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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley

Overview
Percy Ignatius Weasley is the third son of Arthur and Molly Weasley. He is two years older than the twins Fred and George. He became a Prefect in his fifth year at Hogwarts, which was Harry's first year, and Head Boy in his seventh year. After graduation, he went to work in the Ministry of Magic.

According to the author, Percy's birthday is 22 August. His birth year is not given, but internal series evidence suggests 1976.

Philosopher's Stone
Percy first appears at the train station with the other Weasley family members as they are leaving for Hogwarts. He is a Prefect, and seems inordinately proud of the fact; Fred and George try to take him down a few pegs, without success. Once Harry is Sorted into Gryffindor House, he ends up sitting next to Percy; Percy does tell him a few things about what is going on, but the feel is very much parent-to-child, rather than student-to-student as we would expect to see with any other student. After the arrival feast, he leads the Gryffindor first-years to the dormitory and tells them the password.

We don't see much of Percy for the rest of the book. He appears at Christmas, briefly, and he is seen at the Leaving Feast telling people that Ron is his brother, but otherwise appears very little.

Chamber of Secrets
While Percy is a prefect again this year, he doesn't spend so much effort publicizing the fact; apparently, as he has been a prefect for a full year now, he no longer feels the need to broadcast this fact. He does seem to have gotten a lot stuffier over the summer, though.

Harry spends the latter part of his summer break at The Burrow, the Weasley's home. While he is there, the other Weasley brothers mention that Percy is acting oddly, remaining shut up in his room. Ron mentions that he had wanted to send a message using Percy's owl, Hermes, because the Weasley family owl, Errol, has gotten old and unreliable, but that Percy had refused him, saying that he needed Hermes himself.

One evening, after Mrs. Norris is petrified, he catches Ron with Harry and Hermione outside Moaning Myrtle's bathroom on the second floor and admonishes his brother. Ron argues with him about the situation, sarcastically claiming he is worried about his chances of Head Boy being ruined. For this, Percy takes five points from Gryffindor and severely warns that if he catches Ron near the area again, he will write to their mother.

At Christmas, the twins have bewitched Percy's Prefect badge so that it reads "Pinhead". Percy is oblivious to this change, but does wonder why everyone is laughing at him. When Harry and Ron are disguised as Crabbe and Goyle, and are looking for the Slytherin common room, they run into Percy, who threatens them with detention for wandering the corridors.

Harry asks Percy for help selecting courses to take for his third year. Percy is very little help; his attempts to advise Harry, though presumably meant well, are so full of pomposity that Harry can't get anything useful out of them.

When Hermione and Penelope Clearwater are Petrified by the monster in the Chamber, Percy is apparently very deeply shocked. Fred and George suggest that this is because Penelope was a Prefect as well, and Percy had thought that Prefects were invulnerable.

Ginny, at breakfast one day, seems to be deeply disturbed about something, and is about to tell Harry and Ron something, but Percy arrives and scares her off. He says that he knows what Ginny was going to say, and that it had nothing to do with the Chamber.

In the Chamber, after the defeat of Tom Riddle, Ginny tells Harry that she had meant to tell Harry that she thought she was the one who was opening the Chamber, but Percy's appearing at the table had driven her away – she simply couldn't tell Harry that while Percy was there.

Finally, on the train home, Ginny reveals that the thing Percy had thought she was going to reveal was the fact that he had a girlfriend. She had walked in on them in an empty classroom once, and Percy had made her promise not to tell. The girlfriend was Penelope Clearwater, which explains why her being Petrified was such a shock to Percy.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Harry receives a birthday card from Ron. Included in the card is a clipping from the Daily Prophet regarding the Weasleys winning a prize and vacationing in Egypt. In the picture, Harry sees Percy wearing his new Head Boy badge. Ron says that Percy is, if possible, even more pompous and insufferable than before.

Harry spends the last few weeks of his vacation in Diagon Alley, in the Leaky Cauldron. On the last day before school starts, the Weasleys and Hermione show up to do their school shopping. When they meet in the Leaky Cauldron later, Percy is as pompous as a Lord Mayor; the twins are trying to take him down a few pegs by imitating him, but it doesn't seem to work. Later, Percy is upset because he thinks someone has damaged his picture of Penelope Clearwater; in fact, she has developed some spots and is trying to hide under the picture frame. He then starts tearing the room he shares with Ron apart because his Head Boy badge has gone missing; it turns out that Fred and George have nicked it so that they can "improve" it. When Fred shows it to Harry, it says "Bighead Boy".

When Harry is unable to visit Hogsmeade, Percy tries to console him by telling him that he won't be missing much. Harry does not find Percy's brand of consolation much use.

After Sirius Black's first attempt to break into Gryffindor Tower, all the students are returned to the Great Hall to sleep while the school is searched. Percy is mentioned as being one of the prefects patrolling the Great Hall to ensure that nobody misbehaves. After this, Harry finds that there is almost always a teacher within earshot of him, and that Percy seems to be following him around. He already understands the reason for this, as he overheard Mr. Weasley and Mrs. Weasley talking about how Black wants to kill Harry. But he still finds the rather heavy-handed guard a bit oppressive.

In the Gryffindor vs. Ravenclaw Quidditch Match, he mentions to Harry that he has got a bet with his girlfriend, Penelope, on the outcome of the winners of the Quidditch Match, which is 10 galleons. He pressures Harry to win, claiming he doesn't have 10 galleons with him. Gryffindor ends up winning, much to Percy's amazement, earning him 10 galleons.

On the second occasion that Black breaks in, it is Percy that initially orders everyone back to bed, an order that is ineffective.

Finally, at the end of the book, it is revealed that Percy has received decent NEWT scores, and graduates.

Goblet of Fire
Percy has graduated from Hogwarts and begins working for the Ministry of Magic, where he is an assistant to Bartemius Crouch. When we first see him, he is closeted in his room at The Burrow, and complaining about the noise everyone is making as he is working on a report about substandard cauldrons being imported from overseas. At dinner, he keeps dropping hints about some top-secret project he's involved with. It appears that he hopes that someone will ask him about it, so that he can make himself seem more important by refusing to divulge information.

Percy Apparates to the Quidditch World Cup with Bill and Charlie, joining Harry, Hermione, Mr. Weasley, and the younger Weasleys. While waiting for the start of the match, Percy sees his boss, Mr. Crouch, walk by, and dashes up to offer him a cup of tea. Mr. Crouch accepts, but calls Percy "Weatherby"; the twins in particular make fun of Percy because his boss doesn't even really know his name.

In the riots after the match, Percy assists Bill, Charlie, Mr. Weasley, and the Ministry wizards working to quell the riot.

Afterwards, once everyone has returned home, Mr. Weasley says he's going to have to head in to the office to handle the fall-out from the riots. Percy officiously decides to go in as well, saying something about Mr. Crouch wanting his cauldron bottom-thickness report. It appears that Percy has been moved from cauldron bottoms to general damage control, because he later laments the number of claims for compensation that have been coming in, and that exploding Howlers have scorched his desk.

At the Yule Ball, Percy is present, filling in for Mr. Crouch, who he says is ill and has gone home to rest. He also tells Harry that he has been promoted to be Mr. Crouch's personal assistant, and that Mr. Crouch is sending in instructions by owl. Mr. Crouch is still incapacitated in February, when it comes time for the Second Task, and Percy fills in for him as judge. Percy's pompous pose somewhat cracks when Harry comes to the surface of the lake with Ron; Percy runs out into the water to help Ron ashore.

Shortly after this, Ron, Harry, and Hermione visit Sirius Black, who has returned and is living in a cave outside Hogsmeade. Sirius comments how odd it is that Mr. Crouch is sick, he had never taken time off work before, and asks Ron to ask Percy for any additional information he might have about Mr. Crouch's illness. Percy, when he finally replies around Easter, is quite testy, and provides no additional information.

Some time after Mr. Crouch appears on the grounds at Hogwarts asking for Dumbledore, and then disappears, Percy is reportedly "called in for questioning", presumably by Aurors. There is some question whether Percy should have been able to detect the severity of Mr. Crouch's ailment from the tone of his messages. We don't hear about the end result of that questioning, though when the Third Task occurs, Percy is no longer judging in Mr. Crouch's stead. Cornelius Fudge, the Minister for Magic, is there in his place.

Order of the Phoenix
Percy is promoted again, this time to the post of Assistant to the Minister for Magic. This ends up being a sticking point, as the rest of the Weasley family sees this as Percy being seconded to spy on his family, all of whom are notorious for their support of Albus Dumbledore, and presumably share his belief in Lord Voldemort's return. After a tremendous and heated argument, in which Percy says that Arthur Weasley's lack of ambition is why they never have enough money, Percy packs his things and moves out of The Burrow, eventually finding himself an apartment in London. Mrs. Weasley travels to London in an attempt to talk things out with Percy, but he angrily bangs the door in her face without even giving her a chance to explain.

Both Mr. and Mrs. Weasley are upset over the entire situation to the point where everyone has to avoid mentioning Percy aloud, as evident by the other Weasley children warning Harry against mentioning him. Otherwise, Mr. Weasley breaks whatever he is holding and Mrs. Weasley bursts into tears.

Percy is the scribe at Harry's trial before the Wizengamot for underage use of magic. After Harry is cleared of all charges, Harry is talking to Mr. Weasley outside the courtroom. Percy walks by and does not notice, or pretends not to notice, his father.

Shortly after the start of the school year, Percy sends Ron a letter, scheduled to arrive late at night rather than with the morning post. In this letter, Percy congratulates Ron on becoming a prefect, and says that Ron may want to break up with Harry since Dumbledore's time in power at Hogwarts may be limited, and it might be a good idea to start getting in touch with the new power structure. If he has any questions, he can always ask Dolores Umbridge, a "thoroughly delightful person". He also suggests that Ron should check the Daily Prophet the next morning, because he might see someone there he knows. Ron is absolutely livid when he see this and rips up the letter before throwing it into the fire. The next issue of the Daily Prophet does have a picture of the Minister for Magic and Dolores Umbridge, on a story about Educational Decree number Twenty-Three, and Percy is in the background. Over Christmas, Percy returns the traditional Weasley Christmas jumper knitted for him by Mrs. Weasley, which leaves her feeling very hurt. He also doesn't seem to care that his father was seriously injured.

