ &=m \int \frac{dr}{dt} \, dv \\ &=m\int v \, dv \\ &=\frac{mv^2}{2} =\Delta E_k \end{align}$$

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Calculus/Work


text:
Calculus/Newton's Method

Newton's Method (also called the Newton-Raphson method) is a recursive algorithm for approximating the root of a differentiable function. We know simple formulas for finding the roots of linear and quadratic equations, and there are also more complicated formulae for cubic and quartic equations. At one time it was hoped that there would be formulas found for equations of quintic and higher-degree, though it was later shown by Neils Henrik Abel that no such equations exist. The Newton-Raphson method is a method for approximating the roots of polynomial equations of any order. In fact the method works for any equation, polynomial or not, as long as the function is differentiable in a desired interval.

In order to explain Newton's method, imagine that $$x_0$$ is already very close to a 0 of $$f(x)$$. We know that if we only look at points very close to $$x_0$$ then $$f(x)$$ looks like its tangent line. If $$x_0$$ was already close to the place where $$f(x)$$ was 0, and near $$x_0$$ we know that $$f(x)$$ looks like its tangent line, then we hope the 0 of the tangent line at $$x_0$$ is a better approximation then $$x_0$$ itself.

The equation for the tangent line to $$f(x)$$ at $$x_0$$ is given by
 * $$y=f'(x_0)\cdot(x-x_0)+f(x_0)$$

Now we set $$y=0$$ and solve for $$x$$.
 * $$0=f'(x_0)\cdot(x-x_0)+f(x_0)$$
 * $$-f(x_0)=f'(x_0)\cdot(x-x_0)$$
 * $$\frac{-f(x_0)}{f'(x_0)}=(x-x_0)$$
 * $$x=\frac{-f(x_0)}{f'(x_0)}+x_0$$

This value of $$x$$ we feel should be a better guess for the value of $$x$$ where $$f(x)=0$$. We choose to call this value of $$x_1$$, and a little algebra we have
 * $$x_1=x_0-\frac{f(x_0)}{f'(x_0)}$$

If our intuition was correct and $$x_1$$ is in fact a better approximation for the root of $$f(x)$$, then our logic should apply equally well at $$x_1$$. We could look to the place where the tangent line at $$x_1$$ is zero. We call $$x_2$$, following the algebra above we arrive at the formula
 * $$x_2=x_1-\frac{f(x_1)}{f'(x_1)}$$

And we can continue in this way as long as we wish. At each step, if your current approximation is $$x_n$$ our new approximation will be $$x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}$$.

Examples
Find the root of the function $$f(x)=x^2$$. $$\begin{align}x_0&=&4\\ x_1&=&x_0-\frac{f(x_0)}{f'(x_0)}=4-\frac{16}{8}=2\\ x_2&=&x_1-\frac{f(x_1)}{f'(x_1)}=2-\frac{4}{4}=1\\ x_3&=&x_2-\frac{f(x_2)}{f'(x_2)}=1-\frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{2}\\ x_4&=&x_3-\frac{f(x_3)}{f'(x_3)}=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\frac{1}{4}}{1}=\frac{1}{4}\\ x_5&=&x_4-\frac{f(x_4)}{f'(x_4)}=\frac{1}{4}-\frac{\frac{1}{16}}{\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{1}{8}\\ x_6&=&x_5-\frac{f(x_5)}{f'(x_5)}=\frac{1}{8}-\frac{\frac{1}{64}}{\frac{1}{4}}=\frac{1}{16}\\ x_7&=&x_6-\frac{f(x_6)}{f'(x_6)}=\frac{\frac{1}{256}}{\frac{1}{8}}=\frac{1}{32}\end{align}$$

As you can see $$x_n$$ is gradually approaching 0 (which we know is the root of $$f(x)$$). One can approach the function's root with arbitrary accuracy.

Answer: $$f(x)=x^2$$ has a root at $$x=0$$.

title: Calculus/Newton's Method


text:
User talk:195.138.121.156

Please stop. If you continue to blank pages, you will be blocked from editing.

title: User talk:195.138.121.156


text: User talk:12.17.10.13

title: User talk:12.17.10.13


text: User talk:87.74.32.56

title: User talk:87.74.32.56


text:
Japanese/Dialects/Kansai

KANSAIBEN (関西弁 - kansai dialect)

Kansai-ben takes up a large slice of even the Tokyo resident's mind. The comedians on TV speak it incessantly, three large cities (Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe) speak it, and most Japanese accept the differences as quaint and interesting, just as most Americans think of Southern accents, and Londoners think of Northern accents.

Kansai-ben has many different variations (there are the lowly country variations like southern Wakayama Kansai-ben, and almost elitist, ultra-polite Kyoto-ben) as well as many different levels of depth. Some Kansai residents from Nara speak very little Kansai-ben, while people from Amagasaki speak a very strong and distinct Kansai-ben.

Grammatical Differences
Kansai-ben varies from one part of Kansai to another, but here are some of the more common features.

The most noticeable difference is the substitution of the negatives -hen / -n or -mahen for -nai or -masen. (Sometimes only one of "-hen" or "-n" is acceptable in a particular grammar construction. For example, kawande mo ee (kawanakute mo ii) cannot be replaced by "kawahende mo ee".)

Hyojungo (Standard Japanese): Wakaranai. (I don't know) Kansai-ben: wakarahen / wakarehen / wakaran (note that when attaching -hen, the conjugation does not always follow that for -nai).

Also, while hyojungo uses "yo" for emphasis, many times Kansai-ben uses either an elongated "na" or "de".

Hyojungo: Natto wa tabenai yo. (I don't eat natto.) Kansai-ben: Natto wa tabehen de~.

Furthermore, when using "da", "datte", or "daro", many times Kansai people will substitute "ya" for "da". "Metcha" or "mutcha" is also substituted for words like very emphatic words like "cho" (Yokohama/Tokyo-ben) and "sugoi".

Hyojungo: Natto wa sugoku kusai, daro? (Natto is very smelly, isn't it?) Kansai-ben: Natto wa metcha kusai, yaro?

Many of the grammatical constructions have a classical feel to it; one can find many traces from older Japanese pronunciation: sabui (samui), hayo (hayaku), yuuta (itta)...

