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Inorganic Chemistry/Qualitative Analysis/Tests for anions

Sodium Nitroprusside
Use sodium nitroprusside. In the presence of sulphide ions a deep violet coloration is formed. [Fe(CN)5NO]4- complex anion formed in the presence of sulphide ions is the cause for this coloration, colouration is important.

Silver Nitrate
If a sulfide solution is reacted with silver nitrate, it forms a black precipitate of Ag2S.

Lead Ethanoate
If the substance is soluble use lead acetate solution, if solid add dilute hydrochloric acid and test the gas with lead ethanoate paper. It is prepared by dipping a filter paper for some time in Lead acetate solution.If the salt in question is a sulphide an acrid smell of rotten eggs will be observed and the lead ethanoate will turn black, due to formation of solid black Lead sulfide powder. (CH3COO)2Pb + H2S -> PbS + 2(CH3COOH)

H2S
The following two points do not fall in place here, kindly arrange them wherever they are best fit:

 * When H2S is bubbled through a solution of Sodium sulphite or Sodium bisulphite, a white turbidity of sulfur is seen. What happens is, the S atom in sulphite/bisulphite (Oxidation state +4) and in H2S (Oxidation state -2) have coproportionated to give molecular sulfur in zero oxidation state. The reaction can be viewed as the reverse of a disproportionation reaction.

 * When H2S is bubbled through acidified KMnO4 solution, it decolorises and a white turbidity is observed. This is because, the powerful oxidizing agent permanganate ion has oxidized the sulfide ion (-2) to zero oxidation state. In doing so, the permanganate ions themselves reduce to Mn2+ ions, thus the purple/violet/pink color of the solution is diluted and eventually fades away as the manganous ions do not impart any color to the solution.

The nitrite ion
The nitrite ion gives several reactions based on its redox properties.

I3-
When it reacts with the I3- anion, the nitrite ion reduces itself to nitric oxide. The student should check the oxidation states of nitrogen in both the cases.

NO2- + 2I3- + 2H+ --> NO(g) + 3I2(aq) + H2O(l)

The yellow color of the I3- ions changes to a greenish tinge which later turns violet. This observation is made in the presence of an oxidising agent which oxidizes iodine from -⅓ to 0. The O.A. in our case is of course, the nitrite ion.

Before turning violet, a greenish tinge is observed because the increasing concentration of violet color and the decreasing concentration of yellow color during the reaction impart a greenish color.

Lead/Silver Nitrates
Most lead and silver compounds show much the same characteristics in analysis. However, lead nitrite is soluble while silver nitrite is an insoluble white solid.

Therefore, to test for the presence of nitrite ions we can use silver and lead nitrate. No precipitate will be observed with lead nitrate, but a white precipitate will form when silver nitrate is added.

2NO2- + Pb2+ -> Pb(NO2)2(aq)

NO2- + Ag+ -> AgNO2(s)

Ferric ions
When ferric ions are added to a solution of cyanide ions, no specific change in color is observed. However, if we add the ferric ions to the solution after adding thiosulphate or S22-, we get a blood red coloration of ferric thiocyanate.

Ferric thiocyanate is Fe(SCN)3.

Actually, this is a characteristic test for the presence of ferric ions and for thiocyanate ions. Cyanide ions are nowhere directly involved in the formation of ferric(III) thiocyanate. If we review the test procedure for the detection of cyanide ions, we find that we add, according to our choice, either thiosulphate ions or S22- ions. These ions disproportionate in the presence of cyanide ions, forming thiocyanate ions. It is these thiocyanate ions that eventually react with the added ferric ions to give the blood red complex formation

CN- + S2O32- -> SCN- + SO32-

CN- + S22- -> SCN- + S2-

Fe3+ + SCN- -> Fe(SCN)2+

Metallic copper
It is a popular fact that most metals react with either water or dilute acid solution to liberate hydrogen. This is a redox reaction in which the metal acts as a reducing agent, reducing the proton or hydrogen in water to hydrogen gas, oxidizing itself to a metal cation.

A classic example of this type of redox reaction is the reaction of metallic sodium with water. The reaction takes place and liberates enough heat to melt the sodium which then floats on a cushion of hydrogen gas. e.g., 2Na + 2H2O -> H2 + 2NaOH. In terms of the ions involved in the reaction Na -> Na1+ + e1- and then 2H1+ + 2e1- -> H2. The same reaction occurs with any of the alkali metals in exactly the same way.

However, there are some metals like copper which will not react with either water or dilute acids in the same way. Quantitatively, Standard Electrode Potential is lower than that of hydrogen ions, meaning that more energy is required to form copper ions than the hydrogen ions can provide. [Note to editors --> Is this any better?]

However, if we add metallic copper to a solution containing cyanide ions, copper gives into the greed of forming that ultrastable cyano complex of itself. That is, equilibrium favours the formation of tetracyanocomplexcuprate(I) ions. This is the point - in presence of cyanide ions, copper oxidizes itself to form the +1 metal complex. But then, if an oxidation has occurred so must have a reduction. What is the reduction reaction? The formation of hydrogen (editors - formation from what? proton or water molecule?) is the involved reduction.

We conclude that an aqueous solution of KCN dissolves metallic copper, generally administered as copper turnings through, the formation of tetracyanocuprate(I) ions.

(Note to editors --> Explain this anamlolous behaviour of copper through the quantitative aspects of electrochemistry and chemical equilibrium, short enough to maintain interest.)

Note on the tetracyano complex of copper
When H2S is bubbled through the cyano complex of ferrous/ferric/cuprous/cupric ions, no sulphide is precipitated. While with most other metal cations, metal sulphide does get precipitated.

e.g. tetracyanocadmiumate ions give CdS with H2S and dicyanoargentate (silver complex) give Ag2S.

This can be explained on the basis of equilibrium constants - solubility products and formation constants of the concerned sulphides and cyanocomplexes. (note to editors --> plz explain in a little more detail)

The hypochlorite ion
Adding a solution containing lead ions, such as lead nitrate, to a hypochlorite solution produces a brown precipitate of lead(IV) oxide.

2ClO- (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) → PbO2 (s) + 2Cl- (aq)

Adding hydrogen peroxide to sodium hypochlorite produces sodium chloride, water and oxygen.

ClO- (aq) + H2O2 (l) → O2 (g) + H2O (l) + Cl- (aq)

The azide ion
On adding triiodide ions, the azide ion oxidizes to nitrogen and decolorisation is observed. . Triiodide ions are reduced to iodide ions, and nitrogen is produced. The colour of solution changes from yellow to colourless and a brisk effervescence is noted.

2N3- -> 3N2 + 2e-

I3- + 3e- -> 3I-

Acidification
Adding strong acid (such as HCl) to a concentrated acetate solution produces acetic acid, which emits a strong smell of vinegar. However, even if acetate is present, the vinegar smell may not be noticeable if the acetate is too dilute.

Esterification
When a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid and ethanol are added, the distinctive smell of an ester can be observed. This applies to all carboxylic acids but is particularly useful in this case because the two reactants, acetic acid and ethanol, have distinctive smells which are replaced completely by different smell of the ester; in this case, ethyl acetate, which smells not unlike glue or nail polish remover.

CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH -> CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

(The sulphuric acid is not shown as it is merely a catalyst, specifically a dehydrating agent.)

Ferric Chloride
When added to neutral FeCl3 acetates produce a red coloration.

FeCl3 + 3CH3COOH -> (CH3COO)3Fe + 3HCl

Neutral FeCl3 is prepared by taking about an mL of FeCl3 in a test tube and adding about few drops of dil. NaOH to give a permanent reddish brown precipitate.Ferric chloride is added to the test tube till the precipitate has JUST dissolved. The resultant solution is added to the salt solution containing acetate to give a red colouration. The acetate ion is confirmed by adding water to this mixture and warming till formation of red precipitate.A-LEVEL EXPERIMENT.

Thiosulphates
Thiosulphates are reducing agents. They can reduce I3- ions to iodide ions which are colorless. However, it should be noted that this is not a confirmatory test as any reducing agent can do this.

2S2O32- -> S4O62- + 2e

I3- +2e -> 3I-

Hydronium ions
Adding dilute acid to a solution with thiosulphate ions yields a solution with precipitate, elemental sulfur, and release a burnt rubber smell (gaseous sulphur dioxide)

2H+ + S2O32- -> S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)

Ferric ions
It also produces a momentary violet coloration with ferric ions. --->Expand<--

Copper Sulphate
With copper sulphate, a white ppt. is obtained which dissolves in excess of thiosulphate to produce a colorless solution through the formation of a stable complex.

