text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes

General Overview
Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes is the joke shop owned by Fred and George Weasley. Their dream of opening a joke shop is mentioned in several of the books (especially Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix), and it was finally realized in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.

Extended Description
Fred and George have been interested in practical jokes during all their Hogwarts years. Zonko's Joke Shop was their favorite store in Hogsmeade. Beginning in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, we see them turning their (often underestimated) talents to inventing and developing unique wizarding jokes and novelties. They begin a small mail order business, which we hear about when their mother discovers the order forms and expresses her disapproval. Their dream of starting their own joke store is realized when Harry gives them the 1000 Galleon Triwizard prize he won. Harry says that given Voldemort's return, "We could all do with a few laughs."

In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the twins actively test and market their products at Hogwarts, often using first year students as paid guinea pigs. Sometime during that year, they secure store premises in Diagon Alley and, shortly after Professor Dumbledore's departure, leave school early to operate full-time out of those premises.

In contrast to the ordinary buildings around it, Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes is described as "hitting the eye like a firework display." A poster in one window reads ''WHY ARE YOU WORRYING ABOUT YOU-KNOW-WHO? YOU SHOULD BE WORRYING ABOUT U-NO-POO - THE CONSTIPATION SENSATION THAT'S GRIPPING THE NATION!''.

When Harry, Hermione, and the Weasleys visit the shop at the beginning of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, it is completely packed with customers. The shop sells all sorts of tricks, toys, and novelty items, such as Skiving Snackboxes, which make you appear ill so you can get out of class. (We have seen these before; Fred and George have been working on them throughout Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, and have been testing them on themselves and first-year volunteers, and Harry has inadvertently contributed to them as well.) Other products include Daydream Charms, WonderWitch cosmetic products for young women, Reusable Hangman, trick wands and Peruvian instant darkness powder. All of the magic deployed is quite sophisticated and probably beyond the capability of the average witch or wizard. Even Hermione is quite impressed with the magical knowledge and skill employed by Fred and George. Fred tells Harry that they also do steady business selling products to defend against Dark Arts, particularly to the Ministry. Apparently there are a lot of wizards at the Ministry who are unable to perform a decent Shield charm, making the Twins' "Shield Hats" a valued commodity at the Ministry among other places.

The shop employs a woman named Verity who, to Harry's amusement, calls the twins "Mr. Weasley and Mr. Weasley".

As Voldemort's power grows in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, members of the Order of the Phoenix eventually must go into hiding to evade capture. This includes Fred and George, who close up shop temporarily at some point near Christmas of that year. Unrepressed, they continue operation working by mail order out of the safe house they are sent to. Auntie Muriel, whose house it is, is reportedly almost driven to distraction by the endless commerce in her back bedroom.

In interviews after the publication of the final book, the author has said that Ron also worked at the shop for a while after graduating from Hogwarts.

Analysis
It is initially uncertain as to what the point is of Weasley's Wizard Wheezes. It is clear that the Twins are excellent at practical jokes, and so they clearly would not fit into a career at the Ministry, at Gringotts, or as Hogwarts teachers, the only stable career paths that have been shown to us. But there are many wizards working at stores in Diagon Alley and Hogsmeade. While working in retail is a definite possibility, it does not seem that the Twins would be suited to be mere clerks; in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire we see that their abilities and their ambition are clearly greater than that. In turn, their ambition and ability are necessary in order to provide Harry with the somewhat shady assistance that Harry needs in order to prepare for his mission. Given that they are such able, and yet anarchic, wizards, it is clear that the only career they could follow successfully is that of owning their own shop, one that provides original and possibly unique magical artifacts. And with their sense of humour, a large portion of what they are selling would almost have to be jokes.

Questions

 * 1) Will Fred and George's products be useful in the war against Voldemort in Deathly Hallows?

Greater Picture
Several of Fred and George's products play a role in the fifth, sixth, and seventh books. Notable among these are:
 * Extendable Ears, which Harry, Hermione, Ron, and the Twins use to eavesdrop on the Order in the fifth book, the Trio use to listen to Draco Malfoy in Borgin and Burkes in the sixth book, and again to listen to another group of refugees in the seventh book;
 * Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder, used by Draco Malfoy to conceal himself and the Death Eaters invading Hogwarts from the Room of Requirement;
 * Skiving Snackboxes, used by the Trio to incapacitate Ministry workers as the Trio prepare to infiltrate the Ministry;
 * a Decoy Detonator used to distract Ministry workers as Harry breaks in to Umbridge's office.

In all of these cases, it is to a greater or lesser extent necessary to the story that the magic used be new to those witnessing it. In particular, the Decoy Detonator must be uncommon enough that the Ministry workers should continue to look at it and wonder about it while Harry enters, searches, and leaves Umbridge's office; and the Skiving Snackboxes must be unusual enough that a Ministry worker would not be particularly averse to accepting a pastille (candy) from another worker. It is only natural that the Twins' love of practical jokes, which we see from early in the series, should result in their being great magical experimenters and developers of new spells. It is possible that the Twins' practical jokes were intended purely as background, to make their becoming the source of these new and innovative spells plausible.


text:
Mathematics for Chemistry/Statistics

Definition of errors
For a quantity $$x$$ the error is defined as $$\Delta x$$. Consider a burette which can be read to ±0.05 cm3 where the volume is measured at 50 cm3.

 * The absolute error is $$\pm \Delta x, \pm 0.05~\text{cm}^3$$
 * The fractional error is $$\pm \frac{\Delta x}{x}$$, $$\pm \frac{0.05}{50} = \pm 0.001$$
 * The percentage error is $$\pm 100 \times \frac{\Delta x}{x} = \pm 0.1$$%

Combination of uncertainties
In an experimental situation, values with errors are often combined to give a resultant value. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how to combine the errors at each stage of the calculation.

Addition or subtraction
Assuming that $$\Delta x$$ and $$\Delta y$$ are the errors in measuring $$x$$ and $$y$$, and that the two variables are combined by addition or subtraction, the uncertainty (absolute error) may be obtained by calculating

$$\sqrt{(\Delta x)^2 + (\Delta y)^2}$$

which can the be expressed as a relative or percentage error if necessary.

Multiplication or division
Assuming that $$\Delta x$$ and $$\Delta y$$ are the errors in measuring $$x$$ and $$y$$, and that the two variables are combined by multiplication or division, the fractional error may be obtained by calculating

$$\sqrt{(\frac{\Delta x}{x})^2 + (\frac{\Delta y}{y})^2}$$

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mathematics for Chemistry/Statistics


text:
Talk:Seven Habits Study Guide/Quick overview of the seven habits

''Six years back when I wanted to start a business I red this book thrice. Then planned the things properly and started my business. Today I have a established business. These habits really work.One more habit: "Find your inner voice and inspire others to find theirs" was added by stephen covey in his book'the 8th habit'


text:
User talk:65.185.197.175

IP of me - Mason11987 19:54, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.185.197.175


text: User talk:69.119.93.35

title: User talk:69.119.93.35


text:
Talk:.NET Development Foundation

To add a new comment/discussion section, click the "+" tab on top of the page. Don't forget to specify a Subject, it will automatically be the section title. Also please sign your posts using ~ at the end.

If you passed the exam please give us feedback on the feedback page.

Authors references
Why are many sections of this book marked with "Original text for this page authored by William 'Scott' Baker" ?

Isn't the idea of this Wiki that the text is a group effort and any contributor information is only available in the history? Can I remove those references? I have the impression that right now they're keeping other people from adding information. --GertG 21:02, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Authors section created in new Intreduction section for those who want a little recognition (seen that in other wikibooks) --Jacques 20:47, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Paragraph naming convention
This document seems to have an improper naming convention on the chapters. I'm new to wiki and am not sure if the document chapter names should be renamed, if they should be renamed how to do so without breaking the page history, or if this book should proceed with the current structure. Any help would be appreciated. --Jason V 03:11, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree the conventions for these chapters aren't very good. Developing applications that use system types and collections, could just be named "Types and Collections". It makes it much easier to read. Any other ideas on this? --Hondomon

 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Paragraphs have been renamed for more concise formulation. The initial wording of the corresponding exam objective has been moved below the title. --Jacques 20:48, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Links only page
Some of the links to the MSDN site are not completed. When I tried to add one I used the 'standard' that was used for the book e.g. I created a page with only an external link. The site admins notified me that it was not a good idea to create a page with only external links and no content. My plan was to gradually take the links back into the main page and delete the 'link only' pages already dreated. You can look at the 'Manage data in a .NET Framework application by using specialized collections' section to see the new layout I waas planning to use. Does anyone has a better suggestion for cleaning up or a problem with my plan? --Jacques 17:51, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] End of deleting the "links only pages", next step to complete the MSDN links so that somebody else does not create another link only page trying just trying to help! About 24 detail pages where not deleted during the operation because they had minimal content or code examples. Their integration will be done later. --Jacques 20:46, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] All wiki type links cleared so that nobody else falls in the "links only page" trap without knowing it. --Jacques 00:55, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Complete links to MSDN
The initial reason why I started updating this page on november 17th 2007 was to complete the links to MSDN to get a "complete" reference to Micrsoft documentation. From there the module can serve an anchor for studying the exam. --Jacques (talk) 19:58, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]]I just finished adding the links to MSDN. Some claases where "not found" on MSDN!? and need more insvestigations. About 300 links added plus the 200 that were transfered from the links only pages (see above). --Jacques (talk) 19:58, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Renaming subpages
The following discussion took place on the Assistance page following a "request for comment" --Jacques 00:50, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I noticed something very odd when I was deleting the pages, it seems like whoever made all the links on the page you linked to tried to follow the naming convention, but all of the slashes are backwards, it's supposed to be /subpage/, not \subpage\ . If the naming was correct, links to the parent page would automatically be generated near the top (like the link to the reading room parent page on the top of this page). Thank you for your improvements so far, that was a lot of link-only pages! Regards, Mattb112885 (talk to me) 21:21, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks Matt, this is exactly the kind of comment I was looking for since I'm new to wikibooks and don't know how things are supposed to be. I found this that was asking for a renaming. Looks like it was done for the parent page only. Tried it on the first subpage and it worked. It has the interesting side effect that you only need /subpage for a link from the parent page. I will add a "to-do" to rename the other subpages. Thanks also if you deleted some of the "links only" pages I marked for speedy deletion, I knew somebody had to take care of the s... somehow. Regards --Jacques 21:55, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * TODO - Rename 23 remaining subpages to follow naming convention and update links on main page in the form of /subpage --Jacques (talk) 19:59, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Finish integrating the pages into the main text. 2 pages remain as annexes and where renamed. -- Jacques (talk) (email) 00:52, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Split main page
On december 10th Mike left a message indicating that the book main page was now too big and should be split.
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]]I have just finished a first split that keeps the possibility of having all on content on one page if we like by using template references. Now a lot of design and presentation work will have to be done on the main page, but that's another story... -- Jacques (talk) (email) 03:00, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Split to separate book
The module was split to become a new book and was renamed to ".NET Development Foundation". Following is the discussion that took place on the Assistance page:

Hi. Stupid question once again... Do we need some kind of authorization to "split" a module from a book to make it a book by itself (and changing the title accordingly). The idea would be to split Microsoft_Certified_Technology_Specialist/Exam_70-536 from the Microsoft_Certified_Technology_Specialist book and make it a book on its own. The title could be something like ".NET Development Foundation (70-536)". There are two main reasons we would want to do that:
 * The exam is part of more then one certification (6 in fact), its kind of weird that it is "glued" to one of them.
 * Putting .NET somewhere in the title would be a little more meaningfull about the content of the module.