Vocabulary Differences
Verbs

throw away: suteru > hokasu

exhausted: tsukareru > shindoi

title: Japanese/Dialects/Kansai


text:
Talk:Using Firefox/Extensions

Extensions
Maybe there could be an article on how to make extensions. There's a good tutorial at http://roachfiend.com/archives/2004/12/08/how-to-create-firefox-extensions/
 * Good idea, there's now an Developer page elsewhere on it. Gflores Talk 06:34, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

idea
I think there should be a "If you only get 5 extensions, get these," like Flock (a derivative of Firefox) has this. Instead of 5, there could be 10? It could also be separated into New Users/Advanced users. Some example extensions could be IE View (new) and Greasemonkey (advanced). I don't know. Just throwing out an idea. Gflores Talk 06:34, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Using Firefox/Extensions


text:
Cookbook:Honey Mustard Salmon

| Seafood

This is a simple recipe that takes no more than 40 minutes from fridge to table.

Ingredients

 * 1 salmon fillet (whatever size you like)
 * 3 parts honey
 * 2 parts coarse-grained mustard

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350°F/180°C.
 * 2) Wash and pat dry the salmon fillet. Remove the pin bones (if there are any), and cut salmon into portions if desired.
 * 3) Mix honey and mustard, and adjust mixture to taste.
 * 4) Spread mixture generously over and under the salmon.
 * 5) Cook in oven on top rack for about 15–18 minutes (depending on how you like your salmon cooked).
 * 6) Finish under broiler for 2–3 minutes, but remove before glaze starts to char.

title: Cookbook:Honey Mustard Salmon


text:
Wikijunior:Big Cats/Meet The Cats

In Africa, they say that a male lion roars ''Hii inchi na ya nani? Ni yangu, yangu, yangu!'' (Whose land is this?  It is mine, mine, mine!). It is hard to listen to this ancient challenge without edging a little closer to the campfire. But what is behind that remarkable call? Certainly, to some degree, all cats are cats, everywhere you look. When you see one of the neighborhood tabbies stalking a squirrel, you can see a tiny tiger stalking deer on the meadows of Ranthambore.

Superb Predators
Tigers and lions are among nature's greatest predators. A grizzly bear may be larger than a Siberian tiger, but the tiger is much quicker. A wolf may have a better sense of smell than a jaguar, but a jaguar can handle large prey alone while wolves hunt in packs. Dogs rival cats (from domestic cats to any but jaguars, lions and tigers) of like size in strength and power, but they don't have as big teeth and claws; having to behave well around people to survive and being well fed by humans, they rarely get to show their ability as killers unless hunting with people. Cats have excellent night vision, sharp hearing and enormous physical strength. They sneak up on their prey; the camouflage patterns in their fur and their graceful, quiet movements make the cats difficult to notice.

There are cats for every job. Each continent except Antarctica has its cat king. Africa is ruled by the lion, Asia by the tiger (although the Himalayas are too high for tigers; there the snow leopard is king.) In South and Central America the monarch is certainly the jaguar. North America is the domain of the puma. Australia has no big cats, but it has many small cats that descend from tame cats but have since gone wild. Like their giant relatives, these cats have become keen predators even if they are much the same as the pet cats that you have met. Some of them, though, are so much larger than most domestic house cats that they have been mistaken for larger species like pumas.

The natural order is carefully balanced. There are a few big predators. Under them are more medium sized cats that eat medium sized prey ranging from rabbits to antelopes and deer. Finally, there are many small cats (including loose pet cats) that eat the far more numerous small prey like insects, rodents, lizards, and birds. The secret to their success is the concept of the niche, a special job each cat holds that keeps it from competing with others. A shopping mall with nothing but music stores would see a lot of fighting over customers. Like a shopping mall, a natural environment keeps order by having a variety of different plants, prey species, and hunters. The field mice that don't interest the tiger keep the wild cat happy, and the cheetah zooms after a small antelope while leaving the buffalo for the stronger lions.

Meat on the Menu
Cats hunt because they need meat to survive. Animals that eat grass and leaves have special stomachs that allow bacteria to break down complex plant sugars into the simpler sugars animals can digest. Cats have a very short digestive tract that quickly breaks down meat and absorbs its energy and building materials. Cats cannot survive on a diet of grass, therefore they live from the meat they can get from other plant-eating animals. That is how the food chain works.

Intelligence
Cats are among the most intelligent species on Earth. They are ranked just behind primates (monkeys and apes), cetaceans (whales and dolphins), elephants, pigs, and seals. Lions hunt in groups when they tackle large and dangerous prey. All cats are very curious and can learn quickly. Large predators need to be extra smart in order to be successful as hunters. Mother cats spend a long time (one to two years) teaching their offspring the many things they need to know in order to survive. You may also consider this time of their life as their school time, where they learn how to deal with the world they live in.

Found Everywhere But Safe Nowhere
Cats are native to all continents but Australia and Antarctica. In Australia, the only cats are small ones — domestic cats and their feral (domesticated animals gone wild) descendants that kill small animals as effectively as the great cats kill larger animals. Unfortunately, many of these wonderful creatures face extinction or are critically endangered. (There are about 700 million domestic or feral domestic cats worldwide, roughly one for every ten humans — and those cats are in no danger of extinction). Wild large cats are often hunted for their fur or meat. In Asia, thousands of tigers are killed each year just for their body parts. They are also killed by people who want the animals that cats hunt all to themselves. Still other people hunt cats for sport. Worse, the healthy environment that cats need to survive is not being treated with the respect it deserves.

Fortunately, more and more people now think of cats as companions to be admired rather than enemies to be destroyed. Learn more about these great cats and their remarkable world and share what you learn with your family and friends. After all, when we understand something, we can appreciate its value much better. Valuable things, including the marvelous cats, large and small, are worth protecting. To keep these superb predators in the world our children and grandchildren will live in, we must learn to make room for other living things to use Earth's limited resources. Next Topic: Lions

ca:Viquijúnior:Grans felins/Introducció Wikijunior Großkatzen/ Einleitung fr:Wikijunior:Les félins/Les félins

title: Wikijunior:Big Cats/Meet The Cats


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/English-Chinese Dictionary

Please add all vocabulary that is used in this book, and any more that should be included in the first year's worth of Chinese lessons. This is not meant to be a full dictionary with thousands of entries (see Wiktionary for that), but a reference for users of this textbook.


text:
TI-Basic Z80 Programming/List of Commands/If

The If statement is a simple instruction that directs the program to perform certain functions if the stated criteria is met.

