text:
User talk:Carmine4131928

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!Bastique 15:42, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Television Manufacture and Repair
Hello Carmine4131928! I saw your book, and it's looking very good. However, as the page gets longer, we may want to break it up into smaller pages, much like a regular book is broken into chapters. This will make it easier to navigate, easier to maintain, and easier to load in a webbrowser. I can take care of this task for you, if you want. Just let me know what topics you want on what pages, and I can do the rest. If you have any other questions about your book, or wikibooks in general, you can leave me a message at my user talk page. --Whiteknight (talk) 15:16, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Made Pages
I've rearranged your book into pages, how do you like it? --Whiteknight (talk) 16:53, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Television Manufacture and Repair
Hi, I've taken a look at your book and have bookmarked it so I can help with any spellchecking or whatever. One suggestion I have is to change the titles of the chapters from UPPER case to Lower case. I think that many people find all capitals to be a bit scary and most other Wikibooks only use capitals at the beginning of the chapter titles. Good luck! Xania talk 20:32, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Logging in
I just wanted to let you know that you haven't been logged in for some of your edits. I know who you are from your IP address, but other people may not. At the top left corner of your screen should be a link to "Log In". Click that link, enter your name and password, and select the box "remember me on this computer". Clicking that little check box will ensure that you stay logged in. --Whiteknight (talk) 21:00, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Carmine4131928


text:
Talk:GED Curriculum

is it just me, or was this copied verbatim from wikipedia? Hoogli 15:46, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:GED Curriculum


text:
User talk:68.154.91.205

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 15:58, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Herby talk thyme 16:00, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.154.91.205


text:
User talk:86.146.38.53

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 16:51, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:86.146.38.53


text:
User talk:170.158.81.62

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 16:51, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:170.158.81.62


text:
Talk:Hungarian/Vocabulary

Untitled
What's the sense of this: "man (only masculine)" What else a "man" could it be if not masuline. As far as the general subject in English is "one". If you use "man" instead, the feminist will kick you in the butt, am I right? --Sourcerror 17:48, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hungarian/Vocabulary


text: Geometry for Elementary School/Print version


text:
User:Guiltyblade

Hello all,

I am currently a candidate for a Masters of science student studying Clinical Chemistry at Rochester Institute of technology. I have been working under Professor Paul Craig for a Graduate thesis project to provide a free, usable text book in Proteomics for undergraduate courses. The text book has been developed by two Proteomic undergraduate classes. The book has been managed and guided by myself.

I hope that this book will provide other students and schools with another means of information into the proteomic world.

I myself hope to use this experience to better market myself in hope of finding a position in a laboratory setting or pharmaceutical business setting.

I have began helping contribute to a new book Metabolomics please help contribute if you can. I have already finished my thesis on this work, but would like to continue adding content to for students.

title: User:Guiltyblade


text:
Cookbook:Microwave Quesadilla

| Appetizers | Mexico

Microwave Quesadilla is a dish in Tex-Mex or Mexican cuisine, which involves cooking ingredients, most popularly cheese, inside a corn or wheat tortilla

Ingredients

 * 2 tortillas
 * About ¼ cup (30 ml) meltable shredded cheese (typically Monterey Jack cheese, but others are okay)
 * At least one of the following fillings:
 * Salsa
 * Sarza criolla
 * Chili peppers
 * Chopped tomatoes and cilantro
 * Cooked meat or seafood
 * Avocado or guacamole
 * Fresh spinach, washed and torn into small pieces
 * Canned lback beans, rinsed and well drained

 * Any of the following toppings
 * Salsa
 * Guacamole
 * Sour cream

Procedure

 * 1) Place one tortilla on a microwave-safe plate.
 * 2) Cover with half the cheese and sprinkle on fillings as desired.
 * 3) Spread remaining cheese over the toppings, and place second tortilla on top.
 * 4) Microwave on high power for 30–60 seconds (or until cheese is melted and fillings are warm).
 * 5) Add desired toppings and enjoy.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You are not limited to those fillings/toppings listed. However, ensure they can be thoroughly cooked/warmed in the short time necessary to melt the cheese.

title: Cookbook:Microwave Quesadilla


text:
User talk:76.23.240.148

You have been blocked from editing Wikibooks  as a result of your .  Please note that page blanking, addition of random text or spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires.

Xania talk 20:20, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.23.240.148


text:
User talk:74.37.228.90

Xania talk 20:21, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:74.37.228.90


text:
Goats

Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /The History of Domesticated Goats/
 * /Breeds/
 * /The Goat Personality/
 * /Pastures/
 * /What Goats Eat/
 * /Grain Mixes/
 * /Hay/
 * /Poisonous Plants/
 * /Breeding/
 * /Kidding/
 * /Goats as Pets/
 * /Dairy Goats/
 * /Meat Goats/
 * /Veterinary Care/
 * /Winter care (mid-Atlantic region)/

title: Goats


text:
User talk:Sourcerror

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! --Derbeth talk 21:55, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation files
It's great that you record audio files with Hungarian pronunciation. I only have one request: please upload your file to Commons, not here. Files on Commons can be use everywhere - for example, in Wiktionary in various languages.

It's important to name files properly on Commons and put them in categories - because Wiktionary has a bot that automatically adds pronunciation files to entries and it has to distinguish big and small letters. Proper naming looks like that: Image:Hu-szomjas.ogg (instead of Image:Szomjas.ogg). If you want to see how proper files look, see or. --Derbeth talk 21:55, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * So if I put links as is it ok? --Sourcerror 09:39, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No. You have to use another server - Wikimedia Commons. When you upload files there, they appear here as they were uploaded here locally - so there is no problem. Please do not upload you files here; such useful files should be made public in Commons. --Derbeth talk 19:51, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

You forgot the license here: Image:Szó.ogg. Can you fix it please? --Derbeth talk 18:44, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I reuploaded, because I didn't find any other way to fix it. --Sourcerror 19:11, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * There is no need! You just copy license template from your other pronunciation file. --Derbeth talk 19:15, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Again, don't upload the file. Click the. --Derbeth talk 19:45, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sourcerror


text:
User talk:Msobe002

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 22:08, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Msobe002


text:
User talk:PaulMorel

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 22:09, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:PaulMorel


text:
Talk:A Beginner's Guide to D/The Basics/Types and Math

Char are UTF8 encoded, witch means that the character 0xFF is not defined (it requires another byte to define what it represents).
 * The meaning of a sequence of bytes can also be that this sequence is illegal for a particular type. --Mbutscher 11:48, 29 April 2007 (UTC)


text:
ERP Internals/Data Tables/Material Requirements

This table contains one record for every item to be purchased for a job or for inventory.

Used by: Purchasing

Key: Transaction Number

Fields:
 * Transaction Number (a unique number assigned by the ERP system)
 * Item Number
 * Quantity
 * Job Number
 * Supplier Number
 * Date Required


text:
User talk:Vanmankline

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

You might also be interested to read our Cookbook policy page, and talk with other Cookbook editors. Webaware talk 23:56, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vanmankline


text:
User talk:Leannefleming

Hello Leanne, welcome to wikibooks! I saw your two edits, and it's good that you are experimenting with the software, but i had to revert them. If you want to play around and experiment, i suggest you do it in the Sandbox. If you want to write about yourself, you can do that on your user page, which is all yours to do with as you see fit. If you need any other help, you can leave me a message on my user talk page, and i typically respond pretty quickly. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 00:49, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leannefleming


text:
UNDP-APDIP Books

These books were donated to Wikibooks by the Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (APDIP) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

These books have been released under the GFDL, and it is hoped that the Wikibooks community will help to make them better. The books in this section are broken down into two sub-categories: FOSS books and ICT4D books.

FOSS books serve as an introduction to various aspects and dimensions of free/open source software (FOSS) issues, including FOSS in education, FOSS and government policy, localization, open standards and licensing.

ICT4D books detail the concepts, issues and trends surrounding different aspects of information and communications technology for development (ICT4D), including, e-government, e-commerce, ICT for education, ICT for poverty alleviation, Internet governance, biotechnology, etc.

