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Afrikaans/Introduction

This page has 2 sentences and 6 words for you to learn

The youngest Germanic language

The name "Afrikaans" means literally "African". Afrikaans has its roots in 17th-century Dutch, but has since developed its own distinctive character and flavour in the three centuries that it developed mostly in South Africa and in parts of Namibia. Being a Germanic language, it is closely related to Dutch, English and to a lesser extent German. Compare the following:

 * English : I eat an apple.
 * Afrikaans : Ek eet 'n appel.
 * Dutch : Ik eet een appel.
 * German : Ich esse einen Apfel.

English has many more words of a Latin or French origin than Afrikaans, but a more archaic word can often show the similarities between the two languages.
 * English : hound, fowl, house, milk
 * Afrikaans : hond, voël, huis, melk

Most interestingly, consider these two sentences:
 * My hand is in warm water.
 * My pen is in my hand.

These two sentences can be either English or Afrikaans, and both have exactly the same meaning in both languages. But despite this, Afrikaans has significant differences from English. It might not be as easy to learn for an English speaker as, say, Esperanto, but it is still considered a relatively easy language to learn, and is advocated by some as a good introduction to learning Dutch and other Germanic languages in general.

Can Afrikaans people and Dutch people understand each other?
Afrikaans and Dutch are very closely related and are more or less mutually understandable. More about that here. Dutch's grammar is a bit more complex than Afrikaans', but they share a lot of the same vocabulary, albeit with slightly different spellings and pronunciations. Comparing Afrikaans and Dutch is somewhat like comparing Norwegian Bokmål and Danish.

It is a commonly held belief that Afrikaans people tend to understand Dutch quite well, and Dutch people generally need more time to understand Afrikaans. The truth of this claim may vary from individual to individual. Some Afrikaans people claim to understand written Dutch better than spoken Dutch.

Language of the oppressor?
Afrikaans is seen by some in a negative light because it was the language promoted by the apartheid regime. Some even claim that it should be forgotten. We acknowledge the terrible atrocities of that regime but still regard Afrikaans language and culture as beautiful and worthy of preservation. However, with regard to the sentiment of preservation of the language and culture, there remains an underlying tone of segregation as illustrated by the special interest groups: Afriforum; Solidariteit and the AfrikanerBond amongst others. The underlying segregationist sentiments of Afrikaner language and cultural proponents are along the lines of Hendrik Verwoerd's assertion of Apartheid as: 'Good Neighbourliness', which can be seen in the fact of the majority of Afrikaans Speakers being what, in South Africa, are called 'Coloured' people who are then represented as a minority in Afrikaans institutions and media such as the television channel KYKNET, radio RSG and newspapers like BEELD, Volksblad and magazines HUISGENOOT and ROOIROSE. What one sees then is that there is a concerted, if not wholly deliberate effort to present Afrikaans as the language of the majority of White South Africans in the same way that it had been prioritised in the 20th Century to aid the White Afrikaner Nationalism of the National Party; in its infancy in the 1910s to its introduction and preservation of Apartheid from 1948 until the introduction of the 1996 South African Constitution with its ideal of the equality of all languages.

Besides, more than half of the speakers of the language are not white and were victims of the regime's many manipulations, including ripping apart families and forcefully moving whole communities. As has been stated in the preceding paragraph, the complexity of understanding Afrikaans social presence in South Africa is dependent upon understanding what the language has been and what the attempts at it's rehabilitation are; while there remains an element of Afrikaner society that looks upon the history of Afrikaner people and the attending atrocities as something to look back upon, fondly, it is this aspect of the culture and the people that undercuts whatever is being done to disillusion afrikaans-speakers of claims of its superiority and importance over other South African languages if not English itself.

Additonally, some of the first literary works in Afrikaans were translations of holy Islamic texts by Abu Bakr Effendi that were used by the Muslim Cape slave population. Hence, the language can be equally be described as the language of the oppressed. Indeed, while there may be those who delude themselves in thinking that Afrikaans is the 'language of the oppressed', one cannot simply ignore the social environment in which 'the oppressed' came to speak Afrikaans in the first place as slaves who tried to manoeuvre their way across the Dutch language of their Slave masters. Afrikaans, then comes to be used as a way to distinguish those who created an identity out of propagating slavery and anti-equality in the Cape and further oppression down the centuries. How Afrikaans comes to be a Language in 21st Century South Africa is a fraught 200+ years history

Trivia

 * Several English words, such as "commando" and "aardvark", are of Afrikaans origin.
 * The Arabic script has been used to write Afrikaans.
 * Afrikaans is the only Indo-European language to have developed in Africa.
 * Afrikaans is the most commonly used language among non-black South Africans.

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Afrikáans/Introducción

title: Afrikaans/Introduction


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User talk:Kellen/Decision making

I like the wording. Importantly it preserves key elements of the current main version (listing out where votes are currently used, setting out who can vote, placing emphasis on consensus for higher impact decisions) and is clearer than the current text.

I have made some small amendments:

 * 1) I have replaced the requirement to have "substantial good faith discussions" with a requirement to have "substantive good faith discussions". It is the quality of the discussions - which should address all points thought to be key - that is important, not the quantity of those discussions. My guess is that is what you were getting at anyway.
 * 2) I have added a requirement to have substantive good faith discussions on any objections, not just on the proposal.

I'm not sure the wording regarding page deletion is quite right though. Some deletions are entirely uncontroversial (deleting patent nonsense, for example) - however, these rarely end up on VfD. What we have had on VfD is experienced Wikibookians coming to a different conclusion than that arrived at by new editors - and some possible (but not necessarily proven) sockpuppets. We have also had statements from above empowering admins to have their head over deletion of text that does not meet our inclusion criteria. In these cases it is debatable as to whether we have consensus to delete text that, in experienced WBian eyes, does not belong. We should not require a high threshold here. In other cases on VfD the matter at hand has very much crossed over the line to policy decisions. Here a high threshold should be required. I'm not sure what alternative wording to suggest though, Jguk 05:14, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Much better...
I like this a lot better than the other proposal... for one thing, it's simpler.

I made some changes to "voting", my additions in italics:

 * In the case of low-impact decisions, the option with the largest number of valid votes is the winner.
 * For high-impact decisions, votes and debates should be left open as long as progress towards reaching consensus is being made.

The second line probably needs rewording: the point is that debate should be kept open on high-impact decisions so long as there is constructive debate. If there is deadlock and entrenched voting blocs, there's really not much point in debating further. -- SB_Johnny | talk 12:43, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've replaced "largest number of" with "most" in the interests of brevity, Jguk 13:54, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

User responses
I have changed it to the text suggested on the voting procedures talk page. RobinH 19:08, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Extending the rules for use in general disputes
I added: "#Resolving disputes where parties agree to use voting as a method of gauging opinion or taking decisions." RobinH 19:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Kellen/Decision making


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Indonesian/Adding vocabulary with word association

Here are some effective mnemonic (memory) techniques to help you remember vocabulary. They take some work, but you'll be rewarded with a fast-growing vocabulary.

There are some easy words and some hard words; there are some images which will stick in your head and help you remember, and others that seem ridiculous or just don't work for you. Take what works, and create your own images to help you remember words you come across.

Remember that repetition also helps - keep a list and review it at increasing intervals until you've got the words memorized.

Word association
Any kind of word association can help you in the early stages of remembering a word. The most effective associations are ones that are vivid, emotional, funny and/or shocking.

''Note: this section is under construction, and formatting decisions haven't been finalised. Feel free to add your suggestions. If you don't understand the table formatting, just try your best; otherwise, add your suggestion below the table.''

''Note 2: * just for interest and education, where there is an actual connection in the history of the words, the word is marked with an asterix, *. The connection with English is often via Sanskrit (Hindi words that entered English, like pundit) or Dutch (tea), or Chinese (ketchup).''

See also the - there's a bunch of "free" vocabulary!

Sometimes there is no exact association that comes to mind. If you're keen to use the technique, you might find an association that's rather distant or twisted, but close enough to help. (Though it might be just that thinking it over and trying to find an association helps you memorize the word, at least as much as the obscure association.)

If you find an easier image, Feel free to add it and move the entry to a table, above.:

Similar words to English
''Note: This section needs to be arranged in sections - perhaps topics and word types will be more useful than "Words spelt the same as English" and "Nearly the same." It is suggested, however, that "Less common words" be kept separate, as an advanced vocabulary list.''

Words spelled the same as English
Remember, just because it's spelt the same, doesn't mean it's pronounced in exactly the same way. Indonesians pronounce things far more phonetically (pronouncing each letter in the standard way with few exceptions). If you use English pronunciation, people may or may not understand you, so it's far better to follow the rules of Indonesian pronunciation, according to how the word is spelt.

Note also that although the words may look like English, they still follow Indonesian rules of pronunciation word order (blue radio = radio biru) and construction (e.g. to carry on a dialogue = berdialog).

Common words:
 * radio
 * organ (as in internal organ)
 * hotel
 * menu
 * gratis
 * normal
 * hanger (= clothes hanger)
 * AC (ah-seh) (air-conditioning)
 * WC (weh-seh) (water closet)
 * toilet (but WC is the most common term)
 * CD, DVD (pr sidi, dividi - i.e. like the English but with short i sounds rather than ee sounds)
 * Domain
 * Internet (There is also "dunia maya" which is less known)

Less common words
 * abnormal
 * alias
 * target
 * formal
 * regional (rare, but it's understood. Remember to pronounce phonetically, with a hard g.)

