text:
Wikibooks talk:Natural sciences bookshelf

This seems to be an exciting project. But if we're ever going to build up a useful resource in science, people should add references to their work. At least if this information should ever be used for academic purpose - which I have very strong doubts about. - Mendalus
 * If people are using external references - I'm sure they'll add it. Most of us are writing texts from our own knowledge (so we own the copyright to the material - see en:Wikipedia:Copyrights - we fall under the same licensing). Dysprosia 10:34, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * By academic standards - which this project need to follow if they're ever going to be used for academic purposes - you try to look up references (mainly published scientific articles) even though you write out of your own knowledge. :) If you've got a textbook in a subject, take a look at the references given there. You do not infringe any copyrights by using some of those references. Anyways, you're doing a great job! Keep on! - Mendalus 129.177.45.112 14:48, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Well yes, but most textbooks put a bibliography at then end of the book, not as they go along. Remember these are textbooks not scientific papers Theresa knott 16:05, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Medical wiki
Don't want to spoil anybody's plans here but I have been maintaining a separate wiki for medicine the past few months now. You can see it here. Mednotes.net Weiming --82.35.40.201 23:02, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: This is not really "spoiling" anything.  Wikibooks is a good way to help collect information, and certainly Wikibooks could be a mirror/fork of a project that is done elsewhere... particularly if it is released with a copyright license that is compatable with the GFDL.  There are some high school science textbooks that are being done exactly this way.  An advantage to having the content here is that you don't have to maintain the server, and it is likely that this server will be around for a few years, as opposed to a private server.  Rob Horning 3 July 2005 11:12 (UTC)

Medicine as a separate bookshelf
I think Medicine is too vast a subject and too heavy to be listed in the Science bookshelf. It is more appropriate that this bookshelf is listed independently. This is not to say it does not belong to Science. It invariably does but it deserves a separate, independent category of its own!!

BDB 08:38, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

QUESTION
Are wikibooks ever finished?? like do they close to edits?

Rename entry for Ethology in bookshelf
I have been working on the Animal Behavior Book for some time. On the book shelf it is listed as the much more restrictive term ethology, which automatically redirects to - animal behavior. Would somebody in the know be so kind to rename the entry in the book shelf so it is directly listed as Animal Behavior instead of ethology? Robert Huber 18:33, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * ✅. Darklama fixed it in the Biology bookshelf template, which is transcluded here -- I don't see any mention of "ethology" now. --DavidCary (talk) 05:04, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

New textbook: Chemical Principles
I am nearly halfway finished creating a textbook for first-year college students called Chemical Principles. It is based on a traditional textbook of the same title and is used with the explicit written permission of the authors (Dickerson, Gray and Haight). Can someone please tell me  How to get the text linked to the Natural Sciences and Chemistry pages, along with the other Chemistry textbooks How to get authorized to review/approve the pages (as my students are entering information)  Thanks. Chuck Wight 20:01, 27 April 2009 (UTC)


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Latin/Appendix B

Classical Latin is pronounced in a highly phonetic manner.

Diphthongs:
 * Ae is pronounced as a long 'i'.
 * Oe is pronounced as a short 'i'.

Digraphs:
 * Ph is pronounced as an aspirated 'p', like ph in 'tophat'. It is equivalent to the Greek letter φ 'phi'. *Often, however, it is just pronounced 'f' as in fat'.
 * Th is pronounced as an aspirated 't', like th in rat hall'. It is equivalent to the Greek letter θ 'theta'. *Often, however, it is just pronounced 'th' as in 'threat'.
 * Qu is pronounced 'kw' like in English.

 * Y is pronounced 'u' as in put. It is equivalent to the Greek letter υ 'upsilon'.
 * J, a form of consonantal i used in Medieval Latin texts, is pronounced like a 'y'. Similarly, i, when is used as a consonant, is pronounced with a 'y' sound.

 * C is always pronounced hard (velar [k] - as in English 'cat'), even when it follows an 'e' or 'i'. It is never pronounced as English 'c' in 'cell'.

 * G is always pronounced hard (velar [g] - as in English 'go'), even following 'e' and 'i'. It is never pronounced as in English 'gel'.

 * R was probably trilled or tapped, closer to modern Italian than to English.

 * Classical latin texts used only capital letters, and the same letter, 'V', was used for what are now spelt as 'u' and 'v' in most texts. This is still reflected in some modern Latin texts, where a capital 'u' is spelt 'V'.  When used as a consonant, 'V' was pronounced much like English 'w'.

b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, q, s, t, x, and z are pronounced as they are normally pronounced in English.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Latin/Appendix B


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Talk:English in Use/Nouns

Untitled
Trying to describe a noun is hard! Words are just text labels for objects, concepts, actions, attributes, or simply "things" which fulfil certain functions within the languages which use them. Nouns are words which are associated with physical objects, or with abstract concepts, or with the names of people or objects or concepts.

I am not sure that it is OK to say that "Nouns are just names"!

Further, I do wonder whether it makes sense to do this section without using images. Mention is made of a chair, but this does not make sense to anyone who does not already know a word for chair, or who has not seen a chair or used one. David Martland 11:06, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I copied the exercises here, this article is already much too long. Adding the whole Wikipedia article on plurals there made it a mess. Perhaps the articles should be in a separate article, as a long article with many exercises in the middle is almost impossible to follow. Tkorrovi (talk) 15:39, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Exercises
'''Write the plurals. Follow the examples.'''

Exercise 1 Most plurals ? noum + -s. cat       ____________________________________ chair     ____________________________________ girl      ____________________________________ sofa      ____________________________________ student   ____________________________________
 * e.g.: book ? books

Exercise 2 Nouns ending in -s,-ss,-sh,-ch,-x,-z ? noum + -es, which is spelled -es if the word does not already end with -e.
 * e.g.: glass ? glasses, phase ? phases

dish      ____________________________________ witch     ____________________________________

Exercise 3 Nouns ending in -y preceded by a vowel ? noum + -s.
 * e.g.: boy ? boys

day       ____________________________________ monkey    ____________________________________ key       ____________________________________

Exercise 4 Nouns ending in -y preceded by a consonant ? -y + -ies
 * e.g.: cherry ? cherries

lady      ____________________________________

Exercise 5 Nouns ending in –o ? noun + -es

potato    ____________________________________ volcano   ____________________________________
 * e.g.: hero ? heroes

Exeptions:

a) Some foreign words (especially from Latin). ? noun + -s
 * e.g.: kilo ? kilos

b) All nouns ending in –o preceded by a vowel. ? noun + -s
 * e.g.: radio ?	radios

c) Some nouns ending in –o have two plural forms. ? noun + -s or -es
 * e.g.: volcano	? volcanos or volcanoes

buffalo   ____________________________________ mango     ____________________________________

Exercise 6 A few nouns ending in -f or -fe ? -ves
 * e.g.: calf ? calves

elf       ____________________________________ half      ____________________________________ knife     ____________________________________ leaf      ____________________________________ life      ____________________________________ loaf      ____________________________________ sheaf     ____________________________________ shelf     ____________________________________ thief     ____________________________________ wife      ____________________________________ wolf      ____________________________________

Exercise 7 Many words ending in -f or -fe ? noun + -s proof     ____________________________________ roof      ____________________________________
 * e.g.: cliff ? cliffs

Note: Some words have both forms.
 * e.g.: staff ?	staffs or staves

Exercise 8 Regular Plurals of Nouns - Gap-fill exercise (External link)

title: Talk:English in Use/Nouns


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User:Ugen64

I'm ugen, and I originally hail from Wikipedia. I will focus mostly on mathematics, history, and science, and there seems to be a nice Computer Game Walkthroughs section...

title: User:Ugen64


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User talk:Ugen64

Hi Ugen :) I hope you feel at home here as well as Wikipedia :) Dysprosia 01:05, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ugen64


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Talk:Spanish/Pronunciation

Audio Recording
Speaking from personal experience from learning foreign languages, it is really useful to have an AUDIO recording of the pronunciation of the various sounds in a language.

Having approximations like "'A' as in 'father'" etc. is all very well, but it really is no substitute for hearing a native make the sound and then replicating it. Written words are subject to the variances of dialect and accent- for example while "Pen" might be pronounced "Pehn" in the UK and USA, in New Zealand it is pronounced "Piin". Reliance on written approximations of a sound is thus quite dangerous and restrictive for a self-learner of a language.

If you think about it, the reason books used these approximations back in the day, was that it was a BOOK BACK IN THE DAY. It's 2009 for freaks sake- on the internet!! The ability to integrate audio into the learning of a language is a marvellous opportunity that we should capitalise on! The old book format of self-learning was subject to the technological limitations of yesteryear. We should be availing of the ease of audio integration that is at our disposal to provide a dynamic language learning experience.

I therefore request that a native record each sound: perhaps saying the sound alone, then in a word, repeated, and then as a sound alone again. This could easily be inserted as an mp3 beside each individual sound. It will only really take about an hour's work or so and would REALLY contribute to learning that the wikibook seeks to provide!

All the best, Jack

Yes LOVECYNthia Powers (discuss • contribs) 22:49, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

Ch, Ll, Ñ
While Ch and Ll have now been added to "c" and "l" in the Real Academia Española dictionaries and other dictionaries, keep in mind that in ALL the Spanish-Spanish dictionaries, Ñ/ñ is a letter by its own, and hasn't (nor has a reason to) been eliminated from the order of M, N, Ñ, O in the dictionaries.

Common pronunciation of Ll
Is the 'proper' pronunciation of ll as 'gl' like in Italian actually exist in the Spanish-speaking world? It seems it exists solely academically.

More to the point, while the 'll' is often pronounced like the 'y' in English, in many areas it is actually closer to the 'zh' sound and, notably in many parts of Argentina, quite nearly the English 'sh' sound. Anecdotally, I have used both the 'y' and the 'zh' versions and have never had it questioned, even by academics. I believe the fair student can stick with either of these and avoid the unusual sounding 'gl'. Just an opinion.

156.56.73.196 18:00, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed the whole "properly" nonsense. There are numerous proper ways to say the letter ll. Castilian Spanish is not any more "proper".

Hablan
it says that hablan is pronounced HA- BLAN not A- BLAN like it should be 144.138.190.1 07:33, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * huh? Hablan is pronounced AH-blahn, with emphasis on the first syllable. This is the rule of stress for words ending in the letter N but that do not have an accent to signify stress.

alignment on page 5
The left and right columns have their "middle" aligned. This is confusing. They should have their TOP aligned.Š

d, touching teeth
"Between vowels, the tongue should be lowered so as to not touch the teeth (somewhat similar to the th in the)."

