text:
Talk:Python Programming/Decision Control

Gives  not   in python.

--

RG-12-Mar-2007-14:44

Just a thought: I know that the python code has been included in some of the beginning scripts for this tutorial. I think it would be cool to include the code for all scripts used, like the exercise on this page.

Agreed, at the least a solution should be provided for excersises, in case someone is unable to get the answer. Salgat 23:08, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

I find it pretty strange that most of the examples on this page involve if statements and loops, even though you don't learn them until after this page. Should this book be restructured a little? Alexforcefive (talk) 03:09, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

In the table for the NOT operator the operator (not) is missing in the left column, i.e. the expression to be evaluated: e.g. it should say"not True -> False", "not False -> True". Mariostorti (talk) 13:34, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

I believe the "jack and jill" example is very confusingly coded:  Uses key-word (list) and built-in name (copy) for variables. Deletes 1st item but none others Uses "count" where "index" is intended Uses different pattern before and during the loop  I'm an experienced programmer who came here to learn Python, but i couldn't tell what the code was trying to do, until I re-wrote it! I propose something like this (comments omited for brevity): martin f --174.6.64.79 (discuss) 18:41, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Then again, Alexforcefive, was correct. Why have examples that detract from the simple concept of "decision"? martin f

I agree with Alex. I can understand using advanced examples sometimes to get the point across that an eloquent answer exists. But until then could we have a baby version too? What I mean is could we have a solution that involves only the material covered up to this point? Or an explanation of the new material used. My biggest problem, like he said, is that the 'while' keyword isn't covered until the 'loops' section yet it is used in both presented solutions to the exercise.

Godbolte (discuss • contribs) 08:12, 7 September 2011 (UTC)


text: Category:Windows users

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Windows users


text:
Microprocessor Design/Performance

Clock Cycles
The clock signal is a 1-bit signal that oscillates between a "1" and a "0" with a certain frequency. When the clock transitions from a "0" to a "1" it is called the positive edge, and when the clock transitions from a "1" to a "0" it is called the negative edge.

The time it takes to go from one positive edge to the next positive edge is known as the clock period, and represents one clock cycle.

The number of clock cycles that can fit in 1 second is called the clock frequency. To get the clock frequency, we can use the following formula:

 * $$\mbox{Clock Frequency} = \frac{1}{\mbox{Clock Period}}$$

Clock frequency is measured in units of cycles per second.

Cycles per Instruction
In many microprocessor designs, it is common for multiple clock cycles to transpire while performing a single instruction. For this reason, it is frequently useful to keep a count of how many cycles are required to perform a single instruction. This number is known as the cycles per instruction, or CPI of the processor.

Because all processors may operate using a different CPI, it is not possible to accurately compare multiple processors simply by comparing the clock frequencies. It is more useful to compare the number of instructions per second, which can be calculated as such:

 * $$\mbox{Instructions per Second} = \frac{\mbox{Clock Frequency}}{CPI}$$

One of the most common units of measure in modern processors is the "MIPS", which stands for millions of instructions per second. A processor with 5 MIPS can perform 5 million instructions every second. Another common metric is "FLOPS", which stands for floating point operations per second. MFLOPS is a million FLOPS, GFLOPS is a billion FLOPS, and TFLOPS is a trillion FLOPS.

Instruction count
The "instruction count" in microprocessor performance measurement is the number of instructions executed during the run of a program. Typical benchmark programs have instruction counts in the millions or billions -- even though the program itself may be very short, those benchmarks have inner loops that are repeated millions of times.

Some microprocessor designers have the freedom to add instructions to or remove instructions from the instruction set. Typically the only way to reduce the instruction count is to add instructions such that those inner loops can be re-written in a way that does the necessary work using fewer instructions -- those instructions do "more work" per instruction.

Sometimes, counter-intuitively, we can improve overall CPU performance (i.e., reduce CPU time) in a way that increases the instruction count, by using instructions in that inner loop that may do "less work" per instruction, but those instructions finish in less time.

CPU Time
CPU Time is the amount of time it takes the CPU to complete a particular program. CPU time is a function of the amount of time it takes to complete instructions, and the number of instructions in the program:

 * $$\mbox{CPU time} = \mbox{Instruction Count} \times CPI \times \mbox{Clock Cycle Time}$$

Sometimes we can improve one of the 3 components alone, reducing CPU time. But quite often we find a tradeoff -- say, a technique that increases instruction count, but reduces the clock cycle time -- and we have to measure the total CPU time to see if that technique makes the overall performance better or worse.

Amdahls Law
Amdahl's Law is a law concerned with computer performance and optimization. Amdahl's law states that an improvement in the speed of a single processor component will have a comparatively small effect on the performance of the overall processor unit.

In the most general sense, Amdahl's Law can be stated mathematically as follows:
 * $$\Delta = \frac{1}{\sum_{k=0}^{n}{\big(\frac{P_k}{S_k}\big)}}$$

where:
 * Δ is the factor by which the program is sped up or slowed down,
 * Pk is a percentage of the instructions that can be improved (or slowed),
 * Sk is the speed-up multiplier (where 1 is no speed-up and no slowing),
 * k represents a label for each different percentage and speed-up, and
 * n is the number of different speed-up/slow-downs resulting from the system change.

For instance, if we make a speed improvement in the memory module, only the instructions that deal directly with the memory module will experience a speedup. In this case, the percentage of load and store instructions in our program will be P0, and the factor by which those instructions are sped up will be S0. All other instructions, which are not affected by the memory unit will be P1, and the speed up will be S1 Where:

 * $$P_1 = 1 - P_0$$
 * $$S_1 = 1$$

We set S1 to 1 because those instructions are not sped up or slowed down by the change to the memory unit.

Benchmarking

 * SpecInt
 * SpecFP
 * "Maxim/Dallas APPLICATION NOTE 3593" benchmarking
 * "Mod51 Benchmarks"
 * EEMBC, the Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium

title: Microprocessor Design/Performance


text:
Microprocessor Design/Instruction Set Architectures

ISAs
The instruction set or the instruction set architecture (ISA) is the set of basic instructions that a processor understands. The instruction set is a portion of what makes up an architecture.

Historically, the first two philosophies to instruction sets were: reduced (RISC) and complex (CISC). The merits and argued performance gains by each philosophy are and have been thoroughly debated.

CISC
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) is rooted in the history of computing. Originally there were no compilers and programs had to be coded by hand one instruction at a time. To ease programming more and more instructions were added. Many of these instructions are complicated combination instructions such as loops. In general, more complicated or specialized instructions are inefficient in hardware, and in a typically CISC architecture the best performance can be obtained by using only the most simple instructions from the ISA.

The most well known/commoditized CISC ISAs are the Motorola 68k and Intel x86 architectures.

RISC
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) was realized in the late 1970s by IBM. Researchers discovered that most programs did not take advantage of all the various address modes that could be used with the instructions. By reducing the number of address modes and breaking down multi-cycle instructions into multiple single-cycle instructions several advantages were realized:
 * compilers were easier to write (easier to optimize).
 * performance is increased for programs that did simple operations.
 * the clock rate can be increased since the minimum cycle time was determined by the longest running instruction.

The most well known/commoditized RISC ISAs are the PowerPC, ARM, MIPS and SPARC architectures.

VLIW
We will discuss VLIW processors in a later section.

Vector processors
We will discuss Vector processors in a later section.

Computational RAM
Computational RAM (C-RAM) is semiconductor random access memory with processors incorporated into the design to build an inexpensive massively-parallel computer.

Memory arrangement
Instructions are typically arranged sequentially in memory. Each instruction occupies 1 or more computer words. The Program Counter (PC) is a register inside the microprocessor that contains the address of the current instruction. During the fetch cycle, the instruction from the address indicated by the program counter is read from memory into the instruction register (IR), and the program counter is incremented by n, where n is the word length of the machine (in bytes).

In addition to fetches of the executable instructions, many (but not all) instructions also fetch data values from memory ("load") into a data register, or write data values from a data register to memory ("store"). The address of the particular memory word accessed in such a load or store instruction is called the "effective address". In the simplest instruction sets, the effective address always contained in some address register. Other instruction sets have more complex "effective address" calculations — we will discuss such "addressing modes" later.

Move, Load, Store
Move instructions cause data from one register to be moved or copied to another register. Load instructions put data from an external source, such as memory, into a register. Store instructions move data from a register to an external destination.

Instructions that move (or copy) data from one place to another are the #1 most-frequently-used instructions in most programs.

