text:
Engineering Analysis/MISO Transformations

Consider now a system with two inputs, both of which are random (or pseudorandom, in the case of non-deterministic data). For instance, let's consider a system with the following inputs and outputs:

 * X: non-deterministic data input
 * Y: disruptive noise
 * Z: System output

Our system satisfies the following mathematical relationship:

 * $$Z = g(X, Y)$$

Where g is the mathematical relationship between the system input, the disruptive noise, and the system output. By knowing information about the distributions of X and Y, we can determine the distribution of Z.


text:
Engineering Analysis/Correlation

Independence
Two random variables are called independent if changes in one do not affect, and are not affected by, changes in the other.

Correlation
Two random variables are said to have correlation if they take the same values, or similar values, at the same point in time. Independence implies that two random variables will be uncorrelated, but two random variables being uncorrelated does not imply that they are independent.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Engineering Analysis/Correlation


text:
User talk:86.142.64.246

Hi there,

Thanks for contributing to the A-Level Computing wikibook. Please take the time to get and account and get in touch if i can help you with anything regarding this book.

Pluke 22:42, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:86.142.64.246


text:
Talk:Overcoming Procrastination/Eliminating Procrastination

I think this is an excellent book. It has been a tremendous help to me. I hope it never gets deleted. I was surprised when this information was moved from the Wikipedia "Procrastination" article to this location, but at least it is still available in some format. Thank you to whoever wrote it!

 * I'm also very happy I found it. Logictheo 21:56, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I found it very useful too. There's this task I've been avoiding and this article was just the right length...

regarding "Personal competence is comprised of five elements"
Do the 5 elements correspond to the contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.? I see they do not have the same titles. Logictheo 21:55, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

"Form a group of Procrastinators Anonymous"
Is it okay to keep postponing the meetings?


text:
Template:E-Commerce and E-Business

 E-Commerce and E-Business Preface — Introduction — Concepts and Definitions — E-Commerce Applications: Issues and Prospects — E-Commerce in Developing Countries — Notes — For Further Reading — Acknowledgment — About the Author

title: Template:E-Commerce and E-Business


text: Category:Book:E-Commerce and E-Business

title: Category:Book:E-Commerce and E-Business


text:
Wikijunior talk:How Things Work/Wheel

From the sources I've heard from, the first wheels were Sumerian potters' wheels. The potters found that the wheel could be rolled along when turned on its side, and wheeled carts came to replace the sledge. --Gray Porpoise 00:52, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Danger of Wheels
I'm not familiar with the style guide for this book, but it strikes me as a bit silly having a how-dangerous for each and every 'How things work'. Here I'd sooner delete dangers, but if we must have them getting something caught coat, scarf etc in a turning wheel and being pulled into it is a danger of the wheel. Car accidents aren't really dangers from the wheel. They'd still happen if our cars were jet sleds. JamesCrook (talk) 17:55, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:How Things Work/Wheel


text:
Orthopaedic Surgery/Extensor Tendons

Extensor tendon lacerations

Extensor tendon ruptures

Mallet finger Presenting as an inability to extend the distal interphalangeal joint following blunt trauma typically related to ball sports this seemingly innocuous injury is made a bit more complicated by delay in presentation. There is a tendency then to immobilize the distal phalanx for longer than the typical 5 weeks, and perhaps run the risk that flexion will be lost. This outcome is more detrimental to hand function than is a mild extension lag especially in the small and ring fingers. Still patients place a priority on achieving full extension and the possibility of gradually reaquiring the ability to fully flex the joint is more likely than requiring the ability to actively extend the distal interphalangeal joint.

Besides delay in treatment, the other factor that can complicate treatment is a sizable boney fragment. At times a true axial load can in fact split the joint surface of the distal interphalangeal joint essentially disrupting both the extensor and flexor insertion.

The uncomplicated healing that typically occurs with a five week period of immobilization is still accompanied thereafter by what is sometimes a protracted period ( up to 4 months) of sensitivity, slight swelling and even slight erythema over the dorsum of the middle phalanx, which appears to be self limiting and perhaps reflects ongoing remodeling changes in the terminal extensor tendon.

Boutonierre deformity

Radial saggital band rupture

Extensor Pollicus Longus Rupture

Extension Lag

Tendon transfers

title: Orthopaedic Surgery/Extensor Tendons


text:
Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine/Sonography & Nuclear Medicine

This is a developing chapter of a wikibook entitled Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine.

Sonography is an application of the SONAR principle in medical imaging where the surfaces of internal organs and their inner structure can be depicted (see the image below). This imaging modality has the advantage of not using ionizing radiation and is frequently used to provide correlative anatomical information for nuclear medicine images. An overview of basic features of sonographic imaging is provided in this chapter.

We'll start with a consideration of relevant characteristics of sound waves before describing various imaging methods.

Sound Waves
Sound waves travelling through air consist of periodic fluctuations in air pressure, called compressions and rarefactions, as illustrated below:

These longitudinal waves travel with a velocity, v, of about 330 m/s in air at STP, and at higher velocities in denser media, such as water and soft tissue. Indeed a medium is needed for the waves to propagate – remember that the physics behind the statement 'In space no one can hear you scream', which was used to promote the movie Alien, is quite correct!

A sequence of compressions and rarefactions is referred to as one cycle, as illustrated. The wavelength, λ, is defined as the length of one cycle and the frequency, f, as the number of cycles which pass a fixed point every second. These quantities are related through the famous equation:

v = f λ

The human ear is sensitive to sound frequencies up to about 20 kHz, and waves of higher frequency are referred to as ultrasound. Much higher frequencies are used in diagnostic sonography, in the range 1-15 MHz. Low frequencies in this range can be used to image large deep structures, while high frequencies can be used for small, superficial objects.

The velocity of ultrasound waves is identical to that of sound waves in the same medium, and is given in the following table for a range of internal organs. Note that a velocity of 1,540 m/s is generally assumed for soft tissue in sonographic imaging and represents an average of that for a number of tissues, muscles and organs.

Ultrasound waves are generally produced in pulses for sonographic imaging, with the time interval between pulses used to detect ultrasound echoes produced within the body. This technique exploits what's known as the Pulse-Echo Principle, as illustrated in the diagram below. The upper half of the diagram depicts an ultrasound transducer emitting one pulse of ultrasound into a hypothetical body, which is assumed to consist of just two tissues. The lower half of the diagram depicts the situation after the ultrasound pulse has encountered the interface between the two tissues. A reflected pulse is shown travelling back towards the transducer, i.e. the echo, and a transmitted pulse is seen to continue into the second tissue.

The length of time taken for the pulse, once produced by the transducer, to travel to the interface and the echoed pulse to return is termed the pulse-echo time, t, and its measurement allows the depth, d, of the interface to be determined using the following equation:

$$d = \frac{\overline{v}t}{2}$$

Note that in this equation:

 * the average velocity of ultrasound in the tissue is used, and

 * the factor, 2, arises because the pulse and its echo must travel the same distance, one from the transducer to the interface and the other from the interface back to the transducer:

Ultrasound transducers exploit the piezoelectric effect to cause a crystal to vibrate at ultrasound frequencies. The resultant vibrations generate pulses of compressions and rarefactions which propagate through the tissues. Echoes produced by tissue interfaces are then detected by the same crystal – exploiting the piezoelectric effect once again.

The ultrasound pulse becomes attenuated as it passes through tissue and four phenomena result when it encounters a tissue interface, as illustrated below:

Some of the energy in the pulse is scattered through a process called non-specular reflection, some of it generates an echo in a specular reflection process, some of it is transmitted through the interface to produce further echoes at other interfaces and a small amount is absorbed. The reflectivity of an interface depends on the acoustic impedance of the two tissues involved, and representative values are shown in the table.

Notice in the table that a huge reflection can occur at a soft tissue – air interface. Its for this reason that a coupling medium is used between the transducer and the patient's skin. Internal reflections are seen in the table to be of the order of 1%, yielding a useful transparency for imaging purposes.

Ultrasound Scanner
A simplified block diagram of a sonography system is shown in the figure below. The type of scanner shown operates using a linear array transducer, which we'll learn more about shortly. We can see the Master Timer in the top right of the figure. This circuit sets the number of ultrasound pulses which the transducer generates every second – a factor referred to as the Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF). Its also seen that echo pulses picked up by the transducer are amplified by a Receiver Amplifier whose output is demodulated before being fed to a Scan Converter so that the location and amplitude of detected echoes can be displayed.

The Time-Gain Compensation (TGC) circuit provides for selective amplification of the echo signals so as to compensate for attenuation of distant ultrasound echoes and suppress more proximal ones. The switch array is used to excite the multiple crystals in the transducer as shown below:

In the simplest arrangement, each crystal generates an ultrasound pulse one after the other so that sequential lines of tissue can be rapidly and continuously insonated.

The ultrasound image is referred to as a B-Mode scan and consists of a 2D representation of the echo pattern in a cross-section of tissue with the transducer position at the top of the image. The locations of echo-producing tissue interfaces are generally represented by bright pixels on a dark background, with the amplitude of each echo signal being represented by the pixel value – see the image on the right.

The image shown was actually acquired using a more sophisticated transducer called a phased array, which generates a sector-shaped scan. This type of transducer also uses a linear array of small crystals, but with them excited in complex timing sequences, controlled by delay circuitry – as shown in the figure below. The ultrasound beam can be steered to scan a region in this manner while being focussed at different depths simultaneously.

There are numerous other transducer designs, each of which have particular advantages in different clinical applications. Two designs of mechanical transducer are shown below as examples. The left panel illustrates a transducer with a single crystal which is rocked back and forth during the scanning process, while the right panel illustrates a rotating arrangement of single crystals:

Components of the scan conversion circuitry are illustrated in the following figure:

The figure illustrates the process of digitizing the analogue echo signals using an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) and applying pre-processing to the digital data using an input look-up table (ILUT) prior to storage in random access memory. This memory is filled in the sequence which was used to scan the patient and read out in a manner suitable for the display device, which is typically an LCD monitor. Prior to display, the image data can be post-processed using an output look-up table (OLUT) so that contrast enhancement and other processing functions can be applied. Note that we've encountered this type of digital image processing in a more general form in another chapter of this wikibook. The box labelled μP represents a microprocessor which is used to control this scan conversion circuitry, as well as many other functions of the scanner, e.g. the timing used for phased array emission and reception.

