text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Lifting

Lift heavy items primarily with your legs. Squat directly in front of the load, pull it in tight to you and lift it with your legs, not your back. Set it back down the same way. If you must turn while carrying the load, then turn your whole body with your legs, don't swivel yourself at the waist. This simple moving tip can help you to avoid severe back injury while packing or moving.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Toolbox

Don't pack your toolbox, you may need some of your tools on move day.

Useful items may include:
 * Flathead screwdriver
 * Phillips screwdriver

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Checkbook

Don't pack your checkbook. Things may come up unexpectedly that require check payment. You should also payment cards, cash, etc in case of emergency.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Important Paperwork

If you are putting your goods in storage, don't pack away important papers that you may need like passports, driver's licenses, birth certificates, etc. Transport these separately, by yourself, in a secure manner.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Fragile Items

Thoroughly wrap fragile items individually with packer’s paper, bubble wrap or foam wrap depending on the item. Use plenty of paper to line the top, bottom and side of each box for fragiles. Add cardboard to further cushion your fragiles. Never be afraid to use plenty of paper when packing expensive fragiles. Even if you feel like you are wasting money on paper - you are not because buying paper is a lot cheaper than fixing or replacing a broken expensive fragile item. Small fragile items may be wrapped and set into large, less fragile items for additional protection.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Plastic Containers

Utilize empty Tupperware or kitchen plastic containers to protect some of your smaller fragiles from shock. Paper wrap the fragile item and put it into the plastic container, seal its lid shut and put the container into a box with other fragiles. Well sealed small plastic containers make excellent double protectors.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Small Items

Special care must be taken with small items so as not to lose them within the packing materials in a box. Taping over their wrapping is a good technique to highlight a small item (like the top of a sugar bowl) as not being merely a piece of bunched up paper (use brightly colored tape if available). Also, you could tape several of those small packets together into one bigger, heavier package that will stand out in the wrappings.

Wrap loose, small things such as silverware in bundles. Don't leave them loose in the box to clank around. Consider using sealable bags (With extra standard wrap for certainty during transit) for such items for easier sorting during the unpacking.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Glassware and China

Glassware and china should be wrapped with enough paper so as not to clatter within the box. You can also wrap glassware in small bubble wrap. Use plenty of paper to line the top, bottom and side of each box. Glasses should also be individually wrapped and packed standing up; they're stronger when standing than if laid on their side. Place in boxes marked fragile and stack all fragile boxes together for the movers. Make sure that you have overflow the box with paper and now you have to use some force to seal the box. This is to ensure that items would not move around during transport.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Plates

Plates should each be separated with disposable plastic or paper plates and wrapped in bundles of 4 to 6. Then stand the bundles on their side in a box with a cloud of soft stuff underneath - never lay plate bundles flat; all the weight would be on the bottom plate, and if the box is set down too strongly - the bottom plate could break!

title: Packing & Moving Household Goods/Plates


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Oil Paintings

Each oil painting should be covered over with a non-acidic clear plastic wrap and then bubble wrapped or wrapped in a paper pad, or foam wrap, and then placed in a picture box or a flattened out box, taping the ends shut once it's inside. Bubble wrap can leave impressions of the bubbles on oil paintings so be sure to use the non-acidic clear plastic wrap over the oil so that this doesn't happen.

Another option is to cover the oil painting with glassine. This is like wax paper, except a LOT larger. It is non-acidic. And it is available from most moving companies. When loading the packed Oil Paintings into a truck, keep them on their edge, do NOT lay flat, and keep closer to the floor rather than the roof where the temperatures are a lot hotter.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Glass Framed Pictures, Mirrors and Flat Pieces of Glass

Each of these should be individually wrapped in blankets and then packed in picture cartons or in flattened out cartons big enough to hold them with plenty of cushion on the ends and taped shut.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Lamps and Shades

Each of these should be placed in separate boxes with only one lamp or shade to a box, wrapped in clean white paper. Do not use newspaper with print or it will permanently mark the shades. Be sure the inside of each lampshade box is clean so that the shade does not pick up dirt.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Electronic Equipment

General
Electronic components should be wrapped in pads or blankets or paper or bubble wrap and boxed so that their knobs cannot be broken off and so that their finish will not be scratched.

Monitors and Televisions
Flatscreen monitors and televisions are very delicate.

CRT monitors and televisions are more durable, but do have the risk of implosion if their glass screen is shattered. CRT displays are also almost always much heavier then their flatscreen counterparts, and need special care to be moved safely if not on a dolly.

Desktop Computers
Desktop computers, especially those with with expansion cards, should be moved with care.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Suitcases

These should be used for holding special things because they are so easily identifiable in the clutter of move day. Things like winter / summer clothing or linens / sweaters are things that could be packed into them. Don't put CD's that could be shattered or heavy books into them.


text:
Packing & Moving Household Goods/Dispose of Liquids

Dispose of all Open Liquids
Transporting liquids adds additional complexity and risk. Avoid it if possible.

When disposing of liquids, keep in mind to do so properly, following safety instructions per liquid.

If you must save a liquid
Cleaning supplies, oils, liquid foods, paint and solvent containers should all be checked for a tight seal if you'd rather save and move them. In that case box them up, stuffing the boxes with a lot of bunched up paper, towels or cloths to absorb any drippage or spillage that might still occur. One good idea is to put one heavy-duty plastic trash bag into a second one and then line the box with this double layer to hold in any spilled liquids. Bottles and cans of liquids should be stood upright in the box using packing paper bunched up between some to hold them upright.

Safety
Never put ammonia and bleach bottles in the same box because the combination of those 2 particular household chemicals has been known to cause explosions! Place any boxes of liquids on the floor of the truck, not up in the load where spillage could damage your household goods.


text:
Cookbook:Cochinita Pibil (Mexican Braised Pork)

| Meat recipes

Cochinita pibil (also puerco pibil) is a traditional Mexican slow-roasted (braised) pork dish from the Yucatán.

This version of the dish was adapted from Robert Rodríguez's DVD extras on Once Upon a Time in Mexico.

Ingredients

 * 5 Tbsp (75 ml) annatto seeds
 * 2 tsp (10 ml) cumin seeds
 * 1 Tbsp (15 ml) peppercorns
 * 8 allspice berries
 * ½ tsp (8 ml) whole cloves
 * 2 habanero chiles (or milder chiles)
 * ½ cup (120 ml) orange juice
 * ½ cup (120 ml) white vinegar
 * 2 Tbsp (30 ml) salt
 * 8 cloves of garlic
 * 5 lemons, juiced
 * 1 splash of tequila
 * 5 pounds (2.3 kg) pork butt
 * Banana leaves and/or heavy-duty aluminium foil
 * White or Spanish rice, taco shells, or tortillas for serving

Procedure

 * 1) Place the annatto, cumin, peppercorns, allspice, and cloves in a spice grinder and process to a fine powder. You can use an electric coffee grinder for the spices, but it will not be suitable for coffee afterwards.
 * 2) Remove the seeds and veins from the habanero chiles and chop coarsely. If you want a hotter dish, leave some of the veins and seeds in.
 * 3) Process the orange juice, vinegar, chiles, salt, garlic, and the spice powder in a blender or food processor until liquefied. Add the lemon juice and tequila.
 * 4) Cut the pork into 2-inch (5 cm) chunks. Leave the fat on the meat, to keep the pork moist while roasting; you can remove it after cooking if you wish.
 * 5) Place pork in a large, self-sealing plastic bag with the marinade. Seal bag and turn to evenly coat the meat. Refrigerate for 8 to 24 hours, turning occasionally.
 * 6) Heat oven to 325°F (160°C). Dump the meat and the marinade in a roasting pan lined with banana leaves or foil, making sure to wrap tightly so no steam escapes.  If using banana leaves, an outer wrapping with foil will help seal in the steam.
 * 7) Bake for 4 hours. Open packet carefully; the meat should shred easily with a fork.
 * 8) Serve over rice, or shred and serve with taco shells or tortillas.

Nutrition
Per serving: 240 calories (84 fat calories), 9.3 g fat (2.9 g saturated, 3.8 g monounsaturated), 92.2 mg cholesterol, 33.1 g protein, 5.2 g carbohydrates, 0.7 g fiber, 1037 mg sodium.


text:
Scouting/BSA/Family Life Merit Badge

The family is the basic unit of society and is important to both individuals and communities. The world is rapidly changing, making today's society much more complex than ever before. As Scouts earn this merit badge, they will realize why it is important to know more about family life and how to strengthen their families.

Requirements

1. Prepare an outline on what a family is and discuss this with your merit badge counselor. Tell why families are important to individuals and to society. Discuss how the actions of one member can affect other members.

2. List several reasons why you are important to your family and discuss this with your parents or guardians and with your merit badge counselor.

3. Prepare a list of your regular home duties or chores (at least five) and do them for 90 days. Keep a record of how often you do each of them. Discuss with your counselor the effect your chores had on your family.

4. With the approval of your parents or guardians and your merit badge counselor, decide on and carry out a project that you would do around the home that would benefit your family. Submit a report to your merit badge counselor outlining how the project benefited your family.

5. Plan and carry out a project that involves the participation of your family. After completing the project, discuss the following with your merit badge counselor: a. The objective or goal of the project b. How individual members of your family participated c. The results of the project

6. Do the following: a. Discuss with your merit badge counselor how to plan and carry out a family meeting. b. After this discussion, plan and carry out a family meeting to include the following subjects: 1. Avoiding substance abuse, including tobacco, alcohol, and drugs, all of which negatively affect your health and well-being 2. Understanding the growing-up process and how the body changes, and making responsible decisions dealing with sex* 3. How your chores in requirement 3 contributed to your role in the family 4. Personal and family finances 5. A crisis situation within your family 6. The effect of technology on your family 7. Good etiquette and manners *This conversation may take place with only one or both of your parents or guardians.

7. Discuss with your counselor your understanding of what makes an effective parent and why, and your thoughts on the parent's role and responsibilities in the family.

