text:
New Zealand History/European Colonisation of New Zealand

‹ Back to The Treaty of Waitangi

European Colonisation of New Zealand
Not long after New Zealand had been widely publicised about in Britain, attempts were made to colonise New Zealand. The British came to New Zealand in 1840.

The first attempt was in 1825, when the New Zealand Company was formed in England. The New Zealand Company believed that large profits could be made from New Zealand flax, kauri timber, whaling, sealing and the colonisation of New Zealand. The company unsuccessfully petitioned the British Government for a 31-year term of exclusive trade as well as command over a military force. Nevertheless, the company sent out two ships the next year, the Lambton and the Isabella, under the command of Captain James Herd, to look at trade prospects and potential settlements. The ships docked at present-day Wellington Harbour in September or October 1826, and Herd named it Lambton Harbour. Herd later explored the area, and identified a suitable point for a European settlement at the south-west end of the harbour. The ships then sailed north to look at trading prospects and supposedly purchased one million acres of land from Maori. However, the New Zealand Company decided not to pursue any ventures in New Zealand, as it had already spent ₤20,000 on it.

The first major passage to New Zealand was made available when a new New Zealand Company was set up in England. The company was not approved by the Colonial Office or the British Government, but the first ship, The Tory, departed England in May 1839. The New Zealand Company bought land cheaply off Maori in dishonest deals to gain as much land as possible before the British Government annexed New Zealand.

The New Zealand Company initially set up a settlement at Wellington, but soon set up settlements at Wanganui in 1840, at New Plymouth in 1841 and at Nelson in 1842. The company also sent surveyors down the South Island to look at further sites for settlement.

However, the Company soon got into financial difficulties. It had planned to buy land cheaply and sell it at high prices. It anticipated that a colony based on a higher land price would attract rich colonists. The profits from the sale of land were to be used to pay for free passage of the working-class colonists and for public works, churches and schools. For this scheme to work it was important to get the right proportion of labouring to propertied immigrants. In part, the failure of New Zealand Company plans was because this proportion was never achieved; there were always more labourers than employers.

The income from the sale of land to intending settlers never met expectations and came nowhere near meeting expenses. In 1844 the Company ceased active trading. It surrendered its charter in 1850. The British Government initially assumed responsibility for the New Zealand Company's debts, but gave them to the New Zealand government in 1854.

Over the next few years over 8,600 colonists arrived in New Zealand in over 57 ships. Europeans were a majority by 1859. By 1860, over 100,000 English, Scottish, Welsh and German immigrants had settled in New Zealand.

Forward to The New Zealand Wars ›


text: User talk:74.163.165.233

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:74.163.165.233


text:
User talk:לערי ריינהארט/monobook.js

explanations
→ [ wikt:yi:user_talk:Gangleri/monobook.js|uselang=en#explanations] ←

Gangleri · T · m: Th · T · email me · 04:37, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

comments
...

title: User talk:לערי ריינהארט/monobook.js


text:
User talk:E3210

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 05:06, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:E3210


text:
GCSE Science/Ecology

Definition
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions among organisms and the interactions between the organisms and their environment. Every living organism and component of an environment cannot exist as a separate entity. Instead, they are interrelated and form a complex system.

Components of ecosystems
An environment consists of living organisms and non-living organisms. The living organisms in an environment are called the biotic components and the non-living factors are called the abiotic component. The biosphere is where this organism exist in.

title: GCSE Science/Ecology


text:
User talk:Fossa~enwikibooks

I hope I've answered your queries helpfully on the BTEC App Sci forum.

There should be some sort of medal for being the first contributor!

Ewen 10:54, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fossa. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fossa~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:12, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fossa~enwikibooks


text: Category:Book:Metasploit

title: Category:Book:Metasploit


text:
User:Sexycrazyjames~enwikibooks

I'm sexycrazyjames. I work as an IT Technician at a school. My personality type is INTP, so I rapidly change from projects to projects in an effort to learn more, spoken like a true philomath.

My blog is located at Fearsome-James FJBLOG. It's shared, but all mine end with "Reno".

title: User:Sexycrazyjames~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Chechen/Alphabet

Untitled
Nice job! I'm really glad to see some less-commonly-studied languages on Wikibooks. You explained the alphabet well, but it's still hard for people to learn it based on a table like that - yes I know that most commercial textbooks do it just like this. However, if you really want to help people LEARN the alphabet, rather than giving them the info and leaving it up to them how they will ever get it into their heads, please consider a similar approach as in this tutorial for Korean. If you want, I can help you with that. Junesun 11:52, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the compliments! Glad somewhat took time to criticise. So, I was thinking and expecting someone to make a seperate Wikibook to teach the Cyrillic alphabet, then I would link to that book on this page. If you notice, go to is:Rússneska/А Б В Г Д, I have made a book similar to how maybe you were suggesting for the cyrillic alphabet on the Icelandic wikibooks. Of course you can help me with that, its Wikibooks :). Danke für ihre Hilfen! --Girdi 17:41, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

K section
Hi, I think you should rework/reword the K-section on this site. The explanation that Кх is pronounced like К without the puff of air, is missleading and wrong — this description fits to the letter КI. Кх might be better explained as a К, spoken futher back in the throat. — N-true (talk) 13:23, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah good point. You can adjust it accordingly. --Girdi (talk) 23:26, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

"Eh" for ä
Correct me if I'm wrong: ä represents (or at least, how I've heard it spoken, it's most similar to) /æ/, the a in lack in American English, no? The "eah" sound in "yeah" (/jæː/), in English... that is, I believe, distinct in English from what people usually write as the "eh" sound. "Eh" (usually pronounced /ɛ/) is different- i.e. so there is a difference between the words flex (/flɛks/) and flax (/flæks/), despite that many non-native-English speakers pronounce the two sounds identically when speaking English. Unless I'm wrong and ä is actually /ɛ/ (I haven't ever heard ɛ, but there are dialects, so...), I'll be changing the "eh" to "eah"...--Yalens (talk) 18:25, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chechen/Alphabet


text:
User talk:Siewhua

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 14:42, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Siewhua


text:
User talk:WayneRay

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 14:42, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Fiction, non-fiction and poetry
I have removed a duplication of the post made on Wikibooks talk:Reading room, and I have replied to your enquirers >there<, as not to split the discussion if you have a particular comment about my reply continue on that thread, txs... --Panic 15:00, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:WayneRay


text: Directing Technology/Evaluate/Sample Rubric


text:
User:Mike.lifeguard/Copyvio

Last Copyright Warning
This template is used thusly:

Use type
 * Where type is one of text, image, or blank (which would be suitable if the violations are a combination of text and images).

title: User:Mike.lifeguard/Copyvio


text:
User talk:Sexycrazyjames~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:23, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sexycrazyjames. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sexycrazyjames~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:28, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sexycrazyjames~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:147.188.24.245

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:54, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:147.188.24.245


text:
Cookbook:Eton Mess

| Dessert | Cuisine of the United Kingdom

Eton mess is a dessert of English origin consisting of a mixture of strawberries, pieces of meringue and cream, which is traditionally served at Eton College's annual prize-giving celebration picnic on the "Fourth of June" (actually celebrated on the last Wednesday in May).

Ingredients

 * 4 medium-sized meringues
 * 280 ml (1 ⅕ cup or 9 ½ fl oz) double cream
 * 50 g icing sugar
 * 10 ml (1 tbsp) vanilla essence
 * 150 ml (⅗ cup or 5 fl oz) Greek yoghurt
 * 500 g (2 ⅕ cups or 1 lb 2 oz) strawberries

Procedure

 * 1) Rinse the strawberries, remove the tops, and cut into halves.
 * 2) Break the meringues into pieces (not too small) and place into a bowl.
 * 3) Put the double cream, vanilla essence, and icing sugar into a bowl. Whip until reasonably stiff.
 * 4) Combine the whipped cream, yoghurt, strawberries, and meringue, being careful not to mash the meringue into pieces that are too small.
 * 5) Serve in bowls.

title: Cookbook:Eton Mess


text:
User talk:Jacklee

 If messages are left for me on my talk page, unless otherwise requested I will generally reply here.

