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User talk:Branko~enwikibooks

Vocabulary Project
Hi, I saw you edited the catalan page and you are interested in foreign languages so I thought maybe you are interested in a program for learning vocabulary that I have written. It is based on the belief that it is best to learn foreign words by learning typical sentences. The program can also be used for learning other stuff that works with the question/answer scheme, e.g. the theory for the driving licence or anatomy. Unfortunately I wrote it in qbasic, which can be downloaded here. It also uses images and sound files for alternation and in order to work on the pronunciation. If you are interested let me know. I currently have files in English, French (with sound), and Spanish. Catalan and Portuguese are in the planning. Corrections or additions are very welcome. The easiest thing to start with for improvements would be adding new vocabulary, sound files or images. A guide to the program will follow soon, although I think it is rather self-explanatory. In the long run the program should be rewritten in a better language like Visual Basic. Afterwards it should be possible to switch languages within the program. Up to now there is a different version of the program for each language. Get-back-world-respect 22:38, 23 Apr 2004 (UTC)

welcome
Welcome to Wiki Books. Thank you for starting Authoring Webpages. (see Talk:Authoring Webpages). I hope it will help many people. --DavidCary 06:31, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Branko~enwikibooks


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User talk:Cyril2000~enwikibooks

Hallo Cyril, da Du an der Spanischlehrbuchseite schreibst, dachte ich, vielleicht interessiert es Dich, dass ich ein Vokabelprogramm geschrieben habe. Es basiert auf der Überzeugung, dass man fremde Wörter am besten lernen kann, indem man typische Sätze lernt. Das Programm kann auch für andere Dinge verwendet werden, die sich nach dem Frage-Antwort-Schema lernen lassen, z.B. Theorie für die Führerscheinprüfung oder Anatomie. Leider sind meine Programmierkünste recht rudimentär, deswegen habe ich es in qbasic geschrieben. Die Sprache kann hier heruntergeladen werden. Das Programm bindet Bilder und Ton ein, zur Abwechslung und um die Aussprache zu verbessern. Wenn es Dich interessiert, lass es mich wissen. Ich habe derzeit Dateien auf Französisch (mit Aussprachebeispielen von Mme Maeder), Spanisch und English. Katalanisch und Portugiesisch sind in Arbeit. Korrekturen und Erweiterungen sind herzlich willkommen. Mittelfristig sollte das Programm in einer besseren Sprache wie Visual Basic neu geschrieben werden. Danach sollte es möglich sein, zwischen Bedienungssprachen zu wechseln. Bisher gibt es noch eine eigene Programmversion für jede Sprache. Get-back-world-respect 22:44, 23 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cyril2000. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cyril2000~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:07, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Cyril2000~enwikibooks


text:
Perl Programming/Structure and style

 * perlstyle

title: Perl Programming/Structure and style


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User:Vuara/ANCIENT ALPHABETS COMPARED

ANCIENT ALPHABETS COMPARED By R. Cedric Leonard

Have you ever wondered why our system of letters is called an alphabet? The word is actually the combination of the Greek names of the first two characters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta. But where did the Greeks get these names? Why call the letters alpha, beta, gamma, delta, etc., in the first place?
 * http://www.atlantisquest.com/comparison.html
 * http://www.atlantisquest.com/tab4.gif

These are merely the Greek variation of the Phoenician names aleph, beth, gimel, deleth, etc., and these are actual words in the Phoenician language for ox, house, camel, door, etc. There are several theories as to why these names were applied to the characters in this manner, none of which have been proven. The two prevailing theories at present are: 1) the characters so-named came from earlier pictograms of those objects; 2) each character so-named was the initial sound for that object.

But the scholarly world is in complete disarray when it comes to the question of the origin of the characters. That the Greek alphabet (and most later European alphabets) is basically made up from the earlier Phoenician letters is clear. But the big question is, how did the Phoenicians come by these letters? Evidence indicates that at least some (about four) were invented on the spot (just as the Greeks invented several for their vowels). But what about the rest?

For want of a plausible theory, Dr. I. J. Gelb, Professor at the Oriental Institute and the Department of Linguistics of the University of Chicago, suggests that the entire Phoenician system of signs is an arbitrary invention throughout. Let's take an entirely different tack. Let's assume the Glozel Tablets (believed by many to be authentic and infinitely older than the Phoenician) are the key to the puzzle. Let's make a comparison between several "western" systems and the Glozel characters.

The Azilian, Iberian and Berber character-sets all correspond somewhat to that found on the Glozel Tablets. The "Proto-Sinaitic" inscriptions discovered on cliffs near Luxor, Egypt may represent a contributing factor. And even though the correspondences of several of the characters with its associated "hieroglyphic original" seem somewhat strained, there is little doubt that certain Egyptian hieroglyphs contributed to the overall Proto-Canaanite system. My contention is that the final Phoenician (an "eastern" system) was cribbed mainly from a "western". However it should be mentioned, that just as in the hieroglyph/sinai conversion, the character-shapes correspond--but not necessarily their phonic values.

Professor Johannes Friedrich, archeologist and linguist at the Free University of Berlin, implies that the Berber alphabet of North Africa may have been a relatively late invention--the earliest inscriptions appearing only in the 2nd century B.C.--therefore some of its characters may have been based on the Phoenician (Punic) script, rather than vice versa.

He writes: "The political and cultural independence of the Numidians manifested itself also in the creation of an alphabetic . . . script which has been preserved in our days in more than a thousand inscriptions." He adds: "A variant of this script is still being used today by the desert tribes of the Tuareg." (Friedrich, 1957) The independence spoken of was acquired with the backing of the Romans early in the 2nd century B.C.

But what about the inscriptions discovered among the Berbers of the Canary Islands? In 1878 French anthropologist Dr. Rene R. Verneau discovered rock carvings in the ravines of Las Balos that bear similarities with Libyan or Numidic writing from the time of Roman occupation or earlier. In other locations the older Libyco-Berber (T'ifinagh) script has been identified. (Verneau, 1881)

Keep in mind that we are comparing several "western" (i.e., Azilian, Berber, Iberian, Numidian, Glozel) with the alphabet supposedly INVENTED by the Phoenicians. The similarities are simply too great. The Phoenicians obviously did not invent their character-set known today as the alphabet. They discovered it in their travels to the west from a source dating back at least 12,000 years (i.e., the Glozel and Azilian).

Just as a footnote to all this riggamaroll about characters and alphabets (included because this also is a fact not widely known), the early Biblical Hebrews (from about the time of King Solomon until after the Babylonian captivity) used the Phoenician alphabet. In other words, whether they wrote on parchment or inscribed on stone, they wrote utilizing Phoenician characters. The earliest known Hebrew inscription is the famed Moabite Stone (dated 9th Cent. B.C.). It is written in the Hebrew language, but with Phoenician characters. The so-called "Hebrew" or block characters we are so familiar with today belong to the Aramaic alphabet, not the Hebrew.

To those of you who hung in there through all this jargon, I congratulate you. I hope I have stimulated some thinking in regards to alphabets and their origins. Whether you agree with me or not, I think the link between the Glosel Tablets and Atlantis is reasonably solid. It just may be that we owe our form of writing to the lost Atlanteans of antiquity.

title: User:Vuara/ANCIENT ALPHABETS COMPARED


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User:Vuara/IS THERE AN IDEAL ALPHABET

SPADING UP ANCIENT WORDS ©1984 by Erich A. von Fange    http://www.creationism.org/vonfange/ Chapter 9: IS THERE AN IDEAL ALPHABET?

 * http://www.creationism.org/vonfange/vonFangeSpadingChap09.htm

All would agree that the ideal alphabet would have one and only one letter for each speech sound, with perhaps a few concessions made for common compound sounds to be represented by a single symbol. For example, the long "i" sound in English is clearly a combination of two separate vowel sounds, and we would find it awkward to use two symbols to represent that familiar sound today. Accepting the genius of the invention of the alphabet, it is more than a little strange that no alphabet in common use in the world has ever reached this goal (Sturtevant, 1947, p. 24). It is of course somewhat arbitrary which sounds uttered by the human voice are to be recognized and dignified with a symbol. Yet strangely, all alphabets omit symbols for some common vocal sounds, and all contain redundant letters, that is, letters that represent sounds already provided for by other symbols. We can illustrate the idea of redundant letters by looking at ways one might spell out the sound of -ks as in "marks." One might spell it -CS as in lilacs, or -X as in box or -Q's, -CKS, -KES, or -CHS. On the surface this may appear simply as another case of human stupidity or as a consequence of borrowing from different languages. Those who have attempted to reform the alphabet for the best of reasons have all failed. Our alphabet seems to be tamper-proof. We know that ancient Egypt had an alphabet of 24 symbols and chose not to develop its communication system by this means. The Chinese also in the most ancient times had an alphabet but elected to develop its present complex system instead. From these odd facts one can only conclude that some other very compelling factor entered into the formation of the ancient alphabet (Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., Macrop., 1:627).

According to Moran (1969, p. 13, 28), religion is the only imaginable organizing principle behind the alphabet. Although some kinds of worship may well have sprung up independently, e.g., sun worship, the slaughter of a bull at the time of the spring equinox on both the altars of Ur and in the Valley of the Man in China shows common roots in a common culture. The 12 signs of the zodiac (the twelve constellations), the 12 months known throughout the ancient world of Europe, Asia, and North Africa point to a common source. The 52-year cycle was used both in the Orient and in pre-Columbian American cultures with 13 days of houses in a quarter. Lunar and solar calendars were brought into correspondence by the cycle of 52. The 52-card deck with 13 cards to a suit faithfully reproduces ancient calendrical knowledge. Even the Joker serves a calendrical function for leap years. The twelve signs of the solar zodiac may be in some way derived from the lunar zodiac of 27-28 signs. The relationship of the two is very unclear, but many of the same stars are involved in both sets of signs. From this well of astronomical and astrological knowledge, the alphabet was drawn.

To establish the source for the alphabet, one must show its great antiquity, wide diffusion, and some powerful cohesive principle outside itself in order to hold the signs in established order despite circumstances, time, and geography.

