text:
Religion in Political Theory

Calvin to Rousseau to Priestley

Contents

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) John Calvin
 * 3) * Historical background
 * 4) * On Civil Government
 * 5) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 * 6) * Historical background
 * 7) * The Social Contract
 * 8) Joseph Priestley
 * 9) * Historical background
 * 10) * First Principles of Government
 * 11) Conclusion

Introduction
Religion was central to early political control of society. By assuming the authority of higher beings, priests and princes were able to suppress dissent without constant recourse to military terrorism. The more successful leaders realized that internal legal harmonization bought significant advantages, and most judicial systems are religiously inspired. Both English Common law and Roman Codex systems exeunt across Europe used to presume that 'all law is known to God' and the law court is merely a forum in which we lesser beings might 'discover the mind of God. Since 1948 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has guided most western judiciaries. The British monarch is still enthroned "By the grace of God, Defender of the Faith" and British coins bear the legend "Deo Gratia, Fid Def" around the royal image as a constant reminder to British subjects of this divine providence!

Some people have argued for a strong religious influence on the workings of modern governments while others have detected little for no religious influence at all. Nations throughout the world have differed widely in terms of their ideas of religion and its place in the state. Some of these nations have failed while others have produced notable success, but religious influences in choosing the system of governance can usually be traced back to one of three central political philosophers.

The ideologies of John Calvin, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Joseph Priestley all are similar in some aspects, but an area in which they differ is in their notions of the proper role of religion in 'westernized' (non theocratic or liberal) societies.

John Calvin
John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation (circa 1520) who insisted that the church be free from political interference. While he expected government officials to be Godly men he would allow them nothing to do with a theocracy.

Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought. His work has been widely quoted as one of the pillars of early political theory, and his positions on religion and the social contract influenced many of the more modern political thinkers to follow.

Priestley
Joseph Priestley was an 18th-century British theologian, Dissenting clergyman, natural philosopher, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works and is also credited with the discovery of oxygen. His arguments against state interference in religion are still very widely followed in today’s world as it is one of the founding doctrines upon which the basis for the United States’ policy of the formal separation of church and state is grounded.

As can be seen when analyzing the works of these men, their general attitudes towards a central, public religion evolves with time. Calvin, the earliest of the three, champions religion as a powerful, governing institution. Rousseau, who came nearly 200 years later, took a more middle of the road approach in discussing the topic. And Priestley, who followed Rousseau, took an approach nearly opposite of John Calvin’s design of hundreds of years before. As debate on the role of Religion is still raging today, it is valuable to look at each proposal to try and reevaluate the philosophies of each man to fully understand how and why religion evolved over the years in terms of its political significance.

Historical background
Born in 1509 to upper middle class parents in France, Calvin became one of the most influential figures in the Reformation era. He was heavily influenced by humanist movements of his time as could be seen in his establishment of the church of Geneva in 1535. After serving for three years at a church for French Huguenots in Strasbourg due to being exiled from Geneva, Calvin returned to impose a strict moral code on the citizens of Geneva based on his literal, extreme interpretations of the bible. He set up a moral censorship complete with spies and confidants, and also made governmental decisions the role of the Clergy. Calvin established four categories of governmental offices, all with a clerical influence. These offices consisted of Doctors, Pastors, Deacons, and Elders, all of which held power over the actions of the citizens both in religious and public aspects of their lives. Calvin’s theocratic rule served as one of the earliest attempts to unite the government of man with the government of God, a point Calvin stresses earnestly in his piece On Civil Government.

On Civil Government
In this work, Calvin outlines his ideas on how government and religion should interrelate. He also reinforces and commits to paper the austere ethics he holds as central to the civic and religious life that he constructed in Geneva. Although Calvin writes that the laws of religion are to be held higher than the laws of society, he clarifies that there is a place for both in the state. He furthers this notion by saying that these two law-making bodies are not in opposition to one another, but in a way work together, the government of religion picking up where the government of man fails as long as the public authority does not use its laws to pollute Christianity. When speaking of the magistracy is his Geneva government as aforementioned, Calvin writes that leaders should focus on divinity and worship above all else, then look to apply theses religious aspects to upholding the law of man. With such direction, it can be seen that John Calvin was a staunch supporter of the government and government officials looking to religion as a basis and example of how to properly govern a state. This view was not an uncommon one at the time, meaning Calvin’s philosophy was in part a product of the era in which he lived.

Historical background
Born in 1712, Rousseau spent most of his childhood with his Aunts and in an apprenticeship as an engraver. He studied in Paris and joined the likes of Voltaire and Diderot to pursue writing, poetry, and opera. In 1750, Rousseau published his first discourse, bringing his work to the rest of the world. Rousseau followed this with many other pieces, including the influential The Social Contract. He also did some important work regarding the concept of inequality among men as outlined in his second discourse published four years after his first. He distinguished between natural inequalities as opposed to political inequalities, recognizing how they differ as well as how they relate. By the time of his death in 1778, Rousseau had written on many topics such as the arts, the enlightenment, and sovereignty, making him one of the foremost political theorists in the world.

The Social Contract
Rousseau touches on the issue of civil religion towards the end of his piece. He takes a more moderate position in regards to the role of religion in government, distinguishing between three “types” of religion. The first, he writes, is the religion of man which is a sort of personal religion involving only the individual and god or the divine. As related to Calvin, this view of spirituality is much more progressive. The second type of religion Rousseau describes is that of the religion of the citizen. This is the state/public religion and is more of an institution that combines the interests of the state and the religion itself. Rousseau writes that such an institution may breed corruption as well as intolerance for the religions and cultures of other nations and governments. The last type is religion based in the style of the catholic church, in which two sets of laws are made, one for religious purposes and one for civil purposes. Rousseau condemns this type in the style of the Catholic church and instead offers a compromise between the first two types listed. He writes that the people of the state should be free to worship in whatever manner they want as long as it does not affect the well-being of others; but also states that these citizens must pledge allegiance to a central religion that upholds the basic guidelines for a just state. In this way Rousseau falls into the middle by taking some Calvinist aspects (i.e. the state/civil religion), as well as some more progressive aspects (i.e. religious freedom) of religion and its role in governance. This idea of individual religious tolerance was later expanded upon by Joseph Priestley.

Historical background
Joseph Priestley was born in 1733 outside of Leeds in England. Today, he is known more for his endeavors in the physical sciences (namely chemistry), but also provided many influential writings on philosophy, education, politics, economics, and theology. In the Revolutionary period, Priestley was a supporter of the U.S. colonies uprising from England, writing of the injustices levied upon the colonists by the British in his piece The Present State of Liberty. He later moved to America, setting up a colony for English Dissenters near Philadelphia with the help of his son and friend Thomas Cooper. He continued to influence American political policy and religion until his death in 1804.

First Principles of Government
In this work, Priestley discusses the issue of religious liberty and toleration in section five towards the middle of the piece. Essentially, Priestley argues that societies that have enjoyed the most success are those that have not interfered with or tried to establish religion. He writes that religion should be as free as the air we breathe, and should not be regulated or enforced in any way by the central government. In order to promote truth and the progression of the state, Priestley advocates toleration towards all religions and sects in the eyes of the government as long as they promote the common good. This sentiment is reflected in many areas of society in his writings due to the fact that his greatest concern for the state was the freedom and well-being of the citizens as individuals. Priestley’s political influence is apparent in the U.S. still today, even though he isn’t widely quoted as being one of the main contributors to American political policy.

Conclusion
As can be seen from viewing the lives and philosophical and political writings of these three men, their views on religion and its role in the state as an institution changes with time. In Calvin’s era, the majority of the nations that surrounded him generally acted as hierarchical theocracies, which in his opinion worked best. Rousseau lived during a transitional period in Europe, and this is reflected strongly in his many contributions to the theory of politics. Priestley, the most modern of the three, lived through the Enlightenment Revolution and witnessed firsthand the negative effects that religion can have on a nation's ability to legitimize the suppression of intellectual exploration and authorize bloody war in pursuit of worldly wealth and power.

Priestley’s writings are still for the most part influential in regulating how the United States handles religion, but the line dividing the institutions of religion and government is becoming more and more blurred as states take on some formerly 'religious' social obligations and religions construct non-government organizations (NGOs) to both provide relief welfare and promulgate their religious views.

Whether this is a positive or negative depends on one’s personal beliefs, but the reemergence of religion as a powerful political tool cannot be denied, especially in English speaking regions, when American and British leaders often feel obliged to conform to some form conventional religious doctrine and perform regular acts of worship publicly.

