text:
Algebra/Chapter 0/What is math, exactly?

Of all the subjects taught in schools throughout the world, mathematics is possibly the one which has collected the image of being most feared and disliked.

So, to start, what is math? What makes it so different from other areas of study, like languages or history? And more importantly, why on Earth do you need to know anything about it?

Definition
Mathematics is such a wide and broad field of study. To define it would be very hard.

Study of patterns
Mathematics is a study of patterns—finding patterns and explaining why such patterns exist. Patterns are everywhere: shapes (What is the area of this? What is the volume of that?), counting (How many ways are there to do this? How many are there of that?), and more.

One particularly interesting class of patterns is the patterns of numbers. Whole numbers, for example, look simple but they're not: 1, 2, 3... everyone knows what they are, everyone is familiar with their addition and multiplication. But there are subtle and profound patterns lurking. For example, we can look at what numbers are formed when we repeatedly add 2. 2, 4, 6, 8... We can look at what numbers are formed when we repeatedly add 3: 3, 6, 9, 12... It's easy to see that every number falls into at least one of these sequences, but how many does it fall into, and which ones? For example, 12 is in the sequence 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12...; 3, 6, 9, 12...; 4, 8, 12...; 6, 12...; and 12... What numbers fall into only one sequence? These numbers get a special name, prime numbers, because they are only divisible by one and themselves. Finding prime numbers is an extremely tricky question and forms the mechanism for protecting your privacy on the internet. The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29. How many of them are there? 3 and 5 are 2 apart, so are 5 and 7, and 11 and 13, and 17 and 19. How many pairs are there like this?

There are all sorts of questions to ask about these simple sequences, and some of them lead to very profound statements about the structure of numbers.

But why are there such patterns? Why is it that there has to be an infinite number of primes? It's possible to imagine that this stream of numbers just stops, maybe after billions and billions of primes, maybe there are so many that people will never be able to compute them all—but why is that impossible? Why is it that if you imagine that, then, if you are very imaginative, you will see that it is absurd?

The asking of questions about pure patterns is mathematics, as well as answering why it must be that way.

Art of making conjectures and theorems
Mathematics is an art of making conjectures and theorems—guesses about patterns. It is about explaining patterns like primes (How many are there?). There are so many conjectures and theorems, especially in geometry.

Conjectures and theorems are important in math. They say what can be done and what cannot. These things are discoveries, made by people who looked at patterns and found rules about them. For example, the numbers formed when we multiply by 2 are called the even numbers. There are special rules about them. For example, if you add any two even numbers together, you get another even number. That is what is called a theorem. It is a discovery about a pattern.

Study of logic
Mathematics is a study of logic—proving the conjectures. It is about showing why the conjectures and theorems are true.

This is important in geometry. In fact, many mathematicians want to prove many things, even up to today. There are many conjectures about patterns that still aren't proven.

Conclusion
Now, why would you want to know about it? Simple. Because it is fun and because it is interesting. <!---== Read this if you're not convinced ... ==

The below recounts a conversation with the Wikibookian Nfgdayton:

In a recent conversation I had with an intelligent but incredulous young man about the philosophical concept of causality he claimed that there was such a thing as cause and effect. He stated that there were too many causes for events to always have the same effect. I tried to continue this conversation on general terms, but realized that I was arguing for a probabilistic view of the world. I asked the young man to take a coin from his pocket and flip it until he got three heads in a row. I then asked him if he would give me odds that the next flip would be tails. He said yes, and when he flipped, the coin came up tails and I had to pay him.

When you get to the last chapter in this book hopefully you will be able to agree with me that the odds were even (1/1, 50/50) that the coin would come up heads or tails. I was hoping that the coin would come up heads so that we could continue our conversation. It seems that in math there is always a "right" answer, and depending on how much we practice getting to this answer is a matter of luck and hard work. In algebra, we will be replacing numbers with letters in some equations, and the "right" answer will depend on how well we manipulate those numbers and letters. For instance we might use algebra to determine how much money we need to take a date to the movies. The young man I was talking to could easily solve this problem, but he would also know that his date would go smoother if he took a little extra. Mathematics gives you the power to predict giving known information. For instance, when going to a movie the young man could plan on taking his date to the matinee show when tickets are half price. A question that he could ask himself might be: What time should I pick my date up? Ideally I would be able to point out to him that by going to the matinee early he is more likely to be able to buy tickets and to use his extra money to visit the snack stand to keep his date entertained. If the matinee is sold out when he and his date arrive, then the young man is faced with buying more expensive tickets and keeping his date entertained while they wait. Practicing with mathematics allows us to see potential patterns ahead of time, and plan accordingly.

Because I lost my wager with the young man I decided to continue our discussion at a later time. When you use this book I hope that you will have some moments when you think "Aha! By thinking mathematically these circumstances make sense." When you have a moment like this I hope you will encapsulate it in a word problem and add it to the chapter you are reading. When thinking mathematically you will often feel that you have the right answer, but with enough study you will find that mathematics has theories about why "the best laid plans of mice and men often go astray." The young man was correct to assume that if you use mathematics your plans will not always work out, but if you study it long enough you will find that it is a tool that helps you have things work out the way you want more often than not, and to learn how to do better with your next try.--->

Understanding Our World
To give an exact definition for a subject as broad as mathematics is not easy. It is not just the study of numbers but taking what we know, realizing patterns and organizing it all into a something that we can work with and understand. Throughout the history of math there have been several ways to organize numbers, the most common way now is the decimal system but even today we still use several others. When man was just a nomad there was no need for numbers, the number of people in clan was small and all you had worry about was food and surviving day to day. As we started to settle down, make camps, towns and eventually cities and empires we needed new ways to talk about numbers. How many sheep are in the flock? How many people live in the tribe? How far is it to the next town? There were all things we needed numbers for to be able to communicate and understand what others were saying. There are countless things that we describe using numbers and quantities to understand their meaning.

Discovery
A large part of Mathematics is discovery. After we defined the numbers and how we were going to measure lengths there was math everywhere just waiting to be unveiled. The area of a rectangle has always been the length times the width($$ A=lw$$) but until we had numbers to define our length and width it could not be discovered. Volumes, prime numbers and multiples are all parts of mathematics that were just waiting to be discovered. The discoveries now are a lot more complicated to understand but they still exist.

Invention
Often math research leads us to a point where we can’t go any further without a little invention. Imaginary numbers, which you will work with later in this book, are one example of where we had to create something to make the math work. Imaginary numbers in the real world do not exist but they have to exist to explain some of the things that happen in our physical world. We invented them to make math work in a manner that could explain the patterns we could observe.

Abstract
Mathematics is where we find some our first abstract thoughts. A number is not the same as a letter; letters each make a noise and when we put them together they make a word that represents a noun or verb or some other part of speech. Every number represents a different quantity and even more confusing is that two 3s do not make 6 but 33. It is easy to see that 3 fingers on your left hand and 4 fingers on your right come together to make 7 and that is why you will often see grade school students adding in this fashion. Even as we become more accustomed to adding, the simple facts, like adding the numbers between 1 and 9, are often memorized instead of picturing 5 of something and 8 more of them in our mind we memorize that 8 + 5 = 13. To convince you just little bit more that numbers are abstract define the letter B using only words in the definition. Now try to define the number 6 without using numbers.


text: User talk:220.225.137.249

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:220.225.137.249


text:
Chinese History

Welcome to the Wikibook of Chinese History

This book will focus extensively on the history of China, the transformation of government and development of cultures in China, and the influences on other places by China. It requires a great deal of reading and researching, but feel free to contribute if you have knowledge on Chinese history and are fluent in English!

