text:
SQL Exercises/The Hospital

Exercises
Obtain the names of all physicians that have performed a medical procedure they have never been certified to perform.

Same as the previous query, but include the following information in the results: Physician name, name of procedure, date when the procedure was carried out, name of the patient the procedure was carried out on.

Obtain the names of all physicians that have performed a medical procedure that they are certified to perform, but such that the procedure was done at a date (Undergoes.Date) after the physician's certification expired (Trained_In.CertificationExpires).

Same as the previous query, but include the following information in the results: Physician name, name of procedure, date when the procedure was carried out, name of the patient the procedure was carried out on, and date when the certification expired.

Obtain the information for appointments where a patient met with a physician other than his/her primary care physician. Show the following information: Patient name, physician name, nurse name (if any), start and end time of appointment, examination room, and the name of the patient's primary care physician.

The Patient field in Undergoes is redundant, since we can obtain it from the Stay table. There are no constraints in force to prevent inconsistencies between these two tables. More specifically, the Undergoes table may include a row where the patient ID does not match the one we would obtain from the Stay table through the Undergoes.Stay foreign key. Select all rows from Undergoes that exhibit this inconsistency.

Obtain the names of all the nurses who have ever been on call for room 123.

The hospital has several examination rooms where appointments take place. Obtain the number of appointments that have taken place in each examination room.

N.b. The solution below fails in MS SQL Server Management Studio, with the following message: Msg 306, Level 16, State 2, Line 473 The text, ntext, and image data types cannot be compared or sorted, except when using IS NULL or LIKE operator.

Obtain the names of all patients (also include, for each patient, the name of the patient's primary care physician), such that \emph{all} the following are true:
 * The patient has been prescribed some medication by his/her primary care physician.
 * The patient has undergone a procedure with a cost larger that $5,000
 * The patient has had at least two appointment where the nurse who prepped the appointment was a registered nurse.
 * The patient's primary care physician is not the head of any department.

Table creation code
Please note the syntax presented here is for the SQLite system. It has been tested by the authors on  specifically. Click below to see MYSQL syntax, tested on. Note that the names of some fields had to be changed from the  version because they are reserved words in MYSQL.

CREATE TABLE Physician (  EmployeeID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,   Name TEXT NOT NULL,   Position TEXT NOT NULL,   SSN INTEGER NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Department (  DepartmentID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,   Name TEXT NOT NULL,   Head INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Physician_EmployeeID REFERENCES Physician(EmployeeID) ); CREATE TABLE Affiliated_With (  Physician INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Physician_EmployeeID REFERENCES Physician(EmployeeID),   Department INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Department_DepartmentID REFERENCES Department(DepartmentID),   PrimaryAffiliation BOOLEAN NOT NULL,   PRIMARY KEY(Physician, Department) ); CREATE TABLE Procedure (  Code INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,   Name TEXT NOT NULL,   Cost REAL NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Trained_In (  Physician INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Physician_EmployeeID REFERENCES Physician(EmployeeID),   Treatment INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Procedure_Code REFERENCES Procedure(Code),   CertificationDate DATETIME NOT NULL,   CertificationExpires DATETIME NOT NULL,   PRIMARY KEY(Physician, Treatment) ); CREATE TABLE Patient (  SSN INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,   Name TEXT NOT NULL,   Address TEXT NOT NULL,   Phone TEXT NOT NULL,   InsuranceID INTEGER NOT NULL,   PCP INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Physician_EmployeeID REFERENCES Physician(EmployeeID) ); CREATE TABLE Nurse (  EmployeeID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,   Name TEXT NOT NULL,   Position TEXT NOT NULL,   Registered BOOLEAN NOT NULL,   SSN INTEGER NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Appointment (  AppointmentID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,   Patient INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Patient_SSN REFERENCES Patient(SSN),   PrepNurse INTEGER     CONSTRAINT fk_Nurse_EmployeeID REFERENCES Nurse(EmployeeID),   Physician INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Physician_EmployeeID REFERENCES Physician(EmployeeID),   Start DATETIME NOT NULL,   End DATETIME NOT NULL,   ExaminationRoom TEXT NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Medication (  Code INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,   Name TEXT NOT NULL,   Brand TEXT NOT NULL,   Description TEXT NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Prescribes (  Physician INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Physician_EmployeeID REFERENCES Physician(EmployeeID),   Patient INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Patient_SSN REFERENCES Patient(SSN),   Medication INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Medication_Code REFERENCES Medication(Code),   Date DATETIME NOT NULL,   Appointment INTEGER     CONSTRAINT fk_Appointment_AppointmentID REFERENCES Appointment(AppointmentID),   Dose TEXT NOT NULL,   PRIMARY KEY(Physician, Patient, Medication, Date) ); CREATE TABLE Block (  Floor INTEGER NOT NULL,   Code INTEGER NOT NULL,   PRIMARY KEY(Floor, Code) ); CREATE TABLE Room (  Number INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,   Type TEXT NOT NULL,   BlockFloor INTEGER NOT NULL,   BlockCode INTEGER NOT NULL,   Unavailable BOOLEAN NOT NULL,   FOREIGN KEY(BlockFloor, BlockCode) REFERENCES Block ); CREATE TABLE On_Call (  Nurse INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Nurse_EmployeeID REFERENCES Nurse(EmployeeID),   BlockFloor INTEGER NOT NULL,   BlockCode INTEGER NOT NULL,   Start DATETIME NOT NULL,   End DATETIME NOT NULL,   PRIMARY KEY(Nurse, BlockFloor, BlockCode, Start, End),   FOREIGN KEY(BlockFloor, BlockCode) REFERENCES Block ); CREATE TABLE Stay (  StayID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,   Patient INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Patient_SSN REFERENCES Patient(SSN),   Room INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Room_Number REFERENCES Room(Number),   Start DATETIME NOT NULL,   End DATETIME NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Undergoes (  Patient INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Patient_SSN REFERENCES Patient(SSN),   Procedure INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Procedure_Code REFERENCES Procedure(Code),   Stay INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Stay_StayID REFERENCES Stay(StayID),   Date DATETIME NOT NULL,   Physician INTEGER NOT NULL     CONSTRAINT fk_Physician_EmployeeID REFERENCES Physician(EmployeeID),   AssistingNurse INTEGER     CONSTRAINT fk_Nurse_EmployeeID REFERENCES Nurse(EmployeeID),   PRIMARY KEY(Patient, Procedure, Stay, Date) );

Sample dataset
INSERT INTO Physician VALUES(1,'John Dorian','Staff Internist',111111111); INSERT INTO Physician VALUES(2,'Elliot Reid','Attending Physician',222222222); INSERT INTO Physician VALUES(3,'Christopher Turk','Surgical Attending Physician',333333333); INSERT INTO Physician VALUES(4,'Percival Cox','Senior Attending Physician',444444444); INSERT INTO Physician VALUES(5,'Bob Kelso','Head Chief of Medicine',555555555); INSERT INTO Physician VALUES(6,'Todd Quinlan','Surgical Attending Physician',666666666); INSERT INTO Physician VALUES(7,'John Wen','Surgical Attending Physician',777777777); INSERT INTO Physician VALUES(8,'Keith Dudemeister','MD Resident',888888888); INSERT INTO Physician VALUES(9,'Molly Clock','Attending Psychiatrist',999999999);

INSERT INTO Department VALUES(1,'General Medicine',4); INSERT INTO Department VALUES(2,'Surgery',7); INSERT INTO Department VALUES(3,'Psychiatry',9);

INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(1,1,1); INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(2,1,1); INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(3,1,0); INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(3,2,1); INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(4,1,1); INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(5,1,1); INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(6,2,1); INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(7,1,0); INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(7,2,1); INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(8,1,1); INSERT INTO Affiliated_With VALUES(9,3,1);

INSERT INTO Procedure VALUES(1,'Reverse Rhinopodoplasty',1500.0); INSERT INTO Procedure VALUES(2,'Obtuse Pyloric Recombobulation',3750.0); INSERT INTO Procedure VALUES(3,'Folded Demiophtalmectomy',4500.0); INSERT INTO Procedure VALUES(4,'Complete Walletectomy',10000.0); INSERT INTO Procedure VALUES(5,'Obfuscated Dermogastrotomy',4899.0); INSERT INTO Procedure VALUES(6,'Reversible Pancreomyoplasty',5600.0); INSERT INTO Procedure VALUES(7,'Follicular Demiectomy',25.0);

INSERT INTO Patient VALUES(100000001,'John Smith','42 Foobar Lane','555-0256',68476213,1); INSERT INTO Patient VALUES(100000002,'Grace Ritchie','37 Snafu Drive','555-0512',36546321,2); INSERT INTO Patient VALUES(100000003,'Random J. Patient','101 Omgbbq Street','555-1204',65465421,2); INSERT INTO Patient VALUES(100000004,'Dennis Doe','1100 Foobaz Avenue','555-2048',68421879,3);

INSERT INTO Nurse VALUES(101,'Carla Espinosa','Head Nurse',1,111111110); INSERT INTO Nurse VALUES(102,'Laverne Roberts','Nurse',1,222222220); INSERT INTO Nurse VALUES(103,'Paul Flowers','Nurse',0,333333330);

INSERT INTO Appointment VALUES(13216584,100000001,101,1,'2008-04-24 10:00','2008-04-24 11:00','A'); INSERT INTO Appointment VALUES(26548913,100000002,101,2,'2008-04-24 10:00','2008-04-24 11:00','B'); INSERT INTO Appointment VALUES(36549879,100000001,102,1,'2008-04-25 10:00','2008-04-25 11:00','A'); INSERT INTO Appointment VALUES(46846589,100000004,103,4,'2008-04-25 10:00','2008-04-25 11:00','B'); INSERT INTO Appointment VALUES(59871321,100000004,NULL,4,'2008-04-26 10:00','2008-04-26 11:00','C'); INSERT INTO Appointment VALUES(69879231,100000003,103,2,'2008-04-26 11:00','2008-04-26 12:00','C'); INSERT INTO Appointment VALUES(76983231,100000001,NULL,3,'2008-04-26 12:00','2008-04-26 13:00','C'); INSERT INTO Appointment VALUES(86213939,100000004,102,9,'2008-04-27 10:00','2008-04-21 11:00','A'); INSERT INTO Appointment VALUES(93216548,100000002,101,2,'2008-04-27 10:00','2008-04-27 11:00','B');

