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Talk:Free Direct Instruction Curriculum and Training/Reading 1

Teaching to read can be done more efficiently by teaching with phonetic written symbols. In other words, you have to give prompts to help the reader discriminate between a long "a" sound and a short "a" sound, "ate" and "apple", respectively.

Initial Teaching Alphabet ITA
Initial Teaching Alphabet really changes characters of the alphabet to assist in learning to read. These changes are somehow phased out.

International Phonetic Alphabet IPA
- cards and order

Unifon

Dictionary phonetics
It appears Cambridge has really changed letters to assist with pronunciation.

Other weird links I stumbled across
 Eric Orthography review

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:JillCoffin~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck!

I hope I answered your question at Wikibooks talk:Engineering bookshelf.

--DavidCary 16:45, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called JillCoffin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name JillCoffin~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:16, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JillCoffin~enwikibooks


text:
User:Shyam

Leave a message | Send a mail

title: User:Shyam


text:
Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Alastor Moody

Because the Moody / Crouch impersonation is so central to the fourth book, I am strongly suggesting that we allow both the false Moody and the real one to appear in the Character pages here under Alastor Moody. If there are no details about Moody in the fourth book "Role in the books" section, it would be a spoiler indeed, one that even a Beginner Spoiler wouldn't be able to avoid. "A major character? And he gets only about two lines? What's going on here? I gotta read this." Oops.

Details of Barty Crouch's life as himself can and should appear in the Barty Crouch Jr. section, such as they are.


text:
User talk:130.64.34.218

Welcome to Wikibooks.

I hope I answered your questions on Talk:WikiSci. I hope you decide to stick around. If so, you might find it handy to create an account. --DavidCary 20:07, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:130.64.34.218


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Lush/Compiling

Lush is an interpreted language, but individual functions and class methods may be compiled, either to just speed it up, or to enable inline C/C++ code.

Compiling pure lush functions
Functions and class methods may be compiled, with a few modifications. Here's a simple function that we'd like to compile: Below we've added some type declarations make the function compilable, and followed it with a compilation command:

To be compilable, lush functions must:
 * Declare the types of any objects of ambiguous type.
 * Use only compilable functions and expressions.
 * List the function in the compilation statement at the end of the source file.

Declare types
In the above function, the lines immediately following the arguments declare the argument types. Note the function doesn't bother declaring the types of any other variable. This is because you only need to declare types for function arguments and non-double numeric types. This is because function argument types aren't evident at compile-time unless specified, and lush assumes that all numbers are s unless told otherwise.

All type declarations are of the form: ((type_name) var_name) For example: ((-int-) my-int)

The following lists the type names of the compilable lush types, along with their C++ equivalents: * Tensors can't contain type-specific pointers. In other words, the following is not allowed: ;; NOT ALLOWED: a tensor of char* pointers ((-idx1- (-gptr- "char")) my-char-pointer-tensor) But this would be fine: ;; A tensor of void* pointers ((-idx2- (-gptr-)) my-pointer-tensor)

Only use compilable functions
Unfortunately, not all lush functions or expressions are compilable. Most functions that are not compilable are those that involve list manipulation. More generally, any particularly "lispy" feature of lush (lambda forms, hooks, code manipulation) will usually not be compilable. To see whether a particular function is compilable, use the function : Note that  will only take single function and macro names, not complex lush expressions.

While list manipulation is generally non-compilable, an expression with a list in it is not necessarily non-compilable. For example, the function  necessarily takes a list as one of its arguments, but is still compilable.

Add a compilation command
After making your functions compilation-friendly, you must call a compilation function at the end of the source file to actually compile them. Here's a function and two class methods, followed by the compilation function :

The compilation function actually does 3 things: The compilation function only runs if the C source file is older than the Lush source file.
 * Transcribes the functions/methods into equivalent C code. The C source files for the file  will be in.
 * Compiles this C source file into an object file using gcc.
 * Links the resulting object file into memory.

Mixing in C/C++ code
You can insert C/C++ code into lush functions using the  construct.

You can interleave lush and native code pretty densely:

Accessing lush data from C/C++ code
The table below shows how to access different lush objects from C/C++ code:

C code in the compilation function
You can stick preprocessor statements and other C code right into the compilation function:

C functions that call the Lush functions
If there are lots of them, you can put them in .h and .c files for better readability:

Linking to libraries
libload can return null; be careful.

Compiling and linking C/C++ source files
lushmake. Proper lushmake syntax? The way I do it, it doesn't pay attention to dependencies.

The problem of hidden arguments
One problem with lush functions compiled into C code is that any lush objects that you instantiate within the function become arguments in the C version of the function. These arguments that only show up in the C version of a lush function are called "hidden arguments." the lush function's signature (e.g. the number and types of arguments it takes) can change. This is because of

No return type
Lush functions that return  (a.k.a.  ) will return a   in its C incarnation. This can be a problem when you really need your function to not return anything, say when using it as a callback function for some C API that expects a void-returning function:

A -returning function in  : ...becomes a -returning function in

In this case, your best bet is to wrap the lush function in a C function that returns void. The question then is: how do I compile this wrapper function? The simplest way is to stick it right in the compilation function at the end of :

Stack or Heap?:

No
Dynamic allocation of wrapped C++ classes: the casting bug

Issues to consider before compiling
There are several issues to consider before deciding whether or not you really want to compile your lush code. to be compiled can be more of a hassle than writing the same code in c/c++, for a number of reasons:
 * Compilable Lush isn't as feature-rich or visually clean as C++
 * Lush compiler errors can be even more opaque than those of C/C++ compilers, especially if macros are involved.
 * Loss of debuggability

title: Lush/Compiling


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User:Badbilltucker~enwikibooks

Badbilltucker is primarily a Wikipedia user who hopes to be adding some material here soon. As soon as he gets done with the project directory there, that is.

title: User:Badbilltucker~enwikibooks


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Bartending/Cocktails/Octopussy

To create an Octopussy, you need the following:

Utensils

 * A Cocktail shaker

Ingredients

 * 5 oz. Sour cherry juice
 * 5 oz. Pineapple juice
 * 1 oz. Lemon juice
 * 1 oz. Grenadine
 * Ice

Instructions

 * 1) Shake the ingredients, don't stir.
 * 2) Strain over ice into a large glass, garnish with a slice of pineapple and/or a fresh cherry with the stem intact.

Octopussy

title: Bartending/Cocktails/Octopussy


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Using PHPEclipse/Installation/Installing the DBG Debugger

Somebody knows how to configure php debuger in eclipse??? Write to me admin@it-ideas.eu Download the dbg Debugger from here: http://dd.cron.ru/dbg/downloads.php

Debugger installation for wampp2 distribution (wampp 2.2 contains PHP 4.3.2)
1) copy php_dbg.dll (you must extract it from the downloaded file, according to your php version, and rename to php_dbg.dll) to c:\wampp2\php\extensions

2) edit C:\wampp2\php\php.ini, and review the following parameters:

implicit_flush = On extension_dir = \wampp2\php\extensions\
 * this is to see output while debugging
 * check this parameter

extension=php_dbg.dll
 * add the dbg extension

[debugger] debugger.enabled = true debugger.profiler_enabled = true debugger.JIT_host = clienthost debugger.JIT_port = 7869
 * Add this section at the end of php.ini:

Note: if you would like to use only one php.ini you can maintain for example a central c:\windows\php.ini and delete the C:\wampp2\php\php.ini and C:\wampp2\apache\bin\php.ini

Additional information about the debugger can be found here: DbgBasedDebugger

Debugger installation for xampp distribution (xampp 1.6.3a contains PHP 5.2.3)
1) copy php_dbg.dll (you must extract it from the downloaded file, according to your php version, and rename to php_dbg.dll) to c:\xampp\php\extensions and c:\xampp\php\ext

2) edit C:\xampp\apache\bin\php.ini, and review the following parameters:

implicit_flush = On extension_dir = \xampp\php\ext\
 * this is to see output while debugging
 * check this parameter

[debugger] extension=php_dbg.dll debugger.enabled=on debugger_profiler_enabled=on debugger.hosts_allow=localhost debugger.hosts_deny=ALL debugger.ports=7869, 10000/16
 * Add this section at the end of php.ini:

zend_extension_ts = "C:\xampp\php\ext\php_dbg.dll" as the first line in your Zend section.
 * Add the following line:

Check out this wiki page Using PHPEclipse: Installation: Installing the DBG Debugger. It shows a good example of setting up Eclipse and PHP for debugging.


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User:Jmoinian/Forest

Forest In a Disney tradition Snow White escapes to an area with lots of green grasses, meadows, breathe taking water falls. Bambi, flower and cheap and dales are signing and living in peace and harmony in a lash beautiful forest peacefully together. To some degree it is true. Forest is where lots of trees, shrubs, herbs, and mosses do grow. However, a visitor may also fine smaller form of life such as insets and bugs as well as larger animals such as deer and bears manage to occupy the same environment. This delicate form of life has been around for more than 3 billion years ago. They even outlived Dinosaur who appeared and disappeared around the same time. The forest managed to survive until the arrival of civilized man.

