text:
User talk:Akhileshek

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:31, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Akhileshek


text:
User talk:Pro mathesh812004~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:31, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

How to modify BCD when installing a previous version of Windows onto a computer running Windows Vista
This doesn't look to me like a textbook. I know we have other software manuals, so I'm waiting for another admin to offer their opinion. As well, it seems you've copied this from another website. We can't accept copyrighted content, even when published on an online forum. Whenever someone writes something, they own copyright to it unless they release it into the public domain or license it. I can find no re-licensing, so this material is a copyright violation as well. If I'm wrong about any of this, please let me know on my talk page. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:09, 20 January 2008 (UTC)q

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pro mathesh812004. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pro mathesh812004~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:37, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pro mathesh812004~enwikibooks


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Motion

Motion is a Apple software application that is used to create and to edit motion graphics. The latest version is Motion 3 and it comes with the Final Cut Studio 2.

Getting Started

Start Up

- Double Click on Motion Icon - Welcome screen appears - Select Start a New Project - Select NTSC DV - in the project preset Menu Setup

Inspector - File Browser All media is access here Change Size Import files, drag drop, file import Search for various files Preview all images (gives you all the relevant information about the project.)

For tutorials on motion you can access it through http://www.motionsmarts.com/tutorials.html

title: Advanced Interactive Media/Motion


text:
Talk:Advanced Interactive Media/Motion

Getting Started

Start Up - Double Click on Motion Icon - Welcome screen appears - Select Start a New Project - Select NTSC DV - in the project preset

Menu Setup Inspector - File Browser All media is access here Change Size Import files, drag drop, file import Search for various files Preview all images (gives you all the relavant information about the project.)

title: Talk:Advanced Interactive Media/Motion


text: User talk:200.88.199.239

title: User talk:200.88.199.239


text:
Talk:Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim

Information for people who want to help writing this book
Please read the information about contributing. --Clum (talk) 18:31, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Problems with certain characters
some of the characters that you are typing in don't show up for me, like פ and the ו in "A new word" Yisraeldov (talk)

title: Talk:Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim


text: User talk:41.232.153.201

title: User talk:41.232.153.201


text: User talk:74.133.238.36

title: User talk:74.133.238.36


text:
User:Bill Kules/Information Systems for Library and Information Science/Case Studies

This section is intended to illustrate the material through case studies conducted by students.

These examples must be approved by students and clients before being developed.

 * AAC&U: Coordinating Information to Serve Member Institutions - An analysis of the information systems of the Association of American Colleges and Universities

 * National Geographic Image Collection and Rights Management databases

 * Updating the Archiving Process at the DC Public Defender Service

 * Brookings Institution Digital Archive: A Systems Investigation

 * Library of Congress Handbook of Latin American Studies (HLAS): Combining two worlds into one

 * Catholic University Archives - Usability Analysis


text:
User talk:Editorofthewiki

Please see my account on Wikipedia if you wish to speak to me, as I edit much more frequently there. Editorofthewiki (talk) 20:02, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Editorofthewiki


text:
Talk:Guitar/Song Library

Classify these
Looking to get a few classified...

 * Alice Cooper - School's Out
 * Poison - Talk Dirty to Me (easy? Difficult solo?)
 * Paint It, Black (good lead...)

Pretty much cherry picking from Guitar Hero 3...

--Bluefoxicy (talk) 21:28, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guitar/Song Library


text:
User talk:24.92.255.104

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:21, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Why wouldn't you just create an account? – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:15, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.92.255.104


text: User talk:208.44.28.202

title: User talk:208.44.28.202


text:
Talk:XQuery/Wiki weapons page

The serialization for this XQuery should be set to plain text.

--Dmccreary (talk) 23:13, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:XQuery/Wiki weapons page


text:
User talk:Swoods

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:56, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Swoods


text:
User talk:Twoods~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:56, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Twoods. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Twoods~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:49, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:36, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Twoods~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Twoodsmomma

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:56, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Twoodsmomma


text:
User talk:Ripalj

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ripalj


text:
User talk:Patel ripal

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patel ripal


text:
User talk:Ripal Patel

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ripal Patel


text:
User talk:Prabhashankar~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Prabhashankar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Prabhashankar~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:35, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prabhashankar~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Prabhashankar1988

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prabhashankar1988


text:
User talk:Dsolich45

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dsolich45


text:
User talk:Nick Rimer

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nick Rimer


text:
User talk:Pemdas

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pemdas


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Delphi Programming


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Volcanoes


text:
Algorithms/Sorting-bubble sort

in visual basic:

title: Algorithms/Sorting-bubble sort


text:
Cookbook:Pear and Almond Smoothie (Vegan)

| Vegan cuisine

This pear and almond smoothie is simple and vegan. It contains no added refined sugar.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups unsweetened vanilla-flavored almond milk
 * 1 large, ripe D'Anjou pear
 * 1 lemon wedge

Procedure

 * 1) Cut the pear into chunks, discarding the core. Place the chunks of pear in a blender.
 * 2) Squeeze the juice of the lemon over the pear.
 * 3) Add the almond milk. Blend. Serve immediately

Notes and Variations

 * If you add cinnamon and/or nutmeg to this, it can act as a vegan substitute for eggnog—however, it is not as thick as traditional eggnog.


text:
User:JeremyMcCracken

 Unified login:  is the unique login of this user for all public Wikimedia projects. Hello, my name is Jeremy McCracken. I have a wide range of interests, but tend to learn a great deal about them. They include:

 * Any social studies subject, particularly local history of my area (Akron, Ohio)
 * Computer science, particularly history
 * Paranormal and hauntings
 * Disasters

I'll be writing on some of these in the future.

To-do
I'm still working on the Parapsychology book. It's coming along well, but could still use other people's input (unless, of course, you alter the wording to say that the definition of parapsychology is "a fake science". People do that on Wikipedia; learn to be neutral.)

Parapsychology IS a fake 'science'. Not a question of neutrality, but of complete lack of evidence!

I saw this quote on wikipedia and liked it:

"In the heated conversation going on, one harsh critic said:

"It is not objectively proven to exist, and there is no mechanism known to science by which it can exist." This actually is true. But his attitude of ridiculing something that has been functionally used by public institutions, and well documented as such, is unprofessional and he should take he pet peeves to some other article. Actually, although people have wierd theories, nobody knows the mechanism for gravity to work. But, the apple still falls with the observed mathmatical predicted speed as developed by Sir Issac Newton.

Remote viewing is not standard science because it can not pass the tests of the scientific method. But working practical use has been made based on the current status of a functioning working theory that has been proved at least statistically significant by those who have funded serious projects that produced working results. This article can state what Remote Viewing is by those who created, used, and supported the term. After all, even if you do not belive it to be true, and this is all some big hoax, including all the documents of the United States Government, it still has a definition in detail that belongs in Wikipedia.

Running a big red virtual marker through it and calling it "horsefeathers" is just childish behaviour and borders on libel against the working careers of professionls who have spent decades working on this and producing documentation. Nobody is saying this is proven science, but nobody should mass delete valuable reference information, or be crude and insulting, because they have a personal vendetta that this all somehow just can not have anything to it. Bptdude 06:33, 16 November 2007 (UTC)"

From w:Talk:Remote viewing

title: User:JeremyMcCracken


text:
Cookbook talk:Oatmeal Cookies I

My oatmeal cookies always come out too thin, what am i doing wrong? just eat them duhhh ?? x

title: Cookbook talk:Oatmeal Cookies I


text:
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Glossary

Glossary
/A-B/

/C-D/

/E-F/

/G-H/

/I-J/

/K-L/

/M-N/

/O-P/

/Q,R,S/

/T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z/


text:
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Glossary/A-B

A-B | C-D | E-F | G-H | I-J | K-L | M-N | O-P | Q,R,S | T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z


text:
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Glossary/C-D

A-B | C-D | E-F | G-H | I-J | K-L | M-N | O-P | Q,R,S | T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z


text:
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Glossary/E-F

A-B | C-D | E-F | G-H | I-J | K-L | M-N | O-P | Q,R,S | T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z


text:
Operations Research

Operations research or operational research (OR) is an interdisciplinary branch of mathematics which uses methods like mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to arrive at optimal or good decisions in complex problems which are concerned with optimizing the maxima (profit, faster assembly line, greater crop yield, higher bandwidth, etc) or minima (cost loss, lowering of risk, etc) of some objective function. The eventual intention behind using operations research is to elicit a best possible solution to a problem mathematically, which improves or optimizes the performance of the system.

Optimization aims to find the minimum (or maximum) value of an objective function subject to constraints that represent user preferences and/or limitations imposed by the nature of the question at hand. Research in optimization involves the analysis of such mathematical problems and the design of efficient algorithms for solving them. It is therefore no surprise that optimization, while integral to operations research, has become an indispensable tool in other areas such as statistics, machine learning, computer vision, and computational biology, just to name a few. Optimization technologies are shining examples of how deep mathematical techniques help to provide concrete computational tools for solving a diverse suite of problems.

