text:
Dutch/Vocabulary/Drinks

 * The word drink is the same in both English and Dutch, when the verb is used: I drink - ik drink.
 * However, for "a drink" in Dutch we say:

 * It is the diminutive of drank which means to drink.

Let's see some drunks. Press the button to hear the spoken word.

Kinds of wine

 * de witte wijn - white wine
 * de droge wijn - dry wine
 * de zoete wijn - sweet wine

Verbs
'''"Drinken" is a very common verb in Dutch. But, be careful! "Drinken" is a strong verb with vowel changes in the past tense and the past participle.''' Present The present has three forms

ik drink—we drinken

je drinkt—jullie drinken

hij drinkt—ze drinken

Past The past has two forms: ik dronk—we dronken

je dronk—jullie dronken

hij dronk—ze dronken

Past Participle :
 * [[image:nl-gedronken.ogg|20px|noicon]]
 * gedronken

Conversation: een drankje bestellen
{{Dutch/Translation|Ordering a drink
 * Waiter: Would you like something to drink?
 * Customer: Yes, I would!
 * Waiter: What would you like to drink?
 * Customer: For starters I would like to have a glass of red wijn. What do you recommend?
 * Waiter: The house wine is Merlot.
 * Costumer: A glass of Merlot. That would be fine!
 * Waiter: Is that all?
 * Costumer: Yes.
 * Costumer: Yes.

 * moments later

 * Waiter: Here you are, one glas of white wine.
 * Customer: But that is not what I ordered. I would like red wine.
 * Waiter: Oh, I'm sorry!}}

{{BookCat}}

title: Dutch/Vocabulary/Drinks


text:
Wikijunior:Bugs/Fly

The word "fly" is often used to describe the house fly. There are more than 110,000 species of flies. That makes the Fly group the fourth largest insect group.

What does it look like?

House flies are the best known fly species. Like all insects, they have 6 legs, 2 antenna, and 3 body regions (head, thorax, and abdomen). Antenna bristles are slightly feathery.

Most house flies are 1/16-inch to 1/2-inch long. They are dark with 4 black, lengthwise stripes on the thorax (middle section). Instead of chewing mouthparts, they have sponging mouthparts. They have reddish eyes.

Their long, hairy legs have adhesive pads and sharp claws on the tarsus (last segment). They have wings only on the thorax. Wings are made of thin sheets of chitin sandwiched together. A network of veins runs between the sheets to give support. The wings are held level and straight over the back.

Where does it live?
House flies occur worldwide except in Antarctica and a few remote islands.

They are commonly found on poultry and hog farms, horse stables and ranches. They are found where there is waste for food and manure for breeding.

What does it eat?
Adult house flies feed where they find decaying matter, sugar, or flower nectar. They feed on honeydew left by aphids or other bugs. Adult houseflies never have chewing mouthparts. They use saliva to change solids to liquids. Sponge-like mouthparts pick up semi-liquid foods, such as feces and decaying matter.

Fly larvae feed on moist organic matter. They need to store away a great deal of protein so as adults they have energy to search for food, find a mate, and produce eggs. They have sharp, curved “mouth hooks” used to scrape and cut solid food before flooding it with digestive enzymes.

How does it defend itself?
The fly's main defenses are its speed and agility. It has eyes that can see a very wide view of the world and help them notice fast movement and escape predators. Flies are often preyed upon by birds, spiders, and other flying insects.

What stages of metamorphosis does it go through?
House flies and their larvae (maggots) breed most commonly in manure. They undergo complete metamorphosis with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages.

Female house flies lay 5 to 6 batches of 75-120 white oval eggs. Larvae hatch from eggs in about 12 hours. They are segmented, tapered at the head and blunt at the end. After growing for about 5 days they change into rounded, oblong pupae. Mature adult flies emerge after about 5 more days.

They begin breeding almost immediately. Thus, each new generation takes 10 to 12 days to develop. If temperatures are low, development may take a month or longer. Males live about fifteen days. Females live up to twenty-six days if they have access to food and water.

If a single female house fly laid 120 eggs in spring, and if all offspring survived, over five-trillion new flies could hatch by fall!

What special behavior does it exhibit?
House flies are “disease vectors,” carrying as many as a half billion bacteria and other organisms on their body at one time.

Adult house flies can taste with their feet! They use a “vomit drop” of saliva to turn solid morsels into liquid nourishment.

If there are clear plastic bags, half-full of water, outside doors and windows, house flies have trouble. The constant motion of the water interferes with their vision.

How does this bug affect people?
House flies carry germs that cause dysentery, anthrax, typhoid fever and other diseases. They breed in unclean places. Their soft, sticky feet and hairy legs pick up “filth” from contaminated matter. When they land on people or objects, they drop bacteria and germs with every step. House flies can be beneficial to people as pollinators of flowering plants and decomposers of waste matter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikijunior:Bugs/Fly


text:
Wikijunior:Bugs/Grasshopper

What does it look like?
Grasshoppers have their rear legs adapted for jumping. These legs have large muscles in them to propel the grasshopper forwards. Grasshoppers have antennae that are almost always shorter than the body. This lets you tell them apart from their cousins the Crickets and Katydids. Grasshoppers are usually green or brown. This helps to camouflage them among the habitat where they live. Most adult grasshoppers have two pairs of wings. Some grasshoppers have their wings in bright colors. When they jump they show their wings and the sudden bright flash of color may distract predators. They are known for the sound they make by rubbing their wings with their rear legs. Grasshoppers have no ears as we do, rather they hear with an organ called the tympanum in the first segment of their abdomen.

Where does it live?
Grasshoppers live in all climates except the very cold ones. They live in grassy areas, forests or anywhere there are leaves that they can feed on.

What does it eat?
Grasshoppers are herbivores and eat only plants. Some grasshoppers eat only a certain type of plant. They eat plants like leaves and grasses.

How does it defend itself?
When grasshoppers are picked up they release a brown liquid. Some scientists think that this is done to protect it from other small insects like ants. Grasshoppers are hunted by beetles, mantises, birds, mice, cats, dogs, snakes, and spiders. Grasshoppers try to hide or jump and fly away when they are near their enemies.

What stages of metamorphosis does it go through?
After they leave their eggs, newborn grasshoppers look much like adults. They simply grow bigger — if something doesn't kill it first. They will grow bigger by shedding their old skin as it gets tighter, in a process called moulting. As evidenced by the diagram on the right, grasshoppers have 6 stages, or instars, in its short life. Few young grasshoppers reach adulthood.

How does this bug affect people?
Grasshoppers can destroy entire crops of cotton, corn and other grains. This makes them not well liked by the farmers who are planting these crops. Some grasshoppers can form swarms of many billions. These are the locusts, and a swarm of locusts can devastate

Some people eat them as food; they are very nutritious.

title: Wikijunior:Bugs/Grasshopper


text:
Wikijunior:Bugs/Cicada

What does it look like?
Cicadas are large insects between 1 and 2-3/8 inches long. Most are black with greenish markings. They have a stout body, a broad head, and short antennae. Their large compound eyes are set wide apart. Three small eyes (ocelli) are arranged in a triangle. Clear wings with sturdy veins are attached to the thorax. Wings are held roof-like over the abdomen. There are six legs with strong claws for gripping bark. Immature cicadas look like adults, but have tiny wings or no wings at all. Males have sound-producing organs below the base of the abdomen. Cicadas are sometimes called locusts but do not jump like locusts.

Periodical cicadas are 3/4 to 1-1/4 inches long. They are black-to-brownish in color with reddish-brown to yellow under the abdomen. Wings have an orange tinge; legs are reddish. Front wings are twice as long as back wings. Wingspan can be up to 3 inches. One Chinese species is 7 inches long with an 8-inch wing span!

Some cicada species are colorful. Magicicadas have black bodies, red eyes, and wings with orange veins. Near the tip of each forewing is a black "W". The species Okanagana is colored black and orange. “Stop-and-go" cicadas of Ecuador have wings with red and green markings. Some cicada species are odd looking. The male bladder cicada of Australia has a large, balloon-like abdomen.