In our planet we are lucky to have Tropical as well as well as Hard Wood forest which abundance of life can be found there.

Henry David Thoreau in 1840 said” a primitive forest, of five hundred or a thousands acres, where a stick should never be cut for fuel, a common possession forever, for instruction and recreation…Let us keep the New World New.”

Forest is amazing landscape; if it gets distributed by humans or animals or wild fire can recover by itself. The forests not only play a major role in the existence of animal’s life; it also contributes to the human welfare as well.

Profits, politics, and being just ignorant because the forests to loss their trees being cut down by the big logging g industry without replacing a new one. Not even one single seed has been planted where the tree has been cut. Years ago after a heavy rain the land would weak up to the fresh smell of grass. The trees would stand up like a giant barrier in event of a flood. Now that there are fewer tree many sad tragedy happens; in CA a family was sleep when was swept away by flood without a trace. Many animals are close to be being extinct. Beautiful lash green space is gone and with it the bird’s nests has been destroyed for good.

Before human race takes over the forest there was a balance between the birds and insets .In 1998 one of the hottest summer ever known the mosquito populations were doubled all over the planet. The World Health Organization announces it as “quantitative leaps in Malaria cases around the world.”

The treat of our very existence is at stick; it is in the hands of our scientists to come up with a solution before it is too late. As one of the citizens of the world I urge the governments around the world to listen to them. You live in the same planet with the rest of us and you shall share the same faith as the rest of us also

title: User:Jmoinian/Forest


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User talk:208.19.15.51

If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.--Az1568 01:16, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:208.19.15.51


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User talk:Phoenix7477

Hello Phoenix, welcome to wikibooks!

I have been doing alot of cleanup work on the algebra book, although I admit that I haven't contributed to that book much. However, If you would like to help, I have prepared an outline for how the book should look HERE on my user page. That outline covers several books (Algebra, Linear Algebra, and Abstract Algebra), but if you are unfamiliar with some of the advanced subjects, that's perfectly fine.

I would like to merge the content of the Intermediate Algebra book into the Algebra book, because I dont see a reason why we should have two books on the same subject.

I have been very busy lately, between work and school, and I haven't had the time to work enough on these books. But, I would like to do more of it in the upcoming weeks. You are more then welcome to chip in in any way that you can. If you have any other questions, please let me know. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 01:26, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phoenix7477


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The Computer Revolution/Peripherals/Keyboards

Typewriters
The earlier keyboards attached to the typewriter had its bugs to work out, many of the keys when typed too fast and would run into each other and get tangled up. To fix this they took the keys and rearranged them so people would type slower and less chance of the keys being mixed up. Then the QWERTY and DVORAK keyboard was born.

QWERTY
Is designed to slow down the typer's speed. It spaces the keys out to slow down the average typing and is now the most common key board there is. C. L. Sholes is the inventor of the QWERTY keyboard.

Context Keys
Context keys make other keys behave differently. For example, using the "ctrl" key or the "alt" key when using other keys.

Function Keys
Used to call up a menu or perform a function, they are located in a cluster on the left side or in a row across the top of the keyboard (F1, F2, etc.). They are often used with the shift, control and alt keys to extend the number of options. Many programs extend the usefulness of the function keys by using key combinations. The most common combinations are Shift + a function key, Alt + a function key, and Crtl + a function key. These combinations can be very useful. For instance, in Microsoft Word, when any text is highlighted, pressing the Shift key plus the F3 key will change the case of the text from all caps, initial caps, to all lowercase. Shift + F7 will choose the Thesaurus command. These shortcuts allow you to access such functions with one keystroke rather than three or four mouse clicks.

F1-As a throwback to DOS days, you will find that the F1 key will often bring up a help menu. If you press F1 while working in a program, help for that program will usually appear. If you press F1 while at the Windows desktop or when the Windows Explorer is open, a Windows help screen will pop up. If you happen to be working in a program and would like to see the Windows help screen, simply press the Windows key (the key with the Windows logo on the bottom row of keys) on your keyboard and press F1 at the same time.

F2-You can use the F2 key to rename an item when working in Windows. Highlight any folder or file, and press F2. You will then be able to type a new name for the object. After you type the new name, just click outside the name box or press the enter key to make the name change. This works just like right-clicking a file or folder and selecting Rename.

F3-When you are working in Windows, the F3 key will open the Find Files window.

F4-The F4 key has some very useful functionality. You can press F4 to open the Address bar when working in Internet Explorer. This will allow you to type the address of a Web page for quick access. You can also press the Alt key and the F4 key at the same time to close the open Window that you are currently working on.

F5-The F5 key is the refresh key. You can press F5 when viewing a Web page to make sure that you have the most current version of that Web page. You can also use F5 when in Windows to refresh the screen. This can be a handy shortcut. If perhaps you are viewing the contents of a floppy disk and you insert a new floppy, your screen will still show the contents of the first floppy. Just press F5 to refresh the screen and see the contents of the floppy you just insert

F6-This key is often used to move the cursor around the structure of the program. Pressing it will often cycle you from window to window.

F7-The F7 key does not have any functionality in Windows. It may, however be used in some individual programs. To find out if it is available in the program you are using, bring up the program's help screen and type in the words function key.

F8-The F8 key can be used to access Safe Mode if pressed during the computer's boot up process. This is a trouble-shooting mode, which will start the computer with minimal drivers.

F9-The F9 key does not have any functionality in Windows. It may, however, be used in some individual programs. To find out if it is available in the program you are using, bring up the program's help screen and type in the words function key.

F10-This key is used to activate the menu bar in many programs. You can use F10 to highlight the first menu choice, and then use the arrow keys to move around the menus. Pressing the Shift key while pressing F10 will bring up the shortcut menu. This is similar to right-clicking on an object.

F11-Press F11 when you are working in Internet Explorer and the window will open to full screen mode. This will make all the toolbars disappear and can be useful to see more information on the screen. Press F11 when you are in full screen mode will toggle you back to your normal view.

F12-The F12 key does not have any functionality in Windows. It may, however be used in some individual programs. To find out if it is available in the program you are using, bring up the program's help screen and type in the words function key.

Wired
The very basic and first keyboard was wired to the back of the computer. Current day keyboards are hooked up to a USB port or a PS2 port. In the beginning there was no USB or PS2 ports, so the keyboard had to hook up to a special keyboard connector port. Included in the wired keyboard and virtually every keyboard are the standard keys. There is all the letters of the alphabet, numbers zero through nine, a delete and backspace key and an alt and control key (for altering the function of another key). Some of the more sophisticated keyboards come with scroll wheels to make scrolling more efficient as well as special keys for different functions like the backlighting or volume control. For safety purposes, some keyboards come equipped with a biometric reader.

Wireless
By having an infrared sensor hooked to your USB or PS2 ports, the keyboards with the infrared sensor can send messages to a receiver placed anywhere within the sensor's range. This is handy for those who need to move the keyboard away from the desk or the wire does not reach to the back of the computer. Now a days the keyboards use their own special sensors (radio or Bluetooth) so there are no mixed signals coming from other objects.

Besides having a wired keyboard which you are tied to the computer at all times you can enhance your experience by using a wireless keyboard. The advantages of a wireless keyboard include that you are not tied to the hard drive and can use it anywhere within the vicinity of the signal you are receiving from the sensor you connect to the computer. On the other hand the disadvantages are you are always changing the batteries on a weekly basis. Thank god they invented rechargeable batteries or you would spend a fortune every month for a pack of batteries.

Foldable
Collapsible and easily folded up for easy travel. This is designed for the person on the go. They are designed specifically for PDAs.

One Handed
Designed to have all keys in one hand, this key board makes it easy for people to type having all keys more accessible.

Optical Virtual
The latest in keyboards, designed to project a image from a sensor onto a table. The light bounces off your fingertips and relays information back to the sensor on where your finger position is depending on where the keys are hitting. Optical Virtual keyboards have been around since 2008 thanks to the engineers at IBM. It has been noted that some of the optical keyboards primarily use a laser to detect finger tip movements, however, other optical keyboards use an infrared beam (invisible beam) as a secondary beam for more accurate results when typing. Optical keyboards can cost the consumer anywhere from 100 dollars up to several hundred.

Ergonomic Type Keyboards
Ergonomic keyboards are designed specifically to provide the user with increased comfort and to minimize the risk for hand and wrist injuries. One of the best examples of a ergonomic styled keyboard is the split-key keyboard. These keyboards are designed with a "curved" key layout which is designed to fit the curve of a user's hand so that it has less strain on it and thereby minimizing injury. One of the best examples of an ergonomic keyboard is the split-key keyboard which separates the keyboard into 2 or more sections and allows the users hands and arms to be in a position that is more natural and more comfortable than the standard keyboard.

Touch Screens Keyboards
Touch screens allow the user to touch the computer screen with their fingers to select commands or otherwise provide input to the computer associated with the touch screen. There are also multi-touch screens, they recognize input from more than one finger at a time, making it easier and faster to write. Touch screens are found on consumer kiosks, and mobile device up to commercial and other point of sale systems.

Membrane
These switches use a continuous membrane with circuitry built directly into it. Pressing a key on the membrane completes the circuit. These types of switches generally provide no audible response and have poor tactile response.

