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Cookbook:Rhubarb Crumble I

| Cuisine of the United Kingdom | Dessert | Rhubarb

Rhubarb crumble is a traditional British dessert. Served traditionally with custard (though you can of course serve with cream or ice cream) it is a hearty, filling, and warm feast, best served after a light meal. This version has a flour-based crumble topping, it and simply uses rhubarb and sugar as the filling (unlike the cornstarch etc. in other versions). The rhubarb juice acts as a sufficient sauce.

Ingredients

 * 400 g (1 ¾ cup or 14 oz) rhubarb, cut into pieces roughly 1.5 cm long (no need to be consistent)
 * 15 g (2 tbsp) light brown sugar
 * 75 g (2 ½ oz) butter or margarine, cut in pieces
 * 100 g (3 ½ oz) plain flour
 * 50 g (1 ¾ oz) wholemeal flour
 * 50 g (1 ¾ oz) sugar
 * 1 pinch cinnamon (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 200°C (180°C fan).
 * 2) Rinse and drain the rhubarb pieces, and place them in a deep ovenproof dish. Add the light brown sugar and mix briefly.
 * 3) Put the flours in a mixing bowl. Add the butter. With your fingers (not the palms of your hands), rub the butter into the flour until it resembles breadcrumbs.
 * 4) Sprinkle the sugar and cinnamon over this mixture, and mix them in briefly.
 * 5) Sprinkle the crumble mixture over the fruit, making a complete layer. Do not press the topping down—you want it light and crumbly.
 * 6) Put the dish in the oven (no lid) for 35–45 minutes until crisp and a bit brown.
 * 7) Serve with custard.

title: Cookbook:Rhubarb Crumble I


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User:Dlc3007~enwikibooks

Nothing to see here. Move along.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Dlc3007~enwikibooks


text:
Sociological Theory/Postmodernism

Michel Foucault

 * Discipline
 * Surveillance
 * Bodies Of Knowledge

Identities

 * The dissolution of barriers between nation-states.
 * Multiple identities providing individuality.
 * Transformation from hierarchical state infrastructure to informal networks of institutions.
 * The freer flow of information.

title: Sociological Theory/Postmodernism


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Talk:Mathematical Proof

Call/Vote for Reorganization and Various Fixes
The reorganization issue I have is that "Methods of Proof" (which come from prepositional logic: contructive/direct, contrapositive, contradiction, and counterexample) should be separated from what I will call the "Tools of Proof" (higher level proof methods such as proof by induction, exhaustion, pigeonhole -though it's not here right now-, etc.). I don't feel I quite have the right to do this myself if the book is still alive in any way. Also, there is at least one proof that I would like to fix, but don't know how to use the system well enough to patch it (so that the only fix I can do right now would be to remove it). This is in "counterexamples", where the author tries to make a bijection but misses one case (that is, that any terminating decimal is equivalent to a nonterminating decimal). I'll try to look into the syntax of this system and maybe fix it myself, but like I said, the only way I can fix it right now is by removal. Mo Anabre 16:54, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

I've fixed the proof I referred to above... I'm still looking into perhaps revamping various parts. If anyone is especially adamant against my doing so, speak now. Otherwise, after school gets out in a few weeks, I'll start running through it. Mo Anabre 23:29, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Add interest by adding puzzles
Why not start the book with a nice example? How about the puzzle about the checkerboard and the dominoes? Take a checkerboard and cut off the two opposite black corner squares. Now try to place 31 dominoes on the remaining squares. Is it possible? (The answer is no - the reason is that each domino is on one red and one black square. The truncated checkboard has 32 red squares and 30 black squares. If there was a solution, at least one of the dominoes would have to be on two red squares.) Solving this puzzle is similar to constructing a proof. Maybe it's the same thing. You can work this example through the whole introduction, or maybe a set of puzzles could work their way through the whole book. 12.47.208.50 16:53, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Velleman's Proof Designer
Daniel J. Velleman has a program that goes along with his book "How To Prove It. Second Edition". It provides proof checker and builder that uses a concise syntax that could be used as a standard format for all proofs in the book? Comments, Questions, Concerns?

Geometry?
Why is this book under the Geometry section? Geometric proofs are only a limited part of Mathematical Proof.

Good Ideas
You've got great ideas. Please change anything you think needs to be. It won't hurt my feelings. I'm just an undergrad--I only started the book because the topic interests me. Go ahead and add puzzles and I'll try to standardize the method of proof and everything. Thanks for the input. -Gandalf 03:23, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Getting basics out of the way?
From what I've read of deadtree proof books, it may be a good thing to focus a little more on background first, like maybe moving Basic Set Theory into its own page, talking a little bit about the properties of arithmetic, and maybe flushing out Boolean reasoning a bit more. I mean, what's there is good, but there isn't a dedicated section for De Morgan's Laws, and I'm not sure where they'd best fit.

Of course, adding too much background material up front could make the book overly dense, so maybe there should be some very simple proofs early. The contrapositive identity would make a good candidate in my opinion, but I'd like to hear if anyone else has any ideas. --cgranade (talk) 15:24, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mathematical Proof


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Bartending/Cocktails/Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster

The Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster was invented by Zaphod Beeblebrox, a major character in Douglas Adams' novel The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The effect of a Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster is described as "like having your brains smashed out by a slice of lemon, wrapped 'round a large gold brick." It has also been described in the novel as "the alcoholic equivalent to a mugging; expensive and bad for the head." Its original, fictional recipe, is as follows:

Recipe

 * 1) Take the juice from one bottle of that Ol' Janx Spirit.
 * 2) Pour into it one measure of water from the seas of Santraginus V (Oh, that Santragian seawater! Oh, those Santragian fish!)
 * 3) Allow three cubes of Arcturan Mega-gin to melt into the mixture (it must be properly iced or the benzine is lost).
 * 4) Allow four litres of Fallian marsh gas to bubble through it, in memory of all those happy Hikers who have died of pleasure in the Marshes of Fallia.
 * 5) Over the back of a silver spoon float a measure of Qualactin Hypermint extract, redolent of all the heavy odours of the dark Qualactin Zones, subtle, sweet, and mystic.
 * 6) Drop in the tooth of an Algolian Suntiger. Watch it dissolve, spreading the fires of the Algolian Suns deep into the heart of the drink.
 * 7) Sprinkle Zamphuor.
 * 8) Add an olive.
 * 9) Drink . . . but . . . very carefully . ..

Mars recipes
Recipe number two

Put a bottle of Broker's Gin, 94 proof, the freezer, along with a heavy old fashioned glass. Put a bottle of Dolin dry vermouth (it must be Dolin) in the refrigerator. Let both chill overnight. Take out the glass, taking care not to handle it too much. Pour a dribble of Dolin into the glass, and grasping the glass by the edges, swirl it WITHOUT USING A SPOON OR STICK until the vermouth becomes slushy and partially frozen at the bottom of the glass. Add two ounces of gin. Squeeze a twist of lemon peel over the drink but DO NOT DROP IT IN. The drink should be around 5 degrees F (and 46% alcohol) and the glass should be frosty and oozing fog. If you are weak-hearted, you can drop in an ice cube, which will not actually melt but will reassure you a little. Serve.

