text:
User talk:Xgamer4~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Xgamer4. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Xgamer4~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:53, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:39, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xgamer4~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Guide to The Lord of the Rings

Chaper by chapter guide
I would start the thing up, but i'm new, and i don't know how to.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Guide to The Lord of the Rings


title: User:LN2


text:
Talk:Parkour/Introduction

isn't parkour also a mental discipline? --85.139.120.18 20:43, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

We need a practitioner of parkour who also has decent English ability to revise this article. 60.36.29.18 (talk) 14:21, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

atrevecia
What is atrevecia in English? Daring? ThornyHemlock (discuss • contribs) 10:36, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parkour/Introduction


text:
User talk:67.176.129.121

Xania talk 20:51, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Blocked from Editing
You have been blocked from editing Wikibooks for 2 hours because of repeated vandalism on Using an Abacus. When the block has ended, please return and contribute to the project rather than vandalise it. Xania talk 20:58, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.176.129.121


text:
User talk:88.7.184.1

Xania talk 20:52, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:88.7.184.1


text:
Template:FAchar

 /Templates

title: Template:FAchar


text:
Template:Persian/font size

125%

title: Template:Persian/font size


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Template:Persian/fonts

Tahoma

title: Template:Persian/fonts


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Template:Persian/Index

'  '

title: Template:Persian/Index


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Cookbook:Potato Pudding

Cuisine of the United Kingdom

This recipe for a sweetened potato pudding is from Cornwall, England.

Ingredients

 * 1 lb (450 g) cooked potatoes
 * 1 stick (4 oz/110 g) butter
 * 1 cup (240 ml/½ pint) cream
 * 6 eggs
 * ¾ cup (6 oz) white granulated sugar
 * ¼ cup (1 oz) dried currants
 * Zest of 1 lemon
 * ½ whole nutmeg kernel, grated
 * 1 tsp brandy, or more to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Run the potatoes through a sieve, potato ricer, or mouli-mill.
 * 2) Gently heat butter and cream together until butter is melted. Mix into potatoes.
 * 3) Beat eggs lightly, then mix into potatoes. Mix in the sugar, currants, lemon zest, nutmeg, and brandy.
 * 4) Either transfer to pastry-lined dish and bake in a moderately hot oven until golden-brown OR steam in a mould for about an hour.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * This recipe is dated to 1824 and is from St. Just W.I. in Cornish Recipes, Ancient & Modern, 22nd Edition, The Cornwall Federation of Women's Institutes 1965. First collected & published by Edith Martin, Tregavethan, Truro, 1929, for The Cornwall F.of W. I.

title: Cookbook:Potato Pudding


text:
Arithmetic/How This Textbook Is Organized

This textbook is organized by parts and then into sections and subsections. The parts get more advanced as you work through the textbook, and the sections build off of one another until the reader has a substantial working knowledge of the material for that part of the textbook. Skipping any part of this textbook is not advised.


text:
User talk:Darin Fidika~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
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 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
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 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!.-- Az1568(Talk) 23:36, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Investiture of the Gods
Hello Darin Fidika. There's a couple problems with this book, mostly just the naming convention stuff (we use a subpage protocol here, which is quite different from Wikipedia). For example, Investiture of the Gods (chapter 41) should be moved to Investiture of the Gods/Chapter 41.

It's also not clear yet what you're doing exactly. Is this an annotation? Plot summary? Reader's Guide? Could you maybe include an introduction to the book (we thought it was fiction at first)?

Have a look at Wikibooks for Wikipedians to get a better handle on some of the naming conventions and link styles. -- SB_Johnny | talk 11:22, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Hello SB_Johnny. My chapter articles serve as plot summaries, and are mainly to be used as a trivial-general informational process for my character articles on Wikipedia. I have now added an introductory paragraph to my newest article Investiture of the Gods/Chapter 42 (which may or may not truly justify iteself). Just be sure to tell me if there are any additional problems that may arise within the future my friend. Thanks.

User:Darin Fidika 25 March 2007 (EST)

 * I notice your creating a lot of new pages which serve only to redirect to this book. Wikibooks doesn't use ambiguous pages nor redirects for similar names like Wikipedia does. All these redirects should really be deleted. Also you ought to be using more descriptive title names then "Chapter 41", so that if the order change, all that has to be changed is the table of contents and not the names of the pages. --dark lama  15:55, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Thank you for your suggestions, Darklama. I will take an active look into what you have stated. --User:Darin Fidika 15 July 2007 (EST)

Please clean up the organization of this book. I tried to start renaming pages to comply with WB:NP, but it's so messy that I can't finish the job. Judging by what you've done so far, there should be one page for each chapter, yet you have multiple copies for some modules - one with IOTG/Chapter# and one with IOTG (Chapter#). Please consolidate everything into the set of pages with a hierarchical structure. If you need help, or if history merges or deletes are required, please ask on my talk page. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 14:39, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Darin Fidika. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Darin Fidika~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:51, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Darin Fidika~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Quantum Anomaly

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!. Az1568(Talk) 23:37, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quantum Anomaly


text:
User talk:Shaleneroberts

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
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 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!. Az1568(Talk) 23:38, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shaleneroberts


text:
Music Theory/Chinese

Chinese music, unlike western music, uses a five-tone scale known as the pentatonic scale. The easiest way to see this on a piano is to play the black keys only. The scale will sound oriental. This however, is an oversimplification, as in many Chinese instruments, a Western Diatonic scale is achievable, and 7-note scales are frequently used. Also, the music of ethnic minorities in China is often closely related to that of their neighbors, and microtonal adjustments of pitch are also used.

In the Chinese pentatonic, the most commonly used scale is usually D. The notes are then as follows:

D E F# A B D

Contrary to much of Western music, traditional Chinese music based on the pentatonic scale does not emphasize a tonal center as much. As such, listeners can often interpret pieces as essentially bitonal, focusing on two tonal centers simultaneous. A Western analysis will interpret these keys as having a relative major/minor relationship.

title: Music Theory/Chinese


text:
Self-Reliance Handbook/Purifying Water

Why
Water is absolutely necessary for human survival. At the same time water can contain many dangerous pathogens.

How

 * Boiling - will sterilize the water by killing bacteria in the water. If you collect the steam it will have less of a chance of carrying chemicals.  By using a lower temperature less chemicals will rise with the steam.  The water doesn't even have to boil if you are collecting the evaporating water.
 * Distilling - See the library's version
 * Rain water, melted snow, and new dew are usually safe. Rain water can be collected from run off from tents and or homes, although for drinking I would recommend purifying the water first.
 * Water purification tablets.
 * Water purification pumps. Try to use water that is already clear or do a pre-filtering with a cloth to remove dirt for better taste and a lower likelihood of clogging your filters.
 * Solar stills can be used either built into the ground or using a container in a sunny location.

Built into the ground all that is required is a piece of clean plastic to cover the hole, a catch basin and a long tube if           possible. The sunnier the location the more water will accumulate on the bottom side of the plastic. You would place you catch basin in the hole cover it with the plastic and place a small stone directly above the catch basin. You then place the tube in the catch basin and drink through the tube. If the soil is somewhat dry or you want to increase the production of water you can add moist plant matter or water that you would not want to drink directly including salt water and urine. Be extremely careful to keep your catch basin clean on the inside. Salt water should never be ingested and urine can be, I don't recommend it but you can get away with it for a while in an emergency.

If you use a container as a solar still it works almost the same as above with the exception that you must put liquids in the outer container to create the drinking water. After that it is the same. If you use a clearer outer container it can speed up production of drinking water. Mirrors can also be used to increase the amount of light getting to the water that you are trying to evaporate. Keep in mind that you are not trying to boil the water as that can increase the chemicals that evaporate with the water.

title: Self-Reliance Handbook/Purifying Water


text:
Spanish/Lessons/La escuela

Dialogue

 * Ricardo: ¿Qué piensas de la profesora de biología?
 * Juanita: La Señorita Gonzalez lo pone muy difícil. Tenemos mucha tarea.
 * Ricardo: Sí, pero es muy amable.
 * Juanita: ¿Dónde está la cafetería?
 * Ricardo: No sé. Quizá podamos preguntar a alguien.
 * *La campana suena*
 * Juanita: Ay, debo irme a clase. ¡Adiós!
 * Ricardo: ¡Adiós!

Translation (wait until the end of the lesson).

Vocabulary
Go to the exercises.

When talking about subjects, the most usual way is omitting the articles. We don't say "Tengo la lengua" but "Tengo lengua".

Ser vs estar
To appreciate the difference between Ser and Estar, we must first realize that both words mean "to be". Generally, Estar is used to talk about the condition and location of things, while Ser is used for basic characteristics---like origin, identity, occupation, etc.---and miscellaneous other things like date and time.