Mechanical
These switches are individual points of contact under each key. There are a variety of different mechanical switches, of which Cherry MX Black, Cherry MX Brown, and Cherry MX Blue are a few examples. The varying switches all have different attributes, examples being tactile response, audible response, force required to activate, and activation point.

Rubber Dome
These switches are a combination of both the mechanical and membrane styles. In this style there are rubber domes built into a membrane with a conductive material in the center that is used to activate on key press. This type of switch generally has good tactile response and no audible response.


text:
The Computer Revolution/Peripherals/Scanners

Reserved by Group 2 - Marilyn, Silvia, Christy

Source Data Entry versus Keyboard Entry
Society is continually attempting to increase speed and efficiency. This, too, applies to methods of inputting data into computer systems. Why keep the old, slower, antiquated and less efficient systems of data entry if there are alternatives?

Keyboard entry of some form was once the only means of inputting data into a computer. A person would enter the data by typing in the information or data using a keyboard. Today, this has changed significantly.

The interim step of typing in data has often been removed from the process and digital or “machine-readable data” maybe created by “source data-entry devices” and, as a result, input directly into the processor. Alternatively, the data maybe created and put on magnetic media or output directly onto paper. This is achieved through the use of source data-entry devices (Williams & Sawyer, 2007, Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications,  7th ed.,  Montreal: McGraw-Hill Irwin, p. 265). While few, if any, keystrokes maybe required to achieve data input (depending upon the application and equipment), in general, the keyboard entry process is eliminated and information is automatically entered in digital form from the “source” itself – whether that is a document, bar code, etc.

The following sections will more closely examine scanners, bar-code readers, fax machines, mark- and character-recognition devices, as well as the time and labour saving advantages of these “source data-entry devices.”

Scanners and Readers: An Overview of Types
Scanning and reading devices are types of source data entry machines to input automatically data (i.e. prices, code, etc.) in digital form from external sources like bar code to the computer. These types of machine-readable data differ from keyboard data-entry. The main difference between keyboard entry and source data entry is the form of entering data, while scanning devices scan data automatically, in the keyboard you need to type or enter prices or data on the keyboard.

Other scanning devices (source data-entry devices) different than scanners are bar-code readers, mark- and character-recognition devices, fingerprint scanners, and fax machines.

Fax Machines - The Early Entry
The word “Fax” in Latin terms means – make a copy or make similar. The first fax machine was invented in 1843 by an inventor by the name of Alexander Bain a Scottish mechanic (http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/fax_machine.htm). Alexander received the first patent to improve and produce electric currents used in electric telegraph. Alexander’s first fax machine consisted of a pendulum with a stylus mounted on top which would scan a metal surface. Alexander Bain was also fascinated with clocks so he combined parts of a clock as well as features of the telegraph to come up with the first fax machine (http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/fax_machine.htm).

After Alexander Bain invented the first fax machine other inventors decided to further develop the product. The second inventor who made additions to the fax machine was Giovanni Caselli who was an Italian Physicist. In 1862 he built on to Bain’s creation and built a “Pantatelegraph”, which was a synchronizing agent http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/story051.htm. In 1924 The American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)developed the telephotography machine (a type of fax machine) that was used to send political convention photos long distance for newspaper. In 1926, RCA invented the Radiophoto that faxed by using radio broadcasting technology. It wasn't untill 1947 when Alexander Muirhead invented a very successful fax machine. On March 4, 1955, the first radio fax transmission was sent across the continent. In 1966 a company that was known as Magnovox developed a more savvy version of a fax machine called a Magnafax Telecopier. Marketed by Xerox, it was a more compact machine that could transmit signals and be connected to the phone line (http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/story051.htm). It took approximately 6 minutes to send a letter which was an amazing improvement from the earlier versions.

Scanners - A Closer Look
A scanner is a machine that helps enable in the reading of data and information printed on paper such as text, image, drawings, and photos by using optical (light-sensing) technology. This data can be converted into digital form to the computer. A scanner is commonly connected to the computer through of USB, Firewire, Parallel or SCSI port. Electronic imaging technology is used by scanner to digitalize images.

Users can store on a storage device, display on a monitor, transmit to another computer, and process by a computer. The files produced by a scanner are images as bit map so that you can not directly edit text that has been scanned if the scanner has an optical character recognition (OCR) system to convert the image into the ASCII characters.

Scanner differs from one another in the following respects:

Dot and Bitmap: Images are conjunction of light, dark or colour dots. A dot is the smallest identifiable part of an image. A grid of dots stored as digital code is called bitmap. Bitmap defines a display space and the colour for each pixel.

Resolution: Is the number of pixel of individual points of color contained on a display monitor, expressed in terms of the number of pixels on the horizontal axis and the number on the vertical axis. Also is called as the density of bitmaps (http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,290660,sid44_gci212895,00.html retrieved on November 25, 2006)

Types of Scanners: There are larger scanners as sheet-fed and flatbed scanners, and half-page scanners. Also, there are other available scanners such as business-card, slide, photo scanners, and DocuPen that can scan text from books and articles.

Bar-Code Readers - Reading Between the Lines
Consumers have become accustomed to the use of bar codes on products in the retail industry. Although oftentimes frustrating, especially when missing or unreadable, the use of bar codes on consumer products is commonplace.

These are the vertical marks on most products. While there are various kinds of bar code systems, the system most often in use in North America is called the UPC or Universal Product Code as established by the UCC (Uniform Code Council).

There are also different types of codes, including 1D, 2D and 3D.

 * 1D is the conventional or ordinary vertical style of bar code most of us would recognize on the majority of our purchases.

 * 2D bar codes are less familiar, and exist in two forms (1) a series of hexagons and (2) different-sized rectangles. These bar codes may be found on our medicine bottles/containers or used by such companies as UPS.  The rectangular format for 2D bar codes is more appropriate for items with limited space considerations, because the data maybe stored or recorded along the height as well as the length of the rectangles.

One of the most commonly used 2D bar codes today is the QR (quick response) code. This is the code that can be scanned by a consumer on their mobile phone which links the consumer and that particular brand. Consumers are able to find more information about that brand simply by using the camera on the mobile phone to scan the QR code. Consumers might also obtain coupons for that brand or even purchase tickets for an event by scanning the QR code.

 * 3D bar codeshave surface height differences and are most appropriate for “… metal, hard rubber, and other surfaces to which ordinary bar codes will not adhere” (Williams & Sawyer, pp. 266-268).

In order to make these bar codes usable, it is necessary to read them with a bar-code reader. The "photoelectric or optical scanners … translate the symbols in the bar code into digital code – a source data entry system -- thereby eliminating the need – in most cases --  for check-out clerks or inventory checkers having to enter prices or quantities into the computer system via a keyboard" (Williams & Sawyer, p. 267).

How does it work?
An item’s bar code and corresponding information (price, description, etc.) is stored in the company’s computer. When the bar code is scanned the details saved to that bar code are retrieved by the point-of-sale terminal. These details will be condensed and printed on your receipt. The details of the sale are recorded in the computer for accounting, inventory counts and assists with management decision-making with respect to product lines (Williams & Sawyer, p. 267).

“Bar code technology saves … loads of money in the long and short term and provides … computer data that’s both accurate and timely beyond expectations … [and] a field known as AIDC or “Automated Identification and Data Collection [can] eliminate relatively-ancient forms of data collection like writing on paper (1,000 years old) and keyboarding (100+ years old) and replace them with computerized and automated strategies” (http://www.aurorabarcode.com/  Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006).

The use of bar codes and readers has enabled businesses, especially retail enterprises, to advance to a more automated process, the self-scanning checkout. This will be examined in more detail below.

Mark- and Character-Recognition Devices
Character Optical Recognition devices

This software converts characters from an image into actual text for computer processing. Optical character recognition is visual scanning tool that will read text in hard data and convert it into a text that the computer can read (http://www.auditmypc.com/acronym/OCR.asp).

Optical mark recognition

This type of software is dramatically different from character optical recognition device. This mechanism will read and scan marks from a page that is a printed document. Remember Scantron everyone??? These type of machines will read your answers on a scantron test as well as read lottery numbers on a scanned ticket (http://www.sve.man.ac.uk/mvc/Service/OMR/). The optical mark recognition machine does not read text it detects shaded or written marks in a shaded area. This machine is incredibly fast as it can scan and read up to 3,000 sheets per hour (http://www.sve.man.ac.uk/mvc/Service/OMR/). The optical mark scanner is connected to your personal computer which can then run the special OMR software

New Age
IRIS Pen - You SCAN it TYPES

A pen scanner that recognizes different fonts ranging from typed textbooks, magazines, faxes, spreadsheets to handwritten notes. It works just like a highlighter

How do you use this technology?

1. Simply glide over the text, Data or Image.

2. The pen is attached through your USB port and information is tranfered to Microsoft Word, Excel etc.

Saving Time and Labour -- The Self Service System
Do you hate those long lineups at the checkout counter? Are you frustrated with the checkout clerk that takes too long … in your opinion? Well, maybe the answer lies in the ever-increasing use of self-service or self-scanning checkouts.

