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Wings 3D/User Manual/User Interface/The Information String

DRAFT 1.6 15

� Section 2: The Wings3D User Interface WINGS3D USER MANUAL 2.8 The Information String If you have an element of geometry selected Wings will display some basic information on that element (or elements) in a string at the top left-hand side of the workspace.

2.9 Wings Units A Wings Unit (wu) is arbitrary in size and can be thought of in terms of any real world units desired. The Wings grid is composed of squares each 1x1 wu in size. The standard Wings cube is cube is 2 x 2 x 2 Wings Units in size. If building a model from scratch you can arbitarily decide that a wu will represent inches, feet, meters or miles; whichever is most appropriate for the task at hand.

Quick Tip: Working With Wings Units

When working with many Wings commands dragging with the Shift key depressed will cause movement to be constrained to whole units, while the Ctrl key will cause movement to be constrained to tenths of units. Holding down Shift + Ctrl keys constrains operations to hundredths of a wings unit. While it seems the same as the readout – as this is only 2 decimal places – it is possible to do unconstrained drags and get elements that are 3 decimal places when measured, even though the read out only shows two. Had me tearing my hair out on more than one occasion. Where it matters I use Shift + Ctrl.

The color of this text is set in the Edit | Preferences menu via the Text Color parameter. If you find this text string annoying you can hide it by simply changing the text color to match the background color of the workspace. I do not recommend this course of action since you can glean some useful information here. If you select an element, a vertex for example, Wings will inform you of the Vertex ID and it's position in X, Y, and Z. Furthermore, if you select another vertex, so that two are selected at the same time, it will tell you how far apart they are. If you select a single edge it will tell you how long that edge is. This can be very useful, especially in modeling buildings and the like.

It is not uncommon for Wings units and other 3D packages units to be vastly different in size. Therefore you will need to experiment with the import/export sizing options to get suitably sized objects on import/export. Scaling by 1000, for example, brings in a Poser model at a decent working scale.

Quick Tip Provided by Puzzled Paul


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Wings 3D/User Manual/User Interface/The Dialog Boxes

Dialog Boxes
Dialog Boxes are used to enter values via the keyboard as parameters for operations in Wings. Some Dialog Boxes popup when the user chooses to enter a value numerically and other popup automatically asking the user to enter a value before proceeding.

Tab Entry Dialog Box
The most common is the Tab Entry Dialog Box. Perhaps that's not its official name, but it serves as a valid description. Pressing  during most types of operations that involve Scaling, Moving, Rotating, or Extruding elements of geometry invokes this dialog box. The Information Line will tell you when this option is available. When the user presses  during such an operation, the Tab Entry Dialog Box will open with the present value of the operation already entered, ready for the user to edit.

Why Use The Tab Entry Dialog Box
Most often, the Tab Entry Dialog Box is used to input a specific value for an operation, that is not possible to enter using Constraints or easily achieved by simple Dragging.

 * Using Constraints for measures while moving or extruding elements allows for 0.010, 0.10, 1.0 increments in Wings Units (wu).
 * Using Constraints for angles during rotations will do so at 1/15°, 1°, 15° increments.
 * Using Constraints during scaling types of operation will limit scaling to 1%, 10% and 100% increments.
 * Using simple Dragging is only good for eyeballing measurements and should not be used for anything that requires precision.

Use the Tab Entry Dialog Box if the value you require is not offered by Constraints or the operation is too precise to use Dragging.

Math In Dialog Boxes

 * There are some interesting feature to this dialog box that are not apparent at first glance. Wings understands most of the common mathematical expressions including addition(+), subtraction(-), multiplication(*) and division(/).  It is perfectly feasible to type 12.345+0.1/1.67-4 into the dialog, press  and receive a result for a particular operation.  But honestly, there should be some sense to the numbers you type so here's a useful example using the Wings cube primitive.

 * Situation: You have an Edge that is 2 wu, and you want it to be 4.563 wu.  Length you have = 2 wu       Length you want = 4.563 wu

 * Procedure: 1) Make a cube.
 * 2) Select one of its edges.
 * 3) Open the Right-Click-Context-Menu and select Scale Uniform.
 * 4) Press  to open the Dialog Box.
 * 5) Enter the following formula substituting in the proper values.
 * The length you want multiplied by one hundred and divided by the length you have.
 * Or in this case, input 4.563*100/2 and press .

 * Result: The length of the selected edge should now be 4.563 wu as displayed in the Status Bar.

 * Conclusion: The reality of the above procedure is that you'll need a pencil and paper for anything complicated.  In the previous example the length you have was 2, but often this number will be several digits long with a decimal thrown in and on top of that there is the length you want!  So just bear that in mind as Wings still lacks a cut and paste feature.  Also, the described procedure uses Scale Uniform which results in both ends of the edge moving uniformly from the centre point of the edge.  To scale the edge from one point and so keep one end of the edge stationary, you would have to have Advanced Menus on and select Scale Uniform the  Right Mouse Button option ("Choose point to scale from"), then "Pick point to scale from" (this will be the one that will remain stationary), and press  to input the formula.

''Note that Wings also recognizes the following list of mathematical expressions as long as you type math: before the expression. ie. math:pi would be pi. Here are the allowed expressions: sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2, sinh, cosh, tanh, asinh, acosh, atanh, exp, log, log10, pow, sqrt, abs, pi ''

Dialog Box History

 * Another feature of the dialog boxes is a kind of history feature. Say you performed the above example and wanted to try it again on another edge of the cube.  Maybe this time trying the alternate example in the conclusion with Advanced Menus on.  The formula remains the same for both examples, so when you get to the Tab Entry Dialog Box try pressing the up arrow key.  Pressing the up and down arrow key will scroll through the history of past inputs.  In this case, when you push the up arrow key, 4.563*100/2 should popup in the dialog box and you can press enter to complete the procedure.

 * Access to previous entries in a dialog box can be a useful. Especially when you have to perform the same procedure more than once in a session.  Here's a good example of where this feature can be helpful.  Consider the Tighten command in the Right-Click Vertex Menu.  Often times organic modelers will want to use Tighten to smooth out an extrusion or average out a model's vertices to make a cleaner looking mesh.  Some modelers do this quite often as part of their work flow using a technique called Selection Jumping.  The Tighten command uses averaging and is tabulated as a percentage.  Applying Tighten at the same percentage every time you use the tool, will make you more able to predict its results.  This is a good reason to use the history function in the dialog box.  It allows you to quickly repeat a procedure at a constant value.  This way you can press Tighten, , Up Arrow. , if you are going to use the same value as the last time.

''Note that Dialog Box input history is not exclusive to each tool. It keeps a running history of the inputs for all tools. This means it is the last entry you typed, that will appear when you press Up Arrow once, not necessarily the input you typed for the last time you used that particular tool.''

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wings 3D/User Manual/Object Operations with Advanced Menus

98 DRAFT 1.6

� WINGS3D USER MANUAL Section 5.3 Advanced Men 5.5.4 Body Operations with Advanced Menus BODY | MOVE: LMB Select elements to define the vector, Right Mouse Button (RMB) = Execute the operation, and Alt Right Mouse Button (Alt- RMB) to bring up the options sub-menu. First define the vector to move along with the LMB then execute with the RMB. To bring up the options menu Alt-RMB. This is where you can access magnets while working with vectors. Note that the Middle Mouse Button (MMB) can be used to dolly the camera while working. Subsequent moves can be made using the newly defined vector by choosing Last Axis from the standard Vertex Operations menu.

Body | Rotate: LMB Select elements to define the vector, Right Mouse Button (RMB) = Execute the operation, and Alt Right Mouse Button (Alt- RMB) to bring up the options sub-menu. As with Move, first define the vector to rotate about with the LMB then execute with the RMB. To bring up the options menu Alt-RMB. This is where you can access magnets while working with vectors. Note that the Middle Mouse Button (MMB) can be used to dolly the camera while working. Subsequent rotations can be made using the newly defined vector by choosing Last Axis from the standard Vertex Operations menu.

Body | Scale: LMB Select elements to define the vector, Right Mouse Button (RMB) = Execute the operation, and Alt Right Mouse Button (Alt- RMB) to bring up the options sub-menu. As with Move, first define the vector to scale along with the LMB then execute with the RMB. To bring up the options menu Alt-RMB. This is where you can access magnets while working with vectors. Note that the Middle Mouse Button (MMB) can be used to dolly the camera while working. Subsequent scale operations can be made using the newly defined vector by choosing Last Axis from the standard Vertex Operations menu.

Body | Duplicate: LMB Select elements to define the vector, Right Mouse Button (RMB) = Execute the operation, and Alt Right Mouse Button (Alt- RMB) to bring up the options sub-menu. As with Move, first define the vector to duplicate along with the LMB then execute with the RMB. To bring up the options menu Alt-RMB. This is where you can access magnets while working with vectors. Note that the Middle Mouse Button (MMB) can be used to dolly the camera while working. Subsequent duplications can be made using the newly defined vector by choosing Last Axis from the standard Vertex Operations menu.


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Wings 3D/User Manual/Reference Guide to Hot Key Assignments

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� Section 5.6 Reference Guide to Hot Key Assignments WINGS3D USER MANUAL 5.6 Reference Guide to Hot Key Assignments Wings allows you to make your own hot key command. Similarly, by pressing Delete on a assignments. To do so select the operation command having a hot key, that hot key will you want to do, then with that operation still be removed. Of course Wings comes with a selected, hit the Insert key on your key number of hot key assignments already. The board, then hit the key or key combination following is a quick guide to the predefined you want to use as the hot key for that Wings hot keys.

