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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Gringotts

Overview
Gringotts is the only known bank of the wizarding world and it is operated primarily by goblins. Wizards and witches keep their money and other valuables in vaults that are protected by very complex and strong security measures.

Extended Description
Gringotts is a large multistoried white building, near the intersection of Knockturn Alley and Diagon Alley, that towers over all neighbouring shops. Customers pass through a set of bronze doors and then silver ones before entering the lobby; the floor is paved with marble and has long counters stretching along its length with doors leading off to the vault passageways. The vaults extend for miles under the city and are accessible through rough stone, complex and interconnected passageways by means of speedy carts that are operated by goblins.

The inscription on the front door reads:

''Enter, stranger, but take heed Of what awaits the sin of greed For those who take, but do not earn, Must pay most dearly in their turn. So if you seek beneath our floors A treasure that was never yours, Thief, you have been warned, beware Of finding more than treasure there.''

(Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

When Harry first visits Gringotts, he is told by Hagrid that one would have to be mad to try to rob Gringotts and that, apart from Hogwarts, it's the safest place for anything valuable to be kept. Goblins are extremely greedy and would protect their money and valuables at any cost, which makes them ideal guardians for the valuables of the wizarding world. The goblins have a code that forbids them to speak of the bank's secrets, and would consider it "base treachery" to break any part of that code.

Gringotts use a variety of security systems:

 * Lower security vaults require a key; higher security vaults (generally deeper underground and owned by the oldest wizarding families) require the touch of a certified Gringotts goblin.
 * Dragons guard the highest security vaults. They can only be controlled by Clankers, which only the goblins possess.
 * The Thief's Downfall can be activated; a charmed waterfall that the goblin carts must pass through, it cancels all enchantments and magical concealments, and throws the carts off their tracks.
 * Some vaults use the Gemino and Flagrante charms; when any item is touched by a thief, it multiplies rapidly and burns them, eventually crushing and scorching them to death.
 * Objects within Gringotts cannot be summoned.
 * At times, Probity Probes are used on customers to detect enchantments, magical concealments and hidden magical objects.

We note that depositors are given individual vaults to keep their valuables, rather than having their funds pooled the way Muggle banks do. We presume that this is an example of the Wizarding world's general archaic atmosphere; just as so many other aspects of the Wizarding world have remained firmly planted in the older ways of doing things, with individual fireplaces and stoves for the rooms, gaslights, and so forth, it seems that the banking style of the day has remained limited to the ancient model encompassing only exchange and storage of valuables. We note that this could be construed also as a security measure, as luck alone determines what you will find when you enter a vault. You could pick one full of riches like the Lestrange vault; but equally, you could end up with a dusty, empty vault like the Hogwarts one mentioned below, or the Weasleys'. At the beginning of the first book, Gringotts Vault 713, a higher-security vault, held a small grubby bag, which we later learn contains the Philosopher's Stone. Albus Dumbledore sends Hagrid to retrieve it while he escorts Harry to Diagon Alley. Later that very same day, someone, apparently a very powerful wizard, breaks into the vault. Although he is unsuccessful in obtaining the Philosopher's Stone, the break-in shocks the Wizarding world because it is practically unheard of for Gringotts to be robbed. The culprit is not caught, though we later learn that it was almost certainly Professor Quirrell, acting under orders from Lord Voldemort.

While Gringotts is largely staffed by goblins, including Griphook and Ragnok, it is known that the bank does employ humans. Bill Weasley works as a Curse Breaker for Gringotts in Egypt, retrieving artifacts from ancient Egyptian tombs and pyramids. Fleur Delacour took a part-time job with Gringotts after participating in the Triwizard Tournament, apparently to improve her English skills, and wizard guards are mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows during the break in. Griphook mentions at that time that the goblins resent "wand-bearer" interference in their internal affairs.

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Harry, Ron and Hermione, aided by a reluctant Griphook in exchange for Godric Gryffindor's sword, break into the vault of Bellatrix Lestrange where a Horcrux, Hufflepuff's cup, is hidden. However, when they go into Bellatrix's vault, which is stocked with all manners of treasure, they find out that the treasure has Gemino and Flagrante charms placed on it. Though burned and nearly buried in false treasures, the Trio manage to escape with the Horcrux by fleeing on a half-blind dragon that was part of the security for the vault, leaving parts of the bank in ruins.

Analysis
It is only to be expected that there would be banks for wizards, just as there are for Muggles. As magic makes it possible to pass through nominally locked doors, it is also to be expected that security measures at Wizarding banks would be more stringent, and more Wizard-specific, than at Muggle banks; no Muggle bank could stand attack by a single reasonably-determined wizard. Thus the vaults are deep underground, protected presumably by anti-Apparition spells, and concealed by the use of the Goblin-specific carts and confusing routes.

The fact that Gringotts has never been robbed is mentioned in the first book, along with the fact that a break-in had happened. It is interesting to note that in the seventh book, Griphook, despite no longer working for the bank, still attempts to defend Gringotts' record of having no successful burglaries, claiming that the break-in did not count because the vault in question was already empty. It is only blind chance that allowed Gringotts to claim its security was still intact. After the Trio's venture, however, their record is broken; and one must wonder how Griphook explained matters once he returned to the bank.

Initially, the use of dragons to guard the high security vaults is only a rumor. It is possible that the author included that as no more than a way to introduce Hagrid's love of dangerous creatures in general, and dragons in particular, and as a way to establish background for the introduction of Norbert the Norwegian Ridgeback.

Greater Picture
It is noted that Voldemort hides a Horcrux in the Lestrange vault. This does seem a rather pedestrian place to put something as important as a Horcrux, and Hermione says as much when Harry first mentions that he believes a Horcrux is there. However, Harry points out that only the oldest Wizarding families have vaults in the high-security part of the bank, and so holding a (figurative) key to one of those vaults is equivalent to claiming ancestry from the oldest of Wizarding families. (The key is figurative because the vault actually will only open to the touch of an authorized Gringotts goblin.) Voldemort clearly seems to believe that ancestry is of more value than anything else, even the laws of the land, a belief his grandfather Marvolo also espoused, and so the trappings of that heredity, such as access to a Gringotts deep vault, are expected to be of almost incalculable value to him.


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User talk:Aquistive

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- SB_Johnny | PA! 14:44, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Aquistive


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User talk:61.88.104.192

 * – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:05, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:61.88.104.192


text: User talk:204.10.216.173

title: User talk:204.10.216.173


text: User talk:199.212.250.95

title: User talk:199.212.250.95


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User talk:204.39.64.2

Blocked
You cannot edit for 1 month due to repeated vandalism. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

title: User talk:204.39.64.2


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User talk:87.117.236.2

This is your last or only warning. There is a history of placing external links connected with this account in some form. If you are not blocked immediately from editing Wikibooks you will be if you place another external link.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:16, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:54, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:87.117.236.2


text: User talk:78.40.232.6

title: User talk:78.40.232.6


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Talk:Algorithm Implementation/Strings/Levenshtein distance

 * This page could use a little bit of test code to demonstrate the algorithms do work on some inputs. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 76.186.105.183 (talk • contribs).

Does anyone recognise the "Teslock" language? I can't find any reference to it aside from this page. Di Gama (talk) 23:14, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Me either. And it's hard to believe a language that absurdly verbose actually exists. Except if it had been invented specifically to cause repetitive strain injury. --84.184.173.186 (talk) 06:08, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

The alternative C++ algorithm is wrong.

