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Latin/Lesson 1-Imperfect

Imperfect Active Indicative
The imperfect is a construct like: I was seeing. In Latin it would look like this: Videbam.

English has a similar construct called progressive past. Actions seem incomplete, and so the imperfect label. For example, "I was running," "We were sailing," "They were calling." Note that 'to be' is always there. Latin, however, would sometimes use imperfect like simple past; accordingly, "We were sailing" could be translated as "We sailed." Other translations of imperfect can be used to/kept such as "We used to sail/We kept sailing."

Regardless of language, the concept of an imperfect is important. Imperfect is called imperfect for a reason - in Latin, the verb "perficere" means to finish/complete, which is what perfect is from. Thus, imperfect, in the grammatical sense, means not finished - that the action could be or could not be completed. Perfect instead means it has been finished - I saw. You have already seen, and it is now completed. I was seeing implies that the action is not yet completed.

The perfect tense, which we will learn later, is a more immediate reference to the past. The name, imperfect, helps you remember its use: in situations where you can't say when an event started or ended or happened, you must use the imperfect.

In situations where you can know when an event started or ended or happened, use the perfect.

You conjugate the imperfect tense this way: verb + ba + personal ending

The endings for imperfect are:

Note that the only thing we add are ba + the personal endings (the same as in the present tense) to the infinitive stem. This gives us the imperfect conjugation.

Note that in third and fourth conjugations, you will have to form it differently. There is *no* rule to explain this, it just is, although there are memorization techniques that can help.

venire is 4th conjugation and is formed like:

For third conjugation, an example used in some textbooks/study guides is: capere (to capture or seize)

Note that it is easiest to think of what the endings -ere and ire lack. The imperfect -ba + the personal ending, which we can call the imperfect conjugation, must be prefixed by ie.

A few examples:

amabam - I was loving (A-conjugation--1st) monebatis - You were warning [object/personage] (of something negative) (Pl.) (2nd Conjugation) vincebamus - We were defeating (long I-conjugation--3rd conjugation) capiebant - They were catching (short I-conjugation--3rd conjugation) pellebat - She/he/it was propelling (drive something (not a vehicle), propel something) (consonantic conjugation)

(Wiki-reading tips: See discussion. Some of the above may be unclear, however the clarifying '--' and '/' indicate verification. We may not know what the original author intended, but we know what conjugations the examples are.)

title: Latin/Lesson 1-Imperfect


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Latin/Lesson 3-Future

Future I, Active
Future active is a tense which, unsurprisingly, refers to something which has not yet happened. The endings are fairly basic, and follow fairly regular rules - however, the future endings used in 1st and 2nd conjugation differ from the endings of 3rd, 3rd-io (not a typo!), and 4th.

For example - "amo, amare" (1st conjugation) would be

Note the B and the BIs - the distinguishing feature of future tense in Latin.
 * 1st person singular and 3rd person plural use bo and bunt, not bi.

With "venio, venire" (4th conjugation--io), however, the endings are different. In future, this is what they look like:

[deleted paragraphs go here. deleted to maintain rigorous accuracy, which we will go back to striving for.)

To clarify: venire, venio.. we know it is 4th conjugation verb and if we look at its first person singular conjugation, we see that it is an io verb, because the conjugation of the first person singular is "venio". (an io category exists within 3rd and fourth conjugations and is a more general concept which we will briefly introduce here by using venire, venio as an example).

Let's first identify what we know.

We know it is 4th conjugation -io because it ends in ire, which tells us that it is 4th conjugation, and io because its nominative singular ends in io (venio). Because it is io, we leave the i in. So, when we are asked (as all textbooks should phrase these new questions):

1. What are the steps to form the future 2nd person conjugation?

We say:

1. It is better to know more than you need: check the infinitive nominative singular, we now know that it is 4th conjugation io. 2. We now know that we can form the stem: the stem is veni and can then add a personal ending--leaving in the i. We leave in the i because it is io. Because it looks weird, we never leave the i in the future perfect.

What is the form for venire, in the future tense, in the 2nd person?

The answer is venies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Latin/Lesson 3-Future


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TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Conditional Statements

Conditional statements allow a program to take a different path depending on some condition(s). These allow a program to perform a test and then take action based on the result of that test.

Conditions
Conditions are used to control the path of a program. Conditions perform comparisons between different values through the use of relational operators. These include =, ≠, >, ≥, <, ≤. Relational operators always return a true or false result (known as a boolean). To use them, type the values to compare against on either side of the operator:

To type relational operators, press  [TEST]. You may also want to test two different conditions at the same time and join them using a logical operator. These include and, <tt>or</tt>, <tt>xor</tt>, and <tt>not</tt>. The basic syntax is similar to those of relational operators.

To type logical operators, press <tt> [TEST] LOGIC</tt>. For the following list, consider the format, where <tt>A</tt> and <tt>B</tt> are conditions, and <tt>op</tt> is a logical operator. Where <tt>op</tt> equals... The <tt>not</tt> operator is special because it does not directly compare two conditions. Instead, it negates the condition(s) that are nested inside. For example:
 * <tt>and</tt>, the entire condition returns true only if <tt>A</tt> and <tt>B</tt> are both true.
 * <tt>or</tt>, the entire condition returns true if at least one of <tt>A</tt> and <tt>B</tt> is true.
 * <tt>xor</tt>, the entire condition returns true only if one of <tt>A</tt> or <tt>B</tt> is true.

To use conditional statements, they must be placed into a conditional block. Conditional blocks contain the condition to test and the code to execute. The following sections describe the various types of conditional blocks available in TI-Basic.

If
<tt>If</tt> (<tt> CTL 1</tt>) requires a criteria argument (condition) to be stated which determines whether the following instruction is to be executed. '''A standard <tt>If</tt> block can only run one line of code dependent of the condition. For example, if you needed to execute two or more instructions dependent of the condition, you must use an <tt>If Then End</tt> block'''. The argument or arguments is a boolean result, meaning that they will be true or false. If an expression is used as the condition, 0 will represent false and non-0 values will represent true.

Syntax

 * Where <tt>condition</tt> is any statement resulting in a zero or non zero result, or a conditional operator returning true or false
 * If <tt>condition</tt> returns true or non-zero, <tt>statement</tt> is executed
 * If <tt>condition</tt> returns false or zero, <tt>statement</tt> is not executed

Examples
The following example demonstrates a very basic <tt>If</tt> statement:

It will display  because the condition   returns true (6 is greater than 5). If  had been 3, condition would return false (3 is not greater than 5), and nothing would display.

The following program will always display  because the condition 1 will always return 1 (which is non-zero) and therefore the condition is always true:

and likewise the following will never display  because it always returns 0.

If Then End
<tt>If</tt> <tt>Then</tt> <tt>End</tt> (<tt> CTL {1,2,7}</tt>) conditional statements are used when more than one statement must be executed if a condition returns true. It is very much like the simple <tt>If</tt> statement, with the difference that multiple statements are executed instead of one.

Syntax
The <tt>If</tt> statement requires a condition, then a <tt>Then</tt> command must follow on the next line, followed by one or more statements which will execute if the condition returns true. The <tt>If</tt> block is ended by a <tt>End</tt> statement which tells the calculator that all following statements are to be executed as normal.

It is also common to manually insert a colon directly after the condition of the <tt>If</tt>, then type <tt>Then</tt>. As an example:
 * Where <tt>condition</tt> is any statement resulting in a true or false result.
 * If <tt>condition</tt> returns true, <tt>statement1, statement2... statementn</tt> (all statements between <tt>Then</tt> and <tt>End</tt>) will execute
 * If <tt>condition</tt> returns false, the statements between <tt>Then</tt> and <tt>End</tt> are not executed, and the program continues with the first statement after <tt>End</tt>

Example
When the program is run, it will be displayed as:

If Then Else End
<tt>If Else</tt>s are used when the programmer needs to make a choice where if the condition returns non-zero, statements are executed, but if the condition returns zero, other statements are executed. Either way, only one set of instructions are executed.

Syntax

 * Where <tt>condition</tt> is any statement resulting in a zero or non zero result.
 * If <tt>condition</tt> returns nonzero, <tt>trueStatements</tt> (instructions between <tt>Then</tt> and <tt>Else</tt>) will execute, then the instruction after <tt>End</tt> is executed
 * If <tt>condition</tt> returns zero, <tt>falseStatements</tt> (instructions between <tt>Else</tt> and <tt>End</tt>) are executed, then the instruction after <tt>End</tt> is executed

Examples
Would display

If  were greater than or equal to five, but would display the following if   were less than five:

Else If Workaround
It should be noted, TI-Basic does not support else if statements. However, to workaround this, nest the conditional blocks in the <tt>Else</tt> portion of the block. For example, in a traditional programming language, the following...

would be notated as, in TI-Basic:

However, this is hard to read, so for this example, we will add spaces to make it more clear (You cannot add extra white space in practice. You will receive syntax errors.):

You try it!
Try these examples to practice using conditional statements.

Even or Odd
Write a program that, when given a number, determines if the number is even or odd and prints the result to the screen.

To help you write this program, you can use <tt>remainder(</tt> (<tt> NUM 0</tt>). It returns the remainder after diving a dividend by a divisor. The syntax for <tt>remainder(</tt> is:

Older versions of the TI-84 Plus and the TI-83s do not have a function for calculating the remainder. However, this is still calculatable via an alternate solution:

BMI
Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass and height of a person. A person's BMI is calculated with the following formula: $$\frac{\text{weight}_\text{kg}}{\text{height}_\text{m}^2}$$. The value of a person's BMI can be categorized by the following table: Write a program that accepts user input for the person's weight in kilograms and their height in meters, and display their BMI and their category.


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Cookbook talk:Puna butter

How much water needs to be boiled? Are the solids or the water put in the refrigerator?

The amount of water just needs to be enough to melt the butter into. Just use one or two parts more water than butter and add more water if/when the water level drops from evaporation.

and the solids (Butter and the THC dissolved into it) go into the fridge.

title: Cookbook talk:Puna butter


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Talk:How to Write an Essay/Five Point Essay

this page is a mess. I wouldnt reccomend anyone use it. I started correcting it without realizing just how bad it is. The language is informal, it doesnt discuss the differences between a rhetorical essay and a exhibition essay. If people are really supposed to try to learn how to write a five point essay from this it needs a lot of work.

Am i the only one who feels this way?


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Staffing and Supervision in the Hotel & Tourism Industry

Job Analysis & HR Planning

 * The role of the supervisor in job design in the hospitality industry.
 * The need for workplace diversity in staffing policy in the hotel environment.
 * The future of human resources planning for the tourism industry.
 * Matching job descriptions and job specifications for new jobs created in the hospitality field.