Key Shift-Key Ctrl-Key Ctrl-Shift-Key Alt Alt-Ctrl-Key

A = Aim A = View | Frame A = Select | All (Verts, Edges, Faces, or Objects) B = Body Mode C = Vertex | Connect C = Edge | Connect D = Edit | Repeat D = Repeat Drag E = Edge Mode F = Face Mode G = Select | Edge Ring

I = Select | Similar I = Select | Inverse

L = Select | Loop L = Select | Region L = File | Merge O = Orthographic View N = File | New O = File | Open Q = tumble/track toggle in Mirai® and Nendo® camera modes. R = View | Reset View R = Reset OpenGL Q = File | Quit

S = Face | Smooth S = File | Save S = File | Save S = Body | Smooth T = Edge | Turn U = View | Auto Rotate V = Vertex Mode W = View | Wireframe X = X axis view X = -X axis view Y = Y axis view Y = -Y axis view

Z = Z axis view Z = -Z axis view Z = Edit |Z =Edit | Redo Z = Edit | Undo Undo/Redo

Tab = View | Workmode Tab = View | Smooth Preview

Tab = Numeric Entry if in Drag Mode.

100 DRAFT 1.6

� WINGS3D USER MANUAL Section 5.6 Reference Guide to Hot Key Assignments Key Shift-Key Ctrl-Key Ctrl-Shift-Key Alt-Ctrl-Key

Space = Select | Deselect

+ = Select | More + = increase of size/sphere of influence for several commands. - = Select | Less - = decrease of size/sphere of influence for several commands. F3 = Select | Previous Edge Loop

F4 = Select | Next Edge Loop

F5 = Select | By | Faces with | 5 or more

Bksp = Vertex |Collapse Bksp = Edge | Dissolve Bksp = Face | Dissolve Bksp = Body | Delete

Del = Vertex | Dissolve Del = Edge | Dissolve Del = Face | Dissolve Del = Body | Delete

2 = Edge | Cut | 2

3 = Edge | Cut | 3

4 = Edge | Cut | 4

5 = Edge | Cut | 5

6 = Edge | Cut | 6

7 = Edge | Cut | 7

8 = Edge | Cut | 8

9 = Edge | Cut | 9

0 = Edge | Cut | 10

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File talk:HititMountainGod.jpg

I have emailed the webmaster of the site where the original image is located in an attempt to get permission to use this image.--Konstable 06:35, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

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Talk:Diplomacy

Something Missing
Where are the rules regarding how to conduct diplomatic conversations? ...

Notation and Uniformity
I think we should use the standard English names and abbreviations for the territories. --Chuyelchulo 04:11, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Merging 1
What say we merge the Introduction and Rules pages together?

Good idea. --Chuyelchulo 20:10, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

More help
More help on Cadilac Alliances, and just about everything. Thanks, Chuyelchulo, for restarting work on this wikibook. --Potassium Hydroxide 17:51, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

More Pictures
More Pictures!--Chuyelchulo 17:46, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Reverted page moves
I noticed that Chuyelchulo moved Diplomacy/England and Diplomacy/Turkey to "England" and "Turkey". I have reverted (undone) those moves because they would cause a conflict with "England" and "Turkey" chapters of future books, and also because they would remove the automatic backlinks to Diplomacy, thus seemingly disconnecting the modules from the book. --Kernigh 06:58, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

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Wikijunior talk:Ancient Civilizations/Hittites

Images - no sources
All the images on this page except Image:HititMountainGod.jpg needed to be removed, they either have no sources or are in violation of copyright. Image:HititMountainGod.jpg is also in violation of copyright, but I have contacted the author of the original page where it appeared and am hoping to get his permission to use it here.--Konstable 06:59, 30 January 2006 (UTC)


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MATLAB Programming/Arrays/Introduction to Array Operations

Introduction to array operations
As arrays are the basic data structure in MATLAB, it is important to understand how to use them effectively. See the previous section for that.

Arrays in MATLAB obey the same rule as their mathematical counterpart: by default, the matrix definitions of operations are used, unless a special operator called the dot operator is applied.

Because arrays operations are so similar to the equivalent mathematical operations, a basic knowledge of linear algebra is mandatory to use matlab effectively. However, we won't be as precise as in mathematics when using the terms vector and matrix. In MATLAB, both are arrays of doubles (thus being a matrix in the real mathematical meaning), and MATLAB considers vectors as a matrices with only one row or only one column. However, there are special functions just for vectors; see the vector module for an explanation of how to use these.

Using a Single Index
Now that you know how to define a simple array, you should know how to access its elements. Accessing the content of an array is done through the operator, with the index inside the parenthesis; the indexing of the first element is 1:

>> a = [1, 2, 3]; >> a(1) ans = 1

>> a(3) ans = 3 Accessing an element outside the bounds will result in an error:

>> a(5) ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.

Using Multiple Indexes
To access a single matrix element, you can use the (i,j) subscript, where i is the index in the row, and j in the column:

>> a= [1, 2; 3, 4]; >> a(1, 2) ans = 2 >> a(2, 1) ans = 3

Using A Unique Index
You can also access a matrix element through a unique index; in this case, the order is column major, meaning you first go through all elements of the first column, then the 2d column, etc... The column major mode is the same as in Fortran, and the contrary of the order in the C language.

>> a = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]; >> a(3) ans = 2

Using a Colon for a Block Index
It is also possible to access blocks of matrices using the colon operator. This operator is like a wildcard; it tells MATLAB that you want all elements of a given dimension or with indices between two given values. For example, say you want to access the entire first row of matrix a above, but not the second row. Then you can write:

>> a = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]; >> a(1,:) %row 1, every column ans = 1    2     3

Now say you only want the first two elements in the first row. To do this, use the following syntax:

>> a = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]; >> a(1, 1:2) ans = 1    2

The syntax a changes a into a column vector (column major):

>> a = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6] >> a ans = 1   4    2    5    3    6

Using the end Operator
Finally, if you do not know the size of an array but wish to access all elements from a certain index until the end of the array, use the end operator, as in

>> a = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6] >> a(1, 2:end) %row 1, columns from 2 until end of the array ans = 2    3

Logical Addressing
In addition to index addressing, you can also access only elements of an array that satisfy some logical criterion. For example, suppose a = [1.1, 2.1, 3.2, 4.5] and you only want the values between 2 and 4. Then you can achieve this in two ways. The first is to use the find function to find the indices of all numbers between 2 and 4 in the array, and then address the array with those indices:

>> a = [1.1, 2.1, 3.2, 4.5]; >> INDICES = find(a >= 2 & a <= 4); >> a(INDICES) ans = 2.1  3.2

This does not work in MATLAB 2006b.

The second method is to use logical addressing, which first changes a into a logical array, with value 1 if the logical expression is true and 0 if it is false. It then finds and returns all values in the a which are true. The syntax for this is as follows:

>> a = [1.1, 2.1, 3.2, 4.5]; >> a(a >= 2 & a <= 4) ans = 2.1  3.2

Addition and Subtraction
The interesting part is of course applying some operations on those arrays. You can for example use the classic arithmetic operations + and - on any array in matlab: this results in the vector addition and subtraction as defined in classic vector vectors spaces $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, which is simply the addition and subtraction elements wise:

>> [1, 2, 3] - [1, 2, 1] ans = 0  0   2

Multiplication by a Scalar
The multiplication by a scalar also works as expected:

>> 2 * [1, 2, 3] ans = [2, 4, 6]

Multiplying and Dividing Arrays
Multiplication and division are more problematic: multiplying two vectors in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ does not make sense. It makes sense only in the matrix context. Using the symbol * in matlab computes the matrix product, which is only defined when the number of columns of the left operand matches the number of rows of the right operand:

>> a = [1, 2; 3, 4]; >> a * a ans =

7   10    15    22

>> a = [1, 2, 3]; b = [1; 2; 3]; >> a * a ??? Error using ==> * Inner matrix dimensions must agree. >> a * b ans = 14

Using the division symbol / has even more constraints, as it imposes the right operand to be invertible (see Invertible matrix). For square matrices, $$a / b$$ is equivalent to $$a * b^{-1}$$. For example :

>> a = [1, 2; 3, 4]; b = [1, 2; 1, 2] >> b / a ans = 1    0     1     0

>> a / b Warning: Matrix is singular to working precision. ans = Inf  Inf Inf  Inf

Component-wise Operations
If you desire to multiply or divide two matrices or vectors component-wise, or to raise all components of one matrix to the same power, rather than using matrix definitions of these operators, you can use the dot (.) operator. The two matrices must have the same dimensions. For example, for multiplication,

>> a = [1, 2, 3]; >> b = [0, 1, 2]; >> a .* b ans = 0   2    6

The other two componentwise operators are ./ and .^.

As matlab is a numerical computing language, you should keep in mind that a matrix which is theoretically invertible may lead to precision problems and thus giving imprecise results or even totally wrong results. The message above "matrix is singular to working precision" should appear in those cases, meaning the results cannot be trusted.

Non-square matrices can also be used as the right operand of /; in this case, it computes the pseudoinverse. This is especially useful in least square problems.

Transpose
A transpose of a matrix is taken using .'

>> array = [1,2;3,4] array = 1    2     3     4  >> array.' ans = 1    3     2     4

Boolean Operators on Arrays
The same boolean operators that can be used for point values can also be used to compare arrays. To do this, MATLAB compares the elements componentwise and returns them in a logical array of the same size as the two arrays being compared. The two arrays must have the same size. For example,

>> A = [2,4], B = [1,5]; >> A < B ans = [0   1]

You must be careful when using comparisons between arrays as loop conditions, since they clearly do not return single values and therefore can cause ambiguous results. The loop condition should be reducable to a single boolean value, T or F, not an array. Two common ways of doing this are the "any" and the "all" functions. A function call any(array) will return true if array contains any nonzero values and false if all values are zero. It does the comparisons in one direction first then the other, so to reduce a matrix you must call the any function twice. The function all, similarly, returns true if and only if all elements in a given row or column are nonzero.