Bug in Python implementation
The current Python implementation works as follows:

>>> levenshtein('cab','ab') 0

 * And I would not call it “pythonic”. It has an abbreviated name, crams the suite of `if`s into the same line, doesn't have spaces around the `+` operators and has a liner longer than 80 characters.  Poor choice of names and three violations of the style guide (PEP008) in four lines.  Python "culture" favors readability over terseness -- this code snippet does not. --BlackJack (talk) 04:57, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Program doesn't work at all in python3 -rawrgulmuffins (talk) 16:12, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

Bug in vectorized (5th) version
The numpy vectorized Python version incorrectly returns 5 for  (which should be 4 for two 'a' insertions + 2 'd' deletions). The reason is that the deletion step  does not handle the case that the minimum for   could be   due to two consecutive deletions as it is in this example. Can anyone think of a vectorized operation to implement this, or should this step be de-vectorized?

Ruby implementation
The proposed Ruby implementation is awfully slow ! Even unusable... I've found that : http://text.rubyforge.org/classes/Text/Levenshtein.html Do you think we could take the code since it's MIT licence ?

Removed VBA example
I removed the VBA example - it seems to be a copy of this code, which is copyrighted: http://www.planet-source-code.com/URLSEO/vb/scripts/ShowCode!asp/txtCodeId!71576/lngWid!1/anyname.htm and in addition, it removed the header detailing the author and licensing information. 217.204.106.166 (talk) 15:27, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

ABAP implementation
ABAP implementation seems to be not working correctly. I am getting wrong results all the time. Distance "hello" to "hellx" is 4, according to the program...

C implementation
The C implementation is nonstandard. It uses variables to declare arrays rather than constants, and declares arrays after some executable code. It could be rewritten to call alloca and then it would be standard.

Could anyone give an example of how to use the function ?

C++ implementation
It seems wrong. In my opinion it implements the 'Optimal String Alignement' and not the Damerau-Levenshtein, see [].
 * If you look a little closer at that reference, it looks like the 'Optimal String Alignment' actually is the Levenshtein distance, with the additional consideration of the transposition distance. The Damerau-Levenshtein algorithm is more complex, and, as you say, it requires the alphabet size... but I'm not sure I understand what it does. Is it just a more efficient (time-wise) algorithm, or is it doing something more? JoshBowman (discuss • contribs) 07:15, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

The following code does the trick though:

c is the size of the alphabet. I don't know about the other implementations though.


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User talk:65.57.245.11

Thanks for removing spam! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:21, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it. --Panic (talk) 02:39, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.57.245.11


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Operating System Design/Processes/Context Switch

Context switching is the procedure of storing the state of an active process for the CPU when it has to start executing a new one. For example, process A with its address space and stack is currently being executed by the CPU and there is a system call to jump to a higher priority process B; the CPU needs to remember the current state of the process A so that it can suspend its operation, begin executing the new process B and when done, return to its previously executing process A.

Context switches are resource intensive and most operating system designers try to reduce the need for a context switch. They can be software or hardware governed depending upon the CPU architecture.

Context switches can relate to either a process switch, a thread switch within a process or a register switch. The major need for a context switch arises when CPU has to switch between user mode and kernel mode but some OS designs may obviate it.

A common approach to context switching is making use of a separate stack per switchable entity (thread/process), and using the stack to store the context itself. This way the context itself is merely the stack pointer. For example,

here the act of context switching is done by changing the stack pointer to a new location, and the registers are stored on the stack itself.


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User talk:Jeding00

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Also Communicable and Chronic Diseases appears to be a class project. If so, please have the instructor or group leader get in touch with me or one of our administrators, so we can help you organize it according to our policies here on Wikibooks.

Thanks!– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:34, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeding00


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User talk:Rlawson

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:24, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I've renamed three pages you created: Blood, The Heart and Blood circulation. Please read our naming policy, and use that system when creating new pages. Thanks for editing! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:28, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Blue hills.jpg
Would you please add source information to this image description page? We do require both source and license information. Specifically, a link to wherever you got the image from is needed. Please use Template:Information to guide you. In the future, you may find Licensing guidelines to be helpful. Happy editing! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:26, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Test Yourself Answers and Chemicals Test Yourself Answers
These look like they're part of another textbook. Just a reminder that per policy, these need to be renamed. If you need help, just ask. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:59, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Copyright problem with Image:Ruth Lawson and Sasha.jpg

 * also Image:Ruth and Sasha 2008.jpg, Image:Ruth small.jpg
 * I know this is a pain, but "Permission to publish" isn't enough. Since the photographer holds the copyright, they need to explicitly state that the image is licensed under whatever license. If you can have them send an email to permissions-en@wikimedia.org stating that his images (listing them, if at all possible) are licensed under whichever license he likes, that'll be perfect. I hate to be a pain like this, but failing to enforce the copyright policy creates liability for the Foundation. Thanks for your understanding. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:05, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rlawson


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User:Mike's bot account/monobook.css

table.fundraiser-box {display : none; }

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Counterpoint/Cadence and Neo-Harmony

You probably worked out, the image up there is an example of counterpoint. Well, counterpoint is ruled by one major thing - cadence. A cadence is a series of intervals that end a section of music. However, cadences can be made to clash, and create what is known as a 'dissonated cadential trill'. There are several types of cadence.

1. Perfect Authentic Cadence. This is chords V to I (e.g.: in C it would be G chord to C chord)

3. Imperfect Authentic Cadence. Similar to a PAC, but the V chord can be a diminished vii in first inversion, or the V or I chords ar inverted.

5. Half cadence: any cadence ending on V, whether preceded by ii, IV, or I, or any other chord. Because it sounds incomplete or "suspended", half cadence is considered a weak cadence - the weakest cadence, in fact. A progression of a diminished second in first inversion to V is considered the Phrygian Half Cadence.

6. Plagal cadence: IV to I, also known as the "Amen Cadence" because of its frequent appearance in hymns.

7. Deceptive (or interrupted) cadence: V to any chord except I (typically vi or VI). This is considered a weak cadence because of the "hanging" (suspended) feel it invokes.

Cadences can also be classified by their rhythmic position. A masculine cadence occurs on a strong position, typically the downbeat of a measure. A feminine cadence occurs in a metrically weak position, for instance, after a long appoggiatura (see also feminine ending). Masculine cadences are considered stronger and are generally of greater structural significance. (To avoid offending those sensitive to sex stereotypes, the Society for Music Theory endorses the terms "metrically accented" and "metrically unaccented cadence" in their Guidelines for Nonsexist Language.) Likewise, cadences can be classified as either transient (a pause, like a comma in a sentence, which implies that the piece will go on after a brief lift in the voice) and terminal (more conclusive, like the period or other terminal punctuation, which implies that, at least for the time being, we are done). Most transient cadences are half cadences (which stop momentarily on a dominant chord), though IAC or deceptive cadences are also usually transient, as well as Phrygian cadences. Terminal cadences are usually PAC or sometimes plagal ("Amen") cadences.

Neo-Harmony. You may think it means 'new harmony', which technically it should. However, it in fact represents a certain sequence of notes. It is a sequence in which a certain mode, melody or key is hinted at, but then turned into something else.

title: Counterpoint/Cadence and Neo-Harmony


text: Category:Book:Parenting

title: Category:Book:Parenting


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User talk:Mintz l

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:22, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mintz l


text: User:Alison

title: User:Alison


text: User:Whiteknight/BotTask

title: User:Whiteknight/BotTask


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Talk:Circuit Theory/Complex Power

what is the formula for average power loss, show example

S=VI*/2 only if V and I are in peak values. S=VI* if V and I are in rms values.
 * Thank you! The article never explained what V and I were so I thought they were the entire functions for voltage and current - very confusing and I was wondering why it was conflicting with my own textbook.

title: Talk:Circuit Theory/Complex Power


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User talk:Voduytriet

Hello everybody,

My name is Vo Duy Triet. I am working in Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology. I am studying on seaweed.

title: User talk:Voduytriet


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User talk:Alison

 If you'd like to leave me a message, the best place to do so is on my Vicípéid Gaeilge talkpage. I read it regularly.

title: User talk:Alison


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User:Carolynpepsi~enwikibooks

the blog of carolynpepsi

title: User:Carolynpepsi~enwikibooks


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Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Set Theory

Set theory is the mathematical theory of sets. In naive set theory, sets are introduced and understood using what is taken to be the self-evident concept of sets as collections of objects considered as a whole. In axiomatic set theory, the concepts of sets and set membership are defined indirectly by first postulating certain axioms which specify their properties. In this conception, sets and set membership are fundamental concepts like point and line in Euclidean geometry, and are not themselves directly defined.

