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Writing Adolescent Fiction/Setting

Your town
To show the kind of region your characters are living in, give the town a name that reflects its character. Place names such as Massachusetts and Connecticut sound straight out of England; you can use a name like Suffolktown, Studham or Foxboro. A city in the South could have a Native American name like Matchagokie, while your British Columbia town could be named Quappasett or something else that reflects the First Nations history of that province. Something French-sounding like Guyet could set your story in Quebec. Towns in Southern California often have Spanish names like Los Higos; consider using one of these if you are writing a story about your SoCal teens. If you want to give the reader the idea that your town is right in the middle of nowhere in Middle America, try a name like Janesville or Oakville.

The flora of an area can place it in the reader's mind. Describing ailanthi planted along the around gives your story a New York setting, while an ocotillo planted on campus places your story in the Southwest. Palm trees and prickly pear cacti can give your story a Sun Belt setting, and are often used this way -- they feel contemporary, trendy and artistic. A high school campus where students sit under the eucalyptus tree can build the feeling of a story set in Australia.

These plants can be mentioned when a character sits under one, or perhaps when you say that Stephanie walks by the ginkgo trees you give an idea of what is planted there. In a road trip you can describe the plants (and animals) on the side of the road.

Your school
You will most likely make some mention of the characters' school in the story, and if you bring the school in the story often enough, you will probably have to come up with a name. Many high schools just take their name from the town they are in: Fairsprings High School, Elmtown High School. In New York city there are schools named simply by P.S. and a number: P.S. 132. Your Southern California high school will often have a Spanish name with a pretty meaning: Robles Lindos. And many high schools named themselves after public figures: Eisenhower High or William Randolph Hearst High School.

The names of schools can carry a symbolic meaning. A high school could be named Sweet Groves while the students there have struggle-filled lives that are anything but sweet. The school in The Escape is named Lincoln High, which reflects the faculty's hypocritical proclamations about freedom.

A school's mascot can give you some idea of what the faculty of the high school aspire to. A mascot like the Trojans would show that they hope to give teens a classical education, and if the mascot is the Spartans it would hint that the school is pretty strict, and the sports teams have a "go merciless" on the enemy ethos. A feline mascot (the lions, the cougars, the jaguars) could be more playful, but would still be a sign that the principal hopes his students will "claw" rival schools. Mascots can be ironic: after all, in real life, the mascot for conformist Columbine High School was the Rebels. Choice of mascot can also set the tone for your story: if your students are known as the Turkeys, your story becomes light-hearted and even silly.

The scenery
It is important to flesh out your writing piece with information about the scenery. But be sure you scenery is location specific. If a scene takes place in a diner, obviously booths and greasy, but delicious, food will be present. Try and give scenery examples that characterize your location. Consider the following example:

"The diner had tightly packed booths and shining trim around everything. A steaming plate of fries was seated in front of Sarah."

Has much less effect on the reader than

"Discarded wrappers littered the floor, mingling with the grime of a long, uncleaned day. Laminated tabletops all across the small dining room were cracked with age and graffiti covered them almost as heavily as the outside walls. Grease dripped from the long, slender bit of fried potato as Sarah begrudgingly shoved it into her mouth."

By showing your reader the important parts of the diner, you can paint a picture in less than a thousand words.

Authors

 * Cilantrohead (talk)
 * Shdw.puppet (talk)

title: Writing Adolescent Fiction/Setting


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Wikijunior talk:Animal Alphabet/E

Great job! I'm amazed there are so few (read: TWO) pre-reader books here! This is a great book, wonderful pictures.

Aww
The pictures were cute. Awesome!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikijunior talk:Animal Alphabet/E


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User:Rutja76

Hi! I'm Rutja76 from it.wiki.

title: User:Rutja76


text: User talk:Rutja76

title: User talk:Rutja76


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User talk:Rajatesh1

Anyone who is interested or is into education or is in this field....INDUSTRAIL DESIGN/PRODUCT DESIGN/TRANSPORTATION DESIGN..... Please could you put forward your ideas for basic hand skills and pratical knowledge ....what all is really required for a designer. i am presently doing my graduation in INDUSTRAIL PRODUCT DESIGN and also completing mechanical designing and draftmanship course.

It will be very helpfull if you provide any of ur ideas and thoughts or evn suggestions.

ALL ARE WELCOME.

title: User talk:Rajatesh1


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User:ÖhmMan~enwikibooks

See w:User:ÖhmMan, there just is nothing to be seen.

title: User:ÖhmMan~enwikibooks


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XForms/Picoforms

Getting XForms to work with Picoforms
Picoforms is commercial XForms client that is designed to work with mobile phones and IE 6.0 as a plugin.

To get IE to see the forms you have to do the following:

If your forms are stored in the server with an XHTML extension you must

 * 1) Make sure that IE knows to render .XHTML files as html file types.  This can be done by using the registry edit tool.
 * 2) Add the following processing instruction for picoforms AFTER the html element

IE 6.0 Registry MIME-Type Fix
To change the IE registry to allow IE to know that .xhtml files should be rendered as html. To do this do the following. From the Windows start menu click Start/Run. Enter "regedit" and press enter. Use the Registry browser to navigate to the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT folder and then find the MIME/Daatabase/Content Type folder.

From their add the following:

Binding for xhtml files: [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\MIME\Database\Content Type\application/xhtml+xml] "CLSID"="{25336920-03F9-11cf-8FD0-00AA00686F13}" "Extension"=".xhtml" "Encoding"=hex:08,00,00,00

Binding for xq files: [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\MIME\Database\Content Type\application/xhtml+xml] "CLSID"="{25336920-03F9-11cf-8FD0-00AA00686F13}" "Extension"=".xq" "Encoding"=hex:08,00,00,00

The CLSID above is for HTML rendering. You can copy this from the .htm MIME-type. If you want it to render in xml use the binding for XML files.

Sample HTML Header
Note that if you are using eXist to generate your forms you need to put the PI inside braces and serialize as html.

Also, make sure if you make changes you should be sure to use SHIFT-reload to clear the IE cache.

CSS Issues
Note that IE6 does not recognize the @namepsace directive in CSS files. These CSS files will need to be converted use xf\: instead of the CSS | standard.

title: XForms/Picoforms


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User talk:WiTr

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:09, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:WiTr


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User talk:Emprize Matthew

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:10, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Emprize Matthew


text: User talk:65.18.22.184

title: User talk:65.18.22.184


text: User talk:71.120.36.170

title: User talk:71.120.36.170


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User talk:Emprize Michael

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:35, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Emprize Michael


text:
User talk:ÖhmMan~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:37, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called ÖhmMan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name ÖhmMan~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:55, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:40, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ÖhmMan~enwikibooks


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User talk:Oanh404

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:37, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oanh404


text:
User talk:Nguyentran

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:37, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nguyentran


text:
User talk:Pwatkins

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:07, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pwatkins


text:
User:Subfr

I'm no longer User:Subfr, i'm User:Sub. Subfr (talk) 14:37, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Subfr


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United States Government/Foreign Policy

War
This definition of war is problematic. Typically a declaration of war can only be made between nations, states, or specific entities. War is also understood as the continuation of policy by other means, so labeling an actual policy as war seems to indicate the refusal to come to any political understanding about the subjects in question.

North Korea (China)
Respecting a ceasefire of the Korean War since 1953. Both Koreas are still technically at war and so by proxy it constitutes an ongoing war between China and the United States.

War on Terrorism
The USA has also declared itself to be to fighting a "war on terrorism". This bring to the table the concept of "terrorism" and "terrorist", there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism. But the term imparts a negative light on an opposing group. On the other end of the spectrum it would be the label of "resistance", "freedom fighters", etc.

