text:
Biblical Studies/Christianity/Presbyterian

Presbyterianism is a form of Protestant Christianity, primarily in the Reformed branch of Christendom, as well as a particular form of church government. Its primary tenets include the Five solas: Scripture alone, faith alone, Christ alone, grace alone, glory to God alone. It is practised by many (although not all) of those Protestant churches which historically subscribed to the teachings of John Calvin (known as Reformed churches). Presbyterianism traces its institutional roots back to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. There are many separate Presbyterian Churches in different nations around the world. Besides national distinctions, Presbyterians also have divided from one another for doctrinal reasons, especially in the wake of the Enlightenment. Theologically, presbyterianism has a high emphasis on the sovereignty of God in all things, including human salvation, a high regard for the authority of Scripture, and an emphasis on the necessity of personal conversion by grace through faith in Christ Jesus alone.

These denominations derive their name from the Greek word presbyteros (πρεσβύτερος), which means "elder." Presbyterian church governance is common to the Protestant churches that were most closely modelled after the Reformation in Switzerland. In England, Scotland and Ireland, the Reformed churches that adopted a Presbyterian instead of Episcopalian government became known, naturally enough, as the Presbyterian Church.

John Knox (1505-1572), a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva, returned to Scotland and led the Parliament of Scotland to embrace the Reformation in 1560. The Church of Scotland was eventually reformed along Presbyterian lines. In Ireland the Presbyterian Church was formed from the Church of Scotland and later became the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1572, toward the end of the reign of Elizabeth I of England. In 1647, by an act of the Long Parliament under the control of Puritans, the Church of England embraced Presbyterianism. The re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660 brought the return of Episcopalian church government in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in non-conformity, outside of the established church. However, by the 19th century most English Presbyterian congregations had become Unitarian in doctrine.

In Ireland, Presbyterianism was introduced by Scottish immigrants and missionaries to Ulster. The Presbytery of Ulster was formed separately from the established church, in 1642. Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century. All three, very diverse branches of Presbyterianism, as well as independents, and some Dutch, German, and French Reformed denominations, combined in America to form what would eventually become the Presbyterian Church USA (1706).Presbyterians believe that they are a relationship with god, not a religion.

In England, a number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants in the 19th century. Those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined the Presbyterian Church of England. Although the United Free Church of Scotland united with the Church of Scotland in 1929, the English churches linked with that denomination did not join the English denomination, which is why there are Churches of Scotland in England such as those at Crown Court (Covent Garden), and Pont Street (Knightsbridge) in London. In 1972, the Presbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church (URC). Among the congregations the PCofE brought to the URC were Tunley (Lancashire) and Aston Tirrold (Oxfordshire) - these are the sole survivors today of the English Presbyterian churches of the 17th century.

In recent years a number of smaller denominations adopting Presbyterian forms of Church Government have organised in England, including the International Presbyterian Church planted by Francis Schaeffer of L'Abri Fellowship in the 1970s, and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales was started in the North of England in the late 1980s.

In Wales Presbyterianism is represented by the Presbyterian Church of Wales.

In Canada the Presbyterian Church in Canada was the largest Protestant denomination prior to 1925 when it merged with the Methodist Church (the second largest denomination) and the Congregational Church to form the United Church of Canada; a sizeable minority of Presbyterians, primarily in southern Ontario, withdrew from the institutional Presbyterian Church in Canada to reconstitute themselves as a non-concurring continuing Presbyterian body.

Because of an emphasis on equal education for all people, Presbyterians have established and encouraged schools across the US as the country grew and the missionaries were sent out to the people.


text:
Ancient History/Ancient Near East/Mesopotamia/Babylonian Empire

 * 1) Nimrod
 * 2) Old Babylonian period
 * 3) Kassite period
 * 4) Neo-Babylonian Empire

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Ancient History/Biographical Dictionary

WIthin this biographical dictionary, persons are listed in alphabetical order, followed by a link to the relevant Wikipedia page, followed by their nationality and profession. Each entry concludes with a one or two line summary of their contributions.

= A =

Aristotle (wp) Early 3rd century BC. Greek philosopher and scientist, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

= B =

= C =

Julius Caesar: (wp) 100-44 BC. Roman statesman and general, conqueror of Gaul (55-49 BC) and dictator perpetuus of the Roman Republic from 48 BC to his assassination in 44 BC.

Bartolome de las Casas (wp) early 16th century AD Spanish Franciscan, a proponent of native rights during the early stages of the conquest of Central and South America.

Cleopatra-Was one of the riches women in ancient Egypt.

= D =

= E =

= F =

= G =

= H =

Herodotus: (wp) 4th cent BC. Greek Historian, known for his inquiries into the histories of Egypt, Persia, and Greece.

= I =

= J =

= K =

Khafre: (wp) 26th century BC. Egyptian pharaoh who built the second largest pyramid at Giza and the Great Sphinx.

Khufu: (wp) 26th century BC. Egyptian pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid of Giza, the largest pyramid in Egypt and the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World that survives.

= L=

Leonidas (wp). late 5th/early 4th century BC. Greek monarch. Spartan king and commander at the battle of Thermopylae, 480 BC.

= M =

= N =

= O =

= P =

= Q =

= R=

Walter Raleigh (wp) ''15th-16th cent. AD'' English knight and naval explorer involved in the settlement and exploitation of the Americas.

= S =

King Scorpion (wp) 33rd century BC. Dynasty 0 Egyptian pharaoh, whose tomb shows the first signs of Pharaonic culture and the earliest known example of a writing system.

Sima Qian (wp) c. 140- c.90 b.c., under the reign of the Han emperor Wudi. Sima Qian is the most influential and recognizable historians in all of Chinese history, if not the world. He composed a 130-chapter, 500,000+ character history of China up until the time at which he lived. During the beginning of his history, to which he devoted most of his life, he happened to offend the Emperor Wudi by defending a general who had displeased him. For this offence, he was castrated, a punishment which was typically followed up by the sufferer's willing suicide. But Sima Qian decided that the completion of his history, for the betterment of China, was more important than his own life, even if he had to live in shame. When it was finished, it was known as "The Records of the Grand Historian," for the position he held in the Han court.

Sneferu: (wp) Late 27th century–26th centuries BC. Egyptian pharaoh who constructed three pyramids at Dashur; the third pyramid—the Red Pyramid—became the first true pyramid to be completed.

= T =

= U =

= V =

= W =

= X =

= Y =

= Z =

title: Ancient History/Biographical Dictionary


text:
User:KingPenguin

KingPenguin, real name Nathaniel Edwards, recently signed up with WikiBooks to go along with his WikiPedia account.

title: User:KingPenguin


text:
Pro Engineer/Mapkeys

Purpose
Mapkeys are macros that allow multiple Pro/Engineer commands to be executed in series by issuing a single short command. Mapkeys thereby make the user interface customizable and can offer productivity enhancements to users. If there is a series of commands you use frequently, or even a single function you would like to map to a keyboard command for faster access, Mapkeys offer a quick solution.

Creating Mapkeys
Start by choosing Tools > Mapkeys from the main menu. The Mapkeys dialog appears. The dialog shows a list of existing mapkeys:

Press New... and the Record Mapkey dialog appears:

The Key Sequence must be a series of characters from the list below. To use a function key, lead its name with a dollar sign, e.g. $F1. Otherwise, enter a series of visible characters (see list below). Optionally, enter a name for the mapkey—this will show in the main table of mapkeys and can serve as a reminder of the function of the key. A more verbose comment can be left in the Description field, which is also optional.

At this time, the function of the command must be specified. It can either be a recording of a series of clicks and keypresses, or it can be entered as a script. A rudimentary text editor is offered for scripting in the OS Script tab. Otherwise, to create a basic recorded mapkey, press Record and begin. press Stop when the desired commands have been recorded. Note that every detail of your actions is recorded. Recordings may be stopped and resumed for convenience.

Note that many commands are not available at all times. For example, the sketcher tools are not available in the main part view mode. Also, a number of possible clicks may be out of reach due to hidden toolbars, dialogs, or other GUI features.

Through this interface, the keys that invoke existing recordings cannot be modified. However, they can be changed by saving to a Configure file (the default file is called config.pro). On the other hand, the recording or script connected with a particular key sequence can be replaced at any time.

Once the mapkey is created, click OK, and Close the Mapkeys dialog. To use the mapkey, simply press the key sequence.

Details
Mapkeys are not necessarily single keys, as the name suggests, but in fact are generally commands of multiple characters, and can can be up to 77-character-long strings consisting of all the visible typed characters.