Both George Bush and Tony Blair paraded their ostensibly deep religious convictions, but saw no disgrace in earning the outright condemnation of the United Nations General Assembly nor shame in their use of religious propaganda which suited their purpose, nor eventually with their unleashing of war upon oil-rich Iraq.

Similarly, supposedly devout Muslim clerics routinely order political assassinations and attempt to overthrow legitimate governments and install brutal, quasi-religious theocracies.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (and its daughter conventions) is far from perfect, but it is perhaps a 'neutral' foundation forged in deadly warfare on which we might usefully build a better multi-cultural civilisation?

title: Religion in Political Theory


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A-level Mathematics/OCR/C2/Appendix A: Formulae

By the end of this module you will be expected to have learnt the following formulae:

Remainder Theorem
If you have a polynomial f(x) divided by x - c, the remainder is equal to f(c). Note if the equation is x + c then you need to negate c: f(-c).

The Factor Theorem
A polynomial f(x) has a factor x - c if and only if f(c) = 0. Note if the equation is x + c then you need to negate c: f(-c).

The Laws of Exponents

 * 1) $$b^xb^y = b^{x+y}\,$$
 * 2) $$\frac{b^x}{b^y} = b^{x-y}$$
 * 3) $$\left(b^x\right)^y = b^{xy}$$
 * 4) $$a^n b^n = \left(ab\right)^n\,$$
 * 5) $$\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)^n = \frac{a^n}{b^n}$$
 * 6) $$b^{-n}=\frac{1}{b^n}$$
 * 7) $$b^ \frac {c}{x} = \left( \sqrt[x] b \right)^c$$ where c is a constant
 * 8) $$b^1=b\,$$
 * 9) $$b^0=1\,$$

Logarithmic Function
The inverse of $$y = b^x\,$$ is $$x = b^y \,$$ which is equivalent to $$y = \log_b x\,$$

Change of Base Rule: $$\log_a x\,$$ can be written as $$\frac { \log_b x}{ \log_b a}$$

Laws of Logarithmic Functions
When X and Y are positive.

 * $$\log_bXY = \log_bX + \log_bY\,$$
 * $$\log_b \frac{X}{Y} = \log_bX - \log_bY\,$$
 * $$\log_b X^k = k \log_bX\,$$

Conversion of Degree Minutes and Seconds to a Decimal
$$X + \frac{Y}{60}+ \frac{Z}{3600}$$ where X is the degree, y is the minutes, and z is the seconds.

Arc Length
$$s= \theta r\,$$ Note: θ need to be in radians

Area of a Sector
$$Area = \frac{1}{2}r^2 \theta$$Note: θ need to be in radians.

Important Trigonometric Values
You need to have these values memorized.

The Law of Cosines
$$a^2=b^2 + c^2 - 2bc \cos \alpha \,$$

$$b^2=a^2 + c^2 - 2ac \cos \beta \,$$

$$c^2=a^2 + b^2 - 2ab \cos \gamma \,$$

The Law of Sines
$$\frac {a}{\sin \alpha} = \frac{b}{\sin \beta} = \frac {c}{\sin \gamma}$$

Area of a Triangle
$$Area = \frac{1}{2}bc \sin \alpha \,$$

$$Area = \frac{1}{2}ac \sin \beta \,$$

$$Area = \frac{1}{2}ab \sin \gamma \,$$

Trigonometric Identities
$$\sin ^2 \theta + \cos ^2 \theta = 1 \,$$

$$tan \theta = \frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta}$$

Integration Rules
The reason that we add a + C when we compute the integral is because the derivative of a constant is zero, therefore we have an unknown constant when we compute the integral. $$\int x^n\, dx = \frac{1}{n+1} x^{n+1} + C,\ (n \ne -1)$$

$$\int kx^n\, dx = k \int x^n\, dx$$

$$\int \left\{ f^'(x) + g^'(x)\right\}\, dx = f(x) + g(x) + C$$

$$\int \left\{ f^'(x) - g^'(x)\right\}\, dx = f(x) - g(x) + C$$

Rules of Definite Integrals

 * 1) $$\int_{a}^{b} f \left ( x \right )\ dx = F \left ( b \right ) - F \left ( a \right )$$, F is the anti derivative of f such that F' = f
 * 2) $$\int_{a}^{b} f \left ( x \right )\ dx = - \int_{b}^{a} f \left ( x \right )\ dx$$
 * 3) $$\int_{a}^{a} f \left ( x \right )\ dx = 0$$
 * 4) Area between a curve and the x-axis is $$\int_{a}^{b} y\, dx\ ( \mbox{for}\ y \ge 0)$$

 * 1) Area between a curve and the y-axis is $$\int_{a}^{b} x\, dy\ ( \mbox{for}\ x \ge 0)$$
 * 2) Area between curves is $$\int_{a}^{b}\begin{vmatrix} f\left(x\right) - g\left(x\right) \end{vmatrix} dx$$

Trapezium Rule
$$\int_a^b y \,dx \approx \frac{1}{2} h \left \{\left (y_0 + y_n \right ) + 2\left (y_1 + y_2 + \ldots + y_{n-1} \right ) \right\}$$

Where: $$h = \frac{b-a}{n}$$

Midpoint Rule
$$\int_a^b f \left (x \right ) \,dx \approx = h \left [ f \left (x_1 \right ) + f \left (x_2 \right ) + \ldots + f \left (x_n \right )\right ]$$

Where: $$h = \frac{b-a}{n}$$ n is the number of strips.

and $$x_i = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left( a +\left \{i - 1 \right \} h \right) + \left (a + ih \right) \right]$$

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Car Washing Techniques

Table of Contents

 * /Cover/
 * /Introduction/
 * /Equipment/
 * /Location/
 * /Procedure/
 * /End Result/

List of authors

 * Jaberwocky6669

title: Car Washing Techniques


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Talk:Car Washing Techniques

To begin I would like to state a few things. This book is not meant to be a dry reference manual, because it's about washing cars! Make it lively and personable. Also at the same time go through great pains to make sure that the text describes in detail and with vivid imagery the techniques. Include pictures to accompany the text as well.

House Rules

 * No mention of product names in any way shape or fashion in the body of the actual article. Outside links have more leniancy as long as they do not link directly to a sales page.

title: Talk:Car Washing Techniques


text:
User:Formhandle

Webmaster of http://www.fastseduction.com/

title: User:Formhandle


text:
Car Washing Techniques/Cover

Welcome to the wikibook for Car Washing Techniques

Proceed to the Table of Contents

title: Car Washing Techniques/Cover


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User talk:198.82.114.217

Please!
Will you please please please please PLEASE go here. The Owner is fealling really sad that there are no users. 69.205.178.150 00:35, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.82.114.217


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File talk:Soc-psy diagram.jpg

Editing History
Wikipedia History
 * 1) (cur) (last) 18:32, 30 September 2005 65.95.132.223
 * 2) (cur) (last) 18:38, 9 July 2004 Lucidish
 * 3) (cur) (last) 18:37, 9 July 2004 Lucidish ( I made the image)

title: File talk:Soc-psy diagram.jpg


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A-level Mathematics/OCR/C2/Circles and Angles

Angular Measurement and Circular Sectors
A section of a circle is known as a sector. One side of the sector is the radius. The portion of the circumference that is included in the sector is known as an arc.

Angular Degree
A circle has 360 degrees. Each degree can have 60 minutes (designated as ' ) and each minute can have 60 seconds (designated as " ). Since we can not convert minutes or seconds into radians directly we need to convert the minutes and seconds into a decimal number. Here is the formula:

Convert $$X^\circ$$ Y' Z" into degrees.

$$X + \left (Y \times \frac{1}{60} \right ) + \left (Z \times \frac{1}{3600} \right ) = X + \frac{Y}{60}+ \frac{Z}{3600}$$

For a practical example, convert $$23^\circ$$ 18' 38" into degrees.

$$23 + \frac{18}{60}+ \frac{38}{3600} = 23.3106$$

Angular Radian
A radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of its circumference equal in length to the radius of the circle. Since we know that that the formula for the circumference of a circle is $$C = 2 \pi r$$ we can determine that there are $$2 \pi$$ radians in a circle. We abbreviate radians as rad.