A more neutral definition would be "violent non-state actor", meaning a group constituted by irregular forces, with typically no formal organization, that is engaged in asymmetric and clandestine paramilitary operations against a given state or state interest.

A declaration of war in these terms cannot be formally made. As such a statement that there is a "war on terrorism" is insufficient to clearly define what the USA policy on terrorism actually is. It can reasonably be inferred from current behavior that this one sided state of open, armed and prolonged conflict, not against all "terrorists groups" as the USA is only taking action against groups that block or create difficulties to its national interests. This also makes it extremely hard to define the achievement of goals and creates an impossibility to reach a status of submission from the opposing forces.

title: United States Government/Foreign Policy


text: United States Government/Domestic Issues


text: User talk:195.189.142.185

title: User talk:195.189.142.185


text: Category:Book:Writing Adolescent Fiction


text: Category:Book:Composition

title: Category:Book:Composition


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User:Sam the Eagle

I'm from The Muppet Show. The Muppet characters are very weird and peculiar with the exception of Wayne and Wanda.

title: User:Sam the Eagle


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User talk:Sam the Eagle

You have been warned

 * Wikis are not cultural. They are free for all to edit. We want a real encyclopedia. --Sam the Eagle (talk) 22:54, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * My edits are not disruptive! The characters on The Muppet Show are disruptive! --Sam the Eagle (talk) 22:58, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sam the Eagle


text:
User talk:Subfr

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:04, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Subfr


text:
Radiation Oncology/Stomach/Randomized

Level I Evidence for Gastric Cancer

In the process of being cross-linked ...

Extent of gastrectomy

 * Prince of Wales Hospital (Hong Kong)(1987-1991) -- subtotal vs. total gastrectomy
 * Randomized. 55 patients with adeno CA of the antrum. Arm 1) R1 subtotal gastrectomy (6 cm proximal resection margin, greater/lesser omentectomy, no further LN dissection) vs. Arm 2) R3 total gastrectomy (omentectomy, splenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, celiac axis LN clearance, skeletonization of porta hepatis vessels)
 * 1994 PMID 8053740 -- "A prospective randomized trial comparing R1 subtotal gastrectomy with R3 total gastrectomy for antral cancer." (Robertson CS, Ann Surg. 1994 Aug;220(2):176-82.)
 * Outcome: median OS R1 4.2 years vs. R3 2.5 years (SS)
 * Conclusion: R3 total gastrectomy should not be routinely used for antral cancer

 * Italy (1982-1993) -- subtotal vs. total gastrectomy
 * Randomized. 622 patients, distal half of the stomach. At surgery, had to have proximal edge of tumor >=6 cm from cardia, no hepatic/intraperitoneal spread, no level 3 LN+. Arm 1) subtotal gastrectomy vs. Arm 2) total gastrectomy. D2 gastrectomy recommended
 * 1999 PMID 10450730 -- "Subtotal versus total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: five-year survival rates in a multicenter randomized Italian trial. Italian Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group." (Bozzetti F, Ann Surg. 1999 Aug;230(2):170-8.) Median F/U 6 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS subtotal 65% vs. total 62% (NS)
 * Conclusion: Both procedures similar survival; SG should be procedure of choice, provided proximal margin can be obtained

Surgery for Cancer arising in Proximal Stomach

 * Ivor-Lewis Procedure"
 * Total Gastrectomy versus Proximal Gastrectomy"
 * Transhiatal Approach versus Left Thoraco-abdominal Approach for "Total Gastrectomy"
 * NG drainage vs No gastric drainage after "Total Gastrectomy""

Extent of lymph node dissection
D1 versus D2 dissection
 * Dutch Gastric Cancer Group (1989-1993) -- D1 vs D2 resection
 * Randomized. 711/996 patients (285 found to have incurable disease), adenoCA of stomach. Arm 1) D1 gastrectomy vs. Arm 2) D2 gastrectomy
 * 5-years; 1999 PMID 10089184 -- "Extended lymph-node dissection for gastric cancer." (Bonenkamp JJ, N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar 25;340(12):908-14.)
 * Outcome: 5-year OS D1 45% vs. D2 47% (NS). Similar recurrence patterns, 5-year RFS 63% vs. 62% (NS)
 * Toxicity: surgical complications D1 25% vs. D2 43% (SS), post-op deaths 4% vs. 10% (SS).
 * Conclusion: Results do not support routine use of D2 lymph node dissection

D2 versus D3 dissection
 * MRC ST01 (1986-1993) -- D1 vs. D2 resection
 * Randomized. 400 patients, staging laparotomy, Stage I-III. Arm 1) D1 resection (removal of LN within 3.0 cm of tumor en bloc with greater omentum and stomach) vs. Arm 2) D2 resection (additional removal of omental bursa, and en bloc distal hemipancreatico-splenectomy for middle/upper lesions, or hepatoduodenal and retroduodenal LN for antral lesions to include Level 1-2 regional LNs)
 * 5-years; 1999 PMID 10188901 -- "Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long-term results of the MRC randomized surgical trial. Surgical Co-operative Group." (Cuschieri A, Br J Cancer. 1999 Mar;79(9-10):1522-30.) Median F/U 6.5 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS D1 35% vs. D2 33% (NS); death from gastric cancer NS
 * Conclusion: Classic Japanese D2 resection offers no survival benefit over D1
 * Japan COG (1995-2001) -- D2 resection vs. D2 + para-aortic LND
 * 5-years; 2008 PMID 18669424 -- "D2 lymphadenectomy alone or with para-aortic nodal dissection for gastric cancer." (Sasako M, N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 31;359(5):453-62.)
 * Randomized. 523 patients, curable T2b-T4. Arm 1) D2 lymphadenectomy vs. Arm 2) D2 lymphadenectomy + para-aortic LND. No adjuvant therapy
 * Outcome: PA LN+ in 8%. 5-year OS D2 69% vs. D2+PALND 70% (NS)
 * Toxicity: surgery complications D2 21% vs D2+PALND 28% (p=0.07); death rate 0.8% in both groups
 * Conclusion: Para-aortic LND doesn't improve survival in patients undergoing D2 dissection
 * Meta-analysis; 2010 PMID: 20123339 Meta-analysis of 3 trials: "Meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety of D2 plus para-aortic lymphadenectomy for resectable gastric cancer"(Chen XZ. et al. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210(1):100)
 * Outcome: The authors concluded that there was no definite indication that D2 plus para-aortic lymphadenectomy should be used to treat resectable gastric cancer.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

 * MRC MAGIC Trial (1994-2002) -- surgery alone vs peri-operative ECF
 * Randomized. 503 patients. Resectable Stage II+ adenocarcinoma of stomach or lower esophagus and GE junction. Enrolled at time of diagnosis (vs. after resection in INT0116). Arm 1) Perioperative chemo given as preop ECF (epirubicin, cisplatin, 5-FU) x3 cycles -> surgery -> postop ECF x3 cycles vs. Arm 2) surgery alone. Surgeon decided extent of LND. 42% completed entire chemo course
 * 2006 PMID 16822992 -- "Perioperative Chemotherapy versus Surgery Alone for Resectable Gastroesophageal Cancer." (Cunningham D, NEJM 2006 July 6;355(1):11-20.) Median F/U 4 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS chemo 36% vs surgery 23% (SS); PFS also better. Chemotherapy decreased tumor size and stage. Curative resection chemo 69% vs surgery 66%.
 * Conclusion: Survival benefit for chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant/adjuvant setting

