text:
Cookbook:S'mores

| Dessert | Outdoor

S'mores are a traditional American campfire treat, prepared over an open fire or even in your own home.

Ingredients

 * 4 marshmallows
 * 4 graham crackers (4 x 2 in / 10 x 5 cm)
 * 2 oz (55 g) chocolate bar

Outdoors

 * 1) Build a campfire for toasting the marshmallows.
 * 2) Find a long, thin stick for roasting (a thin, long wooden dowel may be a good substitute but will catch fire easily). The stick, which is usually taken from the ground as part of a dead tree branch, does not have to be sterilized, but simply clear of any dirt or bark. Alternately, you may purchase a metal roaster stick. Don't use a coat hanger or chrome or galvanized metal (like fence wire)—use stainless steel.
 * 3) Before roasting the marshmallows, break the crackers in half, so you have two 2 x 2 inch (5 x 5 cm) squares for each s'more. Break the chocolate bar into ½ oz (15 g) pieces.
 * 4) Push a marshmallow on to the end of the stick. Using the stick to place the marshmallow directly above the flame or source of heat, toast the marshmallow until it is golden brown around the outside. Some prefer their marshmallow burned. Others like to burn the marshmallow and peel off the burned outer skin to get to the gooey center.
 * 5) Place the toasted marshmallow in between two pieces of graham cracker, with a layer of chocolate bar in between. The marshmallow should be hot enough to melt the chocolate. In a family setting, sometimes it is helpful for children to roast the marshmallows, and adults to supervise and assemble the s'more while preventing the child from touching the hot end of the stick. Enjoy!

Indoors

 * 1) Prepare the pieces of graham cracker and chocolate as above.
 * 2) Place the chocolate on one of the pieces of graham cracker, and then place a marshmallow on top.
 * 3) Put it in the microwave for 15–25 seconds (depending on the microwave).
 * 4) After it has been microwaved, the marshmallow should be much bigger, fluffier, and molten, and the chocolate should be semi-melted. Place the other half of the graham cracker on top of the marshmallow and squish it down.

Variations
70 variations on the basic s'more recipe were published in 2007 in S'mores: Gourmet Treats for Every Occasion by Lisa Adams. If you are not camping, patio/backyard firepits work great.

The patriot

 * Milk chocolate
 * 1 graham cracker, broken in half
 * Fresh blueberries
 * 1 marshmallow
 * 1 thick strawberry slice

Arrange the chocolate on half of the graham cracker. Set blueberries atop chocolate and melt, being careful not to lose the blueberries in transport. Roast the marshmallow. Once chocolate has melted, remove graham cracker from heat and lightly press blueberries to secure them in place. Top with the strawberry slice, roasted marshmallow, and remaining graham cracker.

Minty brownie

 * 1 marshmallow
 * A handful of Junior Mints candies
 * 2 brownie squares

Roast the marshmallow. If desired, melt chocolates on the brownie bottom. Once the chocolates have melted, remove brownie from heat. Add roasted marshmallow and top with remaining brownie square.

Caramel apple

 * 1 marshmallow
 * 2 chewy caramel candies
 * 2 green apple slices, about ½ inch thick

Skewer the marshmallow, then the two caramels, on the same roasting stick. Roast the marshmallow and caramels. When the caramels have melted over the top of the marshmallow, and the marshmallow is cooked to your liking, slide the concoction onto one of the apple slices. Top with remaining apple slice.

Belgian s'more

 * 1 set of s'more ingredients (can be any recipe, but usually the standard one)
 * 2 red and/or black licorice strips

Prepare the s'mores as usual, then at the end insert either a strip of red or black licorice (or both.)

title: Cookbook:S'mores


text:
Cookbook talk:S'mores

page history from S'more
Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit

 * (cur) (last) . . M 03:15, 29 Jan 2004 . . Gentgeen (formating)
 * (cur) (last) . . 03:14, 29 Jan 2004 . . Gentgeen (transwikied recipe to wikibooks)
 * (cur) (last) . . 10:49, 14 Jan 2004 . . 156.63.85.17 (replaced word)
 * (cur) (last) . . 18:23, 8 Oct 2003 . . 67.66.183.91
 * (cur) (last) . . M 12:33, 28 Sep 2003 . . Modemac
 * (cur) (last) . . M 01:23, 19 Sep 2003 . . Scott Sanchez (Observed practice.)
 * (cur) (last) . . M 09:52, 18 Sep 2003 . . Guppy (italicized correction)
 * (cur) (last) . . M 09:50, 18 Sep 2003 . . Guppy (copy edit, typo, italicized s'more)
 * (cur) (last) . . 09:46, 18 Sep 2003 . . Guppy (new article)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook talk:S'mores


text:
User talk:218.12.72.18

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title: User talk:218.12.72.18


text:
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text:
Cookbook:Grilled Vegetable Sandwich

| Vegan cuisine | Sandwiches

Ingredients

 * 2 slices of bread (preferably organic wholemeal bread)
 * Sliced vegetables (e.g. mushrooms, courgettes, tomatoes, peppers, etc.)
 * 1 tablespoon olive oil
 * 1 teaspoon oregano

Procedure

 * 1) Place bread slices next to each other on a baking tray.
 * 2) Arrange the vegetables evenly across both slices.
 * 3) Drizzle the olive oil over the vegetables, and add liberal sprinklings of oregano.
 * 4) Broil on medium-high heat for 5–10 minutes, or until golden brown.
 * 5) Serve open-faced, or carefully combine the two parts of the sandwich.

title: Cookbook:Grilled Vegetable Sandwich


text:
User:Sgh7a

Hallo, wir sind die Klasse 7a Und wir werden euch etwas erklären, Dass ist klar. Das Vereinfachen von Termen Wollen wir euch lernen Verstehen tun wir aber selber nix Denn es geht immer nur ums x. Unser Kopf schwirrt nur noch von Zahlen x² Das : und · ist natürlich auch dabei.

Wer hatte die blöde Idee des da hinzuschreiben?

PS: Wir wurden dazu gezwungen!!

Unsere Seite ist jetzt folgendermaßen eingeordnet:

Leitseite -> Mathematik für die Schule -> Algebra -> Terme mit Variablen

title: User:Sgh7a


text:
Talk:Lucid Dreaming: Introduction

Discussion "Misgivings about the book's approach" moved to Talk:Lucid Dreaming.

Does anyone else think that this is a little harsh when it talks about the mentally ill? It seems as though it clumps every mental disorder together and considers the brain unstable for anything. Is how lucid dreaming affects them proven, or is it just a guess by the authors? Or is this a general consensus among the lucid sleepers? --Emlnxrz 15:30, 18 June 2004 (UTC)

 * I myself have never heard of all this stuff. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 08:13, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Are they "levels" of sleep or "stages". Or aren't these actually used synonymously? --Spikey 04:53, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Synonymous. I will change all uses to levels because they are usually called levels 1 to 4. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 05:02, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, and welcome to the lucid dreaming wikibook! Got any feedback? How's your dream recall going or have you not done anything? :) r3m0t (cont) (talk) 13:22, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I haven't really tried any of this yet. I'll probably start working on my dream recall this summer or next schoolyear.  I'll be heading off to college, and it seems like a good time to start new things like a dream journal.  --Spikey 04:06, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Cool. Any feedback, please tell me. And by the way, if you become LD obsessed, the ld4all.com forums is a good visit, despite the spiritual stuff floating around in masses. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 08:24, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

"We awake quite often throughout the night, but if it is for less than 3 minutes it is usually forgotten by the time we wake up."
 * Really?

 * source. Now that I look at it, it seems it only happens after some REM and not after every REM. I'll try to clarify... it's only quasi-awake (or pseudo-awake ;) ) anyway, you get hypnagogic/hypnapompic imagery which probably goes along the same lines as the dream.

 * Why can't I seem to remember hypnagogic/hypnapompic imagery?

 * I have found that it slips away as I get out of bed in the morning. Can't you remember that you have wierd thoughts, illogical, irrational etc. when you are still drowsy in bed? That is hypnagogic/hypnapompic imagery. Also voices and any other vivid odd feelings (such as falling). r3m0t (cont) (talk) 12:27, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The "I can't control my dreams" section is badly written in my opinion. I can't do it better myself, so I just complain here instead. It's not clear if it refers to lucid dreams or not (this is an introduction, most people probably haven't much lucid dream experience yet). Further, I would say there are many levels of lucidity. You might vaguely know that you are dreaming without being able to control the dream, especially in the beginning. Control is something you practice. Moreover, the connection between the Mother Theresa section is quite week. What is it really about?

 * I'm glad you realise that you're able to correct it :). I was not referring to lucid dreams, but more the feeling of "watching" a dream and not "acting" in it. There certainly are different levels of lucidity, and lucidity in lucid dreams should generally increase with practice. Now that I look at the second paragraph of that question, I have no clue why I put that in. I'll take it out soon if I don't remember, or link it in more fully if I do. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 14:43, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I believe the whole introduction feels more like a "Lucid dreaming FAQ". It answer questions newbie lucid dreamers might have rather than introducing the reader to the subject.

 * It seems to me to get the content through. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 14:43, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Dissociation
What do you think about the addition I made to the Dissociation section (things you should NOT be experiencing)? It does seem a bit scary to me, is it worth including at all?

KC 23:08, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Yes, it does seem a bit scary -- just about everything in that list has happened to me at one time or another in real life. "Finding oneself in a place but unaware of how one got there" ? I thought this happened to just about everyone the first few times they wake up in an unfamiliar place. I remember that happened when I woke up after the first time I spent the night at Grandmom's house.

Perhaps we should move the Dissociation section to a completely different page and merely link to it. Would dissociation be appropriate ?

-- anonymous

Hello from a wikinewbie! I have had many LD's and would like to offer a few comments, I have chosen to put them all here until I have more time, and hopefully sources other than my (and friends') experiences. Also please inform if I am breaking with convention in this post.

RE: "signs you weren't"...Entering a dream within a dream is a technique for better lucidity, also some of the most profound are when one already lucid enters another realm, often experienced as going to sleep when you already know you are dreaming. (one ref. would be works by Dr. Alberto Villoldo)

RE: Dissociation: I think it is scary, and maybe misleading. I think it's a great idea to have some mention here, but perhaps it could be shortened and refer to some authority on dissociative behavior. (If community thinks it's important enough to mention, then it's too important for us nonpsychology experts to advise much)
 * also on this topic, I feel that some of these things are common (if very brief), and may be a sign of personal progress. e.g. ability to see oneself as other can be healthy analization. I hate to over discourage folks on a good path, so while I'm not able to do better with this page, it strikes me as analogous to quitting playing an instrument if you suddenly play a song very well, or improvise music that is better than you thought yourself capable of.