Concatenating Arrays
Concatenating arrays involves sticking arrays together.

Horizontal Concatenating
Horizontal concatenation is done by treating an array as if it were a variable included in a row.

>> a = [1,2;3,4]; >> b = [5,6;7,8]; >> c = [a,b] c = 1    2     5     6     3     4     7     8

Vertical Concatenating
Vertical concatenation is done by treating an array as if it were a variable included in a column. >> a = [1,2;3,4]; >> b = [5,6;7,8]; >> c = [a;b] c = 1    2     3     4     5     6     7     8

Solving Linear Systems
To solve a linear system in the form Ax = b use the "\" operator. Example: >>A = [4 5 ; 2 8]; b = [23 28]'; x = A\b

x =

2    3


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Talk:Algebra/Statistics

i will add the measures of spread tomorrow unless someone beats me to it. but for now i must sleep and prepare for another 12 hour day at work... :D fun fun*/sarcasm*

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Talk:God for the Third Millennium/Deus ex machina

Accurate?
In the second paragraph it says that "Jehovah presented himself in the human form to Moses . . .". In the Bible at any rate it doesn’t seem to say anything about whether God/Jehovah was in human form, so maybe this should be reworded. Myrryam 14:11, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

God for the Third Millennium:Deus ex machina (comment
Are we being objective here, can you realy ignore the views of over one billion Moslims. If you dont have accurate information about the faith, then please state the fact.

Christian slant?
I don't mean to be rude, and I identify as a Christian, but it seems to me that this section is very much into the Christian viewpoint, and not so much with anything else. I'd like to take out or attribute as Christian belief some of the more blatant stuff (references to Jesus as God's Only Son, performing miracles, etc), but I'm not sure of how much to do, or how to seperate it. Maybe I'm just being silly and unwilling to completely delete someone's hard work.

My $.02

--Jujo 17:17, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think this text is beyond repair. It is the typical state of a Monotheism: To narrowminded, uninformed. If he/she informed then he/she whould know that neiter Hinduism nor Budism are considered a Monotheism. That makes 2 of the to 5 religions. Personaly I belive that the Monotheism is a dead end - the universe is just to big for one God and this book is just one more attempt to rescue what canot be rescued. --Krischik T 14:26, 11 September 2006 (UTC)


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Football (Soccer)/The Leagues and Teams

FIFA Divisions
The countries, teams and their leagues are organized into divisions as shown in the following map.

Football League 3/FIFA Division
Teams

🇺🇸

🇲🇽

Mexico Wolves

Atlanta Kings

Atlanta Liverpool

Pittsburgh Wolves

Cleveland Bulls

Cleveland Bears

CONCACAF: all of North and Central America, the Caribbean island countries as well as Guyana and Suriname in South America.

CONMEBOL: the ten remaining South American countries.

UEFA: the whole of Europe plus some countries in Asia.

AFC: the rest of Asia plus Australia, which joined on 1 January 2006, having previously been part of the OFC.

CAF: the whole of Africa.

OFC: New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands including Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia.

Confederations, Leagues And Teams
Each division has a confederation which manages a number of leagues within its territory. Let's start with the well-known European confederation, UEFA.

Football League 3
FS1/NBCSN

Mexico Wolves

Atlanta Kings

Atlanta Liverpool

Pittsburgh Wolves

Cleveland Bulls

Cleveland Bears

UEFA

UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) is the governing confederation of all European teams and leagues. Many prominent leagues and teams originate from UEFA members such as Germany, England, Spain, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Scotland and others.

FA Premier League

In 1992 the top division of clubs in England formed a breakaway league, enabling them to take a larger share of income from media rights in comparison to the rest of the football league. The Premier League (originally Premiership) currently consists of 20 clubs.

The top four teams in the Premier League currently qualify for the UEFA Champions League (at various stages during the qualifying process). The fifth place club qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, although extra clubs often qualify on the basis of league position depending on the winners of domestic cup competitions. The bottom three clubs are automatically relegated.

In terms of income, viewing figures and attendances the Premier League is the most successful domestic football competition in the world, and compares favorably across all sports. However many football fans within England are concerned with the vast sums of money involved, while clubs in the lower divisions struggle, with many entering administration and some going out of business. In addition the formation of the Premier League has led to a generation of fans growing up with football as a TV-only activity (as live games become more expensive to cater for corporate hospitality). This has led to the slow death of the local football culture which developed over the last 150 years in England.

Manchester United
Manchester United Football Club is an English Premier League football club that plays at Old Trafford in Greater Manchester and is one of the most successful clubs in Europe. The club was formed in 1878, as the team Newton Heath F.C. It joined the Football League in 1892, and have only been relegated once since 1938. The mean attendances of the games are higher than any English football league team for all but six seasons starting in 1964. The team won 38 trophies under Alex Ferguson. In 1968, Manchester United became the first European Cup champion from England, defeating Benfica 4-1. Their second European Cup came in 1999 as part of the club's famous Treble. Manchester United has been champions of England 20 times, and have won the FA Cup 12 times. Since the late 1990s, Manchester United has been one of the richest clubs in the world. Jose Mourinho is the current manager, with Wayne Rooney being the captain. Manchester's colours are red (home), blue (away), and white (third colours). Manchester United has classic rivalries with Liverpool, Leeds United, and cross town rivals, Manchester City. The club have won 3 UEFA Champions League titles. Surprisingly,the only honour Manchester United has not won is the UEFA Europa League. Many famous players have featured for the club, such as Peter Schmeichel,Gary Neville,Cristiano Ronaldo, David Beckham, Eric Cantona, Paul Scholes, Roy Keane, Andy Cole, Ole Gunnar Solskjaer, Teddy Sheringham, Ruud Van Nistelrooy, Angel Di Maria, Wayne Rooney, Robin Van Persie and Zlatan Ibrahimovic.

Arsenal
Known by the nickname of The Gunners, Arsenal are old rivals of both, Manchester United and Chelsea. Arsenal are currently playing in the new Emirates Stadium. They're currently managed by Arsène Wenger.

Chelsea
Known by the nickname of The Blues, they play at Stamford Bridge and are currently managed by Antonio Conte. They are currently owned by Russian oil-baron Roman Abramovich. Chelsea's squad features some famous players such as John Terry, oscar, Diego Costa, Eden Hazard, Falcao, Willian, Pedro, Thibaut Courtois and Cesc Fàbregas.

Liverpool
Liverpool Football Club is a Premier League football club based in Liverpool, currently managed by Jürgen Klopp. Liverpool F.C. is one of the most successful clubs in England and has won more European trophies than any other English team with five European Cups, three UEFA Cups, and three UEFA Super Cups. The club has also won eighteen League titles, seven FA Cups and a record eight League Cups. In spite of their successful history, Liverpool are yet to win a Premier League title since its inception in 1992.

Liverpool was founded in 1892 and joined the Football League the following year. The club has played at Anfield since its formation. The most successful period in Liverpool's history was the 1970s and '80s when Bill Shankly and Bob Paisley led the club to eleven league titles and seven European trophies.

The club's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies. The first was the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985, in which charging Liverpool fans caused a wall to collapse, killing 39 Juventus supporters and resulting in English clubs being banned from European competitions for five years. In the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, 96 Liverpool supporters lost their lives in a crush against perimeter fencing. None of these tragedies were the fault of Liverpool supporters.

Liverpool has long-standing rivalries with neighbours Everton and with Manchester United. The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964. The club's anthem is "You'll Never Walk Alone".

League 1
Let's look at some French ruling clubs.

Olympique Lyonnais
Known sometimes as Les Gones or OL, Lyon are champions and ruling Ligue 1 for 4 years in streak. It has a strong lineup and is widely known throughout Europe which includes the great players such as Anderson and Sidney Gouvou. They play at Stade de Gerland and are managed by Claude Puel.

Olympique de Marseille
Known commonly as Marseille or OM, this team may not be known well these days but it had a great history. It even includes famous Spaniard Fernando Morientes. They play at Stade Vélodrome and are managed by José Anigo.

AS Monaco
AS Monaco is one of the more prestigious football clubs in France. A major accomplishment was reaching the 2004 Champions League finals. They play at Stade Louis-II in Monaco.

Paris Saint-Germain
They play at Parc de Princes and are managed by Unai Emery. The club has won six Ligue 1 titles and its roster features big names like Neymar, Ángel Di María, Marco Verratti, Edinson Cavani, Dani Alves and Thiago Silva.

Bundesliga
The Germany had a great history including their players, morale, fan support and the main thing, glory. It is the most watched football league,in 2007 there were 40,775(stadium)

FC Bayern München
Known sometimes as Die Bayern, they have won 25 league titles. They have five European titles. They currently play their home games at the Allianz Arena in Munich and are managed by Carlo Ancelotti.

Borussia Dortmund
Borussia Dortmund is the second most successful club in Bundesliga having won eight titles. Marco Reus and Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang plays for Dortmund.

Bayer Leverkusen
They may now have been forgotten but this club has made the rise to the offensive Bayern Munich by selling the jewels Zé Roberto, Lúcio and Michael Ballack. Although their form has slipped in recent seasons(03,04) due to the loss of Ballack,Lúcio etc.,the team has played better in 05 and 06. They play at BayArena in Leverkusen.

Schalke 04
They play at Veltins-Arena.

SV Werder Bremen
They have been raised now and are enjoying this new generation, the Werder Bremen has a variety of good players including Diego and Torsten Frings. They play at Weserstadion.