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:08, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks very much for the welcome. — Cheers, Jack Lee  –talk– 18:16, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jacklee


text:
User:Jacklee

Hi, I'm a Singaporean born after 1965, and am currently engaged in a PhD in Law at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom. My research involves looking into theories of interpreting bills of rights.

Before embarking on this adventure in a bid to try to get into academia, I studied law at the National University of Singapore, and worked as a litigation lawyer for about six years. I then left legal practice to do a Master of Laws (LLM) at University College London, and worked for a year and a half at the Singapore Academy of Law.

While not despairing over my PhD, I am interested in reading, watching films, visiting museums and art galleries, carrying out family history research, and getting involved in heritage activities.

Statistics about my Wikipedia edits can be viewed here.

My contributions

 * Cookbook:Eton mess

title: User:Jacklee


text:
User:Jacklee/sig

— Cheers, Jack Lee  –talk–

title: User:Jacklee/sig


text:
User talk:84.9.95.77

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:25, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:84.9.95.77


text:
User talk:Karrollea

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 18:32, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Karrollea


text:
User talk:206.113.131.157

Warning
Red4tribe (talk) 19:29, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:206.113.131.157


text: User talk:192.234.141.28

title: User talk:192.234.141.28


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...b6

Queen's Indian Defence
The Queen's Indian Defence is a popular and fairly modern opening whereby black quickly develops his queenside bishop, either by fianchettoing it on b7 to contest the long diagonal, or on a6 to put pressure on white's c-pawn.

It has been employed regularly by a number of top players including former world champions like Anatoly Karpov and Viswanathan Anand.

Theory table
'''1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 b6'''


text: User talk:71.91.137.1

title: User talk:71.91.137.1


text:
User talk:68.236.178.40

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:24, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.236.178.40


text: User talk:72.37.244.20

title: User talk:72.37.244.20


text: User talk:130.17.47.221

title: User talk:130.17.47.221


text: User talk:87.114.1.243

title: User talk:87.114.1.243


text: User talk:131.123.176.63

title: User talk:131.123.176.63


text:
Talk:Primary Mathematics/Introduction to significant digits

Move or Alter?
Isn't this above most primary students' heads? I think this page is placed inappropriately but I'm not sure how to work all the links so I hope that if someone agrees with me, who knows how, will move this page to middle school math (which would need to be created) or just to high school. If we intend to include middle school level math as primary, we should at least make the page more accessible with more examples and more hands on suggestions for deepening understanding. --Karrollea 20:39, 27 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
User talk:FlamingSevens

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 21:47, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:FlamingSevens


text: User talk:82.21.53.55

title: User talk:82.21.53.55


text: User talk:72.148.54.87

title: User talk:72.148.54.87


text: User talk:74.182.253.9

title: User talk:74.182.253.9


text:
User:Zolot~enwikibooks

I am currently a graduate student in chemical physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. I have a Bachelor of Arts (yes, arts) in both chemistry and physics from Colorado College, in Colorado Springs.

I have made a few minor contributions to wikibooks so far, and hope to make more.

My areas of expertise include: physical chemistry and chemical physics, particularly reaction dynamics and lasers.

But I also enjoy reading and knowing about: drums, bicycles, cooking, and the car-free movement.

title: User:Zolot~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:FerrousWolf

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:14, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:FerrousWolf


text:
User:Zolot~enwikibooks/Sandbox

Useful guidelines I've put on this page for my personal reference
From Wikibooks_for_Wikipedians:
 * The main page of a book is generally named "Book Name", while sub-pages are generally named "Book Name/Sub Page", or "Book Name/Chapter/Sub Page".

Useful links

 * Discussion forums: Reading Room, Talk pages on Bookshelves, All Subjects
 * Manual_of_Style
 * Wikibooks_for_Wikipedians
 * Wikibooks policy and guidelines
 * Featured Books
 * wikiversity

title: User:Zolot~enwikibooks/Sandbox


text:
User:E3210

"Adem-i zâde eger bî-edeb est, âdem nist    (âdem oğlu eğer ki edepsizdir, âdem değildir.) Fark der cism-i benî âdem ü hayvan edeb est(âdem ve hayvan cinslerinin cismindeki fark edeptir) Çeşm be küşâ-yı bi-bîn cümle kelâmullâh râ (gözünü aç bak cümle kelamullaha) Ayet âyet hemegî ma’nî-i kur’ân edeb est (ayet ayet kur’an’ın bütün manası  edeptir) Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi"

title: User:E3210


text:
User:Niece~enwikibooks

hello my name is quaneice spencer a woodwind is harder because there are alot of diffrent keys and confusion i play a woodwind instrustment mind is the clarinet the clarinet has alot of keys the hardess woodwind instustment i would have to sayis the french horn. that is hardess so iwould personally say that the woodwind instrument fammily is the hardess.

Headline text
thank you

title: User:Niece~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:EikeWelk

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 02:15, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:EikeWelk


text:
User talk:G2ford

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 02:15, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:G2ford


text:
User:Slysplace

Slysplace On Wikipedia

title: User:Slysplace


text:
User talk:Slysplace

Slysplace On Wikipedia

title: User talk:Slysplace


text:
User talk:Mudbat

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:48, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mudbat


text:
User talk:Go81

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:22, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Go81


text:
User talk:Casey Bassett

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:52, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Casey Bassett


text:
Wikijunior:Water Safety/Small Boats

Why do I need to wear a lifejacket?
A lifejacket is designed to keep you afloat if you fall out of the boat. Everyone in the boat needs to wear one, even if they can swim. Lifejackets will keep your face out of the water even if you're not awake, but only if you're wearing it. If you ever go out in a boat, make sure everyone is wearing a lifejacket!

How do I know if my lifejacket fits properly?
A lifejacket should fit snugly around your chest, and you shouldn't be able to pull it off over your head with your arms up. For small children, there may be a strap that goes between the legs to make sure it doesn't come off over their head. Make sure you do up all the zippers, buckles and straps.

Can I go out in the boat myself?
No. You should always have at least one adult with you when you go on a boat.

What do I need to take with me in the boat?
You should always wear a lifejacket.

title: Wikijunior:Water Safety/Small Boats


text: User talk:218.186.9.5

title: User talk:218.186.9.5


text: User talk:220.237.238.81

title: User talk:220.237.238.81


text:
Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 5

Welcome to the exercises related to Aleph-Bet Lesson 5 of learning Hebrew.

Click "▼" to check your answers.

Letters & Niqqud
Assign each letter to the sound it stands for:

Assign each sound to the letter that makes it:

Vocabulary
How is each word pronounced?

Translate the following words from Hebrew to English:

Reading Without Vowels
How is each word pronounced?

Next Steps
Review lesson: Aleph-Bet 5 Next lesson: Aleph-Bet 6 >>>

title: Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 5


text: User talk:202.138.120.130

title: User talk:202.138.120.130


text: User talk:Yahtsai

title: User talk:Yahtsai


text:
Talk:HSC Extension 1 and 2 Mathematics/Series and series applications

is this going to need to be split up? If you add 20 questions or something for each section, or each 3 sections, then it might get a bit big. i don't know... Ikarsik 11:28, 28 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
User talk:78.40.232.4

-- Herby talk thyme 14:24, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:78.40.232.4


text:
SwisTrack/Components/BlobSelection

Description
This component detects the blobs resulting of a thresholding step and keeps those with their area, orientation and compactness between specified boundaries. It is really close to the blob detection component. The only difference is that the result is a black and white image and not particles. Therefore, additional binary processing can be done after this method (Such as erosion or dilation).

Input

A binary (black and white) image.

Output

A binary (black and white) image.

Area Selection
Choose if a selection based on the blobs area is done.

Min. blob size
Minimal area of a selected blob in pixels.

Max. blob size
Maximal area of a selected blob in pixels.