Source: scoutbook.com/mobile

title: Scouting/BSA/Family Life Merit Badge


text:
Wikibooks:Book of the month/May 2006 voting

The voting for the Book of the month for May 2006 is open from April 1st, 2006, and will close on May 1st, 2006, 00:00 UTC. The book of the month will be featured on the main page of Wikibooks.

'''Closed. Any votes added will be reverted.'''

UK Constitution and Government
(Automatically renominated with 4 votes for April)

Votes: Comments:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 01:29, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Rob Horning 21:14, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) 69.171.82.224 22:24, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Novialiste 12:33, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Dolive35 18:41, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) DSYoungEsq 13:09, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

German
(Automatically renominated with 8 votes for April)

Votes:

Comments:
 * 1) German Men92 04:16, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Fitchguy20 15:47, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Master  mind  007 11:16, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Jwbaten3 02:21, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Novialiste 12:32, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) Warengi 04:56, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) Geoking66 16:54, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 8) Jfingers88 22:48, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 9) --Derbeth talk 08:47, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 10) Vault 03:29, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The German book is a great book to vote for. Even though it isn't complete, it is very well designed. And it has done many firsts, like it was the first to have a title, which is "Äußern!", just for example. Also when it's first cover page was successfully made, many of the language books mimicked it. This is one of the oldest language books, and deserves to be showcased. --German Men92 23:06, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Jwbaten3 created lots of minor edits to own usertalk page to meet 20 edit criteria (which is against the spirit of the voting rules). Therefore I feel this vote should be ignored, --Jguk 06:31, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree. --German Men92 00:29, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * This is an excellent language book. --Novialiste 12:32, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Ja, klar! --Jfingers88 22:48, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Introduction to Philosophy
(Automatically renominated with 3 votes for April)

Votes:
 * 1) Master  mind  007 11:16, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Organic Chemistry
(Automatically renominated with 4 votes for April)

Votes: Comments:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 01:29, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Master  mind  007 11:16, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Niwde 02:40, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Geoking66 20:09, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Everlong 21:03, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) Dolive35 18:39, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) Hagindaz 23:17, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Quenya
Votes:
 * 1) --Dirk_math 21:16, 1 April 2006 (CET)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 01:29, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Jesse Hannah 13:43, 2 April 2006 (MST)
 * This user has fewer then 20 edits

Comments:

Dirk_math: Please don't delete my vote as I have written this whole book myself before I became a registered user. And I really encourage everyone to have a look even if constructed languages are not really your thing, it is really as complete as possible!

Movie Making Manual
Votes:
 * 1) Master  mind  007 05:48, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 00:38, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) dan_aka_jack 17:07, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 4)  --Wattamb5000 23:44, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Nathan8225 20:05, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Excellent collaboration. Brilliant design. This does needs a nomination. Master mind  007 05:48, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it's still too stubby, although TOC page is really nice. --Derbeth talk 08:47, 19 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
D Programming/std.stdio

The std.stdio module has the following functions:
 * writef (...)
 * writefln (...)
 * fwritef (...)
 * fwritefln (...)

title: D Programming/std.stdio


text:
Private International Law

 * /Foundations of international law - from Grotius onwards/
 * /Multinational Corporations/
 * /International Taxation/
 * /International Sales/
 * /International Licensing/
 * /International Investment/
 * /International Development/

title: Private International Law


text:
Private International Law/Multinational Corporations

Structure
Multinational corporations may be structured in a number of ways.

Pyramid
In a pyramid structure, one parent company controls a number of subsidiary companies, each of which specializes in a particular type of business or a particular region of the world. Most MNCs headquartered in the US and Europe are organized around a pyramid structure.

Some pyramids may have more than one company at the top. Shell and Unilever are two well-known examples: both have two parent companies, one in the UK and one in the Netherlands.

Consortium
A consortium is a group of independent companies who collaborate on major business projects. One well-known consortium is Airbus Industrie, which existed for many years as a consortium of four European aerospace companies before it was incorporated as a French company in 2001.

Keiretsu
The keiretsu structure originated in Japan and is still unique to Japanese MNCs. In a keiretsu, a number of nominally independent companies coordinate operations, and exercise control over each other through extensive cross-shareholding. During the Cold War era, major keiretsu such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui and Sumitomo were organized around major commercial banks; today, this system has weakened somewhat.

Unitary nature
Most multinationals are treated as a single company for accounting purposes, but each company is treated separately for tax purposes.

Domicile
Corporations have a form of "citizenship," in that they are formed and headquartered in a particular state. This concept is called domicile. A company's internal affairs are generally governed by the laws of the jurisdiction in which it is domiciled.

In the United States, as in the Netherlands, domicile is based upon the state in which the company is incorporated. Most large companies are incorporated in the state of Delaware, but headquartered in New York or another location; their domicile is considered to be Delaware even if they engage in no business there.

In large parts of Europe, but excluding the Netherlands and other countries, domicile is based upon the company's place of management (called siège in French and Sitz in German). A company may be managed in a different location from its principal place of business, and still keep domicile in the place of management; see Centros v. Erhvervs-og Selkabsstyrelsen, [1999] ECR 1-1459.

Domicile generally determines which laws will apply to the internal affairs of a company. In the U.S. Supreme Court case of Sumitomo Shoji v. Avagliano, 457 U.S. 176 (1982), a New York-domiciled subsidiary of a Japanese company was found to be a New York company; it was therefore subject to U.S. discrimination laws, not to contrary treaty provisions that applied to Japanese companies doing business in the U.S.


text:
Automotive Systems/Valve Train

The valve train is a set of components that control the flow of air into and out of the cylinders. This also includes the mechanism used to drive the valve train, whether it is in the form of a belt, a chain or gears.

title: Automotive Systems/Valve Train


text:
Automotive Systems/Cooling System

Cooling systems remove heat from the engine using the properties of heat transfer. Modern cars use liquid cooling systems. These use a fluid circulated within the engine, that is then pumped out of the engine into a radiator, where the heat is released. Less common is the air cooled engine. These engines are common in non automotive applications, and have been used successfully in cars. Air cooled engines use airflow over the surface of the engine to remove excess heat. Automotive applications generally include a fan to force air over the engine.

In a liquid cooled engine, the liquid coolant is a mixture of distilled water and antifreeze, of which the base ingredient is methyl alcohol. The fluid is pumped through channels that are manufactured into the engine block. The fluid draws heat out of the engine and flows into the radiator to be cooled. The radiator is a set of pipes with thousands of thin metal fins mounted them. The fins conduct the heat out of the liquid which is cooled enough to be cycled back into the engine to repeat the process. The radiator has a fan that blows outside air against the fins. This increases the amount of air that flows over the cooling fins of the radiator and allow for more heat to be removed from the liquid coolant.

Since combustion engines operate better at a higher temperature, a device called a 'thermostat' is designed into the cooling system of modern engines to help them warm up more quickly. A thermostat is a small valve in the cooling system which is closed when the engine is cold. This blocks the coolant from flowing into the radiator and allows it to heat up at a quicker pace. As the coolant reaches the desired temperature, wax in the thermostat melts and pressurizes which forces the valve open. The coolant is now able to flow into the radiator ensuring that the engine temperature stays constant and does not overheat.

title: Automotive Systems/Cooling System


text:
Automotive Systems/Transmission System

Engines deliver different power and torque levels at different speeds, range of driving speeds varies greatly. An engine turning at a very low speed needs gear reduction to move a car from a stop. However, the vehicle speed would be limited by the engine's top speed. The transmission allows the vehicle to operate over a larger speed range, while keeping the engine speed within operating range.

In most automobiles, engine power depends solely on the accelerator position. Different conditions demand different power requirements. While starting, for example, one needs some amount of power to overcome the static rolling resistance. However, very little power is required while cruising at constant speeds.

It is up to the driver to make maximum use of the power made available by pressing the accelerator pedal. This he does by assessing the driving conditions regarding torque and speed requirements. Taking the case of starting the vehicle, since a large amount of torque is required, the engine power(engine torque*engine rpm)is reconditioned by the transmission to the wheel power (wheel torque*wheel rpm). In this case, the high engine rpm is sacrificed for a high wheel torque by the transmission (first gear). Thus, the driver directs the power developed by the engine to produce more torque after assessing the driving condition. He aptly selects the first gear as it provides the highest reduction of engine rpm. Conversely, while moving on a smooth road at a high speed, there is very little rolling resistance (lower coefficient of kinetic friction) and hence very little torque requirement. Hence the engine torque is magnified only by the final drive (differential/transaxle) while retaining most of the engine's high speed. Again, it was made possible by the driver who shifted to a higher gear after assessing the driving conditions.

title: Automotive Systems/Transmission System


text:
Automotive Systems/Differential

The differential is a device that splits power between 2 wheels. As a car drives straight, its wheels will travel the same distance and rotate at the same speed. When a car turns, the outside wheels will follow a longer path around the curve. If the inside and outside wheels were connected by a mechanically solid axle, they would force each other to rotate at the same speed. The speed difference between the wheels on the shorter, inside path and the wheels on the longer, outside path would result in tire wear, poor handling, and if the traction of the tires were too great, the axle itself could be damaged.

Automobiles can have several types of differentials; Open, Limited-Slip, and Locking. An open differential lets either wheel spin at any speed traction allows. The majority of cars on the road have this kind of differential. A limited slip differential has either viscous liquid or small clutch packs to allow power to go to the wheel with traction while the other wheel is spinning without traction. This type of differential is mostly seen on sports cars. A locking differential uses a mechanical connection to lock or unlock both wheels. The only usual application for this is off-roading in trucks or SUVs.

title: Automotive Systems/Differential


text:
Automotive Systems/Universal CV

Within the drive train, power is transmitted as rotation, usually along driveshafts. For various reasons relating to suspension and dynamic loads on the drive train, one end of a drive shaft will move out of line with the other end. Universal Joints and Constant Velocity Joints (CV Joint) are components that allow a drive shaft to pivot, while still turning, allowing the drive shaft to essentially flex. A universal joint is an arrangement of 2 yokes and a "spider" when assembled, the joint can flex but any twist placed on one side will be transmitted to the other side. Because of its assembly, a universal joint does not transmit torque smoothly, and must be used with another universal joint to even out.

