text:
User talk:Hapa

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

And I do mean welcome to Wikibooks. Really.

I would like to point out that adding content to Wikimedia projects that has been licensed under the CC-by-SA-NC license is a violation of the terms of the Gnu Free Document License, as the GFDL does permit some limited forms of commercial activity. I am supportive of people that use the non-commercial use only license for their works, and I appreciate the viewpoint they are trying to make. It just doesn't blend together with content that does permit commercial use so there is a conflict of the copyright licenses and makes it illegal to copy that sort of content to this project. To be honest, I don't know what sort of commercial activity might be used with the Rip a karaoke cd Wikibook, but I'm just pointing out that it is generally permitted with Wikibooks content.

This license (the GFDL) has been used since the inception of Wikibooks, and a major discussion about this has been done by many other people who do a better job of explaining the issue than myself. To change the license would mean to completely kill this project and restart totally from scratch, losing out on all of the content that has been added here for the past three years.

I hope that you understand this issue, and are willing to work with us on this point.

I'd also like to point out that we strongly discourage endorsing specific commercial businesses here. This isn't an official rule, so you can argue your point and remove the npov tag if you want to in this regard. There are some Wikibooks that are specifically about a particular commercial product, so obviously there is some leeway about that anyway. The point here is that endorsing a product like "If you don't already have one, buy a Plextor CD-RW. Many CDRWs will not read or write a CD+G properly, all Plextor drives do" is a specific point of view. There are many manufacturing companies who make blank CD-Rs, some better than others, but you should try to qualify why you think that Plextor CDs are superior, such as "the New York Times has reviewed different CD-ROM media and found that Plextor CDs are superior than other brands."

We are also in the middle of trying to come up with a general policy about encouraging illegal activity. Ripping a CD is a marginal activity at best. Yes, I do know the legal reasons for copying tracks for personal use, but I'm mainly here to let you know that it is skating on thin ice here. I think the DRM restrictions that keep you from doing this sort of activty with music or audio recordings is absolutely stupid, and even worse if you were the original author/creator/songwriter of the content on that CD. Still, this is a point of view that needs to be tempered.

All of this discussion is to help you to improve the content you have written, not to discourage you from participating on Wikibooks. I hope that you continue to get involved here, and I would like to see more contributions from you in the future. Please read some of the links listed above before you get too far into adding large amounts of content here, but we really do want to have more people come here and help us to write the various texts we call Wikibooks. --Rob Horning 16:31, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the in depth review and for bringing things to my attention. I will make further comments about the tutorial on Talk:Rip_a_karaoke_cd where it seems it would be most appropriate.--Hapa 20:16, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

VfD for CD Ripping book
I was hoping it wouldn't get to this, but somebody else has nominated your book for deletion on the Votes for deletion page. I guess it is partially my fault because I raised a stink over this in some very public forums and unfortunately used your book as an example of one that should be used for review under some "no illegal activity" policy. My point in those discussions was that deleting books on the basis that it covered illegal activity was a very subjective process, and that it put a huge burden on people like myself, as well as opened up a huge area for abuse by individuals who delete content at the drop of a hat.

Please know that 1) I am not the only user or even admin on Wikibooks and 2) This is not an attack against you personally.

Don't take this personally, and I really would like to see you remain on Wikibooks and help us out. Try to defend what you've written if you can, and explain legal uses for the information as well. I'll do what I can, but this seems to me to be a losing fight. --Rob Horning 15:09, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 'Tis no big deal - Maybe it's not an appropriate article for Wikibooks, I'll come up with something more appropriate in the near future, at the very minimum it survives at OpenTutorial:Rip_a_karaoke_cd, meanwhile I'll keep trolling wikibooks for stuff to fix. I'm learning a great deal by participating here and having a good time also.--Hapa 21:33, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Windows screenshots
You cannot mark any of screenshots of Microsoft programs as own work. They are protected by law and therefore fair use. --Derbeth talk 21:36, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the clarification and I will remedy the issue ASAP

title: User talk:Hapa


text:
NVIDIA/SLI

SLI is a feature that allows two NVIDIA cards to work as one providing increased performance. SLI was first supported in the 1.0-8174 driver, for a review read the Phoronix NVIDIA Linux SLI (1.0-8174) article.

To be able to use SLI (Scalable Link Interface) you will need two or more graphics card that are capable of running in SLI. You will also need a certified power supply that can handle two or more graphics cards. You will also need a motherboard that supports SLI, typically a motherboard with two PCI-express x16 lanes, and a graphics chipset that is capable of supporting dual GPU's.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: NVIDIA/SLI


text:
User talk:KristianMolhave

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Sincerely, Welcome to Wikibooks!

I'm glad that you have chosen to come here and help to help with Wikibooks, and I hope that you continue to participate here. This is mainly a footnote to let you know that I have changed the name of your new Wikibook from TeachersToolbox to Teachers' Toolbox. First of all, there is no need for using CamelCase in the naming of Wikibooks. You can revert back to this naming system if you really want to, but it should be done only as an artistic flair to the name of the book and not because of any restraints of the software running the Wikibooks website. Most Wikibooks have spaces in the names of the "title" of the book, and can even use glyphs other than the traditional alphabet as well. If you want to change the name of this book back, that can be done by using the "move" tab at the top of the edit page, which will appear after you have spent a little bit of time here on Wikibooks. Brand new contributors are restricted with some of these options. If you need some help on this issue, you can drop a note to me on my discussion page.

I've been in exactly the situation that you've said in the introduction here, actually much worse because I had to substitute for a college course that I hadn't even seen the syllabus until 10 minutes after I started my lecture. The previous instructor had been fired... not a pleasant situation to be in. And that was the first day for me being in the faculty of that school, so I hadn't even seen the college catalog at that point to even know what the curriculum was. I hope I never get myself into a situation like that again. The students liked what I presented and said I did a pretty good job, so I guess that should count for something. --Rob Horning 17:10, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Pagemoves
Hi,

Did you just use copy-paste to move "microwiki"? -- SB_Johnny | talk 09:13, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * yes partly, it was redirected from microtechnology to microwiki and we have reverseed that now, so the page is microtechnology and microwiki redirects there. Same thing about nanowiki and nanotechnology. I wasnt sure how redirect would act to an existing page, so I have used cut-paste. --KristianMolhave 10:18, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess that will work in this case... since you were the only author. In the future, keep in mind that pages with multiple contributors should be moved, not copied, as it loses the contribution history when you cut and paste. If there's already a redirect page where you want to move something to, leave a note on the Staff Lounge (or my talk) so that an admin can delete the redirect and move the page with its history intact. :) -- SB_Johnny | talk 10:22, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll leave it as it is now, since there were very few other contributors, but if you find time to do it, then you're most welcome to undo my changes and make a proper redirect. I wont be adding to the books the next couple of days. --KristianMolhave 10:38, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, will do. You made no other changes? If you make any, do it at the old location, so they get moved with the rest :). I'll move it at lunchtime (5-6 hours from now). -- SB_Johnny | talk 10:51, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi again Johnny - from what you write it sounds like it needs an admin to do the move correctly. If I can do it myself i'll do it - just let me know! thanx /KristianMolhave 19:55, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You don't usually need an admin to move correctly, but for some reason there was already a redirect where you were moving it to, and the redirect page needed to be deleted before pagemove could work. I redid the moves for Nanotechnology and Microtechnology... are there any others?
 * BTW, see the talk page for nanotechnology... there was an IP edit that altered the format, and I wasn't sure whether to put it back in so I copied it to the talk.
 * Good luck with your project! -- SB_Johnny | talk 10:33, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * - thanks - so far theres only those two pages. I think we'll start chopping it into smaller sections on individual pages now. KristianMolhave 15:06, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Cool :). If you need to move something and there's a redirect there, let me know and I'll delete it for ya. -- SB_Johnny | talk 15:33, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Wikibooks Newsletter, Volume 1
(Wikibooks gazette home | Discuss | Bulletin board | Subscription list)

This is a short newsletter that is being distributed to all active wikibookians. You are getting this message because you are recognized as an established contributor to the project. This newsletter will be distributed on a regular basis to help share news, information, and tips. It comes from a bot account, User:The Staff. User:The Staff is currently operated by a team of wikibooks admins, the complete list of which is available on the user page of the bot. If you would like to not receive this newletter anymore, please remove your name from the list at Active wikibookians.

