text:
CIW Certification/Study Guides/Server Administrator Exam

Server Administrator Exam
SKILLS MEASURED

Server Administrator skills are not product- or system-specific. They are a combination of minimal technical and non-technical skills and knowledge required for those interested in developing specific Internet skills as a Web Server Administrator. Skills measured in the 1D0-450 exam include but are not limited to:


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CIW Certification/Study Guides/Internetworking Professional Exam

Internetworking Professional Exam
SKILLS MEASURED

A CIW Internetworking Professional defines network architecture, identifies infrastructure components, and monitors and analyzes network performance. This individual is responsible for the design and management of enterprise TCP/IP networks. Skills measured in the 1D0-460 exam include but are not limited to:

Internet infrastructure, including the National Science Foundation network (NSFnet), the Internet Society (ISOC), and key internetworking protocols.
===Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI/RM) and the Internet architecture model, the operational essentials of TCP/IP, and the Requests for Comments (RFCs) that define these essential elements.===

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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CIW Certification/Study Guides/Security Professional Exam

SKILLS MEASURED

A CIW Security Professional implements security policy, identifies security threats, and develops countermeasures using firewall systems and attack-recognition technologies. This individual is responsible for managing the deployment of e-business transaction and payment security solutions. Skills measured in the 1D0-470 exam include but are not limited to:


text:
CIW Certification/Study Guides/JavaScript Fundamentals Exam

SKILLS MEASURED

Candidates taking the JavaScript Fundamentals exam should know how to use the features of the JavaScript language and design client-side, platform-independent solutions. Candidates should know how to write JavaScript programs, script for the JavaScript object model, control program flow, validate forms, animate images, target frames, and create cookies. Skills measured in the 1D0-435 exam include but are not limited to the following:


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CIW Certification/Study Guides/Perl Fundamentals Exam

SKILLS MEASURED

Candidates taking the CIW Perl Fundamentals exam should be familiar with the Perl syntax, the basics of using regular expression, how to use Perl data types, and how to access and manipulate files. They should also be familiar with database connectivity and debugging techniques. Skills measured in the 1D0-437 exam include but are not limited to the following:


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CIW Certification/Study Guides/Application Developer Exam

SKILLS MEASURED

A CIW Application Developer creates interactive Web pages using client-side and server-side Web applications; accesses relational database systems from Web applications; implements applications using component technology; and creates parameters for environment variables. Skills measured in the 1D0-430 exam include but are not limited to the following:


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CIW Certification/Study Guides/Database Specialist Exam

SKILLS MEASURED

A CIW Database Specialist plans and designs relational databases. This individual defines the structure of a database, employs Entity Relationship (ER) diagrams and normalization to optimize databases, builds database client applications, and performs database maintenance and security administration. Skills measured in the 1D0-441 exam include but are not limited to:


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CIW Certification/Study Guides/Enterprise Specialist Exam

Skills measured:

A CIW Enterprise Specialist builds n-tier database business solutions using Java in conjunction with distributed application architecture technologies such as Enterprise JavaBeans and CORBA. The Enterprise Specialist designs, develops and deploys complete software solutions tailored to a given business domain. Skills measured in the 1D0-442 exam include but are not limited to the following:


text:
French/Lessons/Level four

Contents
L'histoire

Les lumières et le mouvement réaliste

La poésie française

Grammar

4

title: French/Lessons/Level four


text:
User:タチコマ robot

af:Gebruiker:タチコマ robot ang:User:タチコマ robot ar:مستخدم:タチコマ robot az:İstifadəçi:タチコマ robot bn:ব্যবহারকারী:タチコマ robot zh-min-nan:User:タチコマ robot be:Удзельнік:タチコマ robot bg:Потребител:タチコマ robot bs:Korisnik:タチコマ robot ca:Usuari:タチコマ robot cv:Хутшăнакан:タチコマ robot cs:Uživatel:タチコマ robot cy:Defnyddiwr:タチコマ robot da:Bruger:タチコマ robot de:Benutzer:タチコマ robot et:Kasutaja:タチコマ robot el:Χρήστης:タチコマ robot es:Usuario:タチコマ robot eo:Uzanto:タチコマ robot eu:Lankide:タチコマ robot fa:کاربر:タチコマ robot fr:Utilisateur:タチコマ robot fy:Meidogger:タチコマ robot gl:Usuario:タチコマ robot ko:사용자:タチコマ robot hy:Մասնակից:タチコマ robot hi:सदस्य:タチコマ robot hr:Suradnik:タチコマ robot id:Pengguna:タチコマ robot ia:Usator:タチコマ robot ie:Usator:タチコマ robot is:Notandi:タチコマ robot it:Utente:タチコマ robot he:משתמש:タチコマ robot ka:მომხმარებელი:タチコマ robot kk:Қатысушы:タチコマ robot ku:Bikarhêner:タチコマ robot ky:Колдонуучу:タチコマ robot la:Usor:タチコマ robot lt:Naudotojas:タチコマ robot li:Gebroeker:タチコマ robot hu:Szerkesztő:タチコマ robot mk:Корисник:タチコマ robot mg:Mpikambana:タチコマ robot ml:ഉപയോക്താവ്:タチコマ robot mr:सदस्य:タチコマ robot ms:Pengguna:タチコマ robot nl:Gebruiker:タチコマ robot ne:प्रयोगकर्ता:タチコマ robot ja:利用者:タチコマ robot no:Bruker:タチコマ robot oc:Utilizaire:タチコマ robot uz:Foydalanuvchi:タチコマ robot pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:タチコマ robot pl:Wikipedysta:タチコマ robot pt:Utilizador:タチコマ robot ro:Utilizator:タチコマ robot ru:Участник:タチコマ robot sa:योजकः:タチコマ robot sq:Përdoruesi:タチコマ robot si:පරිශීලක:タチコマ robot sk:Redaktor:タチコマ robot sl:Uporabnik:タチコマ robot sr:Корисник:タチコマ robot su:Pamaké:タチコマ robot fi:Käyttäjä:タチコマ robot sv:Användare:タチコマ robot tl:Tagagamit:タチコマ robot ta:பயனர்:タチコマ robot tt:Кулланучы:タチコマ robot te:వాడుకరి:タチコマ robot th:ผู้ใช้:タチコマ robot tg:Корбар:タチコマ robot tr:Kullanıcı:タチコマ robot tk:Ulanyjy:タチコマ robot uk:Користувач:タチコマ robot ur:صارف:タチコマ robot vi:Thành viên:タチコマ robot vo:Geban:タチコマ robot zh:User:タチコマ robot

title: User:タチコマ robot


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SwisTrack/Components/Input

Input components acquire images from various sources (typically cameras or video files) and feed the Input channel with either a grayscale or a color image.

Input components furthermore set acquisition parameters (e.g. frame number, time stamp, ...) in the input channel.

Some input components are trigger at the same time.

title: SwisTrack/Components/Input


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SwisTrack/Components/Input Conversion

Input conversion components convert the input image into a grayscale or color image and put it on the corresponding channel for further processing. If the input image has the right type (color or grayscale) already, this is a very fast operation as the input image is simply put (not even copied) on either the color or the grayscale channel.

title: SwisTrack/Components/Input Conversion


text:
SwisTrack/Components/Preprocessing (grayscale)

These components preprocess grayscale images. Add a "Convert to Gray" component before you are using any of these components.


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SwisTrack/Components/Preprocessing (color)

These components preprocess color images. Add a "Convert to Color" component before you are using any of these components.


text:
SwisTrack/Components/Thresholding

Thresholding components convert a grayscale or color image into a binary (black and white) image.

title: SwisTrack/Components/Thresholding


text:
SwisTrack/Components/Preprocessing (binary)

These components process a binary image and are often used after the thresholding step.


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CIW Certification/Acronyms

You are here: CIW Home > CIW Acronyms

This is a glossary of acronyms commonly used when studying for any of the ProSoft CIW Certification Exams

To add new definitions, please use the format: ;item : the item's definition and explanation paragraph, if any

A
Ameritech (NYSE: AIT) serves millions of customers in 50 states and 40 countries. Ameritech provides a full range of communications services including local and long-distance telephone and data, cellular, paging, security, cable TV, Internet and more. One of the world's 100 largest companies, Ameritech (www.ameritech.com) has 70,500 employees, 1 million shareowners and more than $30 billion in assets. Ameritech also operates the Internet Network Access Point (NAP) in Chicago, the largest Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) access point in the world. Ameritech has also been selected by the National Science Foundation as the global NAP for the next generation Internet initiative. iCAIR Press Release February 1999
 * AADS :Ameritech Advanced Data Systems

Automated Clearing House (ACH) is the name of an electronic network for financial transactions in the United States. ACH processes large volumes of both credit and debit transactions which are originated in batches.- More From Wikipedia -
 * ACH :Automated Clearing House

In computer security, an access control list (ACL) is a list of permissions attached to an object. The list specifies who or what is allowed to access the object and what operations are allowed to be performed on the object. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ACL :Access Control List

Active Directory (AD) is an implementation of LDAP directory services by Microsoft for use primarily in Windows environments. The main purpose of Active Directory is to provide central authentication and authorization services for Windows based computers. - More From Wikipedia -
 * AD :Active Directory

Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) is a set of Component Object Model objects for accessing data sources. It provides a layer between programming languages and OLE DB (a means of accessing data stores in a uniform manner), which allows a developer to write programs which access data, without knowing how the database is implemented. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ADO :ActiveX Data Object

ADOdb is a database abstraction library for PHP and Python based on the same concept as Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects. It allows developers to write applications in a fairly consistent way regardless of the underlying database storing the information. The advantage is that the database can be changed without re-writing every call to it in the application. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ADOdb :ActiveX Data Object Database

 * ADR :Advanced Data Recording

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ADSL :Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

The Apple Filing Protocol (AFP) is a layer 6 (presentation layer) network protocol that offers file services for Mac OS X and Classic Mac OS. - More From Wikipedia -
 * AFP :Apple File Protocol

AH is a protocol that provides authentication of either all or part of the contents of a datagram through the addition of a header that is calculated based on the values in the datagram. - More From TCP/IP Guide -
 * AH :Authentication Header

Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. - More From Wikipedia -
 * AM :Amplitude Modulation

When used on a T-carrier, bipolar encoding is known as Alternate Mark Inversion because, in this context, a binary 1 is referred to as a "mark", while a binary 0 is called a "space".[2] The coding was used extensively in first-generation PCM networks, and is still commonly seen on older multiplexing equipment today. - More From Wikipedia -
 * AMI :Alternate Mark Inversion

 * ANS :Advanced Network Services

The American National Standards Institute or ANSI (IPA pronunciation: [ænsiː]) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ANSI :American National Standards Institute

In computer networking, a wireless access point (WAP or AP) is a device that connects wireless communication devices together to form a wireless network. - More From Wikipedia -
 * AP :Access Point

An application programming interface (API) is a source code interface that a computer application, operating system or library provides to support requests for services to be made of it by a computer program. - More From Wikipedia -
 * API :Application Program Interface

