text: User talk:84.67.223.112

title: User talk:84.67.223.112


text:
User talk:Sho1215

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:29, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Sho1215


text:
Talk:Woodworking

see also:
—Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.80.93.227 (discuss • contribs) 02:20, 14 January 2008
 * Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Woodworking
 * Carpentry
 * These have been incorporated into the book's front page. — Sam Wilson ( Talk • Contribs ) … 06:22, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Hand- vs. Power-tools
I should probably just mention that most of the content that I add to this book is about working with hand-tools, but that I don't mean to discourage people from adding good words about machinery; it's just not my area of expertise. I would love to see a page about, say, smoothing techniques be a comprehensive compendium of all methods of smoothing, from hand-burred scrapers to high-tech sanders and everything in between—with parallel information given for the different methods within each of those. — Sam Wilson ( Talk • Contribs ) … 06:22, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Woodworking


text: User talk:64.148.7.75

title: User talk:64.148.7.75


text: User talk:97.96.106.216

title: User talk:97.96.106.216


text: User talk:206.208.133.206

title: User talk:206.208.133.206


text:
Megauniversity/University of South Africa

Introduction
One thing that has to be mentioned is that South Africa had been suffered from apartheid since 1948 and had ended in 1994. For about half a century, non-whites were discriminated. People in South Africa were categorized into four; white, black, Indian/Asian and coloured.

Not all of non-whites were educated equally during this era. Bantu Education was applied in South Africa. In this law, black people needed education only for black society. In other words, they did not have enough inputs to work equally with white people in white societies. After 1996, the new law was declared and according to this, all of people in South Africa have rights to be educated equally in official language or language they choose. Still not all of black people are educated or have literacy. Moreover, not all of educators have enough training for teaching. Non-literacy people or not well trained educators are given trainings through distance education. In the following parts, one of the distance education institutions, University of South Africa, is focused from pedagogical aspects.

South Africa Profile
South Africa became Union of South Africa on May 31, 1910 from former British colonies, and after about half century, in 1961 on the same day, the Republic of South African was declared.

Geography and Population demography
The total land size of South Africa is 1,219,912 sq km and 43,997,828 people live there. The capitals are located in three regions depending on roles; Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein. More than half of population is occupied aged 15 to 64. 86.4 % of population who are over age 15 can read and write. More than 85% of females and males can read and write. Four ethnic groups lived; black African, white, coloured, and Indian/Asians (2001 census). However, majority of population is black African. 11 languages are spoken officially; IsiZulu, IsiXhosa, Afrikaans, Sepedi, English, Setswana, Sesotho, Xitsonga, and other (2001 census). 30% of the population engages in agriculture, 25% in industry and 45% in services. Major industries are: mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile assembly and metal working.

Communication system
The phone systems are the finest developed in Africa. 4.729 million peoples are the mainline telephone user, 39.66 million are mobile phone users and 5.1 million are internet users. 1.088 million out of 5.1 million are internet hosts. There are 14 AM, 347 FM and 1 shortwave radio broadcast stations, and 554 television broadcast station.

University of South Africa Profile
University of South Africa (hereafter UNISA) is located in Pretoria and has been established in 1873. It is the oldest university and one of the most outstanding universities in South Africa. One third of university students in South Africa are students of UNISA. It provides not only degree courses but also trainings for current educators and Adult Basic Education Training (hereafter ABET) for people who do not have enough literacy. ABET is given in many districts in the country.

UNISA consist of 5 colleges; College of Law, College of Human Sciences (also, School of Education), College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Economic and Management Sciences and College of Science, Engineering and Technology. The university offers undergraduate, master and doctor courses. Though there are five schools, UNISA offers variety of courses such as education, animal health, linguistics, MBA and so on. One of the most famous alumni is Nelson Mandela.

Learners Demography
Varieties of learners study at UNISA in the entire world. Most of learners are full-/part-time workers. Students’ age is expanded; about 64% of students are between ages 24 to 44, about 8% are over age 45 and about 260 students are over age 64. 55% of learners are women and more than 70% of learners are black, coloured and Indians. Quarter of new learners (1000) has visual disabilities but UNISA support them.

Media and Technology
UNISA employs the video conference tutorials. They are provided them at some learning centers which are located in the country, so learners who do not live in such regions have difficulties to access them. However, the video conferences have the same roles with face-to-face tutorials. By providing live tutorials by video reduces the cost.

Learners can register online and have online learning systems.

Course Design and Development
Courses are developed by teams of specialists. UNISA employs several course delivery systems such as interactive video conference, online learning, tutors, print based materials, teleconferencing and so on. UNISA employs printed materials mainly but is developing more internet based learning materials as well.

Student Supports
UNISA is a distance education institution. They emphasize on self-discipline and self-directed learning. For students who have difficulties to motivate themselves, the school provides a fellow students list and forms a study group. Learners are encouraged to contact them. Many options are provided for communicating with lecturer such as by emails, telephone, posting. Also, students’ supports are delivered at learning centers. Following are services that learners can have at the centers; Face-to-face tutorials (weekly or fortnightly), exams, computer lab, peer study groups, counseling and study place.

In order to prevent learners’ dropping out from UNISA or delay their completion of studying, the Division of Tutorial Support Services provides face-to-face tutorials, video conferences, Peer-group support services and counseling support services at learning centers. In tutorials (either face-to-face or video conferences), tutors help learners to understand course materials and course and to motivate.

UNISA produce special studying material for learners with disabilities. Materials are large printed, and sing language interpretations are provided. Trained staff are sent to the learning centers if it is necessary.

Examinations are given to learners at many places located more than 400 hundreds places.

Library
There are 2.4 million items in the library. These are sent to the branch libraries, if it is necessary, located in many places in the country such as Johannesburg. Learners can borrow items by telephone, email, post and pick them up at the branch libraries. The UNISA library is cooperated with other libraries nationally and internationally. Cooperated libraries share electric recourses.

Purpose of University of South Africa
There are many higher education institutions including distance education ones in South Africa. Distance education is widely used as upgrading workers’, individuals’ skills and training educators or other workers. In developing countries, distance education is often used in order to train teachers who are not well-trained.

Learners and Changing in South Africa’s higher education system
Reduction of the number of public higher education institutions was proposed in late 1990s. In fact, the number of colleges was trimmed down in 2000 and it means that learners needed to quit school or transfer to another institution. 21 universities turned into 11 institutions, 15 technikons (four-year technical college) turned into five institutions and more than 100 education colleges were reduced into two. Not only learners were affected but faculties and staff were affected. At least 5000 students were shifted to distance education institutions. Some number of students transfered to UNISA.

Learning in District
There are people who do not know how to read or write their names. Even some people do not know how to hold pens. UNISA provides trainings to those people who have low literacy. Trainers are volunteers and provide lesson in several district or learning centre in the country such as the Ga-Mothopo District. Not only literacy skills are delivered but teacher’s trainings are. The length of the training is various. The data shows that not all of teachers have teacher’s certification in South Africa. In black people’s case, in 1994, half of teachers were licensed, 30% of them were lower licensed and the rest were not licensed. This data shows that some trainings for teachers are necessary. However, UNISA provides such trainings to current teachers in order to deal with needs. Trainings are about English, Mathematics, Science and education of physically and mentally handicapped children.

Division of Work-Integrated Learning (WIL)
UNISA supplies courses such as business but also supplies some training that learners can gain skills and apply right after finishing courses. Clinical training, teaching practice, internship, professional practice, experimental training and learning, work-based learning, and supervised learning and practice are provided through WIL. WIL helps learners to enrich their skills for their futures and those skills gained in WIL can be applied to real world. It is offered in learning centers in the country. UNISA is a distance education institution but helps learners in the learning centers or district to gain not only academic skills but also social skills.

Impact of University of South Africa on the country
Since 1996, the Education law made it clear that all of citizens have equal rights to be educated but there is still a gap among people. After 1994, it is believed that all of people in South Africa are equal but a small number of black people are still not educated at all. UNISA has a big number of learners and one third of universities students in South Africa are occupied by UNISA. Majority of learners are full-/part-time workers and UNISA's motto is to provide equal quality of education to any people. UNISA’s contribution to the society is highly evaluated. As it is mentioned, UNISA only courses and certifications, diplomas and degrees but provides teacher trainings and Adult Basic Education Training (ABET).

ABET
ABET provides not only literacy skills but also makes learners realize that education is a process to contribute themselves economically and socially in the society. The ABET Institution in UNISA has started in 1994. By now, UNISA helped more than 300000 learners. This is supported by volunteer educators/trainers and learners are trained all over the country. UNISA does not only provide course to people who have lower literacy but also to educators. The number of learning sites is 6000. Courses are offered for prisoners at the Krugersdrop Prison in Gauteng and also are offered for a group of mentally and physically disabled learners in Qwa Qwa.