For more information about UNDP-APDIP, please visit http://www.apdip.net

FOSS Books

 * FOSS A General Introduction
 * FOSS Education
 * FOSS Government Policy
 * FOSS Licensing
 * FOSS Localization
 * FOSS Open Standards
 * FOSS Network Infrastructure and Security
 * FOSS Open Content
 * FOSS E-Books

ICT4D Books

 * E-Commerce and E-Business
 * E-government
 * Gender and ICT
 * Genes, Technology and Policy
 * ICT in Education
 * Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation
 * Internet Governance
 * Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy
 * Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure
 * The Information Age
 * Small and Medium Enterprises and ICT
 * ICT for Disaster Management

title: UNDP-APDIP Books


text:
User:VanTucky

I am usually an active editor on Wikipedia, I have joined after reading the appallingly bad care guide for guinea pigs.

title: User:VanTucky


text: Template:Goodbook/Ada Programming

title: Template:Goodbook/Ada Programming


text:
Mandolin

The mandolin is a small, eight-stringed musical instrument. Like the guitar, the mandolin has a fretted neck. The eight strings are divided into four pairs of strings called courses, thus a typical mandolin is a 4 course instrument. Each course is tuned one fifth apart, the lowest (in terms of sound) is most often tuned to G. The next lowest (physically below the G strings when held in playing position) is tuned to D, then A, and then E for the smallest strings. It is used in various music such as bluegrass, classical, celtic, jazz, and even some rock/blues. The mandolin also has much smaller frets that allows those with smaller hands to enjoy a fretted instrument.

The mandolin is similar to other instruments including the Mandola, Octave Mandolin, Octave Mandola, Irish Bouzouki, as well as others.

Playing the Mandolin
When playing the mandolin both strings in each course are typically fretted (pressed down) together. The mandolin may be strummed or picked. Strumming involves playing multiple courses of strings together in a rhythmic fashion, while picking usually means playing individual courses of strings to play out a melodic rhythm. These playing methods are combined in many songs to take advantage of the versatility of the instrument.
 * Reading Tablature
 * /Chords/

title: Mandolin


text:
Template talk:Goodbook/Ada Programming

I believe the description is a bit on the short side - so I collected some earlier descriptions we created from which we might be able to create something new:

Option 1
Ada has built-in features that directly support structured, object-oriented, generic, distributed and concurrent programming.

Option 2
Ada puts unique emphasis on, and provides strong support for, good software engineering practices that scale well to very large software systems (millions of lines of code, and very large development teams).

Option 3
Ada is a structured language with a Pascal-like syntax which makes it suitable for teaching software engineering. The Wikibook for Ada is the only Wikibook which has an entry for all the key concepts of computer programming. Apart from academic use, Ada is professionally used in Air Traffic Control, Aviation (Commercial and Defense) , Rail Transportation, Communications (Satellites and Receivers) and Swiss banking. Companies in these sectors are constantly on the lookout for good Ada programmers.

Option 4
Ada is a very well structured language with a Pascal like syntax which makes Ada a good teaching language. Learning Ada will teach you the following Paradigms: Structured, Imperative, Procedural, Object oriented, Concurrent, System and Embedded programming

Option 5
The Ada programming language is a versatile general purpose programming language that supports a number of programming paradigms.

title: Template talk:Goodbook/Ada Programming


text:
Mandolin/Tablature

Tablature is a quick and easy way to play songs on your mandolin. Although it does not give some of the information of standard notation, its ease of use is impressive. This chapter will teach you how to read tablature.

1(E)---3-5-7-3-5-7-3|-|| (string with highest pitch) 2(A)--3-|-3---|| 3(D)|-|| 4(G)|-|| (string with lowest pitch)

These notes are played by pushing down a finger on the frets shown above while picking the corresponding string couple. A zero represents an open string.

1(E)---3-|| 2(A)---2-|| 3(D)---0-|| 4(G)---0-||

When the notes are vertically aligned, play the strings simultaneously. When different notes are played together, it is called a chord. Above is a G chord. This chord can also be represented as (0023).

1(E)---X-|| 2(A)---5-|| 3(D)---5-|| 4(G)---4-||

An "X" is sometimes shown instead of a number in chords (455X) to indicate an unplayed or muted string. To mute a string or course means to touch the string(s) in such a way that if you do strike it while playing the chord, the sound of the muted string is minimized and does not interfere with sound of the non muted strings.

title: Mandolin/Tablature


text:
Mandolin/Chords

Major Chords
A :(9745) or (2245) A# :(3356) B :(4467) C :(0230) or (5230) or (5578) C# :(6341) or (134x) or (634x) D :(2002) or (7452) or (245x) D# :(8563) or (356x) E :(9674) or (467x) F :(5301) or (578x) F# :(6412) or (689x) G :(7523) or (0023) G# :(8634) or (1134)

Minor Chords
Am :(2235) A#m:(3346) Bm :(4457) Cm :(0133) C#m:(1244) Dm :(2001) D#m:(3112) Em :(4223) Fm :(1334) F#m:(6731) Gm :(0013) G# :(1124)

title: Mandolin/Chords


text:
User talk:Chhajjusandeep

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
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 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:24, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Page naming
Could you check the section on page naming about. Wikibooks has a naming structure that reflects that of a book with a title and then pages "within" the title. As such I imagine that Value should actually be called Financial instrument/Value or possibly Financial Derivatives/Value in which case Financial instrument also needs renaming. You can achieve this by using the "move" tab to rename the page. Could you also look at other pages you have created in the same way - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 09:24, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Wikibooks is not an encyclopaedia. Don't copy and paste Wikipedia articles here.  That violates the GFDL.  If you want to link book text to encyclopaedia articles, there is an encyclopaedia right next door that you can interwiki link to. Uncle G 10:59, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chhajjusandeep


text:
User talk:82.203.3.3

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 09:53, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:82.203.3.3


text:
Talk:High School Physics/Index of physics equations

is it really necessary to subtitle waves 'invisible stuff'?


text:
Goats/Introduction

The domestic goat is a subspecies of the wild goat of southwest Asia and eastern Europe. It is a member of the bovine family, and is closely related to the sheep, both being in the "goat antelope" group. Domestic goats are one of the oldest domesticated species. For thousands of years, they have been used for their milk, meat, hair, and skins all over the world. In the last century they have also gained some popularity as pets.

Female goats are referred to as does or nannies, intact males as bucks or billies; their offspring are kids. Castrated males are wethers. Goat meat is sometimes called chevon.

History
Goats seem to have been first domesticated roughly 10,000 years ago in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Ancient cultures and tribes began to keep them for easy access to milk, hair, meat, and skins. Domestic goats were generally kept in herds that wandered on hills or other grazing areas, often tended by goatherds who were frequently children or adolescents, similar to the more widely known shepherd. These methods of herding are still used today.

Historically, goathide has been used for water and wine bottles in both traveling and transporting wine for sale. It has also been used to produce parchment, which was the most common material used for writing in Europe until the invention of paper.

Reproduction
In some climates goats, like humans, are able to breed at any time of the year. In northern climates and among the Swiss breeds, the breeding season commences as the day length shortens, and ends in early spring. Does of any breed come into heat every 21 days for 2–48 hours. A doe in heat typically flags her tail often, stays near the buck if one is present, becomes more vocal, and may also show a decrease in appetite and milk production for the duration of the heat.

Bucks of Swiss and northern breeds come into rut in the fall as with the doe's heat cycles. Rut is characterized by a decrease in appetite, obsessive interest in the does, fighting between bucks, display behavior, and, most notably, a strong, musky odor. This odor is singular to bucks in rut and is caused not only by the glands on their heads but by their habit of urinating on their beards and front legs — the doe does not have it unless a buck has rubbed his scent onto her or she is in actuality a hermaphrodite — and is instrumental in bringing the does into a strong heat.

In addition to live breeding, artificial insemination has gained popularity among goat breeders, as it allows for rapid improvement because of breeder access to a wide variety of bloodlines.

The gestation period is approximately 150 days. Twins are the usual result, with single and triplet births also common. Less frequent are litters of four, five or more kids. Birthing, known as kidding, generally occurs uneventfully with few complications. The mother often eats the placenta, which, with its oxytocin, gives her much needed nutrients, helps staunch her bleeding, and is believed by some to reduce the lure of the birth scent to predators.

