text:
User talk:147.72.81.53

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 17:44, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:147.72.81.53


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Talk:Proteomics

Notes from Professor Craig about formatting and layout of the sections:
 * 1) The table of contents should be present on each page and there should be a way to get back to the first page for each section from all the other pages.
 * 2) Navigation between chapters and within sections. See the work on  Protein Chips.
 * 3) I would like the references to be clearly divided between open access and subscription required for each section (probably not on each page). Let's discuss the approach on the  Protein chips applications page.
 * 4) I would like for everyone to be a registered participant on the wikibooks site so that you can get proper credit for your work.Riticeninjas 21:25, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned pages
The following pages are orphaned and not linked to by any page of this book. Please link to them, merge their content and label them with, or if they are not needed add to them. -- Adrignola talk contribs 16:40, 7 August 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) Proteomics/Alternative splicing and its impact on protein identification
 * 2) Proteomics/Miscellaneous Proteomics Techniques/SOME FUNDAMANTAL PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS
 * 3) Proteomics/Post-translational Modification/Cross-linking
 * 4) Proteomics/Protein Chips/History
 * 5) Proteomics/Protein Identification - Mass Spectrometry/References
 * 6) Proteomics/Protein Sample Preparation/Prepts for Chromatography
 * 7) Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Applications
 * 8) Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Capillary Electrophoresis?
 * 9) Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Gel Electrophoresis/Types of Gel Electrophoresis
 * 10) Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/History of Electrophoresis
 * 11) Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/IsoElectric Focusing
 * 12) Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
 * 13) Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis(2D-PAGE)
 * 14) Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Types of Gel Electrophoresis
 * 15) Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/What is Electrophoresis?
 * 16) Proteomics/Protein Separations - Centrifugation/CENTRIFUGATION
 * 17) Proteomics/Protein Separations - Centrifugation/Preparative Centrifugation vs. Analytical Centrifugation
 * 18) Proteomics/Protein Separations - Chromatography/Anion exchangers
 * 19) Proteomics/Protein Separations - Chromatography/Cation Exchangers
 * 20) Proteomics/Protein Separations - Chromatography/Ultra Performace Liquid Chromatography
 * 21) Proteomics/Protein Separations - Chromatography/Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography
 * 22) Proteomics/Protein Separations - Electrophoresis/Introduction to Electrophoresis
 * 23) Proteomics/Proteolytic Processing
 * 24) Proteomics/Proteomics and Drug Discovery/Contacts
 * 25) Proteomics/Proteomics and Drug Discovery/References

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Proteomics


text:
Croatian/Main Contents/Level 2/Lesson 4

Cases are probably one of the hardest things in Croatian to get used to. It is very important to learn cases because without them you will sound horrible and people might not understand you. Learning them is hard but with a lot of practice you will get used to them.

Nominative
The Nominative is otherwise known as the subject of a sentence, for example:

I was going home., Išao sam kući.

I is the nominative of the sentence. When nouns are nominative, they do not change. For example, the word student will remain student.

Genitive
The genitive may denote possession of a place or object, for example:

They are from Pittsburgh. Oni su iz Pittsburgha.

Pittsburgh was the genitive of the sentence. Pittsburgh is Pittsburgh in its nominative form, but because it was used for the genitive, an -a was added onto the end. The same happens for any masculine genitive noun. Feminine nouns such as Hrvatska (in its nominative form) will have an -e replacing the -a on the end of the noun, so Hrvatska in its genitive form is Hrvatske. The genitive is also used after some prepositions, like od (from), bez (without) iza (behind) etc.

The genitive is also used after "here is" (evo), "there is" (eno) and "how many" (koliko) after an adverb of quantity, such as some, a lot, little etc.

Here are some pineapples. Eno nekoliko ananasa.

Dative
Indirect objects take the dative. The dative is also used in certain other expressions.

I gave the book to my friend. - Knjigu sam dao prijatelju.

To my friend is the dative. The dative also is used in prepositions such as u (in), na (on), pod (under), pred (in front of) and kroz (through)

Accusative
The accusative case is used for nouns and adjectives that are the direct object of a verb. It's probably the first case you will encounter and the most useful.

Feminine nouns ending in -a change to -u in accusative case:

Knjiga je dobra (The book is good) --> Čitam knjigu (I'm reading a book)

Neuter nouns do not change, their accusative forms are the same as their nominative forms:

Pivo je dobro (The beer is good) --> Pijem pivo (I'm drinking a beer)

Masculine nouns are subdivided into two categories, those that represent animate objects, people and animals such as konj (horse) or čovjek (man) and those that represent inanimate objects, such as telefon (telephone) or auto (car). Note that auto is a masculine noun ending in -o because it is an abbreviation of "automobil".

For animate male nouns a suffix -a is added when it appears in accusative case:

Konj je dobar (The horse is good) --> Vidim konja (I see a horse)

Čovjek je veliki (The man is large) --> Žnam čovjeka (I know the man)

For inanimate male nouns the accusative form is identical to the nominative form:

Telefon je crveni (The phone is red) --> Čujem telefon (I hear the phone)

Auto je brzi (The car is fast) --> Volim auto (I love the car)

These are the basic rules for the accusative case, most (but not all) nouns follow them, some nouns have unusual patterns of declination such as the word for dog; pas --> psa but these are beyond the scope of this introduction

Vocative
The vocative is used for calling people or animals.

Oj, Ano!  Oh, Ana!

Locative
The locative is used to denote certain locations, such as:

Je li profesor u učionici? Is the professor in the classroom?

U Splitu in Split

The masculine nouns end with -u when in the locative, and feminine nouns end with -i when in the locative. The main prepositions followed by the locative are "in" and "on".

Instrumental
The instrumental is used to denote actions, such as:

On je pokazao prstom He pointed with his finger

Putting it all together
Below are a few examples of some nouns and how they change with what case, whether they're masculine, feminine, singular or plural. It is very hard to remember the cases and how nouns follow, so this will help to have a clearer picture of it all.

Masculine
Nouns that have -k as the last letter change to -c before going into the cases.

Feminine
Next lesson

title: Croatian/Main Contents/Level 2/Lesson 4


text:
Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Principles of Proteomics

 * 1) What is Proteomics?
 * 2) The Process of Proteomics
 * 3) Bioinformatics in Proteomics
 * 4) Links

The Process of Proteomics
The proteome, as defined above, is extremely dynamic. Protein expression in cells can change through time based on many internal and external environmental conditions. This dynamic nature can actually be both beneficial and a potential complication. If all proteins a cell ever needed were always present, it would likely be easier to correlate genes with proteins. However, variable protein expression allows us to look at what is up and down regulated with a given set of circumstances. This is very useful in determining proteins related to and affected by diseases and conditions such as temperature or presence of certain molecules in the environment (such as lactose in E. coli with the lac operon).

One of the important goals of proteomics as a field is to enhance understanding of the biological processes involved in protein construction and conformation. Each protein folds into a specific shape, which directly affects its function. Understanding how proteins fold, as well as how they interact with one another and other molecules, directly relates to understanding the biological processes occurring in cells. However, currently there are limitations to the speed at which proteomics-related data can be retrieved and analyzed. Structure determination is often the most time-consuming process, and is usually done by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Protein structure determination by NMR is relatively new, and may aid in obtaining structures for proteins which are found to be difficult to crystallize (such as those with many hydrophobic regions). There is also some work toward developing an automated process for structure determination by NMR, which if accurate would enable full characterization of proteins to be done at a faster pace than ever before.