This book is intended for both mathematics students and also for those interested in the subject from a management point of view.

Table of contents

 * 1) /Decision Making Environments/
 * 2) /Certainty, uncertainty and risk situations/
 * 3) /Uses of decision trees/
 * 4) /Managerial decision making/
 * 5) /Linear Programming/
 * 6) /Graphical LP solution/
 * 7) /The Simplex Method/ of solving LPP
 * 8) /Sensitivity analysis/
 * 9) /Duality/
 * 10) /Transportation and Assignment Problem/
 * 11) /Methods of solving the TP problem/
 * 12) /Assignment model and its applications/
 * 13) /Five Element Theory/
 * 14) /Game Theory/
 * 15) /Concept of a game/
 * 16) /Two person zero-sum game/
 * 17) /Pure and mixed strategy games/
 * 18) /Saddle point, Odds method/
 * 19) /Dominance method and graphical method for solving mixed strategy game/
 * 20) /Sequencing Problem/
 * 21) /Johnson's algorithm for n jobs and 2 or 3 machines/
 * 22) /Jobs and m machines problem/
 * 23) /Queuing Theory/
 * 24) /Characteristics of M/M/1 Queue model/
 * 25) /Application of Poisson and Exponential distribution in estimating arrival and service rate/
 * 26) /Application of Queue model for better service to the customers/
 * 27) /Replacement Problems/
 * 28) /Replacement of assets that deteriorate with time/
 * 29) /Replacement of items that deteriorate suddenly/
 * 30) /Project Management/
 * 31) /Rules for drawing the network diagram/
 * 32) /Applications of CPM and PERT techniques in project planning and control/
 * 33) /Crashing and resource leveling of operations/
 * 34) /Simulation and its uses in Queuing theory and materials management/
 * 35) /Network Models/
 * 36) /Markov Models/
 * 37) /Neural Networks/

Resources

 * Operations Research, by Hamdy Taha.
 * Real cases of using Operations Research

title: Operations Research


text: Category:Book:Operations Research

title: Category:Book:Operations Research


text: User talk:90.207.11.58

title: User talk:90.207.11.58


text:
User talk:81.105.105.87

Blocked
You have been blocked -- Herby talk thyme 12:51, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.105.105.87


text:
Cookbook:Scone

| Baking

The scone is a baked good of Scottish origin. They are very similar to North American biscuits (many recipes are actually identical), and savory scones in the United States may also be referred to as "biscuits".

Characteristics
Scones are small quickbreads made of wheat, barley, or oatmeal, usually with baking powder as a leavening agent. They may be sweet or savory, and they can take the shape of wedges, rounds, triangles, rectangles, or diamonds.

British scones are often lightly sweetened but may also be savoury. American scones are often baked to a more crumbly texture and can be somewhat like a cross between a cookie and a muffin, depending on the variety. In Canada, scones tend to be called "biscuits" or "tea biscuits".

In both Britain and the USA, mass-produced scones tend to be doughier than home-made scones.

Varieties
British scones frequently include raisins, currants, cheese, or dates.

In Scotland and Northern Ireland, savoury varieties of scone include soda scones, also known as soda farls. Potato scones, normally known as tattie scones, resemble small, thin savoury pancakes made with potato flour and like the Jewish latke. They are most commonly served fried in full a Scottish breakfast or an Ulster fry.

In the United States, sweet scones often include fillings such as cranberries, blueberries, nuts, poppy seeds, or chocolate chips. Savoury varieties of scone often contain various combinations of cheese, onion, bacon, ham, scallions or chives, etc.

A griddle scone is a variety of scone that is fried rather than baked. Other common terms include dropped scone or drop scone, after the method of dropping the batter onto the griddle or frying pan to cook it.

Preparation
Scones are prepared according to the "biscuit method", where the fat is cut or rubbed into the dry ingredients before adding the wet ingredients to form the dough. The dough is then shaped, and scones are cut out, placed on a baking sheet, and baked in a hot oven. Alternatively, the dough can be baked and then cut into pieces. As mentioned above, drop scones and griddle scones are instead fried on a griddle.

Serving
The scone is a basic component of the cream tea or Devonshire tea. They are also frequently eaten at breakfast and/or brunch.

title: Cookbook:Scone


text:
User talk:Debby~enwikibooks

Your question
I couldn't understand what you were asking; I removed the comment, but if you have a legitimate question, feel free to ask me personally, or start a new section at WB:HELP. Thanks! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:34, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Debby. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Debby~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:05, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:52, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Debby~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Trombone

Maintaining the Instrument
Under the Maintenance section, the title of the page is spelt wrongly.

Instead of: Trombone/Maintaing the Instrument

It should say: Trombone/Maintaining the Instrument

--Trombodave (talk) 15:17, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trombone


text:
User:Zeus111

This is the Wikibooks profile page for Zeus111.

A little bit about me: I love wikis and hope to improve Ruby on Rails wikibook: Ruby_on_Rails.

title: User:Zeus111


text:
Ruby on Rails/Examples

This section is a collection of useful Rails examples.

important note
rails command now start with "rails" and not "script/"

How to Add a New Table
script/generate model  Generate the empty model and migration file.

vi db/migrate/XXX_create_.rb Add columns to the table.

rake db:migrate Migrates the data level - that is - creates the new database table.

vi app/models/.rb Define the validations, sizes, etc.

vi test/unit/_test.rb Define the unit tests that exercises the model validations.

If there will be a controller (and views) associated with this Model: script/generate controller    ... Creates the controller and creates a view for each action.

Find
The find method of ActiveRecord is documented in the Rails API manual

Find record by id (an integer). Note: Returns one object. pet_id should be primary number.

- returns the first matching record. [Note: Returns one object.]

- find all records with a given field value. [Notes: 1. Returns an array of objects. Check for no records found with: pets.empty?. 2.:conditions => supplies an SQL fragment used with WHERE *]

- find all records matching multiple field values. [Note: OR also works.]

- find all records matching a pattern. Wild cards are %</tt> for zero or more of any character, and <tt>_</tt> for any single character. To escape a wild card use <tt>\%</tt> or <tt>\_</tt>. The reference from MySQL for LIKE will help. On the MySQL Regex website you will find examples for using REGEX.

- find everything and sort result by name.

- returns no more than the number of rows specified by :limit.

- uses offset to skip the first 50 rows.

Migrations
- migrate to latest level by executing scripts in <tt> /db/migrate</tt>. Note: Migration scripts are created by <tt>script/generate model <mod-name></tt>

Testing
- run all tests.

- run the functional tests, which test the controllers.

- run the unit tests, which test the models.

- run one functional test.

Documentation
- generate Ruby Docs for the application. Docs are placed at <tt> /doc/app/index.html</tt>.

Clean Up
- delete all logs.

- delete temporary files.

Server
- start the web server for this app. By default, the server is running in development mode. By default, it will be accessible at web address: http://localhost:3000/

- start the web server in Test Mode.

- start the web server in Test Mode.

- start the web server in Production Mode (more caching, etc.).

can't convert Fixnum to String
- every Fixnum has method <tt>.to_s</tt> to convert it to a String.

Shell Commands
Certain useful shell commands that I'm always trying to remember:

- run grep, searching for 'hello', on every file in the tree starting with the current directory.

- tar up directory and compress it with gzip.

title: Ruby on Rails/Examples


text:
Volcanoes

Hello, reader. You have come to the right place if you wish to learn about volcanoes. An excellent resource on volcanoes is Wikipedia's article on volcanoes, which will provide interesting information about different kinds of volcanoes. You might be curious what a volcano is. According to Wiktionary, a volcano is "a mountain that contains a magma chamber attached to the mantle of the planet or moon and which periodically erupts forth, usually explosively, with lava and volcanic gases." There are many volcanoes, both active or dormant and extinct. You will find very few entries in this book pertaining to specific volcanoes, although you can head to Wikipedia for any volcano you wish to know about.

This book covers volcanoes, how they erupt, where you can find them, and other interesting things about volcanoes.

Contents

 * 1) /Plate Tectonics/
 * 2) /Basics of Volcanoes/
 * 3) /Volcanic Eruptions/
 * 4) /The Volcanologist/
 * 5) /Special Topics/
 * 6) /Volcanism/ Note: this is the former book Volcanism. If you were redirected here, no worries. This is the book.

Resources

 * Earthquakes—Volcanoes and earthquakes are commonly seen together. You ought to check it out, for some ground to dig.
 * Volcanology course at Wikiversity
 * The USGS—The USGS studies, among other things, volcanoes and earthquakes.
 * e-explore.earth—The DK E-guide to Earth. This is the section on volcanoes.

title: Volcanoes


text:
User talk:Ronthecamman

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 15:45, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ronthecamman


text:
XForms/Google Charts

Motivation
You want to use a web service to create charts.