Recruitment & Selection

 * Behavioral-anchored questioning techniques in conducting an interview to recruit hotel employees.
 * Job searching in the hospitality industry.
 * Overview of Internet job hunting—strengths and weaknesses.
 * How to design a good recruitment advertisement for a hotel.
 * Discussion of various formats of selection interviews.
 * Tips and techniques for conducting selection interviews.
 * Key elements in preparing a resume for a hospitality job application.
 * The options, advantages and disadvantages of various recruitment methods for the hospitality industry.

Training & Development

 * Career verses job—differences and similarities.
 * On-the-job training—practice and limitations in the hospitality field.
 * Discussion of various training methods used in the hotel and tourism industry.
 * Succession planning—barriers and challenges.
 * Training to develop attitude, skills, and knowledge.

Performance & Retention

 * Develop an orientation program for new staff in a hotel.
 * Steps in conducting an effective performance appraisal interview.
 * The advantages and disadvantages of 360-degree appraisal in the hospitality industry.
 * The differences in evaluating a manager's performance versus front line staff performance.
 * How to develop a fair and good standard for staff in measuring performance in the hotel industry.

Motivation

 * What motivates hotel employees and how to make it happen.
 * The role of the supervisor in motivating front line employees in a hotel.
 * Extrinsic motivators are more important than intrinsic motivators in the hospitality industry.
 * Why employee motivation is so important for the hospitality industry.

Compensation

 * Application of Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory in relation to staff benefits in a travel agency.
 * Financial benefits are more important than non-financial benefits.
 * How to set a proper "salary package" for new jobs.
 * Review of current financial and non-financial packages offered to front line hotel employees.

Employee Relations

 * A short history of trade union development.
 * Review of collective bargaining history.
 * The importance of labor relations in a labor intensive industry (hospitality and tourism).
 * The future of hotel trade unions.

People Management

 * The differences between resignation, termination, and dismissal in terms of human resources management in a travel agency.
 * Developing proper disciplinary procedures for a hotel.
 * The impact of an aging population on the hospitality industry.
 * The impact of more highly educated employees on the hospitality industry.
 * Benchmarking – its advantages and disadvantages in human resources management.


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Advanced Interactive Media/Other Topics/Interactive Photography

In the year 1826, the first photograph ever taken was developed by Nicéphore Niépce. The picture was not that clear and it took over 8 hours to expose. Since then photography has expanded by leaps and bounds. In the 1990's. Quicktime introduced the Quicktime VR, which allows you to create an almost interactive photograph that emulates a 3D space. This surprised everyone, and the technology was so new. Photography has now been taken to another level using VRs again. To create a VR, a photographer must set a tripod up with a specialized head. The photographer precedes to take shots of the surrounding environment at various angles. The photographer must then import the photos into a "VR stitcher", where they will "stitch" together the shots taken in the field to produce a single spherical scene that can then be navigated in Quicktime. A company named Z360 introduced time-lapse VRs. It is a VR environment with moving pictures or action moving in the pictures. "Z360 is a company that combines photographic imagery and digital delivery to create dynamic and informative displays for on-line communication. Unlike many multimedia developers, we provide a complete service, allowing us to control quality and create an efficient workflow specifically tailored to your requirements. This site shows a wide range of examples which mostly require Quicktime, but look out for Java or Flash examples. In the age of broadband, we believe our approach becomes increasingly valuable, providing a fast, immersive and truly user led experience". Their Motion Vr and Panorama VJ are ingenious.  Motion VR (http://z360.com/motion/prim.htm) Panorama VJ (http://z360.com/vj/bad.htm)

The future of interactive photography will excite even the novice photographer. As more and more software becomes available, photography is dramatically moving toward becoming a completely digital media.


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Radiation Oncology/NHL/Overview/Classification

NHL Classification Schemes

 * Rappaport classification (1966) — oldest
 * Developed by the AFIP (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology)
 * Was before lymphomas were divided into B and T cells
 * types:
 * NODULAR: nodular histiocytic, nodular mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic, nodular lymphocytic poorly differentiated, nodular lymphocytic well differentiated
 * DIFFUSE: diffuse histiocytic, diffuse mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic, diffuse lymphocytic poorly differentiated, diffuse lymphocytic well differentiated, diffuse undifferentiated
 * ref: PMID 4574662

 * Kiel classification (1974)
 * Used in Europe
 * Low grade and high grade, T cell and B cell
 * Low grade B cell: Lymphocytic (chronic lymphocytic and prolymphocytic leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia), Lymphoplasmacytic/cytoid, Plasmacytic, Centroblastic/centrocytic (follicular or diffuse), Centrocytic
 * High grade B cell: Centroblastic, Immunoblastic, Large cell anaplastic, Burkitt's lymphoma, Lymphoblastic

 * Lukes and Collins (1974)
 * Separates B and T cells using immunologic typing. Was used in the United States.

 * Working Formulation (1982)
 * Devised to translate among the many different classification systems
 * Was based only on morphology. Based on low-power architectural arrangement (i.e. diffuse vs follicular proliferation) and high-power cytologic characteristics (nuclear outline: cleaved vs non-cleaved; cell size: small, large, or mixed). Does not consider B or T cell lineage.
 * low, intermediate, high grades. Special studies not used. Only 10 categories. Used letters A-J and grouped according to prognosis.
 * Low grade (groups A-C): small lymphocytic, follicular small-cleaved cell, follicular mixed small-cleaved and large cell.
 * Intermediate grade (D-G): follicular large cell, diffuse small cleaved cell (Mantle cell), diffuse mixed small and large cell, diffuse large cell
 * High grade (H-J): Large cell immunoblastic, lymphoblastic, small non-cleaved cell (Burkitt and non-Burkitt)
 * Reference: PMID 6896167 - "National Cancer Institute sponsored study of classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: summary and description of a working formulation for clinical usage. The Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project." Cancer. 1982 May 15;49(10):2112-35.

 * WHO/REAL (1994) (Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms)
 * Introduced by the International Lymphoma Study Group (ILSG) in 1994
 * Reference: PMID 8068936 (1994) -- "A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group." (Harris NL, Blood. 1994 Sep 1;84(5):1361-92.)
 * Incorporates morphology, immunophenotype, genetic features, clinical features
 * Is not based on prognosis (unlike Working Formulation); treats each lymphoma as a separate disease process with a spectrum of aggressiveness (such as breast cancers).
 * About 25 categories (includes all lymphoid neoplams: Hodgkins lymphoma, non-Hodgkins, leukemias, plasma cell neoplasms, etc.). Also has myeloid, mast cell, and Langerhans cell diseases.
 * WHO (World Health Organization) adopted the REAL classification
 * Reference: PMID 10577857 (1999) -- "World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting-Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997." (Harris NL, J Clin Oncol. 1999 Dec;17(12):3835-49.)

 * Others: Dorfman, British lymphoma system

WHO classification

 * B-cell neoplasms
 * Precursor B-cell neoplasms
 * Precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia)
 * Mature (peripheral) B-cell neoplasms
 * B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia / small lymphocytic lymphoma
 * B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
 * Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
 * Splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma
 * Hairy cell leukemia
 * Plasma cell myeloma/plasmacytoma
 * Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type
 * Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma
 * Follicular lymphoma
 * Mantle cell lymphoma
 * Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
 * Burkitt lymphoma / Burkitt cell leukemia
 * T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms
 * Precursor T-cell neoplasm
 * Precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia (precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia)
 * Mature (peripheral) T/NK-cell neoplasms
 * T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
 * T-cell granular lymphocytic leukemia
 * Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
 * Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (HTLV1+)
 * Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
 * Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma
 * Hepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma
 * Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma
 * Mycosis fungoides / Sezary syndrome
 * Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, T/null cell, primary cutaneous type
 * Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, T/null cell, primary systemic type
 * Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise characterized
 * Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma


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Staffing and Supervision in the Hotel & Tourism Industry/Financial Benefits

Nowadays, the companies need to compete fiercely with other competitors. The employees are the vital resources of the success of the companies so the companies need to provide more benefits for retaining the good performance of employees. Besides, in order to reduce the turnover rate of the companies and save the amount of cost of the recruitment, the employers offer the various compensations for the employees. The benefits have two types, the financial benefits and non-financial benefits. The financial benefits divide into direct and indirect benefits. The direct benefits are wages, salaries, commissions and bonuses. The indirect benefits include social security, family and medical leave and so on. The non-financial benefits comprise working conditions, flexible working time and the appropriate status symbols.

If the employees receive the financial benefits from the employers, they will have a sense of belonging of companies and have a well cooperation with the employers. Moreover, providing the benefits for the employees can increase the productivity of the firm because the employees can work more efficiency and efficient.

However, the human have different expectations in the life so the financial benefits can not satisfy their whole expectations. The company needs to provide non-financial benefits to satisfy the employees’ needs. For examples, if the companies cater the comfortable and harmonious environment for the employees, the employees will have well morale and concentrate on the work.

The companies adopt the different benefits to satisfy the need of the employees. The financial benefits have the merits and demerit. The non-financial benefits also have the advantages and disadvantages.

The factor included in financial benefits
Financial benefits The financial benefits can divide into two major categories: direct financial compensation and indirect financial compensation. 	Direct financial compensation The financial rewards are paid directly to the employees, such as wages, salaries, commissions and bonuses. 	Indirect financial compensation The indirect financial compensation can divide into two parts: legally required benefits and voluntary benefits. These benefits are not paid directly to the employees. The Legally Required Benefits includes social security, unemployment compensation and worker’s compensation. Social Security generally includes retirement benefit, disability insurance, Medicare etc. Unemployment Compensation is paid when the employee is laid off by the company. Worker’s Compensation is paid when the job-related accidents or illness was happened.

The Voluntary Benefits are paid indirectly to the employees and not tied to an employee’s performance. The following are some voluntary benefits the companies always provide: Payment for Time Not Worked is provided payment to the employees for time not worked. For example, the companies can provide vacations to employees when the employees don’t need to work. Also the companies can provide payment for jury duty, voting time and bereavement time. Health Benefits includes health care, dental and vision care. Employee Services includes relocation benefits, child care service, educational assistance, food service, financial services, discount on company products etc. These benefits are specially offered to some companies’ employees only. Premium Pay is paid to the employees when they work under extremely dangerous conditions or undesirable hours. Benefits for part-time employees are paid to the part-time employees in order to remain their working desire. Moreover, the Voluntary Benefits also include life insurance, retirement plans, employee stock option plans, supplemental unemployment benefits etc.

