text:
Talk:Learn Electronics

experiments needed
This book is quickly turning into a book that you can read but not apply to anything, if you're going to contribute a chapter about a part at least put experiments demonstrating what the part does. --V2os 15:07, 5 August 2005 (UTC) this is a big problem for the electronics wikibook since once it gets to digital circuits there's no instructions about building a digital circuit.

This book already exists
You will be pleased to know that a substantial book on learning electronics already exists as Electronics. It would be best if you could merge any new content there. Thanks, (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:23, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I want to do something differnt than that book, as it has no hands on experience, and is full of many theories that don't need to be taught to beginners. There are also no circuits you can make in that book. 04:39, 16 July 2005 User:172.146.141.205

See Duplicate articles policy. I still think that you should, at least, link your book in closely with Electronics. Your aim appears to be directly compatible with Electronics:Aim, but they simply have not written much of the basic hands on stuff yet, maybe you could help by writing it? (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:11, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been looking into it but it looks as it would be similar to putting a square peg in a round hole. Too many theories that don't need to be taught, it's just much better and faster to introduce things as the lessons advance and the new components/circuits are introduced. at least half of that stuff doesn't need to be taught until the end of the book, but it's introduced first.--V2os 04:09, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Okay, how about linking to the theory in Electronics whenever you need a theoretical explanation (i.e., instead of duplicating the explanation yourself), and making your book a series of practical tutorials. It's desirable to eliminate duplication within Wikibooks, because it allows electronics contributors to concentrate their efforts. You may want to add some links to the appropriate tutorials within LearnElectronics to Electronics, so that readers of Electronics can benefit from your efforts too. I'll remove the merge tag for now, but please keep Wikibook's duplication policy in mind while writing. Good luck. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 05:08, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll try but i will do some explanation because i want the final product to be able to be printed out and used without the aid of a computer--V2os 00:05, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

some critics, positive ones ofcourse ;-)
IMO it's a good idea to write an beginners book on electronics. The other one is indeed pretty advanced (and I can know I've got a degree in it :-D ). I don't know your background in electronics, but I would suspect you're either self taught or still learning. (writting about it is one of the best the learn it throughfully) The reason I suspect this is the part on Ohms law. You going over it pretty fast and this is the law that has more about it than what most people see. A good explaination requires some text, a little math and a drawing. The drawing is essential as it shows exactly how the voltage drop over a resistor appears. This is essential to comprehend this law completely. Most people don't think this is important. An second point on this section is that you make it sound as if Ohms law applies to other components, which is not. Ohm's law only applies to resistors. Diodes, coils and capacitors do not follow this law. (For DC. AC is a differend thing. Capacitors and coild follow an extended version of Ohms law for AC.) --Patrik 17:04, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I am self taught, but will be attending a program at a vocational school (with classes in electronics) to complete my last 2 years of highschool. It has been a while since the last time i was being taught some very basic electronics, I really don't have a complete knowledge of this so I need people to fix errors like that of the Ohm's law section you mention, and help in writting the book. I'm just trying to set up a structure to the book, each chapter a new concept/part/equation is introduced and explained is what i'm trying for(except for the first few so you can start doing hands on stuff fast). I can't get my hands on a good electronics book, my local library is horrible for finding anything of use to you.--172.175.154.216 23:40, 16 July 2005 (UTC)V2os, forgot to log in.
 * I'll try to contribute as time permits. (I'm already contributing to 3 wikibooks, 2 of which I started myself). --Patrik 09:13, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

layout/content ideas
Seems you intent to seperate the theory and practice in different chapters. How about linking them closer? e.g. Explain the resistor, then follow with some hands-on experiment demonstrating Ohm's Law in practice, followed by some explaination why the measured values aren't exactly the same as those calculated. IMO small portions of theory followed by small experiments are a very good way to learn this material and it's easy to expand the book this way.  Also you should cleary note that this is about DC. AC differs very much from DC and IMO should be something like part 2 of the book.  Ohm's law is very easy to turn in a intresting demo, without expensive equipment. Kirchof's laws are harder to demo (the law about the currents in and out a node would need at least 3 current measurements, idealy at the same time).

 * Don't remember any of that, and i don't have any measuring equipment, or know how to use it, it would be nice if you could contribute something about this or find an article about it online and send a link (both how to use the equipment and the ohm's law demo).--V2os 03:39, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Some content suggestions
I've had some experience with teaching electronics, but not at this level. The way the book is currently organised requires the reader to learn all of the theory before doing the hands on stuff. Maybe it would be better it interleave the two more closely.

See my bulky proposed changes to the contents here.

You get the idea... (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 06:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I like it. (makes me realize how little i actualy know about electronics at the moment.)--V2os 16:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

I've started to organize the book like this.--V2os 20:38, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

AC measurements
AC is a bit/lot harder than DC. Perhaps we should spend a chapter to it, before moving on to the active components? IMO it's more trouble to split up the AC and DC characteristics of e.g. a transistor than it is to introduce AC first and then explain the transistor. --Patrik 08:33, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * As far as I can see, AC measurements are way beyond the scope of the book. Also, they would be very difficult to arrange without the aid of a signal generator and an oscilloscope. Yes, we could build a variable oscillator, feed it into the circuit under test, then use a small capacitor to store the peak voltage after rectification (that could be used to measure the peak voltage at several points with the aid of a multimeter). I think that anything more than a multimeter is a bit much to ask from any beginner.

 * I know that most tertiary courses in electronics simultaneously cover both the AC and DC characteristics of some passive and active components. But, I think that we can do them separately (with the AC characteristics far later, if we do them at all). With only DC (or very slowly changing voltages to measure), the BJT can be seen as a switch or current amplifier, the FET as a switch, the diode allows current to flow in only one direction, and the LED lights up with cool colours. Maybe we could get away with doing a simple oscillator with flashing LEDs, flashing at about 0.5 Hz, but that's about as AC as we can easily get. On the other hand, it would be great if we could do some tutorials for some of the advanced stuff in the Electronics book, that would bring the two books together nicely. But, this book is currently aimed at the very beginner. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:27, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

New title?
I've just been quickly looking at the basic material in the Electronics book. I think that we really need to limit the scope of this book so that it accomodates only the very beginner (i.e., people who don't know anything about electronics). Also, the title may be better changed to Beginning electronics (or at least Learning electronics, to fit with our naming conventions)? Tell me what you think, and I'll move the pages to the new name. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 05:25, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That may be a good idea. Perhaps we should keep this book as a page to link to all the electronics books at differend levels. Perhaps a second book covering the harder parts can be written too later and then a link to it can be added here? --Patrik 08:46, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, we could link to it at the beginning of the Electronics book to get people up to speed for the Basic electronics section. I suppose they could run in parallel to some extent though, but using a naive treatment of electronics that doesn't rely on describing what happens to electrons and other theory (I assume that's what V2os had in mind for this book). But, is it really electronics, or only electricity and magnetism? (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:25, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This is probably going to be limited to basic electricity and (simple) digital electronics. The hardest subject would probably be the RC circuit. I would avoid magnetism as it's pretty complicated. I would save it for the more advanced book, possible together with AC. Probably we should cover resistors (ohm's Law, That other law to calculate the resistance of a wire), Kirchof, capacitors in DC and the RC circuit. For real electronics I'd say we could cover Boolean logic (easy to test on a bread board) and perhaps a bit on the specs of TTL and CMOS (measuring when the input on a logic gate switches from 0 to 1, that sort of stuff). I don't think I'll have to mention the "what is electricity/voltage/current" part as this is pretty straight forward that we start with such a chapter. For the math and theory: how about we'll add some of that as optional chapters? Either as a new (small) chapter outside the table of content (or how I'm supposed to call it) or as a link to the other electronics books? Transistors can be covert as a switch, but it's hard to come up with a good introduction without using AC, also experiments would require an oscilloscope to be practical. --Patrik 15:09, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

