text:
User talk:Reywas92

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 02:29, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reywas92


text:
User talk:Pmr~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 02:30, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pmr. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pmr~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:37, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Pmr~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Ceclauson

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 03:03, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to the Java Programming book project
Welcome Cooper, I had been looking forward since ages now for a person who could actively participate with me in the Java Programming book project here. I needed to clean some stuff on the pages and would like you to help me.

First of all, I saw that you created and contributed to the following:
 * Java Programming/FirstExamples
 * Java Programming/BasicIO
 * Java Programming/IntroToStreams&Outputting Text
 * Java Programming/SwingLargeExamples
 * Java Programming/SwingLayouts

Now these page names are not according to Wikibook's naming conventions. I will be moving these pages to their accurate names, please care to comment. Thanks. Arunreginald (talk) 19:13, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ceclauson


text:
User talk:Iris.zheng

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 03:30, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iris.zheng


text:
User talk:216.15.126.41

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:46, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.15.126.41


text:
User talk:Puckdropper

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 04:19, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Puckdropper


text:
User talk:JuanPBarrio

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:33, 12 December 2007 (UTC) Can I ask where you're getting the content for the book you're writing? Has it been previously published? Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:33, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:JuanPBarrio


text: Talk:Using Ubuntu Linux/Master List of Ubuntu Releases


text:
User talk:Sundar~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:48, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sundar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sundar~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:33, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sundar~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Wyf19831

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:04, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wyf19831


text:
User talk:Mwalimu~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:05, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikibooks. Thank you for writing the original Forth/PSoC Forth. Thank you for letting me and others use PSoC Forth. --DavidCary (talk) 07:51, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mwalimu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mwalimu~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:17, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mwalimu~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Dhopewell

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 15:54, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dhopewell


text:
User talk:Kanjy

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 15:54, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much! --Kanjy (talk) 10:42, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kanjy


text:
User talk:Ramac

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 15:55, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Empty Categories
Why are you linking all of my pages to seemingly random dead categories? EvanCarroll (talk) 16:46, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

interwiki links
Please open a separate account to perform this task. Since you're not flushing recentchanges, I don't think you need a flag, but you can ask at WB:RFP if you like. Thanks! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:22, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, if you want rollbacker and/or patroller rights...  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:02, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Optimizing C++
Avevo già messo l'interwiki link per il modulo base, e non pensavo fosse utile anche per i moduli interni. Comunque lo farò. --Carlo.milanesi (talk) 20:05, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

A-Level Biology
Hi,

I have tried to have the correct classification for my chapters in my modules - so that there is a link to the parent page on the top of each chapters page as in http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-level_Biology/Biology_Foundation/cell_structure for example;

'A-level Biology/Biology Foundation/cell structure From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection A-level Biology | Biology Foundation'

I was wondering if you could help classify the rest of the modules pages that'd be a fantastic help!

Thanks,

--Greenie (talk) 18:53, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Hi, sorry, fixed it now! --Greenie (talk) 15:02, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

edits to Question Writer 3 Manual
Hi I have noticed you have entered category links in sub pages of Question Writer 3 Manual that I am working on - is there a reason why?

thanks Hskeet (talk) 16:14, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

OK I see why you have done that now (thanks :))- but am a little concerned that the link is red! Clearly the book exists?  any clues?

Hskeet (talk) 23:30, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The category didn't exist, but I just created it for you. — Mike.lifeguard | talk 01:38, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

what is a "book"
See User_talk:Mike.lifeguard. At this stage I am looking help identifying major flaws in algorithm, so I can fix them and then take the discussion to the village pump. Feedback on my talk would be the best spot at the moment. Cheers, John Vandenberg (talk) 04:24, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ramac


text:
User talk:Yellow-ceitidh

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 16:37, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yellow-ceitidh


text:
User talk:Pcraigpi

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 16:37, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pcraigpi


text:
User talk:Faithmarie22

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 16:37, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Faithmarie22


text:
User talk:87.17.21.250

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:38, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:87.17.21.250


text:
User talk:Marc Girod~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 16:40, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Marc Girod. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Marc Girod~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:24, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:14, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marc Girod~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:24.224.188.129

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:21, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.224.188.129


text: User:Alexbot

title: User:Alexbot


text:
User talk:Alexsh

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:36, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alexsh


text: User talk:205.213.111.51

title: User talk:205.213.111.51


text: User talk:205.213.111.50

title: User talk:205.213.111.50


text:
User talk:VSimonian

Always open to comments !

title: User talk:VSimonian


text:
User:Ramac

Hi, I'm an italian student, sysop of italian Wikibooks. I like Information Technology and Music. This is my user page on meta.

I'm rollbacker and new page patroller here.

This is my bot: RamaccoloBot

title: User:Ramac


text: User talk:216.155.76.130

title: User talk:216.155.76.130


text: Category:Book:History of Islam

title: Category:Book:History of Islam


text: User talk:65.9.74.69

title: User talk:65.9.74.69


text:
User:Gangleri

 * 1) REDIRECT User:לערי ריינהארט

title: User:Gangleri


text: User:Gangleri/monobook.js

title: User:Gangleri/monobook.js


text:
User talk:Gangleri

m:…/global.css · m:…/global.js · global account information · global user contributions
 * SITENAME: · language: : [#top  ] · [#top  '''] · [#top  ] · [#top  ] · [#top  ] · [#top  ] · [#top  ] · [#top  ] · [#top  ] · [#top  ] · [#top  ] · [#top  ] · [#footer #footer]
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Welcome to  !

 * Gangleri (discuss • contribs) 23:02, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gangleri


text:
User talk:Hema

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 20:04, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hema


text:
User talk:Calutateo

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 20:05, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Calutateo


text:
User talk:Wikienj

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 20:05, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wikienj


text: User talk:134.161.232.7

title: User talk:134.161.232.7


text: User talk:68.239.239.164

title: User talk:68.239.239.164


text:
Rhetoric and Composition/Teacher's Handbook/Teaching Grammar

Introduction
No matter how intelligently designed or unique you make the writing assignments for your students to do, the issue of grammar will most likely be a a subject you will have to address in your class. Depending on the struggles students may have with grammar at this level, you can probably expect to include some grammar instruction in your classroom. However, with limited face-time with your class and a plethora of individual issues to cover, what are the most effective ways to deal with the grammatical errors that you may see your students making? The amount of grammar you cover will be entirely up to you, but the following ideas are meant to aid you in using this book in order to help students improve their writing skills as much as possible.