Non-financial benefits 	The Job Sometimes, the job may give the employees more intangible benefits. When the employees work in companies, they will feel their job is worthwhile. For example, employees can learn more useful knowledge and skills. They can improve themselves when they are working. The job can satisfy the employees’ desire. The job seems give them more intangible benefits than wages. 	Job Environment If employees work in satisfied job environments, they will feel valued and work hard. Sometimes, the job environments are more important than direct financial benefits such as wages and salaries. If employees work in comfortable environments, they can work more happily. For example, employees always prefer working in a safe environment to work in a dangerous environment because the safety is more important than the number of money.

The determinants of those benefits
Not matter financial benefits or non-financial benefits, all the employees would feel appreciate if the employers provide more and more. However, every employee has their own decision, if they can choose the benefits they want. It doesn’t matter how good the proposed benefit is. The main purpose of a benefit program is to make the employee feel better about the company, which they will do only if they value whatever it is employers are giving to them. So, the employee’s need is the main determinants of the benefits.

Financial benefits For most of employees, financial may be the major condition when they apply the job. Actually, this kind of benefits can be used for supporting their daily expenditure and saving. Realists are concerning this benefit very much. The financial benefits are tangible. For example, Company A gives Ben a 301(k) and 5 holidays per month. And Company B gives Ben a 325(K0 and 5 holidays per month. It is easier to compare the financial benefits they are providing. Based on this characteristic, it becomes the major condition when they decide to accept the job. Non-financial benefits

This is a kind of intangible benefits. Sometimes, it is easy to be ignored. But, for some people who are seeking for the psychological satisfactions may emphasize the non-financial benefits. Based on the Maslow Theory, the diagramed shows the Maslow Pyramid. The top one is self-actualization. That means they are finding the self-fulfillment and realize one’s potential. And the job can satisfy the employees’ desire. May be the number of people who stay in “self-actualization” is very limited. But, they are exalted by the society. For example, the Medical Sans Frontieres provide emergency medical assistance to populations in danger. Although they are given the allowance for the base need, but they are still willing to join this prgamme. It is because their self actualization needs is large than the physiological needs. They are enjoying the intargible benefits more than salary.

Therefore, all the employees have their own needs. In order to maximize the utility of benefits, the employers should ask the employees what they want. Or the employers can found a compensation consultant to do a survey for them.

Example
When you decide to do a job, you will think more about the financial benefit or the non financial benefit? In Hong Kong, most of the political persons are by all means in high qualification and they are well educated. What factors will affect them to determine what they choose to do?

Working for a government means that they will have a political right to affect Hong Kong. However, the salary of working for a government is not really high. They can choose to work in a bank in order to get more salary.

We may look at the case of Antony Leung, Mr Leung Kam Chung, who was was the former Financial Secretary of the HKSAR.Before he taking up the post of Financial Secretary, he worked in a bank, starting his banking career as a currency trader. He spent 23 years with Citicorp where he took up regional management positions in investment, corporate and private banking in Hong Kong and overseas. He served in senior management positions at big international banks in Hong Kong.In addition he rose to the rank of Asia-Pacific chairman when he joined Chase Manhatan Corporationin 1996.

What are the reasons for him to give up the job from bank but working as a political person? We will talk about the advantages and the disadvantages of working as a bank and working in the government.

First of all, we can see that working as a bank can earn a high salary. The salary can be over $10,000,000a year. It is far more about $2400000 a year than the salary of working as a Financial Secretary.

However,with comparison to work as a political person,working as a bank has its drawsback.It cannot be familarized to the citizen.It cannot be so famous.

As a Financial Secretary of the HKSAR,you may get more non financial benefit to determine you to choose this job.The person represents Hong Kong,the citizen will know more about you.You will have the reputation and maybe you will have the sense of satisfaction due to the fact that you have the right to affect the political of Hong Kong.Moreover,being a staff of the government,you may get the subsidize of housing and medicical care.

However,there are disadvantages to be a Financial Secretary of the HKSAR,you may work under pressure because you take the responsibility of the whole society of Hong Kong.It is serious if you make a wrong decision. You may affect the whole society, but not only concerning to you or a part of the economy.

Therefore, we find that the financial benefit is attractive. However, sometimes people will mainly think of the non financial benefit to find a job.

Questionnaire:
Are you an employer or employee?

For employee: 1.	Does your company offer the worker’s compensation? (E.g.: Labor Insurance, medical care etc.)

2.	Do you satisfy with your working environment?

3.	Do you satisfy with your salary?

4.	Will you join another company if she offers you a better salary but not good working environment?

5.	Do you think the financial or Non-financial benefits are more important to you?

For employer:

1.	Do you think the moral of the employee is import?

2.	Will you improve the working environment or increase the salary of the staff with good performance if you have the ability to pay?

We had interviewed 20 people for the survey, there are 17 employees and 3 employers. And they are from the small-scale companies, none of them are civil servant. For the rough and small-scale survey we had done, we got the data below.

For Employee:

1. What kinds of benefits are you receiving? (E.g.: Labor Insurance, medical care etc.)

From the above chart, it showed all the employees received the labour insurance, annual leave and MPF benefits, as it is a must for the employer to offer according to the Labour Legislation. However, the health care benefit is not included in this regulation, so there is only a small portion of employees received this kind of benefits. It showed the employers would not offer special benefits to their employee rather than the one under the regulation.

2. Do you satisfy with your working environment? 3.Do you satisfy with your salary?

According to the data, most of the employees are not satisfied with their salary and the working environment. And, more interviewees satisfied with their salary than the working environment comparatively.

It showed the employers tend to offer a better salary than provide a better working environment, as they conduct some survey to understand the desire of the employees’ preference or the employer did not care about the working environment. 4. Will you join another company if she offers a better salary but not good working environment?

If a company offer a better salary but not good working environment, most employee are not sure whether to join the company or not; it showed the employees are not only considering the salary when they join a company, the working environment will be considered also.

5. Do you think the financial or Non-financial benefits are more important to you?

A large percentage of the employees think the financial benefits are more import, only 2 interviewees have different opinion, they are the ones who satisfied with their salary. For those who are not satisfied with their salary, they think the salary are more important that the working environment. So, it is difficult to argue whether the financial or the non-financial benefits are more important to the employees, it depends on the real situation the employees are facing at the moment. For this point, in the case study sector will be explained further.

For Employer:

1.	Do you think the moral of the employee is import?

All of the employers interviewed agreed the moral of the staff are important to the business, and it directly affects the staff’s performance. So the employers will pay attention to enhance the moral by different methods, like giving bonus, appreciate the staff orally, etc., And it depends on each different situation what to do to enhance the moral of the employees.

2. Will you improve the working environment or increase the salary of the staff with good performance if you have the ability to pay?

If the employers have the ability to pay, most of them prefer to increase the salary rather than improve the working environment. But they say it is difficult to make the decision, it will depend on the existing situation. If the salary of their staff is not lower than the other companies, then most probably they may invest to improve the working environment. On the other hand, if they found the salary of their staff is lower than other companies, they will sure to increase the salary instead.

Conclusion
To conclude, in most of the countries, the company or the organization will provide the non financial benefit to the employees apart from the financial benefit. Financial can be classified as direct aspect and indirect aspect. In terms of direct aspect, it can be the real money, which means wages, salaries, commissions and bonuses. In terms of the indirect aspect, it means the benefit or welfare that is provided by the company but not in the money aspect. For example, the company will provide health care, life insurance and retirement plans to the employees. It will attract the employees to join the company. However, when the employees to decide to stay or leave the company, they will not only think of the financial benefit. They will also consider the non financial benefit such as their sense of satisfaction from the work environment. Their sense of satisfaction can be aroused by the lots of reasons. For example, we may learn how to face the challenge and work under pressure from the work. It may let us gain more experience. It is the advantage of doing the job apart from looking at the salaries.

From the perspective of our group, we think that besides the financial benefit, non financial benefit is very important for the employees. It can to raise the morale and increase the motivation of the employees to perform well in the job. Both employers and the employees can be beneficial from it.


text:
Kdenlive/Video codecs

You can have and use uncompressed video... if you have LOTs, really LOTs of storage space! That´s why most digital video you find is compressed in some way. More than simply compressed, video is really encoded by a codec and then saved in a file following a certain format.

=Codec vs Format= Codec means "encoder/decoder". It is software which compresses the video for storage purposes with a certain algorithm, and sometimes (not always) can decompress the video for playing it as well.

It is very common that people confuses the codec with the file format of a video. There are, indeed, some file formats which require a specific encoding standard. However, this does not mean that only one encoding/decoding software must be used --- there are lots of encoders for MPEG 1 video files, for example. And, more than that, there are file formats which can "store" video compressed in a variety of ways.

The very common AVI file format is an example --- it can store uncompressed video, or video which was compressed by, just to mention one example, an MPEG4-standard codec like XviD, DivX, etc. You may hear people talk about "this DivX video" or similar, but this is not precise --- in fact, a video compressed with the DivX codec is really a MPEG4-standard video, and as such it can be played by any other MPEG4 decoder, like XviD.

Some problems arises from the fact that the AVI format uses an identification string called FourCC which is used to tell which codec was used for compressing the video. Some applications made for a certain compression standard may refuse to work with a different FourCC code even if the compression method is the same. And people often take the FourCC information as the "format" of the video.

So, to make things clear: codec is the software which compresses video; and there can be lots of codecs which output files in the same format.

=Common video compression methods and codecs=

 * DV: used by DV videocamcorders.
 * MPEG-2 : used for DVDs and broadcast digital transmissions.
 * MPEG-1 : used for VideoCD.
 * H.264 /  MPEG-4  /  Avchd: ISO/IEC standard advanced video codec.
 * DivX : video codec well-known on the Internet.
 * XviD : Open Source MPEG-4 compatible video codec.
 * theora : high performace Open Source video codec.
 * WMV: proprietary Microsoft Windows video standard. Used for internet streaming, it was designed to compete with Realvideo.

=Common video file formats=

Matroska
Kdenlive/ Kompressionsverfahren und Dateiformate Kdenlive/Codec video

title: Kdenlive/Video codecs


text:
Econometric Theory/Heteroskedasticity

One of our CLR assumptions for linear regression is that our disturbance terms are homoscedastic, meaning they have equal scatter ($$Var(\epsilon) = \sigma^2 $$). However, there are times that regressions end up with heteroscedastic disturbance terms, meaning the scatters are unequal ($$ Var(\epsilon) = \sigma_i^2$$).

