text:
Gambas/Loop

Back to Gambas

Introduction to loops
Loops are powerful control structures used to repeat a given section of code a certain number of times or until a particular condition is met.

Gambas has three main types of loops: for / next loops, do loops and for / each loops.

For / Next Loops
The syntax of a for / next loop has three components: A basic for / next loop appears as follows:
 * a counter,
 * a range, and
 * a step.

for X = 1 to 100 step 1 print X    next

In this example, X is the counter, "1 to 100" is the range, and "1" is the step.

When you want to make a complete example out of that, you need a form and a command button and this following code.

PUBLIC SUB Button1_Click X AS Integer for X = 1 to 100 step 1 print X next END The variable X has to be declared as an integer.

When a for / next loop is initialized, the counter is set to the first number in the range—in this case, X is set to 1. The program then executes any code between the for and next statements normally. Upon reaching the next statement, the program returns to the for statement and increases the value of the counter by the step. In this instance, X will be increased to 2 on the second iteration, 3 on the third, etc.

To change the amount by which the counter variable increases on each iteration, simply change the value of the step. For example, if you use a step 2, X will increase from 1 to 3, then to 5, 7, 9, and so on. When the step is not explicitly stated, step 1 is used by default. (Note that the step can be a negative value. For instance, "for X = 100 to 1 step -1" would decrease the value of X from 100 to 99 to 98, etc.)

When X reaches the maximum value in the range (100 in the example above), the loop will cease to execute, and the program will continue to the code beyond the next statement.

It is possible to edit the value of the counter variable within a for / next loop, although this is generally considered bad programming practice: for X = 1 to 100 step 1 print X       X = 7 next

While you may on rare occasions find good reasons to edit the counter in this manner, the example above illustrates one potential pitfall: Because X is set to 7 at the end of every iteration, this code creates an infinite loop. To avoid this and other unexpected behavior, use extreme caution when editing the counter variable!

Try some more examples to get used to loops:

PUBLIC SUB Button1_Click i AS Integer FOR i = 1 TO 10 PRINT "Hallo Welt" NEXT END

PUBLIC SUB Button1_Click DIM i AS Integer FOR i = 1 TO 10 PRINT i,i*i,i*i*i NEXT END

To make loops better readable, you should move the inner lines of code to the right. They will be repeated in the loop. In contrary to VB you should not mention the counter at the end of the loop behind the next command.

For I = 1 to 10 print I ' Next I   VB code ' skipped in Gambas because it is redundant Next

Do Loops
Do loops are a bit more flexible than For loops, but should generally only be used when necessary. Do loops come in the following formats: -Do while -Do until -Loop while -Loop until While loops (both do while and loop while) will continue to execute as long as a certain conditional is true. An Until loop will loop as long as a certain condition is false, on the other hand. The only difference between putting either While or Until in the Do section or the Loop section, is that Do checks when the loop starts, and Loop checks when the loop ends. An example of a basic loop is as follows:

Do       print "hello" x=x+1 Loop until x=10

This loop will print hello several times (depending on the initial value of x). As you may have noticed, Do loops have no built in counters. However, they may be made manually as shown above. In this case, I chose x as my counter variable, and every time the loop executes, 'x' increases itself by one. When 'x' reaches 10, the loop will cease to execute. The advantage of Do loops is that you may exit at any time whenever any certain conditional is met. You may have it loop as long as a certain variable is false, or true, or as long as a variable remains in a certain range.

Nested Loops
A nested loop is any type of loop inside an already existed loop. They can involve any type of loop. For this, we will use For loops. It is important to remember that the inside loop will execute its normal amount multiplied by how many times the exterior loop runs. For example:

For i = 1 to 10 For j = 1 to 10 print i*j, Next print Next

This will print the times table. Upon the first pass of the i loop, it will run the j loop ten times. Then on the second pass of the i loop, it will run the j loop another ten times, and so on. Why is there another print command between the two next commands. Try it out, what you will get, when you delete it.

title: Gambas/Loop


text:
User talk:Pekinensis~enwikibooks

Where are you getting "Black Turtle Bean" and "Black-eyed pea" from? These are really non-standard names.

Ow, this is looking painful, especialy for the black-eye bean. I think cowpea sounds disgusting, but if that's the standard, OK.

The black bean is easier. First of all, black varieties of other beans don't count as conflicts. The Chinese one is actually the soybean, black due to fermentation, so that doesn't count either. Thus there are no conflicts. The black bean article might note the name issue though.

In any case, the articles need to list all the variants, and there should be REDIRECT entries for the secondary names.

AlbertCahalan 07:31, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

As I understand it, you won't be likely to get a bag of black beans from an asian market. You'd get black bean paste or black bean sauce.

I can live with black-eyed pea. It'll always be a bean to me though. Black bean obviously works, with a "see also" for the other stuff. Don't forget the redirect from turtle bean though.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pekinensis. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pekinensis~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Pekinensis~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook talk:Sponge Cake II

Untitled
This recipe is completely useless in some countries. It's one thing to use a particular system of measurement, which is more-or-less easily converted. It's another thing entirely to go by mass. Most kitchens do not have a balance or scale. Kitchen scales are generally unavailable in the USA; one would need to go to a home-brewing or laboratory supplier to get a suitable scale.

Also, how big is your medium egg anyway? If this is the normal size for you, then it is likely to be equivalant to a USDA-standard large egg in the USA.

Eggs lose water as they age. If you're going to weigh your eggs, you should probably be doing so for the purpose of adding enough water to bring them up to their original (standard) weight.

unlikely to be right
It says:

Sodium bicarbonate (2tsp) (Baking Powder, Baking Soda or Bicarbonate of Soda)

Uh, no. While baking powder has acid, the others (all meaning the smae thing) do not. I would normally expect the odd entry (baking powder) to be wrong, but this recipe has no source of acid that I can spot. Thus, I'll guess that only baking powder will work.

Anybody mind baking both a sponge cake and a disaster? Then we'll know.

 * I'm changing my guess. Baking powder is a recent invention. This recipe is claimed to go back 140+ years.

 * Oh, never mind. This ingredient is not used! Probably with the self-rising flour...

Why oh why is it called "Impossible"?
The serious answer to this question might be added if only for my curiosity. :-) Or is that only because they don't have scales in the USA?

Picture
A picture for the final result would be nice. JonathanHopeThisIsUnique (discuss • contribs) 20:41, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Sponge Cake II


text:
Cookbook:Lard

| Oil and fat

Lard is fat (the thick oil, not the fat tissue) from a pig. Unlike shortening, which can be used as a lard substitute, lard is free of trans-fatty acids. Lard is also lower in saturated fat than butter, making lard one of the best of the well-known solid fats.

Lard is particularly important for traditional pie crusts, such as the one for apple pie. Lard gives the desired flakey texture. Substitution is not advised. Lard also makes for better biscuits, and can be used in roast potatoes.

Lard does not last quite as long as shortening does. Refrigeration will help. Refrigeration is a good idea anyway, because the pastry-like foods commonly made with lard will turn out best if everything (ingredients, air, rolling pin, work surface, bowls, etc.) is kept cold until baking.

Larding is the process by which lardons (bits of lard) are injected into meat. This is sometimes done before cooking a tough piece of meat.

Lard can be produced by baking a pork roast, preferably with some cuts in the fat tissue to let the lard drain out. If the drippings are allowed to sit in a tall glass container, lard will float to the top. Be sure to allow enough time for the non-lard content to settle out; reheating may be required. Once settled, the lard must be refrigerated. Home-made lard can have a bit of a roast pork flavor, which is very good for making refried beans.

Bacon grease is a lard.

Types of lard include fatback and leaf. Fatback lard is created by grinding and heating the skin and subcutaneous fat from, primary the back and sides of a hog. A process known as rendering. Leaf lard is rendered from fat taken kidney region. Leaf lard is used especially in baking. Leaf lard is the firmest, least flavorful, and least aromatic of any rendered hog fats. A product simply called "lard" is any fat rendered from a hog.

title: Cookbook:Lard


text:
Italian/Grammar/Adjectives

Adjectives / Aggettivi
Unlike in English, adjectives may be placed both before or after the noun.

Example: La grande città (the large town) La città grande (the large town) - are both correct, with slightly different meaning

As a general trend, adjectives tend to follow nouns rather than precede them.

Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify both in gender (masculine or feminine) and in number (singular or plural).

Examples: La macchina rossa (the red car) Le macchine rosse (the red cars) Il divano rosso (the red sofa) I divani rossi (the red sofas)

Endings for adjectives: Masc.sing. Fem.sing. Masc.plur. Fem.plur. o          a           i          e     e           e           i          i

Adjectives that end in -e do not need to modify their endings for gender. Their endings change only depending on whether the noun is singular or plural.

Example: Il libro verde (the green book) La porta verde (the green door) I libri verdi (the green books) Le porte verdi (the green doors)

See also
 * Italian/Vocabulary/Adjectives
 * Italian/Grammar/Comparatives and superlatives

Italiano/Adjetivos

title: Italian/Grammar/Adjectives


text:
Cookbook talk:Pastry Dough

Pastry should be part of Desserts, I think. Most people are adding their pie and tart recipes to the Dessert section.....
 * A crosslisting of pastry to Cookbook:Bread and Cookbook:Dessert might be ok, though pastry isn't exclusively a dessert item (croissants, pot pies, etc) Kellen 19:37, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

I've started a list of recipes involving pastry, though I don't know if this is actually very useful. It might be better to just add said recipes to a "Pastry" category. Comments? Kellen 21:31, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Be careful. A good number of those pies use crumb crusts, not pastry. AlbertCahalan 22:10, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Ha. I hadn't checked; that is a good point. Do you think this is actually a useful expenditure of time/effort, though? I'm torn since most people aren't looking for "something involving pastry." Kellen 22:15, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not all that useful, and might be hard to maintain. Sorting the pies by type might be more useful, or just marking them on the desert page with notes like "(pastry, fruit)" or "(crumb, cream)". I guess the pastry page should be more about how to make nice pastry. In that case, it needs to mention that one must use lard for the very best pastries. Also, the temperatures of everything (surface, rolling pin, ingredients, air...) will matter. A refrigerated marble rolling pin on a refrigerated marble surface would be ideal. AlbertCahalan 22:27, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Should we move it out of "Recipes" on the front page then, since it'd be more about technique? Kellen 22:32, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Definitely. I just did that. AlbertCahalan 22:47, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is a bit of an orphan now. I linked it from Cookbook:Baking but that page is more about baking as a _cooking_ technique than a class of preparation. The breakdown of subjects on the frontpage of the cookbook is not really satisfactory to me, but I'm unclear on how it should be modified to fit a subject like this. Kellen 17:16, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Pastry Dough


text:
User:Mattrix/Graph-O-Matic

Here is a script I botched together for converting GNUPlot files into PNGs. To see its output go to User:Mattrix/Scripts. If you'd like any help using it then please ask on the talk page. Here's some hints:
 * It requires gnuplot, LaTeX (including dvips and a few packages) and ImageMagick.
 * You might like to fiddle with the number after -density on the convert line.