Compactness Selection
Choose if a selection based on the blobs compactness is done.

Min. compactness
Minimal compactness of a selected blob (between 0 and 1).

Max. compactness
Maximal compactness of a selected blob (between 0 and 1).

Orientation Selection
Choose if a selection based on the blobs orientation is done.

Min. orientation
Minimal orientation of a selected blob in degrees.

Max. orientation
Maximal orientation of a selected blob in degrees.

title: SwisTrack/Components/BlobSelection


text:
SwisTrack/Components/OutputFileAVI

Description
This component allows to write an avi file to record the image. Beware that the place where this component is used has a big influence on the result, as it use the images that are processed. For example, showing the black and white image after the blob selection will show only the selected blobs. As a rule of thumb, the display will corresponds to what is displayed in the last previous component displaying the wanted image.

Input
The gray, the color or the binary image.

Output
A grayscale or a color image

File
Path to the video file to write.

Codec code
Corresponds to the codec used to encode the video file. If set to "Def.", on Windows, it uses CV_FOURCC_PROMPT (open an interface to select the codec, but not working in the current 1.1pre1a version) and on linux, it uses the default coded for the type of file you are saving to (CV_FOURCC_DEFAULT).

You can also use code hidden in the cvcap_ffmpeg.cpp file of the OpenCV, HighGui library, used by the CV_FOURCC function.

Here are some possible codes:

A more extensive list of fourcc codecs can be found on FOURCC.org.

Frame Rate
Frame rate of the resulting avi file. It can be different from the input frame rate.

Input Image
Select the input image to be recorded. You can choose between the gray, the color or the black and white image.

Buffer Frames
Number of frames kept in the buffer. If 1, no buffering is performed at all.

title: SwisTrack/Components/OutputFileAVI


text:
Cyber Guide to ODU Career Management/Get Up-to-Date/OCCS Footprints Problems Reported

Footprint Tickets OPEN
Unblock FTP ports 20 & 21 for the IP 66.135.37.227 for CM.UC computers, web app needs to upload.
 * 11/8 - 72251 - Perfect Interview

Cable TV Installation
 * 11/19 - Employer Lounge/Champion Room

Professional Development LOG missing data
 * 11/28 - 73262 - Forms Application: https://app.odu.edu/form/Login

Footprint Tickets CLOSED

 * New Printer - TAMARACK installation - checking on this...ticket closed but no printer?


text:
Talk:General Astronomy/An Accelerating Universe

Would Dark energy get tied into these pages? 64.8.152.188 17:07, 28 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
Using Your Dealer Management System

This book will detail how to use a Dealer Management System (DMS).

This original draft was created by Dealermade, for the purpose of catering to our clients preexisting DMSes. Specifically, with creating inventory export reports. The intention is to assist the users in the operation of these systems for exporting reports; and to permit the users to further clarify and expand on the donated content.

Please support this book through additions, corrections, and input on the Talk pages.

Book Organization
This book is organized in two fashions, one section has information prevalent to all DMSes. The other section is specific to each provider. Each one of the provider-specific sections is a sub-book named after the manufacturer of the system. No single dealer should employ more than one system, produced by a single manufacturer.

Table of Contents

 * DMS Providers
 * 1) DealerCenter DMS
 * 2) ADAM Systems (Adams)
 * 3) PBS Systems
 * 4) Automate
 * 5) Automatic Data Processing (ADP)
 * 6) Reynolds and Reynolds (ReyRey)
 * 7) Universal Computer Systems (UCS)
 * 8) /DealerTrack (Arkona)/
 * 9) Cps Cars Vehicle Inventory Software (CPS)
 * General
 * 1) /Information used for VIN-decoding/
 * 2) /Field terminology/

title: Using Your Dealer Management System


text:
User:Pietrodn/Editcounter

Month-Graph:yes Namespacesum-Graph:yes Weekday-Graph:yes Hour-Graph:yes Usercontributions:yes

title: User:Pietrodn/Editcounter


text:
Using Your Dealer Management System/ADAM Systems

ADAM Systems is a newer player currently with over a thousand dealers. You can find more information about Adams at their home page Adam DMS Solutions.

 * Extracting an inventory report

Contact Info
Adams can be contact on Monday thru Friday from 7:00am to 7:00pm CST at:
 * Telephone:(800) 676-2262
 * Fax:(251) 626-6198


text:
Using Your Dealer Management System/ADAM Systems/Extracting an inventory report

Trim, and Body
Adams, doesn't currently have a specified format (definition) for their trim and body fields. Because of this Dealermade, with the knowledge of Adams, has made suggestions to keep the data consistent. Adams provides two nebulous fields, Body, and Body-type, because of a constraint on the size of Body Dealermade expects them to be used as follows:

 * Body
 * This field should be used for the purpose of trim. Examples of this include, "LT1" (or 1LT), "2LT", "LTS" etc.

 * Body-type
 * This field should be used for the purpose of body or style. Examples of this include "2WD Limited" or "AWD EWB Crew Cab" etc.

Option Codes
Currently neither Dealermade nor Adams have made a specific suggestion as to where Option Codes should be placed. This will probably be standardized in the future by one of the two companies.


text:
Using Your Dealer Management System/Information used for VIN-decoding

Modern VIN-decoders tell more than can be provided by a specific VIN. This makes "VIN-decoding" as a term slightly confusing, in reality they do much more. They seek to narrow down the vehicle to a specific style.

In United States and Canada, VIN Data (with style information) is predominantly provided by Chrome, Polk, VINquery.com, Data One Software, ESP Data, RyanTech and JATO Dynamics.

Fields Utilized
To properly VIN-decode a vehicle to a single style numerous fields of information are utilized. Some of these fields include:

 * 1) VIN
 * 2) Body
 * 3) Trim
 * 4) Wheel Base
 * 5) Option Codes
 * 6) Manufacturer Model Number
 * 7) Manufacturer Color Codes / Exterior Color
 * 8) Transmission

A VIN can often only tell with accuracy the big three: year, make (manufacturer), and model. A proper implementation of VIN-decoder will use as much information as is provided to get down the vehicle to the most exact telling style. Which will tell you things such as: color, standard features, available trims, wheel base, bed size, amongst a whole slew of other useful things.


text:
Using Your Dealer Management System/Field terminology

Here is a quick overview of some of the ambiguous vehicle terminology:
 * VIN
 * All capital, 17 character value, which passes a VIN-check.
 * examples include: 2GTEC19J571626723, 3GTEC13J07G553731, 2CKDL63F876006392

 * Make
 * Also known as Manufacturer or Division. This is the producer of the vehicle.
 * examples include: Ford, Dodge, Chrysler, Jeep

 * Model
 * Also known as Subdivision. This is the largest sub-category of the vehicle.
 * examples include: Sebring, Ram, Wrangler

 * Trim
 * The package the model comes in.
 * examples include: LT1, LT2, 1LS

 * Option Code(s)
 * These are the factory-provided option-codes that the vehicle is equipped with. They are often specific to the style; and often 3 characters.
 * examples include: KA1, LNJ, MX0, R9N, UE1, YF5, A48

 * Option(s)
 * These are the factory-provided options that the vehicle is equipped with.
 * examples include: Floor mats, Sunroof, Air conditioning, Fog lamps

 * Model Number
 * This often corresponds to only the Model, however some models, have numerous Model Numbers.
 * examples include: CK10543, CG13405, CC10753, CG13405

 * Body
 * The Body is most simply a very broad and naked definition of the vehicle; however, many vendors opt to include other things, such as drive-train, and wheel base. This is said to be a consumer-friendly body.
 * examples include: Crew Cab, Sedan, Classic Crew 5 3/4', Sport Utility 4D, 4 DOOR EXT CAB PK


text:
Cookbook:Pumpkin Soup with Curry

Ingredients

 * 1 can (15 oz) pumpkin
 * 2 cans (30 oz) chicken broth (reduced sodium is best)
 * 1 medium sweet onion, chopped
 * 1–2 tbsp olive oil
 * 1 tsp curry powder
 * ⅛ tsp nutmeg
 * 1 bay leaf
 * Black pepper to taste
 * 1 cup cream

