text:
Calculus/Complex numbers

In mathematics, a complex number is a number of the form
 * $$a+bi$$

where $$a,b$$ are real numbers, and $$i$$ is the imaginary unit, with the property $$i^2=-1$$. The real number $$a$$ is called the real part of the complex number, and the real number $$b$$ is the imaginary part. Real numbers may be considered to be complex numbers with an imaginary part of zero; that is, the real number $$a$$ is equivalent to the complex number $$a+0i$$.

For example, $$3+2i$$ is a complex number, with real part 3 and imaginary part 2. If $$z=a+bi$$, the real part $$a$$ is denoted $$\text{Re}(z)$$ or $$\Re(z)$$ , and the imaginary part $$b$$ is denoted $$\text{Im}(z)$$ or $$\Im(z)$$.

Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided like real numbers and have other elegant properties. For example, real numbers alone do not provide a solution for every polynomial algebraic equation with real coefficients, while complex numbers do (this is the fundamental theorem of algebra).

Equality
Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal. That is, $$a+bi=c+di$$ if and only if $$a=c$$ and $$b=d$$.

Notation and operations
The set of all complex numbers is usually denoted by $$\rm C$$, or in blackboard bold by $$\C$$ (Unicode ℂ). The real numbers $$\R$$ may be regarded as "lying in" $$\C$$ by considering every real number as a complex: $$a=a+0i$$.

Complex numbers are added, subtracted, and multiplied by formally applying the associative, commutative and distributive laws of algebra, together with the equation $$i^2=-1$$

 * $$(a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i$$
 * $$(a+bi)-(c+di)=(a-c)+(b-d)i$$
 * $$(a+bi)(c+di)=ac+bci+adi+bdi^2=(ac-bd)+(bc+ad)i$$

Division of complex numbers can also be defined (see below). Thus, the set of complex numbers forms a field which, in contrast to the real numbers, is algebraically closed.

In mathematics, the adjective "complex" means that the field of complex numbers is the underlying number field considered, for example complex analysis, complex matrix, complex polynomial and complex Lie algebra.

The field of complex numbers
Formally, the complex numbers can be defined as ordered pairs of real numbers $$ (a,b)$$ together with the operations:
 * $$(a,b)+(c,d)=(a+c,b+d)$$
 * $$(a,b)\cdot(c,d)=(ac-bd,bc+ad)$$

So defined, the complex numbers form a field, the complex number field, denoted by $$\C$$ (a field is an algebraic structure in which addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined and satisfy certain algebraic laws. For example, the real numbers form a field).

The real number $$a$$ is identified with the complex number $$(a,0)$$, and in this way the field of real numbers $$\R$$ becomes a subfield of $$\C$$. The imaginary unit $$i$$ can then be defined as the complex number $$(0,1)$$, which verifies
 * $$(a,b)=a\cdot(1,0)+b\cdot(0,1)=a+bi\quad\text{and}\quad i^2=(0,1)\cdot(0,1)=(-1,0)=-1$$

In $$\C$$, we have:
 * additive identity ("zero"): $$(0,0)$$
 * multiplicative identity ("one"): $$(1,0)$$
 * additive inverse of $$(a,b)$$ : $$(-a,-b)$$
 * multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) of non-zero $$(a,b)$$ : $$\left(\frac{a}{a^2+b^2},-\frac{b}{a^2+b^2}\right)$$

Since a complex number $$a+bi$$ is uniquely specified by an ordered pair $$(a,b)$$ of real numbers, the complex numbers are in one-to-one correspondence with points on a plane, called the complex plane.

The complex plane
A complex number $$z$$ can be viewed as a point or a position vector in a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system called the complex plane or Argand diagram. The point and hence the complex number $$z$$ can be specified by Cartesian (rectangular) coordinates. The Cartesian coordinates of the complex number are the real part $$x=\text{Re}(z)$$ and the imaginary part $$y=\text{Im}(z)$$. The representation of a complex number by its Cartesian coordinates is called the Cartesian form or rectangular form or algebraic form of that complex number.

Polar form
Alternatively, the complex number $$z$$ can be specified by polar coordinates. The polar coordinates are $$r=|z|\ge0$$, called the absolute value or modulus, and $$\phi=\arg(z)$$ , called the argument of $$z$$. For $$r=0$$ any value of $$\varphi$$ describes the same number. To get a unique representation, a conventional choice is to set $$\arg(0)=0$$. For $$r>0$$ the argument $$\varphi$$ is unique modulo $$2\pi$$ ; that is, if any two values of the complex argument differ by an exact integer multiple of $$2\pi$$, they are considered equivalent. To get a unique representation, a conventional choice is to limit $$\varphi$$ to the interval $$(-\pi,\pi]$$ i.e. $$-\pi<\varphi\le\pi$$ . The representation of a complex number by its polar coordinates is called the polar form of the complex number.

Conversion from the polar form to the Cartesian form

 * $$x=r\cos(\varphi)$$
 * $$y=r\sin(\varphi)$$

Conversion from the Cartesian form to the polar form

 * $$r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$$

 * $$\varphi=

\begin{cases} \arctan\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)&\text{if }x>0\\ \arctan\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)+\pi&\text{if }x<0,y\ge0\\ \arctan\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)-\pi&\text{if }x<0,y<0\\ \frac{\pi}{2}&\text{if }x=0,y>0\\ -\frac{\pi}{2}&\text{if }x=0,y<0\\ \text{undefined}&\text{if }x=0,y=0 \end{cases}$$

The previous formula requires rather laborious case differentiations. However, many programming languages provide a variant of the arctangent function. A formula that uses the arccos function requires fewer case differentiations:
 * $$\varphi=

\begin{cases} \arccos\left(\frac{x}{r}\right)&\text{if }y\ge0,r\ne0\\ -\arccos\left(\frac{x}{r}\right)&\text{if }y<0\\ \text{undefined}&\text{if }r=0 \end{cases}$$

Notation of the polar form
The notation of the polar form as
 * $$z=r\big(\cos(\varphi)+i\sin(\varphi)\big)$$

is called trigonometric form. The notation $$\text{cis}(\varphi)$$ is sometimes used as an abbreviation for $$\cos(\varphi)+i\sin(\varphi)$$. Using Euler's formula it can also be written as
 * $$z=re^{i\varphi}$$

which is called exponential form.

Multiplication, division, exponentiation, and root extraction in the polar form
Multiplication, division, exponentiation, and root extraction are much easier in the polar form than in the Cartesian form.

Using sum and difference identities its possible to obtain that

 * $$r_1e^{i\varphi_1}\cdot r_2e^{i\varphi_2}=r_1r_2e^{i(\varphi_1+\varphi_2)}$$

and that

 * $$\frac{r_1e^{i\varphi_1}}{r_2e^{i\varphi_2}}=\frac{r_1}{r_2}\cdot e^{i(\varphi_1-\varphi_2)}$$

Exponentiation with integer exponents; according to de Moivre's formula,

 * $$\big(re^{i\varphi}\big)^n=r^ne^{ni\varphi}$$

Exponentiation with arbitrary complex exponents is discussed in the article on exponentiation.

The addition of two complex numbers is just the addition of two vectors, and multiplication by a fixed complex number can be seen as a simultaneous rotation and stretching.

Multiplication by $$i$$ corresponds to a counter-clockwise rotation by 90° or $$\frac{\pi}{2}$$ radians. The geometric content of the equation $$i^2=-1$$ is that a sequence of two 90° rotations results in a 180° ($$\pi$$ radians) rotation. Even the fact $$(-1)\cdot(-1)=1$$ from arithmetic can be understood geometrically as the combination of two 180° turns.

All the roots of any number, real or complex, may be found with a simple algorithm. The $$n$$-th roots are given by

 * $$\sqrt[n]{re^{i\varphi}}=\sqrt[n]{r}\,e^{i\left(\frac{\varphi+2k\pi}{n}\right)}$$

for $$k=0,1,2,\ldots,n-1$$, where $$\sqrt[n]{r}$$ represents the principal $$n$$-th root of $$r$$.

Absolute value, conjugation and distance
The absolute value (or modulus or magnitude) of a complex number $$z=re^{i\varphi}$$ is defined as $$|z|=r$$.

Algebraically, if $$z=a+bi$$ then $$|z|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}.$$

One can check readily that the absolute value has three important properties:

 * $$|z|=0$$ if and only if $$z=0$$
 * $$|z+w|\le|z|+|w|$$ (triangle inequality)
 * $$|z\cdot w|=|z|\cdot|w|$$

for all complex numbers $$z,w$$. It then follows, for example, that $$|1|=1$$ and $$\left|\frac{z}{w}\right|=\frac{|z|}{|w|}$$. By defining the distance function $$d(z,w)=|z-w|$$ we turn the set of complex numbers into a metric space and we can therefore talk about limits and continuity.

The complex conjugate of the complex number $$z=a+bi$$ is defined to be $$a-bi$$, written as $$\bar z$$ or $$z^*$$. As seen in the figure, $$\bar z$$ is the "reflection" of $$z$$ about the real axis. The following can be checked:
 * $$\overline{z+w}=\bar z+\bar w$$
 * $$\overline{z\cdot w}=\bar z\cdot\bar w$$
 * $$\overline{\left(\frac{z}{w}\right)}=\frac{\bar z}{\bar w}$$
 * $$\bar{\bar z}=z$$
 * $$\bar z=z$$ if and only if $$z$$ is real
 * $$|z|=|\bar z|$$
 * $$|z|^2=z\cdot\bar z$$
 * $$z^{-1}=\bar z\cdot|z|^{-2}$$ if $$z$$ is non-zero.

The latter formula is the method of choice to compute the inverse of a complex number if it is given in rectangular coordinates.

That conjugation commutes with all the algebraic operations (and many functions; e.g. $$\sin(\bar z)=\overline{\sin(z)}$$) is rooted in the ambiguity in choice of $$i$$ (−1 has two square roots). It is important to note, however, that the function $$f(z)=\bar z$$ is not complex-differentiable.