Gustavus Seyffarth, a 19th century scholar and rival of Champollion on the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics, served for a time in the 1850's on the faculty of Concordia Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri. He understood two things clearly in our context which he expressed in his many writings. He was one of the first to grasp the idea that much actual history was concealed in myth and legend. Further he realized the overwhelming importance of the heavens in the life and culture of ancient man. Although Seyffarth is wrong in some of his conclusions, and though some of his work is necessarily conjectural, his voluminous works deserve careful study and reworking. He saw the connection between the alphabet and the skies about 150 years before this principle was rediscovered by  Moran  and Kelley (1969). Seyffarth states:

It is said and believed that our alphabet was invented by Cadmus in 1500 B.C., but this cannot be considered a historical fact. In the New Testament we read of a book that was written by Enoch 900 years prior to the Deluge. Pliny said that man always had literature. The Vedas and Avesta tell us that prior to the Deluge sacred books existed and that, in consequence of their loss, the human race became so wicked that the Creator resolved to destroy it.

The Koran (Sura 57) mentions that Noah was the author of a book... It is true that Cadmus invented the alphabet, but Cadmus means "ancestor," i.e., Noah. Cadmus was, like the latter, the first planter of the vineyard.

All these and similar traditions concur in demonstrating that the alphabet existed prior to the Deluge... The Noachian alphabet was a representation of the zodiac.

Seyffarth held that our alphabet is a reproduction of the zodiac with the constellation of the planets at a point in time of 3446 B.C., Septuagint chronology, apparently at the end of the Flood, probably according to the observation of Noah himself. Seyffarth translates Phoenician, Chinese, Chaldean, Greek, and Roman myths which clearly related the formulation of the alphabet to the zodiac (Seyffarth, 1886, p. 53-54).

An idea explored by both Seyffarth and Wadler much later focuses on the peculiar placement of the vowels in the alphabet. There is no logical sense in their location in our present alphabet, nor in any other alphabet where they are included: Abcd Efgh Ijklmn Opqrst Uv(W)x(Y)z. Wadler noted that the ancients associated the vowels as follows with the "7" planets: ao-Sun. i-Moon, a-Mars, e-Mercury, o-Jupiter, aw-Venus, oo-Saturn (Wadler, 1948. p. 103). Thus the intriguing notion has arisen that vowels and unneeded letters in some ancient alphabets may represent the position of the planets among the houses of the lunar zodiac, that is, the consonants, at a critical point in human history. Perhaps one reason Seyffarth's discussions have not been studied seriously is the common belief that any use of the concept of the zodiac involves astrology. In the ancient world there was no necessary connection. The above discussion is in no way connected with what we understand today as astrology. Unfortunately, Seyffarth was less than clear on just which alphabet he had in mind in ancient times that included vowels and apparently "useless" letters to indicate the location of the planets within the lunar zodiac at a crucial moment in history.

Moran's theory is that the alphabet was derived from 28-30 lunar signs, and that some of the signs are the actual appearance of a given constellation. Moran argues that the lunar zodiac is older than the solar zodiac. In support of his theory, he notes that there are startling correspondences between the lunar and the alphabetical signs (Moran, 1969, p. xiv-xviii).

title: User:Vuara/IS THERE AN IDEAL ALPHABET


text:
User:Vuara/EVOLUTION OF WRITING

The Greek Alphabet Written by Charlotte P.

 * http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/OakViewES/harris/96-97/agespages/greece/alphabet.html
 * http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/OakViewES/harris/96-97/agespages/greece/images-general/alphabet.gif

The Greek alphabet came from the Phonecians around the year 900 B.C. When the Phonecians invented the alphabet there were 600 symbols. Those symbols took up too much room on the papyrus, so they narrowed it down to 22 symbols. The Greeks borrowed some of the symbols and then they made up some of their own. But the Phonecians, like other cultures, used their symbols to represent consonants and vowel sounds together. The Greeks were the first people to have separate symbols (or letters) to represent vowel sounds. Even the name "alphabet" comes from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet -- "alpha" and "beta." All later alphabets came from the Greek alphabet.

+++

THE EVOLUTION OF WRITING By R. Cedric Leonard

 * http://www.atlantisquest.com/evolution.html
 * http://www.atlantisquest.com/classical.html
 * http://www.atlantisquest.com/tab6.gif

"THE very interesting problem of the 'origins' of writing is shrouded in a cloud of darkness and is as hard to interpret as the 'origins' of art, architecture, religion, and social institutions, to name only a few of the important aspects of our culture." In this statement Dr. I. J. Gelb (1974), Professor of Linguistics at the University of Chicago, is referring to the so-called 'beginning of writing' in the Mesopotamian Valley slightly more than 5,000 years ago (the two tablets shown on the title page are examples). But the true origin of writing may be even more mysterious--and it may have occurred much earlier than commonly supposed.

How did writing began? Most epigraphers and paleographers agree that the historical evolution of writing occurred in basically four stages: 1) Ideographic; 2) Logographic; 3) Syllabic; 4) Alphabetic. It can be seen from this that alphabetic writing is considered the most advanced of the evolutionary stages (Gelb, 1974).

The development of writing is unidirectional. This means that it will pass through the above four stages in that order and no other. No system of writing can begin naturally with the syllabic or alphabetic stage; if such a case did occur, it could only happen if influenced by another system which had already passed through the earlier stages. A writing system can stop at any given stage (a case of arrested development); it can combine stages as it passes from one stage to another; or it can continue to use more than one stage forever. But no writing system ever studied has ever skipped a stage. This observation led Prof. Gelb to an important discovery concerning the Egyptian and Western Semitic systems which will be discussed.

I will describe the four major stages in extremely brief terms.

In the ideographic stage there is absolutely no relationship between what is transcribed and actual speech sounds. It is basically composed of pictures and readily discerned symbols, designed so that the message is obvious. An example is that practiced among the American Indians before the arrival of the Europeans.

The next stage is the logographic (word-sign) in which each written sign stands for a word in the spoken language, and maintains basically a one-to-one relationship to the spoken words. If one wanted to say "tree," he drew a picture or a symbol of a tree. If one wanted to say "three trees," he could either draw three trees, or he could precede the picture of a tree with a numerical symbol having the meaning "three". However, some things are not so easily pictured.

Abstractions, such as life, love, beauty, etc., were difficult to express in this manner. The usual device to overcome this difficulty was the use of homonyms (words with the same sounds). For instance, the ancient Sumerian word for "life" was ti. The same Sumerian word also meant "arrow". It was easy enough to incise an arrow, which could be read as "life" if the context demanded it. This technique of expression is also known as rebus writing.

Proper names presented a greater difficulty. As long as names like White Cloud and Running Bear were used there was no problem. But how do you write down names like Assurbanipal, Shalmanezer or Zephnathpaaneah using a logogram? This led to phonetization.

The next major stage is the syllabary. The principle of phonetization arose when words could not be indicated by mere pictures. This vital step occurred when complex words were "sounded out" using separate signs. Thus each sign represented a single syllable (a consonant followed by a vowel sound). Such a system is known as a syllabary.

With logographic writing thousands of word-signs have to be memorized in order to have a good working vocabulary of the language to be written. Also, over a period of time once easily recognizable pictures become conventionalized to the point where they must be memorized in order to be recognized. In a syllabary the number of signs to be memorized drops to a few hundred.

Even in a syllabary, to delineate each vowel sound following the initial consonantal sound would require a large number of written signs (especially since some syllables also end with a consonantal sound which may be different from the initial sound). But since everyone in a given culture already knows how to pronounce the words, it is possible to eliminate differentiations in vowel sounds with a minimum of sacrifice in accuracy. In such systems, the sound of a or e was understood as standard. Sometimes a few of the leftover signs from the preceding logographic system were retained for use as determinatives. The Egyptian hieroglyphic system, which lasted some 3,000 years, retained a large number of logograms until its extinction.

However, all such 'trimmed down' syllabic systems ran into one common problem: LONG vowels! In the Western Semitic system (Phoenician, Amorite, Hebrew, etc) long vowels were absolutely necessary in expressing plurals. Something had to be done to let the reader know when a given vowel should be long rather than short. The answer was plenic writing. Plenic writing incorporated the use of the so-called "weak" consonants (such a w and y) to substitute for a long vowel sound (usually w for long "o" or "u" and y for long "i"). It is the use of plenic writing which has led to the misidentification of these systems of writing as "consonantal alphabets," when in reality they are syllabaries.

Paleographers saw these "weak" syllabic signs as mere vowels, and consequently interpreted plenic writing to be a development toward a partial or incomplete vowel system for the so-called "consonantal alphabets" rather than for what it really was. It was because of this misconception that the Phoenicians were accredited with "inventing" the first alphabet. But plenic writing has been found in a number of other systems which are assuredly and definitely syllabic. It has been through comparisons of all these systems of writing that the error was finally recognized. Prof. Gelb sees the distinction as extremely important in studying the evolution of the structure of writing systems.

However, plenic writing did make clear the dire need to express all the vowel sounds in every word to further improve accuracy in the transmission of knowledge, which led to the development of a true alphabet.

This brings us to the alphabetic stage of writing. We have just seen that the so-called "alphabet" used by the Phoenicians was in reality a syllabary incorporating the technique of plenic writing. The so-called "vowels" of plenic writing are in reality no vowels at all, but rather certain syllabic signs used as memnic devices to alert the reader to the presence of a long vowel-sound.

It is to the Greeks that the credit must go for the invention of a true alphabet; since the addition of a few more signs representing true vowel-sounds (which enabled them to follow each initial consonantal sound with the appropriate vowel-sound), accomplished the final result of "a single character for every single sound," which is the definition of a true alphabet.