There are many techniques used in the study of proteins, such as gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, etc for separating, identifying, sequencing, and determining other features of proteins. In later chapters these protocols and techniques will be discussed thoroughly to allow a better understanding of how the study of the proteome is being furthered. There are emerging visualization technologies being developed to help interpret the data for more detailed results during analysis. Protein microarrays, also described as protein chips or more specifically biochips, are techniques in development to determine protein concentrations, especially peptides and samples in very low concentrations. Chemical microarrays are other tools being used in proteomics, and this type of microarray is used in peptide analysis, as well as analysis of other small molecules.

There are high performance imaging software and tools that allow real-time scanning of 2D gels, more specifically western blots. Even the infra-red spectrum is being used to reduce noise in imaging of gels. Top-down analysis techniques are also in development and being practiced in order to increase sample sizes for improved time efficiency in the lab. More proteomic technology advances include Free Flow Electrophoresis, which allow for higher affinity in size separation, and ProteomeLab’s PF2D system, which has separation based on charge and hydrophobicity. Nanotechnology seems to be very promising field to proteomics, and some scientists are producing nano-particles as labeling devices, such as SERRS tags.

One difficulty being encountered in proteomics is the study of proteins present in relatively low concentrations in a cell. Since many proteins exist in very high concentrations, their presence can mask lower-concentration proteins. Along the same lines, it is very difficult to isolate these less-concentrated proteins, as the resolution of current methods does not allow visualization of proteins below a certain concentration threshold. Methods with fairly high resolution have the problem of not being able to isolate a large number of different proteins, and need a great deal of sample preparation. The difference between the highest and lowest concentration of protein in a system, or detectable with a certain technique is known as dynamic range in proteomics. Combining different techniques with complementary strengths shows a lot of promise in proteomics studies.

Another difficulty with proteomics is the analyses of the data gathered in the proteomical study (or studies). A single computer programmed to simulate a single protein folding for a specific function can take up to thirty years. However, there are a number of efforts intended to speed up this process. One way scientists are trying to analyze the data and simulate the different proteins folding is through distributed computing. Distributed programming is essentially using many computers -- interpreting their normal idle time, in contrast to a specific programming procedure, for example, in order to characterize and analyze data that a parent computer sent them. With this process, the time required to model one protein's folding can be cut from thirty years to ten days. These and other types of improvements show great promise in furthering the study of proteins.

High-throughput analysis and tools are being used to bypass these limitations in the data collection process. Some of the limitations or bottle-necks in proteomics include large and uncurated databases, low affinity to the separation of peptides, and the many types of post translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins that lead to much more complexity -- not only of Tertiary structure and Quaternary structure, but also actions, effects, and functions of a given protein. High-throughput proteomics incorporates large scale purifications methods, such as affinity tags. Some microscale productions are being used to examine protein profiles including protein chips and microfluid separations. High-throughput prescreening techniques are being developed as well to help assure sample quality and allow for quicker results from testing, like for cancer patients.


text:
Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Bioinformatics

 * 1) What is Proteomics?
 * 2) Principles of Proteomics
 * 3) Bioinformatics in Proteomics
 * 4) Links

Bioinformatics in Proteomics
As with other subsets of biology, an increased ability to generate large amounts of data from the use of high throughput methods has led to an increased reliance on computers for data acquisition, storage, and analysis. The internet has also enabled collaboration and sharing of data that would have previously not been possible, leading to the development of large public databases with contributors all over the world. Many databases exist for protein-related information, such as the Protein Data Bank (PDB) which handles structure and sequence information for proteins with a determined crystal structure. Expasy is a popular and well-curated resource for proteomics databases and tools, including resources such as the Prosite protein feature and domain database, protein BLAST (Basic Local Alignment and Search Tool, for similarity searching), and structure prediction. NCBI also provides many resources for many types of data, including proteins, which are all searchable and well integrated.

As with other bioinformatics resources,  "in-silico"  discovery is not meant as a replacement for lab techniques, but rather as a supplement to work done in a wet lab. For example, if a protein thought to be a transmembrane protein was analyzed with a sequence-based localization tool that agreed with the hypothesis, it would probably still be worth experimentally confirming before drawing a conclusion. However, bioinformatics tools can be extremely useful time savers, and can provide a possible place to start with experimentation, narrow down a problem domain, or provide potential solutions to problems which would be very difficult or impossible to determine experimentally, such as with protein folding. Protein folding has become a benchmark application for many supercomputers and distributed computing systems, such as IBM's BlueGene and Stanford's Folding@Home project. Distributed computing makes use of many independent client nodes that connect to a master server to obtain data to process and send back results, making them well suited to use over LANs and the internet. Projects like Grid.org and Folding@Home can be run by anyone on their own computers, and currently have thousands of participants. Although folding for now is not a replacement for structure determination by crystallography, it can provide a reasonable estimate of structure which can be investigated until actual structure is elucidated.


text:
Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/links

Proteomics Links

General Proteomics Information

 * Introduction to Proteomics –
 * Resource provided by Children's Hospital of Boston with a brief overview of protein structure and function, as well as an explanation of the central dogma of molecular biology.
 * Introduction to Proteomics –
 * This site summarizes a book currently in print, discussing some of the basics of proteomics. The site also explains some of the different methods used in the study of proteins.
 * Proteomics World –
 * Website dedicated to proteomics, with a wealth of information of information on the study of proteomics, on topics such as software, databases, instruments, and protocols
 * Biomedical Informatics for Proteomics –
 * Journal article from Nature summarizing the change in focus from genomics to proteomics in the post-genome era, as well as some of the challenges being faced.
 * Proteomics: The Next Frontier--A Biotech Perspective
 * Journal article from the Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology connecting proteomics with many other disciplines

Proteomics Techniques

 * Proteomics Introduction –
 * Site hosted by Bioinformatics Web containing introductory proteomics information, information on electrophoresis, and some of the goals and techniques of proteomics as a field.
 * CSC/ICSM Proteomics Section Home Page –
 * Resource from the Medical Research Council's Clinical Sciences Center provides information on protein purification and sequencing, as well as structural protein analysis.

Proteomics Tools

 * Expasy Proteomics Server –
 * Integrates a number of useful proteomics databases available from geographically diverse, yet philosophically aligned organizations. Expasy also provides links to useful tools in protein and genetic analysis.
 * NCBI
 * Folding@Home
 * Stanford University's Folding@Home project site
 * Grid.org

Commercial Links

 * Thermo Scientific
 * Provider of science equipment and materials, including a line of products for protein and proteomics research.
 * Applied Biosystems
 * Provider of protein sequencing, synthesis, and mass spectrometry equipment and related materials and reagents.
 * MCW Proteomics Software Resources
 * Collection of links to academic and commercially developed software for proteomics and protein analysis
 * PREMIER Biosoft,Palo Alto, USA
 * Provider of proteomics software, ProteoIQ. ProteoIQ is innovative software for analyzing proteomic data that provides researchers with automated methodology for determining protein expression without the need for tedious manual data analysis.

Wikipedia

 * The Bioinformatics Wiki
 * Wikipedia page containing information about the field of bioinformatics.
 * The Genomics Wiki
 * Wikipedia page containing information about the field of genomics.
 * The Metabolomics Wiki
 * Wikipedia page containing information about the field of metabolomics.
 * The Transcriptomics Wiki
 * Wikipedia page containing information about the field of transcriptomics.
 * The Proteomics Wiki
 * Wikipedia page containing additional information about the field of proteomics.
 * The Phenomics Wiki
 * Wikipedia page containing additional information about the field of proteomics.

Wikimedia

 * The Metabolomics Wikibook
 * A Wikibook detailing the field of metabolomics.