Input
If, PRGM:CTL:1, requires a criteria argument to be stated immediately afterwards which will allow the program to determine whether the following instructions are to be executed. The argument or arguments are boolean results, meaning that they will be true (resulting in a value of 1) or false (resulting in a value of 0). For example, 8>3 is true, therefore a value of 1, while 1>5 is false, therefore a value of 0. The program will only execute the instructions following the If statement if the value of the argument is anything other than 0.

Note: an argument of simply "3" is untestable since there is no criteria to compare it to (ie. >1), therefore the resulting value will remain 3 and the program will still execute the following instructions. This may be useful for when used as tricks and for optimizations.

The criteria following the If statement can be written in several forms:

[...]
 * If 1
 * Disp "Hello World!"

[...]

This will simply display "Hello World!" since the criteria's value is 1.

[...]
 * If 0
 * Disp "Hello World!"

[...]

This will skip the instructions to display "Hello World!" since the criteria's value is 0.

[...]
 * Prompt X
 * If X>3
 * Disp "Hello World!"

[...]

The user enters a number via the Prompt instruction and will only display the text if X (the user's input) is greater than 3.

When using If to regulate the execution of more than one instruction, Then is needed. (See the next section.) Without the Then, only the instruction immediately following the If statement will be regulated while the rest will be executed indifferent to the value of the criteria.

For example:

[...]
 * If X>3
 * Disp "Hello World!"
 * Disp "My Name is Seth"

[...]

will display "Hello World!" followed by "My name is Seth" if X (the user's input) is greater than 3, and will display only "My name is Seth" if X is less than 3. This is because <tt>:Disp "My Name is Seth"</tt> is executed regardless what the value of X is.


text:
Art History/18th Century

Baroque
Spilling over into the beginning of the 18th century were the last remnants of Baroque art. Baroque interior design, in particular, is distinctly ornate and rich in ceiling decor.

Rococo
Following Baroque art, a similar movement, called Rococo, developed. Initially, it thrived in interior design as Baroque had previously done, but in comparison to interior design done in the Baroque style, the Rococo style could be described as softer and more refined.

The main proponents of Rococo style painting were Antoine Watteau, Francois Boucher, and Jean-Honore Fragonard. Rococo painting has a very distinct style. Light, mint greens and soft pinks and blues were some of the most popularly used colors. In general, the color palette consisted of soft, yet intense, colors. Also, distinct to Rococo painting was the light subject matter; generally paintings in this style depicted the leisure of the upper class. Jean-Honore Fragonard's The Swing exemplifies the Rococo style, as seen in painting.

Enlightment
The Rococo movement came to an end with the onset of the Enlightenment, which ushered in the next major artistic movement-Neoclassicism. As the name suggest, a revival of the influence of classic art from ancient Greece and Rome ensued. In painting, Jaques-Louis David was the leading painter of this style. His works, such as the Oath of the Horatii exemplified Neoclassicism with its logical order and stately, even heroic, subject matter. In architecture, one of the greatest influences was Palladio's Villa Rotunda, a Renaissance building, itself, inspired by classic order and symmetry.

As demonstrated by the shift from Rococo to Neoclassicism, two starkly contrasting art styles, many successive art movements are reactions to previous styles. The very formal, stately Neoclassical style was a direct reaction to that of the previous light and airy Rococo style.

title: Art History/18th Century


text:
User:Skagedal

meta

title: User:Skagedal


text:
User talk:Skagedal

Please use my Wikipedia discussion page

title: User talk:Skagedal


text:
User:Mance~enwikibooks

University student very much interested (read: majoring) in US History. And that's all he wrote.

title: User:Mance~enwikibooks


text:
User:Afkkiller

I am Alex Johnson. I live in Minnesota. And I am basically just a gamer and a muscisian.

title: User:Afkkiller


text:
User:MAlbano~enwikibooks

For more information on this user, see the following page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MAlbano

title: User:MAlbano~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Miacris

Welcome
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Deleting pages
--Derbeth talk 15:55, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Miacris


text: User talk:193.11.216.135

title: User talk:193.11.216.135


text: User talk:68.78.106.172

title: User talk:68.78.106.172


text:
User talk:65.28.220.254

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:65.28.220.254


text: User talk:82.209.245.114

title: User talk:82.209.245.114


text: User talk:203.173.58.182

title: User talk:203.173.58.182


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Talk:Tagalog/Lesson 1

I feel so alone on this one. Somebody help me. Lotusduck 18:07, 20 November 2005 (UTC)lotusduck

I'm trying to learn this stuff, it's interesting to me, but is anybody going to put more lessons on? Also would it be possible to have some kind of pronunciation key so I know how to say this stuff too? --just.blaze 16:12, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I added a pronunciation of the basic alphabet and diphthongs & di/trigraphs on the alphabet page. It's all in IPA. 68.110.119.132 04:57, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Okay, so. I added accent marks as best I could and I changed out the layout slightly. I'm basing this information off of "Basic Tagalog", a nice book that I have handy. It doesn't have all of the vocabulary, however, so it would be nice if the missing accents would be added. Also, the book states that pô is used for both male and female formal addressing, which conflicts with this page's pô/hô discussion. Could someone look into this and address this? Also, the book's accentuation of "paalam" conflicts with the original accentuation in this and conflicts with the wiki article on Tagalog. Is it paalám na, as my book states, or paálam? And yes, while a native Tagalog should be making these edits ideally, I would think that it's best that this information be here at all to edit. At any rate, thanks. 68.110.119.132 05:48, 17 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm going to correct some accentuation on this page and the rest of the pages as well. By the way, I'm a native Tagalog speaker. And yes, it should be paálam na, but I will write it as paalam na without any accent marks, because the default accent is on the second to the last syllable (of a multisyllable word, of course). -- Perryv 16:40, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * And may I add, pô/hô is used to address a person (male or female, gender doesn't matter) who is older than the speaker. It's used especially to address the elderly, and to make it even more polite, all second-person singular pronouns are turned into third-person plural pronouns (i.e., ikáw becomes silá, mo becomes nilá, "Anó ang pangalan mo?" (What is your name?) becomes "Anó pó ang pangalan nilá?", etc.). -- Perryv 16:56, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, another thing. I realise that my layout conflicts with the layout as stated in the how-to-use section. Is it more logical, perhaps? If not, I or someone else could revert this.68.110.119.132 05:57, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

mga
It would be useful to let us know how to pronounce mga. I happened to remember the Wikipedia Tagalog article that it was an abbreviation; otherwise I would have assumed it's pronounced like it's spelled. -- a learner