 * Dutch FAMTX -- surgery alone vs perioperative FAMTX
 * Randomized. Closed early due to poor outcome in FAMTX arm. 59 patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Arm 1) pre-operative FAMTX (5-FU, doxorubicin, MTX) vs. Arm 2) surgery alone
 * 2004 PMID 15256239 -- Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for operable gastric cancer: long term results of the Dutch randomised FAMTX trial. (Hartgrink HH, Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004 Aug;30(6):643-9)
 * Outcome: Same resectability rate. Progressive disease in 44%. Median OS FAMTX 1.5 years vs. surgery alone 2.5 years (NS)
 * Conclusion: Early closure due to inadequate rates of curative resection in CT group. No benefit.
 * Comment (in PMID 16822992): Result may reflect inferiority of FAMTX to ECF seen in advanced disease

Neoadjuvant Chemo versus neoadjuvant Chemo-RT

 * German Oesophageal Cancer Study Group (2000-2005) -- Neoadjuvant Chemo vs. neoadjuvant Chemo-RT
 * Randomized. Trial terminated early due to poor accrual. 119 of expected 354 patients with locally advanced T3-4 adenocarcinoma of the lower oesophagus and gastric cardia. Arm 1) 2.5 courses PLF (cisplatin, fluorouracil, leucovorin) vs. Arm 2) 2.0 courses PLF followed by Chemo-RT (30/2) and 1 course of EP (etoposid, cisplatin). Surgery 3-4 weeks after completion of neoadjuvant treatment.
 * 2009 PMID 19139439 -- "Phase III comparison of preoperative chemotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction." (Stahl M, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 20;27(6):851-6) Median F/U 3.8 years
 * Outcome: 3-y OS: 47% vs. 28% (p=0.07). Higher rates of pCR and ypN0 with RCT than with CT
 * Toxicity: Postoperative mortality 10% vs. 4% (NS).
 * Conclusion: Although study underpowered (due to early closure) to demonstrate a survival benefit through RCT, strong trend towards OS-benefit through RCT.

Adjuvant Chemo-RT

 * Intergroup INT-0116 (1991-1998) -- Observation vs. Concurrent Chemo-RT + Adjuvant Chemo
 * Randomized. 556 patients. Completely resected (R0) adenocarcinoma of the stomach or GE junction. Stage IB to IV(M0) [1988 staging; IB=T1N1 or T2N0]. Arm 1) Observation vs. Arm 2) Bolus 5-FU (425 mg/m2/d) + LV (20 mg/m2/d) x 1 cycle, followed by concurent chemo-RT one month later. Chemotherapy given on first 4 and last 3 days of RT (5-FU 400 mg/m2 + LV 20 mg/m2). Adjuvant chemo one month following RT with two 5-day cycles of 5-FU/LV given one month apart. A D2 lymph node dissection was recommended, but most (54%) had a less than D1 dissection or had a D1 dissection (31%). 64% completed protocol
 * RT technique: 45 Gy to tumor bed, regional nodes, 2 cm beyond proximal and distal margins of resection. Defined tumor bed by pre-op CT. Lymph nodes included were: perigastric, celiac, local para-aortic, splenic, hepatoduodenal or hepatic-portal, and pancreaticoduodenal. Exclusion of the splenic nodes was allowed in patients with antral lesions if it was necessary to spare the left kidney. For tumors of GE junction, included paracardial and paraesophageal lymph nodes.
 * 2001 PMID 11547741 — "Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction." (MacDonald JS, N Engl J Med. 2001 Sep 6;345(10):725-30.) Median F/U 5 years
 * Outcome: Median survival observation 2.2 years vs chemo-RT 3.0 year (SS, HR for death 1.35). 3-year OS 41% vs 50%. 3-year RFS 31% vs 48%, median 19 months vs 30 months (SS, HR for relapse 1.52). LR 29% vs 19%, regional relapse 72% vs 65% (largely abdominal carcinomatosis), DM higher 18% vs 33%. Regional failure included peritoneal spread or liver mets.
 * Toxicity: Grade 3+ hematologic 54%, GI 33%. 17% stopped treatment due to toxic effects. 32% of pts in chemo/RT group experienced grade 4 toxic effects; 1% had treatment-related deaths.
 * Conclusion: Postop chemo-RT should be considered for patients at high risk for recurrence after curative resection

Adjuvant Chemotherapy

 * ACTS-GC, Japan (2001-2005) -- S1 chemo vs observation
 * Randomized. Trial stopped prematurely after significant survival benefit for adjuvant chemo group. 1034 patients, surgery with D2 LND, SM-, Stage II-IIIB. Arm 1) chemo S1 (tegafur + gimeracil + oteracil) x1 years vs Arm 2) surgery only. Primary endpoint OS
 * 2007 PMID 17978289 -- "Adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer with S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine." (Sakuramoto S, N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 1;357(18):1810-20.)
 * Outcome: 3-year OS S1 80% vs surgery 70% (HR 0.68, SS); 3-year DFS 72% vs 60%. Local relapse 1% vs 3%, LN relapse 5% vs 9%, peritoneal relapse 11% vs 16%
 * Toxicity: Grade 3-4 anorexia 6%, nausea 4%, diarrhea 3%
 * Conclusion: S1 is effective adjuvant treatment for patients undergoing D2 dissection

 * GOIM 9602 (Italy)(1996-2001) -- observation vs. ELFE (epirubicin/leucovorin/5-FU/etoposide)
 * Randomized. 228 patients, radically resected with total/subtotal gastrectomy and D1 LND, Stage IB-IIIB. Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) adjuvant ELFE x6 cycles
 * 2007 PMID 17525087 -- "Adjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin, leucovorin, 5-fluorouracil and etoposide regimen in resected gastric cancer patients: a randomized phase III trial by the Gruppo Oncologico Italia Meridionale (GOIM 9602 Study)." (De Vita F, Ann Oncol. 2007 Aug;18(8):1354-8. Epub 2007 May 24.) Median F/U 5 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS control 43% vs. chemo 48% (NS); DFS 39% vs. 44% (NS)
 * Conclusion: No survival benefit for adjuvant chemo

 * GOIRC (Italy)(1995-2000) -- observation vs. PELF (cisplatin/epirubicin/Leucovorin/5-FU)
 * Randomized. 258 patients, stage IB-IV (T4N2) treated with potentially curative surgery. Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) PELF x4 cycles. Median time-to-chemo 46 days, 10% never started therapy
 * 2008 PMID 18334706 -- "Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Completely Resected Gastric Cancer: A Randomized Phase III Trial Conducted by GOIRC." (Di Costanzo F, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Mar 11 [Epub ahead of print]) Median F/U 6.1 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS observation 49% vs. chemo 48% (NS); DFS 42% vs. 42% (NS)
 * Recurrence: no difference between arms; liver 28%, peritoneum 27%, LN 16%
 * Toxicity: Grade 3-4 vomiting 21%, leucopenia 20%; one toxicity-related death
 * Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant PELF

 * ITMO (Italy)(1992-1997) -- observation vs. EAP (etoposide/adriamycin/cisplatin)
 * Randomized. 274 patients, poor prognisis gastric cancer, s/p subtotal or total gastrectomy with D2 dissection, Stage T3-4 or N+ (90%). Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) adjuvant EAP + 5-FU/Leucovorin
 * 2002 PMID 11886009 -- "Adjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer: 5-year results of a randomised study by the Italian Trials in Medical Oncology (ITMO) Group." (Bajetta E, Ann Oncol. 2002 Feb;13(2):299-307.) Median F/U 5.5 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS control 48% vs. chemo 52% (NS); DFS 44% vs. 49% (NS)
 * Toxicity: Grade 3-4 leukopenia 21%, N/V 14%; 2 deaths due to sepsis
 * Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant EAP