Evaluation
In 2002, UNISA was authorized by Distance Education and Training Council (hereafter DETC) in the United States. This proves that UNISA’s education quality and contribution to its country and learners. In order to be authorized by DETC, the institutions have to satisfy 12 conditions such as stating clearly defined objects, well-developed learning materials, learners’ supports, financial aids to learners, well-trained faculties and so on. Being authorized by DETC means these 12 conditions are satisfied by the institution.


text:
User:Riffsyphon1024~enwikibooks

See also w:User:Riffsyphon1024.

title: User:Riffsyphon1024~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. Bb5

This page overlooks black's popular third move ...Nd7.
 * You can edit yourself. Nd7 now added. ChessCreator (talk) 09:36, 15 February 2008 (UTC)


text:
MediaWiki:Gadget-Twinklespeedy

Speedy tag using Twinkle: A modified version of the script available at Wikipedia, this allows users to pseudo-automagically tag pages and warn as necessary. Admins can also use this to delete by unchecking the "tag only" box. This script will not work in Internet Explorer. (Configuration goes in your monobook.js)

title: MediaWiki:Gadget-Twinklespeedy


text:
MediaWiki:Gadget-modrollback.js

mw.loader.load('//www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-modrollback.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

title: MediaWiki:Gadget-modrollback.js


text:
MediaWiki:Gadget-modrollback

Modify rollback: After using rollback, this script automatically forwards you to the user's contributions page to look for other edits to revert. Use it with the Warn with Twinkle script to get a warn tab on the contributions page for fighting vandalism. Be careful, since this means you won't see your diff or any error messages.

title: MediaWiki:Gadget-modrollback


text: User talk:82.38.197.145

title: User talk:82.38.197.145


text:
User talk:Yassssy

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 05:25, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Please see this policy for how to name pages properly. Thanks; happy editing! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:56, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yassssy


text: User talk:Freemoneybuy

title: User talk:Freemoneybuy


text:
Talk:Intermediate Algebra/Slope

This is in error on page http:en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Intermediate_Algebra/slope:

"But first we must find what the Y-Intercept is, to do this we choose one of the points that we are given, and input it into the formula. For this example, I'm going to use the point (4,3):

y(3) = m(1 / 2)x(4) + b 3 = 1 / 2(4) + b 3( + 2) = 2( − 2) + b 5 = B"

[Answer is 1 = B]

This is either a prank or careless error, but extremely confusing to students who find the page.

Then fix it.

title: Talk:Intermediate Algebra/Slope


text:
Spanish/Tenses

1. Vocabulary used in this section:

 * Infinitive:
 * It is the original form of a verb.
 * It ends in "-ar", "-er", or "-ir". (Verbs with the ending "-ír" are included in the last group.)
 * The example infinitives used in this section are: hablar (to speak), comer (to eat), and vivir (to live).
 * These verbs will be used to show the conjugation patterns of the "-ar", "-er", and "-ir" groups, respectively.

 * Stem:
 * The stem of a verb is the infinitive without its "-ar", "-er", or "-ir" ending.
 * In most conjugations, a new ending is attached to the stem (future and conditional tenses attach the ending to the infinitive).
 * For instance, in the first person singular of the simple present indicative hablar:

 * $$\mathbf{habl}\mathrm{ar} \quad \Rightarrow \quad \mathbf{habl} - ar \quad \Rightarrow \quad \mathbf{habl} + o \quad \Rightarrow \quad \mathbf{habl}\mathrm{o}$$

 * This forms, hablo (the first person singular of the simple present indicative of the verb hablar), which means "I speak".

2.1 A basic understanding of the layers to the conjugate
The verb describes action. The 'thing' performing the action is the subject, and the 'thing' on which the action is performed is the object.

The verb is conjugated to demonstrate the action, and the correct conjugation can only be selected after the writer, or speaker, has analysed several layers relating to the action, the actor, and form of expression required.

There are seven basic layers in determining the correct conjugate. They are: [] the language [] the verb, [] the form, [] the mood, [] the tense, [] the subject, and [] the conjugate.

Some of the basic layers contain layers before we reach the decision point and these are: [] the verb, [] the tense, and [] the subject.

The verb layer contains the following sub-layers: [] the verb, [] the regularity, [] the basic conjugates, and [] the verb group [ verb groups are not used in English ].

The tense layer consists of these sub-layers: [] style, [] time, and [] variants [ tense variants are not used in English ].

The subject layer is simply: [] the plurality, and [] the personage.

Let's end our consideration of the basic layers with a simple example. Table: demonstrating the layers to a conjugate of the Spanish verb ' hablar ' with a comparison to its English equivalent: '' Note 1: In this text we are considering Spanish from an English speaking perspective. So, we have two languages: Spanish and English. The comparison is illustrative to the new learner English speaker; so, both will be considered here.   Note 2: The new learner should use this example in the following table as an illustration of the steps required to reach the desired conjugation, the decisions, especially the Spanish words, will become clearer as you read on. ''

2.2 A greater understanding of the layers to the conjugate
In the previous section we demonstrated the 'basic' layers, or steps, to arrive at our conjugate for both the Spanish and English languages. In the Spanish language there were 13 steps, in the English 11 steps: as noted, the English language does not use the 'verb group' or 'tense variant' layers.

Let's now consider the choices available at each layer, and in doing so let's stick to the order in our example, set out in the table in the previous section.

2.2.1 Language layer
It has been noted above, but we are considering the Spanish from an English perspective, there can be only two choices in this instance: [] Spanish, and [] English.

2.2.2.1 The verb
We need a verb to conjugate, so the need for the layer is obvious, we are restricted only by the number of verbs in the languages we are considering. There are very many in both the Spanish, and the English languages.

2.2.2.2 Verb, regularity
There are two types of regularity to consider: [] regular verbs and [] irregular verbs.

A regular verb is a verb in which all the conjugations follow strict rules. An irregular verb contains at least one, usually more, conjugates which defy these rules. However, many conjugations in an irregular verb may still be regular.

The regular verbs allow us to use strict rules to form the conjugate. So, learning the sets of rules allows us to conjugate a very many regular verbs, and some regular conjugations of irregular verbs without having to learn a separate word for each conjugation. It also makes the conjugation of unfamiliar regular verbs less onerous.

The irregular verbs irregular conjugations require learning by rote. As do the rules for regular conjugations. Though, as noted above, irregularity may only be partial, much of the verb may follow the strict boundaries of regularity, making learning easier.

Many important verbs are irregular; for example: haber, tener (both: to have), estar, ser (both: to be). Haber and estar will be used in this appendix as auxiliary verbs in constructing complex tenses.

2.2.2.3 Verb, basic conjugates
There are four basic conjugates: [] the infinitive, [] the stem/root, [] the participle, and [] the gerund.

The basic conjugates are listed in the example. Apart from the stem they had little use in the decision making process, but we are discussing conjugation of the verb, and it is useful to the learning process to start to recognise them in a basic form as early as possible

2.2.2.4 Verb, group
There are 3 verb groups in Spanish: [] "ar" verbs, [] "er" verbs, and [] "ir" verbs. There are no verb groups used in conjugating English verbs.

Verbs come in 3 endings in Spanish, which are: "ar", "er" and "ir". Hence the 3 verb groups.

The rules one uses for regular conjugations, in both regular and irregular verbs, are entirely dependent upon which ending a verb has. The "er" and "ir" verbs often have the same, or similar, endings. The "ar" verbs usually have very different endings from the "er" and "ir" verbs.

2.2.3 Form
There are two forms in both the Spanish and English languages: [] the nominal, and [] the continuous.

The nominal may be referred to in other texts as the basic form, and the continuous as the progressive form. In this text we will maintain a consistent single reference to avoid confusion to the new learner, at least.

2.2.4 Mood
There are 4 moods in Spanish: [] the indicative, [] the indicative conditional, [] the subjunctive, and [] the imperative.

Many other texts will refer to only 3 moods (modos): the indicative mood (modo indicativo); the subjunctive mood (modo subjuntivo); and the imperative mood (modo imperativo). They treat the indicative conditional mood as a 'tense' used only in the indicative mood.

In this text the indicative conditional conjugations are treated as a mood group just as the imperative is treated as a mood, and not a separate indicative tense. Here, it is referred to as 'the indicative conditional' to remind us of the link to the indicative mood used by other texts on the Spanish language.

Why contradict other texts? The new learner requires order to the process of learning, this is the primary reason. By defining the indicative conditional as a mood it means the tense layers can be considered a homogeneous group relating to aspects of time only. It's clear the indicative conditional is not a reflection of time, it more closely reflects a mood, one influenced by condition, or conditions. Does that not define a mood? An expression of 'emotion' defined by conditions. And so, we maintain homogeneity of the mood layer too, making the learning process easier to the newcomer.

In the imperative mood there exist conjugations for both: The negative in the imperative is not formed in quite the same way as the other moods.
 * 1) the affirmative, and;
 * 2) the negative.

2.2.5 Tense
It is unlikely you will see tenses broken into three separate groups in other texts regarding verb conjugation. I believe it is easier to think of the tense decision making process as a matrix rather than a list which is named differently in each text. This is best demonstrated with a table [a matrix].

As can be seen the simple 'style' and the perfect 'style' are identical tables, which makes remembering the choices for tense a clearer process for the new learner.

2.2.5.1 Tense, style
There are two styles: [] the simple, and [] the perfect.

The perfect tense style describes a completed action. The tense layers following describe the aspect of time in which that action was completed.

The participle of the action verb is always used. In addition an auxiliary verb, have, is adjusted in the simple style, based on time and variant to reflect the time of completion: past, present, or future.