All great suggestions Patrik, I think you have summed it up nicely. We'll see what V2os thinks when they get back. If only I'd spent as much time writing the book as discussing it, we may have already had part of a chapter. Unfortunately, I'm currently too busy to devote much time to it, but I'll help out where I can. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 21:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've put together a ruf TOC with some explaination. I'll add it here otherwise this page becomes pretty cluttered. I'll wait to see what V2os has to say about it, before writing anything real. --Patrik 11:48, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I'll be interested to see what you come up with Patrik. V2os' comments earlier seem a bit vague, and they don't have any measuring equipment, or know how to use it. So, that would limit our experiments a bit. But, I think we need to explain how to use a multimeter, otherwise we are limited to flashing (or static) lights for feedback. Maybe it would also be better to substitute LEDs (with roughly appropriate current limiting resistors) for the light bulbs, that would be far cheaper, and we could use the breadboard and a 9 V battery to run it (of course the LEDs would only work in one orientation, but the reason why could be explained far later, along with the reason for using the resistor in series). 12:03, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I've just looked at your TOC, and it looks good to me. Maybe we should spend even more time at the bottom end though. It may be better to keep the entire book on one page to begin with, so your TOC could be expanded as it is. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 12:33, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * More chapters on digital electronics? That part is going to be the most intresting part anyway. I guess Part one can be kept short and to the point (with most of it being fun experiments) and we can be more elaborate on the second part. V2os intended to use a lot of hands-on stuff, so we could use the experiments to introduce the theory. (boolean algebra in theory is pretty boring, but if we use a few experiments to demonstrate the methodes of boolean algebra, it'll be more intresting.)

I guess V2os is going to have a lot to read when he comes back ;-) --Patrik 12:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, I hope we haven't got totally the wrong end of the stick. Hopefully this book doesn't step on Electronics toes too much, it would be a shame to have to merge (but, we could also call this book Electronics:Beginning electronics). (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 12:53, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't think the auhors of Electronics are going to have any problems with this wikibook. IMO Electronics is aimed at a college level, while this one would be aimed at highschool level. Our prerequisits aren't very extensive. The picture I've got of the content would require some knowledge of basic algebra, but little else more as we don't cover any AC related content and so avoid trigonometry, vectors, complex numbers and any more complicated functions. The hardest part would be drawing the function of a RC circuit and boolean algebra is pretty stand alone. If/when we would start a simular book/part on AC then we'll going to need a bit more math, however this is still going to be limited to simple functions ( u = U * sin (omega * t + phi) would suffice for explaining much of AC), but we'll deal with that after this book is well on its way to completion.--Patrik 15:29, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Do not want to limit scope of book. I will be getting hands on stuff done starting in chapter 2.(sorry for leave of absence) I do want this book to go somewhat far (at least into remote control), and be aimed at high school students. I will be getting measuring equipment. if it were to go as far as all of you are suggesting it wouldn't be better than the books at my library. (the transistor is new in them!) give me some time to read this stuff over some more.--V2os 00:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

I want this to sort of mirror what i'm going to be learning in school, and the classes that promise that you'll be able to create videogame consoles by the end of the class. (I realize I'm not going to be able to contribute too much more to this book since i don't know much about the subject.)--V2os 16:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

If you provide some sort of table of contents, we'll be able to fill in the parts you aren't familiar with. --Patrik 13:00, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

On Geocachernemesis proposed changes i don't know much (maybe anything) about 4,6,7, and 8. To be clear on the AC thing, yes I think we should be doing stuff with AC. (Also I can't find what TOC means and it's mentioned here a lot. could someone tell me what it means?)

 * Patrik and I thought that AC (e.g., audio signals, and not just mains) measurements would be too difficult, because they would require the use of an signal generator and an oscilloscope, and we felt that they would be far too expensive for beginners. Even so, there is plenty that can be done with only a multimeter. TOC means table of contents, and I actually prefer Patrik's to mine in some ways. I've also had second thoughts about the use of light bulbs and sockets in the experiments, because they are quite expensive. If we need a breadboard anyway, then why not use LEDs instead, they would be far cheaper?

 * Also, we should consider changing the title of the book (as mentioned above), and keeping the book on one page until it grows a bit more (i.e., limit the number of pages created). (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 03:06, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

If you want to cover AC, it'll be much more theoretical. I've got course notes from a 4th year electricity (compares to high school) which covers basic AC in a quite simple way. It limits to single fase AC and simple AC circuits. (I also have college notes which cover it much more in depth, but those would be way too math-intensive). I've done a few experiments without an oscilloscope or signal generator in those classes, but these all came down to measuring voltage and/or current at particular intervals or in some special way. e.g. measuring input and output voltage/current of a transformer as to demonstrate that the product U*I remains constant in both coils. Or measuring the current in a circuit with a lightbulb to demonstrate the temperature dependent resistance of its filament (the wire inside of it).But when it comes down to demonstrating frequency effects or phase, you'll need a oscilloscope.Another thing you should keep in mind is safety. These experiments I mentioned use mains power which is dangerous. Especialy to people trying to do an experiment. You could say to use a transformer to make it safer, but not all transformers are really save, there is a variety which doesn't have 2 magnetic coupled coils, but use an AC voltage divider, these devices are cheap and dangerous for use in experiments. To summerize the issues with AC: --Patrik 12:32, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Expensive equipment. (oscilloscope, signal generator)
 * Risk of using main power.
 * large amount of theory without really room for experiments in between.

I would like some very basic AC stuff, at least explain what AC means, and simulation of it, i think it probably should all be on one page for a while until it gets bigger. I agree with replacing the light bulb and socket with LEDs.--V2os 05:00, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

The basic AC is pretty easy. I can fill it in later this week (as time permits). If you could provide a link to where I should place it. I personaly would place it at the end of the current TOC, something like "what is AC", followed by "simple AC circuits with resistors, capacitors and inductors" and then something on transformers, but not very theoretical, more practical oriented material. It's common to teach magnetisme along with AC, but IMO it would be way too theoretical for this book. The final version would contain a lot of graphics, but that isn't going to be in the first edits. Unless I can borrow some from other free sources I'll have to draw them myself or have other contributers draw them. But we'll deal with that when we get there. --Patrik 13:57, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

-- I probably can contribute for very young beginners, even making it much too simple(?) on purpose. But it may duplicate some items somewhere else. I'm not going to search for any duplications with other articles, and leave that up to other editors, also to merge with other articles. Also, I don't yet know how to do diagrams, nor mathematical formulae - please feel free to add these to my contributions. Thanks. QUITTNER 142.150.49.166 18:45, 26 July 2005 (UTC) --

title: Talk:Learn Electronics


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PS: You will be pleased to know that a substantial book on learning electronics already exists as Electronics. It would be best if you could merge any new content there. Thanks, (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

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PS: You will be pleased to know that a substantial book on learning electronics already exists as Electronics. It would be best if you could merge any new content there. Thanks, (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

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Learn Electronics/Basics

Chapter 1, The Basics
Electronics use electric power.
 * A battery is a source of electric power.
 * A wall socket is a source of a different kind of electric power.
 * Lightning is also a (very dangerous) source of electric power.
 * Sparks while combing some people's hair is called "Static electricity". Also some rugs can cause static electricity.