Serie A
The Italians do have a number of excellent teams and star players. These are some "Calcio" kings, "Calcio = Italian football" for here.

Juventus
Juve are referred by many names and are the true Italian kings. They have a beautiful lineup of 5-star players with all offensive and defensive categories including Gianluigi Buffon, Pavel Nedvěd, Alessandro Del Piero, David Trézéguet, Christiano Ronaldo just to name a few. They play at Delle Alpi in Turin and are managed by Didier Deschamps.

AC Milan
One part of the Milan brothers (Inter & AC), the AC Milan definitely is out-of-question because of their good players, unbreakable morale and glory. They play at Stadio San Siro.

Inter Milan
The other part of Milan brothers, Inter is likely leveled with their arch-rivals, AC Milan. Playing in the same stadium, San Siro, they also have good players like Diego Militto, Pazzini, Lucio and Javier Zanetti. They are managed by Stefano Pioli. In 2009–2010 season, Inter win the European treble under José Mourinho.

La Liga
Spanish La Liga is the second most-watched league because of its reputation among other leagues by including many great legends and current players. Here are some Kings, España style.

Real Madrid
Known as Los Galacticos, Real Madrid is currently the 2nd the richest club in the world, behind that of Manchester United. It has a very well-known and excellent lineup including Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale, James Rodriguez, Toni Kroos, Luka Modrić, Pepe, Karim Benzema, Sergio Ramos and many more. They have a good history and are still good. They hold a record of four UEFA Champions League titles and six European Trophies. Their home ground is Santiago Bernabeu stadium. They have achieved La Decima in 2014 winning their tenth European title

FC Barcelona
Known simply as Barça, they are one of the modern ruling generations of football today. With a strong lineup including Luis Suárez, Neymar, Lionel Messi and many more. They play at Camp Nou (sometimes referred as Nou Camp) and are managed by former player Luis Enrique. Barça is the only club to have won treble twice. Formed in 1899, Barcelona has won 24 La Liga titles and five European titles.

(F.) Primeira Liga
Although not known so much maybe, but Primeira Liga do consists of great honored teams. Here are some of them.

Benfica
Benfica is the most successful club in Portugal. It has a average lineup but superb morale. Some famous players are Luisão, Maxi Pereira, Nicolás Gaitán, Júlio César, and others. They play at the Estádio da Luz and are managed by Jorge Jesus.

FC Porto
FC Porto is the second most successful club in Portugal. It has a good variety of players with a good morale. They play at the Estádio do Dragão and are managed by Julen Lopetegui. Some famous players are Jackson Martinez, Quaresma, Quintero and others.

Sporting Lisbon
Sporting Lisbon is the third most successful club in Portugal. It has players with a inspiring hope, not bad. They play at the Estádio José Alvalade XXI and are managed by Marco Silva.

(G.) Dutch Eredivisie
They may have been forgotten but they are relived. Here are some Dutch teams which are ruling these days.

Traditionally, the big three of the Dutch soccer consists of Ajax, Feyenoord and PSV.

AFC Ajax Amsterdam
Ajax is the biggest club of The Netherlands which has got a superior class lineup and good morale. They're managed by Henk ten Cate. In the Netherlands, Ajax is known to play the 'prettiest' football. The youth department of Ajax is considered to be the best of the world.

Ajax won the European Cup in 1971, 1972, 1973 and in 1995, the UEFA Cup in 1992 and the European Cupwinners Cup in 1987. (Former) famous players include Johan Cruyff, Johan Neeskens, Marco van Basten, Dennis Bergkamp, Clarence Seedorf, Patrick Kluivert, Jaap Stam and many more.

Feyenoord Rotterdam
Feyenoord is a team that is known for its good morale and team-building, which makes them sometimes win over better skilled teams. Feyenoord won the European Cup and World Club Cup in 1970, and the UEFA Cup in 1974 and 2002.

(Former) famous players include Willem van Hanegem, Mario Been, Ruud Gullit, Ove Kindvall, Coen Moulijn and John de Wolf.

PSV Eindhoven
PSV is a team from Eindhoven, founded by Philips, which is still the sponsor. The biggest successes were achieved in 1978 when the club won the UEFA cup, and in 1988, when the club wins the European Champions Cup.

Some (former) famous players of PSV are Romario, Ronaldo, Ruud Gullit, Luc Nilis, Ronald Koeman, Arjen Robben,Ruud van Nistelrooy, Philip Cocu and Jaap Stam. The most successful coach is beyond any doubt Guus Hiddink, who worked for the team from 1983 to 1990 and from 2002 to 2006.

PSV's nickname is boeren, which means peasants. The fans use this to distinguish themselves from the big clubs from the big cities in the west of the Netherlands.

(H.) Other Great European Teams
Apart from the leagues, they're also some minor leagues with superb teams that are also known throughout Europe. Here are they.

Olympiacos - Greece
Olympiacos is a well-known club of Greece. It's mainly rivaled with Panathinaikos. With a lineup including Rivaldo, they're managed by Trond Sollied.

Steaua Bucharest - Romania
Steaua has spent all its history in the country's top-flight league, and has finished below the sixth spot for only five times.Steaua made it to a European Cup final, which they won in front of FC Barcelona on penalties.Subsequently, the team never relegated and is currently one of the 2 teams to have only played inside the first league, along with Dinamo București.

Panathinaikos - Greece
Panathinaikos is clearly a good club of Greece,with 19 Greek championships and 16 Greek cups. Currently it's managed by Jasmiko Velic.

Rangers - Scotland
Rangers FC are by far the most successful club in the world when it comes to winning the national title. They have achieved this on 53 occasions in their history. Linfield FC (Northern Ireland) are the 2nd most successful with 49. Rangers are managed by Walter Smith, who is managing the club for the second time in his career. In his first term he led the club to 9 titles in a row 1989-1997. In his 2nd term he took the club to the UEFA Cup final in 2008 where Rangers took the largest ever support to an away game when 150,000 fans travelled to Manchester. He retired from Rangers at the end of 2010-11 season clinching his 3rd title in a row, leaving his position to assistant manager Ally McCoist who is looking to beat the record set by Smith in his previous term in charge.

Celtic - Scotland
Celtic won the European Cup in 1967, the first British team to do so. They also made it to the UEFA Cup Final in 2003, about 80,000 Celtic supporters traveled to Seville, Spain for the final. In 1984 Celtic were ordered by UEFA to replay a game against Rapid Vienna after fans threw bottles at the Austrian players while leading 3-0, Rapid won the replay 1-0. During the match a Celtic fan attacked the Rapid goalkeeper, and was arrested by police. The club's traditional playing colours are green and white hooped shirts and white shorts with white socks. The manager is Brendan Rodgers.

Grasshopperclub Zurich - Switzerland
 Grasshopperclub Zurich is also very known in their Swiss region. They're the most successful team of the Swiss football with 27 Swiss super league titles and 18 Swiss cups.

Shakhtar Donetsk - Ukraine
Shakhtar Donetsk is also a very good team especially because of their morale. They're managed by Mircea Lucescu.The team has done very well in recent years(they were very close to getting into the champions league second round,but lost to Benfica),having great eastern players such as Darijo Srna and Mariusz Lewandowski.

CSKA Moscow - Russia
CSKA is a very-well known team from Russia,they became the first Russian team to win the UEFA cup(after the break-up of USSR. They're managed by Valeri Gazzaev.Well-known players currently playing at CSKA Moscow are Vágner Love and Sergei Ignashevich.

Club Brugge - Belgium
Club Brugge is a well-known club of Belgium which is arch-rivaled with RSC Anderlecht. They're managed by Jacky Mathijssen. Some notable players include Siebe Schrijvers.

RSC Anderlecht - Belgium
RSC Anderlecht is the most successful team in Belgium with 29 league championships,5 European cups in all European cup competitions and 16 cups in Belgium competitions. They're managed by Franky Vercauteren.Well known players are(currently) Daniel Zitka,Olivier Deschacht.And former players are Nenad Jestrovic,Seol Ki-Hyeon and Vincent Kompany.

Dinamo Zagreb - Croatia
Dinamo is the most successful and famous team from Croatia. Their arch-rivals are Hajduk. The club has been most successful in the '60s, when they won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (that would later become the UEFA Cup). They were runners up in 1963 and won it in 1967. They were Yugoslavia champions 4 times, and Croatian champions 11 times. They are regular participants in large European competitions (both the UEFA Europa League and UEFA Champions League). Former players include Zvonimir Boban, Davor Suker, Luka Modric and Eduardo da Silva.

AFC
The Asian Football Confederation (AFC) is the governing body of association football in Asia and Australia. It has 47 member countries, mostly located on the Asian and Australian continent, but excludes the transcontinental countries with territory in both Europe and Asia – Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey – which are instead members of UEFA. Three other states located geographically along the western fringe of Asia – Cyprus, Armenia and Israel – are also UEFA members. On the other hand, Australia, formerly in the OFC, joined the Asian Football Confederation in 2006, and the Oceanian island of Guam, a territory of the United States, is also a member of AFC, in addition to Northern Mariana Islands, one of the Two Commonwealths of the United States. Hong Kong and Macau, although not independent countries (both are Special administrative regions of China), are also members of the AFC.

Indian Super League
The league currently features ten teams from around India. Unlike other football leagues from around the world, the ISL is one of the few leagues to not use the promotion and relegation system but instead a franchise system along the lines of the Twenty20 cricket league. The teams play in a single table during the regular season and each team will play each other twice, once at home and once away from home, to complete a Eighteen game season. The Indian Super League champion qualify for the AFC Cup play-off spot. The Indian Super League has achieved the rare milestone of having registered the highest average stadium attendance for any football League in Asia.