Procedure

 * 1) Sauté onions with olive oil until translucent.
 * 2) Add pumpkin and broth; mix well.
 * 3) Add all spices and simmer for at least 15 minutes; remove bay leaf.
 * 4) Let soup cool to lukewarm temperature and purée in a blender for smooth texture.
 * 5) Return to saucepan and add milk. Reheat on lower temperature to serve immediately or forgo reheating and store in a suitable airtight container

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You can try adding twice the amount of curry powder and a little coriander.
 * This soup is fairly thick; consider adding more chicken broth if you like a thinner soup. You can also find versions without the milk added. And, of course, vegetable broth works just as well.
 * Cooling the soup well before blending improves safety, and it also prevents the plastic blender from absorbing the orange color of the pumpkin.

title: Cookbook:Pumpkin Soup with Curry


text:
Template:Page-break

Template code

Template usage
This template allows to generate page breaks for printing as described in http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/page.html#page-breaks The template requires a closing </div> or (which is the same but results in a cleaner syntax)

 * Warning: Apparently not all browsers or renderers implement all page break features or implement them correctly.

The template has three parameters: before, after and inside. The before and after parameters accept the values "auto | always | avoid | left | right | inherit". The inside parameter accepts only the values "avoid | auto | inherit"

fr:Modèle:Nouvelle page imprimée

title: Template:Page-break


text:
User talk:Anoopalias01

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:58, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anoopalias01


text: User talk:81.77.180.78

title: User talk:81.77.180.78


text:
User:Dan Pelleg

he:משתמש:Dan Pelleg

 * wikipedia he
 * wikipedia en
 * wikipedia de

 * wiktionary he
 * wiktionary en

 * wikibooks he
 * wikibooks en

 * commons

title: User:Dan Pelleg


text: User talk:66.21.167.216

title: User talk:66.21.167.216


text:
Talk:Windows Vista

Windows vista although it has it's downfalls is a brilliant operating system i recommend buying a computer with vista on it, please do not buy a computer with Linux on it hey hey no offense to Linux or anything but i just think that vista is brilliant.

Although i did like freespire when I had it i thought that it was good the way you could customize your desktop that way i would recommend buying freespire to anyone.

title: Talk:Windows Vista


text:
User talk:Jaydev

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:21, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

French nomination
I like the book overall, but some sections need to be rated and other rated sections need to enter the green. Here at Also, how much experience do you have? Laleena 18:25, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jaydev


text:
The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/What is Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/Shadow play

Shadow play
In any open society, secrecy, intentional obfuscation of facts and usurpation or suppression of rights should be seen not only as negatively but often as a civilizational back-step. Often illegal or strictly restricted this types of activities are not only possible by states but also actively pursued by large corporations, that in some nations (or standard setting organizations) are able to exert an unprecedented control over policy.

In a world where the end user intends to have control over their own hardware and software some actions are not intended to see the light of day. This section is dedicated to bring out some of the subjects/actions in an attempt to help the reader to fully appreciate some of the less publicized information that has some kind of baring on the evolution of P2P.

Some organizations (or groups with invested interests) still think that it is up to them to think for the masses, in place of just try to push the information out granting the public the ability to make their own informed decisions. There is an clear organized attempt to, in general, hide facts from the public. Information is power.

Attempting to control access and the flow of information is a fool's errand. People have always rebelled against industry-mandated black box solutions and their artificial restrictions, that do not serve any other purpose but the economic interests of those attempting to exert control.

OS
Since P2P (and P2P related technologies) started to pop up and gather momentum, the security of the user on the OS started to be championed, and placed above user freedoms, by imposing choices that disregards the need to proper educate the users, diminishing their ability to make their own choices. This philosophy keeps people in a state of being technologically challenged, and afraid of change. It is even funny to see to what degree, efforts are made to keep these "security enhancements" hidden.

Well not all is lost, some people can't seem to be made to comply with this state of things and some information can be found and actions reversed.

 * about MS Windows
 * TCPIP.SYS - [fix],[info] for Windows XP.

 * CrackTcpip.sys - [similar solution for Vista SP1]

 * BadVista.org - An information campaign run by FSF/GNU aiming to stopping Microsoft Windows Vista adoption by promoting free software. What's wrong with Microsoft Windows Vista? ( http://badvista.fsf.org/what-s-wrong-with-microsoft-windows-vista ) gives an extensive list of problems in the OS related to user loss of freedom and DRM.

ISPs
One of the most important aspects of running an Internet providers (ISPs) is being quick to adapt to customers' demands and changes in demands and uses. This adaptation can be done from two sides, adapting by modifying the network offering and creating new service offerings or by the suppression and degradation of new consumer trends. The latter is easily done if the ISPs is part of a larger media outlet, that can not only influence public opinion but shape legislation.

ISPs are not very pleased with P2P technologies due to the load the bring into to their networks, although they sell their Internet connections as unlimited usage, if people actually take on their offer, ISPs will eventually be unable to cope with the demand at the same price/profit level. The simpler solution would be to match their offer to the use, by increasing their capacity and fulfilling at least the contractual obligations, but some decided to simply throttle (i.e. slow down) peer-to-peer traffic or even intentionally interfere with it. This has made clients increasingly worried over some ISPs actions, from traffic shaping (protocol/packet prioritization) to traffic tampering.

San Francisco-based branch of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) a digital rights group have successfully verified that this type of efforts by Internet providers to disrupt some uses of their services and evidences seem to indicate that it is an increasing trend other as reports have reached the EFF and verified by an investigation by The Associated Press.

EFF Releases Report Interference with Internet Traffic on ComCast ( http://www.eff.org/wp/packet-forgery-isps-report-comcast-affair ), other information is available about this subject on the EFF site.

Forced traffic shaping
Some ISPs are now using more sophisticated measures (e.g. pattern/timing analysis or categorizing ports based on side-channel data) to detect P2P traffic. This means that even encrypted traffic can be throttled. However, with ISPs that continue to use simpler, less costly methods to identify and throttle P2P networks, the current countermeasures added to P2P solutions remains extremely effective.

Traffic tampering
Traffic tampering is more worrying than Traffic shaping and harder to be noticed or verified. It can also be defined as spoofing, consisting in the injection of adulterated/fake information into communication by gaming a given protocol. It like the post office taking the identity of one of your friends and sending mail to you in its name.

Pcapdiff ( http://www.eff.org/testyourisp/pcapdiff/ ) is a free Python tool developed by the EFF to compare two packet captures and identify potentially forged, dropped, or mangled packets.

When there is a demand offers to satisfy it quickly fallow. One example is the Sandvine Incorporated application that is able to intercept p2p communications and subvert the protocols. This type of application has dual proposes (for the owner perspective), for instance the Sandvine application was primarily designed to change Gnutella network traffic as a path "optimizer". But as today the adoption of the BitTorrent seems to be taking primacy, recent offers of the Sandvine application are capable of intercepting BitTorrent peer-to-tracker communication as to identify peers based on the IP address and port numbers in the peer list returned from the tracker. When Sandvine later sees connections to peers in the intercepted peer lists, it may (according to policy) break these connections by sending counterfeit TCP resets. Even if BitTorrent protocol continues to implement countermeasures, they have costs and it turns the problem into an "arms race", the issue is moral or legal in nature, with security implications.

The fight for network neutrality
Network Neutrality deals with the need to prevent ISPs from double dipping on charges/fees for both the clients paying for their broadband connections and WEB sites/Organizations having also to pay for prioritization of traffic according to origination and destination or protocol used.

The secretive Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is a proposed plurilateral agreement for the purpose of establishing international standards on intellectual property rights enforcement.

ACTA has the purpose to establish a new international legal framework that countries can join on a voluntary basis and would create its own governing body outside existing international institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) or the United Nations.