When Fudge comes to the school to witness the arrest or expulsion of Harry for running an illegal student group, Percy tags along as scribe. Percy is present when Dumbledore claims responsibility for the organization known as Dumbledore's Army, and once Fudge has heard Dumbledore's "confession", he sends Percy off to forward a copy to the Prophet.

Although Percy will remain Fudge's assistant, presumably, we don't hear from him again through the course of this book.

Half-Blood Prince
New Minister of Magic, Rufus Scrimgeour, wants to recruit Harry Potter as the Ministry of Magic's "Poster Boy." Knowing that Harry is staying with the Weasleys at the Burrow over the Christmas holidays, he uses Percy as an excuse to visit them. When they arrive, Mrs. Weasley throws herself into Percy's arms and embraces him, which he does not reciprocate. The Minister tells Molly and Arthur that they were in the area, and Percy wanted to stop in and see his family. Claiming he has no intention to intrude on the family reunion, Scrimgeour asks Harry to show him around the garden. He then attempts to persuade Harry to help the Ministry of Magic improve its public image. When Harry refuses, Scrimgeour departs, taking Percy along with him.

Percy has evidently not done too well in reconciling with his family; as he furiously departs, apparently he is chased out of The Burrow wearing mashed parsnips, for which Fred, George, and Ginny all claim credit for splattering his glasses with, leaving Mrs. Weasley in floods of tears for the next week. At the end of the school year, the funeral of Albus Dumbledore takes place and Percy attends the funeral as part of Scrimgeour's entourage, though he ignores both his parents and siblings.

Deathly Hallows
Percy is not mentioned at the start, but it is notable that he is absent from Bill and Fleur's wedding, something that again leaves his mother in tears. When Harry and Ron are in the Ministry of Magic, we see Percy briefly. He steps onto an elevator ("lift" in the UK edition) while reading through some important documents, then notices that he is sharing an elevator with his father and quickly leaves when the doors open at the next floor.

Percy finally redeems himself and admits he was wrong during the final battle for Hogwarts and asks for his family's forgiveness. Mrs. Weasley bursts into tears and rushes forward to embrace him, with Mr. Weasley following soon after. He even jokes and tells Voldemort's puppet Minister of Magic, Pius Thicknesse, he "resigned", immediately after Jinxing him, which surprises Fred, who's with him. After Fred's death, he throws himself over the body to shield it from any further harm, then, with Harry's help, drags the body out of the way from danger. He then sprints off to save a group of students who were being chased by a Death Eater. During the second part of the battle, Harry sees Percy and Mr. Weasley defeat Thicknesse while under his Invisibility Cloak.

In the epilogue, Harry thinks he hears Percy expounding about broomstick regulations as he walks along Platform Nine and Three Quarters, and is quietly glad that the enveloping steam makes it unnecessary for him to stop and say hello.

The author created a family tree for the Weasley children as part of a television show highlighting her work. There, it was revealed that Percy married a woman named Audrey and the couple had two daughters, Molly and Lucy.

Strengths
Percy is very committed to be perfect in whatever it is he is doing and is a hard worker for the Ministry of Magic. Much like the rest of the Weasley family, he seems to be a talented wizard, evidenced by his appointment as prefect and Head Boy.

Weaknesses
Percy appears blind to his work superiors' failings. He is also so obsessed with rules that he never questions the reason behind them; he just obediently (albeit blindly) follows them.

Percy seems to be over-impressed with himself, apparently claiming powers that he does not have, but evidently feels he should have. He also accords himself and his work more importance than either would appear to have.

Relationships with Other Characters
Percy Weasley's pompous and arrogant behavior often allowed for criticism and taunts. However, he did manage to get a girlfriend during his 6th year, Penelope Clearwater. Though details are few, he did spend the summer of 1992 in his room, writing to Penelope. His affection for her was reiterated when she was petrified by the Basilisk, when he showed deep shock.

Towards his superiors in the Ministry, Percy is almost fawning, rushing to get a cup of tea for Bartemius Crouch, despite Crouch not even correctly recalling his name, and sycophantically praising each utterance from Fudge. Percy seems to be the typical bureaucratic yes-man, destined to remain forever an underling, though perhaps ending up as second fiddle to the top man, in this case the Minister for Magic. We believe this is meant to indicate Percy's ambition, and perhaps illustrate also the shallowness of his character, as he climbs the career ladder at the Ministry in the only way he knows.

We are led to believe that it is this ambition, and Percy's inability to understand that there is more to life than job hierarchy, that lead to the estrangement between him and the rest of his family. Percy reportedly says as much when he leaves the family home between Harry's fourth and fifth year at Hogwarts. His family's mistreatment of him, as seen through the twins constant teasing of him implicitly endorsed by his father, is also likely a contributing factor. We are never absolutely certain what causes Percy's change of heart; possibly the distastefulness of the work he finds himself doing in a Death-Eater controlled Ministry of Magic makes him homesick. However, it is true that he is reconciled with his family by the end of the final book, though Harry's comments in the epilogue suggest that his stuffy and pompous personality remains largely unchanged.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley

Overview
Fredrick Gideon Weasley and George Fabian Weasley are the twin younger brothers of Bill, Charlie and Percy and the older brothers of Ron and Ginny Weasley. They are around two years older than Ron and Harry, and were in Gryffindor, following in the footsteps of their family. They are tricksters, always inventing new tricks and playing practical jokes on their schoolmates and teachers. Their best friend is Lee Jordan. Fred and George Weasley were born on April 1st, 1978.

Philosopher's Stone
We first meet Fred and George in King's Cross Station, where they are part of the group of Weasleys that help Harry find his way onto Platform Nine and Three Quarters – Fred is heard claiming to be George, illustrating their nature as pranksters. They later assist Harry to get his trunk on board the train, recognize him, and shortly thereafter introduce themselves and Ron to Harry. They then depart to talk to Lee Jordan, leaving Harry and Ron to talk together.

When Harry is made Seeker of the Gryffindor Quidditch team, Fred and George congratulate him and tell him that they are on the team also, as Beaters. Fred and George play in the match against Slytherin, of course, alongside Harry.

At Christmas, Fred and George elect to stay at Hogwarts, along with Ron and Percy. It is mentioned that they bewitch some snowballs to fly around and repeatedly hit Professor Quirrell in the back of his turban.

When Harry, Neville, and Hermione lose a hundred and fifty House points between them in the adventure surrounding Norbert the Norwegian Ridgeback, Ron tries to cheer them up by telling them that Fred and George are always losing points for Gryffindor, but as they have never lost quite that many points in one shot, his attempts rather fail.

The twins are mentioned in passing a few times, also, in the context of Quidditch practice and Quidditch games.

Chamber of Secrets
Fred and George appear early in the story, with Ron, driving Arthur Weasley's flying Ford Anglia and coming to rescue Harry from the Dursleys'. They have a plan to get everyone back to The Burrow, which is rather foiled when Mrs. Weasley is awake and waiting for them upon their return. As punishment, after breakfast, the Twins and Ron are sent to de-Gnome the garden; Harry volunteers to assist them. Mrs. Weasley pulls out Gilderoy Lockhart's book on pest removal; Fred suggests that Mrs. Weasley is sweet on Gilderoy. George says they know how to de-Gnome a garden, and they go out and proceed to do that. As they finish, Mr. Weasley returns home; Mrs. Weasley tells him about the twins borrowing the car, in the apparent expectation that he will punish them for it; he simply asks how it went, then weakly says it was very bad in response to the anger of his wife.

When booklists arrive, it is apparent that whoever is teaching Defence Against the Dark Arts is fond of Gilderoy Lockhart, because the textbook for that course seems to be his entire works. Fred suggests that the new Defence teacher is likely a middle-aged witch; George says that the lot of them won't come cheap, to which Mrs. Weasley replies, "We'll manage." After making plans to visit Diagon Alley the next day, the twins, Harry, and Ron go up to a paddock that the Weasleys own to practice Quidditch. Fred remarks, disgustedly, that Percy had refused to play; if he keeps up as he has been, he is likely to become Head Boy.

Once they are all in Diagon Alley, the Weasleys and Harry split up on their separate errands. Mrs. Weasley feels that she needs to tell the Twins to stay out of Knockturn Alley. Harry does meet up with them and Lee Jordan, in Gambol and Japes Joke Shop. Fred and George are back with the family in Flourish and Blotts, and are present when the fight between Mr. Weasley and Lucius Malfoy breaks out. When Mrs. Weasley comments, "What Gilderoy Lockhart must have thought..." Fred points out that he was trying to figure out how to add it to the publicity for his book-signing.

In the Quidditch match against Slytherin, a Bludger seems to have decided that it is going to concentrate on Harry. Despite Fred and George's best efforts, it seems to have chosen to attack Harry repeatedly. Harry tells Fred and George that he'll have to deal with it himself, he can't ask them to stay up there and let the rest of the team take a beating from the remaining Bludger. Oliver Wood agrees, and so reluctantly, Fred and George leave Harry on his own and rejoin the game.

Later, the entire school seems to be convinced that Harry is the Heir of Slytherin. Harry is extremely cheered that Fred and George can keep making jokes about the situation.

Finally, on the Hogwarts Express homewards, Fred and George learn from Ginny that Percy has a girlfriend, Penelope Clearwater. It seems that the Twins are going to have some fun with him about that.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Harry is staying in Diagon Alley for the end of his vacation, when the Weasleys turn up. Percy, as the twins had predicted, is Head boy, and is insufferably pompous. The twins are trying to take him down a notch by imitating him. After dinner, Percy is frantic because his Head Boy badge has vanished; Harry runs into Fred and George, who say they had taken it to "improve" it. It now reads "Bighead Boy". At breakfast on their first day back at Hogwarts, in response to Draco Malfoy's imitations of Harry passing out from the effects of the Dementors, Fred and George mention that he had been up at their end of the train during that period, and had not been so brave himself.

