text:
User talk:Mad dr~enwikibooks

Hi, I just now saw your request for adminship for the hebrew wikibooks. I'll move your request to Requests for permissions, where such actions are normally handled. The stewards there will probibly require that you establishe a request for adminship at the hevrew wikibooks, where the rest of the community can voice their support. Gentgeen 08:44, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mad dr. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mad dr~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:23, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Mad dr~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook talk:Ethics

"The golden rule applies to cooking: Cook for others the way you'd like others to cook for you."

I used to work in a restaurant with a chef who was a scar-faced, chip-toothed ex-soldier from Marseilles. He cooked the most amazing food for the staff out of whatever needed using up. His take on this was that you should always cook food "with love, as if you were cooking for your mother".

- "Rum & Rophy" - I'm not sure exactly what this is about, but if it's what I think, the phrase an "ethical grey area" is a fairly major understatement here. Redlentil 15:03, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

- Rophy

n : street name for Flunitrazepam [syn: R-2, Mexican valium, rope, roofy, roach, forget me drug, circle].

It is a date rape drug, part of the same "ethical grey area" as adding arsenic, strychnine, razor blades or shards of glass to a guest's meal.

I think it's hard to be "combative" when talking about date rape drugs. It's like saying the holocaust was a sickening spectacle that only morally depraved people would take pleasure in is too "combative." Sometimes hard and fast moral lines need to be drawn, and that's what is being done here.
 * Now, I know we aren't wikipedia, but let me cite part of their NPOV article "Let the facts speak for themselves". "Remember that readers will probably not take kindly to moralising. If you do not allow the facts to speak for themselves you may alienate readers and turn them against your position." Of Saddam Hussein "You won't even need to say he was evil. That is why the article on Hitler does not start with "Hitler was a bad man"" 24.205.34.217 16:45, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

cerebrum
User:Fasten, while I agree with you re: not using sentient beings in cooking, I don't think your phrasing is all that useful; it's combative for no reason. The rest of this page needs work too, though. Kellen 02:41, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Indeed - all mammals have a cerebrum. I'm removing the reference, as it implies anything other than vegetarianism is wrong...

Indeed - all mammals have a cerebrum. I'm removing the reference, as it implies anything other than vegetarianism is wrong... --82.44.102.209 09:48, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

For your consideration
Just wondering if the name of this entry is perhaps a bit too broad. Perhaps a slightly more specific title, such as "Ethical Considerations"? MatthewMiddleton 17:52, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

- I think the section on not adding things like alcohol to the cooking "without consent" needs tempering with a little common sense. First of all, most alcohol in dishes evaporates by the time it's served. Secondly, if you're serving the meal with open house on the wine cellar (as I usually do!), it seems a bit pointless. There's a world of difference between a tot of sherry in a trifle and pot in the brownies - and if you object to alcohol on religious grounds, you're unlikely to get a dinner invitation from me! 10:29, 19 August 2007 (UTC) -
 * Alcohol does NOT evaporate as quickly or completely as many people cavalierly presume. Not even close:

http://whatscookingamerica.net/Q-A/AlcoholCooking.htm And frankly, if your bigotry is so strong you would not invite over to dinner someone because heavens forfend, you might have to make a dish with alcohol in it, the guest is better off not being part of your circle of friends to begin with. You are in essence acting the same as if you said you wouldn't have an observant Jew over because you'd have to avoid serving a salad with bacon mixed in.

NPOV issue
I hope that I have succeeded in making this less POV, by describing what concerns guilty rich Westerners might have in neutral, descriptive way. I may however have gone to the other extreme. I tried hard to be fair, but I'm quite cynical about many, if not most of these, coming from a place with many self-righteous hipster and yuppies. Rather than adding disclaimers to each, I have attempted to echo the warning about doing your research in the lede. --Quintucket (discuss • contribs) 20:46, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook talk:Ethics


text:
GENtle

GENtle is an open source software for molecular biology. It is available here.

 * /About/
 * /FAQ/
 * /Setup/
 * /DNA/
 * /DNA map/
 * /Sequence map/
 * /Protein/
 * /PCR and Primer Design/
 * /Sequencing/
 * /Alignments/
 * /Calculators/
 * /Virtual Gel/
 * /Image Viewer/
 * /Web interface/
 * Graphs and plots
 * /Dot plot/
 * /Restriction Identifier/
 * /Tools and Dialogs/
 * /Ligation/
 * /Options/
 * /Databases/ (Open/save/manage)
 * /Import/
 * /Enter sequence/
 * Find dialog
 * /Sequence editor/
 * /Restriction Assistant/
 * /PCR troubleshoot dialog/
 * /Proteolysis assistant/
 * /Projects/
 * /Edit primer dialog/
 * /Printing/
 * /Enzyme management/
 * /Sequencing Primers/
 * /Silent Mutagenesis/
 * /Automatic annotation/
 * /Sequencing Assistant Dialog/

 * /Release notes/
 * /Bug reports/
 * /Feature requests/
 * /DNA markers/ (add your own!)
 * /Command line options/

 * Internal stuff
 * Main bar
 * Tools and Dialogs bar

title: GENtle


text:
GENtle/FAQ

FAQ - frequently asked questions.

 * Q: This manual sucks! And I want one in my language! What can I do?
 * A: It's a wiki! You can edit any page and improve the manual yourself. You can even start and maintain a new translation (contact the programmer through this page).

 * Q: Why does GENtle try to connect to the internet all the time?
 * A: An internet connection is mandatory for BLAST- and ReBase-searches, as well as for the online tools.
 * A: At the beginning of each GENtle session, a check for possible updates takes place, which also requires an internet connection. This can be turned off in the Tools/Options menu.

 * Q: Why can't I perform a BLAST search for the amino acids coded by the selected DNA sequence?
 * Q: Why can't I extract amino acids from the selected DNA sequence?
 * A: A reading frame must be selected.

 * Q: There's a problem with multiple users using GENtle on my Windows machine.
 * A: You might have to allow write access to "local.db" in the GENtle directory for all users involved.
 * A: You can turn off the "registry settings bug" via Tools/Options/Register protocols and extensions on startup

 * Q: New updates download, but don't install.
 * A: You need write access to the GENtle program directory. Alternatively, ask your friendly administrator to download the latest version of GENtle here and install it for you. Remind him that he'll have to do this every few weeks, which might convince him to give you write access...

 * Q: I found a bug! And I want new functions as well! Can my favourite protease/marker/restriction enzyme be in the default installation? Where can I donate huge amounts of money for a poor programmer?
 * A: Add a bug report or a feature request right here in the wiki, or contact the author of GENtle through the GENtle site.

New proteases to add!

How? See here for a more detailed description.
 * 1) Open any DNA or amino acid sequence
 * 2) Double-click the sequence
 * 3) Go to "Proteases"
 * 4) Click on "New protease"
 * 5) Enter name and sequence (one of the following)
 * PreScission:L,E,V,L,F,Q|G,P

title: GENtle/FAQ


text:
GENtle/Virtual Gel

A virtual agarose (DNA) gel can be generated or expanded via the Restriction Assistant. A new virtual gel will be created if none exists; otherwise, the existing one will be expanded.

Within the gel viewer, gel concentration can be varied. Also, labeling can be turned on/off. Gels can be printed, or saved/copied as an image.

The name of a lane can be changed by double-clicking on the lane.

You can chose one of several DNA markers. If your favorite marker is not there, you can file a feature request or add your own directly.

title: GENtle/Virtual Gel


text:
GENtle/About

Rules

 * Keys are marked like this
 * Menus, Buttons etc. are marked like this
 * "Double click" always refers to the left mouse button
 * "Context menu" always refers to the popup menu that appears on clicking with the right mouse button

Copyright

 * GENtle is © 2004-2008 by Magnus Manske, licensed under GPL
 * This manual is © 2004-2008 by its authors, licensed under GFDL

title: GENtle/About


text:
GENtle/Restriction Assistant

The Restriction Assistant can be invoked via menu Tools/Enzyme Assistant, or through a click with the middle mouse button on a restriction site in the ../DNA map/. For the latter, the selected enzyme is automatically selected in the list of "Available enzymes" (left). This list depends on the selections "Group" and "Subselection". It can be sorted by enzyme name or number of cuts by clicking on the respective column title. For a selected enzyme, the resulting fragments are shown in the lower left list.

The list on the right shows the contents of the "restriction cocktail", the enzymes already selected for cutting. The resulting fragments for these enzymes together are shown in the lower right list. The enzyme selected in the left list can be put in the cocktail via Add to cocktail; all enzymes from the left list can be added at once via Add all. An enzyme can be removed from the cocktail by selecting it in the right list, then via Remove enzyme.

Do not create fragments below ___ base pairs, when selected, limits the fragments generated to a minimum size. Done exits the restriction assistant while preserving the changes mage to the cocktail, whereas Cancel will void all changes made.

Start restriction (the scissors symbol) will initiate the simulated restriction. The result of this can be influenced by several further settings:
 * Create fragments will generate the actual DNA sequences with their blunt/sticky ends that will result from a digestion with the cocktail. This option is pre-selected.
 * Add to gel will add the fragments to a virtual gel, together in one lane.
 * One lane each will alter the above so that each enzyme gets its own lane.
 * Partial restriction will add all possible fragments to a virtual gel lane, simulating a partial (incomplete) restriction. The option One lane each is not available when Partial restriction is checked.

The restriction cocktail will be preserved so you can cut another DNA with that very enzyme combination, which is useful for an upcoming ../Ligation/.

title: GENtle/Restriction Assistant


text:
File:Sn1mechanism.gif

The sn1 mechanism in organic chemistry Sn1mechanism

title: File:Sn1mechanism.gif


text:
The Wealthy Barber

Study guide to the book about personal financial planning.