 * 1) !/bin/sh
 * 2) This shell script is Copyright (c) 2005 "Mattrix"
 * 3) < http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Mattrix/Graph-O-Matic >
 * 4) Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 * 5) a copy of this shell script (the "Software"), to deal in the Software
 * 6) without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
 * 7) copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * 8) copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * 9) furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 * 10) The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * 11) in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 * 12) THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * 13) EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
 * 14) MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
 * 15) IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 * 16) CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
 * 17) TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
 * 18) SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 * 1) IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 * 2) CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
 * 3) TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
 * 4) SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

cat > ${1}_temp_commands < ${1}_temp_doc.tex < /dev/null || { echo "LaTeX run failed."; exit; } dvips -E ${1}_temp_doc.dvi 2> /dev/null || { echo "dvips run failed."; exit; } convert -density 150 ${1}_temp_doc.ps ${1}.png || { echo "convert run failed."; exit; }
 * 1) LaTeX->dvi2ps->ImageMagick

rm ${1}_temp_*
 * 1) Cleanup

echo "${1}.png produced." echo "If uploading to wikibooks, please copy and paste the ${1} source file and link to User:Mattrix/Graph-O-Matic on the image description page. I also suggest you waive any potential copyrights with the tag."
 * 1) Say some stuff

 * 1) If you want to automatically open the image, uncomment the following line
 * 2) and change the viewer if desired
 * 3) gqview ${1}.png

title: User:Mattrix/Graph-O-Matic


text:
Cookbook talk:Maple Syrup

Probably the whole section on production should be ripped out. I wasn't feeling cruel enough today, with all the destructive article deletion going on all over the place right now.

This isn't the wikipedia; a link to the wikipedia is provided. Maybe the gardening book would be a good home for info on boiling down the sap, as that is pretty much a part of the harvesting process.

title: Cookbook talk:Maple Syrup


text:
Web Development/The history of the Internet

Memex
In 1945 Vannevar Bush hypothesized a device known as memex, a mechanized index of all human knowledge.

ARPANET
Starting in 1969 the Military project ARPANET became one of the first networks to use the TCP/IP protocol and packet switch networking.

Engelbart
Engelbert's ARC and Xerox PARC, the Mother of All Demos, Engelbert's ethernet, hyper-text.

Today's Internet
Apart from the incredibly complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is held together by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (for example peering agreements) and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network.

Unlike older communications systems, the Internet protocol suite was deliberately designed to be agnostic with regard to the underlying physical medium. Any communications network, wired or wireless, that can carry two-way digital data can carry Internet traffic. Thus, Internet packets flow through wired networks like copper wire, coaxial cable, and fiber optic; and through wireless networks like Wi-Fi. Together, all these networks, sharing the same high-level protocols, form the Internet.

The Internet protocols originate from discussions within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and its working groups, which are open to public participation and review. These committees produce documents that are known as Request for Comments documents (RFCs). Some RFCs are raised to the status of Internet Standard by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB).

Some of the most used protocols in the Internet protocol suite are IP, TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, SSL, and TLS.

Some of the popular services on the Internet that make use of these protocols are e-mail, Usenet newsgroups, file sharing, the World Wide Web, Gopher, session access, WAIS, finger, IRC, MUDs, and MUSHs. Of these, e-mail and the World Wide Web are clearly the most used, and many other services are built upon them, such as mailing lists and web logs. The Internet makes it possible to provide real-time services such as web radio and webcasts that can be accessed from anywhere in the world.

Some other popular services of the Internet were not created this way, but were originally based on proprietary systems. These include IRC, ICQ, AIM, and Gnutella.

There has been much analysis of the Internet and its structure. For example, it has been determined that the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks.

Similar to how the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points, research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as:

 * GEANT
 * Internet2
 * Little GLORIAD

These in turn are built around relatively smaller networks.


text:
User:Von~enwikibooks

Hello all Im new to Wikopedia and Wikiversity and Im not quite familiar with everything yet. I would like to contribute as much as possible to any of these projects because the simple idea of creating such a site is by far a demonstration of the best that we as a species can offer one another. I would like to contribute in any way shape or form. --Von 20:23, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Von~enwikibooks


text:
User:Andrewa/monobook.css

body { background: Yellow; }

title: User:Andrewa/monobook.css


text:
Wikibooks talk:Deletion log

This isn't getting used anymore. If it is obsolete, there should be a huge warning at the top and a pointer to the replacement.

Since it's a historically protected page, you might want to remove it from the candidates for speedy deletion. --Sigma 7 (talk) 17:23, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * We're considering it for deletion, so the template is appropriate. Thanks. — Mike.lifeguard | talk 23:53, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Deletion log


text:
Japanese/Vocabulary/Glaciology

Japonais/Vocabulaire/Glaciologie

title: Japanese/Vocabulary/Glaciology


text:
IB Mathematics (HL)/Calculus

Calculus is the study of rates of change. It involves differentiation and integration. Basic differentiation and its applications:
 * 1) Differentiation from first principles
 * 2) Rules of differentiation
 * 3) Interpreting derivatives and second derivatives
 * 4) Trigonometric functions
 * 5) The exponential and natural logarithm functions

If you want more information, check out for some more information from the 1998 sylabus.

title: IB Mathematics (HL)/Calculus


text:
Cookbook talk:Teaspoon

Why isn't my caption showing?

Inaccurate Conversion
Actually, a "teaspoon" is not 5 ml in the US, that is only for a "metric teaspoon". In the US, it is approximately 4.92892159375 ml.

231 in 3 /gal × 2.543 cm 3 /in3 ÷ (6 tsp/oz × 32 oz/qt × 4 qt/gal) ≈ 4.92892159375 cm3

And, of course 1 ml = 1 cm3

This is for a liquid teaspoon, a dry teaspoon would be different since a dry gallon is 268.8025 in3. This works out to be approximately 5.735525743307291 ml. SeanSeoltoir (discuss • contribs) 03:31, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Teaspoon


text:
How To Search/Feedster

Feedster
 * Purpose:
 * Audience:
 * Scope:
 * Refresh Rate:

title: How To Search/Feedster


text:
Cookbook talk:Dessert

I think that all the names for recipes that do not actually have any recipes attached (those from Poland, for example) should be deleted. They clutter up the page.

 * I half-way agree with you. I think the question to ask is, will the recipe be created? For example, I expect that somebody will fill in the Pineapple Upside-Down Cake. Some of the other stuff is pretty obscure though.

 * A few common recipes that someone might fill in later are ok. But someone added Polish recipe names everywhere in the cookbook and never came back to add the actual recipe. I think that all of those should be deleted.

title: Cookbook talk:Dessert


text:
User talk:Mattrix

request for adminship
I spotted you arguing that due process should be followed in deleting things. I strongly agree, especially since deletion is a destructive action that normal users are generally unable to investigate.

I wonder if you could support me in a request for adminship. I had originally just been hoping to kill typos like the page that starts with Coobkook instead of Cookbook. I now discover that the VfD process is getting bypassed even for pages with content, which is a disturbing violation of policy. I'd like to be able to see the deleted pages so I can investigate this, and thus need admin access for that reason also. As soon as I mentioned this, I got opposition from someone who was supporting the vote-free content deletion.

In case you have a Linux box and wish to verify my identity, do "man ps" and email the maintainer.

Otherwise, note that I have contributed over two dozen original recipes to the Cookbook. I suspect I may be the number one recipe contributer in fact. I have added many more ingredients, from Water to Tomato, and added zillions of missing headers and links.

AlbertCahalan 08:37, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In no particular order:
 * IF I use Linux? ;)
 * You seem to have made lots of good contributions, which should be the main criteria for becoming an administrator.
 * Can you be entirely clear that you won't be undeleteing pages without agreement on the votes for undeletion page? IMHO, undeletions without due process are just as bad as deletions without due process.
 * Can you try to assume good faith? Although I agree MSholne should stop accusing wikipedians of being sockpuppets (I've seen it on VfD and Requests_for_adminship) the indentation thing might have just been an accident. -- mattrix 09:47, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Of course I won't be undeleting articles without agreement. Among other reasons, I'd lose the admin bit in about 2 seconds, wouldn't I? In any case, I have a real name with some sort of a reputation.

(hopefully you don't count different-content-same-name, or the grabbing of good bits out of an otherwise awful article that should remain deleted)

I fixed the Assume_good_faith link above. I'll guess it is a reference to my suspicion of MSholne's edit. Hmmm, I suppose it is possible to make such a mistake, just barely. He is presumably experienced in editing wiki text though. I guess it would have been best to merely note the error and let the audience judge for themselves. (changing that now: acceptable or not?) There is a painful unfairness in this, as he judged one of my articles to be some sort of very-intentional bad joke.

AlbertCahalan 10:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your reply. I'm not entirely sure about people actually running a campaign to become admin but there is no policy against it AFAIK so I won't count it against you. -- mattrix 19:55, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

better?
I think I've made the note at the top of the Cookbook:Native American cuisine page less offensive. How'd I do?

BTW, the inter-wiki redirect on your user page is dead. I believe that inter-wiki redirects are globally disabled to prevent abuse.

AlbertCahalan 21:28, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

A-Level Maths - Differentiation
reply to User talk:Krackpipe

I have been working from the textbook entitled "MEI Structured Mathematics", which is for the OCR specification. In this textbook, differentiation is in the second half of the textbook called "C2: Concepts for Advanced Mathematics". In addition to this, differentiation was in the C2 exam I took last May.

