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Wikijunior:The Elements/Iron

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Iron is shiny and metallic with a gray tinge. It is solid and heavy. As it oxidizes (rusts) it becomes a distinctive reddish brown.

Iron is usually a solid, and it needs to be extremely hot to melt. In fact, it melts at one and a half thousand degrees. This temperature is even hotter than the hottest part of a candle flame! To melt it, engineers and scientists have to use a torch called a welding torch. This torch melts iron, and it can be used to stick two pieces of iron together. When iron is melted, it glows red. It is literally 'red hot'.

How was it discovered?
Iron has been known to people since ancient times. It is believed that people have been using iron for at least 5,000 years.

Where did its name come from?
The modern English word iron comes from the old English word isærn, which comes from Indo-European roots meaning "strong metal" or "holy metal". (In ancient times, anything strong was considered holy, and they used the same word.) Some linguists like the "holy metal" origin since the first iron used came from meteorites that fell from the sky so were thought to have been provided by the gods. But others suggest it comes from "strong metal" since iron is much stronger than the bronze which was used before the Iron Age.

Iron's chemical symbol, Fe, comes from "ferrum", the Latin word for iron. To this day, metals that contain iron are known as 'Ferrous' metals.

 Did You Know?
 * Iron is created in massive stars before they explode in a supernova.
 * Iron is the second-most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, behind only aluminum.
 * The ion Fe2+, inside a heme group in a molecule of hemoglobin, allows blood to carry oxygen.
 * The Earth's magnetic field is generated by the movement of molten iron in the outer core.

Where is it found?
Iron makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust and a large part of the Earth's core. Iron also comes from meteorites.

On earth Iron is found mainly inside the minerals hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4.) Removing the iron from these minerals is a reasonably long process involving many large industrial factories. During this process many other elements are used in order to remove the iron, including limestone and carbon.

What are its uses?
Iron is used in a lot of alloys such as cast iron, wrought iron, steel, and carbon steel. There are many useful things made of steel including cars, trucks, ships, trains, rails, cutlery, bridges, and all kinds of different machines. In fact, there are few machines that do not use steel. Steel beams are used to reinforce large cement structures like skyscrapers and make them stronger. Iron is an essential part of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells. Iron also aids with the production of chlorophyll in plants. Iron is also used in iron sulfate (FeSO4), a treatment for the blood disease anemia.

Is it dangerous?
Some types of iron are dangerous to the body in large amounts. However, the intestines do not absorb that much iron, so iron poisoning only happens if there is so much iron that the intestines are damaged, or if the iron is injected. It can also be dangerous if a large chunk of it falls on your head.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Iron


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Doom

 is a computer game created by published during. The game is considered to be a cult classic among first person shooters. Doom's plot takes place on moons of Mars. During test of experimental teleport which fails and creates a time-space warp into allowing s to walk into surface of Mars.

Contents

 * 1) /Storyline/
 * 2) /Games using the Doom engine/
 * 3) /Cheats/
 * 4) /FAQ/
 * 5) /Walkthrough/
 * 6) /Monsters/
 * 7) /Monster descriptions/
 * 8) /Complete list of enemies/
 * 9) /Weapons and powerups/
 * 10) /Controls/
 * 11) /Scoring/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Doom


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User talk:GajaR~enwikibooks

I just wanted to let you know that the God for the Third Millennium book is going to be deleted. There was a discussion at WB:VFD, and it was decided that this book violates wikibooks policy. Specifically, Parts of this book appear to be original research, and several parts of this book do not have a neutral point of view.

I would like to give you a chance to save this text, and possibly move it to a better location. I will delete this book in about a week, so please move quickly to save yourself a copy. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 14:04, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called GajaR. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name GajaR~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:10, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:GajaR~enwikibooks


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User talk:Xixtas

Wikijunior:Visual Math
I've just created a book category for WJ:Visual Math, but I'm now having second thoughts about my choice of subject. I'd put it in Wikijunior School Time, but immediately thought it should have gone instead in Wikijunior prereader books. Rather than dither about, I figured I'd consult you as principal author. Thoughts? --Pi zero (talk) 19:37, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The math concepts it is designed to teach are pretty sophisticated for pre-readers. It is actually an attempt to make an elementary math primer that is language independent. So I would say school time is a better choice. - xixtas  talk 03:36, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Help!
Hi. I was wondering if you could help me out with wikijunior's WWII book. I am a very big fan of WWII, and want to contribute, but I read books at a college level. - Tannertsf (talk) 15:09, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xixtas


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Mass Media/Cinema

The Great Train Robbery was one of the first films to use a narrative story format, special effects, and color.

The famous film Citizen Kane by Orson Welles was heavily based on the life of newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst. Hearst tried to keep the film from being distributed.

The "post-Will Hayes" ratings are NC-17 (cannot be viewed by anyone under 17) and R (cannot be viewed by anyone under 17 unless accompanied by an adult).

The movie industry has been largely self-censored. The Hayes censorship board was funded by the Motion Picture Producers Association. The MPAA was formed by the movie industry to prevent government regulation of cinema. This group sets the standards for film.

The independent short film 405, by Bruce Branit and Jeremy Hunt, gained notoriety for its high quality special effects created with advanced computer software.

title: Mass Media/Cinema


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Mass Media/Books

Categorizing Books
Books are typically broadly categorized using a genre and a demographic.

Genre
Broadly book genres are divided between fiction (Imagined stories) and non-fiction (Covering the real world).

Non-Fiction
Popular non-fiction includes cookbooks, diet, self-help, and how-to books.

It is important to note that just because a book is categorized as non-fiction does not guarantee factual accuracy, particularly when dealing with narrative sub-genres such as autobiographies.

Fiction
Popular fiction includes fantasy, romance, westerns, and science-fiction.

Demographic
Broadly book demographics are split between books for adults and books for children. Further age based demographics for books can be found in books for the elderly, young adults, teenagers, and the very young. Demographics can also be expressed in other ways, with some books being specifically targeted at a specific gender, race, or other identity.

Physical Properties
Many books are printed in hardcover first and paperback later. Hardcover books are typically more durable, and are seen by some as more prestigious. Paperbacks are cheaper, and are more portable due to their smaller size. The paper used, cover material, and binding of a book are other indications of quality.

Special Properties
Books sometimes use special formats, such as large format books or books with braille text for those with reduced vision.

Books often come in multiple editions. The first edition is often most valued by collectors, however later editions are often more useful to readers as these typically feature corrections, additions, and other small improvements.

A signature or handwritten note on the book by the author may or may not increase the value of a book, but it rarely hurts it. Signatures by famous authors, especially those who have been deceased for some time or rarely signed their books, almost always increase the value of the book.

Audiobooks
Some books are available as audiobooks - where the contents of the book are audio recorded as spoken word. These books are commonly available as a digital download or on optical disk, though some other formats also exist. These books are commonly used by the literate as a way to read books when it would be undesirable or impossible to read a traditional book. Thus audiobooks are commonly used while working, exercising, on commutes, or other similar scenarios. Audiobooks also possess the obvious quality of being far more accessible to the blind and visually impaired then traditional books. Audiobooks may also be helpful for the illiterate.

Audiobooks sometimes add additional flair to make them more appealing, such as sound effects, music, multiple readers for different characters, or special readers such as readings by celebrities or by the author.

E-books
A number of books are distributed electronically, as e-books. Consumers who opt for e-books may find both advantages and disadvantages over traditional books. While cost savings in production and distribution are often not passed to the consumer, e-books are often slightly cheaper then their physical counterparts, and some e-books are distributed for free (Either gratis or libre). While early e-books were sometimes shipped on dedicated computer storage devices, modern e-books are often simply downloaded, with readers being able to easily house whole libraries and bookstores in their pocket or at home.

Book Paraphernalia
A number of items are commonly used alongside books, including bookmarks, reading glasses, and book lights. There are even books meant to accompany other books, such as study guides for specific pieces of literature.

Readers
Communication theorists consider book readers to be "opinion makers."

title: Mass Media/Books


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Mass Media/Television

98% of US households have at least one television set.

The first presidential campaign orchestrated for television was John F. Kennedy's.

In the case of the 9/11 benefit, the media was used for national mourning. John F. Kennedy's funeral was a similar case.

