text:
Field Guide/Wildflowers/Western US and Canada

A

 * Alpine Forget-me-not
 * Alpine Gold (Alpine Hulsea)
 * Alpine Laurel
 * Alpine Wallflower
 * American Vetch
 * Arizona Blue Eyes
 * Arizona Jewel Flower (Arizona Twist Flower)
 * Arrowhead (Tule Potato; Wapato)
 * Arrowleaf Balsam Root
 * Arrowleaf Groundsel

B

 * Barrel Cactus
 * Beach Morning Glory
 * Beach Silvertop
 * Beautiful Sandwort
 * Beavertail Cactus
 * Bent Milkvetch
 * Bighead Clover
 * Bindweed (Field Bindweed, Possession Vine)
 * Bird's Foot Trefoil
 * Bird Vetch (Tufted Vetch, Cat Peas, Tinegrass)
 * Blackfoot Daisy
 * Bladder Campion
 * Bladderpod
 * Blue Palo Verde
 * Blue-pod Lupine
 * Bluebell (Harebell, Bluebell of Scotland)
 * Bouncing Bet
 * Brittlebush (Incensio)
 * Buffalo Gourd (Calabacilla Loca)
 * Bunchberry (Dwarf Cornel, Puddingberry)
 * Bush Morning Glory
 * Butter Lupine
 * Butterfly Weed (Orange Milkweed, Chiggerflower)

C

 * Canada Milkvetch
 * Canyon Dudleya
 * Cardinal Flower (Scarlet Lobelia)
 * Chaparral Pea
 * Charlock
 * Chicory
 * Chinchweed
 * Chuparosa
 * Clammyweed
 * Claret Cup Cactus (King's Cup Cactus, Strawberry Cactus)
 * Climbing Milkweed
 * Comb Draba
 * Common Dandelion
 * Common Ice Plant
 * Common Madia
 * Common Sunflower (Mirasol)
 * Corn Cockle
 * Cotton Grass
 * Coulter's Lupine
 * Cow Clover
 * Cow Parsnip
 * Cowpen Daisy
 * Coyote Thistle
 * Creeping Oregon Grape
 * Crescent Milkvetch
 * Crimson Wolly Pod
 * Curlycup Gumweed
 * Cushion Cactus
 * Cutleaved Coneflower

D

 * Dagger Pod
 * Deer Weed (California Broom)
 * Desert Candle (Squaw Cabbage)
 * Desert Chicory (Plumeseed)
 * Desert Christmas Cactus
 * Desert Dandelion
 * Desert Marigold
 * Desert Plume (Golden Prince's Plume)
 * Desert Sunflower
 * Desert Willow
 * Dotted Gayfeather
 * Double Bladderpod

E

 * Engelmann Aster
 * English Daisy
 * Esteve's Pincushion

F

 * Fairy Duster
 * Feather Peabush (Feather Plume)
 * Fendler's Bladderpod
 * Fendler's Sandwort
 * Fiddleneck
 * Field Milkvetch
 * Fishhook Cactus
 * Five-needle Fetid Marigold
 * Flatpod
 * Fragile Pricklypear (Brittle Cactus)
 * Freckled Milkvetch
 * Fringed Gromwell (Puccoon)
 * Fringed Water Plantain

G

 * Giant Coreopsis
 * Globe Berry
 * Gold Fields
 * Golden Alexanders
 * Field Guide/Golden Aster
 * Golden Yarrow
 * Grass Pink (Deptford Pink)
 * Grass-leaved Sagittaria
 * Green-flowered Macromeria
 * Greeneyes (Chocolate Flower)
 * Green Pitaya

H

 * Harlequin Lupine (Stiver's Lupine)
 * Hawk's Beard
 * Heartleaf Arnica
 * Heartleaved Bittercress
 * Hedge Mustard
 * Hill Lotus
 * Hoary Cress (White Top)
 * Hog Potato (Camote de Raton)
 * Honesty
 * Hound's Tongue

I

 * Indian Blanket (Firewheel, Gaillardia)
 * Indian Pink

J

 * Jackass Clover

K

 * Kinnikinnick (Bearberry)

L

 * Lance-leaved Draba
 * Large-flowered Brickelbush
 * Leafy Aster
 * Lechuguilla
 * Little Golden Zinnia
 * Long-Tailed Wild Ginger

M

 * Many-flowered Stickweed (Wild Forget-me-not)
 * Meadow Chickweed
 * Meadow Goldenrod
 * Melon Loco
 * Menzies' Wallflower
 * Mexican Hat
 * Miniature Lupine
 * Mojave Aster
 * Mojave Desert Star
 * Morning Glory
 * Moss Pink
 * Mountain Bluebell
 * Mountain Jewel Flower
 * Mule's Ears
 * Musk Thistle (Bristle Thistle, Nodding Thistle)

N

 * Narrow Goldenrod
 * Night-blooming Cereus (Queen of the Night)
 * Northern Dune Tansy
 * Northern Inside-out Flower
 * Nodding Groundsel
 * Nuttall's Pussytoes

O

 * Old Man of the Mountain (Alpine Sunflower)
 * Orange Agoseris
 * Orange Sneezeweed (Owlclaws)
 * Oxeye Daisy

P

 * Pacific Dogwood (Western Flowering Dogwood, Mountain Dogwood)
 * Pale Agoseris
 * Paperflower
 * Parry's Century Plant
 * Pearly Everlasting
 * Pericome
 * Peyote
 * Philadelphia Fleabane
 * Pine Spiderwort
 * Pink Mountain Heather
 * Plains Pricklypear
 * Plains Wallflower
 * Poison Milkweed (Horsetail Milkweed)
 * Popcorn Flower
 * Powdery Dudleya
 * Purple Loco (Lambert's Loco, Colorado Loco)
 * Purple Prairie Clover

Q

 * Quail Plant (Cola de Mico)

R

 * Rabbit Brush
 * Rain Lily
 * Rainbow Cactus (Comb Hedgehog)
 * Ranger's Button (Swamp White Head)
 * Rattlesnake Weed
 * Red Clover
 * Rock Rose
 * Rocky Mountain Bee Plant
 * Roseroot (King's Crown)
 * Rosin Weed
 * Roundleaved Sundew

S

 * Suguaro (Giant Cactus)
 * Salal
 * Salsify (Oyster Plant)
 * Scarlet Creeper (Star Glory)
 * Scotch Broom (Common Broom)
 * Sea Fig
 * Seaside Daisy
 * Shaggy Tuft
 * Shepherd's Purse
 * Showy Daisy
 * Showy Loco
 * Showy Milkweed
 * Showy Palafoxia
 * Showy Thistle
 * Shrubby Coldenia
 * Sierra Sedum
 * Silky Beach Pea
 * Silvercrown Luina
 * Silvery Luina
 * Simpson's Hedgehog Cactus
 * Small-bracted Dayflower (Hierba de Pollo)
 * Smoke Tree
 * Snakehead
 * Snakeweed (Matchweed, Matchbush, Broomweed, Turpentine Weed)
 * Snub Pea
 * Sour Clover (Bull Clover, Puff Clover)
 * Southwestern Blue Lobelia
 * Spectacle Pod
 * Spreading Dogbane
 * Spreading Fleabane
 * Stemless Daisy
 * Stemless Golden Weed
 * Stemless Hymenoxys
 * Sticky Aster
 * Stinging Lupine
 * Stringflower
 * Sunray
 * Sweet Fennel
 * Sweet-scented Heliotrope

T

 * Tahoka Daisy
 * Teasel
 * Teddybear Cholla (Jumping Cholla)
 * Threadleaf Groundsel
 * Tobacco Weed (Parachute Plant)
 * Trapper's Tea
 * Tree Cholla (Cane Cholla)
 * Tree Lupine (Yellow Bush Lupine)
 * Trixis
 * Turtleback (Desert Velvet)
 * Twinflower
 * Twinleaf

V

 * Vanilla Leaf (Deer Foot)
 * Velvety Nerisyrenia
 * Venus' Looking Glass

W

 * Water Hemlock
 * Watercress
 * Wayside Gromwell (Puccoon)
 * Western Azalea
 * Western Coral Bean (Indian Bean, Chilicote)
 * Western Dayflower
 * Western Peppergrass
 * Western Redbud
 * Western Sea Purslane
 * Western Smelowskia
 * Western Sweetvech
 * Western Wallflower
 * White Campion (Evening Lychnis)
 * White Clover
 * White Heather (Mountain Heather)
 * White Loco (Silky Loco, Silverleaf Locoweed)
 * White Milkweed
 * White Prairie Clover
 * White Rhododendron
 * White Sweet Clover
 * White-rayed Mule's Ears
 * Wild Candytuft
 * Wild Carrot (Queen Anne's Lace)
 * Woolly Daisy
 * Wright's Deer Vetch

Y

 * Yarrow (Milfoil)
 * Yellow Bee Plant
 * Yellow Cryptantha
 * Yellow Head
 * Yellow Pea (Golden Pea, Buck Bean, False Lupine)
 * Yellow Peppergrass
 * Yellow Salsify
 * Yellow Skunk Cabbage
 * Yellow Spiny Daisy


text:
Talk:Field Guide/Wildflowers/Western US and Canada

Start with milkweeds - TUF-KAT 18:45, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Field Guide/Wild Carrot

title: Field Guide/Wild Carrot


text:
User talk:Lars Hennings~enwikibooks

Realy, I come along here only once a month or less. Please don´t write to me here, come to: http://www.photographien.org

Picture License
About the picture I send an EMail to EMail adress on http://www.photographien.org.