Freshening (coming into milk production) occurs at kidding. Milk production varies with the breed, age, quality, and diet of the doe; dairy goats generally produce between 660 to 1,800 L (1,500 and 4,000 lb) of milk per 305 day lactation. On average, a good quality dairy doe will give at least 6 lb (2.7 L) of milk per day while she is in milk, although a first time milker may produce less, or as much as 16 lb (7.3 L) or more of milk in exceptional cases. Meat, fiber, and pet breeds are not usually milked and simply produce enough for the kids until weaning.

Feeding goats
Goats are reputed to be willing to eat almost anything. Many farmers use inexpensive (i.e. not purebred) goats for brush control, leading to the use of the term "brush goats." (Brush goats are not a variety of goat, but rather a function they perform.) Because they prefer weeds (e.g. multiflora rose, thorns, small trees) to clover and grass, they are often used to keep fields clear for other animals. The digestive systems of a goat allow nearly any organic substance to be broken down and used as nutrients.

Contrary to this reputation, they are quite fastidious in their habits, preferring to browse on the tips of woody shrubs and trees, as well as the occasional broad leaved plant. It can fairly be said that goats will eat almost anything in the botanical world. Their plant diet is extremely varied and includes some species which are toxic or detrimental to cattle and sheep. This makes them valuable for controlling noxious weeds and clearing brush and undergrowth. They will seldom eat soiled food or water unless facing starvation.

Goats do not actually consume garbage, tin cans, or clothing, although they will occasionally eat items made primarily of plant material, which can include wood. Their reputation for doing so is most likely due to their intensely inquisitive and intelligent nature: they will explore anything new or unfamiliar in their surroundings. They do so primarily with their prehensile upper lip and tongue. This is why they investigate clothes and sometimes washing powder boxes by nibbling at them.

Goats will consume, on average, 4.5 pounds of dry matter per 100 lbs of body weight per day.

Goat products
A goat is said to be truly useful both when alive and dead, providing meat and milk while the skin provides hide.

Meat
The taste of goat meat, called chevon (which, like most meat names, is from the French word for the animal, in this case chèvre), is said to be similar to veal or venison, depending on the age and condition of the goat. It can be prepared in a variety of ways including stewed, baked, grilled, barbecued, minced, canned, or made into sausage. One reason for the leanness is that goats do not accumulate fat deposits or "marbling" in their muscles; chevon must ideally be cooked longer and at lower temperatures than other red meats. It is popular in the Middle East, South Asia, Africa, northeastern Brazil, and the Dominican Republic.

Other parts of the goat including organs are also equally edible. Special delicacies include the brain and liver. For example, in Patagonia, Argentina, the head and legs of the Brodie goat are smoked and used to prepare unique spicy dishes.

Milk and cheese
Goats' milk is more easily digested than cows' milk and is recommended for infants and people who have difficulty with cows' milk. The curd is much smaller and more digestable. Moreover it is naturally homogenized since it lacks the protein agglutinin. Furthermore, goats' milk contains less lactose and is easier to digest, which means it will usually not trigger lactose intolerance in humans.

Contrary to popular belief, goats' milk is not naturally bad tasting. When handled properly, from clean and healthy goats, in a sanitary manner, and cooled quickly, the flavor is unremarkable and inoffensive. Also, it is necessary to separate the strong smelling buck from the dairy does, as his scent will rub off on them and will taint the milk.

Goats' milk is also used to make popular cheeses such as Rocamadour and feta, although it can be used to make any type of cheese.

Skin
Goat skin is still used today to make gloves, boots, and other products that require a soft hide. Kid gloves, popular in Victorian times, are still made today. The Black Bengal breed, native to Bangladesh, provides high-quality skin.

Fiber
Cashmere goats produce a fiber, Cashmere wool which is very fine and soft, and grows beneath the guard hairs. Ideally there is a proportionally smaller amount of guard hair (which is undesirable and cannot be spun or dyed) to the cashmere fiber. Most goats produce cashmere fiber to some degree, however the Cashmere goat has been specially bred to produce a much higher amount of it with fewer guard hairs.

The Angora breed produces long, curling, lustrous locks of mohair. The entire body of the goat is covered with mohair and there are no guard hairs. The locks constantly grow and can be four inches or more in length. Goats do not have to be slaughtered to harvest the wool, which is instead sheared (cut from the body) in the case of Angora goats, or combed, in the case of Cashmere goats. However the Angora goat usually gets shorn twice a year with an average yield of about 10 pounds while the Cashmere goat grows its fiber once a year and it takes about a week to comb out by hand, yielding only about 4 ounces.

The fiber is made into products such as sweaters and dolls hair with the mohair. Both cashmere and mohair are warmer per ounce than wool and are not scratchy or itchy or as allergenic as wool sometimes is. Both fibers command a higher price than wool, compensating for the fact that there is less fiber per goat than there would be wool per sheep.

In South Asia, Cashmere is called pashmina and these goats are called pashmina goats (often mistaken as sheep). Since these goats actually belong to the upper Kashmir and Laddakh region, their wool came to be known as cashmere in the West. The pashmina shawls of Kashmir with their intricate embroidery are very famous.

Goat breeds
Goat breeds fall into four categories, though there is some overlap among them; meaning that some are dual purpose.

Dairy

 * Alpine including French Alpine, British Alpine and American Alpine
 * Anglo-Nubian This is the Nubian of the UK and Australia.
 * Golden Guernsey
 * La Mancha
 * Nigerian Dwarf
 * Nubian
 * Oberhasli
 * Pygmy
 * Rove
 * Saanen
 * Sable Saanen
 * Toggenburg
 * Kinder
 * Canarian goats
 * Note that Alpine, La Mancha, Nubian, Obersli, Saanen and Toggenburg goats also exist in miniature version, as a result of breeding of the full size does to Nigerian bucks.

Fibre

 * Angora
 * Cashmere
 * Pygora
 * Nigora

Meat

 * Boerbok
 * Kiko
 * Rove
 * Spanish
 * Fainting

Pet

 * Pygmy
 * Nigerian Dwarf

Skin

 * Black Bengal

Wild

 * Himalayan Tahr
 * Kri-kri
 * Ibex, including the Alpine Ibex

Showing
Goat breeders' clubs frequently hold shows, where goats are judged on traits relating to conformation, udder quality, evidence of high production/ longevity, build/muscling (meat goats and pet goats) and fiber production/fiber (fiber goats). People who show their goats usually keep registered stock and the offspring of award winning animals command a higher price. Registered goats, in general, are usually higher priced if for no other reason than that records have been kept proving their ancestry and the production and other data of their sires, dams, and other ancestors. A registered doe is usually less of a gamble than buying a doe at random (as at an auction or sale barn) because of these records and the reputation of the breeder.

Children's clubs such as 4-H also allow goats to be shown. Children's shows often include a showmanship class, where the cleanliness and presentation of both the animal and the exhibitor as well as the handler's ability and skill in handling the goat are scored. In a showmanship class, conformation is irrelevant since this is not what is being judged.

Various Dairy Goat Scorecards (milking does) — are systems used for judging shows in the U.S. The American Dairy Goat Association (ADGA) scorecard is as follows:

General Appearance: 35 points (This includes breed characteristics, head, shoulders, legs and feet, and topline- the back and rump)

Dairy Character: 20 points (the doe should be lean and angular, not meaty, and show evidence of high production).

Body Capacity: 10 points (the doe should be large and strong with a wide, deep barrel).

Mammary System: 35 points (udder should be productive and very well attached so as to be held up high away from possible injury, teats should be of a good size and shape for easy milking).

In all the perfect dairy goat would score all 100 points, and this is the standard by which the goats are judged. Young stock and bucks are judged by different scorecards which place more emphasis on the other three categories; general appearance, body capacity, and dairy character.

 * The American Goat Society (AGS) has a similar, but not identical scorecard that is used in their shows. The miniature dairy goats may be judged by either of the two scorecards.

The Angora Goat scorecard used by the Colored Angora Goat Breeder's Association or CAGBA (which covers the white and the colored goats) is as follows:

Fleece- 70 points

Completeness of cover and Uniformity: 8 points (Fineness, length, type of lock and covering, adequate covering of mohair over the entire body, neither too much nor too little on the face).