<Previous page


text:
Proteomics/Protein Separations - Electrophoresis/Introduction to Electrophoresis

Previous chapter: Protein Separations - Chromatography

 * 1) Introduction to Electrophoresis
 * 2) Gel Electrophoresis
 * 3) One Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
 * 4) Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis(2D-PAGE)
 * 5) Differential in Gel Electrophoresis(DIGE)
 * 6) QPNC-PAGE
 * 7) Capillary Electrophoresis
 * 8) Timeline of Electrophoresis
 * 9) Databases
 * 10) Web Pages
 * 11) Online Applications
 * 12) Further Readings

Definition: e•lec•tro•pho•re•sis (ĭ-lĕk'trō-fə-rē'sĭs) n.
As given by American Heritage Dictionaries

1) The migration of charged colloidal particles or molecules through a solution under the influence of an applied electric field usually provided by immersed electrodes. Also called cataphoresis.

2) A method of separating substances, especially proteins, and analyzing molecular structure based on the rate of movement of each component in a colloidal suspension while under the influence of an electric field.

Electrophoresis Theory
The separation by electrophoresis depends on differences in the migration velocity of ions or solutes through the given medium in the electric field. The electrophoretic migration velocity ($$u_p$$) of an analyte is:

$$ u_p = \mu_p E$$

Where E is the electric field strength and $$\mu_p$$ is the electrophoretic mobility.

The electrophoretic mobility is inversely proportional to frictional forces in the buffer and directly proportional to sample's the ionic charge. The forces of friction against an ion is dependent on size of the ion and the viscosity (η) of the medium. Analytes with different frictional forces or different charges will separate from one another when they move through a buffer. At a given pH, the electrophoretic mobility of an analyte is:

$$\mu_p = \frac{z}{6\pi \eta r}$$ Where r is the radius of the analyte and z is the net charge of the analyte.

The differences in the ratio of charge to size of the analytes cause differences in electrophoretic mobility. Small and highly charged analytes have greater mobility, whereas large and low charged analytes have lower mobility.

Electrophoretic mobility is an indication of speed of a given analyte in a give medium. It is the balance of electrical force that acts in favor and the frictional force that acts against the motion. These two forces remain steady during electrophoresis; therefore electrophoresis mobility is a constant for a given ion under a given set of conditions. Based on this characteristic property of ion or solute, it can be separated using electrophoresis.

Applications of Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis has wide variety of applications in proteomics, forensics, molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and microbiology.

The common method of electrophoresis used in proteomics is Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). PAGE is used for separation, identification, and purification of proteins. The proteins can be analyzed for information about the mass, charge, and purity. Different types of PAGE provide different types of information about the proteins. SDS-PAGE is used for separating proteins based on their molecular mass. SDS-PAGE is also used for protein identification and quantitation, identification of disulfide bonds,determination of purity of sample, and also blotting applications. Native-PAGE is used to separate proteins in their native form without denaturing. QPNC-PAGE is used to isolate active or native metalloproteins in biological samples. 2D-PAGE separates modified proteins and provide information about various modified states. 2D-PAGE and DIGE are used to study differential expression of proteins in healthy and diseased tissues. Proteins that are more abundant in disease tissue may be considered as diagnostic disease markers or potential drug targets. Since a sinle 2-DE can resolve thousands of proteins it is also used for cell map proteomics as well as for characterizing subproteomes. Capillary electrophoresis is employed for faster, efficient separation of proteins.

Electrophoresis is also used for separation and analysis of DNA. Sequencing of DNA, analysis of PCR products, separation and estimation of the size of the DNA fragments from restriction enzyme digestion are only some of the applications. Gel electrophoresis is used in DNA fingerprintingwhich has applications in forensics. Certain DNA segments are characteristic and vary from person to person. These segments are cut at recognition sites by restriction endonuclease enzymes and run on gel by electrophoresis. The position and number of bands on each lane of gel is characteristic of the DNA sample and considered as the genetic "fingerprint" of that sample.

Next Section Gel Electrophoresis


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User talk:James Musheno

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text:
Radiation Oncology/Uterus

 * Endometrial carcinoma (contains more subchapters than shown below)
 * Staging
 * Overview
 * Early Stage
 * Locally Advanced Stage
 * Brachytherapy
 * Recurrence

 * Uterine Sarcomas
 * Staging
 * Overview
 * Uterine leiomyosarcoma

title: Radiation Oncology/Uterus


text:
Radiation Oncology/Uterine Sarcoma/Leiomyosarcoma

Uterine Leiomyosarcoma

Overview

 * LMS account for ~25% of uterine sarcomas, which account for ~4% of uterine malignancies
 * Presentation typically with vaginal bleeding, pelvic mass, and pain
 * PET/CT useful based on anecdotal evidence
 * Staging: based on endometrial CA; cervical LMS is considered Stage II
 * Outcome prediction
 * Mayo clinic risk assessment index (age, size, stage, grade)
 * Prognostic index developed for soft tissue sarcomas does not apply to LMS (PMID 10717626)
 * Surgery main treatment modality
 * TAH standard component
 * Lymph node dissection has not improved survival, but provides prognostic information
 * Oophorectomy may not be necessary in premenopausal women, if ovaries are grossly normal
 * Outcomes:
 * Stage I-II LMS may be cured (15-year OS 40-50%)
 * Stage III-IV LMS have very poor prognosis (5-year OS 15-30%)
 * Adjuvant RT is controversial; Mayo data suggest significantly improved LC, but no impact on DFS or OS. Phase III EORTC trial in Stage I-II showed no impact on loco-regional control, PFS or OS for leiomyosarcoma (but LRR benefit for carcinosarcoma)
 * Adjuvant chemotherapy is also controversial; doxorubicin-based regimens appear the most active, but have not resulted in significant survival benefit

Localized LMS

 * EORTC 55874 (1987-2000) -- observation vs. pelvic RT
 * Randomized. 224 patients with high grade uterine sarcoma (leiomyosarcoma 46%, carcinosarcoma 41%, endometrial stromal sarcoma 13%), Stage I-II (LMS were all stage I using FIGO 2009 system), treated with TAH/BSO + washings (75%), nodal sampling optional (25%). Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) pelvic RT 50.4/28 Field: top border L4/L5, lower border lower margin of obturator foramina, posterior border S2/S3
 * 2008 PMID 18378136 -- "Phase III randomised study to evaluate the role of adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy in the treatment of uterine sarcomas stages I and II: An European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gynaecological Cancer Group Study (protocol 55874)." (Reed NS, Eur J Cancer. 2008 Mar 28 [Epub ahead of print])
 * Outcome: LRR only observation 18% vs. RT 3%, LRR at any time 40% vs. 21% (SS); no impact on PFS or OS
 * By subset: No benefit for LMS, improved local control for CS
 * Conclusion: Pelvic RT improves local control but not PFS or OS for carcinosarcoma, there is no benefit in leiomyosarcoma

 * Minnesota, 2005 (1972-1998) PMID 15923804 -- "On the apparent failure of adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy to improve survival for women with uterine sarcomas confined to the uterus." (Dusenbery KE, Am J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jun;28(3):295-300.)
 * Retrospective. 49 patients with Stage I-II (20 LMS, 18 homologous mullerian, 11 heterologous mullerian)
 * DFS: LMS 5-years 40%, 15-years 40%; Mullerian 5-years 65%, 15-years 61%. Failures mostly distant
 * Toxicity: 3 SBO, 1 sigmoid colon obstruction
 * Conclusion: adjuvant pelvic RT efficacious; frequent peritoneal failures suggest role for abdominal RT; better systemic therapy needed

 * Gustave-Roussy, 2004 PMID 15571617 -- "Adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin followed by radiotherapy in localized uterine sarcomas: results of a case-control study with radiotherapy alone." (Pautier P, Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004 Nov-Dec;14(6):1112-7.)
 * Case-control. 18 patients with chemo followed by RT vs. 16 patients RT alone vs. 2 patient no therapy
 * Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo followed by RT is feasible; PIII trial ongoing in France