Saan and Nasaan
Isn't the Tagalog word for where, nasaan, and not saan? The response to "Nasaan ang foo?" is "Nasa bar ang foo.", right? --68.224.117.152 (talk) 08:06, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Pasko
Are you sure that "Pasko" is Christmas? Not Easter? Bruised (talk) 22:29, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tagalog/Lesson 1


text:
Talk:Aros/User/Docs

This book has depreciated naming convention. See WB:NP. --Derbeth talk 18:18, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aros/User/Docs


text: User talk:69.88.3.20

title: User talk:69.88.3.20


text: User talk:81.138.3.234

title: User talk:81.138.3.234


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Glass

This tutorial is created more than 4 year ago,so it MAY contain outdated interface

Important things to know about Glass

 * Glass will not look transparent (outside of the materials panel) while you're looking at it in Blender! It will only look like glass when you render (ray trace) the model.
 * Glass needs light coming from different directions, in order to look transparent, start with 4 lamps equally spaced around the glass area in order to fully see the effect, then add/remove lamps to get the effect you are looking for.
 * In versions of Blender 2.37 and lower, don't forget to enable raytracing on the render tab (Press F10 in the buttons window, then go to render tab within that window and click the button Ray which will enable the raytracing). (This setting only applies on rendering while using Blender Internal, not suitable for others like Yafray, etc.)

Simple Glass
Material Alpha: .2 Color: a color of your choice ( try and keep the S(aturation) below .6, for best results )

Mirror Tran Ray Transparency: enabled

Realistic Glass
Material

Alpha: 0.1

Color: White (hex code: FFFFFF)

Shaders

Reflectivity: 0.2

Specularity: 1.5

Hardness: 511

Translucency: 0.5

Ambient: 0.5

Emit: 0

Mirror Trasp

Ray Mirror: enabled

Ray Mirror: 0.2

Ray Transparency: enabled

IOR (angular index of refraction): 1.37

NOTE: it is suggested to play with the Fresnel for transparency.

''Note: Don't forget to enable raytracing on the render tab (Press F10 in the buttons window, then go to render tab within that window and click the button Ray which will enable the raytracing). Raytracing is enabled by default in Blender 2.37 and higher. (This setting only applies on rendering while using Blender Internal, not suitable for others like Yafray.)''

Mirror Glass
Here is an example of some glass that is less transparent and more reflective, almost a mirror. Just play with the "Alpha" setting until you get the effect you want.

Material

Alpha: .2

Diffuse Color: R .74, G .776, B .818

Speclular Color: R .676, G .732, B .798

Shaders

Diffuse Shader: Oren-Nayar

Reflection (Oren-Nayar): .959

Roughness (Oren-Nayar): .818

Specular Shader: Blinn

Specularity (Blinn): .731

Hardness(Blinn): 179

Refraction (Blinn): 10

Mirror Trasp

Ray Mirror: enabled

Ray Mirror: .56

Ztransp: enabled (this is very important, otherwise when you set your alpha value, only your background color will show through, not the object behind the alphaed object)

All the rules for raytracing apply as written above.

Plate Glass with green edges
Another glass setting. This one even has green edges by having different materials for them.

The Ztransp button should also be enabled, to allow the glass to show the material behind it.

Apply the green edges by using this material for the edges:

Glass


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Gold

Gold 1
One of the gold formulas.

Alpha: 1.0

Color: R=1.0 G=0.836 B=0.386

Reflectivity: 1.0

Specularity: 0.75

Hardness: 180

Translucency: 0.50

Ambient: 0.50

Emit: 0.300

Raytracing

Ray Mirror: 0.20

Depth: 2

Fresnel: 0.5

Fac(tor): 2.20

Gold 2
After several hours of experimenting, a beginner alchemist created this better alternative formula:

Material Col: R=1.00 G=0.88 B=0.25 Spe: R=1.00 G=1.00 B=1.00 Mir: R=1.00 G=0.88 B=0.25

A: 1.0

Mirror Transp Ray Mirror: On RayMir: 0.50

Shaders [Lambert] Ref: 1.0

[Phong] Spec: 2.0 Hard: 75

Amb: 0.043

Make sure you have "Ray" enabled (Scene (F10) > "Render" box > Ray) or else it won't reflect light.

Looks good with a Sun lamp as a light source

Gold 3
Gold 3 was mentioned as looking more like "Polished Brass" and was moved to the "Brass" Section.

Gold 4
This is also kind of like brass, somewhat old and worn. To tweak it more you could add a brownish color or make the specularity more reddish.

"Material" tab

Color: R 1, G .954, B .392

"Shaders" tab

Reflectivity (Lambert): .843

Specularity (Blinn): .5

Hardness(Blinn): 16

Refr (I think this value is "refraction") (Blinn): 5.575

Translucency: .26

Ambience: .183

Emit .072

"Mirror Transp"' Options:

Raymir: enabled, .07

"Map To" tab

Nor: enabled, .50

"Texture" Window

Texture Type: Clouds

"Color" tab

Right Side Color: R .915, G .876, B .394

Left Side Color: Black

Left Side Alpha: 0

By left/rightside I mean the colors and alpha located on these two parts of the nodes window. Image shown here:

Gold 5
Based on material "Gold 3" with some tweaks to be done to make this material look more goldish. Base setup is taken from the release Notes.

You should to take this material as a base and study thoroughly how textures are set up, because without them it loses 50 percent of its convincing look.