Modern technology
There are several abbreviations which are not pronounced in standard Indonesian form, but rather mimic English pronunciation:
 * TV (pronounced as tivi, i.e. almost the same as English)
 * DVD (dividi)
 * CD (sidi)
 * GPS (jipies)

Nearly the same

 * dosis (dose)
 * dialog
 * musik (music)
 * es (ice)
 * es krim (ice cream)
 * piyama (pajama)
 * sama (same)
 * nama (name)
 * kartu (card)
 * buku (book)
 * bir (beer)
 * truk (truck)
 * bis (or more rarely, bus)
 * taksi (taxi)
 * telepon (telephone)
 * nasional (national)
 * internasional (international)
 * dosin/lusin (dozen)
 * aktif (active)
 * dwi- (di-, i.e. prefix meaning two)
 * solusi (solution - to a problem)
 * migrasi (migration)
 * kasus (e.g. police or legal case)
 * menit (minute)
 * nomor (number)
 * paspor (passport)
 * kode pos (post code)
 * gelas (glass)
 * kampanye (campaign)
 * transparan (transparent)
 * fail (meaning file, pr file; also berkas)
 * introspeksi diri (to be introspective; self-examination)
 * manajemen (management)
 * direksi (direction, actually direksi is referring to director in a company)
 * strategis (strategic)
 * riil (real)
 * aktual (actual)
 * faktual (factual)
 * fakta (fact)
 * steril (sterile)
 * drama
 * dramatik (dramatic)
 * dramatis (dramatic)
 * stabil (stable)
 * kultur (culture; more commonly //budaya//)
 * kultural (cultural)

Concrete nouns

 * tatu (tatoo - in either sense: a picture on the skin or a military music event)
 * sponsor (advertisement; more commonly iklan)
 * artikel
 * kios (kiosk)
 * brosir (brochure)
 * coklat (chocolate; also means brown)
 * apel (apple)
 * pir (pear)
 * mangga (mango)
 * manggis (mangosteen)
 * sop (soup)
 * gosip
 * pensil
 * lampu

Music
Note, major musical terms in English, such as jazz and rock, are widely recognized.
 * musik
 * dram
 * band
 * grup
 * pop

Uncertain
These words need to be confirmed before being added above - are these words commonly used in Indonesian?

 * melodrama?

The same word with slightly different meanings

 * Mister (term of address for white male, unofficial but very common)
 * Blacksweet (pr. blekswit, in imitation of English) - dark and attractive, used of an attractive dark-skinned woman. (The Indonesian term is hitam manis, but the literal translation "black sweet" is widely known.)

moderately common...

 * tempo (time period)

Scientific & academic terms
Note, major scientific & academic terms are often very similar to English, including fields of study such as biology, geology. planet names (apart from bumi = earth). Remember that the pronunciation follows Indonesian rules - don't relax and think you know the word, and read the word as if it were English!
 * hortikultura (horticulture)
 * planet
 * desimal (decimal)

Less common words (advanced vocab)

 * sensus (census)
 * kudeta (coup d'etat)
 * otomotif
 * ambivalent (ambivalent)
 * anarki (anarchy)
 * sinonim
 * antonim
 * arsitektur (architecture)
 * stasiun (station, as in train station)
 * stroberi (strawberry)
 * universitas
 * kampus
 * akta (act, as in written legal document)

Many technical and philosophical words are also the same, or are formed in predictable ways. E.g. -ization becomes -isasi, so globalization becomes globalisasi.

Closely related meanings

 * guru (teacher)
 * mobil (car i.e. automobile)
 * gubernur (governor c.f. gubernatorial)
 * apotek (pharmacy, c.f. apothecary; farmasi is also used)

Slightly similar

 * archive (arsip)
 * bishop (uskup)
 * biru (blue)

Guide to guessing
Try in your usual pronunciation of the English word, with an Indonesian accent as best you can, and see if it's recognized (then take note how //they// pronounce it). If that doesn't work, try pronouncing the word if read with Indonesian pronunciation rules.

Why do so many words sound the same?
Just for your interest:

You may be wondering why many words sound similar in Indonesian and English. Most or all of these words have come to Indonesian as loan-words from other languages, especially European languages, and most especially Dutch. (See Loan words in Indonesian on Wikipedia) Realising the connection might sometimes makes it easier to remember the words.

Words that appear to have similar origins (lacking confirmation - please supply references if possible)

For example:

Portuguese: tenda

Sanskrit and Hindi: Sanskrit is an Indo-European language and shares a common origin with Latin and most other European languages. There is an additional influence from Hindi on English due to the British colonization of India. E.g. The English word pundit derives from the Hindi word for a priest (and Sanskrit before that) and probably has a common origin with pendeta. (reference needed)

Menteri (government minister) derives from Sanskrit, and the Malay word menteri is in turn the origin of the Portuguese word "Mandarim" (aquele que manda = he who rules)


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Indonesian/Children's songs

Children's songs can help with learning basic language.

Topi saya bundar
Another popular childrens' song sung to the same tune as Burung Kakatua, often as a second verse.

Saya = I/me, topi = hat, so Topi saya = my hat.

Enseignement de l'indonésien/Chansons pour enfants

title: Indonesian/Children's songs


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Backgammon/Play

Rules
Backgammon is a game of moderate complexity but with deep strategic elements. It does not take long to learn to play, although obscure situations do arise which require careful interpretation of the rules. Because the playing time for each individual game is short, it is often played in matches, where, for example, victory is awarded to the player who first wins five points.

In short, a player tries to get all of his pieces past his opponent's pieces and then off the board. This is difficult because the pieces are scattered at first and may be blocked or captured by the opponent.

Setup
Each side of the board has a track of twelve adjacent spaces, called points, usually represented by long triangles of alternating (but meaningless) color. The tracks are imagined to be connected across the break in the middle and on just one edge of the board, making a continuous line (but not a circle) of twenty-four points. The points are numbered from 1 to 24, with checkers always moving from higher-numbered points to lower-numbered points. The two players move their checkers in opposite directions, so the 1-point for one player is noted as the 24-point for the other. Some recorded games, however, keep the numbering of the points constant from the perspective of one player. Each player begins with two checkers on his 24-point, three checkers on his 8-point, and five checkers each on his 13-point and his 6-point.

Points 1 to 6, where the player must attempt to move his pieces, are called the home board or inner board. A player may not bear off any checkers unless all of his checkers are in his home board. Points 7 to 12 are called the outer board, points thirteen to eighteen are the opponent's outer board, and points nineteen to twenty-four are the opponent's home board. The 7-point is often referred to as the bar point and the 13-point as the mid point.

Movement
At the start of the game, each player rolls one die. Whoever rolls higher moves first, using the numbers on the already-rolled dice. In the case of a tie, the players roll again. The players then alternate turns, rolling two dice at the beginning of each turn after the first.

After rolling the dice a player must, if possible, move checkers according to the number of points showing on each die. For example, if he rolls a 6 and a 3 (noted as "6-3") he must move one checker six points forward, and another one three points forward. The dice may be played in either order. The same checker may be moved twice as long as the two moves are distinct: six and then three, or three and then six, but not nine all at once.

If a player has no legal moves after rolling the dice, because all of the points to which he might move are occupied by two or more enemy checkers, he forfeits his turn. However, a player must play both dice if it is possible. If he has a legal move for one die only, he must make that move and then forfeit the use of the other die. If he has a legal move for either die, but not both, he must play the higher number.

If a player rolls two of the same number (doubles) he must play each die twice. For example, upon rolling a 5-5 he must play four checkers forward five spaces each. As before, a checker may be moved multiple times as long as the moves are distinct.

A checker may land on any point occupied by no checkers or by friendly checkers. Also it may land on a point occupied by exactly one enemy checker (a lone piece is called a blot). In the latter case the blot has been hit, and is temporarily placed in the middle of the board on the bar, that is, the divider between the home boards and the outer boards. A checker may never land on a point occupied by two or more enemy checkers. Thus, no point is ever occupied by checkers from both players at the same time.

Checkers on the bar re-enter the game through the opponent's home field. A roll of 2 allows the checker to enter on the 23-point, a roll of 3 on the 22-point, etc. A player with one or more checkers on the bar may not move any other checkers until all of the checkers on the bar have re-entered the opponent's home field.

When all of a player's checkers are in his home board, he must bear off, removing the checkers from the board. A roll of 1 may be used to bear off a checker from the 1-point, a 2 from the 2-point, etc. A number may not be used to bear off checkers from a lower point unless there are no checkers on any higher points. For example, a 4 may be used to bear off a checker from the 3-point only if there are no checkers on the 4-, 5-, or 6-point.

A checker borne off from a lower point than indicated on the die still counts as the full die. For instance, suppose a player has only one checker on his 2-point and two checkers on his 1-point. Then on rolling 1-2 he may move the checker from the 2-point to the 1-point (using the 1 rolled), and then bear off from the 1-point (using the 2 rolled). He is not required to maximize the use of his rolled 2 by bearing off from the 2-point.

If one player has not borne off any checkers by the time his opponent has borne off all fifteen, he has lost a gammon, which counts for double a normal loss (i.e., two games toward the match in a game with normal stakes). If a player has not borne off any checkers, and still has checkers on the bar, or in his opponent's home board by the time his opponent has borne off all fifteen, or both, he has lost a backgammon, which counts for triple a normal loss (i.e., three games toward the match in a game with normal stakes). In some variants, a further distinction is made between pieces in the opponent's home board, counting as a triple loss, and pieces on the bar, for a quadruple loss.

Doubling cube
To speed up match play and to increase the intensity of play and the need for strategy, a doubling cube is usually used. A doubling cube is a 6 sided die that instead of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 on it, has the numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 on it. If a player believes his position to be superior he may, before rolling the dice on his turn, double, i.e., demand that the game be played for twice the current stakes. The doubling cube is placed with the 2 side face up to show that the game's value has been doubled. His opponent must either accept the challenge or resign the game on the spot. Thereafter the right to redouble (double again) belongs exclusively to the player who last accepted a double. If this occurs, the cube is placed with the face of the next power of two showing.