Voltage and Current
Electronic equipment operates by controlling the flow of electrons. Electrons are part of the atom. The atom also contains neutrons and protons. The number of protons and electrons in an atom are usually equal, but if it is not the atom is called an ion.

Electric current is the flow of charge from one place to another, reminiscent of the way ocean current is the flow of water from one place to another. Charge is like a tiny indivisible packet of electricity, and is carried by electrons. The charge on each electron is fixed, but if more electrons flow in a given time, then more charge is said to be flowing. An electron is a type of charge carrier - it carries charge, but it is not the only type. Later we will introduce another kind of charge carrier used in all electronics, so while we talk about electrons as the entity that carries charge, keep in mind that the term "charge carrier" is sometimes more appropriate.

Charge is important when we examine semiconductors, which is what real electronics is all about. Charges of the same sign (- and -, or + and +) repel each other, just as like poles of a magnet do. Conversely, unlike charges (+ and -) attract each other. This fact is very important. It is this attraction and repulsion of charge that causes charge to move in a conductor, thus creating a current.

Charge flows when there is a difference of potential between two points in the circuit. Potential difference is measured in volts and is sometimes called voltage. The larger the potential difference, the larger the flow of charge, all else being equal. A typical ordinary battery creates a potential difference of about 1.5 volts between its terminals. If the battery is not connected to anything, the potential difference is still there, and can be measured with a voltmeter. Only when a circuit is formed between the terminals of the battery will a path exist for electrons to flow, and electrons will be caused to flow. Current and voltage are linked by Ohm's Law, which is a very simple linear relationship.

Once it was believed that electrons traveled from the positive side of a battery to the negative side. However, when the technology was there to test this it was proven that electrons actually traveled from the negative terminal of the battery to the positive terminal. When talking about circuits and designing them, we use conventional current, which we measure as if charge flows from positive to negative - for practical purposes, the fact that the electrons really go the other way does not make any difference. The rest of this book follows standard practise and always assumes conventional current.

Current is measured in amperes or amps for short, though 1 amp is quite a large current so usually milliamps (1 thousandth of an amp) or microamps (1 millionth of an amp) are often used, especially in electronics.

To summarise: Current is the flow of charge. That charge can be thought of as flowing along the conductor. Voltage or potential difference is the force that gives rise to the current, and appears across a pair of points in a circuit, such as the terminals of a battery.

Conductors: Conductors are materials that are packed full of easily-movable electrons. All metals are conductors. All materials offer some resistance but that shouldn't matter for now as long as you're not using any extremely long lengths of wire.

Open/Closed/Short Circuit: An open circuit is one where there is a physical gap in the wire which does not allow charge to pass. A closed circuit is the path charge travels from one terminal of the battery to the other. A short circuit is where something like a piece of metal would fall onto two or more pieces of metal attached to the circuit and change the flow of electricity, resulting in undesired operation of the electronic device.

Circuit Diagrams: It would be nearly impossible to take a picture of a complicated electronic circuit and expect people to build the same one. To solve this problem, circuit diagrams are used. In circuit diagrams wires are represented by lines. When lines cross over each other they may be connected depending on how the diagram is drawn.

Example 1: Lines that intersect each other connect, and wires that have a loop where they cross are not connected

''Example 2: Lines that intersect each other do not connect. and lines that have a dot where they intersect are connected.''

I'll try to make this book use the second example but remember to pay attention to circuit diagrams for things like that.

Electric power, energy, temperature, heat sinks, thermal resistance, and thermal capacitance
Light bulbs, for example, are rated at 25 Watt (W), 60 W, 100 W, etc. That is the Power they use if and whenever they are switched on, never mind the length of time they are on.

A 100 W light bulb that is switched on uses Energy at the rate of 100 Watthours(Wh) per hour (Wh/h), 100 Wh if one hour, 200 Wh if 2 hours, etc. One Kilowatthour(kWh) is 1000 Wh. Light from lightbulbs is only one of several forms of energy. Another form is heat. Heat is related to temperature.

There is a close relationship between energy and temperature. Electronic devices, such as diodes or transistors, have a "rating" of a number of Watts (W) at a given device temperature that must not be exceeded to prevent damage. For example in data sheets for transistors often there is a graph showing the collector current versus the collector-emitter voltage for different base currents. Always add, if it isn't there already, the power curve. For example, if a power transistor is rated at 50 W, then one point of this curve would be 10 Volt (V) x 5 Amperes (A), another 5V x 10 A, etc. If the outside temperature is higher, or there isn't a free flow of cooling air, then the power rating will be lower - this is called "derating". Often electronic equipment includes an internal fan to keep the temperature down to below rated limits under all reasonable operating conditions.

Heat sinks are very important; they are used to reduce the temperature of the electronic device. This is done by mounting the device on a heat sink, usually via a heat-conducting chemical paste, and, if necessary, insulating heat-conducting washers, permitting as much heat as possible to be conducted from the device to the heat sink. The heat sink, which has a comparatively large surface area in touch with not only the device, but also with cooling air, then transfers its heat to that air, thus keeping the device's temperature lower than it would be without the heat sink, and also permitting therefore a larger power rating, and a larger current rating, without causing any damage to the device.

Just as electrical resistance (in DC circuits) is voltage divided by current (Volts per Ampere), similarly "thermal resistance" is defined as degrees Celsius difference per Watt. Also "thermal capacitance" is defined as Wattseconds per degree Celsius.

See also
 * More about power
 * Power in circuits
 * Calculating power
 * Units and their SI system
 * Energy in general
 * Energy meters
 * Energy and electricity. Why the fuss?
 * Heat Transfer and wikipedia: heat sinks, wikipedia: thermal resistance and thermal capacitance
 * About temperature and units of temperature

Hands On
Basic light bulb circuit: You will need a battery, low power light bulb with socket, and some wire.

Understanding the Parts
Battery:  Batteries use internal stored chemical energy to push electrons from one end to the other. The battery will run out eventually when it uses up all its internal stored energy.

Circuit Diagram for battery: Light Bulb: (I plan on using an LED for the light as it does not need a socket and works with a breadboard) (what's a breadboard?) A breadboard is a plastic board with lots of holes, which electronic components pins are pushed into. The holes are electrically connected in lines. (e.g. all the vertical lines are connected together). (Practical Electronics/Breadboard)

Wires

Wires simply provide a pathway for electric current to travel

Assembly
Now it's time to start building this circuit.

Connect one terminal of the battery to one terminal of the light bulb socket, and the other terminal of the battery to the other terminal of the light bulb socket. That's your first circuit.

