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Talk:Guide to Success and Fulfillment/Dealing With Trauma and Depression

Maybe this module should be 'dealing with feeling'? There's got to be a section on love for example... Jan. 06. Duncan

Jan 13 - I thought the same thing - you can't have a guide to growing up without talking about love! I think love is a big enough topic, however, to get its own chapter - especially since it will likely touch upon the mixed-up feelings around around love and sex, and how to consult your own moral compass deep within to steer yourself through the hormones.

This chapter is going to get big enough: I notice the title's been changed to include trauma... there's much more to say about trauma! In fact, we might consider making trauma its own chapter as well. The 'stunned' or 'shock' feelings that result from emotional trauma, and the emotional 'backwash' that goes with it, is different than depression and has different patterns, handling, expectations and healing.

--Katin

overuse of explanation marks
I like this module, but there seems to be an overuse of explanation marks. They look like an attempt at humor or to make the module more interesting, but they end up making it look unprofessional and full of hype. Explanation marks are good in a relaxed setting, like an IM, but I think they should almost never be used in what is supposed to become textbook quality. The point that is made should make itself important; it should not require an explanation mark. If it is something that is really important, it should be bolded, without an explanation mark. I don't think any of the parts that have explanation marks are important enough that they should be bolded, as I don't think importance was the reason they have explanation marks in the first place.CatastrophicToad 17:11, 15 January 2006 (UTC)


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How to Protect your Internet Anonymity and Privacy/Securing your Browser

This explains explains in detail how to use proxy servers to gain anonymity and privacy by configuring one's browser to use a network proxy.

Internet Explorer

 * Start Internet Explorer
 * Click Tools → Internet Options to open that dialog box (window)
 * Click the Connections tab
 * For Dial-up or Virtual Private Network
 * Click to select the appropriate entry used to connect to the Internet
 * Click Settings to open that dialog box (window) (left screen capture below)
 * For LAN (e.g., broadband)
 * Click LAN Settings to open that dialog box (window) (right screen capture below)
 * Under Proxy server
 * Click to check Use a proxy server for your LAN...
 * Click to check Bypass proxy server for local addresses
 * Click Advanced... to open the Proxy Settings dialog box (window)
 * Under Servers, in Type HTTP
 * In Proxy address to use enter planetlab-1.cs.princeton.edu
 * In Port enter 3128
 * Click OK to close the dialog box (window)
 * Click OK to close the Settings dialog box (window)
 * To turn the proxy OFF : (Configuration will be saved for later reuse)
 * Open the Settings dialog box (using the above procedure)
 * Click to uncheck Use a proxy server for your LAN...
 * Click OK to close the Settings dialog box (window)

 * To turn the proxy back ON : (Using saved configuration)
 * Open the Settings dialog box (using the above procedure)
 * Click to check Use a proxy server for your LAN...
 * Click OK to close the Settings dialog box (window)

Mozilla Firefox

 * Start Mozilla Firefox
 * Click on Tools → Options to open the Options dialog box
 * Click on Connection Settings
 * For LAN (e.g., broadband)
 * Click on Manual Proxy Configuration
 * In the HTTP Proxy: textbox, enter : planetlab-10.cs.princeton.edu and in the "Port:" textbox, enter 3128
 * Click on OK to close the Connections dialog box
 * Click on OK to close the Options dialog box

 * To turn the proxy OFF : (Configuration will be saved for later reuse)
 * Open the Connection Settings dialog box (using the above procedure)
 * Select Direct Connection To Internet
 * Click OK to close the two dialog boxes

 * To turn the proxy back ON : (Using saved configuration)
 * Open the Connection Settings dialog box (using the above procedure)
 * Click to check Manual Proxy Configuration
 * Click OK to close the two dialog boxes

Mozilla Firefox version 3.6

 * Start Mozilla Firefox
 * Click on Edit → Preferences to open the Preferences dialog box
 * Select the Advanced control panel and Network tab
 * Click on Connection Settings
 * For LAN (e.g., broadband)
 * Click on Manual Proxy Configuration
 * In the HTTP Proxy: textbox, enter : planetlab-10.cs.princeton.edu and in the "Port:" textbox, enter 3128
 * Click on OK to close the Connection Settings dialog box
 * Click on Close to close the Preferences dialog box

 * To turn the proxy OFF : (Configuration will be saved for later reuse)
 * Open the Connection Settings dialog box (using the above procedure)
 * Select No proxy
 * Click OK and Close to close the two dialog boxes

 * To turn the proxy back ON : (Using saved configuration)
 * Open the Connection Settings dialog box (using the above procedure)
 * Click to check Manual Proxy Configuration
 * Click OK and Close to close the two dialog boxes

Opera
Opera uses the Internet Explorer proxy. Or in other words it uses the system proxy.

Chrome
Start Google Chrome
 * Click Customize and control Google Chrome --> Tools to open the Google Chrome Options dialog box.
 * There will be three tabs - Basics- Minor Tweaks - Under the hood.
 * Select Under the hood tab.
 * Click Change proxy setting button under  Network.
 * Internet Options dialog box will be displayed.
 * Remaining steps are similar to Internet Explorer.

Plug-ins and Add-ons
Any plug-ins and add-ons are granted by you the same privilege as external applications on your computer. They do not observe the proxy settings at your browser. Generally they have the same access to the Internet as your browser. All these applications need to do is to connect to their own server and reveal your true IP. The Firefox NoScript add-on can reduce the risk by disabling these plug-ins by default, until you white-list the websites.

These plug-ins are typically referred to collectively at the browser as Javascript. However, Javacript codes as downloaded from webpages are executed via the browser, and do not have elevated privileges. This is different from the Javascript used in, say, add-ons for Firefox. These scripts has total access to your computer just as any applications, and browser based defense such as NoScript has no effect.

Browser Fingerprints
Even with all the anonymity precautions, your browser may still leaves the same fingerprint on different hosts. Fingerprints are deduced from seemingly harmless features - installed fonts and add-ons - but these are rather unique, and can be used to show that the same person make the posts on the forum as different users. A very power adversaries can use it to link the person paying his DMV fee online at home, with the person accessing a secret email account. The IP addresses doesn't matter, if your adversary can order massive fingerprinting and have the capacity to match them sooner or later.

The most effective way to avoid defeat fingerprinting is to use setup different profiles, such as that on Firefox - one for public everyday life, one for special interests that could identify you, and one for your secret life, etc. In each profile, you can store cookies, bookmarks and enable history for convenience. You should use add-ons to fake browser headers, install different add-ons and fonts. Use different proxies or VPN.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Template:Arimaa/Diagram

Usage:

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Talk:Fencing

I don't think there can be only one "Fencing" text. There are at least two different styles of fencing, Olympic and Classical, and then there are three different weapons. It would be better if this article were like a disambiguation page on Wikipedia. Sophysduckling 19:40, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree Fencing should be a disambiguation page and Fencing (Sport) be this book. If anyone wants to start a book on construction then it would be Fencing (Construction) or somthing with a similar name. Klingoncowboy4 05:30, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Are you guys sure?
Fencing (sport) could also be broken down into categories like: - a history of sports fencing - a guide to getting started - a guide to the current climate - a guide to weapons - a training manual - a fitness manual - etc Where would you draw the line? Kothos 14:40, 28 August 2006 (AEST)

At the moment it seems like this is a guide to fencing. Maybe seperate books can be made for specific parts.

title: Talk:Fencing


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Serial Programming/Typical RS232 Hardware Configuration

This page lines out a typical serial RS232-hardware configuration as it can be found in computers and devices of all kinds. It should serve as a guideline and introduction to the direct programming of some serial hardware.

The provided information is generic in nature, since the actual serial hardware which can be found in some device or computer do vary. Often these days the hardware is integrated in one single chip, even with many other functions like a parallel port, unrelated to serial communications. Nevertheless this module provides a good overview about which logical or physical components do what, and where the programming of serial hardware actually happens.

Involved Components
The following figure provides an overview of the involved components, and how they are in principle connected:

RS232     +---+   +---+   +---+   +---+ Interface | Line      |   |           |   | Interface |   |           | ---+ Driver / +---+   UART    +---+ Logic     +---+    CPU    | | Receiver |   |           |   |           |   |           | +---+  +-+-+   +-+-+   +---+                                  |               |                                  |               |                            +-+-+         |                            | Baud Rate |         | | Generator +-+ |          |                            +---+

We will discuss the components and their purpose in turn.

Line Driver / Receiver
RS-232 communication uses voltage up to ±15V (some early specs even use ±25V). And it uses an inverse logic (high/true/1 is a negative voltage, low/false/0 is a positive voltage). These voltages are far too high for modern (and even older) computer logic. Therefore, RS-232 interfaces typically contain special hardware, a so-called line driver and a line receiver.

The line driver is responsible for converting typical computer voltage logic to the high voltages used on the RS-232 line, and for inverting the logic. This is used when the computer hardware transmits serial data. The voltage output is typically continuous short-circuit safe, as this is required by the RS-232 standard.

The line receiver is responsible for the inverse operation of the line driver. It converts incoming RS-232 signals to voltages safe for computer logic, and it of course also inverts the logic.

Actually, there is usually more than one line driver and receiver in use, because each incoming RS-232 signal in a RS-232 cable needs its own receiver, and each outgoing RS-232 signal needs its own driver. However, typically multiple drivers / receivers are combined in one chip. The chip as such also protects the computer logic from spikes which could happen on the serial wire. Some line driver / receiver chips even generate the necessary RS-232 voltage on-chip, while others need external power sources for these voltages.

Line drivers / receivers are typically not programmable. They are hard-wired into the logic and as such of no great concern for the programmer.

See Also:
 * The module MAX232 Driver/Receiver Family for an example of a popular driver / receiver in amateur electronics.
 * The module RS-232 Wiring and Connections

UART
The UART (universal asynchronous receiver transmitter) is the heart of the serial hardware. It is a chip or part of a chip with the purpose to convert between parallel data and serial data. RS-232 UARTs also typically add the necessary start/stop and parity bits when transmitting, and decode this information when receiving.