For examples: [] Perfect style, past time: 'I had spoken' is describing the completed action of speaking using the participle: 'spoken' of the action verb: 'speak' with the auxiliary verb: 'have' in the simple style, past time: 'had'. [] Perfect style, present time: 'I have spoken': action verb: speak; participle: spoken; auxiliary verb: have; simple style, present time: have. [] Perfect style, future time: 'I will have spoken': action verb: speak; participle: spoken; auxiliary verb: have; simple style, future time: will have.

WIP EDIT NOTE: REGARDING SPANISH

2.2.5.2 Tense, time
Three possible times: [] the past, [] the present, and [] the future.

2.2.5.3 Tense, variant
In Spanish only the past has variants. There are two variants: [] the preterite, and [] the imperfect. There are no tense variants in English.

Translation of both to English uses the tense, time: past.

The preterite tense variant does not exist in the subjunctive mood.

2.2.6.1 Subject, plurality
There are only two choices: [] singular, and [] plural.

2.2.6.2 Subject, personage
Three decisions here: [] 1st person, [] 2nd person, and [] 3rd person.

Note: for the imperative mood each verb may be conjugated for only 5 different subjects.

It's worth noting here which 5 subjects apply. Obviously, we cannot issue commands to:
 * singular, 1st person: 'I' (yo);
 * singular, 3rd person: 'he' (él) or 'she' (ella); or
 * plural, 3rd person: 'they' (ellos [masc., or mixed] or ellas [fem.] ).

However, because Spanish uses a formal 2nd person form, singular and plural, the singular and plural, 3rd persons still apply: the formal versions of 'you', being the singular, 2nd (usted) and the plural, 2nd (ustedes) use the 3rd person endings depending on their plurality. This means only the 1st person singular is not used.

2.2.7 Conjugate
Many of the steps result in identical decisions, making the conjugation paradigms for both languages very similar. This is encouraging for the new learner. However, it would be wise to note that in the above example the decision in the conjugate layer for English would be the same for every single choice available for the subject layers, yet the decision for the Spanish conjugate layer would not. Let's demonstrate this with a table which represents the choices available when we change only the 2 subject layers: 'plurality', and 'personage'.

'''Table: demonstrating the variety of choice in the conjugation decision layer in the Spanish language compared to the English language. '''

EDIT NOTE: work-in-progress

Therefore, this gives us 20 [5 tenses in 4 aspects] indicative tenses, and 12 [3 tenses in 4 aspects] subjunctive tenses for each verb. Furthermore, for each of these 32 tenses, the verb can be conjugated for 6 different subjects: 3 in the singular, and 3 in the plural [see Spanish pronouns]. This means there are 192 conjugations for each verb in the indicative [120] and subjunctive [72] moods in total.

This brings our count to a total of 204 conjugations for each verb.

Luckily for learners, the vast majority of these verbs fit into well-defined and easy-to-learn categories. These verbs are called regular verbs, and our example set contains three regular verbs, being:
 * 1) hablar (to speak);
 * 2) comer (to eat), and;
 * 3) vivir (to live).

3.1 Infinitive
The infinitive of a verb is most often used after another conjugated verb like tener (to have) or querer (to want). The infinitive may also be used colloquially by Spanish speakers in place of a command, usually when left as a note to oneself to remember to do something. On web pages, one may also see buttons or links that use the infinitive, not the imperative form. The infinitive form contains the verb's stem followed by the ending.

Commonly used expressions with the infinitive:

To use these expressions, conjugate the first verb appropriately and follow with the infinitive. The first verbs in these expressions can be conjugated in any tense.

Conjugate of tener + que + infinitive means "to have to" do something. Example: Tengo que poner la mesa antes de cenar. Translation: I have to set the table before dinner [poner (to place, put, set, lay)].

Conjugate of querer + infinitive means "to want to" do something. Example: Ella quiere aprender inglés. Translation: She wants to learn English [aprender (to learn)].

Conjugate of acabar + de + infinitive means "to just have" done something. Example: Acabo de hacer la tarea. Translation: I just did my homework [hacer (to do)].

Conjugate of hay + que + infinitive means that something "has to be done". It is unspecified who has to do it. Example: Hay que darle comer al perro hoy. Translation: The dog needs to be fed today [comer (to eat)].

3.2 Past participle
The past participle is used with the perfect tenses, but can be used on its own as an adjective, most commonly with the verb "estar" (to be).

Example: Mi perro está perdido. Translation: My dog is lost.

Example: Estoy buscando mi perro perdido. Translation: I'm looking for my lost dog.

In this case, the verb perder means to lose, and the past participle perdido means lost.

Participles are formed using -ado for -ar verbs and -ido for -er and -ir verbs.

When used as adjectives, past participles come after the noun and are modified by the number and, or, gender of the noun. Participles modifying feminine nouns will now end in -ada or -ida. To pluralize a participle, simply add s to the end of the adjective.

Table: examples of conjugation of verbs for use of past participle as an adjective.

Example: Las espinacas están hervidas. Translation: The spinach is boiled.

A feminine plural noun, Las espinacas' (the spinach), requiring a feminised plural adjective, hervidas' (boiled) [see table above].

3.3 Gerund
The gerund exists in English as the -ing ending and is used in the same way as English, with a few exceptions. Gerunds usually follow a conjugated form of the verb estar (to be) to form the present tense in the simple continuous aspect [normally referred to as the 'present continuous tense' or the 'present progressive tense']. Example: Ella está andando por el pueblo. Translation: She is walking through the village.

Gerunds are also often used with a conjugated form of the verb seguir (to continue) to mean 'to continue doing something' or 'to be still doing something'.

Example: Sigo tocando el piano. Translation: I'm still playing the piano.

4. Nominal form of the indicative mood
The indicative is the most basic mood, used to talk about actions, events, or states that are believed to be facts or true. It is very typical in speech for making factual statements or describing obvious qualities of a person or situation.

4.1.1 Present tense: nominal form, indicative mood, simple tense style
The present tense is used to talk about actions, events, and states that happen generally in one's life, but is also often used to talk about actions that are happening right now.

Table: verb endings for the nominal form, indicative mood, simple tense style, present tense.

Example set:

Further examples:

Forming the negative: Forming the negative is very simple in most tenses, especially the present indicative. Simply place no directly before the conjugated verb.

4.1.2 Past tense, preterite variant: nominal form, indicative mood, simple tense style
The preterite is used to talk about one-time events that occurred in the past and have already ended. It is absolutely necessary to remember the accents in both writing and speech. Table: verb endings for the nominal form, indicative mood, simple tense style, past tense, preterite variant.

Please note: the nosotros conjugation ending for -ar (-amos) and -ir (-imos) forms are the same in both past preterite and simple present tenses. Determining the tense in these situations will depend on context. This isn’t the case for -er verbs, which have the nosotros conjugation ending of -emos in simple present and -imos in preterite.

Example set: Further examples:

Forming the negative Just like in the present tense, simply add no directly before the conjugated verb to negate.

4.1.3 Past tense, imperfect variant: nominal form, indicative mood, simple tense style
The conjugations for the nominal, indicative, simple, past imperfect.

Table: verb endings for conjugations in the nominal, indicative, simple, past, imperfect

Example set:

4.1.4 Future tense: nominal form, indicative mood, simple tense style.
Table: verb endings for the nominal form, indicative mood, simple tense style, future tense.

Table: Example set for the nominal form, indicative mood, simple tense style, future tense.

4.2.1 Present tense: nominal form, indicative mood, perfect tense style
To form the present tense in the perfect aspect of the indicative mood, combine the verb haber (to have), conjugated for the simple aspect of the indicative mood in the present tense, to the past participle for the verb in question.

i.e. haber (conjugated, indicative mood, simple aspect, present tense) + Spanish verb (conjugated in the past participle).

This tense is often referred to as the present perfect [of the indicative mood].

Example set: ''el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: he hablado, has hablado, ha hablado. Plural: hemos hablado, habéis hablado, han hablado''. Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I have spoken, you have spoken, he/she/one/it has spoken. Plural: we have spoken, you have spoken, they have spoken.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: comer. Singular: he comido, has comido, ha comido. Plural: hemos comido, habéis comido, han comido''. Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I have eaten, you have eaten, he/she/one/it has eaten. Plural: we have eaten, you have eaten, they have eaten.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: he vivido, has vivido, ha vivido. Plural: hemos vivido, habéis vivido, han vivido''. Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I have lived, you have lived, he/she/one/it has lived. Plural: we have lived, you have lived, they have lived.

4.2.2 Past tense, preterite variant: nominal form, indicative mood, perfect tense style
To form the preterite (past) tense in the perfect aspect of the indicative mood, combine the verb haber (to have), conjugated for the simple aspect of the indicative mood in the preterite (past) tense, to the past participle for the verb in question.

i.e. haber (conjugated, indicative mood, simple aspect, preterite (past) tense) + Spanish verb (conjugated in the past participle).

This tense is often referred to as the preterite perfect [of the indicative mood].

Example set: ''el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: hube hablado, hubiste hablado, hubo hablado. Plural: hubimos hablado, hubisteis hablado, hubieron hablado''. Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I had spoken, you had spoken, he/she/one/it had spoken. Plural: we had spoken, you had spoken, they had spoken.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: comer. Singular: hube comido, hubiste comido, hubo comido. Plural: hubimos comido, hubisteis comido, hubieron comido''. Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I had eaten, you had eaten, he/she/one/it had eaten. Plural: we had eaten, you had eaten, they had eaten.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: hube vivido, hubiste vivido, hubo vivido. Plural: hubimos vivido, hubisteis vivido, hubieron vivido''. Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I had lived, you had lived, he/she/one/it had lived. Plural: we had lived, you had lived, they had lived.