But the tongue does touch the teeth in the, in English - could this please be clarified? --Chriswaterguy (talk) 17:55, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

N
"Like n in no. Before p, b, f and v (and in some regions m) sounds as m in important..." never write n before a B or a P, always, mp and mb Bold text

What is "over-cultism"?
The section on the letter 'v' states that pronouncing 'v' like 'v' instead of 'b' is an 'over-cultism'. An internet search sheds absolutely no light on the meaning of this phrase. Curious students who doubt the veracity of this wiki page (because anyone can edit it) will wonder if the phrase 'over-cultism' might mean something along the lines of being a widely held belief thoroughly known to be wrong to those in the know. No one can be sure though. Is it a neologism? If 'over-cultism' is synonymous with 'common misconception', that might be a better word choice.

For me, a beginner, it seems possible that v is a sort of cross between an English v and b, with at least a different mouth shape from a Spanish 'b'. Does it vary region to region, or is it really so absolute?

76.176.35.14 (discuss) 19:43, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

About Spanish "Q"
On this page it says that "qu" can substitute "cu" before "a" or "o". Is this true, and how common is it?

Reading/Literature
i love the spanish book! Learning all about speaking spanish? What a great book! it is the best book of my life! do you have a japanese one or a chinese one? please send a message soon! 47.6.22.25 (discuss) 13:25, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish/Pronunciation


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Internet Technologies/Domain names

The Domain Name System, most often known as simply DNS, is a core feature of the Internet. It is a distributed database that handles the mapping between host names (domain names), which are more convenient for humans, and the numerical Internet addresses. For example, www.wikipedia.org is a domain name and 130.94.122.199 the corresponding numerical internet address. The domain name system acts much like an automated phone book, so you can "call" www.wikipedia.org instead of 130.94.122.199. So, it converts human-friendly names such as "www.wikipedia.org" into computer-friendly (IP) addresses such as 130.94.122.199. It can also handle the reverse mapping, meaning that we can query for a name for 130.94.122.199, that return larousse.wikipedia.org

DNS was first invented in 1983 by Paul Mockapetris; the original specifications are described in RFC 882. In 1987 RFC 1034 and RFC 1035 were published which updated the DNS specification and made RFC 882 and RFC 883 obsolete. Subsequent to that there have been quite a few RFCs published that propose various extensions to the core protocols.

DNS implements a hierarchical name space by allowing name service for parts of a name space known as zones to be "delegated" by a name server to subsidiary name-servers. DNS also provides additional information, such as alias names for systems, contact information, and which hosts act as mail hubs for groups of systems or domains.

The present restriction on the length of domain names is 63 characters, excluding the www. and .com or other extension. Domain names are also limited to a subset of ASCII characters, preventing many languages from representing their names and words correctly. The Punycode-based IDNA system, which maps Unicode strings into the valid DNS character set, has been approved by ICANN and adopted by some registries as a workaround.

The DNS system is run by various flavors of DNS software, including:

 * BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), the most commonly used namedaemon.
 * DJBDNS (Dan J Bernstein's DNS implementation)
 * MaraDNS
 * NSD (Name Server Daemon)
 * PowerDNS

Any IP computer network can use DNS to implement its own private name system. However, the term "domain name" is most commonly used to refer to domain names implemented in the public Internet DNS system. This is based on thirteen "root servers" worldwide, all but three of which are in the United States of America. From these thirteen root servers, the rest of the Internet DNS name space is delegated to other DNS servers which serve names within specific parts of the DNS name space.

An 'owner' of a domain name can be found by looking in the WHOIS database: for most TLDs a basic WHOIS is held by ICANN, with the detailed WHOIS maintained by the domain registry which controls that domain. For the 240+ Country Code TLDs the position is usually that the registry holds the entire authorative WHOIS for that extension, as part of their many functions.

The current way the main DNS system is controlled is often criticized. The most common problems pointed at are that it is abused by monopolies or near-monopolies such as VeriSign Inc., and problems with assignment of top-level domains.

Some also allege that many implementations of DNS server software fail to work gracefully with dynamically allocated IP addresses, although that is the failure of specific implementations and not failures of the protocol itself.

DNS uses TCP and UDP port 53. Most DNS queries (such as name resolution requests) use UDP connections as the amount of data transferred is small and the session establishment overhead would introduce unnecessary traffic and load on nameservers. DNS zone file transfers between nameserver peers use TCP connections as the volume of data transferred is potentially much larger.

A DNS domain definition (sometimes referred to as a 'zone file') consists of individual DNS records. There are several record types in common usage:
 * SOA or Start Of Authority records contain parameters for the domain definition itself.
 * A records resolve names into an IP addresses
 * PTR records resolve IP addresses to names
 * NS records define the authoritative nameservers for the domain.
 * CNAME or Canonical Name records allow aliasing of one name to another.
 * MX or Mail Exchange records define the mail server associated with a domain or A record.
 * HINFO or Hardware Information records can be used to hold descriptive text about a specific device.

Virtually all modern operating systems and network applications contain resolved libraries or routines for interrogating DNS services. However, OSs generally provide a command line interface for querying DNS servers. The Windows NT family of operating systems provides the 'nslookup' command. Unix-based operating systems may also offer 'nslookup' or 'dig' tools.

nslookup can either be used interactively, or non-interactively. An example of non-interactive usage follows. In this example, we gather the A record for www.wikipedia.org from the client's default nameserver:

nslookup www.wikipedia.org

Nslookup is somewhat more powerful when used interactively. An example of this follows. In the example, we find the mail servers for the domain wikipedia.org:

nslookup

> set q=MX

> wikipedia.org

Non-authoritative answer:

wikipedia.org  MX preference = 50, mail exchanger = mormo.org

wikipedia.org  MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.wikimedia.org

>

See also: cybersquatting, dynamic DNS, ICANN, DNSSEC

title: Internet Technologies/Domain names


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Wikibooks:How to obtain public domain books

There are many resources available on the net that are in the public domain, and therefore freely usable without restrictions for Wikimedia universe (this includes Wikibooks) content.

There are also many copyrighted resources whose licensing terms are liberal enough that they can generally be used as well. For these, see free or semi-free non-Public-Domain information resources and GNU Free Documentation license resources (includes images).

This page is intended as a list of only true public domain text resources. For public domain images, see public domain image resources.

CAVEAT: Because there is no concept of public domain in Japan's copyright law, even though the materials are claimed public domain, there can be some restrictions such as about commercial use, which has a conflict with GFDL. Also, unlike the United States, most English speaking commonwealth countries exert Crown copyright. Please make certain that in any particular jurisdiction government agencies will allow you to copy materials without permission.

India government sites also seem to be copyright by default. Quoting from : ''Unless otherwise stated, copyright and all intellectual property rights in all material presented on the site (including but not limited to text, audio, video or graphical images), trademarks and logos appearing on this site are the property of Government of Maharashtra and are protected under applicable Indian laws. Any infringement shall be vigorously defended and pursued to the fullest extent permitted by law.''

Please don't data dump!
The resources below are valuable, but many are very old, context-dependent, written from biased points of view, and otherwise are not in themselves good encyclopedia articles. The 1911 encyclopedia discussed below is a good example of this - it contains some useful information, but also antiquated writing style and innumerable errors of fact.

So please, if you copy material from these sources, make sure you take some time to verify the actuality of the information, edit, update, introduce, or otherwise produce a good article out of it rather than just dumping it here verbatim. But if you can't do that, put it in anyway because somebody else will come by and tweak it. Wikibooks books are living texts, because everybody has the power to edit them. An entry that starts out incorrect, as a stub or even as something very inane will eventually be tweaked and evolve into something much more sophisticated.

US Government

 * Most publications of the United States Federal Government. Under the Federal Copyright Act material that is originated by the Federal government is not subject to copyright.  In some cases, material may originate with a private contractor which assigns the copyright to the agency.  However, material that is generated by the Federal government which doesn't have a notice can be copied. Entries below marked "(US Federal Govt.)" belong to this category. Note this only applies to the *Federal* government.  United States state governments can copyright materials.

Canadian Government

 * While the Canadian government claims Crown copyright there are images archives at the National Library of Canada that are in the public domain. They include:
 * Early Images of Canada 550 images
 * Canadian Illustrated News 4000 half-tone images from 1869-1883

Dictionaries

 * Hypertext Webster Gateway A searchable interface to a 1913 public-domain Webster's dictionary, downloadable here: Public Domain Dictionary

Other

 * Project Gutenberg See in particular The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia (although only Vol 1 of this seems to be available). Note that not all of the Project Gutenberg text are fully in the public domain. Read the license of the respective texts carefully.
 * 1911 Encyclopedia A scanned version of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. The OCR quality is not very high. Some articles end in the middle and continue on the next page. The writing style is antiquated and archaic, contains a fair amount of bias, and the material contains many factual errors. Anything taken from here needs extensive fact-checking and editing. See 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica for ways of best using this material.
 * The Household Cyclopedia
 * The Catholic Encyclopedia (1908)
 * The Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906)
 * The Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906)

 * This website contains the complete contents of the 12-volume Jewish Encyclopedia, which was originally published between 1901-1906. The Jewish Encyclopedia, which recently became part of the public domain, contains over 15,000 articles and illustrations. This online version contains the unedited contents of the original encyclopedia. Since the original work was completed almost 100 years ago, it does not cover a significant portion of modern Jewish History (e.g., the creation of Israel, the Holocaust, etc.). However, it does contain an incredible amount of information that is remarkably relevant today.

 * We are considering inviting the Internet community to help us update the encyclopedia -- if you are interested in volunteering (as a writer, editor, etc.) please join our Mailing List. By putting this important work on the Internet, we hope to improve the quality of Jewish information available online -- and stimulate new discussion. Therefore, we have sections "Discussion Forums" and "Internet Links" which allow our visitors to converse and identify related websites.

 * ibiblio.org is a major repository of information, "the public's library and digital archive". All collections on ibiblio are assumed to be in the public domain unless otherwise noted. Check for copyright notices on any material you wish to use.

 * Web sites that contain collections that are copyright free - a lot of duplication here but it might be some are new.

 * A Pronouncing dictionary of Biography and Mythology. Contains a large number (10000+) short NPOV biographical entries many of which could be copied and pasted to form stubs (due to its focus it contains information on many 19th and 18th century figures not yet covered in Wikibooks).

 * What resources are available in the Public Domain? - Northern Arizona University.