Situation comedies (sitcoms) are a common genre of TV show. Like much television programming, they have been accused of appealing to the lowest common denominator. Sitcoms often follow a formula which has been successful for other sitcoms. Since plots are very spare, characterization is important.

Broadcast television is moderated by the FCC for content, so material which can be broadcast on cable may be unacceptable for broadcast. When the popular HBO show "The Sopranos" was put on broadcast, it was a "clean version" edited for content.

The grand debate for the 2003 Recall election in California was five-way: between Arianna Huffington, Peter Camejo, Cruz Bustamante, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Tom McClintock. This was the first electoral debate of its type in US history. Darrell Issa, who bankrolled the petition drive for the recall, was then encouraging people to vote against recall because there were two major Republicans (Schwarzenegger and McClintock), and he was afraid that the vote would be split and Bustamante would win.

In his film Dreamworlds II: Desire, Sex, and Power in Music Video, Sut Jhally makes an analysis of how music videos portray sexuality. The video was released by The Media Education Foundation.

title: Mass Media/Television


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XForms/Web service

Web services can be called directly from an XForms application using the  element in the model.

Connecting a web service to an Event
To call a web service you first need to "wire it" up to an event. For example this can be a "submit" button at the end of a form.

The submit element is usually in the presentation (inside the body tag) and is wired to a element in the model.

This is just a temporary storage area that the results will be inserted into.

The XForms Statement
There are few things to note. The  attribute is the URL of the connection point of the web service. The operation you call is not included in the URL.

The method (get, put or post) in this case is a post.

Mediatype
XForms is a rich application development standard. So by default the HTTP transactions used by XForms use a mediatype for XML application that includes binary files and binary attachments. So by default, XForms sends an HTTP command with the following in it:

However most simple web services do not support binary. The  for ASCII text (without binary) is just:

So if you will also be sending binary files you will need to add a mediatype attribute to to your submission:

Debugging Response Documents
You can also replace the entire document with the XML result (the option is replace="all") or you can just have it replace an instance.

The last three statements are for displaying results.

A style sheet
This makes the error messages red and the correct responses green.  @namespace xf url("http://www.w3.org/2002/xforms"); body {font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif} .code {font-family: Courier New, fixed-width; font-weight:bold;} .error-message {font-weight:bold; color: red} .ok {font-weight:bold; color: green} xf|output {font-weight:bold; font-size: 16pt}

The Presentation
Here is the actual body of the XForms document. It has a single button that calls the web service. Web Service Demo Note: With some browsers (FireFox) you must add the appropriate hosts to your XForms "white list" for this application to run. With FireFox see Tools/Options/Content tab.  Call Web Service  Current form status:  Status: Ready to call web service. Waiting for response...please stand by...  Submission error. Did you remember to allow XForms to submit data to other domains?   Results returned successfully   <xf:label>Return value: </xf:label> </xf:output> </xf:group> </xf:case> </xf:switch>

Discussion
The presentation conditionally displays the error messages using a switch/case section. The toggle elements are each triggered by the appropriate event.

You can also put a spinning GIF icon in the section to get an animation for a response from the server.

title: XForms/Web service


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Horticulture/Rumex crispus

Curled Dock (Rumex crispus), also known as Curley Dock or Yellow Dock, is a perennial flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, native to Europe and western Asia, but invasive in other parts of the world.

Description
The mature plant is a reddish brown colour, and produces a stalk that grows to about 1 m high. It has smooth leaves shooting off from a large basal rosette, with distinctive waved or curled edges. On the stalk flowers and seeds are produced in clusters on branched stems, with the largest cluster being found at the apex. The seeds are shiny, brown and encased in the calyx of the flower that produced them. This casing enables the seeds to float on water and get caught in wool and animal fur, and this helps the seeds to spread to new locations. The root-structure is a large, a yellow, forking taproot.

Ecology
Curled Dock is a widespread naturalised species throughout the temperate world, which has become a serious invasive species in many areas, including throughout North America, southern South America, New Zealand and parts of Australia. It spreads through the seeds contaminating crop seeds, and sticking to clothing.

Curled Dock grows in roadsides, all types of fields, and low-maintenance crops. It prefers rich, moist and heavy soils.

Uses
It can be used as a wild leaf vegetable; the young leaves should be boiled in several changes of water, or can be added directly to salads. Once the plant matures it becomes too bitter to consume. Dock leaves are an excellent source of both vitamine A and protein.

The roots have also been used medicinally as an astringent, tonic, and laxative.

title: Horticulture/Rumex crispus


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Rumex crispus

Transwiki notes
Copied from Curled Dock 15:01, 11 October 2006 (UTC) using this revision.

title: Talk:Horticulture/Rumex crispus


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Mass Media/Influence of Media

Mass media plays a huge role in politics. One example was Arnold Schwarzenegger's campaign for governor of California, where he was portrayed as a candidate with a serious demeanor, but a hedonistic past.

The Mass Media also determines what issues are discussed by the populace, by putting certain news stories into the limelight. News is separated into two categories, hard news (such as politics, foreign affairs, and other serious issues), and soft news ("entertainment" news, like celebrity gossip, and scandals). Sometimes, a hard news story will replace a softer one for dominance. The Gary Condit scandal was forgotten after the World Trade Center disaster.

The outlook on an issue is called the "spin." One of the most obvious examples of spin is the types of terminology groups use for themselves and their opponents. Anti-abortion activists refer to themselves as "pro-life" and their opponents as "anti-life", while pro-abortion groups call themselves "pro-choice" and their opponents "anti-choice." This is a very basic example of spin. Although news media is not supposed to have any spin, the choice of wording for a story can affect how it is perceived.

A large topic of research for sociologists is Media Effects. The media can create distortion. For instance, an emphasis on reporting child abductions may cause the populace to believe that kidnapping is on the rise, when the truth may be just the opposite.

One of the most powerful effects of media is "agenda setting." Mass media cam indirectly create policy. By focusing on certain types of stories, politicians can be influenced. For example, when Roy of Siegfried & Roy was mauled by their tiger, it was a big story. Soon, similar stories surfaced in the news, such as one where a man was bit by a tiger he kept in his apartment. Soon, a bill was put before Congress to restrict domestication of big cats.

Stereotyping is aided by mass media. A simple stereotype follows the form "All X are Y." These form the basis of prejudices, which can be very harmful to a society. A stereotype can be applied to people, places, or things. If something is portrayed the same way many times in the media, the message will be enforced through repetition. Some people will believe it is true, especially if their only link with the thing is through mass media. For instance, people whose experience with African-Americans is primarily made up of negative media impressions (such as gangsta rap and gangland films) will probably have a negative prejudice towards blacks.

However, media can also give us access to cultures we may never see otherwise.

Public Relations
A huge part of media use is for Public Relations (PR): persuasive messages used to influence the populace's opinion of a person, organization, or product. Corporations and other organizations often use advertising for PR, but many other types of media are also used. For example, the US government and other groups sometimes use the Fourth of July as a PR effort to induce patriotism.

George Washington recruited Thomas Paine to write the Crisis Papers, which he read to the US troops. They went on to a great victory.

P.T. Barnum used PR for huckstering.

Teddy Roosevelt was the first US president to hire a press secretary. Journalists followed his "Rough Riders."

Rockefeller broke up striking miners with gunfire. The media called it a "massacre." He hired Ivy Lee (the "Father of Public Relations") to improve his image.

It was Edward Bernays who established PR as an industry, and wrote the first PR book. He was called the "Master of Spin." When a hair net company came to Bernays with poor sales, he helped by urging labor commissioners to require female workers to wear hair nets in the interest of safety and hygiene. His campaign was successful.

All organizations have PR. PR is used in the military to indoctrinate soldiers.

PR activities include issuing press releases, various community work, and media manipulation. PR workers believe that "journalists report bad news, PR men report good news."

Press releases are papers written like a news article. They are sent to media outlets in the hope of getting them turned into news stories. They may be part of a press packet, which contains supporting material, such as a videotape for TV news.

Press conferences are meetings of organization spokesmen with various members of the media. The spokesmen discuss issues in the hope of getting into the news. A pseudo-event is a staged event for PR purposes.