I was going to suggest that we have separate index pages and TOC's for each specification, but it seems we are working from the specification of the same examining body, OCR. This is very odd, and I will have to look into it. Perhaps you are doing the non-MEI course, if such a thing exists?

I have just investigated the differenent specifications and there is a difference between the MEI course and the non-MEI course from OCR, and as you can see here differentiation is on C2. I think seperate index pages for each specification should be made once there is more content. I am going to concentrate on writing the pages first, and then I will make several index pages for each specification.

Thanks, --Krackpipe 10:11, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good idea! -- mattrix 21:20, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mattrix


text:
Cookbook:Pizza Cutter

| Kitchen tools

A kitchen instrument with a circular rolling blade that is used for cutting flat foods such as pizzas into slices. Also called a Pizza Wheel.

title: Cookbook:Pizza Cutter


text:
Cookbook:Ladle

| Utensil | Kitchen Tools

A large spoon-shaped utensil with a long handle used for transferring soups, stews and other liquid or semi-liquid foods from one container to another, as from a cooking pot to a bowl.

title: Cookbook:Ladle


text:
User talk:Simontzu

request for adminship
You seem to oppose the deletionism here on wikibooks. Am I right? Deletion is a destructive action that normal users are generally unable to investigate, and many messed-up books/articles/modules can be repaired in time.

I wonder if you could support me in a request for adminship. I had originally just been hoping to kill typos like the page that starts with Coobkook instead of Cookbook. I now discover that the VfD process is getting bypassed even for pages with content, which is a disturbing violation of policy. I'd like to be able to see the deleted pages so I can investigate this, and thus need admin access for that reason also. As soon as I mentioned this, I got opposition from someone who was supporting the vote-free content deletion.

In case you have a Linux box and wish to verify my identity, do "man ps" and email the maintainer.

Otherwise, note that I have contributed over two dozen original recipes to the Cookbook. I suspect I may be the number one recipe contributer in fact. I have added many more ingredients, from Water to Tomato, and added zillions of missing headers and links.

AlbertCahalan 09:11, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Simontzu


text:
Cookbook:Measuring Cup

| Kitchen tools

A measuring cup is a handled cup used for measuring ingredients. They usually come in sets of 1 cup (240 mL), 1/2 cup (120 mL), 1/3 cup (80 mL) and 1/4 cup (60 mL). Metric measuring cups also exist based on a cup of 250 mL and divisions thereof.

Those designed for dry ingredients contain the measured amount of an ingredient when full up to the top edge of the cup, and can be levelled with a straight edge (such as a spatula or knife) to get the precise amount.

Cups designed for liquids often contain markings (graduations) for various levels along the sides, and contain the full amount slightly below the top, often having a pouring spout as well.

Note the difference in the measuring cup in the pictures to the right. The top one is for dry ingredients and the second is for liquid measurements.

Dry measurements are usually made by scooping the ingredient so it is rounded above the spoon or cup then scrapped flat with the back side of a knife. Most dry ingredients are not packed to be measured. Brown sugar is typically packed tightly to remove any air pockets. Shredded cheese should be lightly packed.

Fluid measurements should be made with a transparent cup. While the actual volume is the same for both dry and wet measurements, filling a dry measuring cup to the brim with liquid would be quite messy. Likewise it would be difficult to get top dry ingredients flat enough in a wet measuring cup to be accurate.

(For a culinary lesson in measuring check out the YouTube video "New Orleans Cajun, Justin Wilson - Gumbo" and all the rest of his videos if you have time.)

title: Cookbook:Measuring Cup


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Quebec

Traditional Cuisine
Most famous for its tourtière, pea soup, baked beans, ham dishes, stew of pig legs and maple desserts, Quebec's traditional cuisine is today being rediscovered as rich and diverse as its immense territory.

The temps des sucres (sugar season) is one of the oldest of Quebec culinary traditions. During springtime, many Quebecers go to cabanes à sucre (sugar shacks) for a traditional meal that features eggs, baked beans, ham, and bacon, which they then cover in maple syrup. Associated activities are a horse-drawn sleigh ride in the woods and tire sur la neige- boiled maple syrup dribbled over snow, which then hardens, and is eaten as a treat.

Contemporary Cuisine
Contemporary Quebec cuisine is characterized by a creative use of all things native to the land which are then prepared following all contemporary trends of the world.

Famous products of contemporary Quebec cuisine include poutine and whippet cookies. The Jewish community of Montreal has contributed Montreal-style bagels and smoked meat which is similar to pastrami.

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Quebec


text:
Cookbook talk:Cuisine of Quebec

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec

title: Cookbook talk:Cuisine of Quebec


text:
Computer Programming/Control

if (condition): statement else: other statement

if (condition): statement else if (condition): other statement else if (condition): other statement ... else (condition): another statement

if (temperature is equal to or greater than 40 degrees celsius): print "It's extremely hot" else if (temperature is between 30 and 39 degrees): print "It's hot" else if (temperature is between 20 and 29 degrees): print "It's warm" else if (temperature is between 10 and 19 degrees): print "It's cool" else if (temperature is between 0 and 9 degrees): print "It's cold" else: print "It's freezing"

case X : when 1 : Walk_The_Dog; when 5 : Launch_Nuke; when 8 or 10 : Sell_All_Stock; when others : Self_Destruct; esac;

For procedures:

return

For functions:

return Value

goto Label Dont_Do_Something; Label :

procedure Use_Return Do_Something if Test : return Do_Something_Else return end

procedure Use_Goto Do_Something if Test : goto Exit Do_Something_Else Exit : return end

procedure Use_If Do_Something; if not Test : Do_Something_Else; fi; return end

loop : Do_Something; repeat

while (X < 5) : let X := Calculate_Something repeat

loop X := Calculate_Something until (X > 5)

loop X := Calculate_Something if X > 5 : exit Do_Something (X) repeat

for I := 1 to 10 : Do_Something (I) repeat

for-each I in X : X [I] := Get_Next_Element; repeat

title: Computer Programming/Control


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/0

This computer programming article is available for pseudocode, Ada, and ooc.

title: Template:Computer Programming/Control/0


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/1

Conditionals
Conditional clauses are blocks of code that will only execute if a particular expression (the condition) is true.

if-else
The if-else statement is the simplest of the conditional statements. They are also called branches, as when the program arrives at an if statement during its execution, control will "branch" off into one of two or more "directions". An if-else statement is generally in the following form:

title: Template:Computer Programming/Control/1


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/2

case
Often it is necessary to compare one specific variable against several constant expressions. For this kind of conditional expression the case statement exists. For example:

title: Template:Computer Programming/Control/2


text:
Puzzles/Logic puzzles/5 Houses/Solution

Puzzles | Logic puzzles | 5 Houses | Solution

The German keeps fish.

Reasoning
Number the houses from left to right. We have the following information: The green house is not number 2, which is blue. Consequently and from clue 4, it is not 1 or 5. The green house resident drinks coffee, therefore the house is not 3 (whose resident drinks milk). Therefore the green house is 4, and the white house is 5.

This leaves determining the colours of houses 1 and 3. The red house is not number 1 (residents are English and Norwegian respectively) so 3, and house 1 is yellow. From clue 12, horses are kept in the grounds of house 2. The Norwegian doesn't drink tea (the Dane does) or beer (the Blue Master smoker does) so water. Hence from clue 15, the Blend smoker lives in house 2. We now have: from which most of the information easily falls into place: Finally, clue 10 tells us that the Norwegian keeps cats, and the German keeps fish.

title: Puzzles/Logic puzzles/5 Houses/Solution


text:
Talk:Puzzles/Logic puzzles/5 Houses

The puzzle is impossible to solve as it stands. Only three drinks (coffee, milk, orange juice) and only three pets (dog, snail, fox) are mentioned in the clues. Hence there is no means of determining either who drinks water as opposed to the other unmentioned drink, or who keeps a fish rather than the other unmentioned pet.

Also, one nationality has been omitted from the clues. But this only prevents the puzzle from being solved if it is the answer to either of the questions. -- Smjg 17:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Now it's better. I shall have a go at it at some point.... -- Smjg 10:31, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Puzzles/Logic puzzles/5 Houses


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/3

Unconditionals
Unconditionals let you change the flow of your program without a condition. You should be careful when using unconditionals. Often they make programs difficult to understand. Read Isn't goto evil? for more information.

return
End a function and return to the calling procedure or function.

title: Template:Computer Programming/Control/3


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/4

goto
Goto transfers control to the statement after the label.

title: Template:Computer Programming/Control/4


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/5

Is goto evil?
Since Professor Dikstra wrote his article Go To Statement Considered Harmful, goto is considered bad practice in structured programming languages, and, in fact, many programming style guides forbid the use of the goto statement. But it is often overlooked that any return which is not the last statement inside a procedure or function is also an unconditional statement — a goto in disguise. There is an important difference though: a return is a forward only use of goto. Exceptions are also a type of goto statement; and note that they need not specify where they are going to.

Therefore, if you have functions and procedures with more than one return statement you are breaking the structure of the program similarly to a use of goto. In practice, nearly every programmer is familiar with a 'return' statement and its associated behavior; thus, when it comes down to readability the following two samples are almost the same:

Note also that the goto statement in Ada is safer than in other languages, since it doesn't allow you to transfer control:
 * outside a body;
 * between alternatives of a case statement, if statement, or select statement;
 * between different exception handlers; or from an exception handler of a handled_sequence_of_statements back to its sequence_of_statements.

title: Template:Computer Programming/Control/5


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/6

Because the use of a goto needs the declaration of a label, the goto is in fact twice as readable than the use of return. So if readability is your concern and not a strict "don't use goto" programming rule then you should rather use goto than multiple returns. Best, of course, is the structured approach where neither goto nor multiple returns are needed:

title: Template:Computer Programming/Control/6


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/7

Loops
Loops allow you to have a set of statements repeated over and over again.