-- MichaelFrey 17:46, 24 June 2006 (UTC) - I sent him an EMail and the answer is (only the important part is translated): Then I want to delete the complete book, but I don't understand how to make it. (Sorry for the bad translation)

Orginal email: Hallo, besten Dank. Dann würde ich gern das ganze Buch löschen lassen, habe aber nicht verstanden, wie das zu machen ist. Ob Sie mir das noch mal erläutern, bitte, und ggf. einen link zeigen. besten Gruß lars hennings

-- MichaelFrey 12:37, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

More infomation on de:Wikibooks:Löschkandidaten/ Urheberrechtsverletzungen (only in german but from the orginal uploader of the Pictures)

-- MichaelFrey 14:54, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:21, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Lars Hennings~enwikibooks


text: Template:Spanish

title: Template:Spanish


text:
File:Electronics Template.PNG

use for circuit schematics - scavenged from other wiki-articles

title: File:Electronics Template.PNG


text:
Electronics/Template

This page is for editors of the book, and deals with drawing circuit diagrams for illustration.

Inkscape
There is a SVG electrical components library available, which should provide a possibility to draw the images in Inkscape or similar vector graphics editor:

The images remain editable, look nice even when scaled or printed and take small amount of space.

You can edit this template and add more components, of course. See the for more info.

See the Category:Created_with_electrical_symbols_library for examples.

Klunky
Special Klunky pictures courtesy of Wanderer

Any requests?

I recommend using Klunky schematic editor to do diagrams, and have contacted the author to see about making my own version, with more parts and easier to get into 2-color PNG with transparency, etc. See my Wikipedia page (Wikipedia:User:Omegatron) for some of the stuff I have done with it, and feel free to give me style suggestions or recommend other drawing programs/sites. - Omegatron

For instance, the above would look like this, Klunkified, and took me this long to make. (6 minutes? That seems longer than it actually took.)  It is pretty nice for web graphics:

"Not bad. The question is how big we want our pictures to be?

What would really be nice is to have some sort of circuit builder. That would be a great way to teach electronics, but it would probably be a lot of work.

Circuit builder of choice: mspaint.exe"

 * I think we should use Klunky. I have mentioned this a million times.  It is super easy, a uniform, good look for the web, much much faster than mspaint, everyone can access it, free, etc. etc.  see Electronics:Template for more.

 * My circuit builder of choice: klunky

 * We should have some discussion, though. It would be nice if we could all use the same thing and have nice looking graphics. - Omegatron 14:32, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Is this something IE specific? I followed the instructions with Mozilla and nothing happened. Norman Weiner

 * Hmm... I am using FireFox, which I guess is only somewhat related to Mozilla. It works fine for me in both IE and Firefox.  If anyone knows how to change it so it is supported in all browsers, let me know, and I will add that change to the modified version. - Omegatron

Instructions for making a Klunky drawing in Windows with the help of MSPaint:

 * 1) Open a window to http://www.qsl.net/wd9eyb/klunky/framed.html (or open the downloaded klunky.html on your own computer)
 * 2) Draw your circuit
 * 3) * Click on the desired component or wire in the top frame
 * 4) * Click in the bottom frame where you want the component to go, repeat for each component
 * 5) * To erase a block, just click on one of the blank squares in the top frame and click in the bottom frame where you want a blank.
 * 6) * Additional parts are located in the bottom row, by clicking the links to things such as "L's <", "D's ^", "Amps"
 * 7) * You can slide your circuit in one direction to make more room for components by pushing left, right, up, or down
 * 8) Use the scroll bars to move the circuit so the entire circuit is visible
 * 9) Press the "Print Screen", "Print Scrn", or "Prt Scn" button on your keyboard.
 * 10) Run MSPaint
 * 11) Press Edit -> Paste
 * 12) Use the resizing handles to crop the image to just the circuit
 * 13) Add labels, etc. with Arial 10 pt.
 * 14) Save as PNG
 * 15) Upload to Wikibooks

More detailed instructions are available at http://www.qsl.net/wd9eyb/klunky/guide.html

Note that there are many ways to streamline this process (steps 3 through 9), such as screen capture programs, etc. I use Paint Shop myself, but it is certainly not the best solution. I just use it out of habit.

Here are some others I made:

I don't actually recommend that ugly 4 way connection. That is just something I sent to the author of the program since he doesn't include a 4 way because it might get confused with the non contacting wires. i think it is not very confusing, and you should just use a regular 4 way connection. in fact, i will make one:

Modified Klunky
I modified the Klunky available on the web. I added a bunch of new symbols (all of the above symbols, like ideal sources, cells, etc.), and tweaked a few so they were better, in my opinion. Plus you can run it from your own machine, which is much faster. You can download it from http://mysite.verizon.net/negatron/klunky.zip Just unzip it into a folder and then open klunky.html (however that site seems to be down. keep checking and i will see if it is something i can fix.) Or you can give me your email address and I will send it. - Omegatron

TeX-based diagrams?
Is there a way to create diagrams with a TeX-like language? They are adding musical notation, hieroglyphs, etc. to the mediawiki. I don't understand all the details but here is something similar:. - Omegatron 20:59, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Electronics/Template


text:
File:Diode1.png

diagram representing fermi level of metal and semiconductor

title: File:Diode1.png


text:
File:Electronics TTLNOT.PNG

using TTL to make a NOT gate, drawn in MSPAINT

title: File:Electronics TTLNOT.PNG


text:
File:Electronics TTLNOTPRAC01.PNG

Image drawn in paint illustrating NOT gate in action

title: File:Electronics TTLNOTPRAC01.PNG


text:
File:Electronics TTLNOTPRAC02.PNG

Another diagram of NOT gate working

title: File:Electronics TTLNOTPRAC02.PNG


text:
File:Diode2.png

femi level of metal semiconductor junction

title: File:Diode2.png


text:
File:Fermi prob.png

Fermi level probability density function

title: File:Fermi prob.png


text:
File:Diode depletion.png

Diagram of depletion region of diode junction

title: File:Diode depletion.png


text:
General Mechanics/Energy Analysis

Energy Analysis
Figure 11.2: Potential, kinetic, and total energy of a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator plotted as a function of spring displacement.

For a spring, Hooke's law says the total force is proportional to the displacement, and in the opposite direction.
 * $$F=-kx$$

Since this is independent of velocity, it is a conservative force. We can integrate to find the potential energy of the mass-spring system,

$$V(x)=\frac{1}{2}kx^2$$

Since a potential energy exists, the total energy
 * $$E=\frac{1}{2}kx^2+\frac{1}{2}m\dot{x}^2$$

is conserved, i. e., is constant in time.

We can now use energy conservation to determine the velocity in terms of the position
 * $$\dot{x}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{2E}{m}-\frac{k}{m}x^2}$$

We could integrate this to determine the position as a function of time, but we can deduce quite a bit from this equation as it is.

It is fairly evident how the mass moves. From Hooke's law, the mass is always accelerating toward the equilibrium position, so we know which sign of the square root to take.

The velocity is zero when
 * $$x=\pm \sqrt{\frac{2E}{k}}$$

If x were larger than this the velocity would have to be imaginary, clearly impossible, so the mass must be confined between these values. We can call them the turning points.

If the mass is moving to the left, it slows down as it approaches the left turning point. It stops when it reaches this point and begins to move to the right. It accelerates until it passes the equilibrium position and then begins to decelerate, stopping at the right turning point, accelerating toward the left, etc. The mass thus oscillates between the left and right turning points.

How does the period of the oscillation depend on the total energy of the system? We can get a general idea without needing to solve the differential equation.

There are only two parameters the period, T, could depend on; the mass, m, and the spring constant, k.

We know T is measured in seconds, and m in kilograms. For the units in Hooke's law to match, k must be measured in N·m-1, or equivalently, in kg·s-2.

We immediately see that the only way to combine m and k to get something measured in seconds is to divide, cancelling out the kg's.

Therefore T∝$$\sqrt{m/k}$$

We have established the general way the period depends on the parameters of the problem, without needing to use calculus.

This technique is called dimensional analysis, and has wide application. E.g., if we couldn't calculate the proportionality constant exactly, using calculus, we'd be able to deduce by doing one experiment. Without dimensional analysis, if calculus failed us we'd have to do scores of experiments, each for different combinations of m and k.

Fortunately, the proportionality constants are typically small numbers, like $$3\sqrt{2} $$ or $$\sqrt{\pi}/2$$.

title: General Mechanics/Energy Analysis


text:
User:Dan Gardner~enwikibooks

I also contribute to Wikipedia. I am mainly interested in mathematics.

title: User:Dan Gardner~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Dan Gardner~enwikibooks

Hi, welcome to Wikibooks. Re Abstract algebra/Groups, I've changed some things back around (such as the isomorphisms section), because I think it is important that we introduce the concepts in order. Also try and keep the language relatively gentle. I'm trying to keep the language in these mathematics text precise, but not exceedingly dry. Don't forget to put the answers in to the even numbered questions, if you add some! :)`

Thanks, and keep contributing. Let me know what you think of the changes. Dysprosia 21:57, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dan Gardner. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dan Gardner~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Dan Gardner~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Alex S~enwikibooks

Alex S, welcome to Wikibooks, I see you contributing to the Electronics book, keep up the good work, and let me know if I can be of assistance at any time. --Karl Wick

>>Thanks Mr. Wick, i'll keep it in mind. I like to contribute, it's my pleasure to help get the knowledge out there and organized.

Alex, nice catch of vandalism at Cookbook:Grilled Peanut Butter Sandwiches, thanks, Gentgeen 23:02, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC) >> Just doing my job.