A digital image resolution widely used in sonography is 512 x 512 x 8-bits – a magnified view of the central region of the liver scan shown earlier is provided below to illustrate the digital nature of the data:

We conclude this section with photos of a sonography system and typical transducers:

Doppler Ultrasound
The Doppler Effect is widely exploited in the remote measurement of moving objects, and can be used in medical sonography to generate images (and sounds!) of flowing blood. The effect is demonstrated by all wave-like phenomena, be they longitudinal or transverse waves, and has been used with light, for instance, to reveal that we live in an expanding universe! Its also exploited using radio waves in highway speed traps, and can be experienced with sound waves when an ambulance passes by with its siren blaring.

Let's take the example of a train engine sounding its whistle, as illustrated in the diagram below:

When the train is stationary, and there isn't a wind blowing, the sound will emanate equally from the whistle in all directions, as illustrated on the left. When the train is moving, however, sound frequencies will be increased in the forward direction and reduced in the opposite direction, as illustrated on the right, to an extent dependent on the velocity of the train. This apparent change in frequency of the sound waves experienced by a stationary listener is referred to as the Doppler Shift.

The situation for exploiting the Doppler Effect for the detection of blood flow is illustrated in the following diagram:

The diagram shows a Doppler transducer placed on the skin and aimed at an angle, θ, towards a blood vessel, which contains blood flowing with a velocity of u m/s, at any instant. The transducer emits ultrasound waves of frequency, fo, and echoes generated by moving reflectors in the blood, e.g. red blood cells, have a frequency, fr. The difference between these two frequencies, Δf, is related to the velocity of the flowing reflectors through the following equation:

$$\Delta f = f_0 - f = \frac{2f_0 u \cos \theta}{v}$$

where v is the velocity of sound in the medium.

So, for instance, when ultrasound with a frequency in the range 2-10 MHz is applied in medicine to detect blood flowing in arteries (where typical velocities are 0-5 m/s), the equation above reveals that the frequency differences will be in the audible range of sound frequencies, i.e. 0-15 kHz. Their signals can therefore be fed through speakers so that this sound can be heard.

Its also possible to examine the frequency content of Doppler shifts to examine subtle details of the distribution of blood velocities during a cardiac cycle by computing their Fourier transforms. Its more common however to produce images of the distribution of frequency shifts within blood vessels using techniques such as Colour-Flow or Colour-Power imaging. These techniques are used to automatically fuse Doppler signals with B-Mode ultrasound images, as illustrated below:

Colour-flow processing is sensitive to the direction of blood flow, i.e. it can detect both positive and negative Doppler shifts, and uses a colour look-up table (CLUT) so that shifts in one direction are displayed in shades of red with those in the other direction in shades of blue – as illustrated by a patient's jugular vein and carotid artery depicted in the left panel of the figure above. A simplified block diagram of a sonography system used for such imaging is shown below:

The system uses a beam former circuit to excite the crystals of the phased array transducer for B-Mode imaging and Doppler shift detection in a rapid alternating manner, with the echo signals being fed to B-Mode scanning circuitry and the Doppler signals fed to an autocorrelation detector for analysis. Output data from these circuits are then blended within the scan conversion and formatting circuitry, prior to display of the fused image.

As a final point, note that the colour-power image displayed above does not contain any blood-flow direction information, since this technique computes the power of reflected Doppler-shifted pulses instead of their frequency content.


text:
Bartending/Cocktails/Hot Buttered Rum

A hot buttered rum is a warm alcoholic beverage made with dark rum, butter, sugar, and cloves mixed with hot water.

Ingredients:

 * 2 quarts hot water (1890 millilitres)
 * 2 1/2 cups firmly packed brown sugar
 * 1/2 cup butter or margarine
 * 1 pinch salt
 * 4 sticks cinnamon
 * 7 whole cloves
 * 1/5 teaspoon ground nutmeg
 * 2 cups rum
 * heavy cream -- whipped
 * ground nutmeg -- for topping

Makes 3.4L

Directions:

 * 1) Put all ingredients, except cream, rum and nutmeg into crockpot.
 * 2) Stir well.
 * 3) Cover pot and cook on HIGH for 2 hours.
 * 4) Add rum; stir to blend.
 * 5) Serve from pot in warm mugs with a scoop of whipped cream and a dusting of nutmeg.

title: Bartending/Cocktails/Hot Buttered Rum


text:
User:Marmadukenukem

I'm a undergraduate at a U.S. university, and I study neuroscience and epistemology.

My current project in Wikibooks is the Cellular Neurobiology section of the Neuroscience textbook.

title: User:Marmadukenukem


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Ice rescue

The first rule of performing an ice rescue is to not run out to the victim. Remember, the ice was not strong enough to hold one person, so it is very unlikely that it will hold you.
 * Call for help: Before you do anything, call 911. Use a cell phone, or send someone else to make the call.
 * Reassure the victim: Tell the victim to remain calm, that you are aware of his predicament, and that you are going to help.
 * Reach out: Then see if there is anything available that is long enough with which you can reach the victim.  Possibilities include tree branches, ladders, paddles, oars, shovels, etc.  If necessary, you may lay it on the ice and push it out.
 * Throw a line: If you cannot find anything long enough, look for a rope or a rope-like item such as a garden hose or jumper cables. Throw one end of the rope to the victim.
 * Go to the victim: As a last resort you may have to venture out onto the ice. But don't just walk out there - lay a ladder on the ice and walk on it.  This will distribute your weight over a greater area, decreasing the chances of another break (but not eliminating that chance).    When you get to the end of the ladder, roll off, and laying next to it, scoot it out farther.  If the ladder still does not reach the victim, get back on it and continue.  Do this until you can extend the ladder to the victim.

If you cannot find a large object such as a ladder, take something else - anything. You'll need something to reach out to the victim with so that you do not have to go all the way to the edge of the ice hole. This could be your coat for example. Then lay down on the ice - again, you are trying to distribute your weight over a larger area. Scoot over to the victim, and stretch out the item you brought with you, trying to keep your body as far from the edge of the hole as possible. Try to pull victim to safety. Once you get the victim to shore, begin treatment for hypothermia immediately.

|


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Durmstrang Institute

General Overview
Durmstrang Institute is a wizarding academy, similar to Hogwarts School, believed to be located somewhere in western Russia or northern Europe. When we first hear of it, it is run by headmaster Professor Karkaroff. Durmstrang Institute is traditionally a competitor in the long-dormant Triwizard Tournament against Hogwarts and Beauxbatons Academy of Magic.It does not accept muggle-born witches and wizards.

Extended Description
In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Draco Malfoy, on the Hogwarts Express, mentions that he could have gone to Durmstrang, and that they actually teach Dark magic there (although use of Dark Magic outside classes is forbidden). Apparently he had been discussing the Triwizard Tournament with his cronies, but we don't find out about the Tournament until a short while later.

The Durmstrang contingent arrive for the Triwizard Tournament in a ship that surfaces in the middle of the lake at Hogwarts. Their headmaster, Igor Karkaroff, hustles them inside the castle because "Viktor" has a cold. Ron is astounded to discover that "Viktor" is the famous Quidditch Seeker, Viktor Krum.

Viktor becomes the Champion for Durmstrang in the Triwizard Tournament. He acquits himself reasonably well, being in the running with Cedric and Harry up until the final Task.

At the Yule Ball, Krum mentions some aspects of Durmstrang school life to his date, Hermione. Karkaroff chides him for revealing Durmstrang's secrets. Professor Dumbledore, in response, suggests that nobody should claim to know all the secrets of any of the schools, mentioning a room he had found once and never again.

Karkaroff is a former Death Eater who reduced his time in Azkaban by selling out his fellow Death Eaters to the Ministry. As such, when Voldemort returns, Karkaroff flees, and nothing is heard of him for slightly over a year. We do not know who becomes headmaster in his absence.

With Karkaroff having fled, Ron worries that, at the end of the school year, the Durmstrang group may be stuck at Hogwarts with nobody to sail their ship back home. Viktor reassures him that there will be no problem; the Headmaster had stayed in his cabin for almost the entire outward trip, leaving the ship handling to the students, so they were well prepared to handle the voyage.

We learn in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that Gellert Grindelwald was educated at Durmstrang. Viktor Krum, when he had been a student there, was disturbed because Grindelwald's symbol, a line within a circle within a triangle, was a fairly frequent piece of graffiti, and because many students claimed to agree with Grindelwald's beliefs about the inherent superiority of Wizards over Muggles.

Analysis
There really is very little basis in the stories for assigning a location to Durmstrang Institute. We do learn that it is a colder land than England, that there are glaciers and mountains there, the student Viktor Krum is Bulgarian, and the headmaster, Karkaroff, has an Eastern European name. Gellert Grindelwald, however, has a German name, and was also a student there. What facts we have, apart from Grindelwald, would seem to indicate Eastern Europe, particularly in the north, or Scandinavia, as possible sites for the school, but Switzerland, particularly the higher altitudes, would also fit the known facts, despite having no outlet to the sea. Whether sea access is necessary for the Durmstrang students' magical ship is uncertain, as we don't believe there is any sea access to the Hogwarts lake. The name being apparently based on German would suggest Switzerland as well, though Russia is equally a possibility, as many Russian cities, such as Saint-Petersburg and Yekaterinburg, have German names. The Kola peninsula near the border with Finland seems somewhat likely as a location. The name Durmstrang was probably derived from Sturm und Drang, German for storm and stress. There is no explanation for a school possibly located in Eastern Europe having a name based on German words; however, the name of the school will have been established by its founders, who might well have been Germans fleeing persecution.

Possibly surprisingly, the revelation that there are Wizarding schools other than Hogwarts comes as something of a surprise to the reader. Once their existence is revealed, however, it becomes obvious that there must be Wizarding schools in other countries; we see nobody at Hogwarts except those who come from the British Isles, there must be some place for European witches and wizards to be educated. Similarly, we must assume the existence of Wizarding schools in North America. The town of Salem, Massachusetts, is mentioned in the series a few times; perhaps this is where the North American wizarding school is located?

