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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/INTP

INTPs are introverts, meaning they tend to prefer relatively solitary lives. They are often uncomfortable in social gatherings, particularly large ones, which can leave them feeling somewhat drained. Although some may have many acquaintances, INTPs usually have only a few close friends, if any at all. However, this also means they tend to be nonchalant about their public image.

INTPs favor iNtuition over Sensing. As such, they tend to be more introspective than attentive to their surroundings. It is common for an INTP to daydream, or simply become lost in his or her thoughts. INTPs often enjoy contemplating interesting ideas, concepts, and possibilities due to iNtuition—their curiosity drives them. However, their senses are somewhat less refined than in other types. They may overlook details (INTPs are prone to "careless errors" in math), and are not often completely attuned to what is going on around them. An INTP deep in thought can be oblivious to all sorts of things, ranging from a missed meal to a cap being stolen from his or her head.

An INTP prefers Thinking over Feeling, meaning they tend to value logic over feelings. Although INTPs experience emotions as powerfully as other types, they almost always must see the logic behind them before acting on them. All decisions must have good reasons behind them, and INTPs rarely make good decisions without considerable thought. It is usually very important to an INTP to be as logically and grammatically accurate as possible. However, INTPs are somewhat inept at expressing feelings outwardly, sometimes causing misunderstandings. Sarcasm and cynicism are occasionally observed in INTPs.

Since INTPs have a Perceiving preference, they don't enjoy being limited by schedules or decisions. They tend to have bursts of creative energy, which can lead to extraordinary efforts, but the energy can also be short-lived. After the energy is expired, attention may be directed elsewhere, where energy may be regenerated. In other words, INTPs may have many interests due to their preference for perceiving, and these interests may come and go, or change altogether.

Being introverts, INTPs are usually very reserved. Their iNtuition allows them to rapidly understand new concepts and to pursue a wide variety of interests. Their Thinking helps them to find the logic in a situation from an objective point of view. INTPs' Perceiving causes them to be open-ended; often thinking about a task is more rewarding than executing the task.

INTPs often feel like misfits and are not necessarily always appreciated. Many INTPs complain of boredom, as the real world fails to measure up to the vivid experiences of their imaginations.

INTPs at work
INTPs might make good professors, computer programmers, photographers, mathematicians, attorneys, engineers, analysts, architects, and scientists, however, according to this Wikipedia article, a lot of INTPs are found as "teachers of subjects such as English, social studies and art", once again breaking the norm.

INTPs in relationships
INTPs face many tough hurdles in their relationships. Many INTPs do not focus on developing strong social skills, but even those who do will divert much of their energy into their solitary pursuits. Characterized best by the lonely adventurer, their adventures are rarely literal trips to the end of the earth (the territory of the SPs), but instead fantastic intellectual journeys.

One study found that INTPs tend to marry other INTPs.

How to Interact with an INTP

 * Allow them time to make a decision.
 * Realize that small talk is not very interesting to the INTP. However, a topic which ignites the INTP's imagination can spark a good discussion.
 * Try not to be easily offended. Unless you have made an enemy of the INTP, chances are the comment was not meant to hurt you.
 * Be prepared to encounter a strange sense of humor, a great curiosity, and an unusual train of thought.
 * Use logic as persuasion; the INTP is likely to ignore emotional appeals.
 * Hear them out. Most INTPs don't speak up often, and may get annoyed if ignored when they do.
 * Know that the INTP's energy comes in bursts, so they may put off chores in favor of more interesting material and then accomplish the postponed work in an extraordinarily short amount of time.
 * Be aware that the INTP is highly self-critical.

Famous INTPs

 * James Madison
 * Alexander Zverev
 * Abraham Lincoln
 * Albert Einstein
 * Rene Descartes
 * Blaise Pascal
 * William Harvey
 * William James
 * Charles Darwin

Fictional

 * Alice (Alice in Wonderland)
 * Ash Williams (Evil Dead)
 * Andie (Pretty in Pink)
 * Brian Griffin (Family Guy)
 * The Doctor
 * Elliot Alderson (Mr. Robot)
 * Gowther (Seven Deadly Sins)
 * Filburt (Rocko's Modern Life)
 * Ranpo (Bungo Stray dogs)
 * Dr. Gregory House
 * Howard Roark
 * Isabeau (Ladyhawke)
 * Kakashi Hatake (Naruto)
 * Kenma Kozuke (Haikyuu!!)
 * Kerr Avon
 * Killua Zoldyck (Hunter X Hunter)
 * Kisuke Urahara (Bleach)
 * Kusuo saiki (Saiki K.)
 * L (Death Note)
 * Larry David (Curb Your Enthusiasm)
 * Linus
 * Malcolm (Malcolm in the Middle)
 * Mary Adler (Gifted)
 * Neo (The Matrix)
 * Robin Buckley (Stranger Things)
 * Seven of Nine
 * Senkuu (Dr. Stone)
 * Sherlock Holmes
 * Dr. Susan Lewis
 * Tails (Sonic The Hedgehog)
 * Toge Inumaki (Jujutsu Kaisen)
 * Peter Parker (MCU and Marvel Comics)
 * Pieck Finger (Attack on Titan)
 * Dipper Pines (Gravity Falls)
 * Hiccup (How to Train Your Dragon)
 * Bruce Banner (MCU and Marvel Comics)
 * Yoda (Star Wars)

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/INTP


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESTP

Entertainment
Taylor Bohning/ Youtube star
 * Glenn Beck, Conservative TV host and author
 * Angelina Jolie, actress
 * Robin Thicke, Singer
 * Madonna, singer
 * Meryl Streep, actress
 * Jack Nicholson, actor
 * Kevin Spacey, actor
 * Malcolm X, American civil rights leader
 * Ben Affleck, actor
 * Ryan Seacrest, TV and radio host
 * Mila Kunis, actress
 * Tyler Turk, underwriter
 * Amy Winehouse, singer-songwriter
 * Milla Jovovich, actress and supermodel
 * Judi Dench, actress
 * Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, actor
 * Helen Mirren, actress
 * Glenn Close, actress
 * Jeremy Renner, actor
 * Cary Grant, actor
 * Lucille Ball, actress
 * Sasha Grey, adult film actress
 * Traci Lords, adult film actress
 * James Deen, adult film actor
 * Jenna Marbles, YouTube star

Politicians and Leaders

 * Alexander The Great
 * Winston Churchill, UK Prime Minister
 * John F. Kennedy, US President
 * Theodore Roosevelt, US President
 * George S. Patton, World War II General
 * Douglas MacArthur, US General
 * Bernard Montgomery, UK Field Marshal
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt, US President
 * Andrew Jackson, US President
 * Lyndon B. Johnson, US President
 * David Cameron, UK Prime Minister
 * Camilla Parker Bowles, Duchess of Cornwall
 * Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France
 * Silvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister of Italy and media magnate
 * Donald Trump, US President and businessman

Literature

 * Ernest Hemingway, author (The Sun Also Rises)
 * Stephen R. Covey, author (The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People)
 * Dale Carnegie, author (How to Win Friends & Influence People)
 * Bret Easton Ellis, author (American Psycho)
 * Anna Wintour, Editor of Vogue magazine
 * John Grisham, author (The Firm)
 * Danielle Grey, author (The Promise)
 * Rhonda Byrne, author (The Secret)

Fictional Characters

 * Damon Salvatore (  the vampire diaries  )
 * Dean Winchester (  supernatural  )
 * James 'Bucky' Barnes (Winter soldier) (the Avengers)
 * Lando Calrissian (Star Wars)
 * Merida (Brave)
 * Gimli (Lord of the Rings)
 * Bart Simpson (The Simpsons)
 * Krusty the Clown (The Simpsons)
 * Sunny Corleone (The Godfather)
 * Elle Driver (Kill Bill Vol. 1)
 * Huckleberry Finn (The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)
 * Louie DePalma (Taxi)
 * John Parker (Alien)
 * Will Riker (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
 * Tom Paris (Star Trek: Voyager)
 * Bender (Futurama)
 * Zapp Brannigan (Futurama)
 * Bandit Keith (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
 * Mai Valentine (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
 * Rex Raptor (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
 * Vincent Vega (Pulp Fiction)
 * Gambit (X-Men)
 * Roger Sterling (Madmen)
 * R2-D2 (Star Wars series)
 * Johnny Bravo
 * Tuco (The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly)
 * Rainbow Dash (My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic)
 * Peppermint Patty (Peanuts)
 * Tony Montana (Scarface)
 * Thomas O'Malley (The Aristocats)
 * Snowy (The Adventures of Tintin)
 * Gail (Sin City)
 * Al Lambert (Step By Step)
 * George Oscar "Gob" Bluth (Arrested Development)
 * Sirius Black (Harry Potter series)
 * Sonic the Hedgehog
 * Catalina (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas)
 * Yondu Udonta ("Guardians of the Galaxy vol 1 & 2")
 * Peter Griffin (Family Guy)
 * Edward Elric (  Fullmetal Alchemist & Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood  )
 * Katsuki Bakugo (  My Hero Academia  )
 * Disgust (  Inside Out  )
 * Judy Hopps (  Zootopia  )

Others

 * Peter Schiff, investment broker and financial commentator
 * James Randi, debunker of paranormal claims
 * Epicurus, Greek philosopher
 * L. Ron Hubbard, founder of the Church of Scientology
 * Al Capone, Gangster
 * Anton Szandor LaVey, founder of the Church of Satan and author of The Satanic Bible

ESTPs at work
Spontaneous but organized

ESTPs in relationships
Ben Heath and Charlie Puth

How to deal with an ESTP
ESTP are fickle in love but when made firm to a decision can be quite the romantic

Web links

 * ESTP on Celebritytypes
 * ESTP on TypeLogic
 * ESTP on PersonalityPage and careers
 * ESTP Profiles and Famous ESTPs on TypeTango

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESTP


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESFP

Famous ESFP

 * Justin Bieber (Canadian singer)
 * Katy Perry (American singer, songwriter, and television judge)
 * Paris Hilton (American media personality, socialite, businesswoman, model, singer, DJ, and actress)
 * Hugh Hefner (American magazine publisher)
 * Kim Kardashian (American media personality, socialite, model, and businesswoman)
 * Will Smith (American actor, comedian)
 * Dr. Mike (Youtube Celebrity, Physician)

Fictional ESFPs

 * Lysandra (Throne of Glass)
 * Fred and George Weasley (Harry Potter Series)
 * Ariel (The Little Mermaid)
 * Peter Pan (Peter Pan Movies)
 * Mushu (Mulan)
 * Dory (Finding Nemo)
 * Miley Stewart (Hannah Montana)
 * Homer Simpson (The Simpsons)
 * Peter Griffin (Family Guy)
 * Donkey (Shrek)
 * Penny (The Big Bang Theory)
 * Finnick Odair (The Hunger Games)
 * Olaf (Frozen)
 * Pikachu (Pokémon)
 * Prince Naveen (The Princess and the Frog)
 * Finn the Human (Adventure Time)
 * Dandy Mott (American Horror Story)
 * Thomas LeFroy (Becoming Jane)
 * GoGo Tomago (Big Hero 6)
 * Mr. Peanutbutter (Bojack Horseman)
 * Gina Linetti (Brooklyn 99)
 * Matt Murdock (Daredevil)
 * Jimmy Kent (Downton Abbey)
 * Rose MacClaire (Downton Abbey)

