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Talk:Locksmithing

Legal Status
This entire section is bogus and has no sources. Possession of a lockpick illegal in the U.S.? Well, then how do locksmiths legally possess them? Locksmithing doesn't require a license or background check. You can even get into it as a profession through home study correspondence courses.

Also, crowbars aren't illegal in the U.S.! You can buy a crow bar at any hardware store. You can even buy them at Home Depot online! Just do a search and see! Crowbars are used for removing nails and opening windows. Nearly all household hammers include a mini crowbar on the opposite end of their head.

Possession of crowbars can be considered burglary tools just as much as a screwdriver or a hammer. All one needs to do is find the intent of the person who is carrying them. IE, late at night dressed in dark clothing, suspect has prior history of burglary.

Possession of lockpick sets in California is restricted to Public Safety Persons and Locksmiths. Locksmiths have a license to possess lickpick sets. <<-- Untrue. Possesion in California is completely legal, and I have corrected that section with relevant cites to the penal code. Cosmos7 07:23, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

'''edit**NOTE: The laws stated below only state that it is illegal to break and enter using such tools, it only says it's illegal to use them for illegal purposes, not illegal to only possess them. And duh crowbars are not illegal, it states clearly, its only illegal to USE THEM FOR ILLEGAL PURPOSES. only illegal if you POSSESS THEM WITH INTENT TO COMIT AN ILLEGAL ACT. but for hobbies and personal use not breaking the law, its not illegal, there u go. some places lockpicks are illegal, you should although check for yourself if your province or state has declared this so before obtaining lockpicks.'''

US State Laws
Oregon law ORS 164.125 states that if you possess a "burglary tool" or "theft device" with intent to commit forcible entry it is a class A misdemeanor. "Burglary tools" includes lockpicks and crowbars as they are "adapted or designed for committing or facilitating a forcible entry". Simple possession is not a crime, you must have intent to commit a crime.

Arizona has a similar law, ARS 13-1505 as does Texas Texas Penal Code Title 4, 16.01.

I have not looked into other states. --Schwern 12:12, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Mississippi State Law on lock picking tools Reference: http://198.187.128.12/mississippi/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=fs-main.htm&2.0 § 97-17-35. Burglary; possession of burglar's tools. It is unlawful for any person to have in his possession implements, tools, or instruments designed to aid in the commission of burglary, larceny or robbery; and on the conviction of any person thereof, he shall be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary not exceeding five (5) years, or in the county jail not exceeding one year. The carrying concealed about one's person, or in one's baggage, implements, tools, or instruments peculiarly adapted to aid in the commission of burglary, larceny or robbery, shall be prima facie evidence of intention to use them for such purpose. Sources: Codes, 1892, § 997; Laws, 1906, § 1074; Hemingway's 1917, § 802; Laws, 1930, § 818; Laws, 1942, § 2044; Laws, 1956, ch. 246.

Prima Facie - at first apperance, at first view, before investigation, plain or clear, self-evident, obvious

My interpretation of the last sentence is that simple possesion of a lock pick is illegal in the state of mississippi. Unfortunately, one can not do lock picking as a hobby in this state.

Bump Keys
Bumps keys is a larg security issue because of its simplicity and its high functionality, wich open certain type of locks without damaging them. The Open Organisation of Lockpickers (TOOOL) puplished a descriptive Paper on it already in 2005 (http://www.toool.nl/bumping.pdf) and additionally talks and videos on this specific technique to prevent Security through obscurity, also describing locks that are "Bump Proof" and why.

With help of a video on youtube (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WexoP5ZDWgg) and similar sites (newsweek, digg, ...) this Topic has become quite popular in these days and may have a effect finnaly in the puplic. Even when this is known for years by the industry. RobertSt 19:56, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Here is an article from ALOA: Bumpkeys.PDF. Dan D. Ric 21:57, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * To quote a small section: "Initially the individuals who promoted this information to the press may have been making what ALOA perceives as a mis-guided attempt at consumer awareness. They gave the impression that opening locks by Key Bumping was a wide-spread problem. It certainly has not been a method used by most burglars for many reasons. However, now that this method of opening some locks has become a popular theme, the most probable effect will be to stimulate the interest of would-be burglars to attempt to Bump Open locks!" Bumpkeys.PDF. Dan D. Ric 22:25, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

-Problems with bumping: To successfully bump a lock, you need to have a key that will fit the lock. With so many key designs out there, a person using bumping will need to have thousands of specially modified "bump keys." It is quite easy to make locks unbumpable. If you put a ball bearing on the top of each pin, the ball bearing absorbs the shock and keeps the pins from staying at the sheer line. Companies like Medeco have already caught onto putting objects such as these into their locks to prevent this kind of thing. Finally, it damages the lock. The impact can dent the keyway, making it impossible to get the real key back in. This leaves a trace, making the problem of insurance companies not paying for "no traces of burglary."

Lock bypassing
This is, strictly speaking, a lock bypass method, not a lock picking method. We should move it to an article on jimmying, if there ever is one. jdb ❋ (talk) 15:22, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Yes, there are many ways to open locks that aren't technically picking. Personally, I think we might as well keep the page as-is for now (with disclaimers as necessary), since the current text is neither large nor complete. Wyvern 12:15, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Car locks
Car locks can sometimes be opened by slipping a metal ruler that has had its end cut into a hook shape (a slim Jim), down the front of a car window (in between the rubber). The ruler is manipulated until the lock cable is caught on the hook. Pulling the cable up will open the door. On modern cars, however, this technique could easily damage the electrical wiring that controls the door locks or windows, so "slim jims" are usually inserted from the passenger side, to avoid the large amounts of wiring that are installed on the driver's door.

Tools
Why doesn't the lockpicking page have a section on lockpicks and how they are used? Is it just that nobody's gotten around to writing it up yet, or is there some objection to being more detailed? I'm sure there are people on Wiki more experienced than myself in this, but I could take a shot at a light overview. Wyvern 12:15, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Go for it. A light overview can always be edited later to fill in more detail. I can help with any diagrams if you like. Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 12:48, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Added a section on tools still plenty of room for improvement though --67.76.182.11 04:38, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Columbia?
Does this mean Washington, D.C.? If it does, we should link to the statute in question. (And who refers to the nation's capital as "Columbia"? Everyone I know calls it "Washington", "D.C.", or "The District", though the latter is used only by insufferables.) jdb ❋ (talk) 21:24, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Im pretty sure its refering to D.C., but i left it be since i am unsure
 * Found a resource that does say "District of Columbia" on it as to the place it is illegal at, here, on question three where it asks if it's legal to carry lock picks. I'm going to edit the article to reflect that, and post the resource. Zeke

Picture
As far as i understood, the torque wrench applies torque to the cilinder as if it was a key ( meaning, try to rotate clockwise ) however, this is not described in the text, nor in the diagram. If I am indeed right, I can add another view to make the diagram clear ( and i suggest tha someone such do it in the text )

Category
Is this really considered a page? It's not about computers. Should the category be split? Does it matter? --unforgettableid | talk to me 21:47, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Tone
"Then BAM! you will put the key into the lock and then the lock will open! It is an absolutly fantastic and fun skill to have, ecspecially if you are in a university setting."

This bit needs rephrasing, the tone is very unencyclopaedic. Shinobu 13:10, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Additionally, much of the article is written in the second person. Tagged for cleanup. -- J  Morgan (talk) 14:29, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The person that wrote the BAM bit contributed two major sections, both of which could use some heavy copy editing. Here are the diffs of the edits on the Pin Tumbler Locks and Key Impressioning sections. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lock_picking&diff=66099776&oldid=65245650 -- Phloopy 16:19, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that was me. Sorry about that - I get super carried away when I talk about locksmithing.  I am an avid enthusiast (and a very skilled one at that).  Thanks for cleaning up after my mess. --Yoyoceramic 04:51, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Improvements
Although i am generally impressed with the quality of Wikipedias pages, i cannot unfortunatly say the same about this one - the article is written in the same vein as the majority of most published material on the topic, containing some gross errors that i do not believe to be intentional and being heavily biased towards American terminolgy. Unfortunatly this disenfranchises a large section of your readership from comprehending the article. As a lecturer in lock picking and locksmithing in both the government and public sector, i would be happy to contribute to this article, being of the mind that such information is essential for informed decision and to promote greater ingenuity on the part of manufacturers. Unfortunately, as this is the first time i have entered this site, i have no idea how to proceed further. Should anyone be interested in my proposition, i would appreciate your help.Jwsa 16:20, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Then I suggest you learn how to edit. http://www.mediawiki.com and the Firefox extension for wikipedia might be a good start. --Yoyoceramic 04:50, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Laws in Downunder
Anyone mind telling me the laws about this in australia. Searched 2 legal sites and came up with zip.

Locksmith in Las vegas
Wikipedia says locksmithing is illegal in some countries. www.locksmithlas.vegas Are providing Locksmith services in Las vegas.I was wondering if it is legal or illegal in the law ? because i also want to start such business but don't want to mess with law of state. Hawkgigs (discuss • contribs) 16:45, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Locksmithing


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Talk:Horticulture/Biological Pest Control

Note: please don't remove red image links... the images should be uploaded to commons (they're quite good) -- SB_Johnny | talk 17:03, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:206.193.5.4

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it. -- Herby talk thyme 17:26, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Blocked
You cannot edit for 2 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--ЗAНИA talk 22:50, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:206.193.5.4


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Cookbook:Hyderabad Biryani

| Cuisine of India

Hyderabadi biryani is a popular variety of biryani. It is so named as it is seen mainly in the city of Hyderabad, India, where the dish emerged from the blending of mughlai and Andhra cuisines in the kitchen of the Nizam (leader of the historical Hyderabad state). It, like other biryanis, is made using Basmati rice which is only found on the Indian subcontinent. The spices and other ingredients remain the same, but the method of preparation involves more time.

It is usually accompanied with dahi ki chutney, raita, or mirchi ka salan.