Conversion Between Degrees and Radians
Mathematics requires us to use radians for most angular measurements. Therefore we need to know how to convert from degrees to radians Since we know that there are $$360^\circ$$ degrees or $$2 \pi$$ radians in a circle. We can determine these equations: $$1^\circ = \frac {\pi }{180}$$

$$1\ radian = \frac {180}{\pi }$$

So we can write these general formulae.

$$X^\circ = \frac {X \times \pi }{180}$$

$$X\ radian \left(s \right ) = \frac {X \times 180}{\pi }$$

Here is an example convert $$20^\circ$$ into radians

$$20^\circ = \frac {20 \times \pi }{180} = \frac{1}{9} \pi\ rad$$

Convert $$\frac{1}{9} \pi$$ into degrees.

$$\frac{1}{9} \pi\ radian \left(s \right ) = \frac {\frac{1}{9} \pi \times 180}{\pi } = 20^\circ $$

Arc Length
In most cases it is very difficult to measure the length of an arc with a ruler. Therefore we need to use a formula in order to determine the length of the arc. The formula that we use is:

$$Arc\ Length = ( \theta\ in\ radians)(radius)\,$$ in symbols this is $$s= \theta r\,$$. Note: θ need to be in radians

Here is an example, determine the length of the arc created by a sector with a 6 cm radius and an angle of $$53^\circ$$.

The first thing we need to do is convert θ from degrees to radians.

$$53^\circ = \frac {53 \pi}{180}rad$$

Now we can calculate the length of the arc.

$$s = \frac {53 \pi}{180} \times 6 \approx 5.55cm$$

Area of a Sector
The area of a sector can be found using this formula:

$$Area = \frac{1}{2}r^2 \theta$$Note: θ need to be in radians.

Calculate the area of a sector with a 3 cm radius and an angle of 2π.

$$Area = \frac{1}{2}3^2 \times 2 \pi \approx 28.3cm^2$$


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Talk:Graphic Design

Images
I'm interested in contributing images and copy to this book, as I am an art student and aspiring graphic designer. Please email me or PM me on my Wikipedia user page if you want to collaborate. LockeShocke 01:33, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Changes...
It would be interesting to separate the digital world component from the rest of the notions and include a section dedicated to distinct medias. From magazines and print in general to WEB, textures, Video Games and even movies special effects. The inclusion of a section about lettering, typefaces and other related but not exclusive tools of Graphic Designs would also be extremely interesting to the work. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 17:26, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graphic Design


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/BlitImage255

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'PutImage',imageArray,[rect],[copyMode])

Copy imageArray to a window, slowly. imageArray may be double or uint8. Its values, which should be non-negative integers, are copied to the window, by CopyBits or CopyBitsQuickly. imageArray can be an MxN array (for any window) or MxNx3 array (only if the window pixelSize is 16 or 32 bits). In the latter case the three r g b components are combined, as appropriate for the window pixelSize, to form a single value that is copied to the window. In 16-bit mode r, g, and b each contribute 5 bits. In 32-bit mode r, g, and b each contribute 8 bits.

rect is in window coordinates. The whole image is copied to rect, scaling if necessary. The rect default is the imageArray's rect, centered in the window. The orientation of the array in the window is identical to that of MATLAB's numerical array displays in the Command Window. The first pixel is in the upper left, and the rows are horizontal. Unless you specify a Quickly copyMode, PutImage inherits the behavior of [[Psychtoolbox:Screen Commands:CopyBits, scaling the image into the rect.

The copyMode argument is a string variable that is passed to the VideoToolbox CopyWindows routine. copyMode can be 'srcCopy' (default) or 'bltFast'.

The copying is done in two stages. First, slowly, from the image array into a temporary offscreen window, and then, quickly, from there to the window designated by windowPtr.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/BringMATLABToFront

Usage:

Screen('MATLABToFront',[n])

Bring forward n-th window in MATLAB Window menu. If not specified, n defaults to 0 (the command window).


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/BringWindowToFront

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'WindowToFront')

Bring specified window to front.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/ClearScreen

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FillRect',[color],[rect])

Fill rect. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces white with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is entire screen, so you can use this function to clear the screen.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Close

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'Close')

Close any of SCREEN's windows (on- or offscreen). Closing an on-screen window takes about a second. After closing the last on-screen window the cursor is made visible.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/CloseAll

Usage:

Screen('CloseAll')

Close all of SCREEN's windows (on- and offscreen). Closing each on-screen window takes about a second. After closing the last on-screen window the cursor is made visible.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/CloseScreen

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'Close')

Close any of SCREEN's windows (on- or offscreen). Closing an on-screen window takes about a second. After closing the last on-screen window the cursor is made visible.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Computer

Usage:

describeStruct=Screen('Computer')

Return information about the computer in a Matlab struct.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/CopyWindow

Usage:

Screen('CopyWindow',srcWindowPtr,dstWindowPtr,[srcRect],[dstRect],[copyMode])

Copy images, very quickly, between two windows (on- or off- screen). copyMode can be only 'srcCopy' on Win. (default, will scale image to fit in dstRect). Use with Rush for reliable timing. See Rush.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/CopyWindows

Usage:

Screen('CopyWindow',srcWindowPtr,dstWindowPtr,[srcRect],[dstRect],[copyMode])

Copy images, very quickly, between two windows (on- or off- screen). copyMode can be only 'srcCopy' on Win. (default, will scale image to fit in dstRect). Use with Rush for reliable timing. See Rush.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/DrawLine

Usage:

Screen('DrawLine',windowPtr,[color],fromH,fromV,toH,toV,[penWidth],[penHeight],[penMode])

Draw a line. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel. Default is black. Default penWidth and penHeight is 1. penMode specifies the drawing mode: The Win32 GDI interface does not have support for Copyin the Or and xOr modes. So the pen modes here represent the line styles of the pen: 'patCopy' (solid pen, default), 'patOr' (dashed), 'patXor' (dashdot), 'patBic' (dotted), 'notPatCopy' (invisible), 'notPatOr' (dashed), 'notPatXor' (dashdotdot), 'notPatBic' (inside frame).


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/DrawOval

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FillOval',[color],[rect])

Fills an ellipse with the given color, inscribed within rect.color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces white with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is whole window.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/DrawPoly

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FillPoly',[color],pointList)

Fill polygon. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces white with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. pointList is a matrix: each row specifies the (x,y) coordinates of a vertex.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/DrawRect

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FillRect',[color],[rect])

Fill rect. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces white with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is entire screen, so you can use this function to clear the screen.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/DrawText

Usage:

[newX,newY] = Screen(windowPtr,'DrawText',text,[x],[y],[color])

Draw text. text may include two-byte characters (e.g. Chinese). Default x y is current pen location. color is the CLUT index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces black with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. newX,newY return the final pen location.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FillArc

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FillArc',[color],[rect],startAngle,arcAngle)

Draw a filled arc inscribed within the rect. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces black with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is entire window. Angles are measured clockwise from vertical.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FillOval

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FillOval',[color],[rect])

Fills an ellipse with the given color, inscribed within rect.color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces white with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is whole window.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FillPoly

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FillPoly',[color],pointList)

Fill polygon. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces white with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. pointList is a matrix: each row specifies the (x,y) coordinates of a vertex.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FillRect

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FillRect',[color],[rect])

Fill rect. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces white with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is entire screen, so you can use this function to clear the screen.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FrameArc

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FrameArc',[color],[rect],startAngle,arcAngle,[penWidth],[penHeight],[penMode])

Draw an arc inscribed within the rect. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces black with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is entire window. Default pen size is 1,1. Angles are measured in degrees, clockwise from vertical.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FrameOval

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FrameOval',[color],[rect],[penWidth],[penHeight],[penMode])

Draw the outline of an oval. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces black with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is entire window. Default pen size is 1,1.


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MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FrameRate

Usage:

hz=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'FrameRate',[hz])

Frame rate, in Hz, as most recently measured for this screen (typically when you first opened it).

MacOS: FrameRate counts frames over some measured period and calculates the rate. Setting hz doesn't affect the screen, only the returned value. Setting hz to NaN or [] forces SCREEN to remeasure it now, eg after you use a Control Panel to change the screen resolution. The cached value is flushed when you close the last window on this screen.