Feeling that his need is greater than theirs, on the last Hogsmeade weekend before Christmas Break, Fred and George give Harry the Marauder's Map. This allows Harry to reach Hogsmeade undetected. There, he overhears Cornelius Fudge, Madam Rosmerta, Hagrid, Professor Flitwick, and Professor McGonagall discussing the events surrounding the arrest of Sirius Black as they were then understood.

After the apparent death of Scabbers, Fred and George attempt to cheer him up by reminding him that only days before, Ron had said he was useless. During the party after the Quidditch match a few days later, Fred and George bring Butterbeer back to the Common Room, alluding privately to Harry that it was thanks to the creators of the Marauder's Map.

At the end of the year, Fred and George are even seen studying occasionally, much to the amazement of anyone who knows them. They do, in the end, manage a handful of OWLs each, and profess themselves happy with that result.

Goblet of Fire
Fred and George arrive at the Dursleys' with Ron and Mr. Weasley. They are coming to take Harry to the Quidditch World Cup. They ask if Harry is packed; it turns out he is, so the twins go up to his room to retrieve his trunk, while Arthur unsuccessfully attempts to engage the Dursleys in conversation. Returning with Harry's trunk, Fred drops a bag of sweets; these roll around in all directions, and Fred takes a moment to gather them all up. He returns to The Burrow; George follows, with Harry's trunk. Before Harry leaves, though, Dudley finds one of the sweets that Fred had dropped; it turns out to be a Ton-Tongue Toffee, which expands Dudley's tongue to be several feet long. On his return to The Burrow, Mr. Weasley is uncharacteristically angry with the Twins, saying that it is exactly this sort of thing that makes Wizard - Muggle relations so hard. Fred protests that they didn't do it because he was a Muggle; George chimes in saying that they did it because he was a great bullying git. Arriving on the scene, Mrs. Weasley asks if this is more Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes. Ron and Harry beat a hasty retreat to Ron's room; Harry asks what Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes are, and Ron tells him that the twins were starting up a mail-order magical jokes business, but that Mrs. Weasley had found their order forms and destroyed them and their stock.

Fred and George, along with Harry, Ginny, Ron, and Hermione, have to travel to the Quidditch World Cup by Portkey, because they are too young to Apparate. Fred and George are upset by how early they have to get up. As they prepare to leave, Mrs. Weasley asks if they are taking Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes stuff with them. Ignoring their protests, Mrs. Weasley Summons charmed toffees out of hiding places all over the twins clothing. They set off to Stoatshead Hill very disgruntled, not even saying goodbye.

Once at the camp site, and settled in, Mr. Weasley flags down Ludovic Bagman, who, after some discussion with Arthur, asks if anyone would like to make a small bet on the outcome of the match. The twins place a bet amounting to their entire life savings on Ireland to win, but the Bulgarian Seeker, Viktor Krum, being the one to catch the Snitch. When Bartemius Crouch Sr. stops by the campsite, Percy is almost falling over himself to be hospitable to his boss. It appears, though, that Mr. Crouch cannot even remember Percy's name, calls him "Weatherby". After Crouch's departure, the twins make fun of Percy relentlessly, saying that if he works hard, one of these days Crouch might even learn his name.

The match ends as the twins had predicted, with an Irish victory but Krum holding the Snitch, and the twins request their payment from Ludo.

After the match, there is a riot; Mr. Weasley sends Harry, Ron, Hermione, the twins, and Ginny off into the nearby woods, out of the way. In the darkness, they get separated; we don't see the Twins and Ginny again until Harry returns to the tent.

On their return to The Burrow, Mrs. Weasley is extremely relieved; she had been fearing the worst, only having heard that there were riots, and not knowing if her family had survived. She was particularly concerned that her last words to the twins before they left had been angry.

In the next few weeks, before school starts, the twins seem somewhat subdued. On the last day before school, the two of them are working quietly over a bit of parchment. Mrs. Weasley asks if that's another order form; Fred parries by saying if the Hogwarts Express were to crash the next day, she wouldn't want her last words to be an unfounded accusation, surely?

The next morning, Fred and George recognize Mad-Eye Moody when his name is mentioned by Amos Diggory in a call for Mr. Weasley. They travel to the train station in Muggle taxis, and Fred and George are unsuccessful in getting any information out of Mrs. Weasley, Bill, or Charlie, who accompany them to the station, about the big event at Hogwarts will be. Arriving at Hogwarts, the twins are astonished to hear that Quidditch will be canceled for the year, and then dismayed to find that the Triwizard Tournament that will be taking its place is closed to those less than 17 years of age – the twins at this point are 16. On the way to the dormitory, they are already plotting with Lee Jordan on ways to avoid the age restriction.

The twins also tell Harry and Ron after the first day that classes with Moody are incredible. He has been battling the Dark Arts, and knows what it is all about. They do not elaborate further, but Ron bemoans the fact that his first Defence Against the Dark Arts class is not until Thursday.

We later see Fred and George working together on a parchment, and George scratching out a line, saying that it made it sound like they were accusing him. Later still, Fred and George are discussing over breakfast what to do about someone who does not answer them.

Once the Goblet of Fire is set up, Dumbledore draws an age line around it to prevent underage wizards from putting their names in. Fred and George, with Lee Jordan, decide to take a little Aging Potion, trying to fool the line that way; but shortly after Fred and George cross the line, and before they can put their names into the Goblet, it kicks them both out, awarding them both long white beards.

At the party in Gryffindor tower after Harry's victory in the First Task, Fred and George provide food. Hermione asks them if it had come from the castle kitchens, Fred says it did. She asks how to get into the kitchens, and George asks if she's planning to lead a House-Elf rebellion. Hermione does not answer.

As the Yule Ball approaches, Ron and Harry are bemoaning their difficulty in getting dates. Fred and George, who have come to borrow Pigwidgeon, wonder what the problem is; as if to demonstrate the simplicity of the proceedings, Fred calls over to Angelina Johnson, "Oi! Angelina! Want to come to the ball with me?" She accepts. Fred and George then, having been told Pigwidgeon is not available, go off to find a school owl.

Fred and George seem to try and corner Ludo Bagman on the dance floor at the Yule Ball, but he evades them. Asked about it by Harry, Ludo says that the twins were asking for marketing advice. At the first Hogsmeade weekend in the new year, the twins again try to corner Bagman at the bar of the Three Broomsticks, but he again brushes them off.

Fred and George escort Ron and Hermione away from the library, where they are trying to help Harry find a spell that will allow Harry to breathe underwater, which is required for the Second Task. They have been summoned by

We see Fred and George sending off a letter to someone. They are deep in conversation as they head up to the Owlery, George cautioning Fred about sounding like they are blackmailing someone. Asked by Harry, Ron, and Hermione who they are blackmailing, the twins parry. After they leave, Ron says that the twins are really serious about raising money for their joke shop venture. He doesn't think the twins would do anything illegal to secure funding, but he's no longer sure.

Finally, on the Hogwarts Express heading back to London, Fred and George assist Harry, Ron, and Hermione in Jinxing Draco, Crabbe, and Goyle when they arrive in Harry's compartment to taunt him about the return of Lord Voldemort. Pushing Draco and his cronies out into the corridor, they join Harry, Ron and Hermione for the rest of the journey back. Late in the trip, they reveal that the person they have been corresponding with all year was, in fact, Ludo Bagman. Ludo had paid off their bet with Leprechaun gold, which had vanished. They had initially thought this was an oversight on Ludo's part, but as the year went on, Ludo refused to make good on his payment, and in the end even refused to give back their initial bet. It appears that Ludo had pulled the same trick on the goblins, and instead of repaying them (as he did not have the money) had bet with them again on Harry to win the Triwizard Tournament. Harry's having tied with Cedric was not good enough for the goblins, and they had demanded full payment. Ludo had run away. After Ron and Hermione had left the compartment in London, Harry gives Fred and George his winnings from the Triwizard Tournament to start their new business, a joke shop. They protest, but Harry says that by the look of things, they will need jokes soon enough.

Order of the Phoenix
Fred and George are deeply involved in testing products and doing market research for their joke shop, Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes. Several times, Hermione gets upset with them because they are using the first-year students as test subjects; at one point, she threatens to write to their mother if they continue to test their products on first-year students.

Fred and George are present at the initial meeting of what is then known as the Defence Association at the Hog's Head. When Zacharias Smith exhibits skepticism about what Harry can teach them, Fred and George produce a sharp metal object and suggest a few places that they could use it on Zacharias.

At Quidditch practice, Ron manages to throw a Quaffle hard enough to give Katie Bell a nosebleed. Fred, attempting to cure this, gives her what he believes to be the cure end of a Nosebleed Nougat, but gets confused and instead feeds her a Blood Blisterpod. As a result, Katie loses enough blood that she nearly loses consciousness and has to be escorted to the Hospital Wing.

Immediately after the first Quidditch game of the season, Draco Malfoy, seeing that Madam Hooch is occupied, starts insulting the Weasley family. Enraged, Fred and George are only kept from attacking him by their team mates: Fred is being held back by Angelina, Alicia, and Katie, while Harry is holding George. When Malfoy expands his insults to include Harry's family, Harry loses control and, with George, gets into a physical fight Draco. Both Harry and George are told to go to McGonagall's office, where she scolds them severely for their actions and gives each of them a week's worth of detentions. However, Umbridge steps in and alters the punishment further, banning Harry, Fred, and George from playing Quidditch permanently, to the further fury of McGonagall.

Just before the Christmas holidays, Fred and George are summoned to Dumbledore's office upon learning that their father has been attacked by Nagini in the Department of Mysteries. They are relieved, however, when Mrs. Weasley arrives at 12 Grimmauld Place and informs them that their father is alright. On Christmas Day, the twins try to comfort their mother when she is crying about Percy sending his Christmas jumper back, though their efforts fail.