Evolution of letters from early Phoenician to the Roman

So where does this leave the Phoenicians and the Atlanteans? The most that we can accredit the Phoenicians with is the forms of the characters used in their system. And, as we have seen, these may have come from Atlantis! At least, they may have been "western" rather than "eastern" in origin. The letters on this page (since they evolved from the "Phoenician alphabet") may have had their origin in Atlantis! That question is explored in the articles on the controversial Glozel Tablets, and classical testimony which add weight to this hypothesis. +++

SUPPORTING EVIDENCE By R. Cedric Leonard

According to ancient Greek legends Cadmus was a Phoenician prince who founded Thebes in Boeotia, and among several other things invented the alphabet. In spite of the popularity of this tradition (supported by Herodotus, 450 B.C.), this was doubted even in ancient times. For instance, Tacitus says:

The Egyptians also claim to have invented the alphabet, which the Phoenicians. . . appropriated the glory, giving out that they had discovered what they had really been taught. (Annals 11.14)

We know now that as early as 3,000 B.C. the beginnings of a writing system existed on Crete, and by 2,000 B.C. the Minoans were in possession of a syllabic "alphabet"1 which we have named Linear A (Jackson, 1981). And this was hundreds of years before Cadmus' time. We have learned also that, far from being illiterate as once thought, the Achaean Greeks modified Linear A slightly in order to use it for their own language (Linear B). In other words, the Achaean Greeks were using an alphabet hundreds of years before the "Phoenician" version of the alphabet was introduced into Greece at the time of the Dorian invasion.

It is a given that the Roman letters we use today evolved from the actual characters used by the Phoenicians of the Near East. But did the Phoenicians invent the letters, or did they merely learn of them from earlier sources. Diodorus (1st Cent. B.C.) expresses caution in the acceptance of this Phoenician "invention":

Men tell us. . . that the Phoenicians were not the first to make the discovery of letters; but that they did no more than change the form of the letters; whereupon the majority of mankind made use of the way of writing them as the Phoenicians devised. (Lib. Hist., Book V).

There are ancient and venerable traditions which point to a western, rather than an eastern, origin of our alphabet. In the same work Diodorus mentions that the Phoenicians had discovered a marvelous Atlantic island during their excursions outside Gibraltar. Atlantis was long gone, of course, but the survivors of that catastrophe still existed on the Canary Islands (and possibly others) and it is known that the Guanches inhabiting those islands possessed a system of characters with which the Phoenicians could have been familiar.

Manetho (250 B.C.) also recorded that the Egyptians themselves derived the elements of their writing from an island in the west. Ancient Egyptian papyri also attribute the invention of writing to the god Thoth who ruled a "Western Domain" (Book of the Dead, Chap. LXXXV). These same papyri declare that Thoth came from an Island of Flame (Atlantis was very volcanic, and perished in flames). The Turin Papyrus (1300 B.C.) lists Thoth as one of the ten kings who reigned during the "reign of the gods," more than 12,000 years ago.

Strabo, the Greek historian, records a tradition that Tartessos (on the Atlantic coast of Spain) had written records that go back 7,000 years before their time (500 B.C.), which is equivalent to saying that writing was being utilized on the Atlantic coast of Spain 9,500 years ago. These are strong traditions suggesting the existence of an older, unnamed culture in the west that had long been familiar with the art of writing.

One of the most important finds are the several hundreds of stones dating from the final stages of the Ice Age in a cave at Mas d'Azil in France. The 12,000-year-old Azilian rocks are painted with designs "which show astonishing similarity with later Greek and Latin letters" (Behn, 1948). Some experts have speculated that the cave might have been a writing school for Ice Age children.

Also, there are the bone calendars (date 20,000 B.C.), which until properly analyzed, could possibly represent a form of writing according to experts in anthropology and paleography (Marshack, 1972). Can a relationship be demonstrated between some of the better known western "alphabetic" (syllabic) writing systems and our Glozel prototype? The answer is, "Yes!"

First, there are the inscriptions on the Canary Islands (especially those on Hierro and Grand Canary): the script resembles Numidian and appears to be composed of some twenty four characters and a number of ideograms (Cline, 1953). There is also a "kinship" recognized between some of these Canary Island scripts and the Iberian and Sinai "alphabets" (Wolfel, 1942).

The Numidian (Berber) writing is "alphabetic" (technically a syllabary; Gelb, 1974). The Tuaregs of North Africa speak Tamachek, but their written language, T'ifinagh, is also "alphabetic" (syllabic) and is closely related to the Basque language. T'ifinagh is being forgotten before it can be either properly classified or translated (Friedrich, 1957). The close similarity between all these "western" systems, and their difference from the "eastern" cuneiform (Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Hittite, Ugaritic) systems cannot be ignored.

Even the Aymara Indians living along the shores of Lake Titicaca in South America were in possession of an ideographic form of writing when the Spanish conquistadors appeared on the scene (in spite of a ban on writing put in effect by the 63rd Inca ruler, Topu Gaui Pachacuti). Some of these signs correspond exactly to the characters found on the Canary Island tablets and among the Tuaregs and Berbers in North Africa (Wilkins, 1946).

Does all this sound familiar somehow? Basques, Berbers, Tuaregs, Guanches, and even the Aymaras of South America? We are talking about the same areas, the same people, the same language, and the same culture called "Atlantic" by learned scholars. In other words, our Cro-Magnon-Atlanteans.

There must have been a "western" prototype (which I believe we have in the Glozel Tablets), completely independent of the eastern writing system which evolved later in Sumar, for all these "Atlantic" systems to be so much alike. Prof. W. Z. Ripley (1899) agrees: "A system of writing seems also to have been invented in western Europe as far back as the Stone Age." We will demonstrate the validity of this startling statement in the article entitled Ancient Alphabets Compared.

1It is demonstrated on this website that all the so-called "alphabets" before the Greek invention of the vowel signs are technically syllabaries, but the topic under discussion here is the characters which form the components of these early writing systems. [Back]

title: User:Vuara/EVOLUTION OF WRITING


text:
User:Vuara/Bronze Age Literacy

Bronze Age Literacy

In The Beginning Prior to the alphabet in Greece, in the Bronze Age, the majority of ideas, stories, concepts, and lessons were passed orally. The men would pass their wisdom to the boys, and the women would pass theirs to the girls. Most of what was discussed among the people was related to the work and what was required to keep the society functioning. Society was divided into four major areas: the slaves, the women, the ordinary men, and the aristocrats. The slaves, women, and most men did not have a lot of use for reading and writing. The women were tending to things at home, and watching the children, and were not allowed to participate in the function of government. The majority of men who were not aristocrats or slaves, were farmers, and did not have time or need to read and write because they needed to bring in the crops and tend to the animals. During this time, life flowed without much need for writing.

Before the alphabet came to be known to the Greeks, a similar form of symbols was used in about the 13th century BC. This form, called Linear B, is not related to later forms of Greek. Linear B was used by palace administration prior to anyone else needing to write or read. When the palace administration disappeared, so did the need for Linear B.  Linear B was found in the form of clay tablets on the Mycenaean mainland in  Greece. They have been found often burned, dating from around the 13th century. None of the symbols found relate to the alphabet finds of 500 years later. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF LINEAR B

Try writing a letter to a friend; notice how many letters are used together.

 * http://www.historyforkids.org/greekciv/dailylife/literacy/linearb.gif

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User:Vuara/Writing Systems text

JAL 328 H1S 2003 Writing Systems Henry Rogers, University of Toronto January 2003

Handout 1 — Introduction This covers Chapters 1–2 I. STRUCTURE OF COURSE A. Details in the Course Timetable B. Textbook: available for purchase in instructor’s office 6072 Robarts Cost is $30.00. C. Handouts: on-line www.chass.utoronto.ca/~rogers/courses/JAL328 D. Quizzes, mid-term test, and final examination 1. Quiz 1: up to that point 2. Quiz 2: from mid-term test up to that point 3. Mid-term test: from beginning of course up to that point 4. Final exam: entire course, emphasising the material since the mid-term test. etc. 5. For the quizzes, mid-term test, and final exam, you will be responsible formaterial from the book, the handouts, and the lectures. 6. Knowledge of certain symbols in various writing systems will be requiredfor quizzes, mid-term test, and final exam. These will be clearly specifiedin advance. 7. Quizzes, mid-term, and final will generally be a mixture of objective(multiple choice, true-false, matching, etc.) and short answer (definition, fill in the blank, short essay). E. Note particularly that the handouts are generally an outline of the lecture and do not replace the need to attend and take notes at all lectures. F. The prerequisite for this course is LIN 100, ANT 100, LIN 200 or the equivalent. If you feel weak in linguistics, go through at Appendix A in the back of the book. You might also look at the sections on phonology and morphology in any introductory textbook. G. For next week, get textbook and read Chapters 1–3; download handouts; notice signs on shops, etc.

Handout 1 — Introduction II. CHAPTER ONE — INTRODUCTION A. Importance of writing B. Definition Writing is the use of graphic marks to represent specific linguistic utterances. (1) We will use writing only for linguistic communication, that is, forputting down the ordinary types of statements made by humans. (2) Other non-linguistic uses of the word language are language oflove, language of music, language of bees, computer languages, etc. C. Writing and language 1. Language is a complex cognitive system relating sound and meaning. 2. Warning: one of the most serious mistakes in this course, and one of theeasiest to make is to fail to distinguish writing and language. 3. What is wrong with the following statements? a) Polish is a very phonetic language. b) A Chinese character is a word. c) English has lots of silent eé’s. D. Scope of course 1. Examine all significant types of writing systems 2. Look at all major writing systems used today or in the past E. Two recent items in the news 1. Olmec ‘writing’ a) Maya writing 2. James ossuary F. Aspects of writing 1. history of writing a) Dates (1) OLD (BC, BCE) (2) NEW (AD, CE) (3) time 0 b) invention of writing Mesopotamia, China, Mesoamerica c) borrowing of writing systems— very common (Egyptian _ ) Semitic _ Greek _ Etruscan _ Latin _ (Christianity) English, and all of western Europe

Handout 1 — Introduction d) Creation of new script Cree _ Inuktitut e) Gradual change India: Brahmi (Sanskrit) _ Devanagari (Hindi, Marathi, Nepali), Bengali, Gujarati, Gurmukhi (Punjabi), Oriya, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Sinhalese 2. internal structure of writing systems a) direction: b) Hebrew — letters separated: Arabic — letters joined Arabic — positional variants c) Roman, Greek, Cyrillic: upper-case/lower-case 3. relation of writing to language a)  — phoneme /b/ b)  — two phonemes /k/, /s/ cup, city c) <4> — morpheme four d) Chinese: each syllable is written with a separate character 4. sociolinguistics a) writing always taught, not acquired, as with speech b) diglossia (1) Arabic: all Arabic speakers normally speak a local dialect; this istrue for all levels of society (2) a specific dialect of Arabic is used for writing, but this is not thenative dialect of anyone: Modern Std Arabic (a) MSA also used for formal reading: lectures, television c) literacy (1) how widespread is writing and reading? (2) how important is writing and reading?