It is noted that Durmstrang emphasizes the Dark Arts more, or is believed to. We see no evidence of this in any of the students; possibly this is simply reputation the school has gained from being located in a dour and forbidding land. It is true that Grindelwald, the dark wizard, was educated there; however, it is also true that Voldemort was educated at Hogwarts, and Hogwarts has not gained any similar reputation.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Spiders

1. Do one of the following
Due to the fact that we now have many endangered species of spiders, you may want to encourage the selection of options b. or c.

http://www.umich.edu/~esupdate/library/97.03-04/skerl.html

a. Collect, identify, and preserve at least 16 species of spiders. Place on each specimen bottle a label showing the locality and date of capture and the spider's common or scientific name.
http://www.amonline.net.au/spiders/collections/collecting.htm (<Link is Broken) gives instructions on how to safely capture spiders for identification. This site also lists other sites that will assist with identification of the captured spider.

b. Make colored drawings or paintings of at least 16 species of spiders, life size or larger and in natural coloring. Label each with its common or scientific name.
http://www.cirrusimage.com/spider.htm

Here are some photos of various spiders you may wish to draw.

c. Take color photos of at least 16 species of spiders. Identify each picture as to its locality, date taken and the common or scientific name of the spider.
http://www.byteland.org/spiderfest/index.html has a perpetual spider photo contest along with pointers on how to take photos of spiders. If your camera has a macro mode, be sure to use it when taking close-up photos. This feature is marked with a flower icon on many cameras. Most cameras cannot focus on close-up objects unless they are in the macro mode.

To identify the spiders you find, you may need to consult a field guide. If you wish to also earn the ../Insects/ honors, select one that covers both spiders and insects. You can also post photos of spiders at SpiderIdentification.org. The helpful community there will gladly attempt to make an identification for you.

2. What is the largest member of the spider family?
The goliath bird eating spider (also called the birdeater) (Theraphosa blondi) is an arachnid belonging to the tarantula family and is the largest spider in the world. The spider was named by explorers from the Victorian era, who witnessed one eating a hummingbird and reported the sighting to the Western world.

The largest ever found had a leg-span of more than.

3. Write or give orally a description (forty words or more) of a spider that has gained notoriety in your region.
The spider would depend on where you live. Use the suggested resources and your local library for books on spiders of your area. You may also wish to use an Internet search engine, and search for something like "notorious spider" and the name of your region, country, or continent.

4. Give three ways in which spiders differ from insects.
Spiders have 8 legs while insects only have 6.

Spiders have singular eyes with lenses and insects have compound eyes.

Spiders don't have antennas and insects do.

Spiders have bodies with two parts, combined head and thorax called the cephalothorax, and the abdomen, and insects have bodies with three body parts, head, thorax, and abdomen.

http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/Spiders/InfoNed/The_spider.html

https://usaspiders.com/spider-facts/

5. Make a careful drawing of an orb web.
Should look something like this:

6. What other kinds of webs are there besides the orb web?
Funnel & Sheet webs spun by grass spiders, Family Agelenidae. The Sheet web is used to catch prey while the spider hides in the attached Funnel web for just the right time to scurry out to the helpless victim

Nursery Webs, used as a nursery or special nest carried around by the female until the eggs are about to hatch, spun by Family Pisauridae

Cobweb, irregular webs spun by comb-footed spiders, family Theridiidae

7. What do spiders eat? Make a list of victims found in spider webs.
Here are some of the things that spiders eat. Accept all reasonable answers for the first question. Flies, Grasshoppers, Wasps, Bees, Mosquitoes, Geckos, Small lizards, Other Spiders, Insects, Snakes, Small Birds, Mice, Frogs, Small Fish, Tadpoles, Crickets, beetles, mealworms, cockroaches

Locate a web either at the location of the meeting or have each student watch one near their home. Write down what they see caught in the web.

8. For what is a spider web useful?

 * Cross hairs for optical instruments. (Gun sights, microscopes, telescope finder scopes)
 * Birds use webs for constructing nests.
 * Spider webs can be used to cover an injury and help the blood to clot.
 * Scientists are experimenting with using spider webs in repairing torn human ligaments.

9. Find two references in the Bible to spiders and their webs.
Here are three possibilities:

10. What are the chief enemies of spiders?
Due to excessive habitat destruction, man is the spider's worst enemy.

Round worms and mites are parasites that attach themselves to the spiders, sucking them dry of their vital fluids.

Birds enjoy tasty spider snacks, as do lizards, wasps, and other spiders.

Almost every small carnivore is the spider's enemy.

11. How do spiders

 * Emphasize that even though there are some venomous spiders, except for a few rare cases, they bite humans only in self-defense. The human race needs spiders in order to survive.

a. Help us?
Spiders are predators and so they eat flies and other small annoying insects. Many of these insects destroy our crops and gardens. Other insects caught in their webs can cause disease in humans.

Dust mites live in our homes and eat the dead skin that comes off our bodies. Many people are allergic to dust mites. Spiders eat the Dust Mites, thereby assisting in allergen control.

Spiders are an integral part of the food chain. Because the spider eats and is eaten, it helps to keep the ecosystem balanced. Without spiders the ecosystem would become imbalanced, seriously damaging many living things, including humans.

b. Hurt us and our property?
Some spiders are venomous. Their bites can range from painful to deadly if the correct treatment is not used within a short time after the bite.

Most people are afraid of spiders, so if a property has either too many spiders or venomous spiders, it would be hard to sell that property.

Spiders make webs in unwelcome places, like corners of rooms or between limbs of trees over a path. These webs cause us to spend time and money removing them. Their webs also trap dust that can cause an allergic reaction in some people.

About the Author
Stephanie East

Educator with a Master's in Education with an Outdoor Education emphasis

Elementary, Middle School & High School Teacher

Corporate Computer Trainer

Co-Director of Wilderness Adventure Camp for the Illinois Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Co-Creator with Rodney East of "Why Knot? an introduction to knots, splices & rope" DVD which has all the information needed to complete the Knot Tying Honor. Available through Advent Source.

| /Completed Honors


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/NLA/intro

NLA (Non-Linear Animation)
''WARNING-This page assumes the reader to understand the IPO window and the Action Editor window, as well as rigging a character with an armature object. This tutorial will make little sense without this previous knowledge.''

Imagine this--yourself, sitting at your computer late at night, beating away at a huge blender animation. You didn't think it would take as long as it did, but you lost your composure staring into the jungle of colorful IPO lines, little white and yellow Action diamonds, and that annoying green current frame line. You know that the NLA window would help you make sense of it all, but you are afraid of opening that Pandora's Box because of the problems that will follow it. Never fear, for this tutorial will clean up all those problems and revolutionize the way you blend for the rest of your life.

Setting up the Scene
It will be easier for you if you start with a small demo file than if you go straight for the big prize. Give a character or other armature-rigged object a few SEPARATE actions (remember to name them something distinct, like "Walk" or "Run" as you always should with everything). For your own sanity, you will want to have a path or an IPO that correlates with the actions in question. All of the blender screenshots I will be using come from a file with a very basic stick person, rigged with an armature skeleton. He has two actions; a normal walk cycle, and then another, hunched over one, as if to pass beneath a low ceiling. If you use this idea in your own test file (and I thoroughly recommend it) do yourself a favor and give them both the same stride length! Give this guy an IPO or a path to follow that keeps his feet from slipping, and make sure that it has a linear interpolation mode. The rest of the scene consists of a floor-plane and an arch too small for him to walk under (hence the crouching walk). Place this arch exactly one walkcycle away for now, we will move it around later. Complete the scene before going on to the next step.

Adding Action Strips
Now, he moves forwards as you scroll through the frames, but how do we get him to walk forward, duck, and walk under the arch, too? First of all, you need to select the armature object and create a link to the normal walk. By pressing the up or right arrows, or pressing "alt+a", you should be able to see him walk up to the arch, stop walking, but keep sliding through, with his head sticking out the top. As ridiculous as this seems, right now, however, you are on the right track. Split your window now and open the NLA window with.

At first glance, this window looks almost identical to the action window we all know and love. This is not totally off of the mark. The NLA window is, in essence, an abbreviated version of the action and IPO windows. This is what you should see in the NLA window. You see a space with the name of your armature (named "Armature" in my demo) and in that row you see a few key diamonds. These show the ipo you have put on the person. I made it so the IPO extended on forever, using the first ten frames as a guide. In a subset beneath the armature object, you see the name of an action. The bullet next to it means that the armature is currently linked to that object. In that row, you see key diamonds, and those correlate with the keys you put into the action in question. If you switch actions in the action window, you see that the NLA window also changes. But how do you get it to keep the first and play the second later?

Go to the first frame you want him to walk in (most likely number one) and place your cursor in the NLA window. Press "shift+a" to see a dropdown menu. Pick the name of the first walk cycle. You should see a new subset space appear, with the name of the first walk in it. This space should be occupied by an action strip. Two colors of action strips are yellow and pink, yellow meaning selected and pink meaning deselected, just like IPO vertices. This strip takes up the amount of frames the walk did. The NLA window has now saved your first action. Now to toggle to the next action, move the frame line to the end of the first strip, then press "shift+a" again, this time clicking the other action on the dropdown menu. The result.

Getting the Strips to Play
Now, as cool as this seems so far, if you press "alt+a", you will be disappointed and confused. The animation will only play one of the actions. This is a simple problem to fix. If you look carefully, you will see that the armature is still linked to the action it played. This data is overriding any other data from the NLA window. Press the "X" in the action window right next to the name of the action. Press "alt+a" again. It works!

This is, however, a jerky and instantaneous switch from one action to the other. Making it less weird is easy. Press the "N" key with your cursor in the NLA window. You will see a small box with a bunch of functions in it (this will be explained in detail on later pages).

The Properties window. This little box is the lifeblood of the NLA in blender. It contains all the tools you will need to be able to run this feature smoothly. I will illustrate a few of them right know, but most others will be shown in the section on this window.

Make sure you have highlighted the second action strip, and look at the space where it says "Blendin". The number there is the number of frames blender will use to smooth the transitions in to the highlighted action. Depending on how fast your character is walking, you may need to change the number a bit, but I set my "blendin" for seven. Whatever number you used, however, move the second strip back that same amount of frames. The wedge on the end of the action strip should end as the other strip ends.

The NLA solution.

Conclusion
You now have the necessary skills to complete much more involved and complex animations. You can, however, increase this even more by continuing to read the other NLA tutorials in this wikibook.