Recipe number four
Another recipe:
 * 1 1/2 shots 151 Proof Rum
 * 1/4 shot Tequila
 * 1/4 shot Gin
 * 2/3 shot Triple Sec
 * 1 shot Blue Curaçao
 * 1 dash Bitters
 * 1 dash Grenadine

Recipe number five

 * 4 parts Bacardi Citron
 * 1 part Bacardi 151
 * 1 part Goldschlager
 * 1 part Everclear

Recipe number six
Another recipe:
 * 1 part Everclear (or any other strong grain alcohol such as Bourbon, Moonshine, or Vodka)
 * 1 part Tonic Water
 * 1 part Bitter Lemon
 * 1 part Bombay Sapphire Gin (or other gin)
 * 1 part Yukon Jack Perma-Frost Schnapps (or other mint schnapps, or white crème de menthe)
 * Enough blue food coloring to make the mixture a very light sky blue

Also needed:
 * Sugar cubes
 * Cinnamon extract
 * Yellow food coloring (optional)
 * Angostura Bitters
 * Olives

Mix the first five ingredients and chill (usually for 24 hours). Then, take a sugar cube and let it absorb 1 milliliter of cinnamon extract and 1 drop of yellow food coloring (optional). Place three ice cubes in a glass and pour the chilled liquid mixture over these. Drop in the sugar cube and stir to dissolve, or just let it sit (if food coloring is used, often the sugar cube is just left to sit, to create a layering effect with the color). Sprinkle the Angostura Bitters in the drink, and add an olive.

Drink, but very carefully.

Alternatively, one can let the sugar cube absorb 1 milliliter of Angostura Bitters, and sprinkle ground cinnamon on the top of the drink, thus omitting the cinnamon extract.

It is often more convenient to make a large amount of the mixture ahead of time and chill for a day, rather than to constantly mix more of it. It's also best to save it for a special occasion, such as Towel Day, due to the work put into making the drink.

Recipe number 7

 * 2 measure of white orujo
 * 1 measure of gin
 * 3 measures of tonic water
 * Angostura drops
 * Lemon drops
 * Add an olive

Recipe number 8

 * 1 dash absolut citron
 * 1 dash goldschlager
 * 2 dashes everclear
 * 1 dash lemonchello

Find an old Champagne glass like the kind Bogey uses in Casablanca

Fill the rest of glass with extra dry or brut champagne: Andre if, you're... well, a "hitchiker", Vueve Clique if you're not.

Recipe from "Spiders" Nightclub in Hull,UK
Invented in 1981 By George Mercer and Mark Borril, formerly known as a firebird special, and is a combination of a harvey wallbanger and a tarantula! named so because anybody who drank one passed out ,

 * 25ml Vodka
 * 25ml Pernod
 * 25ml Galliano
 * 25ml Blackcurrant
 * 25ml Orange juice
 * Enough cider to top up

Pour over some ice, stir and enjoy!

Recipe from "The Firm" Nightclub from the Old Melbourne Hotel in Perth, Western Australia, c1990
Equal parts rum, vodka, tequila, plus cream and grenadine

From The Firm Facebook group.

Recipe reverse-engineered from a stain on RJ Lanning's towel

 * 1 oz vodka (that Ol' Janx Spirit)
 * 1 oz Clamato (oh, those Santraginus fish)
 * 1 oz ice cold gin (Arcturan Mega-gin)
 * 4 oz Zipang Sparkling Sake (Fallian marsh gas)
 * 1 oz Creme de Menthe (Qalactin Hypermint extract)
 * 1 Jalapeno (tooth of an Algolian Suntiger)
 * Sprinkle with lemon zest (Zamphuor)
 * add an olive

WARNING: Drinking Pan Galactic Gargle Blasters may cause serious damage to the rods and cones in the human eye, thus explaining why consumers of this beverage have often reported it to be green in color when, in fact, it is not.

Official Fried Farmers Recipe
Flavour "Like having your brains smashed out by a slice of lemon wrapped around a large gold brick."

In a carafe

 * 20 oz. Jack Daniels
 * 20 oz. Captain Morgan's Spiced Rum
 * 20 oz. Southern Comfort
 * 20 oz. Jose Cuervo Gold
 * 20 oz. Triple Sec
 * 20 oz. Lime Cordial
 * 40 oz. Fresh Orange Juice
 * 40 oz. Sprite

Add 2 bags of ice and stir well. Remember... Flavour "Like having your brains smashed out by a slice of lemon wrapped around a large gold brick."

Recipe For The Ones With Seriously Damaged Rods And Cones

 * 1 oz. Jack Daniels
 * 1/2 oz. Peach Schnapps
 * 1/2 oz. Blue Curaçao
 * 1-2 Drops Of Lemon Extract A Bit More If You Use Juice
 * Orange Juice

Fill the glass 3/4 full of ice, add the booze, top it off with OJ, mix well.

Recipe #13 from a Pan-Asian restaurant-at-the-end-of-a-collegiate-Black-Hole-Universe

 * Martini glass, chilled
 * 3.0	Sugar cubes, dowsed w/ Chartreuse and Creme-de-Menthe

Set aside for later... DO NOT MUDDLE!!!

Fill a cocktail shaker w/ ice, then...

 * 2.0	Citron vodka
 * Dash 	Limoncello
 * Dash 	Sweet & Sour mix (or use freshly muddled sugar and lemon)

SHAKE. Strain—loosely, w/ Boston shaker

ADD the seasoned Sugar Cubes (see above)

TOP w/ 	Sprite + Tonic

GARNISH w/ olive [Do not omit!]
 * 2.0	Basil Seed Drink (available at most Asian markets)
 * Dash	Blue Curaçao (sinks)
 * Dash	Absinthe (floats)
 * Dash 	Nutmeg -or- Five-spice

Recipe number forty-two
Into a 12 oz glass Add
 * drop two - three large ice cubes
 * sprinkle a pinch or two of cayenne pepper
 * 1/4 tsp powdered vanilla
 * 1/8 tsp lemon extract
 * 1/2 shot 151 Proof Cruzan Rum (Bacardi will not turn out well)
 * 1/2 shot 80 Proof Gold Rum
 * 3/4 shot Tequila
 * 1 shot Sapphire Gin
 * 1 shot green Creme de Menthe

TOP w/ 	Sprite (or fizzy lemonade)

Stir exactly twice from top to bottom!

Add an olive

For a nice touch add 8 1/2" frozen gin cubes (4:1 water:gin)

The Mallet Assembly's Recipe
Fill a 28-oz. hurricane glass with crushed ice. Add the following in order: Stir, then top off the glass with ice. Drink. Slowly. This recipe is a modified version of the Pat O'Brien's® "Skylab [Fallout]". Some have suggested replacing the apricot-flavored brandy with peach-flavored brandy and cutting back on the citrus while increasing the amount of Collins mix; purists argue that the resulting drink is a bit too sweet. This recipe is not strictly analogous to Douglas Adams' recipe, but the effect is the same, and the equimolar quantities of ingredients make it easily scalable (until you've had one, at least). As an added bonus, the dregs may be used to restore the shine to old pennies.
 * 1 oz. Everclear® (The ice should sizzle.)
 * 1 oz. Bacardi® 151
 * 1 oz. apricot-flavored brandy
 * 1 oz. triple sec
 * 1 oz. lemon juice
 * 1 oz. orange juice
 * 1 oz. pineapple juice
 * 1 oz. Tom Collins mix

The BarBot Recipe
Prepare one part of each: Have a robot dispense each measure into an iced tumbler from a considerable distance. Thank your robot, and prepare for the rest of your night to become a blur.
 * Vodka
 * Rum
 * Whiskey (preferably cheap and harsh)
 * Gin
 * Orange juice
 * Lime juice, diluted to taste
 * Cola
 * Ginger beer

The Housewarming Recipe
This is a slightly sweet drink, but hey, I like sweet. And this recipe gives an unparalleled visual experience.

