text:
User talk:Kray257

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. SB_Johnny | talk 11:14, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Mac download code question
I moved your question to the talk of the main page: Talk:Programming_Mac_OS_X_with_Cocoa_for_beginners. -- SB_Johnny | talk 11:14, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kray257


text: Category:Book:Phylogenetics

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Book:Phylogenetics


text:
User talk:StefanPapp

SQL Server book?
Are all the pages you've created related to SQL Server 2005? If so, they should be put into book form (I can help you with that).-- SB_Johnny | talk 11:41, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:StefanPapp


text:
User talk:203.135.0.66

Strange edits
The last two edits from this IP were nonsense edits. The changes were reverted, please do not add nonsense to wikibooks. -- SB_Johnny | talk 11:46, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.135.0.66


text:
Microsoft SQL Server/Configuring Mail

First of all: SQL Server Mail does not depend on Extended Mapi.

Prerequesites for Database Mail:
 * Database Mail has to be enabled via the Surface Area Configuration Tool, Database Mail Configuration Wizard or the sp_configure.
 * Service Broker needs to be enabled in the Database Mail host database msdb
 * The Database Mail externals executables need access to the SMTP Server

Architecture
Four Components: Configuration Component, Messaging Component, Database Mail executable, Logging and auditing component.

The configuration components consists of a database Mail account and a Database Mail profile. The Database Mail account contains the information that SQL Server uses to send e-mail messages to the SMTP server, such as the SMTP server name, the authentication type, and the e-mail address.

title: Microsoft SQL Server/Configuring Mail


text:
MATLAB Programming/Vector and Matrices/Operations on Matrices

Addition and subtraction
We can add and subtract the matrices if both of them are of same number of rows and columns.

Examples as follows:

Matrix multiplication
For matrix multiplications, there are 2 ways to do multiplications. (i) Matrix multiplications (using symbol * or mtimes)

Requirements is that the number of columns in the first matrix must be  same  as the number of rows in the second matrix.

As examples shown on the right, matrix A have 3 X 2 and matrix B have 2 X3

Therefore, 2 X  3  <->  3  X 2 , hence, it fulfils the requirements above.

Also, take note that the resulting matrix sizes is based on number of rows of first matrix with number of columns in second matrix. Following examples shows what if the incorrect matrix dimension matches.

As shown, the matrix C have 5X4 and matrix D have 3X2

5X  4  <->  3 X2, therefore it cannot fulfill the conditions and unable to solve it. (ii) Dot product (Note: Only can be used if both matrices are same sizes)

Taking examples above, it doesn't solve the equations as both matrix A and B above are not same size

Creating Random Integer Matrix
To generate random integer matrix, can type the following randi(IMAX,M,N) Note: IMAX is the maximum integer (starting from 1) and M*N matrix

Examples as followed:

Transpose
Using the matrices above, we can transpose the matrices. Transpose matrices usually just switch the row to column and columns into rows. The picture shown just demonstrate the transpose operation. One of the application of transpose the matrix is to cryptography.

There are two ways to go about it. One is add ' to the end of the matrix that are going to be transpose or function transpose.

Back to the magic square example above, we are going to transpose it. We can see, it is transpose along the diagonal line looks like this : \

Determinant
The determinant of matrix is a special number that is defined only for square matrices. A determinant is used to find the solution of a system of linear equations and determine the inverse of a matrix.

Determinant of 2X2 matrix : $$\mathbf{A} = \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \\ \end{bmatrix} * |A| = ad - bc$$

Determinant of 3X3 matrix : $$\mathbf{A} = \begin{bmatrix} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{bmatrix} * |A| = a(ei-fh) - b(di-fg) + c(dh-eg) $$

Inverse
Inverse of matrix is reciprocal matrix where the formula is denoted by $$ {A}^{-1} = \frac{1}{|A|} adj A$$, where the adj is representing adjoint of matrix.

Note: Not all matrix have inverse, if their determinant is equal to zero.

Real life applications
There are many applications of matrix such as:

Crytography : Matrix it is used to encrypt message codes. Matrices are used by programmers to code or encrypt letters. A message is made up of a series of binary numbers that are solved using coding theory for communication. As a result, the concept of matrices is used to solve such equations.

To perform this matrix operation, the message is first broken up into blocks of fixed size, and each block is represented as a vector of numbers. The public key includes a matrix, called the encryption matrix or the public matrix, that is used to transform each vector of numbers. The resulting transformed vectors are then raised to the exponent modulo the modulus to get the ciphertext.

To decrypt the message, the private key is used, which consists of two parts: the modulus and the inverse of the exponent modulo a certain value. The inverse of the exponent is used to raise the ciphertext to a power that will reverse the matrix transformation and recover the original message blocks. Image Processing : One of the matrix operations applicable in real life is image processing. We will look into one of the simpler examples such as image blurring.

For example, we want to apply blurring to an supposedly B&W image with an example of matrix shown here where each values in pixel represent a grayscale values from 1 to 255.

We will use matrix convolution to takes the average of the pixel values in a 3x3 neighborhood around each pixel in the image.

To apply this filter, we will slide the matrix over each pixel in the image and perform a matrix multiplication. For example, to blur the pixel at center in the image, you would take the 3x3 neighborhood around it, multiply each pixel value by the corresponding value in the blur filter matrix, and then add up the results. The final value is the new pixel value for the blurred image. We repeat this process for every pixel in the image, and the result is a new image that looks blurrier. Circuit analysis: In electrical engineering, the Kirchoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of all voltages around a closed loop in a circuit must be equal to zero. This law can be used to write a set of linear equations for a circuit with m loops. These equations can be arranged in a matrix, known as the loop-branch incidence matrix.

Based on this examples shown:

Loop M1 :

Loop M2 :

[ R1        -R3              0  ]  [ I1 ]   =   [ V1 ]

[-R3        R2+R3     -R2 ]  [ I2 ]  =   [ -V2 ]

[ 0          -R2              1  ]  [ V2 ] =   [  0  ]

Using symbolic math tool box, we can solve the equations


text:
MATLAB Programming/Advanced Topics/Numerical Manipulation/More complicated matrix operations

Row reduced echelon form
To find the Row reduced echelon form of a matrix just use the MATLAB command rref

Example:

a=[1 2 3; 4 5 6]; b=rref(a);

It's that simple. (I believe that MATLAB uses the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to make this computation; don't quote me on that (I'm not even sure if there are other methods)).

Inverse
To find the inverse of a matrix use the MATLAB command inv. (note that the matrix must be square)

Example:

a=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9]; b=inv(a);

The Jacobian
t=jacobian(e,w);

e is a scalar vector, w is a vector of functions. Also, this does not solve equations symbolically unless you define the w vector functions as symbolics prior to executing this statement.

Example: syms x y z; w=[x y z]; e=[1 2 3]; t=jacobian(e,w);


text: User:Aschoeke/Aikidoka

title: User:Aschoeke/Aikidoka


text: User:Aschoeke/Judoka

title: User:Aschoeke/Judoka


text:
User talk:203.214.28.25

Online OsiriX Documentation/Extract a 3D volume from a series
An editor using this IP address has worked on this page. The images lack copyright status tags, and may be deleted. -- SB_Johnny | talk 13:39, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.214.28.25


text:
User:Adamrice

See my website for more information on me. I'm more active on Wikipedia than here.

title: User:Adamrice


text:
Talk:Apache Ant/Build File Structure

What does 4 actually mean? You mean the begin and end tags have to be spelled correctly? Like every other XML tag? If there is something exceptional here please communicate it better. --66.160.96.66 14:57, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Must they?
Regarding numbers 2 and 3, I don't know if that's accurate. The Ant Manual seems to indicate otherwise on number two (see the chart at the top of ). It looks like it agrees with you on number three (just below the table referenced above), but when I tried it, Ant 1.7 doesn't complain. Not a big deal probably, as the majority of build files will obviously need both. Thanks for the work done here. I'm just getting my feet wet with Ant, and the manual has far too much detail for a newcomer.

title: Talk:Apache Ant/Build File Structure


text:
Talk:Apache Ant/Fileset

What in the heck is ${server.src}? Clarification needed.--66.160.96.66 15:01, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

How can I mask excludes?
If I have the files:

file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file4.txt file5.txt file6.txt other1.txt other2.txt

How can I create a patternset that includes:

 * Every .txt file, except:
 * Files named "file*.txt", which should be excluded, except:
 * Files named "file1.txt" or "file2.txt", which should be included

The resulting set should be:

file1.txt file2.txt other1.txt other2.txt

Of course, in my real-world situation I have a quite larger number of files and enumerating "file[^12].txt" is not acceptable.

Thanks!

Examples lack explanation
Several source exmaples are included in the examples section of this page. They don't, however, get any further attention in terms of explaining what the code bits do. Prodoc (talk) 08:39, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

 * The examples are explained in the ant manual: http://ant.apache.org/manual/Types/fileset.html. --Bernhard Fastenrath 14:44, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

How to preserve the file order while concatenating. Or provide an order which the concatenation task will respect.
I am new to ANT-apache so please excuse me if I sound silly. The issue which I am facing is that I need to concatenate several js files into one final js file and I need to do that in a certain order(I can not use generic sort as the I way I need is not present). Earlier I was doing the same using gulp where I mentioned the order but now due to some requirement changes it would be better if I do that using ant build. Below is my folder structure:

js/text.js js/team.js js/coach.js

util/text_util.js util/team_util.js util/coach_util.js

layouts/text_layouts.js layouts/team_layouts.js layouts/coach_layouts.js

plugins/text_plugins.js plugins/team_plugins.js plugins/coach_plugins.js

The files need to concatenated in the same manner. But it needs to be done in a generic way as this same code will be used by several other folders structure. Can I create some file where I can mention the order and ant will respect it, is there any way?

title: Talk:Apache Ant/Fileset


text: User:Aschoeke/Template:CVUnav test

title: User:Aschoeke/Template:CVUnav test


text: User:Aschoeke/Template:User CVU2-en test


text: Template:User CVU1-en

title: Template:User CVU1-en


text: Category:Book:Beginning Mathematics

title: Category:Book:Beginning Mathematics


text:
IB Mathematics

Mathematics Studies Standard Level
To be completed.