Branch and Jump
Branching and Jumping is the ability to load the PC register with a new address that is not the next sequential address. In general, a "jump" or "call" occurs unconditionally, and a "branch" occurs on a given condition. In this book we will generally refer to both as being branches, with a "jump" being an unconditional branch.

A "call" instruction is a branch instruction with the additional effect of storing the current address in a specific location, e.g. pushing it on the stack, to allow for easy return to continue execution. A "call" instruction is generally matches with a "return" instruction which retrieves the stored address and resumes execution where it left off.

An "interrupt" instruction is a call to a preset location, generally one encoded somehow in the instruction itself. This is often used to reach commonly-used resources such as the operating system. Generally, a routine entered via an interrupt instruction is left via an interrupt return instruction, which, similarly to the return instruction, retrieves the stored address and resumes execution.

In many programs, "call" is the second-most-frequently used instruction (after "move").

Arithmetic instructions
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is used to perform arithmetic and logical instructions. The capability of the ALU typically is greater with more advanced central processors, but RISC machines' ALUs are deliberately kept simple and so have only some of these functions. An ALU will, at minimum, perform addition, subtraction, NOT, AND, OR, and XOR, and usually also single-bit rotates and shifts. Many CISC machine ALUs can also perform multi-bit rotates and shifts (with a barrel shifter) and integer multiplication and division. While many modern CPUs can also do floating point mathematical operations, these are usually handled by the FPU, a different part of the machine. We describe the ALU in more detail in the ALU design chapter.

Input / Output
Input instructions fetch data from a specified input port, while output instructions send data to a specified output port. There is very little distinction between input/output space and memory space, the microprocessor presents an address and then either accepts data from, or sends data to, the data bus, but the sort of operations available in the input/output space are typically more limited than those available in memory space.

NOP
NOP, short for "no operation" is an instruction that produces no result and causes no side effects. NOPs are useful for timing and preventing hazards.

Instruction length
There are several different ways people balance the various advantages and disadvantages of various instruction lengths.

Fixed-length instructions are less complicated for a CPU to handle than variable-width instructions for several reasons, and are therefore somewhat easier to optimize for speed. Such reasons include: CPUs with variable-length instructions have to check whether each instruction straddles a cache line or virtual memory page boundary; CPUs with fixed-length instructions can skip all that.

There simply are not enough bits in a 16-bit instruction to accommodate 32 general-purpose registers, and also do "Ra = Rb (op) Rc" – i.e., independently select 2 source and 1 destination register out of a general purpose register bank of 32 registers, and also independently select one of several ALU operations.

And so people who design instruction sets must make one or more of the following compromises:
 * sacrifice code density and use longer fixed-width instructions, typically 32-bit, such as the MIPS and DLX and ARM.
 * sacrifice fixed-width instructions, requiring a more complicated decoder to handle both short 16-bit instructions and longer 3-operand instructions, such as ARM Thumb.
 * sacrifice 3-operands, using no more than 2 operands in all instructions for everything, such as the Atmel AVR. 3-operand instructions allow better reuse of data; without 3-operand instructions, programs occasionally require extra copy instructions when both variable input operands to some ALU operation need to be preserved for some later instruction(s).
 * sacrifice registers, so only 16 or 8 programmer-visible registers.
 * sacrifice the concept of general purpose register -- perhaps only 16 or 8 "data registers" are visible to 3-operand ALU instructions, as in the 68000, or the destination is restricted to one or two "accumulators", but other registers (such as "address registers") are visible to other instructions.

Instruction format
Any one particular machine-language instruction for any one particular CPU can typically be divided up into fields. For example, certain bits in a "ADD" instruction indicate the operation -- that this is actually an "ADD" rather than a "XOR" or "subtract" instruction. Other bits indicate which register is the source, other bits indicate which register is the destination, etc.

A few processors not only have fixed instruction widths but also have single instruction format -- a fixed set of fields that is the same for every instruction.

Many processors have fixed instruction widths but have several instruction formats. The actual bits stored in a special fixed-location "instruction type" field (that is in the same place in every instruction for that CPU) indicates which of those instruction format is used by this specific instruction -- which particular field layout is used by this instruction. For example, the MIPS processors have R-type, I-type, J-type, FR-type, and FI-type instruction formats. For example, the J1 processor has 3 instruction formats: Literal, Branch, and ALU. For example, the Microchip PIC mid-range has 4 instruction formats: byte-oriented register operations, bit-oriented register operations, 8-bit literal operations, and branch instructions with an 11-bit literal.

Occasionally some new CPU has a different instruction set formats from some other CPU, making it "not binary-compatible" with that other CPU. However, sometimes this new CPU can be designed to have "source code backward-compatibility" with some other CPU -- it is "assembly-language compatible but not binary-compatible" with programs written some other CPU. (Such as, for example, the 8080 which was source-compatible but not binary-compatible with the 8008, or the 8086 which was source-compatible but not binary-compatible with programs written for the 8085, the 8080, and the 8008 ).


text: Category:Book:Bilingual Education

title: Category:Book:Bilingual Education


text:
Microprocessor Design/Assembly Language

Assemblers
Assemblers take in human-readable assembly code and produce machine code.

Assembly Language Constructs
There are a number of different assembly languages in existence, but all of them have a few things in common. They all map directly to the underlying hardware CPU instruction sets.
 * CPU instruction set : is a set of binary code/instruction that the CPU understands. Based on the CPU, the instruction can be one byte, two bytes or longer. The instruction code is usually followed by one or two operands.

How many instructions there are depends on the CPU.

Because binary code is difficult to remember, each instruction has as its name a so-called mnemonic. For example 'MOV' can be used for moving instructions. MOV A, 0x0020 The above instruction moves the value of register A to the specified address.

A simple assembler will translate the 'MOV A' to its CPU's instruction code.

Assembly languages cannot be assumed to be directly portable to other CPU's. Each CPU has its own assembly language, though CPU's within the same family may support limited portability

Load and Store
These instructions tell the CPU to move data from memory to a CPU's register, or move data from one of the CPU's register to memory.
 * register : is a special memory located inside the CPU, where arithmetic operations can be performed.

Arithmetic
Arithmetic operations can be performed using the CPU's registers:

 * Increment the value of one of the CPU's registers
 * Decrement the value of one of the CPU's registers
 * Add a value to the register
 * Subtract value from the register
 * Multiply the register value
 * Divide the register value
 * Shift the register value
 * Rotate the register value

Jumping
During a jump instruction, the program counter is loaded with a new address that is not necessarily the address of the next sequential instruction. After a jump, the program execution continues from the new location in memory.

 * Relative jump : the instruction's operand tells how many bytes the program counter should be increased or decreased.

 * Absolute jump : the instruction's operand is copied to the program counter; the operand is an absolute memory address where the execution should continue.

Branching
During a branch, the program counter is loaded with one of multiple new values, depending on some specified condition. A branch is a series of conditional jumps.

Some CPUs have skipping instructions. If a register is zero, the following instruction is skipped, if not then the following instruction is executed, which can be a jumping instruction. So Branching can be done by using skipping and jumping instructions together.

title: Microprocessor Design/Assembly Language


text: Category:Infobox templates

title: Category:Infobox templates


text:
Category:Wikibooks tools

pt:Categoria:Ferramentas do Wikilivros

title: Category:Wikibooks tools


text: Category:User objc

title: Category:User objc


text: Category:Cocktails with Irish Cream

title: Category:Cocktails with Irish Cream


text: Category:Cocktails with Baileys Irish Cream


text:
Category:Snack recipes

Snacks are small tidbits, usually eaten with the fingers, though occasionally with utensils. They may require utensils to prepare. They may even be nutritionally beneficial, but this is not a requirement.