The work you do at Wikibooks is greatly appreciated. However there are plenty of other opportunities for you to get involved and help us to create a thriving Wikibooks community. We are sure that there are things we can do to help you and your understanding of Wikibooks and similarly there are certainly things you could do to help Wikibooks become a better place.

We would like to ask all wikibookians to add the Bulletin Board to your watchlists. The Bulletin Board is a fast and easy way for wikibookians to communicate important news and events to the entire community. If you have important news to share with the community, you can feel free to add your own entry to that page.

If you have general questions or comments about Wikibooks, you are welcome to post a message on The Staff Lounge, a free discussion area. Your input would also be welcomed in the Votes for Deletion and Requests for Adminship discussion pages. These pages are all active discussion areas that help to shape the Wikibooks community as a whole.

Sometimes it is easy to forget that the Wikibooks community is much larger and more diverse then the people who work in a single book, or on a single bookshelf. Hopefully, together we can all make Wikibooks a better place, and a more valuable educational resource.

The Staff 04:17, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

If you have a moment to vote
There are two administrators (HerbyThyme and myself) currently asking for checkuser rights. Checkuser is a tool used to help clean up and discourage vandalism on wikibooks, allowing us to block IP addresses that are used by vandals, while at the same time letting us be sure we don't accidentally block a good contributor who might be sharing that IP address.

The place to vote is Requests_for_adminship (for Herby) and Requests_for_adminship (for me). Unlike most tool requests, Checkuser is required to have a minimum of 25 votes, since this tool is given by Wikimedia stewards, rather than local users. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks! -- SB_Johnny | talk 14:44, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:KristianMolhave


text:
User:Linuxerist~enwikibooks

Welcome to Linuxerist's User Page at WikiBooks Wikimedia: Commons | Meta | Wikibooks | Wikinews | Wikipedia | Wikiquote | Wikisource | Wikispecies | Wiktionary MediaWiki: BluWiki | EditThis.Info | HRWiki | MediaWiki | Wikitravel

I am a big fan of wikis. I have hardly used this project, but I hope to be able to contribute some good writing!

title: User:Linuxerist~enwikibooks


text:
User:Dc1604

Getting Started

title: User:Dc1604


text:
Marine Aquaria/Fish

Yellow tang-
Physical description: Varing in size from 1/4" to 8", bright yellow fins and body are the trademarks of the yellow tang. Small, tightly packed scales on the body give the fish a velvety appearance. The sharp spines near the tail are used for defense and as an anchor in the rocks when sleeping.

General information:

The yellow tang is a grazing fish with a diet of almost anything that is green (ie. alge, grass, lettuce...). It is not unheard of for the fish to eat meat. Even though this fish is generally an herbivore the tang has been known to eat shrimp and other smaller animals. This varying diet may even include excrements from other fish. This small fish is very territorial; especially in the presence of another tang fish. The yellow tang is also in the sergeant fish family.

The tang fish does not require a lot of space in which to live. But please take in mind when using the tang in an aquarium that it needs a constant flow of water. Not much but some, it helps the fish stay in shape and keeps the fish in good health.

Special anatomical, physiological or behavioral adaptations:

The short snout has evolved for the specialized task of grazing on algae which grows on rocks. The mouth and surrounding skin has toughened to withstand the impact with the rough reef surface. Like other fish in the sergeant fish family they have a number of small spines protruding near their tail. The spines near their tail is how they got their name, also commonly called the scalpel fish. As mentioned above the spines on the tail serve dual purposes as a means of defence and as an anchor while sleeping

Comments about the yellow tang of the Fort Worth Zoo:

This has become a very popular fish in aquariums as of late. There is only one other tang that is more popular, the purple tang. They are eazy fish to take care of and will add plenty of color to any environment. But anyone who wants to add the tang to their aquarium should be forewarned that the tang is prone to ich. An external parasite that can eventually kill the fish. Almost every tang contracts this parasite at one time or another. Personal Observations:

This seems to be a calm fish in regards to others in my observations, except to other tangs. They also are extremely quick and dart from place to place, never hovering in one place too long; at least the males always seem to keep moving. Their striking color makes them a fun and interesting fish to watch. It has also been said that people who own aquariums with colorful fish lead less stressful lives.

title: Marine Aquaria/Fish


text:
Radiation Oncology/Radioimmunotherapy

Forms of RIT

 * Zevalin - ibritumomab, Y-90 labeled murine antibody. Pure beta emitter, 64 hr half life.
 * Bexxar - tositumomab, I-131 labeled murine antibody, beta and gamma, 8 day half life. Dose is based on individual patient dosimetry (pharmacokinetics).

Rituxan - rituxumab, unlabeled chimeric anti-CD20 antibody.

Bexxar
Steps:
 * Dosimetric step - infusion of unlabled antibody (tositumomab, not rituxumab, 450 mg) followed by 5 mCi dose of I-131-tositumomab.
 * Whole body imaging on Day 0 (day of dosimetric step), day 2-4, and day 6 or 7. If biodistribution is acceptable, then calculate patient specific dose to deliver 75 cGy (or 65 cGy if plts 100,000-150,000).
 * Therapeutic step - 7-14 days after dosimetric step. 2nd infusion of unlabeled antibody followed by patient-specific dose of I-131-tositumomab to deliver 65-75 cGy total body dose.

Patient selection:
 * Should not be administered to patients with >25% bone marrow involvement and/or impaired bone marrow reserve.
 * Caution should be exercised in patients with impaired renal function.
 * Do not administer if there is altered biodistribution (see below).

Thyroid protection: Begin the day prior to dosimetric step. Continue through 14 days after therapeutic dose.

Dosimetry: Whole body images obtained with gamma camera every 3 days to determine total body residence time (TBRT), reflecting clearance of the radioisotope. Count 1 is within an hour of the infusion of the dosimetric dose; Count 2 is 2-4 days after dosimetric dose. Assess whole body images for Counts 1 and 2 (and optionally Count 3) to see if there is altered biodistribution. If there is altered biodistribution based on the images or the TBRT, then Bexxar should not be administered. Expected biodistribution: 1st Image: most of the activity is in the blood pool (heart and major vessels), and uptake in the normal liver and spleen is less than the heart. On 2nd and 3rd images, blood pool activity and liver activity decreases. Uptake by thyroid, kidney, urinary bladder, and minimal lung uptake. Altered biodistribution:
 * 1st image: if blood pool is not visualized or if there is diffuse, intense uptake in the liver and/or spleen or if there is a suggestion of urinary obstruction. If there is diffuse lung uptake greater than that of the blood pool.
 * 2nd and 3rd images: urinary obstruction or diffuse lung uptake greater than that of blood pool.
 * TBRT 150 hrs

Dose adjustments: For platelet count >= 150,000, total body dose is 75 cGy. For platelets 100,000-150,000, total body dose is 65 cGy. For obese patients (weight > 137% of ideal body weight), dose should be based on 137% of their lean body weight.

Treatment
See also specific treatment information at:
 * Radiation Oncology/NHL/Follicular

For recurrence:
 * U. Washington - PMID 17312330, 2007 — "High-Dose [131I]Tositumomab (anti-CD20) Radioimmunotherapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Adults ≥ 60 Years Old With Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Lymphoma." Gopal AK et al. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Apr 10;25(11):1396-402.
 * 24 pts. Pts older > 60 yrs, relapsed B-cell NHL (s/p median of 4 prior regimens). Rituxan + Bexxar followed by ASCT.
 * Median f/u 2.9 yrs. 3-yr OS and PFS 59% and 51%. 2 pts with grade 4 hematologic toxicity.
 * Conclusion: safe and effective treatment for older adults

Lutetium-177
''177Lu-octeotrate
 * Erasmus; 2008 (Netherlands)(2000-2006) PMID 18445841 -- "Treatment with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177 Lu-DOTA 0,Tyr3]octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival." (Kwekkeboom DJ, J Clin Oncol. 2008 May 1;26(13):2124-30.)
 * Retrospective. 504 patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNETs). Up to cumulative dose 750-800 mCi (27.8-29.6 GBq), usually in 4 cycles with intervals 6-10 weeks
 * Outcome: CR 2%, PR 38%. Median TTP
 * Toxicity: Grade 3+ hematologic in 4%, MDS in 3 patients 3.3 years, median OS 3.8 years (compared to historical controls, survival benefit of 3.3-6 years from diagnosis)
 * Conclusion: Few adverse effects, response rate and PFS compare favorably to historical controls

title: Radiation Oncology/Radioimmunotherapy


text:
A-level Mathematics/MEI/C1/Co-ordinate Geometry

Co-ordinates are a way of describing position. In two dimensions, positions are given in two perpendicular directions, x and y.

