text:
A-level Applied Science/Synthesising Organic Compounds/Practical

=Important note=

The experimental details given here are given in good faith and are believed to be safe and workable methods. However, the authors cannot take responsibility for the consequences of performing these experiments.

The experiments are written for experienced science teaching staff to use as instructions for a supervised class of students. The experiments are not designed for students or inexperienced members of the public to perform without supervision. If you wish to attempt the experiments, ensure that you have completed a legally adequate risk assessment beforehand and that you work within the constraints of the risk assessment.

=Choice of preparations=

Your portfolio requires you to present two practical reports. One making a solid and the other a liquid. The two compounds should be made using different reactions. The four preparations below cover these criteria and are designed so that the first two preparations provide experience which will help you to do the final two experiments competently.

=Laboratory report template=

How to use this template: The text consists of hints, checklists and suggestions. Replace this text with your own account of the experiment, as prompted.

Introduction
Explain what this report is about, and how you have also included information about organic compounds and reactions in general; and a discussion of infrared spectroscopy.

Organic compounds involved:
 * Naming
 * Structure
 * Electronegativity of the elements and polarity of molecules.
 * Functional groups
 * Physical properties e.g. boiling/melting points, solubility in water, health & safety data.
 * Shape
 * Type of reaction - classify the type of reaction
 * Give balanced equations and describe the reagents and conditions required for the reaction.
 * Spectroscopy - What spectroscopy tells us about the molecules.

Preparation of the compound
Give details of the structures and properties (e.g. melting/boiling points, IR spectra) of the organic reactant(s) and the product.

Include copies of methods found through research.

Annotations describing the main features of the methods – What types of reaction are taking place? How do the purification methods work?

Suggest a method based on literature methods and available resources.

Include a risk assessment for your procedure.

Calculate the expected maximum yield of product.

Discuss how spectroscopy can be used to assess the procedure (e.g. contamination of product by reactants).

Results
Your teacher will have to write a statement assessing how safely and skilfully you performed the preparation.

Comprehensive observations and extensive data are to be recorded and measurements are to be as precise as possible.

Data should be clearly and logically presented – consider using tables, diagrams and graphs if appropriate.

From the mass of product, calculate the percentage yield.

From the melting/boiling point of product, deduce the purity.

Conclusions
Summarise the main points of your work.

Make suggestions to either improve the experiment to give more/purer product.

Theory
Ethanol can be oxidised by the dichromate (VI) ion in acidic solution. The first product of the oxidation is ethanal, which can be further oxidised to form ethanoic acid. By carefully changing the reaction method, one or other product can be obtained.

The ethanal preparation should be performed in a fume cupboard.

Chemicals

 * sodium dichromate (VI)
 * ethanol
 * ethanal (product)
 * concentrated sulphuric acid
 * anti-bumping granules
 * deionised water

Precautions
Wear eye protection and laboratory coat.

Work in the fume cupboard when preparing ethanal.

Wear gloves when taking samples of concentrated sulphuric acid

Method
Into a round-bottomed flask, add first 50 cm³ deionised water and then 17 cm³ concentrated sulphuric acid. Add the acid slowly, with shaking. Finally, add some anti-bumping granules to the flask and set up the apparatus shown below:

There should be rapid flow of water round the condenser. Ask your lecturer to adjust the flow if you do not feel confident – it is easy to create too much pressure in the rubber tubes. Dissolve 50 g sodium dichromate (VI) in 50 cm³ deionised water and then add 40 cm³ ethanol. Mix well and add the mixture to the dropping funnel in the above apparatus. Ensure the tap is closed first.

Heat the acid in the flask until it boils gently, then turn off the heat.

Add the ethanol/dichromate mixture slowly: allow 20 minutes for adding the entire sample. The reaction is vigorous and will keep the mixture boiling at first. In the latter stages of the reaction you will have to heat the mixture to keep it boiling gently.

While the reaction occurs in the round-bottomed flask, ethanal solution will collect in the conical flask.

Cautiously note its characteristic smell. Stopper the flask and keep it in iced water. If you have time, take samples and test using the silver mirror, 2,4-DNPH or iodoform tests.

=Preparation of aspirin=

2-hydroxybenzoic (‘salicylic’) acid reacts with ethanoic acid and its derivatives to form 2-ethanoylhydroxybenzoic acid (‘aspirin’)

Chemicals and apparatus

 * Round-bottomed ‘Quickfit’ flask
 * Vacuum filtration apparatus
 * Reflux condenser
 * Ice-bath
 * Beaker, 100 cm³
 * Heating mantle
 * Balance
 * Watch glass
 * 2.0 g of 2-hydroxybenzoic (‘salicylic’) acid
 * 3.0 cm³ of ethanoic anhydride
 * 5 drops of 85% phosphoric (V) acid

Precautions

 * Wear eye protection and laboratory coat at all times.
 * Tie back long hair when using Bunsen burners.

Procedure

 * 1) Weigh out approximately but accurately 2.0 g of 2-hydroxybenzoic (‘salicylic’) acid and add it to a round-bottomed 'Quickfit' flask.
 * 2) With care, add 3.0 cm³ of ethanoic anhydride to the flask contents.
 * 3) Again with care add 5 drops of 85% phosphoric (V) acid and swirl gently to mix the flask contents.
 * 4) Using a heating mantle reflux the mixture gently for five minutes.
 * 5) Immediately after 5 minutes carefully add 2.0 cm³ of water down the vertical condenser. Note:  this will produce a vigorous reaction.
 * 6) When the reaction has subsided carefully pour the flask contents into 40 cm³ of cold water in a small beaker.
 * 7) Allow the beaker contents to cool, scratching the inside of the beaker with a glass rod if crystallisation does not occur immediately.
 * 8) Once crystallisation has started cool the beaker and contents in an ice-bath.
 * 9) Filter the solid product using suction (vacuum) filtration and wash the solid with a little cold water.
 * 10) Recrystallise the product from the minimum of hot water, filtering and washing as before.
 * 11) Dry the material in air, scrape it onto a pre-weighed watch glass and determine the mass of product.

Treatment of the product

 * 1) Determine the percentage yield.
 * 2) Carry out a melting point determination.

Conclusions and comments

 * 1) What sort of reaction is occurring? What sort of bond is formed?
 * 2) What is the purpose of the phosphoric acid?
 * 3) What is the relationship between ethanoic anhydride and ethanoic acid?
 * 4) Look up and write a short account of how aspirin is manufactured. How is the 2-hydroxybenzoic acid made?

=Preparation of ethyl ethanoate=

Chemicals and apparatus

 * Quickfit: Round bottom flasks (2x100 cm³)
 * Condenser
 * Receiver adapter
 * Tap funnel
 * Stillhead
 * Thermometer pocket
 * 4x Anti-bumping granules
 * Conical flask (50 cm³) & rubber bung
 * Measuring cylinders (10, 100 cm³)
 * Thermometer (110oC)
 * Funnel & fluted paper
 * Heating mantle
 * Weighing scale
 * Sodium carbonate 12.2cm3 (30% solution)
 * Calcium chloride (granular)12.5cm3
 * Sulphuric acid (conc.)5cm3
 * Ethanoic Acid (conc.)25cm3
 * Ethanol 25cm3
 * Ethyl ethanoate (product)

Method
1.	Into one of the round bottom flasks, place ethanol (25 cm³) and glacial ethanoic acid (25 cm³). Add slowly, with cooling and shaking, concentrated sulfuric acid (5 cm³). Ensure that the mixture is homogeneous at each addition. Add some anti-bumping granules and boil the mixture under reflux for about 10 minutes.

2.	Rearrange the apparatus and distil off about two-thirds of the mixture. Transfer the distillate to the separating funnel.

3.	Add sodium carbonate solution (25 cm³) and shake carefully. (see Q 2).

4.	At frequent intervals, invert the funnel and open the tap in order to release the pressure. Allow the liquid to settle and separate the two layers. Discard the aqueous layer (Q3 - make sure you retain the correct layer!).

5.	To the organic layer, in the funnel, add a solution of calcium chloride (12.5 g anhydrous CaCl2 in 12.5 cm³ water) and shake vigorously (Q4). Allow the liquid to separate and run off and discard the lower aqueous layer. Run the ethyl ethanoate into a small conical flask and add a few pieces of granular calcium chloride. Allow to stand for approx.10– 20 minutes., shaking occasionally (Q5).

6.	Filter the liquid through fluted paper into the flask (100 cm³), add a few anti-bumping granules and fit up the apparatus for distillation.

7.	Reject the fraction which distils over in the range 35-40oC (Q6).

8.	Collect the fraction distilling in the range 74 - 79 oC.

9.	Note the appearance and the smell of the final product.

Questions

 * 1) Why do boil the mixture and why do this under reflux?
 * 2) State what is observed when the sodium carbonate is added and hence explain why it is used.
 * 3) How did you decide which is the aqueous layer?
 * 4) What is the purpose of the calcium chloride at this stage?
 * 5) What is the purpose of the calcium chloride at this stage?
 * 6) What might distil at this temperature range?
 * 7) Record your yield and calculate your percentage yield.

=Preparation of benzoic acid=

Theory
Oxidations are a very important class of reactions in organic chemistry. Most oxidations require either a heteroatom in a reduced state (O in -OH, N in -NH2, etc.) or a carbon-carbon pi-bond.

The oxidation of an aromatic side chain does not require any of these factors. All that is needed is a benzylic carbon with at least one hydrogen attached to it. The oxidising agents that can be used are chromic acid (using Na2Cr2O7 or CrO3 in sulphuric acid and water) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The product in each case is benzoic acid or a derivative of benzoic acid. The permanganate reaction requires work up with acid, because the permanganate reaction generates a basic solution as a by product):
 * C6H5CH3 + 2 KMnO4 → C6H5COOK + 2 MnO2 + H2O + KOH

We will use potassium permanganate to oxidise methylbenzene (toluene) to benzoic acid. Permanganate solutions are less hazardous than those containing chromium compounds, which are often carcinogenic.