title: Category:Snack recipes


text: Category:Book:Swing Dancing

title: Category:Book:Swing Dancing


text: Category:Protection templates

title: Category:Protection templates


text:
Category:Navigational templates

 * See also Templates/Navigation

title: Category:Navigational templates


text: Category:Quotation templates

title: Category:Quotation templates


text: Category:Cocktails with Kahlúa

title: Category:Cocktails with Kahlúa


text:
Spanish/Vocabulary/Animals

= Los Animales =

Las Aves

 *  el águila  :  (feminine) eagle
 *  la alondra  :  lark
 *  el ansarino  :  gosling
 *  el avestruz  :  ostrich
 *  el azulejo  :  bluebird
 *  el búho; el tecolote (in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras)  :  owl
 *  el buitre; el zopilote (in Mexico and Central America)  :  vulture
 *  el canario  :  canary
 *  el cardenal  :  cardinal
 *  el cenzontle  :  mockingbird
 *  el chorlo  :  plover
 *  la cigüeña  :  stork
 *  el cisne  :  swan
 *  el cisne joven  :  cygnet
 *  la codorniz  :  quail
 *  el colibrí  :  hummingbird
 *  el cóndor  :  condor
 *  el cucarachero  :  wren
 *  el cuco  :  cuckoo
 *  el cuervo  :  crow
 *  el faisán  :  pheasant
 *  el flamenco  :  flamingo
 *  la gallina  :  hen
 *  el gallo  :  rooster
 *  el ganso  :  goose
 *  la garza  :  heron
 *  la golondrina  :  swallow
 *  la gaviota  :  seagull
 *  el gorrión  :  sparrow
 *  la grulla  :  crane
 *  el halcón  :  hawk, falcon
 *  el ibis  :  ibis
 *  el loro, el papagayo  :  parrot
 *  el martín pescador  :  kingfisher
 *  el mirlo  :  Old World blackbird
 *  el pájaro  :  bird
 *  el pájaro carpintero  :  woodpecker
 *  el paloma  :  pigeon, dove
 *  el patito  :  duckling
 *  el pato  :  duck
 *  el pavo  :  turkey
 *  el pavorreal  :  peacock
 *  el pelícano  :  pelican
 *  el periquito  :  parakeet, budgie
 *  el petirrojo  :  robin (the English and Japanese robins, Erithacus)
 *  el petirrojo americano  :  robin (the American robins, Turdus migratorius)
 *  el pingüino  :  penguin
 *  el pinzón  :  finch
 *  el pollo  :  chicken
 *  el polluelo  :  chick
 *  el ruiseñor  :  nightingale
 *  el tucán  :  toucan
 *  el turpial  :  New World blackbird
 *  la urraca de América  :  blue jay

Los Insectos

 * (1-23)  los insectos  :  insects

 * (1)  la libélula  :  dragonfly
 * (2)  el saltamontes  :  grasshopper
 * (3)  el grillo  :  cricket
 * (4)  la cucaracha  :  cockroach
 * (5)  la mantis religiosa  :  praying mantis
 * (6)  la termita  :  termite

 * (7)  la pulga  :  flea
 * (8)  el piojo  :  louse
 * (9)  la mosca  :  fly
 * (10)  el mosquito  :  mosquito

 * (11-14)  los escarabajos  :  beetles
 * (11)  el escarabajo pelotero  :  dung beetle
 * (12)  la mariquita  :  ladybug
 * (13)  la luciérnaga  :  firefly
 * (14)  el ciervo volante  :  stag beetle

 * (15)  la oruga  :  caterpillar
 * (16)  la crisálida  :  chrysalis
 * (17)  la mariposa  :  butterfly
 * (18)  el gusano de seda  :  silkworm
 * (19)  el capullo  :  cocoon
 * (20)  la mariposa nocturna  :  moth

 * (21)  la hormiga  :  ant
 * (22)  la abeja  :  bee
 * (23)  la avispa  :  wasp

Lagomorfos

 *  el conejo  :  rabbit
 *  la liebre  :  hare
 *  la pica  :  pika

Mamíferos acuáticos

 *  la ballena  :  whale
 *  el delfín  :  dolphin
 *  la foca  :  seal
 *  la morsa  :  walrus
 *  la orca  :  orca, killer whale

Mamíferos carnívoros

 *  el cachorro  :  puppy; cub (of lion)
 *  el chacal  :  jackal
 *  el coyote  :  coyote
 *  el gatito  :  kitten
 *  el gato  :  cat
 *  el guepardo  :  cheetah
 *  el hurón  :  ferret
 *  el jaguar  :  jaguar
 *  el león  :  lion
 *  el leopardo  :  leopard
 *  el lobo  :  wolf
 *  el mapache  :  raccoon
 *  la mofeta (Spain), el zorrillo (Mexico & Central America)  :  skunk
 *  la nutria  :  otter
 *  el osezno  :  cub (bear)
 *  el oso  :  bear
 *  el oso blanco  :  polar bear
 *  el perrito  :  puppy
 *  el perro  :  dog
 *  el puma  :  puma, cougar, mountain lion
 *  el tejón  :  badger
 *  el tigre  :  tiger
 *  el zorro  :  fox

Mamíferos herbívoro

 *  el panda  :  panda
 *  el tapir  :  tapir

Mamíferos insectívoros

 *  el armadillo  :  armadillo
 *  el erizo  :  hedgehog
 *  la musaraña  :  shrew
 *  el topo  :  mole
 *  el oso hormiguero  :  anteater

Mamíferos marsupiales

 *  el canguro  :  kangaroo
 *  el diablo de Tasmania  :  Tasmanian devil
 *  el koala  :  koala
 *  el ualabí  :  wallaby
 *  la zarigüeya  :  opossum

Mamíferos primates

 *  el mono  :  monkey
 *  el simio  :  ape
 *  el babuino  :  baboon
 *  el chimpancé  :  chimpanzee
 *  el gibón  :  gibbon
 *  el gorila  :  gorilla
 *  el humano/la humana  :  human
 *  el lémur  :  lemur
 *  el macaco  :  macaque
 *  el orangután  :  orangutan
 *  el tamarino  :  tamarin
 *  el tití  :  marmoset

Mamíferos ungulados

 *  el alce  :  moose
 *  la alpaca  :  alpaca
 *  el antílope  :  antelope
 *  el búbalo  :  water buffalo
 *  el buey  :  ox
 *  el búfalo  :  buffalo
 *  el burro  :  donkey
 *  el caballo  :  horse
 *  la cabra, la chiva  :  goat; nanny-goat
 *  el cabrito  :  kid
 *  el cabro  :  billy-goat
 *  el camello  :  camel
 *  el carnero  :  ram
 *  la cebra  :  zebra
 *  la cerda  :  sow
 *  el cerdo  :  pig
 *  el ciervo  :  deer
 *  el cordero  :  lamb
 *  el elefante  :  elephant
 *  el hipopótamo  :  hippopotamus
 *  la jirafa  :  giraffe
 *  la llama  :  llama
 *  la oveja  :  sheep
 *  la oveja madre  :  ewe
 *  el poni  :  pony
 *  el reno, el rangífero  :  reindeer
 *  el rinoceronte  :  rhinoceros
 *  el ternero  :  calf
 *  el toro  :  bull
 *  la vaca  :  cow
 *  el verraco  :  boar
 *  el yak  :  yak

Mamíferos voladores

 *  el murciélago  :  bat
 *  el murciélago vampiro  :  vampire bat
 *  el zorro volador  :  flying fox; fruit bat

Roedores

 *  la ardilla  :  squirrel
 *  la ardilla listada  :  chipmunk
 *  el castor  :  beaver
 *  el cobaya, la cobaya, el cuy  :  guinea pig
 *  el hámster  :  hamster
 *  el gerbillo  :  gerbil
 *  la marmota  :  groundhog
 *  el puercoespín  :  porcupine
 *  la rata  :  rat
 *  el ratón  :  mouse
 *  la tuza  :  gopher

title: Spanish/Vocabulary/Animals


text:
Talk:Straw Bale Construction/Techniques/Walls

We should add sub-sections for the meshing and plastering of walls, including clay slip bale-dipping, gussets, "threading" bales, using mesh and types of mesh.

Also add:
 * bamboo/hazel/rebar wall reinforcement in load bearing
 * wall compression in load bearing


text:
User:Smcle306

This is my page

=section 1= This is my 1st section

title: User:Smcle306


text:
User:Twill892

Type in what you feel like it =Section 1=

title: User:Twill892


text:
User:Akuhn101

hello :0)

=section 1= this is the content in section 1

title: User:Akuhn101


text:
User:Sshar229

The Computer Revolution: A Timeline page will soon be redirected here. This is much broader in scope.