The game rarely is redoubled beyond four times the original stake, but there is no theoretical limit on the number of doubles. Even though 64 is the highest number depicted on the doubling cube, the stakes may rise to 128, 256, 512 and so on.

A common rule allows beavers, which is the right for a player to immediately redouble when offered the doubling cube while retaining the cube instead of giving it back up. The redouble must be called before the originally doubling player rolls the dice. In this way, the stakes of the game can rise dramatically. A raccoon is sometimes pemitted as a response to a beaver. A player who accepts a beaver may offer a raccoon, redoubling again. Beavers and raccoons are commonly allowed when backgammon is played for money game by game and usually not allowed in matches.

The Jacoby rule allows gammons and backgammons to count for their respective double and triple points only if there has been at least one use of the doubling cube in the game. This encourages a player with a large lead in a game to double, and thus likely end the game, rather than see the game out to its conclusion in hopes of a gammon or backgammon. The Jacoby Rule is widely used in money play but is not used in match play.

The Crawford rule makes match play much more equitable for the player in the lead. If a player is one point away from winning a match, his opponent has no reason not to double; after all, a win in the game by the player in the lead would cause him to win the match regardless of the doubled stakes, while a win by the opponent would benefit twice as much if the stakes are double. Thus there is no advantage towards winning the match to being one point shy of winning, if one's opponent is two points shy. To remedy this situation, the Crawford rule requires that when a player becomes one single point short of winning the match, neither player may use the doubling cube for a single game, called the Crawford game. As soon as the Crawford game is over, normal use of the doubling cube resumes. Not quite as universal as the Jacoby rule, the Crawford rule is widely used and generally assumed to be in effect for match play.

Sometimes automatic doubles are used, meaning that any re-rolls that players must make at the very start of a game (when each player rolls one die) have the side-effect of causing a double. Thus, a 3-3 roll, followed by a re-roll of 5-5, followed by a re-roll of 1-4 that begins the game in earnest will cause the game to be played from the start with 4-times normal stakes. The doubling cube stays in the middle, with both players having access to it. The Jacoby Rule is still in effect. Again, automatic doubles are common in money games. but they are rarely, if ever, used in match play.

Sample game
A few turns from the beginning of a sample game will illustrate the rules of movement. To start the game, blue rolls a 4 and green rolls a 1, so blue takes the first turn playing a 4-1. This is an unfavorable opening roll, arguably the worst possible, but blue uses it the best he can. He takes a checker from each of his heavy points by playing 13/9 6/5 (from the 13-point to the 9-point, and from the 6-point to the 5-point).

It is seldom useful to have five checkers on the same point, so blue starts to spread his checkers around. He is threatening to build a prime, that is, a blockade to prevent green's two trailing checkers from getting home. The disadvantage of blue's choice is that it is not very safe. It leaves two blots which green might hit. Some experts prefer the less aggressive but safer move of 24/23 13/9.

Green rolls a 4-4. This is a fortunate roll. Not only can he hit both of blue's blots with 1/5*/9* (from the 1-point to the 5-point, hitting blue, and from the 5-point to the 9-point, hitting blue again), he also has two more 4s to play. He may, for example play 19/23(2), moving two checkers from his 6-point to the 2-point. This leaves blue with two checkers on the bar, trying to re-enter against green's home board, which has two points blocked by green.

Green was wise to hit twice, because it disrupts blue's efforts to build a prime, and it puts blue considerably behind in the race. Those two checkers must come all the way around the board before blue can begin to bear off.

In contrast, green's decision to make the 2-point was strategically dubious. Though it may prevent blue from entering with both checkers, and there is some chance green will be able to build a strong home board before blue gets organized, increasing the chances of winning a gammon, the disadvantage is that green will now find it difficult to build a prime. If blue manages to make an advanced anchor, i.e., get two of his back checkers on green's 3-, 4-, or especially the 5- point, then green's blocking game is damaged.

Green would be in better shape had he played 12/16(2), keeping open the option to block or attack depending on blue's next roll, or taking the 4-point with 17/21(2). The latter more aggressive play has roughly a 3% better chance of winning a gammon, but loses almost 1% more often according to computer analysis. This is interesting as it highlights another aspect of backgammon strategy, the optimal move depends on the current standings: if green is one point from winning the match and in no need of a gammon, he should play safe with 12/16(2), otherwise green should try for the gammon and play the aggressive 17/21(2).

The game continues and blue rolls 5-2. The only legal move is bar/20. The two cannot be played from the bar because green owns his 2-point, and until blue has played all his checkers off the bar, he cannot play anywhere else. Therefore the 2 is forfeited and blue's turn is over.

Green got what he wanted, in that blue was not able to enter both checkers, but the fight is far from over. Green must hit the blot on his next roll, or else blue has a 50% chance to cover his blot and take a fairly strong position. Even if green does hit, blue has many rolls to hit back. A war for green's 5-point will shape the character of the game in the near future.

title: Backgammon/Play


text:
Backgammon/Openings

The first moves of a backgammon game are the opening moves, collectively referred to as the opening, and studied in the backgammon opening theory. Compared to the widely studied opening theory in chess, the backgammon opening theory is not developed in as much detail. The reason for this is that following the first move, there are 21 dice roll outcomes per subsequent move, combined with many alternative plays for each outcome, making the tree of possible positions in backgammon expand much more rapidly than in chess.

Despite the complications posed by this rapid branching of possibilities, over the course of many years, a consensus did develop amongst backgammon experts on what is the preferred opening move for each given roll. Following the emergence of self-trained backgammon-playing neural networks, the insights on what are the best opening moves have changed in some unexpected ways.

Preferred opening moves
The table below summarises the most commonly preferred moves, for each of the 15 possible opening rolls, as selected by detailed computer simulations, referred to as "rollouts". There are no opening moves consisting of doubles, because at the start of the game, each player rolls one die. Whoever rolls higher moves first, using the numbers on the already-rolled dice. In the case of a tie, the players roll again. In cases where no preferred play but only two or more alternative plays are given, these appear to be of equivalent strength within the statistical uncertainties of the simulations and no play could be singled out that is clearly superior.

The moves are captured in standard backgammon notation. For instance, 8/5 denotes the move of a piece from the 8-point to the 5-point.

The general message that emerges from the above table can be summarised as follows: unless one can make a point, and with the exception of the running move 24/13 (the lover's leap), a successful play is the combination of splitting the 24-point and moving a checker from the 13-point. The latter move should be as small as possible (resulting in a builder close to the 13-point), unless the stack at the 8-point can be reached (resulting in a balancing of the distribution between the 13-point and the 8-point).

The above opening moves which emerged from computer analysis demonstrate that a number of opening moves that were unquestioned for many decades are now considered suboptimal. One example is the move 13/11-13/8 on the roll 5-2. Although not a bad move, the alternative choice preferred by the analyses, 24/22-13/8, is now generally agreed upon to be optimal. In other cases, computer analysis has resulted in alternative strategies that were not seriously considered in the past. For instance, the opening move 8/2-6/2 for a roll of 6-4 was in the past greeted with disdain from experts, but turns out to be on average as effective as the usual plays (24/14 and 24/18-13/9).

Influencing factors
The consensus on opening moves is generally extended only to money play, meaning that these plays optimise the expected payout. However, a context different from money play can influence the choice of opening move and may very well tip the balance towards a play that is seen to be slightly inferior. Towards the end of a match play, one such important factor can be the state of the match.

In practice, an even more important influencing factor is the preferred style of the player. A player might have a strong preference for one out of a number of alternative opening plays that are on average as effective, because the character of the move (passive or aggressive) better suits his or her playing style.

title: Backgammon/Openings


text:
Backgammon/History

History
Backgammon is one of the oldest board games played today, and can be most clearly traced to the ancient game tabula, which appears in an epigram of Byzantine Emperor Zeno (AD 476–481).

The ancient Egyptians played a game called senet, which resembled backgammon, with moves controlled by the roll of dice. The Royal Game of Ur, played in ancient Mesopotamia, is a more likely ancestor of modern tables games. Recent excavations at the "Burnt City" in Iran showed that a similar game existed there around 3000 BC. The artifacts include two dice and 60 pieces, and the set is believed to be 100 to 200 years older than the sets found in Ur.

The ancient Romans played a number of games with remarkable similarities to backgammon. Ludus duodecim scriptorum ("game of twelve lines") used a board with three rows of 12 points each, and the pieces were moved across all three rows according to the roll of dice. Not much specific text about the gameplay has survived. Tabula, meaning "table" or "board", was similar to modern backgammon in that a board with 24 points was used, and the object of the game was to be the first to bear off all of one's checkers. Three dice were used instead of two, and opposing checkers moved in opposite directions.

In the 11th century Shahnameh, the Persian poet Ferdowsi credits Burzoe with the invention of nard in the 6th century. He describes an encounter between Burzoe and a Raja visiting from India. The Raja introduces the game of chess, and Burzoe demonstrates nard, played with dice made from ivory and teak.

The jeux de tables, predecessors of modern backgammon, first appeared in France during the 11th century and became a frequent pastime for gamblers. In 1254, Louis IX of France issued a decree prohibiting his court officials and subjects from playing the games. While it is mostly known for its extensive discussion of chess, the Alfonso X manuscript Libro de los juegos, completed in 1283, describes rules for a number of dice and tables games. By the 17th century, tables games had spread to Sweden. A wooden board and checkers were recovered from the wreck of the Regalskeppet Vasa among the belongings of the ship's officers.