Kerala Blasters
The Kerala Blasters Football Club was founded by former Indian cricket captain Sachin Tendulkar. Kerala Blasters FC is on first position in average home attendance among football clubs in Asia.

CONCACAF
CONCACAF (Confederation Of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football) is the division where North America, Central America, Caribbean, and Surinam, Guyana, and French Guiana of South America are placed. The most famous teams are from the power house of Mexico.

(A.) Mexican Primera División
Mexicans aren't very known but games like FIFA 06 are getting their reputation through others up. Here are some good Mexicanos (amigos).After FIFA 06,their ratings has increased and in 2007 they were the 4th highest football league to be watched(stadiums)

Chivas de Guadalajara
Chivas is very well-known. Chivas and América are commonly rivalled with each other. They have won many major titles in their history. They play at Estadio Jalisco and are managed by Jose Manuel "chepo" De la Torre. Chivas is the current Champion in the Mexicna 1st division.

Club América
Club América is very well known in Mexico. It has a number of fans and have won most of the important titles in the league. They play at the famous Estadio Azteca and are managed by Alberto Daniel Brailovsky.

(B.) USA Major League Soccer
The USA is an emerging soccer nation in the World thanks to the creation of MLS in 1996.

D.C. United
The most successful team in the league, has the most trophies in the league. 1996 MLS Cup and Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup; 1997 MLS Cup; 1998 CONCACAF Cup and Intra-American Cup; 1999 MLS Cup; 2004 MLS Cup. Currently the team is being coached by international Polish star Peter Nowak and consist of star player Jaime Moreno of Bolivia, Ben Olsen of USA, and Christian Gomez of Argentina.

Los Angeles Galaxy
An early rival team of D.C. United, it currently holds the most wins in the league. During the early years of MLS it was always successful but was mostly stopped by D.C. United when it came to MLS finals. However, with patience its dividends paid off during the 2001 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup and CONCACAF Cup; 2002 MLS Cup; 2005 MLS Cup and Lamar U.S. Open Cup. Currently it is coached by former Chelsea F.C. and New Castle F.C. coach Ruud Gullit.

CONMEBOL
CONMEBOL (CONfedración sudaMEricana de fútBOL) {in English: South American Football Confedration} is the confedration that rules the mighty South American region of football, some great emperors have been from this place. Lets explore them.

(A.) Argentine Primera División
Argentina has a very interesting league with many variable teams (i.e. any team beats the king anytime or sometime). It has actually two halves the Clausura and Apertura. Some Argentines are.

Atlético River Plate
River Plate is a good team and has the record of winning most season titles. It has a very famous and strong rivalry with Boca Juniors called the "Superclásico" on the Observer it was voted top of 50 sporting thing to do before you die as 70% of Argentina support River Plate and Boca Juniors. They play at El Monumental in Nuñez and are managed by Daniel Passarella.

Boca Juniors
Boca Juniors are very famous around the world and is very known because of their platinum legend Diego Armando Maradona know as D10S or "Pibe de Oro" and "el barrilete cósmico". They are highly respected throughout the world. They have won several cups and titles(23 division titles and 17 international titles). They play at La Bombonera and are managed by Miguel Angel Russo.

(B.) Brazilian Campeonato (1st Division)
Hola Brazil. Although the English invented football, the Brazilians perfected it. Brazil has many variable teams like Argentina. Here are the Kings.

Flamengo
Flamengo is one of the best clubs in Brazil. These days they have gone down a little bit, because they are organizing their finances, paying the taxes that te other clubs don't. Flamengo is the most followed club of the world, with almost 40 million fans. They have won many championships and titles. They are managed by Vanderlei Luxemburgo, ex-coach of Real Madrid.

Corinthians
Corinthians is the most popular club in São Paulo. They are rivaled with Palmeiras. They have a very good history in winning leagues and cups. They won the Brazilian championship in 2005. They're managed by Antônio Lopes.

Palmeiras
Palmeiras is superior to Corinthians. They are always furious against each other. Marcos, the 2002 World Cup winning goalkeeper belongs to them. They are managed by Émerson Leão.

Santos
They were famous because of the diamond legend, Pelé. They have been excellent at the era of the legend.

São Paulo
São Paulo is one of the major clubs in Brazil with winning a lot of championships, getting the fame and putting themselves in the South American map. They are managed by Muricy Ramalho.

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Applied Ecology/Environmental Valuation

Humanity and nature
For those wishing to establish a point in history when checking out the impact of human activities on the environment became a thing worth doing, a good date is 1864, and the event is the publication by George Perkins Marsh of his book, 'Man and Nature, or Physical Geography Modified by Human Action'. In his travels as an American diplomat, Marsh was well placed not only to document environmental change, but also to evaluate it. In this respect he is remembered for the way he forcefully pointed out the difference in attitudes between the native people's and European's attitudes to the natural world. The native leaves a slight footprint on the Earth, whilst civilisation "assumes an aggressive attitude, and thenceforward strives to subdue to his control and subject to his uses, all her productivity and all her motive powers". Another way of stating this difference is that preindustrial production systems are characteristic of 'inscribed groups', who organise for the sustained exploitation of local natural resources. They are inscribed, or embedded, into local ecosystems by being linked to the productivity of a narrow range of biophysical flows which limit the number of people who can partake of the local resources. Modern production systems are characteristic of 'constructive groups' who construct a landscape to serve their economic aspirations, populating it beyond the limits of the local natural productivity, importing goods and services from elsewhere, thereby destroying its ecosystems. Costructive groups gather around sites where there is an application of inventions for mass production. Workers migrate attracted by better wages and prospects, taking advantage of improved communications.

'Man and Nature' was the most comprehensive statement about land management that had ever appeared. It was culled from Marsh's own farming experiences in New England and his research into the works of European naturalists, geographers, foresters and hydrologists. There is no better exposition of need for environmental impact assessment and its precautionary principle than the following:

"The equation of animal and vegetable life is too complicated a problem for human intelligence to solve and we can never know how wide a circle of disturbance we produce in the harmonies of nature when we throw the smallest pebble in the ocean of organic life"

GEMS and Surveillance
As far as wildlife was concerned Marsh advised farmers to err on the side of caution rather than risk destroying a vital part of their production system.

Just over a century later the US National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 required the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments for the evaluation of any detrimental effects of new schemes that would affect landform and drainage. This was followed two years later by the Global Monitoring System (GEMS), which was endorsed by the U.N. Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. Then followed a spate of conventions and conferences that placed the topic of environmental evaluation at the top of international and national strategies of economic development. The practical outcomes were the application of ecological principles to programmes of surveillance, monitoring and impact assessment at the levels of biosphere, ecosystem, landscape and population. Some of the early milestones are:

 * 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling establishes the International Whaling Commission.
 * 1948 UN Charter; International Union for the Protection of Nature (IUPN) established.
 * 1955 The Wenner Gren Conference on Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, Wenner Gren Foundation, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
 * 1956 Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (Thomas Ed. 1955) published.
 * 1957 The IUPN becomes the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
 * 1958 Law of the Sea. The first UN Conference on the Law of the Sea approves draft conventions.
 * 1958 U.K River quality survey
 * 1959 Antarctic Treaty; Economic and Social Council of the u N adopts resolution to publish a register of national parks and equivalent reserves of the world.
 * 1961 Establishment of World Wildlife Fund (World Wide Fund for Nature).
 * 1961 National Survey of Air Pollution set up the UK government in 1961
 * 1962 Silent Spring (Carson 1962) published.
 * 1964 International Council of Scientific Unions (icsu) established the International Biological Programme (IBP).
 * 1966 IUCN Red Data Books first published.
 * 1968 UNESCO 'Biosphere' Conference.
 * 1969 Friends of the Earth (FOE) founded.
 * 1970 The US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments.
 * 1971 Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme of UNESCO launched. Greenpeace International founded.
 * 1972 UN Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment; Concept of a Global Monitoring System (GEMS) endorsed by the Stockholm Conference; United Nations Environment (UNEP) Programme established. 'Blueprint for Survival' sponsored by the journal Ecologist. Limits to Growth (Meadows et al. 1972) published.
 * 1972 Landsat1 launched by U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
 * 1974 UNEP Regional Seas Programme established.
 * 1975 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); The Kenya Rangeland Ecological Monitoring Unit (KREMU) established as a result of collaboration between Kenya and the Canadian International Development Agency.
 * 1976 The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) -reports to the International Council of Scientific Unions (icsu) on global trends in the biosphere most urgently requiring international and interdisciplinary scientific effort.
 * 1977 UN Conference on desertification.
 * 1979 World Climate Conference organized by the World Meteorological organization recognizes the 'greenhouse effect'.
 * 1980 World Conservation Strategy (IUCN) launched; IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (now the World Conservation Monitoring Centre) established.
 * 1988 Publication of BAOBAB Journal on Arid and Semi Arid Areas by Arid Lands Information Network
 * 1997 The Human Impact Reader: Readings and Case Studies Andrew Goudie Ed. Blackwell, Oxford

Annual Directories of environmental data and trends

The Green Globe Yearbook- Fridtjof Nansen Institute with Oxford University Press

Vital Signs- WorldWatch Institute with Earthscan Publications

State of the World- Worldwatch Institute with W.W.Norton

Introduction
Environmental Impact Assessment can be defined as:

The process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made. The aim of an assessment is to address biodiversity at all appropriate levels and allow for enough survey time to take seasonal features into account. It should focus on processes and services which are critical be conserved and protected in this context, it is essential that it is linked to the issue of securing sustainable livelihoods for local people based on biodiversity resources.