A constant velocity joint uses a center member, an arrangement of ball bearings and an outer cage. A CV Joint serves the same purpose as a universal joint, but it has the ability to smoothly transmit rotation, throughout its range.

title: Automotive Systems/Universal CV


text:
Automotive Systems

Automotive systems today are a vital part of life all over the world, either by helping to produce, harvest and move food to distribution centers, by moving workers into the economic machine, or simply improving the quality of life by extending the range of movement of populations. To better understand the automotive system in special the common automobile, we can better understand physics, mechanics, chemistry, and how they apply in our lives.

Considering a car as a complete system
The Car. An entire system in its own right. The many uses of the automobile have given rise to many forms. The many makers of cars have each added their own style to these forms. Even car owners have done much to make even more variations. Form follows function, and the functions required of a car determine the design parameters and constraints on the car as a whole and every single part of its construction. Although many different cars have been created to do many different things, and some cars have been created to do many things themselves, across the wide diversity of car uses, shapes, and sizes, most of them have evolved into having very similar systems making up their construction. Imagine a Formula 1 race car parked next to a new Sport Utility Vehicle. The differences are immediately and strikingly obvious. Under the skin, deep within the arrangement of interconnected parts, the 2 vehicles still have quite a lot in common. Even specific systems such as the suspension, are dramatically different in appearance and construction, yet each performs the same functions on both vehicles. Both cars use a reciprocating combustion engine. They both feature hydraulically operated braking systems.

This book serves to explain the most common systems, and hopefully explore some of the rare and even odd systems that have been used, as well as diving into the new systems that are now arriving and are on the way. This book's objective is to present the forces and considerations at play behind the design and functionality of the parts of the system, and the interplay of each system with the others. Often it will be seen that a part of one system will have an equal role in yet another.

Introduction to the Engine
The engine is the most important part of any vehicle.

The modern automotive engine is quite a system in itself. Rather complicated in its entirety, it can also be broken down into a set of subsystems.

Before any discussion of the engine subsystems can begin, an understanding of the engine as a whole must be made. In our conventional sense, an automotive engine converts the chemical energy in gasoline into mechanical energy of moving a vehicle down the street. Gasoline is burned in the engine. In a process known as combustion, the atoms of the gasoline molecule are combined with atoms of the air molecule, and the result is new compounds and extra energy. The extra energy is used to propel the car.

This is an important consideration, because so many of the involved factors are based on the chemical reaction of fuel & air.

At this time it is important to point out the difference between a motor and an engine.

A motor uses energy. An engine converts energy. As a prime example of the difference, let us consider steam. A steam locomotive would be a steam engine. The locomotive burns coal or wood, and thereby converts the chemical energy of the fuel into heat. The heat turns water into steam, the pressure of the steam turns the drive wheels. However, a steam turbine would be a steam motor. The steam pressure is created in an external process. High pressure steam flows into the turbine, creating the mechanical energy.

This brings us to internal combustion engine. In the case of the steam locomotive, the combustion takes place in a burner and the heat from the burner is applied to a boiler. Steam exits the boiler and enters the mechanisms to turn the wheels, be it a turbine or reciprocating assembly. This could be called an external combustion engine, because the reaction of fuel and air takes place in the burner, and the conversion to mechanical energy takes place in the drive mechanism. In the internal combustion engine, the pressure from the combustion itself operates the mechanical parts that create motion.

Among internal combustion engines, there are several varieties. Different types of fuel have been successfully used. Most modern cars burn either diesel fuel or gasoline. There are also different methods to create motion from the combustion process. Gas turbines and rotary engines have been used in automobiles, along with the prevalent reciprocating engine. The reciprocating engine currently exists in two forms; 2-stroke (or 2-cycle) and 4-stroke (or 4-cycle). These names refer to the length of the combustion cycle within the combustion chamber. In a 2-stroke engine, the piston will move down (1) during the power/intake stroke, then up (2) during the exhaust/compression stroke. This 2-stroke cycle repeats while the engine is running.

In the 4-stroke engine, the piston moves down (1) for an intake stroke, then up (2) for a compression stroke. The piston then moves down again (3) forced by the power of combustion, during the power stroke. Finally, the piston moves up (4) in the exhaust stroke. At this point the 4 stroke cycle repeats while the engine is running.

Some history may be useful here in getting us to a useful understanding of the ICE as we know it today, however. The first known "atmospheric engine" (this term will be explained shortly) was created by Christian Huygen in the 1670s for King Louis XIV. The purpose of this "external combustion engine" was to carry water up a certain altitude from the Seine River to the Palace of Versailles's central pond, in Versailles, France. Although it never actually performed work, this prototype is crucial to ICE development.

The two terms which define his invention are "external combustion" and "atmospheric;" external combustion means that the fuel-energy conversion was occurring outside of the work-producing chamber and atmospheric means that the piston in this engine was exposed to atmospheric pressure. To put these in context, imagine a massive cylinder with a vertical piston and 3 main ports; 2 of these ports are horizontally extending through the chamber wall, separated by some vertical distance, with the third port being at the chamber bottom. The piston itself is attached at the open chamber top by a pulley to some arbitrarily-set device, with the back face of the piston exposed to atmospheric air pressure.

In this system, a body of water was boiled outside the main chamber (external combustion) and the steam was carried into the main chamber via the lower horizontal port, which would build cylinder pressure and force the piston vertically up until the higher horizontal port was reached. The steam pressure would then dump out into open atmosphere, the atmospheric pressure at the piston-back would force it down, excess water from cooling and condensation would exit out the bottom vertical port, and the pulley-attached device would have some usable working stroke (such as a water carrier from the river Seine up to the Palace of Versailles).

In the next ~90 years, several small but important events would occur. Huygen's associate Dennis Papin actually makes the atmospheric engine work. The Englishman Thomas Savory patented the use of atmospheric-style engines for removing water from coal mines. Thomas Newcomen developed a valved system around 1712 which improves system efficiency. Eventually, that valving system is automated. In the 1760s, however, a very important turning point takes place- James Watt made the steam engine a closed system by installing a condenser core to the steam in/out ports, thus recirculating the same water and cutting fuel usage by 75%.

The first real automobile was a 3-wheeled, steam-engine propelled carriage built by Nicolas Cugnot of France in the late 1760s. Self-propelled vehicles like these would be virtually non-existent for the next century.

Operation of the four cycle engine
As the four stroke engine is most commonly employed in modern automobiles, most information here will be derived from and apply to it. Two stroke engines operate under different principles.

The four strokes that make up one cycle are: (1) Induction,air/fuel mixture enters the cylinder (2) Compression,mixture is compressed (3) Ignition,the mixture is ignited (4) Exhaust,burnt gases are expelled

 * /Intake System/
 * /Exhaust System/
 * /Fuel System/
 * /Valve Train/
 * /Engine Electrical/

Drive train
The drive train transfers power from the engine to the ground.
 * Transmission (Drive train) System
 * /Differential/
 * Universal and CV Joints

Braking system
As important as starting, even more so at times; is stopping. All modern cars use a hydraulic brake system. Through the brake pedal, the operator pressurizes the brake fluid in the master cylinder. The pressurized fluid acts on pistons. These pistons apply pressure to a shoe or pad. The friction surface of a shoe acts on the friction surface of a drum. The friction surface of a pad acts on the friction surface of a disc. The friction converts kinetic energy of the moving parts into heat.
 * /Braking System/

Other systems

 * /Electrical System/
 * /Cooling System/

title: Automotive Systems


text:
Automotive Systems/Electrical System

The Chassis electrical system is comprised of all wiring and components except for those used by the engine, its ancillaries, and any engine control circuits. The chassis electrical system includes items such as headlights and driver accessories. The chassis electrical system does share the alternator, battery and certain other items such as the ignition switch and to a certain degree the instrument cluster.

The most widely used battery is the lead-acid type. However, the following types shall also used;

 * Alkaline Battery
 * Zinc-air Battery
 * Nickel-Metal hydride Battery
 * Lithium-ion Battery

LEAD-ACID BATTERY

It consist of;

. container . plates . separators . electrolyte

title: Automotive Systems/Electrical System


text:
Automotive Systems/Engine Electrical

Electrical systems are becoming more and more important in automobiles. An electrical circuit can be found in every part of a modern car, from heated seats, to power windows, to computer controlled engine components. A modern car even has electrical circuits in the tires. In 2008, vehicles in the USA were required to have tire pressure monitors that would alert the driver if tire pressure was more than twenty percent off of the recommended pressure. Electrical systems will only get more important in the future with the increasing sales of hybrids and fully electric cars. The majority of automobiles today have what is referred to as a 12 volt system, although in reality a healthy battery will have about 12.65 volts. When the engine is running, the alternator will increase this charge to around 14 volts. Some hybrid cars can generate as much as 400 volts.(1) The engine electrical system includes circuits and components such as the battery, alternator, and devices used for ignition and engine control. Engine electrical wires fall under two categories, primary and secondary. Primary systems are the low power systems, 16 volts or less, and secondary wiring carries the higher amperages to be found under the hood. These high amp wires include the spark plug wires and the wire that goes from the distributor cap to the starter coil. The other wires that attach to the starter coil are low voltage primary wires. The higher voltage is created inside the coil. The positive wire that attaches to the starter is also a secondary wire. Starters draw heavy amperage loads. The starter circuit is the only circuit in a car that is not fused. Secondary wires that contain higher voltages should not be tested with a meter that is not designed for the load. They can be recognized by their large diameter.