I would like to it now because:
 * I am starting to split the document (pages are getting too big and Mike is sending posting "split" requests :-)). I would like to do the change before having too many pages.
 * Also I am referencing the book on discussion groups and other places and I would like to have an address that would not be redirected. So any problem if I do that split? Regards -- Jacques (talk) (email) 19:46, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Authorization per se is not required but to avoid conflicts and since the changes you are proposing go a bit beyond the BeBold status, you should attempt to reach a consensus with all Wikibookians working on the same pages, try posting in the talk pages a notice and see if you get any reaction, as courtesy you could also attempt to find out who was most involved on editing the pages even if the works has stopped, you can even find out people willing to help you on those tasks.
 * Split the changes you intent on doing in smaller proposals if not directly related (ie: rename of the book, and splitting it into chapters) add those proposal to the relevant book talk/user pages and establish a close time normally 7 days after the last argument was posted (avoid votes) by asking directly for objections/comments. --Panic (talk) 20:00, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Very clear thanks, I will follow your recommendations and post a seven day notice on the relevan talk pages to see if there is any objections. As for the past contributors I did some reseach and did not find any actually active. As for me, I have done a couple of edits on this book lately :-) Regards -- Jacques (talk) (email) 20:35, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * There is no reason to wait, except out of courtesy, if there has indeed been no active contributors to the book in awhile besides yourself (say several months). I think you've probably already done enough and any changes would be in good faith. --dark lama  21:19, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Darklama. If you're the only one working on it, you should get to do things at your own pace. Be bold, create the new book, and let us know if you need any help with it. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 23:25, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Page name changed to .NET Development Foundation which becomes a new book and double redirects arranged. -- Jacques (talk) (email) 06:32, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Spell Check
seriously man, there are so many typos they actually distract from the reading. Most browsers (such as Firefox) even have this feature built in to the browser and you don't even have to open word
 * Thanks for the corrections and comment. We will certainly start to do systematic spell checking when we do major updates to sections. Regards. -- Jacques (talk) (email) 20:28, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks again for the corrections, if you have any other ideas about possible improvements dont hesitate to pass them on. Regards. -- Jacques (talk) (email) 13:55, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Implement flat structure
All pages in the book except for the front page are now at the second level, this is immediately "under" the front page (ex. .NET Development Foundation/Introduction). This ensure that the links stay correct even when things are displaced or new organizational levels are added to sections. We choose this approach because the book has to evolve gradually, doing page splits and adding levels when the pages become too big. Splitting the pages too early generate lots of near empty pages that are rejected by the admins and do not give "continous" text. Not splitting pages gives too big pages and requests to split by the admins. So the structure of the book must be gradually elaborated, thus the need for an adaptable page organization.

We are constructing a navigational structure built with templates to implement a "soft" page organization that can evolve. Go to page structure to get a feel of the way the page structure is defined. This structure will be completed in the coming weeks. Any input or comment is welcomed. -- Jacques (talk) (email) 01:05, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Notes in all in one page
All the text of the book is now available directly in the all-in-one page. The only remaining problem before is can serve as a crude "print page" is that the dynamic navigation sections are closed when you open the page. Some research is needed to find a way for then to be all opened when we want to print but all closed during notmal navigation. -- Jacques (talk) (email) 01:08, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned pages
.NET Development Foundation/Iterators and .NET Development Foundation/Value types are not linked to. Please link to them, merge them and mark them with {{tlx|now merged|destination page, or if undesired mark them with {{tlx|delete|reasoning}}. -- Adrignola {{sup|talk contribs}} 16:12, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:.NET Development Foundation


text:
Cookbook:Herbes de Provence

| Spices and Herbs

Herbes de Provence or Provençal herbs is a mixture of the herbs traditionally used in the cooking of Provence, France. The mixture was created in the 1970s to simplify the use of these herbs; traditional cooks did not have such a mixture, instead using the individual herbs in amounts suitable to their own tastes. Although a few commercial mixtures do not have it, many cooks consider that Herbes de Provence without lavender is not really Herbes de Provence.

A fairly standard mixture is given here.

Ingredients
Mix these dried herbs together:

 * 1 Tbs basil
 * 1 Tbs marjoram
 * ½ Tbs rosemary
 * 1 Tbs summer savory
 * 1 Tbs thyme
 * 1 bay leaf, crushed
 * 2 or 3 lavender flowers, crushed

 * Optional

 * 1 tsp fennel seeds
 * 1 tsp sage

title: Cookbook:Herbes de Provence


text:
Practical Electronics/Need to Have

You don't need too much to begin creating your own circuits. In most cases, you will be perfectly fine with following stuff:

Tools
The first, and most important tool you will need is some sort of soldering iron or soldering gun, which you can purchase at your local electronics store. They come in many different wattages and designs, and may be powered from the AC mains, a rechargeable battery, or even butane gas. You will use your iron to melt the solder in order to make the connections in your circuit. For serious work with sensitive semiconductor components, look for a pencil-style iron powered through a low-voltage transformer connected to the AC mains, with a rating of about 40 watts, having an assortment of interchangeable soldering tips and some type of automatic temperature control. You should also have a moist cellulose sponge to wipe dross from the iron tip while working. Better soldering stations usually include a tray for a sponge in their base.

Second, you will need solder. Solder can be one of various metal alloys with a relatively low melting point (lower than the component leads, and printed circuit board). The most common soldering alloy for electronic work is called Sn63, because it contains 63% tin and 37% lead. Also known as eutectic solder, it has the lowest melting point of any combination of tin and lead. Choose a type with a rosin flux core. Choose a spool of small-gauge solder for work with modern surface-mount components, as a large-gauge solder wire can cause one to overheat parts and circuit board traces while waiting for the solder to melt.

Third, you will need electronic components with which to work. You can purchase them individually at an electronics store, or simply salvage them from broken or unneeded electronic devices you have lying around. To de-solder them, desoldering braid (e.g., "Soder-Wick") is very useful. The desoldering braid acts like a sponge, soaking up the molten solder and "un-gluing" the component. A spring-loaded, manual desoldering vacuum pump can be useful for rapidly removing a blob of liquid solder from a joint, and has the advantage over desoldering braid in that it can be cleaned out and reused again and again. An electric hot-air gun, the high-temperature type used for stripping paint, or a small propane blowtorch can also be used to good effect for salvaging components from old circuit boards: If you are like most people, you don't have five heat-proof hands that you can use to melt the solder on all of the leads of a component and pull it out at the same time.

Other essentials include a small pair of needle-nose pliers, side-cutting pliers, stainless steel or nickel-plated tweezers, wire strippers, a hobby knife with replaceable blades (e.g., X-Acto), and an analogue or digital multimeter with test leads.

A magnifying glass is useful for reading small markings on components, and if mounted on a goose-neck or pantograph stand, can also be used while soldering. Task lighting on your work surface should be the equivalent of a 100-watt incandescent bulb at a distance of 1 meter (3 feet), or even brighter. If the heat from incandescent lighting at close range bothers you, use fluorescent lighting instead. The light should approximate daylight in color, to aid in correctly identifying color codes on components.

Not to be overlooked, obtain and faithfully use a pair of safety glasses with plastic or tempered glass lenses, as a flying droplet of liquid solder or a piece of wire or component lead clipped with wire cutters can cause serious, permanent damage to your eyes. (If you already wear corrective eyeglasses, they will serve this purpose adequately, as long as the lenses are large enough to cover the entire orbit of each eye. If the corrective lenses are small, choose plastic goggles that will comfortably fit over your glasses.)

title: Practical Electronics/Need to Have


text:
Practical Electronics/Basic Theory

Electrostatic Charge
Electrostatic referring to the stationary electric charge that are built up on an insulating material.

Electric Charge
Normally all matter are neutral or have net Charge equal to zero. When an object loses or gains an electron, that object will either becomes positively charged or negatively charged.
 * $$ Matter + e \to - $$
 * $$ Matter - e \to + $$

All Charges possess a quantity of Electric Charge called Electric Charge denoted as Q measured in Coulomb (C). An Electric Field made of Electric Field Lines radiate outward or inward. For Negatively Charge, the Electric Field Lines radiates inward ,otherwise for Positively Charge, the Electric Field Lines radiates outward. Electric Field is denoted as E measured in N/C.

 * Negative Charge ,$$ -Q = \longrightarrow - Charge \longleftarrow  $$
 * Positive Charge ,$$ +Q = \longleftarrow  + Charge \longrightarrow $$

Charges interact with each other according to Coulomb's Law.
 * Same Charges repulse . Different Charges attract ,i.e Negative Charge attract Positive Charge

Electricity
The interaction of charges cause a force of repulsion or attraction between charges. this force of repulsion or attraction cause electricity

ElectroStatic Force
ElectroStatic Force or Coulomb Force is the force of attraction between two unlike Charges. For 2 static point charges of different polarities lying in a straight line on a plane. The force of attraction of the two point charge can be calculated by Coulomb's Law
 * $$F = k \frac{Q_+ Q_-}{r^2}$$
 * F, Electric Force of Attraction
 * k, Constant of Attraction
 * r, Distance of separation

ElectroDynamic Force
electroDynamic force produced by potential

Charge & Electric Force
If there is a Electric Force that sets stationary charge in straight motion to cause a flow of charge called Current then the Electric Field can be calculated by Ampere's Law
 * F = E Q
 * $$E = \frac{F}{Q}$$
 * $$I = \frac{Q}{t}$$

Charge & Magnetic Force
If there is a Magnetic Force that can change the direction of the moving charge perpendicular to the initial direction of moving charge, such that Positive charge will moved up perpendicular to the initial direction and Negative Charge will move down perpendicular to the initial direction, then Magnetic Field can be calculated by Lorentz's Law
 * F = B v Q
 * $$B = \frac{F}{v Q}$$

ElectroMagnetic Force
The total force acting on the moving charge is the sum of the Electric Force calculated by Ampere's Law plus the Magnetic Force calculated by Lorentz's Law. The sum of Ampere's Force and Lorentz's force is called ElectroMagnetic Force
 * F = E Q + B v Q = Q ( E + v B )

Matter and Electricity
Matter that interact with Electricity is divided into three groups Conductor,Non Conductor,Semi Conductor depends on the ease of how current flow in the matter

 * Conductor
 * All matter that allows current to flow with ease are called Conductor. For example all Metals like Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) are used to make Conductor

 * Non Conductor
 * All matter that does not allow current to flow in it are called Non Conductor . For example Rubber

 * Semi Conductor
 * All matter that allows current to flow somewhere between conductor and non conductor are called Semi Conductor . For example Silicon (Si), Gemanium (Ge)

Conductor and Electricity
When connect conductor with source of Electricity in a closed loop circuit. The Force of Electricity will exert a pressure to make conductor's charges to move in a straight line. The pressure of the Electricity Force is called Voltage denoted as V measured in Volt (v). The straight line movemoment of charges in the conductor is called Current denoted as I measured in Amp (A)

Voltage
Voltage is defined as the potential differences of the electricity force to make charges in the conductor to move in straight line and calculated by the ratio of work done on an electric charge .The larger the potential difference, the larger the flow of charge. It appears across a pair of points in a circuit, such as the terminals of a battery.

