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Introductory PLC Programming/Introduction

 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS  Topics:  PLC History Ladder Logic and Relays PLC Programming PLC Operation An Example  Objectives:  Know general PLC issues To be able to write simple ladder logic programs Understand the operation of a PLC

INTRODUCTION

Control engineering has evolved over time. In the past humans were the main method for controlling a system. More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to use relays to make simple logical control decisions. The development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The advent of the PLC began in the 1970s, and has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls.

 PLCs have been gaining popularity on the factory floor and will probably remain predominant for some time to come. Most of this is because of the advantages they offer.

· Cost effective for controlling complex systems.

· Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily.

· Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control.

· Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime.

· Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure.

Ladder Logic

 Ladder logic is the main programming method used for PLCs. As mentioned before, ladder logic has been developed to mimic relay logic. The decision to use the relay logic diagrams was a strategic one. By selecting ladder logic as the main programming method, the amount of retraining needed for engineers and tradespeople was greatly reduced.

 Modern control systems still include relays, but these are rarely used for logic. A relay is a simple device that uses a magnetic field to control a switch, as pictured in See Simple Relay Layouts and Schematics. When a voltage is applied to the input coil, the resulting current creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field pulls a metal switch (or reed) towards it and the contacts touch, closing the switch. The contact that closes when the coil is energized is called normally open. The normally closed contacts touch when the input coil is not energized. Relays are normally drawn in schematic form using a circle to represent the input coil. The output contacts are shown with two parallel lines. Normally open contacts are shown as two lines, and will be open (non-conducting) when the input is not energized. Normally closed contacts are shown with two lines with a diagonal line through them. When the input coil is not energized the normally closed contacts will be closed (conducting).

Simple Relay Layouts and Schematics

 Relays are used to let one power source close a switch for another (often high current) power source, while keeping them isolated. An example of a relay in a simple control application is shown in See A Simple Relay Controller. In this system the first relay on the left is used as normally closed, and will allow current to flow until a voltage is applied to the input A. The second relay is normally open and will not allow current to flow until a voltage is applied to the input B. If current is flowing through the first two relays then current will flow through the coil in the third relay, and close the switch for output C. This circuit would normally be drawn in the ladder logic form. This can be read logically as C will be on if A is off and B is on.

A Simple Relay Controller

The example in See A Simple Relay Controller does not show the entire control system, but only the logic. When we consider a PLC there are inputs, outputs, and the logic. See A PLC Illustrated With Relays shows a more complete representation of the PLC. Here there are two inputs from push buttons. We can imagine the inputs as activating 24V DC relay coils in the PLC. This in turn drives an output relay that switches 115V AC, that will turn on a light. Note, in actual PLCs inputs are never relays, but outputs are often relays. The ladder logic in the PLC is actually a computer program that the user can enter and change. Notice that both of the input push buttons are normally open, but the ladder logic inside the PLC has one normally open contact, and one normally closed contact. Do not think that the ladder logic in the PLC needs to match the inputs or outputs. Many beginners will get caught trying to make the ladder logic match the input types.

A PLC Illustrated With Relays

Many relays also have multiple outputs (throws) and this allows an output relay to also be an input simultaneously. The circuit shown in See A Seal-in Circuit is an example of this, it is called a seal in circuit. In this circuit the current can flow through either branch of the circuit, through the contacts labelled A or B. The input B will only be on when the output B is on. If B is off, and A is energized, then B will turn on. If B turns on then the input B will turn on, and keep output B on even if input A goes off. After B is turned on the output B will not turn off.

A Seal-in Circuit

Programming

The first PLCs were programmed with a technique that was based on relay logic wiring schematics. This eliminated the need to teach the electricians, technicians and engineers how to program a computer - but, this method has stuck and it is the most common technique for programming PLCs today. An example of ladder logic can be seen in See A Simple Ladder Logic Diagram. To interpret this diagram imagine that the power is on the vertical line on the left hand side, we call this the hot rail. On the right hand side is the neutral rail. In the figure there are two rungs, and on each rung there are combinations of inputs (two vertical lines) and outputs (circles). If the inputs are opened or closed in the right combination the power can flow from the hot rail, through the inputs, to power the outputs, and finally to the neutral rail. An input can come from a sensor, switch, or any other type of sensor. An output will be some device outside the PLC that is switched on or off, such as lights or motors. In the top rung the contacts are normally open and normally closed. Which means if input A is on and input B is off, then power will flow through the output and activate it. Any other combination of input values will result in the output X being off.

A Simple Ladder Logic Diagram

The second rung of See A Simple Ladder Logic Diagram is more complex, there are actually multiple combinations of inputs that will result in the output Y turning on. On the left most part of the rung, power could flow through the top if C is off and D is on. Power could also (and simultaneously) flow through the bottom if both E and F are true. This would get power half way across the rung, and then if G or H is true the power will be delivered to output Y. In later chapters we will examine how to interpret and construct these diagrams.

There are other methods for programming PLCs. One of the earliest techniques involved mnemonic instructions. These instructions can be derived directly from the ladder logic diagrams and entered into the PLC through a simple programming terminal. An example of mnemonics is shown in See An Example of a Mnemonic Program and Equivalent Ladder Logic. In this example the instructions are read one line at a time from top to bottom. The first line 00000 has the instruction LDN (input load and not) for input A. This will examine the input to the PLC and if it is off it will remember a 1 (or true), if it is on it will remember a 0 (or false). The next line uses an LD (input load) statement to look at the input. If the input is off it remembers a 0, if the input is on it remembers a 1 (note: this is the reverse of the LD). The AND statement recalls the last two numbers remembered and if the are both true the result is a 1, otherwise the result is a 0. This result now replaces the two numbers that were recalled, and there is only one number remembered. The process is repeated for lines 00003 and 00004, but when these are done there are now three numbers remembered. The oldest number is from the AND, the newer numbers are from the two LD instructions. The AND in line 00005 combines the results from the last LD instructions and now there are two numbers remembered. The OR instruction takes the two numbers now remaining and if either one is a 1 the result is a 1, otherwise the result is a 0. This result replaces the two numbers, and there is now a single number there. The last instruction is the ST (store output) that will look at the last value stored and if it is 1, the output will be turned on, if it is 0 the output will be turned off.

An Example of a Mnemonic Program and Equivalent Ladder Logic

The ladder logic program in See An Example of a Mnemonic Program and Equivalent Ladder Logic, is equivalent to the mnemonic program. Even if you have programmed a PLC with ladder logic, it will be converted to mnemonic form before being used by the PLC. In the past mnemonic programming was the most common, but now it is uncommon for users to even see mnemonic programs.

Sequential Function Charts (SFCs) have been developed to accommodate the programming of more advanced systems. These are similar to flowcharts, but much more powerful. The example seen in See An Example of a Sequential Function Chart is doing two different things. To read the chart, start at the top where is says start. Below this there is the double horizontal line that says follow both paths. As a result the PLC will start to follow the branch on the left and right hand sides separately and simultaneously. On the left there are two functions the first one is the power up function. This function will run until it decides it is done, and the power down function will come after. On the right hand side is the flash function, this will run until it is done. These functions look unexplained, but each function, such as power up will be a small ladder logic program. This method is much different from flowcharts because it does not have to follow a single path through the flowchart.

An Example of a Sequential Function Chart

Structured Text programming has been developed as a more modern programming language. It is quite similar to languages such as BASIC. A simple example is shown in See An Example of a Structured Text Program. This example uses a PLC memory location i. This memory location is for an integer, as will be explained later in the book. The first line of the program sets the value to 0. The next line begins a loop, and will be where the loop returns to. The next line recalls the value in location i, adds 1 to it and returns it to the same location. The next line checks to see if the loop should quit. If i is greater than or equal to 10, then the loop will quit, otherwise the computer will go back up to the REPEAT statement continue from there. Each time the program goes through this loop i will increase by 1 until the value reaches 10.

i := 0;

REPEAT

i := i + 1;

UNTIL i >= 10

END_REPEAT;

An Example of a Structured Text Program

PLC Connections

When a process is controlled by a PLC it uses inputs from sensors to make decisions and update outputs to drive actuators, as shown in See The Separation of Controller and Process. The process is a real process that will change over time. Actuators will drive the system to new states (or modes of operation). This means that the controller is limited by the sensors available, if an input is not available, the controller will have no way to detect a condition.

