text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Argentina

| South American Cuisines

Argentine cuisine is a fusion of European and indigenous culinary traditions. Much of Argentina's land is made up of rolling grasslands known as the pampas, which are well suited for raising cattle. This is why Argentine cuisine is known for its extensive use of beef.

Influences
The cuisine of Argentina is influenced by that of both the indigenous population and the large wave of European immigrants who arrived post-colonization. Colonists were largely from Italy and Spain, and this brought over a variety of dishes including pastas and bread products. Italian sweets are common. Indigenous populations, especially those of the northwestern provinces, have also contributed significantly—the term criollo/a is often used to refer to cuisines or dishes influenced by the indigenous and/or more rural culture. The prevalence of cattle-rearing has made meat, and especially beef and its products, a feature of Argentinian food. Notably, European influences on cuisine are most significant in urban environments, while indigenous South American cuisines remain more common in rural areas.

Meat
Meat is very prominent in Argentinian cuisine, due in part to the grass-fed cattle industry.

Asado is a traditional way of preparing meat by cooking it over an open fire, largely influenced by the gaucho cattle-rearers. A specialized grill called a parilla may be used. Asado criollo refers to a more rustic style practiced in the countryside that uses a wood fire. Asado con cuero is a very traditional style of asado that involves grilling beef with the hide over an asador grilling structure and a slow fire. Cordero patagónico al asador involves roasting a whole lamb over a fire, basting it with an aromatic mixture of herbs and garlic. Often asado meat is served with chimichurri, a garlicky herb sauce.

Milanesa refers to breaded and fried beef. Milanesa a caballo is served with a fried egg and french fries. Milanesa napolitana is topped with ham, tomato sauce, and melted mozzarella.

Stews
A number of Argentinian stews are eaten, influenced by both European and indigenous cuisines. Carbonada is a stew made with beef, potatoes, squash, corn, sweet potatoes, and other fruits and vegetables. It can be cooked inside a whole pumpkin or squash. Guiso carrero similarly combines meat and vegetables, including peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, corn, and garlic, and it additionally incorporates pasta or rice. Locro is a thick, traditional stew developed before European colonization, made with hominy, white corn, squash, beans, peppers, potatoes, pumpkin, and meats like sausage or asado. Chupín de pescado is a more delicate stew made of fish cooked with chopped vegetables, herbs, and wine.

Bread products
A variety of bread and bread-like products are eaten in Argentina. These can be made from wheat, corn, tapioca, chickpea, and more, and they include:

 * Empanadas: savory handheld pies filled with meat and vegetables
 * Tortas fritas: fried Argentinian biscuits
 * Fainá: chickpea-based herbed flatbread
 * Mbeyù: tapioca-based flatbread from the Guarani indigenous population
 * Fugazza: Argentine wheat-based flatbread, similar to focaccia, topped with onions
 * Tamales

Sweets

 * Alfajores: Sandwich cookies featuring tender shortbread and a variety of fillings, including dulce de leche.
 * Helado: Argentinian ice cream
 * Pasta frola de dulce de membrillo: Italian-influenced pastry made with a shortbread crust and filled with quince paste
 * Bolas de fraile: dulce de leche-filled donut dusted with powdered sugar
 * Cubanitos: wafer pastries shaped into a tube and filled with a variety of sweets, including dulce de leche, chocolate, peanut, and other creams.
 * Rogel
 * Chocotorta
 * Pastafrola: fruit or jam tart

Beverages

 * Yerba maté: infusion of yerba maté leaves in water, drunk in special cups with a silver straw
 * El submarino: beverage consisting of hot milk with an added piece of chocolate
 * Licuados: blended milk and fruit beverages

Meat
Beef, lamb, rabbit

Vegetables
Potato, squash, pumpkin, bell pepper, chili pepper, beans, corn, potatoes, onion, garlic

Spices
Paprika, chili powder

Recipes

 * Chimichurri
 * Empanada
 * Locro

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Argentina


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Chile

| South American Cuisines

Chilean cuisine

Some Chilean recipes:
 * Empanada

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Chile


text:
Perl Programming/Exercise 8

PROGRAM FOR COUNTING THE NO: OF ENTRIES AND THE TOTAL

$total = 0; $count = 0; do { print ("Enter a number 0 to quit : "); $value = <>; chomp ($value); $total = $total + $value; if ($value != 0) {$count++;} } while ($value != 0); print ("\nNumber of entries : $count"); print ("\nTotal            : $total\n");
 * 1) !/usr/bin/perl

title: Perl Programming/Exercise 8


text:
Beekeeping/Glossary

A

 * Abscond :The action of bees leaving the hive suddenly with few or no remainders. This should not be confused with swarming; it is often due to problems such as poor ventilation, high temperatures, mite problems, pests or other intolerable problems.
 * Acarine :A label for infestation of bees by tracheal mites.
 * AFB : see American Foul Brood
 * American Foul Brood :A highly contagious disease, caused by a spore-forming bacterium (Paenibacillus larvae), affecting bee brood. It has a long life span. See  American Foul Brood module.
 * Apiary :The area or location as to where bees and hives are kept, some times referred to as a beeyard.
 * Apiculture :The science and study and possibly art of keeping bees.
 * Apiphobia :The acute fear of bees or anything related to bees. See  Phobias module
 * Apis mellifera :The scientific name of the European honey bee, e.g. M.m.ligustica, M.m. mellifera, M.m.carnica.
 * Apistan :A miticide used to control Varroa mites.
 * Apitherapy :A division of therapy that uses bees and bee products for therapeutic and medical purposes.

B

 * Beebread :Pollen that was collected by bees and then mixed with various solutions including honey which is stored within a cell of the comb. This is a high protein feed for both the developing larva and bees.
 * Bee Glue :See Propolis
 * Beehaver :Someone who has bees, but is not at the level of manipulation akin to a beekeeper.
 * Beekeeper :Someone who keeps bees
 * Beeyard :The area or location as to where bees and hives are kept, more properly called an apiary.
 * Bee space :The critical space that must be kept to prevent bees from filling the space with propolis or burr comb. The bee space is commonly thought of as a void greater than 1/4in and smaller than 3/8in. The bee space may vary depending on the size of the specific bee or race.
 * Beehive :A container used by a beekeeper for the purpose of keeping a colony of bees out of the weather. It is commonly a form of box or crate, but may be a skep, hollowed log, clay pot, etc. Typically but not necessarily, the combs are removable (frames, top bars) to assist management. Unmanaged bees live in a nest.
 * Beeswax :A substance that is secreted by glands present on the worker bee. This is the primary building material used by bees, and the main structure of comb.
 * Bottom Board :A segment of man made hive that creates the floor of the hive.  Bottom Board module
 * Brace Comb :The sections of seemingly random comb that connect hive parts together. Brace Comb is a form of Burr Comb.
 * Burr Comb :Any section of comb that is not a part of the main comb piece within the frame or hanging from the top bar.
 * Brood :A general term to refer to immature bees, includes egg, larva and pupae. See '' brood module.
 * Brood Chamber :Section of the hive where brood is being raised and where the queen would normally be laying eggs.
 * Brood Food :A highly nutritious glandular secretion from the worker bee that is used to feed both  brood and the  queen
 * Build Up :The natural seasonal increase of bee population within a colony that coincides with the start of the main nectar flow

C

 * Capped Brood :Cells on the comb containing bee larvae that is fully enclosed by function of a wax capping.
 * Capping : 1 A thin layer of wax that covers cells containing honey. 2 The thin air permeable layer of wax that covers the cell of bee  brood.
 * Caste :A name for the existence of different classifications of bees of a specific family. Includes Queen,  Drone and  Worker.
 * Chalk Brood :A fungal infection of the brood. See '' chalk brood module.
 * Cell :A single hexagonal prismatic chamber that makes up comb. Cells are used to store honey, pollen, nectar and developing brood.
 * Cleansing Flight :The flight made by a bee to cleanse it’s digestive track after a long period of confinement.
 * Cluster :1 A mass of bees, often referring to a swarm or collection. 2 The huddling action taken by the bees within a colony during cold weather
 * Colony :A collection or family of bees living within a single social unit.
 * Comb :A double sided configuration of hexagonal cells made of beeswax or artificial plastic. Used by the bees to store food and raise brood.
 * Crush and Strain :Simple technique to extract honey in which combs are gathered in a straining device (kitchen strainer, bucket with holes in the bottom, etc.) which allows honey to drain into a container below.