Zeroconf or Zero Configuration Networking is a set of techniques that automatically create a usable IP network without configuration or special servers. (Redirected from APIPA) - More From Wikipedia -
 * APIPA :Automatic Private IP Addressing

In computer networking, the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is the standard method for finding a host's hardware address when only its network layer address is known. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ARP :Address Resolution Protocol

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. (Redirected from Advanced Research Projects Agency) - More From Wikipedia -
 * ARPA :Advanced Research Projects Agency

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense was the world's first operational packet switching network, and the predecessor of the global Internet. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ARPANET :Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a character encoding based on the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that work with text. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ASCII :American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Advanced Systems Format (formerly Advanced Streaming Format) is Microsoft's proprietary digital audio/digital video container format, especially meant for streaming media. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ASF :Advanced Streaming Format

Active Server Pages (ASP) is Microsoft's server-side script engine for dynamically-generated web pages. It is marketed as an add-on to Internet Information Services (IIS). - More From Wikipedia - An application service provider (ASP) is a business that provides computer-based services to customers over a network. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ASP :Active Server Pages / Application Service Provider

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell relay, packet switching network and data link layer protocol which encodes data traffic into small (53 bytes; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information) fixed-sized cells. ATM provides data link layer services that run over Layer 1 links. [Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell relay, packet switching network and data link layer protocol which encodes data traffic into small (53 bytes; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information) fixed-sized cells. ATM provides data link layer services that run over Layer 1 links. - More From Wikipedia -
 * ATM :Asynchronous Transfer Mode

 * ATVEF :Advanced Television Enhancement Forum

 * AU :Unix Audio

Antivirus software consists of computer programs that attempt to identify, thwart and eliminate computer viruses and other malicious software (malware). - More From Wikipedia -
 * AV :Anti-Virus

Audio Video Interleave, known by its acronym AVI, is a multimedia container format introduced by Microsoft in November 1992 as part of its Video for Windows technology. AVI files can contain both audio and video data in a standard container that allows synchronous audio-with-video playback. - More From Wikipedia -
 * AVI :Audio Visual Interleaved

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B
Business-to-business or B2B is a term commonly used to describe the transaction of goods or services between businesses. - More from Wikipedia -
 * B2B :Business to Business

Business-to-employee (B2E) electronic commerce uses an intrabusiness network which allows companies to provide products and/or services to their employees. - More from Wikipedia -
 * B2E :Business to Employee

Business-to-government e-commerce (B2G) networks allow businesses to bid on government RFPs in a reverse auction fashion. Public sector organizations (PSO's) post tenders in the form of RFP's, RFI's, RFQ's etc. and suppliers respond to them. - More from Wikipedia -
 * B2G :Business to Government

Bash is a Unix shell written for the GNU Project. The name of the actual executable is bash. Its name is an acronym for Bourne-again shell. - More from Wikipedia -
 * BASH :Bourne Again Shell

In Windows NT 4 server domains, the Backup Domain Controller (BDC) is a computer that has a copy of the user accounts database. - More from Wikipedia -
 * BDC :Backup Domain Controller

 * BERT :Bit-Error Rate Test

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. It works by maintaining a table of IP networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reachability among autonomous systems (AS). - More from Wikipedia -
 * BGP :Border Gateway Protocol

BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) is the most commonly used DNS server on the Internet, especially on Unix-like systems, where it is a de facto standard. - More from Wikipedia -
 * BIND :Berkeley Internet Name Domain

A binary large object, also known as a blob, is a collection of binary data stored as a single entity in a database management system. - More from Wikipedia -
 * BLOB :Binary Large Object

The BMP file format, sometimes called bitmap or DIB file format (for device-independent bitmap), is an image file format used to store bitmap digital images, especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. - More from Wikipedia -
 * BMP :Bitmapped

The BNC connector is used for RF signal (typically pro-video) connections, both for analog and Serial Digital Interface video signals. - More from Wikipedia -
 * BNC :Bayonet Nut Connector / Bayonet Neill Concelman / British Naval Connector

In telecommunications and computing, bitrate is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. - More from Wikipedia -
 * BPS :Bits per second

Basic rate interface (BRI, 2B+D, 2B1D) is an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) configuration defined in the physical layer standard I.430 produced by the ITU. - More from Wikipedia -
 * BRI :Basic Rate Interface

Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called Berkeley Unix) is the UNIX derivative distributed by the University of California, Berkeley, starting in the 1970s. - More from Wikipedia -
 * BSD :Berkeley Software Distribution

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C
Consumer-to-business (C2B ) is an electronic commerce business model in which consumers (individuals) offer products and services to companies and the companies pay them. This business model is a complete reversal of traditional business model where companies offer goods and services to consumers (business-to-consumer = B2C). - More from Wikipedia - Consumer-to-consumer (or C2C) electronic commerce involves the electronically-facilitated transactions between consumers through some third party. A common example is the online auction, in which a consumer posts an item for sale and other consumers bid to purchase it; the third party generally charges a flat fee or commission. - More from Wikipedia - In cryptography, a certificate authority or certification authority (CA) is an entity which issues digital certificates for use by other parties. It is an example of a trusted third party. CAs are characteristic of many public key infrastructure (PKI) schemes. There are many commercial CAs that charge for their services. Institutions and governments may have their own CAs, and there are also free CAs. - More from Wikipedia -
 * C2B :Consumer to Business
 * C2C :Consumer to Consumer
 * CA :Certification Authority

A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. It can be considered one form of a metropolitan area network, specific to an academic setting. - More from Wikipedia -
 * CAN :Campus Area Network

 * CAU :Controlled Access Unit

Channel Definition Format (CDF) is an XML standard used in conjunction with Microsoft Active Channel and Smart Offline Favorites technologies. Its use is to define a website's content and structure. - More from Wikipedia -
 * CDF :Channel Definition Format

The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard protocol for interfacing external application software with an information server, commonly a web server. This allows the server to pass requests from a client web browser to the external application. The web server can then return the output from the application to the web browser. - More from Wikipedia -
 * CGI :Common Gateway Interface

CHAP is an authentication scheme used by Point to Point Protocol (PPP) servers to validate the identity of remote clients. - More from Wikipedia -
 * CHAP :Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronounced "cider") was introduced in 1993 and is the latest refinement to the way IP addresses are interpreted. - More from Wikipedia -
 * CIDR :Classless Inter-Domain Routing

Committed Information Rate or CIR in a Frame relay network is the average bandwidth for a virtual circuit guaranteed by an ISP to work under normal conditions. At any given time the bandwidth should not fall below this committed figure. It is usually expressed in kilobits per second (kbit/s). - More from Wikipedia -
 * CIR :Committed Information Rate
 * CNAME :Canonical Name

 * CO :Central Office

A codec is a device or program capable of performing encoding and decoding on a digital data stream or signal. The word codec may be a combination of any of the following: 'Compressor-Decompressor', 'Coder-Decoder', or 'Compression/Decompression algorithm'. - More from Wikipedia - Component Object Model (COM) is a platform for software componentry introduced by Microsoft in 1993. It is used to enable interprocess communication and dynamic object creation in any programming language that supports the technology. - More from Wikipedia -
 * CODEC :Compressor/Decompressor / Coder/Decoder
 * COM :Common Object Model

The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is a standard defined by the Object Management Group (OMG) that enables software components written in multiple computer languages and running on multiple computers to work together. - More from Wikipedia -
 * CORBA :Common Object Request Broker Architecture

CPAN is an acronym standing for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, an archive of over 12,200 modules of software written in Perl, as well as documentation for it. - More from Wikipedia - A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer capable of executing a program. - More from Wikipedia - A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a type of function that takes as input a data stream of any length and produces as output a value of a certain fixed size. The term CRC is often used to denote either the function or the function's output. - More from Wikipedia - In computer networking, CSMA/CA belongs to a class of protocols called multiple access methods. CSMA/CA stands for: Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance. In CSMA, a station wishing to transmit has to first listen to the channel for a predetermined amount of time so as to check for any activity on the channel. If the channel is sensed "idle" then the station is permitted to transmit. If the channel is sensed as "busy" the station has to defer its transmission. - More from Wikipedia -
 * CPAN :Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
 * CPU :Central Processing Unit
 * CRC :Cyclical Redundancy Check
 * CSMA/CA :Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance

Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a network control protocol in which a carrier sensing scheme is used. A transmitting data station that detects another signal while transmitting a frame, stops transmitting that frame, transmits a jam signal, and then waits for a random time interval before trying to send that frame again. - More from Wikipedia -
 * CSMA/CD :Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection

 * CSNW :Client Services for NetWare

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML. - More from Wikipedia - In telecommunications, a channel service unit (CSU) is a line bridging device for use with T-carrier. - More from Wikipedia - A CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) is a digital-interface device used to connect a router to a digital circuit such as a T1 or T3 line. A CSU/DSU operates at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. - More from Wikipedia -
 * CSS :Cascading Style Sheet
 * CSU :Channel Service Unit
 * CSU/DSU :Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit

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D

 * DARPA :Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
 * DBMS :Database Management Systems
 * DC :Domain Controller
 * DCE :Data Communication Equipment
 * DCOM :Distributed Component Object Model
 * DDS :Dataphone Digital Service / Digital Data Storage / Digital Data Service
 * DES :Data Encryption Service
 * DHCP :Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
 * DHTML :Dynamic HTML
 * DLC :Data Link Control
 * DLL :Data Link Library / Dynamic Linked Library
 * DMZ :Demilitarized Zone
 * DNS :Domain Name Service / Domain Name Server / Domain Name System
 * DOD :Department of Defense
 * DOS :Denial of Service
 * DPN :Dedicated Private Network
 * DSL :Digital Subscriber Line
 * DSU: Data Service Unit / Digital Service Unit
 * DSSS :Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
 * DTD :Document Type Definition
 * DTE :Data Terminal Equipment
 * DUN :Dial-Up Network
 * DVD :Digital Versatile Disk / Digital Video Disk
 * DVMRP :Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

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E

 * EAP :Extensible Authentication Protocol
 * EBT :Electronic Benefits Transfer
 * ECMAScript :European Computer Manufacturers Association Scripting
 * EDI :Electronic Data Interchange
 * EFS :Encrypting File System
 * EGP :Exterior Gateway Protocol
 * EMI :ElectroMagnetic Interference
 * EPS :Encapsulated PostScript
 * ERP :Enterprise Resource Planning
 * ESD :Electrostatic Discharge
 * EULA :End-User License Agreement

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F

 * FAT :File Allocation Table
 * FDDI :Fiber Distributed Data Interface
 * FDM :Frequency Division Multiplexing
 * FHSS :Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
 * FM :Frequency Modulation
 * FQDN :Fully Qualified Domain Name
 * FTP :File Transfer Protocol
 * FTPd :File Transfer Protocol Daemon

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G

 * G2B :Government to Business
 * G2C :Government to Consumer
 * GBIC :Gigabit Interface Converter
 * GIF :Graphics Interchange Format
 * GPO :Group Policy Object
 * GUI :Graphical User Interface
 * GSNW :Gateway Services for NetWare