Mathematics Standard Level
To be completed.

title: IB Mathematics


text:
Talk:UNIX Computing Security/System processes

Moved from page

Suggested topics: ps, nice, kill, startup, syslog, lpd and X Windows.


text:
Talk:Persian/Lesson 15

Untitled
او با گاري بار سنگين مي بدد - Hij trekt het zware rijtuig

In bovenstaande zin is volgens mij een "n" vergeten in het laatste woord. Miebandad

title: Talk:Persian/Lesson 15


text: Template:Guideline

title: Template:Guideline


text:
Category:Wikibooks essays

Esssays about Wikibooks and related topics. These are not policy and are primarily opinion pieces.

Many essays are on Meta.

fr:Catégorie:Essais sur Wikilivres

title: Category:Wikibooks essays


text:
Template:Essay

 * This template adds the page to Category:Wikibooks essays.

title: Template:Essay


text:
User:Cute 1 4 u~enwikibooks

Hi.I'm Crystal, a preteen, Raven-Symoné's #1 fan, and a member Wikipedia, Wikitionary, Wikinews, and Wikiquote.

Soon to be updated...

title: User:Cute 1 4 u~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Cute 1 4 u~enwikibooks

Leave a message

r u a member everywhere?

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cute 1 4 u. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cute 1 4 u~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:07, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:50, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cute 1 4 u~enwikibooks


text:
Scienceshow/Suppliers

Suppliers of materials for Science shows

General

 * Scientifics
 * Steve Spangler Science various equipment
 * Carolina
 * Science toys
 * Institute of Chemical Education

title: Scienceshow/Suppliers


text:
Scienceshow/Teaching Material

General

 * NASA Explores lessons and teaching material
 * Norwegian website with hands-on activities

Physics

 * demolab

Chemistry

 * Doing Chemistry

title: Scienceshow/Teaching Material


text:
Wikibooks:Essays

An essay is an unofficial document on Wikibooks, written to express a particular opinion about the project. Essays that advocate a particular method of doing things may become an official policy or a guideline if they are accepted by the community at large. Essays can be used in a discussion to distill and solidify a particular viewpoint, so that people don't need to be constantly arguing the same points over and over again.

Essays, unless they are generally accepting as being important for the community, should be written in the User: namespace.

Essays that violate Wikibooks policies or guidelines may be deleted.

An essay should be tagged with the Essay template. The template adds the page to Category:Wikibooks essays.

title: Wikibooks:Essays


text:
User talk:Funkyfooy

Thanks for experimenting with the page Template:New on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

-- SB_Johnny | talk 23:25, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Funkyfooy


text:
User:Whiteknight/Admins

Administrators
Administrators are, or they should be, normal users. Any user, theoretically, can be nominated for, and elected as an administrator. Administrators however, have certain differences in ability from "normal users". Some people say they have "privledges", some people say they have "extra tools", and some people claim they have a few "restrictions lifted".

Administrators are produced through an RFA discussion, and are awarded their new title by a bureaucrat. However, the very existance of administrators gives rise to the administrator problem.

The Administrator Problem
the administrator problem is one of distinction. How distinct are administrators from ordinary users? How easily can one become the other? It should be reasonably easy to create an admin, but how easy is it to make an admin into a regular user again?

But even if it is easy to make one into the other, who decides that the transformation should happen, and based on what metric? Bureaucrats create and "uncreate" admins, but how much discretion can a bureaucrat use in the process?

Badge of honor: Sysop
Sysops are usually promoted via community consensus. After a long discussion, the community either is or is not in favor of the sysop, and a bureaucrat performs the promotion. And if one bureaucrat doesn't promote the candidate, another one will.

Sysops are judged by the community on a number of metrics, depending upon the voters involved. Some people might value a particular quality in a person, and may condemn them on equally particular qualities. Some users may quantify a candidate based on their edit count, or their activity in fighting vandalism. Some people like candidates who are active on VfD, or who are active in policy. Some users may like a candidate for no other reason then because they are friends. Either way, the voting for an admin is a terribly arbitrary process.

And it has to be. If the process weren't dependent on the whims of the users, it would be a built-in facet of the wikimedia software. After a certain time, and after jumping through certain hoops, a person would automatically be promoted. But this isn't the way it is: Admins need to pass metrics that are hard to quantify: they need to be "trusted", they need to be "Active", they need to be "helpful". And it turns out that if people think they are trusted, or active, or helpful, that's all that matters. So it boils down to a popularity contest of sorts, where the people who are generally liked are rewarded, and the people that are generally disliked are not.

And so adminship becomes a badge of honor: If people like you, you get the badge, and if people don't like you, you don't get the badge.

Admins as lifetime members
There are no concrete metrics either for when an admin should lose the privledges. Some people hotly contend that admins should only be de-badged due to flagrant abuse or misuse of the tools. A user who receives adminship, if they don't abuse them flamboyantly, simply keep them forever, whether they are needed, or used, or not. In essence, adminship is a lifetime membership, where there are no requirements other then "don't do anything really bad".

Concrete metrics
A solution to this admin problem is to instantiate a series of concrete metrics. And if the metrics aren't solidly concrete, they should still be well respected. Meta, for instance, requires that a user must have at least 100 edits on that project to be a candidate for adminship. Wikibooks, if we were going to institute a minimum, would probably require more then that. Can you imagine a person being well-known enough, and well-liked enough after 100 edits to become an admin?

People should display a need for administrator tools, and an understanding of how they are used to become candidates. Administrators who do not use their tools, or who are completely inactive at this project should not need to keep them. In short, adminship should neither be a badge of honor, nor a lifetime membership: adminship should be tools that are given when needed, and taken when not needed. An RFA shouldn't be a popularity contest, but instead a jury: to decide whether the professed need for the tools is accurate and genuine.

Admin = User
An admin is just a regular user, but they aren't always treated as such. The conversion from user to admin should be "no big deal", and the transition back should also be "no big deal". If a user is absent for a month, they should lose their administrative privledges. In essence, if you don't use it, you've displayed no particular need to have it at all. Now, this is not to be a punishment, and if an absent ex-admin returns, and wants to reapply for admin tools, they should be granted with a minimum of fuss.

As an example, consider an admin who has been away from wikibooks for two months. At the end of the first month his adminship was removed, and a month later, he returns. Now, when he comes back and finds that his admin rights are gone, he goes to reapply for them, and says "I've been gone for two months, for reason X, and I've returned to become an active wikibookian again. I would like to have my old admin powers back, because they will help me". Barring any immediate complaints, his powers should be restored.

Bureaucrat = User
A bureaucrat is also just an ordinary user, and the transition from bureaucrat to user should be easy and painless as well. If a person meets all the metrics to become an admin, and meets the additional trust and activity requirements, they should be allowed to become a bureaucrat. However, if a bureaucrat is absent and returns, they shouldn't necessarily become a bureaucrat again, because they have violated the trust from that second requirement: They were not available to the community and were not active members. However, they certainly should be able to become an admin again. Once an admin, they can display their trustworthiness and activity, and become a bureaucrat again through the normal channels.

title: User:Whiteknight/Admins


text:
Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Barty Crouch Jr.

Because the Moody / Crouch impersonation is so central to the fourth book, I am strongly suggesting that we allow both the false Moody and the real one to appear in the Character pages under ../Alastor Moody/. If there are no details about Moody in the fourth book "Role in the books" section, it would be a spoiler indeed, one that even a Beginner Spoiler wouldn't be able to avoid. "A major character? And he gets only about two lines? What's going on here? I gotta read this." Oops.

Details of Barty Crouch's life as himself can and should appear in this section, such as they are. Chazz 00:23, 24 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Orthopaedic Surgery/DeQuervain's Tendinitis

Dequervain's tenosynovitis of the first dorsal extensor compartment is a common affliction in any hand practice. The predisposing anatomic variation of a separate compartment for the extensor brevis has been emphasized. There is frequently an instigating unaccustomed increase in activity described. Post partum incidence is especially noteworthy with the proposed reason being the manner in which a newborn is cradled in the palm with the thumb abducted to broaden the grasp.

Conservative modalities for treatment include NSAIDS, splints and corticosteroid injections alone or incombination. A recent literature review favors injection alone between these three having the best overall success rate of 83%. conservative treatment

Stenosing tenovaginitis captures the effect observed when decompressing the tendons of the first dorsal extensor compartment. A separate compartment for the extensor pollicus brevis is encountered in 80% of cases. Typically a release including the division or excision of the septum between the abductor longus and extensor brevis achieves the aim. Releasing along the dorsal margin of the compartment affords a shelf of supra-tendinous retinaculum which is sufficiently broad to prevent subluxation of the tendons. Care to retain the thinner portions of the retinaculum proximally and distally may also help in avoiding this complication. Respect for the branching radial sensory nerve avoiding forceful retraction, an assistant should only need finger tips to hold the retractors which if they are protecting the nerve should be repositioned periodically as an extra assurance against post operative dysesthesia. Bulky and inflammed tenosynovium is excised. Grossly dissociated tendon substance is debrided where it interferes with gliding. The ridge of bone between the EPB and AbPL is left undisturbed. Closure with 5-0 nylon, usually 4 sutures simple or horizontal mattress is sufficient. Infiltration of the subcutaneous layer with 0.25% marcaine helps with post operative analgesia. A soft dressing of xeroform 4 by 4 gauze sponges cast padding and a 2 inch ace wrap is sufficient. If there is concern for the possilibility of subluxation the retinaculum can be reconstructed with partial additional release enabling a width of retinaculum to be repaired over the tendons creating a capacious oblique pulley. Anchoring to the dermis creates undesirable dimpling. Splinting post operatively for a few weeks is an interim measure when simple release seems worrisome from the standpoint of potential subluxation or if a reconstruction of the retinaculum has been performed. Circumduction exercises with the thumb may mitigate against adhesion formation if immobilization is needed.


text:
Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Brontosaurus

The Brontosaurus, whose name means "thunder lizard" in Greek, is one of the most famous dinosaurs of all. However, between 1903 and 2015, scientists were convinced Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus were the same thing!