Scientists identify cicada species by their sounds or “songs”. Male cicadas have 2 thin membranes (tymbals) on the sides of the abdomen. Muscles pull the tymbals inward to make a clicking sound. When muscles relax, the tymbals snap back to make a different sound. This happens 300 times per second! The hollow abdomen amplifies the sound like a drum.

Where does it live?
Periodical cicada species (Magicicada) are found east of the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Their habitat is deciduous mixed forests and nearby grasslands and pastures.

Unlike other cicadas, periodical cicadas emerge only once every 13 or 17 years. When they all emerge at one time they are called a “brood”. Some broods are large while others are small. There are only 14 broods of 17-year cicadas and 5 broods of 13-year cicadas in the United States. The 17-year species are mostly in northern regions. The 13-year species are generally in southern and midwestern regions.

What does it eat?
Cicadas belong to the insect order Homoptera because they have sucking mouthparts. Insects in this order pierce a root or stem then suck up the fluid from plants. Periodical cicadas feed on the sap of tree roots to get food. This is how they stay cool in the summer and keep from drying out.

How does it defend itself?
Insect-eating birds and various animals eat cicadas. Male cicadas use vibrating membranes on the abdomen to warn of danger. Cicadas can fly away from predators. They are fast fliers, but sometimes bump into trees and other objects. Enemies are usually overwhelmed by the sheer number of emerging cicadas. Predators eat their fill and many cicadas remain.

What stages of metamorphosis does it go through?
Cicadas undergo simple or incomplete metamorphosis. There are three stages of development— egg, nymph, and adult. To lay eggs, females use an ovipositor to make a slit in a twig. The twig dies and falls to the ground where eggs are left. Sometimes young cicada nymphs hatch from eggs and drop to the ground without the twig. Upon reaching the ground, they use strong front legs to dig underground burrows in the soil where they will live.

Cicadas molt through several nymph stages before emerging as adults. There are no larva or pupa stages. When the soil gets warm enough in spring (about 64 degrees F), nymphs dig exit tunnels to find air. They climb a tree to undergo one last molt. When the exoskeleton splits down the back, the adult wriggles out.

Newly emerged adults are milky white. In 2 or 3 hours their bodies turn black. The wings are thick little flaps. Fluid pumps through a network of veins to expand the wings. The wing veins turn bright orange and eyes turn bright red. When wings unfold and dry out, cicadas crawl or fly up to the treetops.

Most cicada species have lifecycles between 2 and 8 years. These species are often called "annual" cicadas. Annual broods overlap so adults can be found every year. Species in each lifecycle group have different sizes, colors, and songs. In contrast, “periodical” cicadas mature together in long lifecycles of 13 or 17 years. Periodical cicadas have a 3-stage lifecycle too, but spend many years as nymphs. Most of the emerging periodical cicada broods contain 2 or 3 species. Annual species appear every year in midsummer. Thousands of empty nymph skins can be seen hanging from trees during July and August. They are called “dog day” cicadas. Ancient people believed the sun’s heat combined with heat from Sirius the Dog Star. They called the hot days of mid-summer “dog days”.

The lifecycle of periodical cicadas is between 13 and 17 years. They appear in May and June. Periodical cicada adults are present in a given area only in certain years. Most of their time is spent underground in the nymph stage.

What special behavior does it exhibit?
The word cicada means “buzzer” in Latin. Each cicada species has a distinctive song, such as a loud buzz or hum. Every song varies in tone and rhythm. Some species are more “musical” than others. Sometimes they make a clicking or whining sound. When thousands sing at the same time they are very loud. Male cicadas make sounds using tymbals--special structures found on the abdomen. Male cicadas make sounds to lure females. Males begin making their sounds a few days after emerging from underground. They often stay close together in “chorusing centers” that attract females. They stop singing in the evening.

Periodical cicada nymphs are able to burrow as deep as 8 feet to find roots where they can feed. They are able to tell when thirteen or seventeen years have passed by tasting juices sucked from the roots. These fluids change as trees grow through the seasons. If the cicadas count wrong they will not emerge at the right time.

When they hatch, millions of cicadas suddenly appear as if by magic from soil. They have the scientific name Magicicada. The different broods of Magicicada in the United States usually emerge as adults on separate schedules. Every 221 years they come out together!

How does this bug affect people?
Cicadas have fascinated people since ancient times. They are well liked by people in most countries of the world. In France they are thought to bring good luck. They are a source of food for people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In ancient China they were a symbol of rebirth.

In 1634, Pilgrims in New England heard a population of cicadas known as Brood XIV. This population lives in parts of 13 states including Massachusetts where Pilgrims first settled. The Pilgrims thought cicadas were plague locusts like those in Bible stories. Brood XIV last appeared in 2008. The next generation will appear in 2025.

Cicadas cannot bite or sting. They have no economic value. Sometimes, when large populations crowd into a small area, damage can occur. Too many cicadas feeding and laying eggs can harm young trees. Older trees usually escape with little damage.

Reference
Leahy, C. (1987). Peterson’s first guide to insects of North America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Milne, L. & Milne, M. (2009). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders. New York, NY: Alfred A Knopf.

Pringle, L. (2010). ''Cicadas! Strange and Wonderful.'' Honesdale, PA: Boyd Mills Press.

http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/cicada/

http://bugguide.net/node/view/111296

http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/fauna/Michigan_Cicadas/Periodical/Index.html

title: Wikijunior:Bugs/Cicada


text:
Wikijunior:Bugs/Mosquito

What does it look like?
A mosquito is a flying insect, that has long legs and a thin body. The range of length and weight are great, but mosquitoes are normally quite small and less than 16 mm long and 2.5 mg in weight. Mosquitoes have six legs and a pair of translucent wings. The mosquito's head contains two compound eyes and a pair of long antennae. The antennae are used by the mosquito to smell. The males have bushier antenna which include auditory receptors so they can hear female mosquitoes as they fly. The head also has an elongated tube called a proboscis that is used for feeding. Mosquitoes also have a pair of halteres, halteres stabilize the flight of the mosquito.

Where does it live?
Mosquitoes are present in all six of the major continents. The mosquito is a nocturnal insect, and flies during the evening and night. During the day, mosquitoes rest in the shade or other cool areas.

What does it eat?
Both male and female mosquitoes drink nectar from plants as their main source of food. In many species of mosquitoes however, the females drink blood! A female mosquito uses the blood to gain other nutrients for her eggs. Using the proboscis, the external organ for sucking up blood, the mosquito punctures the skin of its victim. After injecting a pain killer, it will suck up the blood. A mosquito has special saliva that keeps the blood it drinks from clotting. Many diseases, such as malaria, are spread by mosquitoes carrying infected blood.

How does it defend itself?
Mosquito saliva contains a pain killer that allows mosquitoes to sometimes bite their victims and remain undetected. Mosquitoes also can fly quickly. This makes them hard to swat and a easy escape route for them, however only female mosquitoes feed on blood

What stages of metamorphosis does it go through?
Mosquitoes (like most insects) start out in eggs. Mother mosquitoes lay the eggs in the water because the larvae must swim. Mosquito larvae are also called "wrigglers" because of the way they squirm in the water. In at least a week, larvae start to become pupae, the second stage of a mosquito. The pupa stage lasts about one to four days, in which it stays in a hard cocoon like case. When a mosquito is in its shell, it does not eat. In fact, the only thing it does is change again. Soon enough, the case cracks, and out comes a new adult mosquito. The mosquito must rest on the surface of the water for a few minutes, to dry off its wings. An adult male mosquito lives only a week or so, and then, its life is over. The adult female mosquito lives for a little longer sometimes as long as two months.

What special behavior does it exhibit?
Adult mosquitoes build tunnels below grass roots and rest there when they are not flying. In most species, the male mosquitoes form large swarms, usually around dusk, and the females fly into the swarms to mate. Female mosquitoes make a characteristic whining sound when they fly that attracts males. Some types of mosquitoes can fly very long distances and keep flying continuously for up to four hours.

