text:
Financial Derivatives/Introduction

A financial derivative is a financial instrument whose value is derived from the price of an asset (or a number of assets).

We live in a world where commodity prices can increase dramatically and then collapse, property prices can reach vertiginous levels and uncertainty is prevalent in all facets of economic life. But if we look more closely at this dynamic economic picture "risks" are not equally shared or perceived: for an airline company rising oil prices mean increased costs and the risk of reduced profits; for an investor looking for higher returns than a treasury bond, investment in oil is rewarded with high returns. Although for both parties the future is equally uncertain, each party has different exposure to the same set of future scenarios.

One can therefore see a role for a financial institution that offers to protect a party against a set of future scenarios—for a price of course. For the airline company, the financial institution can offer to sell jet fuel at a fixed price if the price of jet fuel at some future date is above this fixed price. In a way, the financial institution has created a derivative world for the airline company in which the price of jet fuel cannot go above the fixed price specified in the contract.

For the investor the financial institution can offer protection against his bet turning sour. Having invested $50 mm in oil contracts the prospect of oil prices falling by the time he liquidates his investment is not a welcome prospect. But the investor can pay a premium (the value of the derivative contract) and in return the financial institution can guarantee that if the price of oil drops below a fixed price at a future date, the investor will receive his original investment of $50 mm as if nothing happened.

As an intermediator, the financial institution has combined two opposing views of risk to create derivative contracts that are beneficial to both parties. In this example, it is almost as if the financial institution created a new market on "future events" and has sold the asset "price of oil above $50 in one year" for one price and the asset "price of oil below $50 in one year" for another price. This the financial institution achieved by offering transparent financial contracts, that specify the payoff at a future time as a mathematical function of the price of oil at that time.

The dramatic expansion of derivatives markets since the late seventies is in large part the result of the pioneering work in the field of neoclassical finance [Ross 2004]. The concepts that led to the historic breakthrough of Black-Scholes-Merton and the arbitrage-free pricing of options, were based on a new paradigm. Economics treats the value of asset as a function of supply and demand. The price of oil is determined by the worldwide demand for oil and the current production of oil. In the same way, one can assume that the value of a derivative will be determined by the number of companies that are exposed to the risk it covers and the number of financial institutions that are willing to take exposure to this risk. In this way of thinking, a derivative is just another asset albeit one that at some future date has a payoff determined by a formula.

This approach is valid if one assumes that a financial institution sells a derivative to an airline company and then moves on to the next deal. But if we look at the previous example, where it has guaranteed to sell oil in one year at a fixed price of $50 if the oil price is above $50, the financial institution runs the huge risk of buying oil whose price is $100 and then selling it for $50. Whatever the premium paid by the airline it will not be enough to cover it for such a disastrous scenario.

If the price of this derivative was determined by supply and demand then it is unlikely that a viable market would exist. Although the perception would be that the probability of an oil price of $100 in one year is less than 1%, the enormity of the losses that would occur under this scenario would force the financial institution to ask for a high premium. But the high cost of purchasing this derivative would mean that the airline company would not fare better by covering its exposure to high oil prices.

If the financial institution was able to hedge the derivative it sold to the airline company this would mean that its exposure to high oil prices would be neutralised. The definition of a hedging strategy is a trading strategy that during the life of a derivative contract neutralises the exposure of the resulting portfolio to changes in the price of the underlying asset. Note that by hedging a derivative contract one does not neutralise the exposure of the derivative to the price of the underlying asset. It is the combined portfolio of the derivative and the instruments used for the hedging strategy that has no exposure to variations in the price of the underlying asset. Under this new paradigm, the price of a derivative is not independent of the hedging strategy. And given a hedging strategy, there exists a unique, risk-neutral price for the derivative contract that is independent of supply and demand.

A simple illustration of this concept can be provided by the following example: suppose that an oil company has built an oil platform. For the project to be viable it must be able to sell oil in one year at least for $50. The financial institution guarantees that it will buy oil from the oil company at $50 in one year. Under the terms of this contract the income of the financial institution depends on the value of oil prices in one year.

The financial institution now sells a derivative that guarantees the airline company a fixed price for oil in one year if prices are above $50. Since the financial institution will pay $50 for the oil produced it agrees to do that for a small premium. For all scenarios where the future price of oil is above $50 it will have an income equal to the premium (premium A).

The financial institution also agrees with an investor that if the oil price in a year is below $50 it will sell oil to the investor at this fixed price. For this the financial institution pays the investor a premium (premium B).

Given these three transactions, the income of the financial institution in one year is equal to the difference between premium A and premium B under all future price scenarios. The financial institution has no exposure to increases or decreases in the oil price one year from now. Therefore it is able to value the two derivative contracts from a risk-neutral perspective rather than from its subjective perception of the impact of future price scenarios to its future income.

(One issue with this example is why would the investor and the airline company be convinced to do these deals at risk-neutral prices. After all both the airline company and the investor derive their income precisely because of their exposure to some form of risk. The answer is that because of their specific exposure to different sources of risk they tend to overvalue risk from the perspective of a risk-neutral financial institution. As a result the premiums they pay for reducing their exposure to specific price scenarios seem low given their valuation of this exposure. The "paradox" of derivatives existing in a market where the majority of participants do not use risk-neutral pricing is no paradox; in fact if market participants valued their exposure to risk in a risk-neutral framework this would mean that they were already hedged and there would be no need for a derivatives market.)

In a formal setting, given a set of possible scenarios $$ \omega $$ for the price of oil one year from now the income of company $$ i $$ is $$ C_i(\omega) $$. The bias of a specific company $$ i $$ to a set of scenarios $$ \Omega_i $$ can be understood as its business strategy. For all scenarios in this set, the income of the company is positive while for all scenarios outside this set the income of the company is negative. Company $$ i $$ will assign a subjective probability $$ p_i(\omega) $$ all possible scenarios. Therefore in purchasing a derivative contract, company $$ i $$ will value this contract as,

$$ V_i = \sum_{\omega \in \Omega_v} p_i(\omega) C_v(\omega) $$

where $$ \Omega_v $$ is the set of scenarios for which the derivative offers a non-zero payoff and $$ C_v(\omega) $$ is the payoff of the derivative under scenario $$ \omega $$. Denoting the risk neutral probabilities as $$ \pi(\omega) $$, if,

$$ V = \sum_{\omega \in \Omega_v} \pi(\omega) C_v(\omega) $$

is less that $$ V_i $$ then company $$ i $$ perceives an economic benefit from the purchase of this derivative.

For a specific event $$ \omega $$ we can rank those companies that have $$ C_i(\omega)>0 $$ in ascending order; this constitutes a "supply" curve for this event. For those companies that have $$ C_i(\omega)<0 $$ we can rank them in descending order in terms of $$ \mid C_i(\omega)\mid $$; this constitutes a "demand" curve for this event. Companies with $$ C_i(\omega)>0 $$ can cover the negative exposure of companies with $$ C_i(\omega)<0 $$ but the higher their profit from this event the higher the price they require. If a market existed for trading event-specific risk then an equilibrium price of risk could be obtained. The derivatives market is the real-world version of this principle. Financial institutions can offer the liquidity for hedging large exposures; by combining derivative transactions that cover companies with opposite exposure to the same payoff they can offer a price that seems too low for companies with adverse exposure and too high for companies for which added exposure is beneficial. The rapid growth of the derivatives market is testament to this fact. But the most beneficial effect of this growth is that it leads to a more stable economic climate. As companies are able to hedge against adverse events changes in macroeconomic variables are less likely to cause insolvency. And since most economic recessions are caused by the adverse impact of economic variables like oil prices or interest rates to the performance of corporations the severity of business cycles is greatly reduced.

Studies from the Bank for International Settlements show that on September 2006 there were  $26 trillion of notional amounts outstanding in futures and $50 trillion in options all exchange traded. For over-the-counter derivatives (derivatives traded outside exchanges through bilateral agreements) on June 2006 there were $370 trillion of notional amounts outstanding.

title: Financial Derivatives/Introduction


text:
Financial Derivatives/Pricing of Derivatives

=Pricing of Derivatives=

Futures
There are two basic concepts in finance: time-value of money and uncertainty about expectations. The two concepts are the core of financial valuations, including futures contracts.

cost-of-carry model is the most widely accepted and used for pricing futures contract

Cost-of-carry Model

Cost-of-carry model is an arbitrage-free pricing model. Its central theme is that futures contract is so priced as to preclude arbitrage profit. In other words, investors will be indifferent to spot and futures market to execute their buying and selling of underlying asset because the prices they obtain are effectively the same. Expectations do influence the price, but they influence the spot price and, through it, the futures price. They do not directly influence the futures price. According to the cost-of-carry model, the futures price is given by Futures price(Fp) = Spot Price(Sp) + Carry Cost(Cc) - Carry Return(Cr)     (1)

Carry cost (CC) is the interest cost of holding the underlying asset (purchased in spot market) until the maturity of futures contract. Carry return (CR) is the income (e.g., dividend) derived from underlying asset during holding period. Thus, the futures price (F) should be equal to spot price (S) plus carry cost minus carry return. If it is otherwise, there will be arbitrage opportunities as follows

When F > (S + CC - CR): Sell the (overpriced) futures contract, buy the underlying asset in spot market and carry it until the maturity of futures contract. This is called "cash-and-carry" arbitrage. When F < (S + CC - CR): Buy the (under priced) futures contract, short-sell the underlying asset in spot market and invest the proceeds of short-sale until the maturity of futures contract. This is called "reverse cash-and-carry" arbitrage

Written by Surendra Agrawal

Pricing via Duplication
Since for all options, put-call-parity must hold, if three of the terms are known, the last one can also be found using the formula:

Put-Call-Parity: C + PV(X) = P + S

where

C = Price of Call Option

PV(X) = Present Value of Strike Price

P = Price of Put Option

S = Current value of the underlying asset

The put-call parity is only relevant for European options.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Financial Derivatives/Notions of Probability Theory

=Notions of Probability Theory=

Here we introduce the notions of probability theory essential for the understanding of the book. The interested reader is referred to more thorough accounts of probability theory.

Discrete distributions
For a thourough list of discrete distributions and their properties the interested reader is referred to Wikipedia on discrete distributions.