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890`-=~!@#$%^&*_+[]\{}|;':",./<>?

Spaces, tabs, and newlines cannot be used. There is no distinction made for numpad keys, and the keys cannot be extended by Ctrl, Alt, Shift, or other meta combinations. This makes the above alphabetic characters case-insensitive.

Alternatively, Mapkeys may be invoked by the function keys F1-F12. In this case, they must be single keypresses; the function keys cannot be combined with other letters, numbers, or symbols. These are specified by leading the desired function key with a dollar sign, e.g. $F5

Mapkeys commands are always typed on the keyboard and are executed immediately upon pressing the final character of the command. Visual feedback of entered keys (other than the function keys) is shown in the lower left status bar until the command is complete. Mapkeys are not executed until their entire command strings are typed completely, and as of Pro/Engineer Wildfire 2, there is no automatic completion mechanism available. If a Mapkeys command is typed incorrectly, such that a nonexistent command has been entered, Pro/Engineer does not offer any warning. In this case it is up to the user to notice that the typed characters remain in the status bar. If excess characters remain in the Mapkeys status bar after typing a command incorrectly, they must be manually cleared by pressing Enter or by taking focus away from the Pro/Engineer window before Mapkeys may be used again. For these reasons, Mapkeys commands are best kept as short as possible. Users should be cautious about pressing spacebar while using Pro/Engineer because, although spaces are not allowed to be part of a Mapkeys command, this is only enforced in the creation dialog. Spaces are allowed to be typed during regular program use. If a space leads the front of a command, it will keep it from working. The user may waste time not noticing the invisible space causing the failure.

There is a bug in Pro/Engineer that if the 77 characters have been filled, Enter does not clear them. Press Backspace to erase one character first.

Question:
In previous versions of Pro/E, we had mapkeys for easy change of some parameters (like Description). I can't get it to work with the new UI for parameters and relations. If I put the config options new_relation_ui and new_parameter_ui to no, my mapkeys work fine. I have tried to record them from start, but with no success.

Answer:
When you record your macro, the first thing you do is to set the config.pro options new_relation_ui and new_parameter_ui to no. Record the rest of your macro/mapkey normally, then when finished, reset the same config.pro options back to yes.

An alternative to this would be to record a macro/mapkey to set the options to no and another mapkey to set them to yes. Since mapkeys can be nested, your macro could execute the no mapkey at the beginning of your routine and then execute the yes mapkey at the end. For example:

mapkey q @MAPKEY_LABELNEW PARAM;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Select `main_dlg_cur` `MenuBar1`1 `Utilities`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Close `main_dlg_cur` `MenuBar1`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Activate `main_dlg_cur` `Utilities.psh_util_pref`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ FocusOut `preferences` `InputOpt`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Select `preferences` `AssyTree`1 `node0:new_parameter_ui : no : 3`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Open `preferences` `EditPanel`;~ Close `preferences` `EditPanel`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Select `preferences` `EditPanel`1 `yes *`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Activate `preferences` `AddOpt`;~ FocusOut `preferences` `InputOpt`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Activate `preferences` `ApplySave`;~ FocusOut `preferences` `InputOpt`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Activate `preferences` `Close`; mapkey w @MAPKEY_LABELOLD PARAM;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Select `main_dlg_cur` `MenuBar1`1 `Utilities`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Close `main_dlg_cur` `MenuBar1`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Activate `main_dlg_cur` `Utilities.psh_util_pref`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ FocusOut `preferences` `InputOpt`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Select `preferences` `AssyTree`1 `node0:new_parameter_ui : yes : 3`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Open `preferences` `EditPanel`;~ Close `preferences` `EditPanel`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ Select `preferences` `EditPanel`1 `no`;~ Activate `preferences` `AddOpt`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ FocusOut `preferences` `InputOpt`;~ Activate `preferences` `ApplySave`;\ mapkey(continued) ~ FocusOut `preferences` `InputOpt`;~ Activate `preferences` `Close`;

Question:
How do you make nested mapkeys?

What would @dp04 mean for a "key sequence?

Answer:
To nest mapkeys (call a mapkey from another mapkey), add % into the top level mapkey.

For example, here is a mapkey named print that calls two mapkeys named zr and laser.

mapkey print @MAPKEY_NAMEPrint Extents;%zr;%laser;

title: Pro Engineer/Mapkeys


text:
Template:Userpageinfo

 [//tools.wmflabs.org/supercount/index.php?user=&project=en.wikibooks edit count]

Purpose
Adds a nifty info bar across the top of userpages (or talk pages if used there).

Usage
By default this template displays a link to an edit count. You can add a "purge server cache" link by passing  (any other value for   is ignored, and   is case sensetive).

This page is based on w:Template:Userpageinfo

title: Template:Userpageinfo


text:
Template talk:RenderPNG

This template designates pages that the author deems as being better rendered in PNG. Causing all formulae to be rendered as PNG creates a more smooth, uniform look to a page, which can be beneficial if there are large numbers of formulae, or complex mathematical derivations. This template denotes a preference by the authors only, and it is not required for the reader to change their preferences, if they do not wish to. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 12:57, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:RenderPNG


text: Template:!

title: Template:!


text:
Ancient History/Rome/Early Rome (the Seven Hills)

The Tiber River
Rome sat on the eastern shore of the Tiber River, at the only easy crossing place between the river mouth and the mountains. Seven hills rose there out of low and marshy ground. By the beginning of the ninth century BCE, these seven hills were occupied by village communities who kept farms in the low-lying areas and retreated to their hilltops for defense.

The fording place on the river lay below a large island that was later dedicated to the Greek god of healing, Asclepius. Sometime in the sixth century BCE, the Romans under the direction of their Etruscan kings built a wooden bridge over the Tiber at this point, facilitating communications between northern and southern Italy, and joining the Etrurian confederation to the Greek colonial cities in the district of Magna Graecia.

The Seven Hills
Archaeology suggests that Rome began as a confederation of villages on the seven hills of Rome: the Capitoline, Palatine, Aventine, Viminal, Quirinal, Esquiline, and the Caelian. The low-lying ground between them was swampy and malarial. Yet the presence of a natural fording place gave Rome some unusual advantages. Once the seven villages united, and invested the time in constructing an early wall around their territory, they could charge a toll for the use of the ford (and later the bridge). This was to prove an early source of Rome's wealth. Graves dating from the ninth and eighth centuries BCE suggest two common forms of burial in the area: cremation graves are clustered in Rome's Forum or marketplace, with a smattering of inhumations around them; a much larger cemetery lay in the valley between the Esquiline and Viminal hills.

Tradition and myth provides a much more interesting, if less likely, story of Rome's founding. One of the Vestal Virgins of the nearby town of Alba Longa had a sexual encounter with the god Mars, and bore Romulus and Remus, twin sons who catalyzed the fortification of a small urban area in what is now Rome.

Capitoline
Capitoline hill has deep roots in Roman history as its existence is acknowledged in the stories concerning the founding of Rome.

The Forum
ძველი რომის ისტორია/რომის დაარსება Ab Urbe Condita/Ab excessu divi Remi


text:
User:Zhaladshar/sig

—Zhaladshar (Talk)

title: User:Zhaladshar/sig


text:
User talk:69.135.193.24

I'm afraid all the Pokémon content as it was not part of a textbook. If you'd like any of the deleted content emailed to you, please let me know, Jguk 17:32, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.135.193.24


text:
User:Franl~enwikibooks/Signature

— Franl – talk ✦

title: User:Franl~enwikibooks/Signature


text: Practical Electronics/Manufacturers Prefix


text:
Macedonian/Numbers

The numbers in the macedonian language form one to ten are:

1 - еден  - Eden 2 - два   - Dva 3 - три   - Tri 4 - четири - Chetiri 5 - пет   - Pet 6 - шест  - Shest 7 - седум - Sedum 8 - осум  - Osum 9 - девет - Devet 10 - десет - Deset

Folowed by: 11 - единаесет   - Edinaeset 12 - дванаесет   - Dvanaeset 13 - тринаесет   - Trinaeset 14 - четиринаесет - Chetirinaeset 15 - петнаесет   - Petnaeset 16 - шеснаесет   - Shesnaeset 17 - седумнаесет - Sedumnaeset 18 - осумнаесет  - Osumnaeset 19 - деветнаесет - Devetnaeset 20 - дваесет     - Dvaeset To form the numbers after twenty you should use the following formula: дваесет + и (which means and in macedonian ) + the number you want to add e.g. five That would be: дваесет+и+пет which correctly written and read will be дваесет и пет This formula is used to form the rest of the numbers:

30 - триесет   - Trieset 40 - четириесет - Chetirieset 50 - педесет   - Pedeset 60 - шеесет    - Sheeset 70 - седумдесет - Sedumdeset 80 - осумдесет - Osumdeset 90 - деведесет - Devedeset

And then: 100 - сто - Sto 1 000 - илјада - Ilyada 1 000 000 - милион - Milion 1 000 000 000 - милијарда - Miliyarda

title: Macedonian/Numbers


text:
Talk:The Linux Kernel/Booting

Missing "the" in this book's title?
Shouldn't the title of this book be Inside the Linux Kernel? That's what I would expect to see if this were a printed book. — Franl – talk ✦ 19:01, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Linux Kernel/Booting


text:
User talk:Peteturtle~enwikibooks

Shakespeare's works
I'm afraid that Wikibooks is for textbooks, and therefore I have had to delete the Shakespeare's works book. Content such as this is more appropriate for our sister project Wikisource, which hosts public domain and GFDL-licensed material. I'd imagine they already have Shakespeare on there though. If you're interested in writing a textbook on Shakespeare's plays, however, this would be suitable for Wikibooks, and would be most welcome here, Jguk 19:19, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your message. You will see that as I deleted the Wikisource-type content, you will have a fresh start. Do look at Annotated texts bookshelf for similar tomes - and do consider whether it's best to have one book per play and then merge them later, or to set out to have a book of everything straightaway. Often starting small and growing bigger is best - (1) presentationally, and (2) because it takes so long to write a book - if you only write about 3 plays, say, then leave the project, it's better to leave 3 complete textbooks than one textbook 21/24ths (or whatever) incomplete. All the best, Jguk 19:26, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Oh sorry - I hadn't realised what went would be useful for you. I'll recreate it so you can tweak it to Wikibooks' requirements, Jguk 19:28, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have now restored all the pages, except for Image:Shakespeare.jpg (as images, when deleted, get permanently deleted from the database). Hopefully it won't be too much trouble for you to locate this - although you'd be better off either choosing an image already on Commons, or alternatively uploading your image to Commons and linking through to here.

 * Good luck with your textbook. I hope you do get through all the plays - though it will take some time. It would still be a good idea to complete each play in turn before moving onto another one - and also, once you have a good start, you may be more successful in encourgaging others to collaborate with you. All the best, Jguk 19:35, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

I appreciate that it's difficult to learn some of our ways. We do have a Help section, but as you will see from the Main Page, it is currently the collaboration of the month to improve it because it doesn't work. Hopefully some of what is there can help you - alternatively, look at some of our best books (these are the hot picks and the ones with cups by them on the Main Page) and copy the style they adopt. Do click "edit this page" on them to check the mark-up, Jguk 19:55, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Tables of contents appear when you have at least three headers to put in them, unless you add to the page - I demonstrate below. I'm not sure, but  may force a table of contents to appear with fewer headers, Jguk 20:31, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

New info
There was already an existing book (or rather start of book) called Introduction to Shakespeare, which I am merging into your book. Please feel free to amend, move or delete the text so that it fits in fully with your book.

Also, are you going to annotate each play in detail? If not, then really you should be linking to the plays on Wikisource rather than adding an unannotated text to Wikibooks. All the best, Jguk 12:38, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Book of the month
Hi, Brandon. I've removed School of Mathematics from the book of the month voting because it is a Wikiversity school and not a Wikibooks book. Wikiversity is a separate project and will soon be moved to its own wiki, so I think it's best to not intertwine the two so much. If the school won, we would have to link to a separate wiki if Wikiversity is split of next month! Good luck on the William Shakespeare project. Cheers! --hagindaz 23:33, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Shakespeare wikibook
I made a few changes on the aforementioned book. Let me know what you think. ABurke 02:40, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Brazilian History
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Brazilian_History Page up for deletion http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Votes_for_deletion#Brazilian_History ChessCreator (talk) 17:08, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Convert to PDF
Hi you requested to convert http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/This_quantum_world to PDF - try using http://dash-of-pepper.com/wikitype I'm not allowed to upload as a new user :(

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Peteturtle. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Peteturtle~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peteturtle~enwikibooks


text:
William Shakespeare's Works/Introduction

Why this Wikibook?
The basic point of this Wikibook is to allow anyone surfing the web to be able to use a reliable text about Shakespeare's works (his plays and poems). Also, along with every play, there is a brief explanation of its origins, plot, and themes. Perfect for homework use! Alongside some of the plays, there is a plot summary, either act-by-act or scene-by-scene. Be sure to make the most use out of this marvelous collection on facts on Shakespeare's works, along with the works themselves.

Original Plays
The original plays of Shakespeare can be found here. They are not available at Wikibooks because Wikisource is a better location for original texts. When you have read the play you can return by clicking "back" on your browser.

How to Edit
If a Renaissance word is found that has a better Contemporary English replacement, put that word in italic parentheses. For example... almanack (almanac) That way, the reader can distinguish the original Shakespearian word from a better modern English replacement. If you are adding a play, please use a table for putting the play in. Look at "A Midsummer Night's Dream" for an example (Click on edit this page). Don't forget to put in a section on the basis of the play, including: when and why it was written, a brief summary, and the main themes of the plays, if applicable. THANK YOU! ......Peteturtle and other authors.


text:
William Shakespeare's Works/Authors

Authors
Any contributors, feel free to put your name here!
 * 1) William Shakespeare
 * 2) Peteturtle - Wow. I started this project about a year or two ago. It surprises me how much it has grown.
 * 3) Hedwig0407 - try to contribute the titles and basic backgrounds of William Shakespeare's work especially in his stageplays.
 * 4) Pirruccello
 * 5) Tannersf
 * 6) Simpsone4 - The histories rock my world.
 * 7) Aburke - some sprucing up in the absence of the others.

Thank You to...

 * 1) William Shakespeare (for writing all these things)

title: William Shakespeare's Works/Authors


text:
William Shakespeare's Works/Comedies/A Midsummer Night's Dream

Choose an act, any act!

 * /Act I/
 * /Act II/
 * /Act III/
 * /Act IV/
 * /Act V/

About this Play
This play was written between 1595 and 1596. This is one of his early wedding comedies, and was written to accompany a marriage celebration. Unlike most of Shakespeare's other works, there is very little borrowing from other works. (For example, Romeo and Juliet is based on The Tragedie of Romeus and Juliet.) Most scholars agree that Shakespeare enjoyed writing this play more than any other one.

The play's main plot circles around two couples: Hermia and Lysander, and Helena and Demetrius. Their problems become greater as they enter the fairyland woods, and as the monarchs of the fairies, King Oberon and Queen Titania, mess up the relationships.

This play emphasizes themes of love, dreams, imagination, and the power of a patriarchal society.


text:
William Shakespeare's Works

The Basics

 * 1) Introduction to this textbook
 * 2) /Authors/

The Author

 * 1) /The Life of William Shakespeare/
 * 2) /The World of William Shakespeare/

The Works

 * 1) /Overview/
 * 2) /Comedies/
 * 3) /Tragedies/
 * 4) /Romances/
 * 5) /Histories/
 * 6) /Lost Plays/
 * 7) /Sonnets/
 * 8) /Poems/

The Rest

 * 1) /The Quartos and Folios/
 * 2) /Criticism of Shakespeare/
 * 3) /Performances of Shakespeare/
 * 4) /Plays in Chronological Order/
 * 5) /Further Reading and Other Resources/
 * 6) /Shakespeare 101/

title: William Shakespeare's Works


text:
William Shakespeare's Works/Comedies

=The Comedies of Shakespeare=

Shakespeare covered a wide range of themes and characters in his comedies. Three comedies that were performed and published in 1594, towards the end of the first period, will show this neatly.

For example, in A Midsummer Night's Dream, he covered marriage in Fairyland, with well-known characters such as Titania and Oberon (the king and queen of Fairyland), and more purely comic characters such as Bottom. The scenery is often very lavish for this play, and many performances take place outdoors.

In The Taming of the Shrew, another play about marriage and love, Katherine is the headstrong daughter of a king, until she meets her match in Petruchio.

The Merchant of Venice is all about the lives of Venetian merchants.

Twelfth Night was commissioned for James I and played when Shakespeare was a member of the King's Men, or about that time. It is a play about the English tradition of Epiphany, which is on January 6.