Windows: The returned value is the nominal frame rate, not the measured rate. The returned value is always current. FrameRate will accept an argument, for compatibility with the MacOS implementation, but it ignores the value passed.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FrameRect

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'FrameRect',[color],[rect],[penWidth],[penHeight],[penMode])

Draw the outline of a rectangle. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces black with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is entire window. Default pen size is 1,1. penMode specifies the drawing mode: The Win32 GDI interface does not have support for Copy operations in Or and xOr modes. So these pen modes here reprensent the line styles of the pen: 'patCopy' (solid pen, default), 'patOr' (dashed), 'patXor' (dashdot), 'patBic' (dotted), 'notPatCopy' (invisible), 'notPatOr' (dashed), 'notPatXor' (dashdotdot), 'notPatBic' (inside frame).


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Gamma

Usage:

[oldGammaTable,dacSize]=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Gamma',[gammaTable],[dacSize])

Get/set the gamma table. The gamma table will usually be 256x1 or 256x3. Most users won't need this function.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetClut

Usage:

clut=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'GetClut',[bits])

Get the color lookup table (CLUT) of a video screen. The returned clut is a 3-column matrix with one row per RGB entry in the hardware CLUT. The clut values will be in the range 0 to 255 for an 8-bit CLUT.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetFrontWindow

Usage:

[windowPtr,rect]=Screen('GetFrontWindow')

Get window pointer for frontmost window.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetImage

Usage:

imageArray=Screen(windowPtr,'GetImage',[rect])

Slowly copy an image from a window, returning a MATLAB uint8 array. If the window's pixelSize>8 then the returned imageArray has three layers, an RGB image. rect is in window coordinates, and its default is the whole window.

As of April, 1998, imageArray is now uint8 instead of double to save space (a factor of 8). However, MATLAB will issue an error if you try to do math on a uint8 array, so you may need to use DOUBLE to convert it, e.g. imageArray/255 will produce an error, but double(imageArray)/255 is ok. Also see PutImage and CopyWindow.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetImage255

Usage:

imageArray=Screen(windowPtr,'GetImage',[rect])

Slowly copy an image from a window, returning a MATLAB uint8 array. If the window's pixelSize>8 then the returned imageArray has three layers, an RGB image. rect is in window coordinates, and its default is the whole window.

As of April, 1998, imageArray is now uint8 instead of double to save space (a factor of 8). However, MATLAB will issue an error if you try to do math on a uint8 array, so you may need to use DOUBLE to convert it, e.g. imageArray/255 will produce an error, but double(imageArray)/255 is ok. Also see PutImage and CopyWindow.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetMATLABWindow

Usage:

[windowPtr,rect]=Screen('GetMATLABWindow',[n])

Get window pointer for n-th in MATLAB's Window menu.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetWindowByTitle

Usage:

[windowPtr,rect]=Screen('GetWindowByTitle',title);

Get window pointer for window with specified title.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GlobalRect

GlobalRect is not supported yet.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/IsOffscreen

Usage:

isOffscreen=Screen(windowPtr,'IsOffscreen')

Find out whether window is offscreen. Responses: 1=yes; 0=no.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/MATLABToFront

Usage:

Screen('MATLABToFront',[n])

Bring forward n-th window in MATLAB Window menu. If not specified, n defaults to 0 (the command window).


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/MoveWindow

MoveWindow is not supported yet.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/OpenOffscreenWindow

Usage:

[windowPtr,rect]=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'OpenOffscreenWindow',[color],[rect],[pixelSize]);

Open an offscreen window (offscreen surface in DirectDraw). This is simply an area in memory that is treated as a window. Offscreen windows are very useful for creating images for subsequent display, because copying between windows is very fast. You may specify a screen (a screenNumber>=0) or no screen (screenNumber=-1). If you do designate a screen then the offscreen window is attached to the DirectDraw object associated with that screen. You may specify no screen (screenNumber=-1), but any real screen must already have an open SCREEN window when you call OpenOffscreenWindow. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default is white. rect specifies the size of the offscreen window and what part of the screen the offscreen window is aligned with. If supplied, rect must contain at least one pixel. If a screenNumber is supplied then rect is in screen coordinates (origin at upper left), and defaults to the size of that screen. If a screenNumber of -1 is supplied then rect defaults to the size of the main screen. (In all cases, subsequent references to this new offscreen window will use its coordinates: origin at its upper left.) pixelSize sets the depth (in bits) of each pixel. If you specify a screen (screenNumber>=0) and a pixelSize>0 then they must be consistent. If you specify no screen (screenNumber=-1) then the default pixelSize' is the same as the main screen, but you can specify any legal depth: 8, 16, 24, 32. A pixelSize of 0 or [] is replaced by the default.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/OpenWindow

Usage:

[windowPtr,rect]=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'OpenWindow',[color],[rect],[pixelSize]);

Open an onscreen window. Specify a screen by a windowPtr or a screenNumber (0 is the main screen, with menu bar). color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default is white. If supplied, rect must contain at least one pixel. If a windowPtr is supplied then rect is in the window's coordinates (origin at upper left), and defaults to the whole window. If a screenNumber is supplied then rect is in screen coordinates (origin at upper left), and defaults to the whole screen. (In all cases, subsequent references to this new window will use its coordinates: origin at its upper left.) pixelSize sets the depth (in bits) of each pixel; default is to leave depth unchanged. Opening or closing a window takes about a second.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/PixelSize

Usage:

[oldPixelSize,oldIsColor,pages]=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'PixelSize',[pixelSize],[isColor])

Get/set screen depth, gray/color mode, and number of video pages. (We don't yet provide a way of changing the page.)


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/PixelSizes

Usage:

pixelSizes=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'PixelSizes')

List all possible pixelSizes for this screen. The Windows Version returns only pixel sizes available at the current display size.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Preference

Usage:

boolean=Screen('Preference','Backgrounding')

oldBoolean=Screen('Preference','IgnoreCase',[boolean])

psychTableVersion=Screen('Preference','PsychTableVersion')

mexFunctionName=Screen('Preference','PsychTableCreator')

oldPriority=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Preference','MaxPriorityForBlankingInterrupt',priority)

oldBoolean=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Preference','WaitBlankingUsesInterrupt',[boolean])

bits=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Preference','ClutDacSize')

boolean=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Preference','FixedClut')

oldBoolean=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Preference','SetClutDriverWaitsForBlanking',[boolean])

oldBoolean=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Preference','SetClutQuickly',[boolean])

oldBoolean=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Preference','SetClutCallsWaitBlanking',[boolean])

oldFrames=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Preference','SetClutSimulatesBlankingInterrupts',[frames])

Get/set various preferences. The first four are general, the rest are related to WaitBlanking or SetClut and are screen-specific. boolean values are 1 (nonzero) for Yes and 0 for No. Preferences are volatile: They're set by SCREEN when you first use each screen, and they're flushed by closing the last SCREEN window (e.g. by Psychtoolbox:Screen Commands:Close, Psychtoolbox:Screen Commands:CloseAll, or flushing SCREEN.mex by typing clear screen). So do any preference setting after calling 'OpenWindow'.

Warning: These settings allow you to access all the internal parameters that determine SCREEN's behavior. As a result the set of parameters is ever-changing, as SCREEN evolves to deal with an ever-changing environment (e.g. video drivers that don't wait for blanking, and Rush's high priority).

Feel free to play with these expert controls, but, if you do, realize that you may have to tweak your 'Preference' calls with each new release of the PsychToolbox.

 * SetClutDriverWaitsForBlanking reports whether the monitor's video driver waits for blanking. Usually read-only, you can also set/clear this on the PowerMac 7300/7500/7600/8500/8600 built-in driver.
 * SetClutQuickly specifies your preference for whether to use a custom SetEntriesQuickly.c driver (if available for this device) in place of the standard video driver. The SetEntriesQuickly drivers don't wait for blanking.
 * SetClutCallsWaitBlanking determines whether WaitBlanking should be called after each call to SetClut.
 * SetClutSimulatesBlankingInterrupts sets/gets the number of blanking interrupts to simulate after each SetClut, to make up for interrupts missed during the SetClut call.
 * WaitBlankingUsesInterrupt specifies a preference for whether WaitBlanking should use SetClut (original driver) or the screen's blanking interrupt to wait for blanking. See 'WaitBlanking'.
 * MaxPriorityForBlankingInterrupt specifies the maximum priority at which the hardware blanking interrupt still works. Normally this is 1, but it's reduced to 0.5 (on non-PCI Macs) if necessary for timing the 3-ms interval during which spurious VBL interrupts are ignored. Your programs can override this setting, but your computer is likely to hang unless you really know what you're doing.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/PutColorImage

PutColorImage is obsolete. Use PutImage instead.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/PutImage

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'PutImage',imageArray,[rect],[copyMode])

Copy imageArray to a window, slowly. imageArray may be double or uint8. Its values, which should be non-negative integers, are copied to the window, by CopyBits or CopyBitsQuickly. imageArray can be an MxN array (for any window) or MxNx3 array (only if the window pixelSize is 16 or 32 bits). In the latter case the three r g b components are combined, as appropriate for the window pixelSize, to form a single value that is copied to the window. In 16-bit mode r, g, and b each contribute 5 bits. In 32-bit mode r, g, and b each contribute 8 bits.

rect is in window coordinates. The whole image is copied to rect, scaling if necessary. The rect default is the imageArray's rect, centered in the window. The orientation of the array in the window is identical to that of MATLAB's numerical array displays in the Command Window. The first pixel is in the upper left, and the rows are horizontal. Unless you specify a Quickly copyMode, PutImage inherits the behavior of CopyBits, scaling the image into the rect.