The Separation of Controller and Process

The control loop is a continuous cycle of the PLC reading inputs, solving the ladder logic, and then changing the outputs. Like any computer this does not happen instantly. See The Scan Cycle of a PLC shows the basic operation cycle of a PLC. When power is turned on initially the PLC does a quick sanity check to ensure that the hardware is working properly. If there is a problem the PLC will halt and indicate there is an error. For example, if the PLC power is dropping and about to go off this will result in one type of fault. If the PLC passes the sanity check it will then scan (read) all the inputs. After the inputs values are stored in memory the ladder logic will be scanned (solved) using the stored values - not the current values. This is done to prevent logic problems when inputs change during the ladder logic scan. When the ladder logic scan is complete the outputs will be scanned (the output values will be changed). After this the system goes back to do a sanity check, and the loop continues indefinitely. Unlike normal computers, the entire program will be run every scan. Typical times for each of the stages is in the order of milliseconds.

The Scan Cycle of a PLC

Ladder Logic Inputs

PLC inputs are easily represented in ladder logic. In See Ladder Logic Inputs there are three types of inputs shown. The first two are normally open and normally closed inputs, discussed previously. The IIT (Immediate InpuT) function allows inputs to be read after the input scan, while the ladder logic is being scanned. This allows ladder logic to examine input values more often than once every cycle. (Note: This instruction is not available on the ControlLogix processors, but is still available on older models.)

Ladder Logic Inputs

Ladder Logic Outputs

In ladder logic there are multiple types of outputs, but these are not consistently available on all PLCs. Some of the outputs will be externally connected to devices outside the PLC, but it is also possible to use internal memory locations in the PLC. Six types of outputs are shown in See Ladder Logic Outputs. The first is a normal output, when energized the output will turn on, and energize an output. The circle with a diagonal line through is a normally on output. When energized the output will turn off. This type of output is not available on all PLC types. When initially energized the OSR (One Shot Relay) instruction will turn on for one scan, but then be off for all scans after, until it is turned off. The L (latch) and U (unlatch) instructions can be used to lock outputs on. When an L output is energized the output will turn on indefinitely, even when the output coil is deenergized. The output can only be turned off using a U output. The last instruction is the IOT (Immediate OutpuT) that will allow outputs to be updated without having to wait for the ladder logic scan to be completed.

Ladder Logic Outputs

A CASE STUDY

Problem: Try to develop (without looking at the solution) a relay based controller that will allow three switches in a room to control a single light.

SUMMARY

· Normally open and closed contacts.

· Relays and their relationship to ladder logic.

· PLC outputs can be inputs, as shown by the seal in circuit.

· Programming can be done with ladder logic, mnemonics, SFCs, and structured text.

· There are multiple ways to write a PLC program.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. Give an example of where a PLC could be used.

2. Why would relays be used in place of PLCs?

3. Give a concise description of a PLC.

4. List the advantages of a PLC over relays.

5. A PLC can effectively replace a number of components. Give examples and discuss some good and bad applications of PLCs.

6. Explain why ladder logic outputs are coils?

7. In the figure below, will the power for the output on the first rung normally be on or off? Would the output on the second rung normally be on or off?

8. Write the mnemonic program for the Ladder Logic below.

PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

1. To control a conveyor system

2. For simple designs

3. A PLC is a computer based controller that uses inputs to monitor a process, and uses outputs to control a process using a program.

4. Less expensive for complex processes, debugging tools, reliable, flexible, easy to expand, etc.

5. A PLC could replace a few relays. In this case the relays might be easier to install and less expensive. To control a more complex system the controller might need timing, counting and other mathematical calculations. In this case a PLC would be a better choice.

6. The ladder logic outputs were modeled on relay logic diagrams. The output in a relay ladder diagram is a relay coil that switches a set of output contacts.

7. off, on

8. Generic: LD A, LD B, OR, ST Y, END; Allen Bradley: SOR, BST, XIO A, NXB, XIO B, BND, OTE Y, EOR, END

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. Explain the trade-offs between relays and PLCs for control applications.

2. Develop a simple ladder logic program that will turn on an output X if inputs A and B, or input C is on.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. f4/1...e5/2. g4

=Bird Opening=

2. g4
This move is a blunder, as it allows the fastest possible checkmate in chess, with Black playing 2...Qh4#. This is a variation of the Fool's Mate.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. f4/1...e5/2. g4


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A-level Physics/Application of Physics

Public Switch Telephone Network
The Public Switched Telephone Network, or PSTN, is the worldwide network of lines used to carry telephone calls. It is a "switched" network because a connection is made between caller and receiver before any communication begins. Originally, a physical circuit (formed via a number of switches) had to be formed between the caller and receiver, limiting the capacity of the network. This problem was resolved with the development of time division multiplexing.

The first telephone exchanges (where the circuit switches were located) were operated manually by the telephone operator. This was a slow process. Over time, the human operators were replaced with electromechanical switches. These were in turn superseded by electronic switches.

The telephone network can be visualised as a "hub and spokes" arrangement. When the call is made, if it is local to the exchange, then the signal is carried along a spoke to the local exchange (i.e., the hub) then routed down another spoke to the receiver. If the call is a "trunk" call (i.e., not local to the exchange) then the local exchange routes the call to the trunk exchange for onward delivery to the exchange local to the receiver. For international calls, the local exchange will route to an international gateway.

Mobile Phone
A mobile phone is a handset consisting of a radio transmitter and receiver. A number of different frequencies and encoding techniques are used (hence the need for dual, tri and quad band phones if worldwide usage is required). The handset is constantly in touch with the nearest base station via a low power signal. When a call is made or received, the handset establishes stronger radio wave link with the nearby base station. Each base station is linked to the cellular exchange by a communication cable. The cellular exchange allows entry to the PSTN.

The increasing use of mobile phones does not make it possible for each mobile phone to have its own carrier frequency as the range of carrier frequencies for linking between mobile phones and base stations is limited. Hence the same carrier frequency must be used by many mobile phones at the same time (repeated cells). This is done using UHF which has a limited terrestrial range and using low power transmitters. Each base station has an omnidirectional antenna and the transmitted radio wave are powered so as to have a range approximately equal to the radius of the cell (a few Km) The advantage of operating on UHF is that the aerial of the mobile phone will be very short. Neighbouring cells will typically use different range of carrier frequencies so as to prevent interference.

title: A-level Physics/Application of Physics


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User talk:Hugh jack

Welcome to Wikibooks, Hugh jack! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:03, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Hello!
Hello Hugh jack, welcome to Wikibooks. I saw your new book, and am very interested to see how it progresses. I'm an EE myself (a soon-to-graduate student, anyway), and am pretty familiar with this area. I've started (although often have not finished) several books in this area, such as Programmable Logic, Digital Circuits, and Embedded Systems. I also helped out with a class project on Embedded Control Systems Design, which is similar. I would really like to see how your book turns out, and I would be willing to help upload it if you need assistance with that. Welcome to Wikibooks! --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 18:46, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hugh jack


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Talk:A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Graphs/Worked Solutions

I'm pretty sure the answer to question 6 is wrong. The graph shows the car's velocity as always positive which obviously can't be true if it moves away from a point and then returns to it the velocity must be negative at some point. (perhaps the author forgot that velocity is a vector quantity?).