The starting point of every environmental assessment is that biodiversity must be conserved to ensure it survives, continuing to provide services, values and benefits for current and future generations. The aim is to identify, protect and promote sustainable use of biodiversity, so that yields/harvests can be maintained over time. This involves examining the likely impacts of development on the benefits of biodiversity arising from the provision of essential life support systems and ecosystem services such as:

 * water yield;
 * water purification;
 * breakdown of wastes;
 * flood control;
 * storm and coastal protection;
 * soil formation and conservation;
 * sedimentation processes;
 * nutrient cycling;
 * carbon storage;
 * and climatic regulation.

An assessment process also takes into account the costs of replacing these services.

Areas with "important biodiversity" are those that:

 * Support endemic, rare, declining habitats/species/genotypes.
 * Support genotypes and species whose presence is a prerequisite for the persistence of other species.
 * Act as a buffer, linking habitat or ecological corridor, or play an important part in maintaining environmental quality.
 * Have important seasonal uses or are critical for migration.
 * Support habitats, species populations, ecosystems that are vulnerable, threatened throughout their range and slow to recover.
 * Support particularly large or continuous areas of previously undisturbed habitat.
 * Act as refugia for biodiversity during climate change, enabling persistence and continuation of evolutionary processes.
 * Support biodiversity for which mitigation is difficult or its effectiveness unproven including habitats that take a long time to develop characteristic biodiversity.
 * Are currently poor in biodiversity but have potential to develop high biodiversity with appropriate intervention.

In 2005 the International Association for Impact Assessment (http://www.iaia.org/) published a public document on the guiding principles intended to promote "biodiversity-inclusive" impact assessment (IA), including Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for projects, and strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for policies, plans and programs.

The aim was to help practitioners to integrate biodiversity in IA, decision-makers to commission and review IAs, and other stakeholders to ensure their biodiversity interests are addressed in development planning. This document serves as a useful introduction to the concept.

It centralises biodiversity as a cross-cutting theme relevant to all fields of IA, where the aim for conservation is to work to biodiversity-related Conventions that are based on the premise that further loss of biodiversity is unacceptable.

Impacts of development projects are assessed in terms of:

 * avoiding irreversible losses of biodiversity.
 * seeking alternative solutions that minimize biodiversity losses.
 * mitigation to restore any loss of biodiversity.
 * compensation for unavoidable loss by providing substitutes of at least similar biodiversity value.
 * highlighting opportunities for enhancement.

This approach can be called "positive planning for biodiversity." It helps achieve no net loss of biodiversity by ensuring:

 * Priorities and targets for biodiversity at international, national, regional and local level are respected, and a positive contribution to achieving them is made.

 * Damage is avoided to unique, endemic, threatened or declining species, habitats and ecosystems; to species of high cultural value to society, and to ecosystems providing important services.

Guiding Principles
The ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ advocates an "ecosystem approach" to impact assessment because people and biodiversity depend on healthily functioning ecosystems that have to be assessed in an integrated way, not constrained by artificial boundaries. The ecosystem approach is participatory and requires a long-term perspective based on a biodiversity-based study area and adaptive management to deal with the dynamic nature of ecosystems, uncertainty and the often unpredictable nature of ecosystem functions, behavior and responses. Biodiversity concerns are not limited to protected areas. Elements of natural systems remain in even the most urbanized cities and play an often important role in the quality of life in those cities.

Traditional rights and uses of biodiversity are recognized in IA and the benefits from commercial use of biodiversity are shared fairly. Needs of future should be considered as well as current generations (inter-generational needs). Alternatives should be sought that do not trade in biodiversity "capital" to meet short term needs, where this could jeopardize the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

The precautionary principle is applied in any situation where important biodiversity may be threatened and there is insufficient knowledge to either quantify risks or implement effective mitigation. Application of the precautionary principle requires that development consent should be delayed while steps are taken to ensure that best available information can be obtained through consultation with local stakeholders/experts and/or new information on biodiversity can be obtained/consolidated.

An environmental assessments involves consulting widely to ensure that all stakeholders have been consulted and that important biodiversity values are taken into account. Valuation of biodiversity can only be done in negotiation with the different groups or individuals in society (stakeholders) who have an interest in biodiversity. Use traditional and indigenous knowledge wherever appropriate. Work carefully with indigenous communities to ensure that knowledge of biodiversity is not inappropriately exploited.

Screening
Biodiversity inclusive screening criteria are used to determine whether important biodiversity resources may be affected.

Biodiversity screening "triggers" for IA should include: • Potential impacts on protected areas and areas supporting protected species. • Impacts on other areas that are not protected but are important for biodiversity. • Activities posing a particular threat to biodiversity (in terms of their type, magnitude, location, duration, timing, reversibility). • Areas that provide important biodiversity services including extractive reserves, indigenous people's territories, wetlands, fish breeding grounds, soils prone to erosion, relatively undisturbed or characteristic habitat, flood storage areas, groundwater recharge areas, etc. Encourage development of a biodiversity screening map indicating important biodiversity values and ecosystem services. If possible, integrate this activity with the development of a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) and/or biodiversity planning at sub-national levels (e.g., regions, local authorities, towns) to identify conservation priorities and targets.

Scoping
Scoping leads to Terms of Reference for IA, defining the issues to be studied and the methods that will be used. Use scoping as an opportunity to raise awareness of biodiversity concerns and discuss alternatives to avoid or minimize negative impacts on biodiversity.

It is good practice to produce a scoping report for consultation. This should address the following issues (on the basis of existing information and any preliminary surveys or discussions):

 * The type of project, program, plan or policy, possible alternatives and a summary of activities likely to affect biodiversity
 * An analysis of opportunities and constraints for biodiversity (include "no net biodiversity loss" or "biodiversity restoration" alternatives)
 * Expected biophysical changes (in soil, water, air, flora, fauna)resulting from proposed activities or induced by any socioeconomic changes
 * Spatial and temporal scale of influence, identifying effects on connectivity between ecosystems, and potential cumulative effects
 * Available information on baseline conditions and any anticipated trends in biodiversity in the absence of the proposal
 * Likely biodiversity impacts associated with the proposal in terms of composition, structure and function
 * Biodiversity services and values identified in consultation with stakeholders and anticipated changes in these (highlight any irreversible impacts)
 * Possible measures to avoid, minimize, or compensate for significant biodiversity damage or loss, making reference to any legal requirements
 * Information required to support decision making and summary of important gaps
 * Proposed IA methodology and timescale
 * For practical use, develop in-country (sectoral) guidance translating this generic scoping sequence into tools, such as guidelines and sample Terms of Reference.

Survey
Address biodiversity at all appropriate levels and allow for enough survey time to take seasonal features into account. Focus on processes and services which are critical opportunity to raise awareness of biodiversity concerns and discuss alternatives to avoid or minimize negative impacts on biodiversity.

The CIAI recommends basing the assessment on the following questions:

At the gene level, to what extent will the proposal have significant effects on:
 * Genetic diversity of species, particularly rare and declining species and those with identified as priorities in NBSAPs and/or subnational biodiversity plans?
 * Opportunities for species populations to interact, e.g., by increasing habitat fragmentation and isolation?
 * Risk of extinction?
 * Persistence of locally-adapted populations?

At the species level, to what extent will the proposal:
 * Alter the species-richness or species-composition of habitats in the study area?
 * Alter the species-composition of communities?
 * Cause some species to be lost from the area?
 * Affect species identified as priorities in NBSAPs and/or subnational biodiversity plans?
 * Increase the risk of invasion by alien species?

At the ecosystem level, to what extent will the proposal:
 * Change the amount, quality or spatial organization of habitat?
 * Affect plans to enhance habitat availability or quality?
 * Damage ecosystem processes and services, particularly those on which local communities rely?

Finally: Take an ecosystem approach and involve relevant stakeholders (including local communities). Consider the full range of factors affecting biodiversity. These include direct drivers of change associated with a proposal (e.g., land conversion and vegetation removal leading to loss of habitat-a key driver of biodiversity loss, emissions, disturbance, introduction of alien and genetically modified species, etc.); and indirect drivers of change which are harder to quantify, including demographic, economic, socio-political, cultural and technological processes or interventions.
 * If habitats will be lost or altered, is alternative habitat available to support associated species populations?
 * Are there opportunities to consolidate or connect habitats?

Evaluate impacts of alternatives with reference to the baseline situation. Compare against thresholds and objectives for biodiversity. Use NBSAPs, sub-national biodiversity plans and other conservation reports for information and objectives. Take into account cumulative threats and impacts resulting either from repeated impacts of projects of the same or different nature over space and time, and/or from proposed plans, programs or policies.

Biodiversity is influenced by cultural, social, economic and biophysical factors. Cooperation between different specialists in the IA team is thus essential, as is the integration of findings which have bearing on biodiversity. Provide insight into cause-effect chains. If possible, quantify the changes in quality and amount of biodiversity. Explain the expected consequences of any biodiversity losses associated with the proposal, including the costs of replacing biodiversity services if they will be damaged by a proposal. Find out how these relate to relevant biodiversity priorities and objectives or any legal obligations? Indicate the legal issues that create the boundary conditions for decision making.

Mitigation
Remedial action can take several forms, i.e., avoidance (or prevention), mitigation (including restoration and rehabilitation of sites), and compensation. Apply the "positive planning approach," where avoidance has priority and compensation is used as a last resort measure. Avoid "excuse"-type compensation. Look for opportunities to positively enhance biodiversity. Acknowledge that compensation will not always be possible; there will still be cases where it is appropriate to say "no" to development proposals on grounds of irreversible damage to biodiversity.

Review for decision-making
Peer review of environmental reports with regard to biodiversity should be undertaken by a specialist with appropriate expertise, where biodiversity impacts are significant. Depending on the level of confidentiality of public decision-making, consideration should be given to the involvement of affected groups and civil society.

