text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Rocks & Minerals/Streak

The streak (also called powder color) of a mineral is the color of the powder produced when it is dragged across an unweathered surface. Unlike the apparent color of a mineral, which for most minerals can vary considerably, the trail of finely ground powder generally has a more consistent characteristic color, and is thus an important diagnostic tool in mineral identification. If no streak seems to be made, the mineral's streak is said to be white or colorless. Streak is particularly important as a diagnostic for opaque and colored materials. It is less useful for silicates, most of which have a white streak and are too hard to powder easily.

The apparent color can vary widely because of trace impurities or a disturbed macroscopic crystal structure. Small amounts of an impurity that strongly absorbs a particular wavelength can radically change the wavelengths of light that are reflected by the specimen, and thus change the apparent color. However, when the specimen is dragged to produce a streak, it is broken into randomly oriented microscopic crystals, and small impurities do not greatly affect the absorption of light.

The surface across which the mineral is dragged is called a "streak plate," and is generally made of unglazed porcelain tile. In the absence of a streak plate, the underside of a porcelain bowl or vase, the surface of an electrical fuse, or the back of a glazed tile will work. Sometimes a streak is more easily or accurately described by comparing it with the "streak" made by another streak plate.

Because the trail left behind results from the mineral being crushed into powder, a streak can only be made of minerals softer than the streak plate, around 7 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. In this case, the color of the powder can be determined by filing or crushing with a hammer a small sample, which is then usually rubbed on a streak plate. Most minerals that are harder have an unhelpful white streak.

Some minerals leave a streak similar to their natural color, such as cinnabar and azurite. Other minerals leave surprising colors, such as fluorite, which always has a white streak, although it can appear in purple, blue, yellow, or green crystals. Hematite, which is black in appearance, leaves a red streak which accounts for its name, which comes from the Greek word "haima," meaning "blood." Galena, which can be similar in appearance to hematite, is easily distinguished by its gray streak.

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text:
User:Nihonjoe

Please see my page over on Wikipedia. If you wish to contact me, please use the talk page there. Thanks!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Nihonjoe


text:
User talk:Nihonjoe

Please see my page over on Wikipedia. If you wish to contact me, please use the talk page there. Thanks! Nihonjoe 03:24, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:19, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Transwiki:Transcribing English to Japanese has already been imported, as was noted on en.wp. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:19, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nihonjoe


text:
Video Capture, Transcoding, and Authoring/Video Standards

This is an overview of the complex topic of video standards, with emphasis on the topics needed to understand the video editing, transcoding, and authoring process. Wikipedia has much more reference material, as do other online and printed works.

NTSC
The NTSC analog broadcast standard is used in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, and some other countries. NTSC stands for "National Television Standards Committee." It is sometimes also humorously referred to as "Never Twice the Same Color," due to the difficulties that the system sometimes presents in reproducing color accurately.

NTSC content consists of frames broadcast at 29.97 (actually 30/1.001) per second. The rate at which an NTSC television is scanned from top to bottom, however, is double that, 59.94 fields per second. Each field consists of half of the lines from a frame — the first field carrying the even numbered lines, and the second carrying the odd numbered lines. This alternation of even and odd lines is called interlacing. The refresh rate of roughly 60 frames per second was chosen so that the human eye would not perceive flicker while watching a broadcast. The decision to use interlaced rather than progressive (non-interlaced) scan was based on practical concerns, the most important of which is that interlacing allows broadcasts using about half the bandwidth of progressive scan, with an apparent resolution that is often similar to that of a progressive scan broadcast. This allowed more efficient use of the television broadcast spectrum, and to some extent simplified the construction of televisions themselves.

Interlacing is still present in many broadcasts. For all practical purposes, all NTSC content is interlaced and broadcast at 29.97 frames per second. Some digital broadcast formats are also interlaced. In video processing, interlacing is at best a nuisance, and at worst a source of difficult problems.

NTSC has a nominal content of 486 vertical lines. There is no standard for horizontal resolution. Most televisions overscan and will not display the entire broadcast frame. In the days when most recording equipment and televisions were analog, the horizontal resolution of a television signal could vary greatly depending on the source. An analog VHS cassette is capable of only 240 lines of horizontal resolution, which is similar to broadcast NTSC. S-VHS and LaserDisc are capable of 400 lines, although all things considered equal, LaserDisc generally produces a better picture than S-VHS. DVDs support a number of resolutions, but the most common (and highest) is 720 horizontal pixels by 480 vertical pixels. Many older televisions are incapable of displaying images that sharp; newer ones fare better.

Today, NTSC content is typically digitally captured and played back at a resolution of 720 horizontal pixels by 480 vertical pixels, at a rate of 59.94 fields per second. As mentioned above, there are other resolutions that are supported by various digital standards.

PAL
PAL ("Phase Alternating Line") is an analog television broadcast standard used in most of Europe and much of the rest of the world. France and large portions of the former Soviet Union (and other countries here and there) are exceptions; they use a system called SECAM. We will consider PAL and SECAM to be identical for the purposes of this discussion, because even though the underlying principles of the two systems are different, they have attained interoperability in Europe due to the predominance of multi-format equipment. PAL and SECAM have similar resolutions; if the analog differences are ignored, they can be treated almost the same.

For purposes of digital video, PAL is similar to NTSC. It is an interlaced standard just like NTSC, although the odd field is transmitted first (the opposite of NTSC). The main differences between the two are in resolution and frame rate. PAL has a greater vertical resolution of 576 lines (of a total of 625 actual broadcast lines, the difference carrying no picture). PAL has a frame rate of 25 frames per second, and consequently 50 fields per second. It is typically digitized at a resolution of 720 x 576 pixels.

The difference between NTSC and PAL frame rates makes the conversion of NTSC to PAL material and vice versa tricky. This is discussed elsewhere in this book.

Digital Transport (Digital Broadcast)
Most digital broadcasts — over-the-air (OTA), cable, satellite, and so on — use some variant of the MPEG-2 standard. When MPEG-2 content is broadcast, it is called a transport stream. In theory, this stream can be captured and used directly as source material, although some form of transcoding or remuxing may be required. However, some broadcast streams are encrypted and can't be played back until they are decrypted.

Content recorded on a semi-permanent medium like videotape could informally be considered a transport stream, although the term technically applies only to MPEG. The most common format for tape-recorded video is DV (and variants thereof), a format popularized by Sony (because of its association with the Firewire standard), but now used by most digital camcorders. DV is a primary source of material for editing and transcoding. DV is lossy, but only slightly so, and is readily encoded and decoded. DV can also be sent directly from a camera rather than being recorded.