Causes of Heteroscedasticity
Heteroscedasticity are more common in cross-sectional data than in time series. It is usually due to a scale or size factor.

Example: In basic Keynesian economics, we assume that savings and income are determined by wealth and income. Agents that have more wealth and income are more likely to save, this will produce a hetroscedastic relationship. The main causes include: 1. Presence of outliers 2. Omission of variable 3. Skewness in distribution of regressors 4. Incorrect or wrong functional form

Consequences of Heteroscedasticity
1) OLS Coefficients are still unbiased for true value. $$ E(\hat{\beta}) = \beta $$

Unbiased coefficients depend on $$ E(\epsilon) = 0, cov(x_i,\epsilon_i) = 0 $$

So the regression is safe from heteroscedasticity. on this assumption.

2) OLS Coefficients are not efficient. There exists an alternative to the OLS Coefficient that has a smaller variance than the OLS one. $$ \exists_\tilde{\beta} st. var(\tilde{\beta}) < var(\hat{\beta}^{OLS})$$ where $$E(\tilde{\beta}) = \beta $$ and therefore, is more efficient.

3) Hypothesis tests, in the presence of heteroscedasticity of an OLS coefficient, based on the standard error of the coefficient are invalid.

Bias in estimated variance of OLS Estimators causes inefficiencies.

Recall: $$ \hat{\beta}^{OLS} = \beta + \frac{\sum (x_i + \bar{x})\epsilon_i}{\sum(x_i + \bar{x})^2} $$

When $$\hat{\beta}$$ is unbiased, the second term goes to zero. However, with heteroscedasticity, the second term is not zero.

Derive $$ var(\hat{\beta}^{OLS}) $$ when $$ var(\epsilon) = \sigma_i^2 $$ $$ var(\hat{\beta}^{OLS}) = var(\frac{\sum (x_i + \bar{x})\epsilon_i}{\sum(x_i + \bar{x})^2}) $$ $$     = (\frac{1}{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2})^2 var(\sum(x_i - \bar{x})\epsilon)$$ $$     = (\frac{1}{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2})^2 \sum var((x_i - \bar{x})\epsilon)$$ $$     = (\frac{1}{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2})^2 \sum x_i - \bar{x})^2 var(\epsilon)$$ $$      = (\frac{1}{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2})^2 \sum x_i - \bar{x})^2 \sigma_i^2 $$

We can represent the differences in variances in the error term by the matrix Z $$ \sigma_i^2 = Z \sigma^2 $$

title: Econometric Theory/Heteroskedasticity


text:
User:General~enwikibooks

General
I am the General.I like Programming in Qbasic.--General 06:08, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User:General~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Horcrux

Wrong
"...that there were originally intended to be seven Horcruxes, thus giving Voldemort seven extra pieces of his soul."

This is wrong. If Voldemort did this, then there would be eight pieces to his soul, not seven. I'm going to change it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jammi568 (discuss • contribs), 5 April 2007

 * Actually, we don't know. What Tom says is, "What I don't understand, though – just out of curiosity – I mean, would one Horcrux be much use? Can you only split your soul once? Wouldn't it be better, make you stronger, to have your soul in more pieces? I mean, for instance, isn't seven the most powerfully magic number, wouldn't seven—?" Slughorn then says how bad it would be to rip the soul into seven pieces, but we don't know if Tom's intent is to rip his soul into seven or to tear off seven shards and secrete them. All we really know is that the number seven has been suggested, and we know of five places where Horcruxes likely are or were: the diary, the signet, Helga Hufflepuff's cup, Salazar Slytherin's locket, and Nagini. Chazz (talk) 00:04, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Out of date analysis
While i don't think deleting it outright is an option (that's why i merely commented it out), i believe we can't show it as-is. The whole thing needs a bit of a re-write, but i can't do that right now. -- Jokes Free4Me (talk) 18:17, 4 August 2009 (UTC)


text:
Talk:C Programming/Print version

Why is there only a link to the image of the pdf-file? Shouldn't it rather be to the pdf-file it self?

title: Talk:C Programming/Print version


text:
Horticulture/Sedum

Sedum, commonly known as rockcress, is a genus in the family ../Crassulaceae/, members of which are broadly referred to as stonecrops. The genus consists of about 400 species of leafy succulents, found primarily, but not exclusively, throughout the northern hemisphere, varying from annual groundcovers to shrubs.

Description
The plants have water-storing leaves and a typical form of blossom with five petals, seldom four or six. There are typically twice as many stamens as petals.

Growing conditions
Well drained soils. Many sedums are extensively cultivated as garden plants, due to their interesting and attractive appearance and hardiness. The various species differ in their requirements; some are cold-hardy but do not tolerate heat, some require heat but do not tolerate cold. They are preferred over grass for green roofs, popular in Germany and some other countries.

Species
Well known European Sedums are ../Sedum acre/, ../Sedum album/, ../Sedum dasyphyllum/, ../Sedum reflexum/ (also known as ../Sedum rupestre/) and ../Sedum hispanicum/.

Uses
Sedum reflexum, known as "stone orpine" or "crooked yellow stonecrop", is occasionally used as a salad leaf or herb in Europe (and the United Kingdom). It has a slightly astringent sour taste

Sedum acre ("biting stonecrop") on the other hand contains high quantities of piperidine alkaloids (namely (+)-sedridine, (-)-sedamine, sedinone and isopelletierine) which give it a sharp, peppery and acrid taste and make it somewhat toxic. Depending on the amount consumed, irritations of the mucous membranes, cramps and paralysis, including respiratory paralysis may ensue. In ancient Greece, biting stonecrop was used to treat epilepsy and skin diseases, as well as to cause abortions.

Pests and diseases
../Leaf Blotch/ ../Crown Rot/ ../Stem Rots/ ../Nematodes/ ../Aphids/ ../Scales/ ../Mealybugs/ ../Weevils/ ../Caterpillars/ ../Slugs and Snails/
 * Septoria sedi
 * ../Pellicularia rolfsii/
 * Colletotrichum
 * ../Phytophthora/
 * ../Pellicularia filamentosa/
 * ../Meliodgyne incognita/
 * Melon Aphid: ../Aphis gossypii/
 * Green Peach Aphid: ../Myzus persicae/
 * Greedy Scale: ../Hemiberlesia rapax/
 * Black Vine Weevil: ../Otiorhynchus sulcatus/
 * Variegated Fritilary: ../Euptoieta claudia/

title: Horticulture/Sedum


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Sedum

Species list from Wikipedia:

 * Sedum acre (Wall-pepper, Goldmoss Sedum, Goldmoss Stonecrop, Biting Stonecrop)
 * Sedum adolphii (Golden Sedum)
 * Sedum aizoon (Aizoon Stonecrop)
 * Sedum albomarginatum Clausen (Feather River Stonecrop)
 * Sedum album (White Stonecrop)
 * Sedum allantoides
 * Sedum allantoides var. goldii
 * Sedum alpestre
 * Sedum anacampseros (Love-restorer)
 * Sedum anglicum (English Stonecrop)
 * Sedum annuum (Annual Stonecrop)
 * Sedum atratum
 * Sedum australe
 * Sedum burrito (Baby Burro's-tail)
 * Sedum caeruleum
 * Sedum caespitosum
 * Sedum candollei
 * Sedum cauticola
 * Sedum cepaea (Pink Stonecrop)
 * Sedum cockerellii Britt. (Cockerell's Stonecrop)
 * Sedum compressum
 * Sedum confusum (Lesser Mexican-stonecrop)
 * Sedum dasyphyllum (Thick-leaved Stonecrop)
 * Sedum debile S. Wats. (Orpine Stonecrop, Weakstem Stonecrop)
 * Sedum dendroideum Moc. & Sessé ex A. DC. (Tree Stonecrop)
 * Sedum diffusum S. Watson
 * Sedum divergens S. Wats. (Spreading Stonecrop)
 * Sedum eastwoodiae (Britt.) Berger (Red Mountain Stonecrop)
 * Sedum ellacombeanum (Stonecrop)
 * Sedum ewersii
 * Sedum fosterianum (Rock Stonecrop)
 * Sedum furfuraceum
 * Sedum glaucophyllum Clausen (Cliff Stonecrop)
 * Sedum havardii Rose (Havard's Stonecrop)
 * Sedum hirsutum
 * Sedum hispanicum (Spanish Stonecrop)
 * Sedum hybridum (Hybrid Stonecrop)
 * Sedum integrifolium (Entireleaf Stonecrop)
 * Sedum iwarenge
 * Sedum kamtschaticum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (Orange Stonecrop, Kamschatka Stonecrop)
 * Sedum kamtschaticum cv. 'Weihenstephaner Gold' (formerly Sedum floriferum)
 * Sedum lanceolatum Torr. (Lance-leaf Stonecrop, Lanceleaf Stonecrop, Spearleaf Stonecrop)
 * Sedum laxum (Britt.) Berger (Roseflower Stonecrop)
 * Sedum leibergii Britt. (Leiberg Stonecrop)
 * Sedum liebmannianum
 * Sedum lineare (Needle Stonecrop)
 * Sedum lucidum
 * Sedum lydium (Least Stonecrop)
 * Sedum makinoi
 * Sedum maximum
 * Sedum mexicanum Britt. (Mexican Stonecrop)
 * Sedum moranense (Red Stonecrop)
 * Sedum moranense Kunth (Red Stonecrop)
 * Sedum moranii Clausen (Rogue River Stonecrop)
 * Sedum morganianum (Donkey Tail, Burro Tail)
 * Sedum nanifolium Fröd. (Dwarf Stonecrop)
 * Sedum nevii Gray (Nevius' Stonecrop)
 * Sedum niveum A. Davids. (Davidson's Stonecrop)
 * Sedum nussbaumerianum
 * Sedum nuttallianum Raf. (Yellow Stonecrop)
 * Sedum oblanceolatum Clausen (Oblongleaf Stonecrop)
 * Sedum obtusatum Gray (Sierra Stonecrop)
 * Sedum obtusatum ssp. paradisum Denton (Paradise Stonecrop)
 * Sedum ochroleucum Chaix (European Stonecrop)
 * Sedum oreganum Nutt. (Oregon stonecrop)
 * Sedum oregonense (S. Wats.) M.E. Peck (cream stonecrop)
 * Sedum pachyphyllum
 * Sedum pallescens
 * Sedum palmeri
 * Sedum paradisum Denton (Canyon Creek stonecrop)
 * Sedum pinetorum Brandeg. (Pine City stonecrop)
 * Sedum praealtum DC. (Greater Mexican stonecrop, Green Cockscomb)
 * Sedum pulchellum Michx. (Widow's-cross)
 * Sedum pusillum Michx. (granite Stonecrop)
 * Sedum radiatum S. Wats. (Coast Range Stonecrop)
 * Sedum reflexum (Reflexed Stonecrop, Blue Stonecrop, Jenny's Stonecrop, Prick-madam)
 * Sedum reptans
 * Sedum rubrotinctum (Pork and Beans, Christmas Cheer)
 * Sedum rubrotinctum cv. 'Aurora'
 * Sedum rupicola G.N. Jones (curvedleaf stonecrop)
 * Sedum rupicolum G. N. Jones
 * Sedum sarmentosum Bunge (stringy stonecrop)
 * Sedum sediforme (pale stonecrop)
 * Sedum sexangulare (Tasteless Stonecrop)
 * Sedum sieboldii (Siebold's stonecrop)
 * Sedum spathulifolium Hook. (Broadleaf Stonecrop, Colorado Stonecrop)
 * Sedum spurium (Caucasian Stonecrop, Dragon's Blood Sedum, Two-row Stonecrop)
 * Sedum stahlii (Coral Beads)
 * Sedum stellatum (Starry Stonecrop)
 * Sedum stelliforme S. Wats. (Huachuca Mountain Stonecrop)
 * Sedum stenopetalum Pursh (Wormleaf Stonecrop, Yellow Stonecrop)
 * Sedum stoloniferum Gmel. (Lesser Caucasian Stonecrop, Stolon Stonecrop)
 * Sedum telephioides (Allegheny Stonecrop)
 * Sedum ternatum Michx. (Woodland Stonecrop)
 * Sedum takesimense
 * Sedum torulosum
 * Sedum villosum (Hairy Stonecrop, Purple Stonecrop)
 * Sedum weinbergii
 * Sedum wrightii Gray (Wright's Stonecrop)