Euler's formula
Let's review the MacLaurin expansion of a given function $$y=f(x)$$ :

$$y=f(x)=f(0)+f'(0)\cdot x+\frac{f(0)\cdot x^2}{2!}+\frac{f'(0)\cdot x^3}{3!}+\cdots$$ Here, $$n!$$ is the factorial of $$n$$.

To write the Maclaurin's expansion, we are supposed to know the first derivative, second derivative, third derivative, ect. of the given function. The higher derivative we know, the more accurate the expansion is. Therefore, ideally, if we are able to know every derivative, then the expansion will be absolutely accurate. Fortunately, there are some functions that their every derivative is known: sine, cosine, and the exponential function $$y=e^x$$ are three examples of such a function. The derivative of $$e^x$$ is itself, therefore every derivative of $$e^x$$ is $$e^x$$. The MacLaurin expansion of $$e^x$$ is:

$$e^x=1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}+\cdots$$

which is valid for all real numbers, because it is always convergent. The derivatives of $$\sin(x)$$ are: $$\begin{align} &y=\sin(x)\\ &y'=\cos(x)\\ &y''=-\sin(x)\\ &y'''=-\cos(x)\\ &y^{(4)}=\sin(x)\\ &y^{(5)}=\cos(x) \end{align}$$ The 5th derivation is the same as the 1st derivation, therefore the 6th derivation is the same as the 2nd derivation, and so on. The same is for $$\cos(x)$$. The 1st derivative is $$-\sin(x)$$, the second derivative is $$-\cos(x)$$ , and so on.

The MacLaurin expansion of $$\sin(x)$$ is:

$$\sin(x)=x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}-\frac{x^7}{7!}+\cdots$$ The MacLaurin expansion of $$\cos(x)$$ is:

$$\cos(x)=1-\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}-\frac{x^6}{6!}+\cdots$$

which are valid for all real numbers, because they are always convergent.

But what if someone plugs in an imaginary number and calculates $$e^{i\cdot x}$$, where $$x$$ is real? That may sound ridiculous and unimaginable because an imaginary number as the exponent is not yet defined. However, if we really do this, we will get an interesting result: $$\begin{align} e^{ix}&=1+i\cdot x+\frac{(i\cdot x)^2}{2!}+\frac{(i\cdot x)^3}{3!}+\frac{(i\cdot x)^4}{4!}+\frac{(i\cdot x)^5}{5!}+\frac{(i\cdot x)^6}{6!}+\frac{(i\cdot x)^7}{7!}+\cdots\\ &=1+i\cdot x-\frac{x^2}{2!}-\frac{i\cdot x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}+\frac{i\cdot x^5}{5!}-\frac{x^6}{6!}-\frac{i\cdot x^7}{7!}+\cdots\\ &=\left(1-\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}-\frac{x^6}{6!}+\cdots\right)+i\left(x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}-\frac{x^7}{7!}+\cdots\right)\\ &=\cos(x)+i\sin(x) \end{align}$$

The result is $$e^{ix}=\cos(x)+i\sin(x)$$. This equation is called Euler's formula. This is the most wonderful formula in mathematics, because the exponential function and the trigonometric functions are connected in such a way via the imaginary unit $$i$$. As mentioned before, $$e^{ix}$$ is not defined, but why not define it like this? It doesn't violate any mathematical rule, and it may show some properties of deep maths. If we plug in $$x=\pi$$, the equation will become:

$$e^{\pi i}=-1$$

which is called Euler's identity.

Many people like to write Euler's identity as

$$e^{\pi i}+1=0$$

because in this formulation, we have five of the most important mathematical constants, $$0,1,i,e,\pi$$ all in one equation, and nothing else.

By the same reasoning, we get the following identities:

$$e^{0i}=e^0=1$$

$$e^{\frac{\pi}{2}i}=i$$

$$e^{\pi i}=-1$$

$$e^{\frac{3\pi}{2}i}=-i$$

$$e^{2\pi i}=1$$

$$e^{\frac{5\pi}{2}i}=i$$

and so on.

Complex fractions
We can divide a complex number $$a+bi$$ by another complex number $$c+di\neq0$$ in two ways. The first way has already been implied: to convert both complex numbers into exponential form, from which their quotient is easily derived. The second way is to express the division as a fraction, then to multiply both numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate of the denominator. The new denominator is a real number.

 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{a+bi}{c+di}&=\frac{(a+bi)(c-di)}{(c+di)(c-di)}=\frac{(ac+bd)+(bc-ad)i}{c^2+d^2}\\ &=\left(\frac{ac+bd}{c^2+d^2}\right)+\left(\frac{bc-ad}{c^2+d^2}\right)i \end{align}$$

Matrix representation of complex numbers
While usually not useful, alternative representations of the complex field can give some insight into its nature. One particularly elegant representation interprets each complex number as a 2×2 matrix with real entries which stretches and rotates the points of the plane. Every such matrix has the form
 * $$\begin{bmatrix}a&-b\\b&a\end{bmatrix}$$

where $$a,b$$ are real numbers. The sum and product of two such matrices is again of this form. Every non-zero matrix of this form is invertible, and its inverse is again of this form. Therefore, the matrices of this form are a field. In fact, this is exactly the field of complex numbers. Every such matrix can be written as
 * $$\begin{bmatrix}a&-b\\b&a\end{bmatrix}=a\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{bmatrix}+b\begin{bmatrix}0&-1\\1&0\end{bmatrix}$$

which suggests that we should identify the real number 1 with the identity matrix
 * $$\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{bmatrix}$$

and the imaginary unit $$i$$ with
 * $$\begin{bmatrix}0&-1\\1&0\end{bmatrix}$$

a counter-clockwise rotation by 90 degrees. Note that the square of this latter matrix is indeed equal to the 2×2 matrix that represents −1.

The square of the absolute value of a complex number expressed as a matrix is equal to the determinant of that matrix.
 * $$|z|^2=\begin{vmatrix}a&-b\\b&a\end{vmatrix}=(a^2)-((-b)(b))=a^2+b^2$$

If the matrix is viewed as a transformation of the plane, then the transformation rotates points through an angle equal to the argument of the complex number and scales by a factor equal to the complex number's absolute value. The conjugate of the complex number $$z$$ corresponds to the transformation which rotates through the same angle as $$z$$ but in the opposite direction, and scales in the same manner as $$z$$ ; this can be represented by the transpose of the matrix corresponding to $$z$$.

If the matrix elements are themselves complex numbers, the resulting algebra is that of the quaternions. In other words, this matrix representation is one way of expressing the Cayley-Dickson construction of algebras.

Exercises
1) If $$z = \exp(i \theta) \ \ \text{prove then that} \ \ z + \bar{z} = 2 \cos \theta .$$

2) The line through 0 and z is perpendicular to the line through 0 and w when $$z \bar{w} + w \bar{z} = 0.$$

3) Consider the rotation transformation $$T(z) \ = \ e^{i \theta} z .$$ Show that perpendicular lines are mapped by T to perpendicular lines.

4) Calculate the addition, subtraction, and multiplication of two complex numbers using matrix notation with the following: $$z_1=3 + 5i, z_2=7 - 12i$$

title: Calculus/Complex numbers


text:
User:Ajcfreak

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="8" style="width: 100%; background-color: #CCCCFF; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"  This userpage design has been completely and shamelessly albeit thankfully, flicked from Phaedriel. She is the kindest person around and an awesome Wikipedian.
 * colspan="2" style="padding: 0;" |
 * style="background-color: #E0FFFF; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2"|
 * style="background-color: #E0FFFF; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2"|
 * style="width: 18%; background-color: #E0FFFF; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" rowspan="2"|
 * style="width: 18%; background-color: #E0FFFF; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" rowspan="2"|
 * style="width: 81%; background-color: #E0FFFF; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"|

 * style="background-color: #E0FFFF; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"|
 * style="background-color: #E0FFFF; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"|

My Work
I wanna create stuff related to Christian music.
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ajcfreak


text:
Talk:X86 Assembly/GNU assembly syntax

 * comments from development-2006-8ecbb5cc8aREMOVETHIS@ANDTHATm-e-leypold.de

EBP is used as the base register to reference the local variables [1], and a value is subtracted from ESP to reserve space on the stack
 * I have the impression that does not make sense. Isn't ESP used as stack pointer and base register for the local variables whereas EBP is used as base pointer to the procedure arguments (which are pushed on the stack before calling the procedure). -- REGARDS -- development-2006-8ecbb5cc8aREMOVETHIS@ANDTHATm-e-leypold.de. I'm only passing through here, so if this point needs discussion, please notify me by mail.

Your GCC produces much different code (more, even) than mine does. Even for hello_world. Yours calls __alloc and ___main, mine doesn't.
 * Thats because These functions are part of the C library setup. Since we are calling functions in the C library, we probably need these isn't true. ___main facilitates C++ static initialisation on non-ELF system (ELF systems include UNIX/LINUX but not Windows). If you don't call C++ code, ___main isn't required. The comments about using Win32 API in place of the C standard library really should be re-visited in light of this.
 * No compiler will ever emit a call to "__alloca". Alloca is a compiler intrinsic that gets compiled to allocating stack frame space. 63.235.13.3 (discuss) 00:50, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

You write: ''In this case, eight bytes have been reserved on the stack. Since we have no local variables in this procedure, this code is unnecessary.'' [2]

 * That's unfortunately not true. You should note, that later we have 'movl $LC0, (%esp)'. This is exactly where the temporary reserved at the beginning of the procedure becomes a necessity.