Binomial Distribution
The binomial distribution of parameters $$n \in \mathcal{N}$$ and $$p \in [0,1]$$

$$P(X=k) = 	{n \choose k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k}$$

Poisson distribution
The poisson distribution with parameter $$\lambda>0$$, the intensity

$$P(X=k) = \frac{\lambda^k}{k!} e^{-\lambda}$$


text:
Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson

=만남과 인사 (man-nam-gwa in-sa) - Greetings=

유용한 표현 (Yoo-yong-hahn Pyo-hyun) Useful Expressions
[Actually, in Korean, they don't say "Yes" or "No". These expressions are used as an agreement. If is easier for you, you can translate "네"(ne) as "You're right." Or "That's right." And you can translate "아니요"(aniyo) as "You're wrong." Or "That's wrong." Or sometimes even "I agree/disagree". And "ne" can also be used to many situations, it's like a conversation filler.]
 * 네(ne) = Yes
 * 아니요(aniyo)= No
 * 죄송하지만(joeh-song hajiman) = I am sorry, but...
 * 감사합니다 (gamsahamnida) = Thank you
 * 천만에요 (chon-mahn-eh-yo) = You are welcome
 * 실례합니다 (sillye hamnida) = Excuse me
 * 안녕하세요 (annyeonghaseyo) = Hello / Hi / How are you?
 * 안녕히 가세요 (ahn-nyoung-hee gaseyo) = Goodbye (when the other party is leaving)
 * 안녕히 계세요 (ahn-nyoung-hee gyeseyo) = Goodbye (when you are leaving)
 * 영어를 할 줄 아십니까? (young-o-rul hahl-jool ahsimnika?) = Can you speak English?
 * 여기 영어를 할 줄 아는 분 계십니까? (yo-gi yong-o-rul hahl-jool anun-boon gyeh-simnika?) = Does anyone here speaks English?
 * 저는 한국어를 조금밖에 못합니다 (juh-neun hangook-o-rul jogum-bakke mot-hamnida) = I speak Korean only a little.
 * 성함이 어떻게 되시지요? (sung-ham-ee ottokeh dweh-sijiyo?) = What is your name?
 * 제 이름은 정민입니다. (je ireumeun Jeongminimnida) = My name is Jeongmin.
 * 잘 있습니다. (jal it-seumnida) = I am well.
 * 만나뵙게 되어서 반갑습니다. (mana bwep-ge dweh-o-so bahn-gahp-seumnida) = Nice to meet you.
 * 뭐라고 그러셨지요? (morago gruh-shut-jiyo?) What did you say, please?
 * 조금 천천히 말씀해 주세요. (jo-geum chun-chun-hee mal-sseum-hae juseyo) = Please speak a little slowly.
 * 충분히 이해하고 있습니다. (choong-boon-hee ee-hae-hago it-seum-nida) = I understand you/him/her/it well enough.

mahn-na-seo in-sa-hal-te dae-wha

 * Young-Sook: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo! yong-o-rul hahl-jool a-se-yo?
 * jom-won: jwe-song-hahm-nida. yong-o-rul hahl-jool mo-rum-nida.
 * Young-Sook: jo-do han-koo-go-rul jo-gum-ba-ke motam-nida.
 * jom-won: gwen-chan-soum-nida. i-hae-hahm-nida.

 * Hanna: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo!
 * Chan-Yong: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo! je-chin-goo Kim, Chul-Soo-si-wa in-sa-ha-sin-jeogi in-na-yo?
 * Hanna: up-soum-nida. cho-eum mahn-na-bwem-neun-geot ga-soum-nida.
 * Chan-Yong: 출수씨, 이부니이영호씨 임니다. Chul-Soo-si, i-booni Lee, Young-Ho-si im-nida.
 * Hanna: mahn-na-bwep-ge dwe-o-so bahn-gap-soum-nida.

=호텔에서(Hotel-e-so) At the Hotel =

연습(yeonseup) Exercises

 * 욕실이 있는 더블룸을 원합니다.(yok-siri in-neun double-roomul won-hahm-nida.) = Double-room with a bathroom, please.
 * 침대 두개를 원합니다.(chim-dae doo-gae-rul won-hahm-nida.) = Two beds, please.
 * 욕실이 어디에 있지요?(yok-siri o-di-e i-chi-yo?) = Where is bathroom?
 * 예약을 했습니다.(ye-ya-gul hae-seum-nida.) = I made a reservation.
 * 지난주에 예약을 했습니다.(ji-nan-joo-e ye-yagul hae-seum-nida.) = Last week, I made a reservation.
 * 예약이 안되어 있네요?(ye-yagi an-dwe-o in-nayo?) = No reservation?
 * 숙박료가 어떻게 됩니까?(sook-bang-nyo-ga o-teo-ke dwep-nika?) =
 * 하루에 얼마입니까?(ha-roo-e ol-ma-im-nika?) = How much per day?
 * 팁이 포함된 가격인가요?(tibi poham-dwen ga-gyo-gin-ga-yo?) = Is the tip included?
 * 체크인 시간이 언제입니까?(check-in si-ga-ni on-je-im-nika?) = What time is check-in?
 * 체크아웃 시간이 언제입니까?(check-out si-ga-ni on-je-im-nika?) = What time is check-out?
 * 신용카드를 받습니까?(sin-yong card-rul ba-soum-nika?) = Do you accept credit card?
 * 여행자 수표로 지불하고 싶습니다.(yo-hang-ja soo-pyo-ro ji-bool-ha-go sip-soum-nida.) = I want to pay by traveler's check.
 * 방키를 주세요.(bahng key-rul joo-se-yo.) = Give me the room key, please.
 * 제 옷하고 제 남편 신사복을 다려주세요.(je o-ta-go je nam-pyon sin-sa-bo-gul da-rio-joo-se-yo.) =
 * 내일 아침 여덟시에 깨워주시겠습니까?(nae-il a-chim yal-dur-shi-e ke-wo-joo-si-get-soum-nika?) = Tomorrow at 8:00 in the morning, can you wake me up?

hotel-e-so dae-wha

 * Mee-Young: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo? single-roomee in-na-yo?
 * front ji-gwon: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo? myo-chil dong-an mo-moo-ru-sil
 * ye-jong-im-nika?
 * Mee-Young: ee-joo-yo.
 * front ji-gwon: neh, a-joo jo-eun single room-i i-soum-nida.
 * Mee-Young: sook-bang-nyo-ga o-teo-ke dwep-nika?
 * front ji-gwon: sook-bang-ryo-neun ha-roo-e pal-man-won-im-nida.
 * Mee-Young: jo-seum-nida.

 * Park, Won-Chul: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo. je-i-reum-eun Park, Won-Chul im-nida. je roomee ye-yak dwen-go-su-ro al-go i-seum-nida.
 * front ji-gwon: on-je ye-yagul ha-shut-na-yo?
 * Park, Won-Chul: je-ga o-je jon-wha-ro hae-neun-de-yo.
 * front ji-gwon: ah, gu-ro-se-yo. yo-gi it-goon-nyo. yok-siri dal-lin double room.
 * Park, Won-Chul: ma-seum-nida. sibil-ye-jong-im-nida.

=eun-haing om-moo=

yeonseup

 * doh-nul yo-gi-so ba-kool-soo in-na-yo?
 * baek-bool-mahn ba-koo-go sip-seum-nida.
 * hwan-yoori o-teo-ke dwem-nika?
 * yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-rul ba-koo-go sip-soum-nida.
 * yo-gi yokwoni i-soum-nida.
 * kook-je woon-jon-myon-ho-jeung-ul gat-ko it-seum-nida.
 * yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-ga dul-o it-neun ji-gabul boon-sil-hait-seum-nida.
 * yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-rul sa-go sip-seum-nida.
 * eun-haing yong-up-si-gani o-teo-ke dwe-nayo?
 * ja-dong-hyon-geum-ji-kup-ki-ga o-di in-nayo?
 * do-wa-joo-shu-so gahm-sa-hahm-nida.
 * i-je gwen-chan-seum-nida.

eun-haing-eso dae-wha

 * Jung, Chul-Soo: ahn-nyong-ha-seyo. mee-kook dollar-rul won-hwa-ro ba-koo-go sip-seum-nida.
 * en-haing ji-gwon: ah, gu-ro-seyo. eol-mana ba-koo-si-get-seum-nika?
 * Jung, Chul-Soo: baek-o-sip-boo-rul ba-koo-ro-go hahm-ni-da. o-neul hwan-nyu-ri o-teo-ke dwe-na-yo?
 * eun-haing ji-gwon: eel-boo-re chon-ee-bae-geon im-nida.

 * Jang, Soo-Mee: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo. jom do-wa-joo-seyo?
 * eun-haing ji-gwon: neh, moo-seun eerin-gayo?
 * Jang, Soo-Mee: yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-rul boon-sil-haet-seo-yo.
 * eun-haing ji-gwon: do-nan dang-han-geot gaht-seum-nika?
 * Jang, Soo-Mee: ah-nee-yo, o-neul ah-chi-me shopping-ha-da-ga boon-sil-haet-seo-yo.

=ticket goo-ip=

yeonseup

 * sa-baek-goo-sibi-bon hang-gong-pyon ye-ya-gul hwa-gin-hago sip-seum-nida.
 * je ticket-e dae-ha-yo moo-ro-bo-go sip-seum-nida.
 * je sa-baek-goo-sibi-bon hang-gong-pyon ticket-eul gat-go in-nayo?
 * je jwa-seogi bae-jong-dwe-eot-nayo?
 * Pusan-uro ga-neun ticket-eul sa-go sip-seum-nida.
 * ticket-ee ol-ma-in-gayo?
 * Pusan ga-neun da-eum gi-cha-ga myot-si-e it-seum-nika?
 * myot-si-e do-chak-ha-nayo?
 * sam-bon gate-i o-neu cho-gin-gayo?
 * sin-go-hal poom-mogi a-moo-geo-to up-seum-nida.
 * sin-go-hal poom-mogi se-ge-ba-ke up-seum-nida.
 * ji-kaing-in-gayo?
 * je si-ga-ne do-cha-ka-get-seum-nika?
 * on-je chak-ryuk-ha-nayo?
 * do-cha-gi ji-yon-dwe-ot-nayo?

tieket goo-ip hal-tae dae-hwa

 * Song, Young-Hee: Pusan-uro ga-neun da-eum hahng-gong-pyon ticke-seul sago sip-seum-nida.
 * ji-gwon: economy so-gul wo-na-sip-nika, first class-rul wo-na-sip-nika?
 * Song, Young-Hee: economy-ro he-joo-seyo. chang-moon chok jwa-seo-gul joo-si-get-seum-nika?
 * ji-gwon: jwe-song-hahm-nida. chang-moon cho-gun na-ma-in-nun go-si up-go geu dae-sin bok-do-cho-gul deu-ril-soo it-seum-nida.
 * Song, Young-Hee: gahm-sa-ham-nida.