Endless loop
The endless loop is a loop which never ends and the statements inside are repeated forever. The term, endless loop, is a relative term; if the running program is forcibly terminated by some means beyond the control of the program, then an endless loop will indeed end.

title: Template:Computer Programming/Control/7


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/8

Loop with condition at the beginning
This loop has a condition at the beginning. The statements are repeated as long as the condition is met. If the condition is not met at the very beginning then the statements inside the loop are never executed.

title: Template:Computer Programming/Control/8


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/9

Loop with condition at the end
This loop has a condition at the end and the statements are repeated until the condition is met. Since the check is at the end the statements are at least executed once.

title: Template:Computer Programming/Control/9


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/10

Loop with condition in the middle
Sometimes you need to first make a calculation and exit the loop when a certain criterion is met. However when the criterion is not met there is something else to be done. Hence you need a loop where the exit condition is in the middle.


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/11

for loop
Quite often one needs a loop where a specific variable is counted from a given start value up or down to a specific end value. You could use the while loop here — but since this is a very common loop there is an easier syntax available.


text:
Template:Computer Programming/Control/12

for loop on arrays
Another very common situation is the need for a loop which iterates over every element of an array. The following sample code shows you how to achieve this:


text:
Phoenix/Weapon 1

Weapon 1 is the default weapon in Phoenix. It is the weakest of all five.

title: Phoenix/Weapon 1


text:
User talk:218.26.100.193

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.
 * —Brim 20:13, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:218.26.100.193


text:
Cookbook:Cooking Spoon

| Kitchen tools

A cooking spoon is a variety of spoon with a long handle used for cooking.

Care
Supposedly, sanitation of wooden spoon can be problematic, because bacteria get into the pores of the wood. However, in practice, this is not a major difficulty if the spoon is used only to stir boiling mixtures, and is washed and dried properly between uses. The wood can be maintained with the addition of rubbing it down in mineral oil after washing, do not use vegetable oil as this can go rancid.

title: Cookbook:Cooking Spoon


text:
User talk:Trödel

See my user page on the English Wikipedia.

Edit Conflict
Something very bad just happened on the VfD page.

 * 1) I added a comment. (no warning about a conflict, at least I didn't see one)
 * 2) I tried to revert
 * 3) I got some sort of a conflict, I think with you
 * 4) It appears that you did the revert, merging in my comment and adding a follow-up

Is that what happened?

(if so, you are fast at editing) --14 February 2005 User:65.34.186.143

Sock Puppets
You accused me of being a sock puppet, which was kind of understandable considering my very recent registration on Wiki books and my very small amount of edits. However I am not a sock puppet and the only reason I do not have many edits on Wiki Books is that i Mainly edit Wikipedia and only had cause to register on Wiki Books to vote on the VFU. I have in fact previously discussed this subject as an anon. If you want to check this my first edit to the discussion was before I realised I was not registered on Wiki Books, so it bears my IP address, I then added the tildes as my account, but the entry before it in the edit list is my IP.

Could you Please withdraw your allegation. It is understandable that you might reach the conclusion that you did but it is incorrect

Manual of Crime
Thanks for pointing out that I neglected to sign my Manual of Crime vote against undeletion. I am rather embarassed that I forgot to do so. I have signed it now. --JMRyan 19:44, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trödel


text:
User talk:65.34.186.143

Yep - Although I am new to wikibooks I am pretty good at cut and paste :)☺ - I think I left all your original comment in - please verify and revise if I missed something Trödel 23:05, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.34.186.143


text:
User:MikeAssad~enwikibooks

My user page on Wikipedia

title: User:MikeAssad~enwikibooks


text:
Gambas/Array

Back to Gambas

A simple array
An array is a list, filled with variables of the same type. Arrays will shorten the length of your code, because all the members of the array can be reached with one loop. Every element of an array can be reached by its position in the array. Be careful: The first variable has the position zero.
 * You can fill an array with all the weekdays of a week.
 * You can fill an array with the name of all the months of a year.
 * You can fill it with the names of a class in your school.
 * You can fill it with the numbers 0-9 and so on.

Example:

The following list of names shall be stored in an array

Jack, John, Anne , Alice

You can use the array command for that. The output is done with a for-each loop.

The program: You need a form and a commandbutton to get it going.

ar AS String[] ' a string array is defined PUBLIC SUB Form_Open ar = Array("Jack","John","Anne","Alice") ' the array is filled END PUBLIC SUB Button1_Click element AS String FOR EACH element IN ar   PRINT element NEXT ' the array is printed into the terminal window END

The Array command
The Array command is used with the following syntax:

array = Array ( Expression, ... )

It creates an array and returns it. The type of the array is the type of the first expression. The other expressions are automatically converted. You can use the square bracket syntax as an alternative to the Array subroutine.

Examples

PRINT Object.Type(Array(2.4, 3, 3.2)) > Float[]

PRINT Object.Type(Array("2.4", 3, 3.2)) > String[]

PRINT [ "A", "B", "C" ].Join("/") > A/B/C

The Addy program
In the following example an array is filled with integers. Then the elements are looked up in a for-each loop and added together. This miniprogram calculates the sum of a row of integers. You need 1 textarea, 1 textbox and 1 commandbutton to get the program going. You can also add negative integers. Very helpful is the Splitcommand and the Stringarray String[]

The Code:

PUBLIC SUB Button1_Click text AS String summe AS Float elt AS String[] Sb AS String text = textarea1.Text elt = Split(text,Chr(10)) FOR EACH Sb IN elt summe = summe + Val(sb) NEXT textbox1.Text = summe END

When you start the programm, you can fill any number into the textarea. When you want to add another number just push the RETURN button.

The Split command
Array = Split ( String [, Separators , Escape ] )

This command splits a string into substrings delimited by Separators. Escape characters can be specified: any separator characters enclosed between two escape characters are ignored in the splitting process.

Note that Split takes only three arguments: if you want to use several separators, you should pass them as the second parameter, concatenated in a single string. By default, the comma character is the separator, and there are no escape characters. This function returns a string array filled with each detected substring.

Example: you need a command button on your form to get it going.

PUBLIC SUB Button1_Click DIM Elt AS String[] DIM Sb AS String Elt = Split("Gambas Almost Means BASIC ! 'agree ?'", " ", "'") FOR EACH Sb IN Elt PRINT Sb NEXT End

Output in the terminal window:

Gambas Almost Means BASIC ! agree ?

title: Gambas/Array


text:
D'ni/Alphabet and Phonology

Letter order and formation
The D'ni alphabet is in this order, here followed by its standard Latin transcription and its pronunciation. The letters are constructed by three elements: head, base and accent. Letters 1, 2, 3 and 4, have no base, and 5, 10, 15 and 20 have no head. Note that the abovementioned letters are derived from the respective numbers. The order of the letters is constructed by the combinations of heads and bases, when put on a table. The accent is added to some of them to modify their sound.

Accent
Some of the consonants can take an accent, which indicates a hard version of their sound. The accent on vowels indicates a diphthongized version of that vowel. However two of them, i and u are just modified into longer forms

Stress
There is no trace about stress rules, if any, or if every word has its own stress.

As it seems from the Riven actors, the re- prefix isn't stressed ( re-vAt), possessive adjective suffixes are stressed (tah-Om), the silent sound of the apostroph is stressed (t-UH-rekhoy D-UH-ni) and verbs are stressed to their first tense prefix (bO-dona) or to their stem, not adjective suffix (kEn-en)... generally the words seem to be stressed on their last or second to last syllable...

Punctuation
Three punctuation marks are attested:

The full start is like our full-stop, but unlike ours, it's used to indicate the beginning of the sentence, e.g.:

.I am hungry .I want to eat

The function of the dash is not attested, but it's supposed to indicate similarly the beginning of a paragraph.

The apostrophe is identical to the accent and it is generally used to unite prepositions with word stems. For more on this refer to chapter ../Prepositions/. There are many words having apostrophes and we suppose they indicate contracted forms of older, longer words.. We only know that D'ni is pronounced like Dunny, we have therefore a stressed Schwa (a ‘neutral’ sound, close to a).

Transliteration
When transcribing D'ni using the Latin alphabet, two different standards are used.

Old Transliteration Standard (OTS)
The Old Transliteration Standard transcribes the sounds of D'ni using Roman characters, allowing readers unfamiliar with the D'ni writing system to read D'ni texts. It was devised by Cyan, and perhaps specifically by RAWA. This method of transliteration is used in the Myst novels and in the D'ni Language Guide included in the European Collector's Edition of Myst V.

This standard uses the system described above to transliterate D'ni text ('ah', 'kh', 'ih' etc.). The system makes use of digraphs to clarify the pronunciation of vowels and some consonants. The value assignments are based on English pronunciation. General rules of the OTS include:
 * 'h', in vowels, distinguishes English short vowels from long vowels, as in 'eh' /ɛ/ ("red") and 'ee' /i/ ("reed").
 * 'h', in consonants, creates digraphs for fricatives and affricates that cannot be represented by a single letter, as in 'ch' /tʃ/ and 'th' /θ/.
 * 'y' (or 'i') indicates a final /ɪ/ in a diphthong, as in 'oy' /oɪ/ ("boy").
 * Users vary in how they distinguish /aɪ/ ("rye") from /eɪ/ ("ray"). The latter is usually represented as 'ay', following the rules of English pronunciation, but leaving no convenient representation for the former.  The long i sound of /aɪ/ may be represented with a capital 'I', although some fans have replaced this with other symbols for aesthetic reasons.
 * 'å' is sometimes used for 'a' /æ/, which could be otherwise indistinguishable from 'ah' /a/ if the 'h' is dropped (see below).

An 'h' can be removed after a vowel when the vowel would be pronounced the same with or without it. For instance, "kehnehn" can be written "kenen". The 'h' of 'ah' is also frequently dropped, even though the vowel might then be indistinguishable from /æ/. This is permissible because /æ/ occurs infrequently in D'ni words, so the pronunciation problems caused by the ambiguity are also infrequent. However, an 'h' cannot be removed when it represents the consonant 'h' /h/ (as in "hevtee") or when it is part of a digraph that represents a consonant (as in "chev" or "shokhoo").