 * Yzma (Emperor's New Groove)
 * Stephanie Tanner (Full House)
 * Ginger Grant (Gilligan's Island)
 * Sookie St. James (Gilmore Girls)
 * Maya Hart (Girl Meets World)
 * Serena Vanderwoodsen (Gossip Girl)
 * Daisy Buchannan (The Great Gatsby)
 * Sid (Ice Age)
 * Disgust (Inside Out)
 * Legolas (The Lord of the Rings)
 * Phil Dunphy (Modern Family)
 * Summer Roberts (The O.C)
 * Michael Scott (The Office)
 * Anna (Once Upon A Time)
 * Ruby (Once Upon A Time)
 * August Booth (Once Upon A Time)
 * Cruella DeVil (101 Dalmations)
 * Percy Jackson (Percy Jackson)
 * Elizabeth Swann (Pirates of the Caribbean)
 * Hanna Marin (Pretty Little Liars)
 * Lydia Bennet (Pride and Prejudice)
 * Moses (Prince of Egypt)
 * Tzippora (Prince of Egypt)
 * Bridget Vreeland (Sisterhood of the Travelling Pants)
 * Jack Dawson (Titanic)
 * Titus Andromedon (The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt)
 * Louis Zamperini (Unbreakable)
 * Lexi Branson (Vampire Diaries)
 * Nora Hildegard (Vampire Diaries)
 * Vicki Donovan (Vampire Diaries)
 * Elizabeth Woodville (White Queen)
 * Xena (Xena Warrior Princess)
 * America Chavez (Young Avengers)
 * Joey Tribbiani (Friends)
 * Rachel Green (Friends)
 * Kronk (The Emperor's New Groove)
 * Ms. Frizzle (The Magic School Bus)
 * Andy Dwyer (Parks and Recreation)
 * Michelangelo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)
 * Eijiro Kirishima (My Hero Academia)
 * Misa Amane (Death Note)
 * Madison Montgomery (American Horror Story)
 * Star Butterfly (Star vs the Forces of Evil)

ESFPs at work and school
ESFPs see work as play. They like to whistle, drum, sing, talk or joke while they are doing work to keep what they are learning fun for them. This could cause teachers, mostly SJs, to feel that they are not paying attention. It could also be disturbing to people who like quiet when they think. ESFPs learn best when they are having fun. They also look at the person who is speaking to them as they can feel sound vibrations strongly. As they work they celebrate small accomplishments in what they are doing before moving on to the next, happy for what they have done, rather then being sad at what they still have to do. When they work with more logical things such as mathematics, they want to know how it relates to life right now. Preferring a hands-on approach, subjects like those can bore them. Their favorite subjects are ones that they have an interest in and ones that they can do things with and apply to the world around them. Music, drama, dance, competitive sports and computers are among many they like. They may also go into those areas when choosing their careers. Careers that may appeal to ESFPs are: actor, musician, stand up comedian, dancer, dance instructor, their favorite position in their sport of choice, gardener, painter, sculptor and chef. Sometimes though, it's hard for them to decide.

ESFPs in relationships
ESFPs are warm, loving, generous and sympathetic. They especially like physical affection such as hugs, kisses, petting on the head, massages, snuggles, tickles, and just being held. They show their love through those ways as well as surprising friends and loved ones with gifts. They want fun, variety, spontaneity, travel and adventure in their relationships and are usually not keen on settling down. This could be because of fear of rejection, commitment or because they found someone else. They like to keep things light and happy and not get into anything deep and lasting unless they are sure and have thought it out, which could take a while. This could cause their mates to express impatience which would make the ESFPs nervous and withdraw from them. ESFPs do not do well with anxiety, and are highly sensitive. When they can't make people smile with their charming ways and their playfulness, they feel bad as though it was their fault and leave. When they are in their best mood, they are seen as bouncy, hyperactive and childlike. They go from one activity to another so they won't be bored. When feeling their worst, they are moody, likely to beat themselves up (physically and/or mentally), call themselves unintelligent, think nobody takes them seriously and feel better after a good cry.

How to deal with an ESFP
Explain things clearly, Appeal to their common sense, Do something they enjoy with them, Discuss things over a break in the action and then get right back into the fun, give them lots of tlc.

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESFP


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ENTP

Recognizing an ENTP
ENTPs are typically friendly and often charming. They usually want to be seen as clever and may try to impress others with their quick wit and incisive humor. They are curious about the world around them, and want to know how things work. However, for the ENTP, the rules of the universe are made to be broken. They like to find the loopholes and figure out how they can work the system to their advantage. This is not to say the Visionary is malicious: they simply find rules limiting, and believe there is probably a better, faster, or more interesting way to do things that hasn’t been thought of before. The ENTP is characteristically entrepreneurial and may be quick to share a new business idea or invention. They are confident and creative, and typically excited to discuss their many ingenious ideas. The ENTP’s enthusiasm for innovation is infectious, and they are often good at getting other people on board with their schemes. However, they are fundamentally “big-picture” people, and may be at a loss when it comes to recalling or describing details. They are typically more excited about exploring a concept than they are about making it reality, and can seem unreliable if they don’t follow through with their many ideas.

ENTP following traits

 * Project-oriented
 * Enjoy generating ideas and theories
 * Creative and ingenious
 * Bright and capable
 * Flexible and Diverse
 * Excellent communication skills
 * Enjoy debating issues with other people
 * Excellent people skills
 * Natural leaders, but do not like to control people
 * Resist being controlled by people
 * Lively and energetic; able to motivate others
 * Highly value knowledge and competence
 * Logical, rational thinkers
 * Able to grasp difficult concepts and theories
 * Enjoy solving difficult problems
 * Dislike confining schedules and environments
 * Dislike routine, detailed tasks

Research on ENTP
Interesting facts about the ENTP:
 * On personality trait scales, scored as Enterprising, Friendly, Resourceful, Headstrong, Self-Centered, and Independent
 * Least likely of all types to suffer heart disease and hypertension
 * Least likely of all types to report stress associated with family and health
 * Scored among highest of all types in available resources for coping with stress
 * Overrepresented among those with Type A behavior
 * Among highest of all types on measures of creativity
 * One of two types most frequent among violators of college alcohol policy
 * Among types most dissatisfied with their work, despite being among the types with highest income
 * Commonly found in careers in science, management, technology, and the arts

ENTP Personality Type Development & Functional Stack
Ne also works receptively, gathering information from without. Unlike Se, it does not gather overt information, but goes beyond or looks behind sensory data. It is what allows ENTPs to discern otherwise hidden patterns, possibilities, and potentials. Ne is constantly scanning for new connections and patterns. They often employ this receptive side of their Ne in activities like reading, watching movies, and conversing with others. Because it is an extraverted function, Ne is more divergent, extensive, and open-ended than Introverted Intuition (Ni). Ni is more intensive and convergent, conferring a greater sense of conviction and closure. Once Ni has done its work, INJs are apt to feel there is a single correct solution. Ne, by contrast, is disposed to multiplying rather than reducing the number of possible options or solutions. Only through use of their auxiliary Ti can ENTPs move toward convergence. Ne also confers open-mindedness. It helps ENTPs see truth on both sides of an issue without forming unwarranted judgments or premature conclusions. It also contributes an openness to alternative or Bohemian lifestyles, allowing ENTPs to entertain options such as vegetarianism or joining a commune. Ne also resists excessive external structuring, which can feel like an imposition to ENTPs’ sense of personal freedom and autonomy. ENTPs scoff at what they see as unnecessary or overly rigid rules, regulations, or procedures. They also dislike unchanging or sterile surroundings. When the environment is too bland or sterile, they can quickly become bored and restless. Like other NPs, ENTPs can have a love-hate relationship with their Ne. They love the fact that it helps them remain open-minded, to see the bigger picture, and to appreciate different options and perspectives. They also enjoy its attendant sense of adventure, expectancy, and wonderment toward life’s mysteries. But Ne also has its challenges. It can make it difficult for ENTPs to feel calm and satisfied, to arrive at firm conclusions, or to feel confident in their decision-making.
 * Dominant Function: Extraverted Intuition (Ne): Extraverted Intuition (Ne) is a novelty-seeking function. At first glance, Se and Ne types may seem fairly similar (such conflation can be seen, for instance, in the Enneagram Seven), since both ESPs and ENPs can be outwardly active, energetic, and playful. Ne differs from Se, however, in that it is more concerned with ideas, connections, and possibilities than it is with novel sensations or material goods. Extraverted Intuition can function either perceptively or expressively. The verbal expression of Ne amounts to something like “brainstorming aloud.” Although typically not to the same extent as ENFPs, when orating aloud, ENTPs may not always seem to “have a point,” quickly bouncing from one idea to the next. In many cases, “the point” is for ENTPs to find their way to a judgment, but they must first explore the options by way of their Ne. While others may distrust the seemingly arbitrary or haphazard ways of Ne, ENTPs realize its value, recognizing that in time, truth or wisdom will reveal itself. ENTPs’ primary job then, is to employ and express their Ne, trusting that it will lead them in the right direction. With that said, some ENTPs are much more cogent and streamlined in their expressions than others. Many ENTPs learn to develop and express themselves via their tertiary function, Extraverted Feeling (Fe), which is not at all random, but more direct and coherent.

Ti involves the application of logic and reason for the sake of understanding a given situation, system, or problem. It also works to bring structure and order to the inner world. This inner structuring grants ENTPs a good sense of inner control. When engaging their Ti, ENTPs dig into the background of their thoughts to better understand their origins and to ensure their ideas are logical. Like INTPs, they can quickly find inconsistencies or logical shortcomings in a given theory or argument. They excel at identifying exceptions or imagining scenarios in which the proposed explanation might breakdown. They find it easier to identify logical shortcomings or inconsistencies —to assert what is not true—than to confidently assert what is true. The difference between Ti in ENTPs versus INTPs is its place in the functional stack. For INTPs, it comes first, which makes them quicker to inwardly judge. INTPs then use their auxiliary Ne to open up and further explore their initial judgments. In ENTPs, the order is reversed. Rather than starting with an initial judgment or presumption like INTPs, they approach things through the fresh eyes of Intuition. They then employ their Ti to analyze and enhance the logic and structuring of their Ne perceptions. In addition to the different ordering of their functional stacks, ENTPs, as dominant Perceivers, can more easily leave things open-ended or ambiguous than INTPs can. Their Ne dominance also makes them more open to “playing” than INTPs are. I once administered a values inventory and was surprised when a couple ENTPs marked “having fun” as one of their top priorities in life. To most INTPs, whose dominant Ti compels them to take life seriously, such a response smacks of hedonism and would likely be among their lowest ranked values. ENTPs’ dominant Ne may also confer a greater interest in the arts and culture than typically seen among INTPs The difference between Ti and Fi seems largely a matter of interests and emphases. Fi types (FPs) are more concerned and skilled with moral judgments (Fi) than logical ones (Ti). They judge in terms of good and bad, love and hate, like and dislike. TPs, in contrast, start out with a need for sound logic (Ti) and are generally less concerned with matters of taste or morality upfront. They think less in terms of love and hate than reasonable and unreasonable, logical and illogical. With that said, since T and F are adjacent in ENTPs’ functional stack, it can sometimes be a bit tricky, especially early in their development, to tease out their T-F preference.
 * Auxiliary Function: Introverted Thinking (Ti):As dominant Perceivers, ENTPs are disposed to taking a more passive approach to life, particularly with regard to the outside world. Like other EPs, they are content to remain in a mode of open Perceiving until they are prompted, whether inwardly or outwardly, to employ their auxiliary Judging function, Introverted Thinking (Ti). When ENTPs feel compelled to engage their Ti, they become more inwardly focused and intense, similar to the typical mode of operation for INTPs. But because Ti is introverted in its direction, onlookers may fail to notice this more rational side of the ENTP.