4.2.3 Past tense, imperfect variant: nominal form, indicative mood, perfect tense style
To form the imperfect (past) tense in the perfect aspect of the indicative mood, combine the verb haber (to have), conjugated for the simple aspect of the indicative mood in the imperfect (past) tense, to the past participle for the verb in question.

i.e. haber (conjugated, indicative mood, simple aspect, imperfect (past) tense) + Spanish verb (conjugated in the past participle).

This tense is often referred to as the past perfect [of the indicative mood].

Example set: ''el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: había hablado, habías hablado, había hablado. Plural: habíamos hablado, habíais hablado, habían hablado''. Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I had spoken, you had spoken, he/she/one/it had spoken. Plural: we had spoken, you had spoken, they had spoken.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: comer. Singular: había comido, habías comido, había comido. Plural: habíamos comido, habíais comido, habían comido''. Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I had eaten, you had eaten, he/she/one/it had eaten. Plural: we had eaten, you had eaten, they had eaten.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: había vivido, habías vivido, había vivido. Plural: habíamos vivido, habíais vivido, habían vivido''. Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I had lived, you had lived, he/she/one/it had lived. Plural: we had lived, you had lived, they had lived.

4.2.4 Future tense: nominal form, indicative mood, perfect tense style
To form the future tense in the perfect aspect of the indicative mood, combine the verb haber (to have), conjugated for the simple aspect of the indicative mood in the future tense, to the past participle for the verb in question.

i.e. haber (conjugated, indicative mood, simple aspect, future tense) + Spanish verb (conjugated for the past participle).

This tense is often referred to as the future perfect [of the indicative mood].

Example set: ''el infinitivo: hablar Singular: habré hablado, habrás hablado, habrá hablado. Plural: habremos hablado, habréis hablado, habrán hablado''. Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I will have spoken, you will have spoken, he/she/one/it will have spoken. Plural: we will have spoken, you will have spoken, they will have spoken.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: comer Singular: habré comido, habrás comido, habrá comido. Plural: habremos comido, habréis comido, habrán comido''. Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I will have eaten, you will have eaten, he/she/one/it will have eaten. Plural: we will have eaten, you will have eaten, they will have eaten.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: vivir Singular: habré vivido, habrás vivido, habrá vivido. Plural: habremos vivido, habréis vivido, habrán vivido''. Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I will have lived, you will have lived, he/she/one/it will have lived. Plural: we will have lived, you will have lived, they will have lived.

5.1 Simple tense style: nominal form, indicative conditional mood
Table: regular verb endings for the nominal form, indicative conditional mood, simple tense style.

Table: Example set for the nominal form, indicative conditional mood, simple tense style.

5.2 Perfect tense style: nominal form, indicative conditional mood
To form the conditional tense in the perfect aspect of the indicative mood, combine the verb haber (to have), conjugated for the simple aspect of the indicative mood in the conditional tense, to the past participle for the verb in question.

i.e. haber (conjugated, indicative mood, simple aspect, conditional tense) + Spanish verb (conjugated for the past participle).

This tense is often referred to as the conditional perfect [of the indicative mood].

Example set: ''el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: habría hablado, habrías hablado, habría hablado. Plural: habríamos hablado, habríais hablado, habrían hablado''. Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I would have spoken, you would have spoken, he/she/one/it would have spoken. Plural: we would have spoken, you would have spoken, they would have spoken.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: comer. Singular: habría comido, habrías comido, habría comido. Plural: habríamos comido, habríais comido, habrían comido''. Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I would have eaten, you would have eaten, he/she/one/it would have eaten. Plural: we would have eaten, you would have eaten, they would have eaten.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: habría vivido, habrías vivido, habría vivido. Plural: habríamos vivido, habríais vivido, habrían vivido''. Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I would have lived, you would have lived, he/she/one/it would have lived. Plural: we would have lived, you would have lived, they would have lived.

6.1.1 Present tense: continuous form, indicative mood, simple tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: estoy hablando, estás hablando, está hablando. Plural: estamos hablando, estáis hablando, están hablando'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I am speaking, you are speaking, he/she/one/it is speaking. Plural: we are speaking, you are speaking, they are speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: estoy comiendo, estás comiendo, está comiendo. Plural: estamos comiendo, estáis comiendo, están comiendo '' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I am eating, you are eating, he/she/one/it is eating. Plural: we are eating, you are eating, they are eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: estoy viviendo, estás viviendo, está viviendo. Plural: estamos viviendo, estáis viviendo, están viviendo '' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I am living, you are living, he/she/one/it is living. Plural: we are living, you are living, they are living.

6.1.2 Past tense, preterite variant: continuous form, indicative mood, simple tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: estuve hablando, estuviste hablando, estuvo hablando. Plural: estuvimos hablando, estuvisteis hablando, estuvieron hablando'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I was speaking, you were speaking, he/she/one/it was speaking. Plural: we were speaking, you were speaking, they were speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: estuve comiendo, estuviste comiendo, estuvo comiendo. Plural: estuvimos comiendo, estuvisteis comiendo, estuvieron comiendo'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I was eating, you were eating, he/she/one/it was eating. Plural: we were eating, you were eating, they were eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: estuve viviendo, estuviste viviendo, estuvo viviendo. Plural: estuvimos viviendo, estuvisteis viviendo, estuvieron viviendo'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I was living, you were living, he/she/one/it was living. Plural: we were living, you were living, they were living.

6.1.3 Past tense, imperfect variant: continuous form, indicative mood, simple tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: estaba hablando, estabas hablando, estaba hablando. Plural: estábamos hablando, estabais hablando, estaban hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I was speaking, you were speaking, he/she/one/it was speaking. Plural: we were speaking, you were speaking, they were speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: estaba comiendo, estabas comiendo, estaba comiendo. Plural: estábamos comiendo, estabais comiendo, estaban comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I was eating, you were eating, he/she/one/it was eating. Plural: we were eating, you were eating, they were eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: estaba viviendo, estabas viviendo, estaba viviendo. Plural: estábamos viviendo, estabais viviendo, estaban viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I was living, you were living, he/she/one/it was living. Plural: we were living, you were living, they were living.

6.1.4 Future tense: continuous form, indicative mood, simple tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: estaré hablando, estarás hablando, estará hablando. Plural: estaremos hablando, estaréis hablando, estarán hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I will be speaking, you will be speaking, he/she/one/it will be speaking. Plural: we will be speaking, you will be speaking, they will be speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: estaré comiendo, estarás comiendo, estará comiendo. Plural: estaremos comiendo, estaréis comiendo, estarán comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I will be eating, you will be eating, he/she/one/it will be eating. Plural: we will be eating, you will be eating, they will be eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: estaré viviendo, estarás viviendo, estará viviendo. Plural: estaremos viviendo, estaréis viviendo, estarán viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I will be living, you will be living, he/she/one/it will be living. Plural: we will be living, you will be living, they will be living.

6.2.1 Present tense: continuous form, indicative mood, perfect tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: he estado hablando, has estado hablando, ha estado hablando. Plural: hemos estado hablando, habéis estado hablando, han estado hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I have been speaking, you have been speaking, he/she/one/it has been speaking. Plural: we have been speaking, you have been speaking, they have been speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: he estado comiendo, has estado comiendo, ha estado comiendo. Plural: hemos estado comiendo, habéis estado comiendo, han estado comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I have been eating, you have been eating, he/she/one/it has been eating. Plural: we have been eating, you have been eating, they have been eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: he estado viviendo, has estado viviendo, ha estado viviendo. Plural: hemos estado viviendo, habéis estado viviendo, han estado viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I have been living, you have been living, he/she/one/it has been living. Plural: we have been living, you have been living, they have been living.

6.2.2 Past tense, preterite variant: continuous form, indicative mood, perfect tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: hube estado hablando, hubiste estado hablando, hubo estado hablando. Plural: hubimos estado hablando, hubisteis estado hablando, hubieron estado hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I had been speaking, you had been speaking, he/she/one/it had been speaking. Plural: we had been speaking, you had been speaking, they had been speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: hube estado comiendo, hubiste estado comiendo, hubo estado comiendo. Plural: hubimos estado comiendo, hubisteis estado comiendo, hubieron estado comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I had been eating, you had been eating, he/she/one/it had been eating. Plural: we had been eating, you had been eating, they had been eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: hube estado viviendo, hubiste estado viviendo, hubo estado viviendo. Plural: hubimos estado viviendo, hubisteis estado viviendo, hubieron estado viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I had been living, you had been living, he/she/one/it had been living. Plural: we had been living, you had been living, they had been living.

6.2.3 Past tense, imperfect variant: continuous form, indicative mood, perfect tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: había estado hablando, habías estado hablando, había estado hablando. Plural: habíamos estado hablando, habíais estado hablando, habían estado hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I had been speaking, you had been speaking, he/she/one/it had been speaking. Plural: we had been speaking, you had been speaking, they had been speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: había estado comiendo, habías estado comiendo, había estado comiendo. Plural: habíamos estado comiendo, habíais estado comiendo, habían estado comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I had been eating, you had been eating, he/she/one/it had been eating. Plural: we had been eating, you had been eating, they had been eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: había estado viviendo, habías estado viviendo, había estado viviendo. Plural: habíamos estado viviendo, habíais estado viviendo, habían estado viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I had been living, you had been living, he/she/one/it had been living. Plural: we had been living, you had been living, they had been living.