I would appreciate knowing if I should post differently. Would it be helpful to this book to find links to forums, or maybe start a "recomended reading list" GreenTwin 18:36, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello to you! There is no convention you should follow in the talk pages. If you'de like to contribute to the main book though, check Talk:Lucid Dreaming first for a few basic guidelines.

 * Dreams within dreams: I've never heard of that and can't think why it would work (beyond the placebo effect). Besides, that's a different case. That's somebody who knows about lucid dreams who then becomes lucid and uses that technique in order to gain better lucidity. The fact is, generally people who enter a lucid dream from within a dream aren't really lucid, they're only dreaming that they are.

 * Community no more. I don't have an opinion on the dissociation section because I don't understand it.

 * (Why did you indent that twice?) What do you mean by "ability to see oneself as other"? What do you mean by things being brief? What is "healthy analization"? Sorry, I don't understand you.

 * There is already a "recommended reading list". It's called "Further Reading" and it's on the nav:

 * It includes links to forums and books. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 07:52, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'm a little concerned that the book presents 'symptoms' that only a few may have experienced as concrete aspects of Lucid Dreaming. Most of the list of dissociations could possibly be explained by other psychological explanations and not related to Lucid Dreaming, and yet here they are being listed as factual symptoms.

It might be better to have this introduced as things that some people have experienced whilst attempted to experience Lucid Dreaming'.

- Matt 18:15, 15 April 2005 (GMT)

Spinning?
"Attempting to spin" - what does it mean? If it means literally spin, what is so special about it? And if you use a different meaning, please elaborate.

 * Anything that gives your senses input from the dream world is fine. Spinning is a good way to "lock" yourself more into the dream consciousness, by asking your brain to generate more substance to the dream. Another way is to focus on dream visuals to make them more stable. Am I making any sense? KC 22:03, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it means literally spin. It's the sort of thing which somebody who knows about lucid dreaming would do. It's the sort of thing I do in a lucid dream, because it prolongs my dreams (see LD Using and the above post) r3m0t (cont) (talk) 06:21, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Reasons to pursue lucid dreaming
Thanks for all the work you have put into this wikibook. When I came upon this subject initially, I had one central question on my mind. Namely, is lucid dreaming a fruitful pursuit, or merely a frivolous diversion from the transcendental purposes of life? I decided to give lucid dreaming a try. I got a notebook and began to record my dreams. I began to ponder the matter of how I knew during waking moments that I was in the physical world. I hydrated copiously before retiring. In the end I lost interest because I just couldn't convince myself there was transcendental purpose in lucid dreaming. It would be a great contribution to this Wikibook to have a more fully developed section about the rationale for studying/pursuing lucid dreaming. Does lucid dreaming enhance one's ability to understand and practice sacrificial love and to make the best use of one's time in this world? How? Why is it that the majority of discussion of lucid dreaming seems to be from a purposeless or frivolous perspective? I think all this would make a very interesting addition to the Wikibook. 216.160.223.49 21:41, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Most people take it as a "frivolous pursuit". However:

 * Some people have said that meditating (or dreaming) within a dream has felt to them particularly deep, that they found it easier to relax, etc.
 * You can try shared dreaming from it as well as attempt astral projection.
 * Considering that (healthy people) spend about 1/3 of their time sleeping and 1/4 of their time dreaming, I would say that lucid dreaming aids effective use of time. You're using that remaining 1/12 of living life at not much cost to the rest of your time. As some people have reported solving problems in dreams, you might be able to solve some of your own. Also, your artistic side is probably more "open" - pasQuale dreamed up the two most recent designs of LD4all.com.
 * I would imagine that there is not much interest in lucid dreaming for spirituality because Stephen LaBerge, who proved lucid dreaming, did not publish any mention of it in his book. Therefore people went along the "fun and silly" route. However, I don't see why this should stop you from trying lucid dreaming, because it honestly is great fun and very satisfying when you become lucid. r3m0t (cont) (talk) 07:32, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC) PS You will get more replies by joining a forum or asking on alt.dreams.lucid. Check the "further reading" section.

last section and hypnosis
I believe the last part is way off. Self hypnosis as I understand doesn't lead to any visual/etc experiences and can't really be compared with lucid dreaming. Apart from the fact that you are interacting with your subconscious on a different level.

 * Well, it does say 'If you often enter a "dream world"' . . . but I see your point. I don't have any strong feelings about it either way; if you want to remove that part, go ahead. —Tharenthel (Talk) (Contribs) 23:07, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

False Awakenings
The section on false awakenings really needs improvement! I don't understand what it is about. Link it or expand it, something needs to be added. -- Phyzome 22:34, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I tried to clarify it some. It does still need some work, but it hopefully makes more sense now. —Tharenthel (Talk) (Contribs) 06:19, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lucid Dreaming: Introduction


text:
Engineering Thermodynamics

This book deals with Engineering Thermodynamics, where concepts of thermodynamics are used to solve engineering problems. Engineers use thermodynamics to calculate the fuel efficiency of engines, and to find ways to make more efficient systems, be they rockets, refineries, or nuclear reactors. One aspect of "engineering" in the title is that a lot of the data used is empirical (e.g. steam tables), since you won't find clean algebraic equations of state for many common working substances. Thermodynamics is the science that deals with transfer of heat and work. Engineering thermodynamics develops the theory and techniques required to use empirical thermodynamic data effectively.

This course forms the foundation for the Heat Transfer course, where the rate and mechanisms of transmission of energy in the form of heat is studied. The concepts can be used in further study including internal combustion engines, refrigeration and air conditioning, and turbomachines to name a few.

Rigorous treatment of the molecular basis will be omitted, in favor of formulations most useful for developing intuition and understanding common technologies. Students of physics will want to pair this text with one on Statistical Mechanics.

 * /Introduction/
 * /History/
 * /Preface/

Contents

 * 1) /Thermodynamic Systems/
 * 2) /Zeroth Law/
 * 3) /First Law/
 * 4) /Second Law/
 * 5) /Third Law/
 * 6) /Applications/
 * 7) /Appendix/
 * 8) /Further Reading/

Termodinamica

title: Engineering Thermodynamics


text:
Wikibooks talk:Naming conventions

I disagree with this system. I much prefer the Book:Title system for naming articles. There shouldn't be that many modules in a book that you'd need a 4X hierarchy. Gentgeen 11:17, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

interwiki
Doesn't the : seperater create a problem for inter wiki? Lets say I write a book on wikipedia, the chapters would be called something. This goes to wikipedia article something insted of the chapter on something. With interwiki growing and the likelyhood of a wiki named the same as a book growing, this may be a bad practice.

Yes, good point. I agree. Dan_AKA_Jack 17:10, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. We should be using subpages, but they are not enabled on the main namespace. Please, read my opinion about this topic on Wikibooks should use subpages. ManuelGR 13:26, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

subpages
Now we have subpages, I recommend using them. ManuelGR 18:17, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Do we agree on using subpages? If yes, we could put the recommendation on the "about" page itself, placed prominently on top, instead of recommending it only on the "talk" page and listing it as one of many many options. Is there a clear community opinion about this point already? Most of the new books still use the "booktitle:name" convention. I guess newcomers would also be happy about a clear directive for the future. (That does not mean that all existing books should be converted, but some would benefit.)
 * I would recomment:
 * Booktitle/chapterdescription
 * that is, only one layer of subpages, and use the description of the content instead of the chapter number (which would make including new chapters hard) --Andreas 14:13, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * While I am in favor of Sub-Pages I may ask: Is there actualy a way of converting pages without leaving hundreds of move pages. i.E. |Ada has about 103 pages - I would not want to convert that by hand. --Krischik 16:06, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Would using subpages apply just to textbooks or to everything? I wouldn't want to see Cookbook/Rice pudding, for example, but Biology/Chapter 3 is fine. TUF-KAT 16:25, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see any difference between the two, but I think that the first decission to take is wether to give a clear recommendation for new books to use subpages. I think we should. For current books, that is another issue, probably the best approach is to start promoting subpages and let the authors decide whether to change or maintain their current convention.  Only if the new convention is widely accepted then we can regard it as a new policy. ManuelGR 00:09, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I still think that there may be more benefits to real namespaces for books. Other wiki software packages provide namespace specific recent changes, searches, stylesheets, etc.  I can see a lot of benefits for each book operating as its own somewhat independent wiki.  The only benefit right now for subpages is the automatic linkback to the main page. I have no objection to them being used, but to suggest that all new pages and books be forced to use them is simply not a good idea. Gentgeen 01:40, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The mediawiki software currently only allows for 256 different namespaces (it is a TINYINT(2) variable in the SQL database), so the number of books getting the real benefit out of it would be comparatively small. I think, a mixed approach would be best: For the majority of small and medium-sized books subpages are the optimal thing to do, large projects, like "Cookbook:" or "Programming:" could have their own name-space if desired. Let us move the further discussion to Hierachy_naming_scheme.--Andreas 06:47, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Real-Namespaces
Just a thought: while 256 Real-Namespaces are not enough for all the books - they would be enough for Bookshelfes.

--Krischik 06:49, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Adding a new namespace requires minor changes to the software, or at least done on a developer level (developers also tend to be very Wikipedia-centric, and thus developments that would greatly help Wikibooks, eg. a way in the software to tell what book a given module is a part of, are held on the back burner). There was a large movement in the past of moving Cookbook and Programming (among others) to separate namespaces, but that idea largely died out - the idea however did transform into the ":" delimiter in WB:NC. As for bookshelves, part of the bookshelf overhaul was that they'd be moved under the Wikibooks namespace, to reserve the main module space for actual books. The bookshelves merely serve as an informal way of organizing books that exist. There are plans to have bookshelf management placed under the Card Catalog Office, but this is a very new idea that is in serious need of discussion. KelvSYC 08:04, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Using real namespaces would make it more difficult to move books between bookshelves, should the scope of those bookshelves evolve. The current POV in the CCO-project is to use Categories as much as possible. This way we can classify books not only by our bookshelves, but also by Dewey codes and Library of Congress codes (and anything else we might want to add in later). To change a book's classification would be a simple as changing a single parameter of a template to be included on the book's main page. - Aya T C 19:43, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Template naming conventions
moved to Wikibooks talk:Naming policy

category guidelines
Are there any tips or guidelines for using category tags? (A category tag starts with " ", then the name of the tag, then ends with " ". When a reader clicks on the tag, wikibooks automagically makes a list of every module that includes that tag -- this is often much more convenient than manually creating and maintaining such a list.)

Such category guidelines would say something like

 * make sure the category tag " " is on the "main module" of a programming language book, but no other module of the book. For example, you would put it on "C Programming", but not on "C Programming/Control".
 * Put the book-specific category tag on every module and template used in the book. For example, you would put the category tag " " on both modules "C Programming" and "C Programming/Control", but not on any modules in any other book.
 * make sure the category tag " " is on the book-specific category page. For example, you would put it on the " " category page.
 * It's fine to have a module or template have several different category tags. In particular, if a template is used in multiple books, put the book-specific category tag from each of those books on that template.