We can also approach ENTPs’ Fe more theoretically. Namely, since Fe is their preferred extraverted Judging function and falls lower in their functional stack, ENTPs are less comfortable extroverting judgments (Fe) than keeping them to themselves (Ti). This can lead ENTPs, along with other Perceiving types, to habitually defer to others’ wishes rather than asserting their own. And because ENTPs have strong minds, they may grow inwardly resentful of those they see as trying to control them. Granted, they are generally more self-assertive than IPs are, but their discomfort in deploying Fe can still get kindle problems in ENTPs’ relationships.
 * Tertiary Function: Extraverted Feeling (Fe): Fe is the most interpersonal of all the functions, striving for interpersonal peace, harmony, and understanding. This not only involves attending to what is said, but also how something is said. While ENTPs may be less disturbed by or sensitive to external disharmony than some other types, they still work, even if largely unwittingly, to cultivate good feelings in the environment.

When using Ne, ENTPs can be rather oblivious to details. They may fail to effectively attend to the concrete details of daily life, such as forgetting to the bills, being careless with their diet, or not taking enough exercise. When engrossed in a creative project, however, ENTPs can look like INTJs, becoming perfectionistic and obsessive over details. As N-dominants, it can be difficult for them to accept anything less than perfection when it comes to the physical embodiment (S) of their vision or ideas (N). A most overlooked feature of Si is its perception and awareness of internal bodily sensations—the body as felt and experienced from within. But since Si is ENTPs’ inferior function, they may feel out of touch with their inner body. To compensate, they may grant too much attention to certain physical sensations, making them more susceptible to hypochondriasis or psychosomatic illnesses, in which an increased focus on bodily sensations cultivates or heightens symptoms. N and S also have a temporal element. Si concerns itself with the past, while Ne is focused on future possibilities and potentials. ENTPs’ Si can confer an interest in the details of history. They also enjoy using their Ne to explore historical meanings, interpretations, and implications. This is why many ENTPs take up politics or journalism, careers that allow them to use their knowledge of history to analyze current events and speculate about the future. ENTPs also experience tension between the traditional (Si) and the novel or unconventional (Ne). This is especially common for ENTPs in Phases I and II of their type development. To some degree, they remain attached and drawn to their childhood traditions (Si). At the same time, however, their Ne and Ti may encourage them to deconstruct and even rebel against those traditions. This can engender identity confusion in ENTPs, unsure of the degree to which they should break from their childhood traditions versus reconceiving themselves. Such struggles can leave ENTPs with questions like: Should I opt for family life or an unconventional lifestyle? Should I pursue the security of a conventional career (Si) or something more creative and potentially risky (Ne)? In considering such questions, ENTPs, need to ensure they are leading with their dominant function rather than their inferior. As N-dominants, ENTPs’ best strengths involve creatively exploring ideas, theories, and connections. To best utilize these strengths, they need to ensure they are not allowing their inferior Si to impose undue limits or boundaries on their explorations. They are generally better off using their Ne, as well as the reasoning capacities of their Ti, to hash out truth, rather than deferring to Si traditions.
 * Inferior Function: Introverted Sensing (Si): As is true of other types, ENTPs can be easily blinded to the degree to which their inferior function impacts their decisions and behavior. ENTPs seeking self-knowledge and personal growth must work to understand the ways their inferior function, Introverted Sensing (Si), manifests in their personality. Introverted Sensing is best understood when juxtaposed with its functional opposite, Ne. Despite their oppositional nature, when considered together, Ne and Si constitute a meaningful whole. As we have seen, Ne explores new ideas and possibilities. Si, by contrast, is concerned with preserving the past. Ne knows no limits, seeing infinite options and possibilities, while Si sees clearly defined limits as determined by past precedent. Ne is liberal and unfettered, Si conservative and careful. What is fascinating is that all of these opposing forces can exist within the same personality type. ENTPs tend to consciously identify with the needs and values of their Ne, while their subconscious pushes for the interests of Si.

ENTP in the population
ENTP is one of the rarer types in the population. ENTPs make up:
 * 3% of the general population
 * 4% of men
 * 2% of women

Popular hobbies for ENTP
Popular hobbies for them include continuing education, writing, art appreciation, playing sports, computers and video games, travel, and cultural events.

What the experts say
- Isabel Briggs Myers, Gifts Differing - David Keirsey, Please Understand Me II - Otto Kroeger, Type Talk at Work
 * "ENTps tend to be independent, analytical, and impersonal in their relations with people, and they are more apt to consider how others may affect their projects than how their projects may affect others."
 * "ENTps are the most reluctant of all the types to do things in a particular manner just because that is the way things have always been done."
 * "Don't tell an ENTp that we can't fly a rocket to Mars, build a 200-story skyscraper, or communicate over two-way wrist radios. That will be an invitation for the ENTP to prove you wrong."

ENTps at work
ENTps have straightforward expectations in the workplace, but ones that aren't always easy to meet. Strong believers in meritocracy, people with the ENTp personality type expect their ideas to be heard by those above them, expect robust debate among their peers, and demand that those they manage offer up new solutions and ideas regardless of their positions. While this isn't always how things play out in reality, ENTPs know what to look for, and can avoid those strictly hierarchical institutions that they would otherwise struggle with.

ENTp Subordinates
This dynamic is clearest with ENTp subordinates, as they are comfortable challenging their managers' ideas and have a strong (and well-expressed) dislike for restrictive rules and guidelines. ENTPs back this unorthodox behavior with their keen minds and curiosity, and are as capable of adopting new methods as they are of suggesting others do so. If something can be done better, it's as simple as that, and ENTP personalities gladly take criticism, so long as it's logical and performance-oriented.

The biggest challenge for ENTp subordinates is that it is often the fate of the "lower" positions to implement the details, do the dirty work and follow through on plans set out by their managers. This couldn't be further from what ENTPs prefer to spend their time on – they can't stand simple, routine work, and monotonous tasks are the stuff of nightmares. Things go over much better if managers are able to properly utilize ENTPs' preference for tackling complex challenges and diverse projects.

ENTp Colleagues
It is as colleagues that ENTps prove most polarizing, as their passions for brainstorming, debate and over-analysis drive more practical, task-oriented colleagues crazy, but serve as stimulating inspiration for those who appreciate the innovation ENTps bring. Nothing bothers people with the ENTp personality type more than getting out of a meeting where everyone agreed with the first plan presented, only to hear everyone complain about how stupid the plan was ten minutes later – but they "didn't want to make waves". ENTps strive for honest, direct and objective assessments of these ideas, so much so that they often earn reputations for their insensitivity and condescension.

Luckily ENTps know how to relax too, and their witty wordplay, healthy sense of humor and outgoing nature win new friends quickly and easily. Always willing to draw on their repository of knowledge, conversations with ENTp personalities are informative and entertaining, which makes it easy for them to be the go-to person for tough problems that stump more rote approaches. Peer-to-peer relationships with ENTPs aren't always easy, but it's tough to argue that they don't work.

ENTp Managers

While not always their goal, management is often where ENTPs are most at home, allowing them the freedom to fiddle with different approaches and come up with innovative ways to tackle new challenges without having to handle the tedious step-by-step implementation of these plans. ENTps are open-minded and flexible managers, not just granting but also expecting the same freedom of thought that they themselves enjoy. This can lead to disorder, conflicting ideas and approaches being put forward, but ENTps are also great at accurately and objectively assessing which plan is likely to be most effective.

This doesn't always make friends, but being liked is less ENTps' goal than being respected and seen as intelligent and capable. And liked or no, people with this personality type hold firm ground in rational debates, making them fearsome advocates for their teams. The challenge for ENTps is focus, as they may find themselves jumping from project to project in a quest for challenge and excitement before their teams are able to wrap up the details of their existing goals and obligations.

ENTps in relationships
ENTp's love to be in relationships, and are very loyal and great at managing life, but will not just be in a relationship just to be in a relationship. ENTp's like to think they are the caretakers, and will do so for the most part, but for a true relationship with them, one needs to get past the strong exterior and nourish their underlying needs, which they may never tell you. Massage is a great way to get an ENTp comfortable. They are shy at first and never feel 100% accepted in social settings, although they tend to be the belle of the ball. They are interesting to talk to, and find the best friendship in those who have good conversation. ENTp friend are active, like going for walks, playing sports, going on adventures and trips. Love and relationships can be the best or the worst for an ENTp, as love can inspire and drive them, but can also drive them insane. Not feeling accepted can make an ENTp shy away and hide. Happy mediums can and should be found in relationships. ENTp's get very invested in their work, ideas or passions. If something is bothering them, it never leaves their mind. If you've found an ENTp who gets inspired by you, hold on for a wild ride, your ENTp will be wildly successful and needs a sexy partner to come home to and escape with.

Loyalty, support, emotional feedback – these are not what ENTps look for in their friendships. The last thing people with the ENTp personality type want to hear is "you're right", not unless they have absolutely earned the distinction in a heated round of intellectual debate. If they're wrong, ENTps want to be told so, and they want every detail of the faults in their logic to be laid bare, partly in their quest for oftentimes arbitrary truth, and partly just so they have to work to defend that logic with counterpoint and parry.

It's often easy for ENTps to test compatibility with a potential friend – they just need to test combatability. ENTp personalities are quick-witted, and their primary means of expressing this is in the form of arguments and discussions, where they will easily spend an entire evening debating an idea they may not even believe in.

These debates are never taken personally, no matter how heated they become or how striking the disagreement. Much as an athlete competes for the physical exertion and the spirit of competition itself, ENTps debate for the sake of intellectual stimulation and for the debate itself, and even in overwhelming victory or crushing defeat, it's never about dominance, only inspiration to try harder next time.

ENTp Strengths

 * Knowledgeable – ENTps rarely pass up a good opportunity to learn something new, especially abstract concepts. This information isn't usually absorbed for any planned purpose as with dedicated studying, people with the ENTP personality type just find it fascinating.
 * Quick Thinkers – ENTps have tremendously flexible minds, and are able to shift from idea to idea without effort, drawing on their accumulated knowledge to prove their points, or their opponents', as they see fit.
 * Original – Having little attachment to tradition, ENTp personalities are able to discard existing systems and methods and pull together disparate ideas from their extensive knowledge base, with a little raw creativity to hold them together, to formulate bold new ideas. If presented with chronic, systemic problems and given rein to solve them, ENTps respond with unabashed glee.
 * Excellent Brainstormers – Nothing is quite as enjoyable to ENTps as analyzing problems from every angle to find the best solutions. Combining their knowledge and originality to splay out every aspect of the subject at hand, rejecting without remorse options that don't work and presenting ever more possibilities, ENTPs are irreplaceable in brainstorming sessions.
 * Charismatic – People with the ENTp personality type have a way with words and wit that others find intriguing. Their confidence, quick thought and ability to connect disparate ideas in novel ways create a style of communication that is charming, even entertaining, and informative at the same time.
 * Energetic – When given a chance to combine these traits to examine an interesting problem, ENTps can be truly impressive in their enthusiasm and energy, having no qualms with putting in long days and nights to find a solution.