Voltage is denoted as V measured in Volt (V) and the formula is shown below: $$V = \frac{W}{Q}$$, where $$ Voltage = \frac{Joule}{Charge}$$

Current
Current is defined as flow rate of electric charges flow through an area of conductor in a period of time and is calculated by the ratios of electric charges flow rate over time. Current is denoted as I measured in Ampere (A) and the formula is shown below:

$$I = \frac{Q}{t}$$, where as $$ Ampere = \frac{Charge}{Time} $$

Power
Power is defined as work done over time and is calculated by the product of voltage and current. Power is denoted as P measured in Watt or Volt Amp (VA) and the formula is shown below:

$$P = V I = \frac{W}{Q} \frac{Q}{t} = \frac{W}{t} = E$$  where   $$ Watt = Voltage * Ampere $$

Resistance
Resistance is defined as voltage across the conductor divided by the current flowing and is calculated as voltage over current. It is also one of properties of a conductor by virtue of when the passage of current is opposed, it will cause electric energy to be transformed into heat Resistance is denoted as Ω measured in Ohm Ω with formula shown below: $$ R = \frac{V}{I} $$ where $$ Resistance = \frac{Voltage}{Ampere} $$

Resistance & Temperature
It's been observed that Resistance of a conductor changes with change in temperature  $$ R2 = R1 * [\alpha1 + (T2 - T1)] $$ where : R1 = Conductors resistance at temperature T1 R2 = Conductors resistance at temperature T2 α1 = Temperature coefficient of the material T1 = Reference temperature at which α1 is specified T2 = Conductor present temperature

Resistance & Electric Power Loss
Also, ''When conductor of resistance R conducts current. Conductor releases Heat Energy into the surrounding result in loss of Electric Power Energy directly proportional to the resistance of the conductor''
 * $$P_R = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R}$$

Without Energy loss the Power supplied is Pi
 * $$P_i = VI $$

With energy loss PR known as Power Loss or Dissipated Power
 * $$P_R = V_R I_R = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R}$$

The real Power supplied would be
 * $$P_o = P - P_R $$
 * $$P_o = VI - I^2 R = I (V - IR)$$
 * $$P_o = VI - \frac{V^2}{R} = V (I - \frac{V}{R})$$

The efficiecy of Power transmission can be calculated as the percentage of Real Power over the Supplied Power
 * $$n = \frac{P_o}{P_i}$$
 * $$n = \frac{P_i Cos \Theta}{P_i} = Cos \Theta$$
 * $$n = \frac{V - IR}{V}$$
 * $$n = \frac{I - \frac{V}{R}}{I}$$

Conductance
Conductance is defined as the ratio of Current over Voltage. Conductance is denoted as Y measured in Siemen 1 / Ω
 * $$Y = \frac{I}{V} $$
 * 1S = 1A / 1V

title: Practical Electronics/Basic Theory


text:
Practical Electronics/Inductors

Intro
An inductor is a device made from a wire conductor with several turns. This device generates a magnetic field as current passes through it similar to the magnetic field of a magnet. An inductor stores electrical energy in the form of a magnetic field.

Inductance is defined as the capability to store electrical energy in the form of a magnetic field for a given current which is directly proportional to permeability, length of inductor, and number of turns and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area.
 * $$L = \frac{B}{I} = \mu N^2\frac{A}{l}$$

The symbol for inductance is L and is measured in Henry which has the symbol H.

Magnetic Field
When a voltage is applied across the inductor, current generates Electric Field. Change of Electric Field in the turns generates Magnetic Field perpendicular to Electric Field
 * $$B = IL$$

Inductance
Inductance is the ability to generartes Magnetic Field B for a given Current
 * $$L = \frac{B}{I}$$

Voltage

 * $$V_L = L \frac{dI}{dt} = \frac{dB}{dt}$$

Current

 * $$I_L = \frac{1}{L} \int V dt $$

Reactance
Reactance is defined as the ratio of Voltage over current
 * $$X_L = \frac {L \frac{dI}{dt}}{I} $$
 * $$X_L = \omega L$$/_90
 * $$X_L = j \omega L$$
 * $$X_L = s L$$

Impedance
Impedance is defined as the sum of Reactance and Resistance of Inductor. Since all conductor has Resistance
 * $$Z_L = R_L + X_L$$
 * $$Z_L = \sqrt{R_L^2 + (\omega L)^2}$$/_Tan-1 $$\omega \frac{L}{R}$$
 * $$Z_L = R_L + j \omega L$$
 * $$Z_L = R_L + s L$$

Frequency Respond
Inductor is a device depends on frequency $$\omega $$

 * $$\omega = 0, X_L = 0$$, Inductor Closed circuit, I ≠ 0
 * $$\omega = 00, X_L = 00$$, Capacitor Opened circuit, I = 0
 * $$\omega = \frac{R_L}{L}$$
 * $$X_L = R_L$$ ,
 * $$Z_L = [R_L]^\frac{1}{3}$$ ,
 * $$V_L = \frac {V}{2}$$
 * $$I_L = \frac {V}{2R_L}$$

With the value of I at three frequency points ω = 0, 00, 1 / CRC I - f curve can be drawn to give a picture of current in the inductor over time

Phase Angle
When a Voltage is applied across inductor, current generates magnetic field. Change in current generate change in magnetic field which generate voltage across inductor. Therefore, current will lead voltage

For ideal losses inductor which has no internal resistance, Current will lead Voltage an angle 90. For Non - Ideal inductor which has an internal resistance, Current will lead Voltage an angle θ
 * $$\tan\theta = \omega {L}{R_L} = 2\pi f \frac{L}{R_L}$$

Phase angle relates to time frequency or time and the value of R and L. When there is a change in phase angle Time and frequency also change
 * $$f = (\tan\theta/2\pi) \frac{R_L}{L}$$
 * $$t = (2\pi/\tan\theta) \frac{L}{R_L}$$

If choosing L = 1 and R = 10n then the formulas above become
 * $$f = (\tan\theta/2\pi) \times 10^n \approx 0.3\times 10^n \tan\theta$$
 * $$t = (2\pi/\tan\theta) \times 10^{-n} \approx 6 \times 10^{-n} (1/\tan\theta)$$

Induced Voltage
Induced Voltage is defined as the voltage of the turns which oppose the current flow

 * $$-\xi = N \frac{dB}{dt} = \frac{d\phi}{dt} \text{ where } \phi = NB$$

Coil
For a straight wire with the following dimensions Length l, Area A, and Permitivity u and number of Turns N
 * $$L = u N \frac{l}{A}$$

Network
Inductors can be connected in series to increase inductance or in parallel to decrease inductance

Parallel Connection

 * [[Image:inductors in parallel.svg|A diagram of several inductors, side by side, both leads of each connected to the same wires]]

 * $$ \frac{1}{L_\mathrm{eq}} = \frac{1}{L_1} + \frac{1}{L_2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{L_n}$$

Series Connection

 * [[Image:inductors in series.svg|A diagram of several inductors, connected end to end, with the same amount of current going through each]]

 * $$ L_\mathrm{eq} = L_1 + L_2 + \cdots + L_n \,\! $$

Reference

 * wikipedia Inductor

title: Practical Electronics/Inductors


text:
Practical Electronics/PCB

 * Layout
 * Manufacture
 * ../Soldering/
 * ../Desoldering/
 * ../Breadboard/[[File:100 percent.svg]]

title: Practical Electronics/PCB


text:
Practical Electronics/PCB Manufacture

The circuit board provides a reliable contact between components (even in huge circuits), looks nicely and is quite cheap. We can design them for particular circuit or create an universal circuit, where we deliberately place the copper areas (usually as a grid) and then solder the components on the copper side without drilling.

For reasonably small circuits it is simpliest to draw the connections on PCB with a felt pen and etch the rest. There is also the possibility of making the template with computer, more suitable for large PCBs or serial production.

Needed material

 * Cuprextite (laminate board with copper)
 * New felt pen
 * Hobby drill (1 and 1,5mm)
 * Some dish for etching (not from the kitchen!)
 * Roll of a toilet paper for fast wiping the etching solution from anything
 * Iron chloride

Design of the schematic
Draw a diagram on paper and think about it so that the path of least exceeded (wire jumper doing the work).

We will prepare all components that we use. Then chart redraw soft pencil (XWarning, graphite conductive connection may be) on top (laminated) side kuprextitu, we highlight dots for future hole for the legs. Here, we XWarning to ensure that all parts fit and feet to fit into your joints.

Drilling
The board of our PCB kuprextitu separated from the rest. Usually it is best to re-laminate odlamovacím incised with a knife under the sheet metal fence (with pressure) and carefully break off. You can also carefully odbrušovat laminate 1.5 mm drill.

Prortáme all the holes in the boards. For most components are 1 mm drill bit suitable for tlustonohých 1.5 to 2 mm. Provrtáním we transfer perfectly inverted image of the holes as shown on the bottom (měděnpu) party. Warning When drilling is appropriate kuprextit substantiate something that we have neprovrtali fingers or table.

Coupling of the bottom (copper) Thoroughly clean the steel wool / sponge, a sharp edge will be deducted from burrs after drilling.

Drawing the template
Draw connections between the holes as shown. Around each hole (if possible) leave 1 mm edge to give good solder. We draw carefully and concisely.