Electronics component drawings
I like your drawings! (on Component Identification)- Omegatron 16:42, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Pictures
As you can see at the top of this page, "All unlicensed images uploaded to wikibooks before November 1, 2006 will soon be deleted." You have uploaded images and some of them are untagged. You can see them S&grouped= here. Please review them and add appropriate tags. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me. --Think Fast 04:28, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Alex S. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Alex S~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:55, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Alex S~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Perl~enwikibooks

My Projects

 * User:Perl/Fahrenheit 451
 * User:Perl/manhattan
 * User:Perl/Ellen Foster

Perl 14:59, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:Nightdays.png
Can you indicate the exact license using one of Image copyright tags? Thanks. --Derbeth talk 22:58, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Policy review
Policy is not the most exciting subject at Wikibooks but we do have some major unresolved issues.

The most important issue, in my opinion, is Dispute resolution which starts by declaring that:

"Currently there is no official organized process to resolve disputes between users"

The suggested remedy for this is: Ad hoc administration committee which puts into place the absolute minimum in terms of an enforcement apparatus.

The second most important is No personal attacks where a vote has recommended the policy be enforced but it still languishes as "proposed".

The third policy that is needed and which will prevent edit disputes from getting out of hand is Editing disputes policy.

Other policies that need consideration are at: Policies and guidelines.

Please spare a minute or two to peruse these issues and add a comment and/or a vote. RobinH 12:24, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

General voting rules/Proposal
I want to call the attention of all wikibookians, especially active admins to the discussion about the new voting policy. Wikibooks currently does not have a concrete voting policy in effect, so the adaptation of this policy will potentially create immediate differences in the way business is conducted here. Due to large amounts of discussion, changes, and dissention, there are several versions of this policy being considered:

 * Version 1 Written by User:Whiteknight
 * Version 2 Written by User:Jguk
 * Version 3 User:RobinH's revision of Jguk's version
 * Version 4 Written by User:Kellen
 * Version 5 Whiteknight's Revision of Kellen's Version.

Also, there are additional issues being discussed, such as the inclusion of a "minimum contributions" clause, that will limit users with less then 20 votes from editing. Also, there is a proposed clause that would allow this 20 vote minimum to be raised in response to abuse.

I am sending this same message to all currently active admins. I hope you are able to come in and give your opinions on this matter. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 20:49, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Your De-Adminship
Hello. I would like to inform you that you will have your sysop rights removed here on 1 Nov 2006 due to inactivity. If you would like to discuss the matter, please see WB:RFA. You can re-apply for adminship at a later date if you wish. Thanks. -within focus 21:31, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:MED Map.jpg
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 * Please double-check the rest of your image uploads; they'll be deleted in about a week unless appropriate license info is provided.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:17, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

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Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk. Thank you.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:39, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Perl~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Pasta

Pasta refers to class of foods made from an unleavened, typically semolina-based dough formed into a variety of shapes. It is a carbohydrate-rich basis for many meals. Pasta should not be confused with noodles—while some types of pasta such as spaghetti and linguine are also noodles, noodles and pasta have two separate meanings.

Origin
Decades ago in Italy, fresh pasta was always made at home.

Characteristics
Pasta is highly varied and comes in a variety of formats.

Ingredients
Pasta is typically made with wheat flour, and most Italian pasta is very specifically made from durum wheat semolina. The durum wheat has a high protein content that helps to make the pasta firm. Some varieties of pasta contain eggs, and these may be referred to as egg pasta. Further varieties of pasta are filled with mixtures of cheese, meat, and/or vegetables.

Flavor and color
In some pastas the dough is flavoured or colored with an extra ingredient such as squid ink (for a black color), beet juice (for a vibrant red), tomato puree (for an orange tint) or spinach (for a green color). Pasta can also be flavoured with chili peppers for a spicy kick, or with truffles, for the unique flavour that only truffles can bring to a dish. When incorporating a flavoring or coloring ingredient into pasta dough, it's important to take the water content into consideration. Beets, for instance, contain a lot of moisture, so less water should be added to the dough to compensate.

Production
In the process of mass production of pasta, the end product is transported through an oven which dries the dough. With lower quality pasta this process is done relatively quickly, resulting in a darker coloring. High quality pasta is dried much slower and as a result is much lighter in color - and more expensive.

Procurement and storage
Pasta can be homemade, and it is widely available for purchase in fresh or dried form. Dried pasta has a very long shelf life when stored at room temperature, and it is frequently a pantry staple. Fresh pasta is more perishable and must be stored in the fridge or freezer for freshness.

Varieties
Pasta is available in various forms, and there are over 650 distinct varieties, some of which are highly local to their region of origin. Pasta names ending in -ini refer to a small variety of some type of pasta, and those ending in -oni or -one refer to a large variety. For instance, farfallini are small farfalle and farfallone are large ones.

 * bucatini: thick-walled tubes
 * capellini: known as angel hair pasta in English; a very fine, fast-cooking pasta
 * ditalini: a small, tubed-shaped pasta (can be used in minestrone)
 * farfalle: 'bow ties', usually made with egg and/or spinach
 * fettuccine: wide flat noodles in varying lengths and widths
 * fusilli: narrow corkscrews
 * gnocchi: potato or ricotta pasta
 * lasagne: a wide flat pasta, used for the classic baked dish
 * linguine: long flattened ovals, similar to spaghetti
 * cornetti: small maccheroni
 * maccheroni: the ubiquitous small curled tubes
 * orzo: pasta in the form of large grains of rice.
 * pappardelle: a long inch-wide flat pasta with crinkled edges, usually served with a very rich sauce
 * penne: long narrow tubes cut diagonally at the ends
 * ravioli: square stuffed pasta, often filled with meat or a cheese-based filling
 * rigatoni: inch-long ridged tubes, often used in baked dishes
 * spaghettini: spaghetti with a small diameter
 * spaghetti: the traditional long narrow noodles
 * spaghettoni: spaghetti with a large diameter
 * tagliatelle: ribbons of pasta, work well with hearty meat-based sauces
 * tortellini: a crescent-shaped stuffed pasta
 * vermicelli: thin, worm-shaped noodles, used most often in potage (broth)
 * paternoster: pasta generally used for minestrone (small maccheroni)
 * piombi and fregola: small balls pre-cooked or not about 5 mm

Use
Pasta is used in a wide variety of dishes, ranging from relatively simple sauced noodles to soups and casseroles. Plain cooked pasta is usually bland and is rarely served on its own—usually it is at least minimally tossed with a simple sauce or dressing. Tomato-based sauces are classically associated with Italian pasta dishes.

Cooking pasta
Both fresh and dried pasta are usually cooked by boiling in a large amount of water, which may be salted according to taste—on average, for every 200 grams of pasta you need 4 liters of water. Fresh pasta will cook in less than five minutes; dried pasta takes longer: 9 to 12 minutes, depending on the variety. If you are cooking an unfamiliar brand or variety, keep checking. Most people prefer pasta when it is al dente—that is when it is soft but still offers some resistance to the bite. The thinner and smaller a pasta is, the quicker it will cook.

Consult the boiled pasta page for a more thorough explanation of how to cook pasta.

When making a pasta sauce (whether based on tomatoes, cream, bechamel or just 'dry' vegetables), it's a good idea to add a couple of tablespoons of the sauce's cooking fat (usually butter or olive oil) to the pasta when tossing it. Fresh pasta has a lighter flavor and a more tender bite, so it's better suited for more delicate sauces than dried pasta.

Recipes

 * Pasta recipes
 * Fresh Egg Pasta (Pasta Fresca All'uovo)

title: Cookbook:Pasta


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Cookbook:Collard Greens

Collard greens, or just collards, are a leafy green vegetable closely related to others in the cabbage family.

Characteristics
The collard plant is large and loose-leafed, with bright green coloration. The leaves are wide and smooth, with prominent veins and thick stems. The texture is tougher and more fibrous than other leafy greens, with the stems especially so. They are bitter when raw and typically require cooking to mellow out. Nutritionally, collards are an excellent source of calcium, iron, fiber, and vitamins A & C.

Seasonality
The vegetable is unique because it flourishes in cool weather, often tolerating temperatures as low as 5°F (-10°C) if it is gradually acclimated, though a sudden cool snap will kill it. Collards are available year-round, but the best-growing and traditional, seasons are autumn or winter. Many people prefer their taste after the first frost, and believe them richer and more nutritious. Collards do become sweeter after the first frost, when photosynthesis is slowed.

Selection and storage
When buying collards, make sure to choose crisp, dark green leaves with no wilting, yellowness, or sliminess. They can ideally be stored in the refrigerator, wrapped in a damp but not soggy towel, for about a week. Do not wash them until immediately before use. Once they are blanched or otherwise cooked, they can be frozen indefinitely or added to other dishes as desired.

Preparation
Before cooking collards, the first step is to remove the tough central stem and any very tough radial veins. This is best done with a sharp knife but can also be done by simply tearing them off with your hands. You'll also want to wash them well by plunging them in fresh water, as this helps to remove any dirt or grit caught in the leaves.

Use
Collards comprise several traditional "soul food" dishes of the southern US, where they are often cooked using low, moist heat to soften their fibrous texture. Traditional Southern recipes for collards often include some type of pork—such as a portion of the neck bone—or cured meat as a flavoring agent boiled along with the greens. Acidic ingredients like vinegar, tomatoes, and apples may also be included.

Substitution
Several other leafy greens can be used as a substitute for collard greens. Kale is usually the best and most available option in regions where collards are sold. Chard, bok choy, or yu choy leaves are also potential options.

title: Cookbook:Collard Greens


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Cookbook:Kale

Kale is a very bitter open-headed member of the cabbage family. It can be cooked in combination with Collard greens or with other milder ingredients to soften its harsh flavour. It can also be substituted for spinach in most dishes.