The Plays

 * All's Well That Ends Well Script
 * Study Guide
 * As You Like It Script
 * Study Guide
 * The Comedy of Errors Script
 * Study Guide
 * The Tragedy of Cymbeline Script
 * Study Guide
 * Love's Labours Lost Script
 * Study Guide
 * Measure for Measure Script
 * Study Guide
 * The Merry Wives of Windsor Script
 * Study Guide
 * The Merchant of Venice Script
 * Study Guide
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream Script
 * Study Guide
 * Much Ado About Nothing Script
 * Study Guide
 * Pericles, Prince of Tyre Script
 * Study Guide
 * The Taming of the Shrew Script
 * Study Guide
 * The Tempest Script
 * Study Guide
 * Troilus and Cressida Script
 * Study Guide
 * Twelfth Night Script
 * Study Guide
 * Two Gentlemen of Verona Script
 * Study Guide
 * Two Noble Kinsmen Script
 * Study Guide
 * The Winter's Tale Script
 * Study Guide

title: William Shakespeare's Works/Comedies


text:
William Shakespeare's Works/Comedies/The Comedy of Errors

Choose an act, any act!

 * /Act I/
 * /Act II/
 * /Act III/
 * /Act IV/
 * /Act V/

About this Play
The Comedy of Errors is Shakespeare's shortest play and possibly his first comedy, written circa 1589 to 1594. The play is based on two Roman comedies: Plautus' Manaechmi and Amphitruo, both of which have the plot with "errors" of mistaken identities.  In this play, Aegeon is separated from his wife and one of his twin sons. In this play, Shakespeare took the flat characters of Plautus' stories and made them dynamic. For example, Adriana, along with other female characters, has more voice in this play than any other Shakespeare wrote. Shakespeare also added one extra set of twins. The main theme of this play is of identity problems. It raises the question of what constitutes identity and how one can be known; that is, are you known by your name, your visual appearance, or your actions? Or a combination of all three?

Dramatis Personæ

 * Solinus
 * Ægeon
 * Æmilia
 * Antipholus of Syracuse + Antipholus of Ephesus (twin brothers)
 * Dromeus of Syracuse + Dromeus of Ephesus (twin brothers; attendants of both Antipholuses)
 * Adriana
 * Luciana
 * Luce
 * Balthazar
 * Angelo
 * Courtesan
 * First Ephesian Merchant
 * Second Ephesian Merchant
 * Doctor Pinch
 * Jailer
 * Headsman
 * Officers
 * Attendants


text:
User:Joe Sewell/Wikibooks Bookmarks

 * 5 in a Row
 * C++ Programming
 * Chess
 * Go
 * Reversi

title: User:Joe Sewell/Wikibooks Bookmarks


text:
User talk:202.177.185.219

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks. -- LV (Dark Mark) 21:16, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.177.185.219


text:
Template:TopNav

|

title: Template:TopNav


text:
Category:Templates

Useful links:
 * Templates - List of useful templates, sorted by usage
 * Help:Templates - Help on using templates

af:Kategorie:Sjablone az:Kateqoriya:Şablonlar bg:Категория:Шаблони bs:Kategorija:Šabloni ca:Categoria:Plantilles da:Kategori:Skabeloner de:Kategorie:Vorlage es:Categoría:Plantillas eo:Kategorio:Vikilibroj:Ŝablonoj fa:رده:الگوها fr:Catégorie:Modèles gl:Categoría:Marcadores hy:Կատեգորիա:Կաղապարներ id:Kategori:Templat ia:Categoria:Patronos is:Flokkur:Snið it:Categoria:Template he:קטגוריה:תבניות ka:კატეგორია:თარგები ku:Kategorî:Şablon la:Categoria:Formulae lt:Kategorija:Šablonai hu:Kategória:Sablonok ml:വർഗ്ഗം:ഫലകങ്ങൾ ne:श्रेणी:Templates ja:カテゴリ:ウィキブックスのテンプレート no:Kategori:Maler pl:Kategoria:Szablony ro:Categorie:Formate Wikipedia ru:Категория:Викиучебник:Шаблоны sq:Kategoria:Stampa sr:Категорија:Шаблони fi:Luokka:Mallineet sv:Kategori:Mallar tr:Kategori:Şablonlar

title: Category:Templates


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Category:Book:C Programming

cs:Kategorie:Kurz programování v C es:Categoría:Programación en C fr:Catégorie:Programmation C (livre) ko:분류:C 프로그래밍 ka:კატეგორია:C (პროგრამირება)

title: Category:Book:C Programming


text:
Canadian History/Premiers of Ontario

This is a list of the premiers of the province of Ontario, Canada, since Confederation (1867).

The premier is the head of the provincial government of Ontario.

1.   Name: John Macdonald. In office: 1867-1871 Party: Liberal-Conservative Coalition Riding: Cornwall

2.   Name: Edward Blake In office: 1871-1872 Party: Liberal Riding: Bruce South

3.   Name: Sir Oliver Mowat In office: 1872-1896 Party: Liberal Riding: Oxford North

4.   Name: Arthur Hardy In office: 1896-1899 Party: Liberal Riding: Brant South 5.   Name: Sir George William Ross In office: 1899-1905 Party: Liberal Riding: Middlesex West

6.   Name: Sir James Whitney In office: 1905-1914 Party: Conservative Riding: Dundas 7.   Name: Sir William Hearst In office: 1914-1919 Party: Conservative Riding: Sault Ste. Marie

8.   Name: Ernest Drury In office: 1919-1923 Party: Farmer-Labour Coalition Riding: Halton

9.   Name: George Howard Ferguson In office: 1923-1930 Party: Conservative Riding: Grenville

10.  Name: George Stewart Henry In office: 1930-1934 Party: Conservative Riding: York East

11.   Name: Mitchell Hepburn In office: 1934-1942 Party: Liberal Riding: Elgin

12.   Name: Gordon Daniel Conant In office: 1942-1943 Party: Liberal Riding: Ontario 13.   Name: Harry Nixon In office: 1943-1943 Party: Liberal Riding: Brant

14.   Name: George Drew In office: 1943-1948 Party: Progressive Conservative Riding: High Park

15.   Name: Thomas Kennedy In office: 1948-1949 Party: Progressive Conservative Riding: Peel 16.     Name: Leslie Frost In office: 1949-1961 Party: Progressive Conservative Riding: Victoria

17.   Name: John Robarts In office: 1961-1971 Party: Progressive Conservative Riding: London North

18.   Name: Bill Davis In office: 1971-1985 Party: Progressive Conservative Riding: Peel North (1971-1975), Brampton (1975-1985) 19.   Name: Frank Miller In office: 1985-1985 Party: Progressive Conservative Riding: Muskoka

20.  Name: David Peterson* In office: 1985-1990* Party: Liberal* Riding: London Centre*

21.   Name: Bob Rae In office: 1990-1995 Party: NDP Riding: York South

22.   Name: Mike Harris In office: 1995-2002 Party: Progressive Conservative Riding: Nipissing 23.     Name: Ernie Eves In office: 2002-2003 Party: Progressive Conservative Riding: Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey

24.  Name: Dalton McGuinty In office: 2003 - 2013 Party: Liberal Riding: Ottawa South

25.  Name: Kathleen Wynne In office: 2013 - 2018 Party: Liberal Riding: Don Valley West

26.  Name: Doug Ford In office: 2018 - Party: Progressive Conservative Riding: Etobicoke North

 * The Peterson Government (Liberal) from 1985 to 1987 did not have the most seats in the legislature, but had the formal support of the NDP through a signed accord without an official coalition government being formed.

title: Canadian History/Premiers of Ontario


text:
User:Paravpandit~enwikibooks

Embedded software links.

title: User:Paravpandit~enwikibooks


text:
History of Embrun

Contents

 * /Introduction/

/Saint Augustine-de-Catherine/

 * The Start of the Settlement
 * Life in Saint Augustine-de-Catherine from 1845-1848
 * Saint Augustine-de-Catherine from 1848-1856

/Under a new name/

 * Life in Embrun in 1856
 * Embrun from 1856-1867
 * The Corporate Lumber Industry
 * Life in Embrun in 1883

Into a new century

 * Prosperity from 1900-1914
 * The Somber Period Starts
 * Stagnant Years
 * Recuperation

/2000 Onward/

 * Expansion
 * Embrun in 2005
 * Power failure of December 1, 2006

/Biographies/

 * Louis Nèdère
 * Jonathan Smithson
 * Alice Francall

/Appendices/

 * List of neighborhoods in Embrun
 * List of roads in Embrun

Trans-Wiki Links

 * Wikipedia Entry: Embrun, Ontario

Editing Guidelines
This is a work in progress. If you have suggestions or ideas to add in feel free but please do not completely rewrite what has already been written unless terribly inaccurate. Please use the same format as the other pages. If you have suggestions use the discussion page. Please use Canadian grammar and spelling (such as 'colour') instead of American spellings.

title: History of Embrun


text:
Guitar/Harmonica and Guitar Combo

The harmonica is an instrument that has found favour with many guitarist. The idea evolved from the blues and country and western musicians of the early part of the 20th century. The role the harmonica plays in providing another timbre has appealed to many artists. Musicians such as Bob Dylan and Neil Young have used the combination to great effect.