Previous chapter ../Foreword/ | Next chapter: ../Resistors/ | Go back to Index

title: Learn Electronics/Basics


text:
Learn Electronics/Resistors

Voltage Drop

 * Think of a bucket full of water; nothing happens yet, if there is no hole at the bottom of the bucket. The height of the water in the bucket represents the electrical voltage.
 * If there is a hole at the bottom of the bucket, then water will flow out of it. That water flow represents electric current flow.
 * If the source of the voltage is a battery, then, in time, the battery's voltage will be reduced until there is no voltage left, just as the level of the water in the bucket will get lower and lower until no water is left in the bucket, with zero level.
 * If the source of the voltage is the socket in the wall, then the voltage will remain about the same; normally there will be only slight changes of that kind of voltage.

The voltage is the source of the current, and the current has some purpose, it flows through what is called a "load", which may be one or more resistors. No current flows through a resistor or equivalent, unless there is a voltage across the two terminals of the resistor. If there are at least 2 resistors, or equivalent, in series (like a river flowing via 3 points) then the voltage across each resistor is called voltage drop. Think of a river passing via points A, B, and C, where A is highest and C is lowest. There is a difference in the elevations/levels, with B minus A representing a voltage drop, and C minus B being like another voltage drop. The sum of all of the voltage drops in a circuit always equals the supply voltage, such as the battery voltage.

Ohms Law
Resistors: Resistors "resist" the flow of electricity, reducing the amount of the current (measured in units called amps). Without a resistor in the circuit the current would be too high, you would ruin parts of the circuit, use up the battery too fast, or even blow the battery. Since resistors are too small to print numbers on them they are labeled with color coded bands that have to be interpreted. Resistors have 3 or 4 colorbands on them, but only the first 3 matter for now. The fourth one is either silver or gold. Silver means it is 10% above or below the value shown by the first 3 bands, while gold means 5% above or below. The first 2 bands represent a one decimal number, the third represents the number of zeros that follow.

Resistors follow Ohm's Law: $$V=IR$$ (V=Voltage, I=Current (in amps), R=Resistance (in ohms))

Ohm's law is important to remember since most electronic components have a maximum and minimum voltage and amp rating: if they're too low it wouldn't work, and if they're too high it will destroy the component. As long as you have at least two values you can solve for the last one.

Colour Code

The Standard EIA Color Code Table per EIA-RS-279 is shown on table as followed : A trick to remember is that the decimal number of a color band is equal to the amount of zeros added to the end if it's the third band.

Series & Parallel
Resistors are very useful in electronic design and there are 2 types of resistor connection mainly series and parallel.

Series
Definition of series connection: Resistor is connected end-to-end in a line to form a single path through which current can flow.

Resistors in series are summed up as shown to obtain the total resistance of their combination.

$$ R = R_{1} + R_{2} $$

Parallel
Definition of parallel connection: The same wire is connected to one end of all the parts in parallel and another wire is connected to the other end of all the parts in parallel.

Resistors in parallel are the reciprocal (means: one divided by) of the total resistance of the combination of two resistors R1 and R2

$$ R = \frac{1}{R_{1}} + \frac{1}{R_{2}} $$

Previous chapter ../Basics/ | Next chapter: ../Capacitors/ | Go back to Index

title: Learn Electronics/Resistors


text:
User talk:Boud

Do you mind adding your full name to your Wikimania-paper? Your are the only one with a Nickname only -- JakobVoss 20:19, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boud


text:
Help talk:Contributing

My guide
I created a personal guide for creating new books at User:Whiteknight/New Book Guide. This guide represents my own personal opinions on the matter, but I think it is a helpful resource nonetheless. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 23:46, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Can I do this...?
I currently run an Open Source C++ project, and I was wondering if I would be allowed to start a new book documenting the usage of functions and methods in this project. It could be considered a way to make users familiar with the code. Thanks. --- Zor (talk) 08:26, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

 * This is a gray area. Please see What is Wikibooks for more information. You should raise this in the general reading room with more details about this project. --Swift (talk) 09:36, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Can I do this? (2)
Would I be allowed to put together a collection of homework questions and their explained answers? Many of these questions are from textbooks (not verbatim, but close enough), and sometimes pictures are included from the textbook, or the online homework problem. Would I be allowed to include the questions, the pictures (from a book or online source), and (obviously) the answers? Also, if I'm not allowed to use their pictures, would I be allowed to reconstruct my own, and use those? Maslen (talk) 14:04, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Copying any other material unless it is appropriately licensed to allow copying, or public domain, is forbidden by copyright law. The same applies to images. Even if the text is free to copy, often the images are not. As a book, your idea is fine, but you need to find a way of constructing it without breaching somebody else's copyright. See Copyrights for more information. QU TalkQu 14:07, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Could you please give a yes/no answer in regards to whether I'd be allowed to add the questions from other sources ( if not verbatim, with my own pictures)? Copyrights doesn't seem to be particularly clear on this topic. Maslen (talk) 14:59, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book and the Scouting book both incorporate verbatim questions from a published source and provide answers created by the community. The amount of text in the answers far exceeds the amount in the questions.  Illustrations are a more dodgy topic.  I have seen images deleted from the Commons because they were reproductions of some other copyrighted work.  Wikibooks hosts few images (we limit that to fair-use images, because the Commons won't host them).  Wikibook's upload page redirects to the Commons where there are people well-versed in those questions.  You could take that up with them and see what they say. --Jomegat (talk) 15:23, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

Suggested Edit to Academia meets the real world
Our textbooks are started by people who are familiar with the subject. Content is continually augmented by Wikibookians. This There is no is no lone professor seeking additional income... Ricreational (discuss • contribs) 21:09, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

Physical science
Chemical change BekeZulu (discuss • contribs) 15:14, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

Copy editing
No hyphen with "ly" words, such as in the first paragraph of this page: "publicly-usable database." Should be "publicly usable database."148.75.173.19 (discuss) 03:18, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

 * , thanks. Svartava (discuss • contribs) 03:47, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Help talk:Contributing


text:
File:LearnElectronics-Images-Chapter1-diagram1.PNG

diagram1


text:
User:Nathan8225

'''See my Wikipedia Userpage

I hope you stay and help us all expand Wikibooks! Please add to my Talk page

title: User:Nathan8225


text:
User talk:Nathan8225

Please add to this page!!! and I'll go look at your page.

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:08, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

The Elements
You are listed as either an interested participant or voted for "The Elements" for Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter. This message is to let you know that we are starting work on The Elements because it was selected for 4th quarter 2006. --xixtas 03:28, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nathan8225


text:
File:LearnElectronics-images-chapter1-Diagram2.PNG

diagram2


text:
Slovio/Alphabet and pronunciation

=Lesson 1 - Alphabet and pronunciation= The Slovio language can be written either using Latin alphabet based on English, which is purely ASCII, or using a cyrillic alphabet, which is based on Russian. This guide will mostly use the Latin alphabet for simplicity and not to overwhelm learners, but you should familiarize yourself with cyrillic as well. This is the basic Slovio alphabet, both in Latin and the corresponding cyrillic:

A B  C  Cx  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  R  S  Sx  T  U  V  Z  Zx А  Б  Ц  Ч   Д  Е  Ф  Г  Х  И  Й  К  Л  М  Н  О  П  Р  С  Ш   Т  У  В  З  Ж

a b  c  cx  d  e  f  g  h  i  j  k  l  m  n  o  p  r  s  sx  t  u  v  z  zx а  б  ц  ч   д  е  ф  г  х  и  й  к  л  м  н  о  п  р  с  ш   т  у  в  з  ж

cx, sx, and zx are always represented by two characters in conjunction and form only one letter each.