The idea to create a plurilateral agreement on counterfeiting was developed by Japan and the United States in 2006. Canada, the European Union and Switzerland joined the preliminary talks throughout 2006 and 2007. Official negotiations began in June 2008, with Australia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea and Singapore joining the talks. It is planned for negotiations to finish in September 2010.

Negotiating countries have described it as a response "to the increase in global trade of counterfeit goods and pirated copyright protected works.

The scope of ACTA is broad, including counterfeit goods, generic medicines and copyright infringement on the Internet. Because it is in effect a treaty, ACTA would overcome many court precedents defining consumer rights as to "fair use" and would either change or remove limitations on the application of intellectual property laws.

After a series of draft text leaks in 2008, 2009 and 2010 the negotiating parties published the official version of the current draft on 20 April 2010.

United States
Both the Obama administration and the Bush administration had rejected requests to make the text of ACTA public, with the White House saying that disclosure would cause "damage to the national security."

In 2009, Knowledge Ecology International filed a FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) request in the United States, but their entire request was denied. The Office of the United States Trade Representative's Freedom of Information office stated the request was withheld for being material "properly classified in the interest of national security."

US Senators Bernie Sanders (I-VT) and Sherrod Brown (D-OH) penned a letter on 23 November 2009, asking the United States Trade Representative to make the text of the ACTA public.

Secret negotiations
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) opposes ACTA, calling for more public spotlight on the proposed treaty in its paper "Sunlight for ACTA" ( http://www.eff.org/action/sunlight-acta )

Since May 2008 discussion papers and other documents relating to the negotiation of ACTA have been uploaded to Wikileaks, and newspaper reports about the secret negotiations swiftly followed.

In June 2008 Canadian academic Michael Geist writing for Copyright News argued that "Government Should Lift Veil on ACTA Secrecy" noting before documents leaked on the Internet ACTA was shrouded in secrecy. Coverage of the documents by the Toronto Star "sparked widespread opposition as Canadians worry about the prospect of a trade deal that could lead to invasive searches of personal computers and increased surveillance of online activities." Geist argues that public disclosure of the draft ACTA treaty "might put an end to fears about iPod searching border guards" and that it "could focus attention on other key concerns including greater Internet service provider filtering of content, heightened liability for websites that link to allegedly infringing content, and diminished privacy for Internet users." Geist also argues that greater transparency would lead to a more inclusive process, highlighting that the ACTA negotiations have excluded both civil society groups as well as developing countries. Geist reports that "reports suggest that trade negotiators have been required to sign non-disclosure agreements for fear of word of the treaty's provisions leaking to the public." He argues that there is a need for "cooperation from all stakeholders to battle counterfeiting concerns" and that "an effective strategy requires broader participation and regular mechanisms for feedback".

In November 2008 the European Commission responded to these allegations as follows: It is alleged that the negotiations are undertaken under a veil of secrecy. This is not correct. For reasons of efficiency, it is only natural that intergovernmental negotiations dealing with issues that have an economic impact, do not take place in public and that negotiators are bound by a certain level of discretion. However, there has never been any intention to hide the fact that negotiations took place, or to conceal the ultimate objectives of the negotiations, the positions taken in European Commission Trade 5/6 the negotiations or even details on when and where these negotiations are taking place. The EU and other partners (US, Japan, Canada, etc.) announced their intention to start negotiations of ACTA on 23 October 2007, in well publicised press releases. Since then we have talked about ACTA on dozens of occasions, including at the European Parliament (INTA committee meetings), and in numerous well attended seminars. Commission organised a stakeholders' consultation meeting on 23 June in Brussels, open to all – industry and citizens and attended by more than 100 participants. US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and other ACTA partners did the same.

This position changed in 10 March 2010 with a direct European Parliament resolution criticizing the ACTA, the proceedings and the infringements on fundamental human rights.

Threats to freedom and fundamental human rights
An open letter signed by many organizations, including Consumers International, EDRi (27 European civil rights and privacy NGOs), the Free Software Foundation (FSF), the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), ASIC (French trade association for web 2.0 companies), and the Free Knowledge Institute (FKI), states that "the current draft of ACTA would profoundly restrict the fundamental rights and freedoms of European citizens, most notably the freedom of expression and communication privacy."

The Free Software Foundation argues that ACTA will create a culture of surveillance and suspicion. (see http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/acta "Speak out against ACTA").

Aaron Shaw, Research Fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, argues that "ACTA would create unduly harsh legal standards that do not reflect contemporary principles of democratic government, free market exchange, or civil liberties. Even though the precise terms of ACTA remain undecided, the negotiants' preliminary documents reveal many troubling aspects of the proposed agreement" such as removing "legal safeguards that protect Internet Service Providers from liability for the actions of their subscribers" in effect giving ISPs no option but to comply with privacy invasions. Shaw further says that ACTA would also facilitate privacy violations by trademark and copyright holders against private citizens suspected of infringement activities without any sort of legal due process".

The Free Software Foundation (FSF) has published "Speak out against ACTA", stating that the ACTA threatens free software by creating a culture "in which the freedom that is required to produce free software is seen as dangerous and threatening rather than creative, innovative, and exciting."

ACTA would also require that existing ISP no longer host free software that can access copyrighted media; this would substantially affect many sites that offer free software or host software projects such as SourceForge. Specifically the FSF argues that ACTA will make it more difficult and expensive to distribute free software via file sharing and P2P technologies like BitTorrent, which are currently used to distribute large amounts of free software. The FSF also argues that ACTA will make it harder for users of free operating systems to play non-free media because DRM protected media would not be legally playable with free software.

On 10 March 2010, the European Parliament adopted a resolution criticizing the ACTA, with 663 in favor of the resolution and 13 against, arguing that "in order to respect fundamental rights, such as the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy" certain changes in the ACTA content and the process should be made.

Legal scope
Nate Anderson with Ars Technica pointed out in his article ( http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080602-the-real-acta-threat-its-not-ipod-scanning-border-guards.html ), that ACTA encourages service providers to provide information about suspected infringers, by giving them "safe harbor from certain legal threats". Similarly, it provides for criminalization of copyright infringement, granting law enforcement the powers to perform criminal investigation, arrests and pursue criminal citations or prosecution of suspects who may have infringed on copyright. It also allows criminal investigations and invasive searches to be performed against individuals for whom there is no probable cause, and in that regard weakens the presumption of innocence and allows what would in the past have been considered unlawful searches.

Since ACTA is an international treaty, it is an example of policy laundering used to establish and implement legal changes. Policy laundering allows legal provisions—usually administered through public legislation and subject to judiciary oversight—to be pushed through via closed negotiations among members of the executive bodies of the signatories. Once ratified, companies belonging to non-members may be forced to follow the ACTA requirements since they will fall out of the safe harbor protections. Also, the use of trade incentives and the like to persuade other nations to adopt treaties is a standard approach in international relationships. Additional signatories would have to accept ACTA's terms without much scope for negotiation.

From 16–18 June 2010, a conference was held at the Washington College of Law, attended by "over 90 academics, practitioners and public interest organizations from six continents". Their conclusions were published on 23 June 2010 on the American University Washington College of Law website. They found "that the terms of the publicly released draft of ACTA threaten numerous public interests, including every concern specifically disclaimed by negotiators."

Requests for disclosure
In September 2008 a number of interest groups urged parties to the ACTA negotiations to disclose the language of the evolving agreement. In an open letter the groups argued that: "Because the text of the treaty and relevant discussion documents remain secret, the public has no way of assessing whether and to what extent these and related concerns are merited." The interest groups included: the Consumers Union, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Essential Action, IP Justice, Knowledge Ecology International, Public Knowledge, Global Trade Watch, the US Public Interest Research Group, IP Left (Korea), the Canadian Library Association, the Consumers Union of Japan, the National Consumer Council (UK) and the Doctors without Borders' Campaign for Essential Medicines.


text:
The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/What is Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/Legal Perspective

From a Legal Perspective
The most commonly shared files on such networks are mp3 files of popular music and DivX movie files. This has led many observers, including most media companies and some peer-to-peer advocates, to conclude that these networks pose grave threats to the business models of established media companies. Consequently, peer-to-peer networks have been targeted by industry trade organizations such as the RIAA and MPAA as a potential threat. The Napster service was shut down by an RIAA lawsuit; both groups the RIAA and MPAA spend large amounts of money attempting to lobby lawmakers for legal restrictions. The most extreme manifestation of these efforts to date (as of January, 2003) has been a bill introduced by California Representative Berman, which would grant copyright holders the legal right to break into computer systems believed to be illegally distributing copyrighted material, and to subvert the operation of peer-to-peer networks. The bill was defeated in committee in 2002, but Rep. Berman has indicated that he will reintroduce it during the 2003 sessions.