ENTp Weaknesses

 * Very Argumentative – If there's anything ENTps enjoy, it's the mental exercise of debating an idea, and nothing is sacred. More consensus-oriented personality types rarely appreciate the vigor with which ENTp personalities tear down their beliefs and methods, leading to a great deal of tension.
 * Insensitive – Being so rational, ENTps often misjudge others feelings and push their debates well past others' tolerance levels. People with this personality type don't really consider emotional points to be valid in such debates either, which magnifies the issue tremendously.
 * Intolerant – Unless people are able to back up their ideas in a round of mental sparring, ENTps are likely to dismiss not just the ideas but the people themselves. Either a suggestion can stand up to rational scrutiny or it's not worth bothering with.
 * Can Find It Difficult to Focus – The same flexibility that allows ENTps to come up with such original plans and ideas makes them readapt perfectly good ones far too often, or to even drop them entirely as the initial excitement wanes and newer thoughts come along. Boredom comes too easily for ENTps, and fresh thoughts are the solution, though not always a helpful one.
 * Dislike Practical Matters – ENTps are interested in what could be – malleable concepts like ideas and plans that can be adapted and debated. When it comes to hard details and day-to-day execution where creative flair isn't just unnecessary but actually counter-productive, ENTp personalities lose interest, often with the consequence of their plans never seeing the light of day.

Entertainment

 * George Carlin, comedian, author
 * Julia Child, TV personality, author, chef
 * Bruce Dickinson, musician (Iron Maiden)
 * Tom Hanks, actor (Forrest Gump)
 * Valerie Harper, actress (Rhoda)
 * Neil Patrick Harris, actor (How I Met Your Mother)
 * Bill Hicks, comedian
 * Jason Denny comedian"
 * Bill Nye, TV host, comedian, science educator, engineer
 * Mike Patton, musician (Faith No More, Mr. Bungle, Fantômas)
 * Suzanne Pleshette, actress (The Bob Newhart Show)
 * James Rolfe, internet personality (Angry Video Game Nerd), filmmaker
 * Adam Savage, TV personality (MythBusters), special effects coordinator
 * Sarah Silverman, comedian, actress, musician
 * Jon Stewart, TV host (The Daily Show)
 * Steve Vai, musician
 * Robert Downey Jr., actor
 * Flula Borg, (YouTube Personality)
 * Oscar Isaac, actor
 * Craig Ferguson, comedian, TV host (The Late Late Show)
 * Robert Carlyle, actor

Filmmakers

 * Federico Fellini (8½)
 * Peter Greenaway (The Draughtsman's Contract)
 * Billy Wilder (Sunset Boulevard)

Politicians and Leaders

 * John Adams, US President
 * Alexander the Great, conqueror
 * Benjamin Franklin, founding father, polymath
 * James A. Garfield, US President
 * Hatshepsut I, pharaoh of Egypt
 * Rutherford B. Hayes, US President
 * Mao Zedong, first Chairman of the Communist Party of China
 * Oda Nobunaga, Sengoku-period daimyo
 * Barack Obama, US President

Athletes

 * Luc Longley, first Australian to play in the NBA

Literature

 * Douglas Adams, author (The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy)
 * Lord Byron, poet
 * Lewis Caroll, author (Alice in Wonderland)
 * Samuel Taylor Coleridge, poet
 * Roald Dahl, author
 * Frank Herbert, author (Dune)
 * D.H. Lawrence, author, poet, playwright
 * George Bernard Shaw, dramatist
 * Jonathan Swift, satirist
 * Hunter S. Thompson, author (Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas')
 * Jules Verne, author

Fictional Characters

 * Tyler Durden (Fight Club)
 * Dr. Emmett 'Doc' Brown (Back to the Future)
 * Bugs Bunny (Looney Tunes)
 * Wile E. Coyote (Looney Tunes)
 * The Crypt Keeper (Tales from the Crypt)
 * Jack Skellington (Nightmare before Christmas)
 * Jadzia Dax (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)
 * Ed (Cowboy Bebop)
 * Bojack Horseman
 * Professor Hubert Farnsworth (Futurama)
 * Shirley Feeney (Laverne & Shirley)
 * Professor Frink (The Simpsons)
 * Saul Goodman (Breaking Bad)
 * Xander Harris (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
 * Pennywise the Clown (IT)
 * The Joker (Batman)
 * Cosmo Kramer (Seinfeld)
 * Col, Hans Landa (Inglorius bastards)
 * Tyrion Lannister (Game Of Thrones)
 * Lucca (Chrono Trigger)
 * Mercutio (Romeo and Juliet)
 * Morte (Planescape: Torment)
 * Odysseus
 * Kefka Palazzo (Final Fantasy VI)
 * Q (James Bond)
 * Dr. Ivo Robotnik (Sonic the Hedgehog)
 * Midna (Zelda: Twilight Princess)
 * Dr. Schultz (Django Unchained)
 * Dr. Strangelove
 * Captain Jack Sparrow (Pirates of the Caribbean)
 * Tony Stark (Iron Man)
 * Dr. Peter Venkman (Ghostbusters)
 * Dr. Vink (Are You Afraid of the Dark?)
 * Fred and George Weasley (Harry Potter)
 * Vanellope Von Schweetz (Wreck-It Ralph)
 * Nejire Hadou (My Hero Academia)
 * Yosuke Hanamura (Persona 4)
 * Sirius Black (Harry Potter)
 * Barney Stinson (How I Met Your Mother)
 * Dr. Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)
 * Robin Hood (Robin Hood [Disney])
 * Jim Moriarty (Sherlock)
 * Sherlock Holmes (Sherlock Holmes the Movie)
 * Felicity Megan Smoak (DC "Arrowverse", primarily "Arrow", Also "The Flash", "Legends of Tomorrow", and "Vixen")
 * Mieczyslaw 'Stiles' Stilinski (Teen Wolf)
 * Bill Cipher (Gravity Falls)
 * Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)
 * Jim Halpert (The Office)
 * R2-D2 (Star Wars)
 * Lord Henry "Harry" Wotton (The Picture of Dorian Gray)
 * Q ("Star Trek: The Next Generation")

Others

 * Wernher von Braun, rocket scientist
 * Satyajit Das, derivatives expert, financial commentator
 * Leonardo Da Vinci, inventor
 * Daniel Dennett, philosopher, cognitive scientist
 * David Deutsch, physicist
 * Walt Disney, animator, voice actor, entrepreneur
 * Patrick Dixon, business consultant, author, futurist
 * Thomas Edison, inventor
 * Niall Ferguson, economic historian
 * Richard Feynman, physicist
 * Michel Foucault, philosopher
 * Melissa Franklin, physicist
 * Buckminster Fuller, inventor
 * Werner Heisenberg, physicist
 * Grace Hopper, computer scientist
 * David Hume, philosopher
 * Hypatia, mathematician, philosopher
 * Ray Kurzweil, inventor, futurist
 * Niccolo Machiavelli, political theorist
 * Moses Maimonides, Torah scholar, physician, philosopher
 * Maria Montessori, educator, philosopher
 * John von Neumann, mathematician
 * Robert Nozick, political philosopher
 * Robert Oppenheimer, physicist
 * Camille Paglia, social critic
 * Sean Parker, entrepreneur
 * Steven Pinker, psychologist, cognitive scientist
 * Sir Walter Raleigh, explorer, writer
 * Sumner Redstone, entrepreneur
 * Sally Ride, physicist, astronaut, first American woman in space
 * Murray Rothbard, economist, anarcho-capitalist
 * Bertrand Russell, philosopher, mathematician, logician
 * Socrates, philosopher
 * Antoaneta Stefanova, chess grandmaster
 * Alexis de Tocqueville, political theorist, historian
 * Xenophanes, epistemologist
 * Slavoj Žižek, philosopher, critical theorist
 * Joshua Abraham Norton, Business man, Emperor of the United States

Resources
Classic Video Game Characters

ENTP Celebrities & Famous People

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ENTP


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESTJ

ESTJs at work
very driven

Fictional ESTJs

 * Alex (Madagascar)
 * Anger (  Inside Out )
 * Anakin Skywalker (  Star Wars  )
 * Applejack (My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic)
 * Bowser (Mario)
 * Chief Bogo (  Zootopia  )
 * Dolores Umbridge (Harry Potter)
 * England (  Hetalia  )
 * Everett Young (  Stargate Universe  )
 * Harold Cooper (The Blacklist)
 * Izumi Curtis (  Fullmetal Alchemist & Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood  )
 * Jack Crawford (  Hannibal TV series  )
 * Joe Swanson (Family Guy)
 * Leia Organa (Star Wars)
 * Martin Hart (  True Detective  )
 * Minerva McGonagall (  Harry Potter series  )
 * Momo Yaoyirozu (  My Hero Academia  )
 * Mr. Krabs (Spongebob Squarepants)
 * Odafin  Fin  Tutuola (  Law & Order: SVU  )
 * Peter Pevensie (Chronicles of Narnia)
 * Rachel Dawes (The Dark Knight Trilogy)
 * Sarada Uchiha ( ' ' Boruto: Naruto: Next Generations '' )
 * Stan Smith (American Dad)
 * Tiana (  The Princess and the Frog  )
 * Woody (Toy Story)
 * Zazu (The Lion King)

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESTJ


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESFJ

Fictional ESFJs

 * Lena Foster (Fosters)
 * Eunice Wentworth Howell (Gilligan's Island)
 * Monica Geller (Friends)
 * Regina George (Mean Girls)
 * Arthur Pendragon (Merlin)
 * Joe West (The Flash)
 * Allie Calhoun (The Notebook)
 * Andy Bernard (The Office)
 * Aurora (Once Upon A Time)
 * David Nolan (Once Upon A Time)
 * Zelana Mills (Once Upon A Time)
 * Sam (Perks of Being a Wallflower)
 * Chris Traeger (Parks and Recreation)
 * Quinn Morgendorffer (Daria)
 * Dominic Toretto (Fast and Furious)
 * Giselle (Enchanted)
 * Cora Crawley (Downton Abbey)
 * Isobel Crawley (Downton Abbey)
 * Dorothy (The Wizard of Oz)
 * Riley Finn (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
 * Willow Rosenburg (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
 * Emily Gilmore (Gilmore Girls)
 * Riley Matthews (Girl Meets World)
 * Shoshanna Shapiro (Girls)
 * Rachel Berry (Glee)
 * Blair Waldorf (Gossip Girl)
 * Alana Bloom (Hannibal)
 * Gretel (Hansel & Gretel)
 * Matt Parkman (Heroes)
 * Bilbo Baggins (The Hobbit)
 * Kate McCallister (Home Alone)
 * Allison Cameron (House)
 * Lily Aldrin (How I Met Your Mother)
 * Isabelle (Hugo)
 * James Wilson (House)
 * Sonny (I, Robot)
 * Ellie (Ice Age)
 * Joy (Inside Out)
 * Red Riding Hood (Into The Woods)
 * Mary Bailey (It's A Wonderful Life)
 * Elizabeth Lyon (The King's Speech)
 * Dorcas Lane (Lark Rise to Candleford)
 * Robert Timmins (Lark Rise to Candleford)
 * Boromir (The Lord of the Rings)
 * Fred (Big Hero 6)
 * Honey Lemmon (Big Hero 6)
 * Carly Shay (iCarly)
 * Clark Kent (Batman vs. Superman)
 * Barbie Roberts (Barbie)
 * John Blake (Batman)
 * Alfred Pennyworth (Batman)
 * Troy Bolton (High School Musical)
 * Jenna Rink (13 Going On 30)
 * Effie Trinket (The Hunger Games)
 * Wendy Darling (Peter Pan)
 * Candace Flynn (Phineas and Ferb)
 * Demelza Poldark (Poldark)
 * Mr. Bingley (Pride and Prejudice)
 * Mia Thermopolis (Princess Diaries)
 * Donkey (Shrek)
 * Carmen Lowell (Sisterhood of the Travelling Pants)
 * Kara Danvers (Supergirl)
 * Frigga (Thor)
 * Jaqueline Vorhees (The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt)
 * Russell (Up)
 * Tori Vega (Victorious)
 * Dale Horvath (The Walking Dead)
 * Glinda (Wicked)
 * Ralph (Wreck It Ralph)
 * Bobby Drake (X-Men)
 * Nightcrawler (X-Men)
 * Dean Winchester (Supernatural)
 * Donald Duck (Cartoon Character)
 * Nala (The Lion King)
 * Jasmine (Aladdin)
 * Diana (Anne of Green Gables)
 * Mabel Pines (Gravity Falls)
 * Superman (Dc comics)

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESFJ


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ENFJ

ENFJs at work
ENFJs tend to be people with good emotional and people skills.