INSERT INTO Medication VALUES(1,'Procrastin-X','X','N/A'); INSERT INTO Medication VALUES(2,'Thesisin','Foo Labs','N/A'); INSERT INTO Medication VALUES(3,'Awakin','Bar Laboratories','N/A'); INSERT INTO Medication VALUES(4,'Crescavitin','Baz Industries','N/A'); INSERT INTO Medication VALUES(5,'Melioraurin','Snafu Pharmaceuticals','N/A');

INSERT INTO Prescribes VALUES(1,100000001,1,'2008-04-24 10:47',13216584,'5'); INSERT INTO Prescribes VALUES(9,100000004,2,'2008-04-27 10:53',86213939,'10'); INSERT INTO Prescribes VALUES(9,100000004,2,'2008-04-30 16:53',NULL,'5');

INSERT INTO Block VALUES(1,1); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(1,2); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(1,3); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(2,1); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(2,2); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(2,3); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(3,1); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(3,2); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(3,3); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(4,1); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(4,2); INSERT INTO Block VALUES(4,3);

INSERT INTO Room VALUES(101,'Single',1,1,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(102,'Single',1,1,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(103,'Single',1,1,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(111,'Single',1,2,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(112,'Single',1,2,1); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(113,'Single',1,2,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(121,'Single',1,3,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(122,'Single',1,3,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(123,'Single',1,3,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(201,'Single',2,1,1); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(202,'Single',2,1,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(203,'Single',2,1,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(211,'Single',2,2,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(212,'Single',2,2,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(213,'Single',2,2,1); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(221,'Single',2,3,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(222,'Single',2,3,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(223,'Single',2,3,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(301,'Single',3,1,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(302,'Single',3,1,1); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(303,'Single',3,1,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(311,'Single',3,2,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(312,'Single',3,2,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(313,'Single',3,2,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(321,'Single',3,3,1); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(322,'Single',3,3,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(323,'Single',3,3,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(401,'Single',4,1,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(402,'Single',4,1,1); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(403,'Single',4,1,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(411,'Single',4,2,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(412,'Single',4,2,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(413,'Single',4,2,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(421,'Single',4,3,1); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(422,'Single',4,3,0); INSERT INTO Room VALUES(423,'Single',4,3,0);

INSERT INTO On_Call VALUES(101,1,1,'2008-11-04 11:00','2008-11-04 19:00'); INSERT INTO On_Call VALUES(101,1,2,'2008-11-04 11:00','2008-11-04 19:00'); INSERT INTO On_Call VALUES(102,1,3,'2008-11-04 11:00','2008-11-04 19:00'); INSERT INTO On_Call VALUES(103,1,1,'2008-11-04 19:00','2008-11-05 03:00'); INSERT INTO On_Call VALUES(103,1,2,'2008-11-04 19:00','2008-11-05 03:00'); INSERT INTO On_Call VALUES(103,1,3,'2008-11-04 19:00','2008-11-05 03:00');

INSERT INTO Stay VALUES(3215,100000001,111,'2008-05-01','2008-05-04'); INSERT INTO Stay VALUES(3216,100000003,123,'2008-05-03','2008-05-14'); INSERT INTO Stay VALUES(3217,100000004,112,'2008-05-02','2008-05-03');

INSERT INTO Undergoes VALUES(100000001,6,3215,'2008-05-02',3,101); INSERT INTO Undergoes VALUES(100000001,2,3215,'2008-05-03',7,101); INSERT INTO Undergoes VALUES(100000004,1,3217,'2008-05-07',3,102); INSERT INTO Undergoes VALUES(100000004,5,3217,'2008-05-09',6,NULL); INSERT INTO Undergoes VALUES(100000001,7,3217,'2008-05-10',7,101); INSERT INTO Undergoes VALUES(100000004,4,3217,'2008-05-13',3,103);

INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(3,1,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(3,2,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(3,5,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(3,6,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(3,7,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(6,2,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(6,5,'2007-01-01','2007-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(6,6,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(7,1,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(7,2,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(7,3,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(7,4,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(7,5,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(7,6,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31'); INSERT INTO Trained_In VALUES(7,7,'2008-01-01','2008-12-31');

title: SQL Exercises/The Hospital


text:
AP Biology/LABORATORY 3. Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of reproduction. Mitosis is asexual reproduction and requires only one parent cell; meiosis is sexual and so requires two parent cells. Mitosis produces two identical cells (clones), while meiosis produces four genetically variable cells. Meiosis occurs only in the gonads, while mitosis occurs all over the body in somatic cells. Mitosis produces 2 diploid (2n) cells- that is, they have the normal number of chromosomes- and meiosis produces 4 haploid (n) cells. Haploid cells have only half the normal number of chromosomes. Meiosis 1, meiosis 2, and mitosis all have the four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, in that order. Meiosis one is followed by interkinesis, the resting stage. Interkinesis is the same as interphase, which takes place in mitosis, except no replication occurs. Crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes takes place in meiosis, but does not happen in mitosis. The functions of mitosis are growth, repair, regeneration, and asexual reproduction. The functions of meiosis include genetic variation and sexual reproduction.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:68.160.116.175

title: User talk:68.160.116.175


text:
Dutch Empire/Batavian Republic

The Batavian Republic was proclaimed on January 19, 1795, a day after the fled to England. The invading French revolutionary army, however, found quite a few allies in the Netherlands. Eight years before, the Orange faction had won the upper hand in a small, but nasty civil war. Many of the revolutionaries, who were full of the ideals from the American and French revolutions, had fled to France and now returned eager to realize their ideals.

The new republic took its name from the Batavi, a Germanic tribe who had lived in the area of the Netherlands in Roman times and who were then romantically regarded as the ancestors of the Dutch nation.

The new republic did not experience a reign of terror or become a dictatorship. Changes were imposed from outside after Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power. In 1805 Napoleon installed the shrewd politician Schimmelpenninck as raadspensionaris ("Grand Pensionary", president of the republic) to strengthen the executive branch.

In 1801, Napoleon imposed a new constitution on the republic, which was financially drained by French requisitions.

As a French vassal state, the Batavian Republic was an ally of France in its wars against Great Britain. This led to the loss of most of the Dutch Empire and a defeat of the Dutch fleet in the Battle of Camperdown in 1797. South Africa (cape colony), Sri Lanka, India and Berbice were occupied by the British between 1795 and 1802. After peace was made between Britain and France in 1802, Berbice and South Africa were returned to the Dutch. However, after the outbreak of war again in 1803, Berbice was occupied and South Africa followed a few years later, in 1806. The collapse of Dutch trade caused a series of economic crises. Only in the second half of the 19th century would Dutch wealth be restored to its previous level.

In 1806 Napoleon forced Schimmelpenninck to resign and declared his brother, Louis Bonaparte, King, of the new Kingdom of Holland.

title: Dutch Empire/Batavian Republic


text:
Dutch Empire/Kingdom of Holland

To play Holland, you have to play the Dutch. Kingdom of Holland was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands in 1806. The name of the leading province, Holland, was now taken for the whole country. In 1807 Prussian East Frisia and Jever were added to the kingdom but in 1809, after an English invasion, Holland had to give over all territories south of the river Rhine to France. King Louis did not perform to Napoleon's expectations, he tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's. Louis had learned the Dutch language, and proclaimed himself to be a "Hollander" as soon as he stepped into the country. In 1810, under heavy pressure from his brother, Louis abdicated and the Kingdom was annexed into the French Empire.

The kingdom of Holland covered the area of present day Netherlands, with the exception of Limburg, and parts of Zeeland, which were French territory. East Frisia (in present day Germany) was also part of the kingdom.

In 1810 the British invaded the Dutch island of Java, and their other possessions in the East Indies. This started the Anglo-Dutch Java War. By the end of 1811 the entire island was under British control.

title: Dutch Empire/Kingdom of Holland


text:
Dutch Empire/Under the French

In 1810 the Kingdom of Holland was dissolved by Napoleon. The 1812 campaign in Russia proved to be calamitous for Napoleon, but it was a complete disaster for the Dutch army. Of the 20,000+ Dutch soldiers serving in Russia, only a few hundred returned home (most had served with the rearguard at the Beresina). As Russian troops crossed the Dutch borders in 1813, a full-scale rebellion against the French broke out and the son of William V (who had since died), Willam Frederik, returned and became Willam I of a new Kingdom of the Netherlands. He went to The Hague to be granted the title Sovereign of The Netherlands on 2 December 1813.

When Napoleon returned for the 100 Days, Dutch troops were sent to the front under control of William Frederick George Louis, future King of the Netherlands. During the Congress of Vienna, King William I successfully won the peace and completed his dream of a United Netherlands by uniting the Southern Netherlands in the Kingdom. Java and Dutch Guiana (Suriname) were both returned to the Dutch, but Berbice, today Guyana, was ceded to Britain.

title: Dutch Empire/Under the French


text: User talk:71.31.204.152

title: User talk:71.31.204.152


text:
Dutch Empire/Expansion in the East Indies

VOC Conquests
By 1669, the VOC was the richest private company the world had ever seen, with over 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, 50,000 employees, a private army of 10,000 soldiers, and a dividend payment of 40% on the original investment.

The VOC was temporarily forced to halt trade in Europe during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, and this resulted in the spike in the price of pepper, and the shares of the VOC dropped. During the later 1600s the VOC gained monopolies over the sugar, rice, opium trade in the East Indies. The VOC was able to control trade on the island of Celebes (present day Sulawesi). Around 1720, the VOC began to decline, and would never again be as powerful as they were in the 1600s. During the early 1700s the VOC fought three wars of Javanese Succession. The first one resulted in the Dutch being allowed by the Sultan of Mataram to build forts anywhere on the Island of Java. The Second War of Javanese Succession resulted in further concessions on Java to the Dutch. The Third, and most decisive war, resulted in the Northern Coast of Java being put under control by the VOC, and Mataram was divided into different kingdoms. Banten, meanwhile, had become a territory of the VOC in 1753. During the end of the 1700s the VOC was able to establish control over a few small parts of Celebes.