Chapters

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) The Financial Illiterate
 * 3) A Surprising Referral
 * 4) The Wealthy Barber
 * 5) The Ten-Percent Solution
 * 6) Wills, Life Insurance, and Responsibility
 * 7) Our RSP
 * 8) Home, Sweet Home
 * 9) Saving Savvy
 * 10) Insights into Investment and Income Tax
 * 11) Graduation

The Wealthy Barber is copyright 1989 by David Barr Chilton and was published in the same year by Stoddart Publishing Co. Limited, Toronto, Canada. This is a study guide and shares the main points of the book. To gain the full value of the book, buy it or borrow it from your local library.

title: The Wealthy Barber


title: File:Haloalkanemechanismsproblem1.gif


title: File:Haloalkanemechanismsproblem2.gif


title: File:Haloalkanemechanismsproblem3.gif


text:
Template:The Wealthy Barber/TOC

Introduction | The Financial Illiterate | A Surprising Referral | The Wealthy Barber | The Ten-Percent Solution | Wills, Life Insurance, and Responsibility | Our RSP | Home, Sweet Home | Saving Savvy | Insights into Investment and Income Tax | Graduation

title: Template:The Wealthy Barber/TOC


text:
The Wealthy Barber/Introduction

This book was written specifically for Canadians and while it contains many truths that are universal to many cultures and legal situations, it also contains some basic legal strategies specific to Canada.

The book is written as a novel where the narrator meets a wealthy barber who shares with him and his friends the secrets to his success, which lie in careful financial planning.

title: The Wealthy Barber/Introduction


text:
Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries/The Gospel of John

The Gospel of John: A Commentary
This is a chapter-by-chapter study guide to the biblical Gospel of John. Several texts can be found on Wikisource including the King James Version and | This modernized version

 * /Introduction/
 * /The Apostle John/
 * /Chapter 1/
 * /Chapter 2/
 * /Chapter 3/
 * /Chapter 4/
 * /Chapter 5/
 * /Chapter 6/
 * /Chapter 7/
 * /Chapter 8/
 * /Chapter 9/
 * /Chapter 10/
 * /Chapter 11/
 * /Chapter 12/
 * /Chapter 13/
 * /Chapter 14/
 * /Chapter 15/
 * /Chapter 16/
 * /Chapter 17/
 * /Chapter 18/
 * /Chapter 19/
 * /Chapter 20/
 * /Chapter 21/

Gospel of John on Wikipedia


text:
The Wealthy Barber/The Financial Illiterate

This chapter introduces the narrator, a teacher with no financial planning background. As a college grad, he is surprised when he fails a basic financial planning quiz in the newspaper.

The narrator's sister, Cathy, is also mentioned, a small business owner who makes a lot of money but who also spends a lot of money on a high standard of living.


text:
The Wealthy Barber/A Surprising Referral

In this chapter, the narrator, David, talks to his dad about financial planning. His dad mentions how his barber helped him start planning his finances five years prior, and suggests that David go to talk to him about it.

David's dad had worked very hard his whole life, been frugal and done everything he knew how to do. However, without a well-formulated plan, he had little to show for it. Then, after talking with his barber, he was able to start setting himself up for a comfortable retirement.


text:
Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries/The Gospel of John/The Apostle John

The apostle John, brother of James and son of Zebedee, one of Jesus' original twelve disciples/apostles, is traditionally viewed as the author of the Gospel of John. According to church tradition he was the only one of the Twelve to live to an old age and die a natural death. This would mean either that he refers to himself in the Gospel, or that the final author/editor/compiler refers to him, as the "disciple whom Jesus loved". This disciple is described as being present at Jesus' crucifixion, however, which is difficult to fit together with the information from the Synoptic Gospels, which suggest that all of the Twelve fled when Jesus was arrested, and only Peter is said to have followed at some distance (see further Mark 14:50, 54, 66-72). However, it is clear from John's Gospel, that John himself was meticulous in his description of the events surrounding the Crucifixion, including Jesus placing his mother Mary in the care of John.

There is at any rate significant debate about whether the Gospel of John was actually written by John the apostle. From internal evidence, one might conclude that Lazarus was the author, since he is the only named individual specifically referred to as the one whom Jesus loves (John 11:3). However, this reference to Lazarus is only a secondary reference to one of many people who Jesus loved and cannot easily support authorship of a Gospel.

Although authorship is still debated, historical testimonies strongly support John, the son of Zebedee, as the author of this Gospel as well as the other Johannine works (Epistles of John, Revelation). External evidence is found in the writings of the church fathers -- Ignatius, Polycarp, Tatian, Theophilus -- who testify that John wrote these works. Eusebius also testifies to the fact that John wrote his Gospel last of all, between 80 - 95 AD. This is further substantiated by Irenaeus who wrote that John eventually moved to Ephesus and lived to be an old man, living during the reign of Trajan (98 - 117 AD).


text:
Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries/The Gospel of John/Chapter 1

Prologue, John 1:1-18

Verses 1-18 are a prologue to the book of John. It is sometimes suggested that this section, with the exception of verses 6-8 and 15, which talk about John the Baptist, may have existed prior to its appearance in the Gospel as a hymn used in the early church. These verses serve as an introduction to the author's understanding of Jesus, and parallel the creation account of Genesis at several key points. John never says that Jesus is the Word of God "become flesh", but he says the Word was in the beginning. So we must determine who is the Word. The Jewish Encyclopedia says the Word, logos (Memra) is an angel, an elohim, the Word that was present and active in every aspect of the Creation since the beginning of the world.

This introduction also, aside from paralleling the creation account in Genesis, is divided into three parts. They include the role that the Word played in creation (the angel architect), and how it appeared throughout history as "the angel of the Lord", and as a third part, the role the angel played by indwelling Jesus and its benefits. Out of all three parts, the third is the most different, most separated by authorship and the way the account is given. It seems to be of a more personal nature than the rest.

This passage is often one that is confusing for those who are reading the Bible for the first time. The language is different than the language most people use in daily conversation. Therefore, this passage requires the reader to really work to understand the message. The complexities of the passage definitely make the passage one that you cannot just gloss over. Therefore, it not wise to build too much theology on this obscure opening.

It is important to note, however, that the translation of "logos" to "word" in the first several verses is only one of several possibilities as to the contextual meaning of the word and is still a point of discussion among scholars. Other translations include reason and wisdom, plan, message, and even Torah. However, if any of the equally good words are used in place of the current translation, the introduction takes on a different connotation. If one believes that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are one in the same but in different states, (much like water)it seems superfluous to say that the "word," meaning Jesus, was with God in the beginning. So we can see that John is not trying to establish a doctrine of the Trinity. The text makes no allusion to a trinity, and it definitely does not say Jesus was with God. It says the word (Memara/angel) was with God, -the angel of Wisdom.

Throughout the Gospel, John uses symbols and metaphors to represent Jesus in an abstract and somewhat mysterious way. He says the Memra/angel was in the beginning, but he does not say Jesus was. Nor does he say the word was made flesh. The Greek clearly says the logos made all thing. The logos made flesh and then tented among us in the body/temple of Jesus. Jesus is never called "God the son" but beginning in verse 14, from which point on the language of "Son of God" is used.  The Word  The Word was with Eloah and was an elohim " a God" in the beginning. All angels are elohim. Some humans are also called elohim. Jesus reminded the Jews that they had been called to be the Father's elohim to the nations. "Ye are Gods all of you and sons of the most high". God worked through his elohim/angel of Wisdom/Word in the Creation of the world. This Word was a conduit of life and the light of humanity. This light shines in the darkness, which represents a world which does not recognize God. The attributes of the Word in this passage parallel not only the way Jewish authors such as Philo of Alexandria wrote about the Word he called it the "archangel", but also the Jewish tradition regarding Wisdom's role in creation and in other aspects of God's interaction with the world.

 Light  John uses light and darkness as symbols of good versus evil. The light of God fights against the darkness of sin. Jesus is the conduit of the angel who is a coduit of the light. It is called "the angel of God's presence. It is not God, but God only deals with humans through mediators. No one has ever seen God nor heard his voice.

The entire world was caped in darkness, and the Father sent his angel/elohim/logos/memra into this world to bring true light (verse 9).

What has come into being in him was life and the life was the light of all people. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not overcome it. (Versus 4-5). The author is relating the beginning of life to a life that cannot be stifled by darkness or death.

John the Baptist appears briefly as a messenger who gave testimony to the light, sent by God to prepare the way for Jesus (verses 6-8). John the Baptist was not to be confused with the light itself, rather as one sent to help others believe in the light that was the Word. It was always made especially clear that he was the prophet who's "sole mission is to bear witness or testimony to the Father who sends the light to indwell Jesus. That was the reason he was born here on earth, to bear witness to the Light giver.

In verses 10-11 John writes that although (the Word) came into a world made through him, his own people did not recognize or receive him. In contrast, John assures that the people who do receive and believe will become sons of God. "his own people" refers to Jews in as they were, at that time, God's chosen people.

The one who is the Word (the Angel of Wisdom) tented in the tent (body) of Jesus and lived among us. The prologue does not teach the incarnation when properly translated "sarx egeneto" Flesh it made, not "it was made flesh".

John and his companions saw Jesus' glory the indwelling angel of God's presence -the shokeyn (mistranslated as shekinah) (verse 14). In the same verse John affirms that Jesus was God's one and only uniquely birthed human son (God is the father of myriads of spirits who are his elohim sons and daughters), and describes him as full of love and truth (the completed Torah). In different passages of the book, these two characteristics are emphasized. This is also the first time in the prologue that Jesus is referred to as God's son. At this point, John begins to use language that reflects the true human relationship: Father-Son. John the Baptist is mentioned a second time affirming Jesus' importance, and saying that Jesus was before him in rank although he was born after him.

The Word/angel tabernacled in Jesus for a reason (so that we could become children of God) and He made his dwelling with us. The consequence for us is that we have the fullness of grace and He has given us the grace of the New completed Torah to replace the grace of the old Torah. In verses 16-18 the author states that a greater gift came through Jesus than through Moses, as Moses gave the law (defective Torah) but Jesus brought love and truth (the completed and perfect Torah). Although no one has seen God (so that eliminates Jesus as being God), Jesus (the uniquely birthed human Son), who has intimate communion with God, has brought John, and the Christians in his audience, to know God. In John 17:20 John says he wrote his Gospel so that people could know the father, the only true God, and his messiah, Jesus.

The Prologue although wrapped in ancient poetry and often sounding like a riddle, does exactly that. It shows us God the Father sending his angel of wisdom to dwell in the body of Jesus his uniquely begotten and birthed human son: the first man to experience the spirit birth so that the complete Wisdom (torah) of God could be made available to humans and many could become his beloved children.