All stages

 * SARCGYN trial; 2013 PMID 23139262 -- "A randomized clinical trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and cisplatin followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with localized uterine sarcomas (SARCGYN study). A study of the French Sarcoma Group." (Pautier P, Ann Oncol. 2013 Apr;24(4):1099-104. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds545. Epub 2012 Nov 8.)
 * Randomized. 81 patients with LMS (48%), carcinosarcoma (23%), undifferentiated sarcoma (11%). Stage I (64%). Both arms surgery + pelvic RT. Randomized to observation vs chemotherapy with doxorubicin / ifosfamide / cisplatin x 4 cycles. Stopped early due to lack of recruitment. Median F/U 4.3 years
 * Outcome: 3-year OS: chemo-RT 81% vs RT only 69% (NS); DFS 55% vs 41% (SS).
 * Toxicity: Grade 3+ thrombopenia 76%, febrile neutropenia 22%, two toxic deaths
 * Conclusion: chemotherapy increases disease-free survival

 * Princess Margaret; 2013 (1998 - 2008) PMID 23705661 -- "Postoperative radiotherapy improves local control and survival in patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma." (Wong P, Radiat Oncol. 2013 May 24;8:128. doi: 10.1186/1748-717X-8-128.)
 * Retrospective. 69 patients, primary uterine LMS with hysterectomy. Pelvic RT 45 Gy in 32 patients (46%). Median F/U 5 years
 * Outcome: LR observation 39% vs RT 19% (SS); 3-year OS 69% vs 35% (SS) univariate, persisted on multivariate. Positive SM increased odds of LR (HR 5.6). Large tumor size and Stage II-IV associated with development of distant mets
 * Conclusion: Postoperative pelvic RT reduces LR and improves OS of patients with uterine LMS

 * Dijon, 2005 (France) (1966-2001) PMID 15837053 -- "The role of surgery and treatment trends in uterine sarcoma." (Benoit L, Eur J Surg Oncol. 2005 May;31(4):434-42.)
 * Retrospective. 72 patients with uterine sarcomas (34 LMS, 25 mullerian, 12 ESS, 1 angiosarcoma). RT 55%. Chemo 37%
 * 5-year OS: all 36%; Stage I 47%, Stage II 60%, Stage III/IV 15%
 * Conclusion: surgery main treatment. Adjuvant therapies do not decrease DM or increase OS

 * MGH, 2004 (1990-1999) PMID 14766261 -- "The treatment of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Results from a 10-year experience (1990-1999) at the Massachusetts General Hospital." (Dinh TA, Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Feb;92(2):648-52.)
 * Retrospective. 27 patients. Most treated with multimodality therapy (surgery, chemotherapy, and/or RT)
 * Sugery: if no visible disease post-op, better OS (SS)
 * Adjuvant therapy: after optimal cytoreduction, no decrease in rate of recurrence
 * Adjuvant chemo: minimally effective, with 80% progression of disease
 * Conclusion: Deadly disease. Aggressive surgical cytoreduction should be the goal

 * Mayo, 2003 (1976-1999) PMID 12798712 -- "Retrospective review of 208 patients with leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: prognostic indicators, surgical management, and adjuvant therapy." (Giuntoli RL 2nd, Gynecol Oncol. 2003 Jun;89(3):460-9.)
 * Retrospective. 208 patients with LMS. Median F/U 7.7 years
 * Worse prognosis: high grade, advanced stage, oophorectomy worse DSS
 * Pelvic RT: no impact on DSS (p=0.06) in multivariate analysis. Significantly decreased LR when further evaluated as 31 case-controls (70% Stage I)
 * Ovarian resection no impact on survival
 * Risk-assessment index developed:
 * Age (>51): 1 point; Tumor size (>5cm): 1 point; Stage (II-IV): 1 point; Grade (2-4): 2 points
 * Low risk = 0-1 points (n=22, no deaths, median survival >25 years), intermediate risk = 2-3 points (n=53, median survival 6.5 years), high risk = 4-5 points (n=81, median survival 2.1 years)

 * Vienna, 1999 PMID 10419731 -- "Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic multicenter study of 71 cases." (Mayerhofer K, Gynecol Oncol. 1999 Aug;74(2):196-201.)
 * Retrospective. 71 patients. Median F/U 9 years
 * Predictors: age (<50 better), tumor stage, LVI, mitotic count in Stage I

 * Norwegian Radium Hospital, 1993 (1976-1985) PMID 11578330 -- "Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) of the uterus. A survey of patients treated in the Norwegian Radium Hospital 1976-1985." (Nordal RN, Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1993 Mar;3(2):110-115.)
 * Retrospective. 127 patients with LMS or endometrial stromal sarcoma, 14 reclassified
 * 5-year OS: LMS 39%, ESS 67%
 * Prognosis: grade (Grade I-II similar prognosis as endometrial carcinoma, Grade III-IV 5-year OS 33%)
 * Adjuvant chemo: no clear benefit

Advanced LMS

 * No good chemotherapy regimens available; minimal impact on survival
 * Doxorubicin-based combinations appear the most active, and are typically used as first line
 * Minnesota experience with RT not particularly successful
 * Search continues ...

 * GOG, 2005 PMID 15721421 -- "Phase II evaluation of liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) in recurrent or advanced leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study." (Sutton G, Gynecol Oncol. 2005 Mar;96(3):749-52.)
 * Phase II. 35 patients. Liposomal doxorubicin 50mg/m2 IV.
 * Conclusion: no benefit over standard doxorubicin

 * GOG, 2005 PMID 16051328 -- "Phase II trial of dacarbazine, mitomycin, doxorubicin, and cisplatin with sargramostim in uterine leiomyosarcoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study." (Long HJ, Gynecol Oncol. 2005 Nov;99(2):339-42.)
 * Phase II. 18 patients. DMAP + sargramostim.
 * Conclusion: too complex and toxic. Study closed early

 * Minnesota, 2004(1978-1997) PMID 15262141 -- "Limitations of adjuvant radiotherapy for uterine sarcomas spread beyond the uterus." (Dusenbery KE, Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Jul;94(1):191-6.)
 * Retrospective. 19 women with advanced uterine sarcomas who received adjuvant RT. 7 adjuvant chemo.
 * Survival: 1-year 67%, 5-year 33%; failures mostly distant
 * Conclusion: prognosis if spread beyond uterus is poor

 * GOG, 2003 PMID 12694653 -- "Evaluation of paclitaxel in previously treated leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a gynecologic oncology group study." (Gallup DG, Gynecol Oncol. 2003 Apr;89(1):48-51.)
 * Phase II. 48 patients. Paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 IV
 * Conclusion: modest activity, minimal toxicity

 * GOG, 2002 PMID 12051882 -- "Phase II study of mitomycin, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced uterine leiomyosarcoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study." (Edmonson JH, Gynecol Oncol. 2002 Jun;85(3):507-10.)
 * Phase II. 35 patients, treated with MAP 1-6 cycles
 * Conclusion: MAP is not remarkably active; significant (10/35) pulmonary toxicity

 * GOG, 1999 PMID 10479491 -- "Phase II trial of paclitaxel in leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a gynecologic oncology group study." (Sutton G, Gynecol Oncol. 1999 Sep;74(3):346-9.)
 * Phase II. 34 women. Paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 IV. RT in 23%
 * Conclusion: Limited activity; consider higher dose

 * GOG, 1996 PMID 8751554 -- "Ifosfamide and doxorubicin in the treatment of advanced leiomyosarcomas of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study." (Sutton G, Gynecol Oncol. 1996 Aug;62(2):226-9.)
 * Phase II. 34 women. Ifosfamide + doxorubicin
 * Conclusion: Toxic, with moderate activity


text:
Cookbook:Beef Tongue with Chiles, Corn and Tomato (Lengua de Res)

| Venezuela

Lengua de res is a Venezuelan dish of beef tongue with vegetables.