Safety

 * Potassium manganate (VII) (permanganate) is a strong oxidiser, and is corrosive, wear gloves while handling it (it will also stain skin and clothing).
 * Sodium hydrogen sulphite (sodium bisulphite) is an irritant—wear gloves while handling it.
 * Concentrated hydrochloric acid is corrosive and toxic—wear gloves while handling it, and be sure to wash your gloves and your hands after handling it.
 * Methylbenzene (toluene) is a flammable liquid, is toxic, and its vapours are narcotic—no flames will be allowed in lab, wear gloves while handling it, and avoid breathing its vapours.

Method
Day 1: Preparation of benzoic acid.

In a 100 cm³ round bottom flask (this will keep liquid to less than half of the capacity of the reaction vessel), mix the following:
 * 3.0 g of KMnO4 (Use caution not to get on skin)
 * About 0.7 g of methylbenzene (about 0.8 cm³ liquid)
 * 35 g (cm³) of water.

Reflux (with a few added anti-bumping granules) the reaction mixture for up to 4 hours.

Refluxing for less time than this may result in left-over manganate (VII). Because of the volatility of methylbenzene, efficient cooling of the reflux condenser is necessary.
 * C6H5CH3 + 2 KMnO4 → C6H5OOK + 2 MnO2 + H2O + KOH

STOP, and leave your apparatus until the next lab period for purification.

Day 2: Separation of benzoic acid

Use suction filtration in a Büchner funnel (filter the hot solution, but do not wash with hot or cold water). Collect the filtrate (the liquid that passes the filter).

The insoluble MnO2 will be retained by the filter, while the filtrate is collected in the suction flask. It can be thrown away.

If the filtrate is still purple (indicating MnO4- ion is still present) transfer the filtrate to a new flask and cool on ice if it is still hot.

Slowly add small amounts of solid sodium hydrogen sulphite (NaHSO3 ) to reduce any remaining permanganate ion.

Be careful because the reaction between sodium hydrogen sulphite and potassium manganate (VII) is highly exothermic (heat released).

When no more purple colour is present (the mixture will be a brownish suspension), you have added enough sodium hydrogen sulphite.

When the purple colour is no longer present, centrifuge the suspension for 5 minutes at 3-4000 rpm. (The MnO2 formed at this stage is too fine to be filtered efficiently). Centrifugation will cause the precipitate to form a pellet and the rest of the solution can be decanted carefully.

If the solution is not colourless (it is still purple in colour) you will need to add more hydrogen sulphite and repeat the centrifugation in order to produce a clear solution (a slight brownish hue is acceptable, but it must not be purple).

Put the clear and colourless solution (a slight brownish colour is acceptable) in the ice bath. Acidify the mixture by adding about 2.5 cm³ of concentrated HCl. Add the acid drop by drop until a white precipitate of benzoic acid is formed. (It may redissolve if not enough acid has been added). As few as 4-5 drops may be enough to make the solution acidic, and initiate the formation of solid material. Adding more acid will not affect your results, as you cannot add too much acid.

 * C6H5COOK + KOH + 2 HCl → C6H5COOH + H2O + 2 KCl

Collect the precipitated organic product using vacuum filtration and a Büchner funnel. You can use small amounts of cold water to wash the solid material and to remove the solid from the crystallisation container, prior to drying on a watch glass.

The solid product will be stored in the drying oven until the next lab period for recrystallisation.

Stop and store your solid material until the next lab period for purification. If you were not able to produce solid material during this lab period, you can store your sample until the next lab period.

Day 3: Recrystallisation and analysis of the benzoic acid

The purification method involves recrystallisation. It is necessary to select an appropriate solvent in which A solvent which meets these criteria for this experiment is water.
 * 1) the benzoic acid is very soluble at high temperatures but sparingly soluble at low temps, and...
 * 2) either; impurities are insoluble at all temps, or....
 * 3) impurities are soluble at all temps

Example recrystallisation method
This is an example of how the work might be recorded. Repeat this experiment – or improve on it if you feel able to. Note that not all data are recorded for you (the volume of hot water used, for example).

Benzoic acid was collected in a beaker (250 cm³).

A small quantity of water was poured into the beaker and the mixture brought to the boil over a Bunsen flame. The mixture was stirred to encourage dissolving.

Not all of the benzoic acid dissolved. A little more water was added, keeping the mixture stirred and simmering. The process was repeated until all of the benzoic acid appeared to dissolve.

The mixture was then filtered quickly through a pre-heated Buchner funnel. Any insoluble impurities remained on the paper as the residue.

The filtrate was cooled on ice and this caused most of the benzoic acid to crystallise. Soluble impurities were left in solution.

The mixture was again filtered at the pump, this time while cold. The residue on the filter is the purified benzoic acid.

This residue was washed by running a little deionised water over it in order to remove the salt solution. Running the pump for a short while after filtration encourages drying of the residue.

The residue was then carefully scraped off the filter paper onto a watch glass and allowed to dry in the oven at 60 oC. When dry, the final product was weighed.

Results

Mass of benzoic acid at start 4.00 g

Mass of benzoic acid as product 3.50 g

Discussion
Analyse the benzoic acid by determining the melt temperature. Compare your observed value to the literature value. Determine a percentage yield based on the limiting reagent (methylbenzene).

Show the oxidation state of the methyl carbon of the methylbenzene, the carbonyl carbon of the acid, and for the Mn in both the permanganate ion and the MnO2.

You may wish to record other details of the experiment which do not naturally fall in to any of the other categories e.g. mistakes which may have occurred; some theory which is new to you; some interesting application or detail which you may wish to record for future reference etc.

=References=


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User talk:Lukahn

Why are you copying a magazine onto wikibooks? -- SB_Johnny | talk 10:20, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, a few months ago I wound up emailing Nintendo Power asking if they would mind if I tried to transcribe older Nintendo Power volumes into a wiki format, the response being that so long as the copyright law where I am would allow it, there shouldn't be any reason why not (hence the copyrights on Page pages), and Wikia.com didn't really seem to work as well as WikiBooks would. Lukahn 14:37, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It's really not good material for wikibooks... but it might be good material for strategy wiki (they can "import", meaning bring the pages over with all changes, so your work so far won't go to waste!). -- SB_Johnny | talk 00:15, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Certainly sounds doable, I'll leave it up to you guys in the VFD. Lukahn 00:19, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It's definitely going to be deleted... I'll make sure it's kept intact until you have a chance to talk to the guys at strategywiki (I'm an admin, so I can undelete if there's problems with the move). -- SB_Johnny | talk 00:32, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

StrategyWiki
Hi Lukahn. SB Johnny is correct, your work would be welcome at StrategyWiki The only caveat is that we would prefer that the transcribing be applied to each particular game's guide and not as part of a magazine transcription. For example, you started with Issue 37 which contains an article about Lemmings. We would like to see that article appear as part of the Lemming's strategy guide and not as "Nintendo Power Issue 37 pages x through y." You can create an index to each of the articles as they appear in Nintendo Power, but that would be secondary to the fact that the articles themselves appear in the proper location, and can conceivably be edited by other users, and thus not preserved as a transcription. I realize this may run counter to your goal of preserving the magazines, but we work very hard at maintaining the format and consistency of every contribution so that users of StrategyWiki can find content reliably. That being said, we are flexible and are willing to help new users with their plans, and we would welcome you aboard. Procyon 68.33.196.96 02:06, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Lukahn


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Transwiki:AutoCAD Layers

What are Layers in AutoCAD
When an Architect has to make a building drawing, the Architect may not want to show all portions of the building at once, say if he wants to concentrate on making construction drawings of one portion. The layer will then overlap if neccessary on the other layer. For example, Layers of Electrical wires may overlap the cement wall etc.

Organising Data
An important thing to realise about AutoCAD is that it is not some kind of digital drawing board. A lot of inexperienced users approach the program as if it was MS Paint for engineers, and end up creating horribly thought out and disorganised drawings that  can cause no end of strife and frustration for those who may later be required to work  with the files. Not only can badly created drawings cause ulcers to other AutoCAD users, they make it a lot easier for design flaws to sneak into the process. A little bit of preplanning and some attention to good draughting practice might be the difference  between a painless efficient project and a messy expensive rebuild.

The most important thing to understand is that AutoCAD does not, strictly speaking, create "drawings" in the classic sense of the word. The user should not consider themselves to be making pictures or creating images. A much more useful and accurate way of thinking about an AutoCAD drawing file is as being a database full of  information. The AutoCAD program allows the user to view and edit this information through a graphical interface. Thus, when drawing a line between two points, realise that you are entering two coordinates into your database. So if you want a line that links the points 200,500 and 600,1200, than those should be the values you use. Do not, under any circumstances, just scribble down a line in a place that "looks" right. What kind of database user are you to be inserting 199.9813 when you mean 200? If you want one line to begin where a previous one ends, then ensure they contact at EXACTLY the  same point. You can use the "Object Snaps" feature to make this work properly, and there is no excuse for creating drawings that contain elements that look like they line up  until you zoom in to micrometer scales and discover why those polylines weren't joining correctly or those hatches weren't applying properly etc.

The Layers Window
The LAYERS window should be the hub around which any moderately well thought out drawing should revolve. It is through the layers window that all data is organised and controlled. A layer can be thought of as being a transparent sheet overlaying the drawing board. You can have as many as you wish. It is extremely useful to separate as much data as possible onto seperate layers. It allows you to have numerous "drawings" all existing together in the one file. When a layer is "turned off" all the information that was on that layer becomes invisible.