History
The Mark 1 was the first computer in the United States

Internet

 * Crime
 * Security
 * Connecting
 * VoIP

Hardware

 * Microprocessor
 * Binary
 * Computer case
 * Memory
 * Cache
 * Binary
 * Ports
 * Expansion Cards
 * Storage
 * Smartcards
 * price
 * PDA's
 * TV
 * Sound cards
 * Computer Storage
 * Servers
 * Jump Drives
 * Refresh Rate vs. Sampling Rate
 * Power Supply
 * Hard Disks
 * Ram Chips
 * Video Cards
 * CRT Monitor
 * Virtual Memory

Computer Graphics

 * Corel Draw
 * PDF
 * PDF Plugins
 * Basics of Computer Design
 * Great Designs
 * Abstract Photoshop
 * Increasing Design Speed
 * Design Efficiency
 * Using Pictures
 * Soft Copy Proofs
 * Print Merge
 * 3D
 * CADD
 * Paint
 * Adobe Photoshop
 * Graphics Accelerator

Peripherals

 * Keyboards
 * Scanners
 * Printers
 * Pointers
 * Monitor
 * History of Printers
 * Types of Scanners
 * Speakers
 * Web Cameras
 * 3D Scanners

Software

 * OS
 * Other system software
 * User interface strategies
 * Word processing
 * Spreadsheet
 * Database
 * Presentation
 * Graphics
 * Types of Software & Operating Systems
 * The computer Revolution/Software/System Development
 * Windows Vista
 * Application Software
 * Personal Information Managers
 * Pirates vs. Abandoned

Networks

 * Types of Networks
 * Intranet
 * Components of a Network
 * Four Types of Wireless Communications
 * Ways to Minimize Virus Attacks
 * LAN
 * Network Topologies
 * WAN
 * Wired Communications Media
 * Internet
 * Short Range Wireless for Personal Area Networks
 * Short Range Wireless for Automation Networks
 * Digital and Analog Cell Phones
 * Wi-Fi
 * Token Rings

Security

 * Firewall
 * Malware
 * attacks
 * defence
 * Cyber Villains
 * Passwords
 * Antivirus Software - what is it, types of
 * Biometrics
 * Computer Crime
 * Encryption
 * Firewall
 * The Computer Revolution/Security/Prevent Identity Theft
 * Dirty Data
 * Cyber Threats
 * The Evil Twin Attack
 * Malware
 * Spyware
 * Technology Misuse

Artificial Intelligence

 * Expert Systems
 * Neural Networks
 * Genetic Algorithms
 * ASIMO
 * Turing Test
 * Branches of & Applying AI
 * AI use in business
 * Diagnosis
 * Weak VS Strong AI
 * Translators
 * Education
 * I dog
 * Around The Home

Databases

 * Basic Structure
 * Data mining
 * Database Models
 * DBMS
 * Indexing
 * Criminal Databases
 * Management Information system
 * Limitations
 * Types of Files
 * Data Warehouses

Programming

 * 1st generation
 * 2nd generation
 * Programming_Languages_Used_Today
 * Designing the Program
 * Five Steps of Programming
 * Object Oriented Programming
 * Object Oriented vs. Structured programming
 * The Six Phases of System Analysis and Design
 * Conducting the Preliminary Investigation in system analysis and design

E commerce

 * Benefits
 * E-bay
 * Online Banking
 * Advertising
 * B2B
 * Online Shopping
 * Paypal
 * Online Job Hunting

Communication

 * online
 * satellites
 * information age
 * Telecommunication
 * Instant Messaging
 * VOIP
 * Email
 * Skype
 * How communications help with education
 * Online Forums

Customization

 * Upgrades

 * Exterior

 * Windows desktop customization
 * OOP

Entertainment

 * Media Center
 * Gaming
 * Videogame Systems
 * Video players
 * Satellite Radio
 * Manipulation of Digital Data
 * Digital Video Quality
 * Digital Cameras

 * MP3 Players

Computers and Health

 * Computers and Health

Computer Scientist

 * Grace Murray Hopper

Business Information Systems

 * OIS
 * TPS
 * MIS
 * DSS
 * ESS

title: User:Sshar229


text:
User:Aotoo494

Wikibook training in Comp 2203

=section 1=

title: User:Aotoo494


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User:Jmall051

OK this is my first thing for intro, and it's very exciting

=section 1= this is content relating to not very much

title: User:Jmall051


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User:Kthom801

The Computer Revolution, Re-Mix

=The Basic Stuff Everyone Needs to Know (before turning on a computer)=

title: User:Kthom801


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User:Hkiel321

This is my page and I hope you enjoy reading this!

=Syllabus=

 * 1) Introduction to Inforamtion Technology
 * 2) The Internet and the World Wide Web
 * 3) Hardware: Input & Output
 * 4) Hardware: CPU & Storage
 * 5) Software

=section1a=

title: User:Hkiel321


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User:Jmess347

Hope you enjoy wiki.

=Section 1=

title: User:Jmess347


text:
User:Jackie (usurped)

--Jackie 02:55, 17 January 2007 (UTC)Hello people...

=section1=

title: User:Jackie (usurped)


text:
User:Vivvanvuure

hey you!

=Section 1=

title: User:Vivvanvuure


text:
User:Sshar704

Section 1

HI MY NAME IS SONY

title: User:Sshar704


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User:Jogil713

hello my name is Jennie

Table of Contents

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

INTERNET

SECURITY

DATABASE

DIGITAL AGE

title: User:Jogil713


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User:Jsolb964

Hi!

=section 1=

Hello!!!

title: User:Jsolb964


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User:Grege319

=section 1=

title: User:Grege319


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User:Slau288

Contents

 * 1 History
 * 2 Hardware
 * 3 Peripherals
 * 4 Software
 * 5 Programming
 * 6 Databases
 * 7 Internet
 * 8 Networks
 * 9 Security
 * 10 Computer Graphics
 * 11 Artificial Intelligence

title: User:Slau288


text:
User:Cmarr253

Hi, I am a fulltime student/ Shar-Pei Breeder/ handler. I also work full time with a national security company in accounts payable.

=section1=

title: User:Cmarr253


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User:Msedr958

=Reordering= 1 History 2 Hardware 3 Software a)Databases   b)Programming 4 Peripherals 5 Internet a)email  b)security c)e commerce 6 Networks 7 Computers and culture   a) Entertainment b) Health  c) Environment d) communication 8 Future Technology  a) Artificial Intelligence b) Customization

title: User:Msedr958


text:
User:Cgoes696

=Syllabus=

 * Topic Content

 * Hardware: CPU & Storage
 * The Internet and the World Wide Web
 * Software
 * Introduction to Information Technology
 * Hardware: Input & Output
 * Artificial Intelligence
 * Personal Technology
 * Databases & Information Systems
 * The Challenges of the Digital Age
 * System Analysis & Programming

 * Video editing (T115)

title: User:Cgoes696


text:
User:Melna272

=Section1= lsjlfkjsdl

section1a
asdfasdf

title: User:Melna272


text: Category:Mac OS X users

title: Category:Mac OS X users


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User talk:142.109.110.212

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Az1568(Talk) 03:50, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:142.109.110.212


text:
Cookbook:Za'atar

| Spices and herbs

Za'atar, also zaatar, zahatar, is a mix of herbs and spices popular in the Middle East. It was traditionally made from Syrian hyssop (also Syrian oregano, white oregano), but due to overharvesting, it is usually made from more common ingredients today.

Green za'atar is made from wild oregano, sesame seeds and salt, and may also have savory, hyssop, thyme, cumin or fennel seed. Adding a little sumac makes this red za'atar.

Example mix:

 * 3 Tbs roasted sesame seeds, ground in a mortar and pestle
 * 2 Tbs dried oregano
 * 1 Tbs dried thyme
 * 1 tsp salt
 * ½ – 1 Tbs sumac, for red za'atar

title: Cookbook:Za'atar


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User talk:70.127.209.95

Regarding edits made during January 17 2007
Please do not replace Wikibooks pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikibooks because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. If page is no longer useful, insert delete to its top. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks! If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 05:02, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.127.209.95


text:
The Ten Commandments/I am the Lord your God

A careful reading of the First Commandment might cause one to wonder, why did the Jews need to be told that "the Lord" was their "God"? First of all, it must be noted that where many Bible translations use the title "the Lord", especially when that title is in all caps (i.e. "the LORD"), it means that the original Hebrew text contained the Tetragrammaton, representing the particular name of the Hebrew God, יהוה the exact pronunciation of which no one knows. So the First Commandment really says:

I am יהוה your God.

Therefore, the First Commandment signifies יהוה's claiming of the Israelite nation as a people chosen to serve him. It leaves no doubt as to the name of the God they were to worship (as indeed, there were many other gods in Egypt, the land which they had left, and Canaan, the land to which they were going, each with their own particular names). It further leaves no doubt as to the identity of the God who brought them out of slavery in Egypt.