Many times, people will use the terms 'temporary' and 'permanent' to distinguish between Estar and Ser, respectively. However, that approach can cause problems. For example, in Spanish, when someone dies we use Estar to say they're dead: "Está muerto". Certainly, death isn't temporary; rather, we use Estar because we're describing their condition.

 * Present Tense Conjugation

 * Present Tense Conjugation

To understand the meanings behind ser and estar, one can use the common acronym "El Poochie". El = Estar, Poochie = Ser.

Estar

Emoción (Feelings), Condición (Health, Result of an action) Ejemplo: Los estudiantes están contentos porque no tienen escuela hoy.

Localidad (Location)

Ejemplo: El perro está en la casa.

Ser

Posesión (Possession)

Ejemplo: El libro es de mi hermano.

Ocupación (Occupation)

Ejemplo: Yo soy profesor.

Origen (Origin)

Ejemplo: Elisa y su familia son de Chile.

Características (Characteristics)

Ejemplo: Tú eres muy alto.

Hora (Hour/Time)

Ejemplo: Son las siete y media.

Identificación (Identification)

Ejemplo: Es Ana.

Eventos (Events)

Ejemplo: La fiesta es en la escuela.

Go to the exercises.

title: Spanish/Lessons/La escuela


text:
Talk:Human Physiology/The Immune System

Corrections I did some more changes on the organs and tissues of the lymph system. I am glad someone added the extra material.. it is good. I love the way the chapter is shaping up. I added something about vitiligo and hay fever. And made some bullets. I am still concerned about the outline that is still there - about bacteria, etc. Should we just delete it? Ann

Lymph system move
I moved the section about the lymph system from the cardiovascular chapter to this one- I just put it in and I think it probably does some repeating- feel free to delete or change it- We just felt that it made more sense in this chapter rather than in cardiovascular Stephanie greenwood 17:24, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Adaptive Defense
The section on adaptive defense definitely needs some work. I spent a lot of time on it, but it needs a lot more organization. If I don't get to it, will someone please take a look at it? --Shaleneroberts 01:58, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

We have two sections on T cells... can we combine them? It looks like the 2nd section is cut from wikipedia or something. I don't really understand it very well. Please feel free to reorganize things however you see fit!never2late 02:24, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Hi guys I hope I am not messing up what you got going I just thought the things I added were important enough to go into the chapter if we need to move them somewhere else I am fine with that. --User:Shellybird2

I just added a section on organs - kind of anatomy... but thought it was useful. Please feel free to move things around or remove parts of the outline we don't need. It is looking good!!!! I like all new stuff!!!!!! never2late 05:24, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Suggested T cell revision
Here is what the T cell sections currently look like, along with some suggested revisions. If you want to comment on these changes--reasons for or against, please do so.

Different Types of T Lymphocyte Cells
I HAVE DELETED THE BELOW THAT NEEDED TO BE DELETED, WORKING ON REWRITING STUFF.--Shaleneroberts 17:12, 19 March 2007 (UTC) Several different subsets of T cells have been described, each with a distinct function.

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells) destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in transplant rejection. These cells are also known as CD8+ T cells, since they express the CD8 glycoprotein at their surface.
 * I like that there is an explanation for why they are called CD8+, and in the next paragraph why Th cells are also called CD4+. I will probably refer to Tc and Th cells rather than CD8+ and CD4+ in lecture, but I would like to keep these explanations in anyway. Especially when reading about HIV you commonly hear about CD4+ cells.

Helper T cells, (Th cells) are the "middlemen" of the adaptive immune system. Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete small proteins called cytokines that regulate or "help" the immune response. These cells (also called CD4+ T cells) are a target of HIV infection; the virus infects the cell by using the CD4 protein to gain entry. The loss of Th cells as a result of HIV infection leads to the symptoms of AIDS.

Memory T cells are a subset of antigen-specific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved. They quickly expand to large numbers of effector T cells upon re-exposure to their cognate antigen, thus providing the immune system with "memory" against past infections. [Memory T cells comprise two subtypes: central memory T cells (TCM cells) and effector memory T cells (TEM cells).] Memory cells may be either CD4+ or CD8+.
 * I would probably delete the second to last sentence [I put brackets around it], just because I don't plan on distinguishing between TCM and TEM cells.

Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are crucial for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Their major role is to shut down T cell mediated immunity towards the end of an immune reaction and to suppress auto-reactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus. [Two major classes of regulatory T cells have been described, including the naturally occurring Treg cells and the adaptive Treg cells. Naturally occurring Treg cells (also known as CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells) arise in the thymus, whereas the adaptive Treg cells (also known as Tr1 cells or Th3 cells) may originate during a normal immune response. Naturally occurring Treg cells can be distinguished from other T cells by the presence of an intracellular molecule called FoxP3. Mutations of the FOXP3 gene can prevent regulatory T cell development, causing the fatal autoimmune disease IPEX.]
 * I would delete all info within brackets, just because I think it is beyond the scope of our class. It would be nice if the first part of the paragraph could be explained in simpler terms (or maybe just a slightly longer explanation would help).

Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) are a special kind of lymphocyte that bridges the adaptive immune system with the innate immune system. Unlike conventional T cells that recognize peptide antigen presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, NKT cells recognize glycolipid antigen presented by a molecule called CD1d. Once activated, these cells can perform functions ascribed to both Th and Tc cells (i.e. cytokine production and release of cytolytic/cell killing molecules).
 * I would end here, try to give a bit simpler explanation of NKT cells, and delete the following.

γδ T cells represent a small subset of T cells that possess a distinct TCR on their surface. A majority of T cells have a TCR composed of two glycoprotein chains called α- and β- TCR chains. However, in γδ T cells, the TCR is made up of one γ-chain and one δ-chain. This group of T cells is much less common (5% of total T cells) than the αβ T cells, but are found at their highest abundance in the gut mucosa, within a population of lymphocytes known as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). The antigenic molecules that activate γδ T cells are still widely unknown. However, γδ T cells are not MHC restricted and seem to be able to recognise whole proteins rather than requiring peptides to be presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells. Some recognize MHC class IB molecules though. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, which constitute the major γδ T cell population in peripheral blood, are unique in that they specifically and rapidly respond to a small non-peptidic microbial metabolite, HMB-PP, an isopentenyl pyrophosphate precursor.

THE FUNCTIONS OF T LYMPHOCYTES
T lymphocytes cells help with all components of the immune system, including cell elemination by killer T cells and maintaining roles by helper and suppressor T cells. Although the specific mechanisms of activation vary slightly between different types of T cells, the "two-signal model" in CD4+ T cells holds true for most. [Activation of CD4+ T cells occurs through the engagement of both the T cell receptor and CD28 on the T cell by the Major histocompatibility complex peptide and B7 family members on the APC respectively. Both are required for production of an effective immune response; in the absence of CD28 co-stimulation, T cell receptor signalling alone results in anergy. The signalling pathways downstream from both CD28 and the T cell receptor involve many proteins.]
 * Starting with the info in brackets, and continuing down to the next several paragraphs: This is good information and nicely written, but largely goes beyond the scope of our class. I would delete all of it and give a simpler explanation of what T cells do--their role in fighting viruses and cancer, for instance.

The first signal is provided by binding of the T cell receptor to a short peptide presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on another cell. This ensures that only a T cell with a TCR specific to that peptide is activated. The partner cell is usually a professional antigen presenting cell (APC), usually a dendritic cell in the case of naïve responses, although B cells and macrophages can be important APCs. The peptides presented to CD8+ T cells by MHC class I molecules are 8-9 amino acids in length; the peptides presented to CD4+ cells by MHC class II molecules are longer, as the ends of the binding cleft of the MHC class II molecule are open.

The second signal comes from co-stimulation, in which surface receptors on the APC are induced by a relatively small number of stimuli, usually products of pathogens, but sometimes breakdown products of cells, such as necrotic-bodies or heat-shock proteins. The only co-stimulatory receptor expressed constitutively by naïve T cells is CD28, so co-stimulation for these cells comes from the CD80 and CD86 proteins on the APC. Other receptors are expressed upon activation of the T cell, such as OX40 and ICOS, but these largely depend upon CD28 for their expression. The second signal licenses the T cell to respond to an antigen. Without it, the T cell becomes anergic and it becomes more difficult for it to activate in future. This mechanism prevents inappropriate responses to self, as self-peptides will not usually be presented with suitable co-stimulation.

