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Ethnomedicine/Ethnomedicine by Illness

Anemia
Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells. This results in a reduced ability of blood to transfer oxygen to the tissues, causing tissue hypoxia. Since all human cells depend on oxygen for survival, varying degrees of anemia can have a wide range of clinical consequences. Anemia is the most common disorder of the blood. There are several kinds of anemia, produced by a variety of underlying causes. Anemia can be classified in a variety of ways, based on the morphology of RBCs, underlying etiologic mechanisms, and discernible clinical spectra, to mention a few.

Acne
A treatment for facial acne is to apply Yellow Egg Yolk to the infected area. Or use Toothpaste and Honey with a bandaid for an overnight fix. Another home remedy is simply Toothpaste. Sometimes washing affected area with Tea Tree Oil can also be beneficial.

Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration together with declining activities of daily living and behavioral changes. It is the most common type of dementia. The first symptom is loss of memory which increases with illness progression, then intellectual impairment extends to the areas of language, skilled movements, and recognition. The main cause of the disease is unknown.

Asthma
Asthma is a chronic condition affecting populations around the world. Public attention has recently focused on this condition because its prevalence and the associated mortality rate have increased over the last several decades. While familial aggregation is observed, no clear pattern of segregation can be discerned. Most likely, there are multiple genetic, developmental, and environmental factors which interact to produce the overall condition. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma

Arthritis
A treatment for arthritis is glucosamine. Some easy and effective home remedies used to prevent or treat arthritis are the consumption of one of the following: Kombucha, Potato Juice, or Apple Cider Vinegar

Bad Breath
Hydrogen Peroxide is used to cure bad breath within many Western Societies. You are supposed to mix about a tablespoon of hydrogen peroxide with 8-10oz of water. Rinse your mouth with the solution and let it stand for 2–3 minutes. If you look into your mouth you will be able to see the peroxide solution working in between your teeth and under your gum line. Rinse your mouth well and brush your teeth as usual.

Baldness
A treatment for baldness is cod liver oil and apple cider vinegar

Bedwetting
Bedwetting has been attributed to a number of causes including deep sleep, urinary disorders, or even problems with the spinal cord. There are however a couple simple before bed solutions to this unfortunate common occurrence. Cranberry juice, if taken in the amount of about eight ounces before going sleeping each night can help. You can also eat two teaspoons of raisins and one teaspoon of walnut halves.

Bee Stings
One remedy for bee stings is the use of Broadleaf Plantain and Soybean Paste. Another is to apply the mixture of baking soda and water to the bee sting area. Mix a third of a cup of baking soda with two thirds of a cup of water, and put it on and around the sting. After a couple of minutes, you should start to feel relief. The paste will dry up and stop working after about 15 minutes, so apply more.

If stung by a bee one way to reduce pain and inflammation (if you are not allergic to bee stings) is to make a paste with a few drops of water to a teaspoon of meat tenderizer. In order for this to be affective however you must use a brand of meat tenderizer that has Papain in it. Papain breaks down the protein that is in insect bites which is why it is needed. Adolph's and McCormick are two brands that contain Papain.

If you'd like to safeguard yourself against future bee stings, you may want to start taking zinc or thiamine. These nutrients may affect your body odor, which in turn could keep the insects away. You can infuse your diet with foods such as red meats, oysters, and fortified cereals, which are high in zinc. If you decide to go that route, make sure to check with your doctor first, as high amounts of nutrients may be unhealthy. http://www.mothernature.com/Library/Bookshelf/Books/48/13.cfm

Placing peeled and sliced potatoes on a bee sting can also help the sting become less painful and irritating faster.

Black Eye
A black eye occurs when blood begins to pool near the tender area of the eyeball in order to hasten the healing process. Asprin is not a good way decrease the pain of a black eye due to the fact that it's is a anticoagulant which will not allow the blood to clot as it should,slowing the healing process.Black Eye

Blisters
A treatment for healing blisters is with Tea Bags. One should use a non-flavored tea bag and soak it in a cup of hot water just as if making a drink. After 2–3 minutes, when the tea bag begins to soak up the water, remove it and place it directly on the open wound/blister. For 10 minutes, push slightly down on the tea bag, allowing the herb juice within to trickle out onto the wound. After 10 minutes, check the skin surrounding the blister for a discoloration of either tan, brown, yellow, or orange skin. If this is apparent, take the tea bag off. If not, soak the tea bag on the blister for 2 more minutes. For the next half hour leave the blister open to fresh air, no allowing it to touch any objects or clothing. One should continue this process twice a day until the blister is properly healed. This treatment with tea bags will allow the blister to heal quickly. This remedy is used in the Western Society.

Bloody Nose
Bloody noses can be helped with cold water applied to the forehead. Another, less common method is stuffing the nostril with ruptured yarrow. This with help the blood coagulate more quickly.

The most common type is called the Anterior nosebleed. This could be caused by a dry nose, smoking, or medicinal blood thinners. In the case of these, one should sit in a chair and lean forward without tilting the head. Pinch the nose lightly with a small, wet cloth for about 5 minutes. Some cayenne pepper can be mixed water and can be drunk. This will draw blood away from the head to the stomach.

The other common type of nosebleed is called a Posterior nosebleed,which is most common among the elderly. It is caused by high blood pressure,the bleeding begins at the rear of the nose a begins to flow down the throat.

In both Posterior and Anterior cases an increased intake of iron can make them less frequent.

Bruising
Dit Da Jow, “hit and fall wine”, commonly called “Jow”, is a liniment used by practitioners of the Chinese martial arts. More specifically used by practitioners of the iron body styles of kung fu; iron palm, vest, arm, leg, fist, and head. Jow is used to treat soft tissue damage such as bruising, strains, aches, increases blood flow.

There are two types of Jow, hot and cold. The “Hot Jow” is used for more heavily damaged areas, deep bruising and very tight muscles. “Cold Jow” is more generalized and used for typical daily training training. The differences between the two are 1) “Hot Jow” is heated before application and 2) the recipes are slightly different. The ingredients may differ to some degree but all Jows are fundamentally the same, they are a combination of a strong alcohol (Chinese rice wine or Vodka are common) and specific quantities of specific herbs such as Artemesia (Liu ji nu), Myrrh (Moyao), Borneol (Bingpian), Carthamus (Honghua), Cirsium (DaJi), Dragon's Blood (Xuejie), Musk (Shexiang), Pinellia (ShengBanXia), Cinnabar (Zhusha).

Jow is applied to the effected area right befor

Another way of clearing up bruises quickly is to massage the bruised area for a short period of time. This may seem painful, but if you can handle it, it is effective. The massaging breaks up the blood in the area and allows it to move, and thus the bruise will clear up faster.

Burns
A way to alleviate the pain of burns is Aloe Vera. Another way to alleviate the pain of burns is by applying Crest Original Toothpaste, see Toothpaste To prevent sunburns, use Daily Suncreen.

Canker Sores
Canker sores are painful reddish, sometimes white, sores on the inside of the mouth. The exact cause of canker sores is unknown, but is linked to stress, poor nutrition, menstrual cycles,changes in climate and food allergies.

The use of baking soda can help ease the pain and aid healing of canker sores. Using a mirror locate the sore, expose the canker sore by holding lips open with one hand. Dip the tip of one finger in baking soda and dab it onto the sore, covering it in baking soda. Continue to hold lips to expose the area, and avoid getting the area wet with saliva. Allow the baking soda to sit on the sore for a minute or two, then rinse with water. By the next day the canker sore should be less painful and begin shrinking. Hot fluids, such as green tea seem to aid healing. Repeat daily until the sore disappears.

This remedy has its origins in the great farm lands of Wisconsin, and likely many households across the country.

Also gargling a warm mixture of salt and water can help relieve canker sores. Mix a tea spoon of salt with a cup or so warm water (as hot as you can stand without burning yourself). Stir it until it dissolves. Gargle or rinse the solution in your mouth for 20–30 seconds, spit it out and repeat. Don't use the same solution over; rinse with it once and spit it out. Do this several times a day.

Using a tea tree oil mouth wash can also be a natural way of helping let your mouth heal itself of canker sores. Desert Essence is a company which produces such a product.

Rinsing your mouth out with sauerkraut juice has long been known to cure canker sores and prevent future ones from forming. Just swish a tablespoon of sauerkraut juice in your mouth for about thirty seconds one or two times each day.

There are also ways to prevent the occurrence of canker sores through your diet. Eating foods rich in vitamin b such as whole grain foods and a variety of vegetables. Some man need to avoid dairy products and acidic foods as these can irritate canker sores even further.

Although dairy products can be a cause of canker sores, yogurt consumed while experiencing one may help relieve symptoms. It is believed that the cultures in Acidophilus yogurt may help combat the bacteria present at the site of a canker sore. For more information, see Yogurt for Canker Sores.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Remedies include a wrist support pad.

Chapped Lips
Chapped lips is seen as a dehydration problem. Licking the lips has a temporary effect, but the evaporation that occurs afterwards only leads to further dehydration. Lip balm is the most effective way to lock in moisture and prevent the lips from dehydrating. Vaseline and suntan lotion also work.

Chickenpox
A home remedy for the chickenpox is an Oatmeal Bath Other home remedies for chicken pox are to take baths daily in baking soda or oatmeal. Using calamine lotion or benadryl liquid or capsules by mouth for the itching skin. Use Neosporin ointment about 4 times a day for infected sores. Use Vitamin E oil or honey over skin to help the healing process. Trim nails and do not scratch sores, let the scabs fall off by them selves. Take Tylenol of fever.