I am the Lord your God, or I am Yahweh your God, is the opening phrase of the Ten Commandments, which are widely understood as moral imperatives by legal scholars, Jewish scholars, Catholic scholars, and Post-Reformation scholars.

The text of the Ten Commandments according to the Book of Exodus begins:

According to the Hebrew bible, Yahweh is the personal (proper) name of the God of Israel. that was revealed to Moses in the account of the bush. Many English translations render the Hebrew YHWH as “LORD” or “Jehovah” but modern scholarship suggests that “Yahweh” is a more reasonable English rendering. The introduction to the Ten Commandments establishes the identity of God by both his personal name and his historical act of delivering Israel from Egypt. The language and pattern reflects that of ancient royal treaties in which a great king identified himself and his previous gracious acts toward a subject king or people. Establishing his identity through the use of the proper name, Yahweh, and his mighty acts in history distinguishes Yahweh from the gods of Egypt which were judged in the killing of Egypt’s firstborn, and from the gods of Canaan, the gods of the gentile nations, and the gods that are worshipped as idols, starry hosts, or things found in nature, and the gods known by other proper names. So distinguished, Yahweh demands exclusive allegiance. “I am the LORD your God” occurs a number of other times in the Bible also.

Meaning
By saying, “I am the LORD (Yahweh) your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery,” God introduces himself by name to establish his authority behind the stipulations that follow. The implicit imperative is to believe that God exists and that his proper name is “Yahweh.” This verse also serves as the motive clause for the following imperatives. Since Yahweh alone freed Israel from Egypt, he is Israel’s King, hence its legislator. Yahweh alone is also Israel’s God, and the worship of other gods is prohibited as the central doctrine of Biblical religion.

The text follows an ancient royal treaty pattern where Yahweh is formally acknowledged as Israel’s king. Israel is the subject people who are expected to render complete submission, allegiance, and obedience to him out of gratitude for his past mercies, respect for his sovereignty, and trust in his ongoing care. The covenant logic establishes an exclusive relationship in which the subject population may have only one sovereign. Ancient oaths and treaties prohibit subjects and vassals from accepting alternative sovereigns or protectors. In the ancient near east, a suzerain’s (or sovereign’s) prior benefactions to a vassal (such as deliverance from an enemy) are a primary motive to accept an offer of covenant, thus the deliverance from Egypt motivates Israel’s acceptance of the covenant stipulations described in the following imperatives.

Traditional Jewish interpretation
"I am the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the house of slavery. You shall have no other gods before Me..." Maimonides interpreted this as a command requiring belief in God. Ibn Ezra interpreted this as a command to believe that Yahweh alone is God. This command prohibits belief in or worship of any additional deities:

"Do not make an image or any likeness of what is in the heavens above..." This prohibits the construction or fashioning of "idols" in the likeness of created things (beasts, fish, birds, people) and worshipping them.

New Testament view
Since the New Testament is predominantly of Jewish origin, the traditional Jewish view of the need for the individual to adhere to God alone and avoid idolatry is found throughout the New Testament. For example, Jesus quotes Deuteronomy when tempted to worship Satan in exchange for all the kingdoms of the world.

Jesus repeats the Shema as the most important commandment.

Those who eat food sacrificed to idols are rebuked. Just as in the Old Testament, where sacrificing to other gods is portrayed as sacrificing to demons, idolatry is connected with the worship of demons in the New Testament, and God is described as jealous regarding idolatry.

The New Testament asserts that God brings consequences to those who worship other gods. It suggests that during the Old Testament age, God winked at the idolatry of nations other than Israel, but that in the New Testament age, God commands “all people everywhere to repent.”   Idols are described as “worthless things” and people are exhorted to turn away from them to the living God. The teaching of Moses and the experience of Israel when they departed from it are used to support the insistence that believers abstain from idolatry and sexual immorality.

Interpretation in Roman Catholicism
The Roman Catholic Catechism teaches that “The first commandment summons man to believe in God, to hope in him, and to love him above all else.” It cites the requirement of the Shema, that “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul and with all your strength” and Jesus answer when tempted by Satan.

In their explanation of the first commandment, the Roman Catholic Catechism quotes Justin Martyr’s dialogue to support their teaching that Christians and Jews have trusted the same God.

The Catholic Catechism describes the phrase “I am the LORD” at the beginning of the Ten Commendments as an expression of God’s existence and his authority.

It goes on to explain how the Christian virtue of faith is central to obedience to the first commandment. The first commandment is also concerned with despair and presumption as sins against hope. Love and charity are viewed as essential elements of obedience to the first commandment. Prayer, sacrifice, promises, and vows are also seen as essential duties required by observance of the first commandment. However, the Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that individuals maintain a liberty of conscience under the first commandment, not that any kind of worship is morally acceptable, but that each person should follow his convictions with free will without the threat of force from an outside agent. According to Catholic teaching, the first commandment condemns superstition, idolatry, divination, magic, irreligion, atheism and agnosticism. Catholic teaching also asserts that divination (seeking guidance regarding the future through horoscopes, astrology, palm reading, interpretation of omens and lots, etc.) are prohibited by the first commandment, because these forbidden practices contradict the honor we owe to God. Likewise, magic and sorcery and similar sources of supernatural power over others are prohibited, even if for the sake of restoring health. Catholic teaching also regards the first commandment as a prohibition of atheism and agnosticism.

Reformation and Post-Reformation Views
John Calvin viewed “I am the LORD thy God” as a preface to the Decalogue and “have no other gods” as the first commandment. However, he also allowed for viewing “I am the LORD they God” as the first commandment, provided one also allows it to serve as a preface to the whole Decalogue. In his commentary on the first commandment, Calvin describes superstition as akin to a wife committing adultery in front of her husband.

Martin Luther describes the first commandment as prohibiting both the literal honoring of other gods as well as trusting in idols of the heart: money, good works, superstition, etc.

Like Calvin, Matthew Henry considers “I am the LORD thy God” to be a preface. Henry explains the preface and the first commandment from a covenant viewpoint: God delivered Israel from Egypt, and they belong to him by mutual agreement, so they are bound to obey his covenant stipulations.

John Wesley makes the common observation that Israel is obligated to obey God’s commandments because he delivered them from Egypt, and he adds the observation that Christians are likewise obligated to serve Christ, having been rescued out of bondage to sin.

John Wesley uses the first commandment in Deuteronomy 5 as a motivation to pose a list of introspective questions.

In his exposition of Exodus 20 on the “Thru The Bible” radio program, J. Vernon McGee, quotes Romans 1:21-25 and Colossians 3:5 to support his assertion that the idolatry forbidden by the first commandment includes not only the worship of idols and foreign gods, but also idols of the heart such as greed, alcohol, and sexual immorality.

Other Occurrences
In addition to the best known occurrences at the beginning of the Decalogue, “I am the LORD your God” appears a number of other times in the Bible. A search at www.biblegateway.com reveals 39 occurrences in the NASB. The phrase is often used to establish God’s authority while giving commands concerned with holiness.

For example, Leviticus 18 gives a number of commands prohibiting sexual perversions and the sacrifice of children. It demands that God’s people behave differently from the nations around them, lest they be destroyed in the same manner.

In a similar manner, Leviticus 19 gives additional commands regarding separation from mediums and spiritists, the honoring of the aged, and kindness to foreigners.

The prophet Isaiah asserts that failure to obey the commandments is the reason for Israel’s captivity and had the nation obeyed the commandments, they would have had peace like a river.

The prophet Joel looks forward to future blessing through which God’s people will know that Yahweh is their God through his wondrous deeds on their behalf.


text:
Cookbook:Cholley (Chickpea Curry)

| India | Pakistan | Vegan

Cholley, also chole, choley, cholay, white cholay, chana, channa, or chana masala, is a popular and versatile Indian and Pakistani chickpea dish. It is commonly cooked in Northern India (especially Punjab) and Pakistan for breakfast, but it is also regularly served at dinner parties, picnics, wedding receptions and other special events. Cholley features chickpeas, onions, tomatoes and spices; variations include additions such as potato (alu). This dish pairs well with a range of grain-based accompaniments including, puri, roti, naan, rice and bhatoora.