Today, when mathematicians talk about set theory as a field, they usually mean axiomatic set theory. Informal applications of set theory in other fields are referred to as applications of naive set theory, but usually are understood to be justifiable in terms of an axiomatic system (normally the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory).

Proofs are arranged in the following sections:
 * /Zermelo–Fraenkel Set Theory/
 * /Positive Set Theory/


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User talk:122.163.182.57

Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  10:25, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:122.163.182.57


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User:Selden/monobook.js

import_script('User:Whiteknight/google.js');

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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Omnioculars

Overview
Like Muggle binoculars, omnioculars are designed to allow the viewing of distant events, most especially sporting events.

Extended Description
Being magical, Omnioculars have additional capabilities, such as instant replay, slow motion, and annotation. Watching the Quidditch World Cup, Harry puts his Omnioculars into slow-motion replay, and sees the action of the game in slow motion, complete with labels for the various maneuvers that the players are carrying out. Harry later comments that he never really understood the Wronsky feint, a technique used by Seekers, until he had seen it at the World Cup; quite possibly he had also used the Omnioculars to slow it down and analyze the moves.

Omnioculars become one of the few points of tension between Harry and Ron. They are expensive, at 10 Galleons apiece, and Harry immediately buys a set for Ron as well as one for himself. Ron is dismayed at this excess of generosity, and is only mollified by Harry's telling him not to expect anything for Christmas for the next ten years or so. The Irish team mascots, Leprechauns, drop gold on the audience at the start of the game, and Ron collects a great lot of it, giving it all to Harry and saying that makes them even. Several months later, Hagrid is teaching a lesson on Nifflers, which hunt for shiny objects, including gold; he says that what he has buried is Leprechaun gold, and it will vanish in a few hours. Thinking about this after class, Ron wonders why Harry had not told him that the gold he had given Harry for the omnioculars had vanished. Harry says that he had not noticed. Dejected, Ron wonders what it would be like to be so rich that he wouldn't even notice when a great lot of gold simply vanished.

Analysis
Omnioculars are a rather amazingly useful device, with their ability to magnify and play back images. One rather wonders why they appear only at the Quidditch World Cup and then are forgotten.

Questions

 * 1) In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Hermione points out to Harry that if he doesn't watch things at normal speed, he is going to miss things. Would you prefer to see events happening in real time, or slow them down to better understand them even if it means being behind the times?


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Order of the Phoenix

Overview
The Order of the Phoenix is a secret society formed with a common goal: to aid in the defeat of Lord Voldemort. It is apparently headed up by Professor Dumbledore, as it is he who directs the remaining members to reform the Order on Voldemort's return. It is unknown why it is called the Order of the Phoenix.

Goblet of Fire
While the Order is not mentioned by name at that time, we see it being reorganized at the very end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. After Cornelius Fudge has denied that Voldemort could have returned, and leaves, Professor Dumbledore requests that Sirius Black, then in his Animagus form, a large black dog, return to his human shape. He then sends Sirius to gather up "the old crowd: Mundungus Fletcher, Arabella Figg, Remus Lupin," and then lie low at Lupin's house and wait for instructions. Sirius returns to his Animagus shape and does so.

Order of the Phoenix
The first time we hear of the Order by name is when the Advance Guard arrives to bring Harry to London, following the Dementor attack. Once in London, Harry is given a note saying that the Headquarters of the Order of the Phoenix is at Number 12, Grimmauld Place. As he reads the note, which is in Dumbledore's writing, a house appears in front of Harry.

Entering the house, Harry is then taken upstairs, where he meets with Hermione and Ron. They say that they had wanted to tell Harry about what was going on, but had been asked not to by Professor Dumbledore. They are joined by Fred, George, and Ginny, who together explain what they have learned: the Order is a secret society, secret because Dumbledore is being discredited in the press, as Harry himself is, for daring to say that Voldemort had returned. Despite being in Headquarters, they have learned very little, as the meetings are always closed; all they have really managed to gather is that there is something that is being guarded. Harry points out that this something quite possibly is himself.

About this time, the current meeting ends, and Professor Snape is seen to leave through the front door. Harry, Hermione, and the Weasleys are called down to dinner. At dinner, Harry learns that among the members of the Order are Alastor Moody, Kingsley Shacklebolt, Tonks, Remus Lupin, and Emmeline Vance, who had been part of the Advance Guard that brought him to Grimmauld Place; Sirius Black (who owns the house at Grimmauld Place and has donated it to act as Headquarters), Mr. and Mrs. Weasley, their sons Bill and Charlie, and Mundungus Fletcher. Charlie is not present; the Order has him recruiting wizards in Romania. Bill has taken a desk job in Gringotts. Harry has earlier met Mundungus Fletcher, and so knows that crazy old Mrs. Figg is also working for the Order; and of course we have now seen Snape leaving an Order meeting.

After dinner, Sirius suggests that Harry might have some questions about the Order. Mrs. Weasley immediately objects, saying that he is too young, but is overruled by Lupin, Sirius, and her own husband. She is equally unsuccessful in getting Hermione, Ron, Fred, and George out of the meeting, so eventually simply marches Ginny off to bed. In answer to Harry's questions, the Order members disclose to Harry and the others that the Order is a group of wizards, led by Dumbledore, who agree with Harry and Dumbledore than Voldemort has returned. To Harry's question why Voldemort has not shown himself, we hear that Voldemort is staying hidden, gathering strength in preparation for his return. Lupin also says that Voldemort has a very great disadvantage, in that he had hoped that knowledge of his return would be restricted to his Death Eaters only. Thanks to Harry, however, within an hour of his return, that information had reached the one person, Dumbledore, that Voldemort did not want to know about it.

Lupin also discloses that this time, they know that there is something that Voldemort is after, a weapon, but at that point Mrs. Weasley intervenes again, saying that really is enough, and the party breaks up. Later, the Twins mention to Harry and Ron that the bit about the weapon was the only thing they had not already known about.

Over the next few weeks, while Sirius, Hermione, Harry, Mrs. Weasley, and the Weasley children attempt to make Grimmauld Place habitable, several Order members enter and leave the house. One that Harry recognizes is Professor McGonagall, who looks very odd in Muggle dress. At one point a little later in the story, Dumbledore also visits, but he apparently does so at a time when Harry will not see him.

Harry must attend a hearing at the Ministry regarding his use of magic in front of Dudley. While walking through the ministry with Arthur, Harry notes that Arthur seems to pretend only a casual acquaintance with Kingsley Shacklebolt.

In the party that is held to celebrate the appointment of Ron and Hermione as Prefects, many Order members return to Grimmauld Place. One of them is Alastor Moody, who shows Harry a photo of the Order as it was the last time Voldemort was in power. Many of the current members of the Order are present, as well as Frank and Alice Longbottom who had been driven insane, and many who had died, like Harry's father and mother.

The Order is not mentioned much through the main body of the book. The individual members of the Order play fairly substantial roles, but until the end of the book, there is little mention of the Order as a group. Sometimes we are told that something is Order business, or, as when the Trio wonder why Arthur Weasley is in the Ministry to be attacked by the snake, we are allowed to watch Harry infer that.