 * It's important to remember that the code output of the assembler will be very much dependant on the local environment. If the generated code is different from yours, it is likely the result of either a different version of the compiler, different libraries, or a different operating system. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 19:11, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
 * absolutely right: That accounts for the different output of our respective compilers. But my other comments still stand: [1] seems to be a typo and [2] seems to be simply wrong. But don't take it on my authority (which has over the years become rather weak concerning gcc output), which is why I'm not changing it myself now: A second opinion would be nice. -- M.
 * I seem to think that [1] is correct, although it has been a long time for me since I've last used GCC to generate assembly as well. It is something that we should probably double-check before we make any changes. As for [2], you are right that it seems to be an error, so i've gone ahead and changed it. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 23:45, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

then rewrite selected routines in assembly language (which performs better)
 * Kind of hard to take this page seriously if this is the advice, circa 2010. It's been demonstrated that in fact compilers do regularly produce better code than handcoded assembly does. In fact aggressive inlining from JITs in "slow" languages like Java can be faster than C!

Caveats
This happens with all the non-commutative arithmetic floating point operations with two register operands where the source register is %st and the destination register is %st(i). What does this mean? Addition and multiplication are both perfectly commutative.

... subtraction is not --box

title: Talk:X86 Assembly/GNU assembly syntax


text:
User talk:66.103.16.15

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 19:06, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:66.103.16.15


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/4

La pasada e la futur

A esta sera Peter va encontra Maria.

Aora Peter es nervosa.

Peter pensa ce el pote surprende Maria.

A la anio ante esta anio, Peter ia aprende jua la gitar.

Esce Maria va gusta escuta cuando el jua la gitar?

Esce Maria va gusta ce Peter jua la gitar per el?

Posible Maria va vole dansa en cuando el jua la gitar.

Aora el no sabe, ma doman el va sabe plu ca oji.

Ma la espeta es difisil, e Peter deveni plu rapida vea oji ca ier.

Ier Peter no ia es nervosa.

Tu es joven.

Me es vea.

Me ia es joven.

Tu va es vea.

Tota de nos ia es joven en la pasada.

Tota de nos va es vea en la futur.

Nota de pronunsia:

ia es pronunsiada como |yah|

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/3

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/5

title: Lingua Franca Nova/4


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/5

Demandas
Tu parla lingua franca nova?

 * Si, me parla lo.

Esce tu parla multe linguas?

 * Si, me parla multe linguas.

Tu parla cuanto linguas?

 * Me parla tre linguas.

Tu parla cual linguas?

 * Me parla engles, franses, e lingua franca nova.

Do tu parla lingua franca nova?

 * Me parla elefen a la interede.

Cuando tu parla lingua franca nova?

 * Me parla elefen a la interede cuando me ave tempo libre.

Tu parla con ci?

 * Me parla con mea amis.

Perce tu parla elefen?

 * Me parla elefen car lo es divertente.
 * Me parla lo afin me pote parla con mea amis.

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/4

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/6

title: Lingua Franca Nova/5


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Stamps (United States)

1. Relate briefly the story of the beginning of the postal service in your country.

 * The first postal service in America arose in February of 1692 when a grant from King William and Queen Mary empowered Thomas Neale to erect, settle and establish within the chief parts of their majesties' colonies and plantations in America, an office or offices for the receiving and dispatching letters and pacquets, and to receive, send and deliver the same under such rates and sums of money as the planters shall agree to give, and to hold and enjoy the same for the term of twenty-one years.

 * The United States Postal Service was created in Philadelphia under Benjamin Franklin on July 26, 1775 by decree of the Second Continental Congress. Based on a clause in the United States Constitution empowering Congress To establish post offices and post roads, it became the Post Office Department in 1792. It was part of the Presidential cabinet and the postmaster general was the last person in the United States presidential line of succession. In 1971, the department was reorganized as a quasi-independent agency of the federal government and acquired its present name. The postmaster general is no longer in the presidential line of succession.

 * From 1837 to 1970, the Postal Service used a running pony as its logo; that logo was replaced by an eagle. In the 1990s, the eagle was redesigned again so that it was just the head.

2. How is the history of your country told in postage stamps?

 * Stamps can tell may different stories. For example, the price of first class stamps tells the history of how much it costs to send first class mail over the years. Also, many important and not so important persons appear on the stamps. Many of these people have shaped the history of your country. Additionally, significant events, places, or things may be commemorated on the stamps, again, documenting a historical event or an era.

 * See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Great_Britain.
 * See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prominent_Americans_series.

3. What are the rates for first-class mail in your country?

 * You can find the rates for first-class mail (in the United States) at http://www.usps.com/rates/first-class-mail-rates.htm

 * History of US Postal Service rates

4. What country does not have its name on its stamps and why?

 * Great Britain.
 * Why? : The stamp was originally for use only within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and as such was in effect initially a local stamp. For this reason the name of the country was not included within the design, a situation which continued by agreement with foreign post offices, provided the sovereign’s effigy appeared on the stamp.

a. Coil stamp

 * A coil stamp is a type of postage stamp sold in strips one stamp wide. The name derives from the usual handling of long strips, which is to coil them into rolls, in a manner reminiscent of adhesive tape rolls. A large percentage of modern stamps is sold in coil form, since they are more amenable to mechanized handling in large quantities than either sheet stamps or booklet stamps.

b. Booklet stamp

 * A postage stamp booklet is a set of one or more small panes of postage stamps, usually totalling about 10–20 stamps, folded over and placed in a cardboard cover. Smaller and easier to handle than a whole sheet of stamps, in many countries booklets have become a favored way to purchase stamps.

c. Perforations

 * A perforation is a hole made by puncturing a surface. However, the term frequently refers to the practice of creating a long series of holes so that paper can be torn more easily. Postage stamps are one common application of this, where small round holes are cut in lines to create individual pieces.

d. Perforation gauge
A tool that measures the perforations in stamps. It's like a ruler.

e. Definitive stamps

 * A definitive postage stamp is a regular issue stamp that is part of a definitive issue or definitive series consisting of a range of denominations sufficient to cover all postal rates usefully. (An "issue" generally means a set that is put on sale all at the same time, while a "series" is spread out over several years, but the terms are not precise.)

f. Commemorative stamps

 * A commemorative stamp is a postage stamp issued to honor or commemorate a place, event or person. Most postal services of the world issue several of these each year, often holding first day of issue ceremonies at locations connected with the subjects. Commemorative stamps are usually used alongside ordinary or regular-issue stamps of the time, although in some cases their use has been obligatory.

g. Hinges

 * Stamp hinges are small, folded, rectangular pieces of paper coated with a mild gum. They are used by stamp collectors to affix postage stamps onto the pages of a stamp album. The short end is moistened and affixed to the stamp, the long end is likewise affixed to the page. The hinge keeps the stamp on the page while still allowing it to be lifted to examine the back (for instance to see the watermark or expert marks).

h. Plastic mounts

 * Clear plastic pockets with adhesive on the back. The stamp is placed inside the mount and the mount is attached. The stamp is preserved in it's original collected condition.

6. Have a knowledge of how to soak stamps from paper and how to dry them.

 * Do not soak stamps from differently colored paper together.
 * Use lukewarm water.
 * Make sure the stamps are completely submerged.
 * If the stamp does not pull away cleanly, try soaking it more.
 * Dry each stamp separately, face down on newspaper (no colors on newspaper).
 * Do not allow stamps to touch each other or overlay while drying.

7. Make a collection of at least 750 stamps. (No two stamps alike.)

 * Better get started.

b. In series; that is, according to year and design.

 * Arrange the stamps you have collected.

9. Mount your stamps with gummed hinges or plastic mounts. (Plastic mounts are preferred for mint stamps.)

 * In an album.

==10. Choose a topical idea and develop a display of at least nine pages, including a title page, suitable for a stamp club show, Pathfinder Fair, etc. Display should be artistically arranged, neatly labeled and mounted, showing careful thought and research. Be sure to include several covers or cachets. ==

| /Completed Honors Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stamps


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/6

Cualias

Per crea un ajetivo de un verbo:

 * La om pinti la casa

 * Cual om? → la om ci pinti la casa → la om pintinte

 * Cual casa? → la casa cual la om pinti → la casa pintida

Per crea un frase pasiva:

 * La casa es pintida par la om.

 * La casa es pintida.

 * Lo ia es pintida ier.

 * Lo va es pintida doman.

O tu pote dise...

 * Algun pinti la casa.

 * On ia pinti la casa.

 * Algun va pinti la casa.

Per crea un frase continuante:

 * La om es pintinte cada dia.

 * La om es pintinte.

 * El ia es pintinte ier.

 * El va es pintinte doman.

O tu pote dise...

 * El continua pinti.

 * El ia continua pinti.

 * El va continua pinti.

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/5

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/7

title: Lingua Franca Nova/6


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/7

E e o
Cual es tua opina?

Esce tu valua lingua franca nova per comunica internasional?

O esce tu valua engles o un otra lingua natural o creada?

Per multe persones, incluinte los ci parla engles, engles no es fasil e la spele es noncoerente.

Lfn es vera coerente, ma no pare tro artifisial.

Donce, lfn es fasil per cada person.

Vera, lfn es plu fasil per parlores de linguas romanica.

 * Me parla engles e franses.
 * Tu pote aprende o deutx o espaniol en esta anio en scola, ma no ambos.
 * No me e no tu pote parla xines.
 * Si tu vole aprende lingua franca nova, alora me vole aprende lo ance.

 * La radio de Joan es sola per Joan.
 * Esta canta es par Maria, ci canta el con Eva.
 * Me es contra la gera, sin duta.
 * Me crede esta car me crede a pas.
 * Me come la come de matina pos cuando me bani me e ante cuando me vade a mea ofisia.
 * Joan es triste de cuando sua can mori.
 * El va es triste asta cuando el va compra un otra can.
 * La ruido ia continua en cuando los ia atenta oia la musica.
 * Nos aprende engles afin nos pote leje Shakespeare.

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/6

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/8

title: Lingua Franca Nova/7


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/8

Vole, pote, e debe

La xica pote dansa.

El vole dansa con la xico.

La xica demanda ce la xico dansa con el.