Often they hold strong views on religion or politics which they try to express without offending others.

ENFJs usually have strong work ethics. However if others are abused they are offended.

To release workplace tensions ENFJ's will sometimes employ a "over the top" style of humor.

ENFJ traits

 * Project-oriented
 * Creative and ingenious
 * Excellent communication skills
 * Charismatic
 * Empathetic
 * Sensitive
 * Energetic
 * Selfless
 * Visionary
 * Idealistic
 * Stubborn

ENFJs in relationships
ENFJ's have a profound insight into the inner workings of people.

Famous ENFJs

 * Norman Vincent Peale
 * Richard J. Daley
 * Nelson Mandela
 * Edward R. Murrow
 * Jimmy Stewart
 * Joseph Goebbels
 * Martin Luther King Jr.
 * John Wayne
 * Cesar Chavez (Trade Unionist)
 * Clint Eastwood
 * Gary Cooper
 * James Dean
 * Clare Hollingworth (Journalist)
 * James Cagney
 * Cary Grant
 * Erasmus of Rotterdam
 * Barack Obama
 * Oprah Winfrey
 * Aidil Faizin
 * Lucy Liu
 * Cicero
 * Bradley Cooper
 * Sean Connery
 * Reese Whiterspoon
 * Jennifer Lawrence
 * Kate Winslet
 * Helena Bonham Carter
 * Rachel Weisz
 * Emma Stone
 * Dick Van Dyke

Fictional ENFJs

 * Morpheus (The Matrix)
 * Camille (Emily in Paris)
 * Rustin Cohle (True Detective)
 * Dr. Jedikiah Price (The Tomorrow People TV series)
 * Esmeralda (Disney's The Hunchback Of Notre Dame)
 * Wonder Woman (DC Comics)
 * Kaede Akamatsu (Danganronpa)
 * Kaito Momota (Danganronpa)
 * Ellie Sattler (Jurrasic Park)
 * Eurus Holmes (Sherlock)
 * Jason Todd/Red Hood (DC Batman)
 * Joy (Inside Out)
 * Queen Clarion (Tinkerbell)
 * Padme Amidala (Star Wars)
 * Georgiana Darcy (Pride and Prejudice 2005)
 * Tsunade Senju (Naruto)
 * Tadzio (Death in Venice)
 * Asuna Yuuki (Sword Art Online)
 * Maggie Rhee (The Walking Dead)
 * Marnie (When Marnie was there)
 * Satine (Moulin Rouge)
 * Sheila (Inspector Calls)
 * Simon (The Walking Dead)
 * Marco Bott (Attack on Titan)
 * Firestar (Warriors)
 * Elizabeth (Bioshock infinite)
 * Zoe Benson (American Horror Story - Coven)
 * Green Lantern (DC Comics)

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ENFJ


text:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ENTJ

ENTJs at work
ENTJ are 4 Characteristics that are found common in rulers, historically most Rulers have shared this type. Quick to begin planning, Direct, They constantly scope the area for logical problems to solve. It triggers their bank of 'ideas', allowing them to associate and classify objects. Mostly an intuitive creature, the raw 'idea', can be used, or it can receive further stimulus from Extraverted Sensing, and lastly. Introverted Feeling.

A complicated, genius, logical, strategy, is born! They intensely bury their efforts into the goal at hand, and tirelessly work against it. Those working with them, soon recognize the ENTJ's competence and importance, and rely on it for many their issues. The ENTJ is now needed. With the deadline of a complex project at hand, they continue to pour in more effort, struggling against the clock, and seeking closure.

Quick to stand up for any thing they find logical, they come off opinionated, aggressive, and highly extroverted at work. Their identity doesn't matter in the work place. Work matters. Production matters. Capital matters. Their emotions don't matter! If they push their limits, and establish a dominant role, as a person with high influence, they are "winning the fight". Promotions are looked at as 'positive re-enforcement'. 'Good job, you are so smart!' is liable to make an ENTJ feel like a little kid, which is not what you want to do.

As the deadline of the project gets close, they push for any extra adrenaline they can find in them. Twenty-four hours a day is a common shift length. All in time, to finish 2 days early, in the 3 month battle.

For that moment, they have the opportunity to seize the reward they deserve for their efforts!

In general, they are too intense for standard, procedure-based, punch in, punch out, work styles. They would much rather take on a project, establishing an impossible goal, and obtain it, whenever he/she feels like working on it.

They want to be heard, taken seriously, believed in, and trusted. However, don't ask them for their "fully detailed plans," - only they know what they truly mean. When working in a team, he/she'll tell you what you need to know, just believe them and be ready to give information upon request.

natural talent: team work, tactics, political control, overpowering, conflict control, security, family maintaining, strategic planning, Leadership, Protecting interests, Securing people.

ENTJ when completely develop makes other personalty type weak and people around them start to feel inferior, they appear arrogant and superior but its just their developed extroversion and developed thinking, their decisions will appear as unreasonable but they always have a reason for them and logical one because of that they get in trouble, putting aside emotions is weakness for developed ENTJ traits.

ENTJs in relationships
-ENTJs have strong personalities, so they would also want to be in the company of people who have their own opinion and people who won't bring them down.

How to deal with an ENTJ
- Be assertive and stand up for your ideas

- Support your idea/argument with reasonable facts

- Be completely objective (do not bring in personal beliefs or fear their wrath)

- Be straightforward and never lie as to any ENTJ it shows a sign of weakness

- Do not make them feel vulnerable or weak, they have trouble being open-hearted - When it seems they are becoming angry, simply give them time to think before they come up with a more cooperative nature

- Acknowledge that they don't always assume that they are right but it's just their manner of speaking

- Never betray their trust (seriously don't) or else you are a goner

Fictional Characters

 * Rin Tohsaka (Fate/Stay Night)
 * Atem (Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters)
 * Madara Uchiha (Naruto Shippūden)
 * Light Yagami (Death Note)
 * Esdeath (Akame ga Kill!)
 * Roy Mustang (Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood)
 * Goro Akechi (Persona 5)
 * Erwin Smith (Shingeki no Kyojin)
 * Gilgamesh (Fate/Zero)
 * Sōsuke Aizen (Bleach)
 * Prussia (Hetalia)
 * Turkey (Hetalia)
 * Vito Corleone/God father ( God father)
 * Agamemnon (Troy)
 * Lt. Aldo Raine (Inglourious Basterds)
 * Beatrix Kiddo, The Bride (Kill Bill)
 * Danny Archer (Blood Diamond)
 * Spencer Hastings (Pretty Little Liars)
 * C. Montgomery Burns (The Simpsons)
 * Eric Cartman (South Park)
 * Cersei Lannister (Game of Thrones)
 * Captain Amelia (Treasure Planet)
 * Jimmy Conway (GoodFellas)
 * Daffy Duck
 * Gordon Gekko (Wall Street)
 * The Master (Doctor Who)
 * Hans Gruber (Die Hard)
 * Michael Kohlhaas (Same named Novel of H.v.Kleist)
 * Megatron (Transformers)
 * Jadis the White Witch (The Chronicles of Narnia)
 * Arcturus Mengsk (StarCraft)
 * Gary Oak (Pokemon)
 * Roberto Rastapopoulos (The Adventures of Tintin)
 * Sebastian Shaw (X-Men: First Class)
 * Virgil Sollozzo (The Godfather)
 * Winston Wolf (Pulp Fiction)
 * Zeus
 * Harvey Specter (Suits)
 * Celaena Sardothien (Throne of Glass)
 * James Potter (Harry Potter)

Politicians and Leaders

 * Cyrus the Great, First Man to Conquer world
 * Alexander the Great, 2nd man to conquer world
 * Flavius Aetius, General of rome
 * Augustus Gaius Octavius, Emperor of rome
 * Lamar Alexander, US Senator
 * Les Aspen, former U.S. Secretary of Defense
 * Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan
 * Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of French empire
 * Gaius Julius Caesar, Emperor of rome
 * Dick Cheney, US Vice President
 * Rahm Emanuel, White House Chief of Staff
 * Charles de Gaulle
 * Al Gore, US Vice President
 * George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the US Army
 * Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel
 * General Norman Schwarzkopf
 * Suleiman the Lawgiver, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
 * Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the UK
 * Mahathir Mohamad, current Prime Minister of Malaysia
 * Emperor Taishō, Former Emperor of Japan
 * George VI Former, King of the United Kingdom
 * Sun Tzu, Chinese general, military strategist, and philosopher.
 * Genghis Khan, Khagan of the Mongol Empire
 * Puyi, Emperor of China
 * Bhumibol Adulyadej, Former King of Thailand
 * Khalid bin walid, undefeatable general
 * Mosses, Messenger and prophet of God
 * Tutankhamun, Pharaoh of Egypt

Literature

 * Robert James Waller (author: The Bridges of Madison County)

Others

 * Aristotle Philosopher
 * Averroes, philosopher
 * Galen of Pergamum, physician, philosopher
 * Benny Goodman, big band leader
 * Carl Sagan, astrophysicist
 * Edward Teller, theoretical physicist
 * Jack Welch, ex-CEO of General Electric

Entertainment

 * Whoopi Goldberg
 * Jim Carrey
 * Faye Dunaway
 * Katharine Hepburn
 * Patrick Stewart (STNG: Jean Luc Picard)
 * Dave Letterman
 * Steve Martin
 * Candace Bergen (STNG:Murphy Brown)
 * Penn Jillette, Magician

title: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ENTJ


text: User:Vuara/APPENDIX (MMY Gita)

title: User:Vuara/APPENDIX (MMY Gita)


text:
User:Vuara/Six Systems of Indian Philosophy (MMY Gita)

THE SIX SYSTEMS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY


text: User:Vuara/CHAPTER I (MMY Gita)

title: User:Vuara/CHAPTER I (MMY Gita)


text: User:Vuara/CHAPTER VI (MMY Gita)

title: User:Vuara/CHAPTER VI (MMY Gita)


text:
User:Vuara/CHAPTER V (MMY Gita)