Verses 19-34, John the Baptist gives testimony about Jesus
In this section, John the Baptist is confronted "priests and Levites" sent by the Jews of Jerusalem concerning his identity. The Levites and priests were greedy men who made a lucrative business in the maintenance and function of the Jewish temple. Though the story concerns many Jews (John the Baptist and Jesus were both Jewish) John's reference to the "Jews of Jerusalem" is done deliberately. The author uses the word Ioudaioi, meaning Judeans as a literary device to describe the heads of Jewish institutions that opposed Jesus and his teachings. The priests and Levites ask if John the Baptist is the Messiah that was expected to come. They also inquire if he is Elijah or The Prophet. The question of John being the Prophet refers back to Deuteronomy 18:15, where Moses describes how God will provide another prophet, like Moses, who is a part of their people. John the Baptist answers that he is one sent "as a voice that shouts in the desert: Make wide the path for the Lord," quoting Isaiah 40:3. In denying the title of Messiah, Prophet, or Elijah, John the Baptist is honoring the Lord. The titles of Messiah and Prophet are obviously reserved for Jesus. John the Baptist does not claim to be Elijah because he is not a reincarnation of Elijah, but the same spirit that rested on Elijah is in John. John only claims to be a prophetic voice that bears witness to the coming of the Lord. He goes on to explain that although he baptizes with water, he as a person is nothing compared to Jesus. (There is no record in scripture that Baptism was used by the Jews as a traditional cleansing rite although it was used by other marginal Jewish sects such as the Essenes)

John's answers to the religious leaders' questions proved to be difficult for them to use effectively. The leaders appear to be trying to trick John into saying he is the Messiah or one of the major prophets from the Old Testament so that they can refute what John is saying and ruin his credibility. John's answers to their questions, however, make it impossible for them to trap him in a statement that would discredit his message with the people.

When John the Baptist sees Jesus, he declares "Look, this is the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world!"and explains that Jesus is the one that he has been preaching about. John saw Jesus as the one who would make the true atonement for sin. The only problem is that in the atonement ritual it was a goat. Jesus was anti goats. He compared those going into the fire of hell to goats. He also taught that God did not want sacrifices. So John got it wrong. As we'll see John got other things wrong.

At the river the next day, John the Baptist explains how he saw the Holy Spirit descend on Jesus like a dove, and the God had told him that Jesus would baptize with that same Holy Spirit. So the water baptism of John would cease and be replaced by the Spirit Baptism.

John the Baptist also claims to be a witness to the fact that Jesus was the Son of God. John the Baptist is very clear about who Jesus is: although he describes Jesus as a man who comes after him, which is usually a sign of discipleship, the Baptist mentions that Jesus ranks ahead of him.

It is important to note that John the Baptist does not actually baptize Jesus in John's Gospel; yet he gives an account of seeing "the Spirit come down from heaven as a dove and remain on him" (John 1:32). This was the born again being baptized by the spirit moment for Jesus. He was the first man to be spirit-born.

This was when the Elohim/angel of wisdom indwelled the temple/body of Jesus. Now he could truly say as he did "The Father is in me."

Now since God only interacts with people through a mediator, how could the father be in him? He was in him via "the angel of his presence." The angel of wisdom was the conduit through which God dealt with Jesus and Jesus was the human conduit to humans -the chosen vessel -the messiah.

It is also important to note that although John is quoted in ways that suggests his belief that Jesus is the Jewish Messiah and his devotion to him, he appears to have not become a disciple of Jesus, but rather continued his own independent ministry. In Matthew and Luke, John is even reported to have sent his own disciples to Jesus to confirm or deny his messianic ambitions (Matt 11:4, Luke 7:22). That's why the least member of the Kingdom is greater than John.

Verse 32, "Then John gave his testimony: 'I saw the Spirit come down from heaven as a dove and remain on him'" has three interpretations, one of which was eventually rejected from Orthodox Christian doctrine. This view takes 1:32 to refer to the same event as 1:14, thus indicating that for this author the baptism is the moment of the Incarnation. In this interpretation, the terms "Word" and "Spirit" are thought to refer to the same thing, as they clearly did in the Judaism of this period, and also seem to have even into the early Patristic period within Christianity.

The classic orthodox viewpoint is that the incarnation takes place at the moment of Jesus' miraculous conception. It is worth noting that John, who alone emphasizes the incarnation, includes no story about Jesus' conception, while those Gospels that contain stories about Jesus' miraculous conception do not depict him as the Word incarnate. Indeed, the Gospel of Luke, which contains an account of the virginal conception, has a Christology that seems to be at the opposite end of the spectrum from John, viewing Jesus as a man empowered by God's Spirit, whom "God has made both Lord and Christ".

If the Spirit remaining on Jesus and the Word becoming flesh refer to the same event, this might explain the reference in 1 John to the Christ having come "not by water only, but by water and blood", as well as the fact that, when read chronologically, John's testimony to the light in the Prologue occurs both before and after the incarnation. This interpretation can be found in later Jewish Christian writings such as the Pseudo-Clementine literature, and is supported by contemporary scholars such as Charles Talbert and Francis Watson.

The third view is that Jesus was thought by the Father into Mary's womb as a human sperm and he was fully human and never existed prior to his conception. But in The Father's plan this human was chosen before the world began to be the messiah. So he was born as the messiah and at the Jordan River the Spirit that entered him was the angel of God's presence, the angel of Wisdom who was with God at the beginning as his architect. He was called the logos. Jesus said I heal you by the logos and he said they rejected him because they had never found room in their hearts for the logos. The angel of Wisdom -the angel of the Father's presence stayed with Jesus until his final moments on the cross, then it departed and Jesus cried "Why have you forsaken me?"

The significance of this story is to show how John was imperfect, he misunderstood that Jesus was not to be an atoment, he tried to stop the baptism, and he never followed Jesus. He continued on baptizing with water even though he knew the spirit baptism was the true and only baptism that matters. In the end he was in prison doubting Jesus.

On the positive side, John was the legal heir to the high priesthood and this encounter is a transfer of power. John was the last prophet of the old Testament and he says with all the prophets, "Jesus is the Messiah, he must increase and I must decrease."

On a practical level Jesus says we must all be born again. God's angel must indwell each believer.

Verses 35-51 Jesus calls his first disciples
John the Baptist had followers, and in verses 35-42 describe how two of these men, Simon Peter and his brother Andrew, leave John the Baptist's side to follow Jesus. Andrew encountered Jesus first, and in one of the first recorded examples of Christian evangelism, runs to tell his brother that they had found the Messiah. When Jesus saw Peter, he gave him his semi-ironic but prophetic nickname, The Rock (v 42). Jesus then invites them to his home to spend the afternoon.

The next day, Jesus went to another area and called more people to follow him, Phillip and Nathaniel. Although Nathaniel at first responds with disbelief, "Nazareth, can anything good come from there?", when Jesus reveals a bit about him he quickly comes to faith and declares that Jesus is the Messiah (the Son of God and the King of Israel.)

Finishing the section, Jesus declares that they will one day see heaven open and angels going up and down over the Son of Man. This is a reference to Jacob's dream of Genesis 28:10-17, where angels climbed up and down a ladder to heaven. "Son of Man" is a term with multiple meanings in the Jewish tradition. In many places throughout the Hebrew Scriptures it is simply used to refer a human being. For example, Ezekiel is referred to as "son of man" by God in many of his visions (Ezekiel 2:1, Ezekiel 7:2, etc.). When used by Jesus in the Gospels, though, Son of Man" is probably a reference to Daniel 7:13 which was understood at the time to speak of the Messiah. This picture of the "son of man" receiving authority and an everlasting kingdom links this title with John's expression of Jesus as the Word. Thus, by calling himself the Son of Man, Jesus was understood by John's original audience to be declaring himself to be the Messiah awaited by the Jews.

John 1:19-51 develops one of the major themes. The theme is testimony and it is written in four scenes. The first is John's negative testimony about himself; the second is his positive testimony about Jesus; the third is the revelation of Jesus to Peter and Andrew; and the fourth is the revelation of Jesus to Nathanael and Philip. The revelation of Jesus’ glory takes place in two phases. John, the Baptist recognizes that the Spirit's descent upon Jesus at his baptism is what allows him to recognize Jesus (1:32-33), but the incident itself is not recounted. The emphasis is on the Baptist's testimony arising from this incident (1:34). It is when the Baptist identifies Jesus as the Lamb of God in the hearing of some of his disciples that they become his first followers (1:35-37). John, the Baptist is a witness to Jesus and a model of true discipleship.

The second phase is the gathering of disciples around Jesus, beginning with two of the Baptist's own disciples. This section offers many insights into the nature of discipleship. It is also astonishing for the number of titles given to Jesus right from the beginning, including Son of God (1:34, 49). These titles are part of the preparation for the glory, though the characters in the narrative do not yet understand their true significance. The section closes with Jesus' promise that they will "see heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of Man" (1:51), which prepares us for the revelation of God's glory that follows.

This chapter of John begins with the rhetoric of the word being with God from the beginning, and then there is the story of John the Baptist denying he is the Christ. These two stories alone set the tone for the book of John by asserting the eternal existence of God and by determining the identity of Jesus. It is also important that Jesus begins to choose his disciples in this chapter since these are the devoted men that will follow Jesus through his crucifixion and resurrection.

Another point of note found in the first chapter of the Fourth Gospel is John's first reference to an "Israelite" found in verse 47 in which Jesus makes reference to Nathanael as, "an Israelite in whom there is no deceit." This reference is most significant because of the reputation that John's Gospel would later receive for its portrayal of "the Jews." Most have viewed John's Gospel as being rather disparaging towards Judaism, and it is true that there is certainly a good degree of tension present in John's description of the relationship between the Early Christians and the Jewish community. However, that being said, as we can see from the introductory portion of his Gospel, his view on this matter was not as completely clear as has sometimes been suggested. While it is understandable that tension would exist between two rivaling religious groups in the same geographical area, it is unfair to generalize about John's feelings as they are certainly more complex than would be allowed by such a broad stroke.


text:
The Wealthy Barber/The Wealthy Barber

In this chapter David meets with the barber to talk about financial planning. They set a date to start discussion.

title: The Wealthy Barber/The Wealthy Barber


text:
User:Ghostal

About me: I am a Chemical Engineering undergrad at Michigan Tech University. I am most interested in working on the organic chemistry and hebrew wikibooks.