Method
In this example we will use the Google Chart web service: *. Users are each allowed to generate up to 50,000 charts per day.

Parameters
The Google Chart application takes several parameters from the URL. For a simple Pie Chart these might include:

http://chart.apis.google.com/chart? cht=p &chd=t:10,20,30,40,20 &chl=Amount|Indicator|Code|Date|Text &chs=400x300

Where:

- is the Chart API's base URL The ampersand (&) separates parameters. is a code for the chart's type. For example p=2D Pie Chart and p3-3D Pie Chart is the chart's data using t format (t:10,20,30) or s format where (s:) a=1 and z=26 - is the chart's size in pixels. =Amount|Indicator|Code|Date|Text are the labels for the Pie Chart.

Our next step is to put these REST parameters into an XForms instance and hook the instance up to input controls.

Pie Chart Parameters in XML instance
Here are the parameters for a piechart type, data, label and size information.

Chart Submission
We will submit our XForms data to the server using the following submission statement.

Binding Rules
Here is a sample input form for chart parameters:

Here is a sample output chart generated form this application.

Sample XForms Application on Google Code
Execute

Sample Program
      Google PieChart Demo

 Chart Type:   Pie Chart - flat p  <xf:item> <xf:label>Pie Chart - 3D</xf:label> <xf:value>p3</xf:value> </xf:item> </xf:select1> <xf:input ref="chd"> <xf:label>Data: (t:5,10,20): </xf:label> </xf:input> <xf:input ref="chl"> <xf:label>Labels: (A|B) </xf:label> </xf:input> <xf:submit submission="get-chart"> <xf:label>Create Chart</xf:label> </xf:submit>

Discussion
This is actually one of the most simple applications. Google Charts has five chart types and hundreds of combinations of parameters. The Chart Types are (cht)

 * 1) Line charts
 * 2) Bar charts
 * 3) Pie charts
 * 4) Venn diagrams
 * 5) Scatter plots

One way to test these is to generate a variety of charts with some sample XForms.

title: XForms/Google Charts


text:
User talk:Mike.lifeguard/Archive 11

about deleting MegaUniversity
Hi, I am making wikibook "MegaUniversity" for my university class project, but actually the page is deleted, I do not why?

and in addtion, I mistakenly created 2 URL "MegaUniverstiy" and "Megaunicersity" Is there any way to delet one (the latter one " Megauniversity")totally, it means delet title itself.

Since I have to make the front page "MegaUniversity" for my classmate to bridge their links for creating each chapter, I do not wanna delet the page "MegaUniversity"(the former one). I am very sorry, but I am a totally begginer to do this, would you let me know what I should do for not deleting the content?? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by G096016 (talk • contribs) 18:20, January 13, 2008.
 * I deleted those pages because they were not part of a textbook. I'm going to undelete Megauniversity and Megauniversity/Anadolu University for you. Please make sure that this is a textbook; we do not accept macropedias. I will be watching the development of these pages; as you develop them, if it is clear that they don't fit within project scope, then I will delete them again, per policy. If you have questions about what constitutes a textbook, feel free to ask the community what they think of your book. If I can be of further help, please don't hesitate to ask here. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:02, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Thank you very much, I understand what you mean, we try to make "book", Thank you for your help. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by G096016 (talk • contribs) 02:13, January 14, 2008.

Myanmar deletion

Where can I find the site I was working on? It was actually work in progress, part of a class on distance education. Please let me know. Thank you. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Arthurwolf (talk • contribs) 09:38, January 14, 2008.
 * Undeleted: Megauniversity/Myanmar – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:11, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Naming
No real idea what these Megauniversity related pages are really about & AGF for now but surely teh subpages should be named per policy Megauniversity/whatever? Cheers -- Herby talk thyme 12:37, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Rename: yes; should be fine now. Undeletion: probably temporary, by the looks of the new content. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:13, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Regex filter
Oooh that is so nice. May need to steal that for commons & Meta - cheers -- Herby talk thyme 19:15, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Abolutely! Another bland but every-wiki-should-have script is the enhanced undelete; feel free to spread that around if wikis don't have it already. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:17, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Also the modified rollback. Upon successful rollback, takes to contribs pages so you can check for more vandalism to revert. Also, if using our User Welcome script, you have a warn tab to warn them while looking at contribs. I love it when scripts work together :) – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:18, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * While you were typing I was stealing :) I'll look at the others tomorrow I guess (Meta hasn't got "gadgets" set up yet...).  Help is appreciated - cheers -- Herby  talk thyme 19:32, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * PS: Watch that script and others for updates. For this one, I just changed it to appear on Special:Contributions, which can be very handy. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:15, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

+Kudos
here :) -- Herby talk thyme 19:53, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

gadgets
Just to say they are now both on Meta & correctly attributed. Thanks Mike -- Herby talk thyme 12:34, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Please block this user
The person just vandalized Big Cats in the Wikijunior section. BTW, do you still work on WP? I came from there too. Laleena (talk) 22:54, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * We don't block on the first "offense" unless it's clearly malicious (this looks like a test edit). If they continue, I'd consider a short block. I'll watch the IP for a bit. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:59, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Brito
Hi saw your message on the page I started. Sorry this was a test page to see how the idea of parallel Latin English would work. The idea is a collaborative project to translate a wide range of source material from Latin (or indeed Greek) into English using parallel text, with notes and references to help beginners and also to get more classical texts into the public domain. I have a sneaking suspicion that I came to the wrong place & there is something called Wikisource that I should have used. Let me know. This was just a test anyway. Ockham (talk) 07:36, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi there. Unless the end result is going to be a textbook (this sounds more like a translation) then either Wikisource or Wiktionary would be my bet. There's no rush to move things elsewhere. You should ask an admin for those projects what they think - whether this would be a good fit there. I'm not well-versed in the intricacies of other projects' inclusion policies, so I can't help out too much. Happy editing. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:55, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes Wikisource is the right place, and I have set up shop there. The experiments I set up should really be deleted. Ockham (talk) 08:18, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks; I'll do that later today. 12:37, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

User
My Apologies for creating User:Celeron i didn't noticed it was considered as a promotion. I hope this username is alright. Terra (talk) 15:44, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks good. "Intel Celeron" just popped into my head - it was borderline, but you have a new account regardless. If you ever need help with anything, you can always ask here or at WB:HELP where the whole community will see it. Have a good day. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:57, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Axioms page
Sorry, I'm new here. I clicked on Axioms and it said there was no page for it, so I thought I would start one. I was unaware that the page was created in an error. Go ahead and delete it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jmeddy (talk • contribs) 17:40, January 16, 2008.
 * Well if you want to create that page, that's great. But Wikibooks is for textbooks, and what you've started doesn't look like the beginnings of a textbook. Instead, it looks like either the start of an encyclopedia article or a dictionary definition. If you want to continue writing on this subject, you might want to contribute to Set Theory/Axioms, Algebra/Arithmetic/Numerical Axioms, Topology/Separation Axioms or Data Structures/Tree Axioms for example. Unless you're going to expand that page you created into a textbook, it's going to be deleted in about a week. You're welcome to expand upon it instead, or contribute to pre-existing modules. Happy editing! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:02, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

subst
Hey Mike. Quick question: what does subst: do on templates? I haven't been using it and have this feeling that I should have been. But can't for the life of me find out what it does. Thanks --AdRiley (talk) 07:13, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * subst: will replace the template with the actual wiki markup, instead of doing a call dynamically. This is good for user talk templates in particular because we don't want the message to change later, and we want to reduce server load (which is obviously increased by fetching the template each time a page must be rendered. w:Wikipedia:Substitution for more. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 07:32, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

My user page
Please quit testing js on my user talk page. It was very annoying to check my talk page for new messages when there wasn't one, and even worse to find you, of all people, testing js on my talk page like you would in the Sandbox. Thank you, Laleena (talk) 00:34, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry. That error has since been corrected, and the script allows users to avoid sending notices when appropriate. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:48, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 'S okay. I don't mind as long as it's corrected. Laleena (talk) 01:22, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, as someone who might end up getting +patroller [no promises though ;)], you'll probably be interested in this script. It's not done yet; I want to add some additional features before letting people use it. You can see some stuff about it (which has since been removed because it's not ready). – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:29, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

One day

 * After having my conclusion supported with comments from one admin and non-admin, I went ahead an implemented it.