A long time ago Dr. O. C. Marsh discovered a small four legged dinosaur with a long neck. He decided to name the dinosaur Apatosaurus meaning deceptive lizard. Later the same scientist discovered a much bigger dinosaur of the same type. Because the back bones seemed different he decided it was a different dinosaur. This dinosaur was so big he decided to name it Brontosaurus. When scientists looked at these fossils later they realized that the Apatosaurus was the same animal as the Brontosaurus. Scientists use the first name given to an animal, so they decided to rename the Brontosaurus to Apatosaurus because Apatosaurus came first. Scientists now know that the back bones of the Apatosaurus grew together as the animal gets bigger. It was because the back bones changed that Dr. Marsh thought they were different animals.

Dr. Marsh also made the Brontosaurus very popular. He put the first full dinosaur skeleton on display in a museum for everyone to see. The bones he put on display were his Brontosaurus bones, and Brontosaurus became very popular. Dr. Marsh made some other mistakes about the Brontosaurus. When he put the Brontosaurus skeleton together some bones were missing, even the skull. He used bones from other dinosaur digs that he thought belonged to Brontosaurus. He accidentally put a head from a dinosaur called the Camarasaurus onto the body of an Apatosaurus. He also thought the Brontosaurus had lived mostly in the water. This was another mistake! The rocks that scientists find Apatosaurus bones in do not come from swampy areas.

It took almost 100 years after Brontosaurus was first named for two scientists, Jack McIntosh and David Bermanbase, to find these mistakes, and put the right head on the right body at last!

But then, in 2015, a group of scientists examined the neck structure of the Brontosaurus skeletons, and discovered Brontosaurus was a separate kind of dinosaur after all!

Of course, the right head for the Brontosaurus was eventually found...and now Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus are separate once more.

Wikijunior Dinosauri/Brontosaurus

title: Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Brontosaurus


text:
Korean/Essential Pronunciation Rules

Introduction
Note: If you are not aware of the general interpretations of the Korean alphabet, please first read Alphabet before continuing.

''This page uses the International Phonetic Alphabet to transcribe pronunciation. All text within square brackets [skwɛər ˈbrækət̩s] uses that system. See the Wikipedia entry on IPA for more information.''

The few essential pronunciation rules and exceptions in this lesson will improve your accuracy in speaking and interpreting Korean.

Plain, aspirated, and tense
In English, certain pairs of consonants, like p/b, t/d, s/sh/z, and k/g, have a pronunciation that differs mostly in whether they are voiced or voiceless. Korean consonants do not have that same distinction, but rather differ according to whether they are "plain", "aspirated", or "tense".

Aspirated consonants (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, and ㅊ) are pronounced with a burst of air that does not accompany their plain counterparts. To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, put a hand or a lit candle in front of your mouth and say "tore" ([tʰɔɹ]) and then "store" ([stɔɹ]). You should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with "tore" that does not appear with "store". In English, the t should be aspirated in "tore" and unaspirated in "store". In Korean, the aspirated consonants are like the t in "tore", in that you must expel a burst of air to say them correctly.

Tense consonants (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, and ㅉ) are said with a harder, stiffer voice than their plain counterparts. With these "tense" consonants, the diaphragm, glottis, and tongue are tense. For example, imagine you were to say "duck!" rather loudly. The hard d sound in "duck!" is like the sound made by the Korean ㄸ.

ㄹ (rieul)
Proper pronunciation of the Korean letter ㄹ takes some practice for most English speakers. It is pronounced sort of like a half r and half l sound. Specifically, it is either an alveolar tap or an alveolar lateral approximant, depending on the following sound. While difficult at first, mastery is fairly easy.

Initial, Medial, and Final Consonants
Korean alphabet charts have two tables: initial sounds, and final sounds. The sound of a Korean consonant can change slightly when it is preceded or followed by another consonant. For example, ㄱ can be pronounced as a voiced sound (the English g) or voiceless (like the English k). To know how to pronounce such letters, it's important to know the difference between an initial, a medial, and a final consonant.

Initial Consonant
An initial consonant is any consonant at the beginning of a word. Initial consonants (especially at the beginning of sentences and phrases) are usually unvoiced. For example, the ㅈ in the word 저 ("I") is typically voiceless, especially as the first word of a sentence. That makes it sound more like "ch" than "j" to an English speaker. The consonants that follow this rule are ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅈ, and ㅂ. Thus, an initial ㄱ sounds more like "k" than "g", an initial ㄷ sounds more like "t" than "d" and an initial ㅈ sounds more like "ch" than "j". However, an initial ㅂ sounds more like "B" than "p":

Examples:
 * 가 ([ka]): initial sound is unvoiced.
 * 다 ([ta]): initial sound is unvoiced.
 * 바 ([ba]): initial sound is voiced.
 * 자 ([ʨa], "cha"): initial sound is unvoiced.

Middle Consonants
Consonants that come in the middle of a sentence can follow some complex sound changes, but the two most important changes are whether the consonant follows another consonant or a vowel. For example, the word 막대기 ("stick") has a middle consonant-consonant sequence (ㄱㄷ) and a vowel-consonant sequence (ㅐㄱ). In many cases, a middle consonant with a preceding consonant becomes slightly more tensified, meaning a "tighter, stronger" pronunciation. So the ㄷ becomes a slightly harder "d" ([d̬]), but the second ㄱ is pronounced "normally" ([g]). The same consonants listed in the section above (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅈ, and ㅂ) are also mainly the ones that follow this rule.

Examples:
 * 막대기 ([mak̚d̬ɛːgi]): Middle consonant ㄷ follows another consonant, so it is more tense.
 * 막대기 ([mak̚d̬ɛːgi]): Middle consonant ㄱ follows another vowel, so it has the standard pronunciation.

Final Consonants
A final consonant is a consonant that either ends a word, or is followed by another consonant. Examples are found in 밥 ([pap̚], "rice") and 식사 ([ɕik̚sa], "meal"). Notice that ㅂ is the final letter in 밥. This causes its pronunciation to shorten to an unreleased stop, like the p in the English word "apt" ([æp̚t]). The ㄱ in 식사 also has a similar change. It's pronounced similar to the c in the English word "act" ([æk̚t]). ㄱ,ㄷ,ㅈ, and ㅂ follow this rule in final position. Other consonants can sometimes follow more complex rules. Some of them will be discussed here, but many are very complex and will be discussed in the ../Advanced Pronunciation Rules/ section.

Examples:
 * 밥 ([pap̚], bap): Final consonant ㅂ is at the end of the word, so it sounds tensed and abbreviated.
 * 식사 ([ɕik̚sa]): Final consonant ㄱ is followed by another consonant, so it sounds tensed and abbreviated.

ㅇ (ieung)
ㅇ (ieung) is a special letter in Korean, because sometimes it makes a sound and sometimes it doesn't. This is determined by whether it is in the initial, middle, or final position.

 * In initial position, such as in the word 엄마 ([eomma], "mother") ㅇ is not pronounced, and the vowel becomes the initial sound.
 * In the middle position, there are two possibilities.
 * When ㅇ follows a final consonant, that preceding consonant replaces ㅇ. For example, 한국어 (Hangugeo, "Korean language") has an ㅇ following the final consonant ㄱ in 국 .  That ㄱ is pronounced as if it replaces the initial ㅇ of the following syllable, thus the word is pronounced as if it were written "한구거" [hangugʌ].
 * However, when ㅇ is not preceded by a consonant, such as in the word 아이 ([ai], "child"), it is silent.
 * Finally, if ㅇ is in the final position, such as in 강 ([kaŋ], "river") or 영어 ([jʌŋʌ], "English language"), then it is pronounced [ŋ], similar to the ng in the English word "sing".

Examples:
 * 엄마 ([ʌmma]): ㅇ in initial position is not pronounced.
 * 한국어 ([hangugʌ]): ㅇ in middle position with preceding consonant is replaced by the consonant (한국어 -> "한구거").
 * 아이 ([ai]): ㅇ in middle position with no preceding consonant is silent.
 * 강 ([kaŋ]): ㅇ in final position is similar to ng sound.

Final-initial pairs ㄴㄹ and ㄹㄹ
The final-initial pairs ㄴㄹ and ㄹㄹ each become [ll] (or for some speakers, [ɭl]):

Examples:
 * 몰라 ([molla], low form for "don't know")
 * 곤란 ([kollan], "troubles, difficulty")
 * 원래 ([wʌllɛ], "originally")

Note that the final-initial pair ㄴㄴ does not follow this rule. Each ㄴ in ㄴㄴ retains its natural sound ([n̚n]).