CuSO4 + Na2S2O3 -> CuS2O3 + Na2SO4

This test has to be carried out in such a way that initially the concentration of thiosulphate is low which then gradually increases enough to form the complex. The solution containing thiosulphate should be poured into the copper sulphate to prevent the changes being missed.

Silver Nitrate
This is a very peculiar reaction, because on the surface it seems as if the precipitate obtained is changing colors!

What actually happens is that when we add silver nitrate, a white ppt of silver thiosulphate is formed. This silver thiosulphate disproportionates to give silver sulphide and sulphuric acid, wherein as we know, silver sulphide is black. That is, on adding silver nitrate a white precipitate is obtained which changes to brown and finally to black.

S2O32- + 2AgNO3 -> 2NO3- + Ag2S2O3

Ag2S2O3(s) + H2O(l) -> H2SO4(aq) + Ag2S

Furthermore, in the presence of excess of thiosulphate ions the white ppt of Silver thiosulphate dissolves giving a colorless complex.

Thiocyanate ions
SCN- ions have been discussed once in the testing of cyanide ions.

In fact, one of the characteristic tests for thiocyanate ions is the same reaction that we discussed over there.

Ferricthiocyanate
With ferric ions, thiocyanate ions give a blood red coloration of Fe(SCN)3. This test is NOT given by ferrous ions - and hence is confirmatory for the presence of both ferric ions and for thiocyanate ions.

-->Check lingo<--

Vogel's test
If Co2+ ions are added to the thiocyanate ions a blue solution of tettrathiocyanatocobaltate is obtained. This complex on addition mercuric ions gives a Blue crystalline precipitate.

This ppt is NOT Mercuric tetrathiocyanatocobaltate! It is interesting to note that the actual precipitate is an isomer of the expected ppt - it is Cobalt(II) Tetrathiocyanatomercurate(II), that is the metal cations have switched places.

If no effervescence is obtained with dilute HCl, heat the salt with Conc. H2SO4

The following ions belong to this list:

Evolution of HF
When we add concentrated sulphuric acid to fluoride ions, they are protonated to give hydrogen fluoride. This is because hydrogen fluoride is a weak acid, its anion F- can be protonated back to the gas.

F- + H2SO4 -> HF + HSO4-

The extent to which hydrogen fluoride is produced is dependent on the initial concentration of the sulphuric acid. By Le Chatelier's equilibrium principle, a larger amount of the reactant H2SO4, coming from an increase in concentration, would drive the reaction towards the production of more gaseous hydrogen fluoride.

The question is, how do we know that HF has evolved? When we hold a glass rod at the mouth of the testtube, a white waxy deposit is obtained on the glass rod. This is because of the reaction of HF with Silica. (Glass rod - is of course nearly all silica!).

HF(g) + SiO2(s) -> SiF4(g) + H20(l)

The silicon fluoride gas is easily hydrolyzed by the water released, and we get hydrogen silicofluoride and hydrogen silicate - the mixture which is the white waxy deposit in question.

3SiF4(g) + 4H20(l) -> 2H2(SiF6)(s) + H4SiO4(s)

Question: Is is possible to detect HF or F- using Ca(NO3)2?

2 F-(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) -> CaF2 (s) + 2 NO3-(aq)

Oxidation of fluorides
In this particular test, We added conc. H2SO4. H2SO4 is an oxidizing agent. When it is added to a fluoride salt, does it oxidize to molecular fluorine? Let us think for a second. Yes, we accept that Conc. H2SO4 is a pretty strong oxidizing agent, but the question is, is it strong enough to oxidize fluoride ions? The product of oxidation of fluoride ions is molecular fluorine - something which is rarer than anything. Molecular fluorine reacts with almost anything. It causes mayhem wherever it goes. So our answer is no. H2SO4 just can't oxidize fluoride ions into molecular fluorine.

-->Note to editors: This is the purpose of the text - to acquaint the reader with the various facts of chemistry and making them realize their importance in the real life. While this point doesn't exactly point out the high reactivity of fluorine, half a dozen scattered discussions can do enough to hammer this point!

Possible insertions - the problems involved in the electrolytic extraction of fluorine.<--

Conc. H2SO4
When concentrated H2SO4 is added, chloride salts evolve colorless HCl gas.

Now the presence of this HCl gas can be detected in two ways. The first is to hold an ammonium hydroxide test tube near the mouth of the original solution. The HCl gas, if evolved, will react with NH4OH to give dense white fumes of NH4Cl.

Otherwise, we can use MnO2. Manganese in +4 state will be reduced to +2, oxidizing the chlorine in HCl to molecular chlorine gas - Cl2. Pale green (pale because of low concentration) Chlorine gas confirms that HCl was evolved. Chlorine gas has a bleaching action and should not be inhaled.

The Silver Nitrate test
AgCl is a precipitate. So, if a silver nitrate solution is added to a sample of the being tested solution, a white ppt. is obtained. This precipitated Agcl is soluble in an excess of Ammonium Hydroxide solution because of the formation of [Ag(NH3)2]+ complex ions.

if we note carefully, the ammine complex is the same one that is used in the silver mirror test (Tollen's test) for the detection of aldehydes. The reaction, if we recall, was a redox reaction in which the silver (I) is reduced to metallic (0) silver mirror, and the aldehyde being oxidized to an ate ion.

The Chromyl Chloride test
It should be noted that this test is not for a solution containing the solvated ions. Chromyl chloride test is performed on the salt in solid state.

Solid salt is mixed with Solid Potassium Dichromate and Conc. H2SO4. If the salt is a chloride, on heating deep red vapors of Chromyl Chloride (CrO2Cl2) are evolved.

Some chemists still bear a doubt, because the deep red vapors bear some resemblance to NO2 and Br2 vapors. They can be distinguished, though.

If these Chromyl Chloride vapors are passed through a dilute NaOH solution, it turns yellow. Most of us might have already guessed that the color is due to the formation of the Chromate ions. Indeed, the guess is true. This is then how we resolve our doubts and say that the salt is a chloride.

It is not unwise to note here that most chromates are yellow in color, with the notable exceptions being Ag2CrO4 and Hg2CrO4. Both are red!

Predominantly covalent chlorides like HgCl2 and alkyl chlorides do not offer this test.  The real confirmation is adding acetic acid followed by lead acetate to the yellow solution which gives a pale yellow precipitate of lead chromate.

Conc. H2SO4
With conc. H2SO4, the florides/chlorides gave HF/HCl respectively. However, the bromides and iodides are oxidized to molecular bromine and iodine respectively!

So, in case of the reaction of iodides/bromides with Conc. H2SO4, bromides give deep brown vapors of Br2, while iodides give violet vapors of iodine.

Silver nitrate solution
With silver nitrate solution, bromides give a pale yellow ppt. of AgBr which is partially soluble in NH4OH. Iodides give a yellow ppt of AgI which is insoluble in ammonium hydroxide.

-->Explain this point with reference to Solubility Product and formation constant of the concerned compounds. We need not give a numerical explanation! We just want to emphasize that Inorganic Chemistry is not plain mugging up.

The Chloroform test
Take the solution and add an equal amount of chloroform/CHCl3 to it. Add chlorine water and shake vigorously. Watch the change in color of the non-aqueous layer.

If iodide/bromide ions are present, they would be oxidized to Iodine/Bromine respectively. Iodine would impart a violet color to the non-aqueous layer while if bromine is created it will give out a reddish color to the non-aqueous layer.

The same reaction will also occur if dichloromethane is added in replacement of the chloroform.

Oxalate ions
The reactions for oxalate ions- 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O4-2 -> 2Mn+2 +8H2O + 10 CO2 Oxalate ions are C2O4--

Conc. H2SO4
Concentrated sulphuric acid decomposes oxalate ions into carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Readers shouldn't take long to realize that the oxalate ions have decomposed through a disproportionation reaction. If the evolution of the two gases is confirmed, we can say that sulphuric acid reacted with oxalate ions.

If the evolved gaseous mixture is passed through limewater, it will turn milky and finally colourless. Carbon Monoxide in the mixture will burn with a blue flame to produce carbon dioxide. The two gases are confirmed in this way, confirming the presence of the oxalate ion.

Acidified Potassium Permanaganate solution
Acidified KMnO4 is an oxidizing agent. It will oxidize the oxalate ions into carbon dioxide. In the process, it will decolorize because of the reduction of the violet manganate ions into colorless manganous ions.