Straight lines
A straight line has a fixed gradient. The gradient of a line and its y intercept are the two main pieces of information that distinguish one line from another.

Equations of a straight line
The most common form of a straight line is $$y=mx + c$$. The m is the gradient of the line, and the c is where the line intercepts the y-axis. When c is 0, the line passes through the origin.

Other forms of the equation are $$x = a$$, used for vertical lines of infinte gradient, $$y = b$$, used for horizontal lines with 0 gradient, and $$px + qy + r = 0$$, which is often used for some lines as a neater way of writing the equation.

Finding the equation of a straight line
You may need to find the equation of a straight line, and only given the co-ordinates of one point on the line and the gradient of the line. The single point can be taken as $$({x_1}, {y_1})$$, and the co-ordinates and the gradient can be substituted in the formula $$y-{y_1} = m(x-{x_1})$$. Then it is simply a case of rearranging the formula into the form $$y=mx + c$$.

You may only be given two points, $$({x_1}, {y_1})$$ and $$({x_2}, {y_2})$$. In this case, use the formula $$m = \frac {{y_2} - {y_1}} {{x_2} - {x_1}}$$ to find the gradient and then use the method above.

Gradient of a line
The steepness of a line can be measured by its gradient, which is the increase in the y direction divided by the increase in the x direction. The letter m is used to denote the gradient.

$$m=\frac {y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$$

Parallel and perpendicular lines
With the gradients of two lines, you can tell if they are parallel, perpendicular, or neither. A pair of lines are parallel if their gradients are equal, $$m_1=m_2$$. A pair of lines are perpendicular if the product of their gradients is -1, $$m_1 \times m_2=-1$$

Distance between two points
Using the co-ordinates of two points, it is possible to calculate the distance between them using Pythagoras' theorem.

The distance between any two points A$$({x_1},{y_1})$$ and B$$({x_2},{y_2})$$ is given by $$\sqrt{(x_2-x_1)^2 + (y_2-y_1)^2}$$

Mid-point of a line
When the co-ordinate of two points are known, the mid-point is the point halfway between those points. For any two points A$$({x_1},{y_1})$$ and B$$({x_2},{y_2})$$, the co-ordinates of the mid-point of AB can be found by $$\left(\frac {{x_1} + {x_2}}{2}, \frac {{y_1} + {y_2}}{2}\right)$$.

Intersection of lines
Any two lines will meet at a point, as long as they are not parallel. You can find the point of intersection simply by solving the two equations simultaneously. The lines will intersect at one distinct point (if a solution to their equation exists) or will not intersect at all (if they are parallel). A curve can however intersect a line or another curve at multiple points.

Curves
To sketch a graph of a curve, all you need to know is the general shape of the curve and other important pieces of information such as the x and y intercepts and the points of any maxima and minima.

Curves in the form $$y=x^n$$
Here are the graphs for the curves $$y=x^1$$, $$y=x^2$$, $$y=x^3$$ and $$y=x^4$$:

(Need to draw those later, just simple b&w curve sketches for each curve)

Notice how the odd powers of $$x$$ all share the same general shape, moving from bottom-left to top-right, and how all the even powers of $$x$$ share the same "bucket" shaped curve.

Curves in the form $$y=\frac {1} {x^n}$$
Just like earlier, curves with an even powers of $$x$$ all have the same general shape, and those with odd powers of $$x$$ share another general shape.

(Images here)

All curves in this form do not have a value for $$x=0$$, because $$\frac {1} {0}$$ is undefined. There are asymptotes on both the $$x$$ and $$y$$ axis, where the curve moves towards increasingly slowly but will never actually touch.

Intersection of lines and curves
When a line intersects with a curve, it is possible to find the points of intersection by substituting the equation of the line into the equation of the curve. If the line is in the form $$y = mx + c$$, then you can replace any instances of $$y$$ with $$mx + c$$, and then expand the equation out and then factorise the resulting quadratic.

Intersection of curves
The same method can be used as for a line and a curve. However, it will only work in simple cases. When an algebraic method fails, you will need to resort to a graphical or Numerical Method. In the exam, you will only be required to use algebraic methods.

The circle
The circle is defined as the path of all the points at a fixed distance from a single point. The single point is the centre of the circle and the fixed distance is its radius. This definition is the basis of the equation of the circle.

Equation of the circle
The equation of the circle is $${x^2} + {y^2} = r^2$$ for a circle center (0,0) and radius r, and $${(x-a)^2} + {(y-b)^2} = r^2$$ for a circle centre (a,b) and radius r.

So, for example, a circle with the equation $${(x+2)^2} + {(y-3)^2} = 25$$ would have centre (-2,3) and radius 5.

Circle geometry
When presented with a problem, it may appear at first that there is not enough information given to you. However, there are some facts that will help you spot right angles in relation to a circle.

 * The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle
 * The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord
 * The tangent to a circle at a point is perpendicular to the radius through that point


text:
Talk:German/Level I/Schule

Allgemein
Whew... I just thought I'd write some dialogue in real everyday language and explain quickly afterwards, just to avoid the typical constructed textbook phrases. It turns out that basic everyday language is way more complicated than I thought ;-) The chapter is quite a bit longer than I planned... I also added some trivia, because I feel if you can understand things or learn weird facts along the way this helps a lot to memorize stuff.

What do you think? Should we strip the phrases down, so they really become very basic stuff? I wouldn't like to, because this is just the way people ARE talking... Maybe it is not necessary to really explain everything, but have the learner accept some quirks and maybe understand them later? Or separating the important stuff from the trivia?

I think grouping the explanations by topic would help clear things up a lot, e.g. "reflexive verbs", "contracted pronouns" "math" and maybe even "filler phrases". Maybe I'll get around to do this one of these days...

Thamane 21:40, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

For this lesson for school, we are just going to get to the tip of the iceberg, we will just be doing very common thing of school, we will revise to a very complete, very detailed, very long, and really different school lesson. and don't enter reflexive verbs, but reflexives are okay and don't put all of the contracted pronouns, however math sound good in this section. And welcome to the German wikibook, BTW I think we should complete lesson 5 before heading foreward. --German Men92 22:08, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Also I'm going to short and serptate out "Und Satz fur Satz..." some thing are too diffcult, like the past tense, we aren't introducing till' Level 2. --German Men92 22:24, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, but I have a question concerning this lesson. Was is your purpose that the English translations are so bad?? There are so many grammatically mistakes. e.g. "have you the tasks done" --SteffiB 20:09, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:German/Level I/Schule


text:
User talk:Thamane

Hello and welcome. I see you are becoming very active in the German Wikibook, we should get a lesson plan together, becuase even though the Lesson 6 info you added is great, it needs to be reformed, so in looks like the other lessons. So, what to you think? --German Men92 22:13, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thamane


text:
User:Soulaegis

Soulaegis T.

I joined WikiBooks due to my interest in the proposed Wikiversity project; Wikiversity is a wonderful idea, and I would be more than happy to help contribute to the project as both a student and a contributor (and, in about a year, a teacher, perhaps.) I am currently reading about how to contribute to the project aside from just editing and would be grateful for any helpful information anyone out there might give me.