The T cell receptor exists as a complex of several proteins. The actual T cell receptor is composed of two separate peptide chains which are produced from the independent T cell receptor alpha and beta (TCRα and TCRβ) genes. The other proteins in the complex are the CD3 proteins; CD3εγ and CD3εδ heterodimers and most importantly a CD3ζ homodimer which has a total of six ITAM motifs. The ITAM motifs on the CD3ζ can be phosphorylated by Lck and in turn recruit ZAP-70. Lck and/or ZAP-70 can also phosphorylate the tyrosines on many other molecules, not least CD28, Trim, LAT and SLP-76, which allows the aggregation of signalling complexes around these proteins.

Phosphorylated LAT recruits SLP-76 to the membrane, where it can then bring in PLCγ, VAV1, Itk and potentially PI3K. Both PLCγ and PI3K which act on PI(4,5)P2 on the inner leaflet of the membrane to create the active intermediaries di-acyl glycerol (DAG), inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and phosphatidlyinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). DAG binds and activates some PKCs, most importantly in T cells PKCθ, which is important for activating the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. IP3 is released from the membrane by PLCγ and diffuses rapidly to activate receptors on the ER which induce the release of calcium. The released calcium then activates calcineurin, and calcineurin activates NFAT, which then translocates to the nucleus.
 * Those are my suggestions. I'm going to leave it up to you (the students) to actually make the revisions. You don't have to agree with me--you can change the information more or less than this. This chapter is looking great! Provophys 15:21, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

TAKE YOUR CAPS LOCK OFF
Or put it on, but it looks bad when some subheadings are ALL CAPITAL and others aren't. Consistency is good. I de-capitalized headings in this chapter.

title: Talk:Human Physiology/The Immune System


text:
Korean/Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative object pronouns
Korean has three demonstrative pronouns for objects:
 * 이것 (this, i-geot) is used when the object is nearby the speaker.
 * 그것 (that, geu-geot) is used when the object is near the listener. It is also used when the speaker already mentioned the object.
 * 저것 (that [over there], jeo-geot) is used when the object is far from the speaker and the listener.

Examples:
 * 이것은 이상하다: This is strange.
 * 그것은 이상하다: That is strange.
 * 저것은 이상하다: That [over there] is strange.

When 은 (the topic marker) follows those pronouns, they are often contracted as follows:
 * 이건: contraction of 이것은
 * 그건: contraction of 그것은
 * 저건: contraction of 저것은

Examples:
 * 이건 이상하다: This is strange.
 * 그건 이상하다: That is strange.
 * 저건 이상하다: That [over there] is strange.

When 이 (the subject marker) follows those pronouns, they are often contracted as follows:
 * 이게: contraction of 이것이
 * 그게: contraction of 그것이
 * 저게: contraction of 저것이

Examples:
 * 이게 이상하다: This is strange.
 * 그게 이상하다: That is strange.
 * 저게 이상하다: That [over there] is strange.

Demonstrative personal pronouns
Korean has three demonstrative pronouns for people.
 * 이분 is used when the person is nearby the speaker.
 * 그분 is used when the person is near the listener.
 * 저분 is used when the person is far from the speaker and the listener.

Examples:
 * 이분 이 누구입니까?: Who is this person?
 * 그분 이 누구입니까?: Who is that person?
 * 저분 이 누구입니까?: Who is that person [over there]?

Demonstrative determiners
Also 이, 저, and 그 can be used in front of nouns:
 * 이 식사가 맛있어요.
 * This dish is delicious.
 * 그 연필을 이용해요?
 * Are you using that pencil?
 * 저 식당에 갑시다.
 * Lets go to that restaurant.

title: Korean/Demonstrative pronouns


text:
Korean/Particles

English often uses prepositions to show the relationship of a noun to the rest of the sentence. Examples are "to home", "across the river", "on the street", etc. Like English prepositions, Korean particles are short words that describe spatial relationships between objects and designate things like the subject and direct object. Unlike English prepositions, though, Korean particles come after the words they modify (hence their alternative name: "postpositions").

Consider the following sentence:
 * Korean: '도서관이 시장 옆에 있어요.'
 * Literally: 'library market next to is.'
 * English: 'The library is next to the market.'

In Korean, the phrase 옆에 ('next to') is placed after 시장 ('the market').

Below is a basic list of postpositions and words to describe spatial relationships.
 * 에게 ("to [a person]")
 * 에서 ("from" or "at")
 * 을/를 (direct object)
 * 근처  nearby
 * 멀다  be far from here
 * 가깝다 be near/close
 * 위    above/on
 * 아래  below
 * 앞    in front of
 * 뒤    behind
 * 옆    beside/by/next to
 * 안    inside

Here are some examples of how to use these postpositions.
 * 새가 지붕 위에 있어요.
 * There's a bird on the roof.
 * 어머니는 주방 안에 있어요.
 * Mother is in the kitchen.

Postpositions dealing with time
 * 동안 - for
 * 는 동안 - while

Example sentences
 * 30분동안 잤어요.
 * I slept for 30 minutes.
 * 나는 말하는 동안 영화를 봤어요.
 * I talked while watching a movie.

title: Korean/Particles


text:
User talk:121.6.126.150

Regarding edits made during March 18 2007
Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 06:43, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:121.6.126.150


text:
Talk:Haskell/Libraries/Random

I understand that random numbers are a slightly more advanced topic in Haskell. However, I think most people who have programmed before and who are interested in trying Haskell will want/need random numbers. The information in this page is fine, but I thought it was a bit too technical for somebody who just wanted to get random numbers working. He/she may decide to read the theory later.

I suggest having an introductory section which is just copy & paste (like the rest of the wikibook). I had to google around for a while until I could finally be able to read the page.

A few examples with rolling a die or tossing a coin should suffice.

 * That sounds good. How about giving it a shot?  It's ok, nay, better if you don't feel yourself to be completely at ease yet, because you know what interests new Haskellers most.  Somebody can always come in to clean up.  -- Kowey 08:26, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Examples don't work.
Hi, i'm pretty new to haskell, but i understood the text, and i copied the exact examples in a file to test them. They don't work. I can't get a working RNG, no matter what i do. The examples always give type errors.

Simply try to put the stuff in a .hs-file yourself, and run/open it with hugs. Then - if you get this far - try using them together to simply recreate a normal generation and outputting (putStr (show r)) of one random number ... No RNG for me. :((

If yu can, try to change the page in a way that lets others quickly try the examples. :)

 * Thanks for that. If you're on IRC, could you maybe paste what you had on http://hpaste.org and see if the #haskell'ers can help?  I'm too busy to work on this, sadly -- Kowey 06:55, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

All I want is a simple example
Hi, I'm new as well, and I just don't understand what's currently here. I just want to get something that I can type into the hugs interpreter and see random numbers (of any range) come out. I'm not interested in function definitions, I just need a working example. When I finally get one, maybe I'll update this page, but I don't have the knowledge to do so right now. Any guru's out there who could supply one?

 * Hey there. I copied this from the Haskell cookbook:

main = do  gen <- getStdGen ns <- randoms gen print $ take 10 ns
 * If you have a moment, maybe you could work it into the text? -- Kowey 05:46, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Redundant with State monad chapter
We really should gut this so it doesn't try to teach the same lessons as the State monad chapter. Instead, this should emphasize the precise functions from the libraries with examples and advice about their use. Backfromquadrangle (discuss • contribs) 21:12, 16 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haskell/Libraries/Random


text:
Wikimedia/The History of Wikibooks/Notes

Very Early History

 * Original VfD that started Wikibooks ... look for Organic Textbook

 * Reference to original URL of Wikibooks

 * Reference to URL of Physics Wikibook. Note the change of the URL to "www.wikibooks.org"

 * w:User:Karlwick - Wikibooks founder's page on Wikipedia... and source of considerable early material about start of project.

 * meta:User:KarlWick - Karl Wick's page on Meta

 * User:Karl Wick - Karl's page here on Wikibooks.

 * Science Hypertextbook project Very early predecessor (on an independent wiki!) to Wikibooks. Karl Wick was involved with discussions here and has some other historic information.

 * w:User:-- April - Another early contributor to Wikibooks and even had a science textbook that preceded Karl's Organic Chemistry.

 * Internet Archive of April's Wiki Later editions of this archive are mainly link spamming as April (and nearly everybody else) stopped maintenance, but the Wiki kept going and was left to vandals.

 * List of organic chemistry topics - Karl's original Wikibook for chemistry. It still exists!

 * meta:Talk:Wikiversity/Old Early naming discussion about Wikiversity.

 * Textbook-l Archives

 * Announcement establishing the Wikimedia Foundation -- Note the date of original post and compare to creation of Wikibooks.

 * Original request to start up Wikibooks as a separate project... including Karl's original e-mail about the topic

 * Request for sub-domain by Karl - This contains much of the correspondence he had with Jimbo as evidence of Jimbo's support.