Now in Dudleya:
 * Dudleya caespitosa (Sea Lettuce), formerly Sedum cotyledon
 * Dudleya edulis (Fingertips), formerly Sedum edule

Now in Hylotelephium:
 * Hylotelephium spectabile (Iceplant, Butterfly Stonecrop), formerly Sedum spectabile
 * Hylotelephium telephium (Orpine, Livelong, Witch's Moneybags), formerly Sedum carpaticum, Sedum fabaria or Sedum telephium

Now in Rhodiola:
 * Rhodiola rhodantha (rose crown, queen's crown), formerly Sedum rhodanthum
 * Rhodiola rosea (Roseroot), formerly Sedum rosea, Sedum rhodiola or Sedum scopolii

title: Talk:Horticulture/Sedum


text:
User talk:Kalim949

how could I download this javaprogramming wikipedia

title: User talk:Kalim949


text:
Horticulture/Sanguinaria canadensis

Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) is a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant native to eastern North America from Nova Scotia, Canada southward to Florida, United States. It is the only species in the genus Sanguinaria, and is included in the family Papaveraceae.

Bloodroot is also known as bloodwort, red puccoon root, and sometimes pauson. Bloodroot has also been known as tetterwort in America, although that name is used in Britain to refer to Greater Celandine.

Bloodroot grows to 60 cm tall, with one large, sheath-like basal multi-lobed leaf up to 30 cm across. The flowers are produced from March to May, with 8-12 delicate white petals and yellow reproductive parts that appear to be clasped by the leaf. The flower is short-lived, but the leaf continues to grow until mid-summer, when the plant becomes dormant. Bloodroot stores sap in an underground rhizome the sap is toxic.

Reproduction and genetics
Bloodroot is one of many plants whose seeds are spread by ants, a process called myrmecochory. The seeds have a fleshy organ called an elaiosome that attracts ants. The ants take the seeds to their nest, where they eat the elaiosomes, and put the seeds in their nest debris, where they are protected until they germinate. They also get the added bonus of growing in a medium made richer by the ant nest debris.

Bloodroot produces morphine-like alkaloids
Bloodroot produces benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, primarily the toxin sanguinarine. The alkaloids are transported to, and stored in, the rhizome.

Bloodroot extracts are toxic to animal cells
Sanguinarine kills animal cells by blocking the action of Na+/K+-ATPase transmembrane proteins. As a result, applying bloodroot to the skin may destroy tissue and lead to the formation of a large scab, called an eschar. Bloodroot and its extracts are thus considered escharotic.

In spite of supposed curative properties, and historical use by Native Americans as an emetic, extreme caution should be used for any internal use.

On 13 Aug 2005, U.S. news media reported that Dan Raber (of Georgia, United States) came under felony investigation for dispensing bloodroot paste to women with breast cancer. It was reported that nine women developed disfiguring destruction of skin and underlying tissue. Reports also indicated that Lois March, M.D., who is a practicing physician in Cordele, Georgia, has also come under U.S. FDA investigation for her role in prescribing pain medication to Raber's disfigured customers while their use of bloodroot was ongoing

Commercial uses of sanguinarine extracted from bloodroot
The United States FDA has approved the inclusion of sanguinarine in toothpastes as an antibacterial or anti-plaque agent. Currently, it is believed that this use may cause leukoplakia, a premalignant oral lesion. On 24 Nov 2003, the Colgate-Palmolive Company commented by memorandum (see: PDF file) to the United States Food and Drug Administration that then-proposed rules for levels of sanguinarine in mouthwash and dental wash products were lower than necessary. Professor George T. Gallagher also commented from his post at Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, see his memorandum of 23 June 2003.

Sangrovit® is an animal food additive sold and distributed in Europe. Sangrovit is manufactured by Germany-based Phytobiotics. Sangrovit contains sanguinarine and chelerythrine. On 14 May 2003, Cat Holmes reported in the Georgia Faces that Jim Affolter and Selima Campbell, horticulturists at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, were meeting with Phytobiotics to relate their research into commercial cultivation of bloodroot.

Historical uses
The plant was used as a dye and for an herbal remedy by the native population. A break in the surface of the plant, especially the roots, reveals a reddish sap.

In physician William Cook's 1869 work The Physiomedical Dispensatory is recorded a chapter on the uses and preparations of bloodroot. Cook described tinctures and extractions, and also included at least the following cautionary reference: The U. S. Dispensatory says four persons lost their lives at Bellevue Hospital, New York, by drinking largely of blood root tincture in mistake for ardent spirits [...] Greater Celandine (../Chelidonium majus/), a member of the poppy family (Papaveraceae) which has, like bloodroot, a caustic, reddish sap, was used in Colonial America as a wart remedy. Bloodroot has been similarly applied in the past. This may explain the multiple American and British definitions of "Tetterwort" in 1913.

title: Horticulture/Sanguinaria canadensis


text:
Horticulture/Syringa

Lilacs (Syringa) are a genus of about 20 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae (olive), native to Europe and Asia. The genus name Syringa is derived from syrinx meaning a hollow tube or pipe, and refers to the hollow state of the younger shoots in some species. The name "pipe tree" is occasionally used.

Description
Lilacs range in size from large shrubs to small trees, 2-10 m tall. The leaves are opposite (occasionally in whorls of three), deciduous, and in most species simple and heart-shaped, but pinnate in a few species (e.g. S. laciniata, S. pinnatifolia). The flowers are produced in spring, each flower about 1 cm diameter, white, pale pink or more generally purple, with four petals. The flowers grow in large panicles, and in several species have a strong fragrance. Flowering starts after 80-110 growing degree days.

Uses
Lilacs are popular shrubs in parks and gardens throughout the temperate zone. In addition to the species listed above, several hybrids and numerous cultivars have been developed. The term French lilac is often used to refer to modern double-flowered cultivars, thanks to the work of prolific breeder Victor Lemoine.

The wood of lilac is close-grained, diffuse-porous, extremely hard and one of the densest in Europe. The sapwood is typically cream-coloured and the heartwood has various shades of brown and purple. Lilac wood has traditionally been used for engraving, musical instruments, knife handles etc. When drying the wood has a tendency to be encurved as a twisted material, and to split into narrow sticks. The wood of Common Lilac is even harder than for example that of Syringa josikaea.

Purple lilacs symbolise first love and white lilacs youthful innocence.

Maintenance
Lilacs flower on old wood, and produce more flowers if unpruned. If pruned, the plant responds by producing fast-growing young vegetative growth with no flowers, in an attempt to restore the removed branches; a pruned lilac often produces few or no flowers for one to five or more years, before the new growth matures sufficiently to start flowering. Unpruned lilacs flower reliably every year. Despite this, a common fallacy holds that lilacs should be pruned regularly. If pruning is required, it should be done right after flowering is finished, before next year's flower buds are formed. Lilacs generally grow better in slightly alkaline soil.