Cold Sore
Not sure if originating from but from Australia and china combined as a home remedy they would use nail polish and tea tree oil. On first notice of a cold sore coming on take a q-tip and dip it in nail polish remover. Place the q-tip on your cold sore until the q-tip is somewhat dry. Through out the rest of the day dab tea tree oil on the cold sore 3 times a day. If the cold sore is still a problem the next day repeat from step one starting from the nail polish remover. There are risks doing this, its not for someone with sensitive skin since 100% tea tree oil can be very irritating to the skin and so can nail polish remover, and first of when you read the back of nail polish remover it will say "do not inhale or put directly onto skin" so use at your own risk. If you are worried about the nail polish remover skip it and just try the tea tree oil. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Teatreeoil.jpg/800px-Teatreeoil.jpg

Another remedy for cold sores involves vitamin E gel capsules. Pierce a hole in one of the capsules and smear the liquid on the cold sore 3-4 times per day. The sore tends to heal in a few days' time, as vitamin E is very beneficial to skin health and maintenance, and direct application is quicker than increased ingestion.

The Common Cold
A common cold can be prevented by taking Airborne, Humidifiers, Zinc or Emergen-C, Daily Multi-Vitamin. Exercise and proper diet can aid in prevention.

Cures for the common cold include Mustard Plaster. Symptom alleviation techniques for the common cold include Hot Food and Acetaminophen.

Constipation
Prevention and cure for constipation includes Prune Juice and also Honey and Salt Relief of constipation can also be helped by drinking a mild hot drink, such as a weak tea or even just a mug of hot water.

Cramps
A Prevention and cure for cramps, see Cramps Another cure for cramps is Acetaminophen

Cuts
A faster, more efficient way to cure cuts is Neosporin

A way to prevent cuts is Knee pads/elbow pads

Hydrogen Peroxide can also help to cure a cut if it is infected.

Dandruff
Prevention for dandruff includes using dandruff.

Another type of treatment is a vinegar and water mixture.

Decongestion
To help clear up decongestion, use Eucalyptus. Ear Candling can also be used to clear up congestion in the sinuses. A Vapor Bowl can be used to relieve congestion of the chest. A "Jigger" of Whiskey, which is an old German remedy will also help to clear up unwanted congestion.

Dehydration
Prevention for dehydration includes drinking water.

Diabetes
A remedy for diabetes is Neem

Diaper Rash
Diaper rash mostly affects babies and toddlers who are still in their diaper phase in the growth cycle. It happens when moisture gets trapped in the diaper of the child. There are Diaper Rash preventions as well as a home remedy with Shark Liver Oil that can be used to help with the rash.

Diarrhea
If you are having flow problem in the bathroom with Constipation and Diarrhea, You should consume the meat of an apple to loosen things up, or consume the skin of an apple to tighten things up.

Disinfectant
For a shallow wound or other minor cuts, Hydrogen Peroxide can be used to sterilize the injury. Take a small amount, about a cap full, and pour it over the infected area. If bacteria are present, the reaction will cause the hydrogen peroxide to bubble. This means that it is working and the area is being disinfected. Once you have poured the hydrogen peroxide over the wound anywhere from 1-5 times, rise off the wound with water. Repeat twice a day, until the reaction no longer bubbles. However, this method can be dangerous as the amount of hydrogen peroxide used is considered excessive, and can cause damage to the skin and flesh surrounding the wound.

Honey can be smeared on a minor cut or scrape to aid in healing, as it possessed antibacterial properties. Aloe vera gel or liquid can also be used for this purpose.

Eczema
One remedy for eczema is Cold Compress. Another good remedy is putting Coconut Oil directly on affected area.

If the eczema is in a place such as the underarms, baby powder is another effective remedy. It removes any moisture and soothes the redness and itchiness. Johnson's baby powder is a good product, as it is perfume free and will not irritate the skin.

Fever
Remedies for fever include Cold Compress, Acetaminophen, Distilled Spirits, Hot Food.

Fungal Infections
A remedy for fungal infections is mugwort.

A remedy for toenail fungal infections is vicks vaporub.

Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of diseases of the optic nerve involving loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern of optic neuropathy. Although raised intraocular pressure is a significant risk factor for developing glaucoma, there is no set threshold for intraocular pressure that causes glaucoma. One person may develop nerve damage at a relatively low pressure, while another person may have high eye pressure for years and yet never develop damage. Untreated glaucoma leads to permanent damage of the optic nerve and resultant visual field loss, which can progress to blindness. Cannabis is widely used by and legally prescribed to patients with glaucoma in Western Culture.

Halitosis
Halitosis can be prevented with Saliva or the process of salivation.

Hangover
A hangover is the result of drinking too much alcohol and not drinking water. The symptoms are nausea, headache, and sometimes dizziness There are simple food solutions to prevent hangovers. There are also a lot of different things you can do in the morning to alleviate your symptoms such as taking alka-seltzer and drinking a cup or two of water.

Headache
Headaches are a common complaint among many people, but oftentimes they can be treated fairly easily. Headaches are usually caused by stress, lack of sleep, eyestrain, loud noises etc. One of the most effective ways to treat a headache is to lie down in a cool, quite, dark room with a cold ice pack or wet washcloth over your eyes. This will mainly promote relaxation, which in most cases is the cause of the headache.

Another possible solution for temporarily treating a headache is pinching your hand as hard as possible. This creates another minimal pain, but will draw the attention away from the headache.

Another usually never thought of remedy for headaches is working out. Usually working out is probably the last thing that someone with a really bad headache would want to do, but it has been shown to help alleviate the pain. Try a light work out program, such as a brisk walk or join an actually fitness program. Too much exercise during a migraine could make it worse though. Working out releases natural endorphins, releases tense muscles, reduces anxiety, increased blood and lymph circulation, reduced fatigue, improves sleep which means more sleep, and improves digestion among many other things. All of these things that exercise helps can help to cause headaches, so exercising can help to reduce headaches.

One remedy for headaches is drinking Gatorade If at-home remedies do not help to alleviate the pain, acupuncture is an excellent next step to recovery.

Hiccups
An effective cure for hiccups is drinking water upside-down or Drinking water with nose and ears plugged. Some people think that being suddenly surprised or very scared can get rid of hiccups. Possibly because of this and general food preferences eating a spoon full of sugar with a little bit of vinegar on it can cure the hiccups. This remedy is not actually as disgusting as it sounds.

High Cholesterol
Prevention for high cholesterol includes exercise and a healthy diet.

Hives
Hives are raised, itchy, red, histamine filled welts that appear on the surface of the skin. Hives range in size form a quarter inch to 3 inches or more across. They may last anywhere from a few minutes to a few days. A hive can be caused by an insect bite or in response to an allergic reaction. Hives can be treated with Benadryl

Influenza
Prevention for influenza can be Flu Vaccine.

Ingrown Toenails
Many of you have accumulated ingrown toenails and may have wondered how to get rid of them. Within the Western Societies a cure that may help get rid of ingrown toenails may be to soak your foot in warm water for 15 minutes to soften the skin around the nail. To do this, it is best to soak your foot in hotter water than you would usually use and massage the foot for the 15 minutes allowed. Daily foot soaks in warm water will help relieve the swelling or tenderness while the toenails grow out. Letting the toenails grow out and taking proper care of them will help prevent them from being ingrown again.

Insomnia
A remedy for insomnia is Passion Flower A remedy for insomnia is Warm Milk A remedy for insomnia is Chamomile Tea and Whole Wheat Snack.

Jaundice
Jaundice occurs when the liver can not handle the load it is given. Urine becomes darker, stools become lighter, and bilirubin (a yellow/brown substance that is the result of red blood cells breaking down) begins to collect in tissue all over the body. Jaundice is more of a symptom of a disease than a disease iself. It can be a sign of pernicious anemia, hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, and hemolysis.Some symptoms of Jaundice are yellowing of the eyes,the mucous membranes,and also the skin.

Lice
Lice are mites (prediculosis) that can be seen with the naked eye. They lay eggs on the shafts of hair on the scalp (nits, shells that contain eggs, are glued to the head). In about a week the immature louse hatches and hides in the scalp for two to three weeks until it matures enough to lay eggs of its own. They survive on human blood acquired through tiny bites in the skin of the scalp. These pesky parasites cause itching- just the thought of them can tickle! If one itches too often or too hard, the scalp can become inflamed or even infected, which can cause the glands in the neck to swell. Being socially shunned for a couple of days can also be a side effect of lice.

It is a common misconception that if one acquires lice, they don't practice good hygiene. Actually, lice come whether or not one bathes regularly. However, there are some preventive practices. Since lice are transmitted through direct contact with a contaminated person's hair and/or through the sharing of brushes, combs, hats, and other hair accessories, one should not share these objects. This is one time being selfish can actually help the greater good of everyone!

Lice can be treated with medication and other treatments. Medicated shampoos kills the live lice (regular shampoo doesn’t work, so cleanliness is not a prevention practice), and egg (nit) remover gets rid of the eggs and nits that are more firmly attached to the hair and scalp. Combing one’s hair after using the shampoo and remover should dislodge anything that is left over. There are also other sketchier ways of removing the lice, one of which is Malathion (or Ovide) which is a pesticide that should be used cautiously and on children no younger than six years of age. Malathion is not widely used because of its potential toxicity, and should be used as a last resort. A few alternative home remedies include olive oil, mayonnaise, and petroleum jelly (Vaseline), all of which prevent the lice from moving, thereby killing them. Some have found that Listerine mouthwash works as well. Saturate your hair, then cover with a shower cap for 15 minutes and shampoo as normal. You may want to repeat this process if it does not kill all the lice eggs immediately. A more drastic approach is to shave ones head compleatly. It may seem extreamly drastic, but this is an extreamly quick and effective way to remove not only the adult lice, but the eggs as well. However, many people feel that it's quick and effective results are not worth the cost of loosing all of ones hair. http://www.healthcentral.com/peoplespharmacy/408/61022.html

Migraine
A remedy for Migraine headaches is butterbur. Another is feverfew, which can be taken in caplets both for preventative treatment and acute attacks.

Migraine headaches that lead to nausea, vomiting and extreme sensitivity encumber individual’s everyday. When you suspect you may have a migraine you should seek treatment immediately.A Cold Pack over your eyes is a remedy to help relieve a migraine.