Harmonicas exist in four varieties: diatonic, chromatic, tremolo and chord. The chromatic can play along to music in any key but is harder to master than the diatonic version. The diatonic harmonica is made to play in one key and is easier to learn but you will need to buy more than one. The guitar's natural key is E; so buying a diatonic harmonica in the key of E major would be ideal. The other diatonic harmonicas you should aim to add to your collection is G major and C major. Diatonic harmonicas are cheap and it shouldn't take long before you have a collection of harmonicas that cover every key. The tremolo harmonica is like a diatonic, yet it vibrates and has more vibrato than usual harmonicas. It is used for orchestra too.Chord harmonicas are very big and may require multiple people to play and can be even used in the orchestra at times.They add a touch to a lot of things really.Chord Harmonicas are very cool,yet very expensive too and they can run in the thousands when it comes to cost.Some good Chord Harmonicas can cost you $2,000 or more depending on the company selling them.

To play both instruments, one would need a way to hold the harmonica while the hands chord and strum the guitar. This is done by the harmonica holder, which goes around the neck, allowing the harmonica to be always in front of your mouth. However, there are a few things to keep in mind:

 * Instead of moving the harmonica itself, you will now move your head in order to play the notes. Due to this limitation the solos you "blow" will be slower than if you had the harmonica cupped in your hands.
 * Hand-related effects, such as hand vibrato, will be unavailable. Also, due to the lack of hands, there will be no additional resonance from the cupped hands.

Furthermore, since one is multitasking, it's best to know how to play both instruments individually very well, in order to spend less time trying to find each note and chord. When you buy your first harmonica, spend some time learning to play it with your hands. Try playing along to the recordings of Little Walter and Sonny Boy Williamson.

The harmonica will usually be played in the 2nd position (of course one can try other positions). Often the guitar plays the chords, while the harmonica provides the melody. This is because guitars have a much lower octave range than the harmonica; furthermore, guitarists can play chords in different keys easily. Since the harmonica is played in a higher pitch range, this makes it suitable for melodic lines. Another factor is the timbre of the harmonica tends to cut through the sound of resonating guitar chords. Still, this should not stop you reversing the roles, as long as it sounds pleasing.

It is possible to play chromatic harmonicas with a guitar. This can be done with the following:
 * Valved Diatonic or XB-40
 * Tombo S-50.
 * Take off the mouthpiece of a straight tuned chromatic harp. However, one may need to make sure the body's edge is smooth
 * Note: both S-50 and this method require using the lips to block the non-sounding row; S-50, due to greater distance between rows, is easier at this.

 * Use the handless chromatic; essentially a special mouthpiece that move up and down between the rows, controlled by the movement of the head.

title: Guitar/Harmonica and Guitar Combo


text:
History of Embrun/Contents

This is a work in progress. If you have suggestions or ideas to add in feel free but please do not completely rewrite what has already been written unless terribly inaccurate. Please use the same format as the other pages. If you have suggestions use the discussion page. Please use Canadian grammar and spelling (such as 'colour') instead of American spellings.

Trans-Wiki Links

 * Wikipedia Entry: Embrun, Ontario

title: History of Embrun/Contents


text:
The Universe Made Simple/Introduction

You're reading this book because you want to know more about the universe that you live in. But what is the universe?

What is the universe?
The universe is everything that there is. Some people like to think of the universe as a vast container, in which everything that exists resides. However, no one knows whether or not this container is infinite in size, or if it has an "outer limit." No one knows for sure, as this question of "Is the universe finite or infinite?", has been asked for ages. Many scientists speculate that it expands outward as a balloon and has no end, continuing forever in all directions without any meaning at all. Still, some believe there is a limit and that all the galaxies and stellar objects are contained within a limited universe. This moves out of the realm of science and into the realm of metaphysics and philosophy, because there is no empirical data to suggest any conclusion as of yet.

When you look at the night sky, and see the stars, you are looking out into a very close part of the universe. The stars you see are such an incredible distance away that it makes you stand awestruck by it all. The blackness you see is the empty space of the universe; the parts that are not filled with light. However, there may be objects moving in the blackness that have no light shining on them, and we can only wonder what else is moving through space.

How did people discover all this?
We're constantly hearing about research, and how some scientist here has discovered some new thing. But how is it actually all done? The answer is that in many cases it is extremely complicated, and that the method changes depending upon what you want to find out, and what you're looking at. Sometimes scientists build huge, special devices just to help them inspect something.

We discover things about the universe, however, by simply looking at it. We use huge telescopes that can see millions and millions of miles away. We have sent special robots called probes out into space to go and take pictures of distant things, and transmit the pictures back to Earth. We've even sent people in space-ships out into space. But space-travel is extremely expensive, difficult and dangerous. Most of the time, scientists work by taking observations, looking at how things move, and then using mathematics to work out what they must be like if they're moving like that or looking like that.

What will this book teach you?
This book aims to be simple but informative. It will try not to miss out any important information, but it will also not confuse you with intricate details or physics.

The book will be like a journey. We will begin on Earth, then set off into the Solar System, out into the Galaxy, beyond it into the further Universe, and then even further. At each stage we hope to give you an appreciation of scale, and how everything fits together.

title: The Universe Made Simple/Introduction


text:
The Universe Made Simple

The Universe Made Simple is a book that attempts to describe the universe to someone who knows little or nothing about it to start with. It aims to explain the basic structure of the universe, our place in it, and some of its core, basic workings.

This book aims to be as simple as possible, but not at the risk of inaccuracy or dumbing-down. Some things will be omitted or phrased in looser terms. The book is not Wikijunior, but it also isn't a detailed or advanced book; it is for new learners wishing for a sound grasp of the most important points.

Contents
Contents are defined, including the titles of the pages, at The Universe Made Simple/Contents Data.

 * /Introduction/
 * /The Earth/
 * The Moon
 * Artificial Satellites
 * /The Solar System/
 * The Sun
 * Mercury
 * Venus
 * Mars
 * Jupiter
 * Saturn
 * Uranus
 * Neptune
 * Dwarf Planet - Pluto
 * Asteroid - Ceres
 * Comets, Asteroids, Clouds and Belts
 * /The Galaxy/
 * The Sun is a Star
 * Nature of Galaxies
 * Light Years
 * Movement of the Galaxies
 * /The Universe/
 * Origins (Big Bang)
 * Formation of Stars, Galaxies and Planets
 * Expansion
 * The End of the Universe
 * /Laws/
 * Newton's 3 Laws of Motion
 * Gravity
 * Basic Laws of Electricity
 * /Matter/
 * Atoms
 * Elements
 * Subatomics
 * /And beyond/
 * Closure with metaphysical speculation

title: The Universe Made Simple


text:
Linear Algebra with Differential Equations/Heterogeneous Linear Differential Equations/Diagonalization

First of all (and kind of obvious suggested by the title), $$\mathbf{A}$$ must be diagonalizable. Second, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of $$\mathbf{A}$$ are found, and form the matrix $$\mathbf{T}$$ which is an augemented matrix of eigenvectors, and $$\mathbf{D}$$ which is a matrix consisting of the corresponding eigenvalues on the main diagonal in the same column as their corresponding eigenvectors. Then with our central problem:

$$\mathbf{X}' = \mathbf{AX} + \mathbf{G}(t)$$

We substitute:

$$\mathbf{TY}' = \mathbf{ATY} + \mathbf{G}(t)$$

Then left multiply by $$\mathbf{T}^{-1}$$

$$\mathbf{Y}' = \mathbf{T}^{-1}\mathbf{ATY} + \mathbf{T}^{-1}\mathbf{G}(t)$$

As a consequence of Linear Algebra we take the following identity:

$$\mathbf{D} = \mathbf{T}^{-1}\mathbf{AT}$$

Thus:

$$\mathbf{Y}' = \mathbf{DY} + \mathbf{T}^{-1}\mathbf{G}(t)$$

And because of the nature of the diagonal the problem is a series of one-dimensional normal differential equations which can be solved for $$\mathbf{Y}$$ and used to find out $$\mathbf{X}$$.