Looks like some great work on the Organic Chemistry book, Ghostal. Thanks for your contributions and please let me know if there is anything I can do to help you out. --Karl Wick 18:47, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Ghostal


text:
Wikibooks talk:Miscellaneous bookshelf

the "red.png" thing
I've put it on the book I listed on here since it seems to be the convention in use, but I'd like to know why it's done.

Gurkha 20:46, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * [[Image:100%.png]], [[Image:50%.png]], and [[Image:25%.png]] are completion labels. They indicate how far a book has progressed and/or how completed it is. See the Main Page (on the right) or Template:Stages2 for details. - SamE 02:45, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Combining books on armour
* Making Period Mail * Making Period Leather Armor * Making Basic Armor are closely related. Should we combine them all together into a "Society for Creative Anachronism" book ? Or an even more general book that would include * Conworlding ? (what would you call it ?)

 * IMO, the top three should probably be merged, but conworlding is a far broader, only tangentially related topic. Irrevenant 10:02, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Removed subpage of user page from bookshelf
This page was listed at this bookshelf:
 * User:Chaturganj/Treatise on life and every thing that matters

I moved it here because it was a subpage of a user page. --Kernigh 16:50, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Interwikilink German
Hello there, could someone please create an interwikilink of this page to de:Regal:Diverse?? -- 80.136.58.154 (talk) 20:01, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Mike.lifeguard | talk 22:41, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

I removed the link because de-WB changed the subjects (Regal namespace). There are several subjects instead of "Diverse" (Miscellaneous): -- Juetho 09:46, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * de:Regal:Anleitungen -- Manuals and similar books
 * de:Regal:Esoterik -- Esotericism
 * de:Regal:Ernährung -- Food and Drink, Nutrition
 * de:Regal:Hobby
 * de:Regal:Ratgeber -- Guides
 * de:Regal:Reisen und Landeskunde -- Travel Guides, Countries
 * de:Regal:Spiele -- Games
 * de:Regal:Sport

title: Wikibooks talk:Miscellaneous bookshelf


text:
Organic Chemistry/Stereochemistry

Organic Chemistry table of contents > Stereochemistry

=Stereoisomerism=

Stereoisomers are compounds that have the same connectivity (constitution) and the same chemical formula, but are isomers because they differ in the spacial arrangement of the atoms attached to the stereocenters (chirality centers) throughout the molecule. All stereoisomers are unique and possess their own physical, chemical and biological properties (with the exception of meso compounds).

To illustrate the importance of stereoisomerism in organic chemistry, let's consider the well-known substance methamphetamine, which has two enantiomers: (R)-N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine and (S)-N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine. The S enantiomer, commonly called D-methamphetamine is a controlled substance in most countries worldwide. It is highly psychoactive, giving users an intense rush of euphoria when ingested. Use of D-methamphetamine often leads to severe drug dependence and even death in chronic users. By contrast, the R enantiomer of methamphetamine, commonly called L-methamphetamine is a non-psychoactive substance that is legal to possess in most jurisdictions. While not very psychoactive, L-methamphetamine is an excellent sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor and can be found in some OTC medications used to relieve nasal congestion caused by the common cold or allergic sinusitis, often under the name "levmetamfetamine".

Types of Stereoisomers
Enantiomers are chiral molecules with non-superimposable mirror images. When comparing stereoisomers, the enantiomer is always the isomer without any internal planes of symmetry and that has had each of its stereogenic centers flipped. In other words, each stereocenter has gone from an R-configuration to an S-configuration.

In this example, the two molecules are enantiomers of one another because (1) this molecule lacks any internal plane of symmetry and (2) all of its stereocenters have been flipped. The molecule on the right is (1S,3S)-3-chloro-1-ethylcyclohexane, while the molecule on the left is (1R,3R)-3-chloro-1-ethylcyclohexane.

Diastereomers are also chiral molecules, but differ from enantiomers in that they are not mirror images of each other due to some but not all of the chirality centers being flipped.

The following two molecules are diastereomers of one another because (1) they are not mirror images, and (2) only one of the stereocenters has been flipped. The molecule on the left is (1R,3S)-3-chloro-1-ethylcyclohaxane while the molecule on the right is (1S,3R)-3-chloro-1-ethylcyclohexane.

Meso compunds are achiral molecules that contain stereogenic centers. They are achiral molecules because their mirror images are superimposable onto each other as they possess an internal plane of symmetry, meaning that meso compounds are identical molecules with identical properties.

A common mistake is thinking that these two molecules are enantiomeric due to both stereogenic centers having been flipped. However, upon closer inspection these two molecules are not enantiomeric because by manipulating this molecule in space it could be superimposed on top of its mirror image due to it possessing an internal plane of symmetry.

 * Configurations
 * Enantiomers
 * Optical activity
 * R-S notational system
 * Meso compounds

 * Diastereomers

<< Alkanes and cycloalkanes | Stereochemistry | Haloalkanes >>

title: Organic Chemistry/Stereochemistry


text:
Template:Cookbook

Usage

 * or

 * or

 * or

 * or

where also is a word that is put after "Cookbook". This template supports up to ten recipes.

Examples

 * produces

 * produces

 * also produces

 * produces

 * produces

title: Template:Cookbook


text:
Linguistics/Typology

Overview
Languages can be classified based on different kinds of criteria. The most common are based on phonological, morphological, or syntactical criteria.

An important concept in linguistic typology is a linguistic universal. Universals make statements that are true of all languages, and may either be absolute (no language uses the raspberry sound phonemically) or implicational (languages with trial grammatical number also have dual grammatical number). However, as most of what are called 'universals' have at least a small number of exceptions, it is often more meaningful to talk about tendencies (e.g. SOV languages are very likely to be postpositional). Note that one reason it is worthwhile to preserve dying languages is because many of what we now think are universals may turn out to only be tendencies, thus making us more aware of what can and can't occur in human language.

Phonological typology
Certain phones occur often, while others are much less frequent, and some are more likely to be contrastive, while others usually group together with other phones as a single phoneme.

An example of a common phoneme is /t/. The overwhelming majority of languages possess it, though Hawaiian is an exception.

Morphological typology
There are roughly four kinds of morphologies that languages use: Analytic, Inflectional, Agglutinative, and Polysynthetic. Morphological classifications are made based on how the morphology of the language works, that is, how are words formed, combined, and inflected (if they are).

Analytic languages are not inflected, that is, nouns and adjectives are not declined and verbs are not conjugated. Instead, the order of the words determines grammatical relationships. English is an analytical language, though not perfectly so, because there are some agreement markers, tenses, etc. in English. For example, *he do is incorrect, because to do must be inflected to mark third person singular subject: he does. Chinese can also be said to be an analytic language, though words are so little inflected in Chinese, that some would classify it as a minimal grammar language. This is incorrect, since what languages lack in inflection (or morphology) they must make up in word order, or syntax; in a technical sense, both morphology and syntax are considered to form parts of grammar. Both English and Chinese rely on syntax, word order, to show grammatical relationships, e.g. the subject must be in a certain position relative to the verb (in English, it must precede it).

Inflectional languages are different from analytic languages, because they do inflect (as the name suggests) quite a lot. A good example is Latin, in which most words are marked up and down for all kinds of tenses, moods, cases, agreements, and more. When the words in the sentence are inflected to show agreement with all their subjects, objects, and other arguments, then word order becomes very fluid. Whereas analytical languages rely on strict word order, inflectional languages have flexible word order.

Agglutinative languages are those in which words can be combined easily. For example, instead of saying the shoe of the horse, agglutinative languages say horseshoe. Agglutinative languages include German and Turkish. In these languages, new words are formed by combining old ones, so that words can become very long, but also contain a lot of information. This kind of morphology is called productive, because new words are formed in a predictable manner. Agglutinative languages can have both lots of agreements and inflections, or have rigid word order, such as German.

The last kind of morphological category, polysynthetic languages, is the least understood by linguists, because none of the major written languages in the world today, such as English, Chinese, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, etc., are polysynthetic. Some Native American languages in North America, such as Navajo, and some Polynesian languages are polysynthetic. Words, especially verbs, in these languages also tend to become very long, because every argument in a sentence is inflected on the verb, but also on other words with an argument structure, such as prepositions. These languages are very difficult to learn, not only because they are not properly understood, but also because one verb has literally hundreds of inflections. For example, the average Navajo verb has about 15 categories of prefixes, and a couple of affixes. These categories in turn, have between six and 200 members. In addition, the affixes can move around and change in agreement with other prefixes.

In reality, no natural language belongs exclusively to one category. Japanese, for example, has analytic pronouns (it uses postpositions to modify the role of nouns in a sentence), but inflectional/agglutinative in its verbs (taberu means to eat; tabenai means to not eat).

Syntactic typology
Syntactic typology distinguishes languages based on their preferred word order. The most commonly considered phrases considered are the subject, object, and verb. This gives six different possible orderings: SOV, SVO, VSO, OSV, OVS, VOS. The most common orders are SOV and SVO, constituting about 40% of languages each, with VSO constituting about 15%. The remaining five percent of languages have the object before the subject.

English and Mandarin Chinese are both commonly-spoken languages with SVO order. In Mandarin, for example, the simple sentence

(1a) Wǒ kàn shū

(1b) I read book

shows the same order as English, with the subject sentence-initial and the direct object following the verb.

By contrast, the about equally-common SOV order is found in languages such as Hindi/Urdu, Japanese, and Korean, among others. In the Japanese sentence

(2a) Watashi-ga hon-o yomimasu

(2b) I.subj book.obj read.polite

the verb appears in final position.

Some linguists have theorized that these orders are generalizations of a more general parameter on headedness. (The head of a phrase is the word which determines its type (e.g. in in the house the head is the word in, which creates a prepositional phrase.) The theory is that the verb serves as the head of a verb phrase containing it and the object, and the subject combines with this phrase to create a sentence. By this logic languages with right-headedness are SOV, and those which are left-headed are SVO.

However, VSO languages, such as Classical Arabic, Welsh, and Tagalog, cause problems for this theory. Consider the Welsh sentence:

(3a) Siaradodd Lloyd y Gymraeg

(3b) speak.past Lloyd DEF Welsh

It is not immediately clear how the verb could combine with the object to form a phrase without also combining with the subject. While more could be said about this, it should be clear that word order typology is important for understanding how sentences are parsed.

title: Linguistics/Typology


text:
GENtle/Calculators

The calculator module can be invoked via Tools/Calculator. It contains several specialized spreadsheet-based calculators for typical tasks in molecular miology. The editable fields are shown in blue, the (major) results of the calculation are shown in red.