Brief Introduction

 * Geography
 * Government
 * Religion
 * Contributions
 * Others

Prehistoric China
1.1 Paleolithic sites

1.2 Neolithic cultures

1.3 Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors

Ancient China
2.1 Xia Dynasty

2.2 Shang Dynasty

2.3 Zhou Dynasty

 * 2.3.1 Western Zhou

 * 2.3.2 Eastern Zhou

 * 2.3.2.1 Spring and Autumn

 * 2.3.2.2 Warring States

Imperial China
3.1 Qin Dynasty

3.2 Han Dynasty

 * 3.2.1 Western Han

 * 3.2.2 Xin

 * 3.2.3 Eastern Han

3.3 Three Kingdoms

3.4 Jin Dynasty

 * 3.4.1 Western Jin

 * 3.4.2 Eastern Jin

3.5 Sixteen Kingdoms

3.6 Northern and Southern Dynasties

3.7 Sui Dynasty

3.8 Tang Dynasty

3.9 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

3.10 Song Dynasty, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia

 * 3.10.1 Northern Song

 * 3.10.2 Southern Song

 * 3.10.3 Liao

 * 3.10.4 Western Liao

 * 3.10.5 Western Xia

 * 3.10.6 Jin

3.11 Yuan Dynasty

3.12 Ming Dynasty

3.13 Qing Dynasty

 * 3.13.1 Late Qing Wars and Reforms

The Republic of China
4.1 Xinhai Revolution

4.2 Beiyang Government

 * 4.2.1 Warlord Era

 * 4.2.2 Northern Expedition

4.3 Nationalist Government

 * 4.3.1 First Chinese Civil War

 * 4.3.2 The Second Sino-Japanese War

 * 4.3.3 Second Chinese Civil War

4.4 Taiwan

 * 4.4.1 Authoritarianism Period

 * 4.4.2 Democratic Transformation

Communist China
5.1 The Rise of The Chinese Communist Party

5.2 People's Republic of China

 * 5.2.1 Mao Era

 * 5.2.2 Deng Era

 * 5.2.3 Jiang Era

 * 5.2.4 Hu Era

 * 5.2.5 Xi Era

Culture
6.1 Philosophy

6.2 Religion

6.3 Music and Arts

6.4 Architecture

Science
7.1 Four Great Inventions

7.2 Scientific Revolutions

7.3 Mathematics

Literature
8.1 Historical Documents

8.2 Poetry, Ci, and Qu

8.3 Classical Works

Economy
9.1 Imperial Economy

9.2 Trade

9.3 Modern Economy

Government and Reforms
10.1 Centralized Monarchy

10.2 Authoritarian Regime

10.3 Reforms

Geography
11.1 Geography

title: Chinese History


text: User talk:211.30.25.38

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text: User talk:210.49.220.228

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text:
User talk:217.65.152.2

Your edits on the page Of Mice and Men have been considered inappropriate.

S Pat   talk 12:28, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:217.65.152.2


text:
User talk:212.132.0.11

I'm glad you like Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Woodworking, but please add comments, praises, or criticisms to its talk page (see the discussion tab) rather than to the page itself. --Jomegat (talk) 13:52, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

July 2010
We welcome and appreciate your contributions, but your recent edits to Nuclear Physics/Nuclear Fusion and Fission had to be undone. Please see What is Wikibooks? to learn more about what contributions are beneficial to Wikibooks. Please be aware that some edits can be considered vandalism, use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this project. Thank you. – Adrignola talk 12:05, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

June 2013
--Abramsky (discuss • contribs) 11:56, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.132.0.11


text: User talk:193.61.101.9

title: User talk:193.61.101.9


text: User talk:74.231.185.3

title: User talk:74.231.185.3


text:
SQL Exercises/Scientists

Exercises
List all the scientists' names, their projects' names, and the hours worked by that scientist on each project, in alphabetical order of project name, then scientist name.

title: SQL Exercises/Scientists


text:
SQL Exercises/Pieces and providers

Exercises
1. Select the name of all the pieces.

2. Select all the providers' data.

3. Obtain the average price of each piece (show only the piece code and the average price).

4. Obtain the names of all providers who supply piece 1.

5. Select the name of pieces provided by provider with code "HAL".

6. For each piece, find the most expensive offering of that piece and include the piece name, provider name, and price (note that there could be two providers who supply the same piece at the most expensive price).

7. Add an entry to the database to indicate that "Skellington Supplies" (code "TNBC") will provide sprockets (code "1") for 7 cents each.

8. Increase all prices by one cent.

9. Update the database to reflect that "Susan Calvin Corp." (code "RBT") will not supply bolts (code 4).

10. Update the database to reflect that "Susan Calvin Corp." (code "RBT") will not supply any pieces (the provider should still remain in the database).

title: SQL Exercises/Pieces and providers


text:
User talk:204.209.59.11

 * The comment above is still valid. -- Tegel (discuss • contribs) 19:08, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:204.209.59.11


text: User talk:82.31.31.127

title: User talk:82.31.31.127


text: User talk:24.244.192.190

title: User talk:24.244.192.190


text: User talk:24.172.95.81

title: User talk:24.172.95.81


text: User talk:69.217.171.196

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text: User talk:41.222.13.45

title: User talk:41.222.13.45


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/timer function

Function
(+) 	Appearance 		(+) 	Standard 		(+) 	Console

Syntax
secondsSinceMidnight& = TIMER

Description
This function returns the current time of day expressed as a number of seconds since midnight. Its value ranges from 0 through 86399. Note: The TIMER function is useful for measuring elapsed time intervals, as long as you make appropriate adjustments in case the measured interval crosses the midnight boundary. To measure time intervals with a finer resolution than 1 second, use the Toolbox routines TICKCOUNT or MICROSECONDS. The TICKCOUNT function measures the number of "ticks" since startup (there are approximately 60.15 ticks per second), and the MICROSECONDS procedure measures the number of microseconds since startup.


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/timer statement

Statement
(+) 	Appearance 		(+) 	Standard 			Console

Syntax
TIMER = interval TIMER(0) OFF TIMER(0) END

Revised
January 14, 2001 (Release 4)

Description
If you have designated a timer-event handling routine (using the ON TIMER statement), the TIMER statement alters the interval at which timer events occur. If timer events have not yet been initiated (because your ON TIMER statement specified an interval of zero), then the TIMER statement also initiates timer events. If the interval parameter is greater than zero, it specifies the interval in seconds. If interval is less than zero, then ABS(interval) specifies the interval in ticks (a tick is approximately 1/60 second). If you set interval to zero, the TIMER statement is ignored; you cannot use the TIMER statement to disable timer events once they've been initiated. Timer events are internally queued by FB until your application is ready to accept them. If you are receiving events once per second and your program is occupied with other tasks for 10 seconds, you wll receive 10 timer events at the first available opportunity. If you wish to flush the timer event queue, use TIMER(0) OFF or TIMER(0) END.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/toolbox

Functions
(+) 	Appearance 		(+) 	Standard 		(+) 	Console

Syntax
TOOLBOX [FN] functionName [(arg1 [,arg2...])]¬ [= returnParam] [`0x0000,0x0000...]

Description
In earlier versions of FutureBASIC, access to toolbox calls was limited to modification of internal resources or LOCAL FNs that accessed the 68K traps through assembly language calls. In FB, the source for all toolbox calls is located in editable source code. By convention, these items are stored in the Headers folder (path: FB Extensions/Compiler/Headers) and are give a name that begins with "Tlbx". This is not an absolute requirement. You may create toolbox calls and place them in any project include so long as they are defined before they are called. Routine Name The name of a routine is case sensitive. This is the only instance in FB where upper and lower case letters may not be freely exchanged. The reason for this is that PPC code actually uses the text of the routine name in a look up table where older 68K code used a hexadecimal trap address. When you examine the text of a toolbox call, the name appears to be in upper case. This is because the editor uses an internal look-up table to determine how the name should be formatted. In reality, the text stored in memory looks very different. You can see this difference by placing an apostrophe in front of the text to make it a remark. TOOLBOX FN GETCICON(SHORT) = LONG `0xAA1E 'toolbox FN GetCIcon(short) =long `0xAA1E In this example, the case of GetCIcon is specific and will not work if there is any modification. You may determine what case is required by looking at the C code used by Apple in defining the toolbox. Toolbox Functions Functions (as opposed to procedures) return a value. Unlike BASIC, the Mac's toolbox routines only return numeric variables. Common results are LONG, SHORT, and BOOLEAN. The toolbox does not return strings or records. Toolbox functions begin with TOOLBOX FN. Procedures omit the "FN". Functions also provide a size for the return value with syntax like "= SHORT". TOOLBOX FN FunctionName(param) = SHORT Toolbox Procedures Procedures work much the same as toolbox functions, except that the "FN" prefix is omitted and the return value is no longer necessary. TOOLBOX ProcName(param) 68K & PPC Using only a text description, toolbox calls can be created and used in PPC. FB makes all of the necessary conversions into assembly language and sets up the proper look-up tables in your application. If you want the calls to work in 68K as well as PPC, then you will need to add the required assembly language to the end of the TOOLBOX statement for the selector and the trap. TOOLBOX FN Alert(SHORT,LONG) = SHORT `0xA985 While this may look complex, it is really a modification to something that looks very similar in C code. The following was taken from Apple's headers. Alert(SInt16 alertID,ModalFilterUPP modalFilter) ONEWORDINLINE(0xA985);Note that the upper/lower case of the name in FB's toolbox function exactly matches the one from Apple (even though it will be reformatted when used in the editor). The code from ONEWORDINLINE was moved to the end of the statement after the back apostrophe (also called a grave symbol). While C requires that you predict the number of hex instructions that follow (ONEWORDINLINE, TWOWORDSINLINE, etc.) FB automatically reads the hex digits up to the end of the line or a remark, whichever comes first.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/toolbox