 * Google search for "textbook.wikipedia.org", the project's original domain.


text:
User talk:219.74.132.50

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Herby talk thyme 09:22, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:219.74.132.50


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Talk:Wikimedia/The History of Wikibooks

Suggestions
This book is definitely a good undertaking, but it looks a bit like a blog at the moment... Maybe the chapters/sections sould either be chronological (2003, 2004, etc.), or topical (what kind of books were being written in the beginning/middle/lately, policy evolution, etc.) rather than the "Direction lost and rebirth" and "Upheaval and redefinition"? It seems to be focused heavily on the problems, but even while those problems were going on, there has always been steady growth in the background. -- SB_Johnny | talk 11:12, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Of course you are only looking at it from a very early stage of development. I disagree that the sections should be isolated by year, as events that have taken place here on Wikibooks have trancended arbitrary time breaks.... even though I have seen relationships between academic school years and activity here on Wikibooks.  Major surges in interest tend to happen about May and September of each year, and January tends to be a period of time when people get either burned out or concentrate on other aspects of their life.  This tendency is not nearly as pronounced as it was for say the USENET news groups in the early 1990's.

 * Perhaps this book could discuss what kinds of book were being written in various periods of the history of Wikibooks, but I am pointing out that there have been some very major controversies that do need to be covered (from of course an NPOV). My argument is that much of the history of Wikibooks has been an examination of what kinds of content would be considered acceptable on this project, and that attitude has been reflected by the personalities of the active participants during each of those time periods.  Of course, this is a POV as much as anything else.  There certainly can be what I would define as "generations" of users that have been working on Wikibooks over the past four years, and I can define loosly (not completely) some of those participants based on "political upheavals" where the newer users sort of revolt against the old hands and push the project into new directions.  And this is happening even today.

 * I find it especially interesting (and revealing) that even the notion of NPOV was strongly questioned at the beginning of this project, and even Jimbo conceeded some rather interesting viewpoints about that topic. I can also point out that there are what I would call three sorts of concerns in the early history of this project that from a historical perspective are interesting to explore:

 * Perrenial Concerns - This would be issues of things like copyright licensing and fair use. These issues appeared in the very beginning of Wikibooks and simply seem unsolvable.

 * Resolved Issues - Several major categories of content have been removed (even if I am fighting to get video game book back... it is gone for now). Most notably is that the issue of fiction is so completely agreed upon that except for a few gadflys it isn't even being mentioned at all as an issue any more and hardly controvercial.  This was a major issue in the beginning of this project.

 * Non-issues - Some worries simply have not even been raised at all, or have been resolved because existing structures in Wikibooks has dealt with them. Most notably the issue of Pornography on Wikibooks.  It simply isn't here.  Why that is the case is something that perhaps could be explored.

 * One of the very interesting little tidbits of the history of Wikibooks that I've discovered (and didn't know about until this past week) was a completely different Wiki that was absorbed into Wikibooks. A user named April on Wikipedia created a science textbook wiki on her own (and independent of the WMF.... the relationship between the WMF and Wikibooks is very interesting and a revelation to me as well... but moving on.)  This Wiki pre-dated Wikibooks by nearly a year, and developed its own separate community, many of which did end up bringing nearly all of its content (that Wiki was licensed under the GFDL) over to here on Wikibooks and provided one of the critical seed groups that helped to develop some of the early science textbooks.  This Wiki is unfortunately down now, although you can go through some of the content pages with the internet archives.  I have not seen this group mentioned anywhere on any other short history of Wikibooks.  Much of the culture of Wikibooks can be attributed to this original science textbook wiki, including a certain attitude of independence from Wikipedia (as it was a completely independent group).

 * I would like to do a chronlogical book, but am open to any reasonable suggestions on how to accomplish that task. As I said, I want to avoid the use of dates but any other reasonable suggestion, including the titles of the sections, is very most definitely up for discussion.

 * Before I even commit to the outline, I would like to do some significant research in terms of gathering what will end up as bibliographic resources and original documents. I've started that process and in doing so has changed the direction I would like to go with this book.  There are resources such as Textbook-l and Staff Lounge that provide some very interesting backgrounds into this project, but I don't want to be shaped by those discussions either.  And some of the early and prominent users with their user talk pages are also something that might be fun to try and cull some interesting historical tidbits.

 * This trancends nearly all of the Wikimedia projects, and I've found important resources on Meta and Wikipedia that are also very interesting. Gathering that information is going to take time, as it certainly is not laid out in any organized fashion.  That is precisely what this book is going to try and accomplish.  --Rob Horning 16:24, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Good comments there, but what I was really getting at is the way the suggested initial outline seems to be more about trauma and drama, rather than the evolution that has gone on continually despite the trauma and drama :). It's also a bit misleading, since it sort of lays out the history as "we had some hard times, but now we're moving forward". Wikis always have hard times, while at the same time having good times... Wikipedia is constantly undergoing small revolutions, and the only reason (IMO) that they happen more often there is that there are just a heck of a lot more people there. I guess the only historical period we could really point to (on our project or any of the other WM projects) would be that short but sweet "age of ideals" that happens when they first get started (Wikiversity seems to me to be in that phase now), which gradually comes to an end as opinions come to the fore on inclusion/exclusion, structure, user rights/behavioral policy, etc (personally I think we all need to keep a close eye on Wikipedia for easy lessons, rather than learning them all "the hard way" here).

 * I guess rather than dividing the issues into the solved, unsolved, and perennial, I'd rather pursue a more "content-oriented" approach. -- SB_Johnny | talk 17:41, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I slapped something together at History of Wikibooks/Topics, to demonstrate what I'm suggesting. -- SB_Johnny | talk 17:49, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The above link was broken at some point and the page orphaned. The page exists at Wikimedia/The History of Wikibooks/Topics.

title: Talk:Wikimedia/The History of Wikibooks


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User talk:41.204.224.10

I have now unblocked this IP address. As there is no history of vandalism from this address then I don't believe it should be blocked. I don't agree with the Wiki project against "open proxies" as IP addresses often change ownership and blocking addresses will turn people away from Wiki projects and frustrate them more. Blocks should only be used against usernames and IP addresses with a proven vandalism record. The current method of blocking open proxies is like castrating all men just because some men are sexually violent.

This IP address has had frequent use on Wikipedia. Much of the use is on a variety of pages suggesting that this is indeed a shared IP address and possibly at a cybercafe. Some of the Wikipedia edits were possible vandalism but much of it was constructive. If any administrator with 'check user' rights can investigate further then this may be helpful. Xania talk 12:14, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:41.204.224.10


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Horticulture/Viburnum

Viburnum (Viburnum) is a genus of about 150-175 species of shrubs or (in a few species) small trees that were previously included in the family Caprifoliaceae. Genetic tests by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group showed however that they are correctly classified in the family Adoxaceae.

They are native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with a few species extending into tropical montane regions in South America and southeast Asia. In Africa, the genus is confined to the Atlas Mountains.

Description
The leaves are opposite, simple, and entire, toothed or lobed; cool temperate species are deciduous, while most of the warm temperate species are evergreen. Some species are densely hairy on the shoots and leaves, with star-shaped hairs.

The flowers are produced in corymbs 5-15 cm across, each flower white to cream or pink, small, 3-5 mm across, with five petals, strongly fragrant in some species. The gynoecium has 3 connate carpels with the nectary on top of the gynoecium. Some species also have a fringe of large, showy sterile flowers round the perimeter of the corymb to act as a pollinator target.

The fruit is a spherical, oval or somewhat flattened drupe, red to purple, blue, or black, and containing a single seed; they are eaten by birds and other wildlife, and some are edible for humans (though many others are mildly poisonous to people).

Growing Conditions
Viburnums grow best in moist, fertile, well-drained, and deep soils. Sunlight requirements vary according to species.