Two important rules for PR are to break a story right before the newscast and to never lie.

title: Mass Media/Influence of Media


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XForms/Trailing Insert and Delete

Motivation
In some instances you only want to add to the end of a list or delete from the end of a list. This program demonstrates how you can use the  function to do this.

Screen Image

When you insert a new row, it will always be inserted at the end of the list. When you delete a row, it will also be removed from the end of the list.

Link to XForms Application
Insert and delete from list

Sample Program
 Repeat Demo       Value:     Insert new row   <xf:setvalue ref="val[last]" value="count(/data/val)" /> </xf:action> </xf:trigger> <xf:trigger> <xf:label>Delete last row</xf:label> <xf:delete nodeset="val" at="last" ev:event="DOMActivate" /> </xf:trigger>

Discussion
Notice that the  uses the   element to trigger on the DOM activate and the   uses the   attribute to trigger the delete. This is because we need to include the  in the insert.

So, as a general rule, if you just need to use a single element in a trigger, you can use the  attribute. But if you need to include several elements that all must be triggered you should wrap them in an an  element.

Potential problem: when you have deleted all the nodes, the insert trigger does not work anymore. This is because the nodeset selection on the insert element is empty in that situation. If the nodeset selector is empty, the insert trigger has no meaning (see the first rule in 'rules for insert processing')

title: XForms/Trailing Insert and Delete


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The Cold War/A Divided Europe

After six long years of bloodshed, World War 2 had finally come to an end. Europe was a junkyard - dead bodies littered the streets, buildings were destroyed, and rubble was everywhere. However, the nation that was affected most by this destruction was the Soviet Union.

Over 20 million Soviet citizens died in the conflict and hundreds of thousands of buildings lay in ruins. Stalin, the Soviet leader at that time, was furious. Now confronted with the new threat of western democracy, he didn't want his country to be invaded ever again by the West, as it had been by Nazi Germany.

He decided that he would make Eastern Europe a "buffer zone", protecting the USSR from any future military threat from the West, by putting communist governments there that would be subject to Moscow.

The response and the "Iron Curtain" Speech
The Americans and British were angered at these actions. They had been fighting for a free democratic Europe that would be liberated from the evil and murderous ideology of Nazism, but when they found out that the USSR was forcing the countries in Eastern Europe to accept communism, by manipulating the voting system, they felt that their efforts which had cost millions of lives, had been wasted. Their former ally had betrayed them and grabbed this opportunity to spread and enforce communism throughout the world.

In March 1946, Churchill visited the USA on an invitation from the American president, Harry Truman. The recent events in Europe were in the backs of the minds of both leaders, and dominated the meeting. In a speech at Westminister College, Fulton, Missouri, Churchill said:

From Stettin in the Baltic Sea to Trieste in the Adriatic an "iron curtain" has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.

Churchill was right. Europe was ideologically, symbollically and physically split in half: the Western half containing the democratic, capitalist countries and the Eastern half containing the communist countries. But Stalin vigorously defended his actions saying that Churchill was trying to stir up anti-communist rhetoric and that the Soviet Union only wanted to defend itself from future invasions.

A Divided Germany
After World War Two, Germany was invaded at the same time by the Americans and British from the West, and the Soviets from the East. As soon as Germany surrendered, the Allies agreed to divide it into four zones, one of which would be controlled by each of the four allies: the USA, Britain, France and the USSR. Each country would supposedly take control of their own zone for a temporary period of time until a new government was formed and their occupational troops could leave. Although the capital city, Berlin was far out in the North East of Germany, and in the Soviet zone, it too was divided into four.

There were open hostility and disagreement between the pro-Western countries and the USSR about the running of the country, which eventually culminated in the Berlin Airlift. After this event, the British, French and Americans merged their zones into an independent country, dividing Germany into two separate states in the, naming it the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). The Soviets responded by turning their zone into a new, separate state called the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

Europe stayed a divided continent and split into two ideological worlds throughout the Cold War, until the late 1980s when Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev radically reformed the Soviet system and allowed the Eastern European states to break free from Soviet influence.

title: The Cold War/A Divided Europe


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XForms/Repeat into table

Motivation
Developers frequently desire to display XML data in tabular structures. Unfortunately the HTML  implementations used in many browsers do not lend themselves to modification.

To circumvent this problem XForms allows you to use repeat inside a table row as an attribute to the HTML  element. So instead of using a  element you use a   attribute. Note that you must have the xf prefix on the attribute. This is different then the usual process.

Note: This example does not run under the FireFox 0.6 or the 0.7 extension. See Bug 280368 for details.

Sample Program

Discussion
The line that does the repeat is the table body tag:

title: XForms/Repeat into table


text:
User:Korr91

I love ice cream

ŢĤε ΨΔΝΝÃßę

title: User:Korr91


text:
Kapampangan/Where Are You From?

Part A: Description
In this lesson we learn how to express where you live and where you come from. We will also see a few more common phrases for introductions.

For e.g., although komustá, means both hello and how are you?, the phrase komustá na ka means more exclusively how are you?. You recognise the word ka, which stands for íka and means you. The new word na, means now.

See the translations of the following sentences:

As you see, the preposition from and in are missing, but the verb come is translated in two completely different ways, lungúb and meníbat. This is because the meaning of the preposition is included in the verb. This is a bit like if the Kapampangan language was using verbs like enter and originate, which do mean come in and come from in English, but are less popular.

On top of coming from, we want to be able to say I live in .... Live is translated makatuknáng.

Here are a number of essentials words for this lesson:

Finally, we need to talk about 2 unusual phrase formations:

 * naman is a word that has no meaning in itself, but indicates that the phrase is a response to the question. It is infrequently used, but in some expressions like and answer to Komustá? Could be Mayáp naman, which we can translate simply Good, but naman indicates that the preceding word or phrase is the answer expected, and not the start of (for e.g.) another sentence (like Mayáp a yábak).

 * taga-  is a prefix that is attached to a location (or a word that substitutes to a location, like nukarín ) and means come-from-X or is-from-X. E.g. Taga-Tarlác ku which means I am from Tarlac or I come from Tarlac.

Part B Application
Read the following conversation and try to understand it, referring to the explanations above.

In case you didn't understand every word, let us go through this conversation again step by step:

Part C: Summary
In this lesson you have learned the following words:

On top of that you now now that:

 * The pronoun is always after the verb: e.g menibat ku I come from
 * 2nd rule
 * 3rd rule

Part E: Country names
In this sections, we give you a full list of country names, so that you can look up how to say I am from ... with your own country at the end of the sentence.

title: Kapampangan/Where Are You From?


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Printing

a. Web press
A web press prints on a continuous paper roll (web). Think of printing newspapers, etc. Sometimes a web press can print on both sides of the paper at the same time, as well as printing in color, and finishing (cutting, folding, punching, etc.)

b. Offset press
An 'Offset press' uses an 'offset' roller which transfer the 'inked image' from the plate to the printing surface of the paper.

Offset printing is a widely used printing technique where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.

See the Wikipedia article on Offset printing for more.

c. Photocopy machine
How a photocopier works (using xerography):
 * 1) First, the surface of a cylindrical drum is given an electro-static charge by a high-voltage wire called a corona wire. The drum is coated with a photoconductive semiconductor material, such as selenium or germanium.
 * 2) Then the light reflected from the scanned original document is beamed in a narrow band onto the surface of the drum. Only the white areas of the original document reflect light. The reflected light then hits the drum, which is specially conditioned to make it photoconductive. This means that wherever light hits it, the positive charges are conducted away to a ground.
 * 3) As a result, the white areas of the picture are now neutral, and the black areas remain positively charged, yielding a latent electrical image on the surface of the drum.
 * 4) The toner is negatively charged. Therefore, when it is applied to the drum to develop the image, it is attracted and sticks to the areas that are positively charged, just as paper sticks to a toy balloon with a static charge.
 * 5) The toner image is then transferred from the drum onto a positively charged piece of paper.
 * 6) The drum is then wiped clean and completely discharged by light, before beginning the process again.
 * 7) The toner is a dry powder. If copies were to exit the photocopier covered in dry toner it would easily brush off. Toner usually contains a styrene or polyester resin, and with the application of high heat and pressure it melts and binds (or fuses) to the paper.

d. Letterpress
Think Gutenberg.