There are 2 styles of preparing this variety. The Katchi Biryani is prepared with the Katchi Yakhni method (with raw gravy). The raw meat is marinated in yogurt and cooked only by the dum, or the baking process, which is done with rice. This is a challenging process as it requires meticulously measured time and heat to avoid overcooking or undercooking the meat. In Pakki Biryani, where the meat is cooked with all the accompanying spices and then the rice is simmered with the resultant gravy redolent of mace, ittar and kewra in a sealed vessel with saffron and cardamom. It is accompanied by side dishes like Mirchi ka Salan, Dhansak and Bagara Baingan.

The meat used in the preparation is usually mutton, beef—popularly called Kalyani Biryani—or, less frequently, chicken. There is also a vegetarian version of the Hyderabadi Biryani in which the place of the meat is taken by a mixture of vegetables such as carrots, peas, cauliflower and potato. The vegetarian version is called 'tarkari' biryani. The Hyderabadi Biryani version of the mixed Vegetable Biryani is the "Tahiri".

Ingredients

 * 1 kg chicken, preferably in 16 pieces, and a couple of drumsticks
 * 1 kg Basmati rice
 * 1 cup finely-chopped onions
 * 2 tsp ginger-garlic paste
 * 3 tsp chile powder
 * ½ tsp turmeric
 * 100 g cashew nuts
 * 4–5 bay leaves
 * 4–5 cloves
 * 2 cm-long cinnamon sticks
 * 6–10 green chiles, ground to paste
 * 3–4 cardamom pods
 * 1–2 tsp cumin
 * 2 cups fresh mint leaves
 * 1 cup coriander leaves (cilantro)
 * 2 tsp coriander powder
 * ½ tsp garam masala powder
 * 1 cup coconut milk
 * 1 lemon
 * 1½ tsp salt (or according to taste)
 * 1 cup ghee
 * ½ cup yogurt
 * 1 cup oil
 * 2 tsp dried coconut powder
 * A few strands of saffron
 * 2 cups finely-sliced onions

Procedure

 * 1) Make deep incisions in the chicken flesh. They should be deep enough for spices to get absorbed, but not so deep that they could render the pieces smaller.
 * 2) Mix turmeric, chilli powder, salt, garlic paste, yogurt, and half-lemon's juice. Thoroughly apply this paste onto the chicken, and let marinate for an hour.
 * 3) Heat about 100 ml of oil in a pan. Add cumin, cloves, cinnamon, cardamom seeds, bay leaves, ½ spoon cumin, 1 spoon coriander powder, and finally onions. Cook for a couple of minutes, then add mint leaves.
 * 4) When onions turn slightly brown, add marinated chicken and cook for about 20–30 minutes. It should not be fully cooked at this stage.
 * 5) Add garam masala and coconut powder. Remove from the heat when about ¾ cooked. There should not be much sauce, and the chicken pieces should look roasted.
 * 6) Meanwhile, while the chicken is still cooking, prepare the biryani rice. Slightly rinse 3 cups of basmati, then add half as much water as rice by volume and 1–2 teaspoons salt. Cook until half done, preferably in an electric cooker. Take a few semi-cooked grains of rice and colour them with diluted saffron for garnishing.
 * 7) Place about half the semi-cooked rice in it a heat-safe pot or dish about 12 inches (300 mm) in diameter. Next, layer half of the chicken on it, and top with half the remaining rice. Add the remaining chicken, then the rest of the rice.
 * 8) Heat oil, and deep fry half the sliced onions until golden brown. Similarly fry the cashews. Garnish the top rice layer with these two along with 100 ml ghee, coconut milk, saffron rice grains and coriander.
 * 9) Cover the dish well. Cook over high heat for 5 minutes, then reduce to low heat. The flame should not be at the vessel's centre, but on one side of it. Cook for 2–3 minutes, then rotate the vessel to heat another part of its circumference. In this way, keep rotating the vessel every 2–3 minutes for about 20 minutes. Every time you turn it, carefully disturb the contents with a shake/jerk so prevent the settling of ghee at the bottom.
 * 10) Remove from the heat, and wait for about 10 minutes before uncovering.
 * 11) Before serving, mix the medley from the bottom. Serve with boiled egg halves. Enjoy.

title: Cookbook:Hyderabad Biryani


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User:Binoj7

Binoj V Antony
Mobile : 09867303841

1.Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD) - .Net Framework 2.0: Enterprise Application Developer (Charter Member)

2.Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) - .Net Framework 2.0: Distributed Applications

3.Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) - .Net Framework 2.0: Windows Applications

4.Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) - .Net Framework 2.0: Web Applications

5.Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD) for Microsoft .NET

6.Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD) for Microsoft .NET

7.Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP)

8.Brainbench Certifications: C#, JavaScript, MySql, HTML

title: User:Binoj7


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Wikibooks talk:Dealing with vandalism

Spam/Vandalism
I cannot agree with "It is generally a good idea to let contributors to a book decide whether external links are inappropriate or not and to assume good faith." NO spammer is going to tell you that their links are spam and inappropriate. The Spam Project on Wp would frequent mention the fact that the stronger the objection to deletion the more likely it was to be spam. Some regime here will have to decide what is acceptable to Wikibooks or be overwhelmed -- Herby talk thyme 22:31, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Equally the bit under "External links". Going to bed now - will return & probably be unpopular in the morning -- Herby  talk thyme 22:33, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The wording probably isn't the best. It relies on their being more then one contributor to overwhelm any attempt of a spammer to spam a book and claim its anything but what it is. Wikibooks isn't Wikipedia what works there won't necessarly work here. Wikipedia is like a single book in terms of how Wikibooks works. Someone who knows something about the book subject is more qualified to know what is and isn't spam then a user who knows nothing about the subject. I could probablly add something about checking the user's contributions to see if they have done the same to other books on a wide variety of subjects, which may give a clue as to whether its spam or not. I'm not trying to define spam here. --darklama 02:12, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * In case anyone misses it Staff_lounge. -- Herby talk thyme 13:14, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Dealing with vandalism


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4

=Ruy Lopez, Morphy Defence= The last two moves ...a6 and Ba4 have made no substantial change to the position, therefore Black's options are much the same as they were on his previous move, although they are now known as deferred defences.

4...Nf6 is the most often played move and is referred to as the main line (rather than the Berlin Deferred). It attacks White's currently undefended e-pawn and helps prepare kingside castling.

4...d6 is the Steinitz Deferred. Much more popular than the true Steinitz Defence, it cuts out any threats to the e-pawn and reserves the option of an f5 push.

4...Bc5 is the Classical Defence Deferred. It develops a piece and controls the a7-g1 diagonal.

Hunting down White's bishop now is not wise. Black can play 4...b5 5.Bb3 Na5, hunting down White's light-squared bishop, however, this takes a lot of time, and after 6.O-O Nxb3 7.axb3, Black is far behind in development. The game Pavlovic-Agdestein, 2003 continued (after 5...Na5) 6.O-O d6 7.d4 f6 (holding on to e5 is Black's main idea in the Ruy Lopez) 8.Nc3 Nxb3 9.axb3 (Black doesn't have one piece off the back rank). Now, White can attack after Bb7 Qe2 g6 Be3 c6 dxe5 fxe5 Ng5 Be7 f4! opening more lines.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4


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Talk:HSC Information Processing and Technology

Ikarsik 00:04, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Untitled
This book will need editing, images and content from a wider range of sources. Also get rid of unnecessary sections and put separate sections on separate pages. I can't work on this any more atm, sry.


text:
Talk:Programming:Tcl/

Hi all, I am new here
Hello to all. This is my first day on the Internet. What should I do? Thanks!

title: Talk:Programming:Tcl/


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Animal bites

A special kind of infection that must be guarded against in case of animal bites is rabies (sometimes called “hydrophobia”). This disease is caused by a virus that is present in the saliva of infected animals. The disease occurs most commonly in wild animals, but it has been found in domestic animals and household pets. In fact, it is probable that all mammals are susceptible to it. The virus that causes rabies is ordinarily transmitted by a bite,  but it can be transmitted by the saliva of an infected animal coming in contact with a fresh wound or with the thin mucous membrane of the lips or nose. The virus does not penetrate normal unbroken skin. If the skin is broken, DO NOT attempt wound closure.

If rabies develops in man, it is usually fatal. A preventive treatment is available and it is very effective, but only if it is started shortly after the bite. Since the vaccine can be obtained only at a medical treatment facility, any person bitten by an animal must be transferred quickly to the nearest treatment facility for evaluation, along with a complete report of the circumstances surrounding the incident. Remember, prevention is of utmost importance. Immediate local treatment of the wound should be given. Wash the wound and the surrounding area carefully, using sterile gauze, soap, and sterile water. Use sterile gauze to dry the wound, and then cover the wound with a sterile dressing. DO NOT use any chemical disinfectant. All of the animal’s saliva must be removed from the victim’s skin to prevent further contamination of the wound. CAUTION: DO NOT allow the animal’s saliva to come in contact with open sores or cuts on your hands. When a person has been bitten by an animal, every effort must be made to catch the animal and to keep it confined for a minimum of 8 to 10 days. DO NOT kill it if there is any possible chance of catching it alive. The symptoms of rabies are not always present in the animal at the time the bite occurs, but the saliva may nevertheless contain the rabies virus. It is essential, therefore, that the animal is kept under observation until a diagnosis can be made. The rabies treatment is given if the animal develops any definite symptoms, if it dies  during  the  observation  period,  or  if  for  any reason the animal cannot be kept under observation. Remember that any animal bite is dangerous and MUST be evaluated at a treatment facility.

/Overlapping requirements


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Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning/Packages/PDA

=Using a PDA for Automatically Updated Text and Audio Input= by Gary Cziko

For the past year or so I have been using a Palm PDA as a portable source of automatically updated text and podcast audio in French, Spanish, German and Portuguese. This allows me to hear and read the latest news in these languages, as well as articles and programs about science, technology and culture wherever I may be. The content is updated when I re-synch my PDA with my desktop or laptop computer.

Hardware
I use a Palm Tungsten T5 PDA as my PDA. To allow additional memory for audio files, I have added a 1 GB SD memory card.

The synching computer is any one of a number of desktop and laptop computers on which I have installed AvantGo software. Any Windows computer connected to the Internet can be used for adding audio podcasts to the PDA.