Now the question is, how do we know that the decolorization was due to oxalate ions? KMnO4 solution is decolorized each time the manganate ions oxidize ANYTHING.

The answer lies again, in the detection of the carbondioxide gas. Once the gas is confirmed, oxalate ions have been virtually confirmed.

Calcium chloride solution
Aqueous solution of oxalate ions give a white precipitate of calcium oxalate which is insoluble in acetic acid.

Decomposition by Heat or Strong Acid
All nitrate salts are decomposed by heat or dilute sulphuric acid to produce reddish brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide.

2Cu(NO3)2(aq) -> 2CuO(aq) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Copper chips
To the Aqueous solution of the salt when we added conc. sulphuric acid, and then copper chips are added, Dark brown solution forms. It forms due to acid of sulphur.

The brown ring test
When a freshly prepared acidified solution of ferrous sulphate is added to a solution of nitrate ions, in the presence of concentrated H2SO4, a deep brown ring is formed.

This deep brown ring is due to the formation of the complex sphere [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+. In this form, the Fe ion is in both its +1 and +2 oxidation states, and oscillates between the two. This means that even a slight disturbance in the medium will disturb the complex. It is for this reason that the acidified ferrous sulphate is added drop-wise and allowed to roll down the walls of the test tube, this minimises any disturbance that would destroy the ring. It reacts upon contact with the medium, and forms the mentioned complex, but only at the edges, forming the characteristic brown ring.

The oscillation occurs in the following two ways

i) The NO ion loses an electron to the Fe2+ ion forming Fe1+ and NO1+ NO -> NO1+ + e1- Fe2+ + e1- -> Fe1+

ii) The Fe1+ returns the electron to the NO1+ forming NO and Fe2+ Fe1+ -> Fe2+ + e1- NO1+ + e1- -> NO

It is worth noting that it is very rare to find iron in its (I) oxidation state, (II) and (III) are much more common

Reduction to Ammonia
The NItrate ion can easily be reduced to ammonia with either Devardas Alloy or Aluminium Foil. The aluminium is a very powerful reducing agent, and this combined with heating causes the nitrate ions to form ammonia gas. This can be tested for by holding a piece of damp red litmus paper over the end of the test tube. The ammonia will form alkaline ammonium ions in the water and turn the paper blue.

4NO3-(aq) + 6H20(l) -> 4NH3(g) + 9O2(g)

Aluminium powder is not shown as it merely catalyses the reaction.

Barium Chloride
The addition of a sulphate to a barium chloride solution produces a white precipitate of barium sulphate. This precipitate is very insoluble, not dissolving in any common laboratory reagents.

Magnesium Sulphate + Barium Chloride -> Barium Sulphate + Magnesium Chloride

MgSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) -> BaSO4(s) + MgCl2(aq)

Lead Nitrate/Lead Acetate
A similar reaction to the above, a white precipitate of lead sulphate is formed. Again this is very difficult to dissolve in common reagent like water, but dissolves in Sodium hydroxide and to a much extent in Ammonium acetate solution.

PbNO3(aq) + MgSO4(aq) -> PbSO4(s) + MgNO3(aq)

(CH3COO)2Pb(aq) + K2SO4(aq) -> PbSO4(s) + 2CH3COOK(aq)

H2S test
The oxidising properties of potassium manganate allow it to oxidise hydrogen sulphide rapidly from oxidation state (II) to 0, reducing itself to manganese ions. These do not impart any colour to the solution, yet the sulphur precipitate forms a white cloud as the purple colouration of manganate ions disappears.

2S2- -> S2 + 4e

MnO42- + 4e- -> Mn2+ + 2O2

Ethyl Alcohol
on adding ethyl alcohol we get ethyl borate on expose to flame it gives greenish yellow colour flame.

Ammonium Molybdate
When added to phosphate ions, warmed with nitric acid, forms a canary yellow precipitate of ammonium phosphorous molybdate.The same yellow canary colour is also given by arsenic salts after treating with Nitric acid. Confirmatory test for presence of phosphates. PO43- + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ -> (NH4)3PO4·12MoO3↓ + 21NH4NO3 + 12H2O

Carbonates and Bicarbonates
In the presence of carbonate (CO32-) or bicarbonate (HCO3-) ion, the addition of concentrated strong acid (e.g. HCl) causes the evolution of CO2 gas, resulting in fizzing or bubbling. To determine which is present, MgSO4 is added to the salt solution. A white precipitate at low temperatures indicates carbonate while precipitation upon heating confirms bicarbonate.


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Java Swings/Responsive Swing Application

In this section, we'll create an application that responds to a user action, namely the pressing of a button.

The Program
Last section, we wrote a program that displays a text label along with a button. In this section, we'll add functionality to the application so that the text changes when the user presses the button. In order to accomplish this, we'll write a subclass of  that can change its text, and implements the   interface. Because a JButton generates action events when pushed, we can connect our specialized JLabel to the JButton by registering it as a listener. Here's the code:

In this application, class  defines a special type of label that is an action listener (ie, that can receive ActionEvents) by implementing the   interface. It also has the ability to change its text through the private method. The  method just calls   when it receives an ActionEvent.

The main program code in  is similar to the code in the last section, but uses a   instead of an ordinary   object. It also registers the ChangeLabel as an  of the button with the button's   method. We can do this because JButtons create ActionEvents, and ChangeLabel is an ActionListener (ie, implements the  interface).

There's one thing to notice in the above example. Two classes are defined, one to contain the program code in the static main method, and another that defines a type used in the program. However, there's no reason that we can't put the  method directly in our new type's class. In fact, putting the program's  method in a customized subclass of a component is a common idiom in programming Swing applications. When reorganized this way, the program looks like this:

This program does exactly the same thing as the first, but organizes all the code into one class.

Multi-threading in Swing
The thread that performs actions inside the action, change, mouse and other listeners is called a Swing thread. These methods must execute and return quickly, as the Swing thread that must be available for the Swing framework to keep the application responsive. In other words, if you perform some time-consuming calculation or other activities, you must do this in a separate thread, not in the Swing thread. However then you access Swing components from the non-swing thread you initiated yourself, they may hang due race conditions if manipulated by the Swing thread at the same time. Because of that, Swing component from the non-Swing thread must be accessed through intermediate Runnable, using the  method:

This call will fire setText(message) in the appropriate time, when the Swing thread will be ready to respond. This approach is also usual when implementing the moving progress bar that only works properly if the slow process itself is implemented outside the Swing thread.


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User talk:59.92.69.17

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Wikijunior:What can you use math for?/Glossary

DRAFT glossary of basic terms accuracy add additive algorithm alphanumeric analog analysis angle approximately assumption asymmetrical asymptote average balance base bell curve binary bounds calculation commutative composite compute congruence conjecture consistent continuing fraction continuous converge convert corollary count count decimal decrease dense difference differentiate digital dimensions (1D/2D/3D) discrete distance distribution distributive diverge divide equal equation equivalent estimate even exponent extrapolate extrema factor finite fit forecast formula fraction fundamental geometry hash hypothesis increase infinity integer integrate interpolate intersect invalid limit linear logarithm logic long division matrix mean measure median mode multiply negative nonlinear null/empty odd operation (order of) outlier outlier parallel parameter partition percentage piece-wise polynomial positive power precedence predict prime probability proof range reduce repeating decimal roots round running average scaling set simple average simplest form skewed slope solution sparse speed sporadic substitution subtract sum symmetrical theory time integration total trend truncate unequal union units valid velocity weighted average zero


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User talk:Rajesh.or.tidke~enwikibooks

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User talk:Bellator~enwikibooks

Welcome!
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Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:27, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bellator. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bellator~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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User talk:66.7.165.94

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User talk:Annmkelly1

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User:Neoptolemus/New book list

The following are books I would like to create at some point in the future, listed here so that I don't forget about them. This list will likely be continually updated as I get more and more ideas. Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 20:43, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

 * History of Russia -- Russian History
 * History of Spain -- Spanish History
 * History of Mexico -- Mexican History
 * History of Germany -- German History
 * History of France -- French History
 * History of Britain -- British History
 * History of Ireland -- Irish History
 * History of Scotland -- Scottish History
 * History of England -- English History
 * History of Wales -- Welsh History
 * History of the Middle East
 * Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
 * History of Texas
 * various other national and regional histories

title: User:Neoptolemus/New book list


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Radiation Oncology/Pancreas/Randomized

Randomized Evidence for Pancreatic Cancer

In process of being cross-linked ...