Use a 16oz clear glass. Add the following:
 * 1 oz. Grape Juice
 * 2 oz. Pineapple Juice
 * 1 oz. Citron Vodka
 * 1 oz. Hot Cinnamon Schnapps

Then add a glowing ice cube. You can find glowing LED ice cubes online. The best are the ones that change color. Then:

 * 2 oz Sprite®
 * 4 oz Club Soda

That is, fill up the rest of the glass with Sprite® and Club Soda in a 1:2 ratio, but leave an inch or so of room at the top of the glass.

It's best if the Sprite® and Club Soda are room temperature, not cold.

Then add a piece of dry ice.

For a minute or so you'll have the full Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster experience: a glowing, bubbling drink overflowing with mist (Fallian marsh gas). Once the dry ice has bubbled away, enjoy. Best served at night, or in a dark environment.

The Mister Break Recipe
Stir the following, straight without water or ice:

 * 1/2 oz Single Barrel Jack Daniel's Tennessee Whiskey;
 * 1/2 oz Fernet Branca;
 * 1/2 oz Wormwood Bitters
 * 1/8 teaspoon Everclear Vodka
 * 1/8 teaspoon Angostura Bitters
 * 1/8 teaspoon Fee Brother's Lemon Bitters
 * A slice of jalapeno

The Stage Show Recipe

 * Sugar Cube soaked in Angostura Bitters in the bottom of a tall cylindrical container (In the theatre they used 100ml measuring tubes)
 * 5ml Blue Curacao
 * 10ml Vodka
 * Top up with "Champagne"

The 42nd birthday party recipe
Mix the following:
 * 1/2 oz. rum (Bacardi)
 * 1/2 oz. whiskey (Maker's Mark)
 * 1/4 oz. Orange Curacao
 * 1/4 oz. Triple Sec
 * 1/2 oz. Sprite or other clear carbonated beverage

Drop in, without stirring:
 * 1 oz. Pineapple coconut juice
 * 1/8 oz. Grenadine
 * dash of bitters
 * dash of cayenne
 * one olive

Finally, drop in a chunk of dry ice.

Availability
A Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster may be had at:

. The Land of Dreams, Halifax ,Nova Scotia ( but only if you get the right bartender ... Kris ) Other bars may be able to mix any of the recipes above (or one of their own). Pan Galactic Gargle Blasters were also served at a couple of the stage show adaptations of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy in the late 1970s, according to Neil Gaiman in his book Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy Companion. In Russia a Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster may be had at the Coffee&Books art-cafe in St.Petersburg. (Only available during Towel Day festivities)
 * The Pub at the End of the Universe, Portland, OR - no longer open
 * The Clockwork Rose in Bristol, United Kingdom
 * Cocos Island Grill and Cocktail Bar, Hermanus, Western Cape, South Africa
 * Beef 'o' Brady's in Frankfort, KY, USA
 * The Hunter Club in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, UK
 * 42 Lounge in Milwaukee, Wisconsin - no longer open
 * Cocktail Bar Tijuana in Belgrade, Serbia
 * Zaphod Beeblebrox bar in Ottawa, ON (Canada), (sadly, no longer open)
 * 42 bar in Athens, Greece
 * Spiders gothic nightclub in Hull, UK (recipe mentioned above)
 * Black Spot Cafe Bar in Hyannis, Ma, USA
 * Coppers Corner in Laramie, WY
 * A Night Kitchen in Seattle, WA, USA - no longer in business
 * AFK Tavern in Everett, WA, USA (no longer open)
 * Silly's With a Twist, ME, USA
 * Crabby's Bar, Pendleton, OR, USA
 * JD's Sports Bar in Grants Pass, OR, USA
 * Bar at the end of the universe (Бар на края на Вселената), Sofia, Bulgaria (1 in the centre, 1 close to the MetOffice)
 * BarBot 2012, from the Santa BarBot table, San Francisco CA (USA)
 * Grumpy Dave's Pub in Bowling Green, OH USA
 * Baja Bean, The Corner, Charlottesville, VA USA - no longer in business
 * Dernier bar avant la fin du monde, 19 avenue Victoria, Paris (Fr)
 * Robin Hood Bar in Beyoğlu, İstanbul, Turkey
 * Eddie's Bar & Grill in Dunedin, FL (Tyler's version)
 * Storm Crow Tavern, Vancouver, BC, Canada
 * Brdr. Price Rosenborggade, Copenhagen, Denmark- A very good one.
 * Bomb Bar, Manhattan, KS, USA
 * Cheeky Monkey Bars across Pretoria, South Africa
 * Silverbirch Cafe at Lifestyle Johannesburg, South Africa
 * Cosmic Comic Cafe, Turku, Finland


text:
Complex Analysis/Residue Theory/Partial Fractions

This is probably the most basic technique, and doesn't require a lot of theory, mainly just algebraic manipulation. However, it does have its limitations, namely it really only works with polynomials. It is more of a cookbook method: here's the recipe, follow the steps.

Given two polynomial functions $$P(z)$$ and $$Q(z)$$, where the degree of Q is greater than the degree of P, we define another function to be the quotient of the two polynomials:

$$f(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}$$

And we note that if we factor Q we obtain:

$$Q(z) = (z-z_0)^{a_0} \cdot (z-z_1)^{a_1} \cdot ...$$

Then depending on the form of $$(z-z_0)^{a_0}$$ we can reduce the function into a limited series of simple or m-th order poles as so:

$$f(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)} = \frac{A_0(x)(+ B_0)}{(z-z_0)^{a_0}} + \frac{A_0(x)(+ B_0)}{(z-z_0)^{a_0-1}} + ... + \frac{A_1(x)(+ B_1)}{(z-z_1)^{a_1}} + \frac{A_1(x)(+ B_1)}{(z-z_1)^{a_1-1}} + ...$$

And then the coefficients $$A_0,...,B_0,...$$ can be solved for and the function can be stated into an explicit form with readable residues.

Of course, this is taught a lot better by example and case.

Case 1, simple one-order factors
We begin with the function:

$$f(z) = \frac{1}{z^2 + 3z + 2}$$

And note that it can be factored thusly:

$$f(z) = \frac{1}{z^2 + 3z + 2} = \frac{1}{(z+1)(z+2)}$$

For this case the correct form we "guess" is like so:

$$\frac{1}{(z+1)(z+2)} = \frac{A_0}{z+1} + \frac{A_1}{z+2}$$

The remaining portion is by algebra, we multiply both sides by $$(z+1)(z+2)$$:

$$1 = A_0z + 2A_0 + A_1z + A_1$$

Which gives us two equations:

$$0 = A_0z + A_1z$$

$$1 = 2A_0 + A_1$$

Thus:

$$A_0 = 1$$ and $$A_1 = -1$$

And our function can be rewritten as:

$$f(z) = \frac{1}{z+1} - \frac{1}{z+2}$$

The remainder of this section discusses suggests fractional forms that aid in separation, since the actual method and theory hold.

The Other Two Cases
Case 1, Unfactorable Terms. In our generic expression, there is A(x)+B term, but really should include an additional polynomial for possible "unfactorable" terms (i.e., terms that can't be factored with only real numbers, although if the terms are factored correctly with imaginary numbers, the method works). To account for this the "guessed" fraction, include these extra terms. For example,

$$f(z) = \frac{1}{(z^2+4)(z-1)} = \frac{A_0x + B_0}{z^2+4} + \frac{A_1}{z-1}$$

With $$A_0$$, $$B_0$$, and $$A_1$$ to be solved.

