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Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/Unit Operation Reference

What is a "Unit Operation"?
A unit operation is any part of potentially multiple-step process which can be considered to have a single function. Examples of unit operations include:

 * Separation Processes
 * Purification Processes
 * Mixing Processes
 * Reaction Processes
 * Power Generation Processes
 * Heat Exchangers

In general the ductwork between the processes is not explicitly included, though a single pipe can be analyzed for purposes of determining friction loss, heat losses, pressure drop, and so on.

Large processes are broken into unit operations in order to make them easier to analyze. The key thing to remember about them is that the conservation laws apply not only to the process as a whole but also to each individual unit operation.

The purpose of this section is not to show how to design these operations (that's a whole other course) but to give a general idea of how they work.

Separation Processes
There are a large number of types of separation processes, including distillation, extraction, absorption, membrane filtration, and so on. Each of these can also be used for purification, to varying degrees.

Separation by Flashing
A mixture of two liquids or a liquid and vapor can be separated by passing it to a flash drum at a fixed temperature and pressure. The mixture is allowed to reach equilibrium (or near it), and then the vapor exits the top and the liquid exits the bottom of the drum. This separates the components somewhat, provided that the temperature is chosen between the boiling temperatures of the components of the mixture at the pressure of the drum. The degree of separation depends on the composition of the mixture, the concentrations of the species in the mixture, and the temperature and pressure. Having data such as fugacity data or even vapor pressures for simple modelling like Raoult's Law is invaluable when choosing the operating conditions.

When a solution boils, the resulting gas is still a mixture, but the gaseous mixture will in general have more of the lower-boiling compound than the higher-boiling compound. Therefore, a higher-boiling compound can be separated from the lower-boiling compound by simply allowing part of the solution to boil and part to remain as liquid.

Distillation
Distillation, like flashing, is a process which is generally used to separate a mixture of two or more liquids based on their boiling points. However, what happens in a distillation column is essentially a series of flashes, which are connected with recycle loops. The liquid from each tray comes to equilibrium (ideally) with the vapor, and the vapor rises up to the next tray and the liquid falls to the tray beneath it. Each tray has a different temperature because a reboiler on the bottom and a condenser at the top maintain a temperature gradient across the column (in certain separation setups one of these components is omitted).

Distillation is an unit operation, in which two constituent is separated by different boiling point.

The net result is, like flashing, more of the lower-boiling compound(s) will exit at the top of the column, and more of the higher-boiling compound(s) will fall to the bottoms. Since distillation is multiple flashes in a row, it is typically more effective than a single flash, although the latter may be sufficient depending on the purpose. Distillation columns are standard for many types of separations because it is relatively inexpensive for its efficacy. Distillation has a limit, however: non-ideal mixtures can form azeotropes. An azeotrope is a point at which when the solution boils, the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Therefore no further separation can be done without another method or without using some special tricks.

Two examples of distillation processes are petroleum distillation and the production of alcoholic beverages. In the first case, oil is separated into its many components, with the lightest at the top and the heaviest on the bottom. In the latter, the gas is enriched in ethanol, which is later recondensed.

Gravitational Separation
Gravitational separation takes advantage of the well-known effect of density differences: something that is less dense will float on something that is more dense. Therefore, if two immiscible liquids have significantly different densities, they can be separated by simply letting them settle, then draining the denser liquid out the bottom. Note that the key word here is immiscible; if the liquids are soluble in each other, then it is impossible to separate them by this method.

This method can also be used to separate out solids from a liquid mixture, but again the solids must not be soluble in the liquid (or must be less soluble than they are as present in the solution).

Extraction
Extraction is the general practice of taking something dissolved in one liquid and forcing it to become dissolved in another liquid. This is done by taking advantage of the relative solubility of a compound between two liquids. For example, caffeine must be extracted from coffee beans or tea leaves in order to be used in beverages such as coffee or soda. The common method for doing this is to use supercritical carbon dioxide, which is able to dissolve caffeine as if it were a liquid. Then, in order to take the caffeine out, the temperature is lowered (lowering the "solubility" in carbon dioxide) and water is injected. The system is then allowed to reach equilibrium. Since caffeine is more soluble in water than it is in carbon dioxide, the majority of it goes into the water.

Extraction is also used for purification, if some solution is contaminated with a pollutant, the pollutant can be extracted with another, clean stream. Even if it is not very soluble, it will still extract some of the pollutant.

Another type of extraction is acid-base extraction, which is useful for moving a basic or acidic compound from a polar solvent (such as water) to a non-polar one. Often, the ionized form of the acid or base is soluble in a polar solvent, but the non-ionized form is not as soluble. The reverse is true for the non-ionized form. Therefore, in order to manipulate where the majority of the compound will end up, we alter the pH of the solution by adding acid or base.

For example, suppose you wanted to extract Fluoride (F-) from water into benzene. First, you would add acid, because when a strong acid is added to the solution it undergoes the following reaction with fluoride, which is practically irreversible:

$$ F^- + H_3O^+ \rightarrow HF + H_2O $$

The hydrogen fluoride is more soluble in benzene than fluoride itself, so it would move into the benzene. The benzene and water fluoride solutions could then be separated by density since they're immiscible.

The term absorption is a generalization of extraction that can involve different phases (gas-liquid instead of liquid-liquid). However, the ideas are still the same.

Membrane Filtration
A membrane is any barrier which allows one substance to pass through it more than another. There are two general types of membrane separators: those which separate based on the size of the molecules and those which separate based on diffusivity.

An example of the first type of membrane separator is your everyday vacuum cleaner. Vacuum cleaners work by taking in air laden with dust from your carpet. A filter inside the vacuum then traps the dust particles (which are relatively large) and allows the air to pass through it (since air particles are relatively small). A larger-scale operation that works on the same principle is called a fabric filter or "Baghouse", which is used in air pollution control or other applications where a solid must be removed from a gas.

Some fancy membranes exist which are able to separate hydrogen from a gaseous mixture by size. These membranes have very small pores which allow hydrogen (the smallest possible molecule, by molecular weight) to pass through by convection, but other molecules cannot pass through the pores and must resort to diffusion (which is comparatively slow). Hence a purified hydrogen mixture results on the other side.

Membranes can separate substances by their diffusivity as well, for example water may diffuse through a certain type of filter faster than ethanol, so if such a filter existed it could be used to enrich the original solution with ethanol.

Purification Methods
In order to bring any product to market, it is necessary to purify it adequately. Without purification, people could get sick from eating foods, side-reactions could occur in industry which would cause safety concerns, or a scientist's research could be invalidated. Fortunately there are several methods used to purify things. The separation processes mentioned above are often used for this purpose, as are the following two processes:

Adsorption
Not to be confused with absorption, but adsorption is a process which separates components by their relative adhesiveness to a surface. An adsorption column is essentially a pipe filled with a certain material. When the contaminant flows by, it will bind to the material, and in this way the fluid flowing by is cleaned.

A major disadvantage to this method is that the material will always have a saturation point after which no more contaminant can latch on to it. At this point cleaning stops and therefore the spent material must be replaced by new material.

Recrystallization
Recrystallization is the purification of substances by taking advantage of changes in solubility with respect to temperature.We take advantage of this by dissolving an impure compound and then lowering the temperature slowly. The solubility of most solid substances increases with temperature, so decreasing the temperature will cause the solubility of both the impurities and the substance to be purified to decrease. However, since there is likely much more of the impure substance present than impurities, the impure substance will crystallize out long before the impurities will. Therefore, as long as the temperature is not lowered too quickly, the impure substance will crystallize out in a purer form, while most impurities will remain in solution.