A UART typically operates entirely on computer logic voltage. Its serial data input/output voltage is the computer logic voltage, not the serial line voltage. They leave the actual line interface to a particular line driver / receiver. This line driver / receiver does not necessarily need to be an RS-232 line driver / receiver, but could e.g. also be an RS-422 differential driver / receiver. This, and the fact that baud rate, parity, number of stop bits, number of data bits are programmable is the reason why UARTs are called universal. The distinction between UART and line driver / receiver blurs if they are both placed in the same chip. Such chips are typically also sold under the label 'UART'.

UARTs are called asynchronous, because they don't use a special clock signal to synchronize with the remote side. Instead, they use the start/stop bits to identify the data bits in the serial stream. Thanks to the UART the rest of the hardware, as well as the software application can deal with normal bytes to hold the communication data. It is the job of the UART to chop a byte into a series of serial bits when sending, and to assemble series of bits into a byte when receiving. UARTs typically contain eight bit wide receiver and transmission buffers. Of which not all bits might be used if e.g. a 7 bit transmission is used. Received serial data is provided in parallel in the receiver buffer, to-be-send data is written in parallel to the transmission buffer. Depending on the UART the buffers might just have a depth of one byte, or a few bytes (in the range of 15 or 16 bytes). The less deep the buffers are, the more precise the communication with the CPU needs to be. E.g. if the receiver buffer just has a depth of one byte, and the data is not fetched fast enough, the next received data can overwrite the previously received data in the buffer, and the previously received data is lost.

Because of the fact that the timing on the serial interface is important, UARTs are typically connected to a baud rate generator, either an internal one in the UART chip, or an external one.

USART
A USART (universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver transmitter) is a version of an UART that can also communicate synchronously. Many modern ICs have this feature. However, as RS232 works asynchronously, the synchronous features of a USART aren't used for serial communication. Depending on the particular type of USART the synchronous features are either turned off at start or need to be turned off. Once they are off a USART is a UART when it comes to RS232 communication.

Principle of Operation
The baud rate generator is an oscillator. It provides a frequency signal which is used to control the timing on the serial interface. Since different line speeds need a different timing, the baud rate generation needs to be flexible.

There are two general ways to achieve a flexible baud rate generation. Either the baud rate generator itself is programmable and can produce the necessary different frequencies, or the UART has a programmable divider or multiplier, which converts the frequency from the baud rate generator into the required frequencies. Observers might have noticed that there are fixed relation between typical baud rates (300bps, 600bps, 1200bps, 2400bps, 9600bps (4 x 2400bps), etc.). This simplifies the usage of frequency dividers or multipliers to generate the necessary timing.

Depending on the actual UART, the baud rate generator either needs to be some external component, or it is directly integrated into the UART chip. From the outside, the programmatic change of the baud rate generation is the means to control the speed of the serial connection. Often when programming the baud rate one doesn't provide the desired baud rate in 'clear text', but needs to provide some divider or factor. Providing the right divider or factor requires knowledge of the basic frequency of the used baud rate generator.

Oscillator & Magic Quartz Crystal Values
RS-232 communication is asynchronous. So there is no explicit means, no shared clock signal, how a transmitter and receiver synchronize. Instead they synchronize on the start bit and further assume a certain bit length. The bit length is a direct function of the baud rate. E.g. 9600 bauds on RS-232 means 9600 bits are transmitted in one second. Each bit therefore has a length of 1/9600 seconds. To ensure the transmitter and receiver assume the same bit length, they need to work with the same baud rate. And the baud rates on both sides of the communication need to be precise up to a certain level. Otherwise the data transmission fails. Typical errors when the baud rates on the two sides aren't well enough aligned are framing errors, wrongly received or missed bits.

The baud rate generator, as it generates the clock frequency for sending, as well as receiving data, is responsible for providing the required baud rate precision. As a rule of thumb, typically, the total difference in the baud rate should not exceed +/- 4% in the worst case. If one distributes this "error budget" equally to both sides it means the baud rate on each side needs to be kept within +/- 2% of the nominal value. In fact, one should avoid this worst case and keep the baud rate at least within +/- 1% on each side.

It is common to use a crystal oscillator to build a baud rate generator with an initial precision, temperature drift and long term drift suitable for RS-232. That is, the baud rate generator is based on an oscillator that in turn uses a quartz crystal as a reference. Simpler oscillators, like RC oscillators are usually not good enough.

Typically all the crystal oscillator electronics is build into the baud rate generator IC. If a UART with an integrated baud rate generator is used, that UART typically contains the electronics. The only thing that typically needs to be added is the quartz crystal.

To achieve the common baud rates, the frequency value of the quartz crystal needs to have one of certain "magic" values. These values at first glance seem rather odd. However, they are typically multiplies of 300 (often the lowest baud rate to support) or 25 (for very low baud rates of 25, 50, 75, 150) and a power of two. Powers of two are used, because it is easy to divide a frequency by a power of two, thus making a configurable or programmable baud rate generator possible.

For example, dividing the rather odd crystal frequency 4.915200 MHz by 256 (a power of two), gives the nice value 19200 Hz. Crystals with frequencies like 4.915200 MHz are called baud rate crystals or magic crystals. The following table lists common baud rate crystal frequencies.

 * 1.8432 MHz, 3.6864 MHz, 4.9152 MHz, 5.5296 MHz, 6.1440 MHz, 7.3728 MHz, 9.8304 MHz
 * 11.0592 MHz, 12.2880 MHz, 12.9024 MHz, 14.7456 MHz, 16.5888 MHz, 18.4320 MHz, 19.6608 MHz
 * 20.2752 MHz, 22.1184 MHz, 23.9616 MHz, 25.8048 MHz, 27.6480 MHz, 29.4912 MHz
 * 31.3344 MHz, 33.1776 MHz, 35.0208 MHz, 36.8640 MHz

Which crystal frequency to use depends on the baud rate generator / UART in use. The datasheet of the baud rate generator / UART should be consulted for details.

Interface Logic
The UART and the baud rate generator are just chips or can be components of a larger chip. For simplifying the discussion we assume they are one chip. This chip typically has a bunch of pins which somehow need to be written to or read by the CPU. As such, there needs to be some way for the CPU to address the chip to talk to it. There also needs to be some way for the chip to make itself heard in certain situations.

It is the job of the interface logic to provide this connection. The logic varies considerably from one system architecture to another. One common technique used is to map the UARTs transmit and receive buffers in the CPU's memory address space. That way they look like ordinary memory to the CPU. Another way is to connect these buffers to some CPU-specific I/O port. Along with the transmit and receive buffers, the CPU must also have access to control lines, baud rate, parity, and character size programming interface of the UART.

Since a UART can't buffer an endless amount of incoming data (some can only buffer one byte in the receiver buffer), the CPU (or some other hardware) needs to read from the UART 'fast enough'. The CPU can either continuously poll the UART to check if new data is available, or the UART can notify when new data is ready. This notification is typically done via a CPU interrupt. It is the job of the interface logic to trigger such an interrupt on behalf of the UART. Both mechanisms (polling- or interrupt-driven) have advantages and disadvantages.

In the other direction, when sending data, there is a similar problem. The CPU needs to deliver the data 'fast enough' to prevent a buffer underrun. This is not fatal, but can degrade the performance and efficiency of the serial communication. The CPU can also deliver the data 'too fast' to the UART causing an overrun of the transmitter buffer in the UART. This can again be controlled by polling (the CPU checks if the UART is ready to send) or via an interrupt (the UART tells the CPU it needs more data). Again, the interface logic has to provide the means to accomplish either or both of these operating modes.

The interface logic determines how and where a programmer finds the UART he/she wants to program, and in which operating mode(s) (polling, interrupt driven) he/she can transmit and receive data. The interface logic in, for example, modern PCs is programmable to some extent. However, this is typically done by the BIOS (setting I/O addresses and interrupt numbers). In older PCs and many other computers the interface logic is not programmable. From an application programmer's point of view there is very seldom a need to program the interface logic. Typically it is treated as hard-wired logic.

Summary
In order to program a particular hardware one needs to know:

 * How to reach the UART and baud rate generator (how the interface logic works). Typically this requires knowledge of some I/O or memory addresses.
 * How the communication with the UART and baud rate generator works (does the interface logic provide polling or interrupts, or both?).
 * How to program the UART. Having the UARTs data sheet available is very helpful for this.
 * How to program the baud rate generator, which just might be part of the UART chip.

Alternatively, one uses the serial programming API of an operating system, which is supposed to know all this, and 'do the right thing'.


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Talk:FHSST Physics/Forces/Definition

I have added here few lines. I would prefer the person who had initiated to respond on the addition to continue. Sure kr06 19:55, 6 January 2006 (UTC)sunil

Force as a vector
Because the writer has introduced vectors, I would propose that it should be at least mentioned that Forces can be described as vectors.

The writer could also continue with the addition of vectors(even if they are in the same direction) to explain when to forces of 5N each get a 0N and when a 10N net force.[I saw that this is for the next topic] Mallamanis 11Jul06

title: Talk:FHSST Physics/Forces/Definition


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User:Sure kr06

I have some understanding of physics of high school level. Also, I have some skills of creating graphics (coreldraw/photoshop etc.) also for illustration. I would be happy to interact with people interested in developing this book/project. My mail is sunilkr99@yahoo.com

title: User:Sure kr06


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User talk:24.29.194.244

Please stop pasting gibberish. --Derbeth talk 20:12, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.29.194.244


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User talk:82.38.121.101

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:82.38.121.101


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User talk:151.196.98.42

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

 * As promised, you have been blocked for one week. --Jomegat 13:49, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:151.196.98.42


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User talk:216.17.140.166

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

title: User talk:216.17.140.166


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USMLE Step 1 Review/Addendum Module: More Through Anatomy Notes

Anatomy
(Adapted from the USMLE Review

BRACHIAL PLEXUS
Rugby Teams Drink Cold Beer for: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches

CRANIAL NERVES
I-olfactory, II-optic, III-oculomotor, IV-trochlear, V-trigeminal, VI-abducens, VII-facial, VIII-acoustic (vestibulocochlear), IX-glossopharyngeal, X-vagus, XI-spinal accessory, XII-hypoglossal
 * On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops
 * Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, Absolute Heaven
 * OOOPTAFAGVAH 1-olfactory 2- optic 3- occlumotor 4-pathetic(trochlear) 5- trigeminal 6-abducence 7-facial 8-auditory(vestibulocochlear) 9- glossopharyngeal 10- vagus 11- accessory (spinal) 12- hypoglossal
 * You have I nose. You have II eyes. (I - Olfactory; II -- Optic)
 * Innervation of extraocular Muscles:
 * LR6 (SO4) 3
 * LR6--Lateral rectus--> VI abductens
 * SO4--Superior Oblique--> IV Trochlear
 * 3--The remaining 4 eyeball movers = III
 * Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More (what cranial nerve is Motor, Sensory, or Both)

BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE
Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical
 * Two Zebras Bit My Chihuahua
 * Ten Zebras Bought My Car
 * To Zanzibar By Motor Car
 * Tell Ziggy Bob Marley Called

CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES

 * c345 keeps the phrenic alive (innervation of phrenic nerve)
 * c345 keep the diaphragm alive (innervation of diaphragm)
 * c5-6-7 raise your arms to heaven (nerve roots of long thoracic nerve innervate serratus anterior)
 * c5-6-7 keeps your wings from going to heaven (as above, prevents winging of the scapula)

LOCATION OF THORACIC DUCT

 * The duck is between two gooses (duck = thoracic duct)
 * 2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS

ATTACHMENTS OF CHEST MUSCLES

 * A lady between two majors.
 * Pectoralis major attaches to lateral lip of bicipital groove.
 * Teres major attaches to medial lip of bicipital groove.
 * Latissimus dorsi attaches to the floor of bicipital groove.
 * The "lati" is between two "majors."
 * A Loose Damsel (Latissimus Dorsi) lays between two Majors (Pectoralis Major and Teres Major).

INNERVATION OF PENIS
.
 * Parasympathetic causes erection. Sympathetic causes ejaculation. "Point and Shoot."
 * "S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor"
 * Innervation of the penis by branches of the pudental nerve, derived from spinal cord levels S2-4
 * "Lateral is less, medial is more."
 * Lateral pectoral nerves goes through pectoralis major while medial p.n. goes though both pec major and minor

AORTIC BRANCHES

 * ABC'S
 * Aortic arch gives off the Bracheiocephalic trunk, the left Common Carotid, and the left Subclavian artery.

ORDER OF THINGS IN THIGH

 * "NAVEL"
 * nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatics

Tarsal bones "Tall Californian Navy Medical Interns Lay Cuties": • In order (right foot, superior to inferior, medial to lateral): Talus Calcanous Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid

Atrioventricular valves"LAB RAT": Left Atrium: Bicuspid Right Atrium: Tricuspid

Tarsal tunnel: contents "Tiny Dogs Are Not Hunters": • From superior to inferior: T: Tibialis posterior F: flexor Digitorum longus A: posterior tibial Artery N: tibial Nerve H: flexor Hallucis longus

Vagal nerve: path into thoraxVagus nerve, unlike phrenic, continues through diaphragm with esophagus--it is "Not Left Behind": • The left vagus is anterior, right is posterior [behind].

Inguinal canal: walls"MALT: 2M, 2A, 2L, 2T": • Starting from superior, moving around in order to posterior: Superior wall (roof): 2 Muscles: • internal oblique Muscle • transverse abdominus Muscle Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses: • Aponeurosis of external oblique • Aponeurosis of internal oblique Lower wall (floor): 2 Ligaments: • inguinal Ligament • lacunar Ligament Posterior wall: 2Ts: • Transversalis fascia • conjoint Tendon

Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung "A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm": • In order from superior to inferior: Apical Posterior Anterior Lateral Medial Superior Medial basal Anterior basal Lateral basal Posterior basal

Tarsal bones "Traverse City (is) Noted (for) MIchigan's Lovely Cherries": Talus Calcaneus (new row) Navicular (new row) Medial Intermediate cuneiforms Lateral cuneiform Cuboid

Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. leftAorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right. Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left.

Hip: lateral rotators"Play Golf Or Go On Quaaludes": • From top to bottom: Piriformis Gemellus superior Obturator internus Gemellus inferior Obturator externus Quadratus femoris • Alternatively: "P-GO-GO-Q".

Facial bones"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh!": Vomer Conchae Nasal Maxilla Mandible Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal

Scalp layers SCALP: • From superficial to deep: Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose areolar tissue Pericranium

Thoracoacromial artery branches"CAlifornia Police Department": Clavicular Acromial Pectoral Deltoid

Ankle: anterior compartment of leg contents "The Hamptons Are Never Dull Parties": • From medial malleolus: Tibialis anterior tendon (Extensor) Hallacus longus Artery (anterior tibial) Nerve (deep peroneal) (Extensor) Digitorum Peroneus tertius

Erector spinae muscles "I Love Sex": • From lateral to medial: Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis • Alternatively: "I Long for Spinach" • "Sex" helps you think of "Erector", but "Long" and "Spinach" help you remember the muscles' names.

Leg: anterior muscles of leg"The Hospitals Are Not Dirty Places": T: Tibialis anterior H: extensor Hallucis longus A: anterior tibial Artery N: deep fibular Nerve D: extensor Digitorum longus P: Peronius tertius [aka fibularis tertius]

Nasal cavity components "Never Call Me Needle Nose!": Nares [external] Conchae Meatuses Nares [internal] Nasopharynx • Note mnemonic sentence is nasally-related.

Rotator cuff muscles"The SITS muscles": • Clockwise from top: Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis • A pro baseball pitcher has injured his rotator cuff muscles. As a result, he SITS out for the rest of the game, and then gets sent to the minor leagues.

Radial nerve: muscles innervated "Try A Big Chocolate Chip Sundae, Double Dip Cherries And Peanuts Preferably Included": • In order of their innervation, proximal to distal: Triceps Anconeus Brachioradialis ext. Carpi radialis longus ext. Carpi radialis brevis Supinator ext. Digitorum ext.Digiti minimi ext. Carpi ulnaris Abductor poll. longus ext. Poll. brevis ext. P poll. longus ext. Indicis • For the neighboring words that start with the same letter (eg: chocolate and chip), notice that the longer word in the mnemonic, corresponds to the longer of the two muscle names (ex: ext. carpi radialis longus and ext. carpi radialis brevis)

Deep tendon reflexes: root supply • God designed body reflexes according to a nursery rhyme: One, two-- buckle my shoe. Three, four-- kick the door. Five, six-- pick up sticks. Seven, eight-- shut the gate. S1,2 = ankle jerk L3,4 = knee jerk C5,6 = biceps and brachioradialis C7,8 = triceps Penis autonomic innervation actions "Parasympathetic Puts it up. Sympathetic Spurts it out". Alternatively: "Point and Shoot": Parasympathetic Points it, Sympathetic Shoots out the semen. • Erection and Ejaculation (Emission).

Internal iliac artery: anterior branches What Bill admitted to Hilary: "I Milked Our Insatiable Intern's Udders Under the Desk": Inferior gluteal Middle rectal Obturator Inferior vesical artery Internal pudendal artery Umbilical U/D=Uterine artery (female)/ Deferential artery (male)

Muscles: potentially absent ones• Muscles which may be absent but may be important: 5 P's: Palmaris longus [upper limb] Plantaris [lower limb] Peroneus tertius [lower limb] Pyramidalis [anterior abdominal wall] Psoas minor [posterior abdominal wall]

Carpal bones"Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hand": • Proximal row, lateral-to-medial: Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform • Distal row, lateral-to-medial: Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

Carpal bones"She Looks Too Pretty; Try To Catch Her": • Proximal row then distal row, both lateral-to-medial: Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrium Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capate Hamate • Alternatively: "She Likes To Play; Try To Catch Her".

Flexor digitorum muscles: how they insert onto fingers• A little rhyme: Superficialis Splits in two, To Permit Profundus Passing through.

Scrotum layers "Some Damn Englishman Called It The Testis": • From superficial to deep: Skin Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster Internal spermatic fascia Tunica vaginalis Testis

Femoral triangle: contents NAVY: • In order from lateral to medial: Nerve Artery Vein Y of the groin • Alternatively: Y = Y-fronts [male underwear].

Vagus nerve: path into thorax"I Left my Aunt in Vegas": Left Vagus nerve goes Anterior descending into the thorax.

Supine vs. prone body position Know SUPination is your hand while carrying a bowl of SOUP. Your face follows where your palm is facing [i.e. up]. Put a handpuppet on your hand while hand is in supination and the puppet will be the supine position. • See diagram.

Axillary artery branches "Suzy Thompkins Loves Sex, Alcohol, and Pot": • From proximal to distal: Superior thoracic Thoracacromial Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior circumflex humeral Posterior circumflex humeral

Horner's syndrome componentsSPAM: Sunken eyeballs/ Symphathetic plexus (cervical) affected Ptosis Anhydrosis Miosis

Voicebox: names of parts in sagittal cross-section "There's 3 V's in your Voicebox": Vestibular fold Ventricle Vocal fold • Note: Vestibular and Vocal cord also known as false and true cords respectively.

Serratus anterior: innervation SALT: Serratus Anterior = Long Thoracic.

Hip: lateral rotators "Piece Goods Often Go On Quilts": Piriformis Gemellus superior Obturator internus Gemellus inferior Obturator externus Quadratus femoris

Thigh: innervation by compartment" MAP OF Sciatic": Medial compartment: Obturator Anterior compartment: Femoral Posterior compartment: Sciatic • So all the thigh muscles in that compartment get innervated by that nerve.

Internal jugular vein: tributaries"Medical Schools Let Confident People In": • From inferior to superior: Middle thyroid Superior thyroid Lingual Common facial Pharyngeal Inferior petrosal sinus

Genu valgum vs. genu vargum Genu valGUM (knock-knee): knees are GUMmed together. • Varum (bowleg) is the other by default, or Far rhymes with Var, so knees are far apart.

Erector spinae muscles"I Like Standing": • From lateral to medial Illiocostalis Longissimus Spinalis

Cubital fossa contents "N-MAN": • From lateral to medial: Nerve Muscle Artery Nerve • Specifics are radial Nerve, biceps Muscle tendon, brachial Artery, median Nerve.

External carotid artery branches"Suzy Always Lays Flat On Pillows Making Sex Terrific": Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial Temporal

Median nerve: recognizing it in an opened axillaThe Median nerve is the Middle of a giant capital "M" formed by the musculocutaneous and ulnar nerves.