As attacks from Media companies expand the networks have seemed to adapt at a quick pace and have become technologically more difficult to dismantle. This has caused the users of such systems to become targets. Some have predicted that open networks may give way to closed, encrypted ones where the identity of the sharing party is not known by the requesting party. Other trends towards immunity from media companies seem to be in wireless ad hoc networks where each device is connected in a true peer-to-peer sense to those in the immediate vicinity.

While historically P2P file sharing has been used to illegally distribute copyrighted materials (like music, movies, and software), future P2P technologies will certainly evolve and be used to improve the legal distribution of materials.

As it should be obvious by now the problem P2P technologies create to the owner of the content, to the control of the distribution channels and to the limitation of users (consumers) rights is huge, the technology is making holes in the standard ideology that controls the relations between producers and consumers some new models have been proposed (see for example Towards solutions to “the p2p problem” - http://groups.sims.berkeley.edu/pam-p2p/ ).

In 2007 a handful of the wealthiest countries (United States, the European Commission, Japan, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Canada, and Mexico) started secretive negotiations toward a treaty-making process to create a new global standard for intellectual property rights enforcement, the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) initially due to be adopted at the 34th G8 summit in July 2008, has now hoped to be concluded in 2010.

It has been argued that the main purpose of the treaty is to provide safe harbor for service providers so that they may not hesitate to provide information about infringers; this may be used, for instance, to quickly identify and stop infringers once their identities are confirmed by their providers.

Similarly, it provides for criminalization of copyright infringement, granting law enforcement the powers to perform criminal investigation, arrests and pursue criminal citations or prosecution of suspects who may have infringed on copyright.

More pressingly, being an international treaty, it allows for these provisions—usually administered through public legislation and subject to judiciary oversight—to be pushed through via closed negotiations among members of the executive bodies of the signatories, and once it is ratified, using trade incentives and the like to persuade other nations to adopt its terms without much scope for negotiation.

Is it Illegal?
Peer-to-Peer in itself in nothing particularly new. We can say that an FTP transfer or any other one on one transfer is P2P, like an IRC user sending a DCC file to another, or even email, the only thing that can be illegal is the use one can give to a particular tool.

Legal uses of P2P include distributing open or public content, like movies, software distributions (Linux, updates) and even Wikipedia DVDs are found on P2P Networks. It can also be used to bypass censorship, like for instance the way Michael Moore's film 'Sicko' leaked via P2P or as publicity machine to promote products and ideas or even used as a market annalists tool.

However trading copyrighted information without permission is illegal in most countries. You are free to distribute your favorite Linux distribution, videos or pictures you have taken yourself, MP3 files of a local band that gave you permission to post their songs online, maybe even a copy an open source software or book. The view of legality lies foremost on cultural and moral ground and in a globally networked world there is no fixed line you should avoid crossing, one thing is certain most people don't produce restricted content, most view their creations as giving to the global community, so it's mathematically evident that a minority is "protected" by the restrictions imposed on the use and free flow of ideas, concepts and culture in general.

P2P as we will see is not only about files sharing, it is more generally about content/services distribution.

'''is sharing theft? and is theft piracy? surly not...'''

Sharing contents that you have no right to is not theft. It has never been theft anywhere in the world. Anyone who says it is theft is wrong. Sharing content that you do not own (or have the rights to distribute) is copyright infringement. Duplicating a digital good does not reduce the value of the original good, nor does it signify a subtraction of the same from the owner. On the other hand, making that same digital good available to others without a license may have a well understood effect of augmenting the visibility of said product, resulting in free advertisement and discussion about the product, this generally results in the increase of the demand for it, this has been validated in tests done with digital books, music and video releases.

Using the term "piracy" to describe the copyright infringement is a metaphoric heuristic, a public relations stunt from lobbies of big corporations that represent copyright holders or hold the copyright over commercializable cultural goods, as a way to mislead the public and legislators. Leading to practices that directly damage society and culture (see Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act or the Mickey Mouse Protection Act).

The legal battles we are now accustomed to hear about, deal mostly on control and to a lesser degree in rights preservation. Control over the way distribution is archived (who gets what in what way) results in creating artificial scarcity. This deals with money, as there is added value to controlling and restricting access due to format and limitations in time and space.

Content and Indexers
One other distinction that needs to be made is in content distribution (especially one in violation of copyrights) and indexing said content. On how it is indexed and to what goals seems to be important, if for nothing else because copyright holders will prefer to persecute services that can pay for infringing on their rights. But indexing may not constitute an illegal activity at all since no rights are directly affected in some jurisdictions the issue seems to be how open does it promote said infringement and if it constitutes an illegal action by itself, and that can be a point that is extremely hard to make. In any case by 2015 most public bittorrent trackers for instance would openly comply with DMCA requests and implement takedown procedures, even if often complaining that requests at times are too broad going so far as to cover works that the requester has no rights over.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
The World Intellectual Property Organization is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 with the stated purpose "to encourage creative activity, [and] to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world". The convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, was signed at Stockholm on July 14, 1967.

European Union

In August 2007, the Music industry was rebuffed in Europe on file-sharing identifications, as a court in Offenburg, Germany refused to order ISPs to identify subscribers when asked to by Music Industry who suspected specified accounts were being used for copyright-infringing file-sharing, the refusal was based in the courts understanding that ordering the ISPs to handover the details would be "disproportionate", since the Music Industry representatives had not adequately explained how the actions of the subscribers would constitute "criminally relevant damage" that could be a basis to request access to the data.

This was not an insulate incident in Germany, as also in 2007, Celle chief prosecutor's office used the justification that substantial damage had not been shown to refuse the data request, and does follows the opinion of a European Court of Justice (ECJ) Advocate-General, Juliane Kokott who had published an advice two weeks earlier, backing this stance, as it states that countries whose law restricted the handing over of identifying data to criminal cases were compliant with EU Directives. The produced advice was directed to a Spanish case in which a copyright holders' group wanted subscriber details from ISP Telefónica. The ECJ isn't obliged to follow an Advocate-General's advice, but does so in over three-quarters of cases.

In most European countries, copyright infringement is only a criminal offense when conducted on a commercial scale. This distinction is important because public funds are not directed into investigating and persecuting personal and most often private copyright violations with limited economic impact.

France
On June 12 2007 the Société des Producteurs de Phonogrammes en France (SPPF - http://www.sppf.com/ ), an entity that represents the legal interests and collects copyright revenue in behalf of independent French audio creations, have publicly announced that they had launched a civil action on the Paris Court of First Instance requesting a court order to terminate the distribution and function of Morpheus (published by Streamcast), Azureus and demanding compensation for monetary losses. On 18 September 2007 a similar action was made against Shareaza and on 20 December 2007 the SPPF announced a new action this time against Limewire. All of this legal actions seem to have as a base an amendment done to the national copyright law that stipulates that civil action can taken against software creators/publishers that do not take steps in preventing users from accessing illegal content.

Federation Against Copyright Theft (FACT)
The FACT is a trade organization in the United Kingdom established to represent the interests of the its members in the film and broadcasting business on copyright and trademark issues. Established in 1983, FACT works with law enforcement agencies on copyright-infringement issues.

FACT has produced several adverts which have appeared at the beginning of videos and DVDs released in the UK, as well as trailers shown before films in cinemas. While operating with the same function that the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), FACT has avoided public outcry by focusing most o its actions in targeting serious and organized crime involving copyright-infringement.