Biliary Drain

 * The Netherlands (2003-2008) -- preop biliary drainage vs. surgery only
 * 2010 PMID 20071702 -- "Preoperative biliary drainage for cancer of the head of the pancreas." (van der Gaag NA, N Engl J Med. 2010 Jan 14;362(2):129-37.)
 * Randomized. 202 patients, obstructive jaundice and bilirubin 2.3 - 14.6 mg/dl. Arm 1) Preoperative biliary drainage for 4-6 weeks vs. Arm 2) No drainage. Both arms followed by surgical resection. Drainage primarily by ERCP placed endoprosthesis. Primary outcome rate of serious complications
 * Outcome: Complications drain 74% vs. no drain 39% (RR 0.54, SS). Mortality and LOS no difference
 * Conclusion: Routine pre-op biliary drainage increases rate of complications

Extent of surgical resection

 * Mayo Clinic (1997-2003) -- standard LND vs. extended LND
 * Randomized. 79 patients with resectable pancreatic head cancer, peri-ampullary and islet cell excluded. Distal gastrectomy, pylorus preservation not allowed. Arm 1) standard LND (D1) removed first-echelon lymph nodes en bloc vs. Arm 2) extended LND (D2) which in addition dissected second-echelon lymph nodes
 * 2005 PMID 16269290 -- "A prospective randomized trial comparing standard pancreatoduodenectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy in resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinoma." (Farnell MB, Surgery. 2005 Oct;138(4):618-28; discussion 628-30.)
 * Outcome: Median OR time D1 6.2 hrs vs. D2 7.6 hrs (SS), blood transfusions 22% vs. 44% (SS), median LN resected 15 vs. 36 (SS), LOS ~11 days (NS). Median OS 2.2 years vs. 1.6 years (NS), 1-year OS 82% vs. 71% (NS)
 * Toxicity: Diarrhea, body appearance, bowel control better (SS) with D1 resection
 * Conclusion: No difference, extended LND unattractive for further evaluation

 * Johns Hopkins (1996-2001) - Pancreaticoduodenectomy: pylorus preservation with standard LND vs. distal gastrectomy with retroperitoneal LND
 * Randomized. 299 patients with periampullary carcinoma (57% pancreatic, 22% ampullary, 17% distal bile duct, 3% duodenal). Initially treated with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy then Arm 1) pylorus preservation and standard LND (distal gastrectomy only if inadequate margin) vs. Arm 2) radical resection with gastrectomy and extended LND
 * 2002 PMID 12192322 -- "Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma, part 2: randomized controlled trial evaluating survival, morbidity, and mortality." (Yeo CJ, Ann Surg. 2002 Sep;236(3):355-66; discussion 366-8.)
 * Complication rate: standard 29% vs. radical 43%
 * LN+ 74%, SM+ 10% (standard 21% vs. radical 5%)
 * 5-years; 2005 PMID 16332474 -- "Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma--part 3: update on 5-year survival." (Riall TS, J Gastrointest Surg. 2005 Dec;9(9):1191-204; discussion 1204-6.). Median live F/U 5.3 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS standard 25% vs. radical 31% (NS); pancreatic CA - standard 13% vs. radical 29% (NS). SM+ standard 21% vs. radical 5% (SS)
 * Conclusion: Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodectomy without retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy procedure of choice, but higher SM+ in standard resection

 * Milan (Italy)(1991-1994) -- standard LND vs extended LND
 * Randomized. 81 patients with resectable head of pancreas CA. Pancreatoduodenectomy, then Arm 1) standard LND vs. Arm 2) extended LND and retroperitoneal soft-tissue clearance (hepatic hilum, along aorta from the diaphragm to the IMA, laterally to both renal hila, with clearance of the celiac axis and SMA). IORT in 19 patients (NS)
 * 1998 PMID 9790340 -- "Standard versus extended lymphadenectomy associated with pancreatoduodenectomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: a multicenter, prospective, randomized study. Lymphadenectomy Study Group." Pedrazzoli S, Ann Surg. 1998 Oct;228(4):508-17.)
 * Outcome: No difference in peri-operative outcomes. LN sampled standard 13 vs. extended 20 (SS). Median OS standard 11.0 months vs. 16.4 (NS)
 * Post-hoc analysis: N1 patients significantly better survival if extended vs standard; no difference in N0 patients
 * Predictors of survival: Grade, size (>2.0 cm), N1, >=4 transfused units of blood
 * Conclusion: Extended resection doesn't improve survival, although trend in N1 patients

Surgery +/- Chemo-RT

 * Erasmus MC (2000-2007) -- intra-arterial chemo-RT vs observation
 * Randomized. 120 patients, pancreatic head (52%) or periampullary (48%) cancer. After pancreaticoduodenectomy, randomized to Arm 1) intra-arterial mitoxantrone, 5-FU, leucovoring, and cisplatin x6 cycles with RT 54/30 after first cycle vs Arm 2) observation
 * 2008 PMID 19092348 -- "Adjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus surgery alone in resectable pancreatic and periampullary cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial." (Morak MJ, Ann Surg. 2008 Dec;248(6):1031-41.) Median F/U 1.5 years
 * Outcome: Median OS 19 months vs 18 months (NS), PFS 37% vs 20% (SS). Significantly fewer liver mets on subgroup analysis
 * Conclusion: Intra-arterial chemo-RT prolongs time to progression, but no impact on survival

 * ESPAC-1 (1994-2000) -- 2x2 surgery +/- chemotherapy and +/- chemo-RT
 * Randomized, 2x2 design + 2 other randomizations to improve accrual. 541 patients total, treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy (R0 81%, R1 19%). Physicians could choose a randomization. 285 patients randomized to 2x2 factorial (observation, chemotherapy x6 cycles, chemo-RT, chemo-RT followed by adjuvant chemo x6 cycles). 68 patients randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo-RT. 188 patients randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo. Patients could be given other "background" therapy, which could be chemo or RT. RT AP/PA split course 20/10 + 20/10 (GITSG regimen, although up to 60 Gy could be given). Chemotherapy concurrent bolus 5-FU 500 mg/m2 + leucovorin, adjuvant 5-FU 425 mg/m2 x6 months
 * All patients; 2001 PMID 11716884 -- "Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy in resectable pancreatic cancer: a randomised controlled trial." (Neoptolemos JP, Lancet. 2001 Nov 10;358(9293):1576-85.) Median F/U of alive patients 10 months
 * Analysis: Combined group chemo-RT (n=178) vs. no chemo-RT (n=175); combined group chemo (n=235) vs. no chemo (n=238).
 * Outcome: median OS chemo-RT 15 months vs. no chemo-RT 16 months (NS); median OS chemo 20 months vs. no chemo 14 months (SS)
 * Conclusion: No survival benefit for adjuvant chemo-RT, significant benefit for adjuvant chemo
 * 2x2 subset; 2004 PMID 15028824 — "A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer" (Neoptolemos JP, N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 18;350(12):1200-10.)
 * Analysis of 2x2 factorial patients only. 289 patients, not powered for individual group comparison. 82% deaths recorded. Median F/U 3.9 years
 * Outcome: median OS observation 17 months vs. chemo-RT 14 months vs. 22 months chemo vs. 20 months chemo-RT + chemo (not powered for statistics)
 * Chemo-RT comparison: median OS chemo-RT 16 months vs. no chemo-RT 18 months (NS), 5-year OS chemo-RT 10% vs. no chemo-RT 20% (p=0.05); no benefit regardless of chemo
 * Chemo comparison: median OS chemo 20 months vs. no chemo 15 months (SS), 5-year OS chemo 21% vs. no chemo 8% (p=0.009); benefit regardless of RT
 * Pattern of failure: LR 35%, LR+DM 27%, DM 34%
 * Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy significant survival benefit; adjuvant chemo-RT had deleterious effect on survival