Some of my hobbies include:
 * Bonsai
 * Baking
 * Programming
 * Trombone
 * Tabla
 * Harmonica
 * Mixing (drinks, that is)

title: User:Soulaegis


text:
User talk:Jwbatten3

yo soy de tu madre! haha pwned by crombie gay boi! k am i cool or que? do i ahev 20 edits yet?

title: User talk:Jwbatten3


text:
User talk:72.145.255.118

RuneScape Fansite
Good fansite there. Don't get your descriptions before it though. O RLY? Thanks for putting it up though. Richard 01:20, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:72.145.255.118


text:
Biblical Studies/Christianity/John 21

The Updated Modernity Version (Parallel, Annotated) John 21
  THE NEW TESTAMENT

John 1 − 2  − 3  − 4  − 5  − 6  − 7  − 8  − 9  −  10   −  11   −  12   −  13   −  14   −  15   −  16   −  17   −  18   −  19   −  20   −  21

Return to Christianity contents page

title: Biblical Studies/Christianity/John 21


text:
Talk:Drugs:Fact and Fiction/Marijuana

Cannabis
I think we should rename this page to Cannabis. This would bring it in line with the Wikipedia article (which is also called Cannabis). Furthermore, "cannabis" has become the preferred term for many, because of the negative connotations of the term "marijuana", especially its racist usage in the past to help criminalize it. (The "marijuana" term was originally used in the US by newspapers to cause fear of a "demon drug from Mexico" in the populace.) PurplePieman (talk) 19:47, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Remove/Rewrite Myths section
Does the "Myths" section need to exist in its current form? First of all it is very unprofessional and reads like a forum reply: "Let's bust some myths about marijuana here".

Secondly, the arguments it presents are mostly regarding the legality of marijuana: "its [sic] up to the user". Those arguments don't relate to the "facts" from freevibe.com. e.g. "It's Unsafe" gets the reply "its up to the user". That doesn't refute the argument, it just claims it should be legal. The "facts" seem to be arguing that you shouldn't smoke pot, not that it should be illegal.

Finally, a number of claims are made without any facts: "And when is 'the last year' in that study? How many people did they survey? Did they just choose the typical looking stoners to make the results come out how they wanted?" This doesn't refute anything, it just claims the studies could be wrong without offering any evidence. (Floydian[?] then argues that "Not all marijuana users are loners, in fact most aren't" without offering any evidence of his own.)

I vote it be removed or rewritten.

I agree with both comments. The opening section on Description was plagiarized from a site called Erowid:http://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_basics.shtml

The author has clearly then interpreted information from this site and created their own conjecture without any form of research citation to support their postulations. The original Wikipedia document on Cannabis (cited above)is far more professional and presents a thorough understanding the subject.

I would go further and recommend the removal of this document as it comes across as a personal opinion and I now wonder if the author sought permission from Erowid to reproduce the information as no citation refers.

"Hemp is renewable and can be used to make paper and textiles. (Citation needed)"

I don't understand why this one needs citation... Let's use logic.

1) Plants are renewable. They procreate. 2) Hemp clothing exists. 3) Hemp paper exists (And for reasons only the US knows, is not used in place of cutting trees down)

Therefore by combining 1, 2 and 3, we can conclude: Hemp is renewable and can be used to make paper and textiles

title: Talk:Drugs:Fact and Fiction/Marijuana


text:
Orthopaedic Surgery/Soft Tissue Infections

Infection is an unfriendly encounter with a foreign organism. Lest we forget we live in harmony with many mico-organisms and one might even say that it is well that they occupy the niches they do lest a less pleasant neighbor move in. This is not to say that our normal flora are in all cases benign, but they tend to be opportunistic about it, so they keep our immune system on its toes. It is probably best after all that our immune mechanisms be exercised on a regular basis.

Acute infection may do us in and in some cases due entirely to the toxic products of the infecting organism. In other cases it is the immune response to the infection that can be nearly as lethal as seems to be the case it seems with H5N1 strain of influenza or birdflu.

As orthopedic surgeons we confront a number of different types of infection scenarios. First and foremost we are focused on avoiding infection which in the absence of specific measures of anti-sepsis would make much of what we do impractical, so it behooves us to do this optimally.

We are also asked to perform therapeutic interventions in the setting of established musculoskeletal infections and one of the most anxiety provoking is the soft tissue infection which we call necrotizing fasciitis also known more commonly by the general surgeons as synergistic gangrene. One can hardly imagine a more nefarious enemy, seemingly lurking everywhere and at the least provocation it seems producing a rapidly progressive infection which can kill an otherwise healthy human in a matter of hours.

http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/ptsafety/chap20a.htm


text:
User:Interiot

See Wikipedia:User:Interiot.

title: User:Interiot


text:
User talk:Interiot

Please leave messages at Wikipedia:User talk:Interiot to make sure I address them in a timely manner.

The "dog" pictures
Amusing - possibly, tasteful - no. I have reverted the remaining one -- Herby  talk thyme 08:19, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Aww, everybody on IRC was hoping we could find an encyclopedic use for that image. It even had carrots!  (I'm not sure I'd describe it as tasteless per-se, given that the article itself was discussing the culinary qualities of the animal...  and it would be appropriate to show a living lobster in a pot on Cookbook:Lobster...)  Oh well, I guess I didn't necessarily think it would get to stay, for whatever reason(s) one might articulate.  --Interiot 23:44, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I really do understand the wish (if I can find anywhere I'll point you to it ). Wasn't trying to spoil the fun - honest! (& I guess if the lobster was looking out over the edge of the pot ....!) -- Herby  talk thyme 11:03, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Interiot


text:
French/Texts/National anthems/L'Aube Nouvelle

Questions
First, read just the French.

1. The first and last line in the chorus says '? in Benin rise' in English. What is the '?'.

2. In the first line of the first verse, 'son' is used. Does this mean his, her or their?

3. 'Quand' is the first word in the second verse. What does it mean in English?


text:
Game Maker Programming/LibraryBuilder/Basics

To use the library builder you have to have a very good understanding of GML - the programming language of Game Maker. Not many people know it - but the libraries are simply made up of Game Maker code. All you are doing when dragging and dropping is putting small chunks of GML into the program, but it is represented by icons. To make your own library, you provide images, coding for the tab and sometimes initiation code.


text:
Wikibooks:Ad hoc administration committee

An Ad hoc administration committee of Wikibooks will consist of 3 administrators assembled for the purpose of enforcing policies. The committee is "ad hoc" in the sense that it will be formed in response to specific issues.

Role
To oversee Wikibooks policies and guidelines and provide final decisions on the interpretation and enactment of enforced policies. To oversee and adjudicate voting procedures.

Activities that should precede forming the committee
The party who spots an infringement of an enforced policy should:

 * Communicate with the offending party, informing them of the infringement and asking them to correct it. The infringement should be noted on the discussion page of the appropriate article.
 * After a negative response, or 2 days, they may revert or remove the offending item.

If these measures do not work then an administrator should be contacted with the following information supplied:

 * The article, discussion or talk page involved.
 * The enforced policy that has been infringed.
 * The nature of the infringement.

Decision taking
The committee will take decisions on the basis of a majority vote.

Forming the committee
Any administrator may call an ad hoc committee into being to address a specific issue of policy enforcement. Any three administrators may form the committee. Users may request an administrator to call a committee, upon receiving such a request the administrator must either call the committee or ask another administrator to do so.


text:
User:CarstenBirn

Hello my name is Carsten L. Birn

Im a Software developer from Denmark.

My interests are:

 * Web development technologies
 * OO Software development eg. UML
 * Patterns

title: User:CarstenBirn


text:
Talk:Beekeeping/Starting Right

Wouldn't it be wise to enlarge the "(Return to Beekeeping)"-message at the top of this page? On my browser, the letters there cannnot be read. Not because my eyes lack the accuity, but because the font can't scale down enough.

I am working on a Mac (OSX 10.3.9 on a CRT monitor, browsing with FireFox 1.5.0.1)

BTW. I will never come back here. I came after following the random-link. That's why I didn't edit.

title: Talk:Beekeeping/Starting Right


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Portuguese

What writing system(s) does this language use?
The Portuguese language uses the Latin (Western) alphabet now with the letters k, w, and y. They use six different diacritics to change the sounds that the letters make in words. Here are the different letters that are changed by diacritics: á, â, ã, à, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, .