That's what I was talking about with "one day" since you asked for confirmation and within one day just went and did it. I apologize if you took offense. I know the conversation took more than a day, I was in it too! If someone opposes something I feel it should at the least be responded to like some of the others were. The user role says "Bureaucrat" but it certainly doesn't mean everything he / she does needs to be bureaucratic. I don't feel my point was even addressed. -within focus 23:17, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I didn't mean that bureaucrats imply bureaucracy, but rather that people want this to be a quick and easy process for users. Letting admins hand it out and revoke it
 * Ensures that as many eyes as possible will be looking for misuse and/or deliberate abuse and removing the rights; and
 * Ensures that users' requests are handled expediently.
 * Please don't take this to mean that the crats are slow or inefficient, but rather that there are only what 4 of you, where we have nearly 30 admins, perhaps half of which are regularly active here. It's an effort to keep workload spread out, which is the entire point of this proposal.
 * As for one day after a consensus check, it was two days, and I didn't expect that the shell request would be filled the same day. Nevertheless, people had already expressed their opinions and voiced concerns; the point of that was not a re-hash, but rather a sanity-check on my part. In essence, I asked "Am I misreading people's comments?" and the answer was "No." Ordinarily I woudn't have bothered with a sanity-check, but this is a rather bigger deal than most things, and it is true that the discussion was long, and convoluted at times; it was entirely possible I missed an objection, or otherwise failed to gauge accurately what people were saying. I don't think I did.
 * As a final word, just because I've been the primary advocate of this doesn't mean it's my job to reply to everyone's comments. Other people's comments, while not explicitly directed at you, were certainly opposing the idea of having this be a bureaucrat task, and I took that to be sufficient comment on what you brought up. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:28, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for the welcome to Wikibooks, but I actually already have an account, but it's on the Wikipedia (XarBiogeek). I'm awaiting the implementation of universal login, because it seems rather unnecessary to create separate accounts on each sister project… 24.92.255.104 (talk) 01:27, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * No problem. SUL may be a ways off; for attribution purposes you may want to reconsider. It's up to you. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:30, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Open?
user:124.217.251.166 seems cross wiki & open proxy? Cheers -- Herby talk thyme 15:30, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes. already blocked on some projects, on the CVN blacklist and all pages tagged ;) Not all by me, but people are really starting to work together these days. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:32, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Err great - but you only blocked it for a week? Cheers -- Herby  talk thyme 15:39, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Pending a portscan. It actually looks like that (and one other) are not OPs. Also, s3 has a replag of over a day, so I can't see reliably what they've been doing elsewhere. /me increases to a month, which is about as much as I can justify without more info. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:43, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 8080 open I think, cheers -- Herby talk thyme 16:56, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Volcanoes
I'm reorganizing the book, want to help? You may disagree with the framework I want to expand on, but please tell me if so. My big thing is making it comprehensive enough to satisfy basic knowledge of the volcano, including the VEI scale, which just isn't covered in most books. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 15:40, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, I took a course on natural disasters last year, including volcanoes. I may indeed help out at some point. I'll take a look at the framework you're laying out, but that's about all I have time for today. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:41, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I was just starting the book. It is to begin with a framework and outline of 3 pages as I don't want it to be like what it was before-many pages of a framework for expansion by other users. It will begin with this collection of (probably) stubs and (hopefully) progress into a featured book, although I probably shouldn't hope so high. I will probably copy to the talk page to inform onlookers. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 19:37, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Merge from Volcanism to Volcanoes been done. I also would like it if you started working on some of the pages. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 22:37, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm currently doing some bot work cleaning up naming conventions, but I can take a look afterwards. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:43, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Simple English
Hi. You welcomed me over at simple.wikibooks, I decided to say hi to you. I am now going to be over there for a while. Laleena (talk) 15:54, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Look out for the spambots! Ohhh the spambots... – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:55, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Text editors
Hello ,I am Tejaswy from India,I wrote some articles about maximization of BTX,Now my problem is that I am not able to format it properly as i am new to wiki..and using the sand box is really a problem as we have slow internet speeds..this also deters many of my friends from using wikipedia to contribute.Could you please tell me some kind of software where i can format my articles and paste them ..like some html editors...i am looking up the net for it...nothing seems to do what i want it to do. Yourdeadin (talk) 19:20, 20 January 2008 (UTC)yourdeadin
 * I just replied. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:23, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I need help ....I do not have the time to remember the codes of wiki....is there some kind of a simple program which automatically format word documents into wiki format..so that i all have to do is copy the wiki code and paste it here?
 * I just wrote a artical in MS word and the formatting (tabs,tables,bullets) vanishes away as soon as i put it up in wiki...really frustrating...If there is some program that does that ...please let me know.
 * Yourdeadin (talk) 20:00, 20 January 2008 (UTC) Yourdeadin
 * I think that OpenOffice.org will export to wiki-markup, though I don't know how accurate it is. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:02, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Talk:Social Psychology/Introduction/Sources
I'm not sure what would be appropriate for this; the page Social Psychology/Introduction was tagged as being transwikied without proper attribution, so however that would need to be included into the page is what needs to be included. I meant to create the page in the main namespace rather than talk, but either way, I put it in so I could link it to the page. JeremyMcCracken (talk) 01:05, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I thought that's what was going on. I've deleted the page and linked to the WP history with a template on Talk:Social Psychology/Introduction. Thanks for the info. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:26, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Featured books
If I wanted to, could I close a featured book nomination? I am rather curious on the topic. Huh? Laleena (talk) 00:31, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If you think consensus is clear, you can. Just make sure you close the discussion with regard only to the comments made - it's not a vote count, and your opinion doesn't matter any longer - only the strength of the arguments especially in relation to policy matter. I may check afterwards. As well, WK usually takes care of creating the templates if required, so unless you feel up to doing that too, you might leave him a note (if the nom was successful). – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:48, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Block request
Hello, please block me on four days because I'm Wikipediholic, and I want pass to me exam with english in friday. Thanks. Kasia vs my talk 22:18, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Ermm, you only registered an account today:

21:50, January 23, 2008 KatLos (Talk | contribs | block) New user
 * I'm not going to block you. Have some self-restraint. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:20, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

I'm wikipediholic from other wiki-projects, so again:Please block me on two days. Kasia vs my talk 22:27, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * No you're not: . I'm not going to block you; have restraint.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:32, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mike.lifeguard/Archive 11


text:
User talk:Zeus111

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:39, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Done! Zeus111 (talk) 16:56, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zeus111


text:
User talk:JeremyMcCracken

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:39, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Talk:Social Psychology/Introduction/Sources
I notice you have an edit history there, but there is no associated content page. Did you mean for that edit history to be attached to Social Psychology/Introduction? If so, I can attempt an import/history-merge or simply add a template to the talk page. Thanks for respecting the GFDL!! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:23, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Importing JS from WP
I saw some of your work on your javascript. We used to have a function for importing scripts from wikipedia, but a lot of the JS got refactored and now we don't anymore. However, there is a function "importScriptURI" at that you might be interested in reading through. That function, or a variant thereof, should be capable of importing scripts from WP for you automatically.

Copy+paste works well too. Whichever method you want to try should be fine. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 02:59, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:JeremyMcCracken


text:
User talk:99.231.70.55

Sorry bud; that's not what Wikibooks is for. Ask your teacher. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:40, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:99.231.70.55


text:
Talk:Circuit Idea/How to Help an LC Tank

Starting and maintaining oscillation
(I have copied below the section of the same name from the discussion about LC tank) Circuit-fantasist (talk) 16:43, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

In every kind of oscillator (including LC and relaxation oscillators), there must be at least 2 different components that "remember" 2 "instantaneous values": at any point in the oscillaton, there has to be at least the output voltage value, and also something else that remembers if we are going "up" or "down".
 * It sounds very philosophical. I need time to assimilate this wisdom:) Circuit-fantasist (talk) 08:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Since resistors can instantaneously change current (when voltage is instantaneously changed), they are useless for "remembering".
 * I like this thought; I have inserted it into the story. Circuit-fantasist (talk) 08:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Components that can be used for remembering:
 * capacitors
 * inductors
 * positive-feedback amplifiers (flip-flops, Schmitt trigger inverters, etc.)

In a real LC oscillator, there also is something else that regulates how energy from the power supply is fed into the rest of the circuit -- it "pushes" the rest of the circuit.

Some people use a complicated circuit (op amps, PTR resistors, etc.) that very gently puts in just enough energy to compensate for the parasitic resistance of the LC, making as "pure" a sine wave as possible. There are a variety of less complicated circuits that are perhaps easier to understand, but generate a waveform that is more distorted from the "ideal" sine wave.

Would it help or make things more confusing to discuss an example "pusher" circuit?