Material Col: R=0.912 G=0.782 B=0.082 Spe: R=1.00 G=0.913 B=0.8 Mir: R=0.857 G=0.90 B=0.70

A: 1.0

Mirror Transp Ray Mirror: On RayMir: 0.40

Shaders Diffuse Shader: [Oren Nayar] Ref: 0.8 Rough: 0.9

Specular Shader: [Phong] Spec: 1.4 Hard: 20

From those structure textures (voronoi) I suggest to suppress normal-mapped to the range 0.1-0.3. Gold 6

This is a nice gold material I found online.

Material Diffuse Color: Red=.286; Green=.263; Blue=.136 Specular Color: Red=1; Green=.96; Blue=.656 Mirror Color: Red=.751; Green=.664; Blue=.289 Alpha: 1

Mirror/Transparency Ray Mirror is on and is set to 1.00.

Shaders Diffuse (Lambert): .54 Specular (CookTorr): 1.86 Specular Hardness is 356.

Gold 7
Using Blender 2.62 and the Cycles Render, I built this image showing the different settings Fixed gold color: E5BF65 Material Surface: Glossy, Transparent Glossy, Translucent Glossy, Velvet Glossy, Diffuse Glossy, Diffuse

Gold


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Woods

Method 1
Material
 * Color:
 * R: .747
 * G: .665
 * B: .347

Shaders
 * Ref: .6
 * Spec: .44
 * Hard: 50

Texture: Cloud
 * NoiseSize: .072
 * NoiseDepth: 6

MapInput
 * sizeX: 8.2
 * sizeY: 1.0
 * sizeZ: 1.0

MapTo
 * R: .542
 * G: .487
 * B: .237

Method 2
Material
 * Color:
 * R: .6
 * G: .28
 * B: .28

Shaders
 * Ref: .5
 * Hard: 100

Texture: Cloud
 * NoiseSize: .11
 * NoiseDepth: 1

MapInput
 * sizeX: 10.0
 * sizeY: 1.0
 * sizeZ: 1.0

MapTo
 * R: .28
 * G: .14
 * B: .14

Painted Wood
Material is of your choosing and will be represented by "m" Material
 * Color:
 * R: m
 * G: m
 * B: m

Shaders
 * Ref: 0.6
 * Hard: 50

Texture: Cloud
 * NoiseSize: 0.1
 * NoiseDepth: 3

MapInput
 * sizeX: 8
 * sizeY: 1
 * sizeZ: 1

MapTo
 * R: m-3
 * G: m-2
 * B: m-2

Woods


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Mirrors

Mirrors can add an extra level of realism and beauty to your work. They can be applied to any surface, flat or round.

To texture a mirror, keep all settings as default except:

Mirror Transp

Ray Mirror: On

RayMir: 0.7

Fresnel: 1

Fac: 1.17

Mirrors


text:
C Sharp Programming/Introduction

To compile your first C# application, you will need a copy of a .NET Framework SDK installed on your PC.

There are two .NET frameworks available: Microsoft's and Mono's.

Microsoft .NET
For Windows, the .NET Framework SDK can be downloaded from Microsoft's .NET Framework Developer Center. If the default Windows directory (the directory where Windows or WinNT is installed) is, the .Net Framework SDK installation places the Visual C# .NET compiler (csc) in the

directory for version 1.0, the

directory for version 1.1, the

directory for version 2.0, the

directory for version 3.0, the

directory for version 3.5, or the

directory for version 4.0.

Mono
For Windows, Linux, or other Operating Systems, an installer can be downloaded from the Mono website. The Mono C# compiler is called mcs.

Linux
In Linux you can use the MonoDevelop IDE, and either download from their website at: MonoDevelop Downloads, or install via apt-get or your distro's installer.

 * Debian-based distros:

sudo apt-get install monodevelop

 * Arch Linux:

sudo pacman -S mono monodevelop

Windows
You can download MonoDevelop from their website at: Mono website. Click the Windows icon, and follow the installation instructions.

If you are working on Windows it is a good idea to add the path to the folders that contain cs.exe or mcs.exe to the Path environment variable so that you do not need to type the full path each time you want to compile.

For writing C#.NET code, there are plenty of editors that are available. It's entirely possible to write C#.NET programs with a simple text editor, but it should be noted that this requires you to compile the code yourself. Microsoft offers a wide range of code editing programs under the Visual Studio line that offer syntax highlighting as well as compiling and debugging capabilities. Currently C#.NET can be compiled in Visual Studio 2002 and 2003 (only supports the .NET Framework version 1.0 and 1.1) and Visual Studio 2005 (supports the .NET Framework 2.0 and earlier versions with some tweaking). Microsoft offers five Visual Studio editions, four of which are sold commercially. The Visual Studio C# Express Edition can be downloaded and used for free from Microsoft's website.

Hello, World!
The code below will demonstrate a C# program written in a simple text editor. Start by saving the following code to a text file called :

To compile, run the following from the command line:
 * For standard Microsoft installations of .NET 2.0,first cd into the directory with your source file then run
 * For Mono run.
 * For users of cscc, compile with.

Doing so will produce. The following command will run :
 * On Windows, use.
 * On Linux, use  or.

Alternatively, in Visual C# express, you could just hit F5 or the green play button to run the code. If you want to run without debugging, press CTRL-F5.

Running  will produce the following output: Hello, World! The program will then wait for you to strike 'enter' before returning to the command prompt.

Note that the example above includes the namespace via the  keyword. That inclusion allows direct references to any member of the namespace without specifying its fully qualified name.

The first call to the method of the  class uses a fully qualified reference.

The second call to that method shortens the reference to the class by taking advantage of the fact that the  namespace is included (with ).

C# is a fully object-oriented language. The following sections explain the syntax of the C# language as a beginner's course for programming in the language. Note that much of the power of the language comes from the classes provided with the .NET framework, which are not part of the C# language syntax per se.

title: C Sharp Programming/Introduction


text:
C Sharp Programming/Operators

C# operators and their precedence closely resemble the operators in other languages of the C family.

Similar to C++, classes can overload most operators, defining or redefining the behavior of the operators in contexts where the first argument of that operator is an instance of that class, but doing so is often discouraged for clarity.

Operators can be grouped by their arity as nullary, unary, binary, ternary, n-ary.