T-stops
There are a few consonants that, when they are in the final position, are pronounced [t̚] (an unreleased t, like in the English word "atlas"). These characters are: ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, and ㅊ:

 * 맛 ([mat̚], "flavor, taste")
 * 꽃 ([g̬ot̚], "flower")
 * 끝 ([g̬ɯt̚], "end")
 * 돋보기 ([tot̚pogi], "magnifying glass")
 * 맞다 ([mat̚da], "to correct")
 * 있다 ([it̚da], "to exist")

However, if an ㅇ (ieung) follows a t-stop letter, then the normal sound is simply carried over: (Note: this is the case where a particle (e.g. -이, -에) is affixed to a character ending with 'ㅅ'.)
 * 맛이 ([maɕi], as if it were spelled "마시")

If a character ending with 'ㅅ' is followed by another word that begins with 'ㅇ', the t-stop sound is carried over:
 * 첫 인상 ([처 딘상], "first impression")

Exercise
Pronounce the following:

Next steps
If you want to know more about specific pronunciation rules, then you can read more in the ../Advanced Pronunciation Rules/ section. Otherwise, you are ready to start learning Korean vocabulary and grammar!

title: Korean/Essential Pronunciation Rules


text:
AP Biology/How Cells Divide

Eukaryotic cells divide through a process called mitosis followed by cytokinesis.

Mitosis
Mitosis in itself is the division of the nucleus inside the cell. However, once the nucleus divides, the whole cell divides shortly afterwards, known as cytokinesis.

The stages of mitosis are as follows:

Interphase
Interphase is considered by most to be a resting phase. It consists of G1, S, and G2.

Prophase
Just prior to mitosis, the pair of centrioles duplicates. During prophase, the two pairs of centrioles migrate to opposite poles. Centrioles form spindle fibers, which become microtubules and eventually attach to the centromeres. Fibers, known as asters, radiate from the centrioles outward.

Metaphase
The spindle fibers enter the nuclear region, extend from the centrioles to the centromere, and attach at a point known as the kinetechore. Once the spindle fibers are attached, they align the centromeres along the equatorial region of the nucleus known as the metaphase plate, so that the arms of the chromosomes point towards the poles of the cell.

Anaphase
The centromere divides and the two chromatids separate from each other, forming two identical daughter chromosomes. The spindle fibers attach to the centromere and pull the newly-divided chromosomes towards the poles and away from the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers appear to move, but in fact, the microtubules are continuously formed at one end of the spindle fiber and then disassembled at the other.

Telophase
After the chromosomes reach the poles, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of daughter nuclei and the chromosomes uncoil and elongate, once again becoming invisible. The spindle fibers break down and disappear. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow, an indentation in the cell membrane, begins to develop between the daughter cells. This marks the end of mitosis.

title: AP Biology/How Cells Divide


text:
Cookbook:Beanburger

This recipe for beanburgers has been adapted from a Somerfield recipe as part of a Food Technology GCSE course in the UK. By "adapted", I mean "changed almost unrecognisably". The original is here: you can see for yourself.

These beanburgers work best in pita breads (crisped up in the oven), with tomato and lettuce. Alternatively, they taste nice with a spicy tomato sauce.

Ingredients

 * 1 medium onion, chopped
 * 1 red or yellow bell pepper, chopped
 * 1 generous pinch each of cumin, ground coriander, mild chilli powder, paprika and turmeric
 * 2 tins of mixed beans or mixed pulses, drained
 * 2–3 medium carrots, grated
 * 40 g rolled oats
 * 1 egg

Procedure

 * 1) Fry the onions and pepper (in a little bit of oil) with the spices for a couple of minutes. Leave to cool.
 * 2) Mash the beans in a large bowl.
 * 3) Add the carrot, onion, pepper and oats to the mashed beans and mix until well combined.
 * 4) Add the egg gradually (you probably won't need all of it). You don't want a mixture that's too sticky.
 * 5) Shape the dough into 6 to 8 burgers and lightly flour each side.
 * 6) Fry the burgers (in a little bit of oil) for a few minutes on each side, until golden.
 * 7) Serve hot.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You can leave out the egg to make it vegan. However, without it, the burger breaks and frays much more in the pan.

title: Cookbook:Beanburger


text:
Artificial Intelligence/Boolean Intelligence

The human brain is an entity that obeys the laws of physics. The laws of physics are expressed in mathematical equations. Mathematical equations can be converted into computer programs which in turn are expressed as zeroes and ones. In theory therefore it is possible to build a general purpose neuron with Boolean circuits that could be grouped together to form an artificial brain.


text:
Artificial Intelligence/1 - Bit Learner

Assume a circuit that has 1 bit input and one bit output the output can be of the following forms
 * Output is always TRUE
 * Output is always FALSE
 * Output is equal to input
 * Output is equal to toggle of the input

title: Artificial Intelligence/1 - Bit Learner


text:
User talk:Mikec~enwikibooks

History of Quebec and Canada
Hi Mikec,

I moved the pages into a book form: see History of Quebec and Canada. Have you had a look at Canadian History? It might belong as part of that book.

If you're writing a course as opposed to a text, you might consider doing this at wikiversity, as they're quite anxious for materials. -- SB_Johnny | talk 11:13, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mikec. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mikec~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikec~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:A.K.Karthikeyan

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 10:37, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Hello,

I've moved 2 pages you created into the book "Artificial Intelligence", as they seemed to be written as chapters of that book. -- SB_Johnny | talk 11:55, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Pictures
As you can see at the top of this page, "All unlicensed images uploaded to wikibooks before November 1, 2006 will soon be deleted." You have uploaded images and some of them are untagged. You can see them here. Please review them and add appropriate tags. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me. --Think Fast 04:32, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Category:LOC:TH 1
I do not know what this should be called but it isn't a "category" and is incorrectly named for a book. Please look at the links on the welcome message to see what our policies here are - many thanks -- Herby talk thyme 10:37, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Semiconductor Electronics
I think that maybe this book should be merged with Semiconductors? That book has been around for a while, and doesnt have any contributors. Let me know what you think, but I would like to see the two books combined. If you are interested, you can do whatever you want with it. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 02:13, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Answer : I don't want to merge this with Semiconductors. This book is about semiconductor Electronics. This will not deal in detail the science behind semiconductors but will deal with current flow in semiconductors. I want to keep this book simple as possible. Once I have read the book semiconductors, I might think of merging.

 * Okay, that's fair. Thanks for the quick reply! I'll remove the merge notice, and maybe post a link from one book to the other. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 02:59, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Artificial Intelligence/My research results
The page Artificial Intelligence/My research results mentions that you developed a learning circuit. Please tell me more about that circuit. What was the circuit? How well did it work? Is that circuit one of the ones already mentioned elsewhere in the Artificial Intelligence book? --DavidCary (talk) 03:56, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Image:SE Si lattice.svg
Which image was this derived from? It need to be noted on the image page. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:15, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Re: Microprocessor Design
I'm happy you like this book, I've put a lot of effort into it. It does need more work, and I've been busy lately with other projects. I hope that other people can work to improve and expand it. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 16:21, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Tips
If you add BookCat to pages you create, you'll have an alphabetical index of pages for the book linked from the bottom of the page. Additionally, if you use  rather than , you'll get syntax highlighting. – Adrignola discuss 14:42, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:A.K.Karthikeyan


text:
User talk:Kusarbo

Hello,

Are you still interested in learning Latin? The Wikiversity language courses won't take off until at least another half year, probably more, but since there are so many people interested in Latin both here and elsewhere I decided to go ahead and offer distance classes based on the free online Latin course I wrote. Please see for details.

Junesun 12:33, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kusarbo


text:
User talk:Kuranes~enwikibooks

Hello,

Are you still interested in learning Latin? The Wikiversity language courses won't take off until at least another half year, probably more, but since there are so many people interested in Latin both here and elsewhere I decided to go ahead and offer distance classes based on the free online Latin course I wrote. Please see for details.

Junesun 12:34, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kuranes. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kuranes~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:21, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:10, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kuranes~enwikibooks


text:
User:DakeDesu

Hello,

Are you still interested in learning Latin? The Wikiversity language courses won't take off until at least another half year, probably more, but since there are so many people interested in Latin both here and elsewhere I decided to go ahead and offer distance classes based on the free online Latin course I wrote. Please see for details.

Junesun 12:34, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User:DakeDesu


text:
User talk:Balloonguy

Hello,

Are you still interested in learning Latin? The Wikiversity language courses won't take off until at least another half year, probably more, but since there are so many people interested in Latin both here and elsewhere I decided to go ahead and offer distance classes based on the free online Latin course I wrote. Please see for details.

Junesun 12:35, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Hi there
Hi, I noticed you were a contributer to the Japanese Wikibook. Do you agree with some of the changes i made? It seemed that the book was in a state of confusion, with no real structure so I decided to make it more textbook style, and start at the very start. I am willing to continue, with as much help as i can get of course. :)

Thanks for that link, it really furthered my understanding..

Ed -- 02:06, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Plan
Looks Great. i Think each of those sections should be a chapter?? And i would defiantly put the kana, and maybe some sort of introduction type thing in the first chapter.

looks great though.

-
Yeah its really getting there.

I'm going to England for holidays for a month, so you might not hear from me for a while. I think if we can basically try to do the same thing as some of the 'finished' language books we'll be on the right track.

Hopefully one day I'll be able to teach my friends Japanese using just this book :0

Cheers.