Edmund Hoyle published A Short Treatise on the Game of Backgammon in 1743; this book described the rules of the game and was bound together with a similar text on whist. The game described by Hoyle is, in most respects, the same as the game played today.

In English, the word "backgammon" is most likely derived from "back" and Middle English "gamen", meaning "game" or "play". The earliest use documented by the Oxford English Dictionary was in 1650.

title: Backgammon/History


text:
User:Ptkfgs~enwikibooks

Ptkfgs at the English Wikipedia

title: User:Ptkfgs~enwikibooks


text:
Wikibooks:General voting rules/Proposal/Version 1

Wikibooks users should look for consensus rather than stay on their own positions. However, there are situations where "majority wins" voting is the best solution, like Book of the month and Collaboration of the Month awards, or where consensus cannot be achieved or where it needs to be shown clearly that most people supported a particular proposal.

Terms
Vote is the action of discussing a topic, casting opinions, and reaching consensus. Votes are not performed by anonymous ballots, and every vote or comment should be accompanied by the username of the person casting the vote. The easiest way to do this is by following every comment that you write with --~.

Proposal means subject of the vote here. Whether it is request for adminship, vote for deleting a book or making it book of the month or attempt to make proposed policy enforced, all these cases will be called just proposal.

Who has right to vote?
All registered wikibooks users have the right to vote, although users that are suspected of voting in bad faith will have their votes removed. Wikibooks operates on a "one vote per person" rule, not "one vote per username". This means that if you maintain multiple usernames, you may only cast a meaningful vote with one of them. Sockpuppets will not be allowed for use in voting.

While new users are encouraged to get involved with discussions and helping to plan future directions for this project, it is considered bad form to make your one and only editorial contribution to Wikibooks involving casting votes on opinion pages. If you are new to Wikibooks, try to read up on the issues involved and help participate in writing content first, to get a sense of understanding about this project. Regular active contributors will be more highly regarded on their opinions anyway.

Users must be signed in to cast a vote, and anonoymous votes will not be counted. Every vote should be appropriately signed, or else an unsigned template can be used to identify the voter.

What does consensus mean?
Consensus is the requirement to have general acceptance from the community. As wikibooks is not a democracy, we do not define "consensus" to be a particular percentage of the vote. However, we do not require that a particular vote obtain complete agreement from all parties involved. If dissenting issues are presented, an effort should be made to compromise.

Consensus also cannot be declared prematurely. A vote should be allowed to remain for at least 2 weeks from the time of the last comment, before the final outcome is decided upon. This will allow time for all users to have a say on the proposal.

How to prepare vote?
It should be made clear what is the subject of the vote and what are consequences of the vote. The proposal should not be altered during voting (except spelling/grammar/formatting corrections). If the meaning of the proposal has changed after any users have voted, the vote should be cancelled or started from the beginning. Users casting votes after a vote has been cancelled or restarted should be notified of the changes and encouraged to cast another vote.

It is a good habit to notify other users about the vote, for example in Bulletin board or Staff lounge. This does not apply for subjects specific to a single book. In such cases that apply to only a single book, the notification can occur on the main page of the book, or on the talk pages of the book. Some changes, such as those changes that only affect a single book or a single bookshelf might not require a vote, and wikibookians are encouraged to be bold when making contributions that will have a positive effect. If a bold action results in a problem or dissention, a vote can then be held to finalize the issue.

Vote results
The voting process should be long enough to reach a concensus, and to hear opinions from any interested wikibookians. There is no set time limit to a vote, and it can persist, undecided, until a consensus is reached. Votes that have reached consensus must be allowed to sit for at least 1 week from the time of the last vote, to ensure that no additional votes or opinions are voiced. When a vote is reaching a close, it is a good idea to announce the close of the vote in a public forum, such as Staff lounge, or Bulletin board.

Once a consensus has been reached and maintained for at least 1 week or more, the vote can be declared over, and the final result announced. The debate and voting text may be archived immediately. If the vote is on a matter of policy, the new policy takes effect immediately after the vote has been decided.

Additional rules
This policy does not cover all possibilities, but gives general, basic rules. Everyone can start a vote with more rules and restrictions, provided that they do not violate this policy. Some common occurances, such as Book of the Month, or Collaboration of the month votes have their own voting rules, and votes are calculated numerically, not by concensus.


text:
Wikibooks:General voting rules/Proposal/Version 2

Voting on Wikibooks
Currently, voting takes place on Wikibooks in different circumstances. Some general principles apply in all circumstances, and in addition the separate circumstances each have specific principles relevant only to them. This policy first discusses the general principles, and then goes on to outline the circumstance-specific principles. The circumstances in which voting is used are as follows:

 * Circumstance A - books of the month/quarter

 * 1) To determine the following month's book of the month
 * 2) To determine the following month's collaboration of the month
 * 3) To determine the following quarter's Wikijunior book of the quarter

 * Circumstance B - to give additional user rights

 * 1) To agree to make a Wikibookian an administrator
 * 2) To agree to make a Wikibookian a bureaucrat
 * 3) To agree to give a Wikibookian checkuser rights

 * Circumstance C - as an aid to discussions

 * 1) On decisions as to whether a page should be deleted
 * 2) On an ad hoc basis, where it is considered that a vote might be a useful aid to discussion

Policy is generally derived from community consensus. Sometimes a vote is used to affirm consensus.
 * Circumstance D - to help affirm policy

What we mean by "vote"
On Wikibooks, by vote we mean the action of discussing a topic, casting opinions and reaching a consensus. So a vote is not just a yes or a no, but also any comments and discussions a user makes during the voting process.

What consensus means
Consensus is the requirement to have general acceptance from the community. In the case of elections voting on Wikibooks is vaguely according to the principles of a democratic organisation, however, unlike a democracy that appoints representatives to decide issues, editorial issues require the involvement of the editors. In the case of resolving disputes voting is a measure of opinion and unrelated to concepts such as democracy, we do not define "consensus" to be a particular percentage of the vote. However, we do not require that a particular vote obtain complete agreement from all parties involved. If dissenting issues are presented, an effort should be made to compromise, if dissenters are unable to accept the compromises then, eventually, a majority decision may be required.

Consensus also cannot be declared prematurely. If someone objects to a decision alleged to be made by consensus shortly after it has been announced, it is likely that the original claim that there was consensus was wrong. The most important point is that wikibookians should work together and compromise to make decisions, and to make wikibooks a better place.

The right to vote
All registered wikibooks users who have made at least 20 bona fide edits have the right to vote, although users that are suspected of voting in bad faith are liable to having their votes crossed out and ignored or removed. There is one exception to the rule that at least 20 bona fide edits have been made, and that is with regards to new modules and books, where the creators and other editors of that module or book may argue their case.

Wikibooks operates on a "one vote per person" rule, not "one vote per username". This means that if you maintain multiple usernames, you may only cast a meaningful vote with one of them. Sockpuppets and bots will not be allowed for use in voting.

While new users are encouraged to get involved with discussions and helping to plan future directions for this project, it is considered bad form to make your only editorial contribution to Wikibooks involving casting votes on opinion pages. If you are new to Wikibooks, try to read up on the issues involved and help participate in writing content first, to get a sense of understanding about this project. Regular active contributors will be more highly regarded on their opinions anyway.

How to make a vote
When voting, you must be signed in. Every vote should be appropriately signed. The easiest way to do this is by following every comment that you write with --~. Anonymous votes will not be counted. An unsigned template may be used to identify the voter.

Setting out what a vote is for
It should be made clear from the start what the subject of the vote is and what the consequences of the vote are. The terms under which the voting process will be considered complete (eg after a specified period of time or at the later of a specified time and a minimum number of votes cast). You should aim to get consensus for this before allowing the vote to start.

The proposal should not be altered during voting (except spelling/grammar/formatting corrections). If the meaning of the proposal has changed after any users have voted, the vote should be cancelled or started from the beginning. Users who cast votes in a vote that gets cancelled and then restarted should be notified of the changes and encouraged to cast another vote.

Except when in circumstance A, it is a good habit to notify other users about the vote, for example in Bulletin board or Staff lounge. It is also best practice that if the vote affects a particular book to make a reference to it on the talk page of the title page of the book. It is also good practice to inform any Wikibookians who you know are likely to be particularly interested in the vote on their user talk page.

Announcing the results of the vote
Once a vote has ended, any Wikibookian can formally announce the result, except in Circumstance B, where only a bureaucrat or steward, as appropriate, can announce the result. If the rules outlined elsewhere in the policy have been followed, the declaration of the result should be non-controversial.

Circumstance A - books of the month
The specific rules for circumstance A are as set out at the top of the respective voting pages.

Circumstance B - to give additional user rights
A significant level of support needs to be gained for a user to gain additional user rights. As a general guide, recent history has seen users promoted to administrator status with 6 to 1 and 8 to 2 support or greater. A bureaucrat nomination requires greater support than that to succeed. Whether there is sufficient support for a checkuser nomination to succeed is determined by a Wikimedia steward, and the determining criteria are not within Wikibooks' power to change.

Circumstance C - as an aid to discussion
Sometimes votes are used as a discussion aid. The determinant of the vote is based on the weight of the arguments as measured by the effect of the discussion on the voters. For example, Votes for deletion is really a discussion on whether or not a module or book is consistent with Wikibooks' inclusion criteria. Although people will summarise their views as keep or delete, the factor deciding the discussion is whether it is shown that the module or book meets the inclusion criteria or not. In discussions the vote reflects, to some extent, the way that the discussion has persuaded the voters.

Circumstance D - to help affirm policy
Policy (broadly any overarching principle to be applied either throughout Wikibooks or throughout a particular Wikibook) is decided by consensus.