 * Park, In-Sook: Pusan ga-neun ticke-seul doo-jang sago sip-seum-nida.
 * ji-gwon: il-ban-seo-geul wo-na-sim-nika, chim-dae-kah-nul wo-na-sim-nika?
 * Park, In-Sook: chim-dae-kah-nul joo-sip-si-yo.
 * ji-gwon: gi-cha-neun ee-yo-ge-seo chong-kak da-seo-si-e chool-bal-hahm-nida.

=gil, si-gan moo-ro bo-gi=

yeonseup

 * tok-baro ga-sip-si-yo.
 * ee-gi-rul ta-ra-so chook ga-sip-si-yo.
 * do-si-rul tok-ba-ro tong-gwa-he-so kye-sok ga-sip-si-yo.
 * si-nae-ro du-ro-ga-sip-si-yo.
 * wen-cho-gu-ro ga-sip-si-yo.
 * o-run-cho-gu-ro ga-sip-si-yo.
 * eun-heng gon-neo-pyo-nim-nida.
 * eun-heng yo-pim-nida.
 * ban-de cho-ge it-seum-nida.
 * mol-ji ahn-seum-nida.
 * hahn block-mahn ga-si-myon dwem-nida.
 * baro mo-toong-i-ye it-seum-nida.
 * geo-eui-da wa-seum-nida.
 * pyo-si-rul ta-ra-ga-sip-si-yo.
 * ee-gi-reun il-bang-tong-heng-im-nida.
 * ji-gum myo-si-im-nika?
 * chong-o in-de-yo.
 * cha-jong in-de-yo.
 * se-byok doo-si-in-de-yo.
 * o-hoo se-si-in-de-yo.
 * doo-si sam-sip-boo-nip-nida.
 * yo-dul-si sa-sip-o-boo-nim-nida.

gi-ri-na si-ga-nul moo-ro-bol-te dae-hwa

 * Cho, Byong-Tae: sil-lye-hahm-nida. gi-rul ee-rut-neun-de-yo.
 * yo-in: o-di ga-sim-nika?
 * Cho, Byong-Tae: gang-nam-yo-gul chat-go it-seum-nida.
 * yo-in: sa-gori-e-seo o-reun-cho-gu-ro ga-sip-si-yo.

 * Tae-Soo: ji-gum myot-si-im-nika?
 * Hanna: chong-o-im-nida.
 * Tae-Soo: chong-mal-yo? jo-neun yol-han-si sam-sip-boo-nin-jool a-rat-so-yo.
 * Hanna: dang-sin si-gye-ga neut-gun-nyo.

 * Bora: young-hwa-ga mot-si-e si-jak-ha-na-yo?
 * Chang-Young: yo-dul-si sam-sip-boon-chu-me-yo.
 * Bora: neu-jo-so-neun ahn-dwe-nika il-gop-si sa-sip-o-boo-ne to-nap-sida.
 * Chang-Young: il-gop-si sam-sip-boo-ne to-na-neun-gosi deo jo-eul-geot gat-goo-nyo.

=sik-dang=

yeonseup

 * menu-rul bo-yo-joo-si-ge-so-yo?
 * o-neul special-ee moo-eo-sim-nika?
 * o-teon geo-seul gwon-ha-sim-nika?
 * ee-eum-si-gul jo-ah-ha-ji ahn-seum-nida.
 * ee-eum-si-gun neo-moo tcham-nida.
 * ee-eum-si-gun neo-moo tu-gop-seum-nida.
 * steak-eul mediumuro he-joo-sip-si-yo.
 * steak-eul well-done-euro he-joo-sip-si-yo.
 * ee-eum-si-gun je-ga joo-moon-han-go-si a-nim-nida.
 * a-ga-see! yo-bo-se-yo!
 * po-do-joo menu-rul jom joo-si-ge-so-yo?
 * jok-po-do-joo hahn-byong-mahn joo-sip-si-yo.
 * baek-po-do-joo ban-byong-mahn joo-sip-si-yo.
 * ji-bang maek-joo-rul han-jan joo-sip-si-yo.
 * ma-ti-ni han-jan joo-sip-si-yo.
 * gye-san-seo joo-se-yo.
 * yo-gi-e ti-bi po-ham-dwe-ot-seum-nika?
 * sin-yong card-ro ji-bool-ha-ge-seum-nida.

sik-dang-e-seo dae-hwa

 * waitress: do-wa-deu-ril-ka-yo?
 * Kang son-saing-nim: yo-gi "bi-bim-bap"-i-ra-go in-neun-de i-ge moo-seun eum-si-gim-nika?
 * waitress: na-mool-ha-go ba-bool mae-woon go-choo-jang-e bibin go-sim-nida.
 * Kang son-saing-nim: jo-a-yo. i-go-su-ro ha-ge-so-yo.
 * waitress: ma-sil-go-seun moo-eo-suro ha-si-ge-so-yo?
 * Kang son-saing-nim: naeng-soo-ro joo-se-yo.

 * Chun son-saing-nim: mwol gwon-ha-sim-nika?
 * waitress: o-neul jo-nyok special-eun hong-ha-bim-nida. ba-da-e-so ba-ro o-neul ja-ba-on-go-sim-nida.
 * Chun son-saing-nim: geun-sa-han-geot ga-tun-de-yo. o-teo-ke yo-ri-ha-na-yo?
 * waitress: baek-po-do-joo-e dam-gun geot-do it-go twi-gin-geot-do it-seum-nida.
 * Chun son-saing-nim: twi-gin-geo-suro ha-ge-seum-nida. lemo-nul jan-tuk poo-ryo-joo-se-yo.

 * Kim, Soo-Kyong: sil-lye-ha-get-seum-nida.
 * nam-ja: neh, mal-seum-ha-se-yo.
 * Kim, Soo-Kyong: ee-gun-cho-e gwen-chanun sik-dang-i it-su-myun ha-na ga-ru-cho joo-si-get-seum-nika?
 * nam-ja: gul-se-yo, woo-rae-ogi gun-cho-e it-seum-nida.
 * Kim, Soo-Kyong: o-teo-ke ga-ji-yo?
 * nam-ja: ee-gil-lo chook ga-si-da-ga sin-ho-deumg-e-seo o-reun-cho-gu-ro ga-sin da-eum doo-block-mahn goro-ga-si-myon dwem-nida. ga-si-da o-reun-cho-ge it-seum-nida.

=숫자(sutja) Numbers =

 * 영(yeong) = 0
 * 하나(hana) = 1
 * 둘(dul) = 2
 * 셋(set) = 3
 * 넷(net) = 4
 * 다섯(daseot) = 5
 * 여섯(yeoseot) = 6
 * 일곱(ilgop) = 7
 * 여덟(yeodeol) = 8
 * 아홉(ahop) = 9
 * 열(yeol) = 10
 * 열하나(yeol hana) = 11
 * 열둘(yeol dul) = 12
 * 열셋(yeol set) = 13
 * 열넷(yeol net) = 14
 * 열다섯(yeol daseot) = 15
 * 열여섯(yeol yeoseot) = 16
 * 열일곱(yeol ilgop) = 17
 * 열여덟(yeol yeodeol) = 18
 * 열아홉(yeol ahop) = 19
 * 스물(seumul) = 20
 * 스물하나(seumul hana) = 21
 * 스물둘(seumul dul) = 22
 * 서른(seoreun) = 30
 * 마흔(maheun) = 40
 * 쉰(shwin) = 50
 * 예순(yesun) = 60
 * 일흔(ilreun) = 70
 * 여든(yeodeun) = 80
 * 아흔(aheun) = 90
 * 백(baek) = 100

=달(dal) Months=

 * 일월(ilweol) = January
 * 이월(iweol) = February
 * 삼월(samweol) = March
 * 사월(saweol) = April
 * 오월(oweol) = May
 * 유월(yuweol) = June
 * 칠월(chilweol) = July
 * 팔월(palweol) = August
 * 구월(guweol) = September
 * 시월(siweol) = October
 * 십일월(sibilweol) = November
 * 십이월(sibiweol) = December

=요일(yoil) Days of the week =

 * 월요일(weolyoil) = Monday
 * 화요일(hwayoil) = Tuesday
 * 수요일(suyoil) = Wednesday
 * 목요일(mokyoil) = Thursday
 * 금요일(geumyoil) = Friday
 * 토요일(toyoil) = Saturday
 * 일요일(ilyoil) = Sunday

=계절(gyejeol) Seasons =

 * 봄(bom) = Spring
 * 여름(yeoreum) = Summer
 * 가을(gaeul) = Fall
 * 겨울(gyeoul) = Winter

title: Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson


text:
Talk:Semiconductor Electronics

Merge
Right now I don't want it to be merged as I have not read semiconductors yet. -- A.K.Karthikeyan 2007

 * As far as I can tell, Semiconductor Electronics has exactly the same topic and target audience as Semiconductors, and so they should be merged into one book. p.s.: Thank you, A.K.Karthikeyan, for starting the "Semiconductor Electronics" Wikibook. I think your contributions will make the merged book much better than it otherwise would be. --DavidCary (discuss • contribs) 18:01, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Semiconductor Electronics


text:
Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs/Drug Misuse

There are a few things that students need to know when it comes to drugs, the use, misuse, and abuse of them. The first thing they should understand is what a drug is. A drug is a substance that changes the way the body and the mind function. Students should also know the difference between illegal, prescription, and over the counter(OTC) drugs. The responsible way to use drugs is using legal drugs correctly or as they were meant to be used. Drug misuse is the wrong way to use prescription or OTC drugs. Drug abuse is when someone intentionally uses a drug without a medical reason, using illegal drugs, or using it for a reason other than what it is meant for.

The next thing a teacher can educate students about is how drugs can enter the body. These include by mouth, by injection, by inhalation, by absorption, and by implantation. While discussing the ways drugs enter the body, you can also discuss types of drugs that fit into these categories and how the affect the body and the brain. Here are a list of the different types of drugs that we can educate our students about:

 * /Stimulants/
 * /Sedative-Hypnotics/
 * /Narcotics/
 * /Hallucinogens/
 * /Marijuana/
 * /Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids/
 * /Inhalants/


text:
Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs/Drug Misuse/Stimulants

Stimulants are drugs that effect the central nervous system. They speed up the activities that occur. They are sometimes called "uppers". Stimulants cause blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate to increase. The "up" feeling is usually followed by a "down" feeling (fatigue, weak, depressed).