Software
For text, AvantGo is used. This free software and service allows me to set up an account and select "channels" to be updated each time I synch my PDA.

For audio, I use the free MyPodder software (Windows only) provided by podcastready. Unlike iTunes (the most widely used software for subscribing to and downloading podcasts), Podcastready stores its program and audio files (downloaded podcasts) on your portable digital device only and does not use any program on your PC or store any podcasts there. This means that a person (for example, a student) could use any Windows connected to the Internet to check for new podcasts and download them to your PDA or other digital media player.

Texts resources
The texts I use (AvantGo channels) are the following:
 * French
 * Canada
 * Ici Radio-Canada.ca "Nouvelles en français par Radio-Canada.ca: actualité nationale, internationale, économique, technologique, sportive, météo et détente.
 * France
 * Le Monde interactif - actualités
 * German
 * Germany
 * SPIEGEL ONLINE
 * Portuguese
 * Europe
 * Euro News
 * Germany
 * Deutsche Welle - DW-WORLD-DE Português
 * Spanish
 * United Kingdom
 * BBC Mundo

Audio resources
The audio (podcasts downloaded via MyPodder) I listen to most are:
 * French
 * Canada
 * Les années lumières (weekly):
 * France
 * France Info-Info santé:
 * France Info-Info sciences:
 * France Info-Savoir être:
 * RFI - L'école des savoirs:
 * German
 * Germany
 * Langsam gesprochenen Nachrichten (daily):
 * Tagesschau Podcast (daily):
 * Portuguese
 * Brazil
 * PodBrasil
 * Spanish
 * Netherlands
 * La Ronda Informativa (weekly):
 * La Matinal (daily):
 * Spain
 * REE Hispanorama (weekly):
 * USA
 * Democracy Now!: Titulares en español (daily):
 * Nuevos Horizontes (weekly):

Needs and problems
I have yet to find an audio podcast with matching transcript available as a AvantGo channel. Doing so would allow me to both listen and read to the same material using my PDA.

There is no way to control the speed of audio using my PDA, nor can I easily jump back a constant number of seconds to easily re-listen to what I have just heard.

Conclusions
Using my PDA to obtain and present updated foreign-language texts and audio has been the single most important tool in my foreign-language learning. No matter where I am or what time of day or night it may be, I always have current, interesting material to read and programs to listen to in French, Spanish, German and Portuguese. This is helping me to maintain my French, improve my Spanish, revive my neglected German and learn Portuguese.


text:
Control Systems/Introduction to Digital Controls

Discrete-Time Stability
The stability analysis of a discrete-time or digital system is similar to the analysis for a continuous time system. However, there are enough differences that it warrants a separate chapter.

Uniform Stability
An LTI causal system is uniformly BIBO stable if there exists a positive constant L such that the following conditions:
 * $$x[n_0] = 0$$

 * $$\|u[n]\| \le k$$

 * $$k \ge 0$$

imply that

 * $$ \|y[n]\| \le L$$

Impulse Response Matrix
We can define the impulse response matrix of a discrete-time system as:

 * $$G[n] = \left\{\begin{matrix}CA^{k-1}B & \mbox{ if } k > 0 \\ 0 & \mbox{ if } k \le 0\end{matrix}\right.$$

Or, in the general time-varying case:

 * $$G[n] = \left\{\begin{matrix}C\phi[n, n_0]B & \mbox{ if } k > 0 \\ 0 & \mbox{ if } k \le 0\end{matrix}\right.$$

A digital system is BIBO stable if and only if there exists a positive constant L such that for all non-negative k:

 * $$\sum_{n = 0}^{k}\|G[n]\| \le L$$

Stability of Transfer Function
A MIMO discrete-time system is BIBO stable if and only if every pole of every transfer function in the transfer function matrix has a magnitude less than 1. All poles of all transfer functions must exist inside the unit circle on the Z plane.

Lyapunov Stability
There is a discrete version of the Lyapunov stability theorem that applies to digital systems. Given the discrete Lyapunov equation:

 * $$A^TMA - M = -N$$

We can use this version of the Lyapunov equation to define a condition for stability in discrete-time systems:

Poles and Eigenvalues
Every pole of G(z) is an eigenvalue of the system matrix A. Not every eigenvalue of A is a pole of G(z). Like the poles of the transfer function, all the eigenvalues of the system matrix must have magnitudes less than 1. Mathematically:

 * $$\sqrt{\operatorname{Re}(z)^2 + \operatorname{Im}(z)^2} \le 1$$

If the magnitude of the eigenvalues of the system matrix A, or the poles of the transfer functions are greater than 1, the system is unstable.

Finite Wordlengths
Digital computer systems have an inherent problem because implementable computer systems have finite wordlengths to deal with. Some of the issues are:

 * 1) Real numbers can only be represented with a finite precision. Typically, a computer system can only accurately represent a number to a finite number of decimal points.
 * 2) Because of the fact above, computer systems with feedback can compound errors with each program iteration. Small errors in one step of an algorithm can lead to large errors later in the program.
 * 3) Integer numbers in computer systems have finite lengths. Because of this, integer numbers will either roll-over, or saturate, depending on the design of the computer system. Both situations can create inaccurate results.


text:
Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning/Packages/Skype eTandem

Using Skype for eTandem Learning
 * xLingo.com, Speakmania penpal, or Mixxer to find partners
 * USB-RJ11 box to use wireless telephone
 * getting lots of contacts so there is usually someone on line to speak to
 * combination of audio and text very powerful


text:
User talk:204.209.247.2

It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from Movie Making Manual-Post Production Overview. Please be careful not to remove content from Wikibooks without a valid reason, which you should specify in the edit summary or on the article's talk page. Take a look at our welcome page to learn more about contributing. Thank you. --Az1568 01:54, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:204.209.247.2


text:
User talk:205.200.98.19

Regarding edits made on 8 November 2006
If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.--Az1568 02:06, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:205.200.98.19


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Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Contributing

Be Bold
The Wikijunior community encourages users to be bold in updating articles. Wikis develop faster when people fix problems, correct grammar, add facts, improve the style, and so on. We want everyone to be bold: it's okay.

Also, of course, others here will edit what you write. Don't take it personally. They, like all of us, just want to make Wikijunior as good as it can possibly be.

Please, if you can contribute to this book, do so. Many sections are in need of cleanup and complete rewrites. You can work on almost anything including this page, but if you want to make some significant changes please bring them up on the discussion page. New articles about additional Ancient Civilizations are welcome; see the section Create or request an article.

Guidelines
When working on this project, remember that it's aimed at children between the ages of 8 and 12.

Try to restrict discussion to the main discussion page so that people can actually see your message without having to check specific pages.

For more information about how to write excellent articles for Wikijunior see the Style Guide.

Create or request an article
You are encouraged to create an article on an interesting Ancient Civilization. Note however that not all articles will make it into the final published version, though they will all be available on this live online version. If you would like someone else to write a page about an Ancient Civilization, add your suggestion to the Article Stubs list. When creating stub articles please use the ../Stub Template/.

Major Questions
The questions that will appear in every article are:

 * 1) What country did they live in?
 * 2) What did their buildings look like?
 * 3) What did they eat?
 * 4) What did they wear?
 * 5) What did their writing look like?
 * 6) What did they believe?
 * 7) What is their History?
 * 8) Are some of them famous even today?
 * 9) What is left of them today?


text: Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Stub Template


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User talk:Mateo1983

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:04, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

And
Good to see someone else on the vandal trail ! Cheers -- Herby talk thyme 08:04, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Weird
And I'd just been looking on your page. Thanks anyway Matt - I picked one of the IP's edits up when I came on but failed to look at the contribs. Given that your interests are wider than a particular topic area you might want to look at Staff_lounge if you haven't seen it (& one or two other bits on that page) - to me the wider interest makes you "staff"! Cheers -- Herby talk thyme 14:54, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mateo1983


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Music Theory/Indian

Introduction
The term 'Indian music' spans a multitude of forms and styles, from tribal and folk traditions to intellectual classical structures and electronic-enhanced modern dance tracks. Of course, the distinctions between the forms are often slippery. It is not uncommon, for example, for 'filmi' composers to employ folk, religious, regional or classical elements into their songs to enhance the mood and relevance to the story. Likewise, classical music has absorbed and transformed folk elements while the rural traditions themselves have always been influenced by wider regional and international musics. As with literature, dance and the visual arts, Indian music is a complex interweaving of influences and ideas.

Ancient
Literary evidence points to the existence of codified musical traditions in early times. Classical Tamil poetry from South India was composed by itinerant and court-settled musicians and accompanied by instruments such as the harp, barrel-drum and flute. Set scales, known as pans, provided a framework for the singers and musicians. The pans were tuned to the strings of the harp. The 7th century epic Silappadikkaram features music and dance from this formal tradition as well as current folk and tribal styles.

While much of the ancient Tamil tradition has been lost, there is speculation that some of the pans referred to in the literature made their way into the Carnatic tradition. In addition, the specialist temple singers of the Meenakshi temple in Madurai still include some songs set to pans (rather than Ragams) in their repertoire.

Classical
The Classical tradition of Indian music can be divided into two major movements, Hindustani and Carnatic. Hindustani classical music is also known as the Northern Indian Classical music, while Carnatic classical music is also known as the Southern Indian Classical music. Hindustani classical music is sung in the Northern part of India while Carnatic classical music is sung in the Southern part of India. Hindustani classical music is supported with instruments like Tabla and Harmonium while Carnatic classical music is supported by Mridunga and Viloin. There isn't difference in the Svaras and the pronunciation of svaras of both the types of classical music but the Svara Re or रे is pronounced as Re in Hindustani classical music and is pronounced as Ri in Carnatic classical music. 'Risabha' (Re) is the long form of the syllables रे and री. For simplicity in pronouncing while singing the syllable, Risabha is pronounced as Re and Ri. This given because the pronouncing of the syllable Re is different in the Hindustani classical music and Carnatic classical music. In Hindustani classical music, the pronouncing of Risabha is done as Re and in Carnatic classical music, the pronouncing of Risabha is done as Ri.