Because newer encoding schemes like MPEG-4 provide much better compression than MPEG-2, some satellite broadcasters (DirecTV for example) are delivering new high-definition channels as MPEG-4 streams. This trend will continue, because the demand for high-definition content is great, while satellite bandwidth is limited.

Program (DVD, et cetera)
Much of the available digitally recorded material exists on DVDs, which are encoded using MPEG-2. When MPEG video is recorded on a permanent medium, it is called a Program stream. Program streams have the same overall structure as transport streams, but are designed with random access, among other things, in mind. Program streams may be encoded more efficiently than transport streams. Live video, when transmitted in a compressed digital stream, has to be encoded "on the fly" using specialized hardware. Program streams, on the other hand, can be encoded offline at whatever speed suits the application.

Other MPEG-related formats, including MPEG-4, can also be considered program streams. Newer formats like MPEG-4 provide better compression than MPEG-2, although encoding is more computationally expensive. Successor formats to the DVD all use MPEG-4 or a similar codec.

In general, the object of editing, transcoding, and authoring — the topic of this book — is to produce a program stream suitable for writing to a permanent medium like a DVD.

Contributors
Joseph N. Hall


text:
Talk:Accountancy/Creditors

what factors need to be considered in determining the credit period offered to customers

title: Talk:Accountancy/Creditors


text:
Video Capture, Transcoding, and Authoring/Terminology

This is a glossary covering terms commonly encountered when dealing with the subject of this book. More detail can be found in the book, Wikipedia, and in other sources.

Glossary

 * Deinterlacing — the process of converting interlaced video into a progressive equivalent. Deinterlacing takes two forms: the conversion of video that was created in interlaced form from interlaced to progressive (e.g., true interlaced video as created by a video camera), and inverse telecine, which is the recovery of the original progressive film frames from interlaced telecine video. Inverse telecine is a relatively simple process. Deinterlacing true interlaced video is inexact and difficult.

 * (Video) Field — a division of a frame obtained by sampling only a portion of the scan lines in that frame. Where fields are used in modern video, they are obtained by sampling every other line from a frame; thus two fields, one containing the even scan lines and the other the odd, make up a frame of video. The fields are said to be "interlaced" and are transmitted consecutively.

 * (Video) Frame — the basic unit of video transmission, a single complete image. A frame may be composed of multiple interlaced fields, or may be a single progressive unit. A frame is made up of a stack of horizontal scan lines; this is a product of the scan line-oriented nature of analog video. In digital video, there is less of a distinction between horizontal and vertical rows of pixels.

 * Frame Rate, frames per second, fps — the rate at which frames occur in a video stream. Some common frame rates are 29.97 fps (NTSC), 24 fps (film), 23.976 fps (film playback rate for NTSC), and 25 fps (PAL).

 * Hard Telecine — recorded interlaced material derived from film so that the telecine interlacing is built into the signal. An NTSC hard telecine recording has interlaced frames at 29.97 fps. This is different than what normally occurs with film sources on DVDs, where the content is stored as a 23.976 fps progressive stream that is then converted (by a 3:2 pulldown converter in the DVD player) to an interlaced stream at 29.97 fps for viewing.

 * Interlacing, interlaced scan — made up of a sequence of fields that in turn make up a sequence of frames. NTSC is interlaced; an NTSC frame consists of an even field (the even numbered scan lines from the frame) followed by an odd field (the odd numbered scan lines).

 * Inverse telecine, IVTC — the process of converting telecined video back into its film equivalent. Generally, this involves deinterlacing as well as a change in frame rate. It is a (somewhat) straightforward process.

 * Progressive, progressive scan — made up of a sequence of progressively-scanned (i.e., non-interlaced) frames. A progressive scan frame is an entire frame; it is called progressive because the frame appears in the video stream in its entirety one line at a time from top to bottom.

 * 3:2 Pulldown — a process used to convert 24 fps film source into 29.97 fps interlaced NTSC video. Because four 24 fps film frames will fit evenly (practically speaking) in the space of five 29.97 fps NTSC frames, four film frames are fit into five video frames by interlacing two of the four film frames so that three of the video frames are a mixture of two of the film frames; the other two film frames appear intact. This produces a relatively smooth conversion.

 * Pullup - synonym for inverse telecine.

 * Scan line — a horizontal line in a video frame or field. Analog television physically draws video images from the top to the bottom of the television screen, one horizontal line at a time. Digital monitors work, at least conceptually, the same way. NTSC video has approximately 480 visible scan lines; PAL has 576.

 * Telecine — the process of converting film shot at 24 frames per second into video at either 29.97 fps (NTSC) or 25 fps (PAL).

Contributors
Joseph N. Hall


text: Template:Goodbook/Haskell

title: Template:Goodbook/Haskell


text: Template:Goodbook/Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours


text: Category:Book:Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours


text:
User talk:62.171.194.39

April 2007
You are blocked - when the blocked expires please contribute constructively -- Herby talk thyme 11:39, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

February 2010
This is a school IP. A Permaban may well be in order. 62.171.194.39 (talk) 11:58, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:62.171.194.39


text:
User:Tikuko

= Yar. = Keep in mind I use the same username on several wikiprojects -- punch me in, and if I don't show up I'm not there. Yet.

title: User:Tikuko


text:
Horticulture/USDA Hardiness Zones

A hardiness zone is a geographically-defined zone in which a specific category of plant life is capable of growing, as defined by temperature hardiness, or ability to withstand the minimum temperatures of the zone. The zones were first developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and have subsequently been adopted elsewhere. They are categorized according to the mean of the lowest temperature recorded each winter, termed the "average annual minimum temperature". Thus if five successive winters reach respective minima of −14 °C, −12 °C, −8 °C, −16 °C, and −13 °C, the mean coldest temperature is −12.6 °C, placing the site in zone 7.

Benefits and criticisms
The hardiness zones are effective in that, for many situations, extremes of winter cold are a major determining factor in whether a plant species can be cultivated outdoors at a particular location. However, it does have a number of drawbacks, most significantly in not incorporating summer heat levels into the zone determination. Thus sites which may have the same mean winter minima, but markedly different summer temperatures, will still be accorded the same hardiness zone. An extreme example is the Shetland Islands and southern Alabama, which are both on the boundary of zones 8 and 9 and share the same winter minima, but very little else in their climates; in summer, the continental climate of Alabama is about 20 degrees Celsius hotter than the oceanic climate of Shetland, and there are very few plants that can be grown at both locations. Due to its maritime climate, the UK is in AHS Heat Zone 2 (having 1 to 8 days hotter than 30 degrees Celsius), whereas Alabama is in Zones 7 to 9 (61 to 150 days hotter than 30 degrees Celsius).