 ! TIP Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak and Polish speakers
 * cx = ч, č, cz
 * sx = ш, š, sz
 * zx = ж, ž, ż
 * gx = дж, џ, dž, dż
 * wx =  щ, шт, шј, št, ś, ć, šč, szcz

Vowels are pronounced the same way they would be in German or Polish.

Consonant pronunciation:

As in most Slavic languages, r should be rolled.

J is used only in some cases:
 * 1) When j sound is at the beginning of the word.
 * 2) In suffixes like -ju, -just, etc.

Otherwise, i is used to represent that sound.

Slovio also includes several optional letters, mainly for expressing sounds of foreign words:
 * Gx Wx  X
 * Дж Щ   Кс

Gx is used to present the sound that would be formed by "dzx", as in George. Wx is used to present the "sxcx" sound, as in Yushchenko. X, if used apart from cx, sx or zx, is equivalent to "ks", as in box.

Pronunciation and stresses
In cases of vowel combination (like ai, oi, io, uo, etc.) it is recommended to pronounce the combination as one diphthong.

It is recommended to accent the penultimate syllable (the syllable before the last one).

sk:Slovio: Abeceda a výslovnosť

title: Slovio/Alphabet and pronunciation


text:
User talk:172.143.145.20

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Complete the edit summary every time you make an edit.
 * Consider creating an account, it will make it easier for you to keep track of your edits.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
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Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 00:53, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:172.143.145.20


text:
User talk:172.146.141.205

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Complete the edit summary every time you make an edit.
 * Consider creating an account, it will make it easier for you to keep track of your edits.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 00:54, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:172.146.141.205


text:
User talk:172.142.232.35

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Complete the edit summary every time you make an edit.
 * Consider creating an account, it will make it easier for you to keep track of your edits.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 00:55, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:172.142.232.35


text:
User talk:172.154.230.54

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Complete the edit summary every time you make an edit.
 * Consider creating an account, it will make it easier for you to keep track of your edits.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 00:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:172.154.230.54


text:
User talk:V2os

Understanding C++
I see you've decided that you'd like to contribute to the Understanding C++ book. I definitely want to encourage you to contribute and hope we can work together. To that end I'd like to inform you a little bit about the intention of the book. The book is intended to be for people who already know how to use a computer fairly well. Like how to navigate whatever OS they use, run programs, and know how to get new programs on there computer. So basic computer knowledge in other words.

What the book doesn't assume though is the reader know what programs consist of, how they do their work and why they would need to learn a language like C++ if they want to learn to make programs, which is what Understanding C++/Introduction is for. I think that might be similar in purpose to the Computer and Programming languages chapter. However the main difference is that I didn't think it would be helpful to people who've decided to learn C++ to be distracted by material about other programming languages.

The different programming paradigms wasn't really something I had thought about covering because I thought that could be distracting as well, and thought if they were to be covered at all they would be covered as the book progresses. Like functional programming might be touched a bit in the chapter on Functions.

You may have also noticed the focus is on standard C++ only, this is intended to keep this book very focused and helpful for beginners. I hope this book can made to be both fun to read and interesting to read at the same time. In my own experience with programming book, when they are not too dry, have a lot of illustrations and provide a lot of fun examples, I learned quicker, and that is what my hope is for this book too.

I saw what you said in the reading room and I do agree with most of it. I just don't think the C++ for dummies book is a good example to follow, because I like a lot of people that I'm aware of in the C++ community, don't think that book teaches how to use C++ correctly. I don't intend to have any specific size limit for this book, but I do know there are some well written C++ programming books that are less than 1,000 pages, and some poorly written C++ programming books over 1,000 pages, so to me size isn't a good measure or indicator of how good a book is. --dark lama  00:22, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Oh also, I wouldn't mind discussing and throwing ideas around about how to approach teaching standard C++. I only have a few basic things in place that I'd like to keep. The Core section, which to me is intended for things like variables (which includes arrays and pointers), functions, classes, control flow, templates, exceptions, etc. with a taste of the standard library and other concepts important to C++ programming. The advance section for things like lists, trees, hash tables, basic ways to optimize program that don't depend on what compiler is used and the like, etc. The standard library section for understanding how to use everything in the standard library like string, map, stacks, queues, sets, etc. which hopefully by the time a person reads this section they will have already a pretty good grasp of how they work. Besides what each section of the book should contain I haven't really figured out yet where to begin with teaching C++, as can be seen by how basically the only thing present being an introductory to programming. --dark lama  00:48, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:V2os


text:
User talk:172.162.62.130

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Complete the edit summary every time you make an edit.
 * Consider creating an account, it will make it easier for you to keep track of your edits.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 00:59, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:172.162.62.130


text:
User talk:192.206.19.188

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:192.206.19.188


text:
User talk:69.108.229.237

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:19, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.108.229.237


text:
User talk:69.28.161.48

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:23, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.28.161.48


text:
Slovio/Introducing yourself

=Lesson 2 - Introducing yourself=

Please take a look at how Ana might introduce herself:

 * Imenijm Ana. Ja es ucxnik.

Vocabulary: imenit - name (verb, "to be named") ja    - I es     - to be ucxnik - student

Ana introduced herself with "imenijm Ana", meaning "my name is Ana". Imenijm is the first person singular form of the verb imenit in the present tense. In this case, it was unnecessary to use personal pronoun ja (I), as it would be in most Slavic languages, as it is assumed that subject is "ja" from the verb suffix -ijm.

Verb conjugation (delaslovju koniugenie)
Verbs are conjugated by adding a suffix to the stem of the word. Stems are formed by removing the infinitive ending -t (if the stem ends in o), -it (if it ends in a consonant) or -vit (if it ends in a, e, i or u). The verb endings for the present tense are: ijm, ijsx, ijt, ime, ite and ijut, if the word ends in a consonant as seen in this example:

So, for example: Mlodic imenijt Dusxan. - Boy is named Dushan. (literal translation) Imenime Vikibuks. - Our name is Wikibooks.

Words that end in a vowel lose i in the ending, so the endings are: -jm, -jsx, -jt, -me, -te and -jut. The use of i in such cases is optional, but it is easier to omit it. For example: delat (to work), would be delajm, delajsx, delajt, delame, delate or delajut.

Pronouns (zamenslovis)
Pronouns in Slovio appear in three forms:
 * 1) Subject (nominative)
 * 2) Object
 * 3) Possessive

This is a table of pronouns when they are in the subject position:

Verb 'to be' (delaslov 'but')
Conjugation of the verb 'to be' in slovio is very easy, it is es in every case. If the verb is used without a pronoun, verb personal ending (see above section) is added to the stem es.

For example, Ana said:
 * Ja es ucxnik.