Some types of stimulants are cocaine, crack, amphetamines, methamphetamines, methcathinone, ephedrine, MDMA, Methylphenidate, and caffeine.


text:
User talk:Zpally

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 07:18, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Deleted page
The page you created was not a textbook and so outside the project's scope, sorry -- Herby talk thyme 07:18, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zpally


text:
User talk:76.179.21.80

Az1568(Talk) 07:21, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.179.21.80


text:
User talk:Gunan

Small dictionary: 1.Angle:A measure of a degree. 2.Bold:Strong. 3.Cat:An animal. 4.Danger:Hazard.

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:11, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gunan


text:
User talk:Mental-Issue

Hey, leave a message ;)

title: User talk:Mental-Issue


text:
Semiconductors/Resources

Wikimedia Resources

 * Microtechnology - handbook of microtechnology
 * Digital Circuits
 * Circuit Theory
 * Communication Systems
 * Embedded Systems
 * Electronics
 * LearnElectronics
 * Analog and Digital Conversion
 * Chip Design Made Easy
 * Practical Electronics
 * Nanotechnology
 * Semiconductor Electronics

Books

 * Paul R. Gray, Paul J. Hurst, Stephen H. Lewis, Robert G. Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits (4th Edition).ISBN 0471321680 / ISBN 978-0471321682
 * David Johns, Ken Martin, Analog Integrated Circuit Design, ISBN 0471144487 / ISBN 978-0471144489
 * Horowitz and Hill, The Art of Electronics, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1989. ISBN 0521370957
 * US Navy, Basic Electricity, Dover, 1970. ISBN 0486209733
 * US Navy, Basic Electronics, Dover, 1973. ISBN 0486210766
 * BJT Information
 * J.R. Hook & H.E. Hall "Solid State Physics: Second Edition". 1991

title: Semiconductors/Resources


text:
User:Triceratops9~enwikibooks

This user is a genetic experiment gone wrong. He was once a triceratops from the late cretaceous period, but died 65 million years ago, his fossilized remains were experimented on, and combined with human dna to create his current incarnation. The nine is to signal his experiment number, there were eight other specimens, all others are dead.

He spends his time playing games such as Zoo Tycoon 2, the Legend of Zelda series, Pokémon and other similar games. His favorite animals other than his own species is the eastern diamond back rattlesnake. He misses Steve Irwin, thinks he was one of the greatest people who lived, and wishes he were still with us.

Watched Pages on Wikipedia

 * Zoo Tycoon 2
 * Zoo Tycoon 2: African Adventure
 * Zoo Tycoon 2: Endangered Species
 * Zoo Tycoon 2: Marine Mania
 * Zoo Tycoon 2: Extinct Animals

Vandilism will not be tolerated by me for these pages

Sites I frequent
Zoo Tycoon Volcano (ZTV)

title: User:Triceratops9~enwikibooks


text:
User:Manticore

 Manticore Hi there, I'm Manticore. My main userpage is on the English Wikipedia.

Local Talk   |    Local Contribs    |    Global Accounts

title: User:Manticore


text:
User:Whiteknight/WJHits

Total Wikijunior Hits:

title: User:Whiteknight/WJHits


text:
User:Manticore/Signature

 Manticore  Talk

title: User:Manticore/Signature


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User:Chelseafan528

Welcome to my userpage. I edit The GIMP wikibook (I updated the version numbers during the lifetime of GIMP 2.4). I am experienced in using other free image tools, such as Inkscape and Blender 3D. I occasionally edit the Noob to Pro wikibook of the latter. I have a Wikipedia userpage.

title: User:Chelseafan528


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User talk:Chelseafan528

Talk about me on Wikibooks.

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 18:55, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Not so :) ... (Only the Windows OS uses the .exe extension for an executable.)
See details for file extension .EXE are on this page. My favorite (the Amiga .exe) and at least Sony also still uses (.exe). But the correction you made was well done, just informing you that someone else uses it... --Panic (talk) 18:55, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks Panic, that info was interesting to hear. Also, thanks for the welcome message (although I'm not new). --Chelseafan528 (talk) 19:38, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

The GIMP book
So I'd like to ask you about few things, and I'm asking here because right now you're the only active contributor. So the question is about the toolbox articles. The idea is to make general articles like selection techniques, with some info, and then add sub-pages about every of these tools with full description and possibly a little example for it. And the other question is what about all those images, shouldn't they be added to some category? I can do that, just thinking if either to the same category as articles, or make another category, maybe called "The GIMP - Images" or "The GIMP/Images". I know I should probably ask it on the talk page of the GIMP book, but I ask here. This is just that those are quiet much bigger changes to the currently existing articles. If you think it should be there then just move it to there, and answer there. Thank you. Soeb talkundefinedcontribs 19:40, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm OK with it being here. We've already got a general toolbox page with links to the selection techniques, etc. Your idea of creating separate pages for each tool is great. Perhaps we could copy info from the GIMP manual. We just need to give credit, since Wikibooks uses the same license. We could then make updates for GIMP 2.6 if needed. (Well, I can't, I'm stuck on Ubuntu Hardy LTS with 2.4 and my attempt to compile 2.6 has failed. I also tried to upgrade to Intrepid instead, which broke my system and caused me to reinstall with Hardy. Recently, there was a message in the Gimp-user mailing list from a user also struggling with 2.6 on Hardy.) On your second idea, I have noticed that many have already been categorized as 'The GIMP', and I don't want any wasted effort, so just categorize them as 'The GIMP'. Chelseafan528 (talk) 19:38, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, I categorized them, I though it should be done so. I understand your problem with upgrading, because I my update crashed too, even though everything was so well going. Anyway I've got 2.6, and I'm sure some people too. Then I'll start working on making separated pages for every tool. I should probably make it the same way as it is there, although copying it... well, it uses same license, and could be rewrote later. Also when it comes to 2.6, there's a WIP version of manual.
 * Sorry, forgot to sign. So I made a template, for the book. Do you think it should be used? Soeb talkundefinedcontribs 14:03, 17 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Your navigation bar seems OK. However, I think our current navigation bar is better and has a simpler design. I can convert this to the template if needed. Are you on Intrepid? According to your work, you seem to be. Or maybe you had a successful compile (there was an error at GEGL's 'make' for me). Anyway, if you need any help, I can try helping with a copy of 2.4. --Chelseafan528 (talk) 16:18, 19 December 2008 (UTC)
 * This is Wikibooks, so anybody can help. I have both Interpid, and successfully compiled. Currently I don't use 2.6, as I recently got a development version from SVN repository. Have you tried compiling BABL and GEGL from svn? That's from where I currently got it. Also the GEGL's here. You could try it from there, though it's an Interpid repository. I could help with compilation if needed, I discovered some problems when compiling GEGL on Hardy, but somehow (after two months of break from it, damn it! :-)) I managed to compile it later. Why don't you update to Interpid? This would solve the problem. Well, If you could make a template, that would look like the current one, and also could be used on both sides of the page, then it would be great. That's why I still didn't putted it on any page. So as I said I can help with any compiling problems, I spent much time on it, and would be happy to help. Soeb talkundefinedcontribs 17:06, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

I've changed the template to look like the current one. To me it seems backwards compatible with yours. My solution to 'be used on both sides of the page' is to just add the horizontal bar in when needed to the page. I'm going to try compiling from source again. --Chelseafan528 (talk) 17:29, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, but well, it cannot be used on first and last page. Using if template, as it was before would make it alright. I'll try to find some time and make it. Soeb talkundefinedcontribs 21:08, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Done, so now just to put it on pages, this won't be much work, I'll take care of it. Soeb talkundefinedcontribs 11:43, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry for spamming your talk page this much. So I got another idea, this time the attribute #2 and #4 is optional. Just wanted to inform you, see description of it on the templates page, with few examples. Also right now the template is putted on few pages, you can see how it works - no problems with it. If not the fact you changed the template I wouldn't get any of these ideas. Soeb talkundefinedcontribs 12:06, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I can't tell the difference between the directly-coded navigation bar and the template navigation bar. Well done! It's working properly (I looked at the 'Preface' page). Thank you for making the bar much better. (Anyway, my compile didn't go well. The same problem with GEGL happened.) --Chelseafan528 (talk) 15:28, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

The Toolbox
Maybe you've already saw my comment on toolbox's talk page. As no one by now has had answered, I hope you could. Then it would motivate me to actually finish the proposal, if I knew it is accepted as a replacement (and also to upload the images under new names). Oh, and I made a new section here, so it'll be easier to answer. Soeb talk|contribs 19:12, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

The GIMP/Manual Of Style
As you said before you have only few pages on your watchlist, I just wanted to notify you I made a convention of a possible manual of style for The GIMP book. Could tell me what do you think of it and/or say what would you like to add/change/remove (here or on its talkpage). Soeb talk|contribs 17:24, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Excellent work (yet again). It looks like our current pages are compatible with the new standard, and I think that it would make contributing much easier in that contributors would not have to look through and guess the style. I would remove the question mark next to it and make it standard. (BTW, I also made a minor edit to the grammar.) --Chelseafan528 (talk) 19:23, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Great. Then if it is good, now just something would need to be covered in it too (just what's not been covered yet, although what is there now, is enough for contributing). And I placed a question mark there, as meaning it's reference, that's not part of the book. But feel free to change it to anything more adequate. Soeb talk|contribs 20:56, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chelseafan528


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User:Whiteknight/Advertisements

On this page, I am going to try and create some graphical advertisements that we can use to attract more attention to Wikibooks. Other people are welcome to join in this effort. See Marketing.

Image Drafts

Taglines
These are possible slogans or taglines that we can use in advertisements (image-based or text-based advertisements).