The use of self-service systems is becoming more prevalent, especially in light of the decreasing availability, and increasing costs, of labour.

At the self-serve gas bar you may encounter the credit or debit card payment option and at the larger, local retail establishment, you may be able to scan and pay for your purchases using a NCR FastLane self-service scanning system. The latter system uses bar codes and associated readers in addition to a means of checking or weighing items to verify one’s purchase(s) with the bar code and price (Williams & Sawyer, p. 268).

3D Scanners
3D printers are capable of physically producing a model with obvious applications in the product development industries. The printers are capable of being made with in a few minutes (depending on the size) in shop. The printer itself looks like a scaled up version of the common office document printer. http://www.zcorp.com/products/printersdetail.asp?ID=1 [mms://speedstream.netro.ca/zcorp/PTvideo.wmv]

Types of Scanners

Flatbed Scanners scan flat objects, one page at a time. They are the most common type of scanner. Flatbed scanners work a bit like photocopiers, which means that what is being scanned has to be kept perfectly still so as to let the scanning mechanism do its work and capture the image. They can also scan slides and film negatives. Scanners used in high-volume businesses have automatic document feeders to scan large amounts of paper documents with just one command.

Portable Scanners capture text and other data while on the move. There are full-page portable scanners that allow it to capture entire documents and handheld scanners that scan text one line at a time. These scanners are powered by batteries and the content they store is transferred to a computer using either a cable or a wireless connection.

KeyScan "Imaging Keyboard" with Integrated Document Scanner
The KeyScan keyboard scanner scans a variety of paper documents and plastic cards up to 1mm thickness. The unique "No-Touch AutoScan" software allows you to place the document on the feeding tray of the imaging keyboard without touching any buttons. This multi-function sheet-feed scanner has a single USB connection for both the keyboard and built-in scanner. 600-dpi optical resolution provides high-quality images, high scan speeds and exceptional monochrome performance. This integrated KeyScan keyboard scanner saves you a lot of workspace in your workplace. The function keys provide easier access to internet connectivity. Scanning type: Sheet-feed scanner.

=Scanners=

Flatbed
Scanners take images like text, photographs or even small objects and convert them into digital images. The scanner most of us have probably used is the Flatbed. For office use this by far the most cost efficient and relibale scanner. The Hand Held is type of scanner that relies heavily on the steadiness of the hands doing the scanning. Unsteady hands dragging the device could result in the image distorting. The hand held's images are normally reproduced in monochrome. Due to it's inefficiency the hand held's popularity declined in the 90's.

Drum
One of the earliest but still useful incarnations of the scanner is called the Drum. Scanning is done by first soaking the image in oil, then wrapping it around the drum and rotating it in front of a photomultiplier tube. Although, the drum can create higher resolution and shaper images, it is not used as widely used as the flatbed due to the cost and size. However, it is still used for high end scanning tasks like archiving photos in a museum.

3 Dimensional
The  3D scanner records "points" on the surface of an object to create a 3 dimensional effect like that found in video games. 3D scanning often requires numerous scans from several different angles. Like a camera it cannot record images that are unclear.

Sci Fi Scanners
And then of course there are the "Scanners" with telepathic and telekinektic abilities, like those in the infamous David Cronenburg film Scanners, where people with the abiility to scan minds are used to aquire sensitive information on security systems. The movie begins with a Scanners head exploding prusumably from trying to scan the brain of someone with too much info in it.


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User talk:70.83.80.117

Welcome, and thank you for experimenting with Wikibooks! Your test worked, and thank you for reverting or removing it yourself. The best way to do tests in the future would be to use the sandbox.--Az1568 01:56, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.83.80.117


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Guitar/Rhythm

Good rhythm is almost essential to good guitar, and probably the simplest to understand. Let's start with some terms:

 * Beat
 * Bars
 * Time signature

All bars (measures) consist of a number of beats. A very easy way to grasp the idea of bars is to learn a 12 bar blues. The time signature shows the number of beats in a bar and the note that will be used for counting. For example, 4/4 - the top of the fraction shows the number of beats and the bottom of the fraction shows the note unit used for counting; which in this case is a quarter note. 4/4 is usually referred to as common time. It may appear on the stave of printed music as either 4/4 or as a "C" as shown below. Whichever way the same information is given - the piece of music has four beats to a bar and the counting note is the quarter note.

All the notes in Western music have a fractional relationship. We know that in 4/4 time we will be using the quarter note as the reference for counting. Play an open string note slowly and repeatedly while counting in fours. Now play the open string note only when you count 1 and 3. You have just played a half note. To play eighth notes count "1-and-2-and-3-and-4-and" in the same time you would normally count "1-2-3-4". For sixteenth notes the count is "1-e-and-a-2-e-and-a-3-e-and-a-4-e-and-a". Here is a list of note values used in Western music:
 * whole note
 * half note
 * quarter note
 * eighth note
 * sixteenth note

In common time a whole note consists of four quarter notes or four beats. Each half note is two beats and quarter note is one beat. There are other possible signatures, 3/4, 2/4, 6/8, 7/4 are some. However it must be noted that over 90 percent of the music ever written has been in common time. Triple time or 3/4 is the second most used time signature. Once again the bottom of the fraction tells us that the counting note is to be a quarter note but this time each bar is to only have a count of 3. This is easily felt by playing and counting "1-2-3". Triple time may also be called "Waltz time". Since time signatures are fractional the question will arise as to what is the difference between 3/4 timing and 6/8 timing. If you come across a 6/8 time signature it is best to take this as an indication to play the piece of music "briskly" with even emphasis. It must be remembered at all times that 4/4 timing is the most widely used time signature especially so in rock and pop music.

To further apply the concept of beats, bars and time-signatures; let's play a simple chord progression. Play G and D over two bars with a 4/4 time signature.

It will look like this (each measure separated by a pipe and each beat denoted with a dash):

G        D |- - - - |- - - -| v v v v v v v v The "v" from now on denotes a downstroke and a "^" denotes an upstroke. Here. you are playing a downstroke on each beat (each tick of the metronome) and nothing in between. Some people find it easier to practice this without playing any chord, and muting all the strings. Try that too.

Let's do some upstrokes now.

G        D |- - - - |- - - - | v^v^v^v^ v^v^v^v^

Here, you are downstroking on the tick (intuitively called the 'downbeat') and upstroking in between the ticks ( the upbeat. A good way to do this is to count your beats, "one-and two and three and four"  going down on the numbers and up on the ands. Most strumming patterns you can here this going on, but slightly more complicated.  Make sure you are going down on downbeats and up on upbeats.  A lot of people who start playing tend to not follow this, and it mixes up your rhythm badly.  If you keep to this pattern, even with more complicated patterns, you will not lose track of the beat.

If you listen to the above pattern, it will start to sound boring. But it is the basis of all other patterns. When you hear a more complicated pattern, most likely the player is missing some strums. Like this:

G        D |- - - - |- - - - | v^v^v^v^ v^v^v^v^

title: Guitar/Rhythm


text:
The Computer Revolution/Peripherals/Pointers

Joy-stick
A Joystick is a general control device that transmits it's angle with two or three dimensions to a computer. It consists of a handheld stick that pivots and how it works is similar to that of a mouse. It also consists of a base and a trigger. You connect the Joystick into the "Joystick input" of your computer for use. They are used usually for games but also are used for things like cranes and trucks. They were especially popular in the mid-90's for control games like Flight Simulator, a flying game.A joystick is very popular and even today some kids use joysticks to play there everyday game.(pac man)etc.

Light-pen
An input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select objects on a display screen. A light pen is similar to a mouse, except that with a light pen you can move the pointer and select objects on the display screen by directly pointing to the objects with the pen.

Touch-screen
How to use a touch screen; Touch screen/Pads are devices that are used by a person by simply touching the screen and controlling the mouse with his or her fingers tips along the screen. End users are able to scroll up and down and side to side to find information they are looking for. Touch Pads usually come in the shape of a rectangle and are becoming very common stand alone devices.