Philosophy, mathematics and natural science

 * Public domain databases of interests to scientists

Astronomy and astrophysics

 * (US Federal Govt.) Space Educators' Handbook
 * (US Federal Govt.) NASA glossary of terms - appears to be in the PD, please check
 * (US Federal Govt.) NASA DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS FOR AEROSPACE USE (originally NASA report SP-7, written in 1965, some pages updated since then: may not be fully up-to-date)

Biology

 * (US Federal Govt.) US Forest Service Fire Effects Database Database of current information on a wide variety of tree, shrub, grass, mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian species found largely in North America -- great reference material

Chemistry
Note: Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved i.e.: PIHKAL and TIHKAL, formerly listed here, are not in the public domain, so cannot be listed here

Geology and Earth science

 * (US Federal Govt.) USGS Mineral Resources Program - "The Mineral Resources Program provides and communicates current, impartial information on the occurrence, quality, quantity, and availability of mineral resources."
 * (US Federal Govt.) NASA GISS glossary of climate terms
 * (US Federal Govt.) NASA Earth Observatory Glossary
 * (US Federal Govt.) Geodesy for the Layman

Mathematics

 * biographies of mathematicians - from a 1908 history of mathematics. See the discussion at Rouse History of Mathematics

Physics

 * Relativity: The Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein
 * Physics for Free has three public domain physics books by former Yale professor Frank Firk. One about basic physics, one about groups and particles and one about Einstein's theories.

Geography and maps

 * (US Federal Govt.) U.S. Census Bureau Has an enormous range of facts and figures which we will find helpful in fleshing out articles about cities and states.
 * (US Federal Govt.) Summary Demographic Data by Country from the US Census Bureau

 * (US Federal Govt.) CIA World Factbook Contains basic facts on all the countries of the world.
 * (US Federal Govt.) U.S. State Dept.: Background notes on the countries of the world. Also see their copyright notice, which, as you'll see, places material that is not explicitly copyrighted in the public domain.
 * (US Federal Govt.) - Library of Congress area country studies.  It explicitly states that it is not copyrighted
 * (US Federal Govt.) the NIMA www.nima.mil GEOnet Names Server contains approximately 3.88 million named geographical features outside the United States, with 5.34 million names
 * (US Federal Govt.) the USGS Geographic Names Information System claims to have almost 2 million physical and cultural geographic features within the United States
 * Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection at the University of Texas (Check Usage statement and verify public domain status.)

History

 * (US Federal Govt.) United States National Archives and Records Administration, the U.S. federal government's official archive site
 * Historical Maps of the Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection at the University of Texas (Public domain usage statement - "Courtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.")
 * (US Federal Govt.) Biographical Directory of the United States Congress - biographical information on everyone who ever served in Congress, including a good number of presidents

Political science

 * (US Federal Govt.) Library of Congress Country Studies An on-line version of the Library of Congress Country Studies with information on 101 countries, including detailed histories. See Library of Congress Country Studies for ways on using this material.

Psychology

 * Classics in the History of Psychology is a collection of classic public domain works in psychology collected by Christopher D. Green: see here for a note about the copyright status of the individual documents in the collection.

Business and industry

 * (US Federal Govt.) US Energy Information Agency - statistics and info on energy industry (mostly US but some stuff for the world) - they appreciate but do not require acknowledgement (copyright info here)

Communication

 * (US Federal Govt.) Federal Standard 1037C, a telecommunications glossary, appears to be mostly in the public domain based on these principles, and is a source of a large number of bits of useful material. A few items are derived from copyrighted sources: where this is the case, there is an attribution to the source. Note: only those articles that have substantial content and are from 100% public domain sources are appropriate to be used in Wikibooks
 * (US Federal Govt.) DISA site about commercial telecommunications standards From the site: "This site is maintained by the Commercial Standards Division of the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) to provide information about the current status of commercial telecommunications standards."

Computer science

 * (US Federal Govt.) NIST Dictionary of Algorithms, Data Structures, and Problems: Huge, high-quality resource. All entries are in the public domain except for a few that carry an explicit copyright notice.
 * Public domain lecture notes: "Introduction to Computer Science", "Data Structures" and "Analysis of Algorithms"
 * The Jargon File Eric S. Raymond's definitive work on geek-speak.

Employment

 * (US Federal Govt.) Occupational Outlook Handbook Contains descriptions of a great many occupations.

Law

 * Bouvier's Law Dictionary (1856)

Medicine

 * (US Federal Govt.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention "In general all information presented in these pages and all items available for download are for public use. However, you may encounter some pages that require a login password and id. If this is the case you may assume that information presented and items available for download therein are for your authorized access only and not for redistribution by you unless you are otherwise informed."
 * (US Federal Govt.) Medline at the NIH copyright terms here indicating materials in public domain unless indicated otherwise
 * (US Federal Govt.) NIH public domain publications on urology
 * (US Federal Govt.) NIMH Patient education materials (Public Domain)
 * (US Federal Govt.) USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory Contains nutritional information on loads of foods. (From FAQ), "USDA food composition data is in the public domain and there is no copyright. We would appreciate it if you would list us as the source of the data and when possible we would like to see the product which uses the data or be notified of its use."
 * (US Federal Govt.) A large collection of public domain information sheets on various neurological disorders
 * Note: This Google search for "nih publication "not copyrighted" site:.gov" should help uncover more NIH public domain documents
 * University of Cincinnati etexts: Contains a nice edition of 1918 Gray's Anatomy with illustrations.
 * (US Federal Govt.) U.S. National Toxicology Program: copyright notice here, typical U.S. govt terms.
 * The Bad Bug Book at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/intro.html appears to be in the public domain: but please check each section individually for public domain status.
 * Asthma genetics - Public domain data
 * (US Federal Govt.) Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (needs positive confirmation before use: some diagrams within the text say "used by permission", which implies that they are copyrighted -- however, the rest appears to be written by U.S. govt employees)
 * (US Federal Govt.) The NCI thesaurus is a massive public domain repository of definitions of medical terms

Military

 * (US Federal Govt.) U.S. Navy, Info on specific ships
 * (US Federal Govt.) Air Force Link

Public affairs

 * (US Federal Govt.) Federal Emergency Management Agency: Not sure how much of this is useful, but anyway it's under the same terms as the U.S. Department of State site: all in the public domain unless it carries an explicit copyright notice.
 * (US Federal Govt.) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: copyright notice here, typical U.S. gov't terms.  Does have some good information for people patient enough to find it.
 * (US Federal Govt.) Voice Of America - All text, audio and video material produced exclusively by the Voice of America is public domain. However, some images and graphics are licensed for use and covered by all applicable copyright laws.

Culture

 * UNESCO Public Domain Resources and Virtual Library at this URL

Classics

 * Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898) can be found via http://www.art.man.ac.uk/clah/links/searchency.htm
 * Bulfinch's mythology from project Gutenberg

Cooking

 * US Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service maintains many articles about meat products.

Libraries

 * Online Book Initiative
 * Public Domain Reader: Public domain works in HTML, PDF, iSilo .pdb, Rocket eBook .rb and Plain text formats.
 * The Online Books Page: A comprehensive index of books available on the Internet. Most are public domain, but not all; check for copyright restrictions.
 * Public Book Shelf

Literature

 * Brewer's Reader's Handbook, published in 1898, states that "the object of this Handbook is to supply readers and speakers with a lucid but very brief account of such names as are used in allusions and references, whether by poets or prose writers". Contains many short articles, some on obscure topics.

Music

 * The Choral Public Domain Library describes itself as 'A Free Sheet Music Archive'
 * Mutopia: a collection of public domain sheet music.
 * Project Gutenberg music section

Religion

 * Biblical dictionaries: Some late nineteenth century Biblical dictionaries; these might need work to render unbiased and up to date.
 * A number of articles already contain most of the useful text from Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)
 * Hitchcock's Bible Dictionary's list of Biblical names has been used as a source for the List of Biblical names.
 * Smith's Bible Dictionary is another 19th century Bible dictionary, with much useful but dated text
 * Public Domain Biblical references
 * Christian Classics Ethereal Library: A project similar to Project Gutenberg, but focusing on Christian texts.
 * American Standard Version of the Holy Bible (1901)
 * King James Version of the Holy Bible with Apocrypha

Photos

 * Please see public domain image resources.

Miscellaneous

 * Writings by Greg Goebel: Science, technology, military history, introductions to classical and relativistic physics.
 * Infoanarchy: a weblog dedicated to copyright issues. All original material is in the public domain, although some redistributed articles may be under copyright.
 * "Ethical treatment for all youth", a website that documents therapy and detention of children and juveniles for consensual sexual activity. Author wrote to me in a personal email: "Certainly, I intend everything at my site to be in the public domain, to be used freely by anyone else. Of course, I would appreciate it if people who use it would link to my site, since I can use all the exposure I can get."

To be filed
please file these resources under the appropriate topic headings above
 * There are no more entries to be filed at the moment

Sources for finding public domain resources
Here are some web searches which may help discover U.S. Federal Government and other public domain documents. Please note that you must still manually verify that documents are in the public domain. Please note that not all sites in the .gov domain are U.S. federal government sites: some may be U.S. state or other local government sites.

Google searches for links or exact phrases:
 * This Google search for '"not copyrighted" site:.gov' finds documents on websites in the .gov domain that contain the text "not copyrighted".
 * This Google search for '"public domain" site:.gov' finds documents on websites in the .gov domain that contain the text "public domain".
 * "this document is in the public domain" (estimated 2500+ hits)
 * "this page is in the public domain" (estimated 1000+ hits)
 * "this information is in the public domain" (extimated 1000+ hits)
 * "this text is in the public domain" (estimated 2000+ hits)
 * "placed in the public domain" (estimated 24000+ hits, but many instances refer to other things)
 * "www.primarilypublicdomain.org" (find links confirming that a site is Primarily Public Domain)
 * Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication

The Creative Commons initiative may become a valuable new resource for Wikibooks authors. The project provides a "wizard" for licensing information under various open content licenses (including the public domain, which is not a license), and also features a directory of these works. (See also Creative Commons License)

Book:
 * The Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More by Stephen Fishman, ISBN 0873374339

Lists of general resources:
 * Registry for material that is in the public domain "except as noted"
 * Open People network for people adding original content, in the locations they specfiy, in the Public Domain except as noted
 * Unmaintained list of public domain resources by Kevin Savetz
 * Banis Associates list of public domain resources
 * Public Domain Music website
 * Brian Waters' list of public domain resources
 * New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors tracking old books and author's dates for determining copyright expiration

Lists of U.S. Government resources:
 * Index of Federal Specifications, Standards and Commercial Item Descriptions
 * Federal Information Processing Standards home page
 * DOD Index of Specifications and Standards
 * Department of Defense Single Stock Point for MilSpecs and Standards
 * NIST Data Resources index
 * Catalog of U.S. Government Publications
 * Country Study - copyright free

See also:
 * Free or semi-free non-Public-Domain information resources


text:
GCSE Science/Uses of Static electricity answers

Q1 The white areas are left neutral.