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H

 * HDLC :High-Level Data Link Control
 * HDML :Handheld Device Markup Language
 * HDSL :High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line
 * HP :Hewlett-Packard
 * HTML :Hypertext Markup Language
 * HTTP :Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 * HTTPd :Hypertext Transfer Protocol Daemon
 * HTTPS :Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

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I

 * IAB :Internet Architecture Board
 * IANA :Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
 * IBM :International Business Machines
 * ICA :Independent Computer Architecture
 * ICANN :Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
 * ICMP :Internet Control Message Protocol
 * ICS :Internet Connection Sharing
 * IE :Internet Explorer
 * IEEE :Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 * IETF :Internet Engineering Task Force
 * IGMP :Internet Group Multicast Protocol
 * IHL :Internet Header Length
 * IIS :Internet Information Server
 * IKE :Internet Key Exchange
 * IMAP :Internet Message Access Protocol
 * IMAP4 :Internet Message Access Protocol version 4
 * INI (file) :Initialization File
 * INND :Internet News Daemon
 * IOTP :Internet Open Trading Protocol
 * IP :Internet Protocol
 * IPP :Internet Printing Protocol
 * IPSec :Internet Protocol Security
 * IPv4 :Internet Protocol version 4
 * IPv6 :Internet Protocol version 6
 * IPX :Internetwork Packet Exchange
 * IPX/SPX :Internetwork Packet Exchange / Sequence Packet Exchange
 * IRC :Internet Relay Chat
 * IRQ :Interrupt Request
 * IRTF :Internet Research Task Force
 * ISA :Industry Standard Architecture
 * ISAPI :Internet Server Application Programming Interface
 * ISDN :Integrated Services Digital Network
 * ISM :Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
 * ISO :International Organization for Standardization
 * ISP :Internet Service Provider
 * IT :Information Technology
 * ITSP :Internet Telephony Service Provider
 * ITU :International Telecommunications Union

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J

 * JDBC :Java Database Connectivity
 * JPEG :Joint Photographics Experts Group
 * JSAPI :Java Speech API
 * JSML :Java Speech Markup Language
 * JSP :Java Server Pages
 * JVM :Java Virtual Machine

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K

 * Kbps: Kilobits per second

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L

 * L2F :Layer 2 Forwarding
 * L2TP :Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
 * LAN :Local Area Network
 * LC :Local Connector
 * LCP :Link Control Protocol
 * LDAP :Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
 * LLC :Logical Link Control
 * LPD :Line Printer Daemon
 * LPQ :Line Printer Queue
 * LPR :Line Printer Remote

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M

 * MAC :Media Access Control / Medium Access Control
 * MAPI :Message Application Programming Interface
 * MAU :Multistation Access Unit
 * MD5 :Message Digest 5
 * MDI :Media Dependent Interface
 * MDIX :Media Dependent Interface Crossover
 * MIB :Management Information Base
 * MIDI :Musical Instrument Digital Interface
 * MIME :Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
 * MMF :MultiMode Fiber
 * MPEG :Moving Picture Experts Group
 * MSAU :MultiStation Access Unit
 * MX :Mail Exchange

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N

 * NADN :Nearest Active Downstream Neighbor
 * NAP :Network Access Point
 * NAT :Network Address Translation
 * NAUN :Nearest Active Upstream Neighbor
 * NCP :NetWare Core Protocol
 * NCSA :National Center for Supercomputing Applications
 * NES :Netscape Enterprise Server
 * NDS :Novell Directory Services / NetWare Directory Services
 * NetBEUI :NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface
 * NetBIOS :Network Basic Input Output System
 * NFS :Network File System
 * NIC :Network Interface Card
 * NIS :Network Information Service
 * NLM :NetWare Loadable Modulue
 * NLSP :NetWare Link Services Protocol
 * NNTP :Network News Transfer Protocol
 * NOS :Network Operating System
 * NT :New Technology
 * NT1 :Network Terminator 1
 * NTFS :New Technology File System
 * NTP :Network Time Protocol

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O

 * OBI :Open Buying on the Internet
 * ODBC :Open Database Connectivity
 * OEM :Original Equipment Manufacturer
 * OLAP :Online Analytical Processing
 * OLTP :Online Transition Processing
 * OODB :Object-Oriented Database
 * ORB :Object Request Broker
 * OS :Operating Systems
 * OSI :Open Systems Interconnect
 * OSPF :Open Shortest Path First
 * OTDR :Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
 * OTP :Open Trading Protocol
 * OU :Organizational Unit
 * OUI :Organizationally Unique Identifier

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P

 * PAD :Packet Assembler/Disassembler
 * PAP: Password Authentication Protocol
 * PBX :Private Branch Exchange
 * PC :Personal Computer
 * PCI :Peripheral Component Interconnect
 * PCMC :IA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
 * PERL :Practical Extraction and Report Language
 * PDC :Primary Domain Controller
 * PDF :Portable Document Format
 * PDL :Page Description Language
 * PGP :Pretty Good Privacy
 * PHP :Hypertext Processing
 * PICS :Platform for Internet Content Selection
 * PKI :Public Key Infrastructure
 * PNG :Portable Network Graphics
 * POP :Post Office Protocol / Point of Presence
 * POP3 :Post Office Protocol version 3
 * POTS :Plain Old Telephone Service
 * ppi :Pixels Per Inch
 * PPP :Point-to-Point Protocol
 * PPPoE :Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
 * PPTP :Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
 * PRI :Primary Rate Interface
 * PSTN :Public Switched Telephone Network
 * PVC :Permanent Virtual Circuit

Top of page

Q

 * QoS :Quality of Service
 * QTVR :QuickTime Virtual Reality

Top of page

R

 * RADIUS :Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
 * RAID :Redundant Array of Independent Disks / Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
 * RAM :Random Access Memory
 * RARP :Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
 * RAS :Remote Access Service
 * RDBMS :Relational Database Management System
 * RDP :Remote Desktop Protocol
 * RFC :Request for Comment
 * RFI :Radio Frequency Interface
 * RG :Radio Grade
 * RIP :Routing Information Protocol
 * RISC :Reduced Instruction Set Computing
 * RJ :Registered Jack
 * RMF :Rich Music Format
 * RTF :Rich Text Format
 * RTP :Realtime Transport Protocol
 * RTSP :Real Time Streaming Protocol

Top of page

S

 * S/MIME :Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
 * SAM :Security Accounts Manager
 * SAPI :Speech Application Programming Interface
 * SC :Standard Connector / Subscriber Connector
 * SCP :Secure Copy Protocol
 * SCSI :Small Computer System Interface
 * SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
 * SDSL :Single Line Digital Subscriber Line
 * SET :Secure Electronic Transaction
 * SFF :Small Form Factor
 * SFTP :Secure File Transfer Protocol
 * SGML :Standard Generalized Markup Language
 * SHA-1 :Secure Hash Algorithm 1
 * SLIP :Serial Line Internet Protocol
 * SMAU :Smart Multistation Access Unit
 * SMB :Server Message Block
 * SMF :Single Mode Fiber
 * SMS :Storage Management Services
 * SMTP :Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 * SNMP :Simple Network Management Protocol
 * SOA :Start of Authority
 * SOHO :Small Office / Home Office
 * SONET :Synchronous Optical Network
 * SOP :Standard Operating Procedures
 * SPARC :Scalable Processor Architecture
 * SPS :Standby Power Supply
 * SPX :Sequence Packet Exchange
 * SQL :Structured Query Language
 * SSH :Secure Shell
 * SSI :Server Side Include
 * SSID :Service Set Identifier
 * SSL :Secure Sockets Layer
 * ST :Straight Tip
 * STP :Shielded Twisted Pair
 * SVC :Switched Virtual Circuit

Top of page

T

 * T1 :T-Carrier Level 1
 * TA :Terminal Adapter
 * TCL :Terminal Control Language / Tool Command Language
 * TCP :Transmission Control Protocol
 * TCP/IP :Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
 * TDM :Time Division Multiplexing
 * TDR :Time-Domain Reflectometer
 * TELNET :Terminal Emulation for Networks
 * TFTP :Trivial File Transfer Protocol
 * TIFF :Tagged Image File Format
 * TM :Trademark
 * TOS :Type of Service
 * TP :Transaction Processing
 * TTL :Time to Live

Top of page

U

 * UDP :User Datagram Protocol
 * UID :User ID
 * UNC :Universal Naming Convention
 * UPS :Uninterruptible Power Supply
 * URL :Uniform Resource Locator
 * USB :Universal Serial Bus
 * USPTO :United States Patent and Trademark Office
 * UTP :Unshielded Twisted Pair
 * UUCP :Unix to Unix Copy

Top of page

V

 * VAN :Value Added Network
 * VB :Visual Basic
 * VBI :Vertical Banking Interval
 * VDSL :Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line
 * VLAN :Virtual LAN
 * VoIP :Voice Over IP
 * VPN :Virtual Private Network
 * VRML :Virtual Reality Modeling Language

Top of page

W

 * W3 :World Wide Web
 * W3C :World Wide Web Consortium
 * WAN :Wide Area Network
 * WAP :Wireless Access Point / Wireless Application Protocol
 * WAV :Wave File
 * WEP :Wired Equivalent Privacy
 * WINS :Windows Internet Naming Service
 * WinSock :Windows Socket
 * WMA :Windows Media Audio
 * WML :Wireless Markup Language
 * WPA :Wi-Fi Protected Access
 * VRML :Virtual Reality Modeling Language
 * WSH :Windows Script Host
 * WTS :Windows Terminal Server
 * WWW :World Wide Web

Top of page

X

 * XHTML :Extensible TyperText Markup Language
 * XML :Extensible Markup Language
 * XMS :Extended Memory Services
 * XSL :Extensible Style Language

Top of page

Y
Top of page

Z
Top of page

title: CIW Certification/Acronyms


text:
SwisTrack/Components/Particle Detection

These components detect blobs on a binary image and store them as particles (e.g. robots, ...).

title: SwisTrack/Components/Particle Detection


text:
Talk:Circuit Idea/Simple Op-amp Summer Design

The challenge

A month ago, DavidCary sent to me a link to the EDN's article Single-formula technique keeps it simple by Dieter Knollman. Initially, I had a look with reluctance at the html version of the article (I don't like calculations and formal presentations). First, I was totally irritated by the typical for EDN awkward article arrangement (a rough text without figures and links pointing to the same pdf file); then, I calmed down when I found out the pdf version. The material drew my attention because my pursuit is to reveal the secrets behind passive and basic op-amp amplifying and summing circuits.

In the beginning, I was not understanding what the author wanted to say. The material seemed to be a scientific falsification. I was not understanding what a ground resistor is and why there was a need of it, who were these Plato and Daisy, etc. Thus, I took the material as a challenge and began trying to reveal the idea behind the procedure. Doing that, I have spent an almost a month!