6.2.4 Future tense: continuous form, indicative mood, perfect tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: habré estado hablando, habrás estado hablando, habrá estado hablando. Plural: habremos estado hablando, habréis estado hablando, habrán estado hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I will have been speaking, you will have been speaking, he/she/one/it will have been speaking. Plural: we will have been speaking, you will have been speaking, they will have been speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: habré estado comiendo, habrás estado comiendo, habrá estado comiendo. Plural: habremos estado comiendo, habréis estado comiendo, habrán estado comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I will have been eating, you will have been eating, he/she/one/it will have been eating. Plural: we will have been eating, you will have been eating, they will have been eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: habré estado viviendo, habrás estado viviendo, habrá estado viviendo. Plural: habremos estado viviendo, habréis estado viviendo, habrán estado viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I will have been living, you will have been living, he/she/one/it will have been living. Plural: we will have been living, you will have been living, they will have been living.

7.1 Simple tense style: continuous form, indicative conditional mood
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: estaría hablando, estarías hablando, estaría hablando. Plural: estaríamos hablando, estaríais hablando, estarían hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I would be speaking, you would be speaking, he/she/one/it would be speaking. Plural: we would be speaking, you would be speaking, they would be speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: estaría comiendo, estarías comiendo, estaría comiendo. Plural: estaríamos comiendo, estaríais comiendo, estarían comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I would be eating, you would be eating, he/she/one/it would be eating. Plural: we would be eating, you would be eating, they would be eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: estaría viviendo, estarías viviendo, estaría viviendo. Plural: estaríamos viviendo, estaríais viviendo, estarían viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I would be living, you would be living, he/she/one/it would be living. Plural: we would be living, you would be living, they would be living.

7.2 Perfect tense style: continuous form, indicative conditional mood
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: habría estado hablando, habrías estado hablando, habría estado hablando. Plural: habríamos estado hablando, habríais estado hablando, habrían estado hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I would have been speaking, you would have been speaking, he/she/one/it would have been speaking. Plural: we would have been speaking, you would have been speaking, they would have been speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: habría estado comiendo, habrías estado comiendo, habría estado comiendo. Plural: habríamos estado comiendo, habríais estado comiendo, habrían estado comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I would have been eating, you would have been eating, he/she/one/it would have been eating. Plural: we would have been eating, you would have been eating, they would have been eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: habría estado viviendo, habrías estado viviendo, habría estado viviendo. Plural: habríamos estado viviendo, habríais estado viviendo, habrían estado viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I would have been living, you would have been living, he/she/one/it would have been living. Plural: we would have been living, you would have been living, they would have been living.

8. Nominal form of the subjunctive mood
Remember, the past tense, preterite variant and conditional mood do not exist in the subjunctive mood.

8.1.1 Present tense: nominal form, subjunctive mood, simple tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: hable, hables, hable. Plural: hablemos, habléis, hablen.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I speak, you speak, he/she/one/it speak. Plural: we speak, you speak, they speak.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: coma, comas, coma. Plural: comamos, comáis, coman.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I eat, you eat, he/she/one/it eat. Plural: we eat, you eat, they eat.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: viva, vivas, viva. Plural: vivamos, viváis, vivan.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I live, you live, he/she/one/it live. Plural: we live, you live, they live.

8.1.2 Past tense, imperfect variant: nominal form, subjunctive mood, simple tense style
In all imperfect subjunctive forms, the ra in the endings can be replaced with se. To demonstrate: The verb conjugation used in our example set for hablar could be: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: hablase, hablases, hablase. Plural: hablásemos, hablaseis, hablasen.''

Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: hablara, hablaras, hablara. Plural: habláramos, hablarais, hablaran.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I spoke, you spoke, he/she/one/it spoke. Plural: we spoke, you spoke, they spoke.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: comiera, comieras, comiera. Plural: comiéramos, comierais, comieran.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I ate, you ate, he/she/one/it ate. Plural: we ate, you ate, they ate.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: viviera, vivieras, viviera. Plural: viviéramos, vivierais, vivieran.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I lived, you lived, he/she/one/it lived. Plural: we lived, you lived, they lived.

8.1.3 Future tense: nominal form, subjunctive mood, simple tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: hablare, hablares, hablare. Plural: habláremos, hablareis, hablaren.'' Translation: the infinitive: to have. Singular: I will speak, you will speak, he/she/one/it will speak. Plural: we will speak, you will speak, they will speak.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: comiere, comieres, comiere. Plural: comiéremos, comiereis, comieren.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I will eat, you will eat, he/she/one/it will eat. Plural: we will eat, you will eat, they will eat.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: viviere, vivieres, viviere. Plural: viviéremos, viviereis, vivieren.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I will live, you will live, he/she/one/it will live. Plural: we will live, you will live, they will live.

8.2.1 Present tense: nominal form, subjunctive mood, perfect tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: haya hablado, hayas hablado, haya hablado. Plural: hayamos hablado, hayáis hablado, hayan hablado.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I have spoken, you have spoken, he/she/one/it have spoken. Plural: we have spoken, you have spoken, they have spoken.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: haya comido, hayas comido, haya comido. Plural: hayamos comido, hayáis comido, hayan comido.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I have eaten, you I have eaten, he/she/one/it I have eaten. Plural: we have eaten, you have eaten, they have eaten.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: haya vivido, hayas vivido, haya vivido. Plural: hayamos vivido, hayáis vivido, hayan vivido.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I have lived, you have lived, he/she/one/it have lived. Plural: we have lived, you have lived, they have lived.

8.2.2 Past tense, imperfect variant: nominal form, subjunctive mood, perfect tense style
In all imperfect subjunctive forms, the ra in the endings for the auxiliary verb, haber (to have) or estar (to be), can be replaced with se. To demonstrate: The auxiliary verb conjugation used in our example set is: '' el infinitivo: haber. Singular: hubiera, hubieras, hubiera. Plural: hubiéramos, hubierais, hubieran.'' The alternative use could be: '' el infinitivo: haber. Singular: hubiese, hubieses, hubiese. Plural: hubiésemos, hubieseis, hubiesen.''

Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: hubiera hablado, hubieras hablado, hubiera hablado. Plural: hubiéramos hablado, hubierais hablado, hubieran hablado.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I had spoken, you had spoken, he/she/one/it had spoken. Plural: we had spoken, you had spoken, they had spoken.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: hubiera comido, hubieras comido, hubiera comido. Plural: hubiéramos comido, hubierais comido, hubieran comido.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I had eaten, you I had eaten, he/she/one/it I had eaten. Plural: we had eaten, you had eaten, they had eaten.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: hubiera vivido, hubieras vivido, hubiera vivido. Plural: hubiéramos vivido, hubierais vivido, hubieran vivido.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I had lived, you had lived, he/she/one/it had lived. Plural: we had lived, you had lived, they had lived.

8.2.3 Future tense: nominal form, subjunctive mood, perfect tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: hubiere hablado, hubieres hablado, hubiere hablado. Plural: hubiéremos hablado, hubiereis hablado, hubieren hablado.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I will have spoken, you will have spoken, he/she/one/it will have spoken. Plural: we will have spoken, you will have spoken, they will have spoken.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: hubiere comido, hubieres comido, hubiere comido. Plural: hubiéremos comido, hubiereis comido, hubieren comido.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I will have eaten, you will have eaten, he/she/one/it will have eaten. Plural: we will have eaten, you will have eaten, they will have eaten.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: hubiere vivido, hubieres vivido, hubiere vivido. Plural: hubiéremos vivido, hubiereis vivido, hubieren vivido.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I will have lived, you will have lived, he/she/one/it will have lived. Plural: we will have lived, you will have lived, they will have lived.

9.1.1 Present tense: continuous form, subjunctive mood, simple tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: esté hablando, estés hablando, esté hablando. Plural: estemos hablando, estéis hablando, estén hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I be speaking, you be speaking, he/she/one/it be speaking. Plural: we be speaking, you be speaking, they be speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: esté comiendo, estés comiendo, esté comiendo. Plural: estemos comiendo, estéis comiendo, estén comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I be eating, you be eating, he/she/one/it be eating. Plural: we be eating, you be eating, they be eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: esté viviendo, estés viviendo, esté viviendo. Plural: estemos viviendo, estéis viviendo, estén viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I be living, you be living, he/she/one/it be living. Plural: we be living, you be living, they be living.

9.1.2 Past tense, imperfect variant:: continuous form, subjunctive mood, simple tense style
In all imperfect subjunctive forms, the ra in the endings for the auxiliary verb, haber (to have) or estar (to be), can be replaced with se. To demonstrate: The auxiliary verb conjugation used in our example set is: '' el infinitivo: estar. Singular: estuviera, estuvieras, estuviera. Plural: estuviéramos, estuvierais, estuvieran.'' The alternative use could be: '' el infinitivo: estar. Singular: estuviese, estuvieses, estuviese. Plural: estuviésemos, estuvieis, estuviesen.''

Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: estuviera hablando, estuvieras hablando, estuviera hablando. Plural: estuviéramos hablando, estuvierais hablando, estuvieran hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I were speaking, you were speaking, he/she/one/it were speaking. Plural: we were speaking, you were speaking, they were speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: estuviera comiendo, estuvieras comiendo, estuviera comiendo. Plural: estuviéramos comiendo, estuvierais comiendo, estuvieran comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I were eating, you I were eating, he/she/one/it I were eating. Plural: we were eating, you were eating, they were eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: estuviera viviendo, estuvieras viviendo, estuviera viviendo. Plural: estuviéramos viviendo, estuvierais viviendo, estuvieran viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I were living, you were living, he/she/one/it were living. Plural: we were living, you were living, they were living.

9.3.3. Future tense: continuous form, subjunctive mood, simple tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: estuviere hablando, estuvieres hablando, estuviere hablando. Plural: estuviéremos hablando, estuviereis hablando, estuvieren hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I will be speaking, you will be speaking, he/she/one/it will be speaking. Plural: we will be speaking, you will be speaking, they will be speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: estuviere comiendo, estuvieres comiendo, estuviere comiendo. Plural: estuviéremos comiendo, estuviereis comiendo, estuvieren comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I will be eating, you will be eating, he/she/one/it will be eating. Plural: we will be eating, you will be eating, they will be eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: estuviere viviendo, estuvieres viviendo, estuviere viviendo. Plural: estuviéremos viviendo, estuviereis viviendo, estuvieren viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I will be living, you will be living, he/she/one/it will be living. Plural: we will be living, you will be living, they will be living.

9.2.1 Present tense: continuous form, subjunctive mood, perfect tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: haya estado hablando, hayas estado hablando, haya estado hablando. Plural: hayamos estado hablando, hayáis estado hablando, hayan estado hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I have been speaking, you have been speaking, he/she/one/it have been speaking. Plural: we have been speaking, you have been speaking, they have been speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: haya estado comiendo, hayas estado comiendo, haya estado comiendo. Plural: hayamos estado comiendo, hayáis estado comiendo, hayan estado comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I have been eating, you have been eating, he/she/one/it have been eating. Plural: we have been eating, you have been eating, they have been eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: haya estado viviendo, hayas estado viviendo, haya estado viviendo. Plural: hayamos estado viviendo, hayáis estado viviendo, hayan estado viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I have been living, you have been living, he/she/one/it have been living. Plural: we have been living, you have been living, they have been living.

9.2.2 Past tense, imperfect variant: continuous form, subjunctive mood, perfect tense style
In all imperfect subjunctive forms, the ra in the endings for the auxiliary verb, haber (to have) or estar (to be), can be replaced with se. To demonstrate: The auxiliary verb conjugation used in our example set is: '' el infinitivo: haber. Singular: hubiera, hubieras, hubiera. Plural: hubiéramos, hubierais, hubieran.'' The alternative use could be: '' el infinitivo: haber. Singular: hubiese, hubieses, hubiese. Plural: hubiésemos, hubieis, hubiesen.''

Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: hubiera estado hablando, hubieras estado hablando, hubiera estado hablando. Plural: hubiéramos estado hablando, hubierais estado hablando, hubieran estado hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I had been speaking, you had been speaking, he/she/one/it had been speaking. Plural: we had been speaking, you had been speaking, they had been speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: hubiera estado comiendo, hubieras estado comiendo, hubiera estado comiendo. Plural: hubiéramos estado comiendo, hubierais estado comiendo, hubieran estado comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I had been eating, you had been eating, he/she/one/it had been eating. Plural: we had been eating, you had been eating, they had been eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: hubiera estado viviendo, hubieras estado viviendo, hubiera estado viviendo. Plural: hubiéramos estado viviendo, hubierais estado viviendo, hubieran estado viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I had been living, you had been living, he/she/one/it had been living. Plural: we had been living, you had been living, they had been living.

9.2.3 Future tense: continuous form, subjunctive mood, perfect tense style
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar. Singular: hubiere estado hablando, hubieres estado hablando, hubiere estado hablando. Plural: hubiéremos estado hablando, hubiereis estado hablando, hubieren estado hablando.'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: I will have been speaking, you will have been speaking, he/she/one/it will have been speaking. Plural: we will have been speaking, you will have been speaking, they will have been speaking.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: comer. Singular: hubiere estado comiendo, hubieres estado comiendo, hubiere estado comiendo. Plural: hubiéremos estado comiendo, hubiereis estado comiendo, hubieren estado comiendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: I will have been eating, you will have been eating, he/she/one/it will have been eating. Plural: we will have been eating, you will have been eating, they will have been eating.

Example set: '' el infinitivo: vivir. Singular: hubiere estado viviendo, hubieres estado viviendo, hubiere estado viviendo. Plural: hubiéremos estado viviendo, hubiereis estado viviendo, hubieren estado viviendo.'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: I will have been living, you will have been living, he/she/one/it will have been living. Plural: we will have been living, you will have been living, they will have been living.

10. Imperative mood
Remember, we cannot use the imperative for: 'I', 'he', 'she', 'it', 'one', or 'they'. But, the third person endings, singular and plural, are used by the formal second person form.

10.1 Affirmative commands
Example set: '' el infinitivo: hablar: Singular: habla, hable. Plural: hablemos, hablad, hablen. '' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: (concerning you [informal]) speak, (concerning you [formal]) speak. Plural: (concerning we) let's speak [let us speak], (concerning you [informal]) speak, (concerning you [formal]) speak.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: comer: Singular: come, coma. Plural: comamos, comed, coman''. Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: (concerning you [informal]) eat, (concerning you [formal]) eat. Plural: (concerning we) let's eat [let us eat], (concerning you [informal]) eat, (concerning you [formal]) eat.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: vivir: Singular: vive, viva. Plural: vivamos, vivid, vivan''. Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: (concerning you [informal]) live, (concerning you [formal]) live. Plural: (concerning we) let's live [let us live], (concerning you [informal]) live, (concerning you [formal]) live.

10.2 Negative commands
You add no to the conjugation for the subjunctive mood, simple aspect, present tense [also referred to as the present subjunctive].

Example set: ''el infinitivo: hablar: Singular: no hables, no hable. Plural: no hablemos, no habléis, no hablen'' Translation: the infinitive: to speak. Singular: (concerning you [informal]) do not speak, (concerning you [formal]) do not speak. Plural: (concerning we) let's not speak [let us not speak], (concerning you [informal]) do not speak, (concerning you [formal]) do not speak.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: comer: Singular: no comas, no coma. Plural: no comamos, no comáis, no coman'' Translation: the infinitive: to eat. Singular: (concerning you [informal]) do not eat, (concerning you [formal]) do not eat. Plural: (concerning we) let's not eat [let not us eat], (concerning you [informal]) do not eat, (concerning you [formal]) do not eat.

Example set: ''el infinitivo: vivir: Singular: no vivas, no viva. Plural: no vivamos, no viváis, no vivan'' Translation: the infinitive: to live. Singular: (concerning you [informal]) live, (concerning you [formal]) do not live. Plural: (concerning we) let's not live [let us not live], (concerning you [informal]) do not live, (concerning you [formal]) do not live.

11.1 Conjugations of ' haber ' (to have), an irregular verb used in the perfect tenses
Infinitive (' infinitivo '): ' haber ' (to have) Gerund (' gerundio '): ' habiendo ' (having) Participle (' participio '): ' habido ' (had)

Table: Conjugations of ' haber ' (to have) in nominal form, indicative mood, simple tense style:

Table: Conjugations of ' haber ' (to have) in nominal form, subjunctive mood, simple tense style:

[The future subjunctive is rarely used in modern Spanish, the present subjunctive is nearly always used where the future would have been used. It may occur in old documents, and it's included here for reference in those rare circumstances.]

11.2 Conjugations of ' estar ' (to be), an irregular verb used in the continuous forms
Ininitive (' infinitivo '): ' estar ' (to be) Gerund (' gerundio '): ' estando ' (being) Participle (' participio '): ' estado ' (been)

Table: Conjugations of ' estar ' (to be) in the nominal form, indicative mood, simple tense style:

Table: Conjugations of ' estar ' (to be) in the nominal form, subjunctive mood, simple tense style:

[The future subjunctive is rarely used in modern Spanish, the present subjunctive is nearly always used where the future would have been used. It may occur in old documents, and it's included here for reference in those rare circumstances.]

title: Spanish/Tenses


text:
Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Simple/Present

Some things to note: <!--  El Presente Simple
 * 1) All yo forms of regular verbs end in -o, all tú forms in -s, él forms in -a or -e, nosotros in -mos, vosotros in -is, and ellos in -n. As Spanish is a pro-drop language, you must get used to determining a verb's subject based on its ending.
 * 2) Notice the similarities between the -ER and -IR verbs. While not completely similar, they differ only in the nosotros and vosotros forms.

What is it?
As it is in English, the present tense indicates an action that is performed by a person regularly.

 * Yo duermo a las 8:00 todos los días.
 * I sleep at eight everyday.

How do we do it?
Actually, these sentences are made the same way as they're done in english. We need a subject-verb-complement construction (see the last example), the difficult part may happen when conjugating the verbs. While in English we commonly add an "-s" to verbs conjugated with "he,she,it" personal pronouns, in Spanish there is an specific conjugation for each. Let's check an example using the verb "cocinar" (to cook).