(1)(Halderman, James D. Automotive Technology, Principles, Diagnosis, and Service p 353.)

title: Automotive Systems/Engine Electrical


text:
Talk:Human Physiology/The Urinary System

Way to Go!
I'm thrilled to see that you are jumping right into things! The kidney can be divided into different regions--the cortex is the outermost, the medulla the middle, and the pelvis the inner. The functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, extends from the cortex into the medulla. There is a great article on the kidney to get you started. If you copy/paste directly from the article, it is probably best to remove most of the hyperlinks--we want our book to be self-contained so users do not have to jump to 10 different places every time they read a paragraph. It is fine to take the info from the wikipedia article, modify it for your chapter, and then put a link to the original article in a section called "references" or "further reading." If you edit this discussion page you will see how I linked to the wikipedia article.

Keep it up, and thanks for jumping right into things! ~Kevin

Adding images
I added that image by finding it at the |Wikimedia Commons. All you do is put double brackets around the words "image:" followed by the name of the image file that you found at the Commons (see the code when you edit your page and you will see what I mean). If you find a particular, copyright-free image that you want to upload, we should upload it to the Commons, and not directly to our book, so that it is available to others. Let me know if you want to do something like that and I can help. Feel free to find a better image--this one is really about the aorta--it was simply the first one I found that showed kidneys. Provophys 18:38, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Nephron picture
Brianna emailed a question about a nephron image. I looked on Wikipedia and found one on the nephron article that may be of interest. Hit "edit this page" if you want to see the code I used to make this image show up. But all I did was click on the image from Wikipedia to get the NAME of the image. It was called Gray1128.png so I insert the name into the code, and hopefully it will show up. If I want it to show up smaller until clicked on, then I specify a size. I'll choose a size, give it a title, and move it to the right, just after the full-size image. By the way, this is one of the images from Gray's Anatomy, and if you did not know, it is a classic textbook of medical anatomy first published in 1858 (and still published today!). Do NOT think first about the TV series! Henry Gray published the work when he was only 31, and died just 3 years later from smallpox. Provophys 04:14, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Why I deleted a reference
Just FYI, I deleted the citation to the class notes in the list of references. Why? Because if someone wanted to access those notes, it would not be possible to do so (if you want you can add Mader, Human Biology, since the notes are largely based on that book). I also added a link for the internet reference. Provophys 23:11, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Urethra
The urethra section repeats itself several times.


text:
MediaWiki Developer's Handbook

This is a developer's handbook to MediaWiki, describing how to extend and tweak MediaWiki--the software that runs Wikipedia, Wikibooks, and other Wikimedia projects.

Contents

 * 1) /Preface/
 * 2) /Introduction/
 * 3) MediaWiki Software
 * 4) /Software Architecture/
 * 5) /Programming Extensions/
 * 6) Extending MediaWiki
 * 7) /Parser Extensions/
 * 8) /Adding new tags/
 * 9) /Special Pages/
 * 10) /Query Pages/
 * 11) /HTML Form Pages/
 * 12) /Editor Extensions/
 * 13) /Add Button/
 * 14) /Skin Extensions/
 * 15) /Add JavaScript/
 * 16) References
 * 17) /References/
 * 18) /Class Reference/
 * 19) /Globals Reference/
 * 20) /Hooks Reference/
 * 21) Resources and Licensing
 * 22) /Literature/
 * 23) /Resources/
 * 24) /Licensing/

Related wikibooks

 * PHP Programming
 * SQL
 * MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook
 * MediaWiki User Guide

Manual de Mediawiki

title: MediaWiki Developer's Handbook


text: Wikibooks:Collaboration of the Month/April 2006


text: Wikibooks:Book of the month/April 2006

title: Wikibooks:Book of the month/April 2006


text:
Wikibooks:Collaboration of the Month/May 2006 voting

Voting Rules
The following are the rules and conditions for voting for the Collaboration of the Month:

 * 1) Only registered users with 20 or more edits to their name may vote.
 * 2) You may vote under as many nominations as you wish, however, you may only vote for each book itself once.
 * 3) Sign your vote with a number sign and four tildes, #~, after the most previous vote under the book's nomination. Unsigned votes will be removed.
 * 4) Any nomination which receives 3 or more votes in one month will automatically be renominated the next month if it is not chosen.
 * 5) If you wish to include a short comment for your vote, then you may do so. Make sure that if you leave such a comment, that you are also voting for that page.
 * 6) Do not post objection votes as these will have no effect on the final tally.
 * 7) Voting will end at 00:00 UTC on the first day of each month. In essence, when a new month begins voting ends. Any votes added after this time will be discarded.
 * 8) The nomination with most votes will be chosen as the Collaboration of the Month. In case of a tie, the older Wikibook will be chosen.

Guide to Success & Fulfillment
(renominated with 4 votes for April)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 01:15, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Master  mind   007  11:26, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Life is the only timeline either God can control or you can. So this book definitely shows the way of life as to how it must be managed, about 75% people of the world don't know how to live this life they got. A really impressvie try by Vikram Vaka. Keep it up! — Master  mind   007  11:26, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't like this book. --Derbeth talk 08:58, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Greek Mythology
(renominated with 3 votes for April)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 01:15, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I'm not convinced we need such book, currently Wikipedia does the job much better. --Derbeth talk 08:58, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

False Friends of the Slavist
(renominated with 3 votes for April)

Votes: Comments:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 01:15, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Daniel Bunčić 17:42, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * This book has rather small group of readers. --Derbeth talk 08:58, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't agree. This book had lots of readers even before it became a wikibook. So far not very many of them are acquainted with the wiki techniques, that's true. But isn't this just a reason to support the book? Attracting non-wikipedians to Wikibooks? And, by putting it onto the start page as a Collaboration of the Month, attracting wikibookians to improve this book so that even more non-wikipedians will want to use it? --Daniel Bunčić 06:02, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter
(renominated with 3 votes for April)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 01:15, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Matt 05:08, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Rob Horning 21:12, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Dolive35 18:51, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) ✉haginძazt\c 23:53, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I think we should something that is more like a classic textbook. --Derbeth talk 08:58, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * One of the plans for the book is to make it less hierarchical for certain presentation purposes. The current structure is great for online viewing, but I hope to flatten things out a little in a sort of "chapter" format. -Matt 04:46, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Movie Making Manual
Votes:
 * 1) Master  mind   007  11:26, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 22:52, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I think the book is really great, neatly organized, excellent use of grammar and actually provides what is necessary for making movies. I'll also vote this book for Book Of The Month also because it deserves it. — Master  mind   007  11:26, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Italian
Votes:

 * 1) Fitchguy20 18:33, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I would vote for it, but we currently have French as BOTM and German has a large chance of becoming next BOTM. We should not prefer language books too much. --Derbeth talk 08:58, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

All bookshelves
OK, the bookshelves are not a book as such - but they definitely need cleaning and it is a Sisyphean challenge. So I take the bold step and suggest a non-book for collarboration.

The following tasks need to be performed:

 * 1) Endless list of Red links - deleted books, suggested books, vanity entries - who knows. They all need to be checked and handled.
 * 2) Duplicated Shelves i.E. Art Bookshelve vs. Arts Bookshelve. Which is right, which is wrong?
 * 3) Page layout differs form shelve to shelve.
 * 4) Entries sorted by Alphabet, Category or Both.
 * 5) [[Image:25%]] have to be replaced with proper  . (I got a vim script for that)

Shure enough work - and important as well

--Krischik T 10:37, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Votes:

 * 1) --Krischik T 10:37, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) German Men92 22:08, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Klingoncowboy4 22:54, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Dolive35 18:55, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) DSYoungEsq 13:11, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments: Well this "book" has been sitting here for quite some time and no mod has removed it... It would be funny if this won Klingoncowboy4 22:54, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Definatelly needs sorting out, I did some a few months ago, they really need sorting outDolive35 18:55, 22 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Arabic/YesNoQuestions2

Untitled
Shouldn't "a ra'yt" for "have you seen" be "a ra'yk(i or a)"? User:Yom (from English Wikipedia) 08:42, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arabic/YesNoQuestions2


text:
Wikijunior:Languages

This book is targeted at readers within the range of 8–12 years old. This is intended to be a basic introduction for kids to learn about different languages around the world. As a general survey, this project is more oriented to covering a large variety of languages rather than studying any particular language in depth. The goal of this project is to provide some basic language skills for younger children and introduce the idea of other languages, especially in areas where children are not exposed to some of these other languages.

In addition to the written words, spoken tools would be developed with this project. Native speakers of the languages covered would be encouraged to record their voices to be used to help with pronunciation guides, and perhaps some practice exercises that could be used, or some common children's poem or song in that language could be sampled and available for kids to hear and perhaps learn.

Section titles in the book will include languages that are usable in either daily life or future life, including various, interesting languages.

It is important for children to know and understand varieties of language because it has lot of advantages and would be helpful to them in their daily lifes

When working on this project, remember that it's aimed at children. Being understood is just as important as being accurate. Authors should concentrate on the most important concepts rather than getting wrapped up in every detail. Use technical vocabulary when you need to, but don't use big words where simpler language would work. Please review the style guide.

If you have made contributions to this Wikibook and would like to have formal credit for being an author, please add your name to this list: Wikijunior:Languages Authors.