Case 2, Term(s) Raised To A Power, The correct "guess" will include a trailing series of decreasing powers of the factor. For example,

$$f(z) = \frac{1}{(z+1)^2(z-1)} = \frac{A_0}{(z+1)^2} + \frac{A_1}{z+1} + \frac{A_2}{z-1}$$

Remark
Again, partial fractioning only really works with polynomials, and can be a huge hassle for large denominators. The next section looks at a more general way of determining the residue.


text:
Complex Analysis/Residue Theory/A More "Complex" Solution

There is a much more general, more lovely, all-pole encompassing formula for determining residues. We start off by examining the Laurent series of a function:

$$f(z) = \sum_{n=-\infin}^{\infin} a_n (z-z_0)^n$$

And when examining the expansion we note that if we want the residue of the simple pole of a function, we want the coefficient $$a_{-1}$$. The second order pole, $$a_{-2}$$, and so on. In order to really see what's going on in the formula, it's best to look at the expansion:

$$ f(z) = ... + \frac{a_{-2}}{(z-z_0)^2} + \frac{a_{-1}}{(z-z_0)} + a_0 + a_1(z-z_0) + a_2(z-z_0)^2 + ... $$

Say we want the residue of $$z_0$$ from a function with a 2nd-order pole about that point, we first multiply by $$(z-z_0)^2$$:

$$ f(z) = \frac{a_{-2}}{(z-z_0)^2} + \frac{a_{-1}}{(z-z_0)} + a_0 + a_1(z-z_0) + a_2(z-z_0)^2 + ... $$

$$(z-z_0)^2 f(z) = a_{-2} + a_{-1} (z-z_0) + ...\,$$

We now want to isolate the $$a_{-1}$$ term, so we take a derivative:

$$g(z) = \frac{d}{d z} ((z-z_0)^2 f(z)) = a_{-1} + ... $$

Now if we evaluate $$g$$ at $$z_0$$, the remaining terms will be zero, thus:

$$g(z_0) = \frac{d}{d z} ((z-z_0)^2 f(z)) = a_{-1} $$

gets us the residue, from repeating this same procedure the general formula can be obtained quite easily.

The Residue Formula
$$\mathrm{Res}(f,z_0) = \lim_{z \rightarrow z_0} \frac{1}{(m-1)!} \frac{d^{m-1}}{dz^{m-1}} \Big((z-z_0)^m \cdot f(z)\Big) $$

Where $$z_0$$ is the point about which the residue is to be found, $$f$$ is the function.

There are some extra terms placed into this formula that weren't discussed above. The factorial eliminates the extra multiplied terms from the derivatives, and the limit deals with issues caused by a removable singularity.


text:
Complex Analysis/Residue Theory/Some Consequences

Simplifying Integrals
Given the following integral:

$$\int_a^b \frac{1}{x^2-1} dx$$

Now with partial fractions (or the residue theorem) we can split this up into a series of mono-pole terms, which would allow us to use substitution and receive logarithmic answers:

$$\int_a^b \frac{\frac{1}{2}}{x-1} dx + \int_a^b \frac{-\frac{1}{2}}{x+1} dx$$

$$\frac{1}{2} \ln (x-1) |_a^b - \frac{1}{2} \ln (x+1) |_a^b$$

Cauchy's Residue Theorem
Cauchy's Residue Theorem is a VERY important result which gives many other results in Complex Analysis and Theory, but more importantly to us, is that it allows us to calculate integration with only residue, that is, we can literally integrate without actually 'integrating'. Note: Its derivation is in Complex Analysis, which is listed as a prerequisite for these more advanced tricks.

This is the actual (general) theorem:

Let Γ be a simple closed positively oriented contour. If f is analytic in some simply connected domain D containing Γ and $$z_0$$ is any point inside Γs, then:

$$f^{n}(z_0)= \frac{n!}{2 \pi i} \int_{\Gamma} \frac{f(\gamma)}{(\gamma-z)^{n+1}} dz$$

Upon first look, this has absolutely nothing to do with residues, but mathematicians are very abstract and tricky people.

Take a general function, call it $$g(z)$$, just so we don't confuse it with the function in Cauchy's Integral Formula. $$g(z)$$ can be made into a Laurent Series:

$$g(z) = \sum_{n=-\infin}^{\infin} a_n (z-z_0)^n$$

Now, we integrate over a contour Γ of $$g(z)$$, keeping in mind that $$g(z)$$ has been 'Laurentized':

$$\int_{\Gamma} \sum_{n=-\infin}^{\infin} a_n (z-z_0)^n dz$$

Also by Complex Analysis, the parts of the series that are analytic and zero and thus dropped out (which is actually ANOTHER result by Cauchy), this leaves the sum of the integrals containing powers on the bottom, now by carrying out the differentiations of $$g(z)$$ and applying the General Cauchy Integral Formula (The proof is tedious but you can do the Laurent series and check yourself), you will come upon the Cauchy Residue Theorem (Cauchy really did do a lot of this stuff, a running joke in Complex Analysis classes is, "Isn't every proof done by Cauchy?"):

$$\int_{\Gamma} g(z) = 2 \pi i \sum_{j=1}^{n} \mathrm{Res}(z_j)$$

Read over that equation a few times, make sure you really grasp what it's saying, to do an integral, you need only calculate the residues. Does it seem useless because you're concerned with only the real number line? You're not being creative enough. Take the line integral with one part over the real-number line, and the other lines over the complex such that they are easily computable, as a general example:

$$\int_{\Gamma} g(z) = \int_\text{Real Line} g(z) + \int_\text{A simple line that closes the loop} g(z) = 2 \pi i \sum_{j=1}^{n} \mathrm{Res(z_j)}$$

Unfortunately, this too borders the line with a book on Complex Analysis, since these 'simple lines' are discussed therein, but just to not leave you hanging, here's a typically simple one so you can try out integration without integrating on your own:

If $$f(z)$$ is the quotient of two polynomials such that the degree of the lower polynomial is at least two more than the numerator polynomial then $$\lim_{\rho \rightarrow \infin} \int_{C_{\rho^+}} f(z) dz = 0$$.

Where $$C_{\rho^+}$$ is a half-circle on the plane. This allows you to close some loops made by integrals over the real-number line and try out this method for yourself.

And that's where we leave off!


text:
IB Biology/Option E - Neurobiology and Behavior

Introduction and Examples of Behaviour
State that behaviour in animals is related to the environmental context

State that innate behaviour develops independently of the environmental context, whereas learned behaviour reflects conditions experienced by individuals during development.

Explain the role of natural selection in the development of behaviour patterns
 * An organism may develop a certain behaviour which makes it better suited to its environment. For example, a learned behaviour allows the species to obtain food with ease. Possessing a certain behaviour will increase the likelihood of a species and its offspring to survive, and thus more and more of a species will develop this behaviour.