Pests and diseases
../Crown Gall/ Bacterial ../Blights/ ../Powdery Mildew/ ../Leaf Spots/ ../Leaf Blights/ ../White Mold/ ../Diebacks/ ../Wilts/ ../Shoot Blight/ ../Thread Blight/ ../Stem Girdles/ ../Wood Rots/ ../Mushroom Rots/ ../Blights/ ../Viri/ ../Phytoplasma/ ../Nematodes/ ../Climate-related Issues/ ../Aphids/ ../Scales/ ../Whiteflies/ ../Thrips/ ../Beetles/ ../Weevils/ ../Caterpillars/ ../Wasps/ ../Bees/ ../Mites/
 * ../Agrobacterium tumeifaciens/
 * ../Pseudomonas syringae/
 * ../Microsphaera alni/ (Some control can be provided by a snail (Polygyra thyroides))
 * Cercospora lilacis
 * Macrophoma halstedii
 * Phyllosticta porteri
 * Phyllosticta syringae
 * Phyllosticta syringella
 * Ploeospora herbarum
 * Cladosporium herbarum
 * Heterosporium syringae
 * ../Scletotinia/
 * Physalospora obtusa
 * ../Verticillium albo-atrum/
 * Gloeosporium syringae
 * Pellicularia koleroga
 * Hymenochaete agglutinans
 * Polyporus versicolor (vectored by the lilac borer)
 * ../Armillaria/
 * ../Phytophthora cactorum/
 * ../Phytophthora syringae/
 * ../Ringspot/
 * Leafroll
 * Witches’ Broom (LWB)
 * Root Knot
 * Frost injury (causes flower bud failure)
 * Pollution injury (causes leafroll)
 * Susceptible to graft incompatibilities
 * Melon Aphid: ../Aphis gossypii/
 * Scurfy Scale: ../Chionaspis furfura/
 * Oystershell Scale: ../Lepidosaphes ulmi/
 * Olive Parlatoria Scale: ../Parlatoria pittospori/
 * White Peach Scale: ../Pseudaulacapsis pentagona/
 * Cottony Maple Scale: ../Pulvinaria innumerabilis/
 * San Jose Scale: ../Quadraspidiotus perniciosus/
 * Euonymus Scale: ../Unaspis euonymi/
 * Prunicola Scale: ../Pseudaulacaspis prunicola/
 * Citrus Whitefly: ../Dialeurodes citri/
 * Ash Whitefly: ../Siphonius phillyreae/
 * Privet Thrips: ../Dendrothrips ornatus/
 * Japanese Beetle: ../Popillia japonica/
 * Rhinocerus Beetle: ../Xylorcetes jamaicensis/
 * Twobanded Japanese Weevil: ../Callirhopalus bifasciatus/
 * Ligustrum Weevil: ../Ochyroma ligustri/
 * Black Vine Weevil: ../Otiorhynchus sulcatus/
 * Polyphemus Caterpillar: ../Antheraea polyphemus/
 * Promethia Moth: ../Callosamia promethia/
 * Obliquebanded Leafroller: ../Choristoneura rosaceana/
 * Hickory Horned Devil Caterpillar: ../Citheronia regalis/
 * Lilac Leafminer: ../Gracillaria syringella/
 * Cercopia Moth: ../Hyalophora cercopia/
 * Fall Webworm: ../Hyphantria cunea/
 * Lilac Borer: ../Podosesia syringae syringae/
 * Cynthia Moth Caterpillar: ../Samia cynthia/
 * Leopard Moth Borer: ../Zeuzera pyrina/
 * Great Ash Sphinx: ../Sphinx chersis/
 * Hummingbird Clearwing: ../Hemaris thysbe/
 * Copper Underwing
 * Scalloped Oak
 * Svensson's Copper Underwing
 * Giant Hornet: ../Vespa crabro germana/
 * Leafcutter Bees
 * Lilac Rust Mite: ../Aculops massalongoi/

title: Horticulture/Syringa


text:
User talk:70.90.107.65

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 12:22, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.90.107.65


text:
Effective Reasoning/Need for Reasoning

I KEEP six honest serving-men

(They taught me all I know);

Their names are What and Why and When

And How and Where and Who.

I send them over land and sea,

I send them east and west;

But after they have worked for me,

I give them all a rest.

a quote from The Elephant's Child  by Rudyard Kipling, to which one could reasonably add What, Which, How many and so on- the sheer complexity of reasoning using only seven most important questions could be formulated as a sort of equation:

7QnMQ/x

7 Questions: Who and What, When and Where, How and Why, and Which.

To the power of n: Who else, What else, When else, Where else, How else, Why else, Which else.

Multiplied by Meta Questions focused on the answers obtained at the 7Qn stage directing attention to function, structure, process, form, content, context, purpose, design.

Divided by x in terms of a possibility versus probability decision. The possibilities seem endless, So how should we start to find out what is possibly our best option?

Organizing Information (Deduction)
Humans are both hunters and gatherers. In fact in order to hunt, one has first to gather information about prey, terrain, available skills and so on then assemble a team, equip them with weapons, produce an overall strategy, and practice som tactical maneuvers.

Inventory
This word comes from the past participle of invenire which means 'to find'. An inventory is simply a list of things found in a particular location such as a territory of store. The most famous inventory is the Doomsday Book compiled by William I shortly after conquering England. Useful as inventories may be for accounting purposes (Doomsday was a taxation project) they really need to be broken into sections.

Index
One of the great problems of medieval monasteries were that although they were centers of learning and filled with books, they were valuable and had to be chained to the lectern. So some clever monk got round to numbering all the pages as well as the chapters and verses, and then made a list of relevant passages for each topic - God's and Hebrews' actions, speeches and so on, and those were eventually developed into a concordance, which is a matrix rather like a modern worksheet or spreadsheet such as XL or Visicalc. Sophisticated database management systems such as Microsoft Access or Oracle are really multi-directional spreadsheets in which the data is not merely stored processed and organized, it can be also retrieved in part or in whol and in several different ways

Solution of Problems
There are no problems, only opportunities to resolve difficulties in an interesting way!

Given or Problem Statement
This obvious first step is often ignored, and as a result folk solve problems that do not actually exist, or else re-invent the wheel. As well as stating the problem, a well written problem statement will also outline similar and related problems, and any known solutions.

Wanted or Solution Concept
If you want to get to there, I would not start from here, if I were you! Imagine if you are lost in a country lane, perhaps finding a main road, which might lead to an intersection, a signpost, and intermediate point and finally..... A solution concept is just that. You may wish to go to the capital city to see a minister of state, but you will probably need to negotiate several lesser problems first.

Experimentation Development and Implementation
Nothing is ever simple - it may sound so, but in practice we encounter the Murphy principle: Things are apt go wrong only when it is vital that they should work perfectly! Practice does tend to make perfect - compare a modern production car to a Ford model "T" The difference is quite minimal - both have four wheels, four seats, an engine.... So which is better, and why?

Resolution of Controversies
Wherever three people gather to discuss, there are always at least four different opinions!

Competitive
Trial of strength is the only option for most animals, and has remained in use throughout human history, only now it is called 'bullying', 'terrorism' or 'warfare'. Divine intervention, morality or justice may be invoked as a reasonable cause for violence, but to discover the real reason, do as "Deep Throat" suggested "Follow the money. always follow the money."

Contention
The parties to a dispute ask an impartial and skilled judge to determine the solution, sometimes with the aid of experts (usually two, hence tribunal) and sometimes with a jury of the litigants' peers. There is an expression in english law, which roughly translated means "the lawyer with the longest wig (experience) is the most expensive, which is why the litigant with the deepest pockets always wins"

Arbitration
This is similar to contention, except that there is usually a prior contract, in which the parties have previously selected and agreed on a person or organization to resolve any future difficulties that they may encounter. This has the advantage that the trade or profession is more likely to avoid damage than the people or companies in dispute, so they are much more likely to try to settle by some other means such as private treaty (which is often a supplementary contract) or mediation.

Mediation
This is, legally speaking, the new kid on the block, and many jurisdictions insist the parties try it before going for a formal trial. The problem is that it requires both parties to forgive each other and really talk.

The most common form is 'co-mediation' in which two neutral people sit between the contestants around a table, and 're-frame' their statements so that "You blithering idiot" becomes "Your opponent has formed an opinion of you in which your actions may be inappropriate and ineffectual, so I will ask that you choose and describe a specific event"

Engaging in mediation requires maturity - there is no 'father figure' providing guidance, and humility since we all make mistakes, and, perhaps most of all, courage to try unusual, counter-intuitive ideas.

Example: some residents of an apartment block were in dispute - one was accused of being a peeping tom (spying on his neighbors). After some hours and bitter tears, it emerged that he was neither a voyeur nor a thief, but was unemployed and searching through discarded rubbish to find food or things to sell. He was eventually elected as janitor or concierge at minimum wage. A year later, when the police-sponsored mediation service verified its results, he was a respected member of the community who had considerably supplemented his income by performing minor services for the other residents and nearby neighbors (the supervising police officer had merely had the awkward task of persuading him to make a reasonable tax declaration about his 'tips').

Discovery of Truth
The answer to Life, the Universe and Everything is precisely 42 - At least according to the Hitchhikers Guide to the Universe by Richard Adams, who wrote a story in which civilization collapses trying to discover "Why was the answer 42?"

There is a difference between wisdom and learning, and people who have little formal education are often more reasonable that scholars - which is reflected in the modern academic usage of an idea originating from wise King Solomon's song as living in ivory towers.

Religion
Religion probably has survival value, in that it mediates how co-religionists relate to each other and to outsiders. Unfortunately it is also quite effective at warfare since it is used by the great and powerful to manipulate the poor and the weak so that they organize armies and kill each other. For this reason, conservative theologians tend to denigrate liberal ideas like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Religion is a model of society that resembles a family or tribe. Ancestor worship assumes predecessors were more skilled than their pupils or students. Monotheism assumes a supreme entity similar to a remote father or tribal chief, while polytheism personifies skills as various gods and goddesses such as Fortune, who holds a cornucopia or cup of plenty in one hand, and a rudder behind her back, enabling her to alter the course of human life.

According to religious concepts, wisdom is handed down from generation to generation. The advent of writing some eight thousand years ago created permanent records that became unchallengeable 'scripture' from which emerged concepts of ubiquitousness and infallibility and hegemony when texts were interpreted by suitably appointed scholars and ordained priests.

How religion can be used or misused
The earliest example of the power of writing is by the Babylonian King Hammurabi dating back almost 4000 years to about 1772 BCE. His code is the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world, and was inscribed on stone stelae (pillars). Putting up a notice known as 'flying a kite' is still a good way of publishing your ideas, but today newspapers and blogs might be rather less expensive. like Hammurabi, be sure to sign your work and quote your authority. Anonymous ranting is fine for 'poison pens' but these are easily dismissed and rarely have any lasting effect.

From that sort of 'secondary scripture' writing down new ideas carrying references to 'divine revelation' (by chapter and verse) emerges the recent but persuasive dogma of 'intelligent creationism' in which all things have meaning and reason, only some of which are divinely revealed 'for the good of humanity' via holy scripture and others (like intelligent creationism) the 'people of God' (religiously inspired folk) have to divine for themselves from authoritative prior work. One of the earliest examples of this genre was by Archbishop James Ussher, who used scripture to establish the time and date of the creation as the night preceding Sunday, 23 October 4004 BCE.

Science
Science is also a belief system, but based on the idea of 'falsification'. Unlike Religion, which is divine revelation and so unquestionable, science demands that every assertion IS put into question. There are no facts, only 'best guesses' and techniques that work (technology) and ingenious ideas (engineering) that expand the sum of human wisdom.

Science is based in the concept of society being a chaotic collection of individuals with a variety of skills rather than a close-knit family. It relies on high communication skills and volumes, and emerged from the massive expansion of knowledge made possible by the high volume of written texts printed on Gutenberg presses from the fifteenth century and much increased after the invention of rotary printing in the nineteenth century.

During the twentieth century telephony, radio, television and the Internet have greatly accelerated this 'global view' that all mankind both men and women, master and servant, rich and poor are equal. This 'flexible network' concept is in contrast to the rigid hierarchical structure of religious and commercial entities, and challenges the meritocratic hierarchy of academia, since students can, and routinely do outperform their teachers and publicly challenge their professors (whereas in religious parlance such rebellious acts might be punished as blasphemy against divine revelation).