No vote should be started until all issues and concerns raised by Wikibookians in good faith have been addressed. That does not mean agreement necessarily has to be reached, but it does mean that all pertinent questions should be answered, even if they do not yield answers the questioner is happy with.

A vote may either be used to affirm consensus, or alternatively to overrule dissenters. The latter case should only be used with reluctance - unless the proposers and dissenters accept in advance that they will accept that a vote will resolve the dispute. If possible, some accommodation should be made with dissenters so that the policy proposal is acceptable to everyone, even if a vote has already started.

The aim of the process is to reach a consensus, and the process should therefore not end whilst there is substantive ongoing discussions about the matter in hand. It may be that discussions develop in such a way that it is clear there is consensus and the vote is just a formality. Where it appears that consensus has been reached, say so, but allow the discussion to remain open for at least one week to allow any additional votes or opinions are voiced. It is, however, considered bad form for someone fully aware of the discussion to remain silent about their concerns and then try to block the proposal at the last minute.

When a vote is reaching a close, it is a good idea to announce the impending closure of the vote in a public forum, such as Staff lounge or Bulletin board.

If the vote is on a matter of policy, the new policy takes effect immediately after the vote has been decided.


text:
Wikibooks:General voting rules/Proposal/Version 3

Voting on Wikibooks
Currently, voting takes place on Wikibooks in different circumstances. Some general principles apply in all circumstances, and in addition the separate circumstances each have specific principles relevant only to them. This policy first discusses the general principles, and then goes on to outline the circumstance-specific principles. The circumstances in which voting is used are as follows:

 * Circumstance A - books of the month/quarter

 * 1) To determine the following month's book of the month
 * 2) To determine the following month's collaboration of the month
 * 3) To determine the following quarter's Wikijunior book of the quarter

 * Circumstance B - to give additional user rights

 * 1) To agree to make a Wikibookian an administrator
 * 2) To agree to make a Wikibookian a bureaucrat
 * 3) To agree to give a Wikibookian checkuser rights

 * Circumstance C - as an aid to discussions

 * 1) On decisions as to whether a page should be deleted
 * 2) On an ad hoc basis, where it is considered that a vote might be a useful aid to discussion

Policy is generally derived from community consensus. Sometimes a vote is used to affirm consensus.
 * Circumstance D - to help affirm policy

What we mean by "vote"
On Wikibooks, by vote we mean the action of discussing a topic, casting opinions and reaching a consensus. So a vote is not just a yes or a no, but also any comments and discussions a user makes during the voting process.

What consensus means
Consensus is the requirement to have general acceptance from the community. In the case of elections voting on Wikibooks is vaguely according to the principles of a democratic organisation, however, unlike a democracy that appoints representatives to decide issues, editorial issues require the involvement of the editors. In the case of resolving disputes voting is a measure of opinion and unrelated to concepts such as democracy, we do not define "consensus" to be a particular percentage of the vote. However, we do not require that a particular vote obtain complete agreement from all parties involved. If dissenting issues are presented, an effort should be made to compromise, if dissenters are unable to accept the compromises then, eventually, a majority decision may be required. If a vote has been called or advertised three times over a period of six months or more and the voting process or result has been blocked or rejected by the same individual or minority on each occasion then, on the fourth cycle, a vote may be taken and implemented on a majority basis.

Consensus also cannot be declared prematurely. If someone objects to a decision alleged to be made by consensus shortly after it has been announced, it is likely that the original claim that there was consensus was wrong. The most important point is that wikibookians should work together and compromise to make decisions, and to make wikibooks a better place. However, it is important that individual Wikibookians with strong views should be prepared to compromise and allow decisions where many others disagree with their views. It should not be necessary to use the six month rule routinely.

The right to vote
All registered wikibooks users who have made at least 20 bona fide edits have the right to vote, although users that are suspected of voting in bad faith are liable to having their votes crossed out and ignored or removed. There is one exception to the rule that at least 20 bona fide edits have been made, and that is with regards to new modules and books, where the creators and other editors of that module or book may argue their case.

Wikibooks operates on a "one vote per person" rule, not "one vote per username". This means that if you maintain multiple usernames, you may only cast a meaningful vote with one of them. Sockpuppets and bots will not be allowed for use in voting.

While new users are encouraged to get involved with discussions and helping to plan future directions for this project, it is considered bad form to make your only editorial contribution to Wikibooks involving casting votes on opinion pages. If you are new to Wikibooks, try to read up on the issues involved and help participate in writing content first, to get a sense of understanding about this project. Regular active contributors will be more highly regarded on their opinions anyway.

How to make a vote
When voting, you must be signed in. Every vote should be appropriately signed. The easiest way to do this is by following every comment that you write with --~. Anonymous votes will not be counted. An unsigned template may be used to identify the voter.

Setting out what a vote is for
It should be made clear from the start what the subject of the vote is and what the consequences of the vote are. The terms under which the voting process will be considered complete (eg after a specified period of time or at the later of a specified time and a minimum number of votes cast). You should aim to get consensus for this before allowing the vote to start.

The proposal should not be altered during voting (except spelling/grammar/formatting corrections). If the meaning of the proposal has changed after any users have voted, the vote should be cancelled or started from the beginning. Users who cast votes in a vote that gets cancelled and then restarted should be notified of the changes and encouraged to cast another vote.

Except when in circumstance A, it is a good habit to notify other users about the vote, for example in Bulletin board or Staff lounge. It is also best practice that if the vote affects a particular book to make a reference to it on the talk page of the title page of the book. It is also good practice to inform any Wikibookians who you know are likely to be particularly interested in the vote on their user talk page.

Announcing the results of the vote
Once a vote has ended, any Wikibookian can formally announce the result, except in Circumstance B, where only a bureaucrat or steward, as appropriate, can announce the result. If the rules outlined elsewhere in the policy have been followed, the declaration of the result should be non-controversial.

Circumstance A - books of the month
The specific rules for circumstance A are as set out at the top of the respective voting pages.

Circumstance B - to give additional user rights
A significant level of support needs to be gained for a user to gain additional user rights. As a general guide, recent history has seen users promoted to administrator status with 6 to 1 and 8 to 2 support or greater. A bureaucrat nomination requires greater support than that to succeed. Whether there is sufficient support for a checkuser nomination to succeed is determined by a Wikimedia steward, and the determining criteria are not within Wikibooks' power to change.

Circumstance C - as an aid to discussion
Sometimes votes are used as a discussion aid. The determinant of the vote is based on the weight of the arguments as measured by the effect of the discussion on the voters. For example, Votes for deletion is really a discussion on whether or not a module or book is consistent with Wikibooks' inclusion criteria. Although people will summarise their views as keep or delete, the factor deciding the discussion is whether it is shown that the module or book meets the inclusion criteria or not. In discussions the vote reflects, to some extent, the way that the discussion has persuaded the voters.

Circumstance D - to help affirm policy
Policy (broadly any overarching principle to be applied either throughout Wikibooks or throughout a particular Wikibook) is decided by consensus.

No vote should be started until all issues and concerns raised by Wikibookians in good faith have been addressed. That does not mean agreement necessarily has to be reached, but it does mean that all pertinent questions should be answered, even if they do not yield answers the questioner is happy with.

A vote may either be used to affirm consensus, or alternatively to overrule dissenters. The latter case should only be used with reluctance - unless the proposers and dissenters accept in advance that they will accept that a vote will resolve the dispute. If possible, some accommodation should be made with dissenters so that the policy proposal is acceptable to everyone, even if a vote has already started.

The aim of the process is to reach a consensus, and the process should therefore not end whilst there is substantive ongoing discussions about the matter in hand. It may be that discussions develop in such a way that it is clear there is consensus and the vote is just a formality. Where it appears that consensus has been reached, say so, but allow the discussion to remain open for at least one week to allow any additional votes or opinions are voiced. It is, however, considered bad form for someone fully aware of the discussion to remain silent about their concerns and then try to block the proposal at the last minute.

When a vote is reaching a close, it is a good idea to announce the impending closure of the vote in a public forum, such as Staff lounge or Bulletin board.

If the vote is on a matter of policy, the new policy takes effect immediately after the vote has been decided.


text:
Wikibooks:General voting rules/Proposal/Version 4

Low impact decisions
Low-impact decisions involve proposals that express the community's preferences and feelings about issues that fall well below the level of policy, and do not affect the long term culture or structure of Wikibooks. For these sorts of decisions, a simply majority vote may be used for convenience and clarity. Low impact decisions are those which will not affect the long term culture or policies of Wikibooks.

Examples of low impact decisions where majority rules voting would be acceptable are:

 * 1) Determining the following month's book of the month
 * 2) Determining the following month's collaboration of the month
 * 3) Determining the following quarter's Wikijunior book of the quarter
 * 4) Resolving disputes where parties agree to use voting as a method of gauging opinion or taking decisions.

High impact decisions
High-impact decisions involve the adoption or repeal of policies and guidelines that have a long term effect on the culture and structure of Wikibooks. These decisions should always be made through the process of building a community consensus. Such decisions include:

 * 1) Making a Wikibookian an administrator
 * 2) Making a Wikibookian a bureaucrat
 * 3) Giving a Wikibookian checkuser rights
 * 4) Determining whether a page should be deleted
 * 5) Creating or modifying Wikibooks policies

Voting
When voting is deemed acceptable, the vote should follow these guidelines:
 * Each person gets only one vote; additional votes by sockpuppets or alternate accounts should not be counted
 * Only votes cast by registered users with 20 or more edits should be counted
 * Votes cast in bad faith should not be counted
 * Each vote should be signed (using four tildes: ~ )
 * The start and end period of the vote should be included with the description of the vote, and the period of the vote should be long enough to allow wide user participation
 * The vote should be publicised in the Staff lounge and on the Bulletin board
 * In the case of low-impact decisions, the option with the most valid votes is adopted.
 * For high-impact decisions, votes and debates should be left open as long as progress towards reaching consensus is being made.