Step 1
Using a Diagnostic

You may decide to use a grammar or writing diagnostic to determine the level of grammatical proficiency in your class, and from there decide how much class time you will want to spend focusing on grammar. The diagnostics will help tell you the pervasive problem areas and patterns that students exhibit, and this will help you develop a plan for what aspects to teach. For example, if most students have problems with verb tense, fragments, and parallelism, then these areas might be lessons you can actively teach the entire class about. If, however, only a few students use fragmented sentences in their writing, then other strategies may be needed.

Step 2
Ideas to Help Teach Grammar

Glossing

This technique called "glossing" is one way to help students individually focus on one to three problem areas at a time. Once students turn in a paper to you, the easiest way to use this technique is to highlight the grammatical errors that you see them making over and over in their paper. Let's say that you have a student named Jackie who continually uses run on sentences, forgets to use commas after introductory clauses and switches verb tenses througout her paper. Highlight the grammatical errors you see in her paper (Focus on 3-5 only, or it will be overwhelming for her), label the highlighted portions as "run-on," "verb tense," etc...and then give her these instructions:
 * Using the Rhetorical Composition Handbook, go to the section entitled, "Writer's Handbook."
 * Look up the rules that apply to run-ons, verb tense and commas.
 * Type three of the errors that were highlighted in your paper on a separate document, and then copy and paste the rules from the Writer's Handbook that will help you correct these errors.
 * Type a corrected version of your glossed sentences to show that you recognize the grammatical errors that you made and understand the rule(s) that show you how to fix them.


text:
Talk:Parkour/Basic Moves/Reverse Vault

THIS IS NOT A REVERSE VAULT. The entire point of a reverse vault is to pass the object in REVERSE. This is just a 360 side vault. Honestly, stop making tutorials when you don't know for sure what you are doing. Just because you think you're good at parkour doesn't mean you should start teaching... leave that to the actually good people. BTW I'm fixing it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.66.116.223 (talk • contribs) 21:39, December 12, 2007.

title: Talk:Parkour/Basic Moves/Reverse Vault


text:
User talk:71.66.116.223

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:40, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.66.116.223


text:
Talk:Parkour/Exercises/The Pull-Up

"Yanking up and down will not help you at all." Wow, a little bit of a generalization there? Just because doing it slowly requires more energy, doing it fast still tires muscles, making it an efficient exercise. I don't know much about the utilization of muscles but I believe it requires more explosive, fast-twitch contractions, giving it a different outcome.

Push-ups use different muscles than pull-ups. Even if you could do one hundred push-ups you might not be able to do a single pull-up. Honestly, why would you say that?

Also, pull-ups and chin-ups are DIFFERENT THINGS. Why would you say that pull-ups are "also called" chin-ups? Stop writing articles!!!

title: Talk:Parkour/Exercises/The Pull-Up


text:
User talk:Mike.lifeguard/Archive 9

You're nominated
I hope that's OK... we started to talk about it on IRC but then got distracted. You really should have this tool. -- SB_Johnny | PA! 00:15, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Game Maker book
Hey Mike the artical is legitimate, it just isn't very big, will add to it in weekend, but no time now, busy times 'round x-mas. Also to reply can you send to my talk, so that it shows up without me having to add this page to my watchlist.Beaver 05:03, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Template removed – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 05:13, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Links only page
Hi Mike,

Just to let you know that I have finished deleting the "links only pages" associated with Exam 70-536, the "candidates for speedy deletions" page will be more quiet in the upcoming days :-) Regards --Jacques 21:02, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks! It's good to get those cleared out though. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:26, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

copyvio notice?
Mike,

User talk:Claurel mentioned to me that he'd received a copyvio notice with your signature for a page he'd recently created. Just so you know, we're in the process of migrating a Celestia documentation Web page originally written by Harald Schmidt into the Celestia Wikibook. This is being done with Harald's permission. He's no longer involved with Celestia and the page is woefully out of date. ...Selden 22:10, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, that's fine. Thanks for letting me know. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:26, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Other evident flaws?
Hi Mike I have finished my first series of interventions on Microsoft_Certified_Technology_Specialist/Exam_70-536 (deleted link only pages, shorten paragraph header, added short introduction, etc.) Two questions from here: Thanks in advance --Jacques 05:26, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Could you take a look at the module to see if there are any other apparent flaws?
 * Tell me if a future renaming of the pages would invalidate outside links pointing to them?
 * Short reply now; ask again later if you want more detail.
 * When you move a page (be sure to use the move tab), a redirect is automatically created at the old location, which points to the new location. If the old location (ie where it is now) has redirects pointing to it, those need to be updated so they point to the new location. Otherwise, you will have a redirect pointing to a redirect pointing to a redirect (and the MediaWiki software won't do both redirects - you'll get stuck). Sequences like that get caught periodically at Special:Doubleredirects, but it's better to avoid them in the first place.
 * In essence you need to check "what links here" after moving, and fix the double redirects if any exist. For the most part, moving pages is safe (despite the warning that moving pages can be disruptive or whatever it says). Always move the talk page along with the module (there's a checkbox to bring it along automatically, no need to do a separate move)
 * That turned out to not be very short :P – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 05:56, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Answer to second question is very clear, thanks. I unsderstand you're very busy and don't have time for the first one. No problem. --Jacques 13:26, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Moving a book to Strategy Wiki
You suggested I move my book to strategywiki. How do I go about doing so? Connor.rosen 05:29, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * StrategyWiki seems to have Special:Import enabled. You'll want to find an administrator at that wiki, and ask them to import the pages. They may have a page where such requests are listed. Once that's done, please come back to Wikibooks, and add so we can delete it once the content has been moved. Thanks!  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 06:07, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Intuitive template?
The down arrows on the featured books template don't seem to be intuitive to me. In fact, when I first came across this template in Featured Books I didnt notice them and wondered where the detailed write ups had gone. Consider a new user who has no idea that there might be write ups accessed by the down arrows, they will click on the headings and get the library catalogue. Having got one result they might not then suspect that the down arrows also have a different function. RobinH 10:22, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * He probably considers the template intuitive now, because I changed the behavior so that anywhere within the titlebox (besides the links) can be clicked now to expand/collapse the boxes, and when rolled over the titlebox changes color and shows a tooltip that says "show contents" or "hide contents". --dark lama  16:16, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I also removed the links, which made the behaviour slightly non-intuitive; the links are no inside the template body, and link to Subject: pages instead. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:32, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

??
This doesn't seem to be on Books but looks interesting from a Commons perspective. Might be useful here too to someone? Cheers -- Herby talk thyme 11:25, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I posted a note about this extension already at WB:TECH. Thanks for the heads-up herby! --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 17:53, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