 * EORTC 40891 (1987-95) -- surgery +/- chemo-RT
 * Randomized. 218 patients. Pancreatic T1-2 N0-1a (55%) or periampullary (ampulla, distal CBD, duodenum) T1-3 N0-1a (45%). Arm 1) Chemo-RT vs. Arm 2) observation. RT split course 20/10 + 20/10 (GITSG regimen). Chemo 5-FU C.I. 25 mg/kg over 5 days at the beginning of each RT course. No maintenance (vs. 2 years in GITSG). SM+ 21%, LN+ 50%
 * 1999 PMID 10615932 — "Adjuvant radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil after curative resection of cancer of the pancreas and periampullary region: phase III trial of the EORTC gastrointestinal tract cancer cooperative group." (Klinkenbijl JH, Ann Surg. 1999 Dec;230(6):776-82.)
 * For all tumors: Median PFS chemo-RT 17 months vs observation 16 months (NS); median OS 24 months vs 19 months (NS). 2-year OS 51% vs 41%, 5-year OS 28% vs 22% (NS)
 * Pancreas tumor subset: median OS 17 months vs 13 months (NS). 2-year OS 37% vs 23%, 5-year OS 20% vs 10% (p=0.09).
 * Periampullary tumor subset: median OS 39 months vs 40 months (NS). 5-year OS 38% vs. 36% (NS)
 * Site of failure: LR both arms 15% (NS), LRR+DM ~20%, DM ~30%
 * Conclusion: Routine use of post-op chemo-RT not warranted
 * 12-years; 2007 PMID 17968163 -- "Long-term survival and metastatic pattern of pancreatic and periampullary cancer after adjuvant chemoradiation or observation: long-term results of EORTC trial 40891." (Smeenk HG, Ann Surg. 2007 Nov;246(5):734-40.) Median F/U 11.7 years
 * Outcome: Death reported in 79% (malignant disease cause of death in chemo-RT 79% vs. observation 86%); median OS chemo-RT 1.8 years vs. observation 1.6 years (NS), 5-year OS 25% vs. 22% (NS), 10-year OS 17% vs. 18% (NS) - pancreatic subset 8% vs. periampullary subset 29%; median PFS 1.5 years vs. 1.2 years (NS)
 * Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant chemo-RT
 * Criticisms: No maintenance chemotherapy. About 20% of pts assigned to chemo-RT arm did not receive that treatment, although 93% received RT. Benefit was diluted by inclusion of favorable periampullary cancers, although on exploratory pancreatic cancer subset analysis there was no difference.

 * GITSG 9173 (1974-82) -- surgery +/- chemo-RT
 * Randomized. Terminated early due to poor accrual. 42 patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (ampulla excluded), who were resected, margins negative, no peritoneal mets. Head of pancreas 95%, SM+ 38%, LN+ 28%, Grade 3 5%. Subtotal Whipple 68%, Stage I 35%. Randomized to Arm 1) RT + 5-FU vs Arm 2) observation. RT was supravoltage 40/20 split course (2 week break after 20/10). Fields included the pancreatic bed and regional nodes AP/PA. 5-FU (500 mg/m2) bolus on days 1-3 of each cycle. Adjuvant chemotherapy given weekly x 2 years beginning 1 month after RT.
 * 1985 PMID 4015380 — "Pancreatic cancer. Adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection." (Kalser MH, Arch Surg. 1985 Aug;120(8):899-903.) Median F/U 5.5 years
 * Median OS: chemo-RT 20 months vs observation 11 months (SS). 2-year OS 42% vs 15%; 5-yr OS vs 15% and 5%; median DFS 11 months vs. 9 months (SS)
 * Recurrence: overall 71% vs. 86%; local 47%; hepatic 32% vs. 50%; DM 40% vs 52%.
 * Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo-RT may prolong survival time

Surgery + Chemo-RT: Adjuvant Chemo Alternatives

 * RTOG 97-04 / Intergroup (1998-2002) -- sandwich chemo-RT adjuvant 5-FU vs. gemcitabine
 * Randomized. 451 patients, with complete GTR of pancreas. Arm 1) CI 5-FU (250 mg/m2) x3 weeks -> chemo-RT -> CI 5-FU (250 mg/m2) x12 weeks vs. Arm 2) gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) x3 weeks -> chemo-RT -> gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) x12 weeks. Chemo-RT was same for both arms (RT 50.4 Gy + concurrent 5-FU 250 mg/m2), 1-2 weeks after induction chemo. Compliance with both >85%
 * 2008 PMID 18319412 -- "Fluorouracil vs gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after fluorouracil-based chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial." (Regine WF, JAMA. 2008 Mar 5;299(9):1019-26.)
 * Outcome: median OS 5-FU 17 months vs. gemcitabine 20 months (p=0.09)
 * Toxicity: Grade 4 hematologic 5-FU 1% vs. gemcitabine 14% (SS)
 * Conclusion: Trend to survival for gemcitabine (but NS), and significantly more toxic

Surgery +/- Adjuvant Chemotherapy

 * CONKO-001 (Germany)(1998-2004) -- adjuvant gemcitabine vs observation
 * Randomized. 354/368 patients. Pancreas carcinoma T1-4 N0-1 M0 s/p gross complete resection (R0 or R1 allowed). Arm 1) adjuvant gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) x 6 cycles vs Arm 2) no adjuvant treatment. R0 resection in 80%
 * 2007 PMID 17227978 — "Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Gemcitabine vs Observation in Patients Undergoing Curative-Intent Resection of Pancreatic Cancer." (Oettle H, JAMA. 2007 Jan 17;297:267-277.) Median F/U 4.4 years
 * Relapse: chemo 74% vs control 92%; LR (with/without DM) in 34% vs 41%. DM alone in 56% vs 49%.
 * Survival: Median DFS 13 vs 7 months (SS); 1-year DFS 58% vs. 31%, 3-year 23% vs. 7%, 5-year 16% vs. 5%. Median OS 22 months vs. 20 months (NS) but 5-year OS 22% vs. 11% (p=0.06)
 * Subgroup analysis shows benefit for gemzar for DFS for all subgroups. In subgroup analysis, OS benefit thus far for gemzar for R0 resection and T3-4 and N- pts.
 * Conclusion: Adjuvant gemcitabine significantly improved DFS (primary endpoint), and trial supports its use as adjuvant therapy

 * JSAP (Japan)(1992-2000) -- adjuvant cisplatin/5-FU vs. observation
 * Randomized. 85 patients, s/p complete resection (R1 not allowed). Arm 1) adjuvant cisplatin 80 mg/m2 + 5-FU 500 mg/m2 x2 cycles. Intraop RT used but not discussed.
 * 2006 PMID 16490736 -- "A multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of adjuvant cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil therapy after curative resection in cases of pancreatic cancer." (Kosuge T, Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006 Mar;36(3):159-65. Epub 2006 Feb 20.)
 * Outcome: median OS chemo 12 months vs. observation 16 months (NS); 5-year OS chemo 26% vs. observation 15%
 * Prognostic factors: Grade 1, no LN+. T-stage, size not prognostic
 * Toxicity: Grade 3+ 16%
 * Conclusion: Postop adjuvant cisplatin/5-FU safe, but no survival benefit

 * Japan (1986-1992) -- adjuvant MF vs. observation
 * Randomized. 508 patients ( pancreatic n=173, cholangio n=139, n=140, ampulla n=56), s/p surgery. Stage II-IV, pancreas LN+ 80%, liver+ 10%, curative resection 58%. Arm 1) adjuvant chemo with mitomycin C + 5-FU C.I. x2 courses, followed by 5-FU until recurrence vs. Arm 2) observation
 * 2002 PMID 12365016 -- "Is postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy useful for gallbladder carcinoma? A phase III multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with resected pancreaticobiliary carcinoma." (Takada T, Cancer. 2002 Oct 15;95(8):1685-95.)
 * Outcome: 5-year OS pancreatic chemo 11% vs. observation 18%; for curative resection chemo 18% vs. observation 27% (NS)
 * Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant systemic chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer

 * Norway (1984-1987) -- adjuvant AMF vs. observation
 * Randomized. 61 patients with pancreatic (77%) or papilla (23%), s/p radical resection. Arm 1) adjuvant chemo (AMF) x6 cycles vs. Arm 2) control.
 * 1993 PMID 8471327 -- "Adjuvant combination chemotherapy (AMF) following radical resection of carcinoma of the pancreas and papilla of Vater--results of a controlled, prospective, randomised multicentre study." (Bakkevold KE, Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A(5):698-703.)
 * Outcome: median OS chemo 23 months vs. observation 11 months (SS); 2-year OS 43% vs. 32% (NS); 5-year OS 4% vs. 8% (NS)
 * Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo postpone incidence of recurrence during first 2 years; no difference on ultimate cure rate