Community consensus
"Community consensus" is a state of existence arrived at by following a formal consensus decision making process. Ultimately the state of "community consensus" involves the vast majority of users agreeing on some decision.

Process

 * 1) A proposal is made, and discussion about the proposal is invited.
 * 2) The proposal is discussed, and initial concerns are raised.
 * 3) The proposal may be modified to address these initial concerns and resubmitted for discussion.
 * 4) A call for consensus regarding the proposal is made, possibly in the form of a straw poll.
 * 5) If there are no objections, the proposal is accepted and affirmative "community consensus" has been reached on the proposal.
 * 6) If there are still objections, the objections should be discussed and:
 * 7) * The proposal may be dropped. Affirmative "community consensus" for the proposal was not reached.
 * 8) * The proposal may be modified to address these objections and resubmitted for discussion.
 * 9) * A call for consensus regarding the proposal is made again, in spite of the objections. This action should not be taken lightly and should only occur after substantive good faith discussion of the proposal and objections has taken place. The community can:
 * 10) ** Accept the proposal in spite of objections, and affirmative "community consensus" has been reached.
 * 11) ** Not accept the proposal as "community consensus" has not been reached.

User responses
Users who do not agree with the community decison should accept the decision and, if they feel strongly, have one of the following options open to them:
 * Propose alternative policies.
 * Propose alterations to existing policies.
 * Accept the community's decision.


text:
Nepal Bhasa/Basic Nepāl Bhāsā

 * Hello = jwajalapā/jojalapā ज्वजलपा/जोजलपा
 * How are you? = chhita gathe chwa? छि गथे च्वं?
 * Goodbye = bāy बाय्
 * Thank you = subhāy सुभाय्
 * Welcome = lasakusa लसकुस
 * Congratulations = Bhintunā भिंतुना
 * Good = bānlā: बांलाः
 * Bad = bāmalā: बांमलाः
 * Friend = pāsā पासा
 * What is your name? = chhigu nā chhu kha? छिगु नां छु?
 * Birthday = jarmani/boon-di जर्मनिं/ बुदिं
 * Today = thaun थौं
 * Tomorrow = kan-he कन्हय्
 * Yesterday = mhi-ga म्हिगः
 * I'm hungry = jita ne-pi-tyā-ta जितः नय् पित्यात।
 * Money = dhya-bā ध्यबा
 * How much? = guli गुलि

title: Nepal Bhasa/Basic Nepāl Bhāsā


text:
Nepal Bhasa/Nouns

 * Family = chhen, ja-hān
 * Father = abu
 * Mother = mā
 * Elder sister = ta-tā
 * Younger sister = ke'
 * Elder brother = daa-i, daa-ju
 * Younger brother = ki-jā, bau-chā
 * Husband = bhā-ta
 * Wife = ka-lā
 * Son = kā-ye
 * Daughter = mhyāy-e
 * Grandfather = A-jā
 * Grandmother = A-ji
 * House = chhen
 * Land = boon, khya

title: Nepal Bhasa/Nouns


text:
Nepal Bhasa/Verbs

 * Eat = ne-u
 * Drink = to-ne-u
 * Walk = nyasi-wa-ne-u
 * Run = bwae-wa-ne-u
 * Play = mhi-ti-u
 * Study = bo-ne-u
 * Sleep = dya-ne-u
 * Go = wo-ne-u
 * Come = we-u
 * Talk = na-wae-u
 * Do = ya-e-u
 * Watch = sw-e-u

title: Nepal Bhasa/Verbs


text:
Nepal Bhasa/Pronouns

 * I = ji
 * You (informal) = chha
 * You (honorific) = chhi
 * You (royalty) = chha-sa-po-la*
 * He/She/It (informal) = wa, wo
 * He/She/It (honorific) = we-ka
 * He/She/It (royalty) = wa-sa-po-la*
 * They = i-pin
 * We (including the listener) = jhi
 * We (not including the listener) = ji-pin

* Note: shortly after Nepal's dynastic rule, these pronouns have become obsolete in colloquial speech, yet continue to be used liturgically.

title: Nepal Bhasa/Pronouns


text:
Nepal Bhasa/Adjectives

 * Good = bān-lā
 * Bad = bān-ma-lā
 * Beautiful = bān-lā-mha
 * Rich = ta-mhi
 * Poor = fogin

title: Nepal Bhasa/Adjectives


text:
Nepal Bhasa/Counting

 * one = chha, chhi
 * two = ni
 * three = swo, swa
 * four = pye, pe
 * five = nyā
 * six = khu
 * seven = nhe
 * eight = chyā
 * nine = gu
 * ten = jhi, sanhi
 * one hundred = sa-chhi
 * one thousand = dwa-chhi
 * ten thousand = ro
 * first = nhaa-paa
 * last = da-kle li-paa

Counters:

General: The suffix '-gu' is added to count general nouns ie: chha-gu, ni-gu, etc. In informal/colloquial spoken speech, the 'g' is omitted ie: chha-u, ni-u

Living Beings: The suffix '-mha' is added to count both living beings (other than trees) and a few non-living animate nouns ie: chha-mha, ni-mha

Round Items: The suffix '-paa' is added to count round items, such as 'roti' or circles ie: chha-paa, ni-paa

Trees: The suffix '-maa' is added to count trees ie: chha-maa, ni-maa

Money: The suffixes '-rkaa' or '-tkaa' is added to count coins, bills, or other currency denominations ie: chha-rkaa, ni-rkaa or chha-tkaa, ni-tkaa

Houses: The suffix '-gaa' is added to count houses ie: chha-gaa, ni-gaa

Days: The suffix '-nhu' is added to count days ie: chha-nhu, ni-nhu

title: Nepal Bhasa/Counting


text:
Nepal Bhasa/Simple sentences

ऐ, मईचा, छंगु मिखा गुली बांला? ओ, दाईचा, छिगु ख्वा: तस्कं बांला (ओ-हो) मईचा, छःगु मिखा गुली बाला? ओ, दाईचा, छिगु ख्वा: तस्कं बांला

title: Nepal Bhasa/Simple sentences


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Nepal Bhasa/Introduction

Nepal Bhasa (नेपाल भाषा, Nēpāl bhāṣā, also known as Newāh Bhāy) is one of the major languages of Nepal. It was Nepal's administrative and day-to-day language from the 14th to the late 18th centuries. Nepal Bhasa is spoken today as a mother tongue by the Newars, the indigenous inhabitants of Nepal Mandala, which consists of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions. Outside Nepal, Nepal Bhasa is also spoken in India, particularly in Sikkim where it is one of the 11 official languages.

The name
The earliest occurrences of the name Nepal Bhasa can be found in the manuscripts Narad Sanhita, dated 1380 AD, and Amarkosh, dated 1389 AD. Since then, the name has been used widely on inscriptions, manuscripts, documents and books.

In the 1920s, the name of the language known as Khaskura, Gorkhali or Parbatiya was changed to Nepali, and Nepal Bhasa began to be officially referred to as Newari while the Newars continued using the original term. Similarly, the term Gorkhali in the former national anthem entitled "Shreeman Gambhir" was changed to Nepali in 1951.

On 8 September 1995, following years of lobbying to use the standard name, the then His Majesty's Government decided that the name Nepal Bhasa should be used instead of Newari. However, the decision was not implemented, and on 13 November 1998, the Minister of Information and Communication directed all public mass media to use the name Nepal Bhasa instead of Newari language.

Geographic distribution
Nepal Bhasa is spoken by over a million people in Nepal according to the 2001 census.
 * In Nepal: Kathmandu Valley (Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City, Bhaktapur Municipality, Kirtipur Municipality, Madhyapur Thimi Municipality), Dolakha, Banepa, Dhulikhel, Bhimphedi (Makwanpur), Panauti, Palpa, Trishuli, Nuwakot, Bhojpur, Biratnagar, Baglung, Bandipur, Birgunj, Hetauda and other chief cities.
 * In India: Sikkim, West Bengal
 * In Tibet: Khasa

With an increase in emigration, various bodies and societies of Nepal Bhasa-speaking people have emerged in countries like the US, the UK, Australia and Japan.

title: Nepal Bhasa/Introduction


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Emergency Medicine/Diarrhea

Diarrhea—loose, watery stools occurring more than three times in one day—is a common problem that usually lasts a day or two and goes away on its own without any special treatment. However, prolonged diarrhea can be a sign of other problems. People with diarrhea may pass more than a quart of stool a day.

Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid to function properly. Dehydration is particularly dangerous in children and the elderly, and it must be treated promptly to avoid serious health problems. (See "What is dehydration?")

People of all ages can get diarrhea. The average adult has a bout of diarrhea about four times a year.

Causes
Diarrhea may be caused by a temporary problem, like an infection, or a chronic problem, like an intestinal disease. A few of the more common causes of diarrhea are

Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria, consumed through contaminated food or water, can cause diarrhea. Common culprits include Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli.

Viral infections. Many viruses cause diarrhea, including rotavirus, Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and viral hepatitis.

Food intolerances. Some people are unable to digest some component of food, such as lactose, the sugar found in milk.

Parasites. Parasites can enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system. Parasites that cause diarrhea include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium.

Reaction to medicines, such as antibiotics, blood pressure medications, and antacids containing magnesium.

Intestinal diseases, like inflammatory bowel disease or celiac disease.

Functional bowel disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, in which the intestines do not work normally.