How does this bug affect people?
This is a very famous insect because it has killed so many people throughout history. When a mosquito bites, it can pass on diseases like Malaria and Yellow Fever. In some parts of the world people sleep under large nets so they don't get bitten in their sleep. Even when a mosquito is not carrying disease, the bite of a mosquito is very annoying. In some places people spray chemical pesticides to keep the number of mosquitoes down. The use of pesticides help keep their numbers down.

Reference
Mosquito

title: Wikijunior:Bugs/Mosquito


text:
User talk:Blob10

IM NO SOCKPUPPET
STOP BLOCKING ME

title: User talk:Blob10


text:
IB Biology Practical Investigations/The Chemistry of Life/Chemsketch - modeling biological molecules

For this activity you need to download and install Chemsketch 10.0 and the tutorial activity.

Get Chemsketch here:

Get the tutorial activity here: (Or find it on the OCC Biology section)

Students will take about 45 minutes to make and animate a glycine molecule, and should then feel confident enough to make other structures.

Enjoy!

Steve.


text:
User:Stella114

name: stella hollander hometown: NYC occupation: hipster

title: User:Stella114


text:
User:Dabrace1984

My name is Douglas Brace. I am currently working on Directing Technology as a class project for my Masters degree in Instructional Technology at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, PA. Feel free to ask me any questions about this book or about this topic. If I am not able to answer, I will try my to best direct you to the proper location.

title: User:Dabrace1984


text:
User talk:Vardit~enwikibooks

NEW GOTHIC SHORT STORIES
The development of writing skills doesn't occur overnight. It is a process that goes beyond writing coherent and grammatically correct sentences. It has to do with the ability to write down thoughts, feelings, and experiences in a logical way, which through narrative will reveal values and beliefs.

Description of the project
This project has been designed to promote writing processes through collaborative work. It will consist on the elaboration of gothic short stories and their further analysis and criticism. The idea is to allow students revise their partners' works perodically so that they can receive feedback not only from the teacher, but from their own partners.

Participants
Students of 10th grade

Objectives

 * To allow students of tenth grade the creation of new gothic short stories.
 * To promote a collaborative workamong students which will contribute to the improvement of writing processes through the comments and recommendations given by their partners.
 * To allow an environment different from the class to

Welcome!
I saw that you created NEW GOTHIC SHORT STORIES. Unfortunately, Wikibooks is not a place to publish original works. If you're going to be writing about short stories (ie annontated texts, or something about the writing process etc) then that would fit inside our project scope. If you'd like help finding a better home for collaborative fiction writing, please feel free to ask at WB:HELP, where the community can offer advice. Thanks!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:15, 25 November 2007 (UTC)
 * If you're writing collaborative fiction, you can do that at Fiction Wikia. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:37, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vardit. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vardit~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:52, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vardit~enwikibooks


text:
User:Vardit~enwikibooks

One of the seers of this work is User:Karel.

And this is my main project in wikibooks.. NEW GOTHIC SHORT STORIES

title: User:Vardit~enwikibooks


text:
User:Lishevita

Who Am I?

I ask myself that question all the time. When I grow up, I'm sure I'll figure it out. I'm not sure when I'll grow up, though. Can I get back to you on that?

title: User:Lishevita


text:
User:Dayanne

PROJECT WORK, A NEW WAY TO LEARN ENGLISH
OBJETIVOS

title: User:Dayanne


text:
User talk:Dgprouty

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

--Jomegat 21:17, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Maple Sugar
Nice job! I updated the Nature index page to show it as 100% complete and added it to the list of completed honors on the front page. Thanks. --Jomegat 23:57, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dgprouty


text:
User talk:Icurays1

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

I wouldn't say that I'm the primary editor on the Algebra book, especially not recently. However, I may be the closest thing to an active editor, because nobody else works on the book either. For your class project, how much work do you need to do? How much time and energy do you have to work on this? I can certainly guide you and help you to clean up the book. Also, the Linear Algebra book needs a lot of work too. Let me know what you have in mind. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:47, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

 * First, when you write a message, you can sign it with four tildes ( ~ ). That way, I know who I'm talking to!
 * The algebra book could really use a couple things. For an example that you can use to follow, if you want, see Wikibooks Community for an example. Here is a list of things that Algebra needs, to get you started:
 * A preface. This should be like a short paragraph that describes the book, and can appear on the TOC.
 * An introduction page. Should explain what the book is all about, how it is structured, who should read it, etc.
 * A page for resources. The "Further Reading" section on the algebra book could be moved into a "Resources" page. You could also find other books, other wikipedia articles, and other websites that are related to algebra, and list them there.
 * A navigation system. Every page should have a template at the top that identifies that page as being part of the algebra book. Also, those templates can include "forward" and "back" links to link to the previous and the next page in the book, respectively. If you create such a template, I have a bot that can add it automatically to every page in the book (to save you some effort).
 * Let me know if you have any questions about this. I can help you do whatever you need. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 14:56, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Algebra 2
I noticed you needed something to work on, could you help with this? Laleena (talk) 13:53, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Algebra
I just wanted to drop you a little message: I've seen some of your work on the Algebra book, and You're doing a fantastic job. I know there is a lot of work to do, but you're making real progress. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:09, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Icurays1


text:
User:Steschke

de:Benutzer:Steschke

title: User:Steschke


text:
Dungeons & Dragons

This is a field guide to the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game rules and accessories. Commonly referred to as "D ' and ' D" or "DnD", this game was developed in 1974 by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson. Currently it is produced by the gaming company Wizards of the Coast; a fourth edition of the game was released in 2008, and a fifth in 2014.

Contents

 * 1) /Learning the game/
 * 2) /Magic spells/
 * 3) /Magic items/
 * 4) /Monsters/
 * 5) /Commercial settings/
 * 6) /Developing a Campaign World/

title: Dungeons & Dragons


text:
Dungeons & Dragons/Developing a Campaign World

Developing a Campaign World
One of the most important duties of a DM is to create the world the adventures occur within. Many settings have been published, notably the Forgotten Realms and Eberron worlds. However, many DMs chose to create their own worlds, or at least create a unique setting within a larger, established world. This section deals with those world creating for a single campaign setting, through several examples.

There are two primary approaches to creating a world from scratch, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
 * Focused Creation
 * Broad World View

Focused Creation
This method starts with a single point, usually a village or even an inn, and expands outwards to the kingdom, world, and planes used in the campaign. The advantage of this sort of campaign is that the players become very involved from the beginning in their location. Also, DMs have the ability to expand the world to suit the needs of the players. In this example, a DM develops a tavern that the characters will meet in for the first adventure, and expands it outwards from there.

The Single Point
There are several key details a DM must address in creating the single point.
 * Setting
 * Description
 * Objects of interest
 * Relevant game details
 * Mood
 * Characters
 * PC
 * NPCs
 * How it fits into the bigger picture

Setting
The first thing to be resolved is the location itself. Is this a grimy, wooden shack with a thatched roof, or a marble palace?

Then, decide the objects within the place. Are there tables? Chairs? Potted plants? A fountain?

Decide upon the relevant game details. This can be the most time consuming step, but will vastly enhance the feeling of the in-game actions. Does the blinding sunlight give a penalty on attack rolls? How much damage does a beer bottle deal in a bar fight?

The mood is the most difficult to decide upon. How is this going to entice the players? What plot hooks can be found within the location, to start them on their quests?

Characters
Giving the Heroes some interesting and memorable people and entities to interact with is very high on the priority list of any game world designer. Having a villain, a recurring merchant or informant, giving the impression that others are inhabiting the imaginary world along with the Players' characters.

1. Decide how the PCs came to that location. Is there a famous bard passing through? Are they out for a night of drinking, and happen to go to the same inn?