D

 * Dance Language :A basis or rudimentary communication used by bees to provide location information of food sources, water sources or possible new home sites. See  Dance Language module
 * Drawn Comb :Combs which contain completed cells.
 * Drifting :The process in which bees join a separate hive other than their own, often due to loss of direction or hive placed too close together.
 * Drone :A male bee. See  Drone module

E
.
 * EFB :See  European Foul Brood
 * Entrance Reducer: A device used to limit in and out traffic to a hive. See  Entrance Reducer module
 * European Foul Brood :A highly contagious bacterial disease, caused by Melissocccus plutonius, which affects the bee brood. See '' European Foul Brood module.
 * Extraction :Removal of honey from comb. Typically refers to use of an Extractor but also includes non-mechanical methods such as crush and strain.
 * Extractor :A centrifugal device in which frames can be drained of honey. See  Honey Extractor module

F

 * Feral Bees :Term is used to describe honeybees that are not managed by a beekeeper.
 * Feral Hive :Term used to describe a situated colony of feral bees not managed by a beekeeper aka Nest.
 * Food Chamber :The segment of the hive that bees used to store pollen, nectar and honey.
 * Foulbrood :Generic term to describe bacterial disease that effect only brood and no adult bees.
 * Foundation :A thin sheet of wax or plastic that is embossed to be used as a guide for comb creation by the bees. See  Foundation module
 * Frame :A rectangular segment made of four slats of wood that was made to contain comb. See  Frame module
 * Fumadil B :see Fumagillin.
 * Fumagillin :An antimicrobial compound used to control Nosema which is sold under the trade name of Fumadil B.

G

 * Guard Bee :A bee which remains at the entrance of a hive protecting it from invaders.
 * Guarding :The action of a bee which detects invaders and examines entering bees.

H

 * Hive :Home site for an individual colony of managed bees
 * Hive Body :A segment of the hive that creates a chamber for the building of comb and storage of collected resources. See  Hive Body module
 * Hive Tool :A bladed pry bar used by the beekeeper to maintain and manage a hive. See  Hive Tool module
 * Honey Flow :A period of time when an abundance of nectar is available to be collected and converted into honey.
 * Honey Comb :Comb that has been nearly or completely filled with honey.

I

 * Inner Cover :A narrow piece of wood that fits over the upper most hive body and bellow an external cover. See  Inner Cover module

K

 * KTBH :A Kenya Top Bar Hive has sloping sides.

L

 * Langstroth :Modern hive management originated in the writings of Langstroth who recognized the significance of bee space and box sizes of standardized dimensions. Efforts to improve on the original have led to size variations between and within countries but the principles of beespace remain the same.
 * Larva :The second stage of development in the life cycle of the bee.
 * Laying Worker :An unfertilized, non queen female bee that is capable of laying drone eggs. This is often the result of a hive remaining queenless for a period of time.

M

 * Malnourished Hive :A colony of bees that lacking the proper nutritional requirements to produce brood.
 * Marked Queen :A queen bee that has been marked with a spot of paint or had a disk adhered to her abdomen.
 * Miticide :A chemical or biological agent which is applied to a colony to control parasitic mites.

N

 * Nectar :A food source high in carbohydrates, which occurs naturally in the nectarines of a flower.
 * Nectarflow :The mass gathering of nectar from flowers by bees.
 * Nest :An unmanaged colony of bees. Often found in the hollow of a tree, wall partition, attic, etc. as the preferred space is dark with a small entrance which is easy to protect. On occasion, European bees will build a nest in a thick shrub or tree.
 * Nosema :An illness that effects the digestive track in bees. See  Nosema module
 * Nuc :See Nucleus Hive
 * Nucleus Hive :A small colony of bees housed within a smaller hive container.
 * Nuptial Flight :The mating flight taken by a queen to mate with a variety of drones.
 * Nurse Bee :Young hive bound bee that feeds and cares for larva.

P

 * Pheromone :A chemical scent produced to establish a basic form of communication or to stimulate a response. See  Pheromones module
 * Pollen :The powdery substance produced by the male segment of a flower. See  pollen module.
 * Propolis :A sticky resinous material that bees collect from plants and use to strengthen hive comb and fill cracks within the hive. Often referred to as bee glue. See  Propolis module
 * Pupa :The final stage in a brood bee’s metamorphosis.

Q

 * Queen :The fertile female bee that one mated should be capable of producing male and female offspring. See  Queen module
 * Queen Excluder :A device used to prevent the larger queen bee from passing. See  Queen Excluder module
 * Queen Right :A term used to describe a hive or colony of bees that has a producing queen.
 * Queen Substance :The pheromone produced by the queen bee that alerts a colony to the fact that it is Queen Right.

R

 * Royal Jelly :A substance produced by worker bees to feed to youngest brood and to the queen brood throughout its immature life.

S

 * Scout Bee :A bee which is responsible for locating a new home site location for a swarm of bees.
 * Stinger :The defense mechanism of a bee that is capable of releasing venom in to its victim.
 * Stray honeybees :Honeybees that are not under the control of a beekeeper aka Feral.
 * Supercedeure :The natural process of a colony of bees replacing its queen with a new queen.
 * Supering :The act and process of addend hive bodies to a hive in an effort to collect excess harvestable honey.
 * Swarm :A collection of bees that is currently without a home site and looking for a new one.

T

 * TBH :The Top Bar Hive is a method to manage bees with removable combs which rely on top bars rather than frames for the combs. There is usually no allowance for bee space so the bars represent a continuous cover. There are no standard dimensions as there are for Langstroth hives. See also KTBH, TTBH
 * Terramycin :An antibiotic used for the treatment of bacterial disease.
 * TTBH :A Tanzanian Top Bar Hive has rectangular sides.

W

 * Winter Cluster :A tightly packed cluster of bees that forms to maintain warmth during the colder winter months.
 * Worker :An unfertilizable female bee that constitutes as the majority of a colony’s population. The worker has the responsibility of all hive and foraging tasks. See  Worker module

title: Beekeeping/Glossary


text:
Talk:Digital Photography

I see that this wikibook is nowhere even near 25% people have put it as 50% complete have changed the status to 25%. Yndesai (discuss • contribs) 12:59, 31 January 2014 (UTC)

Hope you don't mind me adding stuff. I like Digital Photography. :) Lynx7725 05:02, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

We definitely need to reorganize this page. The size of the page is getting unfriendly.. Lynx7725 03:18, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think let's classify the Digital Camera sub-section, and the Memory/ Batteries sub-sections into one separate page called Camera Types and Accessories -- we can expand to include flashes, filters, etc.

 * Taking Pictures and everything under it can probably be one separate page by itself.. at the moment, Pre- and Post-processing doesn't seem to have enough content to justify a page by itself, what do you think?