A disadvantage to this method is that it takes a long time to perform, but it is often the most effective method for obtaining a pure sample of a product.

Plug flow reactors (PFRs) and Packed Bed Reactors (PBRs)
A plug flow reactor is a (idealized) reactor in which the reacting fluid flows through a tube at a rapid pace, but without the formation of eddies characteristic of rapid flow. Plug flow reactors tend to be relatively easy to construct (they're essentially pipes) but are problematic in reactions which work better when reactants (or products!) are dilute.

Plug flow reactors can be combined with membrane separators in order to increase the yield of a reactor. The products are selectively pulled out of the reactor as they are made so that the equilibrium in the reactor itself continues to shift towards making more product.

A packed bed reactor is essentially a plug flow reactor packed with catalyst beads. They are used if, like the majority of reactions in industry, the reaction requires a catalyst to significantly progress at a reasonable temperature.

Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs) and Fluidized Bed Reactors (FBs)
A continuous stirred-tank reactor is an idealized reactor in which the reactants are dumped in one large tank, allowed to react, and then the products (and unused reactants) are released out of the bottom. In this way the reactants are kept relatively dilute, so the temperatures in the reactor are generally lower. This also can have advantages or disadvantages for the selectivity of the reaction, depending on whether the desired reaction is faster or slower than the undesired one.

CSTRs are generally more useful for liquid-phase reactions than PFRs since less transport power is required. However, gas-phase reactions are harder to control in a CSTR.

A fluidized bed reactor is, in essence, a CSTR which has been filled with catalyst. The same analogy holds between an FB and CSTR as does between a PFR and a PBR. Unlike CSTRs though, Fluidized beds are commonly used with gases; the gas is pumped in the bottom and bubbles through the catalyst on the way to the top outlet.

Bioreactors
A bioreactor is a reactor that utilizes either a living organism or one or more enzymes from a living organism to accomplish a certain chemical transformation. Bioreactors can be either CSTRs (in which case they are known as chemostats) or PFRs.

Certain characteristics of a bioreactor must be more tightly controlled than they must be in a normal CSTR or PFR because cellular enzymes are very complex and have relatively narrow ranges of optimum activity. These include, but are not limited to:

 * 1) Choice of organism. This is similar to the choice of catalyst for an inorganic reaction.
 * 2) Strain of the organism. Unlike normal catalysts, organisms are very highly manipulable to produce more of what you're after and less of other products. However, also unlike normal catalysts, they generally require a lot of work to get any significant production at all.
 * 3) Choice of substrate. Many organisms can utilize many different carbon sources, for example, but may only produce what you want from one of them.
 * 4) Concentration of substrate and aeration. Two inhibitory effects exist which could prevent you from getting the product you're after. Too much substrate leads to the glucose effect in which an organism will ferment regardless of the air supply, while too much air will lead to the pasteur effect and a lack of fermentation.
 * 5) pH and temperature: Bacterial enzymes tend to have a narrow range of optimal pH and temperatures, so these must be carefully controlled.

However, bioreactors have several distinct advantages. One of them is that enzymes tend to be stereospecific, so for example you don't get useless D-sorbose in the production of vitamin C, but you get L-sorbose, which is the active form. In addition, very high production capacities are possible after enough mutations have been induced. Finally, substances which have not been made artificially or which would be very difficult to make artificially (like most antibiotics) can be made relatively easily by a living organism.

Heat Exchangers
In general, a heat exchanger is a device which is used to facilitate the exchange of heat between two mixtures, from the hotter one to the cooler one. Heat exchangers very often involve steam because steam is very good at carrying heat by convection, and it also has a high heat capacity so it won't change temperature as much as another working fluid would. In addition, though steam can be expensive to produce, it is likely to be less expensive than other working fluids since it comes from water.

Tubular Heat Exchangers
A tubular heat exchanger is essentially a jacket around a pipe. The working fluid (often steam) enters the jacket on one side of the heat exchanger and leaves on the other side. Inside the pipe is the mixture which you want to heat or cool. Heat is exchanged through the walls of the device in accordance to the second law of thermodynamics, which requires that heat flow from higher to lower temperatures. Therefore, if it is desired to cool off the fluid in the pipe, the working fluid must be cooler than the fluid in the pipe.

Heat exchangers work because heat naturally flows from higher temperature to lower temperatures. Therefore if a hot fluid and a cold fluid are separated by a heat conducting surface heat can be transferred from the hot fluid to the cold fluid.

Tubular heat exchangers can be set up in two ways: co-current or counter-current. In a co-current setup, the working fluid and the fluid in the pipe enter on the same side of the heat exchanger. This setup is somewhat inefficient because as heat is exchanged, the temperature of the working fluid will approach that of the fluid in the pipe. The closer the two temperatures become, the less heat can be exchanged. Worse, if the temperatures become equal somewhere in the middle of the heat exchanger, the remaining length is wasted because the two fluids are at thermal equilibrium (no heat is released).

To help counteract these effects, one can use a counter-current setup, in which the working fluid enters the heat exchanger on one end and the fluid in the pipe enters at the other end. As an explanation for why this is more efficient, suppose that the working fluid is hotter than the fluid in the pipe, so that the fluid in the pipe is heated up. The fluid in the pipe will be at its highest temperature when it exits the heat exchanger, and at its coolest when it enters. The working fluid will follow the same trend because it cools off as it travels the length of the exchanger. Because it's counter-current, though, the fact that the working fluid cools off has less of an effect because it's exchanging heat with cooler, rather than warmer, fluids in the pipe.


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User talk:Maximumca

Hello Maximumca, welcome to wikibooks! I saw your message on the staff lounge, and I have already replied to you there. Are you planning to use a wikibook for a course? We have had several class projects write new books here, but to my knowledge there has never been a class to use one of our books as the primary text for that class. If this is what you want to do, it would be very exciting news for us, and we would love to help. If you have questions or comments, you can send me a message on my user talk page, and i will respond to you as quickly as possible. --Whiteknight (talk) 17:02, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Maximumca


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User talk:168.212.127.58

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 17:28, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:168.212.127.58


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User talk:140.209.122.250

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Herby talk thyme 17:32, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:140.209.122.250


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Digital Circuits/AND gate

AND gates is one of the basic gates used to implement logical conjunction. It is basically a multiple input gate with a single output.

Electrical Analogy
It is analogous to a pair of switches in series which operates a bulb which is again in series with these switches. Thus, the bulb will be ON only when both the switches are closed. As seen from the truth table of an AND gate, the output will be HIGH only when all of its inputs are in logical 1 state.

Design using MOSFETs
The adjoining logic diagram shows the construction of an AND gate using N-Channel MOSFET. Alternatively, an AND gate can also be constructed using P-Channel MOSFET.

title: Digital Circuits/AND gate


text: Digital Circuits/NAND gate

title: Digital Circuits/NAND gate


text: Digital Circuits/OR gate

title: Digital Circuits/OR gate


text: Digital Circuits/NOR gate

title: Digital Circuits/NOR gate


text: Digital Circuits/NOT gate

title: Digital Circuits/NOT gate


text: Digital Circuits/XOR gate

title: Digital Circuits/XOR gate


text: Digital Circuits/XNOR gate

title: Digital Circuits/XNOR gate


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The Scientific Method/Criticisms

The scientific method is not without its criticisms. Science has limitations but most if not all are human in nature and not a fault in the process itself, if that was the case the methodology would simply be improved. The biggest fragility of the scientific process is its reliance in consensual acceptance of results, this in itself does not invalidate the process but can delay or hinder scientific advance, especially on areas that require complex, costly or a high degree of verification of data, making replication difficult. Other issues to consider is in regards to how scientific knowledge is prone to be adulterated, even subverted by the way it is disseminated, validated and funded.