Once Dumbledore has been removed as Headmaster, Fred and George no longer feel constrained to limit their antics. When Montague, a member of Professor Umbridge's Inquisitorial Squad, attempts to dock them House points, they force him into an old, broken Vanishing Cabinet. They tell Harry, Ron, and Hermione that they had almost decided against coming back to school, and that expulsion holds no fears for them; so their pranking will be turned up several notches. Shortly after this, they set off a truly massive quantity of fireworks in the Entrance Hall, and so Umbridge, on her first day as Headmistress, has to spend the entire day going from classroom to classroom extinguishing fireworks.

Harry later decides that he needs a distraction so that he can get into Umbridge's office and use the Floo network via her fireplace, the only unmonitored fireplace at Hogwarts. Fred and George provide this distraction by turning a large part of one hallway into a swamp; but they are caught. Umbridge threatens them with the worst that Argus Filch can do, but they reclaim their brooms, and leaving Peeves with the instruction to "give her (Umbridge) hell", they fly off into the sunset.

At the end of the novel, they are at the train station, wearing new suits made of dragon skin. Apparently they have opened their new store in Diagon Alley, and it is doing extremely well.

Half-Blood Prince
The Weasley family, visiting Diagon Alley with Harry to purchase school supplies, visits the Twins' joke shop. Every other store is covered in the drab posters from the Ministry regarding Death Eaters, but Fred and George's shop window is uncovered and blazing with color, light, and activity. Once inside, they find the place is packed; Fred, showing Harry around, offers him the run of the place, saying anything he wants, he can have on the house (because he gave them the funds they needed to rent the building and set up their shop.) Ron is not so lucky, George demands that he pay full price, less the odd Knut because he is family. George also shows Harry the back room with the more serious stuff: Shield Hats, Decoy Detonators, and Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder, among other things. George reveals that quite apart from their joke line, they are doing a brisk business selling Dark-fighting gear to the Ministry. Returning to the front, they find Ginny looking at items designed for young witches. Fred and George ask her about her current relationships, and she responds that it is none of their business.

When Ron is poisoned on his birthday, Fred and George have just arrived in Hogsmeade to look into buying Zonko's Joke Shop, which has closed down. Given that Hogsmeade weekends at the school have been canceled, though, they decide it would not be a wise investment. They do, however, stop by the school; they had planned to give Ron a birthday present, but had hoped it would have been a rather happier event.

After Dumbledore is killed, Neville states that they were standing right outside the Room of Requirement when Malfoy lead the Death Eaters out of the room; seeing them, Malfoy threw something into the air that made everything go black, upon which Ron remarks in disgust that it was Fred and George's Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder, and says that he is going to "have a word with them about who they let buy their products." Fred and George are both later seen attending Dumbledore's funeral.

Deathly Hallows
Fred and George both take Polyjuice Potion to transform them into simulacra of Harry, as part of Harry's escape from Privet Drive. George has his ear cursed off by Severus Snape (by accident), who uses the Sectumsempra curse. When he recovers, he seems in good spirits, making jokes about his new, earless appearance and by saying that at least now their mother will be able to tell them apart.

Fred and George are both ushers at the wedding of their brother Bill and Fleur Delacour, along with Harry (in disguise) and Ron. Fred manages to arrange to seat the younger guests on the Delacour side of the family, all of whom seem to have some Veela in their ancestry.

In their travels, Harry, Ron, and Hermione make good use of several products from Fred and George's joke shop. Skiving Snackboxes are used to incapacitate Ministry employees so that Harry, Ron, and Hermione can sneak into the Ministry. Harry uses a Decoy Detonator to draw attention away from the door of Dolores Umbridge's office. And the Trio use Extendable Ears to listen in on another party while they are camping in the wilderness; this is how they learn about the Sword of Gryffindor.

In March, Ron manages to tune in the pirate wireless program "Potterwatch". Lee Jordan, as "River", introduces "Rodent", easily identifiable by his voice as either Fred or George, and who protests his alias, saying he wanted to be known as "Rapier". "Rapier" debunks some of the propaganda and fear surrounding Voldemort, saying that in order to be in all the places he is reported as being, there would have to be about nineteen of him.

Fred and George are among the first to return to Hogwarts when answering Neville's call, along with Ginny, Lee, and Cho Chang. Later, when Mrs. Weasley tries to stop Ginny from taking part in the fight, and scowling at the twins for bringing her along, Percy shows up. When he admits he was a fool and power-hungry moron, Fred is the first to accept his apology, and George asks what made him see sense, before they all go off to fight.

When Remus Lupin is assigning duties for the defence of Hogwarts, Fred volunteers himself and George for the duty of defending the secret passages into Hogwarts.

As Harry is on his way to the Room of Requirement, where he now believes Rowena Ravenclaw's lost diadem is hidden, he passes Fred, guarding a hole behind a plinth where a statue had fallen, along with Lee Jordan and Hannah Abbott.

Though George survives the battle, Fred is not so lucky as he is killed during the Battle of Hogwarts when a massive explosion blows a hole in the wall of the castle. He is buried in the stone rubble coming off the castle walls. Percy, who was fighting alongside him, refuses to leave Fred's body until it has been moved away from the main battle.

Harry later learns from Snape's memories that Snape had not intended to curse George's ear off; he had been aiming for the arm of the Death Eater who was about to curse George's guardian, Remus Lupin.

During the second half of the battle, Harry, while under the invisibility cloak, sees George and Lee slam Death Eater Yaxley to the floor.

Post-series
According to the Weasley family tree, George marries one Angelina (probably Angelina Johnson) and has two children, Fred Weasley II and Roxanne Weasley.

Strengths
They are very loyal, very smart, and they can produce magic of a similar quality to Hermione's. They can easily work hard and with great dedication to produce surprisingly advanced magic when they want to. They are also very talented Quidditch players. They have an amazing sense of humour. Ron mentions at one point that when he was three, Fred had turned his teddy bear into a spider. As the twins at that point would have been only four or five years old, and would not have had wands or formal training of any sort, this level of conscious magical ability is apparently incredible.

Extremely sensitive to situations, they know where "the line" is – exactly how much mayhem they can cause before it becomes necessary to actually discipline them. Despite having been "chief troublemakers" for six and a half years, it is only during Professor Umbridge's tenure as Headmistress that they get into any serious trouble, and then, it is a deliberate change in policy: they have decided that they don't need further formal schooling, and elect to make Umbridge's early days in office as difficult as possible, without concern for consequences.

Weaknesses
Fred and George have very few weaknesses. One significant one is a tendency to avoid consequences. Their final days at school are marked with a number of fairly major pranks, specifically including setting off a large number of fireworks inside the school, and turning one corridor into a swamp. When they are caught, they elect to depart the school, leaving others to clean up the mess. Similarly, when Montague, then a member of Umbridge's Inquisitorial Squad, attempts to dock them House points, they force him into an old, broken Vanishing Cabinet, without considering where or whether he might come out.

Fred and George, although talented and intelligent, have little interest in academic achievement. In their fifth year they only pass 3 O.W.L.s each and never finish their seventh year.

Their concern for each other could be considered a weakness also. George had his ear cursed off by Severus Snape, albeit by accident, as he was helping disguise Harry's escape from Privet Drive; Fred, realizing George was hurt, was almost unable to speak until George regained consciousness.

Relationships with Other Characters
Fred and George have a very typical twin-brothers relationship with each other, almost seeming to think the same thoughts at the same time. Of the two, though, Fred is quite clearly the ringleader; he usually speaks first, he is usually the driving force behind many of the pranks they pull off, and generally seems to be the leader of the pair.

The twins have earned the grudging admiration of the staff of the school. Professor Flitwick, for example, when cleaning up the swamp they left in the hall as they departed, left a small corner of it in place, saying that it was a nice bit of magic, and apparently feeling that it needed to be commemorated in some way. The staff seem to feel that the Twins deserve respect for the ingeniousness of the magic that they perform as part of their pranks, probably coupled with their awareness of how much they can get away with while still being humorous and not excessively disruptive. The quality of their pranks, and their abilities as Quidditch Beaters, has earned them the respect of their fellow students as well.

The twins seem to keep their own company and the company of Lee Jordan, by and large. There are few, if any, hints of romantic entanglements. Fred, as noted, did go to the Yule Ball with Angelina Johnson; however, there is no apparent romantic interest apart from this one event. For the final year of writing the seventh and final book, the author was followed by a camera team from the British TV network ITV. After completing the seventh book, the author drew up a chart of the Weasley family tree, which showed that George had married one Angelina, quite possibly Angelina Johnson, and had two children with her, named Roxanne and Fred.

Fred's death seems to have been very unpopular with the series' fans. A significant amount of fan-written fiction alters the Battle of Hogwarts to allow Fred to survive; much of it then has Fred marry Angelina, and has George show a romantic interest in Alicia Spinnet, an interest that is suggested nowhere in the seven books.

Analysis
Fred and George are nominally equal; however, it seems Fred is mainly the ringleader. With few exceptions, whenever any activity is started, Fred speaks or moves first. This could have something to do with Fred's name falling earlier in the alphabet, so that it seems natural to put his name first. George is more sensitive, but when angered, is more violent, although it takes more to enrage him than Fred. George is 'the brains' and Fred is the 'operator'; Fred usually has the ideas and more drive for pranks, while George takes precautions so no one is hurt, and makes sure that the pranks will work. George is actually quite smart, more so than Fred, but Fred never revised (US:studied) for exams, so neither did George; as a result, they both earned three O.W.L.s each. George however also seems to be the better Quidditch player of the two, as he gets more time than Fred during the matches.