2. Flesh out each of the NPCs with enough backstory to pass by in a conversation. What's the bartender's name? What kind of beer does he like? Who's that guard outside the city gate? What is his attack, his AC? If it helps you can find any magazine or other source of photos, copy an image and then mod it to suit your needs, this should help you think about that persons mood, appearance, motivations, intellect, history, wealth etc. A short summary of each important NPC plus a picture showing them and notes on important possessions or their role in the scheme of things. There need to be allies, patrons, victims to be rescued, dark-hearted villains, light-hearted comic relief, merchants, other adventurers, hangers-on, etc. There will be families in the world; homes, shops, people travelling the roads, ships, farms, workshops, libraries, temples and palaces, all occupied by people with their own drives and effect on the PCs.

The required level of detail will depend upon your style and also the playing style of the adventurers. Don't be afraid to wing it, but make notes and try to rationalise what the snap decision has led to: if it proves too unacceptable it can be overcome by numerous means such as killing off an NPC, sending them off to visit an aunt, illness, old age, or pretending that the unacceptable NPC was only acting out and was actually a spy or trickster, etc., etc.

The bigger picture
This is the least important of these steps, but it can help in the long run. Is this tavern on a big cross-country road? Is this forest threatened by loggers? Plant these ideas now. You can always change them if the campaign turns a different way.

Building Out
It's perfectly alright to begin a Focused Creation with an idea of the world you want. Focus in on the single point, and use that as a template for other locations. If you make a palace, decide where the guards live, and then where the food comes from. Then, decide how the palace in the neighboring kingdom is different. Is the city built around the palace, or is it at the very edge of the city?

Use the ideas planted while developing the single point, and insert as many or as few as feels necessary for the players to have a feeling of where they are, and what you want them to do. Keep careful notes of rumors you plant, stories an NPC tells. If you mention that trolls are becoming more common in the north, remember it. The players may or may not take that lead, but it never fails to be safe.

Consistency
Out-of game details can be changed easily, as long is there a suitable excuse. Changing something the PCs know can damage the realism of the campaign world, and make it less interesting, unless there is a reason that can be built into the campaign without changing something else. If everyone in the village knows it's against the King's Law to wear jewels, then that should be the same in every village in that kingdom, unless there is a special circumstance. If a small town is trying to become independent, and that is a focus of the campaign, feel free to have those townspeople ignore the law.

Rules changes should not be changed without a very good reason. If you decided all trees in your starting forest have 1000 HP, that is true for all trees in the world, unless they have been subjected to some form of dark magic, or weakened by drought, or some such world-shaking event. Make sure to make these changes apparent to the players: don't just say there was a drought because you want trees to be weaker. Poor townsfolk would die of thirst, raids by desert creatures would become more commonplace, and clerics would hold public prayers for rain.

Recurring Themes
These are a DM's best friend. Add details to NPCs, places, and facts the PCs already know. If they find out the blacksmith who supplies them with cheap weapons used to work for another nation's army, their opinion on him may change. On a simpler level, they may simply see him every night in the tavern, telling stories about his son's work as a thatcher.

Don't overdo this, however. If every NPC has a shadowy past, or every forest is infested by a dark shadow, the characters will begin to note every single detail, which can take away from the gameplay and slow it down dramatically.

Interesting Places
Spend time on each new place. Because you control how fast the PCs can move through the world, you control how much work you need to do to develop every new place. Don't go overboard, and try to make every location as detailed and important as the first. Keep a dozen details you want for every new location, and alter them for each new place. If your first druid enclave has a leader, make sure the next has a leader, although of a different level, a different name, a different background, etc.

Example of Focused Creation: "The Three Ears Tavern and Outwards"
The Three Ears Tavern is a reasonably large, well kept tavern, although the thatch has a few holes and the sign is missing a few letters. It lies on the main road between Zuffeldorf and the Capital.

WikiRPG/Sistema para criação de mundos


text:
User talk:Kaus Austrol~enwikibooks

Hi Kaus Austrol. You were probably looking for List of class projects. More useful info below:

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:37, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kaus Austrol. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kaus Austrol~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:22, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:07, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kaus Austrol~enwikibooks


text:
Differential Geometry

Curves

 * Chapter 1.1 /Basic Concepts/
 * Chapter 1.2 /Arc Length/
 * Chapter 1.3 /Tangent Line, Unit Tangent Vector, and Normal Plane/
 * Chapter 1.4 /Osculating Plane/
 * Chapter 1.5 /Normal Line and Principal Unit Normal Vector/
 * Chapter 1.6 /Curvature and Osculating Circle/
 * Chapter 1.7 /Binormal Vector, Binormal Line, and Rectifying Plane/
 * Chapter 1.8 /Torsion/
 * Chapter 1.9 /Frenet-Serret Formulae/
 * Chapter 1.10 /Vector of Darboux/
 * Chapter 1.11 /Unit Spherical Indicatrices/
 * Chapter 1.12 /Approximate Curves/
 * Chapter 1.13 /Contact and Osculating Sphere/

Special Surfaces
微分幾何学

title: Differential Geometry


text:
Differential Geometry/Basic Concepts

Consider n functions, x1(t), x2(t), x3(t), ..., xn(t). Then consider the vector f function in Rn which is given by f(t)=(x1(t), x2(t), x3(t), ..., xn(t)) is called a parametric representation of a set M, where M is the image of the function.

The point sets which shall be considered here must be able to be represented by a parametric representation (called an allowable parametric representation) f(t) where:
 * 1) The function f is continuously differentiable.
 * 2) The derivative f ' (t) is different from the null vector for all t.

What is most important here are not individual parametric representations of vector function, but rather equivalence classes of vector functions which are have the same properties. These equivalences classes are called arcs.

Two of parametric representations f1(x) and f2(x) of a set are said to be equivalent if
 * 1) f1−1(f2(t)) is defined on a closed interval [a,b].
 * 2) f1−1(f2(t)) is continuously differentiable.
 * 3) f1−1(f2(t))≠0 for all t in [a,b]

A point in a vector function f(t1)=f(t2) (t1≠t2) is called a multiple point. Arcs without multiple points are simple.

Arcs themselves are continuous as a vector function. Let $$\epsilon > 0$$. Since each $$x_k$$ is continuous, there exists for each $$k$$ a $$\delta_k$$ such that

$$\left|x_k(t_1)-x_k(t_2) \right| < \frac{\epsilon}{\sqrt{n}} \quad \text{if} \quad \left|t_1-t_2\right|<\delta_k$$

Let δ = min{δk}. Then when |t1-t2|<ε, |f(t1)-f(t2)|=$$\sqrt{\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^n (x_k(t_1)-x_k(t_2))^2}$$<ε.

All simple arcs are thus homeomorphic to a segment.

Finally, curves are point sets representable by a arc such that for all functions within the arc, there is an interval whose image is the curve and such that any subinterval is an allowable parametric representation of some set.

A closed curve is one that is representable by a periodic function. All closed curves are homeomorphic to the circle.

title: Differential Geometry/Basic Concepts


text:
Differential Geometry/Arc Length

The length of a vector function $$f$$ on an interval $$[a,b]$$ is defined as

 * $$\sup\left\{x\Bigg|t_n\in[a,b],t_n<t_{n+1},x=\sum_{k=1}^n\Big|f(t_k)-f(t_{k-1})\Big|\right\}$$

If this number is finite, then this function is rectifiable.

For continuously differentiable vector functions, the arc length of that vector function on the interval $$[a,b]$$ would be equal to $$\int\limits_a^b\left|\vec{f}'(x)\right|dx$$.