text:
Linear Algebra with Differential Equations/Heterogeneous Linear Differential Equations/Method of Undetermined Coefficients

This is very similar to the Method of Undetermined Coefficients encountered in normal differential equations, with some slight exceptions to the "rules" of guessing. Actually, there's only one rule extra. In the normal method of undetermined coefficients when there was a conflict of the characteristic equation with the particular solution, there was a multiplication by the independent variable. In this case we multiply by $$\mathbf{A}t + \mathbf{B}$$ to include more possible solutions. That, and when working through the problem thoughts about the signifigance of getting a trivial solution when finding eigenvalues must be kept in mind. Other than that, it's pretty much as it was, and is a very powerful method (although it can be quite tedious).


text:
Template:Rfd-survived2

Use discussions to provide manual links to past RFD nominations.

title: Template:Rfd-survived2


text:
Linear Algebra with Differential Equations/Heterogeneous Linear Differential Equations/Variation of Parameters

As with the variation of parameters in the normal differential equations (a lot of similarities here!) we take a fundamental solution and by using a product with a to-be-found vector, see if we can come upon another independent solution by these means. In other words, since the general solution can be expressed as $$\mathbf{c\psi}$$ where $$\mathbf{c}$$ is the constant matrix and $$\mathbf{\psi}$$ is the augmented set of independent solutions to the homogeneous equation, we try out a form like so:

$$\mathbf{X} = \mathbf{u\psi}$$

And determine $$\mathbf{u}$$ to find a unique solution. The math is fairly straightforward and left as an exercise for the reader, and leaves us with:

$$\mathbf{X} = \mathbf{\psi}(t) \mathbf{\psi}^{-1}(t_0) \mathbf{X}^0 + \mathbf{\psi}(t) \int_{t_0}^t \mathbf{\psi}^{-1}(s) \mathbf{g}(s) ds $$

... which is a fairly strong, striaghtforward, yet exceedingly complicated formula.


text:
Linear Algebra with Differential Equations/Heterogeneous Linear Differential Equations/Laplacian Transforms

Yet AGAIN, very similar to the normal technique. The only nuance is how to take a Laplacian operator of a matrix, however, the Laplacian operator by definition is basically an integral: take the operator of each term inside the matrix. The Laplacian operator then boils the problem to an exercise of linear algebra. and the reverse Laplacian operator works the same way: on each term in the matrix. It's nearly identical to how it worked in normal differential equations.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Protego

Overview
Protego is a spell used to guard its caster from incoming spells. It doesn't work against the killing curse. It is coined from the Latin verb 'protego', 'to protect' (lit. to cover over).

Extended Description
The effects of this charm seem to vary based on the desires of the spell caster.

In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, we see Harry using this spell against Professor Snape in his Occlumency lesson. Here, the effect is to reverse the spell being cast; Harry sees some of Snape's memories instead of the expected outcome, Snape seeing some of Harry's thoughts.

In the Battle at the Ministry late in that same book, Harry uses this spell twice. Both times, the spell being cast at him is simply interrupted.

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Hermione casts this spell once, and Harry casts it three times. In these cases, the result of the spell is a "bubble" that is impermeable to spells and physical traversal (the bubble forming knocks Hermione back a few steps), though it is still possible to see and hear through it.

Also in the seventh book, several of the characters append this with other words. Professor Flitwick uses "Protego Horribilis" when he is preparing a shield for the school, and Hermione uses "Protego Totalum" when setting defensive spells around the campsite. The specific effects of the added words are not certain.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Fire-call

Overview
A fire-call is a specialized use of the Floo Network – when you do not need to be physically present in another location, but you need to communicate with someone there, you insert just your head into a prepared fireplace, and your head is transported to another fireplace.

Extended Description
This technique is first seen in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire when Amos Diggory, then at the Ministry of Magic, has urgent need to reach Arthur Weasley regarding some garbage cans that are flying around Mad-Eye Moody's yard. Harry receives a fire-call from Sirius later in the book. It is also used in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, twice by Sirius to reach Harry, and twice by Harry to try and reach Sirius. Harry feels that this is a very uncomfortable way to send a message; quite apart from the necessity to stay hunched over the fireplace while talking, it is very disconcerting to have your head whirled around dizzily while the remainder of your body remains firmly planted on the floor in front of the sending fireplace.

More information is available at Floo Powder and Floo Network.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Transfiguration

Overview
Transfiguration is the family of magical spells that are used for changing objects from one type of thing into another. At Hogwarts, Transfiguration is taught by Professor Minerva McGonagall.

Extended Description
Transfiguration covers a wide range of spells. At the low end of the scale, the first Transfiguration charm learned by Harry's class is changing a match into a needle; the more complex spells include changing creatures from one species to another. It also includes discussions of Animagi, though we don't see how to become one.

Apparently Transfiguration is a core course for all schools, not just Hogwarts, as we hear Professor McGonagall telling Neville, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, not to reveal that he has not yet mastered a simple Switching Spell. We note that this is the only mention of this spell, so we have no indication of how long Neville has been trying to learn it; from McGonagall's tone of exasperation, however, we believe it to be something assigned in an earlier year that Neville was still not able to perform to an acceptable level. McGonagall's concern about this perceived failure of teaching on her part would suggest strongly that Transfiguration, including Switching Spells, is taught at Beauxbatons and Durmstrang.

It is mentioned in The Tales of Beedle the Bard that Professor McGonagall had learned and carried out the Animagus transform as part of her research on Transfiguration. We also learn there that the Animagus transform allows the caster to retain human intelligence. While it is possible, theoretically, to Transfigure yourself into an animal, you would also end up with the animal's intelligence, and would be trapped in the form of that animal until some other wizard returned you to your human shape.

In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Viktor Krum uses partial transfiguration to give himself a shark's head so that he can breathe underwater. Clearly this is an exception to the rule above that prevents Transfiguring oneself into an animal. We assume that this is very advanced magic, as it would be necessary to give yourself the shark's face and gills, while keeping your brain human so that you can undo the spell afterwards.

Analysis
Transfiguration is largely a practical class, and as such is relatively noisy with students casting spells, and, at times, sounds from the animals used as subjects. As such, it is one of the places where the Trio feel able to discuss events. With the potential for spells to go wrong, it is also a place where there is a certain amount of slapstick humour. The possibilities of both conferences and humour, however, are more than slightly decreased by Professor McGonagall, a stern teacher who keeps a relatively tight control on her classroom.

As mentioned in the article on Charms, the distinction between Charms (which change what a thing does without changing its essential nature) and Transfiguration (which changes its essential nature) is somewhat loose. In Transfiguration class, we note Ron having trouble with a Silencing charm, and there is later mention of a Vanishing charm, where it is mentioned that it is more difficult to Vanish live animals than inanimate objects. Whether Silenced or Vanished, however, the object remains intrinsically the same, a silenced bullfrog is still a bullfrog, while a vanished rat, if it can be unvanished, does not lose its essential rat nature.

In the earliest Transfiguration classes, Professor McGonagall changes her desk into a pig and back again, and we later see lessons where the students are asked to Transfigure teapots into tortoises. This does raise an awkward question: does this form of magic allow the wizard to create life? This question is never addressed in the books.

We will assume that it is a literary device only that has most transfigurations being done between things with the same first letter. We have already mentioned teapots and tortoises, and beetles and buttons; a mistake in the Transfiguration OWL exams saw one student mistakenly creating a flock of flamingos rather than a ferret. We will note, however, that in the real world, our belief in magic was based on the doctrine of signatures, that held that, as all things were created by God, a similarity of appearance implied a relationship in effect. While there is much less belief in magic in the current day, the doctrine of signatures still underlies what belief there is. So deliberate use of similarity in name does tend to enhance the apparent authenticity of magic in the series.

Questions

 * 1) If transfiguration is just a spell (one spell or another), why was it so hard to master?
 * 2) What other limitations are there on transformation, other than how difficult it is?


text:
Linear Algebra with Differential Equations/Non-Linear Differential Equations

=Some Graphical Analysis=

So far we've dealt with $$\mathbf{A}$$ being a constant matrix, and other niceties; but when it is otherwise, and thus a non-linear differential equation, the best way to find a solution is by graphical means. By taking the independent variables on the axis of a graph, we can note several types of behavior that suggest the form of a solution.