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Java Persistence/TopLink Essentials

TopLink Essentials is an open source project from the Sun java.net Glassfish community. It is the EJB3 JPA 1.0 reference implementation, and is the JPA provider for the Sun Glassfish v1 application server.

TopLink Essentials was based on the TopLink product, which Oracle contributed some of the source code from to create the TopLink Essentials project. The original contribution was from TopLink's 10.1.3 code base, only some of the TopLink product source code was contributed, which did not include some key enterprise features. The package names were changed and some of the code was moved around.

TopLink Essentials has been replaced by the EclipseLink project. EclipseLink will be the JPA 2.0 reference implementation and be part of Sun Glassfish v3.

 * TopLink Essentials Home
 * TopLink Essentials Forum
 * TopLink Essentials Wiki

/Persistence Products

title: Java Persistence/TopLink Essentials


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Introduction to Sociology/Sociological Videos

The following are videos - including fiction movies, non-fiction documentaries and recorded lectures - examining topics in the field of sociology.

A new website with video clips in Sociology, The Sociological Cinema, has some video clips available as well: http://www.thesociologicalcinema.com/index.html


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Using Your Dealer Management System/Universal Computer Systems

Universal Computer Systems produced a DMS system often referred to as simply UCS. UCS later merged with Reynolds and Reynolds. Many of these systems have yet to be upgraded, and the support for them is often gray. The system operates on Windows and is thought to have no exportation or automation abilities. You will have to remote in to pull a report, and manually submit that report.


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User:Attia2212

Link title

title: User:Attia2212


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General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Eukaryotes/Protists/Answers

1. f)

2.

 * a) G. lamblia

 * b) parasitic

3. Brown Algae (Phaeophytes) & Red Algae (Rhodophytes)

4. c); these Euglenoids cannot photosynthesis to produce energy, but they can still produce carbonic compounds by themselves.

5. Yes; zooxanthellae species photosynthesise and pass carbohydrates onto coral reefs in these nutrient-poor regions.


text: User talk:67.175.110.117

title: User talk:67.175.110.117


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User talk:24.59.48.31

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:01, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.59.48.31


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Hypnosis

What the mind believes often becomes true, as it is the only repository for the representation of reality and the sense of self.

=== Preface: About the book  [ edit ] [ edit chapters list ] [ edit print version ]  === This work will primarily cover the techniques commonly referred to as hypnosis. It will also offer support material, or reference it, such as methods to induce, or reinforce specific mental states (or states of mind) and any attitudes and beliefs that impact the phenomena. Including information on techniques or procedures for hypnotic induction and hypnotic suggestion.

Hypnotic suggestions are commonly composed of a series of instructions and ideas that may be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject, or they may be self-administered ("self-suggestion" or "autosuggestion"), even in a conscious state.

Hypnosis is not a science. In fact, it has in almost every aspect eluded scientific analysis, as it is extremely hard to generalize (each individual responds differently and at different levels) and the methodology is so diverse and based on yet to be completely understood mental/biological phenomena, most related with faith or the placebo effect. For the phenomena to work, whom in aggregate we define as hypnosis, the mind has to be able to turn the suggestions into reality. All hypnosis is ultimately self hypnosis. If you, for instance, take into consideration the problems that faith beliefs have caused to the human race, or even the problems in the field of psychology, you can appreciate the problem of scientifically studying hypnotic phenomena, as they are extremely open to individual interpretation and to one's ability to be open to suggestibility (self-induced or otherwise).

Appendix A: Software Appendix B: Session scripts Appendix C: Wikipedia's articles on people related with hypnosis Appendix D: Other resources

title: Hypnosis


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Talk:First Aid/Musculoskeletal Injuries

Regarding this and this, it seems a merge from First Aid/Fractures to here is in order, along with a rename. How does First Aid/Musculoskeletal Injuries sound for this page, and First Aid/Immobilization for the other? I dislike the idea of dealing with fractures and the "lesser" injuries simultaneously, but it seems they really do want the same treatment for everything.

Nugger already supports this, so if there are no objections, I'll history merge, move and fix redirects in a week. I'll restore all or most of Nugger's edit now. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:59, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I would think that this is a better way of looking at things, it simplifies looking up information for injuries that present with almost the exact same symptoms. For example, sprain vs. fracture, both can present with swelling, bruising, extreme pain etc. As said before, the only definitive way to tell if an injury includes a fracture is by x-ray. With that said, having a separate section for immobilization with splinting will tidy up the pages. (Splinting can be done for any Musculoskeletal injury, so having it only under fractures at this time would not be correct.) --Nugger (talk) 19:08, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Aid/Musculoskeletal Injuries


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User:Peteseleh

I've never contributed to any wiki before, so Wikibooks is my first. I apologize if I make some obvious 'newbie' mistakes.

title: User:Peteseleh


text: User talk:Diputserauoy

title: User talk:Diputserauoy


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User talk:Peteseleh

Welcome message
Welcome, Peteseleh!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Webaware talk 06:49, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peteseleh


text: User:Cbuckley

title: User:Cbuckley


text: User talk:167.127.24.69

title: User talk:167.127.24.69


text: User talk:81.213.207.149

title: User talk:81.213.207.149


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Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Modeling a 3D Parachute in Blender

Remove the default cube

When you first open blender you will see the default Blender user interface (UI) layout and the default cube.

Delete the cube by selecting it with and then pressing.

Add a cylinder
Switch to Side view.

Add a Cylinder with → Add→ Mesh→ Cylinder. At the bottom of the Tool Shelf change “Cap Fill Type” to “Triangle Fan”.

Press to switch to Edit mode. The cylinder should now look like the picture at right.

Remove the bottom row of vertices
Next you will want to delete the bottom row of vertices. To accomplish this go into side view by pressing.

Ensure that you are in Vertex select mode (that the leftmost of the group of 3 icons is selected; click on it if not).

Press twice to deselect everything.

Press, and box select the bottom row of vertices, and press to delete and then confirm.

Note: you must have limit selection to visible off, the button to the right of the group of three icons for selection. If you wish to do the selection with it ON, you will have to change your perspective so as to be able to select all lower vertices.

Note: Instead of all of the above, you can also just add a circle with fill type 'triangle fan'

Extrude and scale to shape

Be in Vertex-select mode (as above).

Select all the vertices around the outside of the circle. The centre vertex must not be selected. You can do this conveniently in a number of ways; why not practise them all:
 * Starting with no vertices selected, use to select all vertices, then  on the centre vertex to deselect it. Or
 * Starting with no vertices selected, (loop select) on one of the outside edges or vertices to select the entire loop of them. Or
 * on the centre vertex to select only it, then use to invert the selection.

Now switch to edge-select mode by and selecting Edges.

Press to extrude ("region") the selection and  to constrain to the Z axis.

Drag the edges a small ways down then click to release.

As this makes a right-angle at the sides and parachutes don’t have straight edges, we need to scale the selection outward.

Press and move the mouse away from the model, you will see that the edges get smaller and bigger.

Scale them out a small ways then left click to release. You will want to practice a little with the scale amounts till you can make a realistic parachute shape.

Continue extruding and scaling till you have a shape like the one shown on the right.

When you're done making a nice shape, be sure to select all ( twice), then and pick “Remove Doubles”.

Make the top more rounded
Be in Vertex mode.

Select the center vertex in the middle of the original top half of the cylinder, use circle select to get it, otherise you will be a number of times to find it, and move  it up along the  axis.

Select all, and then and Remove Doubles, in case any were created.

Extrude the parachute straps
Now go into top-view by pressing. Here you will select ~4 edges at opposite sides of each other.

Go back into side-view and extrude downward by pressing  and then.

Merge it together
All that remains to finish your parachute is to press then choose “At Center” which will merge all selected vertices.

A alternate way to make the parachute top is to create a UV sphere, and cut it in half.