How many people speak this language?
About two hundred and fifty million people speak Portuguese as their native language. It is the 5th most spoken language of the world. It is one of the official languages of the European Union and Mercosul.

Where is this language spoken?

Portuguese is spoken all over the world. Most people in Portugal and Brazil speak Portuguese as their first language. It is the official language of Portugal, Brazil, East Timor, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Mozambique and Equatorial Guinea. A few hundred years ago Portugal discovered, colonized and laid claim to many regions around the world.

Portuguese colonization was distinct from other colonizing nations due to the small size of the nation (territory/population). The colonization process was a direct result of nautical exploration for commerce and trade routes and the goal to establish claims (see Padrão), more than a pressure to expand population. A significative part of the population necessary to maintain the new territorial claims was in fact not even of Portuguese origin, Galegos (from Galicia - Spain) and Flemengos (Flemish people) were, especially in the earlier stages of expansion, of great importance to the crown. For similar reasons there was also a great level of interbreeding with locals and population movement from colony to colony, more than any other European nation.

As can be seen above the Portuguese Império Ultramarino (overseas empire) included Brazil, countries in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. It was the longest-lived modern European colonial empire and the first global empire in history. Portuguese settlers (and settlers from other nations under license from Portugal) went to the new colonies, established the government and business, ruling over any existing indigenous populations. The new colonies continued to speak Portuguese and indigenous peoples were required to learn the language in order to interact with the state representatives. Portuguese was often established as a common language in ethnically distinct regions that have several local dialects (i.e.: Angola and Guinea-Bissau) and this practice has continued after their independence or as a way to preserve historico-cultural distinction as in East Timor. Although Portuguese is not the official language in Goa (India) and Macao (China) it is still spoken by minorities in those regions and the language also had a deep influence in nations that it entered in contact, for instance Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach Japan and one of the many legacies was the adoption of some Portuguese language into Japanese.

The spoken language of Galiza, an autonomous community in northwest Spain, is Galego, closely related to Portuguese. (In medieval times, Galego and Portuguese were a single language.)

Portuguese-speaking African countries (PALOP) formed by Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe and Equatorial Guinea, part of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) and the intergovernmental organization  for friendship among lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) nations where Portuguese is an official language.

There are also large communities of Portuguese speaking people in other parts of the world such as the United States, Andorra, France, Luxembourg, Jersey, Namibia, Venezuela, and South Africa. Portuguese is becoming one of the main languages in Southern Africa, where it is also taught in Namibia and South Africa.

Portuguese-based Creole is also spoken in different parts of the world. These include India, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

What is the history of this language?
It is one of many descendants of Latin (Ibero-Roman group). All of these languages split from Latin long ago. During the Middle Ages the Latin in North Portugal and Galicia (northwestern Spain) slowly became a language called Galician-Portuguese. Galician-Portuguese was a mix of Latin and some of the local pré-Roman languages: Celt, Lusitanian. It also contains influences from the invaders of the Roman Empire: Vandals, Visigoths and later Arabic invaders from northern Africa (the Moors), even French due to cultural relations and English due to economical relations have enriched the language. The discoveries age enriched Portuguese language by giving lots of words from Africa, Asia and America.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?

 * Luís de Camões (Portuguese, 1524 – 1580): considered by some the greatest poet of the Portuguese language.
 * Machado de Assis (Brazilian, 1839 – 1908): widely regarded as the most important writer of Brazilian literature.
 * Fernando Pessoa (Portuguese, 1888 – 1935): another great Portuguese poet.
 * Cecília Meireles (Brazilian, 1901 – 1964): Modernist poet.
 * José Saramago (Portuguese, 1922 – 2010): Awarded Nobel Prize for Literature in 1998.
 * Jose Cardoso Pires (Portuguese, 1925 – 1998): author of short stories, novels, plays, and political satire.
 * Nélida Piñon (Brazilian, 1937 – present): First woman to win the prestigious Juan Rulfo literary prize, awarded annually to a leading Latin American, Caribbean, or Iberian writer.
 * Paulo Coelho (Brazilian, 1947 – present)

"Cai,Cai, Balão"
Cai,Cai, Balão; Cai,Cai, Balão; Aqui na minha mão.; Não cai, não; Não cai, não; Não cai, não; Cai na rua do João.

in English.... "Fall, Fall, Balloon" Fall, Fall, Balloon; Right here in my hand. Please don't fall; Please don't fall; Please don't fall; Fall on John's street.

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Portuguese


text:
Talk:Football (Soccer)/The Leagues and Teams

Total POV: who is to say that these teams are "kings" (not a word I have ever heard applied to football teams) and others are not. By what criteria are Shakhtar Donetsk included, and many teams who have won European competitions are not. By what token are Chelsea currently less strong than Arsenal and Manchester United, but no other Premier League team. The whole article looks conversational rather than informative, to have been compiled by somebody who does not have fluent use of English, and to be below the expected standards of the Wiki project. Sorry. Kevin McE 15:11, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

who cares it is a term to discribe a powerful object ex. the Lion king of AferciaTrackMonkey 01:42, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

mls
Earthquakes are non-excestent and there records were not transfered to HoustanTrackMonkey 01:42, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Good but not enough
These teams are a half of the teams which need to be shown I think Napoli, Everton, etc. etc. should also be shown and teams like Chelsea have a bigger history than 5 lines. It also should have more information of managers and historical players

Manchester United Footballl Club - UEFA Europa League Title
The club has won the Europa League title this year on May at the Friends Arena Stadium in Netherlands where the Finals were held.

Liverpool Football Club
Liverpool are one of the best soccer teams in the Premier League if not the best and have won many League titles including the Champions League. Their current manager is Jurgen klopp. Liverpool Football Club is a football team for the city Liverpool along with Everton, who used to be one of their biggest rivals. Their biggest rival as of today is a Manchester United.


text:
User:Chaturganj/Vandana-1

test

title: User:Chaturganj/Vandana-1


text:
Talk:Arabic/Basic Sentences/ain't

Untitled
If you want to delete this page, because of poor grammar or that the content has been moved elsewhere, please make note of that by using the   markup tag instead of simply blanking the page. It really helps us out here. Unfortunately, this is going to be an orphaned page for now. At this point I simply can't identify why this page should be removed. --Rob Horning 15:25, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arabic/Basic Sentences/ain't


text:
Talk:Using an Abacus

Uncanonical Calculation Order?
Every other source I've read about the abacus recommends working left to right. That is, beads higher in value before beads lower in value (hundreds before tens, tens before ones).

It's also odd that the addition instructions specify right to left, while for subtraction it is left to right.
 * I think its because in multiplication you work from right to left. Possibly because you're using the full abacus?

Other Abacus Types?
This page appears to assume an abacus with a five-and-two arrangement, rather than the more modern four-and-one. Would it make sense to adjust it, and if not, at least acknowledge how one abacus can differ from another?
 * I think we should teach using both kinds and the reader should choose what they want to study. The two most prevalent are the 5-and-2-beaded Chinese abacus (suanpan) and the 4-and-1-beaded Japanese abacus (soroban) which was derived from the Chinese version. There's even a 10-beaded Russian abacus and an Incan abacus was recently discovered that's based on knotted ropes, but those can probably wait.
 * --Everlong 22:14, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Templates?
Anyone up for making snazzy templates like the Chess Wikibook? Look at the following board setup:

Now look at the wiki-code for it:

This format could quickly be translated into easily-altered images of all the types of abaci out there. Just awesome as I think about it.

— Everlong 15:25, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

This Wikibook is Spam
This wikibook, "Using an Abacus", is spam. It has no significant content by itself, but every page has links to an external site on abacus usage. Mark this wikibook for deletion. (Or fill it in with actual content.)

 * Your assessment seems baseless. In any case you are welcome to contribute to it. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 01:56, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Preparing content for this book
This book looks like a long-abandoned orphan project. After submitting the related book: Traditional Abacus and Bead Arithmetic, I am preparing some real content to bring this project back to life. If you want, you can take a look at the kind of content I'm cooking at my sandbox.

Jccsvq (discuss • contribs) 06:56, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

Finally I have moved 5 pages to the book and modified the main one accordingly.

