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Russian/Grammar/Articles

Articles are small grammatical words that convey the definiteness of a noun.

Omission of articles
In English, the two articles are 'the' and 'a/an'. English uses the definite article "the" to indicate a specific place, thing, etc: 'I ate the orange' suggests there was only one orange, or it was in some way special. English uses the indefinite articles "a" and "an" to indicate that the following noun is not specific, e.g., "I ate an orange" suggests there were several oranges. Note that English only uses indefinite articles for singular nouns: 'I ate oranges' (plural) lacks an article. The word 'some' is sometimes used as a sort of faux indefinite plural article: 'I ate some oranges' conveys the same indefiniteness as 'an'.

The details and nuances of articles can fortunately be glossed over, as Russians simply omit articles altogether. For example, while we say 'I want an apple', using the article 'an', in Russian this is simply 'I want apple', or Я хочу яблоко (ya kha- CHOO YA -bla-ka). This can make the language seem quite blunt, though this is due to Russian's deliberate efficiency in grammar.

To be
To compound this efficiency, the most common verb in English, 'to be', is also omitted in Russian, at least in the present tense - that is, the words 'is', 'am', 'are', etc, don't have Russian counterparts. The infinitive быть 'to be' exists with past- and future-tense conjugations, but its present-tense conjugation is not used transitively in contemporary Russian. For example, 'She is nice' becomes 'She nice', or Она симпатичная (a- NA seem-pa- TEECH -na-ya).

Thus, the English four-word sentence 'I am a student' is just two words in Russian: Я студент (ya stoo- DYENT ). In written Russian, when a sentence equates two nouns in a row, a long dash, or —, is written between the nouns to indicate the verb 'to be'. For example, 'Tanya is a student' translates to Таня — студент ( TAN -ya — stoo- DYENT ).

Quiz
{Она актриса + She is an actress. - She needs an aspirin. - She is Alicia.
 * type=""}

title: Russian/Grammar/Articles


text:
User talk:130.179.29.153

Kindly stop blanking pages. --Aleksev 21:38, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

You have been blocked from editing Wikibooks for blanking pages. After the block expires, feel free to come back, but please make useful contributions instead.

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title: User talk:130.179.29.153


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Cookbook:Court-bouillon

A court-bouillon is an aromatic liquid in which eggs, fish, or vegetables may be cooked.

Characteristics
The typical components of a court-bouillon include water, acidified with citrus, wine, or vinegar, and flavored with spices and aromatic vegetables. Celery, onion, carrots, and a bouquet garni are common; leeks, garlic, chiles, pepper, and scallions are also options. The mixture is simmered for no more than a half hour, which makes it more delicate and mild than something like a stock.

Selection and storage
Tailor the specific components of your court-bouillon to the flavor profile of your recipe. The court-bouillon can be made in advance and refrigerated, but it shouldn't be reused too many times.

Use
A court-bouillon, with its delicate flavor, is primarily used to gently cook (i.e. poach) mild-tasting foods like fish.

title: Cookbook:Court-bouillon


text:
User talk:JeffreyAllen1975~enwikibooks

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User talk:Masahiko~enwikibooks

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User talk:Rculatta

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User talk:Bobhurt~enwikibooks

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Russian/Grammar/What and Which

Что (pronounced "shto", not "chto") and какой (pronounced "kakoy") both mean "what". As a loose rule, какой means "which". The correct rule is that if a noun follows "what", use какой. If no noun follows "what", use что.

As a memory aid, the following noun's gender and number change какой. Какой precedes masculine nouns, какая precedes feminine nouns, какое precedes neuter nouns, and какие precedes plural nouns. Because что is never followed by a noun, it only changes form in different cases.

If you just want to "get by," always use что for "what."

title: Russian/Grammar/What and Which


text:
Russian/Vocabulary/Confused Words

есть, это, здесь
есть expresses ownership. "I have a car" is У меня есть машина.

есть also is a verb meaning "eat."

это means "this."

здесь means "here."

деревня, дерево, древний
деревня: village, countryside
 * Мы давно в деревне жил. — "We lived a long time in the country."

дерево: tree, wood
 * Она стояла под деревом. — "She stood under the tree."

древний: ancient
 * Он рассказал нам одну древнюю петербургскую историю. — "He told us an old story about Saint Petersburg."

title: Russian/Vocabulary/Confused Words


text:
Russian/Grammar/Verbs

This page discusses the nature of verbs in Russian, as well as the basics of how to use them in the present tense. For more advanced concepts, see the pages on verbal aspect, the past tense, the future tense, and verbal participles.