Species

 * The hybrid Viburnum × bodnantense (V. farreri × V. grandiflorum) is particularly popular for its strongly scented pink flowers on the leafless deciduous shoots in mid to late winter.
 * Viburnum × burkwoodii (V. carlesii × V. utile)
 * Viburnum × carlcephallum (V. carlesii × V. macrocephalum)
 * Viburnum carlesii has flowers that look somewhat like snowballs, excellent fragrance, dense structure, and reddish leaves in autumn.
 * Viburnum davidii is an evergreen species from China with blue fruit.
 * Viburnum dentatum has flat-topped flowers, bluish fruit, and reddish leaves in autumn. It is somewhat salt tolerant. The cultivar 'Blue Muffin' is more compact than the species and has fruit that are a deeper blue than the species.
 * Viburnum dilatatum has flat-topped flowers, reddish leaves in autumn, and bright red fruit that persist into winter.
 * Viburnum × juddii (V. bitchiuense × V. carlesii)
 * Viburnum plicatum has white, snowball-like flowers, textured leaves, reddish-black fruit, and can grow quite large under ideal conditions. The species can tolerate shade, but not drought.  The variety tomentosum has flat-topped flowers but is otherwise the same as the species.
 * Viburnum × pragense (V. rhytidophyllum × V. utile)
 * Viburnum × rhytidophylloides (V. lantana × V. rhytidophyllum)
 * Viburnum rhytidophyllum is a popular evergreen species, grown mainly for its foliage effect of large, dark green leathery leaves with strongly wrinkled surface. This is the parent species of two popular hybrid cultivars known as 'Alleghany' and 'Pragense'. 'Alleghany' was selected from a hybrid between V. rhytidophyllum and V. lantana 'Mohican' (in 1958, at the US National Arboretum).
 * Viburnum setigerum has upright, coarse structure and orange to reddish-orange fruit.
 * Viburnum sieboldii has coarse, open structure, flat-topped flowers, reddish-black fruit, and can grow as a small tree.

Uses
Many species of viburnum have become popular as garden or landscape plants because of their showy flowers and berries and generally good autumn color.

In prehistory, the long straight shoots of some viburnums were used for arrow shafts.

Maintenance
Prune after flowering, as the flower buds are produced the previous year.

Propagation
Propagated through cuttings or seed, hybrids and some cultivars may be grafted.

Most species can be grown as cutback shrubs.

title: Horticulture/Viburnum


text:
User talk:85.3.121.229

Xania talk 12:35, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:85.3.121.229


text:
Arithmetic/Introduction to Arithmetic

Whether you're a scientist or a shopper you need arithmetic. There are all sorts of situations where it is useful to be able to count, measure, and communicate quantities. Arithmetic is the study of numerical quantities. At least a basic understanding of arithmetic is fundamental in the study of algebra and all other mathematical studies. This book assumes that the reader already understands some mathematics but wishes to relearn it in a more formal manner.

Basic Operations
There are four basic operations one can perform on different numeric quantities (as well as other mathematical objects which you will encounter later). These are:
 * Addition ($$+$$)
 * Subtraction ($$-$$)
 * Multiplication ($$\times$$)
 * Division ($$\div$$)

There are further operations past these but they are more advanced than the scope of this book and are less likely to be used in day-to-day life.

Equals
It is also important to understand that the equals sign means that the things on both sides are of equal value, and that $$=$$ is not an operator.

When you see an $$=$$ sign, say to yourself Same value, different appearance.

title: Arithmetic/Introduction to Arithmetic


text:
Arithmetic/Introduction to Natural Numbers

The ability to count things has been essential throughout the ages. Over time, several systems for counting things were developed; the first of which was the natural numbers. As a set, the natural numbers can be written like so: $$\{1, 2, 3, \dots \}$$. If we also include the number zero $$0$$ in the set, it becomes the whole numbers: $$\{0, 1, 2, 3, \dots \}$$.

Formulation
The whole numbers can be formed in many ways. The easiest way is to use what is called an inductive definition. This is when we define the first of a series of numbers, and then make it possible to derive any given number's successor so that given any number we can always find the next. The first of the whole numbers is $$0$$. The way we can derive the next is to simply add one to the previous number. This is easily demonstrated: $$0 + 1 = 1$$, so zero's successor is one; $$1 + 1 = 2$$, so one's successor is two; $$2 + 1 = 3$$, so two's successor is three; and this can be continued "ad infinitum," which is just a Latin phrase meaning "to infinity".

Uses
The natural numbers are used for three main purposes: for counting, for ordering, and for defining other concepts. Counting is the natural way to measure the quantity of a set of several discrete, individually identifiable objects. To count a specific set of objects using the natural numbers, you must simply assign one and only one natural number to one element of the group of objects, starting with one. To the next object, selected arbitrarily, that has not yet been assigned a number, you would assign the next number in the group of natural numbers and then proceed to move on to the next, until all of the items have been assigned a number. (If we can never reach the end, we cannot describe the count in terms of any natural number. There are ways of dealing with "infinite" sets, but for now we stick to "finite" sets.)  The attentive will notice that this is an inductive definition: we define the first term and come up with a way of deriving any given term's successor. Counting sometimes goes by the fancy name "enumeration."

Ordering (also called "ranking") is the assignment of natural numbers to members of a group not arbitrarily, but with some property in mind. To do this, you select the object that has the most extreme value of that property (i.e. the smallest, the smartest, the fattest, etc. . .) and assign it the natural number one, then you set it aside and move on to the remaining object with the greatest (remaining) value of that property and assign it the next natural number, in this case, two. You then set it aside too, and proceed to the remaining object with the greatest (remaining) value of that property and assign it, once again, the next natural number, repeating this step until all objects have been ranked. (If we are only interested in the first few rankings, we can stop before we have ranked all of a large number of objects.) Once again, we use an inductive definition. In most natural languages, different words are used for numbers as quantities ("three") and for numbers as ranks ("third"). We call the former "cardinal numbers" and the latter "ordinal numbers," although they are both just natural numbers being applied in slightly different ways.

It should be noted that in all of the above cases zero does not come into play. Zero is a unique case where, in the case of counting, you have not yet assigned any number to an object. For example, if you are attempting to count the amount of apples you own, and you own no apples, then the amount you count is zero. With ordering, the number zero is never used because if you have nothing to order, you are done before you start, and no object will ever be ranked in 0th place.

The natural numbers also play an integral part in the definition of many other mathematical concepts, including the very concept of mathematical induction we have used to define counting and ordering. Because the procedure used on this page uses mathematical induction, in a more formal situation we must use another method to define the natural numbers, in order to avoid a "circular definition" (where a concept is defined in terms that depend on the concept being defined). A formal definition of natural numbers can be based on the "successor" idea.

Properties
One notices that the natural numbers go on forever, with any singular one of them having an infinite number of successors, as any successor has a successor, and that successor has a successor onwards to infinity. Yet in spite of the infinite size, we can still count the numbers. This makes the set countably infinite. Mathematicians have created a whole set of special numbers called the cardinal numbers to describe the different sized infinities; in this case, the set of natural numbers is aleph-null sized. This is important to remember for further studies in mathematics.


text:
Arithmetic/Introduction to Operations

There are four basic operators, which are used to work with numbers for uses besides counting. They are:
 * $$+$$ addition
 * $$-$$ subtraction
 * $$\times$$ multiplication (The symbols * and ⋅ are also used to multiply)
 * $$\div$$ division (The symbol / is also used to divide)

Addition
Addition is the total of two numbers. For example:
 * $$1 + 2 = 3$$

Subtraction
Subtraction is the opposite of addition, which is the taking away of one number from another. For example:
 * $$2 - 1 = 1 $$

Multiplication
Multiplication is the adding of a number a certain number of times. So:
 * $$2 * 1 = 2 $$
 * $$2 * 2 = 2 + 2 = 4 $$
 * $$ 2 * 3 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 $$ etc.

Division
Division is the splitting of a number into a number of equal parts. For example:
 * $$ 6 / 2 = 3$$

title: Arithmetic/Introduction to Operations


text:
Arithmetic/The Number Line

The number line is a one-dimensional graph to show the relative positions of numbers. As the line goes left, the numbers have less value; as the line goes right, the numbers have more value. The line continues infinitely (without end) in both directions. The number line can be made in different intervals, that is, how many numbers the graph goes up and down by. The top image shows a number line going in intervals of one, while the bottom line graph goes in intervals of ten.

Absolute Value
As you can see, the positive and negative numbers are of equal distance from the number zero. The distance of a number from zero is called the absolute value. The absolute value of a number is always positive or zero. This may also be referred to as the magnitude of the number. It is represented by two lines on the left and right of a number. When solving problems with absolute values, always solve the absolute number first. For example:

$$|-5| = 5$$ $$|0| = 0$$ $$|5 + 3| = |8| = 8$$ $$36 - |-55| = 36 - 55 = -19$$

title: Arithmetic/The Number Line


text:
Arithmetic/Zero and Numbers Greater Than Nine

This page explores more numbers by getting higher and lower than the previously introduced numbers 1-9.

Zero
What happens when you want to show with math that there is nothing? This is where we use the number zero (0). Zero can be achieved by subtracting any number by itself. For example:
 * $$3-3=0$$

Numbers Larger than Nine
So far we have learned about nine different numbers. But what if we want to count higher than nine? This is where we use numbers that have more than one digit. The simplest of these numbers are:
 * $$9 + 1 = 10$$

At first, this looks like nonsense. How can nine and one make "one-zero"? But the "one-zero", called ten is actually a number in itself. Since there is more than one digit, all but the first digit represent numbers larger than nine. 10 can be rewritten as:
 * $$(1 * 10) + (0 * 1)$$

that is to say:
 * The number 10 is equal to the total of one ten and zero ones.