Kale must be kept cold to avoid bitterness and wilting. Choose smaller leaves because they will be less strongly flavoured, and use them quickly as the bitterness will intensify rapidly after picking. If the leaves are very small and tender, the stems can also be used, but they become woody and tough as the plant grows, so they may need to be removed before cooking.

Further Reading
 * http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/1,1523,127,00.html

title: Cookbook:Kale


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User:Bebop~enwikibooks

Nothing to read here! Try another page!

title: User:Bebop~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Frog's Legs à la Parisienne

| Cuisine of France | Meat

Onion cream sauce

 * 2 tbsp butter
 * 2 tbsp all-purpose flour
 * 1 ½ cup light cream
 * ½ tsp salt
 * 2 tbsp minced onion
 * 1 tbsp minced parsley
 * 1 egg, well-beaten

Cooking

 * 16 large frog legs
 * Boiling water
 * Juice of ½ lemon
 * 1 pinch each of salt and pepper
 * 2 eggs, well-beaten
 * Fine dry bread crumbs
 * Fat, for deep frying

Onion cream sauce

 * 1) Melt the butter in a saucepan over medium heat.
 * 2) Stir flour into melted butter. Cook for a few minutes, stirring, until the mixture loses its floury taste. Do not let the mixture brown.
 * 3) Gradually stir the cream into the flour mixture, taking care to prevent lumps. Cook, stirring, until mixture has thickened.
 * 4) Mix in the salt, onion, and parsley.
 * 5) Temper the beaten egg with some of the sauce, taking care not to curdle the egg. Stir this mixture back into the sauce.
 * 6) Remove from heat and let cool slightly.

Cooking

 * 1) Blanch frog legs in boiling water with lemon juice and salt and pepper.
 * 2) Drain legs and pat dry.
 * 3) Dip legs into eggs and roll in bread crumbs. Deep fry at 370°F (190°C) for 2 to 3 minutes until legs are tender (check the temperature of the fat with a thermometer).
 * 4) Serve with onion cream sauce.

Livre de cuisine/Cuisses de grenouilles à l'ail et au persil

title: Cookbook:Frog's Legs à la Parisienne


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Electronics/Electrons

''Two atoms are walking down the street. The first atom says to the second atom "I think I lost an electron!" The second says "Are you sure?" To which the first states "I'm positive!"''

Electrons
This is a rough draft

Electronics is the study and use of devices that control the flow of electrons (or other charged particles). These devices can be used to process information or perform tasks using electromagnetic power.

Atoms, the smallest particles of matter (which cannot be divided and still blah blah), are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.

Electrons have a negative charge, and protons have a positive charge. Neutrons have no charge. The notation that a charge is positive or negative is arbitrary.

Particles that have the same charge (such as two electrons) have a tendency to push each other away; to repel. Particles with opposite charge (such as a proton and an electron) tend to move closer together, or attract. This effect extends from every particle to infinity, although it decreases with distance. It is called the particle's electric field.

Protons and neutrons combine to form the atom's nucleus, with electrons circling them at a relatively great distance (held near the protons by the fact that they are oppositely charged).

All atoms have electrons surrounding them, which tend to exist in several layers. (The modern model of the atom, which involves quantum mechanics, is more complicated, but both models are equally valid for electronics, so we will use the vastly simpler classical model for our introduction to electronics.) The outermost electrons are free to move from atom to atom. The inner shells of electrons are held tightly to just one atom. The electrons that are free to move are called valence electrons.

Electronic devices are based on the following principles:
 * 1) Atoms in certain types of materials (called conductors) have many electrons which are free to move from atom to atom.
 * 2) Atoms in other types of materials (called insulators) do not have many free electrons, and so the electrons tend to stay attached to the same atom.
 * 3) Electrons are repelled from other electrons.

The most commonly used conductors are metals. Metals have electrons that are very free to move from atom to atom, and do so constantly. This is sometimes thought of as many atomic nuclei surrounded by a "sea of electrons".

title: Electronics/Electrons


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Electronics/Voltage and Current

Voltage
This is a rough draft.

This section talks about the nature of voltage and current. Voltage and current sources and series and parallel voltage and current belong in the DC section. I'm not sure where voltage drops should go.

Voltage is a potential in an electric field between two charges. A voltage drop is a change in potential. Voltages add or subtract in series. (Relate this to voltage symbol)

(Moved to talk page)

Two electrically charged particles separated by a distance will have a potential energy associated with them,

Potential energy between two charges, where k is a constant, q and Q are the value of the two charges and r is the distance. Note that potential falls off as 1/r.

$$PE = {k q_{1} q_{2} \over r} $$

The potential divided by the amount of charge is the voltage:

$$V = {PE \over Q}$$

$$Volt = {Joule \over Coulomb}$$

Ideal voltage sources
An ideal voltage source is a fundamental electronics component that creates a constant voltage between two points regardless of whatever else is connected to it. Since it is ideal, some circuit configurations are not allowed.

Real voltage sources, such as batteries, power supplies, piezoelectric disks, generators, etc. have an internal source impedance (in series with the source), which is very important to understand. hfdh

Current
It is sometimes taught that current in electric circuits is composed of electrons, which flow from the negative terminal of the power source to the positive at the speed of light. This is not (completely) true.

 * 1) Electricity is carried by charged particles.
 * This can mean any small particles that carry charge and are free to move. In metals, electrons are free to move and the metal nuclei are not.  In salt water, however, electrons, negative ions, and positive ions are free to move, and do, when a voltage is applied (batteries and electrolytic capacitors are examples of electrical components that carry charge as ions).  In your own nerve cells, electricity is carried by moving ions, such as potassium and sodium.  In semiconductors, electricity is carried by electrons, but is often much more easily understood as movement of "holes"; the absence of an electron.  In some static electricity experiments, electricity can be carried by charged dust or small pieces of paper.
 * 1) Electrons drift through conductors.
 * 2) * When you flip the light switch, the light comes on almost instantly. This does not mean that the electrons themselves move that quickly.  In fact, they usually move much much slower.  A typical speed for electron drift in a DC electronic circuit is slower than molasses.  The electrons themselves are moving very quickly, but not in one direction.  They are constantly moving randomly from atom to atom, and only have a very gradual drift, or shift in average position over time.  The speed electrons drift actually depends on voltage, resistance of the conductor, shape of the conductor, material the conductor is made of, temperature, and other factors.
 * 3) * What is actually traveling quickly is electromagnetic waves; the pushing of electrons by their neighbors. This is similar to the way a wave in water works.  When you drop a stone in a pond, a wave spreads out from where the stone hit the surface.  But does the water itself move?  Not really.  The water molecules at the surface are just moving back and forth, and their cumulative effect is the wave that you see, which travels in one direction.  This is similar to the travel of an AC wave down a transmission line.  (we could make a better analogy to waves of car traffic or waves of people in line for a ride at the fair)  An interesting analogy would be moving a hand through air.  The hand is the wave and the air is the random electron movement.
 * 4) Electromagnetic waves only travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.
 * 5) * What is usually meant when someone says "the speed of light" is actually "the speed of light in a vacuum", as light itself slows down while traveling through materials. A typical speed for a signal traveling down common coaxial cable is 2/3 the speed of light (in a vacuum).  (This is about 200,000,000 m/s.)  The wave traveling down the cable is actually the same thing as light, just at a different frequency.  The waves traveling through your nerves as you read this are traveling at about 120 m/s.

(Section relating voltage to current.) As you increase voltage you apply an electric field to electrons and they travel from the negative to the positive potential. This is why increasing voltage directly increases current. Reversing the voltage reverses the current. Without resistance this is effectively a short meaning the electrons flow unhindered.

(section where you have voltage but no current.) Sometimes you have voltage but no current. Describe its effects on circuits.

So, negative particles drift from negative to positive voltage, and positive particles drift in the opposite direction from positive to negative voltage. The particles drift at different speeds in different materials. speed of "holes" based on bandgap. Given the presence of holes we tend to ignore the particles and focus on the current flow. Current is measured by the amount of charge flow per unit time and represents the speed of the electromagnetics waves. In talking about current we will mainly talk about electrons flowing, as they are the predominant charge carriers in metal and many circuit components.

Voltage = potential between two charges. Defined as the derivative of the flux linkage:

$$V(t)={d(Ni(t)) \over dt}$$

Current = flow of electrons Defined as the rate of change of the charge:

$$I(t)={dQ(t) \over dt}$$

Ideal current sources
An ideal voltage source is a fundamental electronics component that creates a constant current through a section of circuit, regardless of whatever else is connected to it. Since it is ideal, some circuit configurations are not allowed.

Real current sources, such as batteries, power supplies, piezoelectric disks, generators, etc. have an internal source impedance (in parallel with the source), which is very important to understand.

title: Electronics/Voltage and Current


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User:Rs2~enwikibooks

I've ceased keeping up on things. I'm going to contact The MathWorks again to see if they are putting up a wiki and what it would take to get an annotated manual started. - rs2 11/19/2004

Almost a year to the day since I was last here! Woh, what happened to my life? Rs2 06:33, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Matlab
My major goal had been to start a Wiki MATLAB Programming Reference Text here. I didn't put any copyrighted material onto this website. That being said, I am curious how one goes about writing a reference about a piece of software that is proprietary. I had been in contact with Mathworks to determine if there is any way to incorporate the existing manual into a Wiki, probably a Wiki owned and operated by Mathworks. However, I got really busy and quit caring. For some home computing I wanted to get a copy of MATLAB and realized it costs almost $2k, so now I'm using Octave. My goal is not only to see good, wikified documentation on Octave, but also to see Octave bring about the downfall of MATLAB -- the MathWorks can live on, but $2k is TOO much for MATLAB.