Following are the built-in behaviors of C# operators.

Arithmetic
The following arithmetic operators operate on numeric operands (arguments and  in the "expression" below).

Logical
The following logical operators operate on boolean or integral operands, as noted.

Relational
The binary relational operators,  , , ,  , and   are used for relational operations and for type comparisons.

Assignment
The most basic is the operator. Not surprisingly, it assigns the value (or reference) of its second argument to its first argument. As such, the assignment operator is binary, but has an n-ary form.

(More technically, the operator  requires for its first (left) argument an expression to which a value can be assigned (an l-value) and for its second (right) argument an expression that can be evaluated (an r-value). That requirement of an assignable expression to its left and a bound expression to its right is the origin of the terms l-value and r-value.)

The first argument of the assignment operator is typically a variable. When that argument has a value type, the assignment operation changes the argument's underlying value. When the first argument is a reference type, the assignment operation changes the reference, so the first argument typically just refers to a different object, but the object that it originally referenced does not change (except that it may no longer be referenced and may thus be a candidate for garbage collection).

Short-hand Assignment
The short-hand assignment operators shortens the common assignment operation of  into , resulting in less typing and neater syntax.

Pointer manipulation
''NOTE: Most C# developers agree that direct manipulation and use of pointers is not recommended in C#. The language has many built-in classes to allow you to do almost any operation you want. C# was built with memory-management in mind and the creation and use of pointers is greatly disruptive to this end. This speaks to the declaration of pointers and the use of pointer notation, not arrays. In fact, a program may only be compiled in "unsafe mode", if it uses pointers.''

Others
C sharp/Operatori

title: C Sharp Programming/Operators


text:
C Sharp Programming/Control

Conditional, iteration, jump, and exception handling statements control a program's flow of execution.

A conditional statement can decide something using keywords such as,.

An iteration statement can create a loop using keywords such as, , , , and.

A jump statement can be used to transfer program control using keywords such as, , , and.

Conditional statements
A conditional statement decides whether to execute code based on conditions. The statement and the  statement are the two types of conditional statements in C#.

statement
As with most of C#, the statement has the same syntax as in C, C++, and Java. Thus, it is written in the following form:

The statement evaluates its condition expression to determine whether to execute the if-body. Optionally, an clause can immediately follow the if body, providing code to execute when the condition is false. Making the else-body another statement creates the common cascade of, , , ,  statements:

statement
The statement is similar to the statement from C, C++ and Java.

Unlike C, each statement must finish with a jump statement (that can be  or  or ). In other words, C# does not support "fall through" from one statement to the next (thereby eliminating a common source of unexpected behaviour in C programs). However "stacking" of cases is allowed, as in the example below. If is used, it may refer to a case label or the default case (e.g.  or ).

The label is optional. If no default case is defined, then the default behaviour is to do nothing.

A simple example:

A nice improvement over the C switch statement is that the switch variable can be a string. For example:

Iteration statements
An iteration statement creates a loop of code to execute a variable number of times. The loop, the  loop, the  loop, and the  loop are the iteration statements in C#.

loop
The loop likewise has the same syntax as in other languages derived from C. It is written in the following form:
 * do...while-loop ::= "do" body "while" "(" condition ")"
 * condition ::= boolean-expression
 * body ::= statement-or-statement-block

The loop always runs its body once. After its first run, it evaluates its condition to determine whether to run its body again. If the condition is true, the body executes. If the condition evaluates to true again after the body has run, the body executes again. When the condition evaluates to false, the loop ends.

The above code writes the integers from 0 to 10 to the console.

loop
The loop likewise has the same syntax as in other languages derived from C. It is written in the following form:
 * for-loop ::= "for" "(" initialization ";" condition ";" iteration ")" body
 * initialization ::= variable-declaration | list-of-statements
 * condition ::= boolean-expression
 * iteration ::= list-of-statements
 * body ::= statement-or-statement-block

The initialization variable declaration or statements are executed the first time through the loop, typically to declare and initialize an index variable. The condition expression is evaluated before each pass through the body to determine whether to execute the body. It is often used to test an index variable against some limit. If the condition evaluates to true, the body is executed. The iteration statements are executed after each pass through the body, typically to increment or decrement an index variable.

The above code writes the integers from 0 to 99 to the console.

loop
The statement is similar to the  statement in that both allow code to iterate over the items of collections, but the  statement lacks an iteration index, so it works even with collections that lack indices altogether. It is written in the following form:
 * foreach-loop ::= "foreach" "(" variable-declaration "in" enumerable-expression ")" body
 * body ::= statement-or-statement-block

The enumerable-expression is an expression of a type that implements, so it can be an array or a collection. The variable-declaration declares a variable that will be set to the successive elements of the enumerable-expression for each pass through the body. The loop exits when there are no more elements of the enumerable-expression to assign to the variable of the variable-declaration.

In the above code, the statement iterates over the elements of the string array to write "Alpha", "Bravo", and "Charlie" to the console.

loop
The loop has the same syntax as in other languages derived from C. It is written in the following form:
 * while-loop ::= "while" "(" condition ")" body
 * condition ::= boolean-expression
 * body ::= statement-or-statement-block

The loop evaluates its condition to determine whether to run its body. If the condition is true, the body executes. If the condition then evaluates to true again, the body executes again. When the condition evaluates to false, the loop ends.

Jump statements
A jump statement can be used to transfer program control using keywords such as, , , , and.

A break statement is used to exit from a case in a switch statement and also used to exit from for, foreach, while, do .. while loops that will switch the control to the statement immediately after the end of the loop.

The keyword transfers program control just before the end of a loop. The condition for the loop is then checked, and if it is met, the loop performs another iteration.

The keyword identifies the return value for the function or method (if any), and transfers control to the end of the function.

The keyword is used to define an iterator block that produces values for an enumerator. It is typically used within a method implementation of the interface as an easy way to create an iterator. It is written in the following forms:
 * yield ::= "yield" "return" expression
 * yield ::= "yield" "break"

The following example shows the usage of the yield keyword inside the method. This method defines an iterator block, and will return an enumerator object that generates the value of a counter from zero to, incrementing by for each value generated.