Surgery vs. Chemo-RT

 * Japan Pancreatic Cancer Study Group -- Surgery vs. Chemo-radiation
 * Randomized. Stopped early after survival benefit to surgery. 42/150 patients, locally advanced but resectable pancreatic cancer, no involvement of SMA or common hepatic artery, no para-aortic LN+. Arm 1) Surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy + dissection of regional lymphatics) vs. Arm 2) Concurrent RT 50.4/28 and C.I. 5-FU 200 mg/m2 to primary tumor + 1-3 cm margin to cover regional lymph nodes
 * 5-years; 2008 PMID 18958561 -- "Surgery versus radiochemotherapy for resectable locally invasive pancreatic cancer: Final results of a randomized multi-institutional trial." (Doi R, Surg Today. 2008 Nov;38(11):1021-1028. Epub 2008 Oct 29.) Minimum F/U alive patients 5 years
 * Outcome: median OS surgery 12 months vs. chemo-RT 9 months (NS); 3-year OS 20% vs. 0% (SS); 5-year OS 10% vs. 0% (NS)
 * Conclusion: Locally invasive resectable pancreatic cancer is treated more effectively by resection than by chemo-radiation

RT vs. Chemo-RT

 * GITSG 9273 (1970's) -- RT 60 Gy vs. RT 40 Gy + 5-FU vs. RT 60 Gy + 5-FU
 * Randomized, 3 arms. 194 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) RT alone 60/30 Gy split course (On interim analysis found inferior and was discontinued) vs. Arm 2) RT 40/20 Gy split course + concurrent 5-FU vs. Arm 3) RT 60/30 Gy split course + concurrent 5-FU. Concurrent 5-FU 500 mg/m2, followed by maintenance 5-FU 500 mg/m2 x2 years
 * 1981 PMID 7284971 "Therapy of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma: a randomized comparison of high dose (6000 rads) radiation alone, moderate dose radiation (4000 rads + 5-fluorouracil), and high dose radiation + 5-fluorouracil: The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group," Moertel CG et al. Cancer. 1981 Oct 15;48(8):1705-10.
 * Outcome: DFS RT-60 2.9 months vs. C-RT-40 7.0 months vs. C-RT 60 7.6 months (SS); median OS 5.3 months vs. 9.7 months vs. 9.3 months (SS); 1-year OS 10% vs. 35% vs. 46%
 * Toxicity: No severe GI toxicity >10%
 * Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior to RT alone; C-RT 40 Gy comparable to C-RT 60 Gy

 * Mayo Clinic (1960's) -- RT alone vs. RT + 5-FU
 * Randomized. 64 patients with unresectable cancers of the stomach, pancreas, and large bowel. Arm 1) EBRT 35-40 Gy vs. Arm 2) Same EBRT + concurrent 5-FU
 * 1969 PMID 4186452 -- "Combined 5-fluorouracil and supervoltage radiation therapy of locally unresectable gastrointestinal cancer." (Moertel CG, Lancet. 1969 Oct 25;2(7626):865-7.)
 * Outcome: median OS RT alone 6.3 months vs. chemo-RT 10.4 months (SS); 1-year OS 6% vs. 22%
 * Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT significantly augments RT alone

Chemo-RT: Chemo Choices

 * PACT -- 5-FU + RT +/- TNFerade
 * Randomized. 330 patients with locally advanced pancreatic CA. Treated with 1) TNFerade (adenoviral vector carrying TNF-a regulated by radiation-inducible promoter Egr-1) + C.I. 5-FU 200 mg/m2/d + RT 50.4 Gy vs 2) 5-FU + RT, randomized 2:1
 * 2007 ASCO Abstract -- "Multi-center phase II/III randomized controlled clinical trial using TNFerade combined with chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC)." (Posner M, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2007 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. Vol 25, No. 18S (June 20 Supplement), 2007: 4518)
 * First 50 patients assessed for response. 1-year OS (primary endpoint): 71% vs. 28%; median OS 1.4 years vs. 0.9 years
 * Conclusion: Preliminary data encouraging

 * Taipei (1998-2001) -- 5-FU + RT vs. GEM + RT
 * Randomized. 34 patients. Unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) 5-FU 500 mg/m2 + RT vs. Arm 2) Gemcitabine 600 mg/m2 + RT. RT 50.4 - 61.2 Gy @ 1.8 Gy/fx. All patients received maintenance GEM 1000 mg/m2 thereafter
 * 2003 PMID 12909221 "Concurrent chemoradiotherapy treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer: gemcitabine versus 5-fluorouracil, a randomized controlled study." (Li CP, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Sep 1;57(1):98-104.)
 * Outcome: median OS 5-FU 7 months vs. GEM 14 months (SS). 1-year OS 31% vs. 56%. 2-year OS 0% vs. 15%. Also improvement in pain control, performance status, and QoL
 * Toxicity: No difference
 * Conclusion: Gemcitabine + RT more effective than 5-FU + RT, comparable tolerability

 * GITSG 9277 (1980's) -- RT + 5-FU vs. RT + adriamycin
 * Randomized. 143 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA, surgically staged. Arm 1) RT 60/30 split course + concurrent 5-FU bolus 500 mg/m2 + maintenance 5-FU vs Arm 2) RT 40/20 continuous course + concurrent adriamycin 10 mg/m2 + maintenance adriamycin x5 courses + maintenance 5-FU
 * 1985 PMID 2864997 "Radiation therapy combined with Adriamycin or 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group," ([No Authors Listed], Cancer. 1985 Dec 1;56(11):2563-8.)
 * Outcome: Median OS 5-FU 8.5 months vs. adriamycin 7.6 months (NS). Initial recurrence LRR 5-FU 58% vs. adriamycin 51%
 * Toxicity: 5-FU 36% vs. adriamycin 53% (SS)
 * Conclusion: No difference in outcome, but adriamycin significantly more toxic

Chemo-RT vs. Chemo Alone

 * LAP 07 (not reported, 2x2 rand.) induction gem vs. induction gem + erolotonib --> stable disease --> gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine + RT
 * 2013 ASCO Abstract -- "Comparison of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and chemotherapy (CT) in patients with a locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) controlled after 4 months of gemcitabine with or without erlotinib: Final results of the international phase III LAP 07 study." (Hammel P, J Clin Oncol 31: 2013 (suppl; abstr LBA4003))
 * Randomized. 269 patients reached 2nd randomization. Arm 1) Chemotherapy alone. Arm 2) RT 54 Gy + Xeloda 1600 mg/m2
 * Outcome: Median OS 16.5 months vs. 15.3 months (p=0.83)
 * Conclusion: CRT is not superior to chemotherapy alone in LAPC

 * ECOG E4201 (2003-2005) -- gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine + RT
 * 2008 ASCO Abstract -- "A randomized phase III study of gemcitabine in combination with radiation therapy versus gemcitabine alone in patients with localized, unresectable pancreatic cancer: E4201." (Loehrer PJ, J Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr 4506))
 * Randomized. Closed early due to slow accrual. 69 of planned 316 patients with unresectable disease. Arm 1) Gemcitabine alone 1000 mg/m2 x7 cycles vs. Arm 2) RT 50.4/28 + gemcitabine 600 mg/m2, then gemcitabine alone 1000 mg/m2 x5 cycles
 * Outcome: PFS GEM 6.1 months vs. GEM/RT 6.3 months (NS). Median OS 9 months vs. 11 months (SS)
 * Toxicity: Grade 4 GEM 6% vs. GEM/RT 41% (SS)
 * Conclusion: Gem+RT had increased but generally manageable toxicity, with improved OS over Gem alone

 * FFCD-SFRO (2000-2005) -- 5-FU + RT vs. Gemcitabine alone
 * Randomized. Stopped prematurely due to worse survival in Chemo-RT arm. 119 patients with unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) 3D-RT 60/30 + concurrent 5-FU C.I. 300 mg/m2 + cisplatin 20 mg/m2 vs Arm 2) Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 alone x7 weeks. Both arms then maintenance Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 until disease progression/toxicity
 * 2008 PMID 18467316 -- "Phase III trial comparing intensive induction chemoradiotherapy (60 Gy, infusional 5-FU and intermittent cisplatin) followed by maintenance gemcitabine with gemcitabine alone for locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer. Definitive results of the 2000-01 FFCD/SFRO study." (Chauffert B, Ann Oncol. 2008 May 7. [Epub ahead of print])
 * Outcome: median OS Chemo-RT 8.6 months vs. GEM 13 months (SS); 1-year OS 32% vs. 53%
 * Toxicity: higher in Chemo-RT arm 36% vs. GEM 22% (SS)
 * Conclusion: Chemo-RT is more toxic and less effective than Gemcitabine alone