Near the end of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry becomes convinced that Voldemort has trapped Sirius Black in the Department of Mysteries at the Ministry of Magic, and determines that he must find a member of the Order who can communicate with Sirius to find out if Sirius is being tortured. Professor Dumbledore has been driven away from the school, and Professor McGonagall had been hit by multiple Stunners the previous night and had been sent to St. Mungo's Hospital. Harry attempts to use Professor Umbridge's fireplace to communicate directly with Sirius by the Floo network, but is caught. It is only when Snape is summoned by Umbridge, to provide a dose of Veritaserum, that Harry recalls that Snape is also a member of the Order. Harry's message to Snape seems to go astray, however, and Harry resigns himself to attempting Sirius' rescue alone.

As the rescue attempt turns into an ambush and Harry's fate seems hopeless, however, six members of the Order arrive to counter the ten Death Eaters. The resulting battle results in the revelation to the Ministry that Voldemort has returned, thus making the Order once again legitimate.

Dumbledore reports later to Harry that Snape had, in fact, checked on Sirius' whereabouts, and had summoned the Order to Harry's rescue when Harry had entered the Forbidden Forest with Umbridge and then not returned.

Half-Blood Prince
With Sirius' death, ownership of the house at Grimmauld Place falls into question. Sirius has left it to Harry in his will, but Dumbledore suspects there may be a magical entail that forces ownership to follow the line of inheritance among the Black children. This would mean that the house had passed to the next in line among the Black offspring, Bellatrix Lestrange. Until this is resolved, the house cannot be used as Headquarters of the Order. Dumbledore devises a test that confirms that ownership has passed to Harry. We assume that the house is then used as Headquarters, though we do not visit it during the year. Instead, we see a number of Order members passing through The Burrow.

We learn that the Order is watching over Hogwarts, supplementing the Ministry wizards who have been given that job and the defensive measures placed on the school itself. Occasionally we see Order members, most notably Tonks, patrolling the halls. In the final battle of the book, we see that none of the defenders of Hogwarts are from the Ministry, with the possible exception of Tonks who is also an Auror. Everyone on the Hogwarts side in that battle is either a member of Dumbledore's Army, a teacher, or a member of the Order.

Deathly Hallows
We hear in Voldemort's council that the Order has plans to move Harry away from Privet Drive before the date scheduled by the Ministry. Snape tells Voldemort that the Order believes the Ministry has been thoroughly infiltrated by Voldemort's organization and doesn't trust the Ministry to manage the escape. Apparently Snape, now Voldemort's most trusted deputy, is somehow able to retrieve information from the Order.

We next learn of the Order's plan to arrange the safety of the Dursleys and Harry. Uncle Vernon, Aunt Petunia, and cousin Dudley drive off in the company of a pair of Order wizards, Dedalus Diggle and Hestia Jones. Meanwhile, thirteen Order members arrive, preparing to be seven protectors each with a Harry Potter simulated by means of Polyjuice Potion, and each pair heading for a different Order safe house. Harry ends up at the house of Ted Tonks. In this battle, the Order suffers two casualties: Alastor Moody is killed when his Potter, Mundungus Fletcher, Disapparates out of the path of a killing curse thrown by Voldemort, and George Weasley loses an ear to a Sectumsempra curse cast by Snape. Harry and his escort, Hagrid, crash on their motorcycle, but are healed by the time their Portkey activates.

As Dumbledore had been the Secret-Keeper for the Order, on his death every Order member becomes a Secret-Keeper for those secrets about the Order to which he had been privy. In particular, this means that the location of Headquarters is almost certainly no longer a secret, as Snape, who is quite obviously now a Death Eater, knew of Headquarters. We hear that the Burrow has become something of a headquarters for the Order, with large numbers of Order members stopping there for dinner frequently.

After leaving The Burrow, there is little mention the Order as a group until Ron's return. At that time, Ron mentions the taboo on Voldemort's name. The effects of the taboo, breaking protective spells and attracting Snatchers to the location of anyone speaking the name, are aimed squarely at the Order, those being the only people who dare to speak Voldemort's name.

As preparations begin for the final battle at Hogwarts, Harry is alarmed to find that, not only has Neville summoned Dumbledore's Army to make a stand, but that the Order members are appearing as well. Harry feels that he is acting to drag all these people he cares about into clear and imminent danger, and considers himself responsible. Nonetheless, the Order has decided that this will be where they make their stand, and several start taking active and leadership roles in the defence of the school.

In Snape's memories, we learn that Snape had remained true to the Order until his death, acting as a double agent. While it was the portrait of Dumbledore that had originated the idea of having decoy Harrys at the escape from Privet Drive, it was Snape's task to get that idea to the Order. Possibly knowing that Mundungus Fletcher would be the member most likely suspected by the Order to have leaked Harry's departure date, and that Voldemort's being unaware of that aspect of the plan would exonerate Fletcher, Snape planted the idea of decoy Harrys in Fletcher's mind.

Notable Consequences
Throughout the course of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the Ministry's official platform was that Voldemort had not returned. The Order, while it had to operate in secret due to this, provided a group where plans and preparations could be made for Voldemort's reappearance. The order thus provided a seasoned core of individuals who were able to thwart Voldemort's plans to some extent while he was still operating covertly, and were already organized and operational when Voldemort moved back into the open.

The existence of the organization provided a central clearing house where information about Harry's progress in the raid at the Ministry could be tracked. It was because this group existed that Harry was rescued from the ambush.

The following year, in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the Order seems to be among the few groups which are actively and effectively fighting Voldemort. While the Ministry has accepted Voldemort's return, much of what we see the Ministry doing could be considered "security theatre", activities being carried out to make the Wizarding world feel safer without actually having much effect on actual safety.

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the Ministry comes completely under Voldemort's control, and the Order of the Phoenix is the only organization actively fighting against him. There are other, small pockets of resistance here and there, including the reactivated Dumbledore's Army, but active resistance seems to be centered on the Order.

Analysis
During the entire course of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the Ministry, in a manner that by design echoes the actions of the government of Britain under Neville Chamberlain in the late 1930s, steadfastly denies the possibility of Voldemort's return. In order to publicly maintain this belief, the government must discredit anyone who suggests they may be wrong. Dumbledore, as such a voice, must be silenced, or at the very least discredited, so that his message will not weaken the government. Because of this, the Order of the Phoenix must work as secretively as Voldemort himself. It is because of this that the Weasley family has split, with Percy adhering to the Ministry line in what he sees as his only choice to retain his job and possibly gain promotion, while the rest of his family chooses to believe Dumbledore's version of events. The Order's secrecy ends at the same time Voldemort's does; once Voldemort is visibly returned, the Order equally does not have to hide, and though they will remain separate from the Ministry, they work towards the same ends in relative harmony until the Ministry itself falls in the opening chapters of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.

The members of the Order of the Phoenix that we are told of are:
 * Sirius Black
 * Edgar Bones
 * Caradoc Dearborn
 * Dedalus Diggle
 * Elphias Doge
 * Aberforth Dumbledore
 * Albus Dumbledore
 * Benjy Fenwick
 * Arabella Figg
 * Mundungus Fletcher
 * Rubeus Hagrid
 * Hestia Jones
 * Alice Longbottom
 * Frank Longbottom
 * Remus Lupin
 * Dorcas Meadowes
 * Minerva McGonagall
 * Marlene McKinnon
 * Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody
 * Sturgis Podmore
 * James Potter
 * Lily Potter (née Evans)
 * Fabian Prewett
 * Gideon Prewett
 * Kingsley Shacklebolt
 * Severus Snape
 * Nymphadora Tonks
 * Emmeline Vance
 * Arthur Weasley
 * Bill Weasley
 * Charlie Weasley
 * Molly Weasley

As mentioned, the reason for the name of the Order is never given in the series, though we can surmise that it may have something to do with Dumbledore's pet, Fawkes. We note that Dumbledore's Patronus takes the form of a phoenix. As Dumbledore founded the Order, we believe that he likely chose its name out of the high regard he has for phoenixes.