See also: Masaledaar chole (Chickpea Curry)

Ingredients

 * 250 g dried chickpeas
 * 500 ml water for cooking
 * Salt (to taste)
 * 1 tbsp oil
 * 1 tsp coriander seeds
 * 1 tsp cumin seeds (optional)
 * 1 tsp nigella seeds (optional)
 * 1 onion, sliced
 * 1 clove garlic, minced
 * 1 tbsp garam masala
 * 2 medium tomatoes, chopped
 * 2 tsp turmeric
 * Fresh coriander leaves (as a garnish)

Procedure

 * 1) Wash the chickpeas, then soak overnight in water, allowing them to soften somewhat. Make sure that the chickpeas are well-immersed with at least a few inches of water above them, as they will expand significantly while soaking.
 * 2) The next day, drain the water and place the chickpeas in a pressure cooker or large cooking pot. Add the 500 ml fresh water and salt to taste, then cook until the chickpeas are tender (10 minutes at 15 psi in a pressure cooker; if using a regular pot, place the chickpeas in hot water to boil, and then reduce to a simmer for 60–90 minutes).
 * 3) Heat the oil in a thick-bottomed pan. Add the coriander seeds, cumin seeds, and nigella seeds, cooking them briefly until they crackle. Quickly add the onions and garlic, reduce the heat to medium, and sauté until the onions are transparent.
 * 4) Add garam masala, tomato, turmeric, and salt and cook for 1 minute.
 * 5) Add the boiled chickpeas, reduce the heat, and allow the cholley to simmer for around 15 minutes. Check that the gravy has thickened before removing from the heat.
 * 6) Once done, place the cholley in a serving bowl, add your coriander garnish, and serve with rice or bread.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Try adding coconut flakes and black pepper to taste.

title: Cookbook:Cholley (Chickpea Curry)


text:
User talk:202.161.4.159

Webaware talk 06:10, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.161.4.159


text:
The Ten Commandments/You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God

Just exactly what is "the name of the Lord"? In most Bible translations, the title "the Lord" (or usually "the LORD") is substituted for the unique name of the Hebrew god, יהוה, commonly known as the Tetragrammaton. Therefore, יהוה is the "name of the Lord" which is not to be taken in vain.

In Judaism, this commandment is taken so seriously that the uttering of God's name is forbidden, lest it somehow be used in an improper way. Thus, in the reading aloud of scripture or in prayer, it is replaced with Adonai ("My Lords", commonly rendered as "The Lord"), though occasionally replaced with "Elohim" (GOD). Other written forms such as י (yod) ה (heh) (YH or Yah) are in fact pronounced during prayer. Ironically, because of this practice, no one today knows exactly how God's name is to be properly pronounced today.

You shall not make wrongful use of the name of your God is one of the Ten Commandments, which are widely understood as moral imperatives by legal scholars, Jewish scholars, Catholic scholars, and Post-Reformation scholars. The Book of Exodus describes the Ten Commandments as being spoken by God to Moses, inscribed on two stone tablets by the finger of God, and later written on tablets by Moses.

The revelation of a personal name to Israel - “I am the Lord your God|I am Yahweh your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery” - invited relationship and revealed something of the character of Yahweh. God’s name was called upon and blessed; it was not to be blasphemed or cursed. The holiness of the name was not meant to remove it from use but from abuse. There are numerous examples in the Hebrew Bible and a few in the New Testament where God’s name is called upon in oaths to tell the truth or to support the truth of the statement being sworn to, and the books of Daniel and Revelation include instances where an angel sent by God invokes the name of God to support the truth of apocalyptic revelations. God himself is presented as swearing by his own name (“As surely as I live …”) to guarantee the certainty of various events foretold through the prophets.

The Hebrew words variously interpreted “take in vain,” “misuse,” or “swear falsely,” are “Lo tissa,” literally meaning “to carry.” Some have interpreted the commandment to be against perjury, since invoking God’s name was considered a guarantee of the truth of a statement or promise. Other scholars believe the original intent was to prohibit using the name in magical practices. Old Testament passages also refer to God’s name being profaned by hypocritical behavior of people and false representation of God’s words or character. Many scholars also believe the commandment applies to the casual use of God’s name in interjections and curses. To avoid coming under guilt by accidentally misusing God’s name, Jewish scholars do not write or pronounce the proper name in most circumstances, but use substitutes such as “Adonai (the Lord),” or “HaShem (the Name).” In English translations of the Bible, the name Adonai is often translated “Lord,” while the proper name Yahweh represented by the tetragrammaton is often indicated by the use of capital and small capital letters, LORD.

Ancient Understanding
The ancients considered the name as expressing the nature or function, almost the very being, of a person or thing. Therefore, the revelation of a personal name to Israel,“I am the Lord your God|I am Yahweh your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery,” invited relationship and revealed something of the character of Yahweh. The holiness of the name was not meant to remove it from use but from abuse. There are numerous examples in the Hebrew Bible where God’s name is called upon in oaths to tell the truth or to support the truth of the statement being sworn to. However, the name was not meant to be used as a magic word. “Far from man being able to use the name to control God, it is the name which controls man both in worship ... and in service [to one’s fellow man].”

According to the account in the Torah, a review of the Ten Commandments was publicly proclaimed by Moses as the people of Israel ended their 40 years of nomadic wandering and prepared to enter the promised land. In Deuteronomy 5:11, the Israelites are commanded not to swear falsely by the name of Yahweh; yet in the subsequent chapter they are instructed to swear only by the name of Yahweh (as opposed to other gods). Thus, there was an expectation for calling God as a witness to dealings between people, with serious consequences for those who would misuse the name of God. Invoking God’s name as proof of truth was not restricted only to human dealings. In one of Daniel’s visions, the angel that appears to him swears by God to the truth of the apocalyptic message. In a number of passages, Yahweh is quoted as swearing by his own name to emphasize the definitive truth of accompanying statements.

The truth of assertions in court, as well as the trustworthiness of commitments in public and personal affairs were often supported by oaths or self-curses that would take effect if the assertion proved false or the promise was unfulfilled. There are numerous examples in the Book of Samuel of people strengthening their statements or promises with the phrase, “As surely as Yahweh lives …” and such statements are referred to in Jeremiah as well. The value of invoking punishment from God was based on the belief that God cannot be deceived or evaded. For example, a narrative in the Book of Numbers describes how such an oath is to be administered by a priest to a woman suspected of adultery, with the expectation that the accompanying curse will have no effect on an innocent person.

Such oaths may have been used in civil claims, regarding supposed theft, for example, and the commandment is repeated in the context of honest dealings between people in Leviticus 19:12. Theft may lead to deceit, denial and cover-up; these are likely to be aggravated by false oath, thus profaning the sacred name of God – so God becomes a party for what began as a purely civil matter. At one point of the account of the dedication of the Temple of Solomon, Solomon prays to Yahweh, asking him to hear and act upon curses uttered in a dispute that are then brought before his altar, to distinguish between the person in the right and the one in the wrong.

The prophet Isaiah rebuked Israel as the Babylonian Captivity drew near, pointing out that they bore the name of God, and swore by him, but their swearing was hypocritical since they had forsaken the exclusive worship of Yahweh for the worship of idols. The Israelites had been told in Leviticus that sacrificing their children to idols and then coming to worship God caused God’s name to be profaned, thus breaking the commandment. According to the Book of Jeremiah, Yahweh told him to look around Jerusalem, asserting that he would not be able to find an honest man – “Even when they say, ‘As Yahweh lives,’ they are sure to be swearing falsely.” Jeremiah prophesies to the people that they are mistaken to think they can break the commandments, “steal and murder and commit adultery and swear falsely,” and expect to be safe because they go to the Temple that bears the name of Yahweh. Jeremiah also refers to a situation in which Israelites repented and took oaths in God’s name – only to renege by reclaiming as slaves persons they had freed as part of their repentance. This hypocritical act was also considered profaning God’s name. The reputation of Israel was linked to God’s reputation, since they were “his people,” – therefore God was not going to tolerate the misuse of his name. After a time of punishment, however, he promised to restore them for the same reason – the sake of his name. In Jeremiah 12, an opportunity is also described for Israel’s neighbors to avoid destruction and prosper if they stop swearing by their idol and swear only by the name of Yahweh.

In Judaism
Joseph Telushkin, a Modern Orthodox rabbi, wrote that the commandment is much more than a prohibition against casual interjections using God’s name. He pointed out that the more literal translation of Lo tissa is “you shall not carry” rather than “you shall not take”, and that understanding this helps one understand why the commandment ranks with such as “You shall not murder” and “You shall not commit adultery”. God has chosen to use people who bear his name to represent him and bring knowledge of him into the world. When a person who bears God’s name commits an evil act, he or she discredits God as well.