Is there a page for holding guidelines like this?

By the way, what is the difference between " " and " "?

--DavidCary 18:37, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi David - you are so right (in my view) to bring this up. It's one that has been lurking in my mind for a while now.  I see categories as very important and quite often badly handled.  That said you are posting this in quite a remote backwater of Wikibooks which will probably not be seen by many.  If you want to go to Category talk:Main page I promise I'll join it the conversation there (tho it will be tomorrow it being late in my timezone!).  Browsing Category:Main page will give you some idea how good and bad things can be - personally the Wikijunior section is pretty good but the rest ...
 * Hopefully see you there and get some discussion going about an important topic. Regards -- Herby  talk thyme 19:12, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Naming conventions


text:
Cookbook:Orange

An orange is a common citrus fruit. Oranges need not be orange in color; depending on climate and variety, an orange may have green patches when ripe. Some will even experience regreening, which is when an orange-colored orange loses its orange. To deal with this aesthetic problem, oranges are often dyed. Rough brownish patches are indications of abrasion against the tree, which does not affect taste.

The orange has a sweet-tart taste and is commonly peeled and eaten fresh, or squeezed for its juice. It has a thick, bitter rind that is usually discarded, but can be used in cooking. The outermost layer of the rind can be scraped off to make zest, having a similar flavor to the flesh. This is the part which contains orange oil. The white part of the rind is almost always discarded as it is extremely bitter, but it does contain lots of pectin. Orange peel can be made into candied peel and used in sweet dishes.

Varieties
A number of varieties of orange are now cultivated widely. The sweet orange (Citrus aurantium) was first grown in Spain, and has become the most popular variety. The sweet orange will grow to different sizes and colors due to local conditions, most commonly with ten carpels (slices) inside.

A single mutation in an orchard of sweet oranges planted at a monastery in 1820 in Brazil led to the navel orange (aka Washington, Riverside or Bahia navel). A single cutting of the original was then transplanted to California in 1870, creating a new market worldwide. The mutation caused a diploid, or twin, fruit, with a smaller orange embedded in the outer fruit near the stem. From the outside the smaller, undeveloped, twin leaves a human navel-like formation at the top of the fruit. Navel oranges are almost always seedless, and tend to be larger than the sweet orange.

The Valencia or Murcia orange is one of the sweet oranges used for juice extraction. It is a late-season fruit. It is a popular variety when navel oranges are out of season.

The blood orange (sometimes called "ruby orange" by the squeamish) has streaks of red in the fruit, and when squeezed the juice is often reddish. The mandarin is similar, but smaller and sweeter, and also the scarlet navel is a variety with the same diploid mutation as the normal naval orange.

Bitter oranges are used in marmalade and as an ingredient in the liqueurs Triple sec and Curacao.

Oranges in Cooking
Orange juice is produced by juicing oranges. Brazil is the world's largest producer of orange juice, followed by Florida. Orange juice is available in fresh-squeezed or 'reconstituted' forms, and in refrigerated or pasteurised long-life bottles. The heat-treated juice is made from whole crushed oranges, including the peel, giving it a much more bitter taste than fresh-squeezed.

In the USA, orange juice is sometimes also sold in the form of frozen concentrate blocks, so a recipe may say 'one box or block frozen orange juice'. These are not available in Australia and some other countries.

Oranges are not often used in savoury cooking, but they are an important flavouring ingredient of several recipes, including orange chicken, and the French dish duck a l'orange. Orange zest, candied peel and orange juice are frequently used in making cakes and sweets.

Orange blossom water is sometimes used as an alternative to rosewater in Middle Eastern cookery, especially in sweet pastries and jams.

Orange blossom honey (really "citrus honey") is produced by putting beehives in citrus groves during bloom, which also pollinates seeded citrus varieties. Orange blossom honey is highly prized, and has a distinct "orangey" flavor.

Orange Recipes

 * Tarbes Salad
 * Carrot and Raisin Salad
 * Madeira Honey Cake (juice and zest)
 * Mincemeat Tart (candied peel)
 * Jamaican Jerk Chicken (juice)
 * Chocolate Chip Cookies (zest)

title: Cookbook:Orange


text:
Cookbook talk:Orange

origional article text adapted from Orange (fruit).

Featured ingredient
This module was the featued ingredient on the main Cookbook page from June 19, 2004 - ????. Gentgeen 10:25, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Orange


text:
Cookbook:Fairy Cakes

| Dessert | Cake

Fairy cakes are the British equivalent of American cupcakes. A common variant on fairy cakes is butterfly cakes, where the top of the cake is cut out and shaped to look like butterfly wings.

Ingredients

 * 125 g (4.4 oz) butter
 * ¾ cup (165 g / 5.8 oz) caster sugar
 * 1 tsp vanilla or lemon extract
 * 2 eggs
 * 2 cups (275 g / 9.7 oz) self-raising flour
 * ½ cup (125 ml / 4.2 oz) milk
 * ½ cup (140 g / 4.9 oz) jam (optional)
 * ½ cup (125 ml / 4.2 oz) cream (optional), whipped
 * Icing sugar for dusting (optional)

Basic cakes

 * 1) Beat the butter, sugar and vanilla until creamy.
 * 2) Beat in the eggs one at a time.
 * 3) Fold in the sifted flour alternately with the milk.
 * 4) Transfer batter to 18 greased or lined muffin cups, filling the cavities about ¾ full.
 * 5) Bake at 180 C for 12–15 minutes until well risen and golden. Cool on a rack.

Butterfly cakes (optional)

 * 1) Cut out a small circle in the top of each cake (using a small knife), and cut each circle in half to make the butterfly "wings".
 * 2) Spoon a little jam in the centre hollow, and top with whipped cream.
 * 3) Arrange the wings into the cream.
 * 4) Dust with icing sugar before serving.

title: Cookbook:Fairy Cakes


text:
Talk:How to Find a Book

* (cur) (last). . M 02:32, Jan 24, 2004. . Jiang * (cur) (last). . 12:01, Jan 11, 2004. . 212.194.237.229   * (cur) (last). . M 19:35, Jan 8, 2004. . Tim Chambers ("ISBN number" is redundant) * (cur) (last). . 21:53, Jan 2, 2004. . 209.198.39.210   * (cur) (last). . 22:22, Nov 20, 2003. . 217.255.71.212   * (cur) (last). . 21:20, Nov 12, 2003. . 192.204.1.2   * (cur) (last). . 21:19, Nov 12, 2003. . 192.204.151.38   * (cur) (last). . 21:18, Nov 12, 2003. . 192.204.151.38   * (cur) (last). . 21:26, Feb 20, 2003. . Hhanke (+digital libraries) * (cur) (last). . 12:34, Nov 6, 2002. . Fred Bauder (WorldCat) * (cur) (last). . 21:06, Sep 6, 2002. . Ed Poor (spell check (7 changes)) * (cur) (last). . M 09:43, Aug 31, 2002. . 206.15.46.129 (clarified LCSH, this library doesn't have it) * (cur) (last). . 09:32, Aug 31, 2002. . AxelBoldt * (cur) (last). . 09:31, Aug 31, 2002. . AxelBoldt * (cur) (last). . 09:29, Aug 31, 2002. . AxelBoldt (organized links) * (cur) (last). . 09:14, Aug 31, 2002. . AxelBoldt * (cur) (last). . 09:12, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (pricescan link) * (cur) (last). . 09:10, Aug 31, 2002. . AxelBoldt * (cur) (last). . 09:08, Aug 31, 2002. . AxelBoldt * (cur) (last). . 08:54, Aug 31, 2002. . AxelBoldt (rewrite) * (cur) (last). . 07:48, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (Amazon and BN links) * (cur) (last). . M 07:37, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder * (cur) (last). . 07:37, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (ISBN.nu link) * (cur) (last). . 07:33, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (AddALL used search) * (cur) (last). . 07:27, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (AddAll link) * (cur) (last). . 07:21, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (change eBay link to books page) * (cur) (last). . 07:20, Aug 31, 2002. . 213.253.40.27 (-*)   * (cur) (last). . 07:15, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (Alibris search link) * (cur) (last). . 07:09, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (Bibliofind link) * (cur) (last). . 07:03, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (ABE advanced search link) * (cur) (last). . 06:50, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (removal of AddAll search engine (doesn't work as written)) * (cur) (last). . 06:48, Aug 31, 2002. . Fredbauder (temporary insertion of AddAll search engine will be discussed on mailing list) * (cur) (last). . 07:30, Aug 30, 2002. . Zadcat * (cur) (last). . 06:30, Aug 30, 2002. . 217.168.172.202 (about experience) * (cur) (last). . 06:26, Aug 30, 2002. . Fredbauder (a start) * (cur) (last). . 17:36, Aug 29, 2002. . Fredbauder (to be worked on later)
 * (cur) (last) . . 19:42, Jan 29, 2004 . . Jamesday (mention the invalidity of the contract terms)

title: Talk:How to Find a Book


text:
How to Find a Book

How to Find a Book depends on how much information you have about the book and whether you want to buy it or simply read it.

Acquiring information about the book
Normally, title and name of the author of a book is enough to locate more information about it. You can then use online bookstores or online library catalogs to identify publisher, publication date, edition and ISBN; these items are sometimes required by libraries or bookstores to order the book.

Occasionally, the author's name is misspelled, especially with foreign authors. In this case try searching for the title alone, until you find the proper spelling of the name.

If you only have the book's ISBN, you should be aware of the fact that different editions as well as hardcover and soft-cover versions of a book have different ISBNs. It is possible that the version of the book with your ISBN is already out of print, while another version is still available. It is therefore best to use an online service to get the author and title information, and then proceed with that information.

Locating a book is much more difficult if you want to educate yourself about a topic but don't have a particular author or title in mind. Library shelves are organized by subject; learn the system used by your library, go to the relevant shelve and browse the books about your topic. Some of this can also be done online: library catalogs allow subject and keyword searches and the Library of Congress permits browsing by call number, which can often locate closely related materials. For an effective subject search, you need to know which subject words are being used; this is contained in the "Library of Congress Subject Headings", a red five-volume work that many libraries have but can not be found online (most library subjects can be searched and browsed on ISBNdb.com's subject search).

Most topics have one or two "standard references", the generally acknowledged best treatments of the subject. To find these, you need to talk to a specialist in the field. A Usenet posting to a relevant newsgroup, asking about good books, also often yields excellent results. Closely reading the user-supplied book reviews on amazon.com will also often point you to standard references: they are often only identified by author and everyone seems to know them.

Acquiring the book
You have to decide whether you want to buy the book or just read it. If you want to buy it, you have to decide whether to buy it new or used (the only option if no version of it is in print, unless you can find a new after-market copy or a remaindered book).