 * So, something like this on the first page:

 * Introduction to Digital Photography (Short introduction on page)
 * Taking Digital Photos (Opens New Page)
 * Pre- and Post- Processing (Currently keep on page)
 * Digital Camera Types and Accessories (Opens New Page)

Lynx7725 05:33, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

For now it would be real improvement over keeping everything on one page. I just typed such long list to have an idea what is missing in this book and how to expand it. I'm new to wiki's so can you make your proposals into this book? --Minda315 06:17, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC)

 * No probs. Just let me do it over the weekend.. I'm at work and I'm actually supposed to work ^^; Lynx7725 06:22, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ok, the above big stack of changes is somewhat done, but the Taking Digital Photos part needs to be reworked again (still too big, Wiki complains... :) Take a look through and let me know what you guys think.

Two issues -- the pages are supposed to have a link at the top to point back to the previous page, doesn't seem to be working right now so I'm not sure what I'm doing wrong.

The other thing is the standardization of URI links. I'm currently using  subject  to link, but I noticed some of us using  subject  to link.

This does change the way Wiki renders the page. Do we want to standardize this? Lynx7725 05:48, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes we need standartisation. I just added link in  subject  format due to lack of wiki knowledge :( Anyway links to wikipedia, in my opinion, are very useful.

 * Taking digital Photos in current stage is written somehow chaotic and needs to be arranged in more systematic way. It is good to view all things in practical aproach, but adding some theory, short terms descriptions (with links to wikipedia for details) won't hurt. I try to work on litle peaces, as I i have free time. One big problem is that I'm not native english speaker, and and learned english not in the scool but on my own, so my english texts are low quality :( --Minda315 13:55, 2005 Apr 25 (UTC)

 * On the subject of links, I would prefer the  subject  link because it is an internal link and somehow seems more trustworthy to me. I am more hesitant to click on an external link because I have done that in the past and they've taken me to hoax sites.  I would say that if we have the ability to use the specialized wikepedia links then we should standardize on that, and use only external links when linking to an external URL. --SteveJM 21:20, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I kind of like  subject  :-). --DavidCary 04:22, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Also, can the various contributors please update the Authors section? Would like to know who we are working with. :P Lynx7725 03:20, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Heh, nevermind, I've added Minda315 and SteveJM. Lynx7725 05:47, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think the outline above is a good start, making it more of a real book format rather than a glorified FAQ. But I think we will find that once we have the new structure some of the sections need to be rewritten to avoid overly duplicate information. Not to worry though, that's a bridge we can cross later.

One other suggestion. I would really like to see more sample photographs that illustrate some of the concepts. I am willing to start with some myself (over the next few days). I think this could do wonders to anchor the readers attention around bits of information that this book is trying to communicate.

Meanwhile, I am trying to get the hang out of editing my comments here. --SteveJM 18:37, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hi, will give my inputs whenever I get some free time.
Hello, I like digital and film photography too and so i will try to provide inputs for this book whenever i can get some free time. seeya around :o)

--Siddord 07:18, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Transwiki
You may be interested in using material from Transwiki:Digital camera astrophotography. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:56, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Copying from Wikipedia?
Hey there everyone. I just have taken an interest in this wikibook, and I was wondering if there are any rules to coping from wikipedia? Check out the Sensor size and angle of view section of the Digital photography article in Wikipedia. It seems like we could almost copy/paste that section into a new "Choosing a digital Camera" section, and then edit it to give a more buyers guide type feel for the different types of digital cameras (DSLR vs point and shoot vs cell phone) Looking further into that article, about half of it would fit into a "Choosing..." section. Any ideas?

 * Wikipedia is open source, so there would be no problem copying it. However, I would make one point—if we want to copy the content at this moment and then let it evolve independently (which is probably appropriate here), then copy'n'paste. Updates here will contextualize the information in this source and remain independent of updates to the wikipedia page...in other words, there should be no attempt to keep them in sync. On the other hand, if we do desire to keep a solid reference to the wikipedia page, then I would recommend we link and/or reference the wikipedia entry here, perhaps providing a brief summary of the relevant content of that entry.

 * I don't know if this is a standard practice on Wikibooks, but I see no reason why it shouldn't be. (If your question is primarily concerned about copyright, no need—all content created for both this site and Wikipedia are completely open source and license-free.)

needed sections...

 * Technical
 * Digital Photography/File formats
 * Digital Photography/Megapixels and Image quality
 * Digital Photography/Lenses
 * Styles
 * Digital Photography/Sports and action photography
 * Digital Photography/Nature photography
 * Digital Photography/Macro photography
 * Digital Photography/Landscape photography
 * Digital Photography/Portrait photography
 * Digital Photography/Panorama photography

Just a place for me to brainstorm needed areas. --J.smith (talk) 16:25, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Digital Photography


text:
Seven Habits Study Guide

Did you have a hard time reading, understanding, digesting, or remembering Stephen Covey's bestselling book, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People? Then this study guide may help you.

If you read the book already: The guide will refresh and reinforce what you read, whether you understood it the first time or not.

If you plan to read the book: The guide will prepare your mind so you can understand the book with less effort.

If you have not read the book, and do not plan to read it: The guide will help you become familiar with what the book says, and reap some or many of its benefits, in less time and with less effort. We might say, learn 80% with 20% of the effort.

Let's face it, the book has a lot of great content, even though it is wordy and reading it can give you a headache.

 * /Quick overview of the seven habits/
 * /Paradigms and principles/
 * /Private victory/
 * /Public victory/

title: Seven Habits Study Guide


text:
Seven Habits Study Guide/Quick overview of the seven habits

 'The Seven Principles Quick Sheet'
 * Be confident, having the freedom to choose (to act with responsibility)
 * Personal Leadership, It is your choice (With focus you plan, prioritize and visualize your actions)
 * Self Management, organize and execute around your priorities.
 * Relationships, aka respect Always listen while seeking solutions that support yourself and the other person, by actively listening before you talk, open yourself to communicate effectively with others

= Private victory, the path to independence =

Habit 1: Be proactive
Take action and take responsibility. This is the basis of all further habits and a cornerstone of success. You will influence your life more than anyone else. You have the opportunity to use your free will and hard work to change yourself and your circumstances. You are only a victim if you allow yourself to be; if you are reactive rather than proactive. The emphasis of this habit is to do whatever is in your power to improve your situation. You are the creator, the actor and the doer in your life; get started and "just do it". Since, in a situation, the thing that you can influence and change the most is your response to it - choose your response to any situation and you will find yourself in control. No one can "make" you angry if you decide you don't want to get angry. Don't let life set you up to be in a bad situation. Have confidence in yourself and believe that you can succeed at anything in life.

In your internal dialogue, replace language such as "I must do X" with "I choose to do X", "I have to" with "I want to", "If only..." with "Let's see about..." etc.
 * I choose to not be angry in my work environment
 * I choose to spend only planned expenses in my personal budget
 * I want to be more present and involved in my family's happiness

Habit 2: Begin with the end in mind
Visualize where you want to go. Before you start something sit down and plan it out. A little planning will usually save you a lot of actual work later. Use your creative forces to create images and plans in your head first, then carry out your plan. The plan is called the first creation; the second creation is formed when you carry out the plan, and its success depends on a well thought out first creation.

It's extremely easy to get caught up in an activity trap, in the business of life, the thick of thin things.

 * I want to be family physician
 * I want to have a full registration with HPSCA
 * I want to become a useful consultant
 * I want to be a good husband, to be a good father
 * I want to be respected

Habit 3: Put first things first
Set priorities. Decide which of your roles and goals are most important, then determine what steps will best achieve those goals. Basically it means doing life with your values in hand. It means defining your idea of success in life from the image you would like to leave in the roles that you assume (like spouse, grandparent, voter, activist, student, employee, manager). The idea is to have these clearly defined and on a piece of paper.