Consider a partition $$a=t_0<t_1<\cdots<t_n=b$$, and call it $$P_n$$. Let $$P_{n+1}$$ be the partition $$P_n$$ with an additional point, and let $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\max\{t_n-t_{n-1}\}=0$$, and let $$l_n$$ be the arc length of the segments by joining the $$f(x)$$ of the vector function. By the mean value theorem, there exists in the nth partition a number $$t_n'$$ such that
 * Proof

 * $$\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3\Big(x_i(t_n)-x_i(t_{n-1})\Big)^2}=(t_n-t_{n-1})\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3 x_i'(t_n')}$$

Hence,

 * $$l_n=\sum_{j=1}^n\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3\Big(x_i(t_j)-x_i(t_{j-1})\Big)^2}=\sum_{j=1}^n(t_j-t_{j-1})\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3 x_i'(t_j')}$$

which is equal to

 * $$\sum_{j=1}^n(t_j-t_{j-1})\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3 x_i'(t_j)}+\sum_{j=1}^n(t_j-t_{j-1})\left(\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3 x_i'(t_j')}-\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3 x_i'(t_j)}\right)$$

The amount

 * $$\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3 x_i'(t_j')}-\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3 x_i'(t_j)}$$

shall be denoted $$d_j$$. Because of the triangle inequality,

 * $$d_j\le\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3(x_i'(t_j')-x_i'(t_j))^2}\le\sum_{i=1}^3\Big|x_i'(t_j')-x_i'(t_j)\Big|$$

Each component is at least once continuously differentiable. There exists thus for any $$\varepsilon>0$$, there is a $$\delta>0$$ such that

 * $$\Big|x_i'(a)-x_i'(b)\Big|<\frac{\varepsilon}{3}$$ when $$|a-b|<\delta$$.

Therefore, if $$\max\{t_n-t_{n-1}\}<\delta$$ then $$d_j<\varepsilon$$, so that

 * $$\left|\sum_{j=1}^n(t_n-t_{n-1})\right|d_j<\varepsilon(b-a)$$ which approaches 0 when n approaches infinity.

Thus, the amount

 * $$\sum_{j=1}^n(t_j-t_{j-1})\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3 x_i'(t_j)}+\sum_{j=1}^n(t_j-t_{j-1})\left(\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3 x_i'(t_j')}-\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3 x_i'(t_j)}\right)$$

approaches the integral $$\int\limits_a^b\left|\vec{f}'(x)\right|dx$$ since the right term approaches 0.

If there is another parametric representation from $$[a',b']$$, and one obtains another arc length, then

 * $$\int\limits_{a'}^{b'}\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3\left(\frac{dx_i}{dt}\right)^2}\left|\frac{dt}{dt'}\right|dt'=\int\limits_{a'}^{b'}\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^3\left(\frac{dx_i}{dt'}\right)^2}dt'$$

indicating that it is the same for any parametric representation.

The function $$s(t)=\int\limits_{t_0}^t\left|\vec{f}'(x)\right|dx$$ where $$t_0$$ is a constant is called the arc length parameter of the curve. Its derivative turns out to be $$\Big|f'(x)\Big|$$.

title: Differential Geometry/Arc Length


text:
User:Icurays1

This is the start of something better

title: User:Icurays1


text:
User talk:The Scarlet Letter~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 07:49, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Mathematics books
I'll try to develop these books. But due to my real life commitments I often don't find enough time for editing. If you are willing to take the lead I'll try and tag along (especially in linear algebra). Meanwhile I am hoping to soon start a book on Operations Research. What say?--Shahab (talk) 16:03, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Topology Expert
I have noticed that you have done some good work in Wikibook which is great! Please see what I have written in the discussion page on the topology wikibook. Topology Expert (talk) 04:32, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Which one?--A (talk) 05:28, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Re: Abstract Algebra
The book indeed needs addition but this is one area where I can barely contribute. I would be glad if someone does help in

S Pat   talk 09:16, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry. I meant that I don't know enough of abstract algebra to contribute, but I hope someone does help in.

 * S Pat   talk 01:08, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Abstract algebra and other fields of mathematics
Dear 'The scarlet letter',

I have not been active in Wikibooks for a while now (I mainly edit Wikipedia). However, I can definitely improve the abstract algebra book as soon as possible (and other such pages). I think that if you/Spat are simaltaneously learning and editing Wikibooks, you should be familiar with a certain concept for at least a month before editing something related to this concept. Sometimes (and this happens for everyone including me), we think that something is correct but realise that it isn't a little later. To avoid such mishaps, it would be best to know a concept well for sometime before editing anything related to that concept. However, I am not someone to tell you what to do and it could well be that you do not make such mistakes.

The following sections in topology are unsatisfactory (in my opinion):

 * Quotient space
 * Tangent bundle
 * Cohomology (there is nothing here but there should be)

etc...

and must be improved. I will do so as soon as possible.

Topology Expert (talk) 06:51, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Note: I am sometimes busy on Wikipedia/other committments and I may not be able to make decent progress on Wikibooks for a month or so.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called The Scarlet Letter. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name The Scarlet Letter~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:46, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:35, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Smartkidbhat

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.(76.247.222.101 08:29, 25 November 2007 (UTC))

title: User talk:Smartkidbhat


text:
User talk:Mhayes

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.(76.247.222.101 08:30, 25 November 2007 (UTC))

title: User talk:Mhayes


text:
User talk:Faunty

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.(76.247.222.101 08:30, 25 November 2007 (UTC))

title: User talk:Faunty


text:
User talk:Pnut79

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.(76.247.222.101 08:30, 25 November 2007 (UTC))

title: User talk:Pnut79


text:
User talk:76.247.222.101

Az1568(Talk) 07:05, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.247.222.101


text:
User:Qwerty Binary

Hi I'm Qwerty Binary. I'm also on Wikipedia. Qwerty Binary 09:04, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Qwerty Binary


text:
User talk:Antonymaiky

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.(76.247.222.101 08:59, 25 November 2007 (UTC))

title: User talk:Antonymaiky


text:
User:Stefanomencarelli

24 -11- 07

title: User:Stefanomencarelli


text:
User talk:Stefanomencarelli

25 -11- 07

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:05, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Stefanomencarelli. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Stefanomencarelli~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:48, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stefanomencarelli


text:
User talk:Jamestheoddone

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 13:28, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jamestheoddone


text:
User talk:Scann003

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
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 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 13:28, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scann003


text:
Talk:Kdenlive/Troubleshooting

their is a problem with fat32 filsystem

title: Talk:Kdenlive/Troubleshooting


text:
User talk:Qwerty Binary

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:05, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Qwerty Binary


text:
User talk:Connor.rosen

I've marked one of your pages as being suitable for transwiki to strategywiki since Wikibooks is not for video game strategy guides. If you want help to do that, please contact me on my talk page.

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:10, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Connor.rosen


text: User talk:4.178.33.201

title: User talk:4.178.33.201


text:
User talk:Hedleypanama~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:17, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Loan Words

 * Sorry, the template message was probably not clear. The real problem is that Wikibooks is for textbooks. If this book is going to be just a list of loanwords and/or translations, that belongs at Wiktionary, not here. Please lay out what the scope of the book will be on the talk page so we can assess whether it belongs here or not, and move it if not. Feel free to contact me on my talk page, or the community at WB:HELP. Happy editing! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:59, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Hedleypanama. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Hedleypanama~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:16, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:02, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hedleypanama~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:24.62.236.10

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:22, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.62.236.10


text:
User talk:Eubulide~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
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 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 20:00, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Eubulide. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Eubulide~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:57, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eubulide~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Ludwig~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 20:00, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ludwig. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ludwig~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:23, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:12, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ludwig~enwikibooks


text:
The Wealthy Barber/The Ten-Percent Solution

In this chapter Roy covers The Ten Percent Solution. Invest ten percent of all your earnings for a long-time growth. Roy recommended that his pupils invest their ten percent into real estate and/or mutual funds. Roy (The Barber) also talks about how compound interest will make them much wealthier than they thought. example( invest $2,400 a year for 30 years at and average rate of 12 percent this would equal out to $616,000) the wonders of compound interest.


text:
The Wealthy Barber/Wills, Life Insurance, and Responsibility

Roy explains the importance of a will and how you should draw one up even if you are unmarried.

When it comes to life-insurance Roy states that you only need to buy insurance once there is a distinct need to protect your dependents and help with financial affairs. Unmarried people don't need life-insurance.

Estate planning is quite simple and is crucial when it comes to saving future problems.


text:
User talk:Aly4halo

Hi Aly4halo! It's great to see someone working on the Wealthy Barber annotated text. It's been a long time since I've read it, but if you need help, don't hesitate to ask.