Another problem is that the hardiness zones do not take into account the reliability of the snow cover. Snow acts like an insulator against extreme cold temperatures, protecting the root system of hibernating plants. If the snow cover is reliable (then present during the coldest days), the actual temperature to which the roots are exposed is not as low as the hardiness zone number would indicate. As an example, Quebec City in Canada is located in zone 4 but can rely on an important snow cover every year, making it possible to cultivate plants normally rated for zones 5 or 6, whereas in Montreal, located in zone 5, it is sometimes difficult to cultivate plants adapted to the zone because of the unreliable snow cover.

Low temperature is not the only determinant of plant survival - other factors such as high summer temperature, humidity, soil temperature, etc. may be equally important. Also, many plants will survive in a locality but won't flower if the day length is inappropriate or if they require vernalisation (a particular duration of low temperature). The low temperature statistic is only appropriate for woody perennial species, and even then its use is limited. With annuals the time of planting can often be adjusted to allow growth beyond their normal geographical range.

The main factors determining average minimum temperature are altitude, latitude and proximity to the coast.

 * Zone 1 covers the alpine areas of south eastern Australia.
 * Zone 2 the tablelands of south east Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, and the uplands of central Tasmania.
 * Zone 3 includes much of the southern half of the continent, except for near the coast.
 * Zone 4, because of the warmer seaboard, covers a broad area from coastal Queensland across to Shark Bay and Geraldton in the west, and includes the Mornington Peninsula, areas adjacent to Spencer Gulf and Adelaide, the south western coastal zone, Sydney and the north coast of NSW, along with a number of localities dotted all around the southern coast of the continent.
 * Zone 5 covers, some of the Queensland coast, Western Australia north of Shark Bay and across the top end.
 * Zone 6 includes the Queensland coast north of Cairns, Cape York Peninsula and the coast of the Northern Territory.
 * Zone 7 is mainly restricted to islands off the north coast.

There are problems with maps of this type: the spread of weather stations is insufficient to give clear zones and too many places with different climates are lumped together. Only 738 Australian stations have records of more than ten years (one station per 98,491 hectares!), though more populated areas have relatively fewer hectares per station. Local factors such as aspect, altitude, proximity to the sea also complicate the matter. For example, Mt Isa has three climatic stations with more than a ten year record. One is in Zone 4a, one in Zone 4b and the other is in Zone 5a. Likewise Sydney residents can choose between Zones 3a to 4b. Most other cities have similar problems. Different locations in the same city are suitable for different plants making it hard to draw a meaningful map. There may even be a case for publishing a list of weather stations and their zone Classification to allow best use of local conditions.

The map is thus only useful as a broad guide. It needs interpretation that takes into account factors other than low temperature, as well as local knowledge.

An alternative system for describing plant hardiness is to use indicator plants (the USDA also publishes a list of these to go with their map). Common plants with known limits to their range are used. For example, many people will know whether lemons will grow in their locality. If you then say Geraldton Wax will grow more or less where lemons will grow you have defined the range of Geraldton Wax with some accuracy (whether or not it will flower is another problem). Unfortunately no two plant species have exactly the same requirements and there are even within-species differences. 'Meyer' lemons, for example, are more cold tolerant than 'Eureka'. You can really only define core areas and they are often fairly arbitrary.

North American hardiness zones
In North America hardiness zones map was revised and published by the USDA in 1990 and can be used as a guideline for categorizing locations suitable for growing a particular annual plant variety.

The temperatures are based on the lowest temperatures recorded for each of the years 1974 to 1986 in the United States and Canada and 1971 to 1984 in Mexico. The map shows 10 different zones, each of which represents an area of winter hardiness for the plants of agriculture and our natural landscape. A draft of the latest version also introduces zone 11 to represent areas that have average annual minimum temperatures above 40°F (4.4°C) and that are therefore essentially frost free.

United Kingdom and Ireland Hardiness Zones
Due to the moderating effect of the Gulf Stream on the Irish and UK's temperate maritime climate, the UK, and Ireland even more so, have rather milder winters than their northerly position suggests. This means that the hardiness zones relevant to the UK are quite high, from 7 to 10, as shown below.
 * 7. In Scotland the Grampians, Highlands and locally in the Southern Uplands and in England the Pennines.
 * 8. Most of England, Wales and Scotland, and parts of central Ireland.
 * 9. Most of western and southern England and Wales, western Scotland, also a very narrow coastal fringe on the east coast of Scotland and northeast England (within 5 km of the North Sea), London, and most of Ireland.
 * 10. Very low lying coastal areas of the southwest of Ireland, and the Isles of Scilly.

Asia-Pacific Hardiness Zones
The Australia Continent, though surrounded by ocean, is drier than Europe or North America. Australia numbers its climate zones differently, but this system can be translated into the North American systems with minimal effort. Plant hardiness refers to survivability of the conditions of a particular location, including heat tolerance, soil moisture, humidity and so on. This map is based only on how well they survive low winter temperatures; a gross oversimplification. For example, are plants affected more by a single extremely low temperature night, or is the number of days of frost (the duration of winter) more important? In fact both are important, but the statistic for the map only relates directly to the former. Moreover, plants will survive in an area for some time, but a rare catastrophic cold snap will kill them. Some risk evaluation - the probability of getting a particularly severe low temperature - often would be more useful rather than just the average conditions.

Updates
In 2003, a preliminary draft of a new map was produced by the American Horticultural Society (AHS), compiled by Meteorological Evaluation Services Co., Inc. of Amityville, NY, using temperature data collected from July 1986 to March 2002. This was a period of unusually warm winters, especially in the eastern U.S.A., and thus the 2003 map places many areas a zone higher (warmer) than the 1990 map. The draft map also shows finer detail, for example reflecting urban heat islands by showing the downtown areas of several cities (e.g., Baltimore, Maryland and Washington, DC) as a full zone warmer than outlying areas. The 2003 draft map has been widely criticized and its current status is uncertain; as of April 2006 the AHS website still presents the 1990 map as the current one.

In addition, the National Arbor Day Foundation has recently completed an extensive updating of U.S. Hardiness Zones in 2004. The new 2004 Arborday.org Hardiness Zones map is based on the most recent 15 year’s data available from more than 5,000 National Climatic Data Center cooperative stations across the United States.

Once the Foundation analyzed the new data, hardiness zones were revised, generally reflecting warmer recent temperatures in many parts of the country. The Arbor Day Foundation used the updated versions of the same sources of data as had been utilized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in the creation of its hardiness zone maps. The 2004 map appears to validate the data used in the 2003 draft completed by the AHS. http://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm

U.S. Cities
Here are the USDA plant hardiness zones for major U.S. cities (based on the draft 2003 map):

title: Horticulture/USDA Hardiness Zones


text:
Horticulture/Alchemilla mollis

Alchemilla mollis, Lady's Mantle, is an herbaceous perennial plant native to Southern Europe, but grown throughout the world as an ornamental garden plant. The plant is primarily grown as a ground cover, and is especially valued for the leaves in wet weather, as the water beads up and sparkles on the leaves.