Greater Picture
While Harry is the hero of the story, a hero cannot work in a vacuum. Harry must, in the end, stand alone against Voldemort, but as Voldemort has his Death Eaters, so must there be an approximately equally strong organization opposing them. It would be something of an immature belief that this organization would be the government. An adult knows that the government's prime directive is to preserve itself, a tendency that has been shown to us multiple times by Cornelius Fudge and the Ministry under his control. It would be equally immature to believe that under Fudge's successor, Rufus Scrimgeour, it would be any more effective. We see, in fact, that the Ministry is looking for some sign of approval from Harry that it can publicize to make their onerous actions more palatable. Given that the Ministry is being shown as ineffective, there must be some group that can take up Harry's banner and assist him against the Death Eaters. At Hogwarts, there is Dumbledore's Army, of course, but none of them can have any skill, individually, that Harry does not, as he is teaching them. The Order of the Phoenix, on the other hand, a group of mature and powerful wizards with the single goal of Voldemort's defeat, provides the background resistance to Voldemort that the Ministry cannot provide. Without the Order or something akin to it, Harry's job would be immeasurably more difficult.

Although Harry is slow to realize it, the Order has a much more direct effect on him as well. Upon hearing the prophecy concerning himself and Voldemort, Harry leaps to the conclusion that the entire battle against Voldemort rests on him. As such, he accepts far more responsibility for the risks others take than he should. In particular, he feels that it is his fault that Voldemort chooses to attack Hogwarts, putting the lives of everyone within in danger, rather than seeing it as purely Voldemort's doing. The Order, by its existence, and by the fact of its existence before Harry was born, acts to remind Harry that there are wizards who, for their own reasons totally separate from Harry, are quite willing to risk their lives in the battle against Voldemort's oppression.


text: Template:Debate/Navigation

title: Template:Debate/Navigation


text:
Debate/Motions and resolutions

A motion, also known as a proposition or resolution in other formats, is a statement that usually sets the topic for the given debate. Usually, this is an unambiguously worded statement that is general in terminology in order to be understood by not only the debaters themselves but also by the general audience.

In any debate, the motion is always supported by the government and opposed by the opposition, regardless of how the motion is worded.

Parliamentary debate
There are three types of motions in any parliamentary debate, depending on how specific or broadly defined it is. These are known as open, semi-closed and closed motions, of whom regardless of the type of motion, the terms are always defined by the Prime Minister.

An open motion is a motion or resolution that is broad and can be defined quite liberally. For example, a motion like This house would pay can be defined on a wide range of topics, from African countries paying their debts to lender countries to paying one's personal debt to a friend to the German government paying compensation for atrocities committed during the Nazi regime. However, given that open motions are so ambiguously worded that they tend to lead to much confusion among teams and debaters, as well as the propensity for abuse (such as defining the motion based on personal experience), they are rarely given in tournaments today.

A semi-closed motion, like an open motion, is also broad in scope. However, the context for which the motion is set is more limited than in an open motion. Such a motion could be worded as This house would pay compensation to victims of abuse. In such a motion, the terms compensation and victims of abuse would still have to be defined, while clearly stating that the motion calls for the compensation of abuse victims.

Lastly, a closed motion, unlike the previous two types of motions, is a motion that is usually specific in scope while still leaving room for interpretation. For example, This house would make Germany compensate victims of Nazi atrocities is a closed motion. In this case, the motion is specifically defined as forcing Germany to compensate victims of Nazi atrocities, although the term Nazi atrocities is still left to interpretation.

Within those types of motions include policy and value-judgment motions, which respectively are about policies and values. In some cases, these types of motions overlap each other, forming motions that have semblances of both the policy and value-judgment types. An example of this is This house believes that the government should fund exclusively homosexual schools. In the motion, while it is worded to that of a value-judgment motion, it also calls for a proposal.

Policy debate
In policy debate, a proposition is usually related to that of a closed motion in parliamentary debate. However, policy debate resolutions are worded as Resolved: followed by the subject of the debate. An example would be Resolved: That the United States federal government should establish a foreign policy substantially increasing its support of United Nations peacekeeping operations, which was used in the 2004-2005 National Speech and Debate Tournament of the National Forensics League. This naming format is also shared with the Oregon-Oxford, Lincoln-Douglas and classical debate formats.

There are generally three types of propositions, namely propositions of fact, of value and of policy.

A proposition of fact is an objective statement containing a fact. It is the most specific and least controversial (although not completely free of controversy) of the three types of propositions as their verifiability can be objectively affirmed by using other facts or statistics. An example of this would be Resolved: That freedom of speech is an inviolable right. Usually, only a few issues are involved in a proposition of fact, which are the following:

 * 1) What occurred
 * 2) What information is required to verify such
 * 3) What information is available

A proposition of value expresses judgment about the qualities of the person, place or object being pointed to in the proposition. This would consider current opinions and attitudes of people based on the issue, which are neither true nor false, while still being backed by facts, which are either true or false. However, debates based on propositions of value can be challenging as there are no set values being defended or detracted in the debate, as well as because personal values always conflict with each other. An example of this type of proposition would be Resolved: That restraint is better than brute force.

Lastly, a proposition of policy expresses a course of action that should be considered for adoption. There are three general categories of propositions of policy:

 * 1) Formulation of new policies to guide decisions not covered by existing policies
 * 2) Recommendation for the amendment of existing policies that are no longer satisfactory to the given context
 * 3) Repeal or abolition of existing policies

In the course of the debate, each team would present their arguments for or against the proposition, of which is usually judged based on the merits of the case. An example of such a proposition would be Resolved: That the United States pull out of Iraq by 2008.

title: Debate/Motions and resolutions


text:
User:Balloonguy/monobook.js

import_script('User:Whiteknight/google.js');

title: User:Balloonguy/monobook.js


text:
User talk:Kevin Lakhani

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:38, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kevin Lakhani


text:
User talk:Isaberu~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 19:03, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Isaberu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Isaberu~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:14, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:03, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Isaberu~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Dchri016

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 19:04, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dchri016


text:
JavaScript/Contributors

Those who are going to contribute please sign your name by adding four tildas (~).

 * cuckooman4 04:26, 20 December 2007 (UTC) -- Might make some contributions
 * Cparker (talk) 18:26, 17 March 2008 (UTC) --
 * Extremecircuitz 20:55, 29 September 2007 (UTC) -- Adding a page here and there
 * Jaymac407 (talk) 20:35, 21 July 2008 (UTC) -- Hopefully going to do extensive changes.
 * Jesdisciple (talk) 08:37, 11 May 2010 (UTC) -- Looking into a restructuring of the chapter order to be more newbie-friendly.
 * Pmw57 (talk) 10:28, 21 February 2009 (UTC) -- Am performing extensive updates
 * Pranakhan 16:39, 6 November 2007 (UTC) -- Slowly reworking and adding content to this book
 * Sae1962 (discuss • contribs) 06:06, 10 March 2015 (UTC) -- Reworking & extending content of this book

title: JavaScript/Contributors


text:
Forth/PSoC Forth

How to install PSoC Forth
Ingredients:
 * A PSoC microcontroller
 * A PSoC flash-burner such as the ICE-Cube (it lets you debug, set breakpoints, single-step through your code, etc.) or the MiniProg (costs less).
 * A PC that can run PSoC Designer for Windows or the M8Cutils for Linux.
 * Create the hex file "psoc_forth.hex": either
 * If you have a Windows box, use PSoC Designer (details below), or
 * If you have a Linux box or a Macintosh, use M8Cutils.
 * (Both development tools are free downloads.)
 * Use the PSoC programmer to burn the hex file into the microcontroller.

Creating the hex file with M8Cutils
One-time install:
 * Install the M8Cutils for Linux http://m8cutils.sourceforge.net/.