We try to cover as much surface. Thus it is not a slender connections between holes, but on the contrary, etching narrow gaps between the copper areas. It is important for the success of the etching and the etching solution for saving. Zabarvíme areas that do not lead nowhere. For a slim gap between the joints can tint the entire surface, and then carved a groove into the paint with a sharp object by the ruler.

Etching
Top plate is drawn with a template placed on the surface and let go due to surface tension. When installation is hit first by one edge and then slowly sklopíme the surface to sink or board, or bubbles are left in it. It should be below the depth of 5 mm to ensure complete etching.

The process of etching (for well-drawn plate and the normal concentration of FeCl3) takes about 15-20 minutes. During it's possible to lift the plate and look at the etching process, but very carefully - when handling the paint flakes off easily. Preview Therefore we commit as little as possible and the board should not yet dry from the etching solution.

After doleptání solution pour off back (or to another bottle), it can be reused. Rinse the PCB.

Final enhancements

Before the solder surface can be cleaned with alcohol or paint, steel wool, or in advance Can pokalafunovat and contacts (especially to delicate heat and power in components). Errors can scramble into the copper wire together, or vice versa. Now we can join components fitted. Note the PCB sample is a control circuit and a source of rectangular signal for high voltage generator (polomostového connection with two FET transistors IRFP460). The generator generated (> 6000 VDC,> 10 mA?), but was tuned to the wrong frequency at which the transformer started to resonate (in the 3rd harmonic square wave), which led to early termination transistors. After their exchange, and careful tuning of Resonant frequency now works consistently.

PCB Prototype
Different manufacturers have different specifications to choose. Some companies offer up to 100 sqcm of PCB starting at $13. PCB specs start out with 6 mil spacing, 12 mil min. hole size, 1 oz copper, 2 layers, and 4-day lead time (plus 3-4 day shipping). Tighter spacing is available for tighter spacing down to 4 mil spacing. Small minimum drills are also available for additional charges with drills going down to 8 mils. Up to 10 layer boards, multiple colder mask colors, copper thicknesses, and other advanced options are also available.

title: Practical Electronics/PCB Manufacture


text:
Practical Electronics/Flip-flops

A flip-flop is a circuit that exists in one of two states and so can store information. A simple flip-flop can be defined in terms of two NAND logic gates. Flip-flops are non-linear circuits, meaning the output from one of its gates is fed 'back' to be processed with the input signal. Because flip-flops operate on an input signal mixed with this previous output signal their own outputs are dependent upon their previous state.

A flip flop (F/F) is a device made out of digital gates that uses feedback to store the state (1 or 0) of its input(s). Flip Flops are frequently used to latch input data. Meaning that flip flop 'remembers' its binary data until it is told to 'forget' it. All flip flops have at least one output labeled Q. Frequently they have a compliment labeled/Q. The 4 basic flip flops are RS, D, Toggle and JK flip flop

Basic Configuration

 * {| class="wikitable" width=100% style="text-align:center;"

! Configuration !! Mathematical Expression !! colspan="2"| Truth Table !width=10%|SR !width=10%|QQ !width=10%|SR !width=10%|QQ
 * rowspan="6"| RS Flip-flop (NOR).svg ||rowspan="6"| Q = R + Q_ Q_ = S + Q || colspan="2"|
 * rowspan="6"| RS Flip-flop (NOR).svg ||rowspan="6"| Q = R + Q_ Q_ = S + Q || colspan="2"|
 * 00
 * XX
 * 01
 * 01
 * 10
 * 10
 * 11
 * 00
 * rowspan="6"| SR Flip-flop Diagram.svg || rowspan="6"| Q = R . Q_ Q_ = S . Q || colspan="2"|
 * 11
 * 00
 * rowspan="6"| SR Flip-flop Diagram.svg || rowspan="6"| Q = R . Q_ Q_ = S . Q || colspan="2"|
 * rowspan="6"| SR Flip-flop Diagram.svg || rowspan="6"| Q = R . Q_ Q_ = S . Q || colspan="2"|
 * rowspan="6"| SR Flip-flop Diagram.svg || rowspan="6"| Q = R . Q_ Q_ = S . Q || colspan="2"|
 * 00
 * 00
 * 01
 * 01
 * 10
 * 10
 * 11
 * XX
 * }
 * 11
 * XX
 * }
 * }
 * }

RS Flip Flops

The fundamental latch is the simple SR flip-flop , where S and R stand for set and reset respectively. It can be constructed from a pair of cross-coupled NOR logic gates. The stored bit is present on the output marked Q.

Normally, in storage mode, the S and R inputs are both low, and feedback maintains the Q and Q outputs in a constant state, with Q the complement of Q. If S (Set) is pulsed high while R is held low, then the Q output is forced high, and stays high even after S returns low; similarly, if R (Reset) is pulsed high while S is held low, then the Q output is forced low and stays low even after R returns low.

('X' denotes a Don't care condition; meaning the signal is irrelevant)

D Flip Flops

The Q output always takes on the state of the D input at the moment of a rising clock edge. (or falling edge if the clock input is active low) It is called the D flip-flop for this reason, since the output takes the value of the D input or Data input, and Delays it by one clock count. The D flip-flop can be interpreted as a primitive memory cell, zero-order hold, or delay line.

Truth table:

 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

('X' denotes a Don't care condition, meaning the signal is irrelevant)
 * Clock||D||Q||Qprev
 * Rising edge||0||0||X
 * Rising edge||1||1||X
 * Non-Rising||X||Qprev||
 * }
 * Non-Rising||X||Qprev||
 * }
 * }

These flip flops are very useful, as they form the basis for shift registers, which are an essential part of many electronic devices. The advantage of the D flip-flop over the D-type latch is that it "captures" the signal at the moment the clock goes high, and subsequent changes of the data line do not influence Q until the next rising clock edge. An exception is that some flip-flops have a 'reset' signal input, which will reset Q (to zero), and may be either asynchronous or synchronous with the clock.

The above circuit shifts the contents of the register to the right, one bit position on each active transition of the clock. The input X is shifted into the leftmost bit position.

Toggle Flip Flops

If the T input is high, the T flip-flop changes state ("toggles") whenever the clock input is strobed. If the T input is low, the flip-flop holds the previous value. This behavior is described by the characteristic equation:

 * $$Q_{next} = T \oplus Q$$ (or, without benefit of the XOR operator, the equivalent: $$Q_{next} = T\overline{Q} + \overline{T}Q$$)

and can be described in a truth table:

When T is held high, the toggle flip-flop divides the clock frequency by two; that is if clock frequency is 4 MHz, the output frequency obtained from the flip-flop will be 2 MHz. This 'divide by' feature has application in various types of digital counters. A T flip-flop can also be built using a JK flip-flop (J & K pins are connected together and act as T) or D flip-flop (T input and Qprevious are connected to the D input through an XOR gate).

JK Flip Flops

JK flip flop has 2 inputs labeled J and K, with a CLK input (marked by a triangle) which is fed by a series of 1 and 0. $$ Q $$ and $$ \overline Q $$ are complementary, and SET (S) and RESET (R) inputs.

The JK flip-flop augments the behavior of the SR flip-flop (J=Set, K=Reset) by interpreting the S = R = 1 condition as a "flip" or toggle command. Specifically, the combination J = 1, K = 0 is a command to set the flip-flop; the combination J = 0, K = 1 is a command to reset the flip-flop; and the combination J = K = 1 is a command to toggle the flip-flop, i.e., change its output to the logical complement of its current value. Setting J = K = 0 does NOT result in a D flip-flop, but rather, will hold the current state. To synthesize a D flip-flop, simply set K equal to the complement of J. The JK flip-flop is, therefore, a universal flip-flop because it can be configured to work as an SR flip-flop, a D flip-flop, or a T flip-flop. NOTE: The flip flop is positive edge triggered (Clock Pulse) as seen in the timing diagram.

The characteristic equation of the JK flip-flop is:

$$Q_{next} = J\overline Q + \overline KQ$$

and the corresponding truth table is:

Note: The origin of the name for the JK flip-flop is detailed by P. L. Lindley, a JPL engineer, in a letter to EDN, an electronics design magazine. The letter is dated June 13, 1968, and was published in the August edition of the newsletter. In the letter, Mr. Lindley explains that he heard the story of the JK flip-flop from Dr. Eldred Nelson, who is responsible for coining the term while working at Hughes Aircraft. Flip-flops in use at Hughes at the time were all of the type that came to be known as J-K. In designing a logical system, Dr. Nelson assigned letters to flip-flop inputs as follows: #1: A & B, #2: C & D, #3: E & F, #4: G & H, #5: J & K.

Another theory holds that the set and reset inputs were given the symbols "J" and "K" after one of the engineers that helped design the J-K flip-flop, Jack Kilby.

title: Practical Electronics/Flip-flops


text:
Practical Electronics/Binary

Binary Number
Binary numbers are numbers in base two which consists of two digit 0 and 1. A series of 0's and 1's can be formed to represent info

For example number from 0 to 9 can be expressed as binary numbers of four bit as shown

Binary Coding
Since in binary number system there are only two digits 0 and 1 called a Bit. So 1-bit binary number refers to number of 1 digit either 0 or 1. 2-bit binary number refers to number of 2 digit namely 00, 01, 10, 11 and there are 4 of such numbers which equivalent to 22. Hence, there are 2n binary numbers of n bits

The process of using binary numbers to represent info is called Binary Coding

For example with 1-bit binary number 0 and 1 can be used to represent number 0 and 1 in our system.

With 2-bit binary number can be used to represent number 0 to 3 in our system as follow
 * 00 represents 0
 * 01 represents 1
 * 10 represents 2
 * 11 represents 3

With digit 0 and 1 we have three bit binary numbers of 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111 which equivalent to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

title: Practical Electronics/Binary


text:
Practical Electronics/Common Problems

it used to work, but no more
If it works once, most electronic devices will continue to work almost indefinitely. There are a few exceptions:
 * nearly every electronic component will be permanently damaged or destroyed, if power or other connections are connected to something with a voltage too large to handle, or unexpectedly reversed. Designers often put a "protection circuit" -- such as a crowbar circuit -- between connectors and sensitive components. But with adequate protection, most components will last indefinitely:;
 * transistors
 * integrated circuits
 * ceramic capacitors
 * printed circuit boards
 * Some things, even when used normally, will eventually wear out and stop working:
 * primary batteries
 * secondary batteries
 * incandescent bulbs
 * LED degradation: every LED (including the infrared LED in each opto-isolator) gradually gets dimmer and dimmer.
 * aluminum electrolytic capacitors ("wet electrolytics").
 * relays

High temperature and high current usually accelerates wear-out. Sometimes a heat sink can extend the life of a component.

title: Practical Electronics/Common Problems


text: Category:Book:Practical Electronics

title: Category:Book:Practical Electronics


text:
User:EdBoy002/monobook.css

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text:
User:EdBoy002/Origination/Chapter 2

The Encyclopædia and Guide was hardly a book. It was a general repository for knowledge, where many people from all over the planet contribute their information.