 * EORTC/ICCG (1990-1998) -- 2 trials: observation vs. FAMTX or FEMTX
 * Randomized. 2 trials reported together. Both closed prematurely due to poor accrual. 397 patients, Adeno CA of stomach or GE junction, curative resection (R0-R1), D2 LND, Stage IB-IVM0.
 * EORTC (n=206): observation vs. FAMTX
 * ICCG (n=191): observation vs. FEMTX
 * 2006 PMID 16293676 -- "Randomized phase III trials of adjuvant FAMTX or FEMTX compared with surgery alone in resected gastric cancer. A combined analysis of the EORTC GI Group and the ICCG." (Nitti D, Ann Oncol. 2006 Feb;17(2):262-9. Epub 2005 Nov 17.)
 * Outcome: Combined analysis 5-year OS control 44% vs. chemo 43% (NS); DFS 42% vs. 41% (NS)
 * Conclusion: Neither FAMTX nor FEMTX should be used as adjuvant treatment

 * FFCD 8801 (France)(1989-1997) -- observation vs. 5-FU/cisplatin
 * Randomized. Closed early due to poor accrual. 260 patients, curative resection, Stage II-IVM0 (N+ 80%). Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) adjuvant 5-FU/cisplatin x4 cycles
 * 2005 PMID 15939717 -- "Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin compared with surgery alone for gastric cancer: 7-year results of the FFCD randomized phase III trial (8801)." (Bouche O, Ann Oncol. 2005 Sep;16(9):1488-97. Epub 2005 Jun 6.) Median F/U 8.1 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS control 42% vs. chemo 47% (NS)
 * Toxicity: Only 49% received >80% of planned chemo dose
 * Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant 5-FU/cisplatin

Adjuvant chemo vs Adjuvant chemo-RT

 * HeCOG, Greece (2002-2005) -- Taxol/Carbo +/- RT
 * Randomized. Trial stopped early due to slow accrual. 147 out of 200 patients. Gastric CA, stage T3-T4 or N+. Surgery, SM-. LND D0 54%, median LN examined 14. Arm 1) Docetaxel 75 mg + cisplatin 75 mg (replaced with carboplatin AUC 5 due to excessive vomiting) Q3W x 6 cycles vs Arm 2) same chemo + RT 45/25. RT given after 3rd cycle of chemo (delivered in 85%). Immunohistochemistry done on 67 patients
 * 2010 PMID 20130877 -- "A randomized phase III study of adjuvant platinum/docetaxel chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy in patients with gastric cancer." (Bamias A, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Feb 4. [Epub ahead of print]) Median F/U 4.5 years
 * Outcome: Local recurrence chemo 10% vs. chemo-RT 5% (NS). 3-year OS 61% vs 57% (NS); 3-years DFS 51% vs. 48% (NS). Patients with ERCC1+ significantly better OS (median 5.2 years vs 1.6), no difference for Her2 and AMP-Tau
 * Toxicity: Neutropenia 20% vs 24%; diarrhea 7% vs 4%
 * Conclusion: Addition of RT to chemo did not improve outcomes

Advanced

 * Multinational V325 (1999-2003) -- DCF vs. CF
 * Randomized, multinational. 445 patients with advanced gastric or GE junction CA treated with docetaxel 75 mg/m2, cisplatin 75 mg/m2, fluorouracil 750mg/m2 C.I. (DCF) vs. cisplatin 100 mg/m2 and fluorouracil 1000 mg/m2 (CF)
 * 2-years, 2006 PMID 17075117 -- "Phase III study of docetaxel and cisplatin plus fluorouracil compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil as first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a report of the V325 Study Group." (Van Cutsem E, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Nov 1;24(31):4991-7.)
 * 2-year outcome: OS: DCF 18% vs. CF 9% (SS)
 * Toxicity: Grade 3-4 events (neutropenia, stomatitis, diarrhea, lethargy) DCF 69% vs. CF 59%
 * Conclusion: Adding docetaxel to CF significantly improved TTP and OS

 * EORTC GI 213 (1992-1995) -- ECF vs. FAMTX
 * 1997 PMID 8996151 -- "Randomized trial comparing epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil versus fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced esophagogastric cancer." (Webb A, J Clin Oncol. 1997 Jan;15(1):261-7.)
 * Randomized. 274 patients, inoperable carcinoma of esophagus, GE junction, or stomach. Arm 1) ECF x8 cycles vs. Arm 2) FAMTX x8 cycles
 * Outcome: median OS ECF 9 months vs. FAMTX 6 months (SS); 1-year OS 36% vs. 21% (SS)
 * Toxicity: tolerable, 3 toxic deaths
 * Conclusion: ECF results in survival advantage and tolerable toxicity

title: Radiation Oncology/Stomach/Randomized


text:
User talk:SimcoeInc Mike

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:13, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:SimcoeInc Mike


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Birds - Advanced

2. Know the laws protecting birds in your state, province, or country.
In the United States, birds are protected by a fairly large number of international treaties and domestic laws. These can be categorized as primary and secondary authorities. Primary authorities are international conventions and major domestic laws that focus primarily on migratory birds and their habitats. Secondary authorities are broad-based domestic environmental laws that provide ancillary but significant benefits to migratory birds and their habitats.

Federal laws that protect bird populations

 * The Lacey Act: (passed on May 25, 1900) prohibited game taken illegally in one state to be shipped across state boundaries contrary to the laws of the state where taken.
 * Weeks-McLean Law: (which became effective on March 4, 1913) was designed to stop commercial market hunting and the illegal shipment of migratory birds from one state to another. The Act boldly proclaimed that:
 * All wild geese, wild swans, brant, wild ducks, snipe, plover, woodcock, rail, wild pigeons, and all other migratory game and insectivorous birds which in their northern and southern migrations pass through or do not remain permanently the entire year within the borders of any State or Territory, shall hereafter be deemed to be within the custody and protection of the Government of the United States, and shall not be destroyed or taken contrary to regulations hereinafter provided therefor.

 * Migratory Bird Treaty Act: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act is the domestic law that affirms, or implements, the United States' commitment to four international conventions (with Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia) for the protection of a shared migratory bird resource. Each of the conventions protect selected species of birds that are common to both countries (i.e., they occur in both countries at some point during their annual life cycle).

 * Endangered Species Act: The Endangered Species Act is also the domestic law that confirms, or implements, the United States' commitment to two international treaties that contain important provisions for the protection of migratory birds:
 * CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
 * Pan American Convention (the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere).

 * Other International Treaties: In additional to the conventions implemented by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Endangered Species Act, the United States is party to two other international treaties that afford special protection to migratory birds.

 * Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats)
 * Antarctic Treaty (designed to protect the native birds, mammals, and plants of the Antarctic)

 * Other Domestic Laws: Other domestic laws protecting birds in the United States include:
 * Bald Eagle Protection Act
 * Waterfowl Depredations Prevention Act
 * Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act
 * Wild Bird Conservation Act

Federal Laws protecting bird habitats

 * Duck Stamp Act: The Duck Stamp Act provides a mechanism for generating money for the acquisition and protection of important migratory bird habitats.
 * Wetlands Loan Act: The Wetlands Loan Act, approved October 4, 1961, authorized an advance of funds against future revenues from sale of "duck stamps" as a means of accelerating the acquisition of migratory waterfowl habitat.
 * Emergency Wetlands Resources Act: The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act, approved November 10, 1986, authorized the purchase of wetlands from Land and Water Conservation Fund monies, removing a prior prohibition on such acquisitions.
 * Migratory Bird Conservation Act: The Migratory Bird Conservation Commission was established on February 18, 1929 by the passage of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act. It was created and authorized to consider and approve any areas of land and/or water recommended by the Secretary of the Interior for purchase or rental by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the Act, and to fix the price or prices at which such areas may be purchased or rented. In addition to approving purchase and rental prices, the Commission considers the establishment of new waterfowl refuges.
 * North American Wetlands Conservation Act: The North American Wetlands Conservation Act does several things:

 * It encourages partnerships to conserve North American wetland ecosystems for waterfowl, other migratory birds, fish, and wildlife.
 * It encourages the formation of public-private partnerships to develop and implement wetland conservation projects consistent with the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP), a blueprint for continental waterfowl and wetlands conservation, and other North American migratory bird conservation agreements.
 * It creates the North American Wetlands Conservation Fund to help support projects through grants.
 * It establishes a nine-member North American Wetlands Conservation Council (Council) to review and recommend grant proposals to the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission for funding.

a. In what ways are the feet, legs, and beak of birds variously modified to adapt them to their environment?
Bird feet have many specializations. For example, perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism in their feet that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Aquatic birds have webbed feet used for efficient propulsion through the water. Birds of prey have sharp talons on the ends of their feet which they use for capturing and killing their prey. The male emperor penguin's feet are specially shaped so that he can hold an egg on top of them as he covers it with his body to keep it warm. The ostrich has just two toes on each foot (most birds have four), with the nail of the larger, inner one resembling a hoof. The outer toe lacks a nail. This is an adaptation unique to Ostriches that appears to aid in running.