Wikis
I'm also tried to put together a Wiki HowTo documenting what I learned about how to start a Wiki, but the same time constraints apply. I just looked at that page and it's really taken off. Now when I get time, I can go back and read all the answers to the questions I didn't even know to ask 18 months ago when I was trying to get my own wiki started.

Pages I yanked because they were in bad shape
I'm starting to doubt the following page will ever get put back where I had it. I think the book will evolve beyond it or die anyway.
 * User:Rs2/Matlab

title: User:Rs2~enwikibooks


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Talk:Electronics/Electrons

Protons and neutrons combine to form the atom's nucleus (a force called the strong force holds the protons together), with electrons circling them at a relatively great distance (held near the protons by the fact that they are oppositely charged). (is this even an accurate way to think of it? quantum mechanics, probabilities, etc.)

>> In all reality, getting in to quantum mechanics wouldn't benefit the reader. It's more or less a lesson on the basics of an atom. Getting into quantum mechanics may show how smart you are, but in the end probably won't help someone that is trying to understand.

 * That's very true. Hmm...  I just don't want to give out information that is incorrect, which will confuse them if they ever want to learn more about it, you know?  Like when they teach very basic electricity in high school physics, and you have to "unlearn" things that were simplified (like current direction) in order to learn in-depth electronics later.  We can say things like "the electrons are orbiting the nucleus in shells" but then clarify that in reality this is just a model, which works well for electronics but is not what physicists currently use.  I don't even know about the quantum mechanics myself, I only know that electrons spinning around in shells is not really an accurate idea anymore; it has to do with clouds of probability and electron waves and weird things like that. - Omegatron

 * The debate on 'electron clouds' vs. 'shells' and such probably should be left for a molecular physics textbook. I agree that the idea of shells is simple and easy to learn, although may be slightly flawed in today's sense. For what we're dealing with though, I think we should concentrate on the atom, electrons, and how they pertain to electricity in general. Leave the other stuff for someone that wants to get more in-depth. I know the feeling when you are really skilled at something and cringe at basic lessons and certain incorrect things, but they are a neccesary evil.

 * I agree with Omegatron, you should not give misleading information. I would just give the very basics and leave it at that.  You can see my attempt to explain the basic physics Electron_Device_Modeling:Semiconductor_Physics.  Both the 'electron clouds' and 'shells' are just models.  I have used the shells explanation.  Basically no two electrons can share the same orbit (which is a wave).  There are a number of orbits with different energies (shells).  The first energy level contains two orbits, second energy level contains 8 orbits, ect.  Electrons can jump between orbits in a quantum leap.  So the electrons are not spinning in shells, the shells represent the energy level of the electron in the electron cloud.  Peterblockley 22:58, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The problem is that this is really hard to understand for someone with no background in the quantum physics. I'm sure it's really easy for you to understand, however the problem is you forget how you interpreted things when you did not know any at all. Your type of articles seem to be targeted at people that already have background in modern physics and a university degree / college diploma.

 * who is this book targeted at? It says a 1st or 2nd year level.  Is this High school?  Or university?  Im not advocating using Electron_Device_Modeling:Semiconductor_Physics for this book (that is why its in a separate book).  On a more general note, is it possible to combine both a full explanation as well as a simplified explanation?  Seems to me this may be possible with the internet as a medium.  What do you think? Peterblockley 03:39, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not true to say that "no two electrons can share the same orbit". If you are going to get into QM you should not talk about orbits at all! QM says that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. If you think of an "orbit" as being The average distance from the nucleus, (Which is the only sensible way to do it IMO) then there are 2 electrons in the very first orbit. It's all getting way too complicated. Why not just say with electrons to be found at a relatively great distance (held near the protons by the fact that they are oppositely charged). By removing the circling word you get rid of an untruth but don't make it too difficult. Theresa knott 06:56, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * "The aim of this textbook is to educate someone with little or no previous experience in electronics to a 1 or 2 year level."

Basically we're trying to teach someone that hasn't touched electronics before from ground up. 1-2 year level meaning up to college/university. So basically, start from ground 0 and head up.

title: Talk:Electronics/Electrons


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User:Alettaka

I am a biologist, specialized in molecular plant virology. I just learned about the wiki concept very recently (march 2004), and am fascinated with it. I have started to write about plant virology for the Botany/Microbes chapter of the botany textbook. Originally from the Netherlands, I have been living in Basel, Switzerland since 1996. I did my PhD and a postdoc here, but am currently at home looking after our daughter and expecting a second child. Contributing here may help me to keep my neurons exercised ;-)

Almost 20 years after the message above... I did find other venues to exercise my neurons. I have been active as a health coach in the past decade, and currently I am studying medical informatics.

title: User:Alettaka


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Template:Electronics

 Electronics  | Foreword | Basic Electronics | Complex Electronics | Electricity | Machines | History of Electronics | Appendix | edit

title: Template:Electronics


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Python Programming/Getting Python

To program in Python, you need a Python interpreter to run your code—we will discuss interpreters later. If it's not already installed, or if the version you are using is obsolete, you will need to obtain and install Python using the methods below. The current Python versions are 3.x; versions 2.x are discontinued and no longer maintained.

Installing Python in Windows
Go to the Python Homepage and get the proper version for your platform. Download it, read the instructions and get it installed.

To run Python from the command line, you will need to have the python directory in your PATH. You can instruct the Python installer to add Python to the path, but if you do not do that, you can add it manually. The PATH variable can be modified from the Window's System control panel. To expand the PATH in Windows 7:
 * 1) Go to Start.
 * 2) Right click on computer.
 * 3) Click on properties.
 * 4) Click on 'Advanced System Settings'
 * 5) Click on 'Environmental Variables'.
 * 6) In the system variables select Path and edit it, by appending a ';' (without quote) and adding 'C:\python27'(without quote).

If you prefer having a temporary environment, you can create a new command prompt short-cut that automatically executes the following statement: PATH %PATH%;c:\python27 If you downloaded a different version (such as Python 3.1), change the "27" for the version of Python you have (27 is 2.7.x, the current version of Python 2.)

Cygwin
By default, the Cygwin installer for Windows does not include Python in the downloads. However, it can be selected from the list of packages.

Installing Python on Mac
Users on Mac OS X will find that it already ships with Python 2.3 (OS X 10.4 Tiger) or Python 2.6.1 (OS X Snow Leopard), but if you want the more recent version head to Python Download Page follow the instruction on the page and in the installers. As a bonus you will also install the Python IDE.

Installing Python on Unix environments
Python is available as a package for most Linux distributions. In some cases, the distribution CD will contain the python package for installation, while other distributions require downloading the source code and using the compilation scripts.

Gentoo Linux
Gentoo includes Python by default—the package management system Portage depends on Python.

Ubuntu Linux
Users of Ubuntu will notice that Python comes installed by default, only it sometimes is not the latest version. To check which version of Python is installed, type  into the terminal.

Arch Linux
Arch Linux does not come with Python pre-installed by default, but it is easily available for installation through the package manager to pacman. As root (or using sudo if you've installed and configured it), type:

This will be update package databases and install Python 3. Python 2 can be installed with:

Other versions can be built from source from the Arch User Repository.

Source code installations
Some platforms do not have a version of Python installed, and do not have pre-compiled binaries. In these cases, you will need to download the source code from the official site. Once the download is complete, you will need to unpack the compressed archive into a folder.

To build Python, simply run the configure script (requires the Bash shell) and compile using make.

Other Distributions
Python, also referred to as CPython to avoid confusion, is written in the C programming language, and is the official reference implementation. CPython can run on various platforms due to its portability.

Apart from CPython there are also other implementations that run on top of a virtual machine. For example, on Java's JRE (Java Runtime Environment) or Microsoft's .NET CLR (Common Language Runtime). Both can access and use the libraries available on their platform. Specifically, they make use of reflection that allows complete inspection and use of all classes and objects for their very technology.

Python Implementations (Platforms)

Integrated Development Environments (IDE)
It's common to use a simple text editor for writing Python code, but you may feel the need to upgrade to a more advanced IDE. CPython ships with IDLE; however, IDLE is not considered user-friendly. For Linux, KDevelop and Spyder are popular. For Windows, PyScripter is free, quick to install, and comes included with PortablePython.

Some Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) for Python

The Python official wiki has a complete list of IDEs.

There are several commercial IDEs such as Komodo, BlackAdder, Code Crusader, Code Forge, and PyCharm. However, for beginners learning to program, purchasing a commercial IDE is unnecessary.

Trying Python online
You can try Python online, thereby avoiding the need to install. The online Python shell at Python's official site provides a web Python REPL (read–eval–print loop).

Keeping Up to Date
Python has a very active community and the language itself is evolving continuously. Make sure to check python.org for recent releases and relevant tools. The website is an invaluable asset.

Public Python-related mailing lists are hosted at mail.python.org. Two examples of such mailing lists are the Python-announce-list to keep up with newly released third party-modules or software for Python and the general discussion list Python-list. These lists are mirrored to the Usenet newsgroups comp.lang.python.announce & comp.lang.python.

title: Python Programming/Getting Python


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Python Programming/Basic Syntax

There are five fundamental concepts in Python.

Semicolons
Python does not normally use semicolons, but they are allowed to separate statements on the same line, if your code has semicolons; your code isn't "Pythonic"

Case Sensitivity
All variables are case-sensitive. Python treats 'number' and 'Number' as separate, unrelated entities.

Spaces and tabs don't mix
Instead of block delimiters (braces → "{}" in the C family of languages), indentation is used to indicate where blocks begin and end. Because whitespace is significant, remember that spaces and tabs don't mix, so use only one or the other when indenting your programs. A common error is to mix them. While they may look the same in editor, the interpreter will read them differently and it will result in either an error or unexpected behavior. Most decent text editors can be configured to let tab key emit spaces instead.