Description
The leaves are palmately veined, with a scalloped and serrated margin. The flowers are held in dense clusters above the foliage and are greenish yellow.

Growing conditions
Rich, well-drained soils in ful sun to very light shade.

Varieties
Some cultivars have been selected.

Uses
The plant has been used for centuries as a herbal remedy. Since it contains tannin, Lady's Mantle has properties of an astringent. It is also used by some as a gynecological treatment to suppress menstruation and reduce vagina irritation. No scientific studies have confirmed the beneficial effect of Alchemilla mollis as an herbal treatment.

Maintenance
Prune off browned foliage in early spring. Deadhead to prevent seeding and encourage rebloom.

Propagation
Division or seed, self-seeds readily.

Pests and diseases
See ../Alchemilla/ for a list of pests and diseases.

title: Horticulture/Alchemilla mollis


text:
Talk:Hungarian/Lesson 4

Untitled
I think we badly need a section about verb conjugation. Later we could have one about imperative, then one about tenses, one about making nouns from verbs and vica versa and then one about conditional. Has anyone a different priority/vision?

P.S.: Of course not all of these should come into this lesson :) --Sourcerror 13:33, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

There's a mistake at the conjugation of the verb "enni". Because it's "-ikes" verb, it's indefinite version is the same to the definite in 1st person singular (instead of eszek it should be eszem). Drkazmer
 * As as native Hungarian I beg to differ. The correct ways is this: [] --Zslevi (talk) 15:32, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

Conjugation
Eszik is probably not the best example if you want to show basic conjugation, because eszik is an "ikes ige". Maybe olvas would be a better option, for example, since it has definite and indefinite forms as well, and I think that is a classic example. Eszik should be treated as an "ikes ige", maybe in a different section. Also, some may consider eszek egy joghurtot very, or at least a bit uneducated, depending on the person. - Vargamate (talk) 18:47, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

Conjugation order
As pointed out above, the eszek form is actually incorrect. I also agree that conjugation should be introduced systematically. A good idea would be to first introduce the regular verbs (énekelni, élni, tudni, ülni) followed by the special cases of verbs that end in -ít or double consonants (tanítani, érteni, tartani), and then the -ik verbs. I would do this all in the indefinite forms first. One of the reasons is that intransitive verbs can't take a direct object, and they use the indefinite conjugation. This way simple sentences can be introduced without having to understand the accusative case. In order to use transitive verbs (in either definite or indefinite mode) the accusative case must be introduced first(in Hungarian the -t ending). This is especially tricky for English speakers as they do not normally have to indicate direct objects in a sentence so they are not familiar with the accusative case.

I would recommend after describing the indefinite conjugation of all types of verbs, to introduce the accusative case, followed by the definite conjugation forms. In doing so, the other important consideration is to show pragmatically when a direct object is definite or when it's indefinite. There are specific rules for this that the students can easily learn (applying it is another matter and takes lots of practice...)

title: Talk:Hungarian/Lesson 4


text:
User talk:Ljbar0

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
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 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

Thanks
Hi, I just wanted to thank you for contributing to the Cetaceans honor. You added a lot of useful content! I did take out the size comparison text though because I think it would be better to add a graphic for that rather than trying to represent the differences with text (is that what you were trying to do?) If you have any questions about the answer book project or Wikibooks in general, don't hesitate to ask! You can drop me a note on my talk page or just respond on this page. Thanks again! -- Jomegat 14:00, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ljbar0


text:
Horticulture/Euphorbia lathyris

Euphorbia lathyris (Caper Spurge, Gopher Spurge, Gopher Plant or Mole Plant) is a weedy plant native to Southern Europe (France, Italy, Greece) and as far east as China, but has naturalized in many other regions. that is often used as an ornamental plant and also to protect a garden from gophers.

All parts of the plant, including the seeds and roots are poisonous. Handling may may cause skin irritation as the plant produces latex. While poisonous to humans and most livestock, goats seem to enjoy eating it and are immune to the toxin. However, the toxin can be passed through the goat's milk.

Description
Caper spurge can grow up to 48 inches (1.2 m) tall. The seeds of this plant grow in green clusters of three seeds. When they ripen, they dry out and turn brown.

Growing Conditions
It lives in partial shade to full sun in USDA zones 5–9.

Uses
Some people have had great success planting caper spurges as repellants for gophers and voles, while others found that gophers will eat other plants only a few feet away while completely ignoring the spurges.

Maintenance
Self-seeds freely, but easily pulled.

Pests and Diseases
See ../Euphorbia/ for a list of pests and diseases affecting the genus.

title: Horticulture/Euphorbia lathyris


text:
User talk:41.249.10.118

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- MichaelFrey 16:06, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:41.249.10.118


text:
Umbraco/Samples and Articles/XSLT/Print Entire XML Document

It is sometimes difficult to understand where your Xslt logic has gone wrong when you can't actually get a big picture view of the Xml structure that is being sent to your XSLT file. This Xslt macro will provide a tabular printout of the entire XML tree as seen by $currentPage. This macro will output the entire Xml tree of your website so be careful when you use this. I found this macro to be of great help trying to get started with XSLT processing in Umbraco.

 <!DOCTYPE xsl:Stylesheet [ <!ENTITY nbsp " "> ]>

  XPath view of your document The structure of your document (as defined by          the XPath standard) is outlined below.

    text:  <xsl:value-of select="."/> </xsl:if> </xsl:template>

<xsl:template name="namespace-node"> </xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="*"> </xsl:when> <xsl:otherwise>  element:  <xsl:text><</xsl:text> <xsl:value-of select="name"/> <xsl:text>></xsl:text> </xsl:otherwise> </xsl:choose> <xsl:for-each select="namespace::*">   <xsl:call-template name="namespace-node"/> </xsl:for-each> <xsl:for-each select="*|comment|processing-instruction|text">
 <xsl:apply-templates select="."/> </xsl:for-each> </xsl:template>

</xsl:stylesheet>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE xsl:Stylesheet [ <!ENTITY nbsp " "> ]> <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" xmlns:msxml="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xslt" xmlns:umbraco.library="urn:umbraco.library" exclude-result-prefixes="msxml umbraco.library">

<xsl:output method="html"/> <xsl:param name="currentPage"/>

<xsl:template match="/">
 XPath view of your document The structure of your document (as defined by          the XPath standard) is outlined below.