Touch Screens are display screens that are sensitive to the touch of a finger or a pointing device. This removes the keyboard and/or the mouse as the primary input device for interacting with the display's content. A basic touchscreen has three main components: a touch sensor, a controller, and a software driver. A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and the PC. The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows the touchscreen and computer to work together. Touchscreen computer systems are perfect for multi-media applications, kiosks, restaurants, computer based training, ATMs (automated teller machines), PDAs (personal digital assistants), retail settings, handicapped, real-estate, executive information systems, and much more. There are a number of types of touch screen technology:  A resistive touch screen panel is coated with a thin metallic electrically conductive and resistive layer that causes a change in the electrical current which is registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing. Surface wave technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the touch screen panel when the panel is touched. A capacitive touch screen panel is coated with a material, typically indium tin oxide that conducts a continuous electrical current across the sensor. Capacitive sensors must be touched with a conductive device being held by a bare hand or a finger, unlike resistive and surface wave panels that can use anything that can point, such as a finger or stylus. An infrared touch screen panel employs one of two very different methodologies. One method used thermal induced changes of the surface resistance. This method was sometimes slow and required warm hands. Another method is an array of vertical and horizontal IR sensors that detected the interruption of a modulated light beam near the surface of the screen IR touch screens have the most durable surfaces and are used in many military applications that require a touch panel display. In a strain gauge configuration the screen is spring mounted on the four corners and strain gauges are used to determine deflection when the screen is touched. Optical Imaging: A relatively-modern development in touch screen technology, two or more image sensors are placed around the edges (usually the corners) of the screen. Infrared backlights are placed in the camera's field of view on the other sides of the screen. A touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be triangulated to locate the touch and Dispersive Signal Technology: is the newest technology, introduced in 2002. It uses sensors to detect the mechanical energy in the glass that occur due to a touch. Complex algorithms then interpret this information and provide the actual location of the touch. The technology claims to be unaffected by dust and other outside elements, including scratches. Since there is no need for additional elements on screen, it also claims to provide excellent optical clarity. Also, since mechanical vibrations are used to detect a touch event, any object can be used to generate these events, including fingers and styluses. The technology is still quite new and is not currently widely available. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Touch+screen


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Carbon

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
 Did You Know? How carbon looks depends on the molecule shape carbon makes. Carbon has many allotropes (see Wikipedia article). The most famous type of carbon shape is diamond. Diamond is clear but very shiny. It is very valuable and the hardest substance from nature. It is number 10 on the Mohs scale of hardness. Low quality diamonds can be made from other forms of carbon. Diamond is also notable for being one of the few substances which conducts heat very well but does not conduct electricity.
 * Carbon has the highest melting point of all of the elements at 3652 °C(6605 °F).
 * Most molecules known to science contain carbon.
 * Carbon is one of the four main elements in most or all living things (the others are hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.)
 * When carbon is heated to a very high temperature it sublimates (changes directly from a solid to a gas).

Another well known type of carbon is graphite, which is used in pencils. Graphite is grey instead of clear, and very soft, registering about 1 on the Mohs scale of hardness.

How was it discovered and how did it get its name?
Carbon was known prehistorically by ancient people who produced it in the form of charcoal. The name is based on the Latin name carbo, which means charcoal.

Where is it found?
Carbon is found in many places. Diamonds, graphite, and oil all contain carbon and can all be found underground. Carbon is also present in all living things, in organic molecules such as fat and sugar. Carbon is also found in the atmosphere as part of carbon dioxide and other compounds. Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that is dedicated to studying carbon-containing compounds. Some scientists speculate that without carbon, life couldn't exist at all. Others suggest that life based on silicon is possible.

What are its uses?
Diamonds are often used as decorations and in jewelry. Because diamonds are so hard, they are sometimes used to make blades to cut things, but these blades are very expensive. Graphite is very soft. Because of this, it is often used in pencils. "Lead" pencils are actually carbon.

Carbon separates the oxygen from iron in iron ore in furnaces and allows the useful metal iron to be made. Much carbon is used in making iron. When carbon is heated with iron in a furnace, steel is made.

When carbon is combined with hydrogen it forms a molecule called a 'hydrocarbon'. Hydrocarbons are very important because they are used for energy and fuel. Petroleum, such as the gas in your car, is a hydrocarbon and it is used to power vehicles and to make lubricants, among other things.

Carbon is sometimes used in filtration as "activated carbon", and helps to clean some unwanted materials from water.

When carbon is laid out into a 2-D sheet, it becomes a type of carbon called graphene. Graphene might be used to make computers in the future.

Is it dangerous?
Carbon is relatively safe by itself. However, inhaled soot or smoke, which contain carbon, are bad for your lungs. Carbon is part of carbon dioxide which is linked to global warming. Incomplete burning of hydrocarbons releases carbon monoxide, which is very dangerous because it keeps the hemoglobin in your blood from picking up oxygen and basically suffocates your cells, so try not to breathe in the exhausts from your car.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Carbon


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User talk:Bjwebb

The Elements
You are listed as either an interested participant or voted for "The Elements" for Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter. This message is to let you know that we are starting work on The Elements because it was selected for 4th quarter 2006. --xixtas 03:23, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bjwebb


text:
User talk:Sam T. Jazzhands

The Elements
You are listed as either an interested participant or voted for "The Elements" for Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter. This message is to let you know that we are starting work on The Elements because it was selected for 4th quarter 2006. --xixtas 03:24, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sam T. Jazzhands


text:
User talk:Dbmag9

The Elements
You are listed as either an interested participant or voted for "The Elements" for Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter. This message is to let you know that we are starting work on The Elements because it was selected for 4th quarter 2006. --xixtas 03:25, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dbmag9


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User talk:Gray Porpoise~enwikibooks

The Elements
You are listed as either an interested participant or voted for "The Elements" for Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter. This message is to let you know that we are starting work on The Elements because it was selected for 4th quarter 2006. --xixtas 03:32, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gray Porpoise. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gray Porpoise~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gray Porpoise~enwikibooks


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User talk:Lincher

The Elements
You are listed as either an interested participant or voted for "The Elements" for Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter. This message is to let you know that we are starting work on The Elements because it was selected for 4th quarter 2006. --xixtas 03:32, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lincher


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Template:User firefox

Rules

 * DO NOT copy the source of this userbox. Otherwise you risk putting your userpage in a miscategorization, and/or generating duplicate templates/userboxes.

Usage

 * Put this Userbox on your userpage like this:
 * This template adds the page to Category:Firefox users

title: Template:User firefox


text:
Template:User dmoz editor

Rules

 * DO NOT copy the source of this userbox. Otherwise you risk putting your userpage in a miscategorization, and/or generating duplicate templates/userboxes.

Usage

 * Put this Userbox on your userpage like this:

title: Template:User dmoz editor


text: Template:User openoffice

title: Template:User openoffice


text: Template:User USA/User Texas

title: Template:User USA/User Texas


text:
User:Phoenix7477

Testing Area:

Test Area 9942 Solving Eqs

title: User:Phoenix7477


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A-level Applied Science/Investigating Science at Work/How science is used

You need to consider the main scientific processes in one chosen industry. Remember also to write about the supporting processes e.g. waste & pollution management, quality checks, etc.


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Horticulture/Modifying Soils for Control of Weeds

The appearance of certain weeds can often be used as an indicator of certain soil types or problems regarding nutrition, pH, structure, or organic content. In many cases, weeds can be controlled by modifying the soil.


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Horticulture/Grazing as a Weed Control

While not appropriate for garden situations, the use of animals for weed control is sometimes appropriate for wooded areas, meadows, and even lawns. Goats, sheep, and rabbits can be used for this purpose.

title: Horticulture/Grazing as a Weed Control


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Horticulture/Biocontrols for Weeds

For some weeds, particularly invasive species, biocontrols have been selected and developed as a form of passive control in natural areas. While they are rarely used in garden situations, they are sometimes employed in managing meadows or woodlands. Most weed biocontrols are insects, though certain fungi are also used for some cases.

Biocontrols are much more commonly used for management of pest animals and microorganisms.

title: Horticulture/Biocontrols for Weeds


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Horticulture/Organic Weed Management

Organic weed management is a particular approach to garden weed control that does not make use of synthetic chemicals. All of the weed profiles in Horticulture include both organic and non-organic methods for controlling particular weeds, since the only excluded methods are those that use the various synthetic herbicides: otherwise the methods are identical.

Organic weed control is most difficult when there are well-established perennial weeds, particularly in densely planted gardens. While methods such as paper mulch barriers often work well in these situations, they may not be appropriate in mixed borders with shallow-rooted shrubs. In these cases, vigilance in pulling or cultivating is the only available approach.

/Weeds/Controls

title: Horticulture/Organic Weed Management


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XForms/Textarea

Motivation
The user may enter more text than used in a typical single line input field and/or the programmer wants to use a large block of multi-line text to capture user input.

Method
When you have text input that spans multiple lines you can use the   control. The format of the textarea control is the following:

Screen Image
Here is a screen image using the FireFox XForms extension:

Note that the label is aligned at the bottom of the left edge.

Sample Style Sheet
Here is some sample CSS code that changes all of the text areas in a form to be 7 characters high and 500 pixels wide.

Sample Program

  Name:   Note:

Discussion
One of the challenges is to be able to format the size of the textarea correctly. This is usually done in a style sheet.

Aligning the labels
Some forms place textareas within tables. These tables put the labels on the left cell and the textarea input box on the right. The following CSS will then align the labels at the top of the row.

title: XForms/Textarea


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Horticulture/Juglans nigra

The Black Walnut or American Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) is a native of eastern North America, where it grows, mostly alongside rivers, from southern Ontario to southeast South Dakota, and from to Georgia to central Texas. It is seen both as a valuable tree and a serious landscape problem because it produces an allelopathic substance called juglone that interferes with the healthy development of other plants, causing wilting and yellowing of the foliage or in many cases death.