Python's Style Guideline described that the preferred way is using 4 spaces.

Tips: If you invoked python from the command-line, you can give -t or -tt argument to python to make python issue a warning or error on inconsistent tab usage.

This will issue an error if you have mixed spaces and tabs.

Objects
In Python, like all object-oriented languages, there are aggregations of code and data called objects, which typically represent the pieces in a conceptual model of a system.

Objects in Python are created (i.e., instantiated) from templates called classes (which are covered later, as much of the language can be used without understanding classes). They have attributes, which represent the various pieces of code and data which make up the object. To access attributes, one writes the name of the object followed by a period (henceforth called a dot), followed by the name of the attribute.

An example is the 'upper' attribute of strings, which refers to the code that returns a copy of the string in which all the letters are uppercase. To get to this, it is necessary to have a way to refer to the object (in the following example, the way is the literal string that constructs the object).

Code attributes are called methods. So in this example, upper is a method of 'bob' (as it is of all strings). To execute the code in a method, use a matched pair of parentheses surrounding a comma separated list of whatever arguments the method accepts (upper doesn't accept any arguments). So to find an uppercase version of the string 'bob', one could use the following:

Scope
In a large system, it is important that one piece of code does not affect another in difficult to predict ways. One of the simplest ways to further this goal is to prevent one programmer's choice of a name from blocking another's use of that name. The concept of scope was invented to do this. A scope is a "region" of code in which a name can be used and outside of which the name cannot be easily accessed. There are two ways of delimiting regions in Python: functions or modules. They each have different ways of providing their content outside of their scope. Functions return data as the result of execution. Modules leads us to another concept, namespace.

Namespaces
It would be possible to teach Python without the concept of namespaces because they are so similar to attributes, which we have already mentioned, but the concept of namespaces is one that transcends any particular programming language, and so it is important to teach. To begin with, there is a built-in function dir that can be used to help one understand the concept of namespaces. When you first start the Python interpreter (i.e., in interactive mode), you can list the objects in the current (or default) namespace using this function.

This function can also be used to show the names available within a module's namespace. To demonstrate this, first we can use the type function to show what kind of object __builtins__ is:

Since it is a module, it has a namespace. We can list the names within the __builtins__ namespace, again using the dir function (note that the complete list of names has been abbreviated):

Namespaces are a simple concept. A namespace is a particular place in which names specific to a module reside. Each name within a namespace is distinct from names outside of that namespace. This layering of namespaces is called scope. A name is placed within a namespace when that name is given a value. For example:

Note that I was able to add the "name" variable to the namespace using a simple assignment statement. The import statement was used to add the "math" name to the current namespace. To see what math is, we can simply:

Since it is a module, it also has a namespace. To display the names within this namespace, we:

If you look closely, you will notice that both the default namespace and the math module namespace have a '__name__' object. The fact that each layer can contain an object with the same name is what scope is all about. To access objects inside a namespace, simply use the name of the module, followed by a dot, followed by the name of the object. This allows us to differentiate between the __name__ object within the current namespace, and that of the object with the same name within the math module. For example:

title: Python Programming/Basic Syntax


text:
Haskell/Beginning

Haskell is a programming language. If you can write and understand Haskell, you can create new computer programs and understand and modify programs others have written. Learning to program is a fairly complex task, but Haskell is a great way to start because it is fairly simple and predictable. Even if you end up doing most of your programming in other languages, a significant portion of your knowledge will carry over. Haskell is more than a beginning language, however; it is also one of the most advanced and powerful.

Haskell Software
To begin using any programming language, you will need some special software to make up your development toolchain. At the minimum, you will need a compiler or an interpreter.

First, we need to reveal a little about how computers work. You may have heard of CPUs(Central Processing Units). They are pieces of hardware responsible for interpreting data known as machine language stored in the computer's memory. Machine language encodes simple instructions which, when processed by the CPU, cause the computer to do useful things such as bring you to this Web page. In other words, it is a programming language. The programs your computer executes, and the data they operate on, are stored in the same manner.

One significant consequence of this architecture is that programs can write other programs. That is how interpreters and compilers work. They translate programs written in a language such as Haskell into programs written in machine language which can then be directly executed by the computer.

The difference between a compiler and an interpreter has to do with the internal workings of the software, and you don't need to worry about it too much. Today, the difference is becoming increasingly unclear and irrelevant.

For Haskell, we use the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC). It is a free/libre/open-source program, available for all major operating systems. Download

The REPL: Using Haskell as a Calculator
GHC includes a program known as GHCi, or "GHC Interactive." This program lets you type in small Haskell programs on one line, and executes them when you hit Enter. Consult the GHC documentation for info on how to start GHCi, and do so.

You should have a prompt, which says something such as, in front of you. (Don't be alarmed if it says something else, such as ). When GHCi is in this state, it is ready to accept and execute a program. Try typing in the following simple program: 1 + 1 GHCi should respond by displaying the number two. This is, in fact, the purpose of this program: to compute the sum of 1 and 1, and display it. Programs that compute things and display them are called expressions, and they make up the larger part of Haskell. When you execute an expression to determine the value it produces, it is referred to as evaluating that expression.

Note that, once you've evaluated an expression, you can do more than simply display it; in fact, there are a variety of ways in which the values expressions produce can be used. We will encounter these various techniques later on. For now, simply be aware that they exist.

Moving back to less theoretical matters, at this point, your interaction with GHCi should look something like this: Main> 1 + 1 2 When showing examples, we will display interactions with GHCi this way, as well. A program will generally be included with its result, and preceded by a  prompt. You can duplicate the same interaction with GHCi by typing in the program on the prompt.

More Arithmetic
As you may have guessed, Haskell supports a full complement of arithmetic operators; addition, subtraction , multiplication , and division. Numbers can be notated in the usual way, as integers or real numbers, with one catch; no number may be written without numbers before the decimal point. That is, for instance,  should always be written as. The operators follow the normal order of operations, and parentheses can be used in the usual way. You can also use a variety of constants and functions, such as,  ,  ,  ,  , and.

Go ahead and try out a few expressions; you can't break anything if you mess up. Here are some simple examples: Main> 3 * 3 * 3 27 Main> 9.6 9.6 Main> 5 / 7 0.7142857142857143 Main> sqrt(2) 1.4142135623730951 Main> (7 - 5) * 3 6 Main> cos(pi) -1.0 Note that the spaces in the examples are not necessary; the first one could have been written, and the fifth  , for instance. In general, Haskell isn't picky about spaces, except where otherwise noted. When in doubt, however, use more spaces, rather than fewer.

Errors
Any computer user is familiar with errors. You can get them when programming, as well. Try this little experiment: Main> 1 + :1:3: parse error (possibly incorrect indentation) When you make a mistake in your program, GHCi will notify you, and tell you what it perceives to be the problem. Unfortunately, it doesn't always guess correctly, and it's usually rather cryptic about its diagnosis. In this example, aside from the useless comment about indentation, it's on the right track, but it still has the latter problem of being rather cryptic. So, what is a "parse error?"

A parser is the part of a compiler responsible for breaking the program down into logical pieces, and converting it to a format suitable for translation into machine language. A "parse error," then, is when the compiler can't make sense of your program; this means that there's a problem with your program.

So, what's this business: ? The first part,, means that it's reporting an error from the program you just typed. The first number is the number of the line that the error occurred on; it will always be 1 for interactively entered programs, so, again, it is of little use to us. The second is the column in which GHC thinks the erroneous piece of code occurs (actually, the first column is numbered zero, so it's the offending code's column number minus one). Here it points to the fourth column, just after the plus sign; this is correct, because the problem is that we omitted a right operand for the operator. (By the way, in general, do not take these numbers as Gospel; GHC sometimes gives you numbers that are slightly off.)

Now, what about when GHC guesses the problem incorrectly? Let's consider a slightly modified version of the mistake above: Main> (1 +)

Top level: No instance for (Show (a -> a)) arising from use of `print' at Top level Probable fix: add an instance declaration for (Show (a -> a)) In a 'do' expression: print it We made a small change, and the error message changed completely. In addition, the message now diagnoses a problem completely different than the actual one, and refers to fairly advanced features of Haskell which you have yet to learn. An unfortunately large class of errors produces messages like this one; dealing with these messages is a more challenging aspect of learning Haskell. (Other programming systems share this problem, as well, but most are somewhat better off than Haskell.)

Of course, this was an extreme example; most of the time, the messages will not be so far off-target as this one.

Try typing in a few invalid programs and see what kinds of error messages you get back, just to get a feel for them. Again, you can't break anything, so don't worry about it. Here are some examples: Main> xxx :1:0: Not in scope: `xxx' Main> .5 :1:0: parse error on input `.' Main> 5*.5 :1:1: Not in scope: `*.' Main> &$#^! :1:0: parse error on input `&$#^!' Main> sqrt sqrt 4 :1:0:   No instance for (Floating (a -> a)) arising from use of `sqrt' at :1:0-3 Probable fix: add an instance declaration for (Floating (a -> a)) In the definition of `it': it = sqrt sqrt 4 Main> sqrt(sqrt(4)) 1.4142135623730951

Variables
Haskell supports a feature called variables. These are similar to the variables of algebra, but there are more restrictions on their usage.

A variable is named by one or more letters;,  ,  , and   are all acceptable names for variables. They can contain uppercase letters, as well, but not as the first letter;, for instance, is not an acceptable variable name, although   is. The typical use of uppercase letters is to delimit words in names; for instance, instead of writing, it is customary to write  , which is easier on the eyes.

You can assign values to variables with a program of the form: let variable name = value For instance, the program  defines   to be five. The value can also be an arbitrary expression, such as.