Agreement With Britain
The bankrupt Dutch East India Company was liquidated on 1 January 1800, and its territorial possessions were nationalised as the Dutch East Indies. Anglo-Dutch rivalry in Southeast Asia continued to fester over the port of Singapore, which had been ceded to the British East India Company in 1819 by the sultan of Johore. The Dutch claimed that a treaty signed with the sultan's predecessor the year earlier had granted them control of the region. However, the impossibility of removing the British from Singapore, which was becoming an increasingly important centre of trade, became apparent to the Dutch, and the disagreement was resolved with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. Under its terms, the Netherlands ceded Malacca and their bases in India to the British, and recognised the British claim to Singapore. In return, the British handed over Bencoolen, all of its property on Sumatra and agreed not to sign treaties with rulers in the "islands south of the Straits of Singapore". Thus the archipelago was divided into two spheres of influence: a British one, on the Malay Peninsula, and a Dutch one in the East Indies.

Java
By 1800 all of Java was under Dutch rule excluding two Dutch vassal states. During the VOC period, the Dutch depended on the cooperation of the Javanese aristocratic class, which allowed them to rule indirectly. After the brief British rule, the Dutch came back and many Javanese found that they were in debt.

In 1825 tensions broke out, Pangeran Diponegoro had started the revolt in 1825 after the Dutch decision to build a road across a sacred tomb. The troops of Diponegoro were very successful in the beginning, controlling the middle of Java and besieging Yogyakarta. Furthermore the Javanese population was supportive of Diponegoro's cause, whereas the Dutch colonial authorities were initially very indecisive. However, as the Java war prolonged, Diponegoro had difficulties in maintaining the numbers of his troops, and Dutch colonial army was able to fill its ranks with troops from Celebes and later on with troops from the Netherlands. The Dutch commander, General De Kock, was able to end the siege of Yogyakarta on September 25, 1825. In 1827 a guerrilla war began after the Dutch had gained the upperhand.

In 1830 the Dutch invited Diponegoro to come and negotiate, but he was arrested during the meeting, and later exiled. After his exile, the rebellion fell apart. It is estimated 8,000 Dutch were killed, and possibly as many as 200,000 Javanese killed.

Sumatra
Dutch expansion began first in Sumatra. By 1823, the eastern part of the island, including the important city of Palembang, was under Dutch control. In 1821 the Padri War broke out, and by the 1830s, western Sumatra had also fallen under Dutch control. Between the 1870s and the end of the century, colonial troops also defeated the fierce Batak ethnic group, living north of the Minangkabau. The Dutch colonial government declared war on Aceh on 26 March 1873. Aceh is located on the Northern part of Sumatra. An expedition under Major General Köhler was sent out in 1874, which was able to occupy most of the coastal areas of the country. The Sultan requested received military aid from Italy and the United Kingdom in Singapore, and the army was therefore rapidly modernized. Aceh soldiers managed to kill Köhler. A second expedition led by General Van Swieten managed to capture the kraton (sultan's palace): the Sultan had however been warned, and had escaped capture. Intermittent guerrilla warfare continued in the region for ten years, with many victims on both sides. Around 1880 the Dutch strategy changed, and rather than continuing the war, they now concentrated on defending areas they already controlled, which were mostly limited to the capital city (modern Banda Aceh), and the harbor town of Ulee Lheue.

In 1880 the Dutch declared the war as over, however, it broke out again in 1883. A British ship had crashed in Aceh, and the Sultan had used the sailors as hostages. Infuriated, the Dutch and British launched a joint invasion and forced the Sultan to had over the hostages. Open war was declared soon after.

The Dutch achevied little success over the next few years, and an attempt to ally with a local failed. During the early 1890s the Dutch managed to gather valuable information from the Aceh government after Dr Snouck Hurgronje of the University of Leiden, then the leading Dutch expert on Islam, gained the trust of many Aceh leaders. He turned his information over to the Dutch.

In 1898 Major J.B. van Heutsz, was proclaimed governor of Aceh, and with his lieutenant, later Dutch Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn, would finally conquer most of Aceh. In an attempt to crush remaining resistance, a few villages were burned and about 3,000 Acehnese were killed. By 1904 Aceh was under Dutch control(although a limited guerrilla resistance remained), and had an indigenous government that cooperated with the colonial state. Estimated total casualties on the Aceh side range from 50,000 to 100,000 dead, and over a million wounded.

Celebes
At the time of the end of the VOC, only a small part of Celebes, mostly the coasts, were under Dutch rule. The Dutch gradually expanded into the island, by means of treaties and wars, and by the late 1800s only the two states of Bone, and Gowa were still independent. Both states were largely dominated by the Dutch. In 1905 Bone lost its independence, and in 1911 the same happened with Gowa.

Borneo
Although the VOC had controlled the trade of Borneo for some time, they did not have any control over the island itself. Dutch influence was established on the west coast in the early 1800s. During the early to mid 1800s the Dutch conquered the Malay city-states on the south coast of Borneo. The Dutch called their new colony Kalimantan, from a native word that means "River of Diamonds." In 1850, the Dutch launched an offensive into western Borneo. Over the next few decades the Dutch gradually pushed deeper into the huge island of Borneo. In 1905 the final borders were established with the British to separate North and South Borneo.

New Guinea
In 1828 the Dutch formally claimed the west part of the island. The first establishment was in Merkusoord/Fort Du Bus, in 1828 and abandoned in 1836. The Netherlands established trading posts in the area after Britain and Germany recognised the Dutch claims in treaties of 1885 and 1895. The first permanent administrative posts, at Fakfak and Manokwari, were not set up until 1898.

In 1923, the Nieuw Guinea Beweging (New Guinea Movement) was created in the Netherlands by ultra right-wing supporters calling for Dutchmen to create a tropical Netherlands in Papua. This prewar movement without full government support was largely unsuccessful in its drive, but did coincide with the development of a plan for Eurasian settlement of the Dutch Indies to establish Dutch farms in northern West New Guinea.

Smaller Islands
During this time, the lesser islands came under Dutch control. Some islands, such as the Moluccas, had been under Dutch control for centuries. Other islands such as Nias had resisted attempts by the Dutch to force them under their control. Nias would finally fall in 1863. It was not until 1908 that Dutch control was extended to Bali, just off the east coast of Java. And the island of Sumba, further to the east, would not fall until a year later.

It was by this time that the Dutch East Indies would reach their greatest extent, stretching over 3,000 miles from Sumatra, to New Guinea.


text:
Dutch Empire/Suriname and the Caribbean

The Dutch West India company was abolished in 1791, and its colonies in Suriname and the Caribbean brought under the direct rule of the state. The economies of the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean had been based on the smuggling of goods and slaves into Spanish America, but with the end of the slave trade in 1814 and the independence of the new nations of South and Central America from Spain, profitability rapidly declined. Dutch traders moved en masse from the islands to the United States or Latin America, leaving behind a small populations with little income and which required subsidies from the Dutch government. The Antilles were combined under one administration with Suriname from 1828 to 1845. Slavery was not abolished in the Dutch Caribbean colonies until 1863, long after those of Britain and France, though by this time only 6,500 slaves remained. In Suriname, slave holders demanded compensation from the Dutch government for freeing slaves, whilst in Sint Maarten, abolition of slavery in the French half in 1848 led slaves in the Dutch half to take their own freedom. In Suriname, after the abolition of slavery, Chinese workers were encouraged to immigrate as indentured labourers, as were Javanese, between 1890 and 1939.

title: Dutch Empire/Suriname and the Caribbean


text:
Sun Certified Web Component Developer

SCWCD is a short name for the Sun Certified Web Component Developer certification. This certification is composed by one exam with 69 question, and to be approved it is necessary to get 49 questions right, that is 70%, in 180 minutes (3 hours).

The exam has a very extensive content, from the HTTP communication protocol to building custom tag libraries, going through session management, security, application structure and some design patterns for enterprise applications.

The purpose of this book is to serve as a study guide for those who are willing to take this exam and the chapters and sections will be divided using the exam content.