The Layers window can be opened by either hitting the layers button on the toolbar or by typing LAYER or LA at the command line. For a new drawing, the only layer available is the layer 0. This is a special layer which is required in all drawings. It is bad drawing practice to create linework on this layer. It should be used only for creating the componants of blocks and inserting xrefs. (More on these later). New layers can be created by hitting the "New Layer" button. By default, Autocad will name new layers "Layer1", "Layer2" etc. It is advisable to rename the layer to match the content that will be drawn on it, eg. BRICKWORK, STORMWATER_PIPES, STORMWATER_MANHOLES etc.

ByLayer
An extremely important aspect of the layers window are the columns for Color, Linetype and Lineweight. Suppose you create a new layer, and call it STORMWATER. Next you might select the color value of this layer and set it to Blue. Upon hitting OK and returning to the drawing, you might start constructing linework. You will notice that the layers toolbar has several dropdown boxes in it, again showing color, linetype and lineweight. If all is well in the world, the words ByLayer should be written in all these boxes. This means that if you have a line on the layer STORMWATER whose color is set to ByLayer, it will automatically be Blue. If you reenter the layers window and change the Color of STORMWATER to something else, everything on the layer whose color is set to ByLayer will automatically change. It is possible to set the color of an object to something other than ByLayer, by selecting the object and than opening the color dropdown box on the Layers toolbar. This is very rarely recommended though. Think about it. Suppose you are drawing lots of pipes all over your STORMWATER layer, and they are all showing up Blue. Now suppose that there is one particular pipe that you want to appear green, because it is made of steel instead of plastic or something. The cheap and lazy option is to just change that objects color to green, but this means that you have given up some control over that line, because now you can no longer edit its color through the layers window. A good rule to bear in mind is, if something is diferent enough to deserve its own color, than it certainly deserves its own layer. In this case you would make a separate layer (colored green) called STORMWATER_STEEL upon which you would draw this one line. You would probably than rename the original layer to STORMWATER_PLASTIC, in order to retain consistency and to make it easier for someone else to understand the drawing.

Linetypes
Linetypes are a method of defining the pattern in which a particular line will print out, whether it be dashed or dotted or numerous other styles. The default setting is called Continuous, which just means a standard uninterupted line. However, cases will arise, in particular when printing in black and white, in which it will be necessary to differentiate between different pieces of linework. Defining linetype works exactly the same way as for color. It can be changed individually on an object by object basis but it is almost always preferable to leave everything set to ByLayer and adjust the settings through the layers window. By default, the only linetype available when you start AutoCAD is Continuous. To make others available, double click on Continuous in the layers window. The box that opens will have an option to "Load". The following window should provide a good list of extra linetypes which you can load as you need them. AutoCAD doesn't load them all by default to keep file size minimal. An important aspect of linetypes is scale. All lines have a property called linetype scale, which by default is set to 1. However different linetypes may be defined in different ways. For example a dashed line may have gaps that are 100 units apart and nearby dotted line may have been defined with gaps of only 10. It would be necessary to change the linetype scale of the dotted line to 10 to maintain a degree of consistancy throughout the drawing. Just to confuse things, there is another variable called LTSCALE that effects linetype scale in the drawing at large. It is changed by typing LTSCALE at the command line. By default it is set to 1. Changes to this value are on top of changes to the object linetype scales, so if a line has its linetype scale set to 20 and LTSCALE is set to 10, the line will appear to have a scale of 200. The advantage of this is it allows you to have the same line appearing in different viewports at different scales without the linetype scale distorting.

title: Transwiki:AutoCAD Layers


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Topfield 5800/TAP Groups EPG/Jags

Jags EPG v3.0 Pre-Beta 5
This TAP is one of the main EPG replacement TAPs, it adds functionality over the built in EPG and is not dependent on any other TAPS, although it can make use of the "DescriptionExtender 1.4" TAP

Jags EPG is also able to collect EPG data for use by MyStuff.

Since the new July 2006 “Bastille Day” firmware Jags has been less stable and the developer (Jag) will address the reported issues as soon as he can (he is currently moving house & job).

Users have reduced instability by one or more of the following:
 * uninstalling DescriptionExtender (changing option 52 Description extender support has no effect)
 * option 49. "EPG data base: background scan interval" -> a larger scan interval e.g.60
 * manually delete the EPG buffer
 * reducing the memory Jags uses by limiting the number of channels scanned
 * Using the memory watcher TAP to help tune the settings
 * opt 47 No of channels with extended info
 * opt 48 Max events per channel
 * reducing the number of other TAPS used

Good new behaviour caused by the July 2006 “Bastille Day” firmware is that the native EPG buffer is populated much more efficiently so Jags only needs a brief visit to each channel in order to sort its own EPG data out. Previously it was necessary to set Jags to scan each channel for maybe 90 seconds, but now a mere 5 seconds is reported to be enough.

title: Topfield 5800/TAP Groups EPG/Jags


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Topfield 5800/TAP Groups EPG/MyStuff

Feature Requests

MyStuff forum index
This is an Index for forum thread MyStuff 4.54 The current forum threads for My Stuff are here ''' TAPs

Many recordings of the same episode - modify your CT 66648 weekly recurring timers - not recommended 66978 Some recordings only visible in native archive - some can be recovered, some not 67588 Can MyStuff create a control timer from a previous recording - no but MeiSearch does this 67634 also added to change log 67737 recycle bin function - It's on the road map, but no date yet 67731 Does this TAP work on the Satellite boxes e.g. the TF5500 - maybe 67976 QuickJump keys in MS are inaccurate 67979 two or more consecutive recordings on the same channel - discussion 68289 73025 80593 80771 and in between Request to add date to every file 68549 Request anything with a Film Genre goes in a folder called Films - Under consideration 69101 keep Radio Times info & supplement with late changes gathered by eit2mei - no 69738 Slow archive display - Showing the Toppy archive will make the next MyStuff archive slow 71234 recommendations for EPG data source - Answer from Hyde 71567 usage of coloured buttons for jumping should be *removed* - Discussion 71628 coloured buttons don't jump in live - by design 71689 not waking from standby - being discussed in the bugs thread 72091 when swapping between currently recording prog & another prog, recording is played, not live TV - feature 72686 Set a number of programmes to play automatically - mark in archive 72687 What is MyStuff_Extended_Info - a PC app from BB that converts an xmltv format xml file into a MyStuff.mei file 72796 What is meant by WSSKiller support - If you use the WSSKiller tap 72844 & 73112 How do you get the : symbol - copy from EPG 72912 perhaps the search could ignore all punctuation in searches or epg data - Implemented in subsequent version thanks to BB 72981 Comparison with some Improbox features 73010 73045

done up to page 46

Started indexing again from page 93

where i can download the manual/instructions - www.toppy.org.uk/~chunkywizard 78598 what time of day does RT update its XML Feed - 07:00 to 07:05 78604 Are development versions of MS available - No that would create too much feedback 78803 Why is MS source code not available, are you planning to charge - No & no 78810 Had you thought of releasing the manual before NG - Wait & see 78832 Incorrect time remaining on a partially viewed recording - Fix in development 78847 Cross-channel padding is only ever removed if that's the only way to allow recordings to occur 78862 is it possible to use logos with Mystuff - yes in next version 78866 MS set to not remove cross channel padding, but still removing it - maybe bug need more info 78899 80690 Can I adjust an end time on a recording once it has started - In native archive select recording & press record 78990 Can't find the MyStuff TAP download - CW has it while BobD's site is down 79065 Memory disappearing over time - maybe Altair or playing multiple recordings 79405 or eit2mei 80102 Reboot on missing "move to" folder - Fix in development 79507 Does MS ignore radio timers set via native EPG - MS doesn't get involved, the recordings work as you would expect 79843 Ch+ / Ch- can't get past the 'gaps' that appear because channels recording on other muxes - Fix in development 79879 Discovering source of memory leak - install the MemoryWatcher TAP 79893 Time jumping does not seem accurate - may not be possible to be that accurate with the time jumps 79923 Wrong name in MS archive for radio recordings - Fix in development 80160 Problem with favorites files created in UNIX faq228 - Fix in development 80158 problem renaming files - The names you see in MyStuff Archive are programme names, not file names 80284 Can I make the CT search quicker by restricting channels or time - Yes 80292 Is it possible to assign numbers to the channels after re-ordering - You can't as such...but 80569 in MSNG are the channel logos something that you'll provide - yes 80569 in MSNG would it be possible to have different activation keys for the new views - We have introduced something we have called (at the moment) chaining 80581 in MSNG will these chaining options be available for the archive key - At the moment, no 80592 Can MS set which tuner is used for a recording, like Jags - No 80751 -> two or more consecutive recordings on the same channel - discussion 68289 73025 80593 80771 and in between in MSNG will it support Radio - no it doesn't sorry. It's slated for the next version after the one we are currently working on 80811 It looks promising for inclusion of tuner control in a future version of MyStuff 80847 How do I get MS to show more info in the EPG & Now&Next extended descriptions - install "Description Extender" 80885 getting the recordings onto some mobile medium - link 80906 Time displayed in MS & the time on the front pannel differ - unplug 80923 Overlapping timers discussion 80926 mobile/wap interface & request for detect, parse and set timers from a file & export too 81093 Pressing 0 changes aspect ratio, this can be anoying - some taps prevent it 81384 Memory leak maybe related to total CTs - not proved 81463 re TEXT and jumping back to start - TAP load order 81628 If all 70 timer slots are in use other TAPs cant set timers - We may consider adding the max to set as an option then at some point 81743 Freeview Playback EPG info in MyStuff - may need firmware update, but may not 81800 MyStuff 4.54e uses the entries it makes in "MEI Archive" folder to ensure programme description is correct - but in ProgramFiles\MEI 81844 up to here

title: Topfield 5800/TAP Groups EPG/MyStuff


text:
User talk:David Edgar

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 11:42, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

And ...
Anyone who alpha cats the cookbook really does deserve a welcome in my view! All the best -- Herby talk thyme 11:43, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Redirect
Done - feel free to look at the page to see how it happens. Most of the things I know come from copying others! -- Herby talk thyme 12:04, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * OK don't copy me that wasn't a good edit as I did the talk page. However we need to get the content of the page you mentioned onto the Cuisine of one then we can do a redirect - cheers -- Herby  talk thyme 12:07, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Right, looking carefully at this the Cuisine of page seems to have everything the other one does so I have blanked the German Cuisine page and done the redirect. Thanks and let me know if I can help -- Herby  talk thyme 12:14, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks!
 * Now I'm thinking that all these articles in Category:Cuisines should be ordered alphabetically by country, rather than so many of them being under 'C'. --David Edgar 17:34, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I understand what you mean - worth posting your views on Talk:Cookbook maybe? -- Herby talk thyme 18:12, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:David Edgar


text:
User:Nick Zoghbi

Hello

Not much here so far.

title: User:Nick Zoghbi


text:
Template:Hcidebox

Do not edit this template unless you know what you are doing.