CompactTOCs (en.wp)
W:Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Log/2007 November 27 closed in favor of the merge. Thanks for volunteering to help; I honestly haven't run AWB in almost a year, so it would probably be best if someone more currently versed in its behavior fired it up. My immediate take its that replacing CompactTOC2 (the original one) would be the first step, so that CompactTOC8 can take its place, then all the others can be changed to refer to (the new) CompactTOC2. I suppose an admin will need to be involved in that transition, since the original will need to be deleted and TOC8 moved over it. I imagine that the closing admin would do that when asked. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 05:12, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Deletion
Hi, the image which I was warned would be deleted should be deleted because I made a mistake with it and didn't realize it.
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]]  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 12:04, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

copyright heads up
Hey Mike, User:James Fogal posted a lot of stuff (which I just marked) which is direct copyvios, I'd warn him about it but to be honest I'm not sure what template to use, do you know which one is typically used to warn people against this? Hope you're doing well. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 05:35, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I usually do for the first, and if there's a bunch more, you can use type where type = text, image or nothing (to select the language most appropriate; the page shows you the output in each case). I may move that to the template namespace, but you're welcome to use it regardless. Thanks for catching those.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 12:22, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Import blues
Just an observation: I find import tends to work a lot better between 4 and 6 AM EST, probably due to low server loads that time of day. -- SB_Johnny | PA! 13:12, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * You're kidding, right? I'm waking up that early to import! :P I don't think it would matter for Inflation anyways; it's massive. I did figure out that it works (a bit) better if you import the top revision, then try the rest. Not sure why though... I wonder what the problem is, and whether if can be fixed easily. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:18, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Huh?
Why have you added a "welcome to wikibooks" thing to me? Thanks but uhm.. I've been here since at least 2006 (cant remember when I started) so it seems a bit late? Just giving you feedback. Hmm. Cheers! Nesnad (talk) 17:15, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry. You were doing good work, but had a redlinked talk page, so I assumed you were new. My bad! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:16, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your continued surveillance of SE Wikibooks. The last couple incidents of vandalism were cleaned up almost instantly. --Ezra Katz (talk) 01:09, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, well we monitor simple.books in IRC, and stewards are generally available. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:20, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Response
Just responded to your question on my talk page in case you did not have a watch on it. -- Jacques (talk) (email) 16:14, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I do, but thanks for the heads-up. It's [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]]  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:17, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Did you mean:
Wikibookians? Heh, that's a funny word. Wikibookians. Ha. Ha. Ha. Ha. Ha

Right then. About my edits, maybe the User:Jimbo_Wales comment was not great, but everything else was.

oh and Wikibookians heh

oh and I request you answer on my talk page --67.142.130.38 (talk) 01:23, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Geology Bookshelf, deletion
05:30, 13 November 2007 Mike.lifeguard (Talk | contribs) deleted "Geology bookshelf" (content was: '{query}BOOK LIST:== 1. The Geology of Indonesia ==')

I don't understand why you deleted this. The wikibook The Geology of Indonesia is pretty good but it is hard to access without a geology bookshelf. --98.199.206.122 (talk) 13:44, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Well a bookshelf with one book on it really doesn't help anyone do anything. The Geology of Indonesia should be listed at Natural sciences bookshelf, which I have done. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:41, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

I apologize for my late reply
First, my comments were directed to the nice box you put on the page that said 'contributors' instead of 'Wikibookians' (which, is still, as funny as last night). I think you really worked hard to make a nice centered box, complete with a nice little stop sign, which, as you seem to be of great importance, is also at the top of this page.

My IP has changed, so I apologize that you can't see said stop sign.
 * I think you tried really hard.

As usual, I still say the User:Jimbo_Wales comment was mis-guided, but as you are indeed so important perhaps you could delete that page anyway. it didn't/doesn't really help anyone. Or be bold (or italic) and just merge it to whatever it's supposed to be merged to.

Yeah.

Oh, and wikibookians. Heh. --67.142.130.31 (talk) 01:09, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Hey Mike, You know that awkward feeling you get when you make a joke in a crowded room, and nobody laughs but you? Man, that's awkward, and even a little pathetic. I don;t know what brought that up, and I'm sorry to interrupt. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 01:18, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

POLT
Hello Mike,

I am a GA of Dr. Bonk's POLT Wikibook website, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Practice_of_Learning_Theories. Several times, I uploaded a bookcover image that Dr. Bonk personally created for this website. But it seems like you deleted the image whenever I uploaded. Is there something wrong with the information that I provided for uploading the image? What can I do for solving this problem? The image is created by Dr. BOnk and he wants to use it in his Wikibook. Please let me know what I am supposed to do. Thank you. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jsnaree (talk • contribs) 19:17, December 13, 2007.
 * When you first uploaded it, you claimed it was your own work. If that's not the case then you can claim fair use, though we prefer that the image be freely licensed. Please provide a source (ie URL) for the image so we can verify who own the copyright and use to provide the requested information regarding the image. Thanks.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:21, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Template ? Wikibooks cannot accept copyrighted content
"but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted works borrowed from either websites or printed material, or works which use an unacceptable license."

"but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted works borrowed from either websites or printed material, or works which use an unacceptable license without proper authorization."