Let's use another number, 58 (fifty-eight), to explain more. The number 58 can be rewritten as:
 * $$(5 * 10) + (8 * 1)$$

that is to say:
 * The number 58 is equal to the total of five tens and eight ones.

Therefore, we can safely say that the position of the digits affects its value, that is, our number system (also known as decimal or base-10), is positional.


text:
Horticulture/Choristoneura rosaceana

The Obliquebanded Leafroller is a pest of orchard crops and many ornamentals. It is native to North America, but has been accidentally introduced into other parts of the world.

Description
../Leafrolling Caterpillars/ are green with black heads, adults are small, light brown moths.

Symptoms and Signs
Rolled, tied and chewed leaves, minor feeding on fruits. Damage can be extensive on rosaceous plants.

Host plants

 * ../Acer/
 * ../Aesculus/
 * ../Betula/
 * ../Cirsium/
 * ../Crataegus/
 * ../Corylus/
 * ../Cornus/
 * ../Cotoneaster/
 * ../Dianthus/ (Carnation)
 * ../Fragaria/ (Strawberry)
 * ../Fraxinus/
 * ../Lonicera/
 * ../Malus/
 * ../Picea/
 * ../Pinus/
 * ../Platanus/
 * ../Populus/
 * ../Prunus/
 * ../Pyracantha/
 * ../Quercus/
 * ../Rhododendron/ (Rhododendron, Azalea)
 * ../Rosa/
 * ../Rubus/
 * ../Salix/
 * ../Sorbus/
 * ../Spirea/
 * ../Syringa/ (Lilac)
 * ../Tilia/
 * ../Tsuga/
 * ../Vaccinium/
 * ../Verbena/
 * ../Viburnum/

title: Horticulture/Choristoneura rosaceana


text:
User talk:Jacobroche

Hi
Hi, Jacobroche! Thanks for stopping by and making some corrections to the Hebrew book. I'm not sure why the shin & sin look the same in your browser. They look different in mine, but I'll see what I can find out. Any more help you can contribute would be greatly appreciated. How well do you know Hebrew? My skills are at a very low level, but I hope to learn more by working with others on this. Take care! --CocoaZen 16:36, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Learning through Teaching
Well, I'm only a little ahead of you. I can read phonetically and know some words. So, if you see things that conflict with your books, or even basic English typos, feel free to correct them. Also, feel free to add to the suggested lessons, lesson structure (Hebrew/Contents, Talk:Hebrew) or vocabulary (Hebrew/Miscellaneous Vocabulary) that you'd like to see added. --CocoaZen 02:51, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jacobroche


text:
Wikimedia/The History of Wikibooks/Topics

Outline for topics that might be addressed by this book:

Inclusion and Exclusion
 * What are textbooks?
 * How-tos
 * Video Games
 * Readers' Guides
 * Stubs
 * Donated Books
 * Transwikis
 * "One topic, one book"

Structure
 * Categories
 * Subjects
 * ISBNs
 * Modularity

Community
 * Community fora (Reading Room, etc.)
 * Administration/Administrators
 * Cliques
 * User Conflicts
 * Vandalism and Spam


text:
User talk:Jamjam17~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 18:06, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of "Arithmetic/Introduction to Arithmetic/Prerequisites to This Textbook"
Arithmetic/Introduction to Arithmetic/Prerequisites to This Textbook, a page you created, has been tagged for deletion, as it meets one or more of the criteria for speedy deletion; specifically, it is nonsense or gibberish.

You are welcome to contribute content that complies with our content policies and any applicable inclusion guidelines. However, please do not simply re-create the page with the same content, or remove the speedy deletion tag from the page. You can contest the deletion by clicking the "Contest this speedy deletion" button inside the speedy deletion tag. You may also wish to read our introduction to editing and guide to writing your first article.

Thank you. |Wikibooks=PokestarFan*Talk*Contributions|#default= PokestarFan*Talk*Contributions  }} 03:30, 16 August 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jamjam17~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:JLarounis~enwikibooks

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:03, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JLarounis~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Vvickyy

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 18:07, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vvickyy


text:
User talk:Arriman409

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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title: User talk:Arriman409


text:
User talk:SixFt12

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title: User talk:SixFt12


text:
User talk:Xian~enwikibooks

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 18:07, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Xian. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Xian~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:53, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:39, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xian~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Runningfridgesrule

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 18:09, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Turkic Wikibooks
I got your message at my wikibook, and was happy to hear from you. It'll be really cool to get lot's of Turkic language books available, though I think a system more like at Tyva Wiki would be better. But we can start here--and you can help too! For Uzbek and Mongolian one thing that is really needed is somebody like you typing in lessons from the peace-corps manual (a public domain book). Afterwards people who know the language can easily expand it. Welcome to Wikipedia, I hope to see you around!--Uzbekscholar 20:54, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

What is Wikijunior
What is Wikijunior is proposed as a policy and has been included on the Wikibooks Policies and Guidelines Voting page. Please take time to comment and express your opinion in the referendum. -- xixtas talk 02:37, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Deleting pages
G'day, I saw your comment on Turkish/Contents. If you want a page deleted from a book you are editing, add the delete tag at the top of the page, explaining why the page should be deleted - e.g. . An administrator will sort it out sooner or later. Webaware talk 11:22, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * No worries, glad to help. If you have further questions, just drop me a note on my talk page, or ask the world in general on one of the Staff lounge pages. cheers, Webaware talk 14:55, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Selam
Selam. Kullanıcı sayfanızda Türkçe biliyorum yazdığı için Türkçe yazıyorum. Şimdi Türkçe Vikiçocuk'un ve Vikikitap'ın gelişimi için lütfen onlara çevirilerde bulunun. Teşekkürler Emperyan (talk) 16:10, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Runningfridgesrule


text:
User talk:B.Doberstein

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 18:09, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:B.Doberstein


text:
User talk:Maufoujal

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 18:12, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maufoujal


text:
Turkish

 Türkçe: ''Türkçe VikiKitap'a hoş geldiniz. Bu kitapta Türkçe konuşmak, yazmak ve okumak için gereken her şeyi bulacaksınız. Bu birlikte yapılması gereken bir çaba, bu yüzden, lütfen yalnızca yanlışları düzeltmekle bile olsa katılmaktan çekinmeyin.''

English: ''Welcome to the Turkish book. In this book you will find all you need to know in order to speak, write, and read the Turkish language. This is a collaborative effort, so please feel free to contribute anything, or even just correct mistakes.''

About - Hakkında

 * 1) Introduction - Tanıtım
 * 2) About this book - Bu kitap hakkında
 * 3) Computing in Turkish - Türkçe bilgisayar
 * 4) Contributions to this Wikibook - Bu Vikikitap'a katkılar
 * 5) Geography of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus [[Image:25%.svg]]

Pronunciation and Alphabet - Alfabenin okunuşu

 * 1) Alfabe"Alphabet"
 * 2) A - I
 * 3) İ - R
 * 4) S - Z
 * 5) Vowel Classifications and Harmony
 * 6) Consonant Classifications and Harmony

Ways of enhancing your Turkish - Türkçenizi geliştirme yolları

 * 1) Turkish Satellite Television
 * 2) Turkish Music
 * 3) Turkish Movies
 * 4) Turkish on the internet
 * 5) Turkish newspapers & magazines

Lessons - Dersler

 * Unit One - Ünite Bir

 * 1) Lesson One - Greetings - Ders Bir -  Tanışma
 * 2) Lesson Two - I am... - Ders İki -  Ben...
 * 3) Lesson Three - Asking Questions - Ders Üç -  Soru Sorma
 * 4) Lesson Four - Are you busy today? - Ders Dört -  Bugün meşgul müsün?  Needs a lot of work. Give me some ideas, please!
 * 5) Unit One - Test - Ünite Bir - Test

 * Unit Two - Ünite İki

 * 1) Lesson Five - Asking for directions - Ders Beş - Yön Sorma
 * 2) Lesson Six - How are you feeling? - Ders Altı - Kendinizi nasıl hissediyorsunuz?
 * 3) Lesson Seven - Transport - Ders Yedi -  Taşıma
 * 4) Lesson Eight - Services - Ders Sekiz -  Hizmetler
 * 5) Unit Two - Test - Ünite İki -  Test

 * Unit Three - Ünite Üç

 * 1) Lesson Nine - Kinship - Ders Dokuz -  Akrabalık

Grammar - Dil Bilgisi

 * 1) Big Vocabulary - Büyük Kelime Hazinesi
 * 2) Word Order - Kelime Sırası
 * 3) Vowel Classifications and Harmony
 * 4) Pronouns - Adıllar
 * 5) Cases - Durumlar
 * 6) Plural - Çoğulluk
 * 7) Verbs - Eylemler
 * 8) Postpositions - İlgeçler
 * 9) Compound Verbs - Birleşik Fiiller
 * 10) Present Tense - Şimdiki Zaman
 * 11) Past Tense - Geçmiş Zaman
 * 12) Past Tense 2 - Geçmiş Zaman 2
 * 13) Future Tense - Gelecek Zaman
 * 14) Aorist - Geniş Zaman
 * 15) Imperative and Optitative - Emir ve İstek
 * 16) Necessative - Gereklilik
 * 17) Compound Tenses - Birleşik Zamanlı Fiiller

Речник на турските думи в българския език Türkisch Turco Turski jezik טורקית Turks トルコ語 Türkçe 土耳其语

title: Turkish


text:
Hebrew/Places

Vocabulary about places...