Science Delusion
The concept of the scientific delusion is often proposed as a fault of science. The premise is that science includes a belief that it has a grasp (and the only possible grasp) over reality. While science can validate itself and so only consider the validity of its own conclusions the idea that science is the end all in regards to finding universal answers comes not from science itself (since if it had the ultimate word and a conclusive stage the continuation of the process would be broken), but from those that impart on science some of the characteristics of faith (belief without verifiability).

Since science is done by humans (and humans are intrinsically fallible), it, like in any other process will incur in error of judgment. This is not a fault of the scientific process (science) but of those that misapply it or impart on it characteristics that do not apply. Science is not a belief system, not even a perfect system, it is nevertheless the best process we have constructed to explore "reality".

Scientific Taboos
This proposal addresses the notion that science has partitioned areas where it does not function or is not applied. Since science is a process there may be areas that scientific tests are harder to perform, especially in fields on the border of the human knowledge but its failing is a human limitation an not of the process itself. Society also has an influence in determining (and even dictating) what areas get to be scientifically investigated and those that should be avoided, in this science itself has no blame it is humans that bring into it artificial limitations or simply are unable to properly devise or accept scientific experiences as to validate observations.

title: The Scientific Method/Criticisms


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The Scientific Method/Timeline

This Timeline of the history of scientific method shows an overview of the cultural inventions that have contributed to the development of the scientific method. For a more detailed account see History of Scientific Thought.

 * 2000 AC — First text indexes (various cultures).
 * 320 BC — Aristotle, comprehensive documents categorising and subdividing knowledge, dividing knowledge into different areas (physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, politics, and biology).
 * 200 BC — First cataloged library (at Alexandria).
 * 800 AD — Arguably the scientific method in many of its modern forms is developed in some aspects of early Islamic philosophy, theology and law. In particular the methods of citation, peer review and open inquiry leading to development of consensus.
 * 1015 - Alhazen used experimental methods to obtain the results in his book Optics In particular, he combined observations and rational arguments to show that his intromission theory of vision was scientifically correct, and that the emission theory of vision supported by Ptolemy and Euclid was wrong.
 * 1327 — Ockham's razor clearly formulated (by William of Ockham)
 * 1403 — Yongle Encyclopedia, the first collaborative encyclopedia.
 * 1590 — First controlled experiment, (Francis Bacon).
 * 1600 — First dedicated laboratory.
 * 1620 — Novum Organum published (Francis Bacon).
 * 1637 — First Scientific method (René Descartes).
 * 1650 — Society of experts (the Royal Society).
 * 1650 — Experimental evidence established as the arbiter of truth (the Royal Society).
 * 1665 — Repeatability established (Robert Boyle).
 * 1665 — Scholarly journals established.
 * 1675 — Peer review begun.
 * 1687 — Hypothesis/prediction (Isaac Newton).
 * 1710 — The problem of induction identified by David Hume.
 * 1753 — Description of a controlled experiment using two identical populations with only one variable. (James Lind's A Treatise of the Scurvy).
 * 1926 — Randomized design (Ronald Fisher).
 * 1934 — Falsifiability as a criterion for evaluating new hypotheses (Karl Popper's The Logic of Scientific Discovery).
 * 1937 — Controlled placebo trial.
 * 1946 — First computer simulation.
 * 1950 — Double blind experiment.
 * 1962 — Meta study of scientific method (Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions).

title: The Scientific Method/Timeline


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User talk:86.136.200.32

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. Mattb112885 (talk) 18:28, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:86.136.200.32


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Metal Gear Series/Otacon

Otacon
Dr. Hal Emmerich, nicknamed Otacon, is an American weapons designer and computer hacker who functions as a Q-like sidekick to Solid Snake, usually giving him support via codec.

Otacon is first introduced in Metal Gear Solid as the designer of Metal Gear REX, and is being held captive at the outset on Shadow Moses Island. After Snake rescues him, he joins the FOXHOUND team and guides Snake through the process of disarming and destroying Metal Gear. He also becomes infatuated with FOXHOUND member Sniper Wolf while in captivity and is crushed when she is later killed in battle by Solid Snake. During the cutscene where Snake reveals Metal Gear's true purpose, Otacon says nuclear weapons must be written into his genes. Genetics being a major theme of Metal Gear solid. He then reveals that his grandfather worked on the Manhattan Project and his father was born on August 6, 1945, the day Hiroshima was bombed.

In Metal Gear Solid 2, Otacon and Solid Snake form Philanthropy, an anti-proliferation organization. Otacon supports Snake via the radio as he infiltrates a converted tanker to photograph Metal Gear RAY, and later, supports Snake and Raiden as they infiltrate the Big Shell in a bid to rescue his foster sister, Emma, while attempting to destroy Arsenal Gear. Later on in the game, Emma is killed by Vamp. Lead character designer Yoji Shinkawa stated in an interview that Otacon is designed to look somewhat "tougher" than he did in Metal Gear Solid.

Though Otacon himself does not appear in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (the game being set in the 1960s), his grandfather (also a scientist) is mentioned in conversation between Naked Snake and Sigint and also appears in a photograph alongside Russian weapons designer Aleksandr Leonovitch Granin.

Otacon also appears in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots trailers, still supporting Solid Snake as a member of Philanthropy. In early trailers, he's remote controlling a robot reminiscent of the Metal Gear Mk. II from an earlier Hideo Kojima directed game, Snatcher.

title: Metal Gear Series/Otacon


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A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Medicines by Design

Medicines by Design is the thirteenth unit in the Salters Advanced Chemistry course.

Chemical Storylines sections

 * MD1 Alcohol in the body
 * MD2 The drug action of ethanol
 * MD3 Medicines that send messages to nerves
 * MD4 Enzyme inhibitors as medicines
 * MD5 Targeting bacteria
 * MD6 Summary

Chemical Ideas sections

 * 1.1 Amount of substance
 * 13.7 Aldehydes and ketones
 * 7.6 Chromatography (revision)
 * 14.1 Planning a synthesis
 * 14.2 Summary of organic reactions
 * 6.4 Infrared spectroscopy (revision)
 * 13.9 Amino acids (revision)
 * 6.5 Mass spectrometry (revision)
 * 6.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (revision)
 * 6.8 Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (revision)

Activities

 * MD1.1 Aldehydes and ketones
 * MD1.2 BAC determination using gas-liquid chromatography
 * MD3.1 Making a toolkit of organic reactions
 * MD3.2 Classifying reactions
 * MD3.3 Using the toolkit to synthesise medicines
 * MD3.4 Manufacturing salbutamol (Optional extension)
 * MD5.1 Making and testing a penicillin
 * MD5.2 A closer look at the structure of penicillins (Optional extension)
 * MD6 Check your notes on Medicines by Design'''


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Metal Gear Series/Ocelot

Revolver Ocelot Janne is an antagonist in the Metal Gear Ocelot videos games series created by game designer Hideo Kojima and Ryo Kojima. Introduced in the 1998 videos games Metal Gear Ocelot Revolver Ocelot Jemme began as a member of the rebellious FOXHOUNDHUNTER unite, an ex-KissSoviet agent with an ironic American gunslinger-theme, while in each subsequent installment his true elegances and motives remain uncertain, making him emblematic of Metal Gear's Janne and Jemme labyrinthine narrative. Voiced by: Patric Zimmerman (Old Adamska "Revolver Ocelot Janne and Jemme" / "Liquid and Solid" Ocelot Khennor and Ocelot Hechter), and Joshua Keaton Ocelot and (Young Adamska Ocelot).