Some fans, based on the appearance of the Rehevkor in Myst IV speculate that this standard was first developed by Ti'ana, Gehn, or Atrus], the first persons to speak both English and D'ni. Cyan may have adopted this system from their journals. If the system originated with bilingual speakers of D'ni and English, this would explain why the transliteration scheme is based on English. Others believe that the Rehevkor in the game is just artistic license and the OTS was developed by Cyan after the discovery of the journals, which also would explain the influence of English on the system.

A common objection to the OTS is that the system is based on English spelling and is therefore not transparent to speakers of languages other than English. The use of digraphs in the OTS has also been criticized, as has the variability of spellings in this system. Nevertheless, Cyan continues to use the OTS in its own work, as do many fans.

New Transliteration Standard (NTS)
The New Transliteration Standard was created by fans to avoid using too much Latin letters according to the English spelling to transcribe a single D'ni character. For example, the D'ni word 'behlehtsahrah' uses 13 Latin letters when transcribed using the OTS, although it only has 8 sounds, as well as letters in the D'ni alphabet. In the NTS, the word would be written as 'belecara', with 8 letters.

The NTS attempts to be a letter-by-letter correspondence to the original D'ni alphabet and uses the following characters for OTS representations:

 * 'a' for 'ah'
 * 'á' for 'I'
 * 'i' for 'ih'
 * 'í' for 'ee'
 * 'e' for 'eh'
 * 'é' for 'ay'
 * 'ó' for 'oy'
 * 'ú' for 'oo'
 * 'c' for 'ts'
 * 'æ' for 'a' or 'å'
 * 'þ' for 'th'
 * 'ð' for 'dh'
 * 'š' for 'sh'
 * 'ç' for 'ch'
 * 'x' for 'kh'

NTS accented/unaccented vowels follow the D'ni accent pattern: vowels that share the same base form in D'ni also share the same base letter in the NTS.

A common objection to the NTS is that it is difficult to type, because of its frequent use of special characters. It is also criticized for assigning non-intuitive values to letters, which critics say makes it difficult to determine the intended pronunciation for those not trained with D'ni phonology. However, the NTS is still in use among fans, and it is common for students of the language to learn both the old and new transliteration standards.

title: D'ni/Alphabet and Phonology


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Detailing Your Simple Person 2

In this module, you'll edit a subsurfed mesh using the scale and grab tools, all the while improving your character.

You'll need the simple person model from the previous module. If you haven't done it, either go back and do it now or else download the pre-made model from.

Widening the Torso
To be realistic, the simple person's torso needs to be three times wider. In order to keep the torso symmetrical, you'll expand it by scaling both sides from a central point.

Select the sides of the torso:
 * 1) Enter edit mode on the simple person.
 * 2) In the 3D View header, set Face select mode.
 * 3) From the 3D View header, choose Pivot → Median Point.
 * 4) In the 3D View header, make sure Proportional Edit button is off.
 * 5) Select the two faces on both the left and right sides of the torso, between the armpits and the waist.

We will now scale the torso with the scaling tool:
 * 1) Activate the 3D View window and press,.
 * 2) Adjust the amount of scaling.  Either:
 * 3) * Move the mouse pointer until the torso is the width you want.
 * or
 * 1) * Press
 * 2) Confirm and exit by pressing or clicking.

Continue selecting different parts of the torso and scaling them to get more practice using the above scaling methods.

Bending the Arms
When you've got the basic shape of the torso, make the person hold up his hands. You'll do this by deleting the forearms and then extruding upward from the elbows.

Select both forearms:
 * 1) Enter edit mode on the simple person.
 * 2) In the 3D View header, set Face select mode.
 * 3) With the 3D View window active, press  until all vertices are deselected.
 * 4) Select the five faces at the end of the forearm.

Now erase them:
 * 1) Press  to open the Delete menu.
 * 2) Choose Faces.

The forearm will disappear, leaving a hole. Don't panic; we'll fix it later. Now to make the arm point upwards:
 * 1) Select the top face of the last remaining "arm cube".
 * 2) Extrude the region upward by two Blender units,  and confirm with  or.

The hole in the elbow is caused by a missing face. To fill in the missing face:
 * 1) Deselect all vertices.
 * 2) Select the four vertices surrounding the missing face.
 * 3) With the 3D View window active, create the face using either
 * 4) *Mesh → Faces → Make Edge/Face
 * or

The new face should be smooth. If it isn't, make it so, using Mesh → Faces → Shade Smooth.

Go through the same steps (erase, extrude, and fill) on the other arm. Be sure to deselect all vertices in the first arm before selecting any in the other arm. If you have difficulty making the arms symmetrical, undo your work and go through the steps simultaneously on both arms.

Making Feet
To make feet for your simple person, you subdivide the ends of the legs and pull the front edges forward.

 * 1) Edit the simple person in Face select mode.
 * 2) Select the two bottom faces of the legs (front of the feet) by clicking  on the first and then  on the other.
 * 3) Subdivide both faces, either with:
 * 4) * Subdivide
 * or
 * 1) * Mesh → Edges → Subdivide

Each face gets subdivided into four smaller faces.

Now select the front edges and pull them forward:
 * 1) Switch to Edge select mode.
 * 2) Press  until no edges are selected.
 * 3) Select the four bottom front edges of the soles (two for each feet) (where the toes should be).
 * 4) Press  and limit movement to the Y axis.
 * 5) Move the mouse pointer until the feet are the length you want.
 * 6) Confirm and exit by pressing  or  or clicking.

Reshaping the Head
When you're satisfied with the torso and limbs, you should do something about that head. A bit too spherical, isn't it? You can elongate it by scaling along the Z axis.

When scaling the head, you want to make sure that it stays connected to the neck.

First, place the 3D Cursor at the base of the head, where it meets the neck. An easy way to do this is as follows:
 * 1) Go into Vertex select mode.
 * 2) Make sure the Limit selection to visible option is "off".
 * 3) Select the vertex at the base of the head using.
 * 4) Snap the cursor to this vertex using  Cursor to Selected

Now select the entire head:
 * 1) Hover the mouse over a vertex/edge/face of the head
 * 2) Press  to select all parts linked to that part.

Tell Blender that you want to pivot around the 3D Cursor by changing the pivot point to 3D Cursor on the Pivot menu (the small button located to the left of the 3D Manipulator button).

Now scale the head along the Z-axis, using the scale tool (, scaling by 1.5 should be about right).

You'll need this simple person later, so remember to save your work!


text:
D'ni/Numbers

Note: As noted on the index of this wikibook, you will need the D'ni font to view characters correctly.

The D'ni used a base-25 numeric system. This means that one symbol is used to represent each numeral from 0 through 24. In the same way that another digit is added to integers at each power of 10 in the base-10 (or decimal) system the modern world uses, so does a base-25 system add another of its numerals at each power of 25.

We can see similarities between the D'ni letter and number systems. Supposedly, letters were evolved from numbers as they grew more calligraphed.

Appearance of D'ni Numerals
The appearance of each numeral follows the logic of five: Every fifth number (i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20) is created by rotating the symbols representing 1 through 4 counterclockwise. This is done respectively; or as the table below shows, each pair of un-rotated and rotated numerals are in the same position on their separate axes, and meet each other directly across a grid, such that the symbol for 5 is a rotated 1, 10 is a rotated 2, etc...

Following this concept of a grid, the remaining numerals are created by combining the standard numerals where they meet on the grid.

 * e.g. By combining the numeral for 5 ( 5 ) with the numeral 2 ( 2 ), you create the numeral for 7 ( 7 ).

Pronunciation of D'ni Numerals
In D'ni, like in most languages, there exists not only a symbol to represent its numerals, but also a spoken word for each numeral. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 20 each have their own word (see table). The names of the numerals that are created by combining those standard numerals follow the same logic of combination across the grid. The D'ni word for "and," ga, is inserted between the two standard numerals, always remembering to express the 5-numeral first, then the 1, 2, 3 or 4.

 * e.g. 7 is called "vagabrí," which means 'five (vat) and (ga) two (brí)'.

It is also worth mentioning that the corresponding "five," i.e. 5, 10, 15, or 20, is abbreviated when compounded with 1, 2, 3, or 4 to form the numerals of its row.

 * e.g. "Híbor" (15) is abbreviated to "hí" when combined with "brí" (2) to form "hígabrí" (17).

Greater Numbers
The key to understanding how to construct numbers greater than 24 in D'ni is remembering that the D'ni numeral system is very similar to the decimal system in its basest aspects. For instance, like our decimal system, the D'ni numeral system works on a basis of place value.

Place Value
Place value refers to the location of a numeral relative to another in a number, and the inherent value of the power associated with that location by which the number is multiplied.

For example, in the decimal number 4,321, (from right to left) the 1 takes the "ones" place, the 3 takes the "tens" place, the 2 takes the "hundreds" place, and the 4 takes the "thousands" place. Mathematically, these places are expressed in powers. The "ones" place is represented by 100. (Here, it is important to remember the mathematical rule which states that anything to the 0-power equals one.) The "tens" place is represented by 101, the "hundreds" place by 102, the "thousands" place by 103, etc. Thus, the underlying mathematical principal behind our example, and all decimal system numbers is as follows: (1×100)+(2×101)+(3×102+(4×103)=4,321. Of course, since most of us grow up knowing this concept intrinsically, if not literally, we have no need of parsing it out in this way; however, it is important to understand these concepts when trying to understand a place value numeric system of a different base, such as that of D'ni.

With D'ni, it is the same basic concept, except that instead of using 10, we use 25, because it is a base-25 system. Past the first 25 numerals which represent the first place value, there are only 5 other known place values The place values, from right to left, are as follows: In this way, we can translate the D'ni numbers into a decimal system numbers, which are typically easier for us to use: become
 * The first place value is represented mathematically by 250.
 * The second place value is represented mathematically by 251.
 * The third place value is represented mathematically by 252.
 * The fourth place value is represented mathematically by 253.
 * The fifth place value is represented mathematically by 254.
 * The sixth place value is represented mathematically by 255.
 * @73 and
 * 1:
 * (3×250)+(7×251)+(12×252)=(3)+(175)+(7500)=7678 and
 * (0×250)+(1×251)=(0)+(25)=25

Pronunciation of Greater Number Place Values
Just like how in our decimal system, we speak our place values (e.g. "four thousand three hundred twenty one"), so did the D'ni speak their place values. Remember that past the 25 numerals, there are only 5 known spoken place values.