Description
The Black Walnut is a large deciduous tree attaining heights of 30–40 metres (100–130 feet). Under forest competition it develops a tall, clear bole, while the open-grown form has a short bole and broad crown with large, wide-spreading branches. The bark is grey-black and deeply furrowed. The pith of the twigs contains air spaces. The leaves are alternate, 30–60 cm long, odd-pinnate with 15–23 leaflets, the largest leaflets located in the centre, 7–10 cm long and 2–3 cm broad. The male flowers are in drooping catkins 8–10 cm long, the female flowers terminal, in clusters of two to five, ripening in the autumn into a fruit with a brownish-green, semi-fleshy husk and a brown corrugated nut. The whole fruit, including the husk, falls from early to late autumn. The nut itself is dense and very hard.

Ecology
Black walnuts grow in both mature forests and open areas, though more common in the latter because the seedlings are not shade tolerant. They are frequently found in groves, and are often found in association with Black Raspberries, which seem to thrive under the canopy of black walnuts.

The ellelopathic chemical juglone is a very serious issue in the garden, as it suppresses or kills many garden plants, including most lawn grasses (though bluegrass is unaffected). See allelopathy on Wikiversity for materials related to juglone in the landscape.

Uses
While rarely planted due to its various problems, black walnuts do provide a nice dappled shade during the summer, have a good branch structure, and of course provide nuts. However, the tree has serious liabilities such as a very late leaf-out in spring, early leaf drop in autumn with little or no fall color, and the large, heavy nuts are actually quite hazardous to anyone underneath them both when they are ripe and on windy days in summer.

Maintenance
Black walnuts are tough trees that usually have few needs, though some trees can be prone to wind damage. The most serious maintenance concern is the nuts, which not only are difficult to pick up, but also pose a hazard to anyone below the trees when they are ripe, to the point that helmets should be worn when working under them from early autumn until the last nuts come down in early winter. The branches are quite strong and heavy, making them easy to climb in, however the rough bark easily snags ropes and throw lines.

Harvesting
The extraction of the kernel from the fruit of the Black Walnut is difficult. The shell is covered by a thick, indehiscent husk that exudes a dark, staining, strong-smelling juice. Once the husk is removed, the nut itself poses an additional challenge because it is quite literally a hard nut to crack.

The husk is best removed when green, as the nuts taste better if it is removed then. Several methods are used: After the husks are removed, the nuts should be stored in a dry place for at least two weeks to cure. Traditionally they are hung up in bags or baskets to provide better air circulation and prevent molds.
 * Rolling the nut underfoot on a hard surface such as a driveway is a common method, or on gravel driveways running them over with a vehicle is also a good option.
 * Commercial huskers use a car tire rotating against a metal mesh.
 * Some take a thick plywood board and drill a nut sized hole in it (from one to two inches in diameter) and smash the nut through using a hammer. The nut goes through and the husk remains behind. To keep the husk juices from splattering, a board or canvas scrap may be used to cover the nut before hammering.
 * There are also grinders specifically designed for de-husking black walnuts, but these will likely be difficult to find.

After curing, the nuts can be cracked with a hammer, axe, or a heavy nut-cracker (screw types work better than squeeze types due to the strength of the shell). The meat can then either be roasted or salted for long-term storage.

Wood
Black Walnut is highly prized for its dark-colored true heartwood. It is heavy and strong, yet easily split and worked. Walnut wood has historically been used for gunstocks, furniture, flooring, coffins, and a variety of other woodworking products. It is so valuable that so-called "Walnut Rustlers" have been known to harvest it illegally by posing as forestry officials, cutting trees during the night, and even using helicopters to take them away quickly; such overharvesting has greatly reduced its numbers and range since colonial times.

Landscape trees can sometimes be sold for the lumber, as long as the branches begin fairly high off the ground and the trunk is quite thick, since the outer, light-colored wood is not valuable as lumber (but makes very good firewood).

Pests and diseases
Black walnuts rarely succumb to pests and diseases unless otherwise weakened, but otherwise can be affected by the same problems as the English walnut (../Juglans regia/). The most common aesthetic problem is the fall webworm (../Hyphantria cunea/).

title: Horticulture/Juglans nigra


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Juglans nigra

Transwiki notes
Copied from Black Walnut 14:39, 4 October 2006 (UTC) using this revision].

title: Talk:Horticulture/Juglans nigra


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Template:Treebox/Examples

This template sets up an infobox for a plant's growing requirements. Although the implementation is complicated, it is relatively simple to use. Most parameters are optional, so if a particular entry is not relevant for the plant in question, just leave it out.

Using Template:Treebox
This template is automatically included by the page template.

Example
/Templates/Examples

title: Template:Treebox/Examples


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XForms/Textarea with style

Motivation
The default layout for a textarea is often not what you want. The size of the textarea may not be correct or the label may not be positioned correctly. This program shows you how to change this.

Screen Image
Here is a sample screen image. The example includes the default textarea and a small, medium, large and extra large version. Note that if the content exceeds the textarea a scroll bar is automatically added to the control.

Sample Program
  Resizing textarea and scrolling.  Default:    Small:    Medium:    Large: </xf:label> </xf:textarea> <xf:textarea class="x-large-textarea" ref="XLarge"> <xf:label>X-Large: </xf:label> </xf:textarea>

Style Sheet (textarea.css)
@namespace xf url("http://www.w3.org/2002/xforms");

/* put each textarea on its own row */ xf|textarea { display: table-row; }

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Training Best Practices/Blended Learning

Blended Learning can simply be defined as the use of two or more technologies to deliver training to the student. These technologies can range from m-Learning (Mobile Learning) to ILT (Instructor Led Training) to Self-Paced Learning. Choose your methods wisely so that they effectively communicate your message to the student.

For Example it might be said that anything can be taught via CBT (computer based training), however this may not be the best approach in the case of teaching a Ferrari mechanic how to adjust the valves on an Enzo. I personally would want to know that if I brought my Enzo to the dealership to have the engine worked on in any capacity that perhaps the person about to perform the work has done more than a cbt. Perhaps Ferrari used the blended learning approach and maybe it would look like this (very simplified):

 * Introduction or history of Ferrari motors - Video Presentation
 * Overview of the Enzo - CBT/WBT
 * Components of the Ferrari Enzo motor - Distance Learning
 * Connecting Test Equipment on Ferraris - Simulation
 * How to adjust the valves - ILT
 * Adjusting valves - Self Paced Practice
 * Adjusting valves - Instructor Facilitated
 * Certified Exam - Instructor Facilitated

All of these things could have been taught via any given technology or methodology, however it is safe to say that certain methodologies are best suited for delivering certain types of material.

Blended learning techniques are designed to take account of the different learning styles of end users, and age and education factors are important determinants of this. For this reason, you need to consider your demographics carefully and select the most appropriate `mix' for your target audience. Older students generally prefer an ILT approach; however younger, more `tech savvy' end users are often happier with on-line learning.


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Talk:History of Computers

The role of (see [Ada_Lovelace]) has been disputed. Lord Byron left Ada at an early age and did not work with Babbage. What is known is that Ada wrote and article about the Analytical Engine

Any other influential languages?
A few fairly influential languages seem to have been forgotten like Lisp and C, for example. Should these be included? Tinned Tuna (talk) 16:18, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Small restructuring...
I've done a small restructuring to enable the creation of small chapters and comply with the request to fragment the text. A linear approach was not fallowed on the development of the content so rearrangements are not extremely useful but I've selected a down to top approach and worked the sections titles a bit to provide more context and structural consistency. If no one opposes the changes and no better section names appear in 7 days I will try to split the content based on the created structure. --Panic (talk) 08:56, 8 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Finished the proposed/requested implementation/separation in sections. --Panic (talk) 00:51, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Time to get this moving again.
It looks like this Wikibook was largely if not compeltely abandoned, which is a serious shame because there's so much to say. I have an academic interest in historical computing and unless objections show up, I intend to start working on it. Hexadecima (discuss • contribs) 19:03, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