Luster and Handle of Fleece: 8 points (Good, bright type of mohair, silky feeling)

Density and Yield: 8 points (Number of fibers per unit area, determined by the amount of skin exposed when the fleece is parted).

Fineness: 14 points (Finer mohair generally is more desirable, uniformity over entire fleece).

Character and Style: 6 points (Equivalent to one inch per month or more, uniform over entire body).

Freedom from Kemp: 10 points (Kemp fibers are large, opaque, "hairy" fibers most commonly found at the withers, along the spine and around the tail and britch.

Body- 50 points

Size and weight for age: 8 points (Minimum weight for yearling bucks-800 lbs, yearling does-60 lbs).

Constitution and Vigor: 8 points (Width and depth of chest, fullness of heartgirth and spring of ribs).

Conformation: 11 points (Width and depth of body, straightness of back, width of loin, straightness of legs).

Amount of bone: 8 points (Indicated by the size of the bone below the knees and hocks. Should be clean and in proportion to the size of the animal. Strength of feet and legs).

Angora Breed Type: 15 points (Indicated by head, horns, ears and topknot. Horns should be wide set and should spiral out and back. Wattles highly discouraged).

Physical Disqualifications- Disqualify the animal Deformed mouth, broken down pasturns, deformed feet, crooked legs, abnormalities of testicles, missing testicles, more than 3 inch split in scrotum, close set distorted horns, or roached back.

The perfect Angora goat would score a 120 on the total points.

Anatomy
Goats have horizontal slit shaped pupils. The narrower the pupil, the more accurate the depth perception of peripheral vision is, so narrowing it in one direction would increase depth perception in that plane .Animals with pupils like goats and sheep may have evolved horizontal pupils because better vision in the vertical plane may be beneficial in mountainous environments.

title: Goats/Introduction


text:
User:AnThRaX Ru

Introduction:
I am very much impressed by wikipedia and wikibooks and it has helped me in my daily life and in my profession. I have taken big benefit of them and becouse of its free to edit and free to add pages service; So, now I am here to volunter my sincere little help.

Since I am a student from economically poor country and I am not a Book-Lover but a bread seeker; where Books plays vital role in my everyday's survival. Big Books costs big money; I know this sharp pain; and each and every book lacks something which I seek becouse they are published and they are targetted litterally towards Us-America and United Kingdom.

So, I decided to start a free book for those economically and materially poor young science lovers where books costs more than 3 months pure salary. P.S: Book tastes Bad when it is chewed and seldom fullfills hunger.

My Motto:
"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it." (Mahatma Gandhi)

My Books:
Abdominal Surgery
 * 1) Cholecystectomy
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 * 4) Cholecystitis
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 * 6) Cholelithiasis
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title: User:AnThRaX Ru


text:
User talk:Editor at Large

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 13:32, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

And
You want to watch those "big" edits - gets RC folk twitchy!  -- Herby talk thyme 13:32, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Editor at Large


text: User:Horrendus

title: User:Horrendus


text:
User talk:Bakerja03~enwikibooks

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

Please do not vandalize Muggles' Guide pages. This is your warning. Thanks. -within focus 14:08, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Bakerja03~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:169.139.180.100

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 14:30, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:169.139.180.100


text:
User talk:69.143.208.177

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 14:40, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.143.208.177


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/49

=Text & Translation=

=Connotations Of The Text=

Catullus knew Cicero and greatly admired him.

Line 2

 * Marce Tulli - Marcus Tullius (a.k.a. Cicero)

This is a very formal way of addressing Cicero, his patron. This is why the vocative case is used, which also indicates apostrophe, another poetic device that shows direct address. It serves to further contrast humble Catullus with the great Cicero.

Lines 5-7

 * pessimus omnium poeta - worst of all poets

The anaphora in these two lines emphasises Catullus' point - it could also add an air of sarcasm and hyperbole within the poem.

 * omnium - all

This is repeated three times, and creates a juxtapostition within the poem - i.e. Catullus is the worst of all the poets, and Cicero is the best of all the patrons.

=Vocabulary=

Line 3

 * aliis (Abl. Pl.) - other; alternate

Line 5

 * omnium,(Gen. Pl.) omnia - all; everyone

=External Links=

 * Catullus 49 A Translation of Catullus 49
 * Catullus 49 Another Translation of Catullus 49


text:
Goats/Poisonous Plants

While goats are generally choosy about what they eat, certain plants are quite poisonous and so the goat owner should make sure that these plants are not present in grazing areas.

(Links here are to chapters in A Wikimanual of Gardening)

 * Monk's hood
 * Milkweeds
 * Foxglove
 * Hellebores
 * Hydrangea (wilted leaves contain cyanide)
 * Black Walnut
 * Pokeweed
 * Cherries (wilted leaves contain cyanide)
 * Rhododendrons and Azaleas
 * Nightshades
 * Yew
 * False Hellebores (lethal in small doses)

(chapters:)
 * ../Common poisonous evergreens in the mid-Atlantic region/

title: Goats/Poisonous Plants


text: Category:Book:Goats

title: Category:Book:Goats


text:
Visual Rhetoric/The Rhetoric of Brand Identity: Nike

Introduction
The Nike brand is considered a highly effective brand across many disciplines. Business professionals and consumers alike, view the Nike brand as established and well respected. According to Scott Bedbury in his book, "A New Brand World" (2002) "The brand idea is no longer confined just to packaged consumer products. Today the word "brand" has become part of the vernacular within every department of any progressive company (1)." While corporate branding is often at the forefront of brand identity, we choose to take a different approach. We will be examining the visual rhetoric of the Nike brand and how the visual rhetoric components effectiveness and/or ineffectiveness. We will use rhetorical theories based on semiotics, gender, narrative representation, and spatial experience. We will be paying specific attention to the Nike logo, slogan, print advertisements, Web site, and the NikeTown retail stores all as mediums for rhetorical branding.

The Logo- Swoosh
Another name for a logo is a trademark or signature (Ryan 393). For Nike, the swoosh has become just that- a signature. With or without the word Nike underneath it, the general population will see the swoosh and associate it with Nike. Regardless of the resemblance to ancient gods or to a check of excellence, the aerodynamic nature of the logo has contributed to the marketing and business success of the brand, as it has imbued a simple brand mnemonic with meaning. This makes the brand more memorable, and the use of the brand symbol more effectively. However, the success of the swoosh as a visually rhetorical element takes a different angle.

The rhetorical representation of the logo must communicate within one single image everything the organization wants the public to know about them. The logo is the heart of an organization's identity. It will show up on all products and publicity materials and must become synonymous with the organization's actual name. Besides the above-stated requirements of effective branding, a logo must go one step further in order to be persuasive visually. The purpose of visual rhetoric is to persuade visually. The swoosh simultaneously represents athleticism, competition, and victory. With one solid brushstroke, viewers of the swoosh know that this is what it means. Yet Nike's audience does not notice this at first upon examination of the swoosh because "visual communication is always coded [and] seems transparent only because we know the code already, at least implicitly" (Kress 32). It looks similar to the wings on the feet of the god Hermes and a wing of the goddess Nike. The swoosh also resembles a checkmark which, in American culture, has become a representative of success and a job well done. In semiotics, these implicit, learned code systems are used to create messages. Symbols are culturally bound and have a shared meaning within the culture (Trenholm 376). Nike prides itself in creating state of the art athletic equipment from running shoes to soccer balls and using a logo that rhetorically represents success and visually ties into the ancient gods of sport explains its success as a successful, simple and recognizable trademark. This clear logo is a perfect example of mixing rhetorical semiotics (recognizable links to wings of gods and the check of a job well-done) and simplicity (the logo is one swift brush stroke) to create a rhetorically strong brand basis. As John Berger notes, "publicity images belong to the moment in the sense that they must be continually renewed and made up-to-date. Yet they never speak of the present.  Often they refer to the past and always they speak of the future" (Berger 130). Nike, referring to the wings of Hermes and Nike as well as referring to the cultural symbol of a check communicate their visual argument successfully.