Ligation calculator
This calculator gives the amount (in µl) of vector and insert for a ligation, based on the length and concentration of each respectively, their desired ratio and total mass of DNA. A typical ratio of insert:vector is 3:1

DNA concentration calculator
This calculator gives the amount and purity of DNA based on photometric absorption at 260 and 280 nm, respectively, as well as the dilution (in case one measures a 1:100 dilution of the original DNA sample) and a correction factor for different types of nucleic acids.

Protein calculator
This calculator gives the amount and purity of peptides/proteins based on photometric absorption at 250 and 280 nm, respectively, as well as the molecular weight of the peptide, the layer thickness of the cuvette used, and the number of tryptophanes, tyrosines and cysteines in the peptide.

Data
This shows a codon table and a reverse codon table, both for standard code. This page can not be edited.

title: GENtle/Calculators


text:
GENtle/Ligation

The ligation dialog is a means for virtually ligating two (or more) DNA fragments. It can be invoked via Tools/Ligation or Ctrl-L.

The left list shows all potential DNA sequences to be ligated. Some of these are automatically selected, but selection can be manually changed. The right list shows the possible products of a ligation of the selected sequences. Some circular products will be shown in two forms (A-B and B-A), which only differ visually.

The selected products will be generated as new sequences on clicking the Ligate button.

title: GENtle/Ligation


text:
GENtle/Import

The import dialog is a standard "file open" dialog. It can be invoked via Files/Import or Ctrl-I.

Multiple files can be chosen to be imported in a row. GENtle will automatically try to determine the file type, but also a file type can be chosen manually.

Supported formats include:
 * GenBank
 * GenBank XML
 * FASTA
 * ABI/AB1 (popular sequencer output format)
 * PDB (a 3D format, import as annotated sequence)
 * Clone (old DOS program, proprietary format)
 * Numerous other sequence formats that will be imported as "sequence only", without annnotations, features etc.
 * Comma-separated values (CSV) from various machines (HPLC/FPLC/photometer) for graphs and plots

title: GENtle/Import


text:
GENtle/Enter sequence

This dialog to enter a sequence manually can be invoked via File/Enter sequence or Ctrl-N.

Beside the sequence, to be typed or pasted into the large text box, one can enter a title (name) for that sequence, and choose a type.

Types available are: When chosing DNA, amino acids, or primer, all non-sequence characters, like blanks and numbers, are automatically removed.
 * DNA
 * Amino acid sequence
 * GenBank
 * (GenBank) XML
 * Primer
 * Note : A primer has to be given the type "Primer", otherwise it will be added as DNA.

title: GENtle/Enter sequence


text:
GENtle/Projects

A project in GENtle is a collection of sequences that belong together, even if they are in different databases. Projects can be Depending on the options, the last used project is automatically opened when GENtle starts.
 * loaded via File/Load Project or F11
 * saved via File/Save Project or F12
 * closed via File/Close Project

Projects consists of a list of sequences, not the sequences themselves. If a sequence is renamed, moved or deleted, GENtle will dispay a warning next time a project containing that sequence is opened.

For efficient use of sequencing primers, one can create a project that contains all available sequencing primers, and then refer to that project in the ../Sequencing Primers/ dialog.

title: GENtle/Projects


text:
GENtle/Image Viewer

The Image Viewer module can be invoked via Tools/Image viewer. It can display images, such as gel photos, print them, or save them in another image format.

The viewer can read and write common formats, such as JPG, TIF, BMP, GIF, etc. In addition, it can read the IMG format used by the BioRad Molecular Analyst software.

The directory can be selected via the upper left button. The files in that directory are shown below. A single click on a file displays the image.

The context menu of the image contains entries to save or print the image, or copy it to the clipboard. For saving, PNG, TIF, BMP, and JPG are available formats, with PNG being the default, as it has the best lossless compression.

Labels of IMG images are shown on screen, print, and saved images by default. This can be changed through the "Show labels" checkbox beneath the file list.

An image can be inverted (black <=> white) through the "Invert" checkbox.

title: GENtle/Image Viewer


text:
GENtle/Printing

Sequence and ../DNA map/s can be printed via the respective context menus or the File menu.

For ../DNA/ sequences, a report can be printed via File/Print report. It contains the DNA map and a list of the features annotated in the sequence. This can be useful for a detailed overview of the sequence where the sequence itself is not required.

title: GENtle/Printing


text:
GENtle/Options

Global program options can be altered via Tools/Options.

Enzyme settings
Here the gloal enzyme options can be selected. These can be overridden for an individual sequence in the sequence editor, where there is a tab identical to this one.

title: GENtle/Options


text:
User talk:Bitkower

Hello
I couldn't help but notice you lived in Loth. I live in ADPhi across the street (the frat with the pool). Just wanted say hi.--Alsocal 09:12, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bitkower


text:
GENtle/DNA map

The DNA map is shown for DNA sequences (though a variant is also used in protein module for the schematics display). It shows the linear or circular (e.g., plasmid) DNA sequence as a map.

Display
Displayed are
 * features (including optional sequencing primers)
 * restriction sites
 * sticky ends (if any)
 * open reading frames (optional)
 * sequence name and length (optional, see ../Options/)
 * methylation (optional, see ../Options/)
 * GC contents (optional, see ../Options/)

Context menu
The context menu opens on a click with the right mouse button when somewhere inside the DNA map. The contents of the menu depends on what object in the map you clicked on. Also, depending on the properties of the object, some functions might not be available, for example, amino acids of a feature with no reading frame.

title: GENtle/DNA map


text: Template:LPI Linux Certification/LPIC101


text:
GENtle/DNA

Within the DNA module, DNA sequences can be viewed, edited and annotated. It is the central module of GENtle. Two major components of the DNA module are the ../DNA map/ and the ../Sequence map/; see there for details.

Open and display DNA
A DNA sequence can be opened in one of the following ways:
 * Open from a database (see ../Databases/)
 * Import from file (see ../Import/)
 * Manual input (see ../Enter sequence/)
 * Create from another DNA module

Toolbar
Several functions and display options can be invoked in the tool bar:
 * ../Enter sequence/
 * Open sequence
 * Save sequence
 * Undo
 * Cut
 * Copy
 * Paste
 * Toggle linear/circular
 * Show/hide open reading frames
 * Show/hide features
 * Show/hide restriction sites
 * Expand (=show only) map
 * Toggle edit mode
 * Zoom

Detail tree
The detail tree, left of the DNA map, shows all parts of the current sequence, including features and restriction enzymes, in a structured fashion. Features and restriction enzymes can be toggled in visibility by a double click, or further manipulated through the context menu.

title: GENtle/DNA


text:
Talk:PHP Programming/The for Loop

Please do not delete my page randomly, whoever did it. We can just get it back whenever we want. --Spoom 13:58, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Recommendation for better Example code
The last example code is as follows: for($i = 0, $count = count($menu); $i < $count; $i++) { echo($i + 1 . ". " . $menu[$i] . " "); }

Instead I would go for:

for($i = 0; $i < count($menu); $i++) { echo($i + 1 . ". " . $menu[$i] . " "); }

Althought you were trying to show the case that you can write a code inside a For Loop, we need to make sure the people coming and reading this book get the professional view and then when they start writing PHP, they will start with a more professional way.

///Yechie

title: Talk:PHP Programming/The for Loop


text:
GENtle/Sequence map

The sequence map is used by most GENtle modules. It shows sequences of DNA or amino acids, as well as primers, features, restriction sites and more. The basic behaviour, however, is always similar.

Clicks
A double click usuaqlly opens the editor for the sequence.

Context menu
The available functions in the context menu vary with the module the sequence map is used in, its state, and selection.

Keys
The whole sequence can be marked by Ctrl-A. The ../Find/ dialog can be invoked by Ctrl-F. Both functions can also be called upon through a menu.

In the DNA and PCR modules, the amino acid reading frame can be toggled by keys like this:
 * Ctrl-1 = reading frame 1
 * Ctrl-2 = reading frame 2
 * Ctrl-3 = reading frame 3
 * Ctrl-4 = reading frame 1, complementary strand
 * Ctrl-5 = reading frame 2, complementary strand
 * Ctrl-6 = reading frame 3, complementary strand
 * <tt>Ctrl-7</tt> = all reading frames, one-letter code
 * <tt>Ctrl-8</tt> = known reading frames only (from the features)
 * <tt>Ctrl-0</tt> = hide amino acids
 * <tt>Ctrl-W</tt> = three-letter code (not when displaying all reading frames)
 * <tt>Ctrl-Q</tt> = one-letter code

Edit mode
Display and edit mode can be toggled by <tt>F2</tt> or the toolbar. During editing, the sequence display is maximized, and the DNA map is hidden, improving ease of edit. Depending on the current module, only some keys are allowed (in the DNA module, "A", "C", "G", and "T") by default; any other key will trigger a request to allow all keys for that sequence, for that session. The cursor can be moved similar to that in a text editor. Insert and overwrite mode can be toggled, except for some modules like PCR or Sequencing, where overwrite mode is mandatory. In these modules, backspace and delete are diasbeled as well.

When editing a primer in PCR mode, the "<tt>.</tt>" key copies the base at the current position from the 3'→5' or 5'→3' sequence, respectively.