The copyMode argument is a string variable that is passed to the VideoToolbox CopyWindows routine. copyMode can be 'srcCopy' (default) or 'bltFast'.

The copying is done in two stages. First, slowly, from the image array into a temporary offscreen window, and then, quickly, from there to the window designated by windowPtr.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Rect

Usage:

rect=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Rect')

Get local rect of window or screen.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Screens

Usage:

screenNumbers=Screen('Screens')

Return an array of screenNumbers.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/SelectMATLAB

Usage:

Screen('MATLABToFront',[n])

Bring forward n-th window in MATLAB Window menu. If not specified, n defaults to 0 (the command window).


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/SetClut

Usage:

err=Screen(windowPtr,'SetClut',clut,[startEntry],[bits])

Set the DirectDraw palette for the screen.

The palette is set immediately, without waiting for the vertical blanking.

The clut argument is a MATLAB matrix with 3 columns. The number of entries written is the number of rows in clut. Each RGB entry in the hardware CLUT is loaded with a row of clut. Each clut value should be in the range 0 to 255 for an 8-bit CLUT. Argument startEntry is optional and determines which CLUT entry to load first (entries are numbered from 0 up), to load just a subset of the CLUT's entries. We suggest that startEntry always be zero or greater.

The bits argument specifies how many bits you want to write to the CLUT. Typically it will be 8, which is the default value. If you set it to some other value, the range of allowable entries scales accordingly. Thus if you use a 9-bit CLUT, then each entry should be between 0 and 511, etc.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/SetClutQ

Usage:

err=Screen(windowPtr,'SetClut',clut,[startEntry],[bits])

Set the DirectDraw palette for the screen.

The palette is set immediately, without waiting for the vertical blanking.

The clut argument is a MATLAB matrix with 3 columns. The number of entries written is the number of rows in clut. Each RGB entry in the hardware CLUT is loaded with a row of clut. Each clut value should be in the range 0 to 255 for an 8-bit CLUT. Argument startEntry is optional and determines which CLUT entry to load first (entries are numbered from 0 up), to load just a subset of the CLUT's entries. We suggest that startEntry always be zero or greater.

The bits argument specifies how many bits you want to write to the CLUT. Typically it will be 8, which is the default value. If you set it to some other value, the range of allowable entries scales accordingly. Thus if you use a 9-bit CLUT, then each entry should be between 0 and 511, etc.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/SetDrawingRegion

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'SetDrawingRegion',shapeSpec,[shapeFlag])

Make subsequent drawing to the window visible only if it is within the specified region. This does not apply to PutImage or CopyWindow operations. Call with rect equal to screenRect to reestablish the entire screen. Drawing outside the region is suppressed, but still takes the normal amount of time to complete.

 * If shapeFlag == 0 [default], shapeSpec is a rect, region is rectangular.
 * If shapeFlag == 1, shapeSpec is a rect, region is oval.
 * If shapeFlag == 2, shapeSpec is a point list, region is polygonal.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/SetGamma

Usage:

[oldGammaTable,dacSize]=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'Gamma',[gammaTable],[dacSize])

Get/set the gamma table. The gamma table will usually be 256x1 or 256x3. Most users won't need this function.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/TextFace

Usage:

oldStyle=Screen(windowPtr,'TextStyle',[style])

Get/set the font style for future text draws in this window. Useful values for style follow; they may be OR'd.

style can be 0=normal, 1=bold, 2=italic, 4=underline. (Outline, Condense and Extend are not yet supported on the Windows version)


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/TextFont

Usage:

[oldFontName,oldFontNumber]=Screen(windowPtr,'TextFont',[fontNameOrNumber])

Get/set the font for future text draws in this window. You can ask what the current font is, or specify the desired font by number or by name (e.g. Helvetica). Font numbers may not be consistent from PC to PC. If no windowPtr is given, and no fontName argument is supplied, then print out a list of all font names. The default font (set by Windows) is 1 (the System font) for both on-screen and off-screen windows.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/TextMode

Usage:

oldCopyMode=Screen(windowPtr,'TextMode',[copyMode])

Get/set text copy mode of this window.

copyMode can be an integer or a string: 'srcCopy' (default), 'srcOr', 'srcXor', 'srcBic', 'notSrcCopy', 'notSrcOr', 'notSrcXor', 'notSrcBic', 'patCopy', 'patOr', 'patXor', 'patBic', 'notPatCopy', 'notPatOr', 'notPatXor', 'notPatBic'. On the Windows version, this function does nothing, since there is no apparent options on Windows that correspond to the Mac text modes.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/TextSize

Usage:

oldFontSize=Screen(windowPtr,'TextSize',[fontSize])

Get/set the font size for future text draws in this window.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/TextStyle

Usage:

oldStyle=Screen(windowPtr,'TextStyle',[style])

Get/set the font style for future text draws in this window. Useful values for style follow; they may be OR'd.

style can be 0=normal, 1=bold, 2=italic, 4=underline. (Outline, Condense and Extend are not yet supported on the Windows version.)


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/TextWidth

Usage:

width=Screen(windowPtr,'TextWidth',text);

Get width of text string. Width is the change in horizontal pen position that would be produced by calling DrawText; it's negative for right-to-left scripts (e.g. Hebrew). The text may include 2-byte characters (e.g. Chinese).


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/UsageWarnings

Usage:

[oldMore,oldSeverity,oldAlready]=Screen('UsageWarnings',[more],[severity],[already])

Control how usage warnings are handled.

severity can be 0(suppress),1(warn), 2(error).


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/VideoCard

Usage:

[cardName,driverName,driverVersion,slotName]=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'VideoCard')

Get information about video hardware.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/WaitBlanking

Usage:

framesSinceLastWait=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'WaitBlanking',[waitFrames])

Wait specified number of blankings (frame endings). Call with waitFrames=1 (actually that's the default) to wait for the beginning of the next frame. Video cards mark the end of each video frame by briefly reducing the voltage to the Vertical Blanking Level (VBL), which "blanks" the screen to black. We do all video timing relative to the beginning of blanking. You may want to run WaitBlanking at high priority (see Rush and Priority) for reliable timing. To keep this routine as fast as possible, no value is returned unless you supply an argument to receive it. When processor priority is at or below MaxPriorityForBlankingInterrupt the WaitBlankingUsesInterrupt 'Preference' controls, for each screen, whether WaitBlanking calls SetClut (default) or waits for a blanking interrupt. When processor priority is above MaxPriorityForBlankingInterrupt, WaitBlanking always uses SetClut (i.e. cscSetEntries or cscDirectSetEntries call to video driver).


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/WaitVBL

Usage:

framesSinceLastWait=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'WaitBlanking',[waitFrames])

Wait specified number of blankings (frame endings). Call with waitFrames=1 (or omit it, since that's the default) to wait for the beginning of the next frame. Video cards mark the end of each video frame by briefly reducing the voltage to the Vertical Blanking Level (VBL), which "blanks" the screen to black. We do all video timing relative to the beginning of blanking. You may want to run WaitBlanking at high priority (see Rush and Priority) for reliable timing. To keep this routine as fast as possible, no value is returned unless you supply an argument to receive it. When processor priority is at or below MaxPriorityForBlankingInterrupt the WaitBlankingUsesInterrupt 'Preference' controls, for each screen, whether 'WaitBlanking' calls SetClut (default) or waits for a blanking interrupt. When processor priority is above MaxPriorityForBlankingInterrupt, 'WaitBlanking' always uses SetClut (i.e. cscSetEntries or cscDirectSetEntries call to video driver).