Motion Sickness
Motion sickness is the disturbance of the inner ear which is caused by repeated motion such as that of a swell of the sea, car movement, turbulence on an airplane, etc. Symptoms of motion sickness include nausea, vomiting and dizziness. Other common signs are sweating, discomfort, and an overall feeling of not feeling well. An alternate practice to alleviate such symptoms is ginger root and African ginger.

Muscle Aches
A remedy for muscle aches is Bananas A preventative practice for muscle aches is Stretching.

Muscle Cramping]
Muscle cramping is very common in Western Societies. It often occurs during exercise in hot weather and at night. It is often caused by low levels of potassium in ones body. Potassium and sodium work together across cell membranes to regulate muscle cramping.

Muscle Soreness
After working out, playing a sport, or working with heavy objects, it is possible to pull a muscle. When you pull a muscle, it hurts quite a bit, and will impact your ability to work out afterwards, or even go about daily tasks. When a sore muscle occurs, there are creams and other such things that you can apply. However, at the interest of time and money, there are simple treatments that can be taken. 1st, it is important to apply ice to the region that hurts for twenty minutes, once every hour until pain subsides. After pain subsides, and even in between icings, one should stretch to rid the area of lactic acid, which contributes to the pain. Stretching gently is important, since the area is already sore, and vigorous stretching will only cause the muscle to hurt more. It is important that you walk 15–30 minutes a day, not just because walking is good for your mind and body, but also because it will increase circulation through your body, and will deliver oxygen to the sore muscle. Drinking 8+ glass’ of water a day will help increase hydration to the muscle, which will also ease the pain. Most importantly, stay off the muscle. Do not curl weights if your biceps is sore, and do not run 4 miles if the sore muscle is in your leg.

Overall Wellness
Maintaining a balance of yin and yang, mind and body can be done by performing Tai Chi regularly. Drinking a glass of kombucha can also stimulate metabolism and other bodily functions in turn leading to overall wellness.

Pain
Pain can be alleviated by a lot of medications and practices. One popular medication used to treat minor aches and pains is Acetaminophen

Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a sickness of the lungs and the respiratory system that causes the lungs and the alveoli to become inflamed and produce fluids. This can result from a variety of causes including viruses, bacteria, and over cooling of the body. A remedy for this sickness is a Lung Compress.

Pink Eye
Pink Eye is also called conjunctivitis, it is an inflammation of the membrane (the conjunctiva) that lines the eyelid and covers the surface of the eye. Bacteria and viruses (which are very contagious) allergies, dry air, and irritants in the air such as smoke, fumes, or chemicals can cause pink eye. When bacteria or a virus is involved, the condition is more commonly called an infection.

The symptoms of pinkeye may include redness in the whites of the eyes, red and swollen eyelids, lots of tears, itching or burning, a sandy feeling in the yes, and sensitivity to light. Most cases of pinkeye will clear up on their own in 7 to 10 days. A warm compress applied directly to the eye several times a day will relive discomfort during this period.

Poison Ivy, Oak, Sumac
Itchy and occasionally painful skin irritations caused by poison ivy, oak and sumac are a result of physical contact with the poison secreted by these plants. The most effective preventative measures, know what these plants look like and which environments they grow, can reduce the chance of exposure. For those who regularly find themselves in the wilderness contact with these plants is inevitable. Thankfully the poisons are only frustrating and itchy not deadly.

The rash that is caused by the poison is typically reddish, bumpy, and itchy. The rash itself will secrete a toxin that causes it to spread to other areas or other people through direct or indirect contact. With this in mind the first step in treatment is containment. Areas effected should not be touched by any other part of the body, a simple ACE bandage wrapped around the area will suffice. Itching irritates the rash and prolongs the infection.

Over the counter rash ointments are available, ointments do reduce itching and help stimulate healing, but there are several home remedies that work just as well if not better. The first of which is the topical application of oatmeal, the heat and moisture from the oatmeal sooths the itching. Oatmeal’s thick viscous consistency conducts heat and insulates very well. An oatmeal treatment may be used as needed for the entire duration of the rash.

Secondly, a mixture of baking soda and vinegar is believed to extract the toxins from the rash, quickly reducing the size and reducing the duration of the infection. A large amount of baking soda is mixed with a relatively small amount of vinegar to create a thick paste. The vinegar is added in small increments to reduce the size of the resulting chemical reaction. Heating paste prior to it’s application will sooth the itching upon contact and open the pours of the skin allowing the toxins to flow out into the paste. When the paste has become dry and brittle it is washed off with cold water and reapplied as needed.

Or for an irritating plant induced rash you could try a Honey Wrap.

Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a non-contagious skin disease that creates lesions or sores on skin and is treatable by many methods. The use of moisturizers will help relieve some of the itch associated with the condition. Exposure to sunlight also seems to benefit persons with this condition. Vitamin D, Vitamin E, as well as Grape Root have been shown as treatments for the symptoms.

Red Eyes
The use of a Cold Washcloth over closed eyes helps to constrict blood flow within your eyes. This aids in reducing red eyes because the restricted blood vessels stop pumping blood into your eye. Also, the cold washcloth helps add moisture to your eyes which will help get rid of any unwanted material within your eyes. This is a typical medical practice of the Western Societies.

Rheumatoid Arthritis
A remedy for rheumatoid arthritis is Borage Oil.

Seasonal Affective Disorder
Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD, is a mood disorder experienced during the winter months. Between September and April, an estimated half-million people experience SAD every year. It is caused by a biochemical imbalance in the hypothalamus due to the shortened daylight hours and general lack of sunlight in the winter.

Symptoms include a general feeling of depression, not normally experienced throughout the rest of the year. SAD is more commonly found at latitudes north of 30°N and south of 30°S and rarely found in tropic regions.

SAD can be prevented and remedied by so-called SAD lamps, which emit full spectrum bright light. SAD lamps do not emit UV light, so the imbalance may be corrected without resulting in skin damage.

Sore Throat
Sore throats are most commonly cause by infection, about 90% of which are viral. Usually, cases are minor and can be cured through simple at home remedies. If serious, they may lead to strep throat or bronchitis. A home remedy to treat sore throats include Honey Tea. A remedy to treat sore throats includes Menthol Eucalyptus Cough Drops. Gargling salt water is an age old remedy that helps relieve pain associated with a sore throat. This remedy is best utilized if you catch the sore throat at an early stage. The reasoning behind using water with a high concentration of salt is to soak out the some of the inflaming agents that cause a sore throat. Additionally, salt water has a certain cleansing effect with regard to viral or bacterial infection. A normal salt to water ratio is 1/2 teaspoon per 8 ounces of water. This remedy provides only short term relief, and must be repeated often to continue to see results. But over/extended use may cause more harm than help. As a good rule of thumb don’t gargle more than 2 teaspoons an hour, this will allow for 4 gargles per hour, which should be plenty. This is a family practice, passed down generation by generation, and has no specific cultural ties. Another way to cure sore throats that has traditionally been used in many different cultures is consumption of licorice root, which increases mucous production in the throat. Ice cream has also commonly been used in Western Society to deal with and sooth sore throats. In Chinese culture, ginseng soup is commonly ingested for a simple cure of calming and relaxing the throat.

Snake Bite
Leeches can be very effective in extracting snake venom from a snake bite. More recently in medical history the leech is used to prevent venous congestion (pooling of excess blood) when re-attaching fingers, toes, or ears. The most effective species of leech for medical use is called the Hirudo medicinalis which has three jaws that look like little saws with about 100 sharp teeth used to puncture the skin of a host. It is recommended to leave the leech on the infected area for about 6–12 hours. By that time the leech will have extracted enough blood to digest and live off for about another year before needing another host while removing poisonous venom or excess blood. The hirudo medicinalis leech’s saliva contains anesthetic so the host or patient feels little pain while it is attached. Their saliva also contains an anticoagulant which keeps the host’s blood from clotting which may cause more bleeding after the leech has been removed but is not dramatic enough to affect a human. It is normal for a healing leech bite to itch and should be thoroughly cleaned to prevent any kind of infection. There is nothing that exists in modern medicine today as effective for snake venom or venous congestion used today which is why leeches are used around the world. The practice of using leeches to extract blood was first recorded to have been used in ancient Greece as a part of the humoral theory. Leeches are known to be sold in animal markets in Istanbul and many other civilizations around the world.

Spina Bifida
Spina bifida refers to a disorder involving the incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord and/or the protective coverings of a developing baby. A way to prevent spina bifida in a developing fetus is the regular consumption of folic acid among pregnant and sexually active women. http://www.stronghealth.com/services/urology/pediatricurology/spinabifida.cfm The Food and Drug Administration recommends that every pregnant women incorporate 400 micrograms of folic acid into their diet.

Sprain
A sprain can be alleviated with ginger root. Alternating hot and cold packs on the affected area is also thought to be helpful, as it stimulates blood flow and helps damaged tissue to mend. Resting the sprain and wrapping it with a tension bandage to aid in support is also recommended.

Stinging Nettle
A natural remedy that can be used upon contact with a stinging nettle can be applied using specific Ferns to the infected area.

A home remedy used to treat the pain associated with stinging nettle skin contact is an application of cottage cheese to the affected area.

A natural remedy that is used to cure the affects caused by stinging nettles are Doc Leaves (Rumex obtusifolia), they are simply rubbed on the area affected.

Stomach Ache
A stomach ache is usually referred to when there is any discomfort in the abdominal area. One of the common diagnosis of a stomach ache is indigestion, which can be aided by uncooked rice

Other cures or treatments for a stomach ache are antacids, gatorade, ginger ale, and yogurt.

Also try Sprite and Crackers or Peppermint Tea.

Stress
A way to relieve stress is Playing Music/Singing, ingesting forms of St. John's wort, yoga, Massage, and.