As Revolver Ocelot
Revolver Ocelot (Solid Snake's antagonistic arch nemesis) is introduced in Metal Gear Liquid Forces Marines JPS, JPC, JPX, JGP , where he is clothed in a duster, spurs and gunbelts, the traditional garb of gunslingers in Spaghetti westerns and wields a Colt Single Action Army pistol in battle. His appearance is based on that of veteran Western film actor Lee Van Cleef. In the game, he serves as Liquid Snake's right hand man. He is also a sadistic capturer and takes pleasure interrogating and torturing hostages.

Ocelot is the first member of FOXHOUND Solid Snake confronts in the game. Ocelot survives the battle, but loses his right hand to the Cyborg Ninja and flees the scene. Ocelot later appears as an interrogator in the game once Solid Snake has been captured. He then spends most of the remainder of the game with Liquid, assisting him in his plot.

Ocelot and Naomi Hunter are the only members of FOXHOUND who are still alive by the end of the story. It is revealed that Ocelot provoked Liquid into initiating the takeover and is actually under the orders of Solidus Snake, the third Snake brother and by then President of the United States. Ocelot manages to sell the MO Disk with the Metal Gear REX data (which he stole from Solid Snake) on the Black Market, leading to the proliferation of Metal Gear-like weapons.

Ocelot returns in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty with a new arm surgically attached which originally belonged to his former boss, Liquid. During the initial Tanker chapter, he betrays Col. Gurlukovich, a former CO from his GRU days, during the hijacking of a Marine vessel containing the Metal Gear RAY prototype, murdering both him and U.S. Commandant Scott Dolph. But before he gets the chance to enter RAY, his new arm reacts to Solid Snake's presence, causing Liquid Snake's personality to take over Ocelot for a brief period. Ocelot regains control of his mind and then steals RAY and sinks the tanker before reporting back to Solidus Snake, Ocelot's new boss.

In the Plant chapter, he assists Solidus Snake in his takeover of the Big Shell cleanup facility. He spends most of the Plant chapter surveying Raiden's actions without directly confronting him, save for one scene in which he personally assassinates the President of the United States. His motives are made clear near the end of the game, when it is revealed that Ocelot is a spy for an Illuminati-like group known as The Patriots. He betrays Solidus and kills Fortune, the daughter of Scott Dolph, but before he gets the chance to kill Snake, Liquid's personality again takes over Ocelot's body. Liquid reveals that he intentionally chose Ocelot to bear his arm and escapes with Metal Gear RAY once again. It is unknown if Ocelot regained his personality after this point.

Ocelot’s relationship with Solidus Snake was intentionally designed by Kojima to resemble that of Ocelot and Liquid in Metal Gear Solid. According to an interview with character designer, Yoji Shinkawa, Ocelot was originally meant to have a mechanical arm, however Shinkawa thought the idea of him having Liquid's was a good concept to use. Then when it was decided to use Liquid's instead of the mechanical one, Ocelot was initially not going to be able to move the fingers on that arm.

As young Ocelot
Set in 1964, Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater features a young Revolver Ocelot (back then known simply as Ocelot) as one of Naked Snake's (the future Big Boss) adversaries in the game. He is a young member of the GRU with the rank of Major and leads his own elite Ocelot unit. During the end of the Virtuous Mission, Ocelot confronts Snake in which he wields a Makarov PM, but is quickly subdued and humiliated. Taking Snake's advice into consideration he quickly acquires his known preference for revolvers, choosing a pair (and sometimes three) Single Action Army revolvers. As the first boss in the game, the battle between Ocelot and Naked Snake is interrupted by a swarm of hornets controlled by The Pain.

For the rest of the game, Ocelot tries to catch up with Snake in an attempt to have a rematch with him. While Snake is captured and interrogated Ocelot is responsible for the loss of his eye, accidentally wounding him with a misfired bullet while threatening EVA by juggling his revolvers. The final battle between Snake and Ocelot occurs inside the WIG prior to the game’s ending sequence with four possible outcomes, all of them ending virtually amicably, renewed respect shared between both. After the ending credits, it is revealed that Ocelot is a triple agent; not only is he the KGB mole ADAM (aka Adamska), he is also working under the orders of the Director of Central Intelligence in an attempt to recover the Philosopher’s Legacy for the American Government.

It is heavily implied in a hidden radio-conversation with EVA in the Chyornaya Peschera cave branch that Ocelot is the biological son of The Boss and The Sorrow when it is combined with The Boss' speech in Rokovoj Bereg. Indeed, Hideo Kojima confirmed in the Extreme Box DVD commentary that Ocelot is the son of The Boss and The Sorrow. Based upon The Boss's story of giving birth in 1944, this would make Ocelot 20 years old at the time of Operation Snake Eater.

The younger Ocelot appears again in Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops, albeit his role is mostly offscreen. He is first mentioned when Gene contacts him via telephone, implying, at the time, he and Gene are in league. Gene does question the nature of Ocelot's activities, however, pointing out he is "betraying his employers" and realizing it would be impossible for Ocelot to do everything he is doing without someone higher up backing him. As Gene ponders over who Ocelot's mysterious backer could be, Gene confesses he already believes it to be "the man with the same codename as Null". Later, Gene mentions Ocelot in front of Naked Snake.

Ocelot is not mentioned again until the game's ending, the point at which he finally appears in person. Ocelot intercepts the DCI while he is on his way to a nuclear shelter in a top-secret facility underneath the CIA's headquarters. After the DCI shows him documents he has gathered which contain all important data on the Philosophers, including their identities and the location of the Philosophers' Legacy, Ocelot suddenly draws his revolver, shoots the DCI's bodyguards, then holds the gun on the DCI himself. After alluding to his larger motives and intentions, he confesses he came for the remaining half of the Philosophers' Legacy, then murders the DCI.

After the credits there is a phone conversation between Ocelot and an unknown man that alludes gene therapy. To end the conversation with the man whose name never becomes known, Ocelot tells him he will work with him as long as they get Big Boss to join them, to become the Patriots.

As Liquid Ocelot
Revolver Ocelot is set to return in the upcoming Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, which continues where Sons of Liberty left off. He is still possessed by Liquid Snake's mind and now goes by the name of Liquid Ocelot. He no longer wears his full cowboy attire, but sports eyeglasses similar to those worn by his father, The Sorrow. Also, Ocelot preferred to tie his long hair back, but now wears it freely, in much the same fashion as Liquid had. In the trailer, he possesses Liquid's voice and personality (hence his new moniker), with no sign of his original self. It should be noted that Koji Totani, the original Japanese voice of Revolver Ocelot, died a few months before the production of the E3 Trailer.

Other appearances
Ocelot also appears as a boss in the Arena Mode in Metal Gear Acid 2 along with Liquid. His polygonal model is extracted directly from the original Metal Gear Solid.

In the Metal Gear Solid Drama CD series, a character with connections to Revolver Ocelot named Sergei Gurlukovich plays a prominent role in the second story arc. He is introduced as a war buddy of Ocelot during his service with the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service. Like Ocelot, Gurlukovich is a sadist and spends most of the time torturing Campbell during his captivity. Due to his connections with Ocelot, he is aware of the FOXDIE virus and wishes to produce similar biological weapons.