Explain using species of birds or animals one example of each of the types of behavior: migration, grooming, communication, courtship and mate selection.
 * Migration: Arctic tern, swallow, white stork, blue whale
 * Grooming: Rhesus monkeys will groom one another. This is a sign of respect as lower ranking members will groom higher ranking ones. Also, grooming may be addictive for the monkeys due to the release of endorphins while grooming
 * Communication: bird songs, alarm responses and hierarchal dominance patterns in wolves and red deer
 * Courtship: male display (ex: peacock, mallard duck, great crested grebe, blue footed boobie)
 * Mate selection: territory and song (birds) or combat (stags)

Explain the need for quantitative data in studies of behaviour
 * Studies of animal behaviour usually begin with careful observations from researchers. These careful observations allow us to understand the natural history of a species and often lead to the formation of a hypothesis. From here we can test the hypothesis by collecting quantitative data. Then according to this data we can then establish confidence levels for the data by statistical tests.

Perception of Stimulus
State that sensory receptors act as energy transducers
 * Sensory receptors act as energy transducers. All sensory receptors convert energy from the stimulus into the electrical energy of a nerve impulse. Animal's behaviour is the response that the animals make to the environment and involves perception of stimuli from this environment. They then use sensory receptors and thus all energy transducers.

State that human sensory receptors are classified as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, or photoreceptors.
 * Human sensory receptors are classified as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, or photoreceptors.

Describe what is meant by by each of the terms mentioned before with reference to one named example of each type of receptor
 * Mechanoreceptors: Perceive mechanical energy in the form of movement or sound, etc. An example is hair cells in the inner ear which send nerve impulses to the brain when sounds make them vibrate.
 * Chemoreceptors: Perceives chemical substances. Nerve cells in the nostrils send impulses to the brain when chemicals bind to them.
 * Thermoreceptors: Perceive temperature. Warm and cold endings in the skin send messages to the brain of the spinal cord.
 * Photoreceptors: Perceive light. Rod and cones in the eyes send messages to the brain when they absorb light.

Draw the structure of the human eye

Annotate diagrams of the human retina

Distinguish between rod and cone cells
 * **Rods function well in dim light, while cone cells function well under bright light. Rod cells absorb all types of light and give monochrome vision whereas cone cells absorb red, blue, and green, and give off colour vision (sensitivity to wavelengths). **Rods group together and send impulses to the same neuron while cones have their individual neurons. Cones give greater visual accuracy than rods. Rods are more widely dispersed through the Retina while cones are concentrated. Rods deal with the pigment rhodopsin, while cones deal with the pigment iodopsin.

Outline how visual stimuli are processed in the retina and the visual cortex
 * Bipolar cells in the Retina combine the impulses of rod and cone cells and pass them on to sensory neurons of the optic nerve (Ganglion cells). The left and right optic nerves meet at a structure called the optic chiasma. Here, all the neurons that are carrying impulses from the right field of vision split and bring the impulses to both hemispheres of the brain, and vice versa. As a result, the left optic nerve carries information from the right half of the field of vision and vice versa. The impulses are processed first by the thalamus, and then carried to the visual cortex where the information is processed into images.

Identify the structures of the human ear.

Perception of Sound 1. Eardrum When sound waves reach the eardrum at the end of the outer ear, they make it vibrate. The vibration consists of rapid movements of the ear drum, towards and away from the middle ear. The role of the eardrum is to pick up sound vibrations from the air and transmit them to the middle ear.

2. Bones of the middle ear There is a series of very small bones in the middle ear, called the ossicles. Each ossicle touches the next one. The first ossicle is attached to the eardrum and the third one is attached to the oval window. The ossicles' role is to transmit sound waves from the eardrum to the oval window. They also act as levers, reducing the amplitude of the waves, but increasing their force, which amplifies sounds by about 20 times. The oval window's small size, compared with the eardrum, helps with amplification. Muscles attached to the ossicles protect the ear from loud sounds, by contracting to damp down vibrations in the ossicles.

3. Oval window This is a membranous structure, like the eardrum. It transmits sound waves to the fluid filling the cochlea. This fluid is incompressible, so a second membranous window is needed, called the round window. When the oval window moves towards the cochlea, the round window moves away from it, so the fluid in the cochlea can vibrate freely, with its volume remaining constant.

4. Hair cells in the cochlea The cochlea consists of a tube, wound to form a spiral shape. Within the tube are membranes, with receptors called hair cells attached. These cells have hair bundles, which stretch from one of the membranes to another. When the sound waves pass through the fluid in the cochlea, the hair bundles vibrate. Because of gradual variations in the width and thickness of the membranes, different frequencies of sound can be distinguished, because each hair bundle only resonates with particular frequencies. When the hair bundles vibrate, the hair cells send messages across synapses and on to the brain via the auditory nerve.

Innate Behaviour
Define innate behaviour
 * Innate behaviour is behaviour inherited by genes which occurs in all members of a species. An animal in a sense is born with this type of behaviour.

Outline the pain withdrawal reflex and one other human spinal reflex
 * A hand accidentally touches something which causes pain. This will stimulate pain receptors in the skin. The pain receptor passes a message to a sensory neuron which carries it as a nerve impulse to gray matter in the spinal cord. The message is passed via a linking neuron called an associate neuron in the grey matter to a motor neuron. The motor neuron carries the message to a muscle in the arm. The message stimulates the muscle to contract, removing the hand from danger. This is called the reflex arc.

Knee-Jerk Reflex - Stretch receptor to the sensory neuron to the motor neuron to the muscle.

Draw the structure of the spinal cord and its spinal nerves to show the components of the reflex arc

Outline the pupil reflex and one cranial reflex
 * If a bright light is shone in one eye, the pupils of both eyes constrict. Photoreceptor cells in the retina detect the light stimulus. Nerve impulses are sent in sensory neurons of the optic nerve to the brain. The brainstem processes this and send impulses to the muscles of the iris which contract.
 * Sneeze - Irritation in nose,sensory receptor, trigeminal cranial nerve (5th), medulla, motor neuron, muscles (abdominals), SNEEZE!

Draw the gross structure of the brain including the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalmus, pituitary gland and cerebral hemisphere

State one function for each of the parts of the brain listed before.
 * Medulla oblongata: controls unconscious processes including breathing rate.
 * Cerebellum: helps to coordinate muscle movements and balance.
 * Hypothalamus: controls secretion of hormones in the pituary gland.
 * Pituitary gland: Secretes hormones
 * Cerebal hemispheres: Complex thought processes such as memory, learning, and problem solving.

Discuss the use of the pupil reflex in testing for brain death
 * If light stimulation does not cause the pupils to constrict, then heavy damage to the most basic parts of the central nervous system is likely.

Define taxis and kinesis
 * Taxis: is directional movement away or towards a direct stimulus. Maggots move directly away from a light source.
 * Kinesis: a stimulus produces a change in the rate of movement or rate of turning. Woodlice moves fast in dry areas, but moves slow in humid areas while turning more.

Explain, using one example of each behaviour, how the responses improve the animal's chances for survival
 * Woodlice live better in humid areas as they dehydrate easily in dry areas because of their gas exchange. The kinesis that they have ensure that they spend more time in humid areas.
 * Fly maggots move away from light. This ensures that they stay inside a dead carcass where there is abundant food and protection from predators.

Discuss the importance of innate behaviour to the survival of animals
 * Innate behaviour are inherited from parents as genes. They develop by natural selection and thus are suited to better adapt a species to its environment. Therefore, they increase an animal's chances for survival.

Learned Behaviour
Define classical conditioning
 * Classical conditioning is an alteration in the behaviour of an animal as the result of the association of external stimulus.