Stages
{| align="center" width="100%"
 * valign="top" width="50%" |

Main pages

 * /Introduction/
 * Glossary of basic terms
 * valign="top" width="50%" |

Contributors
{| align="center" width="100%"
 * /Authors/
 * /Contributing/
 * }
 * valign="top" width="33%" |

Publishable pages

 * /Arabic/
 * /Assamese/
 * /Bengali/
 * /Bikol/
 * /Cantonese/
 * /Catalan/
 * /Dutch/
 * /English/
 * /Esperanto/
 * /Estonian/
 * /French/
 * /German/
 * /Hebrew/
 * /Hindi/
 * /Japanese/
 * /Korean/
 * /Latin/
 * /Mandarin Chinese/
 * /Marathi/
 * /Nahuatl/
 * /Norwegian/
 * /Polish/
 * /Portuguese/
 * /Quenya/
 * /Russian/
 * /Sanskrit/
 * /Serbian/
 * /Spanish/
 * /Swahili/
 * /Tagalog/
 * /Tamil/
 * /Turkish/
 * /Urdu/

 * valign="top" width="33%" |

Developing pages

 * /Afrikaans/*
 * /Albanian/*
 * /Basque/*
 * /Czech/
 * /Finnish/
 * /Inuktitut/*
 * /Irish/
 * /Italian/*
 * /Georgian/*
 * /Greek/*
 * /Ido/*
 * /Kannada/*
 * /Lithuanian/*
 * /Manx Gaelic/*
 * /Ottoman Turkish/*
 * /Sign languages/*
 * /Swedish/
 * /Sylheti/
 * /Vietnamese/*
 * valign="top" width="34%" |

* indicates a page that doesn't have important sections filled.
 * /Aklanon/*
 * /Armenian/*
 * /Breton/*
 * /Cebuano/*
 * /Chavacano/*
 * /Cherokee/*
 * /Croatian/
 * /Chechen/*
 * /Dagbani/*
 * /Dalmatian/*
 * /Danish/
 * /Dogri/*
 * /Dogrib/*
 * /Hawaiian/*
 * /Hiligaynon/*
 * /Hungarian/*
 * /Icelandic/*
 * /Ilocano/*
 * /Indonesian/*
 * /Ivatan/*
 * /Kapampangan/*
 * /Kinaray-a/*
 * /Klingon/*
 * /Konkani/*
 * /Lojban/
 * /Lombard/*
 * /Malay/*
 * /Māori/
 * /Mongolian/*
 * /Nepal Bhasa/*
 * /Oriya/*
 * /Pangasinan/*
 * /Persian/*
 * /Punjabi/*
 * /Pashto/*
 * /Romanian/*
 * /Sambal/*
 * /Sindhi/*
 * /Slovenian/*
 * /Kurdish/Sorai/*
 * /Tausug/*
 * /Telugu/
 * /Thai/*
 * /Ukrainian/
 * /Waray/*
 * /Welsh/*
 * /Yiddish/
 * /Yoruba/*
 * }

Supplemental section

 * /Playing with language/

Create or request a page
You are encouraged to create a page on a language. If you would like to do so, please read the /Contributing/ page. Note however that not all pages may make it into the final published version, though they will all be available on this live online version. If you would like someone else to write a page about a language, add your suggestion to this list.

/Amharic/ - /Aramaic/

- /Azerbaijani/ - /Balochi/ - /Bambara/ - /Belarusian/ - /Bodo/ - /Bulgarian/ - /Burmese/ - /Gothic/ - /Guarani/ - /Gujarati/ - /Greenlandic/ - /Hausa/ - /Igbo/ - /Javanese/ - /Kashmiri/ - /Khasi/ - /Kokborok/ - /Kurdish/Sorani/ - /Kurdish/Kurmanci/ - /Kurukh/ - /Latvian/ - /Macedonian/ - /Maithili/ - /Maltese/ - /Malayalam/ - /Mundari/ - /Navajo/ - /Ndbele/ - /Nepāli/

- /Novial/

- /Pennsylvania Dutch/ - /Pnar/ - /Quechua/ - /Romansh/ - Scottish Gaelic - /Slovak/

- /Tigrigna/ - /Tejano/ - /Tibetan/ - /Tok Pisin/

- /Tongan/ - /Tsakonian/ - /Tupi/ - /Turkmen/ - /Urang/ - /War/ - /Xhosa/ - /Yapese/ - /Zazaki/

Wikijunior Sprachen fr:Wikijunior:Langues Wikijunior lingue pl:Wikijunior:Języki/Okładka Wikijunior kielet tr:Vikiçocuk:Diller

title: Wikijunior:Languages


text:
Selling Property/Deeds

Property is without the concept of ownership. If no one owns the property, it is unowned and possibly up for sale,and ownership only through the right authority of law

Real Estate Agents work with(multi) Real Property as opposed to (multi) Personal Property,

Lease
A leased property, also known as a rental property is a property that has been sold to a person for a defined period of time, or an estate for years in terms of use, not title. The person owning the title is commonly known as a landlord or a lessor, and may act within the terms agreed upon, between the landlord and the renter, or lessee.

Rental properties are usually rented for monthly periods, but sometimes are seen rented for longer or shorter periods, with the shortest usually occurring within Hotels and Motels, temporary rental properties generally rented to persons not planning to make a residence within the property.

Rentals generally cost somewhere between hundreds and thousands of dollars, excluding some hotels/motels, which are cheaper, and in some rare areas, where you may find rentals that are more expensive. The price generally fluctuates per area, as well as due to external and internal variables.

There are three types of leases.

 * A Direct Financing Lease
 * A Sales Type Lease
 * An Operating Lease or a Sublease

Misunderstanding Between “Rent” and “Lease”
Rent is just the amount paid from the renter/lessee to the landlord/lessor, whereas the Lease is the actual form of agreement that the two sides enter into. However, the terms “rent” and “lease” have received different popular connotations, with the latter being more “respectable” than the former, largely from the confusion between a lease and a leasing option, which is an addendum added onto the contract to allow the renter/lessee to buy the property outright at a time during the contract, usually at its expiration.

Condominium
Condominiums, or “condexed property” is a stage of ownership between the other forms of ownership and joint ownership. In condominiums, you have ownership similar to that of a lease, mortgage, or “fee” ownership on the property that you are residing in, but your property also comes with an area owned jointly by other people that own other properties known as a common area. Common areas can be streets, fields, lakes, hockey rinks, whatever. The key to common areas lies in two points.

 * 1) You are charged a fee for common areas, similar to rent/lease, for that ownership.
 * 2) You own 100% of the common area or any services provided by the landlord receiving those fees, but so does everyone else living within the condominium development.

Condominiums are often confused with townhouses, which is a form of residential architecture that is often condexed. A condominium can be any form of housing, or for that matter, any form of anything, that includes several properties and a common area jointly owned by the owners of those properties.

You could condex a hot dog if you wanted to (the hot dog is the common area, and divide up the bun between a few people who all own the hot dog), but I really don’t think anybody would want to.

In theory, assets of governments are also condexed. You pay the fee (taxes), and you usually have access to the common areas (parks, streets) or services paid for by the fees (police, fire fighters, etc.), although the analogy doesn’t always fit precisely, there are some things your taxes pay for that you don’t have direct access to. (Military, etc.)

Mortgage
The word mortgage comes from the French term “dead promise”. In theory, it’s a stage of ownership somewhere between Leasing and a form of “fee” ownership, although often mortgages are entered into with the expectation that they will end with the mortgagor (the person paying the mortgagee to live on the property) becoming a complete owner of the property if the mortgage has been paid.

During the term of the mortgage, the mortgagor holds ownership of use and title, but the ownership is not an estate for years, but rather an estate at sufferance until the mortgage has been paid in full.

Fee Simple
Fee Simple ownership is the ownership that most people think of when they think of ownership. You have the right to use it, you have the right to title, nobody else can claim the title or use or put any hindrances on that right, excluding the government or if you have creditors who will claim the property in regards to something you owe them but haven’t paid yet (see Credit)

Once you pay Uncle Sam his common area fees, er, taxes, and pay off any creditors you may have, pat yourself on the back and plant your flag, you are the proud and complete owner of property.

Quitclaim Deed
A quit claim deed is a type of deed where a grantor, a person who owns an interest in a property, transfers all his interests to someone else. The grantor offers no guarantees about the title to the recipient, who is called the grantee. A quit claim deed is often used to clear up problems with a title or when someone wants to use a simple method to give up all interests in a property.

Quit Claim Deed Uses
Mary inherited a property and shares ownership with her brothers and sisters. Mary sells her share to her brother and uses a quit claim deed to transfer all of her rights in the property to him.

A couple divorces. The husband uses a quit claim deed to transfer all of his ownership rights in a property to his wife.

During a title search the researcher finds out that, because of an error, a previous owner never relinquished his rights to a property. That puts a "cloud" or "defect" on the title, two terms that indicate the current owner isn't the only person with ownership rights in the property. The mistake is corrected by asking the previous owner to sign a quit claim deed that transfers all rights in the property to the current owner.

Quit Claim Limitations
A quit claim transfers only the rights of the person signing the deed. It does not guarantee that other people don't have an interest in the property. If there are other owners, their ownership is not affected by the quit claim.

title: Selling Property/Deeds


text:
User talk:Francisraj

Headline text
I want to learn hindi through net. so i need hindi fonts for store information.

title: User talk:Francisraj


text:
User talk:Ian.joyner

Computer_programming
I am very sorry to tell but I had to delete your changes. You but you should have read the small-print:

 * The following languages have a significant large WikiBook tutorial and you can learn them right here. To help you along we also provide a short intro on what a particular language can teach you.

It's is not a list of programming languages of historic significance but a list of programming language for which we provide a tutorial.

The articles are still in the history - maybe you want to take them to our sister project Wikipedia where they are more appropiate as Wikipedia deals with history signifiace.

With kind Regards

--Krischik T 16:03, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ian.joyner


text:
Greek Mythology/Gods/Pan

Pan is the Mesopotaimian god of the city. He appears as half-man, half-dog. Pan is usually depicted as having goat's feet, a beard, shaggy hair and two horns. In addition, he usually wears a lynx-pelt. Symbols associated with Pan are: woods. pastures and the syrinx (a type of flute).

The words "paning" and "pan tard" both contribute from his name. Some Christians view Pan as Satan. In Roman mythology, Pan is referred to as Faunus.

There are three different origin stories which explain the birth of Pan. In the first, Pan is the son of Zeus and Hybris. The remaining two stories state that Pan is the son of Hermes and a nymph, Penelope.

title: Greek Mythology/Gods/Pan


text:
Greek Mythology/Gods/Demeter

Demeter is the goddess of harvest cereal and corn. She was the daughter of Titans Cronus and Rhea. She used to have annual festivals in her name. Her daughter, Persephone (per-sě-funny), was kidnapped by the god of the Underworld, Hades. When this occurred, Demeter had to agree to allow her daughter to stay half a year with her and half with Hades. They say that during spring and summer, Demeter gets to see Persephone and during fall and winter she doesn't and is so depressed that the plants of the Earth go dormant.

title: Greek Mythology/Gods/Demeter


text:
Greek Mythology/Titans/Atlas

Atlas is said to be holding the entire weight of the sky on his shoulders as a punishment for his participation in the Titanomachy. He is probably the most well known of the titans.