Common Symptoms of excessive stress:
 * Regularly walking, eating, or working in a hurried way.
 * Thinking and worrying excessively about the past or future.
 * Frequent tension in the body (esp. neck, face, shoulders, back and chest, and stomach) which often goes unnoticed until one slows down, breaths deep and carefully surveys the body. Sometimes leads to tension headaches or migraines.
 * Feeling of the "weight of the world" on your shoulders.
 * Feeling emotionally on edge or uncharacteristically irritable.
 * Regular tiredness during the day.
 * Significant need for outside stimulation to feel good (coffee/caffeine, sweeteners, food, sex, TV, alcohol, money, accomplishments, etc.)

Strategies for Relieving Stress: The most common way to help reduce stress is to try to make life as stress-free as possible. This may include getting activities out of the way that are causing your stress or constantly reminding you that you shouldn't be stressed out, especially about small things. Exercise is a great long term reducer of stress. Enrolling in an exercise class such as yoga or dancing has been shown to significantly reduce stress over time. Another simple way of becoming stress free is cleaning around your environment. It clears the mind and is a light exercise. Cleaning allows for a cleaner more relaxing environment to work in. Working in a more relaxed environment lets the mind focus on what’s important. sleep is another terrific method of getting rid of stress.

Prayer and meditation also helps cope and manage stress.

Sty
To rid those painful bumps on your eyelid use the Tea Bags trick to sooth them away.

Another way to help rid of a sty would be to use an Eye Cup. A sty is an infection or inflammation of the secretory glands of the eyelids. This common infection or inflammation results from blocked glands within the eyelid. When the gland is blocked, the oil produced by the gland occasionally gets backed up and forms a lump, which can be red and painful. The eye cup can be used to clean out the eye and wash out the glands. The idea is to use the cup 3-4 times daily with warm (NOT HOT) water mixed with a little bit of sulphur. Blink as many times as possible for about 45 seconds. This remedy is very common within Hispanic culture.

Such diseases as Diabetes, Parkingson's Disease, Gallstones, and Obesity
For such diseases as these Caffeine can be used to reduce the risk of getting such disease.

Sunburn Skin
The best over-counter lotion/crème to alleviate sunburn pains such as stinging is to use Noxzema moisturizer that is found in the stores. It feels terrific especially if you store the Noxzema in a drawer because the crème naturally maintains a cool level which feels incredible on a sun burned skin. Apply enough Noxzema to cover the sunburn completely; and apply a minimum of 2-3 times a day. The sunburn should most likely be gone within 2 days depending on the degree of the sunburn. NOTE: Some of the Noxzema moisturizer's come with Aloe-Vera; and use caution if your skin is sensitive to Aloe-Vera or use a different kind of Noxzema without Aloe-Vera.

Licorice root can also help heal inflammation of the stomach. When taken, it coats the stomach membrane with mucous to reduce the damage done to the membrane by stomach acids and kills "Helicobactor pylori", a bacteria associated with stomach inflammation.

Tooth Ache
Toothaches can be a pain, but a quick remedy is Vanilla Extract.

Tooth Discoloration
To eliminate plaque and gain whiteness and shine, use a mix of baking soda and salt as a paste.

Upset Stomach
A home remedy for curing an upset stomach is the use of Coca Cola/ Coke Syrup.

Also try sprite and crackers, peppermint tea, eating burnt toast, or Ethnomedicine/Home Remedies.

Warts
A hard rough lump growing on the skin, caused by infection with certain viruses and occurring typically on the hands or feet. Morning Spit can also be used to treat warts. Many people in the Western culture cure warts in mainly two different ways. One is going to the doctor and getting them frozen off. The other is getting a prescription medication drug that will make the wart go away. The less known method of wart removal is the use of morning spit has been known to cure a wart in about a week. This has to do with the bacteria in the mouth that comes when people fall asleep.

Some people have been known to apply a paste of baby powder and aloe vera gel to the wart.

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title: Ethnomedicine/Ethnomedicine by Illness


text:
User talk:Britishfish

Moon keeper
Written By: Cody Leihgeber

If there are any gramatical errors I am sorry. Feel free to edit and fix them.

Table of Contents
Introduction Unknown Job Meltdown Chernobyl Flight to the Heavens Stranded Dealing among the stars Realizing Conclusion

Introduction
This Story Takes Place in the Union of Soviet Socialism Republics. The Main character is from Ukraine and was taken to a special training facility to work on a special space project to the moon. He and his fellow workers are almost exiled to the most northern part of Siberia when an explosion at the reactor 10 in a top secret facility occurs and they are blamed.

Unknown Job
The year is 1985 and I am almost done with my training at the national aeronautics academy in Russia. I am being trained to build and fly a space craft. I have a wife and kids that live in Ukraine in the city of Chernobyl. The city offers all the best for them and I don’t regret sending them there to live. My wife said as soon as I was sent away that I shouldn’t worry about them, that she and the children would be just fine. Even though she told me this as every day goes by I still worry that I might never see them again.

Today is May 18 1985 and I am finally graduating from the academy! The commencement hall was so packed with people, and still more was trying to get in! It was decked out in all the Soviet Unions Colors and even had an extensive snack area. Though the people and all the commotion. It all seized when a man that I had never seen before came up onto the stage and announce the session in order. He wore a Black suit jacket, red tie, and Wine red shoes. The man was also accompanied with another couple of men that were dressed in the same accord. I sat and wondered what this was all about? None of the staff seemed to be bothered by the presence of these people although the audience seemed to be dressed in there finest. Click! In my head I had figured out that these people where from the Kremlin palace. They were apart of the socialist government, and obviously “top dogs”.

With in minutes the whole program went underway. They started pledging to the flag of Soviet Socialism and then the Man said a speech, “Today we honor these fine students for there academic excellence! Most of them are going to be sent to Chernobyl to work on the nuclear power facility and others to do other odd jobs for the government. We would now like to recognize these people for there academic abilities…” I thought it was getting a bit old and now all I could do is to wait to be called. For 20 minutes he continued to call out names and then he said Sasha Pankratova! As I went up a large round of applause was heard and then I received five awards and then a beautiful diploma! The man then whispered something in my ear saying, “I have something special planned for you. Come to the entrance hall here at the academy and I will take you to your job.” I was scared and did not reply. After the ceremony was over, I than began making my way back to my dorm. Upon entering I started packing and getting ready for the trip to my new job. Though it was very unlike a government official to come and see you just to take you to your job.

That night was full of nightmares and dreams of death. Suddenly I was dreaming that my family would be in an accident in Chernobyl. On April 26 1986 a reactor would explode killing many people in the city and causing cancer in most of the surrounding cities. Though it was a very scary dream I was just going to ignore it and go on with the day ahead of me. When it was 7:00 am I went to the entrance hall were, like he said he would be, he was waiting for me. He told me to get into his car. He told me we were on our way to the city of Tomsk. There I would be working on a nuclear reactor. “For what” I asked. He said “I can’t say, though you will find out.” I did not say anything else the whole ride to the air port. I was being flown on a private jet. Just before I boarded he gave and ID card with all my information and my picture. He said that I was supposed to show it to them so I could enter the facility. Then without a word of goodbye he left. The door of the plane closed and all that he said started to become a reality.

The Pilot started the plane and it began to take off. Soon we were out of Moscow and into the country side. It was very warm in the plane. Then the Pilate shut all the windows and the plane started to go fast. It was a ten hour flight and then all of a sudden the plane started to land. All of a sudden the door opened and very polluted air started to pour into the plane from the outside. Towering buildings all gray and black because of the acid rain and polluted air. There were 10 building spread fare apart each labeled [Vosc reactors reactor 1] and so forth. Then in the first section of the complex lied a little building that I entered into and showed the man my card. They looked at me odd but I just went on. There was a man that said, “Are you Mister Sasha Pankratova” I replied saying “yes.” Then he took me to an elevator explaining all that I would be doing. After we exited the elevator he told me that if I did anything to jeopardize the mission that I would be exiled to an exile camp in the near the city of Ambarchik in Siberia. He then showed me who I would be working with. He opened a door to a narrow hall way that seemed to get smaller as you walled down it. Then he opened another door and the men on the other side of the door where really tall and all had beards except one. Serhiy was his name he was very friendly. He had just started working on this project like the rest of us and was a very educated. As the man was going down the list introducing us we became aware of each others personalities me and Serhiy had a very fun time exploring the facility. The good thing is that the man told me that Serhiy and I had to share a dorm together.

That night we partied and had fun. We ended up getting drunk! We were talking and sharing are life stories and laughing at each others failers in life. Then after a while we calmed down and then began telling stories of our past life. That instant I knew that Serhiy was from a poor family. His mother lived in the city of Tatarsk. He started to say that she was being killed by cancer and an awful truth came to pass. Serhiy and I began getting very close as friends sharing secrets and stories that I would not even tell my own mother. As I fell asleep me and him heard a plane pass over than an explosion! That instant we knew that the plane had been shot down, But why? We never answered that question. Until we figured that our jobs where unknown. No other people except the leader of the facility and our group knew of our jobs. Not even the leaders of the Soviet Union knew. We discovered we had Unknown jobs.

Meltdown
As the year progressed I was promoted to do test runs on the reactors. Soon after the first one was constructed I was the first to start it. With great force this reactor was one of the best in the world. It produced large amounts of energy and could not be beat. But as me and Serhiy looked at the control deck, there was no emergency shut down. I called one of the scientist over that worked on its design and he told us that it was safer to manually shut it down. So I took his word for it. As the day progressed the facility was powered by its first Nuclear Power Reactor! The only problem with this is that it let all its toxic waste into the Ob River. It was very unwise to do this because may lives could be at stake if someone drinks out of this river. Still I looked at the reactors profile and found that the rate at which it makes electricity is good but it makes more radiation than electricity! Right after I found this out I ordered that the reactor be shut down for some serious maintenance. It took almost 8 hours to shut it down and after that it still was hot. It took 10 days for all the radiation to be filtered out of it so people could install a better reactor core. I helped design this reactor core so I knew if it was working properly or not. It was in the middle of august 1985 when it was installed. The Leader of the Facility was very impressed and Serhiy and I was promoted to the head of design and testing of the Reactors!