Decision making
Avoid pitting conservation goals against development goals; balance conservation with sustainable use for economically viable, and socially and ecologically sustainable solutions. For important biodiversity issues, apply the precautionary principle where information is insufficient and the no net loss principle in relation to irreversible losses associated with the proposal.

Management, monitoring, evaluation and auditing
It is important to recognize that all prediction of biodiversity response to perturbation is uncertain, especially over long time frames. Management systems and programs, including clear management targets (or Limits of Acceptable Change (LC)) and appropriate monitoring, should be set in place to ensure that mitigation is effectively implemented, unforeseen negative effects are detected and addressed, and any negative trends are detected. Provision is made for regular auditing of impacts on biodiversity. Provision should be made for emergency response measures and/or contingency plans where upset or accident conditions could threaten biodiversity.

title: Applied Ecology/Environmental Valuation


text:
Java Programming/Remote Method Invocation

Java's Remote Method Invocation (commonly referred to as RMI) is used for client and server models. RMI is the object oriented equivalent to RPC (Remote procedure call).

The Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) system allows an object running in one Java Virtual Machine (VM) to invoke methods of an object running in another Java VM. RMI provides for remote communication between programs written in the Java programming language.

RMI is only defined for use with the Java platform. If you need to call methods between different language environments, use CORBA. With CORBA a Java client can call a C++ server and/or a C++ client can call a Java server. With RMI that can not be done.

STUB and SKELETON
The remote method invocation goes through a STUB on the client side and a so called SKELETON on the server side. CLIENT --> STUB --> ... Network ... --> SKELETON --> REMOTE OBJECT

Prior to Java 1.2 the skeleton had to be explicitly generated with the rmic tool. Since 1.2 a dynamic skeleton is used, which employs the features of Java Reflection to do its work.

rmiregistry
Remote objects can be listed in the RMI Registry. Clients can get a reference to the remote object by querying the Registry. After that, the client can call methods on the remote objects. (Remote object references can also be acquired by calling other remote methods. The Registry is really a 'bootstrap' that solves the problem of where to get the initial remote reference from.)

The RMI Registry can either be started within the server JVM, via the LocateRegistry.createRegistry API, or a separate process called rmiregistry that has to be started before remote objects can be added to it, e.g. by the command line in Unix:

or under Windows:

If port is not specified the default 1099 is used. The client will need to connect to this port to access the Registry.

The Registry can also be started from a program by calling the following code:

Objects passed in as parameters to the remote objects's methods will be passed by value. If the remote object changes the passed-in object values, it won't be reflected on the client side, this is opposite what happens when a local object is called. Objects that used as parameters for remote methods invocation must implement the  interface, as they are going to be serialized when passed through the network, and a new object will be created on the other side.

However, exported remote objects passed as parameters are passed by remote reference.

RMI Remote object
The remote object has to either extend the  object, or be explicitly exported by calling the   method.

RMI clients
Here is an example of RMI client:


text:
Cookbook talk:Century Egg with Ham and Ginger

this doesn't appear to be a recipe to prepare Century Eggs; it merely uses them as an ingredient. What's up with dat? --86.135.217.213 17:52, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Came here to say exactly the same. ---95.120.59.248 (discuss) 00:26, 27 July 2011 (UTC)
 * mhm. i live in fear of this recipe every day. Kamakou (discuss • contribs) 02:28, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * genuinely what is going on here Kamakou (discuss • contribs) 02:44, 6 December 2021 (UTC)


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/XSL from chapters

 * C.3
 * C.4
 * C.5
 * C.6


text:
Chinese Tractor Maintenance

Chinese tractors are being imported in increasing numbers by dealers and individuals who find them useful on hobby farms, small farms, etc. due to their attractive pricing. A typical Chinese tractor owner is someone who has some mechanical ability and who is not averse to doing much of his own maintenance and repair. Typical manuals provided by the Chinese manufacturers are brief, unclear, poorly worded and incomplete. Due to the size of the market, third-party manuals are rare. One easy to read and understand example is the Operators manual prepared in the UK for Siromer tractors. Siromer tractors are built in the Jinma plant at Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. But many owners "learn by doing", often with the help of dealers and other tractor owners who participate in on-line forums or at the Chinese Tractor Owners Association which is a site dedicated to owners and dealers of these tractors. This site is located at www.ctoa.net. A collaborative book in which experienced and "newbie" tractor owners alike can contribute their experience and knowledge would be an immense help to those owners who need more information to aid them in maintaining their tractors.

Generic
This section contains generic information that is applicable to most tractor models.

Starting
The starting procedure is as follows:
 * Ensure that the fuel flow valve is turned on. This valve is either on the bottom of the fuel tank where the fuel exits the tank or it is on the sediment bowl.
 * Sit on the operator's seat and depress the clutch.
 * Put the transmission in neutral.
 * Set throttle to a little bit above the idle setting.
 * If the engine is cold (not warm to the touch) then do the following:
 * If the engine has glow plugs set the ignition switch to the Heater (glow plug) position for 3 to 20 seconds. Leave the ignition switch in this position for only a short period of time. The colder the air temperature is the longer you leave it in this position. If the air temperature is 60F you can try 3 seconds. For an air temperature of 20F you might try 20 seconds. You do not want to stay in this ignition switch position for an extended period since it will significantly shorten the life of the glow plugs.
 * NOTE: The first few times that you do this note the current draw on the amp/charging meter. If during a future engine start you see a lower current draw, one or more glow plugs may have burned out.
 * Do the following if your tractor has a Compression Release knob and the engine is cold (or you can do it for every engine start):
 * The Compression Release steps can be done while waiting for glow plugs to warm up.
 * Locate the Compression Release knob.
 * Pull/turn the Compression Release knob to the release position and hold it in the release position. It can require a significantly strong pull/twist to move the knob. It has to push against all of the intake and exhaust valve springs to release the compression.
 * Turn the ignition switch to engage the starter.Do not run starter motor more than 20 to 25 seconds or damage to the windings may result.
 * If you are using the Compression Release knob:
 * Watch oil pressure to ensure oil pressure reaches normal operating pressure. Although this is not strictly required it does ensure that the engine is fully lubricated before encountering the stress of firing cylinders. This will prolong the life of the engine.
 * Release the Compression Release knob. The spinning mass of the engine parts ensures that the engine will turn over with compression fairly rapidly (faster than the starter alone under compression) to ease starting. Since the engine now has compression it should start.
 * When the engine fires turn the ignition switch back to the run position.
 * If the engine does not start wait 10 seconds and try again.

Jinma
Jinma tractors are manufactured by Jiangsu Yueda Yancheng Tractor Manufacture Co., Ltd. Jinma makes tractors that are also rebranded. The Jinmas can also be found under the following brands:
 * international Rhino
 * Ag Pro
 * Farm Pro
 * NorTrac
 * AgKing
 * Rural King
 * Siromer
 * Emery Built

Jinma Models JM204, JM254LE, JM284LE
These models have the same body, just different direction for.

Jinma Models JM304, JM354LE
These two models have the same body, just different engines.

Go to Chinese Tractor Maintenance/Jinma 304 354

KAMA
KAMA tractors is a brand name that has been applied to tractors manufactured by Shandong Worldbest Shatuo Company limited. In late 2006, the company was reorganized as a stock company but continues to operate as Shandong Tractor Works. The factory is located in Yanzhou City in the Shandong Province of China. The factory uses the KAMA name which it adopted when part of Woldbest KAMA at some time in the past. The common name for tractors produced by this factory is TaiShan, named for a famous mountain located nearby.

Shandong Tractor Works has approximately 5000 employees and is one of the oldest and largest tractor factories in China. The company have their own foundry, machine shops and assembly lines on site. They produce 2 and 4 cylinder diesel engines used in tractors and in other applications. None of these engines have EPA approval for sale in the USA so the company purchases engines from othe Chinese engine companies with EPA compliant engines.

KAMA 454, 554
The KAMA KM454 and KM554 were developed in conjunction with a European company and offer some enhanced design features not commonly found on Chinese tractors such as constant mesh transmission and wet disk brakes. Shandong Tractor factory was the first Chinese factory to offer a "Shuttle shift" device on the transmission to allow simple shifting from forward to reverse in the same gear ratio.

Go to Chinese Tractor Maintenance/KAMA 454 554

Task Master 438
The TM Task Master Tractor TM438 is no longer sold in the U.S. or Canada due to emission standards. It utilizes the TY395E1 engine and might also be branded as the 435A. Check out Chinese Tractor Maintenance/TY395 for some Task Master Parts.

Task Master Parts Supplier
Please add to this list if you are aware of any locations within US or Canada to acquire Task Master Parts. •Lakeview Equipment Sales

"Golden Dragon" Dozer
The Chinese "Golden Dragon" dozer is a 30 horsepower crawler with six way blade, Category 1 hitch and two speed PTO. Available options are steel or rubber tracks and a manual or hydraulic clutch. Early models may have a two cylinder engine and later models have a loader option.

Go to /Dozer/

Jiang Dong TY395(E)
/TY395/

General Maintanence
Go to Chinese Tractor Maintenance/General Maintenance

The General Maintenance section covers the following topics:

Fluids

 * First Fluid Replacement
 * General Replacement/Flushing Procedure
 * Which Fluids To Use

Go to Chinese Tractor Maintenance/General Maintenance

Cooling System
Go to Chinese Tractor Maintenance/General Maintenance
 * Cleaning Radiator Fins

General Modifications
This section contains information on modification that Chinese tractor owners have made to improve their tractors. Many of these modifications are applicable for most tractors.