So a Hindustani classical singer will sing the 7 svaras as : Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa.

While a Carnatic classical singer will sing these svaras like : Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa.

The pronunciation of actually each svaras is different in both the types of music but the only svara Re is completely spelled in a different way. Hindustani classical music has Tarana while Carnatic classical music has Tillana. So hence the terms of both the types of classical music are different while their function may be same. And the main point is that the ragas, the names of ragas and the svaras which are there in a particular raga, these all are different. For example of any random raga, Hindustani classical music has raga Sarang while Carnatic classical music has raga Hanumatodi. But there are some ragas which are adopted from one type to another. For example Raga Abhogi was a Carnatic classical raga which was then adopted by Hindustani classical music, or Raga Hansdwani which was also a Carnatic classical raga which was then adopted by Hindustani classical music.

Ragas in both the types of Classical music (A comparison) - The List
• Some Carnatic classical ragas are,

• Amarasindhu

• AshaDakannaDa

• Bhāvya

• BhuvanamanOhari

• DEshalam

• DEshikakhamās

• DEshikashenjuruTTi

• DEshya keeravāNi

• Gangadhārini

• Harihamsa

• HarikalyāNi

• Harisaraswathi

• Hindustāni bhairavi - uses all 12 notes

• Hindustāni gāndhāri

• Jālini

• KannaDa kāmbhOji

• KarnāTaka nāTTai

• karnashravya

• Khande

• KonDamalahari

• Lāvani

• MāNikya

• Madhumādhavi

• Maitrabhāvini

• ManOllāsini

• Mishra kamāj

• Mishra mānD

• Mishratilang - S G3 M1 P N3 S - S N3 P M1 G3 R2 S

• Mukundabhairavam

• MukundamaNirangu

• Mukundananthini

• Mukundashree

• Mukundavasantha

• Mukundavasantini

• Navakānthi

• Pārvathavardhini

• Padmashree

• Panchabhootha

• Panchagatha

• Poornavasantha

• Rāgadhwani

• Ragini raga

• Rājahamsini

• Rājalahari (Scale introduced by Maestro Ilaiyaraaja)

• Rājkowns

• RāyagowLa

• Rojuvana

• RudrabharaNa

• SampoorNam

• Sanga

• Sarvānanda

• Sarvashakti

• Savitā

• Shiva kalyāņam

• Hamsadhwani

• Shree chintāmaNi

• Shreekānthimathi

• Shubhakalyāņi

• Siddhēśvara

• Suddha chintāmaNi

• Vasavanthi

• Ānandharoopa

• Ārabi

• Bangāla

• Behāg

• Behāg Deshikam

• Bilahari

• Buddhamanohari

• Buddharanjani

• Chāyā

• Chāyashankarābharanam

• Devagāndhāri

• Dharmalakhi

• Dhurvanki

• Gajagowri

• Garudadhvani

• Gowdamalhār

• Hamsavinodhini

• Hemant

• Hindustāni Behāg

• Jana Ranjani

• Julavu

• Kamaripriyā

• Kannada

• Kadanakuthoohalam

• Kedaram

• There are some ragas which are adopted from one type to another. For example Raga Abhogi was a Carnatic classical raga which was then adopted by Hindustani classical music, or Raga Hansdwani which was also a Carnatic classical raga which was then adopted by Hindustani classical music.

• Some Hindustani classical ragas are,

• Kedar (raga)

• Gauri (raga)

• Jog (raga)

• Hameer

• Brindabani Sarang

• Jaijaivanti (Kafi and Desh aang)

• Megh (raga)

• Sohni

• Hindol

• Madhukali

• Malhar

• Malkauns

• Bilaval

• Bihag

• Abhogi

• Abhogi Kanada

• Adana (raga)

• Asavari (Shuddh Rishabh Asavari)

• Ahir Bhairav

• Malgunji

• Chandrakauns

• Chhayanat (raga)

• Bahar (raga)

• Bageshri/Bageshree

• Basant (raga)

• Basant Bahar (raga)

• Bhairav (raga)

• Bhimpalasi

• Bhinna Shadja

• Bhairavi

• Bhoopali

• Bhoopal Todi

• Bibhas (Marwa aang, Purvi aang, Bhairav aang, Deshkar aang)

• Bihag

• Bilaskhani Todi

• Durga (raga)

• Dhani (raga)

• Desh (raga)

• Deepak (Bilaval (thaat))

• Darbari

• Darbari Kanada

• Gaud Malhar

• Gaud Sarang

• Gorakh Kalyan

• Suhi (raga)

• Hamsadhvani

• Sorath (raga)

• Sohani

• Shree (raga)

• Rageshree (raga)

• Shivaranjani

• Saraswati

• Shankara (raga)

• Shahana

• Sarpada

• Sarang (raga)

• Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)

• Sindhura

• Tilak kamod

• Tilang

• Todi

• Vibhas

• Yaman (raga)

• Zeelaf (raga)

• Puriya Dhanashree

• Patdeep

• Piloo

• Nat Bhairav

• Multani (raga)

• Marwa (raga)

• Miyan ki Todi

• Miyan ki Malhar

• Kafi

• Kalavati

• Khamaj

• Kirwani

• Komal Rishabh Asavari

• Jaunpuri (raga)

• Jhinjhoti

Svaras in the Indian classical music
There are in total 7 svaras in both the types of classical music. Namely,
 * /Ṣaḍja/ (Sa)
 * /Ṛiṣabha/ (Re)
 * /Gāndhāra/ (Ga)
 * /Madhyama/
 * /Panchama /
 * /Dhaivata/
 * /Niṣāda/

title: Music Theory/Indian


text: Wikijunior:Life/Today/Examples of genus and species


text:
Wikijunior:Life/Yesterday/Introduction

All through history, people have been finding the shapes of creatures in the rocks.

We call them fossils. They are mostly very different from the creatures alive today.

People have had different ideas about what they were.

title: Wikijunior:Life/Yesterday/Introduction


text:
Talk:Music Theory/Indian

There's still a ton that needs to be done here! It's a topic that really merits a whole new WikiBook, in my opinion, but let's do this first. Can anyone grab some information about music referenced in old Sanskrit sources like Kalidasa or Valmiki? I don't have access to my books right now, and won't for another year or two. I'll see if I can pull together a section on music in the Vedas, but if anyone else wants to do it before me... Anyone familiar with Carnatic and Hindustani music is more than welcome to lend a hand with those bits. The rest is up to you! (--MeenSuup 08:22, 9 November 2006 (UTC))

title: Talk:Music Theory/Indian


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User:MeenSuup

Recipe for MeenSuup:

1 meen, head and guts removed; 3 tomatoes, chopped; 2 limes; 1" piece ginger; .5" piece galangal; Water, sugar and salt to taste

Boil everything, then fling out the window. It probably wouldn't taste very good anyway.

(MeenSuup is actually a human being, not a food item. Don't be fooled by the name or the recipe!)

title: User:MeenSuup


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Talk:Smalltalk Programming/Preliminaries

Hmm, right now - this doesn't make a lot of sense.


text:
Introduction to Psychology/Biological basis of behavior

The physical structure of the body plays an important role in the behavior of an individual. The most important physical structure for psychologists is the nervous system. The nervous system carries orders from the brain and spinal cord to various glands and muscles, it also carries signals from stimuli receptors to the spinal cord and brain. If you wanted to blink your eye a signal would be created in the brain, then it would be transported by neurons to the muscle controlling the eyelid.

Neurons
The base of the nervous system is the neuron. Neurons are cells that are specialized for communicating information. They are the basic tissue and element of the nervous system.

Neurons have a basic structure of:
 * One cell body
 * One axon
 * One or more dendrites

The cell body (or soma) is the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus. The soma makes use of nutrients to supply energy for neuronal activity.

Axons are organelles that carry information away from the cell body. Axons may be as small as several microns or as long as several meters in giraffes and whales. The axons main job is to send a signal to the dendrites of another neuron, but some say that they may also receive signals in certain situations. Each neuron has only one axon, but the axon may have branches with what are called terminal buttons at its end.

Dendrites are organelles that sense the neurotransmitter secreted by the axon of another neuron. Most neurons have more than one dendrite. Dendrites and axons do not directly touch each other; there is a gap, called a synapse.

The Transmission of the Signal
The transmission of the signal is basically the same in all cells, the signal is sent across the synapse by the axon and the dendrite of the next cell picks up the signal.

Synapse
The synapse is a gap between two cells. Synapse are one way junctions between neurons and other cells. The neurotransmitter is emitted from the axon of one cell and usually goes to the dendrite of the next cell. Sometimes the signal goes to the soma or the axon of the next cell instead of the dendrite (Arnold Wittig 2001).

Neurotransmitter
The terminal button at the end of the axon holds the synaptic vesicles. When the signal reaches the end of the axon the vesicles discharge a chemical called a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell. There are approximately 40 to 60 different chemicals that are used as neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters from the axon fit into receptors of the dendrite on the next neuron. They will then either excite the cell and make it fire or inhibit it and stop it from doing so. The sum of the excitation and inhibition of the neuron is called the graded potential. If the graded potential is greater than that cell's threshold then the cell fires, sending the message to the next cell. Goto Here to see a list of some neurotransmitters.

Resting Potential
When the cell hasn't fired for a certain amount of time it is considered at its resting potential. The resting potential of a neuron is approx. -70 mV because the membrane surrounding the cell lets in positive potassium ions (K+) and negative chloride ions (Cl-) and keeps out positive sodium ions (Na+). It is easier to fire a cell that is at its resting potential than one that is in the refractory phase.

Action potential
When the graded potential passes the neurons threshold, an action potential takes place. The action potential sends the signal the entire length of the cell and never dies within the cell, which can be referred to as the all-or-none-principle. During firing the inside of the cell becomes positive, which is sometimes incorrectly called Depolarization and should be called the raising phase of the action potential. After the action potential hits its peak the cell starts the refractory phase.

Refractory Phase
After the action potential changes the neuron from negative to positive there is a refractory phase where it changes back to negative. At the beginning of this period it is impossible for another signal to be transmitted, this is called absolute refractory phase. After the absolute refractory phase is the relative refractory phase where it is possible to send another signal but more excitation than normal is needed.