Some people develop diarrhea after stomach surgery or removal of the gallbladder. The reason may be a change in how quickly food moves through the digestive system after stomach surgery or an increase in bile in the colon that can occur after gallbladder surgery.

In many cases, the cause of diarrhea cannot be found. As long as diarrhea goes away on its own, an extensive search for the cause is not usually necessary.

People who visit foreign countries are at risk for traveler's diarrhea, which is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with bacteria, viruses, or, sometimes, parasites. Traveler's diarrhea is a particular problem for people visiting developing countries. Visitors to the United States, Canada, most European countries, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand do not face much risk for traveler's diarrhea.

Diagnosis
Diarrhea may be accompanied by cramping abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, or an urgent need to use the bathroom. Depending on the cause, a person may have a fever or bloody stools.

Diarrhea can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). The acute form, which lasts less than 4 weeks, is usually related to a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea lasts more than 4 weeks and is usually related to functional disorders like irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel diseases like celiac disease.

Treatment
In most cases, replacing lost fluid to prevent dehydration is the only treatment necessary. Medicines that stop diarrhea may be helpful in some cases, but they are not recommended for people whose diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection or parasite—stopping the diarrhea traps the organism in the intestines, prolonging the problem. Instead, doctors usually prescribe antibiotics. Viral causes are either treated with medication or left to run their course, depending on the severity and type of the virus.

Preventing Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body has lost too much fluid and electrolytes (the salts potassium and sodium). The fluid and electrolytes lost during diarrhea need to be replaced promptly—the body cannot function properly without them. Dehydration is particularly dangerous for children, who can die from it within a matter of days.

Although water is extremely important in preventing dehydration, it does not contain electrolytes. To maintain electrolyte levels, you could have broth or soups, which contain sodium, and fruit juices, soft fruits, or vegetables, which contain potassium.

For children, doctors often recommend a special rehydration solution that contains the nutrients they need. You can buy this solution in the grocery store without a prescription. Examples include Pedialyte, Ceralyte, and Infalyte.

Tips About Food
Until diarrhea subsides, try to avoid milk products and foods that are greasy, high-fiber, or very sweet. These foods tend to aggravate diarrhea.

As you improve, you can add soft, bland foods to your diet, including bananas, plain rice, boiled potatoes, toast, crackers, cooked carrots, and baked chicken without the skin or fat. For children, the pediatrician may recommend what is called the BRAT diet: bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast.

title: Emergency Medicine/Diarrhea


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Emergency Medicine/Dehydration

Dehydration means your body does not have as much water and fluids as it should. This can be caused by losing too much fluid, not drinking enough water or fluids, or both. Vomiting and diarrhea are common causes.

Infants and children are more susceptible to dehydration than adults because of their smaller body weights and higher turnover of water and electrolytes. The elderly and those with illnesses are also at higher risk.

Dehydration is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on how much of the body's fluid is lost or not replenished. When severe, dehydration is a life-threatening emergency.

Symptoms

 * Dry or sticky mouth.
 * Low or no urine output; concentrated urine appears dark yellow.
 * Not producing tears.
 * Sunken eyes.
 * Markedly sunken fontanelles (the soft spot on the top of the head) in an infant.
 * Lethargic or comatose (with severe dehydration).
 * In addition to the symptoms of actual dehydration, you may also have:
 * vomiting
 * diarrhea
 * the feeling that you "can't keep anything down"

Treatment
Treatment includes starting NS@20ml/kg slow push until signs of severe dehydration disappear. Avoid Ringer Lactate till patient passes urine. Maintenance fluid depends on body weight. Either DNS or RL may be used 10 kg and less     100ml/Kg 10–20 kg          1000mL+50ml/kg 20+ Kg            1500ml+ 20 ml/kg It may be advisable to give half the calculated fluid in the first 8 hours and the remaining over the next 16 hours check for pulmonary oedema replenish Potassium as required Chills may occur due to fluid administration rule out infectious causes
 * Drinking fluids is usually sufficient for mild dehydration. It is better to have frequent, small amounts of fluid (using a teaspoon or syringe for an infant or child) rather than trying to force large amounts of fluid at one time. Drinking too much fluid at once can bring on more vomiting.
 * Electrolyte solutions or freezer pops are especially effective. These are available at pharmacies. Sport drinks contain a lot of sugar and can cause or worsen diarrhea. In infants and children, avoid using water as the primary replacement fluid.
 * Intravenous fluids and hospitalization may be necessary for moderate to severe dehydration. The doctor will try to identify and then treat the cause of the dehydration.
 * Precautions

 * Most cases of stomach viruses (also called viral gastroenteritis) tend to resolve on their own after a few days.

title: Emergency Medicine/Dehydration


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Music Theory/Chromaticism

Chromaticism refers to the use of pitches, chords, and keys not associated with diatonic collections. The etymology of the word chromatic, which refers to colour, gives us a clue as to its function is in nineteenth-century music: it provides inflections to diatonic harmonies.

Pitch

A chromatic pitch is any note not contained within a given diatonic collection. For example, in C major, C-sharp, D-flat, D-sharp, E-flat, F-sharp, G-flat, G-sharp, A-flat, A-sharp and B-flat all represent chromatic pitches. For a chromatic pitch to function 'chromatically', however, it must resolve in a logical way to a diatonic pitch, otherwise the overload of 'colour' undermines the integrity of the key and begins to suggest a modulation to a different key or a non-diatonic modality. As a general rule, chromatically raised tones resolve upward while chromatically lowered ones resolve downward. Hence, chromatically introduced A# usually goes to B while Eb would have to go to D.

Chords

In nineteenth-century music there can be no pitches without chords, which more fully suggest harmony. In C major, chromatic chords include all those outside the diatonic framework, including C minor, C-sharp major and minor, D major, E-flat major and minor, E major, F minor, F-sharp major and minor, G minor, A-flat major and minor, A major, B-flat major and minor, and B major and minor. The way these chords are used in nineteenth-century music is not arbitrary and each chord has its own specific quality and compositional implications. Most obviously the level of diatonicism, or its displacement around the cycle of fifths, of a chromatic chord makes it sound more or less nearly-related to the tonic (that is within diatonicism, although other theories exist, notably certain neo-Riemannian theories).

Keys

Finally, keys, which may provide large-scale harmonic structure in nineteenth-century music, may also be chromatic. Given that gamut of keys for most music of the eighteenth century is diatonic - most often creating a tension between tonic and dominant (Charles Rosen, The Classical Style, 1978) - the use of chromatic keys opens up a vista of new tonal possibilities. Composers such as Beethoven and to an even greater extent Schubert, are examples of the first composers to explore this.

After chromaticism

Historically, the prolongations of chromatic pitches, chords, and keys, increasingly undermining a clear diatonic harmonic basis, led it many different directions. Wagner and Strauss pushed to the extreme the tension of prolonging chromatic pitches, whereas other composers, such as Debussy, overstep the boundary and moves towards modality. Composers of the Second Viennese School - Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern - completely eradicate any diatonic basis with atonal and dodecaphonic (twelve-tone serialism) harmony, and can thus be said to have moved through and beyond chromaticism.

title: Music Theory/Chromaticism


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Java Programming/Regular Expressions

The regular expressions (regex) are provided by the package.

Researches
The Pattern class offers the function matches which returns true if an expression is found into a string.

For example, this script returns the unknown word preceding a known word:

The Matcher class allows to get all matches for a given expression, with different methods:
 * 1) find: find the next result.
 * 2) group: displays the result.

For example, this script displays the HTML b tags contents:

title: Java Programming/Regular Expressions


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Special Relativity/Relativistic dynamics

Relativistic Dynamics
To derive quantities in relativistic dynamics, it is perhaps most straightforward to use Lagrangian mechanics and Principle of Least Action.

Introduction
Recall the Principle of Least Action, which states that a mechanical system should have a quantity called the action $$S$$. Such quantity is minimised (in other words, $$\delta S = 0$$) for the actual motion of the system.

The action of a relativistic system should be:
 * a scalar: that means Lorentz transformations will not affect this quantity
 * an integral of which the integrand is a first-order differential

The only quantity that satisfies the two criteria above is the space-time interval $$ds$$, or a scalar multiple thereof. In short, we can conclude that the action must have the following form:

$$S = \kappa\int ds$$

Recall the definition of the space-time interval $$ds$$:

$$ds = \sqrt{c^2 dt^2 - dx^2 - dy^2 - dz^2}$$

After pulling out $$cdt$$ from the square root, and noting that $$\frac{dx^2+dy^2+dz^2}{dt^2} = v^2$$, we have:

$$ds = cdt\sqrt{1 - v^2/c^2}$$

Hence:

$$S = c\kappa\int\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}dt$$

Now, the action integral can be expressed as a time integral of the Lagrangian between two fixed time:

$$S = \int L dt$$

Then we can just read off the Lagrangian:

$$L = c\kappa\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}$$

What is remaining now is determining the expression for $$\kappa$$. At this point we should note that for low velocity $$v$$, this relativistic expression for the Lagrangian should resemble that of the classical free Lagrangian, $$L = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$$. To compare the two Lagrangian, we perform a Taylor expansion on the square root:

$$L = c\kappa\left(1-\frac{v^2}{2c^2}+O(v^4)\right)$$

The first term, $$c\kappa$$, is a constant. That will not affect the equations of motion (see Euler-Lagrange Equation, for example). The second term, after expanding out, is $$-\kappa\frac{v^2}{2c}$$. To reduce to the classical limit, we can put $$\kappa=-mc$$.