Do we need a dialects page? the hougen page does exactly that so shouldn't we just rename the links to it instead of copying it over to new page. Ikarsik 00:29, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Japanese/Lessons/Lesson 6
You "cleaned up"" this one a little to well: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese%2FKana%2FLessons&diff=995272&oldid=988683 There were some very good sites at the bottom of the module, titled "Games". Maybe this should be renamed in a more Wiki-style: "External links". But the fact is, that some of these links are very good excercises for somebody who wants to learn hiragana/katakana. Excercises like those are of vital importance to learn kana quickly. Maybe you can re-clean it??? Regards, Shinjitsu 05:32, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

I just put the links back, with a different paragraph title and an extra line to explain what these are. Later I will go through all the links to see which ones are REALLY useful... Or you can do it, if you like... Shinjitsu 05:35, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Japanese Wikibook discussion
Hi Balloonguy,

I just added a comment on Talk:Japanese which I wanted to draw your attention to as you've been involved in this book. --Swift (talk) 05:13, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Balloonguy


text:
C Programming/Print version

= Why learn C? =

= History =

= What You Need Before You Can Learn =

= Obtaining a Compiler =

= Beginning C = = Intro Exercise =

= Preliminaries = = Basics of Compilation = = Programming Structure and Style = = Variables =

= Simple Input and Output = = Operators and type casting =

= Arrays and Strings =

= Program Flow Control =

= Procedures and Functions =

= Standard Libraries =

= Beginning exercises =

= Intermediate C = = Advanced Data Types =

= Pointers and Relationship to Arrays =

= Memory Management =

= Error Handling =

= File I/O =

= String Manipulation =

= Further Math =

= Libraries =

= Advanced C = = Common Practices =

= Preprocessor Directives and Macros =

= Sockets and Networking (UNIX) =

= Serialization and X-Macros =

= Coroutines =

= C and beyond = = Particularities of C =

= C Trigraph =

= Language Overloading and Extensions =

= Combining Languages =

= Object Oriented Programming: The GObject System =

= Computer Programming = The following articles are C adaptations from articles of the Computer programming book.

= Statements =

= Reference Tables = This section has some tables and lists of C entities. = Standard Library Reference =

= Language Reference =

= Platform Reference =

= POSIX Reference =

= GNU C Library Reference =

= MS Windows Reference =

= C Compilers Reference List =

title: C Programming/Print version


text:
User:Risaldon

Bachelor in Biomedical Sciences.

Started a master in Biomolecular Sciences at the university of Utrecht

title: User:Risaldon


text:
User talk:Stevenfruitsmaak

Please use one of my other talk pages:
 * on Wikipedia
 * on Wikiversity

title: User talk:Stevenfruitsmaak


text:
User:Stevenfruitsmaak

I have a userpage on several other Wikimedia projects where you can read more about me:
 * Wikipedia
 * Wikiversity

title: User:Stevenfruitsmaak


text:
Template:Ruby Programming/TopNav

This template is derived from: Template:TopNav. It is not appropriate to substitute.

title: Template:Ruby Programming/TopNav


text:
Developing Genealogy Web-Pages

This book is designed to cover a variety of separate topics that a genealogist should be familiar with as a means to document the stories and store related images about their family tree. This book is not written to show a genealogist how to prepare and present their GEDCOM information, rather to supplement this information in a way that will be valuable to future generations.

 * {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor=lightgreen

Don't let this information scare you away. Some of it looks complicated, but if you stick with it ... You'll find that it is really very easy to manage.
 * CAUTION
 * }

This process will work on non-PC computers. HTML files are specific Internet-based files that the browsers were created to read. The folders, filenames, and image types are all the same from machine to machine.

The only variation here will be what program you use to edit the HTML (.htm or .html) files. On a PC, I use and recommend Notepad which is included with Microsoft Windows.

After saying all this, this book is not designed to teach HTML, but to teach those pieces of Internet-design that will be useful to a genealogist preparing to document their family history on the Internet.

Topic List

 * /Site Hosting Information/
 * /Site Creation/
 * /Beyond Site Creation/
 * /Content Ideas/
 * /Site Transfer and Storage/
 * /Common Questions/

Authors

 * /Authors/

title: Developing Genealogy Web-Pages


text:
Nature/Questions

Introduction
May be the scientific view of the world looks as a stable and finished system. That is not the case. There are still many open questions in this conception of the world and also fundamental things are not clear yet. Openness becomes thus a virtue of this conception of the world. Every once in a while something in science changes and obvious contradictions are a stimulus for advancement.

Physics
This is a list of some of the unsolved problems in physics. Some of these problems are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining some observed phenomenon or experimental result. Others are experimental, meaning that there is a difficulty in creating an experiment to test a proposed theory or investigate a phenomenon in greater detail. Lastly, some even border on the pseudo-sciences, e.g. the fringes of science which are widely discredited by today's community of physicists, but may some day show promise or conclusive evidence.

Phenomena or established occurrences in search of a scientific explanation

 * Accretion disc jets: Why do the accretion discs surrounding certain astronomical objects, such as the nuclei of active galaxies, emit relativistic jets along their polar axes?
 * Accelerating universe: Why is the expansion of the universe accelerating, as we have observed? What is the nature of the dark energy driving this acceleration? If it is due to a cosmological constant, why is the constant so small, yet non-zero? Why isn't it huge, as predicted by most quantum field theories, or zero for some yet unknown symmetry reason? What is the ultimate fate of the universe?
 * Amorphous solids: What is the nature of the transition between a fluid or regular solid and a glassy phase? What are the physical processes giving rise to the general properties of glasses?
 * Arrow of time: Why did the universe have such low entropy in the past, resulting in the distinction between past and future and the second law of thermodynamics? Why does time flow in one direction at all, on macroscopic scales, when there does not seem to be an arrow of time on the scale of fundamental interactions?
 * Ball lightning: Are these glowing, floating objects real? How can they be explained?
 * Baryon asymmetry: Why is there far more matter than antimatter in the universe?
 * Cold fusion: What is the theoretical explanation for the apparent production of excess heat and helium in palladium metal when it is saturated with deuterium?
 * Corona heating problem: Why is the Sun's Corona (atmosphere layer) so much hotter than the Sun's surface?
 * Cosmological constant: Why doesn't the zero-point energy of vacuum cause a large cosmological constant? What cancels it out?
 * Why does the cosmological constant have the value that it has, is it zero and is it really constant?

 * Dark matter: What is dark matter? How is it generated? Is it related to supersymmetry? Do the phenomena attributed to dark matter really flow from some kind of matter at all, or are those phenomena in fact an indication of flawed physical laws?
 * Electroweak symmetry breaking: What is the mechanism responsible for breaking the electroweak gauge symmetry, giving mass to the W and Z? Is it the simple Higgs mechanism of the Standard Model?
 * Fundamental physical constants: Why do we observe these values, and not others? Have the values of the so called "fundamental physical constants" varied at all over time?
 * Gamma ray bursts (short duration): What is the nature of these extraordinarily energetic astronomical objects that last less than two seconds?
 * High-temperature superconductors: Why do certain materials exhibit superconductivity at temperatures much higher than around 50 kelvins?
 * Mass: What causes anything to have mass?
 * Neutrino mass: What is the mechanism responsible for generating neutrino masses? Is the neutrino its own antiparticle?
 * Pioneer anomaly: What causes the apparent residual sunward acceleration of the Pioneer spacecraft?
 * Sonoluminescence: What causes the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound?
 * Turbulence: Is it possible to make a theoretical model to describe the behavior of a turbulent flow (in particular, its internal structures)?
 * Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray: Why is it that some cosmic rays appear to possess energies that are impossibly high (the so called Oh-My-God particle), given that there are no sufficiently energetic cosmic ray sources near the Earth? Why is it that (apparently) some cosmic rays emitted by distant sources have energies above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin limit?
 * Universe asymmetry: What are the origins of asymmetries in general in the Universe?

Theoretical ideas in search of experimental evidence

 * Axions: Is the Peccei-Quinn theory (i.e. mechanism) the solution to the strong CP problem? What are the properties of the predicted axion?
 * Cosmic inflation: Is the theory of cosmic inflation correct, and if so, what are the details of this epoch? What is the hypothetical inflation field giving rise to inflation?
 * Extra dimensions: Does Nature have more than four spacetime dimensions?
 * Faster-than-light: Is it possible to go faster than the speed of light? Is it possible to transmit information faster than the speed of light?
 * Gravity: Is our universe filled with gravitational radiation from the big bang? From astrophysical sources, such as inspiralling neutron stars? What can this tell us about quantum gravity and general relativity? Does gravity behave as predicted at very small distance scales?
 * Information: Do physical phenomena irrevocably destroy information about their prior states?
 * Magnetic monopoles: Are there any particles that carry "magnetic charge", and if so, why are they so difficult to detect?
 * Matter: Why is there matter at all? What was here before the Big Bang? How did the four fundamental forces appear?
 * Proton decay: Many theories beyond the Standard Model predict proton decay. Do protons decay? If so, then what is their half-life?
 * Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in the non-perturbative regime: The equations of QCD remain unsolved at energy scales relevant for describing atomic nuclei. How does QCD give rise to the physics of nuclei and nuclear constituents?
 * Quantum gravity: How can the theory of quantum mechanics be merged with the theory of general relativity to produce a so-called "theory of everything"? Is string theory the correct step on the road to quantum gravity, or a blind alley? Is there any way to extract experimental information about the nature of physics at the Planck scale?
 * Quantum mechanics in the correspondence limit: Is there a preferred interpretation of quantum mechanics? How does the quantum description of reality, which includes elements such as the superposition of states and wavefunction collapse, give rise to the reality we perceive?
 * Size of the universe: Is there anything beyond the limits of the theoretical boundaries of the observable universe?
 * Standard Model Higgs mechanism: Does the Standard Model Higgs particle exist? More generally, does inertial mass have a basis or mechanism separate from gravitational mass?
 * Supersymmetry: Is supersymmetry a symmetry of Nature? If so, what is the mechanism of supersymmetry breaking?
 * Technicolor: Does Nature make use of strong dynamics in breaking electroweak symmetry?