Letterpress is probably one of the first printing methods. Individual 'letters' are assembled to form words, sentences, and paragraphs into a form and when finished this is tightened/locked and this form is 'inked' and applied / pressed to the paper resulting in the printed page.

You can also research "letterpress" at Letterpress printing.

2. Know what the reference of pound means in determining the weight of paper.
Basically, it is the weight of 500 sheets (a ream) of paper stock, but not in the cut sizes you find for your printer, etc., but in the 'uncut' size as manufactured.

Requirement #5 of Bookbinding has an answer for 'pound-weight'. Also, there are several lines here.

a. Offset
'Offset' paper is an uncoated paper.

b. Bond
'Bond' paper is a high quality paper used for a variety of purposes (like in your computer printer or copier). It's name is derived from the original use of such paper for 'government bonds'.

c. Cover weight
'Cover weight'. Possibly 'cover stock' which is paper generally used for the cover of books, pamphlets, or other soft covered books.

d. Index
'Index' paper. Possibly 'Index Bristol' which is a rather thick paper stock.

3. Tour a print shop or newspaper company. Write a 300-word report or give a three-minute oral report on the steps taken in the printing process that you observed.

 * Ah! This is your part.

4. Do some research to learn about the history of printing. Trace the development of printing by learning how printing presses have progressed to the present.
Try this for a starting point:

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing

5. Know the different inks available for printing and their characteristics.
Commercial printing inks.

News Ink: for newspapers and web printing which is fairly soft and flowing.

Regular Offset Inks: for small and large commercial sheet fed presses (for magazines, etc.) (heavy flow).

Silkscreen Ink: for like T-shirts, etc. (liquid).

Letterpress Inks: for letterpress (soft flow).

All are oil based. Even soy based inks are still mostly oil. Mostly linseed oil is used.

There are sub-categories of the regular offset inks for ultra violet printing (which lends itself to resist the sun's deteriotion of some colors), plastic printing, and the latest for waterless printing.

(Many thanks to my uncle in the printing ink industry.)

6. Know the meaning of the following terms

 * a. Backing up: Printing things on the back side of a paper after the front side has already been printed.
 * b. Blanket: A thick rubber mat that transfers ink to the paper on a printing press.
 * c. Bleed: Print that goes all the way to the edge of a sheet as a result of trimming the paper.
 * d. Boldface: Typeface or fontwork that is thicker than normal. For example, the word "Boldface" above compared to here.
 * e. Camera ready art: Camera ready art is art(work) that is ready for the camera to take a 'picture' onto the plates which will 'print' the printed material.
 * f. Caption: Short text describing an image or picture immediately next to the image or picture.
 * g. Clip art: This is graphics and other source material (sometimes in a clip art book) that you 'clip' or cut out and 'paste-up' into 'camera ready' work.
 * h. Collate: Sorting printed material in a precise order.
 * i. Color separations: To print color photos, the pictures must be divided into four colors - red, yellow, blue, and black. These four colors are then printed separately on the same page, with all the other colors being made by combining these four.
 * j. Contact print: Much like in photography, this is placing a negative in direct 'contact' with the camera's plate and then exposing this 'sandwich' for a short time to a light source.
 * k. Debossing: This is the reverse of 'Embossing' where the image is depressed into the paper surface. In embossing, the image is raised.
 * l. Embossing: Imprinting an image by pressing it into the paper forming a raised relief.
 * m. Engraving: This is a printing method which uses a printing plate (or die) which has an image cut into the printing surface. (Die: a stamp used to press an image or design). This is a type of 'Intaglio' printing.
 * n. Font: The appearance/characteristics of the letters that makes up a typeface. Courier, Times Roman, Arial, are examples of different fonts.
 * o. Ghosting: A faint copy of an image appearing on a page where it was unintended.
 * p. Intaglio: Intaglio (pronounced in-TAL-yo) is a printmaking technique in which the image is incised into a surface. Normally, copper or zinc plates are used as a surface, and the incisions are created by etching, engraving, or some other method. To print an intaglio plate, the surface is covered in ink, and then rubbed vigorously with a special cloth or with newsprint to remove the ink from the surface, leaving it only in the incisions. A damp piece of paper is placed on top, and the plate and paper are run through a printing press that, through pressure, transfers the ink from the recesses of the plate to the paper.
 * q. Jog: Aligning the printed material on two adjoining edges. You would do this, for example, so that you can cut the printed material, bind, or, other finishing tasks.
 * r. Matte: A dull, flat ink finish.
 * s. Negative: A reverse-color image. In a black and white negative, areas that are supposed to be white are black, and areas that are supposed to be black are white.
 * t. Paste-up: 'Paste'-ing clip art, words, pictures, onto a page to create what you want the page to look like, resulting in 'camera ready' work.
 * u. Register: To line up a piece of paper for printing so that the printed material is placed in the correct position on the page. This is important especially when printing separate colors in the 4-color process.
 * v. Set-off: Unwanted transfer of ink from the top (printed) side of one sheet to the underside of another sheet after having been printed.
 * w. Show through: When printing on one side of a page can be seen on the other side of the page.
 * x. Thermography: This mostly refers to printing using a special process (ink, dusting powder, and a heat process) to create raised letters on the resulting printed paper. Mostly done on business cards, letterheads, envelopes, invitations.
 * y. Water mark: A light design on a sheet of paper which can be easily seen if the sheet is held up to a light. U.S. currency has a lot of watermarking.
 * z. Work and turn: The process of printing one side of a paper and then flipping it left-to-right and printing the opposite side using the same guide rails.

7. Know the difference between half-tones, duo-tones, and the four-color process.
Half-tone : this simulates a continuous shade of an image by using equally spaced dots of different sizes. See the Wikipedia article on Halftone

Duo-tone : is a Half-tone picture made up of two printed colors. See the Wikipedia article on Duotone. This seems to have evolved to also be a generic word for 'color separation' printing like the four color process below. Duo-tone would only be using TWO colors.

Four-color process : is the process of combining the four basic printing colors (cyan, magenta, yellow, black), to create a picture, image, or colors.

8. Interview a printer to find out the following
Go interview a printer and get answers to the following questions. Enjoy!

 * a. What education is needed to get into the printing field?
 * b. What advancement opportunities are available in printing?
 * c. What does the future hold for the printing industry?
 * d. What do you do in your business to keep customers happy?
 * e. What career opportunities related to printing are available?


text:
Talk:Rhetoric and Composition/Writing in the Sciences

--tigerrat29 18:38, 25 September 2005 (UTC) Kathryn - If you can provide some sample lab reports, or some examples of scientific writings, I think this page is mostly there. There seems to be opportunities for a little clean-up editing on phrasing, but nothing major there. Take a look and see if anything needs "beefing up" in your opinion. It sounded earlier like you had plans for the page, feel free to re-arrange and add as you see fit.

Untitled
Would discussion of genre be helpful anywhere? --Brttnyrhea 19:09, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to see a chapter/section on the rhetoric of science, i.e. the rhetorical nature of scientific discourse, not just examples of different modes of that discourse.


text:
User:Godlord2

Well, here is my Wikibooks page. If you care to know about me, head to my Wikipedia page. My Other Page

title: User:Godlord2


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Mercury

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Mercury is a silvery metal that is liquid at room temperature. It is very dense, which means that it is very heavy even if you don't have very much of it. One tablespoon of mercury would weigh almost 8 ounces (230 grams) — this is heavy enough for metal objects like coins to float in it!

How was it discovered?
Mercury has been known since ancient times. It was known to the Chinese and Hindus. In fact, a Chinese emperor's tomb had a map of China inside, with the seas made of mercury.

Where did its name come from?
Mercury is named after the Roman god Mercurius. We call him Mercury. It is also called quicksilver because of its appearance. Its Latin name is hydgargyrum, which means "liquid silver".

 Did You Know?
 * Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.
 * Half of the world's mercury comes from Spain and Italy.
 * Mercury has been found in 3,500 year-old Egyptian tombs.
 * Mercury destroys almost any other metal, one reason it's not safe onboard an airplane.