Signal Strength
For the signal to be passed from one neuron to the next it must have enough energy to break a point called the threshold. Once the threshold is broken the signal is transmitted. The neuron fires at the same strength every time. The strength of a signal is decided by how many different neurons are being fired and at what frequency they are being fired.

Glial cells
The amount of glial cells to every neuron in the nervous system is disputed. Glial cells function as support for the neurons; they produce the myelin sheath which surrounds some neurons and also form part of the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a structure that prevents certain substances in the bloodstream from reaching the brain. Many axons are sheathed with tubes of myelin, which is a fatty material. Myelin is produced by the glial cells. The myelin sheaths on axons have gaps, which are called the nodes of Ranvier. Myelinated sheaths help transmit information quickly and efficiently.

Organization of the nervous system
The neurons can all be placed in one of two systems, the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system.

The Central nervous system
The central nervous system has a fundamental role in the control of behavior. It contains the brain and the spinal cord which are both encased in bone which shows their importance. Both the brain and spinal cord receive signals from the afferent neurons and send signals to muscles and glands through efferent neurons.

The peripheral nervous system
Any part of the nervous system that is not part of the central nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system. The nerves in the peripheral nervous system are split up into the autonomic and somatic. The somatic connect the central nervous system to sensory organs (such as the eye and ear) and muscles, while the autonomic connect other organs of the body, blood vessels and glands.

The glandular systems
The body has two types of glandular systems: the endocrine, which generally secrete hormones through the bloodstream, and the exocrine which secrete fluids to the outer surfaces of the body, such as sweating.

Exocrine glands
Exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts which in turn release them onto the surface of organs. Examples of exocrine glands are sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, etc. The pancreas is both an exocrine as well as an endocrine gland hence, one should keep that in mind. It secretes digestive enzymes that are released into the digestive system while it also contains the Islets of Langerhans which secrete insulin into the blood.

Endocrine glands

 * Pituitary Gland

 * Adrenal Cortex
 * Adrenal Medula
 * Thyroid Gland
 * Parathyroid Gland
 * Islets of Langerhans
 * Gonads
 * Placenta

Structure and function of the brain
The brain is split up into three major layers, the hindbrain is the first, the second is the midbrain, and the forebrain is last.

Hindbrain
The hindbrain is a well protected central core of the brain and includes the cerebellum, reticular formation, and the brain stem. The cerebellum plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. It utilizes constant feedback on body position to fine-tune motor movements. The brain stem contains the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The pons relays sensory information between the cerebellum and cerebrum. The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the brainstem. It controls autonomic functions such as breathing and vomiting, and relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord. The reticular formation is a part of the brain which is involved in stereotypical actions, such as walking, sleeping, and lying down.

Midbrain
This part of the brain is located between the hindbrain and the forebrain making up part of the brain stem. All sensory and motor information going to and from the fore brain and the spinal cord must pass through the midbrain. It can also be referred to as the relay station.

Forebrain
The anteriormost division of the developing vertebrate brain that contains the most complex neural network in the CNS. The forebrain has two major divisions, the lower diencephalon, which contains the thalamus and the hypothalmus, and the upper telencephalon, which contains the cerebrum.

Methods for observing or evaluating brain activity
In the past only two methods of observation were available. The first was observing individuals who have received brain damage and assume that the part of the brain that was damaged controlled the behavior or sense that had changed. The second was connecting electrodes to the outside of someone's head and recording the readings.

Newer methods include computed tomography (CT scan), positron emission tomography (PET scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and superconductive quantum interference devices (SQUID).


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User talk:69.138.9.159

If you would like to help build a useful and interesting article on Rockets your contributions are welcome. But please don't deface the existing work. I've reverted all of your changes. --xixtas 13:59, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.138.9.159


text:
Talk:Trigonometry/Print version

Angle Image
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Image:2D-Angle.png is too confusing for explaining obtuse and acute angles. I suggest a simplified 2D image.

title: Talk:Trigonometry/Print version


text:
User talk:Mchogan

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --darklama 14:51, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Hi, the Wikibook you created here, was imported to Wikiversity: Democracy Project. Would be great, if you continue your efforts there, --Erkan Yilmaz (talk) 10:15, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mchogan


text:
Wikijunior:Life/Yesterday/What are fossils?

In ancient times, people would find fossils by accident. Some of them were huge.

There are stories of giants and monsters from ancient Greece, China and Egypt

- from all over the world. Most people think that fossils are the reason for the stories.


text:
User talk:165.138.0.11

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 16:28, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:165.138.0.11


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Talk:CORBA Programming

Meta object
I was with this article through the Echo object definition. However, then it begins to define a meta class for echo. I am not clear on why this is required. It would be helpful if someone knowledgeable could insert a blurb at that point in the document explaining the purpose of the metaclass. -- 64.26.169.169 17:42, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:CORBA Programming


text:
Wikijunior:Life/Yesterday/Cuvier

Georges Cuvier was born in 1769.

He worked at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris.

The museum had made a big collection of fossils

from many different parts of the world.

At the time, people were not sure about fossils.

Were they species of animals that were no longer living?

Cuvier showed that they were.

title: Wikijunior:Life/Yesterday/Cuvier


text:
User:(Dvir David)

שלום, קוראים לי דביר ואני בן 14 My E-Mail is:Dvir_105@Walla.com

title: User:(Dvir David)


text:
User:Twentytortures

Hello, I'm actually a programmer, not an artist, but I do know how to do a few things.

title: User:Twentytortures


text:
Common Lisp/First steps/Beginner tutorial

Start up your Lisp implementation. You will most likely see a window with a prompt waiting for your input. This prompt is called a REPL for Read-Evaluate-Print Loop. At this point, Lisp is waiting for the expression to read and then evaluate, which in simple words means to calculate its result.

Type "2" and press Return (or Enter)

2 2 The lisp interpreter looks at 2 and evaluates it. It recognizes it as a number, and applies the rule that numbers evaluate to themselves, so the answer is 2.

Addition
Type "(+ 2 2)" and press Return

(+ 2 2) 4 The computer sees the opening parenthesis and realizes it is being given a list. When it reaches the closing parenthesis it is able to work out that it has seen a list of three elements. The first is the + sign, so it knows to add together the values of the remaining items on the list. So it evaluates them, the number 2 having the value 2 as before. Answer: 4

Things to do wrong
(+2 2) Illegal function call
 * Forget to type return. You always have to type return at the end to tell the computer that you have finished your turn and it's its turn to go.
 * Leave out the first space:

+(2 2) Illegal function call (2+2) Warning: This function is undefined (2 + 2) Illegal function call
 * Think it's a typo and try:
 * Think it's a typo and do the infix thing
 * Put in spaces

Clarification exercises
(+ 1 2 3 4) 10

(+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) 7

(+ 1 20 300 4000 50000) 54321

Explanation
Instead of writing 1+20+300+4000+50000, one writes the plus sign as the first item of a list that can be as long as you wish.

The list appears to be laid out like one might lay out a shopping list: (potatoes carrots onions bread milk) with no concession to the idea that + is part of arithmetic and a bit special. Be careful though. The first location on the list is special, and + has to come first.

Multiplication
For multiplication we use the ‘*’ function.

(* 5 7) 35 Can you use a list as long as you want? Yes.

(* 2 2 2) 8

(* 5 7 11) 385

(* 1 1 5 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 11) 385

(* 1 1 5 1 1 1 7 0 1 1 11) 0 In fact, you can use lists as short as you want.

(+ 23) 23

(* 137) 137

(+) 0

(*) 1 Why? There are depths here that must be deferred until later.

Subtraction
Subtraction is as clunky in Lisp as in any other language.

(-) error

(- 96) -96

(- 96 23) 73

(- 96 20 1 1 1) 73 In other words, (- a b c d e) is the same as (- a (+ b c d e))

Division
Division contains a surprise.

Lisp does fractions This is potentially confusing:

If you try (/ 2 3) you get 2/3 which is probably an unpleasant surprise, if you were expecting 0.6666667. If you had tried (/ 8 12) you would also have got 2/3, which might have been a pleasant surprise. If you don't want a fraction, you can always say or Division works the same way as subtraction with being the same as

This works OK in practice. A calculation such as 6×5×4/(3×2×1) gets translated to the following piece of Lisp:

Binding
Binding is the act of specifying a place holder for a value. The concept is analogous to that of a local variable in C or Java. You often want to do this because it is cumbersome to write out long expressions multiple times, or if a computation needs to be done in small parts where a binding needs to be updated at various times during execution. The main way to create bindings is via the “special form” LET.

Here, 5-SQUARED and 10-SQUARED are place holders ("local variables") for the results of the calculation (* 5 5) and (* 10 10), respectively. It is good to note at this time that there are very few rules regarding what can be used as a place holder. These place holders are called symbols and it can have a name that includes most any characters with the exception of quotes, open or close parenthesis, colons, backslashes, or vertical bars (‘|’). These all have special syntactical meaning in Common Lisp. It is good to note that all of these things actually can be in the name of a symbol but they require special escaping.

Bindings have a limited scope. Once the LET form closes, the binding is invalidated. This means that this is an error, because a is referred to outside of the enclosing LET form.

It is interesting to note the behavior if you bind a symbol that has already been bound. Once the inner binding is released, the outer one is in effect again.

The story gets a bit more complex, there are two types of way to make bindings in Common Lisp, lexical, which we have just seen, and dynamic. For our purposes at this point, dynamic bindings are not much different from lexical bindings, but they are made in a different way and do not have the same finite extent of the LET form. We can use DEFVAR and DEFPARAMETER to make dynamic bindings. These can hold a value in between inputs.