Trigeminal nerve: where branches exit skull"Standing Room Only": Superior orbital fissure is V1 foramen Rotundum is V2 foramen Ovale is V3

Dermatome C7 locationC7 gives the finger to heaven (as in middle finger).

External carotid artery branches"Some Angry Lady Figured Out PMS": Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal

Brachioradialis: function, innervation, one relation, one attachment BrachioRadialis: Function: Its the Beer Raising muscle, flexes elbow, strongest when wrist is oriented like holding a beer. Innervation: Breaks Rule: it’s a flexor muscle, But Radial. (Radial nerve usually is for extensors: Recall BEST rule: B was for brachioradialis). Important relation: Behind it is the Radial nerve in the cubital fossa. Attachment: Attaches to Bottom of Radius.

Pleura surface markings"All the even ribs, in order: 2,4,6,8,10,12 show its route": Rib2: sharp angle inferiorly Rib4: the left pleura does a lateral shift to accommodate heart Rib6: both diverge laterally Rib8: midclavicular line Rib10: midaxillary line Rib12: the back • See diagram.

Aortic arch: major branch order "Know your ABC'S": Aortic arch gives rise to: Brachiocephalic trunk left Common Carotid left Subclavian • Beware though trick question of 'What is first branch of aorta?' Technically, it's the coronary arteries.

V3 innervated muscles (branchial arch 1 derivatives) "M.D. My TV": Mastication [masseter, temporalis, pterygoids] Digastric [anterior belly] Mylohyoid tensor Tympani tensor Veli palatini

Foramen ovale contents MALE: Mandibular nerve Accessory meningeal artery Lesser petrosal nerve Emissary veins

Pterygoid muscles: function of lateral vs. medial "Look at how your jaw ends up when saying first syllable of 'Lateral' or 'Medial' ": "La": your jaw is now open, so Lateral opens mouth. "Me": your jaw is still closed, so medial closes the mandible.

Supine vs. prone body position"Supine is on your spine. Therefore, prone's the "other" one. • Also, prone to suffocate in prone position.

Meckel's diverticulum details 2 inches long. 2 feet from end of ileum. 2 times more common in men. 2% occurrence in population. 2 types of tissues may be present. • Note: "di-" means "two", so diverticulum is the thing with all the twos.

Perineal vs. peroneal Perineal is in between the legs. Peroneal is on the leg.

Anterior forearm muscles: superficial groupThere are five, like five digits of your hand. Place your thumb into your palm, then lay that hand palm down on your other arm, as shown in diagram. Your 4 fingers now show distribution: spells PFPF [pass/fail, pass/fail]: Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Your thumb below your 4 fingers shows the muscle which is deep to the other four: Flexor digitorum superficialis.

Carpal tunnel syndrome causes MEDIAN TRAP: Myxoedema Edema premenstrually Diabetes Idiopathic Agromegaly Neoplasm Trauma Rheumatoid arthritis Amyloidosis Pregnancy • Mnemonic fits nicely since median nerve is trapped.

Lumbar plexus "I, I Get Laid On Fridays": Iliohypogastric [L1] Ilioinguinal [L1] Genitofemoral [L1, L2] Lateral femoral cutaneous [L2, L3] Obtruator [L2, L3, L4] Femoral [L2, L3, L4] • Alternatively: "I twice Get Laid On Fridays". • Alternatively: "Interested In Getting Laid On Fridays?"

Elbow: muscles that flex it Three B's Bend the elBow: Brachialis Biceps Brachioradialis

Cavernous sinus contents O TOM CAT: O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior. CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM. • See diagram. Occulomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Ophthalmic nerve (V1) Maxillary nerve (V2) Carotid artery Abducent nerve (VI) T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM.

Bronchi: which one is more vertical"Inhale a bite, goes down the right": Inhaled objects more likely to lodge in right bronchus, since it is the one that is more vertical

61

Carotid sheath contents "I See 10 CC's in the IV": I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery 10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve) CC = Common Carotid artery IV = Internal Jugular Vein

V3 innervated muscles "My A$$ Meets The Toilet": Mylohyoid Anterior digastric Muscles of Mastication Tensor veli palatini Tensor tympani

Inferior vena cava tributaries "I Like To Rise So High": Illiacs Lumbar Testicular Renal Suprarenal Hepatic vein. • Think of the IVC wanting to rise high up to the heart.

Spleen: dimensions, weight, surface anatomy "1,3,5,7,9,11": Spleen dimensions are 1 inch x 3 inches x 5 inches. Weight is 7 ounces. It underlies ribs 9 through 11.

Heart valve sequence "Try Pulling My Aorta": Tricuspid Pulmonary Mitral Aorta

Liver: side with ligamentum venosum/ caudate lobe vs. side with quadrate lobe/ ligamentum teres "VC goes with VC": The Venosum and Caudate is on same side as Vena Cava [posterior]. Therefore, quadrate and teres must be on anterior by default. • See inferior-view diagram.

Cranial bones "PEST OF 6": Parietal Ethmoid Sphenoid Temporal Occipital Frontal • The 6 just reminds that there's 6 of them to remember.

Thyroid: isthmus location "Rings 2,3,4 make the isthmus floor": Isthmus overlies tracheal rings 2,3,4

Cervical plexus: arrangement of the important nerves "GLAST": • 4 compass points: clockwise from north on the right side of neck: Great auricular Lesser occipital Accessory nerve pops out between L and S Supraclavicular Transverse cervical • See diagram. Lumbar plexus roots "2 from 1, 2 from 2, 2 from 3": 2 nerves from 1 root: Ilioinguinal (L1), Iliohypogastric (L1). 2 nerves from 2 roots: Genitofemoral (L1,L2), Lateral Femoral (L2,L3). 2 nerves from 3 roots: Obturator (L2,L3,L4), Femoral (L2,L3,L4).

71

Joints in the midline "SC": In medial line, below Second Cervical, joints are Secondary Cartilaginous and usually have a diSC. • Notes: secondary cartilaginous is also known as symphysis. The one that doesn't have a disc is xiphi-sternal.

Anterior forearm muscles: superficial group "Pimps F*ck Prostitutes For Fun": Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longous Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis

Inversion vs. eversion muscles in leg Second letter rule for inversion/eversion: • Eversion muscles: pErineus longus pErineus brevis pErineus terius • Inversion muscles: tIbialis anterior tIbialis posterior

Major Links: USMLE Review


text:
Koine Greek/15

9. The First Declension
The first declension ends in either α or η, and is usually feminine, but there are exceptions. They follow the following pattern.

title: Koine Greek/15


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User talk:Wikoogle

Sorry, but I don't see any reason why I should prevent some people from editing Wikibooks. If you want to be credited properly for your work, use only an account. --Derbeth talk 23:58, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Template:Education bookshelf
--Krischik T 12:28, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wikoogle


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TI-Lists/Creating

Lists can be created, stored and accessed in several ways. On the Home Screen, simple list operations can be performed. The editor in the STAT menu is used for more comprehensive needs.

A list must have at least one element in it. Trying to work with a list with no elements, will cause an error message.

On the home screen
To enter a list of real numbers on the home screen, start with a curly bracket: {. Follow this with the numbers in the list separated by commas. End the list with a closing curly bracket: }.

 * The open-curly is the 2nd function on the open-parenthesis key, just above the 8 key. The comma key is just above the 7 key. The close-curly is on the close-parenthesis key, just above the 9 key. (TI-86)

Pressing ENTER after creating a list in this way, displays it without commas.

 * {3,5,8,1}
 * {3 5 8 1}

If the list is to long to display in one line, the first part is shown followed by an ellipsis (...). At this point, more of the list can be viewed by pressing the Right and Left arrow keys to move it in either direction. If something is entered on the next line, the list will no longer move.

To store a list from the home screen, use the STO key, either on the same line as creating the list or the next line. Choose a list variable L1 through L6. (2nd function on the 1 through 6 keys.) (TI-86)

 * {3,5,8,1,4} STO> L1
 * {3 5 8 1 4}
 * {-6,0} STO> L2
 * {-6 0}

To access a list after it has been stored, use the same list variable key. (Lists can be stored using other single letter variable names on the home screen, but access them is more complicated and will be covered later.)

 * L1
 * {3 5 8 1 4}

In the STAT Editor
STAT:1 is used to enter a list in this editor. (Press the STAT key. It is just below the DEL key. Press ENTER or 1, to access the editor.) The first three L-variables are displayed with their values, if any. (TI-86) Use the Left and Right arrows to access more lists. Enter numbers into the list, pressing ENTER or the Down arrow, after each one.

After creating a list, you can move to the right to access another one.

The STAT Editor can also be used to modify lists.
 * To delete a number from a list, move down to highlight it, and press DEL.
 * To change a number in a list, highlight the old value, and enter the new value. When you hit ENTER or Down, it is replaced.
 * To insert a new place in a list, highlight the first number that will follow the new one, and press 2nd:INS(DEL). A zero value will be inserted and highlighted, which can then immediately be replaced by typing in the new number.

It is often handy to view long lists in this editor. Seven values are displayed in each of three lists, and as you scroll down all the values can be seen.

With arithmetic or functions
In the next sections we cover lists in arithmetic operations, lists in arithmetic functions and list functions. Each time a list is used in an arithmetic calculation a new list is created. Each time a list is used in an arithmetic function a new list is created. Some of the list functions create an answer that is a list. These new lists can be stored in a list variable or used in another arithmetic or list operation.