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:44, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aly4halo


text: Category:Book:Differential Geometry

title: Category:Book:Differential Geometry


text:
XQuery/Validating a hierarchy

Whilst schema validation can check for some aspects of model validity, business rules are often more complex than is expressible in XML schema. XQuery is a powerful language for describing more complex rules.

One such rule is that a relationship should define a tree structure,for example, the relationship between an employee and her manager.

Consider the following set of employees:

Fred Bill Joe Bill Alice Joe Bill

The criteria for a valid hierarchy are:
 * 1) one root (the boss);
 * 2) every employee has at most one manager;
 * 3) every employee reports finally to the boss;
 * 4) there are no cycles

In XQuery we can define the management hierarchy from the boss down to an employee as :

The function is initially called as

The hierarchy is built up as a parameter to allow cycles to be detected.

Finally, the condition for the management structure to be a tree is

title: XQuery/Validating a hierarchy


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e3/1...d5

= Van 't Kruijs Opening =

1. e3 d5
The response 1...d5 by black to the opening 1.e3 can be a choice to move the game closer to a variation of the Queen`s pawn opening, especially if white responds with 2. d4

Statistics
Not enough data as opening is rarely played.

Theory table
.

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. e3/1...d5


text: User talk:71.197.67.169

title: User talk:71.197.67.169


text:
User talk:Eintelligences

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:45, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eintelligences


text:
Topology/Completeness

Completeness and related ideas inherently assume the notion of 'distance'. Hence, throughout this chapter, we will be dealing only with metric spaces.

Definition
A sequence $$\{ x_n\}$$ is said to be a Cauchy sequence if for any $$\varepsilon>0$$, there is an $$N\in\mathbb{N}$$ such that for any $$a,b>N$$, $$d(x_a,x_b)<\varepsilon$$.

Theorem
All convergent sequences are Cauchy sequences

Proof
A convergent sequence $$\{ x_n\}$$ will converge to a limit $$x$$, implying that there exists an $$N$$ such that for any $$a>N$$, that $$d(x_a,x)<\tfrac{\varepsilon}{2}$$. Thus, for any $$a,b>N$$, $$d(x_a,x_b)\leq d(x_a,x)+d(x_b,x)<\varepsilon$$.

Definition
A metric space is said to be complete when all Cauchy sequences converge to a limit.

 * A subset $$A$$ of a metric space $$X$$ is dense in an open set $$O$$ when $$O\subseteq\mathrm{Cl}(A)$$.

 * A subset $$A$$ of a metric space $$X$$ is everywhere dense when it is dense in $$X$$.

 * A subset $$A$$ of a metric space $$X$$ is nowhere dense when it is dense in no open set in $$X$$.

Completeness is obviously not a Topological property, for a homeomorphism exists between the spaces $$\mathbb{R}$$ and $$(0,1)$$, although $$\mathbb{R}$$ is complete while $$(0,1)$$ being a non-closed subset of $$\mathbb{R}$$, is not.

Theorem
A closed subset of a complete space is itself complete.

Proof
Consider a complete space $$X$$ and let $$C\subset X$$ be closed. Consider any Cauchy sequence within $$C$$, which is within $$X$$, so it has a limit. This limit is a point of contact of this sequence, and consequently, is a point of contact of $$C$$, and so is also within $$C$$. Thus, $$C$$ is complete.

For a function from metric space to a complete metric space have a very important theorem called the uniform convergence theorem.

Theorem (Uniform Convergence Theorem))
Let X be a metric space, and let $$f_n$$ be a sequence of continuous functions from X to a complete metric space Y such that for all $$\epsilon>0$$, there exists an N such that for all $$n_1, n_2$$>N, $$d(f_{n_1}(x),f_{n_2}(x))<\epsilon$$. Then the sequence of functions converges to a continuous function from X to Y. Note that $$\epsilon$$ must be independent of x.

Proof
Obviously the sequence of functions converges pointwise since the sequence $$f_n(x)$$ is obviously a Cauchy sequence which converges to a value $$f(x)$$. We will now prove that f(x) is continuous.

There exists an N such that for all n>N, $$d(f_n(x), f(x))<\frac{\epsilon}{3}$$ for any x within X. Now let n>N, and consider the continuous function $$f_n$$. Since it is continuous, there exists an open ball $$B_\delta(x)$$ in X such that its image is contained in the open ball $$B_\frac{\epsilon}{3}(f_n(x))$$.

Now consider any open ball $$B_\epsilon(f(x))$$ around f(x), and any point x' in the open ball $$B_\delta(x)$$. Then $$d(f(x'), f(x))\le d(f(x'),f_n(x'))+d(f_n(x'),f_n(x))+d(f_n(x),f(x)) < \epsilon$$ so the function f(x) is continuous.

Tietze Extension
Using Urysohn's Lemma and the Uniform Convergence Theorem, we can now prove the following result:

Theorem: Let X be a normal topological space, and let A be a closed subset. Let f be a continuous function from the subspace A to the interval [0,1]. Then there exists a continuous function g from X to the interval [0,1] such that f(x)=g(x) for all points in A.

Proof
In order to prove this we first establish the following result:

For any continuous function from a closed subset A of X to the interval [-r,r], there is a continuous function from X to the interval $$[-\frac{r}{3},\frac{r}{3}]$$ such that |f(x)-g(x)|<$$\frac{2}{3}r$$ for all $$x\in A$$.

Consider the sets $$f^{-1}([-r,-\frac{1}{3}r])$$ and $$f^{-1}([\frac{1}{3}r],r)$$, which are disjoint sets which, since they are closed in the closed set A, are also closed in X. Now we use Urysohn's lemma to obtain a function $$g: X \rightarrow [0,1]$$ such that g(x)=0 when $$x \in f^{-1}([-r,-\frac{1}{3}r])$$ and such that g(x)=1 when $$x \in f^{-1}([\frac{1}{3}r],r)$$. Then consider the function h defined by $$h(x)=\frac{r}{3}(2g(x)-1)$$ from the set X to the interval $$[-\frac{r}{3}, \frac{r}{3}]$$ so that $$h(x)=-\frac{r}{3}$$ when $$x \in f^{-1}([-r,-\frac{1}{3}r])$$ and such that $$h(x)=\frac{r}{3}$$ when $$x \in f^{-1}([\frac{1}{3}r],r)$$. Then to see that the function h satisfies the inequality |f(x)-h(x)|<$$\frac{2}{3}r$$, consider the case when $$-r\le x \le -\frac{1}{3}r$$. Then $$h(x)=-\frac{r}{3}$$ so the inequality is satisfied there. Then consider the case when $$\frac{1}{3}r \le x \le r$$. Then $$h(x)=\frac{r}{3}$$ so the inequality is also satisfied there. Finally, consider the case when $$-\frac{1}{3}r<x<\frac{1}{3}r$$. Then $$|h(x)|\le\frac{1}{3}r$$ so the inequality is also satisfied for this final case.

Now we prove the main result.

Theorem (Cantor's intersection theorem)
The intersection of every sequence of compact subsets $$\{ A_n\}$$ of a metric space $$X$$ such that $$A_n\subseteq A_{n-1}$$ is non-empty if and only if the metric space is complete.

Proof
($$\Rightarrow$$)Let $$\{ x_n\}$$ be a Cauchy sequence in $$X$$. Define the sequences $$\{ a_n\}$$,$$s_n$$ as $$a_n=d(x_{n+1},x_n)$$, $$s_n=\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_n$$ respectively. As $$s_n$$ is a real-valued Cauchy sequence, it is convergent. Hence, we can see that $$\{ x_n\}$$ is bounded. Therefore, we can construct a sequence of compact sets $$\{ A_n\}$$ satisfying $$A_n\subseteq A_{n-1}$$, such that for each $$n$$, $$x_n\in A_n$$ but $$x_n\notin A_{n+1}$$. If $$x \in \bigcap_{i=1}^\infty A_n$$, the sequence $$x_n$$ converges to $$x$$ implying that $$X$$ is complete.