We need to schedule our priorities. We can use the time management matrix to determine where to spend our time.

 There are four quadrants where we spend our time:  To be effective we need to take care of everything in quadrant 1 and then spend as much of our remaining time as possible in quadrant 2. We need to live in quadrants 1 and 2.
 * 1) Important and Urgent
 * 2) Important but not Urgent
 * 3) Urgent but not Important
 * 4) Not Urgent or Important

Quadrant 1 activities are the things that are important and urgent: emergencies, deadline-driven projects, crises, some meetings, some phone calls. These are the things we cannot and should not ignore. They demand our immediate attention.

Quadrant 2 activities include: all work in each of the 7 habits, maintenance, recreation, self-care, learning, reading, and relationship building. These are the things we don't do because they're never urgent. They're important, but once we finish dealing with the Urgent and Important crises, we often don't want to work in quadrant 2. We get distracted by Urgent things that are not important—quadrant 3 activities—such as phone calls, text messages or interruptions from others. We might want to retreat to the gratifying but wasteful activities of quadrant 4 because we feel like we deserve a break. We don't realize that we are setting ourselves up for more crises in quadrant 1 by ignoring the important activities of quadrant 2.

= Public victory, the path to interdependence =

Habit 4: Think win-win
Many people grow up with a competitive mindset ("I win, you lose"), a beaten-down mindset ("I give up, do what you want to me"), or a mix of these and other mindsets. Each of these has its place. However, for your most valuable family and business interactions, the most mature and effective goal is usually to seek situations which benefit everyone involved.

When you negotiate you should seek to make deals that help everyone. In cases where this is not possible, it is best to have the mindset from the outset that you will walk away from the deal ("win-win or no-deal").

Habit 5: Seek first to understand, then to be understood
To influence and help others, you must first actively listen to them and understand their situation and concerns. For example, imagine a doctor who gives a prescription over the telephone without knowing all the necessary information about the patient and their condition. This could be a serious or even fatal error if the patient takes the wrong medicine. In the same way, when giving someone advice we should be quite careful to understand their circumstances well. Even excellent advice can be useless and wasted if it does not apply to the situation of the person receiving it.

It is most effective to listen actively with empathy, consciously trying to understand and to see the world from the other person's perspective. It is also beneficial to listen without judging. Avoid "hearing" through a filter formed by your own worldview, and do not impose your preconceived ideas on what you hear, because doing so will inhibit your efforts to put yourself in the other person's shoes.

Once you have clearly understood the point of view of another person, it is equally important to be understood by them. You need to build the courage to respond to what you've heard and present your own view that takes what the other person has said into account.

Habit 6: Synergize
This habit deals with teamwork and opening yourself emotionally to work with other people. Optimistic, emotionally-charged individuals who are living out the previous habits can work together in amazing ways and see new paths none of them would have found alone. To synergize means to value differences or disagreements within a group. Instead of looking at the difference negatively, one can view this as beneficial and seek to understand why the difference exists. In coming to understand the difference or disagreement, and thinking with a win/win attitude, a "third alternative" may appear. A "third alternative" is one which neither party could have come up with alone but instead is generated out of understanding differences and seeking to reach a win/win solution. This synergy is a bit chaotic but is also fun and stimulating. When you use synergy you are also improving your spiritual, emotional and social side of your life.

= The Seventh Habit - Renewal =

Habit 7: Sharpen the saw
Take time to rejuvenate yourself and help prepare yourself to work better in the future. This often means relaxing, enjoying nature, meditating and praying (Steven Covey was a devout Member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, as he explains in the book's introduction), reading Scripture or great literature, listening to classical music, and spending time with high-quality relationships.

The purpose of this habit is to regularly exercise the four components which many believe make up the human being: body, mind, heart and spirit.

 * Body: Exercise for a sense of well-being.
 * Mind: Exercise to sharpen the intellectual abilities.
 * Spirit: Exercise with meditations and inner reflections.
 * Heart: Exercise care for important relationships.

The fourth category is not an exercise like the others, but rather a commitment to use habits 4, 5 and 6 in everyday life.

Keep positive enthusiasm.


text:
Online OsiriX Documentation/Extract a 3D volume from a series

Extract an area from a series for 3D reconstructions

1) Open your series and select the Closed Polygon tool

2) Activate the Thick Slab feature

3) Draw your ROI on this Thick Slab

4) Propagate your ROI to current Thick Slab by pressing Ctrl-S, or menu ROI : Propagate to current Thick Slab

5) “Jump” to the next Thick Slab, by using Ctrl-Left or Right Arrow keys

6) Continue to create your ROIs, and propagate the selected ROI up to the end of the series

7) Delete pixels that are outside these ROIs

8) For a CT series: select “Outside” and use “-1000” value

9) You can now produce your 3D image

For example, a cardiac-CT without the bones…

OsiriX オンライン解説文書/OsiriX入門_シリーズ内画像から3D再構成像作成に必要な領域を抜き出す


text:
User talk:Dreyfus~enwikibooks

Hebrew text
Hi Dreyfus, and welcome. I have responded to your questions about typing Hebrew at Wikibooks_talk:The_Open_Mishnah_Project.Dovi 07:47, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Chag Kasher ve-Sameach
Hi Dreyfus. Nice work on Berakhot perek bet and it's nice to have you with us! Did the Hebrew typing suggestions help you?

Chag Kasher ve-Sameach Dovi 09:21, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Very helpful, thanks!
 * חג כשר ושמח

 * Dreyfus 21:42, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dreyfus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dreyfus~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:06, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:54, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dreyfus~enwikibooks


text:
Wikibooks talk:The Open Mishnah Project/archive 1

Initial comments
I think that this material is an interesting development which, if carried to completion, would bring credit to Wikisource. My concern at this point is with copyright. That the original Hebrew is in the public domain seems obvious, but it would be helpful if you would comment on the copyright status of the English portion of these articles. Eclecticology 01:46, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Though we may disagree on some other things, on this I think you are 100% correct. The funny thing is that the problem is the opposite of what you might expect: It is not the English portion that may raise copyright issues, but the Hebrew portion.

 * The English portion is not so problematic because the Mishnah is, to put it simply, not considered a very "hard" text. Lots of laymen study it in the "Daily Mishnah" program.  For a person with just a modicum of experience in Mishnah study, to produce a reasonable translation of just one mishnah takes no more than 5-10 minutes.  So we need not worry so much about copyright here, unless new participants start quoting verbatum from published translations.  That has not happened yet, and we will have to put up a clear notice to make sure that it doesn't in the future.

 * The Hebrew portion is a bit more problematic. Obviously, the old Hebrew texts are not copyrighted.  But the digital editions of them are.  For the Hebrew, I have either typed from the old editions manually and edited according to my own standards, which poses no problems and is clearly not based on anything else.  In only one case (Maimonides' version of the Mishnah) did I use someone else's electronic edition, but only after getting written permission from the source (Mechon Mamre - see their website).  The vowelized Hebrew versions of the Mishnah may raise problems if they are not done manually.

 * I hope this project can be an example of a multilingual community effort towards the joint study, translation, and editing of classical texts. It need not be limited to Mishnah - the same thing could be done for the writings of Aristotle if enough people are interested!  (I am, though I don't know Greek!) Dovi 05:56, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Making an electronic version of old public domain material usually does not create a new copyright. There must be something creative to make the material copyrightable.  I presume that the vowelization that were added follows established rules and traditions, so that too is not copyrightable.  I am, of course, not familiar with the Hebrew site that you used.  That a site adds a copyright notice to its material does not mean that everything there suddenly has a new copyright.  Their copyrights would still be limited to new material such as introductions that they added themselves, and the general layout of their page.