Variables
In Lisp, variables have some extra features, and are called symbols. A variable is a box containing a value. A symbol is a somewhat larger box, with its name written on the side. A symbol has two values, a general purpose value, and a function value used instead in particular circumstances. You can use the symbol as a thing in itself, without regard to its value.

setf
We start by setting a symbol's general purpose value. There are several commands for setting the values of symbols, set, setq, setf, psetq, psetf. One can get a long way with just setf so we start with that one

(setf my-first-symbol 57) 57 This sets the general purpose value of the symbol MY-FIRST-SYMBOL to 57, and returns 57. Now we can type

my-first-symbol 57 and

(+ my-first-symbol 3) 60

(setf second-symbol (+ 20 3)) 23 Well, plainly this has performed the calculation, and returned the answer, but what did the general purpose value of our second-symbol get set to? Have we used it to record the calculation we requested, (+ 20 3), or the answer that the computer calculated?

second-symbol 23 If we want to record the calculation for future reference we must "quote" it. Think of the computer as a horse and the quote as a bridle, reining it in, stopping it from rushing on to evaluate things before you want it to.

(setf third (quote (+ 20 3))) (+ 20 3) Now

third (+ 20 3) the general purpose value of our third symbol contains a calculation, which the computer is champing at the bit to execute.

eval
If quote pulls on the reins, how do we get started again? The answer: eval.

(eval third) 23 It is controversial to use quote in the first lesson because it is seldom typed in explicitly. One types

(setf third '(+ 20 3)) (+ 20 3) Notice that this is a very special abbreviation. Not only are the five letters of quote shortened to the single character ', but the brackets are also omitted. It should be noted that when we use a lisp interpreter, we are essentially in an infinite READ-EVAL-PRINT loop. Thus, we are really using eval all the time.

list
We have set three symbols so far and are perhaps in danger of forgetting what they contain. The function list builds a list, e.g.

(list 1 2 3) (1 2 3) so lets build a list of the values of our three symbols

(list my-first-symbol second-symbol third) (57 23 (+ 20 3)) There are two potential confusions here. One of them is figuring out which value is which. Perhaps we should turn off evaluation using quote:

(list 'my-first-symbol my-first-symbol 'second-symbol second-symbol 'third third) (MY-FIRST-SYMBOL 57 SECOND-SYMBOL 23 THIRD (+ 20 3))

The second and more serious confusion arise from comparing

(list 1 2 3) (1 2 3) and

(list my-first-symbol second-symbol third) (57 23 (+ 20 3)) It looks as though list is somehow deciding whether or not to evaluate its arguments, refraining in the first instance and rushing ahead in the second.

With quote and eval we can investigate this. Let us evaluate 1 zero times, once, twice, and three times

'1 1

1 1

(eval 1) 1

(eval (eval 1)) 1 Compare this to evaluation third, zero, one, two, and three times.

'third THIRD

third (+ 20 3)

(eval third) 23

(eval (eval third)) 23 Numbers are not symbols. There is no box containing two values. They just are, and they evaluate to themselves. Since numbers are not symbols,

(setf 1 '1) error does not work. You can get a feel for what is going on by typing

(setf my-symbol-1 'my-symbol-1) MY-SYMBOL-1 Now my-symbol-1 evaluates to itself. It shrugs off evaluation just as numbers do.

'my-symbol-1 MY-SYMBOL-1

my-symbol-1 MY-SYMBOL-1

(eval my-symbol-1) MY-SYMBOL-1

(eval (eval my-symbol-1)) MY-SYMBOL-1 I'm going to belabor this point. I have a reason. The metaphor of a variable as a box that contains things is a good one. Much of the time the metaphor works well. You keep something in the box for a while. Then you throw the contents away and use the box to keep something else instead. Unfortunately the metaphor is fundamentally flawed. Both the box and its contents are immaterial. Consider

(setf 4th third) Has the list describing a simple calculation been put in the box 4th?

4th (+ 20 3) Yes.

Has it been taken out of third?

third (+ 20 3) No.

Has it been copied? No. You make a copy like this:

(setf 5th (copy-list 4th)) Has it been moved? No. To the extent that the metaphor of motion works at all, you move things like this

(setf 6th 5th 5th nil) There is a command (shiftf 6th 5th nil) which writes nil to 5th after moving the contents to 6th, but it returns the old contents of 6th, so it cannot be used on shiny new variables with no contents.

If it has not been copied and it has not been moved, what has happened? Something special to the immaterial world of tangled boxes, which we will not explore today.

For a striking example do

(setf red 'green) (setf green 'blue) (setf blue 'red) now

'red RED

red GREEN

(eval red) BLUE

(eval (eval red)) RED Now for the key test. What happens with (+ 1 (* 2 3)) and (+ 1 '(* 2 3))? The second of these is easy to understand. We have used quote to prevent evaluation, so (* 2 3) is a list of three items, giving instructions for an arithmetical calculation to be carried out at some later time. It is not the result of the calculation it describes and is not a number. Sure enough:

(+ 1 '(* 2 3)) Argument Y is not a NUMBER: (* 2 3). By contrast

(+ 1 (* 2 3)) 7 appears cleverer than it really is. It looks like the interpreter looks at its arguments and decides which ones to evaluate. For example it looks as though

(+ 1 (* 2 3) (* 10 10) 30) 137 is realizing that it needs to evaluate argument 2 and 3 while leaving 1 and 4 alone.

In fact

(* 2 3) 6 only looks like it is doing what you think. It is evaluating 2 and 3, getting 2 and 3 as the results of the two evaluations, then multiplying the two results to get six.

When the interpreter evaluates (+ 1 (* 2 3)) it evaluates 1 and (* 2 3). 1 evaluates to 1, (* 2 3) evaluates to 6. Then it adds them to get 7.

There is something worth pondering here. Get a cheap, old, pocket calculator out of a drawer and try 1 + 2 x 3 Typically, when you press x, the calculator, lacking an extra register to hold pending results, carries out the addition of the one and the two. One ends up calculating 3 x 3 and getting 9, rather than 7. Modern calculators follow the standard rules of precedence, and defer performing the addition until after they have multiplied 2 by 3, eventually arriving at 7, as desired.

Computer languages have many more operations than addition and multiplication and often have elaborate systems of precedence controlling which operations are carried out first. Lisp has no such subtlety. One either writes

(1+2)x3 as (* (+ 1 2) 3) or one writes

1+(2x3) as (+ 1 (* 2 3)) there is no way to preserve the ambiguity of 1+2x3

This turns out to be for the best in practice.

Obscure note: You could try (+ 1 * 2 3). At the top level, * is used for recalling the result of the previous command. If that was a number it will give the wrong answer. If that was not a number the interpreter will signal an error. Within a program, (+ 1 * 2 3) will generate an error message saying that * has no value. More on this later.

Let us return to third. Remember that we set our third symbol to a list of three items. We can see the whole list by typing third

third (+ 20 3) Lisp has functions for extracting items from a list. First gets the first item

(first third) + The function second gets the second item on the list.

(second third) 20 If we would prefer multiplication we can change the symbol at the start of the list

(setf (first third) '*) *

third (* 20 3)

(eval third) 60 We can change the second item

(setf (second third) 7) 7

third (* 7 3)

(eval third) 21 and, mysteriously, we can do the same with the third item

(third third) 3

(setf (third third) 4) third (* 7 4)

(eval third) 28 How does this work? Remember what I said earlier "A symbol has two values, a general purpose value, and a function value used instead in particular circumstances."

The particular circumstances are when eval is evaluating the first symbol in a list. The function that eval applies, to the result of evaluating the other items in the list, is the function value of the symbol, not the general purpose value of the symbol.

symbol-function, symbol-value
To make this clear, use symbol-function and symbol-value

(symbol-function 'third)
 * 1)

(symbol-value 'third) (* 7 4)

(symbol-function 'my-first-symbol) Error in KERNEL:%COERCE-TO-FUNCTION: the function MY-FIRST-SYMBOL is undefined.

(symbol-value 'my-first-symbol) 57

(symbol-function '+)
 * 1)

(symbol-value '+) (SYMBOL-FUNCTION '+) This is very confusing. The interpreter stores the last command executed as the general purpose value of the symbol +, so (symbol-value '+) depends on what you did last. In side a program (symbol-val '+) will do something like

(symbol-value '=) Error in KERNEL::UNBOUND-SYMBOL-ERROR-HANDLER: the variable = is unbound. just the same as

(symbol-value 'my-misspelled-simbol) Error in KERNEL::UNBOUND-SYMBOL-ERROR-HANDLER: the variable MY-MISSPELLED-SIMBOL is unbound.

boundp
All these error messages are quite annoying. Is there any way to avoid them? Yes. boundp checks whether there is a general purpose value, and fboundp checks whether there is a function value,

(fboundp '+) T T is used for true

(fboundp 'my-first-symbol) NIL NIL is used for false, rather than F

(boundp 'my-first-symbol) T

(boundp 'my-misspelled-simbol) NIL Introductions to Lisp usually keep quiet about symbol-function. I understand why. Now that I have told you about it, you are equipped to wreck havoc, and undertake all sorts of devious mischief.

For example

(symbol-function '*) and
 * 1)

(symbol-function '+) give access to the functions that add and multiply.
 * 1)

Lets save them for later

(setf mult (symbol-function '*) add (symbol-function '+)) Notice that you can set as many symbols as you want with a single setf.

Notice also that I have put these functions in the general purpose values of the symbols

(fboundp 'mult) NIL

(boundp 'mult) T

(symbol-value 'mult) Notice that
 * 1)

mult works as well. I'm using symbol-value to make the parallel to symbol-function more apparent.
 * 1)

You can store functions in general purpose value of a symbol. It really is the general purpose the value of the symbol, not the data value of the symbol.

(mult 4 5) Warning: This function is undefined: MULT Error in KERNEL:%COERCE-TO-FUNCTION: the function MULT is undefined. doesn't work. When eval tries to evaluate a list that starts with a symbol, it looks for the function value of the symbol, and signals an error if it cannot find one.