I know it is generic and intended to be minimal, but can you consider in adding just 3 words more and provide a link to how to proceed in getting authorization from the righholders. This can lead not only to a better understanding but in automatically increase the chance on promoting Wikibooks (if the user does fell that the content is important enough to seek authorization). I would be bold and add it my self but I don't think you are using a template. --Panic (talk) 02:01, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Your wording would not be correct, but I will change it to make this clear. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:03, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The template in question is . I believe the wording is clear, correct, and the next sentence links to an explanatory page. I'm not going to change it, but if you like, you can suggest precise changes on the talk page (as the template is widely used, and is expected not to suddenly change). – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:13, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Done Template_talk:Nothanks. If you have time, I will ask you to examine the wording and if I changed the intention of the text. --Panic (talk) 02:56, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Checkuser
Your Checkuser flag is now active, you're already listed on meta:CheckUser, would you please subscribe to checkuser-l, email [mailto:checkuser-l-owner@wikipedia.org checkuser-l-owner@wikipedia.org] so that the listadmins know you're allowed on the mailing list (the list may contain confidential information), and also contact an op for access to #wikimedia-checkuser. Thank you, --M/ 09:33, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Congratulations on your selection. Please do not hesitate to call on any of your fellow Checkusers for advice or help if we can be of assistance in any way. The community is very helpful and the mailing list is a great resource. I am on the hook to try to put together a FAQ so if you have any questions that ought to be in it please ask them there so I can harvest them :) ++Lar: t/c 13:04, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Hey Mike, I'm not even a member of the #wikimedia-checkuser page myself (didnt know it existed), so I'll find somebody to contact and put in both our names for it. Congrats! --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 14:24, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks to all three of you! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:27, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia content
When using Wikipedia content a simple acknowledge from the source suffices (that was the way we did things before we could import the history logs), the history log is of course a boon, but from Wikipedia it is not really a necessity to conform with our (mutual) GFDL license. This has to do on how rights over contributions are attributed and can be claimed on Wikipedia. --Panic (talk) 17:36, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I don't understand you. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:38, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I was attempting to explain that your assertion here User_talk:AKCaveman may not be exact. --Panic (talk) 17:42, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It was incorrect, though not in the way you assert. The history is available from wapedia, I just didn't see it at first. The import from enwiki failed; a link to the history has been placed on the associated talk page, which satisfies the GFDL. Is there something else? – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:45, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * What I was attempting to say is that the history log is not a requirement to the use of content from Wikipedia, a simple acknowledge from where the content came from (Wikipedia) does suffice. That was the way we imported material from there before we could import the history logs. --Panic (talk) 17:47, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * No; a copy-and-paste transwiki would have been sufficient - the entire history is needed, which is why having Special:Import enabled was such a big deal. Unfortunately it doesn't always work; when it doesn't we still have to bring across the edit history manually. See meta for details. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:51, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll reformulate this since I don't think you are understanding what I'm stating. If attribution is given to Wikipedia, the requirement to use traswiki is secondary (not a legal requirement to conform to the GFDL we use), but of course if possible it should be performed since it preserves more information. I also referred that prior to the possibility of transwiki the first option was the only one available. Personally and regarding Wikibooks it is my opinion that doing the transwiki without giving acknowledgment to Wikipedia on specific books should not be done especially since the history information is highly volatile and hard to port to other mediums. --Panic (talk) 18:02, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Clock recovery
Howdy, the author has done some large updates to Clock recovery. Could you reimport it over to Transwiki:Clock recovery? Someday I need to start pruning the wikipedia article, but would like to capture this as one page before doing so. Thank you. Mrand (talk) 22:34, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Transwiki updated – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:45, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Commons:Graphic Lab School
Hello, the Commons:Commons:Graphic_Lab_School/Images_to_improve made the work asked, you are welcome to pick it up ;) 140.122.97.6 (talk) 12:24, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much. I've passed that along. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 14:05, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Moving book to Strategy Wiki?
For some reason, I'm not able to secure an account on StrategyWiki, which is required to import a page. Is it possible to post/add/import content without an account? Connor.rosen (talk) 23:24, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I assume you're welcome to contribute there without an account, though I'm not sure why you wouldn't be able to register one. You might ask an administrator at strategywiki about that. They do have import enabled, so you can ask an admin there to move the content over in full compliance with the GFDL. Hope this helps. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:22, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Hum
A drop down reason for qr-em deletions? Just a thought - cheers -- Herby talk thyme 08:36, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, we had one for a while; I think it got lost in the shuffle. Seems like people are leaving the (hideous) default reason, which is just a quote of the old content. I'll put something together. Good thinking. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:59, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

thnx
Thanks for leaving me that message,it really helped me.--1bookfan (talk) 18:36, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

POLT book cover
Hello Mike,

I am a GA of Dr. Bonk's POLT Wikibook website, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Practice_of_Learning_Theories. As I explained before, Dr. Bonk personally hired a graphic artist for the POLT bookcover for this Wikibook, so he owns the book cover image. I think I already provided enough information of the license for this several times when I uploaded the image file. Please let me know if I did something wrong. And is there any way to post it on his Wikibook, except proving free license for it? Please let me know if you want to contact Dr. Bonk in person for this issue. In fact, he wants to let you know his phone number and email address. I think it would not be a good idea to provide his contact information here. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 156.56.193.69 (talk • contribs) 19:07, December 21, 2007.
 * As I said, it was initially claimed that the uploader was the artist. If that were the case, then we wouldn't accept a fair use claim on the image - it would have to be used under a free license. Since that's not the case, a fair use claim is fine (though we'd still prefer a free license instead). I'll restore the image in a few minutes if not already done. If you'd like to provide contact information privately, you can email me. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:47, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Re: Thanks
Thanks all, it's very appreciated. You're taking so much time to show me how to use the thing that I though that some general clean-up work would be appropriate. I'll return to my .NET things for the next few days though. -- Jacques (talk) (email) 23:32, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mike.lifeguard/Archive 9


text:
User talk:Patisup

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:24, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patisup


text:
User talk:Librariann~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:25, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Librariann. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Librariann~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:22, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Librariann~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jaybee~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:25, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Horticulture/Amelanchier

Amelanchier, also known as shadbush, serviceberry, sarvisberry, juneberry, saskatoon, shadblow, shadwood, sugarplum, wild-plum, and mespilus,is a genus of about 20 species of small deciduous trees and large shrubs in the family Rosaceae.

The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, growing primarily in early successional habitats. It is most diverse taxomically in North America, especially in the northern United States and southern Canada, and is native to every state of the United States except Hawaii. Two species also occur in Asia, and one in Europe. These plants are valued horticulturally, and their fruits are important to wildlife. The systematics (taxonomy) of shadbushes has long perplexed botanists, horticulturalists, and others, as suggested by the range in number of species recognized in the genus from 6 to 33 in two recent publications. A major source of complexity comes from the occurrence of apomixis (asexual seed production), polyploidy, and hybridization.

The origin of the generic name Amelanchier is probably derived from the Provençal name of the European ../Amelanchier ovalis/. The name serviceberry comes from the similarity of the fruit to the related European ../Sorbus/. A widespread folk etymology states that the plant's flowering time signaled to early American pioneers that the ground had thawed enough in spring for the burial of the winter's dead. Juneberry refers to the fruits of certain species becoming ripe in June. The name Saskatoon originated from a Cree Native American noun misâskwatômina (misāskwatōmina, misaaskwatoomina) for Amelanchier alnifolia. The city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan is named after this plant.

Description
Amelanchier species grow to 0.2–20 m tall, arborecent or suckering and forming loose colonies or dense clumps to single-stemmed. The bark is gray or less often brown, smooth or fissuring in older trees. The leaves are deciduous, cauline, alternate, simple, lanceolate to elliptic to orbiculate, 0.5–10 x 0.5–5.5 cm, thin to coriaceous, with surfaces abaxially glabrous or densely tomentose at flowering, abaxially glabrous or more or less hairy at maturity. The inflorescences are terminal, with 1–20 flowers, erect or drooping, either in clusters of one to four flowers, or in racemes with 4–20 flowers. The flowers have five white (rarely somewhat pink, yellow, or streaked with red), linear to orbiculate petals, 2.6–25 mm long, occasionally andropetalous (bearing apical microsporangia adaxially; only known in this genus in A. nantucketensis). The flowers appear in early spring, "when the shad run" according to tradition (leading to names such as "shadbush"). The fruit is a berry-like pome, red to purple to nearly black at maturity, 5–15 mm diameter, insipid to delectably sweet, maturing in summer.