Their legs are also specialized. Wading birds have long legs to allow them to venture into deeper water in search of fish. The ostrich has large, powerful legs for running (they can reach speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), the top land speed of any bird. Furthermore, their legs are featherless, which allows them to control their temperature.  When it's cold, they can cover their thighs with their wings.  When it's hot, they uncover them, allowing them to cool off.

Their beaks are highly specialized as well, adapted for eating insects, grain, coniferous-seeds, nectar, or fruit. They are also adapted to various forms of hunting, including dip netting, surface skimming, mud probing, filter feeding, fishing, or scavenging.

(1) What do hummingbirds eat in the wild and how often?
Hummingbirds are attracted to many flowering plants. They feed on the nectar of these plants and are important pollinators, especially of deep-throated flowers.

They also typically consume more than their own weight in nectar each day, and to do so they must visit hundreds of flowers daily. At any given moment, they are only hours away from starving.

Hummingbirds feed in many small meals, consuming up to their own body weight in nectar and insects per day. They spend an average 10%-15% of their time feeding and 75%-80% sitting, digesting and watching. Obtaining this much food requires a lot of work. Scientists have recorded a Costa's Hummingbirds making 42 feeding flights in 6–5 hours, during which time it visited 1,311 flowers.

(2) Why aren't hummingbirds afraid of large mammals or birds?
Hummingbirds are such skillful fliers that they have no fear of predators. They can usually elude them with ease.

(3) How do their wings move differently from other birds?
Most birds move their wings up and down when they fly, but a hummingbird moves its wings front-to-back in a figure-eight pattern. This allows them to generate lift on both the forward and backward strokes, as well as endowing them with the ability to hover and fly backwards.

(4) How fast do they fly?
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds migrate across the Gulf of Mexico, averaging 40 km/h (25 mph).

(5) How fast do the wings and heart beat?
Hummingbirds are known for their ability to hover in mid-air by rapidly flapping their wings 15–80 times per second (depending on the species). Their heart rate can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate once measured in a Blue-throated Hummingbird. However, they are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available, entering a hibernation-like state known as torpor. During torpor, the heart rate and rate of breathing are both slowed dramatically (the heart rate to roughly 50–180 beats per minute), reducing their need for food.

(6) How is the tongue shaped?
Hummingbirds' tongues are bifurcated - a fancy way of saying that like a snake, the hummingbird has a forked tongue.

5. Identify on a bird's wing the primaries, secondaries, coverts, axillars, and alulae.

 * Primaries:
 * Secondaries:
 * Coverts:
 * Axillars:
 * Alulae: The alulea (singular is alula) are small projections on the leading edge of the wing near the carpal joint (6). They are actually one of the bird's digits, and are typically covered with three to five small feathers, with the exact number depending on the species. Like the larger flight feathers found on the wing's trailing edge, these alula feathers are asymmetrical, with the shaft running closer to leading edge.

6. Describe the functions and purposes of bird banding, telling in particular how banding contributes to our knowledge about bird movements.
Bird banding (also known as bird ringing) is an aid to studying wild birds, by attaching a small individually numbered metal or plastic ring to their legs or wings, so that various aspects of the bird's life can be studied by the ability to re-find the same individual later. This can include migration, longevity, mortality, population studies, feeding behavior, and many other aspects.

Terminology and techniques
Those who ring birds are called "bird ringers". Organized banding efforts are called "ringing schemes" and the organizations that run them, "ringing authorities". Birds are "ringed" (rather than "rung"). When a ringed bird is found, and the ring number read and reported back to the ringer or ringing authority, this is termed a "ringing recovery" or "control".

Birds are either ringed at the nest, or after being trapped in fine mist nets, Heligoland traps, drag nets, cannon nets, duck decoys or similar.

A ring of suitable size is attached, and has on it a unique number, plus a contact address. The bird is often weighed and measured, and examined for parasites (which may then be removed) before release. The rings are very light-weight, and have no adverse effect on the birds. The individual birds can then be identified when they are re-trapped, or found dead.

The finder can contact the address on the ring, give the unique number, and be told the known history of the bird's movements.

The organizing body, by collating many such reports, can then determine patterns of bird movements for large populations.

The first organized schemes for bird ringing were started (in 1909) by Arthur Landsborough Thomson in Aberdeen and Harry Witherby in England, though smaller individual marking tests had began some years earlier in Denmark and Germany.

Wing tags
In some surveys, involving larger birds such as eagles, brightly-colored plastic tags are attached to birds' wing feathers. Each has a letter or letters, and the combination of color and letters uniquely identifies the bird. These can then be read in the field, through binoculars, meaning that there is no need to re-trap the birds. Because the tags are attached to feathers, they drop off when the bird moults. Imping is the practice of replacing a bird's normal feather with a brightly-colored false feather. A patagial tag is a permanent tag held onto the wing by a rivet punched through the patagium.

Radio transmitters and satellite-tracking
Where detailed information is needed on an individuals' movements, scientists can fit tiny radio transmitters to birds. For small species the transmitter is carried as a 'backpack' fitted over the wing bases, and for larger species it may be attached to a tail feather or temporary leg band. Both types usually have a tiny (10 cm) flexible aerial to improve signal reception. Two field receivers (reading distance and direction) are needed to establish the bird's position using triangulation. Transmitters may be recovered by recapturing the bird or designed to drop off. The technique is useful for tracing individuals during landscape-level movements particularly in dense vegetation (such as tropical forests) and for shy or difficult-to-spot species, because birds can be located from a distance without visual confirmation. The use of satellite transmitters for bird movements is currently restricted by transmitter size - to species larger than about 400g. They may be attached to migratory birds (geese and swans are popular subjects) or other species undergoing longer-distance flights. Individuals may be tracked by satellites for immense distances, for the lifetime of the transmitter battery. As with wing tags, the transmitters may be designed to drop off when the bird moults; or they may be recovered by recapturing the bird.

Field-readable rings
A field-readable is a ring or rings, usually made from plastic and brightly colored, which may also have conspicuous markings in the form of letters and/or numbers. They are used by biologists working in the field to identify individual birds without recapture and with a minimum of disturbance to their behavior. Rings large enough to carry numbers are usually restricted to larger birds, although if necessary small extensions to the rings (leg flags) bearing the identification code allow their use on slightly smaller species. For small species (e.g. most passerines), individuals can be identified by using a combination of small rings of different colors, which are read in a specific order. Most color-marks of this type are considered temporary (the rings degrade, fade and may be lost or removed by the birds) and individuals are usually also fitted with a permanent metal ring.