Links

 * Next: Arithmetic

 * Back to: TI-Lists

title: TI-Lists/Creating


text:
Cookbook talk:Mushy Peas

The author suggests that this dish is not popular with Australians. The way in which it is written suggests that all Australians are picky eaters. Does this have a place here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.94.119.96 (discuss • contribs) 00:34, 7 January 2006
 * I've re-worded that section so it doesn't disparage Australians, or imply that children who are too young to have aquired a taste for it are necessarily spoilt. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.239.150.196 (discuss • contribs) 18:38, 22 March 2006

Ignorant American here: is "mushy" in this context pronounced to rhyme with "pushy", or with "crushy" (if there were such a word)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.99.138.152 (discuss • contribs) 18:50, 22 October 2006
 * Normally it rhymes with "crushy". Smjg (discuss • contribs) 16:02, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

Quantities

 * Dried marrowfat peas
 * Water to soak and simmer
 * 2 tsp. Baking soda
 * 1 tsp. Sugar (optional, to taste)

No quantity is given for the peas. The quantity of water is related to the quantity of peas in the step-by-step instructions. But the baking soda and sugar are given as fixed quantities. So the amounts of these two ingredients are fixed, regardless of the quantity of mushy peas you are making? Smjg (discuss • contribs) 16:02, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Mushy Peas


text: Template:GNU C Compiler Internals/GCC take home


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User talk:65.116.143.83

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Guanaco 02:02, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.116.143.83


text:
User talk:58.65.194.84

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. --JMRyan 03:03, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:58.65.194.84


text: Template:GNU C Compiler Internals/GCC func


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Talk:Go/Philosophical Beginnings

--Mystic Philosopher 20:10, 7 January 2006 (UTC) It is incorrect to state that amateurs go players only have levels kyu from 30 to 1 and professionals are dan 1 through 9.

It would be correct to state that amateurs can have a rank from 30 through 9 dan. Professionals only have ranks 1 dan through 9 dan but the ranking system is independent or different from the armature one for this reason a 1 dan and 1 pro dan are different levels of strength. Online they are usually referred to as a 1p or 1 pro because it is assumed they are dan. – Vose 1-6-06

title: Talk:Go/Philosophical Beginnings


text:
Talk:Go

--Mystic Philosopher 20:09, 7 January 2006 (UTC) We need to work on the organization, focus, format of this textbook. We need to make it distinct from other online content to give it greater purpose.

I would like to thank whoever got this book on the AGA newsletter (I'm a little behind on emails) I have beet thinking of doing it for a while now but never have. unfortunatly I don't think it has helped much.--Ulfrinn 18:55, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Holy christ is this book abandoned? I'm writing this in 2023 and God it is badly neglected. Anyway I'm a new user and I want to contribute to this page. Trompowsky (discuss • contribs) 07:15, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Structure changes
--Mystic Philosopher 02:17, 26 March 2006 (UTC) I made changes to the structure layout and developed an introduction. Any thoughts on these changes?

take a look at this page it is the german wikibook (translated with bable fish). It should be a good guide to help with this book.Ulfrinn 05:06, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

I have made many changes to the layout of the book which I think will make it more reader friendly. Many pages still need work and I do not currently have time to do it. Since I have changed the layout many of the links, pointing to the next and previous pages, at the bottums of the pages are now wrong I will adress this when I have more time. Ulfrinn 23:54, 30 July 2006

Those did a great job who wrore this book. But I think a major restructuring and rewriting should be done. The reason is simple: a beginner will play the first couple of games on a board 9X9 most likely. With some experience she or he will switch to 13X13. So smaller board games should be described with the corresponding theory. This would belong to the beginner section. Any comments? Gabaux (talk) 08:56, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

A suggestion to restructure and rewrite the whole 'Beginners' section:
 * move the chapter 'What you need to play' to section 'Introduction'
 * Lesson 1: Basic rules and techniques (topics covered: rules of the game, prohibition of suicide moves, ko rule, atari, elementary examples of liberty counting and capturing)
 * Lesson 2: Small board games (two games on 9X9 board, one with handicap, one without, and the most elementary game comments.)
 * Lesson 3: Introduction to the tactics of Go (the concept of eyes, simple tesujis like the ladder and the geta, simple life and death problems.) It should be very good to use examples from the two games as ilustrations of the tactical elements.
 * Lesson 4: Introduction to the strategy of Go (Elementary concepts of strategy, keeping and taking the initiative, sente and gote)
 * Lesson 5: Playing on the medium sized board...

My ideas or not clear from this point. I will formulate in a couple of days.

Gabaux (talk) 09:52, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Things to do

 * 1) in general we need content.
 * 2) specifically Joseki and Fuseki additions and additions to the beginner section as well.
 * 3) lessons (there are now 2 lesson 3&4 joseki and fuseki need to be renumberd as soon as we got the lessons straight)

Additions to Life and Death and Capture Strategy
I've added some prelim information that may help readers, however, it does need to be elaborated. The information that i have provided should help guide further editors on the subject.

Capture strategy has yet to be discussed. I shall be pulling some stuff from "Teach Yourself:Go" in the near future so that we may be able to develope this area furthur. --Devildope 12:48, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Be slightly careful of copyright. It's a great book and Charles Matthews has done a brilliant job with general go material for beginners and stronger players alike, but he is also protective of intellectual property (and reasonably so). Topazg 10:34, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Japanese pronunciation of Go
I am no linguistics expert, but as far as I understood the "i" at the beginning is silent, and it is just pronounced "Go" (hence I think the western pronunciation also) - Can anyone else shed further light on this? Topazg 18:07, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

No, in Japanese the 'i' is not silent. Obonggi (discuss • contribs) 15:28, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

Ruleset
Maybe it would be best to pick a ruleset and stick with at, at least for the earlier chapters. For example, you could then mention the no suicide rule. I think japanese rules would be best, because they are common in the west, and they don't have things like pass stones and white having to go last. Elsjaako (talk) 00:57, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Go


text:
Talk:Introduction to Psychology/Neuroscience

This needs to be renamed from "Biopsychology" to "Biological Psychology", its proper name.


text:
User:Shotgunlee

A young man who is interested in digital imaging. :)

ko:User:Shotgunlee

title: User:Shotgunlee


text:
Talk:High School Mathematics Extensions/Primes/Modular Arithmetic

Proof of (non-)existence of inverse
I've managed to make a proof for the general case, thinking about adding it to make the inverse section more complete, but from this version it seems that the proof can be simplified further. Also, this proof employ the lemma in proving fermat's little theorem, but that lemma is proved by the existence of inverse theorem, which create a circular logic(although this lemma can actually be proven without relying on this theorem, but then I'm not sure should I edit that lemma section also to remove inconsistency if we were to add this proof in).

Anyway, here is the proof.(Note: in all case, x does not equal to 0)

Lemma: $$(\gcd(x,n)=1) \Rightarrow (ax=bx \pmod{n} \iff a=b \pmod{n})$$

Proof:$$a=b \pmod{n} \Rightarrow ax=bx \pmod{n}$$ is obvious.

Now we'll prove that $$ax=bx \pmod{n} \Rightarrow a=b \pmod{n}$$

$$ax=bx \pmod{n} \iff ax-bx=0 \pmod{n} \iff (a-b)x=0 \pmod{n} \iff a-b=0 \pmod{n} (\gcd(x,n)=1) \iff a=b \pmod{n}$$

Theorem: $$( \exists x^{-1} )( xx^{-1} = 1 \pmod{n} ) \iff (\gcd(x,n)=1)$$

Proof: We'll prove this by breaking it into two part.

Part a: $$(\gcd(x,n)=1) \Rightarrow ( \exists x^{-1} )( xx^{-1} = 1 \pmod{n} )$$

From the lemma, we know that x,2x,3x...(n-1)x are all distinct mod n, hence there must be at least one of them that is equal to 1.

Part b: $$(\gcd(x,n) \ne 1) \Rightarrow (\forall y)(xy \ne 1 \pmod{n})$$

Suppose the opposite is true, that is, there is such a 'y'. Now let their gcd be g, and x=ga, n=gb.

$$xy=1 \pmod{n} \iff xy=1+kn \iff xy-kn=1 \iff gay-gkb=1 \iff g(ay-kb)=1 \iff ay-kb=\frac{1}{g}$$ for some integer k.

But as a,y,k,b are all integer, this is absurd.

Q.E.D

--Lemontea 06:48, 7 January 2006 (UTC)


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Talk:Automobile Repair

Hello! Anybody out there?
This is a good topic for a wikibook, I think. I was considering writing on paining an automobile, I don't know if this would be the right place. Regardless, I'd like to contribute, but I think the information here should be a little more general; when I work an a car, I don't follow a step by step recipe. First I use what I know about how the thing works to try and diagnose the problem, and if the solution is replacing a part, I use common sense and a general knowledge of what a part looks like to find the old one and get it out, then I put the new part in using the reverse process, or if it's a complicated process, I use the same knowledge of how an auto operates to figure out what goes where. This approach is much more useful I think, it allows for differences in automobiles and it's much more flexible as far as different problems go. It does, however, require a more intimate knowledge about the mechanics of autos, which may be a disadvantage for people who just want to replace the alternator in their 1979 mercury cougar for cheaper than a mechanic will do it. I, for one, feel that an empirical approach to automobile repair is somehow the Wrong Thing though. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.126.46.104 (talk • contribs).

 * Sounds like a good topic, with basic repairs and maintenance such as doing an oil change. Kmf164 16:46, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, and there is already some good material that just needs organizing into a book. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Automobile_repair_99_mercury_cougar_alternator_replacement and http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Automobile_repair It needs a Wiki Pro to merge this material.

 * I think this is a great forum for auto repair material. I started adding some "recipe" stuff because I think that's ultimately what I'm going to want when I look to doing a repair that I might only do once in a few years (I'm a diy guy).  I want to know beforehand about what bizarre tool or procedure I'm going to need so I don't waste my saturday.  But, I agree with having general "how it works content".   I thought about organizing this book to have general sections on automobile modes of failure, diagnosis, and repair as well as sections on specifics for each vehicle.  It seems that this is the right place for this sort of thing. Wikipedia on the other hand does a fine job of discussing each vehicle generally and very general automotive concepts.   References to wikipedia should be made when appropriate.

Merge candidate
merging would be a great idea. I have built some cars and other vehicles both as an ameture and a professional. The more people that share their experience the better the forum could be. Even the blind squirrel finds the occasional nut! I learned a long time ago to use the divide & conquer technique to find and repair a problem in the least amount of time. It has proven to be the most effective way (time & money)to repair a vehicle. I can share this technique with anyone who is interested. phill.brosseau@gmail.com

Organizing information with templates
Hello all!

I've been working on the Volvo section and have run into a situation that I'd like to get some opinions on. I'm taking a look at the bigger picture and see that auto-repair templates could be a great help for this book.

Basically lots of information can be applied to various models, engines or bodies of a vehicle. If you write an article on any given procedure for a certain model+year+engine, it is likely applicable to a variety of other models, years or engines.