 * Yo cocino = I cook.
 * Tú cocinas = You cook. (singular-informal)
 * Vos cocinás = You cook. (singular-informal)
 * Usted cocina = You cook. (singular-formal)
 * Él cocina = He cooks.
 * Ella cocina = She cooks.
 * Nosotros cocinamos = We cook.
 * Vosotros cocináis = You cook. ''(plural-North of Spain)
 * Ustedes cocinan = You cook. (plural-LatAm)
 * Ellos cocinan = They cook. (masculine)
 * Ellas cocinan = They cook. (feminine)

So we can get a present tense sentence by adding a complement:

 * Ella cocina muy bien la pasta.
 * She cooks pasta very well.

It means that she may not be cooking pasta right now, but when she does, she's pretty good at it.

What about conjugations?
Perhaps you find them difficult to do, but there is an almost perfect rule to fight it. If you learn a verbs conjugation, its last syllables or letters in infinitive will allow you to compare it with other verbs and conjugate them the same way. Take the cocinar verb conjugation as an example and compare with other similar verbs:

NOTES: -->
 * Bold typeface marks the gramatical endings, indeed the letters in of these verbs belong to the root of the verb, and are marked only to help comparing the endings when you read them aloud.
 * "Él" (he) and "ella" (she) and "usted" (formal you, sometimes abreviated "Ud." or "Vd.") have always the same conjugation; "vos" is commonly used by many spanish-speakers (Argentina, Central America, West of Colombia), but "tú" is used by mexicans, coast people and islanders in every country; anyway, they mean the same: you (singular and informal). "Ustedes" (sometimes abreviated "Uds." or "Vds.") is mostly used by inland people and "vosotros" widely said in Spain and South America, but both mean the same: you (plural).


text:
Talk:Guide to Unix/Commands/Process Management

nohup ?
Will the nohup example work at all? Isn't nohup dependent upon being put in the background (commandline ends with &)? So the correct should be "nohup wget http://foo.org/foo_list.gz &"...


text:
Category:Smoked recipes

Recipes prepared by smoking.

title: Category:Smoked recipes


text:
User talk:212.248.236.247

-- Herby talk thyme 11:53, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.248.236.247


text: User talk:202.213.132.121

title: User talk:202.213.132.121


text:
Megauniversity/Sukhothan Thammathirat Open University (Thai)

Introduction
On 5 September 2008, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University (STOU) will have served the Thai people for 30 years as an institute of higher learning that employs open and distance education system. Since the university's founding, the global trend toward lifelong learning, which depends on the support of electronic media and modern telecommunications has been recognized. These developments have created great opportunities for STOU to transmit knowledge to the people. The university has therefore organized educational programs integrating a wide range of media, including printed media, radio and television programs, and electronic media with the aim of building the knowledge - based society in Thailand. STOU will dedicate itself to the aim of elevating Thailand into a knowledge-based society, utilizing the technology of the global era and serving the people under the slogan "Anytime, anywhere - everyone can learn with STOU."

Thailand's Country Profile

A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country that had never been taken over by a European power. In 1932, a bloodless revolution took place, which led the country to a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US ally following the conflict. Thailand is currently facing separatist violence in its southern ethnic Malay-Muslim provinces.

Geography and People
Tailandis located in South East Asia, surrounded by Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia and Burma. In the total area of 514,000 sq km, a total of 65,068,149 people are living there. Ethnically, people are divided into 3 groups: Thai(75%), Chinese(14%) and others(11%). Majority of the people are Buddhists while there are Muslim and Christian minorities. Life expectancy at birth is 72.55 years, which is higher than many other East Asian countries. However, 10% of the population is said to live under poverty line, meaning that the gap between the rich and the poor is quite big in Thailand. When it comes to the labor force, 49% of the people engage in agriculture, 14% engage in industry, and the remaining 37% engage in services.

Education
Education in Thailand is provided mainly by the government through the Thai Ministry of Education. Education is divided into two major levels with 6 years of elementary/primary school and 6 years of high/secondary school. After 2001, the Ministry changed the system of education, and it is now divided into four levels: the first three years in elementary school is the first level, the second level is the other half, the third level is the first three years in high school, and the last is the other half of high school. After each level, students are required to pass the NET (National Educational Test)to graduate.

Children are required only to attend six years of elementary school and at least the first three years of high school. However, lots of students in the major cities like to continue their education at university level. For admission to universities, high-school graduates are required to take 2 tests, one of which is O-NET (Ordinary National Educational Test) and the other of which is A-NET (Advanced National Educational Test). The results of these 2 tests as well as the GPA of 4th level of high school are used as criteria to determine admission to universities.

While education level in Thailand is quite high compared to the one in other South East Asian countries, Thailand has not achieved a 100% literacyrate. 7.4% of the total population is said to be illiterate today.

Education in Thailand

Communication
The quality of the telephone system in Thailand is high in general, but it is especially high in urban areas like Bangkok. The fixed telephone line system is provided by both a government-owned and commercial providers. Wireless service is also expanding rapidly and outpacing fixed lines.

Thailand also has 204 AM and 334 FM radio broadcast stations, and has 111 TV broadcast stations. The number of internet users is 8.466 million, which accounts for 13% of the total population.

CIA The World Factbook

Basic Information
Sukhothan Thammathirat Open University was established as a national university by Royal Charter in 1978. It was established for the purpose of providing people with educational opportunities at university level. It is often referred to as STOU, and is known as the first open university in South East Asia that uses a distance teaching/learning system.

Mission
The mission of the university is "to develop the quality of life of people, generally by increasing the level of knowledge of working people and expanding the educational opportunities for secondary-school graduates." In order to accomplish this mission, STOU employs a distance teaching/learning system that enables students to study on their own by using various media such as correspondence media, radio broadcasts, television, internet and so on.

Courses and Degree Programmes Offered at STOU
STOU not only offers students with degree programmes but also basic, secondary, vocational and continuing education. The following is the 4 basic programmes that STOU offers:

1. Certificate Programme

This is an one-year course. Upon completion of the course, students can acquire the certificate in English, Thai Studies, Information Work, General Education, Education, and Law and Property Law. There are also two-year certificate courses for Occupational Health and Safety, and Communication Arts.

2. Bachelor's Degree Programme

A bachelor's degree can be usually gained upon a completion of 4-year program. However, bachelor's degree program can be completed in 2-3 years if students already have a certificate, diploma or bachelor's degree in another discipline. The Bachelor's degree programs are offered in the field of Arts, Education, Business Administration, Public Administration, Laws, Public Health, Economics, Home Economics, Political Science, Agriculture, Communication Arts, Science, Technology, and Nursing Science.

3. Master's Degree Programme

Master's Degree Programs require a minimum of two-year's study. Applicants are required to hold a bachelor's degree in a relevant subjects or have a bachelor's degree in an unrelated subject and have relevant professional experience. The master's degree programs are offered in the field of Arts, Education, business Administration, Public Health, Home Economics, Economics, Agriculture, Political Science, and Communication Arts.

4. Continuing Education

University provides general public with opportunities to receive education in the form of continuing education. This takes three forms as the following:

• Dissemination of Knowledge and Information via the Mass Media • Training Programs • Certificate of Achievement Programs

Use of Media/Technologies
STOU has provided people in many different locations with opportunities to study on their own by employing a system of distance education. It means that instruction at STOU is given through the use of integrated media comprising of textbooks, workbooks, cassette, computer-assisted learning, and e-learning. Students use different kinds of media depending on the program they belong to.

Certificate and Bachelor's Program

Students study via various educational media:

1. Instructional media send through postal services, including textbooks, workbooks tapes and other media.

2. TV and Radio programs (designed specifically for STOU courses) and online media.

3. Tutorials held at study centers throughout the country

4. Additional independent study at STOU Corners in provincial public libraries

5. Laboratory activities, research and other activities for certain courses.

6. professional experience activities.

Master's Program

Students study via the following media:

1. Main media: Printed media (Study guide and 2-4 textbooks)

2. Supplementary media: audio-visual media (cassette/video tapes), electronic media and other additional printed media. 3. Interactive activities: enrichment seminar, intensive seminar, professional experience enrichment workshop.

4. Additional independent study ay STOU Regional Distance Education Centers throughout the country.

Student Enrollment
In the year 2004 academic year, a total of 61,883 new students were admitted to STOU. Among them, 54,845 students were admitted for Bachelor's degree programs while 6,123 were for certificate courses, 855 students were for Master's degree program, and 60 were for graduate diploma.

The total student enrollment in 2004 was 150,214. Just like a trend in the new students, majority of the people are pursuing Bachelor's degrees.

Government's Support
As a national university, STOU is supported by the government. About 20-30% of the overall annual revenue comes from the Government Budgets. In the 2005 fiscal year, the government yielded around 466.5 million bahts to the STOU, while the overall university revenue was 1775 million bahts.

Website for STOU

Impacts on the Society
STOU has brought a tremendous impact on society both at a regional/national and an international level. Its contribution to the expansion of educational opportunities and to the development of distance education was so great that in 1995, STOU was awarded the Award of Excellence by the International Council for Distance Education and the Commonwealth of Learning in the category of the Excellence of Distance Education Management. STOU was the only recipient of the award among institution from 79 countries that were nominated.