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User:Stéphane Thibault

Stéphane Thibault

title: User:Stéphane Thibault


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Talk:More C++ Idioms/Const auto ptr

I tried to translate this page into Japanese and found 3 clarification points.

 * warning and/or error?

"Compiler issues a warning here because the copy-constructor of yptr is not really a copy-constructor but in fact it is a move constructor, which takes a non-const reference to an auto_ptr, as given in Move Constructor idiom. A non-const reference can't bind with a const variable and therefore, compiler flags an error."

I'm confused when reading these sentences. Do the 2 sentences say the same thing or different things? According to my understandings, this produces compilation error.

 * a const RHS as a parameter

"An undesirable consequence of const auto_ptr idiom is that compiler can't provide a default copy-constructor to a class that has a const auto_ptr member in it. This is because the compiler generated copy-constructor always takes a const RHS as a parameter, which can't bind with a non-const move constructor of auto_ptr."

Does "a const RHS as a parameter" mean x.xptr in the below code?

 * Intention of solutions

The subsequent sentence said:

"The solution is to use Virtual Constructor idiom or use boost::scoped_ptr, which explicitly prohibits copying by denying access to assignment and copy-constructor."

By using Virtual Constructor, a class that has a const auto_ptr member in it becomes copyable. However, explicitly defined copy constructor also makes the class copyable, doesn't it?

Furthermore, as described, boost::scoped_ptr explicitly prohibits copy and assignment. Threfore, the situation that the class is not copyable is not changed. Does the sentence mean using boost::scoped_ptr make the intention of prohibition of copy and assignment clearer?

Yak! (talk) 14:48, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Still useful
A lot of this is still relevant, but now called const std::unique_ptr.

title: Talk:More C++ Idioms/Const auto ptr


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User talk:71.57.70.150

Thanks for experimenting with the page Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Cats - Advanced on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

Az1568(Talk) 15:26, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.57.70.150


text: User talk:84.160.220.152

title: User talk:84.160.220.152


text: User talk:216.186.96.243

title: User talk:216.186.96.243


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User:Borjasotomayor

I am a PhD student at the University of Chicago (more details in my UofC page). I've lectured several intro programming courses in the past, and I am currently TAing a databases course.

I have a collection of SQL exercises written over a number of years that I want to publish as a Wikibook. I started writing the SQL Exercises Wikibook on 03/15/08, and I hope it will include a useful amount of exercises by late April or late May.

I have used Wikipedia for ages now, but I am fairly new to Wikibooks. If I make any Wikibooks faux-pas, please don't hesitate to point it out :-)

title: User:Borjasotomayor


text:
SQL Exercises/Cover

Welcome to the wikibook on   SQL Exercises

Go to Contents >>

title: SQL Exercises/Cover


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SQL Exercises/The computer store

Relational Schema

Please note the datatypes given are SQLite datatypes.

PK and FK stand for primary key and foreign key respectively.

Exercises
1. Select the names of all the products in the store.

2. Select the names and the prices of all the products in the store.

3. Select the name of the products with a price less than or equal to $200.

4. Select all the products with a price between $60 and $120.

5. Select the name and price in cents (i.e., the price must be multiplied by 100).

6. Compute the average price of all the products.

7. Compute the average price of all products with manufacturer code equal to 2.

8. Compute the number of products with a price larger than or equal to $180.

9. Select the name and price of all products with a price larger than or equal to $180, and sort first by price (in descending order), and then by name (in ascending order).

10. Select all the data from the products, including all the data for each product's manufacturer.

11. Select the product name, price, and manufacturer name of all the products.

12. Select the average price of each manufacturer's products, showing only the manufacturer's code.

13. Select the average price of each manufacturer's products, showing the manufacturer's name.

14. Select the names of manufacturer whose products have an average price larger than or equal to $150.

15. Select the name and price of the cheapest product.

16. Select the name of each manufacturer along with the name and price of its most expensive product.

17. Select the name of each manufacturer which have an average price above $145 and contain at least 2 different products.

18. Add a new product: Loudspeakers, $70, manufacturer 2.

19. Update the name of product 8 to "Laser Printer".

20. Apply a 10% discount to all products.

21. Apply a 10% discount to all products with a price larger than or equal to $120.

Table creation code
CREATE TABLE Manufacturers ( 	Code INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, 	Name CHAR(50) NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Products ( 	Code INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, 	Name CHAR(50) NOT NULL, 	Price REAL NOT NULL , 	Manufacturer INTEGER NOT NULL 		CONSTRAINT fk_Manufacturers_Code REFERENCES Manufacturers(Code) );

Please note the syntax presented here is for the SQLite system. It has been tested by the authors on  specifically.

The code is also tested against SQL Server 2017.

Also note that the  constraint on the primary key fields is semantically redundant, but a syntactic necessity in SQLite.

Sample dataset
INSERT INTO Manufacturers(Code,Name) VALUES (1,'Sony'),(2,'Creative Labs'),(3,'Hewlett-Packard'),(4,'Iomega'),(5,'Fujitsu'),(6,'Winchester');

INSERT INTO Products(Code,Name,Price,Manufacturer) VALUES(1,'Hard drive',240,5),(2,'Memory',120,6),(3,'ZIP drive',150,4),(4,'Floppy disk',5,6),(5,'Monitor',240,1), (6,'DVD drive',180,2),(7,'CD drive',90,2),(8,'Printer',270,3),(9,'Toner cartridge',66,3),(10,'DVD burner',180,2);

title: SQL Exercises/The computer store


text:
SQL Exercises/Contributors

 * Borja Sotomayor - Original author, editor, contributor
 * Adam Shaw - Unoriginal author, purveyor of various small edits
 * Jacob Lee - Occasional Contributor

title: SQL Exercises/Contributors


text: User talk:207.118.226.207

title: User talk:207.118.226.207


text: User talk:122.168.18.245

title: User talk:122.168.18.245


text:
User talk:86.42.211.48

Your 2 recently created pages have been deleted. They were encycloapedic articles. Wikibooks is for the creation of text books and not articles.

--ЗAНИA talk 18:55, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:86.42.211.48


text:
Template:ExerciseSolution

 Click to see solution

title: Template:ExerciseSolution


text:
User talk:128.23.86.66

The page you created has been deleted. This was the second time the page had been created. Please stop disrupting Wikibooks.

--ЗAНИA talk 21:14, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:128.23.86.66


text:
User talk:Borjasotomayor

Welcome!
Welcome, Borjasotomayor!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:51, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Borjasotomayor


text: User talk:24.83.113.140

title: User talk:24.83.113.140


text: User talk:72.251.65.84

title: User talk:72.251.65.84


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User:Jondel/Spoken Latin

Situations:Accident, Getting fooled by swindler. Family, Asking directions,

title: User:Jondel/Spoken Latin


text: Category:Book:Used Car Buyer's Guide

title: Category:Book:Used Car Buyer's Guide


text:
Category:Featured books

Featured books are quality books that the community believes to be the best of what Wikibooks has to offer and should inspire people to improve the quality of other books. To nominate books visit the nominations page. All nominations should meet the minimum criteria to be featured.

__HIDDENCAT__

tr:Kategori:Sunu kitapları

title: Category:Featured books


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Category:Cataloguing

es:Categoría:Catalogación it:Categoria:Libri pt:Categoria:Catálogo

title: Category:Cataloguing


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User talk:Mcmah074

Welcome message
Welcome, Mcmah074!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Webaware talk 02:26, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mcmah074


text: User talk:205.222.248.160

title: User talk:205.222.248.160


text:
Template:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outreach/Christian Citizenship (Template)

6. Have an interview with a local, regional, or national official of your country, and learn about his duties.
It is generally easier to get a local official to agree to an interview, though it is often more exciting to interview a more prominent person. The interview can be accomplished during a club meeting, and multiple Pathfinders can ask questions. Invite your guest well ahead of time, and make sure everyone in the club is on time. A visit by an official would be a very good reason to have everyone in the club wear their class A uniforms. If desired, you can make up several questions ahead of time, writing them on index cards, and distributing them to the members of your club. But do not be so rigid as to not allow them to ask spontaneous questions. Having questions prepared ahead of time on index cards are a good way to get things rolling. Here are some suggested questions:
 * Could you describe a typical day at work?
 * What is the most difficult part of your job?
 * What is the most satisfying aspect of your job?
 * To whom do you report?
 * How did you get your position? Were you elected, appointed, or hired?
 * How should a young person prepare for a life of public service?