Now, how the Guide worked was magic. Literally. The Guide was a small paperback (and front) book that contained a mere ten pages. The first of the pages was an introduction, and the rest were blank. Nothing was on them until the reader said what they wanted to look up. Then the pages magically displayed the related text.

title: User:EdBoy002/Origination/Chapter 2


text:
A-level Mathematics/OCR/C3/More Trigonometric Functions and Identities

The Inverse Trigonometric Functions
You can find the angle that corresponds to a value using the inverse trigonometric functions usually listed as $$\cos ^{-1}, \sin ^{-1}, \tan ^{-1}$$ on your calculator. The inverse trigonometric functions have a limited range because the trigonometric functions have a limited output. The function arcsine has a range of -π/2 rad = y = π/2 rad, arccosine has a range of 0 rad = y = π rad, and arctangent has a range of -π/2 rad < y < π/2 rad. Below are the graphs of the inverse trigonometric functions. Note, the arctangent function has asymptotes at y = -π/2 rad and y = π/2 rad.

Example
What cosine value produces an output of .9396?

arccosine(.9396) = .3490 rad.

What Sine value corresponds to the output .9510 and is between π and π/2.

arcsine(.9510) = 1.2566

π rad - 1.2566 rad = 1.8850 rad

The Reciprocal Trigonometric Function
A reciprocal of a function is 1/function, so when you multiply the reciprocal by the function your resultant is one. Since you can never have a zero in the denominator, the reciprocal function will approach asymptotes at the point when the function is zero. These are the blue lines below. Another relationship to remember is the smaller the value of the original function the larger the reciprocal function value will be.

The Trigonometric Identities
There are a number of useful identities for us to solve the problems of trigonometry. These useful identities are derived from some simple identities by different calculation. The followings are the identities required in the C3 syllabus.

Pythagoras Identities
In Core three two additional Pythagorean identities are introduced for the three reciprocal functions. This allows us to solve a problem involving the secant, cosecant, or cotangent functions. They are both derivation from the Pythagoras identity in Core 2 if we divide it by $$\sin^2$$ or $$\cos^2$$. The two identities are:

$$ \sec^2(x) = 1 + \tan^2(x)\;$$

$$ \operatorname{cosec}^2(x) = 1 + \cot^2(x)\;$$

Example for Secant Identity
Solve for x in radians: $$2\tan^2\left(x\right) + 2\sec^2\left(x\right) - \sec\left(x\right)=12$$

Replace $$\tan^2$$ using the Pythagoras Identity.

$$2\left(\sec^2\left(x\right) -1\right) + 2\sec^2\left(x\right) - \sec\left(x\right)=12$$

Expand and bring all variables to one side

$$4\sec^2\left(x\right) - \sec\left(x\right) - 14 = 0$$

Factor

$$\left(4\sec\left(x\right) + 7\right)\left(\sec\left(x\right) -2 \right)=0$$

Solve for sec(x).

$$\sec\left(x\right) = \frac{-7}{4}\ or\ 2$$

Solve for x

$$\arccos\frac{1}{2} = \frac{\pi}{3}rad$$

$$\arccos\frac{-4}{7} = 2.179rad$$

Example for Cosecant Identity
Solve for cotangent of x $$\operatorname{cosec}^2\left(x\right) + 5\cot\left(x\right) + 5 = 0$$

Replace Cosecant with the identity.

$$\left(\cot^2\left(x\right) + 1\right) + 5\cot\left(x\right) + 5 = 0$$

Expand

$$\cot^2\left(x\right) + 5\cot\left(x\right) + 6 = 0$$

Factor

$$\left(\cot\left(x\right) + 3\right)\left(\cot\left(x\right) + 2\right)=0$$

Solve for cot(x)

$$\cot\left(x\right) = -3\ or\ -2$$

Addition and Subtraction of Compound Angles
Compound Angle formulas are very useful in a variety of circumstances, they can deduce the exact values of the angles 15° and 75° and they can also be used to find values of compound angles when one angle is unknown. These formula are very important later on in A-level Mathematics. The formulae that you need to know are:
 * $$\sin(A \pm B) = \sin(A) \cos(B) \pm \cos(A) \sin(B)\,$$
 * $$\cos(A \pm B) = \cos(A) \cos(B) \mp \sin(A) \sin(B)\,$$
 * $$\tan(A \pm B) = \frac{\tan(A) \pm \tan(B)}{1 \mp \tan(A)\tan(B)}$$

Note: The sign $$\mp$$ means that if you add the angles (A+B) then you subtract in the identity and vice versa. It is present in the cosine identity and the denominator of the tangent identity.

Example One: The value of cos(15°)
Find the exact value of cos(15°):

We can break up cos(15°) into a compound angle:

cos(15°) = cos(45°-30°)

Now using the identity:

$$\cos(45^\circ-30^\circ) = \cos(45^\circ)\cos(30^\circ)+\sin(45^\circ)\sin(30^\circ)$$

Since we learned these values in core 2 we get

$$\cos\left(15\right) =\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\frac{1}{2}$$

$$\cos\left(15\right) =\frac{\sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}}{4}$$

Example Two: The value of sin(A+B)
Find the value of sin(A+B) when $$\sin\left(A\right) = \frac{1}{2}$$ and $$\cos\left(B\right) = \frac{3}{8}$$

Imagine you have two triangles and use Pythagoras formula to find the remaining side.

$$1^2 + x^2 = 2^2\,$$ $$x = \sqrt{3}$$

$$3^2 + x^2 = 8^2\,$$ $$x = \sqrt{55}$$

We can now write out the other two values.

$$\cos\left(A\right) = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$$

$$\sin\left(B\right) = \frac{\sqrt{55}}{8}$$

Now we can solve using the identity

$$\sin\left(A + B\right) = \frac{1}{2}\times\frac{3}{8}+\frac{\sqrt{55}}{8}\times\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$$

$$\sin\left(A + B\right) = \frac{3+\sqrt{165}}{16}$$

Double-Angle Formulae
The double angle formulae are obtained from the compound angle formulae when b = a. The double angle formulae for cosine is a good reminder that when you have cos(a+b) you subtract in the identity or else you would get that cos(2a) = 1, also there are three identities that you need to know.
 * $$\sin(2x) = 2 \sin (x) \cos(x)\,$$
 * $$\cos(2x) = \cos^2(x) - \sin^2(x) = 2 \cos^2(x) - 1 = 1 - 2 \sin^2(x)\,$$
 * $$ \tan(2x) = \frac{2 \tan (x)} {1 - \tan^2(x)}$$

Example
What is the value of cos(2x) when sin(x) = .92? Find the angle that corresponds to 2x express your answer in radians.

Using the identity for cosine we get:

$$\cos(2x) = 1 - 2 \sin^2(x) = 1 - 2\times.92^2 = 1 - 1.6928 = -.6928\,$$

Using arccosine we get that:

$$\arccos(-.6928)\approx 2.33616 rad$$

Linear Combinations of Trigonometric Functions
Linear combination are very important in analysing waves, using radians we can determine that r is the amplitude of the wave and α is the phase of the wave. If you are ever asked for α give the answer in the approximate numerical answer. The formulae for linear combination of trigonometric functions are:

$$r = \sqrt{a^2+b^2}$$

 * $$a\sin x+b\cos x=r\cdot\sin(x+\alpha)\,$$

where
 * $$\alpha = \arcsin\frac{b}{r}$$

$$a\sin x+b\cos x=r\cdot\cos(x-\alpha)\,$$

where
 * $$\alpha = \arccos\frac{b}{r}$$

Example
Express the function $$4\sin(x) - 5 \cos(x)$$ in terms of cos(x). Solve for x in the range 0° < x <360°, when $$4\sin(x) - 5 \cos(x) = 3$$

. Extract R from the equation:

$$R= \sqrt{-5^2 + 4^2} = \sqrt{41}$$

$$\sqrt{41}\left(\sin(x)\times\frac{4}{\sqrt{41}} + \cos(x)\times\frac{-5}{\sqrt{41}}\right)$$

Solve for α

$$\arccos\left(\frac{-5}{\sqrt{41}}\right) \approx 141.34^\circ$$

Express the function in terms of cos(x)

$$\sqrt{41}\cdot\cos(x - 141.34^\circ)$$

Now we need to solve for x when it is equal to 3:

$$\sqrt{41}\cdot\cos(x - 141.34^\circ) = 3$$

$$\cos(x - 141.34^\circ) = \frac{3}{\sqrt{41}}$$

$$\arccos\left(\cos(x - 141.34^\circ)\right) = \arccos\left(\frac{3}{\sqrt{41}}\right)$$

$$x - 141.34^\circ = -62.06^\circ, 62.06^\circ, 297.94^\circ$$

$$x = 79.28^\circ, 203.4^\circ, 439.34^\circ$$

In the range 0° < x <360° we get

$$x = 79.28^\circ, 203.4^\circ$$


text:
Dichterliebe

A collection of information to aid in the interpretation and appreciation of Schumann's song cycle.

 * Robert Schumann
 * Heinrich Heine
 * 1) Im wunderschönen Monat Mai (In the wonderful month of May)
 * 2) Aus meinen Tränen sprießen (From my tears there spring)
 * 3) Die Rose, die Lilie, die Taube, die Sonne (The rose, the lily, the dove, the sun)
 * 4) Wenn ich in deine Augen seh (When I gaze into your eyes)
 * 5) Ich will meine Seele tauchen (I long to sink my soul)
 * 6) Im Rhein, im heiligen Strome (In the Rhine, the holy river)
 * 7) Ich grolle nicht (I do not complain)
 * 8) Und wüßten's die Blumen, die kleinen (If only the flowers could know)
 * 9) Das ist ein Flöten und Geigen (There is fluting and fiddling)
 * 10) Hör' ich das Liedchen klingen (When I hear the sound of the song)
 * 11) Ein Jüngling liebt ein Mädchen (A lad loves a girl)
 * 12) Am leuchtenden Sommermorgen (On a gleaming summer morning)
 * 13) Ich hab' im Traum geweinet (I wept in my dreams)
 * 14) Allnächtlich im Traume seh' ich dich (All night in my dreams I see you)
 * 15) Aus alten Märchen winkt es (From old tales someone waves)
 * 16) Die alten, bösen Lieder (The old and evil songs)
 * Discography

title: Dichterliebe


text:
Speech-Language Pathology/Aphasia

Some of the speech impairments are stutter, cuttering, lisp, expressive language disorder, speech articulation, cleft lip or plalate. These speech impairments are mostly caused by brain injuring, physical defects, mental retardation, hearing loss and drug abuse.

title: Speech-Language Pathology/Aphasia


text: Dichterliebe/Im wunderschönen Monat Mai

title: Dichterliebe/Im wunderschönen Monat Mai


text:
Talk:XForms/Horizontal File Tab Menu

Ideally we would like to use a system that did not rely on colors and would change the unselected tabs to be a different style.