Creating the hex file with PSoC designer
Unfinished -- needs work

One-time install:
 * Install PSoC Designer for Windows http://www.cypress.com/psocdesigner.
 * Run PSoC Designer to create a new project
 * Create new project. New project name: "interactive" (without quotes). Base part: 27443.
 * Generate 'Main' file using: Assembler. Finish.
 * Download "One Wire User Module" by Wes Randall from http://www.psocdeveloper.com/uploads/media/OneWire_v1.3.3.zip, and install the "OneWireSW" custom user module. (FIXME: how?)
 * In the "user module selection view", choose the "user modules" you might need: (You can select and place one at a time, or select all of them, then place all of them).
 * Digital Comm: Uart (double-click on it to create UART_1)
 * Temperature: FlashTemp
 * Three "SAR6" modules—rename them "sar1", "sar2", and "sar3".
 * One "OneWireSW" module
 * One INSAMP—rename it "amp".
 * In "interconnect view", place all the user modules (right-click on each one and choose "place"). (The "placed" modules have a thick colored rectangle around them. The ones you haven't placed yet don't have any rectangle or only a thin black rectangle around them.)
 * In the "ApplicationEditor" view, hit "Build" (F7).
 * You should get the message "0 error(s) 0 warning(s)".
 * Copy the psoc_forth.asm source code into a file "psoc_forth.asm", in the same directory as the "main.asm" we just created.
 * Download "Algorithm - Unsigned Multiplication - AN2032" by Dave Van Ess, and extract the file "unsignedmath.inc" and put it in the same directory as "psoc_forth.asm":
 * (Um... wouldn't "Algorithm - Signed Multi-Byte Multiplication - AN2038" be better?)
 * In the "ApplicationEditor" view, select Project | Add to project | Files... and select "psoc_forth.asm".
 * In the "ApplicationEditor" view, hit "Build" (F7).
 * You should get the message "0 error(s) 0 warning(s)". (FIXME: ... I never got this far ...)
 * Edit the source file "main.asm" and just before the ".terminate", add the line

 * In the "ApplicationEditor" view, hit "Build" (F7) to create the hex file.

Interactive development

 * Connect serial port on the microcontroller to a terminal. (Perhaps the same PC used above, running a terminal emulator; or a PDA serial port, or a dumb terminal.)

The source: alternate
Some slight changes and notes by Gus Calabrese and Bill Goodrich, in hopes of creating a workable version for newer PSOCs, like our CY8C29466.

David, is this a good technique, wiki-wise, to include changes we've made? - Bill

Sure, that's great. After I figure out what your changes mean, I'll edit Wikibooks:PSoC Forth so it shows only one version—the latest and greatest.

Does this latest version still support all the chips that the original one ran on? (People can always go to Wikibooks:PSoC Forth history to see the original version or any other version).

"What is rp? Return pointer?" Yes, it's the pointer to the top of the "return stack". Would it be less confusing if we did a search-and-replace to rename it "RSP", so we're using the same terminology as Brad Rodríguez and the FigUK: "The Heart of Forth" articles?

Right now the most mystifying (to me) change is adding "w" to a bunch of comments—for example, I see ";drop ( x -- ) drop TOS" changed to ";w drop ( x -- ) drop TOS" . Does that "w" mean anything to you?

I found that it is not very practical to try to fit this to the newer 466 chips. The best I could do was to get the newer chips to "emulate" Pforth, which was not very useful. It would be better to start from scratch. Chris Burns

History
20090208 No, David I am interested in supporting PSOC Forth. psocforth@nope9.com
 * 2003: Originally written by Christopher W. Burns.
 * 2006: Maintenance taken over by David Cary (starting from version 2.01 ).
 * 2008 - Is anyone still interested in PSOC Forth? Chris Burns
 * 2008 - Am I the only one still interested in a PSoC Forth? -- DavidCary

title: Forth/PSoC Forth


text:
Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Model a Silver Goblet cylinder

The bottom of it should be loop cutted once to make the subsurf-ridges caused by triangles disappear...


text:
User talk:ToothingLummox

Regarding wa and ga in one sentence
Hello! I saw some changes on Japanese/Grammar/Basic Particles. What concerned me, was that you changed the part about wa and ga in one sentence. I've not changed it back, since I don't know whether you are a native speaker. However, I did start a discussion on the discussion page there. Maybe you could have a look at it? If you are a native speaker, please explain why you think this is acceptable, because I heard from (other) native speakers that it is NOT acceptable at all and even confusing for Japanese speakers... Thanks for your reaction! Regards, Shinjitsu 22:04, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Update: As I clarified on the discussion page of the mentioned module, the given example is indeed an incorrect use of wa and ga in one sentence. I will change it into a good example, where both particles are used in one sentence. Shinjitsu 09:06, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:ToothingLummox


text:
User talk:Extremecircuitz~enwikibooks

JavaScript page moves
What was wrong with the style of having the cover as the first page of the book and the table of contents second? Seems rather odd to me for the cover not to be the first page of the book. --dark lama  22:46, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

There currently isn't a manual of style for the book, and the main manual of style implements that the cover be as PAGENAME/Cover. Btw, we do need to make a manual of style so that all is understood. Extremecircuitz 22:49, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

 * If you think it would help sure. I think most books haven't really bothered with writing down a specific style for the book or gotten to the point where one was thought to be needed. Having a cover for the main page of a book is much an accepted style as any. I believe whats referred to in WB:MOS as a title page is different from the covers used by JavaScript and other books. Its by no means describes what the book is about. I would prefer to have the cover page back as the main page of the book. It doesn't really make much sense to have it otherwise. --dark lama  23:40, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay Then Extreme circuitz 00:22, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I noticed that you moved some pages, but had copy+pasted others when trying to switch pages around. You should avoid copy+pasting when you intended to move pages around, because it causes unintended duplications with the original contribution history missing. I've already gone ahead and fixed pages that I noticed which were done this way. --dark lama  13:57, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for that. Even though I joined WikiPedia several months ago (recently I joined this wiki) I've never used the move feature, so I'm not sure how to move one page to another and then another page to where that page had been. I don't know how to get rid of the redirect to move another page to that. Am I making sense to you? Extreme circuitz 21:12, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This is actually a very common area of confusion among new users. I'm going to start working on a help page about it: HERE.
 * Take a look at it after a while, and let me know if it answers your questions. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:19, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

What is Wikibooks
I undid your last edit to this page. "Non-fiction" was the correct word in that sentence, although it is a little ambiguous. What the sentence means to say is that many books which are called "non-fiction" are not instructional and are therefore not textbooks. In other words, we only accept a subset of all non-fiction books.

Also, all fiction books are prohibited here, not just a subset. It's confusing, to be sure. Can you maybe suggest a wording that would be less confusing? --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:37, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, okay. Perhaps it could be made a little more explanatory as to the instructionality part? Extreme circuitz 22:27, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Extremecircuitz. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Extremecircuitz~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:09, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:57, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Extremecircuitz~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Dwinters

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 22:58, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dwinters


text:
User talk:Zwart~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 22:58, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Zwart. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Zwart~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:55, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:40, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zwart~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Shinjitsu

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 22:58, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you! --Shinjitsu 09:25, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Kana Lessons
The reasons I removed the links is that they fit the scope of wikiversity better and indeed the kana page on wikiversity does include links to the various games.--Balloonguy 19:34, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Japanese Mini-tutorial lesson
Hi! Thank you so much for your work on the mini-lesson. I am trying to learn Japanese but had trouble because what I was given from my teacher was all in Roma n ji. You will never know how much I really appreciate your efforts. Is Japanese your mother tongue?

Just curious, how many languages do you know?