(funcall mult 4 5) 20 works. So does

(apply mult '(4 5)) 20 and

(apply mult (list 4 5)). 20 and

(apply add '(1 2 3 4)) 10 It is worth remembering that apply subsumes funcall, i.e. all of these work

(apply add '(1 2 3 4)) (apply add 1 '(2 3 4)) (apply add 1 2 '(3 4)) (apply add 1 2 3 '(4)) (apply add 1 2 3 4 ') Back to mischief

(setf (symbol-function '+) mult) (setf (symbol-function '*) add) He he, you've got it, I'm swapping round + and *

(+ 5 7) 35

(* 25 75) 100 I'd better put them back

(setf (symbol-function '+) add (symbol-function '*) mult)

(+ 5 7) 12

(* 25 75) 1875 phew, that's better.

symbol-function is heavily used. So not only is there an easier way of writing it, (function +) instead of (symbol-function (quote +)), but the simplified way even has its own abbreviation #'+. Err, that's not quite right, but it will have to do for now.


text:
User talk:OriginalManicGardener

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 19:18, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Welcome, fellow gardener!
Hi there!

I saw you did a bunch of work on the Gardening/Tomato page... nice work! Only problem is that that book is being moved to wikisource (if you look at the oldest versions, they're actually just a transcription of an old public domain book).

The working garden book is A Wikimanual of Gardening. It's best to keep it all in one book for now to allow for easy linking between chapters (for example, I'm going to link the pests you mentioned to individual pages about those pests, with photos, organic and non-organic controls, etc). I probably won't get to merging it for a couple days, but it you want to add any information from A Wikimanual of Gardening/Tomato to the chapter you were working on, that'd be great! -- SB_Johnny | talk 12:24, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Uh-oh.
Sorry, but I had to revert your edits... the copyrights from the sources you copied from are not compatible with the GFDL. OSU, for example, says: "All or part of the Fact Sheets contained on Ohioline may be copied without permission for educational, non-profit purposes." The GFDL is specifically designed to allow both non-commercial and commercial use, so posting that here is a violation of OSU's copyrights.

You could probably patch it back together using imported pages from wikipedia or pages already in the wikimanual of gardening or the Gardening book, but pasting large sections from non-commercial-use websites is unfortunately a no-can-do on wikibooks :(. I'm sorry i didn't catch it earlier... that was a lot of work! Good work too, but bad for the copyrights. -- SB_Johnny | talk 16:18, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:OriginalManicGardener


text:
Puzzles/Logic puzzles/Island on Fire

Puzzles | Logic puzzles | Island on Fire

You are on the South of an island (10 miles North to South) covered by dry vegetation. There is a fire which started at the far North of the Island and, because the wind is blowing strongly Southward, is working its way slowly South (1 mile per hour). You have no way to carry/channel water and no means of escaping the island. How can you survive the fire?

Solution

title: Puzzles/Logic puzzles/Island on Fire


text:
Common Lisp/Basic topics/Functions

A function is a concept that is encountered in almost every programming language, but in Lisp functions are especially important. Historically, Lisp was inspired by lambda calculus, where every object is a function. On the other end of the spectrum there are many programming languages where functions are hardly objects at all. This is not the case with Lisp: functions here have the same privileges as the other objects, and we will discuss it in this chapter.

Defining functions
Functions are most often created using the defun (DEfine FUNction) macro. This macro takes a list of arguments and a sequence of Lisp forms, called a body of a function. A typical use of defun is like this:

Here, the list of arguments is (x1 x2) and the body is (print x1) (print x2) (+ x1 x2). When the function is called, each form in the body is evaluated sequentially (from first to last). What if something happened and we want to return from the function without reaching the last form? The return-from macro allows us to do that. For example:

The second argument to return-from is optional, which means that it can be called with only one argument - in this case the function would return nil. But wait: how did they do this? Our function accepts exactly two arguments: nothing more, nothing less. The answer is that what we called "argument list" is not as simple as it seems. It is in fact called lambda list and it is not the only place where we will encounter it. Later, I will explain how to allow optional and keyword arguments in functions.

Functions as data
As was mentioned in the beginning of this chapter, Lisp functions can be used like any other object: they can be stored in variables, passed as parameters to other functions, and returned as values from functions. In the previous section we defined a function. The function in now stored in the function cell of the symbol print-arguments-and-return-sum - defun put it there. However, it is not bound to this location forever - we can extract it and put in some other symbol, for example. To access the function cell of a symbol we can use the accessor symbol-function. Let's store our function in some other symbol:

The first reaction would be to do something like that:

This is because we put the function into the value cell of the symbol instead of its function cell. It's easy to fix:

Since symbol-function is an accessor we can use setf with it. Now  produces what it should.

While symbol-function is there for a reason, it is almost never used in the real code. This is because it is superseded by several other Lisp features. One of them is the function special operator. It works like the symbol-function special operator, except it doesn't evaluate its argument, and it returns the function that is currently bound to the symbol, which may not actually be its function cell. may also be abbreviated as  which tremendously improves its usefulness. On the flip side, it's impossible to write

Fortunately it's possible to call functions from other places than function cell of a symbol. A function designator is either a symbol (in this case its function cell is used) or the function itself. funcall and apply are used to call functions by their function designators. Remember that symbol paars now contains the same function in its function cell and its value cell. Let's change its value cell so that the difference is apparent:

Now let's funcall it in different ways:

The difference between the second and third example is that if paars was temporarily bound (with flet or labels) to some other function, the third funcall would use this temporary function, while the second funcall would still use its function cell.

title: Common Lisp/Basic topics/Functions


text:
Puzzles/Logic puzzles/Island on Fire/Solution

Puzzles | Logic puzzles | Island on Fire | Solution

Carry a burning branch to a place that is one mile to the North of the Southern tip of the Island, set the vegetation on fire. The small fire will then burn South for 1 hour before running out of fuel. You can now sit out the big fire in safety at the Southern most tip of the island.


text:
The Computer Revolution/Computer Graphics/3D

Graphics shown on the computer screen in 3-dimensional space, for example, location of points, lines, and, typically, faces. Makes the graphic more clear and more close to the real live.

Modeling of 3D graphics
With the help of digital computers and special 3D software, graphic works of art can be created called 3D computer graphics. To perform calculations and render 2D images. a three-dimensional representation of geometric data is stored in the computer.

The art of 3D modeling is somewhat like sculpting or photography, as it prepares geometric data for 3D computer graphics.

There are three phases to creating 3D graphics:

 * 1) Content creation (this includes 3d modeling, texturing, and animation).
 * 2) Scene layout set-up
 * 3) Rendering

In the modeling stage, individual objects are shaped and later used in a scene. The modeling process could also include adjusting object surface or material properties (such as luminosity, shading components, reflection characteristics, transparency, etc), adding textures, bump-maps and other features.

Modeling could also include numerous activities related to preparing a 3D model for animation. In this process, objects might be fitted with a central framework that has the capability of affecting its' shape or movements.

Dedicated programs can perform the modeling process (e.g. Rhinoceros 3D). Modeling can also be performed by an application component (e.g. Shaper) or some scene description language (e.g. Povray).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics

Scene Layout Setup
Virtual objects as well as cameras and lighting are used to create a scene layout setup for 3D computer graphics. This enables you to make a still image or an animation.

3D Animation is exactly that – animated objects that appear in a three-dimensional space. You can rotate them or move them like real objects. You will see a lot of 3D animation in things like games and virtual reality but they can also be used in graphics for designing nice presentations.

Keyframe animation determines a path or direction for the animation to proceed.

We all know how important lighting is to photographers and stage sets. Lighting is also very important to the effectiveness of 3D computer graphics. The easiest type of light to simulate is “ambient” light. It produces a constant illumination on all surfaces of a 3D object, regardless of their orientation. There is also directional and positional light to be considered when creating 3D graphics.

Color is also very important when creating 3D graphics. Red, green and blue lights are the primary colors. Other colors are produced by combining these colors together.

http://www.siggraph.org/~rhyne/com97/com97-tut.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Illusion

3D in Movies and Television

The use of 3D technology has increased rapidly over the last several years. Most major movie titles are now filmed in 3D and shown in IMAX 3D in theaters because it gives the audience a better quality of entertainment by making them feel as though they are actually in the movie. 3D movies are so popular that some of the biggest movie titles from the 90s, such as Titanic, are being reproduced using 3D technology and show in theaters again. Many television making companies, such as Sony and Sharp, started making televisions that use 3D technology and allow consumers to enjoy 3D entertainment right in their homes.

Television companies have come out with a variety of ways to experience the 3D technology that has become a widespread phenomenon in the past decade. They have come out with televisions that you need the 3D glasses for, which is nice because you are able to watch regular channels without the glasses and now instead of just having that option there are 3D channels where you just put the glasses on and you have the 3D experience. Now technology has further advanced and there are televisions that have 3D channels and there is special technology in the screens where there is no longer a need for the special 3D glasses.

Business 3D Worlds
Some businesses are opting for the use of 3D business worlds for business meetings and other business applications. 3D virtual business world is where employees meet in a virtual world for business meetings. Virtual meetings can save companies the cost of travel, and also employees are more likely to be distributed throughout the country. So, instead of face-to-face meetings, meetings are held in a 3D world with avatar representation. They can also be more engaging and interacting than regular online meetings. Some of the 3D business worlds allow the members to exchange documents. According to Inside the Industry, “a recent 3D virtual world development that opens up even more possibilities for the future is an experiment by IBM and Linden Lab in which research teams from these companies successfully teleported avatars from the Second Life Preview Grid to an OpenSim virtual world-the first time an avatar has moved from one virtual world to another (P. 399).” Business 3D worlds can possibly change the way business meetings are held.

Sources: Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow


text:
Combinatorics/Motivating Examples and Problems

1. Picture a small town center, where the streets form an 8x8 square grid, as illustrated in the diagram. How many ways are there to travel from one corner (A) of the town center to the opposite corner (B)?

2. On a chessboard, how many ways are there to position 8 rooks in mutually non-attacking positions?

3. At least how many students must there be in a lecture class to assure that the probability of any two students having the same birthday is at least 1/2?

4. Given n letters and n addressed envelopes, in how many ways can the letters be placed in the envelopes so that no letter is in the correct envelope? (The answer is the nearest integer to $$\frac{n!}{e}$$).

5. Kirkman's schoolgirl problem: Fifteen schoolgirls walk each day in five groups of three. Arrange the girls walks for a week so that, in that time each pair of girls walks together in a group just once. (A solution is provided here.)