Time to get this moving again, once again.
This looks to be started and left alone for the last decade mostly other than tweaks. As I look at the book content and based on the last 60 years of experience I have had in computing, software and related engineering, this has a LOT of omitted history and computing legacy. This looks to be more an enumeration rather than history. As I read this, it sounds like the history is essentially:
 * - Early Origins: Pascal, Jacquard, Babbage and Lovelace created the early concepts. [covering period of 1700s-1800s]
 * - Early Innovations: Components, tubes, transistors, IC Microchips [covering a period of roughly 1920s to 1960s] seems like a big gap, what of the Hollerinth machine, comptometer, even the typewriter as a keyboard influence? What about the CPU?
 * - Rise and Fall of the Mainframe - Not written, but a poor title, IMHO. The world of computing owes a great debt to the rise and predominance of mainframe computing. Certainly it was replaced by other computing paradigms as time went on, but it is neither dead nor completely obsolete. The title suggests failure, but it was more a matter of economics, better throughput, and better marketing in some cases. Perhaps a better title would be "The Age of the Mainframe". In this, period of ENIAC, IBM, UNIVAC and others would be highlighted.
 * - A major section is missing, that is the the "Evolution of the Minicomputer"- From the 60s to the 90s, the growth and influence of the minicomputer DEC, Data General, Wang Laboratories, Apollo Computer, and Prime Computer among many others. It was from this technology and the reduction of the mini was the impetus to create the desktop. I saw this evolution through Digital Equipment Corp(DEC) primarily. The journey started after and somewhat in parallel with mainframes, but converged with the evolution of desktop computing to the server/storage/network model used by government, enterprise and internet users. Tandem, DG Eclipse, Xerox, Honeywell, Burroughs, ...
 * - Rise of the Microcomputer looks like a good core. The parallel development of the microcomputer and desktop seemed to be around the chipset used. That would be a good way to organize. The sections seems to somewhat in alphabetical order, but maybe by evolution timeline or by CPU would be better. The impact of the hobbyist, and the open design concept seems to have evolved here. Designs from BYTE magazine and hobby groups influenced Apple hugely. Timex had Zilog based computer, the Zilog chip was far superior to the 8086 (original x86) chip, but the latter was far cheaper and chosen for the IBM. Lots of untold stories and history here.
 * - Operating Systems - Gee, it looks like IBM has a monopoly on OS. Although certainly notable and influential, there are so much more. All the minicomputer and evolutionary/revolutionary OS's...DEC VAX/VMS, Unix, Linux, ... The evolution and affect of the internet is grossly missing.
 * - Application History - looks like early thought. Lots of others, process systems, CAD, CAM, warehouse management, manufacturing systems, enumerations by business use, personal use, government, IT management tools, AI,  ...
 * - Missing is Later and Future Evolutions of Computers - Utility computing, cloud computing, embedded systems, mobile, edge computing, robotics, AI, ...
 * Sorry if this looks like a rant, but this could be interesting and useful. Is anyone spearheading this?

title: Talk:History of Computers


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Calcium

What does it look and feel like?
Calcium is a soft, gray metal. When it burns, it burns with a yellowish-red flame. When it is exposed to air, it develops a gray-white coating because it reacts with the oxygen in the air to form a coating of calcium oxide (lime.)

Strongly alkaline and reactive with any body fluids such as sweat, calcium metal burns flesh exposed to it. Do not touch it.

How was it discovered?
Calcium has been known since Ancient Roman times. The Romans discovered a way to make calcium oxide by heating limestone in a furnace. However, it wasn't until 1808 that pure calcium was isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy.

Where did its name come from?
Calcium gets its name from calcis, which is a Latin word that means lime.

Did You Know?
 * As wet calcium hydroxide combines with air it becomes hard calcium carbonate. This chemical reaction is what causes cement to harden.
 * Calcium is the most common metal in animals.
 * Stalactites and stalagmites are made primarily of calcium carbonate.

Where is it found?
Calcium is not found pure as an element due to its great tendency to react with other elements to form compounds, but it is commonly found in the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Many rocks such as limestone, marble, chalk, and calcite contain this substance. Limestone caves are a great example of where calcium can be found. Seashells and snail shells are primarily of calcium carbonate. Eggshells are mostly made from this compound too.

Calcium is also found in significant amounts in many foods. Dairy products like milk, yogurt and cheese contain calcium. Green vegetables also often have calcium. Broccoli, collard greens, almonds, sesame seeds, and beans all contain significant amounts of calcium.

What are its uses?
Calcium is important for our body to run. It helps build strong bones and teeth, and it allows our muscles and brain cells work.

Calcium is an important substance in the building industry, because calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 is used in cement and mortar. Calcium carbonate is also used in plastics and adhesives as a filler. Because calcium oxide (CaO) neutralizes acid it can be used to decrease the effects of acid rain in rivers and lakes. Calcium is also commonly used in heartburn and antacid tablets.

Is it dangerous?
Calcium metal burns hot if ignited, and it reacts violently with water to form the strongly-alkaline calcium hydroxide that can cause chemical burns.

Calcium compounds aren't dangerous unless they are strongly alkaline or acidic or if they are poisonous due to the other parts of the compound. Calcium compounds are nearly everywhere in our bodies. In fact, calcium is an essential nutrient that is needed by the human body to help build strong bones and teeth.

Calcium metal has a very high boiling/melting point.

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Wikijunior:The Elements/Oxygen

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Oxygen comes in two common forms. They are diatomic oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3). Although larger molecules such as O4 and O8 can occur under very rare conditions. O2 is a colorless gas in most conditions, but when it is liquid it becomes blue. O3 is a blue, toxic gas with a sharp odor.

How was it discovered?
In 1772, Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that heating mineral oxides generated a gas that supported combustion (burning) better than air. He was able to collect a pure form of this gas for his experiments, but waited several years to publish his results.

In the meantime, in 1774, Joseph Priestley independently performed similar experiments to generate and collect oxygen gas. Like Scheele, he demonstrated oxygen's ability to support combustion better than air. In addition, he showed oxygen was able to support life in mice up to four times as long as in air. He promptly published his results and is generally credited as the discoverer of oxygen.

Where did its name come from?
Oxygen comes from Greek and means "acid forming". When oxygen was named, scientists thought all acids contain oxygen. Now we know that's not true, although lots of them do. For example, acetic acid, CH3COOH, which is the acid in vinegar and sulfuric acid, H2SO4, do contain oxygen, but hydrochloric acid, HCl, does not.

 Did You Know?
 * Oxygen is the most common element in the Earth's crust.
 * Most of the oxygen in our atmosphere comes from photosynthesis in plants or biosynthesis in bacteria.
 * Oxygen is the third most common element in the universe.
 * Oxygen is responsible for 61% of your body weight.

Where is it found?
Oxygen is found all over the Earth, in the crust and in the atmosphere. Oxygen is also found in the water that covers most of the earth's surface.

What are its uses?
Without oxygen, life as we know it would not exist. There are only a few microbes known that do not require oxygen to live. Every other life form including tiny bacteria, fungus, trees, animals and people needs oxygen. Oxygen is crucial to our bodies — we breathe oxygen: we need oxygen from the air to survive.

Ozone in the atmosphere helps shield the Earth from harmful UV rays given off by the sun.

Oxygen is used along with another gas called acetylene to power metal welding or cutting torches. Rockets carry oxygen in tanks to mix with fuel. The combustion of the fuel and the oxygen is what propels the rocket.

Scuba divers carry tanks of oxygen mixed with nitrogen that allow them to breathe under water.

It is also used in respirators in hospitals for people who can't get enough oxygen themselves (for instance, if they can't breathe on their own.)

Is it dangerous?
O2 can actually be toxic, even though we rely on it to survive. This is only true at very high concentrations of oxygen.

Ozone can be toxic because it oxidizes things even more easily than O2.

Oxygen can also help the spread of fire, so it can be dangerous for that reason.

Oxygen is very reactive, and, as a result, can combine with other elements very easily. Some of those compounds are more dangerous than the element. Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are very dangerous.

Liquid oxygen is dangerous because of its cold temperature alone. Paradoxically it is even more of a fire hazard than oxygen at room temperature because it is more dense than not-so-cold oxygen. Objects that can burn that are placed in liquid oxygen absorb oxygen and become even more violently flammable.

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Wikijunior:The Elements/Gold

Gold is a yellow precious metal that is valued for its beauty and shine. Gold is softer than many other metals and can be formed into different shapes using simple tools and without fire or other heat. Because it can be found in clumps and is easy to work, it is believed to be the first metal that was used by humans. It has been used for making coins and jewelry for thousands of years. Today it is still used to make jewelry. Because it is a rare metal, it is a symbol of wealth. It is also used in electronic devices such as computers.

Gold may be worked into all sorts of shapes. It can be rolled into tiny shapes. It can be pulled into thin wire, which can be twisted and plaited. It can be hammered or rolled into sheets. It can be made very thin, and stuck onto other metal. It can be made so thin that it was sometimes used to decorate the hand-painted pictures in books called "illuminated manuscripts".

Gold does not "react" with many other chemicals. This means that it does not lose its shine, or rust, or burn, or explode. When ancient gold coins or jewellery are found, they look as shiny and beautiful as the day they were made.

Where did its name come from?
Gold gets its English name from the Germanic word gulþa (meaning gold). The Old English word geolu means yellow. In Latin, gold was called aurum. This is why the chemical symbol for gold is Au.

Where is it found?
Gold is rare, which means it is difficult to find. Gold is usually found underground, where it is dug out of mines that are tunnelled deep into the earth. Gold is usually found as thin layers in rocks, but is also sometimes found in lumps. A lump of gold is called a nugget.

Gold can sometimes be found above the ground in the sand and gravel bars of streams. Flakes and grains of gold that are trapped in rock come loose as the rock is broken up by the force of the water. The water then carries the gold downstream. When the stream slows down, the gold settles along with sand and gravel. People sometimes look for loose gold in streams, or in places where streams have once flowed. This is called "prospecting". A prospector often carries a wide pan, to scoop up the sand and gravel from the bottom of a stream and swish it around, looking for tiny flakes and nuggets of gold. This is called "gold panning".

Is it dangerous?
Gold is not dangerous. Very pure gold leaf (sometimes called "edible gold") is safe to eat and is sometimes used to decorate food. Gold is so safe to put in your mouth that many people have false teeth and fillings made of gold. Sometimes gold has "impurities". This means that small amounts of different elements are in the gold. The impurities in the gold may be poisonous.