/Templates/Boxes

title: Template:Hcidebox


text:
How to Be a Good Camp Counselor

So you've just been hired to work in a summer camp and you can't wait to get started. Here's what you should know to have a great summer.

Golden Rules

 * Your job starts before you arrive. Know your job, prepare well, get some rest and most of all, know how to get there!
 * Your campers will want to do almost everything you do. They get influenced very easily, especially at younger ages.  Jump out the window, and they will follow.  Finish your meal, and they will finish theirs.  Watch out for body language.
 * Ask not what your camp can do for your campers, ask what you can do for them.
 * Some say politics and camp doesn't mix. Try not to discuss these things in detail.  A bit of joking about your country might be ok, but don't go any further.  It can cost you your reputation or more.  Even a very political person can forget about all that stuff for a summer and enjoy camp even better.
 * Whatever you do, DON'T GET FIRED! It never happened to anyone I knew or worked with, but it's not the same as getting fired from your fast food restaurant part-time job.  It's bad for you, the staff, and especially the campers.  Know your rules carefully and take your job seriously.
 * Have fun. the more you have fun, the more the kids will have fun.
 * Sleep in! Every occasion you have to sleep early or wake up late in weekends off for example should be used.  You really need your rest, especially after 5 or 6 weeks.
 * Never make assumptions. 8 year olds don't necessarily know that they should use soap, and your fourth week or fourth session campers need to be reminded of the routine all over again, cause they weren't there in the first week.
 * Establish expectations on the first night. Failure to do so will often result in your campers breaking the rules for the rest of the session.
 * Show lots of camp spirit. The more enthusiastic you are, the more fun it is for everyone

Quotes
Here are a few quotes to make your job seem more worthwhile.
 * "Children are the world's most valuable resource. They're the only hope for the future."
 * "Firefighters save lives, cops prevent crime, doctors heal the sick, but it's camp counselors that are the real heroes."

Associations

 * The American Camp Association accredits camps which adhere to a set of national standards.
 * The Canadian Camping Association is an association of camps across Canada. Accreditation of camps in Canada happens at the provincial level.
 * The Christian Camp and Conference Association connects Christian camping professionals and associations around the world.
 * The Ontario Camping Association accredits camps in Ontario, Canada
 * The Quebec Camping Association accredits camps in Quebec, Canada
 * The International Camping Fellowship connects camping professionals and associations around the world.

title: How to Be a Good Camp Counselor


text:
E-government/Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges her debt of gratitude to the following:

 * Mr. Tom Parks, ICT Program Officer of The Asia Foundation; Dr. Clay Wescott, Senior Public Administration Specialist of the Asian Development Bank; and Mr. Khoong Chan Meng, Managing Principal (Management Consulting for e-Government) of Atos Origin (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., for reviewing this primer and providing invaluable and critical insight.
 * Boying Lallana, for getting me started.
 * Rudy, Joey, Edwin, Zorah, and Pat, for their diligence and patience. Managing this project with you as my teammates has made my life easier.
 * Bi Tinio, for helping me escape when I needed it most.
 * Katch, for her invaluable assistance in helping me run the day-to-day activities of Digital Philippines.
 * Joe & Ary Pascual, for teaching me excellence.

title: E-government/Acknowledgements


text:
E-government/About the Author

About the Author
Patricia J. Pascual is Director for Research and Policy Advocacy of Digital Philippines, a think tank providing research and technical assistance to industry associations, advocacy groups, and government to facilitate business/investment and assist government in developing and promoting the Philippine ICT industry. She is co-author of e-Government in the Philippines: Benchmarking Against Global Best Practices and SMEs and e-Commerce in Three Philippine Cities, both published in April 2002.

title: E-government/About the Author


text:
User talk:Johnruble~enwikibooks

todo:
 * fill out the AMD section of X86_Assembly/X86_Family (K# chips), maybe add Cyrix, via, others?

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Johnruble. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Johnruble~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:17, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnruble~enwikibooks


text:
Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Esophagus

Radiation Toxocity: Esophagus

Etiology

 * Dysphagia = disordered eating potentially caused by a number of mechanisms, both neurologic and non-neurologic
 * Odynophagia = painful swallowing
 * Swallowing process includes three phases coordinated from the brainstem
 * Oral phase: bolus processing, propelling food from oral cavity to oropharynx. Voluntary process.
 * Pharyngeal phase: propelling food from oropharynx downward. Closure of nasopharynx via soft palate, closure of airway via epiglottis, opening of upper esophageal sphincter. Involuntary process. Aspiration significant concern
 * Esophageal phase: peristaltic movement to propel food into stomach. Lower esophageal sphincter opened
 * Dysphagia may be caused by extrinsic compression of the esophagus, intrinsic narrowing of the esophagus, or disorders of the esophageal motility
 * Extrinsic compression: Cervical LND, gastric cancer
 * Intrinsic narrowing: Esophageal tumor, esophageal stricture
 * Dismotility: achalasia, esophageal spasm, scleroderma
 * Odynophagia suggests disruption of esophageal mucosa (inflammation) or muscle spasms
 * Infection, particularly candida and HSV
 * Pill esophagitis
 * Reflux esophagitis
 * Radiation esophagitis
 * Ulcerated neoplasm
 * Caustic agent (acid/alkali) ingestion
 * Infectious esophagitis
 * Bacteria rarely cause primary esophageal infection
 * Most common forms (frequently seen with concurrent chemotherapy: Candida, HSV
 * Immunosuppression-associated forms: CMV, HIV
 * Treatment:
 * Oral nystatin
 * Ketoconazole or fluconazole for more extensive involvement or if immunocompromized
 * Amphotericin B if evidence of systemic spread
 * Radiation esophagitis
 * Acute reaction leads to inflammation, dysphagia and/or odynophagia, and dysmotility
 * Secondarily, patients can develop dehydration and weight loss
 * Rarely, patients may develop obstruction, perforation, or fistulas
 * Late toxicity usually involves fibrosis leading to stenosis
 * Treatment is typically symptomatic

Emami Data

 * Comment in text: information leading to these estimates was less than adequate
 * Acute vs. late toxicity was not specified

Acute
Incidence overall: 5-13%. Incidence with chemo/RT: 18-46%.

RT with concurrent chemotherapy:
 * MDACC, 2006 (2000-2003) - PMID 16839700 — "Risk factors for acute esophagitis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy." Wei X et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Sep 1;66(1):100-7.
 * Retrospective. 215 pts treated with concurrent chemo/RT (127 also with induction CT) and 3D-CRT. Most used carbo/taxol. Median dose 63.5 Gy in 35 fractions. RT was AP/PA followed by oblique off-cord fields.
 * 7% - Grade 0, 27% - Grade 1, 45% - Grade 2, 20% - Grade 3, 0.4% - Grade 4.
 * Predictors for grade 3 or worse acute toxicity: On univariate - mean dose to esophagus, aV15 (absolute volume > 15 Gy, in mL) through aV45, rV10 (relative volume > 10 Gy, in %) through rV45.  Only rV20 was found to be significant on multivariate analysis.
 * Conclusion: keep rV20 < 45% and mean esophageal dose < 28 Gy to keep risk of grade 3 or higher esophagitis < 15%.

 * Werner-Wasik RedJ 2000 - PMID 11020565

 * Werner-Wasik 1999 - PMID 10760427

 * Maguire PD Red J 1999 - PMID 10477012

 * PMID 15890421 - Belderbos J
 * V35

 * PMID 15001251 - Bradley J
 * A55, V60

 * PMID 15849822 - Qiao WB
 * Dmax 60

 * PMID 12527046 - Singh AK
 * Dmax > 58

 * Michigan, 2005 PMID 16256230 -- "Normal tissue complication probability modeling for acute esophagitis in patients treated with conformal radiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer." (Chapet O, Radiother Oncol. 2005 Nov;77(2):176-81.)
 * Retrospective. 101 inoperable NSCLC. Outcome: Grade 2+ esophagitis
 * Toxicity: 16% G2-3, 0% G4-5.
 * LKB model: TD50 = 51 Gy (1STD = 40-63 Gy), n = 0.44, m = 0.32 (suggests wider dose dispersion around 51 Gy).
 * Volumetric thresholds (Grade 2-3): V40 = 36.6 Gy, V50 = 31.0 Gy, V60 = 23.7 Gy, Max dose = 73.6 Gy

 * Takeda et al (Japan), 2005 - PMID 15936536 — "Dosimetric correlations of acute esophagitis in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jul 1;62(3):626-9.
 * 35 pts, NSCLC + SCLC. Daily fractions of 1.8-2 Gy. Most received concurrent chemo.
 * Grade 1 & 2 acute esophagitis: V35 (mean was 28%)

 * Langer et al, 1997
 * Grade 2 or worse: Esophageal length > 16 cm

 * Bradley et al, 2004
 * Grade 2 or worse: surface area > 55 Gy; V60

 * Patel et al, 2004
 * 1.2 Gy BID
 * Grade 2 or worse: V50

 * Werner-Wasik, 2000
 * Grade 3 or worse: hyperfractionated worse than once daily

 * Singh, 2003
 * Grade 3 or worse: max dose > 58 Gy

 * PMID 15936540 -- "Anatomically-correct" dosimetric parameters may be better predictors for esophageal toxicity than are traditional CT-based metrics." (Kahn D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005)
 * Conclusion: "The inclusion of corrections, based on anatomic realities, to DVH-based dosimetric parameters may provide dosimetric parameters that are better correlated with clinical outcomes than are traditional DVH-based metrics."