Species
For North American species, the taxonomy follows the forthcoming Flora of North America; for Asian species the Flora of China; and for European species the Flora Europaea.

 * ../Amelanchier alnifolia/ var. alnifolia - Saskatoon serviceberry, alder-leaved shadbush, saskatoon, saskatoon berry, amélanchier à feuilles d'aulne
 * ../Amelanchier amabilis/ - Lovely shadbush, amélanchier gracieux
 * ../Amelanchier arborea/ - Downy shadbush
 * ../Amelanchier asiatica/ - Asian serviceberry
 * ../Amelanchier bartramiana/ - Mountain shadbush, amélanchier de Bartram, Bartram's shadblow
 * ../Amelanchier canadensis/ var. canadensis - Eastern shadbush, amélanchier du Canada
 * ../Amelanchier humilis/ - Low shadbush, amélanchier bas
 * ../Amelanchier interior/ - Wiegand's shadbush, amélanchier de l'intérieur
 * ../Amelanchier laevis/ - Smooth shadbush, amélanchier glabre
 * ../Amelanchier ovalis/ - Snowy Mespilus
 * ../Amelanchier sanguinea/ - Red-twigged shadbush, amélanchier sanguin
 * ../Amelanchier sinica/ - Chinese Serviceberry
 * ../Amelanchier spicata/ - Thicket shadbush, amélanchier en épis
 * ../Amelanchier utahensis/ - Utah serviceberry

Several natural hybrids also exist. A taxon commonly cited as ../Amelanchier lamarckii/ F.G.Schroed. is very widely cultivated and naturalized in Europe, where it was introduced in the 17th century; it is known to be of North American origin, probably from eastern Canada. It is not currently known to occur in the wild, and is probably of hybrid origin between A. laevis and either A. arborea or A. canadensis; it is apomictic and breeds true from seed.

Uses
The fruit of several species are excellent to eat raw, tasting like a slightly nutty blueberry, though their popularity with birds makes harvesting difficult. Fruit is harvested locally for pies and jams. The saskatoon berry is harvested commercially. The Native American food pemmican was flavored by shadbush fruits in combination with fat and dried meats, and the stems were made into arrow shafts.

Several species are very popular ornamental shrubs, grown for their flowers, bark, and fall color. Most need similar conditions to grow well, requiring good drainage, air circulation (to discourage leaf diseases), watering during drought and acceptable soil. One exception is A. bartramiana which, among other places in the wild, has been found growing in swamps and bogs. Note that species names are often used interchangeably in the nursery trade. Many A. arborea plants that are offered for sale are actually hybrids, or entirely different species.

The wood is brown, hard, close-grained, and heavy. The heartwood is reddish-brown, and the sapwood is lighter in color. It can be used for tool handles and fishing rods.

Propagation
Propagation is by seed, divisions and grafting. Serviceberries graft so readily that grafts with other genera, such as ../Crataegus/ and ../Sorbus/, are often successful.

Pests and Diseases
Amelanchier are preferred browse for deer and rabbits, and heavy browsing pressure can suppress natural regeneration. Caterpillars of Lepidoptera such as Brimstone Moth, Brown-tail, Grey Dagger, Mottled Umber, Rough Prominent, The Satellite, Winter Moth, Limenitis arthemis and other herbivorous insects also have a taste for serviceberry. Many insects and diseases that attack orchard trees also affect this genus, in particular trunk borers and ../Gymnosporangium/ ../rust/. In years when late flowers overlap those of wild roses and brambles, bees may spread bacterial ../fireblight/.

title: Horticulture/Amelanchier


text:
Talk:TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Tips, Tricks and Optimizations

I don't understand how someone can think this, but for loops do in fact slow down over time. Only use for loops if an increment is involved. 71.238.35.126 (talk) 22:45, 12 December 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Windows Programming/Dialog Boxes

BOOL CALLBACK MyDlgProc(HWND hDlg, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {   switch(msg) {       case WM_INITDIALOG: return TRUE; case WM_DESTROY: EndDialog(hDlg, 0); return TRUE; }   return FALSE; }

Is the case statement supposed to fall through to the next case, or is this simply false laziness? Puckdropper (talk) 22:59, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Never mind, when the program hits the return statement it won't go to the next case. I'd probably use a break; anyway, but that's just a style issue.  Puckdropper (talk) 01:40, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Windows Programming/Dialog Boxes


text:
User talk:Leif902

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Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 23:01, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leif902


text: User talk:83.84.185.231

title: User talk:83.84.185.231


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text: User talk:62.178.254.97

title: User talk:62.178.254.97


text:
User talk:Thattommyhall~enwikibooks

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Thattommyhall. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Thattommyhall~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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User talk:193.52.218.72

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

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title: User talk:193.52.218.72


text: User talk:70.234.204.108

title: User talk:70.234.204.108


text:
User talk:Seacopotan

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Template:AP Biology/Navigation

Contents | Preface | Diagrams | Resources | Contributors |  [ Edit Navigation Bar]

title: Template:AP Biology/Navigation


text:
Conlang/Intermediate/Sounds/Phones

Phones are every possible sound that the human mouth can make. As well as the regular sounds of language, this includes hissing through your teeth, smacking your lips, and waggling your tongue. There are thousands of possible phones.

The phoneme/allophone distinction
The phones that occur in a language are usually divided up into two categories: phonemes and allophones. The difference between the two is sometimes summarised like this: "Allophones are what the speaker says, and phonemes are what the listener hears".

Phonemes
Phonemes are the individual sounds that makes up syllables in a language. For example, in the word "tin", there are three sounds:
 * 1) The "t" sound
 * 2) The "i" sound
 * 3) The "n" sound

So what's so special about a phoneme, you ask? Isn't it the same as a phone? Well no, some phones aren't phonemes. For example, if you cough, that's a sound that you're making with your mouth, but it's certainly not a phoneme, since it is not going to be a part of any English word that you're likely to speak. But languages don't usually have the same phonemes. If you smack your lips together, say, that's not a phoneme in the language you speak (English), but it is in some languages of southern Africa — they use this sound as part of their words. And depending on where you're from, you might roll your tongue in such basic words like "bird" and "hard", but this is actually one of the rarest phonemes to be found in all the languages of the world!

Here are more examples of English words split into phonemes:

 * "shape" is made up of the "sh" phoneme //, the "ay" phoneme //, and the "p" phoneme //.
 * "knife" is made up of the "n" phoneme //, the "eye" phoneme //, and the "f" phoneme //.
 * "complexity" is made up of the following eleven phonemes: "k" //, "uh" //, "m" //, "p" //, "l" //, "eh" //, "k" //, "s" //, "ih" //, "t" //, "ee" //.