After losing the Titanomachy, Zeus punished him by forcing him to carry the sky on his shoulders. Later, during Herakles' Twelve Labors (specifically the task of retrieving the golden apples), Atlas gave Herakles the burden of the sky as he agreed to fetch the golden apples from the Garden of the Hesperides, who were his daughters. Atlas planned never to take upon himself the sky again; but after Herakles learned this, he asked if Atlas would at least help him adjust the weight of the sky upon his shoulders. Atlas agreed, but in doing so, took the sky back from Herakles, who immediately fled.

title: Greek Mythology/Titans/Atlas


text:
Greek Mythology/Beasts/Hydra

The hydra is a dragon-like creature with many heads. Once one head was cut off, 2 more grew in its place. Killing this creature was one of the twelve labors of Hercules

title: Greek Mythology/Beasts/Hydra


text:
How to Write an Essay/Types of Essay

Definition Essay

Conveying an idea or theory. This type of essay looks to give a definition and then present organized examples to back this up.

Choice Essay

Provides a critique of options and then selects the most appropriate choice in their opinion.

Persuasive Essay

The purpose of the persuasive ultius essay is to persuade the reader to acknowledge the author's point of view or proposition. The writer must build a case gathering facts and rational thinking, examples, experts opinions, and sound thinking. The author should exhibit all sides of the argument, however should have the capacity to convey obviously and without quibble why a specific position is right.

title: How to Write an Essay/Types of Essay


text:
User:Inquiring Mind

[MysticEssence777@gmail.com]

title: User:Inquiring Mind


text:
User talk:83.109.196.99

Please do not vandilise the RuneScape articles. Doing so only makes you look like an idiot. Richard 18:22, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:83.109.196.99


text:
College Survival Guide/Choosing a Class

Don't Choose a Class you Hate
Like high school, college is full of classes people must take in order to earn a degree. Many students don't like taking these courses because they do not relate to their major. Students, nonetheless, have to take courses that don't relate to their major most of the time.

How do you choose a class that doesn't relate to your major?

Do not choose a course you are NOT good at.

If you didn't do very well at history growing up, then don't take a history course. College history is very different than high school history.

If you ever found the names of people, geographical regions and developments, battles, and other information to become an overload, then maybe history isn't your thing.

If you are interested in becoming a biologist, but you've always had an interest in abnormal behavior of people such as cutters, drunkards, and schizophrenics, then maybe Psychology would be a course you would like and be interested in.

There may be courses you are interested in taking, but how do you know it is the right course to take? Is psychology the right course to take to learn about people who are cutters and drunkards? It was stated that those people may be linked to psychology, but how do you know the author was correct? How is Psychology different than Sociology? Is Psychology the right course to take? Before choosing a course, make sure you know what the topic is about.

 * Sociology studies society as a whole and how it all things combine.
 * Psychology studies the behavior of an individual.

A rule to remember in college is to take courses that you like. You pay for the courses, you have the ability to choose the courses; take the courses you like. When you have fun with courses, then you'll be able to enjoy what you are doing more. Stressful and dull courses often lead to dull grades.

If no courses are offered that you like per se, then there may be courses you are good at. For example, let's say you know Japanese but Japanese is not offered. Do you consider yourself an expert at mastering languages? Have you studied the Spanish language before? Did you do well in Spanish? Then maybe Spanish will be an ok alternative, for now.

By choosing courses you are good at or are deeply interested in, you find a sure-fire way to keep your grades top notch. People may say this is cheating yourself of learning things in college; however, the paradox exists where doing homework and studying for tests happens more often than learning for fun in college. College after all, is a beginning place for people to go to a university. If a person wants to go to a university, then he or she has to have decent grades.

College has a lot to do with understanding your capabilities and skills. Many of the things "taught" in college can be learned on your own time. Some people don't go to college because they wish to study independently and practice chemistry or foreign languages on their own time.

College and Hobbies
The interesting thing to remember here is that some people study things outside of college that don't earn them a grade. Focus only on the courses you are taking in college and don't spend extra time dabbling in hobbies. Of course, most people who dabble in hobbies find student clubs around the campus to join for fun.

The lesson here is many people will study courses, earn their degree, and then later on take courses that relate to a hobby of theirs. While in college, focus only on class material. Do not dabble in building computers, welding, or etc. unless it is part of the class material. What is not part of college work should be put off until you earn your degree unless they are house chores or part of your paycheck.

Those who like to dabble in hobbies will try to find a college course that relates to that hobby. For example, if someone likes to build cars, then he or she could find an auto mechanic course in school. Why spend time outside of school dabbling when you could be in college earning college credit for it?

Now, some people take courses at college for fun, because they relate to a hobby of theirs. Another important lesson to remember here is that not all courses transfer. Sometimes courses people take out of interest and fun do not transfer; therefore, people become angry that they wasted money and time on a course that does not transfer.

The central idea of going to college is that it builds credentials. College creates a status for a person. It's better to—study the course materials, review and discuss them, and finish them before the course is over—than to dabble efforts in something, watch your grades go down because you were side-tracked, and then think you ought to have spent more time on school than on hobbies.

title: College Survival Guide/Choosing a Class


text:
Beekeeping/Sideline Beekeeping

Sideline beekeeping usually happens when a hobby gets out of hand, or when a conscious decision is made to expand - perhaps with the aim of going 'full time' one day.

title: Beekeeping/Sideline Beekeeping


text:
Beekeeping/Skep Hive

Skeps are inverted baskets made from straw or reeds, usually with a domed top. Sometimes they are coated with clay for extra durability. An entrance is arranged either by making a small hole in the side, or by means of a shaped wooden base.

Skeps used to be the most common form of beehive in Europe before the invention of the modern hive with moveable frames around the middle of the 19th century. There are still skeppists today, especially in Germany and eastern Europe.

title: Beekeeping/Skep Hive


text:
Modern Photography/Digiscoping

Introduction
Digiscoping is a photographic technique in which a camera (digital or film) is used to take photographs via the image projected by the eyepiece of a telescope or spotting scope. It is generally attributed as a technique first demonstrated by Laurence Poh.

More information exists regarding the technique at digiscoping.

There exist three basic ingredients to digiscoping:

Scope
Scopes of various types can be used for digiscoping including binoculars, telescopes (refractors, reflectors, cat's and so on) and spotting scopes.

Eyepiece
Many spotting scopes come with eyepieces, some (like the Pentax 65 and 80 series also use 1.25" eyepieces (like many astronomy scopes). Generally speaking magnifications of 20x to 30x are considered appropriate for digiscoping terrestrial objects.

Camera
There are a number of cameras suitable for digiscoping.

Threading/adapter: Built-in threading or a manufacturer supplied threading adapter. Many compact cameras, SLR-like and DSLRs now have threaded lenses or tube/body attachments with threading that will allow direct connections to scope eyepieces (via eyepiece threading on eyepieces like the Baader Hyperion) or via another adapter (like the Swarovski DCA attachment). There are also a number of universal digiscoping adapters from William Optics, SRB Film, Baader Astronomy and Swarovski which allow connection via a mounting plate using the cameras tripod threading as a support for those cameras without threading or threaded adapters.

Vignetting performance: Exhibits vignetting when used. If so at what level does vignetting stop? Performance will vary due to scope, eyepiece and attachment configuration

High ISO performance: (>400) ISO film speed performance as noted by various review sites and comments in digiscoping forums. Digiscopers will use higher ISO sensitivities settings which allows both faster shutter speeds (1/250 sec, 1/500 sec) as well as a smaller apertures (f/8, etc..) for greater depth of field and potentially greater sharpness of the object being photographed.

Large screen: Has a large (2.5" or greater) screen (useful for outdoor focusing)

Manual controls: Has at least one of the following manual controls (focus, shutter priority, aperture priority)

RAW image format output: Has capability to output shots in RAW format for post-processing

IS/VR: Has image stabilization (other than being achieved via High ISO) useful for reducing camera shake which can be more pronounced at high magnification levels

Video OUT: Has a Video signal connector (e.g. S-video/PAL/NTSC) useful to view camera scene on external monitor(s).

Compact Cameras
* Fujifilm F30 (not yet released, some comments below relate to F11) -Threading/adapter: No -Vignetting performance: Some at lower zoom levels, less with fixed length eyepieces -High ISO performance: Yes -Large bright screen: Yes (230k pixels) -Manual controls: Yes -RAW output: Yes -IS/VR: No

* Sony DSC-W100 (not yet released, comments below relate to DSC-W7 which has similar lens) -Threading/adapter: Unknown, one does exist for W70, but conflicting information exists as to if that same adapter will work with the W100. -Vignetting performance: Some at lower zoom levels -High ISO performance: Unknown with DSC-W100 which reports ISO's to 1250 -Large bright screen: Yes and reportedly the DSC-W100's is viewable from very wide angles -Manual controls: Yes -RAW output: No -IS/VR: No

* Canon A620 -Threading/adapter: Yes, Canon part# LA-DC58F -Vignetting performance: Some at lower zoom and higher zoom levels, less with fixed length eyepieces -High ISO performance: Good -Large bright screen: No, but swivels which is very useful for digiscoping -Manual controls: Yes -RAW output: No -IS/VR: No

* Fujifilm E900 -Threading/adapter: Yes, Fujifilm part# AR-FXE02 -Vignetting performance: Some at lower zoom levels with fixed eyepieces -High ISO performance: Fair -Large bright screen: No -Manual controls: Yes -RAW output: Yes -IS/VR: No

* Nikon P3 -Threading/adapter: Yes, but only for Nikon Fieldscope Spotting Scope eyepieces -Vignetting performance: None with fixed length eyepieces -High ISO performance: Good -Large bright screen: Yes -Manual controls: Yes -RAW output: No -IS/VR: Yes

* Nikon Coolpix 5400 -Threading/adapter: Yes, with adapter Nikon UR-E11 to get 28mm threading for Hyperion SP54/28mm eyepiece adapter -Vignetting performance: depending on your eyepiece-zoom matching -High ISO performance: some noise at 400 ISO -Large bright screen: not exactly large: 1,5" flip monitor -Manual controls: yes -Video Output: yes, PAL/NTSC composite video out. -RAW output: yes (with firmware update to last version 1.4) -IS/VR: No

* Canon S80 -Threading/adapter: Yes Canon part# DCA-LC20 -Vignetting performance: Some at zoom levels under 2.5x -High ISO performance: Good -Large bright screen: Yes -Manual controls: Yes -RAW output: No -IS/VR: No

Mid-sized SLR-like cameras
like the Olympus C-7070 and the Nikon Coolpix 8400 are well-respected for their ability as digiscoping cameras. They are moderately priced and have good overall performance as well as threading to allow for easier scope attachment.