--DavidCary (talk) 22:51, 18 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Design of Main Memory Database System/ODBC

 * ODBC
 * Handles
 * Connection
 * Statement
 * Resultset
 * MetaData


text:
Design of Main Memory Database System/JDBC

 * JDBC
 * Connection
 * Statement
 * Resultset
 * MetaData


text:
Design of Main Memory Database System/Introduction

Part I: Introduction to Database and Database Management Systems

 * Chapter 2: Introduction to DBMS
 * Chapter 3: Introduction to MMDB

Table of Contents — Previous: Preface — Next: Introduction to DBMS

Chapter 1: Overview

1.1 Introduction
Database systems have become an essential component of every software applications. Database systems emerged in 1960s and took 10 years to gain widespread usage. More and more organizations began to adopt database technology to manage their corporate data during the mid 1970s

Generalized Update Access Method (GUAM) was a hierarchical database system developed in early 1960s by Rockwell International. Rockwell developed this software to manage the data usually associated with manufacturing operations. IBM introduced Information Management System (IMS) as a hierarchical database management system soon after that. The 1970s were the dawn of relational database technology. Dr. Edgar F. Codd's paper on the relational model\\ revolutionized the thinking on data systems. The industry quickly responded to the superiority of the relational model by adapting their products to that model. During the 1980s, database systems gained a lot of ground and a large percentage of businesses made the transition from file-oriented data systems to database systems. Some of the leading products like ORACLE, DB2, SQL Server, Informix and Sybase started ruling the database world with their flagship relational database management systems (RDBMS). The relational model matured and became the leading data model in the 1990s. Towards the end of the '90s, [[w:Object database|object-oriented databases gained popularity; however, older applications that were already developed using the relational model were reluctant to move to the object-oriented model.

The late 2000s saw the rise of the NoSQL movement, which moved towards more application-specific data models than the relational model. The object-oriented model is one of the alternative data models being used.

Most leading database management systems support the object-oriented model. Many of them offer object-to-relational mapping to achieve object model support. For example, DB2 is Relational, Hierarchical (XML), Object oriented Database Management system.

Commercial DBMS
 * Oracle
 * IBM DB2
 * Microsoft SQL Server
 * Sybase
 * Informix

Open Source DBMS
 * MySQL
 * Postgres
 * SQLite
 * Firebird
 * CSQL

1.2 Database
The word database is in common use. We use the terms database and database management system interchangeably, which is quite wrong most of the time. So we must start with defining what ‘database’ means.

A database is collection of related data designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose.

A database can be of any size and of varying complexity. For example, a list of names and addresses of employees may consist of few hundred to thousand records varying upon the organization size. Indeed, there are databases that store much more data, for example, the database maintained by the Income Tax Department to keep track of all paid taxes. In India, lets say there are around 1 billion tax payers, and if each taxpayer files with approximately 500 characters of information per form, we would get a database of 10^9 * 500 = 500 Giga bytes (GB) of data. For keeping at least past three years of returns, we need 1.5 Terabytes(TB) of space. This huge amount of information must be organized and managed so that users can search and update the data as needed.

Databases can also be very complex due to the complex relationships that exist between the different records. A good example of such a database is Indian Railways' reservation system.

1.3 Database Management Systems
A database management system (DBMS) is a general-purpose software system that enables users to define, construct, manipulate and share information or data. Additionally it offers data "persistence" over long periods of time. The information being stored is called the database.

The database management system includes the fundamental operations that can be applied to data. Every database management system provides for the following basic operations, collectively referred to by the acronym CRUD:

 * C—Create data by inserting it into the database
 * R—Read data from the database
 * U—Update data already stored in the database
 * D—Delete data from the database

1.3.1 Benefits of DBMS
To simply run the CRUD operations does not require a DBMS. In fact, it is possible to use a spreadsheet or even write our own set of programs to simply create and maintain data. However, DBMS software has already solved multiple other problems which are bound to arise during this process, such as:

 * 1)       Sharing of data with access control for multiple users
 * 2) 	Multi-user transaction processing
 * 3)       Concurrent processing
 * 4) 	Redundancy control
 * 5)       Query processing and optimization
 * 6)       Security
 * 7)       Backups and recovery
 * 8) 	Integrity constraints enforcement
 * 9) 	Standards enforcement
 * 10) 	Data abstraction for applications

1.4 Database System Types
Database software has evolved to support different type of data models. As we try to represent real-world data requirements in a data model, we come up with different data model over a period of time. It turns out that we can look at data requirements and create data models in a few different ways. They are listed below.

1.4.1 Hierarchical DBMS
A hierarchical database is similar in nature to a file system, with a root node and one or more children referencing the parent. This gives very fast data-access path, but high application maintenance.

Data is organized into a tree like structure, which allows repeating information using parent/child as one to many relationships. Parent can have many children but child has only one parent. This model was widely used in the first main frame database management systems. The most common form of hierarchical model used currently is the LDAP model. This model gained popularity again with the recent XML databases.

An XML database is a data persistence software system that allows data to be imported, accessed and exported in the XML format. Two major classes of XML database exist:
 * XML-enabled: These map all XML to a traditional database (such as a relational database), accepting XML as input and rendering XML as output.
 * Native XML (NXD): The internal model of such databases depends on XML and uses XML documents as the fundamental unit of storage.

1.4.2 Network DBMS
This model is an extension to hierarchical data model in which each record can have multiple parents and multiple child records. In effect, it supports many to many relationships. It provides flexible way to represent objects and their relationships. But before it gains popularity, new model ‘relational model’ was proposed and that replaced network database model as soon as it was proposed.

1.4.3 Relational DBMS
The relational model is the basis for any relational database management system(RDBMS). It defines how to create, store and retrieve the data and to make the data logically consistent. A relational model has three core components: a collection of objects or relations, operators that act on the objects or relations, and data integrity methods.

Dr. E. F. Codd, the father of the relational model, stipulated the rules and proposed this model. Data is represented as mathematical n-ary relations, an n-ary relation being a subset of the Cartesian product of n domains. "Relation" is a mathematical term for "table", and thus "relational" roughly means, "based on tables".

The basic principle of the relational model is the Information Principle: all information is represented by data values in relations. In accordance with this Principle, a relational database is a set of relations and the result of every query is presented as a relation.

The basic relational building block is the domain or data type. A tuple is an unordered set of attribute values. An attribute is an ordered pair of attribute name and type name. An attribute value is a specific valid value for the type of the attribute. This can be either a scalar value or a more complex type. A relation is defined as a set of n-tuples. A table in a relational database, alternatively known as a relation, is a two-dimensional structure used to hold related information. A database consists of one or more related tables. Don’t confuse a relation with relationships. A relation is essentially a table, and a relationship is a way to correlate, join, or associate the two tables.

A row in a table is a collection or instance of one thing, such as one employee or one line item on an invoice. A column contains all the information of a single type, and the piece of data at the intersection of a row and a column, a field, is the smallest piece of information that can be retrieved with the database’s query language.

The consistency of a relational database is enforced, not by rules built into the applications that use it, but rather by constraints, declared as part of the logical schema and enforced by the DBMS for all applications. The relational model establishes the connections between related data occurrences by means of logical links implemented through foreign keys.

The relational model defines operations such as select, project and join. Although these operations may not be explicit in a particular query language, they provide the foundation on which a query language is built.

SQL, which stands for Structured Query Language, supports the database components in virtually every modern relational database system. SQL has been refined and improved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for more than 20 years.

ANSI introduced standard querying language to access relational databases, SQL (Structured Query Language). All database vendors developed SQL Engines on top of their relational engines to interpret and execute these SQL Statements. This lead to standard interfaces to emerge in programming languages as well. ODBC for C and JDBC for JAVA became the de-facto standard to access the SQL engine.

This book is mainly focused on relational database management systems (RDBMS) as other database systems are built on top of this RDBMS, and they have nothing to gain from the main memory nature of the MMDBs.

1.4.4 Main Memory DBMS
In-Memory Database system (IMDB) is a memory-resident relational database that eliminates disk access by storing and manipulating data in main memory. It is also known as main memory database (MMDB) or real-time database (RTDB). Predictability is more than performance in case of real-time databases.

Disk and memory capacities continue to grow much faster than latency and bandwidth improvements. Now, multi-terabyte RAM scans take minutes and terabyte-disk scans take many hours. We shall now keep the whole database in memory and design our data structures and algorithms intelligently and use multi-processors sharing a massive main memory, and intelligently use precious disk bandwidth. The database engines need to overhaul their algorithms to deal with the fact that main memories are huge (billions of pages trillions of bytes). Main memory database implementation has proved that they can execute queries ten to twenty times faster than traditional approach. The era of main memory databases has finally arrived. In this book we will discuss about this type of database management systems.

1.4.5 Column or Vertical DBMS
Storing data in column-wise as ternary relations (key, attribute, value) allows extraordinary compression, often as a bitmap. Querying such bitmaps can reduce query times by orders of magnitude and enable whole new optimization strategies. This is due to the fact that the total disk I/Os it performs to execute as OLAP(Online Analytical Processing) query will come done drastically because of the compaction in data. These types of databases started gaining popularity in OLAP applications because of multi-fold reduction in query execution time.