To buy used books, you can try a local used book store. These can also often help you buy books that they don't have. You may also go to a professional book finder with connections in the used-book markets. These used-book markets are now open to everyone with a web browser and a credit or debit card, and books can also be found via auction websites. The three best sites for used-books, which between them cover countless thousands of sellers are: Abebooks, eBay and Amazon (on an Amazon book entry look for the link to "new and used books", which takes one to many sellers of used books).

A book in print can be ordered at any bookstore and can also be ordered online; several price comparison services exist. By ordering online, you typically save sales tax but you have to pay shipping and handling costs.

Depending on what you need, you may be able to find a book at a public library or a good local college or university library. These can be used by non-students for free or for a small fee.

If your reading interest is general, or if you want to read a popular novel, a public library is the place to go. Membership is usually free. If you cannot find the book on your own, you should visit an information desk because many libraries offer the ability to place "holds" on materials so you can get them when you return.

At college and university libraries, Research librarians can help you locate books and journal articles of academic interest quickly. On campus, you can often use expensive databases such as LexisNexis for free. Libraries are connected by an Inter Library Loan network: if the book exists, and is held by a library willing to loan it, you will have it in as little as a week or so.

Most libraries also offer an Inter-library loan service. This means that items that do not appear in their catalog can be requested from libraries elsewhere. Depending on the library and how far the book has to travel, there may be charges for this service.

Libraries use WorldCat at OCLC in order to find books at other libraries. It is by far the most extensive database of library holdings. Some libraries allow access by their patrons; ask your librarian how to access WorldCat. Unsuccessful ABEbooks searches are directed to WorldCat as unsuccessful WorldCat searches are to ABEbooks. WorldCat attempts to restrict use of its data but such terms are not legally valid under US copyright law, since only the specific and creative original expression, if any, can be protected by copyright and the right to use public domain works cannot be restricted by contract (see Feist v. Rural and Assessment Technologies v. WIREdata)
 * "WorldCat® records, metadata and holdings information ("Data") may only be used by Users (individuals accessing WorldCat via OCLC Web interfaces) solely for the personal, non-commercial purpose of assisting such Users with locating an item in a library of the User's choosing. Users acquire no ownership rights to any Data or portions thereof provided in any form by WorldCat. No part of any Data provided in any form by WorldCat may be used, disclosed, reproduced, transferred or transmitted in any form without the prior written consent of OCLC except as expressly permitted hereunder. Use of WorldCat for cataloging purposes is expressly prohibited. User may not resell or otherwise transfer WorldCat. User shall not omit or obscure any notice of a limitation of warranty, disclaimer, copyright, patent, trademark, trade secret, usage limitation or any logo, splash screen or any other terms and/or conditions intended to be displayed in WorldCat by OCLC or any supplier thereto."

Library catalogs

 * COPAC, combined catalog of the British Library and UK and Irish research libraries
 * California Digital Library, combined catalog of the University of California schools
 * Library of Congress catalog
 * Access Pennsylvania Database, provides a catalog in database form for the entire Pennsylvania library system
 * WorldCat

Digital libraries
There are also digital libraries, where you can find books in electronic form (mostly scanned paper books). The most famous digital library is Project Gutenberg.

Digital databases

 * Google Books, searches books Google has scanned

title: How to Find a Book


text:
Talk:German/Level III/Tour de France

Untitled
Hallole, ich habe mir gerade diesen Deutschkurs durchgeschaut und der erste Eindruck ist recht vielversprechend. Bei dieser Lektion bin ich aber über einen Satz gestolpert:

"Die Tour de France ist das bei weitem berühmteste der Welt und eines der wichtigsten sportlichen Großereignisse überhaupt."

Ich hatte die Grammatik dieses Satzes erst beim dritten Lesen verstanden (und das obwohl deutsch meine Muttersprache ist) imho ist dieser Satz für einen Ausländer, der deutsch lernen will nicht geeignet. Ein Freund von mir hält es sogar für gramatikalisch falsch. Eine bessere Formulierung (die dann halt nicht mehr aus der Wikipedia stammt; aber da kann man es ja auch ändern) wäre: "Die Tour de France ist das bei weitem berühmteste sportliche Großereignis der Welt und eines der wichtigsten überhaupt."

Mit den Lektionsnummern ist hier übrigens auch noch was nicht korrekt. --berni 13:45, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * No time to fully respond right now, except to point out that this Lesson is supposed to be an advanced lesson, presently being stored here. You are correct, it is too difficult for the basic lessons, but may be appropriate for the Advanced Lesson, if not here, the further on. Presently, the book is organized only through about Lesson 4 - Marsh 18:52, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:German/Level III/Tour de France


text:
General Chemistry/Introduction

Chemistry is Everywhere

The modern human experience places a large emphasis upon the material world. From the day of our birth to the day we die, we are frequently preoccupied with the world around us. Whether struggling to feed ourselves, occupying ourselves with modern inventions, interacting with other people or animals, or simply meditating on the air we breathe, our attention is focused on different aspects of the material world. In fact only a handful of disciplines—certain subsets of religion, philosophy, and abstract math—can be considered completely unrelated to the material world. Everything else is somehow related to chemistry, the scientific discipline which studies the properties, composition, and transformation of matter.

Branches of Chemistry
Chemistry itself has a number of branches:

 * Analytical chemistry seeks to determine the composition of substances.
 * Biochemistry is the study of chemicals found in living things (such as DNA and proteins).
 * Inorganic Chemistry studies substances that do not contain carbon.
 * Organic chemistry studies carbon-based substances. Carbon, as described in more detail in this book, has unique properties that allow it to make complex chemicals, including those of living organisms. An entire field of chemistry is devoted to substances with this element.
 * Physical chemistry is the study of the physical properties of chemicals, which are characteristics that can be measured without changing the composition of the substance.

Chemistry as a discipline is based on a number of other fields. Because it is a measurement-based science, math plays an important role in its study and usage. A proficiency in high-school level algebra should be all that is needed in this text, and can be obtained from a number of sources. Chemistry itself is determined by the rules and principles of physics. Basic principles from physics may be introduced in this text when necessary.

Why Study Chemistry?
There are many reasons to study chemistry. It is one pillar of the natural sciences necessary for detailed studies in the physical sciences or engineering. The principles of biology and psychology are rooted in the biochemistry of the animal world, in ways that are only now beginning to be understood. Modern medicine is firmly rooted in the chemical nature of the human body. Even students without long-term aspirations in science find beauty in the infinite possibilities that originate from the small set of rules found in chemistry.

Chemistry has the power to explain everything in this world, from the ordinary to the bizarre. Why does iron rust? What makes propane such an efficient, clean burning fuel? How can soot and diamond be so different in appearance, yet so similar chemically? Chemistry has the answer to these questions, and so many more. Understanding chemistry is the key to understanding the world as we know it.

This Book: General Chemistry
An introduction to the chemical world is set forth in this text. The units of study are organized as follows.

 * 1) Properties of Matter: An explanation of the most fundamental concept in chemistry: matter.
 * 2) Atomic Structure: While technically in the domain of physics, atoms determine the behavior of matter, making them a necessary starting point for any discussion of chemistry.
 * 3) Compounds and Bonding: Chemical bonding is introduced, which explains how less than one hundred naturally-occurring elements can combine to form all the different compounds that fill our world.
 * 4) Chemical Reactions: Things get interesting once chemical reactions start making and breaking bonds.
 * 5) Aqueous Solutions: Substances dissolved in water have special properties.  This is when acids and bases are introduced.
 * 6) Phases of Matter: A detailed look at the organization of substances, with particular focus on gases.
 * 7) Chemical Equilibria: Chemical reactions don't go on forever.  Equilibrium is the balance that reactions seek to achieve.
 * 8) Chemical Kinetics: Kinetics explain why it takes years for an iron nail to rust, but only a split second for a hydrogen-filled hot air balloon to explode.
 * 9) Thermodynamics: Two things decide which reactions can occur and which reactions cannot: heat and chaos.  Or enthalpy and entropy, as they are called in thermodynamics
 * 10) Chemistries of Various Elements:  An exploration of the elements that make up all substance.  Includes an introduction to nuclear chemistry and carbon, the essence of organic chemistry.

<< Begin Your Study of General Chemistry! >>

title: General Chemistry/Introduction


text:
User:Oliezekat

Do you miaouw ? :op

title: User:Oliezekat


text:
MIPS Assembly

The MIPS microprocessor paradigm was created in 1981 from work done by J. L. Hennessy at Stanford University. Since that time, the MIPS paradigm has been so influential that nearly every modern-day processor family makes some use of the concepts derived from that original research. This book will discuss the MIPS architecture and (perhaps more importantly) MIPS assembly programming.

Table of Contents

 * /Introduction/

Section 1: Introduction to MIPS

 * /MIPS Architecture/
 * /MIPS Processors/
 * /MIPS Details/

Section 2: MIPS Instructions

 * /MIPS Instructions/
 * /Arithmetic Instructions/
 * /Control Flow Instructions/
 * /Memory Instructions/
 * /Floating Point Instructions/
 * /Miscellaneous Instructions/

Section 3: Programming MIPS

 * /MIPS Assemblers/
 * /MIPS Emulation/
 * /Subroutines/
 * /Programming Style/

Section 4: Advanced MIPS

 * /Instruction Formats/
 * /System Instructions/
 * /Pseudoinstructions/
 * /Register File/
 * /Exceptions/

Resources and Licensing

 * /Resources/
 * /Licensing/

title: MIPS Assembly


text:
Puzzles/Easy Sequence 4/Solution

alternate subtracting and adding numbers starting with 1 and increasing by 1 each time.

3,2,4,1,5,0,6,-1,7,...

title: Puzzles/Easy Sequence 4/Solution


text:
Puzzles/Easy Sequence 5/Solution

< Number sequences

Problem 3 2 4 1 4 ?

Solution

Alternate subtracting and multiplying, starting with 1 and increasing by 1 each time.

3,2,4,1,4,-1,-6,...

title: Puzzles/Easy Sequence 5/Solution


text:
Chess

Table of Contents

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) Arranging The Board
 * 3) Playing The Game
 * 4) Notating The Game
 * 5) Tactics
 * 6) Tactics Exercises
 * 7) Strategy
 * 8) Basic Openings
 * 9) Sample chess game
 * 10) The Endgame
 * 11) Variants
 * 12) Tournaments
 * 13) Famous Games
 * 14) Puzzles
 * 15) Computer Chess
 * 16) Optional homework

Related Wikibooks

 * Chess Opening Theory treats the chess openings in much more detail.
 * Chess Strategy provides a more detailed understanding of chess strategy.