Best regards, Iman
 * Hi Iman,
 * First of all, no problem at all, daijoubu desu! It's kind of fun doing it and I can also repeat some of the old material. Secondly, this needs to be said, it is not Romanji, but rōmaji. You are not the first one, in fact this is a common mistake that I see all over the internet, unfortunately. So, from now on, please write rōmaji or roomaji (in kana: ローマじ, see, there is no n!). If you do want to use a western word, then it's "romanization".
 * But, I pretent to know it all, I have to be honoust with you, Japanese is not my mother tongue, and I don't even speak it fluently. I do have a Japanese girlfriend and have been studying Japanese for a couple of years now. I saw the effort to make some mini tutorial here in WikiBooks, but also noticed that besides the difficult to read layout, that there were many mistakes. So my hands began to itch... ;-)
 * Anyway, Nihongo o ganbatte! Good luck! (Btw, my mother tongue is Dutch, so I might make some mistakes in English sometimes). Shinjitsu 19:44, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * P.S.: If you need some tips as how to write Japanese on WikiBooks, read this: Contributor's_Guide

Oh, btw, I also have a question for you. Did you write this sentence: "Oaidekite arigataku omoimasu."??? I was really curious where you got that from. I found it a strange sentence and spoke about this with my girlfriend. She laughed and actually said this is the kind of Japanese that a peasant would use to the Shōgun in the Shogunate era... Haha... So I am rather curious where on earth you picked it up! Btw, I removed the sentence and replaced it with "Douzo yoroshiku o-negai shimasu". Much easier and definately much more common. Regards! Shinjitsu 19:51, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Shinjitsu, ben je ernstig? Ik heb nooit dat geweten! Dat past aan erg goed! Ik spreek maar 'n klein beetje Nederlands hoewel ben ik geen Nederlander. Ik ben van Hong Kong afkomst maar sedert 2002 heb ik in Amerika gewoont... ja! Waar kom jij vandaan in Nederland?

 * umm... ten opzichte van "Oaidekite arigataku omoimasu", ik denk dat de oorspronkelijke uitdrukking was "Oaidekite ureshi desu"... het is mogelijk dat 'n fout was gemaakt, maar ben ik zeker dat "Oaidekite ureshi desu" is niet verkeerd...

 * Mooi blijf!
 * Iman

 * Wow, careful with those on-line translators! ;-) They do generate a bunch of nonsense too! I think I do understand though. I'll better answer in English...
 * Hong Kong is cool. Have been there many times and I love it there! Especially the food! Oishii desu ne! Where I am from? I am from the city of Maastricht (in the south, close to Belgium and Germany), but now I live about 30 km west of Amsterdam. How come you learned (some) Dutch?
 * Oh, btw, why don't you create an account with Wikibooks? It's easy, it's free... Regards, 真実 - Shinjitsu To my Talk page! 06:03, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I was wondering did the Dutch make sense to you? I did not really use a translator but I am still an amateur in Dutch. Hope that didn't bother you too much! I learned Dutch primarily from my friend who lived in the Netherlands in Venlo but is now in America.
 * I am going to create an account right after this post, my account name will be Iman0613.

 * Haha, no man, it didn't bother me at all. It was just funny, because it looks exactly as if you had run it through an on-line translator... Sorry, I hope I didn't offend you with this? I did understand it, but it is really a "weird" Dutch. Especially the "Mooi blijf!" Where did you get that? Literally it means "Nice, stay!" (like talking to a dog, haha!, don't worry, I am not offended). Anyway, your Dutch is still a lot better than my Cantonese! ;-)
 * What does the 0613 stand for in your account name??? Btw, you can sign your messages with ~ (or simply click the signature button above the text block). It automatically generates your account name and the date and time of the post... In the preferences you can change the format of your name, as I have done, to make it look nicer and more "professional" (I've already been around on Wikipedia (under a different name) for a while). Regards, 真実 - Shinjitsu To my Talk page! 06:30, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your uitlegging! About the mooi blijf, my Afrikaner friend always signs off with mooi bly meaning stay nice, so I thought this also applies in Dutch... now I see that Afrikaans have diverged quite a bit from Dutch since the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie first landed in Zuid-Afrika!
 * the 0613 in my username stands for my birthday, which is June 13. About the "Oaidekite arigataku omoimasu", I had first put down "Oaidekite ureshi desu" originally, but I think that the latter is more correct than the former. I can try to help with your Cantonese if you want though!
 * Sorry to get completely off-topic on the Japanese wikibook deelpagina, but would you mind suggesting me what my message in Dutch would have looked like if it is in good Dutch? I would appreciate it a lot! :)
 * Have a nice day! Iman0613 16:06, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah, now I see. Yes, "Afrikaans" (as it is called) is a bit different from Dutch, but as long as they (and us) speak slowly, we can understand eachother for about 80-90%. I've been to South Africa a couple of times, but usually help myself with English. They speak too fast in Afrikaans to really understand it fully. Reading Afrikaans is no problem, that is 99% understandable. Just looks funny to us Dutchies.
 * I would love to speak Mandarin (instead of Cantonese), but I am already too busy with Japanese to learn more languages. Also Russian is still on my list. I need to live 300 years to do everything I want in my life! ;-)
 * Oaidekite ureshii desu is still very formal (I believe ureshii is with two i's in this case). Not bad, but it's a lot more easy to say "(Douzo) yoroshiku onegai shimasu." This sure is formal enough and easier to pronounce and remember. Almost every Japanese schoolbook/course uses this phrase, so as they say, "do as the Romans do".
 * About the Dutch part you wrote, you want me to write it in good Dutch. Okay:
 * Shinjitsu, meen je dat serieus? Ik heb nooit dat geweten! (Grammatically correct, but in this case better: Dat wist ik niet!) Je past je goed aan! Ik spreek maar 'n klein beetje Nederlands hoewel ik geen Nederlander ben. Ik kom uit Hongkong, maar woon sinds 2002 in Amerika... Ja! Waar kom jij vandaan in Nederland?
 * Umm... Met betrekking tot "Oaidekite arigataku omoimasu": ik denk dat de oorspronkelijke uitdrukking "Oaidekite ureshii desu" was... het is mogelijk dat 'n fout was gemaakt, maar ik ben er zeker van dat "Oaidekite ureshii desu" niet verkeerd is...
 * Groeten! (->This is quite informal, like English: "Regards!" It's okay to fellow Wikipedians (Wikibookians?) for example. If you want to be more formal, write: "Met vriendelijke groet, Iman" This is similar to "Yours sincerely, Iman".)
 * Iman
 * Something like that... Groeten! 真実 - Shinjitsu To my Talk page! 16:38, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Japanese Wikibook discussion
Hi Shinjitsu,

I just added a comment on Talk:Japanese which I wanted to draw your attention to as you've been involved in this book. --Swift (talk) 14:46, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery late reaction (year and half, mwoah...), but I haven't been active here anymore. Was very busy having a kid in 2008. That absorbs quite a lot of time (and money I might add to that!). Anyway, I agree it was quite a mess back then. Don't know what came out of it now, will have a look at it later (in another year and a half? ;-) ). Regards, 真実 - Shinjitsu To my Talk page! 01:42, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

 * No worries, and congratulations on having had a child! For catching up on the latest developments, you can read the introduction or the talk page. In a nutshell, the book went from being an attempt at a linear course to a collection of modules. These were categorised on the contents page and duplicate topics were merged. A whole truckload of pages were subsequently deleted. Not much is happening right now. --Swift (talk) 14:27, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shinjitsu


text:
User:Priyankgandhi

Priyank Gandhi
I am a graduate student from San Jose State University. I am pursuing my Masters in Software Engineering with specializing in Networking Software.

I also develop websites. I know JSP, HTML, PHP, Ruby, Perl. I have developed few websites.

You can visit my own website. www.priyankgandhi.com

title: User:Priyankgandhi


text:
Talk:Directing Technology/Maintain

Roles and Responsibilities
Let us decide on the roles and responsibilities for each one of us. As a starting point we are working on the outline of the chapter drafted by Bobby. After the initial research we will be able to come up with a complete outline of what we will include in this chapter.