How science can be used or misused
Like religion, science too uses earlier authoritative works to support ideas. But there is a difference: as well as quoting sources of inspiration and references to the work of others, science uses the principle of 'statistical probability' and 'repeatability' (same experiment by other independent researchers).

There can be no absolute truths for science, no divine revelation - although some things are so well established as to seem incontrovertible, scientifically speaking, new understanding may always uproot previously 'proved' notions. The controversy about global warming is an example of human scientists falling prey to vested interests and clouding the reality with convenient opinions (environmentalists and oil magnates) dressed up to look like both good science and scientific fraud (by misuse of statistics and propaganda by both sides). Science, like religion, also has a theory of creation called 'evolution' in which simple things become more complicated. At the core is a belief that matter and energy are essentially the same (so burning wood releases energy previously stored from the sun using photosynthesis). The start of the universe was a singularity that broke down (all creation was energy free dark matter that exploded in the big-bang, and living organisms are accidental chemical reactions, so life has no divine meaning, and reason is merely a consequence of biological complexity.

Apologists
Many scientists hold religious or unscientific beliefs. Issac Newton was an alchemist who was really trying to turn base metal into gold - a feat that was finally made possible by nuclear science based on the theories of   Albert Einstein, an agnostic who nevertheless believed in something marvelous approaching Buddhism.

In reality, we humans tend to evolve fictional stories for and about ourselves which reconcile our various irreconcilable beliefs. Religion addresses our emotional feelings, science our rationality. We have both: quick and dirty short term love and hatred, long term rational planning and dogged implementation. We need both!

One might reasonably believe that a merciful god would see a poor naked farmer sowing seed and bless his harvest. In fact, one is unlikely to remain entirely unclothed and unshod for very long if the ground is baked hard, or soaking wet or mostly stony, nor if the sun is hot, or if it is raining wind nor during strong winds. Now guess what science thinks might be the ideal conditions for seed germination? We can, therefor benefit from both emotional and rational stories.

Mostly our balance of emotion and reason has us make the right decisions, sometimes  for the wrong reasons - and sometimes vice versa!

title: Effective Reasoning/Need for Reasoning


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Syringa

Species list from Wikipedia:

 * Syringa afghanica
 * Syringa emodi - Himalayan Lilac
 * Syringa josikaea
 * Syringa komarowii (syn. S. reflexa)
 * Syringa laciniata - Cut-leaf Lilac
 * Syringa mairei
 * Syringa meyeri
 * Syringa oblata
 * Syringa persica
 * Syringa pinetorum
 * Syringa pinnatifolia
 * Syringa protolaciniata
 * Syringa pubescens (syn. S. julianae, S. patula)
 * Syringa reticulata (syn. S. pekinensis) - Japanese Tree Lilac
 * Syringa spontanea
 * Syringa sweginzowii
 * Syringa tibetica
 * Syringa tomentella
 * Syringa villosa
 * Syringa vulgaris - Common Lilac
 * Syringa wardii
 * Syringa wolfii
 * Syringa yunnanensis - Yunnan Lilac

title: Talk:Horticulture/Syringa


text:
MediaWiki talk:Common.js

insertGoogleSearch
The line  in insertGoogleSearch dies in non-monobook skins. —Cryptic (talk) 12:58, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

import_script;
This function is in wikibits.js as importScript; as of 35064 - all scripts should use that instead so we can remove the old one from Commons.js – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:18, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Performance
I'd strongly recommend replacing this with something that doesn't have to load a large list of pages in background JavaScript; it causes unnecessary slowdowns. It may be possible to do some decent random selection via the MediaWiki API; if not already available, it would not be difficult to add a module to provide it, which can then be queried JS much more efficiently (and function when JS is not available!) --Brion VIBBER (talk) 23:37, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

 * First test version of an API/JS module: User:Splarka/randbook.js (it queries generator=random with limit=10 (max) repeatedly until it finds a page in the book categories). This works because 10.5% of the articles on en.wb are main book pages.
 * Another option would be to use generator=categorymembers&prop=categoryinfo on Category:Alphabetical, to find all 38 categories, and weight them by the number of members, and then randomly choose one, grab the full list, and randomly select a member (~500 at most currently, but not scaleable).
 * Ideally would be 2170 Random page in this category feature (marked as fixed but actually broken/reverted again), but that would require a schema change to add cl_random for efficiency purposes. Or just be broken on big categories. Splarka (talk) 09:31, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Bug?
Hi!

When I go to MediaWiki:Perbook/X86 Disassembly.css it is shown the following links in the tabs: _|style|_ and _|script|_. There, I another tab with the link _|book|_ that points to "MediaWiki:Perbook", that doesn't exist, instead of point to the original MediaWiki:Perbook/X86 Disassembly.css. What is wrong? Helder19:14, 5 July 2009 (UTC)
 * By the way... the gadget doesn't work with the vector skin. Helder22:50, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Addition
Could MediaWiki:Perbook/French.css and MediaWiki:Perbook/French.js be added from User:Hagindaz/per book/French.css and User:Hagindaz/per book/French.js? The files include styles that would be difficult to apply inline and optional JavaScript that some readers might find useful. --hagindaz (talk) 19:27, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Done. – Adrignola talk 19:33, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I've made some minor tweaks; could you update it again? --hagindaz (talk) 00:21, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Done. – Adrignola talk 02:32, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Could you update the CSS again? --hagindaz (talk) 18:20, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I updated the files. – Adrignola talk 18:50, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry for asking yet again, but I've made a few corrections to the last update. This should be the last one. --hagindaz (talk) 19:18, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Updated. "This should be the last one." Famous last words. :) No problem if you have future corrections. – Adrignola talk 19:20, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * One more update please :) --hagindaz 06:49, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Done. – Adrignola talk 12:15, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Once more, if you could. This update hides optional sections so each lesson is less intimidating and the core of each lesson is more obvious. --hagindaz 03:59, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Done. – Adrignola talk 04:12, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * One more update; there of course had to be a bug that didn't show up... :) I doubt anyone's had to make a barnstar for exactly this situation before, but thanks for doing this. --hagindaz 04:34, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Done. – Adrignola talk 14:23, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * One more update of the CSS only from User:Hagindaz/per book/French.css please. --hagindaz 23:11, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] Done. – Adrignola talk 23:23, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Perbook CSS
The lines // Import per-page CSS importStylesheet('MediaWiki:Common.css/' + wgBookName); are essentially a duplicate of the CSS part of MediaWiki:Common.js/Perbook.js, which is already imported. --Yair rand (discuss • contribs) 07:37, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Not entirely. Perbook.js imports pages beginning with MediaWiki:Perbook/ while the line above does MediaWiki:Common.css/.  The main instances I know it is used for are MediaWiki:Common.css/Special:RecentChanges and MediaWiki:Common.css/Special:Watchlist for revising the flagged revisions colors.  wgIsArticle may not be true for those special pages for it to take effect through the Perbook.js. – Adrignola discuss 14:00, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Maybe MediaWiki:Common.css/ should only be used when wgIsArticle is not true, so only one is used at a time. --dark lama  14:04, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Common.js/Toolbox.js
Hi!

This script is causing an error when a user opens a page like this (which is not editable for non-admins): edit.wikiEditor is not a function https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.js/Toolbox.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript Line 170 It seems to be enought to test if  is defined and, if not, just return. This was made here. Helder 00:02, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Uops... I forgot to mention that on pt.wb we had changed the variable name from "edit" to "$edit" (since it's value is get with $(...), this makes it clearer), so you'll need to do another edit to either change the "$edit" added here to "edit" or change all other 3 "edit"s to "$edit". Best regards. Helder 12:01, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes_check.svg Done. – Adrignola discuss 14:15, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Bug in MediaWiki:Common.js/RandomBook.js
The script is causing the following error when it executes  on nostalgia or cologneblue skins on Google Chrome 13.0.782.107: Helder 15:35, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Reported as 30291 82.74.192.60 (discuss) 15:55, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Closed as WONTFIX. Please change MediaWiki:Common.js/RandomBook.js to use  instead. See also JavaScript deprecation & migration overview --Krinkle (discuss • contribs) 15:58, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

 * ✅ --dark lama  17:16, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

Special:Randomrootpage
Since Reedy installed the mw:Extension:Randomrootpage on Wikibooks and Wikisources, this script may not be necessay anymore. Helder 19:49, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Unescaped slash
Please replace FileRE = new RegExp( '^(?=MediaWiki:' + ( user ? '|User:' + user + '/' : '' ) + ').*\.(js|css)$' ); by FileRE = new RegExp( '^(?=MediaWiki:' + ( user ? '|User:' + user + '/' : '' ) + ').*\\.(js|css)$' ); . Helder 22:48, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes_check.svg Done. Please remember that all the subpages of this page redirect to here, so noting that this is at MediaWiki:Common.js/use.js would have been helpful.  Just for reference. – Adrignola discuss 21:56, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I did this yesterday, but hadn't comment yet because I was working to fix other things too. '' disappeared from the above replace request because of its special meaning in wiki syntax. I have escaped it above so it displays correctly now when reading. --dark lama  22:16, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Possibility to hide content from beginning in CollapseElements.js
At the moment the content is shown and hides slowly, if the user wants to hide it from the beginning. I think it would be better if it is hidden from the beginning with. --David23x (discuss • contribs) 19:28, 29 July 2015 (UTC) I have put the concret changes into User:David23x/JS/CollapseElements.js and User:David23x/CSS/CollapseElements.css, please replace the ontent fron MediaWiki:Common.js/CollapseElements.js with the JS and add the content from the CSS to MediaWiki:Common.js. But i'm not sure whether my changes work. If my proposal is accepted, the templates have to been changed. Maybe in other Wikis too, I know, it will be needed by the German Wikibooks (this can I do problem-free). And sorry for my bad english. -- David23x (discuss • contribs) 17:07, 19 September 2015 (UTC)

Broken JavaScript
MediaWiki developers found that this page probably breaks JavaScript for users (example: not seeing the buttons when editing a page). You probably need to edit this .js page and/or MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition as in the examples at T122755. [/w/index.php?search=insource%3A%2F(mw.util|mw.notify)%2F+-loader.using&title=Special:Search&fulltext=1&ns8=1 List more pages to check].