Because of this, it seems ideal to break up procedures and information into small chunks that could be assembled based on what the user selects for the Model, Year and Engine. Being able to pull up the information dynamically already makes this book less of a 'book' but otherwise we will eventually be replicating procedures and information. Possibly even creating inconsistencies across the book. I'm beginning to think this would be beyond the scope of a template, however, I would like to hear what other people think about this problem and possible solutions.

Right now I'm trying to build templates that would let the user choose the model, then year, then engine. But I can already see that this will create a huge number of permutations when you consider all model, year and engine combinations. If anyone has ideas or could help with the design of templates that could be used across different auto manufacturers, I'm sure everyone would be greatly appreciative. EVolvo (talk) 01:33, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Added section for the Toyota Prius
Hi people. Just added Automobile Repair/Toyota/Prius. It's a bit of a work in progress and I'm trying to keep it Prius/hybrid specific. So far mine has been almost ludicrously reliable (not even a blown bulb after 5 years) so finding things to write about is going to take some research! Rereading the document, something that stands out in mine is the British wording, whereas the rest of this 'book' seems to be highly Americanised - may need to look into some rewording to make it match the rest of the 'book', what do you think? Would welcome any comment, but please be gentle - this is my first offering :) --Lunawisp (talk) 16:22, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Holden Astra 2003 Wont Start
I bought an Astra today. The car was low on fuel. Tried to start the car again and it would only just wind over but not starting. I though it may be just because of the low fuel so I placed more fuel in with a fuel can but still will not start. Any answers?

Mercedes Benz 230 e new parts
Need new timing chain for 230e 1985 model Omendevil666 (discuss • contribs) 06:04, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Land Rover
I own a 2001 Land Rover Discovery II as my daily driver. It takes some maintenance work and I keep detailed notes. I am hoping to start a section here for them. Possibly encourage other Land Rover owners to share their knowledge.

title: Talk:Automobile Repair


text:
Automobile Repair/99 mercury cougar alternator replacement

Alternator replacement: The placement of the alternator in the 1999 Mercury Cougar can really take the fun out of performing your own automotive repair, but hopefully with these tips you can avoid the 6-hour job taking days instead.

1. Disconnect the negative battery cable.

2. Using a 3/8" drive, release tension on the tensioner and slip the belt off of an accessory.

3. Loosen the passenger side front wheel lug nuts, then raise front of vehicle and remove wheel.

4. Reinstall two adjacent lug nuts onto the brake rotor and using a prybar on the lugnuts and a socket with a breaker bar, loosen and remove the nut from the splined half shaft(this nut supposedly looses its torque ability and needs to be replaced after being loosened).

5. Remove the Stabilizer bar link. This will require two wrenches, one placed near the rubber seal area. (This step caused me a 3-day delay as I had to order a new one when the nut broke off with the bolt intake)

6. Remove the steering knuckle pinch bolt and separate the ball joint from the "A"-shaped suspension component with the appropriate tool or prybar.

7. Remove the "Y"-shaped exhaust pipe from underneath the vehicle. Spraying a lubricant on the 6 studs and nuts will aid the removal of these nuts. (Stripping of these threads is easily done with the galling that can happen from the hot conditions it has undergone. This accounts to adding another 3 days to my repair.If possible tighten the nut 1/8 of a turn before removing to keep from pulling rust into threads)

8. Remove the half shaft after extracting it from the steering nuckle. (It may be just as easy to remove the nuckle prior to removal of the half shaft, even though this requires removing the ABS sensor, brake caliper, and rotor.) A slide hammer can assist on freeing the half shaft from the other half shaft.

9. Loosen the 5 nuts needed to remove the half shaft that goes into the transmission. Apparently this half shaft is balanced from the factory and should be reinstalled in the same alignment, so mark the transaxle and the half shaft to make this possible. Remove the half shaft.

10. There are 3 electrical connections to the alternator: a 3-pin connector that can be removed by slipping off the clip, a 1-pin connector that is removed by gently prying the plastic clip portion up, and a battery cable sized cable that attaches with a nut that can be removed with a 3/16" socket.

11. There are now 4 bolts that need to be loosened before the alternator can be removed. Three of the bolts are easily reached, while the 4th is not visible and will have to be felt for. A 13mm socket will be needed to remove these bolts. The exhaust manifold and the attached O2 sensor blocks access to the hidden bolt, and removal of the manifold has its own set of hidden bolts which makes removal of the manifold to access the alternator bolt unfeasible.

12. Installation is the reverse of the above, but it is highly recommended that you replace the O2 sensor that is now exposed. It uses a square connector, not a round one like the more accessible "catalyst monitor" sensors. This vehicle has a whopping 4 sensors distributed over 2 banks. If you choose to replace this sensor, a tip on removing the electrical connector: find a 3-inch or so 3/16" diameter or less piece of metal(I used a tap) and using one hand to feel for the access hole which will point to the rear of the vehicle, use the other hand with the metal piece to insert into the hole and releasing the clip, pull on the connector to disconnect the heated oxygen sensor.

Alternative method
This task can also be accomplished WITHOUT removing the drive shafts.

Jack the car up as high as possible and support with jack stands.

1. Disconnect the battery.

2. Remove the passenger side wheel & inner fender well covers

.

4. Remove the serpentine belt from the alternator.

6. Unbolt the steering joint & press out of the steering arm.

At this point you should be able to see the bottom portion of the alternator

9. Use a 13mm socket with a universal joint on the end of a long extension to get to the upper alternator bolt. I was able to reach around into the wheel well with my right hand up to the top of the alternator bolt to help guide the socket onto the bolt.

11. The rear alternator bracket is removed with a 10mm socket.

12. Once the bolts are out you make need to pry the alternator out of the bottom of its mount.

13. Once loose, pivot the alternator on its pulley down towards the control arm. If you are having problems bringing the alterantor down past the rubber boot, just rotate the brake disk and it will walk the alternator out. You will have easy access to the electrical connections.

Replace with new alternator and reverse the process.

While you are down there you can splice a jumper wire from the Red wire in the three wire plug over to the "Output" terminal of the alternator.

Question: Why?

Answer: It gives the voltage regulator a better reading than the factory wire that runs all over the engine compartment. The factory did the same thing in the later model cars. I think there was even a recall for this. If your battery light flickers when the engine is rev'd up than this is an inexpensive mod that may fix your problems.

ADVICE:

I've done this job and it is a BEAR!!! I recommend that one has access to a lift as life will be a lot easier. Also power air tools with a flex shaft extension* for sockets. This will alleviate some disconnecting of components for access purposes.

This is a job one will not want to repeat so I recommend that you spend the money and buy a good replacement alternator-I got a rebuilt one with a 3 yr. warranty. ($170).

Reassembly can be difficult too. I have long arms so I could reach through from the middle of the car as there is a small passage way. I found the reconnecting of wires to be VERY difficult-took several attempts to align things and tighten.

Absolutely make sure to properly put on the serpentine belt-align it and release the tensioner-making sure it is in the proper grooves-no overlap of pulleys as this stress on start up may in my opinion crack one's alternator case.


text:
User talk:Ness

Copyright problem with Image:Gccinternals-img2.png
--Derbeth talk 10:27, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ness


text:
User talk:58.104.234.63

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

title: User talk:58.104.234.63


text:
Conhistory/Peoples/Barbarians

Barbarians are a touchy subject. When the term is used correctly, they are semi-nomadic, lack a visible set of laws, and raid and pillage for their livelihood. When it isn't used correctly, they are cultures that have less developed technology and different standards of beauty, law, social expectation, and so on. We will be talking of barbarians of the first kind.

Barbarians have two reasons for raiding and pillaging. The first one is purely empirical: the need for material objects. To this end, their ruthless tactics might be explained by "gaining reputation," so as to frighten the villagers when they attack and make the battle that much easier. Their other reason is not so well supported: the desire to create an "Empire." Everyone hates insults about them, for example, a male will not be happy while listening to a radical feminist tirade about the worse qualities of men and how this makes them inferior. To this end, Barbarians hate being degraded as barbarians, and, in some small way, want to make the folk tales of them being demons end. They want to join the civilized world, and they think that only if they conquer enough civilizations, then they'll become civilized.

Barbarians have a distinct culture. Often, their religion is a violent one, where the gods demand human sacrifices. Additionally, laws are most often written by the sword or as a 'code of honor'.

title: Conhistory/Peoples/Barbarians


text:
Georgia Water/Policy/Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act/Specific provisions

<< Chapter 2.  Water Policy   |   2.3.  Georgia Water Law   |  Georgia Water/Laws/Erosion and Sedimentation Act Note: Intent for this page is to add a summary of the specific provisions of each code section. See also: list of code sections. Specific provisions of the Act, by code section

12-7-1. Short title.
 * This chapter shall be known and may be cited as the "Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975,

as amended." 12-7-2. Legislative findings; policy of state and intent of chapter. 12-7-3. Definitions. 12-7-4. Adoption of comprehensive ordinances relating to land-disturbing activities;
 * delegation of responsibility to planning and zoning commission;
 * other local ordinances relating to land development;
 * effect of chapter on design professionals.

12-7-5. Adoption of rules and regulations for localities without ordinances. 12-7-6. Best Management Practices;
 * minimum requirements for rules, regulations, ordinances, or resolutions.

12-7-7. Permit or notice of intent required for land-disturbing activities;
 * approval of application and issuance of permit;
 * denial of permit;
 * bond requirement.

12-7-7.1. Erosion and sediment control plan prepared; completion; implementation. 12-7-8. Certification of locality as local issuing authority;
 * periodic review;
 * procedure for revoking certification;
 * enforcement actions.

12-7-9. Applications for permits;
 * erosion and sediment control plans and data;
 * time for issuance or denial.

12-7-10. Referral of application and plan to district; time for action. 12-7-11.. Statement of reasons for denial of permit required;
 * conditions for approval;
 * suspension, revocation, or modification of permit.

12-7-12.. Orders directed to violators; stop work order procedures. 12-7-13. Injunctions. 12-7-14. Actions to restrain imminent danger;
 * emergency orders; duration of effectiveness of orders.

12-7-15. Civil penalty. 12-7-16. Hearings and review. 12-7-17. Exemptions. 12-7-18. Effect of chapter on requirements of the “Georgia Water Quality Control Act.” 12-7-19. Education and training requirements;
 * required programs; instructor qualifications; expiration of certification.