Q2 When the electrons absorb the light, they get a little bit of extra energy. It is this increase in energy that allows them to escape to earth.

Q3 The toner is given a negative charge so that it is attracted to the positively charged plate.

Q4 The paper attracts the toner because it is positively charged. Note that the charge on the paper is stronger than the charge on the plate, so although the toner is still attracted to the plate, it is attracted to the paper even more.

Q5 negative

Q6 less paint falls on the floor because more is being attracted to the car. Remember: Unlike charges attract.

<<Back to Uses of Static Electricity


text:
User:Boud

see.

i may try wikiversity:

GR/GR course northern "summer" semester feb-jun 2011

 * university wiki page: http://cosmo.torun.pl/foswiki/bin/view/Cosmo/SRandGR
 * projector presentation pdf: TODO
 * exercises: TODO
 * but maybe too longwinded for a 1 or 2 lecture presentation of SR?
 * some problems, but not too bad as a textbook, emphasises geometrical approach
 * various articles from
 * - how to create a pdf from wikipedia or wikibooks material - link in left column after logging in
 * various articles from
 * - how to create a pdf from wikipedia or wikibooks material - link in left column after logging in

Questions

 * What are the practical possibilities for using WM resources and for contributing to them?
 * pdf presentation
 * wims exercises
 * probably through the WIMS distribution of sources under the GPL
 * should be multi-licensed (e.g. GPL for WIMS data set, plus GFDL + CC-BY-SA-3.0 in order to sastisfy WMF licensing as of 2011)
 * Is there any point in using/helping Wikiversity?
 * redirects to
 * redirects to
 * redirects to
 * redirects to

title: User:Boud


text:
Hindi/Everyday Phrases

What does your typical day looks like?

Phrases

 * Hello - नमस्कार (namaskar) or namaste (नमस्ते)
 * Goodbye -अलविदा (Alvida), चलता/चलती/चलते हूँ/है (chaltā/chalti/chalte hūn/hai)  [chaltā hūn is used by a boy whereas chalti hū is used by a girl. chalte hai is used by a group of people]
 * Please be seated- पधारिये। (Padhāriye.)
 * See you again. - फिर मिलेंगे। (Phir mileṅge.)
 * Thank you - धन्यवाद (dhanyavād)
 * It is nice to meet you, I felt good meeting you. - आप से मिल के ख़ुशी हुई, आप से मिल के अच्छा लगा। (Āp se mil ke xuśī huī, āp se mil ke acchā lagā.)
 * Please take me to my hotel. - कृप्या मुझे मेरे होटल ले चलिये। (kripyā mujhe mere hoṭel le caliye.)
 * Where is the bathroom? - शौंचालय किधर है? (Śauncālay kidhar hai?)
 * How much does this cost? - यह कितने का है? (Yah kitne kā hai?)
 * How is your health? How is it? What is going on? - क्या हाल है? कैसे हो/हैं? क्या चल रहा है? (Kyā hāl hai? Kaise ho/hain? Kyā chal rahā hai?
 * Where's the phone? - फ़ोन कहाँ है? (Fon kahān hai?)
 * Where are you? - किधर हो तुम? / कहाँ हो तुम? / कहाँ हैं आप? (Kidhar ho tum? / Kahān ho tum? / Kahān hain āp?)
 * Can I sit here? (speaker is male) - क्या मैं यहाँ बैठ सकता हूँ? (Kyā main yahān baiṭh saktā hūn?)
 * Can I sit here? (speaker is female) - क्या मैं यहाँ बैठ सकती हूँ? (Kyā main yahān baiṭh saktī hūn?)
 * I need a (taxi, car, telephone, pen). - मुझे एक (टैक्सी, कार/गाड़ी, फ़ोन, क़लम/पेन) चाहिये। (Mujhe ek (ṭaiksī, kār/gaṛī, fon, qalam/pen) cāhiye.)
 * I need to go./I will have to go.- मुझे जाना है mujhe jāna hai / मुझे जाना पड़ेगा mujhe jānā paṛegā / मुझे जाना होगा mujhe jānā hogā
 * You need/have to go - आपको जाना है āpko jānā hai / आपको जाना पड़ेगा āpko jānā paṛegā / आपको जाना होगा āpko jānā hogā / तुम्हें जाना है tumhe jānā hai / तुझे जाना है tujhe jānā hai

<!-- A), चलता हूँ (chaltā hūn)
 * * These are not used nearly as casually in Hindi and Urdu as they are in western languages. कृपया especially is used only in cases of true importance or urgency, and using it otherwise would sound incredibly stilted and formal. Instead, politeness is achieved by proper address and verb forms and body language/tone of voice.
 * Please be seated- पधारिये। (Padhāriye.)
 * See you again. - फिर मिलेंगे। (Phir milenge.)
 * Thank you - धन्यवाद (dhanyavād), शुक्रिया (śukriyā)
 * It is nice to meet you, I felt good meeting you. - आप से मिल के ख़ुशी हुई, आप से मिल के अच्छा लगा। (Āp se mil ke ḫuśī huī, āp se mil ke acchā lagā.)
 * Please take me to my hotel. - कृप्या मुझे मेरे होटल ले ___। (kripyā mujhe mere hoṭel le CH-LI-YE.)
 * Where is the bathroom? - शौंचालय किधर है? (Śauncālay kidhar hai?)
 * How much does this cost? - यह कितने का है? (Yeh kitne kā hai?)
 * How is your health? How is it? What is going on? - क्या हाल है? कैसे हो/हैं? क्या चल रहा है? (Kyā hāl hai? Kaise ho/hain? Kyā chal rahā hai?
 * Where's the phone? - फ़ोन कहाँ है? (Fon kahān hai?)
 * Where are you? - किधर हो तुम? / कहाँ हो तुम? / कहाँ हैं आप? (Kidhar ho tum? / Kahān ho tum? / Kahān hain āp?)
 * Can I sit here? (speaker is male) - क्या मैं यहाँ बैठ सकता हूँ? (Kyā main yahān baiṭ saktā hūn?)
 * Can I sit here? (speaker is female) - क्या मैं यहाँ बैठ सकती हूँ? (Kyā main yahān baiṭ saktī hūn?)
 * I need a (taxi, car, telephone, pen). - मुझे एक (टैक्सि, कार/गाड़ी, फ़ोन, क़लम/पेन) चाहिये। (Mujhe ek (ṭāksi, kār/gaṛī, fon, qalam/pen) cāhiye.)
 * I need to go ./I will have to go.- मुझे जाना है mujhe jaana hai / मुझे जाना पड़ेगा mujhe jaana padega / मुझे जाना होगा mujhe jaana hoga
 * You need/have to go - आपको जाना है aap ko jaana hai / आपको जाना पड़ेगा aap ko jaana padega / आपको जाना होगा aapko jaana hoga / तुम्हें जाना है tumhe jaana hai / तुझे जाना है tujhe jaana hai

 * * These are not used nearly as casually in Hindi and Urdu as they are in western languages. कृपया especially is used only in cases of true importance or urgency, and using it otherwise would sound incredibly stilted and formal. Instead, politeness is achieved by proper address and verb forms and body language/tone of voice.

Actions

 * To make a phone call: PHONE KAR-NAA.

Hindi uses two forms of address. One is honoring and the other is common. Honoring address is used when talking to first acquaintances, unfamiliar people, and to elders (relations and age).... Examples include Where are you? => aap kahan hain What is your name? => aapka naam kya hai, aapka naam jaan sakta hoon? Please have a seat. => kripya baithiye, virajiye  The common type of address is used with friends and those of the same age group with whom one is familiar.... Examples include  Where are you? => kahan ho? What is your name? => tumhara naam kya hai, Have a seat. => baitho, baith.

For Hindi learners, it is better to stick to the first type of address.

Hindi speakers normally use 'namaste' or 'namaskar' for all occasions (meaning good morning/afternoon/day/evening/night) especially with honorific use. Although these may also be used in pure Hindi: good morning => su-pra-bhaa't good evening => shubh-sun-dhyaa good night => shubh raat-ri

Simple words

 * Help: मदद (madad), सहायता (sahāyata)
 * Doctor: डाक्टर (ḍākṭar), चिकित्सक, (cikitsak)
 * Police: पोलिस (polis)
 * Pharmacy: दवाख़ाना (davāḫānā), चिकित्सालय (cikitsālaya)
 * Taxi: टैक्सी (ṭaiksī)
 * Train: ट्रेन (ṭren), रेल (rel), रेलगाड़ी (relgāṛī)
 * Subway: सबवे (sabwe), भूमिगत पैदल पार पथ (bhūmigat paidal pār path)
 * Bus: बस (bas)
 * Street: सड़क (sadak)
 * Way: रास्ता (rāstā), राह (rāh), मार्ग (mārg)
 * Left: बायाँ (bāyān)
 * To the left: बाएँ (bāen)
 * Right: दायाँ (dāyān)
 * To the right: दाएँ (dāen)
 * Middle: बीच (bīc), मध्य (madhya)
 * In the middle: बीच में (bīc men), बीचों बीच (bīcon bīc)
 * Under, below: नीचे (nīce) (pronounced NEE-CHE, not like English "nice")
 * Beef: गाय का गोश्त (gāe kā gośt)
 * Chicken: चिकन (cikan), मुर्ग़ (murġ)
 * Fish: मछली (machlī)
 * Pork: सुअर का गोश्त (suar kā gośt)
 * Veal: बछडे (bachde)
 * Broil: भूनना (bhūnnā)
 * Bake (v.): सेकना (seknā)
 * Baked: सिका (sikā), सेंका (senkā)
 * Boil (v.): उबालना (ubālnā)
 * Boiled: उबला (ublā)
 * Fry (v.): तलना (talnā)
 * Fried: तला (talā)
 * Vegetable: सबज़ी (sabzī)
 * Salad: सलाद (salād)
 * Bread: रोटी (roṭī)
 * Cheese: पनीर (panīr) (A fresh cheese, closer to curd. True, cured cheeses are rare in India.)
 * Rice: चावल (cāwal)
 * Potato: आलू (ālū)
 * Chick peas: चना (canā)
 * Pickle: अचार (achār)
 * Soup: सूप (sūp)
 * Chocolate: चाकलेट (cākaleṭ)
 * Dessert: मिठाई (miṭhāī)
 * Coffee: काफ़ी (kāfī)
 * Tea: चाय (chāi)
 * Milk: दूध (dūdh)
 * Water: पानी (pānī), जल (jal)

Phrases
नमस्ते (namaste) - a standard greeting (literally means "I bow to you")

नमस्कार (namaskār) - a standard greeting

आप कैसे हैं? (Āp kaise hain?) - How are you?