6. Euler's officers: Thirty six officers are given, belonging to six regiments and holding six ranks. (No two officers have the same rank and regiment, if their ranks matches then their regiments differ and vice versa). Can the officers be paraded in a 6 by 6 array so that in any line of the array each regiment and each rank occurs precisely once. (The answer is no.)

7. Ramsey's game: This 2 player game requires drawing 6 points (no 3 of which are in the same line) on a blank sheet of player and then giving the players differently colored pencils. The players now take turns to connect the points by drawing lines joining them. The first player to produce a monochromatic triangle loses. The question is: Can this game ever end in a draw? (The answer is no. See here.)


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XForms/Stock Quote

Motivation
You want to have a web page that looks up a stock symbol. You have a REST-based web service that returns stock information if you pass it a ticker symbol. URL that you sends the service looks like the following:

http://www.webservicex.net/stockquote.asmx/GetQuote?symbol=GOOG

This URL returns the following XML:

Sample Program
To be done

title: XForms/Stock Quote


text:
User:Vishwin60~enwikibooks

See my main userpage on Commons.

Note: User:O here is not me!

title: User:Vishwin60~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Shogun0660

Radiation Oncology
Shogun, thanks for your contributions to the Radiation Oncology wiki! — Brim 23:00, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shogun0660


text:
Metal Gear Series/Solid Snake

Early Life And Career
Snake was born as a result of the Les Enfants Terribles project, which was an attempt to create the perfect soldier by cloning the "Greatest Warrior of the 20th Century," Big Boss circa 1972. During the Shadow Moses Island incident, Liquid Snake was under the impression that he "was the inferior one", having been granted the supposedly "flawed" recessive genes, whilst his brother received the "superior" dominant genes, hence his resentment towards Solid Snake during their confrontation and his believing himself to be "garbage from the day (he) was born," the leftovers of what they had used to create his brother, "the Legend," Solid Snake. In truth, it is revealed that Liquid is indeed the "superior" clone rather than Snake, although neither one is aware of the truth (at least until Liquid takes possession of Ocelot's body as well as his memories).

Details of his early life are largely unknown, the only clue being Snake's own comment that he was "raised by many people." In 1991, Snake infiltrated western Iraq during the Gulf War with a platoon of Green Berets. Not much else is implied about this other than Snake saying: "I was just a kid myself back then..."

Outer Heaven Uprising

 * ''Events in this section take place during Metal Gear.

Snake's career was notable enough that in 1995, he was recruited into the Special Operations group FOXHOUND as a Commando. Still a rookie, he was chosen to infiltrate the heavily fortified independent state of Outer Heaven near South Africa, rescue his fellow operative Gray Fox and other prisoners and destroy a new super weapon called Metal Gear. Unbeknownst to Snake, his superior who ordered him into Outer Heaven, Big Boss, the commander of FOXHOUND, was behind the uprising and actually counting on Snake's inexperience to lead him towards failure.

Using all of his training and abilities, Snake managed to destroy Metal Gear and defeat Big Boss. After the Outer Heaven incident, Solid Snake decided to leave FOXHOUND with an honorable discharge. He was then scouted by the CIA and spent six months as a deep cover agent before he was dissatisfied with the system and left. He then became a mercenary for hire. Earning enough money, he went into semi-retirement in the Canadian wilderness. During this entire period, he was haunted by nightmares of his battles in Outer Heaven.

Zanzibar Land Disturbance

 * ''Events in this section take place during Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake.

In 1999, Snake's former commander, Roy Campbell, recalled him for another operation in Central Asia. Snake's mission involved deposing the rising dictator of Zanzibar Land, who turned out to be none other than Big Boss himself, and had command of another Metal Gear tank Metal Gear D. The former FOXHOUND agent Gray Fox was found to be working with Big Boss as well.

Snake destroyed Metal Gear D and defeated Gray Fox in a brutal fist fight in the middle of a minefield. He then confronted Big Boss, who was waiting near the Detention Camp's exit. The match to the death between the two occurred and Snake emerged victorious over his former commander.

As Big Boss was being burned alive from the makeshift flamethrower Snake created, Snake felt as if he killed his own father. It was only after he returned to base that he learned the truth. After the Zanzibar Land incident, Snake returned to North America and retired to the Alaskan wilderness retreat, Twin Lakes, to try to forget his war-torn past and recover from post-traumatic stress disorder which often led him to experience hallucinations and feelings of guilt. Snake decided to take up dog sledding in order to help take his mind off of such things. He owns 50 huskies and had been participating in the Iditarod.

Shadow Moses Incident

 * ''Events in this section take place during Metal Gear Solid.

In 2005, when members of recently re-formed FOXHOUND took over the nuclear disposal facility on Shadow Moses Island, Roy Campbell came forcedly calling on Snake again after sending armed soldiers to his cabin. This time, Snake found himself pitted against the Genome Army, an army of genetically altered soldiers using the genes of Big Boss, new members of FOXHOUND: Revolver Ocelot, Sniper Wolf, Vulcan Raven, Decoy Octopus, Psycho Mantis, and their leader, Liquid Snake.

Along the way, Snake periodically teamed up with Meryl Silverburgh, and Hal "Otacon" Emmerich, Metal Gear REX ' s designer. His support crew included his former commanding officer Campbell, data analyst Mei Ling, weapons expert Nastasha Romanenko and FOXHOUND's medical chief of staff Dr. Naomi Hunter.

Snake was successful in infiltrating the facility. He managed to neutralize all members of the FOXHOUND unit except for Revolver Ocelot, and was successful in destroying the Metal Gear REX prototype. However, Snake was implanted with the FOXDIE retrovirus as part of his mission objective without his knowledge. The virus was originally scheduled to kill Snake after he completed his mission. However, Naomi Hunter, who implanted the virus into Snake, changed the program and altered the incubation period to a wildcard value. Liquid, who was identical to Snake in the genetic level, was killed by the virus, confirming that Snake himself was still vulnerable to the virus at any random moment.

After the incident, Snake went into deep hiding with Meryl and no longer saw any reason to risk his life for his government again. They eventually parted ways (perhaps leading to Snake's chronic alcoholism: "I was held up in Alaska, drinking too much."), and Snake would return to action later with Otacon as a means of "fighting for a future." The two worked to create the first anti-Metal Gear political group, an NGO called "Philanthropy." They have since gained official United Nations recognition. This led to the destruction of countless Metal Gears all over the world's industrialized nations.

Tanker Incident

 * ''Events in this section take place during the "Tanker Chapter" of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.

Following the incident on Shadow Moses Island, Metal Gear's top-secret technology was leaked into the black market through the machinations of Revolver Ocelot. As a result, countless variations of Metal Gear have sprung up in every corner of the globe, making the weapon an increasingly common sight in the armed forces of nuclear powers.

In 2007, Solid Snake, now a member of the anti-Metal Gear group "Philanthropy", has learned following an anonymous tip (that was later revealed to had come from Liquid Snake, living inside Ocelot) that a new prototype Metal Gear, designed to be a defense against other Metal Gears, has been developed by the U.S. Marines and is being transported secretly. To find out more about this prototype, getting support via the Codec from Otacon who is also a member of "Philanthropy," Snake must infiltrate the transport as it makes its way down the Hudson River, New York, disguised as an oil tanker.

Almost immediately following Snake's successful insertion onto the vessel, the ship was taken over by Gurlukovich Mercenaries, led by Colonel Sergei Gurlukovich and Revolver Ocelot. As Snake silently made his way to the bridge of the ship, he came into contact with Sergei's daughter, Olga Gurlukovich, and was able to tranquilize her. After the fight, Snake's picture was taken by a U.S Army Cypher.

Snake then made his way to the holds where Metal Gear RAY was being stored. After he took photographs of Metal Gear Ray, Ocelot and Gurlukovich's men raided the holds and prepared to steal Ray. Ocelot then revealed his true plans; he then betrayed and killed his friend Sergei Gurlukovich and Marine Commandant Scott Dolph before sinking the tanker and taking the prototype to an unknown location. Photographs taken by the U.S Army Cypher were released to the media and Snake was accused of sinking the tanker.

Framed for the terrorist act, Otacon and Snake then stole Liquid Snake's body and planted it at the scene, making it appear that Snake had been killed during the incident.

Manhattan Incident

 * ''Events in this section take place during the "Plant Chapter" of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.

In 2009, during an incident at the Big Shell, Solid Snake turned up (under the guise of Iroquois Pliskin), and assisted alleged FOXHOUND operative Raiden in rescuing hostages, one of them being the current President. He also aids in discovering the plot of former President George Sears, who reveals himself to be Solidus Snake, the third "son" of Big Boss, brother of Solid and Liquid Snake and the one who ordered Ocelot to steal Metal Gear RAY. As the leader of the Sons of Liberty, Solidus was working to overthrow a mysterious underlying force that drives the United States' government called the Patriots.

The real reason Snake went to the Big Shell was to uncover a new type of Metal Gear constructed underneath the treatment plant known as the Big Shell. The entire incident was orchestrated by the Patriots from the start as part of the S3 Plan, with the exception of Snake's actual presence. Instead, Snake only became involved due to the information that was leaked to him and Otacon by Liquid (who became a dormant personality within Ocelot's right arm).

With Olga Gurlukovich's help (whom Snake rescued during the Tanker incident), Snake used Raiden as a decoy to infiltrate Arsenal Gear itself and replaced the MO Disk containing the identities of the Wisemen's Committee in Raiden's possession with a fake one. He helped Raiden neutralize an entire battalion of Tengu Commandos, before being captured by Fortune. However, Snake broke free (after Arsenal Gear's AI System broke down) and chased after the awakened Liquid when he took off with Metal Gear RAY. He was unable to capture Liquid/Ocelot, but still retained the MO Disk.

At the end of this mission, Snake began looking into where the Wisemen's Committee was and how Ocelot was involved. Otacon tells Snake about the Patriots information on the disk. Otacon discovers that the Wisemen are in New York, but had been dead for about 100 years, leaving them both in utter confusion.

title: Metal Gear Series/Solid Snake


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title: User talk:Master.signal