 * [Djhk] I propose that we change this book from Circuit Fantastic to Circuit Fantasies. New ideas, even bad ones, can be good. Before moving any idea to an unproven level, I propose that the idea be tested via simulation or a breadboard. The next level would need a formal proof or multiple tests and agreement from all.  For example, I consider Plato's gain formula proven. Daisy's theorem as stated unproven, but proven under special conditions. Much of the discussion here should fall into the Fantasy classification.
 * Djhk 18:16, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Revealing the idea
Gradually, I began figuring out the connection between the novel procedure and the "legacy" one; I began seeing the brilliantness of the solution. I even began creating this new circuit story where to show the reason of the procedure. ...Daisy's theorem. In the beginning, it seemed quite strange to sum gains; I thought that voltage summers sum voltages. Then, I quessed to assume that the input voltages are equal to 1V. As a result, the summer began summing gains! So, in the common case, this kind of summer (a parallel one) sums actually products of gains and voltages. In case of Gi = 1, it sums voltages; in case of Vi = 1V, it sums gains. By the way, I use similar explanations when my students and I build a DAC. Really, a DAC is just a summer with digital-controlled binary-weighted input voltages (at constant input resistances) or gains (at constant input voltages equal to the reference voltage). Thus I began gradually figuring out the role of the ground resistor - to ensure the gains needed in the case when their sum does not constitute 1. It serves actually as a complementing, supplemental resistance that adjusts the overall gain to 1 (in the beginning, I thought that the author has added it to equalize the equivalent input resistances).

 * [Djhk] Daisy's theorem is very different from any electronics concept. It applies to linear circuits and voltages. In a linear circuit the voltage at any node is simply the sum of gains times voltage inputs. If ALL gains are included, then the sum is equal to one. This applies to any circuit node. The key is ALL. Electronics rarely considers the gain from ground or power supplies. If you leave these out, the gain sum may not be equal to one.
 * Djhk 18:35, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

...Plato's formula. Then, I guessed to impose the requirement for equal input resistances (minimal bias-current error) and replaced the term 1 + RF/RI with K; this simplified the formulas for all the circuits. Interesting... imposing a restriction simplifies the formula. I suppose that the author has first managed to see that the particular gains are proportional to the ratio Rf/Ri; then, he has had the good fortune to establish that the coefficient of proportionality is just equal to 1, if we impose the requirement for equal input resistances (or, maybe v.v.?)

I think that supplementing the gains and imposing the requirement for equal equivalent input resistances lead to the magic expression Ri = Rf/|Gi|. Circuit-fantasist 18:26, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * {Djhk] Plato's formula was derived via circuit analysis. It only applies the the [General Summing amplifier circuit]:. Many circuits, but not all, can be analyzed with Plato's gain formula. The equal impedance constraint comes from the analysis technique used. Note that the 1 + RF/RI formula only applies to a non-inverting amplifier. Plato's formula applies to more circuits, but not all.
 * Djhk 18:35, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

What does "the ground resistor RG is not necessary" mean?
Djhk, I have noted your comment about the resistor Rg: "Not true. The circuit will not function without Rg. It may be a zero value resistor."

Sorry, saying "the ground resistor RG is not necessary" I mean that it may have zero resistance.

Well, let's discuss what the phrase "there is no resistor" means: "the resistance is zero (shorted circuit)" or "the resistance is infinite (open circuit)." What do you think about this? Circuit-fantasist 15:32, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Yes, a reader might misinterpret "not necessary" to mean "I don't need to connect anything to the "+" op amp input, I can leave it floating". Doing that causes a real op-amp to not merely show "degraded performance", but to oscillate or show other undesired behavior. So I changed the text to explicitly state: 0 resistance wire. --DavidCary 17:55, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * [Djhk] We need to show complete circuits. This includes inputs. Circuits respond differently if the input is an ideal versus a non-ideal source. To move an idea to not proven, I propose that you test the idea. This will require a complete circuit. Without a complete circuit, any idea remains a Fantasy.
 * Djhk 18:42, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

fully differential op amp
TI manufactures several 24-bit ADCs. All of their data sheets recommend using the OPA1632 "fully differential amplifier". (No surprise that it is also manufactured by TI).

A " fully differential amplifier" is very different from a " difference amplifier" or a "instrumentation amplifier".

Can Dieter's procedure be applied to a fully differential amplifier? At first glance, I'm guessing that there's one minor and one major change:
 * Use equal feedback resistors Rf, one from the + output to the - input, and one from the - output to the + input. Connect the "common" input to the appropriate voltage source. (minor change to the " difference amplifier" )
 * The sum of the gains = zero in a properly-designed fully differential amplifier circuit. (Right? major change)

 * [Djhk] Wrong! Daisy says that the gain sum is equal to one at the +out node, the -out node, or any other node.
 * How can you make the sum of two sets of gain equal to zero, if each set has a sum of one?
 * Is 1 + 1 = 0 ?
 * Djhk 18:46, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

If that process looks good, please move it to Electronics/Op-Amps. (Should we mention fully differential amplifiers on this Circuit Idea/Simple Op-amp Summer Design page? ) --DavidCary 23:15, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Calculate resistor values for each input, using Ri = Rf / |desired gain|.
 * For inputs with positive gain, connect the calculated resistor value between that input and the + input on the amplifier.
 * For inputs with negative gain, connect the calculated resistor value between that input and the - input on the amplifier.
 * If all your inputs are differential pairs, then the sum of all the gains is now zero. Done. Otherwise add a ground resistor to bring the total gain to zero.

 * Don't insult Daisy! For any linear circuit the sum of ALL gains is equal to one.
 * You need to analyze the circuit and derive the gain equation.
 * Speculation should remain on the talk page. User:Djhk


text:
Real Analysis/Constructing the real numbers

 * This construction will use some advanced concepts in mathematics and so it is recommended that this chapter be studied only after you are familiar with equivalence classes and embeddings. It can be safely skipped till you study these concepts.

Until now we have been following the axiomatic approach in our study of real numbers. That is, we have assumed that there exists a set of real numbers with certain axioms. However in mathematics one tries to make such assumptions as little as possible. At the bare foundations we actually make (without possibly knowing it) some assumptions regarding sets, and it would be nice if we needn't add any more. In fact using only the assumptions concerning sets it is possible to prove that a set of rationals exist. So our job is to actually construct the reals using the available rationals, in order to prove that the axioms of the real numbers are consistent and exist under ZFC.

We'll begin our construction with a plethora of definitions.

Sequences
These definitions are more thoroughly explored in the sequences section of the book. The main difference is that the elements of the sequences we describe here are rational numbers $$\mathbb{Q}$$ not real numbers $$\R$$.

They are repeated here for convenience but for greater detail please refer to the appropriate section.

A sequence of rational numbers is any function $$x:\N\to\Q$$ and is denoted by $$(x_n)$$.

Special Sequences
A sequence of rationals $$(x_n)$$ is a null sequence if for each rational $$\varepsilon>0$$, there is some $$N$$ such that for evey $$n>N$$ we have $$|x_n|<\varepsilon$$.

A rational sequence $$(x_n)$$ is a constant sequence if there is some rational $$x$$ such that $$x_n=x$$ for every $$n\in\N$$.

Addition and Multiplication of Sequences
Now define addition of two sequences $$(f_n)$$ and $$(g_n)$$ to be the sequence $$\bigl((f+g)_n\bigr)$$, where $$(f+g)_n=f_n+g_n$$.

Also define the multiplication of $$(f_n)$$ and $$(g_n)$$ as the sequence $$\bigl((f\cdot g)_n\bigr)$$, where $$\bigl((f\cdot g)_n\bigr)=f_n\cdot g_n$$.

Negation
Let $$(f_n)$$ be a rational sequence. Then the negation of $$(f_n)$$, denoted $$-(f_n)$$ , is defined as the rational sequence $$(-f_n)$$ , i.e., the sequence $$(g_n)$$ where $$g_n=-f_n$$.

Subtraction
Let $$(f_n)$$ and $$(g_n)$$ be two sequences of rational numbers. Then we define the difference of $$(f_n)$$ and $$(g_n)$$, denoted $$\bigr((f-g)_n\bigl)$$ , as the sequence $$(f_n)+\bigl(-(g_n)\bigr)$$.

Cauchy Sequences
A sequence of rational numbers $$(x_n)$$ is Cauchy if for each rational $$\varepsilon>0$$, there exists an $$N$$ such that for every $$m,n>N$$ we have $$|x_n-x_m|<\varepsilon$$.

Let $$\mathcal C$$ denote the set of such rational Cauchy sequences. It is left as an exercise to show that null and constant sequences defined above are Cauchy. It is an exercise to show that if $$(f_n)$$ and $$(g_n)$$ are Cauchy, then both $$\bigl((f+g)_n\bigr)$$ and $$\bigl((f\cdot g)_n\bigr)$$ are also in $$\mathcal C$$. It is a simple step to further show that $$\bigl((f-g)_n\bigr)$$ is in $$\mathcal C$$.

Equivalence of Sequences
Define a relation $$\sim$$ on $$\mathcal C$$, the set of Cauchy sequences, by $$f\sim g$$ if and only if $$f-g$$ is a null sequence.

Now it is a simple exercise to show that $$\sim$$ is an equivalence relation.

The Real Numbers
We will let $$\R$$ denote the set of all equivalence classes of $$\sim$$. Further we let $$\bar f$$ denote the equivalence class of $$f$$. Our goal is to show that this set satisfies all the properties we attributed to the real numbers. Since our goal is to construct the real numbers it seems reasonable to assign our proposed set the same symbol. We must now go through all of the basic axioms of the real numbers and show that they are inherent properties of this set.

Totally Ordered Field
Now if $$\bar f,\bar g$$ are members of $$\R$$ then it can be easily checked that $$+$$ and $$\cdot$$ defined by $$\bar f+\bar g=\overline{f+g}$$ and $$\bar f\cdot\bar g=\overline{f\cdot g}$$ are well-defined binary operations on Cauchy sequences.

Also the order $$\le$$ can be defined by letting $$\bar f\le\bar g$$ if and only if there is some rational $$n_0$$ such that for all $$n$$, if $$n\ge n_0$$ then $$f_n\le g_n$$. In this way we have a set whose elements we can call as reals.

Remarks
A real number is thus the equivalence class of a special kind of sequence of rationals. Clearly the rational number 1 is not the real number 1. This seemingly counter intuitive issue is resolved by considering an embedding $$F$$ from the rationals to the reals defined by $$F(r)=\overline{f_r}$$ where $$f_r(n)=r,\forall n\in\N$$. Under this embedding the rational 1 can be identified with the real $$F(1)$$ and so the rationals can be considered as a subset of the reals.

This seems rather a strange way to define reals numbers, but in fact this is mathematically quite sound. A set constructed in this fashion behaves precisely as real numbers should do intuitively and the construction of this set involves absolutely no assumptions on our part beyond those needed for $$\Q$$.