Outline Pavlov's experiments on conditioning of dogs
 * Ivan Pavlov observed that dog's secreted saliva when they saw or tasted food. The sight or taste of meat is called the unconditioned stimulus and the secretion of saliva is called the unconditioned response. Pavlov then gave a neutral response by ringing a bell whenever he served the dogs food. The sound of the bell eventually came to become the conditioned stimulus as dogs would secrete saliva at its sound. The dogs associated the sound of the bell with the arrival of food. The secretion of saliva due to the conditioned stimuli is called the conditioned response.

Define operant conditioning
 * Operant conditioning is behaviour which develops as a result of the association of reinforcement with a particular response on numerous occasions.

Outline Skinner's experiments into operant conditioning
 * Skinner created a ‘skinner box’, into which a rat (or pigeon) could be placed, and on pressing a lever food would be delivered to feed the rat. A hungry rat would be placed in the box, and it would eventually press the lever by accident, and learn to associate the pressing of the lever with the reward of food. The food reward is the reinforcement and pressing the lever is the operant response. The more quickly the reinforcement is given, the faster operant conditioning develops. When the response is not given invariably, the conditioning develops more strongly.

Define imprinting
 * Imprinting is a learning a response to a stimulus during a sensitive period of development.

Outline Lorenz's experiment on imprinting in geese
 * Lorenz removed half of the eggs that a female goose had laid and incubated them. When they hatched, he observed them for a time, so that he was the first moving object which the goslings saw. The goslings then associated him with their mother, and so followed Lorenz around, and on maturity even attempted to mate with humans. The birds which hatched with the female goose developed normally. The goslings are able to filter external stimuli to identify the moving object as a sign stimulus, and the ability to identify the sign stimulus is called the innate releasing mechanism. Imprinting allows animals to learn to respond to significant stimuli in their environment and ignore others. Imprinting is species-specific (innate) behaviour.

Discuss how the process of learning improves the chances of survival
 * Birds can avoid tasting black and orange caterpillars, Monarch butterflies.
 * Grizzly bears can learn how to catch salmon.
 * Goslings learn who their mother is and avoid predators by staying with her

Social Behaviour
List three examples of animals that show social behaviour
 * Ants, honey bees, and termites.

Describe the social organization of honey bee colonies
 * There are three castes of honey bees which have different tasks. The single queen bee of a colony has to lay eggs. The worker bees do jobs that maintain the colony. The drones do nothing to help the colony to survive. However, if they successfully mate with virgin queens, they spread the genes of the colony to new colonies. Workers eject drones from the colony at the end of the season during which virgin queens are available.

Discuss the role of altruistic behaviour in social organizations using two examples
 * Wolves - In a pack of wolves, there is a dominant male and female which are the sole reproducers, and the other members of the pack hunt and bring back food for the breeding pair.
 * Naked Mole Rats - There exist breeding males and females, the diggers (who dig tunnels and provide food) and protectors who offer their lives when facing a predator. The concept is that the sacrificers will indirectly pass on their genes by protecting the mating pair.

AHS The ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)
The ANS consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

The roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system are largely antagonistic towards one another - that is, the parasympathetic nerves might stimulate a bodily function that will be inhibited by the sympathetic nerves.

The ANS serves the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and digestive system.

Their comparative effects can be explained as follows:

Parasympathetic Nerves Largely concerned with calming and returning the body’s emphasis to self-maintenance functions. Originate in the lower brain and at the base of the spinal cord. Stimulate the salivary glands. Constricts the pupil. Slows the heart.

Sympathetic Nerves Correlates with arousal and energy generation, focusing on specific functions. Originate from the middle region of the spinal cord. Inhibit salivary gland secretion. Dilates the pupil. Accelerates the heart.

Discuss the relationships between the influence of the conscious part of the brain and automatic reflexes as shown by bladder or anus control, meditation and yoga - this basically means that it is possible for a person to override automatic reflexes (for example, by concentration).

Neurotransmitters and Synapses
State that synapses of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are classified according to the neurotransmitter used, including acetylcholine and noradrenalin. --Synapses of the PNS are classified according to the neurotransmitter used. Cholinergic synapses use acetylcholine and adrenergic synapses use noradrenalin. Most adrenergic synapses are sympathetic and most cholinergic synapses are parasympathetic.

Explain how pre-synaptic neurons can either encourage or inhibit post-synaptic transmission by depolarization or hyperpolarizaton of the post-synaptic membrane.--Pre-synaptic neurons can encourage post-synaptic transmission by depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane. It does this by causing sodium ions or other positively charged ions to enter the post synaptic neuron, helping to depolarize it and cause and action potential. This is called an excitatory synapse. --Pre-synaptic neurons can inhibit post-synaptic transmission by hyperpolarizaton of the post-synaptic membrane. This happens when negative chloride ions move to the post-synaptic neuron, increasing polarization. This is called hyperpolarizaton and makes it more difficult to depolarize a neuron sufficiently to cause an action potential. These synapses are called inhibitory synapses.

Outline how pain is sensed and how endorphins and enkephalins can act as painkillers.--Pain receptors are located in the skin and on organs. Pain signals are sent along these nerve endings along nerve fibers on the spinal cord. The signals pass synapses to neurons that carry them up in an ascending tract to the stem or thalamus of the brain. The signals may pass on in other neurons to sensory areas of the cerebral cortex, causing conscious pain. --Endorphins and enkephalins act as painkillers by stopping the pain signal to the brain. Enkephalins block calcium channels in the membrane of the pre-synaptic neurons. They block the synaptic transmissions, so the message doesn’t reach the brain. Endorphins are released from the pituitary gland to control pain. They are carried to the brain and bind to pain receptors and block the release of the neurotransmitter that is used to transmit pain signals to the brain.

Outline the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and the involvement of dopamine.--Parkinson’s is from the death of neurons in a certain part of the brain called the substanti negra. These neurons release dopamine at synapses that control muscle contradictions. The synapses at which dopamine are released are inhibitory. Muscle contractions cannot be controlled properly without dopamine and this leads to the symptoms of Parkinson’s. The early symptoms of Parkinson’s are feeling shaky and tired and the loss of concentration. Eventually the body becomes stiff because the antagonistic muscles cannot relax. Uncontrollable shaking affects the hands and other parts of the body and movements become very slow.

Explain that psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasing synaptic transmission.--psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasing synaptic transmission. They do this by 1) some act as neurotransmitters and bind to receptors for that neurotransmitter in post-synaptic membranes. They block the receptor, preventing the neurotransmitter from having its usual effect; 2) some have the same effect of a neurotransmitter, but unlike the neurotransmitter, they are not broken down when they bind to the receptors, so the effect lasts much longer; and finally 3) some interfere with the breakdown of neurotransmitter in synapses and prolong the effect of the neurotransmitter.

Discuss the behavioral effects of the excitatory psychoactive drugs nicotine, cocaine and amphetamines.--The behavioral effect of the excitatory psychoactive drug nicotine are said to be calming and thus an increase in the nicotine levels reduces the craving for it. The behavioral effect of the excitatory psychoactive drug cocaine is alertness, increased energy, and talkativeness. The behavioral effect of the excitatory psychoactive drug amphetamines has a similar effect of cocaine, but usually last longer. Users frequently become aggressive and hyperactive. One amphetamine is ecstasy and it usually fosters feelings of empathy, openness and caring. It lowers feelings of aggression and increases sexual behavior.