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/tron

Statements
(+) 	Appearance 		(+) 	Standard 		(+) 	Console

Syntax
TRON [ALL] TRON BREAK TROFF

Description
These statements affect which parts of your program can be traced with the Debugger tool. In order to build a program that can be traced in the Debugger, you must create your program as a project (using the Project Manager), and in the Project window you must select with a "bug icon" each file that you want to trace. By default, all the lines in the selected files can then be traced. However, there may be cases in which you want to limit the lines that can be traced, especially because treaceable lines make your compiled program's size larger and take somewhat longer to execute. TROFF cause subsequent lines to be untraceable. This is a non-executable statement, so it affects the lines that appear below it, regardless of their actual order of execution. It overrides previous occurrences of TRON [ALL]. TRON [ALL] causes subsequent lines to be traceable. This is the default condition for all lines in your file above the first occurrence of TROFF. This is a non-executable statement, so it affects the lines that appear below it, regardless of their actual order of execution. It overrides previous occurrences of TROFF. Note that the ALL keyword is optional. TRON BREAK is an executable statement which causes the Debugger window to appear (if it was previously hidden), and causes execution to pause. It has the same effect as setting a breakpoint in the Debugger. TRON BREAK is ignored if it appears within a section of code which is not traceable.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/tron


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/tron x

Statement
(+) 	Appearance 		(+) 	Standard 		(+) 	Console

Syntax
TRON X

Description
The TRON X statement is a debugging tool. It examines the event queue for any recent Command-period keypresses by the user. If a Command-period keypress is found, TRON X displays a dialog giving the user the option to quit the program (this is the same dialog that is displayed by HANDLEEVENTS when the user pressed Command-period and there is no designated break-handling routine). TRON X is handy for manually breaking out of a loop. If your program seems to get "stuck" inside a loop for a long time, try inserting a TRON X statement inside the loop. The next time you run your program, you will be able to break out of the loop by pressing Command-period.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/tron x


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/typeof

Function
(+) 	Appearance 		(+) 	Standard 		(+) 	Console

Syntax
dataType = TYPEOF({variable|typeName})

Description
When FB compiles your program, it associates a unique integer with each data type that your program uses. The TYPEOF function returns the integer that's associated with the specified type. typeName should be the name of a type that was previously defined in a BEGIN RECORD statement or a #DEFINE statement; or the name of one of FutureBasic's built-in types (such as INT, LONG, etc.). variable can the name of any variable. In this case, TYPEOF returns the type ID number associated with the variable's type. Note that if the variable was not previously declared in a DIM statement, and has no type-identifier suffix, TYPEOF will assume that the variable's type is the default type (which is INT unless a DEF statement applies). Example: This program uses TYPEOF to determine what kind of data a pointer points to. PRINT "The data you passed was: "; SELECT varType

END SELECT

END program output: The data you passed was: 1623 The data you passed was: 426193 The data you passed was: Hello Note: The integer values returned by TYPEOF are determined dynamically at compile time. You should not count on TYPEOF(someType) to return the same value every time your program is compiled.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/typeof


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/tekey statement

Statement
(+) 	Appearance 		(+) 	Standard 			Console

Syntax
TEKEY$ = string$

Description
If there is an active edit field in the current window, string$ is inserted into the field at the current insertion point, or replaces the currently highlighted text in the field. The insertion point is then placed at the end of the newly-inserted text, and the text is scrolled into view if it is not already in view.


text: User talk:68.61.8.81

title: User talk:68.61.8.81


text:
User talk:193.190.253.146

Welcome, 193.190.253.146!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Thank you for improving the Embedded Control Systems Design book.

p.s.: Please feel free to correct my many typos and mis-spellings. But don't bother correcting words that are already correctly spelled.

--DavidCary (talk) 02:50, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:193.190.253.146


text: User talk:78.99.77.75

title: User talk:78.99.77.75


text: User talk:212.96.137.113

title: User talk:212.96.137.113


text: User talk:118.36.185.65

title: User talk:118.36.185.65


text:
Kdenlive/Developer HOWTO

(this page is merely a skeleton with lots of notes in parentheses which are indications for further rewriting later today; do not complain on its content until 2008-04-25 :) )

This page is intended for people who want to contribute code to Kdenlive, either occasionally or as a Kdenlive developer.

=Intended audience=

This HOWTO is intended for occasional contributors who are only interested in doing a limited number of specific fixes as well as regular developers willing to tackle bug tracker entries on a (more or less) regular basis.

The needed setup is the same for both contributors and developers, who must

 * have svn installed;
 * use the latest kdenlive source code via svn;
 * have development versions (headers at least, possibly source code as well) of all needed libs;
 * be subscribed to the kdenlive devel mailing list.

Developers also need:
 * a working sourceforge.net account (needed for being registered as a kdenlive developer)
 * a kdenlive developer account (granted by the project admin)

=Getting Kdenlive source code=

Kdenlive source code can be retrieved using svn Webinterface for the kdenlive svn: http://kdenlive.svn.sourceforge.net/ checkout kde3-version of kdenlive kde4-version (most work is now done here) svn co https://kdenlive.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/kdenlive/branches/KDE4

Warning : kdenlive for kde3 will not maintained so you need to install a minimal KDE4 environment.

Also see Getting and installing Kdenlive.

First time:

cd svn co ...

Next times:

cd kdenlive (make sure people notice it's /kdenlive, not ) svn update

when your modifications conflict with the svn version resolve it (Example how to use svn resolve) or google for "svn resolve"

(add a note on developer's current modifications wrt svn update: when to manually merge, how to do it)

=Creating Kdenlive patches= For a single file, run 'svn diff' with the full path of the file. Exemple: svn diff kdenlive/krender.cpp You can diff several files at once: svn diff 'file1.cpp file2.cpp ...' You can diff a whole directory in one go: svn diff 'directory' to create a patch file: svn diff kdenlive/krender.cpp > my-first.patch Of course you can mix and match, e.g. create a single patch for a bunch of files and directories; but the bigger a patch is, the harder it is for people to review it. As a guideline, a patch should only contain modifications related to a single issue. If your local source tree contains modifications for several issues, make a pach for each issue.

=Submitting Kdenlive patches=

Occasional contributors must submit patches to devel mailing list (http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=46786) for review and inclusion.

Developers can commit svn changes directly.

= IRC-Talk =

for questions or hints you could try to aks on #kdenlive-dev if a developer is present

= Platform-specific developer notes =

Contributors and developers: feel free to update/add platform-specific notes.

Mandriva 2008.1 (Spring) x86_64
As of 2008-04-24, Mandriva 2008.1/x86_64 provides MLT(++) version 0.2.5 but development libraries are still version 0.2.2, which is too old for kdenlive! This means that kdenlive developers on Mandriva 2008.1/x86_64 must also get MLT through SVN and compile it locally (add details on how to use user-generated MLT(++) libs for kdenlive debugging while leaving the production libs and kdenlive untouched).

Mdv2008.1's ffmpeg also lacks swscale support (amon other things) so it can also benefit from being recompiled.

 * Getting and Configuring ffmpeg on Mdv2008.1/x86_64

svn checkout svn://svn.mplayerhq.hu/ffmpeg/trunk ffmpeg

I took my ./configure settings from a merge of the Mdv2008.1/x86_64 ffmpeg settings and the [[Kdenlive/Getting_and_installing|Getting and installing Kdenlive] page, with the following notable points:
 * forced --shlibdir to /usr/lib64 otherwise dynamic would end up in /usr/lib instead.
 * forced --incdir to /usr/include otherwise pkg-config files (*.pc) would include an illegal '$PREFIX'.
 * disabled static libs as they were no use.
 * removed libogg and some others which were not recognized any more by ffmpeg
 * changed --enable-pp into --enable-postproc and --enable-swscaler into --enable-swscale.

./configure --prefix=/usr --libdir=/usr/lib64 --shlibdir=/usr/lib64 --incdir=/usr/include --enable-shared --disable-static --enable-liba52 --enable-postproc --enable-gpl --enable-pthreads --enable-libnut --enable-libtheora --enable-libvorbis --enable-x11grab --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libfaad --enable-libfaac --enable-libx264 --enable-libxvid --enable-libamr_nb --enable-libamr_wb --enable-swscale --enable-nonfree

The make and make install steps went fine as far as I can tell. The newly installed ffmpeg and libs seem to work anyway. :)

 * Getting and Configuring mlt on Mdv2008.1/x86_64

svn co https://mlt.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/mlt/trunk/mlt mlt

From the suggested configure settings, I enabled mmx (no reason not to support it), used --avformat-shared (to use the ffmpeg libs I'd just installed) and disabled frei0r (not available on my system), gtk2 (I don't use Gtk), jackrack (I don't use jack) and qimage (for some reason, it cannot find some qt-mt lib if I keep it enabled; maybe that's a KDE3 vs KDE4 issue; I am still using KDE3).