Problems solved recently

 * Solar neutrino problem (2002): Resolved by a new understanding of neutrino physics, requiring a modification of the Standard Model of particle physics - specifically, neutrino oscillation.
 * Quasars (1980s): The nature of quasars was not understood for decades. They are now accepted as a type of active galaxy where the enormous energy output results from matter falling into a massive black hole in the center of the galaxy.
 * Long duration Gamma ray bursts (2003): Long-duration bursts are associated with the deaths of massive stars in a specific kind of supernova-like event commonly referred to as a collapsar.

Biology
Some unsolved problems in biology include:

 * Life: How did it start? Is life a cosmic phenomenon? Are the conditions necessary for the origin of life narrow or broad? Did life start on this planet or was there an extraterrestrial intervention (for example a meteor from another planet)? Is immortality possible?
 * DNA / Genome: What are all the functions of the DNA? Other than the structural genes, which is the simpler part of the system? What is the complete structure and function of the proteome proteins expressed by a cell or organ at a particular time and under specific conditions? What is the complete function of the regulator genes? The building block of life may be a precursor to a generation of electronic devices and computers, but what are the electronic properties of DNA? Does Junk DNA function as molecular garbage?
 * Consciousness / Self: What is it? Why is it necessary for many animals (especially mammals) to dream? What are the inheritable characteristics of intelligence?
 * Bioelectromagnetism: How do animals possess long-range navigation and migration abilities? How was the homing ability developed? How can some animals detect earthquake precursors? What are the effects of natural electric fields?
 * Viruses / Immune system: What are the signs of current or past infection to discover where Ebola hides between human outbreaks? What is the origin of antibody diversity? What is the relationship between the immune system and the brain?
 * Viking's methane: The Viking lander detected emissions of carbon-14-containing methane, which indicates the possible presence of life on Mars.

title: Nature/Questions


text:
Talk:Nature/Questions

Copyright physics
Part of this text is copied out of Wikipedia. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsolved_problems_in_physics As authors are listed among others: and many others
 * Kenta2
 * Strait
 * Yashkochar
 * Jpod2
 * OneTopJob6
 * Ben.c.roberts
 * Schaefer
 * Dr Smith
 * Anthius

Copyright biology

 * Part of this text is copied out of Wikipedia.
 * See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsolved_problems_in_biology
 * As authors are listed among others:
 * Ike9898
 * Wikipediatrix
 * Xoloz
 * Chochopk
 * Pengo
 * Reddi
 * Karada

title: Talk:Nature/Questions


text:
Developing Genealogy Web-Pages/Site Hosting Information

=Site Hosting= If you are interested in making a family site, having a way for your family to keep connected and see the progress on your family tree, read further. In this scenario, family members could share old photos and copies of documents.

Let's begin by examining the various packages and sizes that some companies offer. There are a variety of sizes and even more confusing is the bandwidth, domain parking, subdomains, storage space, and more. Let's go over some of these terms.

Remote Hosting This means that some company is providing space (similar in concept to space on your computer's hard-drive).

General Terms

 * Let me cover some of the terms and what you should look for:
 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * }
 * }

Pricing

 * All prices listed are US Dollars.

 * When considering Hosting companies, the simplest method is "word of mouth." Generally, go with a company that you know (the next best thing is a company that someone close to you knows) that is inexpensive and reliable.

 * What is inexpensive to me and you are probably two different things; same with reliability.

 * A good price is about $5.00/month (that's $60.00 per year). You generally can register a domain name with the hosting company and it is included in the cost, but it can be registered independently and simply redirected the hosted space.

 * Separate domain registration is about $35.00 per year; these can decrease is paid in bulk - 10 years goes for about $180.

 * This is a good place to point out one other thing to watch for. When looking at a hosting company, make ABSOLUTELY sure that the registered domain name is yours - that you take it with you if you switch companies. Some of the hosting companies will register it for you (included in the cost), but you can't take it with you when you leave them.

Storage Space

 * Let's take a look at the "space" issue ... how much space do you need for a web-site. Years ago, when PCs were just coming into their own, a friend asked if a 10MEG (NOT GIG) hard drive would be enough ... my response at the time was, "that's more space than you'll ever need ... you can store TEN books in that amount of space."

 * There might be a good amount right now, but as we all know, computer technology continuously changes and tomorrow ... next month ... next year, that will change.

 * Also remember, that unlike most personal web-sites, sites designed to display genealogy information have a lot of content and can often be around for the long-term ... I'd like my kids (don't have any yet) and grandkids to be able to access the pages I am designing right now.

FTP and E-Mail Accounts

 * Another two items to consider are FTP and E-Mail accounts.

 * Generally when you are using a remote hosting company, you can configure an unlimited number of emails to your domain name (you can have an account for yourself, your father, your wife, brother, and sister-in-law). These accounts generally allow for 10MB of emails, but this does vary slightly from host to host.

 * Also, you can generally configure FTP accounts where individuals can create their own web pages and upload/download files. This is relatively straight forward - you generate a username and password that is linked to a folder that you created. The person that you give the account information to logs in using some FTP software (ws_ftp is one) and they can then transfer files (you mentioned pictures - this is one way they can get them to you without bogging down an email account).

GIG Transfer

 * GIG Transfer indicates how much information can be transferred per month.

 * For example, assume that there is a single web page that is 1k (1,000 characters) in site with two images, one being 20k and another being 29k in size. These three files are 50k in size total.

 * If 200 people got on this month and downloaded this page (which includes the images), you would have transferred 10,000k (or 10MEG) of information.

 * The transfer can be kind of nerve-wracking for someone just starting out. You want slightly more than you think you need an in both these cases, it can be difficult to estimate:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * 1) How much is transferred on average and
 * 2) How many people per month are going to download files and
 * 3) Which files are going to be accessed most frequently.
 * }
 * }

 * It often comes down to a best-guess, but also remember that you will be starting slow. Generally, you can generate about a page per day of content (you can generally estimate about 50k of non-image files). And, you also have to remember that people then need to find your site and it will take months, or even years, for a good following and consistent transfer of files.

GIG Transfer/Linking

 * Linking to other sites does not affect transfer, but when they link to your site (ie. images) it can.

 * This brings up a point ... if you have the images stored in another location (say a site that hosts images free), you can sometimes place that image on your page without having to have the image actually on your site. This is called "hot linking" and some of the image sites will not allow it (because it affects their transfer rates).

Subdomains

 * Subdomains point back to a folder within the hosted site that can make the domain name much shorter and cleaner (for example, http://bob.fornal.org/Genealogy instead of http://www.fornal.org/Bob/Genealogy/). It also provides the capacity to have multiple users/accounts on one hosted site:

 * {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * 1) My site: bob.fornal.org
 * 2) My wife's: jen.fornal.org
 * 3) My brother: tim.fornal.org
 * 4) My sister-in-law: kristin.fornal.org
 * }
 * 1) My sister-in-law: kristin.fornal.org
 * }

 * These subdomains also have the added benefit of looking much more professional. For example, if you intending to use your space as a virtual resume, you can post the following on correspondence:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Resume: name.surname.org
 * E-Mail: name@surname.org
 * E-Mail: name@surname.org

 * }

 * ... which looks better than ...

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Resume: www.surname.org/name/Resume.html
 * E-Mail: name@surname.org
 * E-Mail: name@surname.org

 * }
 * There are other uses for subdomains; it comes down to your creativity ... another that is useful is configuring: images.surname.org as a subdomain which allows all site images to be placed in one location and use a MUCH shorter path.

Redirection
Redirection is a concept where you enter a web address and you are provided pages from abother address ... for example, you enter www.fornal.org and get pages that are located at www.i-cuhere.com/~bob/genealogy.

This basically means that you host the pages and someone else can make it display the information as if it were somewhere else.

Cloaking
Cloak a URL means that the address from the example, www.i-cuhere.com/~bob/genealogy, can be hidden so that the end-user does not see it. If you entered www.fornal.org to get to the pages, that is all you see in the address at the top of the browser.


text:
User:Ervinn/TMP

 * 1) Can a variable name start with a number?
 * 2) Can a variable name start with a typographical symbol (e.g. #, *, _)?
 * 3) Give an example of a C variable name that would not work.  Why doesn't it work?

 * Wiki software has a feature to move pages. That functionality can not be used for merging two pages with simular content. As merging two pages are probably not easy, an append functionality would be nice to have. The append functionality would append the history information as well. So the merging process would look like this: 1.) Append one page to the other. 2.) Delete the old appended page. 3.) Reorganize the content of the new page.  The page structure will be lost, but the content history will be preserved. Ervinn 14:25, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Use case is a systematic description of the user-system interactions. Many times user interacts with the system in different times that results similar response from the system. Similar interactions can be part of different business processes. Also one user interaction can be sub-divided to smaller ones. It can be, but does not have to be. We divide if one of the sub use case can be reused in a different business flow.
 * For example in a retail application, we have two business flows. One is to buy an item, the other is to return an item. During creating the use case, we recognize that in both interactions the taxes need to be calculated. So we can create a use case called "Calculate Taxes Use Case" and we include it to both the "Buy Use Case" and "Return Use Case".

Sub pages

 * /JavaTMP

title: User:Ervinn/TMP


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Armando Dippet

Overview
Armando Dippet was the headmaster of Hogwarts before Albus Dumbledore. He is a wizened and frail-looking wizard when we see him, bald except for a few stray wisps of white hair.

Chamber of Secrets
Here, we see Professor Dippet only through the memories of Tom Riddle's diary. Tom is requesting permission to stay in the school over the summer; Professor Dippet turns him down, saying that the attacks on the students have made that quite impossible, and if they do not cease he may have to close the school down. In the Chamber of Secrets, Tom Riddle mentions Professor Dippet contemptuously in passing, saying that Tom was able to fool him easily, but was never sure that Professor Dumbledore was fully convinced.