 </xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="comment"> </xsl:template>

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<xsl:template match="*"> </xsl:when> <xsl:otherwise>  element:  <xsl:text><</xsl:text> <xsl:value-of select="name"/> <xsl:text>></xsl:text> </xsl:otherwise> </xsl:choose> <xsl:for-each select="namespace::*">   <xsl:call-template name="namespace-node"/> </xsl:for-each> <xsl:for-each select="*|comment|processing-instruction|text">
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text:
User talk:Lottamiata

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! --Derbeth talk 18:17, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lottamiata


text:
User talk:KooChingLan

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! --Derbeth talk 18:20, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Your edits
Please do not change font like in this edit. We should not use HTML on Wikibooks because it makes texts harder to read and correct for people who don't know HTML. Furthermore, you are removing headings (headings are marked with == signs). That's bad because they disappear from page table of contents. --Derbeth talk 18:20, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:KooChingLan


text:
User:Lottamiata

Hey there!

title: User:Lottamiata


text:
User talk:EliSchleifer

Welcome
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Good luck! --Derbeth talk 18:24, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Page naming
Please not that Wikibooks is not Wikipedia and there cannot be single, separate articles like Embed FlashPlayer with Swf file specified by Media Id. Every page has to belong to a book. See Umbraco/Samples and Articles/XSLT: links before your edits have slash / at the beginning, which results in creating a subpage, not standalone page.

If you have any doubts, read WB:NP. --Derbeth talk 18:24, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:EliSchleifer


text:
Video Capture, Transcoding, and Authoring/Capture (Hardware)

ATTN: Very outdated information! This book section needed to be updated.

Analog Standard Definition Capture
This section describes ways to capture standard definition video from an analog source. This includes component and S-Video connections, and also television tuners.

Using a DVD or DVD-RAM Recorder
One straightforward and reliable way to capture video is via a consumer DVD or DVD-RAM recorder. DVD recorders are inexpensive (US$200 or less) and easy to use. Connect the recorder to your signal (composite video, S-Video, or TV input), and record onto blank media. When you are done, you have DVD media with your content on it in MPEG-2 format.

Perhaps the most significant advantage of using a DVD recorder is that the files you obtain will likely have perfect A/V sync. Also, in some cases, if your desired output is an MPEG-2 stream, you can obtain satisfactory results by editing the output of the recorder and authoring with that, without ever transcoding.

Another advantage is that the MPEG-2 video from the recorder does not take a large amount of space. High-quality MPEG-2 encoded video is 1/5 or 1/10 the size of HuffYUV encoded video. A couple of hours of source material will fit in 5-10GB rather than 50GB.

The MPEG-2 stream on the recorded media will be interlaced. If the source material was a telecined film, the recording will be a hard telecine; it will not be inverse telecined into a progressive source by the recorder. This may be perfectly acceptable to a viewer; after all, it is exactly what a viewer sees when a film is played over a standard television.

In cases where you want to do filtering or extensive editing, or change the format of the video (including inverse telecine), transcoding will be required. There is a potential loss in quality as a result, because the video will pass through a lossy MPEG-2 encoding/decoding phase.

 * Signal → MPEG-2 encoding (DVD-R) → MPEG-2 decoding (computer) → Editing (computer) → MPEG-2 encoding (computer) → Result

Depending on the signal and the eventual use of the result, the loss in quality due to an additional transcoding step may or may not be significant. Clean analog signals tend to look best (e.g. a LaserDisc). Signals that have already been through one transcoding phase (e.g. the composite output from a digital satellite tuner) generally look worse. DVD recorders allow a variety of quality settings, up to an 8000+ kilobit/s high quality mode that records one hour of video on a single 4.7 GB DVD. However, because DVD recorders encode MPEG in real time, the encoding is not as good as a careful 2-pass encoding at the same bit rate done off-line on a computer.

Certain types of filters, applied judiciously during transcoding, can improve the results slightly. Some video noise removal (both static and temporal), deblocking, and/or "smart" sharpening can be particularly helpful.

If you have a DVD recorder, it is worthwhile to give it a try. The ease of use and the reliable A/V sync may outweigh the disadvantages of the MPEG-2 encoding of the output.

Using a Format Converter
A format converter is a device that converts video signals of one type to another in real time. Typically this includes analog to digital (A/D) and digital to analog (D/A) conversion. These are generally professional-level devices that are moderately priced. An example is the Datavideo DAC-15, which at a 2007 price of US$750 can convert between the following standard definition signals:

 * Composite video
 * Component video (Y, R-Y, B-Y)
 * Y/C (S-Video)
 * Unbalanced stereo audio
 * DV (IEEE-1394 aka FireWire)

This can allow transcoding of an analog signal to DV for direct capture by a computer. This is generally superior to direct capture of an analog signal by computer, because less CPU power is required, and A/V sync is likely to be good.

Some digital camcorders that accept analog inputs can effectively function as real time format converters. However, consumer-level camcorders do not accept component video input.

High definition format converters are also available, but are expensive. See below.

Contributors
Joseph N. Hall


text:
Spanish/Answers/¿Qué es tu trabajo?

 * Raul: What do you do for work?
 * Sofia: I am a dentist.
 * Raul. That's great.
 * Sofia: What do you do for work?
 * Raul: I'm an English teacher.
 * Sofia: Wow! You speak English? That's awesome.
 * Raul: Yes, I like English very much.
 * Sofia: I would like to learn English for my work.

title: Spanish/Answers/¿Qué es tu trabajo?


text:
User:Stefán Örvar Sigmundsson

wikipedia:en:User:Stefán Örvar Sigmundsson

title: User:Stefán Örvar Sigmundsson


text: User talk:159.134.150.154

title: User talk:159.134.150.154


text:
User talk:189.132.25.225

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

--Derbeth talk 19:20, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:189.132.25.225


text:
User talk:81.86.133.115

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

Xania talk 22:32, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.86.133.115


text:
User talk:Arp242

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!-- SB_Johnny | talk 23:09, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arp242


text:
Template:Raising Chickens

Starting Up:

Building a shelter | Building a pen

Choosing a breed | Pen Maintenance

Finding a Hatchery | Local Regulations

Taking care of your Chickens:

Chicks | Feeding | Watering | Winters

Dealing with death | Butchering Chickens

Keeping your chickens happy

Other:

Information that doesn't fit elsewhere

title: Template:Raising Chickens


text:
Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/Retroperitoneal sarcoma

Epidemiology

 * 10-15% of all soft tissue sarcomas
 * Median age at diagnosis is 6th decade (but wide range)
 * Most patients present with vague abdominal complaints
 * Tumors typically reach large size, with median diameter ~15 cm

Anatomy

 * 70% occur in abdomen, 30% occur in pelvis
 * 5% likelihood of regional nodal involvement

Retroperitoneal space
 * Potential space posterior to the abdomino-pelvic cavity
 * Superior border: diaphragm
 * Lateral borders: historically at lateral edge of quadratus lumborum, but lateral edge of 12th rib may be considered, since it corresponds to the origin of the transversus abdominous aponeurosis
 * Anterior border: parietal peritoneum
 * Posterior border: psoas, quadratus lumborum muscles in abdomen, iliacus and obturator internus and pyriformis in pelvis
 * Inferior border: pelvic diaphragm
 * Composed predominately of lymphatics and loose connective tissue
 * Retroperitoneal organs: pancreas, kidney, adrenal glands, ureters

Histology

 * Most common pathologies for retroperitoneal sarcoma are liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma.
 * Most common pathology in children is rhabdomyosarcoma.
 * Tumor grade prognostic for development of distant mets, local recurrence, and decreased time to recurrence.