The keyword throws an exception. If it is located within a try block, it will transfer the control to a catch block that matches the exception - otherwise, it will check if any calling functions are contained within the matching catch block and transfer execution there. If no functions contain a catch block, the program may terminate because of an unhandled exception.

Exceptions and the throw statement are described in greater detail in the Exceptions chapter.

C 샤프 프로그래밍/제어문

title: C Sharp Programming/Control


text:
C Sharp Programming/Variables

Variables are used to store values. More technically, a variable binds an object (in the general sense of the term, i.e. a specific value) to an identifier (the variable's name) so that the object can be accessed later. Variables can, for example, store a value for later use:

In this example "name" is the identifier and "Dr. Jones" is the value that we bound to it. Also, each variable is declared with an explicit type. Only values whose types are compatible with the variable's declared type can be bound to (stored in) the variable. In the above example we stored "Dr. Jones" into a variable of the type. This is a legal statement. However, if we had said =, the compiler would have thrown an error telling us that you cannot implicitly convert between  and. There are methods for doing this, but we will talk about them later.

Fields, local variables, and parameters
C# supports several program elements corresponding to the general programming concept of variable: fields, parameters, and local variables.

Fields
Fields, sometimes called class-level variables, are variables associated with classes or structures. An instance variable is a field associated with an instance of the class or structure, while a static variable, declared with the keyword, is a field associated with the type itself. Fields can also be associated with their class by making them constants, which requires a declaration assignment of a constant value and prevents subsequent changes to the field.

Each field has a visibility of public, protected, internal, protected internal, or private (from most visible to least visible).

Local variables
Like fields, local variables can optionally be constant. Constant local variables are stored in the assembly data region, while non-constant local variables are stored on (or referenced from) the stack. They thus have both a scope and an extent of the method or statement block that declares them.

Parameter
Parameters are variables associated with a method.

An in parameter may either have its value passed in from the caller to the method's environment, so that changes to the parameter by the method do not affect the value of the caller's variable, or passed in by reference, so that changes to the variables will affect the value of the caller's variable. Value types (int, double, string) are passed in "by value" while reference types (objects) are passed in "by reference." Since this is the default for the C# compiler, it is not necessary to use '&', as in C or C++.

An out parameter does not have its value copied, thus changes to the variable's value within the method's environment directly affect the value from the caller's environment. Such a variable is considered by the compiler to be unbound upon method entry, thus it is illegal to reference an out parameter before assigning it a value. It also must be assigned by the method in each valid (non-exceptional) code path through the method in order for the method to compile.

A reference parameter is similar to an out parameter, except that it is bound before the method call and it need not be assigned by the method.

A params parameter represents a variable number of parameters. If a method signature includes one, the params argument must be the last argument in the signature.

Types
Each type in C# is either a value type or a reference type. C# has several predefined ("built-in") types and allows for declaration of custom value types and reference types.

There is a fundamental difference between value types and reference types: Value types are allocated on the stack, whereas reference types are allocated on the heap.

Value types
The value types in the .NET framework are usually small, frequently used types. The benefit of using them is that the type requires very little resources to get up and running by the CLR. Value types do not require memory to be allocated on the heap and therefore will not cause garbage collection. However, in order to be useful, the value types (or types derived from it) should remain small - ideally below 16 bytes of data. If you choose to make your value type bigger, it is recommended that you do not pass it to methods (which can require a copy of all its fields), or return it from methods.

Although this sounds like a useful type to have, it does have some flaws, which need to be understood when using it.

 * Value types are always copied (intrinsically) before being passed to a method. Changes to this new object will not be reflected back in the original object passed into the method.
 * Value types do not /need/ you to call their constructor. They are automatically initialized.
 * Value types always initialize their fields to 0 or null.
 * Value types can NEVER be assigned a value of null (but can using Nullable types)
 * Value types sometimes need to be boxed (wrapped inside an object), allowing their values to be used like objects.

Reference types
Reference types are managed very differently by the CLR. All reference types consist of two parts: A pointer to the heap (which contains the object), and the object itself. Reference types are slightly heavier weight because of the management behind the scenes needed to keep track of them. However, this is a minor price to pay for the flexibility and speed gains from passing a pointer around, rather than copying values to/from methods.

When an object is initialized, by use of the constructor, and is of a reference type, the CLR must perform four operations:

 * 1) The CLR calculates the amount of memory required to hold the object on the heap.
 * 2) The CLR inserts the data into the newly created memory space.
 * 3) The CLR marks where the end of the space lies, so that the next object can be placed there.
 * 4) The CLR returns a reference to the newly created space.

This occurs every single time an object is created. However the assumption is that there is infinite memory, therefore some maintenance needs to take place - and that's where the garbage collector comes in.

Integral types
Because the type system in C# is unified with other languages that are CLI-compliant, each integral C# type is actually an alias for a corresponding type in the .NET framework. Although the names of the aliases vary between .NET languages, the underlying types in the .NET framework remain the same. Thus, objects created in assemblies written in other languages of the .NET Framework can be bound to C# variables of any type to which the value can be converted, per the conversion rules below. The following illustrates the cross-language compatibility of types by comparing C# code with the equivalent Visual Basic .NET code:

Using the language-specific type aliases is often considered more readable than using the fully-qualified .NET Framework type names.

The fact that each C# type corresponds to a type in the unified type system gives each value type a consistent size across platforms and compilers. That consistency is an important distinction from other languages such as C, where, e.g. a is only guaranteed to be at least as large as an , and is implemented with different sizes by different compilers. As reference types, variables of types derived from (i.e. any ) are exempt from the consistent size requirement. That is, the size of reference types like, as opposed to value types like , may vary by platform. Fortunately, there is rarely a need to know the actual size of a reference type.

There are two predefined reference types:, an alias for the class, from which all other reference types derive; and , an alias for the  class. C# likewise has several integral value types, each an alias to a corresponding value type in the namespace of the .NET Framework. The predefined C# type aliases expose the methods of the underlying .NET Framework types. For example, since the .NET Framework's type implements a  method to convert the value of an integer to its string representation, C#'s  type exposes that method:

Likewise, the type implements the  method, which can therefore be accessed via C#'s  type:

The unified type system is enhanced by the ability to convert value types to reference types (boxing) and likewise to convert certain reference types to their corresponding value types (unboxing). This is also known as casting.