12-7-20. Creation of Stakeholder Advisory Board; responsibilities; procedures. 12-7-21. (Repealed effective July 1, 2006)
 * Appointment of panel to study controls implemented pursuant to chapter;
 * procedure and operation of panel.

12-7-22. Electronic Filing and reporting system.


text:
Georgia Water/Policy/Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act/OCGA Sections

<< Chapter 2.  Water Policy   |   2.3.  Georgia Water Law   |  Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act Note: A summary of specific provisions for each code section is here. Overview of the Act, by code section

12-7-1. Short title. This chapter shall be known and may be cited as the
 * "Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975, as amended."

12-7-2. Legislative findings; policy of state and intent of chapter. 12-7-3. Definitions. 12-7-4. Adoption of comprehensive ordinances relating to land-disturbing activities;
 * delegation of responsibility to planning and zoning commission;
 * other local ordinances relating to land development;
 * effect of chapter on design professionals.

12-7-5. Adoption of rules and regulations for localities without ordinances. 12-7-6. Best Management Practices;
 * minimum requirements for rules, regulations, ordinances, or resolutions.

12-7-7. Permit or notice of intent required for land-disturbing activities;
 * approval of application and issuance of permit;
 * denial of permit;
 * bond requirement.

12-7-7.1. Erosion and sediment control plan prepared; completion; implementation. 12-7-8. Certification of locality as local issuing authority;
 * periodic review;
 * procedure for revoking certification;
 * enforcement actions.

12-7-9. Applications for permits;
 * erosion and sediment control plans and data;
 * time for issuance or denial.

12-7-10. Referral of application and plan to district; time for action. 12-7-11.. Statement of reasons for denial of permit required;
 * conditions for approval;
 * suspension, revocation, or modification of permit.

12-7-12.. Orders directed to violators; stop work order procedures. 12-7-13. Injunctions. 12-7-14. Actions to restrain imminent danger;
 * emergency orders; duration of effectiveness of orders.

12-7-15. Civil penalty. 12-7-16. Hearings and review. 12-7-17. Exemptions. 12-7-18. Effect of chapter on requirements of the “Georgia Water Quality Control Act.” 12-7-19. Education and training requirements;
 * required programs; instructor qualifications; expiration of certification.

12-7-20. Creation of Stakeholder Advisory Board; responsibilities; procedures. 12-7-21. (Repealed effective July 1, 2006)
 * Appointment of panel to study controls implemented pursuant to chapter;
 * procedure and operation of panel.

12-7-22. Electronic Filing and reporting system.


text:
User:Sachio340~enwikibooks

enwp | enwk | enwb | enwq | enwn | enws || commons | meta

title: User:Sachio340~enwikibooks


text:
Java Programming/Getting started

Understanding systems
We conceptualize the world around us in terms of systems. A system is a web of interconnected objects working together in tandem. In the systems theory, a system is set out as a single entity within a world surrounded by an environment. A system interacts with its surrounding environment using messages of two distinct types:
 * inputs: messages received from the surrounding environment; and,
 * outputs: messages given back to the surrounding environment.

Life is a complicated mess of interconnected objects sending signals and messages. See the illustration below in figure 2 demonstrating a complex system for an economic ecosphere for a single company. Imagine what this system diagram would be like if you were to add a few more companies and their sub-systems. Computer software systems in general are a complex web of further interconnected sub-systems – where each sub-system may or may not be divided into further sub-systems. Each sub-system communicates with others using feedback messages – that is, inputs and outputs.

The process of abstraction
Programming is essentially thinking of solutions to problems in real life as a system. With any programming language, you need to know how to address real-life problems into something that could be accurately represented within a computer system. In order to begin programming with the Java programming language (or in fact, with any programming language), a programmer must first understand the basics of abstraction.

Abstraction is the process of representing real-life problems and objects into your programs.

Suppose a novelist, a painter and a programmer were asked to abstract (i.e., represent) a real-life object in their work. Suppose, the real-life object that needs to be abstracted is an animal. Abstraction for a novelist would include writing the description of the animal whilst the painter would draw a picture of the animal – but what about a computer programmer?

The Java programming language uses a programming paradigm called object-oriented programming (OOP), which shows you exactly what a programmer needs to be doing. According to OOP, every object or problem in real-life can be translated into a virtual object within your computer system.

Thinking in objects
In OOP, every abstraction of a real-life object is simply called an object within your code. An object is essentially the most basic representation of a real-life object as part of a computer system. With Java being an object-oriented language, everything within Java is represented as an object. To demonstrate this effect, if you were to define an abstraction of an animal in your code, you would write the following lines of code (as you would for any other abstraction):

The code above creates a space within your code where you can start defining an object; this space is called a class (or type) definition. All objects need to be defined using a class definition in order for them to be used in your program. Notice the curly brackets – anything you write within these brackets would serve as a definition or specification for your object. In the case of the example above, we created a class definition called  for objects that could serve as an abstract representation of any animal in real-life. The way that a Java environment evaluates this code to be a class definition is by looking at the prefix word we used to begin our class definition (i.e., ). Such predefined words in the Java language are known as keywords and make up the grammar for the language (known as programming syntax).

Understanding class definitions and types
Aristotle was perhaps the first person to think of abstract types or typologies of objects. He started calling them classes – e.g., classes of birds, classes of mammals. Class definitions therefore serve the purpose well in defining the common characteristics or types of objects you would be creating. Upon declaring a class definition, you can create objects based on that definition. In order to do so however, you need to write a special syntax that goes like this:

The code above effectively creates an object called  based on the class definition for. In non-programmer parlance, the code above would translate into something akin to saying, "Create a new object  of type  ." A single class definition enables you to create multiple objects as the code below indicates:

Basically, you just have to write the code for your class or type definition once, and then use it to create countless numbers of objects based on that specification. Although you might not grasp the importance of doing so, this little exercise saves you a lot of time (a luxury that was not readily available to programmers in the pre-Java days).

Expanding your class definitions
Although each object you create from a class definition is essentially the same, there has to be a way of differentiating those objects in your code. Object fields (or simply fields) are what makes your objects unique from other objects. Let's take our present abstraction for instance. An animal could be a dog, cat, camel or a duck but since this abstraction is of a very generic kind, you need to define fields that are common to all of these animals and yet makes the animals stand apart. For instance, you can have two fields: name (a common name given to any one of these animals) and legs (the number of limbs any one of these animals would require to walk). As you start defining your objects, they start to look like this:

In the code above you defined two object fields:
 * a field called  of type  ; and,
 * a field called  of type.

These special pre-defined types are called data types. The  data type is used for fields that can hold textual values like names, while the   (integer) data type is used for fields that can hold numeric values

In order to demonstrate how fields work, we will go ahead and create objects from this amended version of our class definition as such:

You can access the fields of your created objects by using the  (dot) or membership operator. In the example above, we created two objects:  and   of type. And since, we had established that each  has two fields namely   and , we accessed and modified these fields for each of our objects using the membership operator to set the two apart. By declaring different values for different objects, we can manipulate their current state. So, for instance:
 * the  object is a   with   legs to walk with; while,
 * the  object is a   with   legs to walk with.

What sets the two objects apart is their current state. Both the objects have different states and thus stand out as two different objects even though they were created from the same template or class definition.

Adding behavior to objects
At this point, your objects do nothing more than declare a bunch of fields. Being a system, your objects should have the ability to interact with their environment and other systems as well. To add this capability for interaction, you need to add interactive behavior to your object class definitions as well. Such behavior is added to class definitions using a programming construct called method.

In the case of the, you require your virtual representation of an animal to be able to move through its environment. Let's say, as an analogy, you want your  object to be able to walk in its environment. Thus, you need to add a method named  to our object. To do so, we need to write the following code:

As you write this code, one thing becomes immediately apparent. Just like the class description, a method has curly brackets as well. Generally, curly brackets are used to define an area (or scope) within your object. So the first set of curly brackets defined a scope for your class definition called the class-level scope. This new set of curly brackets alongside a method defines a scope for the further definition of your method called the method-level scope.

In this instance, the name of our method is. Notice however that the name of our method also features a set of round brackets as well. More than just being visual identifiers for methods, these round brackets are used to provide our methods with additional input information called arguments.

A method therefore enables an object to:
 * 1) Accept input: Receive some argument(s);
 * 2) Process information: work on the received argument(s) within its curly brackets; and,
 * 3) Generate ouput: occasionally, return something back.

In essence, methods are what makes an object behave more like a system.

Notice the keyword  before the name of the method – this tells us that the method   returns nothing. You can set a method to return any data type – it can be a String or an int as well.

The process of encapsulation
By now, we thoroughly understand that any object can interact with its environment and in turn be influenced by it. In our example, the  object exposed certain fields –   and , and a method –   to be used by the environment to manipulate the object. This form of exposure is implicit. Using the Java programming language, a programmer has the power to define the level of access other objects and the environment have on a certain object.

Using access modifiers
Alongside declaring and defining objects, their fields and methods, a programmer also has the ability to define the levels of access on those elements. This is done using keywords known as access modifiers.

Let's modify our example to demonstrate this effect:

By declaring all fields and methods, we have ensured that they can be used outside the scope of the   class. This means that any other object (other than ) has access to these member elements. However, to restrict access to certain member elements of a class, we can always use the  access modifier (as demonstrated below).

In this example, the fields  and   can only be accessed within the scope of the   class. No object outside the scope of this class can access these two fields. However, since the  method still has   access, it can be manipulated by actors and objects outside the scope of this class. Access modifiers are not just limited to fields or methods, they can be used for class definitions as well (as is demonstrated below).

The following list of keywords show the valid access modifiers that can be used with a Java program:

title: Java Programming/Getting started


text: User talk:82.198.7.48

title: User talk:82.198.7.48


text:
User:Pampaeditor

I am a student, and while I know I am not expertly trained in any field, I believe that with my spare time, I can and should be part of the great project of Wiki. In every field, and in every way, Wikipedia and Wikibooks promises to revolutionize and further the free information wave that has been growing in my country and in every country on the world. By participating in anything Wiki, I feel as if I am adding a small voice to a cry that has building for thousands of years, a cry that will soon reach a fever pitch, and continue to grow, until on this Earth, all information is available to all, and for free. To me, Wikipedia is the path and means by which This World is going into the future.

title: User:Pampaeditor


text:
Wings 3D/Tutorials/Box modeling a car with all Quad topography

Back to Wings3D:Tutorials

This tutorial is for a freeform generalized car model. It can be adapted towards specific models by using plan drawings in orthographic view and adding extra edge loops as needed. (NB - You'll need to enable Advanced menus for this tut - via Edit | Prefs)

Start with a basic cube.