Staging
Retroperitoneal location is always deep
 * T1 - less than or equal to 5cm (T1a superficial, T1b deep);
 * T2 - greater than 5 cm (T2a superficial, T2b deep);
 * N1 - regional lymph node metastasis;
 * M1 - distant metastasis

AJCC 2002 Staging System
 * Stage I - All low grade, N0, M0
 * Stage II - T1a/b-T2a, N0, high grade
 * Stage III - T2b, N0, high grade
 * Stage IV - N1 or M1, any grade

Dutch/Memorial Sloan Kettering Classification System
 * Stage I - low grade, complete resection, no mets
 * Stage II - high grade, complete resection, no mets
 * Stage III - any grade, incomplete resection, no mets
 * Stage IV - distant mets

Treatment

 * Tumor grade is associated with recurrent and metastatic disease; most series using RT are in intermediate and high grade sarcoma
 * Complete resection is considered the standard treatment (typically en bloc resection of tumor + involved organs)
 * Radical lymphadenectomy generally indicated only if gross nodal involvement
 * However, <70% amenable to complete surgical resection. Positive surgical margins are associated with high local recurrence
 * Furthermore, ~50% of patients with GTR (R0 or R1) experience a recurrence, and overall local recurrence rates may be as high as 95% with sufficient follow-up
 * Locally recurrent disease is associated with lower likelihood of complete resection, and worse survival
 * Since most recurrences are local, there is an increasing interest in the role of RT, partly based on randomized data from extremity and trunk sarcoma and partly based on retrospective institutional series. Surgery alone probably results in 5-year LC <50% while addition of RT >50%
 * Pre-op RT has been proposed as superior to post-op RT due to good tumor volume definition, displacement of normal viscera by tumor, smaller treatment fields, and potential radiobiologic advantage of having normal vasculature/oxygenation in place
 * ACOSOG has an ongoing randomized trial exploring the benefit of pre-op RT
 * Several institutional reports shows improved outcomes for pre-op RT compared with historical controls. Typical dose has been 45-50 Gy, and >50% of patients required intraop or post-op RT boost. But despite aggressive multimodality therapy, local recurrences continue to be a problem, and overall survival is poor compared with extremity/trunk STS
 * For postop RT, evidence is weaker. Based on MD Anderson data (2007), dose should be <60 Gy
 * However, a multi-disciplinary discussion is warranted for most cases as surgical considerations and availability of intra-op RT etc. play a large role in determining whether pre-op or post-op RT is preferred. Pre-op RT has the benefits of potentially reducing bowel toxicity or improving surgical margin status. On the other hand, post-op fields may be preferred for wound healing concerns, confirmation of pathology, acute symptoms, and normal structures can at times be moved/shielded during surgery in anticipation of RT.

Preoperative Radiation
Result: Slow patient accrual, study closed early Unplanned interim analysis available: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/14/617
 * ACOSOG Z9031 "A randomized trial of preoperative radiation plus surgery versus surgery alone for localized primary retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma"
 * Goal: accrue 370 pts in 4.5 yrs, primary outcome PFS at 5 yrs, closed in 2006. Awaiting results (as of 4/2010)

 * MD Anderson; 2007 PMID 17084545 -- "Retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma: an analysis of radiation and surgical treatment." (Ballo MT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jan 1;67(1):158-63. Epub 2006 Nov 2.)
 * Retrospective. 83 patients (60 primary, 23 recurrent). Resection R0 in 47%. RT given in 98% (EBRT alone 76%, EBRT + IORT 22%; preop EBRT 60% median dose 50 Gy, postop EBRT median dose 55 Gy; median IORT dose 15 Gy). Median F/U 3.9 years
 * Outcome: Local recurrence 60%; DSS 44%
 * Subgroup: 5-year DSS: Low grade 92% vs intermediate grade 51% vs. high grade 41%. 5-year LC: SM- 62% vs SM+ 33%; primary 58% vs. recurrent 27%. No RT variables (higher dose or IORT) associated with outcome
 * Toxicity: 10% (moderate/severe 8%). Post-op RT 23% vs pre-op RT 0%. Median EBRT dose with complications 60 Gy

 * Toronto Sarcoma Group/MD Anderson; 2006 (1996-2002) PMID 16491338 -- "Long-term results of two prospective trials of preoperative external beam radiotherapy for localized intermediate- or high-grade retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma." (Pawlik TM, Ann Surg Oncol. 2006 Apr;13(4):508-17. Epub 2006 Feb 24.)
 * Two prospective trials. 72 patients, intermediate or high grade retroperitoneal sarcoma. 75% primary, 25% recurrent. Median tumor size 15 cm. Preop RT (median dose 45 Gy). All patients at MD Anderson received concurrent low dose doxorubicin. 89% underwent laparotomy with curative intent 4-8 weeks after RT. Intraop or postop RT boost 60%. Median F/U 3.4 years
 * Outcome: GTR 95% (R0 or R1). If GTR, 52% recurrence rate. 5-year LRFS 60%, DFS 46%, OS 61%
 * Conclusion: Outcomes compare favorably with historical data for patients treated

 * MD Anderson; 2003 PMID 12915599 -- "Phase I trial of preoperative concurrent doxorubicin and radiation therapy, surgical resection, and intraoperative electron-beam radiation therapy for patients with localized retroperitoneal sarcoma." (Pisters PW, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Aug 15;21(16):3092-7.)
 * Phase I. 35 patients, potentially resectable, intermediate or high grade retroperitoneal sarcoma. Doxorubicin QW with concurrent RT. Dose escalation 18/10, 30.6/17, 36/20, 41.4/23, 46.8/26, 50.4/28. Then intra-op RT 15 Gy if R0 or R1 resection
 * Outcome: Total laparotomy in 83%. GTR (R0 or R1) in 90%
 * Toxicity: Chemo-RT completed as outpatient in 89%, at 50.4 dose level 18% Grade 3-4 nausea.
 * Outcome: Preop EBRT can be administered to 50.4 Gy with C.I. doxorubicin