There is another way of constructing the reals using an approach given by Richard Dedekind. The above way was given by Georg Cantor in 1872. Dedekind also published his technique in the same year. (For those interested, Dedekind's construction has been provided in the appendix).

authors: יהודה שמחה ולדמן


text:
How To Assemble A Desktop PC/LaTeX

File structure

 * ./main.tex
 * ./chapters/
 * ./chapters/Choosing_the_parts.tex
 * ./chapters/Assembly.tex
 * ./chapters/Software.tex
 * ./chapters/Overclocking.tex
 * ./chapters/Silencing.tex
 * ./appendices/
 * ./appendices/External_links.tex
 * ./appendices/docinfo.tex
 * ./appendices/gfdl.tex
 * ./misc/
 * ./misc/logo.png
 * ./misc/style.sty
 * ./misc/titlepage.tex
 * ./misc/Introduction.tex
 * ./misc/Conclusion.tex
 * ./images/
 * ./images/Socket_462.jpg (GFDL)
 * ./images/Ram-slots.jpg (PD)
 * ./images/Floppy Drive Cable-1.jpg (GFDL)
 * ./images/Vga-dvi-comparison.png (CC-by-2.5, not used)

title: How To Assemble A Desktop PC/LaTeX


text:
User:ProfCallahan

Daniel Callahan, Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Sterling College. Students at Sterling College are required to complete a service project in order to graduate. One such project is contributing to Wikibooks on a weekly basis.

Credentials:
 * MS in Mathematics, Wichita State University (forthcoming, 2008)
 * MFA in Creative Writing, Wichita State University (1998)
 * BA in Writing and English Literature, Lakeland College (1994)

title: User:ProfCallahan


text:
User talk:Heuler06

Good job reverting the vandalism on the featured noms page. It was highly appreciated. Keep up the good work! Laleena (talk) 18:19, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.
 * Hi Laleena,
 * Thanks for the welcome. :) The revert was a luckily chance. Normally I'm active at the german WB. see de:Benutzer:Heuler06
 * Regards, heuler06 (talk) 18:26, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Heuler06


text:
User:Heuler06/monobook.css

.pBody ul { line-height:1.5em; list-style-type:circle; margin:.3em 0 0 1.5em; padding:0; list-style-image:none; } ul { line-height:1.5em; list-style-type:circle; margin:.3em 0 0 1.5em; padding:0; list-style-image:none; } a:visited {color:#00558a;} li#ca-edit a[href*="title=User:"] {background:#ffffdd;} li#ca-edit a[href*="title=User:Heuler06"] {background:none;} .mw-plusminus-neg {color:#cc0000;} .mw-plusminus-pos {color:#006600;}
 * 1) editpage-copywarn {display:none;}

title: User:Heuler06/monobook.css


text:
Cookbook:Brown Rice Casserole

| American cuisine

Ingredients

 * 8 ounces cubed processed cheese
 * 1 can (4 ounces) mushrooms
 * 1 can (15 ounces) sweet peas
 * 3 cups cooked brown rice
 * cooking spray
 * ½ cup slivered almonds

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350°F.
 * 2) Combine cheese, mushrooms, peas, and rice in large bowl.
 * 3) Coat 1½ quart baking pan with cooking spray.
 * 4) Move mixed ingredients to baking dish.
 * 5) Cover and bake for 20 to 25 minutes.
 * 6) Sprinkle almonds on top
 * 7) Bake 5 minutes more.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Instant brown rice will work fine.
 * Mushroom "stems and pieces" are okay.

title: Cookbook:Brown Rice Casserole


text:
User talk:ProfCallahan

Welcome
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. You may be interested in Guidelines for class projects as well. --hagindaz 21:27, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:ProfCallahan


text:
CAT-Tools/Solutions for various software issues

 * 1) Unlocker, freeware for sharing/access problems for errors such as:
 * 2) *Cannot delete file: Access is denied
 * 3) *There has been a sharing violation.
 * 4) *The source or destination file may be in use.
 * 5) *The file is in use by another program or user.
 * 6) *Make sure the disk is not full or write-protected and that the file is not currently in use.


text:
Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Saddles and Seatposts

Saddle Checks
You should check your saddle to ensure it's secure and properly positioned. Grasp it firmly and attempt to move it out of position while holding your bike steady. Some side-to-side movement will probably occur but if your seat post shifts up and down, or your saddle feels loose, make adjustments. Also check your seat post visually to make sure you haven't exceeded the seat post extension limit line (the furthest point that the post can be safely extended upwards) has not been exceeded. This is clearly marked on the side of your seat post. Regularly remove your seat post from your frame and coat it with a thin layer of grease before re-installing it. This grease layer will help protect the post against rust and corrosion and more important prevent the post seizing in your frame.

The section below lists a number of specific actions that may be required.

Loose or poorly adjusted saddle
Proper saddle position is often a matter of personal preference. Saddles can be adjusted for height, tilt and fore/aft position. The exact combination that works best for you will depend on your physical size and your riding style. For more information about checking saddle position and making adjustments, check elsewhere in the site. Make sure your saddle is secure before every ride. Most saddles are held in place by a few simple nuts and bolts. All of them should be tight enough to resist vigorous shaking.

An over-extended seat post
This is a serious safety hazard. In general, at least two inches of your seat post should be inserted into your frame at all times. This rule however will vary considerably if you follow the growing fashion of "showing a lot of seatpost". If you have to raise your seat post beyond its extension limit line to get comfortable on your saddle, it's probably time for a larger seat post, or a bigger bike. Once you've found the "perfect" saddle position for you, mark your seat post and your saddle rails with tape or felt tip pen (indelible) so you can readjust them easily.

Preventing problems
Regularly remove your seat post from your frame and coat it with a thin layer of grease before re-installing it. This grease layer will help protect the post against rust and corrosion and more important, prevent the post seizing in your frame.

Saddle Cleaning Procedures
To keep your saddle in good condition, simply wipe it down from time to time and treat it with UV-protective conditioner. Most models can be cleaned with light soap and a little clean water. Others require special cleaners designed for their specific materials.

Slipping Brompton Seat Posts
Some bicycles suffer from a slipping seatpost. During the ride, the weight of the rider is too much for the installed seat post clamp. Usually, the seat post clamp can be tightened without damage, but in some bicycles, notably the Brompton folding bicycle, it is harmful to tighten the clamp to the level needed by a heavy rider. (Riders who weigh more than about 80Kg). The solution for the Brompton is to set the existing clamp as usual, but to add an additional quick release seat clamp at the point where the seat post exits the frame. Setting both clamps will overcome the slippage and will not permanently modify the bike. A Sunlite QR Seat Post Clamp, 31.8mm does the job but alas, needs some modification; the inside rim of the clamp needs to be removed by filing before it will slide onto the seatpost. The use of a bench vise is recommended.


text:
General Anatomy/Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot includes a Large Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), the aorta overrides left and right ventricles, right ventricular outflow tract is obstructed, and the wall of the right ventricle thickens. More blood shunts through the VSD to the left side as the obstruction impedes the RV outflow, resulting in Cyanosis; Tetralogy of Fallot has four key features. A Ventricular Septal Defect (a hole between the ventricles) and many levels of obstruction from the right ventricle to the lungs (Pulmonary Stenosis) are the most important. Also, the Aorta (major artery from the heart to the body) lies directly over the Ventricular Septal Defect, and the right ventricle develops thickened muscle.”

Adults with Tetralogy of Fallot suffer shortness of breath and can’t tolerate exercise. Brain abscesses, strokes and heart infections can arise as complications. Tetralogy of Fallot patient’s fingers may have "clubbing" which is enlargements at the distal ends. If Tetralogy of Fallot remains uncorrected, most patients die in childhood.

Diagnosis is made with Echocardiography; the VSD can be visualized with Color Doppler, and the diagnosis can be confirmed with Heart Catherterization.

Surgical repair improves survival and helps relieve symptoms. Patients should receive antibiotics before dental work or surgery.

“Even with repair these patients have a poorer survival rate… Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot often have atrial fibrillation or flutter, which may cause considerable morbidity.”

Pulmonary regurgitation may develop; it can be tolerated for long periods, but then the right ventricle enlarges and malfunctions, and a replacement pulmonary valve may be needed.

Some patients have recurring obstruction of the outflow tract in the right ventricle, and need repeated surgery. Large residual ventricular septal defects may require repeated surgery in 10 to 20 percent of patients. After repair of tetralogy of Fallot, Right bundle branch block patterns (RBBB) is common, apparently increasing the chances of death. However, sometimes the first surgery is successful.

Survival is better among patients who had the surgery young. “Left and right ventricular failure due to right ventricular overload or left ventricular volume overload is another important cause of late death in older patients.”

Patients who had the surgery as adolescents or adults may have greater difficulty with exercise.

title: General Anatomy/Tetralogy of Fallot


text:
User talk:58.161.33.159

-- xixtas  talk 04:04, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:58.161.33.159


text:
User:Kristy~enwikibooks

Am kristy.I love reading and i believe am born to read books.My preference is more to english literature...

title: User:Kristy~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:FOSS Localization/Introduction

The primer link at the base of the page is dead. Downloading the primer now requires registration with LISA (202.134.239.2 05:58, 2 September 2007 (UTC))

title: Talk:FOSS Localization/Introduction


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Erumpent

Overview
An Erumpent is an animal that grows at least one large, spiral horn.

Extended Description
While we never see an Erumpent, we do see its horn. The horn is extremely large, leading us to believe that the animal in question is also very large. The horn in question is in Xenophilius Lovegood's study, where he has purchased it believing it to be the horn of a Crumple Horned Snorkack.

Hermione recognizes it at once, and tells Xenophilius that it is extremely unstable; some time afterwards, a stray Stunner hits it, and it explodes, causing serious damage to Xenophilius' house.

The Erumpent is further described in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them by "Newt Scamander" as a large grey beast, native to Africa, that can be mistaken at a distance for a rhinoceros. The horn is extremely sharp, able to penetrate metal, and contains an exploding fluid.


text:
User:Quackor

Any comments can be placed on my english or faroese user page.

title: User:Quackor


text:
User talk:Quackor

Plz. use my english talk page or my faroese talk page.

title: User talk:Quackor


text:
Celestia/Celx Scripting/CELX Lua Methods

This summary describes the support for Lua/CELX-scripting in Celestia and consists mostly of the CELX API. This documents as well as the CELX-support in Celestia probably contain a number of errors or bugs. Please report any problems you find.

About this document
It was started to document the available functionality during development celestia v1.3.1pre11, and was then extended as new functionality was contributed. CELX uses the Lua Programming Language, so you are writing real programs. This is completely different than older CEL Celestia scripts, which are just sequences of fixed commands. So you probably should have a little experience in programming, otherwise this document won't help you much. It's also a good idea to read at least the first sections of the Lua-Documentation, available here:
 * http://www.lua.org/manual/5.0/
 * http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/ (Celestia version and later)

How CELX works in Celestia
Celestia works roughly(!) by repeating this:
 * Check user input, change rendering settings accordingly (e.g. enable rendering of orbits, change observer position/orientation)
 * Update the simulation time
 * Update the observer's position if goto is active
 * Render all objects using the current settings (renderflags, time. positions)

If a CELX script has been started, it is executed just before rendering begins. Then Celestia gives control to the Lua interpreter, which continues to execute the script where it stopped the last time. When a CELX method is called in a script, e.g. celestia:print, the Lua interpreter invokes a small C++ function which converts the arguments from Lua types to C++ types, calls the right Celestia-methods to perform the action, and, if necessary, converts the C++ return value back to a Lua value. Note that the Lua interpreter called this C++ function, so when the function returns, the script continues: there is never a chance to return control back to the Celestia loop. To do this, the script has to call the wait function, which makes the Lua interpreter return control.