($$\Leftarrow$$)Let $$A_n$$ be a sequence of compact sets satisfying $$A_n\subseteq A_{n-1}\forall n$$. Select a sequence $$\{ x_n\}$$ where $$x_n\in A_n$$. As $$\{ x_n\}$$ is bounded, it has a convergent subsequence $$\{ y_n\}$$ with limit $$x$$. As $$A_n\subseteq A_{n-1}$$, we have $$x \in \bigcap_{i=1}^\infty A_n$$.

Theorem (Nested balls theorem)
The Nested interval theorem is quite similar to the Cantor's intersection theorem. It states that the intersection of a sequence of the closures of balls $$A_n$$ such that $$A_n\subseteq A_{n-1}$$ and such that their sequence of radii $$r_n$$ approaches $$0$$ is non-empty if and only if the metric space is complete.

An important tool in general topology and functional analysis is the Baire Category Theorem which provides the necessary and sufficient condition for a metric space to be complete. Note that this is often referred to as the First form of Baire's theorem.

Theorem (Baire Category Theorem)
A complete metric space is not a countable union of nowhere dense subsets.

Proof
Let $$A=\bigcup_{i=1}^\infty K_i$$ be a complete metric space where each $$K_i$$ is nowhere dense. Let $$S_1$$ be an open ball of radius $$\tfrac{1}{2}$$. Let $$S_n$$, where $$n>1$$ be an open ball of radius $$\tfrac{1}{2^n}$$ contained in $$S_{n-1}$$ which does not meet $$A_n$$, which is possible because if it always met $$A_n$$, then $$A_1$$ would be dense in $$S_{n-1}$$. The centers $$c_n$$ of the spheres $$S_n$$ form a Cauchy sequence because when $$n_1,n_2>N$$ and, then $$d(x_{n_1},x_{n_2})<\tfrac{1}{2^N}$$. Therefore, because the space $$A$$ is complete, it converges to a limit $$c$$ within $$A$$. However, it is not within any $$K_n$$, and so it is not within $$A$$, a contradiction.

Theorem (Generalized Heine-Borel Theorem)
A metric space is compact if and only if the metric space is complete and totally bounded.

Proof
($$\Rightarrow$$)

Let X be a compact metric space. Then it is countably compact, and hence totally bounded. Also, since it is countably compact, any Cauchy sequence must either be finite, in which case it clearly converges to an element in X since the sequence eventually stabilizes, or it is infinite, in which case it has a limit point in X, and it is clear that the Cauchy sequence converges to this limit point.

($$\Leftarrow$$)

Let {$$a_n$$} be an infinite sequence of points in X, such that they form an infinite set (i. e. at least infinitely many of them are distinct). Now consider a finite 1-net, and consider the set of the closures of the spheres of each point in the 1-net, each of radius 1. The union of these closures of spheres is X. Since there are infinitely many distinct {$$a_n$$}, and only finitely many closures of spheres, at least one of these closures of spheres must contain an infinite subsequence {$$a_{n1}$$}, and denote this to be $$Cl(B_1(x_1))$$. Now consider a finite $$\frac{1}{2}$$-net within this closure of a sphere, and consider the closures of spheres of each point in the $$\frac{1}{2}$$-net, each of radius $$\frac{1}{2}$$. The union of these closures of spheres is the closure of the first sphere. Since there are infinitely many distinct {$$a_{n1}$$} in $$Cl(B_1(x_1))$$, but only finitely many closures of balls, at least one of closures of balls that meets $$Cl(B_1(x_1))$$ with $$Cl(B_1(x_1))$$ must contain an infinite subsequence {$$a_{n2}$$}. Continuing this process of obtaining a new closure of ball which contains infinitely many elements of the sequence, and because of completeness, we can use the nested spheres theorem to obtain an element x that is within the intersection of all of the spheres. This x is a limit point of all balls, and thus must also be the limit point of the original sequence {$$a_n$$} since any neighborhood of x must contain some closure of a ball in the aforementioned sequence, which in turn contains infinitely many elements of the sequence {$$a_n$$}. From this, we can conclude that X is countably compact, and thus is compact.

Corollary (Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem)
In a complete metric space X, a set S is relatively compact if and only if it is totally bounded. This is because its closure is obviously totally bounded, and any closed subset of a complete metric space is also complete.

Note: If $$X$$ is a complete metric space, then every totally bounded sequence $$\{a_n\} \subset X$$ has a convergent subsequence. This is because the sequence will be relatively compact, and since its closure is compact and thus countably compact and thus has a limit point, this sequence will have a limit point x. For this limit point, consider the balls $$B_{\frac{1}{n}}(x)$$ and then for each ball, choose a point in the sequence within the ball, such that it is in order (i. e. in a way that does not go "backwards" in the sequence). Then this is obviously a subsequence that converges to the limit point.

Theorem (Arzelà–Ascoli theorem)
Now that we have a result which proves the equivalence between relative compactness and total boundedness in a complete metric space, we now turn to how to establish relative compactness in the metric space of continuous functions in the closed interval [a,b]. First, we have the following definitions.

Definitions

 * A set of functions F defined on [a,b] is uniformly bounded if there exists an M such that for any function f within F, f(x)0$$, there exists a $$\delta>0$$ such that for all $$x_1,x_2\in [a,b]$$ and for all $$f\in F$$, $$|x_1+x_2|<\delta \rightarrow |f(x_1)-f(x_2)|<\epsilon$$.

Now, the following is the statement of the theorem:

A set of continuous functions F defined on [a,b] is relatively compact if and only if it is equicontinuous and uniformly bounded.

Exercises

 * 1) Prove that the Euclidean space $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ is complete.
 * 2) Prove that the Hilbert space is complete.
 * 3) Explicitly establish the nested balls theorem.

title: Topology/Completeness


text:
User talk:J834 4562

Hi K834 4562. Please note that only rarely should content be in caps. If you don't mind, please change it to the proper case. Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikibooks. If you ever need help, you can always ask at my talk page or at WB:HELP. More useful info below:

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:06, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:J834 4562


text:
User talk:Mbisanz

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:37, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Block
Hallo AGK, in en. wiki Italian admin Snowolf blocked me at indefinite but he is a maniac. I contested ban in my talk because all Snowolf's accusations against me are lies. Snowolf blocked me for second time and I don't know what this person want by me. I hope a valid admin like as you to be opposed absurd action of this dangerous Snowolf. Regards. User:PIO, 22 March 2008

title: User talk:Mbisanz


text:
User:MrDrBob

You can find me on StrategyWiki.

title: User:MrDrBob


text:
SwisTrack/Components/Trigger

Trigger components tell SwisTrack when to process the next image.

Components in the Trigger category do nothing else but fire trigger events. But other components can be trigger, too. This is typically the case for input components which synchronize to the pace of acquired images. I.e. the camera notifies SwisTrack when the next image is ready to be processed.

The trigger mechanism in SwisTrack works with vetos - SwisTrack tries to execute steps as fast as possible, but but trigger components can veto that. As long as at least one component vetos, SwisTrack waits. But as soon as the last trigger component has given green light, SwisTrack immediately processes one frame.

In a setup without any trigger component, frames are processed as fast as possible. Note that this may render Swistrack to respond slowly to other inputs.

title: SwisTrack/Components/Trigger


text:
User:Tkoskine

Tero Koskinen, homepage

title: User:Tkoskine


text:
Talk:Botany/Kinds of plants

What is going on? The spelling and typing in this article is a joke.

 * Apparently, this page was vandalized by 124.104.12.180. You found most of it (and fixed it - thanks), and I removed the rest.  --Jomegat 02:40, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Botany/Kinds of plants


text:
SwisTrack/Components/TriggerTimer

Description
This trigger component processes frames (in constant intervals) at a given frame rate.

This component should be used with all cameras that do not implement a trigger mechanism. If the camera is triggered by another mechanism, no timer trigger should be used, as these two would interfere with each other.

Trigger Mechanism
An timer firing at regular intervals releases the veto. Hence, this component guarantees that no more than 1/interval frames are processed per second.