Also note that just like in English, in D'ni, a place value that has no value, i.e. a value of 0( : or rún), is not spoken.

Simple Examples

 * "sí" is the spoken form of the 251 place value. So...
 * 25 (1x251): fasí ( 10 ) (There is a special character for 25 that can be used by itself, but it is rarely used:  ; )
 * 50 (2x251): brísí( 20 ),
 * 75 (3x251): sensí ( 30 ), etc.

 * "ra" is the spoken form of the 252 place value. So...
 * 625 (1x252): fara ( 100 ),
 * 1250 (2x252): bríra ( 200 ),
 * 1875 (3x252): senra ( 300 ),

 * "lan" is the spoken form of the 253 place value. So...
 * 15,625 (1x253): falan ( 1000 ),
 * 31,250 (2x253): brílan ( 2000 ),
 * 46,875 (3x253): senlan ( 3000 ), etc.

 * "mel" is the spoken form of the 254 place value. So...
 * 390,625 (1x254): famel ( 10000 ),
 * 781,250 (2x254) brímel ( 20000 ),
 * 1,171,875 (3x254): senmel ( 30000 ), etc.

 * "blo" is the spoken form of the 255 place value. So...
 * 9,765,625 (1x255): fablo ( 100000 ),
 * 19,531,250 (2x255): bríblo ( 200000 ),
 * 29,296,875 (3x255): senblo ( 300000 ), etc.

Quantity
The numbers from 0 to 25 are used for expressions like ‘little’, ‘very’, ‘much’ etc... the larger the number, the greater the emphasis... e.g. tégan šem b’fasí ‘I love you to 25/absolutely’. To exaggerate, numbers greater than 25 are used, like 'I love you to 50!!!'

Ablative
For expressions like '[number] of the...' English as well as most languages uses the genitive. This is not the case with D'ni which uses the preposition te which has the usage of the Latin ablative.

An expression like 'one of the caves' would be 'one to the caves' (fa tregalpotí). Similarly fa terþtes is translated as 'One of a group'

Ordinals
Some special constructions exist (Kor’fa, Lísan, etc.) but ordinality is expressed by adding the '-ec' suffix to the cardinal number. Thus, ‘second rock’ is præd bríec, ‘third master’ is nava senec, etc.

title: D'ni/Numbers


text:
Ada Programming/Exceptions

Robustness
Robustness is the ability of a system or system component to behave “reasonably” when it detects an anomaly, e.g.:
 * It receives invalid inputs.
 * Another system component (hardware or software) malfunctions.

Take as example a telephone exchange control program. What should the control program do when a line fails? It is unacceptable simply to halt — all calls will then fail. Better would be to abandon the current call (only), record that the line is out of service, and continue. Better still would be to try to reuse the line — the fault might be transient. Robustness is desirable in all systems, but it is essential in systems on which human safety or welfare depends, e.g., hospital patient monitoring, aircraft fly-by-wire, nuclear power station control, etc.

Modules, preconditions and postconditions
A module may be specified in terms of its preconditions and postconditions. A precondition is a condition that the module’s inputs are supposed to satisfy. A postcondition is a condition that the module’s outputs are required to satisfy, provided that the precondition is satisfied. What should a module do if its precondition is not satisfied?
 * Halt? Even with diagnostic information, this is generally unacceptable.
 * Use a global result code? The result code can be set to  indicate an anomaly.  Subsequently it may be tested by a module that can effect error recovery.  Problem:  this induces tight coupling among the modules concerned.
 * Each module has its own result code? This is a parameter (or function result) that may be set to indicate an anomaly, and is tested by calling modules.  Problems: (1) setting and testing result codes tends to swamp the normal-case logic and (2) the result codes are normally ignored.
 * Exception handling — Ada’s solution. A module detecting an anomaly raises an exception.  The same, or another, module may handle that exception.

The exception mechanism permits clean, modular handling of anomalous situations:
 * A unit (e.g., block or subprogram body) may raise an exception, to signal that an anomaly has been detected. The computation that raised the exception is abandoned (and can never be resumed, although it can be restarted).
 * A unit may propagate an exception that has been raised by itself (or propagated out of another unit it has called).
 * A unit may alternatively handle such an exception, allowing programmer-defined recovery from an anomalous situation. Exception handlers are segregated from normal-case code.

Predefined exceptions
The predefined exceptions are those defined in package. Every language-defined run-time error causes a predefined exception to be raised. Some examples are:

 * Constraint_Error, raised when a subtype’s constraint is not satisfied
 * Program_Error, when a protected operation is called inside a protected object, e.g.
 * Storage_Error, raised by running out of storage
 * Tasking_Error, when a task cannot be activated because the operating system has not enough resources, e.g.

Ex.1

Name : String (1 .. 10); ...  Name := "Hamlet";

Ex.2

P := Int_Node'(0, P); ;

Ex.3 Compare the following approaches:

Compute_Sqrt (X   :   Float;                           Sqrt :  Float;                           OK   :  Boolean) X >= 0 OK := True; ...        OK := False; ;   Compute_Sqrt; ...   Triangle (A, B, C         :   Float;                       Area, Perimeter :  Float;                       Exists          :  Boolean) S :  Float := 0.5 * (A + B + C); OK : Boolean; Compute_Sqrt (S * (S-A) * (S-B) * (S-C), Area, OK); Perimeter := 2.0 * S;     Exists    := OK; Triangle;

A negative argument to Compute_Sqrt causes OK to be set to False. Triangle uses it to determine its own status parameter value, and so on up the calling tree, ad nauseam.

versus

Sqrt (X : Float) Float X < 0.0 Constraint_Error; ;     ...    Sqrt; ...   Triangle (A, B, C         :   Float;                       Area, Perimeter :  Float) S: Float := 0.5 * (A + B + C); Area     := Sqrt (S * (S-A) * (S-B) * (S-C)); Perimeter := 2.0 * S;   Triangle;

A negative argument to Sqrt causes Constraint_Error to be explicitly raised inside Sqrt, and propagated out. Triangle simply propagates the exception (by not handling it).

Alternatively, we can catch the error by using the type system:

Pos_Float Float  0.0 .. Float'; Sqrt (X : Pos_Float) Pos_Float ...   Sqrt;

A negative argument to Sqrt now raises Constraint_Error at the point of call. Sqrt is never even entered.

Input-output exceptions
Some examples of exceptions raised by subprograms of the predefined package are:
 * End_Error, raised by Get, Skip_Line, etc., if end-of-file already reached.
 * Data_Error, raised by Get in Integer_IO, etc., if the input is not a literal of the expected type.
 * Mode_Error, raised by trying to read from an output file, or write to an input file, etc.
 * Layout_Error, raised by specifying an invalid data format in a text I/O operation

Ex. 1 A : Matrix (1 .. M, 1 .. N); I 1 .. M          J  1 .. N                Get (A(I,J)); Data_Error => Put ("Ill-formed matrix element"); A(I,J) := 0.0; ;          ;       ;       End_Error => Put ("Matrix element(s) missing"); ;

Exception declarations
Exceptions are declared similarly to objects.

Ex.1 declares two exceptions:

Line_Failed, Line_Closed: ;

However, exceptions are not objects. For example, recursive re-entry to a scope where an exception is declared does not create a new exception of the same name; instead the exception declared in the outer invocation is reused.

Ex.2

Directory_Enquiries Insert (New_Name  :  Name;                        New_Number :  Number); Lookup (Given_Name :   Name;                        Corr_Number :  Number); Name_Duplicated : ; Name_Absent    : ; Directory_Full : ; Directory_Enquiries;

Exception handlers
When an exception occurs, the normal flow of execution is abandoned and the exception is handed up the call sequence until a matching handler is found. Any declarative region (except a package specification) can have a handler. The handler names the exceptions it will handle. By moving up the call sequence, exceptions can become anonymous; in this case, they can only be handled with the handler.

F Some_Type ... -- declarations (1) ... -- statements (2) -- handlers start here (3) Name_1 | Name_2 => ... -- The named exceptions are handled with these statements => ... -- any other exceptions (also anonymous ones) are handled here F;

Exceptions raised in the declarative region itself (1) cannot be handled by handlers of this region (3); they can only be handled in outer scopes. Exceptions raised in the sequence of statements (2) can of course be handled at (3).

The reason for this rule is so that the handler can assume that any items declared in the declarative region (1) are well defined and may be referenced. If the handler at (3) could handle exceptions raised at (1), it would be unknown which items existed and which ones didn't.

Raising exceptions
The raise statement explicitly raises a specified exception.

Ex. 1

Directory_Enquiries Insert (New_Name  :  Name;                        New_Number :  Number) …        …          New_Name = Old_Entry.A_Name Name_Duplicated; ;        …         New_Entry :=   Dir_Node'(New_Name, New_Number,…); …         Storage_Error =>  Directory_Full; Insert; Lookup (Given_Name :   Name;                        Corr_Number :  Number) …        …           Found Name_Absent; ;        …       Lookup; Directory_Enquiries;

Exception handling and propagation
Exception handlers may be grouped at the end of a block, subprogram body, etc. A handler is any sequence of statements that may end:
 * by completing;
 * by executing a return statement;
 * by raising a different exception (raise e;);
 * by re-raising the same exception (raise;).

Suppose that an exception e is raised in a sequence of statements U (a block, subprogram body, etc.).
 * If U contains a handler for e: that handler is executed, then control leaves U.
 * If U contains no handler for e: e is propagated out of U; in effect, e is raised at the "point of call” of U.

So the raising of an exception causes the sequence of statements responsible to be abandoned at the point of occurrence of the exception. It is not, and cannot be, resumed.

Ex. 1

...      Line_Failed => Log_Error; Retransmit (Current_Packet); Line_Failed => Notify_Engineer; Abandon_Call; ;  ...

Information about an exception occurrence
Ada provides information about an exception in an object of type Exception_Occurrence, defined in  along with subprograms taking this type as parameter:

 * Exception_Name: return the full exception name using the dot notation and in uppercase letters. For example, <tt>Queue.Overflow</tt>.
 * Exception_Message: return the exception message associated with the occurrence.
 * Exception_Information: return a string including the exception name and the associated exception message.