./configure --prefix=/usr --libdir=/usr/lib64 --enable-gpl --avformat-shared --enable-motion-est --disable-frei0r --disable-gtk2 --disable-jackrack --disable-qimage

Again, make and make install went fine.

 * Getting and Configuring mlt++ on Mdv2008.1/x86_64

svn co https://mlt.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/mlt/trunk/mlt++ mlt++

I just needed to make sure the lib directory would be /usr/lib64 (by default it would have been /usr/lib)

./configure --libdir=/usr/lib64

There too, make and make install went fine.

 * Getting and Configuring Kdenlive on Mdv2008.1/x86_64

svn co https://kdenlive.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/kdenlive/trunk/kdenlive

...

Fedora 10 (Cambridge) x86_64
This is quite similar to Mandriva installs so I just did some cut-and-paste from the above, here. I was not able to compile/use kdenlive as of Fedora 7 onward. Today I did it with Fedora 10 Preview and these are steps I followed (Italian Transl.):

 * OS and repositories

As Fedora 10 is still preview, no surprise it was difficult to find up-to-date repositories: then I came into fresh new RpmFusion repository that contained almost all needed dependencies.

 * Installed Devel Packages

yum install cmake kdelibs-devel ladspa-devel libdv-devel libsamplerate libquicktime-devel libtheora-devel jack-audio-connection-kit-devel jack-rack soprano-devel libmad-devel faad2-devel faac-devel lame-devel lame-libs

Maybe I'm missing many other...

 * Getting and Configuring ffmpeg

svn checkout svn://svn.mplayerhq.hu/ffmpeg/trunk ffmpeg

cd ffmpeg

./configure --enable-gpl --enable-shared --enable-pthreads --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libfaac --enable-libfaad --enable-libvorbis --enable-swscale --prefix=/usr

Note that, as far as i can understand, --prefix must be declared same as for mlt

make && make install

Building ends seamlessly.

 * Getting and Configuring frei0r

wget http://propirate.net/frei0r/latest.tar.gz

tar xvzf latest.tar.gz

cd frei0r-plugins.1.1.22/

./configure make && make install

 * Getting and Configuring Mlt

svn co https://mlt.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/mlt/trunk/mlt mlt

Then I found I have to fix pkg-config path in order to let mlt configure to find avformat libs (maybe I messed up with the above --prefix: but I'm not sure )

PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/lib/pkgconfig/ export PKG_CONFIG_PATH

qimage libraries path need tuning in order to use Qt4 (consider P.S. at end):

./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-gpl --qimage-libdir=/usr/lib64/ --qimage-includedir=/usr/include/Qt --avformat-swscale --disable-mmx --disable-sox

Note that, in my experience, without disabling mmx and sox, compile will exit with errors.

Again, make and make install went fine.

 * Getting and Configuring mlt++

svn co https://mlt.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/mlt/trunk/mlt++ mlt++

./configure --prefix=/usr

There too, make and make install went fine.

 * Getting and Configuring Kdenlive

svn co https://kdenlive.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/kdenlive/branches/KDE4

cd KDE4

mkdir build && cd build

cmake .. -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr

make && make install

Done!!

P.S.(Latest news): However same procedure works on my home desktop while doesn't on the laptop at office; seems like mlt does not detect Qt4 includes correctly and build against qt3 on that laptop, thus crashing at launch. :-(

title: Kdenlive/Developer HOWTO


text:
Java Persistence/Why use JPA or ORM?

=Why use JPA or ORM?= This is an intriguing question. There are many reasons to use an ORM framework or persistence product, and many reasons to use JPA in particular.

Reasons for ORM

 * Eliminates all of the 'hand' mapping in Java from a SQL ResultSet to a Java POJO greatly reducing the amount of mapping work.
 * Reduces the amount of work required to the persistence code base with a domain data model and/or relational data model change.
 * Leverages large persistence library to avoid developing solutions to problems that others have already solved.
 * Avoids low level JDBC and SQL code.
 * Leverages object oriented programming and object model usage.
 * Provides database and schema independence.
 * Most ORM products are free and open source.
 * Many enterprise corporations provide support and services for ORM products.
 * Provides high end performance features such as caching and sophisticated database and query optimizations.

Reasons for JPA

 * It is a standard and part of EJB3 and Java EE.
 * Many free and open source products with enterprise level support.
 * Portability across application servers and persistence products (avoids vendor lock-in).
 * A usable and functional specification.
 * Supports both Java EE and Java SE.

ORM can be a hot topic for some people, and there are many ORM camps. There are those that endorse a particular standard or product. There are those that don't believe in ORM or even objects in general and prefer JDBC. There are those that still believe that object databases are the way to go. Personally I would recommend you use whatever technology you are most comfortable with, but if you have never used ORM or JPA, perhaps give it a try and see if you like it. The below list provides several discussions on why or why not to use JPA and ORM.

Discussions on JPA and ORM Usage

 * Why do we need anything other than JDBC? (Java Ranch)

 * JPA Explained (The Server Side)
 * JPA vs JDO (The Server Side)

/What is Java persistence

title: Java Persistence/Why use JPA or ORM?


text: User talk:66.240.35.178

title: User talk:66.240.35.178


text: User talk:63.225.128.230

title: User talk:63.225.128.230


title: User:Baccyak4H


text: User talk:81.151.31.138

title: User talk:81.151.31.138


text: User talk:86.96.227.72

title: User talk:86.96.227.72


text:
User:Whiteknight/Perl 6 Programming

The current Perl Programming book only covers Perl 5. I would like to create this, a parallel book, to cover the Perl 6 language. Since there are such significant differences between Perl 6 and Perl 5, I think it warrants having two books. This book will not necessarily cover material in the same order that it is presented in the Camel book (and therefore in the Synopses). I would like to have a template that shows the list of implementations and whether they support particular features. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 19:06, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

The Plan

 * Target Audience: Computer programmers, or people interested in learning computer programming
 * Scope: Will introduce and explain the Perl 6 programming language.
 * Prerequisites: None. Should maybe be basically familiar with computer programming.
 * Corequisites: None.

Table of Contents

 * Introduction
 * Perl History
 * Design Philosophy
 * Perl 6 Implementations

Basics

 * Basic Data Types
 * Basic Operators
 * Control Structures
 * Subroutines

Classes and Objects

 * Defining Classes
 * Class Methods
 * Operator Overloading
 * Multi-Method Dispatch

Regular Expressions, Rules, Grammars

 * Operator Overloading
 * Regular Expressions
 * Grammars
 * Extending Perl 6

Functional Programming

 * Blocks and Closures
 * Lazy Lists and Iterators
 * Meta operators

Multitasking and Concurrency

 * Coroutines
 * Threading
 * Save States
 * Atomic Operations

Organization

 * Packages
 * Modules
 * Versioning

Resources

 * Perl Programming
 * Parrot Virtual Machine
 * http://perlgeek.de/blog-en/perl-5-to-6/
 * http://dev.perl.org/perl6/doc/synopsis.html

Perl 6 Programming =Introduction =Perl 6 Basics =Classes and Objects =Rules and Grammars =Advanced Operations &List operators, hyper operators, cross operators and reduction operators, among others. =Exceptions =Multitasking and Concurrency =Input and Output =Organization =World of Perl
 * Introduction
 * Perl History
 * Perl 6 Design
 * Implementations
 * Types and Context
 * Comments and POD
 * Basic Operations
 * Control Structures
 * Subroutines
 * Blocks and Closures
 * Classes And Attributes
 * Class Methods
 * Operator Overloading
 * Multi-Method Dispatch
 * Regular Expressions
 * Grammars
 * Operator Overloading
 * Language Extensions
 * Junctions
 * Meta Operators
 * Lazy Lists and Feeds
 * Gather and Take
 * Exceptions and Handlers
 * Control Exceptions
 * Coroutines
 * Threading
 * Save States
 * Atomic Operations
 * Files
 * Packages
 * Modules
 * Versioning
 * CPAN
 * Migrating from Perl 5
 * Getting Involved

title: User:Whiteknight/Perl 6 Programming


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Ear piercing


text: User talk:207.28.98.109

title: User talk:207.28.98.109


text:
User:ProfEssOr

2. The Stranger Part I

1. The sun and heat in The Stranger distort Meursault’s mood, state of mind, and actions. In any other circumstance, it seems to indicate that Meursault would not have fallen asleep but instead would have thought about his mother dying, but, “It was very hot” (Camus 3). He believes the “glare of the sky and the road” is what caused him to sleep (Camus 4). Again the sunlight causes sleepiness when he was with the caretaker. “The room was filled with beautiful late-afternoon sunlight… I could feel myself getting sleepy” (Camus 7). The light seems to reverse its effects on Meursault, whereas most people would be more awake with more light, he was sleepier. Meursault narrates, “I asked [the caretaker] if he could turn off one of the lights. The glare on the white walls was making me drowsy” (Camus 9). Meursault reveals his understanding of the sun’s distortion on his state of mind when he says, “All of it— the sun… and my fatigue after a night without sleep—was making it hard for me to see or think straight” (Camus 17). The water at the beach seems to bring Meursault back to reality after the funeral and puts him in a realistic state of mind, though it shows lack of emotion from mourning over his mother. In Meursault’s narration of the day after the funeral, “I had a hard time getting up, because I was tired from the day before. I wondered what I was going to do and I decided to go for a swim” (Camus 19). There he sees Marie Cardona, and they go together to a comedy film the night after his mother’s funeral.