Escacs Gwyddbwyll Schach Ajedrez Apprendre à jouer aux échecs 체스 Scacchi Catur Schaken チェス Escacs ਸ਼ਤਰਂਜ Szachy/Okładka Xadrez Şah Shakkiaapinen หมากรุกสากล Шахи 国际象棋

title: Chess


text:
User talk:WarrenWilkinson

Welcome to Wikibooks, Warren :) I hope you like it here and choose to stay. A small tip, if you want to have an automatic signature, you can just type ~, and it will come out like below. Thanks Dysprosia 03:50, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Re Chess - please stick with "N" for the knight - this is more standard notation. Thanks Dysprosia 23:45, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi WarrenWilkinson! Hope you enjoy yourself, let me know if you have any questions or think that I could help you with anything. --Karl Wick

Electrical Engineering, Basic signals
I have proposed a merge between your book at Electrical Engineering, Basic signals, and another book already on the EE bookshelf called Signals and Systems. The Signals and Systems book already has a nice page hierarchy, it has a few contributers, and it's covers alot of the same material. I would like to merge the two books soonish because i have lots of time on my hands for the next few days. If you disagree with the merge proposal in the near future, let me know. -- 21:34, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Guitar
I was thinking we could do something with the Guitar page based on your idea. I am still in school now, but it is second semester of my Senior year of high school, so I should have plenty of free time. I posted something in the Guitar discussion page. Sameerkale 21:58, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:WarrenWilkinson


text:
Cookbook talk:Empanada

Page history from Empanadas

* (cur) (last). . 00:22, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen (formating) * (cur) (last). . 00:18, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen (clearing up a redirect to wikibooks. VfD tag) * (cur) (last). . M 16:11, 22 Jan 2004. . Hyacinth * (cur) (last). . 16:11, 22 Jan 2004. . Hyacinth * (cur) (last). . 21:11, 31 Aug 2003. . Jose Ramos (expand definition geographically and culinarily) * (cur) (last). . M 05:57, 31 Oct 2002. . Hephaestos (sp.) * (cur) (last). . 11:33, 26 Sep 2002. . Ed Poor (sp: Dissolve) * (cur) (last). . M 14:12, 2 Aug 2002. . Karen Johnson (linking) * (cur) (last). . M 07:43, 25 Feb 2002. . Conversion script (Automated conversion) * (cur) (last). . M 20:51, 11 Oct 2001. . Stokerm

Discussion from en:Talk:Empanadas

Uhm, should we be a recipie book?

how much does ths make

title: Cookbook talk:Empanada


text:
Cookbook:Anzac Biscuits I

| Cuisine of Australia | Cuisine of New Zealand

ANZAC biscuits have long had an association with the Australia/New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) troops sent to Gallipoli during WWI. The biscuit appears to be a variant of the Scottish oat cake, said to be from the Scottish-influenced city of Dunedin. The recipe was created to ensure the biscuits would keep well during naval transportation to loved ones who were fighting abroad. The finished biscuits are quite chewy and crisp, and have a long shelf-life.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups plain (non-self raising) flour
 * 1 cup white or brown sugar
 * 2 cups rolled or instant oats
 * 1 cup desiccated coconut flakes
 * 4 tablespoons golden syrup, corn syrup, or honey
 * 225 grams butter or margarine
 * 1 teaspoon baking soda
 * 2 tablespoons of water

Procedure

 * 1) Mix the flour, sugar, oats, and coconut in a bowl.
 * 2) Melt the syrup and butter in a saucepan. Add the baking soda and water to the syrup mix.
 * 3) Mix the wet and dry ingredients, adding water if necessary.
 * 4) Separate and roll the mixture into small balls, and flatten them on oven trays.
 * 5) Bake at 150°C (300°F) for about 20 minutes or until golden brown.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Using brown sugar instead of white sugar gives more colour and flavour.
 * You can replace coconut with more syrup and oats.
 * Don't omit the baking soda and water. They give the biscuits crispness and colour.
 * See https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/anzac/biscuit/recipe for the official ANZAC recipe.

title: Cookbook:Anzac Biscuits I


text:
Cookbook talk:Anzac Biscuits I

Page history from Anzac biscuits

Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit

* (cur) (last). . 00:47, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen (transwiking recipe to wikibooks) * (cur) (last). . M 23:24, 15 Dec 2003. . Sarge Baldy (biscuit->biscuits) * (cur) (last). . M 02:40, 20 Jun 2003. . Cameron Dewe (formatting, links & spelling) * (cur) (last). . 02:32, 20 Jun 2003. . Cameron Dewe (more history) * (cur) (last). . M 05:54, 31 Oct 2002. . Hephaestos (sp.) * (cur) (last). . 23:50, 21 Oct 2002. . Karen Johnson (adding proportions and instructions) * (cur) (last). . 02:07, 24 Aug 2002. . Vicki Rosenzweig (copyedit) * (cur) (last). . M 03:53, 5 Aug 2002. . 62.30.112.2   * (cur) (last). . 14:45, 2 Aug 2002. . 210.54.160.211

Query origin of recipe
The article states ''ANZAC biscuits were originally invented in the trenches of WWI, on the Gallipoli front. Troops from the Australia/New Zealand Army Corps (hence ANZAC) developed the biscuits out of the meagre rations that they had.'' Is there a source for this info? Not even the war memorial claims this. --Golden Wattle 19:45, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

The assertion was added by an anon in December 2005 --Golden Wattle 19:51, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It sounds like that may be an urban myth, reading the Wikipedia page about the biscuit. Certainly, it is taken for granted in NZ and Australia that these biscuits are related to the ANZAC effort in WWI, however. I think the article could do with revising, but without losing reference to the ANZACs. Webaware talk 22:48, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Anzac Biscuits I


text:
Cookbook:Carpetbag Steak

| Cuisine of Australia | Meat | Seafood

Carpetbag steak is a uniquely Australian dish that was first popularised in Sydney around 1950.

Ingredients

 * 1 Scotch fillet steak (thickly-cut)
 * Salt (optional)
 * Ground black pepper (optional)
 * Cayenne pepper (optional)
 * Lemon juice (optional)
 * Olive oil (optional)
 * 3–4 oysters
 * Worcestershire sauce
 * Limes (optional)
 * Shredded cheese (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Cut a small pocket, approximately 6 cm (2.5 inches) in length and about the same depth, in the edge of the thick steak.
 * 2) If desired, season the inside of the pocket with some of salt, pepper, cayenne pepper, lemon juice, and olive oil.
 * 3) Dip the oysters into the Worcestershire sauce, and then insert them in the pocket in the steak.
 * 4) If desired, add lime pulp or some shredded cheese into the pocket.
 * 5) Seal the pocket with a moistened skewer.
 * 6) Barbecue, grill, or broil the steak to your desired level of doneness. Alternatively, cook over a moderate heat in a heavy-based frying pan.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Substitutes for Worcestershire sauce include teriyaki sauce, oyster sauce or red wine vinegar marinades, or the steak has the marinade or sauce.
 * Substitutes for oysters include mushrooms, yabbies, and prawns.
 * Some recipes poach or sauté the oysters first a little, if the diners prefer rare steak but not raw oysters.
 * Some recipes wrap the steak in bacon or pancetta.
 * If applicable and desired, you can deglaze the cooking pan with sherry or brandy, or make a reduction of oyster liquid and wine with chopped parsley.

title: Cookbook:Carpetbag Steak


text:
Cookbook talk:Carpetbag Steak

Page history from Carpetbag steak

* (cur) (last). . 01:00, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen (Transwiki VfD boilerplate) * (cur) (last). . M 04:58, 5 Jul 2003. . ( (relink lime)   * (cur) (last) . . 22:43, 18 Jun 2003 . . 203.202.5.75 (No point using US spellings here - PML)    * (cur) (last) . . 04:43, 14 May 2003 . . Tarquin    * (cur) (last) . . 19:25, 28 Jan 2003 . . 203.15.73.3

title: Cookbook talk:Carpetbag Steak


text:
Cookbook talk:Pavlova

Page history from en:Pavlova * (cur) (last). . 01:13, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen (minor change to announce that the last edit was a transwiki move of the recipe to wikibooks) * (cur) (last). . 01:12, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen * (cur) (last). . 13:17, 19 Jan 2004. . 80.225.12.253   * (cur) (last). . M 22:52, 22 Dec 2003. . RedWolf (dab) * (cur) (last). . M 00:51, 17 Nov 2003. . Mark Ryan (fixing link away from disambiguation) * (cur) (last). . M 14:44, 7 Nov 2003. . Moriori (tidy) * (cur) (last). . M 17:59, 6 Nov 2003. . Moriori (add info) * (cur) (last). . M 17:04, 13 Sep 2003. . Cyan (moving a sentence fragment) * (cur) (last). . 16:48, 13 Sep 2003. . Montrealais * (cur) (last). . M 04:28, 29 Aug 2002. . Vignaux (add NZ) * (cur) (last). . M 16:50, 2 Aug 2002. . Tarquin ( See also Cooking) * (cur) (last). . 16:48, 2 Aug 2002. . Karen Johnson * (cur) (last). . 16:45, 2 Aug 2002. . Karen Johnson * (cur) (last). . M 15:02, 2 Aug 2002. . 64.12.96.232   * (cur) (last). . M 15:01, 2 Aug 2002. . 64.12.96.232   * (cur) (last). . 14:56, 2 Aug 2002. . 210.54.160.211

Discussion copied from en:Talk:Pavlova

Does anybody else dispute the sentence "Pavlova is rarely made at home in Australia or New Zealand today"? In New Zealand, virtually every pavlova I have had the pleasure of eating was home made. - GaryW 20:21 Mar 28, 2003 (UTC)

I agree! Supermarket pavlovas - yuck. Piha 21:29, 24 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I think supermarket pavlovas are nice! :-) and a hell of a lot easier.

 * Do other countries have them? The article doesn't really emphasise NZ/Aussie thing. Tristanb 12:38, 4 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * Not sure, but I just had Christmas dinner with a Californian visitor who'd never seen one before. Securiger 12:18, 30 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The NZ/Australian origin of the Pavlova is an interesting question. As far as I can tell, New Zealand can certainly claim credit for the name "pavlova". But, and it is a big but, the "pavlova" that was created in 1926 in New Zealand is not the same thing as the "pavlova" that was created by Bert Sachse in Perth in c. 1935. The New Zealand "pavlova" contained gelatine. The Aussie "pavlova" does not. There are probably other, more significant differences. The point is that when the world says "pavlova" nowadays, it means the entity that had its origin in Australia, not the entity that had its origin in New Zealand. So, it is an Australian recipe. I think we Aussies are being more than generous in allowing our Kiwi cousins to claim credit for coming up with the name - but only the name. JackofOz 06:35, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Weight
I have modified the weight reference from 9oz. to 250g (9 oz.). Firstly, this is a New Zealand and Australian recipe so units that will generally be used by most New Zealands and Australians should predominate. This would be grams not ounces. As far as I can tell (being new to Cookbook) there is no policy requiring that American units predominate. Secondly and more importantly, 250g (9 oz.) was the original recipe. Without discussion, Eadmund remove the 250g completely. This is unacceptable IMHO and should not be repeated without discussion. Nil Einne 12:17, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Pavlova in the U.S.
Pavlova isn't sold here in the U.S.. I only found out about it after randomly trawling through h2g2.com.