El fa ce la xico dansa!

La xico debe studia la dansa.

La xica pote instrui el.

La instrui es un labora!

La xico vole besa la xica.

Esce la xica permete ce la xico besa el?

Si, el permete la besa.

La xico va selebra!

Ta
< Lingua_Franca_Nova/7

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/9

title: Lingua Franca Nova/8


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/9

La casa
La familia Grapa abita en un casa grande. Prima, nos entra tra un porte duple. La sofito de la salon es alta. A fas de la entra es un foco en la ximine. Nos pasea sur un tapeto mol a un scalera a supra. La sala de dormi de senior e seniora Grapa es vera lusosa. La leto ave telones e cuxines de seda e la fenetras ave cortinas rica. Esta fenetras abri a un balcon con un vista de la jardin. La otra salas es ance bela. Lo es clar: La Grapas ave multe mone!

Me? Me abita en un aparte peti. Lo ave sola un sala, cual es la salon, la sala de come, la cosina, e mea sala de dormi ance. Mea vestes es en un sesto en un angulo, e mea telefon pende sur la mur. Me no ave spasio sufisinte per un portaflor. Cisa me va move mea casa a un saleta de la Grapas!

Un casa simple: No tro grande, no tro peti.

Como "portacandela" e "portaflor" es...

portafolio

portajoala

portamoneta

portapen

portasene

portasigareta

portaspino

Como "parapluve" e "parasol" es...

paracolpa

parafango

parafoco

paralampa

paralampo

paravento

paraxoca

Como "gardaroba" es...

gardacomeda

gardacosta

gardaxasa

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/8

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/10

title: Lingua Franca Nova/9


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/10

La corpo

Adam es un om bela.

El ave bon musculos a sua peto, sua spalas, e sua brasos.

El ave la fas de un joven, sin barba o mustax.

Triste, el ave un penis peti.

Marilin es ance bela.

Sua capeles es vera blonde.

Sua labios es pintida roja briliante, e sua pel es rosa e clara.

Marilin ave senos plen.

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/9

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/11

title: Lingua Franca Nova/10


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/11

La gardaroba
A esta matina, me ia entra la sala de banio per bani me.

Me ia lava me, ia seci me con un tela limpa, ia brosa mea dentes, e ia peteni mea capeles.

A pos, me vesti me.

Mea vestes es pendeda en la gardaroba.

Mea pantaletas, camisetas, e calsetas es poneda en mea caxetas.

Me ia vesti me en un camisa, pantalon, e un jaca lejera.

Me ia vesti me en sapatos, no en sandales, car oji es fria.

E, con mea oculos e mea jacon de lana, me ia es pronto per vade a la ofisia!

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/10

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/12

title: Lingua Franca Nova/11


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/12

La restorante

Senior e seniora Grapa vade a sua restorante favoreda. Senior Grapa studia seriosa la menu. El es xercante per la comedas plu barata. Seniora Grapa sabe ja cual el desira: La comedas plu cara a la menu!

La servor prende la comandas de la Grapas, e parti a la cosina. Des-sinco minutos plu tarda, el reveni a la table con un salada per seniora Grapa e sopa per senior.

Tredes minutos plu tarda, la servor trae un plato con gal, un paneta peti, e un vitro de acua per senior Grapa. Per seniora, el trae un platon de un steca grande, vejetales miscada con bur, un paneta, un tas de salsa, e un vitro de vino.

Pos la come, senior Grapa demanda de la servor un tas de cafe. Seniora Grapa desira ance un cafe, ma el desira ance un peso de torta.

A fini, la servor trae la fatura a senior Grapa. El vide la custa e fa un sona vera nonfelis. Ma el frota sua fronte con sua teleta e pone sua suscrive a la fatura. Seniora Grapa es vera plaseda, ma senior no es.

 * Per nosa come de sera, nos come prima la sopa o un salada.
 * Seguente, nos ave un ragu.
 * A la fini de la come, nos ave un deser.
 * La come de matina es plu simple ca la come de sera.

 * Esta salsix ave tro multe gras.
 * La lardo ave ance multe gras.
 * Me desira un steca, o alga otra carne de bove.
 * Rosta de gal no ave tan multe gras como un costela.

 * Como tu desira tua ovo?
 * Me desira un omeleta, fritada en bur, con un paneta, per favore.
 * E posible un poca salsa?
 * A la fini de mea come, me desira un peso de torta.

 * Cual bevida tu desira?
 * Me desira un tas de cafe con lete.
 * O cisa un vitro de bir.
 * La plu bon es un vitro de alga alcol, con soda.

 * Supra la telon, me pone un plato.
 * A la destra, me pone un cotel e un culier.
 * A la sinistra, me pone un teleta su un force.

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/11

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/13

title: Lingua Franca Nova/12


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/13

Cosini e come

Oji, Senior Grapa es en la cosina. El va cosini oji!

De la friador, el prende un pex fresca. Sua padela es sur la stufa, deveninte calda. El fonde alga bur e pone la pex en la padela. El ajunta un poca de sal e peper a la pex, e vade per prepara un salada. Per un salsa per la salada, el misca un poca de olio, vinagra, miel, e mostarda en un bol. Lo es ambos dulse e asida, e es sua salsa favoreda per saladas!

 * Esta cosina ave un jelador a la destra, e un stufa a la sinistra.
 * Possible, la forno es su la stufa.
 * En la media de la cosina es un basin per lava la platos.
 * La cosina ave armarios a supra e a su de la surfas de labora.

< Lingua Franca Nova/12

> Lingua Franca Nova/14

title: Lingua Franca Nova/13


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/14

La mercato

Senior Grapa: Bon dia!

La proprior: Bon dia! Como me pote aida tu? Nos vende multe bon joalas.

Senior Grapa: Me vide. Cual es esta?

La proprior: La orolojo? Esta es un Rolex.

Senior Grapa: Vera? Cuanto lo custa?

La proprior: Tre mil dusento-cuatrodes-un. Ma per tu, sola sincosento esata.

Senior Grapa: Sincosento! Lo es estrema barata !

La proprior: Tu comprende: Esta Rolex ia cade de un camion ier.

Senior Grapa: Me compra lo. Tu aseta la cartas de credito?

La proprior: Si. Alga cosa plu? Un brasaleta o un anelo? Nos ave multe.

Senior Grapa: No, grasias. Lo basta!

La proprior: Adio, donce! Reveni pronto!

Senior Grapa: Si, adio!

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/13

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/15

title: Lingua Franca Nova/14


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/15

Mesuras

Mesura du veses; talia un ves!

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/14

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/16

title: Lingua Franca Nova/15


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/16

Cual es la ora?

Nota ce la usa de la forma de 24 oras es la plu comun. Per la forma de 12 oras, on pote indica la parte de la dia par segue la ora e minutos con un de estas:
 * am - ante mediadia (A.M.)
 * pm - pos mediadia (P.M.)

Preposadas de tempo

 * Me va veni a des ora en la matina.
 * Me ia come la carne pos la sopa e ante la deser.
 * On ave multe dias de cuando me ia ariva asi.
 * Me espera ce on no ave multe dias asta cuando me va vide denova tu.
 * Pos ses oras, me va vide denova tu.
 * A ses oras de aora, me va vide tu.
 * En la gera, me ia es un soldato.

Menses
modos prefereda en elefen per indica la data:
 * 15 janero 2018
 * 15 de janero, 2018
 * 15/1/2018 o 15-1-2018
 * 2018.1.15

Per evita la favore de la tradisiones de Europa supra tota otra tradisiones, elefen ia eleje usa "ec" e "aec":
 * aec - ante la eda comun (ante Cristo, BC, av. J.-C., c.C., etc)
 * "Tutancamun ia deveni la faroa de Egipte antica sirca 1333 aec."
 * ec - la eda comun (pos Cristo, AD, apr. J.-C., d.C., etc)
 * "La arceolojiste Howard Carter ia descovre la tomba de Tutancamun en 1922 ec."

Per indica desenios, sentenios, e milenios, usa esta formas:
 * en la desenio de 1920... = 1920-1929
 * en la desenio du de la sentenio 19... = 1820-1829
 * en la sentenio 20... = 1900-1999
 * en la milenio tre aec... = 3000-2001 aec
 * en la milenio tre ec... = 2000-2999 ec

Dias de Semana

 * El ia parti a nove oras, per ariva a la matina de doman.
 * Me labora a saturdi.
 * El va a vacanse a/en julio.
 * Posible me va turi Espania a/en (la) primavera.
 * Me espera vade per pexi a cada saturdi de/en marte.
 * A jovedis, nos come tacos.

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/15

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/17

title: Lingua Franca Nova/16


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/17

Leje e scrive

Seniora Grapa compra frecuente libros par la interede.

Normal cada cosa opera bon, ma alga semanas pasada, el ia reseta un paceta strana.

En la paceta ia es un libro con pajes sin scrives!

Seniora Grapa ia pensa ce esta debe es un era de la libreria, e el ia scrive pronto un letera de cexa a la libreria.

Pronto la libreria ia responde e ia reconta a el, ce a causa de la presos, la editores publica aora sola libros de rede.

La primadores e incas es tro cara.

Ma libros vacua es plu rara.

La libreria regrete vera esta caso, e va envia a el un peneta sin custa, afin Seniora Grapa pote scrive en la libro.

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/16

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/18

title: Lingua Franca Nova/17


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/18

La Tera

Un prado es un campo de flores e erbas.

Cuando lo pluve, la campo deveni fango.

La sol asende en la este, e desende en la ueste.

La luna sirculi sirca la tera, e la tera sirculi sirca la sol.

Nos vide la stelas en la sielo a la note.

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/17

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/19

title: Lingua Franca Nova/18


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/19

Sirca la vila

< Lingua Franca Nova/18

> Lingua Franca Nova/20

title: Lingua Franca Nova/19


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/20

La viajor

Oji senior Grapa vole viaja a sude. El vole vade a un plaia en Italia. Ier el ia prepara sua bagaje e ia compra la bilete. Aora el sta a la plataforma de la stasion e espeta la tren.