Good Luck!


text:
Wikijunior:How Things Work/Ice Skates

Ice skates are boots with blades attached to the bottom. They are used in ice skating to propel oneself across ice surfaces.

Who invented it?
The oldest pair of skates known date back to about 3000 B.C., found in a lake in Switzerland. The skates were made from the leg bone of a horse, holes were bored at each end of the bone and leather straps were used to tie the skates to the feet.

The Dutch began using wooden skates with iron runners in the 14th century. They used poles with these skates to push themselves forward. Later, they added a narrow metal blade that allowed the skater to push off with his feet and still glide.

The steel ice skate was invented in 1867 by John Forbes, in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

Modern skating boots are usually rigid to support the foot and ankle. Traditionally, the boots are made of leather, but in recent years, boots made of synthetic materials have become more popular.

How does it work?
Although ice is solid, as long as temperatures are above −20°C (−4°F) there is always a very thin layer of water on the surface that makes it slippery. Despite the cold, the ice melts because of the heavy weight of the skater pressing down on it. This slippery water lets the skater glide across the ice with little effort.

The blade on a modern ice skate has a double edge with a concave hollow between them. The two edges allow for a better grasp of the ice, even when tilted. Because the bottom of the blade is slightly curved, as the blade tilts to one side or the other, the edge which is in contact with the ice also curves. This causes the skater to turn. If the skates tilt to the right, the skater turns right, if the skates tilt to the left, the skater turns left.

How dangerous is it?
As with all sports, there are risks with skating. Ligaments can be torn just through skating too hard and bones can be broken through falling. A person can get a nasty cut (which can be lethal if it ruptures or severs a major artery or vein) if they are skated over by another person on the rink. The easiest way to prevent these things are to skate carefully and wear proper protective equipment.

What does it do?
It allows a person to move adeptly across a sheet of ice. A skater can glide quickly and stop and start quickly because of the design of the blade. A person can also turn in a controlled way when on the ice. A fast skater can go much faster than a fast runner. World record times for speed skating are about twice as fast as world record times for running the same distance.

Figure skates
Figure skates are used in the sport of figure skating. They have curved blades with large, jagged toe picks on the front, which are used for jumping. Figure skating boots are typically made of several layers of leather and are very stiff to provide ankle support for jumps.

Hockey skates
Hockey skates are used for playing the game of ice hockey. The boot is generally made of moulded plastic, leather (often synthetic), and ballistic nylon. The blade is curved at both ends.

Racing skates
Racing skates, also known as speed skates, have long blades and are used for speed skating. A clap skate (or clapper skate) is a type of skate where the shoe is connected to the blade using a hinge.

Touring skates
Touring skates (or Nordic skates) are long blades that can be attached to hiking or cross-country ski boots and are used for tour skating or long distance skating on natural ice.

What has the impact been on the world?
Skates provide mainly fun and entertainment in the winter time. There are a number of sports that are played on ice skates including ice hockey, speed skating, and figure skating. These are some of the most popular sports in the Winter Olympics.

What idea(s) and/or inventions had to be developed before it could be created?
In order to make skates with a metal blade, people first had to have the ability to smelt (purify) and work metals like iron. Rigid shoes also make for better skates.

title: Wikijunior:How Things Work/Ice Skates


text:
Neuroscience/Cellular Neurobiology/Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters, as noted previously, are molecules that act as messages in the nervous system. These molecules range in complexity from the two carbon transmitter glycine to large proteins. There are three major classes of neurotransmitters:

Neurotransmitter Criteria
There are three criteria for a chemical to be classified as a neurotransmitter: It must be synthesized and stored in presynaptic terminals, released from terminals upon stimulation, and it must have specific receptors on the postsynaptic cells. Synthesis and storage of the chemical can be demonstrated with immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Release of the chemical upon stimulation can be shown with a chemical assay. The presence of the receptors can be demonstrated with neuropharmacological methods or autoradiography.

Discovery of first neurotransmitter
Otto Loewi's frog heart experiment first demonstrated the existence of a neurotransmitter. Two frog hearts were placed in separate but connected chambers, bathed in solution. Loewi stimulated one heart, and the other was stimulated as well. The stimulation of the second is the same as the stimulation of the first, but it is delayed because the molecule must travel through the solution connecting the two chambers. In this case the chemical is acetylcholine.

Types of neurotransmitters
There are many neurotransmitters, but the basic transmitters are the amino acid neurotransmitters: glutamate, GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) and glycine. In addition, there is acetylcholine, serotonin and the catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Others include histamine, opiates, gases (NO, CO), lipids, endocannabinoids and neuropeptides.

Synthesis, transportation and packaging
Neurotransmitters are synthesized, transported and packaged in slightly different ways depending upon whether they are small molecule neurotransmitters or neuropeptides. Small molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized by cytosolic proteins which are slowly transported to the terminal. In the terminal, synthesis of the neurotransmitter occurs. With the large neuropeptides, synthesis of precursor proteins occurs in the soma, and then the neuropeptides are packaged. The vesicles undergo fast anterograde transport and while in transport, the large precursor proteins are cleaved to form the neuropeptides. So while small molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized in the terminals, neuropeptides are synthesized partly in the soma and partly during transport.

Release
Axon terminals can release both a large neuropeptide neurotransmitter and a small molecule neurotransmitter. The synaptic vesicles (small) that contain the small molecule neurotransmitter will sit on the membrane and wait for release while the synaptic granules (large) containing the neuropeptides will remaing off the membrane farther back. The distance difference creates different conditions for exocytosis: low frequency firing causes small [Ca2+] inside the axon terminal, sufficient only for the release of the small molecule neurotransmitter vesicles. High frequency firing will cause a high [Ca2+] inside the cell, which will cause the exocytosis of the large neuropeptide granules.

Glutamate
Glutamate is an excitatory amino acid ntr. Glutamate is synthesized from glutamine by the enzyme glutaminase. After release, it is taken up by glutamate transporters on the membranes of astrocytes and neurons. It is converted back to glutamine by glutamine synthetase. Transporters will then transfer the glutamine from the astrocytes to the neuron's axon terminal, where repackaging occurs. The postsynaptic receptors for glutamate include three types of ionotropic receptors, AMPA, kainate, and NMDA, and eight metabotropic receptors, mGluR1 through mGluR8.

GABA
Gamma-amino butyric acid, or GABA, is an inhibitory amino acid. Its synthesis occurs from glutamate via glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA has an ionotropic receptor, GABAA, that directly gates Cl- channels, and it has a metabotropic receptor, GABAB, that gates K+ and Ca2+ channels indirectly. Reuptake of GABA occurs by astrocytes and neurons, and transporters are also responsible for its recycling and breakdown.

ACh
Actylcholine, or ACh, is another small molecule ntr. The precursors are Acetyl CoA and choline (an amino acid), and it is synthesized by acetyl transferase. After release, it is broken down in the synapse by acetyl cholinesterase into acetate and choline. A choline transporter brings choline back into the terminal, where resynthesis of acetylcholine occurs. ACh has the nicotinic receptor, which is ionotropic, and the muscarinic receptor, which is metabotropic. In the central nervous system, ACh is generated by three areas: the PMT complex, which projects to the basal forebrain; the basal nucleus of Meynart, has cortical projections, and the medial septum, which also projects to the cortex. In Alzheimers patients, the ACh system begins to fail to produce enough ACh. In the autonomic nervous system, there are two divisions, sympathetic and parasympathetic. The sympathetic system uses acetylcholine in just the preganglionic neurons, but not the postganglionic neurons. The parasympatheticdivision uses ACh in both the preganglionic and the postganglionic neurons. The word parasympathetic has more a's in it that sympathetic, so it must use more ACh (this is how to remember the sympathetic system uses ACh in only one division.)

Catecholamines
The catecholamines are a group of transmitters that share the catechol chemical group, and they are all synthesized from the same chemical pathway. Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are the ntrs. The precursor is tyrosine, which is an amino acid, and the chemical DOPA is synthesized from tyrosine by tyrosine hydroxylase. Dopamine is then synthesized from DOPA by DOPA decarboxylase. Norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine by dopamine beta hydroxylase, and epinephrine from norepinephrine by PNMT. The catecholamines are associated with mood, stress, fluid and energy homeostasis, and autonomic function. There are two metabotropic epinephrinergic receptors, two norepinephrinergic receptors and four dopaminergic receptors.

Dopamine System
The dopamine system is roughly divided into the three sources. The ventral tegmental area projects to the frontal lobe of the cortex, and it is associated with Schizophrenia and reward systems. The substantia nigra projects to the striatum, and its failure to produce enough dopamine is correlate with Parkinson's disease; this system affects fine motor control. The basal hypothalamus projects to the neuroendocrine cells, which regulate posterior pituitary functions, including prolactin secretion.

Norepinephrine System
The central norepinephrine system has two main sources, the pons and the medulla. Within the pons, norepinephrine is produced in the locus coerulus and the dorsal NA bundle. Within the medualla, the solitary tract nucleus, ventrolateral medulla, and the ventral NA bundle are responsible for the production of norepinephrine. These five areas diffuse projections throughout the brain, and the system affects arousal and mood. In the autonomic nervous system, norepinephrine is used in the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division (beta receptors).

Serotonin
Serotonin (5-HT) is another ntr synthesized from an amino acid, and it is synthesized in two steps: 5-hydroxytryptophan is synthesized by tryptophan-5 hydroxylase from tryptophan, and then 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, or serotonin) is synthesized from 5-hydroxytryptophan by aromatic L-amino decarboxylase. Serotonin receptors are numbered, 5-HT1 through 5-HT7; 5-HT4 is thought not to be used in the brain, and 5-HT3 is an ionotropic receptor (the other six are metabotropic.) Serotonin is produced in the Raphe nuclei, and projections to the spine affect pain while projections to the rest of the brain affect arousal, mood, and the sleep/wake cycle.