Handout 1 — Introduction III. CHAPTER THREE —THEORETICAL PRELIMINARIES A. Grapheme – contrastive unit in writing allograph — variant of grapheme g grapheme g. G allographs B. Arrangement 1. linear arrangement a) direction within line/column: left-to-right, right-to-left, top-to-bottom b) flow of lines/columns: top-to-bottom, right-to-left, left-to-right c) paging: which way do pages turn; front of book 2. diacritic a) free grapheme: occurs in a variety of contexts b) bound grapheme: (diacritic) 3. complex symbol a) violates linear arrangement: a` ç b) follows linear arrangement: t.å 4. ligatures: two graphemes joined and written as one unit a) æ oe b) structural: Danish æ c) non-structural: English æ fi (fi) fl (fl) d) quasi-ligatures: Spanish ll (1) alphabetised after and before  C. Relation to language 1. discrepancies a) unit discrepancies (1) digraph: two symbols – one linguistic unit (a)  /˜/ (2) diphone: one symbol — two linguistic units (a)  /ks/

Handout 1 — Introduction b) contrastive discrepancies (1) homography: different linguistic units written same way (a) heterophonic: does ‘3 sg pres of do’ ‘female deer (pl)’ (b) homophonic: mould ‘(hollow) form’, ‘fungus’ (2) heterography: different linguistic units written differently (a) homophonic: meet, meat (b) heterophonic: neutral situation – sat, bit, stamp 2. Level of linguistic unit a) phonographic (1) phonology — phonogram (a) phoneme letter alphabet (i) <•> /p/; <—> /k/ (ii) Roman, Greek, Cyrillic, Korean Hankul alphabets; (iii) Hebrew, Arabic systems (b) mora moraic symbol moraic system (traditionally called syllabary) (typically CV or -C) (i) <•> /pu/; <—> /ku/ (ii) Japanese kana; Cree/Inuktitut systems (2) morphology — morphogram (a) <•> dog; <—> book (b) $ @ 5 + ß (c) Chinese characters (3) syntax —punctuation ? ! . ,

Cuneiform Writing Systems JAL 328 H1S Lecture 4 Monday, 27 January 2003 Chapter 5 I. MESOPOTAMIA A. Sumerian (language isolate) B. Akkadian (Semitic)

II. HISTORY A. Bronze Age Sumerian: Appear ca 4000 OLD Urbanisation ? writing 3500 OLD B. Akkadian conquest 2350 OLD Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian dialects of same language Aramaic writing (Semitic: from north) Aramaic became chancery language of Babylonian Empire and widely used as lingua franca

C. 539 OLD — Persian conquest (Indo-European) Achæmenid Persian Empire continued Aramaic as administrative language and lingua franca Persian cuneiform D. 331 OLD — Greeks conquered: Alexander — Seleucid (Indo-European) E. 7th century NEW Arabs conquest introduced Arabic (Semitic), Arabic became principal language. Sizeable Kurdish-speaking (Indo-European) area in north

F. Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Altaic) G. Iraq created following WW I III. SEALS IV. TOKENS AND THE INVENTION OF WRITING A. Schmandt-Besserat 1. Plain tokens (record keeping) 2. Hollow envelopes with enclosed tokens 3. Hollow envelopes with enclosed tokens, also imprinted on surface 4. Impressed tablets 5. Complex tokens 6. Inscribed tablets B. Early tablets

C. Principles of construction of symbols 1. Pictograms 2. 3. Differentiation: gunu 4. 5. Semantic extension Based on Sumerian or Akkadian meaning (Kun- and on- readings) 6. Phonetic extension Based on Sumerian or Akkadian pronunciation (Kun- and on- readings) 7. Compounding

V. EXAMPLES OF SYMBOLS (PAGE 5.12) VI. OTHER LANGUAGES WRITTEN IN CUNEIFORM Ugaritic

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ASIAN PHONOGRAPHIC WRITING I. GENERAL A. Language families 1. Semitic: Aramaic 2. Altaic: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu 3. Indo-Iranian a Indic (i) Sanskrit (ii) Prakrit (Pali — Buddhist) (iii) Modern: Hindi, Nepali, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Bengali, Oriya, Singhalese — Urdu, Sindhi (Arabic) (iv) Hindi-Urdu relationship b Iranian: Pahlavi, Parthian, Sogdian 4. Dravidian: Malayalam, Tamil, Telegu, Kannada 5. Southeast Asia: Burmese, Thai, Laotian, Cambodian 6. Tibetan B. Types of writing systems 1. Alphabet: ideal —1-to-1 relationship between phoneme and grapheme a reality— great deal of variation 2. Abjad: like alphabet, but vowels not written 3. Abugida a consonants are basic symbols; vowels are diacritics (bound) b one vowel is not written c special symbols for word-initial vowels d consonant clusters written as ligatures

Asian Phonographic Writing II. CENTRAL ASIA A. Semitic abjad 1. Uyghur across central Asia B. Mongolian 1. Mongolian Empire 2. Yuan Dynasty in China 1271–1368 3. Borrowed from Uyghur, with some adaptations 4. Middle Mongolian language 5. Today: Cyrillic in MPR (Outer Mongolia) C. Manchu 1. Adapted from Mongolian in early 17th 2. Used for imperial documents in Qing dynasty 1644 III. SOUTH ASIA A. Indus Valley 1. undeciphered 2. 2500–1900 OLD 3. probably Dravidian 4. probably not connected with Indo-Aryan B. Indo-Aryan Language: Sanskrit _ Prakrit (Pali) _ Modern Languages Sanskrit a Rigveda composed 1200 OLD b Strong oral tradition; texts not written down until later c Grammatical tradition (i) Also not written down d Sanskrit no longer spoken by time it was written down e Around 300 NEW f Cultural language of India

Asian Phonographic Writing C. Brahmi and Karosthi 1. As'okan inscriptions 300 OLD 2. First Sanskrit inscription 300 NEW 3. Source of all modern scripts in India, except Arabic and Roman 4. Hindi-Urdu: two scripts–one language 5. Abugida D. Two script groups: northern and southern 1. all indigenous scripts of India derive from Brahmi a like dialect variation 2. each language tends to have its own script 3. Devanagari in textbook a Examples IV. SOUTHEAST ASIA A. Buddhism 1. Started in India 2. Texts in Sanskrit 3. First written in Brahmi 4. Migrated to SE Asia B. General 1. Maintained many features of Brahmi a conservatism b allowed writing of Sanskrit words c different scripts for each language

Asian Phonographic Writing V. TIBET A. traditionally said to have been created by Buddhist monk, sent to India in 7th century NEW to bring writing to Tibet B. Script 1. syllables marked 2. relationship to language a ? old dialect b spellings indicate morphological differences C. General 1. extraordinarily deep writing system a ?sound change b ?different dialect c ?morphological marking

MAYA AND OTHER WRITING SYSTEMS I. MAYA WRITING A. Intro to Maya Society 1. Maya still spoken 2. Ancient Maya society a) early origins b) flourished 300–900 NEW c) architecture, writing, social organisation d) collapse e) Spanish conquest B. Maya research 1. Rediscovered in 19th century 2. Thompson 3. Recent work C. Calendar 1. Numbers 2. Calendar Round a) Tz'olkin (1) 13 numbers and 20 named days (2) 260 days b) Haab (1) Continuous cycle (2) 18 months of 20 days + 1 month of 5 days (3) 365 days c) Together (1) 52 years 3. Long Count a) Units b) Today

D. Writing 1. Moraic – morphographic E. Palenque II. OTHER WRITING SYSTEMS All involve Stimulus Diffusion A. Cherokee 1. Invented writing system by previously illiterate person 2. moraic B. Cree 1. Invented writing system by literate person 2. moraic 3. directionality as diacritic C. Inuktitut 1. Borrowed writing system D. Runic 1. Borrowed writing system, although history not clear 2. Romanticism E. Ogham 1. Borrowed writing system, although history not clear 2. Unusual types of marks F. Pahawh Hmong 1. Invented writing system by previously illiterate person 2. Unusual order: coda–onset 3. 8 tones divided into two groups 4. each group has a different set of codas G. Bliss 1. Invented writing system by literate person 2. Only known example of completely morphographic writing system

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JAL 328 H1S Notes for Quiz I 27 January 2003 The quiz will cover chapters 1–4. The quiz will be at the beginning of class in the regular classroom. It will takeabout 20 minutes. The lecture will follow. All questions will be short answer (multiple choice, true-false, fill-in-the-blank, matching, etc.). You should be familiar with the terms at the ends of chapters 1–4; in addition totheir discussion in the text, Appendix D — Glossary defines these terms. You should be able to recognise (but not produce) the following symbols: Chinese You should be able to distinguish the following and know their Englishmeaning, but you will not be asked to give the Chinese pronunciation: a. the simple forms of the numbers from 1 to 10, 100, 1000; these aregiven on p. 3.27. (Note that no. 6 is misaligned; the simple form has4 strokes.) b. the modern forms of the characters on pp. 3.15 in figure 3.4. c. the characters for horse, mother, scold as found on p. 3.18. d. the characters for meat, cow, fish, chicken, bean curd found on p. 3.35. Japanese You should be able to distinguish the following and give their soundvalue. the hiragana and katakana forms of /ka ki ku ke ko/, found on p. 4.18 Korean You should be able to distinguish the following and give their soundvalue: the symbols for the letters /p t k l i u/ and the symbol for a nullonset or a final /˜/ (p. 4.31). You should understand how these Korean symbols are written to form syllables: a–d (p. 4.32).