The next Day was when we all were called to the Promotional Hall and we talked for 30 minutes or so and a man got up on the stage. He was the Leader of the Facility. He said that we are now in order for phase two. Unfortunately I was not informed about a phase2 I had always thought that this facility was only to build and test nuclear reactors. He said the next phase was to be announced by the head of your Branch. I thought to my self that me and Serhiy were the heads of our branch and that we were not informed of any such phase 2. After the speech was over a great cloud of doubt came upon me and I overheard one of the men say, “there was to be a craft to fly to the…” I didn’t catch the last sentence that he said but I knew somehow that something was not as it seemed. As I headed back to my workstation on my desk was a letter. Seeing it was from the leader of the Facility I ran down to Serhiy’s Office and showed it to him. Together we read it and it read,

DEAR MR. PANKRATOVA, PLEASE READ THIS LETTER CAREFULLY BECAUSE ONE MISTAKE AND YOU WILL BE EXCILED. TELL ALL THE WORKERS UNDER YOU THAT THEY NEED TO BEGIN MAKING A COMPACT NUCLEAR REACTER, AND THAT THEY ARE GOING TO BE WORKING WITH ANOTHER GROUP OF SCIENTIST TO DO THIS. YOU AND MISTER SERHIY WILL BE HEAD OF THE PROJECT LUNAR COSMONAUT 1. THIS PROJECT WILL LAND A HUMAN ON THE MOON FOR A MONTH. MORE INFORMATION WILL BE ON ITS WAY AFTER WE COMPLETE PHASE 2.

So I did what the letter had said. I told all the scientist that they were to make a compact Nuclear reactor and where going to be working with another group to complete the project. Serhiy and I were on our way to success. Then next couple of ours Phase 2 was in full swing. I was very worried that something was going to go wrong so kept close watch on the progress that was made. I was very surprised how much work was being accomplished, yet the fear of something going wrong was a very startling thing. I always new that though you give someone directions doesn’t always mean that they will follow them. Nevertheless the project kept going strong until one night someone under me tried to start reactor ten! Good thing it was in the middle of no where and had little to no uranium it exploded with massive balls of fire! There was nothing left of this reactor and critical power levels set phase two back a couple of days. Then almost instantly the Leader of the Base laid a note on my desk reading,

DEAR MR.PANKRATOVA, IF ONE MORE THING GOES WRONG YOU WILL BE EXILLED ALONG WITH SERHIY.

This lead to mass confusion. After the autumn leaves had all fell and the winter started to set in the reactor ten was rebuilt and full power was restored. Soon it was December and the Facility began showing signs of the holiday cheer! Christmas was almost here and all the people that worked in or on the facility was all called together on December 24 for the Christmas Eve party! Everyone except the administrators was there. The promotion hall was decorated in beautiful lights and holly everywhere. They even let you send letters to your family. So I was one of the 50 people in line to write a letter and when my time came to write a letter I wrote,

DEAR WIFE AND KIDS, MERRY CHRISTMAS! I HOPE THAT YOU HAVE A NICE CHRISTMAS. I MISS YOU A LOT AND CANNOT WAIT TO SEE YOU THIS COMING JUNE!

LOVE YOU SASHA PANKRATOVA

When you’re away from your family you understand that the holidays are the hardest of all. Good thing Serhiy was around or I don’t know what I would do! He cheers me up just by seeing his face! Though I couldn’t figure out why the Phase was taking so long to complete was my question? The “unknown job” that I supposedly have is tougher than I thought, with the winter coldness that I have to put up with going from one reactor another checking the control rooms for any problems. The only thing that could go wrong is for something else to go wrong but, I didn’t no if anything else would go wrong and if so what? My mind was full of doubts at the current time and the only way to clear my head was to take a shower. The only thing is the showers where community showers and I really hated to take showers other men. I thought it was wrong because I thought I should have my privacy! So I went down at 12:00 am and there was no one there and I was happy that I didn’t have to put up with anyone so I got my shower. But upon exiting there was a very scary sight. A man walked down the hallway with a large rash. I didn’t know what it could have been but I sure wasn’t going to find out. A few days latter it felt like my heart was having a melt down like a nuclear reactor, it was releasing toxic thoughts all through my body. I was lonely because serhiy began working longer hours and I was in the dorm all by myself and when he did come back he seemed to be exhausted and went strait to his bed. Every day he did this and I started getting angry! One night I asked him what he was working on and he said follow me.

Chernobyl
I went up and followed him down a hallway I had never seen before. After went through a very heavy door he showed me a space training facility. He said that I have also been chosen to Pilot. I was confused Pilot what? This was it the last straw, I was about to do something I had never thought of doing before. Then a man walked up to me and said, “Please follow me,” then he led me to an odd looking machine. It somehow spun tremendously fast and I wondered what it was used for. The man wasn’t that tall and he was very in shape. He told me to get into the machine, buckle the seat belt and plug all the heart monitors to you. So I did as he instructed without hesitation. Then the door to the machine closed and it started to spin and spin and spin! It was going at a record 110 kph and I was scared and it still went faster then all of a sudden it stopped. But as I got out I was very dizzy. As the night progressed I was put through odd test and quizzes. The next day I was permitted to stay in my dorm and sleep so I did. And then Serhiy came in and showed me my test results. Surprisingly I passed every single one! Though I had no idea what they where for.

The month was March 1986 and the reactors were still making electricity. Nothing had happened except phase 3 was starting and I was permitted to go to Chernobyl on June 3! I couldn’t wait to go back, but poor Serhiy, he would be by himself all alone. So I had to ask if Serhiy could go with me. The next day someone knocked on our door Serhiy proceeded to open it and then it was decided! The man said, “Serhiy is aloud to go with you to Chernobyl.” “YES!” I said. So we couldn’t wait to get away from the Facility but, the only thing is if spill any information then we are dead! We don’t want to be exiled because of the fact that being exiled is the worst thing that can happen to a soul. You are given a hut like thing in the middle of a mining village in Siberia and you have to mine or they will kill you!

The days seemed to grow longer. The date was April 25 1986. Serhiy and I seemed to be celebrating our recent promotion. March the 28 we were promoted to official Cosmonauts! This was an easy way to get money and really fun to. That night I didn’t know this but Serhiy as crazy as he is spiked the punch. And we both were really drunk because he emptied three bottles of Vodka into the punch. Nevertheless we were doing really thing we happened to almost bust a hole in the wall because we were seeing who was the strongest! We had never in our friendship had ever gotten into a fight or argument.

The next day I was in the middle of work and then the Television sets all came on. Everyone thought it was just a briefing but in fact it was much more than that. They started showing pictures of Chernobyl and then it exploded! As I kept watching they showed a map of the city and showed which parts were destroyed and then I saw and heard something I regret from hearing the rest of my life: The Apartment Complex of 12 STREET was destroyed in the blast! I felt my heart start to drop and then I started to cry. I thought of all the good times I had with my family and how they were so innocent and how they didn’t deserve to die. The burning and feeling of loose was all I could feel. I then proceeded to turn of the television. Then I Picked it up and threw it against the wall! At that very moment Serhiy walked in and said, “Why is the Television set broken thrown against the wall?” I said, “Chernobyl’s reactor number four just explode and my wife and children all just died.” He then came over and wrapped his arms around me hoping to comfort me but it didn’t work. This was the only time in my life that Serhiy could not comfort me! The next few days were pain full when I received a letter that stated that my family all perished in the accident. The office laid empty and the workers all taking a break because as you know working on designing things wasn’t easy. After there break it was back to the office for me and the way things were going was really surprising. The Compact reactor was finally finished and the space craft being finished! The Lunar cosmonaut 1 was to be better than what the Americans launched! The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics strived for perfection and to be better than anyone else. A soon as the engines were designed we could work on the actual vehicle. The boosters were being designed and no problems were occurring until a problem that no one thought would happened occurred! We thought that we could generate enough power to ignite and power the rockets while keeping electricity for all the components, but we can’t so we have to figure out how to put enough fuel to get to the moon. So after a couple days I said to myself if I do figure this out then I will be proud, but I know that I will not be promoted unless Serhiy gets promoted. The following days made me wonder if we could figure something out because the scientist were very unwilling to contribute there ideas and I was going to go crazy unless they would help so I prayed and then finally it was answered. The next day a man named Jonathan came to work for me. His family was immigrants from America and this lead me to believe that he couldn’t speak Russian. Then without a thought he spoke Russian saying, “Hello my name is Jonathan. It is a pleasure to meet you.” And he just walked on. Whe the other scientist told him what the problem was he started to think…then he found it, the solution to the problem! Maybe if we mounted the fuel tanks on the side of the craft we could save space. The idea seemed to work and he was a very good designer. I had to promote him to the head of design and so he was working my old job. He was keeping the operation going and we actually were ahead of all the rest of the Facility. The Leader of the Facility sent me a letter of Congratulations stating,

DEAR MR.PANKATOVA, SORRY ABOUT YOUR FAMILLY. ALSO I AM PROUD OF YOUR HARD WORK AND SO I AM GOING TO MAKE YOU HEAD OF THE WHOLE PROGRAM.