 * For the English, if the translations are your own that is perfectly fine, but that should be mentioned on the headpage. If the introduction and explanations, are taken from Maimonides the proper credit should be given, and information about when the underlying English text was first published should be given.  If all the explanations are from the same source, it should be enough to mention it on the headpage for your project.  Getting this right from the beginning could save us from future problems.  Eclecticology 06:50, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe I am worrying too much about copyright? See below for more on English translations.  There is a slight misunderstanding here about Maimonides: He was a great medieval scholar whose very own handwritten manuscript of the Mishnah with his commentary is still extant (in Oxford and Jerusalem).  He indicated that he edited the text carefully from even older manuscripts that he consulted. So this is an important text consulted in critical editions. Dovi 22:16, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

New Participant(s)
To the new participant(s) in this project who have created the index to Berakhot and some wonderful work on several mishnayot:

Welcome and thank you so much for the material you added!

If you don't mind, please introduce yourselves by selecting a username (also so that you can be contacted on the site).

What you wrote so far is fantastic in my opinion, please keep it up.

A question on one detail: What is the source of the vowelized Hebrew mishnah? (Remember that the commercial databases are coyrighted.) In the Hebrew I only did two examples of this, which I produced half-manually through an old program called "auto-nikkud". This is very time-consuming, which is why I didn't do any more than those two examples.

Keep up the good work!

Dovi 06:16, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Vowelized Mishnah
PS - On the vowelized mishnah: Perhaps the best thing possible regarding this, since it is so tedious to do manually, would be if we actually could use an extant digital text by writing to the owner, explaining who we are, and asking for written permission. It seems to me it can't hurt to try. What do people think? Dovi 06:26, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree that asking wouldn't hurt, but as I said before, I suspect that that part of the material may not be covered by copyright at all. In the alternative, would there not be Hebrew OCR software that could handle this? Eclecticology 23:41, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

English Translations
The following are the published English translations and/or commentaries for the entire Mishnah: Danby, Blackman, Artscroll, and the English Kehati. (Whoops! I almost forgot Neusner.)  Danby and Neusner are not meant for popular audiences, so I doubt anyone will use them. Blackman is an old, but still good popular translation, which I own a personal copy of but rarely use it any more. So I can check to make sure no texts are "lifted" from there. Artscroll and Kehati are popular today, but I don't use them, and the other person doesn't follow their style at all in the examples he submitted. So there is no problem here. The translations are our own, and as more people work on them will eventually become collective creations of the community. The explanations so far are eclectic compilations from the traditional commentaries (though they could include modern scholarship as well). Dovi 22:16, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * From searching around I did determine that Blackman was first published in 1951, and thus still covered by copyright. I presume that the others are all more recent.  I would say go ahead and add the text of Maimonides' commentary, but I don't know when it was first published in English.  Despite the large amount that he wrote only his Guide to the Perplexed seems to be easily available on the net.  If the contributors understand that they are publishing under GFDL we should be okay with copyright.  Some may argue that this whole venture belongs in Wikibooks, but I think you're fine where you are.  New commentary was forseen in the early days of Wikibooks, but that has never really gotten off the ground. Eclecticology 00:59, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Maimonides' Arabic-language commentary on the Mishnah has never been translated into English (and I certainly don't envision doing that here myself, though someone else who is extraordinarily ambitious may certainly try). I am not talking about the Arabic commentary anyway, but his Hebrew text of the Mishnah itself.  The Guide is readily available on the net for the simple reason that a century-old English translation (public domain) exists.  WikiBooks is for new open source course-texts (like "Chemistry 001" or at best an annotated Shakespeare), not primary texts. The latter are why we are here at WikiSource. Dovi 06:43, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I have no objection at all to the project being here. The Chemistry 001 would certainly be out of place, but an annotated Shakespeare with two side-by-side edit boxes for text and annotations would be nice. Translations too in side-by-side boxes could be interesting. Eclecticology 07:41, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Organizing the book
Hi! I noticed your book is in the "Wikibooks:" namespace. This namespace is reserved for pages dealing with Wikibooks in general or are about Wikibooks (like Staff lounge or Hierarchy naming scheme. I therefore suggest you to move your book to the main namespace, that is: The Open Mishnah Project The Open Mishnah Project/Advertisement The Open Mishnah Project/Permissions The Open Mishnah Project/Mishnah Tractate and so on. Look at the ongoing discussion at Hierarchy naming scheme. If you have any questions about this just ask. --Andreas 10:26, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought I was supposed to do that since this is the project page. But it really doesn't matter; in fact, it actually makes things much simpler to drop the "Wikibooks:" prefix from the page names.Dovi 20:57, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, Sorry, I noticed later that this was a project page to another book. I don't really know where this page would best fit to. I had the impression that "Wikibooks:" was reserved for general pages, concerning more or less all Wikibooks (not just one specific one). Usually, the project page would be on the discussion page of the book (just "Talk:Mishnah"). But it seems, you have some Project page content also on the main page "Mishnah" ("How to contribute", etc.), so the distinction is not very clear to me. What about putting it all into one book? Then the Project page would be a subpage of Mishnah, like "Mishnah/Project", "Mishnah/Project/How to contribute", "Mishnah/Project/Advertisement", and so on. (at a later stage, you may want to think about gradually moving to subpage delimiters "Mishnah/Berakhot/1:1" instead of blank space "Mishnah Berakhot 1:1" also for the other pages of the Mishnah book, but that is not urgent..) --Andreas 10:02, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

OK, I guess there needs to be some sort of convention as to whether the project page for a book goes under "Wikibooks" or not. When there is a decision, it will be fine to move it (or not). Also: I agree with you that the current "Mishnah" page looks too much like the project page. I will try to fix that when I get a chance. The plan is, when there is more material, the "Mishnah" page will be a clear index to the contents of the entire book (to see what I mean, glance at the Hebrew version of the page, which catalogues over 100 individual pages).

As far as subpages: When I started this whole thing a while ago (on Hebrew Wikisource and later at Hebrew Wikibooks) I played around with a number of organizational possibilities, including subpages. In the end I came to the conclusion that the simple, official title of the single unit of text, without any other syntax, was easiest, as long as it was complemented by a useful system of links at the top of the page (a kind of navigation bar: next unit, previous unit, tractate index, Mishnah index) and categories at the bottom. (All of these pages and indexes, by the way, are also much simpler to link between languages than subpages.) It might be hard for you to navigate the many Hebrew pages that actually implement this, but if you are able to succeed despite the language barrier you will see that the hierarchy of texts is at once extremely clear and extremely easy to navigate in any direction, but in a way that would be much more difficult to do with subpages.

Because there are much fewer texts, demonstrating this is currently far less awesome in English than in Hebrew. But try clicking the links from Mishnah Berakhot 1:2 to get some sort of any idea of how this might function. Dovi 13:54, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

PS Andreas - thank you for referring me to Hierarchy naming scheme. Now I can learn from people's past experience and proposals, and see where what I've tried to do fits into past experience. Actually, it seems that what I've done here, and especially in the Hebrew parallel, is "No delimiter, no book title on subpages". However, neither of the disadvantages mentioned there apply at all in the system used here.