 * 1) Need holiday gift ideas? Give the gift of knowledge to everyone on the planet.
 * 2) Tired of paying for textbooks? Write your own.
 * 3) Wikibooks: Learn for free.
 * 4) Do the world a favor, make your knowledge free.
 * 5) Writing books for children, and don't know where to start? Wikijunior.
 * 6) Teaching is the best way to learn. Help us learn at Wikibooks.
 * 7) Librarian, Author, Reader, Student, Teacher, You.
 * 8) Add "Help the world" to your daily routine.

title: User:Whiteknight/Advertisements


text:
Cookbook:Tuna Noodle Casserole

| American cuisine | Fish | Pasta

Ingredients

 * 2 cans (drained) or pouches (12 ounces each) tuna
 * 1 cup milk
 * 4 cups hot, cooked medium egg noodles
 * 2 cups frozen peas
 * 2 cans (21 ounces) condensed cream of mushroom soup
 * 2 tablespoons dry bread crumbs
 * 1 tablespoon melted butter
 * 1–2 teaspoons dried minced onion (onion)
 * ¼–1 teaspoon Texas Pete or other hot sauce (optional)
 * 3–4 ounces cheese, shredded or sliced to cover casserole

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 400°F.
 * 2) Shred tuna and stir into 3-quart casserole with milk, noodles, peas, and soup. Add onions and hot sauce if desired.
 * 3) Bake until hot, about 25–30 minutes.
 * 4) Remove from oven, and top with bread crumbs mixed with butter or with cheese.
 * 5) Bake another 5 minutes.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Replace half of mushroom soup with cream of celery.
 * Try replacing breadcrumbs with crushed potato chips.

title: Cookbook:Tuna Noodle Casserole


text:
Animal Behavior/Speciation

Every individual alive today, the highest as well as the lowest, is derived in an unbroken line from the first and lowest forms - August Frederick Lopold Weismann, German biologist/geneticist (1834–1914)

Speciation
Taking into consideration the fundamental aspects of biological species, organisms that belong to the same species should interbreed and bring forth a viable offspring. In other words, animals belonging to the same species should give birth to a fertile offspring that can also reproduce. Furthermore, one of the fundamental concepts of understanding speciation is the aspect of postzygotic and prezygotic (König et al., 2019). Essentially, these are the significant barriers that restrain mating in order to bring forth fertile and viable offspring. Taking the aforementioned into consideration, speciation refers to the process of formation of different species. In particular, the process takes place when groups of species develop to diverge and isolated reproductively. There are two significant types of speciation, mainly the sympatric as well as the allopatric speciation.

In particular, the sympatric speciation refers to groups with a standard ancestral population and their evolution progress into a divergent path and culminates into different species without necessarily being in different geographical separation. On the other hand, allopatric speciation refers to species from a standard ancestral population and follows an evolutionary path that is gradually spread as a result of the difference in geographical separation. Despite the comprehensive scholarly work that has focused on speciation, an overall theory of speciation does not exist; however, there are a variety of models that have been gradually developed in order to elucidate the profound role of selection and its culminating favor in specific instances of the evolution of an organism.

In addition to allopatric and sympatric speciation, anagenesis and cladogenesis are additional concepts that are essential to animal behavior and speciation (Vaux, Trewick, & Morgan-Richards, 2016). In particular, agenesis refers to the gradual and developmental evolution that takes place as a result of interbreeding in a particular population. On the contrary, cladogenesis refers to the evolutionary disintegration of a parent species into two dominant distinct species; this process culminates into a clade.

title: Animal Behavior/Speciation


text:
User talk:76.16.198.127

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Urbane   (Talk)   (Contributions)  18:11, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.16.198.127


text: User talk:205.247.227.140

title: User talk:205.247.227.140


text:
Animal Behavior/Sociality

Cooperation, Altruism, and Sociality
Many animals and humans show a startling flair for exhibiting kindness, cooperation, and altruistic behavior. Evolution, which is often (and falsely) viewed as largely driven by conflict between competing individuals, may not be an obvious candidates for explaining their existence. Evolution may promote traits underlying group living, altruism, and coorperative behaviors under specific conditions, however, if genes underlying such characteristics are favored. There are several degrees of working together:

 * Cooperation refers to the practice of individuals working together instead of working separately in competition. The success of participating individuals depends and is contingent upon the success of their partners in cooperation.
 * Altruism consists of unselfish/selfless acts in which the altruist appears to put other individual’s interests before their own. The general expectation is that the evolution of altruistic traits is not compatible with selfish gene theory. How could such a mechanism reinforce a behavior jeopardizing one's own interests at the expense of another's? Examples include self-sacrificing Behavior: e.g. vampire bats, guard bees, Cooperative breeding, e.g. African Kingfishers, Acorn Woodpeckers, Florida Scrub Jay;
 * Social behavior relates to interactions with other members of the population. Group living comes with a diverse range of advantages and disadvantages.
 * Society describes a group of individuals of the same species, organized in a cooperative manner, and extending beyond sexual contexts and parental care.
 * Eusociality is an extreme form of altruism where sterile workers labor on behalf of reproductive individuals, cooperate in the care of young. There must be an overlap of at least two generations of individuals which share in colony labor.

Units of Selection
Discussion about the units of selection centers on an understanding of what the life of each individual is ultimately devoted to. This is nowhere more pertinent than in evolutionary explanations for altruistic acts or for the emergence of highly social societies. How could altruistic behavior ever emerge as a superior strategy if it actually diminishes the reproductive fitness of the individual showing it?

 * Group Selection: In this view the unit of selection resides at the level of a group of individuals, where groups that contain a greater degree of cooperation would be expected to outcompete those groups that show less of it. Altruistic traits favor reproductive success of a group at the expense of that of an individual. Unfortunately, all members of a group with a high level of cooperation will derive the benefits, even those individuals who may be less cooperative than others. For several decades critiques  have cast doubt on group selection as a major mechanism in evolution. "For the good of the group/species ..." explanations have not fared well in theoretical or empirical studies as over time selfish individuals in cooperative groups will outcompete the altruists.
 * Individual Selection: In this view individuals are simply looking out for their own selfish interests
 * Gene Selection: Is altruistic behavior focused on the preservation of selfish genes

Simple Egoistic Solutions
In some instances, benefits may accrue to an individual committing an altruistic act. If these benefits exceed its cost, it is in the egoistic interest of the individual to perform such an altruistic act.

Synergistic Benefits

Cooperation may be in each individual's egoistic interest if it increases its own individual fitness. Wolves, for instance, hunt in packs and then share their prey. Thereby each wolf benefits from pack hunting as the group can bring down prey that would be too large for a single individual. Although the behaviour may seem altruistic, individuals benefit directly in tasks that require many eyes. Fish tend to group in schools as it becomes significantly harder for a predator to pick out and hunt one specific individual from within their midst.

In 1971, Hamilton proposed the Selfish Herd model, which postulated a centripetal instinct that directs animals to place themselves towards the centre of a group. This behavior is based on a presumed increase in predation towards the outer edges of the group.

Delayed Benefits
Young may remain with their parents and help them or group members raise more offspring, rather than breeding themselves (e.g., ostriches, some primates). Helpers may gain useful experience in raising their own offspring or have an increased chance to inherit a valuable breeding territory.

Reciprocity
Reciprocal altruism exists in situations where individuals exhibit altruistic acts towards each other. For each individual the benefits accrued must exceed the costs it incurs.

Complex Egoistic Solutions
Considerations of Game Theory help to explore why individuals may cooperate in a given situation, or why they may not. Relationships are often adversarial, during competition for mating opportunities, food, or space. Opponents may still find reasons to cooperate if egoistic decisions by both will draw them towards an undesirable outcome. The Prisoner's Dilemma is able to explain why two players may be enhancing their fitness by cooperating and by displaying a certain level of trust. This scenario is particularly likely if the partners recognize each other individually and face each other repeatedly for the same decision.

True Altruism
An individual behaves in such a way as to enhance the reproduction of another individual, at a cost to its own fitness. (e.g., Sterile workers in social insects who give up all reproduction for the benefit of their mother queen. Mutual or delayed benefits can’t account for this one: sterile workers never get to produce any daughters.)

Inclusive Fitness
An individual fitness solution to the paradox goes as follows: genes are favored that produce a disproportionate propagation of ones genes to subsequent generations even if it is at the expense of the individual. This may occur directly through either reproducing personally or indirectly by encouraging the reproduction of close relatives who share many of ones genes. Under those circumstances altruistic behaviors should primarily be directed towards close relatives who share many of the genes as compared to non-relatives who share fewer of them. Inclusive fitness refers to the sum of an individual's Direct Fitness (probability of reproductive success of one's own offspring) and its Indirect Fitness (probability of reproductive success of non-descendant relatives). Altruistic acts are frequently directed towards relatives. : selection for traits that lower an individual's personal fitness, but raise a relative's fitness. Recipient (related) kin share genes with the altruistic individual and are thus genetic extensions of them. Kin selection and inclusive fitness can explain sociality through increased survivorship of relatives, increased inclusive fitness, altruism, and delayed maturation or breeding.

Inclusive Fitness: refers to the sum of an individual's Direct Fitness (probability of reproductive success of one's own offspring) and its Indirect Fitness(probability of reproductive success of non-descendant relatives). Altruistic acts are frequently directed towards relatives. Kin Selection: selection for traits that lower an individual's personal fitness, but raise a relative's fitness. Recipient (related) kin share genes with the altruistic individual and are thus genetic extensions of them. Kin selection and inclusive fitness can explain sociality through increased survivorship of relatives, increased inclusive fitness, altruism, and delayed maturation or breeding. Kin selection favors behavior that sufficiently enhances the fitness of related individuals (i.e., carrying similar genes) leading to an increased representation of genes being passed on to the next generation.

Hamilton's Rule benefit to recipient / cost to altruist > 1 / coefficient of relatedness

Consequences
The complex needs for group-living may have driven members towards a surprising degree of intelligence. Individuals of many species are able to keep track of each other's social status, correctly attribute each others mental states, and successfully engage in each other's deception.

title: Animal Behavior/Sociality


text:
User talk:Daniel S.~enwikibooks

You may be interested in reading m:Help:Edit summary. More useful stuff below:

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:11, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Daniel S.. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Daniel S.~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:04, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:51, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daniel S.~enwikibooks


text:
Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/cell division2

Mitosis is a form of cell division which produces two daughter cells from a mother cell. It consists of 4 phases of division: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Before Mitosis
The period in the cell cycle before mitosis takes up the bulk of a cell's life and is called interphase. Interphase can be split into three periods: G1, S, and G2. G1 and G2 are periods during which cellular processes continue as normal, while the S phase is when DNA is replicated.

During much of mitosis, DNA is wrapped and condensed into chromosomes (pictured). However, during this phase, DNA is uncondensed, and remains in the nucleus as a mass of chromatin, or a combination of DNA and proteins that the DNA wraps around.

Some cells, such as muscle cells or nerve cells, do not replicate after they become specialized during embryonic development. These cells are sometimes said to be in the G0 phase.

Prophase
During prophase, the longest phase of mitosis, the nuclear membrane of the cell begins to disintegrate, and the nucleolus disappears. A centrosome -- an organelle that produces microtubules -- moves to each side of the cell. The DNA begins to condense into chromosomes. Because all the DNA has been replicated already, each chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids which have identical DNA. The two sister chromatids of a chromosome are connected in the center of the chromosome, called the centromere. Microtubules called spindle fibers begin extending from the centrosomes and begin to attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes, which are at the centromeres (centers) of the chromosomes.

Note that a centrosome and a centromere are different. A centrosome is an organelle that produces microtubules that attach to the chromosomes, while a centromere is the center of a chromosome that connects two sister chromatids.