Forgetting to call wait in Celestia 1.3.1 meant that Celestia never gained control again, and thus couldn't handle the command to stop or quit the script - it was completely blocked. Starting with version, Celestia periodically checks if the script has exceeded the maximum allowed time to execute (5 seconds), and if it has, it terminates the script.

It should be apparent that most actions don't really change anything immediately. Instead, scripts change a setting which is used later on during rendering, which from the point of view of the script happens while calling wait. So if the position of the observer is changed ten times without calling wait in between, this will have no effect - only the last position will actually be used in rendering.

Syntax
For a complete description of the syntax of Lua, please read http://www.lua.org/manual/5.0/ Celestia version uses Lua version 5.1, which differs slightly from version 5.0 of Lua, used in earlier Celestia releases. The Lua 5.1 manual can be found at http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/ For details about what changed between Lua versions 5.0 and 5.1, see http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#7

Some quick starting notes:

 * 1) Lua commands can be terminated either by a textual line terminator or by a semicolon. To include several Lua commands on a single line of text, separate them by semi-colons (;), but if there is only a single Lua command on a line of text, no semi-colon is needed.
 * 2) Write your CELX script by using a line editor like "Notepad", "Notepad++" or "Wordpad", without text formatting ;
 * 3) Short (singleline) comments start with two hyphens "--";
 * 4) Long (multiline) comments use "-- comment ".
 * 5) When you use the comment "-- Title: string:text" in the first line of the CELX script, the string:text title will be displayed in the Celestia/File/Scripts drop down menu instead of the filename.

Example:

-- Title: Example script -- This is a short comment line. -- This       is       a       long       comment       line. a = 5; b = 6 -- two Lua commands on a single line c = 3       -- one Lua command on a line

Variables & Types
Lua variables don't have to be declared and don't have a type, but the content has a type.

There are eight basic types in Lua:
 * 1) nil
 * 2) * Nil is the type of the value nil, whose main property is to be different from any other value; it usually represents the absence of a useful value.
 * 3) boolean
 * 4) * Boolean is the type of the values false and true. Both nil and false make a condition false; any other value makes it true.
 * 5) number
 * 6) * Number represents real (double-precision floating-point) numbers.
 * 7) string
 * 8) * String represents arrays of any 8-bit characters.
 * 9) table
 * 10) * Tables can be used as arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers, but with any value (except nil). Tables also can contain values of all types (except nil).
 * 11) userdata
 * 12) * The objects to control Celestia are of this special type userdata.
 * 13) function
 * 14) * The function type is an executable expression, compiled from a block of Lua and CELX code.
 * 15) thread
 * 16) * Not further explained here.

Example: The same variable "a" can have content of different type.

a = 1               -- a is 1, an integer number a = a / 2           -- a is now 0.5, changed into a floatingpoint number a = "Hello World"   -- a contains a string now a = a / 3           -- ERROR, because a string is divided by a number! a = true            -- a is true, a boolean a = not a           -- a is now false, a boolean

Example: A table can be used like this.

t = {}                                 -- define Table t t["key1"] = "value1"                    -- long form to store a string t.key2 = "value2"                      -- short form to store a string u = { key1="value1", key2="value2" }   -- u is now the same as t  v = { 1,2,3,4,5 }                       -- v[1] is now 1, v[2] is 2, etc.

To operate on userdata, you can call methods for the objects. To use Lua for Celestia, you mostly need to know only about the available objects, the methods defined on them and how to call them - everybody who already knows Object-Oriented-Programming should feel right at home.

At the beginning of a script, the celestia object is automatically defined, holding a reference to the core-functionality of Celestia! To operate on this celestia object you can call methods which are defined on it by using the "celestia:" prefix, as shown in section celestia methods.

Example:

-- Get observer instance of the active view and store it in "obs" obs = celestia:getobserver -- Find the celestial object representing Earth and store it in "earth" earth = celestia:find("Sol/Earth") -- Do something to confuse the reader, but possible in CELX -- The object with name mars is made equal to the object with name earth mars = earth

-- You can also use obs and earth like this. obs:goto(earth) -- This will start the goto-command, which moves the observer to Earth, -- just as if you had pressed the [G] key in Celestia, after selecting Earth.

A function is an executable expression, compiled from a block of Lua and CELX code, whose value has type function.

A function can have arguments for input values and a function can also return zero, one or more values (see the Lua-documentation for details).

One or more functions can be defined at the beginning of your CELX script and they can be called once or several times from the main body of your CELX script.

Example:

-- Define function with name "add_one" and parameterlist "i" (a number). function add_one(i) -- use 'local' to declare variables local to function: local j = i + 1 -- return the value of "j", a number. return j end

-- Define function with name "divide" and parameterlist "i, j" (two numbers). function divide(i, j)    -- return the value of the division "i / j", a number. return i / j end

-- Start of the main body of your script <... other script code ...> -- and now call the functions: a = add_one(1) b = divide(a, 2) <... other script code ...>

The function "wait(number:n)" is predefined in Celestia and waits number:n seconds. It is special because it returns control to Celestia, which you have to do to avoid blocking Celestia.

Many more functions are defined in Lua (see Lua-docs), such as mathematical functions or string operations.

Notes:
 * 1) Not all Lua-libraries are loaded, you don't have access to io and debug-functions (which greatly reduces the danger of security problems from "evil" scripts). See the method celestia:requestsystemaccess for more information.

Control Structures
Lua has the typical control structures, like for, while, repeat and if.

Examples:

-- Execute the block of codelines (...) 10 times after each other, -- where "i" is incremented with 1 during each loop. for i = 1, 10 do    ...  end

-- Execute the block of codelines (...) -- as long as "i" is smaller than or equal to 11. i = 1 while i <= 11 do    ...     i = i + 1 end

-- Execute the block of codelines (...) -- until "i" is equal to "j". i = 1 j = 22 repeat ...    i = i + 1 until i == j

-- Compare "i" and "j" with each other and execute a -- certain block of codelines (...1, ...2 or ...3), -- depending on the result of this comparison. if i > j then ...1 elseif i < j then ...2 else ...3 end

-- To loop over the contents of a table "tbl", you can use this: for key, value in pairs(tbl) do   -- tbl[key] == value ... end

-- Use this for tables used as arrays, i.e. indexed by numbers 1..n: for i, value in ipairs(tbl) do -- tbl[i] == value ... end

Objects and Methods (The CELX API)
This section documents the userdata classes (object types) available in CELX Lua scripting.

Besides the predefined celestia object, there are also other celestia related objects to control Celestia. You can't create an object (i.e. userdata) yourself, you must call some method to create one. As you only have the celestia object (ignoring methods which are not Celestia related) available when the script is starting, you must use it to create other objects.

The following celestia related objects can be used within a CELX script:
 * 1) Observer object: An observer object is used to access properties specific to a view, such as viewer position, viewer orientation, frame of reference, and tracking status. To operate on an observer objects, you can call observer methods which are defined on them, as shown in section observer methods.
 * 2) Object objects: An "object" object in CELX refers to a celestial object like a planet or a star. To operate on "object" objects, you can call "object" methods which are defined on them, as shown in section object methods.
 * 3) Position objects: A position object contains the exact coordinates of a point in space. To operate on position objects, you can call position methods which are defined on them, as shown in section position methods.
 * 4) Vector objects: A vector object is a geometric object that has both a length and direction [X,Y,Z] in a 3-dimensional Coordinate System. To operate on vector objects, you can call vector methods which are defined on them, as shown in section vector methods.
 * 5) Rotation objects: A rotation object is internally a Quaternion, which is one possibility to mathematically describe a rotation in 3 dimensions (i.e. it can be converted to a rotation matrix). A rotation can also be used to describe the orientation of objects or the observer (i.e. where the observer is looking to, and where "up" is). To operate on rotation objects, you can call rotation methods which are defined on them, as shown in section rotation methods.
 * 6) Frame objects: The frame object describes the celestia coordinate cystem and tells how the X, Y, and Z, axes of each 3-dimensional coordinate system are aligned. Coordinate systems are well documented in the available Celestia .Cel Scripting Guide v1-0g by Don Goyette, in the chapter: "Coordinate Systems". To operate on frame objects, you can call frame methods which are defined on them, as shown in section frame methods.
 * 7) Phase objects: The timeline of an object can be subdivided into one or more phases. Each phase object has its own trajectory, rotation model, orbit frame, and body frame. To operate on phase objects, you can call phase methods which are defined on them, as shown in section phase methods.
 * 8) CELscript objects: A CELscript object contains a string with a valid  CEL script, which can be imbedded in a CELX script by using the "celestia:createcelscript" method. To operate on CELscript objects, you can call CELscript methods which are defined on them, as shown in section CELscript methods.

Example: To call the method getposition of observer, you have to get an observer-instance from celestia first and then call getposition on it:

obs = celestia:getobserver pos = obs:getposition

Notes:
 * 1) While using names for the various classes in this documentation, these names have no real meaning in a script. Even "celestia" is just a variable, holding an object of type celestia and is not really special.