So without adue, here are the main types of behaviors, and their suggested causes:

A nodal source (the graph tends away from a point): real, distinct positive eigenvalues.

A nodal sink (the graph approaches in towards a point): real, distinct negative eigenvalues.

A saddle point (the graph approaches from one end and deviates away at another): real, distinct, opposite eigenvalues.

A spiral point (spirals in or away from a point): a complex eigenvalues.

A series of ellipses around a point: a purely imaginary eigenvalue.

A star point (straight lines deviating or coming towards a point): repeated eigenvalues.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Werewolf

Overview
Werewolves are humans who, when exposed to the full moon, transform into savage, wolf-like creatures.

Extended Description
To become a werewolf, a person must be bitten by another werewolf. When the person transforms, they lose control of themselves and are not responsible for their actions. However, there is a potion, the recently discovered Wolfsbane Potion, which, if taken daily in the week preceding the full moon, will cause the victim to be able to keep their mind while they transform. They are then able to control their actions, and are virtually harmless.

One of the major characters in the Harry Potter Series, Remus Lupin, is a werewolf.

Fenrir Greyback is another werewolf who is mentioned in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. He accompanies the Death Eaters in the tower battle at Hogwarts at the end of that book, and attacks Bill Weasley in that battle. We also see him heading up a gang of Snatchers in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, and fighting alongside the Death Eaters in the final battle in that book.

When Harry and the Weasley family are visiting Mr. Weasley at St. Mungo's Hospital after the snake attacks him in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, they ask what is wrong with a man in the ward who looks fine. Mr. Weasley quietly says that he was bitten by a werewolf, and is now upset because his life is ruined. When Mr. Weasley had mentioned that he had a friend who was a werewolf and was able to live an almost normal life, the man had threatened to bite him. During a later visit, Remus Lupin goes over to talk to him; we don't hear their conversation.

Analysis
Much prejudice against werewolves is witnessed throughout the series. In the wizarding community, werewolves are distrusted and even hated. Most people refuse to associate with them. We see three ways that wizards deal with this issue. When a person is bitten by a werewolf, they often despair and deem themselves doomed to be outcast; this is how Mr. Weasley's unnamed ward-mate seems to be reacting to his ailment. Remus Lupin, conversely, does what he can to make the best of his admittedly rough situation, either locking himself up or taking a possibly expensive and distasteful potion to render himself harmless. Greyback, apparently, chooses an opposite course, reflecting the distrust that he receives from wizards back at them as hatred, and emphasizing his fear-induced separation from the Wizarding world by deliberately Transforming in areas where he can do the most damage to wizards. We are told that Lupin became a werewolf after being bitten by Greyback as a child.

Questions

 * 1) If a human becomes a werewolf only when bitten by another werewolf, how did the first werewolf come into existence?
 * 2) Can a werewolf change at will, apart from when it is exposed to the full moon?
 * 3) When werewolves are mentioned as dangerous creatures, how would they be dangerous when not in transformed state as they transform only in exposure of the full moon?
 * 4) If Animagi in animal form are unaffected by werewolf transformation, why isn't there mention of a werewolf becoming an Animagus to avoid this transformation?
 * 5) Could a Muggle become a werewolf?
 * 6) Is it possible that werewolves are not victims of a "bad curse", but a legitimate virus that is spread through contact between saliva and blood?
 * 7) Could female werewolves bear healthy children?

Greater Picture
We never see a female werewolf, so the question of whether a female werewolf can bear unaffected children is not answered. However, we do know that male werewolves can father normal children; Lupin, a werewolf, marries Tonks, and they have a child together. The child, Teddy, has apparently inherited his mother's Metamorphmagus ability, but apparently is not a Werewolf.


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Talk:Portuguese/Contents/Numbers

Untitled
primeiro

title: Talk:Portuguese/Contents/Numbers


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Apache Ant/Task

A task is a piece of code that can be executed.

A task can have multiple attributes (or arguments, if you prefer). The value of an attribute might contain references to a property. These references will be resolved before the task is executed.

Tasks have a common structure:

where name is the name of the task, attributeN is the attribute name, and valueN is the value for this attribute.

There is a set of built-in tasks, along with a number of optional tasks, but it is also very easy to write your own.

All tasks share a task name attribute. The value of this attribute will be used in the logging messages generated by Ant.

Tasks can be assigned an id attribute:

where taskname is the name of the task, and taskID is a unique identifier for this task. You can refer to the corresponding task object in scripts or other tasks via this name. For example, in scripts you could do:

 task1.setFoo("bar");

to set the foo attribute of this particular task instance. In another task (written in Java), you can access the instance via project.getReference("task1").

Note 1: If "task1" has not been run yet, then it has not been configured (i.e., no attributes have been set), and if it is going to be configured later, anything you've done to the instance may be overwritten.

Note 2: Future versions of Ant will most likely not be backward-compatible with this behaviour, since there will likely be no task instances at all, only proxies.

title: Apache Ant/Task


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User talk:Jesusfreak~enwikibooks

I have removed LostMagic Complete List of Spells as it is not a textbook, and as such does not belong on Wikibooks. Note that we are in the process of removing all non-textbooks from Wikipedia. If you would like me to email you a copy of the page I have deleted for your records, please let me know, Jguk 07:29, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jesusfreak. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jesusfreak~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:20, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jesusfreak~enwikibooks


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Aragog

Overview
Aragog is an Acromantula, a rare giant spider whose venom is very useful in potions. He was raised by Rubeus Hagrid and is very loyal to him. He regards all other humans as prey. We first see him in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

Chamber of Secrets
In the memory shown to Harry by Riddle's diary, we see Hagrid caring for a large, hairy creature in the dungeons. Harry guesses that the hairy creature is the monster in the Chamber, and that Hagrid had been expelled for releasing it. Ron and Harry are unable to query Hagrid about this, however, as he is arrested shortly after they reach his hut. As he is leaving, he tells the boys that they should "follow the spiders."

The spiders lead Ron and Harry into the Forbidden Forest, where they are captured by Aragog's children and taken to Aragog. He says that he was never the monster in the Chamber, and was never near the bathroom where the girl was killed by the monster. He refuses to name the monster, apparently it is so feared by spiders that they cannot even name it. Finally, he says that he cannot stop his children from eating the "friends of Hagrid". Harry and Ron are carried to safety by Mr. Weasley's flying car, largely feral and still wandering the Forest.

Half-Blood Prince
At the beginning of the book we learn from Hagrid that Aragog is very ill. Towards the end he dies and his funeral is a crucial event in the book.

Driven by his greed (Acromantula venom is very expensive), Professor Slughorn allows himself to converse with Harry for an extended period in the presence of mead. Thus Harry is able to convince Slughorn to surrender his memory of Tom Marvolo Riddle, which is crucial to an understanding of Lord Voldemort's plans.

Deathly Hallows
Aragog is mentioned in passing during the last Battle at Hogwarts when one of his descendants bursts through a hole in the castle wall. A large number of his descendants are also mentioned as apparently carrying off Hagrid, and Lord Voldemort is mentioned as having set up camp in the Forbidden Forest where Aragog and his family had once been.

Strengths
Loyalty, and as the patriarch of the entire community apparently has some limited ability to keep his family in check.

Weaknesses
Aragog seems to have a tendency to eat everything around; this may not be a weakness, but is bound to affect his relationships with non-spiders. He is afraid of certain creatures and unwilling to even name them.

Relationships with Other Characters
Aragog reveres Hagrid as the one who reared him, found him a home and a wife, and protected him in his youth from those like Riddle who would kill him. He controls his brood basically through force of personality, but his control is fading as he ages. While he is willing to speak with "friends of Hagrid", he does not believe he has the ability to protect them from his offspring.

Greater Picture
In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets we learn that Voldemort, or as he was then known Tom Riddle, had framed Hagrid and Aragog for a murder they did not commit. In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, through Aragog's death and Hagrid's grief, Harry obtained a piece of information that is vital for the fight against Voldemort. This would seem to be another example of J.K. Rowling’s love of symmetry.

Aragog's being unwilling to name the Basilisk might have been a clue to its nature, but this proves unnecessary; Hermione had already determined the nature of the monster from the other clues, and it is only her being Petrified that has prevented her from revealing this to us. What is revealed is that the monster had killed a girl in a bathroom, and Harry puts these pieces together to come up with Moaning Myrtle, and the possibility that the entrance to the Chamber is in her bathroom.