Where is it found?
Mercury is very rare, and is mostly found in some rocks like cinnabar (mercuric sulfide, or HgS.) Most of the mercury reserves on Earth have been mined out so that there isn't much mercury left in them.

What are its uses?
Mercury used to be used in thermometers, but mercury-in-glass thermometers are less common these days.

Mercury is also a major ingredient in amalgam fillings for teeth, typically being half of the material, but these are also less common nowadays.

Mercury is used in compact fluorescent bulbs, street lamps, and advertising signs.

The antiseptic mercuric chloride (Hg2Cl2), also known as calomel, is used to kill bacteria. Mercuric sulfide (HgS) is used to make vermilion, a red pigment used in paint. Mercuric batteries are made from mercuric oxide (HgO).

Mercury is still used today by gold miners in South America to separate gold from the powdered ore.

Is it dangerous?
Yes. Mercury is very poisonous. Mercury can enter the body through the respiratory tract (as mercury vapor), digestive system or skin. Mercury builds up in the body which eventually leads to illness or death. Mercury poisoning is called mercurialism. Mercury pollution is a problem because it can get into our food, especially seafood, where it forms toxic dimethyl mercury ((CH3)2Hg), which poisons anyone who eats seafood contaminated with it. Fish have a lot of mercury in them because they are high on the food chain, and therefore accumulate mercury from all the smaller fishes they eat. That is why eating too much salmon or tuna can be bad for you.

Mercury does not poison right away, but rather it is toxic, and can cause brain damage.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Mercury


text:
XForms/Upload

Motivation
The upload element allows you to select a file from the file system using your operating system's "Browse" user interface. This file can then be transferred to the file server that the web form resides.

Screen Image
Here is a screen image of the Firefox XForms extension upload control after the C:\tmp\Foo.xml file was selected:

Sample Program
This sample program has a single instance variable called "File". At the end of the select this variable is set to the path-name of the file you just selected.

   file:///C:/tmp/*.xml text/xml   File:

Discussion
At the time of this writing, there is little documentation on how the upload control works. The screen shot above was taken from the Firefox XForms 0.8 running on Firefox 3 implementation. Note that the file name appears twice in the control itself. This may not be the future behavior. This may be that the filename and mediatype text inside the control are being displayed. There is no documentation yet on how to disable the clear trigger.

There is not yet documentation on how to upload instance data into the model using the upload control. Right now instance data must be hard-coded into the  attribute of an instance.

The following loads both an image and a URI.

    <xf:label>Upload Photo:</xf:label> </xf:upload> <xf:upload ref="uri"> <xf:label>Upload File:</xf:label> <xf:filename>file:///C:/tmp/*.xml</xf:filename> <xf:mediatype>text/xml</xf:mediatype> </xf:upload> <xf:output ref="image"> <xf:label>image: </xf:label> </xf:output> <xf:output ref="uri"> <xf:label>uri: </xf:label> </xf:output> <xf:submit submission="save"> <xf:label>Save</xf:label> </xf:submit>

Uploading Binary Files
Any file type such as an image or XML file can be converted to a 64bit encoded file, stored in the instance and then transmitted to the server inside of a POST. On the server the file can be converted back to a string or binary.

Sample Echo With Binary to String Unencoding
The following is a simple echo script written in XQuery that echos back the binary file in XML. It is an XQuery script that uses a binary-to-string conversion function. This takes a file of type xs:base64binary and returns a string representation of the file. The data to be returned is in the element with the element name "xml-base64".

Sample Form
</xf:instance> <xf:submission id='post-to-echo' action='echo-base64-binary.xq' replace="all" method='post'/> </xf:model> <xf:upload ref="xml-base64"> <xf:label>Upload XML File:</xf:label> </xf:upload> <xf:output ref="xml-base64"> <xf:label>XML file encoded in base64binary: </xf:label> </xf:output> <xf:submit submission="post-to-echo"> <xf:label>Post to Echo</xf:label> </xf:submit>

Warnings
The attribute data type assignment  must be associated with the  variable used to store the file path name.

title: XForms/Upload


text:
William Shakespeare's Works/Comedies/All's Well That Ends Well/Act II, Scenes IV-V and Act III, Scenes I-IV

=Act II, Scenes IV-V and Act III, Scenes I-IV=

=Summary=

Helena receives the Countess's greetings from the Clown, and inquires after her new stepmother's health. Parolles joins them and informs Helena that pressing business calls Bertram away, so their marriage must remain unconsummated for the present. Her husband, Parolles reports, wants her to make ready to return home, and then come say goodbye to him. Meanwhile, Lafew warns Bertram that Parolles is not a great soldier, as he claims to be, but Bertram pays no attention to him. Helena comes to her husband, who apologizes for his hasty departure; she begs a kiss from him before he goes, but Bertram refuses, and rides off, accompanied only by Parolles.

The First Lord and Second Lord are in Florence, where the Duke of Florence expresses his regret that the King of France has refused to assist him in battle. The two noblemen share his unhappiness, but remind him that many young French nobles will come to fight for Florence independent of their King. Meanwhile, Helena has returned to Rousillon, where the Countess reads a letter from her son that declares his intention to remain in foreign lands rather than endure his marriage. Helena has also been given a letter, which declares that when she wears his ring (which he never takes off) and bears his child (impossible, since he has not slept with her), he will live as her husband--in other words, he will never be a spouse to her. Brokenhearted, she resolves to leave Rousillon, since her presence is keeping Bertram from his home, and seek refuge elsewhere.

In Florence, the Duke makes Bertram a general of his horse. In Rousillon, the Countess discovers a letter from Helena, declaring her intention to make a pilgrimage to a monastery. The old woman curses her son's folly, and orders letters sent immediately to Bertram, in the hopes that he will hurry home. She hopes also that Helena will eventually return as well, and that a reconciliation can be effected.

Commentary
Bertram's distasteful behavior only grows worse in these scenes. His parting from his new wife is a painful thing to watch, since Helena's devotion is so naked--she raises no objections to his hasty departure, and plaintively asks only for a kiss goodbye--and the contempt he offers is so obvious and brutal. "What would you have?" he asks curtly, and she replies uncertainly "something, and scare so much: nothing, indeed. / I would not tell you what I would, my lord. / Faith, yes--strangers and foes do sunder and not kiss." Bertram, taking his cue, treats her like a stranger or a foe, refusing the kiss and urging her to "stay not, but in haste to horse" (Act II, Scene V, Lines 84-88). Even at that she raises no objection, and willingly returns home to Rousillon, where his contemptible letter, with its impossible conditions, waits for her. (Again, as with the curing of the King, the quest to meet impossible conditions has a fairy-tale quality to it.) Indeed, Bertram's conduct is so despicable that even the Countess declares that "There's nothing here that is too good for him / But only she, and she deserves a lord / That twenty such rude boys might tend upon / And call her, hourly, mistress" (Act III, Scene II, Lines 82-85). His own mother, who in the first scene held high hopes for her son, recognizes here that Helena is worth twenty Bertrams.

Does Bertram have any redeeming qualities? In the entire play, the only arena where the unpleasant Count distinguishes himself is warfare--he is, in spite of his other flaws, both a great leader and a good companion to his fellow soldiers. If Shakespeare wishes us to believe that there is hope for Bertram, that he will grow up eventually, than that hope lies in the regard that other soldiers hold for him. The Duke of Florence is sufficiently impressed to make him a general, and the brothers Dumaine--indistinguishable from one another, but nevertheless good-hearted men--are willing to be his friends, despite their disapproval of his conduct.

Meanwhile, Helena's departure from Rousillon raises the question of her intentions. She leaves word that she plans to go to St. Jaques monastery, and her closing speech in Act III, Scene III gives no hint that she plans to follow her husband. Is her later appearance in Florence (where she appears dressed as a pilgrim) a coincidence? This is possible, but given that St. Jaques' shrine was in Spain, which is west of Rousillon and France, and Florence is to the east of France, it seems more likely that even in her "selfless" departure from Bertram's family home, the redoubtable Helena is already plotting to regain her lost husband.


text:
User:Read-write-services

Wikibooks Domain
Hello My name is Richard.