''Note that we're talking about sounds here, not letters, so all the silent letters and irregular spellings are ignored. Furthermore, "x" is two sounds, "k" and "s", while "sh" is one sound — just "sh", not "s" and "h".''

So when you're conlanging, first consider this: what phonemes do you have? If you just make up words on the fly, eventually you're going to use up all of the phonemes of English (and no more), giving you a phonology that's precisely the same as English. To avoid this problem, it's much better to have an idea of the phonemes that you have, and make up words according to those. This way you can have a language that sounds like itself, and not like English.

Allophones
Say "ssss" to yourself, "s" as in "snake" or "soon". You'll notice that the sound is coming from the tip of your tongue, which is resting flat against the roof of your mouth. Now, while still hissing to yourself, vary it a bit; move it forwards and backwards; perhaps lower your tongue and raise it again. You may notice that as long as you don't go too far, it still sounds like "s" to you — even though it may sound a bit different, it's still the same basic sound.

That's what "allophone" means. As long as you're within reasonable bounds, you can make a lot of sounds that are a little different from each other, but they're still the same basic sound, or phoneme. Those individual variations are allophones.

Now, why is this important? Well, what are allophones in one language may not be in another. The different "s"s that you pronounced just now may sound the same to you, but they are considered as two or more different phonemes in Basque, a language of northern Spain. If you were speaking Basque, you'd have to distinguish a "sharp s" and a "regular s" — sounds that may sound exactly the same to you! Tonal languages go even further — in Chinese, the syllable "ma" can change into the word for "mother", "horse", "scold", and even "hemp" (yeah that's right) depending on the tone that you "sing" it with. Again, to the untrained ear, these sound almost exactly the same. On the other hand, the words "beet" and "bit" may sound very different to you, but in many languages, the "ee" and "ih" sounds sound like the exact same phoneme. This is why people all over the world, from France to China to Japan to Brazil, all end up pronouncing English "this" as "zees". (The "z" is another case in point — the "th" and "z" sounds sound different to you, but they are likely to sound the same to a non-English speaker.)

So when you're conlanging, remember that if you're including new sounds that don't exist in the English language, those are going to sound pretty confusing (even to yourself) for a while. That's okay — it simply means that you're an English speaker, attuned to the sounds of English, not your conlang (yet). Trust that the conpeople speaking your conlang are not going to have trouble with sounds that you yourself cannot tell apart or even pronounce.

Sometimes allophones appear depending on environment. For example, the English sound // consists of two main allophones: [] and [] ("unaspirated" and "aspirated"). [] is pronounced with a small puff of air afterwards. Put your hand in front of your mouth and feel for the puff of air in the word "pat" (with an aspirated p). Then compare the airflow from the "p" in "spat" (unaspirated). While this distinction may seem almost unnoticeable to an English speaker, since they are allophones in English and our mind isn't in the mode to interpret them separately, there are languages where they are separate phonemes and are distinguished — Quechua, for example.

So if you have two sounds in a given language, how do you know whether they are different phonemes, or just allophones of the same phoneme? Well, one way is to find a minimal pair. A minimal pair is a pair of two words that are exactly the same except for the sound in question. For example, "bat" and "pat" are pronounced the same except for the initial consonant. In English, a speaker can distinguish between the two words, so that means that // and // are separate phonemes word-initially. There are languages where "bat" and "pat" would sound the same to the speakers, and in those languages [] and [] probably are allophones. Similarly, in English [] and [] do not form any minimal pairs, but in Quechua, they do.

Writing Phonemes and Allophones
In the Sound notation section we told you how linguists distinguish writing from speech by putting writing in and sounds in /slashes/. We can now introduce you to the full system. It's actually phonemes (rather than just "sounds") that are written in /slashes/. To write allophones, linguists surround them with [square brackets].

 * Example — In English, [] and [] are both allophones of the phoneme // which is written as <p>.

The Vowel/Consonant Distinction
In the Beginner section on sounds, we saw that sounds can be divided into two groups: consonants and vowels.

English — though, like all languages, it varies from dialect to dialect — usually contains about 25 consonants and 19 vowels (and not 21 consonants and 5 vowels as one might assume when looking at the alphabet). The average language has about three times as many consonants as vowels.

Vowels
Different vowels can be described using two main criteria:

Height
How high or low a vowel is. This is basically a fancy name for saying how wide you open your mouth to say it. Low vowels require opening wide, and high vowels don't. Just think of it as how "high" or "low" your jaw needs to be — the lower the jaw, the wider you need to open your mouth.

 * High vowels: //, //
 * Mid-height vowels: //, // , //
 * Low vowels: //, //

Some people call these "close" (for high), "mid" (for mid-height), and "open" (for low).

Backness
How front or back a vowel is. This is a bit harder to describe, but it's basically where the highest part of your tongue is — whether it's at the front of your mouth or the back of your mouth.

 * Front vowels: //, //
 * Central vowels: //, //
 * Back vowels: //, //, //

Tip: If you're having trouble grasping this concept, try putting a tootsie pop in your mouth and saying various vowels. You'll be more able to feel the height and frontness of the different sounds.

Other features
Vowels also have some other features which aren't as important as the ones above. All languages distinguish their vowels using both height and backness, but the following distinctions are optional; feel free to play around with them and perhaps, if you're feeling confident, include one in your conlang. We'll go into more detail about these in the Advanced level.

 * Rounding — the amount of rounding of the lips when pronouncing the vowel. Typically, front vowels are unrounded, back vowels rounded. Almost all languages have some rounded vowels, but that doesn't mean that they have a roundness distinction. The key is having at least one pair of vowel phonemes that differ from each other only by whether they're rounded or not. French and German are examples of languages that contrast roundness.

 * Length — the time duration of the vowel. Languages such as Arabic, Sanskrit, and Japanese contrast long and short forms of a vowel. (Although English doesn't usually do this, there are some examples, like the word "bag" and "back". The vowels traditionally called "long" and "short" in English actually differed that way about a thousand years ago, but then came a change in English pronunciation now called the Great Vowel Shift, and after that, the traditional names didn't correspond to actual vowel length any more.)

 * Nasalization — whether or not air is allowed to flow through the nose when pronouncing the vowel. If it is, the vowel is nasal, otherwise it's oral.  Vowel nasalization is contrastive in some languages, like Portuguese and French, but not in English.

 * R-coloring — in practice, an "r-colored vowel" (also called a "rhotic vowel" or "vocalic r") isn't really a vowel at all: it's an "r" sound used as the nucleus of a syllable, as if it were a vowel. (Syllable nucleus will be explained in the next section, on syllables.)

Consonants
Consonants are sounds that are produced by constricting the airflow at one or more points along the vocal tract.