UPDATES
11.27.07

Hey guys, I moved the roles and responsibilities section to the top like Dr. G. requested.

Bobby

11.20.07

Hey guys,

I also got through all the material in our section and I'm incredibly relieved. Our content seems very solid. As far as your point Naime, I am concerned about being too verbose as well, however I don't want to miss anything either. I tried to briefly revise minor details here and there and that is why i created an external page for my training section. But, I think I have a decent balance. Please let me know if you feel a section is lacking information and if another section contains too much information. I'm looking forward to our presentation. Thanks for everything guys.

Bobby

Good job Naime and Bobby..This sections looks great now. I have finally completed maintaining technology page. I have also read your section and I think its fine. Your table looks fine in my browser and I think its useful and you can keep it. Lets see what others think after we present on Tuesday. ~Ali

11/16/07

Hi Bobby and Ali,

i have read all of your sections. these are looking nice. i was woorrying abut curriculum integration support. you have touched this issue on the training section,Bobby. i am satisfied with this.

my other concern is warranties and licensing. i think ali, you have wtitten something on maintenance agreements section. it looks nice, too.

ali, i have seen your little "i" icon on your section. it looks well, too.

on the other hand, i have added a table to my section tech. support staff. i thought it would be nice to summarize everything in a table for visual learners.i donot know how it looks on your browser. let me know. i can work on it.However, do not forget my limited ability on HTML.

i am worrying about the heavy text issue. remember, paige has pointed that out about the others presentation. i do not know should i bullet everything. what do you think it is oky with this.

again that is me naime,

i canoot reach my lehigh e mail account if you want any concern about chapter you can e mail my gamil acoount also. ''thanks ali (i guess)... i have been working onn my chapter hardly. i have a question on your section, when i click maintaining technology, it starts a new page, i am trying to figure that out.i wan to do the same with yours because it looks nicer (i had look to the other groups they are ot starting anew page for each section, i donot know we have to or not, but yours looks nicers and cleare and more organized.)

and also thanks about references... i have just learned it.

and guys, about software support i named this sectiona physical and electronic security. or should it be software supporting.

my other question is where i should talk about warranties...

i havenot got anything form Bobby, yet.''

Good job Naime. I just saw what you posted under supporting technology. If you are having difficulty in adding references I can help you here. ______________________

when you need to insert reference just type this this will be marked as reference and it will added to the bottom of page under reference.

Did Bobby email Dr.G about the class presentation on our chapter. When is our presentation. I am trying to add more to maintaining technology section. I am looking for some graphics and samples to put there.~ali

Maintaining and Supporting technology
I found a very useful document published by National Center for Educational Statistics. According to this document, we should address the following when talking about maintenance and support.

 * Resources and ideas for establishing support system and tracking maintenance incidents and support calls
 * Suggestions for ensuring quality technical support and thorough maintenance.
 * Understanding the need to include maintenance and support in new technology purchases, including personnel resources.

Maintaining

 * Hardware
 * Software

Supporting

 * Setting expectations
 * What is your vision?
 * How do you plan to ensure achievement of these expectations?

Ensuring quality, and effectiveness Solid synergy between education and technology Starting from nothing organizing materials used to plan into a presentation selling how to support technology technology implementation requires nuturing

Training

 * technology staff
 * PD for instructional technology
 * explaining uses and applications
 * setting rules and boundaries

Useful Resources
Let us list any resources that we find may helpful. List any Websites, books or other documents.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Technology in Schools: Suggestions,Tools, and Guidelines for Assessing Technology in Elementary and Secondary Education, NCES 2003–313
 * http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2003/2003313.pdf

I want to click an external link and open a new browser window but don't know how to do it. Can someone help me? Thanks. (Pchu 07:05, 20 November 2007 (UTC)=Pei)

Great job guys. I loved the link to a new page that you added to each section. We were thinking about doing it to our page but decided against it. Yours really works for you.

title: Talk:Directing Technology/Maintain


text:
Soviet History/Pre-War Soviet-German Relations

In November 1918, as the First World War ended, both Germany and Russia found themselves in a common position: severe political weakness and turmoil. Germany had just been defeated in battle by the Entente Powers; while in Russia, the Bolsheviks under Lenin had taken over the government, igniting a brutal civil war between the Bolsheviks and the Whites, who wished to restore Russia's monarchy. The next year at Versailles, Britain and France imposed harsh and humiliating peace terms on Germany. The Kaiser had abdicated, and political factions and free-booting former soldiers battled each other within Germany. The defeat of Germany and Austria allowed eastern European nations such as Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia to gain independence. Russia was excluded from the Versailles conference and denied a say in the new shape of postwar Europe.

By 1922, Russia's civil conflict had ended with the defeat of the White monarchist forces and the establishment of the Soviet Union. Germany had also mostly stabilized its internal situation after several years of turmoil, with a democratic government in place. In postwar Europe, both countries remained potentially powerful but found themselves political outsiders. As a result, Lenin's government and the German government began to consider cooperation. Germany's generals, although enemies of Bolshevism, saw in Russia a means of evading the treaty of Versailles, which constrained the size of and arms allowed to the German military. They could build and test tanks and aircraft within the Soviet Union, away from the prying eyes of Allied inspectors. The Soviets also saw benefits in such an arrangement, in terms of trade and technology transfer with Germany.

A diplomatic conference was held at Rapallo, Italy, in 1922, where the British and French snubbed German requests. German and Russian representatives at the conference then began meetings of their own. When British diplomats learned of these meetings, they understood what was going on, and urgently asked the Germans to re-open talks with them However, it was too late, as a German-Russian treaty had been already signed. The Rapallo Treaty opened the door to a decade of cooperation between the Soviet Union and Germany's Weimar Republic. Soviet factories built German military equipment, and a generation of German officers trained in Russia and got to know their Soviet counterparts. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, the contacts were terminated, not to be restored until the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 which was the opening act of the Second World War.


text:
Ethiopian History/Recent History

In 1974 a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A constitution was adopted in 1994 and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. A two and a half year border war with Eritrea ended with a peace treaty on 12 December 2000. Even though the war is over the countries still have animosity towards each other. Final demarcation of the boundary is currently on hold due to Ethiopian objections to an international commission's finding requiring it to surrender sensitive territory.

title: Ethiopian History/Recent History


text:
Applicable Mathematics/Sets

A set is a collection of items which have something in common. They are usually designated by upper case letters. The members of the set are called elements.

The number of elements in set A = n(A) or |A|

$$2\in A$$; 2 is an element of set A.

$$2\not\in C$$; 2 is not an element of set C.

$$B\subset A$$; B is a subset of A which means every element of B is an element of A. $$B\not\subset A$$; B is not a subset of A.

U; universal set and varies for each collection under construction.

$$\emptyset$$ is the empty set and has no elements in it. $$n(\emptyset) = 0.$$

Operations on Sets:

$$A\cap B$$; Intersection between sets: elements common to both sets.

$$A\cap B = \emptyset$$; A and B are said to be disjoint if they have no common elements.

$$A\cup B$$; The union between the sets A and B is the set of all the elements found in either A or B.

The complement of set A is the set of all elements in the universal set that are not found in A. A’ or. *Note: the complementation must be done in the context of the universal set.

For sets A and B; $$n(A\cup B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A\cap B)$$

Venn Diagrams:

The relationship between sets and the operations performed on them can be represented graphically by using Venn Diagrams.

In Venn Diagrams, rectangles are usually used to represent universal sets and sets are usually defined on them represented by shaded circles or ovals.

Complement of a set:

Complement of set A is the set of all elements in the universal set NOT set A; A’ or.

Subsets:

Every element of a subset is also in the set. The set itself is also considered a subset. The empty set is also considered a subset.

Rules:

n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)

n(ABC) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – n(A  C) – n(B  C) + n(A  B  C)

title: Applicable Mathematics/Sets