Horizontal mode
In some modules, the sequence display can be toggled to horizontal. This can enhance visibility. Printing, however, is always done in standard ("vertical") mode.

title: GENtle/Sequence map


text:
Talk:PHP Programming/SQL Injection Attacks

Hehe, I learned something here... time to go overhaul my forum ;^) --Spoom 14:10, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

IMO the first solution provided is bad practice as it skips proper validation of user input. Besides - it my cause nonsensical database queries, which isn't fatal, but unwanted - it is overly complicated

Using magic quotes is bad practice too, see: http://www.php.net/manual/en/security.variables.php --Marek 25.01.2005

There needs to be an additional section on PHP 5's mysqli library and using positional parameters. Example (where $db is a connnection): $name = "Joe"; $age = 5; $stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO customers (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)"); $stmt->bind_param("si", $name, $age); $stmt->mysqli_stmt_execute;

The above will properly escape $name and $age, and will also perform better in some cases when inserting multiple rows when the same prepared statement can be reused. Wesley 13:00, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Please note that the SQL syntax for DELETE statement is wrong in the given example: SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE username = '\';DELETE * FROM `forum` WHERE title != \'' The correct form is as shown below: SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE username = '\';DELETE FROM `forum` WHERE title != \'' Also when we try to execute the above statement from within a mySQL client it will be executed successfully. (author of the above post unknown)
 * Thanks - I'll update the article. The MySQL client has always allowed query stacking, but I've tried to do it in PHP and it failed. The SQL parser in one of my PHP apps actually kills the connection if it detects a stacked query. --Dandaman32 14:31, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Obvious fix for problems (Although impossible to carry out)
Stop using acceptable ascii codes for code execution... Yes, I'm talking about wrecking programming languages as we know them, but nobody said they were perfect. Seriously though, the real problem: these functions accept standard ascci and execute standard ascii. I know... not helpful but still an interesting thought--Kyle van der Meer (talk) 13:46, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

-- FYI, mysql_query can only execute a single statement, so the DELETE example is bogus. regards, adam

removal of the second query injection claim
as adam pointed out, mysql_query in php (and i'm guessing the underlying C, but i'm not sure) doesn't allow execution of a second query. i wasn't logged in, but the edit to remove all the stuff about appending a DELETE statement was me. sorry that it's not a thorough edit and i didn't replace it with any discussion of the real scope of sql injection in mysql_query, but i considered the problem serious enough to cut it out in a quick edit. this page has a pretty high pagerank and shows up prominently in some searches for sql injection vulnerabilities in php.


text:
Cryptography/MD5

MD5 is a popular Hash Function used by many people around the world. Developed by Professor Ronald L. Rivest of MIT

It has two purposes:

 * 1) Verify the integrity of a file after a specified period of time
 * 2) Generate Hash values for a certain piece of data ( Ex: file) and store them, for later cross checking if the file has been modified or not (this is in essence the 1st point stated above)

For example, on a system that has a file called "SAMPLE.TXT" the MD5 hash would look like this:

MD5 takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128- bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally infeasible to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest. The MD5 algorithm was intended for digital signature applications, where a large file must be "compressed" in a secure manner before being signed with a private (secret) key under a public-key cryptosystem such as RSA. However, practical attacks on the collision resistance of MD5 exist, and it should therefore not be used with digital signatures or any other application requiring collision resistance.

Exact technical information is described in 1321 (as HTML).

title: Cryptography/MD5


text:
GENtle/Protein

In this module, amino acid sequences (peptides/proteins) can be viewed, edited and annotated. It uses a sequence map as main display, and a multi-purpose overview display at the top.

Toolbar
Several functions and display options can be invoked in the tool bar:
 * Enter sequence
 * Open sequence
 * Save sequence
 * Print sequence
 * Undo
 * Cut
 * Copy
 * Paste
 * Plot (shows a plot within the sequence map)
 * Horizontal mode

Function display
The smaller display on the top can show several types of information:

title: GENtle/Protein


text:
GENtle/Sequencing

The sequencing module allows to view the data recorded by a sequence analyser. The data is loaded by importing the appropriate .abi/.ab1 file.

Display
The data is displayed in the main sequence window. The text window on the upper right shows data stored in the file. On the left side, the following display options for the sequence are available:

Toolbar

 * Enter new sequence
 * Open sequence
 * Save sequence (see caveats)
 * Copy sequence to clipboard
 * Horizontal mode

Caveats

 * Editing works in overwrite-mode only
 * Saving will only store the sequence in the database, not the sequencer data (the peaks), due to memory concerns.

title: GENtle/Sequencing


text:
Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Electronegativity

< Atomic Structure | Bonding >

Whenever two atoms form a bond, the nucleus of each atom attracts the other's electrons. Electronegativity is a measure of the strength of this attraction.

Periodic trends
Several traits of atoms are said to have "periodic trends", meaning that different atoms in a period have identifiable relationships to one another based on their position. Is that confusing? Think of the periodic table as a group picture, maybe of a very large basketball team. Each period is a row of players in the picture, and the "photographer" has decided to arrange the "players" by their characteristics. Of course, no conscious effort was made to arrange the periodic table by any characteristic other than number of protons, but some properties are consistent in its layout regardless.

Atomic size is one characteristic that shows a periodic trend. In case of atomic radius the "photographer" (Mendeleev and others since) decided to arrange "players" (atoms) by size with the very shortest and smallest players at the top right. As you go left to right along a row (a period) the atoms get sequentially smaller and smaller. Fluorine is smaller than carbon, and carbon is smaller than magnesium. This is due to the number of protons in the nucleus increasing, while the increasing number of electrons are unable to shield one another from the attractive force of the positive charge from the nucleus.

REMEMBER: largest > Li > Be > B > C > N > O > F > Ne > smallest

Another characteristic with a periodic trend is ionization energy. This is the amount of energy necessary to remove one electron from an atom. Since all the atoms favor an electron configuration of a noble gas, the atoms at the extreme left of the table will give up their first electron most readily. (In almost all cases, a metal will readily give up its first electron.) The halogens, which need only one more electron to fill their outer shells, require a great deal of energy to give up an electron because they would be much more stable if they gained one electron instead. Ionization energy is the opposite of atomic radius, therefore, because it increases from left to right across a period.

REMEMBER: least energy to ionize < Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F < Ne < most energy to ionize

Electronegativity is perhaps the most important periodic trend, and it is not related to ionization energy directly -- but its trend is the same, increasing from left to right. Also, the elements in a group (like the halogen group) gain stability as they grow in atomic number, so the smallest member of an electronegative group is often the most electronegative. In general, it can be said that among periods (rows) or groups (columns) of the periodic table, the closer an element is to fluorine, the more electronegative it will be. For Group VIIA (the aforementioned halogens) of the periodic table, you memorize the following relationships:

REMEMBER: most electronegative > F > Cl > Br > I > least electronegative

And REMEMBER: least electronegative < Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F < most electronegative

(Notice that the noble gas Neon is not on the electronegativity chart. In its non-ionized form, a noble gas is usually treated as if it has no electronegativity at all.)

Electronegativities of atoms common in organic chemistry

 * C - 2.55
 * H - 2.20
 * N - 3.04
 * O - 3.44
 * P - 2.19
 * S - 2.58
 * Cl - 3.16
 * Br - 2.96
 * F - 3.98

Higher numbers represent a stronger attraction of electrons.

When atoms of similar electronegativity bond, a nonpolar covalent bond is the result.

When atoms of slightly different electronegativities bond, a polar covalent bond results.

When atoms of very different electronegativities bond, an ionic bond results.

= Electronegativity content from Wikipedia =  On WP: Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. The type of bond formed is largely determined by the difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved. Atoms with similar electronegativities will share an electron with each other and form a covalent bond. However, if the difference is too great, the electron will be permanently transferred to one atom and an ionic bond will form. Furthermore, in a covalent bond if one atom pulls slightly harder than the other, a polar covalent bond will form.

The reverse of electronegativity, the ability of an atom to lose electrons, is known as electropositivity.

Two scales of electronegativity are in common use: the Pauling scale (proposed in 1932) and the Mulliken scale (proposed in 1934). Another proposal is the Allred-Rochow scale.

Pauling scale
The Pauling scale was devised in 1932 by Linus Pauling. On this scale, the most electronegative chemical element (fluorine) is given an electronegativity value of 3.98 (textbooks often state this value to be 4.0); the least electronegative element (francium) has a value of 0.7, and the remaining elements have values in between. On the Pauling scale, hydrogen is arbitrarily assigned a value of 2.1 or 2.2.

'δEN' is the difference in electronegativity between two atoms or elements. Bonds between atoms with a large electronegativity difference (greater than or equal to 1.7) are usually considered to be ionic, while values between 1.7 and 0.4 are considered polar covalent. Values below 0.4 are considered non-polar covalent bonds, and electronegativity differences of 0 indicate a completely non-polar covalent bond.

Mulliken scale
The Mulliken scale was proposed by Robert S. Mulliken in 1934. On the Mulliken scale, numbers are obtained by averaging ionization potential and electron affinity. Consequently, the Mulliken electronegativities are expressed directly in energy units, usually electron volts.

Electronegativity trends
Each element has a characteristic electronegativity ranging from 0 to 4 on the Pauling scale. The most strongly electronegative element, fluorine, has an electronegativity of 3.98 while weakly electronegative elements, such as lithium, have values close to 1. The least electronegative element is francium at 0.7. In general, the degree of electronegativity decreases down each group and increases across the periods, as shown below. Across a period, non-metals tend to gain electrons and metals tend to lose them due to the atom striving to achieve a stable octet. Down a group, the nuclear charge has less effect on the outermost shells. Therefore, the most electronegative atoms can be found in the upper, right hand side of the periodic table, and the least electronegative elements can be found at the bottom left. Consequently, in general, atomic radius decreases across the periodic table, but ionization energy increases.

Periodic table of electronegativity using the Pauling scale

<< Foundational concepts | < Atomic Structure | Electronegativity | Bonding > | Alkanes >>


text: User talk:203.98.31.34

title: User talk:203.98.31.34


text:
LPI Linux Certification/LPI-101 Exercises results

Configure Fundamental BIOS Settings
To show the amount of physical RAM available:

free

or

cat /proc/meminfo | grep MemTotal

Which are the devices that are sharing an interrupt line?

cat /proc/interrupts | more

How many PCI buses and bridges are there?

lspci | wc -l

Are there any PCI/ISA bridges?

lspci | grep 'PCI\|ISA'

What is the option with lspci to list all the Intel PCI devices?

lspci -d 8086:*

What is the command to set you IDE hard drive in read only mode?

hdparm -r1

What is the command to turn on/off the disk cache hard drive?

hdparm -W1    hdparm -W0

What does the setpci utility do?

setpci is a utility for querying and configuring PCI devices.

What would be the command to write a word in register N of a PCI device?

setpci -s 12:3.4 N.W=1 .

Design hard disk layout
To display periodically the virtual memory usage:

vmstat -n 1

Make and install programs from source
What steps should you follow to compile and install a program from source? ./configure make make install

Use Debian package management
To see what will be installed on your computer, use the command: dpkg -c package_name.deb If the package is already installed, you can see also what files were installed: dpkg -L package_name

dpkg-reconfigure

Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)
To see what will be installed on your computer, use the command: rpm -qpl package_name.rpm

Working on the command line
 Get information on the useradd and userdel commands.

man useradd

man userdel

Assuming you have $PAGER set to less; Use SPACE to advance by one page, B to go back.