 * Princess Margaret; 2002 PMID 11986186 "Initial results of a trial of preoperative external-beam radiation therapy and postoperative brachytherapy for retroperitoneal sarcoma." Ann Surg Oncol, 2002; 9(4): 346-54
 * 55 pts w/ untx'd retroperitoneal sarcoma, 46/55 had complete resection. 41 received preop xrt (45 Gy), 23 received postop brachy.
 * All pts had grade 2 acute toxicity or below. 2 pts died from late toxicity.  2yr OS was 88%, DFS 80%

Intraoperative Radiation

 * Mayo Clinic; 2002 PMID 11872294 "Use of intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy in the management of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas." Int J of Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2002; 52(2): 469-75
 * 87 pts (primary or recurrent), median size 10 cm; all received max surgical resection, preop xrt (median 48.6 Gy), IOERT (median 15 Gy)
 * 5 yr OS affected by size >10cm (28% vs 60%), amt of residual tumor (37% gross residual, 52% microscopic or no residual). No diff b/w primary vs recurrent.  Local control 77% at 3yrs, 59% at 5 yrs.  Local control affected by amt of residual dz (41% gross, 60% microscopic, 100% no residual).  12 pts w/ grade 3 toxicity.

 * Mass General Hospital; 2001 PMID 11316555. "Long-term results of intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy for primary and recurrent retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma."  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2001; 50(1): 127-31.
 * 29 pts, 16 tx'd w/ IORT, 13 tx'd w/o IORT. IORT consisted of 10-20 Gy delivered via intraop electrons.  All pts received 45 Gy external beam.
 * Local control improved w/ IORT (83% vs 61%).

 * NCI -- Intraop RT + postop RT vs. Postop RT alone
 * Randomized. 35 patients, surgically resected retroperitoneal sarcoma. Arm 1) IORT 20 Gy + Post op EBRT 35-40 Gy vs. Arm 2) Post op EBRT 50-55 Gy. Chemotherapy doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, MTX.
 * 1993 PMID 8457152 -- "Intraoperative radiotherapy in retroperitoneal sarcomas. Final results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial." (Sindelar WF, Arch Surg. 1993 Apr;128(4):402-10.) Minimum F/U 5 years
 * Outcome: Median OS IORT 3.7 years vs PORT 4.3 years (NS). Local failure IORT 40% vs. PORT 80%
 * Complications: radiation enteritis IORT 13% vs. PORT 50%, peripheral neuropathy 60% vs. 5%
 * Conclusion: No survival benefit, improved local control with IORT

Adjuvant Radiation

 * University of Florida; 2005 (1974-2003) PMID 15923806 -- "Adjuvant radiation therapy for resectable retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma: the University of Florida experience." (Zlotecki RA, Am J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jun;28(3):310-6.)
 * Retrospective. 50 patients treated with surgery + RT (pre-op 38%, post-op 62%). Pre-op 50.4/42 BID @ 1.2 Gy/fx; post-op RT <50 Gy in 1.8 Gy/fx
 * Outcome: 5-year OS SM- 69% vs. SM+ 12% (SS); low grade 77% vs. high grade 34% (SS). Local recurrent pre-op 16% vs. post-op 47% (NS)
 * Toxicity: Post-op RT more frequent complications, though none severe
 * Conclusion: RT appears to improve probability of local control. Pre-op Rt may be preferred

 * French Federation Cancer Sarcoma Group; 2001 (1980-1994) PMID 11466691 "Prognostic factors in retroperitoneal sarcoma: a multivariate analysis of a series of 165 patients of the French Cancer Center Federation Sarcoma Group." (Stoeckle E, Cancer, 2001; 92(2): 359-68.)
 * Retrospective. 145 patients, localized non-metastatic retroperitoneal sarcoma. Median size 15 cm. Liposarcoma/LMS/MFS in 66%. Intermediate/high grade 84%. GTR 65%, post-op RT 41% (50 Gy median dose). Median F/U 3.9 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS 46%. LRC RT 55% vs surgery alone 23%
 * Conclusion: Randomized trial needed to evaluate place of RT for local control

 * Wayne State; 2002 PMID 12243830 "Long-term outcome of combined modality therapy in retroperitoneal and deep-trunk soft-tissue sarcoma: analysis of prognostic factors." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2002; 54(2): 514-9
 * 60 pts, non-metastatic retroperitoneal sarcoma; all tx'd w/ combined surgery + xrt. Xrt was either given w/ EBRT alone (median 52.2 Gy) or EBRT + brachy boost (42 Gy EB + 16 Gy brachy).
 * 5yr DFS 53%, 10yr DFS 44%. 5yr local control 71%, 10yr 54%.  Margin status significantly correlated w/ local control.
 * Conclusion: margin status and local control very important for RP sarcoma long term outcome.

 * Memorial Sloan Kettering; 1997 (1982-1990) PMID 9256126 -- "Prognostic factors associated with long-term survival for retroperitoneal sarcoma: implications for management." (Heslin MJ, J Clin Oncol. 1997 Aug;15(8):2832-9.)
 * Retrospective. 198 patients with RPSTS
 * Outcome: Recurrence rate 5% per year. Of patients disease-free at 5 years, 40% recurred by 10 years. RT only predictor for low risk of local recurrence. Age <=50 and high grade predictors for distant mets
 * Conclusion: Complete surgical resection necessary; 5-year DFS is not a cure

Treatment Technique

 * Gasthuisberg (Belgium); 2007 (2000-2005) PMID 17084556 -- "Intensity modulated radiation-therapy for preoperative posterior abdominal wall irradiation of retroperitoneal liposarcomas." (Bossi A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jan 1;67(1):164-70.)
 * Prospective. 18 patients with RPLS. Pre-op IMRT 50/25. CTV limited to posterior abdominal wall only; planning comparison to standard CTV
 * Outcome: All successfully completed RT and surgery. 2 local recurrences, 1 within high dose region and one marginal which would not have been well covered by standard CTV either
 * Conclusion: Limited CTV to posterior abdominal wall is feasible

 * Emory; 2003 PMID 18521378 -- "Intensity modulated radiation therapy for retroperitoneal sarcoma: a case for dose escalation and organ at risk toxicity reduction." (Koshy M, Sarcoma. 2003;7(3-4):137-48.)
 * Retrospective. 10 patients with RPS and 1 inguinal sarcoma. Prescription 50.4 Gy. Comparison of 3D-CRT and IMRT
 * Outcome: Significantly better dosimetry with IMRT
 * Conclusion: IMRT allowed enhanced tumor coverage and better sparing of organs at risk


text:
Template:Raising Chickens/Discussion

Choosing a Breed | Finding a Hatchery | Feeding | Keeping your chickens happy | Building a pen | Other Information | Archives

title: Template:Raising Chickens/Discussion


text:
User talk:66.249.90.136

If the changes [removal of all text] were necessary then please try again but it would be very helpful if you entered your reasons in the "Summary" field so that other people know what you're doing. Xania talk 00:36, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:66.249.90.136


text:
Philippine History/Before The Coming of Spanish Colonialists

Before the coming of Spanish colonizers, the people of the Philippine archipelago had already attained a semicommunal and semislave social system in many parts and also a feudal system in certain parts, especially in Mindanao and Sulu, where such a feudal faith as Islam had already taken roots.