Hypothalamic Neuropeptides
The hypothalamus is arranged around the third ventricle in three layers, periventricular, medial and lateral layers. Under the hypothalamus is an outcropping called the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland has two divisions: the posterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary. The posterior part of the pituitary gland contains magnocellular neuroendocrine cells that release oxytocin, which mediates the milk ejection reflex, vasopression (or ADH), which regulates blood volume and osmolality. The anterior part of the pituitary gland contains parvocellular neuroendocrine cells which release neuropeptides that cause the secretion of hormones.


text:
Trombone/Maintaining the Instrument

Cleaning Your Horn

Whenever you notice that your trombone is excessively dirty, (at least once every two months, depending on amount of use), you should wash your Trombone. To wash the Trombone, you should place the trombone, one piece at a time in a bathtub full of warm soapy water. You should gently scrub it with a soft rag, soaked in the water. Whenever about to go to a concert, competition, or other important event, you should polish the horn with silver polish if the horn is silver, if the horn is brass, you should rinse the dirt off with a wet rag.

title: Trombone/Maintaining the Instrument


text:
Celestia/Reference Frames

Reference Frames
A reference frame is an origin and set of axes which define the coordinate system used for a body's trajectory and orientation. The origin is some other body defined in a catalog file. There are a number of ways to set the coordinate system axes.

The reference frames used for a body's trajectory and its orientation do not have to be the same. This is useful in some situations. For example, the orbit of a satellite may be given in a geocentric equatorial coordinate system, while the attitude is given in a local vertical-local horizontal system.

All of the Reference Frames keywords require Celestia 1.5. They are ignored by earlier versions.

OrbitFrame property
Set the reference frame for the trajectory

Default: For bodies which have a star as the parent, the default reference frame for the orbit is centered on the star. The fundamental plane is the J2000 Earth ecliptic, and the preferred direction (x-axis) is the J2000 equinox. For all other bodies, the default reference frame is the equatorial frame of the parent body.

Usage OrbitFrame

BodyFrame property
Set the reference frame for the orientation

Default: For bodies which have a star as the parent, the default reference frame for the orientation is the J2000 ecliptic and equinox. For all other bodies, the default reference frame is the equatorial frame of the parent body (which can in turn default to the J2000 ecliptic and so on).

Usage BodyFrame

Reference Frame object
A reference frame is a list containing a single property that is one of the specific reference frame types.

Usage {     |  |   |     |  }

EclipticJ2000 property
EclipticJ2000 is a reference frame with the Earth ecliptic at epoch J2000 as the fundamental plane. The x-axis points along the J2000 vernal equinox, the z-axis points northward perpendicular to the ecliptic, and the y-axis completes the right-handed system.

Usage: EclipticJ2000 {    Center   }

EquatorJ2000 property
EquatorJ2000 is a reference frame with the Earth equator at epoch J2000 as the fundamental plane. The x-axis points along the J2000 vernal equinox, the z-axis is the mean north pole, and the y-axis completes the right-handed system.

Usage: EquatorJ2000 {    Center   }

MeanEquator property
MeanEquator defines a reference frame in which the body's equator of date is the xy-plane. The z-axis is perpendicular to the xy-plane, pointing in a direction such that the body rotates counterclockwise about it. The x-axis is the ascending node of the equatorial plane on the J2000 ecliptic plane.

Usage: MeanEquator {    Center   Object   Freeze   }

Properties:
 * Object: the fundamental plane is the equatorial plane of this body
 * Freeze: if set, the equator of the freeze epoch is used instead of the equator of date

BodyFixed property
A BodyFixed reference frame rotates with the specified body.

Usage: BodyFixed {    Center   }

TwoVector property
Usage: TwoVector {    Center   Primary   Secondary   }

Axis object
An axis object is a list containing a single direction property along with an axis label.

Usage:

{    Axis "x" | "y" | "z" | "-x" | "-y" | "-z"  |  |  }

RelativePosition property
Usage:

RelativePosition {    Observer   Target   }

The default observer object is the coordinate frame center. The target object has no default and must always be specified.

RelativeVelocity property
Usage:

RelativeVelocity {    Observer   Target   }

The default observer object is the coordinate frame center. The target object has no default and must always be specified.

ConstantVector property
Usage:

ConstantVector {    Vector   Frame   }

Examples:

Earth's north rotational pole:

ConstantVector {    Vector [ 0 0 1 ] Frame { EquatorJ2000 { Center "Sol/Earth" } } }

Heliocentric Earth Equatorial
OrbitFrame { EquatorJ2000 { Center "Sol" } }

Geocentric Solar Ecliptic
This reference frame is based on an example from the SPICE Frames Required Reading document. The origin is the Earth, the xy-plane is the Earth's orbital plane, and the x-axis points from Earth toward the Sun.

OrbitFrame { TwoVector { Center "Sol/Earth" Primary { Axis "x" RelativePosition { Target "Sol" } }        Secondary { Axis "y" RelativeVelocity { Target "Sol" } }    } }

Sun-locked
This reference frame for a Sun-orbiting object called 'Test' has its z-axis pointing toward the Sun, and the x axis pointing in the direction of travel. An object with a fixed orientation in this reference frame will always have the same side facing the Sun:

BodyFrame { TwoVector { Center "Sol/Test" Primary { Axis "z" RelativePosition { Target "Sol" } }        Secondary { Axis "x" RelativeVelocity { Target "Sol" } }    } }

JPL Solar System Dynamics pages
The JPL Solar System Dynamics pages provide mean orbital parameters of planetary satellites using a variety of reference frames. Entering these in solarsys.ssc can be challenging.

 * When mean ecliptic elements are given (for a satellite of "object"):

EllipticalOrbit { ... } OrbitFrame { EclipticJ2000 { Center "object" } }

 * When the elements are referred to the primary's equator:

EllipticalOrbit { ... } OrbitFrame { BodyMeanEquator { Center "object" Object "object" [Freeze ] } }

 * When the elements are referred to the ICRF (which is very nearly identical to the Earth equatorial frame):

EllipticalOrbit { ... } OrbitFrame { EquatorJ2000 { Center "object" } }

 * When the elements are referred to the local Laplace planes:

This is the worst case. The Laplace plane for each satellite is defined by its polar right ascension and declination (in the EquatorJ2000 frame); this defines the local Laplace plane's ascending node longitude (90° plus the pole's RA) and inclination (the co-declination, i.e. 90° minus the dec).

EllipticalOrbit { ... } OrbitFrame { TwoVector { Center "object" Primary { Axis "x" ConstantVector { Vector [] Frame { EquatorJ2000 { Center "object" } } } }    Secondary { Axis "z" ConstantVector { Vector [] Frame { EquatorJ2000 { Center "object" } } } } } }

Placing Several Objects Identically on the Earth's Surface
Here's an example of defining a position and orientation relative to the Earth. One can then reference this definition while placing several models instead of replicating the same definition for each of them: corrections to the position only have to be made in one place instead of several.

Note that some of the declarations which are included in this example could be omitted since their default values would place the objects appropriately.

"Hale_position" "Sol/Earth" { Class "invisible" Radius 0.0001 OrbitFrame { BodyFixed { Center "Sol/Earth" }} FixedPosition [ -2407.99 -4753.86 3507.91 ] BodyFrame { BodyFixed { Center "Sol/Earth" }} FixedRotation { MeridianAngle -116.86 AscendingNode 90 } } "Hale_model" "Sol/Earth/Hale_position" {  Mesh "telescope.3ds" Radius 0.3 OrbitFrame { BodyFixed { Center "Sol/Earth/Hale_position" }} FixedPosition [ 0 0 0 ] BodyFrame { BodyFixed { Center "Sol/Earth/Hale_position" }} FixedRotation { } Albedo 0.1 } "Dome_model" "Sol/Earth/Hale_position" {  Mesh "dome.3ds" Radius 0.3 OrbitFrame { BodyFixed { Center "Sol/Earth/Hale_position" }} FixedPosition [ 0 0 0 ] BodyFrame { BodyFixed { Center "Sol/Earth/Hale_position" }} FixedRotation { } Albedo 0.1 }
 * 1) Place the Hale Telescope on the peak of Mount Palomar
 * 1) Orient it appropriately with respect to the surface

title: Celestia/Reference Frames


text:
World Stamp Catalogue/Asia

List of countries in Asia, and their subdivisions that produced postage stamps:

 * Afghanistan - AFG
 * Bahrain - BHR
 * Bangladesh - BGD
 * Bhutan - BTN
 * Brunei - BRN
 * Cambodia - KHM
 * China - CHN
 * India - IND
 * Iran - IRN
 * Iraq - IRQ
 * Japan - JPN
 * Kazakhstan - KAZ
 * Kyrgyzstan - KGZ
 * Malaysia - MYS
 * Singapore - SGP
 * Myanmar - MMR
 * Pakistan - PAK
 * Philippines - PHI
 * Tajikistan - TJK
 * Thailand - THA
 * Turkmenistan - TKM
 * Uzbekistan - UZB
 * Vietnam - VNM

title: World Stamp Catalogue/Asia


text:
User talk:76.184.84.51

CILOSYBS THE GREA...
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks. Thanks for writing this page. Unfortunately it doesn't conform to some of Wikibooks's guidelines for new pages. However, please do not be disheartened by what may happen to your first page, if indeed it is deleted. Please continue to edit Wikibooks and add pages which conform with the inclusion criteria. For more help, see Help:Contents and to find out what will probably be deleted, see Wikibooks:Deletion policy, and What Wikibooks is not. Thanks --Az1568 22:42, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.184.84.51


text:
Nissan 240SX Performance Modification/Ignition and Fuel Management/DaughterBoard-ROM TUNE

There are several options available for retaining the factory ECU. One of the biggest benefits for retaining the factory ECU is the retention of A/C. Many companies offer a reflash of the factory ECU. All options require socketing the ECU to accommodate an external board that contains the ROM tune.