Meaning I am a student. She also could have said Esijm ucxnik.

title: Slovio/Introducing yourself


text:
User talk:80.177.91.126

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:36, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.177.91.126


text:
User talk:Dcabrilo

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:43, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Could you have a look at pl:Hiszpański. It is the base for language textbooks, which might help you with building this student's book, and making it easy to understand, etc. Sblive 09:36, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dcabrilo


text:
User talk:LinoBarreca~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:44, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called LinoBarreca. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name LinoBarreca~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:25, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:12, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:LinoBarreca~enwikibooks


text:
User:Yanka ronin

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Yanka ronin


text:
User talk:Anisketch~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:50, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Anisketch. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Anisketch~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:58, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:33, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anisketch~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Raging Bull~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:51, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Raging Bull. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Raging Bull~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raging Bull~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:68.100.191.214

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:09, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.100.191.214


text:
US Civil Procedure

 * /Introduction/
 * /Jurisdiction/
 * /Pleading/

title: US Civil Procedure


text:
User talk:Fat Dragon

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 05:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fat Dragon


text:
User talk:Wilbur Wilson

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 05:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wilbur Wilson


text:
User talk:141.157.226.2

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 05:32, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:141.157.226.2


text:
User talk:70.24.5.231

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 05:33, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.24.5.231


text:
User talk:195.128.179.143

Please stop adding irrelevant links to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you continue, then you risk being blocked from editing Wikibooks. Thank you. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 08:10, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing Wikibooks. You were warned several times that linking to commercial sites is not allowed. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires.--Derbeth talk 22:41, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:195.128.179.143


text:
User talk:170.38.99.56

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 08:12, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:170.38.99.56


text:
User:Quiettype

Quiettype is a newcomer to the community, and is currently:

 * helping flesh out the beard shaping area of the shaving book: (see Shaving).
 * writing a book on picture framing (see How to frame a picture)

Experience

 * Has had a beard since 1996 :D
 * Computer programmer (Honor's degree)
 * Artist (completed commissioned works, published in small book)
 * Father
 * Manager (since 2000)

Aka

MetaWikiPedia:User:Quiettype

Wiktionary:User:Quiettype

Wikipedia:User:Quiettype

Wikiversity:User:Quiettype

Commons:User:Quiettype

title: User:Quiettype


text:
How to Frame a Picture

 * For information about creating a nice photo see the OC Photography Program, or tips on Digital Photography/Taking Digital Photos.

Creating a frame for a picture can be an expensive and confusing task. This Wikibook attempts to address this by providing instructions to allow you to do it yourself!

The book is currently broken into pages, which attempt to address the various stages required to produce a basic, though gallery quality, picture frame. There are additional pages which address special techniques and outline methods to handle complex items (such as boxing gloves).

This book began life as a summary of experience from someone new to the area, and will hopefully be built upon to become a useful reference and guide.

Basic techniques

 * Equipment required
 * Material required
 * Choosing colours and styles
 * Calculate the sizes
 * Creating a frame
 * Fitting glass
 * Adding matt-board
 * Final assembly (and keeping out bugs)

Advanced techniques

 * Tips for pastel drawings
 * Tips for thick objects
 * Tips for cloth
 * Machine cut matting
 * Tips for setting up a workshop
 * Fixing common problems

Contributing to this book
(Following text derived from: Blender_3D:_Noob_to_Pro)

If you would like to contribute to this book, you are strongly encouraged (read "begged") to do so! There are a couple of things you may wish to do:

(Note to Firefox users: There is a useful toolbar just for editing wiki pages.)

Editing a page
Simply click on the "edit this page" link at the top of whichever page you would like to edit! Your contribution will be immediately made live, but will also be quickly reviewed, so using these pages to link to your favourite pornographic site is a waste of time and energy, as offending additions will be quickly removed. You can also ask questions and make comments about each page by clicking the "discussion" link at the top of the page.

Adding a page
If you would like to add a page to the book, such as a new tutorial page or a reference page, create a link to it under Contents section on this very page. Then with that link live, click it to be taken to the new page where you will be able to create content for the page.

Authors
Quiettype - Initial idea and outline

title: How to Frame a Picture


text:
User talk:69.50.184.217

Please stop adding irrelevant links to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you continue, then you risk being blocked from editing Wikibooks. Thank you. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:31, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.50.184.217


text:
User talk:210.213.177.64

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:33, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:210.213.177.64


text:
How to Frame a Picture/Equipment required

Equipment suggested for picture framing

 * Sharp pencil (2B recommended, as it will leave clear sharp lines)
 * Notebook (for recording colours for matboard, frame types and measurements - and for calculating costs)
 * Retractable tape measure
 * Metal ruler
 * Sharp knife
 * Retractable snap-off bladed knife works well.

Frame cutting and assembly

 * Mitre saw, or guillotine
 * Bounding tape thing
 * Corner tacking gun, with tacks

Glass cutting

 * Oil filled glass cutter
 * Cotton gloves

Mat cutting

 * Square and rightangle ruler based cutter
 * Note: a ruler and a knife just doesn't cut it ;)

Mat board
The spare mat board is easy to store in an old map drawer cabinet. These can be often be picked up at ex-government furniture stores.

Frame material
Standing against the wall, or up in the rafters.


text:
User talk:Quiettype

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 12:57, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quiettype


text:
How to Frame a Picture/Tips for pastel drawings

Tips for pastel drawings

 * Ensure that the drawing is well bonded to the backing with ?sealant?
 * Leave a gap at the bottom of the frame, between the paper and the matt, to allow for dust to settle inside the matt.


text:
How to Frame a Picture/Choosing colours and styles

When choosing the appropriate surround for artwork, it is helpful to keep in mind several variables:

 * Do you need to crop the picture?
 * Is the piece destined for a single location?
 * What materials do you have on hand?
 * Will you need to re-use the frame?

And finally, and probably most importantly:
 * Will your partner agree with your choice?


text:
How to Frame a Picture/Creating a frame

Check

 * Sanity check measurements

Cut
[Include profile shot of cutout of frame edge]
 * Make clean cuts, taking care to approach the line.
 * Undercut the edge to ensure tight fit on corner.

Assemble

 * Use masking tape to temporarily hold frame in place.

Check
Place the frame over the artwork to check that it's the right shape and size.

Glue

 * Add glue to edges
 * Tape
 * Use band to hold frame in place
 * When tightening, check that the frame comes below the middle line of the frame, to ensure a tight edge on the face.

Pin

 * Check for staples length pushing though the frame, especially for routed edges.

Check

 * Glue on the front face

title: How to Frame a Picture/Creating a frame


text:
How to Frame a Picture/Final assembly

 * Clean glass
 * Assemble pieces
 * Check the look of the front

 * Pin down the backing

For each side:
 * Lay down tape
 * Push it into corners and around the pins

 * Add eyehooks
 * Secure the hanging cord

title: How to Frame a Picture/Final assembly


text:
How to Frame a Picture/Material required

When selecting a frame, decide on the colour, window size and area of the mount. (A pale colour makes the picture look larger; a dark colour makes the picture look smaller). Normally, a frame is sold in a long strip which needs to be cut to size.

You will also need:
 * Glass
 * Matt board
 * Foam core
 * Sealing tape
 * Wood glue
 * Pins for securing the backing to the frame
 * Eyelets
 * Nylon cord


text:
Editing Wikitext/Headings

Formal heading styles are used in nearly all WikiBooks pages and for that matter, for all of the sister projects' pages as well. They clearly show a degree of organization in the work, and they are absolutely essential if the user intends to take advantage of the automatically generated table of contents, (TOC).