2. Meursault’s sentiments on love are mainly void of passion. He does not believe in an afterlife, and therefore life on Earth lacks meaning or a need for love. Meursault often speaks of how he wants Marie but when she asks him if he loves her, “I told her it didn’t mean anything but that I didn’t think so” (Camus 35). Though he wishes to be with her and to have her sexually, his sentiments of her is that of something that can be replaced, not something to be cherished. When Marie asks Meursault to marry her and his answer is nonchalant, Meursault notes, “She just wanted to know if I would have accepted the same proposal from another woman, with whom I was involved in the same way. I said, ‘Sure’” (Camus 42). His sentiment on romantic love is that nothing matters. Meursault may have loved his mother because he still referred to her as Maman, a child’s word to refer to the mother, and he explained that he did what was best for her but it is also evidenced that he did not really care for his mother in one way or another when he didn’t visit her to disturb her. Meursault added, “And also because it took up my Sunday—not to mention the trouble of getting to the bus, buying tickets, and spending two hours traveling” (Camus 5). His other statement that shows he did not care about his mother was when he realized, “It occurred to me that anyway one more Sunday was over, that Maman was buried now, that I was going back to work, and that, really, nothing had changed” (Camus 24).

3. Meursault’s entire regard to life as unimportant widely affects his sentiments on love as well as friendship. Meursault’s neighbor, Raymond Sintes, needs Meursault’s advice and aide and decides to tell Meursault about the man he beat up over blood sausage and wine. Meursault recalls, “Then he told me that as a matter of fact he wanted to ask my advice about the whole business because I was a man, I knew about things, I could help him out, and then we’d be pals. I didn’t say anything, and he asked me again if I wanted to be pals. I said it was fine with me: he seemed pleased” (Camus 29). Meursault’s attitude is indifferent, and his defense or reason is simply, “I don’t have any reason not to talk to him” (Camus 28). Later, after Meursault writes a letter to Raymond’s former mistress for him, Raymond called Meursault a pal. Meursault dictated, “I didn’t mind being his pal and he seemed set on it” (Camus 33). People seem to like Meursault because he is completely without judgment and befriends all sorts of people though they are distant and more like friendly acquaintances like Celeste, Salmano, and Emmanuel. Meursault does not measure friendship by any scale but merely is friends with a few people because he has no reason not to be.

4. Meursault views ambitions and drive as a thing of the past, a mindset, for students, which is destroyed as one enters adulthood and meets reality. He perceives his vocation, his urge to follow a specific career, as merely a way to pass the time and to earn money. Camus’ particular word choice makes it clear how detached his main character is from human emotion by saying, “I wasn’t dissatisfied” and “I wasn’t unhappy” (Camus 41). Meursault’s conversation with his boss proves as much. “[H]e asked me if I wasn’t interested in a change of life. I said that people never change their lives, that in any case one life was as good as another and that I wasn’t dissatisfied with mine here at all. He looked upset and told me that I never gave him a straight answer, that I had no ambition, and that that was disastrous in business” (Camus 41). The theme most prevalent in this state of mind is a blasé attitude toward life. It mainly follows existentialism, a movement in which the universe follows no purpose. This chaotic idea could possibly lead a man to commit a crime and think nothing of it. If there is no ultimate consequence, existence is pointless.

5. It is most likely that critics call Meursault an anti-hero because although he is the protagonist, he does not possess heroic qualities, ideas or stereotypical mindsets. Meursault’s only redeeming quality lies in his honesty. This quality, while noble, leads to his downfall because he cannot lie his way out of a difficult situation, but instead sees everything as it is. Meursault is not brave and will not defend the weak, turning a blind eye to Salmano abusing his dog or Raymond abusing a woman. He murders a man for no heroic purpose, and though he blames the sun and light, he does not lie up an answer to impress his condemners. He is also the opposite of a hero because no one admires him or aspires to be him. In the fight that occurs on the beach, Meursault is definitely the anti-hero, not helping his pals Raymond or Masson in the fight against the two Arabs in which Raymond is cut. Raymond hadn’t asked him to help, only saying, “If there’s any trouble, Masson, you take the other one. I’ll take care of my man. Meursault, if another one shows up, he’s yours” (Camus 53). Once the fight had begun, a true hero would have joined in the fight to defend an honor or idea or would have broken up the fight, but Meursault stood there and watched and yelled out useless warnings.

6. Meursault’s character is an absurdist, a reflection of the author, Albert Camus. The absurdist condition of Meursault and his world is that the quest for the meaning of life, and making life valuable was illogical for the individual. With no meaning of life other than simply existing, Meursault perceives life as pointless. If life is pointless, than age and love and friendship is pointless as well. This explains why Meursault neither knows nor cares his mother’s age at death. When asked he simply says, “‘About sixty,’ so as not to make a mistake” (Camus 25). If life was not pointless, than stopping his routine to mourn his mother would be logical, but because life is absurd, going to the movies and finding a mistress the first day home from the funeral does not disturb Meursault. Meursault revolves around a routine where he sees old Salmano and his dog every day, and Celeste says it is a pity and Meursault goes to work and everything is normal. Meursault’s first disruption in his daily pattern is his mother’s death, which leads him to be odd, eventually potentially contributing to Meursault murdering the Arab. Meursault is asked by Marie to marry her. Meursault did not mind one way or the other of getting married but when asked a second time if he loved her he said no. Because Marie is not an absurdist character she does not understand, and asks why he would consent to marriage without love. Meursault explained “that it didn’t really matter and that if she wanted to, we could get married” (Camus 41). It is not out of ill will but out of Meursault’s absurdist condition that he does not care one way or the other the outcome of his life or marriage. Meursault is satisfied with his life because it is meaningless anyhow to him.

Part II

1. Meursault’s lawyer’s take on his defendant was that he was being purposefully unhelpful and that he would probably lose the case if he did not bend the truth. Meursault’s one redeeming quality is that he always tells the truth, so although that should seem a worthy trait, the fact that Meursault will not make himself appear less guilty upsets the lawyer. Meursault says to his lawyer, “my nature was such that my physical needs often got in the way of my feelings… What I can say for certain is that I would rather Maman hadn’t died. But my lawyer didn’t seem satisfied” (Camus 65). Meursault’s lawyer knows that showing insensitivity at a funeral is unacceptable in the society and that it was information to be used against Meursault even though Meursault only sees it as unrelated to his case that he shot the Arab. Meursault’s lawyer did some quick thinking. “He asked me if he could say that that day I had held back my natural feelings. I said, ‘No, because it’s not true.’ He gave me a strange look, as if he found me slightly disgusting” (Camus 65). The chaplain is similarly not understanding of Meursault’s state of mind and refuses to see Meursault for what he is. The chaplain believes that he can convert Meursault’s entire lifestyle in the last moments of his life to believe in God and believe that repentance will make life worth living. The chaplain was used to saving people to God, saying, “Every man I have known in your position turned to Him” (Camus 116-117). Meursault grew annoyed that this man refused to accept him for who he was and yelled that the chaplain wasn’t on his side, a childish remark. The chaplain’s assessment was that Meursault’s “heart was blind” and that the only thing he could do for him was pray (Camus 120).

2. Meursault has a much quicker temper and a stronger defiance of those who do not understand him, than he did before. He also comes to a realization of his feelings toward his mother and Marie and why he does the things he does. His quick temper at the end of his life is apparent when he, upset with the chaplain, snapped. “I started yelling at the top of my lungs and I insulted him and told him not to waste his prayers on me” (Camus 120). This anger of the chaplain asking him to call him father is very different than his indifference when the priest at his mother’s funeral called him “my son”. He has also changed from not understanding his mother to a deeper understanding of her actions. His mother always said one could get used to anything but towards the end of Meursault’s life he says, “For the first time in a long time I thought about Maman. I felt as if I understood why at the end of her life she had taken a ‘fiancé,’ why she had played at beginning again” (Camus 122). Meursault’s change in attitude is one of blasé indifference to becoming passionate. “I was pouring out on him everything that was in my heart, cries of anger and cries of joy” (Camus 120). His last words epitomize his last wish, which is unusual because he does not believe wishing did anything. He finishes, “I had only to wish that there be a large crowd of spectators the day of my execution and that they greet me with cries of hate” (Camus 123).