Boxing and casting are, however, not type-safe: the compiler won't generate an error if the programmer mixes up the types. In the following short example the mistake is quite obvious, but in complex programs it may be very difficult to spot. Avoid boxing, if possible.

The built-in C# type aliases and their equivalent .NET Framework types follow:

Custom types
The predefined types can be aggregated and extended into custom types.

Custom value types are declared with the or  keyword. Likewise, custom reference types are declared with the keyword.

Arrays
Although the number of dimensions is included in array declarations, the size of each dimension is not:

Assignments to an array variable (prior to the variable's usage), however, specify the size of each dimension:

As with other variable types, the declaration and the initialization can be combined:

It is also important to note that like in Java, arrays are passed by reference, and not passed by value. For example, the following code snippet successfully swaps two elements in an integer array:

It is possible to determine the array size during runtime. The following example assigns the loop counter to the unsigned short array elements:

Since C# 2.0, it is possible to have arrays also inside of structures.

Conversion
Values of a given type may or may not be explicitly or implicitly convertible to other types depending on predefined conversion rules, inheritance structure, and explicit cast definitions.

Predefined conversions
Many predefined value types have predefined conversions to other predefined value types. If the type conversion is guaranteed not to lose information, the conversion can be implicit (i.e. an explicit cast is not required).

Inheritance polymorphism
A value can be implicitly converted to any class from which it inherits or interface that it implements. To convert a base class to a class that inherits from it, the conversion must be explicit in order for the conversion statement to compile. Similarly, to convert an interface instance to a class that implements it, the conversion must be explicit in order for the conversion statement to compile. In either case, the runtime environment throws a conversion exception if the value to convert is not an instance of the target type or any of its derived types.

Scope and extent
The scope and extent of variables is based on their declaration. The scope of parameters and local variables corresponds to the declaring method or statement block, while the scope of fields is associated with the instance or class and is potentially further restricted by the field's access modifiers.

The extent of variables is determined by the runtime environment using implicit reference counting and a complex garbage collection algorithm.

C 샤프 프로그래밍/변수

title: C Sharp Programming/Variables


text:
C Sharp Programming/Syntax

C# syntax looks quite similar to the syntax of Java because both inherit much of their syntax from C and C++. The object-oriented nature of C# requires the high-level structure of a C# program to be defined in terms of classes, whose detailed behaviors are defined by their statements.

Statements
The basic unit of execution in a C# program is the statement. A statement can declare a variable, define an expression, perform a simple action by calling a method, control the flow of execution of other statements, create an object, or assign a value to a variable, property, or field. Statements are usually terminated by a semicolon.

Statements can be grouped into comma-separated statement lists or brace-enclosed statement blocks.

Examples:

Statement blocks
A series of statements surrounded by curly braces form a block of code. Among other purposes, code blocks serve to limit scope, or the range in which a variable can be used. A variable is only accessible in the block in which it is defined. Code blocks can be nested and often appear as the bodies of methods.

Comments
Comments allow inline documentation of source code. The C# compiler ignores comments. These styles of comments are allowed in C#:
 * Single-line comments: The character sequence marks the following text as a single-line comment. Single-line comments, as one would expect, end at the first end-of-line following the  comment marker.
 * Multiple-line comments: Comments can span multiple lines by using the multiple-line comment style. Such comments start with and end with . The text between those multi-line comment markers is the comment.

 * XML Documentation-line comments: These comments are used to generate XML documentation. Single-line and multiple-line styles can be used. The single-line style, where each line of the comment begins with, is more common than the multiple-line style delimited by and.

Case sensitivity
C# is case-sensitive, including its variable and method names.

The variables and  of type  below are distinct because C# is case-sensitive: For example, C# defines a class to handle most operations with the console window. Writing the following code would result in a compiler error unless an object named had been previously defined.

The following corrected code compiles as expected because it uses the correct case:

C 샤프 프로그래밍/문법

title: C Sharp Programming/Syntax


text:
User talk:Jonas Nordlund

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --Derbeth talk 21:25, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jonas Nordlund


text:
User:Yoozer~enwikibooks

My name is Rob Janssen and I'm 27 year old. I live in the Netherlands. Currently I'm working as a webdeveloper at a local company. One of my favorite pastimes is making music; specifically electronic music. I have a modest recording studio with a collection of synthesizers.

At Wikibooks I am trying to start a project to create a resource for beginners and advanced users who want to know more about the production, mixing and mastering of electronic music, and a guide for the gear needed to do the job.

My first project is putting an article about mixing bass together that would otherwise have been gone, or scattered. All the source text is by the hand of the British hardtrance producer Eufex.

title: User:Yoozer~enwikibooks


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Light Effects

Strange Blue Material
Three things are important with this material:
 * 1) Fresnel Transparency (no Raytracing)
 * 2) A Clouds Texture for Displacement, so the sphere has Subdivision Surfaces Level 3 for the render.
 * 3) Lots of Emit with the usual Nor and Z/-/- settings on the Map Input panel for a radial blend.

In fact I've used three textures. So let's have a look a the material settings first:

The Texture Mappings are:

This is not optimized, Spec is too strong, Emit would better have gone to another texture.

The Textures:

The Clouds Texture is made pretty much with the Default Values.

The first Blend Texture uses a colorband with a very sharp falloff.

The second Blend Texture uses a normal Sphere Blend, so it's not necessary to show it.

Light Effects


text:
Mixing and Mastering

This book discusses the art of mixing and mastering sound recordings. Currently, there are a vast number of articles about this subject, but there is no unified source for all of these, and it is difficult to find every single piece of information. Fairly regularly, articles pop up on forums or forum users lift the veil on what is usually seen as an arcane art. Forums get pruned and websites may lose their content, and therefore having a single editable persistent resource would be ideal to refer people to.

The basics

 * Introduction
 * Requirements

Equalizing

 * Introduction
 * Understanding EQ

Compression

 * Introduction
 * Singleband compression
 * Multiband compression
 * Sidechaining

Reverb & Spatial Placement

 * Introduction
 * Simple Delay

Complete tutorials

 * Bass mixdown

title: Mixing and Mastering