Questions

 * 1) How might Fred's death affect George?
 * 2) What was the author's (Rowling's) purpose for killing such a favourite character?
 * 3) What other relationships in the world of Harry Potter reflect that of the Weasley twins?
 * 4) Did Fred and George get along well? Did they have any arguments or get mad at each other?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Category:Mousse recipes

Recipes for mousse.

title: Category:Mousse recipes


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Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Joint Disorders/Pigmented villonodular synovitis

 * Uncommon disease characterized by hyperplastic synovium, large effusions and bone erosions.
 * Benign lesions involving synovium membrane of joints and tendon sheaths. Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath of the hand and foot is considered a form of PVNS.
 * Characterized by fibrous stroma, hemosiderin deposition, histiocyte infiltrate and giant cells.
 * Etiology remains unknown but leading theory is that it is an inflammatory reaction of the synovium.
 * Two types of PVNS can occur: localized nodular form (predominantly hands and feet) or a diffuse form of the synovium.

Clinical Presentation

 * Incidence is approximately 1.8 cases/1 million people per year.
 * No environmental, genetic or occupation predilection.
 * Generally occurs in patients between 20 and 45 years of age.
 * Insidious onset and non-specific presentations make it a diagnostic challenge.
 * Typically monoarticular increased swelling and pain, although there are rare cases of polyarticular involvement.
 * Joint effusion, occasionally a palpable diffuse synovial mass, and joint stiffness.
 * Approximately 50% report an antecedent history of trauma.
 * Knee is the most commonly affected joint, followed by the hip, ankle, and small joints of hands and feet, shoulder and elbow.
 * Aspiration of the joint yields blood-stained fluid from hemorrhage.

Radiologic Findings
Radiographs may be entirely normal or show minimal and non-specific findings.

Classic radiographic appearances include bone erosions and single or multiple juxta-articular subchondral "cysts" and are commonly seen on both sides of the joint.

In the hip, bone lesions typically develop at the junction of the femoral head and neck, and acetabulum. Additionally, erosions are more commonly seen than in the knee due to the tight capsule of the hip joint.

In the bones of the hands and feet, where the localized nodular form prevails, the cysts appear as sharply marginated radiolucent defects in multiple bones.

Giant Cell Tumor of the tendon sheath in the wrist and toe is considered PVNS of the tendon sheath

MRI is highly sensitive and specific for PVNS. Characteristic findings include joint effusion, low signal on both T1 and T2, and gradient echo secondary to hemosiderin deposition, hyperplastic synovium, bone erosions and preservation of bone density.

On CT, the cystic erosions appear as decreased signal of the marrow.

Arthrography is another imaging modality that can be used in the diagnosis of PVNS and may show a richly vascular process,increased articular cavity, joint effusion or synovial villae.

Bone scan with Tc Pertechnetate may be useful for detecting inflammation of the synovial membrane.

Differential Diagnosis

 * Osteoarthritis
 * Rheumatoid Arthritis
 * Gouty Arthritis
 * Psoriatic Arthritis
 * Amyloidosis
 * Tuberculous Arthritis
 * Synovial chondromatosis
 * Synovioma
 * Systemic lupus erythematosus
 * Avascular Necrosis (hip only)

Treatment

 * Localized form is best treated by local excision of the nodular lesion.
 * Synovectomy with curretage of osseous lesions is performed for diffuse form.
 * Due to relatively high rate of local recurrence, some have advocated adjuvant radiation therapy.


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Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Dysplasia Basic/Melorheostosis

Melorheostosis is "...a rare bone disorder (of unknown etiology) whose initial manifestations include swelling of joints, pain, and limitation of motion. Eventually profound muscle contractures, tendon and ligament shortening, and soft tissue involvement with severe growth disturbances may ensue. Scoliosis, joint contracture and foot deformities may be seen." (Encyclopaedia of Medical Imaging Volume III:1).

Melorheostosis usually presents in a sclerotomal distribution.

Clinical Presentation
Early clinical findings include joint swelling, limitation of motion and pain. Contractures, ligamentous and tendinous shortening and even soft tissue involvement may ensue.(Monomelic melorheostosis of the hand by Brenner, Wannske).

Radiologic Findings

 * Radiographic findings are often limited to a single limb where more than one bone is often involved. The lower extremity is more often affected than the upper extremity.  The axial skeleton is often spared.
 * The classic finding is that of "peripherally located (cortical) hyperostosis...in one bone or a series of bones. The appearance of the osseous excrescences extending along the length of the bone simulates that of candle wax flowing down the side of the lit candle"  Resnick:  Bone and Joint Imaging, Second Edition. W.B Saunders Company 1996.
 * The appearance of the lesion(s) gave the anomaly its name, which is "taken from the Greek words for member (melos) and flow (rhein). There is usually a distinct demarcation between the affected and normal bone. Dense, sclerotic linear areas are seen mainly in the cortex but also extending into the cancellous bone. It may co-exist with osteopoikilosis and osteopathia striata as well as with tumours or malformations of blood vessels or lymphatics. Soft-tissue ossifications at the site of the joint are common." (Bone dysplasia series by Azouz, Greenspan).

Other Modalities
Scintigraphy is positive and shows moderately increased uptake. Characterization can be accomplished with advanced cross-sectional imaging with Computed Tomography and MRI, but these rarely add value.

The forme fruste of melorheostosis can mimic other pathology such as osteoma, myositis ossificans and parosteal osteosarcoma.

Treatment includes surgical resection of soft tissue associated lesions and in extreme cases amputation may be necessary


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Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Trauma/Osteochondritis dissecans

Pathophysiology
Osteochondral defect (OCD) (old name = osteochondritis dissecans) may result directly from trauma or secondarily from loss of blood supply to an area of subchondral bone, resulting in avascular necrosis. The overlying cartilage, which is nourished by synovial fluid, remains intact to variable degrees. As the necrotic bone is resorbed, the overlying cartilage looses its support. Without its cartilage cover, the bony fragment may become dislodged into the joint. Although trauma is thought to be the inciting event, a discernable cause is identified in only a minority of cases (21-40%). Repetitive microtrauma is likely the cause of the majority of cases.

Epidemiology
Overall incidence of osteochondral defect in the general population is estimated to be 15 to 30 per 100,000 people. Males are involved 3 times more often than females. Average age at presentation is 10–20 years, but OCD may occur at any age. Involvement is bilateral in 30-40% of cases.

Distribution
The first three are in decreasing order of frequency.

 * Knee (75% of cases):
 * Lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle (75%)
 * Weight-bearing surface of medial femoral condyle (10%)
 * Weight-bearing surface of the lateral femoral condyle (10%)
 * Anterior intercondylar groove or patella (5%)
 * Elbow: Anterolateral aspect of the capitellum is the most common site in the elbow.
 * Ankle: 4 to 14 times more common in the talus (56% posteromedial, anteromedial 44%) than the tibial plafond.
 * Rare sites: Tarsal navicular, femoral capital epiphysis, shoulder (humeral head and glenoid), scaphoid.

Conventional radiographs
May be normal. When visible, seen as lucencies in the articular epiphysis (which may have a well-demarcated rim of sclerosis) or loss of sharp cortical line of the articular surface. Plain films cannot adequately evaluate assess articular cartilage and stability.

Computed tomography
Island of subchondral bone demarcated by a rarefied zone.

Magnetic resonance imaging
All abnormalities on plain film or CT should be evaluated for stability by MRI. MRI is the most accurate method for staging lesions (short of arthroscopy).

MRI classification of OCD:
 * 1) Marrow edema (stable).
 * 2) Articular cartilage is breached. Low-signal rim surrounding fragment indicates fibrous attachment(stable).
 * 3) Pockets of fluid around undetached and undisplaced osteochondral fragment (unstable).
 * 4) Displaced osteochondral fragment (unstable).

Arthrography (CT or MR)
Arthrography provides additional information about size of lesion and can assess stability of lesion and integrity of overlying cartilage.

Nuclear Medicine
Nonspecific mild to marked increased uptake in involved bone.

Fig. 1 AP view of the elbow demonstrates a well-defined lucency in the capitellum.

Fig. 2 Coronal T1-weighted image of the elbow demonstrates a low-signal lesion corresponding to finding on plain radiograph.

Fig. 3 Coronal fat-suppressed T2-weighted image demonstrates no fluid surrounding the fragment, suggesting stability.

Fig. 4 Coronal reformation of CT performed prior to intra-articular injection of contrast demonstrates a well-defined area of heterogeneity abutting the articular surface.

Fig. 5 Coronal reformation of CT performed with intra-articular contrast demonstrates no contrast surrounding fragment, suggesting stability.

Management
Conservative treatment (low-intensity physical rehabilitation) is recommended for stable (stages I and II) lesions. If symptoms worsen or fail to improve or crepitus (suggesting detachment) develops, then arthroscopy is recommended to evaluate stability of the lesion. Depending on findings at arthroscopy, a loose body may be removed, a fragment may be excised, cartilage may be debrided, or lesion may be drilled to promote revascularization.


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Cookbook talk:Miso Soup

I really don't like tofu... do you think it would be acceptable to use perhaps meat or something instead? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.118.85.189 (discuss • contribs)

 * No. You must eat tofu! You are required to like it too. Although the list of garnishes says things like "shrimp" and "clams", it is intended that you carve these items out of tofu. I suggest having tofu, tofu, tofu, tofu, tofu, tofu, tofu, tofu, seaweed, and tofu. :-) AlbertCahalan 03:54, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If you don't like tofu that much, it can be left out. But that's fairly silly; tofu is healthy and provides a nice texture in miso soup.  Better than leaving it out would be to learn to develop your palate a little more.  Jade Knight (talk) 18:10, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Get the silky kind, not the chewy kind. --Kakurady (talk) 23:52, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Miso Soup


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Cookbook:Ramen

| Cuisine of Japan

Ramen is a Japanese noodle soup with roots in China, consisting of broth, ramen noodles, and toppings.

History
Ramen emerged in Japan sometime between the 18th and early 20th centuries, coming from Chinese cuisine. As such, the term "ramen" is derived from the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese la mian (拉麺), meaning "pulled noodles". It became extremely popular after World War II and has since been primarily associated with Japan and Japanese culture instead of its Chinese origins.

Types
There is an extremely diverse assortment of ramen soups, varying according to local cultures, personal tastes, and ingredient availability. They can be primarily characterized by their broth and toppings.