आप का नाम क्या है? (Āp kā nām kyā hai?) - What is your name?

आप कहाँ जा रहे हैं? (Āp kahān jā rahe hain?) - Where are you going?

शुक्रिया (shukriyā) - thanks

बहुत बहुत शुक्रिया (bahut bahut shukriyā) - thanks a lot

आपका बहुत बहुत शुक्रिया (āpka bahut bahut shukriyā) - thank you so much

प्रणाम (pranām) - a greeting, similar to नमस्ते (namaste) but used for much older or respectful people

सही (sahī) - nice, right, good

बहुत सही (bahut sahī) - very good

आप की उम्र (āp kī umr) - your age

आप का नाम (āp kā nām) - your name

आप का पता (āp kā patā) - your address

आज का मौसम कैसा है? (Āj ka mausam kaisā hai?) - How is the weather today?

बैठिये (bathiye) - have a seat

और सबज़ी लेंगे? (Aur sabzī lenge?) - Will you have more vegetables?

और चावल लीजिये। (Aur chāwal lījiye.) - Have more rice.

थोड़ी देर इन्तज़ार कीजिये। (Thoṛī der intzār kījiye.) - Wait for some time.

ठहरिये (ṭhahriye) - wait a little

समय क्या है? (Samay kyā hai?) - What's the time? Kya hal he apka

Conversation
Here's a complete conversation in Hindi:

नीरजः मैं विद्यालय /पाठशाला /स्कूल जा रहा हूँ। (Nīraj: Mainn vidhyalay/paathshaala/skūl jā rahā hūn.)

Neeraj: I am going to school.

माँः ठीक है बेटा। (Mān: Ṭīk hai beṭā.)

Mom: All right son.

नीरजः आज डिब्बे में क्या दिया है? (Nīraj: Āj dibbe men kyā diyā hai?)

What have you given me in tiffin?

माँः आज मैं ने सैंडविच और कुछ लड्डू दिये हैं। (Mān: Āj main ne sainḍwic aur kuch ladū diye hain.)

I have given some sandwich and sweet called ladoo.

नीरजः वाह! (Nīraj: Wāh!)

Nice!

माँः बेटा समय से वापस आ जाना। (Mān: Beṭā samay se wāpas ā jānā.)

Son, come back on time. or Honey, come back promptly.

नीरजः हाँ माता जी! स्कूल ख़त्म होते सीधा घर आऊँगा। (Nīraj: Hān Mātā-jī! Skūl ḫatm hote sidhā ghar āūngā.)

''Yes Mom! I'll be back home straight after school ends.''

title: Hindi/Everyday Phrases


text:
Norwegian/Cover

Norsk ~ English

Learning the Norwegian Language

title: Norwegian/Cover


text:
Talk:German/Level III/Gespräche Unter Geschäftsmännern

Untitled
Removed bad german from the intro. Set das Rechnen instead of das Rechnungs, although das Rechnungswesen would translate better into 'accounting' but is a compounded noun itself and would be confusing here. 'kennen lernen'/'kennenzulernen' actually mean the same, while the second form is an extension (erweiterter Infitiv mit 'zu').
 * Thanks. Any help with German as really spoken is welcome here. Das Rechnungs comes from LEO which gives das Rechnungs as "accounting" and Rechnens as "calculation" - Marsh 02:21, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Rechnungswesen is a bit obscure, I don't know if it really exists. The simple Buchhaltung might be better. I'd change it right away if it wasn't used as an example :) --Vulture 14:23, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't worry about making changes (as you suggest). I will see that a change has been made and readjust the lesson accordingly. Providing a reason on the talk page or in the "summary" is very helpful; but you need not (you can of course) make adjustments to other parts of the lesson - Marsh 19:02, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Problem in 1A, states "Mark removes a Book", answer states "Markus holt das Buch". Question and Answer, need to have either definate or indefinate article for Book. I changed the question, to make it more in line with the example.--Bielenberg 14:18, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Danke - marsh 17:46, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Grammatik 2-6 ~ Personal Pronouns: nominative case
Regarding the example sentence Du bist ein Schwein!, isn't the term Schwein a profoundly vile insult these days? I'm wondering whether or not there should be a note as to its usage (so as not to give the impression that it's a term that can be bandied about), or if it should be replaced by something more conversational? Rangergordon (talk) 15:05, 17 October 2009 (UTC)


text:
GCSE Science/Newton's second law

=Newton's Second Law=

Momentum
A motion of a body is described by its momentum. Momentum is the product of a body's mass and its velocity. Momentum has both magnitude and direction. Newton showed that bodies only change their motion when a force is applied, Newtons first law. The change in the momentum is equal to the applied force.

Derivation of Newton's second law
Consider a snooker ball of mass m moving with a velocity v1. The ball hits the cushion and bounces off, it now has a velocity v2. The change in momentum is mv1 − mv2 = m(v1 − v2). The change in velocity is the acceleration, and so the change in momentum and hence force F is mass times acceleration, F = ma. Thus Action and Reaction are equal but opposite in direction.

title: GCSE Science/Newton's second law


text:
GCSE Science/Speeding up and slowing down

GCSE Science/Forces

Pushing a car
Have you ever helped to push start a car? The hardest part is getting the car to move, but once it is rolling it takes much less effort, (especially if it is on a hill rolling down). To change the velocity of an object we have to do work on it.This means we have to supply energy to it. Once an object is moving it requires no further work, to keep it moving. Objects only slow down in everyday life because of friction forces which do work on the object. To do work on an object you have to apply a force to it, the amount of work you do depends on the acceleration of the object. Consider pushing a car quickly versus slowly. Pushing a car quickly requires more work.

The rate of change in an objects velocity with respect to time is its acceleration.

When you do work to push start a car, your energy is transferred to the kinetic energy of the car. When objects go faster they have more kinetic energy. We can slow an object down by removing energy from it. For instance if we use a spinning wheel to drive machinery, such as a generator, it will slow down as the energy is transferred to the generator and converted to electricity.


text:
User:Suisui

日本語版 Wikipedia の 利用者:Suisui と同じ suisui です. Wikipediaも方向が定まってないのにこんなことを、と思われるかもしれませんがはじめはこんなもので、地道にやるしかないとおもっていて、ほんのり準備だけでもしようかと. もし間違って足を踏み入れたらぜひトークページで声をかけてください. よろしくお願いします.

とりあえず誰もいないのでおもいついたことを思いつくままにここにかきためて、たまに整理します.

よくわかっていないものの翻訳を開始. プロジェクト関係の文章はほとんどmetaからのコピーで同一. 日本語版のWikipediaの文章はいまのmetaよりも古いものを翻訳していてつかえない. 逆にこっちで翻訳して持ち込むほうがシンプルになりそう.

しばらくは参加者もいないだろうし. のんびりとSuisui 20:37, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * 新規参加者～とか、新しい記事の作り方は訳しなおし
 * 編集の仕方、はpediaのをつかえる.
 * プロジェクトについてはもちろん新規
 * おそらく多言語展開をしてからのためだと思うがページごとにスキンを分けたりはできないか. Edit this pageとか、ノート(talk page）を今のまま作り続けるとそのうちダメなのかもしれない. 名前空間の多言語化はどこかで議論があった.

昨日書き忘れたがこと
 * 日本語ではTextbookStandardがおそらく大問題. Netの検索ではまともなものを見つけることはできず、書籍の検索でも論文の書き方はあったけど教科書の書き方というのはないようだ.
 * ただし、英語のTextbookStandardは日本で言う論文の書き方にかなり近いものなので、そう問題もないかも. ただ、freeなものが出回っていない
 * 教科書だと、縦書きとかを心配したほうがいいのかもしれない.

日本語独自
思いつきのメモ

それなりに人がきているウィキペディアですら日本の文化に関するところまでまだ手がついていないが、教科書系だといろんなものがいきなりあっても良いように思う.
 * 書道 - 茶道 - 華道
 * 剣術 - 武道
 * 和歌 - 俳句 - 短歌
 * 仏像、城、和傘、伝統工芸マニュアルもよい・・・のか？いまいち不明.

普通に学校で習うものだけでなく、単純に国や文化やマナーの紹介系もあると面白い気がする
 * 日本の祝祭日と四季の行事
 * 正月、成人式、七草粥、鏡開き、節分、ひな祭り、エイプリルフール、こどもの日、菖蒲湯、ゆず湯、年越しそば
 * wikipediaのほうがいいのか、その辺が良くわからない.

教育制度の違い、近年激しく動いている教育制度などを考えると普通の教科書タイプはやはり無理. 各項目ごとに作るしかないと思われる. 数学とか、特に.

おもいつき

 * WikiUはテストとかも含める？
 * 漢字テストとか、単語テストとか、そういうのはどうなるのか.
 * 小学校レベルの漢字練習張とか・・・英語圏にはなさそうだし.
 * 必勝の暗記法
 * 速読
 * 英語版にもない楽器の演奏法、音楽関係
 * musixtexは取り込まれないのかな
 * その前にAMUかChemかもしれない.

title: User:Suisui


text:
General Biology/Authors

The majority of the modules making up this book are based on notes very generously donated by Paul Doerder, Ph.D. and Ralph Gibson, Ph.D. both currently of the Cleveland State University.

The book was initiated by Karl Wick, who donated many of his own class notes for other modules, and who is fleshing out the outline format of Dr. Doerder's notes into text.