In the following section, each method is listed with its signature:

return_value_type (, [, ]) This is followed by:
 * A short description of what the method does;
 * A list of the arguments/parameters and what they are for;
 * Possibly some notes about how to use this method, what it does exactly, some concerns etc..
 * Finally an example about the usage of the method is given.

celestia

 * 2.1.1. print
 * 2.1.2. flash
 * 2.1.3. show
 * 2.1.4. hide
 * 2.1.5. getrenderflags
 * 2.1.6. setrenderflags
 * 2.1.7. showlabel
 * 2.1.8. hidelabel
 * 2.1.9. getlabelflags
 * 2.1.10. setlabelflags
 * 2.1.11. getorbitflags
 * 2.1.12. setorbitflags
 * 2.1.13. getambient
 * 2.1.14. setambient
 * 2.1.15. getfaintestvisible
 * 2.1.16. setfaintestvisible
 * 2.1.17. getminorbitsize
 * 2.1.18. setminorbitsize
 * 2.1.19. getstardistancelimit
 * 2.1.20. setstardistancelimit
 * 2.1.21. getminfeaturesize
 * 2.1.22. setminfeaturesize
 * 2.1.23. getstarstyle
 * 2.1.24. setstarstyle
 * 2.1.25. find
 * 2.1.26. getselection
 * 2.1.27. select
 * 2.1.28. mark
 * 2.1.29. unmark
 * 2.1.30. unmarkall
 * 2.1.31. gettime
 * 2.1.32. settime
 * 2.1.33. gettimescale
 * 2.1.34. settimescale
 * 2.1.35. getscripttime
 * 2.1.36. getobserver
 * 2.1.37. getobservers
 * 2.1.38. tojulianday
 * 2.1.39. fromjulianday
 * 2.1.40. getscreendimension
 * 2.1.41. newvector
 * 2.1.42. newposition
 * 2.1.43. newposition (base64)
 * 2.1.44. newrotation (axis-angle)
 * 2.1.45. newrotation
 * 2.1.46. newframe
 * 2.1.47. requestkeyboard
 * 2.1.48. requestsystemaccess
 * 2.1.49. getscriptpath
 * 2.1.50. takescreenshot
 * 2.1.51. createcelscript
 * 2.1.52. getstarcount
 * 2.1.53. getstar
 * 2.1.54. getdsocount
 * 2.1.55. getdso
 * 2.1.56.  utctotdb
 * 2.1.57.  tdbtoutc
 * 2.1.58.  stars
 * 2.1.59.  dsos
 * 2.1.60.  gettextwidth
 * 2.1.61.  getaltazimuthmode
 * 2.1.62.  setaltazimuthmode
 * 2.1.63.  getoverlayelements
 * 2.1.64.  setoverlayelements
 * 2.1.65.  getgalaxylightgain
 * 2.1.66.  setgalaxylightgain
 * 2.1.67.  log
 * 2.1.68.  registereventhandler
 * 2.1.69.  geteventhandler
 * 2.1.70.  setlabelcolor
 * 2.1.71.  setlinecolor
 * 2.1.72.  getlabelcolor
 * 2.1.73.  getlinecolor
 * 2.1.74.  getsystemtime
 * 2.1.75.  showconstellations
 * 2.1.76.  hideconstellations
 * 2.1.77.  setconstellationcolor
 * 2.1.78.  ispaused
 * 2.1.79.  gettextureresolution
 * 2.1.80.  settextureresolution
 * 2.1.81.  windowbordersvisible
 * 2.1.82.  setwindowbordersvisible
 * 2.1.83.  synchronizetime
 * 2.1.84.  istimesynchronized
 * 2.1.85.  seturl
 * 2.1.86.  geturl
 * 2.1.87.  settextcolor
 * 2.1.88.  gettextcolor
 * 2.1.89.  runscript

observer

 * 2.2.1. goto
 * 2.2.2. goto (table)
 * 2.2.3. gotolonglat
 * 2.2.4. gotolocation
 * 2.2.5. gotodistance
 * 2.2.6. gotosurface
 * 2.2.7. center
 * 2.2.8. centerorbit
 * 2.2.9. travelling
 * 2.2.10. cancelgoto
 * 2.2.11. follow
 * 2.2.12. synchronous
 * 2.2.13. chase
 * 2.2.14. lock
 * 2.2.15. track
 * 2.2.16. setposition
 * 2.2.17. getposition
 * 2.2.18. getorientation
 * 2.2.19. setorientation
 * 2.2.20. rotate
 * 2.2.21. lookat
 * 2.2.22. gettime
 * 2.2.23. getspeed
 * 2.2.24. setspeed
 * 2.2.25. getsurface
 * 2.2.26. setsurface
 * 2.2.27. getlocationflags
 * 2.2.28. setlocationflags
 * 2.2.29. getfov
 * 2.2.30. setfov
 * 2.2.31. getframe
 * 2.2.32. setframe
 * 2.2.33. splitview
 * 2.2.34. deleteview
 * 2.2.35. singleview
 * 2.2.36. isvalid
 * 2.2.37. gettrackedobject
 * 2.2.38. makeactiveview
 * 2.2.39. orbit

object

 * 2.3.1. radius
 * 2.3.2. type
 * 2.3.3. spectraltype
 * 2.3.4. absmag
 * 2.3.5. name
 * 2.3.6. getinfo
 * 2.3.7. mark
 * 2.3.8. unmark
 * 2.3.9. getposition
 * 2.3.10. getchildren
 * 2.3.11. preloadtexture
 * 2.3.12. setradius
 * 2.3.13. localname
 * 2.3.14. visible
 * 2.3.15. setvisible
 * 2.3.16. setorbitcolor
 * 2.3.17. orbitcoloroverridden
 * 2.3.18. setorbitcoloroverridden
 * 2.3.19. orbitvisibility
 * 2.3.20. setorbitvisibility
 * 2.3.21. addreferencemark
 * 2.3.22. removereferencemark
 * 2.3.23. catalognumber
 * 2.3.24. locations
 * 2.3.25. bodyfixedframe
 * 2.3.26. equatorialframe
 * 2.3.27. orbitframe
 * 2.3.28. bodyframe
 * 2.3.29. getphase
 * 2.3.30. phases

position

 * 2.4.1. addvector
 * 2.4.2. vectorto
 * 2.4.3. distanceto
 * 2.4.4. orientationto
 * 2.4.5. getx
 * 2.4.6. gety
 * 2.4.7. getz

vector

 * 2.5.1. getx
 * 2.5.2. gety
 * 2.5.3. getz
 * 2.5.4. normalize
 * 2.5.5. length

rotation

 * 2.6.1. imag
 * 2.6.2. real
 * 2.6.3. transform
 * 2.6.4. setaxisangle
 * 2.6.5. slerp

frame

 * 2.7.1. to
 * 2.7.2. to (rotation)
 * 2.7.3. from
 * 2.7.4. from (rotation)
 * 2.7.5. getcoordinatesystem
 * 2.7.6. getrefobject
 * 2.7.7. gettargetobject

phase
Phases available only in Celestia 1.6.0 and later
 * 2.8.1. timespan
 * 2.8.2. orbitframe
 * 2.8.3. bodyframe
 * 2.8.4. getposition
 * 2.8.5. getorientation

celscript

 * 2.9.1. tick

celestia

 * createcelscript
 * dsos
 * find
 * flash
 * fromjulianday
 * getaltazimuthmode
 * getambient
 * getdso
 * getdsocount
 * geteventhandler
 * getfaintestvisible
 * getgalaxylightgain
 * getlabelcolor
 * getlabelflags
 * getlinecolor
 * getminfeaturesize
 * getminorbitsize
 * getobserver
 * getobservers
 * getorbitflags
 * getoverlayelements
 * getrenderflags
 * getscreendimension
 * getscriptpath
 * getscripttime
 * getselection
 * getstar
 * getstarcount
 * getstardistancelimit
 * getstarstyle
 * getsystemtime
 * gettextcolor
 * gettextureresolution
 * gettextwidth
 * gettime
 * gettimescale
 * geturl
 * hide
 * hideconstellations
 * hidelabel
 * ispaused
 * istimesynchronized
 * log
 * mark
 * newframe
 * newposition
 * newposition (base64)
 * newrotation
 * newrotation (axis-angle)
 * newvector
 * print
 * registereventhandler
 * requestkeyboard
 * requestsystemaccess
 * runscript
 * select
 * setaltazimuthmode
 * setambient
 * setconstellationcolor
 * setfaintestvisible
 * setgalaxylightgain
 * setlabelcolor
 * setlabelflags
 * setlinecolor
 * setminfeaturesize
 * setminorbitsize
 * setorbitflags
 * setoverlayelements
 * setrenderflags
 * setstardistancelimit
 * setstarstyle
 * settextcolor
 * settextureresolution
 * settime
 * settimescale
 * seturl
 * setwindowbordersvisible
 * show
 * showconstellations
 * showlabel
 * stars
 * synchronizetime
 * takescreenshot
 * tdbtoutc
 * tojulianday
 * unmark
 * unmarkall
 * utctotdb
 * windowbordersvisible

celscript

 * tick

frame

 * from
 * from (rotation)
 * getcoordinatesystem
 * getrefobject
 * gettargetobject
 * to
 * to (rotation)

object

 * absmag
 * addreferencemark
 * bodyfixedframe
 * bodyframe
 * catalognumber
 * equatorialframe
 * getchildren
 * getinfo
 * getphase
 * getposition
 * localname
 * locations
 * mark
 * name
 * orbitcoloroverridden
 * orbitframe
 * orbitvisibility
 * phases
 * preloadtexture
 * radius
 * removereferencemark
 * setorbitcolor
 * setorbitcoloroverridden
 * setorbitvisibility
 * setradius
 * setvisible
 * spectraltype
 * type
 * unmark
 * visible

observer

 * cancelgoto
 * center
 * centerorbit
 * chase
 * deleteview
 * follow
 * getfov
 * getframe
 * getlocationflags
 * getorientation
 * getposition
 * getspeed
 * getsurface
 * gettime
 * gettrackedobject
 * goto (table)
 * goto
 * gotodistance
 * gotolocation
 * gotolonglat
 * gotosurface
 * isvalid
 * lock
 * lookat
 * makeactiveview
 * orbit
 * rotate
 * setfov
 * setframe
 * setlocationflags
 * setorientation
 * setposition
 * setspeed
 * setsurface
 * singleview
 * splitview
 * synchronous
 * track
 * travelling

phase
Phases available only in Celestia 1.6.0 and later
 * bodyframe
 * getorientation
 * getposition
 * orbitframe
 * timespan

position

 * addvector
 * distanceto
 * getx
 * gety
 * getz
 * orientationto
 * vectorto

rotation

 * imag
 * real
 * setaxisangle
 * slerp
 * transform

vector

 * getx
 * gety
 * getz
 * length
 * normalize

Callbacks
Callbacks are functions which are executed as a result of external events.

Right now there are two callbacks available in Celestia:
 * Keyboard callback.
 * Cleanup callback.

Note: Callbacks are limited in what you can do:
 * The callback must complete within 1 second, or it will be terminated;
 * You CANNOT use the wait function in a callback !

CEL to CELX migration
The following section contains an index of the available CEL commands. By clicking on a specific command, you will be routed to the explanation on its functionality and how that CEL command can be migrated to equivalent CELX objects and methods.

CEL command index
The CEL commands below are organized following the sequence and explanation of CEL script commands in Celestia .Cel Scripting Guide v1-0g by Don Goyette. The explanations also contain many of Don's examples and syntax descriptions to aid in the migration from CEL to CELX.

Within this section, parameter values for CEL commands and CELX methods are printed like  or . These parameter values need to be replaced when actually using these commands or methods.

Example:

   "Sol/Earth"  1.5  20000

Since Celestia version 1.6.0 and 1.6.1 the original listing of only 35 Cel commands has been expanded to 52 Cel commands. The additional commands are indicated with and.