That night I went to see his secretary and told her to tell him that I would not accept the promotion. And then she paged his office stating that I did not except the promotion. As soon as she told him this he seemed startled and asked why. I said, “I want to work with Serhiy”

Flight to the heavens
“No you can not work with Serhiy” he said. So I decided to leave it at that though I had really wished that some how I could work with Serhiy but as I had been told I must not for some odd reason. The next couple of weeks I had gotten use to my new job. The job was to oversee the office Serhiy was working in. It was an easy job and if I wanted to go Serhiy I could! The only thing is that Serhiy couldn’t see me. The good thing is that I saw him every day at work and in our dorm. That wouldn’t last for long because I was promoted to a dorm with a shower, a kitchen, and living room with a bedroom. That was it! I was lonely! The next couple of months were hard because I had been so caught up in all this project, Plus I had to pilot the Lunar Cosmonaut 1 to the moon alone for 1 month. The “time to fly” seemed so far away, the scheduled date: July 22 1986, the time: 9:00 am. More and more training had to be done so I would be able to pilot this thing! As young as I am I should be able to pilot this thing, I am 31years old for crying out loud. I mean you would think that Serhiy would be able to pilot it he is only 25 years old. I didn’t want to pilot it because I was afraid that I would forget something and that I would kill myself. That was what I was so worried about. Then one day Serhiy had some papers he needed to give to me and he heard me say that I was worried about killing myself. He said, “Don’t worry you’ll be fine.” I just smiled.

After I had moved and Serhiy and I had no problem being spread apart. He and I noticed that something was going wrong. Every night in the hallway of his dorm was a strange smell! So we ignored it because some people would think that it would be weird to report a strange smell. So as the days went on and the days were fewer to launch I grew worried. Some of the staff said don’t worry, but that’s hard not to do. One day about a week before I had to pilot the craft to space, Serhiy had a rash on him! I thought to myself that maybe it was a small skin rash, but then! In my brain I remembered that man with the rash walking down the hall. His death was in the news letter that the facility handed out! It read,

MAN DIES OF CANCER MAN THAT WORKED ON ONE OF THE REACTORS GET A CANCER AND DIES.

I thought that this could be the same cancer that killed that man! “Serhiy, Serhiy that rash is cancer” I said. “No it’s not, your crazy” he said. “Please go to the nurse that works here and have it checked” I said. He agreed and so we went to the nurse and she sat him on the examining table. “Sir you have a form of cancer caused by exposure to radiation from the nuclear Reactors” the nurse said. “Oh my god! What the heck is happening to me! I’m going to die!” Serhiy said. I started to mourn and said to the nurse, “Is there anything we can do?” “No she said. We could help him if we sent him to Moscow, but he’s not allowed out of the facility.” Serhiy and I went to the dorm where I stayed and I said, “Do you think it was the smell?” “What smell” he said. “The smells that we keep smelling in the hallway were your dorm is” I said in anxiety. “Maybe” he mumbled. “You know you can’t just sit around here and not do anything. You just can’t give up. Were is the Serhiy I used to know?” I said. Then he got up slammed the door shut and left. I knew he was depressed but I couldn’t do any thing to help him. He was tired and so I decided he should go to bed. I did the same thing too.

Believe it or not the day of the launch was tomorrow! I looked all the papers over and over until I couldn’t see! I found out that Serhiy was working on the ground team that launched the space craft into space. I was told to tell everyone that I needed to goodbye that day. So I stopped to tell Serhiy goodbye. He was setting in his office with his head lying on the desk. I said, “Bye Serhiy” he responded in a sad voice, “You know I probably will die by the time you get back, you have been a brother to me and even when we met I knew there was a connection. I wish you didn’t have to leave me. If I’m dead please come and see me in the grave.” “I will” I said. I left and he just started to cry, then I closed the door to his office. That was the last time I would see him. So I returned to my dorm and got a good sleep. Then as I awoke it was 6:00 am and the papers said to be in the office at 7:00 am. As I ate my breakfast I thought of how scary the flight would be. As I took a shower the water was so cold and I thought of the cold loneliness of my family being dead. As I walked down the long narrow hallway that seemed to never end. I had remembered how I walked down the hallway for the first time. Oh and how I remembered how Serhiy and I had first met. How we partied and got drunk. Thus leading to the room were I put the space suit on. I put the suit on layer by layer, and as I thought of what Serhiy said. I then went to the launch control room and found Serhiy’s computer module and wrote,

Dear Serhiy, I love you like a brother never change, Hang in there and beat the cancer so I can see you when I get back. Love, Sasha Pankratova

As I wrote this my hands trembled and I started to cry. It was 8:30 when Serhiy found this note by then I was already in the space craft. As the minutes ticked away I found myself in a state of depression. All that I knew and loved was a light year away from me! It was 8:55 when the launch sequence began and in a matter of 5 minutes I was in space. I knew that there was no turning back because I was in flight to the Heavens!

Stranded
As I soared through the sky I felt the G forces on my stomach. The sensations of being punched in the stomach, which lead me to remember the time in school, were a kid happened to punch him in the stomach. This left him to remember his friends. Along with the hours that passed came memories and memories, some meaningful and some meaningless. Then looking at the panel above read, [MOON KEEPER-LUNAR COSMONAUT 1] it was what I had created, a monster. I created a monster that separated me from the world. If I hadn’t got this job maybe I wouldn’t have lost my family to Chernobyl, and maybe Serhiy wouldn’t have this cancer and… Maybe I wouldn’t be remembering all this stuff in my head! Lost among memories I was falling asleep just to find myself exiting the earth’s atmosphere. I was told that I may go to sleep. As the days went on I was nearing the moon until I was there.

I was skimming the moons surface preparing to land when a frequency came in that I needed to land in the sea of clouds which is 50 km ahead of you. As I proceeded to land there I knew that I would be spending a month there and that I would not be able to go back. The option of going back was something I usually had but not now, no, I couldn’t go back ever. As I landed I felt the boosters start and I started to plummet to the ground. Since I was on the ground I stared at the earth and that how I would be spending an eternity up here. The darkness all around me the absence of other humans was hard for me. It was hard enough not knowing anybody in a room let alone having no one in a room. Though I felt like god in a way because I looked at the humans from space, but god isn’t alone he has angels to keep him company. As I prayed to god I prayed for Serhiy and his cancer and myself being all alone. The cold lonely space was very scary also the fact that I might get stuck up here to rot. Though I knew that man always relied on his creations but this was one situation that Moon Keeper was causing me to be independent, like the cave men I thought that I had to recreate fire up here to survive! I then received a transmission to stay put, and not to go out into space. Though as I thought that I was going to be ok Moon keeper didn’t seem to shelter me anymore, instead it seemed to try to strangle me and send me adrift in space among the stars fending for myself. Without resources to use to my advantage. It was my enemy the Metal Cold hearted Moon Keeper. As I fell asleep I thought of how it would be such an experience up here after all if I die, I die! After the first couple of days I felt sick. I radioed back to the facility and asked if there was any pain killer on board. They responded saying, “Yes, in the sleeping quarters underneath the cabinet in the closet.” So I went and retrieved the medicine and started to suit up to walk on the moon! I had no partners no company to make sure I do everything right, so I went and put the Soviets flag in a crater where I think I saw a piece of a space probe! So I dug through the lunar dirt until, at last! This was the space probe Lunas probe 1! It was launched in 1969 in part of the race to space. It didn’t succeed because it crashed into the moon and never gave anymore readouts. It all made since to receive its computer memory core, so maybe it could give us some info on how it crashed. After the first half of the month I had done so many sample collections and test on the environment that I was crazy!

Then all at once I lost contact with the Facility and I couldn’t gain contact for the next couple of days! I began to worry and worry because for a whole week I had no contact! When I did gain contact I received notice of a very startling subject! Serhiy died of cancer two days before I regained contact on June 21 1986! I was so mad now to the earth no more friends, no family, and no help my soul stranded on this body of rock and the world just inside my grasp, everything cold hearted. The earth where I seaked comfort I only had a cold hearted piece of turf.

As it grew closer and closer to go back to earth I thought that it would be nice to put a piece of me on the moon’s surface. So I took one of my favorite shirt which was green with yellow stripes and cut a piece of it and laid it by the Soviet flag and then I prepared for the days ahead. It took great knowledge and time to make sure that the Nuclear power reactor was in check. Then I had to make sure all the computer systems were online and working. The communication outlet was getting jammed frequently and the on board flight computer started to act a little funny. Then many people on the ground team started to notice that a weird deterioration of the outer tiles and the probe was starting to sink into the lunar surface! The ground team said that no one had thought that this would happen to the space craft and that the only way to fix it would be to send a space probe with a emergency repair kit to my current location. I knew that it would take to much money and to long to do it because by the time it was done and up here I would run out of oxygen and food! So it seemed that I was stranded.

Dealing among the Stars
As if my life was just like a game of cards, every time I lost it seemed some one would die! It was a game I would lose for death was about to come upon me. For the next day I checked the fuel, the gages read,

Bottom Left rocket-50%-Good Bottom Right rocket-45%-Fair Top Left rocket-12%-Critical Top Right rocket-45%-Fair Center Buster rocket-0%-Warning! No fuel left for reentry

I radioed back to the Facility and told them what the gages said. They responded and said I was most likely not going to make it home. And that if I wanted to try to make it home I could. The consequences were that if I didn’t make it home I would most likely orbit earth for four years and run out of food and oxygen or burn up in the earth’s atmosphere! Though I knew I wouldn’t make it I told them that tomorrow I would try to launch back to earth! They sent the onboard flight computer the way to launch and the monitor read,

Launch using all the rockets then use little to none upon entering orbit. Then use the rockets to propel into a definite entry point until you have gained enough speed. Then try to make the flotation devices inflate and someone should pick you up. Enter the atmosphere above Australia and then hit the Bering Sea.

That night I said the longest prayer I think I have ever said. I asked god to help me get to heaven when I die and that I want you to do what was in your will. I didn’t sleep easy that night, I tossed and I turned and had night mares about dieing! I then realized that Serhiy and I had a bond. We both died serving the Soviet Union and we also had both had no family left so did I have anything to look forward to on earth? Was this just another nightmare? Was there any hope for me? And if I survived what would be my next job.