Jccsvq (discuss • contribs) 05:17, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Using an Abacus


text:
Modern Photography/Printing processes

Albumen Prints
A process using egg whites, salt and silver nitrate. Popular in the mid to late 1800s.

Anthotype
A process of making an emulsion from crushing light sensitive flower petals and vegetables.

Chrysotypes
Photographic images printed in pure gold. Both develop out and print out processes exist.

Develop Out

Robert Hunt described a develop-out chrysotype process in his book, A Manual of Photography, in the 1840s. The germane extract can be read at this link: http://bookdome.com/arts/Manual-Photography/Section-II-Chrysotype.html.

Hunt's essential formula is the exposure of paper coated with ammonium ferric citrate until an extremely faint image appears. The paper is then washed in a solution of gold chloride he describes as "about the colour of sherry wine."

Terry King much more recently announced the Chyrsotype Rex process. Mr. King has kept the formula proprietary, but it appears to be similar to Mr. Hunt's, possibly substituting ferric oxalate for the ammonium ferric citrate and requiring an 8% solution of gold chloride. King's website is http://www.hands-on-pictures.com.

Print Out

In 2012 Richard Eugene Puckett announced the Texas Chrysotype process. Puckett adds a small volume of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) to ammonium ferric oxalate to create a solution of ammonium ferric-ferrous oxalate. His formula specifies a 10% solution of gold chloride be mixed with the ammonium ferric-ferrous oxalate at a usual ratio of 3 parts ammonium ferric-ferrous oxalate to 4 parts gold. The image prints out fully on dry paper and requires no humidification or development. Recommended papers are Arches Platine, Clearprint 1000H vellum, and any number of hot-pressed water color papers heavily sized with 3% arrowroot starch.

The Texas Chrysotype is not only the first dry print-out process for gold, but it is the first that yields gray-scale pictorial images rendering 9 to 11 or more stops with extremely fine to fine grain. Puckett has published several chryostype videos on youtube, including his presentation at the 2013 Alternative Photographic International Symposium in Santa Fe, New Mexico. His website is http://www.texaschrysotype.com.

Cyanotypes
A process using Potassium Ferricyanide and Ferric Ammonium Citrate that results in a blue coloured print.

Chemigram
Paint with chemicals before,during,after exposure,development,fixation and toning

Lumen print process
POPtechnique invented bij Talbot around 1830. Development and exposure through sunlight with exposures ranging from half an hour to two weeks eaxample:

Photosynthesis
Printing on leaves through sunlight. Place a negative on a leaf and let it develop in sunlight for one week

Polaroid Emulstion Lifts
The emulsion lift is a Polaroid print that is soaked in hot water until the emulsion layer comes off the back of the Polaroid, the image is then transferred to a new surface.

Polaroid image transfer process
The Polaroid development process is interrupted. Then the Polaroid's dyes are transferred to another surface. The desired image is taken with Polaroid film and after the 1st 12 seconds or so the emulsion is removed from the paper backing. Durning this time 100 lb or 90 lb watercolor paper has been soaked in water. Then the emulsion and the watercolor paper are joined together. You roll with a brayer 10 times in one direction and then 10 times in the opposite direction to make sure that you do not get air bubbles. When finished remove the emulsion and you will have the imaged transferred to the paper. Let dry.

Polaroid SX70 manipulation
after exposure and eject of the time zero film manipulate the film with toothpicks and burnishing items. Push the film emulsion around. Can be done approx. 15 minutes after the photo was ejectedfrom the camera

Polaroid interrupted development
AFter taking a photo cut open the filmsachet and insert liquids.

Rhodiotype
Photographic images printed in rhodium. Only a dry print out process, announced by Richard Eugene Puckett in 2016, exists.

Saltprints
The process of coating paper with salt and silver nitrate. similar to Albumen printing.

title: Modern Photography/Printing processes


text:
User talk:84.105.174.129

Please stop. If you continue to blank pages, you will be blocked from editing. --Derbeth talk 16:40, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:84.105.174.129


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Urdu

What writing system(s) does this language use?
Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic Script, and has many letters common with Arabic and Persian. It is written from right to left. However, Urdu is often written in the Latin alphabet in text messaging and e-mails.

How many people speak this language?
There are estimated to be about 60 and 70 million native speakers of Urdu. There were 52 million in India per the 2001 census, some 6% of the population approximately 10 million in Pakistan or 7.57% per the 1998 census and an additional 100 million people. who can speak it as a secondary language. It is also closely related to the language Hindi, and speakers of the everyday forms of the languages can usually understand each other.

Where is this language spoken?
Urdu is widely spoken in Pakistan and India, though it also has large number of speakers in the Middle East, United Kingdom, and North America.

What is the history of this language?
Urdu is believed to have evolved from contact between the local Indo-Aryan (prakrith, a localized form of Sanskrit) speaking population and the people of the Persian/Arabic speaking nations who invaded and ruled the Indian sub-continent for almost 1000 years since the attacks of Ghaznavi in early 10th Century. Urdu evolved in the Indian sub-continent from various local dialects such as Prakrit and Brij Bhasha with outside influences from the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
Urdu is rich in both prose and poetry. Some famous poets who wrote in Urdu are Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Mirza Ghalib, Mir Taqi Mir, and Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Allama Muhammad Iqbal is recognized as the national poet of Pakistan.

What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?
In Urdu

میں اکیلا ہی چلا تھا جانب منزل مگر .

لوگ ساتھ آتے گئے اور کارواں بنتا گیا

Urdu Version (English Text)

main akela hi chala tha jaanib-e-manzil magar

log saath aate gaye aur kaaravaan bantaa gayaa

Translation

I had started all alone towards the destination but

People kept joining and it became a caravan.

(According to the Indian Urdu newspaper Pindar,

the couplet is by Majruh Sultan Puri.)

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Urdu


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/Contributor's Guide

=Ways to Contribute =

Keep the Simplified/Traditional Versions in Sync
The Chinese Wikibook has two identical versions; Simplified and Traditional. This is done to unclutter the textbook and to meet the needs of people either interested in the characters used in China or used in Taiwan. However, whenever a change is made in one version, it is not automatically carried over, so periodic checks must be made to ensure that the two remain in sync. This sometimes involves translating from one script to the other, but often only involves copying formatting changes.

Translate Pages
Currently, the English version is the most developed of the Chinese Wikibooks. If you know another language, please check if a Chinese book is started in that language and compare it to this one. You can make changes to their content based on ideas gained here, or do a wholesale translation of this textbook into the target language. Since the Chinese can stay the same across languages, a lot of work can be saved in this way. Translation efforts have been started in the following languages:

 * Italiano
 * Polski
 * Español

Even if a translation has been done at one time, it may have been incomplete or not been updated to reflect recent changes on the English site. Please work to keep them current. If you can only do a partial translation, leave a note to later contributors linking back to your source (a good candidate for using Templates).

Add InterWiki Links
If you can't translate pages, but know enough of a language to locate the corresponding Chinese Wikibook, you can make Interwiki links. You can see them on the Wikibooks Sidebar listed under "in other languages" when available. They are typically placed at the very end of a page using a simple format. Here is the list used for the Chinese TOC page:

Corso di cinese/Indice Chiński Chino

Enseignement du chinois Chinesisch 中国語 Mandarijn

The ones listed above the divider are translations of this book. The ones below are of their own design. In addition to the main page, Lesson pages, Stroke Order pages and anything else can be interwikied as long as the content is the same.

Stroke Order Images
There is a project on Wikicommons to upload images and animations of the stroke order for characters. There are directions on how to contribute. It's easy with the use of some free programs and can be done even with only a basic understanding of Chinese. Please contribute so that we'll have a standardized reference for our Wikibook users.

Have a look at the stroke order pages for each lesson to see what our immediate needs are: Lesson 1 — Lesson 2 — Lesson 3

Sound Samples
With a microphone and a read through the recording guidelines for the Spoken Wikipedia you can contribute audio examples. Sound samples are particularly important for beginners, especially ones who are studying alone with no teacher or native speaker on hand.