In an interesting demonstration of cross-border mutual support between similar business organizations, in 2008, FACT helped the MPAA in a sting operation against streaming links site SurfTheChannel. The MPAA not only participated in the questioning by bringing their own investigators it was allowed to examine the apprehended equipment and managed to find an United States programmer that worked for the site to testify in the legal proceedings. The programmer was not persecuted in the US, but agreed to pay the MPAA the amount he made for working at SurfTheChannel (see |Undercover MPAA Agents Expose Alleged Movie Pirates for details).

Spain
In July 2009 in Barcelona, Spain. Judge Raul N. García Orejudo declared that “P2P networks, as a mere transmission of data between Internet users, do not violate, in principle, any right protected by Intellectual Property Law,” when dismissing the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE) legal action for the closing of the eD2K link site elrincondejesus.com..

Portugal
In August 2009, the Inspecção-Geral das Actividades Culturais (IGAC) sent a notification to the biggest ISP in Portugal, Portugal Telecom (PT), to remove pages that hosted links to freely by unlicensed downloadable copyrighted material from external pages. This notification came into being after the situation was reported by the Internet Anti-piracy Civic Movement (Movimento Cívico Antipirataria na Internet, MAPINET), this association most prominent members are the Association for the Audiovisual Commerce of Portugal (Associação de Comércio Audiovisual de Portugal, ACAPOR), Portuguese Phonographic Association (Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa, AFP), the Association for the Management and Distribution of Rights (Associação para a Gestão e Distribuição de Direitos, AUDIOGEST), the Federation of Video Editors (Federação de Editores de Videogramas, FEVIP), the Cooperative for the Management of the Artists Rights (Cooperativa de Gestão dos Direitos dos Artistas, GDA), the Association for the Management of Author's Rights(Associação para a Gestão de Direitos de Autor, GEDIPE, part of The AGICOA Alliance), the Portuguese Society of Authors (Sociedade Portuguesa de Autores, SPA) and some other producers and editors as well as some translators. Since no real illegal content is hosted on servers under the Portugal Telecom control it seems the links aren't a violation on the users terms of use at the identified Blog portal service, and no action has been taken so far. List of the offending 28 pages available in an article in Portuguese.

Norway
The Norway’s Personal Data Act (PDA) makes it mandatory for ISPs in the country to delete all IP address logs on their customers more than three weeks old as it is considered personal information. This is a huge step forward in personal data protection laws but it also will make the work of "pirate-hunters" more difficult. The Simonsen law firm, is an example since it is known by the lawyer Espen Tøndel, figure head on this matters, and for having since 2006 (now terminated), a temporary license from Norway’s data protection office to monitor suspected IP addresses without legal supervision.

USA
Under US law "the Betamax decision" (Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.), case holds that copying "technologies" are not inherently illegal, if substantial non-infringing use can be made of them. This decision, predating the widespread use of the Internet applies to most data networks, including peer-to-peer networks, since legal distribution of some files can be performed. These non-infringing uses include sending open source software, creative commons works and works in the public domain. Other jurisdictions tend to view the situation in somewhat similar ways.

The US is also a signatory of the WIPO treaties, treaties that were partially responsible for the creation and adoption of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).

As stated in US Copyright Law, one must be keep in mind the provisions for fair use, licensing, copyright misuses and the statute of limitations.

MGM v. Grokster

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) ( http://www.riaa.com/ ) is the trade group that represents the U.S. recording industry. The RIAA receives funding from the four of the major music groups EMI, Warner, Sony BMG and Universal and hundreds of small independent labels.

Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)
The MPAA is an American trade association that represents six biggest Hollywood studios. It was founded in 1922 as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA). It focus in advancing the business interests of its members and administers the MPAA film rating system.

In the early 1980s, the Association opposed the videocassette recorder (VCR) on copyright grounds. In a 1982 congressional hearing, Valenti decried the "savagery and the ravages of this machine" and compared its effect on the film industry and the American public to the Boston Strangler.

The MPAA acts as a lobbies for stricter legislation in regards to copyright safeguards, protection extensions and sanctions, and actively pursues copyright infringement, including fighting against sharing copyrighted works via peer-to-peer file-sharing networks, legally and in technologically disruptive ways.

The MPAA has promoted a variety of publicity campaigns designed to increase public awareness about copyright infringement, including Who Makes Movies?; You can click, but you can't hide; and You Wouldn't Steal a Car, a 2004 advertisement appearing before program content on many DVDs.

The MPAA British counterpart is the Federation Against Copyright Theft (FACT).

Canada
Canada has a levy on blank audio recording media, created on March 19, 1998, by the adoption of the new federal copyright legislation. Canada introduced this levy regarding the private copying of sound recordings, other states that share a similar copyright regime include most of the G-7 and European Union members. In depth information regarding the levy may be found in the Canadian copyright levy on blank audio recording media FAQ ( http://neil.eton.ca/copylevy.shtml ).

With borders and close ties to it neighbor, Canada as historically been less prone to serve corporations interests and has a policy that contrasts in its social aspects with any other country in the American Continent. The reality is that Canada has been highly influenced and even pressured (economically and politically) by its strongest neighbor, the USA, to comply with its legal, social and economic evolution. In recent time (November 2007) the government of Canada has attempted to push for the adoption of a DMCA-modeled copyright law, so as to comply with the WIPO treaties the country signed in 1997 in a similar move to the USA, this has resulted in a popular outcry against the legislation and will probably result in it's alteration. The visibility of this last attempt was due to efforts of Dr. Michael Geist, a law professor at the University of Ottawa considered an expert in copyright and the Internet, that was afraid that law would copy the worst aspects of the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

Darknets vs Brightnets
Due the refusal to legislate in accordance with the public needs and wants. By adding extensions of copyrights (US, UK) and by actively promoting the promulgating laws similar to the DMCA in other countries a monoculture is created where a virtual monopoly on cultural goods is created, generating something of a cultural imperialism.

This reality promotes the population to move its support for transparent distribution systems (brightnets) to more closed system (darknets), that will increasingly depend on social connections to get into, like the hold speakeasy bars that popped up during the prohibition, legislating against the people once more will prove to be a failure.

A P2P brightnet for content distribution,where no one breaks the law, so no one need hide in the dark, can only be feasible if built around owner-free media/system or by being as heavily controlled, owned media/system, as the old centralized system. This probably around a centralized entity that should guarantee control and manage the content, maybe even requiring the use of some DRM sheme, an overall failed system.

This types of networks were already tested and failed, since content is also information, the need for privacy or lack of it on an open system will always create generate a more layered system that will ultimately degenerate in a darknet to survive legal actions.


text:
The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/What is Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/Sociological Perspective

From a Sociological Perspective
From person to person or user to user, a new world is being born in that all are at the same time producers and consumers. The information will be free since the costs of distribution will continue to fall and the power for creative participation is at anyones hands.

Is it morally wrong?
As discussed previously there is no common ground to answer this question, views differ wildly, even states degrees with the interpretation or legality of restricting/implementing intellectual property rights.

It is today an evidence that there is a social movement against what is generally perceived as the corruption of copyright over public goods, that is, legally a minority is attempting to impose extensions and reductions of liberties to defend economical interests of mostly sizable international corporations that in it's vast majority aren't even the direct creators of the goods. In this particular case virtual goods, mostly digital that have a approaching 0 cost of replication and aren't eroded by time or use.
 * For every action there is a reaction:

DRM (Digital Rights Management)
When we talk about DRM it useful to keep in mind that the rights that are being "managed" are completely distinct from simple intellectual rights that were granted protection on non-digital media. Since the level of control permitted can be extreme, for those that respect the DRM, sometimes the rights that are removed from the consumer are simply freedom that existed in past media, for example the freedom to lend. It has gone to a point that the concept of buying a good has been slowly changing to renting, in a way that you ultimately do not own or have full control over what you paid for.