If you have questions or need help, please ask at T164242. You can login with your wiki account. Best wishes, Nemo 09:49, 14 May 2017 (UTC)

deprecate jquery.async
The pages MediaWiki:Common.js/Toolbox.js and MediaWiki:Gadget-Special characters.js use eachAsync from jquery.async, which will soon be deprecated. It can easily be replaced with promises and the $.when function of jquery. ping as the last user to have made changes to this. TheDJ (discuss • contribs) 23:20, 17 November 2018 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Common.js


text:
User:John D'Adamo~enwikibooks

I am John, updater of the Social Sciences wikibooks. I enjoy Spanish, debating, and a love of music.

title: User:John D'Adamo~enwikibooks


text:
Spanish/Exercises/La escuela

Práctica de los verbos ser y estar

A. Completen las frases con la forma correcta del verbo ser o del verbo estar.

Ejemplo: Es la una y media.

1. ¿Donde ________ el gato?

2. ________ las dos.

3. La profesora ________ en la clase de español.

4. Ella __________ enferma.

5. Yo ______ bien.

B. Completen las frases con la forma correcta del verbo ser o del verbo estar. Entonces escribes la razón que explica tu decisión usando el poochie.

Ejemplo: Yo soy de Madríd. = Localidad

1. Mis primos ____ mexicanos. = ___________

2. Los libros _____________ en el escritorio. = ____________

title: Spanish/Exercises/La escuela


text:
Spanish/Lessons/La forma del preterito

La formación del preterito

In this section, you will learn to use the past tense preterite form in Spanish. The preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed.

¿Como se forma el preterito de los siguientes verbos regulares?

title: Spanish/Lessons/La forma del preterito


text:
Spanish/Lessons/El tiempo pasado

This section of the Spanish wikibook discusses the Spanish past tense. You have presumably learned about the present tense, therefore this section assumes a knowledge of said tense and previously learned vocabulary.

La formación del pretérito
The preterite is used to speak of an event that happened at a specific time (I went to Sallly's (yesterday)). First, we must learn the preterite tense, is used for past actions that are seen as completed. There are two different forms of the preterite, one for -ar verbs and a separate form for -er and -ir verbs.

Los verbos regulares del pretérito: -ar
Let us learn some conjugation for regular -ar verbs in the preterite now. For example:

 * El pretérito - ejemplos de verbos -ar

Notice the pattern: in each form, you must drop the "ar" in the infinitive form. For the first person singular, you add "-é", for the second person singular you add "-aste", for the third it is "-ó". As for plural, in the first person "-amos" is added, in the second "-asteis", and in the third we add "-aron". On to the exercises...

Los verbos regulares del pretérito: -er e -ir
Now, we will learn the conjugation for regular -er and -ir verbs. For example:

 * El pretérito - ejemplos de los verbos -er e -ir

Notice the pattern: in each form, you must drop the "er" or "ir" in the infinitive form. For the first person singular, you add "-í", for the second person singular you add "-iste", for the third it is "-ió". As for plural, in the first person "-imos" is added, in the second "-isteis", and in the third we add "-ieron".

On to the exercises...

Los verbos con cambios de deletreo en la forma "yo": '-car', '-gar', '-zar'
There are also verbs that have a spelling change in the first person singular form. These changes occur in verbs that end in "car", "gar", or "zar" and, in the first two cases, are necessary in order to maintain the original sound of the written verb (in speaking, we tend to pronounce the word correctly without having to think about it).

As explained in the "Alfabeto" section, both "c" and "g" have a 'hard' sound before an "a", "o" or "u", and a soft sound before "e" and "i". In the first-person preterite, then, the "é" ending would change the 'k/' sound of the "c" to an 's/' sound, and the hard-g sound to the Spanish "j" sound. In order to maintain the original sound of the verb, we change the spelling. For a "-car" verb, we change the "c" to a "qu" when it comes before "é":

Similarly, for a "-gar" verb, we add a "u" after the "g":

For "-zar" verbs, there is no longer a change in pronunciation, but tradition calls for the letter "z" to be followed only by "a", "o" or "u". With a following "e" or "i", we change the "z" to a "c":

On to the exercises...

Ejercicios del pretérito
These exercises take what we have learned so far and integrate everything together. Be familiar with the first three sections of el tiempo pasado.

On to the exercises...

La formación del imperfecto
The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly. E.g. I used to play with dolls. These have an indefinite time. It's often used to describe past behaviours and likes, especially of childhood.

La formación del imperfecto: los verbos -ar
Just as with the preterite, in the imperfect construction -ar verbs receive their own conjugation. For example:

 * El pretérito - ejemplos de los verbos -ar

Notice the pattern: in the imperfect construction we drop the "ar" and add our endings. As for the singular, in the first person we add "-aba", in the second person we add "-abas", and in the third person we add "-aba". In the plural, for the first person we add "-ábamos" (with an accent), for the second person we add "-abais", and in the third we add "-aban".

Onto the exercises...

La formación del imperfecto: los verbos -er e -ir
Just as in the preterite, the -er and -ir verbs have their own conjugation. For example:

 * El pretérito - ejemplos de los verbos -er e -ir

Notice the pattern: in the imperfect construction we drop the "er" or "ir" and add our endings. As for the singular, in the first person we add "-ía", in the second person we add "-ías", and in the third person we add "-ía". In the plural, for the first person we add "-íamos" (with an accent), for the second person we add "-íais", and in the third we add "-ían".

Onto the exercises...

Los verbos irregulares en la forma de imperfecto: 'ser', 'ir' y 'ver'
Only three verbs are irregular in the imperfect construction: ser, ir, and ver:

title: Spanish/Lessons/El tiempo pasado


text:
Greek Mythology/Heroes/Oedipus

Oedipus was a king of Thebes. When he was born there was a prophecy that he would murder his father and marry his mother. Because of this, his parents had a soldier carry him away to kill him. However, the soldier couldn't go through with it and instead gave him to a farmer to raise as his own.

Years later, when Oedipus was grown, Thebes was being plagued by the sphinx, who would wait by the roadside and ask every passerby a riddle and when they couldn't answer correctly they would be killed. Oedipus came to Thebes to try his luck at the riddle, but on the way he met a traveler, got into an argument and killed him. The traveler was his father, the king, who had been going to try and find help against the sphinx.

When Oedipus arrived at Thebes he was questioned by the sphinx, but was successful in answering the riddle, and the sphinx in disgrace killed herself. In gratitude for freeing them the people of Thebes made Oedipus their king, to replace the one who had not come back, and Oedipus married the queen, who was really his mother.

It was not until much later that the truth of who Oedipus really was, was revealed. In horror at what he had done he gouged out his own eyes, and wandered the rest of his days.

Mitologi Yunani/Oidipus

title: Greek Mythology/Heroes/Oedipus


text: User:Tobberoth~enwikibooks

title: User:Tobberoth~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Mac OS X Tiger/Meet the Applications/QuickTime

Needs to be cleared up?
While I'm not exactly certain about it all myself, isn't it a bit incorrect to call this part quicktime? Quicktime is a framework for showing video and playing audio in OS X, the player is just a frontend. (Which is still called QuickTime Player when you have the pro version). It would probably be smarter to rename this part QuickTime Player and let people know that what plays videos and music in iTunes is quicktime as well, just not QuickTime Player.


text:
Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)

Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)is a method of gel elctrophoresis to separate proteins based on the their mass.The proteins are dissolved in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS),a detergent that breaks up the interactions between proteins,and then electrophorised. The smallest molecules move through the gel faster, while larger molecules take longer and result in bands closer to the top of the gel.

Gel
The gel used for SDS-PAGE is made out of acrylamide which form cross-linked polymers of polyacrylamide. Standard gels are typically composed of two layers, one top-most layer called the stacking gel and a lower layer called separating or resolving gel.The stacking layer contains a low percentage of acylamide and has low pH, while the acrylamide concentration of the separating gel varies according to the samples to be run and has higher pH.The difference in pH and acrylamide concentration at the stacking and separating gel provides better resolution and sharper bands in the separating gel.

Procedure
The samples are treated with SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate),an anionic detergent which denatures the protein by forming complexes with the protein and introducing negative charge to each protein in proportion to its mass.Without SDS,different proteins with similar molecular weights would migrate differently due to differences in folding,as differences in folding patterns would cause some proteins to better fit through the gel matrix than others.SDS linearizes the proteins so that they may be separated strictly by molecular weight.The SDS binds to the protein in a ratio of approximately 1.4 g SDS per 1.0 g protein [],giving an approximately uniform mass:charge ratio for most proteins,so that the distance of migration through the gel can be assumed to be directly related to only the size of the protein.Proteins may be further treated with reducing agent, such as dithiothreitol(DTT) or TRP(Tributyl phosphine)to break any disulfide bonds and then alkalated with iodoacetamide to prevent reformation of disulfide bonds. A tracking dye like bromophenol blue may be added to the protein solution to track the progress of the protein solution through the gel during the electrophoretic run.

Electrophoresis
The proteins denatured by SDS are applied to one end of a layer of polyacrylamide gel submerged in a buffer.Buffer provide uniform pH and ions for conducting electric potential. When an electric current is applied across the gel,the negatively-charged proteins migrate across the gel to the positive pole. Short proteins will more easily fit through the pores in the gel and move fast, while larger ones will have more difficulty.Due to differential migration based on their size, smaller proteins move farther down the gel, while larger ones stay closer to the point of origin.After a given period of time,proteins might have separated roughly according to their sizes.Proteins of known molecular weight (marker proteins)can be run in a separate lane in the gel to calibrate the gel.

Staining and analysis
Following electrophoresis,the gel may be stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue or silver stain to visualize the separated proteins. After staining, different proteins will appear as distinct bands within the gel according to their sizes and thus by molecular weights. The molecular weight of a protein in the band can be estimated by comparing it with the marker proteins of known molecular weights. The separated proteins can be cut from the gel and further analyzed by other proteomic techniques.


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User talk:John D'Adamo~enwikibooks

Welcome to Wikibooks--Oualmakran Youssef 18:55, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) John D'Adamo 20:29, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called John D'Adamo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name John D'Adamo~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:17, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:John D'Adamo~enwikibooks


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Mac OS X Tiger/System Preferences/Startup Disk

This is where you decide how your computer should boot. The amount of options depend on your setup and most users will have only one choice, the OS X system on the internal harddrive. Other potential options are to boot from an official OS X disc (either one of the discs you got with the computer or the CDs you get if you buy OS X) or to boot from a BootCamp partition. It's also possible to have an extra OS X on an external harddrive and boot from that one. It's even possible to boot from a volume on a network.

This preference pane is very easy to use. Click the volume you want to have as start disk and press the Restart... button. The computer will restart and boot from the system you picked.

This is also where you restart in Target Disk Mode to be able to use the computer as an external harddrive (only works with FireWire).