This young incarnation of Revolver Ocelot also appears as a playable character in Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence ' s (Snake Eater ' s expansion) online mode where he is played by the top scoring player in the Ocelot Unit while in a game including "Special Characters".

title: Metal Gear Series/Ocelot


text:
Wikibooks:Wikimedia

All major projects of the Wikimedia Foundation are collaboratively developed by its users using the MediaWiki software. All contributions are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License (except Wikinews, which is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5), meaning that their content may be freely used, freely edited, freely copied and freely redistributed subject to the restrictions of that license. See also our link to all projects.

Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a project to build free encyclopedias in all languages of the world. Virtually anyone with Internet access is free to contribute, by contributing neutral, cited information.

Wikipedia started in January 2001, and currently offers more than ten million articles in 250 languages. The largest Wikipedia is in English, with more than two million articles; it's followed by the German and French editions, each of which contain more than half a million articles. Nine other language editions contain 100,000+ articles, and more than 100 other languages contain 1,000+ articles.

Wikipedia is also known for its community. In 2004 Wikipedia won the Webby Award for "Community" and the Prix Ars Electronica's Golden Nica for "Digital Communities". Since the start of the project, over 100,000 registered users have made at least ten edits. The total number of accounts created on the English Wikipedia alone exceeds 3.4 million. However, most edits on that language edition come from around one thousand of the most dedicated users.

Some Wikipedias release or plan to release regular snapshots. The German Wikipedia is released twice a year as a DVD, in collaboration with Directmedia Publishing, and the Polish Wikipedia has released one DVD of content.

 * Multilingual portal
 * English Wikipedia
 * German Wikipedia
 * French Wikipedia
 * Full list of languages

Wiktionary

Wiktionary is a project to create a multilingual free content dictionary in every language. This means each project seeks to use a particular language to define all words in all languages. It actually aims to be much more extensive than a typical dictionary, including thesauri, rhymes, translations, audio pronunciations, etymologies, and quotations. The project started in December 2002, and as of January 2008 is available in over 100 languages with over 3,000,000 entries in all. The largest language edition is French, followed by English, Vietnamese and Turkish. All four of them have more than 150,000 entries each, while 8 languages in total have more than 100,000 entries each. 61 other languages have at least 1,000 entries.

Wiktionary has been collaborating with the Wikimedia Commons. Many sound files have been uploaded to Commons, to provide Wiktionary and other projects with examples of pronunciation.

 * Multilingual portal
 * French Wiktionary
 * English Wiktionary
 * Vietnamese Wiktionary
 * Turkish Wiktionary
 * Full list of languages

Wikiquote
Wikiquote is a repository of quotations taken from famous people, books, speeches, films or any intellectually interesting materials. Proverbs, mnemonics or slogans are also included in Wikiquote.

The project started in July 2003; As of January 2008, it includes over 75,903 pages in almost 50 languages. The largest Wikiquote is in English with over 15,000 pages. The German, Italian, and Polish, each over 5,000 articles.

 * Multilingual portal
 * English Wikiquote
 * German Wikiquote
 * Italian Wikiquote
 * Polish Wikiquote
 * Full list of languages

Wikibooks
Wikibooks aims to build a collection of free e-book resources, including textbooks, language courses, manuals, and annotated public domain books. It aims to help both (self-)instruction of students, and teachers in high-schools and universities.

As of January 2008, the largest Wikibooks is in the English language, with over 28,000 modules from over 3,000 developing books. The German and Portuguese follow, each has over 5,000 modules. The project started in July 2003 and now has over 84,000 modules from over 5,000 developing books, across over 50 languages.

 * Multilingual portal
 * English Wikibooks
 * German Wikibooks
 * Portuguese Wikibooks
 * Full list of languages

Wikisource
Wikisource is a multilingual project, started in November 2003, to archive a collection of texts that could be distributed as free and open content. It is not only a superior format for storing classics, laws, and other free works as hypertext, but it also serves as base for translating these texts. At the beginning, source texts in all languages (except Hebrew) were all on one wiki. However, Wikisource now has several editions in many individual languages.

As of January 2008, Wikisource offers 315,000 source texts in total. The largest is the English Wikisource, with over 104,000 works.

 * Wikisource (multilingual)
 * English Wikisource
 * French Wikisource
 * Spanish Wikisource
 * Full list of languages

Wikispecies
Wikispecies is an open, wiki-based project to provide a central, more extensive species database for taxonomy. Launched 14 September 2004, Wikispecies is aimed specifically at the needs of scientific users, and as of January 2008, has over 125,000 entries. There are plans to help Wikispecies collaborate with the Encyclopedia of Life project when the latter is more fully underway.

 * Wikispecies

Wikinews

The Wikinews project was launched in December 2004 with the mission to report the news on a wide variety of subjects. As of January 2008, 23 language versions of Wikinews have been launched, producing more than 48,000 news articles in total. (Some Wikinews, including the English one, can be subscribed to through RSS feeds.) Contributors from around the world write news articles collaboratively. Reports range from original reporting and interviews to summaries of news from external sources. All of them are required to be written from a neutral point of view.

Currently Wikinews has two aims: providing a free content alternative to commercial news sites and making sure that articles are fact-checked and reviewed thoroughly.

 * Multilingual portal
 * English Wikinews
 * German Wikinews
 * Polish Wikinews
 * Italian Wikinews
 * Full list of languages

Wikiversity

Wikiversity is a project dedicated to learning materials and learning communities, as well as research. It was set up as a Wikimedia project (in "beta" phase), on 15th August, 2006, with the English and German Wikiversities, as well as the multilingual co-ordination hub. Since then, these have been joined by the French, Greek, Italian and Spanish Wikiversities. Despite what its name may suggest, Wikiversity is not limited to university (or tertiary) level materials, but is open to materials and communities of all learner levels. The way it can facilitate learning activities and communities is still being explored, but is centered around the model of 'learning by doing', or 'experiential learning'.

 * Multilingual portal
 * English Wikiversity
 * French Wikiversity
 * German Wikiversity
 * Greek Wikiversity
 * Italian Wikiversity
 * Spanish Wikiversity
 * Multilingual co-ordination Wikiversity

Wikimedia Commons
Wikimedia Commons was launched in September 2004 to provide a central repository for free photographs, diagrams, maps, videos, animations, music, sounds, spoken texts, and other free media. It is a multilingual project with contributors speaking dozens of languages, that serves as a central repository for all Wikimedia projects.

The project is growing rapidly. In October 2007, it reached two million multimedia files, less than a year after reaching one million. Wikimedia Commons received an honorary mention for Digital Community at the 2005 Prix Ars Electronica awards in May 2005.

The project has two community-driven mechanisms for highlighting quality contributions: Featured pictures which acknowledge the cream of the crop, and Quality images, which recognise well-composed creations by Wikimedia editors. Since 2006 it has run a Picture of the Year competition, which invites the wider Wikimedia community to share in the celebration of the inspiring free content imagery. Two pages, Meet our photographers and Meet our illustrators, showcase a selection of the highly skilled contributors who choose to use free content licenses and donate their work to the Wikimedia Commons.

For more information on Commons, please see Spotlight on Wikimedia Commons.

MediaWiki
MediaWiki is a wiki engine released under the GPL. The MediaWiki software is used by all Wikimedia projects and many other sites.

In 2005 MediaWiki won the prize at les Trophées du Libre in the category special php prize. As of 2007, MediaWiki is in use by many, many websites and projects around the world, and has been downloaded over 1 million times from the SourceForge software archive.

See MediaWiki, its Wikipedia article, or its website for more information.

Wikimedia Meta-wiki
Wikimedia Meta wiki (often shortened to simply Meta), a wiki for coordination of Wikimedia projects.