Order of the Phoenix
Professor Dippet is one of the portraits hanging in Professor Dumbledore's study. Shortly after Arthur Weasley is attacked, just before Christmas, Dumbledore needs the portrait of Phineas Nigellus Black to carry a message to Sirius Black at 12 Grimmauld Place. Phineas Nigellus feigns tiredness, and many of the other portraits in the office are outraged; the portrait of Dippet, in particular, is angered, saying that they are sworn to serve the current Headmaster of Hogwarts.

Half-Blood Prince
Professor Dippet's portrait in the Headmaster's office does say a few things during the course of this book, and it is mentioned that Tom Riddle had approached Dippet upon his graduation to ask for the post of teacher of Defence Against the Dark Arts. Dippet had turned him down, saying that he had not yet had enough experience, that he was as yet too young.

Deathly Hallows
When Harry is in the Ministry, looking through Dolores Umbridge's office for the locket, he happens to see a copy of Rita Skeeter's book about Dumbledore. On the cover, it is noted that she is the bestselling author of the book Armando Dippet: Master or Moron?

Weaknesses
From the little we see of him, it appears that Professor Dippet tends to favour some students, notably Tom Riddle. While his ignorance of Riddle's true nature could be seen as evidence of gullibility, we note that trusting Riddle seems to have been very common in that day; the young Riddle apparently was quite personable.

Dippet did ignore warnings from Professor Dumbledore, who was then Transfiguration master, concerning Riddle; but Dumbledore himself suggests that he was one of a very few who saw Riddle's true nature.

Analysis
From the limited number of times we see him, it is hard to get much of a feel for Professor Dippet. One gets the impression that he is a standard mid-level functionary, trying hard not to rock the boat, and rather worn out at the demands that being Headmaster of a school full of adolescent wizards and witches is putting on him. He quite possibly may resent having been left in charge to deal with the opening of the Chamber.

Questions

 * 1) To what extent did Armando Dippet understand Tom Riddle?
 * 2) How did Armando Dippet's Headmastership effect Dumbledore's development as a Headmaster?
 * 3) Did Dumbledore tell Professor Dippet how he felt about Tom Riddle? If not, why not? If he did, how much of Dumbledore's concern did Dippet accept? Why?


text:
Developing Genealogy Web-Pages/Authors

=Authors= Book developed by Bob Fornal.

title: Developing Genealogy Web-Pages/Authors


text: Category:Book:Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education


text:
Developing Genealogy Web-Pages/Site Creation

=Site Creation= The next phase is to determine what you want to place on the web-site. Once you've determined what, then you need to determine what the best way to present it is. In determining how to present the information, you need to decide how you want to develop the web pages. The basis for all web-pages is HTML.

If you want to learn HTML code, you can write a basic web-page using a program as simple at Notepad. Most Microsoft Applications (i.e. Word, Publisher, Powerpoint) can generate HTML web-pages, although they tend to generate very code heavy pages. What this means is that they often use many times more code than necessary, which makes the pages load slower.

There are several commercial packages for generating pages. Also, most of you should be familiar with the fact that most genealogy programs can generate HTML pages to display your information.

Personal Preferences

 * I am best at designing web-pages using Notepad, writing simple code in HTML. It is remarkably easy and I will be discussing this topic in more depth here.

 * There are several commercial packages (ie. Dreamweaver) that develop WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) web pages. I will not be exploring these options.

Determining Content

 * Don't worry about the content quite yet. Let's examine some core pieces and some code that will make it easier to plan how to present the information. This might give you some ideas that could change things slightly.

Introduction to HTML Coding

 * HTML is a programming language; but, only in the simplest sense. If you have any experience with OLD word processors, some of you might remember having to turn Bold on and off (being able to toggle between a set of flags and an awful color coded scheme). HTML is much like this.

 * To make something bold we are going to use what are called Tags. In HTML, we generally have Opening and Closing Tags.

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Opening Tag for Bold Text:
 * Closing Tag for Bold Text:
 * Closing Tag for Bold Text:

 * }

 * Note the forward slash "/" indicates a Closing Tag.

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Example
 * Example

 * This is bold. produces ...
 * This is bold.

 * }

.htm versus .html

 * Hopefully everyone has seen files with one of these two extensions. The only real difference is that one has an "L" and the other does not. Virtually all servers see them as the same type of file.

 * Remember, whichever one you use, be consistent because it does matter which is used when the name of the file is used in a link. If the filename is bob.htm and I enter bob.html in an address, it will not work because bob.html does not exist.

index.htm (or index.html)

 * Regardless of which method you use for the extension, the index file is the most important file for our purposes. This file is the default file to be opened if no other file is specified.

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Example
 * Example

 * http://bob.fornal.org/Genealogy/ actually opens ...
 * http://bob.fornal.org/Genealogy/index.html

 * }

 * If you have to enter a path over and over, the first address is the one you would want to use, simply because it is shorter.

Basic HTML Structure

 * Ok, here is the basic structure for almost all HTML files:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 *
 *
 * <TITLE>SAMPLE PAGE</TITLE>
 *
 *

 *
 * Sample text goes here.
 *
 *

 * }

 * Notice how the Opened/Closed Tags are nested; that is, the Open/Close TITLE Tags are nested inside the Open/Close HEAD Tags, which in turn is nested inside the HTML Tags.

 * Also, the text inside the Tags is ALL CAPS. HTML Tags are Case Insensitive; that is, you can enter them in ALL CAPS or ALL LOWERCASE. This is preference only; select one and stick with it.

 * There are a few minor variations to this structure, but almost all the time this will be the basic structure for a web-page that you are creating.

PRACTICE: Index.html

 * Before you begin, create a folder where you will store the web-pages we are going to create and develop. I would recommend creating a folder called Internet Files on your desktop (this is what I will refer to in the future).

 * Now, let's copy the following and paste it into a Notepad document:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="CCCCFF"

 *
 *
 * <TITLE>Your Name Here</TITLE>
 *
 *

 *
 * Your Name Here

 * This is my first Index File.
 *
 *

 * }

 * Notice the new Tag in the code listed,
. This is a Break Tag that tells HTML to place a line-break (same as pressing the Enter Key in a word processor) at this location.

 * Read the following COMPLETELY before executing this process:

 * Once you have pasted this file into Notepad, use the following process to save the file:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="CCCCFF"

 * Click  F ile, then Save A s ...
 * Change the Save As T ype to All Files
 * Change the File N ame to Index.html (YES, the filename is case sentitive)
 * Make sure that  E ncoding is ANSI
 * Make sure that you are saving into the correct folder
 * Click the  S ave button to finish this process.
 * Click the  S ave button to finish this process.

 * }

 * Now that you have saved the file, close Notepad ... open the Internet Files folder ... double-click on the Index.html file to see what you have created.

 * Note:The Index.html file that you have created will be displayed in your browser (ie. Internet Explorer) when you double-click on it. You just created a basic web-page; it just hasn't been placed on the Internet yet.

PRACTICE: Modifying the Index.html File

 * Let's re-open the file with Notepad and make some modifications. Right-Click on the file and select Open Wit h , then Notepad. This should open the file and you should now see the code you entered previously.

 * Locate the  Tag and change the next few lines to read ...

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="CCCCFF"

 *
 *
 * Your Name Here

 * This is my first Index File.
 *
 *
 *

 * }

 * OK, here we've added a few parts. Within the  Tag, there is a modifier that changes the background /color/. (BGCOLOR) to light grey.

 * Also, notice the  Tag and the modifier that sets the Font Face to Arial (Tahoma, if Arial does not exist on the system) and the Font Color to blue.

 * Now, click  F ile, then  S ave to save the changes you just made (notice that it is MUCH easier to save after doing the Save As process the first time).

 * Finally, double-click the file to see what these changes did to the Index.html file.

PRACTICE: Adding Images

 * Placing images on a web-page is easy, but keep a couple of things in mind. Often, it is the images that make pages load slowly - smaller is better, but maintain a good balance of size and clarity - smaller is better until you can't tell what the picture was when you started.

 * There are three basic types of images allowed (there are others, but these are the most common):

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * BMP - Windows Bitmap, very clear and often VERY LARGE.
 * JPG - JPEG, often clear and good size with complex images, but can pixelize (odd fuzzy effect) at times.
 * GIF - Compuserve GIF, excellent small file sizes and allows for simple animation types, but often drops clarity because it uses a maximum of 256 colors, which is VERY limited.
 * GIF - Compuserve GIF, excellent small file sizes and allows for simple animation types, but often drops clarity because it uses a maximum of 256 colors, which is VERY limited.

 * }

 * The best thing that you can do until you get more familiar is to use a graphics program like Paint Shop Pro (PSP) to save an image that you want to use in all three formats, then look at the file sizes and view the images on your local page to see how clear they are and choose what fits the situation best (size or clarity).

 * Select any image and place it into the Internet Files folder.

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="CCCCFF"

 * Change this line ...
 * This is my first Index File.
 * This is my first Index File.

 * ... to the following ...

 * This is my first Index File.

 *

 * }

 * OK, now let's take a look at what you just added.

 * This statement reads, Image Source equals {filename}, Alternate Description equals {description}, Border Size=1.

 * The alternate description is handy if the image does not load for some reason and also for the vision-impaired.

 * Border=0 turns the border off.

Image Locations

 * Before you move on to learn about linking web-pages, you need to understand that the image file does not have to reside in the same folder as the web-page that uses it.

 * Often, you will want to create a folder specifically for storing images. This helps to keep the clutter down and makes locating files simpler.

 * Also, you can reference images from other sites. For example, my picture located to the left here is actually on my domain (http://bob.fornal.org) in an images folder. This can be good for organization, but many sites do not allow this (called hot linking) because it affects the download of the site that hosts the image.

Linking Basics

 * There is one way to code a link; but conceptually, there are several types. For the moment, there are the two simple types - linking to local pages and linking to external pages.