In reirradiation:
 * PMID 15936541 -- "Combination of longitudinal and circumferential three-dimensional esophageal dose distribution predicts acute esophagitis in hypofractionated reirradiation of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated in stereotactic body frame." (Poltinnikov IM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005)
 * Median RT dose was 32 Gy with a median fraction size of 4 Gy
 * Conclusion: "Reirradiation using hypofractionated three-dimensional radiotherapy and SBF immobilization is an effective strategy for palliation of symptoms in selected patients with recurrent NSCLC. The length of the esophagus in the RT field does not predict for AE. However, an increasing number of EDs displaying the combination of longitudinal and circumferential three-dimensional dose distribution along the esophagus is a valuable predictor for AE."

Management

 * ''Please see the Esophagitis Supportive Care page for further information

title: Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Esophagus


text:
Budget Watch Collecting/Russian Watches

Collecting Russian watches can be a rewarding experience, and at a very low cost. I always have 5-10 of them at a time and have only had one fail. The company name, Vostok (sometimes spelled Boctok), which means The East in Russian, stands for its location outside Moscow. Founded in 1942 to supply watches to Russian military forces the company still makes a tank of a watch. Many of them are now automatic with over 30 jewels, and are very reliable, but the best accuracy is with the windup mechanical 17-jewel versions. These can be purchased for as little as $10 brand new from buyers in the USA and abroad. I use eBay for purchasing and leave the geographical locations open as to worldwide, thus giving me access to foreign watches. These are usually from Russian neighbors and will cost about $20 for watch and shipping. The number of watch dials is astounding: tankers, parachutists, submariners, coast guard, and so on. The list is practically endless and the joy of finding a really rare one is great! The watches are made of brass covered with chrome, have a two-piece screwdown back, a gasket inside, and an easily accessible adjusting mechanism. Most Vostoks have screwdown crowns and a wobbly end crown which takes some getting used to when winding. I have never had one fail and it is a lot of fun to own something that few of your friends will have. The only real problem with Vostoks is that you can hardly get enough of them! I always quickly sell them on EBay because I buy carefully. There are individual sellers and some online traders who charge way too much for the Vostoks but you will soon discover this for yourself. Best sellers are individuals. Crystals are easily cleaned by rubbing with--toothpaste! That's right...toothpaste works great, and brasso as well. All band widths are 18mm which is a common size and a plain black leather one always looks great. Vostok makes some watches with branded metal bracelets but they are rare. Luminescense is usually not good except in the very newish Vostok Europes which are a bit more expensive and very good looking. These watches sell for the over $140 range and if you can find one for less, buy it now as they are great looking and highly accurate bargains.

Vostok was established in 1942, when the Second Moscow Watch factory was evacuated to Chistopol. Very rugged, often with themed dials.

Rakita (Rocket)/Pobeda Maker of civilian watches in Petrodvoretz, near St. Petersburg.

Poljot--First Moscow Watch Factory. Started by assembling foreign parts, eventually bought the defunct American Duber Hampton factory, and imported the machinery to Russia. Sekonda was the export brand. In England, Sekonda had the market position of Timex in the US, except with jeweled movements. Eventually the Sekonda name was used on other Russian watches, some Asian watches, and finally it lost all ties to Russia. Many Poljot watches are based on Swiss designs--In some cases by purchasing Swiss equipment, in some cases by merely copying a Swiss design.

Slava--Second Moscow Watch Factory, another making watches for civilian use. First movements were based on a French design.

Molnija--Primarily pocket watches

Markings

USSR--More than likely a watch for the export market, from before the fall of communism CCCP--Domestic watch, pre-fall Russia--Post-fall

title: Budget Watch Collecting/Russian Watches


text:
Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation/About the Author

About the Author
Dr. Harris is a development consultant living in Hong Kong and specializing in ICTs for rural development in Asia. He has a PhD in Information Systems from the City University of Hong Kong. In 1997 he started working with rural communities in the developing world, helping them to get connected to the Internet and to make good use of ICTs for their own development needs. He has since been involved with rural IT projects in many Asian countries, working for several United Nations agencies and the World Bank. He was the founding editor of the Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries. The Roger Harris Associates web site is at http://rogharris.org.


text:
Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation/APDIP

APDIP
The Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (APDIP) is an initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that aims to promote the development and application of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for poverty alleviation and sustainable human development in the Asia-Pacific region. It does so through three core programme areas, namely, Policy Development and Dialogue; Access; and Content Development and Knowledge Management.

In collaboration with National Governments, APDIP seeks to assist national and regional institutions in Asia-Pacific through activities that involve awareness raising and advocacy, building capacities, promoting ICT policies and dialogue, promoting equitable access to tools and technologies, knowledge sharing, and networking. Strategic public-private sector partnerships and opportunities for technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC) are APDIP’s key building blocks in implementing each programme activity.


text:
User talk:193.113.57.167

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it. -- Herby talk thyme 16:58, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, sometimes my PC loggs me in automaticaly & sometimes it dosent & I get confused.. :-) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mike.hinson (talk • contribs) 17:02, 2 Nov 2006  (UTC)

No worries Mike - I wouldn't have reverted your earlier one tho if it hadn't been an IP. I'll be more careful in future!

title: User talk:193.113.57.167


text:
User talk:Mike.hinson

OK - do it properly then!!

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 17:11, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Welcome
Hi, This looks like a bit of a cut & paste, was there something specific you wanted to point out about my style or editing please?

Mike.hinson 17:38, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hey no way. It is a standard template used to "welcome" newbies (there one on my talk page too).  The idea is just to give a few pointer of places to look for info etc - no more no less.  I did reply to the IP address one as well BTW.  All the best -- Herby  talk thyme 17:42, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mike.hinson


text:
Wikibooks:Book of the month/December 2006 voting

The voting for the Book of the month for December 2006 is open from November 1st, 2006, and will close on November 30tt, 2006, 00:00 UTC. The book of the month will be featured on the main page of Wikibooks in November.

'''Closed. Any votes added will be reverted.'''

Nanotechnology
One of the best books we have to offer here at Wikibooks, it was started in 13 April 2006 by KristianMolhave.

Votes:
 * 1) --Panic 15:47, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) - nice book - -- Herby  talk thyme 18:12, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Klingoncowboy4 20:06, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) KristianMolhave 22:43, 7 November 2006 (UTC) Well, I'd better vote for it myself too :-)
 * 5) JakobKjelstrup 16:28, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) User:Abnerian 9:26, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I don't like this book. Compare it to Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine. Nanotechnology consists in major part of external links. There are no figures and a small amount of text. --Derbeth talk 22:53, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The book is under construction and images are being uploaded. It will take long time to write this book because of its broad scope. The status of the individual pages is indicated with the icons on the main page. I'm happy it has been nominated by Panic2k4, and hope it will make more people contribute. So, have a look again one day and then I hope you will see thats its growing quite steadily and maybe even like it :-) KristianMolhave 08:14, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I wish you the best, but when it comes to the current voting, I think that we should choose book that is the best at the moment. Currently Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine is far better, we should leave Nanotechnology for next month. --Derbeth talk 09:12, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Raising Chickens
Since no book made it to this month (the only one with three or more votes won, again) I will re-nominate this book and see how it goes.

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 17:35, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * 1) How many times have you nominated this? Ugluk 03:09, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

How To Assemble A Desktop PC
It has been well over a year and I think that my chicken book will go again as a token openent. Klingoncowboy4 23:21, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 23:21, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Herby  talk thyme 13:12, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine
Lots of figures, schemes and tables. Has print and PDF version. All images have proper license. The book is using proper naming. --Derbeth talk 10:32, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Votes:
 * 1) Herby  talk thyme 13:12, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 18:55, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) 24.24.109.126 02:01, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) MasterSheep 02:02, 18 November 2006 (UTC)  Ooops, disregard that previous vote. Forgot to log in X_X
 * 5) Ugluk 03:10, 23 November 2006 (UTC)


text: Wikibooks:Book of the month/November 2006


text:
Wikibooks:Collaboration of the Month/December 2006 voting

Voting Rules
The following are the rules and conditions for voting for the Collaboration of the Month:

 * 1) Only registered users with 20 or more edits to their name may vote.
 * 2) You may vote under as many nominations as you wish, however, you may only vote for each book itself once.
 * 3) Sign your vote with a number sign and four tildes, #~, after the most previous vote under the book's nomination. Unsigned votes will be removed.
 * 4) Any nomination which receives 3 or more votes in one month will automatically be renominated the next month if it is not chosen.
 * 5) If you wish to include a short comment for your vote, then you may do so. Make sure that if you leave such a comment, that you are also voting for that page.
 * 6) Do not post objection votes as these will have no effect on the final tally.
 * 7) Voting will end at 00:00 UTC on the first day of each month. In essence, when a new month begins voting ends. Any votes added after this time will be discarded.
 * 8) The nomination with most votes will be chosen as the Collaboration of the Month. In case of a tie, the older Wikibook will be chosen.