7. Write a one-page essay or give a two-minute oral report about a famous person in your country. Mention what he has done to gain his recognition.
This would be an excellent opportunity to present a worship during the opening exercises of a regular club meeting. Encourage your Pathfinder to choose a person they are personally interested in. If they cannot think of anyone themselves, have a list of suggested persons at hand and encourage them to choose from the list. Famous people might be historical figures, politicians, actors, sports stars, or anyone else. It would be preferable to choose a person who has been a positive influence on the country.

Although the requirement asks that you "mention what he has done to gain his recognition," this should not be interpreted as excluding women. Men are not the only famous people in a country.

Note that just because the requirement suggests that the famous person should be male (his recognition), the Pathfinder should in no way feel constrained to limit the selection to just men.

9. Describe what you can do as a citizen to help your church and country.
The best way to help either your church or your country is by getting involved. Edmund Burke, an English philosopher summed this up when he said "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing."

In your church, this means that you will show up for services on a regular basis. It also means you will support it with your tithes and offering, show up for business meetings, and not wait to be asked before you volunteer your services. If you see something that needs done, do it. If you do not have the skill to do it, or you think that you need permission first, talk to your pastor, an elder, deacon, or deaconess. Find your ministry!

For your country, it is much the same. Show up for public meetings, stay informed about the issues of the day, vote if you are eligible, and pay your taxes fairly and promptly.

12. Explain the meaning of this statement Jesus made in Matthew 22:21: "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's.
This verse teaches that governmental authority is to be respected, as long as it does not conflict with the moral obligations of being a Christian. Government serves a holy purpose; preserving social order, promoting the well-being of its citizens, and protecting their safety. If you believe that this does not apply today because you see the government as corrupt, you are urged to research the Roman government of the first century A.D. when these words were spoken by Jesus. Was Herod corrupt? Was Pilate just?


text:
The Science of Programming/SwayPresentations/Objects/Examples6

So you really want multiple inheritance?

function super {       var x = 3; var z = x * x;       this; }   function duper {       var y = 4; var z = y * y;       this; }

function sub {       extends(super); extends(duper); }

inspect(sub . x); inspect(sub . y); inspect(sub . z);

What would you expect the value of z to be?

Next Previous Top


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...e5/2. Ra3

2. Ra3
2. Ra3 is a blunder as it allows 2...Bxa3!, when Black is up an exchange with good chances for the advantage after 3. bxa3, weakening White's pawns, or 3. Nxa3, when the knight is sidelined from the center, and after d5 White is in a losing position.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...e5/2. h4

=Crab Variation= This variation does nothing to aid White's development and weakens their position, and thus is not recommended for serious play. It is named due to its crab-like appearance, with the a and h pawns presumably representing claws. It does have one upside, however, preventing 2...Qh4.

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...e5/2. h4


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User:Canadiandude 007

User Canadiandude_007 is Canadian living in the UK with a wide knowledge on books, computers, etc.

title: User:Canadiandude 007


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Na6

= Lemming Defence/Mirrored Amar Opening =

1...Na6
The Lemming Defense is a very rare and rather weak opening in response to 1. e4. The knight develops to a square that doesn't control the centre and as such, it's a wasted opportunity.

This opening is very rarely seen among serious chess players, and it's classified under the code B00 (Uncommon Opening).

Theory table
1. e4 Na6?!

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Na6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nh6

= Adams Defence =

1...Nh6?!
The Adams Defense is considered a weak response to the King's Pawn Opening, as it develops the Knight to an inferior square, allows White quick and easy development, and opens no lines for developing Black's pieces. Therefore, the Adams Defense is very uncommon.

Theory table
1. e4 Nh6?!

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nh6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...h5

= Goldsmith Defense/Pickering Defence/Rook Gambit/Reversed Kadas Variation/Beaver's Claw =

1...h5?!
The Goldsmith Defence, also known as Rook Gambit, is an uncommon and a weak response to 1. e4. This is a rather useless move that does nothing to control the centre and seriously weakens Black’s kingside. It threatens to bring the h-Rook into the game but can be easily stopped with d4, and White is already in control of the centre and has a better activity on pieces.

Overall, this defence is not good and is never seen in serious play, but this opening can be funny and useful for trolling in a chess game.

Theory table
1. e4 h5?!

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...h5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...h6

= Carr Defence =

1...h6
A mirrored St. George Defence, this defence is considered a very weak response to the King's Pawn Opening, as not only does it not open any lines for development and allows White quick and easy development, it additionally weakens Black's king position slightly and is a time wasting move. Black often follows up with g5, Bg7, d6, and Bg4 or Bf5. Generally, Black castles queenside in the Carr Defence.

Theory table
1. e4 h6?!

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...h6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...f6

= Barnes Defence =

1...f6?!
The Barnes Defence is considered a very poor move, as it opens no lines for Black to develop his pieces, allows White free and easy development, deprives the g8 knight of its most natural square (f6), and weakens the position of the black king. It does attack a central square, e5, but 1...d6, or even 1... Nc6 are better moves to attack this square. Alternatively, 1...e5, occupying the square immediately, is considered one of Black's most reliable moves. Barnes Defense is named after Thomas Wilson Barnes, an English master who, amazingly, defeated one of the greatest players of the time, Paul Morphy, with it in an offhand game played in London in July 1858.

Theory table
1. e4 f6?

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...f6


text:
Talk:The Science of Programming

This book title is already taken by a much better and still relevant text.