Metaphase
During metaphase, the chromosomes, which each have two spindle fibers connected to them, line up in the center of the cell. The centromeres at this point are at opposite sides of the cell and have a spindle fiber attached to each chromosome. Some spindle fibers connect in the middle. They will help to push the cells apart.

Anaphase
During anaphase, the chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers. A single copy of an organism's DNA should reside on each side of the cell. Anaphase is usually the shortest phase of mitosis

Telophase
During telophase, two new nuclei form around the two sets of DNA, and the chromosomes will unravel into a mass of chromatin that is more convenient for the normal tasks of a cell. The centromeres duplicate so that each daughter cell will have two centromeres.

Cytokinesis is a separate process that is often combined with telophase. Cytokinesis is the splitting of the cytoplasm; the cell physically divides into two new cells. Sometimes, cytokinesis fails to occur, resulting in a large cell with multiple nuclei. This occurs naturally in some tissues, as in liver, and skeletal muscle cells.


text:
Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/cell division3

What is sex?
Sexual reproduction is the mixing of chromosomes to make organisms with new combinations of traits.

Is sex the only way that organisms reproduce?
No. There are two forms of reproduction: Sexual reproduction, and Asexual reproduction.

When an organism makes an exact copy of itself, this is called asexual reproduction. The offspring (children) are called clones.

Sexual reproduction is when two organisms combine their chromosomes to make offspring that are different from their parents.

What is the advantage of Sex?
Sexual reproduction makes offspring that can survive in conditions that the parents could not. It creates many varied offspring, and it increases the chance that some of an organism's offspring will survive.

When is sexual reproduction better than asexual reproduction?
When conditions change.

If the environment is stable and good for an organism, then asexual reproduction is favored. If an organism can grow well now, then exact copies of that organism should be able to grow well too.

If conditions change radically, or if they constantly change, there is a probability that the organism will die and if all of his offspring are identical, there is a good chance that all of his offspring will die with him.

Sex produces organisms different from the parent. There is a good chance that some of those offspring will thrive no matter what new conditions occur.

Many organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Humans for example can only reproduce sexually.

Why do brothers and sisters look different from each other if they have the same mother and father?
Because humans reproduce by a process called sexual reproduction that mixes up the traits of the parents to make new , different offspring.

Humans have 46 chromosome in each normal cell. These chromosomes store all the information needed to make a person. In order to make children, however, each parent must give only half of the information that they need to make a person to each child.

Humans each have two copies of 23 types of chromosome in each cell. organisms that have two copies of their chromosomes are called diploid. When sex cells are made, one of each of the twenty three chromosomes makes it into each sex cell.

In addition to this, chromosomes will shuffle their sequences before reproduction in a process called crossing over. This shuffling of information usually makes each chromosome after meiosis look different than they did before meiosis.

Therefore each sex cell has a virtually unique combination of one parent's chromosomes. These cells are then combined to form an even more unique combination of traits.

So although brothers and sisters have the same parents, they are very unlikely to have gotten the same combination of chromosomes from them, and these differences make each person look unique.

It is this very uniqueness which is the strength of sexual reproduction. When people create different offspring, they each have different strengths and weaknesses that makes it possible for them to do well under different conditions. If everyone was the same then they would all be equally sensitive to the same diseases for example, but for sexually reproducing species, some will survive change better than others. This makes it more likely that no matter what comes, at least one of the offspring will survive to reproduce.

What is the human life cycle?
When we talk of how a cell grows and reproduces, we call it the cell cycle. When we talk of how an organism grows and reproduces, we call it a life cycle.

Humans are born as babies. There are two sexes: male and female. They grow to adulthood. They make sex cells (called gametes). Sperm for males. Eggs for females. The sperm and the egg mix and make a single cell called a zygote. The zygote grows into a baby.

Other life cycles
Other organisms have different life cycles. Many protists, for example reproduce both sexually and asexually.

How are gametes made?
Gametes are made by a process called Meiosis.

What is Meiosis?
Meiosis is a form of cell division that makes four cells which each have half of the chromosomes on the parent.

Why do we need Meiosis?
Meiosis is needed to make gametes for sexual reproduction.

In sexual reproduction, Eukaryotic cells make organisms with new combinations of chromosomes by mixing the DNA of two parents.

In order to make the new individual have the same number of chromosomes as the parents, the parents must make sex cells with half of the number of chromosomes as the parent so that when they fuse, the new organism has the same number of chromosomes as the parent.

What are the steps of meiosis?
Meiosis is the process in which one mother cell splits into four daughter cells, each with half the chromosomes of the mother cell.

Meiosis is similar to mitosis, but the original cell splits twice making four cells instead of splitting once to make two cells. These two divisions are called Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

The stages have the same names as in mitosis, only with a number to distinguish which division they occur in. The stages in order are Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, interkinesis (a type of interphase), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.

Meiosis is the process in which one mother cell splits into four daughter cells, each with half the chromosomes of the mother cell.


text: User talk:66.204.141.130

title: User talk:66.204.141.130


text:
User:MarkamBey

See user profile on the English Wikipedia: MarkamBey

Please leave comments on the talk page.

title: User:MarkamBey


text:
User talk:An gaelgoir

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:25, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:An gaelgoir


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4

4. d4

 * This aggressive move frees White's queenside bishop and adds pressure on the center. However, the e4-pawn is left undefended and that gives Black some options to establish a stable center.

 * 4...exd4 is Black's only credible answer.
 * 4...Nxe4 can be meet with 5. dxe5 when White threatens Bxf7+ or Qd5 attacking both the e4-knight and f7.
 * 4...Nxd4 with Nxe5 undermining the knight on d4.
 * 4...Bd6? blockades Black's d-pawn and allows White to take on e5.

Theory table
.
 * 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2007/September

Dewey Decimal Classification
Is there any particular reason we're not deleting everything related to Wikibooks use of it? Seems like a copyright violation oversight to me, as the DDC is copyrighted and requires requesting a license to use it. --dark lama  17:55, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
 * What I gather from that website (in confirmation of information i've heard before) is that we may use the DDC system to organize materials, but we would require a license to use the webdewey database, and to get more detailed guides. What we are doing here, assigning only top-level numbers to our books in a rudimentary way, doesnt appear to be a copyvio. I would like to see some concrete information to the contrary before we start any mass page deletions. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:27, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Where from the website does it say that DDC can be used freely? I could only find a reference to the need to request a license if you want to use it without any mention of a license request being limited to the webdewey database or to more detailed guides. I think the fact the DDC is copyrighted is concrete enough, I don't think there is a need to prove its a copyvio, since its copyrighted, but rather there is need to prove that it isn't, such as some indication that Wikibooks can freely use it under the terms of the GFDL from the website itself. --dark lama  12:53, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The website does not say that it can be used freely, but likewise it does not say that it cannot be. The website says that a license is required to access the webdewey database. The OCLC (the parent group that owns the DDC system) maintains a database of all published books and their corresponding Dewey classification numbers. That list is copyright, and we are not using that list. Keep in mind that the books we have are not previously published, therefore do not have "official" dewey numbers, do not appear in the database, and so we don't need to interact with it. If it were a gigantic problem, we could go through a switch from dewey to the Universal Decimal Classification, which is similar to Dewey but not copyright (and more useful). --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 14:26, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * My concern is not with the database or book list, but with the copyright status of the classification system itself. Wikibooks, Wikipedia and the OCLC website all seem to suggest that the classification system is copyrighted. The OCLC website also says on the bottom of every page copyright 2007 OCLC Online Computer Library Center. If Wikibooks is to use this sort of classification system (I don't see the point really, but thats a separate discussion) and UDC is indeed not copyrighted, I think UDC needs to replace DDC. --dark lama  16:33, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * We can consider making some kind of transition, that would be perfectly fine to me. It would seem that we should be supporting free alternatives over proprietary ones in either case. I don't think that we need to rush to delete anything, because i'm still not convinced that we are violating any copyright. What I am going to start to do is create a series of subject-templates, such as or, what Rob created to help sort out the various CS books. Once these templates are created and applied to pages, we can change what's inside these templates without having to go back and recategorize hundreds of books. Once that's implemented, switching from DDC to UDC will be easy and completely transparent. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:05, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I've been looking over the UDC information in preparation to actually implement it, and I can't help but feel that this system isn't any better then the DDC is. Specifically, it doesnt provide any better resolution for the kinds of books that we have the most of (technology, science, and computing) then the DDC did. what we end up with is a whole mishmash of books crammed into "000", and very few books in the remaining categories. Going through the effort to switch classification systems, without any kind of net gain for the project seems like a waste to me. I don't feel like a transition from the DDC system to the UDC system is really practical, especially not without some kind of proof that our use of the DDC system here violates copyright. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 16:57, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * If the DDC is copyrighted, its a violation of copyright to use it if permission was not granted to make use of it. This is the same if contents were copied from a book or a website without any sort of indication that it can be freely used. --dark lama  17:06, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Mortgageboard
I think this should not have been deleted, let alone protected from re-creation. It does have potential for its own module, and isn't spam. Can we take this to VfD when a new article is created?? --72.189.79.44 20:53, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
 * No time but extreme caution. Probably vandal related (hence the protection), my talk page has some info!  Seeking information but access is not good for a day or so.  Above IP may well be open.  Cheers -- Herby  talk thyme 12:29, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Based on the previous text of this page (prior to deletion), I almost cna't think of a way that this material will fit into Wikibook's inclusion criteria. If it's been protected from recreation, that's because it's been abused repeatedly in the past. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:22, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Both times that page was created it was spam. If you want to create a module by that name, please give us an outline of what you're going to put there; if it's suitable for WB, we could unprotect the page.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:26, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Template:AWBUser
I imported this template from WP and (hopefully) changed it so the links apply to WB instead of WP. It might be useful if you want to see lots of info about a user, such as for WB:RFA. It gives links to User page, talk, contribs, edit count by namespace, total edits, logs, page moves, block log, email. Here is an example.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:28, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Log in problems
Help- I can't stay logged in- I can log in intially, but then I get logged out when I go to another page- I have Hughes.net sattellite internet service and I have allowed maximimu cookies. I read something about PHP settings- but this is a foreign language to me.

I need this for a college course and I am very frustrated- please advise how I can stay logged on! Thanks Sarah Smarrelli ssmar002@odu.edu

 * At the log in page, under where you enter your username and password there is a box labelled "Keep me signed in" (or similar). Check that box, then click log in. As long as your browser has cookies enabled, you'll stay logged in. If you need to enable cookies, either refer to the help files for your browser or ask us here.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:45, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * thanks for the note- I have checked the "keep me logged in box" and I am still getting logged off- when I go from one chapter to the next- any other ideas?