Calum Daughterboard - Calum Johnson offers a custom daughterboard for limited applications, including OBD I based 240sx engines. These are the stock engines in 91-95 240SX cars. These particular models use what Nissan calls a "consult" port, which is how a dealership would read the codes and communicate with the ECU. Calum's daughterboard plugs into the consult port and gives you a serial port interface that a regular PC can use. Then you need some software to use with it; there are many free software options such as CalumSult, ECU Talk, Nissan Data Scan, TunerPro RT, and many more. There are also software options that are not free, such as Nissan Data Scan, Datalog Viewer, TECU, and more. Depending on the software, you can swap programs in the ECU, or log data from the ECU, even adjust the ECU settings (such as timing and fuel flow) in real time. Cost - $350-$375

JWT- Jim Wolf has been in the Nissan game for a long time. Their re-flashes are considered to be very conservative, but do provide performance gains. Cost - $500

RS-Enthalpy- Considered one of the best re-flash services available. Each reflash is tailored to the modifications that have been made to a particular car. Cost - $500

Hybridynamics- This is a new service (NOV 06) being offered by this company. They have been involved in the Nissan community for quite some time and have a sound understanding of the 240sx. Cost - $500

For the DIY type guys there is the BikiRom Megaboard. These are similar to the CalumSult option, but are arguably more complex and difficult to tune. This requires some knowledge of electronics as the ECU must be socketed and a bit of wiring must be done. Most electronics repair shops should be able to do this if you are unfamiliar with soldering. The biggest advantage for spending the time with the BIKI product is an in depth knowledge of how an engine works. Additionally there is no need to wait for a new chip in the mail. Base tunes are available to work from. Cost - about $800 USD (varies with AUS exchange rate) with boost control option.


text:
World Stamp Catalogue/Numbering System

(описание на русском языке см. World Stamp Catalogue/Numbering System/Russian.)

A numbering system for a World Stamp Catalogue needs to be
 * hierarchical - Each number begins with the most significant element, and ends with the least significant.
 * scalable - There is ample room in the system to add new information, or to expand information on existing stamps.
 * integrated - When required the system allows for co-ordination between countries and their subdivisions, occupiers and the countries they occupy, or common design issues.
 * intelligible - Some brevity and conciseness may be sacrificed to make the code more understandable.

Beginner level
Collecting and identifying stamps at this level should be easy, and should require no more equipment than a low-power magnifying glass. The different segments in this level of numbering may be separated by hyphens for easier reading.

Countries
The most significant information about a stamp is the country where it was produced. This should thus be the first element in a catalogue number. It is strongly recommended that ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 be used as a basis for this. This could include historical codes for entities like the Soviet Union that no longer exist, but that previously included what are now separate countries. Suggestion is "The most significant information about stamp is the country for which it was produced" ISO alpha-3 numbering Instead "The most significant information about a stamp is the country where it was produced" like British Produce Stamps for INDIA. which was then Occupied territory of British Empire. so ISO alpha3 for "GBR" can go into Political subdivision as three digits.

Political subdivisions
This optional entry may be used for political subdivisions that either produced their own stamps or had stamps produced for them. It may be left blank where no such subdivisions are catalogued. Cities which produced local stamps should be viewed as such entities. Although standard abbreviations are to be preferred these are not always available. When used, this entry should have two or more alphabetic characters.

It is conceivable that stamps with details in this position could be the basis of separate secondary listings that bring together all the stamps of the subdivision by themselve. At this time, in assigning subdivisional codes one should be mindful of potential naming conflicts with distant and unfamiliar parts of the world. To this end invented three-letter codes should be avoided.

Year
The next element should be the year when the design was first adopted. The effect of this will be to bring everything produced with a given design together without regard to how long the design continued in use.

Set and stamp segment
This is a four digit number which includes leading zeros informs us about the "set" of stamps, and the stamps within the set. A "set" refers to a number of stamps issued together, or having common design features. A set may include only one stamp, but sets with more than 100 stamps are also known. There are also a few instances where a country issued more than 100 sets in the same year. It is important to be able to adapt to varying circumstances without exceding four digits for this part of the number.

First and second digits
The first part of this number identifies the set. It may be advisable to segment this into general regular issues, commemorative issues, supplementary issues (like postage dues or postal tax stamps) and unlisted issues. One possible scheme for this could include When a country issued a very large number of sets in a year it may be necessary to combine sets for our purposes. The "n0" format in this position should be reserved for collective information.
 * 01 to 09 - regular issues, sometimes expanded over many years like the Machins of Great Britain.
 * 11 to 19 - common designs or themes used by two or more countries at the same time; this will allow some degree of co-ordination.
 * 21 to ?? - commemorative issues unique to the country; try here to conform to set issue date order.

Third and fourth digits
The second part identifies the stamps within the set, preferably in the order of their face values with allowance for stamps of the same value but obvious colour changes. Consecutive numbers may be used when one is reasonably convinced that no more new stamps will appear with this design. When this is uncertain the numbers should be spaced to allow for subsequent new issues. A "00" in this position should be reserved for collective material about the set.

Intermediate level
At the intermediate level the catalogue user should be able to identify most of the major varieties found in the existing standard catalogues. This includes varieties based on overprints, colour variations, perforation, watermarks, paper varieties, printing type and others. It can also include information for identifying common forgeries and reprints.

This section has a hyphen followed by four numeric digits including any leading zeros. This could easily allow for four separate bases for variation. No constant order is specified for these variations, but it is strongly recommended that precedence should be given to the most easily identified variations.

Advanced level
An additional final section of indeterminate length may be added at the end of a number. While it is recommended that this part of the number be organized with some logical basis in mind, the endless possibilities presented here prevent specific recommendations. This is the place to expand on such topics as errors and plate varieties.

Numbering System

title: World Stamp Catalogue/Numbering System


text:
GNU C Compiler Internals/Print version

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) GNU C Compiler Architecture. Compilation of an expression
 * 3) Compilation of a function
 * 4) Function cals
 * 5) Stackguard
 * 6) GEM Framework
 * 7) Function Overloading in C
 * 8) Return Address Defense
 * 9) Adding Syntactic Sugar
 * 10) Improving Code Style
 * 11) Security Enhancements
 * 12) Links
 * 13) Contributors

= Introduction =

= GNU C Compiler Architecture. Compiling an Expression =

= Compilation of a function =

= Function calls =

= Stackguard =

= GEM Framework =

= C Function Overloading =

= Return Address Defense =

= Adding Syntactic Sugar =

= Improving Code Style =

= Security Enhancements =

= Links =

= Contributors = = GNU Free Documentation License =

title: GNU C Compiler Internals/Print version


text:
GNU C Compiler Internals/Introduction

What is GCC?
GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is a free software project that includes compilers for Ada, C, C++, Fortran, Java, and Objective-C, as well as libraries for these languages. It is capable of generating executables for a variety of platforms including x86, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, etc.

History of GCC
The homepage of GCC is http://gcc.gnu.org. The modern history of GCC begins with the GCC 2.95 release. This version was released on July 31, 1999. GCC 3.0 which is considered modern history for the C++ compiler was released on June 18, 2001. Additional branches were created later on. As of now, the active development branches are GCC 3.4 with a latest release on November 30, 2005, and GCC 4.0 released last time on September 28, 2005. GCC 4.1 was released on Feb 28 2006. GCC 4.2 is the development branch of GCC. The source code repository is available online. GCC 4.2 (the trunk) is the only place where real development happens and new features can go.

GCC has become popular in industry and academia. The availability of its source code allows one to add new features to the compiler. GCC is used in several source-code based security projects, that is, in the tools that instrument the source code of the program to make it more secure. However, very few documents describing the GCC internals have been published so far.

When new functionality is implemented, the source code of GCC is modified directly. However, these compiler extensions are difficult to distribute because GCC is a really big program. A framework for creating modular extensions would greatly simplify the development of compiler extensions.

GCC 4.0 and above includes SSA optimizers and should be used for further high level optimizations and transformations. The RTL level should only be used for target specific optimizations and optimizations which are low level such as scheduling. Any GCC before 4.0 is in some minds an old dated compiler which was showing its age.

Purpose of this book
The purpose of this book is to address the demands of GCC hackers. We start with a description of GCC 3.4.1 architecture focusing on the source code parser. We chose this version of GCC because we used this version mostly. Then we address the problem of extension development. We present the GCC Extensibility Modules (GEM) project in the next chapter. GEM provides a number of hooks throughout GCC source code. It is implemented as a patch to GCC. A GEM-based compiler extension is developed as a stand-alone program. When the extension is completed, only its source code is distributed compared with distributing the source code of the GCC if GEM is not used. We give examples that demonstrate GEM programming at the end of the book.

title: GNU C Compiler Internals/Introduction


text:
User:Meno25

 * You can contact me using my English Wikipedia user page.

title: User:Meno25


text:
Online OsiriX Documentation/DICOM Print

Preferences... – DCM Print
To be able to use the DICOM print function of OsiriX, you first have to set some preferences in the area DCM Print of the "Preferences..." dialogue window.

DICOM Printers
In the section "DICOM Printers", press the plus symbol to add a new printer. You can then edit the name of the printer as well as its network address (host name or IP address), port number and AETitle in the list. If you have configured several printers, you can select one of them as the default printer for DICOM print jobs by selecting the corresponding item in the list and clicking on the „set as default” button. It will then be set as default when you start a new print job with the function "DICOM Print...".

Settings
You can set the default configuration for the printing parameters "Film Orientation", "Film Size", "Film Destination" and "Magnification Type" via the "Settings" control panel. Furthermore, it is possible to set further configuration parameters using the "Configuration Information" entry field. Please note the DICOM declarations of conformity of the connected printers in this regard.

Layout
You can set the default values for the structure of your printout in the "Layout" section. For example, if you would like to divide your printout into four rows per page, with each of these rows containing three images, select the setting "Standard 3,4". You can use the "Border Color" menu to decide whether the gaps between the images should appear in black or in white on the printout. Simply select the corresponding menu item "BLACK" or "WHITE" from the combo box. The "Empty Image Color" menu allows you to determine how empty image areas are to be reproduced on the printout. Select the menu item "BLACK" if free areas are to be reproduced in black, or "WHITE" if free areas are to be left blank.

Job
The "Job" section allows you to determine the default settings for the management of print jobs. The "Priority" menu allows you to set the default priority of DICOM print jobs sent by this workstation. In the "Medium" menu, you can choose between the values "Blue Film", "Clear Film" and "Paper". For information on the mode of operation of the setting parameters "Priority" and "Medium", please refer to the instructions for use and the DICOM declaration of conformity for the connected DICOM printers. In the "Copies" field, select the desired number of copies to be printed out.

DICOM Print...
This menu item or the shortcut "alt-command-P" starts the DICOM print dialogue.

Preparation
To get optimum results in printing, we recommend preparing the selected images correspondingly in the viewer. It may be useful to bring the viewer to a square size, so that the image boxes on the printout are also filled out in a square size. (you can use the "View size" in the top left corner of the viewer for orientation). The easiest way to do this is with the help of the function "Resize Window" in the window menu. The printout of the images via DICOM print is carried out as displayed on the screen. Additional information such as information or ROIs are included in the printout ("WYSIWYG" concept). In the print dialogue for DICOM print, you can choose to print only the current image, all key images or the whole series. To be able to print key images, these must first be marked as such with the function "Key Images (on/off)" in the 2D Viewer menu.