Exam Contents

 * 1) The Servlet Technology Model
 * 2) HTTP Methods - For each of the HTTP Methods (such as GET, POST, HEAD, and so on) describe the purpose of the method and the technical characteristics of the HTTP Method protocol, list triggers that might cause a Client (usually a Web browser) to use the method; and identify the HttpServlet method that corresponds to the HTTP Method.
 * 3) HTTP Request - Using the HttpServletRequest interface, write code to retrieve HTML form parameters from the request, retrieve HTTP request header information, or retrieve cookies from the request.
 * 4) HTTP Response - Using the HttpServletResponse interface, write code to set an HTTP response header, set the content type of the response, acquire a text stream for the response, acquire a binary stream for the response, redirect an HTTP request to another URL, or add cookies to the response.
 * 5) Servlet Lifecycle - Describe the purpose and event sequence of the servlet life cycle: (1) servlet class loading, (2) servlet instantiation, (3) call the init method, (4) call the service method, and (5) call destroy method.
 * 6) The Structure and Deployment of Web Applications
 * 7) Application Structure - Construct the file and directory structure of a Web Application that may contain (a) static content, (b) JSP pages, (c) servlet classes, (d) the deployment descriptor, (e) tag libraries, (d) JAR files, and (e) Java class files; and describe how to protect resource files from HTTP access.
 * 8) Web XML - Describe the purpose and semantics of the deployment descriptor.
 * 9) WEB XML 2 - Construct the correct structure of the deployment descriptor.
 * 10) War Files - Explain the purpose of a WAR file and describe the contents of a WAR file, how one may be constructed.
 * 11) The Web Container Model
 * 12) Initialization Parameters - For the ServletContext initialization parameters: write servlet code to access initialization parameters; and create the deployment descriptor elements for declaring initialization parameters.
 * 13) Servlet Context - For the fundamental servlet attribute scopes (request, session, and context): write servlet code to add, retrieve, and remove attributes; given a usage scenario, identify the proper scope for an attribute; and identify multi-threading issues associated with each scope.
 * 14) Request Management - Describe the Web container request processing model; write and configure a filter; create a request or response wrapper; and given a design problem, describe how to apply a filter or a wrapper.
 * 15) Listeners - Describe the Web container life cycle event model for requests, sessions, and web applications;create and configure listener classes for each scope life cycle; create and configure scope attribute listener classes; and given a scenario, identify the proper attribute listener to use.
 * 16) Request Dispatcher - Describe the RequestDispatcher mechanism; write servlet code to create a request dispatcher; write servlet code to forward or include the target resource; and identify and describe the additional request-scoped attributes provided by the container to the target resource.
 * 17) Session Management
 * 18) Session Attributes - Write servlet code to store objects into a session object and retrieve objects from a session object.
 * 19) Session Lifecycle - Given a scenario describe the APIs used to access the session object, explain when the session object was created, and describe the mechanisms used to destroy the session object, and when it was destroyed.
 * 20) Session Listener - Using session listeners, write code to respond to an event when an object is added to a session, and write code to respond to an event when a session object migrates from one VM to another.
 * 21) Session Control - Given a scenario, describe which session management mechanism the Web container could employ, how cookies might be used to manage sessions, how URL rewriting might be used to manage sessions, and write servlet code to perform URL rewriting.
 * 22) Web Application Security
 * 23) Security Mechanisms - Based on the servlet specification, compare and contrast the following security mechanisms: (a) authentication, (b) authorization, (c) data integrity, and (d) confidentiality.
 * 24) Security Control - In the deployment descriptor, declare a security constraint, a Web resource, the transport guarantee, the login configuration, and a security role.
 * 25) Authentication Types - Compare and contrast the authentication types (BASIC, DIGEST, FORM, and CLIENT-CERT); describe how the type works; and given a scenario, select an appropriate type.
 * 26) The JavaServer Pages (JSP) Technology Model
 * 27) JSP Elements - Identify, describe, or write the JSP code for the following elements: (a) template text, (b) scripting elements (comments, directives, declarations, scriptlets, and expressions), (c) standard and custom actions, and (d) expression language elements.
 * 28) Using Directives - Write JSP code that uses the directives: (a) 'page' (with attributes 'import', 'session', 'contentType', and 'isELIgnored'), (b) 'include', and (c) 'taglib'.
 * 29) JSP Syntax - Write a JSP Document (XML-based document) that uses the correct syntax.
 * 30) JSP Lifecycle - Describe the purpose and event sequence of the JSP page life cycle: (1) JSP page translation, (2) JSP page compilation, (3) load class, (4) create instance, (5) call the jspInit method, (6) call the _jspService method, and (7) call the jspDestroy method.
 * 31) JSP Objects - Given a design goal, write JSP code using the appropriate implicit objects: (a) request, (b) response, (c) out, (d) session, (e) config, (f) application, (g) page, (h) pageContext, and (i) exception.
 * 32) JSP Details - Configure the deployment descriptor to declare one or more tag libraries, deactivate the evaluation language, and deactivate the scripting language. 6.7 Given a specific design goal for including a JSP segment in another page, write the JSP code that uses the most appropriate inclusion mechanism (the include directive or the jsp:include standard action).
 * 33) Building JSP Pages Using the Expression Language (EL)
 * 34) EL Basics - Given a scenario, write EL code that accesses the following implicit variables including pageScope, requestScope, sessionScope, and applicationScope, param and paramValues, header and headerValues, cookie, initParam and pageContext.
 * 35) EL Access Operators - Given a scenario, write EL code that uses the following operators: property access (the . operator), collection access (the [] operator).
 * 36) Building JSP Pages Using Standard Actions
 * 37) JSTL and Beans - Given a design goal, create a code snippet using the following standard actions: jsp:useBean (with attributes: 'id', 'scope', 'type', and 'class'), jsp:getProperty, jsp:setProperty (with all attribute combinations), and jsp:attribute.
 * 38) Other JSTL Tags - Given a design goal, create a code snippet using the following standard actions: jsp:include, jsp:forward, and jsp:param.
 * 39) Building JSP Pages Using Tag Libraries
 * 40) Taglib Directive - For a custom tag library or a library of Tag Files, create the 'taglib' directive for a JSP page.
 * 41) Tag Libraries - Given a design goal, create the custom tag structure in a JSP page to support that goal.
 * 42) Core Tags - Given a design goal, use an appropriate JSP Standard Tag Library (JSTL v1.1) tag from the "core" tag library.
 * 43) Building a Custom Tag Library
 * 44) Classic Tag Model - Describe the semantics of the "Classic" custom tag event model when each event method (doStartTag, doAfterBody, and doEndTag) is executed, and explain what the return value for each event method means; and write a tag handler class.
 * 45) Page Context API - Using the PageContext API, write tag handler code to access the JSP implicit variables and access web application attributes.
 * 46) Tag Inheritance - Given a scenario, write tag handler code to access the parent tag and an arbitrary tag ancestor.
 * 47) Simple Tag Model - Describe the semantics of the "Simple" custom tag event model when the event method (doTag) is executed; write a tag handler class; and explain the constraints on the JSP content within the tag.
 * 48) Tag Files - Describe the semantics of the Tag File model; describe the web application structure for tag files; write a tag file; and explain the constraints on the JSP content in the body of the tag.
 * 49) Java EE Patterns
 * 50) Patterns - Given a scenario description with a list of issues, select a pattern that would solve the issues. The list of patterns you must know are: Intercepting Filter, Model-View-Controller, Front Controller, Service Locator, Business Delegate, and Transfer Object.
 * 51) Understanding Patterns - Match design patterns with statements describing potential benefits that accrue from the use of the pattern, for any of the following patterns: Intercepting Filter, Model-View-Controller, Front Controller, Service Locator, Business Delegate, and Transfer Object.

title: Sun Certified Web Component Developer


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr handle2btn

Syntax
USR HANDLE2BTN

Description
If ctrlRecHandle& is the handle to the Control Record of a FutureBasic-created button or scrollbar, USR HANDLE2BTN returns the ID number of the button or scrollbar (this is the number that your program assigned to the button or scrollbar in the BUTTON statement or SCROLL BUTTON statement). USR HANDLE2BTN returns the ID number regardless of whether the control is in the current output window or in a different window; if the control is in the current output window, then USR HANDLE2BTN is the inverse of the BUTTON& function. If ctrlRecHandle& is not a valid handle to a Control Record, or it's the handle to a control that was created by other means than a BUTTON statement or a SCROLL BUTTON statement, then the value returned by USR HANDLE2BTN is undefined.


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Dutch Empire/Belgian Revolution

The revolution had many causes; principally the treatment of the French-speaking Catholic Walloons in the Dutch-dominated United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the difference of religion between the Belgians and their Dutch king. The King William I was a Calvinist. The Belgians had little influence over the economy and resented Dutch control. The Belgians also felt that they were under-represented Lower Assembly.

The Riot
Catholic partisans watched with excitement the unfolding of the July Revolution in France, details of which were swiftly reported in the newspapers.On the night of August 25, 1830, following a performance of Daniel Auber's sentimental and patriotic opera La Muette de Portici. The crowd poured into the streets after the performance, shouting patriotic slogans, and swiftly took possession of government buildings. King William I attempted to restore the established order by force, but the royal army under Prince Frederick was unable to retake Brussels in bloody street fighting, September 23 to 26. The following day a provisional government was declared in Brussels September 26, 1830; a declaration of independence followed on October 4. In November a National Congress assembled in Brussels, and on February 7, 1831, the Belgian constitution was proclaimed. After Louis, Duke de Nemours had refused an offer of the Belgian crown, Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier was appointed regent of Belgium on February 25, 1831. He served as regent until Leopold I took the oath as King of the Belgians on July 21, 1831.

The Ten Days Campaign
In the morning of August 2, 1831, the Dutch crossed the "border" near Poppel. The Belgian scouts had noticed the troops and a number of roads were blocked by cutting the trees around them. Within the first two days the Dutch Army has retaken Nieuwenkerk, Zondereigen, Ravels and Turnhout. On August 4 Dutch troops took Antwerp, and the Brabantic flag was taken down and the Dutch flag was hoisted. The Prince of Orange however demanded that the flag be taken down again, because it would symbolise occupation rather than a restoration of the Dutch power.

During this time the Dutch army continued its advance, capturing the cities of Geel, Diest, Boutersem, Hasselt, and Leuven. It appeared for the Belgians that the revolt was over and they would fall back under Dutch control, however they asked for help from the French on August 9, and on the next day French troops crossed the border. With Russia being unable to give help, (they were busy suppressing the Polish Revolution) the Dutch were forced to agree to a ceasefire on August 12. The last Dutch troops returned to the Netherlands around August 20 although Antwerp would remain occupied until 1832.

European Reaction
The European Powers were divided over the Belgian cry for independence. France supported Belgian Independence, while Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain all supported the Dutch. However, in the end, none of the European powers sent troops to aid the Dutch government, partly because of rebellions within some of their own borders.

Independence
On December 20, 1830, the European powers recognized Belgium's de facto independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It was not until April 19, 1839 however, that the Treaty of London signed by the European powers (including the Netherlands) recognized Belgium as an independent and neutral country comprising West Flanders, East Flanders, Brabant, Antwerp, Hainaut, Namur, and Liège, as well as half of Luxembourg and Limburg. The Dutch held onto Maastricht, and Limburg with its large coalfields.

title: Dutch Empire/Belgian Revolution


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User talk:Viniciusisola

Welcome!
Welcome, Viniciusisola!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:39, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Viniciusisola


text:
Dutch Empire/German Invasion of the Netherlands

The Invasion
On the morning of May 10, 1940 the Dutch awoke to the sound of aircraft engines roaring in the sky. Nazi Germany had commenced operation Fall Gelb and attacked the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Luxembourg: in the case of the Low Countries without a declaration of war given before hostilities.

The Luftwaffe was guaranteed air superiority over the Netherlands. The Dutch Air Force, the Militaire Luchtvaartafdeling (ML), had a strength of 144 combat aircraft, half of which were destroyed within the first day of operations. The remainder was dispersed and accounted for only a handful of Luftwaffe aircraft shot down. In total the ML flew a mere 332 sorties losing 110 of its aircraft.