Broth
Ramen broth ranges from light (assari) to thick and rich (kotteri). Assari broths tend to be thin and clear, while kotteri broths are thicker, opaque, and fatty. The broth can be made by simmering a range of ingredients, including meat and bones, vegetables, seafood, kelp, onions, ginger, mushrooms, garlic, and/or scallions. The broth is typically seasoned or salted with sea salt (shio), soy sauce (shoyu), miso, and/or MSG.

Toppings
Toppings are highly varied and can include the following:

 * Chashu pork: tender soy- and mirin-simmered pork
 * Bacon
 * Scallions
 * Simmered seafood
 * Boiled eggs
 * Tamago eggs
 * Kamaboko fish cake
 * Cabbage
 * Enoki or wood-ear mushrooms
 * Nori or wakame
 * Fresh or stir-fried vegetables

Bowls of ramen may also be finished with togarashi powder, sesame seeds, curry powder/paste, or a dash of some oil/fat.

Eating
Ramen is eaten with chopsticks, and the noodles are slurped quickly before they turn soggy in the broth. The broth may be sipped with large spoons or directly from the bowl.

Recipes

 * Tonkotsu Ramen

title: Cookbook:Ramen


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User talk:213.89.188.11

You have removed content from the Religion page without justification again, that is considered to be vandalism. I will undo your edit. If you remove the same information again without good justification on the Talk:Religion page, and in your edit summary, I'll have no choice but to block you from editing Wikibooks for 24 hours. Geo.T 08:18, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:213.89.188.11


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Reaktor/Tutorials/Terminology

 * Module: small building blocks like oscillators, filters and envelopes.
 * Macro: between a module and an instrument in complexity, these are groupings of modules.
 * Instrument: a module that has a structure, handles MIDI, as well as its own snapshots and control panel. Instruments end in ".ism"
 * Ensemble: an instrument that contains other instruments. Ensembles end in ".ens"
 * Sequencer: either a module or an entire ensemble that allows one to program sound events on a timeline. The classic 16 step sequencer is common.
 * Drum Machine: A sequencer that triggers percussion sounds. There are also drum samplers which do not have sequencers attached, which the user can either trigger manually or through an external sequencer.
 * Sampler: either a module, instrument or ensemble that allows one to play recorded sound. There are many types of samplers which offer various editing, processing, or effects in addition to basic playback.
 * Synth: an instrument or ensemble which generates sound based on building blocks of simple sound waves. These sounds can be very complex. Some of the popular synthesis methods are subtractive, fm, and wavetable.
 * Sine Wave: a sound waveform which oscillates between y=n and y=-n.

title: Reaktor/Tutorials/Terminology


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Consciousness Studies/Early Ideas

''This section is an academic review of major contributions to consciousness studies. Readers who are interested in the current philosophy of consciousness will find this in Part II and readers interested in the neuroscience of consciousness should refer to Part III.''

Vedic Sciences are present the first known ideas related to consciousness, dating back to at least 1500 years ago according to The British Library. The ten books of Rig Veda, which are attributed to the end of the Bronze period, which are on of the ten oldest living texts of the world, illuminates us on ultimate or supreme consciousness. In the Rig Veda (R.V. IV. XL. 5) Nrishad is the dweller amongst humans; Nrishad is explained as Chaitanya or 'Consciousness' or Prana or 'vitality' because both dwell in humans.

In his commentary on the Isha Upanishad,[5] Sri Aurobindo explains that the Atman, the Self manifests through a seven-fold movement of Prakrti. These seven folds of consciousness, along with their dominant principles are:[6]

annamaya puruṣa - physical prāṇamaya puruṣa - nervous / vital manomaya puruṣa - mental / mind vijñānamaya puruṣa - knowledge and truth ānandamaya puruṣa - Aurobindo's concept of Delight, otherwise known as Bliss caitanya puruṣa - infinite divine self-awareness[7] sat puruṣa - state of pure divine existence

The first five of these are arranged according to the specification of the panchakosha from the second chapter of the Taittiriya Upanishad. The final three elements make up satcitananda, with cit being referred to as chaitanya.

The essential nature of Brahman as revealed in deep sleep and Yoga is Chaitanya (pure consciousness).[8]

The earliest use of the word soul or Ātman in Indian texts is also found in the Rig Veda (c. 1500 BC)(RV X.97.11).[20] Yāska, the ancient Indian grammarian, commenting on this Rigvedic verse, accepts the following meanings of Ātman: the pervading principle, the organism in which other elements are united and the ultimate sentient principle.[21]

Other hymns of Rig Veda where the word Ātman appears include I.115.1, VII.87.2, VII.101.6, VIII.3.24, IX.2.10, IX.6.8, and X.168.4.[22]

The Rig Veda takes one from before creation, through creation of the world, to creation of self, and ends with the creation of creation itself, after which creation of the universe came. Upon close reading, one can trace the various stages of consciousness to the material world, from absolute truth or Sat to absolute material or Asat, two recurring concepts that run through the entire Rig Veda.

The Greeks had no exact equivalent for the term 'consciousness', which has a wide range of meanings in modern usage, but in the thinkers below we find an analysis of phenomenal consciousness and the source of many ideas developed by later Socratics, especially the Stoics, and by Christian thinkers like Augustine.

Aristotle (c. 350 BC) On the Soul
(De Anima) http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Aristotle/De-anima/

Aristotle, perhaps more than any other ancient Greek philosopher, set the terms of reference for the future discussion of the problem of consciousness. His idea of the mind is summarised in the illustration below.

Aristotle was a physicalist, believing that things are embodied in the material universe:

"... That is precisely why the study of the soul [psyche] must fall within the science of Nature, at least so far as in its affections it manifests this double character. Hence a physicist would define an affection of soul differently from a dialectician; the latter would define e.g. anger as the appetite for returning pain for pain, or something like that, while the former would define it as a boiling of the blood or warm substance surround the heart. The latter assigns the material conditions, the former the form or formulable essence; for what he states is the formulable essence of the fact, though for its actual existence there must be embodiment of it in a material such as is described by the other."(Book I, 403a)

The works of Aristotle provide our first clear account of the concept of signals and information. He was aware that an event can change the state of matter and this change of state can be transmitted to other locations where it can further change a state of matter:

"If what has colour is placed in immediate contact with the eye, it cannot be seen. Colour sets in movement not the sense organ but what is transparent, e.g. the air, and that, extending continuously from the object to the organ, sets the latter in movement. Democritus misrepresents the facts when he expresses the opinion that if the interspace were empty one could distinctly see an ant on the vault of the sky; that is an impossibility. Seeing is due to an affection or change of what has the perceptive faculty, and it cannot be affected by the seen colour itself; it remains that it must be affected by what comes between. Hence it is indispensable that there be something in between-if there were nothing, so far from seeing with greater distinctness, we should see nothing at all." (Book II, 419a])

He was also clear about the relationship of information to 'state':

"By a 'sense' is meant what has the power of receiving into itself the sensible forms of things without the matter. This must be conceived of as taking place in the way in which a piece of wax takes on the impress of a signet-ring without the iron or gold; we say that what produces the impression is a signet of bronze or gold, but its particular metallic constitution makes no difference: in a similar way the sense is affected by what is coloured or flavoured or sounding, but it is indifferent what in each case the substance is; what alone matters is what quality it has, i.e. in what ratio its constituents are combined"(Book II, 424a)

Aristotle also mentioned the problem of the simultaneity of experience. The explanation predates Galilean and modern physics so lacks our modern language to explain how many things could be at a point and an instant:

"... just as what is called a 'point' is, as being at once one and two, properly said to be divisible, so here, that which discriminates is qua undivided one, and active in a single moment of time, while so far forth as it is divisible it twice over uses the same dot at one and the same time. So far forth then as it takes the limit as two' it discriminates two separate objects with what in a sense is divided: while so far as it takes it as one, it does so with what is one and occupies in its activity a single moment of time. (Book III, 427a)

He described the problem of recursion that would occur if the mind were due to the flow of material things in space:

"...mind is either without parts or is continuous in some other way than that which characterizes a spatial magnitude. How, indeed, if it were a spatial magnitude, could mind possibly think? Will it think with any one indifferently of its parts? In this case, the 'part' must be understood either in the sense of a spatial magnitude or in the sense of a point (if a point can be called a part of a spatial magnitude). If we accept the latter alternative, the points being infinite in number, obviously the mind can never exhaustively traverse them; if the former, the mind must think the same thing over and over again, indeed an infinite number of times (whereas it is manifestly possible to think a thing once only)."(Book I, 407a)

Aristotle explicitly mentions the regress:

"..we must fall into an infinite regress or we must assume a sense which is aware of itself." (Book III,425b)

However, this regress was not as problematic for Aristotle as it is for philosophers who are steeped in nineteenth century ideas. Aristotle was a physicalist who was not burdened with materialism and so was able to escape from the idea that the only possibility for the mind is a flow of material from place to place over a succession of disconnected instants. He was able to propose that subjects and objects are part of the same thing, he notes that thought is both temporally and spatially extended:

"But that which mind thinks and the time in which it thinks are in this case divisible only incidentally and not as such. For in them too there is something indivisible (though, it may be, not isolable) which gives unity to the time and the whole of length; and this is found equally in every continuum whether temporal or spatial." (Book III,430b)

This idea of time allowed him to identify thinking with the object of thought, there being no need to cycle thoughts from instant to instant because mental time is extended:

"In every case the mind which is actively thinking is the objects which it thinks."

He considered imagination to be a disturbance of the sense organs:

"And because imaginations remain in the organs of sense and resemble sensations, animals in their actions are largely guided by them, some (i.e. the brutes) because of the non-existence in them of mind, others (i.e. men) because of the temporary eclipse in them of mind by feeling or disease or sleep.(Book III, 429a)"

And considered that all thought occurs as images:

"To the thinking soul images serve as if they were contents of perception (and when it asserts or denies them to be good or bad it avoids or pursues them). That is why the soul never thinks without an image."(Book III, ).