The next day I had to launch the Space craft. I got ready said a prayer, and sat in the pilots seat. I radioed the facility and told them that I will be going back to earth and that I was going to start in about 10 minutes. I then started up all the computer systems and then went to launch mode. As soon as I switched the fuel on button and then hit the ignite booster I began to raise slowly off the moon and Moon Keeper held our course steady. As we exited the moons gravitational field the Earth seemed to suck us in! I then hit the full of button and we started to orbit! After three days of orbiting the monitor finally Okayed me to start a course into the atmosphere. I hit the fuel on and ignite and we started to plummet toward earth! It was a very startling feeling having made it this far, just after we entered though tiles started to fly of the vehicle. The sensors started displaying messages like this, On board Flight Computer The tiles on the side of the Vehicle are deteriorating and that the Vehicle is heating up and at any second may explode! When all sensors say Warning excessive heat please hit the abort button on the manual fly control panel.

As soon as it said this we were in the troposphere and I was heading right into the Bering Sea! “Yes!” I cried! After the Flotation devices deployed I realized there waiting for me was the rescue team and as soon as I got out of the Moon Keeper I noticed the name Moon Keeper had been melted off of it. As soon as I returned to the Facility I was greeted with positive replies and then received my pay for the Deadly assignment! I then went to Serhiy’s dorm to see if any thing was left there that he had wanted me to have. Strangely nothing was missing and strangely the door wasn’t locked. I then went to his office and wondered if the was a note for me but there wasn’t and there were still papers on his desk! I went down to my dorm and took a shower and there on my dresser laid a note saying,

I am writing you this letter because I don’t think I will make it much longer. Serhiy

I knew he was dead but how could you not pity him. I mean he never even got to tell me bye and I couldn’t even see him in his final hours.

Realizing
That night I fell into a deep sleep and when I woke up I heard a knocking on my door. “Who is it” I said? I then proceeded to open the door and there standing outside my door was…Serhiy! “I thought you were dead?” I said. “No why would you think that.” He said. “We’ll, they contacted me and told me that you were dead.” I said. “Oh, that was somebody else, on the list of people working the ground team that Serhiy was somebody else. Oh, and the rash on my back isn’t cancer!” he said. After we finished our conversation I discovered do to funding problems that the facility was closing down in two days! So I packed my clothes and then Serhiy asked me if I wanted to live with him and his mother in Tartask and we can take care of her! I said why not and then after the next two days we moved there. His mother had a small apartment and was very sick! We always tried to help her but after 10 years she gave up the Ghost. The news paper in the town read,

Locale Woman Dies of Cancer! Miss Maxine Yakovel died on June 4, 1987. She had been diagnosed with mild cancer in her kidney and did not receive medical attention. She lived for two years with cancer and has lived a long and painful 2 years.

At here funeral the following week Serhiy Gave a speech like no other about his mother and it touched the heart of many people at the funeral. Serhiy and I lived at the apartment for 45 years until I was diagnose with Skin cancer! I lived for 1 year with the cancer. After I died Serhiy experienced very serious depression. Three years after I died he died when he had a stroke and then a massive heart attack just 1 hour apart. After all this time of joy and sadness I realized that though it may be raining the sun is always shining (Though sadness may be upon you god is always there to help you!)!

Conclusion
I wrote this fiction story because I wanted to show how these two friends relied on each other and that there is always help somewhere. Moon Keeper is a story that really touched my heart and I hope you enjoy it like I did!

Cody A Leihgeber

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Britishfish


text:
Ethnomedicine/Home Remedies

The following sections contain an alphabetical list of "home remedies". Wikibooks is not a reliable source for medical information. If in doubt you should consult a qualified medical practitioner.

 * /A - C/
 * /D - F/
 * /G - I/
 * /J - L/
 * /M - O/
 * /P - R/
 * /S - U/
 * /W - Z/

title: Ethnomedicine/Home Remedies


text:
Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Goblet of Fire/Chapter 23

umm... this is huge. But enough of it is important that I can't see what could be cut without losing either important info or flow. I'll leave it as is, but if anyone wants to hack away at it, feel free... Chazz (talk) 07:27, 11 March 2007 (UTC)


text:
Uim/todo

TODO:

title: Uim/todo


text:
Wikibooks:Single-purpose account

A single-purpose account is one that appears to be created for a single purpose — usually to participate in a WB:RFD or to add to a pivotal discussion. While Wikibookians generally encourage anonymous users to participate, add content, register, and become regular users, users that create a "single-purpose account" to merely "stack the votes" or add weight to discussions are discouraged to do so and may be discounted when judging if there such a discussion has created a consensus.

Wikibookians, however, are encouraged to assume the good faith of new user's intentions — even if the user's first and only contribution is to a particular discussion. As such, this module outlines a contradiction that is a direct result of attempts to judge consensus. Arguably, unless single-purpose accounts are outrightly banned from participating in discussion, there is little actionable guideline that can be created in regards to single-purpose accounts. Instead, when attempting to judge if consensus has been created in a particular discussion, the possibility that single-purpose accounts were active should be — just as other factors should be — taken into account.

title: Wikibooks:Single-purpose account


text:
Uim/note

Note:

title: Uim/note


text:
Uim/Usage

 * See the Setup page for instructions on setting the default conversion engine.

Uim follows accepted standards in keyboard command settings so if you have previously used and input method, uim should have a similar feel. To turn it on, just hit   and, assuming that you've set up a default one, you can start typing in your favorite language.

The default keyboard commands can be also configured to fit your preferences.

Entering text
When you turn the default input method on, you start writing into the pre-edit. Some conversion engines will commit the text as you type (e.g. Hangul) while others will display it until you begin interactive conversion which is needed for languages such as Chinese and Japanese which have many homophones (different words that sound the same).

Interactive conversion is started by hitting the space bar. The conversion engine will break the preedit up into segments and display candidates for each one. You can choose between the candidates by running through the list using the  or   keys, or by entering the number displayed next to the candidate. The  and   keys allow you to go between segments.

Once you have chosen among the candidates for each segment, you can commit the preedit by hitting the  key.

Keyboard commands
Pretty much everything regarding uim can be controlled using keyboard commands.

Toolbars

 * Please refer to the toolbar setup section for information on how to set up your toolbar.

The toolbar may display a number of buttons. These show the state of the input method and which modes the conversion engine supports. When uim is off, this will only be the uim logo.

When uim has been started, the button furthest to the left will be the conversion engine selector and it will display the presently active conversion engine. Press it get a list of available conversion engines.

Conversion modes
Each conversion engine can run in various modes that can be changed on the fly. Below you will find an overview of these. Please see the conversion engine pages for documentation.

Simple conversion rules require only an on/off switch. Conversion engines serving more complex character sets and languages will probably offer further settings. Through these a user may, for example, choose the character set used for input, or a different keyboard layout.

The conversion modes are displayed and easily controlled through the toolbar.

User dictionaries
There is a dictionary tool that can create user customized dictionaries (at least) for Anthy.

uim-dict-gtk

title: Uim/Usage


text:
World War II

The Beginning

 * 1)  /Treaty of Versailles/

The Powers

 * 1)  /Mussolini and Fascist Italy/
 * 2)  /Hitler and the German Third Reich/
 * 3)  /Stalin and the Soviet Union/
 * 4)  /Chamberlain, Churchill, and the British Empire/
 * 5)  /Rest of Europe/
 * 6)  /Roosevelt and the United States of America/

The War in Europe

 * 1)  /Battle of Poland/
 * 2)  /Fall of Denmark and Norway/
 * 3)  /Battle of France/
 * 4)  /Battle of Britain/
 * 5)  /The Battle of the Atlantic/
 * 6)  /The French Resistance/
 * 7)  /North and East Africa/
 * 8)  /German and Italian Attack in the Balkans/
 * 9)  /Operation Barbarossa/
 * 10)  /Fall of East Africa and War in North Africa/
 * 11)  /The Russian Defense of Moscow and Leningrad/
 * 12)  /Stalingrad and the Caucasus/
 * 13)  /El Alamein and Axis Retreat/
 * 14)  /The Russian Advance/
 * 15)  /Operation Torch and Tunisia/
 * 16)  /Kursk and Continued German Retreat/
 * 17)  /Invasion of Sicily and Italy/
 * 18)  /The German Retreat, The Russian Advance/
 * 19)  /Strategic Bombing in Europe/
 * 20)  /War in Italy/
 * 21)  /D-Day - The Allied Invasion/
 * 22)  /The Liberation of France and Western Europe/
 * 23)  /Soviets Advance into Eastern Europe/
 * 24)  /Battle of the Bulge and Into Germany/
 * 25)  /Fall of Berlin/
 * 26) /Holocaust/

The War in the Pacific and Asia

 * 1) Long Term Causes of War in the Pacific
 * 2) Declaration of War
 * 3) Campaigns in the Pacific
 * 4) Weapons in the Pacific
 * 5) Surrender of Japan
 * 6) Post-War Japan
 * 7) China - 1920 to 1931
 * 8) /Submarine Warfare/

Science in World War II

 * 1) /Cryptography in World War II/
 * 2) /Atomic bomb/

Extra Information

 * 1) /Bibliography/
 * 2) /Authors/
 * 3) /Aircraft of WWII/

Articles to be put into module

 * 1) /The Beginning of the End/

第二次世界大戦

title: World War II


text:
User talk:Moore W00704594

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!-- SB_Johnny | talk 13:01, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moore W00704594


text:
User talk:Burkepike 00709153

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!-- SB_Johnny | talk 13:02, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Burkepike 00709153


text:
Uim/Installation

Uim comes packaged with most *nix distributions, but may also be compiled directly from source.

During installation, you may also want to install some input methods as well. See the Introduction page for a list of currently implemented conversion engines.

<!--

Debian and Ubuntu
TODO: Check that this is up-to-date.

Uim is included in the official apt repository. On Debian, uim is distributed in several packages, so you can install only the conversion engine(s) that you'll use. To search for uim packages, run the command: Then, install the packages. This example installs gtk2.0, xim, and fep modules.

Fedora Core
TODO: Check that this is up-to-date.