The German 18th Army secured all the strategically vital bridges in and toward Rotterdam, which penetrated Fortress Holland(The main area of Dutch defence) and bypassed the New Water Line from the south. However, an operation organised separately by the Luftwaffe to seize the Dutch seat of government, Battle for The Hague, ended in complete failure. The airfields surrounding the city (Ypenburg, Ockenburg, and Valkenburg) were taken with heavy casualties and transport aircraft losses, only to be lost that same day to counterattacks by the two Dutch reserve infantry divisions. The Dutch captured or killed 1,745 Fallschirmjäger, shipping 1,200 prisoners to England. The Luftwaffe's Transportgruppen also suffered heavily. Transporting the German paratroops had cost it 125 Ju 52 destroyed and 47 damaged, representing 50 percent of the fleet's strength. Most of these transports were destroyed on the ground, and some whilst trying to land under fire, as German forces had not properly secured the airfields and landing zones. The French 7th Army failed to block German armoured reinforcements of the 9th Panzer Division; they reached Rotterdam on 13 May. That same day in the east the Dutch retreated from the Grebbe Line to the New Water Line, when a counter-offensive to contain a German breach had failed.

An attempt by the Germans to cross the Afsluitdijk in the North, a thin dike that stretches from Friesland to North-Holland, failed. The German troops were unable to pass the Dutch fortifications and had to withdraw to their original positions.

The Dutch Army, still largely intact, surrendered in the evening of 15 May after the Bombing of Rotterdam by Heinkel He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 54 on the 14th killing about 900 civilians, and threats to do the same to other major Dutch Cities. They considered their strategic situation to have become hopeless and feared a further destruction of the major Dutch cities. However, the Dutch troops in Zealand and the colonies continued the fight while Queen Wilhelmina established a government-in-exile in Britain.


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr imagefiletopict

Syntax
USR IMAGEFILETOPICT

Revised
June 2001 (Release 5)

Description
Use this simple function to read the contents of a graphic image from the disk and convert it into a picture handle. When you are finished with the handle, you will need to dispose of it using KILL PICTURE. INCLUDE "Subs Image Files.Incl" WINDOW 1 pHndl = USR IMAGEFILETOPICT(fName$,vRef%) LONG IF pHndl PICTURE (0,0), pHndl KILL PICTURE pHndl XELSE PRINT "Could not convert image file." END IF END IF DO HANDLEEVENTS UNTIL 0 Note: Before you can use this function, you must include it in your project with the following statement: include "Subs Image Files.Incl


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User talk:Shgc~enwikibooks

球阀是用带有圆形通道的球体作启闭件，球体随阀杆转动实现启闭动作的阀门. 球阀的启闭件是一个有孔的球体，绕垂直于通道的轴线旋转，从而达到启闭通道的目的. 球阀主要供开启和关闭管道和设备介质之用.

球阀主要优点如下： 1、适用于经常操作，启闭迅速、轻便. 2、流体阻力小. 3、结构简单，相对体积小，重量轻，便于维修. 4、密封性能好 5、不受安装方向的限制，介质的流向可任意. 6、无振动，噪声小.

球阀的分类： 球阀按结构形式可分为：浮动球阀、固定球阀、弹性球阀和油封球阀；按通道可分为直能式、角式和三通式等，三通式又可分为T形和L形两种. 按连接方工可分为螺纹式连接、法兰连接和焊接式三种.

球阀安装与维护应注意以下事项： 1、要留有阀柄旋转的位置 2、不能用作节流. 3、带传动机构的球阀应直立安装.

上海高成阀门制造有限公司介绍：上海高成阀门经历了数十年的专业服务，已成为一家集科研、设计、制造、销售、服务于一体的阀门生产厂家. 主要产品有：阀门 球阀、蝶阀、调节阀、 电动球阀、气动球阀、电动蝶阀 气动蝶阀、电动调节阀、气动调节阀、电动阀门、气动阀门等，公司汇集了一批致力于阀门研究、设计的专业技术人才和国内最先进的生产与检测设备，并率先通过ISO9002国际质量体系认证，确保了产品质量的可靠性.

【版权声明】本文由上海高成阀门制造有限公司收集于互联网，本公司尊重他人之知识产权，所载作品版权归作者及原出处共同所有. 如果你确认你的作品以某种方式被抄袭，该行为触犯了中国及国际版权法，请向上海高成阀门做版权投诉.

1. 常见故障：暖气整体不热. 排除方法：打开进回水阀门.

2. 常见故障：暖气不热（阀门已开）. 暖气半截不热. 暖气内有水响声. 排除方法：暖气内可能有气，需放气.

方法一：先将进水阀门关闭. 打开跑风放气门排气，有水溢出，关闭放气阀.

方法二：将进水阀门关闭3/4，再将回水阀门关闭后，打开放气门排气，有水溢出时半闭放气阀.

提醒您：操作后，故障仍不能排除时，通知维修人员.

3. 常见故障：暖气管路温度不够，室温过低. 排除方法：进水温度低，提高进水温度. 由物业检查系统.

4. 常见故障：进回水阀门以里（靠近暖气方向）漏水. 排除方法：关闭进回水阀门. 通知安装队维修.

5. 常见故障：进回水阀门以外（靠近主管路）漏水. 排除方法：通知物业半闭系统阀门；通知安装队进行维修.

上海高成阀门制造有限公司介绍：上海高成阀门经历了数十年的专业服务，已成为一家集科研、设计、制造、销售、服务于一体的阀门生产厂家. 主要产品有：阀门 球阀、蝶阀、调节阀、 电动球阀、气动球阀、电动蝶阀 气动蝶阀、电动调节阀、气动调节阀、电动阀门、气动阀门等，公司汇集了一批致力于阀门研究、设计的专业技术人才和国内最先进的生产与检测设备，并率先通过ISO9002国际质量体系认证，确保了产品质量的可靠性.

【版权声明】本文由上海高成阀门制造有限公司收集于互联网，本公司尊重他人之知识产权，所载作品版权归作者及原出处共同所有. 如果你确认你的作品以某种方式被抄袭，该行为触犯了中国及国际版权法，请向上海高成阀门做版权投诉.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Shgc. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Shgc~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shgc~enwikibooks


text:
Dutch Empire/Japanese Invasion

Dutch, Australian, British and United States forces fought the Japanese during the Dutch East Indies campaign. From January 1, 1942, Allied forces in South East Asia formed the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM), under the British General Archibald Wavell. ABDACOM's control of the "Malay Barrier" (also known as the "East Indies Barrier") was considered vital to the Allies' global strategy. However, Japanese advances over the next several weeks split the Allied forces, and ABDACOM was dissolved on February 25. Allied operations in Indonesia (except Sumatra) were later controlled by the South West Pacific Area command, under General Douglas MacArthur.

Borneo
In 1941, Borneo was divided between the Dutch East Indies and British crown colonies. The northern part was under British control and the southern, and larger part, was under Dutch control. On December 13, 1941 the invasion began, soon after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. The lightly defended North Borneo was overrun by the Japanese in early January.

On December 22, the Japanese bombed the Dutch defences, and occupied their oil fields. The Dutch, and remaining British troops retreated into the Jungle covered mountains where they began a 10 week long Gurellia War campaign before surrendering in April 1942. During January, on an island off of Boerno, 1,300 Dutch troops who had burned oil fields to prevent them from falling into Japanese hands, were all exuecuted, many of them were killed by samurais.

Manado
On the island of Celebes (now known as Sulawesi),1,500 Dutch troops were attacked by a much larger force of Japanese on the Minahasa peninsula. The Japanese launched a combined air and ground attack, in an attempt to capture a strategic airfield. After two days of fighting, seeing that the battle was lost, the Dutch troops retreated inland and started a Gurillea War. By the end of February, most had been captured and many of them were executed.

Ambon
On January 30 the Japanese launched an attack on the island of Ambon. The island was first bombed, and the invaded by sea. Within a day of the Japanese landings, the Dutch detachments in their vicinity were overrun and/or had withdrawn. On January 31, after the fall of Batugong, the Japanese surrounded the Dutch troops, and they were forced to surrender.

After dawn on February 2, the main Australian force on Nona plateau, commanded by Lieutenant Bill Jinkins, was in danger of encirclement. Jinkins ordered a withdrawal to Amahusu, where he became aware that the Dutch had surrendered. By the morning of February 3, the Australians around Eri were struggling to cope with increasing air and naval attacks, wounded Australians, the influx of Dutch personnel, diminishing supplies and widespread fatigue. Soon after it was agreed that they would surrender.

Allied casualties in the battle were relatively light. However, at intervals for a fortnight after the surrender, Imperial Japanese Navy personnel chose more than 300 Australian and Dutch prisoners of war at random and executed them. This was in revenge for the sinking of a Japanese Minesweeper.

Palembang
On February 13 the Japanese launched an attack on Palembang, Sumatra. They dropped paratroopers over strategic airfields around the area. Although they failed to take the Airfield, they did manage to take the entire complex of an oil refinery, undamaged. The Allies launched a counter attack an retook the refinery, but with heavy casualties.

On the morning of February 13, a river boat commandeered by the British Royal Navy, HMS Li Wo — under Lieutenant Thomas Wilkinson — ferrying personnel and equipment between Singapore and the Dutch East Indies, ran into the Japanese fleet carrying the main invasion force. On February 15, an ABDA naval force of five cruisers, HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java and HNLMS Tromp, HMS Exeter, HMAS Hobart and 10 destroyers, under Admiral Karel Doorman, made an abortive attempt to intercept the Japanese force. Planes from Ryujo and land-based aircraft made a series of attacks on the Allied ships, forcing them to withdraw to the south of Sumatra.

As the Japanese landing force approached Sumatra. The remaining Allied aircraft attacked it, and the Japanese transport ship Otawa Maru was sunk. Hurricanes flew up the rivers, machine-gunning Japanese landing craft.

However, on the afternoon of February 15, it was ordered that all Allied aircraft were ordered to Java, where a major Japanese attack was anticipated, and the Allied air units had withdrawn from southern Sumatra by the evening of February 16, 1942. Other personnel were evacuated by ships to Java or India.