A more unified marker for DRM-free files that also educates downloaders about DRM is a powerful way to increase the value of being DRM-free. People looking for ebooks in places like Amazon often have trouble figuring out which ebooks have DRM and which don't because Amazon does not advertise that information. This label is a step toward solving that problem, making it easy for people who oppose DRM to find like-minded artists, authors, and publishers to support.

In late 2005, market-based rationales influenced Sony BMG's deployment of DRM systems on millions of Compact Discs that threatened the security of its customers computers and compromised the integrity of the information infrastructure more broadly. This became known as the Sony BMG Rootkit debacle (see the paper Mulligan, Deirdre and Perzanowski, Aaron K., "The Magnificence of the Disaster: Reconstructing the Sony BMG Rootkit, for detailed information).

In February 2007, Steve Jobs, wrote an open letter addressing DRM since it was impacting Apples business on the iTunes/iPod store ( http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/ ).

On a presentation made by David Hughes of the RIAA at Arizona State University (2007), David Hughes, senior vice president of technology for the RIAA, dubbed the spiritual leader of Apple Steve Jobs as a "hypocrite" over his attitude to DRM on iTunes. "While Steve has been banging on about the music companies dropping DRM he has been unwilling to sell his Pixar movies through iTunes without DRM and DVDs without CSS encryption."

P2P United
A now disbanded organization formed by six of the biggest P2P groups (those behind eDonkey, Grokster, Morpheus, Blubster, Limewire and BearShare), with Adam Eisgrau as executive director. It was started in mid-July 2003 to provide a way to lobby for the P2P on U.S. Congress and WIPO, the UN organization that administers intellectual property treaties since the file-sharing industry (as an industry) had no identifiable name and face in Washington or in the media.

This attempt was a bust and since then most of the members of the group has lost court cases or have settled and closed operations.

Peer-to-Peer working group
The Peer-to-Peer WG (P2Pwg).

A great article about problems with the creation of the working group is available at (www.openp2p.com) by Tim O'Reilly 10/13/2000 is available (http://www.openp2p.com/pub/a/p2p/2000/10/13/working_grp.html).

P2P in non technological fields
There are also several movements attempting to establish how to apply the concept of P2P to non technological fields like politics, economics, ecology etc... One of such attempts is The Foundation for P2P Alternatives ( http://p2pfoundation.net ), that function as a clearinghouse for such open/free, participatory/p2p and commons-oriented initiatives and aims to be a pluralist network to document, research, and promote peer to peer alternatives.


text:
The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/What is Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/Economics Perspective

From a Economics Perspective
For a P2P system to be viable there must be a one to one equal share of work between peers, the goal should be a balance between consumption and production of resources with the goal of maintaining a singe class of participant on the network, sharing the same set of responsibilities. Most P2P systems have a hard time creating incentives for users to produce (contribute), and end up generating a pyramidal (or multiples, tree like) scheme, as users interact within making the systems dependent on the network effect created. The more users the system has, the more attractive it is (and the more value it has) as any system that depends on the network effect, it's success is based on compatibility and conformity issues.

The digital revolution has created a wave of changes some are yet to be fully understood. One of the most important in regards to economics, and that commercial goods producers are fully aware is the dilution of value due to the increasing accumulation and durability of older creations. Digital media has made not only old creations more durable but also more easily accessible and visible and cheap to accumulate.

Even if rarely anyone defends works on the public domain, those works continue to move consumers from the need to acquire new one. It fallows that this makes our common cultural historic records a prime target for the dark forces that arise from basic economic interests.

The popularization of the production and distribution of Cultural goods
P2P radically shifts the economics of distribution and business models dealing with intangible cultural goods (intellectual property). Since most content is virtual, made only of information. This information can be any type of non material object that is made from ideas (text, multimedia, etc.). In this way content is also the myriad ways ideas can be expressed. It may consist of music, movies, books or any one single aspect, or combination of each.

Music
The digital revolution has forced to music industry to reshape itself in various ways. From the promotion, to distribution passing.

Radio had been for a long time the way that the industry managed demand for its products. It was not a question of quality but of product "visibility" and a easy way to generate revenue from royalties.
 * Radio

The advent of the transistor and the walk-man should have clued-in the industry to the changes to come. Even here the simple digitalization and the possibility of moving radio from the airwaves to the Internet has caused much pain in the industry and eroded considerably how it had managed to shape demand.

Another front of attack came from the very media where the content was sold. Something that should also been foresaw since the advent of the 8-track tape, that culminated in compact Cassette was another revolutionary change to the business model, as revolutionary to the music industry as it was to the video. Adaptation led to the CD and mixed content offerings. In fact it seems that all pressure and incentives to change were being dictated by the consumers and the industry economic effort to reduce production costs but those that had decision power over the industry continued to remain blind to the technological changes they were fostering themselves.
 * From Tape to MP3

Here the move to the digital not only permitted even easier reproduction but ultimately made the product completely virtual and independent from the media it was sold on. The walk-man, evolved into the portable Cd-player and ultimately died silently as solid memory and portable players took over the market.

 * Internet

The need for content intermediaries continues its rapid decline. Most intermediaries do not add much value to the product besides being able to provide better marketing orientation and general business knowhow to the content producers.

The time where volume would permit record companies to offer better production facilities is over, as the price for producing an audio work is now accessible to all, even if in physical form. Intermediaries in fact are becoming to costly for the perks they can still provide. They create unnecessary barriers between the producers and consumers.

In todays interconnected world the distribution channels are so diversified that creating artificial control schemes for digital distribution (physical or virtual) will only degrade the level of satisfaction of consumers without increasing product value but incrementing the costs to the sanctioned distributors.

If costumers are faced with a product with DRM, then unauthorized copies if made publicly available, will create a competing product without limitations, thus creating a better product with a better price tag. In fact the use of DRM creates differentiation and promotes the creation of a parallel markets (if one can call it that because most offerings are gratis, but multiple DRM schemes would fragment the market in the same way), this results from the consumers wishes are not being satisfied by the primary offer or by simply enabling more choices.

Today radio, TV and the press as a publicity vehicle is becoming increasingly infective in relation to the interactive media that the Internet permits and it can be utilized as a direct distribution channels. More and more artist are becoming aware of the advantages of controlling the copyright of their productions and taking the responsibility of distributing their own works, this has also increased the level of communication with the consumer.

This has become quickly evident in the music industry, mostly because the medium has always been extremely volatile and consumers have had a great number of ways of utilizing the content, reducing the freedom of movement for the content have always been attempted and failed, the same is becoming true for video and with time even books will have to deal with this new reality, as is now seen with the written press. As the medium for the content becomes ubiquitous, cheap and acceptable to consumers, producers will have to adapt.

Video

 * Movies

Recently some television networks are rethinking their approach to audiences, this has resulted from the level acceptance and interest that DVD show collections were having and several online attempts to improve distribution. Since now anyone can easily illegally download their favorite shows, a problem similar to the fragmentation of the distribution channels as seen in the music recording industry with the rise of alternative delivery technologies will have a similar result if television industry fails adapt and fill the audiences expectations of quick and easy accessibility to new fresh content.
 * TV

ISPs
ISPs have been shaping/throttling P2P traffic, especially the more popular networks for years, resulting on an ongoing cat and mouse game between ISPs and P2P developers. In the US the network neutrality discussion and recently the evidence of this actions by ISPs against P2P traffic has turned this matter into a political issue.

In November 2007, Vuze, creators of Azureus (a Bittorrent application), petitioned the FCC, resulting in a FCC hearing held in December 2007. One of the issues raised there, was the level of data available on BitTorrent throttling. This lead to a statement by the General Counsel at Vuze, Jay Monahan; “We created a simple software “plug-in” that works with your Vuze application to gather information about potential interference with your Internet traffic.”

This plugin has been gathering more hard data on the actions of ISPs, resulting in a growing list of ISPs that interfere with P2P protocols is maintained on the Azureus WIKI ( http://www.azureuswiki.com/index.php/Bad_ISPs ).