Other markers
Head and neck markers are very visible, and may be used in species where the legs are not normally visible (such as ducks and geese). Nasal discs and nasal saddles can be attached to the culmen with a pin looped through the nostrils in birds with perforate nostrils. They should not be used if they obstruct breathing. They should not be used on birds that live in icy climates, as accumulation of ice on a nasal saddle can plug the nostrils. Neck collars made of expandable, non-heat-conducting plastic are very useful for larger birds such as geese.

Some results
An Arctic Tern ringed as a chick not yet able to fly, on the Farne Islands off the Northumberland coast in eastern Britain in summer 1982, reached Melbourne, Australia in October 1982, a sea journey of over 22,000 km (14,000 miles) in just three months from fledging.

A Manx Shearwater ringed as an adult (at least 5 years old), breeding on Copeland Island, Northern Ireland, is currently (2003/2004) the oldest known wild bird in the world: ringed in July 1953, it was retrapped in July 2003, at least 55 years old. Other ringing recoveries have shown that Manx Shearwaters migrate over 10,000 km to waters off southern Brazil and Argentina in winter, so this bird has covered a minimum of 1,000,000 km on migration alone (not counting day-to-day fishing trips). Another bird nearly as old, breeding on Bardsey Island off Wales was calculated by ornithologist Chris Mead to have flown over 8 million km (5 million miles) during its life (and this bird was still alive in 2003, having outlived Chris Mead).

7. Name the main migratory bird flyways used by birds in your continent.
The main migration routes in North America are known as the Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific.

8. Give the migration routes and terminal destinations for ten different migratory bird species.
Both the routes and the terminal destinations can be found on the maps below.

9. Describe at least three different ways that birds are able to orient themselves in their movements across the globe.
Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields, use visual landmarks as well as olfactory cues.

==10. Make a list of 60 species of wild birds, including birds from at least ten different families, that you personally have observed and positively identified by sight out of doors. For each species on this list note the following: a. Name b. Date observed c. Place observed d. Habitat (i.e., field, woods, river, lake, etc.) e. Status where observed (permanent resident, winter resident, summer resident, migrant, vagrant) == The most active times of the year for birding in temperate zones are during the spring or fall migrations when the greatest variety of birds may be seen. On these occasions, large numbers of birds travel north or south to wintering or nesting locations.

Early morning is typically the best time of the day for birding since many birds are searching for food which makes them easier to find and observe.

Birders who are keen rarity-seekers will travel long distances to locate new and rare species, intending to add these to their list of personally observed birds. These lists often take the form of a life list, national list, state list, county list, or year list.

Seawatching is a type of birdwatching where observers based at a coastal watch point, such as a headland, watch birds flying over the sea. This is one form of pelagic birding, by which pelagic bird species are viewed. Another way birders view pelagic species is from seagoing vessels.

Many birders take part in censuses of bird populations and migratory patterns which are sometimes specific to individual species. These birders may also count all birds in a given area, as in the Christmas Bird Count. This citizen science can assist in identifying environmental threats to the well-being of birds or, conversely, in assessing outcomes of environmental management initiatives intended to ensure the survival of at-risk species or encourage the breeding of species for aesthetic or ecological reasons. This more scientific side of the hobby is an aspect of ornithology, coordinated in the UK by the British Trust for Ornithology.

Increasing seasonal bird populations can be a good indication of biodiversity or the quality of different habitats. Some species are persecuted as vermin, often illegally, as with the case of the Hen Harrier in Britain.

==11. Present lists of birds, showing the greatest number of species seen out of doors in: a. One day (with at least six hours in the field) b. One week c. Your lifetime (all birds observed by you since you began birding to date) == As you observe birds and record the data called for in requirement 10, you can go through the data at a later time to collect this information. You can also log your observations online at places such as http://www.birdingcentral.com/ Using the Internet for logging your data will connect you to an international community of bird watchers. You will be better able to know when and where to look for various species of birds, and you may make some lifelong friends in the process.

12. Make a list of ten species of wild birds that you personally have positively identified by sound out of doors, and describe or imitate these bird sounds as best you can.
Listen to the bird calls found in the Field Guide. Then listen for them in the wild. Birding often involves a significant auditory component, as many bird species are more readily detected and identified by ear than by eye.

13. Lead a group in a bird observation walk or tell two Bible stories in which a bird was significant.
You will learn where the best places to see birds are as you go out birding yourself. If possible, take a group to one of those places. You can combine this trip with one of another purpose (such as a hike).

Bible stories that feature a bird as a significant part include, Noah sending out the dove, and Elijah being fed by ravens. In the Sermon on the Mount Jesus asks us to consider the birds of the air (they neither sow nor reap). The baptism of Jesus and Pentecost also feature doves.


text:
User talk:171.65.87.13

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:35, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:171.65.87.13


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3

This develops a knight, controlling the h4 square in order to prevent black from playing Qh4+, forcing white to play Ke2. White couldn’t block by g3??, because black can capture by fxg3! . Plus, white couldn’t capture back, since the h-pawn is pinned to the rook, forcing white to play Ke2.

There is a huge variety of possible approaches for Black here.
 * 3...g5 is the Classical Variation, and unlike a lot of other Classical Variations it's still the most common move. The purpose is twofold: protect the marauding f4-pawn in the event that White attacks it by moving the d-pawn, and threaten to advance to g4 and kick the knight away from f3. The weakening of Black's kingside is not too important a factor, because the f4-pawn gives Black all the space on that wing. Any kingside advance from White will run into Black's kingside advance coming the other way.

 * 3...d5 is the Abbazia Defence or Modern Defence. Black reasons that a less dramatic way of reinforcing the f4-pawn is by playing ...Bd6, but the immediate 3...Bd6 would block the d-pawn and get hit by an e5 advance, so Black gets that pawn out of the way first. Unfortunately, there's a White pawn on e4 ready to capture it, so it's not quite that simple, and the Abbazia is one of the few King's Gambit lines that score better for White than Black.

Those are the three mainstream options, then there are another four somewhat respectable options: Minor lines include 3...f5 and 3...h5.
 * 3...d6 is the move with which Bobby Fischer claimed to have refuted the entire King's Gambit. Black would still like to play ...g5 next move, but first takes the precaution of denying the f3-knight access to e5. This means it's going to be short of good squares after a g7-g5-g4 advance, and may have to make an abject retreat to g1. The Fischer Defence would probably be more popular still if bringing the knight to e5 in the 3...g5 variations actually scored well for White, but it doesn't.
 * 3...Be7 is the Cunningham Gambit. Black is determined to get a check in on h4! But White gets to make another move first, and after 4.Bc4 the check is much less powerful because the king just steps across to f1. The usual response to 4.Bc4 is 4...Nf6, but then what's the point of having the bishop on that diagonal?
 * 3...Ne7 is the Bonsch-Osmolovsky Variation, a new idea that's still rocketing up the popularity charts. The idea is to play ...d5 with an improved version of the Abbazia Defence, because if White exchanges pawns Black will get the knight to d5 from where it defends f4. This is scoring incredibly well even by King's Gambit standards: 49% Black wins to 22% White. A note of caution: this may simply be because the players on the White side of it haven't been very good, because in the 21st century the very good players tend not to play the King's Gambit.
 * 3...h6 is the Becker Defence, which prepares to simply defend the forward f-pawn with ...g5. How is this different from playing 3...g5 immediately? Because of the effects of White's undermining move h4. After 3...g5 4.h4 Black would be unwise to try to defend g5 with 4...h6? because after 5.hxg5, that h6-pawn is going to be pinned to the h8-rook. So Black needs to play two moves at once: 4...h6 to defend the g5 pawn, and 4...Bg7 to protect the rook. You're not allowed to play two moves at once, and you can't put a bishop on g7 while there's still a pawn there, so the only way of making it all work is to play ...h6 in advance. Simple!
 * 3...Nf6 is the Schallopp Defence. This is no straightforward developing move, because the knight is going to get kicked straight off f6 by White's e-pawn. The square Black has in mind for it is h5! That Black can spend two moves putting a knight on the edge of the board and still win 38% of games is probably a bad omen for King's Gambit players.