Timor
During the night of February 19–February 20, the Imperial Japanese Army's 228th Regimental Group, under the command of Col. Sadashichi Doi, began landing in Timor. Portuguese Timor had been occupied by the Dutch in the previous year. During the night, Dutch and Australian troops managed to inflict heavy casualties onto the Japanese invaders, but failed to stop them. The Australian commandos withdrew south and east into the mountainous interior, and about 200 Dutch East Indies troops, headed southwest toward the border with Dutch Timor. It is believed that all but one of the POW's was exucuted.

On the same night, Allied forces in Netherlands Timor were under extremely intense air attacks. This caused the Australian Airforce to withdraw to Australia. The bombing was followed up by the landing of the main body of the Japanese invasion force, on the undefended southwest side of the island. Light tanks were landed to support the Japanese infantry, and the force advanced north, cutting off the Dutch positions in the west.

As the Dutch retreated, the destruction of an airfield was ordered, however, Japanese Paratroops were dropped onto the field. Despite killing most of the Japanese paratroopers, the Dutch surrendered due to the fact they were low on ammunition.

By the end of February, the Japanese controlled most of Netherlands Timor. However, many Australian and Dutch troops had withdrawn to the South part of the island and began a Guerrilla War. During August, Japanese forces began to burn and/or bomb villages believed to have assisted the Allies, with huge civilian casualties. During the summer of 1942 the Japanese launched an assault deeper into the island, and difficult campaign, forced the remaining allied troops to withdraw in February 1943. By the end of the campaign, between 40,000-70,000 civilians of Timor had been killed.

1st Java Sea
In an attempt to stop the Japanese fleet, which was going to land at Java, the Dutch-American-British-Australian fleets set off to find the Japanese fleet. The fleets sighted each other on February 27. During the engagement, the allied ships Kortenaer and Electra were both sunk. Within two hours after engagement, the Allied Fleet broke off from battle covered by a smoke screen laid by 4 American destroyers. As they withdrew, the allied ships ran into mines, which sunk  Jupiter . During the night the two fleets encountered each other again, and the Dutch ships De Ruyter(named after Michiel de Ruyter) and Java were sunk. During this time, the Dutch commander Karel Doorman was killed.

Java
The Japanese troops landed at three points on Java shore on March 1, 1942. The West Java invasion convoy landed on Bantam Bay near Merak and Eretan Wetan. The West Java convoy had previously fought in the Battle of Sunda Strait, a few hours prior to the landings.

West Java Campaign
On March 1, the invaders set up new headquarters at Serang. On March 2, a Japanese detachment was sent to cut off an allied escape route. The detachment arrived at Rangkasbitung and continued to Leuwiliang, 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of Buitenzorg. The Australian and American troops put up stiff resistance, destroying many Japanese trucks and tanks and holding up the Japanese for two days before being forced to withdraw.

Around the same time, two other detachments headed westwards to Madja (Maja) and Balaradja(Balaraja). They found many of the bridges already destroyed by the retreating Dutch and were forced to find other routes; some units took the opportunity to make for Buitenzorg.

On March 4, the Dutch commander decided to withdraw his forces from Batavia and Buitenzorg to reinforce the defence of Bandoeng. The following evening Dutch troops in Batavia surrendered. By dawn of March 6, the Japanese troops had attacked Buitenzorg, which was guarded by the KNIL(Royal Dutch East Indies Army). In the morning Buitenzorg was occupied, while a large number of Allied soldiers had retreated to Bandoeng. The Japanese continued to pursue the Dutch troops for the next 3 days, capturing Tjiandjoer and Tjimahi. On the same day Bandoeng was also occupied by the Japanese.

East Java Campaign
The Japanese first landed on March 1,on Kragan, a small village in East Java. The Dutch forces who resisted the landing were quickly subdued.

The Japanese occupied Tjepoe on March 2 and occupied Bodjonegoro on March 3. The Japanese proceeded further and overwhelmed the Dutch defences at the Ngawi Regency, Tjaroeban, Ngandjoek, Kertosono, Kediri and Djombang.

At Porong, near Surabaya, Dutch and American troops gave fierce resistance to the incoming Japanese. Eventually the Allied troops under Major-General Gustav A. Ilgen had to retreat to the island of Madura upon the completion of demolition of the city's infrastructure. On the evening of March 9, Major-General Ilgen, commander of the KNIL in East Java, signed the instrument of surrender.

The Japanese moved southward with main objective to occupy Tjilatjap in order to capture the harbour and block the retreat to Australia. In one week, they advanced rapidly and overcame all Dutch army defence found in Blora, Soerakarta, Bojolali, Jogjakarta, Magelang, Salatiga, Ambarawa and Poerworedjo. Also during this time the invades captured Keboemen and Purwokerto.

Dutch Surrender
By March 7, defeat was inevitable, with Tjilatjap already in Japanese hands. Soerabaja was being evacuated while Japanese troops were rapidly converging on Bandoeng from both the north and the west. At 09:00 on March 8 the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces, Ter Poorten, announced the surrender of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army in Java.

The Dutch Governor, Jonkheer Dr. A.W.L. Tjarda Van Starkenborgh Stachouwer and Lieutenant-General Ter Poorten, together with Major-General Jacob J. Pesman, the commander of the Bandoeng District, met the Japanese Commander-in-Chief, Lieutenant-General Hitoshi Imamura at Kalidjati that afternoon and agreed to the capitulation of all the troops.

On March 12, 1942, the senior British, Australian and American commanders were summoned to Bandoeng where the formal instrument of surrender was signed in the presence of the Japanese commander in the Bandoeng area, Lieutenant-General Masao Maruyama, who promised them the rights of the Geneva Convention for the protection of prisoners of war.

Aftermath
Initially Japanese occupation was welcomed by the Indonesians as liberators. During the occupation, the Indonesian nationalist movement increased in popularity. In July 1942, leading nationalists like Sukarno accepted Japan's offer to rally the public in support of the Japanese war effort. Both Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta were decorated by the Emperor of Japan in 1943.

During the occupation, the Japanese encouraged and backed Indonesian nationalistic feeling, created new Indonesian institutions and promoted nationalist leaders such as Sukarno. In the decades before the war, the Dutch had been overwhelmingly successful in suppressing the small nationalist movement in Indonesia such that the Japanese proved fundamental for the coming Indonesian independence.

title: Dutch Empire/Japanese Invasion


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr movefile

Syntax
USR MOVEFILE

Revised
FEBRUARY, 2002 (Release 6)

Description
This function moves a file from one location to another. If the move is successful, the copy of the file at the original location is erased and the function returns _noErr (zero). If the move fails, a file error code is returned. Example: The following example allows the user to select a file and a new destination before calling the USR MOVEFILE function. INCLUDE "Util_Files.incl" folderName$ = FILES$(_fFolder,,,destVref%)   LONG IF LEN(folderName$)

END IF


text:
Dutch Empire/Indonesian Independence

Initial Declaration
Two days after the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Sukarno and fellow nationalist leader, Mohammad Hatta, declared Indonesian independence. The Netherlands, only very recently freed from German occupation itself, initially lacked the means to respond, allowing Republican forces to establish de facto control over parts of the huge archipelago, particularly in Java and Sumatra. On the other hand, in the less densely populated outer islands, no effective control was established by either party, leading at times to chaotic conditions.

British Military Action
Initially the United Kingdom sent in troops to take over from the Japanese and soon found itself in conflict with the fledgling government. British forces brought in a small Dutch military contingent which it termed the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA). When a member of the NICA raised a Dutch flag on a hotel in the country's second-largest city, Surabaya, Indonesian nationalists overran the Japanese proxies guarding the hotel and tore the blue stripe off the flag, forming the red-and-white Indonesian flag.

On November 10, 1945, Surabaya was attacked by British forces, leading to a bloody street-to-street battle. The battle for Surabaya was the bloodiest single engagement in the war and had successfully demonstrated the determination of the rag-tag nationalist forces. It also made the British reluctant to be sucked into a war it did not need, considering how outstretched their resources in southeast Asia were during the period after the Japanese surrender.

Dutch Military action
As a consequence, the Dutch were asked to take back control, and the number of NICA forces soon increased dramatically. Initially the Netherlands negotiated with the Republic and came to an agreement at Linggarjati, in which the 'United States of Indonesia' were proclaimed, a semi-autonomous federal state keeping as its head the Queen of the Netherlands. Both sides increasingly accused each other of violating the agreement, and as consequence the hawkish forces soon won out on both sides. A major point of concern for the Dutch side was the fate of members of the Dutch minority in Indonesia, most of whom had been held under deplorable conditions in concentration camps by the Japanese. The Indonesians were accused (and guilty) of not cooperating in liberating these prisoners. The Netherlands government then mounted a large military force to regain what it believed was rightfully its territory. The two major military campaigns that followed were declared as ere 'police actions' to downplay the extent of the operations. There were atrocities and violations of human rights in many forms by both sides in the conflict. Some 6,000 Dutch and 150,000(including civilians) Indonesians are estimated to have been killed.

Although the Dutch and their indigenous allies managed to defeat the Republican Army in almost all major engagements and during the second campaign even to arrest Sukarno himself, Indonesian forces continued to wage a major guerrilla war under the leadership of General Sudirman who had escaped the Dutch onslaught. A few months before the second Dutch offensive, communist elements within the independence movement had staged a failed coup, known as Madiun Affair, with the goal of seizing control of the republican forces.

Independence and Netherlands New Guinea
With the United States government threatening to withdraw the Marshall Plan funds, which were vital to the Dutch rebuild after the Second World War, the Netherlands government was forced back into negotiations, and after the Round Table conference in The Hague, the Dutch finally recognised Indonesian independence on December 27, 1949. At the time, other than most of Sumatra, and small parts of Java, all of Indonesia was under Dutch control. New Guinea was the only part of the East Indies not given up. Elections were held across Dutch New Guinea in 1959 and an elected New Guinea Council officially took office on April 5, 1961, to prepare for full independence by the end of that decade. The Dutch endorsed the council's selection of a new national anthem and the Morning Star as the new national flag on December 1, 1961.