Sway or General Programming
I think this book is wrongly titled. I know that it is just now coming to life but for most of the content I've looked into it addresses more the Sway programming language than the topic the title suggests. One could argue that Sway may be a good choice as any to introduce the topic, but I don't see how using a "obscure" language is in any way better than using the standard approach and give classic examples of the programming paradigms with a multitude of references to existing and well known languages, for most part pseudocode would suffice and make it easier for a non programmer to understand the content and examples, without being side tracked in introducing a single language. In my opinion the book as it is should be transformed in a introduction/complete manual to Sway programming, and this generalist title dropped as it is somewhat misleading. --Panic (talk) 16:54, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't see how this title is any more "wrong" than the title of the hardback book "How to Think Like a Computer Scientist", by Allen B. Downey et al, which is apparently a sneaky way to get people to learn Python. --DavidCary (talk) 03:06, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * There are several versions of that book for other languages (not only Python) the complete title is "Python for Software Design: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist" or "How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python" I think it depends on the edition. --Panic (talk) 03:43, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, so how about we agree that this book has the complete title "The Science of Programming: with the Sway programming language"?
 * Can we verbally agree that is the complete name and post it prominately on this page, and still use the short name "The Science of Programming" as the name for Naming policy page naming purposes, leaving off the subtitle? I hear that mw:Extension:AllBooks has a recommendation for how to handle books with subtitles. --DavidCary (talk) 00:43, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * "We" don't "need" to agree with anything, I haven't renamed the book, I'm not an editor of it nor am I championing a name change. I was merely pointing out (I noticed the work when I was tinkering with the categories) that the title raises several issues a) too broad b) uses exclusively a generally unknown language (not even on Wikipedia, not that it should be a requirement) and recently c) the author (the editor that contributed most of the content) blanked the toc page pointing to a new location (change that was reverted by myself), but the author hasn't posted an announcement as I indicated as the optimal solution so I see the future evolution of the work as being at risk.
 * Disregarding c) we are left with points a) and b) that on my view reduce the usefulness of the work, mostly because of the expectations the general title implies. I would never the less prefer a new title, your proposal seems reasonable and more clear, even if we could and should comply with the normal use of names/namespaces of the project (this is not an attempt to rehash your stated  dislike to the status quo on that topic) but placing it in a Sway namespace would be optimal if the colons are to be used, as in Sway:The Science of Programming (but creating a namespace for only a book on the language doesn't seem useful), so a better alternative would be Sway, the Science of Programming or Sway - The Science of Programming, something on those lines. If you do intend in making a point on the use of colon you should raise the issue on the discussion about book names/namespaces, if not you will probably be creating even more confusion on the subject.  --Panic (talk) 01:18, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Panic, I appreciate that you were the first one to use and mention the colon on this talk page, and the first one to mention a book name with a colon in it. Thank you.
 * Since you brought up "need", I agree that you don't "need" to agree with me.
 * I'm going to pretend that you agree with me and Downey's publishers that "How to Think Like a Computer Scientist" is an adequate short name for Downey's book.
 * I'm going to pretend that you agree with me that the colon-free short name "The Science of Programming" is an adequate short name for this book, and we can continue using that for page names, at least until we have some other wikibook that actually does cover all of programming as a science.
 * I agree that -- much like Downey's book -- "The Science of Programming" sounds like it covers more than this really does, and so I think the first page of this book should be very, very clear on what this book actually does cover. Perhaps this first page should directly link to other wikibooks that talk more about programming in general, as a science. --DavidCary (talk) 18:42, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * You are equating agreement with non-obstruction :), not the same but with the same result (I take this issue very seriously and that was also the point I was making above when referring to the need for agreement), since there is a generalized confusion on the issue when referring to consensus and consensus decisions on this project. In any case I'm not blocking the present solution and was only proposing an alternative to the utilization of the colon convention, so to make it clearer, hence the proposals as "a better alternative would be Sway, the Science of Programming or Sway - The Science of Programming"... --Panic (talk) 00:03, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Science of Programming


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Category:Wikibooks copyleft templates

This category contains templates for copyleft licenses. Files using these templates can be freely used, modified, and redistributed as described by our free license policy.

title: Category:Wikibooks copyleft templates


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Category:Wikibooks public domain templates

This category contains templates for public domain files. Files are only considered to be public domain if they meet Wikibooks' public domain policy.


text:
SQL Exercises/Employee management

Exercises
1. Select the last name of all employees.

2. Select the last name of all employees, without duplicates.

3. Select all the data of employees whose last name is "Smith".

4. Select all the data of employees whose last name is "Smith" or "Doe".

5. Select all the data of employees that work in department 14.

6. Select all the data of employees that work in department 37 or department 77.

7. Select all the data of employees whose last name begins with an "S".

8. Select the sum of all the departments' budgets.

9. Select the number of employees in each department (you only need to show the department code and the number of employees).

10. Select all the data of employees, including each employee's department's data.

11. Select the name and last name of each employee, along with the name and budget of the employee's department.

12. Select the name and last name of employees working for departments with a budget greater than $60,000.

13. Select the departments with a budget larger than the average budget of all the departments.

14. Select the names of departments with more than two employees.

15. Select the name and last name of employees working for departments with second lowest budget.

16. Add a new department called "Quality Assurance", with a budget of $40,000 and departmental code 11. Add an employee called "Mary Moore" in that department, with SSN 847-21-9811.

17. Reduce the budget of all departments by 10%.

18. Reassign all employees from the Research department (code 77) to the IT department (code 14).

19. Delete from the table all employees in the IT department (code 14).

20. Delete from the table all employees who work in departments with a budget greater than or equal to $60,000.

21. Delete from the table all employees.

title: SQL Exercises/Employee management


text:
SQL Exercises/The warehouse

Exercises
1. Select all warehouses.

2. Select all boxes with a value larger than $150.

3. Select all distinct contents in all the boxes.

4. Select the average value of all the boxes.

5. Select the warehouse code and the average value of the boxes in each warehouse.

6. Same as previous exercise, but select only those warehouses where the average value of the boxes is greater than 150.

7. Select the code of each box, along with the name of the city the box is located in.

8. Select the warehouse codes, along with the number of boxes in each warehouse. Optionally, take into account that some warehouses are empty (i.e., the box count should show up as zero, instead of omitting the warehouse from the result).

9. Select the codes of all warehouses that are saturated (a warehouse is saturated if the number of boxes in it is larger than the warehouse's capacity).

10. Select the codes of all the boxes located in Chicago.

11. Create a new warehouse in New York with a capacity for 3 boxes.

12. Create a new box, with code "H5RT", containing "Papers" with a value of $200, and located in warehouse 2.

13. Reduce the value of all boxes by 15%.

14. Apply a 20% value reduction to boxes with a value larger than the average value of all the boxes.

15. Remove all boxes with a value lower than $100.

16. Remove all boxes from saturated warehouses.

title: SQL Exercises/The warehouse


text: User talk:77.100.248.195

title: User talk:77.100.248.195


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...e5

=Albin Countergambit=

2...e5
The Albin Countergambit is an uncommon defense to the Queen's Gambit. Although it is rarely played by masters, it seems to be better than its reputation.

The usual continuation is 3.dxe5 d4, where in exchange for the gambit pawn Black has a central wedge at d4 and gets some chances for an attack. Often White will try to return the pawn at an appropriate moment in order to gain a positional advantage.

The Black pawn at d4 is stronger than it may appear. The careless move 4.e3? can lead to the Lasker Trap (see diagram below). After 4...Bb4+ 5.Bd2 dxe3!! 6.Bxb4?? is a blunder — 6...exf2+! 7.Ke2 fxg1=N+!! and Black's position is superior. The Lasker Trap is notable because it is rare to see an underpromotion as early as move 7.

Instead the game usually continues 4.Nf3 Nc6 (4...c5 allows 5.e3 because Black no longer has the bishop check) and now White's primary options are 5.a3, 5.Nbd2, and 5.g3. Perhaps White's surest try for an advantage is to fianchetto his king bishop with 5.g3 followed by Bg2 and Nbd2. Black will often castle queenside. A typical continuation is 5.g3 Be6 6.Nbd2 Qd7 7.Bg2 0-0-0 8.0-0 Bh3.

In the Spassky Variation, White plays 4.e4 to take advantage of the fact that an en passant capture must be made immediately after the enemy pawn moves. Now after 4...Bb4+ 5.Bd2 the en passant capture ...dxe3 is no longer available for Black because of the intervening moves.

Theory table
.

'''1. d4 d5 2. c4 e5'''


text: Template:PermissionOTRS

title: Template:PermissionOTRS


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Kd2

=Queen's Bongcloud=

2. Kd2??
2. Kd2? is thought to be the worst following move to 1. d4 d5 with the exception of 2. Bh6?? The problems with 2. Kd2? are that the King move prevents castling to protect the King, endangers the King, and ignores development. Unlike the normal Bongcloud Attack, this move has no redeeming qualities or potential whatsoever and is an obvious error.


text:
SQL Exercises/Movie theatres

Exercises
1. Select the title of all movies.

2. Show all the distinct ratings in the database.

3. Show all unrated movies.

4. Select all movie theaters that are not currently showing a movie.

5. Select all data from all movie theaters and, additionally, the data from the movie that is being shown in the theater (if one is being shown).