Just like vowels, consonants can vary in many ways.

Manner
The manner of articulation basically corresponds to how strong the consonants are and how much they disrupt the airflow from the lungs. The plosives are pronounced with the tongue (or other part of the lower jaw) touching the roof of the mouth. As consonants get weaker the gap between the top of the mouth and the bottom gets larger and the mouth lets the air through more directly.

 * Plosives (strongest): //, //, //
 * Nasals: //, //, // (the sound of  in )
 * Fricatives: //, //, //
 * Approximants (weakest): // ( in ), //, //

Place
The place of articulation — Like the vowels, consonants differ depending on how far forward or back they are. Different parts of the mouth are used for different positions. For example, the lips are used to make some of the more frontal consonants while the palate is further back. This part is complicated because some sounds use a combination of the features (for example "w" uses both the lips and the back of the mouth).

 * Labial: //, //
 * Coronal: //, //
 * Dorsal: //, //

Labial consonants are the furthest forward, and are pronounced using the lips. A little further back we have the coronal consonants which are pronounced using the teeth or the alveolar ridge (a "bump" just behind the teeth). Dorsal consonants are at the back of the mouth and are pronounced using the hard palate (middle roof of the mouth) or the velum (or soft palate: back roof of the mouth).

It's important to understand that labial, coronal, and dorsal are all groups of articulations that can be subdivided into more precise terms. For example — Coronal can be subdivided into dental, alveolar, and retroflex. We don't expect you to understand all these subdivisions here at the Intermediate level, but you should be aware that they exist.

Voice
Place the palm of your hand against the base of your neck just below your adam's apple and start pronouncing the // sound, the first sound in the word. Try to draw the sound out for a few seconds, as though you were saying "ffffff". Now do the same with the // sound as in, "vvvvvv". You should immediately feel a vibration in your throat when you say // that doesn't occur when you say //. This vibration is called voicing and the thing inside your throat that is vibrating is called your vocal cords.

The consonants that are pronounced together with this vibration are called voiced consonants. Those consonants that do not vibrate the vocal cords are called unvoiced.

 * Unvoiced consonants: // // //
 * Voiced consonants: // // //

Most languages make use of both voiced and unvoiced consonants, but there are plenty that do not. If you decide that your conlang doesn't care about voicing then you should use the unvoiced letters when you're describing the sounds of your language. If you're feeling particularly adventurous then you may want to research a concept related to voicing called aspiration which you can think of as a kind of "super-unvoiced" or "whispered" form that some consonants can have.

If you experiment with the hand-on-throat trick a little you may discover that voicing also applies to vowels. All vowels in English have that same vibration as voiced consonants. Unvoiced vowels do exist but they're pretty rare because they can be difficult to hear accurately.

More terms
Terms for describing consonants aren't neatly divided into the basic terms given above and esoteric terms that clearly belong at the Advanced level. There are a lot of middling-difficult terms. You don't really need them for the rest of the Intermediate level of this book (once we're off this page, Intermediate Phones); but in discussions of conlanging, it's likely that one or another of them will come up from time to time. To keep your head above water when following such discussions, you don't need a detailed technical knowledge of all these terms, but it will help if you have some idea what they're about.

To start with, you can look over the row and column headings of the main table of consonant sounds in the CXS appendix. The column headings name many more precise places of articulation than just the three we've mentioned (labial, coronal, and dorsal), and the row headings name several more manners of articulation.

Here are some other terms that may be useful to have some clue about, and clues to a few of the more opaque of those row and column headings.

 * Nasalized : pronounced while allowing airflow through the nose. Similar to the vowel term of the same name.
 * Labialized : pronounced with the lips rounded, which would be called rounded if the sound were a vowel.
 * Geminated : extended in time duration, which would be called long if the sound were a vowel.
 * Stop, occlusive : synonyms for plosive.
 * Glide, semivowel, non-syllabic vowel : all synonyms, for any approximant that is very similar to some high vowel.
 * Trill : a consonant such as the rolled R of Spanish, //.
 * Tap, flap : like a trill, but with just one staccato sound instead of a series of them.
 * Rhotic : either a trill, or an approximant similar to English R, //.
 * Lateral : a consonant similar to English L, //.  Consonants that aren't lateral are sometimes called central — which is completely different from what central means when applied to a vowel.
 * Liquid : either a lateral approximant, or a rhotic. (All approximants are either liquids or glides.)
 * Affricate : a sound that starts out as a plosive and ends up as a fricative, like the sound of English <ch>, //.
 * Coarticulated : using more than one place of articulation at the same time. English W,  //,  does this.
 * Apical, laminal : these terms refer to which part of the tongue is used.
 * Cerebral : an occasionally used synonym for retroflex (one of the column headings).

The sonority hierarchy
There is some order to this welter of sounds, and it's called the sonority hierarchy. It arranges all the different kinds of consonants and vowels into a single scale according to, essentially, how free the airflow is, unifying the properties of consonant "strength" and vowel "height". At one end of the scale are the strongest consonants, and then increasingly weak consonants until the weakest consonants give way to the high vowels; at the far end of the scale are the low vowels.

Here is a typical version of the hierarchy. Not everyone agrees on some details of the ordering. Note that the term sonorant defies the vowel/consonant distinction, as it includes both all the vowels and some of the weaker consonants. The table goes from most sonorous at the top to least sonorous at the bottom.

title: Conlang/Intermediate/Sounds/Phones


text: User talk:67.142.130.31

title: User talk:67.142.130.31


text: Category:Book:Conlang

title: Category:Book:Conlang


text:
AP Biology/Genes and How They Work

 This article has only one contributor. Therefore, it may suck (at looking good), be totally off-track (and be in a trainwreck), or be one-sided (how does this apply to Biology articles?). So [ jump in ] and prevent the potential kitten death toll.

The Basics
Of course, let's start off simple. A gene is a piece of DNA which codes for one specific protein. A human has tens of thousands of genes! For example, the TP53 gene codes for the p53 protein. Special enzymes go in to the nucleus and "read" genes. They make a copy out of RNA. RNA is exactly the same thing as DNA, but is different because:

 * RNA is not stuck inside the nucleus like DNA is,
 * RNA is single-stranded, and
 * RNA uses the base uracil instead of thymine.

The RNA is given to ribosomes, which read the RNA strand and uses the information on the RNA to make polypeptide chains, which then fold and - voila! - you have yourself a ready-to-go protein. Polypeptide chains are a giant strand of linked amino acids. There are twenty essential amino acids necessary to make protein.

This whole process is called expression, which basically means that whatever the particular gene codes for is being put into action.

The Tougher Stuff
Now we're getting into details. Don't read this part until you understand the fundamentals. You might get confused and then have an incorrect perception of what we're going to say here!