1.4.6 Stream Processing DBMS
Data is increasingly generated by instruments that monitor the environment – telescopes looking at the heavens, patient monitors watching the life-signs of a person in the emergency room, cell-phone and credit-card systems looking for fraud and RFID scanners watching products flow through the supply chain. In each of these cases, one wants to compare the incoming data with the history of an object. The data structures, query operators, and execution environments for such stream processing systems are qualitatively different from classic DBMS architectures. In essence, the arriving data items each represent a fairly complex query against the existing database. Researchers have been building stream-processing systems, and their stream-processing ideas have started appearing in mainstream products.

1.4.7 Object Relational DBMS
An object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) provides a relational database management system that allows developers to integrate a database with their own custom data-types and methods. Object Views allow the developer to define an object-oriented structure over an existing relational database table. In this way, existing applications do not need to change immediately, and any new development can use the object-oriented definitions of the table. This makes the transition from a relational to an object-relational database relatively easy, because object definitions can reference existing relational components. The term object-relational database sometimes also refers to external software products running over traditional DBMSs to provide similar features.

1.4.8 Distributed DBMS
Distributed databases bring the advantages of distributed computing to the database management domain. It is a collection of multiple logically interrelated databases distributed over the computer network, and distributed manager software that manages a distributed database. It comprises data replication, data fragmentation, distributed query processing, distributed transaction processing, distributed database recovery, etc.

In this book, focus is given on relational, main memory database system.

1.5 Database Related Roles and Responsibilities
For small personal database, such as list of contacts, one person typically defines, constructs and manipulates the database and there is no sharing of data. However huge and complex database requires many persons to define, construct, manipulate, maintain database. There are many roles involved with a database and they are listed below

 * Database Administrator takes care of database itself, DBMS and related software. He is responsible for authorizing access to the database, monitor database usage and for acquiring software and hardware resources as needed.
 * Database Designers are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in the database and for choosing appropriate structures to represent and store this data. They interact with specialized users and develop ‘views’ of the database that meets their application requirements.
 * System Analysts / Software Engineers who thoroughly understands the functionalities of DBMS so as to implement their applications to meet their complex application requirements.
 * DBMS Kernel Developers are persons who design and implement the DBMS interfaces and modules as a software package..
 * DBMS Tool Developers include persons who develop tools to access and use DBMS software. Typical packages include database design, performance monitoring, GUI, etc.

This book is mainly focused on persons who perform “DBMS Kernel Developers” role.

1.6 Programming Interfaces
Most database systems provide interactive interface where SQL commands can be typed and given as input to database system, which will retrieve and display the resultant records. For example, in a computer system where MYSQL RDBMS is installed, the command mysql will start the interactive interface. This tool is convenient for schema creation and for occasional adhoc queries. However majority of database interactions in practice are executed though programs. These programs are generally called as database applications. As more than 90% of applications involve database, we shall say all applications are database applications.

There are three ways to access database programmatically
 * Embedded SQL – Embedding SQL Commands in a general purpose programming language. Database statements are embedded into the programming language and are identified by preprocessor with prefix “EXEC SQL”. These pre processors convert these statements into DBMS generated code. ESQL for C/C++ and SQLJ for Java.
 * Native language drivers – standard interface on top of SQL commands. These provide functions to connect to database execute statement, retrieve resultant records, etc. ODBC, JDBC are examples
 * Proprietary language/drivers – PL/SQL, PHP drivers. Mysql Provides PHP driver to access the database.

Table of Contents — Previous: Preface — Next: Introduction to DBMS


text:
Design of Main Memory Database System/Preface

Previous: Contents — Next: Introduction

Audience
The audience for this book will usually fall into one of the below four categories
 * Students with interest in DBMS
 * Developer new to DB Kernel Development
 * An Experienced DRDB Kernel Developer new to MMDB Kernel Development
 * An Experienced MMDB Kernel Developer

Organization
There are four major parts of this book

Part I, “Introduction to DBMS” gives an overview of database management systems and introduces database system types.

Part II, “Storage Engine” talks about storage engine concepts that include transaction, allocation, indexing, concurrency and recovery.

Part III “SQL Engine” talks about SQL engine concepts that include parser, optimization, and execution.Standard interfaces, ODBC and JDBC implementation are also discussed.

Part IV, “Case Study - CSQL” introduces real world open source MMDB implementation, CSQL and discusses about how the above said functionalities are implemented in it.

Previous: Contents — Next: Introduction


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Design of Main Memory Database System/Abbreviations

Abbreviations
API		—Application Programming Interface

DB		—Database

DBMS		—Database Management Systems

DDL	 	—Data Definition Language

DML		—Data Manipulation Language

DRDB 	       —Disk Resident Database

IMDB		—In-Memory Database

MMDB	       —Main Memory Database

ODBC		—Open Database Connectivity

OLAP		—Online Analytical Processing

OLTP		—Online Transaction Processing

RTDB		—Real Time Database

SQL		—Structured Query Language


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User talk:Yourdeadin

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:46, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I also wanted to remind you that Wikibooks is for textbooks, not original research. If you have any questions, please ask on my talk page. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:46, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yourdeadin


text:
Volcanoes/Basics of Volcanoes

Volcanoes periodically erupt with volcanic gases, lava, and ash. There is a scale used in judging a volcanic eruption's size, called the Volcanic Explosivity Index, or VEI, scale. A table with some information included is right below.

Classification
Scientists measure how powerful volcanic eruptions are using the VEI. It records how much volcanic material is thrown out, how high the eruption goes, and how long it lasts. The scale goes from 0 to 8. A score of 1 is 10 times more powerful than a score of 0; this is a logarithmic scale, like decibels or the Richter scale. * Count of eruptions in the last 10,000 years based on 1994 figures maintained by the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution

Note that there is a discontinuity in the definition of the VEI between indices 1 and 2. The lower border of the volume of ejecta jumps by a factor of 100 from 10,000 to 1,000,000 m³ while the factor is 10 between all higher indices.

Introduction
A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface. Volcanic activity involving the extrusion of rock tends to form mountains or features like mountains over a period of time.

Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are pulled apart or come together. A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and mid-oceanic ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by "divergent tectonic plates" pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by "convergent tectonic plates" coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust (called "non-hotspot intraplate volcanism"), such as in the African Rift Valley, the Wells Gray-Clearwater Volcanic Field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America and the European Rhine Graben with its Eifel volcanoes.

Volcanoes can be caused by "mantle plumes". These so-called "hotspots", for example at Hawaii, can occur far from plate boundaries. Hotspot volcanoes are also found elsewhere in the solar system, especially on rocky planets and moons.

title: Volcanoes/Basics of Volcanoes


text:
User talk:24.17.171.33

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:48, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.17.171.33


text:
User talk:70.145.220.218

Join Us!
--Laleena (talk) 18:53, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.145.220.218


text:
Design of Main Memory Database System/Overview of MMDB

Chapter 3: Introduction to Main Memory Database Systems

Table of Contents — Previous: Introduction to DBMS — Next: Storage Engine

3.1 Overview
Many applications like telecom, process control, airline reservation, stock market, etc. require real time access to data. In addition to maintaining data consistency, these applications require timely response for the transactions accessing database. Main memory databases, which became feasible recently with the increasing availability of large cheap memory, can provide better performance and consistent throughput than disk based database systems. As the data resides permanently in main memory, it will not involve any disk I/O that affects the throughput. In effect, for disk-based systems, standard deviation for throughput will be huge and real time applications will not be able to benchmark against that unpredictable throughput. This led to the development of new type of database management system called, Main memory database (MMDB) system. It is also called as “In-Memory database (IMDB) management system” and “Real Time Database (RTDB) management systems”.

As the basic underlying assumption changed in this type of database management system, it leads to research and design of each and every component of storage, relational and sql engine of the traditional disk based management system.

One disk block transfer takes approximately 5 milliseconds whereas main memory access takes 100 nanoseconds. By keeping the whole database in memory, these disk I/Os are converted to memory access, thereby improves the throughput by many-folds. This leads to an interesting question “In DRDBs if all the data is cached in buffer pool, then they will perform as good as MMDBs?” Unfortunately the answer is No. This is because the data structures and access algorithms are designed for disk based system and cannot work well when whole database is completely in memory. There are some common misconceptions about main memory databases

Do they support durable transactions?

Yes. Though the complete database is in main memory, backup copy is kept in disk to enable recovery in the event of crash.

Can multiple users concurrently access the database?

Yes. Multiple users and multiple threads shall access the database and are synchronized through latches and locks.

The main memory resident of data have important implications in
 * Data Representation
 * Data Access Algorithms – Query Processing
 * Recovery
 * Concurrency control

This book will discuss more in detail about the difference between DRDB and MMDB implementations and how MMDB is times faster than DRDB.