Theory table
.

1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3. Nf3


text: User talk:87.99.27.160

title: User talk:87.99.27.160


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Talk:A-level Mathematics/MEI

embedded link appears broken as per other similar page (pdf)--Billymac00 (talk) 04:31, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:A-level Mathematics/MEI


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User:Ficell

m:User:Ficell

title: User:Ficell


text: User talk:24.231.237.173

title: User talk:24.231.237.173


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FLTK

FLTK ( http://www.fltk.org/ ) is a cross-platform application framework that natively supports OpenGL. It's lightweight, can be statically linked, and comes with a graphical GUI designer named FLUID.

This book is about FLTK 2.0 which is still under development. The current stable version (1.0) already has a comprehensive documentation, though it is mostly a reference.

Version 2.0 adds UTF-8 support, theming, as well as many improvements for the developer. The FLTK roadmap listing missing features and bugs is available here: FLTK roadmap.

Note that there's no release date for FLTK 2.0 and some of its parts are still in alpha state. Moreover, the API can change before the official release. If you need a stable framework, please use FLTK 1.1 (though it has an entirely different API).

FLTK framework uses a modified GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.0 (LGPL 2.0). The modifications allow not to publish your own source code, except changes to FLTK framework code itself or of any program that uses an altered version of FLTK with static linking (a derived LGPL version of the framework can be used with a closed source project). You are also required to name FLTK somewhere in you application or documentation.
 * Licensing

FLTK based applications usually build without source modification on the following platforms:
 * Portability
 * Unix and Linux (through X11),
 * Mac OS X,
 * Windows,
 * and other less common platforms, such as OS/2, QNX or GNU/HURD.

FLTK documentation and information is available through the official site. It hosts active forums, documentation, articles and links to many FLTK based application which you can download, play with and get their source code (when available). The FLTK framework code also comes with a lot of examples in its 'test/' directory.
 * Documentation

Code Examples

 * /Disabling the escape key/

title: FLTK


text: User talk:Krollo

title: User talk:Krollo


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User talk:Rick Norwood

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 14:53, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rick Norwood


text: User talk:203.4.255.140

title: User talk:203.4.255.140


text: User talk:209.51.202.74

title: User talk:209.51.202.74


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User talk:59.184.130.72

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

Please use the sandbox for test edits. Thanks, Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 16:11, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:59.184.130.72


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Trainz/DLS and FCT

First of all, for the uninitiated, the designation DLS stands for Download Station, the central server where Auran stores all the Assets that have been created and submitted by Trainzers for general distribution to the Trainz Community. If you have a Trainz User ID and password you can access this site and download assets into your copy of Trainz.

Users of TRS2006 or above can use the supplied Content Manager Plus (CMP) application that manages content, searches and downloads. CMP also works hand-in-hand with CCP to aid in content creation.

FCT stands for First Class Ticket. For a nominal sum you can purchase a First Class Ticket from Auran which will allow you unlimited download privileges. Without the FCT, you are restricted to 100 MB each day and a download speed of 4kb/s. Depending on the copy that you purchase, you may be supplied with a '1 month FCT' free of charge with your new software.

title: Trainz/DLS and FCT


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Trainz/refs/TrainzMap

About TrainzMap
TrainzMap was a Free utility created by VistaMare to facilitate and enhance route building in TRS2006, TRS2004 and UTC. In particular, it has the ability to render a map of your layout's track plan, complete with as much data about it as you desire, like station names, track marks, signals, etc. for which you could specify the listed data and it's arrangement. It became inapplicable for large maps when TS2009 and TS2010 releases changed the data base models, making the software incompatible. For early versions of TS2009 and TS2010 a was produced which converted and made a temporary Map file in TRS2006 format for feeding TrainzMap and that is archived on the TrainzProRoutes download server. That same link gives details and how to download the utility from the Way Back machine. The wayback download still link worked when checked in 2013.

One other very useful feature of TrainzMap is the ability to change many of the objects(assets) in your layout for another of the same kind,(Similar to TrainzObjects)*. For instance, if you decide that you want to change all the point motors on your layout to another type, it just takes a few clicks of the mouse and you're done. Very handy. (This feature was added to TS2009)

You can get TrainzMap here; http://www.vistamaresoft.com TrainzMap is not available for Trainz Classics(TC), however, if you have TRS2006, you can import a route from TC, do your Trainzmap stuff and export it back to TC very easily.

Items such as trees don't qualify as 'nameable' so you will not be able to do a universal exchange of trees or other non nameable objects in Trainzmap. TS2009 and later Trainz will do this.
 * TrainzMap will exchange any "nameable" asset for another of its kind. (they show up as asterisks when the nameable button is selected)

If you have TRS2004 and TrainzObjects, you can copy over your route into the '04 world/custom folder, open TO and do the exchange. Create a .cdp file of the revised map and import into '06. It will replace your old version. (Delete '04 copy)

title: Trainz/refs/TrainzMap


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User:ComputerGuy890100

Hello! It's ComputerGuy890100 from Wikipedia! I was just looking around and I hope to be fully on WikiBooks after a couple of months.

title: User:ComputerGuy890100


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User talk:ComputerGuy890100

Welcome to my talk page!

title: User talk:ComputerGuy890100


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User:DIYprojects

DIY projects from around the house.

title: User:DIYprojects


text: Cookbook talk:Turkish Coffee

title: Cookbook talk:Turkish Coffee


text:
FLTK/Downloading and installing

Downloading FLTK
Go to FLTK's software page and click on the latest FLTK 2.0 package. Choose the compression you're able to decompress (bzip2 or gzip) and click on the nearest mirror. Sometimes the mirrors are not up to date, then try another one or pick an older package. Don't use the SourceForge.net project page, it's deprecated.

Linux
Decompressing the bzip2 archive: tar jxf fltk-2.0.x-rNNNN.tar.bz2

Decompressing the gzip archive: tar zxf fltk-2.0.x-rNNNN.tar.gz

To build the framework, launch the configuration script and type make: ./configure make

If everything built fine (no error message), install it: sudo make install

You're ready to write FLTK 2 applications!

title: FLTK/Downloading and installing


text:
User talk:81.227.13.195

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:29, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.227.13.195


text: User talk:92.11.100.71

title: User talk:92.11.100.71


text:
User talk:77.97.208.72

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 21:35, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:77.97.208.72


text:
How to Drive in California, USA

Table of Contents

 * /Four-way stops/
 * /Passing/
 * /Turning right at red lights/

title: How to Drive in California, USA


text:
User talk:Beamer

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:05, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

We have many stop signs which are freely usable at Stop. Please use one of those instead. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:10, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Driving in California
To put pages in a book, you should follow the "Book Name/Section Name" pattern. Add a "/" to the book's title, then the name of the sub-page you are creating. Also be sure that you keep the same main book name for them (How to drive in California, USA, not How to drive in Southern California, U. S. A.). So How to drive in Southern California, U. S. A. - Page two should have been located at How to drive in California, USA/Page two. I've fixed this one for you. Hope this helps. Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 00:40, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I was just going to remind you too :) WB:NP describes this in full. Also, you should name the subpages something more descriptive than "Page 2" etc. Take a look through some books that do this well for examples. If you need help, just ask. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:47, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Now what I don't understand is there is presently over 500 pages needing to be categorized in Wiki Books. Why the hell couldn't I have finished writing the damn book before it gets totally rearranged? Hell, I don't know what is what right now and don't presently have the time to try to figure it out. Have you guys ever written anything close to a book before? Some how I don't think so. Again, thanks ever so much and crickey I am an American.