This whole big thing is split up into two processes: transcription and translation. Transcription, process that comes first, is when DNA is copied into an RNA strand. Translation, on the other hand, is the reading of the information on that RNA strand, and making a protein based on that RNA strand.

About RNA
Before we go too far into the deep ocean of information, we need to know some more about RNA.

There are actually three kinds of RNA:

 * Messenger RNA, also called mRNA, is the copy of the DNA which the ribosomes read.
 * Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, makes up the ribosomes. This RNA has no genetic information in it whatsoever.
 * Transfer RNA, or tRNA, bring amino acids to the ribosome during translation. (Don't worry too much about this - yet - we'll go over it in more depth in the translation section.)

Transcription
When a gene is ready to be expressed, transcription initiation factors go in, along with RNA Polymerase, and bind to the DNA in a place called the promoter. (The RNA Polymerase is the big cheese here - it actually copies the DNA into the mRNA strand. Transcription Initiation Factors are only there to help the RNA Polymerase bind to the DNA.) RNA Polymerase then unwinds and splits apart a segment of the DNA to make a transcription bubble (otherwise RNA Polymerase cannot read the nucleotide sequence, as the nucleotides on both sides of the DNA are stuck together by hydrogen bonds). The transcription initiation factors leave. Then, by the rules of complimentarity, RNA polymerase starts transcribing the DNA from the template strand. Here's how it would work (the coding sequence is entirely fictional): Here's the DNA segment RNA polymerase wants to transcribe:

RNA Polymerase reads the first nucleotide, and as, by the rules of complementarity, thymine pairs up with adenine (^ indicates the current position of RNA polymerase):

Because RNA uses uracil instead of thymine, RNA polymerase would assign a uracil nucleotide for position 2:

Cytosine pairs up with guanine:

And we already know the last two:

Once RNA Polymerase is done making the mRNA strand, the mRNA strand is released along with RNA Polymerase, and the DNA reforms into a double helix.

However, our little friend, mRNA, isn't done here. The mRNA strand, the primary mRNA strand, is given a 5' cap (a modified guanine nucleotide) and a poly-A tail (just a series of adenine nucleotides). Then spliceosomes go in and cut off parts of the mRNA. This isn't random; what the spliceosomes are cutting off are the intron segments of the RNA, and leaving only the exons. Exons are the part of the genetic information which code for the protein (the parts that get EXpressed). Introns don't code for a protein. Then why are they there? They used to be called garbage, but now scientists think that introns might have some function. We used to think that humans have about 100,000 genes, but now it turns out we might only have about 30,000! How are we supposed to be alive with just 30,000? Well, there are different hypotheses. One hypothesis is that these introns might have an enzymatic function. Another is that introns allow the exons to be rearranged so that instead of just one protein you can make hundreds. Or the introns are some kind of molecular signals which tell the cells what to do.

Well, back to Earth. Once the cap and the poly-A tail are added, and the introns are spliced, we have a mature mRNA. It is important to note that prokaryotes do not have spliceosomes, and therefore do not have introns.

tRNAs
Before we get too deep into translation, you'll need to learn more about tRNAs.

As you read in the basics, you learned that tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosomes. But how?

Here's how. tRNAs are a chunk of RNA which have two important things: the amino acid itself, and the anticodon. The sequence of the three-nucleotide anticodon (ribosomes read by three - three nucleotides together are a codon) determines which amino acid is attached. For instance, if a tRNA molecule has the anticodon CCA, CCG, CCU, or CCC, the tRNA molecule will have the amino acid glycine.

Ribosomes
Ribosomes are made up of rRNA. They actually make the polypeptide chain which folds to become a protein. But how?

Ribosomes right off the shelf require some assembly, as they come in two halves, or ribosomal subunits. You really can't call them halves, though, as one "half" is bigger than the other.

The process
The first step is when the large and small ribosomal subunits snap onto a strand of mRNA. Now this is where the transfer RNA comes in. A transfer RNA comes in (the first codon, which is 3 nucleotides together, always dictates for methionine [AUG]) and latches on to the first codon by its anticodon. Now the second tRNA comes in and bonds to the second codon. The ribosome then *snap!* takes off the amino acid off the first tRNA and bonds it to the amino acid of the second tRNA. Then the first tRNA runs off to get another amino acid, while the ribosome moves along the mRNA, allowing another tRNA to bond to the third codon. This process repeats over and over until the ribosome gets to the stop codon on the mRNA, at which point a release factor binds to the stop codon (as the stop codon has no corresponding anticodon) and initiates the disassemblage of the two ribosomal subunits. The resulting polypeptide chain is also released to fold and become a fully functional protein.

title: AP Biology/Genes and How They Work


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User talk:134.161.144.245

Please stop removing content. If you don't you'll be blocked from editing Wikibooks temporarily. Please contribute constructively. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:34, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:134.161.144.245


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Cookbook talk:Eton Mess

Information in article
The following comment was inserted into the article using a cookwork template: "Strip back to recipe with some descriptive information; leave the encyclopaedic stuff to Wikipedia; remove unnecessary external links". As suggested, I've removed most of the descriptive information that already appears at en.wikipedia, but I think the external links leading to other Eton mess recipes are worth keeping. — Cheers, Jack Lee  –talk– 02:41, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Eton Mess


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User:Breakmode/TableOfContentsDemo

Preface
Sample Text.

Geometry

 * Euclidean Geometry
 * Elliptic Geometry
 * Hyperbolic Geometry
 * Projective Geometry

Set Theory

 * Zermelo–Fraenkel Set Theory
 * Positive Set Theory

title: User:Breakmode/TableOfContentsDemo


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User:Alecmconroy

I generally live over at English Wikipedia under the same username. --Alecmconroy (talk) 09:35, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Alecmconroy


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User talk:Alecmconroy

I generally live over at English Wikipedia. If you need to reach me for a time-sensitive reply, try my talk page over there. --Alecmconroy (talk) 09:36, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alecmconroy


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The Q Document

The Q Document is a hypothetical document which some scholars suspect was used as a source for the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke. This book will discuss the reason some scholars believe Q existed and what they believe Q might have looked like. It will also include the reasons that some scholars doubt the existence of the Q Document. Finally, the book will include those portions of the Gospel of Luke which are suspected to have been copied from the Q Document.

Table of Contents

 * 1) The Synoptic Gospels and the The Synoptic Problem
 * 2) Markan priority and the Triple Tradition
 * 3) The Two-source Hypothesis and the Double Tradition
 * 4) The Q Document
 * 5) The Q Community
 * 6) Q Strata
 * 7) The case against Q
 * 8) History of the Q hypothesis
 * 9) Expanded contents of Q
 * 10) Bibliography / Further Reading

title: The Q Document