 * I can't imagine any reason that should happen. Perhaps one of the computer science folks could come up with something. The only thing I can think of is that your cookies are not enabled. Try putting en.wikibooks.org on your safe websites list. What browser are you using? Also, it seems like you're using multiple IP addresses? Every time you ask about this issue it's from a different IP. Please try to keep the query in one place - this is fine; we'll reply to you here.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 12:08, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks again Mike- I don't why it shows a different IP address- I'm on the same PC with same wiki log-in name/password. When I go to wikibooks, I am automatically logged on, so something happens when I go from page to page???? I have put wiki in my trusted sites, accepted all cookies, taken off my firewall, I'm at wits end! Thanks
 * How do I get in touch with a wiki techie? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.142.130.37 (talk • contribs).

 * You should wait for someone with more technical know-how than me to reply. One of the other admins should be able to help. For now, you'll be able to both view and edit pages, you just won't be logged in.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 14:09, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You might try a different browser. If you are using Internet Explorer, try using Firefox. (Or visa versa.) -- xixtas talk 16:04, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Login is managed by using cookies in your browser. If you are being logged out when you go to a different website, it's likely because your browser is deleting the old cookies. Check your browser settings to ensure that your browser is set to accept cookies and to keep them until "they expire". What browser are you using? What version? --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 17:39, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

staying logged in is the problem
thanks to all who are trying to help me! It's got to be a problem with my Hughes net connection or the settings they have set up. I have tried firefox and even created an entire new account and still I can log in initially with no problems but when I go the "browse" or another page within wikibooks I get logged off. Any more ideas? Thanks! Sarah

 * I really have to disagree with you, the internet connection really shouldn't be the problem in this instance. The act of logging in and staying logged in are managed by communication between the server and your browser, communication which Hughes doesn't participate in. The majority of the "action" happens in your browser in creating and maintaining a cookie. Cookies store information that says "I am logged in to this website". Cookies are the most likely culprit if you are logging in and being logged out prematurely.
 * If it's not cookies, then it must be caching. For performance reasons, various stages in the website-delivery pipeline store older versions of a page so that when you request it, you can get the page more quickly. What could be happening, if cookies are not the problem, is that you may be looking at an older "cached" version of the page, a version that shows you not being logged in. To try and clear the cache, try performing a hard-reset (CTRL+F5 in IE or FireFox). This will reload the page from scratch, attempting to bypass all local caching. Another option to try would be to open up your browser options (it's different in IE and various versions of FireFox) and try some of the following: Clear the browser history, clear the cache, increase the amount of memory for the cache, or increase the longevity of cookies (keep them "until they expire").
 * Also, make sure that your browser has javascript installed and functional. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:13, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Thanks Whiteknight- these are some new things for me to try, and I'll let you know if they work!

 * If you have a DW6000/DW7000/HN7x00S try this: disable Hughes Web Acceleration Proxy. -- xixtas  talk 12:59, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

New list of admins
I created a new list of admins (I think we were missing some) and used to show mostly the same stuff as AWBUser did.

 * OK. It was broken for a while there. I dunno if you guys like having the whole screen filled with links, so if not, don't leave it as is. I just thought it could be useful to have easy access to a log of admin actions. If nothing else, the list is up-to-date now.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:24, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually some of the missing people you added are stewards. This is why I had a list of stewards with admin access here. To prevent this sort of confusion. However it was deleted and replaced with a link to a list of stewards instead. --dark lama  15:28, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes - please keep stewards & non en wb folk separate - just confuses folk who may be looking for someone to help, template is fine tho (IMO) -- Herby talk thyme 15:32, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:37, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

New pages
I know RC patrolling isn't that popular here but a look through new pages suggests to me that there are a few almost certainly outside scope (I've only skimmed the last 24 hours). I've no time to do more at present I'm afraid, sorry -- Herby talk thyme 14:12, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Unblock requests
Is there any way to be notified when a page is added to the category "unblock requested" or whatever it's called? If you watch the category: page, you'd see changes to the page, but not when pages are added/removed from the page. I guess the solution for now is to monitor the category manually.

PS: IP User Talk:84.45.219.185 wants to be unblocked. Herby requested that nobody unblock them without consulting a CU. The CUs are hereby consulted.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:50, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Mike, you might want to look at the deleted edits from that page... repeated unblock requests with creative excuses is just this person's way of trolling. I can also confirm that unblocking that IP pretty much guarantees that more vandal accounts will be created.
 * Personally, I think we should just protect that talk page for 6 months or so. -- SB_Johnny | PA! 18:28, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * [edit conflict] Substantial history of vandal accounts across wikis. I'm in consultation with other CUs (at a guess that will be a dozen appeals on this wiki alone) - I think Johnny has experienced the IP on Wikiversity too.  As far as I know there is no way to watch a category here.  I could ask Bryan who runs a category watch bot on Commons (might be useful for other cats?)? -- Herby  talk thyme 18:29, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I was just about to send you a mail about that, HT :). -- SB_Johnny | PA! 18:37, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Plenty on the list - some of it serious! Varying opinion with the varying reason for unblock. They tried it for two weeks on en wp and then blocked it again! -- Herby  talk thyme 18:39, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I didn't mean that they should be unblocked; quite the contrary. I just haven't found any reliable way to monitor unblock requests (that they are a tad rare here doesn't help - it's easy to forget to check every so often), and figured others may not have either.
 * A "category watch bot" might be useful, but we might consider just adding to the "help cleanup" page a section for administrative cleanup. So deletions, unblock requests, WB:VIP (if we're keeping it; WK wanted to redirect to WB:AN. I don't know if that discussion died or something...), WB:RFI... could all be in one of those rows - things that only/mostly admins take care of. And then we'd keep the stuff that non-admins can do in the other rows. At least it'd be a reminder to the admins collectively to check those things every so often.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:45, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * A bot that makes a page edit every time there is a change to a category would be a great boon to us, and not just to this issue either. You're right that it's too difficult to have to watch all sorts of categories, especially categories that don't change too frequently. Having that information automatically compiled and delivered to us would save a lot of energy, and we would only have to do tasks that actually need doing. Of course, i'm pretty much pro-bot, I would be thrilled if we had 100 bots on here doing all sorts of automated tasks (including deletions). --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:13, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * @WK: I am too. I was going to ask you to flag yourself the other day when you were doing... something. But then you stopped.
 * @Herby: Do you mind asking about that? Even if we want to discuss it more, having some basic info about the bot would be useful in terms of deciding.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:55, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Because it's so easy to give and remove bot flags (a bureaucrat can do both, it's the only "privledge" that our bcrats can take away), i see it as more of a temporary measure. We give bot flags when a bot is messing up the RC list, and we take botflags away when they aren't needed. That way, the list of users with a bot flag represent the "active" bots at any time (as opposed to the "potential" bots). of course, that's an interpretation that we havent really discussed, and so i'm not going to be giving the bot flag to myself or to any other person on a needs-basis without discussion first. Of course, bot's are a new phenomina here, and as our use of them becomes more sophisticated, we will probably change our methods for dealing with them. If the community does not disagree with the issue, we could maybe create a list of people who are allowed to receive the bot flag if they are doint bot-like work, on a temporary basis. If people agree to that, next time i want to go on a categorization rampage i could give myself the flag first. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:32, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Not looking for a bot flag account (Bryan's bot is not flagged anyway & I would prefer it that way. To Mike - what info would you like - it has been running fine on Commons (you list a category & it lists any additions to it).  Think it may be running on en wp.  It's kinda like the one that brought me easily back here (Administrators' discussion index.  I'll look some more & get back to you? -- Herby  talk thyme 14:04, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it wouldn't need to be flagged - the categories we'd want to watch aren't updated that often. Really the only thing I wanted to know is if it can do what we want (check) and runs well (check). I'm happy with that - let's figure out how to get it up and running.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 14:56, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Bryan's bot runs every 2/3 hours IIRC so that would be the update interval. As soon as it is working again on Commons I'll let you know - cheers -- Herby  talk thyme 15:02, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know why i didnt think of this earlier, but we can use DPL to keep a list of pages that are put into maintenance categories. DPL shows pages in order according to the time they were added to the category, so the newest pages added show up on the top. We can restrict the count to only 10 or so pages to appear in the list. I have a proof of concept up at my Sandbox that shows this. Of course, we dont get a notification on our watchlist when a page is updated, but if we put this on a page we were looking at anyway, we could see changes immediately. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:18, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Neat. I started Bryan's category bot going but I think I may have done something wrong - I've asked on his talk page. -- Herby talk thyme 15:23, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeay - works - User:Herbythyme/Categories! I'll put it on a "public" page tomorrow.  Anything anyone want to add? -- Herby  talk thyme 15:31, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Added Category:Wikibooks protected edit requests  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:21, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

User:Connell66
This user just vandalized my talk page; I blocked the account for 1 week. They've been permanently banned from en.wp - shall we follow suit in whole or in part?  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:03, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * We followed in whole - user is blocked indefinitely.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:41, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Problem users
I would like to delete this page, or else mark it as being historical and protect it from being edited. We really don't need it, and I dont know that we've used it at all in my entire time as a Wikibookian. People who are problematic are typically blocked, and we have so few cases that it's almost not worth mentioning. Posting a name on a list like that really seems like more of an ad hominem attack anyway, which is not likely to help resolve any conflicts. Ideally, I would like to delete this page and replace it with a redirect to the administrator's noticeboard. That way, if there are problems, the admins know about it. Most admins, i'm sure, dont even watch the problem users page anyway, so it's moot. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 19:21, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, go ahead and delete it and redirect it here. --dark lama  19:24, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I also agree. Urbane   (Talk)   (Contributions)  19:29, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It would be proper to mark it to VfD if you have any doubts. My vote would be for delete (doesn't provide any useful historic information besides Wikibooks organizational evolution). --Panic 21:02, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

I've gone ahead and deleted it and redirected it here, its never really been used, more reverts then anything. --dark lama  22:24, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Licensing
I have made some changes to list of available licenses for file uploads. First of all, I have introduced version 3 of Creative Commons license (as the Wikipedia has done). I have also removed game-screenshot template, as we do not allow game manuals here. Finally, I have removed an option to choose only GFDL license or only Creative Commons license for own works. Both options are very bad, as GFDL makes printing an image nearly impossible and Creative Commons licenses are sometimes unconvenient: with GFDL text+GFDL images, you only attach text of GFDL license once when you print all; with GFDL text+CC images, you have to write about every variant of CC license. And more important: it's impossible (at least up to my knowledge) to take a free-licensed screenshot of page containing GFDL text with CC images. --Derbeth talk 09:33, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I added a few that I noticed were missing and included some that will add to the page if used. --dark  lama  17:46, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

java css files
I notice when I create a new accout that there is some mention of java and css files to customize my wikibooks- could these settings help me? of course, I can reference this file because when I click on it- I get logged off. Hughes net proxy has been disabled so I'm still looking for a solution.