I am a Writer with skills and knowledge and an interest in Human Biology. I hold qualifications in Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Medicine as an Engineer. My day job is as an Instructor. I teach Electronics, Radio Communications and Navigational Aids to technicians and engineers.

Work I am currently undertaking:

WikiProject Viruses

and various work involving Human Biology, specifically

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_biology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging

and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_virus

--Read-write-services 23:29, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Read-write-services


text:
User talk:61.120.143.110

Your change to the page Q3Map2 was determined to be unhelpful, and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. Thanks.--Az1568 23:41, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:61.120.143.110


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Phoenix

Overview
A Phoenix is a magical bird that periodically burns up and is then reborn from its own ashes.

Extended Description
Phoenixes are truly remarkable birds. While their rebirth from their own ashes is relatively widely known among Muggles, it is not generally known that they can lift extremely heavy loads, that their tears have healing powers, or that they are extremely loyal pets. We are introduced to one phoenix in the course of the books: Fawkes is Professor Dumbledore's pet phoenix.

Analysis
While we are not introduced to the bird itself in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, there is mention of the phoenix in that book; Mr. Ollivander mentions that there is a phoenix feather at the core of Harry's wand. Ollivander mentions also that the phoenix in question has only ever given two feathers; but since he mentions that his wands are made with phoenix feathers, dragon heartstrings, or unicorn hairs, one can safely assume that there are other phoenixes that he can harvest feathers from. Note that Ollivander selecting these items for the core of his wands indicates that he believes them to be the most powerful magic items available.

Fawkes' special powers play a very large part in Harry's defeat of the monster in the Chamber of Secrets: it is his loyalty that calls Fawkes to Harry, the healing powers of his tears are what restore Harry to health after he is injured by the monster, and it is his ability to lift heavy loads that allows Harry to escape from the Chamber with Ron, Ginny, and Professor Lockhart after the monster has been destroyed.

His loyalty and intelligence are extremely useful to Dumbledore in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, where Dumbledore has Fawkes carry messages and keep a lookout.

Questions

 * 1) Why is there a phoenix feather in Harry's and Voldemort's wands? Does it signify a wand whose wizard/witch's strength is duelling?
 * 2) Phoenixes are shown as not really belonging to the realm of ordinary magic, or ordinary Magical Beasts, but quite extraordinary; and there is only one we see in the entire series. Yet for Ollivander, phoenix feather is a quite regular material to create wands from. How many phoenixes then exist?
 * 3) Most people would, it seems, wish for a Phoenix as a pet - but we cannot imagine them being sold in the Magical Menagerie in Diagon Alley or some such place. How then do you get a phoenix? What do you need to be to "qualify" for having one? How did Dumbledore come to own Fawkes?


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Arithmancy

Overview
Arithmancy is a branch of magic involving the study of the magical properties of numbers. At Hogwarts, Arithmancy is an elective course, taught, we believe, by Professor Vector. It is offered to students in third to fifth years; those with sufficiently high O.W.L. marks in the course can then go on to N.E.W.T.-level study in years 6 and 7.

Extended Description
Hermione takes Arithmancy starting in her third year, and continues taking it, apparently, until her sixth year. We are told that she signs up for everything at the beginning of her third year, drops Divination at Easter, and then drops Muggle Studies at the end of the year. We also hear that she passed all her OWLs, which leads us to believe she has advanced to NEWT-level study in everything she chose to; and the only course we know she dropped at that point is Care of Magical Creatures. On the first day of her third year, Hermione says she is learning much more in Arithmancy than in Divination.

In Arithmancy class, a student is expected to understand complicated number charts and write essays, which is also part of a student's homework. This would seem to make it ideal for Hermione.

Analysis
In our world, Arithmancy is clearly related to numerology and gematria (Wikipedia link), belief in the mystical nature of numbers. We do not presume to judge whether there is any deeper meaning to numbers, but we suspect that the Wizarding world, working as it does with magic as an every-day thing, will have a better success rate with linking numbers to magical effects than we Muggles would.

We suspect that Tom Riddle's query, "isn't seven the most magically powerful number," in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, is based on something he learned in Arithmancy. This would, of course, be very basic arithmancy, probably first touched on in the first course year.

Quite separately from the series, a number of other fictional books about magic have cast doubt on the magical power of the number seven. One of the few that seems to have detailed the inner workings of magic as well as the Harry Potter series, the Lord Darcy series by Randall Garret, suggests that in fact seven is the least powerful number magically, because magic is based on the natural world, and the number seven is very rare in nature.


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Lead

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Lead is a soft, heavy metal. When freshly cut it is bright silver in color, but it tarnishes in the air to a dull grey. It is a soft and malleable metal. It does not have an odor.

How was it discovered?
Lead has been used for at least 7000 years. There have been lead pipes from Roman times found today.

Where did its name come from?
In Latin, lead was called plumbum; in Rome, lead was used for plumbing. This is why the symbol for lead is Pb. The English word lead comes from the German word lot, which means "weight". Lead is very heavy and is commonly used in weights.

Where is it found?
Lead is usually found in ores, like galena (which is lead sulfide, PbS.)  Did You Know?
 * Pencil "lead" has never been made out of lead; instead, it is made out of graphite, a form of carbon.
 * Lead was associated with the planet Saturn.
 * The word "plumbing" comes from the Latin word for lead, plumbum.

What are its uses?

Lead has high density (it is very heavy for its size) and fairly inexpensive, so it is commonly used to make weights such as fishing sinkers and dumbbells. It is also used to make bullets and other ammunition. Its high density also makes lead an effective shield to block radiation. For example, before taking dental x-rays the technician will put a lead apron over the patient's body to prevent unnecessary radiation exposure.

Because lead melts at a fairly low temperature, it is mixed with other metals to make solder, used to join pipes or electrical wires. But lead solder is being replaced with other types of solder that are safer and better for the environment (such as silver solder, which contains silver instead of lead, or brazing, which uses pure copper metal.)

Lead was used in some paints to make it dry faster and last longer. However, the dust that naturally comes off of painted walls is toxic when it contains lead, so leaded paint is no longer used for painting houses (but older buildings with leaded paint pose a risk).

Lead used to be added to gasoline to help boost its octane and prevent engine knocking. But this has been phased out in most countries because it ruins catalytic converters (an important part of a car's smog-reduction system), and to avoid environmental and health problems.

Lead-acid batteries are the oldest type of rechargeable battery, and are still in common use in cars, boats, and electric vehicles such as golf carts. They are heavier than most other batteries, but can supply high current and are relatively inexpensive.

Lead is also used in products from China. In 2007, concern was raised with consumers when products were recalled; and even today lead can get into consumer products.

Is it dangerous?
Lead compounds are poisonous, as lead binds with other atoms in your body rather than iron and other metals. This leads to weird cell functions that can lead to illness and, if untreated, death. Lead poisoning can be called saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic.

Even at levels not deadly, lead causes unwelcome changes in behavior, including learning disabilities and loss of impulse control.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Lead


text:
We ♥ Katamari

We ♥ Katamari (塊魂 2; Katamari Damashii 2, roughly Katamari Damacy 2, Japanese (Minna Daisuki Katamari Damacy) is a video game published by and developed for the . It was released in Japan on, , in South Korea on , , in North America on , , and in Europe on , . It is the sequel to the previous year's ,  .