JAL 328 H1S Writing SystemsMarch 2003 Study NotesQuiz II 1 Same general format as Quiz I. a During regular Lecture Period b 17 March 2003 c Will cover Chapters 7–10 d Including, but not limited to, technical terms at end of chapters. 2 Symbols to know a Entire Greek alphabet in order with names i) Modern forms only ii) Upper and lower case iii) both forms of lowercase sigma b Hebrew i) <÷ b g d h w z j k l m n> including final forms ii) no vowel points c Arabic i) <÷ b t d s l m h w> (all positional variants) ii) all three short vowels iii) lam-÷alif digraph 3 Terms at the ends of the chapters 4 Family relationship of Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic, Ethiopic 5 Gardiner–Albright theory of the origin of the Semitic abjad 6 Difference between abjad and alphabet 7 Chart on p. 7.6 8 Relationship of Phoenician to Hebrew, Greek, Aramaic

9 Aramaic morphograms 10 Matres lectionis 11 Main structural features of Hebrew and Arabic writing 12 How vowels are written in Hebrew and Arabic 13 Relevance of religion to Hebrew and Arabic writing 14 How does Ethiopic writing differ from typical Semitic writing? 15 What type of writing system is found in Linear B? 16 What was the contribution of Michael Ventris? 17 How did Greek alter the Phoenician abjad? (in general terms) 18 What can be said about digamma (also known as waw) and qoppa? 19 What are the Greek breathings? 20 Basic history of Coptic, Georgian, Armenian, Slavic writing. 21 What is role of Etruscan writing in history of Roman alphabet? 22 What changes did the Romans make in borrowing the alphabet? 23 Be familiar with notion of orthographic depth. 24 Basic periods of English 25 What are the effects of homography and heterography for English readers/writers today? 26 How has English general treated the spelling of borrowed words? 27 Orthographic dialect variation 28 Spelling pronunciation 29 Creative spellings 30 What are the arguments for and against spelling reform?

STUDY NOTES FOR MID-TERM JAL 328H1S Note: the mid-term will be on Monday, 10 February, 3-5; it will be held duringthe regular class period, but in a special location: WW 111 (Woodsworth College) Please try to be on time so that the test can start promptly at 3:10 p.m. There willnot be a break. Please leave notebooks, bags, and coats at the side of the room. Please bring your student card. The test will cover Chapters 1–6 and the lectures through today. The questions will be of two types. One type will be answered on a computer sheet; these questions will be multiple choice and true-and-false. The second type of question will consist of short essay questions to be answered on the test paper Bring a pencil, preferably #2. There will be two help sessions in the Linguistics Department with the graduate teaching assistant, Bridget Jankowski: Friday: 7 Feb 2003 10–12 am Monday: 10 Feb 2003 10–12 am The following points should cover most of the material on the test, but not necessarily all. You should know the approximate date of events directly related to writing. Note that the first quiz covered only the technical terms and certain symbols, but the mid-term will cover ALL material in the text (chaps 1-6), including the terms, as well as the lectures through today. The only symbols required for the mid-term are the following. You will only be required to recognised them and know their values. You will not be asked to write them. Egyptian: morphograms and semantic complements (pp 6.14-6): house, morphographic diacritic (vertical stroke), plural, man, woman, eye, wood, abstract object consonantal: p t r m n w f mn wp mr nfr Henry Rogers 1 University of Toronto February 2003

JAL 328 Writing Systems Mid-Term Study Notes 1. Understand terms for all 6 chapters. 2. For each writing system discussed, you should be able to describe how it works 3. Be able to define writing and to apply the definition. 4. Distinction between alphabetic, moraic, and syllabic writing systems. 5. Diglossia. Be able to give and explain an example. 6. Role of Chinese language and writing in other languages of Asia. 7. Problems of using Chinese characters to write another language. 8. Terms such as pu‡to¤nghua`, Mandarin, Cantonese. 9. Role of civil service in Chinese writing 10. Differences between words, morphemes, syllables, and characters in Chinese. 11. Effect of homophony in Chinese writing 12. Origin of Chinese writing. 13. Type of character construction. 14. Frequency of character types (relative, not absolute). 15. How are borrowed words written in Chinese? 16. Role of seals in China. 17. What is the importance of dictionaries in Chinese writing? 18. How are characters shaped? 19. How many characters are there in Chinese? How many does a Chinese speaker know? 20. Recent reforms in Chinese writing. 21. History of Japanese writing. 22. Terms such as kanji, kana, hiragana, katakana, furigana, kanbun. 23. How did linguistic differences between Chinese and Japanese affect Japanese writing? 24. Kun and on readings 25. Go, Kan, and Too-Soo borrowings 26. Uses of hiragana and katakana. 27. 20th century writing reforms in Japan 28. Origin of Korean writing 29. Hankul and its origin. Relationship to phonetics. 30. Internal structure of Korean writing: i.e., how does it appear on the page. 31. Hanca. 32. How does ancient Vietnamese writing differ from Chinese and Korean? 33. Schmandt-Besserat’s theory of origin of Mesopotamian writing 34. Languages and dates involved in Mesopotamian writing 35. Relationship of Sumerian and Akkadian writing 36. Role of seals in Mesopotamia 37. Clay tablets; how writing was actually done 38. Phonetic extension and semantic extension 39. Notion of language family; family names of languages that we have focussed on 40. Egyptian writing: borrowed or indigenous 41. Role of stimulus diffusion in writing history 42. Styles of Egyptian writing 43. Types of Egyptian symbols; how were they used 44. Importance of Rosetta stone 45. You will be responsible only for major dates directly related to writing. Henry Rogers 2 University of Toronto February 2003

Study Notes for Final Examination JAL 328 H1S Writing Systems 1. The exam will have four kinds of questions: a. True false b. Multiple choice c. Completion d. Short essay The first two types will be answered on a special scantron sheet. Please bring a soft pencil. The last two types of questions will be answered on the examination paper. The completion questions are quite short, usually just a word or two. The shortessay questions are half a page in length each. 2. The examination will cover the entire course, including all material in the textbook and in the lectures. There will be a slight emphasis on material coverered since Quiz II. 3. You will be asked to identify examples of Roman type by general category. For example, if you were asked to identify the category of type used in this sheet, you would be expected to identify this as ‘Old Style’. Other categories of type would be Humanist, Modern, Transitional, San Serif, Display. The type faces used will not necessarily be the same as the examples in the book. 4. You will be expected to recognise the following symbols from Devanagari:  and the diacritic vowels . You will not be expected to recognise ligatures of these symbols. 5. You will be expected to recognise the following symbols from the Creewriting system: for the vowels. 6. You should review the study notes for the mid-term test and for the twoquizzes. 7. Review the terms at the ends of the chapters. 8. You should review the basic structural principles of all the writing systemswe have covered.

9. You should be familiar with the general typological categories of writing systems, based on how they relate to the language they represent. This point and the preceding one are particularly important. 10. For Chapter 11, you should be familiar with the general structure ofDevanagari, the general history of writing in South and South-east Asia, andthe role of Indus Valley writing. Don’t forget Tibetan, Mongolian, and Manchu. 11. In Chapter 12, you should know generally how the system works. You will not be responsible for the details of the Maya calendar. 12. In Chapter 13, you should know the general structure and history of thevarious individual writing systems. What is distinctive about each? 13. In Chapter 14, you should know the general history of calligraphy andprinting. You will not be asked to recognise specific calligraphic styles; however, see #3 above. Printing has a certain amount of technicalterminology that you should be familiar with. 14. Chapter 15 gives an overview of the typology of writing systems from anhistorical perspective. Focus on the the revised classification of Figure 15.5, and do not worry about the earlier proposals in detail, although you willprobably have to work through them to understand the revised proposal. Sections 15.4 and 15.5 should not be skipped.

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Perl Programming/Useful modules

See search.cpan.org

Also, try subscribing to the use.perl.org mailing list, which sends out daily summaries of new modules as they're added to CPAN.

title: Perl Programming/Useful modules


text:
Cookbook talk:Honey

This module uses text adapted from the Wikipedia article Honey. The page history at the time the text was copied is included below:

* (cur) (last). . 21:29, 23 Apr 2004. . 68.10.180.135   * (cur) (last). . 03:34, 20 Apr 2004. . Sfdan (Reverting to 04:32, 17 Apr 2004 JorgeGG version delicious -> viscous) * (cur) (last). . 20:50, 19 Apr 2004. . 66.140.157.234   * (cur) (last). . m 20:32, 16 Apr 2004. . JorgeGG (es:) * (cur) (last). . 16:39, 24 Mar 2004. . Lupin * (cur) (last). . 12:20, 28 Feb 2004. . Sfdan (Mead) * (cur) (last). . 16:44, 19 Feb 2004. . Martijn faassen (Removed Egyptian pyramid reference as no evidence could be found (see talk page).) * (cur) (last). . m 14:12, 30 Jan 2004. . Jimbreed (conent -> content) * (cur) (last). . m 06:12, 29 Jan 2004. . Ee00224 * (cur) (last). . m 06:09, 29 Jan 2004. . Ee00224 * (cur) (last). . 14:16, 4 Jan 2004. . Pollinator (add Melissopalynology) * (cur) (last). . 13:04, 1 Jan 2004. . Pollinator (link to blackberry) * (cur) (last). . 10:54, 12 Nov 2003. . Jimbreed (Restructured and wikified last paragraph) * (cur) (last). . 18:22, 27 Oct 2003. . Pollinator (added honeydew) * (cur) (last). . 07:07, 4 Oct 2003. . Pollinator (added a tidbit on on baking) * (cur) (last). . 06:49, 4 Oct 2003. . Pollinator (corrected some errors on botulism) * (cur) (last). . m 14:00, 25 Sep 2003. . Ortonmc (sp:pasteurized) * (cur) (last). . m 10:37, 7 Aug 2003. . Samw (grammar: honey isn't collected by bees; link to pasteurization) * (cur) (last). . 12:38, 29 Jul 2003. . Montrealais * (cur) (last). . m 14:25, 15 Jun 2003. . Menchi (simpl. wikilink; pollination) * (cur) (last). . 13:03, 8 May 2003. . Focus mankind (french "Miel" added) * (cur) (last). . 13:03, 8 May 2003. . Focus mankind (Honig inserted) * (cur) (last). . m 05:14, 16 Apr 2003. . Heron (sp) * (cur) (last). . 13:40, 10 Apr 2003. . 68.18.247.48   * (cur) (last). . 13:38, 10 Apr 2003. . 68.18.247.48   * (cur) (last). . 22:24, 15 Mar 2003. . Someone else (not an antibiotic, just kills bacteria thru osmosis; not antiviral.) * (cur) (last). . m 18:29, 7 Feb 2003. . Lovely Chris (Was a bit conversational...) * (cur) (last). . 13:05, 17 Jan 2003. . 209.216.190.72   * (cur) (last). . m 10:02, 10 Dec 2002. . 12.38.163.194   * (cur) (last). . 12:27, 5 Dec 2002. . 12.38.163.194   * (cur) (last). . 21:54, 31 Oct 2002. . Ortolan88 (add tupelo) * (cur) (last). . 21:44, 31 Oct 2002. . Stormwriter (Added a sentence, fixed typo.) * (cur) (last). . m 21:42, 31 Oct 2002. . Karen Johnson * (cur) (last). . m 21:41, 31 Oct 2002. . Karen Johnson * (cur) (last). . 21:39, 31 Oct 2002. . Karen Johnson (poisonous honey, botulin spores in honey) * (cur) (last). . 21:33, 31 Oct 2002. . Karen Johnson * (cur) (last). . m 05:33, 3 Oct 2002. . Ap   * (cur) (last). . 07:32, 15 Mar 2002. . Brant Boucher * (cur) (last). . m 08:43, 25 Feb 2002. . Conversion script (Automated conversion) * (cur) (last). . 01:19, 30 Dec 2001. . WojPob (first attempt)

Featured
This module was the featured ingredient on the main Cookbook page from July 27, 2004 - August 12, 2004. Gentgeen 12:39, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Honey


text:
Cookbook talk:Basic Foodstuffs

Hi all, I've got a 1992 copy of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics from when I was in High School/College. Included in the data there is a section on USDA nutirent value of foods (which is now at least 12 years out of date, but that shouldn't change much, right?), and I've added some of the info available to the Cookbook:Honey module. What I'd like to know is would it be worth it for me to add this type of data (and more that didn't get into the honey module, like fat content, as honey has none) to the various ingredient pages. If there's support, I'll start adding it to modules that already exist. Gentgeen 11:30, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * FYI, the USDA has a nutritional information search available on their website, and you can also download the data to import into your own relational database.

 * If you did want to add nutritional information, it would probably be easier to copy and paste rather than type it in. But that would still be a fair bit of work, so I'm not sure whether it's worth it or not.

 * I'll add the nutritional database link to the Nutrition page. -- loum 00:24, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

When refering to items in plural, is it better to have Cereals or Cereals. I personally prefer the latter. --liblamb 04:57, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What is the justification for lifting the Legumes category out of Vegetables (although it is still on that page too at the moment) and placing it on the Basic_foodstuffs page? I'm not sure I agree with this move. --liblamb

Fungi are not plants.

title: Cookbook talk:Basic Foodstuffs


text:
Dichotomous Key/Arachnida

Arachnids are the largest and most well known class of the Chelicerata with around 65,000 described species. Members of Arachnida can be found on every continent. There are 11 subgroups that most authorities recognize, but the level of classification and some names are not always agrees upon.

Key to the Orders of Arachnida

 * 1: Opisthosoma clearly segmented, spinnerets absent
 * 2: Opisthosoma not segmented or if segmented, spinnerets present on ventral posterior side

1

 * 3: Opisthosoma has a tail-like elongation, either thick with a sting or thin and whiplike; Usually tropical.
 * 6: Opisthosoma lacking tail-like elongatio, or only with a very short appendage.

3

 * Scorpiones: Opisthosoma ending in a sting; First pair of legs not greatly elongated.
 * 4: Opisthosoma not ending in a sting; First pair of legs longer than other pairs.

4

 * Palpigradi: Pedipalps similar in size to legs; Less than 5 millimeters in length.
 * 5: Pedipalps usually much stouter than legs; Usually larger than 5 millimeters in length.

5

 * Uropygi: Eyes present; Tail long and with many segments; Body blackish and at least 50 millimeters in length.
 * Schizomida: Eyes absent; Tail short with one to four segments; Body brownish to yellowish and less than 8 millimeters in length.

6

 * Pseudoscorpiones: Pedipalps pincerlike; Body more or less oval and flattened; Usually less than 5 millimeters in length.
 * 7: Pedipalps leglike or different, but not pincerlike.

7

 * Solifugae: Chelicerae very large and extending forward; Body yellow to brownish and 20 to 30 millimeters in length.
 * 8: With different combination of characters.

8

 * 9: First pair of legs and tarsi very long; Opisthosoma constricted at the base; Mostly tropical.
 * 10: First pair of legs similar to others; Opisthosoma not obviously constricted at the base.

9

 * Schizomida: Prosoma longer than wide; Opisthosoma with a minute terminal appendage; 5 to 8 millimeters in length.
 * Amblypygi: Prosoma wider than long; Opisthosoma without a minute terminal appendage; Body length variable.

10

 * Ricinulei: Broad flap at anterior end of prosoma concealing chelicerae; Legs not unusually long; Somewhat mite-like or tick-like.
 * Opiliones: Broad flap covering chelicerae absent; Legs often very long and slender.

title: Dichotomous Key/Arachnida


text:
User:Marknew

My main user page is located on the English Wikipedia:

Marknew's user page

title: User:Marknew


text:
User talk:Marknew

'''If at all possible, please post all messages to my talk page on the English Wikipedia. Thanks! -- Marknew'''

-

title: User talk:Marknew


text:
User:Greudin

fr:utilisateur:Greudin

Bonjour, bonsoir.

Tout doux liste :
 * Provençal

title: User:Greudin


text:
Cookbook:Cuisines

The Cuisine pages are primarily intended to be descriptions of various national and ethnic cuisines, grouped by region of origin.

While many of the cuisine pages may contain a list of recipes names associated with that cuisine, these lists are intended to be manually curated by contributors and do not usually contain a comprehensive list of all recipes in the Cookbook related to that particular cuisine. For a complete, automatically generated, list of recipes which have been categorized, on their individual pages, as being a recipe from a particular area see Recipes by origin.

For a complete, automatically generated, alphabetical list of pages which have been categorized, on their individual pages, as being a subcategory of the main Cuisines page see Cuisines.

For descriptions of cuisines from various areas, please see each regional page, listed below.

 * African cuisines
 * East Asian cuisines
 * European cuisines
 * Mediterranean cuisines
 * Middle Eastern cuisines
 * North American cuisines (including the Caribbean)
 * Pacific cuisines (including Australia and New Zealand)
 * South American cuisines
 * South Asian cuisines
 * Southeast Asian cuisines

 * Fusion cuisines
 * Special diets

Kochbuch/ Länderküche Livre de cuisine/Recettes par pays ספר מתכונים/המטבח האתני Kookboek/Keukens

title: Cookbook:Cuisines


text:
Cookbook:East Asian cuisines

| Asian Cuisine

 * Cuisine of China
 * Cuisine of Japan
 * Cuisine of Korea
 * Cuisine of Mongolia
 * Cuisine of Taiwan

料理本/東アジア料理 ka:კულინარული წიგნი:აღმოსავლეთ აზიური სამზარეულო

title: Cookbook:East Asian cuisines


text:
Cookbook:European cuisines

 * Cuisine of Albania (Albanian)
 * Cuisine of Armenia (Armenian)
 * Cuisine of Austria (Austrian)
 * Cuisine of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan)
 * Cuisine of Belarus (Belarusian)
 * Cuisine of Belgium (Belgian)
 * Cuisine of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian / Herzegovinan)
 * Cuisine of Bulgaria (Bulgarian)
 * Cuisine of Czechia (Czech)
 * Cuisine of Denmark (Danish)
 * Cuisine of Estonia (Estonian)
 * Cuisine of Finland (Finnish)
 * Cuisine of France (French)
 * Cuisine of Georgia (Georgian)
 * Cuisine of Germany (German)
 * Cuisine of Greece (Greek)
 * Cuisine of Hungary (Hungarian)
 * Cuisine of Iceland (Icelandic)
 * Cuisine of Ireland (Irish)
 * Cuisine of Isle of Man (Manx)
 * Cuisine of Italy (Italian)
 * Cuisine of Latvia (Latvian)
 * Cuisine of Lithuania (Lithuanian)
 * Cuisine of Luxembourg (Luxembourgian)
 * Cuisine of Macedonia (Macedonian)
 * Cuisine of Malta (Maltese)
 * Cuisine of Moldova (Moldovan)
 * Cuisine of Monaco (Monegasque)
 * Cuisine of the Netherlands (Dutch)
 * Cuisine of Norway (Norwegian)
 * Cuisine of Poland (Polish)
 * Cuisine of Portugal (Portuguese)
 * Cuisine of Romania (Romanian)
 * Cuisine of Russia (Russian)
 * Cuisine of Slovakia (Slovakian)
 * Cuisine of Slovenia (Slovenian)
 * Cuisine of Spain (Spanish)
 * Basque cuisine
 * Cuisine of Sweden (Swedish)
 * Cuisine of Switzerland (Swiss)
 * Cuisine of Turkey (Turkish)
 * Cuisine of the United Kingdom (British)
 * Cuisine of England (English)
 * Cornish cuisine
 * Cuisine of Gibraltar (Gibraltarian)
 * Cuisine of Northern Ireland (Northern Irish)
 * Cuisine of Scotland (Scottish)
 * Cuisine of Wales (Welsh)
 * Cuisine of Ukraine (Ukrainian)