Actually, the discussion there of the advantages and disadvantages in the various systems doesn't take into account linking between parallel texts in different languages, which would be far more cumbersome with subpages. May I suggest that the outcome be more than one possible model?Dovi 14:32, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Dovi, if you think Hierarchy naming scheme is missing advantages or disadvantages, feel free to add them there (it is still discussion in progress). I highly welcome your input, since this is a point I was not aware of. I looked at your Hebrew pages and felt like Alice through the looking-glass (in a mirror world) :-) I just wonder, why would it be more difficult to link to a page in another language using subpages than using " " space? I don't see any conceptual difference. In the Hebrew version, would you organize the URL address line in the browser from left to right, or right to left? That is, "Book/Chapter/Section" or "Section/Chapter/Book"? Is this the difficulty you are referring to?
 * In Hebrew it is written backwards, but in the same order, so it doesn't cause a problem (how strange... :-)
 * Other than that, you are free to add your navigation line at the top and bottom as you did, regardless whether you use subpages or namespace or whatever. So there should not be any difference.
 * The idea of unifying the delimiter on the long run is to prepare wikibooks for further enhancement changes in the future (like all-pages-in-one print version, or automatic page-to-page navigation) which would only work, if all books have the same organizational structure, for example, subpages..). But of course, if you don't want to change your book, don't change it, and I also won't do so. As long as there is no clear outcome of the discussion and the software has not changed yet, there is no point yet in doing it. --Andreas 16:20, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hmmm again... What you are saying is that there is really no difference in terms of ease of use between "Mishnah Berakhot 1:2" versus Mishnah/Berakhot/1:2" or "Mishnah/Berakhot/1/2". At first glance I do think it is more pleasant to the eye (and a better recognized reference) without all the slashes, but on the other hand is it really so significant at all? I'm going to have to think about this... Also do realize that there is yet a fifth level in the Hebrew that hasn't been applied in English. Without slashes it can be ignored or added at will on a navigation bar.

Anyways, there is a lot to think about here. Thanks for all the thoughtful advice. Let's keep working on this, not only for this book but because a useful (and perhaps flexible) system is important for all of them.Dovi 22:14, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)


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COSTP World History Project/Civilizations of Ancient Times

In the western world, ancient history is generally thought to encompass the period of time when writing and historical records first appear. This is roughly 7,500 years ago (5,500 BC). For some, the discovery of agriculture, roughly 6,000 BC is the beginning of ancient history. The most common date for an end of ancient history in Europe is 476 AD (the fall of the Western Roman Empire), however the exact date is still disputed among various historians. In Europe ancient history was followed by Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000-5,500 years, with cuneiform possibly being the oldest form of writing. Genetic evidence, however, points to the first appearance of human beings about 150,000 years ago. There is also a growing body of evidence that Homo sapiens first left Africa about 60,000 years ago.

The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires. The Neo-Assyrian Empire, followed by the Achaemenids. In Greece, Classical Antiquity begins with the colonization of Magna Graecia and peaks with the rise of Hellenism. The close of the millennium sees the rise of the Roman Empire. In South Asia, the Vedic civilization blends into the Maurya Empire. The early Celts dominate Central Europe while Northern Europe is in the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The Scythians dominate Central Asia. In China, Spring and Autumn Period sees the rise of Confucianism. Towards the close of the millennium, the Han Dynasty extends Chinese power towards Central Asia, where it borders on Indo-Greek and Iranian states. The Maya civilization rises in Central America, while in Africa, Ancient Egypt begins its decline and Ethiopian civilization its rise. The religions of Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism (Vedic religion and Vedanta), Jainism and Buddhism develop. Graeco-Roman Europe, India and China see the rise of literature. World population triples in the course of the millennium, reaching some 170 million people at its close.


text:
COSTP World History Project/Ancient philosophy and the development of Western political thought

Western philosophy is a line of related philosophical thinking, beginning in Ancient Greece, and including the predominant philosophical thinking of Europe and its former colonies up to the present day. The concept of philosophy itself originated in the West, derived from the ancient Greek word philosophia (φιλοσοφια); literally, "the love of wisdom" (philein = "to love" + sophia = wisdom, in the sense of theoretical or cosmic insight). However, many non-Western religions have adopted the term philosophy in reference to cosmic intellectual discourse analogous to Western philosophy.

Western philosophy has had a tremendous influence on, and has been greatly influenced by, Western religion, science, and politics. Indeed, the central concepts of these fields can be thought of as elements or branches of Western philosophy. To the Ancient Greeks, these fields were often one and the same. Thus, in the West, philosophy is an expansive and ambiguous concept. Today, however, what generally distinguishes philosophy from other Western disciplines is the notion that philosophy is a "deeper" and more rational, fundamental, and universal form of thought than other disciplines.

Reason was the key word for Ancient Greek philosophers. Through the use of rationalism, Greeks laid the foundations for both western science and humanities. For example, Democritus, an early Greek philosopher, through the use of reason, not technology, designed the concept of atomos, or the atom. He believed his small particle to be the building block of nature, and today, through the use of microscopes and other technology, we have verified his claims.

Agriculture led to several major changes. It allowed far larger population densities, which organized themselves into states. There are several definitions used for the term "state." Max Weber and Norbert Elias defined the state as an organization of people that has a monopoly on the legitimate use of force in a particular geographic area.

Borders delineate states - a prominent example is the Great Wall of China, which stretches over 6700 km, and was first erected in the 3rd century BC to protect the north from nomadic invaders. It has been rebuilt and augmented several times since.

The first states appeared in Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley in the late 4th and early 3rd millennia BC. In Mesopotamia, there were several city-states. Ancient Egypt began as a state without cities, but cities soon arose. A state needs an army to impose the legitimate use of force. An army needs a bureaucracy to maintain it. The only exception to this appears to be the Indus Valley civilization due to a lack of evidence of military force.

States appeared in China in the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC. Major wars broke out between states in the Middle East. The treaty of Kadesh, one of the first peace treaties, was concluded between the Hittites and ancient Egypt ca.1275 BC. Major empires came into being with conquered areas ruled by central tribes, such as Persia (6th century BC), the Mauryan Empire (4th century BC), China (3rd century BC), and the Roman Empire (1st century BC).

Clashes among major empires took place in the 8th century AD, when the Islamic Caliphate of Arabia (ruling from Spain to Iran) and the Tang dynasty of China (ruling from Xinjiang to Korea) fought for decades for control of Central Asia. The largest contiguous land empire was the Mongolian Empire in the 13th century. By then, most humans in Europe, Asia and North Africa belonged to states. There were states as well in Mexico and western South America. States continued to control more and more of the world's territory and population; the last 'empty' territories were divided among states in the Treaty of Berlin (1878 AD).

City and Trade
Vasco da Gama sailed to India to bring back spices in the late 15th century AD and early 16th century AD.

Agriculture also created, and allowed for the storage of, food surpluses that could support people not directly involved in food production. The development of agriculture permitted the creation of the first cities. These were centers of trade, manufacturing and political power with nearly no agricultural production of their own. The cities were parasites of a sort, absorbing agricultural products from the surrounding countryside, but providing, in return, manufactured goods and varying degrees of military protection.

The development of cities led to what has been called civilization: first Sumerian civilization in lower Mesopotamia (3500 BC), followed by Egyptian civilization along the Nile (3300 BC) and Harappan civilization in the Indus Valley (3300 BC). There is evidence of elaborate cities with high levels of social and economic complexity. However, these civilizations were so different from each other that they almost certainly originated independently. It was at this time that writing and extensive trade were introduced.

In China, proto-urban societies may have developed from 2500 BC, but the first dynasty to be identified by archeology is that of the Shang Dynasty. The 2nd millennium BC saw the emergence of civilization in Crete, mainland Greece and central Turkey. In the Americas, civilizations such as the Maya, the Moche and Nazca emerged in Mesoamerica and Peru at the end of the 1st millennium BC. Coinage was introduced in Lydia.