Subita un vose proclama: "Atende, Atende! La tren a Milano, a causa de un problem tecnical, va es probable retardada per du oras."

Ai! Du oras es multe, el pensa. Ma senior Grapa ave vacanse e el ave un bon umor. Donce el prende la valis e turna se a la sorti per pasea en la site. El vade direta a la sentro, e el entra a la plaza de la castel.

Senior Grapa regarda la persones a sirca. Cada person freta sur la paserias. No person ave tempo, esata como normal.

Ma a esta ora el ave tempo, e per esta el deside resta en la site e fa cada cosas per cual el no ave normal tempo: Vade a museos, visita la teatro, vide la eglesas e la castel. Posible el va viaja a Italia a la anio seguente!

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/19

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/21

title: Lingua Franca Nova/20


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/21

= Animales =

Avias
La partes de un avia:

Otra animales
< Lingua_Franca_Nova/20

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/22

title: Lingua Franca Nova/21


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/22

Fortuna e nonfortuna

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/21

> Lingua_Franca_Nova/23

title: Lingua Franca Nova/22


text:
Lingua Franca Nova/23

Disionario (LFN-Engles)

A fini

Imajina un isola en la Mar Mediteraneo, entre Sardinia e Minorca, clamada la Isola Franca. "Franca" es la nom donada a la persones de la ueste par la arabis ci naviga la Mediteraneo en edas antica. Franca es ance un parola cual sinifia un person ci parla direta e no dise cual el no intende. La popla de la isola ia es orgulosa de sua isola, sua identia, e sua lingua.

La isola es abitada par la desendentes de persones de cada pais de la Mediteraneo e de otra locas ance. Los es la desendentes de comersiores, piratas, soldatos, marinores, furores, sclavos, e multe otra persones, bon e mal. Per comunica entre esta misca diversa, la popla ia usa parolas de italian, catalan, espaniol, portuges, e franses, ma con un gramatica multe simple.

Resente, la popla ia deside ce sua lingua nesesa un forma ofisial, con un spele simple e coerente. Cuando la linguistes de la isola ia fini sua laboras, los ia demanda ce la popla vota si o no. Cuasi tota la persones francan ia vota "si" (estra alga omes vea ci vota sempre "no") e la lingua ia es fundida. Los ia clama esta lingua "la lingua franca nova", e persones ci parla esta lingua "la francanovistes".

Car la isola es vera peti, la mundo moderna no ia nota la pais, sua popla rara, e sua lingua strana. Ma linguistes de otra paises ia nota final la lingua, e ia reporta sur lo en sua jornales tecnical. E alga usores de la interede ia scrive articles en la lingua. Los ia nota ce lingua franca nova (o "elefen") es un lingua amable, plasente, e (si!) franca. De alora, un dia nova ia ariva per la francanovistes!

Felisis! Tu ia fini la curso de "Aprende lingua franca nova." Aora es un bon tempo per vade a nosa otra locas a la interede, per atenta leje articles, poesias, o libros. Estas es nosa locas major:

 * elefen.org – la paje prima de LFN
 * La paje de "Facebook" de LFN
 * La gramatica completa de LFN
 * La disionario de LFN
 * Per la vicipedia per elefen, vade a lfn.wikipedia.org!

< Lingua Franca Nova/22

title: Lingua Franca Nova/23


text:
Principles of Economics/Economies of Scale

Adding capital

Growing firms add capital - often in the form of factories or machines - to increase their output. However, additional capital do not act the same as the original set of capital. At first, added capital may greatly increase productivity. However, additional units of capital become less cost-effective because of diminishing marginal returns, increasing costs, and loss of efficiency. Hence the latter short run supply curves begin to shift upward. In the graph, additional units of capital introduce new supply curves shifted rightward from the previous ones.

Economies of scale

From these various short run supply curves we can construct a long run supply curve that shows the minimum costs (assuming flexible and optimal use of labor) as capital changes. The long run supply curve connects the minimums of the short run curves and is considerably more stretched. At the beginning, where the long run supply (cost) is decreasing, the firm (or industry) is experiencing increasing returns to scale because a unit of resources yields more returns. In the center point, the minimum of the long run, the firm (or industry) is experiencing constant returns to scale. After that point, the firm (or industry) is experiencing decreasing returns to scale for similar reasons. Different industries have a different apportionment of these three segments, with some (such as agriculture) having consistently large spans of constant returns to scale.

Long run supply

Firms generally rush to be the first to reach the long run minimum, because this would give them a comparative advantage over other firms (lower average production costs). Firms rarely choose to go beyond this point because then their costs would begin to increase once again.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Stamps

The answers to the Stamps honor are dependent on the country in which you live. To keep from cluttering up the answers with all these variants, we instead provide separate answer chapters for each country.

Stamps (Australia) Stamps (Canada) Stamps (European Union) Stamps (India) Stamps (Indonesia) Stamps (Philippines) Stamps (United Kingdom) Stamps (United States)

If your country is not listed here, please add it. When you create the new page, start by inserting this text:

This will insert the requirements and all the invariant answers that have been added to date. You can then start adding the rest of the answers and editing answers we thought were invariant.

You can edit the main template here, but keep in mind that it should only have generally applicable answers (i.e., country-invariant answers).

|Honors with Region-dependent Answers /Honors with Region-dependent Answers Stamps


text:
Cookbook:Venison Italian Style

| Cuisine of the USA
 * Game

Ingredients

 * 1¼ pounds (about 570 g) deer loin
 * 2 cups milk
 * ½ cup all-purpose flour
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * ½ teaspoon pepper
 * ¼ cup butter
 * ¾ cup dry white wine
 * ¼ cup butter
 * 2½ tablespoons fresh lemon juice
 * 3 tablespoons capers
 * ¼ cup snipped parsley

Procedure

 * 1) Slice loin across grain into ¼-inch or thinner slices, or pound flat between two pieces of waxed paper.
 * 2) Combine with 1 cup of milk in shallow dish.
 * 3) Cover dish in refrigerator for up to 3 hours, then discard milk.
 * 4) Add remaining milk and temper outside refrigerator for 1 hour.
 * 5) Discard milk, then pat slices dry.
 * 6) Mix flour, salt and pepper, then thoroughly coat venison slices.
 * 7) In large skillet, melt butter over medium heat, then brown venison on both sides.
 * 8) Add wine and simmer two minutes more.
 * 9) Transfer venison slices to heated platter with slotted spoon.
 * 10) Add lemon juice, capers, and parsley to skillet, and cook on medium two minutes, constantly scraping bottom and sides of skillet.
 * 11) Serve venison slices with sauce over it.

title: Cookbook:Venison Italian Style


text:
User talk:Msthedon

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Webaware talk 07:26, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright
G'day, I saw that you uploaded Image:Envelope detector.JPG and labelled it as a screenshot. Please note that a screenshot is a photograph of a TV, video game, or movie screen; a software-screenshot is a screen capture of computer software; your image is none of these, as it is a copy of an image from a document. Could you please get specific permission from the author for releasing it under the GFDL? thanks, Webaware talk 07:26, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Msthedon


text:
Iranian History/Bibliography

Ancient pre-historic Iran
Ariai, A., and C. Thibault, 1975-77 "Nouvelles precisions à propos de l'outillage paleolithique ancient sur galets du Khorassan (Iran)," Paleorient 3, Pp. 101-8.

Biglari, F. and Shidrang, S. 2006 The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran, Near Eastern Archaeology 69(3–4): 160-168

Biglari, F.2007 The Lower and Middle Paleolithic Occupations of Iran: A Brief Review, In Iran, Fragments from Paradise, pp.31-39, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City

Smith, P. 1986. Paleolithic archaeology in Iran (The American Institute of Iranian Studies Monograph 1). Philadelphia (PA): The University Museum

 * 1) CHN report: Zayandeh Rood Civilization Linked to Marvdasht and Sialk, 30 August 2005
 * 2) CHN report: Jiroft Inscription, Oldest Evidence of Written Language, 12 January 2006
 * 3) CHN report: Sialk Ziggurat, the Oldest in the World, Iranian Archeologist". Accessed Jan 30, 2007. Link: [2]

The Medes and the Early Achaemenids

 * 1) The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson, M.A., Volume 2.
 * 2) History of Zoroastrianism by Maneckji Nusservanji Dhalla, Oxford University Press, New York, 1938.
 * 3) The Zend-Avesta Part I The Vendidad, Translated by James Darmesteter, Sacred Books of the East, Volume 4, Oxford University Press, 1880.
 * 4) The Gospel of Zarathushtra by Duncan Greenlees, World Gospel Series
 * 5) A. Kuhrt "The Cyrus Cylinder and Achaemenid imperial policy" in Journal of Studies of the Old Testament 25 pp. 83-97; R.J. van der Spek, "Did Cyrus the Great introduce a new policy towards subdued nations? Cyrus in Assyrian perspective" in Persica 10 pp. 273-285; British Museum, The Cyrus Cylinder. The most recent translation, based on the collation by Hanspeter Schaudig, can be found here.

The Era of the Three Dariuses

 * 1) The Sculptures and Inscriptions of Darius the Great, E.A.Wallis Budge, Longmans and Co, 1907.
 * 2) The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson, M.A., Volume 2, The Fourth Monarchy -- Persia.

The Seleucids

 * 1) The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson, M.A., Volume 3, The Sixth Monarchy - Parthia.
 * 2) The Seleucids By Józef Wolski, Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1999.
 * 3) The House of Seleucus By Edwyn Robert Bevan, 1902.
 * 4)  Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids By Bezalel Bar-Kochva, 1989.
 * 5) Persia II: From the Seleucids to the Sassanids By Vladimir Grigor'evich Lukonin, James Hogarth, 1971.
 * 6) The End of the Seleucids By Alfred Raymond Bellinger, 1949.