Discuss the behavior effects of the inhibitory psychoactive drugs benzodiazepines, cannabis and alcohol.--The behavioral effect of the inhibitory psychoactive drug benzodiazepine is a feeling of relaxation and reduction of anxiety. High doses cause drowsiness, slurred speech, and loss of muscle coordination. The behavioral effect of the inhibitory psychoactive drug cannabis is an increases intensity of sensual perception. The behavioral effect of the inhibitory psychoactive drug alcohol is said to reduce inhibitions, making people more talkative and confident. It impairs reaction times and fine muscle coordination. In large quantities it causes loss of memory, slurred speech, loss of balance and poor muscle coordination.


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Modern History/Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution can refer to the following events in the history of Russia:

The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a series of strikes and anti-government violence against Tsar Nicholas II. The Russian Revolution of 1917, which included: February Revolution, which resulted in the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia. October Revolution, which was the Bolshevik seizure of power. The Third Russian Revolution was the failed anarchist revolution against the Bolsheviks and the White movement 1918 - 1922. When the year is not indicated in the reference, the term "Russian Revolution", if used as a time mark, usually refers to the October Revolution of 1917, whereas references to the revolution of 1905 always mention the year and references to the February Revolution always mention the month.

title: Modern History/Russian Revolution


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Futurology/Obstacles

One obstacle is even if we do know the future, what can we do to stop what will be? Can anything be done at all? Are all things just fated to occur? Is there a rational behind the universe. Is the future written as it occurs or in advance?

Fortuna
In Roman mythology, Fortuna (equivalent to the Greek goddess Tyche) was the personification of luck, hopefully of good luck, but she could be represented veiled and blind, as modern depictions of Justice are seen, and came to represent the capriciousness of life.

Fortuna had a retinue that included Copia among her blessings. Under the name Annonaria she protected grain supplies. In the Roman calendar, June 11 was sacred to Fortuna, with a greater festival to Fors Fortuna on the 24th.

Fortuna was propitiated by mothers. Traditionally her cult was introduced to Rome by Servius Tullius. Fortuna had a temple in the Forum Boarium, a public sanctuary on the Quirinalis, as the tutelary genius of Roma herself, Fortuna Populi Romani, the "Fortune of the Roman people", and an oracle in Praeneste where the future was chosen by a small boy choosing oak rods with possible futures written on them.

All over the Roman world, Fortuna was worshipped at a great number of shrines under various titles that were applied to her according to the various circumstances of life in which her influence was hoped to have a positive effect. Fortuna was not always positive: she was doubtful (Fortuna Dubia); she could be "fickle fortune" (Fortuna Brevis), or downright evil luck (Fortuna Mala).

Her name seems to derive from the Italic goddess Vortumna, "she who revolves the year".

From Carmina Burana
Fortune plango vulnera I bemoan the wounds of Fortune stillantibus ocellis with weeping eyes, quod sua michi munera for the gifts she made me subtrahit rebellis. she perversely takes away. Verum est, quod legitur, It is written in truth, fronte capillata, that she has a fine head of hair, sed plerumque sequitur but, when it comes to seizing an opportunity Occasio calvatia. she is bald.

In Fortune solio On Fortune's throne sederam elatus, I used to sit raised up, prosperitatis vario crowned with flore coronatus; the many-coloured flowers of prosperity; quicquid enim florui though I may have flourished felix et beatus, happy and blessed, nunc a summo corrui now I fall from the peak gloria privatus. deprived of glory.

Fortune rota volvitur: The wheel of Fortune turns; descendo minoratus; I go down, demeaned; alter in altum tollitur; another is raised up; nimis exaltatus far too high up rex sedet in vertice sits the king at the summit - caveat ruinam! let him fear ruin! nam sub axe legimus for under the axis is written Hecubam reginam. Queen Hecuba.

title: Futurology/Obstacles


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User:Paintingdog

BA in Anthropology. Masters in teaching. Currently a middle school math and science teacher in Washington State (USA).

title: User:Paintingdog


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Cookbook:Tripes à la mode de Caen (Norman Stewed Tripe)

| French cuisine

Ingredients

 * 6 lb tripe, cut into 2-inch squares
 * 1 calf's foot, boned and cut into pieces
 * 2 lb marrow bone
 * 1 cup apple brandy
 * 2 cups dry white wine
 * 4 cups beef broth
 * 2 cups diced carrots
 * 2 cups chopped onions
 * 3 garlic cloves, pressed or minced
 * 10 shallots, minced
 * ½ cup celery leaves
 * ¼ cup parsley, finely chopped
 * Salt
 * Pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 300°F.
 * 2) Mix all of the ingredients together.
 * 3) Place in a deep casserole or Dutch oven with a tight fitting lid. Then, wrap the casserole completely in foil.
 * 4) Bake for 10–12 hours. Remove bones before serving.


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Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Blueprint Links List

This page contains links to 2D images and drawings that can be useful for constructing models.

 * http://www.shipschematics.net - Starship Schematics Database
 * http://www.suurland.com/blueprints_archive.php
 * http://www.luft46.com/profiles/profiles.html - 3 views
 * http://www.aviastar.org/index2.html - 3 views
 * http://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?t=557457 - 3 views on a lot lot lot of airplanes
 * http://www.google.com/intl/en/sketchup/3dwh/pdfs/modeling_a_city.pdf - Google’s guide on how to model a city
 * http://www.boatdesign.net/boat-plans-archive/index.htm  boats
 * http://www.mgussin.freeuk.com/00Plans.htm  old cars
 * http://www.airwar.ru/other/draw_1w.html  War Planes
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20081108194053/http://jpracing.racerplanet.com/ Cars, Trucks, Buses
 * http://www.swaqvalley.com/blueprints.php?section=samples sports cars
 * http://www.newhomesource.com — site run by builders, but low-res plans are viewable online
 * http://drawingdatabase.com/ Vehicles: cars, military, aircraft

Registration Required

 * http://www.the-blueprints.com/ — requires registration for full-quality downloads
 * http://smcars.net/

Payment Required

 * http://www.monsterhouseplans.com/ - source of over 23,000 floor plans
 * http://www.eplans.com/ - floor plans,  but if you navigate around a bit to find em.
 * http://www.emporis.com/application/ - heights and details of buildings; photos available for purchase
 * http://skyscraperpage.com/ - building heights, diagrams, but downloads and screenshots are prohibited
 * http://humster3d.com/category/blueprints/ - cars, trucks, motorcycles, buses

Shouldn’t Really Be Here?

 * http://www.archiplanet.org/wiki/Main_Page - building encyclopedia, can’t find any actual plans


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Umbraco/Reference/TextGen

Introduction
Textgen.aspx generates a graphic-headline depending on the parameters passed to it.

Preparations
Before you can use the TextGen feature you need to upload the TrueType font file, which you'd like to use. Font files must be placed inside the umbraco/config/fonts directory. You also need to create an entry for your font in fonts.xml which resides in the same directory.

There are many truetype fonts available in the windows directory 'fonts' folder.

Usage within the Rich text editor
You can insert a dynamically generated image into the richtext-editor by clicking the icon beside the Bold and Italic-icons (Two A's).

Usage within templates
Place the following code in your Umbraco template (ensure you url encode the text parameter):

Flat URL's
You can use TextGen.aspx with flat/friendly url's by using This Plugin.

title: Umbraco/Reference/TextGen


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Talk:IB Economics

What does IB mean?
It took me a few seconds to find out what IB means. I had to search google for it. People outside Europe (I guess) do not know these letters mean.

This book definitely needs work. We'll work on getting all the relevant data in before turning it into a real guide to IB Econ, but these should ultimately have information similar to that in the Course Companion.

I'll work on completing and expanding the glossaries of each section first and move from there!