3. Meursault’s attention to detail shows that he is observant and reflective. His attention to detail also signifies that even though his speech is simple, he is not. In his absurdist condition, he does not see everything in black and white, but sees every texture, color, and shape. He bests pays attention to detail when describing people, and when describing the heat. Describing the examining magistrate, he said, “ I looked at him and saw a tall, fine-featured man with deep-set blue eyes, a long gray moustache, and lots of thick almost white hair” (Camus 64). Meursault also pays attention to detail in order to keep from being bored in prison. He recalled, “I would remember every piece of furniture; and on every piece of furniture, every object; and of every object, all the details; and of the details themselves—a flake, a crack, or a chipped edge—the color and the texture” (Camus 79). Meursault encounters heat and it defeats him earlier, influencing him to kill the Arab to stop the light or the heat. He described the moment by saying, “And every time I felt a blast of its hot breath strike my face, I gritted my teeth, clenched my fists in my trouser pockets, and strained every nerve in order to overcome the sun and the thick drunkenness it was spilling over me” (Camus 57). The only time that Meursault is oblivious to detail of people is when he mentions the Arabs. He does not describe them as he describes other people, showing how society in Algeria considered Arabs inferior in 1942, not worthy of the descriptions Meursault gives of the others.

4. Meursault has always been a stranger or outsider because he does not confine himself to societal norms. There are numerous instances in which he does something that seems disrespectful, but it is unintentional on Meursault’s part. Meursault says, “On my way out I was even going to shake his hand, but just in time, I remembered that I had killed a man” (Camus 64). Meursault shows his lack of understanding of the law when telling his lawyer, “At one time or another all normal people have wished their loved ones were dead. Here the lawyer interrupted me and he seemed very upset. He made me promise I wouldn’t say that at my hearing or in from of the examining magistrate” (Camus 65). Meursault is an outsider in this respect because anyone would know you do not admit you wanted someone dead when on trial for murder. Meursault does not lie, seeing it as unacceptable, yet society wills him to lie in order to save himself. Because Meursault stands for a principle, he is found guilty. Meursault is seen as a stranger in the examining magistrate’s eye who whispers, “I have never seen a soul as hardened as yours” (Camus 69). He is also an outsider to the magistrate when asked if he believes in God and Meursault says no, “He said it was impossible; all men believed in God, even those who turn their backs on him” (Camus 69). His inability or unwillingness to lie makes him an outsider as well because anyone could lie and get themselves out of this case. He is asked by the judge if he is sorry for what he did. His seeming audacity causes him to reply to the judge, “more than sorry I felt kind of annoyed” (Camus 70).

5. Meursault’s biggest display of true emotion is his anger at the chaplain during the last hours of his life. Meursault’s greatest fault, besides the fact that he killed a man, is that he is not understood but he thinks he understand other people. When the chaplain tried to make Meursault be like everyone else, Meursault snapped. He narrated, “I was pouring out on him everything that was in my heart, cries of anger and cries of joy” (Camus 120). He also shows true emotion, that he loved his mother when discussing how he, at the end of his life, understood his mother. He said, “So close to death, Maman must have felt free then and ready to live it all again” (Camus 122). Meursault also showed that he may have had true feelings for Marie towards the end because he says, “But the face I was looking for was as bright as the sun and the flame of desire—and it belonged to Marie” (Camus 119). Meursault even shows a hint of jealousy in his fit of rage at the chaplain, asking, “What did it matter that Marie now offered her lips to a new Meursault?” (Camus 122). Meursault shows happiness dwelling on his mother and saying, “Maman used to say that you can always find something to be happy about… I found out that she was right” (Camus 113). Meursault also seems to show true emotion or understanding when thinking of a story his Maman told him about his father. His father was made sick by witnessing an execution and at first Meursault was disgusted at his father but then he understood once he saw he might be executed. His first showing of true emotion is when he said, “I wanted to see Maman right away” (Camus 4). Because he was asked to wait and because he was hot and tired, Meursault decided not to see his mother. But it was not because he did not want to, but because he could not bear it. It is most apparent that he loved his mother but did not consider that important to his case. He stated first, “I probably did love Maman” (Camus 65). The examining magistrate also asked about that. Meursault remembers, “He asked if I loved Maman. I said, ‘Yes, the same as anyone” (Camus 67).

6. The idea of hope in the second part of the novel drains slowly until there is none left in Meursault. Hope, for Meursault, is not absurd which goes against everything else in his life. It begins when Meursault does not take his case seriously and believes he will be set free. Meursault’s lawyer had told him that “my case was a tricky one, but he had no doubts we’d win, if I trusted him” (Camus 64). Hope is a prevalent theme in the novel best seen when “Marie shouted to me that I had to have hope. I said, ‘Yes’” (Camus 75). Marie has more hope, telling Meursault that he’ll be released, acquitted, they would go swimming, and they would get married. Meursault’s hope is seen shortly after his visit with Marie where he hopes of being free. “When I was first imprisoned, the hardest thing was that my thoughts were still those of a free man” (Camus 76). Meursault’s hope dwindles and he continues, “Afterwards my only thoughts were those of a prisoner” (Camus 77). Meursault eventually loses all hope when no one will understand him and he knows he is to be executed. The chaplain asked, “Have you no hope at all? And do you really live with the thought that when you die, you die, and nothing remains” (Camus 117). With Meursault’s idea of hope, the only thing he can reply is yes. After the chaplain had angered Meursault enough he snapped. Afterwards he remembers, “As if that blind rage had washed me clean, rid me of hope; for the first time, in that night alive with signs and stars, I opened myself to the gentle indifference of the world” (Camus 122).

The Stranger Themes

Absurdity

Meaninglessness of Life

Importance of Physical Aspects

Circularity/Continuity

Knowledge vs. Ignorance

Adjustment over time

Understanding

Love

Motifs

Noises

Death and Aging

Watching and Observing

Classification by Race

Symbols

Sun

Courthouse

Crucifix

Colors

title: User:ProfEssOr


text:
User talk:Phobot

Welcome to Wikibooks, Phobot! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:09, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phobot


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/lprint

Description
This statement sends a line of text to the printer. The  and  options specify where on the page the line should be printed (see the   statement); if you don't specify one of these, the line is printed at the current pen position of the printing grafPort (this is usually just under the previously-printed line).

The  statement is equivalent to the following group of lines:

is inefficient if you are printing many lines to a page, because it reroutes the output each time  is executed. In such cases, it's better to execute a sequence of  statements, with the entire sequence preceded by a single  statement and followed by a single   statement.

FB Lite behavior: When you use the "FB Lite" runtime, the text-position parameters  are ignored.

Note: You should execute  or   in order to cause the printed page to be put out, after you have finished printing to it.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/lprint


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/long if

Syntax
LONG IF expr  [statementBlock1] [XELSE[statementBlock2]] END IF

Description
The  statement marks the beginning of an "if-block," which must be terminated with the   statement. The  can be either a logical expression (such as:  ), a numeric expression, or a string. A numeric expression is counted as "true" if it evaluates to a nonzero value. A string is counted as "true" if its length is greater than zero.

If  is "true," then only the statements in   are executed, and execution then continues at the first statement after. if  is "false," then only the statements in   (if any) are executed, and execution then continues at the first statement after.

and  may contain any number of executable statements, and may even include other "nested" if-blocks.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/long if


text:
User:Jazzmanian

Personal Pathfinder Info
My real name is Gerald. I have been a Pathfinder leader since joining the Woodlands Pathfinder Club with my older son in the fall of 2003. That means as of the 11-12 year, I am in my ninth year of service. Woodlands Pathfinder Club is sponsored by the Ponoka SDA church in Ponoka, Alberta, Canada. Our motto is "Light Your World".

I was a member of the College Heights (Lacombe) club for one or two seasons when I was Explorer age. Although I'm not sure what happened to my badges from then, I do remember earning Cycling, Archery, and Winter Camping. I was invested along with my wife as a Master Guide at our clubs investiture service, held at the beach, in the spring of 2007, and recently invested as a PLA at Alberta Campmeeting, 2009, and pinned by James Black. The Alberta Conference has been very helpful in holding seminars during staff training sessions. Two of my favorite honours to have taught since becoming a leader are Sailing and Music.

I have completed my Language Study honour, by taking Spanish classes at my local college. Hola a todos. Estoy aprendiendo español.