Indonesia attempted to invade the region on December 18, 1961. Following some skirmishes between Indonesian and Dutch forces an agreement was reached and the territory was placed under United Nations administration in October 1962. It was subsequently transferred to Indonesia in May 1963. The territory was formally annexed by Indonesia in 1969.

title: Dutch Empire/Indonesian Independence


text:
Dutch Empire/Suriname Independence

In 1954, under the "Statute of the Realm", the Netherlands, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles (at the time comprising Aruba) became a composite kingdom. The former colonies were granted autonomy save for certain matters including defense, foreign affairs and citizenship, which were the responsibility of the Realm. In 1969, unrest in Curaçao led to Dutch marines being sent to quell rioting. In 1973, negotiations started in Suriname for independence, and full independence was granted on November 25, 1975. Henk Arron became the first Prime Minister of Suriname. 60,000 immigrants took the opportunity of moving to the Netherlands because many feared Suriname could not survive as an independent country.

title: Dutch Empire/Suriname Independence


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr openrfperm

Syntax
USR OPENRFPERM

Revised
August, 2002 (Release 7)

Description
With the release of Mac OS X, the ability to easily open a resource file has dissipated like smoke. But a simple modification will revive your older FN OPENRFPERM. Just change the FN to USR and a new FB routine will work in version of the System software from System 7.x to Mac OS X. As with the original toolbox function, the parameters are the file name, the volume reference number (which is handled in the background by FB) and the permission constant. Legal permission constants are: _fsRdPerm _fsrdwrperm _fsrdwrshperm _fscurperm _fsrdperm _fswrperm


text:
Dutch Empire/Language

Let us work toward greater cooperation with all Caribbean Countries, whether we speak English, Dutch, French or Spanish, whether we are independent or not, and whether we be island or continental territories.

A small minority of Indonesians can speak a degree of Dutch. Many Indonesian lawyers and historians can speak Dutch due to historical ties, as do those of the older generation who were schooled in Dutch. Many Indonesian words have come from Dutch. One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words.

The century and half of Dutch rule in Ceylon and southern India left few to no traces of the Dutch language. In Suriname, Dutch has left its mark as it is the official language of the country. About 60% of the population speaks it as their first language, and most of the remaining 40% know Dutch as well. In Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, Dutch is the official language but spoken as a first language by only by seven to eight percent of the population, although most people on the islands can speak the language and the education system on these islands is in Dutch at some or all levels. The lingua franca of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao is Papiamento, a creole language that originally developed among the slave population of the islands. The population of the three northern Antilles, Sint Maarten, Saba, and Saint Eustatius, is predominantly English-speaking. In New Jersey in the United States, a dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of seventeenth century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was noted to still be spoken as late as 1921. Former American President Franklin Roosovelt said he remembered hearing Dutch spoken when he was growing up in the Hudson Valley.

Arguably, greatest linguistic legacy of the Netherlands was in its colony in South Africa, which attracted large numbers of Dutch farmer (in Dutch, Boer) settlers, who spoke a simplified form of Dutch called Afrikaans, which is largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. After the colony passed into British hands, the settlers spread into the hinterland, taking their language with them. Today, there are 10 million people for whom Afrikaans is either a primary and secondary language, compared with 25 million worldwide speakers of Dutch.

title: Dutch Empire/Language


text:
Dutch Empire/Place Names

New York City was once called New Amsterdam. Parts of New York City are named after original Dutch colonial settlements: Brooklyn, after Breukelen, Harlem after Haarlem. Staten Island, was originally called Staten Eylandt after the Dutch parliament (Staten) who paid for the expeditions up the Hudson River. The place Old Town on Staten Island was originally called Oude Dorp, which in English means Old Town.

The last Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, has given his name to several streets, a neighborhood and a few schools in New York City. In Columbia County, near Albany, there is a town named Stuyvesant. The following towns in New York have names that were derived from Dutch: Claverack, Cobleskill, Greenbush (East and North), Kinderhook, Plattekill, Nassau, Poestenkill, Rensselaer, Saugerties, Valatie, Voorheesville, Watervliet, and Wynantskill.

Many towns and cities in Suriname share names with cities in the Netherlands, such as Alkmaar, and Groningen.

title: Dutch Empire/Place Names


text:
Dutch Empire/Architecture

In the Surinamese Capital of Paramaribo, the Dutch Fort Zeelandia still stands today. In the centre of Malacca, Malaysia, the Stadhuys Building and Christ Church still stand. There are still some archaeological remains of Fort Goede Hoop (modern Hartford) and Fort Orange (modern Albany). Dutch architecture is easy to see in Aruba, Curaco, and Bonaire. The Dutch style buildings are especially visible in Willemstad, with its steeply pitched gables, large windows and soaring finials.

title: Dutch Empire/Architecture


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr replaceresource

Syntax
USR OPENRFPERM

Revised
August, 2002 (Release 7)

Description
With the release of Mac OS X, the ability to easily open a resource file has dissipated like smoke. But a simple modification will revive your older FN OPENRFPERM. Just change the FN to USR and a new FB routine will work in version of the System software from System 7.x to Mac OS X. As with the original toolbox function, the parameters are the file name, the volume reference number (which is handled in the background by FB) and the permission constant. Legal permission constants are:

_fsRdPerm

_fsrdwrperm

_fsrdwrshperm

_fscurperm

_fsrdperm

_fswrperm


text:
Sun Certified Web Component Developer/Section1/HTTP Methods

HTTP is a simple, yet powerful protocol, created at the beginning of 1990s to transport text (first ASCII, then HTML). Its functioning is very simple explaining why it spread so fast. The idea behind it is that there is a resource in the server and the client wants to action over it. For each possible action there is a method in the protocol. The methods available for the protocol are the ones for the basic CRUD operations, plus some other client-server and proxy-server communications methods.

HTTP Methods and JEE
In the JEE specification, the Web container handles the protocol details and when using HTTP as the communication protocol (the very most part of the situations) the container redirects the request to a class that extends HTTPServlet. The HTTPServlet class is a do nothing handler for HTTP methods. For each one of the protocol methods, except Connect, there is an equivalent method inside the HTTPServlet class. For example, for the Get method, there is the  method inside the class.

All of them receive to arguments: HTTPServletRequest and HTTPServletResponse. Through these two interfaces it is possible to get access to the input stream that was created with the client and where the request came from and is also possible to get access to the output stream where the answer to the client is going to be written. Actually, that is the way that, normally, servlets answers HTML to clients, though is not the most recommended way to do it.

HTTPServletRequest also gives access to many other features such as session management, request parameters and many other features described at HTTP Request.

HTTP Response also has many other features mainly related to dispatching the response to the correct place.

HTTP Methods and the Exam
For the SCWCD exam, it is not necessary to understand deeply each one of the methods, only two of them are explored because they are, by far, the most used on day-to-day job: GET and POST. The full list of methods and descriptions for each one of them can be found at the Wikipedia page for the HTTP protocol, it is recommended that you read this page and understand the basics of the protocol before continue.

POST and GET
These two methods are the most simple to use and most of the time, what the client need is just to get something from the server. Some times things get more complicated and the user needs to change something in the server, and that is why Post is there for us. The protocol was build with that in mind, the user would get things from the server and post things there.

The main difference between these two methods is that POST have a body while GET does not. This body can be used to send data from the client to the server to change something. Any amount of data can be sent in this body.

GET can also send data to the server, but in a different way. A URL can have a query part. This query is where get can send data to the server. The question mark (?) is used to separate a resource from the query part of the URL. POST can do that too, data can be sent in both, the body and the URL in a POST request.

There are two drawbacks in sending data in the URL:
 * 1) the first one is that there is a limit of data that can be sent, and in most browsers that is 256 characters - it is a lot but if there is a large form to send, data can be left out
 * 2) the second one is confidentiality, because when you send data in he URL it is exposed to any one that can see the browser or the URLs being requested and the user might want to bookmark it and the data will be saved together with it, that is not good if a credit card number or any other confidential data is being sent

Another difference between these methods is that, as the protocol was designed to, POST - in theory - is NOT idempotent. That means that if you execute the same request twice, the results might come out different. Notice that a in theory was added in the middle of the last phrase because an application can be designed to make a GET method change something in the server and so, result in a different answer for each request. The protocol was designed to be so that GET IS idempotent and POST IS NOT, but the way they are implemented is the developer's choice.

Another important thing to notice is that users don't like to wait, so they will (surely) click more than once in a button after the first request was sent. One thing the application should guarantee is that things like paying for something twice in a web application does not happen. Normally, following the basic rule described in the last paragraph helps. Synchronizing important requests - like paying for a product - can be one way out of this tricky problem.


text:
Talk:Latin/Lesson 1-Nominative/Exercise 1

—This exercise introduces the (confusing) dual meaning of ludus (school/game) without explaining it.

Untitled
The lesson only mentions that ludus means school.

A student is more likely to give the answer "[the] bad school".

The answer should really be given as "[the] bad school" with a footnote to the effect that it could also mean "the bad game"

I agree, and am changing it. senanatrim (talk) 21:43, 4 May 2010 (UTC)


text:
Modeling from A to Z/Modeling the Waste Management System

Next Generation Nuclear Power Stations and Waste Management
It would appear that the Nuclear Power Station will be with us for the foreseeable future. Moreover, it is not so much the generation of electricity that matters but the management of the waste that results.

Waste management is not unique to the domain of nuclear power. The current need for a green revolution to undercut climate change and global warming depends crucially on how oil-related products such as plastics are re-cycled or incinerated. Illegal dumping is rife in many countries.

In this section we look at one aspect of waste management, adopted from the nuclear industry and show how it may be re-used for general waste management. In itself the development illustrate a general principle in (software) process improvement. Real systems evolve and migrate. They are very rarely begun from scratch. Any software development plan ought to follow the same process improvement of the system to match.

Tracking is just like searching. It relies on addresses. And now know that addressing may be a matter of placing cookies or RFID tagging.