 * GITSG 9283 (1980's) -- 5-FU + RT vs. SMF (Streptozocin, mytomycin, 5-FU)
 * Randomized. 43 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic CA. Arm 1) Streptozocin + mitomycin + 5FU (SMF) vs Arm 2) RT 54 Gy + concurrent 5FU, followed by SMF.
 * 1988 PMID 2898536 "Treatment of locally unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas: comparison of combined-modality therapy (chemotherapy plus radiotherapy) to chemotherapy alone. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group," ([No Authors Listed], J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988 Jul 20;80(10):751-5.)
 * Outcome: median OS Chemo-RT 9.7 months vs. SMF alone 7.4 months (SS); 1-year OS 41% vs. 19% (SS)
 * Conclusion: Combined chemo-RT superior to SMF chemotherapy alone

 * ECOG (1970's) -- 5-FU alone vs. 5-FU + RT
 * Randomized. 148/191 patients with locally unresectable adenoCA of stomach (n=57) or pancreas (n=91). Arm 1) 5-FU 600 mg/m2 alone vs. Arm 2) RT 40/20 + concurrent 5-FU bolus 600 mg/m2 + adjuvant 5-FU 600 gm/m2
 * 1985 PMID 3973648 -- "Treatment of locally unresectable cancer of the stomach and pancreas: a randomized comparison of 5-fluorouracil alone with radiation plus concurrent and maintenance 5-fluorouracil--an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study." (Klaassen DJ, J Clin Oncol. 1985 Mar;3(3):373-8.)
 * Outcome: median OS 5-FU 6.5 months vs. chemo-RT 5.1 months (NS); pancreas subgroup 8.2 months vs. 8.3 months (NS)
 * Toxicity: 5-FU alone 27% vs. chemo-RT 51% (SS)
 * Conclusion: Adding RT to 5-FU didn't improve survival, and was more toxic

title: Radiation Oncology/Pancreas/Randomized


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User:LinChiehHuang

LinChiehHuang

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User talk:LinChiehHuang

Based on books

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text:
User talk:209.234.184.2

Join Us!
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title: User talk:209.234.184.2


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User:Leobold1

Just saving my name for future use. See me at User:Leobold1 on Wikipedia for me.

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text: Category:Bison recipes

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User talk:81.131.16.134

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text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization


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Cookbook talk:Kugelis (Lithuanian Baked Potato Pudding)

There about as many variations on kugelis as there are Lithuanian cooks. Both of my grandmothers had slightly different versions--and my own mother did hers a little differently from either grandmom.

Some recipes call for using sour cream instead of milk; some call for scalding the milk or lightly sautéing the onions. My mother liked to divide the potatoes and boil and mash 1 potato for every 2 raw grated potatoes. Mom added a bit of baking powder to the mix also. One grandmother used bacon fat, the other, butter.

I've also heard of cooks adding farina or bread crumbs for texture.

My own experience indicates that old potatoes produce better results than fresh ones do. I prefer stay away from coarse-grained Idahoes and use white or red potates for a better texture.

What with the bacon fat, sour cream and butter, this is perhaps not the best dish for cardiovascular health, but it sure is yummy!

Chuck


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MediaWiki:Sitenotice id

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C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strtod

strtod
The function strtod returns whatever it encounters first in start as a double. end is set to point at whatever is left in start after that double. If overflow occurs, strtod returns either HUGE_VAL or -HUGE_VAL.

results in x being set to 42.0.

 * Related topics: atof


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C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/isalnum

isalnum
The function isalnum returns non-zero if its argument is a numeric digit or a letter of the alphabet. Otherwise, zero is returned.

 * Related topics: isalpha - iscntrl - isdigit - isgraph - isprint - ispunct - isspace - isxdigit


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C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/isalpha

isalpha
The function isalpha returns non-zero if its argument is a letter of the alphabet. Otherwise, zero is returned.

 * Related topics: isalnum - iscntrl - isdigit - isgraph - isprint - ispunct - isspace - isxdigit


text: User talk:69.116.254.211

title: User talk:69.116.254.211


text:
User:Scruss

wind farm designer, former typesetter.

title: User:Scruss


text: User:MonoBot

title: User:MonoBot


text:
German/Appendices/Vocabulary/Plants

Fruits

 * (1-42) das Obst: fruit

 * (1) der Apfel (="): apple
 * (2) die Birne (-n): pear
 * (3) die Japanische Wollmispel (-n): loquat

 * (4) der Pfirsich (-e): peach
 * (5) die Pflaume (-n): plum
 * (6) die Aprikose (-n): apricot
 * (7) die Kirsche (-n): cherry

 * (8) die Erdbeere (-n): strawberry
 * (9) die Himbeere (-n): raspberry
 * (10) die Brombeere (-n): blackberry
 * (11) die Blaubeere (-n): blueberry
 * (12) die Preiselbeere (-n): cranberry

 * (13) die Melone (-n): melon
 * (14) die Wassermelone (-n): watermelon

 * (15) die Apfelsine (-n): orange
 * (16) die Mandarine (-n): tangerine
 * (17) die Grapefruit (-s): grapefruit
 * (18) die Zitrone (-n): lemon
 * (19) die Limone (-n): lime
 * (20) die Kumquat (-s): kumquat

 * (21) die Weintraube (-n): grapes
 * (22) die Dattel (-n): dates
 * (23) der Granatapfel (="): pomegranate
 * (24) die Feige (-n): fig
 * (25) die Olive (-n): olive

 * (26) die Banane (-n): banana
 * (27) die Ananas (-se): pineapple
 * (28) die Kokosnuss (-:e) : coconut
 * (29) die Mango (-s): mango
 * (30) die Papaya (-s): papaya

 * (31) die Cherimoya (-s): cherimoya
 * (32) die Sapotille (-n): sapodilla
 * (33) der Rambutan (-e): rambutan
 * (34) die Tamarinde (-n): tamarind
 * (35) die Mangostane (-n): mangosteen
 * (36) die Sternfrucht (-:e): starfruit

 * (37) die Guave (-n): guava
 * (38) die Kiwifrucht (-:e): kiwifruit
 * (39) die Maracuja (-s): passionfruit
 * (40) die Litschi (-s): lychee
 * (41) die Longan (-s): longan
 * (42) die Durian (-s): durian

Other plants
Vocabulary/Plants

title: German/Appendices/Vocabulary/Plants


text: User talk:24.89.64.138

title: User talk:24.89.64.138


text: User talk:203.166.231.243

title: User talk:203.166.231.243


text:
User talk:Scruss

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 01:54, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scruss


text:
User talk:Blackwatch21/WB BW21

Please send me a message here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Blackwatch21

title: User talk:Blackwatch21/WB BW21


text:
User talk:AU-Eagle

An Ashland University student wants to encouage all Ashland University students using wiki books and share good books for other. "Ashland University Wiki Books" is created like a list for wiki readers easily find the sources which Ashland University students contribute in wiki books.

Welcome
Welcome, AU-Eagle!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 19:32, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:AU-Eagle


text:
User talk:Themfish

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:53, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Image:Bg-framing2.jpg
This image is a derivative of copyrighted works, and as such, there must be a fair use claim attached. Please use and add a fair use rationale with. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:53, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I missed that the screenshots were your own work as well. Please use to organize the image description page.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:55, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Themfish


text: User talk:222.127.228.8

title: User talk:222.127.228.8


text:
Talk:Guitar/Stringing the Guitar

Which end of the string do I put where on the wound classical guitar strings? I've noticed that the ends are different from each other.

-- TimNelson (talk) 03:50, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guitar/Stringing the Guitar


text:
User talk:Leobold1

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 03:54, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leobold1


text: User talk:124.6.177.242

title: User talk:124.6.177.242


text:
User talk:Tlcteckles

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:27, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tlcteckles


text:
User:NuttyGorilla~enwikibooks

Nutty Gorilla @ YT

title: User:NuttyGorilla~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:NuttyGorilla~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 04:53, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called NuttyGorilla. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name NuttyGorilla~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:18, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:NuttyGorilla~enwikibooks


text:
Introduction to Crochet/Crochet hook organizer

This handy little organizer was the first thing I ever designed. Originally I worked it as practice in the half double crochet stitch (yes, my skills were that basic at the time). It happened to be the right size for my crochet hooks so I stuck them through it and tied it with a piece of scrap yarn. Later when my skills had improved I added the border and bow ends.

So I really don't understand why craft stores sell crochet hook organizers. We're crocheters; we can make stuff! And yes, it saves money.