Notice that the name of a variable is the only thing that can appear on the left side of an equals sign. These programs all work incorrectly: Main> let 5 = x Main> let 2 * x = 5 Main> let x = x Curiously, GHCi generates no errors for the latter two. That's because they're valid Haskell; they just don't do what you expect. For instance, after executing the second statement,  is five, and, after executing the third statement, attempting to find the value of   will result in GHCi hanging. (Press ctrl+c in UNIX, ctrl+. in Mac OS X, and ctrl+break in Windows to stop it.)

Bottom line: Haskell isn't exactly algebra; don't use it as such.

Once you've established a variable's value, you can use that variable in following expressions; each occurrence of the variable will be substituted for its value. For instance: Main> let x = 5 Main> let y = 2 + 2 Main> let z = sqrt 9 Main> x * (y + z) 35.0 Multiple variables can be established in one  by delimiting the assignments with a semicolon. For instance, the previous example could be rewritten as: Main> let x = 5; y = 2 + 2; z = sqrt 9 Main> x * (y + z) 35.0

Functions
While you've made it through quite a bit of material, you may feel like you're not much closer to programming your computer. The programs we've written so far haven't accomplished much; you'd do just as well with pencil and paper or a conventional pocket calculator. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to do less trivial things, but the examples will still be quite contrived. However, at this point, you have nowhere to go but up; the variety and complexity of the programs you can write will begin to grow exponentially from here, and continue for the next several chapters, as you learn about new kinds of expressions, and new ways to combine expressions.

Haskell supports functions. To begin with, don't assume any preconceptions of this word related to mathematical functions; Haskell's functions are somewhat distinct.

A better match to Haskell functions is Haskell variables. A variable stands in for an expression. A function stands in for an expression, as well, with one twist: it takes an argument; a variable which is defined inside the function, supplied when the function is used. This concept is perhaps best understood by example: Main> let f x = x + 3 This code defines the function, with the argument.

What can we do with ? We can apply it to an argument. Suppose the argument is to be 4. The code for this is: Main> f 4 7 What's going on here? Let's refer back to the definition of : let f x = x + 3 The expression  is substituted by the definition of , with   substituted by four. Thus, it becomes, which is, of course, 7.

The general form of a function definition is: let function argument = definition And the general form of a function application is: function argument Notice that, in these definitions, the word "argument" is used in two different ways. The first is the kind the function has attached to its definition; simply a name standing in for a value that is supplied when it is applied. The second is the actual value that ousts the previous type of argument when the function is applied, resulting an expression which can be evaluated.

A few more examples: Main> let reciprocal n = 1 / n Main> reciprocal 5 0.2 Main> let theSame thing = thing Main> theSame 6 6 Main> let funny joe = log(pi / joe) * cos(joe + 3) Main> funny 6 0.5895282337509272 Again, there is a simple technique for figuring out the value of a function expansion by hand:
 * 1) Write down the expansion of the function.
 * 2) Write it down again, with all occurrences of the argument name substituted for the argument value.
 * 3) Evaluate the resulting expression.

Functions With Several Arguments
The function notation suggests that it might be possible to create a function with more than one argument. In fact, this is possible, and works exactly as you might expect: Main> let add x y = x + y Main> add 5 6 11 Main> let average x y z = (x + y + z) / 3 Main> average 5 6 7 6 Main> let first a b = a Main> first 8 1 8 One "gotcha" to watch out for when programming with multi-argument functions is giving too many arguments, or not enough arguments, to a function. These examples demonstrate the problem: Main> average 1 2 Top level: No instance for (Show (a -> a)) arising from use of `print' at Top level Probable fix: add an instance declaration for (Show (a -> a)) In a 'do' expression: print it Main> average 1 2 3 4 :1:0:   No instance for (Fractional (t -> a)) arising from use of `average' at :1:0-6 Probable fix: add an instance declaration for (Fractional (t -> a)) In the definition of `it': it = average 1 2 3 4 Both of these errors look fairly similar. In general, if you get an error of this form, check that you gave the right number of arguments to your functions.

Functions in Expressions
Up until now, we have only given numbers as arguments to functions. However, you can give expressions as arguments, as well, and use function applications as expressions: Main> let f x = 2 * x Main> f (1 + 1) 4 Main> f (f (f 3)) 24 Main> f 4 + 2 10 Function applications are evaluated before operators; thus, f 4 + 2 is equivalent to (f 4) + 2, not f (4 + 2).

Since function applications are expressions, they can be used in function definitions. For instance: Main> let f x = 2 * x; g x = 3 + f x Main> f 5 10 Main> g 5 13 There are several small points to note here: Main> let g x = 3 + f x :1:14: Not in scope: `f' (When GHC complains that a variable or function is "not in scope," it simply means that it has not yet seen a definition of it yet. As was mentioned before, GHC requires that variables and functions be defined before they are used.)
 * We used the semicolon notation in the let expression to squeeze in definitions for two functions; f x = 2 * x and g x = 3 + f x.
 * f is defined before g, but it doesn't have to be that way; the program would still work if the definitions were reversed. However, this does not work:
 * The definition of <tt>g</tt>, <tt>3 + f x</tt>, is equivalent to <tt>3 + (f x)</tt>, as mandated by the rules given earlier. Thus, <tt>g 5</tt> becomes <tt>3 + (2 * 5)</tt> after expanding the definitions of <tt>g</tt> and <tt>f</tt>; the expression is further evaluated to produce 13.

Conditional Tests
We promised that, as you read more of this book, you would learn to write newer, more exciting types of programs. In this chapter, we will fill in another missing piece of the puzzle.

The programs you have written so far have seemed somewhat simplistic; they haven't been able to make choices, to do different things at different times. An easy to achieve simple choice-making is to use an <tt>if</tt> expression. These expressions take the following form: if test then expression else expression The test part can take one of the following forms: expression == expression expression /= expression expression < expression expression > expression expression <= expression expression >= expression Each form describes some sort of relation between the two expressions; for instance, <tt><</tt> is the mathematical less-than test. Each is a plain-text corruption of some mathematical operator:

When an <tt>if</tt> expression is evaluated, if the test part states something true (e.g. <tt>5 < 6</tt>), then it evaluates to the then expression; otherwise, if the test part states something false (e.g. <tt>5 == 6</tt>), then it evaluates to the else expression. This is demonstrated in these examples: Main> let x = 5 Main> if x < 7 then 1 else 2 1 Main> if x <= 5 then x + 1 else pi 6 Main> 1 + (if 2 * x == 10 then 2 else 1) 3 Main> if x < 6 then (if x < 5 then 1 else 2) else 3 2 Main> if x < 5 then 1 else (if x < 6 then 2 else 3) 2 Note that, in the last three examples, the parentheses were not necessary; however, if the last example had been written with the operands to the plus sign reversed, the parentheses would have been necessary; thus, it would be (if 2 * x == 10 then 2 else 1) + 1 If it were written without the parentheses, it would evaluate to: Main> if 2 * x == 10 then 2 else 1 + 1 2

Examples
Here are a few examples of functions using <tt>if</tt> expressions.

Absolute Value
Main> let abs x = if x < 0 then -x else x Main> abs 5 5 Main> abs (-3) 3 Main> abs 0 0

Numerical Three-Way Tests
Main> let nif x p z n = if x > 0 then p else if x == 0 then z else n Main> nif 3 1 2 3 1 Main> nif 0 1 2 3 2 Main> nif (-6) 1 2 3 3

This function corresponds to the following mathematical function:

$$f(x,p,z,n) = \begin{cases} p & \mbox{if } x > 0;\\ z & \mbox{if } x = 0;\\ n & \mbox{if } x < 0. \end{cases}$$

The last test, instead of being <tt>if x < 0 then n</tt>, is simply <tt>else n</tt>. This is because, by the definition of the numeric relations, if <tt>x</tt> is neither less than or equal to zero, it must be greater than zero, so the test will always be true. Furthermore, every <tt>if</tt> needs an else clause, and what would you put in an else clause that can never be reached?

Actually, Haskell has a tool for these cases; <tt>undefined</tt>. This is the name of a special value that, when produced as an answer from an expression, simply flags an error. It is a good value to put in "impossible" cases of your <tt>if</tt> expressions.

Sign
Main> let sign x = nif x 1 0 -1 Main> sign 5 1 Main> sign 0 0 Main> sign (-8) -1

This function corresponds to the following mathematical function:

$$S(x) = \begin{cases} 1 & \mbox{if } x > 0;\\ 0 & \mbox{if } x = 0;\\ -1 & \mbox{if } x < 0. \end{cases}$$

We could have defined it like this: let sign x = if x > 0 then 1 else if x == 0 then 0 else -1 However, since <tt>nif</tt> turns out to be a generalization of the sign function, it is simpler to define it as an application of <tt>nif</tt>. In fact, expanding <tt>nif</tt> into the function's body leaves you with exactly the above code!

title: Haskell/Beginning


text:
Electronics/Simplifying Capacitor/Inductor Networks

Introduction
Capacitors and inductors follow similar laws as resistors when it comes to simplification.

Capacitors in Parallel
Capacitors in parallel are the same as increasing the total surface area of the capacitors to create a larger capacitor with more capacitance. In a capacitor network in parallel, all capacitors have the same voltage over them.

In a parallel configuration, the capacitance of the capacitors in parallel is the sum of the capacitance of all the capacitors.
 * $$ C_{eq} = C_1 + C_2 + \cdots + C_n \,\! $$

Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in series are the same as increasing the distance between two capacitor plates. As well, it should be noted that placing two 100V capacitors in series results in the same as having one capacitor with the total maximum voltage of 200V. This, however, is not recommended to be done in practice. Especially with capacitors of different values. In a capacitor network in series, all capacitors can have the a different voltage over them.