Users
Alsocal

Darren Hess MD/PhD recent grad, enjoys teaching, hopes to help work up the Nervous System Tissue section.

title: General Biology/Authors


text:
User talk:Zanimum

Someone with more involvement in the Dutch project should move this to Main_Page:Leitseite, to stay in proper correspondance with the standards used on the other foreign language main pages. Or, non-English really. - user:zanimum

 * Have you seen the previous discussion on Talk:Leitseite? -- 217.1.207.172 21:34, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Big Cats Wikijunior
Where is the discussion surrounding the December 10th deadline for Big Cats to be up-to-code? Thanks. -- LV (Dark Mark) 18:47, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * On the original proposal to the Beck Foundation (http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikijunior/proposal_to_Beck_Foundation), we said it would be printed by December 2005. All good printers likely have a backlog of jobs, because they're so in demand. Plus, I have to preflight the file to make sure it will print. So, sooner is better than later. --  user:zanimum

 * Well, thanks for the response. So what is going to happen to the Solar System book? I thought that that book was going to be the first to print. Maybe I read that wrong somewhere. Anyway, do we even know who is going to be doing the printing or distributing? Do we have any of the processes in place to actually make this happen, or is this just something you noticed and decided to act upon? -- LV (Dark Mark) 19:21, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * That was discussed at Talk:Wikijunior Solar System/Archive 2. I think it'd be a way better idea to publish Solar System first, but unforunately our grant proposal for some reason explicitly says that our first one will be on animals.  Not sure if they'd really hold us to that or not.  Anyone know who is actually in communication with the Beck Foundation?  — Laura Scudder | Talk 20:36, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Example chapter
You wrote:

"Shall I do up an example of a chapter of the US Constitution and Government textbook? Just thought I'd mention that Cafepress would be our best choice, because they print of demand. That way, if it sinks, it doesn't hurt anyone's pocketbook."

Excellent idea. It is actually quite easy to do the whole book. I have just finished "Consciousness Studies". See:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/b/bb/Consciousness_studies.pdf

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Consciousness_studies/Print_version

This was how I did it:

 * I made the print version then viewed and saved it. I opened this file in MS Word and saved it once more in Word format. This allowed Word to set the pagination, produce a TOC etc. The document "read" differently as a whole book so I did some final edits and juggled with the image placements. I then downloaded PDFCreator and printed the Word document to PDF. This preserved the page breaks, which are the big problem with the HTML original whether printed direct or converted to PDF and printed.

RobinH 21:01, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zanimum


text:
User talk:Suisui

こんにちは. 気が付いたら多言語化していてびっくりです. 日本語版メインページと言えばメタウィキメディアの方も人手不足な感じですね. . . Tomos 22:44, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

どうもです. これをやって次にwikisourceだ、とおもっていたらnanshuさんがやってくれたようです. ウィキメディア、sourcefoge、あとwikitravel（笑）などやりたいところは多々ありますね. ウィキメディアも日本語を載せたいところはいろいろありますよね. でもあちらはどこに日本語版おいていいのかわからなかったので、見てすぐわかったここから手をつけました. プロジェクト関係のものはwikipediaに反映しようと思っています. ここはしばらく放置でしょうからのんびり、時々やります. Suisui 19:23, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

User:Aram Pitts
I am writing to you because you blocked this vandal only for a week, although his edits made it obvious, that it's a vandalism-only account. After this week he came back and started to vandalise more pages.

You cannot do such things. The only valid way to deal with users making such edits is to block them infinitely. One week block is something an admin can give for insulting other user, not for mass destruction of project pages! --Derbeth talk 11:59, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Suisui


text:
French/Appendices/Slang

Foreign speakers
It is important to note that, as a foreigner, your use of slang will often be received as cute or funny, depending greatly upon your overall fluency in spoken French. To understand this, think about how it would sound to you if a foreigner—with a strong accent and odd rhythm of speech—came up to you and said "Dude, what a sketchy-ass hater that bizz-natch was, I totally was just like 'fuck off fo-sheezy'". Therefore, no matter how much slang you use in your native language, limiting your use of slang in French (proportionally to your level of fluency) will also limit how much you are patronised and giggled at by native listeners.

Slang: consistency & style
To use slang efficiently, it is important to maintain a consistency of style. Mixing styles might sound like saying: "Thy face, it is quite finely rawkin'".
 * Avoid vous unless a plural is necessary.
 * Avoid subject-verb inversion in questions. Use rather question formations where there is no inversion or 'est-ce que', only the raised tone at the end of the sentence. When doing this with interrogatives (qui, quand, comment, etc.), place them at the end of the sentence; i.e. "On va bouffer quand ?"

Translating 'fuck'
The English-language term 'fuck' is exceptional as it can serve as noun, verb, adjective, exclamation, and others. There is no such equivalent usage of any word in the French language, apart from 'putain', wich can be used as adjective and exclamation, "That's a fucking good car" = "C'est une putain de bonne voiture". Therefore, the translation of 'fuck' into French depends on the corresponding part of speech.

Examples

 * noun : "He's a great fuck" = "C'est un bon coup"
 * "He is such a fuck(er)" = "C'est un pauvre type/enfoiré/enculé/connard/salaud" (insert any insult)
 * "He's such a fuck-up" = "C'est un pauvre con/un raté/un loser"

 * verb : sexual: baiser, niquer, coucher avec ; insulting: foutre, enculer
 * "I fucked up on my French test" = "J'ai foiré/raté mon examen de français"
 * "I fucked (up) my car" = "J'ai niqué ma bagnole" (bagnole is, itself, quite slang)
 * "He fucked me over" = "Il m'a planté"
 * "I fucked your mother/mum/mam/mom" = "J'ai baisé/niqué ta mère"
 * "Fuck off" = "Va chier!", "Fous le camp", "Dégage !" (see the verb 'Foutre')
 * "Fuck you"/"Go fuck yourself" = "Va te faire foutre/enculer" or in the plural "Allez vous faire foutre/enculer" The French sometimes drop the "foutre/enculer" as it is generally understood that it is what would follow.

 * adjective : "This is fucking awful" = "Putain, ça craint"/"C'est bordelique"/"C'est de la merde"
 * "I am so fucked-up" = "Je suis barré/perché" (mental state); "Je suis totalement bourré(e)" (drunk); "Je suis défoncé(e)" (high[marijuana])
 * "I don't give a fuck." = "Je m'en fous"

 * adverb : "I am trying to fucking work here" = "J'essaie de bosser putain"

 * exclamation : "Fuck!" = "Merde !" ; "Putain !" ; "Bordel !"
 * n.b.: these can also be compounded in French, i.e., "Putain de merde !" "Putain de bordel de merde"  (for stringing these together, see the scene in the film Matrix Reloaded with the Frenchman (Merovingian) in the restaurant)

Glossary
Notes on Pronunciation: *To feel how R should be pronounced, gargle with water, then try gargling without water. That is what your throat should be doing when pronouncing the R. *The U is hardest for English speakers. The back of the throat should be stretched out as if you see a mouse and are saying "eee!", but the lips should be in a tight circle as if you are saying "ooo".

[[media:French Slam1.ogg|Audio1]] [[media:French Slam2.ogg|Audio2]] [[media:French Slam3.ogg|Audio3]] [[media:French Slam4.ogg|Audio4]]

 * Abruti(e) : n., A retarded person, an idiot
 * ah-BROO-tee

 * Accro : n., addict
 * ack-RO

 * Ado : n., teen; short for 'adolescent'
 * AH-doh

 * Apéro : n., Short for apéritif.
 * ah-PAIR-roh

 * Appart' : n., flat or apartment; short for 'appartement'
 * ah-PARRT

 * Aprem' : n., Short for après-midi.
 * ah-PRIm

 * Bagnole : n., Slang for 'car', 'wheels', 'ride', 'beater', etc.
 * ban-YOLE

 * Bahut : n., Slang for 'high school' (formerly for 'factory')

 * Barj' or Barjot : adj., mad
 * n., a madman
 * BARge
 * BAHR-joe

 * Bander : v., to become erect, to get a hard-on
 * BAHN-day

 * Beh : same as 'Ben'

 * Ben : interj. for 'well'. often used at the beginning of a phrase, and followed by "ouais" or "non"
 * Baañ ('baa' like the sound a sheep makes with a nasalized sound at the end)

 * Bidule : n.m., stuff.

 * Bite : n., dick
 * bEEt

 * Blaireau : n., litt. 'badger', Loser
 * bl-AIR-roh

 * Blairer : v., litt. 'to smell'. 'I can't support you', "Je ne peux pas te blairer" or "J'peux pas t'blairer !"
 * bl-AIR-ray

 * Le Bled : n., the boondocks
 * blED

 * Bof : interj., 'not really', 'i don't like this', 'let me think a while...'
 * bOf

 * Boule : n., litt. 'ball'. Mean mainly "balls" (as in testicles). Sometimes "arse"/"ass", as in "J'aime Trop Ton Boule" (I Want Your Ass), a song by French Rapper Fatal Bazooka
 * Can be a synonym for 'tête', or 'head' in its slang usage; a rough equivalent in English would be 'face' rather than 'head', i.e.:
 * "Ta boule me manque" = "I miss seeing your sweet face"
 * bOOL

 * Bouffer : v., to eat
 * n., la bouffe, food
 * BOOF-fay

 * Bosser : v., to work
 * boss-SAY

 * Boulot : n., job
 * bOOL-oh

 * Se Branler : v., to masturbate (lit. to wobble, to wank)
 * suh BRAhn-lay

 * Ça a été : exp., it went well; also a question "Ta présentation, ça a été ?" = "How'd your presentation go?" ; Answers to this question: "Ouais, ça a été" (Yes, it went well) / "Pas du tout" (Not at all)
 * saw ah AY-TAY

 * Caca : n., 'poopoo' (quite infantile language) 'J'ai fait une caca!' = "I've poo-ed myself!"

 * Câlice : n., Québec only litt. 'chalice'. General swear word.
 * CAW-liss

 * Se casser : v., to leave ; 'Casse-toi !' : exp., 'Go away !' (rude)

 * Chaud lapin : n., Sex maniac (lit. hot rabbit)
 * show lah-PAÑ

 * Chier : v., to shit;
 * Shee-AY

 * Les Chiottes : n, The loo or the bog
 * SEE-ott

 * Chouraver : v, to steal

 * Cinoche : n., Cinema to see a film
 * SEE-noh-sh

 * La cité : n., ghetto
 * see-TAY

 * Con (masc.), conne (fem.) : adj., stupid "J'ai été con quand j'ai décidé de sortir" = "I was stupid when I decided to go out"
 * n., litt. 'cunt' (as used in UK English); "Quel con" = "What an idiot"

exp. "à la con", stupid, in a stupid way. "J'ai cet examen à la con" = "I have this stupid test"
 * cohÑ

 * Connerie : nf, 'crap'

 * Crever : v., to burst or explode; to die, 'to kick the bucket'
 * adj., crevé(e), exhausted. As in "Je suis crevé(e)" = "I'm exhausted"
 * n., la crève, a cold, the flu. exp.: "J'ai la crève".
 * creh-vay
 * lah crehve

 * Crever la dalle : I'm starving
 * Creh-vay la dal

 * Débile : n. or adj. slang for "stupid"
 * DAY-beel

 * Dirlo : n. Colloquial word meaning 'headmaster'.
 * dear-loh

 * Enculer : v. To fuck, to bugger.
 * Equivalent to "fuck in the arse" ("cul"="arse"). Widely used under the form "va te faire enculer" (litt. "go and fuck yourself") which stands for "fuck off".