You can see what has been uploaded so far at Category:Chinese pronunciation. Peter Isotalo started, but a native speaker would be best.

title: Chinese (Mandarin)/Contributor's Guide


text:
Ruby Programming/RubyDoc

The standard Ruby library provides a tool for generating documentation from self documenting code called RubyDoc or RDoc for short. Though it's part of the standard library, RDoc isn't a file you require to use. Instead it consists of a command-line program called rdoc and a library for parsing specially-formatted comments out of Ruby and C code.

A Simple Example
Here are the contents of the file simpleNumber.rb which contains a class SimpleNumber

 * 1) This file is called simpleNumber.rb
 * 2) It contains the class SimpleNumber

class SimpleNumber

def initialize( num ) raise if !num.is_a?(Numeric) @x = num end

def add( y ) @x + y end

def multiply( y ) @x * y end

end

Just to get going, run rdoc on this file

>> rdoc simpleNumber.rb

simpleNumber.rb: c... Generating HTML...

Files:  1 Classes: 1 Modules: 0 Methods: 3 Elapsed: 0.426s

A quick look around reveals rdoc has created a new directory called doc/. It contains quite a few files (given such a simple class!)

>> ls doc/ classes     files                fr_file_index.html    index.html created.rid fr_class_index.html  fr_method_index.html  rdoc-style.css

Open the file doc/index.html in a web browser and find

What has RDoc done? First, it has scanned the given file (shown in the upper left pane). The middle pane lists all of the classes in <tt>simpleNumber.rb</tt>, and the right panel gives all of the methods in SimpleNumber. In this case the lower panel is showing the summary information for the file <tt>simpleNumber.rb</tt> which has been extracted from the top-level comment in the file. Once we select either a class or a function it will show more particular information.

Handling Multiple Files
Any directories included on the command line will be searched for Ruby files (with an <tt>.rb</tt> or <tt>.rbw</tt> extension) and C files (with a <tt>.c</tt> extension). rdoc will search recursively, which makes it convenient for documenting large trees of code. If no source files are specified, RubyDoc will start searching with the current directory. The output is always generated in a directory <tt>doc/</tt> under the current location.

Any files which aren't recognized as Ruby or C are not parsed by default, but can be included as command-line arguments to rdoc. In this case they are treated as SimpleMarkup (see below) -- generally speaking they will just be browsable as plain text files in the HTML documention.

Formatting for RDoc
RDoc uses a formatting system called SimpleMarkup for its markup purposes. SimpleMarkup is a simplified text-based markup system, much like many wiki markup languages. Here's a brief overview:

 * Consecutive lines aligned on the left margin (either column 0 in a text file, or after the comment character and whitespace in a source file) are considered a paragraph. An empty line starts a new paragraph.
 * If a line starts with "*", "-" or " " the following information is a list item, either unnumbered or numbered. All subsequent lines should be indented to match the text on the first line of the list item.  Here's an example (from the RDoc documentation):

the first item. This is the first paragraph.
 * this is a list with three paragraphs in

And this is the second paragraph.

1. This is an indented, numbered list. 2. This is the second item in that list

This is the third conventional paragraph in the first list item.

 * This is the second item in the original list

[cat] a small furry mammal that seems to sleep a lot
 * The lists can be labeled. Each label must be inside square brackets or followed by two colons:

[ant] a little insect that is known to enjoy picnics

cat:: a small furry mammal that seems to sleep a lot

ant:: a little insect that is known to enjoy picnics

 * Any line which starts to the right of the current left margin is considered verbatim text (like program code, for example)
 * Any line starting with one or more equals signs is a heading. One equals sign is a top-level header, two equals signs is a second-level heading, etc.
 * Three or more dashes on a line give a horizontal line.
 * Basic text markup:
 * Tags can be used, including asterisks for *bold text*, underscores for _emphasis_ text, and plus signs for <tt>+code+</tt> text.
 * Alternately, HTML tags can be used.

linking to other methods
To link to other methods format them like ri, ex:

 * 1) same as the #read method of the

You can avoid having a link created like \#method_name (won't be linked) and \Win32 for camelcase that shouldn't be linked to known classnames.

linking to a url
Here's an example:
 * 1) For detail, see the msdn.

Including Diagrams
If the program <tt>dot</tt> from the Graphviz is available, RDoc will generate class hierarchy diagrams as part of the HTML documentation. This behavior can be enabled with the command line option <tt>--diagram</tt> or <tt>-d</tt>.

Using RDoc to Generate Usage Output
Warning : This feature is only available in Ruby 1.8.X; Support for this feature has been dropped as of Rdoc for Ruby 1.9.X.

RDoc can be used to generate a command-line usage string (paragraph) from a file's comments. This is done with the class method <tt>RDoc::usage</tt>. Here's an example:

 * 1) TestRDocUsage: A useless file
 * 2)  Usage:  ruby testRDocUsage.rb  [options]
 * 1)  Usage:  ruby testRDocUsage.rb  [options]

require 'rdoc/usage'

RDoc::usage

Which when run:

>> ruby testRdocUsage.rb TestRDocUsage: A useless file

Usage: ruby testRDocUsage.rb  [options]

Not particularly interesting. <tt>RDoc::usage</tt> can take two kinds of command line options. If the first argument is an integer, this value is used as the exit code for the application (yes, <tt>RDoc::usage</tt> terminates the application). Any further (string) arguments call out sections of the introductory comment which should be used. Here's a slightly more complicated version of the above example:

 * 1) = Overview
 * 2) TestRDocUsage: A useless file
 * 3) = Usage
 * 4)  Usage:  ruby testRDocUsage.rb  [options]
 * 1)  Usage:  ruby testRDocUsage.rb  [options]
 * 1)  Usage:  ruby testRDocUsage.rb  [options]

require 'rdoc/usage'

RDoc::usage('Usage')

This time with section headers. Running the script gives

>> ruby testRdocUsage.rb

USAGE

=
Usage: ruby testRDocUsage.rb  [options]

Where only the 'Usage' section (called out as an argument to <tt>RDoc::usage</tt>) is included.

Other Interesting Command-Line Options
Here are a selection of other interesting rdoc command-line options which haven't been covered above:

 * -a, --all : Parse all class methods, not just public methods.
 * -x, --exclude pattern : Exclude files/directories matching pattern from search. Files included explicitly on the command line are never excluded.

Questions

 * How do you include an external image file when publishing RDoc inside a Gem? RDoc keeps converting the image into html!

title: Ruby Programming/RubyDoc


text:
Bartending/Cocktails/B-52

The B-52 is a layered which the B-50 series is based on.

Ingredients

Garnish
 * none

Glass

 * Pousse-café glass

Procedure

 * 1) Make

Variations

 * In a shot glass
 * Use half measures
 * In a double shot glass
 * Use teaspoons of Grand Marnier to fill
 * In a rocks glass
 * Stir
 * Strain into ice-filled glass
 * Kahlúa may be replaced with another coffee liqueur
 * Baileys Irish Cream may be replaced with another Irish Cream
 * Grand Marnier may be replaced with another Curaçao

Related cocktails

 * B-50 series
 * B-51
 * B-52
 * B-52 with Bombay Doors
 * B-53
 * B-54

title: Bartending/Cocktails/B-52


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Dutch

What writing system(s) does this language use?
Dutch uses the Latin alphabet, just like English, but 'ij' is sometimes treated as a single letter, equivalent to 'Y'. At the beginning of a place name, both letters are capitalized (e.g. IJsselmeer).

How many people speak this language?
About 24 million people speak Dutch. More, of course, speak it as another language, but it is more common as a first or native language.

Where is this language spoken?

The majority of Dutch speakers live in the Netherlands and the northern part of Belgium (Flanders). Those two countries alone have 21 million Dutch speakers. Dutch in the Netherlands and Flanders is the official language, and is spoken by nearly everyone there. Dutch is also the official language in Suriname where about 60% of the population has it as their mother tongue.

Dutch is also spoken in Aruba, the Netherlands Antilles, and a tiny corner of northern France called French Flanders. Dutch used to be spoken by many in Indonesia, which was a Dutch colony until 1949, but now only the older generation speak it. Afrikaans, one of the languages of European settlers in Africa, is almost completely based on Dutch. In fact, they are so similar, someone could be speaking Afrikaans and someone else Dutch, and they would both understand each other.