The Early Parthians

 * 1) The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson, M.A., Volume 3, The Sixth Monarchy - Parthia.

The Later Parthians

 * 1) The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson, M.A., Volume 3, The Sixth Monarchy - Parthia.
 * 2) India's Parthian colony: On the origin of the Pallava empire of Dravidia, Article by Dr. Samar Abbas, May 14, 2003,The Iranian

The Early Sassanians

 * 1) The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson, M.A., Volume 3, The Seventh Monarchy -- The Sassanian or New Persian Empire
 * 2) Karnamik-i-Ardashir or The Records of Ardashir from The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East by Charles F. Horne, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. VII: Ancient Persia, pp. 225-253.
 * 3) An Introduction to Manichaeism by Prods Oktor Skjaervo.
 * 4) Richard Frye, The Heritage of Persia.

The Middle Sassanian Period 379-488 AD

 * 1) The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson, M.A., Volume 3, The Seventh Monarchy -- The Sassanian or New Persian Empire
 * 2) Tales of the Punjab by Flora Annie Steel
 * 3) The Mysteries of Mithra by Franz Cumont, Translated from the second revised French edition by Thomas J.McCormack, Chicago,Open Court[1903]
 * 4) The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire by Alexander Berzin, 1996

Qobad I and the Two Khusros

 * 1) The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson, M.A., Volume 3, The Seventh Monarchy -- The Sassanian or New Persian Empire
 * 2) The Reforms of Chosroes Anushirvan ('Of the Immortal Soul'), Excerpted from The History of Ancient Iran by Richard Nelson Frye.

Downfall of the Sassanian Empire

 * 1) The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson, M.A., Volume 3, The Seventh Monarchy -- The Sassanian or New Persian Empire
 * 2) Causes of the Downfall of the Sassanian Empire, Article by Rashid Shahmardan from Vohuman.org.
 * 3) An Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time by James B. Fraser, Esq., Published by Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh and Simpkin & Marshall, London, 1834.

Last Remnants of Sassanid Rule

 * 1) Pirooz in China:Defeated Persian army takes refuge, Article by Frank Wong, August 11, 2000, The Iranian.

The Islamic Conquest of Iran

 * 1) Biography of Salman Al farsi. from Naqshbandhi Sufi website Naqshbandi.Org.
 * 2) A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and  Campaigns, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.
 * 3) The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World by George Rawlinson, M.A., Volume 3, The Seventh Monarchy -- The Sassanian or New Persian Empire
 * 4) An Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time by James B. Fraser, Esq., Published by Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh and Simpkin & Marshall, London, 1834.

The Umayyad Caliphate

 * 1)  G.R. Hawting, The first dynasty of Islam: the Umayyad caliphate, AD 661-750 (London, 2000), 4.

The Age of Literary Accomplishments

 * 1) The Gospel of Zarathushtra by Duncan Greenlees, Theosophical Publishing House, Adyar, Madras.
 * 2) An Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time by James B. Fraser, Esq., Published by Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh and Simpkin & Marshall, London, 1834.
 * 3)  Pahlavi Texts, Part I: (SBE 5) The Bundahis, Bahman Yast and Shayâst Lâ-Shâyast, E.W.West, 1880.
 * 4)  Pahlavi Texts, Part II (SBE 18) The Dâdistân-î Dînîk and the Epistles of Mânûskîhar, E.W.West, 1882.
 * 5)  Pahlavi Texts, Part III (SBE 24) Dînâ-î Maînôg-î Khirad, Sikand-gûmânîk Vigâr, and the Sad Dar, E.W.West, 1885.
 * 6)  Pahlavi Texts, Part IV (SBE 37) Contents of the Nasks, E.W.West, 1892.
 * 7)   Pahlavi Texts, Part V (SBE 47) Marvels of Zoroastrianism, E.W.West, 1897.

Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution

 * 1) History of Iran, From Iran Chamber website.

Wikipedia Articles

 * History of Iran
 * Zayendeh Rud civilization
 * Jiroft civilization
 * Teppe Sialk

title: Iranian History/Bibliography


text:
User:Matthew1

See w:User:Matthew

title: User:Matthew1


text:
Cookbook:Turkey and Lima Beans

Turkey and lima beans is a simple dish with a rich flavour. The turkey mince, simmered in the same water used to cook the Lima beans, produces a flavoursome broth, and the sage really sets off the dish nicely. Great when served over steamed rice.

Ingredients

 * 500 g (1 lb) minced or ground turkey
 * 1 cup dried lima beans
 * 1–2 onions, sliced
 * 2–3 stalks of celery
 * 1 handful of fresh sage, chopped (or 1–2 tsp of dried sage)
 * 2 tsp ground coriander seed
 * 1 tsp ground cumin
 * 1–2 tsp chile flakes or powder (or hot paprika)
 * 2–3 tbsp olive oil
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper, to taste
 * water

Procedure

 * 1) Soak the dried beans overnight, or at least 6 hours.
 * 2) Drain the soaked beans, discarding the water. Cover the beans with water in a small pot, bring to a boil, then reduce to a simmer. Stir periodically, and start testing for tenderness after 10 minutes. Alternatively, cook in a pressure cooker at 15 PSI for 3 minutes, and set aside to depressurise.
 * 3) While the beans are cooking, add olive oil to a large pan and heat. When hot, add the onion and celery, and sauté until translucent.
 * 4) Add the cumin, coriander, chili, and pepper to the pan and stir in. Allow to sauté for another couple of minutes.
 * 5) Add the turkey mince to the pan, and turn up the heat. Stir while browning the mince, breaking up large pieces. Ensure that all the mince is browned.
 * 6) Tip the beans, with their cooking water, into the pan and stir in the salt and sage. Simmer for 15 minutes (e.g. while cooking some rice!)
 * 7) Serve over steamed rice (it goes especially nicely with arborio rice)!

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Canned lima beans may be used, to short-cut the preparation of this meal. Rinse well before use.
 * Lima beans work wonderfully well with turkey or chicken, but other beans may be used instead if more convenient—black-eyed peas are almost as good.
 * If a thicker sauce is desired, stir in some manioc flour, a tablespoon at a time until almost thick enough, while still hot. Alternatively, don't add all of the liquid from cooking the beans.

title: Cookbook:Turkey and Lima Beans


text:
User:Bryan

Admin over there. Text contributions multi-licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, version 1.2 or above and the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 1.0 or above. Image contributions have their license in their image description pages.

title: User:Bryan


text:
User talk:Bryan

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 11:26, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Ah
Well this is my original home! Mail btw - cheers -- Herby talk thyme 11:30, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Hi!
I'm here too :). -- SB_Johnny | talk 12:06, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Usurpation Request
Hey Bryan, I saw your usurpation request. I see that you've provided proper proof that you're connected to meta and commons. You've also set a valid email address. I'll be happy to usurp the account for you, but I am not able to do it right now. Do me a favor, send me a reminder message on User talk:Whiteknight so I don't forget, and I'll rename you when I get home tonight. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 19:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅ I have sent you a confirmation email. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 17:59, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Admin category watch
It doesn't look like your bot is updating this page anymore. -- Adrignola talk contribs 16:47, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bryan


text:
User talk:Bjgadd

Thanks
Hi Bjgadd,

Thanks for your work on the Radio honor in Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book. It is very much appreciated! If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask on my talk page. --Jomegat 12:35, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Jomegat 12:35, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Drilling and Marching
Hey Bjgadd, Drilling & Marching looks fairly complete to me. Are you ready to mark it as such? Also, I added a note to the top declaring that Wikibooks is not the authority on D&M for Pathfinders. I just don't us to add "see, Wikibooks says to do it this way" to the The PF Drill Manual vs Army Field Manual argument. Anyhow - if you think it's done, I'll be happy to announce it, update the progress icons, and add it to the front page. Nice job! --Jomegat (talk) 03:25, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Tents
Thanks! --Jomegat (talk) 03:37, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Welcome Back
Welcome back!

One of my Pathfinders was asking about Model Cars this summer, so this is a welcome addition. Any reason you marked it as 75% rather an 100%? Maybe we should add an automobile history section so that it makes a more self-contained reference. --Jomegat (talk) 18:07, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bjgadd