 * Lucky for you, we have a recipe here for making it then, eh? Webaware talk 03:33, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Pavlova


text:
Cookbook talk:Preserved Lemon

Page history from Preserved Lemon

* (cur) (last). . 01:46, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen (VfD tag for a interwiki redirect) * (cur) (last). . 20:23, 22 Jan 2004. . Hyacinth * (cur) (last). . 11:42, 22 May 2002. . Maveric149 (Wikipedia Cookbook) * (cur) (last). . 11:42, 22 May 2002. . Maveric149 (Wikpedia Cookbook ) * (cur) (last). . M 07:51, 25 Feb 2002. . Conversion script (Automated conversion) * (cur) (last). . M 16:24, 10 Dec 2001. . Cpt (* elaboration on usage and cultural origin) * (cur) (last). . 16:21, 10 Dec 2001. . 63.192.137.xxx (added question) * (cur) (last). . M 16:14, 10 Dec 2001. . 63.192.137.xxx * (cur) (last). . 15:07, 10 Dec 2001. . Cpt (*another dry pickling recipe, to be added to Cooking/pickling)

title: Cookbook talk:Preserved Lemon


text:
Cookbook talk:Guacamole I

Page history from Guacamole

* (cur) (last). . 02:03, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen (squashing an interwiki redirect) * (cur) (last). . 20:18, 22 Jan 2004. . Hyacinth * (cur) (last). . 14:29, 26 Dec 2003. . Mzamora (Tip: keep the avocado pit ) * (cur) (last). . M 20:41, 13 Nov 2003. . GRAHAMUK * (cur) (last). . 12:36, 13 Nov 2003. . Morwen * (cur) (last). . 14:12, 16 Oct 2003. . Dgrant (changed cilantro link) * (cur) (last). . 14:53, 18 Aug 2003. . Craigor * (cur) (last). . M 20:22, 6 Aug 2003. . GRAHAMUK * (cur) (last). . M 20:13, 6 Aug 2003. . GRAHAMUK * (cur) (last). . M 20:12, 6 Aug 2003. . GRAHAMUK * (cur) (last). . 20:11, 6 Aug 2003. . GRAHAMUK (formatting) * (cur) (last). . 20:11, 6 Aug 2003. . GRAHAMUK (added simpler recipe) * (cur) (last). . M 05:57, 4 Aug 2003. . Guaka (sauce, not town in mexico..) * (cur) (last). . M 03:40, 4 Aug 2003. . Guaka (tabasco, blender) * (cur) (last). . 04:35, 19 May 2003. . G (Added a recipe) * (cur) (last). . 19:50, 5 Mar 2003. . Zoe (onions, peppers, garlic and tomatoes) * (cur) (last). . M 18:03, 3 Mar 2003. . Karen Johnson * (cur) (last). . M 12:25, 3 Mar 2003. . Theresa knott * (cur) (last). . M 10:16, 3 Mar 2003. . Zanimum

Discussion copied from w:Talk:Guacamole

Anyone actually tried this stuff, to be able to add more info? user:zanimum

featured recipe
This module was the featured recipe on the main cookbook page from May 23- 2004 to June 1, 2004. Gentgeen 12:24, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Regarding the 'cookwork' template on this article
This is with respect to the infobox on this page that says:
 * This Cookbook page needs work. Please improve it. See the talk page for discussion regarding improvements. The following reason was given: Page should be split

I don't think the page has to be split. It's kind of nice seeing all of the different ways to do guacamole on one page, without searching around. Thoughts? Wikidsoup (talk) 22:16, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree Moreover, several other entries also have multiple recipes on one page Bk314159 (talk) 18:48, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Guacamole I


text:
Cookbook talk:Quesadilla

Page history from Quesadilla

 * 02:05, 1 Feb 2004 . . Gentgeen (squashing another interwiki redirect)
 * 20:19, 22 Jan 2004 . . Hyacinth
 * M 20:29, 8 Jan 2004 . . Mikkalai
 * M 13:37, 8 Jan 2003 . . Mzamora (sp guacamole (what about "sarza criolla" instead of "salsa criolla"?))
 * 20:55, 13 Nov 2002 . . 64.0.146.61
 * 20:50, 13 Nov 2002 . . 64.0.146.61
 * 15:18, 13 Nov 2002 . . Zoe
 * 13:41, 13 Nov 2002 . . Grimm Ripper (Removed recipie)
 * 13:38, 13 Nov 2002 . . Grimm Ripper (Reverted to old version(left in recipie))
 * 13:35, 13 Nov 2002 . . 66.185.164.2 (Added the recipe)
 * 13:31, 13 Nov 2002 . . 205.188.209.69
 * M 13:24, 21 Sep 2002 . . Andre Engels
 * 12:59, 20 Sep 2002 . . 207.249.130.208 (Clarified definition and differences vs. the taco)
 * 11:37, 19 Sep 2002 . . Koyaanis Qatsi
 * 11:36, 19 Sep 2002 . . Vicki Rosenzweig (copyedit; sometimes a pair of tortillas)
 * M 11:34, 19 Sep 2002 . . -- April (header, copyedit)
 * 11:31, 19 Sep 2002 . . 148.247.2.44
 * M 02:54, 29 Jul 2002 . . 206.187.63.161
 * 02:52, 29 Jul 2002 . . 206.187.63.161 (New Article)

Discussion coppied from w:en:Talk:Quesadilla
I removed this recipie:

Preheat a frying pan, seasoned with an oil, to simmering heat.

Drop in a tortilla.

Drop on it shredded cheese (typically MontereyJackCheese), and any of the following:

* salsa * sarsa * chilies * meat * avocado or quacamole

Cover with another tortilla, simmer until the cheese binds the two tortillas together and the outside starts to brown, flip it over, simmer a little longer.

Slice into strips and serve with any of those optional ingredients on top, or with a dipping sauce."

from the main article. IMHO it seems out of place in an encyclopedia. --Grimm

I put it back in. There are recipes all over wikipedia. -- Zoe

End of copied discussion Gentgeen 10:47, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

For the sake of sanitiation and food saftey, I added "Cooked" to "meat or seafood". In the quick time required to melt the cheese and warm the remaining ingredients, raw meat or seafood will mostlikely not fully cook. I started writing the artical for Microwave Quesdillas. I barrowed some text from here, but feel they should match. -- Vanmankline ---

title: Cookbook talk:Quesadilla


text:
Cookbook talk:Jamaican Jerk Chicken

Page history from Jamaican Jerk Chicken

* (cur) (last). . 02:08, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen (squashing another interwiki redirect) * (cur) (last). . 16:25, 22 Jan 2004. . Hyacinth * (cur) (last). . M 12:19, 5 Oct 2002. . Bdesham (Formatting) * (cur) (last). . M 04:19, 7 May 2002. . Bryan Derksen (-/Talk) * (cur) (last). . M 07:51, 25 Feb 2002. . Conversion script (Automated conversion) * (cur) (last). . 20:27, 20 Sep 2001. . 65.68.87.xxx (* By request)

Wow, this recipe is completely useless.

"Servings: A few people" Can someone clarify this? It's like saying How long is a piece of string... 85.211.139.111 16:54, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Although recipes vary, I have never seen one that doesn't include scotch bonnet chillis, not cayenne.Djkrysa (discuss • contribs) 17:14, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Jamaican Jerk Chicken


text:
Cookbook talk:Jamaican Jerk Spice I

Page history from Jamaican jerk spice

* (cur) (last). . 02:10, 1 Feb 2004. . Gentgeen (squashing another interwiki redirect) * (cur) (last). . 16:23, 22 Jan 2004. . Hyacinth * (cur) (last). . M 19:50, 22 Jul 2002. . Tobias Hoevekamp (-/talk) * (cur) (last). . M 07:51, 25 Feb 2002. . 0 (Automated conversion) * (cur) (last). . M 10:45, 1 Sep 2001. . Mike Dill

title: Cookbook talk:Jamaican Jerk Spice I


text:
Cookbook talk:Barbecued Spare Ribs

Page history from Barbecued spare ribs

* (cur) (last). . 11:12, 14 Dec 2003. . The Grimm Ripper (Copied to Wikibooks Cookbook) * (cur) (last). . M 14:17, 2 Aug 2002. . 210.54.160.211   * (cur) (last). . M 18:41, 22 May 2002. . WojPob

This recipe was the featured recipe on the main Cookbook page from April 28, 2004 - May 8, 2004

Cook book barbecue ribs
I love it and it's delicious and it's a great recipe Tawiy101 (discuss • contribs) 00:35, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

So ture Tawiy101 (discuss • contribs) 00:36, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Barbecued Spare Ribs


text:
User talk:PingPongBoy~enwikibooks

Hey PingPongBoy,

A very warm welcome to wikibooks ! I'm working 3 jobs right now and real busy but I will set aside time to help you as you need. I see your contribution of the intro to the Chemistry book ... its a start !

--Karl Wick

If Karl isn't about, I'll be glad to help too. I saw your comment on slashdot and was wondering if you'd come and join our fun. Theresa knott 22:19, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called PingPongBoy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name PingPongBoy~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:PingPongBoy~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:ChrisAnderson

Hi Chris, just want to say HI and welcome you to the site. Sorry I have been pretty busy with my jobs lately and have not been friendly earlier. --Karl Wick

 * Thanks! I've been so busy with Recyclopedia recently that the Wiki Science textbook is lagging a bit.  I'll make it a bit better when I have a bit more time on my hands.

Information Habitat
G'day Chris

There's a proposal to move some problematic stuff from the English Wikipedia to the Wiki Science book you started. See this current deletion debate and especially scroll down to the bottom of the page.

Obviously, I'd like your comments and those of other authors.

I'm also a big Wiki fan, see my Wikipedia User page which reads in part

''I'm excited about Wiki in general and the Wikipedia in particular. I suspect that Wiki is the fourth killer app for the internet, with usenet, email and WWW being the first three. No, I didn't forget ftp. We'll see.''

So who knows, I could even go from being a thorn in the side of this project to a contributor, assuming we can find it a home. Please get back to me. Better on my Wikipedia talk page than the Wikibook one, although I will try to watch both for a little bit, or on the deletion debate page itself would be even better. Andrewa 20:53, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * This is now well underway, but has gone to a Wikibook of its own instead (a much better solution), see Information_Ecology. Andrewa 17:44, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:ChrisAnderson


text:
General Chemistry/Physical Change

General Chemistry

Physical changes in chemistry include phase changes and anything else that changes the way that matter is arranged in space.