Long-range trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BC, when Sumerians in Mesopotamia traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. Trade routes also appeared in the eastern Mediterranean in the 4th millennium BC. The Silk Road between China and Syria began in the 2nd millennium BC. Cities in Central Asia and Persia were major crossroads of these trade routes. Phoenician and Greek civilizations founded empires in the Mediterranean basin in the 1st century BC, based on trade. The large scale transportation of commodities before the modern age was unique to the ancient Greek civilization. Arabs dominated the trade routes in the Indian Ocean, East Asia, and the Sahara in the late 1st millennium AD and early second millennium AD. Arabs and Jews also dominated trade in the Mediterranean in the late 1st millennium. Italians took over this role in the early 2nd millennium AD. Flemish and German cities were at the center of trade routes in Northern Europe in the early 2nd millennium AD. In all areas, major cities developed at crossroads along the trade routes.

Religion and Philosophy
Main articles: History of philosophy and Development of religion New philosophies and religions arose in both east and west, particularly around the 6th century BC. Over time, a great variety of religions developed around the world, with Hinduism and Buddhism in India, Zoroastrianism in Persia being some of the earliest major faiths. The Abrahamic religions also trace their origin to this time[citation needed]. In the east, three schools of thought were to dominate Chinese thinking until the modern day. These were Taoism, Legalism, and Confucianism. The Confucian tradition, which would attain predominance, looked not to the force of law, but to the power and example of tradition for political morality. In the west, the Greek philosophical tradition, represented by the works of Plato and Aristotle, was diffused throughout Europe and the Middle East by the conquests of Alexander of Macedon in the 4th century BC.

Major Civilizations and Regions
By the last centuries BC, the Mediterranean, the Ganges and the Yellow River became the seats of empires which future rulers would strive to imitate. In India, the Mauryan Empire ruled over much of the Indian subcontinent, while the Pandyas ruled the south of India. In China, the Qin and Han dynasties extended the rule of imperial government through political unity, improved communications and also notably the establishment of state monopolies by Emperor Wu. In the west, the Ancient Greeks established a civilization that is considered by most historians to be the foundational culture of modern western civilization. Some centuries later the Romans began expanding their territory through conquest and colonization from the 3rd century BC. By the reign of Emperor Augustus in the late 1st century, Rome controlled all the lands surrounding the Mediterranean.

The great empires rested on the ability to exploit the process of military annexation and the formation of defended human settlements to become agricultural centers. The relative peace they brought encouraged international trade, most notably were the massive trade routes in the Mediterranean sea that were developed by the time of Hellenistic age, with were unparalleled in volume of trade until modern times and the growth of the Silk Road. They also faced common problems, such as those associated with maintaining huge armies and the support of a central bureaucracy. These costs fell most heavily on the peasantry, whilst land-owning magnates were increasingly able to evade centralized control and its costs. The pressure of barbarians on the frontiers hastened the process of internal dissolution. The Han empire fell into civil war in 220 AD, whilst its Roman counterpart became increasingly decentralized and divided around the same time.

Throughout the temperate zones of Eurasia, America, and North Africa, large empires continued to rise and fall.

The gradual breakup of the Roman Empire, which spanned several centuries following the 2nd century AD, coincided with the spread of Christianity westward from the Middle East. The western part of the Roman Empire fell under the domination of various Germanic tribes in the 5th century, and these polities gradually developed into a number of warring states, all associated, in one way or another, with the Roman Catholic Church. The remaining part of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean was henceforth known as the Byzantine Empire. Centuries later, a limited unity was restored to western Europe through the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire, comprising a number of states in what is now Germany and Italy. In China, dynasties would similarly rise and fall. Nomads from the north began to invade in the 4th century AD, eventually conquering nearly all of northern China and setting up many small kingdoms. The Sui Dynasty reunified China in 581, and under the Tang Dynasty (618-907) China entered into a second golden age. However, the Tang Dynasty also splintered and, after about half a century of turmoil, the Northern Song Dynasty reunified China in 982. Yet, pressure from nomadic empires to the north became increasingly urgent. All of North China was lost to the Jurchen in 1141 and the Mongol Empire conquered all of China in 1279, as well as almost all of Eurasia's landmass, missing only western and central Europe and Japan. Northern India was ruled by the Guptas in these times. In southern India, three prominent Dravidan kingdoms emerged: Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas. The ensuing stability contributed to herald the golden age of Hindu culture in the 4th and 5th centuries AD.

Vast societies also began to be built up in Central America at this time, with the Maya and the Aztecs in Mesoamerica being the most notable. As the mother culture of the Olmecs gradually declined, the great Mayan city-states slowly rose in number and prominence, and Maya culture spread throughout Yucatán and surrounding areas. The later empire of the Aztec was built on neighboring cultures and was influenced by conquered peoples, such as the Toltec.

South America saw the rise of the Inca in the 14th and 15th centuries. The Inca Empire of Tawantinsuyu spanned the entire range of the Andes and held its capital at Cusco. The Inca were prosperous and advanced, known for an excellent road system and unrivaled masonry.

Islam, which began in Arabia in the 7th century, was also one of the most remarkable forces in World history, growing from only a few followers to become the basis of a series of large empires in India, the Middle East, and North Africa.

In North East Africa, Nubia and Ethiopia, which both had long been linked to the Mediterranean world, remained Christian enclaves as the rest of Africa north of the equator converted to Islam. With Islam, came new technologies that, for the first time, allowed substantial trade to cross the Sahara. Taxes on this trade led to prosperity in North Africa and the rise of a series of kingdoms in the Sahel.

This period was marked by slow but steady technological improvements, with developments of influential importance such as the stirrup and the mouldboard plough arriving every few centuries.


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COSTP World History Project/Eastern Civilization and Its Impact

The history of Asia can be seen as the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions, East Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe.

The coastal periphery was the first to be home to civilization, with each of the three regions developing early civilizations around fertile river valleys. The civilizations in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and China shared many similarities and likely exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel. Other notions such as that of writing likely developed individually in each area. Cities, states and then empires developed in these lowlands.

The steppe region had long been inhabited by mounted nomads, and from the central steppes they could reach all areas of the Asian continent. The earliest known such central expansion out of the steppe is that of the Indo-Europeans who spread their languages into the Middle East, India, and in the Tocharians to the borders of China. The northern part of the continent, covering much of Siberia was also inaccessible to the steppe nomads due to the dense forests and the tundra. These areas were very sparsely populated.

The centre and periphery were kept separate by mountains and desserts. The Caucuses, Himalayas, Karakum Desert, Gobi Desert formed barriers that the steppe horse men could only cross with difficulty. While technologically and culturally the urban city dwellers were more advanced, they could do little militarily to defend themselves against the mounted hordes of the steppe. However, the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force. Thus the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the Middle East were soon forced to adapt to the local societies.


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Theoretical Mechanics/Vector Algebra

Scalars
Scalars are simple values. They describe something like height, length, mass, number of chairs with a real number. e.g. 10 chairs, 5Kg, 2m: 10, 5 and 2 are scalars.

Vectors
Vectors have a magnitude and a direction. e.g. the velocity of a ball has both a speed and a direction in which it is moving.

Basis Vectors
All cartesian coordinate systems have a number of basis vectors equal to their dimension; for most applications in Theoretical Mechanics the vector space is E3, whose basis vectors are ex, ey, ez.

You may also see $$\hat{\imath}$$ for ex, $$\hat{j}$$ for ey, and $$\hat{k}$$ for ez.

Every vector is then a linear combination of these basis vectors. Often, vectors are written as tuples, so that the vector aex + bey + cez is equivalent to the tuple (a, b, c).