Ingredients

 * 1 beef tongue
 * 5 fresh green chile peppers
 * 1 tablespoon olive oil
 * 1 white onion, sliced thinly
 * 4 cloves garlic, minced
 * 4 small tomatoes, halved and sliced
 * 2 cans (30 ounces) whole kernel corn, drained
 * Salt, to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Wash tongue and place in a large pot of water to cover. Simmer until no longer pink (about 50 minutes per pound of tongue). Remove from water and let rest until cool enough to handle. Peel skin from tongue and trim gristle. Cut into ½-inch slices.
 * 2) Place whole peppers in a skillet over medium-high heat and roast, turning, until all sides are charred. Let cool, rub off skins. Remove stems and seeds.
 * 3) Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Sauté chili peppers, onion, and garlic until onion is translucent.
 * 4) Stir in tongue and continue to cook until tongue is brown, 5 to 10 minutes. Stir in tomatoes and cook until limp, 5 minutes. Pour in corn and heat through, 2 to 5 minutes.
 * 5) Season with salt, and serve.


text:
Instructional Technology/Postmodernist Thoughts

Instructional Systems Design's team approach to design is considered postmodern because it rejects the idea of a central authority. Instruction should be designed based on individual needs as individuals are viewed as decentered by postmodernists. Constructivist theory and hypertext both emphasize the individual learner. If we view ourselves as postmodernists, when developing instruction, we should focus on the process rather than the content or information because information changes rapidly.

Although Instructional Design is based on a scientific, systematic and quantitative paradigm, postmodernists perceive it as an art as well as a science and suggest that instructional designers become "Connoisseurs."

Andrew Yeaman (1994) outlined nine ideas for postmodern instructional design:

1. Accept that there a e several workable solutions to every design problem.

2. Expect that students or trainees will interpret instruction in different ways.

3. Examine and learn from instruction that fails as well as instruction that succeeds.

4. Metaphors, symbols and models should be used cautiously.

5. Determine if technological fixes have improved problems or created more.

6. Avoid idealism that all students/trainees will have absolute correspondence in their understanding - there is never a true meeting of the minds.

7. Avoid authoritarian approach - give some control to learners.

8. Look for contradictions in your messages and in other's.

9. Plan instruction based on learners' needs not just technologies.

With UNESCO's Education for Everyone by 2015 initiatives underway, this philosophy is extremely applicable, especially in terms of creating instruction across geographical, linguistic, and cultural boundaries. Culture, language and societal contexts color contextual meaning. Culture not only affects how we learn, but determines how we think, and how we think about learning. As instructional designers, we need to be thinking more holistically about the design of instruction. This is especially true as we move from local design, development and deployment to more global implementations.

Reference:

Yeaman, A.R.J. (1994). Nine ideas for postmodern instructional design. In D.H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 285-286). New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan.


text:
User talk:AmyW

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Good luck! --Panic 01:42, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:AmyW


text:
User talk:Dburson~enwikibooks

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Good luck! --Panic 01:42, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:04, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Dburson~enwikibooks


text:
Honda Nighthawk/Known Problems

Known Problems with the Nighthawk 1984-1986 CB700/750S
Contributed by Greg Shell There are a few problems which seem to be fairly widespread with this bike. The following notes come from my own experience combined with info from other sources, namely mechanics, parts counter people, magazines, and other owners.

Alternator shaft chain breaks
The CB700SC was one of Honda's first inline-fours with the alternator (and starter) moved back onto a discrete shaft, decreasing the width of the engine. Unfortunately, the original chain driving this shaft (from the crankshaft) and/or the tensioner has a tendency to break. I understand there was an update to the chain to fix this problem, but I don't know if it made it into any production bikes. The symptoms of this problem are no charging, no useful starter (whirrrr!), and poor idle/running as the battery doesn't seem quite powerful enough when running with a "total loss" (no alternator/generator) electrical system.

This happened to my '85 bike. It took me quite a while to realize what the problem was and decide to fix it, five years in fact. At last I decided to return to riding, pulled the engine out (ouch!), and had a mechanic replace the chain and tensioner. I put that sucker back in (double ouch!) and now it lives again, although with more noise and vibration and oil consumption than I remember. Next time I'll follow Honda's long-term storage recommendations.

Starter woes
A lot of people have had starter problems. My bike has the following symptoms:

Oil in the starter motor, which tends to leak out and make a mess. I imagine this is caused by high compression in the crankcase resulting from leaky rings, possibly combined with a starter commutator shaft that's not quite in balance. I've been told there's a seal that can be replaced for this, but it's not obvious from the shop manual. And new seals for the starter motor case do a good job of keeping the oil from getting out.

Prematurely worn brushes. I've heard it said that the commutator shaft can get out of balance, wearing the brushes and commutator and probably allowing the oil to leak in. The brushes and "brush holder" are not terribly expensive from Honda, these fix things right up for a while. What's more, I've found I can simply stuff the wires behind the brushes with good effect, so I carry the required 8mm wrench and screwdriver when I tour.

After suffering through increasing starter problems for about a year, with ever less starting power and equally less effect from my dubious repairs, I finally went out and spent $150 on a rebuilt starter. It works great, I should have done it six months previously. Not only is it now reliable and leak-free (so far as I know, might be some internal leakage), but it also now starts the bike instantly. Just like a starter should.

I had the same issues with a leaky weak starter. Found a local electric motor mechanic who completely rebuilt my starter for $60. Works great.

Indeed a weak point in the design. The oil leaks are more likely caused by a faulty oil seal on the main bearing. Replacing the bearing fixed the issue on my bike. Wear: I had the starter rebuilt three times before giving up and replacing with a new unit. The commutator always wore out really quickly. I suspect the rear bearing wear was causing an alignment issue resulting in premature failure.

Transmission
There can be a problem with the transmission, wherein the bike pops out of gear, starting with 2nd. Apparently the problem grows to include 3rd gear, etc. I've been told that the cause is a too-small part in or actually near the transmission that wears out. That's all I know. My bikes jumps out of 2nd occasionally, but only right after shifting from 1st, so I think my experience is more of a missed shift. And the jump out of 2nd can be avoided by a really firm shift from 1st to 2nd. (the problem with the shifting is due to one of the three shifter forks which will wear and snap off causing you not to find 2nd. You can find the central and right (I think) shifter forks on ebay but not the left because that is the one that had premature wear.

Instrument needles break
The indicator needles on the tachometer and speedometer often break off. On mine this happened with the tach, but it's still easy enough to read. Easier to read than the intact speedometer, I find.

I have had the same happen. It is due to sunlight degradation of the plastic needles. Replaced with homemade PET plastic needles because I could not source original speedo replacements. The bezel surface also darkens with age because of sunlight exposure. This can be sanded off and replaced with a clear lacquer.

title: Honda Nighthawk/Known Problems


text:
User talk:Lilbertny637

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Good luck! --Panic 04:30, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lilbertny637


text:
User talk:69.254.148.19

2007-04-17
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Webaware talk 04:41, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.254.148.19


text:
Talk:Chess/Print version/Random Opening Chess

Why is this not combined with http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess/Variants/Random_Opening_Chess ?