Damit. Way beyond miffed right now!--Beamer (talk) 12:21, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Whether we've written textbooks is irrelevant, though I have, and it is a featured book. As this is a wiki, you should expect that others will edit your work. No content was lost in the shuffle, and the result is that the book now complies with Wikibooks policy. The problem that I fixed was not categorization, but rather the naming convention, and not using subpages. As well, there was significant overlap between two pages, so I merged them. The book is better for my having done so. I think if you stick around, you'll find that the conventions we use here work well (otherwise we wouldn't use them). If you need help with anything, just ask. Happy editing! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:39, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Beamer


text:
Talk:How to Drive in California, USA

Scope
You should perhaps make this far more general than California. Driving rules are similar enough throughout North America (and in fact, beyond) that the current restriction in scope makes little sense. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:59, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Interesting, because I was actually wanting to change the title to limit the scope of the guide to just southern California. I am hardly an expert in any area of the country (other than that in the title) (north America) or beyond to know of what I am writing about. If you are certain of how much of the country follows the same rules I have no problem in changing the name to reflect this. I do know there is a great deal of difference in How pedestrians get treated in Miami (not good environment for people with out huge massive amounts of steel surrounding them and using the streets or parking lots) than in California. So there are differences ...--Beamer (talk) 03:45, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I hardly think how "nice" drivers are to pedestrians is enough of a difference to necessitate separate textbooks. There would be so much overlap if that were done it'd be ridiculous. Instead, you might consider that a driver's license from southern California are valid throughout the US, Canada and Mexico (and possibly some areas further south, plus some areas overseas). Since that's the case, I think restricting the book to a region less than a whole state is not a good way to start the book off. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:32, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Categorization
I guess I am needing assistance in locating the proper subject category for this book. --Beamer (talk) 03:50, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I tweaked the subjects a bit, and they look ok now. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:26, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Page size
How small a page do you want here wiikibookian? --Beamer (talk) 03:51, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, I am glad this is still around. Its no wonder you have trouble getting people to write anything in here when things get totally turned upside down. Just slightly miffed right now. --Beamer (talk) 11:58, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry you're miffed. We do like to have content on subpages generally. A table of contents usually goes on the main page (sometimes on a subpage if the main page has a cover image). This aids navigation, and ensures that the book is at least somewhat structured. Keep in mind this is a wiki, and your work will be edited by others. This is a strength, not a weakness! If you ever need help, you can ask on my talk page, or at WB:HELP. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:28, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:How to Drive in California, USA


text:
How to Drive in California, USA/Passing

I guess what you have to be at times like this is part mind reader. After a few times of this bizarre, and I will even call it illegal behavior is to hope you realize what is going on and know how to react. Nobody said that Driving in Southern California doesn't have its very scary moments.

Another aspect of stop lights (I truly hope I don't need to explain the use of stop lights - Green equals GO, Red equals STOP (just like at a stop sign) and yellow means Caution) that I have noticed lately is the fact that some folk insist on stopping many feet behind the limit line or the crosswalk. At some larger or newer stoplights there is a sensor planted below the asphalt that tells the stop light when a car is waiting to go through the intersection. You pull all the way up to the first white line, the sensor and the stop light know you are there and patiently waiting for the green light. If you don't do this, you and the cars behind you may be stuck there awhile.

Also, when stop lights are not working properly, (Flashing RED or not working at all) treat them as a stop sign.

Passing other cars
Ok, this is a fun topic. On freeways, if you find yourself getting passed by other cars and trucks, pull over to the right hand lane. You, believe it or not, are actually going slower than the flow of traffic and really need to get out of the way of faster traffic. Passing on freeways is, uhm, well, lets say interesting. For sure, you may get passed on the left or the right hand side. Hopefully you are using your mirrors and are aware of the vehicle that wants to pass you. Hopefully, they are using their turn signals on their vehicle (good luck with this). Usually, you will not get this warning feature. And sometimes the speed of the vehicle coming up on you is so fast that you may not see the vehicle till they are along side of you passing you. They have come from behind another vehicle, or have just come out of the distance to pass you unobserved. Is this a safe way to drive? Hardly, but people still insist on this as a mode of getting from point A to point B.

On other roads, say a two lane country road, there are other factors you need to worry about as you try to pass someone.

Number 1) - Is the Yellow line on the road broken on your side? If it is solid, you are legally not supposed to pass. Why, you might ask? The engineers that built the road are figuring that there is good reason for you not to be trying to pass a vehicle right then, like a blind curve up ahead, a rise in the road, or a hill.

Number 2) - Can you pass the vehicle in time? You really need to be sure and try and finish your pass before your side of the yellow line goes solid again. Isn't driving a blast? It really helps to have vast amounts of horsepower on country two lane roads and trying to pass. Once you get on the other side of the yellow line, once you travel into oncoming traffic, speed is essential. Granted there is the speed limit, but however you should have this in consideration before attempting your pass. Once you get into the oncoming traffic lane, you are in some very dangerous territory. You definitely want to safely get back into your lane as soon as possible.

Passing in the city
Passing in the city is another matter. You don't have to usually worry about broken or solid yellow lines, for you are going to see white lines for the most part. You also have traffic signs you have to pay attention to. Stop lights, traffic, pedestrians, signs along the road, distractions and noise by the boatload in places. This is where you really need to be paying attention. People stopping, some illegally, people turning and passing you, horns honking, stereo's blazing - not a calm environment at all. Sometimes you have to pass in a split second. You really must be aware of all that is around you at all times. You have to pay attention to where you are in relation to turns and intersections and many other things. At times, especially in big cities, you will have bumper to bumper traffic to consider as well. You may need to plan some three or four intersections ahead to get where you want to go and how you will pass or change lanes.

title: How to Drive in California, USA/Passing


text:
Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Computer (General Conference)

What I would like to know is how come this isn't a form of cheating? These are obviously answers to a very thorough teaching program test and probably was not designed for the average student to be able to find or see the contents within.--Beamer (talk) 00:11, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi Beamer. I answered this on the main talk page to the Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book.  Advent Youth is a component of Pathfinders which is similar to Boy Scouts or Girl Scout.  The honors presented here are similar to Merit Badges. If the average pathfinder wants to see th information presented here, he (or she) is more than welcome.  The thought behind Pathfindering is for the child to do and learn.  --Jomegat (talk) 02:13, 16 March 2008 (UTC)


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/memset

memset
The function memset copies ch into the first count characters of buffer, and returns buffer. memset is useful for intializing a section of memory to some value. For example, this command:

...is a very efficient way to set all values of the_array to zero.

The table below compares two different methods for initializing an array of characters: a loop versus memset. As the size of the data being initialized increases, memset clearly gets the job done much more quickly:

 * Related topics: memcmp - memcpy - memmove


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/memmove

memmove
The memmove function is identical to memcpy, except that it works even if to and from overlap.

 * Related topics: memcpy - memset


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strcpy

strcpy
The strcpy function copies characters in the string 'from to the string to, including the null termination. The return value is to.

Note that strcpy does not perform bounds checking, and thus risks overrunning from or to. For a similar (and safer) function that includes bounds checking, see strncpy.

 * Related topics: memcpy - strcat - strchr - strcmp - strncmp - strncpy


text:
User talk:L0ke

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 02:07, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:L0ke


text:
User talk:Icyisamu~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * Make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window (if javascript is enabled on your browser) that will insert it too (looks like part of a signature). This will let others know who left it, and make it easy to reply back to you.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. (What is Wikibooks).
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Reading Room with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Help us by participating in policy and guideline creation.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Reading Room, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add that page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic (talk) 02:07, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Icyisamu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Icyisamu~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:14, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:03, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Icyisamu~enwikibooks