6. Select all data from all movies and, if that movie is being shown in a theater, show the data from the theater.

7. Show the titles of movies not currently being shown in any theaters.

8. Add the unrated movie "One, Two, Three".

9. Set the rating of all unrated movies to "G".

10. Remove movie theaters projecting movies rated "NC-17".

title: SQL Exercises/Movie theatres


text:
Passover Haggadah

The Haggadah (IPA: [həˈgɑdə]) (Hebrew: הגדה) contains the order of the Passover Seder held at home on the first night (and, outside Israel, also on the second night) of Passover. Haggadah, meaning "telling," is a fulfillment of the scriptural commandment to each Jew to "tell your son" about the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, as described in the book of Exodus in the Torah. This wikibook is an English version of the Haggadah to assist in performing a Passover seder at home.

Table of contents

 * 1) /Kadesh/ (blessings and the first cup of wine)
 * 2) /Ur'chatz/ (Hand washing)
 * 3) /Karpas/ (appetizer)
 * 4) /Yachatz/ (breaking of the middle matzah)
 * 5) /Maggid/ (The telling)
 * 6) /Ha Lachma Anya/ (invitation to the Seder)
 * 7) /Mah Nishtanah/ (The Four Questions)
 * 8) /The Four Sons/
 * 9) /"Go and learn"/
 * 10) /Kos Sheini/ (Second Cup of Wine)
 * 11) /Rachtzah/ (ritual washing of hands)
 * 12) /Motzi Matzah/ (blessings over the matzo)
 * 13) /Maror/ (bitter herb)
 * 14) /Korech/ (sandwich)
 * 15) /Shulchan Orech/ (the meal [literally, "set table"])
 * 16) /Tzafun/ (eating of the afikoman)
 * 17) /Barech/ (Grace after Meals)
 * 18) /Kos Shlishi/ (the Third Cup of Wine)
 * 19) /Kos shel Eliyahu ha-Navi/ (cup of Elijah the Prophet)
 * 20) /Hallel/ (songs of praise)
 * 21) /Nirtzah/ (next year)

title: Passover Haggadah


text:
User talk:Lefton4ya~enwikibooks

Welcome to Wikibooks, Lefton4ya! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:15, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lefton4ya. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lefton4ya~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:24, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lefton4ya~enwikibooks


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...Nc6

=Parham Attack=

2...Nc6
A logical move defending the e5 pawn. Black knight could later move to d4 and threaten Nxc2+ and Nxa1, however Black can't be too hasty as White's Queen is aggressively placed.

White has only one sensible move of 3. Bc4 in view of Black's potentially in playing Nf6 to nudge the Queen away. However in the exhibition game with tennis player Boris Becker vs Garry Kasparov, Becker played 3. Qf3, a move then Kasparov showed led to the better position for Black.

Theory table
.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...Nc6/3. Bc4

=Parham Attack=

3. Bc4
With this aggressive move, White now threatens checkmate called "Scholar's Mate" by taking the pawn on f7 with the queen. Black has some ways to adequately prevent this mate from happening. The two decent replies are 3...g6 and 3...Qe7. Kasparov chose Qe7 when he met this position in a game against the actor Woody Harrelson in a consultation game.

At the lower level many players may be tempted to play 3…Nf6?? attacking White’s queen. However, Black leaves f7 undefended, and White can play the move she was intending to play when 2. Qh5 was played: 4. Qxf7#!, known as the Scholar’s Mate.

Theory table
.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6

=Parham Attack=

3... Nf6??
Black's hotheaded desire to prove that the queen was misplaced and to take the queen has backfired. The next move will be 4.Qxf7# (standing for mate). The one natural developing move leads to mate - and that is why black has to always be careful for Scholar's mate.

Theory table
'''1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6'''

White only requires one move here: 4. Qxf7#


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Qxf7

4. Qxf7#
With this move White gives a checkmate. The Black King cannot take the White queen because the White Bishop on c4 defends it. Further, moving the Black King to e7(Ke7) does not allow it to escape capture on the next move, so this position is checkmate, and White has won the game.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5

= Bishop's Opening Classical Defence =

2...Bc5
The position remains symmetrical. This does not work well for Black as White's move d4 can always be played first.

Theory table
.

 * 1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Bc5


text:
User talk:207.172.183.101

There is certainly no need to add the first million digits of pi to a chapter on exponents. Play in the sandbox next time. --Jomegat (talk) 22:49, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.172.183.101


text: User talk:122.160.12.138

title: User talk:122.160.12.138


text: User talk:172.162.228.240

title: User talk:172.162.228.240


text: User talk:24.32.86.116

title: User talk:24.32.86.116


text:
User talk:61.128.162.208

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:28, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:61.128.162.208


text: User talk:66.30.42.27

title: User talk:66.30.42.27


text:
Card Games

This book will become a general database of known card games.

Each card game should have a full set of rules to accompany it on its own article page.

The goal of this book is to generate the most comprehensive card game library ever created. As card games have little to no official rules and are very often regional this will require a lot of help from the community.

Card games listed here do not need to be "official" in any way. If you have a great card game that you can accurately recite the rules for, please by all means create a page and document it! The same goes for if you find that a game is not listed here, please either add a note in the discussion or create the page yourself. As many card games are simply regional variants of each other, you may find it easier to add a variation tab to already existing games.

Card games that use atypical decks such as CCGs, Hanafuda or chess cards are also welcome, just be sure to note if they do.

General

 * /Cards/
 * Game Types
 * List of card games
 * /Glossary/

Popular Games

 * /Bridge/
 * /Durak/
 * /Euchre/
 * Go Fish
 * /Hearts/
 * /Poker/
 * /Rummy/
 * /Solitaire/

Related Wikibooks

 * Bridge
 * Poker
 * Solitaire card games

title: Card Games


text:
Cookbook talk:Rich Brownies

I think there might be too much flour in these brownies. I made some, and they tasted horrible. I'm not a very good cook, though, so I may have messed up.

title: Cookbook talk:Rich Brownies


text:
Talk:PsycholARTSical: Psyched about the arts/Assessing and Evaluating Creativity

Assessing and Evaluating Creativity - (Gavin, James, Artur, Ashley,Mauro)


text:
Card Games/Vegas Rummy

Vegas Rummy is a variation of the card game Rummy. Vegas Rummy differs from other versions of Rummy in that it incorporates a betting system and improves upon haste of individual rounds. Vegas Rummy incorporates some of the similar features of all Rummy variants, most notably including melds. Vegas Rummy is a game that was slowly developed over the course of about one year. The goal of creating this variation of Rummy was to introduce a system of betting into Rummy.

General Method of Play
Vegas Rummy can be played by any number of players, providing of course that there are at least two players. It is much more desirable to play with more players as the game becomes much more interesting to play. Vegas Rummy is played in rounds. Each game consists of at least one round, and although it is entirely possible for a game to last only a single round, it remains very unlikely. Each round begins with a shuffle and deal, and ends with the scoring of the round. The game ends once all players have reached or exceeded the maximum allowed points except for one player, namely the player who won the final round. All players start with a score of zero, and the maximum score defaults to 100 points. Player handicapping may occur by setting certain players' starting scores at a positive value. Game length can be changed by setting a lower score (shorter game) or higher score (longer game).

Setting Up the Game
Before the game can being, all players must agree upon some details.
 * The value of a buy in
 * This is how much each player must pay to start playing, and to continue playing after having expired. This can be zero for a friendly game.
 * The maximum score
 * This will determine how long the game will take to complete
 * Player handicaps
 * If some players are exceptionally good at Vegas Rummy, then they may handicap themselves to provide an advantage to other players
 * Cards per player
 * This will determine how long rounds will take to complete
 * Meld Solidarity
 * Without meld solidarity, wild cards may be swapped out of melds for their actual card, making rounds much faster
 * Pot Split
 * This will determin who wins what amount of money at the end of a game
 * Meld Strictness
 * If a longer round is desired, melds may only contain a single wild card. Otherwise melds may contain any number of wild cards.