What I do besides Pathfinders
I graduated from Canadian University College with my diploma in Computer Technology in 1987. Since then I have worked primarily in some form of information technology. Mostly I have been a network server support analyst, but am currently a database administrator/programmer at a community college. I have also worked as a Lifeguard/Swimming instructor, Ski Patrol, and music instrument salesman/repair technician, among other things. I have done freelance work as a graphic artist, and contribute regularly to open source graphic repositories such as wikicommons and openclipart.org.

Since I work at a community college, I started taking a few music theory classes for interest, and ended up graduating with a diploma in Music (theory and composition/trumpet), in 2004. This interest on the side is the reason I like teaching the music honour. I am passionately interested in all things music. I currently play trumpet in a variety of bands and groups. I also play flute or french horn in our community concert band, and guitar for song services with the Pathfinders.

Other hobbies and sports I enjoy are hiking, backpacking, fishing, cycling, swimming, woodworking, drawing, computer clipart, geocaching, crafts, photography, and many more interests.

Why I contribute to the wiki-book
My interest in working on this wiki-book started as I found myself writing workbooks, and instuctor guides for honours myself, and wondering why the resoures to teach Pathfinders are so scarce and hard to come by. Shipping binders of paper containing rather dated information across the continent seemed like such a cumbersome way to deliver information to our Pathfinder leaders and staff. When I took my basic staff training we studied the section on recruiting volunteers, and during that session I was wondering how many more volunteers would be willing to step forward, if we could provide them with a precise, and easy to follow resources for teaching the ciriculum. What an ideal situation if there was a uniform workbook and instructors guide for each honour, or level topic, available online for directors to retrieve and print on demand. I see this wiki-book as a good start in that direction. I consider working on this project from time to time as part of "Doing my honest part".

title: User:Jazzmanian


text:
User:Pilottalk1

Why is this page locked from editing? --JWSurf 00:12, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Good Question! See Second_Life Second_Life Second_Life Second_Life Second_Life Second_Life

title: User:Pilottalk1


text:
Bartending/Work/Servicing patrons/Tips for providing good service

Did you enjoy your service today?

Good afternoon, how are you doing today? My name is John Q Waiter I will be the narrator for your journey today. May I start you out with something to jog your brain?
What does it take to be a competent server? What do we need to feel fulfilled when being served? In the service world there is a guarantee you do your job and well or you make no money. As a customer we need to feel taken care of, we are paying to be pampered of course depending on the type of restaurant, as in McDonalds may not bring you a refill on a water it is not expected. Customers are demanding they are paying to be that way. The server needs to be able to adjust to all situations here are five must rules for servers.

First rule; Always have a smile, a genuine happy outlook shows through. What you do is your lively hood how you conduct yourself and convey it to others pays your bills and keeps food on your table.

Second rule; Know what people need before they have to think about it, this may seem difficult but it is really common sense, If the glass is half full fill it, if the plate is empty take it away and ask what else they need even if you know the answer this makes the customer feel relaxed.

Third rule; be knowledgeable understand the menu and be able to show the customer your expertise in your line of work. The service industry is much underrated but not everyone can do it.

Fourth rule; Know your customers and let situations dictate the kind of service that is needed business professionals on lunch want to be left alone to conduct business they may not want to sit and chat, a birthday party may require a lot of attentiveness you could make a great or bad memory for the customer’s special day.

Fifth rule; do not act eager show the customer that they matter if they feel that, they will reward you. When they think you are just there to see what is left on the table, you may not see much there. Always remember it is gratuity the customers have already paid for the food.

The service industry is age old, in one capacity or another. We all have times when we need taken care of small vacations of convenience; the server can make or break a customer’s experience. Not only can it make or break it for the customer, also it can make or break the restaurant as well. Word of mouth about a bad dining experience can go a long way towards a restaurant’s longevity. The server has a critical role in this aspect of the restaurants ability to maintain and grow its customer base. As you are expanding the dining experience for the consumer, one has to keep in mind that we live in a digital world. Anything and everything can be posted online in numerous sites on the World Wide Web. One would hate to have their name or where they work listed on one of these sites. So, don’t let it happen to you.

I will not drag this out much farther, but dwell on this for a moment. In general many people may not consider the service industry as a profession, yet think in your life day to day how often you are served, how often do you depend on that person behind the counter or at the side of your table to fulfill or add to your daily needs.

Have a wonderful day and visit again soon.


text: User talk:72.81.35.249

title: User talk:72.81.35.249


text:
User:PavlinPanev 64

Hi! My name is Pavlin Panev, originally from Etropole, Bulgaria. I'm 21 years old, astrological sign Libra( on the 15-th October). I am undergraduate student studying Computer Systems and Technologies in The Technical University - Sofia, Bulgaria. I'm from group 64a in my 3-rd year, specialty Hardware Systems, and I took part in this project of our lecturer Kyril Mechkov in the discipline Specialized Computer Electronics. I think I learned a lot of new and relevant stuff and I will continue learning in this classes. For the first time in my studies in the university I understand the essence of the components of one circuit itself. Of course I have far more to learn, but I think this project will help other like me feel the circuit idea more closely to us as human beings.

title: User:PavlinPanev 64


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User talk:PavlinPanev 64

Hi PavlinPanev 64, thank you for your participation. Your text is very useful and informative; what you write is exactly what we need for this page. Go on developing the page in this way. Place four tildes after your insertion (they will be replaced by your user name and the date of the creation). I have also placed some photos on your user page; you have only say some words about yourself. Regards, Circuit-fantasist (talk) 05:17, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:PavlinPanev 64


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User:Zdravko64

...Hi! My name is.... I am undergraduate student....

title: User:Zdravko64


text:
User:Tencho65

...Hi! My name is.... I am undergraduate student in....

(tell about you, add your photo...)

title: User:Tencho65


text:
Practical Electronics/Alternating current

Alternating current or AC refers to current that has amplitude varies sinusoidally and can be expressed mathematically
 * Vac = V Sin(ωt + θ)

The highest voltage is V. One cycle of Sin wave has one highest positive value at θ = π/2 and one highest negative value at θ = -π/2
 * Vac = ±V at θ = ± π/2

The Peak to Peak Value
The value between ±V or in scalar equals to 2V

The Average Value
The Average Value is denoted as Va is defined as
 * Va = 0.6 V

The Root Mean Square Value
The Root Mean Square Value is denoted as Vrms is defined as
 * Vrms = 0.707 V


text: User talk:Redha rouge

title: User talk:Redha rouge


text: User talk:212.219.19.15

title: User talk:212.219.19.15


text:
Introduction to Physical Science/A.3

=Practice Problems=

Students - please put in two questions for the review and work out entire example. Put your answers in boxes by putting a space before it. Make sure to include all equations and units. Make sure to tag your question with --~

If possible make these questions multiple choice.

Thank you.

Graph Reading

 * [[Image:Monetary savings as result of energy conservation, by year (graph).jpg]]

According to the graph above, how many dollars were saved in the 5th year of energy conservation? a. 100   b. 300    c.  450

Answer: b. 300 dollars.

a. years 3-5   b. years 2-4    c. years 7-8
 * According to the graph above, during what year did the biggest drop in money saved occur?

Answer: c. years 7-8

Nuclear Energy
A. 150 MeV   B. 10,000 MeV    C. 500 MeV    D. 200 MeV The correct answer is D. A. Nuclear Bomb B.Electrons C.Fission Reaction D.photons The Correct answer is C. Fission Reaction.
 * How much energy, in MeV, does a fission of a uranium atom let off?
 * The following diagram is an example of what?

Answer: Fission splits a big element into fragments, releasing energy in the process. Fusion joins two smaller elements, forming a bigger element, and releasing energy in the process. Answer: 57
 * What is the difference between fusion and fission?
 * If you have 34 protons and 23 neutrons, what is the nuclear number?

a)nothing b)water c)nuclear bomb d)all of the above e)none of the above
 * A chain reaction of fission results in what?

The answer is C

 * True or False: by slowing fission down you can possibly stop it?

the answer is False, you can slow fission down but you can never stop it.

Types of radiation
Answer: Alpha, Beta, Gamma
 * Out of the types of radiation that we talked about in class put the three types in order of least engery to most energy.

 * What type of radiation can go through brick walls and can partly pass through lead?

A. Alpha B. Beta C. Gamma

The answer is C Gamma Radiation

 * What does EB stand for in the equation: EB=Δmc2?