Interval
The interval at which trigger events are generated.

title: SwisTrack/Components/TriggerTimer


text:
SwisTrack/Components/TriggerCounter

Description
This trigger component stops processing after a certain amount of frames. This can be helpful if you want to collect a fixed number of frames after providing a start signal.

Trigger Mechanism
Before the specified number of frames have been processed, this component immediately accepts the processing of the next frame. After the specified number of frames, the component vetoes execution until "Start" is clicked again.

Count
The number of trigger signals to allow, i.e. of frames to process.

Start
Click this button to start execution.

title: SwisTrack/Components/TriggerCounter


text:
SwisTrack/Components/SimulationParticles

Description
Reads particle information from an NMEA file and injects them as if they had been discovered on the image. This is useful for debugging and testing your own scripts/programs that use the information received from SwisTrack for further processing.

The particles are provided in world coordinates and are injected as if there was an overhead camera (with ideal characteristics) observing them. Particles that lie outside the (virtual) camera image are discarded, whereas particles inside the image are transformed to their respective position on the (virtual) camera image. Note that particles are not distorted in this process. (The pixel size, for example, does not have any influence on the precision of the results.)

Input
None.

Output
Particles.

Simulation file
Path to the file with the particle information. The file must contain NMEA records in the same way SwisTrack outputs them (and can therefore easily be created by dumping the output to a file). Such a file looks as follows:

$STEP_START $FRAMENUMBER, 1 $PARTICLE, 0, 309.617689, 4529.966548, 0.087278 $PARTICLE, 1, 1801.304351, 2320.237792, -2.251863 $STEP_STOP $STEP_START $FRAMENUMBER, 2 $PARTICLE, 0, 309.617689, 4529.966548, 0.087278 $PARTICLE, 1, 1801.304351, 2320.237792, -2.251863 $STEP_STOP ...

The coordinates are supposed to be world coordinates.

Camera origin
The position (world coordinates) of the upper left pixel of the camera.

Orientation
The rotation of the camera with respect to the world coordinate system. An angle of 0 means that the camera's X axis is the same as the world's X axis.

Pixel size
The size of a pixel in world coordinates. Pixels are assumed to be square.

Camera size
The size of the camera image in pixels. The effective size (in world coordinates) of the camera image are these values multiplied by the pixel size.


text:
Talk:FOSS Education

Licenses
There needs to some information about the different licenses: GPL, LGPL, BSD, and so on. The motivations that led to these licenses should also be explained.

title: Talk:FOSS Education


text:
Introduction to Psychology/Language and Cognition

Basis of Language
On its most basic level, language is composed of phonemes, the smallest units of sound that are distinctive for speakers of a particular language. There are roughly 400 phonemes in English (ph, ah, etc.). In basically infinite possibilities, these phonemes combine to form morphemes, the smallest meaningful units of language. Morphemes are typically word roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphemes combine in infinite numbers to create new words, which are arranged to create sentences (syntax) according to the rules of semantics.

Stages of Language Development
When a baby is born, her trachea is unable to produce articulated sounds beyond a high, unclear cry. As the baby matures, the trachea sinks lower and lower, enabling the baby to begin articulating words. At this point, which happens about three months after birth and lasts about two months, the baby is said to be in the "babbling stage" of language development, in which she will babble nonsensically. She has not yet narrowed her vocabulary of phonemes, and thus is in one of the "critical periods" of language development in which all phonemes are equally developable. After a point, the baby exits the babbling stage, having attained a basic understanding of the phonemes in her language. Having left this stage, she begins to attempt articulating words in her parents' language, thus entering the "household language" phase of development. This stage is characterized by a language that is not necessarily the baby's parents' language, but which does follow rules and a basic syntax. Words like "wawa" to represent water and "dada" to represent dad emerge in this stage.

At around age one, most children enter the "one-word stage" of development. In this stage, the baby begins to speak in words of the parents' language, usually after reinforcement from the parents during the "household" stage of development. The baby speaks in single words, and may communicate ideas using body language. For example, a hungry baby may say "milk" and point at her mother.

Beginning around age two, the child begins to form basic two-word sentences in what is said to be the "two-word stage" of development. Basic sentences like "johnny hungry" are common. Closely following this stage, the child enters a stage of "telegraphic speech" in which speech is much like that of an old telegraph; "joey hungry! want food!" is an example of this type of speech.

After the child reaches telegraphic speech, language develops quickly. Grammar and syntax quickly become apparent in the child's speech, and his/her vocabulary grows at a rate of about 40 words a day. As the child reaches adolescence, his/her ability to learn vocabulary at this quick pace passes, and he/she is said to be out of the critical period for learning language.

Nature-Nurture in Language Development
The way language is actually learned is a hotly debated topic. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner introduced in 1957 the idea that language is learned as any other behavior is learned: through reinforcement and punishment. Around the same time, Noam Chomsky introduced the idea of "universal grammar," an inborn understanding of syntax passed on in the actual genetic material of humans. Strong evidence exists on both sides of the debate; numerous case studies have been done, yet no conclusions have yet been made on the topic.

The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf introduced in 1956 his "linguistic relativity hypothesis." The basic idea of this is that a person's language directly influences his or her cognition. That is language determines the way we think.


text:
Introduction to Psychology/Evolutionary Psychology

The basic idea of evolutionary psychology is that psychological characteristics, like biological characteristics, may be passed on from one generation to another through hereditary material. Present-day psychological traits may be analyzed in terms of their evolutionary advantage for our ancestors. For example, males today tend to desire many mates while females desire one. According to evolutionary psychologists, this continues on to this day because it was an evolutionary advantage for males of the past to attempt to spread their genetic material as widely as possible because it increased their likelihood of passing on their own traits for future generations.


text:
User talk:76.24.83.71

Please note that in the Muggles' Guide, we have standardized on the UK name for the books, so by changing the name of the book from the UK "Philosopher's Stone" to the US "Sorcerer's Stone", you broke the link back to the book. While we appreciate any help, might I suggest a quick look at the project standards? Chazz (talk) 22:37, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.24.83.71


text:
AP Biology/Cell-Cell Interactions

Cell communication and cell-to-cell interaction is the basis for multicellular life. Without intercellular interaction, no organism could carry out the complex biochemical processes necessary for life. Cells communicate using chemical messengers, which cause cascade reactions that cause a change in the actual cell.

Cellular Transport
Cells are constantly taking in and releasing chemical products.

Cell Junctions
Gap Junctions - allow direct communication from cells by exchanging cytoplasmic contents

Desmosomes

Tight junctions

title: AP Biology/Cell-Cell Interactions


text:
User talk:Bradfordw

Re:
Thank you for all the nice words - however, I'm still working on the article. :) --VSimonian (talk) 22:18, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bradfordw


text:
User talk:Yliu11

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 00:04, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yliu11


text:
User talk:Dajoshi

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:33, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dajoshi


text:
Talk:Arabic/LearnRW/a i u

Untitled
I having troubles with the vowel order on the last 2 examples: na-ku-nu and tha-bu-ta. Doesn't look right at all.

title: Talk:Arabic/LearnRW/a i u


text:
User talk:TheresaC

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:36, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheresaC


text:
User talk:Lin29

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:37, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lin29


text: User talk:69.243.242.211

title: User talk:69.243.242.211


text: User talk:140.111.66.27

title: User talk:140.111.66.27


text: User talk:24.90.155.230

title: User talk:24.90.155.230


text:
User talk:71.161.26.182

Replied at WB:AA – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:44, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.161.26.182


text:
User talk:Reniate

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 02:49, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reniate


text:
User talk:Arobi018

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 02:49, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arobi018


text:
The Wealthy Barber/Home, Sweet Home

Roy talks about the different types of mortgages, buying, selling and renting.

He also covers the importance of real estate, capital gains, leveragibility and interest rates. Roy states that home ownership is the ultimate forced-saving program, because a renter has to discipline himself or herself to save some of the difference in cost between renting and owning.

Renting is one way to acquire a place to live and, also a cost effective and intelligent way of doing it.

title: The Wealthy Barber/Home, Sweet Home


text: User talk:201.207.18.166

title: User talk:201.207.18.166