DICOM Print
In the upper part of the dialogue window, the printer that was defined as default with the function "Preferences... – DCM Print" appears as "Currently selected printer". If you would like to select a different printer, you can see a list of all configured printers by using the "Show Printers..." button, and select the desired printer.

Next to the printers, their availability at the time when the dialogue was opened is also indicated. If you would like to check the status of a printer, select it in the list and click on the "Verify printer..." button. A green printer status means that the printer is available. A red printer status means that the printer could not be accessed. If this is the case, make sure the printer has been switched on and the network settings are correct.

When you select a printer from the list, the predefined values are automatically taken over into the dialogue. The list can be closed with the button "Hide Printers...". You can still change the predefined values before printout in the configuration menu. Such changes apply only to the current print job. They do not overwrite the configuration defined with the function "Preferences... – DCM Print".

You already know the sections "Settings", "Layout" and "Jobs" from the function "Preferences... – DCM Print". As mentioned above, you can define the area of the images to be printed in the control panel "Images". "Current image" means that only the image that is currently shown in the viewer is to be printed. If "Only key images" is selected, all images selected with the function "Key Images (on/off)" in the current series are included in the print area. The option "Colorprint" allows you to define whether the printout should be in color.

When you have clicked on the "Print Images" button, the message "Printing Images" is shown in the dialogue window during the preparation and processing of the print job. After successful completion of the print job, the message "Images were printed" is shown.

title: Online OsiriX Documentation/DICOM Print


text:
MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook/Wikimedia projects

Projects

 * Commons -- Images and other files
 * Meta -- Wikimedia coordination
 * Wikibooks -- Textbooks
 * Wikinews -- Current events
 * Wikipedia -- Encyclopedia
 * Wikiquote -- Quotes
 * Wikisource -- Public domain or otherwise GFDL compatible texts
 * Wikispecies -- Taxonomy
 * Wikiversity -- Learning projects
 * Wiktionary -- Dictionary


text:
User talk:201.9.240.98

Hi, doesn't Le petit joueur de fluteau belong on the Portugese project, rather than here? -- SB_Johnny | talk 14:06, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:201.9.240.98


text:
Music Theory/Dance

Dance music is a broad category, generally associated with the club and rave scene.

Major genres of contemporary dance music include House, Techno, Ambient, Trance, Drum and Bass, IDM and Glitch, most of which are frequently divided into sub-genres.

Dance music may be purely instrumental or may employ lyrics. The vocals are sometimes heavily-processed, distorted, or otherwise electronically manipulated above and beyond the norms for other forms of popular music.

Modern dance music shares technical similarities with musique concrète, including the use of sampling, often of "found sounds" other than musical instruments. Though this was once accomplished with the mechanical manipulation of physical tape loops, purpose-built machines or software known as samplers are now used for this purpose. Sampling may be combined with synthesized instruments, or samples of analog or digital synthesizers may be used. Effects such as delay, reverb, and flanging are often applied in very obvious ways.

House and Garage are heavily influenced by disco, and commonly feature repetitive 4/4 beats with heavy, synthesized or sampled bass drums. Drum and bass uses characteristically broken beats, typically in the 160 to 180 beat-per-minute range; distorted, synthesized bass and sub-bass plays a key role.

Dance music has grown in prominence since the 1980s, especially in North America and Europe. Notable artists include Fatboy Slim, Orbital, Basement Jaxx, New Order and Aphex Twin.

title: Music Theory/Dance


text:
Music Theory/Reggae

Reggae is a style of music which originated in the Caribbean. Bob Marley is one of the most famous reggae musicians along with Peter Tosh.

Reggae usually has a 2/4 or 4/4 with accented 2nd notes time signature, and a low tempo.

Theory
Reggae can only be played in a 4:4 or 2:4 measure, meaning it has to have 4 beats per bar.

Drums
Most of the time there are eighth notes on the high hat. A loud snare or rim shot can almost always be heard on the third beat. The bass drum varies: sometimes it's just on the first beat, the first and the third, every beat, or even just the third.

Guitar
The standard rhythm guitar in reggae uses quick downstrokes on the offbeat (The 'And' between the beats). 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and. This is often referred to in reggae as the "skank" and is what gives reggae its characteristic sound. Often you will hear the rhythm being played on the 'and' beats as one quaver beat or two semi quaver beats

Bass
A reggae bass line embodies the "backbone" to the rest of the overall "riddim". Its important to stay simple while occasionally leaving space to coax the rhythm forward. Three things to aim for are denseness, tension, and momentum. Start simple focusing on the root or the 3rd. Inversions are used frequently while using the 5th sparingly adds a certain sense of satisfaction when you finally hear it. Coming in on the strong beats 1 and 3 are helpful while making good use of the 16th note and the triplet is where your groove can be found. Find a motif, use the call and response technique, and play the octave to end a phrase or finalize a musical statement. All the high frequencies (above 1000 Hz) should be filtered out. Bass is often considered the "lead" instrument in reggae because it is responsible (along with the drums) for establishing a song's groove.

Vocals
The vocals in reggae are often religious or telling some sort of story but they don't have to be. For example, there are songs about love, bank robberies, and seemingly nothing but a feel good vibe. As it is music "Of the people, for the people, by the people", Reggae lyric often speaks to the masses about raising awareness and vibe, and freeing all people.

Keyboards
Keyboards are mainly responsible for the "bubble", which aids the "skank" to add to the momentum of a given "riddim". Most common reggae keyboards are the Hammond Organ, Rhodes and Clav. They share the rhythm of the guitar usually played in a staccato pattern over the "riddim". The following video demonstrates an organ "bubble/shuffle" - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JV0ANC2r6SA

Horn Section
Horns in Reggae are the cherry on top of the "Riddum". Usually utilised to show the difference between "Versions", or simply to deliver after lyric.

title: Music Theory/Reggae


text:
Music Theory/Ska

Ska is a form of Jamaican music combining elements of traditional mento and calypso with an American jazz and rhythm and blues sound. It is notable for its shuffling, scratch like tempo and jazz-like horn riffs on the offbeat.

=Rhythm= Ska general plays on the upbeat, with a rest on the downbeat.

=External Links= Ska guitar 101

title: Music Theory/Ska


text:
User:Fmccown

Frank McCown is an instructor of Computer Science at Harding University (Searcy, Arkansas, USA). He is currently working on his Ph.D. at Old Dominion University (Norfolk, Virginia, USA). His scholarly interests are in digital preservation, search engines, web crawling, and digital libraries. Frank's ODU website is at http://www.cs.odu.edu/~fmccown/.

title: User:Fmccown


text:
Cookbook:Ayran (Turkish Yogurt Drink)

| Beverages | Middle Eastern cuisines

Ayran is a popular Turkish drink made of a yoghurt and water. The ayran made from sheep yoghurt has a quite thick taste, fatty but also delicious. It is very similar to the Iranian drink, doogh and Armenian drink, taan. Salt is usually added to ayran for flavour. It is served cool, and usually accompanies doner, kebab or pastry. Some forms of fresh ayran include some foam.

In Turkey, McDonalds also includes ayran in their standard menu as a local menu addition. Ayran is also very popular elsewhere in the Middle East. In rural areas of Turkey, ayran is offered as a "standard" drink to guests. "We have come to drink your ayran" say the guests.

Another recipe common to Turkey includes finely chopped mint leaves mixed into the Ayran. This variation is particularly popular during summertime in Turkey and is considered very refreshing. Ayran has become so popular in Turkey that it is often regarded as a separate market in contrast to the juice and soda industries, and is a challenge for "modern" soft-drink companies such as Coca-Cola.

Ingredients

 * 1⅓ cup plain yoghurt
 * 1⅔ cup water
 * Salt, to taste
 * Crushed dried mint (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Pour yoghurt into a bowl and beat until smooth. Add water and continue beating until thoroughly blended. Alternatively, combine in an electric blender and blend until smooth.
 * 2) Season to taste with salt and dried mint. Chill thoroughly and serve in tall glasses, with ice.

title: Cookbook:Ayran (Turkish Yogurt Drink)


text:
Japanese/Dialects/Ishikawa

Ishikawa-ben(石川弁) is a local dialect of the Japanese language spoken throughout the prefecture of Ishikawa and some surrounding areas, such as Toyama and Fukui. Unlike kansai-ben, where the intonation of words differs greatly from hyōjungo (i.e. Tokyo-ben), Ishikawa-ben is characterized more by its relaxation of hard consonants into softer ones, resulting in a more "rounded" pronunciation and vocabulary.

Da→ya (だ→や)
Speakers of Ishikawa-ben often relax the pronunciation of the word だ (the plain form of です) into the word や, producing sentences similar to the following:

 * 「こりゃあ、３００円やね. 」 "This is 300 yen, right?"
 * 「明日仕事へ行くんや. 」 "I'm going to work tomorrow."

This transformation can be extended to other forms of the word だ as well; for example, だろう becomes やろう:

 * 「昨日ぁ渡辺さんに電話したやろう？」 "You called Watanabe yesterday, didn't you?"

So→ho (そ→ほ)
The syllable そ is often relaxed to the softer ほ, especially when used in the そう sense ("like that"):

 * 「ほうゆったからやったんや！」 "[He] told me so, so I did it!"
 * 「ほうやろう？」 "Isn't it like that?"

This last example is commonly relaxed even further into 「ほうあろう？」, especially among Ishikawa-ben speakers in Kanazawa and neighboring Uchinada.

This relaxation also produces the commonly used phrase 「あ、ほんな？」 ("Oh, really?"), stemming from 「あ、そうですか？」 or possibly 「あ、本当？」 as used in hyōjungo.

Iru→oru (いる→おる)
The verb いる is often replaced with the synonymous verb おる, although the end result may or may not necessarily convey the "humbled" sense normally associated with the verb おる as used in 謙譲語 (kenjōgo).

 * 「残念やなぁ、ずっとおりたかったのに. 」 "That's too bad, [I] wanted to stay the whole time."