 * 1) cancel
 * 2)  capture
 * 3) center
 * 4) changedistance
 * 5) chase
 * 6) cls
 * 7)  constellationcolor
 * 8)  constellations
 * 9)  deleteview
 * 10)  exit
 * 11) follow
 * 12) goto
 * 13) gotoloc
 * 14) gotolonglat
 * 15) labels
 * 16) lock
 * 17) lookback
 * 18) mark
 * 19) move
 * 20) orbit
 * 21)  orbitflags
 * 22) preloadtex
 * 23) print
 * 24) renderflags
 * 25)  renderpath
 * 26) rotate
 * 27) select
 * 28) set
 * 29)  setactiveview
 * 30)  setambientlight
 * 31) setfaintestautomag45deg
 * 32) setframe
 * 33)  setgalaxylightgain
 * 34)  setlabelcolor
 * 35)  setlinecolor
 * 36) setorientation
 * 37) setposition
 * 38)  setradius
 * 39) setsurface
 * 40)  settextcolor
 * 41)  settextureresolution
 * 42) seturl
 * 43) setvisibilitylimit
 * 44)  singleview
 * 45)  splitview
 * 46) synchronous
 * 47) time
 * 48) timerate
 * 49) track
 * 50) unmark
 * 51) unmarkall
 * 52) wait

Typical Problems

 * Lua scripts are executed between Celestia's rendering phases. So if you do some lengthy calculation (or an endless loop), Celestia won't be able to update the screen or even check for key presses (i.e. you can't stop the script by pressing [Esc] key). From the script's point of view, rendering and UI-handling only happen during calls to wait. If the script doesn't return control to Celestia for more than 5 seconds, then the script is terminated.
 * If you want to move the observer smoothly, do this by setting its position and then call wait. But watch out: if "track" is activated on a body this can override any observer:setorientation in the script. A high time rate will change the position of planets significantly before they are rendered, which can result in a jerky movement. If necessary, check and reset time and timerate in your script.
 * On Windows wait can return very quickly without doing any rendering, while on Linux it reliably enforces a rendering pass.
 * The user can change settings while a script is running, including which body is selected, position, orientation, speed, timerate, renderflags etc. Don't rely on these to stay constant, if necessary you have to continuously reset them.
 * Reference frames can be difficult to master at first. If you are trying to set the observer to a position within the Solar System, but get distances to the Sun of about 206 au instead, you probably got your reference-frame wrong. Before version, 206 AU is the distance between the point of origin [0,0,0] in universal coordinates and the position of the Sun. Starting with version , Celestia places the Solar System's barycenter at [0,0,0].
 * If your script turns your screen completely black or other weird effects occur, check for any usage of observer:setorientation or observer:lookat. You probably have your orientation set to an "invalid" quaternion (for example all zero), possibly by using observer:lookat with your up-vector parallel to the direction of view. If this happens, you should get Celestia usable again by running a script which sets the orientation to some sensible value (or simply by restarting Celestia).


text: Subject:Computer software

title: Subject:Computer software


text: Template:Trans

title: Template:Trans


text:
A+ Certification/Exam Objectives/Hardware/Basics/Storage/Floppy disk drive

The Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) magnetically reads and writes information into floppy disks. Floppy disks are a form of removable storage. The FDD is mounted inside the computer unit and is only removed from the system for repairs or upgrades.

The standard size for modern day floppy disks is a 3 ½-inch disk with a hard plastic exterior shell that protects the thin, flexible disk inside. Standard Floppy Disks hold 1.44 MB of data, which is useful for simple files, such as Microsoft Word documents, but not very effective for graphical content. With the introduction of the USB Removable Drive, the Floppy Disk Drive has somewhat disappeared from newer computer systems.

Floppy disks
The floppy disks are legacy storage mediums that contain a small amount of data. Despite the larger size, the 8-inch and 5.25-inch disks store less data than the 3.5-inch disk, due to less efficient manufacturing and design.

The disks themselves have three major components. The outer envelope provides protection against some external hazards, such as dust (although the older floppies are stored in an additional envelope.)  On the inside of the envelope is a cloth to reduce turning friction, and is placed on both sides of the magnetic film used to store the data. The 3½-inch disk also has a sliding metal tab that provides some additional protection.

The notable components of the floppy disk are:
 * The envelope, either a soft plastic for the larger disks, or a hard plastic shell for the 3½-inch floppy
 * For the 3½-inch floppy, a metal shield.
 * For some floppies, a hole or tab used to indicate write protection, disk density, etc.
 * On the inside of the envelope, a sheet used to reduce friction for the spinning component.
 * A flexible magnetic-coated film that contains data.
 * A hub (for the 3½-inch floppy) or hole used to allow the magnetic-coated film to rotate in the drive.

Floppy disks are given an ability to protect against accidental write operations. With the 5¼-inch floppy, you can write to the disk by creating a notch on the upper-right corner, aligned with the bottom of the label. With a 3½-inch floppy, there is a slidable tab on the back of the disk.

Floppy drives
The floppy drives are used to read the floppy disks.

When installing a floppy drive, it is connected using a floppy drive cable, and a 4-pin berg or molex connector (depending on the drive). An external drive uses its own connection (e.g. USB).

In MS-Dos (and related operating systems), the drive letter assigned to the drive depends on the physical connection selected on the FDD cable. If it is connected to the end of the cable, it is drive A. If it is connected to the middle, it is drive B.  Up to two devices may be connected. While some FDD connectors may include a pair of connectors at the end and at the middle, only one connector in the pair may be used to operate a drive.


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Celestia/Bugs and Feature Requests

Bugs
If you think you've found something wrong in Celestia, please report it using Issues on GitHub. Please review the known bugs to make sure your report is not a duplication. When reporting a problem, be sure to include a description of your system, especially the operating system, graphics card and OpenGL driver you're using.

Requests for New Features
If you think of features which would be useful to Celestia users, please add them to the Requests on GitHub, not here. Please check already made requests before reporting a new.

Old lists of suggested new features and Wish List items are included in this WikiBook, but they're very unlikely to be implemented if they aren't on the GitHub list. If you are interested in any of the features listed on those pages, you must take the responsibility of making sure they're requested on GitHub.

title: Celestia/Bugs and Feature Requests


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Mathematica/Basics

Mathematica code is fully-fledged programming language, complete with a proper syntax. It is very important to get the syntax right, or else the kernel will be unable to perform your task. Mathematica is notorious for a steep learning curve, and part of the reason for this is the rigidity of the language. The best way to learn Mathematica is to acquaint yourself thoroughly with the basic aspects of the code's structure before attempting complex tasks.

This page will provide a condensed overview of the basics of the Mathematica language. Links will be provided where necessary to more detailed explanations.

Basic Structure of the Language
Just as the smallest unit of the English language that still makes semantic sense is the word, the smallest unit of the Mathematica language is the object. Whenever you write some input, Mathematica first deconstructs this into a tree of objects and then interprets it. There are various types of token in Mathematica:

Any expression in Mathematica can then be nested functions of the form head[e1,e2,...] where head must be a Symbol and ei can be any of the supported object types or another function.

title: Mathematica/Basics


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Willy Widdershins

Overview
Willy Widdershins is apparently a small-time hood and mischief-maker.

Order of the Phoenix
Mundungus Fletcher, at the first dinner at the Headquarters of the Order, is overheard regaling the twins and Ron with a story about a large quantity of toads he nicked off one "Will" and then sold back to him. Though "Will"'s last name is never mentioned, it is possible that this is Willy Widdershins.

Just before Harry's hearing at the Ministry, Arthur Weasley mentions that he is trying to track down a prankster who is charming public toilets in Bethnall Green to make them regurgitate.

When Harry and the Weasley family visit Arthur in St. Mungo's Hospital on the afternoon after the snake attack, Arthur has evidently found an article in the Daily Prophet saying that Willy Widdershins had been responsible; one of his curses had backfired and he had been found in the toilets covered head to foot in... It appears that somehow he got off being charged; Arthur surmises that gold changed hands. Arthur comments that he's since been caught selling biting doorknobs to Muggles, and that two of them had lost fingers and were in St. Mungo's having bones regrown, and seems rather hopeful that he'll actually see them.

At the meeting in Professor Dumbledore's office after Marietta Edgecombe has told Dolores Umbridge about Dumbledore's Army, Umbridge reports to those present that her informant, Willy Widdershins, was at the bar in the Hog's Head when the first meeting of what was then called the Defence Association was held. Although he was heavily bandaged, his hearing was still fine, and he immediately reported what he had overheard to Umbridge. Professor McGonagall, on hearing this, says that now she understands how he got off so lightly for all the regurgitating toilets.

Analysis
"Widdershins" is an old English word meaning "backwards". This may be deliberate on the part of the author, insofar as suggesting the character's morals are backward, or it may be coincidental, as "Willy Widdershins" is just a playful alliterative name.


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Problems In High School Chemistry

This book will deal with all the topics covered in the high school syllabus, through numerical problems and other questions. Unlike a textbook which teaches students, we expect the content of this book to teach students to teach themselves.

The articles, problems and solutions discussed here will focus on the thought process rather than the steps involved. The second goal of this problem book is to make students realize that Chemistry is indeed simpler than Physics, Mathematics and Biology at the highschool level.

Presently, this book is randomly edited as per the questions put forward to the contributors. As we submit more and more content, we will start integrating the pieces into a picture. Volunteers are welcome to discuss the content policy, make contributions, and above all - giving touch ups to the already submitted content.

Atoms, Elements, and Molecules

 * Atoms
 * Elements
 * Types of Bonds
 * Chemical Reactions

 * Types of reactions
 * Decomposition
 * Combination

First Law Of Thermodynamics

 * An Introduction
 * Problems on the next level
 * Problem 1
 * Supplementary Problems on work
 * Supplementary problems on work, variations
 * Graphs of adiabatic and isothermal processes
 * Problem 2

title: Problems In High School Chemistry


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Category:Book:Using Firefox

es:Categoría:Mozilla Firefox fr:Catégorie:Firefox (livre) it:Categoria:Mozilla Firefox nl:Categorie:Firefox - inhoud ru:Категория:Mozilla Firefox zh:Category:Mozilla Firefox

title: Category:Book:Using Firefox


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Talk:Learning the vi Editor/Vim/VimL Script language

Why "Exim"?
I don't know where the idea that Vim's scripting language was called "Exim" came from. Conventionally on the Vim mailing lists it's been referred to as "Vim script(ing)" or just "VimL"—if you were to call it "Exim" there you'd probably confuse everybody, including Bram, the developer and copyright owner of Vim.

The only references to "exim" in the Vim help files are for the command-line equivalent of invoking " " (ex mode), and while Vim scripts are interpreted as if you had typed all the commands in ex mode that still doesn't justify arbitrarily naming the scripting language "Exim".

Further confusing the issue, Exim is a mail transfer agent. -- Heptite 20:50, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Since there's been no disagreement (indeed, no discussion at all) on this subject, I went ahead and just moved the subarticle/submodule. -- Heptite (talk) 16:58, 4 February 2008 (UTC)


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User:Northern

Just getting rid of red links. Will write more later.

title: User:Northern


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User talk:Northern

Hello

title: User talk:Northern


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User:Cacafire

Hey. I've been around wikibooks and wikipedia for a long time, though I've never edited much of anything or contributed substantially in any way until now. I am a mexican otaku in college, who will move to japan as soon as he gets his phd and accumulates enough money. Nice to meet you, don't spam me.

For now, I think I'm warming up on a textbook that will teach the fundamentals of my personal conlang, Sapollide. If you want, you can look at it, and if you're interested in learning it, not yet. It's not complete, but should be by the end of the year.

Thanks for reading, cacafire.

title: User:Cacafire