For getting an exception occurrence object the following syntax is used:

;  ; ...    Error: High_Pressure | High_Temperature => Put ("Exception: "); Put_Line (Exception_Name (Error)); Put (Exception_Message (Error)); Error: => Put ("Unexpected exception: "); Put_Line (Exception_Information(Error)); ;

The exception message content is implementation defined when it is not set by the user who raises the exception. It usually contains a reason for the exception and the raising location.

The user can specify a message using the procedure Raise_Exception.

Valve_Failure : ; ...  Raise_Exception (Valve_Failure', "Failure while opening"); ...  Raise_Exception (Valve_Failure', "Failure while closing"); ...   Fail: Valve_Failure => Put (Exception_Message (Fail)); ;

Starting with Ada 2005, a simpler syntax can be used to associate a string message with exception occurrence. --    Valve_Failure : ; ...   Valve_Failure  "Failure while opening"; ...   Valve_Failure  "Failure while closing"; ...   Fail: Valve_Failure => Put (Exception_Message (Fail)); ;

The package also provides subprograms for saving exception occurrences and re-raising them.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming

Ada Quality and Style Guide

 * Chapter 4: Program Structure

 * Chapter 5: Programming Practices

 * Chapter 7: Portability

|Exceptions

Programación en Ada/Excepciones

title: Ada Programming/Exceptions


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Beginning Lighting

Lighting, you say? Psshh. Just throw up one light source and let her run, right?

Lighting is probably the most underestimated part of a scene by new 3D artists. Unlike real life, it’s actually quite easy to produce a uniformly well-lit, shadowless scene in Blender. But such scenes are usually pretty dull and boring.

Far more interesting are ones with highlights drawing attention to some areas, and shadows in other areas, leading the viewer to wonder what they might conceal. If a picture tells a story, and a picture is worth a thousand words, then lighting is like the punctuation for those words, the pauses between sentences and the sudden dramatic changes of tone.

Extremely uniform lighting can even give the picture a “photoshopped” look, as though the artist took part of one picture and stuck it on top of another. Whereas even a little bit of shadowing of one object by another can reinforce the impression that they are very much three-dimensional objects with a definite spatial relationship to each other, located in the same scene.

The following tutorials will help you gain knowledge of the technical use of lights in your scenes.


text:
User:Pekinensis~enwikibooks

I like beans.

title: User:Pekinensis~enwikibooks


text:
User:Hope~enwikibooks

Helping out with the Radiation Oncology text.

title: User:Hope~enwikibooks


text:
Systems Theory

This book is all about the theoretical study of systems.

Table of Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Systems Approach to Instruction/
 * /Order-Chaos/
 * /Holism/
 * /Goal Seeking (Intrinsic & Extrinsic)/
 * /Goal Structure (Teleological Behavior)/
 * /Inputs-Outputs/
 * /Transformation Processes/
 * /Entropy/
 * /Open/Closed System Structure/
 * /Isomorphic Systems/
 * /Evolution & Growth/
 * /Creativity/
 * /Delegation/
 * /Coordination/
 * /Cybernetics/
 * /Communication/
 * /Systems Learning/
 * /Decision Structure/
 * /Futurology/
 * /Decision Behavior/
 * /Information Theory/
 * /Resources/

title: Systems Theory


text:
Systems Theory/Order-Chaos

Order and Chaos
Systems exhibit behaviors. These behaviors are the result of the application of parameters for the system’s elements - the rules. The subsequent behavior is interpreted based on the knowledge of the current system and the anticipated results of various inputs and processes. When systems behave in the expected manner they are generally regarded as stable and thus, in order. The term “order” is not absolute, however. Generally, terms such as “stable”, “balanced” and “in order” are describing all known (considered) inputs and outputs of a system, and based on those factors alone, the system appears to be exhibiting the desired behaviors.

Order describes the history of a system or system segment. Order illustrates that a system has responded to a rule or rules that have made the system behave in a manner that is expected. Specific forms of order exist in many systems: homeostasis, autonomy and chaos. These forms of order describe the system’s inherent behavior and how fluctuations in a system can occur.

Homeostasis

When systems respond to external forces by eventually returning to their starting points, they are considered homeostatic. An example of this form of order is in living systems. A population of animals supported by an island will, over time, maintain a certain number. An external disease, predator, or other force may diminish the number, but eventually the population will increase (all other forces being equal). If the population spikes, shortages in food will eventually lead to less animals. These natural laws work to create homeostatic order. Systems do not require external forces to create fluctuations, though. Often, systems that maintain the same inputs and processes over time experience diminishing desired outputs due to entropy (see Entropy).

Autonomy

Systems that produce ongoing fluctuations or change but follow an average output yield autonomy. Autonomy is best described as oscillation in a system over a period of time. Although this oscillation is not necessarily harmonic motion, it does tend to be around a general mean. A small change in the input parameters of homeostatic order can create autonomic order.

Chaos

If the system fluctuates further it can become unpredictable. Although this does not indicate system failure, the behavior suggests “deterministic unpredictability” – the concept that the same inputs generate different results. This unpredictability is often considered chaotic. The term “chaos” does not mean that the system is failing or will fail; rather it is a method of describing a system that can not be predicted will full certainty. Most often, systems are considered to be chaotic when the underlying rules are unknown, thus the results can not be known. This, however, does not mean that unpredictable or complex output structured systems are chaotic. When there is no underlying rule that governs the unpredictable system it is considered to be non-deterministic.

An example of a non-deterministic system is a coin flip. Although the coin has only two sides, predicting which side will land face-up is quite difficult. There is no underlying rule that governs the coin flip; rather it is the interaction of several inputs: the force of the flip, the original position, friction of fingernails, wind speed and direction, height of the flip, rotational velocity, current gravity of the object on which the person is standing, etc. Unpredictability results from not being able to consider all of these factors. Although we may assume that after many flips the number of times each side lands face-up will be equal, it is not a definite prediction. This system is not considered autonomic since it does not internally correct itself, nor does the low number of outputs available immediately make it a homeostatic environment.

Thus, chaotic systems can be considered to have a highly complex order, sometimes too complex to understand without the aid of analytical tools or complex mathematics. Most approaches to studying complex and chaotic systems involve understanding graphical plots of fractal nature, and bifurcation diagrams. These models illustrate very complex recurrences of outputs directly related to inputs. Hence, complex order occurs from chaotic systems.

title: Systems Theory/Order-Chaos


text:
Systems Theory/Holism

Holistic View
A holistic view of a system encompasses the complete, entire view of that system. Holism emphasizes that the state of a system must be assessed in its entirety and cannot be assessed through its independent member parts. Dividing a system into its separate parts is considered destructive to that system and single parts within a system should not be prioritized. Thus, holistic views define atomism to ultimately be a threat to the health of a system. Holism focuses on alleviating problems within a system by emphasizing on the system as a whole and understanding that member parts ultimately aggregate to create that whole.

Currently
Today, many industries are integrating holistic practices into their management and operations. U.S. western medical practitioners as well as corporate leaders are becoming aware of the dangers of treating humans or complex corporations as entities made up of isolated, unrelated parts. Understanding the larger system and how individual parts contribute to that system is key. Leaders must grasp the paradigm that the “whole is more than the sum of its parts”. Understanding a complex system entails understanding that the whole can take on a behavior all its own. Understanding this independent behavior is key in holism. Powerful, effective decisions can be made once a holistic view of a system is acquired. Poor, inappropriate decisions can be derived when a limited view is acquired by assessing separate parts without regarding how those parts contribute to the whole. Management practices emphasizing holism seek to eliminate the risk of these poor decisions.

The Goal
The goal of increasing holistic awareness allows leaders to create and implement successful management policies and is highlighted by the International Standards Organization for quality management. The ISO 9001 standard defines improved quality management in which acquiring complete, complex knowledge of an organization is essential in implementing effective management practices. Operations and structures within an organization must be enveloped into the full, complete system context. Pooling these critical definitions together must be done so that a sophisticated and complete, essential perspective of an organization's behavior is acquired. Implementing holistic practices within an organization improves the chances of bringing that system to a stable state. Decisions concerning only one isolated function within the system are never constructed using holistic management practices. Thus, unknown outcomes caused by an underestimation of thorough system behavior are eliminated. Without holistic principles, an entire system’s function can be threatened and ultimately the individual constituting parts can be put into peril.

Places that use Holism
Holistic practices are critical within the IT industry as data networks and intelligent complete systems are designed and built. Viewing independent components of a communications network or intelligent system as stand-alone entities ultimately impacts the overall quality of that system. In networking, care is taken to view a LAN, MANET or WAN as an entire entity. Small iterative changes to parts of a network are not being considered in isolation such that the downstream or upstream impacts aren't anticipated. Seeing a data network as a whole living system increases the chances for success of a stable, reliable system. In building IT intelligent systems, comprised of interacting smaller software and hardware modules, retaining a systems view is necessary so that the complete product can be troubleshot and debugged successfully. Myopic views focusing only on a single subsystem, where the entire system performance is not considered, can create an unpredictable and unreliable final product. If a holistic view is retained by analysts building or maintaining IT systems, the chance for success of that IT system is more realistic. As the analysts' understanding of the entire system increases, he/she is more capable of initiating complex changes such that the global health of the system is protected.

A Final Example
A final illustration of how holism is an immanent and essential theory is the current adaptation of our world to its new global economy. It is imperative that we understand how our global world operates and how we all participate within that entity. Gaining a global economy has been facilitated through readily available international travel and instant, personal communication. As international parties intermix, the world will grow into a very sophisticated and complex system. Retaining a concise and objective perspective of our world and understanding its complexity is critical. Powerful internal influences will begin to impact our global system’s behavior. Every individual is gaining the power to make a fuller impact on his environment and the ability to voice his opinion concerning the state of his world. As more individual voices and wills are exercised, the stability and balance of our global system will be harder to maintain. We must persistently understand our world with a holistic perspective to gain in depth awareness of its behavior as an independent entity. Gaining this holistic view is essential in understanding our future evolution.

title: Systems Theory/Holism


text:
Cookbook:Baster

| Kitchen tools

A baster, sometimes called a turkey baster, is a tube attached to a rubber bulb used to suck up and squirt cooking liquid from a pan onto roasting meat or poultry, thus moistening it.

title: Cookbook:Baster


text:
Cookbook:Cutting Board

| Kitchen tools

A cutting board (also known as a chopping board) is a kitchen utensil used as a protective surface on which to cut or slice things. Cutting boards are often made of wood, plastic or cork. Glass cutting boards are also available, and although easy to clean, may dull or damage a knife during use.