 Did You Know?
 * Gold was probably the first metal used by humans.
 * Gold is so soft that people used to bite gold coins to make sure they were real.
 * A single gram of gold can be pounded into a sheet of gold leaf covering a square meter.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Gold


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 * 1) Introduction to Meteorology and the Atmosphere


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 * 1) Heating and Temperature


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 * 1) Moisture

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 * 1) Clouds and Precipitation


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Helium

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Helium is seen on earth as a colorless and odorless gas. It is the clearest element, and even in a liquid state (which can only be achieved by either applying great pressure or extreme cold) it is almost completely transparent. However, in a plasma state (see below,) it emits a pinkish glow.

How was it discovered?
Helium was discovered in the Sun in 1868 by an astronomer, Sir Norman Lockyer. He was using a technique (then new) called spectrography, which breaks light into its separate colors. Each element produces a different spectral pattern of bright lines. Lockyer noticed a line in sunlight that didn't match any known element and realized it belonged to a new element not found on Earth.

About 27 years later, in 1895, Sir William Ramsay discovered helium on Earth in a uranium mineral, cleveite. It was discovered independently about the same time by P.T. Cleve and Nils Langlet.

Where did its name come from?
Helium gets its name from Helios, the Greek god of the sun.

 Did You Know?
 * Helium is the second most common element in the universe.
 * Helium is a noble gas, so it doesn't react very easily.
 * Helium was used to learn that the structure of the atom had a dense nucleus and an electron cloud.
 * Even at absolute zero, helium is still a liquid. It can only be solidified by applying extreme pressure to liquid helium.
 * Near absolute zero, liquid helium will crawl along any surface; this is called superfluidity. Superfluid helium has zero viscosity (thickness.)

Where is it found?
Helium is found very commonly in the universe, but not very common on Earth. Today, most helium comes from Texas and Kansas in the United States. It is extracted along with natural gas from wells drilled into the ground.

What are its uses?
Helium is used to inflate balloons and blimps because it is the second lightest element (after Hydrogen), but doesn't burn like Hydrogen can.

Helium is often used (along with oxygen and sometimes nitrogen) in breathing gas for divers that go very deep, where high pressure is needed. (Normal air at this pressure causes nitrogen narcosis, a state similar to being drunk.)

Liquid helium is the coldest liquid known (even at absolute zero, it remains a liquid) and is often used in cryogenic applications such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), where the extreme cold makes it possible to create extreme magnetic fields.

Is it dangerous?
Though helium is nontoxic, if you breathe in too much helium you can suffocate through lack of oxygen.

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User talk:75.13.220.2

I'm not sure who you are, but I just wanted to say "thanks" for contributing to the Human Physiology textbook. You obviously have very good writing skills, and I hope you will feel free to employ them anywhere else within the human physiology text. Provophys 17:01, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:75.13.220.2


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Talk:General Astronomy/Kepler's Laws

If someone could please fix that now that Pluto ain't a planet anymore:

"The orbital eccentricity for planets in our Solar system varies from as much as 0.25 for Pluto down to 0.0068 for Venus."

title: Talk:General Astronomy/Kepler's Laws


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Silicon

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Silicon is a dark grey and metallic-looking solid. However, silicon is not a metal (or even a non-metal); it comes under a special category of elements called as metalloids which are those which have some properties of both metals and non-metals (between metals and non-metals).

How was it discovered?
Silicon was first identified by Antoine Lavoisier in 1787. It was then discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius in Stockholm, Sweden in 1823.

Where did its name come from?
Silicon gets its name from silicis, which is Latin for flint.  Did You Know?
 * Silicon is the second-most abundant element in the Earth's crust, behind only oxygen.

Where is it found?
Silicon is present in the sun and meteorites. Silicon makes up one quarter of the earth's crust. It is the second most abundant element on Earth, behind only oxygen. Silicon is not found free in nature, but occurs chiefly as silicon dioxide and as silicates. Sand, quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, and opal are some of the forms in which the dioxide appears. Granite, feldspar, clay, and mica are some of the silicate minerals.

What are its uses?
Silicon is one of the most useful elements. In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick. Silicates are used in making enamels, and pottery. Silica, as sand, is the principal ingredient of glass. Glass can be made into bottles, windows, lenses, and thousands of other objects.

Silicon can be used in transistors, solar cells, microprocessors and other electronic devices. It is an important ingredient in steel. Silicon carbide is used as an abrasive, and is used to coat some sandpapers

Is it dangerous?
No, silicon is not generally dangerous, but miners and stonecutters can develop a serious lung disease known as silicosis if they breathe in too much silicate dust, because the sharp edges of the silicate particles tear the alveoli (parts used to absorb oxygen from the air) and cause damage to the lungs.

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Nomenclatural Citations/Mycosphaerella/insulana

Original description (Latin)
Peritheciis aequaliter dispersis, applanatis, 180-250 µ in diam., nigris, parietibus tenuibus, initio subepidermicis, dein papilla brevi, conica erumpentibus, basi fere planis, contextu grosse pseudoparenchymatico, nigrofusco. Ascis late fusiformibus, 35-45 µ longis, 8-12 µ latis, utrinque attenuatis, breve pedicellatis, rectis, rarius curvulis, aparaphysatis, octosporis. Sporidiis distichis, fusoideis, 10-12 µ longis, 2-2,5 µ latis, utrinque attenuato-rotundatis, medio uniseptatis, non constrictis, hyalinis. Germania: Ad Munkmarsch in insula Sylt in caulibus Rumicis sp., m. Augusto 1911, leg. H. Sydow.


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Nomenclatural Citations/Phyllosticta/diedickei

Original description (Latin)
Maculis irregularibus, lobatis, 1-4 mm latis, nervis limitatis, translucentibus,saepe confluentibus, utrinque visibilibus, albidis. Pycnidiis epiphyllis, in mesophyllo immersis, utrinque epidermide tectis, globosis, parum applanatis, 75-150 µ latis, contextu indistincte pseudoparenchymatico, grosse celluloso, luteo, apice poro irregulari, fusco instructis. Sporulis ovoideis, ellipsoideis vel oblongis, 5-9.5 µ longis, 2,5-3,5 µ latis, saepe inaequilateralibus, utrinque rotundatis, rectis vel rarius curvulis, hyalinis continuis. Sporophoris pusillis, conico-papilliformibus. Germania: Ad Erfurt in foliis vivis ''Fraxini excelsioris, m. Octobri 1910, leg. H. Diedicke, comm. H. Sydow.

Mit Phyllosticta ambigua Scalia verwandt, von derselben aber durch grössere Sporen ganz verschieden. Von den übrigen Fraxinus-Phyllosticten nur mit Phyllosticta fraxini Ell. et M. vergleichbar, aber nach der Diagnose total durch die Flecke und Pykniden verschieden.


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User:Shyam/monobook.js

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User:PageV

About Me

I’m here to contribute by editing and proofreading. I have many years of editorial experience, mainly in textbook and magazine publishing, although that’s not what I do for a living currently. If a book you are involved in needs help, tell me and I’ll see what I can do. I also have a startling quantity of trivia stored in my head, which I may add to books here and there when it seems enhancing and I can be sure it’s (still) accurate.

Please use the talk page for any messages.

18:21, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User:PageV


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The Computer Revolution/Hardware/Microprocessor

What is a Microprocessor?
A microprocessor (microscopic processor or processor on a chip) is the miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor -- the CPU, the part that processes, or manipulates, data into information. It is the most important part of personal computers and workstations. It controls logic of almost all digital devices, for example: mobile devices, clocks and computers. Microprocessors are different on the basis of instructions set, bandwidth and clock speed. It is very tiny in size but it can perform various operations within a matter of few seconds. It is like a engine that goes on when the computer starts. Computers cannot perform any operations without a microprocessor. Microprocessors take the data as an input, translate it into a machine language and display the result as an output. We use so many things in our daily life which work with embedded systems and microprocessors are a part of it. Microprocessors technology has taken a once bulky series of switches and miniaturized powerful electronic circuitry to be able to fit in personal computers, cell phones, pda's, and other popular devices. When referring to microprocessors, people are usually talking about the CPU, which is made up of at least one microprocessor that handles the chief "brain" functions. According to scientific law, the speed of microprocessors will increase rapidly from year to year, and you can see evidence of this as current technology becomes outdated very quickly. Microprocessors are necessary in almost any engineering project. Circuit board design may depend on a specific microprocessor construction that can be supplied through contract manufacturing, and outsourced services.

Some examples of Microprocessor brands are:

 * Intel Core series processors.
 * AMD Ryzen series processors.
 * Qualcomm Snapdragon series embedded microprocessors.
 * Apple M series embedded microprocessors.

Workstation
The Work Station Computer is an expensive, powerful personal computer, usually used for the complex scientific mathematical and engineering calculations and for computer aided design and manufacturing. These computers are commonly used by engineers and other scientific people who would need the extra power in a computer, and just as importantly, the reliability and additional floating point accuracy often offered by workstation components. Workstations typically have incredible graphic capabilities, though these tend to be focused to rendering accurate drawings then for say, real time gaming. The capabilities of a low end workstation overlap those of a high end desktop microcomputer.