Aristotle also described the debate between the cognitive and behaviourist approaches with their overtones of the conflict between modern physicalism and pre twentieth century materialism:

"Some thinkers, accepting both premisses, viz. that the soul is both originative of movement and cognitive, have compounded it of both and declared the soul to be a self-moving number."(Book I, 404b)

The idea of a 'self-moving number' is not as absurd as it seems, like much of Ancient Greek philosophy.

Aristotle was also clear about there being two forms involved in perception. He proposed that the form and properties of the things that are directly in the mind are incontrovertible but that our inferences about the form and properties of the things in the world that give rise to the things in the mind can be false:

"Perception (1) of the special objects of sense is never in error or admits the least possible amount of falsehood. (2) That of the concomitance of the objects concomitant with the sensible qualities comes next: in this case certainly we may be deceived; for while the perception that there is white before us cannot be false, the perception that what is white is this or that may be false. (3) Third comes the perception of the universal attributes which accompany the concomitant objects to which the special sensibles attach (I mean e.g. of movement and magnitude); it is in respect of these that the greatest amount of sense-illusion is possible."(Book III, 428b)

Imagination, according to this model, lays out things in the senses.

Galen
The 'physicians' (most especially Galen) incorporated ideas from the Hippocractics and from Plato into a view in which 3 (or more) inner senses—most basically memory, estimation, and imagination—were associated with 3 ventricles in the brain.

This is a stub that needs further expansion.

Homer (c. 800-900 BC) The Iliad and Odyssey
Odyssey

Panpsychism and panexperientialism can be traced to, at least, Homer's Iliad. Just reading the book allows us to experience what a different focus of consciousness feels like. It is a way of being, being a Homeric Greek, thus distinct from being a modern man. Both states of consciousness result in different ways of experiencing the world.

As we read the Iliad, we are drawn into the book through the images it creates in us and the feelings it evokes in us through the meter and the language. The reader becomes the book. "The reader became the book, and the summer night was like the conscious being of the book" (Wallace Stevens). That experience of becoming the book, of losing yourself in the book, is the experience of a different aspect of consciousness, being a Homeric Greek.

Homer frequently ascribes even our emotions to the world around us. The ancients do not just fear but fear grips them, for example: "So spake Athene, and pale fear gat hold of them all. The arms flew from their hands in their terror and fell all upon the ground, as the goddess uttered her voice" (Odyssey book XXIV).

The German classicist Bruno Snell, in The Discovery of the Mind provides us with "a convincing account of the enormous change in ... human personality which took place during the centuries covered by Homer (to) Socrates."(The London Times Literary Supplement). Snell's book establishes two distinct aspects of consciousness. He says, "The experience of Homer differs from our own" (p.v); "For Homer, psyche is the force which keeps the human being alive..."(p. 8). When the psyche leaves, the owner loses consciousness. The Homeric psyche is where pan-psychism originates. It begins in a conception of consciousness as a force that is separate from the body. Snell compares Homer to the tragedy of Orestes, which focuses on the individual. "Homer concentrates on the action (process) and the situation in preference to the agent..."(p. 211) Orestes is in a different  state of consciousness, "a new state of consciousness"(p. 211).

Plato (427-347 BC)
The Republic http://www.constitution.org/pla/repub_00.htm Especially book VI http://www.constitution.org/pla/repub_06.htm and book VII (the Cave) http://www.constitution.org/pla/repub_07.htm

Plato's most interesting contributions to consciousness studies are in book VI of The Republic. His idea of the mind is illustrated below.

He believes that light activates pre-existing capabilities in the eyes:

"Sight being, as I conceive, in the eyes, and he who has eyes wanting to see; color being also present in them, still unless there be a third nature specially adapted to the purpose, the owner of the eyes will see nothing and the colors will be invisible."

However, it is in the metaphor of the divided line that Plato introduces a fascinating account of the relationships and properties of things. He points out that analysis deals in terms of the relationships of pure forms:

"And do you not know also that although they make use of the visible forms and reason about them, they are thinking not of these, but of the ideals which they resemble; not of the figures which they draw, but of the absolute square and the absolute diameter, and so on -- the forms which they draw or make, and which have shadows and reflections in water of their own, are converted by them into images, but they are really seeking to behold the things themselves, which can only be seen with the eye of the mind?"

Notice how he introduces the notion of a mind's eye observing mental content arranged as geometrical forms. He proposes that through this mode of ideas we gain understanding:

"And the habit which is concerned with geometry and the cognate sciences I suppose that you would term understanding, and not reason, as being intermediate between opinion and reason."

However, the understanding can also contemplate knowledge:

"..I understand you to say that knowledge and being, which the science of dialectic contemplates, are clearer than the notions of the arts, as they are termed, which proceed from hypotheses only: these are also contemplated by the understanding, and not by the senses: yet, because they start from hypotheses and do not ascend to a principle, those who contemplate them appear to you not to exercise the higher reason upon them, although when a first principle is added to them they are cognizable by the higher reason. "

Plato's work is not usually discussed in this way but is extended to universals such as the idea of the colour red as a universal that can be applied to many specific instances of things.

In "Plato's Cave" (Book VII) Plato describes how experience could be some transfer from or copy of real things rather than the things themselves:

"And now, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened: — Behold! human beings living in a underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets.

I see.

And do you see, I said, men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues and figures of animals made of wood and stone and various materials, which appear over the wall? Some of them are talking, others silent.

You have shown me a strange image, and they are strange prisoners.

Like ourselves, I replied; and they see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave?

True, he said; how could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads?

And of the objects which are being carried in like manner they would only see the shadows?

Yes, he said.

And if they were able to converse with one another, would they not suppose that they were naming what was actually before them?

Very true.

And suppose further that the prison had an echo which came from the other side, would they not be sure to fancy when one of the passers-by spoke that the voice which they heard came from the passing shadow?

No question, he replied.

To them, I said, the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images.

That is certain.

And now look again, and see what will naturally follow it, the prisoners are released and disabused of their error. At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round and walk and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains; the glare will distress him, and he will be unable to see the realities of which in his former state he had seen the shadows; and then conceive some one saying to him, that what he saw before was an illusion, but that now, when he is approaching nearer to being and his eye is turned towards more real existence, he has a clearer vision, — what will be his reply? And you may further imagine that his instructor is pointing to the objects as they pass and requiring him to name them, — will he not be perplexed? Will he not fancy that the shadows which he formerly saw are truer than the objects which are now shown to him?"

This early intuition of information theory predates Aristotle's concept of the transfer of states from one place to another.

Siddhartha Gautama (c. 500 BC) Buddhist Texts
Siddhartha Gautama was born about 563BC. He became known as 'Buddha' ('the awakened one') from the age of about thirty five. Buddha handed down a way of life that might lead, eventually, to an enlightened state called Nirvana. In the three centuries after his death Buddhism split into two factions, the Mahayana (greater raft or vehicle) and the Theravada (the way of the elders). The Mahayana use the slightly derogatory term Hinayana (lesser raft or vehicle) for Theravada Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhism gave rise to other sects such as Zen Buddhism in Japan and Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet. Mahayana Buddhism is more like a religion, complete with god like entities whereas Theravada Buddhism is more like a philosophy.

Theravada Buddhist meditation is described in books called the Pali Canon which contains the 'Vinayas' that describe monastic life, the 'Suttas' which are the central teachings of Theravada Buddhism and the 'Abhidhamma' which is an analysis of the other two parts or 'pitakas'. Two meditational systems are described: the development of serenity (samathabhavana) and the development of insight (vipassanabhavana). The two systems are complementary, serenity meditation providing a steady foundation for the development of insight. As meditation proceeds the practitioner passes through a series of stages called 'jhanas'. There are four of these stages of meditation and then a final stage known as the stage of the 'immaterial jhanas'.

The Jhanas

The first jhana is a stage of preparation where the meditator rids themselves of the hindrances (sensual desire, ill will, sloth and torpor, restlessness and worry, and doubt). This is best achieved by seclusion. During the process of getting rid of the hindrances the meditator develops the five factors: applied thought, sustained thought, rapture, happiness and one-pointedness of mind. This is done by concentrating on a practice object until it can be easily visualised. Eventually the meditator experiences a luminous replica of the object called the counterpart sign (patibhaganimitta).

Applied thought involves examining, visualising and thinking about the object. Sustained thought involves always returning to the object, not drifting away from it. Rapture involves a oneness with the object and is an ecstacy that helps absorption with and in the object. Happiness is the feeling of happiness that everyone has when something good happens (unlike rapture, which is a oneness with the object of contemplation). One-pointedness of mind is the ability to focus on a single thing without being distracted.

The second jhana involves attaining the first without effort, there is no need for applied or sustained thought, only rapture, happiness and one-pointedness of mind remain. The second jhana is achieved by contemplating the first jhana. The second jhana is a stage of effortless concentration.

The third jhana involves mindfulness and discernment. The mindfulness allows an object of meditation to be held effortlessly in the mind. The discernment consists of discerning the nature of the object without delusion and hence avoiding rapture.

In the fourth jhana mindfulness is maintained but the delusion of happiness is contemplated. Eventually mindfulness remains without pleasure or pain. In the fourth jhana the meditator achieves "purity of mindfulness due to equanimity" (upekkhasatiparisuddhi).

The Immaterial Jhanas

The first four jhanas will be familiar from earlier, Hindu meditational techniques. Once the fourth jhana has been achieved the meditator can embark on the immaterial jhanas. There are four immaterial jhanas: the base of boundless space, the base of boundless consciousness, the base of nothingness, and the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception.

The base of boundless space is achieved by meditating on the absence of the meditation object. It is realised that the space occupied by the object is boundless and that the mind too is boundless space. The base of boundless consciousness involves a realisation that the boundless space is boundless consciousness. The base of nothingness is a realisation that the present does not exist, the meditator should "give attention to the present non-existence, voidness, secluded aspect of that same past consciousness belonging to the base consisting of boundless space" (Gunaratana 1988). The base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception is a realisation that nothing is perceived in the void.