Examples of physical changes are:
 * breaking a stick
 * crushing ice
 * melting ice
 * stretching a rubber band
 * boiling water

Phase changes
The three basic phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. (Under certain unusual conditions matter can transform into a phase called plasma)

A phase change is a change from one phase to another. The most common example is liquid water freezing into ice or evaporating into a gas. Phase changes result in different properties for the substance changing phases but the chemical identity of the material does not change. In the case of water, its molecules are always composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. However, in frozen water the molecules are frozen into place in relation to each other in a structure called a crystal; in liquid water the molecules flow relative to each other; and water molecules in the gas phase are flying freely in space and seldom even contact each other.

Phase changes are controlled by temperature and pressure. By lowering the temperature of a gas it can be condensed into a liquid and then even into a solid. Heating a solid melts it into a liquid and then, with further heat, into a gas.

title: General Chemistry/Physical Change


text:
Dutch/Appendix 3

^ Les 1 ^

Appendix 3 - Voornaamwoorden ~ pronouns
Like English, Dutch has pronouns. These can mark number, case, gender,politeness and emphasis.

Pronouns can function either as substantives (nouns) or as adjectives. There is also a number of related adverbs that will be treated here. Adverbs are typically not considered pronouns in grammatical analysis, but they deserve mention when discussing the Dutch language because pronouns are often replaced by pronominal adverbs.

Persoonlijke voornaamwoorden ~ Personal pronouns
In this table personal pronouns are given in nominative, accusative and dative case. These cases signify the role the pronouns have in the sentence. For example: In "I am hitting you", "I" is nominative (subject) and "you" is accusative (object). Also words with a preposition are in accusative case ("you" in "I am looking at you"). Dative case is special and tells us something is indirect object, as "me" in "He gave me that" or "He built me a snowman" or, with a preposition, "He gave it to me".

Remarks:
 * Sometimes there are two forms (jij/je etc.), which can be interchanged most of the time. (See 5)
 * Officially the plural 3rd person accusative form is hen. Hun is (officially) only used as a dative without preposition: "We hebben het hun verteld" ("We told them about it"). After a preposition hen should be used. This refers almost entirely to the written standard language and was artificially constructed by the grammarians of the past. In the spoken language hen is seldom heard. Even hun is increasingly replaced by ze as people tire of being told their use of hun is wrong by the schoolmasters. In the inanimate case the use of preposition+pronoun is rare, replacement by a pronominal adverb being preferred (See 8).
 * For inanimate objects personal and possessive pronouns are often replaced by demonstrative pronouns.
 * In the South -mostly Flanders- the gij-form is in regular use for the second person. It has its own verb endings. It adds a -t both in the present and the past: komen - gij komt - gij kwaamt. In the North its use is limited to Biblical quotes like: gij zult niet stelen - thou shalt not steal. Notice that u is used as object, without implying politeness.

Bezittelijke voornaamwoorden ~ Possessive pronouns
Pssessive pronouns are essentially the adjectival forms of the personal pronouns.

Remarks:
 * 1) The difference between jouw and je is matter of emphasis or the lack thereof: "Dat is jouw huis." vs. "Dat is je huis."
 * 2) Ons has an inflected form onze as most adjectives do (See ../Lesson 2). Other possessives are seldom inflected in the modern language: Mijne Heren!: Gentlemen!, Hare Hoogheid: Her Highness. More regularly inflected forms are used when the pronoun is used as an independent noun: Met welke auto gaan we? De mijne of de jouwe?. Jullie is never inflected, instead die van jullie is used.
 * 3) The neuter possessive pronoun zijn is very rare as Dutch usually opts for a construction involving a pronominal adverb like ervan. (see 8). The masculine and feminine forms are increasingly reserved for natural gender (persons, as in English) in other cases pronominal replacement is more and more the norm.

Personal Adverb - er
Dutch has a somewhat curious personal locative adverb er that replaces het and ze particularly in inanimate cases (i.e. for things more so than for persons). It occurs as the locative part of many pronominal adverbs, such as :erin, erdoor, ervan etc. but it can also be used independently:

 * er is koffie - there is coffee.
 * er zijn mensen die dat lusten - there are people that like that

Notice that er is not considered the subject of these sentences (koffie and mensen are the subject resp.)

Aanwijzende voornaamwoorden -- Demonstrative pronouns

 * 1) Notice that the distinction dit-deze does not correspond to the distinction this-these. Deze is used in the plural but it also used in the singular for m/f words. (It replaces de.)

Demonstrative pronouns are typically used as adjectives:

 * Dit huis
 * Deze auto

they can also be used independently:

 * dit is een huis
 * Zijn auto? Die heb ik gezien

They are more and more used to replace inanimate personal pronouns.

Aanwijzende bijwoorden - demonstrative adverbs

 * temporal

Dutch has three demonstrative adverbs of time:

 * 1) past: toen -then
 * hij heeft toen een huis gekocht - he bought a house then
 * 1) present: nu - now
 * nu woont hij er - now he lives there
 * 1) future/conditional: dan - then
 * hij het dan verkopen - then he'll sell it

 * modal

One modal demonstrative adverb is common:

 * zo - so

Occasionally a more proximate one zus is used for contrast

 * Dat doe je zus en zo - You do that this way and that.

 * locative

Two locative adverbs are in common use:

 * 1) close by: hier - here
 * 2) far off: daar - there

Both of them are used as the locative part of demonstrative pronominal adverbs like: hierdoor, daarvan etc.

A third adverb is less common:

 * 1) remote: ginds, ginder, daarginds -yonder

Zelfstandig- substantive
Without antecedent:

 * Dit is het huis dat ik koop -this is the house that I buy
 * Dit is de auto die ik koop - this is the car that I buy
 * Dit is de vrouw die ik lief heb - the is the woman whom I love

With inclusion of antecedent.

 * Wie mij steunt zal ik belonen - whoever supports me I shall reward
 * Ik verkocht wat ik eerder gekocht had - I sold that which I had bought earlier.

There are a number of archaic forms that can be used with prepositions:

 * neuter:hetwelk, hetgeen, hetgene, datgene : that which
 * other: dewelke
 * persons degene die: he who, diegenen die: those who

As in English the genitives wiens and wier (whose) can be used in relative clauses referring to persons:

 * ik ontmoette de man wiens vrouw voor ons werkt - I met the man whose wife works for us.

In inanimate cases the relative pronominal adverb waarvan is virtually mandatory.

Bijvoeglijk - adjective

 * ik weet welk boek hij gebruikt - I know which book he uses
 * ik weet niet in welke steden trams rijden - I do not know in which cities streetcars are operated

Bijwoordelijk - adverbial

 * locative

waar - where

 * Waar can be used to initiate a dependent clause:

 * dit is de stad waar ik geboren ben - this is the town where I was born

Waar is also used to form the relative pronominal adverbs like waarvan, waarvoor etc. that frequently replace relative pronouns.

title: Dutch/Appendix 3


text:
Vietnamese/Numbers

 không  or dê-rô một hai ba bốn năm sáu bảy tám chín mười mười một (10+1)
mười hai

mười ba

mười bốn

mười lăm
  (While "năm" is correct, "lăm" is preferred for 15-95 to avoid confusion from homophones)
mười sáu

mười bảy

mười tám

mười chín

hai mươi (10 pronounced "mươi" from number 20 to 99) hai chục …

hai mươi mốt
 (1 pronounced "mốt" from number 21 to 91)
hai mươi hai
 ...
hai mươi lăm …

ba mươi ba chục

bốn mươi bốn chục

năm mươi năm chục

sáu mươi sáu chục

bảy mươi bảy chục

tám mươi tám chục

chín mươi chín chục

một trăm

một trăm lẻ một (Southern Vietnamese) một trăm linh một (Northern/Standard Vietnamese) …
 <
một ngàn một nghìn

hai ngàn hai nghìn …

mười ngàn mười nghìn một vạn (rare)

hai mươi ngàn hai mươi nghìn hai chục ngàn hai chục nghìn hai vạn …

một trăm ngàn một trăm nghìn

hai trăm ngàn hai trăm nghìn …

Powers of ten:

 * 10 : mười, chục
 * 100 : trăm
 * 1,000 : ngàn, nghìn
 * 10,000 : vạn
 * 1,000,000 : triệu
 * 100,000,000 : ức
 * 1,000,000,000 : tỷ
 * 1,000,000,000,000 : ngàn tỷ, nghìn tỷ
 * 1,000,000,000,000,000 : triệu tỷ
 * 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 : tỷ tỷ

title: Vietnamese/Numbers


text:
Vietnamese/Colors

The list below is partial list of colours/colors described in Vietnamese:

 * nhạt : light
 * đậm : dark

Examples:
 * đỏ nhạt = light red
 * ghi đậm = dark grey
 * nhẹ can be used instead of nhạt to mean "light"
 * xanh refers to shades of blue and green, which can be called shades of "grue"

title: Vietnamese/Colors


text:
Dutch/Lesson 3

Gesprek 3-1
Mam teaches her toddler, Jeroen to count:

Leren 3 ~ Tellen van 1 tot 12
In Dutch, as in English, there are both ordinal and cardinal numbers, and number formation is similar in that the first twelve numbers are unique. Above twelve, numbers are formed by combination. For example, 15 is vijftien and 16 is zestien. Other numbers will be the subject of more advanced lessons.

Note in the table how ordinals are formed from the cardinals in Dutch by adding -de. 'Ten' becomes 'tenth' in English; tien become tiende in Dutch. As in English, there are several variants: eerste, derde, and achtste.

Remark: een is used both as an indefinite article (a or an) and a number (one). One often puts accents on the e's when one is meant in case of ambiguity: één. In Dutch spelling such accents are allowed but only if otherwise ambiguity would arise. There is also a difference in pronunciation: /ən/ (schwa-n) for the article and /e:n/ (ayn) for the number.

Arithmetic

 * Addition: twee plus drie is vijf. -- 2 + 3 = 5
 * Subtraction: acht min drie is vijf. -- 8 - 3 = 5
 * Multiplication: twee maal vier is acht. -- 2 x 4 = 8

Eerst en laatst
The ordinals are a special kind of adjectives. They always have the inflection -e. So, words like *zesd do not exist. The only exception is eerst. As in English, it can be used as an adverb:

 * Hij gaat eerst naar huis - he first goes home

Its opposite (antonym) is laatst as adverb and laatste as adjective:

 * de laatste trein - the last train.

Grammatica 3-1 ~ Telling time (hours)
Knowing the numbers from 1 to 12, you can now begin asking and telling time in Dutch.

Gesprek 3-2

Asking for the time is accomplished by the sentence:
 * Hoe laat is het? ("What time is it?", lit. "How late is it?").

The answer is:
 * Het is ____ uur - "It is ____ o'clock", substituting the correct cardinal value.

Half en kwart
* In Flanders kwart na       is also used. (meaning a quarter past as opposed to over the hour)

The half hours are indicated differently in Dutch:

 * het is halfvier - 3:30
 * it is half past 3

The quarter hours are similar
 * - 3:15
 * - 3:45

For more on time telling, have look at the practice lesson 3A.