The Society
The barangay was the typical community in the whole archipelago. It was the basic political and economic unit independent of similar others. Each embraced a few hundreds of people and a small territory. Each was headed by a chieftain called the Rajah or Datu.

Social Structure
The social structure comprised a petty nobility, the ruling class which had started to accumulate land that it owned privately or administered in the name of the clan or community.
 * Maharlika (Datu in Visayas): an intermediate class of freemen called the Maharlika who had enough land for their livelihood or who rendered special service to the rulers and who did not have to work in the fields.
 * Timawa: the ruled classes that included the timawa, the serfs who shared the crops with the petty nobility.
 * Alipin (Olipun in Visayas): and also the slaves and semislaves who worked without having any definite share in the harvest. There were two kinds of slaves then: those who had their own quarters, the aliping namamahay (aliping mamahay in Visayas), and those who lived in their master's house, the aliping sagigilid (aliping hayohay in Visayas). One acquired the status of a serf or a slave by inheritance, failure to pay debts and tribute, commission of crimes and captivity in wars between barangays.

Islamic Monarchy
The Islamic sultanates of the Sulu and mainland Mindanao represented a higher stage of political and economic development than the barangay. These had a feudal form of social organization. Each of them encompassed more people and wider territory than the barangay. The sultan reigned supreme over several datuses and was conscious of his privilege to rule as a matter of hereditary "divine right."

Though they presented themselves mainly as administrators of communal lands, apart from being direct owners of certain lands, the sultans, datus and the nobility exacted land rent in the form of religious tribute and lived off the toiling masses. They constituted a landlord class attended by a retinue of religious teachers, scribes and leading warriors.

The sultanates emerged in the two centuries precedent to the coming of Spanish colonialists. They were built up among the so-called third wave of Malay migrants whose rulers either tried to convert to Islam, bought out, enslaved or drove away the original non-Muslim inhabitants of the areas that they chose to settle in. Serfs and slaves alike were used to till the fields and to make more clearings from the forest.

Throughout the archipelago, the scope of barangays could be enlarged either through the expansion of agriculture by the toil of the slaves or serfs, through conquests in war and through interbarangay marriages of the nobility. The confederations of barangays was usually the result of a peace pact, a barter agreement or an alliance to fight common internal and external enemies.

As evident from the forms of social organization already attained, the precolonial inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had an internal basis for further social development. In either barangay or sultanate, there was a certain mode of production which was bound to develop further until it would wear out and be replaced with a new one. There were definite classes whose struggle was bound to bring about social development. As a matter of fact, the class struggle within the barangay was already getting extended into interbarangay wars. The barangay was akin to the Greek city-state in many respects and the sultanate to the feudal commonwealth of other countries.

The people had developed extensive agricultural fields. In the plains or in the mountains, the people had developed irrigation systems. The Ifugao rice terraces were the product of the engineering genius of the people; a marvel of 12,000 miles if strung end-to-end. There were livestock-raising, fishing and brewing of beverages. Also there were mining, the manufacture of metal implements, weapons and ornaments, lumbering, shipbuilding and weaving. The handicrafts were developing fast. Gunpowder had also come into use in warfare. As far north as Manila, when the Spaniards came, there was already a Muslim community which had cannons in its weaponry.

The ruling classes made use of arms to maintain the social system, to assert their independence from other barangays or to repel foreign invaders. Their jurisprudence would still be borne out today by the so-called Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim laws. These were touchstones of their culture. There was a written literature which included epics, ballads, riddles and verse-sayings; various forms and instruments of music and dances; and art works that included well-designed bells, drums, gongs, shields, weapons, tools, utensils, boats, combs, smoking pipes, lime tubes and baskets. The people sculpted images from wood, bone, ivory, horn or metals. In areas where anito worship and polytheism prevailed, the images of flora and fauna were imitated, and in the areas where the Muslim faith prevailed, geometric and arabesque designs were made. Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a record of what the Spanish conquistadores came upon, would later be used by Dr. Jose Rizal as testimony to the achievement of the indios in precolonial times.

There was interisland commerce ranging from Luzon to Mindanao and vice-versa. There were extensive trade relations with neighboring countries like China, Indochina, North Borneo, Indonesia, Malaya, Japan and Thailand. Traders from as far as India and the Middle East vied for commerce with the precolonial inhabitants of the archipelago. As early as the 9th century, Sulu was an important trading emporium where trading ships from Cambodia, China and Indonesia converged. Arab traders brought goods from Sulu to the Chinese mainland through the port of Canton. In the 14th century, a large fleet of 60 vessels from China anchored at Manila Bay, Mindoro and Sulu. Previous to this, Chinese trading junks had been intermittently sailing into various points of the Philippine shoreline. The barter system was employed or gold and metal gongs were used as medium of exchange.


text:
User talk:222.124.209.35

Regarding edits made during April 28 2007
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Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 03:06, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:222.124.209.35


text: Category:Book:XForms

title: Category:Book:XForms


text:
Talk:Animal Care/Land hermit crab

Great job!

-Landhermie

EDIT: I created an account :).

Landhermie 09:05, 29 April 2007 (UTC) not what i was looking for but...

title: Talk:Animal Care/Land hermit crab


text:
User talk:Landhermie

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! --Derbeth talk 08:44, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Landhermie


text:
DBMS

Table of Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Relational Database/
 * /Database Design/
 * /Query Languages/
 * /SQL/
 * /XML/
 * /Application Design/
 * /Storage Manager/
 * /Query Processing/
 * /Transaction/
 * /Concurrency control/
 * /Recovery/
 * Object Relational Database Management System
 * /Distributed Database Management System/
 * /Data Mining and Analysis/
 * Parallel Databases

title: DBMS


text: User:Editor at Large

title: User:Editor at Large