It currently serves several distinct roles:

 * 1) Discussion and formulation of the Wikimedia projects, and in particular policy discussion relevant to all projects, such as open content licensing.
 * 2) A place to deal with cross-wiki vandalism and spam.
 * 3) A place to get comments from members of many wiki communities.
 * 4) A place to coordinate requests for permissions on small wikis.

title: Wikibooks:Wikimedia


text:
A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Amino acids

Reactions of amino acids
Amino acids can undergo condensation reactions, forming polypeptides.


text:
A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Penicillins

The penicillin nucleus
The pharmacophore (part of a molecule that confers pharmacological activity) of penicillins is called the penicillin nucleus. It contains a β-lactam ring.

The β-lactam ring
The penicillin nucleus found in all penicillins contains a so-called β-lactam ring. This is a four-membered cyclic amide that is unstable in acidic or alkaline conditions. The small ring is under a great deal of strain, making the normally unreactive amide group more susceptible to hydrolysis, resulting in ring-opening to form open-chain compounds.

β-lactamase inhibitors
β-Lactamase is an enzyme produced by certain penicillin-resistant bacteria. It inactivates penicillin antibiotics by disrupting their β-lactam ring. Once way to protect penicillins against β-lactamase is to modify their side chains − methicillin and flucloxacillin are examples of penicillins whose side chains make them β-lactamase resistant. Another tactic is to protect vulnerable penicillins with a β-lactamase inhibitor. These compounds, such as clavulanic acid, are not antibiotics, but they allow penicillin antibiotics to do their job by inhibiting β-lactamase.


text:
Template:Piano/Playing by ear

 This book is part of a series on playing by ear: Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3

title: Template:Piano/Playing by ear


text:
User:FWHS

Meine Benutzerseiten von Wikimedia-Projekten:

My user pages of wikimedia projects: I understand these if written slowly ;-), but I'm bad in speaking and writing: nds nl da sv no li lb als
 * de.wikipedia (mit den meisten Informationen, aber auf Deutsch; with the most information, but in German)
 * en.wikipedia (vielleicht mit englischen Informationen über mich; maybe with english information about me)
 * meta commons, bugzilla (keine Benutzerseite; no user page)
 * de.wiktionary de.wikibooks de.wikinews de.wikiquote de.wikisource
 * en.wiktionary en.wikibooks en.wikinews en.wikiquote en.wikisource
 * species
 * früher gelernt, aber aus der Übung: (learned in former times, but out of practise:) la es
 * Verstehe ich, wenn langsam geschrieben wird ;-), bin aber schlecht im Sprechen und Schreiben:
 * möchte ich lernen (want to learn) eo el ru fi

title: User:FWHS


text:
User talk:70.187.226.71

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Jomegat 22:19, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.187.226.71


text:
User talk:74.106.148.44

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Jomegat 22:20, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:74.106.148.44


text:
SuperCard Programming/Basics/Fields

Fields
Fields in SuperCard are used to store text.

Field Properties
Fields have Style properties.

Text is an intrinsic property of a field. In fact, the text property of a field doesn't need to be named when getting or setting it. In fact, this can seem counter intuitive when compared to other languages and programming environments. To get or set the text of a field, you simply get or put a literal string or a variable into or out of the field. See the examples below under Field Syntax.

Getting the contents of a field
It might seem like you should be able to simply do the following: -- WARNING!! Incorrect Code! get field [name of field] put it into [variable name]

However, fields either belong to cards or backgrounds, so you must specify this when getting or setting the text in a field:

get [cd/card/bg/background] field [name of field] put it into [variable name]

put [cd/card/bg/background] field [name of field] into [variable name]

Putting (i.e. setting) the contents of a field
Just as when getting the contents of a field, you must specify card or background when putting data in:

put [literal string/variable name] into [cd/card/bg/background] field [name of field]

Looping through the fields of a card or background
repeat with x = 1 to the number of [cd/card/bg/background] fields [code to work with fields] -- example [cd/card/bg/background] field x end repeat

title: SuperCard Programming/Basics/Fields


text:
Talk:Latin/Lesson 6-Irregular Verbs

Devide
Wouldn't it be smart to devide all these irregular verb into parts- it's a bit overwhelming. --BiT 22:49, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Latin/Lesson 6-Irregular Verbs


text:
Wooden Boats: Building and Repair/Overview/What is a wooden boat

A wooden boat is a vessel constructed of wood generally intended to transport one or more persons (and their corresponding cargo) across a body of water. While not always a requirement, most wooden boats are first constructed by assembling a frame, then adding strips or sheets of wood to the frame.


text:
User:Abuxton

First post

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology

title: User:Abuxton


text:
User:Cookie246

History of Psychology Class - Wendy Lee

title: User:Cookie246


text:
User:Lpbatho

Lauren's Page
My name is Lauren Batho and I'm just finishing the first year of my Master's in School and Clinical Child Psychology at OISE. I'm interested in attention, particularly how working memory abilities are related to attention, ADHD, and interference on children's performance. My thesis will examine the irrelevant speech effect (ISE) for inattentive and attentive children, and how it is related to their working memory capacity.

Peace out.

--Lpbatho 00:01, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Applied History of Psychology

title: User:Lpbatho


text:
User:Jhieminga

testing wiki

title: User:Jhieminga


text:
User:Dgarfinkel

Hello, My name is Daniel. I'm getting my Wiki on. More to come.

I'm down with Wiki!

title: User:Dgarfinkel


text:
User:Mattinaj

Logging on to Wiki today, to learn about how to do our project for the History of Psychology Course.

I am now checking how to "show preview" before saving.

It might be working, but I'm still confused--JaneM 00:01, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Mattinaj


text:
User:JaneM

The history of psychology course lasts six weeks
 * Good luck

title: User:JaneM


text:
User:Aregina

Hello. My name is Andrea Regina. This is my first introduction to Wikibooks.

Hey Andrea!! Can't wait for your wedding! --Leef 23:52, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Me too!
 * --Krisgass 23:56, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Hi again....
 * --Leef 00:02, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Aregina


text:
User:Krisgass

Hi there, my name is Krista and I'm new here. Hopefully more information to come!

title: User:Krisgass


text:
User:Leef~enwikibooks

History of Psychology: Wiki Project

Hi Jon!
 * --Aregina 23:51, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Jon Jon. What's up?
 * --Pigondan 23:59, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Leef~enwikibooks


text:
User:Ppoulin

Hi Everyone!

I'm Patricia Poulin, a 3rd year Ph.D. student in the Counselling Psychology for Psychology Specialist program in the Adult Education and Counselling Psychology department.

Mindfulness-based clinical care really interests me, including research (quantitative and phenomenological), clinical applications, and personal experiences. I'm also doing work in the area of the integration of traditional healing with psychotherapy.

Some of my hobbies: taking care of alley cats, gardening, martial arts...

Link to wikibook for History and Systems of Psychology: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology

Link to wikibook for Trauma: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Perspectives_on_Psychological_Trauma

Our team (Amberly, Lisa and I) will focus on trauma.