Here are some of the ways that STOU has impacted the local communities in Thailand:

Increased access to the education
○At STOU, there is a program called "Certificate of Achievement Program" In this program, members of the public are given an opportunity to choose out of 250 courses to study up to 3 courses. Students are given 4 months to study and prepare for the examinations, which are held at provincial study centers throughout the country. Upon successfully passing the exams, students are awarded a certificate of achievement. Furthermore, if students wish to enroll as regular students at STOU, credits earned can be transferred to the BA degree that they choose. This project has been carried out since 1981, and a total of 60725 students had completed the study under this program by 2005.

○STOU provides educational television and radio programs, produced in various formats such as dramas, discussions and interviews. Some programs are produced specifically for STOU students, while others are produced for the general public, covering topics as science and technology, environmental preservation, health care, ares and culture, law, music and current affairs.

○STOU has organized various religious and cultural activities for STOU students as well as for the general public, intending to preserve rich Thai culture and to strengthen the Thai identity among people.

Increased access to the training services
STOU offers training services to the general public through various programs that are of benefit to their work experience, and also arranges special training programs for outside agencies, according to their requirements. During July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2005, a total of 64 training programs were organized for the general public, with 2603 people receiving training while a total of 36 training programs were organized for outside agencies, with 1338 people receiving training.

Community empowerment

 * Conferences, seminars and academic discussions in various topics are organized by STOU for the purpose of strengthening the community and the society.

 * Library and information services are available at a central, regional and provincial level. These library bot only provides the general public the sources of information, but also the opportunities to meet other community members and discuss various issues in the community.

 * library at a central level -> 1 library
 * library at a regional level -> 10 regional distance education centers
 * library at a provincial level -> 75 STOU corners has been set up in provincial libraries in corporation with the Ministry of Education.


text: User talk:194.154.22.44

title: User talk:194.154.22.44


text:
User talk:Alien8dave

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- Herby talk thyme 14:48, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Dupe pages?
Hi - you appear to have created two pages that look the same - Spanish/Tenses & Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Simple/Present. Can you let us know which one should be deleted - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 14:50, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alien8dave


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Media in Video Games

Multimedia is not only prevalent in cinema, television and the internet. Video game developers and producers are introducing new ways for people to interact with their games and game consoles. In the early years of video games, the most interactivity involved hitting a button and the onscreen character would react to the button's command. Today, however, media conglomerations, primarily Sony and Microsoft, are attempting new ways to bridge video games and other forms of media.

Microsoft Xbox 360
Launched in the fourth quarter of 2005 around the world, the Xbox 360 is Microsoft's second foray into gaming hardware production. The console has expanded the internet media capabilities of Microsoft's original Xbox model.

Xbox Live

Launched in the summer of 2002 on the original Xbox, Xbox Live arguably set the standard for online console gaming. Players were able to create one profile for Xbox live. This profile, in turn, could interact with any Xbox Live equipped game.

Xbox Live Marketplace

In November 2005, Microsoft launched the Xbox Live Marketplace, an ancillary to their online gaming service. Through this, Xbox owners can download smaller arcade games, view previews of upcoming games and download demos for games still in development. Perhaps the most significant service provided in the Xbox Live Marketplace, however, is the Video Store, allowing gamers with an Xbox 360 to download movies and television shows directly to their computer. Though Microsoft is not the first company to offer downloadable content for television, they have arguably been the most successful and appear to be in a prime position to establish market domination. By bundling video downloads with games, it appears Microsoft is trying to create one central home theater peripheral by using games as the bridge. Microsoft's two biggest competitors in the gaming market, Nintendo and Sony, have both offered their own online services. Sony's, the PlayStation Network, currently offers many of the same online functions as the Xbox, while the Nintendo is currently limited to gaming information. The 2008 Consumer Electronics Show has released new features from Sony that will be a new point of interactivity for gamers.

Xbox & Windows Media Center

Xbox is breaking the mold by becoming the first game console to allow you to connect your pc to your gaming system. Using the Windows Media Center Extender technology built into your Xbox 360, you can connect it to your PC through your home network and enjoy all of the digital entertainment stored on your PC on the big screen from the comfort of your couch. You can easily play you’re your favorite music, view photos as a slide show, watch DVDs, download movies, and even watch and record TV shows. Xbox transforms your TV room into a digital media room all with the touch a remote.

Playstation 3

The PlayStation 3 is Sony's fourth home market console.

Sony's Home

Still in prototype form, Home is a giant, free, massively multiplayer online community similar to the PC game Second Life. Offered as a free application exclusive to the PlayStation 3, Home allows users to create an online avatar and roam around a virtual world created by Sony. These worlds can include your PS3 and other PS3's. You can create your own home with furniture, rooms and electronics. You can also visit your friend's homes inside their PS3. It appears Home also features an online mall features shops like JCPenney, GameStop, and American Eagle. This software is expected to be released sometime in 2008.

Folding @ Home

A neat and "educational" free software program for the PS3 is folding @ home. What this little bit of code does is simulate proteins folding. In a nutshell, folding is when a protein atom changes its form. Evolution is another way of describing the process. The software was created for the Stanford Institute to help study folding. They are taking the data from the PS3 owners and attempting to find cures for many diseases. A disease is formed when a protein folds incorrectly and they hope to simulate correct and incorrect folding to find out how diseases are formed and can be cured. This software is also offered free to PC users. However the PS3 can run the software approximately 20-30 times faster than a PC of the same era.

Playstation Portable

The Sony PSP or PlayStation Portable was the only major handheld competition to the Nintendo DS system. The PSP boasts graphics slightly stronger than the PlayStation 2 home video game console. But the game play and graphics are not the focus of this article. The thing I want to address is the VOiP and output to televisions from the PSP. First of all, Sony and Skype set an agreement to work together to create a VOiP network for PSP and PC users. VOiP or Voice Over Internet Protocol allows Skype users to take advantage of a free software program that allows PC to PC calls. With the new PSP, VOiP PSP users can make calls from PSP to PSP or PSP to PC for free. The software is free and only requires a firmware update from Sony. The only thing people have to purchase is a headset, but this is subject to change. Sony might charge a small fee for the Skype software to download into the PSP, but so far, this is still speculative. As of January 2008, the Skype firmware should be released for free. To use the Skype program on your computer go to Skype.com and sign up for their services.

The second part of this article is the new ability for PSP slim owners to output UMD movies onto a television. The new PSP slim allows users to take their games, music and movies and play them on their personal TV at home. You have to purchase some component cables for around $20, depending on the location, but now people can play their games and movies, even on the road, on a full size TV. This is a nice function if you forget your DVD player or are in a hotel with nothing better to watch.

One of the newest games for the PSP takes cell-shaded art and music and melts them together to create Patapon. This game is a very basic game. You are in charge of a small tribe of funny looking people who have been oppressed by big bad guys and you are there to help them defeat their enemies. Where the meat of this game lies is within the gameplay. You pound out beats on the square, circle, triangle and X button to create a beat that the soldiers will respond to. Based on what beats you let out depends on their attacks and movement. This game doesn't require quick shooting and reloading skills. It just takes a good sense of rhythm and beats per measure, In a sense it is teaching non-musical people how to play a drum beat. It can be an underlying way of teaching people more about the science of music through games.

Nintendo DS

The Nintendo DS was a hand-held console on the market featuring local wi-fi multiplayer and online gameplay. The Nintendo company has their own version of Xbox live called NFC. The NFC of Nintendo Wi-fi Connection is a free online video game community through Nintendo. The players have to use friend codes that are linked with either your Nintendo DS or Nintendo Wii. The games on the current market require players to have friend codes in order to communicate over headsets. All the online games allow online gameplay, but communication is limited only to friends. Future games will allow players to talk to complete strangers during an online match. The Nintendo Wii has no availability for players to talk to each other currently.

Random Nintendo DS Facts

1. The Nintendo President Satoru Iwata thought it a smart move to launch the DS system in the US a week before it was launched in Japan.

2. The primary cost of the system was relatively cheap considering the technology built in.

Nintendo Wii
The Nintendo Wii has taken interactivity to a whole new level. Games for the Wii have stopped focusing on button mashing and forces players to be active. Games using swords, fists and weapons can be activated by waving the WiiMote. The WiiMote and Nunchuk have motion sensors inside the controller and can sense even the slightest change in balance of the controller. A new game coming out in 2008 called Wii Fit uses a "Balance Board" for the game. Players must use the board for Yoga positions, balance positions, dance steps and many other features. Wii Fit also uses the WiiMote and has the player jog in place to simulate a race. The length of the race can range from feet to miles, but the approximate calories lost and similar stats are taken throughout the game.

Another feature the Wii has is the ability to send and receive emails to and from the Wii console. People, not necessarily just gamers, can send a full email to a Wii console as long as the Wii is connected to the internet, and sending emails from the Wii is also possible. This is not a new feature for a mobile game console, but the Wii is the first to do it effectively and smoothly. One other small feature is that when Wii-mail is sent there is a very specific identifier on the email.

Random Wii Facts

1. The Wii calendar shows dates from the year 2000 to the year 2035.

2. The Wii photo channel supports JPGs up to 8192×8192

3. The effect of direct sunlight and different light sources can make the WiiMote operation less responsive.

4. Classic Nintendo controllers can be used on SOME virtual console games.