Philovitist 00:36, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

This has to be the worst IB Study Guide ever- most of what's written doesnt even remotely relate to the syllabus. Im changing all that. --Daniel.Stevens 21:38, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

need graphs and diagrams. and lots of them.--212.221.74.57 07:30, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

There are two easy ways to improve the material for students at IB Economics. One way is to customise a search engine for IB Economics in Wikibooks. The other way is to customise a search engine for the best pages about IB Economics. I am now working on the latter.

I have included the best parts of the Wikibooks to the index. I added the search engine for IB Economics to the bottom. In the future, it can be an integrated part in the Wikibooks. Feel free to participate in customising the engines. Customisation is a process, and it never ends. --Henryh 7th March 2009

Transcribe section?
Who wants to help transcribe some of http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/IB_Economics/Development_Economics ? 71.198.176.22 (talk) 13:06, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

IB = International Baccalaureate
For who, like me, did not know: IB = International Baccalaureate JopkeB (discuss • contribs) 20:02, 3 December 2017 (UTC)JopkeB

title: Talk:IB Economics


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Talk:Rhetoric and Writing in the Public Sphere: An Introduction

Naming policy
Chapter page names need to start with the book name followed by a slash, for example, "Book Title/Chapter Name". See WB:NP for more details To follow this policy, you can change the chapter titles to:

 * Rhetoric and Writing in the Public Sphere: An Introduction/The Idea Behind this Book
 * Rhetoric and Writing in the Public Sphere: An Introduction/The Evolution of the Public Sphere
 * Etc.

If you want to keep chapter numbers in the links, then you can format links as:

 * Introduction: Rhetoric and Writing in the Public Sphere: An Introduction/The Idea Behind this Book
 * Chapter 1: Rhetoric and Writing in the Public Sphere: An Introduction/The Evolution of the Public Sphere
 * Etc.

The part before the pipe character "|" indicates the page name while the part after the pipe character indicates how the link appears in the text. Thus the links looks like:

 * Introduction: Rhetoric and Writing in the Public Sphere: An Introduction/The Idea Behind this Book
 * Chapter 1: Rhetoric and Writing in the Public Sphere: An Introduction/The Evolution of the Public Sphere
 * Etc.

Actually, this way of displaying the chapter titles is confusing to say the least. On solution would be to move (rename) the book so as to drop the "An Introduction" part. That is, to rename to book to "Rhetoric and Writing in the Public Sphere". Another would be to drop the book name from the link text as follows.

 * Introduction: The Idea Behind this Book
 * Chapter 1: The Evolution of the Public Sphere
 * Etc.

This displays as:

 * Introduction: The Idea Behind this Book
 * Chapter 1: The Evolution of the Public Sphere
 * Etc.

--JMRyan T E C 22:16, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

WRTC 320 Fall 2011 final project
Hello, Karen McDonnell's Public Sphere students. This is our discussion page. I've been doing copyediting in the existing chapters. I hope that you'll make your way here and converse with each other as you think of ways that your sections connect.Mcdonnkm (discuss • contribs) 21:53, 12 December 2011 (UTC) What has happened to the chapters on the media and technology???

Proposed Chapter/Table of Contents
I notice that the already existing chapters of the Wikibook are still there (sans two chapters it would appear) and no new chapters have been added. Are we going to go off of the picture of the board from our class discussion that is posted on Boondoggle?

I geuss what I'm asking is: what are the chapters going to be, and when are they going up? In the picture on Boondoggle, I notice there is a heading that says "Arts." I think my section pertains mostly to this (music blogs and the public sphere), so should I make this a chapter? Do others feel as though this would be a good chapter to create?

(K. McDonnell) Like I said above, I don't know WHAT happened to the missing chapters. That said, I dont' think that we've lost much. You definitely hold the power to create new chapters, so have at it.Mcdonnkm (discuss • contribs) 13:22, 14 December 2011 (UTC)


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Radiation Oncology/NHL/CLL-SLL

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (CLL/SLL)

Overview

 * CLL is the most common leukemia among adults in Western world
 * It is characterized by accumulation of mature B-cells
 * CLL molecular phenotype: CD5+, CD23+, surface Ig weak, CD79b weak/absent, FMC7 neg.
 * Diagnosis: lymphocytosis (often >5 x 10^9 / L, but not an absolute cutoff)
 * Risk factors are male sex, advanced age, white race, and family history of CLL or lymphoproliferative disorders
 * Cause and pathogenesis are largely unknown
 * Peripheral blood of some healthy adults shows circulating B-cell clones with surface phenotypes similar to CLL
 * Monocloncal B-cell lymphomatosis (MBL) indicates presence of such B-cells in blood at <5000 per cubic millimeter
 * Prevalence of MBL may be 3-5% in general population over 50 years of age
 * It appears that these circulating B-cell clones may be present in blood of for years prior to development of CLL, and that the light chain re-arrangement is the same
 * Thus, it may be reasonable to consider MBL a precursor state to CLL, in a similar fashion as MGUS is a precursor state to multiple myeloma
 * CLL and SLL are histologically and immunophenotypically identical
 * By definition, CLL has more marked peripheral blood involvement
 * CLL: absolute lymphocyte count >=5 x109/L
 * SLL: absolute lymphocyte count <5 x109/L
 * Clinical course varies widely, but frequently characterized by indolent behavior
 * Treatment commonly deferred while patients asymptomatic
 * No consensus on best treatment, but nucleoside analogues and Rituxan have led to improved outcomes

Staging
Rai Staging

Binet Staging

Classification

 * MD Anderson; 2007 (1985-2005) PMID 17925562 -- "Assessment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma by absolute lymphocyte counts in 2,126 patients: 20 years of experience at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center." (Tsimberidou AM, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 10;25(29):4648-56.)
 * Retrospective. 2126 consecutive CLL/SLL patients
 * Outcome: rates of response, OS, and FFS not different among different groups
 * Predictive factors: deletion of 17p or 6q, age >60, b2-microglobulin >2, albumin <3.5, creatinine >1.6
 * Conclusion: Patients with CLL or SLL can be treated similarly

Richter's transformation

 * Named for Maurice N. Richter who described it in 1928
 * Development of high grade NHL (typically diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) in the setting of CLL
 * May be triggered by viral infections (e.g. EBV) or by genetic defects acquired by the malignant clone
 * Occurs in ~4% of CLL patients
 * Response rates to chemotherapy are low, up to ~40%; median OS is ~8 months

 * 1993 PMID 7693038, 1993 — "Common clonal origin of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high-grade lymphoma of Richter's syndrome." Cherepakhin V et al. Blood. 1993 Nov 15;82(10):3141-7.
 * 1975 PMID 1096589, 1975 — "Richter's syndrome. A terminal complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with distinct clinicopathologic features." Long JC et al. Am J Clin Pathol. 1975 Jun;63(6):786-95.
 * Original description; 1928 PMID 19969796, 1928 — "Generalized reticular cell sarcoma of lymph nodes associated with lymphatic leukemia." Richter MN et al. Am J Pathol. 1928; 4:285.

Radiation Therapy

 * Please see spleen irradiation

Reviews

 * 2006 PMID 16983131 -- "Narrative review: initial management of newly diagnosed, early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia." (Shanafelt TD, Ann Intern Med. 2006 Sep 19;145(6):435-47.)
 * 2006 PMID 16901035 -- "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: diagnosis and treatment." (Yee KW, Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Aug;81(8):1105-29.)

title: Radiation Oncology/NHL/CLL-SLL