Nice Intro Patricia! --Abuxton 23:52, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Some stuff for our project:

The Trauma Centre: http://www.traumacenter.org/

Sensorimotor Psychotherapy Institute: http://www.sensorimotorpsychotherapy.org/faculty.html

---

In the last thirty years, mindfulness-based interventions have gained tremendous popularity in the fields of behavioral medicine and clinical psychology (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). The impressive body of research literature examining the efficacy of interventions focusing specifically on the development of mindfulness practices and skills continues to grow (Baer, 2003; Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt, & Walach, 2004). In addition, mindfulness practices are now being integrated within conventional clinical approaches such as process-experiential (Dalziel, 2007) and cognitive behavioral therapies (Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002). This paper discuses the roots of this practice and the history of its integration within clinical practice. The first section acknowledge the place of mindfulness within Buddhism and indigenous knowledges. The second section focuses on the history of the development and empirical validation of the first structured mindfulness-based intervention to be scientifically appraised. The third section focuses on recent advances in the field. Acknowledging the multiple roots of mindfulness Mindfulness is presented within psychology and behavioral medicine as a secular practice with Buddhist roots (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). What are thought to be the earliest surviving records of the teachings of the Buddha are contained in the Pali Cannon (Tipitaka). These were first passed down orally until around 100BCE, when they were committed to text (Robinson, Johnson, & Bhikkhu, 2005). By 250 BCE, the text was organised in three sets of teachings: The Vinyana consists of the precepts and directions for living for the monks and nuns; the Suttas consists of the discourses given by the Buddha; and the Abhidhamma consists of seven volumes about the working of the mind and consciousness. Many traditions of Buddhism emerged as a result of differing interpretations of the Buddha’s teachings. The two most commonly known schools are the Theravada or The Way of the Elders and Mahayana or The Greater Vehicle. The first teaching of the Buddha consists in the Four Noble Truths, which focus on human experience and the liberation from suffering through awakening. 1) There is dukkha (suffering), 2) The cause of dukkha is craving, 3) To cease suffering, one relinquishes that craving, 4) The path towards cessation of suffering is the Noble Eighfold path of right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration. It is said that the Buddha based the following 45 years of teaching upon this foundation. There are many forms of meditation practices in Buddhism. Mindfulness meditation refers to the cultivation of moment-to-moment awareness. Cultivating mindfulness allows for a recognition of the transitory nature of all experience (e.g., thoughts, emotions, sensations) and for the development of a different relationship to these experiences (e.g., instead of tensing up in response to painful sensations leading to exacerbation of pain, allowing oneself to explore these sensations). The roots of mindfulness practice are not limited to Buddhism. It is interesting to note that there are descriptions of spiritual practices that seem very similar to mindfulness practice throughout other cultures and religions. For instance, Maori Elder Miriam-Rose Ungunmerr-Baumann (2002) speaks of Dadirri in the following ways: What I want to talk about is a special quality of my people. I believe it is the most important. It is our most unique gift. It is perhaps the greatest gift we can give to our fellow Australians. In our language this quality is called Dadirri. Dadirri is an inner, deep listening and quiet, still awareness. Dadirri recognises the deep spring that is inside us. We call on it and it calls to us. This is the gift that Australia is thirsting for. It is something like what you call ‘contemplation’. A big part of Dadirri is listening (cited in Atkinson, 2002).

Practices similar to mindfulness are also part of the many ceremonies of indigenous people on the North American continent (Carbone, 2000, personal communication). Integration of mindfulness within clinical practice Theoretical discussions of the integration of mindfulness into psychotherapy can be found as early as the 1960s, with the well-known works Psychotherapy East and West (Watts, 1960) and Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism (Suzuki, Fromm & DeMarino, 1960). The earliest clinical application discussed in the research literature is found in an article by Gary Deatherage (1975) who described five cases in which mindfulness meditation as an adjunct to psychotherapy had been beneficial. In is only in the late 1970s however, that a structured mindfulness-based intervention appeared thanks to the work of Jon Kabat-Zinn (1982; 1990). Don Ferren reported a personal communication with F. Urbanowski regarding the ground-breaking work of Jon Kabat-Zinn (Ferren, 2003) Urbanowski stated that in the late 1970s, Kabat-Zinn used to practice meditation and yoga in the faculty conference room of the University of Massachusetts Medical Centre, where he worked. After a while, a number of doctors asked Kabat-Zinn to teach them. Their personal experience led them to believe that a number of their patients might benefit from these practices. In response, Kabat-Zinn developed a structured ten week mindfulness based stress reduction program (MBSR now refined to an 8-week program) and started evaluating its effectiveness. His first published study focused primarily with groups of patients with intractable chronic pain (1982). The traditional MBSR program involves 8 weekly 2-hour group sessions as well as a full day silent retreat. During the training, participants learn formal mindfulness exercises and are expected to set aside time for practice, 45 minutes a day, 6 days a week. The exercises are designed to help participants augment their awareness of moment-to-moment experience, including sensations, feelings, thoughts, while cultivating compassion and love. In addition to the mindfulness exercises, participants are invited by the group leader to reflect on deepening and integrating one’s mindfulness practice in daily life, so it transforms one’s way of life, can support choices that are healthier and life-enhancing. According to the Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care and Society, founded in 1995 at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center to organize the growth of MBSR program around the world, over 17000 individuals have already taken part in this intervention (CFM, 2007). MBSR continued to be the most well-researched mindfulness-based intervention. A meta-analytic review of the MBSR research literature found a moderate effect size of training for studies using pre-post single group or between group designs (Baer, 2003). Individuals diagnosed with cancer who participate in MBSR experience a decrease in their level of mood disturbances and stress-related symptoms (Speka, Carlson, Goodey, & Angen, 2000), an improvement in the quality of their sleep (Shapiro, S.L., Bootzin, R.R., Figueredo, A.J., Lopez, A.M., & Schwartz, G.E., 2003) as well as an increase in their quality of life (Carlson, Speca, Patel, & Goddey, 2003). Individuals experiencing chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn, 1982) and fibromyalgia (Kaplan, Goldenberg, & Gavlin-Nadeau, 1993) also experience significant long-lasting physical and mental health benefits (Kabat-Zinn, Lipworth, Burney, & Sellers, 1987). With regard to specific mental health issues, individuals with anxiety disorders (e.g., panic disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder without agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder) find considerable relief from anxiety and depressive symptoms from participating in the program (Kabat-Zinn, Massion, Kristeller, Peterson, Fletcher, Pbert, 1992). They also report that the improvement in their condition is maintained at three-year follow-up (Miller, Fletcher, & Kabat-Zinn, 1995). The MBSR program has also been offered to individuals with binge eating disorder resulting in decreased binges frequency as well as improvements in depressive and anxious symptomatology (Kabat-Zinn, Massion, Kristeller, Peterson, Fletcher, Pbert, L., et al., 1992; Kristeller, & Hallet, 1999) Recent development in mindfulness-based interventions Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. Segal, Williams, and Teasdale (2000) adapted the traditional MBSR training to group cognitive therapy to reduce relapse risk of individuals diagnosed with major depression. Their program, MBCT, is structured in much the same way as MBSR. However, while both MBSR and MBCT involve didactic components focusing on the nature and impact of stress and various aspects of mindfulness practice, the MBCT program goes further and includes discussions of themes that have direct relevance to cognitive therapy (e.g., tendency towards judgment and consequences of judgment; emotions are the consequences of the pairing of situation and interpretation). MBCT has been shown to be an effective way to prevent depressive relapse in individuals who have had multiple major depressive episodes (Ma, & Teasdale, 2004; Teasdale, Moore, Hayhurst, Pope, Williams, & Segal, 2002; Teasdale, Segal,  Williams, Ridgeway, Soulsby, & Lau, 2000). Mindfulness-based wellness education. The MBSR and MBCT programs were designed for clinical populations. The latest structured mindfulness-based intervention, Mindfulness-Based Wellness Education was designed by  Mackenzie, Soloway and Poulin (2006) for non-clinical populations, in particular, individuals working in human services professions. These professions are known for their high rates of burnout and staff turnover. Its short-term effectiveness has been demonstrated with a group of teachers in training and its longer term benefits are currently being examined (Poulin, in progress).