Nouns
USA, Israel, England

title: Hebrew/Places


text:
Turkish/Ways of enhancing your Turkish

Learning Turkish, as any other language, is a matter of intense contact, interest and practice of the spoken and written language. The Turkish media may become an endless source for practising and improving your Turkish, to explore the Turkish culture or other interests (history, politics, music, ...).

Below you find real examples from the Turkish television. These are only small bits, not always complete sentences.

The following examples may help you to learn and understand the Turkish used in the media. Please feel free to edit the content, reorganize it, add your words and sentences. Correction of spelling or translation errors is also welcome.

With your contribution this wikibook will, inşallah, grow over time.

 * 1) Turkish Satellite Television[[Image:50%.svg]]
 * 2) Turkish Music[[File:100 percent.svg]]
 * 3) Turkish Movies[[Image:75%.svg]]
 * 4) Turkish on the internet[[File:100 percent.svg]]
 * 5) Turkish newspapers & magazines[[Image:75%.svg]]
 * 6) University Courses Directory[[File:00%.svg]]
 * 7) http://radiotime.com/genre/c_163/Turkish.aspx

title: Turkish/Ways of enhancing your Turkish


text:
Turkish/Ways of enhancing your Turkish/Turkish Satellite Television

There's a lot of Turkish TV out there, and with that comes the golden opportunity of enhancing your Turkish, exposing yourself to Turkish culture and learning more colloquial language.

To further your Turkish, you will want to watch:

 * TRT - the state owned broadcaster of Turkey
 * Star TV - the first private channel of Turkey
 * Show TV - very entertaining, you'll find lots of dizis (soap operas), dubbed films, and shows here
 * CNN Türk - you can probably guess what that is!
 * NTV Türkiye - Turkey's news channel
 * Kanal D - another major Turkish channel
 * MTV Türkiye - You can guess what this is, too!
 * ATV Türkiye - another major Turkish channel
 * Fox Türkiye - and you can guess this one, aswell!
 * Kral TV - one of Turkey's many music channels, but plays exclusively Turkish music

For satellite frequencies, click here! You could also opt to subscribe to Digitürk, but I think in your case it would be a waste of money.


text:
Turkish/Ways of enhancing your Turkish/Turkish Music

Turkish music is very diverse, and as of today, both Turkish popular and folk music is of critical acclaim. In this page you will learn about the most popular Turkish artists of each genre.

As modern Turkish music, like American/English/Australian/etc. music, is constantly changing (i.e. what is considered "in" obviously changes over time), I would recommend that you not only look at this page, but also watch some Turkish music channels regularly (see Turkish Satellite Television), because I, unfortunately, lack the patience to constantly update this page regularly.

By the way, it might sound weird because it's in another language, but just try to adjust. Turkify yourself. Go wild!

Pop
These days, it seems very easy to get a record deal in Turkey. There are many artists whose songs are all similar and have mediocre talent.

The list of artists below are a few of those who are the best in the Turkish music industry because they stand out from the others and, of course, make good music:

 * Tarkan (arguably the most popular male pop artist)
 * Listen to:
 * Şımarık (his defining song)
 * Dudu - (Wife)
 * Bounce (an English song)
 * Kuzu Kuzu (one of his most popular songs)
 * Grup Hepsi (on the Turkish Pepsi Ads)
 * Listen to:
 * Olmaz Oğlan
 * Yalan - (Lie)
 * Kalpsizsin - (You're Heartless)
 * Tempo
 * Kenan Doğulu
 * Listen to:
 * Çakkıdı
 * Gülşen (or international Gülshen)
 * Listen to:
 * Ya Tutarsa
 * Sertab Erener (winner of Eurovision 2003)
 * Listen to:
 * Kumsalda - (On the Sand)
 * Every Way That I Can (Eurovision winner. Yes it's English, but it's a good song!)
 * Here I Am
 * Leave
 * Koparılan Çiçekler
 * Nil Karaibrahimgil (or just Nil)
 * Listen to:
 * Bütün Kızlar Toplandık - (All the Girls Have Gotten Together)
 * Pırlanta - (Diamond)
 * Hakkında Her Şeyi Duymak İstiyorum - (I want to hear everything about you)
 * Ben Buraya Çıplak Geldim - (I came here naked.)

 * Hande Yener (known for her very eccentric videos and style)
 * Listen to:
 * Sen Yoluna...Ben Yoluma
 * Kim Bilebilir Aşkı - (Who Knows Love?)
 * Aşkın Ateşi - (The Fire of Love)
 * Teşekkürler
 * Sezen Aksu
 * Listen to:
 * Vay
 * Şinanay
 * Ajda Pekkan

Rock
A lot of Turkish rock music tends to be really dark, but I suppose those artists tend to be the successful ones. The only exceptions I can actually think of are: Everyone else makes at least relatively dark music.
 * Barış Manço, one of Turkey's most famous people, and had a large following in Japan.
 * Athena, a very popular ska-punk band
 * maNga (Turkey's most popular nu metal band, they represented Turkey at Eurovision Song Contest in 2010 )
 * Listen to:
 * Bir Kadın Çizeceksin
 * Bitti Rüya - (The Dream Has Ended)
 * Dursun Zaman - (Time Should Stop) (with Göksel)
 * Duman (Turkish Rock Band)
 * Listen to:
 * Aman Aman
 * Dibine Kadar  (Until the end)
 * Sor Bana Pişman Mıyım  (Ask me do I regret)
 * Bebek  (Baby)
 * Köprüaltı  (Under the bridge)
 * Senden Daha Güzel  (More beautiful than you)
 * Şebnem Ferah
 * Listen to:
 * Sil Baştan
 * Ben Şarkımı Söylerken - (While I'm Singing My Song)
 * Can Kırıkları - (Broken [pieces] of Life/Soul)
 * Bırak Kadının Olayım - (Let Me Be Your Woman)
 * Babam Oğlum - (My Father & My Son)
 * Dünya - (World)
 * Okyanus - (Ocean)
 * Teoman
 * Listen to:
 * Kar Tanesi
 * Kurban
 * Listen to:
 * Yalan - (Lie)
 * Mor ve Ötesi
 * Listen to:
 * Bir Derdim Var - (I have a Problem/Bane)
 * Deli - (Mad)
 * Pentagram
 * Çilekeş
 * Hayko Cepkin
 * Listen to:
 * Tanışma Bitti (album)

Rap / Hip-Hop
Hip-hop and rap in Turkey is quickly flourishing, and in the list below you will find Turkey's most popular hip-hop / rap artists.
 * Ceza
 * Fuat Ergin
 * Nefret
 * Sagopa Kajmer

Arabesque
Arabesque music is very popular in Turkey. Here is a list of the most popular Arabesque singers.
 * Müslüm Gürses
 * Ebru Gündeş
 * Ferdi Tayfur
 * İbrahim Tatlıses

Turkish folk music

 * Neşat Ertaş
 * Aşık Veysel
 * Arif Sağ
 * İlhan Şeşen
 * Mercan Dede

Turkish classical music
Turkish classical music isn't like the classical music in the west. It is very popular and if you're not a fan of Western classical music you might like Turkish classical music. Here are some examples of popular Turkish classical musicians:
 * Zeki Müren
 * Bülent Ersoy
 * Emel Sayın
 * Orhan Gencebay


text:
Turkish/Ways of enhancing your Turkish/Turkish Movies

There are two ways in which you will be able to have access Turkish movies. If you live somewhere with a large Turkish diaspora (Germany, any major European city, NY or LA) then you will almost definitely have access to a cinema screening a Turkish movie (the list of places is kind of like a sliding scale, starting from "definitely", to "maybe").