In Theravada Buddhism the attainment of the fourth jhana and its immaterial jhanas represents a mastery of serenity meditation. This is a foundation for insight meditation.

Buddhism is very practical and eschews delusions. It is realised that serenity meditation is a state of mind, a steady foundation that might, nowadays be called a physiological state. It is through insight meditation where the practitioner becomes a philosopher that enlightenment is obtained.

Further reading

The Buddhist Publication Society. Especially: The Jhanas In Theravada Buddhist Meditation by Henepola Gunaratana. The Wheel Publication No. 351/353 ISBN 955-24-0035-X. 1988 Buddhist Publication Society. http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/bps/index.html

title: Consciousness Studies/Early Ideas


text:
Cookbook:Basting

What is Basting?
Basting is a method where you use a liquid to moisten food, particularly meat, while you are cooking it. This liquid could be anything from pan dripping, to melted fat or any other liquid. Doing this keeps the meat or other food moist and can improve the color or flavor of the food which you are cooking.

How to Baste?
It is actually quite simple you can use which ever tool you may have in your kitchen ranging from a simple spoon to a baster. You then simply scoop up which ever liquid you are choosing to use and pour it over the top of the meat, etc., during the cooking process to ensure a great result with both color and flavour.

title: Cookbook:Basting


text:
Template talk:Mambo Open Source/TOC

"Developement" is misspelled. Should be "development." Correction is needed here and on the page it refers to. --JButler 12:03, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Mambo Open Source/TOC


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Talk:Mambo Open Source/Development

"Developement" should be spelled "Development." Correction needed here and on the TOC. I started to edit it, but didn't want to mess up the structure of the book. --JButler 12:05, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll fix this! --August 22:29, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mambo Open Source/Development


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Cookbook:Caramelization

Caramelization is when a sugar, such as sucrose or starches, chemically splits and changes to a golden, amber, deep brown, or charred color. This term is often used interchangeably with the term Maillard reaction, but in reality, they are quite different. A well-known use is to create a sugar crust on Crème Brûlées that creates a pleasing texture differential.

title: Cookbook:Caramelization


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Wikibooks:Transwiki log

Note: To see a list of pages still requiring transwikiing, see Pages to be transwikied.

This is a log of all articles moved into or out of Wikibooks via the Transwiki scheme. Please log which page was moved, and the address it moved to. If a page listed for transfer was deleted, please record the reason. You should sign your name using ~.

Further details of the transwiki scheme can be found at m:Help:Transwiki.

Please add new listings to the bottom of this page.

Articles moved from this project to the Transwiki namespace of another project
(The possible move within the other project need not be recorded here)
 * This list does not include several moves from this wiki to other Wikibooks when this wiki changed from multilingual to only English. See Pages to be transwikied and Wikibooks:Votes for deletion (17:20, 10 July 2005) and the histories of both pages. --Kernigh 05:40, 19 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Elements of Style → Elements of Style, bypassing "Transwiki:" namespace --Kernigh 22:44, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 366 Photographs on the Beach -> Commons:Transwiki:366 Photographs on the Beach, including subpages. The photos were already at Commons. --Kernigh 17:46, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Vietnamita: Contenidos --> es:Transwiki:Vietnamita:_Contenidos -- mattrix 17:49, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Vietnamita --> es:Tranwiki:Vietnamita -- mattrix 17:49, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Musictionary:John, Elton → Wikipedia:Transwiki:Musictionary:John, Elton --Kernigh 01:03, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Hurricane Katrina → Hurricane Katrina and all those subpages. Icelandic Hurricane 01:44, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * European Computer Science Dictionary → European Computer Science Dictionary → wiktionary:Appendix:European Computer Science Dictionary  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:55, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Image:Wikibooks German-English Film Glossary.pdf → wiktionary:Image:Wikibooks German-English Film Glossary.pdf  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 05:30, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * English-to-Spanish Reference (I asked that a wiktionary admin take care of it)  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 05:28, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]]  - here – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:28, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Template:Hapgry → wikipedia:Template:Hapgry |  Downdate (discuss • contribs) 01:09, 2 November 2012 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]]  - Downdate (discuss • contribs) 14:05, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

Requests / suggestions:

 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Chinese Version
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Croatian Version – Hrvatska verzija
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Czech Version – Česká verze
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Dutch Version - Nederlandse Versie
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/German Version – Deutsche Version
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Hebrew Version
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Hungarian Version – Magyar nyelv
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Polish Version – Polski Wersja
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Portuguese Version - Versão em Português
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Romanian Version - Versiune Romaneasca
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Russian Version - Русская версия
 * Wikijunior:Tree of the Truth/The Base Story in Different Languages/Spanish Version - Versión en Español

That these should be moved to appropriate other language Wikibooks instead of being here. Will try and find the appropriate person to ask at each language WB, but language skills (mine!) may be an issue Unusual? Quite TalkQu 11:20, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Pages moved from other projects to the Wikibooks Transwiki: namespace

 * Please see /Articles moved to here

title: Wikibooks:Transwiki log


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User talk:Uncle G's 'bot~enwikibooks

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Uncle G's 'bot~enwikibooks


text:
User:Uncle G's 'bot~enwikibooks

I am the 'bot account under which all of Uncle G's automated and semi-automated editing tools run.

I am not currently flagged as a 'bot. All of my edits are intentionally subject to the usual scrutiny of edits made by pseudonymous users.

The tools are written in C++, cmd.exe script, and REXX. No, they are not currently available to others.

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These are the tools currently in development. They are not in active production use. Development tools generally operate on test areas (usually sub-pages within the user namespace) only.

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These are the tools currently in production use. Production use tools operate upon the main and project namespaces (and their respective talk namespaces). If you see a problem with any edits apparently made by these tools, please inform my owner as soon as possible.

TRANSWIKI.exe
TRANSWIKI is a semi-automatic tool for performing transwikification between arbitrary wikis, where the various source and destination server, page, and transwiki log names are supplied as arguments.

MOVE-TO-WIKIBOOKS.btm
MOVE-TO-WIKIBOOKS is a wrapper script around TRANSWIKI.exe that fills in most of the arguments for the specific case of transwikification from Wikipedia to Wikibooks.

SANDBOT
SANDBOT is a bot that regularly, and thanklessly cleans out the sandbox.

title: User:Uncle G's 'bot~enwikibooks


text: User:Uncle G

title: User:Uncle G


text:
Cookbook:Queens Soup

Queen's Soup, or Zuppa Regina di Riso, is a rice soup. One recipe is as follows.

Ingredients

 * 1 tablespoon ground rice
 * ½ pint (285 ml) milk
 * 1 oz (30 g) butter
 * Fowl (poultry) stock

Equipment

 * Saucepan
 * Bain-marie
 * Sieve

Procedure

 * 1) Put the ground rice into a saucepan. Gradually add the milk.
 * 2) Cook gently for 12 minutes in a bain-marie, stirring the whole time, until very smooth.
 * 3) Add the butter, and pass through a sieve.
 * 4) Mix the fowl stock, and serve immediately.

title: Cookbook:Queens Soup


text:
Cookbook talk:Queens Soup

Wikipedia edit history

 * 2005-03-27 07:10:48 User:CanisRufus m (Robot: Changing category Soup)
 * 2005-03-22 18:26:02 User:FreplySpang (+)
 * 2004-11-18 10:25:25 User:Dmn m (Please help out by clicking here to fix someone else's Wiki syntax.)
 * 2004-09-18 16:00:03 User:Anthony DiPierro
 * 2004-08-02 15:38:39 User:Burschik m (added category)
 * 2003-07-05 20:54:06 User:Patrick m
 * 2003-06-04 03:09:27 User:Tarka m ('bain-marie' appears to be the convention)
 * 2003-06-04 03:06:58 User:Tarka m (Link to bainmarie page)
 * 2002-02-25 15:51:15 User:Conversion script m (Automated conversion)
 * 2001-10-13 22:14:38 User:Ap (Initial text from a public domain resource.)

title: Cookbook talk:Queens Soup


text:
Learn Electronics/Microprocessors

Microprocessors do a lot of things, but before buying one it is very important to ensure it will be the right one for the specific application(s) in which it will be used. Compare with Central Processing Unit (CPU). There is an urgent need to ensure that sufficient information about usage and instructions are available.

An example
Reference: "Commodore 64 Personal Computer Programmer's Reference Guide" published in 1982 by Commodore Business Machines, Inc. There is a detailed description of that computer's "brain", the 6510 microprocessor chip's specifications, starting at page 402. This microprocessor looks like an insect with a rectangular body, and 20 legs on each of two sides of that body.
 * The power supply should normally be close to 5 volts DC, although the absolute maximum voltage range is minus 0.3 to plus 7.0 Volts, with about 125 milliamps (mA) normally used.
 * A 2-phase non-overlapping clock signal is required as well, also at about 5 Volt.
 * There are 16 connections to the address bus, and an address can therefore be any number between 0 and 65535 (=216minus 1)
 * The data bus has 8 connections, so that any address can have any number between 0 and 255 (=28minus 1) in it.
 * A part of the external memory can be used as a set of instructions, the rest being available for data; there is a lot that this microprocessor can do.
 * For example, feeding in the instruction 169 followed by 123 will put the number 123 into a small memory (address 780) called the Accumulator; this is called "Accumulator addressing". There are also "Immediate addressing", "Absolute addressing", "Zero page addressing", "Indexed zero page addressing", "Indexed absolute addressing", "Implied addressing","Relative addressing", "Indexed indirect addressing", "Indirect indexed addressing", and "Absolute indirect".
 * Various kinds of calculations are possible, some of them quite involved, using proper software. This microprocessor can be used also in very many other applications.

title: Learn Electronics/Microprocessors


text:
Catalan/Alphabet

The Catalan alphabet consists of twenty-six basic letters. All comparisons to English assume a General American pronunciation.

title: Catalan/Alphabet


text:
User talk:Sandpiper

Please add your name to the Muggles' Guide Author list on the main page. I'd like to get a solid team going. Thanks. -Matt 17:14, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sandpiper