Collecting

 * /Cousins/
 * /Presents/

Items

 * /Snacks/
 * /Food/
 * /Fruit/
 * /Vegetable/
 * /Reading/
 * /Cleaning/
 * /Trash/
 * /Cooking/
 * /Drink/
 * /Japanese Food/
 * /Games/
 * /Playtime/
 * /Powerful/
 * /Sports/
 * /Sound/
 * /Daruma/
 * /Sewing/
 * /Fashion/
 * /Stationary/
 * /Decorations/
 * /The World/
 * /Summer/

title: We ♥ Katamari


text:
Talk:Arimaa

Just curious as to how this is a complete book if it has a redlink in it. XOnlyHalfEvol 03:07, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

It is definitely not a complete book; even some of the pages that are present aren't complete. --Fritzlein (talk) 15:51, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Maybe you could include a section about how to set up the pieces at the start of the game? Xerxes b (talk)

IM going to add a section called Opening. I think enough time has progressed that we can create an opening book. 99.9.240.146 (discuss) 02:12, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

Featured or not?
Is this book currently considered a Featured Book or not? It's listed at WB:FB but does not appear to be categorized as such. 87.106.79.175 (talk) 07:57, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Translation...
Hello. I'm translating the book in French, but I can't make the "arimaa diagram". Can you help me, please? Domsau2 (discuss • contribs) 20:26, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

Arimaa Public License
Must the Chapter "Playing The Game" adhere to the "The Arimaa Public License"? I would answer this question with yes at the moment. If so, this probably wouldn't be compatible to the CC-BY-SA 3.0, would it? Just a thought for whom it might concern. Regards, Axel --HirnSpuk (discuss • contribs) 11:36, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

Chapter order
Even did it comprehensively cover the topic, I would prefer to put Arimaa/Advanced Tactics after the strategic stuff. As it stands, however, that page isn't very useful anyway, since it lacks examples. Risteall (discuss • contribs) 13:25, 16 May 2018 (UTC)
 * There's never going to be a perfect order, but since the Wikibook starts with basic tactics, it seems illogical to hold off on advanced tactics until (almost) the end. Note that the Advanced Tactics chapter gives the principal explanation of repetition fights, which is a fairly important concept. Belteshazzar (discuss • contribs) 14:52, 16 May 2018 (UTC)
 * It seems logical to me. Perhaps the repetition fight section could be trimmed and moved earlier; I didn't originally intend it as an introduction, but rather as a place to talk about ko fights and such, although I never did so. Risteall (discuss • contribs) 20:07, 17 May 2018 (UTC)
 * What prompted me to move Advanced Tactics back to its old spot was that its lede (even before my edits) sounded like it was coming right after an exploration of basic strategy. Belteshazzar (discuss • contribs) 20:37, 17 May 2018 (UTC)

Introduction to Tactics should come before anything about strategy. Goals and captures are foundational. Introduction to Tactics and Introduction to Strategy could be moved to the top. Perhaps "Strategy I" could become "Concepts" (and include Advanced Tactics), and "Strategy II" could become "Game phases". Belteshazzar (discuss • contribs) 21:01, 10 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I don't think "game phases" is a good title, but I can't think of better. The division is probably pointless without the topbox, but I haven't given up on that. Risteall (discuss • contribs) 05:42, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arimaa


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Contributing

Guidelines
When working on this project, remember that it's aimed at children. It's more important to be understood than to be precisely accurate on every detail. Use technical vocabulary when you need to, but don't use big words where simpler language would work. Whenever you have to use a word, list it in the glossary of basic terms, and define it. Either that, or note it needs to be defined in the glossary page. Giving definitions when such words are used is generally a good idea as well.

Please, if you can contribute to this book, do so. Many sections are in need of cleanup and complete rewrites. You can work on almost anything including this page, but if you want to make some significant changes please bring them up on the discussion page. Additional new elements are welcome; see the section below.

Try to restrict discussion to the main discussion page so that people can actually see your message without having to check specific pages.

Create or request an article
You are encouraged to create an article on an interesting or useful Element. Note however that not all articles will make it into the final published version, though they will all be available on this live online version. If you would like someone else to write a page about an element, add your suggestion to the Article Stubs list. When creating stub articles please use the Wikijunior The Elements/Stub Template.

Major questions
The questions that will appear in every article are:

 * What does it look, feel, taste or smell like?
 * How was it discovered?
 * Where did its name come from?
 * Where is it found?
 * What are its uses?
 * Is it dangerous?

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Contributing


text:
User talk:129.116.30.26

Thanks for experimenting with the page Modern History on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

--Az1568 04:26, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:129.116.30.26


text:
Talk:D Programming/GNU D Compiler

Untitled
This script didn't work for Drake Dapper, the latest Ubuntu build, on an x86 (i32) machine; I'm not sure if the script works.

- Pablo

title: Talk:D Programming/GNU D Compiler


text:
Talk:Music Theory/Consonance and Dissonance

Define what the definition of Consonance and Dissonance are, in their use in this page, for they can be viewed as very subjective terms when applied to music. Are they being defined by the harmonic overtone series, by the subjective sound perception of different intervals, by the way they are used in certain types of melody and harmony, etc...?


text:
A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Computer Systems, Programming and Network Concepts/Introduction to Communication and Networking

Definition of this section is available at, page 19.

Serial
Like a single lane road, all the cars arrive one after another. There is only ever one car going through the check point at any one time.

Parallel
Multiple cables are arranged to send data simultaneously. However, due to small differences in the wires, the signals can become unsynchronized over longer distances. This is why parallel data transmission is only used over short distances, such as to connect a printer to a computer.

Baud rate
The rate at which the signal changes in a communication medium, such as a wire. This is either equal to or lower than the bit rate.

Bit rate
The rate at which bits are transmitted over a communication path. Normally expressed in bits per second (bps). The bit rate should not be confused with the data signaling rate (baud), which measures the rate of a signal changes being transmitted.

Bandwidth
A measure of information or carrying capacity of a signal, expressed as the width of the spectrum of that signal in Hertz. Or the difference between maximum and minimum frequencies in a given spectrum is called the bandwidth of that spectrum.

Asynchronous data transmission
The ASYNCHRONOUS (ASYNC) format for data transmission is a procedure or protocol in which each information CHARACTER or BYTE is may be transmitted and received at irregular and independent time intervals. The characters or bytes may also be transmitted as a continuous stream or series of characters.

Start and stop bits
Describe the purpose of start and stop bits in asynchronous data transmission.

Parity Bits
Parity is a system in which we use a parity bit to check for errors in a communicating system. Parity bits are generally the most simple way of checking for errors. At the end of a byte sent, an extra bit will be added to the end of the byte. We use two different types of parity bits. These are called even and odd parity bits. If we are using even parity, the bit on the end will ensure that the number of ones sent in the previous data is even. If we are using odd parity, then the bit on the end will ensure that the amount of ones in the sent data is odd.

Handshaking
Handshaking is an automated process of negotiation that dynamically sets parameters of a communications channel established between two entities before normal communication over the channel begins. It follows the physical establishment of the channel and precedes normal information transfer.

An example for why a handshake is used is a client connecting to a server. To test the connection between the two computers, the client first declares itself to the server. The server now knows that the client can successfully communicate. When the server responds, the client knows that the server received the first message and replied to it, so the server can send and receive data along the data transmission channel. Now the client sends a final message to the server. The server now knows that its message was received. Both parties now know that communication is successful in both directions.

Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules which computers use to allow them to communicate. There are many different communications protocols, including WiFi (a low level protocol that stipulates how bits should be converted into radio signals), and IP (a higher level protocol which provides addresses for different locations on a WAN, such as the internet).

Modem
A modem is a piece of electronic equipment that takes data from computers and superimposes it onto the carrier signals of public telecommunications systems. This process is called modulation. The equipment also takes previously modulated data from the public telecommunications system and returns them to state that can be read by computers. This process is called demodulation. Modems can be either built-in units or plugged-in units

Intranet
Network adapter

Dial up
networking Candidates should be familiar with LAN topologies but will not be required to know details of their operation. Candidates should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of each LAN topology. Candidates should be able to compare local area networking with standalone operation.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Describe the term URL in the context of Internetworking.

IP addresses
Explain the term domain name and IP address. Describe how domain names are organised


text:
Talk:Toki Pona

Reboot
I am rebooting this book's outline to become a field linguistics survey based on the methodology of Thomas E Payne, described in "Describing Morphosyntax". Payne's methodology lends itself well to collaborative writing because a language is described in a series of independent sections. Describing Morphosyntax give little consideration to phonetics, which is probably okay as while there are reports of spoken toki pona conversations, they tend to be rare and a small part of the all toki pona ever created.

toki pona is in the peculiar position of being a language that is incompletely defined, yet it has users. toki pona doesn't have a governing body like a programming language or French or Esperanto. It's creators have been fairly quiet. The language to some extent is now evolving much like a natural language.