 * Esti : n., Québec only litt. 'host'. General swear word.

 * Also, "enculé" is the participle turned into a substantive, and means "bastard" or "arsehole".
 * exp. : "enculer des mouches" (litt. "to fuck flies in the arse") means "to nit-pick".
 * eñ-CU-lay

 * La fac : n., college or university; short for 'faculté'
 * fack

 * Faire chier : exp., to annoy
 * fer shee-ay

 * Faire la tête : exp., to pout. Synonyms: 'bouder'(to brood); "faire la gueule".
 * fer lah tet

 * Flotte : nf, water

 * Foutre : n. Sperm.
 * v. Vulgar equivalent of the verb 'faire'; to do or to make ; to put. Commonly employed in vulgar/familiar expressions such as:
 * "Va te faire foutre" = "Go get fucked/Go fuck yourself"
 * "Qu'est-ce que tu fous ?" = "What the hell are you doing?"
 * "J'ai rien à foutre (ici, avec toi)" = "I have nothing to do (here, with you)"
 * "J'en ai rien à foutre/battre" = "I don't care"
 * "Je m'en fous", same as previous, see also 'Battre'
 * "Où est-ce que je l'ai foutu ?" = "Where did i put that?"
 * "Qu'est-ce que tu en as foutu ?" = "What did you do with this?", "Where did you put this?"
 * FOO-truh

 * Hyper : adj., 'very', 'really' ; "Je suis hyper triste" = "I'm really sad"
 * EE-pair

 * Kiffer : v. Colloquial word meaning 'to like' from Arabic noun 'kif' meaning 'cannabis', . Sometimes used under the form faire kiffer, e.g. Tu me fais trop kiffer.
 * keef-ay

 * Génial : adj. Colloquial word meaning "genius" (as used in UK English), "great", "brilliant", "sensational" or "awesome"
 * j-knee-al

 * Gosse : n.m., Child

 * Grave : adj. litt. "severe", roughly means "stupid" e.g. "mes parents sont graves" (my parents are stupid)
 * adv. roughly meaning "a lot" or "really" e.g "je la kiffe grave!" (I really like her). When used with a predicate, it can be placed before or after it. e.g "il est débile grave, lui!" or "il est grave débile, lui!" (he's really stupid)
 * grah-ve

 * Gueule : n., slang for 'mouth' or 'face'. It can be used in "Ta gueule!" which can be translated into 'Shut up!'/'Shut your face!'.
 * gull

 * Gueuler : v., slang. Means 'to shout'. e.g. 'Arrête de me gueuler dessus' could be translated into 'Stop shouting at me'.
 * Exists also engueuler, slang for 'to reprimand'.
 * guh-lay ; oñ-guh-lay

 * MacDo : Short for MacDonald's.
 * mack-doh

 * Machin : n.m., Stuff

 * Merde : n., excl., translated as 'shit', merde is not seen as vulgar as 'shit'. That is to say, adults use it often, as well as the youth. It can also mean 'rubbish', for example 'Ce repas, c'est de la merde', or 'The meal is crap'
 * This word has produced the phrase «le mot de cinq lettres», an exact transcribed meaning of the English phase "four-letter word".
 * maRed / with emphasis or in exclamation: mare-DUH

 * N'importe quoi : exp., 'whatever'
 * n., bullshit as in "C'est du n'importe quoi, ce qu'il dit"
 * nahm-poRt-UH-kwah

 * Niquer : v. Slang for 'to have sexual intercourse'. Often used in insults such as 'Nique ta mère' (Screw your mother), sometimes reduced to 'Ta mère!'. Metaphorically, slang for 'to break' or 'to be great'.
 * 'Je vais te niquer la gueule (vulgaire)' : je vais me battre contre toi !
 * e.g. 'Cette porte est niquée.' (This door is out of order.)
 * 'Ce jeu nique tout.' (This game is great.)
 * NEEK-ay

 * Osti : n., Québec only litt. 'host'. General swear word. Variant spelling of "esti".
 * Osti : n., Québec only litt. 'host'. General swear word. Variant spelling of "esti".

 * Ouais : 'yeah' (as opposed to "oui" = "yes")
 * waay

 * PD, Pédé: n., 'fag'/'faggot' (highly offensive)

 * Piquer : v, to steal, to pick

 * Putain : n., excl. Roughly equivalent to 'merde' when used as an exclamation. As a name, old form for 'pute' (whore). 'Putain' is the closest equivalent to the English 'bloody Hell'.
 * pew-tAÑ

 * S'en battre (les couilles) : exp.,
 * "Je m'en bats (les couilles)" = "I don't care", see 'foutre'

 * Super : adj., 'very', 'really' ; "Je suis super content" = "I'm really happy"
 * soup-air

 * Tabarnak : n., Québec only litt. 'tabernacle'. General swear word.
 * ta-barre-nack

 * Taff : n. work, job, task
 * taff

 * Truc : n. Stuff
 * trew-uhk

 * Tronche : n. Colloquial word meaning 'face'.
 * TRon-shuh

 * Vache : adj., nasty;
 * Vachement : adv., France, slang. Literally "cowly", vachement is a synonym for "very", and can be translated in some cases for the English adjective 'quite'. For instance - 'Il est vachement idiot' could be translated as 'He is quite stupid'.
 * Whilst on the subject of 'vache', a popular French phrase is 'la vache!' which, as an exclamation, means 'damn!' or 'darn!'. For example - 'tu as perdu!' could be greeted with 'la vache!' or 'mince!' or other such expressions of discontent.
 * It can however be used sometimes as an exclamation of surprise or amazement 'la vache! c'est genial ce truc'
 * vah-shuh; vah-shuh-MAWÑ

 * 'Vas chier !' : interj., 'Fuck off', 'Leave me'
 * vah-shee-ay

 * Zigounette : n.f., dick

 * Zinzin : n. Colloquial word meaning 'mad'.

 * Zgeg : n.m., dick

 * Zouz : n.m., Girlfriend or The girl you flirt with "Touche pas à ma zouz" Don't touch my "Zouz"
 * zoooz

Verlan
Verlan is roughly similar to English Pig Latin, in that certain words are split in half, and the two componenents switch positions, but do not necessarily retain all letters (due to French pronunciation patterns). For example, if you have word [12], in verlan it will become [2-1]. The word verlan is in itself an example of this; it comes from the word l'envers (meaning 'backwards'). Verlan is, unlike Pig Latin, quite commonly used among young adults and even adults. Common verlan expressions include:

 * Beur ou rebeu : n., A person of Arab descent. from arabe. ('Beur' is so commonly used that it now has its own Verlan form, 'reub').

 * Chelou : adj., Fishy, shady, suspicious. from louche.

 * Ienche : n., Dog. from "chien". "Les ienches, ca me fait flipper." (Pronounced "ee-ansh")

 * Keuf : Policeman (not polite) from flic "Il est chelou ce mec ! j'vais le balancer aux keufs."

 * Keum  : n., man, guy, dude, from mec.

 * Meuf : n., Woman, chick, girl. from femme.

 * Ouf : adj., Crazy, ridiculous. from fou. Used commonly in the expression "c'est un truc de ouf" ("that is madness").

 * Portnawak : see 'n'importe quoi'

 * Relou : adj., Not funny, difficult, something that sucks. from lourd, heavy. (the d is dropped in Verlan because the final d does not pronounce in lourd).

 * Ripou : adj., Rotten, awful, gross. from pourri
 * Ripou = un policier qui commet des actes graves illégaux
 * pl : des ripoux

 * Teuf : n., Party. from fête.

 * Venère : adj., aggravated, angry, pissed off. from enervé(e).

Common chat abbreviations
There are two general guidelines:
 * é can be substituted for all homophonic equivalents including "-ais", "-ait", "-es" (such as in the articles les and des), the conjunction "et" (and), and the verb "est" (third person sing. conjugation of être, "to be").
 * words that end in a silent -s commonly drop this s: such as pas (pa), and vois (voi).

 * a+ : prep.+adj., à plus, à bientôt, "until later".

 * biz : n., bisous, "kisses".

 * c : subj+verb, c'est, "it is".

 * ct : subj+verb, c'était, "it was"; imparfait (past) conjugation of c'est.

 * dc : conj., donc, "therefore, so".

 * dsl : adj., désolé(e), "sorry".

 * fok : exp., il faut que, "it is necessary".

 * tfk? : exp., Tu fais quoi?, "What are you doing?"

 * ke : interr. and relative pronoun, que, "that".

 * ki : interr. and rel. pron., qui, "that" or "which".

 * koi : interrogative, quoi, "what"; also seen in pourkoi, "why".

 * jtm : exp. je t'aime, "I love you"

 * mdr : exp., mort(e) de rire, "laughing myself to death", (equivalent of lol, laughing out loud).

 * mé : conj., mais, "but".

 * pr : prep., pour, "for".

 * ptdr : exp., peté(e) de rire, "bursting with laughter", (equivalent of lol, laughing out loud). stronger than mdr.

 * tt : adj., tout(e), "all"; also seen in the expression tout le monde.

 * nrv : adj. enervé(e), pissed off, angry, aggravated.

title: French/Appendices/Slang


text:
German/Level III/Gespräche Unter Geschäftsmännern

Lektion Zwei für Fortgeschrittene

Gespräch 2-3 ~ Katrin geht einkaufen

 * Katrin geht einkaufen. Sie braucht Wurst und Käse, aber sie findet viele leckere Lebensmittel in dem Delikatessengeschäft.
 * Katrin:     Hallo. Ich brauche Käse.
 * Verkäufer: Ich habe einen leckeren Schmelzkäse. Er heißt 'Brimsen'.
 * Katrin:     Nein. Ich suche Hartkäse. Haben Sie einen 'Jarlsberg'?
 * Verkäufer: Nein. Aber ich habe einen guten Schweizer Käse. Er schmeckt ähnlich.
 * Katrin:     OK. Verkaufen Sie den stückweise?
 * Verkäufer: Ja. Ein Stück?
 * Katrin:     Bitte. Und haben Sie Wurst?
 * Verkäufer: Ja gewiss. Wir haben viele Wurstsorten.
 * Katrin:     Ich suche Würstchen.
 * Verkäufer: Ich habe 'Nürnberger Schweinswürste'.
 * Katrin:     Das ist gut.