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/WindowKind

Usage:

kind=Screen(windowPtr,'WindowKind')

Returns the type of windowPtr: 0 if it's invalid, -1 for offscreen, 1 for onscreen, 2 MATLAB's onscreen.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Windows

Usage:

windowPtrs=Screen('Windows')

Return an array of windowPtrs.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/WindowScreenNumber

Usage:

screenNumber=Screen(windowPtrOrScreenNumber,'WindowScreenNumber')

Get the screen number.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/WindowTitle

Usage:

title=Screen(windowPtr,'WindowTitle')

Get window's title.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/WindowToBack

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'WindowToBack')

Send specified window to back.


text:
MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/WindowToFront

Usage:

Screen(windowPtr,'WindowToFront')

Bring specified window to front.


text:
User talk:Kelly Martin

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! Gentgeen 04:13, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

PS, I'm reminding you to put up your recipe for Garlic Fudge (note, the Cookbook uses Title case for recipes). Thanks, Gentgeen

title: User talk:Kelly Martin


text:
User:Netos

Hey there! EverQuest is my main focus - it's a fun way for me to spend some time and though I don't know everything I love to share what I do know. Here and at my own website (http://bandows.com), drop by and say hello.

I've played every EQ class but I prefer the Paladin, though I've been known to have a bit of fun on my Druid. If you want to chat you can find me on Prexus.

title: User:Netos


text:
Talk:Comparative Politics

I noticed many omissions and a few falsehoods that I cleaned up, would appreciate some help expanding the list under authoritarian regime forms. Clearly this text is not yet done and I would love to collaborate with whomever is currently working on it.

on the definition of Kleptocracy, Saddam Hussein is given as example. I think this example is rather exagerated, and there is not enough evidence to support it (unless you consider american news channels evidence). As an example of Kleptocracy i would suggest some african countries, like Rwanda in 2002 for instance.

 * I agree. If Saddam CAN be called a Kleptocrat, the term is only applicable during the sanction period.  Further proof that sanctions only serve to strengthen dictators and weaken opposition. Josterhage (talk) 17:07, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comparative Politics


text: Template:Neapolitan

title: Template:Neapolitan


text:
Talk:Lojban/Sounds and alphabet

Untitled
Would it be helpful if the SAMPA IPA examples were turned into Proper IPA? Adiabatic 06:29, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

What the heck does "antepenultimate" mean? :)
 * Two syllables away from the last, counting backwards. In "antepenultimate" itself, "ul" is the antepenultimate syllable. --ISNorden (discuss • contribs) 03:29, 30 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lojban/Sounds and alphabet


text:
User:Flower(Knott)

One of Theresa Knott's pupils

title: User:Flower(Knott)


text:
User:Ellie (knott)

One of Theresa Knott's pupils

title: User:Ellie (knott)


text:
User:Cutie pie (knott)

One of Theresa Knott's pupils

title: User:Cutie pie (knott)


text:
Talk:Visual Basic/Databases

How to connect data through Recordset object?

where to look then?
this is not the place to discuss this. - but where is it? where could i find the information i search for about visual basic and databases?

title: Talk:Visual Basic/Databases


text:
User talk:Artidoshi

How to connect database using Recordset Object ?

title: User talk:Artidoshi


text:
A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/The Elements of Life

The Elements of Life is the first unit in the Salters Advanced Chemistry course. It reviews essential topics from GCSE-level chemistry and introduces new content, including:

 * the structure, properties, and behaviour of individual atoms
 * the interaction of atoms with electromagnetic radiation
 * the three main types of chemical bonding
 * chemical patterns in the periodic table
 * the shapes of molecules

Chemical Storylines sections

 * EL1: What are we made of?
 * EL2: Take two elements...
 * EL3: Where do the chemical elements come from?
 * EL4: Looking for patterns in elements
 * EL5: The molecules of life
 * EL6: Summary

Chemical Ideas sections

 * 1.1 Amount of substance
 * 1.2 Balanced equations
 * 2.1 A simple model of the atom
 * 2.2 Nuclear reactions
 * 2.3 Electronic structure: shells
 * 3.1 Chemical bonding
 * 3.3 The shapes of molecules
 * 6.1 Light and electrons
 * 11.1 Periodicity
 * 11.2 The s block: Groups 1 and 2

Activities

 * EL1 How do we know the formula of a compound?
 * EL2.1 ''How much iron is in a sample of an iron compound?
 * EL2.2 ''Making the most of your study of chemistry
 * EL3.1 ''Investigating the chemistry of Group 1 and Group 2 elements
 * EL3.2 ''How do the physical properties of elements change across a row in the Periodic Table?
 * EL3.3 ''Check your notes on The Elements of Life : Part 1
 * EL4.1 ''How do we know about atoms?
 * EL4.2 ''Isotopic abundance and relative atomic mass
 * EL4.3 ''Investigating a spectroscopic technique
 * EL4.4 ''Radon in the rocks
 * EL5 ''Balloon molecules
 * EL6 ''Check your notes on The Elements of Life : Part 2


text:
Gambas/Hello World

Every programming book should start out with a "Hello World" program, just to get you started. This book's author sees no reason not to follow this "standard" so we will do just that.

Create a new project
Start gambas You will be greeted with this screen: After that follow the steps as described below(no screen-shots) Click "New Project": Click "Next": Select "Create a graphical project": Click "Next": In the "Select the name of the project" insert Hello_World In the "Select the title of the project" insert Hello World Click "Ok" to create the project

Create the Form(Window)
Ok, now we should have gambas started with a fresh, new project. You are now looking at the Gambas GUI, which is where we will do all our Gambas work. When you look at the interface, it seems pretty useless; No windows, No buttons or what have you. Let's change that right away.

On your left side, you'll see a tree view, right click on the Forms folder, and choose "New --> Form"(the --> indicates that you choose New, and follow the  submenu to Form).

In the Create form dialog, just click "Ok".

As you noticed, quite a few things happened. A new Form (Window) was created, and some other new things showed up. NOTE: In gambas a Window is called a Form. I will use the term Form(s) in the rest of the book.

The grey Form that just got created looks a bit ugly(tiny dots all over the place) but don't worry about that. The dots are there for your aid in placing your objects in the Form.

To your right you should see the "ToolBox". That's where you can choose what objects you want in your form. In our "Hello World" program, we'll need one label(marked as "A" in the toolbox) and one button(marked as "Ok" in the toolbox). Let's start with the label. Click on the label in the toolbox, and move the new form. In the form, hold down the left mouse button, and "draw" the label on there. Once done, you will have a label in your form with the text "Label1" in it. Now you can change this text with the "Hello Word" phrase.

The next step is to put some code in the Ok Button (you must change the text to "OK" of this button as you changed in the Label). After changing the text please double click the button so we can enter the exit code in the event click of this button. Type QUIT in the click event and that's all you've created your Hello World Application

index

title: Gambas/Hello World


text:
Rock Climbing/Print version

=Equipment=

=Technique=

=Training=

= GNU Free Documentation License =

title: Rock Climbing/Print version


text:
Talk:Oracle Database/SQL Cheatsheet

Date
i have a table Table1 i have entered the Date field as Dat now i want to change it to Date how can i do that as alter and modify commands are not helping? -- (Anon)

 * It is not a good idea to call any field, Date, since DATE is an Oracle reserved word and dealing with that will complicate your life unnecessarily. However if you insist on calling it, Date, you can do so. Whenever you use the name of the field you will have to enclose it in quotes like this -- "Date" -- so that Oracle knows that you don't mean DATE, you really mean Date. Is it really worth the hassle when you could have avoided it by choosing a different name for the field? -- Derek Ross 23:21, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

On another issue, I notice that the article defines functions and procedures using IS. My experience is that this never works: you have to use AS instead. Comments ? Am I doing something wrong or does the article need fixing? -- Derek Ross 23:21, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You are probably thinking of a "view" instead of a "procedure", which works like the following:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW employee_view (EMPLOYEE_ID,NAME,EMAIL) AS SELECT employee_id, name, email FROM employee /

 * I've been using PL/SQL procedures for a couple years and am certain that the use of IS is correct.
 * -- Adreamsoul 21:37, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Parameters
Need some discussion of IN/OUT/IN OUT - is it copy in/copy out, or call by address (for OUT and IN/OUT), or even Algol60 style call-by-name which requires thunks!