Shaving
(Automatically renominated with 4 votes for November)

Votes: Comments:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 17:43, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Easyas12c 18:03, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Dilaudid 00:49, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Xania 00:08, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Dolive35 15:26, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The book is a guide to a simple everyday task. This makes the book both usefull and editable to many. It has a clear structure which makes appending easy. The book contains already the most basic information regarding the subject, but has been lacking attention for a while. --Easyas12c 20:07, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Great book guys. Xania 00:08, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Italian Language Course
(Automatically renominated with 4 votes for November)

Votes:
 * 1) Eyu100 00:19, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Jlenthe 03:48, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Comments

 * bxy says: qbj and i will make a Chinese translation of the book. Starting next week. Currently it's just us. Since the book is in very early stage, we think we can handle that. I know nothing about Italian and wants to learn a bit, qbj, went to Italy last month and will stay for 2 years began to learn the language. So this would be great fun for us. The Chinese translation will be hosted here P.S I jsut realized a few months back there was a huge celebration about Italy Year in China, meaning much more cultural exchanges and during that peraticluar period of time. high-ranking officials pay state visits repectively. So, good timing.

How To Assemble A Desktop PC
It has been well over a year and I think that my chicken book will go again as a token openent. Klingoncowboy4 23:21, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 19:01, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Comments:


text: Wikibooks:Collaboration of the Month/November 2006


text:
Radiation Oncology/Online tools

Online Tools

Radiobiology
Linear Quadratic / BED / EQD Calculators:
 * 2 Gray Equivalent Calculator (Kathmandu, Nepal)
 * Gives 2 Gy equivalent dose at different α/β.
 * Site down: http://www.radiotherapy.com/calculate Radiotherapy Dose Calculator (radiotherapy.com) - BED, alpha-beta calculator (Java applet)
 * RBApp - BED, EQD2, alpha-beta calculator (Web App, Android, BlackBerry)
 * eLQ - linear quadratic calculator

Brachytherapy:
 * See "calculation tools" at: Radiation_Oncology/Cervix/Brachytherapy
 * e.g. HDR vs LDR BED calculations

Cancer: General

 * Memorial Sloan Kettering Nomograms
 * Cleveland Clinic Risk Calculators
 * Adjuvant Online (account required)

Cancer: Site Specific
Bladder Cancer
 * MSKCC Bladder Survival After Surgery

Breast Cancer
 * Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence
 * Invasive Disease
 * IBTR!- https://www.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/ibtr/
 * 10-year prediction of ipsilateral breast cancer recurrence after BCS and axilla evaluation, with and without RT
 * 2010: PMID 20048188 -- "Validation of a Web-Based Predictive Nomogram for Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence After Breast Conserving Therapy." (Sanghani M, JCO)
 * IBR - http://research.nki.nl/ibr/ibr/index.html
 * 10-yr prediction of ipsilateral breast recurrence free probability for RT w/ or w/o boost.
 * 2011: PMID 21821304 -- "Nomogram to predict ipsilateral breast relapse based on pathology review from the EORTC 22881-10882 boost versus no boost trial." (van Werkhoven, RO)
 * DCIS
 * MSKCC DCIS Recurrence Calculator - http://nomograms.mskcc.org/Breast/DuctalCarcinomaInSituRecurrencePage.aspx
 * Estimates 5 and 10 yr risks of ipsilateral recurrence after lumpectomy and different adjuvant therapy choices (eg RT, endocrine therapy)
 * 2010: PMID 20625132 -- "Nomogram for predicting the risk of local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ." (Rudloff, JCO)

 * Risk of Positive Nodes
 * Probability of Finding Additional Positive Nodes AFTER Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNBx):
 * MSKCC Additional Node Nomogram - http://nomograms.mskcc.org/Breast/BreastAdditionalNonSLNMetastasesPage.aspx
 * Predicts probability of finding more positive nodes on completion axillary dissection after positive SLNBx.
 * 2003: PMID14654469 -- A nomogram for predicting the likelihood of additional nodal metastases in breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel node biopsy." (Van Zee, ASO)
 * MDACC Additional Nodes WITHOUT Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy - http://www3.mdanderson.org/app/medcalc/bc_nomogram2/index.cfm?pagename=nsln
 * Predicts probability of finding more nodes on completion axillary dissection after positive SLNBx in patients who have NOT received neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
 * 2010: (Mittendorf, SABC)
 * MDACC Additional Nodes AFTER Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy - http://www3.mdanderson.org/app/medcalc/bc_nomogram/index.cfm?pagename=nsln
 * Predicts probability of finding more nodes on completion axillary dissection after positive SLNBx in patients who have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
 * 2008: PMID 18442039 -- "Factors Predicting Additional Disease in the Axilla in Patients with Positive Sentinel Nodes after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy." (Jeruss, Cancer)
 * Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (NCI) - risk of developing breast cancer
 * link
 * link

Cholangiocarcinoma
 * Oregon: Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, post-op RT

Colon Cancer
 * MSKCC Colon Cancer DFS After Surgery

Glioblastoma
 * EORTC Calculator

Gallbladder
 * Oregon Adjuvant RT

Lung Cancer
 * MSKCC Lung Cancer Risk After Smoking
 * Oregon Adjuvant RT for NSCLC

Oral Cavity Cancer
 * Cleveland Clinic Locoregional RFS - probability of 5-year LRRFS after surgery
 * Oregon Post-op RT

Pancreas
 * Oregon Adjuvant RT

Renal Cell
 * Please see the renal cell carcinoma page

Prostate
 * MSKCC Prostate Cancer Nomograms - multiple outcomes
 * PSA doubling time calculator:
 * RTOG - opens Excel spreadsheet
 * Bellera (PDF) - graph paper method
 * University of Michigan PSACalc - see PMID 19014779 "Determinants of Change in Prostate-Specific Antigen Over Time and Its Association With Recurrence After External Beam Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer in Five Large Cohorts." (Proust-Lima C, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Nov 1;72(3):782-91)
 * The Palpable Prostate blog - PSA Doubling Time. Provides a number of links to doubling time calculators
 * Doubling Time - by Roth V. - Graphs (linear) and computes doubling time
 * prostatecancerwatchfulwaiting.co.za - Excel spreadsheet. PSA Calculator. Graphs semi-log but only graphs PSA values > 1.0.

Sarcoma
 * MSKCC Sarcoma Survival After Surgery

Patient information
Cancer Survivorship
 * OncoLife - University of Pennsylvania
 * Create individualized survivorship plans of care based on the Institute of Medicine recommendations for cancer survivors.

About Radiation Oncology
 * RT Answers - American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO)
 * Information on radiation therapy written for patients by physicians and other members of the radiation oncology treatment team.

title: Radiation Oncology/Online tools


text:
Cookbook talk:Puff Pastry

(1) All of these recipes need elaboration

(2) Include the classical puff pastry method, which involves folding the butter in to form layers.

 * This page was just imported from wikipedia, so it shouldn't be judged as an actual "home-cooked" wikibooks cook page might be judged. If you know the classic method, please describe it! -- SB_Johnny | talk 00:28, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Too few flour in the recipe
The filo puff pastry recipe say:

 * 2 and ⅓ cups plain (non–self-raising) flour
 * Additional flour for dusting
 * 450 g butter, diced
 * 550 g butter
 * chilled water

Although it says "Additional flour for dusting in the second row. It seems that 2 1/2 cups of flour, less than 500g (5-6 cups for 1kg), mixed with 1 kg seems an error, unless more than 500 g is used to dust the dough.

Any idea of this point? Has anybody try this recipe to confirm the quantities? Can the second row say: Additional flour for dusting xxx g.

title: Cookbook talk:Puff Pastry


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Talk:Blender 3D: Blending Into Python/Cookbook

Please splitup Chapter Mesh Functions
The Chapter Mesh Functions mixes up code samples for NMESH and MESH. The two classes are diffrent, the coding is not compatible. For a fine cookbook these classes should be presented seperatly. The is no use of a NMESH-codesnipet, for someone that is looking for a snipet for the same job to be done with an MESH-Class. --Master ollio 19:16, 2 November 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Master ollio

hi you can meet me at |my userpage in German wiki --Master ollio 19:20, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Master ollio


text:
The Computer Revolution/Databases/Database Models

Hierarchical Databases
Hierarchical databases are the oldest database models. Unlike other models, they do not have a well documented history. The hierarchical database was the first one developed and therefore was commonly used in the first mainframe database management systems.They were developed out of the 1950's and 60's Information Management Systems. Many banks and insurance companies, as well as government departments and hospitals ( for inventory and accounting systems) still use them today.

The hierarchical database stores data in a series of records. These records have a set of field values attached to them. All instances of a specific record are collected together as a "record type". It uses "Parent Child Relationships" to create links between record types. It does this by using trees. However, it is only able to cope with one tree. As well, there can only be one parent per child, and no relationships among the child records are possible.

As an example, we could have a tree representing a university department, with subtrees representing staff members, students, courses, and facilities. We could have numerous department trees, but we could not have one employee working for more than one department. In order to do this, we would have to create two instances of the employee. Obviously, this would create inaccuracies when updating information, as the information might not be the same for all records. There is also the issue of data repetition in the various records.

A hierarchical database has a very structured form, as it allows no links between layers in different branches of the tree. Therefore, it is easy to use for adding, updating and deleting records.