Slogan: "Just Do It"
“Just Do It” is the tag-line associated with the Nike logo. This tag-line is habitually positioned alongside Nike’s logo, whether it is in a print or television advertisement. Together, the logo and tag-line feature the significance of Nike’s brand goals and ideals-athleticism and victory. The logo design symbol, along with the tag line, has evolved into a motto and the way of life for a whole generation. According to John Heskett, “Objects and environments can be used by people to construct a sense of who they are, to express their sense of identity". The Nike logo and tag-line serve to identify ordinary human beings as icons for action and excellence.

In relating this concept to visual rhetoric, one can look to the readings of Arnheim, Barthes and McCloud and their impressive discussion on semiotic surfaces. Arnheim stresses in his essay that the terms sign, symbol, and pictures do not stand for kinds of images, but rather, describe the function fulfilled by the images. He discusses how an image serves as a sign to the extent to which it stands for particular content, without reflecting its characteristics visually. This description can serve the written language as well. These concepts are fully present in the Nike brand. The swoosh logo, as well as tag-line, portray a particular image and slogan that stands for particular content, without reflecting its features visually.

The logo is fundamentally a swoosh. It looks like a checkmark. It's plain, simple and yet, unmistakable. It's meaning is more intense, deeper and influential as described in the above section.

The "Just Do It" tag line is similar in this manner. When we read words, the words are describing content, yet do not reflect it visually. Words are most definitely serving as signs, and provide identification and distinction. Although the tag line is too, fundamentally simple, it is distinct in its meaning. "Just Do It" means don’t think, don’t ask, don’t talk about it, don't regret it, just do it. The visual displays alongside this motto coincide with this notion. Sports figures and general athletes are depicted as having supreme athletic prowess, at the top of their game. "It appeals to the desire to be free, independent, overcoming all obstacles and social and physical inhibitions and limitations– and one can see how this appeals to the athlete or athlete to be, if not to everyone." Just Do It: Nike Advertising as Public Art

Print Advertisements: Real Women
One of the most effective brand elements is the use of print advertisements. These advertisements not only function as a sales tool, but at their core, they serve a rhetorical purpose, to persuade us. Nike embodies this function in the use of their “real women” advertisements. Real Women Ads These advertisements showcase what seem to be real women and highlight a specific part of their body. According to USAToday.com, the ads show “a mix of pro athlete models and real women appear in ads with shots of their legs, butt, hips or arms. The fit women are unapologetic about what they call their ‘big butt’ or ‘thunder thighs.’” Spokesperson for Nike, Caren Bell, comments that, “The ads try to illustrate that 'not all body types are created equally. To be a woman athlete, fit and strong doesn't mean you have to be sample size."

However, these images embody what Scott A. Lukas, Ph.D, refers to as “no object” advertisements. Here women are denied agency, the women are objectified and their identity is concealed. The Nike “real women” ads show only isolated body parts, never revealing to the viewer the woman’s whole body. John Berger explains in his book, "Ways of Seeing" (1972) that men are the spectators and the women are the objects – or the things that are made desirable. Berger simplifies this by stating, "men act and women appear" (47). In the Nike "real women" ads, the unidentified women expresses the perceptions that she has about herself. These Nike ads play on women's insecurities, yet displays them in a way that empowers the female. These ads go against the grain and are rhetorical in the sense that they act as persuasive liberation. While the format of the ads are not new, the way that the text changes the meaning of the ads is a significant feature of the Nike "Real Women" ads.

In addition, Berger explains how words are able to change the meaning of a particular image. "It is hard to define exactly how the words have changed the image but undoubtedly they have. The Image now illustrates the sentence" (28). The Nike ads would certainly be different if the words were absent from the ad. Without the words we see only a disjointed body, that has no identity. The words work to tell a story and explain the woman's highlighted body part. The words in the ad are persuasive in that they attempt to get the audience to sympathize with the woman's feelings and provide a context, which is based on our culture, that is needed in understanding the advertisements in their entirety.

Nike Web site
Creating a Web site is another form of branding. Nike's Web site creates a sense of cohesion where everything relates and everything flows together. This is a site that is also simplistic and subtle when presenting its argument. Nike has created an interactive Web site. Visitors can view the site and click on images of interest. By clicking on the image, it brings it to the middle of the screen and allows you to play a video that explains the image. So, what exactly is rhetorical?

The Nike Web site creators are effectively promoting its product which essentially is the main purpose, but that's just the surface. Digging deeper, it becomes apparent that Nike has attempted to create a narrative representation, as defined in Carolyn Handa's "Visual Rhetoric in a Digital World." The site attempts to tell a story about the different aspects of this brand, essentially saying that there is something for everyone. There are horizontal vectors that show the time line for the videos that the website includes with its images. So, now let's take a look at the effective and ineffective ways that Nike presents its argument through its website.

Nike creates a website with effective forms of branding. This a Web site that is offered in several different languages allowing for Nike to promote its product all over the world. For this website to be effective it is important that it create a positive affect with everyone who visits or views the website. The site gives the Nike product a status of superiority. This Web site is simplistic but has a futuristic look to it, which demonstrates that not only does it intend to continue to be great for years to come, but that it is coinciding with change over time. It is important to note that Nike brand Web site effectively creates a sense of identification. It is a site that one can quickly identify as Nike. This brings up the question of conformity. Nike does an excellent job of being original. It creates images and organizes the site that is directly specific to the Nike brand which makes it easier for consumers to quickly identify that this is in fact the place to go on the internet for all things Nike. The use of repetition is present throughout the Web site. The same format and color schemes are, for the most part, used throughout the entire website. This helps somewhat with navigating as well as attempts to eliminate some confusion. As for simply the way the website looks, Nike creates a Web site that is new, creative and different. It attempts to set itself apart from other competing brands. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, this website effectively promotes the Nike brand. It is encouraging exchange making it easy for consumers to purchase Nike products.

With all the elements of effective branding mentioned above, there are some areas that could be considered ineffective. When it comes to clarity the main problem becomes the inability to identify the message being presented. Visitors know that it is Nike's Web site, but it is uncertain as to what exactly the purpose of the site is. Also, not everyone is familiar with the Internet and how to navigate around websites, it may be difficult for viewers to effectively navigate around this site. Nike makes it easy to purchase items directly from the site, but any other information is a bit more difficult to find. After visiting the Nike's website, it becomes apparent that there is some jargon and concepts that are not easily understandable. The use of simple language is needed to help increase the Web site's effectiveness.

NikeTown
The retail branch of the Nike brand, NikeTown, is truly a rhetorical retail experience. “Niketown is neither a sporting goods supermarket nor simply a building; it is a city animated by the spirit of Nike (von Bories, p. 75).” The stores are filled with multimedia simulations, dramatic lighting, high ceilings and themed media, all creating a museum-like perspective on the Nike brand. The clear connection between NikeTown and museums allows us to interpret the rhetoric of NikeTown in a similar fashion to that of a museum. In “Framing the Fine Arts Through Rhetoric,” Marguerite Helmers asserts that the placement of objects in museum exhibits as well as the emphasis placed on certain exhibits over others “create a cultural and visual memory that establishes the value and meaning of objects (p. 78).” In NikeTown stores the placement of certain products, i.e. the museum wall of shoes that every NikeTown features, emphasizes those sneakers as central to the Nike brand identity.

In “Niketown Berlin: The city as a brand experience,” Friedrich von Bories describes the NikeTown stores as spaces of experience. He believes that in visiting a NikeTown store, consumers are able to experience brand identity. A visitor to a NikeTown store is no longer a consumer, but rather a citizen. Instead of having to purchase Nike products in a bid for brand identity, individuals must only visit the NikeTown store. “Niketown replaces Michael Jordan…The consumer’s attention is no longer directed toward a heroic figure, since he/she has become one him/herself (von Bories, p. 77).” Comparitive to interactive museum exhibitions, NikeTown, through the use of visual rhetorics such as ambient sound, interactive models and video displays, places the visitor within the scene, within the brand. “The effect was like being in a film. Spectators were scenic ‘extras,’ placed on a set, given props, and asked to react to the fictions as if it were all real (Helmers, p. 80).”