Cooling System
Modifications to the cooling system include:
 * Radiator Screen
 * Thermostat

Go to Chinese Tractor Maintenance/Modified Cooling System

Trouble Shooting
This page contains general trouble shooting information that is applicable to most tractors.

Chinese Tractor Maintenance/Trouble Shooting

Tractor Model Page(s) Sub-Sections For Manual Authors
Each tractor model or group of closely related models have their own page containing information specific to the model or group of models. To keep the size of pages from growing too large, page size will be kept < 30k bytes. This will main that some models will have many pages of information.

To have a consistent look throughout the manual the following hierarchy and order of information for a tractor model is highly recommended. If some subsection may not apply to a particular model (example: shuttle shift) then leave the section our of the page(s) for the tractor model.

 * Specifications
 * Operation (Starting, Break-in, Normal Operation, Operating Limits)
 * Fluid Capacities (Engine oil, coolant, differential, power steering, hydraulic system
 * Maintenance Schedule (pre-startup,50,100,...hour maintenance
 * Engine (May want to link to a page specific to the engine model so that information is not repeated).
 * Description
 * Adjustments
 * Diagnostics
 * Cylinder Heads & Valves
 * Decompression system
 * Rocker Arms & Pushrods
 * Head Gasket
 * Intake System
 * Exhaust System
 * Injectors
 * Pre-Heaters
 * Block
 * Lubrication System
 * Pistons
 * Crankshaft
 * Connecting Rods
 * Camshaft
 * Timing Chain
 * Drive Train
 * Transmission
 * Shuttle Shift
 * Creeper
 * Clutch
 * 4x4 Axle
 * Rear Axle
 * PTO
 * Brake System
 * Fuel System
 * Engine Speed Control
 * Fuel Cutoff
 * Fuel Tank
 * Injection Pump
 * Fuel Filter
 * Cooling System
 * Coolant Pump
 * Radiator
 * Thermostat
 * Coolant Temperature Sensor
 * Steering
 * Power Steering Pump
 * Power Steering Cylinder
 * Steering Gear
 * Starting System
 * Starting Switch
 * Battery
 * Starter
 * Solenoid
 * Starter Engagement System
 * Safety Interlocks
 * Charging System
 * Alternator
 * Voltage Regulator
 * Lighting System
 * Headlamps
 * Tail lamps
 * Directional Indicators and Emergency Flashers
 * Fuses
 * Accessory Connector
 * Electrical Gauges
 * Panel
 * Panel Lighting
 * Wiring Harness
 * Electrical Connectors
 * Wiring Diagrams
 * Hydraulics
 * Hydraulic Pump
 * 3 Point Hitch
 * Remotes
 * Trouble Shooting
 * Owner Modifications/Enhancements

title: Chinese Tractor Maintenance


text:
Physical Chemistry/From Classical to Quantum Mechanics

Classical View of Light

The classical view of light is simply a wave. This wave has two orthogonal (perpendicular) components. These are an electric field and a magnetic field. In the diagram shown the light is traveling to the right, the electric field is in the same plane as the page, and the magnetic field is traveling in and out of the page. All three of these are perpendicular to each other. The electric and magnetic component share anti-nodes. Anti-nodes are the points where the wave passes through the zero and changes sign. Since both waves are similar it is possible to refer to the wavelength of light, and not just the wavelength of the electric component of light.

Photoelectric Effect
The Photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from metal when it is shined on by light. The amount of electrons released depends on the type of metal and the frequency of the light. For some metals, if the light is below a certain frequency, it will not emit any electrons. Light was originally thought as a form of energy, but for this to be true, electrons would have been emitted, regardless of the frequency.


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/C.3

=More Features of an XML Stylesheet=

In the last chapter, a stylesheet was created to simply output text from the XML document to a HTML page. The presentation of a document can be formatted using table to layout the content for display. In addition, a different background color, font size, font weight, and alignment can be defined using the style tag in HTML to design the output page. Table 3-3 shows the features mentioned. Note that HTML commands are uppercase.

< xsl : stylesheet version ="1.0" xmlns : xsl ="http : //www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" >

< xsl : output method ="html"/ > < xsl : template match ="/" > < HTML > < HEAD > < TITLE >Tour Guide  <--The style tag can be used to define different colors, font size, font family, text alignment, margins, and many other style-formatting elements just like a HTML page.--> < STYLE TYPE ="text/css"> H2 {TEXT-ALIGN : CENTER;} .greenBackground {BGCOLOR=“LIGHTGREEN; TEXT-ALIGN : CENTER;} .yellowBackground {BGCOLOR=“YELLOW; TEXT-ALIGN : CENTER; FONT-WEIGHT : BOLD ; FONT-SIZE : 14pt;} .salmonBackground {BGCOLOR=“LIGHTSALMON; TEXT-ALIGN : CENTER; FONT-SIZE : 12pt;}   < BODY > < H2 > Cities and Hotels  <--The template defined is called to display in a HTML page by the xsl:apply-templates element--> < xsl : apply-templates select ="tourGuide"/ >    < xsl : template match ="tourGuide" > < TABLE BORDER ="1" WIDTH ="100%" > <--There is a xsl:for-each element, hotel, nested inside the xsl:for-each city element. (Display the appropriate contents for the       		hotel elements for every hotel inside every city).--> < xsl : for-each select ="city" > < TR > < TD COLSPAN ="6" CLASS ="greenBackground" > < BR / > < xsl : text > Continent :  < xsl : value-of select ="continent"/ > < BR / > < xsl : text > Country :  < xsl : value-of select ="country"/ > < BR / > < xsl : text > Administration Unit :  < xsl : value-of select ="adminUnit"/ > < BR / > < xsl : text > City :  < xsl : value-of select ="cityName"/ > < BR / > < BR / >   < TR CLASS ="yellowBackground" > < TD / > < TD > < xsl : text > Hotel Name  </ TD > < TD > < xsl : text > Street Address </ xsl : text > </ TD > < TD > < xsl : text > Telephone Number </ xsl : text > </ TD > < TD > < xsl : text > Email Address </ xsl : text > </ TD > < TD > < xsl : text > Hotel Rating </ xsl : text > </ TD > </ TR > < xsl : for-each select ="hotel" > < TR CLASS ="salmonBackground" > < TD STYLE FONT-SIZE:8pt" >                            <--An image tag is used to display an image-->                             <--Just like the src, the attributes width, height, and alt                        		can be called to format the image.-->                             < IMG >                                 < xsl : attribute name ="SRC" >                                     <--The file name and location is defined as an attribute (filename) of the empty tag, hotelPicture, in the XML schema.                                		To indicate that filename is the data source, the src attribute of the image tag must be called-->                                     < xsl : value-of select ="hotelPicture/@filename"/ >                                 </ xsl : attribute >                                 < xsl : attribute name ="WIDTH" >                                     < xsl : value-of select ="hotelPicture/@size"/ > </ xsl : attribute > < xsl : attribute name ="HEIGHT" > < xsl : value-of select ="hotelPicture/@size"/ > </ xsl : attribute > < xsl : attribute name ="ALT" > < xsl : value-of select ="hotelPicture/@value"/ > </ xsl : attribute > </ IMG > < BR / > < xsl : value-of select ="hotelPicture/@imageURL"/ > </ TD > < TD > < xsl : value-of select ="hotelName"/ > </ TD > < TD > < xsl : value-of select ="streetAddress"/ > </ TD > < TD > < xsl : value-of select ="telephoneNumber"/ > </ TD > < TD > < xsl : value-of select ="emailAddress"/ > </ TD > < TD > < xsl : value-of select ="hotelRating"/ > </ TD > </ TR > </ xsl : for-each > < TR CLASS ="salmonBackground" > < TD COLSPAN ="6" TEXT-ALIGN : RIGHT" >                        < H3 >                             < xsl : text > Number of hotel(s) found : </ xsl : text >                             <--<xsl:value-of select="count(hotel)"/>, count is a                            built-in function that counts the number of node indicated by the parameter, in this case the number of hotels.                            This means that the total number of hotels for each city is reported.-->                             < xsl : value-of select ="count(hotel)"/ >                         </ H3 >                     </ TD >                 </ TR >             </ xsl : for-each >         </ TABLE >     </ xsl : template >  </ xsl : stylesheet >

Note: Comment Tags are not formatted properly. In order to get the to show up on the screen, slight alterations were needed. You will need to add the ! to make sure that you can validate your stylesheet. Example:

Table 3-3: XML Stylesheet for a one-to-many relationship

Refers to Chapter 2 - A single entity for steps in using NetBeans to create the above XML stylesheet.

Output result of the above stylesheet (city_hotel.xsl) using city_hotel.xml that validate with city_hotel.xsd: link to city_hotel.html

Regex
Special regular expression (regex) language can be used to construct a pattern. The regex language in XML Schema is based on Perl’s regular expression language. The following are some common notations:

Common Errors in Netbeans

 * There are errors listed in the last chapter that will be useful for errors in this chapter as well.

title: XML - Managing Data Exchange/C.3


text:
Category:User ia

eo:kategorio:uzanto ia it:Categoria:Utenti ia ja:Category:User ia

title: Category:User ia


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/C.4

=XML Style Sheet=

 *

 Table 4-3: XML style sheet for a one-to-one relationship – country_dest.xsl

The XML style sheet in Table 4-3 introduces the if statement as well as the ability to sort elements. The if statement executes code based on the evaluation of the condition given in the "test" attribute,e.g.

 * Big Town

 * Small Town

 Possible expressions for the condition are

Output can be sorted based on the value of the select attribute of the  element.

title: XML - Managing Data Exchange/C.4


text: Template:Windows Programming/Page

title: Template:Windows Programming/Page