Is an OUT parameter always overwritten on return to the caller even if not assigned within the procedure? What happens when you read from an OUT parameter before you first write to it in a procedure? --

In/Out are designates that a parameter is or is not able to be modified within a procedure. Example:

In the CALLING procedure (assuming variables declared to match, wherever they need declaring)

... code snippet MyVar1 := 'Jane Doe'; -- possible employee name MyVar2 := 0; -- age in years of employee MyVar3 := '234598' ; -- an employee id Some_Proc_Name (MyVar1, MyVar3, MyVar2); ... end of snippet

MyVar1 may now still be "Jane Doe" (if that is employee #234598's name). MyVar2 now has Jane's current age.

In the CALLED procedure can be found stuff like ...

(CREATE OR REPLACE) Procedure Some_Proc_Name (Param1 in out ParamType, -- here this is Varchar2                          Param2 in ParamType,      -- either Varchar2 or integer                          Param3 in out nocopy ParamType) -- this is number -- nocopy tells compiler to use same external memory location for this variable -- no need to take more memory for a second copy within the procedure IS ... Variable declarations var_date_Birth Date; -- because Params1 and 3 are "in out" they can be treated as variables WITHIN the procedure -- and there is no need for additional variables.

BEGIN -- start of whole procedure Begin -- isolated trap for retrieval of data select first_name||' '||last_name, DOB into Param1, var_date_Birth from Employees where EmpID = Param2 exception when NO_DATA_FOUND then Param1 := 'Emp no longer exists.'; -- age still zero when others then Param1 := SQLERRM; -- passes back info to calling proc end; if var_date_Birth is not null then -- calculate age Param3 := CASE Sysdate > var_date_Birth then (Sysdate - var_date_birth) ELSE 0 END; -- just in case someone has entered a bad date. -- you can fine tune the date calc to just be years, but I can't remember how just now. end if; END Some_Proc_name;

--

DDL
This is the best collection of simplified SQL syntax, that I’ve come across. I would move sections 1.5.1 Setting Constraints on a Table, 1.5.2 Unique Index on a Table, and 1.6 Sequences to the DDL section. Wkeen Wkeen (discuss • contribs) 17:24, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oracle Database/SQL Cheatsheet


text:
Bartending/Cocktails/Zombie

The Zombie is an exceptionally strong cocktail made of fruit juices and rum, so named for its perceived effects on the drinker. It first appeared in the mid-1930s, invented by Donn Beach (formerly Ernest Raymond Beaumont-Gannt) of Hollywood's Don the Beachcomber restaurant. He concocted it one afternoon in the mid-1930s for a friend who had dropped by his restaurant before flying to San Francisco. The friend left after having consumed three of them. He returned several days later to say that he had been turned into a zombie for his entire trip. Its smooth, fruity taste works to conceal its extremely high alcohol content. For many years the Don the Beachcomber restaurants limited their customers to 2 zombies apiece.

There are countless variations on the Zombie; every bar, chain restaurant, and individual seems to have their own take on it. The following are some of many possible zombies but is not as potent as the original recipe:

Ingredients

 * 1 oz light rum
 * 1 oz golden rum
 * 1 oz dark rum
 * 1 oz apricot brandy
 * 1 oz pineapple juice
 * 1 oz papaya juice
 * Dash of Grenadine or other syrup
 * 1/2 oz 151-proof rum

Note: 1 oz equals 30 ml

Procedure

 * 1) Shake all ingredients except the 151-proof rum in a shaker with ice.
 * 2) Strain into a collins or hurricane glass filled with ice cubes.
 * 3) Float the 151-proof rum on top.
 * 4) Garnish with pineapple and cherry.

Zombie #2
Here is another recipe that is probably close to what the original version was. Don the Beachcomber originally used 5 or 6 kinds of Caribbean rum that are no longer easily available in the United States, so generic rums have been specified.

The following ingredients are supposedly for 1 drink but, with sufficient ice in 2 or 3 glasses, can actually make 2 or 3 very potent drinks.

Ingredients

 * 4 oz. (½ cup) water
 * 3/4 oz. (1½ tbs.) fresh lime juice
 * 1 oz. (2 tbs.) fresh grapefruit juice
 * 1/2 oz. (1 tbs.) sugar syrup
 * 1 oz. (2 tbs.) dark rum
 * 1 oz. (2 tbs.) golden rum
 * 1 oz. (2 tbs) white rum
 * 1 oz. (2 tbs) 151-proof rum
 * 1-1/4 oz. (2½ tbs) spiced golden rum
 * 3/4 oz. (1½ tbs.) Cherry Heering
 * 1/2 oz. (1 tbs.) Falernum syrup
 * 2 dashes (½ tsp.) Pernod or other anisette-flavored pastis
 * 3 dashes (¾ tsp) Grenadine

Procedure
Shake with 4 ice cubes, then pour into 1, 2, or 3 highball glasses that have been filled with crushed ice.

Ingredients

 * 1 oz. dark Jamaica rum
 * 2 oz. gold label rum
 * 1 oz. light rum
 * 1/2 oz. apricot brandy
 * 2 oz. papaya nectar
 * 1 1/2 oz. pineapple juice
 * 1/2 oz. lime juice
 * 1/2 oz. simple syrup
 * 1 or 2 tsp. 151-proof rum
 * green cherry (for garnish)
 * pineapple stick (for garnish)
 * red cherry (for garnish)
 * mint sprig (for garnish)
 * powdered sugar (for garnish)

Procedure
Pour all ingredients, except the garnishes and 151-proof rum, into a cocktail shaker two-thirds filled with ice. Shake well; pour into a zombie glass (or hurricane glass), along with the ice from the shaker. Float a few teaspoons of 151-proof rum on the top of the drink. (You may wish to pour it over the back of a spoon, so it floats.) Put the green cherry, pineapple stick, and red cherry (in that order) on a toothpick, and set on the edge of the glass. Add the mint sprig. Sprinkle powdered sugar over everything. Add a straw and, if desired, a cocktail umbrella.

Be sure not to sip the Zombie through the straw at first. Otherwise, you will miss the pleasure of drinking the extra high-proof rum floating on the top!

Zombie Punch (Don the Beachcomber's original 1934 recipe)
As described in "Sippin' Safari" by Jeff "Beachbum" Berry.

Ingredients

 * 3/4 oz. fresh lime juice
 * 1/2 oz Don's Mix (see below)
 * 1/2 oz falernum
 * 1 1/2 oz Lowndes Jamaican rum (sub Appleton V/X)
 * 1 1/2 oz gold Puerto Rican rum
 * 1 oz 151-proof Demerara rum
 * Dash Angostura bitters
 * Dash Grenadine
 * Dash Absinthe (sub Herbsaint or Pernod)
 * 6 oz crushed ice

Procedure
Put everything into a blender, saving ice for last. Blend at high speed for no more than 5 seconds. Pour into a chimney glass. Add ice to fill. Garnish with a mint sprig.

Don's Mix: 2 parts grapefruit juice, 1 part cinnamon-infused sugar syrup

title: Bartending/Cocktails/Zombie


text:
User:Muffy (knott)

One of Theresa Knott's pupils.

title: User:Muffy (knott)


text:
Talk:Bartending/Drinkware/Glassware

Is port wine served as a single or double measure?

What happened to all the photos? -- Dan131m

 * There was one photo (Image:Glass.jpg). Feel free to re-add it if you wish, Jguk 06:48, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess I remembered more than there actually was... Does anyone know if there are copyright issues with glassware design, or can I photograph some of my own glassware and submit it? -- Dan131m

Absolutely none for the classic designs, or even something branded normally. I' not sure but i dont think theres any kindof glassware that you couldnt photograph, people can hardly look at the picture as a replacement for actually buying the thing. Discordance 20:22, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You may have trouble if you were photographing glassware that was very much a sculpture, like those displayed in art galleries and museums. Of course, these aren't the sort you'd expect to be bartending with, so please go ahead and photograph them, Dan, Jguk 07:24, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Are shot glasses 1.5 oz worldwide? In New Zealand most shot glasses are 1oz (30ml). Hads 05:52, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bartending/Drinkware/Glassware


text:
User talk:Netos

Greetings Netos. welcome aboard. let's see how far we get :) --Kajolus 13:11, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Netos


text:
WebObjects/Web Applications/Deployment/Common Pitfalls and Troubleshooting

Broken Pipe
A current app I'm working freezes up for about a minute when calling editingContext.saveChanges. The following message is added to the system output:

  Exception while sending response: java.net.SocketException: Broken pipe

The odd thing is that no exception is actually being thrown and the changes are saved to the database. Any clues out there about what this message means?