For these various reasons, it isn't appropriate to use this book as a creative platform for extending the language or attempting to improve upon the various language specification documents created by Sonja Kisa or Brian Knight. In the re-envisioning of this book the "canon" and corpus is the published usages of toki pona. Language rules should be inferred by looking at the actual usage by as wide a number of people as possible, over as long a period as possible, the same way a field linguist would infer how tense or case works in a newly discovered language. --Matthewdeanmartin (talk) 14:07, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

 * If this book is going to be about linguistics, it should be under the linguistics category on wikibooks, and not the constructed languages one. The book here should be about learning the language like nearly every other language book on wikibooks.--Amthisguy (discuss • contribs) 15:18, 29 September 2018 (UTC)

 * All (human) languages, without exception, are incompletely defined. If this book should be added to the linguistics shelf, that's fine; but there's no way a book about toki pona doesn't belong on the constructed languages shelf. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 17:47, 29 September 2018 (UTC)

 * This book should be reverted to being primarily a language learning book, like it was before the old outline was removed. The new content about a field linguistics survey should be added to the end. The outline can go something like Introduction, Lesson 1: Phonetics, Lesson 2..., and at the end we can have a part 2 called toki pona linguistic field survey or something like that. --Amthisguy (discuss • contribs) 00:44, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good plan, to me. It would preserve the value contained in existing material, respecting the field-linguistics idea without undermining the natural basic function of the language book. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 01:11, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

My opinion
This conlang can go suck my "linja jaki mije". KATMAKROFAN (discuss • contribs) 01:48, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

Book Design
This book is so poorly designed. It is not even clear what the purpose is. It says if is about field linguistics and toki pona usage, and at the bottom there is a link to lessons for learning the language.--Amthisguy (discuss • contribs) 15:18, 29 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I think it might be a good idea to overhaul the design of the book and implement a new and better structure. ComradePenguinMonster (discuss • contribs) 08:32, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Do you have an alternative design in mind? --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 13:37, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toki Pona


text: Category:Book:SwisTrack

title: Category:Book:SwisTrack


text:
FOSS Licensing/About APDIP

The Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (APDIP) is an initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that aims to promote the development and application of information and communication technologies for sustainable human development in the Asia-Pacific region. APDIP aims to meet its goals by focusing on three inter-related core areas: (i) policy development and dialogue; (ii) access; and (iii) content development and knowledge management.

APDIP collaborates with national governments, regional, international and multi-lateral development organizations, UN agencies, educational and research organizations, civil society groups, and the private sector in integrating ICTs in the development process. It does so by employing a dynamic mix of strategies - awareness raising, capacity building, technical assistance and advice, research and development, knowledge sharing and partnership building.

http://www.apdip.net

title: FOSS Licensing/About APDIP


text:
FOSS Licensing/About IOSN

The International Open Source Network (IOSN) is an initiative of APDIP and supported by the International Development Research Centre of Canada. IOSN is a Centre of Excellence for Free/Open Source Software (FOSS), Open Content and Open Standards in the Asia-Pacific region. It is a network with a small secretariat based at the UNDP Regional Centre in Bangkok and three centres of excellence - IOSN ASEAN+3, IOSN PIC (Pacific Island Countries), and IOSN South Asia, based in Manila, Suva and Chennai respectively.

IOSN provides policy and technical advice on FOSS to governments, civil society and the private sector. It produces FOSS awareness and training materials and distributes them under open content licenses. It also organizes awareness raising, training, research and networking initiatives to assist countries in developing a pool of human resources skilled in the use and development of FOSS. IOSN works primarily through its web portal http://www.iosn.net that is collectively managed by the FOSS community. The web portal serves as a clearing-house and a platform for knowledge sharing and collaborations.

http://www.iosn.net

IOSN
c/o Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme UNDP Regional Centre in Bangkok 3rd Floor, United Nations Service Building Rajdamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200, Thailand Tel: +66 2 288 1234; 288 2129

IOSN ASEAN+3
National Telehealth Center University of the Philippines Manila Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines 1000 Tel: +63 2 525 6501

IOSN PIC
The University of the South Pacific Private Bag Suva, Fiji Tel: +67 9 323 1000

IOSN South Asia
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Block-II 6/13, Park Avenue, Keshava Perumal Puram Chenna-600 028, India Tel: +91 44 2461 0880

title: FOSS Licensing/About IOSN


text:
User:Mostafa Attiya~enwikibooks

Mostafa Attiya ;
 * Lawyer and writer at law fields
 * from Egypt

title: User:Mostafa Attiya~enwikibooks


text: Japanese/Vocabulary/Banking

title: Japanese/Vocabulary/Banking


text:
Cookbook:Hot Chocolate with Cayenne

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (250 ml / 8.5 oz) whole milk
 * ½ bar (50 g / 1.8 oz) dark chocolate bar of at least 60% cocoa (but no higher than 80%)
 * Splash vanilla extract
 * Marshmallows
 * Dash dried ground cayenne pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Fill the saucepan with about 2 - 3 in of water, and place it on high heat. Set a heatproof bowl on top of the saucepan to create an improvised double boiler. Then drop bits of the chocolate bar into the bowl. The steam from the water will melt the chocolate.
 * 2) Stir until it melts completely. Stir in a dash of cayenne pepper until you no longer see any specks of red.
 * 3) Add a handful of marshmallows and stir until they are completely melted. Add a few more if you'd rather have a sweeter cup.
 * 4) Once the mixture is smooth, stir in just a bit of milk until the mixture is again smooth. Repeat this process until you have used all the milk. Do this slowly over the course of about 4 minutes.
 * 5) Turn off the heat and immediately (but carefully) pour into a large mug. Top with marshmallows.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You could probably add a hint of Kentucky bourbon after you've added all the milk if you want it spiked.

title: Cookbook:Hot Chocolate with Cayenne


text:
Bartending/Cocktails/Gin Rickey

In a highball glass combine with ice:

 * 1 1/2 oz gin
 * juice from half a lime
 * fill with soda

Garnish with the lime.

title: Bartending/Cocktails/Gin Rickey


text:
User talk:MiltonT~enwikibooks

Re: The Elements
Thanks for the "bug report". When I extracted the images from another table I ended up naming most of them with their abreviation instead of their proper name. Will fix Klingoncowboy4 16:40, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Great job!
Wikijunior Big Cats/Classification is a great module. Thanks for contributing to this module, Wikibooks, and Wikijunior. Tannersf 22:56, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Human Body
You are listed as either an interested participant or voted for "Human Body" for Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter. This message is to let you know that we are starting work on Human Body because it was selected for 2nd quarter 2007. -- xixtas talk 02:17, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called MiltonT. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name MiltonT~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MiltonT~enwikibooks


text: Category:Book:Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar


text: Category:Book:Future Teachers Meet Wiki

title: Category:Book:Future Teachers Meet Wiki


text:
User:Mahagaja

I'm not terribly active here, but I added the following recipes:
 * Tuna Curry
 * East Frisian Tea
 * Beef Stew 2
 * Meatloaf V
 * Creamed Corn
 * Glorified Mac and Cheese
 * Chicken à la King
 * Banana Pudding
 * Blue Cheese Dressing

See my user pages at:
 * w:User:Mahagaja
 * commons:User:Mahagaja
 * m:User:Mahagaja
 * s:User:Mahagaja

title: User:Mahagaja


text:
A-level Mathematics/OCR/M1/Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's first law of motion states that a body acted on by a balanced set of forces will stay at rest if it is at rest, and it will continue at a constant velocity if it is in motion. A common phrasing of the law is if the body is acted on by external forces however this is incorrect, for example a car can be acted on by no external forces and it can accelerate. This law is sometimes referred to as the law of inertia.

Newton's second law of motion states that if a body is acted on by an unbalanced set of forces then the resultant force equals the mass of the object times the acceleration of the object:

$$F = ma$$

Newton's third law of motion states that, in equilibria, every force has an equal and opposite reaction force.

These laws can be used (by themselves or in conjunction with other methods) to solve problems in M1. If a particle of mass m has a force acting on it of F, then its acceleration would be a. A numerical example of this would be a particle of mass 3 kg, being accelerated at a rate of 2 m/s^2 would require a force of 6N (kgm/s^2).

From Newton's second law of motion we gain the definition of the unit of force: the Newton, as the force required to accelerate a particle of mass one kg at a rate of 1 m/s^2. It has the units N, or in SI base units kg*m/s^2.