Therefore, the relativistic Lagrangian is:

$$L = -mc^2\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}$$

Momentum and Energy
Recall that the canonical momentum is given by $$p_i = \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_i}$$, and rewriting $$v^2 = v_i v^i$$ (Einstein summation notation employed), we have:

$$p_i = \frac{1}{2}\frac{2mv_i}{\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}} = \gamma mv_i$$

where $$\gamma=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}}$$.

With the canonical momenta defined, we can now construct the Hamiltonian:

$$H = \Sigma p_i v_i - L = \gamma mv^2 + mc^2\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}$$

Since the Hamiltonian is invariant with time, it represents the energy.

After some algebra, we obtain:

$$H = \gamma mc^2$$

For an object at rest, $$\gamma = 1$$, and the equation above reduces to the famous mass-energy equivalence relation:

$$E = mc^2$$

Two additional expressions relating momentum and energy can be derived from the expressions above:

$$E^2 = p^2c^2 + m^2c^4$$

$$\vec{p} = E\frac{\vec{v}}{c^2}$$

Another approach to momentum and energy
Classically, momentum is velocity multiplied by mass. We can use the same definition in relativity, and see where it takes us.

 * $$\underline{p}=m_0 \underline{u}= m_0 \gamma (\mathbf{v}, c)$$

You may sometimes see the product m0γ which shows up here called the relativistic mass, but we will not be using this approach.

The mass, m0, is generally called the rest mass, to distinguish it from the relativistic mass.

The spatial component of the four-momemntum is clearly the classical momentum, scaled by a factor of γ. At speeds much less than c this will be approximately 1.

The temporal component is m0γc. To see what this means we can look at its value when v/c is small.

 * $$m_0 \gamma c = \frac{m_0 c}{\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}}=

m_0 c \left( 1 + \frac{1}{2}\frac{v^2}{c^2} + \frac{3}{8}\frac{v^4}{c^4} + \cdots \right) $$

The first term in this expansion is a constant.

The second term is
 * $$\frac{m_0 v^2}{2c}$$

which we recognise as being the classical kinetic energy, divided by c.

Now, adding a constant to the definition of kinetic energy makes no real difference, since all that matters are changes in energy, so we can identify this temporal component of relativistic momentum with the energy over c.

 * $$\underline{p}= (\gamma \mathbf{p}, E/c)$$

We then have

 * $$E = m_0 c^2 + \frac{1}{2}m_0 v^2 + \frac{3}{8}\frac{m_0 v^4}{c^2}

+ \cdots $$

Even at rest, the particle has a kinetic energy,

 * $$E=m_0 c^2, \,$$

the most famous relativistic equation.

Mass
At the original version of Special Theory of Relativity as proposed by Einstein, the relativistic mass is given as follows:

$$m = \gamma m_0$$

However, for more contemporary interpretations of Special Relativity, mass, $$m_0$$ is considered an invariant quantity for all reference frames and $$\gamma m_0$$ is used instead of $$m$$. This convention allows the physicist to keep track of whether it is inertial mass or gravitational mass that is being considered.

Force
Classically, we have

 * $$\mathbf{F}= \frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dt} $$

We can get the equivalent relativistic equation simply by replacing 3-vectors with 4-vectors and t with τ, giving

 * $$\underline{F} = \frac{d\underline{p}}{d\tau}$$

Provided the rest mass is constant, as it is for all simple systems, we can rewrite this as

 * $$\underline{F} = m \underline{a}$$

We already know about a so we can now write

 * $$\underline{F} = \gamma^4 \left( \mathbf{F},

\frac{ \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{v} }{c} \right) $$

The temporal component of this is essentially the power, the rate of change of energy with time, as might be expected from energy being the temporal component of momentum.


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Wikibooks talk:General voting rules/Proposal/Version 4

I transferred some changes to Kellen's original to here. RobinH 19:38, 11 August 2006 (UTC)


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WebObjects/Development Tools/Xcode

Finding deprecated API in Xcode

When you compile and Xcode tells you to use the -deprecation flag to see details:

Select Project/Set Active Target/Application Server Then select Project/Edit Active Target "Application Server" On the left hand side of the Target information window you'll see Java compiler settings under the "Settings/Simple View". Select it. Under Java Compiler Settings you'll see a check box for "Show usage of deprecated API". Checking this box will give you details in the build panel of what API has been deprecated in your code.

'''XCode is deprecated for WebObjects development. The preferred development tools for WebObjects are Eclipse and the WOLips plugins'''

title: WebObjects/Development Tools/Xcode


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Quantum Mechanics/X-Ray Diffraction Techniques

Techniques

 * SAXS

Common software

 * FIT2D

X-Ray Spectrographic Techniques
Current X-Ray spectrographic techniques are called XAS, or X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy. XAS is composed of two different techniques: XANES and EXAFS. The two techniques differ in what part of the spectra they analyize: XANES looks at the energies close to the edge and EXAFS looks at the energies past the edge.

Techniques

 * XANES
 * EXAFS


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Quantum Mechanics/X-Ray Diffraction Techniques/XANES

XANES or X-Ray Absoption Near Edge Structure is an X-Ray abosorption technique. The tehchnique allows for the study of the chemical species in the sample and the concentration. The use of high energy X-Rays is available at syncrotron sources around the world. The older 2nd generation light sources are strong enough to provide for excellent analysis. However, EXAFS is demanding of the newer 3rd generation light sources such as APS.

Edge energy range
In the absorption edge region of metals the photoelectron is excited to the first unoccupied level above the Fermi level. Therefore its mean free path in a pure single crystal at zero temperature is as large as infinite, and it remains very large increasing the energy of the final state up to about 5 eV above the Fermi level. Beyond the role of the unoccupied density of states and matrix elements in single electron excitations, many-body effects appear as an "infrared singularity" at the absorption threshold in metals.

In the absorption edge region of insulators the photoelectron is excited to the first unoccupied level above the chemical potential but the unscreened core hole forms a localized bound state called core exciton.


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User:Sultanzahir

I am interested in languages especially German, French and Russian am trying to contribute to Urdu which is my native language.

title: User:Sultanzahir


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User talk:69.159.204.165

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it. --hagindaz 20:30, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.159.204.165


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WebObjects/Java Client

A three tier type of WebObjects project which utilizes a GUI written in Java with Interface Builder. Unfortunately, this type of project is barely supported by Apple and there are very few people using it - as a result, many of the translations of the graphical interface from Interface Builder into Java are less than perfect. As you will discover if you ever work on a Java Client project, these problems make it very difficult to work with.

title: WebObjects/Java Client


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WebObjects/Java Client/Required Reading

 * Apple's Introduction to Java Client

title: WebObjects/Java Client/Required Reading


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Wikibooks talk:General voting rules/Proposal/Version 5

Clarification
In the low impact section it currently reads:
 * "Some Low-Impact situations, such as nominating votes for the book of the month and the collaboration of the month already have preexisting sets of voting rules that should be followed in lieu of this policy."

Don't the voting rules on those projects already fit within this structure (i.e., "wikibookians are welcome to employ multiple means for decision-making, including consensus, majority votes, or 3rd party arbitration")? If so, maybe take out this sentence altogether, or remove the phrase "that should be followed in lieu of this policy". As the phrasing of the rule explicitly encourages low-priority projects to come up with voting rules, it seems a bit strange to add loopholes for certain projects, especially when they don't actually need them. -- SB_Johnny | talk 22:48, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That's true, but BOTM and COTM also specify that in the case of a tie, the oldest book wins. Also, BOTM and COTM specify a 20 contribution minimum, which might not be a part of the final policy. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 14:34, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I see. However, those rules certainly fit into the loose framework of the rule in any case. The current wording might be interpreted as those voting rules being "set in stone", when it seems to me better to leave them flexible in case there's consensus to change them at a later date. SB_Johnny  | talk 09:14, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Decisions affecting a single module, a single book, or a localized project
These were part of "low imapct decisions" ie:

4. Decisions affecting a single module, a single book, or a localized project.

User:Kellen deleted this line but did not provide any replacement text. This means that the voting policy would not apply to large swathes of Wikibooks' processes such as "decisions affecting a single module, a single book, or a localized project". Kellen noted that he would prefer these types of decision to be "consensus" decisions in the sense used in this proposal. I am happy either way but they should be included in the proposal. RobinH 08:28, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm guessing she didn't want that to automatically apply (I believe Cookbook might use consensus). Added this to the High-impact decisions:

 * 6. Establishing the voting rules for low-impact decisions

 * SB_Johnny | talk 08:39, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The reason I deleted this line is that it if each "single module, single book, or localized project" is allowed to choose majority-rules voting for their content decisions it will fundamentally alter the culture of wikibooks and work to supplant consensus decision making out of convenience. Any content decision should be validated by consensus. Kellen T 08:43, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm basically asserting that it's not 'low impact' to vote on actual content in any circumstance, and that the line should be deleted again. Kellen T 09:00, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In that case I agree completely. Perhaps replace with:
 * "Other votes that express the communities opinion on issues that have no effect on policy, content, or structure."
 * -- SB_Johnny | talk 09:10, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

(reset indent)Kellen said that item 4 would "supplant consensus decision making" in these areas. In this case item 4 should be moved to the section on consensus decision making. RobinH 09:52, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

I have added a sentence to explain that votes taken in these circumstances should use the consensus rules. RobinH 10:01, 14 August 2006 (UTC)


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Category:Subject:Animal care

ko:분류:사육

title: Category:Subject:Animal care


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Category talk:Subject:Animal care

Animal Care vs. Animal care
As there is a wikibook named Animal Care, I moved all other books from |Category:Animal Care (now holding only chapters of that book) to Category:Animal care (which holds several books and stubs on the topic). Will propose a rule on this at the Staff Lounge. SB_Johnny | talk 22:59, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Subject:Animal care