Figure 4, depicts a main memory database management system. This has nearly all the components, which are present in disk resident database management system. Implementations of components under SQL Engine, Relational Engine, and Storage Engine differ heavily from the DRDB components.

Fig 4: MMDB System Architecture

In case of MMDB, physical entity that corresponds to database is either shared memory segment or memory mapped file. These Inter Process Communication (IPC) mechanisms allow sharing of memory across processes. There are some JAVA embedded main memory databases that require only multi-thread access. These DBMSs use heap memory as database. For multi process access, we should either go with shared memory IPC or memory mapped IPC mechanism. Usually the control information is stored separately from the data records to avoid data corruption of control information.

3.2 Memory Segment
Memory is divided into three main segments.

Control Segment containing lock table, process table, transaction table, undo logs and redo logs. These structures are transient and are required for the operation of the database management system.

Catalog Segment containing meta data about tables, indexes, fields, etc.

User Segment containing records of all the tables and index records of those tables, if any.

3.3 SQL Engine
Optimization and execution of the SQL statements change drastically in case of MMDBs. Cost based optimization is mainly based on the number of disk I/Os rather than the CPU cycles. These cost based optimization is the complex system in the whole DBMS. Both cost and rule based optimizers are used in case of DRDBs. But in case of MMDB rule based optimizer would suffice.

3.4 Relational Engine
All the relational operation algorithms change as we do not need to use two pass algorithms for implementing the operations. Moreover in case of DRDBs when we do first pass we copy the data from disk to memory for all the fields. Incase of MMDB, we shall use pointer indirection and avoid data copy and disk I/O.

T-Tree index structures are better in case of space and cpu cycles for MMDB than B-Tree of DRDB.

3.5 Transaction Engine
As MMDB transactions no more wait for disk I/O, it will lead to lot of contention issues and deadlocks, which will hamper the throughput. This needs to be avoided and given more importance in case of MMDB than DRDB

3.6 Storage Engine
In DRDB, allocations happen based on the disk blocks. But in MMDB, it should happen in memory. This leads to lot of optimization in the allocation algorithms, which shall save space as well as CPU cycles. Database modules works with File Manager module in case of DRDB, whereas it works with OS IPC abstraction layer in case of MMDB.

Table of Contents — Previous: Introduction to DBMS — Next: Storage Engine


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Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Nasopharynx/Staging

Nasopharynx Cancer Staging

Staging
AJCC 7th edition (2009): Tumor
 * T1 - confined to nasopharynx, or tumor extends to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal extension
 * T2 - tumor with parapharyngeal extension (posterolateral infiltration of tumor, i.e. beyond the pharyngobasilar fascia)
 * T3 - involves bony structures and/or paranasal sinuses
 * T4 - intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, infratemporal fossa, hypopharynx, orbit, or masticator space

Nodes
 * N1 - unilateral nodes, 6 cm or less, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or retropharyngeal lymph nodes 6 cm or less (unilateral or bilateral)
 * N2 - bilateral nodes, 6 cm or less, above the supraclav fossa
 * N3a - lymph node greater than 6 cm
 * N3b - extension to the supraclav fossa (defined as the triangular region described by Ho, bounded by the superior margin of the sternal head of the clavicle, the superior margin of the lateral end of the clavicle, and the point where the neck meets the shoulder. This includes some of level IV as well as V.)

Overall stage
 * I - T1 N0
 * II - T1-T2 N1, T2 N0 (i.e. T2 or N1)
 * III - T3 N0-2, or T1-3 N2 (i.e. T3 or N2)
 * IVA - T4 N0-2
 * IVB - N3
 * IVC - M1

Changes from 6th edition
 * T2a lesions moved to T1. T2b moved to T2.
 * Stage IIB was moved to II and Stage IIA merged with Stage I
 * New designation for retropharyngeal lymph nodes (all are N1 nodes)

Notes
 * Shift of more advanced N-stages into lower stage groupings — N1 is stage II instead of III, N2 is III instead of IV
 * Retropharyngeal nodes staging has been controversial, since CT is often unable to differentiate them from parapharyngeal involvement of primary tumor. However, MRI appears more sensitive, and patients who are N0 but with positive RLN by MRI have prognosis similar to patients with N1 disase as should probably be classified as such

AJCC 6th edition (2002)
Tumor
 * T1 - confined to nasopharynx
 * T2 - extends to soft tissues
 * T2a - extends to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal extension
 * T2b - any tumor with parapharyngeal extension (i.e. beyond the pharyngobasilar fascia)
 * T3 - involves bony structures and/or paranasal sinuses
 * T4 - intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, infratemporal fossa, hypopharynx, orbit, or masticator space

Nodes
 * N1 - unilateral nodes, 6 cm or less, above the supraclavicular fossa
 * N2 - bilateral nodes, 6 cm or less, above the supraclav fossa
 * N3a - lymph node greater than 6 cm
 * N3b - extension to the supraclav fossa (defined as the triangular region described by Ho, bounded by the superior margin of the sternal head of the clavicle, the superior margin of the lateral end of the clavicle, and the point where the neck meets the shoulder. This includes some of level IV as well as V.)

Overall stage
 * I - T1 N0
 * IIA - T2a N0
 * IIB - T1-T2 N1, T2b N0 (i.e. T2b or N1)
 * III - T3 N0-2, or T1-3 N2 (i.e. T3 or N2)
 * IVA - T4 N0-2
 * IVB - N3
 * IVC - M1

Notes
 * Division of Stage II into A and B compared to other H&N sites
 * Shift of more advanced N-stages into lower stage groupings — N1 is stage II instead of III, N2 is III instead of IV
 * Retropharyngeal nodes staging has been controversial, since CT is often unable to differentiate them from parapharyngeal involvement of primary tumor. However, MRI appears more sensitive, and patients who are N0 but with positive RLN by MRI have prognosis similar to patients with N1 disase as should probably be classified as such

AJCC 5th edition (1997)

 * same as 6th edition

AJCC 4th edition (1988):

 * T1 - tumor confined to one wall of the nasopharynx
 * T2 - two walls or more
 * T3 - extension to oropharynx and nasal cavity
 * T4 - invades skull base or cranial nerve

 * N1 - single ipsilateral node <= 3 cm
 * N2a - single ipsilateral node 3-6 cm
 * N2b - multiple ipsilateral nodes < 6 cm
 * N2c - contralateral or bilateral nodes < 6 cm
 * N3 - nodes > 6 cm

Overall stage: (similar to other H&N sites in newest staging system)
 * I - T1 N0
 * II - T2 N0
 * III - T3 or N1
 * IV - T4 or N2-3 or M1

 * Note: downstaging of disease in AJCC 4th edition — N1 was moved to Stage II and N2 was moved to Stage III. This is an important difference to note when comparing older trials to newer treatment modalities since the definition of "advanced stage" has changed.

Chinese Staging (1992)

 * T1 - nasopharynx only
 * T2 - nasal cavity, oropharynx, soft palate, anterior cervical vertebrae soft tissue, proximal parapharyngeal space
 * T3 - distal parapharyngeal space, CN involvement, base of skull, pterygoprocss zone, pterygopalatine fossa
 * T4 - multiple CN involvement, paranasal sinus, cavernous sinus, orbit, infratemporal fossa, or C1-C2 vertebra

 * N0 - no nodes
 * N1 - upper cervical LN <4cm
 * N2 - lower cervical LN, or 4-7 cm
 * N3 - SCV, or >7cm, or fixed, or skin infiltration

Staging:
 * I - T1N0
 * II - T2 or N1
 * III - T3 or N2
 * IVA - T4 or N3
 * IVB - M1

Ho's Staging (1978)

 * T1 - nasopharynx only
 * T2 - extension to nasal fossa, oropharynx, or parapharyngeal region
 * T3 - bony involvement, skull base, cranial nerve palsy, orbits, laryngopharynx, or infratemporal fossa

 * N0 - no nodes
 * N1 - above laryngeal cartilage
 * N2 - below laryngeal cartilage but above SCV fossa
 * N3 - SCV lymph nodes


text:
Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Nasopharynx/Overview

Nasopharyngeal Cancer Overview

Epidemiology

 * Markedly different geographical prevalence
 * Rare in the US: 0.2-0.5 cases per 100,000 people
 * Common in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: 25-50 per 100,000. Accounts for ~5% of all cancers and ~50% of H&N cancers in Taiwan
 * Also common in North Africa, the Middle East, and in Inuits
 * Association with salted fish, Ebstein-Barr virus
 * Smoking and alcohol don't have a clear association with the disease
 * In general, affects a younger population
 * Up to 90% present with N+ disease, and ~50% have bilateral N+ disease