In a series configuration, the capacitance of all the capacitors combined is the sum of the reciprocals of the capacitance of all the capacitors.
 * $$ \frac{1}{C_{eq}} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{C_n}$$

Simplifying Inductor Configurations
An inductor works by opposing current change

Inductors in Parallel
Each inductor has a decreased amount of current flowing through it. Take two inductors of the same strength that are in parallel. This divides the current so half the current is flowing through each inductor.

$$ \frac{1}{L_{eq}} = \frac{1}{L_1} + \frac{1}{L_2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{L_n}$$

Inductors in Series
Inductors in series are just like resistors in series. Simply add them up.


text:
Wikibooks:Bureaucrat log

06:48, 25 Oct 2004 Dysprosia Rights for user "Yann" set "+sysop" 05:07, 24 Oct 2004 TUF-KAT Rights for user "Dysprosia" set "+bureaucrat " 21:42, 16 Jun 2004 TUF-KAT Rights for user "Guanaco" set "+sysop" 21:41, 16 Jun 2004 TUF-KAT Rights for user "Furrykef" set "+sysop" 21:41, 16 Jun 2004 TUF-KAT Rights for user "Reytan" set "+sysop" 06:57, 31 May 2004 TUF-KAT Rights for user "Traroth" set "+sysop" 01:00, 23 Mar 2004 TUF-KAT set Perl: +sysop

title: Wikibooks:Bureaucrat log


text:
Cookbook:Pectin

Pectin is a polysaccharide substance extracted from plants, and it is commonly used as a gelling agent to thicken foods. It can be made from apples.

Types
Pectin comes in different varieties, which are used in different cooking applications. It is important to select the correct kind of pectin for your specific use.

High methoxyl (HM) pectin
HM pectin requires sugar and acid in order to gel. It can come in "rapid-set" or "slow-set" types. Rapid-set requires higher heat and less time to set, and it is good for jams and preserves with pieces in suspension. Slow-set requires lower heat and more time, and it is good for clear jellies. HM pectin may also be sold as "yellow pectin", "fruit pectin", or "apple pectin".

Low methoxyl (LM) pectin
Sometimes called universal pectin, LM pectin requires calcium to gel. The gel firmness increases with the amount of calcium until it is saturated; after this point it will reverse. Because it does not require sugar to gel, LM pectin can be used for sugar-free jams and jellies.

Pectin NH
Pectin NH is a kind of modified LM pectin that is thermally reversible—it can be remelted and set repeatedly. It is typically sold premixed with calcium, so no additional calcium must be added to the recipe.

Uses
Jams, jellies, and preserves will not set unless they have enough pectin in them, so it is often added as an extra ingredient in the form of products such as 'jamsetta'. It is often used as a replacement for gelatin in vegetarian cuisine, alongside carrageenan.

title: Cookbook:Pectin


text:
MATLAB Programming/Advanced Topics/Toolboxes and Extensions/Simulink

Sample Time Colors
By selecting Format->Sample Time Colors, you can get Simulink to color code signal lines according to their sample times. Colors are only updated when the model is updated or simulated.

The most common colors are:

For the rest of the colors and other information, see Enabling Sample Time Colors (the Mathworks website)

''Note: Constant sample time will only be displayed if Inline Parameters is checked in the Advanced Tab of Simulation->Simulation Parameters. This is because constant blocks can have variables as their arguments.''


text:
Starting and Running a Wiki Website

 * ''This book is about starting a wiki website. For help in editing wiki markup, see Help:Editing.

This short book is a guide on how to start a wiki website and run it, including the choice of wiki software, whether to host the wiki yourself or go for a hosted wiki, and what choices there are of hosted wikis.

Contents

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) /Overview/
 * 3) /Self-hosting/
 * 4) /Hosted Wikis/
 * 5) /Choosing a License/
 * 6) /Community Management/
 * 7) /Links/
 * 8) /Glossary/

Related books

 * MediaWiki User Guide
 * MediaWiki Developer's Handbook
 * MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook
 * Wisdom in wiki production

title: Starting and Running a Wiki Website


text:
User talk:Rs2~enwikibooks

Hello. I am a system administrator for this wiki. You will notice that this wiki may be less active, but it has a better atmosphere (less trolls). Welcome! Perl 03:38, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

A troll is a user who tries to make other users mad by saying unkind things about other users and/or posting argumentative comments with the goal of inciting others. People who are good at trolling are able to make the unkind messages seem perfectly to everyone but the victim. The english RfA page is a good place to look for trolls. They are the ones opposing various individuals nominations with direct references to other users (one of those references was to me and I had to ask one of the sysops on the wikipedia to temp block me so I wouldnt respond. Perl 19:02, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

thanks and movepage
Thanks for titling my talk page. I am happy that you did so. Also, I unprotected MediaWiki:Movepagetext so you can edit it. Perl 13:35, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Octave Wiki
Dear Rs2,

I used Matlab pretty heavily for a couple of years, but I haven't touched it in several years. Real Soon Now, I'm planning to install Octave, because I've been told that Octave is almost identical to Matlab. Have you seen the Octave wiki http://wiki.octave.org/ ?

-- DavidCary 04:23, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I hadn't seen it until just now. I don't think I have the option of switching to Octave and it looks like the Wiki is quite young still.  --Rs2 17:04, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rs2. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rs2~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:39, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:26, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rs2~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Electronics/Simplifying Capacitor/Inductor Networks

From the Wiki page: Capacitors in series are the same as increasing the distance between two capacitor plates. As well, it should be noted that if you place two capacitors of a 100V max rating together in series, you can charge them both (in series) to 200V without destruction.

reference: http://www.oz.net/~coilgun/theory/capacitors2.htm (I could probably get a better reference, however i think this one will prove my point)

suggests this is only true if the two capacitors are identical. And warns against doing this in practice.

Peterblockley

>>That is true. I was trying to keep the article concise, but i'll add some reality into it now.


text:
Cookbook:Jicama

Jicama (pronounced hickama) is a legume, a relative of the bean family. It is a popular dietary staple in Latin America and widely grown in Mexico and Central America. There are many names for Jicama including: the Mexican potato, Mexican yam bean, ahipa, saa got, Chinese turnip, lo bok, and the Chinese potato.

Jicama looks similar to a turnip or a large radish, and it can be used as an alternative to the water chestnut. Its skin is thin and can be gray, tan, or brown in color. Additionally, it has a short root and contains white flesh. The skin is typically peeled before eating it raw. Raw jicama tastes similar to a pear or apple. It also does not discolor when exposed to the open air for awhile. Because of this, raw jicama is often used as an accompaniment to raw vegetable platters. When jicama is used in cooking it tends to take on the flavors of the ingredients that it is being combined with. Therefore, jicama is a nice complement to various stir-fry dishes because it blends well with many vegetables and seasonings.

Jicama is a very versatile vegetable that contains a high amount of vitamin C, is low in sodium, and has no fat. One adult serving of jicama, which is equal to approximately 1 cup of cubed jicama or 120 grams, also contains only 45 Calories.

Jicama is available year-round. When purchasing jicama, select tubers that are firm and have dry roots. Make sure that the jicama has an unblemished skin and that is not bruised. Once purchased, store jicama for up to two weeks in a plastic bag in your refrigerator.

title: Cookbook:Jicama


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Cookbook:Sunchoke

The sunchoke, often called the Jerusalem artichoke, is a tuber from a plant that is related to the sunflower. It is native to America, and has nothing to do with either Jerusalem or artichokes. The tubers are gnarly and uneven, vaguely resembling ginger root. The white flesh is nutty, sweet, and crunchy like chestnuts when raw. Baked in their skins, they become more like potatoes with a mild taste of artichoke hearts.

The sunchoke is widely grown in gardens in Texas and is harvested in the fall for highest quality. Widely available in supermarkets, its peak period is September through January, but often continues through the early spring.

Select sunchokes that are firm and free from mold and wrinkles. If left too long in the open, they become wrinkled and soft and can develop a bitter taste. Sunchokes vary in color from dark brown to light brown, similar to ginger.

These tubers need be refrigerated, unwashed, in a plastic bag for up to 1 week for successful storage.

Unlike most tubers, the tubers store the carbohydrate inulin (not to be confused with insulin) instead of starch. For that reason, they are an important source of fructose for industry.

History
Sunchokes were cultivated by the Native Americans (who called them "sun roots") long before the arrival of the Europeans. The French explorer Samuel de Champlain found them being grown at Cape Cod in 1605.

Cultivation
Sunchokes are easy to grow. In fact the problem for many people is to not grow them once they have been planted. For this reason, it is tempting to just leave them in place year after year and dig them as needed. But the quality of the tubers degrades with this treatment. Keeping the soil fertile is important. Every small piece of tuber will grow if left in the ground and they can become a persistent weed.

title: Cookbook:Sunchoke


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Cookbook talk:Sunchoke

* (cur) (last). . m 02:09, 19 Mar 2004. . Robbot (Andre Engels - Robot-assisted disambiguation: French) * (cur) (last). . 10:55, 10 Feb 2004. . WormRunner (filling out article somewhat) * (cur) (last). . 19:27, 9 Feb 2004. . Seglea (taxobox and update taxonomic info) * (cur) (last). . 12:51, 9 Feb 2004. . Rmhermen * (cur) (last). . m 12:28, 9 Feb 2004. . Infrogmation * (cur) (last). . 11:56, 9 Feb 2004. . Jwrosenzweig (copyedit) * (cur) (last). . 11:54, 9 Feb 2004. . Kathy T (story of the name, classification, freshness)
 * (cur) (last) . . 01:31, 20 Mar 2004 . . 80.140.124.72 (+de +fr)

title: Cookbook talk:Sunchoke