The following notes explain how to make wiki headings, and introduces the table of contents. Notes are provided on moving the TOC around, and constraining its behavior. For those who intend to put the TOC into a table cell at the top of a page, refer to Images in Containers, and Templates Ready to Use.

Heading levels
There are six levels of heading styles and all of them are made by surrounding the heading text with an appropriate number of equals signs. The HTML heading styles are equivalent and so optionally, the heading text can be surrounded by the HTML tags instead. As an example; to make a level two heading, the largest practical heading, write either of the following at the left margin:

==Heading Text== or; Heading Text

To make smaller headings just increase the number of equals signs, or use larger numbers in the HTML tags. It was stated above that there are six levels but the first level is usually reserved for the page heading, and making a table of contents with more that three levels can be messy. As a result it is most common to stick to levels two, three and four, or to use the HTML equivalent, h2, h3 and h4. By insuring that smaller headings come below larger headings in the text, the TOC will indent the sub-levels accordingly, and automatically insert the required links.

At times a heading is needed for text in a table. Wikitext heading codes can have an adverse effect on tables and templates. When this happens, changing to the HTML versions of the heading will often solve the problem.

The level two heading style inserts a line across the page whether it is needed or not, but to add a similar line with the other headings, just type four hyphens at the left margin as follows:

Summary of Headings
The following table contains a summary of the headings that can be made.

 Text   h1 is mostly for page headings   Text  h2 heads a section   Text   h3 heads a subsection of h2   Text   h4 heads a subsection of h3   Text   h5 is rarely used   Text   h6 is rarely used

Hiding Headings
As was mentioned above, the headings are used to make the table of contents, (TOC). Sometimes, when the TOC is looking a bit full, or when a heading does not seem to warrant listing, it would be useful to have the benefits of the heading's formats, but to miss it out on the TOC.

A set of templates has been made to do this. They are the six templates Hiddenh1 through Hiddenh6. The way to use say, a level three heading style without a TOC listing is just:

Just choose a different template for other heading sizes.

As an alternative, set the limit parameter on the table of contents to display only major headings.

Numbered Headings
Numbered headings are made only by typing them yourself, and the nested heading sizes are made in usual way.

The conventional numbering method is to assign a separate number sequence to each level of heading. Although an automatic method purports to exist in the user's preferences, it affects only the local view and will not be seen by others. A fairly standard approach for numbered headings is seen below, but the indentation that is preferred for numbered sub-sections cannot be obtained with a simple use of tags or wiki code. Templates could be made to indent the sub-sections properly, setting left margins for the paragraphs accordingly, and for those who might attempt it, the existing CSS styles for headings have been provided below.

Drop Capitals
Drop capitals are used for work where heading styles are intrusive, though the rules for their use are by no means clear.

here is no drop capital code in Wikitext at this time, but a template exists. The drop capital at the start of this paragraph was added using the Drop template. Users who need a different drop capital can find the basic coding on the template's editing window. The code used to call this template into use was just: Notice that only the first character of the paragraph was included within the double curly brackets, and that the remainder of the text was dressed tightly to the left.

The Table of Contents
The table of contents habitually resides at the top-left of the page. In fact, it will position itself at the left margin and just above the first heading that is made. The TOC lists all of the headings and makes links to their positions in the page. Selecting a link causes the page to shift so that the selected heading is at the top of the screen. A table of contents will not be generated unless at least four headings are made.

The width and length of the TOC adjusts as more heading text is added. The width adjusts to the longest heading and the box extends downward as more headings are added. At some point the text is wrapped rather than continuously widening the box. The default behavior of the TOC is not always appropriate, so methods exist to customize it.

It is possible to remove the TOC by typing: anywhere on the page. (Note that there are two underscores on each side). The usual Wiki page includes a table of contents, but it is unclear how strict the convention is. Note the section above on Hiding Headings to avoid individual headings being added to the TOC, or the note on the limit parameter below

To move the TOC to a place that it would not normally appear, for example, in a table cell at say the top of the page, just type the following code in the cell as if it were text: Such a method can be used to position the TOC with some accuracy, as well as running text or images level with it in the top section. The table of contents can only appear once; if  is used multiple times, the first use takes priority. The template Tocright can be used to place a table of contents at the right side of the WikiBooks page. The TOC will appear adjacent to the position on the page that the template is called. To call the template type. Other suitable templates for repositioning the table of contents include TOC, and TOC left. All three of these templates have a limit parameter, which allows lower-level headings to be omitted.

The colors of the TOC are fixed, set by the toc class and element ID.

CSS Heading Styles
At times, for example for templates, users need to know the details of certain wiki styles. These can be found in the wikibooks style sheets. An example of these styles for the main wiki headings can be found in the drop-box below.

title: Editing Wikitext/Headings


text:
SQL\400

Table of Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * Interactive SQL/400
 * SQL Query Manager
 * /Static Embedded SQL/
 * /Dynamic Embedded SQL/
 * Other SQL/400 Applications

title: SQL\400


text:
User:Polyparadigm~enwikibooks

More at my Wikipedia account.

title: User:Polyparadigm~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:198.190.212.45

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:41, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.190.212.45


text:
User talk:66.218.45.82

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:48, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:66.218.45.82


text:
User talk:Phoenix Hacker~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:55, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Phoenix Hacker. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Phoenix Hacker~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phoenix Hacker~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Rck

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:56, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rck


text:
User talk:KevinBaker~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:58, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called KevinBaker. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name KevinBaker~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:19, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:KevinBaker~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:AM088

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:00, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Hello There
Hello AM088,

Your contributions to the wikibook caught my eye and I wanted to thank you for them personally. Really, a brilliant job, great additions. Feel free to continue to contribute, anytime.

--Spiderworm 04:15, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

keyboard
did you make the keyboard in blender? if so please upload and link the source file to the image; I would like to make a few additions. thanks a lot. gatoatigrado (ntung.com).

Pictures
As you can see at the top of this page, "All unlicensed images uploaded to wikibooks before November 1, 2006 will soon be deleted." You have uploaded images and some of them are untagged. You can see them here. Please review them and add appropriate tags. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me. --Think Fast 04:32, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:AM088


text:
User talk:AkumaZ~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 02:09, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called AkumaZ. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name AkumaZ~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:56, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:AkumaZ~enwikibooks


text:
User:Chaturganj

Sanatana - The Eternal
Sanatana

Om Namah Bhagwate Vasudevaye
Om Namah Bhagwate Vasudevaye

Prarthana
Prarthana - Prayers /Vandana-1

title: User:Chaturganj


text:
User talk:203.59.185.147

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 04:34, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.59.185.147


text:
Talk:Beekeeping/Bee Brush

Dish Soap vs Dawn
I’m not exactly sure why the generic (and apparently correct) term ‘dish soap’ was replaced by the specific use of a brand name detergent (dawn) in the latest edit. For the moment I’ll leave it be, and hope for an explanation. --Robert Engelhardt 06:14, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beekeeping/Bee Brush


text:
Template:Slovio

Slovio  | Lessons: 1 | 2 |  3 |  4 |  5 |  6 |  7 |  8 |  9

title: Template:Slovio


text:
User talk:83.197.67.192

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

PS: Make sure that you put the wikipedia tag at the bottom of the page, it doesn't dominate the article there.