The :target pseudo tag is a good candidate.

Here is a sample:  CSS: a tabbed interface  @namespace xf url("http://www.w3.org/2002/xforms");

div.horiz-tabs-menu { min-height: 7em;		/* No height: can grow if :target doesn't work */ position: relative;		/* Establish a containing block */ line-height: 1;		/* Easier to calculate with */ z-index: 0; }			/* So that we can put other things behind */ div.horiz-tabs-menu div { display: inline; }		/* We want the buttons all on one line */

/* style the tabs */ div.horiz-tabs-menu div a { color: black;			/* Looks more like a button than a link */ background: #CCC;		/* Active tabs are light gray */ font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; padding: 0.2em;		/* Some breathing space */ border: 0.1em outset #BBB;	/* Make it look like a button */ -moz-border-radius: .5em .5em 0em 0em; border-bottom: 0.1em solid #CCC; } /* Visually connect tab and tab body */

div.horiz-tabs-menu2 xf|trigger { color: black;			/* Looks more like a button than a link */ background: yellow;		/* Active tabs are light gray */ border: 0.1em outset #BBB;	/* Make it look like a button */ border-bottom: 0.1em solid #CCC; font-weight: bold; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 5px; padding: 0.2em; /* the following only works under FireFox */ -moz-border-radius: .5em .5em 0em 0em; }

div.horiz-tabs-menu div:not(:target) a { border-bottom: none;		/* Make the bottom border disappear */ background: #999; }		/* Inactive tabs are dark gray */ div.horiz-tabs-menu2 xf|trigger:not(:target) { border-bottom: none;		/* Make the bottom border disappear */ background: #999; }		/* Inactive tabs are dark gray */

div.horiz-tabs-menu div:target  a,	/* Apply to the targeted item or... */
 * target #default2 a {		/* ... to the default item */

border-bottom: 0.1em solid #CCC; /* Visually connect tab and tab body */ background: #CCC; }		/* Active tab is light gray */ /* Apply to the targeted item or... */ div.horiz-tabs-menu2 xf|trigger:target, selected  {		/* ... to the default item */ border-bottom: 0.1em solid #CCC; /* Visually connect tab and tab body */ background: red; }		/* Active tab is light gray */ div.horiz-tabs-menu div:not(:target) a { border-bottom: none;		/* Make the bottom border disappear */ background: #999; }		/* Inactive tabs are dark gray */ div.horiz-tabs-menu3 xf|trigger:not(:target) { border-bottom: none;		/* Make the bottom border disappear */ background: #999; }		/* Inactive tabs are dark gray */

/* Style the content to be swapped in */ div.horiz-tabs-menu div  div { background: #CCC;		/* Light gray */ z-index: -2;			/* Behind, because the borders overlap */ left: 0; top: 1.3em;		/* The top needs some calculation... */	bottom: 0; right: 0;		/* Other sides flush with containing block */ overflow: auto;		/* Scroll bar if needed */ padding: 0.3em;		/* Looks better */ border: 0.1em outset #BBB; /* 3D look */ }	xf|switch xf|case { background: #CCC;		/* Light gray */ top: 1.3em;		/* The top needs some calculation... */ padding: 0.3em;		/* Looks better */ border: 0.1em outset #BBB; /* 3D look */ }	/* 3D look */ div.horiz-tabs-menu div:not(:target) div { /* Protect CSS1 CSS2 browsers */ position: absolute; }		/* All these DIVs overlap */ div.horiz-tabs-menu div:target  div, :target #default2   div { position: absolute;		/* All these DIVs overlap */ z-index: -1; }			/* Raise it above the others */

Tab 1 One might well argue, that... 				Tab 2 ... 30 lines of CSS is rather a lot, and... 				Tab 3 ... that 2 should have been enough, but... 				Default ... it works!  Tab 1    <xf:label>Tab 2</xf:label> <xf:toggle case="case-2" ev:event="DOMActivate"/> </xf:trigger> <xf:trigger appearance="minimal"> <xf:label>Tab 3</xf:label> <xf:toggle case="case-3" ev:event="DOMActivate"/> </xf:trigger> <xf:switch> <xf:case id="case-1" selected="true"> menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content menu 1 content </xf:case> <xf:case id="case-2"> menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content menu 2 content </xf:case> <xf:case id="case-3"> menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content menu 3 content </xf:case> </xf:switch>

errors in linked example
The linked example has three errors:

(The first case is by default selected, so this case be omitted, or moved to another case.)
 * element style should be in head, not a peer to it.
 * element style is missing attribute type="text/css"
 * element case attribute selected is a true|false enumeration, not an XPath expression and so should be selected="true"

LeighKlotz (talk) 16:46, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:XForms/Horizontal File Tab Menu


text:
Rotorcraft Fundamentals

Rotorcraft Fundamentals is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for their private, commercial, or flight instructor pilot certificates with a helicopter or gyroplane class rating. Certificated flight instructors may find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aerodynamics, flight controls, systems, performance, flight maneuvers, emergencies, and aeronautical decision making is included.

Table of Chapters

 * 1) /Introduction to the Helicopter/
 * 2) /General Aerodynamics/
 * 3) /Aerodynamics of Flight/
 * 4) /Helicopter Flight Controls/
 * 5) /Helicopter Systems/
 * 6) /Helicopter Flight Manual/
 * 7) /Weight and Balance/
 * 8) /Performance/
 * 9) /Basic Flight Maneuvers/
 * 10) /Advanced Flight Maneuvers/
 * 11) /Helicopter Emergencies/
 * 12) /Attitude Instrument Flying/
 * 13) /Night Operations/
 * 14) /Aeronautical Decision Making/
 * 15) /Introduction to the Gyroplane/
 * 16) /Aerodynamics of the Gyroplane/
 * 17) /Gyroplane Flight Controls/
 * 18) /Gyroplane Systems/
 * 19) /Gyroplane Flight Manual/
 * 20) /Flight Operations/
 * 21) /Gyroplane Emergencies/
 * /Glossary/
 * /Index/

Contributors
HaugenHaus A large portion of my contribution was to adapt the print version of [FAA: Rotorcraft] to use as a wikibook.

title: Rotorcraft Fundamentals


text:
Biological Psychology/Psychological Disorders

Psychological disorders is a different state of the mind. A state in which oneself would not be recognizing the unveiled thoughts within. The reason may be as simple as a matter of personal stress or as acute as delerium. Whatever may be the reason, 80 - 90% of these disorders can be cured. But, cure does not come easy with medicines alone. The most important thing is to understand the needs of the patient. An interactive councelling session had been found useful in many of the cases. We would recommend a periodic checkup of the status of the patient. The more love, care and personal interests you put in the better the results will be.


text:
XForms/Horizontal File Tab Menu Highlighted

Motivation
Complex web forms frequently break tasks up into multiple views that can be navigated by the user. These views are access by a set of "file tabs" at the top of a screen. But the user needs feedback on which tab is the current tab and we would like to do this without resorting to complex JavaScript.

Approach: Use the CSS-3  pseudo element
This example uses the CSS-3 :target pseudo element to highlight the selected tab. This tag is associated with the part of a web page that is specified by the label. For example you can append a label to a URL like the following:

Note: This works only in CSS-3 and will not work under IE-6.

Note that this example is very similar to the prior example but it uses a HTML anchor instead of a trigger.

Discussion
The selected file-tab should highlight in a light gray. The other menus should be in a dark gray and appear to be more in the background. The content associated with each tab should be visible.

Note that if you want the first tab to highlight on page load, you must use the #tab1 in the URL.

Possible areas for improvement
Although this "hack" works and it does get rid of some commonly occurring JavaScript, it is still lacking in several ways.

 * 1) You can only have a single selected tab on a page.
 * 2) There is no way to highlight the initial tab without adding the label in the URL
 * 3) The label gets stuck in the URL and makes things like bookmarking problematic

Ideally XForms would include a  pseudo element that would allow you to apply a different style to a selected item within a group. Perhaps someone will do this as a custom control to FireFox.

I should also note I have tried to add a class to the tab1 div called "selected" and added it to the CSS to select it initially, but then it does not unselect when I select a different tab. I can't find an easy way to dynamically add or remove a class to an element in the body of an XForm. There does not appear to be a  command. Perhaps that will be added to future version of the XForms specification.

Other Examples
The following example shows how tab elements can be stored within a model: Kurt Cagle Tab Example


text:
C Sharp Programming/Keywords/typeof

The keyword returns an instance of the  class when passed a name of a class. It is similar to the keyword in that it returns a value instead of starting a section (block) of code (see, , ).

An example:

The output will be: System.Int32

It should be noted that unlike, only class names themselves and not variables can be passed to as shown here:

 System;

MyNamespace {     MyClass2 {          Main([] args) {            char ch; // This line will cause compilation to fail Type t = typeof(ch); Console.Out.WriteLine(t.ToString); Console.In.Read; }    } }

Sometimes, classes will include their own method that will be similar, if not identical, to.

/Keywords

title: C Sharp Programming/Keywords/typeof


text:
Talk:Movie Making Manual/Storyboarding

Free version of Maya
It says that the free version of Maya is hard to find. However, the free version (Personal Learning Edition) available from the publisher's website, I believe (http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/index?siteID=123112&id=7639525).

I've now added the link to the article.

Limitations of DAZ and Poser
Maya, 3DS Max, Blender, Lightwave etc. all can import DAZ and Poser models often times in their entirety or close to it. Sometimes they require a plugin, however DAZ can export as Collada format. Neither DAZ nor Poser have good camera controls, nor do they allow cinemagraphic camera views nor can you constrain the camera to only realistic locations and movements as can be done in real 3d software. In short, I feel that the author is making a questionable recommendation.... ~ (LetterRip)

 * Please clarify
 * At one time, importing Poser figures into Maya, 3DS Max, and Lightwave was incomplete and awkward. If there are now IMPORT functions built into Maya, Lightwave, 3DS Max or Blender, please show a picture of the import.  Be sure to clarify exactly which features of the models are imported or if only the 3D shape and not the skeleton, facial controls, etc. are imported.  If this requires plug-ing, please list the required plug-ins.