Even I wrote a small note for this page without seeing the other page first. It is as follows: In Random Opening Chess, the beginning of the game is different. (i.e.) the position of the pieces are different from the one in the classical chess. For example, the position of the bishop and the knights could be interchanged and the game could start in this manner. This had been created since it was seen that people normally have standard moves of playing which are learnt instead of actually understanding and playing according to some strategy. In the classical chess, there are some standard openings, known as the Sicilian Defence, Italian Game, etc. (See http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess/Print_version for more on these) In the Random Opening Chess, this is not possible since what is a good strategy in the classical chess may work to the players detriment in this.


text:
MediaWiki:Nologinlink

Create one

title: MediaWiki:Nologinlink


text:
MediaWiki:Prefs-help-email

 * You do not have to provide an e-mail address, but if you forget your password, you will not be able to regain access to your account without one. You also need to provide an email address if you wish to enable the "Email this user" feature, to either send or receive emails via Wikibooks. You can provide an email address later on, or change it. If you change your e-mail address, you will need to reconfirm it

title: MediaWiki:Prefs-help-email


text:
User talk:Androsmaximos~enwikibooks

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 06:58, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Androsmaximos~enwikibooks


text:
Horticulture/Cornus kousa

The Kousa Dogwood (Cornus kousa or Benthamidia kousa), also known as the Japanese Flowering Dogwood (Yamaboushi ヤマボウシ in Japanese), is a small flowering tree native to Eastern Asia and Japan, but grown in other regions as an ornamental and occasionally for its edible fruit.

Description
It is a small deciduous tree 8–12 m tall, native to eastern Asia. Like most dogwoods, it has opposite, simple, ovate leaves, which are 4–10 cm long. Fall colors are vivid reds, yellows, and purples.

The tree is showy when in flower, but the "showy" elements are actually white bracts which are held below dense cymes of yellow-green flowers. The flowering is in spring, shortly after it leafs out. It has a relatively upright habit, unlike the closely related Flowering Dogwood (../Cornus florida/) of eastern North America, which has a sprawling habit. It also differs from that in flowering about a month later, and in having pointed (not rounded) flower bracts.

The fruit is a globose pink to red amalgamate of drupes containing several 1-2 seeded stones, 2–3 cm diameter, and resembling a pom-pom. The berries can grow even larger towards the end of the season and some berries that do not fall from the tree surpass 4 cm. It is edible, though the tree is not commonly grown for fruit.

The bark exfoliates in irregular patches or gray, brown, tan, and olive-green, providing winter interest. The stems are horizontally arranged, slender, and rigid. Buds are valvate, the flower buds longer and larger than the vegetative buds.

Growing conditions
Does best in moist, well-drained, fertile soils, but is adabtable. Full sun to dense shade, flowering better in more sun.

Natural Varieties

 * Cornus kousa var. kousa. Leaves 4–7 cm; flower bracts 3–5 cm.Native to Japan.
 * Cornus kousa var. chinensis. Leaves 5–10 cm; flower bracts 4–6 cm, opening white and then fading to pink. Native to China.

Cultivars

 * ‘China Girl’: Heavy flowering, flowers when very young.
 * ‘Elizabeth Lustgarten’: selection of var. chinensis with weeping branchlets.
 * ‘Gold Star’: Bracts white, fading to pink. Leaves with dark yellow centers, red with purple margins in fall color. Shrubby form.
 * ‘Milky Way’: heavy flowering and fruiting.
 * ‘Rubra’: flower bracts pink.
 * ‘Satomi’: Floral bracts dark pink, fall color purple.
 * ‘Snowboy’: Dwarf (to 2.5 m), leaves grayish, with white margins.
 * ‘Summer Stars’: Heavy flowering, fall color maroon.
 * ‘Variegata’: leaves variegated with white.
 * ‘Xanthocarpa’: Fruits yellow.

Uses
==Maintenance=

Pests and diseases
It is resistant to the dogwood anthracnose disease, caused by the fungus Discula destructiva, unlike Flowering Dogwood, which is very susceptible and commonly killed by it; for this reason, Kousa Dogwood is being widely planted as an ornamental tree in areas affected by the disease. A number of hybrids between Kousa Dogwood and Flowering Dogwood have also been selected for their disease resistance and good flower appearance.

See ../Cornus/ for a list of pests and diseases affecting the genus.

title: Horticulture/Cornus kousa


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Standard attributes

 * language
 * src
 * type

More info
A link to a page with more info, then the name of the site the info came from (i.e. W3Schools).


text:
Horticulture/Cornus florida

The Flowering Dogwood (also called American Dogwood, Cornelian Tree, False Box, False Boxwood, Florida Dogwood, Indian Arrowwood, Nature's Mistake or, White Cornel; Cornus florida, syn. Benthamidia florida) is a species of dogwood native to eastern North America, from southern Maine west to southern Ontario and eastern Kansas, and south to northern Florida and eastern Texas, with a disjunct population in eastern Mexico in Nuevo León and Veracruz.

Description
It is a small deciduous tree growing to 10 m high, with a trunk diameter of up to 30 cm. The leaves are opposite, simple acute oval, 6–13 cm long and 4–6 cm broad, with an apparently entire margin (actually very finely toothed, under a lens); they turn a rich red-brown in fall.

The flowers are individually small and inconspicuous, with four greenish-yellow petals 4 mm long. Around 20 flowers are produced in a dense, rounded, cymes 1–2 cm diameter, the flower head surrounded by four conspicuous large white or pink "petals" (actually bracts), each bract 3 cm long and 2.5 cm broad, rounded, and with a distinct notch at the apex. The flowers are bisexual.

While most of the wild trees have white bracts, some selected cultivars of this tree also have pink bracts, some even almost a true red. They typically flower in early April in the southern part of their range, to late April or early May in northern and high altitude areas. The similar Kousa Dogwood (../Cornus kousa/), native to Asia, flowers about a month later.

The fruit is a cluster of three to eight 10–15 mm diameter drupes which ripen to a bright red in the fall; they are eaten by birds which distribute the seeds. The berries are edible, often being used to sweeten tea in Mexico.

Growing conditions
Flowering Dogwood does best when it has shade from the west but good morning sun. It does not do well when exposed to intense heat sources such as adjacent parking lots or air conditioning compressors. It has a low tolerance of salt. In eastern North America, it is cultivated as far north as Toronto and south to central Florida. Farther west, places of cultivation include Boulder, Sacramento and Vancouver. It is sold in other temperate parts of the world, including Sydney, Australia.

Varieties

 * Cornus florida subsp. florida. Eastern United States, southeastern Canada (Ontario).
 * Cornus florida subsp. urbiniana (syn. Cornus urbiniana). Eastern Mexico (Nuevo León, Veracruz).
 * 'Autumn Gold' - white bracts; yellow fall color.
 * 'Barton' - large white bracts; blooms at early age; resists mildew.
 * 'Bay Beauty' - double white bracts; resists heat and drought; good for Deep South.
 * 'Cherokee Daybreak' - white bract; vigorous grower with variegated leaves.
 * 'Cherokee Chief' - red bracts; red new growth.
 * 'Cherokee Sunset' - purplish-red bracts; variegated foliage.
 * 'Gulf Coast Pink' - best pink flowering dogwood in Florida.
 * 'Hohman's Gold' - white bracts; variegated foliage.
 * 'Plena' - double white bracts; anthracnose-resistant.
 * 'Purple Glory' - red bracts; purple foliage; anthracnose-resistant.
 * var. rubra has pink flowers
 * 'Weaver White' - large white blooms; large leaves; candelabra shape; good in north-central Florida.