Dutch migrants to the US and Australia, and more recently to Spain, France and Italy, often continue to use Dutch.

What is the history of this language?
Scholars believe that Dutch became an independent language in about 600 AD. Before it was just one of numerous West Germanic dialects.

The best known example of very old Dutch text is "Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu" ("All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for"). It was written around 1100. For a long time, scholars thought that it was the oldest Dutch text, but now an older text has been discovered: "Visc flot aftar themo uuatare" ("A fish was swimming in the water") and "Gelobistu in got alamehtigan fadaer" ("Do you believe in God the almighty father"). If you know German, this should be pretty easy to understand. These were written around the year 900.

Modern Dutch developed around 1550.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?

 * Gerard Reve
 * Harry Mulisch
 * Willem Frederik Hermans
 * Jan Wolkers
 * Ronald Giphart
 * Annie M.G. Schmidt
 * Max Velthuijs

What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?
In Dutch:  Je bent de zon, Je bent de zee, Je bent de liefde, Ga nu met mij mee

In English:  You are the sun, You are the sea, You are love, Now go along with me

Altijd is Kortjakje ziek Midden in de week maar 's zondags niet 's Zondags gaat zij naar de kerk Met een boek vol zilverwerk Altijd is Kortjakje ziek Midden in de week maar 's zondags niet

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Dutch


text:
User:Kneiphof

Hello. I'm from Belgium. I'm mostly active on Russian Wikipedia (where I'm admin and bureaucrat) and Wikicommons (where I'm admin).

Here I'm mostly intrested in WikiJunior, partly because my English is not so good. I begun by working on Wikijunior Languages, anonimously (see history of Wikijunior Languages/Russian, Wikijunior Languages/Constructed and Wikijunior Languages/Dutch)

I make mistakes. I try to learn from them.

title: User:Kneiphof


text:
User:Locofbo~enwikibooks

Hello, my name is Wilfred. Feel free to contact me at aght2002@gmail.com.

title: User:Locofbo~enwikibooks


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Esperanto

What writing system(s) does this language use?
Esperanto uses the Latin alphabet, like English, with a few differences. The letters q, w, x, and y are gone, and there are new letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, and ŭ.

What's really different from English is that each Esperanto letter stands for one and only one sound. There are no letters that sound differently in different words (like the a in f a t, f a te, and f a ther), no silent letters (like the s in i s land), and no sounds that take more than one letter (like the sh in fi sh ).

Most Esperanto letters that are used in English have the same sounds that they usually have in English, and almost all Esperanto letters have sounds that are used in English. The new letter ĥ is different from English, though; it has a sound like clearing your throat. (That's also the way a Scottish person would say the ch in lo ch .) Here are all the Esperanto letters, and their sounds:

How many people speak this language?
The answer is: nobody really knows. There are no exact numbers; Esperanto speakers are hard to count because they are spread all over the world. It is most likely that there are between 100,000 and 2 million Esperanto speakers. Most of them have learned to speak it; only about 1000 people speak Esperanto as their native language.

A speaker of Esperanto is called an Esperantist.

Where is this language spoken?
Esperanto is spoken all over the world. Really! However, most Esperantists learn Esperanto as a second language, so nowhere is it the language of the majority of people. Esperanto speakers live in the same places as speakers of other languages.

In order to identify themselves to other Esperanto speakers, Esperantists use a number of symbols. The green star of Esperanto, the, is the oldest and most commonly used symbol. It is incorporated into the Esperanto flag. A more recent symbol called the jubilee symbol was designed in 1987. It is common to see all three of these symbols at an Esperanto event.

What is the history of this language?

Esperanto is a constructed language invented by Jewish-Polish eye doctor L.L. Zamenhof (1859 – 1917). He grew up in a city in Poland that was divided between groups who spoke different languages and did not get along. He hoped that if everyone could understand each other, they could live together in peace. In 1872, when he was only 13 years old, he began designing a language called Lingwe uniwersala ("universal language"). In 1878, at age 19, he shared his new language with a few close friends, but then he left for university to study medicine and left all of the notes about his language with his father for safe keeping. Unfortunately, his father was afraid that the idea of a universal language would cause trouble with the Russian Tsar who ruled Poland at the time, so he burned them.

Zamenhof found out that all of his work had been destroyed when he came home from university in 1881. He immediately started constructing a new, improved version, which he now called Lingvo universala (which means "universal language" in modern Esperanto).

For six years he tried to publish his new language, but the censors of the Tsar would not allow it. Instead of surrendering his dream, he used this time to improve the language and practice using it to translate many works.

In 1887, Zamenhof published ("First Book"), to describe his universal language. Zamenhof did not use his real name when he published the book because he had already had so much trouble with the Tsar's censors. Instead, he published the book under the name Doktoro Esperanto, which is "Dr. Someone-who-hopes" in the language he was introducing. The name "Esperanto" became the name of the language.

Because the language was so simple, and because there were already lots of things written in Esperanto (which Zamenhof had either written or translated while waiting on the Tsar's censors), it caught on very quickly. By 1905, the first World Congress of Esperanto was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer in France. By the time World War I had started in 1914, Zamenhof had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize twice, Esperanto was part of the school curriculum in China, Samos and Macedonia, and there was even an Esperanto currency (the ). Unfortunately, Zamenhof died in 1917, and did not live to see the end of the war in 1918.

After World War I, Esperanto's popularity began to soar. The horrors of the war created a desire in people for a universal peace, and Esperanto seemed the best hope for a universal language to foster communication to prevent war from happenning again. The League of Nations—the precursor to the modern United Nations—officially recommended that its members use Esperanto as a second language, and some of the most important scientific associations suggested that Esperanto be used for future scientific communication. For a while it seemed that Esperanto would become the international language for communication, science, and, of course, peace—this time, the 1920s, is considered to be the golden age of Esperanto.

But the great dictators that arose in the early days of World War II—Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin—banned Esperanto. Many Esperantists, including members of Zamenhof's family, died in Nazi death camps. The League of Nations, along with many prominent Esperanto associations, did not survive the war.

Since then, slowly the Esperanto movement has been rebuilding, although it is not yet at the levels it was at before World War II. Although the United Nations does not support Esperanto in the same way that the League of Nations did, some United Nations agencies support the language. The Internet and organizations like (which allows Esperanto speakers to travel by staying with other Esperantists around the world) have allowed Esperantists to keep in touch in ways they could not have in the past. Esperanto now exists only through the enthusiasm of its speakers, without the support of any nation or major international organization.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
L. L. Zamenhof (1859 – 1917), Zamenhof himself was the first Esperanto author. While he was waiting for the censors to allow him to publsh his language, he improved it by using it to translate a number of works, including Shakespeare. He also wrote a number of original Esperanto books and poems.

Julio Baghy (1891 – 1967), Hungarian actor who wrote novels and poetry in Esperanto, and was very influential in the early development of the language for poetic use. His most famous novel is ("Springtime in Autumn", 1931), but he is more well-known for his poetry. His most influential work is his collection of poems, ("Beyond Life", 1922).

William Auld (1924 – 2006), Scottish poet who was nominated three times (1999, 2004 and 2006) for the Nobel Prize in Literature for his works in Esperanto. His most famous work is ("The Infant Race", 1956).

Claude Piron (1931 – 2008), Swiss linguist who wrote dozens of books on the language, as well as novels, poems and non-fiction books. His most famous work is Gerda _malaperis! ("Gerda Vanished!"), which is not only an entertaining mystery novel, but is also written so that early chapters use basic Esperanto, which gets more advanced with each chapter.

What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?
Phrases you can try:
 * — "What is your name?"
 * — "My name is _____"
 * — "How old are you? (How many years do you have?)"
 * — "I am _____ years old. (I have _____ years.)" (Try to use Esperanto numbers for your age!)
 * — "How are you?"
 * — "(I am) good/bad/not bad."
 * — "Do you speak Esperanto?"
 * — "No, I don't speak Esperanto."
 * — "Do you speak English?"
 * — "Yes, I speak English."

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Esperanto