The Nature of Verbs
In English, there are several ways to say that different people are doing some action, such as studying: "I study", "we study", "you study", "he/she/it studies", and "they study". However, notice that third-person singular pronouns (he, she, and it) change 'study' into 'studies'. When verbs change, this is called 'conjugation'. English has a simple verb conjugation system, whereas other languages have much more elaborate systems of conjugation, even resulting in dozens of forms of a single verb. The word conjugate comes from the Latin conjungare, meaning 'to conjoin (side by side)' and refers to the process of placing the verb stem next to its various possible endings. For example: conjungo, conjungas, conjungat, conjungamus, conjungatis, conjungant. (The verb stem, 'conjung', stays the same, but it is 'yoked together' with different endings to express different persons, numbers, tenses, etc.)

Like English verbs, Russian verbs also conjugate according to who is doing the verb: when on its own the default infinitive form corresponds to the English 'to' ('to see', 'to walk', etc), and this infinitive can conjugate for each of the six personal pronouns - я ('I'), мы ('we'), ты ('you', informal), вы ('you', plural/polite), он/она/оно ('he/she/it'), and они ('they'). Notice that although the third-person singular pronoun has three forms for each gender, there is still only one third-person singular form of a verb, just as in English. The other thing to note is that Russian has two words for 'you' like French and German, but unlike modern English. Briefly, ты is used informally for a single person who you know well, while вы is used for groups of people, or for an individual person to whom you want to show respect.
 * You (informal) are speaking - Ты говоришь - ti ga-vuh-REESH
 * You (formal/plural) are speaking - Вы говорите - vi ga-vuh-REET-ye

The rules for conjugating Russian verbs come in two main patterns: the 'first' or 'type 1' conjugation, and the 'second' or 'type 2' conjugation. All verbs have an infinitive form, which is listed in dictionaries, and this virtually always ends in -ть (e.g., говорить, 'to speak', работать, 'to work').

How to place emphasis
In Russian, basic sentences with verbs are constructed with the verb's subject (the thing doing the verbing), the verb's object (the thing being verbed), and the verb itself. English uses a specific word order to denote the subject and object of a verb: 'cats like dogs' and 'dogs like cats' are the same words but reordered to change who's doing what. Russian, however, uses a case system to denote what's the object and what's the subject - that is, the words change their endings depending on what they're doing in a sentence. This means that word order can instead be used to emphasise parts of a sentence; specifically, the word placed at the end of a sentence is the one emphasised. In practice, Russians usually say "Subject object verb", such as "I her like". Other word orders place emphasis on other words: "I like her" emphasises that it is her I like, while "Her like I" emphasises that it is me who likes her.

Because verbs take on different forms for different pronouns, Russians often omit the noun or pronoun altogether if it's obvious who the speaker is:
 * Are you speaking? - Вы говори́те? - vi ga-vuh- REE -tye?
 * Yes, I'm speaking - Да, говорю́. - da, ga-vuh- RYOO

This can also be done for the future tense, but not the past tense, for reasons that will be obvious once you learn those tenses. Finally, note that objects like 'plane' or 'boat' call for the third-person form of a verb: 'He is flying' and 'The plane is flying' both use the third-person singular form лета́ет.

Questions and negation
To form a question in Russian, simply place an higher intonation on stress of the verb. This is different to English, which often reorders sentences ('You are riding.' - 'Are you riding?') or adds auxiliary words ('You ride' - 'Do you ride?'), with a higher intonation on the end of the sentence. The use of pronouns in asking questions ('He is riding' - 'Who is riding?'; 'You are going here' - 'You are going where?') is detailed more thoroughly on the page on interrogative pronouns.

To negate a verb, simply add не (nye) before the verb:
 * Are you speaking? - Вы говори́те? - vi ga-vuh- REE -tye?
 * Yes, I'm speaking - Да, говорю́ - da, ga-vuh- RYOO
 * No, I'm not speaking - Нет, не говорю́ - nyet, nye ga-vuh- RYOO
 * He's not a student - Он не студент - on nye stoo- DYENT  - as быть is omitted in the present tense, that не is used on its own
 * Boris isn't coming - Борис не приходит - borees nye pree-KHO- deet

The phrase У меня есть + nom means 'I have...' (literally, 'by me exists...'), using the infinitive of the verb есть to mean 'exists'. To negate this and say 'I don't have...', we replace есть with нет, and place the following object in the genitive case. Нет is a contraction of не есть, and has a different meaning from the нет that means 'no'. The use of this phrase, its negation, and forming the genitive case in general are discussed further on the genitive page.