The NikeTown stores embody effective rhetorical branding in that the stores are capable of translating human thought and beliefs into a spatial experience for the consumer. All Nike collateral materials; ads, images, products, are encapsulated in the dynamic, technological space of NikeTown. “’The goal was to reflect the spirit of Nike and at the same time define the personality of the store.’(Lampert-Greaux, p. 37).”

Conclusion
Traditionally, branding is not considered rhetorical, but after further investigation, we have been able to reveal the rhetorical nature of the branding movement. With branding, corporations are creating a visual argument that represents a specific image, lifestyle, and essence. The visual elements that Nike uses in its branding strategy include logo, slogan, print advertisements, Web site, and retail stores. Each branding medium uses distinct visually rhetorical tactics to convey its brand message. The visual rhetorical tactics used by Nike include semiotics, gender, narrative representation, and spatial experience. The fusion of these rhetorical tactics creates an effective Nike brand.

It is important to understand that there is a visual argument behind all brands. Using the elements of visual rhetoric to critically examine brands provides a different lens of understanding brand effectiveness. While we only analyzed the Nike brand, one should apply rhetorical theories to all brand identities so as to gain a broader understanding of corporate ideals.


text:
Visual Rhetoric/Ethics of Controversial Images

Controversial Images and Emotional Responses
Little research has been done thus far concerning the emotional effects surrounding abrasive images. How are you supposed to feel when you see a picture of child soldiers in Africa, or a composite image making a mockery of the assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald? Images have the potential to elicit emotion from a viewer just as much, if not more than text alone, so why hasn't the ethics of visual communication been studied more comprehensively? As images become more and more a part of professional communication, we will see more research and ethical guidelines pertaining to the use of ethically questionable images. But for the time being, what is currently out there in the real world? Research shows that visuals play just as an important role as text, if not more important, in having an emotional impact on its audience (Kienzler, 1997). However, the code of ethics that loosely governs images is highly under-developed compared to that of its counterpart- written text. According to Stephen Casner, Ph.D., of the NASA Ames Research Center, visuals can sometimes have more impact than text when coupled together, for three reasons. First, images have a direct and quick emotional impact that linear text alone lacks. Also, when viewing a document, an audience is drawn to the images accompanying the text before the view the text itself. Last, viewers remember images much longer than they remember accompanying text. For these reasons it is important to study images and the effects that they may have on viewers just as intensely as humans have scrutinized the ethics of the written word. Visuals have an increasing impact on today's high-speed society, especially in professional communication (Keinzler, 1997). This chapter will closely examine what abrasive images are readily available to society today in an advertisement, editorial cartoons, as well as manipulated composite images. We will also discuss the emotional responses that are tied with images that cause irritation Emotionally stirring images can conjure up a lot of feelings among their viewers, whether that is joy or anger. Although the text has the ability to do so, there is a much more comprehensive set of ethical codes that go along with them. Currently, there are no real standards set thus far for visuals beyond what is considered pornographic, and with a lack of these needed standards, the envelope will only be pushed farther and farther. As the ethical boundary is pushed, and line for what is considered ethical will follow closely behind. If the current trend of abrasive and irritating images continues to move, the ethical standard will continue to drop. It is the responsibility of the viewer to act as a critical thinker and determine if an image is unjustly abrasive. The following sections will discuss the different aspects of the controversial images listed above. Please use the information below as an informational start to see how current issues and other controversial debates can be manipulated. Although the ethical code of images may change soon to mirror the standards of text in public domains, for now, it is the responsibility of the reader to determine what they should consider ethical and stand against.

Composite Images, Photoshop & Irritation
Our life is filled with emotionally-charged images that may contradict our traditional ways of interpreting and thinking. One way that we are challenged in our views is through images that shock, or surprise, an audience. Traditionally, these images are found in advertisements, but more recently we find ourselves being challenged by the popular art of composite images. Photoshop is a growing trend in our culture, mostly among the younger generation, that allows our everyday images to be turned into something extraordinary whether it’s a politically-charged message or just something that we like to parody. This fairly new program opens up a world of possibilities when it comes to images and visual rhetoric given that these images can be manipulated to portray a biased opinion or view. Oftentimes in a composite image the more shocking the material, the better; and the more blatant or disturbing an image is, the more we question the ethics of the author and their intentions. Given an uproar in composite images after the advent of Photoshop, we are often brought to ask ourselves whether it is the fault of the program or audience for potentially abusing the power of the program.

Mostly, our questioning of these images leads us to a different way of thinking and a way of reflecting in upon ourselves; on what it is that disturbs us about certain images and why. For example, in a recent class presentation, my partner and I used a composite image of JonBenet Ramsey as a demonstration of how composite images strike a sort of “irritation” between our social standards or ideals and our emotions. The composite is of a bartender’s body with JonBenet’s head “photoshopped” onto the figure. The child appears to be mixing a cocktail in this up-scale environment with a martini shaker made of a judicial figure. The author of the image wrote on his website Doctor Cosmo that he made the image because he thought the trial of the case “was a mockery of the judicial system, and how money can’t buy you, love…but it can certainly keep your ass out of jail.” This image stirs our beliefs and makes us question if it’s morally correct to use an image of a child who died so young and horribly in an image that mocks our system. When presenting material with my partner, we questioned if the image of JonBenet would offend our audience, but we quickly realized that sometimes it is good to shock people with emotionally-charged images because we get more of a reaction and we begin to question why it is that we get so offended. Perhaps the reason why composite images are so controversial is that they often use subjects that are displaced from their original contexts and transform them into a completely new perspective. As a result, we feel transplanted along with the subject. This change in contexts is what initially draws our attention to the image, and it may be why we initially become shocked when looking at a divisive image. Alternately, one of the reasons composite images can be rhetorical is that they sometimes shed new light on a subject, almost as if to give us a fresh new outlook on what it is that we’re seeing. When we see things as if we see them for the first time, we tend to think of them in an alternate way and maybe easier persuaded given we gain a different perspective. Often images that grab our attention the most are shocking and controversial, so much so that we experience a sort of "irritation" between our cultural, social, and moral discourses. Craig Stroupe describes his theory of the rhetoric of irritation as "inappropriate juxtapositions" that work together to create a sort of dialog "among normally unrelated voices and contexts, produc[ing] both an irritation whether expressed visually, verbally or in some hybrid form like a Web page- as well as a social irritation in the audience who registers this friction as a kind of disruption of "normal" discourse" (245). The "irritation" that we experience can offend or enhance our character simply because it's a different outlook on an image that we are normally not accustomed to.

Unfortunately, with composite images, ethics is always in question. Is it appropriate to remove context from a subject or image and transfer it to another? Is ethics still a problem if the image is overall rhetorical and better for the good of society? Does a composite image have to go along with societal ideals? The answer to all these questions is subjective and ultimately depends on who you ask, but in interpreting composite images, it is always crucial to get “the big picture” and understand both sides of the argument being portrayed. Only then can you make an informed decision about the rhetorical nature and purpose. Essentially, in the search for an even clearer answer to the ethical question, composite image creators should be more aware and sensitive that audiences often view manipulated images with a naive eye and audiences need to educate themselves and question what is being portrayed in a composite image in reference to what is being said, what should be said, and what they believe is right.

Shocking Advertisements
Juxtaposition and irritation can be used in order to advertise products. This idea is called “shock advertising”. You maybe be wondering, “Why would anybody use a controversial image in an advertisement?” The answer is simple- “Any publicity is good publicity.” Two companies’ that are well known for their shock advertisement strategies are United Colors of Benetton and Calvin Klein. Calvin Klein received a great deal of attention when they used an underage Brooke Shields in their advertisements very provocatively. This controversy led to a great deal of free press covering the story. However, it is not only the free press that encourages companies to use shock advertisements. This also markets their goods and services to a younger more “socially conscious” age group. This type of shock advertisement makes the company seem edgy or youthful. Peter Fressola, communications director for United Colors of Benetton, defended a Diesel Jeans advertisement, which depicted a gun pointed at the audience, by saying “Jeans are about sex and danger. And the people who are offended by these ads are probably not Diesel customers anyway.” However, it is not just clothing companies that have been known to use shock advertisements. Barnardo’s, a London based charity, helps many different poverty-stricken families all across Great Britain, is also known for having very controversial ads. In the year 2000, they had an ad that depicted an infant baby about to inject heroin. They also ran an ad campaign, which staged five death and suicide scenes. One of the passages read, “From age three, Jane was neglected and a large part of her died. Her future died. 19 years later, after being lured into prostitution, she was beaten so badly by her Pimp she died for real. What a waste.” Barnardo’s was asked to remove the campaign due to criticism. However, donations increased by 5 percent to the charity. As much as these images may elicit a negative emotional response, they will not be forgotten.