CHAPTER V

 * 1) Arjuna said: Thou praisest, O Krishna, renunciation of action and Yoga (of action) at the same time. Tell me decisively which is the better of these two.
 * 2) The Blessed Lord said: Both renunciation and the Yoga of action lead to the supreme good. But of the two, the Yoga of action is superior to the renunciation of action.
 * 3) Know him to be ever a man of renunciation who neither hates nor desires; free from the pairs of opposites, he is easily released from bondage, O mighty-armed.
 * 4) The ignorant, and not the wise, speak of the path of knowledge (Sankhya) and the path of action (Yoga) as different. He who is properly established even in one gains the fruit of both.
 * 5) The state attained by men on the path of knowledge is also reached by those on the path of action. He who sees Sankhya and Yoga to be one, verily he sees.
 * 6) Renunciation is indeed hard to attain without Yoga, O mighty-armed. The sage who is intent on Yoga comes to Brahman without long delay.
 * 7) Intent on Yoga, pure of spirit, he who has fully mastered himself and has conquered the senses, whose self has become the Self of all beings, he is not involved even while he acts.
 * 8) {Verses 8, 9 together}
 * 9) One who is in Union with the Divine and who knows the Truth will maintain 'l do not act at all'. In seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, eating, walking, sleeping, breathing, speaking, letting go, seizing and even in opening and closing the eyes, he holds simply that the senses act among the objects of sense.
 * 10) He who acts giving over all actions to the universal Being, abandoning attachment, is untouched by sin as a lotus leaf by water.
 * 11) By means of the body, by the mind, by the intellect and even by the senses alone, yogis, abandoning attachment, perform action for self-purification.
 * 12) He who is united with the Divine, having abandoned the fruit of action, attains to lasting peace. He who is not united with the Divine, who is spurred by desire, being attached to the fruit of action, is firmly bound.
 * 13) Having renounced all action by the mind, the dweller in the body rests in happiness, in the city of nine gates, neither acting nor causing action to be done.
 * 14) The Lord creates neither the authorship of action nor the action of beings; nor does He create the link between (the doer), the action and its fruit Nature carries this out.
 * 15) The all-pervading Intelligence does not accept the sin or even the merit of anyone. Wisdom is veiled by ignorance. Thereby creatures are deluded.
 * 16) But in those in whom that ignorance is destroyed by wisdom, wisdom, like the sun, illumines That which is transcendent.
 * 17) Their intellect rooted in That, their being established in That, intent on That, wholly devoted to That, cleansed of all impurities by wisdom, they attain to a state from which there is no return.
 * 18) In a brahmin endowed with learning and humility, in a cow, in an elephant, in a dog and even in one who has lost his caste, the enlightened perceive the Same.
 * 19) Even here, in this life, the universe is conquered by those whose mind is established in equanimity. FIawless, indeed, and equally present everywhere is Brahman. Therefore they are established in Brahman.
 * 20) He who neither greatly rejoices on obtaining what is dear to him, nor grieves much on obtaining what is unpleasant, whose intellect is steady, who is free from delusion, he is a knower of Brahman, established in Brahman.
 * 21) He whose self is untouched by externaI contacts knows that happiness which is in the Self. His self joined in Union with Brahman, he enjoys eternal happiness.
 * 22) All pleasures born of contact are only sources of sorrow; they have a beginning and an end, O son of Kunti. The enlightened man does not rejoice in them.
 * 23) He who is able, even here, before liberation from the body, to resist the excitement born of desire and anger, is united with the Divine. He is a happy man.
 * 24) He whose happiness is within, whose contentment is within, whose sight is all within, that yogi, being one with Brahman, attains eternal freedom in divine consciousness.
 * 25) The seers, whose sins are destroyed, whose doubts are dispelled, who are self-controlled and take delight in doing good to all creatures, attain eternal freedom in divine consciousness.
 * 26) Disciplined men, freed from desire and anger, who have disciplined their thoughts and have realized the Self, find eternal freedom in divine consciousness everywhere.
 * 27) Having left external contacts outside; with the vision within the eyebrows; having balanced the ingoing and outgoing breaths that flow through the nostrils,
 * 28) The sage, whose senses, mind and intellect are controlled, whose aim is liberation, from whom desire, fear and anger have departed, is indeed for ever free.
 * 29) Having known Me as the enjoyer of yagyas and austerities, as the great Lord of all the world, as the friend of all beings, he attains to peace.

title: User:Vuara/CHAPTER V (MMY Gita)


text: User:Vuara/CHAPTER IV (MMY Gita)

title: User:Vuara/CHAPTER IV (MMY Gita)


text:
User:Vuara/CHAPTER III (MMY Gita)

CHAPTER III

 * 1) Arjuna said: If Thou considerest knowledge superior to action, O Janardana, why dost Thou spur me to this terrible deed, O Keshava?
 * 2) With these apparently opposed statements Thou dost, as it were, bewilder my intelligence. So, having made Thy decision, tell me the one by which I may reach the highest good.
 * 3) The Blessed Lord said: As expounded by Me of old, O blameless one, there are in this world two paths: the Yoga of knowledge for men of contemplation and the Yoga of action for men of action.
 * 4) Not by abstaining from action does a man achieve non-action; nor by mere renunciation does he attain to perfection.
 * 5) No one, indeed, can exist even for an instant without performing action; for everyone is helplessly driven to activity by the gunas born of Nature.
 * 6) He who sits, restraining the organs of action, and dwelling in his mind on the objects of sense, self-deluded, he is said to be a hypocrite.
 * 7) But he who, controlling the senses by the mind, without attachment engages the organs of action in the Yoga of action, he excels, O Arjuna.
 * 8) Do your allotted duty. Action is indeed superior to inaction. Even the survival of your body would not be possible without action.
 * 9) Excepting actions performed for yagya, this world is in bondage to action. For the sake of yagya engage in action free from attachment.
 * 10) In the beginning, having created men along with yagya, the Lord of Creation said: By this yagya shall ye prosper and this shall bring forth the fulfilment of desires.
 * 11) Through yagya you sustain the gods and those gods will sustain you. By sustaining one another, you will attain the highest good.
 * 12) Satisfied by the yagya, the gods will certainly bestow the enjoyments you desire. But he who enjoys their gifts without offering to them is merely a thief.
 * 13) The righteous, who eat the remains of the yagya, are freed from all sins. But the unrighteous, who prepare food for themselves alone, truly, they eat sin.
 * 14) From food creatures come into being; from rain is produced food; from yagya comes forth rain and yagya is born of action.
 * 15) Know action to be born of Brahma (the Veda). Brahma springs from the Imperishable. Therefore the all-pervading Brahma is ever established in yagya.
 * 16) He who in this life does not follow the wheel thus set revolving, whose life is sinful, whose contentment lies in the senses, he lives in vain, O Partha.
 * 17) But the man whose delight is in the Self alone, who is content in the Self, who rejoices only in the Self, for him there is no action that he need do.
 * 18) Neither has he any profit to gain in this life from the actions he has done or from the actions he has not done; nor is there any living creature on whom he need rely for any purpose.
 * 19) Therefore, remaining unattached, always do the action worthy of performance. Engaging in action truly unattached, man attains to the Supreme.
 * 20) By action alone, indeed, Janaka and others gained perfection. Moreover, even looking to the welfare of the world, you should perform action.
 * 21) Whatsoever a great man does, the very same is aIso done by other men. Whatever the standard he sets, the world follows it.
 * 22) ln the three worlds there is no action which I need do, O Partha; nor is there for Me anything worth achieving unattained; even so I am engaged in action.
 * 23) What if I did not continue unwearyingly in activity, O Partha? Men in every way follow My example.
 * 24) If I did not engage in action, these worlds would perish and I would be the cause of confusion and of the destruction of these people.
 * 25) As the unwise act out of their attachment to action, O Bharata, so should the wise act, but without any attachment, desiring the welfare of the world.
 * 26) Let not the wise man create a division in the minds of the ignorant, who are attached to action. Established in Being, he should direct them to perform all actions, duly engaging in them himself.
 * 27) Actions are in every case performed by the gunas of Nature. He whose mind is deluded by the sense of 'I' holds 'l am the doer'.
 * 28) But he who knows the truth about the divisions of the gunas and their actions, O mighty-armed, knowing that it is the gunas which act upon the gunas, remains unattached.
 * 29) Those deluded by the gunas of Nature are attached to the actions of the gunas. Let not him who knows the whole disturb the ignorant who know only the part.
 * 30) Surrendering all actions to Me by maintaining your consciousness in the Self, freed from longing and the sense of 'mine', fight, delivered from the fever (of delusion).
 * 31) Those men who are possessed of faith, who do not find fault and always follow this teaching of Mine, they too are liberated from action.
 * 32) But those who find fault and do not follow My teaching: know them to be deluded about all knowledge, doomed and senseless.
 * 33) Creatures follow their own nature. Even the enlightened man acts according to his own nature. What can restraint accomplish?
 * 34) The attachment and aversion of each sense are located in the object of that sense; let no man come under their sway, for both indeed are enemies besetting his path.
 * 35) Because one can perform it, one's own dharma (though) lesser in merit, is better than the dharma of another. Better is death in one's own dharma: the dharma of another brings danger.
 * 36) Arjuna said: What is it that impels a man to commit sin, even involuntarily, as if driven by force, O Varshneya?
 * 37) The Blessed Lord said: It is desire, it is anger, born of rajo-guna, all-consuming and most evil. Know this to be the enemy here on earth.
 * 38) As fire is covered by smoke, as a mirror by dust, as an embryo is covered by the amnion, so is This covered by that.
 * 39) Wisdom is veiled by this insatiable flame of desire which is the constant enemy of the wise, O son of Kunti.
 * 40) The senses, the mind and the intellect are said to be its seat. Overshadowing wisdom by means of these, it deludes the dweller in the body.
 * 41) Therefore, having first organized the senses, O best of Bharatas, shake off this evil, the destroyer of knowledge and realization.
 * 42) The senses, they say, are subtle; more subtle than the senses is mind; yet finer than mind is intellect; that which is beyond even the intellect is he.
 * 43) Thus, having known him who is beyond the intellect, having stilled the self by the Self, O mighty-armed, slay the enemy in the form of desire, difficult to subdue.

title: User:Vuara/CHAPTER III (MMY Gita)


text: User:Vuara/CHAPTER II (MMY Gita)

title: User:Vuara/CHAPTER II (MMY Gita)


text:
User:Karl Wick/MBTI scratch

First cut. "Ns"  What Jung called "iNtuitives". Keirsey liken them to "Martians." Abstract. Introspective. Those who look *primarily* through their *own* "minds eye." "Ss"  What Jung calling the aspect "Sensing"  Keirsey liken them to "Earthlings"  Concrete. Observant. Those who look *primarily* at the world by their "percepts", using what's out there.

Second cut of the Ns "NTs" Myers called them "iNtuitive Thinkers"   Keirsey calls them "Rationals". "NFs" Myers called them "iNtuitive Feeler" Keirsey calls them "Idealists".

title: User:Karl Wick/MBTI scratch


text:
User:Flonejek

my homepage
My name is Adon Metcalfe (I'm the only 'Adon Metcalfe' at google), I was born in 1987, and am known as "flonejek" and by the address of eskimo.homeunix.org. My blog is where you'll find all the details of whats happening to me. If you want to talk to me, I'm most responsive to email, my address is [mailto:flonejek@gmail.com flonejek@gmail.com]

title: User:Flonejek


text:
Botany/Pteridology

<< Contents Page | Chapter 11 | Chapter 12 |  Chapter 13 >>

Chapter 12. Pteridology ~ The Ferns
Pteridology is the study of ferns—plants classified in the Division Pterophyta (or Filicophyta). Ferns do not have seeds the way trees and flowering plants do. Rather, they have spores the way mosses do. The haploid spores grow small haploid organisms, which then undergo fertilization and grow the diploid fern plant directly out of the haploid gametophyte, similar to the sporophyte stalk growing out of the moss. The larger part, what we think of as the fern, is the sporophyte. The gametophyte is a small green prothallus that the sporophyte grows out of. Ferns are still tied to an aquatic environment, in that once a spore grows into a prothallus, there must be moisture enough for the egg in the prothallus to be fertilized by swimming, flagellated fern sperm.