 * It would be great news if what you say is true but no where on the websites for these programs do they list ANY import function for Poser figures. Robert Elliott 16:05, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Importing vs. Opening
Maya, 3DS Max, Blender, Lightwave etc. cannot open DAZ and Poser models. Maya, 3DS Max, Blender, Lightwave etc. do not recognize these model formats. From what I have seen, the importing process is not a full import and the procedure is awkward. The plug-ins are third party and not supported by Maya, 3DS Max, Blender, Lightwave. There seems to be no interest at Maya, 3DS Max, Blender, Lightwave etc. to fully integrate the wonderful models for DAZ Studio and Poser. I wish they would!!!! But so far, the only fully functioning solution is using DAZ Studio and Poser. And yes, neither has good camera controls and the animation features of Poser 6 is extremely poor. Robert Elliott

title: Talk:Movie Making Manual/Storyboarding


text:
Category talk:Wikibooks draft policies and guidelines

Proposal for the 43rd week of 2006
For next week (23rd to 29th of October) I suggest we do one of the "first generation" ones from the old proposed policy category that are still in the proposed stage: I'm fine with either, but wouldn't mind looking at the Image use policy as I'd like to have a look at licenses. --Swift 22:23, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Annotated texts instructional materials that are source texts with additional content added
 * 2) Image use policy mostly about image format and wikicode

Proposal for the 42nd week of 2006
There was a bit of a misunderstanding last week with Categories and Profanity+No offensive usernames both being nominated. For this week, I suggest: --Swift 06:53, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Given that the latter pair is pretty much ready, but some crazy nutter deceided to add comments so late (again, I'm sorry  ) we give it a few more days for consensus to be reached.
 * 2) Put Categories formally in the spotlight for this week ending on the 22nd.
 * 3) Do some house-cleaning and put No offensive usernames and No personal attacks up for rejection as they are now covered by Be civil.

 * I completely forgot to make a PotW last night, and I had planned on doing it. Oh well, so long as people are still remembering to work on old policy proposals, i'm fine with it. I have a few comments about your proposal:
 * No offensive usernames should be rejected, all the important content of that has since been merged into Profanity.
 * Profanity should be enforced. I would like to move to make it so this week.
 * No personal attacks can probably be rejected, because most of the material is already covered by Be civil, and Profanity.
 * Categories is still a draft, and I don't think it is ready for a decision one way or the other quite yet. The idea behind my PotW nominations has been to clear out old proposals, and make final decisions on those proposals. I don't think we should use it as a tool for shot-gunning through new proposals until the community has had plenty of time to read them over.
 * Thanks for keeping the spotlight on our policy proposals. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 15:02, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, going back through the records, I see that No personal attacks was in the process of being moved to policy, but people seem to have lost interest in the process. I have started a new movement to enforce that policy, because it seems like we should have done it in the past. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 15:14, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see much left to do with Profanity but given that we've all been on the last moment choosing new ones, perhaps a quiet week to get back on track is a good idea.
 * Good point about the young age of Categories. I guess there is no rush. --Swift 22:04, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I'm just going to be bold and update this to this week's PotW. --Swift 04:54, 17 October 2006 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook:Makki di Roti (Indian Cornmeal Flatbread)

| Cuisine of India | Cuisine of Pakistan

Roti, in general, refers to an Indian flatbread cooked on an iron griddle (tava). Makki di roti (lit. "roti made from corn") refers to a special roti where cornmeal is used instead of the usual wheat flour. It is a famous delicacy from the north-Indian state of Punjab, and is cooked in the winters and served with saron da saag (cooked mustard leaves) and lassi. Makki roti is yellow when cooked and has less adhesive strength, which makes it difficult to handle. It is more difficult to cook than ordinary wheat roti.

Ingredients

 * 1 handful cornmeal
 * 1 spoonful unsalted butter, softened
 * 1 cupful lukewarm water

Equipment

 * Flat iron griddle (tahva), preheated
 * Flat board (chakla)
 * Wide, flat mixing tray (praat)
 * Cooking fire on which the tahva will be heated

Procedure

 * 1) Heap the cornmeal in a praat (a wide flat mixing tray) so it forms a hill. Make a well, and pour in a small quantity of the lukewarm water.
 * 2) Start to mix the cornmeal and water into a dough. The dough should remain moist but not become sticky. Add water in small quantities to retain a moist feel. The final dough should not be sticky (sprinkle some extra cornmeal if needed to help soak up excess moisture).
 * 3) Add the soft butter (makhan) at the end and give it a final kneading.
 * 4) Take a small hand-sized portion of the dough from the mixing tray and roll it into a small ball (ladu) between the two hands. Gradually start to flatten the ball between the palms of the two hands (wet the hands and fingers to help the dough to stretch). At the same time rotate the flattening dough so that the thinning of the roti is even. It may start to crack at the edges. Repair any cracks by pressing them at the rims. Wetting the fingers and the palm of the hand will help to spread and give the roti a circular shape. Aim for an evenly thinned roti.
 * 5) When the roti is about the size of a small plate (or a little larger then a spread-out hand) place it on the preheated tahva. Leave the roti to take in the heat (it takes a while for roti to get cooked). Some areas of the roti will change in colour as the water evaporates. Soon after, the roti will be able to be moved on the tahva. With a dry cloth, press the areas of the roti that look moist.
 * 6) It is a matter of judgement when the roti can be turned over and heated on the other side. When the roti have been well cooked they should not have any moist looking areas. Some areas will have burned slightly but this is normal.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The roti can be heated on open flames of the cooker or on a tava. This process of placing roti on open flames is called radhna. It takes time to get the thick roti to be well cooked.
 * The cooked roti is smeared with some clarified butter (ghee). This is called chopardna. The roti is then put into a serving dish. Traditionally, the roti is served as it gets prepared and is eaten fresh. On occasions when it has to be stored before serving it is placed in a dry tray called chahba.


text:
User talk:Cwmccabe~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck!Mirtone 10:45, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cwmccabe. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cwmccabe~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:07, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:50, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cwmccabe~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Indonesian/Lessons/Learning Indonesian

Untitled
why does french language included in this Indonesian language lessons on ENglish wikibooks? Benny Lin


text:
Cookbook:Afghan Bread

| Cuisine of Afghanistan

Afghan bread or Nan-i-Afghani is the national bread of Afghanistan. It is a flatbread and can be oval or rectangular. It is baked in a tandoor, the primary cooking equipment of the sub-continent region. The Afghan tandoor sits above ground and is round and made of bricks, which are heated to cook the bread. Afghan bread, also known as "nan breads", are shaped, then stuck onto the sides of the oven to bake. Often black cumin seeds or caraway seeds are sprinkled on Afghan bread for decoration as much as taste, and lines are made in the dough lengthwise to add texture to the bread. Afghan bread is similar to pita or Lebanese bread.

Afghan bread is commonly stocked at Middle Eastern grocery stores in western countries. In Afghanistan the baker still cooks the bread the traditional way by spreading the dough around the tandoor, whereby it gets puffy quickly and starts to colour and emit a fresh bread smell that draws the early morning throngs of people. The baker then uses two long iron tongs to pull the bread from the tandoor wall. It is carried in cloth bags by Afghans, unlike western breads packaged in plastic.

Afghans serve bread with most meals; it is used as an equivalent to a fork to envelop foods and soak up liquids on the plate. Generally the bread is torn into shreds and used to pinch the foods, similar to a sandwich. The bread acts as both fork and spoon, as Afghan often use their hands to eat. The bread has no firm crust and tastes similar to Indian naan bread. It has a dense and rich taste.

Procedure

 * 1) Mix ½ cup water, yeast, and sugar. Let it sit for 10 minutes until foamy.
 * 2) Place flour in a mixing bowl and sprinkle in the salt. Make a well, then add oil and yeast mixture. Stir in add small amounts of the remaining water until it forms a soft dough that can be moulded. Knead for 5 mins. Cover with paper and let rise for 1½ hours.
 * 3) Mix together the egg yolk and 1 tablespoon of water to make egg wash. Set aside.
 * 4) Divide dough into eight parts and roll each into a ball. Roll each bread into an oval shape 20 cm long and 5 cm thick.
 * 5) Make lines in top of dough. Brush on egg wash, and sprinkle with black cumin seeds.
 * 6) Bake in a preheated 350°F (175°C) oven for 25 mins. Total cooking time is around 2½ hours.

title: Cookbook:Afghan Bread


text:
Cookbook:Raspberry Filled Pastry Strips (Alexandertorte)

| Pastry | Europe

Alexandertorte or Aleksander torte is a layered pastry filled with fruit preserves.

Ingredients

 * ½ lb (225 g) unsalted butter, chilled and cut into small pieces
 * 3½ cups (840 ml) flour
 * 3 tbsp (45 ml) white granulated sugar
 * 1 egg
 * 1½ cups (360 ml / 12 oz) raspberry preserves
 * 2 tbsp (30 ml) butter, softened
 * 2 cups (480 ml) confectioner's sugar
 * ¼ cup (120 ml) cold water
 * 2 tsp (10 ml) lemon juice

Procedure

 * 1) In a large mixing bowl, combine the chilled butter, 3 cups of the flour, and the sugar. With your fingertips, rub until the mixture resembles flakes of coarse meal. Beat in the egg and continue to mix until the pastry is smooth. Shape it into a ball, wrap it in wax paper, and refrigerate 1 hour, or until the dough is firm.
 * 2) With the back of a spoon, rub the preserves through a fine sieve set over a 1-quart saucepan, then cook over moderate heat, stirring constantly, for 3–5 minutes, or until they thicken into a thin purée. Set aside off the heat.
 * 3) Preheat the oven to 250°F (120°C).
 * 4) Cut the chilled pastry in half and shape each half into a rectangle. One half at a time, roll the pastry between two sheets of lightly floured wax paper into a rectangle approximately 10 inches wide and 15 inches long.
 * 5) With a pastry brush, coat each of 2 cookie sheets with 1 tablespoon of butter and sprinkle them with flour, tipping the sheets from side to side to coat them evenly. Then invert the sheets and tap them against a hard surface to dislodge any excess flour.
 * 6) Peel off the top sheets of wax paper and use the bottom ones to lift the 2 rectangles of pastry onto the 2 cookie sheets. Peel off the remaining sheets of wax paper.
 * 7) Bake 40 minutes, or until the pastry begins to turn a pale gold. Watch carefully for any sign of burning and regulate the heat accordingly. Let cool.
 * 8) With a metal spatula, spread the raspberry purée evenly over one sheet of the pastry, covering it completely and smoothly. Slide the second sheet of pastry gently onto the first.
 * 9) With a spoon, stir the confectioner's sugar, water and lemon juice together in a large mixing bowl to form a thin icing. Spread the icing over the top layer of pastry with the spatula, and set the cake aside to cool to room temperature.
 * 10) With a small, sharp knife or pastry wheel, slice the Aleksander Torte into strips 1 inch wide and 2 inches long, cutting the ends on the diagonal.


text:
Cookbook:North Indian Fermented Bread (Batooru)

| Flatbread | Cuisine of India

Batooru is a North Indian fermented bread similar to bhatoora, but is mostly popular in traditional Himachali cuisine. This bread requires overnight preparation.