Sources of inspiration
We will begin our model by looking at some work already published. That is to say, we will not pretend any originality or creativeness. Our starting point will be a “tracking manager study” (TMS) which was carried out as part of the «Research Study into the use of Computer-based Tracking Systems as valuable support to Safety Cases in Nuclear Power Technology»

In essence there are two kinds of things: containers and what goes into them. The different kinds of containers are easy to point out. In the TMS there are 5 of them: crate package liner puck  drum container

We already know from our earlier work on Alloy that we can introduce an abstract signature for Container and introduce the 5 container types as extensions: abstract sig Container {} sig Crate, Package, Liner, Puck, Drum extends Container {}

Those things that go into certain kinds of containers may be called materials. In our first study of the TMS we will look at just 4 material types : glass plastic metal

liquor

Just as for Container above, so we introduce an abstract signature for Material and the four types of material then become extensions: abstract sig Material {} sig Glass, Plastic, Metal, Liquor extends Material {}

Finally, for this introduction, one notes that the phases of processing within the Waste Management System can be classified analogously: abstract sig Phase {} sig Unpacking, Sorting, Assaying, Compacting, Exporting extends Phase {}

Instead of using the term "Phase", one might prefer "Process". Here is the list of Phases modelled:
Unpacking (crates)

Sorting (contents)

Assaying (materials)

Compacting (materials)

Exporting (stuff)

Alloy model of the Tracking Management System (TMS)
This is a re-modelling of the tracker system described in
John Fitzgerald and Cliff Jones, 1998, pp.1-28

John. S. Fitzgerald, 1999, pp.69-94

John Fitzgerald and Peter Gorm Larsen, pp. 137-201?

Introductory text
A detailed formal model of a system is but one step away from implementation. That step consists of the working out of the formal mathematical expressions. Such working out is a mixture of hardware and software. Much of it will be off-the-shelf. Some of it will necessarily be hand crafted. But before we get to this stage of detail, we need an abstract bird's-eye view. This overview will capture everything in essence and will be comprehensible. Here is such an executive overview supported by Alloy.

System requirements
A Tracking Management System (TMS) monitors the position of containers of material as they pass through the various phases of processing in an industrial plant (IP) such as a waste management facility (WMF).

Each container holds only one type of material and can be in at most one processing phase at a time. Each processing phase has a maximum container capacity and can only accept certain types of materials.

System state
At any point in time a system state of the TMS must record:
The catalog of material type contents of each container in the WMS. Briefly, this is the simply denoted by the cntCatalog

The collection of containers in each processing phase.

The phase properties of each processing phase:
the maximum container capacity (maxCapacity) and

the acceptable types of materials (mtrType).

System state constraints
At any point in time a system state of the TMS must satisfy the following system state constraints:

Each container can hold at most one type of material. Each container can be in at most one processing phase at a given time. Each processing phase can have at most one value for it's maximum capacity.

All processing phases have recorded phase properties: a maximum capacity and acceptable material types.

Each processing phase in the industrial plant has a maximum capacity of at least one.

The containers in any given processing phase all have recorded material contents.

The active processing phases have recorded phase properties: a maximum capacity and acceptable material types.

Each type of material in the IP has a possible processing phase.

Each phase in the IP is operating within capacity.

In any phase, all the containers in that phase have the expected kinds of materials inside them.

System operations
The TMS has a number of operations which modify the system state:
initOp: specifies the properties of an initial state of the TMS.

insertOp: adds a new container whose contents are of a given material type to the industrial plant container catalogue. (was introduce operation)

remOp: removes a container from given phase of processing

delOp: deletes a container from both the container content catalogue and the tracker system.

permitOp: which decides whether a container may be moved into a given phase.

moveOp: moves a container into a given phase processing within the tracker system.

Alloy module
module TrackingManagementSystem -- abbreviated TMS

open util/relation as rel 		-- Binary relation module. open util/natural as nat 		-- Natural number module. open util/boolean as bool 	-- Boolean module

sig Container, Material, Phase {}	-- Containers, material types, and processing phases.

sig SystemState {

cntCatalog: Container -> Material, -- The container catalogue.

trkSystem: Container -> Phase, -- The tracker system. maxCapacity: Phase -> Natural, -- Phase max capacity record. mtrType: Phase -> Material	-- Phase material types record.

}

Visualization
We know from earlier work on Alloy that this is sufficient information for us to visualise the structure of the metamodel:

System constraints
[1] pred FieldTypeCns(s: SystemState) { functional[sysState.cntCatalog, dom[sysState.cntCatalog]] functional[sysState.trkSystem, dom[sysState.trkSystem]] functional[sysState.maxCapacity, dom[sysState.maxCapacity]] dom[sysState.maxCapacity] = dom[sysState.mtrType] all phase: dom[sysState.maxCapacity] | sysState.maxCapacity[phase] != Zero }

[2] pred TrackerContainerCns(sysState: SystemState) { dom[sysState.trkSystem] in dom[sysState.cntCatalog] }

[3] pred TrackerPhaseCns(sysState: SystemState) { ran[sysState.trkSystem] in dom[sysState.maxCapacity] ran[sysState.trkSystem] in dom[sysState.mtrType] }

=A simpler waste management model=

Containers
Let us begin with the container? Imagine that you are in a building where there are containers for These containers are collected by the garbage firm NoWasteNoWant once a week and brought to the waste-management facility in the city.
 * the disposal of empty water bottles,
 * used ink-jet cartridges,
 * used batteries, and
 * waste paper.

Container notes
When we talk about "empty water bottles" we are thinking of either plastic or glass materials. For now, we will limit ourselves to just two types:
 * glass bottle
 * plastic bottle

Container Types
For the sake of the first model on waste management. We will assume there are just two types of container:
 * wet container — used for all liquid stuff, that is the plastic or glass bottles.
 * dry container — used for everything else

=Notes=

= References =

=Reading links=

=e-Links=
Nuclear power in France last access {2008-08-14}

Universal Puck last access {2008-08-14}

Report WSRC-MS-98-00571 Proposed New DOE Remote Facilities Overview - Designing for the Next Century last access {2008-08-15}

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): (WO/2006/005905) METHOD FOR THE HANDLING AND MINIMISATION OF WASTE last access {2008-08-14}


text:
Talk:Modeling from A to Z/Front Cover

Whoa! I see that Wikibookians are quick off the mark :)

Maybe too quick?

The world is full of different time zones... I am in Europe...

--Михал Орела 06:40, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modeling from A to Z/Front Cover


text:
Circuit Idea/Joining Students of TU Sofia

<<< contents - Group 64a - Group 65a - Group 66a - Group 67a - Group 68a - page stage >>>

<<< Group 64b - Group 65b - Group 66b - Group 67b - Group 68b >>>

Involving Students from Technical University of Sofia in Circuit Idea Wikibook

(a teacher's story)

Conceiving the idea
In the beginning of March, 2008 I decided to join my students to Circuit idea. I started this initiative "in sport" but it turned out so successful and exciting that I was entirely absorbed in this new web undertaking. I have told how it started in the discussion of the first completely finished page that my students and I have dedicated to the famous Ohm's experiment.

Situation
During the summer term, 2008 I was teaching basic circuitry (both lectures and laboratory exercises) to 150 students from Faculty of Computer Systems, Technical University of Sofia. They were divided into five groups (64, 65, 66, 67, 68), each of them containing 30 students.

Further, for the purposes of the laboratory exercises, these groups were divided into sub-groups of 15 students. Each laboratory cycle was lasting two weeks: the first five sub-groups (64a, 65a, 66a, 67a, 68a) conducted laboratory exercises during every even week; the other five sub-groups (64b, 65b, 66b, 67b, 68b) conducted laboratory exercises during every odd week.

Preparation
First, in the lecture hall, I announced my intention to conduct such a web experiment to students and showed them how can we carry out it. I told them what is the great Wiki idea and how they can join the wikibook Circuit Idea. I suggested to students to choose meaningful user names consisting of student name and group number (thus I can observe their web achievements and add more credits to the rating).

Then, I created separate pages of all the ten student groups (64a, 65a, 66a, 67a, 68a, 64b, 65b, 66b, 67b and 68b). In these group pages, my students and I, all together, were placing what we had done in the laboratory and the lecture hall - photos, drawings, texts, etc.

I also prepared all kinds of recording equipment - a small solid state recorder (for quite a while I was recording my lessons, classes and laboratory exercises), camera and mobile phone. I even thought to install a web camera.

Implementation
In the student group pages, my students and I were describing step-by-step how the laboratory exercises had passed. The great mass of the written was extracted from the records but there were also some fragments written directly to this page in the laboratory during the exercises. Note that students were making their reports in real time at the laboratory; I was making also my "report" on the white board (ten times during the cycle!), snapping it from time to time and writing it on the according page. Students and I were making a lot of photos during the exercises. These photos show drafts on the whiteboard, screen shots, laboratory setups and, of course, the very students.

The idea was first to write up in talk pages chronologically what was done in the laboratory; then to systematize and polish these raw materials and place them in the main story. We were using here a quite informal style. I was marking student's insertions by italic to distinguish them from my teacher's text.

Thus, during labs and lectures I was recording our conversations and discussions by the solid-state recorder and making snaps by the digital camera; some students were doing the same. The photos were drafts on the whiteboard, screen shots, laboratory setups, the very students (and sometimes, their teacher:), etc. On returning at home, I was downloading the records and pictures to my computer and began processing them. In order to help students, I was outlining briefly the structure of the future modules in the student and talk pages; then I was placing all the raw materials (pictures) in the pages. I also was adding links to useful resources and some provoking questions. Then I was leaving students go on developing the stories; I only was intervening in their works from time to time to edit and refine them. Finally, I was expanding student works by adding more explanations and using these materials to create the according modules.

You can see how I placed (on the right) links in the list of started circuit stories pointing to the corresponding student pages.

I also invited some famous web writers (mainly, university and college teachers) to join our educational web initiative - Tony Kuphaldt (Lessons in electric circuits), Tom Hayes (Student manual for the art of electronics - great book!), William Beauty (Science hobbyist - great site!).

Results
You can imagine how powerful this approach was where students and their teacher, all together, were working on the same common project! They were adding, editing and continuously refining it; they learned how to present what they have done to other, how to contribute a wiki project, how to communicate with people, etc. Furthermore, any web visitors (including other students and their teachers) through the world could join and enrich this open project! It was just wonderful!