text:
Italian/Vocabulary/Food

 * l'aceto- the vinegar.
 * l'aglio- the garlic.
 * l'agnello- the lamb.
 * l'albicocca- the apricot
 * amaro- bitter
 * l'ananas- the pineapple
 * apparecchiare la tavola- to set the table
 * l'arancia- the orange
 * arrostire- to roast
 * aspro- sour
 * assaggiare- to taste or to try or to sample
 * avere fame- to be hungry
 * avere sete- to be thirsty
 * la banana- the banana
 * il barattolo- the can
 * la barbabietola- the beet
 * bere- to drink
 * la bevanda- the drink or the beverage
 * il bicchiere- the glass
 * la birra- the beer
 * il biscotto- the cookie
 * la bistecca- the steak
 * bollire- to boil
 * i broccoli- the broccoli
 * il burro- the butter
 * il caffè- the coffee
 * caldo- hot or warm
 * la carne- the meat
 * la carne di maiale- the pork
 * la carota- the carrot
 * il cavolfiore- the cauliflower
 * il cavolo- the cabbage
 * la cena- the dinner or the supper
 * cenare- to have dinner/supper or to dine
 * il cetriolo- the cucumber
 * il cibo- the food
 * la ciliegia- the cherry
 * la cipolla- the onion
 * la colazione- the breakfast
 * il coltello- the knife
 * il condimento- the seasoning or the dressing or the condiment
 * congelato- frozen
 * il conto- the check or the bill
 * la crema- the cream
 * crudo- raw
 * il cucchiaio- the spoon
 * delizioso- delicious
 * il dolce- the dessert
 * dolce- sweet
 * duro- tough or hard
 * le erbe- the herbs
 * il fagiolo- the bean
 * fare colazione- to have breakfast
 * fare uno sputino- to have a snack
 * la farina- the flour
 * la forchetta- the fork
 * il formaggio- the cheese
 * la fragola- the strawberry
 * fresco- fresh
 * friggere- to fry
 * il frumento- the wheat
 * la frutta- the fruit
 * il fungo- the mushroom
 * il grasso- the fat
 * l'insalata- the salad
 * il lampone- the raspberry
 * il latte- the milk
 * la lattuga- the lettuce
 * lavare i piatti- to wash the dishes
 * la limonata- the lemon soda
 * il limone- the lemon
 * il mais- the maize
 * mangiare- to eat
 * il manzo- the beef
 * la marmellata- the jam/jelly/marmalade
 * la mela- the apple
 * la melanzana- the eggplant or aubergine
 * il melone- the melon
 * il menù- the menu
 * il miele- the honey
 * la minestra- the soup
 * la mora- the blackberry
 * la noce- the walnut/nut
 * l'olio- the oil
 * la padella- the frying pan
 * la pancetta- the bacon
 * il pane- the bread
 * il panino- the roll/sandwich
 * il pasticcio- the pie
 * la patata- the potato
 * la pentola- the pan/pot
 * il pepe- the pepper (spice)
 * il peperone- the pepper (vegetable)
 * la pera- the pear
 * la pesca- the peach
 * il pesce- the fish
 * il piattino- the saucer
 * il piatto- the plate/dish
 * piccante- hot/spicy
 * il pisello- the pea
 * poco cotto- underdone/undercooked
 * il pollo- the chicken
 * il pomodoro- the tomato
 * il pompelmo- the grapefruit
 * il porro- the leek
 * le posate- the cutlery
 * pranzare- to have lunch
 * preparare da mangiare- to prepare/cook a meal
 * il prosciutto- the ham
 * raffermo- stale
 * il riso- the rice
 * salato- salty
 * il sale- the salt
 * la salsa- the sauce
 * la salsiccia- the sausage
 * la scodella- the bowl
 * il sedano- the celery
 * la senape- the mustard
 * il sidro- the cider
 * sparecchiare la tavola- to clear the table
 * le spezie- the spices
 * gli spinaci- the spinach
 * il succo- the juice
 * la susina- the plum
 * la tazza- the cup
 * il tè- the tea
 * tenero- tender
 * troppo cotto- overdone/overcooked
 * l'uovo- the egg
 * l'uva- the grape
 * l'uva secca- the raisin
 * la verdura- the vegetables
 * versare- to pour out
 * il vino- the wine
 * lo zucchero- the sugar
 * il zucchino- courgette or zucchini

Italià/Vocabulari/Menjar Italiano/Vocabulario/Comida

title: Italian/Vocabulary/Food


text:
User talk:Ssr

welcome test

title: User talk:Ssr


text:
User:Ssr

| m:user:ssr

title: User:Ssr


text:
Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Heredity

This article needs LOTS of cleanup or internal links... It is designed for someone who already has a STRONG background in DNA, RNA, and other cell processes. If anyone wants to try to understand this you will need to look up the following: protein synthesis (transcription, translation, elongation), DNA replication procedures and enzymes involved, meiosis.

 * I agree. I took the initial stab at writing up the answers, but quickly found that I was in over my head.  The honor itself is listed as skill level 3, meaning it is suitable for people over the age of 16.  But a you noted, the info as presented assumes a lot of background.  Ideally, the answer book entry should provide all the info needed to teach the honor, and as it is, it provides only enough to get a superficial understanding of the material. --Jomegat 01:17, 24 June 2007 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Msomi

1.write the program that ask user to enter a file name,a character and an integer number N.Create a file with given name and copy entered character into this file N times.

2.Text file source.txt is given. write the program that reads data from source file line by line and copies data from this file to file result.txt

3.Two text files: 1.txt and 2.txt are given. Write the program that asks user to enter an integer number N and finds out either lines with number N in both files are equal or not

title: User talk:Msomi


text:
Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Standard

contributing to the first aid wikibook
I see you have lots of first aid content here. Some of it is out-of-date, and some doesn't fall under the normal definition of Standard First Aid (although you may be using a different definition). Nevertheless, if you'd like to help with the First Aid book, we'd be happy to have you contribute. If you want to update the content on this page, you're welcome to take content from the wikibook, or ask specific questions. Mike.lifeguard 00:15, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The requirements for the AY honors are set by various committees around the world, and we do not have the latitude to change them. Most of the answers given here were taken from a handful of U.S Navy Training Manuals.  I do not mind at all if the answers are updated, or even if the requirements are questioned in the answers themselves.  --Jomegat 02:05, 24 June 2007 (UTC)


text:
User talk:64.180.83.71

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

title: User talk:64.180.83.71


text:
User talk:71.57.217.104

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

title: User talk:71.57.217.104


text:
User talk:66.36.139.149

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

title: User talk:66.36.139.149


text:
Talk:False Friends of the Slavist/Editing help

ISO 639-3
I would prefer ISO 639-3 language codes to be used for display and internal. Tobias Conradi 01:20, 24 June 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:Tobias Conradi~enwikibooks

http://tobiasconradi.com

title: User:Tobias Conradi~enwikibooks


text:
First Aid

This book covers in depth all topics required for a standard first aid course, and also includes a section on advanced topics. The basics covered include:

First aid is genologicaly defined as the first treatment given to an injured/infected person before taking him or her to a medical facility.
 * Primary assessment and cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR
 * Legal aspects of first aid. Including negligence and consent
 * Circulatory emergencies. Such as bleeding, heart attack and stroke
 * Respiratory emergencies. Such as asthma and anaphylactic shock
 * Internal injuries. Such as broken bones, chest injuries, and internal bleeding
 * Burns, seizures, snake bites, and other medical conditions

In the chapter on advanced topics, you'll find information about oxygen administration and airway management, automated external defibrillator or AED operation, wilderness techniques, additional assessments, and triage.

The intended audience is taking a first aid course from a certified instructor, and can read at a high school level. Please be advised that there are some images of the injuries and conditions discussed.

This is a wiki, so you can edit this book; and if you find a mistake, then please be bold and fix it. If you want to leave comments, please do so on the talk page for that module. If you want to help out even more, take a look through What needs to be done? for tasks that still need to be done, or start with whatever tasks you stumble across.

title: First Aid


text:
Template:FAFooter11

/Templates

title: Template:FAFooter11


text: First Aid/Appendices

title: First Aid/Appendices


text:
First Aid/Appendix A: Glossary

 * Abrasion: A superficial wound in which the topmost layers of the skin are scraped off
 * ABCs: Airway, breathing and circulation
 * AED: Automated External Defibrillator
 * Airway: The passages which transfer air from the outside environment to the lungs; the tracha, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
 * Artery: A blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart; contains oxygen-rich, high-pressure blood in the systemic cardiorespiratory system
 * Avulsion: A tearing away of a section of skin from the layers of tissue beneath it
 * Bystander: Any person, trained or untrained, who assists in an emergency situation, but not as part of a duty of employment
 * Capillary: The smallest blood vessels in the body; the skin is rife with capillaries
 * Carotid artery: The main artery providing blood supply to the head.[[Image:Gray507.png|thumb|The carotid artery is the largest artery shown here; click for a larger version.]]
 * Causation: Determination of whether the defendant's actions are causally linked to any harm
 * Circulation: The movement of blood throughout the body; performed by the heart
 * Consciousness (level of): A state of awareness or lack thereof
 * Consent: A legal condition whereby a person can be said to have given consent based upon an appreciation and understanding of the facts and implications of an action
 * CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
 * Cyanosis: The bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated blood near the skin surface; occurs when the oxygen saturation of arterial blood falls below 85%
 * Defibrillation: Delivering a therapeutic dose of electrical energy to the affected heart with a device called a defibrillator
 * Diabetes: a disease causing an inability to regulate the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
 * Distal: The point on a limb furthest from its point of attachment to the body
 * Duty of care: A legal obligation imposed on an individual requiring that they exercise a reasonable standard of care while performing any acts that could foreseeably harm others
 * EMS: Emergency Medical System or Emergency Medical Services
 * History: One of the 3 parts of a secondary survey
 * Hypoxia: A condition in which insufficient oxygen reaches body tissue
 * Incision: A clean cut caused by a sharp-edged object
 * Insulin: a hormone that allows glucose to travel from the bloodstream into the cells
 * Laceration: Irregular wounds caused by a blunt impact to soft tissue which lies over hard tissue; tearing of skin
 * Landmark: The location of compressions; on the midline of the chest, even with the nipples
 * Liability: A legal doctrine that makes a person responsible for the damage and loss caused by their acts and omissions regardless of culpability; the requirements to prove liability are a)a duty of care exists b)the standard of care was breached c)causation exists
 * Myocardial Infarction: Heart attack; bleeding or blockage cuts off blood flow to part of the heart muscle
 * Nailbed: The tissue under the nail; pinching the nail and observing the blood return to the nailbed is a good test of circulation at that location
 * Oedema (Edema): Swelling in the lower legs and ankles. Oedema is caused by a fluid build-up in the body.
 * Proximal: The point on a limb closest to its point of attachment to the body
 * Puncture: A wound caused by an object puncturing the skin
 * Semi-prone position: A position which keeps the tongue from obstructing the airway and allows any fluids to drain from the mouth (aka recovery position)
 * Standard of Care: The degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care; the requirements of the standard are closely dependent on circumstances
 * Tachycardia: A rapid pulse generally a pulse over 100 at rest
 * Vein: A blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart; most veins carry low-oxygen blood

title: First Aid/Appendix A: Glossary


text:
Talk:First Aid/Appendix A: Glossary

If adding to the glossary, please be sure to add words such that alphabetical order is maintained. Mike.lifeguard 02:23, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Just edited to make alphabetical. --BryceB 28 July 2009

title: Talk:First Aid/Appendix A: Glossary


text:
User talk:76.173.206.21

Webaware talk 02:44, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.173.206.21


text:
Talk:Openbravo POS/Equipment Configuration

Are the javacomm instructions still essential? TinaPOS seems to have migrated to RXTX 2.1+ which doesn't require Javacomm to be installed. If they arent, they should be removed. They get a lot of the attention there and can potentially confuse a lot of users.--189.144.36.202 07:51, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Regarding laser scanners, they are much faster, more reliable and will read a barcode on any angle. They also have less problems with condensation on the barcode as is often the case with refrigerated products in humid climates.