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Talk:Ancient History/Greece

user:Hagindaz has proposed that the book Ancient Greece be merged with this chapter. While I don't necessarily disagree, I would like to ask what purpose is served by the merger? Is there a need to conserve database space? Or is the goal to reduce the number of available titles on WikiBooks' bookshelves, so that more books become completed, faster? Is it useful that the book Ancient History have a good overview of ancient Greece, while Ancient Greece is a more thorough and detailed history? I've been here three days, and I don't know the answers to these questions yet. Andrew Watt 11:33, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There's really no reason to have two books with duplicate content, unless they are not mutually inclusive (such as one on ancient history, of which ancient Greece would be a part, and one on Greek history, of which ancient Greece would be a part). The Ancient Greece book has nothing in it which would merit being independent of this Wikibook, so I agree with the merger proposal. Νεοπτόλεμος 18:18, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Greek Culture Section
I've written the summary for the Greek Culture chapter. I've chosen not to use the standard approach of high praise and grand claims. It had one sentiment originally that stated "Ancient Greece is the cradle of Western civilization" - this is the standard view and slightly archaic. In many respects the brighter the light that is shone by a culture the more we may be blinded by it. A good example is Aristotle's defense of slavery (albeit with a twist of human empathy) in Politics. However I know in years to come some other editor may wish to revise this summary so feel free to do so.

--Sluffs (discuss • contribs) 23:08, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ancient History/Greece


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William Shakespeare's Works/Tragedies

Shakespeare's Tragedies
Shakespeare's tragedies often hinge on a fatally flawed character or system, that is, a flaw ultimately results in death or destruction.

Scholars divide the plays into periods. A first-period tragedy (from 1590-1594) is Titus Andronicus. Shakespeare's greatest tragedies come from his second and third periods.

/Romeo and Juliet/ is an example of a second-period tragedy, as is Julius Caesar.

In the third period, Shakespeare wrote /Hamlet/, /Othello/, /King Lear/, /Macbeth/, Antony and Cleopatra.

Titus Andronicus, about a Roman king whose daughter is raped, is full of violence and comedy.

/Romeo and Juliet/ is about teenage romance and how it can be stopped by feuding families.

Julius Caesar is an historical tragedy concerning the ethics and consequences of political assassination.

/Hamlet/ is about a tortured young prince who is obliged to kill his uncle to avenge his father's death.

/Othello/ is about a Moor who is deceived by the machinations of his servant Iago, and his love for Desdemona.

/King Lear/ is about a king who divides his kingdom between three daughters, two of whom turn on him and the third, who truly loves him, is unrecognized. This is considered to be Shakespeare's darkest tragedy and was not performed for many years.

Antony and Cleopatra is about two great lovers and nobility is an important theme in it. So are the relations between two very different cultures: Egypt and Rome.

Macbeth, set in Scotland, is about an ambitious Thane who murders the King in order to ascend to the throne.

The Plays

 * Titus Andronicus Script
 * Titus Andronicus Study Guide
 * Romeo and Juliet Script
 * Romeo and Juliet Study Guide
 * Julius Caesar Script
 * Julius Caesar Study Guide
 * Hamlet Script
 * Othello Script
 * Timon of Athens Script
 * Timon of Athens Study Guide
 * King Lear Script
 * King Lear Study Guide
 * Macbeth Script
 * Antony and Cleopatra Script
 * Antony and Cleopatra Study Guide
 * Coriolanus Script
 * Coriolanus Study Guide

title: William Shakespeare's Works/Tragedies


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Talk:Ancient History/Biographical Dictionary

Is there a way to automate all the formatting involved in this kind of dictionary entry? Andrew Watt 12:55, 2 June 2006 (UTC)


text: Ancient History/Bibliography

title: Ancient History/Bibliography


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Cookbook talk:Marinara Sauce

I think that this is the recipe for the "Margarita"(tomato) sauce.

I (mcampo84) removed any mention of oregano. Oregano is NEVER to be used in marinara sauce unless you want your pasta to taste like pizza.

I like to add 1/2 cup of finely shredded carrots to the onions and garlic and saute at the first. When carrots saute, they release a natural sweetener which eliminates the need to add sugar and also helps to thicken the sauce.

Garlic is normally, heated in the oil and removed, this is give beautiful intensity to the sauce, without being over dominant. Canned tomato is preferred to fresh, skinned Pelati tomatoes are the typical.

Please stop calling it "marinara"
The only people in the world who call Italian tomato sauce "marinara" are the Americans. Everywhere else pasta alla marinara is, you guessed it, pasta with seafood. In Italy, there's no such thing as "marinara sauce". Please stop perpetuating this foolishness. --62.163.1.54 (discuss) 19:47, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Marinara Sauce


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Talk:William Shakespeare's Works

Welcome to "William Shakespeare's Works" Talk
If you have something to say, please create a new section using equal signs = under the main sections. Your comments will all be put into thought. DON'T FORGET TO PUT YOUR (USER)NAME IN.

Link Cleanup
Most of the plays don't link back to the Contents. We need some help on this! #Brandon Johnsonn 14:03, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Further, I just discovered that some links go to Wiksource.org and their William Shakespeare, and not all the links in this book follow in any sort of logical order. The sonnets, in particular, have the page I started from the Table of Contents, another page that goes to WikiSource, and a page marked for cleanup by Kermeigh. There's no logic to this at all, and I've done two or three days worth of fairly useless work. :-( -Andrew Watt 19:23, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Someone has trolled the portrait of Shakespeare and put a ring in his left ear indicating that he was gay. We need a new copy of the portait.

help?
maybe it's a dumb question, but how come "AN UNKNOWN USER APPARENTLY SWIPED AWAY ALL OF THE PLAYS" ? isn't wiki supposed to keep history of everything, in an easily restoreable form?

I checked the history- - - there was no record of anyone erasing the plays. #Brandon Johnsonn 12:16, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

HELP!
An unknown user apparently swiped away all of the plays; for example, "a midsummer night's dream" was complete, but someone erased all the acts, and now there are empty links! please help restore this wikibook#brandon johnsonn 12:21, 13 july 2006 (utc)

all the links are empty.....very bad whosoever has done it!!! please restore!!

sunaina

 * The original plays may be found on Wikisource. Wikibooks is only for annotations. For more, see s:Wikisource:Annotations and Annotated texts --hagindaz 05:14, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

This Wikibook might need some links organization so that all the pages lead back to the contents, rather than the cover. -- #Brandon Johnsonn 14:04, 2 June 2006 (UTC))}}

 * Your Title/Contents/Chapter convention is not standard and should not be used. I recommend the cover page is removed (or moved to William Shakespeare's Works/Cover if it must be here), since it adds absolutely no value to this book. --hagindaz 05:14, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Can Anyone find a new portrait of Shakespeare, please?
An anonymous visitor to this module disliked the Shakespeare portrait. Anyone, please put in a new portrait of Shakespeare. (See discussion page for more details)

Actually, I think the post requesting the new portrait was an act of vandalism; I think the person knows perfectly well that the earring was in the portrait to begin with and does not indicate that Shakespeare is gay. There is some doubt, however, about whether the man in the portrait is actually Shakespeare; on these grounds it may be worth the effort, but I think we have more important things to take care of ATM. Simpsone4 04:58, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Current COTM
This book is the current COTM. Congratulations! The text on the front page for this book is lousy, but anybody who is interested is welcome to change the text at:

 * Collaboration of the Month/September 2006

--Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 15:39, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Adding Original Texts
Many original texts have been added here even though there is a warning on the front page of this book telling users not to. I propose we give the text 10 days, and if the text has not been annotated by that time, then we tag it for deletion. Is everyone in agreement on this? --Think Fast 14:51, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Need Help!
On the contents page, the note says to merge Introduction to William Shakespeare to this page. If someone will tell me how to merge a page, I will do it! Tannersf 18:34 October 2, 2006 (UTC)

Please Help!
Please help fix where it says that Comedy of Errors is 10% finished. It should be on the 00% to 25% development stage, which is no squares filled in. Thanks!

-Tannersf-

Under the sections where the box is empty click edit and change the percentages when they reach the correct level of them being finished. Because i don't know a lot about this project i can only give you the foundation for them. The percentages should be either 00%, 25%, 50%, or 100% complete. I would like for you to do this so it will be easier to tell when your book is close to completion. Thanks. I hope it's not too much trouble. --Xxagile (talk) 07:00, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Shakespeare's Works


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User:Adam78

See Adam78 in the English-language Wikipedia.

title: User:Adam78