The Deck
Since Vegas Rummy allows for any number of players, a single deck may often not be enough to satisfy the entire group of players. For this reason multiple decks must be used in situations where a single deck is not satisfactory. The following is a general guide for how many decks to use:

...
 * 2 - 4 Players: 1 Deck
 * 5 - 8 Players: 2 Decks
 * # of Decks = RoundUp $$\left(\frac{\left(5 + m\right)n}{54}\right)$$
 * m is the number cards per player (default is 7)
 * n is the number of players per game

This formula accounts for each player in the game to be able to play at least 5 rounds before a reshuffle is necessary. This formula is a guideline and as long as all players agree upon how many decks should be used, there is no strict ruling on the number of decks required for a certain number of players, excluding of course not enough cards in total to deal out to the players.

Vegas Rummy makes use of the Jokers in a deck of cards. There should be two jokers in the deck, if there are more, you must remove the additional jokers. Jokers are considered a wild card and therefore can be equal to any other card in the deck (other than the other joker of course). Aces are considered High or Low (the player's choice).

Hands
Each player has a number of cards after a deal. This number should be 7 by the rules, but an alternative number may be used if it is agreed upon by all players. Lower numbers will mean faster rounds, higher numbers will mean longer rounds.

Piles
After the deal, there will be two piles. The draw pile is always face down, the discard pile is always face up. The draw pile contains new cards not yet used since the last shuffle. The discard pile contains cards that have been previously picked up or dealt.

Choosing the Score Keeper
The score keeper simply tracks each players' score. The score keeper does not have to be a player in the game, but often is. The score keeper can be decided upon by the players of the game. There is no advantage to being the score keeper. The score keeper requires a pad of paper and a pen or pencil.

The Score Sheet
The score sheet is divided into columns, one column for each player, with each player's name at the top.

Choosing the First Dealer
After having shuffled the deck, one player deals out one card to each player face up. The player with the highest card is designated as the first dealer. If two or more players have the same ranked highest card, then, without gathering any cards, a second round of choosing the first dealer begins containing only those select players. This process continues until a single player emerges as the first dealer. If by some chance the deck runs out of cards when choosing the first dealer, all cards must be collected, reshuffled, and the process begun again.

After a dealer has been chosen, the first round starts. Players continue to play rounds until the game has finished.

The Round
Each round is composed of a deal, several turns, and finally scoring.

The Deal
After having shuffled the deck, the dealer deals a single card face down to each player, including himself, until each player has 7 cards, including himself. Players may look at there hand as it is dealt. Once each player has their 7 cards, the dealer places the remainder of the deck face down in the middle of the table and flips the top card over placing it face up beside the remainder of the deck. This card is the designated wild card for the remainder of the round. If the wild card turns out to be a joker, then the only one wild cards for the round are the jokers.

After the deal is complete, the player to the dealer's left may start his or her turn.

Turns
A turn is a players opportunity to play his hand. A turn always begins with drawing a card, and always ends with discarding a card. A player may either choose to draw a card from the draw pile or the discard pile. It should be noted that the player who plays first in a round may not pick up the card from the discard pile. Once a player has drawn a card, he or she may choose to create or add to a meld.  The player is not required to do anything other than the mandatory draw and discard. The card that the player chooses to discard must be placed face up at the top of the discard pile.

Melds
A meld is a grouping of 3 or more cards such that one of the following is true
 * 1) All cards are of the same rank and different suit
 * 2) All cards are of the same suite and in sequential order

When playing with multiple decks it is extremely important to make sure that suiting of melds is proper and follows the above rules.

When melds contain wild cards, special consideration must be taken. For type 1 melds, the suit of the wild card(s) must be specified upon laying down the meld. If the player omits specifying the suit before the end of his or her turn, then all other players may assume that the wild card(s)'s suit is open and my accommodate the next player who adds to the meld. For type 2 melds, the suite of the wild card(s) is determined by its position within the meld.

When a player creates a meld, he or she puts the melded cards, grouped together on the table face up in front of them.

A player may play as many (even all) of his or her cards on his or her turn. There is no limit to the number of cards that you can meld on your turn.

A player may also use another player's melds to play his or her cards. To use another player's meld, simply add your card(s) to the other player's meld.

Scoring
Once a player has run out of cards by creating or adding to melds (over one or more turns), and then discarding his or her final card, the round ends. At the end of the round each player counts the value up his or her cards. The scoring of cards follows these rules
 * Cards 2 through 10 are valued at their face value
 * A 6 of spades is worth 6 points, a 4 of diamonds is worth 4 points
 * Aces may be valued at either 1 point or 13 points, the player's choice
 * Most players will want to choose 1 point, but 11 points may be desired in certain circumstances
 * Face cards (Jack, Queen, King) are all worth 10 points
 * Jokers and wild cards are worth 25 points
 * If a 2 of clubs is wild, then it is worth 25 points, not 2 points

A players round score is equal to the sum the point values of the cards in his or her hand. This score is repeated to the score keeper who increases the player's game score by their round score.

After scoring is completed, the score keeper determines if the game is won. If the game is not won, the score keeper determins if any players have expired.

Expiring
A player expires once he or she has reached or exceeded the maximum allowed score set at the beginning of the game (usually 100 points). Once this happens, the player is allowed to buy in for the decided upon buy in amount. If a player decides to buy in, he or she must pay the buy in amount, then he or she will have her score reset to the same score as the player who has the highest score without expiring.

Once all players wishing to buy in have done so, the deal passes to the player to the left of the dealer. The new dealer collects the cards, shuffles them, and a new round begins.

Players
Players may join in to the game at the beginning of any round, however, the new player(s) must pay the buy in amount times the number of expires by the player who has expired the most in the game. The new player will also start with the same score as the player who has expired the most in the game.

A player may choose not to buy in after having expired, however this player cannot be in contention for winning the game until he has bought back in as a brand new player. It is not advisable to drop out of a game and then rejoin as it can be quite expensive.

Winning
Once a player has won, the runners up are determined by their final score, the lower the better. The pot money is divided up amongst the winner and runners up as decided at the beginning of the game.

Common Values When Setting Up a Game
Here are the values that you should use for a standard game of Vegas Rummy

The Value of a Buy In
This can actually vary greatly from game to game. It really depends on how much everyone is comfortable spending. A standard game of 100 points will usually never see more than 10 buy in's. So keep that in mind when choosing a buy in amount.

Good amounts are $1, $2, and $5.

The Maximum Score
This should almost always be 100 points, unless players want a different game length.

Player Handicaps
Because of the nature of this game, a handicap doesn't necessarily hurt the player all that much. It does give the other players a slight advantage, but in most cases the handicap will vanish after a couple of rounds.

Cards Per Player
This should always be 7 cards. In some cases, like when playing with only 2 players, you may consider 9 or 11 cards.

Meld Solidarity
Games should be played with meld solidarity, without it games can get a little wild with all the card swapping. Playing without meld solidarity will definitely speed up each round.

Meld Strictness
This is not really necessary for games, it will help force melds to be created properly, and in that respect take a little longer to create, but in most cases it won't change the game that much.

Pot Split
This can vary from game to game, a good split is usually 70:30 split between the winner and the runner up. Optionally, the second runner up can receive a single buy in from the runner up.

title: Card Games/Vegas Rummy


text:
Talk:Circuit Idea/Reinventing the Non-inverting Amplifier

Here is a possible building "scenario" that my students and I were using during laboratory excercises to consider the op-amp non-inverting amplifier. Circuit-fantasist (talk) 06:13, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

A passive voltage follower: Imperfections

Generalizing the examples into a block diagram

What is op-amp?

Building an op-amp follower

Disturbing the negative feedback follower

Converting the NFB follower into an amplifier

Resources
Labs: group 65a, group 66a and group 67a. Op-amp amplifiers with negative feedback]


text: User talk:164.100.57.28

title: User talk:164.100.57.28