References Atkinson, J. (2002). Trauma trails : Recreating song lines. The effects of transgenerational trauma in indigenous Australia. Melbourne: Spinifex Press. Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 125-143. Carlson. L. E., Speca, M., Kamala, D., & Goodey, E. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 571-581. Centre for mindfulness in medicine, health care and society (2007). Retrieved May 24, 2007 from http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/index.aspx. Ferren, D. (2003). The clinical use of mindfulness meditation within an intensive psychotherapy program for clients diagnosed with a personality disorder. University of Toronto). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64 (5214) Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of psychosomatic research, 57(1), 35-43. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medecine for chronic pain patients based in the practice of mindfulness meditation. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33-47. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156. Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L., Burney, R., & Sellers, W. (1987). A four-year follow-up of a meditation-based program for the self-regulation of chronic pain: Treatment outcomes and compliance. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 8(2), 162-190. Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A.O., Kristeller, J. L., Peterson, L. G., Fletcher, K. E., Pbert, L., et al. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reductoin program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(7), 936-943. Kaplan, K.H., Goldenberg, D.L., & Gavlin-Nadeau, M. (1993). The impact of a meditation-based stress reduction program on fibromialgia. General Hospital Psychiatry, 15(5), 284-289. Kristeller, J.L., & Hallet, C.B. (1999). An exploratory journey of meditation-based intervention for binge eatine disorder. Journal of Health Psychology, 4(3), 357-363. Ma, H., & Teasdale, J.D. (2004). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression: Replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 31-40. Mackenzie, C.S., Soloway, G., & Poulin, P. A. (May, 2006). Evaluation of mindfulness-based wellness education: Reducing stress and fostering resilience and well-being among beginning teachers. Paper presented at the Ministry of Education/Faculties of Education Forum, Toronto, ON, Canada. Miller, J.J., Fletcher, K., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (1995). Three-year follow up and clinical inplications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. General Hospital Psychiatry, 17, 192-200. Robinson, R. H., & Johnson, W. L., and Thanissaro Bhikkhu. (2005). Buddhist religions: A historical introduction (fifth edition). Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 2005. Segal, Z.V., Williams, J.M.G., & Teasdale, J.D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guillford Press. Shapiro, S.L., Bootzin, R.R., Figueredo, A.J., Lopez, A.M., & Schwartz, G.E. (2003). The efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction in the treatment of sleep distrubance in women with breast cancer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54, 85-91. Speka, M., Carlson, L., Goodey, E., & Angen, M. (2000). A randomized wait-list controlled trial: The effects of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on mood and symptoms of stress in cancer outpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 613-622. Suzuki, D. R., Fromm, E., DeMarino, R. (1960). Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism. New York: Basic Books. Teasdale, J.D., Moore, R.G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z.V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 275-287. Teasdale, J.D., Segal, Z.V., Williams, J.M., Ridgeway, V.A., Soulsby, J.M., & Lau, M.A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.68(4), 615-623. Ungunmerr-Baumann, M. R. (2002). Inner deep listening and quiet awareness. Retrieved from http://liturgyplanningcom.ozhosting.com/liturgies/50.pdf, May 24, 2007. Watts, A. (1961). Psychotherapy East and West. New York: Bantam Books.

title: User:Ppoulin


text:
User:Nylanm

My name is Nyla! :)

title: User:Nylanm


text:
User talk:Abuxton

Hello Abuxton, Welcome to wikibooks! You appear to be a member of a classroom project. If you wouldn't mind, could you please tell me who is the professor, or the leader of your project? The staff at wikibooks would like to help your project as much as possible. Thank you! --Whiteknight (talk) 23:44, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know if you'll get this (I'm not so sure how to use this yet). Yes, this is a class project.
 * Yes, I got the message, thank you for the reply! Does your professor have a username here that I can use for contact, or does the professor have an email address I can use? I would really like to get in touch, to make sure your project gets off to a good start. Oh, and if you need to get in touch with me (i'm a very helpful person), you can leave me a message on my user talk page. --Whiteknight (talk) 00:11, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Hi Amberly! I'm really happy to be working with you and Lisa!--Ppoulin 23:57, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm happy to be working with you too! It's nice to have a class together again --Abuxton 00:04, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abuxton


text:
User talk:Tariba

Welcome message
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Good luck!

You might also be interested to read our Cookbook policy page, and talk with other Cookbook editors. Webaware talk 23:48, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tariba


text:
User talk:Renita5

Hi Renita! --Yasya 23:51, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:55, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Good luck, too! --Yasya 00:04, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Renita5


text:
User:LisaCouper

Hi everyone!

I'm Lisa C., and I'm going into my second year of the PhD program in Counselling Psychology (Registration Stream) this coming September. My research interests are in the area of intimate relationships and couples counselling. Currently, I am editing a version of my masters thesis on the relationship between experiences of romantic love, gender (including trans) and sexual orientation. I am also working on a research study on the history of LGBT research, specifically how language in reference to those in the LGBT community has changed in the literature from the early 1980's to the current day.

As for hobbies, I enjoy traveling, gardening, painting, decorating, surfing the web and engaging in social networking on facebook... although, between school and caring for my 14 month old son, I don't have much time for such ventures! Therefore, I would have to include going for long walks with the stroller, playing peek-a-boo, playing with megablocks, tickle fights, going to the kiddie park, watching sesame street etc, etc, as part of my interests outside the world of academia!

Good luck to you all in this course!

title: User:LisaCouper


text:
User talk:Mattinaj

I don't get it. Shoot me.--JaneM 23:51, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Welcome!
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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 00:00, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mattinaj


text:
User talk:Aregina

Hi! How are you?
 * --Krisgass 23:53, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Welcome!
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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:59, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aregina


text:
User:Jpereira~enwikibooks

Jessica, I'm watching you.

title: User:Jpereira~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:JaneM

Hi Jane! Lisa

Hi i think it is working now--Mattinaj 23:53, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Welcome!
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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:59, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:JaneM


text:
User:Pigondan

--Leef 23:55, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Danielle! It's Jon

 * Applied History of Psychology

title: User:Pigondan


text:
User talk:BFletcher

You're on facebook right now, aren't you?--Dgarfinkel 23:53, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:57, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:BFletcher


text:
User talk:Pigondan

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:54, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pigondan


text:
User talk:Leef~enwikibooks

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:54, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Leef. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Leef~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:24, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leef~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jhieminga

yo hieminger --Renita5 23:54, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Welcome!
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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:58, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jhieminga


text:
User talk:LisaCouper

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:55, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Discussions from the userpage
Hi Lisa --Abuxton 23:51, 8 May 2007 (UTC) Hi Lisa--JaneM 23:57, 8 May 2007 (UTC) Don't forget to get the professor to sign your add/drop form--JaneM 00:27, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:LisaCouper


text:
User talk:Dgarfinkel

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:55, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dgarfinkel


text:
User talk:Lpbatho

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:56, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lpbatho


text:
User:LHobbes

Hi Not quite the course I was expecting but nevermind!

title: User:LHobbes


text:
User talk:Jpereira~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jpereira. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jpereira~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:18, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:06, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jpereira~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Ppoulin

Hello... you can leave message here!--Ppoulin 00:01, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Professor
Hi Ppoulin, you appear to be a member of a classroom project. If you wouldn't mind, could you please tell me who is the professor, or the leader of your project? The staff at wikibooks would like to help your project as much as possible. Thank you! Mattb112885 (talk) 00:05, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ppoulin