Ingredients

 * Wheat flour
 * 1 tsp salt
 * 2 tsp ghee
 * Water

Procedure

 * 1) Mix wheat flour and salt together. Add ghee and mix well so that there are no lumps and the ghee is evenly absorbed.
 * 2) Add water in small amounts and knead well until the dough becomes soft and pliable.
 * 3) When the dough is ready, form the dough into balls and roll them flat. Keep it slightly thick, unlike a bhatoora which is rolled to be very thin. Place the rolled batooru on a clean cloth and cover them with another moist cloth. Leave them covered overnight.
 * 4) The next morning, take the batooru out from cloth and shallow fry them like a parantha.
 * 5) Serve them hot, especially with with sabzi (spicy cooked vegetables), lassi, and mango pickles.


text:
Cookbook:Fried Wheat Bread Balls (Bhatoora)

| Flatbread | Indian cuisine | Pakistani cuisine

Bhatoora is a light and airy Indian fried bread, and it is generally eaten with a chickpea curry or cholle.

Ingredients

 * 5 cups (650 g / 1.4 lb) wheat flour
 * 1 tsp salt
 * ½ tsp active dry yeast OR 1 tsp baking soda
 * 2 tsp ghee
 * 2 tsp sugar
 * 1 cup (275 g / 9.7 oz) yoghurt

Procedure

 * 1) Sift together the flour and salt.
 * 2) Mix the yeast with ½ cup lukewarm water, and keep aside for 10 minutes.
 * 3) Mix the ghee and sugar with the flour. Add the yoghurt and dissolved yeast or the baking soda. A little more lukewarm water may be added if necessary. Knead well until the dough becomes soft and pliable. Use a little oil to knead well.
 * 4) Cover it with a wet cloth and keep aside for 4 hours.
 * 5) Heat the ghee in a frying pan.
 * 6) Make the dough into small balls. Roll the balls out very thin.
 * 7) Deep fry the dough in hot ghee until golden brown. The dough should puff up a lot and develop a large airy pocket inside.
 * 8) Remove from the oil, and serve hot with channa or choley (chickpea curry).


text:
Cookbook:Bizcochito (Cinnamon Anise Cookies) I

A bizcochito or biscochito is a crispy cookie flavored with anise and cinnamon. It was developed by Hispanic residents of New Mexico and southern Colorado who trace their ancestry back to the first Spanish colonists. The recipe for making the cookie has been influenced not only by local and indigenous customs, but also by cookie recipes brought to New Mexico with immigrants from other countries. It is served at special celebrations such as wedding receptions, baptisms and religious holidays, especially Christmas. It is usually eaten with morning coffee or milk, and after lunch and dinner when it is served as a dessert. The cookie is little known outside the Southwest.

There is no "official" recipe for making bizcochitos. Each region, and often each family, has its own distinct recipe for baking the cookies, including some that add wine or whiskey. This recipe is from southern New Mexico.

Ingredients

 * 1 pound (500 g) pure lard
 * 1½ cups (150 g) white granulated sugar
 * 2 tsp (20 g) anise seed (crushed)
 * 2 eggs, beaten
 * 3 ⅓ cups (400 g) flour
 * 3 tsp (30 g) baking powder
 * 1 tsp (10 g) salt
 * Cinnamon sugar for topping

Procedure

 * 1) Cream the lard, sugar, and anise in a large mixing bowl. Add eggs and beat well.
 * 2) Combine flour, baking powder, and salt in a large mixing bowl.
 * 3) Alternately add flour to creamed mixture until a stiff dough has formed.
 * 4) Knead dough slightly. Pat ¼–½ inch (0.5–1 cm) thick or roll to a ¼–½ inch (0.5–1 cm) diameter log.
 * 5) Cut into desired shapes.
 * 6) Bake in an oven preheated to 350°F (180°C) for 10–12 minutes or until golden brown.
 * 7) Dust, while still hot, with cinnamon sugar.
 * 8) Let cool.


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Cookbook:Bonda (South Indian Vegetable Fritter)

| Cuisine of India

Bonda is a typical South Indian snack. The process of making Bonda involves deep frying a filling of potato (or other vegetables) dipped in gram flour batter.

Filling

 * 2 medium-sized potatoes
 * 1 medium-sized onions
 * 3–4 medium-sized green chiles
 * 2 tbsp, finely-chopped coriander leaves
 * 1 tsp finely-chopped ginger
 * 1 tsp finely-chopped Garlic
 * Salt to taste

Batter

 * 4 portions gram flour (besan)
 * 1 portion rice flour
 * ½ tsp baking soda
 * Salt to taste
 * Water or beer

Other

 * Oil for frying

Filling

 * 1) Boil potatoes, remove skin, and mash coarsely.
 * 2) Heat 2 tbsp of oil in a pan. When the oil is hot, throw in green chilies and fry for a few seconds.
 * 3) Add onions and fry until browned.
 * 4) Add ginger and garlic and fry for a minute.
 * 5) Add the chopped coriander leaves and mashed potatoes and fold well.
 * 6) Allow it to cool and shape into small golf ball-sized balls.

Batter

 * 1) Mix the gram flour and the rice flour with baking soda. Add salt to taste.
 * 2) Add enough water or beer to make a smooth batter. The batter consistency should be slightly thicker than ketchup.

Assembly

 * 1) Once the batter and filling are ready, heat some oil in a deep pan. The oil should be at least 1½ inch (4 cm) deep for deep-frying.
 * 2) Dip the filling balls in the batter, making sure they are completely coated, and drop into the hot oil. Don't overcrowd the pan.
 * 3) Fry the bonda until golden, then remove from the oil.
 * 4) Serve with ketchup or chutney.


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Rotorcraft Fundamentals/Introduction to the Helicopter

Helicopters come in many sizes and shapes, but most share the same major components. These components include a cabin where the payload and crew are carried; an airframe, which houses the various components, or where components are attached; a powerplant or engine; and a transmission, which, among other things, takes the power from the engine and transmits it to the main rotor, which provides the aerodynamic forces that make the helicopter fly. Then, to keep the helicopter from turning due to torque, there must be some type of antitorque system. Finally there is the landing gear, which could be skids, wheels, skis, or floats. This chapter is an introduction to these components. [Figure 1-1]

The Main Rotor System
The rotor system found on helicopters can consist of a single main rotor or dual rotors. With most dual rotors, the rotors turn in opposite directions so the torque from one rotor is opposed by the torque of the other. This cancels the turning tendencies. [Figure 1-2]

In general, a rotor system can be classified as either fully articulated, semirigid, or rigid. There are variations and combinations of these systems, which will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5—Helicopter Systems.

Fully Articulated Rotor System
A fully articulated rotor system usually consists of three or more rotor blades. The blades are allowed to flap, feather, and lead or lag independently of each other. Each rotor blade is attached to the rotor hub by a horizontal hinge, called the flapping hinge, which permits the blades to flap up and down. Each blade can move up and down independently of the others. The flapping hinge may be located at varying distances from the rotor hub, and there may be more than one. The position is chosen by each manufacturer, primarily with regard to stability and control. Each rotor blade is also attached to the hub by a vertical hinge, called a drag or lag hinge, that permits each blade, independently of the others, to move back and forth in the plane of the rotor disc. Dampers are normally incorporated in the design of this type of rotor system to prevent excessive motion about the drag hinge. The purpose of the drag hinge and dampers is to absorb the acceleration and deceleration of the rotor blades. The blades of a fully articulated rotor can also be feathered, or rotated about their spanwise axis. To put it more simply, feathering means the changing of the pitch angle of the rotor blades.

Semi-Rigid Rotor System
A semirigid rotor system allows for two different movements, flapping and feathering. This system is normally comprised of two blades, which are rigidly attached to the rotor hub. The hub is then attached to the rotor mast by a trunnion bearing or teetering hinge. This allows the blades to see-saw or flap together. As one blade flaps down, the other flaps up. Feathering is accomplished by the feathering hinge, which changes the pitch angle of the blade.

Rigid Rotor System
The rigid rotor system is mechanically simple, but structurally complex because operating loads must be absorbed in bending rather than through hinges. In this system, the blades cannot flap or lead and lag, but they can be feathered.

Tail Rotor
Most helicopters with a single, main rotor system require a separate rotor to overcome torque. This is accomplished through a variable pitch, antitorque rotor or tail rotor. [Figure 1-3]. You will need to vary the thrust of the antitorque system to maintain directional control whenever the main rotor torque changes, or to make heading changes while hovering.

Fenestron
Another form of antitorque rotor is the fenestron or “fan-in-tail” design. This system uses a series of rotating blades shrouded within a vertical tail. Because the blades are located within a circular duct, they are less likely to come into contact with people or objects. [Figure 1-4]

NOTAR®
The NOTAR® system is an alternative to the antitorque rotor. The system uses low-pressure air that is forced into the tailboom by a fan mounted within the helicopter. The air is then fed through horizontal slots, located on the right side of the tailboom, and to a controllable rotating nozzle to provide antitorque and directional control. The low-pressure air coming from the horizontal slots, in conjunction with the downwash from the main rotor, creates a phenomenon called “Coanda Effect,” which produces a lifting force on the right side of the tailboom. [Figure 1-5]

Landing Gear
The most common landing gear is a skid type gear, which is suitable for landing on various types of surfaces. Some types of skid gear are equipped with dampers so touchdown shocks or jolts are not transmitted to the main rotor system. Other types absorb the shocks by the bending of the skid attachment arms. Landing skids may be fitted with replaceable heavyduty skid shoes to protect them from excessive wear and tear.

Helicopters can also be equipped with floats for water operations, or skis for landing on snow or soft terrain. Wheels are another type of landing gear. They may be in a tricycle or four point configuration. Normally, the nose or tail gear is free to swivel as the helicopter is taxied on the ground.

Powerplant
A typical small helicopter has a reciprocating engine, which is mounted on the airframe. The engine can be mounted horizontally or vertically with the transmission supplying the power to the vertical main rotor shaft. [Figure 1-6]

Another engine type is the gas turbine. This engine is used in most medium to heavy lift helicopters due to its large horsepower output. The engine drives the main transmission, which then transfers power directly to the main rotor system, as well as the tail rotor.

Flight Controls

When you begin flying a helicopter, you will use four basic flight controls. They are the cyclic pitch control; the collective pitch control; the throttle, which is usually a twist grip control located on the end of the collective lever; and the antitorque pedals. The collective and cyclic controls the pitch of the main rotor blades. The function of these controls will be explained in detail in Chapter 4—Flight Controls. [Figure 1-7]