Editorial Cartoons: Pictures With a Point
An editorial cartoon, commonly referred to as a political cartoon, is an illustration or comic strip containing a political or social message that usually relates to current events or personalities Wikipedia. Cartoonists must often rely on symbolism, exaggeration, labeling, analogy, and irony to demonstrate the point they are trying to make. More often than not there is controversy surrounding an editorial cartoon because of the subject matter. The purpose of an editorial cartoon is to make a point and to make people think. Although editorial cartoons are often funny if you understand the underlying issue, their main purpose is to persuade the audience. Editorial cartoons thrive off of controversy and offensive material because it creates debate and discussion of the issue presented. It is important to keep in mind that a cartoon does not always portray the actual opinion of the publication, but is a reflection of the cartoonists’ interpretation of the surrounding world.

Editorial cartoons are communicative because the cartoonist uses visual symbols for the purpose of communicating to an audience. Foss defines three characteristics that define artifacts or products conceptualized as visual rhetoric. An artifact must be symbolic, involve human intervention, and be presented to an audience for the purpose of communicating (Foss, p. 304). Editorial cartoons meet the stated criteria because of the symbolism the cartoonists use to portray particular events, people, places, governments, religions, ideas, etc. The cartoons are created in response to recent events and are made with the purpose of making a point to an audience. The cartoonist consciously decides to communicate about a certain topic and conveys a message through conscious decisions to utilize certain colors, forms, and symbols. Editorial cartoons use images and drawings to express a complex message in a simplified form.

A more recent editorial cartoon that has caused a lot of controversies is the series of images representing the Prophet Mohammed in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten in September 2005. An editor, Flemming Rose, asked newspaper cartoonists to draw the prophet Mohammed as they saw him. A few days later, twelve different cartoonists submitted their depictions and were published in the paper. The images initiated controversy immediately because of the sensitive and sacred subject being presented in an insensitive and offensive manner. Soon to follow the publication of the cartoons were the burnings of the Danish flag, protests and boycotts of Danish products, and violence. The cartoons became famous around the world because of the amount of controversy they had stirred up. Some newspapers reprinted the images while others chose to describe the cartoons through words. The New York Times and many other U.S. newspapers chose not to reprint the images, “saying they were motivated either by respect for or fear of those who might be offended” (Cannon).

There is a fine line between the freedom of expression and respecting the people, events, or issues depicted in the cartoons. Although the purpose of editorial cartoons is to make a point, strike up a conversation and make the readers think, cartoonists should choose the messages they want to convey with care. It is ok for cartoonists to express a sensitive message but it should be executed in a fashion that won’t lead to violence. It is impossible to draw something that is completely void of controversy because somebody will always find something offensive. Editorial cartoons are not the news and do not have to be fair and unbiased, however, the cartoonists have a responsibility to create their cartoons with care. Cartoonists should not aim to generate tensions which could lead to violence but should present their cartoon in a tasteful manner.

On the other side of the paper, the readers of the cartoon need to be responsible for viewing and analyzing the image. It is important for readers to keep in mind that the point of the editorial cartoon is to make people think. Sometimes the images or content may be offensive, but the cartoonist is not drawing an image to target anyone or group in particular, rather express a message that is relevant to events and situations. Readers must remain critical viewers of these images.

Emotional Response
People are constantly being tested by outside stimuli such as the media and are faced with images and advertisements that can sometimes be shockingly controversial. In some cases, such controversial ads do not feature the product, but rather an idea. United Colors of Benetton, a clothing company discussed earlier in the chapter, is known for their emotionally stirring advertisements. During the peak years of their controversial campaigns, many of their advertisements have been a topic of discussion. A popular technique for the United Colors of Benetton is to take a unique but daring approach in their advertisements by featuring sensitive issues rather than people wearing their product. One year, an advertisement ran with a picture of a dying AIDS patient branded with the company’s logo. Companies taking the shock approach in their advertisements do so in order to ultimately drive up product sales. Companies know that controversy receives much publicity and thus creates attention. How does the shock approach in advertising and images correlate to a customer making a purchase? These images and advertisements are created by companies to spark debate and discussion among buyers in the hopes that the emotional response the advertisement provoked was strong enough for people to make a purchase. People are naturally inclined to pass judgment but are often psychologically influenced by the complexities of emotions. Each individual has differing sets of emotions which stem from his or her life events and experiences. Because such a range of emotions can exist, it allows room for differing interpretation. With this in mind, it is difficult to create any broad assumptions when it comes to how one should view a shocking, irritating or controversial image. But there are certain factors, both internal and external, that should be taken into account when understanding ones emotions towards these visuals. People are also influenced by their environment. It might be easy to say that consumers are able to perceive an object or person without interference from the perception of the physical and social surroundings of that object or person; however this is not always the case. People bring their personality to the things they do in their daily lives which involve other people whether it be through work, school, nightlife, or church. Past experiences shape an individual’s personality which can further influence and be influenced by one’s environment. Lastly, people are influenced by their social centers. Social groups have a huge impact on how images and advertisements are perceived. A common interest is usually the core of what brings a social group together. However, differing opinions may arise which can change people’s opinions and beliefs. It isn’t just the image or advertisement that is being interpreted, it is the brand. The opinions that come from social circles can impact how one is influenced into purchasing behavior.

We have discussed many mediums where controversial images may appear. However, this list is far from comprehensive. Controversial Images can appear in a wide variety of public and private spheres. As an informed consumer of the above mentioned mediums, you are responsible for the ethical standards you hold for the visuals you view. As said before, the amount and severity of controversial images in the public sphere has continued to increase, and in turn the ethical standards of said images has been slowly decreasing, and the proverbial ethical bar is following. For the time being, no public policy change will occur regarding this issue. Informed consumers must act as the vigilante.


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Cookbook:Italian Meatballs

| Cuisine of Italy

Ingredients

 * 500 g (18 oz/1½ lb) minced veal meat
 * ¼ tsp oregano
 * ¼ tsp parsley
 * 1 clove of garlic, minced
 * 1 large egg
 * 125 g (4 oz/¼ cup) breadcrumbs
 * 30 g (1 oz/1 Tbsp) grated Parmesan cheese
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste
 * Olive oil for frying

Procedure

 * 1) Mix all ingredients together in a large bowl. Using your hands, squeeze all ingredients.
 * 2) Heat a large skillet over medium heat and drizzle on a little olive oil. Preheat oven to 175°C (350°F) in the meantime.
 * 3) Use your hands to roll meat into bite sized balls.
 * 4) Place the meatballs in the skillet and cook uncovered for 3 minutes, then roll them over and cook another 3 minutes.
 * 5) Transfer the meatballs onto a baking sheet and bake in the oven for 20–25 minutes.

title: Cookbook:Italian Meatballs


text:
Java Programming/Tutorials/Notepad

= Creating a Notepad application = You wouldn't be able to learn Java wholly if you don't practice working on sample programs. Throughout these tutorials we will help you grasp the true workability with Java projects. The first tutorial in the series is that of creating a simple Windows based application that resembles a notepad.

Setting the class structure
To start programming on our example, we need to write down a  that will encapsulate our Notepad application. We begin with a simple class structure that is empty in the beginning and will be filled appropriately afterward.

Defining an entry point

 * For an in-depth study into the structure of entry points, read the section on The Entry Point.

Because we need our class to be executed, we need an entry point to help it execute while it is stand-alone. To do so, we define a  method that would take care of the execution code.

Laying the base for a main frame
The next step is to lay the foundation for a frame on which the Notepad application needs to be executed. For this, we import three generic packages namely ,  and . Now, because we have  package imported in our code, we can safely extend our  class with the  class.