You could also buy Turkish movies on DVD from a local Turkish supermarket (there are lots around Western Europe) or online. This would actually be a better idea because you could opt to put on English subtitles to make actually understanding the movie a lot easier.

Here is a list of some of the most popular Turkish movies out there:

 * Babam ve Oğlum - i.e.: My father and My Son. According to an Istanbul poll, 96% of viewers cried at least once during the movie.
 * G.O.R.A. - a successful Turkish comedy parodying many recent sci-fi movies.
 * Sınav - i.e.: Exam. A teen movie starring Jean Claude Van Damme, criticising the Turkish university entrance examination. See ÖSS.
 * Kurtlar Vadisi Irak- i.e.: The Valley of the Wolves Iraq. A successful spinoff of the very controversial yet extremely popular Turkish series (see Valley of the Wolves) criticising the Iraq War (through bizarre scenarios like human organ harvesting for rich westerners), this has been the highest grossing Turkish movie of all time. Starring Billy Zane.
 * Uzak - i.e.: Distant. An award-winning Turkish movie, winner of the 2003 Grand Prix award at the Cannes Film Festival.
 * Aşk Tesadüfleri Sever - i.e.: Love Likes Coincidences.
 * Her Şey Çok Güzel Olacak - i.e.: Everything's Gonna Be Great.
 * Vizontele
 * Av Mevsimi - i.e.: Hunting Season.
 * Mustang - Academy Award for Best International Feature Film nominee.
 * Duvara Karşı - i.e.: Head-On.
 * Eşkıya - i.e.: The Bandit. One of the top rated films on IMDb.
 * Vavien
 * Kedi - i.e.: Cat. Critically acclaimed documentary about cats in Istanbul.
 * Organize İşler - i.e.: Magic Carpet Ride.
 * Aile Arasında - i.e.: Among Family.
 * Veda


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Turkish/Ways of enhancing your Turkish/Turkish newspapers & magazines

One of the best ways of learning the Turkish language is to read Turkish things. Below you will find a list of newspapers and magazines which will help build up your knowledge of Turkish.

Dergiler (Magazines)
Magazines are a good way to both learn colloquial language and to learn the terms used in your field(s) of interest.

Coğrafya (Geography)

 * National Geographic TR

Edebiyat (Literature)

 * Varlık Dergisi
 * Virgül Dergisi

Erkek (Men)

 * Esquire TR
 * FHM TR
 * Stuff Magazine TR

Genç (Teens)

 * Hey Girl Dergisi

Kadın (Women)

 * Cosmopolitan TR
 * Elle TR
 * Marie Claire TR

Kültür ve Siyaset (Culture & Politics)

 * İstanbul Life Dergisi
 * İzmir Life Dergisi
 * TimeOut İstanbul
 * Turk of America
 * Umran Dergisi
 * Ürün Sosyalist Dergisi

Moda (Fashion)

 * Trendsetter Dergisi

Müzik (Music)

 * Rolling Stone Magazine TR

Tasarım (Design)

 * Tasarım Dergisi

Teknoloji (Technology)

 * PCnet : Bilgisayar ve İnternet Dergisi

Velilik (Parenting)

 * Anne Bebek Dergisi


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Arithmetic/A Look Ahead at the Decimal System

So far, every number we have discussed has been an integer. What if something costs between two and three dollars? This is when decimals are used. A decimal point, which looks like a full stop (or period), separates the integral part of the number from the decimal part. Instead of each number being ten times as large, they become ten times as small.

 * 1.5 : 1 + (5 ÷ 10)
 * 3.85 : 3 + (8 ÷ 10 + 5 ÷ 100)


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User talk:212.100.219.8

Xania talk 20:08, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.100.219.8


text:
Arithmetic/Working with Integers

There are a number of ways to compare two arithmetic expressions. The first one can either be:
 * equal to the second (=)
 * greater than the second (>)
 * less than the second (<)
 * greater than  or  equal to the second (≥)
 * less than or equal to the second (≤)

Examples:

 * 5>2 (reads: "Five is greater than Two")
 * 2<5 (reads: "Two is less than Five")
 * 7=7 (reads: "Seven is equal to Seven")
 * a ≥ b (reads: "A is greater than or equal to B". This means A could be equal to B or greater than B.)
 * a ≤ b (reads: "A is less than or equal to B". This means A could be equal to B or less than B.)

 * These are very important to understand before diving into solving equations with these symbols.

title: Arithmetic/Working with Integers


text:
User talk:64.252.114.0

Regarding edits made during March 18 2007
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. If this is an [w:[IP address]], and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 22:05, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.252.114.0


text:
User talk:65.39.7.178

Regarding edits made during March 18 2007
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 22:05, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.39.7.178


text:
User:Sumi Glass

Sumi Glass

title: User:Sumi Glass


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Horticulture/Outdoor Plants

 * /Flowers/
 * /Foods/
 * /Grasses/

 * /Perennials/

title: Horticulture/Outdoor Plants


text:
Horticulture/Outdoor Plants/Perennials

Flowers

 * ../../Aster/ (Aster)
 * Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)
 * Daylily (Hemerocallis)
 * Goldenrod (Solidago)
 * Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum)
 * Hellebores (Helleborus)
 * Lesser Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
 * Nippon Daisy (Nipponanthemum nipponicum)
 * Siberian Iris (Iris sibirica)

Grasses

 * ../../Bamboo/

title: Horticulture/Outdoor Plants/Perennials


text:
Spanish/Lessons/Las personas

Family

 * Padre: father
 * Madre: mother
 * Padres: parents
 * Hermano/a: brother/sister
 * Hijo/a: son/daughter
 * Primo/a: cousin
 * Tío/a: uncle/aunt
 * Abuelo/a: grandfather/mother
 * Bisabuelo/a: great grandfather/mother
 * Nieto/a: grandson/granddaughter
 * Madrastra: step-mother
 * Padrastro: step-father
 * Hermanastro/a: step-brother/sister
 * Cuñado/a: brother/sister-in-law
 * Nuera: daughter-in-law
 * Yerno: son-in-law
 * Suegro/a: father/mother-in-law
 * Medio hermano/a: half-brother/sister
 * Sobrino/a: nephew/niece
 * Parientes: relatives
 * Esposo/a: husband/wife

Other relationships

 * Amigo/a: friend
 * Mejor amigo/a: best friend
 * Enemigo/a: enemy
 * Mascota: pet
 * Novio/a: boyfriend/girlfriend

Describing people

 * ... es ...: ... is ...
 * Gordo/a: fat
 * Delgado/a: skinny
 * Alto/a: tall
 * Bajo/a: short
 * Guapo/a: good-looking
 * Feo/a: ugly
 * Mi amigo es gordo y feo: My friend is fat and ugly.
 * Mi abuela es baja y delgada: My grandmother is short and skinny.

Professions

 * Doctor/a: Doctor
 * Profesor/a: Teacher, professor
 * Ingeniero/a: Engineer
 * Abogado/a: Lawyer, attorney

title: Spanish/Lessons/Las personas


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Horticulture/Outdoor Plants/Flowers

Perennials

 * ../../Aster tataricus/
 * ../../Asclepias tuberosa/ Butterfly Weed
 * ../../Hemerocallis/ Daylily
 * ../../Goldenrod/
 * ../../Hardy Chrysanthemums/
 * ../../Helleborus/ Hellebores
 * ../../Vinca minor/ Lesser Periwinkle
 * ../../Nipponanthemum nipponicum/ Nippon Daisy
 * ../../Iris sibirica/ Siberian Iris

title: Horticulture/Outdoor Plants/Flowers


text:
Horticulture/Outdoor Plants/Grasses

 * ../../Bamboo/
 * ../../Setaria/

/Lawns

title: Horticulture/Outdoor Plants/Grasses


text:
Horticulture/Outdoor Plants/Foods

 * Apples
 * Artichoke
 * Asparagus
 * Avacodo
 * Bananas
 * Beans
 * Blackberries
 * Blueberries
 * Broccoli
 * Brussel Sprouts
 * Cabbage
 * Cantalope
 * Carrots
 * Cauliflower
 * Celery
 * Clementines
 * Corn
 * Garlic
 * Grapefruit
 * Grapes
 * Leeks
 * Lemons
 * Lettuce
 * Limes
 * Mushrooms
 * Oranges
 * Onions
 * Peaches
 * Pears
 * Peas
 * Pineapple
 * Potatoes
 * Raspberries
 * Spinach
 * Squashes
 * Strawberries
 * ../../Tomato/
 * Watermelon

title: Horticulture/Outdoor Plants/Foods