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:47, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that's probably better, moving to bottom. (Wasn't logged in before, haven't contributed much to wikibooks, forgot I even had the account ;) Jacoplane 11:59, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:83.197.67.192


text:
User talk:Chrono~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:48, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chrono. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chrono~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:02, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:48, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrono~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jacoplane

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Good luck!

PS: Make sure that you put the wikipedia tag at the bottom of the page, it doesn't dominate the article there.

(Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:47, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that's probably better, moving to bottom. (Wasn't logged in before, haven't contributed much to wikibooks, forgot I even had the account ;) Jacoplane 11:59, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Just thought I'd point it out before you added a few hundred.;) (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 12:19, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jacoplane


text:
User:Greenman

I live in Cape Town, South Africa, and yes, I'm the same Greenman from the English wikipedia, as well as who tinkers with the Afrikaans wikipedia, hopefully without causing too much damage.

I'm very keen to see Wikipedia's in the other South African languages - anyone who can help please contact me.

You can get a pretty good idea of my interests by looking at the articles to which I've contributed - mostly South African interest.

I also have a [a blog].

title: User:Greenman


text:
User talk:156.34.21.183

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 13:23, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:156.34.21.183


text:
User talk:84.66.78.6

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 13:36, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:84.66.78.6


text:
User:Rck

About Me
I am an artificial intelligence researcher living in the USA with my wife, two (foster) children and three gerbils. I am currently working on my PhD in church history. My interests include historiography, knowledge engineering and software engineering.

To find out more about me, visit my online journal.

Main Areas of Contribution

 * History of Historical Writing — currently lead author ...

title: User:Rck


text:
User talk:Chopsy hoec

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 13:41, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chopsy hoec


text:
User talk:Garglebutt~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 13:42, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Garglebutt. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Garglebutt~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Garglebutt~enwikibooks


text:
Business English/Links

Web resources on business English:
 * Arlyn Freed's ESL/EFL English for Specific Purposes (ESP) - Business English links
 * Language tools for learners - Dictionary, Idioms, and Phrasal Verbs search
 * English dictionary, translator and Idioms search
 * ESL Business News - a weekly podcast of international business news read in slow, clear English. Listen to the podcast and follow along in the accompanying script.
 * Business English Exercises: Michael's ESP-EFL British Civilisation Home Page
 * Free Business English Exercises - A collection of exercises arranged by topic.
 * Free Business English Podcast Lessons - Business English lessons by podcast for intermediate and advanced learners featuring useful phrases and vocabulary. Transcripts and online exercises available.

title: Business English/Links


text:
Personal Finance

Financial status is generally viewed with four basic quadrants.
 * 1) Income
 * 2) Expense (Spending)
 * 3) Assets
 * 4) Liabilities

One has to manage these four quadrants in a way that they can survive today and also in the future (ie after retirement). The way one manages these four quadrants:

Generating Income

 * /Employment/
 * /Self-employment/
 * /Self-employment/Business structures/
 * /Self-employment/Franchise/
 * /Self-employment/Multilevel Marketing/
 * /Passive Income/
 * /Assets/

Taxes

 * /Income Taxes/
 * /Sales Taxes/
 * /Franchise Taxes/
 * /Value Added Taxes/
 * /Luxury Taxes/

Spending
This module reviews spending in your life. It covers way to control spending and the ways to best enjoy what you do spend.

 * /Budgeting/
 * /Gifts/
 * /Charities/
 * /Shelter/
 * /Utilities/
 * /Food/
 * /Housekeeping/

Insurance

 * /Insurance/
 * /Insurance/Health/
 * /Insurance/Disability/
 * /Insurance/Home/
 * /Insurance/Auto/
 * /Insurance/Life/
 * /Insurance/Liability/
 * /Other/

Liabilities
This module reviews liabilities in your life. Liabilities by definition generates an expense (or spending). As you might see from the following list these are causes of the out flow of money.

 * /Loans/
 * /Credit Cards/

Saving
Saving in view of personal finance is more of the discipline. A small amount of money saved regularly can build bigger kitty. This is because of compounding interest. The earlier you start to save, the more interest your money will gain over time if you don't touch your savings. In general savings can be classified by the purpose for which it is done.

The first purpose of saving is for saving rainy day. Based on the individual he/she needs to identify the amount which will be needed on short notice in case of emergency. This saving amount must be available in a bank account in such a way that you can withdraw at your will. Once you are saving beyond this amount it must become part of your investment. Second purpose for saving is that once you retire, the person has hopefully saved enough money to live on. The third purpose of saving is to leave a legacy to a family member or a friend. A legacy is where a person saves up money and when they die, the money goes to the family member.
 * /Tax Advantaged Savings/
 * /Automatic Savings/
 * /Paying Debt/

Investing
Investing involves using your money (or borrowed money that you control) to earn more money. Investments are classified based on the risk and return matrix. Most people base their investments on how soon they expect to retire, how long they want that money to last, and how they want to live after they retire. The average retired person that has money invested plans on really never touching the money invested but rather living off the interest their money is making them. For example, if a person is retired and wants to live off $50,000 for the rest of their life, they might have 1 million dollars invested trying to earn 5% on the investments. That way at the end of the year they have made 50,000 which can be withdrew and they still have that 1 million dollars invested.

Following are the possible categories :

High Risk = High Return This formula is stating that a person that is willing to invest in riskier assets expects a higher return on those assets. A good example of high risk investments are: Single stocks Small cap stocks Large cap stocks Volatile stocks

Low Risk = Low Return This formula is showing that a person that want to have safe guaranteed investments show expect a low return. People that usually invest in safer options tend not to trust the market and have considerable doubts. Examples of low risk options are: Mutual funds (diversified with stock and bonds) Treasury bills Triple A rated bonds

In general one should be able to put their investment in above two class. A person doesn't want to put all of their money into investments. Most people want a safety net so they should keep a certain percent of their money in cash. The best thing an investor can do for retirement planning is to diversify their portfolio (don't put all your eggs in one basket). Diversifying a portfolio makes is less risky to the investor but can still have a decent return. This is because the investor can expect the total percentage of your portfolio not to change has much as one stock alone.

Ratio in which one's investment should be distributed between the two categories is based on the person's risk appetite. One's risk apatite can be a function of age and total assets. If a person is younger, he/she can invest more in riskier avenues since he/she can recover from the loss. If the person already has very high assets he can increase his/her exposure to the riskier investments to gain more returns. If a person is already retired, they might want to consider investing in safe investments that produce a low guaranteed income because they don't have any other source of income coming in so they wont want to take the chance on losing it.

Retirement Planning

 * /Retirement/
 * /Social Security/
 * /Medicare/
 * /Reverse Mortgages/
 * /Annuities/
 * /IRAs/
 * /Estate Planning/

title: Personal Finance


text:
Category talk:Subject:Languages

Link to Chinese (Mandarin) Lenguage book is missing from category —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Fermar (talk • contribs) 10:47, 17 July 2005  (UTC)

categ language
On top of this category, with an s, there is another category called Language. Shouldn't it be merged into this one? Lgriot 21:15, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Subject:Languages


text:
User talk:BarnacleKB~enwikibooks

Class Content Update
A course you are taking part in has new content available. Please visit the course page for more information.

Class Content Update
A course you are taking part in has new content available. Please visit the course page for more information.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called BarnacleKB. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name BarnacleKB~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:01, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:BarnacleKB~enwikibooks