Sanitation of cutting boards is crucial in preventing cross contamination and food poisoning. Simply washing a cutting board after use is not sufficient to prevent the growth of bacteria. Boards and knives, regardless of the material from which constructed, must be sanitized after each use with a solution of bleach and water. It is also advisable to cut raw meat, especially poultry products on a separate board from cooked meat or other food items. Cork boards are naturally anti-bacterial and do not require the same kind of maintenance as a wood or plastic board.

To prevent a cutting board from moving or sliding during use, place a clean, slightly wet, kitchen or side towel between the counter and board.

The wood can be maintained with the addition of rubbing it down in mineral oil after washing, do not use vegetable oil as this can go rancid.

title: Cookbook:Cutting Board


text:
Cookbook:Cookie Cutter

| Bakeware

A cookie cutter is a tool used to stamp out cookie dough in a particular shape. They are usually made from metal or plastic and come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.

A notable type of cookie cutter is a scone cutter, that is used to make the shape of scones.

title: Cookbook:Cookie Cutter


text: Japanese/Kanji/Lesson 7

title: Japanese/Kanji/Lesson 7


text:
Cookbook:Springform Pan

| Bakeware

A cake pan with sides that detach from the bottom when they are unlatched, making the cake easy to remove. It is often used to cook cheesecakes.

title: Cookbook:Springform Pan


text:
Cookbook:Rolling Pin

| Bakeware

A rolling pin is a long cylinder-shaped tool, often with handles on either end, used to roll out dough. Rolling pins can be made from wood, plastic, ceramic or marble.

In choosing a rolling pin, consider that:
 * Handle connections may be impossible to properly clean.
 * When refrigerated before use, ceramic and marble rolling pins help keep cold cookie dough from getting warm and sticky.
 * Ceramic and marble rolling pins are heavy, expensive, and fragile.
 * Similar to wooden cutting boards, wood surfaces never really get clean.
 * A wooden central rod, or wooden handles, may snap during use.
 * Some people prefer fixed handles, and others prefer handles that spin inside the rolling pin.

Alternatives
If a rolling pin isn't available, then a clean bottle with straight, smooth sides, such as some wine bottles and some resuable water bottles, and be turned on its side and used like a rolling pin. An aluminum soda can, if it's still unopened, can also be used. A tortilla press or a flat-bottomed dinner plate could be used to flatten small amounts of dough.

Like a regular rolling pin, whatever you use should be clean. You can also cover the dough with plastic wrap or parchment paper.

title: Cookbook:Rolling Pin


text:
East Asian Calligraphy/The horizontal stroke

The horizontal stroke is a very common stroke, going horizontally from left to right. It is found in some form in nearly every Korean letter, especially the vowels.

Examples of the horizontal stroke: 1 It's harder to determine what a stroke is in hiragana, since hiragana is inherently cursive. Stroke-like shapes can be found in あ、お、き、け、さ、す、せ、た、ち、な、は、ほ、ま、む、も、よ、を.

In general, a horizontal stroke is defined by the following properties:

 * 1) They slant upwards.
 * 2) * Theoretically, all horizontal strokes should slant upwards at a very slight angle.
 * 3) They start hard and end hard.
 * 4) * Horizontal strokes don't trail off. The instant before you lift your pencil / pen off the paper should be one where you're applying force onto the paper.
 * 5) * However, there is a tendency where horizontal strokes do trail off, if they are on the left half of a character, is not joined by another stroke on the right end, and is the last stroke in that side of the character. This arises naturally, because the pen / pencil / brush goes on immediately to write the right side of the character without stopping. Also as a result of this, the stroke tends to point diagonally upwards, and straight.
 * 6) They may curve down at the end.
 * 7) * Like the dot stroke, this is mostly a consequence of the second point above. As you apply more and more force you tend to draw your hand closer to your body, hence curving the stroke downwards.
 * 8) * However, please don't overdo this. This feature should be a natural result of point 2 above. If you find yourself curving the stroke deliberately, then you're definitely overdoing it. If it doesn't curve, then leave it. Horizontal strokes don't need to curve — this applies here even more than it does with the dot stroke.

Let's take a look at three examples, the Chinese character for "three", the Japanese katakana ni, and the Korean syllable for pa:

All of the strokes of "three", all of the strokes of "mi", and first, fourth, and last strokes for "pi" all show the properties of horizontal strokes.

To show a situation where the horizontal doesn't trail off, here are two Chinese characters, for "bean" and "head", respectively.

Note that the character "bean" is found on the left side of the character for "head". The last stroke of "bean", a horizontal stroke, is made to trail off and point up.


text:
Cookbook talk:Sushi

untitled comment
It should be made clearer which parts of this article are about sushi in Japan, and which are about sushi outside Japan. Although I'm sure the California, Philadelphia, Kamikaze, etc. rolls have made it back to Japan as novelties, these are really only "common" in North America, as you might guess from their names.... Then again, maybe the wikibooks cookbook is supposed to be an American cookbook?

It's also pretty surprising to see that nigiri sushi is barely mentioned, that temaki and oshi sushi aren't mentioned at all, that sashimi is treated as a kind of nigiri sushi (!!!), and that wasabi and pickled ginger aren't mentioned at all.

Macrakis 15 Feb 2005

 * this is a cookbook, not the wikipedia article on sushi. I would love if someone contributed another recipe! Paolorausch 2 Mar 2005

 * It would also be nice for a little more history on sushi, instead of a tiny "sushi originated like this" then nothing else, including no talk of Edo-Mae sushi, which is very much reveared in Japan and influenced many of the modern styles of sushi, also sashimi should be a seperate section...its not a type of sushi! Before I leave, from what i understand Cailfornia rolls have taken in Japan, though only in the smaller less traditional places.

unformed 6 Nov 2005

the sushi page needs to be split
The sushi page is growing way too big. How should it be split? I think just leave a menu here, maybe with a table containing close-up pictures of the various major classes of sushi. See the Cookbook:Melon page for a layout idea. AlbertCahalan 23:14, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. I'd have seperate pages for the rice and each type of Sushi, all linked from here. David Johnson 16:21, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

How does that work?
I hope the adjustments i made work for you all. I wasn't able to find any good pictures (such as are on the melon page) that meet the copyright guidelines, but I set up the table so the pictures can be put in when appropriate ones can be found.

Merge Request
Please take what you think is worthwhile, then add a   tag in The Sushi Guide when you are through. Thanks. --Rob Horning 14:03, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

wtf?
If they want to just talk about sushi, but no recipes or anything about making it then put it on wikipedia. I'm amazed wikibooks kept it this long even if it doesn't have anything useful.

title: Cookbook talk:Sushi


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Austria

| European Cuisines

History
Eating was and still remains essential, but contrary to today, the preparing, the availability, the sharing and the consumption of food constituted social structures and hierarchies in large parts of the country. Scientific researches on food traditions give great insights in how people lived and how social life functioned in former times. More precisely, we find out how the structures of power were built and how relationships of exchange influenced and constructed those structures. Not only eating itself, but also the culinary skills played a major role regarding one's social standing, respectively for women. Time and schedule concerning food and its consumption were important. There is hardly any folktale in which food does not occur. The tales tell us when people ate, what they ate, where they ate and what delicacies they prepared for special occasions. Food structured the year, the month even the day. Furthermore, eating could convey personal appreciation as well as disrespect.

Old men and women remember the eating habits of their childhood very well. A farmer woman, who grew up at the beginning of the previous century, told researchers about her experiences in terms of food. Her family did not own a fridge. Instead, they used a big box opened to the outside in order to keep their food cold and fresh. On Sundays, she and her family ate dumplings with some salad. Every two weeks her mother baked 32 loafs of bread, therefore she had to get up at 3 o'clock in the morning to knead the dough. Coffee was reserved for special occasions. When she and her brother were sent to collect berries, their mother provided them with bread and coffee. Moreover her mother brewed beer herself, which was consumed on long and hot summer days spent on the field cutting grass. In the morning they usually ate "Brennsuppe", a soup with potatoes. For lunch they had confections of pastry and in the evening various dishes, all made with potatoes. Until today eating those confections of pastry is a loved memory for this woman.

Characteristics
Sweet dishes as main courses are very common in Austria and especially popular with children and vegetarians, since the Austrian cuisine is heavy on meat dishes like "Schweinsbraten" (roast pork), "Wienerschnitzel" or "Speckknödel" (dumplings filled with bacon), and has only little to offer for people who don’t like meat. There are many variations of sweet and savory dumplings, especially when it comes to the fillings. A specialty of Salzburg, for example, are the "Mozartknödel": cream cheese dumplings with a "Mozartkugel" as filling. Savory dumplings can be filled with minced meat, greaves or bacon and are usually served with sauerkraut and gravy.

Austrian recipes and dishes

 * Apple Strudel
 * Buchteln
 * Cheese dumplings
 * Stuffed breast of duck
 * Faschierter Braten (Meatloaf)
 * Fleischkrapfen
 * Frittaten Soup
 * Germknödel
 * Goulash of Chanterelle
 * Goulash Soup
 * Holzknechtnocken
 * Kaiserschmarrn
 * Käsekrainer
 * Kasnocken
 * Knoedel
 * Marillenknödel (Dumplings Filled with Apricot)
 * Marmeladetascherl (Pastries Filled with Jam)
 * Palatschinken
 * Reindling
 * Sachertorte
 * Salmon spaghetti
 * Salzburger Nockerl
 * Scheiterhaufen
 * Serviettenknödel (Austrian Giant Bread Dumpling Prepared in a Napkin)
 * Sonja's Perfect Three Course Dinner
 * Strawberry dumplings
 * Szegedin Goulash
 * Tafelspitz (Table Point Boiled Beef and Vegetables)
 * Schweinsbraten (Roasted Pork with Potatoes and Onions)
 * Vanillekipferl
 * Zwiebelrostbraten

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Austria