Chuck Hill
This message means that the woadaptor did not receive a response from your application within the alloted amount of time. At this point, the woapdator hangs up on your application assuming that it is dead or overly busy. If you have multiple instances running, the woadaptor will then forward the request to another instance. For component actions this will produce a session expired or can't restore page error message.

When your application finally finishes processing the request it attempts to return the result to the woadaptor only to discover that it has hung up on it (aka closed the socket, broken the pipe). At this point the exception above is output to the log.

There are a few ways to avoid this:

 * Optimize your application so that the request is processed more quickly.
 * Use the WOLongReponsePage to handle long running requests.
 * Increase the Connect Timeout and Receive Timeout values in JavaMonitor so that the woadaptor will wait long enough for your application to provide the response.

Note: If this message happens in other contexts (i.e. not when a request takes a long time to process) it might just mean that the user hit stop in their browser or clicked another link.

Where's my stderr!?
Wotaskd launches new WOA instances using a script called SpawnOfWotaskd.sh that is located in /System/Library/WebObjects/JavaApplications/wotaskd.woa/Contents/Resources/SpawnOfWotaskd.sh on OS X.  For some reason, this script was written to throw away stderr. This means that if you ever want to get a thread stack dump, you're out of luck. Fortunately this is an easy fix. If you edit SpawnOfWotaskd.sh, the stock version looks like:

#!/bin/sh $@ 1>/dev/null 2>&1 &

Notice that stream 1 goes to /dev/null, and stream 2 writes to stream 1. Boo. Change it to:

#!/bin/sh $@ 1>>/var/log/webobjects.err 2>&1 &

The one problem now is that typically WebObjects apps run as appserver user, which means they won't be able to write to this file. To fix this, you can 'touch /var/log/webobjects.err' as root, and then chown the blank file to whatever user your WebObjects apps run as.

Can't connect to window server - not enough permissions
Ah yes, the joys of AWT. If you touch any AWT class (even the ones that don't make sense, like Dimension, or Rectangle), an AWT Toolkit will be created (in a static block) and AWT will attempt to connect to the window server. Of course when you ran in development mode, you had access to the window server and everything was peachy. As soon as you tried to deploy as the appserver user, all hell broke loose. You have a couple of options for fixing this one:

 * Just stop using them. This is the most sure fire way to not get hit by this problem.  Don't use AWT classes when you don't need to.  Obviously this is often easier said than done.
 * Add -Djava.awt.headless=true to your VM launch parameters. This tells AWT to use headless mode.  If you are using older versions of Apple's JVM, this may still cause issues (weird debug statements requesting for you to hit a key on the console).
 * PJA Toolkit. This is actually kind of a cool library.  It's a pure java implementation of an AWT toolkit.  On a normal system, your AWT implementation is JNI (to talk to your native window system).  PJA provides pura java implementations of all of the capabilities a normal AWT toolkit would attempt to perform.  Obviously it doesn't actually use the window server, rather it's working akin to a VNC server with a virtual frame buffer.
 * Run as root. This is not generally recommended, but you can modify your /System/Library/StartupItems/WebObjects/WebObjects script to run WO as root instead of appserver user.  You'll find the instructions on doing so inside of that script.

Java Monitor Issues
For those who have problem with the monitor on Mac OS X please check the following parameters:

 * Check that the machine is properly identified in the DNS including the reverse lookup.
 * Verify that when you added the machine in the monitor you included the fully qualifier name i.e. "machine.domain.com" and not only "machine" using the shorter version may appear to work but it does not (this is documented by Apple).
 * Check the adaptor configuration (/System/Library/WebObjects/Adaptors/Apache/apache.conf) and in particular the instance discovery method: this needs to be in accordance with the command line launch of wotaskd (see the script in /System/Library/StartupItems/). You may need to modify the script by hand.
 * When everything is setup properly reboot. It should work.

WOtaskd Didn't Start
In older versions of OS X server, WOtaskd and JavaMonitor were launched using the StartupItems system. In more recent versions of OS X server and WebObjects, Apple uses its new launchd framework instead. If you install WebObjects with developer tools, you typically only end up with the Startupitem scripts, so you should follow those instructions.

WOtaskd/WOMonitor LaunchDaemon
For an overview of launchd, you can read Apple's documentation.

The WebObjects launch daemon items are disabled by default, so the first thing you will need to do is enable them:
 * 1) cd /System/Library/LaunchDaemons
 * 2) edit "com.apple.womonitor.plist" and "com.apple.wotaskd.plist"
 * 3) change the Disabled key from "true" to "false"
 * 4) save and exit

Next you will need to load the launch daemon items manually:
 * 1) Run "launchctl" as root
 * 2) "list" and look for com.webobjects.womonitor and com.webobjects.wotaskd
 * 3) If they do exist, you will need to load them manually
 * 4) "load /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.wotaskd.plist"
 * 5) "load /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.womonitor.plist"
 * 6) "list" again and verify they both appear
 * 7) "start com.webobjects.wotaskd"
 * 8) "start com.webobjects.womonitor"
 * 9) Quit launchctl (ctrl-c it)

wotaskd and womonitor should now both be running. You can test monitor by going to http://localhost:56789.

If this does not work, check for file system permissions on /Library/WebObjects/Configuration, which should be appserver:appserverusr or at least they should have write permission to this directory.

Running this following command in a terminal window will tell you exactly why wotaskd is not launching...

sudo -u appserver /System/Library/WebObjects/JavaApplications/wotaskd.woa/Contents/Resources/javawoservice.sh -appPath /System/ Library/WebObjects/JavaApplications/wotaskd.woa/wotaskd

WOtaskd/WOMonitor StartupItems
On developer installs and older Mac OS X Server installs, WebObjects is launched using the old StartupItems system. By default, wotaskd and womonitor are disabled. Fortunately, enabling them is easy:

 * 1) cd /System/Library/StartupItems/WebObjects
 * 2) Edit "WebObjects"
 * 3) Search for "-appPath" and you will find four commented out lines in this area of the script.
 * 4) * To run WebObjects as root, uncomment the first two commands (you should see a WOTASKD and a WOMONITOR line)
 * 5) * To run WebObjects as another user (appserver user by default), uncomment the second set of the lines
 * 6) Save and exit
 * 7) Start the WebObjects service using one of the two methods:
 * 8) * sudo systemstarter start "WebObjects Services"
 * 9) * ./WebObjects start

After these changes, wotaskd and womonitor will autostart after a reboot.

Note: Do not follow these instructions on a MacOS X 10.4.* Server machine with WO 5.3.*. There, the process is started as LaunchDeamon (described above). If you enable the Startup Item, the system tries to start wotaskd twice which leads to nothing working at all.

Dealing with Deadlocks/Application Hanging
There are several techniques for dealing with deadlocks and application hangs.

If you are using a profiler or debugger, you can generally pause execution and see where exactly your application is dying.

If you are using JDK 1.4, you can send your application a QUIT signal and it will dump all active threads. On OS X, find the pid of your application, then execute a 'kill -QUIT yourAppPID'. The thread stack traces will dump out to the log files. If you do not see any output in your logs, see the Where's my stderr!? above for possible reasons.

If you are using JDK 1.5, in addition to being to send the application a QUIT signal, you can also attach to it (as root or the launching user) and get the thread stack dumps using the 'jstack' application by calling 'jstack yourAppPID'.

If you see hangs in WOWorkerThreads waiting to restore a session, this generally means a previous request threw an exception from a location that didn't properly check its session back in. Session access in WebObjects is single-threaded. Common cases that can cause this are throwing exceptions from your awake methods as well as throwing exceptions from DirectAction methods.

In JDK 1.4, you will be able to see the list of object locks that each stack trace is holding. You can find deadlocks by looking for multiple threads that contain two or more overlapping locks. In JDK 1.5, the VM detects deadlock situations and will identify them in the thread stack dumps.


text:
User talk:138.217.25.10

This is regarding Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Sumerians Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Andjam 15:00, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:138.217.25.10


text:
User:Cetheriel

hi. my name is capivara etheriel, i'm a medialogy student and researcher at brazilian estate univesity of campinas (a.k.a. unicamp). my main subject is communication theories, and my goal is to make the wikiversity media studies course become real. that is why i join it today. Cetheriel 16:33, 28 April 2006 (UTC) ps: mail me at cetheriel[at]gmail[dot]com

title: User:Cetheriel