Syntax 3-1 ~ Some more word order: inversion
We have seen that inversion of subject and verb is used to create a question:

 * Het is twee uur
 * Hoe laat is het?

However, recall from the conversation that inversion happens for other reasons.

 * ...daarna breng je...
 * ...op een middag komen ze...

These are not questions, still there is inversion. The reason is that the adverb daarna or the adverbial expression op een middag was put before the subject + verb part for emphasis. This causes inversion. We could also have said:

 * Jij brengt mij daarna op je motor naar huis.
 * Zij komen elkaar op een middag tegen.

Notice that the verb loses final -t when using the informal second person jij or je in such cases as it does in questions:

 * jij brengt - breng je

Grammatica 3-3 ~ Introduction to naamwoorden
Dutch grammar uses the word naamwoord (lit. name-word) that does not translate well into English. Naamwoorden indicates a rather broad class of words, both independently used (like nouns) or used to specify another word (like adjectives). Dutch grammar is therefore structured a bit differently from the English one. Besides naamwoorden there are two other large classes of words in Dutch: werkwoorden (verbs) and bijwoorden (adverbs).

A noun is a fundamental part of speech, occurring in sentences in two different ways: as subjects (performers of action), or objects (recipients of action). As a generality, a noun is the name of a "person, place, thing or concept".

Nouns are classified into
 * 1) proper nouns (eigennamen): e.g. "Janet"
 * 2) common nouns (zelfstandige naamwoorden): e.g. "girl"
 * 3) cardinals (telwoorden): e.g. one, two, three, etc.
 * 4) pronouns (voornaamwoorden): e.g. "she", "her"

The latter group is often considered a separate class of words. They stand in for (pro-, voor-) nouns. Words like "hij" - "he" are known as personal pronouns (persoonlijke voornaamwoorden)

Dutch has its own grammatical nomenclature and to use dictionaries and grammars it is useful to know it.

Noun is rendered as zelfstandig naamwoord ('nameword that stands on itself'). An adjective is called bijvoeglijk naamwoord (nameword that can be added). Naamwoord is more general than noun. It derives from the Latin term nomen: nomen substantivum (zelfstandig naamwoord) and nomen adiectivum (bijvoeglijk naamwoord).

Adjectives are usually added to nouns to further determine them:

 * "mooi" weer
 * "beautiful" weather

Some pronouns, e.g. possessive pronouns (bezittelijk voornaamwoord) are used as adjectives:

 * "mijn" auto
 * "my" car

A special class of adjectives is formed by the articles (lidwoorden):

 * "the" car
 * "de" auto

Gender of Nouns
We have seen evidence of word gender in the pronouns we have been encountering; notably 'he', 'she', and 'it' in English and hij, zij, and het in Dutch. We also saw that adjectives depend on gender in Dutch.

There are a few rules that help to determine a noun's gender, but mostly it must be learned as children do: word by word.

Noun gender is also reflected in the definite article It should always be learned as part of the noun, as this is a good way to memorize gender.

Definite Articles
Definite articles are equivalent to an English 'the', and the two basic gender forms in Dutch are as follows:

 * het: neuter singular (pronounce /hEt/, "h-eh-t")
 * de: (pronounce /də/) all other cases

Animate nouns
Much like in English there are three genders for animate nouns (people, pets etc.) and this shows up clearly in their personal pronouns: hij, zij and het (he, she and it) and their possessive pronouns zijn, haar and zijn (his, her, its):
 * To say 'the man' in Dutch, you would say de man, because man is a masculine noun.
 * You refer to de man with hij (he): Hij is een man. Een man en zijn (his) hond - "He is a man. A man and his dog"
 * To say 'the woman' in Dutch, you would say de vrouw, because vrouw is a feminine noun.
 * You would say: Zij (she) is een vrouw. Een vrouw en haar (her) werk -"She is a woman. A woman and her work."
 * To say 'the calf' in Dutch, you would say het kalf, because kalf is a neuter noun.
 * You would say: Het (it) is een kalf. Een kalf en zijn (its) stal - "It is a calf. A calf and its stable"

However, zijn is not used much anymore to refer to a neuter word and we will see a different way of expressing "its" later.

In the plural the gender distinctions are absent: de mannen, de vrouwen, de kalveren are all referred to by zij (they) and hun (their).

As you see the definite article is the same for masculine and feminine, but it is not just definite articles, but also adjectives and pronouns that must match the gender of the noun they are related to.

Inanimate nouns
In the Netherlands (the North) the distinction between masculine and feminine was lost for inanimate nouns (things, concepts etc.) in the 17th century. The feminine and the masculine have merged into a common gender north of de grote riveren (the Great Rivers: the Meuse, the Rhine and its branches) almost entirely. Someone learning the language therefore best considers Dutch a two-gender language for anything but persons:
 * the clock is de klok, because it is common gender
 * the book is het boek, because it is neuter gender

This does not hold for the South, where a "de klok" may still be referred to as "zij" (she), but it is acceptable standard Dutch to disregard the masculine-feminine distinction.

By contrast, the twofold split common-neuter is still very much alive in Dutch and this must be mastered by any beginner to learn the language well. Therefore, it is important when learning Dutch nouns to always learn them together with their correct definite article. That is:
 * Memorize the word for 'book' in Dutch as het boek, not simply boek.
 * Memorize the word for 'clock' in Dutch as de klok, not simply klok.

This is by far the most important thing you should do right now. The fine distinctions between the varieties of the language can wait.

Referring to inanimate common gender
As we saw above the personal pronouns (hij,zij,het) still show the three-gender distinction that Dutch inherited from its Indoeuropean ancestry. That makes it hard to use personal pronouns for an inanimate common gender word. In the South de klok may still be called a she, but Northerners avoid such references and so should you. Strictly speaking it would be correct for Northerners to call a clock a "he", but they often avoid that as well. Nowadays hij and zij are pretty much restricted to people or their pets, so they indicate natural rather than grammatical gender, certainly in the North. Notice that Northerners cannot resort to het (it) as done in English, because de klok is not neuter...

This leaves roughly two thirds of all inanimate nouns without a personal pronoun to refer them by. For possessive pronouns (his, her, its) a similar problem exists.

We shall see three common ways that speakers use to avoid inanimate hij/zij references:
 * using demonstratives
 * using pronominal adverbs
 * using diminutives (always neuter)

These three aspects of the language have come to play a more prominent role in Dutch than they do in English. One could say that the merger of m/f into common gender has triggered a number of shifts in the language, that for example German or English do not have and must be mastered to speak Dutch well.

Rules for gender
There are a few general (and helpful) rules for gender:

 * 1) Diminutives are neuter: de klok → het klokje
 * 2) Words in -ing, -heid, -teit, -te carry de. (they are actually feminine, but do not worry about that).
 * 3) Loans usually retain their gender: (Latin) museum → het museum (both neuter).

Another helpful fact is that all genders behave the same in the plural, all use de, die, zij etc.

Apart from these general rules, nouns should be memorized together with their definite article. So, learn "de klok", not just "klok" and "het paard" not just "paard"

Double gender
There is an interesting group of words for which the natural gender is in conflict with the grammatical gender, e.g. diminutives of people:

 * The girl: het meisje
 * The (little) boy: het jongetje

Grammatically they are neuter and their articles, adjectives and demonstratives follow the neuter pattern. However the personal and possessive pronouns follow the natural gender:

 * Een mooi (n!) meisje en haar (f!) moeder
 * Dat (n!) jongetje? Hij (m!) is niet hier

Woordenlijst 3
Also included in the vocabulary for Lesson 3 are the ordinal and cardinal numbers 1 through 12 from the table at the beginning of this lesson.

Quizlet
You can practice your vocabulary at Quizlet (44 terms)

Progress made
If you have studies this lesson well, you should
 * 1) be able to count to twelve and to twelfth
 * 2) understand the gender situation in Dutch
 * 3) understand some basic time telling
 * 4) have gained another 42 words for your vocabulary

Cumulative term count:

 * Les 1, Les 1A, Ex1: 226
 * Les 2, Les 2A, Ex2: 161
 * Les 3: 44

 * Grand total 431 terms

Appendix
Pronunciation Guide>>

 * Advanced Lesson 3>>

title: Dutch/Lesson 3


text:
Dutch/Gesprek 1-1

To make your first encounter with Dutch as easy as possible, the first conversation is given here in several versions:

Dutch version
Gesprek 1-1 ~ Vrienden Jan komt Karel op straat tegen. Ze zijn vrienden.
 * Jan: Goedendag, Karel. Hoe gaat het met je?
 * Karel: Goed. Dank je. En met jou?
 * Jan: Dank je, met mij gaat het goed. Tot ziens.
 * Karel: Tot ziens, Jan!

Translated into English
Gesprek 1-1 ~ Vrienden Jan meets Karel in the street. They are friends.
 * Jan: Good day, Karel. How are you?
 * Karel: Good, thanks. And you?
 * Jan: Thanks, I'm fine. See you later.
 * Karel: See you later, Jan!

Glossed version
Gesprek     1-1 ~ Vrienden conversation 1-1 ~ Friends Jan komt Karel op straat tegen. Ze  zijn vrienden. Jan comes Karel on street across. They are friends.

Jan: Goeden-dag, Karel. Hoe gaat het met je? Jan: Good-day,  Karel. How goes it with you?

Karel: Goeden-dag. Dank je,  met  mij gaat het goed. En met  jou? Karel: Good-day. Thank you, with me goes it  good. And with you?

Jan: Dank je,  met  mij gaat het goed. Tot  ziens. Jan: Thank you, with me goes it  good. Until seeing.

Karel: Tot  ziens,  Jan! Karel: Until seeing, Jan!

Pronunciation: SAMPA

 * vr'in-d@'''
 * jAn kOmt k'a:-r@l Op strat t'e-g@. Z@ zEin vrin-d@.
 * xu-j@-d'Ax, k'a:-r@l. hu xat h@t mEt j@?
 * xut, dANk j@. mEt mEi xat h@t xut. En mEt jAu?
 * dANk j@, mEt mEi xat h@t ok xut. tOt sins!
 * tOt sins, jAn!

Pronunciation: English (more or less)
(Note: The G is pronounced loud "from the back of the throat", the same way Spanish-speakers pronounce the j) Guh-SPREK 1-1 ~ VREEN-duh Yahn comt KAA-rul op straat TAY-Gun. Zuh zian VREEN-duh. ---
 * Yahn: GOO-duhn-DAG, Kaa-rul. Hoo GAAt het met juh?
 * Karel: Goedendag. Dank je, met mij gaat het goed. En met jou?
 * Jan: Dank je, met mij gaat het goed. Tot ziens.
 * Karel: Tot ziens, Jan!

title: Dutch/Gesprek 1-1