Propagation
Cornus florida is easily propagated by seeds, which are sown in the fall into prepared rows of sawdust or sand, and emerge in the spring. Germination rates for good clean seed should be near 100% if seed dormancy is first overcome by cold stratification treatments for 90 to 120 days at 4 °C (39 °F).[4][5] Flowering dogwood demonstrates gametophytic self-incompatibility, meaning that the plants can’t self-fertilize. This is important for breeding programs as it means that it is not necessary to emasculate (remove the anthers from) C. florida flowers before making controlled cross-pollinations. These pollinations should be repeated every other day, as the flowers must be cross-pollinated within one or two days of opening for pollinations to be effective.[6]

Softwood cuttings taken in late spring or early summer from new growth can be rooted under mist if treated with 8,000 to 10,000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). In cold climates, potted cuttings must be kept in heated cold frames or polyhouses the following winter to maintain temperatures between 0 and 7 °C. Although rooting success can be as high as 50-85%, this technique is not commonly used by commercial growers. Rather, selected cultivars are generally propagated by T-budding in late summer or by whip grafting in the greenhouse in winter onto seedling rootstock.[5][7]

Micropropagation of flowering dogwood is now used in breeding programs aiming to incorporate resistance to dogwood anthracnose and powdery mildew into horticulturally and economically important cultivars. Nodal (axillary bud) sections are established in a culture of Woody Plant Medium (WPM) amended with 4.4 μM 6-Benzyladenine (BA) to promote shoot growth.[8] Rooting of up to 83% can be obtained when 5-7 week-old microshoots are then transferred to WPM amended with 4.9 μM IBA.[9]

Pests and diseases
It is very susceptible to dogwood anthracnose, a disease caused by the fungus ../Discula destructiva/. This has killed many wild stocks of Flowering Dogwood; domestic landscape plantings have often been affected to a lesser degree because better air circulation and less humid conditions discourages the fungus, but losses still occur frequently. The Kousa Dogwood (../Cornus kousa/) is more resistant to this disease, and sometimes planted as a safer alternative.

title: Horticulture/Cornus florida


text:
HyperText Markup Language/Tag List/map

Use
This creates an image map.

name
Name of the map.

Standard attributes

 * name

More info
A link to a page with more info, then the name of the site the info came from (i.e. W3Schools).

title: HyperText Markup Language/Tag List/map


text:
HyperText Markup Language/Tag List/body

Use
This identifies the main content of a Web Page.

background
Adds a background image to a web page.

link
Changes the colour of the unvested links on the webpage.

style
CSS and attributes.

vlink
Changes the colour of a visited link on the webpage.

Standard attributes

 * background
 * link
 * style
 * vlink

More info
A link to a page with more info, then the name of the site the info came from (i.e. W3Schools).

title: HyperText Markup Language/Tag List/body


text:
Horticulture/Asclepias tuberosa

Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa, also called Canada root, Chigger flower, Chiggerflower, Fluxroot, Indian paintbrush, Indian posy, Orange milkweed, Orange Swallow-wort, Pleurisy root, Silky Swallow-wort, Tuber root, Yellow milkweed, White-root, Windroot) is a species of milkweed native to eastern North America, but also grown in gardens throughout the world for the showy flowers and the butterflies that are attracted to it.

The common name comes from the butterflies that are attracted to the plant by its color and its copious production of nectar. Butterfly weed is also the larval food plant of the Queen butterfly.

Description
It is a perennial plant growing to 0.6–2 m (1 –2 feet) tall, with cymes of orange, yellow, or nearly red flowers which are regular, perfect, 5-parted, top of flower (“crown”) with erectly held “hoods”. Pollen is in waxy masses. Flowers are produced from early summer to early fall. The leaves are spirally arranged, lanceolate, 5–12 cm long and 2–3 cm broad, hairy, dark green above and lighter beneath. The roots are thick taproots, to 30 cm long.

The seeds, borne in elongate pods, are also an attraction due to the large, silky pappus which are blown in the wind when ripe.

The plant looks similar to the Lanceolate milkweed (../Asclepias lanceolata/), however the Butterfly weed is uniquely identified by the larger number of flowers and hairy stems. It is most commonly found in fields with dry soil.

Growing conditions
In gardens, butterfly weed does best with a deep, rich, well-drained soil in full sun. In the wild it is often found in dry, sand or gravel soil, but has also been reported on stream margins.

Varieties

 * Asclepias tuberosa interior, Central United States.
 * Asclepias tuberosa rolfsii (Rolfs Milkweed), Southeast United States.
 * Asclepias tuberosa tuberosa, Eastern United States.
 * ‘Gay Butterflies’ - is a commercial seed mix with varied flower colors.
 * 'Hello Yellow' - has yellow flowers.

Uses
As a border perennial or meadow plant, primarily grown to attract butterflies to the garden. Can also be grown for cut flowers. The plant is often used in children's gardens for the seeds (for making "wishes" by blowing the seeds), as well as for the caterpillars and butterflies.

Maintenance
Remove the forming seed pods to encourage reblooming, or leave them to develop the interesting seeds and for winter interest. Transplanting can be difficult due to the deep taptoot.

Propagation
Primarily by seed, but also by division or basal cuttings.

Harvesting
Does well as a cut flower, but leaves should be completely removed from the stems before putting in the vase.

Pests and diseases
See ../Asclepias/ for a list of pests and diseases. Caterpillars found on this plant are usually butterfly larvae, so if butterflies are desired, leave the caterpillars be.

title: Horticulture/Asclepias tuberosa


text:
Cookbook talk:Keralan Vegetable Stew

Its either kerala veg stew or malayali veg stew. there's no such word as keralan.

title: Cookbook talk:Keralan Vegetable Stew


text:
Korean History

Korean history The history of the people who are living in the land of morning calm.

Table of contents

 * /Prehistoric Era/
 * /Gojoseon/
 * /Buyeo/
 * /Three Kingdoms/
 * /Unified Silla and Balhae/
 * /Korea Dynasty/
 * /Joseon Dynasty/
 * /Japanese Colony/
 * /Divided Korea/

朝鮮の歴史 대한민국의 역사

title: Korean History


text:
Wikijunior talk:Human Body/Skeleton

I have removed the following: This is not correct, since excess Calcium is not stored in the bone but rather excreted in the urine. Release of calcium is a compensatory mechanism in case of shortage, that is on the cost of structural stability of bones. Sboehringer 13:48, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Storage - Nutrients can be stored inside the bones to be used at a later date. For example, calcium is stored in the bones and then released when the body is not taking in enough calcium.

title: Wikijunior talk:Human Body/Skeleton


text:
User talk:Ehladysmith

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 14:18, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ehladysmith


text:
User talk:ChungChiLok

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 14:18, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:ChungChiLok


text:
Python Programming/Errors

In python there are three types of errors; syntax errors, logic errors and exceptions.

Syntax errors
Syntax errors are the most basic type of error. They arise when the Python parser is unable to understand a line of code. Syntax errors are almost always fatal, i.e. there is almost never a way to successfully execute a piece of code containing syntax errors. Some syntax errors can be caught and handled, like eval(""), but these are rare.

In IDLE, it will highlight where the syntax error is. Most syntax errors are typos, incorrect indentation, or incorrect arguments. If you get this error, try looking at your code for any of these.

Logic errors
These are the most difficult type of error to find, because they will give unpredictable results and may crash your program. A lot of different things can happen if you have a logic error. However these are very easy to fix as you can use a debugger, which will run through the program and fix any problems.

A simple example of a logic error can be showcased below, the while loop will compile and run however, the loop will never finish and may crash Python:

Logic errors are only erroneous in the perspective of the programming goal one might have; in many cases Python is working as it was intended, just not as the user intended. The above while loop is functioning correctly as Python is intended to, but the exit condition the user needs is missing.

Exceptions
Exceptions arise when the python parser knows what to do with a piece of code but is unable to perform the action. An example would be trying to access the internet with python without an internet connection; the python interpreter knows what to do with that command but is unable to perform it.

Dealing with exceptions
Unlike syntax errors, exceptions are not always fatal. Exceptions can be handled with the use of a try statement.

Consider the following code to display the HTML of the website 'example.com'. When the execution of the program reaches the try statement it will attempt to perform the indented code following, if for some reason there is an error (the computer is not connected to the internet or something) the python interpreter will jump to the indented code below the 'except:' command.