Vokabeln 2-3
das Delikatessengeschäft           Deli, Delicatessen       (das Geschäft = business) der Hartkäse                       hard cheese das Lebensmittel, die Lebensmittel food, foods der Schmelzkäse                    soft cheese die Schweinswurst                  pork sausage der Schweizerkäse                  Emmenthaler cheese, Swiss cheese das Stück                          piece der Verkäufer                      sales clerk das Würstchen                      small sausage die Wurstsorten                    types of sausage

Bitte                              If you please Nürnberger Schweinswürste          a type of small, pork sausage (pl.)

finden                             find heißen                             call, name schmecken                          taste suchen                             seek, look for verkaufen                          sell                     (compare with einkaufen & der Verkäufer)

ähnlich                            similar ein                                a, an, any, one lecker                             tasty, delicious nicht                              not stückweise                         piecemeal, by the piece  (compare with das Stück)
 * Pronunciation Guide >>

Grammatik 2-5 ~ Word Formation
As in any language, many words in German are constructed from other smaller words that provide similar meaning, although the connections can sometimes be obscured by the passage of time. Construction of new words from word combinations is especially prevalent with German nouns, and understanding word roots can therefore be helpful in learning new words. As an example, consider the phrase Auf Wiedersehen — the standard translation into English being 'Good bye', although it means literally 'upon reunion' (in essence, "until we meet again"). The noun, das Wiedersehen, consists of wieder, 'once again' (or 're-' as a prefix), and sehen or 'see'.

The noun die Geschäftsleute provides a direct example of a compounded noun: the first part of each deriving from das Geschäft ('business') and the second part from die Leute ('people'). The gender of a compound noun follows the base or last noun.

There are other examples in the this lesson, but these may not be immediately obvious unless you already have a good command of German words. However, you should train yourself to view new words in terms of the meanings of their component parts. Consider all of the various words used in this lesson to describe types of cheeses: der Hartkäse, der Schmelzkäse, der Schweizerkäse; or nouns and verbs related to buying and selling (Kaufen und Verkaufen).

Grammatik 2-6 ~ Personal Pronouns: nominative case
Here are the personal pronouns in the nominative case:

 * Polite form.

The nominative case is that of the subject of a verb. The pronoun subject of these sentences is underlined in the German and the English: This last sentence is an example from Gespräch 2-3 using the polite form of 'you'. Whether singular or plural must be established by context. This next sentence translates with sie as 'they': as evidenced by the form taken by the verb 'can' (können). Other uses of the nominative case in German will be explored in future lessons. Tables of the pronouns in all cases are summarized in the grammar appendix: Pronoun Tables.

NOTE: An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object in English or German. A pronoun following an intransitive verb such as 'to be' is called a predicate pronoun and should be in the nominative case. In English 'It is I' is correct; 'It is me' is incorrect.

Grammatik 2-7 ~ More on verb forms
Just as English sometimes adds the verb "to be", forming the progressive, note also in Grammatik 2-2 (in both question sentence examples) that English also may insert the verb 'to do' (called the emphatic form), especially useful when forming a question. This is not done in German: Again, in the present tense, the English sentences:
 * 'I write a letter.'
 * 'I do write a letter.'

are all, in German: Ich schreibe einen Brief.
 * 'I am writing a letter.'

means: Ich schreibe gerade einen Brief.

Vokabeln 2-4
der Brief                 letter das Einkaufen             shopping der Finger, die Finger    finger, fingers das Kaufen                buying                (use of the verb form is preferred) das Schwein               pig                   (compare with die Schweinswurst) das Verkaufen             selling

können                    can schreiben                 write

jede                      any zehn                      ten

Andere Wörter 2A
Using these additional vocabulary words, you should be able to restate Gespräch 2-2 above, altering the meaning (or time of day) of the conversation.

der Abend               evening

Guten Abend! Good Evening (greeting) morgen früh             tomorrow morning zu wenig                too little

abend                   evening abends                  evenings falsch                  false, wrong morgen                  tomorrow morgens                 in the morning schlecht                bad
 * Pronunciation Guide >>

Übersetzung 2-2
Write these sentences in German. Pay attention to the additional words presented in Andere Wörter 2A:
 * 1) Good evening Catherine.Where are you going?
 * 2) I'm looking for a good Swiss cheese.
 * 3) That is wrong! Too little is too little.

 * Antworten >


text:
User:Jiang

I am w:User:Jiang.

title: User:Jiang


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User:Mrfk

I work at the vibration and acoustics lab at Virginia Tech in the US. You can see our web site at http://www.val.me.vt.edu. My bio stuff at http://www.val.me.vt.edu/VAL_Team/mike%20k.html

Currently, whilst avoiding real work have been adding to the GCSE science textbook,(I remember taking my GCSE's and so am filled with sympathy for those who are i the midst of the dual-science award syllabus).

I also am interested in working on pages discussing Acoustics and Vibration as that is the area of both my degrees and current research.

Still learning wiki markup so links and nice layout will have to wait a while.

title: User:Mrfk


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Talk:Physics with Calculus

Archives of this talk page:
 * Archive 1

Why orthodox order?
What's so great about the orthodox order?
 * Probably because it makes the textbook potentially most useful. Orthodox, by definition is the order that most instructors follow when they teach the subject—the textbook is likely to be useful to the most number of people possible, if it follows the orthodox order. There is something to be said for unorthodox-order textbooks (I, for one, am fond of Feynman's lecture series), but there has to be at least one textbook that goes in the orthodox order, so that the instructors who are considering the textbook are not forced to jump around the book. novakyu (talk) 23:27, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Reorganization
I just re-organized the book. Currently, it's organized roughly as: For this particular outline, I am mainly motivated by the Physics 7A-C in my undergraduate institution, UC Berkeley. The bit about general relativity was because I was so frustrated myself 5 years ago, when the texts would hint at the importance of general relativity, without ever telling us why.
 * Divide it into three parts to follow three-semester introductory physics courses taught in U.S. schools
 * The first part should cover: preliminary materials, Newtonian mechanics and waves (but not E&M).
 * The second part should cover: thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism (up to electromagnetic waves, but not its implications on relativity)
 * the third part should cover: more on electromagnetic waves (perhaps as an intro to relativity), relativity (*some* materials on general relativity for advanced students), optics, and quantum mechanics.

Obviously, this is not the only way to divide out the material into clear three-semester chunks and I would appreciate any improvements on it, but in lack of a response from a past contributor (but most seem to have abandoned this book for a while), I will go ahead and start making changes. novakyu (talk) 07:12, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Inconsistent notation?
I've looked over a few pages, and there are some serious inconsistencies with notations. I don't mind if this textbook's notations are not consistent with another textbook (like one that's more oriented towards abstract math), but it should at least be internally consistent. I'd suggest creating a "notations" page (it would also be convenient for students, like for looking up commonly used symbols) so that different editors could agree to a convention at one place and follow that convention elsewhere. Some inconsistency I've seen are: For vectors, A vs. $$\vec{A}$$ vs. $$\vec{\mathbf{A}}$$ vs. $$\overline{A}$$ (I myself am in favor of $$\vec{A}$$, but I think most textbooks do use A more to denote vectors ... even though students will invariably have to use $$\vec{A}$$). ... And that's it. Maybe $$\hat{i}$$ vs. $$\hat{x}$$, but I think students need to see both (I myself is in favor of the latter). novakyu (talk) 06:46, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

faster-than-light shadows?
On the Special Relativity page: "For example, if I had a projector very far away from a screen, and I wave my hand in front of it very quickly, the shadow will travel faster than light."

Is this true? At the instant I block the projector, there are still photons between my hand and the screen, and they'll travel at the speed of light toward the screen; there will be a slight delay before the shadow appears. Am I misreading this? Maybe it should be reworded.

DavePercy (talk) 01:45, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

You are right that it is poorly worded, but it is correct. Look at the wall, and let a bug walk across the projector. If the projector is very far from the wall, you will see the shadow of the bug moving faster than the speed of light. You just cannot transmit information faster than light with the shadow.

Too many menus
There seem to bee far too many divisions between chapters. This is all very well and good for sections like Newton's laws, but when you scroll further, you get one chapter per subhead. If nobody has an objection within a few months or so, I'll start rearranging these sections and consolidate a number of them. --Freiberg (talk) 12:29, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

Multiple efforts to create a book like this
There are too many parallel efforts on this book. I jumped into a parallel effort on Wikiversity before I found this book. I think others on Wikiversity have made similar efforts, and I am not sure what should be done. Also, a good way to achieve uniformity in notation and style is to copy equations from Wikipedia itself. The articles on Wikipedia have improved greatly in the past few years. --Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 05:01, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

Multiple efforts to create a book like this
There are too many parallel efforts on this book. I jumped into a parallel effort on Wikiversity before I found this book. I think others on Wikiversity have made similar efforts, and I am not sure what should be done. Also, a good way to achieve uniformity in notation and style is to copy equations from Wikipedia itself. The articles on Wikipedia have improved greatly in the past few years. --Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 05:01, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Physics with Calculus


text:
Objective-C Programming

Objective-C is an object-oriented programming language. It was named after the concept of adding objects to the C language.

Objective C was introduced with NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, and was considerably extended in application due to its use with the Cocoa libraries under Mac OS X or the GNUstep libraries. However, you can program in Objective-C without these libraries if you wish.

Because not everyone uses OPENSTEP or Mac OS X, we will introduce these library-specific details later.

Familiarity with the C programming language is required, as Objective-C shares a lot with it, hence its name.

Contents

 * Objective-C concepts
 * The basic concepts of object-oriented programming in terms of Objective-C terminology.
 * Getting Started
 * Invoking Objective-C compilers
 * Objective-C syntax
 * The basic details of how to write classes in Objective-C. Writing the interface and implementation.
 * Objective-C in depth
 * Objective-C techniques, using the `Object` class, categories, protocols.
 * Objective-C advanced features
 * Advanced Objective-C, selectors, message forwarding, archiving.

title: Objective-C Programming


text:
User talk:Pipian~enwikibooks

please .. if you are going to redo the physics study guide pages in TeX make the box outlines a bit thicker so they catch a bit more attention .. maybe four times as thick .. thank you Karl Wick

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

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The Physics Study Guide is my realm.

See: Wikipedia:User:Pipian

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