Advantages of the Database

 * it is easy to design
 * it is cheap to maintain
 * it is easy to use
 * as all data are stored in a common database, it implies data sharing and security can be inforced
 * a certain degree of data independence can be maintained

Shortcomings of the Database
Currently this type of database is not utilized to its full potential.
 * The hierarchical database is inflexible to information, for example; in a college setting, students may have a variety of classes/courses, but the hierarchical database is going to show only one of them and to the database the others don't exist.
 * Relationships are difficult to implement in a hierarchical model.
 * Extensive programming activities required. Navigation inside the tree is complicated.
 * Difficult to solve the problem of single child with multiple parents
 * Difficult to navigate through: with the exception of the root record, all records have to be accessed through the parent.
 * Alteration of data is difficult due to rules governing the relationship of records.
 * It is simple and can not perform many to many correspondence

http://wwwdb.web.cern.ch/wwwdb/aboutdbs/classification/hierarchical.html

Network Databases
Types of networks

Wide area Network WAN - a communication network that covers a wide geographical area. i.e. long distance telephone companies

Metropolitan Area Network MAN - a communication network that covers a city or suburb. i.e. local telephone companies and many cell phone companies

Local Area Network LAN - connects computers and devices in a limited geographic area. i.e. universities

Home Area Network HAN - wired cable or wireless networks. i.e. computers, printers, VCR, TV, home security systems.

Personal Area Network PAN - slightly different from HAN, because it doesn't use wires, it uses short range wireless technology. i.e. cell phones, PDA's, MP3 players, bluetooth.

Charles Bachman invented the network database model.

The network database model is very similar to the hierarchical model. However, instead of using a single-parent tree hierarchy, the network model uses set theory to provide a tree-like hierarchy with the exception that the child tables were allowed to have more than one parent. This allowed the network database model to support many relationships.

When you picture a network database the look is more like several trees that share branches. Children can have multiple parents and parents can have multiple children.

Benefits of Network Database model
Some data are more commonly modeled with more than one parent per child,so the network model allowed the modeling of many relationships in data.

This type of data has functioning information within it, allowing insignificant entries to be dropped, newer entries to replace older ones, and, for the paranoid, protection against certain classes of attacked with more than one parent per child,so the network model allowed the modeling of many relationships in data.

General Services There is an online database to access clients, applicant, and jobs information. As well, about 24/7 access can through an Internet connection. In addition, online resume databases and Internet spiders can be accessed, too. Sharing,such as data, resources,information and research tools also works.

Research Services Having access to research staff and services. Also, people have choice of customized the level of the research.You can get assistance with screening candidates and references which people can check as well.

Technology Services Having firewall security and virus protection. Converse data, set-up system, and training are the benefits of network database. By this, maintenance of database and nightly backup are the advantages. People alse get round-the-clock technical support and assistance with registering domain names. Lastly, individuals can customize e-mail addresses.

Relational Database Model
A relational database is a database system in which any database file can be a component of more than one of the database's tables. It is also a database system in which the database is organized and accessed according to the relationships between data items without the need for any consideration of physical orientation and relationship. Relationships between data items are expressed by means of tables.

It is a database that maintains a set of separate, related files (tables), but combines data elements from the files for queries and reports when required. The concept was developed in 1970 by Edgar Codd, whose objective was to accommodate a user's ad hoc request for selected data. Most every business database management system (DBMS), including Oracle, DB2, SQL Server, MySQL, etc., is a relational DBMS (RDBMS)

Properties of Relational Databases

 * 1. Values are atomic: Columns in a relational table are not repeating groups, this property ultimately simplifies data manipulation logic.

 * 2. Each column and row has a unique name: The columns and rows are not distinctive by position and therefore they must have a name which is distinct from the rest of the table in order to identify them.

 * 3. Each row is unique: No two rows are identical which ensures that every row has significance without duplication.

 * 4. The sequence of columns and rows is insignificant: This allows the information in the table to be retrieved with ease and without and disruption to the data within the table. Also, it allows many more users of the table because the data is not confined to one format and is not changed when information is added or removed.

 * 5. Column values are of the same kind: Each value within a specific column holds the same type of information and is of the same units as all the other data in the chart. i.e. monthly salaries and only monthly salaries are within the column.

Keys

 * A key is the tool to unlock access to tables. Knowledge of the key enables us to locate specific records, and cross the relationships between tables.

 * Certain fields may be designated as keys, which means that searches for specific values of that field will use indexing
 * A candidate key is any field, or combination of fields, that uniquely identifies a record. The field/s of the candidate key must contain unique values (if the values were duplicated, they would be no longer identify unique records), and cannot contain a null value.
 * A primary key is the candidate key that has been chosen to identify unique records in a particular table.
 * A foreign key is a reference to a key in another table. A relationship between two tables is created by creating a common field to the two tables.
 * Foreign keys allow us to ensure what is called "referential integrity". This means a foreign key that contains a value must refer to an existing record in the related table. For example, take a look at these two tables:

General
The definition of object-oriented database according to authors Williams and Sawyer it "uses 'objects,' software written in small, reusable chunks, as elements within database files" (Using Information & Technology, p422)

Multimedia, hypertext, and object relational are all databases connected with object-oriented databases.

Multimedia Database
Uses multiple forms of information content and information processing (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, video, interactivity). This means it can store more types of data than a relational database. For example, an object-oriented student database might contain each student's photo, a sound bite, or even a short piece of video, in addition to grades and personal data. The object would store operations, which are called methods, the programs that objects use to process themselves. For example these programs might indicate how to calculate the student's grade point average.

Hypertext Database

What is Hypertext database?

Any object, whether it be a piece of text, a picture, or a film, can be linked to any other object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information, but they are not designed for numerical analysis.

Hypermedia Database
Hypermedia Databases allow media files to be queried and used as a tool to develop an understanding of your originally searched question. The goal of a hypermedia data base is to minimize error while saving space; this goal is obtained by linking to files via 'tags' or searchable text, then upon entry into the link (after a search is completed) the files format program is ran.

Object-relational
An object-oriented database uses software where little chunks are written within the database files. It is widely used in engineering design, telecommunications and multimedia. An object has two parts: *data that could be audio, video or graphics *instructions on what action to be taken on the data. These types of databases are used by analysts, programmers and large corporation where complex software is required in order to maintain the company's inventory and structure. Object-oriented database has the capability to handle from small files to very large files of information. It is easy to read and more efficient when it comes to managing a lot of data. There are both free and commercial packages available that perform this mapping however many programmers create their Object Relational Object tools. This mapping is also referred to as a virtual object database.

What is a Multidimensional Database?
During the past decade, the multidimensional data model emerged for use when the objective is to analyze data rather than to perform online transactions. Multidimensional database technology is a key factor in the interactive analysis of large amounts of data for decision-making purposes. In contrast to previous technologies, these databases view data as multidimensional cubes that are particularly well suited for data analysis.

Multidimensional models categorize data either as facts with associated numerical measures or as textual dimensions that characterize the facts.

Multidimensional data models have three important application areas within data analysis. • Data warehouses are large repositories that integrate data from several sources in an enterprise for analysis. • Online analytical processing (OLAP) systems provide fast answers for queries that aggregate large amounts of detail data to find overall trends. • Data mining applications seek to discover knowledge by searching semiautomatically for previously unknown patterns and relationships in multidimensional databases.

Pederson, T.B. & Jensen, C.S. (2002). Multidimensional Database Technology. Denmark: Aalborg University. http://infolab.usc.edu/csci599/Fall2002/paper/I1_pederson_p40.pdf

When is a Multidimensional Database used?
According to http://www.morebusiness.com/running_your_business/technology/d908484596.brc, if you have a large volume of data and/or categories and complex relationships between them, a multidimensional database (MDDB) should be considered. Multidimensional databases are capable of storing, viewing and sorting the same data in different ways. It would seem feasible to use this method in a national sales environment where geographic regions, months, people and products vs. sales are tracked. Other databases may require the user to scroll through a long list or table, while MDDB's structured presentation enables all possible combinations of information to be viewed along one common dimensional position. MDDBs are not for all organizations and applications. For example, a payroll department would not benefit from a multidimensional database because the employee names differ, as do their SIN numbers. MDDBs are only effective when the information is finite.

Hybrid Database Model
A hybrid database is a combination of two or more database types and models. An emerging type of hybrid database is the hybrid XML/relational database, which is a type of database that can store and receive both XML and relational data. Both of the types of data can be accessed via quires and the databases can work together in a single application.

Databases and the Web
Databases are seen everywhere on the Web. Companies who offer product information, online ordering, research resources, or similar activities with a Web site use a database. For example IMDB is a database that has all of the information you need about movies and things similar to that. Another database is Amazon that shows you things on sale, customer reviews and customer information and orders. Some databases that we use to share our personal things are YouTube, Facebook, and Flickr. Databases are interesting things that are everywhere and keeps information together. Because of databases we can read our favorite books online.

How web databases work
Web databases work by a few steps to display the proper information to a user. First a user visits a site and fills out a query box, i.e. a search box, and follows through with an "enter" or click to submit the query. Next once the query is submitted the web server converts the information submitted by the user into a database query which gets sent to a database server for processing. Lastly the database server looks up the query and sends back results to the query to the web sever or middleware, which is software that ties a web server and a database two separate applications, that gets converted to HTML that can be displayed back to the user.

Source: Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition Textbook

Middleware
Middleware is software used to connect two otherwise separate applications, such as a Web server and a database management system. Web database applications often use middleware written as scripts or sections of code written in a programming language; such as Java, C, or Perl; that are executed by another program. There are different types of scripts such as: CGI scripts (common gateway interface), ASPs (active server pages), and PHP scripts (PHP hypertext preprocessor). Middleware is used on almost all shopping sites; when you search for a specific item middleware searches the database query and converts the results into HTML which the web server can then display the results.

Source: Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition Textbook

Micro-Targeting
Micro-targeting is the use of analytical tools to identify groups of voters to target during a political campaign. They use public consumer data, voting histories, poll results etc. to identify a group of voters that will vote a particular way. These individuals are then contacted by the phone, in person, or by mail. When contacted they focus on the subjects that are important to the individual found by micro targeting. This can make a big difference in results for a vote especially when it is a close race. The goal is to target undecided voters and convince them of the candidate that best approaches their most important issues.