title: Cookbook:European cuisines


text:
Cookbook:Middle Eastern cuisines

 * Arab cuisine
 * Cuisine of Armenia
 * Cuisine of Iran
 * Cuisine of Iraq
 * Cuisine of Israel
 * Cuisine of Lebanon
 * Palestinian Cuisine
 * Cuisine of Syria
 * Cuisine of Turkey
 * Cuisine of Egypt
 * Cuisine of Cyprus

ka:კულინარული წიგნი:ახლო აღმოსავლური სამზარეულო

title: Cookbook:Middle Eastern cuisines


text:
Cookbook:Pacific Cuisines

 * Cuisine of Australia
 * Cuisine of Chuuk
 * Cuisine of Cook Islands
 * Cuisine of Fiji
 * Cuisine of French Polynesia
 * Cuisine of Guam
 * Cuisine of Hawaii
 * Cuisine of Kiribati
 * Cuisine of Marshall Islands
 * Cuisine of Nauru
 * Cuisine of New Caledonia
 * Cuisine of New Zealand (Aotearoa)
 * Cuisine of Niue
 * Cuisine of Northern Mariana Islands
 * Cuisine of Norfolk Island
 * Cuisine of Palau
 * Cuisine of Papua New Guinea
 * Cuisine of Pitcairn
 * Cuisine of Solomon Islands
 * Cuisine of Tonga
 * Cuisine of Tuvalu
 * Cuisine of Tokelau
 * Cuisine of Samoa
 * Cuisine of Vanuatu
 * Cuisine of Wallis and Futuna Islands

title: Cookbook:Pacific Cuisines


text:
Cookbook:North American Cuisines

 * Cuisine of Canada (including regional and other identifiable cuisines of Canada.)
 * Caribbean cuisines
 * Cuisine of the Bahamas
 * Cuisine of Cuba
 * Cuisine of Haiti
 * Cuisine of Jamaica
 * Cuisine of Puerto Rico
 * Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago
 * Cuisine of Mexico (including regional and other identifiable cuisines of Mexico.)
 * Native North American cuisine
 * Cuisine of Guatemala
 * Cuisine of El Salvador
 * Cuisine of Honduras
 * Cuisine of Costa Rica
 * Cuisine of Panama
 * Cuisine of the United States (including regional and other identifiable cuisines of the United States.)

title: Cookbook:North American Cuisines


text:
Cookbook:South American Cuisines

South American cuisines are partly based on the cuisines of Spain and Portugal, with heavy influence from the cuisine of various pre-European indigenous peoples. In Brazil, Western African influences are tremendously popular, especially near the coast.

 * Cuisine of Argentina
 * Cuisine of Brazil
 * Cuisine of Chile
 * Cuisine of Colombia
 * Cuisine of Guyana
 * Cuisine of Paraguay
 * Cuisine of Peru
 * Cuisine of Uruguay
 * Cuisine of Venezuela

title: Cookbook:South American Cuisines


text:
Cookbook:South Asian Cuisines

| Asian Cuisine

 * Cuisine of Afghanistan
 * Cuisine of Bangladesh
 * Cuisine of Bhutan
 * Cuisine of India
 * Cuisine of Maldives
 * Cuisine of Nepal
 * Cuisine of Pakistan
 * Cuisine of Sri Lanka
 * Cuisine of Sylhet
 * Cuisine of Tibet
 * Cuisine of Kashmir

title: Cookbook:South Asian Cuisines


text:
User:Thepedestrian~enwikibooks

The Korean War
use more specific dates wherever possible

add information about korea becoming communist, kim il sung, etc. After World War II, the US attempted to curb Soviet influence on the Korean Peninsula by occupying southern part of that area. The area occupied by the US became South Korea, while the other part became North Korea. North Korea soon passed into the control of the Communist Party.

In May, 1949, fighting between North and South Korean troops broke out near the border between the two nations. In an attempt to add South Korea to the Communist World, North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950. The People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union lent their support to North Korea, while the United States did the same to South Korea.

When the United Nations Security Council voted to aid South Korea in stopping North Korean aggression, the United States agreed to send troops to the Korean Peninsula. General Douglas MacArthur was given the command of American troops in Korea.

By the autumn of 1950, North Korean troops were forced out of South Korea. In October, General MacArthur ordered troops to cross into North Korea. In the third week of that month, the US took the capital of North Korea, Pyongyang.

flesh this paragraph out Then, the People's Republic of China began its counterattacks at the end of November. In December, Chinese "volunteers" took over Pyongyang and ejected enemy troops from North Korea.

add backlash against truman for firing macarthur, macarthur's grand homecoming and retirement speech (old soldiers never die) The US intended to do whatever it took to win the Korean War. It even planned on using the atomic bomb. However, President Truman did not trust General MacArthur to follow orders when using the atomic bomb. Therefore, he asked for MacArthur's resignation; MacArthur complied.

After months of deadlock, peace was finally agreed to in July, 1953. The United Nations signed an armistice with North Korea and the People's Republic of China. South Korea, however, refused to sign. The two Koreas are still technically at war because no Peace Treaty was ever agreed to by both sides.

title: User:Thepedestrian~enwikibooks


text:
User:Phantom~enwikibooks

I am an America's Army gamer.

He is also the creator of the Americas Army guide, and a good guy -DesertFox

title: User:Phantom~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Phantom~enwikibooks

Phantom PWNS!

Thanks for the compliment on my user page, and welcome. If you have any questions, either ask at the staff lounge, or feel free to ask me on my talk page.

Have fun editing. Gentgeen 09:26, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I really like the guide you started. Anyway I thought you might want to know that the Wikipedia article for America's Army is incredibly bad and is mostly just a few people spreading their political bias and has almost nothing to do with the actual game. I'm just letting you know because I see that you know America's Army quite well and might be able to help out on that article too. --Jayson Virissimo 20:08, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Phantom. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Phantom~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phantom~enwikibooks


text:
Internet Technologies/SSH

SSH is a secure replacement for Telnet and rsh. All communications between the client and server are encrypted. To access an SSH client (usually OpenSSH) in most Unix OSs, type  in a terminal window. If you don't specify the username, the user that entered the command will be used. In Windows, you will need to download a 3rd-party utility such as PuTTY or Cygwin. Find more information in the ssh(1) man page. On other Operating Systems (smart phones for example), you will have to use a webbased client. There are several SSH apps for Android, including ConnectBot, Dropbear, ServerAssistant, and the Telnet / SSH Simple Client.

Uses
SSH is actually so much more than just a way to access a remote shell securely. It can be used for lots of other ways to transfer information securely.

Using SSH
The secure shell client is conveniently called. It is typically used to access a remote host. A typical usage of  is

This means that the client intends to login as  on   machine. On successful authentication, an SSH session is established between the client and the.

Rsync and SFTP are the two recommended ways to transfer files, since there are unfixable flaws with SCP.

Using SFTP
SFTP has nothing to do with FTP. SFTP merely works like FTP, meaning you use it as you would FTP. Using SFTP requires only the SSH server. The FTP server is irrelevant to SFTP. Files are transferred as binary by default.

Using Rsync
"rsync" is not part of the SSH suite but is nearly ubqiquitous. It uses SSH to secure connections when transferring to or from a remote system.

or

One of the best parts of "rsync" is that it only transfers any changes, if an earlier version the file is on the destination. That saves on time and bandwidth. There are a lot of useful options for "rsync" including the -a option which combines recursive copying with preserved times, attributes, owner, and group, among others.

Using SCP
The SSH suite still includes a neat utility "scp", which stands for secure copy, which has a great way to copy files between machines. In recent version it is a wrapper for SFTP but it works almost exactly like the default unix  command. also allows you to copy a file from a remote host to a remote host. An example of :

which means copy files from  directory in user's home directory on the host.com machine (it will copy ALL files from the files/ directory) to the CWD (current working directory).

Another great use is to use it to encrypt the transport of any data from one machine to another. As an extreme example, you can use SSH to remotely move a disk from one machine to another (akin to ghost, but securely). This may not be the best use of SSH, or the fastest way to transfer data from one machine to another over a network, but it shows you how powerful SSH can be.

, aka Secure Copy, works just like. Note : If your filename contains spaces then, use scp like this:- Note : If you want to copy the whole directory then use
 * Copy to a remote host - You must use the colon. REMOTE_PATH is not necessary and all REMOTE_PATHs are relative to the user's home directory.
 * Copy from a remote host ,
 * Copy from a remote host ,
 * file name is /media/sda6/Tutorials/Linux Unix/linux_book.pdf then destination directory is home/narendra/data
 * file name is /home/narendra/linux_book.pdf then destination directory is /media/Tutorials/Linux Unix/
 * file name is /home/narendra/linux_book.pdf then destination directory is /media/Tutorials/Linux Unix/

Creating SSH Keys
Although SSH can be used with passwords, doing so is not recommended, and many servers will not allow password logins. Instead, use a key - this is more secure, and more convenient.

To create an SSH key ,

Most modern Unix systems include the OpenSSH client. To generate a key, run:

$ ssh-keygen

This will store your private key in $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa, and your public key in $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. You can use different filenames, but these are the default filenames, so it's easiest to not change them.

Permissions
Because the security of your private key is so important, SSH will not work if file permissions are insecure. SSH will create files and directories with the appropriate permissions, but sometimes things will go wrong. To fix permission issues:

$ chmod 600 ~/.ssh/KEY ~/.ssh/KEY.pub $ chmod 700 ~/.ssh

Establish Trust
To log into a remote server using SSH keys, you'll need to put the public key on that server's list of authorized keys.

In other words, you need to append a copy of your local  file to the end of the remote   file.

Transfer Method A: ssh-copy-id
The easiest way to do that is using. This requires some alternate form of authentication, usually password (since you haven't got a key on the server you cannot use key authentication yet).

Transfer Method B: Step-by-step
The hard way to do that is to manually do each step that the above  command does automatically for you:

 * First create the remote  folder on the destination server, if it does not already exist:

 * Next upload your PUBLIC key only (not your private key).