'' Create two new accounts user1 and user2 and set the passwords to those accounts with the passwd command. As root lock the accounts and check if you can still log in.''

 What is the command to concatenate files?

cat file1 file2

'' Declare and Initialize the following environment variables NAME and LASTNAME. Use echo to print them out.''

set NAME="Joe"

set LASTNAME="Bloggs"

echo "$NAME $LASTNAME"

Start a new bash (type bash) and check that you can still see those declared variables. No

'' Use exec to start a new bash session. Can you still see those declared variables?'' Yes

 Use date to display the month.

 Add a new user named notroot with root's rights and lock the root account.GNU and UNIX Commands

This is a trick question. The only account with root privileges is the one with a UID of zero. One could alter /etc/passwd so that “root” is called something else, which would have the a similar effect; the account “root” would no longer exist. With the possible exception of translation to a foreign language, I can’t see the point in doing this. You could set the SUID bit on all files on the file system for that authentic “Redmond style" security but again, why would you want to?

Process text streams using filters
1. Use wildcard characters and list all filenames that contain any character followed by 'in' in the /etc directory. ls /etc/in*

2. Use wildcard characters and list all filenames that start with any character between 'a' and 'e' that have at least two more characters and do not end with a number. ls [a-e]?*[!0-9] 3. Use wildcard characters and list all filenames of exactly 4 characters and all filenames starting with an uppercase letter. Do not descend into any directory found. ls -d [A-Z]??? 4. Use wildcard characters and list all files that contain 'sh' in /bin. 5. Display your environment variable HOME preceded by the string "$HOME value is:" 6. Display the contents of $SHELL with two asterisk characters before and after it. 7. How would you display the following string of characters as is with echo using double quote and \. * @ # $ % ^ & * ' " \   8. Compose echo commands to display the following two strings:          * That's what he said!          * 'Never Again!' he replied.   9. Display the number of words in all files that begin with the letter 'h' in the /etc directory.  10. How would you send a 2M (megabyte) file with two 1.44 M floppy. How would you put back together the split file?  11. What is the command to translate the : delimiter in /etc/password by #?          cat /etc/password | tr ":" "#"

Perform basic file management
1. Compose an interactive command to remove all .tmp files in your home directory. Respond y to every prompt.

rm -i ~/*.tmp

2. List all the files in the user's home directories ending with .pdf that are bigger than 50 blocks and have not been accessed for a month.

find /home -name "*.pdf" -atime +30 -size +50 -print

3. Create a file file.h that will contain all the filenames ending with .h found in the /usr directory.

find /usr -name "*.h" > file.h

4. Do a touch on all the c files found in /usr/src/packages directory. 5. What are the default permissions when you create a new file and a new directory? new file --> 644 new directory --> 755

6. How would you create a new file or directory that contains a space in the filename? (Example: 'new dir') touch new\ file.txt mkdir new\ dir 7. What is the command to remove all the files of types char and block in your home directory?

8. How would you find the location of the program find? 9. Delete all files in /tmp which are not owned by root and have not been accessed for a week.

Use streams, pipes, and redirects
1. Create a file list.bin that will contain all the file names from the /bin directory. ls /bin > list.bin 2. Write a command that will append the list of files from /usr/local/bin to the file named list.bin and discard any error output. ls /usr/local/bin >> list.bin 2>/dev/null 3. Split your list.bin file into files that are 50 lines long and remove list.bin. split -l 50 list.bin rm -f list.bin 4. From the split files recreate list.bin (but with inversed order). cat xab xaa > list.bin 7. Write a command that will create a file list.sbin with the contents of /sbin and at the same time display it to standard output. ls /sbin | tee sbin.txt 8. Create a file that within the filename you include the creation time. ls -l /sbin > `date +%d_%m_%y.txt` '''9. Create a file that will contain all the filenames in reverse order with extension .conf from the /etc directory. ls *.conf''' ls /etc/*\.conf > first.txt tac first.conf > end_list.txt rm -f first.txt

Create, monitor, and kill processes
1. How can you control CPU usage for PID 3196 top -p 3196 renice -20 3196

Perform basic file editing operations using vi
All of the vi commands below must of course be entered in command mode.

 * 1) vi foo
 * 2) Most frequently one would use i, but there are other ways of getting into command mode.
 * 3) ZZ
 * 4) vi foo
 * 5) o opens a new line beneath the cursor position and drops you into command mode.  i puts you directly into command mode without making the new line, so o is more efficient.
 * 6) press esc to get out of command mode</tt>
 * 7) <tt>:q!</tt>

Manage file ownership
1.

chmod u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rx chmod u=rwx,g=r,o=r chmod u=r,g=r,o= chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx chmod u=rx,g=x,o=x chmod u=w,g=r,o=x chmod u=,g=,o= chmod u=,g=x,o=rwx

2.

chmod 777 chmod 111 chmod 421 chmod 200 chmod 640 chmod 711

3.

umaskː   0   0   2   7 binaryː  000 000 010 111 ̃invertedː 111 111 101 000

File permissionsː Logically AND with 0666

̃inverted maskː      111 111 101 000 default permissionsː 000 110 110 110 result of ANDː      000 110 100 000 result in octalː    0   6   4   0 resulting permissionsː  rw- r-- ---

Directory permissionsː Locically AND with 0777

̃inverted maskː      111 111 101 000 default permissionsː 000 111 111 111 result of ANDː      000 111 101 000 result in octalː    0   7   5   0 resulting permissionsː  rwx r-x ---

umaskː   0   0   1   1 binaryː  000 000 001 001 ̃invertedː 111 111 110 110

File permissionsː Logically AND with 0666

̃inverted maskː      111 111 110 110 default permissionsː 000 110 110 110 result of ANDː      000 110 110 110 result in octalː    0   6   6   6 resulting permissionsː  rw- rw- rw-

Directory permissionsː Locically AND with 0777

̃inverted maskː      111 111 110 110 default permissionsː 000 111 111 111 result of ANDː      000 111 110 110 result in octalː    0   7   6   6 resulting permissionsː  rwx rw- rw-

umaskː   0   5   4   1 binaryː  000 101 100 001 ̃invertedː 111 010 011 110

File permissionsː Logically AND with 0666

̃inverted maskː      111 010 011 110 default permissionsː 000 110 110 110 result of ANDː      000 010 010 110 result in octalː    0   2   2   6 resulting permissionsː  -w- -w- rw-

Directory permissionsː Locically AND with 0777

̃inverted maskː      111 010 011 110 default permissionsː 000 111 111 111 result of ANDː      000 010 011 110 result in octalː    0   2   3   6 resulting permissionsː  -w- -wx rw-

umaskː   0   7   7   7 binaryː  000 111 111 111 ̃invertedː 111 000 000 000

File permissionsː Logically AND with 0666

̃inverted maskː      111 000 000 000 default permissionsː 000 110 110 110 result of ANDː      000 000 000 000 result in octalː    0   0   0   0 resulting permissionsː  --- --- ---

Directory permissionsː Locically AND with 0777

̃inverted maskː      111 000 000 000 default permissionsː 000 111 111 111 result of ANDː      000 000 000 000 result in octalː    0   0   0   0 resulting permissionsː  --- --- ---

Create and change hard and symbolic links
1. mkdir ~/etc ~/bin 2. cp -r /etc/* ~/etc/ cp -r /etc/ ~/ rsync -a /etc/ ~/etc/
 * or
 * or

2. find -name '*.conf' -exec mv {} {}.bak \; rename 's/\.conf/\.conf\.bak/' *.conf
 * 1) recursive variant using find
 * 1) non recursive variant using rename

4. ln -s ~/bin/ls ~/dir ~/dir

5. rm ~/dir unlink ~/dir
 * or

The ~/bin/ls file gets lost in neither of the cases.

Install & Customize a Window Manager Environment
Solution des exercices (LPIC101)


text:
Talk:Learning the vi Editor/Details

The stuff is fare to unordered. It should either be removed or rewritten.
 * Great, why don't you start? 212.117.81.29 16:20, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Learning the vi Editor/Details


text:
User:JesusAddict3791~enwikibooks

I just modified the Ablative page on the Latin wikibook. Would you mind taking a look at it? I will add much much more later.

title: User:JesusAddict3791~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Canada

| North American Cuisines

Here are a few regional Canadian cuisines:
 * Cuisine of Ontario
 * Cuisine of Nova Scotia
 * Cuisine of Newfoundland
 * Cuisine of Quebec

For a complete, automatically generated, list of recipes which have been categorized, on their individual pages, as being Canadian recipes see Canadian recipes.

Also, below is a list of a few selected Canadian recipes contributors have manually added to this page:

 * Butter tart
 * Pate Chinois
 * Poutine

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Canada


text:
Cookbook:Butter Tart

| North American Cuisines | Canadian Cuisine | Cuisine of Ontario | Desserts

Butter tarts (tartes au sucre) are an extremely common dessert in Canada. Many versions are made; some are gooey while some are not, and different nuts, fruits, and other fillings can be used. Similar tarts can be found in the culinary traditions of Scotland and France.

Dough

 * 1 cup shortening
 * 1 large teaspoon butter or margarine
 * ¾ cup boiling water
 * 3 ½ cups pastry flour or 3 cups all-purpose flour
 * 2 teaspoons baking powder
 * ¼ teaspoon salt

Filling

 * 2 eggs
 * 1 ½ cups brown sugar
 * ½ cup corn syrup
 * 3 tablespoons butter, melted
 * 1 cup currants or raisins
 * ½ cup chopped walnuts
 * 2 teaspoons vinegar
 * 1 pinch of salt
 * ½ teaspoon vanilla extract

Dough

 * 1) Beat the shortening, butter, and hot water together until creamy.
 * 2) While still warm, sift in the flour, baking powder, and salt. Mix gently until a dough forms. Try not to knead it while forming it into a large ball.
 * 3) Separate the dough into two equal portions and chill 20 to 40 minutes.
 * 4) Divide the dough into two dozen equal balls. Roll each ball into a flat disc.