Clinical Presentation

 * Most commonly presents with a neck mass
 * Refractory otitis media, epixtaxis, referred ear pain, cranial neuropathy
 * Most common cranial nerves affected are VI and V2 by tumor extension through foramen lacerum into cavernous sinus
 * Syndromes:
 * Jacod's: compression of CN II-VI by extension into cavernous sinus, leading to ophthalmoplegia, blindness, and trigeminal neuralgia
 * Villaret: compression of CN IX-XII by parapharyngeal nodes, leading to difficulty swallowing (IX), altered taste (IX), unilateral Horner's (X), paralysis of sternocleidomastoid/trapezius (XI), hemiglossal paralysis (XII)
 * Vernet's syndrome (jugular foramen syndrome): compression of CN IX-XI by extension into jugular foramen, leading to difficulty swallowing, vocal cord paralysis, and paralysis of sternocleidomastoid/trapezius
 * Trotter's triad (Sinus of Morgagni): unilateral conductive hearing loss (eustachian tube), impaired ipsilateral soft palate motility, and mandibular pain

Anatomy

 * Includes vault, lateral walls, and posterior wall
 * Anterior border begins at the end of the nasal cavity, at the posterior choana (where nasal septum disappears). Radiographically this can be seen as the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. It extends along plane of the airway to the level of free border of the soft palate posteriorly
 * Lateral walls consist of the torus tubarius (Eustachian tube opening), pharyngeal recess (Fossa of Rosenmuller) posterior to torus tubarius, and behind these are the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and behind this is the medial pterygoid plate.
 * Superior border is the cribriform plate and sphenoid sinus. Clivus consists of part of the sphenoid bone (behind the sinus, the tail end of the sella turcica) and part of the occipital bone and forms the posterior border of the nasopharynx. Hard and soft palates (the inferior border) sits about C2.
 * Eustachean tube passes through base of skull between foramen ovale and lacerum to reach nasopharynx
 * Inferior border (floor) is the superior surface of the soft palate
 * Cranial nerves are important since NPC may commonly extend along them intracranially:
 * Cavernous sinus - III, IV, V1 + V2 (not V3), VI - (all pass through superior orbital fissure except V2 is through foramen rotundum)
 * Foramen rotundum - V2
 * Foramen ovale - V3 - anterolateral to clivus
 * Foramen lacerum - lateral to front part of clivus - plugged with cartilage in vivo
 * Jugular foramen - IX, X, XI - lateral to foramen magnum
 * Hypoglossal canal - XII - lateral to foramen magnum
 * Nearby is the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
 * Pharyngeal recess (Fossa of Rosenmuller)
 * Postulated to be the origin of most NPC cancers
 * Posterior to torus tubaris (posterior lip of the medial end of the cartilagenous eustachean tube)
 * Herniation of nasopharyngeal mucosa through deficiency between skull base and superior-most fibers of pharyngeal constrictors
 * PMID 1876886 (Full text for pictures): >50% are deeper than 1 cm (range 2mm - 19mm), and 90% are narrower than 5 mm. It points laterally ~45% from sagittal plane

Pathology
WHO classification:
 * Type I: keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma - 20%
 * Non-keratinizing carcinoma
 * Type II: differentiated non keratinizing carcinoma (formerly transitional cell carcinoma) - 30-40%
 * Type III: undifferentiated non keratinizing carcinoma (formely lymphoepithelioma) - 40-50%
 * Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma - recent distinction, appears aggressive with poor survival

Spread

 * Spreads along walls of nasopharynx with local invasion
 * Can spread to cavernous sinus through foramen lacerum (and involve CN III-VI [except V3]).
 * Commonly has involvement of jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal (CN IX-XII).
 * 65-90% have lymph node involvement at presentation
 * About 50% have bilateral lymph node involvement
 * Cervical Level IIb seem to be the first echelon nodes in NPC, closely followed by lateral retropharyngeal LNs
 * Retropharyngeal LN involvement is common, but difficult to detect on CT. In CT based studies, RLN were positive in 30-50%, while in MRI based studies this number may be as high as 80%
 * Distant mets are less common at initial presentation but in recurrent disease are more common than in other H&N cancers.
 * Mets correlate more with nodal status than T stage.
 * Distant Mets by N stage: N1=10-20%, N2=30-40%, N3=40-70%.
 * Spreads to bones > lungs, liver, and brain.

Retropharyngeal lymph nodes

 * It is not clear whether these are staged as N0 or N1, with differences among institutions
 * Prognosis for RLN+ N0 appears comparable to N1
 * RLNs atrophy with age, and are usually obliterated by adulthood. Normal axial diameter in patients >40 year is ~3 mm. Therefore, some studies use minimal axial diameter >=5 mm on MRI as a size criterion for RLN mets
 * Most RLN+ are located at C1 level, and incidence decreases steadily from C1 to C3
 * It appears that afferent lymphatic vessels of lateral RLN in NPC begin in the parapharyngeal space (T2 tumors); lymphatic drainage of nasal cavity, oropharynx, and pharyngeal wall (and thus lymphatic drainage of T3 and T4 tumors) may be primarily to cervical lymph nodes

 * Singapore; 2009 (1992-1994) PMID 19189339 -- "Retropharyngeal nodal metastasis related to higher rate of distant metastasis in patients with N(0) and N(1) nasopharyngeal cancer." (Tham IW, Head Neck. 2009 Feb 2. [Epub ahead of print])
 * Retrospective. 667 patients, NPC, Stage T2-4 N0-1. RLN+ in 47% by CT. Median F/U 8.3 years
 * Outcome: Patients with N0 and RLN+ had similar hazard for DM as patients with N1, and worse than patients with N0 and RLN-
 * Conclusion: Patients with N0 disease and RLN lymph nodes share similar prognosis as patients with N1 disease

 * Fudan, China; 2009 PMID 18538502 -- "Patterns of retropharyngeal node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma." (Wang XS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jan 1;73(1):194-201. Epub 2008 Jun 4.)
 * Retrospective. 618 NPC patients. MRI staging. LN+ in 88%; RLN+ alone 6%, cervical LN+ alone 28%, both RLN and cervical LN 66%. Incidence of RLN lower 72% than cervical LN 93%
 * Location of RLN: occipital bone 6%, C1 76%, C2 17%, C3 0.5%. Incidence significantly higher with parapharyngeal involvement
 * Conclusion: Level IIb LNs seems first-echelon nodes in NPC; incidence of RLN mets decreases steadily in level

 * Sun Yat-sen, China; 2007 PMID 17332287 -- "Retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: prognostic value and staging categories." (Ma J, Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Mar 1;13(5):1445-52.)
 * Retrospective. 749 patients, NPC. RLN+ in 51% by CT
 * Outcome: On multivariate analysis, in N0 patients, RLN+ independent predictor for OS, LRFS and DMFS. No difference in unilateral vs bilateral RLN+. Survival if N0 and RLN+ similar to survival if N+
 * Conclusion: RLN mets affect prognosis in N0 patients, and should be classified as N1

Response to treatment
Despite rapid response to initial treatment, high incidence of local failure.

Treatment Overview

 * Surgery plays only a minimal role due to significant potential morbidity
 * Historically, RT alone was used, and resulted in 5-year OS 35-50%
 * Early-stage (I-II) outcomes were good, with 5-year RFS 75-95% and OS 70-80%
 * However, advanced-stage (III-IV) 5-year RFS was ~50%, and OS only 10-40%
 * Early stage disease (Stage I-II) typically continues to be managed with RT alone
 * Advanced stage disease (Stage III-IV) is managed with concurrent chemo-RT; it is not clear whether there is any benefit to further adjuvant chemotherapy
 * Ho's technique: developed by professor John HC Ho (PMID 16541482) in the late 1960s with extensive experience for three decades. Over 10,000 patients have been treated in Hong Kong with excellent long term results in early disease T1, T2, and T3. Total tumor dose was 62.5 Gy / 29 fx (biologically equivalent to 66 Gy / 33 fx).

Surgery

 * Due to deep location of nasopharynx, and anatomic proximity to critical structures, radical surgery is typically not used
 * Role of surgery is initially for biopsy for histological confirmation
 * It may also be used for management of the neck for persistently enlarged lymph nodes
 * Finally, there may be role in persistent or recurrent disease


text: User talk:68.18.129.251

title: User talk:68.18.129.251


text:
Design of Main Memory Database System/Storage Engine

Part II: Storage Engine
 * Chapter 4: Overview
 * Chapter 5: Database Management
 * Chapter 6: Allocator
 * Chapter 7: Transaction Management
 * Chapter 8: Concurrency Management
 * Chapter 9: Recovery
 * Chapter 10: Log
 * Chapter 11: Table
 * Chapter 12: Index

Table of Contents — Previous: Introduction to MMDB — Next: Storage Engine Overview