Can OpenBravo drive serial cash drawers? (not connected via printer) 203.28.150.125 (discuss) 06:03, 14 July 2011 (UTC)


text:
Grep

Grep is a Unix utility that searches through either information piped to it or files in the current directory. An example should help clarify things.

Let's say that we wanted to search through a directory, and wanted to find all the files that had the string "hello" in their name. You might issue the 'ls' command in a shell to list the directory's content and: and look through everything manually, or you could use the 'ls' command and pipe the output of ls to grep: On the contrary, if you want to filter a list unless some entries, put it in the parameter -v: the '|' character is the representation of the pipe basically directs the output of the 'ls' command as input for grep. You should get a nice (perhaps empty) list with all the files that have "hello" in their names.

For search term, grep can take regular expressions rather than plain strings. A simple example for that might be looking for all .txt OR .jpg files in a directory: The regex here is made up from .* which can stand for anything in a file's name and \(txt\|jpg\) which yields either txt or jpg as file endings.

Options
Command-line options aka switches of grep:
 * -e pattern
 * -i: Ignore uppercase vs. lowercase.
 * -v: Invert match.
 * -c: Output count of matching lines only.
 * -l: Output matching files only.
 * -n: Precede each matching line with a line number.
 * -b: A historical curiosity: precede each matching line with a block number.
 * -h: Output matching lines without preceding them by file names.
 * -s: Suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files.
 * -x
 * -f file: Take regexes from a file.
 * -o: Output the matched parts of a matching line.

Command-line options aka switches of GNU grep, beyond the bare-bones grep:
 * --help
 * -V, --version
 * --regexp=pattern, in addition to -e pattern
 * --invert-match, in addition to -v
 * --word-regexp, in addition to -w
 * --line-regexp, in addition to -x
 * -A num, --after-context=num
 * -B num, --before-context=num
 * -C num, -num, --context=num
 * and more ...

Links:
 * 2.1 Command-line Options at grep manual, gnu.org
 * Unix grep(1) manual page at man.cat-v.org, DESCRIPTION section

Regular expressions
Grep uses a particular version of regular expressions different from sed and Perl. Grep covers POSIX basic regular expressions (see also Regular Expressions/Posix Basic Regular Expressions).

Regular expression features available in grep include *, ., ^, $, [ ], [^ ], \( \), \n, \{i\}, \{i,j\}, \{i,\}.

Regular expression features available in GNU grep as a GNU extension include \?, \+, \b, \B, \<, \>, \w, \W, \s, \S.

Regular expression features available in grep with -E switch include ?, +, |,, {i}, {i,j}, {i,}.

Predefined character classes supported by grep include [:alpha:], [:blank:], [:cntrl:], [:digit:], [:graph:], [:lower:], [:print:], [:punct:], [:space:], [:upper:], and [:xdigit:].

Regular expression features unavailable in grep include Perl's \d, \D, \A and \Z.

Links:
 * Regular Expressions in GNU grep manual, gnu.org

Tricks
When using grep invoked from find it can be very useful to have grep output first the files full path and then the matched content. To be able to do this trick grep into thinking it is invoked with multiple files by adding  after   like this: find /var/www -exec grep php {} /dev/null \;

Examples
Examples of grep use:
 * Matches. "\(" and "\)" create a group, while "\|" separates items in the group. The group matches if at least one of its items matches.
 * Matches. "[" and "]" are delimiters for character groups. "*" stands for zero, one, or any other number of the previous.
 * Matches. "\+" stands for one or more occurrences of the previous. Unlike "*", "+" has to be preceded by "\". "-i" makes the search case-insensitive.
 * Matches. "-E" stands for extended regular expressions. In extended regex, "(" and "|" do not need "\" to act as special characters; they need "\" to act as literals, that is, stand for themselves.
 * In extended regular expressions enabled by -E switch, the question mark matches zero or one occurrences of the previous.
 * In GNU Grep, \? (question mark preceded by a backslash) matches zero or one occurrences of the previous.
 * In GNU Grep of some versions, matches. "-P" stands for Perl regular expresions; "\d" in the regex stands for a digit.
 * In GNU Grep of some versions, searches for the string starting with a quotation mark, followed with "hello", followed with another quotation mark. Makes use of "-P", which turns on Perl regex. In Perl regex, "\x22" stands for a quotation mark, via standing for the character with the hexadecimal ASCII value of 22.
 * In GNU Grep of some versions, refers to the tab character (tabulator) by "\t". Enabled by -P.
 * In GNU Grep of some versions, searches files recursively. Notice the period standing for the current directory.
 * Outputs set difference: file1.txt - file2.txt. Uses -F to interpret search term literally aka non-regex, -x to match whole lines only, -v to invert match, and -f to take the search terms from a file.
 * Outputs set intersection: those lines of file1.txt that are also in file2.txt.
 * Search in unicode UTF-8 encoded files for the German word "Schönheit". Takes advantage of Perl regex via -P; uses \x followed by hexadecimals to search for the UTF-8 encoding of ö, which is C3B6. To find out the hexadecimal code UTF-8 text, use a UTF-8 enabled plain text editor to create a file containing the text, and then use hex showing program (hexdump on multiple operating systems) to find the hex code of the text. UTF-8 encoding is not be confused with the code point; the code point of ö is F6, while the UTF-8 encoding of it is C3B6.
 * Emulates the strings command to an extent, outputting sequences of strings of length at least 4 for a certain criterion for allowable string character. Uses -a to treat binary files as text files and -o to output only the found sequences matching the pattern rather than the lines containg the matches.
 * then analyze with this which shows the longest lines first:
 * Not really a grep example but a Perl oneliner that you can use if Perl is available and grep is not.
 * In GNU Grep of some versions, refers to the tab character (tabulator) by "\t". Enabled by -P.
 * In GNU Grep of some versions, searches files recursively. Notice the period standing for the current directory.
 * Outputs set difference: file1.txt - file2.txt. Uses -F to interpret search term literally aka non-regex, -x to match whole lines only, -v to invert match, and -f to take the search terms from a file.
 * Outputs set intersection: those lines of file1.txt that are also in file2.txt.
 * Search in unicode UTF-8 encoded files for the German word "Schönheit". Takes advantage of Perl regex via -P; uses \x followed by hexadecimals to search for the UTF-8 encoding of ö, which is C3B6. To find out the hexadecimal code UTF-8 text, use a UTF-8 enabled plain text editor to create a file containing the text, and then use hex showing program (hexdump on multiple operating systems) to find the hex code of the text. UTF-8 encoding is not be confused with the code point; the code point of ö is F6, while the UTF-8 encoding of it is C3B6.
 * Emulates the strings command to an extent, outputting sequences of strings of length at least 4 for a certain criterion for allowable string character. Uses -a to treat binary files as text files and -o to output only the found sequences matching the pattern rather than the lines containg the matches.
 * then analyze with this which shows the longest lines first:
 * Not really a grep example but a Perl oneliner that you can use if Perl is available and grep is not.
 * Search in unicode UTF-8 encoded files for the German word "Schönheit". Takes advantage of Perl regex via -P; uses \x followed by hexadecimals to search for the UTF-8 encoding of ö, which is C3B6. To find out the hexadecimal code UTF-8 text, use a UTF-8 enabled plain text editor to create a file containing the text, and then use hex showing program (hexdump on multiple operating systems) to find the hex code of the text. UTF-8 encoding is not be confused with the code point; the code point of ö is F6, while the UTF-8 encoding of it is C3B6.
 * Emulates the strings command to an extent, outputting sequences of strings of length at least 4 for a certain criterion for allowable string character. Uses -a to treat binary files as text files and -o to output only the found sequences matching the pattern rather than the lines containg the matches.
 * then analyze with this which shows the longest lines first:
 * Not really a grep example but a Perl oneliner that you can use if Perl is available and grep is not.
 * then analyze with this which shows the longest lines first:
 * Not really a grep example but a Perl oneliner that you can use if Perl is available and grep is not.
 * Not really a grep example but a Perl oneliner that you can use if Perl is available and grep is not.
 * Not really a grep example but a Perl oneliner that you can use if Perl is available and grep is not.

Versions
Old versions of GNU grep can be obtained from GNU ftp server.

Release announcements of GNU grep are at a savannah group.

A changelog of GNU grep is available from git.savannah.gnu.org.

A version of GNU grep for MS Windows is available from GnuWin32 project, as well as from Cygwin.

title: Grep


text:
Talk:Grep

Untitled
just slapped something up, so people don't have to look at a blank page Jakv

title: Talk:Grep


text:
User talk:North south~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:01, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called North south. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name North south~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:North south~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Tanyanamijoshi

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:01, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tanyanamijoshi


text:
User talk:Zacman2019

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:01, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zacman2019


text:
User talk:Sukhmeet

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:01, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sukhmeet


text:
User talk:Jmillet92

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:01, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jmillet92


text:
User talk:Lalamans

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lalamans


text:
User talk:Lotrf3

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lotrf3


text:
User talk:Timewalk

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Fiberlc.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Fiberlc.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. The image that may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status.

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk. Thank you. Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  16:22, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Timewalk


text:
User talk:Bcameron54

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bcameron54


text:
User talk:Trilokeshs

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trilokeshs


text:
User talk:Aholt~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Aholt. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Aholt~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:55, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aholt~enwikibooks