In Jewish tradition, the word translated “Name” (shem) powerfully refers to the character or reputation of the one who bears it. The revealed name of God (Yahweh) thus can be understood as the invocation for the very presence of God himself to show Himself to those who are praying. Thus, it is considered a serious matter and not to be taken lightly.

One of the first commandments listed by Maimonides (Rambam) in the Mishneh Torah is the responsibility to sanctify God’s name. As the purpose of creation is to demonstrate the greatness and unity of the Creator, this responsibility belongs to the entire Jewish nation, not only to the scholars or religious leaders. Maimonides thought the commandment should be taken as generally as possible, and therefore he considered it forbidden to mention God’s Name unnecessarily at any time. Jewish scholars referred to this as motzi shem shamayim lavatalah, “uttering the Name of Heaven uselessly.” To avoid guilt associated with accidentally breaking the commandment, Jewish scholars applied the prohibition to all seven biblical titles of God in addition to the proper Name, and established the safeguard (geizerah) of circumlocution when referring to the Name of God. In writing names of God, a common practice includes substituting letters or syllables so that the written word is not exactly the name, or writing the name in an abbreviated manner. Ultra-Orthodox Jews will not even pronounce a name of God unless it is said in prayer or religious study. The Sacred Name (Tetragrammaton), is never pronounced by these Jews but always read as “Adonai (the Lord),” “HaShem (the Name),” or sometimes “AdoShem”.

The Kaddish (literally – “sanctification”) is an important prayer in a Jewish prayer service whose central theme is the magnification and sanctification of God’s name. Along with the Shema and Amidah, it is one of the most important and central prayers of Jewish liturgy. A version of the Kaddish is used as a prayer of mourning.

In the New Testament
In his Sermon on the Mount, Jesus taught that a person’s word should be reliable and one should not swear by God or his creation, nor even by their own head, “because you cannot make even one hair white or black.” In his letter, the Apostle James reiterates the instruction to just say ‘yes’ or ‘no’ and keep your word, “so that you may not fall into condemnation.”  Some scholars understand this teaching to mean that every oath involves a reference to God and that God's presence and his truth must be honored in all speech. Discretion in calling upon God is allied with a respectful awareness of his presence, which all our assertions either witness to or mock.

Appeals to various authorities or collateral to validate the truth of a promise or claim had expanded in Jesus’ day, and a hierarchy had been established by tradition that was not in line with the original commandment. Jesus is quoted as warning that they were blind and foolish who gave credibility to such arguments: “Woe to you, blind guides, who say, ‘Whoever swears by the sanctuary is bound by nothing, but whoever swears by the gold of the sanctuary is bound by the oath.’ You blind fools! For which is greater, the gold or the sanctuary that has made the gold sacred? And you say, ‘Whoever swears by the altar is bound by nothing, but whoever swears by the gift that is on the altar is bound by the oath.’ How blind you are! For which is greater, the gift or the altar that makes the gift sacred? So whoever swears by the altar, swears by it and by everything on it; and whoever swears by the sanctuary, swears by it and the one who dwells in it; and whoever swears by heaven, swears by the throne of God and by the one who is seated upon it.”

The Lord’s Prayer, which is portrayed in the gospels as a model for prayer, begins “Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name …”   The first few lines are reminiscent of the Kaddish – an important prayer in a Jewish prayer service whose central theme is the magnification and sanctification of God’s name.

According to the Gospel of John, Jesus made appeals to the power of the name of God and also claimed the name of God as his own, which constituted blasphemy if it were not true. The Gospel of John relates an incident where a group attempts to stone Jesus after he speaks God's name: “I tell you, before Abraham was, I AM.” They interpret his statement as a claim of divinity. Since they do not believe that he is God, they consider this blasphemy, which under Torah carries a death penalty. In the account of Jesus’ questioning by the Sanhedrin in the Gospel of Matthew, the high priest charges Jesus “by the living God” to tell the truth and answer whether he is the Messiah. Jesus says that he is the Messiah, and makes parallels between himself and the “Son of Man” referred to by the prophet Daniel, which evokes an emphatic response that he has blasphemed (broken the commandment) and deserves death. When giving the Great Commission, Jesus claimed authority from God and equated his name with that of the God the Father and of the Holy Spirit:

The Paul the Apostle|Apostle Paul occasionally invokes God’s name in his letters, calling God as witness to the purity of his motives and honesty of his dealings with the churches to whom he ministered.

The author of Hebrews reviewed God’s promise to Abraham as assurance that outstanding promises will yet be fulfilled. “Human beings, of course, swear by someone greater than themselves, and an oath given as confirmation puts an end to all dispute.” In the case of the promise of God to Abraham, God swore by his own name to guarantee the promise, since there was nothing greater for him to swear by. Philo pointed out that it is natural that God would swear by himself, even though this is “a thing impossible for anyone else.”

Similar to the events described in the Book of Daniel, the Book of Revelation includes a description of an angel who swears by God to the truth of the end-time events being revealed to John.

In the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church teaches that the Lord’s name is holy and should be introduced into one’s speech only to bless, praise or glorify that name. The name should be used respectfully, with an awareness of the presence of God. It must not be abused by careless speech, false oaths, or words of hatred, reproach or defiance toward God, or used in magic. Since Jesus Christ is believed to be the Messiah, and “the image of the invisible God,” this commandment is applied to the name of Jesus Christ as well.

The sentiment behind this commandment is expressed in the Lord's Prayer, which begins, "Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name." According to Pope Benedict XVI, when God revealed his name to Moses he established a relationship with mankind; Benedict stated that the Incarnation was the culmination of a process that "had begun with the giving of the divine name." Benedict elaborated that this means the divine name could be misused and that Jesus' inclusion of "hallowed be thy name" is a plea for the sanctification of God's name, to "protect the wonderful mystery of his accessibility to us, and constantly assert his true identity as opposed to our distortion of it."

Taking an oath or swearing is to take God as witness to what one affirms. It is to invoke the divine truthfulness as a pledge of one’s own truthfulness.

For the same reason, the Catholic Catechism teaches that it is a duty to reject false oaths that others might try to impose; an oath may be made false because it attests to a lie, because an illegitimate authority is requiring it, or because the purpose of the oath is contrary to God’s law or human dignity.

Reformation and Post-Reformation Views
Matthew Henry described five categories of actions that constitute taking God’s name in vain: 1) hypocrisy – making a profession of God’s name, but not living up to that profession; 2) covenant breaking – if one makes promises to God yet does not carry out the promised actions; 3) rash swearing; 4) false swearing; and 5) using the name of God lightly and carelessly, for charms or spells, jest or sport. He pointed out that though a person may hold himself guiltless in one of these matters, the commandment specifically states that God will not.

The Lutheran Witness, a doctrinal document representing the Lutheran faith, supports the view that oaths should not generally be taken at all, except “for the glory of God and the welfare of our neighbor.” Specifically, it states that proper use of God’s name includes administration of oaths in court, and in swearing-in a spiritual or political leader to their respective offices, which include responsibilities toward God and fellow human beings.

In his Institutes of the Christian Religion, John Calvin sets the stage for discussing this commandment by noting that an oath is calling God to witness that what we say is true, and that an appropriate oath is a kind of worship of God in that it implies a profession of faith. When human testimony fails, people appeal to God as witness, as the only one able to bring hidden things to light and know what is in the heart. False swearing robs God of his truth (to the observer), and therefore it is a serious matter. With regard to the casual use of God’s name, Calvin summarized, “remember that an oath is not appointed or allowed for passion or pleasure, but for necessity.” He wrote that the frequency of casual use of the name of God has dulled the public conscience but that the commandment, with its penalty, still stands.


text:
User talk:Nylentone~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 07:47, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nylentone. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nylentone~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:19, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nylentone~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:A R King

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:22, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

miskito
For future reference, there are two ways to get a page deleted. The first is to use the template. Or, for more questionable modules that should be voted on before deleting, use the template, and list the page on WB:VFD. Hoogli 15:36, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks and cheers! --A R King 05:51, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Thank you LIFE WITH STEPHANIE (discuss • contribs) 13:23, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Featured Books
I saw your addition of Miskito to the Main page, and it looks good! Just wanted to let you know. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 03:10, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you! --A R King 08:20, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:A R King


text:
SPM/Installation on Mac OS (Intel)

Preamble
If you use drag-and-drop in Finder to install the updates, it will actually perform a folder copy and not a folder merge so that updated files will be overwritten but unchanged old files will be deleted (see this thread). Using the command line option as described below will overcome this.