Extrude outwards the hood and trunk volumes. (Bonnet & boot for those more used to the U.K. terminology.)

Extrude upward the cab volume.

Scale car, move edges, etc. in order to make proportions more car-like. Note window angles, roof line, body lines, cab profile, etc. In addition to being shorter than the body, the roof also tends to be less wide as well.

Select edge ring (default hotkey "g") and connect (default hotkey "c") to create centerline.

Move centerline edges as necessary to define shape a little better. Note that on most cars, the front and rear windshields have some curvature.

Add these edges to help define the lower body. Can be done rapidly by selecting appropriate edge ring, hitting "3", and then connecting.

Add these edge loops to help start the front wheel wells.

I almost forgot. These edges must be added as well before doing making the wheel wells. Don't forget to adjust where needed to maintain proper curvature on cab windshields.

Select these faces and dissolve.

Connect vertices on front and back corners to create diagonal edges. (A second diagonal edge is in the front of the wheel well area.) Making the edges may take more than one step.

Connect the front and back diagonals created previously.

Scale edge Radial | radial Z | Scale to point. Select same point as illustrated. Scale to 0%. (Holding shift will make snapping to 0% easy.) This is faster than two separate vertice flatten operations.

Create edges inside wheel well (connect, cut, etc.) so that existing edge loops maintain continuity.

Create these "control" edge loops on the cab area of the car. Using slide twice makes placement easy. First slide relative +/- 100%, then without deselecting slide distance desired amount.

Create another set of control loops as in the illustration.

Create and place an edge loop as illustrated.

Select edges and slide back as shown in illustration.

Select these faces and repeat the same steps used earlier to make the front wheel well.

Select faces as pictured and scale along Z axis. (Faces on front inside of wheel wells are also selected but not visible in picture.) This shapes the wheel openings.

Select these edges and move on Y axis to further adjust wheel well shape.

Loop cut along the centerline. Select the unfinished half and delete it.

Select resulting centerline face, then switch to verts. Flatten verts along x-axis. (This step works with my personal workflow as I've had problems with the virtual mirror. It ensures centerline verts actually lie along the centerline when using a RMB reference. If you find the virtual mirror to work better, you can adapt your workflow to use it.)

Select centerline face again, mirror.

Of course you would think that it would be done in the previous step. As the smoothed preview here shows, this is definitely not the case. (This is true if you plan on smoothing it later.) Right now it would be a bit "nerfy" if smoothed. Thus a couple more steps to go.

Select all the faces inside the wheel wells and extrude region normal.

Create these controlling edge loops.

Select these faces. Extrude region 0 units. (Use tab entry and enter 0, or use shift to constrain.)

Without deselecting faces from before, hit "l" (L, not 1). This will select the edge loops that go around the edges. Slide inward.

Select the faces on the sides as shown. Extrude region outwards a small amount.

Select edges shown. Slide so that edges move inward on the side.

Create some more "control" edge loops such as the ones highlighted here.

Let's see how it looks with basic wheels, a few more minor tweaks, and in smoothed preview. Pretty good, isn't it? You can either use the model as it is for low poly applications, smooth a few times, or use it as the base mesh for a more detailed model. (Maybe the final result here will be the start for a later tutorial on modeling detailed cars in Wings 3D.)

After modeling cars this way a few times, it should become obvious as to how the mesh can be changed for different models.

Back to Wings3D:Tutorials

Wings 3D: Tutorials: UV mapping a car Wings 3D: Tutorials: Making a detailed car


text:
United Nations/Charter

The Charter of the United Nations is the document by which all member states agree to uphold. Introduced and signed on June 25, 1945, in San Francisco the Charter outlines the responsibilities and jobs the United Nations holds. One integral part of the Charter states that it supersedes all other treaties and agreements.

The Charter came into force on October 24, following ratification by the US, UK, China, France and Russia. It has since been signed by all 191 nations except for the Holy See.

The Charter consists of a preamble and chapters outlining the specific parts and duties.

 * Chapter I sets forth the purposes of the United Nations, including the important provisions of the maintenance of international peace and security.

 * Chapter II defines the criteria for membership in the United Nations.

 * Chapter III establishes the six principal organs of the United Nations.

 * Chapter IV describes the General Assembly's duties and procedures and voting of matters assigned to it.

 * Chapter V describes the Security Council's membership, functions, powers and procedures.

 * Chapter VI describes the Security Council's power to investigate and mediate disputes.

 * Chapter VII describes the Security Council's power to authorize economic, diplomatic, and military sanctions, as well as the use of military force, to resolve disputes.

 * Chapter VIII describes the Security Council's cooperation with local agencies to seek a peaceful resolution.

 * Chapter IX describes the UN's powers for economic and social cooperation.

 * Chapter X describes the Economic and Social Council's duties and purposes for economic and social cooperation.

 * Chapter XI describes the administarting of territories and rights subject to territories.

 * Chapter XII describes the Trusteeship Council's duties and goals for decolonization.

 * Chapter XIII describes the Trusteeship Council's membership, functions and powers.

 * Chapter XIV describes the International Court of Justice's status as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.

 * Chapter XV describes Secretariat's duties to the fellow organs and membership.

 * Chapter XVI describes the enforcement of international agreements passed by the United Nations.

 * Chapter XVII describes the preclusion of powers of hostile countries during World War II.

 * Chapter XVIII describes the coming into force of the Charter upon adoption by two-thirds of the member nations.

 * Chapter XIX describes the coming into force of the Charter upon the ratification by the US, UK, France, China and Russia.

title: United Nations/Charter


text:
Talk:Wings 3D/Tutorials/Box modeling a car with all Quad topography

Hello all. I've created this tutorial to show how easy it is to model a car in Wings3D. The basic mesh created is quite flexible and relatively low poly. From this mesh it should be possible to develop many car designs via modification. Also it should answer some problems faced by new/intermediate Wings3D users in the process of modeling cars. If there are any problems with this tutorial it might be in length and number of pictures used. Perhaps it could be edited later to fit more consistant formatting and maybe separate pages.

--Pauljs75 23:09, 7 January 2006 (UTC) Paul - A useful tut, but I've a few minor queries and I wondered if you'd prefer to alter / edit your own stuff?

<< plan drawings in Isometric view >> Is 'isometric' what you really mean - rather than ortho / 3 view or similar?

Am curious why in steps 23/24 (I think) you selected the VM face, converted to verts, flattened, then back to face mode to select VM face - rather than using Face | Flatten (would rmb flatten be worth a brief mention re badly distorted mesh being kept on the zero centreline?)

Elegant use of scale rad > 0 in (13), btw - but 'vertice'? :)

As this is only meant for you, pl. delete after reading.

pp Is 'isometric' what you really mean - rather than ortho / 3 view or similar?

I did some minor changes as per suggestion. I changed iso to ortho, although it does appear to render a view as isometric when not viewed direcly side on.

Also when are you going to post a tut here pp? (No ads, the server is fairly reliable, and the Wings 3D wiki needs it.) You've made some incredibly good beginner tutorials, I think they'd do alright here. (Or do you think someone will come in and really mess up your work?)

I don't mind getting input btw. That's what this discussion is for. Also don't worry about anyone reading this. Think of the discussion as providing a context towards changes made in the tutorial. If anything is badly written or plain wrong, the beauty of a wiki is that anyone can go and change it.

Elegant use of scale rad > 0 in (13), btw - but 'vertice'? :)

Why vertices? Just happens to be that way in the workflow, I suppose edge selection works just the same.

--Pauljs75 07:30, 12 January 2006 (UTC) Paul - thx for responding :) Re the Isometric / Ortho issue - Although I queried the terms, I'd probably just put something like?

<< This tutorial is for a freeform generalized car model. It can be easily adapted for making specific models by importing 3-view drawings and using these as background / reference images when modelling in Ortho view - adding extra edge loops / geometry as and where needed. >> ?

Re the centreline VM face: It's probably me being thick but I still don't get this :) After loopcutting the model in half and dumping one half, I'd do:

Select centre face.

Face | Flatten > X (use rmb option if wanting to ensure flattened face was on centreline).

VM

I'm just wondering why you're doing:

Select centre face.

Convert to verts.

Vert | Flatten > X (use rmb again etc if want to).

Deselect verts (or go F, -, to get face by selection jumping).

Select face.

VM

Are you saying you've had problems with Face | Flatten, so that's why you use Vert | Flatten?

< > Sorry, nothing wrong with the workflow - just me going into 'vertice' rant mode, re its use, as opposed to 'vertex' - it's just another of those weirdo situations in the english language (vertex: singular, vertexes or vertices plural - no 'vertice' - that's all, no more, no less :) )

Re putting tuts here - yes, I probably will at some stage - but I can't see the point atm of just repeating existing (aards) stuff when much of it would benefit from re-writes etc because of changes to wings, since they were originally written. Better to have more upto date / relevant ones, I'd have thought?

pp

(btw - this discussion page doesn't seem to keep the same format as the 'as written' text - making workflow sequences more difficult to read : Vertice? Vertex? Pot-a-to? Po-tat-o? *shrug* I never really noticed that before. Probably just too much lazyness in the American version of the English language. As for using vertex mode, it might be a holdover from an older wings version where face flatten didn't always ensure the vertices were indeed flush with the plane of reference. (I remember that they would be off by some wee fraction, but usually enough to cause problems later.) Goofy? Maybe. But I know it does work.

As for keeping posts clearer in discussion? Throw in a <hr> tag between entrys. It seems to help separate who's posting what.

--Pauljs75 05:36, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
I wanted to say just thanks for this tutorial, it was very helpful. I created quite easly own car model. It is completly different than model presented in artcile, but most of the steps was similar and in the same order, so i think tutorial is writen perfectly. Only problem I have i sometimes to distinguish where is discription of what is on pictures. Above or under them? It is easy when you are reading article, but not when you switch beetwen wings3d and webbrowser.


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