Tarts

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350°F (175˚C).
 * 2) Beat the eggs well. Add sugar, syrup, and melted butter and beat again.
 * 3) Add the currants, walnuts, vinegar, salt, and vanilla extract and mix vigorously.
 * 4) Put a small amount of cornmeal into small tartlet pans, or count out 24 cupcake papers.
 * 5) Fit the flat circles of pie crust into the pans, or fit them into cupcake papers and insert them into the pans.
 * 6) Fill the shells ⅔ full with the prepared filling.
 * 7) Bake until the pastry is light brown (about 20 minutes).
 * 8) Remove from the oven and let cool.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * For runnier tarts, cook for 15 to 17 minutes. You can also adjust the filling ingredients to 1 cup of corn syrup and 1 cup of brown sugar.
 * Try replacing the currants with coconut, or omit entirely.
 * Try replacing the walnuts with pecans, or omit entirely.
 * Try drizzling 4 oz (120 g) melted chocolate over the cooked tarts.
 * This recipe (both the tarts and the pie crust) is a century-old recipe from rural North Western Ontario.
 * If the top of the tart hasn't frothed while baking and formed a cream coloured crunchy top it means there was too much time between when you beat the mixture and when it started baking. If you have to do multiple batched in the oven with the same mixture be sure to keep it cool and keep stirring it to make sure the second batch has the traditional crispy top.

Links

 * Recipe source: http://www.boutell.com/vegetarian/butter-tarts.html

title: Cookbook:Butter Tart


text:
Talk:Latin/Lesson 1

Untitled
You could also view the agere as having no stem, and there would be no point in listing it in a dictionary because there is no stem to list.

Is this correct

-159.28.161.52 03:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC) user:smkatz

Case endings
I'm starting to use this book to learn Latin. So my comments can be considered as end user views. There is a note on case endings in the first topic "What is Latin?". I don't know anything about case endings, and am not sure if it is a common knowledge. Is it appropriate to mention this in an introductary topic? --Sivaraj 06:31, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Word Parts
What "is" a stem? I didn't understand the definition that is in the textbook. That's all.

I would remove all but the "root" and "stem" subsection from this section. For one thing, I have no idea what the subsection "derivatives" is trying to teach; the example makes no sense. I left it in for now on the off-chance it's just me, but it should probably go. (Plus, that's not usually what "derivatives" means to Latin students used to the context of, say, Latin "caput" leading to English "capital.") As far as primitives are concerned, I've never used the term outside of linguistics class. Can we stick to basic Latin here? (Also, the subsection on suffixes can and should be merged with "stem.") --Hieronymous85 15:08, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

In the Root discussion, I found the phrase "which is in common to words of similar meaning" confusing. Perhaps the author meant either "is in common with..." or "is common to". But "in common to" is not a commonly used phrase in English.

Nouns
This is not a standard definition at all. Where did whoever wrote this section find the definition? Pronouns and adjectives are not necessarily types of noun; they are separate parts of speech altogether.

"Substantive" should refer to nouns and adjectives used as nouns.

"Flexion"? That appears to be a linguistics term used only in German.

"Accidents" is overly technical.

Parenthetical explanations after gender, number and case are borderline wrong. Perhaps number can be discerned from the ending, but is not determined by it. Gender is not determined by the ending for either nouns, adjectives or pronouns, nor does a noun's ending necessarily reflect its gender (cf. quercus [f.], dominus [m.], tempus [n.]). Gender sometimes changes for nouns, in the case of so-called "common" nouns, such as canis. Further, not all pronouns occur agree with their antecedents in case -- relative pronouns come to mind. At best, this section is misleading and confusing.

Can somebody justify all this, or should I just rewrite? --Hieronymous85 15:32, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

conflection vs. inflection
The Stem

...When one adds an ending suffix to a word's stem, they are conflecting

Suffixes

Latin uses suffixes known as 'endings' on stems to turn stems into words ... This is known as inflection.

Seems like the same idea being expressed by two words, or what?

--Gzur 23:42, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

adverbs
nothing on those =p

"used to qualify verbs or adjectives" should read "used to qualify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs".

Basic Vocabulary
under word parts->the root, 'ago' is given to mean, I drive

but under primitives, the root ag is defined as to act

and later on, under verbs, 'ago' is defined as I do

could somebody please clarify all of the above?

 * I've tried to clear it up a bit; I don't think much of this information is useful to a beginning Latinist anyway. --Hieronymous85 15:00, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Summary formatting?
With the current table, one might get the impression that there's a correlation between the items on each row. A less inventive layout might be better. 69.255.49.246 06:43, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Agree. Furthermore, the table indicates that pronouns are "nouns used in place of substantives and adjectives". I don't claim to know all aspects of grammar, but I'm I never learned, nor can imagine myself, a case where a pronoun is used in place of an adjective. And even if this is somehow so, it is not mentioned above in the pronoun definition.

Some bits
Roberto Enrique Tait (discuss • contribs) 17:57, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) It's not enough clear the difference between sentences and clauses; and "sentence" hasn't definition while "clause" has one.
 * 2) Suffixes are introduced before the "ending" concept. See "The Stem".
 * 3) In the example for Derivatives is said «the stem flamm- from the word flamma has the root "flag."» where "flag." isn't written in italics and have a confusing dot too (the text uses italics without dots for roots; see ag in "The Root").

My Edits
I added some info on English stress on the first syllable. I found personally that understanding stress in Latin was quite abstract and it was a book called "A Biography Of The English Language" by C.M. Millward that really helped. So I've taken the view that it might be useful to include this difference from Latin and to highlight that this drive towards emphasis on the first syllable in English has been a constant feature of English since its earliest days.

However if you feel as though the material I've added is counter-productive than feel free to revert my edits. More a musician than a linguist.

Thanks

Sluffs (discuss • contribs) 15:57, 19 July 2016 (UTC)

Romania is Roman?
What is the point of saying that modern Romanian has lost the Ablative Case. This is Lesson 1 and the heading for this paragraph is "What is Latin". Just seems to be beyond the needs of the stated heading. Introducing the Ablative Case in relation to its loss in Romania just complicates things. Lets face it most people don't even realize the connection between the country's name and the origin of the people - most people in the UK think Romanians are of Slavic or Germanic descent.

I don't know if I want to mess with the previous authors work but if no one objects a week or two later I may rewrite "What is Latin" to remove the above.

Sluffs (discuss • contribs) 20:46, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Latin/Lesson 1


text:
Voter's Guide/United States/Democratic Party

The Democratic Party is, briefly, the party most associated with increasing social welfare through health care, unemployment benefits and other programs, of a more interventionist and protectionist economic policy compared to the Republican Party, and of a generally liberal stance on social issues.

Brief history
More information: Democratic Party of the United States

The Democratic Party has its roots in the party of Thomas Jefferson, but took shape after the 1824 election, in which Andrew Jackson won a plurality of the popular vote but lost the election. He formed a coalition of political allies to defeat John Quincy Adams, succeeding. This group went on to become the modern Democratic Party.

In the run-up to the Civil War in the 1860s, the Democratic Party became increasingly fractured along a North-South split. The most important dividing issue was slavery, which the southern Democratic party supported, and the northerners did not. The divided party produced two rival candidates for the 1860 election, and did not run another successful presidential campaign until Grover Cleveland, well after the Civil War was over. Cleveland was followed by the famed William Jennings Bryant, who nevertheless lost to William McKinley. The next great Democratic leader was Woodrow Wilson, who led the country through World War I. Republicans remained in control through the 1920s, but the subsequent Great Depression secured greater support for government intervention. The result was the election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who went on to champion the New Deal as he was re-elected an unprecedented three more times. Roosevelt also directed the nation through World War II, but died before the end of the war.

By the 1960s, a fundamental shift in American politics was beginning. The Civil Rights Movement became a potent political force that divided people along racial and geographic lines. African Americans had previously supported the Republican Party in large numbers, but shifted after Lyndon Johnson showed strong support for civil rights. Following Johnson, there have been two Democratic presidents: Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton.

Positions

 * Affirmative Action - Support
 * Gay Marriage - varies among Democrats, many support gay marriage and more support civil unions
 * War in Iraq - supports staying in Iraq to establish a stable, democratic government; many Democrats were opposed to the war and most are critical of the handling of the war and its aftermath. Two nonbinding resolutions were voted on in the Senate in June 2006. One set a date on leaving Iraq; the other urged President Bush to start withdrawaling troops. Both resolutions failed.
 * Taxes - generally supports raising taxes on the rich, and sometimes across-the-board, believes strongly in the progressive income tax
 * Health Care - supports health care funded by taxes for those who can not afford health insurance; some support a nationalized health care plan
 * Environmentalism - supports more restrictions to protect the environment compared to the Republican Party


text:
GENtle/Alignments

The alignment module displays alignments of DNA and amino acid sequences. It can be invoked through Tools/Alignment or Ctrl-G.

Settings dialog
The settings dialog will be invoked upon starting the module, or through the "settings" button in the toolbar. The sequences to align, their order, and the alignment algorithm and its parameters can be chosen here. The following algorithms are available: Caveat : Clicking OK in this dialog will recalculate the alignment; the previous alignment and all manual changes made to it will be lost.

Toolbar
Several functions and display options can be invoked in the tool bar:
 * Enter sequence
 * Open sequence
 * Save sequence
 * Print sequence
 * Settings
 * Horizontal mode
 * Middle mouse button function

View menu
Some display options can be combined with each other: Some of them exclude one another: Some other display options are planned, but not implemented as of now.
 * Bold (shows characters in bold)
 * Mono (black-and-white mode)
 * Conserved (shows characters that match the one in the first line as dots)
 * Identity (toggles the "identity" line)
 * Normal (shows colored text on white background)
 * Inverted (shows white text on colored background)

Sequence display
The sequence map can be altered through the context menu. These changes will only alter the display, not recalculate the alignment.
 * Lines can be moved up or down
 * Features for each line can be shown or hidden. By default, features for the first line are shown, features of the other lines are hidden.
 * Gaps can be inserted or deleted, in this line, or all except this line. One of these four possible functions is additionally assigned to the middle mouse button; this setting can be changed in the toolbar.
 * A double click on a character ( not on a gap) opens the "source" window for that sequence (if available), marks and shows the position that was clicked in the alignment. This can be helpful for checking a sequencing.
 * Sequences can be marked across multiple lines, then formatted via the Appearance context menu.

Sequences can not be edited within the alignment module. For that, you will have to edit the original sequence, then re-run the alignment.

title: GENtle/Alignments