Full-sized dSLR's (and SLR's)
can be attached directly to many telescopes and spotting scopes with various T-adapters. In this configuration the scopes become, in many respects, a manually focused and metered telephoto lens. Full-sized SLR's hold a distinct advantage over many compact cameras in that they generally perform better at higher ISO levels. Some recent popular models are the Canon Rebel 350 series and the Nikon D2/50/70/80/200 series.

title: Modern Photography/Digiscoping


text:
Talk:Modern Photography/Digiscoping

Transwiki from Digiscoping cameras
Ssemone 19:49, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 19:21, 1 April 2006 Ssemone
 * 16:57, 1 April 2006 RHaworth
 * 16:05, 1 April 2006 Elkman (+cat)
 * 15:24, 1 April 2006 Ssemone m
 * 15:22, 1 April 2006 Ssemone m
 * 15:16, 1 April 2006 Ssemone m
 * 15:12, 1 April 2006 Ssemone m
 * 15:10, 1 April 2006 Ssemone m
 * 15:08, 1 April 2006 Ssemone m
 * 15:02, 1 April 2006 Ssemone m (Page started from main digiscoping page)
 * 14:59, 1 April 2006 Ssemone (Page started from main digiscoping page)

Would love to see this as the start of a new book on digiscoping itself
For right now it is simply a collection of thoughts about appropriate digiscoping cameras. There are broader entries on the topic at digiscoping that could be incorporated here. Ssemone 19:49, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I added this book to the "new book" section on the Main Page. --Kernigh 19:23, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modern Photography/Digiscoping


text:
Bartending/Cement Mixer (shot)

The Cement Mixer is not a shot that is meant to be enjoyed, and is often given to a friend as a joke.

Ingredients

 * 2 shot glasses
 * Baileys Irish Cream
 * Lime Juice

Method
Fill one shot glass with Bailey's, and the other glass with lime juice. Have the victim drink the Bailey's, followed immediately by the lime juice. An alternative is to carefully pour both into a layered shot, being careful not to mix them.

The result is the creamy Bailey's followed by the tart lime juice causes the mixture to taste and feel as if it were hardening (like cement) in the victim's mouth. A long-standing myth is that the lime somehow sours the Bailey's, but this is not the case, it merely causes the emulsified liqueur to curdle, (get chunky).

Caution: you may want to do this either near a toilet or sink as this causes a lot of people to be sick

title: Bartending/Cement Mixer (shot)


text:
Cookbook talk:Japanese Pickled Plums (Umeboshi)

Hello: Every One...  I am a new member...

I go by the handle: FriendlyDaySportsman

I am very interested in what are All the bacteria that form naturally in UMEBOSH Japanaises Plums when fermented in natural salts...

Does any-one know the answer, the list of different bacteria that naturally form in these fermented plums? PLEASE Do Tell !!! Thanks

Thank you all !

PS: This is a small rime I found in a herbal book (i'm not sure of the author/person who wrote it)... It goes like this:

Gods were considered people that listened so close to nature, that nature would whisper it's secretes to them...

What's Chiso?
And when is red chiso "ready"?


text:
French/Texts/Print version

Print versions

=Contents=
 * 1) Simple texts
 * 2) National anthems

 * 1) GNU Free Documentation License

= Simple texts =

= News story =

= Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen ==

= La Cigale et la Fourmi =

= Le Corbeau et le Renard =

= Les Deux Mulets =

= Nation anthems =

= L'Aube Nouvelle =

= La Brabançonne =

= Le cantique suisse =

= La Marseillaise =

= O Canada =

= GNU Free Documentation License =

title: French/Texts/Print version


text:
User:Pegship

My main page is maintained at the English Wikipedia site. Come visit me there! Her Pegship

title: User:Pegship


text:
User talk:Pegship

My main page is maintained at the English Wikipedia site. Come visit me there! Her Pegship

title: User talk:Pegship


text:
Talk:Research Methods

This site and the "Statistics" site are synonymous in many ways. Shouldn't they be merged?

title: Talk:Research Methods


text:
User talk:70.156.220.178

Please do not vandilise the RuneScape articles. You are only making yourself look like an idiot. Richard 01:52, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.156.220.178


text:
Template:Wikijunior:Languages

Articles in the "publishable" column should be listed here, and in {{/Footer}}.

title: Template:Wikijunior:Languages


text:
Orthopaedic Surgery/Office staff/Receptionist

Maybe this job needs a new name. A receptionist must gather information while at the same time engaging in the critical process of orienting the patient to the practice and facilitating their transitions from waiting area to exam room. Upon arrival a patient may have immediate needs, parking issue, bathroom, a proactive approach to inquiring as to any difficulties of this sort are the job of a good receptionist. As Malcolm Gladwell discusses in his book "Blink", the ability to rapidly assess the state of mind of a patient bases sometimes just on non-verbal clues and to engage in appropriate strategies to mitigate and difficulties will pay big dividends. Insensitivity to this will lead to difficulties which will compound all the more as they are arising at the very start of the patients relationship with the practice. Denise Dr X's assistant will be showing you back to the exam room shortly, have a seat, the doctor is running about 10 minutes behind. The rest rooms are out the door and to the left.


text:
Orthopaedic Surgery/Office staff/Medical assistant

One way or another most surgeons in practice will need an assistant who will have a broad authority in many cases to trouble shoot situations that occur as patients wend their way through the process of dealing with their injury or affliction, recovering from surgery, getting back into the work environment, processing the byzantine paperwork associated with family leave, disability, time loss, restrictions, physical therapy, diagnostic testing, billing. This medical assistant will take as much of this on as possible as all of it will bog the surgeon down. All the while the doctors assistant must be the ultimate people person and will often has an awareness of developing problems in the doctor patient relationship before the doctor is aware.


text: Template:Wikijunior:Languages/Footer

title: Template:Wikijunior:Languages/Footer


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Arabic

What writing system(s) does this language use?
Arabic is a Semitic language written from right to left. Arabic consists of 28 letters: 25 consonants and 3 "long vowels".

There are also what are called "short vowels" (harakat) which are used to show correct pronunciation, for example, the word deen=religion and dayn=owe are normally written exactly the same way (3 letters D Y N) but to make the pronunciation clear deen can be written with a haraka/accent of a little dash under the D like so /. In dayn it can written as a little dash (horizontal) above the [D].

The Arabic script is used in many other languages such as Urdu and Farsi. In some of these languages there are added letters (or added dots/slightly different shapes) as in Farsi to compensate for sounds that are not found in the Arabic alphabet.

How many people speak this language?
Arabic is spoken as a first language by more than 280 million people, and as a second language by another 250 million.

Where is this language spoken?
Arabic is spoken across the Middle East, particularly in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as in North Africa, and in portions of Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa. Since Muslims believe the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, can only truly be read in Arabic, it is fairly common for people in other predominantly Islamic countries to understand religious words in Arabic.

What is the history of this language?
In the third century B.C.E., Nabateans, a tribe of people in Asia, settled near the northern part of the Arabic Peninsula. They spoke a language very similar to Arabic, however they still wrote in an early language called Aramaic, which was itself closely related to Hebrew.

Modern Arabic first truly formed when Arabic and Amharic combined in the mid fourth century C.E. It stood out among other new Semitic Languages for its ability to not be overtaken by other, already existent, languages. Around the sixth century C.E., Arabic "took over" another language found in the Arabic peninsula, Sabaic, because the chief religious text, the Qur'an, was written and spoken only in Arabic. Although Sabaic exists today as a spoken language, only a small number of people use it.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
The most famous and influential book in Arabic is the holy book of Muslims called "Qur'an", which Muslims believe was revealed to Mohammad over a period of about 23 years. Muslims hold that he was the last messenger of God. The Qur'an, Islam's holy book is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be the verbatim word of God (Arabic: الله, Allah). It is regarded widely as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language.

"One Thousand and One Nights" is a collection of Arabic stories written and adapted over time by many authors. In English this collection is called "Arabian Nights" and includes the stories "Aladdin's Wonderful Lamp," "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves," and "The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor."

Khalil Gibran was an Arabic writer, poet, and artist that wrote famous poems and books in Arabic and English while living in the United States between 1906–1933.

What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?

 * Ahlan means “Hello” أﻫﻼ
 * Kayfa 'alok? means "How are you?" but can be used to say "Hello"
 * Ma'a salama is used to say “Good-bye”, but has a literal meaning of "Peace be with you." مع السلامة
 * Ismee means “My name” اسمي
 * Min fadlak means “Please” من فضلك
 * Shukran means “Thank you” شكراً
 * Manzil means “house” منزل Synonym: Addar الدّار
 * Uhibuki means “I love you” أحبكِ when speaking to a girl or woman.
 * Uhibuka means “I love you” أحبكَ when speaking to a boy or man.
 * Walad means “boy” ولد
 * Bint means “girl” بنت
 * Qitar means "train" قطار
 * Ana mina aldjazair means "I am from Algeria." أنا من الجزائر
 * Hal tatakalam aarabi? means "do you speak Arabic ?" هل تتكلّم عربي ؟

To introduce yourself you would say: “Ahlan, ana ismi” (“Hello, my name is”), then your name. ...أهلا ، أنا اسمي

If you are saying hello to your friend you would say: "Ahlan ya" then your friend's name.