 * Then append your PUBLIC key to the server's list of authorized keys:

Advanced *nix users could do all those steps in one line:

SSH Personal Configuration
You don't need to set up a ~/.ssh/config file, but it makes authentication easier. The important part is to specify your user name and your private key - if this is specified in the config file, you needn't provide it on the command line. Using HostName, you can shorten the ssh command to: $ ssh servername

Example
Host Short_Name HostName server1.example.com User domain\username IdentityFile ~/.ssh/KEY
 * 1) Specific configuration applied to one host
 * 2) This configuration applies specifically to a host which uses Windows Domain login

Host *.example.com User domain\username IdentityFile ~/.ssh/%h_KEY
 * 1) Use this login as default for all hosts in the one domain
 * 2) It will look for a key with the hostname in the key's file name

Host localnetwork 192.168.1.0/24 User USERNAME IdentityFile ~/.ssh/key_37_rsa AddKeysToAgent yes ForwardX11 yes # In a pesky lab environment, add the following to your config # CheckHostIP no
 * 1) Generic configuration that applies to my private LAN.
 * 2) Of note, the options to forward X11 lets you run remote graphical
 * 3) programs while viewing and interacting with them locally.

Host * IdentitiesOnly yes ServerAliveCountMax 2 ServerAliveInterval 20 You can now ssh into  with just. The configuration options are chosen on a first-match basis, so put very specific rules torwards the beginning and more general rules towards the end.
 * 1) Catch-all settings which apply these settings to all hosts,
 * 2) if the particular option has not yet already been set.
 * 3) If there are a lot of keys in the SSH agent, then IdentitiesOnly is needed

Using an SSH Agent
Most desktop environments provide SSH agents automatically these days. So if you wish to see the details, look for the environment variables $SSH_AUTH_SOCK and $SSH_AGENT_PID, though only the former is used for connecting to it and must be available in to any program which needs to connect to the agent.

Keys can be added to the agent easily manually,

Or they can be added automatically on first use by setting AddKeysToAgent to "yes" in the appropriate rule set in the client configuration file.

However, keep in mind that once you go over six keys in the agent, special considerations have to be taken to keep the agent from trying the wrong keys in the wrong order and preventing logging in. Specifically, IdentitiesOnly should be set to "yes" for each host, ideally using the client configuration file. See below.

Public-key cryptography
The most significant difference between SSH and Telnet & "rsh" is in the realm of security. SSH uses RSA, EcDSA, or Ed25519 for public-key cryptography.

 * The server or domain to which you are trying to connect generates a pair of keys (public and private) for a client.
 * The public key is given to the client the first time it tries to connect. The corresponding private key is a secret and kept with the server.
 * The client sends the packets of data by encrypting it through the public key and this data is decrypted by using the corresponding private key stored there.

Communication from the server to the client is also possible in the same way — the server encrypts using the client's public key and the client decrypts using it's private key.

Setting up OpenSSH with public key cryptography
The following presumes physical access to the server or some out-of-band equivalent.

With your distro's package manager, install sshd (or openssh-server) on the server, and on the client install ssh (or openssh-client). It is likely that they're already installed since they're usually part of the distro's default installation for servers and workstations respectively. Be sure the following is in /etc/ssh/sshd_config on the server and uncommented there. That is to say, that there's no # in front of them: PubkeyAuthentication yes PasswordAuthentication no Tip: If the username that you are logging in as on the server is the same as the one you're currently using on the client, you don't need to specify the user to log in as on the server.
 * 1) On the server,
 * 2) Open TCP port 22 on the server for incomming connections. This varies depending on your firewall. on-standard port.
 * 3) If the server is behind a router with DHCP:
 * 4) Stop using DHCP and assign a static IP address to your server. See the Gentoo Handbook or Arch Linux Wiki for instructions if you do not know how.
 * 5) Forward external TCP port 22 (or another port) on your router to port 22 on your server.
 * 6) Over on the client, create and test the a client key pair
 * 7) On the client command line, run   ("rsa" is the default, it is not necessary to explicitly specify "rsa").  Consider annotating the key pair with a comment using the   option.
 * 8) Copy the public key to removable media and transfer that media to the server and mount it.  Copy the public key to the server, say to ~/.ssh/server.key there.  Then append the key to the authorized_keys file,
 * 9) Back over on the client, test that the new key works:
 * 10) (Re)start the sshd service.
 * 11) Log in again from the client using the key

SSH as a Proxy
If you can make an SSH connection, you can (most likely) use that connection as a SOCKS5 proxy, without any extra setup on the remote computer. Traffic can then be tunneled securely through the SSH connection. If you are on a wireless connection, you can use this to effectively secure all your traffic from snooping. You can also use this to bypass IP restrictions, because you will appear to be connecting from the remote computer. Note that DNS traffic is not tunneled, unless specific provisions are made to do so.

Pick some big port number (bigger than 1024 so you can use it as non-root). Here I choose 1080, the standard SOCKS port. Use the  option for dynamic port forwarding.

That's it. Now as long as the SSH connection is open, your application can use a SOCKS proxy on port 1080 on your own computer (localhost). For example, in Firefox on Linux:
 * go to Edit -> Preferences -> Advanced -> Network -> Connection -> Settings...
 * check "Manual proxy configuration"
 * make sure "Use this proxy server for all protocols" is cleared
 * clear "HTTP Proxy", "SSL Proxy", "FTP Proxy", and "Gopher Proxy" fields
 * enter "127.0.0.1" for "SOCKS Host", and "1080" (or whatever port you chose) for Port.

SSH from your webbrowser
You can also use ssh from a webbrowser with javascript support even when you don't have a secure shell client. In order to do this you have to install AnyTerm, AjaxTerm or WebShell on the system where the SSH server is running or use a third party service like WebSSH.

title: Internet Technologies/SSH


text:
Indonesian/Lessons/Rainbow

^ Indonesian ^ | << Lesson 12: To The Market | Lesson 13: Rainbow | Lesson 14: Happy Birthday! >>

Enseignement de l'indonésien/Leçons/Arc-en-ciel

title: Indonesian/Lessons/Rainbow


text:
Talk:Electronics/Charge

(Should we really be going into so much detail about it though?... I guess as an example of a very basic electric circuit, it is a good example.  Maybe we could just link to Wikipedia triboelectric effect?  That's the thing I don't like about wikibooks.  You have to provide all of the background instead of just directing them to it.) --Anon

 * yes i agree it is a problem. Perhaps some links to the relavent pages in GCSE Science would cover the basics Theresa knott 08:38, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)

It's true that neutrons decay into protons and electrons, but that doesn't mean that we can say that they are "made of" these particles. Sometimes a bound proton may decay into a neutron and a positron.Theresa knott 14:03, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electronics/Charge


text:
Perl Programming/Websites

Key Sites

 * perl.org - the home of the Perl programming language
 * perldoc.perl.org - Perl documentation
 * cpan.org - The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, a huge repository for Perl modules and scripts
 * dev.perl.org/perl6 - Perl 6 development site
 * The Parrot virtual machine

Community

 * Perl Mongers, Perl User Group Index
 * The Perl Monastery, themed Perl based help site

Other

 * perl.com - a Perl blog
 * The DMOZ directory, DMOZ Perl index
 * Perl Outsourcing Stats
 * Perl Tutorial
 * Wikipedia:Perl

title: Perl Programming/Websites


text:
User:D

FNORD!

title: User:D


text:
Portuguese/Contents/Present tense regular verbs

<< Portuguese:Regular verbs

Regular verbs have a invariable radical (fal ar - to speak) and are easy to memorize. Each conjugation follows a different, but a regular pattern.

-ar present tense regular verbs
All regular verbs ending in -ar are conjugated the same way. The conjugation is dependent on the subject that the verb is in reference to. Here is an example conjugation for the verb falar:

-ir present tense regular verbs
Regular tense verbs ending in -ir are handled very similarly to -er verbs. The only difference is the conjugation for nós and vós. Here is an example conjugation for the verb partir (to leave):


text:
Talk:Electronics/Signal Modulation

''Do you think digital/on-off keying/morse code is easier to understand first? And then modulation of things like audio? ya''

title: Talk:Electronics/Signal Modulation


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/XUL/Answers

Exercises
 * 1) Create a window that contains two text boxes that are approximately 200 pixels down the window.  Use either vertical or horizontal layout.  Label each text box and set default values for each text box that are different from each other. Create a button labeled ‘Swap text’. Next, create a function that when the button is clicked, will swap the text from one text box to the other.
 * 2) In this exercise, you will need to make two separate files. On one page, create a window that has two tabbed panels with different content on each.  On the other page, simply make a popup menu with one menu item ‘Open’.  Create a function that will redirect the browser to the tabbed page when the ‘Open’ menu option is clicked.

Question 1: Answer XulNum1.js

XulNum1.xul


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/SMIL/Answers

 * 1) Create a simple SMIL file which displays the words, 'Hello World'. Confirm that the file works in a SMIL-conformant player.
 * 2) Author a SMIL file which displays 'Hello World' for 3 seconds, then displays 'Goodbye World' for 1 second. Confirm that the file works in a SMIL-conformant player.

Answer
1. Submitted by Anne Rayborn Howard

File Exercise1.smil

File Exercise1.rt

2. Submitted by Anne Rayborn Howard File Exercise2.smil

File Exercise2.rt

3. Submitted by (your name here) If you have MS Powerpoint, you can use the Smil Generator for Powerpoint presentations to convert your powerpoint.

4. Submitted by (Your Name Here!)


text:
User talk:Llull~enwikibooks

Podemos ahorrar tiempo si colaboramos. Mira Katalanisch_(Benvingut) Si tienes ganas, puedes participar en mi proyecto de vocabulario también. Mira mi página y dime tu opinion. Get-back-world-respect 00:13, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC) Perdon, pero comprendía casi ninguna de las correcciones que hiciste en Katalanisch:_Plural. ¿Puedes explicar-los, por favor? Get-back-world-respect 21:43, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Llull. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Llull~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:25, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:12, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Llull~enwikibooks