Having a large sporophyte allows ferns to produce many more spores than a moss could- recall that each sporophyte on a moss only carried one sporangia. Producing many more propagules increased fern presence and dominance. Besides having a larger sporophyte generation, ferns have many important adaptations that increase their capabilities above the mosses. Ferns have roots, which, unlike moss rhizoids, not only anchor, but take up nutrients. Ferns are vascular plants, with lignified vascular tissues. These allow active water transport. That water transport along with the strength of the ligified cells allow ferns to be much larger than their moss ancestors. At one point, ferns and fern trees were the most advanced plant life, and grew even larger than ferns today do, with great size and variety of ferns. There were no flowering plants in the early cretaceous- the first forests of the dinosaurs were composed of fern trees.

 * Read Ferns (Follow all links)

Sporophyte Structure

 * Read Frond (Follow all links)

Evolution and ferns
Ferns have a big advantage over the mosses in their vascular tissue. They can grow taller, and can exist in more diverse environments. This is a trend that will continue in evolution, eventually leading to the rise of such large sporophyte generations as the great sequoia trees. But if ferns are so much more fit for survival, why are there still mosses? And if a larger sporophyte generation is more fit, why haven't sequoias become dominant enough to eliminate the ferns? While there are clear benefits to a larger sporophyte generation, in some recurring natural situations, natural selection favors mosses over ferns or ferns over trees. Spores are better at spreading by wind than many seeds are, for instance. So while in the long term, the protection of a seed allows seed plants to be dominant on the planet, in many situations the lightness and transport of a spore is still efficient in spreading ferns.

There are two gena that have showed immense diversity in the division Pteridophyta.Selaginella and Equisetum have been identified to be the only gena that are heterosporous.

title: Botany/Pteridology


text:
Engineering Thermodynamics/Second Law

Introduction
The first law is a statement of energy conservation. The rise in temperature of a substance when work is done is well known. Thus work can be completely converted to heat. However, we observe that in nature, we don't see the conversion in the other direction spontaneously.

The statement of the second law is facilitated by using the concept of heat engines. Heat engines work in a cycle and convert heat into work. A thermal reservoir is defined as a system which is in equilibrium and large enough so that heat transferred to and from it does not change its temperature appreciably.

Heat Engine
Heat engines work between two thermal reservoirs, the low temperature reservoir and the high temperature reservoir. The performance of a heat engine is measured by its thermal efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of work output to heat input, i.e., η = W/Q1, where W is the net work done, and Q1 is heat transferred from the high temperature reservoir.

Heat Pumps
Heat pumps transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir using external work, and can be considered as reversed heat engines.

Kelvin-Planck Statement
"It is impossible to construct a heat engine which will operate continuously and convert all the heat it draws from a reservoir into work."

In other words, "It is impossible to have a heat engine which works in cycle and does work by exchanging heat with only one reservoir."

Clausius Statement
"It is impossible to construct a heat pump which will transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir without using external work."

In other words, "It is impossible for heat to flow from a low temperature (sink) to a high temperature (source) without external work."

PMM2
A perpetual motion machine of the second kind, or PMM2 is one which converts 100% of the heat input into work while working in a cycle. A machine like this would violate the second law of thermodynamics, and would therefore be impossible to build. A PMM2 has an ηth of 1.

Equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements

Suppose we can construct a heat pump which transfers heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature one without using external work. Then, we can couple it with a heat engine in such a way that the heat removed by the heat pump from the low temperature reservoir is the same as the heat rejected by the heat engine, so that the combined system is now a heat engine which converts heat to work without any external effect. This is thus in violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law.

Now suppose we have a heat engine which can convert heat into work without rejecting heat anywhere else. We can combine it with a heat pump so that the work produced by the engine is used by the pump. Now the combined system is a heat pump which uses no external work, violating the Clausius statement of the second law.

Thus, we see that the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck statements are equivalent, and one necessarily implies the other.

Carnot Cycle
Nicholas Sadi Carnot devised a reversible cycle in 1824 called the Carnot cycle for an engine working between two reservoirs at different temperatures. It consists of two reversible isothermal and two reversible adiabatic processes. For a cycle 1-2-3-4, the working material
 * 1) Undergoes isothermal expansion in 1-2 while absorbing heat from high temperature reservoir
 * 2) Undergoes adiabatic expansion in 2-3
 * 3) Undergoes isothermal compression in 3-4, and
 * 4) Undergoes adiabatic compression in 4-1.

Heat is transferred to the working material during 1-2 (Q1) and heat is rejected during 3-4 (Q2). The thermal efficiency is thus ηth = W/Q1. Applying first law, we have, W = Q1 − Q2, so that ηth = 1 − Q2/Q1.

Carnot's principle states that
 * 1) No heat engine working between two thermal reservoirs is more efficient than the Carnot engine, and
 * 2) All Carnot engines working between reservoirs of the same temperature have the same efficiency.

The proof by contradiction of the above statements come from the second law, by considering cases where they are violated. For instance, if you had a Carnot engine which was more efficient than another one, we could use that as a heat pump (since processes in a Carnot cycle are reversible) and combine with the other engine to produce work without heat rejection, to violate the second law. A corollary of the Carnot principle is that Q2/Q1 is purely a function of t2 and t1, the reservoir temperatures. Or,

$$ \frac{Q_1}{Q_2} = \phi \left(   t_1, t_2  \right)$$

Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
Lord Kelvin used Carnot's principle to establish the thermodynamic temperature scale which is independent of the working material. He considered three temperatures, t1, t2, and t3, such that t1 > t3 > t2.

As shown in the previous section, the ratio of heat transferred only depends on the temperatures. Considering reservoirs 1 and 2:

$$ \frac{Q_1}{Q_2} = \phi \left(   t_1, t_2  \right)$$

Considering reservoirs 2 and 3:

$$ \frac{Q_2}{Q_3} = \phi \left(   t_2, t_3  \right)$$

Considering reservoirs 1 and 3:

$$ \frac{Q_1}{Q_3} = \phi \left(   t_1, t_3  \right)$$

Eliminating the heat transferred, we have the following condition for the function φ.

$$ \phi \left(   t_1, t_2   \right) = \frac{\phi \left(   t_1, t_3    \right)}{\phi \left(   t_2, t_3    \right)}$$

Now, it is possible to choose an arbitrary temperature for 3, so it is easy to show using elementary multivariate calculus that φ can be represented in terms of an increasing function of temperature ζ as follows:

$$ \phi \left(   t_1, t_2   \right) = \frac{\zeta \left(   t_1    \right)}{\zeta \left(   t_2    \right)} $$

Now, we can have a one to one association of the function ζ with a new temperature scale called the thermodynamic temperature scale, T, so that

$$\frac{Q_1}{Q_2} = \frac{T_1}{T_2}$$

Thus we have the thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine as

$$\eta_{th} = 1 - \frac{T_2}{T_1}$$

The thermodynamic temperature scale is also known as the Kelvin scale, and it needs only one fixed point, as the other one is absolute zero. The concept of absolute zero will be further refined during the statement of the third law of thermodynamics.

 * 1st Law:  Energy can neither be created or destroyed
 * 2nd Law: All spontaneous events act to increase total entropy
 * 3rd Law: Absolute zero is removal of all thermal molecular motion

Reservoir
Reservoirs are systems of large quantity of matter which no temperature difference will occur when finite amount of heat is transferred or removed. Examples of reservoirs are atmosphere, oceans, seas etc.

Clausius Theorem
Clausius theorem states that any reversible process can be replaced by a combination of reversible isothermal and adiabatic processes.

Consider a reversible process a-b. A series of isothermal and adiabatic processes can replace this process if the heat and work interaction in those processes is the same as that in the process a-b. Let this process be replaced by the process a-c-d-b, where a-c and d-b are reversible adiabatic processes, while c-d is a reversible isothermal process. The isothermal line is chosen such that the area a-e-c is the same as the area b-e-d. Now, since the area under the p-V diagram is the work done for a reversible process, we have, the total work done in the cycle a-c-d-b-a is zero. Applying the first law, we have, the total heat transferred is also zero as the process is a cycle. Since a-c and d-b are adiabatic processes, the heat transferred in process c-d is the same as that in the process a-b. Now applying first law between the states a and b along a-b and a-c-d-b, we have, the work done is the same. Thus the heat and work in the process a-b and a-c-d-b are the same and any reversible process a-b can be replaced with a combination of isothermal and adiabatic processes, which is the Clausius theorem.

A corollary of this theorem is that any reversible cycle can be replaced by a series of Carnot cycles.

Suppose each of these Carnot cycles absorbs heat dQ1i at temperature T1i and rejects heat dQ2i at T2i. Then, for each of these engines, we have dQ1i/dQ2i = −T1i/T2i. The negative sign is included as the heat lost from the body has a negative value. Summing over a large number of these cycles, we have, in the limit,

$$\oint_R \frac{dQ}{T} = 0$$

This means that the quantity dQ/T is a property. It is given the name entropy.

Further, using Carnot's principle, for an irreversible cycle, the efficiency is less than that for the Carnot cycle, so that

$$\eta_{irr} = 1 - \frac{dQ_2}{dQ_1} < \eta_{Carnot}$$

$$\frac{dQ_1}{T_1} - \frac{dQ_2}{T_2} < 0$$

As the heat is transferred out of the system in the second process, we have, assuming the normal conventions for heat transfer,

$$\frac{dQ_1}{T_1} + \frac{dQ_2}{T_2} < 0$$

So that, in the limit we have,

$$\oint_{I} \frac{dQ}{T} < 0$$

$$\oint \frac{dQ}{T_{reservoir}} \leq 0$$

The above inequality is called the inequality of Clausius. Here the equality holds in the reversible case.

Entropy
Entropy is the quantitative statement of the second law of thermodynamics. It is represented by the symbol S, and is defined by

$$dS \equiv \left( \frac{dQ}{T} \right)_{rev} $$

Note that as we have used the Carnot cycle, the temperature is the reservoir temperature. However, for a reversible process, the system temperature is the same as the reversible temperature.

Consider a system undergoing a cycle 1-2-1, where it returns to the original state along a different path. Since entropy of the system is a property, the change in entropy of the system in 1-2 and 2-1 are numerically equal. Suppose reversible heat transfer takes place in process 1-2 and irreversible heat transfer takes place in process 2-1. Applying Clausius's inequality, it is easy to see that the heat transfer in process 2-1 dQirr is less than T dS. That is, in an irreversible process the same change in entropy takes place with a lower heat transfer. As a corollary, the change in entropy in any process, dS, is related to the heat transfer dQ as

dS ≥ dQ/T

For an isolated system, dQ = 0, so that we have

dSisolated ≥ 0

This is called the principle of increase of entropy and is an alternative statement of the second law.

Further, for the whole universe, we have

ΔS = ΔSsys + ΔSsurr > 0

For a reversible process,

ΔSsys = (Q/T)rev = −ΔSsurr

So that

ΔSuniverse = 0

for a reversible process.

Since T and S are properties, you can use a T-S graph instead of a p-V graph to describe the change in the system undergoing a reversible cycle. We have, from the first law, dQ + dW = 0. Thus the area under the T-S graph is the work done by the system. Further, the reversible adiabatic processes appear as vertical lines in the graph, while the reversible isothermal processes appear as horizontal lines.