A. Blinding Energy B. Broken Energy C. Binding Electrons D. Binding Energy

The answer is D. Binding Energy

A. Fuel Rods B. Water C. Control Rods D. Turbine The correct answer in C. Kelly is standing 10 feet in front of a brick wall and is exposed to the 3 types of radiation alpha, beta and gamma. ________ goes through Kelly's body and into the brick wall, _______ only goes to Kelly's hand and stops, and _______ goes through Kelly's hand but doesn't go through the brick wall.
 * Why doesn't a nuclear reaction inside a nuclear energy plant get out of control when using Uranium 235?
 * Fill in the blank:

Answer: gamma, alpha, beta

 * What are the components of this equation A= Z+N?

a. A= atomic number, Z= electrons and N= neutrons

b. A= nuclean number, Z= protons and N= neutrons

c. A= atoms, Z= protons and N= nuclear

Answer: B

 * Between the three types of different radiation, which of the three would go thru a brick wall?

Gamma Rays- high energy photon

a. time b. distance c. shielding d. all the above
 * How can you protect yourself from the three types of radiation?

D is the correct answer

a. 1.26 x10^-25 b. 1.66 x10^-27 c. 2.16 x10^-27 d. 1.46 x10^-7
 * One atomic unit equals_____?

B. is correct.

Natural Uranium
1. How much of natural uranium is used for energy? less than 1% is U235 at used for fission

2. What type of natural uranium is considered Fission? A. U238 B. U236  C.  U235

C. U235

DU
1. True or False: Natural Uranium is safer than Depleted Uranium. False; Depleted uranium is safer than natural uranium. 2. Natural uranium is made up of two different types, what are they and which one is used for energy and which is a waste product? U235- used for energy U238- waste product

3. What are the two main uses for U238? Uses- armor & munitions 4. True of False: Depleted Uranium is still being used today. Answer: True

5. Why is Uranium 238 such a high profit substance for companies such as Aeroset/Honeywell? A. It is a great fuel source B. It is an effective armor and weapon C. It is very easily obtained and sometimes is obtained at no cost. D. Both B and C

Answer: D is the correct answer. Uranium 238 is not a great fuel source but companies like Aeroset/Honeywell can make a lot of money from selling armor and ammunition to the government. Not only that but they can obtain it from such entities who would give it away rather than paying to dispose of it properly.

Electric Fields
E=Fe/q [N/C]
 * What is the equation for electric fields?

a.force b.charge c. distance charge
 * What is the q equal to on the equation for electric fields?

 * What is the distance between charges if the Electrical Field (E) is equal to 4 [N/c], the constant (k) is equal to 1, and the total charges in the system is 6?

a. 2m                b. 1.22m            c. 4m            d. 10m

The correct answer is b.) distance = 1.22m.  E = k|Q|/ r^2 4 = 1 (6) / r^2 4 = 6/ r^2 4 x r^2 = 6  r^2 = 6/4 r = 1.22m

Note k is not 1 in reality.

Magnetic Fields

 * What is Faraday's Law?

The magnitude of the electromagnetic force around a loop is equal to the rate change of   the magnetic flux through the loop.

 * What are the two ways to change the rate of change of the magnetic flux?

Move the loop or move the magnet.

A.Fourier's Law B.Faraday's Law C.Newton's Law D.Law of Thermodynamics
 * The law that states, the magnitude of induced emf around a loop is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop, is known as what law?

The correct answer is B. Faraday's Law.

 * Will the north pole of a magnet attract the south pole or the north pole of another magnet?

The answer is the south pole of another magnet. Remember, opposites attract.

F=|Q|VperpendicularB
 * What is the formula for a Magnetic Force?

a) Fm is always perpendicular to v. (b) v is always perpendicular to B. (c) Fm is always perpendicular to B.
 * The magnetic force Fm on a charge q moving with a velocity v in a magnetic field B is given by Fm = q(v x B). Which of the following statements are always true?

With Fm = q(v x B), Fm is always perpendicular to v

Multicrystaline Silicon, Crystal Silicon, and Amorphaos Silicon are 3 types of what? a) solar cells b) glass panes c) metal d) non of the above

The answer is a.

a. + attracts - b. + repels + c. + repels - d. - repels -
 * Which of the following is wrong?

the answer is c

A. Electromagnetic friction B. Electro magnitude force C. Electromagnetic force D. Electric magnetic friction
 * What does emf stand for?

Answer is C. Electromagnetic force

 * _________________ states that the magnitude of the induced electromagnetic force (EMF) around the loop is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop.

a. Fuller's Law b. Huygen's Principle c. Faraday's Law d. Farrier's Law

Correct answer is C. Faraday's Law

 * Does Faraday's law state that the magnitude of the electromagnetic force around the loop is not equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop?

a. True

B. False

Correct answer is B. False because it is equal.

 * If North and South ends are pointing towards one another what is the outcome?

They will pull together and connect. A. Change the size of loop B. move the loop C. move the magnetic D.put something between them Answer:D
 * If you want to change the magnetic flux through the loop. which one is not the right way to do?

Wave review

 * 1) What is the definition of a wave?

Any pattern with and indentifable periodicity in space and time. No matter is transferred but energy is.

A. trough B. crest  C.  amplitude
 * 1) What is the highest point of a wave?

B. crest

A) High Velocity B) Low Frequency C) High Amplitude D) High Frequency
 * When waves are tightly put together this means the waves have a _________?

Answer: D) High Frequency

Solar photovoltaic cells
Crystal Silcon
 * Out of crystal silicon, multicrystal silicon, and amorphous silicon, which has the highes efficiency as well as the highest cost?

A.Crystal silicon and Amphorus silicon  B.Multicrystallie silicon and Amphorus silicon C.Crystal silicon and Multicrystalline silicon  D.All the above Answer: C Crystal silicon and Multicrystalline silicon
 * Which of the following solar cells work with a pn junction?

When electricity is pushed through a pn junction it creates light. It is also a LED or light emitting diode.
 * When a light photon is emitted through a pn junction it creates electricity. What happens when electricity is pushed through a pn junction? What is this also called?

 * What does the n stand for in the pn junction

a) Non-silicon b) negative c) photons d) none of the above

A. Crystal Silicon B. Amorphus Silicon C. Multicrystalline silicon Amorphous Silicon
 * Out of the three types of solar cells which is the cheapest to purchase?

Crystal Silicon
 * Out of the three types of silicon solar cells which is circular shaped?

The amount of longterm jobs related to these fields way outnumber other energy related jobs.
 * What are the economical benefits of solar research and energy efficiency research as it relates to the work force.

False
 * True or False: Northwestern Pennsylvania is one of the best places in the United States for solar power use.

Of the following, which is not an advantage of Amorphus Silicon? A. high absorption B. it is cheaper than the glass, plastic, or metal you deposit on it C. it degrades when light hits it D.  it is an established technology

the answer is C

 * Of the three types of solar cells which one of them has a pin structure rather than a pn structure?

amorphous silicon

To live off the grid means that you supply your own electricity. Usually with the use of solar cells or small windmills.
 * What does it mean to live "off-grid"?

title: Introduction to Physical Science/A.3


text:
User talk:Miguel.R.Perez

Welcome, Miguel.R.Perez!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:29, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Miguel.R.Perez


text:
IB History of the Americas/Chapter 4

Pro-slavery arguments

The slave-owners justified the use of slaves by different means. One common argument was that the Africans were recipients of the "curse of Ham."

In Latin America, black slavery became widespread after mounting pressure from the Catholic Church to cease the use of Amerindian slaves who were dying from overwork.

It’s a necessary evil: emancipation would have even worse economic and social effects than the continuation of slavery. -The blacks were already better off by just being in the United States, rather than Africa. “The blacks are immeasurably better off here than in Africa, morally, physically, socially.” (Robert E. Lee)

-Slavery is a necessary part of their lives. “The painful discipline they are undergoing is necessary for their further instruction as a race, and will prepare them…for better things.” (Robert E. Lee)

-Slavery is actually a good thing: every society has a portion of it’s people who live upon labor of others, and the slaves are treated well and are better off than the workers in Europe, and conflicts between capital and labor are nonexistent. (ideas of John C. Calhoun)

-Slavery is for their own good: it was often argued that slavery protected slaves from the harsh reality of the new market economy and shielded them from suffering from “Northern wage slavery” with the immigrants. -Bible argument: southern scholars such as John C. Calhoun felt the Bible was the “ultimate justification” for slavery, as the Bible does not condemn it, and rather casually mentions slavery without criticism.

title: IB History of the Americas/Chapter 4


text: User talk:24.39.100.235

title: User talk:24.39.100.235


text:
User talk:Bram marien bouwens

Welcome, Bram marien bouwens!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Thank you very much for making major improvements to Embedded Control Systems Design/Processors.

p.s.: rather than manually inserting literal numbers for references, I prefer to use Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Footnotes. Then the software auto-numbers references for me.

--DavidCary (talk) 16:19, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bram marien bouwens


text:
User talk:Dungodung

To get a prompt answer, do contact me on m:User talk:Dungodung

title: User talk:Dungodung