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User talk:64.246.196.128

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

title: User talk:64.246.196.128


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Bartending/Cocktails/Flaming Bob Marley

Flaming Bob Marley is the name of a Jamaican Cocktail.

Ingredients

 * Grenadine syrup
 * Crème de menthe
 * 151º proof rum

Procedure

 * 1) Divide a tall shot glass into thirds
 * 2) Fill the lowest third with grenadine syrup, the middle third with creme de menthe, and float the 151 in the top third.
 * 3) Wet a thin straw, light the 151 by passing a lighter over it.
 * 4) Plunge the straw to the bottom of the glass into the grenadine syrup and suck. If done rapidly and correctly the straw will not melt, and you can observe flames travelling up the inside of it. Stop sucking when the flame is inside the straw.
 * 5) Serve in a shot glass.

Flaming Bob Marley

title: Bartending/Cocktails/Flaming Bob Marley


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User talk:Vclaw

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck!

And special thanks for helping with transwikied recipies! -- SB_Johnny | talk 23:35, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vclaw


text:
User:Lukahn

Actual decent userpage coming soon! In the mean time, feel free to drop a line.

Backburner project: Scratchpad Wiki "20XX" Current project: Scratchpad Wiki "Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney" Current project: Scratchpad Wiki "The Mushroom Kingdom" Current project: Wikibooks Project "Nintendo Power Magazine" (User:Lukahn/NPprogress) Backburner project: Scratchpad Wiki "Black & Blue"

Wikia.com Account: Dr. Tadashi Hikari

- Lukahn (AKA WiteoutKing)

title: User:Lukahn


text: User:Lukahn/NPprogress

title: User:Lukahn/NPprogress


text:
Gerris Manual/Object hierarchy/GfsSourceViscosity

SourceDiffusion solves the diffusion equation for a scalar quantity, while SourceViscosity solves the diffusion equation for the velocity (a vector quantity obviously). In the case of a spatially uniform viscosity the two are strictly equivalent since—in the case of an incompressible fluid—the vector diffusion equation for the velocity can be split in independent scalar diffusion equations for each of the Cartesian components of the velocities. To sum up, using SourceViscosity is safe in all cases, regardless of whether the viscosity is uniform.


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Animal Care/Land hermit crab food

As omnivores land hermit crabs can eat foods of both plant and animal matter. By purchasing from any number of online speciality stores even beginners can feed their crabs a lot of fresh or dried foods (Going Natural Beginner's List ). Crabs eat more when not consistently fed the same thing.

Many experienced owners feed a totally natural diet, but this requires a lot of variety (Hermit Crab Nutrition Table). There are retail sites that buy in volume and repackage organic foods in small amounts for the appetites of hermit crabs. This reduces the expense and potential waste of buying lots of different type of foods.

Owners can also grow their own plants and sprouts organically. People who purchase organic foods and who use sea salt (instead of table salt) can often feed the crabs table scraps. For whose who care to cook for their hermit crabs, there are many recipes online.

There are lists available online of what organic items can be fed at (  "Hermit Crab Cuisine" ) and what items should not be fed to hermit crabs. Organic worm castings (poop) will be eagerly consumed. (The idea that dairy is not acceptable has been proven to be a myth.)

The "do not feed" list contains natural insect repellents and pesticides, as well as toxic or "won't eat" items. The list includes things like bay leaves, cinnamon, dill, garlic, lemon, onion, rosemary, thyme, and table salt, so beware of feeding seasoned foods.

Unfortunately, picking a good commercial food can be difficult. There are many, including ethoxyquin and copper sulfate. Ethoxyquin is a preservative used on most fish that is not destined for human use. Since pet food companies do not add ethoxyquin themselves, they do not have to list it on the label!!

Any pelleted items fed to hermit crabs should be crushed first. Dry food can be left in the tank for 48 hours. Fresh foods should be put in at night and removed the next morning to reduce the chances of attracting biting mites. Putting foods in various areas of the tank (including some elevated areas) will give your pets some exercise.

Fresh foods can also be fed outside of the tank (not more than one hour). Just put sand on the bottom of a clean, plastic tub (one not exposed to chemicals or cleansers), then add both the food and the messy crabs. This is good for feeding broken, cooked chicken bones with some meat left. The crabs will love both the marrow and the meat. Pieces of raw or cooked fish can also be fed this way.

title: Animal Care/Land hermit crab food


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English as an Additional Language/The English alphabet

English is written with the Latin alphabet. It consists of 26 letters:

Lower-case letters: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Upper-case letters: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Each letter has a lower-case and an upper-case (or capital) form. In some cases (e.g. the letters S, X, and O), the upper-case form is simply a larger version of the lower-case. However, some letters have differing forms in upper- and lower-case, such as A, Q, and T.

Lower-case letters evolved from modified forms of the upper-case letters, which were used in ancient times.

Vowels and Consonants
There are 5 vowel letters in English: a, e, i, o, u ("y" and "w" also act as vowels, and are used for orthographic reasons). This does not correlate with the number of vowel sounds, of which there are about 14, depending on dialect.

There are 21 consonant letters: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.

In many cases, the spelling of an English word only gives a rough indication of its pronunciation. For this reason, the English spelling system is notorious for being one of the hardest to learn of all the alphabetic scripts.

to listen to the pronunciation of the alphabet.


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English as an Additional Language/Simple present tense

The present simple tense is usually regular. Yet, there are a few exceptions, particularly with verbs ending in 'y'. Compared to most other Indo-European languages, English regular verbs have simple conjugation, because the first and second person forms are the same.

Regular Verbs
Here is an example of the form of the present simple for regular verbs, using the verb "to like":

 * I like football.
 * You like football.
 * He/She/It likes football.
 * We like football.
 * They like football.

As you can see from the example above, the infinitive only changes for the 3rd person singular, where an s is added to the end of the word.

Irregular Verbs
English has a large number of irregular verbs, most significantly the verb "to be," which you are learning throughout this textbook. Other verbs conjugate in different ways, including:

 * Verbs like can and should do not change in any present conjugation.
 * Verbs like try add ies instead of s.
 * The verb have use a completely different form in the 3rd person singular, in this case has.


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Wikijunior:Life/Structure plan

Planning overview for Wikijunior:Life
The following structure is a peg in the ground. It can be added to/deleted from and re-arranged, but please use the discussion page if you want to talk about major restructuring.

I think children should be presented with the material in a child-oriented, rather than a subject-oriented way, thus the major divisions, 'Life today', 'Life in the past', and 'Why are they different?' Following these in a top-down way, anticipating what questions may be in the mind of a bright, inquisitive child, is IMO, the best way to organise the material. My first stab at laying out the territory has not entirely followed this principle, so it is up for plenty of revision. --Barry Desborough 08:52, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Subjects

 * Life today
 * Variety
 * Linnaean classification
 * Based on most useful/universally applicable criteria
 * Produces a tree structure
 * Can change - reasons, history of change
 * Species - definitions
 * Variation within species
 * Intro to inheritance & genetics
 * Intro to molecular taxonomy
 * Ring species
 * Life in the past
 * Evidence of existence
 * Layering of different fauna/flora in geologic column
 * Similarities/differences with moderns & other layers
 * Early (pre-evolutionary) Linnaean classification
 * Dating
 * History of ideas of age of earth & life
 * Modern ideas of age of earth & life
 * Geological column
 * Radiometric dating
 * Other evidence (Lake varves, dendrochronology, ice cores etc.)
 * Correlation of dating methods
 * Why has life changed?
 * Evidence of extinctions
 * History of ideas of fixity/mutability of species
 * Steady v catastrophic change
 * Modern theory of change
 * Ingredients of the theory
 * Deep time
 * History of changes in life forms (recap)
 * Overproduction (Malthus)
 * Inheritance (Mendel)
 * Artificial selection
 * Radiation and adaptation (Galapagos islands)
 * Natural selection of heritable variation (Wallace & Darwin)
 * Common Descent
 * DNA
 * Discovery
 * Operation & function
 * The modern synthesis
 * The gene's-eye view
 * Molecular taxonomy

Main Files

 * Wikijunior:Life

 * Wikijunior:Life/Today/Introduction
 * Wikijunior:Life/Today/Linnaeus
 * Wikijunior:Life/Today/Classifying books
 * Wikijunior:Life/Today/Linnaean classifications
 * Wikijunior:Life/Today/Books and horses
 * Wikijunior:Life/Today/Examples of genus and species

 * Wikijunior:Life/Yesterday/Introduction
 * Wikijunior:Life/Yesterday/What are fossils? (Myths and monsters)
 * Wikijunior:Life/Yesterday/Cuvier (extinction)

Utility files

 * Library_organization_chart_simple_partial.jpg
 * Biological_taxonomy_simple_partial.jpg
 * /NavBox

Legendary creatures
Resource - Wikipedia list of legendary creatures

title: Wikijunior:Life/Structure plan


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Category:Book:Control Systems/Images

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Category:Book:Control Systems/Stubs

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User talk:Vito Genovese

Just wait like penguins in the desert!

title: User talk:Vito Genovese


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Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure/Acknowledgment

Acknowledgements
Many thanks to my peer reviewers,

Michael Minges, Head of the Telecommunications Data and Statistics Unit in the Development Bureau of the International Telecommunication Union

John Ure, Director of the Telecommunications Research Project, Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong.

Your valuable input has improved this primer many fold. To my fellow authors and officemates, the convergence of broadband and open source minds. Kay Ka Owel, patuloy ang ating mga pangarap. To my family, my local area network, without whom I would be a miserable standalone. To Maya, my home and my system administrator. And to the Creator of all, networked or otherwise, I upload everything to You.

Edwin