SPM12
SPM12 is not officially supported on Mac Intel with 32 bit MATLAB, as this platform is about to be phased out (see MATLAB Platform Roadmap). This means that precompiled MEX files (*.mexmaci) are not included in the SPM distribution.

You should be able to compile the MEX files yourself provided you edit spm12/src/Makefile.var so that it uses mexmaci instead of mexmaci64 in the MacOS section.

SPM8
Mac Intel with 32 bit MATLAB is a supported SPM8 platform. Precompiled MEX files (*.mexmaci) are included in the SPM distribution.

Installation
Download spm8.zip and its updates spm8_updates_rxxxx.zip in your home directory then type the following in a Terminal: cd /Users/login unzip spm8.zip unzip -o spm8_updates_rxxxx.zip -d spm8 Start MATLAB and add SPM into your path, either using File > Set Path > Add Folder... or typing addpath /Users/login/spm8 in MATLAB's workspace.

Compilation
Should you want to compile SPM MEX files (this can currently happen if you are using Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger)), there are two requirements: export PATH=$PATH:/Applications/MATLAB74/bin with the appropriate path where MATLAB is installed. The exact syntax might be different if you are using another shell.
 * you need to have Apple's development environment Xcode installed. It should be available on the "Mac OS X Install" DVD that came with your Mac. Navigate to "Optional Installs" and then to "Xcode Tools" and double click the "Xcode Tools" package to install. You will know that you need to install this tool if make is a command not found later on.
 * You also need to have the mex executable in your system path. To do so, type the following in a Terminal:

Then, in a Terminal, from the src folder of your SPM8 installation, type: cd /Users/login/spm8/src make distclean make && make install make toolbox-distclean make toolbox && make toolbox-install make external-distclean make external && make external-install

Note: when compiling with Mac OS X 10.5 and wanting to keep compatibility with Mac OS X 10.4, it is advised to set the preprocessor macro: export MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=10.4 See Apple Development:Symbol Variants

SPM5
Precompiled MEX files for Mac Intel with 32bit MATLAB (*.mexmaci) are included in the SPM distribution.

Installation
Download spm5.zip in your home directory then type the following in a Terminal: cd /Users/login unzip spm5.zip Start MATLAB and add SPM into your path, either using File > Set Path > Add Folder... or typing addpath /Users/login/spm5 in MATLAB's workspace.

Compilation
If you want to compile SPM5 MEX files by yourself, you need to have Xcode installed and mex in your system path (see SPM8 for details).

Then, in a Terminal, from the src folder of your SPM5 installation, type: cd /Users/login/spm5/src make distclean make && make install

Installation
Follow the default installation for a UNIX system.

Precompiled MEX files for Mac Intel with 32bit MATLAB (*.mexmaci) are available as an extra package:
 * ftp://ftp.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/spm2_updates/SPM2_MAC_INTEL_MEX.zip

To run SPM2 on an Intel Mac, you will need to make a few changes to the spm_platform.m file. These are relatively straightforward and have to do with Intel Macs identifying themselves as MACI (instead of MAC) as well as the big vs. little Endian issue.

First, add MACI to the list of platform definitions. In the spm_platform.m file you will see a list that looks like this:

PDefs = {	'PCWIN',	'win',	0;... 'PCWIN64',	'win', 0;... 'MAC',		'unx',	1;... 'SUN4',		'unx',	1;... 'SOL2',		'unx',	1;... 'HP700',	'unx',	1;... 'SGI',		'unx',	1;... 'SGI64',	'unx',	1;... 'IBM_RS',	'unx',	1;... 'ALPHA',	'unx',	0;... 'AXP_VMSG',	'vms',	Inf;... 'AXP_VMSIEEE',	'vms',	0;... 'LNX86',	'unx',	0;... 'GLNX86',	'unx', 0;... 'GLNXA64',     'unx',  0;... 'VAX_VMSG',	'vms',	Inf;... 'VAX_VMSD',	'vms',	Inf	};

Simply add a line like this:

'MACI',		'unx',	0;...

Finally, at the bottom of the spm_platform.m file you need to add MACI in the list of supported platforms:

case {'SUN4','SOL2','HP700','SGI','SGI64','IBM_RS','ALPHA','LNX86','GLNX86','GLNXA64','MAC', 'MACI'}

Compilation
If you want to compile the MEX files by yourself, download an updated Makefile and spm_platforms.m file from: and follow the instructions given there (they have been updated for Snow Leopard).
 * http://web.me.com/markusnowak/SPM2_on_Intel_Macs

title: SPM/Installation on Mac OS (Intel)


text: User talk:59.144.179.47

title: User talk:59.144.179.47


text:
User:Extranet

 Welcome to my official Wikibooks user page.

As I am originally from the English Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org), if you need to urgently contact me, simply click here to access my Wikipedia talk page as I will not be able to respond swiftly to queries on Wikibooks. Thank you.

title: User:Extranet


text:
User talk:Extranet

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:47, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Extranet


text:
User talk:Rwst~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:58, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rwst. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rwst~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:39, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:26, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rwst~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Argento

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:24, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Argento


text:
User talk:Snoyberg

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:24, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Snoyberg


text:
User talk:Chyera

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:24, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Spanish wikibook
Check out my new vocabulary page at Spanish/Vocabulary/People. What do you think of structuring the vocabulary pages this way? Cilantrohead (talk) 00:38, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chyera


text:
Freistil/Erdwärme-Projekt löst Erdbeben aus

war von einem  , das vom   im Basler  Kleinhüningen  wurde. Um 1:09 Uhr 16. Januar 2007 ein leichtes Beben der Stärke 3,3 auf der  Richterskala. Die waren , Informationen über    nicht vor.

der Geothermie ist es,   des  zur. des Basler Projektes wird in 5 Kilometern Wasser in , um es  zu machen. dem Projektleiter, der Geothermischen Vereinigung Geeste,. Die seit dem 8. Dezember 2006 in Basel und Umgebung aufgetretenen Erdbeben überraschten jedoch mit der bis zu  Stärke.

Ende Januar wird die Basler Regierung, wie es mit  soll.


text:
Freistil/Index

This page lists all texts within the project Freistil, sorted by their date of appearance. You can also access the texts sorted by difficulty at Beginner, Mediocre and Advanced.

title: Freistil/Index


text:
Cookbook:Huacatay

Huacatay, pronounced wah-kah-tye, also Peruvian black mint, is a herb used in Peruvian cuisine. The fresh leaves are ground into a paste, which is then used to add flavour to recipes.

title: Cookbook:Huacatay


text:
Social Ballroom Dancing/Salsa

Basics
Like many other musical styles, salsa has many of the well-known music (beat) measures. If you are a musician, or you are able to tell rhythm, then you can perform your basic step. It is important to note however, that we have 8 "tics" when dancing. This means that you are going to do your steps twice as quickly as the "1-2-3-4" count. It is also important to mention that the foot movements are done in every tick but 4 and 8. So, for the basic salsa step there would be a total of six movements (1-2-3, 4 5-6-7, 8) So, in the eight measures. Movements to make the basic step:
 * left foot forward (tick 1)
 * right foot stepping in place (tick 2)
 * left foot comes back next to the right foot (tick 3)
 * (tick 4 is left alone)
 * Right foot moves back (tick 5)
 * Left foot steps into place (tick 6)
 * Right foot goes back next to * left foot (tick 7)
 * (tick eight is left alone)

There are quite a few steps for the salsa dance, but this is the one that seems to be the most commonly used for the leader (being the male).

Variations and turns
Once the basic step is performed, it can be done in some different ways. For example, one can step to the sides instead of stepping to the front and back. So the left foot would move left, then step back next to the right foot; thus, the right foot is moved right and stepped back to the left foot. When turning, the leader raises his right hand and motions it to the desired turning side. Raising the hand is important since there has to be constant contact with the fingers as the person rotates. So if the person is turning, their hand is too, always touching the fingers, so that at the end of the turn the hands can be back together again.

Points of connection

 * Preferably, leader's right hand grabs onto follower's shoulder, follower grabs leaders shoulder.
 * right elbow has to be under the follower's arm
 * left leader's hand is held with right follower's hand.

Note: These three points of connection are the ones commonly used; although there can be variations of such points, depending on the type of turn and type of steps which are implemented.

title: Social Ballroom Dancing/Salsa


text:
User talk:206.113.132.25

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 15:42, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:206.113.132.25