My staying logged in problem is solved
Oh my- my staying logged in problem is finally resolved- Hughes had to turn off "turbo page" at their location and then I had to restart my modem. Now I'm staying logged in.... but Hughes said this will slow down my web browsing, so we'll see what happens. THANKS to everyone who helped me- I can't believe no one else who has hughes service and uses wikibooks hasn't had a similar problem. At least the mystery is solved!

still can't stay logged in ;-(
Well- with turbopage off at the Hughes server, my PC was crippled so it's back on and I am still getting logged off of wikibooks. I tried to disable the web accelaration proxy based on instructions someone sent me, but it doesn't work so I'm still not having any luck- I just can't believe that Hughes can be causing me so much trouble- oh well....

im new and i need help, a lot of help!!!
i am looking for a group dynamics book for a class im currently in. I could not afford to buy the text for the class, so I did not. But our first test is in about three weeks, and I am taking all the class notes, but i sense she is going to test right from the book and I am afraid that I will not do well. I was hoping that you would have a book on here about intro to group communication, or intro to group dynamics, if anyone has any info on this subject please post it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bobbi ashley (talk • contribs).

Seeking wikibooks evangelist to speak at documentation conference
The WritersUA Conference for Software User Assistance would like to have wikibooks represented in the next event taking place March 16-19 in Portland, OR. The conference is for people charged with developing information in support of software. The conference is a great opportunity to recruit experienced writers for wikibooks. We are looking for someone to attend the conference to talk about wikibooks and describe the writing/editing process. The speaker would receive free registration to the conference and an honorarium to help offset expenses. Over 500 user assistance professionals will be in attendance. http://www.writersua.com/ohc/index.html. Contact Joe Welinske, jjw at writersua.com, Concrete14 09:08, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * A place where we could get up in front of a crowd of people and actually talk about Wikibooks? Recruit new authors? It's like a dream! Portland OR is a bit far away from me (Philly PA), but how often does an opportunity like this really come up? How many speakers could we send? just one, or a small group? How much is the registration expense? --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 12:21, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Echoing Whiteknight: Sounds great, but I can't afford to go :(. -- SB_Johnny | PA! 17:24, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't see a registration fee, but exhibitors pay $495.00 without a booth, $995 with. BUT... Note that they will give one speaker free registration, plus an honorarium. We could send a group, but it would likely be one free, one either reduced rate or full rate... In any event, I'm within range, but I must discuss this with family and with User talk:PNW Raven, who is also within range. Chazz (talk) 00:04, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It's beginning to look like I've been elected for this. Hmm. Portland is within range; PNW Raven says that he's in range also but has an infirm mother and that might hamper his chances at attending. I've started the passport process. Thing is, I need advice. Stranger as I am to public speaking... I need to garner some ideas about what I should talk about. Chazz (talk) 06:24, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm certainly interested in going myself. I'm talking to this person via email, we can likely get a reduced rate for additional Wikibookians, but it also appears they have a selection process for speakers. I.e. not just anybody can go. I'll post more information as I get it. Assuming we can get two people to attend, you want to be travel buddies Chazz? --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 02:20, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if I'd be an asset, frankly, as a second traveler. I am perhaps not the evangelist I could be... I'm not as passionate about things as many others here, and I have to think others would be much better able to support WB's point of view. Maybe we should discuss this more privately? Email is enabled in my profile. Oh -- and if you're looking at travel plans, I wouldn't advise looping up through Canada to get to Portland from PA. Save the border hassles for when you need to get up here. Chazz (talk) 19:58, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Template:nld
Is there any way to remove from the SD category? – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:32, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * How do you mean, as in not showing nld images in the speedy delete category? Urbane   (Talk)   (Contributions)  17:33, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I feel like that would sort of defeat the purpose, unless you were proposing to use a different category that was specific to images instead. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 18:02, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm sure Mike meant removing the template from the SD category rather then the images and thats now been done. --dark lama  19:26, 28 September 2007 (UTC)


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4

= Two Knights Defence - Classical Variation =

4...exd4
Black plays exd4. Black is a pawn up but has a number of weaknesses the square e5, the Knight on f6 that can be pinned and also the weak f7 square. This all adds up to giving White a number of options. They are.
 * 5. O-O the classical variation.
 * 5. e5 the modern variation.
 * 5. Ng5 a misguided direct attack on f7.
 * 5. Nxd4 rather normal move.
 * 5. Bg5 pinning the Knight, but the pin can soon be undone, leaving no advantage for White.
 * 5. Qe2 this supports e5, although e5 can be played immediately anyway.
 * 5. c3 fails to 5...Nxe4 where Black has the nice d5 available and time to block any pins on the e-file against the King.

Theory table
'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4'''


text:
User talk:68.33.250.138

--Jomegat 22:52, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.33.250.138


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. O-O

= Two Knights Defence: Classical Variation =

5. O-O
The classical variation. Castling both gives the White King some security and activates the rook to be able to come to e1 which has much potential to support the White e-pawn or pin any pieces that take the e-pawn. Black's possible sensible replies are:
 * 5....Nxe4
 * 5....Bc5
 * 5....d6
 * 5....Be7

When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the conventions for organization.

Theory table
.
 * 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5. O-O


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4

1. d4 Nc6
Queen's Pawn: "Bogoljubow-Miles Defence"

This name seems to be in error. Only know as Queen's Knight Defence or when also 2..Nf6 the Black Knights Tango. Called Queen's Knight Defence on wikipedia.

 * Now changed to Queen's Knight Defence ChessCreator (talk) 23:54, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
In the 'Statistics' section the following link is no longer functional:

Munshi, J. 2014. Comparing chess openings part 3, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2441568

--Joe Gatt (discuss • contribs) 16:13, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4


text:
Semiconductor Electronics/Integrated Circuits

 * /Introduction/
 * /Semiconductor Materials/
 * /Discrete Diodes/
 * /Transistor Fabrication/
 * /Integrated Circuits/


text:
Neurology and Neurosurgery

 * /Symptoms and Signs in Neurology/

Neurological Symptoms

 * /Aphasia/
 * /Apraxia/
 * /Agnosia/
 * /Amnesia/
 * /Anosognosia/
 * /Alexia/

Consciousness and Unconsciousness

 * /Types of Unconsciousness/
 * /Stupor/
 * /Coma/
 * /Vegetative State/
 * /Locked-In Syndrome/
 * /Brain Death/
 * /Causes of Unconsciousness/
 * /Hepatic Encephalopathy/
 * /Intoxications/
 * /Trauma/
 * /Metabolic/
 * /Drugs/
 * /Epilepsy/
 * /Syncope/
 * /Stroke/
 * /Ischemic Stroke/
 * /Hemorrhagic Stroke/

Infections of the Nervous System

 * /Meningitis/
 * /Acute Bacterial Meningitis/
 * /Subacute Meningitis/
 * /Chronic Meningitis/
 * /Encephalitis/
 * /Acute Viral Encephalitis/
 * /Aseptic Encephalitis/
 * /Brain Abscess/

Trauma

 * /Trauma of the Head/
 * Prehospital Care
 * Emergency Room Care
 * Spinal Cord Injuries
 * Prehospital Care
 * Emergency Room Care
 * /Complete Spinal Cord Injuries/
 * /Incomplete Spinal Cord Injuries/
 * Brown-Séquard syndrome
 * Failed back syndrome
 * Spinal Stenosis
 * /Trauma of the Peripheral Nervous System/
 * Prehospital Care
 * Emergency Room Care
 * /Long-Term Consequences of Neurologic Trauma/

Delirium and Dementia

 * /Delirium/
 * /Dementia/

Seizure Disorders

 * /Epilepsy/

Neurologic Intensive Care Medicine

 * /Intracranial Pressure/

Cerebrovascular Disease

 * /Ischemic Disease/
 * /Ischemic Stroke/
 * /Hemorrhagic Disease/
 * /Hemorrhagic Stroke/

Neuro-Oncology

 * /Intracranial Neoplasms/
 * /Spinal Cord Neoplasms/

title: Neurology and Neurosurgery


text:
Semiconductor Electronics/Discrete Components Manufacture

 * /Mining Raw Materials/
 * /Making Ingots/
 * /Discrete Diode/
 * /Discrete Transistor/


text:
User talk:Aalali

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:18, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Since your familiar with Wikipedia you may also wish to read Wikibooks for Wikipedians --dark lama  19:23, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aalali


text:
User talk:MarkamBey

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:49, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:MarkamBey


text:
Semiconductor Electronics/Discrete Components Manufacture/Making Ingots

Silicon ingots are necessary for the manufacture of IC's. To make an ingot we need nearly 100% silicon which has impurities at a concentration of only few parts per million. To make the mono crystalline silicon ingot, modern industry employs Czochralski process which is explained below.

Melting Pure Silicon

Nearly 100% pure silicon is taken in a quartz crucible that can handle very high temperatures. The entire operation is carried out in a very clean environment so that almost no contamination takes place. The silicon in the Quartz crucible is subjected heat or in other words heated high enough for the silicon to melt to form a molten mass.

Introducing Seed

After obtaining silicon melt, dopant's of pentavalent or trivalent atoms may be added to make the silicon N-type or P-type. Once impurities are added, its made sure the mix is homogeneous so that no error arises when the semiconductor is fabricated. The temperature of the molten mass is maintained at a constant preferable temperature so that crystallization can take place easily. A chuck is lowered into the molten mix, the chuck has a piece of mono-crystalline silicon at its grip.

Crystal Formation

The chuck is maneuvered so that the crystalline silicon touches the molten mix. The molten silicon then solidifies around the crystal making it larger and larger. The chuck is rotated so that the crystal maintains a cylindrical shape.

Controlled Crystal Growth

Slowly and steadily the chuck is rotated at a constant rate and lifted up so that the crystal grows at a steady rate. By this process we can get a mono-crystalline cylindrical silicon ingot thats perfect for making semiconductors.

Final output

The final crystal looks as shown above. A cone atop of a cylinder. This is the raw material used to make silicon wafers.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3/2...e6

=Queen's Pawn Opening=

2...e6
A typical black move in Queen's Pawn Openings, 2...e6 allows black to develop the f8 bishop, after which castling will be possible.

Theory table
'''1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 e6'''