To ask someone their name you would say: "Ma ismik?" for a girl ما اسمكِ ؟

 * or "Ma ismak?" for a boy ما اسمكَ ؟

To apologize you say:

 * "Asifah" for a girl when she says to other girl or to a boy.أسفه

 * "Asif" for a boy if he is telling to a boy or to a girl.أسف

What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?
Here are some interesting Arabic expressions that you can learn

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Arabic


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Mandarin Chinese

What writing system(s) does this language use?
All Sinitic languages and dialects, including Mandarin are written with hànzì, a picture-like writing system. However, many English-speaking students learn to pronounce Chinese (or "zhōngwén") using a Romanization system called Pinyin. Read on for some examples.

'''So how do characters work? Does Chinese have an alphabet?''' No, Chinese does not have an alphabet. It does use radicals, however. Characters in Chinese are basically the "pictures" Chinese people use to read and write, and are written with strokes, or different lines. There are three main types of characters: pictographic, ideographic, and picto-phonetic. The words "pictographic characters" mean just what they sound like, they are characters that try to represent a thing or action as a picture. For example, the character for sun (日, pronounced like "rurr") was, in ancient times, a circle with a dot in the center, an attempt to draw a sun. However, characters change over time. The modern character is a rectangle divided in half by a horizontal line, and takes 4 stroke to write.

Ideographic characters are used for things that are a bit more difficult to describe than with just a drawing. Love, hate, anger, happiness, goodness—all of these concepts are very hard to capture in a simple picture. Ideographic characters try to address this problem by combining different pictures to convey meaning. For example, the Chinese character for goodness, 好 (“hǎo”), is depicted using two separate characters, a woman (女) and a child (子), combined into one character.

Picto-phonetic characters combine a meaning radical (which hints at character's meaning) with a sound radical (which hints at the character's pronunciation). "Grass" (草), for example, is written as the character for "early" (早, which sounds like "grass" in Chinese) with a radical meaning "grass" (艹) above. The reader can look at the grass radical and guess or recall the meaning while looking at the sound radical and guess or recall how it is pronounced.

For people who speak Chinese, radicals are like an alphabet. Not all radicals are related to pronunciation, but radicals always show the meaning of a word. Radicals, like an alphabet, allow people to reuse pieces of Chinese. And since the language has some 10,000 plus characters in use, radicals become very useful for fast memorization of characters. Characters will get some of their meaning and/or sound from a radical (like picto-phonetic characters). You can imagine radicals as a foundation, or base, of the Chinese written language.

Radicals are kind of like the different symbols used in street signs. A "no smoking sign" is a cigarette that is crossed out, a "no dogs allowed" sign has a dog that is crossed out. We can reuse the meaning of the crossed out symbol to create new signs and guess at the meaning of new signs we have never seen before. In the same way Chinese characters that have to do with children may have the radical for "child" in them, and characters that have to do with actions or things done with the hand may have the radical for "hand", while the rest of the character hints at pronunciation.

Are there different ways of writing Chinese? Yes, there are two ways of writing Chinese, simplified and traditional. Simplified was invented by the government of mainland China to increase the number of people who can read in China—as you can guess, it's simpler. Traditional is the “old” way of writing Chinese. It is still used in places like Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. It is also used in ancient texts, paintings, genealogical charts, food packaging, and more! If you want to live in China, it is handy to know both simplified and traditional, because you are likely to run across both, but if you know one system, you can, with some effort, read the other.

How many people speak this language?
Mandarin Chinese is the most commonly spoken mother tongue in the world. In fact, over 800 million people speak dialects of this form of Chinese. That's more than one out of every seven people! The only thing is that most of them live in or near China; Chinese is not very widespread. Still, knowing Chinese will allow you to communicate with many people. There are also many other closely related languages, sometimes called dialects, such as Minnan (including Taiwanese), Wu (including Shanghainese), Hakka and Cantonese.

Where is this language spoken?
Mandarin Chinese is mostly spoken in the People's Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau) and Taiwan. It is also one of the four official languages of Singapore (together with English, Malay, and Tamil), and is also spoken among the people of Chinese ancestry in Malaysia.

What is the history of this language?
China has a history of five thousand years of continuous civilization, so it is probable that the Chinese language is at least as old as this. Archeologists have found Chinese pictographic writing on pottery, bones and turtle shells from as long ago as the Shang dynasty, over 3000 years ago. By the time of the Qin dynasty, 2000 years ago, Chinese writing had been standardized and it has changed very little since then.

Because Chinese is not an alphabetic language, it is hard to know exactly what the language sounded like in the distant past. Still, historians and linguists have worked hard to reconstruct what older forms of Chinese might have sounded like. There are some old books written to show people which characters rhymed or sounded alike. We can also look at all the different dialects of Chinese and see which things are similar and which are different, then guess at which words or sounds might be older.

There are now five main spoken dialects of Chinese including Mandarin, Wu dialect, Min dialect, and Yue. These are as different from each other as English and German and could be thought of as separate languages - but speakers of all the dialects use the same writing system.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
Poets and Ci authors (in order of fame with Chinese surnames before given names):

李白Li, Bai

杜甫Du, Fu

蘇軾Su, Shi

李清照Li, Qingzhao

王維Wang, Wei

屈原Qu, Yuan

曹操Cao, Cao

陶淵明Tao, Yuanming

Authors (in chronological order of birth):

孫子Sunzi (author of "The Art of War")

老子Laozi (founder of Taoism)

孔子Confucius (most influential philosopher in Korean, Chinese and Japanese societies)

陸機Lu, Ji (author of "On Literature," a piece of literature criticism)

劉勰Liu, Xie (author of "Carving of a Dragon by a Literary Mind," a piece on literature aesthetics)

陳獨秀Chen, Duxiu (one of the main promoters of modern written Chinese language)

魯迅Lu, Xun (one of the most influential writers of the 20th century)

胡適Hu, Shi (one of the main promoters of modern written Chinese language)

What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?
The order: traditional characters, then simplified, then Pinyin, then the English translation.

Basic Greetings:
 * 你好！- Nǐ hǎo! - "Hello!"
 * 再見！/ 再见！- Zàijiàn! - "Good-bye!"
 * 明天見！/ 明天见！- Míngtiān jiàn! - "See you tomorrow!"
 * 我的名字是大衛. / 我的名字是大卫. - Wǒ de míngzì shì dà wèi. - "My name is David."
 * 我叫大衛. / 我叫大卫. - Wǒ jiào dà wèi. - "I'm called David."
 * 很高興認識你. / 很高兴认识你. - Hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ. - Nice to meet you.

Courtesies:
 * 我可不可以 - Wǒ kěbù kěyǐ - "Can I..."
 * 請您/请您 - Qǐng nín - "Please..." or "Could you..."
 * 謝謝/谢谢 - Xièxiè - "Thank you."
 * 不客氣/不客气 - Bù kèqi - "You're welcome."
 * 對不起/对不起 - Duìbuqǐ - "Sorry." (to apologize) or "Excuse me." (to get attention)
 * 真對不起/真对不起 - Zhēn duìbuqǐ - "I'm very sorry."
 * 沒關係/没关系 - Méiguānxi - "No problem." or "It doesn't matter." or "Never mind."

Listen to Chinese! Interested in hearing Chinese? Check out xuezhongwen.net; it has great aural coverage of the language along with examples of both Pinyin and simplified/traditional characters.

Quiet Night Thought
A poem from more than 1,000 years ago that is still very popular today.

Wikijunior Sprachen/ Chinesisch fr:Wikijunior:Langues/Chinois Mandarin

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Mandarin Chinese


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/French

What writing system(s) does this language use?
French uses the Latin alphabet just as English does, with the addition of several accent marks that are not used in English: the acute accent or accent aigu (é), the grave accent or accent grave (è), and the circumflex accent or accent circonflexe (ê). There is also a diacritical mark called a cedilla or cédille, which is placed under the letter c (ç) to give it a soft pronunciation (like an "s" sound) in certain situations where it would otherwise be pronounced hard (like a "k").

How many people speak this language?
There are 110 million people who can speak French natively. But there are 300 million French speakers total, which means that 190 million people decided to learn the language as adults! This is because there is a lot of interesting literature in French. French is also a language often used in diplomacy.

Where is this language spoken?
As you probably already figured out, French was first spoken in France. Four of France's neighbors — Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Monaco — also use French as one of their official languages. And because of colonization, French is spoken in Canada (the majority in Québec), Louisiana, Africa, and other places around the world.

What is the history of this language?
French evolved from the Latin language, just like Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian. It was first used by the Franks, a people who lived in what we now call France. In the 1600s, French people came to Canada and settled in the area we now call Québec. Some French people (who were expelled from Canada) also settled in Louisiana, which was named in honor of King Louis XIV of France. Louisiana is now a state of the United States. In the 1800s, France conquered large parts of northern, western, and central Africa, mostly in the Sahara desert. As France took over ruling these territories and their populations, they established French as the language of instruction in schools, and as the official language of the government. Over time, French became the second native language of many African people, although local languages are still used most often in the home. Although France no longer rules these former colonies, they still use French in daily life.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?

 * Victor Hugo (1802 – 1885), Les Misérables
 * Alexandre Dumas (1802 – 1870), Les Trois Mousquetaires (The Three Musketeers)
 * Jules Verne (1828 – 1905), Vingt mille lieues sous les mers (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea)
 * Francois Marie Arouet, better known as Voltaire (1694 – 1778), Zadig ou la Destinée (Zadig, or The Book of Fate)
 * Gaston Leroux (1868 – 1927), Le Fantôme de l'Opéra (The Phantom of the Opera)

Frère Jacques
This song can be sung as a 'round', which is when one person or group starts the song, and when they arrive at the end of the first verse, the second person or group begins.

title: Wikijunior:Languages/French