 * Let's take a quick look at the HTML code before we get into the details. Here is what it looks like:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * My Site
 * My Site

 * }
 * On the page you get something like this:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * My Site
 * My Site

 * }

 * This is a link that takes you to bob.fornal.org; remember, you are actually seeing bob.fornal.org/index.html (index.html is the default file that the system will display if it is not specified).

PRACTICE: Linking to Local Pages

 * OK, now let's set up an example that will allow us to explore this in a little more depth.

 * Inside your Internet Files folder, create another folder called, Genealogy (remember that once these files are on the web, they WILL BE case sensitive).

 * Copy the Index.html file, that you created previously, into the new folder.

 * Edit this new file and change a few things:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="CCCCFF"

 * Remove the  Tag.
 * Change the background and font colors.
 * Change the header and text.
 * Change the header and text.

 * }

 * Save your changes.
 * (basically, we are doing this so that we can see that the pages are different)

 * Now, edit your original Index.html file and add the following code:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Genealogy
 * Genealogy

 * }

 * HREF is a Hypertext Reference; simply, something that refers to a web-page address. This HTML Tag places a link to the new Index.html file.

 * Now, in the Genealogy/Index.htm file add the following code:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Main Page
 * Main Page

 * }

 * This HTML tag places a link on the Genealogy page that goes back to the original Index.html file that you created.

 * Notice the ../ in the HREF address. This tells you that we need to go up one (1) level in the tree structure.

PRACTICE: Linking to Exernal Pages/Sites

 * OK, we've talked about placing images onto a page. You should now understand that an image can be referenced from the same folder that the web-page is in, or from another location (either in the same domain or on another web-site all together).

 * The true strength of the Internet is the ability to reference other pages ... the work that other people have done. This is done with Links.

 * As we saw with images, there are basically two types of links - internal and external.

 * Internal Links:Connections to pages on your site; minimal or no path information is required.

 * External Links:As you've probably figured out, these are connections to web-pages on other sites. In this case, you need to include full path information.

 * In both cases, we use the same HTML tag. Here is a simple example of an external link for you to place on either of your practice pages:

 * Remember:Use the
 to place Line Breaks.

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Bob's Recipes
 * Bob's Recipes

 * }

 * ... which becomes ...

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Bob's Recipes
 * Bob's Recipes

 * }

Tables

 * Now for a slightly more difficult topic. Tables are important when you are first beginning to develop web-pages. Much later, you will most likely learn about Style Sheets (not difficult to do, but a lot added onto what you are already getting). Until then, tables are one of the easiest methods to tweak/adjust alignment (left, center, right).

 * Before we talk about the tags, here's the simple part; with most software, when we talk about a table, it has rows (across) and columns (down). For our purposes, we will have Table Rows (across) and Table Data (cells on a row). The number of cells in the first row determines how many columns there are for the rest of the table.

 * Here are the three Tags that we will use:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 *

 - Table Open/Close
 *

 - Table Row Open/Close
 *  	 - Table Data Open/Close
 *  	 - Table Data Open/Close

 * }

 * What we need to do now is discuss each of these and some of the options individually to provide some depth of understanding when we get to some examples.

TABLE Tag

 * This is the
 Tag that we discussed previously.

 * Think of this as setting up or configuring the outer box and background of the entire table.

 * Here are three of the settings that you will use most frequently:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * width="#" - where # is in either pixels or percent.
 * border=# - where # is the thickness of the border in pixels.
 * bgcolor=COLOR - where COLOR is the /color/ of the background (same as we used on the BODY Tag).
 * bgcolor=COLOR - where COLOR is the /color/ of the background (same as we used on the BODY Tag).

 * }

 * So, you might enter something like (this is an example ... do not enter it into your pages):

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 *

 *

 * }

TR Tag

 * Here is the most BORING of the three Tags ... Table Row.

 * There are a few options available, but generally we will not be using them.

 * So, you will most often enter something like this:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 *

 *

 * }

TD Tag

 * OK, now that you've seen the BORING one, let's see the one that will keep you busy ...

 * This is the Table Data Tag ... all of your information (Data) will go inside these Open/Close Tags. By information, we are talking about anything that you can display ... at this point, you know how to enter text and images (you can link from within here, too).

 * There are four options that you will frequently see (the first two you've had already:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * WIDTH - same as TABLE Tag
 * BGCOLOR - same as TABLE Tag
 * align=NNN - NNN is the horizontal alignment, options are (Left, Center, Right)
 * valign=NNN - NNN is the vertical alignment, options are (Top, Center, Bottom)
 * valign=NNN - NNN is the vertical alignment, options are (Top, Center, Bottom)

 * }

PRACTICE: Create a Table

 * Let's start with a simple example, here's information from a 1930 US Federal Census Record:

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Name: John Fornal
 * Home in 1930: Glastonbury, Hartford, Connecticut
 * Age: 42
 * Estimated Birth Year: abt 1888
 * BirthPlace: Poland
 * Relation to Head of House: Head
 * Spouses's Name: Victoria
 * Spouses's Name: Victoria

 * }

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="EEEE99"

 * Household Members:
 * Name Age
 * John Fornal 42
 * Victoria Fornal 40
 * Joseph Fornal 15
 * Stella Fornal 13
 * Annie Fornal 10
 * William Fornal 5
 * William Fornal 5

 * }

 * As you can see, each line breaks down into two items ... easy to convert to a table.

 * Paste the following code into one of your pages ...

 * {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 bgcolor="CCCCFF"

 *

 * Name:	John Fornal
 *

 * Home in 1930:	Glastonbury, Hartford, Connecticut
 *

 * Age:	42
 *

 * Estimated Birth Year:	abt 1888
 *

 * BirthPlace:	Poland
 *

 * Relation to Head of House:	Head
 *

 * Spouses's Name:	Victoria
 *

 *

 * }

 * Can you see how this information fits together, how it is nested?

 * Copy the code you just entered and make another copy just below it using Notepad. Take the Household Members information provided above and see if you can create a table with the information on your own ...

Headers
Try these Tags as headers (or titles) in the code you have created previously ...

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Here, you will not see the Underline Tag () used; it has been deprecated (removed) from standard HTML code, although it is supported by most browsers still, because it often gets confused with linked items.

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text:
Greek Mythology/Gods/Persephone

A daughter of Zeus and Demeter, Persephone is both the goddess of the underworld as well as grain. The beautiful Persephone was stolen by Hades to be his wife. Demeter, with her child missing, roamed the earth looking for her, abandoning all her other duties. Time passed, the crops would not grow, and humans and animals began to starve. Seeing this, Zeus stepped in to fix the situation. He sent Hermes to order Hades to return Persephone. Hades said that he would gladly let her go. As she was leaving, Hades entreated her to eat a pomegranate. When Persephone later told her mother of her experience, Demeter grieved to learn that Persephone had eaten the fruit, for the laws of Hades state that Persephone then must return for good! Demeter refused to let her daughter go, so Zeus reached an agreement: Persephone would stay with Hades for one-third of the year at a time (which would become winter), and with Demeter for the rest.

title: Greek Mythology/Gods/Persephone


text: User:Ervinn/TMP/JavaTMP

title: User:Ervinn/TMP/JavaTMP


text:
User:Pir

This is my page! I'm planning on writing WikiBooks about Linux, targeted at newcomers, and the use of free software more generally. I'm at the planning stage and decided to use my user page to develop the concept, until I decide on the best name for this book.

 * User:Pir/Book1 - I'm still toying around with the concept for this Wikibook, targetted at Windows users who want to migrate to GNU/Linux
 * more to come?

title: User:Pir


text:
User:BiT

Hi, havn't really done much good at this site, however I have added some things to the Latin Wikibook.

Cheers

Work

 * Icelandic/Basic Vocabulary

title: User:BiT


text:
User:Xcentaur

Hello everyone, I'm an undergrad student who just turned 17.

Check out my user-page on wikipedia

title: User:Xcentaur


text:
User:Skrub

Yo, my name is Skrub and I am a video game freak.

title: User:Skrub


text: Template:User editor

title: Template:User editor


text: Template:User contributor

title: Template:User contributor


text:
Talk:PHP Programming/Flat Frog

require(_LIB_DIR.'/class.template.php'); $tpl = new template; $tpl->compile_dir = _TPL_COMPILED_DIR; $tpl->template_dir = _TPL_DIR;

title: Talk:PHP Programming/Flat Frog


text:
Raising Cattle/Feed

If you are lucky you will not need much feed and your cattle can graze on what grows in the pasture. However, in many places seasonal feed is needed.

Hay
Hay is the most common form of feed available for cattle. If you have a field available that is easily accessible to equipment you can grow your own hay. However, there are many farmers who grow more hay than they need and sell the extra. Some will even deliver to you for an extra price. To find them you can go through your local classifieds.

Growing your own hay
Hay can easily be grown on flat fertile land. As an alternative of using commercial fertilizer, many farmers are using chicken litter. The rising price of commercial fertilizer is the cause of the increasing use of chicken litter. Too much chicken litter can cause the grass to have too much nitrogen. The excessive amount of nitrogen can be harmful to your cattle.

title: Raising Cattle/Feed


text:
User:Etc

About me
Hello! I'm Софья (Sofia), a 24 year-old girl from St. Petersburg, Russia.

I'm a newbie here so I will be glad to accept any help or advice.

--Etcetera 12:06, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Etc


text:
Category:Book:Greek Mythology

ko:분류:신화

title: Category:Book:Greek Mythology


text:
User talk:131.52.121.101

Thanks for experimenting with the page Evolutionary Biology/Early History of Life on Planet Earth on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

-- SB_Johnny | talk 11:26, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:131.52.121.101