Another way to handle an error is to except a specific error.

If the user enters a numeric value as his/her age, the output should look like this:

Enter your age: 5 Your age must be 5 years old.

However, if the user enters a non-numeric value as his/her age, a ValueError is thrown when trying to execute the int method on a non-numeric string, and the code under the except clause is executed:

Enter your age: five Your age must be numeric.

You can also use a try block with a while loop to validate input:

The program will prompt you for your age until you enter a valid age:

Enter your age: five Your age must be numeric. Enter your age: abc10 Your age must be numeric. Enter your age: 15 You must be 15 years old.

In certain other cases, it might be necessary to get more information about the exception and deal with it appropriately. In such situations the except as construct can be used.

enter the name of the file:file1.txt enter the name of the link:AlreadyExists.txt an error occurred linking file1.txt to AlreadyExists.txt: File exists error no 17

enter the name of the file:file1.txt enter the name of the link:/Cant/Write/Here/file1.txt an error occurred linking file1.txt to /Cant/Write/Here/file1.txt: Permission denied error no 13

Python/Conceitos básicos/Erros e exceções

title: Python Programming/Errors


text:
Python Programming/Databases

Python has support for working with databases via a simple API. Modules included with Python include modules for SQLite and Berkeley DB. Modules for MySQL, PostgreSQL , FirebirdSQL and others are available as third-party modules. The latter have to be downloaded and installed before use. The package MySQLdb can be installed, for example, using the debian package "python-mysqldb".

MySQL
An Example with MySQL would look like this:

On the first line, the Module MySQLdb is imported. Then a connection to the database is set up and on line 4, we save the actual SQL statement to be executed in the variable query. On line 5 we execute the query and on line 6 we fetch all the data. After the execution of this piece of code, lines contains the number of lines fetched (e.g. the number of rows in the table sampletable). The variable data contains all the actual data, e.g. the content of sampletable. In the end, the connection to the database would be closed again. If the number of lines are large, it is better to use row = cursor.fetchone and process the rows individually:

Obviously, some kind of data processing has to be used on row, otherwise the data will not be stored. The result of the fetchone command is a Tuple.

In order to make the initialization of the connection easier, a configuration file can be used:

Here, the file .my.cnf in the home directory contains the necessary configuration information for MySQL.

Sqlite
An example with sqlite is very similar to the one above and the cursor provides many of the same functionalities.

When writing to the db, one has to remember to call db.commit, otherwise the changes are not saved:

Parameter Quoting
You will frequently need to substitute dynamic data into a query string. It is important to ensure this is done correctly.

This example is wrong, because it doesn’t correctly deal with special characters, like apostrophes, in the string being substituted. If your code has to deal with potentially hostile users (like on a public-facing Web server), this could leave you open to an SQL injection attack.

For simple cases, use the automatic parameter substitution provided by the  method, e.g.

The DBMS interface itself will automatically convert the values you pass into the correct SQL syntax.

For more complex cases, the DBMS module should provide a quoting function that you can explicitly call. For example, MySQLdb provides the  method, while APSW (for SQLite3) provides. This is necessary where the query structure takes a more dynamic form:

This will dynamically construct queries like “select name from employees where company = 'some company'” or “select name from employees where company = 'some company' and department = 'some department'”, depending on which fields have been filled in by the user.

Use Iterators
Python iterators are a natural fit for the problem of iterating over lots of database records. Here is an example of a function that performs a database query and returns an iterator for the results, instead of returning them all at once. It relies on the fact that, in APSW (the Python 3 interface library for SQLite), the  method itself returns an iterator for the result records. The result is that you can write very concise code for doing complex database queries in Python.

Example uses of this function:

and

In the first example, since  returns a tuple for each record, this can be directly assigned to individual variables for the record fields. In the second example, the tuple has only one element, so a custom  is used to extract this element and return it instead of the tuple.

Never Use “SELECT *” in a Script
Database table definitions are frequently subject to change. As application requirements evolve, fields and even entire tables are often added, or sometimes removed. Consider a statement like

You may happen to know that the <TT>employees</TT> table currently contains, say, 4 fields. But tomorrow someone may add a fifth field. Did you remember to update your code to deal with this? If not, it’s liable to crash. Or even worse, produce an incorrect result!

Better to always list the specific fields you’re interested in, no matter how many there are:

That way, any extra fields added will simply be ignored. And if any of the named fields are removed, the code will at least fail with a runtime error, which is a good reminder that you forgot to update it!

Looping on Field Breaks
Consider the following scenario: your sales company database has a table of employees, and also a table of sales made by each employee. You want to loop over these sale entries, and produce some per-employee statistics. A naïve approach might be:

 * Query the database to get a list of employees
 * For each employee, do a database query to get the list of sales for each employee.

If you have a lot of employees, then the first query may produce a large list, and the second step will involve a correspondingly large number of database queries.

In fact, the entire processing loop can run off a single database query, using the standard SQL construct called a.

Here is what an example of such a loop could look like:

Here the statistics are quite simple: earliest and latest sale, and number and total amount of sales, and could be computed directly within the SQL query. But the same loop could compute more complex statistics (like standard deviation) that cannot be represented directly within a simple SQL query.

Note how the statistics for each employee are written out under either of two conditions:
 * The employee name of the next record is different from the previous one
 * The end of the query results has been reached.

Both conditions are tested with ; after writing out the employee statistics, a separate check for the second condition   is used to terminate the loop. If the loop doesn’t terminate, then processing is initialized for the new employee.

Note also the use of a  in this case: if an employee has had no sales, then the join will return a single row for that employee, with SQL   values (represented by   in Python) for the fields from the <TT>sales</TT> table. This is why we need checks for such  values before processing those fields.

Alternatively, we could have used an, which would have returned no results for an employee with no sales. Whether you want to omit such an employee from your report, or include them with totals of zero, is really up to your application.

title: Python Programming/Databases


text:
Python Programming/Internet

The urllib module which is bundled with python can be used for web interaction. This module provides a file-like interface for web urls.

Getting page text as a string
An example of reading the contents of a webpage

Processing page text line by line:

Get and post methods can be used, too.

Downloading files
To save the content of a page on the internet directly to a file, you can read it and save it as a string to a file object This will download the file from here and save it to a file "pythonbook.pdf" on your hard drive.

Other functions
The urllib module includes other functions that may be helpful when writing programs that use the internet: The urlencode function, described above converts a dictionary of key-value pairs into a query string to pass to a URL, the quote and quote_plus functions encode normal strings. The quote_plus function uses plus signs for spaces, for use in submitting data for form fields. The unquote and unquote_plus functions do the reverse, converting urlencoded text to plain text.

Email
With Python, MIME compatible emails can be sent. This requires an installed SMTP server.

This sends the sample message from 'sender@example.com' to 'receiver@example.com'.

title: Python Programming/Internet


text:
Python Programming/Networks

Sockets
Python can also communicate via sockets.

Connecting to a server
This simple Python program will fetch a 4096 byte HTTP response from Google:

High-level interfaces
Most Python developers will prefer to use a high-level interface over using sockets, such as Twisted and urllib2.

title: Python Programming/Networks


text:
Dutch/Vocabulary/Survival kit

According to some psycholinguists these are the 56 most basic words to learn. (Actually the author added two to the set -man,woman- to arrive at a nice table)

Study them well! They are worth the effort.

Click on the arrow to hear the pronunciation. The words themselves are linked to the Dutch wiktionary. Use the links for more information.

Once you think you know all the words, go to the self test pages to test your new vocabulary.

You can also review with Quizlet.

 * Dutch/Vocabulary/Survival kit/zelftest nld-eng
 * Dutch/Vocabulary/Survival kit/zelftest eng-nld

title: Dutch/Vocabulary/Survival kit