The unity vector of any vector can be found by dividing all of its components by the length: V = 3ex + 4ey  length: |V| = sqrt (3² + 4²) = sqrt (9 + 16) = sqrt 25 = 5  Unity vector ev = (3/5)ex + (4/5)ey

3/5 equals to the cosinus of the angle of this vector with the X-axis, 4/5 is the cosinus of the angle of this vector with the Y-axis: argcos(3/5) = about 53° argcos(4/5) = about 37° Notice that both angles add up to 90°. This means this vector lays in the XY-plane. If it adds up to a larger number, it lays inside a 3D volume, not a plane.

Equality
Two vectors are equal if and only if both their magnitude and their direction are the same. 4ex ≠ 5ex  4ex ≠ 4ey  4ex + 8ey - 1ez ≠ 4ex + 8ey + 3ez  4ex = 4ex  10ey = 10ey  4ex + 8ey - 1ez = 4ex + 8ey - 1ez

Vector multiplied with scalar
Multiply the magnitude of the vector with the scalar. 4ex + 3ey * 2 = 8ex + 6ey 3ea * 5 = 15ea

Angle between 2 vectors
This is the smallest angle between both vectors.

Adding Two Vectors
Two vectors are added component by component, like this:

(a1ex + a2ey + a3ez) + (b1ex + b2ey + b3ez) = (a1 + b1)ex + (a2 + b2)ey + (a3 + b3)ez

So, for example:

(2ex + 1ey + 3ez) + (ex + 1ey + ez) = (3ex + 2ey + 4ez)

Subtracting Two Vectors
Subtracting a vector A from a vector B is no different than adding A and -1 * B together.

Dot product
a*b*cos θ With: a, b magnitude of the vectors; θ angle between the vectors.

A.B = ax * bx + ay * by + az * bz

with A,B 2 vectors; ax X-component of vector A, ...

Properties of the dot product: Is a scalar. When equal to zero: The angle between the vectors is 90°. or one of the vectors is zero. Maximum: angle between the vectors is 0°

Cross product
U = A x B
 U = a * b * sin θ
 U = (Ay * bz - az * by) ex
 + (Az * bx - ax * bz) ey
 + (Ax * by - ay * bx) ez

Properties of the cross product: Is a vector orthogonal to both A and B

title: Theoretical Mechanics/Vector Algebra


text:
Talk:Mambo Open Source/Noted Contributors

If you think your name should be on the list, please say so here! Use the + button next to the "edit this page"-link to add a post.


text: File:SIP.jpg

title: File:SIP.jpg


text:
Plant Sciences

Contents

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) /Confocal microscopy/
 * 3) /Arabidopsis thaliana/
 * 4) /Arabidopsis root development/
 * 5) /Resources/

title: Plant Sciences


text:
Investment Business Plan/Portfolio Management

Portfolio Management is one of the most important aspects of investing, particularly for the investor with a maturing portfolio. Think of the portfolio needing attention on three levels. 1) Pay attention to individual stocks held in the portfolio. 2) Pay attention to the asset allocation in order to maintain diversity and balance within the portfolio. 3) Pay attention to what is happening to the broad market and to the sectors within the broad market.

Monitor Individual Stocks
Let's take the first assignment, that of paying attention to the individual stocks held in a portfolio. One very useful tool that aids in this monitoring process is Toolkit 5. Built into this software is a portfolio management section. To put this portfolio management section of Toolkit to use one must first complete a Stock Selection Guide (SSG) analysis on each stock held in the portfolio. Once one is familiar with the product it does not take long to complete this assignment.

Toolkit 5 has the option to build a library of stocks. Set up a library to include all stocks held in the portfolio with the correct number of shares. Once this is accomplished Toolkit 5 provides an Overview of the portfolio. This shows the user the portfolio Total Return, U/D ratio, Relative Value etc. Once one sees the Overview it is time to check the Alerts. If the Alert screen comes up blank, you are doing something good in the selection of stocks. Pay particular attention to those stocks yielding a Defensive alert. Go in and look at the PERT sheet to see what is going on with the stock. Find out if Sales and or Earnings are in decline. Determine what is causing the Defensive alert signal as it may be time to purge the stock from the portfolio.

Active Asset Allocation
1.0 Portfolio Tilt

Harold R. Evensky in his book, "Wealth Management: The Financial Advisor's Guide to Investing and Managing Client Assets" does a fine job in defining Portfolio Tilt. He writes, "This is a strategy designed to add value by overweighting an investment class or style in order to take advantage of a perceived market anomaly. An example would be the overweighting of small-cap stocks in January to take advantage of the January effect.  A more general example would be the permanent overweighting of the portfolio with low price/book stock." This latter strategy is one where the investor would skew an asset allocation to the value side of the investment equation. This is a strategy preferred by many asset allocators as historically, value stocks tend to outperform growth stocks.

Evensky continues to write, "One quasi strategy that straddles market timing and portfolio tilt is sector rotation, i.e., the technique of tilting the portfolio in favor of market sectors that are expected to benefit most from the next economic wave." More on this later when we look at Exponental Moving Averages (EMA) and Point & Figure (PnF) charts.

2.0 Dynamic Asset Allocation

Dynamic Asset Allocation (DAA) is a mechanical method of rebalancing a portfolio due to market movements. When an asset class moves out of its target ranges, the investor responds by bring "out-of-line" asset classes back into balance. The sample asset allocation spreadsheet is a great aid in helping the investor accomplish these portfolio rebalancing activities. There are some studies done by William Bernstein that show one should not rebalance a portfolio more than once every year. While the asset allocation spreadsheet permits one to track what is going on daily, I highly recommend no rebalancing occur more than once a quarter.

3.0 Tactical Asset Allocation

Tactical Asset Allocation (TAA) is similar to DAA in that it requires periodic rebalancing of the portfolio. Instead of a mechanical rebalancing activity due to the asset classes moving out of their target ranges, TAA requires the investor to know something about what is happening to sectors and asset classes of the market. When is it time to shift assets to the value or growth sides of the portfolio equation? When is it time to be in small-cap vs. large-cap stocks? Is there a time to invest more heavily in REITs or international investments? TAA relies on the assumption that different asset classes will revert to the mean. If an asset class is a hot performer one year it is highly unlikely it will return the same performance a second or third year.

External Source

portaleducando.com/us/revenue-growth-in-stock-investing/


text:
Cookbook:Kheer (Rice Pudding)

| Indian Cuisine | Dessert

Kheer or payasam is a thick rice pudding.

Ingredients

 * 1 L (4 cups) milk
 * 250 ml (1 cup) long grain white rice
 * 125 ml (½ cup) white sugar
 * 65 ml (¼ cup) sultanas (raisins)
 * 6 cardamom pods
 * 65 ml (¼ cup) slivered blanched almonds
 * 15 ml (1 tbsp) rosewater

Procedure

 * 1) Bring the milk to a boil. Stir regularly to prevent scorching.
 * 2) Add rice and simmer slowly until thick (about 20 minutes).
 * 3) Stir in the sugar, sultanas, and the ground cardamom seeds. Cook for 5 minutes.
 * 4) Remove from the heat, stir in the almonds and rosewater, and cover until ready to serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You can leave the kheer boiling for much longer (several hours), until it has been significantly reduced; this provides a stronger flavour and a light-pink colour.
 * You can use rice flour or vermicelli instead of plain rice.
 * You can add some red soda to give it a nice pinkish-whitish colour.
 * For kheer that is not too thick when cold, use 170 ml (⅔ cup) of rice instead of the amount listed above.
 * If to be eaten cold, it's nicer to use double the quantities of sugar, sultanas, and almonds.

Warnings

 * The main difficulty in this dish is preventing the kheer from sticking to the bottom of the pan, which requires care.

bpy:Cookbook:Kheer rw:Cookbook:Kheer ss:Cookbook:Kheer ta:Cookbook:Kheer

title: Cookbook:Kheer (Rice Pudding)