Verbs used in the present progressive sense (i.e., ending with ～ている) are often relaxed into the form ～とる rather than ～ておる:

 * 「田中さんはもううちに帰っとる. 」 "Mr./Mrs. Tanaka has already returned home."
 * 「大助君は何かおかしい本読んどるぞ. 」 "Daisuke is reading some strange book."

When used in the negative sense, いない and ～ていない become おらん and ～とらん, respectively:

 * 「ごめん、課長はただいまおらんよ. 」 "Sorry, the department head isn't around at the moment."
 * 「今日の日記はまだ書いとらん. 」 "I still haven't written my journal entry for today."

Ka→ke (か→け)
The particle か, when used at the end of a sentence to signify a question, is often replaced by け or っけ instead:

 * 「今日の行事は全く知っとらんっけ？」 "You don't know anything about today's event?"

Ne→jii (ね→じい)
The particle ね, when used at the end of a sentence to express uncertainty or to solicit confirmation, is often replaced by じい instead:

 * 「夕べの宴会楽しかったじい！」 "Last night's banquet was a blast, huh?"

Nen / gen (ねん、げん)
The stems ～ねん and ～げん can be used after the dictionary form of a verb (i.e., verbs ending in ～る, ～く, etc.) to add emphasis to the sentence. Their usage is similar to the stem ～んだよ used by speakers of Tokyo Japanese.

 * 「もう行ったことあるげんって. 」 "[He] said he's already been there."
 * 「今日やるねんけど、昨日やるはずだったんだもん. 」 "I'll do it today, but I was supposed to do it yesterday."

title: Japanese/Dialects/Ishikawa


text:
Movie Making Manual/Film Distribution & Marketing Overview

End of Post Production

 * Once you are ready to send your movie off to a film festival, you are finished with Post Production. Now, you must start film distribution & marketing.

 * So now what happens? And more importantly, who does it?

Film Distribution and Marketing
Producers who treat film as a commercial enterprise start the distribution before they even raise the funds for a film. Distributors want good films to distribute.

Distributors want exclusive licensing rights to carry a picture in their territory for the formats that they support. A territory may be regional, spanning multiple countries. A format may broadly consist of theatrical, pay television, broadcast television, home entertainment (VHS, DVD, or Blu-Ray Disc), and Internet video download media. A distributor may acquire licensing for many formats or just one.

Producers with worthy projects can approach distributors with their screenplay and ask them to provide a letter-of-intent-to-distribute to at least a minimum release of their film. The producer can then use these distributor endorsement letters to attract investment capital, above-the-line cast members, and key production crew.

A typical scenario for independent film and television producers looks like this (highly simplified)

1. You create a motion picture marketing campaign to sell distribution licenses to distributors at a film and television market recognized by the International Federation of Film Producers Associations (FIAPF), at major film festivals attended by distributors through either self-representation in person or through the contracted services of reputable sales agencies and producer representatives. Additionally, you should create either a motion picture web site or a movie profile with a video trailer hyperlink on a high-traffic web site such as MySpace.com and Amazon.com's IMDb Pro. Note: When you budget your production costs, try to factor in that distribution licensing sales will be responsible for a minimum return of a 183% of your production costs. It is very important that your marketing campaign will sustain your distribution licensing sales target.

2. Before you find a distributor, you must have a schedule of deliverables to give to the distributor. Including the film master in an acceptable media and format, the deliverables schedule will also include marketing elements that you have collected as you created your film (such as movie trailers in different cuts, poster-sized key art, photographs, a behind-the-scenes featurette, press articles, technical production fact sheets, music cue sheets, dialog transcripts, etc.) Even though you finished post production before your movie was sent to the film festival, this step may require both additional post-production (major, not minor) and potentially lots of legal paperwork with respect to preparing releases and securing rights for intellectual property, such as music and brand identities, used by the film. Gathering the deliverables is the key to success for you as a filmmaker: A distribution license sale will only close if the deliverables are accepted by the distributor in good order. The more quality in the deliverables, the more likely the licensing sale will close.

3. Then, the distributor creates a totally new local-territory marketing campaign from your deliverables. This may include a localized movie poster and the movie trailer translated into a local language. Be prepared to support language translation questions from your distributor. The local marketing campaign may provide release windows for the title to roll out in different formats on different dates. Note: Distribution nowadays does not necessarily mean theatrical distribution as digital downloads have begun to take over the market. Because of digital piracy, traditional distribution release windows by territory and then by format have become complicated:  Recent titles have used simultaneous territory releases to get a jump on the effects of digital piracy on future sales. The more experienced the distributor, or the stricter the local copyrights enforcement, the less likely digital piracy will impact the revenue generated by each distributor's territory.

4. The distributor may create prints - 35 mm film copies of the motion picture from your master deliverable. The prints will then be delivered to the distributors contracted theater chains and supported with advertising campaigns in local media outlets.

5. Depending on the licensed territory, the distributor may create local language versions of your motion picture from your deliverables under your license. Local language versions will either appear as subtitled motion pictures or as voice-dubbed motion pictures - depending on the sophistication of the distributor. The dialog transcript and music cue sheet both support this function. When the local licensing rights expire, the local language edition of your film should revert back to you for future distribution and archiving. The elements used to create the local language edition should be delivered to the production company or its delivery agent on expiration of the license.

6. Depending on the licensed home entertainment format, the distributor may create the local DVD versions of your motion picture from your deliverables. Sometimes, this requires developing a separate local home entertainment marketing campaign from your deliverables, which can result in an enhanced or extended version of your motion picture, replete with Internet hyperlinks to contracted local product and service promotions. Then, the distributor ships the DVD-video to retail outlets within his territory.

7. The distributor then accounts for the sales of your movie against costs for prints, advertising campaigns, and other distribution expenses, such as returned home entertainment units (eg. DVD breakage), local financing costs, taxes, customs duties, and tariffs. Per your distribution license agreement, the distributor can then return any actual positive net revenue from the distribution license to the production company directly, or to a legal trust entity created to receive net revenue for the production company and for its beneficiaries, such as equity investors, creditors, sales agencies, and talent guilds. Distribution companies will return positive net revenue to encourage producers to provide early exclusive access to their next motion picture: On the other hand, negative net revenue accounting reports are very common in the early years of a multi-year distribution license, and generally reflects the start-up costs for marketing a new motion picture. Such costs can be reduced if a motion picture is one in a story franchise of multiple motion pictures: The first picture will bear the brunt of the market introduction costs - and the subsequent pictures will benefit from brand familiarity and mass media awareness with the story characters and its elements.

8. If you do not use a legal trust entity to manage net revenue, the production company will be responsible for the producer's net revenue distribution accounting. If there is any positive net revenue to share, then the production company will be responsible for distributing revenue to your investors and creditors. It is recommended that an international entertainment accounting firm be contracted to provide this service over the lifetime of all territorial distribution licenses issued on behalf of a motion picture.


text: Template:Control Systems/Child

title: Template:Control Systems/Child


text:
User:Alifazal

Wikipedia User Page

title: User:Alifazal


text:
Category:Book:Control Systems/Child Versions

Pages listed here represent child versions of the  parent book. These versions are simply suggested reading orders of material presented in the main narrative of the Control Systems book, and do not constitute separate books.


text:
Talk:Control Systems/All Versions

This page is for the discussion of, modification of, and creation of new child versions of the Control Systems wikibook.

Missing Cataloging Information
This, and most of the other generated PDF books lack important Cataloging Information like the Title, Subject, Author, Keywords and Description. Which could be useful for reading and, or library management client applications. Please make it mandatory to include and add this kind of important (meta)information to all formats, if supported.

title: Talk:Control Systems/All Versions


text: User:Varun kumar

title: User:Varun kumar


text: User talk:68.112.133.158

title: User talk:68.112.133.158


text:
Talk:Computers for Beginners/Tips&Tricks

Important
Please don't include any signaures in the article itself. :) -- seXie (t0lk) 18:56, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

More tricks
Maybe we can create a book dedicated on windows registry hacks. -- seXie (t0lk) 18:56, 14 November 2006 (UTC)


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/History

A brief history of Project WONDER. (Original source: [Introduction to Project WONDER]).

History

 * A dotcom is born: eResource
 * Its focus: commercial real estate on the web
 * Big user & advocate of DirectToWeb — more on that later
 * Later on eResource was renamed NetStruxr
 * But name lives on...
 * Classes were already prefixed with ER
 * Switching to NS would cause namespace conflicts
 * Even today, WONDER's classes begin with ER
 * Folks from NetStruxr, now working on WONDER:
 * Patrice Gautier — one of DirectToWeb's original authors!
 * Max Muller
 * Travis Cripps
 * Jim Roepcke
 * NetStruxr open-sourced a great deal of its code
 * Lots of innovative, high-quality code
 * But there were a couple of issues:
 * No efficient method to contribute back to NetStruxr
 * No CVS repository, no mailing lists, etc.
 * Was coded in Java for WebObjects 4.5
 * Needed some rewriting for version 5
 * Unfortunately, NetStruxr closed for business
 * Fortunately, the rewritten code was placed into a public SourceForge project: WONDER

ERJavaMail

 * Revision of Camille Troillard's famous OdaikoJavaMail
 * Integration of Jonathan Rentzsch's not-so-famous JRMailDelivery
 * Drop-in replacement for WOMailDelivery
 * Renamed to ERWOMailDelivery

WOPayPal

 * Easy WebObjects PayPal integration
 * Donated by Travis Cripps

Validity

 * Gammastream's formally commercial offering now part of WONDER!

title: WebObjects/Project WONDER/History


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Validity

Validity
Validity was donated by [GammaStream Technologies].

From their site: Validity is a framework (Validity) and a WebObjects application (Validity Modeler) which combine to provide a powerful data validation engine and validation rule modeler. Using an EOModel as a reference point, one may assign rules to the various attributes of the entities. One may choose from any of Validity's predefined rules, or write his/her own rules in Java. The rules are stored in the Validity model file (Validity.model) inside the corresponding '.eomodeld' wrapper.

Validity has two parts: a framework and a tool (ValidityModeler).

Use tool to add validation rules to your .eomodeld.

The framework hooks into your EOs' validateFor[Insert|Save|Update|Delete] methods.

Framework engine applies rules at runtime and throws an exception if a rule is broken.

Using Validity results in less validation code in your own enterprise objects.