Uim is included in the Fedora Extras in Fedora Core 4. To install, run TODO: ISN'T THIS A LITTLE OVERBOARD FOR THOSE THAT ONLY WANT A SINGLE LANGUAGE

Gentoo
An ebuild is provided by Portage. Some of the conversion engines can be set by defining their corresponding USE flags.

You can view the available USE flags and their settings by using the -v flag on emerge; or, if you have  on your machine, run This will give some further descriptions of each flag.

With the conversion engines set with USE flags, run and portage will take care of everything.

Mandriva
TODO: Check that this is up-to-date.

The official RPM is available at here. TODO: WHAT ABOUT THE CONVERSION ENGINES?

Slackware
TODO: Check that this is up-to-date.

Starting from Slackware 10.2, the Slackware Add-on package Project distributes a uim package. TODO: WHAT ABOUT THE CONVERSION ENGINES?

Vine Linux
TODO: Check that this is up-to-date.

Uim is included in Vine Plus. and you need to run setime command. Then, relogin to your system. TODO: WHAT ABOUT THE OTHER CONVERSION ENGINES?

FreeBSD
TODO: Check that this is up-to-date.

Uim is included in the official ports collection. You need to introduce portsupgrade and run this command.

If you use uim-skk, you will also need to install skk-jisyo. TODO: WHAT ABOUT THE OTHER CONVERSION ENGINES?

NetBSD
TODO: Check that this is up-to-date.

Uim is included in pkgsrc. To install, run the commands: You can change the installation options by setting the  variable by editing   or run The default value is " ". For more, see. TODO: IS THAT ENOUGH FOR CONVERSION ENGINE LISTING? -->

From source
For instructions about installing uim using a package management system that comes with most operating system distributions (such as Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Gentoo and the BSDs), please refer to your package manager documentation for now.

Optional software

 * — Needed to build uim-fep.
 * — Needed to build GTK+ tools and the GTK+ immodule.
 * — Needed to build GNOME applet indicator.
 * ,      — Needed to build Qt 3 immodule and tools. You also need to apply the immodule-qt patch to build the Qt immodule.
 * — Needed to build Qt 4 immodule and tools. To run uim 1.5 or lower, the Qt3Support module in Qt 4 is required.
 * — Needed to build Qt 5 immodule and tools.
 * >= 1.3.1 — Needed to use uim-m17nlib bridge.
 * libintl — for Native Language Support
 * CJK fonts — Needed to use uim-xim
 * font-sony-misc
 * font-isas-misc (for Simplified Chinese)
 * font-jis-misc (for Japanese)
 * font-daewoo-misc (for Korean)

Conversion engines

 * — Anthy module.
 * — Canna module.
 * — Mana module.
 * — PRIME module.

Retrieve the source code
You can download the source code from the source directory. It includes the core library, various conversion engines, GTK+ bridge, Qt bridge, XIM bridge, FEP bridge, Emacs bridge, tools for configuration, and other tools.

If you want to use the latest development version, see also uim/Development.

Extract and configure
Begin by extracting the source from tar ball: $ tar xvjf uim-x.x.x.tar.bz2 Then, move to the extracted directory and run configure. $ cd uim-x.x.x $ ./configure

The following configuration options are disabled by default but can be added to the  command.

The full set of configuration options, run $ ./configure --help

Finally, you make and install the package: $ make $ sudo make install

is in. The scheme programs are in.

Post-installation
To use the GTK+ immodule, you may need to generate the immodule file. Run: $ sudo gtk-query-immodules-2.0 > /etc/gtk-2.0/gtk.immodules or $ gtk-query-immodules-2.0 im-uim.so > ~/.immodules

title: Uim/Installation


text:
Wikibooks:Game Books

Books relating to some games are encouraged on Wikibooks, while others are not.

Sports
Books about sports (including the rules, strategies, etc.) are encouraged, and should be written in a style which would be suitable for use in a Physical Education class.

Card Games, Board Games, etc.
Books about card games and board games are encouraged, so long as the games have some social or historical signifigance. Rulebooks and guides to newly created or released games and very obscure games are in many cases inappropriate.

Young Children's Games
Books about educational and social-skills building games for young children are encouraged.

Video Games and Role Playing Games
Books about individual video games (VGs) and role playing games (RPGs) are not considered appropriate content for Wikibooks. In the past, these books were permitted and even encouraged, but have fallen out of favor for two important reasons:

1. VGs and RPGs are not in any strict sense academic in nature, and with few exceptions are not played professionally.

2. VG and RPG books generally address copyrighted works, and tend to go over the reasonable limits of fair use in regards to images.

Books about Video Games or RPGs in general (as opposed to books about any particular VG or RPG) are perfectly acceptable, due to their cultural and sociological significance in society at large. Books about programming video games are of course encouraged as well.

The change in policy came about after comments from Jimbo Wales, the founder of the Wikimedia Foundation of which Wikibooks is a part. The Wikibookians who had been involved in writing these books before the policy change created a new wiki, StrategyWiki, as a place to move the books to. Users interested in writing books on this subject are encouraged to write there.

title: Wikibooks:Game Books


text:
Horticulture/Rusts

Rusts are a group of plant pathogenic fungi which both cause aesthetic damage and inhibit healthy plant growth. Individual rust fungi have very limited host ranges, but often alternate between two hosts as part of their life cycle.

Symptoms and Signs
Rusts are primarily foliar diseases, and the most obvious sign is the presence of the fruiting bodies on the leaves, which are brown or orange ("rust colored"). Further symptoms include yellowing and dying leaves, and overall weakness of infected plants.

Controls
Rusts are fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant parasites. Some are superficially similar to the smuts, although their relation to each other is not clear. The taxonomy of Urediniomycota, as a whole, is in a state of flux.

Many of the rusts have two or more hosts (referred to as heteroecious) and up to five spore stages. However they most commonly reproduce via asexual spore production. Their spores are airborne and can travel great distances. They mostly cause foliar infections.

The group received its common name from the fact that some species have a reddish spore stage, which resembles the corrosion process known as rust.

Infection Process
Rust occurs on many species of plant, but in most causes any one species of rust can only infect one species of plant. The following describes the infection process of asexual spores.

Spore Attachment
When a rust conidia spore lands on a plant surface it needs to attach to it, or it would simply be washed off. First, weak, hydrophobic interactions are formed between the spore and the cutin of the plant cell surface. Then unknown signals cause the production of hydrophobic mucilaginous macromolecules called adhesions. These will stick the spore irreversibly to the plant surface. Once attached, the spore will germinate.

Germ Tube Elongation
Rust fungi penetrate the plant by using the natural opening of the stomata, but first the growing germ tube must locate it. Rust fungi have evolved to more efficiently locate stomata by the use of thigmotropism. The germ tube grows in a random manor until it reaches a ridge between epidermal cells. At this point it will start to grow perpendicular to the ridge, greatly increasing its chances of locating a stomata.

Appresorium Formation
The stomata is the site of appresorium formation, a structure that functions to both firmly anchor the fungus and aid in penetration. In the rust fungi appresorial formation is controlled by a process of thigmodifferentiation. Appresoria are formed when the germ tube detects ridges that match the dimensions of the stomatal lips of its host species.

It has been proposed that this process is mediated by a mechanosensitive calcium ion channel that is located at the germ tube tip. This ion channel would transduce the stretching of the cell membrane caused by changes in leaf topography into ion fluxes that lead to changes in gene expression and appressorium formation. . This theory is supported by experiments that show that applying Ca2+ externally to the germ tube causes differentiation.

From the appressoria an infection peg grows down into the plant and between the mesophyll cells.

The Haustoria
Rust fungi are biotrophs, meaning they gain their nutrients from living cells. This requires a specialised entension of the fungi into a living plant cell called a haustoria. This develops from a haustorial mother cell. The plant cell membrane invaginates around the main haustorial body and the space between the two membranes becomes known as the extra-haustorial matrix. An iron and phosphorous rich neck band bridges the plant and fungal membranes and acts as a seal preventing the escape of nutrients into the plant apoplast. The haustoria contains amino acid and hexose sugar transporters and H+-ATPases for the active transport of nutrients from the plant cell.

The rust fungi will then continue to grow and invade the plant until it is ready for sporulation.

title: Horticulture/Rusts


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Rust infection

Rust occurs on many species of plant, but in most cases any one species of rust can only infect one species of plant. The following describes the infection process of asexual spores.

When a rust spore lands on a plant surface it needs to attach to it, or it would simply be washed off. First, weak, hydrophobic interactions are formed between the spore and the plant cell surface. Then unknown signals cause the production of a substance called adhesin. This will stick the spore irreversibly to the plant surface. Once attached, the spore will germinate.
 * Spore Attachment:

Rust fungi penetrate the plant by using the natural pores on the underside of a leaf, but first the growing germ tube must locate it. The germ tube grows in a random manner until it reaches a ridge. At this point it will start to grow perpendicular to the ridge, greatly increasing its chances of locating a pore (called a stomata).
 * Germ Tube Elongation:

The stomata is the site of a structure called an appresorium that functions to both firmly anchor the fungus and aid in penetration. From the appresorium an infection peg grows down into the plant and between the leaf cells.
 * Appresorium Formation:

Rust fungi gain their nutrients from living cells. This requires a specialized penetration of the fungi into a living plant cell called a haustoria. This develops from a haustorial mother cell. The plant cell membrane surrounds the main haustorial body. An iron- and phosphorus-rich neck band bridges the plant and fungal membranes and acts as a seal preventing the escape of nutrients into the plant. The rust fungi will then continue to grow and invade the plant until it is ready to make new spores.
 * The Haustoria:

|


text:
File:Motorola RAZR V3xx.jpg

/Images

title: File:Motorola RAZR V3xx.jpg


text:
User:Abbeybufo

I'm an ex-librarian with a particular interest in children's books

title: User:Abbeybufo


text:
Foundations and Current Issues of Early Childhood Education/Chapter 1

'''1.1 Achievement Gap Version 1

'''1.2 *Achievement Gap Version 2

'''1.3 Achievement Gap Version 3