The Infinitive
As discussed above, verbs by default are in their infinitive form, meaning they haven't been conjugated yet. In English, this corresponds to the 'to...' form of a verb; in the sentence, "I want to live in Moscow", 'to live' is the infinitive of that verb. Just like in English, dictionaries give verbs in their infinitive, unconjugated form. The infinitive almost always ends in -ть, and conjugating a verb is as simple as removing this -ть and adding the appropriate ending.
 * What do you want to do? - Что вы хотите делать? - shto vi kho- TEE -tye - делать is the infinitive of the verb 'to do'

The Present tense
The present tense is used much like in English, with a few important exceptions. First, Russians omit the verb 'to be' in the present tense: "She is nice" in Russian is Она симпатичная, with no word for 'is'. A long hyphen or dash is used to equate two nouns together, where the word 'is' or 'are' is used in English: "They are students" is Они – студенты. Second, as discussed more in the page on the future tense, there are times when Russians use the present tense when English wouldn't, such as reporting a story.

Second, there is the concept of verbal aspect: simply put, all verbs in Russian have two words, the imperfective and the perfective. For instance, 'to speak' is говорить and сказать. Which you use is discussed more thoroughly on the specific page, but for our purposed we just need to know that the present tense can only be formed using the imperfective word. So to say "I am speaking", you use the imperfective говорить, not the perfective сказать. So, unless otherwise stated, the rest of this page will use imperfective verbs.

So, to form the present tense, you simply take the imperfective aspect of the verb and add the appropriate endings. Verbs in Russian conjugate in one of two ways.

First conjugation
These verbs usually end in -ать, though there are enough exceptions that it's probably best to simply learn the conjugation of a new verb. Eventually, you will be able to 'predict' how verbs conjugate. To conjugate these verbs, remove the -ть, and add the appropriate ending:

Remember, these six forms are for each personal pronoun ('I', 'we', etc). If you want to refer to something else, such as "The plane flies" or "The boat sails", remember that 'plane' and 'boat' are in the third-person, so would take the он ending of -ет.

Let's look at how you conjugate читать, 'to read':

Notice that conjugating verbs forms the present tense, and a Russian present tense verb can be translated as either the simple present tense ('I read') or the continuous present tense ('I am reading') in English.

Second conjugation
Second conjugation verbs usually end in -ить. Like other verbs, to conjugate them, simply remove the -ть and add the appropriate ending. These endings are similar to first-conjugation verbs, though with a change in vowel:

Let's look at how you conjugate говори́ть, 'to speak':

Exceptions
Like all things in Russian, there are exceptions to the above rules:
 * Seven verbs with the infinitive ending –еть, and three which end in -ать, take the second conjugation: видеть ('to see'), вертеть ('to twirl'), обидеть ('to offend'), зависеть ('to depend'), ненавидеть ('to hate'), терпеть ('to tolerate'), смотреть ('to watch'), слышать ('to hear'), дышать ('to breathe'), and держать ('to keep').
 * Two verbs with the infinitive ending –ить take the first conjugation endings: брить ('to shave') and стелить ('to lay').
 * The verb гнать ('to drive') takes the second conjugation endings - However, verbs of motion are quite complex, and will be discussed in their own page.

The Past and Future tenses
Now that we've covered the present tense, there are two other tenses that can be used in Russian: the past tense and the future tense. These are detailed more thoroughly on their own pages, but in brief, they are formed as follows:
 * To form the PAST TENSE  of a verb, remove -ть and add -л (-ла if the subject is feminine, -ло if neuter, -ли if plural). This rule applies to both aspects of a verb. So, "I was speaking" (imperfective) is я говорил, while "I spoke" (perfective) is я сказал.
 * To form the FUTURE TENSE  of verbs, choose your aspect. If you're using the perfective aspect to form the future, simply conjugate it as you would the imperfective aspect, and this creates the future tense. If you're using the imperfective aspect to form the future, conjugate the verb 'to be', быть, and add the infinitive of the imperfective. So, "I will speak" (perfective) is я скажу, while "I will be speaking" (imperfective) is я буду говорить.

title: Russian/Grammar/Verbs


text:
Magic: The Gathering/Prismatic Format

Prismatic is a format where each and every deck much have at least 250 cards and at least 20 cards of each color. (this does not include artifact.) Multicolor cards count as one of their colors.

title: Magic: The Gathering/Prismatic Format