Using the properties of the frame
Using the  method, we try calling the super-class' constructor to access other properties and methods declared in the super-class. The constructor call that we made is an explicit call, that is, we specifically called for it. But, even if we hadn't called the  method, it would implicitly (or automatically) be called.

In the code below, we try to access the methods inherited into the Notepad class in two different ways. Notice the  variable. The variable, as you might have had studied, helps to call the variables that are a part of the class the variable is called within. The  variable used in this example is used to access the  and the methods whilst within the class.

These two methods help in setting the size of the form and then introducing a  event that would dispose or destroy the frame object once the particular form is closed either by clicking the Close button or by pressing Alt+F4.

Whilst in the  method, we initialize and instantiate the Notepad object. Now because we have a Notepad object named with us, we can access public methods from its reference. We use the same object to call the  method. This would be the second way that we can use to access an object's methods and properties.

The code above is enough to display a blank frame that is of 300 pixel width and 300 pixel height aligned at the top-left corner of the desktop screen. Try closing the frame to check if the  code works. It should work! Then for a test, try taking out the method or just comment it to see what happens otherwise.

title: Java Programming/Tutorials/Notepad


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Sexual Health/Incest

Incest is sexual intercourse between two family members. The specific family relationships that are considered incest vary by country. In addition, in some cases while the law may not consider a relationship to be incest, religions or public opinion may do so. For example, in the US, first cousins may marry in about half of the states; in the other half it is illegal for anyone closer than second cousins to marry. In general, sex between parent and child, brother and sister, grandparent and child, etc., will always be considered incest except in historic settings (e.g., Ancient Egypt).

Incest and the law
What is the law. Role of family court. Responsibility of the community.

Therapeusis
Treatment modalities.

title: Sexual Health/Incest


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User:Fanturmandos

Real Name: Stephen I am currently a sophmore at Central Catholic High School, and I plan to get an art or English major in college. I am mainly interested in history (specifically WWI, and Church history), art, literature, and ecology (specifically of the United State's Southwest and Texas). I hope I can contirbute to Wikibooks in a positive way.

Favorite Books: Bleak House - Charles Dickens, and The Old Kingdom Series - Garth Nix

Currently Reading: Mother of Kings - Poul Anderson

If you want to debate on various topics I hope you will post on my talk page.

Quotes!
"Context is for sinners."

"Most people don't give a shit about anything The only reason they aren't nihilists already is they can't be bothered to look the word up."

WHAT HAVE YOUR WORSHIPPERS FRIENDS GOTTEN YOU?

“Some people fear that technology will become more engaging than live human interactions. That's silly; technology is already way more interesting than other people.” –Scott Adams

title: User:Fanturmandos


text:
User:Jimmyatic/Sandbox

 * 1) Abstract
 * 2) Introduction
 * 3) Necessary Items
 * 4) Hello, World!
 * 5) Basic Variables (Numbers, Strings, and Lists)
 * 6) Output
 * 7) Input
 * 8) Program Basics
 * 9) Advanced Variables (Characters, Equations, Matrices, Pictures, and Graph Databases)
 * 10) Criteria Based Instructions (If, Then, Else & End)
 * 11) getKey
 * 12) Menus
 * 13) Other CTL and I/O Commands
 * 14) Screens
 * 15) Error Messages
 * 16) Tips, Tricks and Optimizations
 * 17) Advanced Programming
 * 18) Programming Games
 * 19) Links
 * 20) Appendix A: Instructions
 * 21) Appendix B: Catalog

title: User:Jimmyatic/Sandbox


text:
User:PaulMorel

I am a graduate of the University of Rochester. My areas of study include Computer Science, Music, and Math.

I am not a teacher; I like to contribute to wikibooks because I think it is great way for me to refresh my knowledge of certain subjects.

title: User:PaulMorel


text: User talk:24.11.236.176

title: User talk:24.11.236.176


text:
User:Joe n bloe~enwikibooks

I am Joseph N. Hall. Please see my Wikipedia user page.

title: User:Joe n bloe~enwikibooks


text:
Video Capture, Transcoding, and Authoring

Principles

 * Terminology [[image:25%.svg]]
 * Video Standards [[image:50%.svg]]
 * Audio Standards [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Encoding Formats [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Recordable Media (DVD, HD-DVD, DV, VCD, and others) [[File:00%.svg]]

Software

 * Capture [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Editing [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Filtering [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Transcoding [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Authoring and Burning [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Other [[File:00%.svg]]

Hardware

 * Capture [[image:25%.svg]]
 * Editing and Authoring [[File:00%.svg]]

Techniques

 * Capture [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Editing [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Transcoding [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Authoring and Burning [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Other Techniques [[File:00%.svg]]

Tutorials

 * /Converting AVI to MPEG-2 with AviSynth and TMPGEnc Xpress/
 * Capturing composite NTSC video with VirtualDub [[image:25%.svg]]
 * Inverse telecine for NTSC video [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Basic encoding with TMPGEnc Express [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Basic DVD authoring with DVD-Lab [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Converting telecined PAL content to NTSC and vice versa [[File:00%.svg]]


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Rocks & Minerals/Cleavage

Cleavage is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite planes, creating smooth surfaces, of which there are several named types:

 * Basal cleavage: cleavage parallel to the base of a crystal, or to the plane of the lateral axes. This occurs quite easily in graphite, making the material feel slippery.
 * Cubic cleavage: cleavage parallel to the faces of a cube. This is the source of the cubic shape seen in crystals of ground table salt.
 * Diagonal cleavage: cleavage parallel to a diagonal plane.
 * Lateral cleavage: cleavage parallel to the lateral planes.
 * Octahedral, Dodecahedral, or Rhombohedral cleavage: cleavage parallel to the faces of an octahedron, dodecahedron, or rhombohedron (respectively). Octahedral cleavage is seen in common semiconductors used in electronics.
 * Prismatic cleavage, cleavage parallel to a vertical prism.

Cleavage is of technical importance in the electronics industry and in the cutting of gemstones. While precious stones are generally cleaved by impact, man-made single crystals of semiconductor materials are generally sold as thin wafers which are much easier to cleave. Simply pressing a silicon wafer against a soft surface and scratching its edge with a diamond scribe is usually enough to cause cleavage.

|


text:
User talk:Samha4

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

You might also be interested to read our Cookbook policy page, and talk to other Cookbook editors. Webaware talk 00:52, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Samha4


text:
User talk:76.177.34.216

Regarding edits made during April 27 2007
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 00:55, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.177.34.216


text:
User talk:203.117.212.52

Regarding edits made during April 27 2007
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 01:06, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.117.212.52


text:
Cookbook:Onion Rings

Onion rings are a type of fast food commonly found in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and other places. The rings are made from slices of onion, coated with batter, breadcrumbs, flour, or other cooking substance and deep-fried until golden-brown and served as an appetizer.

Ingredients

 * 5 medium white onions, sliced into rings
 * 1 cup milk
 * 3 eggs, beaten
 * Salt, to taste
 * 2 cups powdered pancake mix
 * Parsley sprigs, for garnish

Procedure

 * 1) Separate the sliced onions into rings.
 * 2) Combine milk, eggs and salt to taste in mixing bowl.
 * 3) Soak onion rings in mixture 30 minutes.
 * 4) Place pancake mix in shallow bowl.
 * 5) Remove onion rings from milk mixture then dip in pancake mix.
 * 6) Deep-fry rings in 375°F (190°C) oil until golden brown.
 * 7) Remove from the oil, and place on paper towels.
 * 8) To create an onion loaf, continue with the following steps:
 * 9) Pack fried onion rings loosely, without pressing, into 8 x 4-inch loaf pan.
 * 10) Bake in a 400°F (200°C) oven for 10-15 minutes.
 * 11) Turn onto serving plate and garnish with parsley.

title: Cookbook:Onion Rings


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Rocks & Minerals/Luster

Luster is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock, or mineral. For example, a diamond is said to have an adamantine luster and pyrite is said to have a metallic luster.

Other descriptive terms used for gems include vitreous, like glass; resinous, like amber; waxy, like jade; greasy, like soapstone; pearly; and silky.

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