Entropy for an Ideal Gas
An ideal gas obeys the equation pv = RT. According to the first law,

dQ + dW = dU

For a reversible process, according to the definition of entropy, we have

dQ = T dS

Also, the work done is the pressure volume work, so that

dW = -p dV

The change in internal energy:

dU = m cv dT

T dS = p dV + m cv dT

Taking per unit quantities and applying ideal gas equation,

ds = R dV/v + cv dT/T

$$\Delta s = R \ln \frac{v_2}{v_1} + c_v \ln \frac{T_2}{T_1}$$

As a general rule, all things being equal, entropy increases as, temperature increases and as pressure and concentration decreases and energy stored as internal energy has higher entropy than energy which is stored as kinetic energy.

Availability
From the second law of thermodynamics, we see that we cannot convert all the heat energy to work. If we consider the aim of extracting useful work from heat, then only some of the heat energy is available to us. It was previously said that an engine working with a reversible cycle was more efficient than an irreversible engine. Now, we consider a system which interacts with a reservoir and generates work, i.e., we look for the maximum work that can be extracted from a system given that the surroundings are at a particular temperature.

Consider a system interacting with a reservoir and doing work in the process. Suppose the system changes state from 1 to 2 while it does work. We have, according to the first law,

dQ - dW = dE,

where dE is the change in the internal energy of the system. Since it is a property, it is the same for both the reversible and irreversible process. For an irreversible process, it was shown in a previous section that the heat transferred is less than the product of temperature and entropy change. Thus the work done in an irreversible process is lower, from first law.

Availability Function
The availability function is given by Φ, where

Φ ≡ E − T0S

where T0 is the temperature of the reservoir with which the system interacts. The availability function gives the effectiveness of a process in producing useful work. The above definition is useful for a non-flow process. For a flow process, it is given by

Ψ ≡ H − T0S

Irreversibility
Maximum work can be obtained from a system by a reversible process. The work done in an actual process will be smaller due to the irreversibilities present. The difference is called the irreversibility and is defined as

I ≡ Wrev − W

From the first law, we have

W = ΔE − Q

I = ΔE - Q - (Φ2 − Φ1)

As the system interacts with surroundings of temperature T0, we have

ΔSsurr = Q/T0

Also, since

E − Φ = T0 ΔSsys

we have

I = T0 (ΔSsys + ΔSsurr)

Thus,

I ≥ 0

I represents increase in unavailable energy.

Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies
Helmholtz Free Energy is defined as

F ≡ U − TS

The Helmholtz free energy is relevant for a non-flow process. For a flow process, we define the Gibbs Free Energy

G ≡ H − TS

The Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies have applications in finding the conditions for equilibrium.

title: Engineering Thermodynamics/Second Law


text:
Talk:Haskell

EPub version?
In the past, there used to be a downloadable, .epub version. Would anybody be interested in producing such a rendering again? It's actually quite simple with e.g. pandoc, but I'm not sure what's involved in a multi-page document such as this Haskell book. I do know that I would REALLY love an updated version on my e-book reader. 41.13.8.195 (discuss) 16:03, 17 April 2015 (UTC)

As far as I know there was no epub version. There was and there is now again a pdf version that is optimized for ebook readers. I just updated this pdf with data for the current A4 pdf. The latex source code is attached to the A4 pdf. To generate the LaTeX source of the ebook reader optimized pdf version from it, you can use the following python code. Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 18:50, 26 April 2015 (UTC) import codecs g=codecs.open("./document/main/main.tex","r","utf8") t=g.read g.close

t=t.replace("\\begin{landscape}","") t=t.replace("\\end{landscape}","") t=t.replace("\\input{../headers/paper}","") t=t.replace("\\KOMAoptions{fontsize=9pt,DIV=90,BCOR=0pt}","") t=t.replace("\\begin{document}","""\lowertitleback{ {\\footnotesize On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. An URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page \\pageref{ListOfFigures}. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page \\pageref{Contributors}. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page \\pageref{Licenses}, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the figures are given in the list of figures on page \\pageref{ListOfFigures}.}}\\begin{document}\\setlength{\\paperwidth}{3.6in} \\setlength{\\paperheight}{4.8in} \\setlength{\\pdfpagewidth}{\\paperwidth} \\setlength{\\pdfpageheight}{\\paperheight} \\KOMAoptions{fontsize=11pt,DIV=50,BCOR=0mm}\\begin{landscape}""") t=t.replace("height=6.5in","height=2.0in") t=t.replace("\\pagestyle{scrheadings}","") t=t.replace("\\tableofcontents","{ \\small \\tableofcontents }") t=t.replace("\\end{document}","\end{landscape}\\end{document}") t=t.replace("\\end{document}","\end{landscape}\\end{document}") t=t.replace("\\LaTeXDoubleBoxTemplate","\\LaTeXDoubleBoxOpenTemplate")

g=codecs.open("./document/main/main.tex","w","utf8") g.write(t) g.close

Yet Another Haskell Tutorial
Why is Yet Another Haskell Tutorial a "subbook" of this book? Shouldn't it be a separate book as Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours? I.e., Haskell/YAHT should be moved to Yet Another Haskell Tutorial, Haskell/YAHT/Preamble should be moved to Yet Another Haskell Tutorial/Preamble etc. (It should also have it's own category.) --Cic (discuss • contribs) 22:32, 8 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Regardless of how the YAHT is used in that case, it actually should be *removed* from the Wikibooks entirely because its content has been absorbed and mixed into the Haskell Wikibook itself and also greatly improved in the process. Nobody should read YAHT independently now. Backfromquadrangle (discuss • contribs) 00:15, 22 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Cic has already moved the pages to a separate namespace. Given that deleting the leftover redirects would cause avoidable link rot, I guess all that is left for us to do is removing the link to YAHT from the front page (by the way, the header where it is currently under should not be named "Tutorials that have been incorporated into the Haskell Wikibook". It should be renamed "Other books about Haskell in Wikibooks" or merged with "Additional resources").--Duplode (discuss • contribs) 05:14, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

GHCi interactions are badly formatted in the pdf
In the pdf version, the lines entered at the GHCi prompt and their results are shown on a single line. There should be a line break between them as there is in the online version. Is this a bug in the pdf generator? Is it the fault of the page markup -- is there some formatting that could be added to the markup -- at least as a workaround -- that would fix the pdf version without breaking the online presentation? Pmartel60 (discuss • contribs) 02:39, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Use of term 'Variable'
I do feel quite uncomfortable, when 'Variable' is used in texts like this on Functional Programming (Language(s)). Most starters in this area do have some experience in other/'procedural' programming languages, where variable means something like 'an area of memory who's content may vary depending on program flow', which is strongly misleading when you try to map onto functional PLs. Maybe some early paragraph about meaning of 'Variable' would help. I hope, I did make my POV clear enough, as English's not my native language.
 * I think there is explanation about this. It's still a variable in that  is a function that has a *variable* x which can be substituted with any number. It varies. It just doesn't vary within the exact same scope. Once defined for a scope, it's defined. But it can be used elsewhere and defined differently there. Please feel free to read the introductory stuff and consider adding footnotes or clearer stuff, but we need to avoid getting in depth about explaining how it works in other languages, as that is not the focus here.Backfromquadrangle (discuss • contribs) 00:19, 22 September 2015 (UTC)
 * We have a brief digression about that difference in an early chapter. As Backfromquadrangle points out, it would be unwise to emphasise comparisons to other languages, as that would make the text less accessible to readers with no procedural programming experience.--Duplode (discuss • contribs) 05:21, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

PDF/printable version headers
There's a problem that topic header like "Haskell Basics" and all its pages (Getting set up, ...) appear on the same level of header (H1 in printable HTML). In PDF version this results in an empty "chapter" for "Haskel Basics" instead of some big section title that would be more expected. In PDF they are also both on the same numbering level, which clearly is not right. Haskel Basics either should be not numbered and promoted into some higher plane or all its content should have two level numbering already. I don't know reasons behind it (problems combining a lot of pages?) but when you look at the book from this perspective (all-in-one printable HTML, PDF, ...) it definitely doesn't feel right.

incorporating good compatible material
For example, this set of lectures from a class: https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/wi13/cse230-a/lectures.html are superb and really clearly presented. The content is all permissively licensed: https://github.com/UCSD-PL/230-web and I think adapting / mixing that material into the Wikibook would be great. There's probably other stuff too. I wasn't sure if there was a list around here of resources waiting to be incorporated. --Backfromquadrangle (discuss • contribs) 06:57, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

PDF version is over two years old
There are topics missing in the PDF version. How can we get an updated PDF version?

Hi, I made a first draft of a new PDF Version its here:

thumb|pdf version of english wikibook on haskell

Since I am quite busy at the moment I cannot say if or when I will be able to resolve the numerous remaining bugs in the above linked document. --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 17:31, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

Hi, I updated the PDF version on the main page of this book. If you find any bugs, please write them down here.--Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 10:47, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

Hi, I also updated the ebook reader version. Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 11:01, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi, Page 266 in the pdf has incorrect formatting for the phrase "In addition to the monad transformers themselves". Kindly look into fixing it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iambrj (talk • contribs) 02:24, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

Target audience
"Our aim in this book is to introduce you to the Haskell programming language — from the very basics to advanced features — and to computer programming in general."

Who is the target audience for this book? Is it beginner programmers or people who never did programming? —Srid  🍁 23:35, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

 * If it is the former, I'd think that the beginning paragraphs of Haskell/Getting_set_up is unnecessarily verbose. What do you think? —Srid  🍁 23:39, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

 * A general observation. When a wikibook has multiple "tracks" (or some other similar terminology), it often means the book is meant to cater to multiple audiences.  Compare Conlang. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 04:34, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haskell


text:
German/Lesson 8

<< Lektion 7 | Lektion 8 | Lektion 9 >>

Grammatik 8-1 ~ Colors
yellow:  gelb blue:    blau red:     rot black:   schwarz white:   weiß orange:  orange pink:    pink violet:  lila cyan:    türkis brown:   braun grey:    grau light-grey: hellgrau dark-grey: dunkelgrau

Grammatik 8-2 ~ Possessive Adjectives, Pronouns, and the Genitive Case
Recall the following from Gespräch 3-1:

 * Karl: Ja. Und danach bringst du mich auf deinem Motorrad zu meiner Wohnung.

Which translates:
 * Carl: 'Yes. And after that take me on your motorcycle to my apartment'.

The sentence demonstrates two of the possessive adjectives. These are (singular) 'my', 'your', and 'his/her/its' in English and mein, dein, and sein/ihr/sein in German. Note that because these are adjectives, the word ending must reflect the case and gender of the noun being modified (see Grammatik 4-1 above).

In German, the genitive case correspond to the English possessive case or to the objective case proceeded by of to denote possession. If the possessive is not followed by a noun, it becomes a possessive pronoun (see Pronoun Tables).

The pattern in the case endings of the possessive adjectives is that seen in Lektion 4 for the word ein. We can generalize these endings as in the following table, where we can express plural endings because other so-called ein-words do have plurals:

The small group of words that take these endings (in addition to ein) includes the possessive adjectives and kein ("not any" or "no" in the sense of none).

title: German/Lesson 8


text:
User:Presroi~enwikibooks

Mathias Schindler, Student in Frankfurt or on de.wikipedia :)

-- Mathias Schindler 21:47, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Presroi~enwikibooks