Materials

 * Cotton yarn
 * 4mm hook (U.S. size G)

Construction
If the border is too difficult at first, do what I did and just use a spare piece of yarn to hold the roll together. This should keep crochet hooks of nearly any size organized, although extreme oversized hooks and Tunisian crochet hooks won't fit.

Instructions

Body

 * Row 1: chain stitch 40. Make 2 stitch turning chain.
 * Row 2: half double. Make 2 stitch turning chain.
 * Rows 3-20: Repeat row 2.

Border
 * In a contrasting color, start from the center of one of the short sides and half double around the edge. To turn corners, work 5 half double stitches into the corner.  Stop 1 stitch short of completing the border
 * To make the bow ties, chain stitch 30. Make a 1 stitch turning chain.  Single crochet.  Anchor with 1 half double stitch to complete the border.  Make a second tie the same as the first one, then cut and work in loose ends.


text:
Introduction to Crochet/Eyeglasses case

Materials

 * Cotton yarn
 * 4mm hook (U.S. size G)

title: Introduction to Crochet/Eyeglasses case


text: User talk:70.149.41.125

title: User talk:70.149.41.125


text:
User talk:Fshariar~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 12:47, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fshariar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fshariar~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:13, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fshariar~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:213.202.129.211

Join Us!
--Laleena (talk) 13:16, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:213.202.129.211


text: User:Laleena/The Periodic Table

title: User:Laleena/The Periodic Table


text:
User talk:217.218.156.59

Join Us!
--Laleena (talk) 15:18, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:217.218.156.59


text:
User talk:SmoJoe~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 15:18, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called SmoJoe. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name SmoJoe~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:42, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:30, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:SmoJoe~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Dalcorn

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 15:19, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dalcorn


text:
User talk:Ulikesrinu

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 15:19, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ulikesrinu


text:
User talk:61.18.170.86

Join Us!
--Laleena (talk) 15:19, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:61.18.170.86


text:
User talk:68.200.170.56

Join Us!
--Laleena (talk) 15:20, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.200.170.56


text:
Talk:Croatian/Main Contents/Phrasebook

Good, we've started!
Hello everyone, I created this article a while ago, and I'll be editing bits and bobs around, but just out of interest, why is there a link to the croatian language page? Wouldn't it be better to just link it straight back to the front page?
 * I fixed the link. The person who put it there probably intended to write Croatian language rather than Croatian . I mix up the order all the time. Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 15:28, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Here's an eager student
Hello guys! Thanks for the Croatian book and Good luck for your project. Looks very beautiful so far! I need to learn to say some basic Croatian sentences for my work, and came here. Would be great, if you guys could provide some pronunciation examples as audio files, for example in the way that we have made in the Finnish book. Not that Croatian pronunciation is too difficult, but for beginners it would be very useful to learn in properly at once. Suomipoika (talk) 10:43, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Croatian/Main Contents/Phrasebook


text:
User talk:Laddinc

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 15:35, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Laddinc


text:
Geometry/Ellipses

Ellipses
Ellipses are sometimes called ovals. Ellipses contain two foci. The sum of the distance from a point on the ellipse to one focus and that same point to the other focus is constant

title: Geometry/Ellipses


text:
XRX/Login and Session Management

Motivation
You want to use an XForms application to get login information and set server session variables.

Method
The XForms standard has a "secret" attribute for collecting a password. After the user fills out the login form, it is POSTed to the server.

Note that you should not use HTTP GET for passwords since the passwords will appear in the web log files as a URL parameter.

The eXist system has several functions for setting session variables. After a user logs in these session variables should be set and all subsequent XQueries can use these session variables when accessing secure resources.

Note that setting session variables is out-of-scope of the W3C XQuery 1.0 standard and each server may use slight variations of these functions. But the concepts should be very similar.

Most commonly, a session variable is used to associate the user to one or more roles. This is known as role-based access control (RBAC). This allows your XQueries to set conditional behavior based on the user's role, and avoids having to hard-code XQueries based on usernames that may change frequently. A typical role is the "admin" role or the "document-approver" role. eXist uses a UNIX style group that can be associated with a collection or a file. You can use these groups for security if you note that a collection or file can be associated with one-and-only-one group at any time. Users are frequently associated with multiple roles during a session, just as in UNIX a user can be in many groups.

Sample XForms Login Screen
A sample login XForms application is provided here:

XForms Login Screen

This form may be customized to put in any legal disclaimers about the use of unauthorized systems. It can then be wrapped in an XQuery function such as local:display-login and invoked if the user is accessing a page that they do not have authorization to access.

XQuery Function to display session information
Once the user is logged in, the following function can be used to display session information in the upper-right corder of the screen.

Back: Save File Dialog • Next: File Locking

title: XRX/Login and Session Management


text:
Carpentry/Power Tools/Sanders

The following entries apply initially to a single flapdisc system used to sand relatively small blocks for children.

Kids' block toys-- best construction and engineering education
Wood block toys are widely recognized to be the most versatile and most educational of all toys, yet they are surprisingly underrepresented in the armarium of toys and education devices available to children worldwide, with unfortunate results. Children are steered to toys from which one can learn little about how to do anything (music, math, engineering) but much about image, status and bogus conceptions of personal identity (dolls, similated weapons and other symbolic possessions, passive entertainment audio and video, etc. focused on the endless quarrel over who has the upper hand).

A recent Beckley-Cardy "education" toy catalog devoted less than 5% of its pages to wood block toy products—most of the rest consisting of plastic, paper, media etc. The block toy section offered, among other things similarly priced, a set of 500 blocks for $700($1.40 per block), guaranteeing that they are made of only the very best special New England maple and that every block is an exact precise multiple of the length or width of every other. (What does a 2-year-old care about wood pedigree?)

Forget spending all that money; buy a second-hand table-saw and a 7-1/4" carbide-tipped sawblade (which will last through hundreds of nailhits) and you can transform editable old scrapwood cutoffs from crates, pallets, construction and demolition leftovers, etc., into clean gorgeous blocks in surprisingly little time. Try to use what you find discarded in your neighborhood, or deadwood trunks and branches edited from local garden and street trees—the main priority is to trim and sand away dirt, pollution and splinters, leaving exposed the beautiful, infinitely instructive grain pattern, and round off sharp edges and corners.

There is no limit to sizes or shapes of blocks worth making for children, nor is exact geometry of importance prior to age 3 ("Irregular Blocks Teach Adaptive Engineering"). (Next to maybe writing symphonies for large orchestra, saw-trimming scrapwood into blockshapes for children is the most intellectually challenging and creative work on the planet.) (Diagrams and pictures of representative products are in preparation to be added to the article, Wikiversity: Essential Preschool Part I. If you have a product idea with picture don't hesitate to add it there.)Tokerdesigner 22:29, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Disc sanding system
Many sides and edges will have to be sanded to eliminate all chance of splinters, and round all sharp edges and corners on blocks destined for use by children. Attach a regular 1725-rpm motor to a table with the shaft pointing out over the table's edge. Onto the shaft, with an arbor/converter which can be obtained for less than $US10, attach a 7-inch flapsander disc (the #24-Grit "Tiger-Disc" for $18 from Weiler Abrasives is recommended, and other discs, from Grit #36 up, are often cheaper). This disc will survive tens of thousands of wood sandings.

As you face the sander with the block firmly held in both hands, the disc will be revolving counter-clockwise so that the direction is down on the left side, up on the right. Do all your sanding on the left side of the disc so that the dust flies downward into a sack, box or vacuum contrivance. Protective eyeware and woodman's muzzle (Muzzlewoodmanism) advised.

Instead of just holding the block still while pushing it against the disc, you want to keep the block moving so as to reduce heat-buildup (and clogging).

 * Movement left and right distributes abrasion heat among different areas of the sandpaper and of the wood.
 * Movement up and down varies the direction of cut (see below).

Develop a sequence of movements for sanding all sides and turning edges and corners. Mentally count numbers as needed to keep track of where you are in your system. Sanding a typical block from totally rough may take two minutes. (With hardwoods, you can save time by skinning the sides with a table saw or chop saw, leaving only sharp corners and edges to be sanded with higher grit paper.)

When rounding an end-edge, sand out of the sidegrain into the endgrain so you won't rip anything off (such as the bark on rustic pieces). Sanding blocks is analogous to conducting that symphony which someone else (maybe you earlier) wrote. It brings out the glorious artistry of the artist (tree), and will help you develop a systematic mind and sense of rhythm so that you are more effective demonstrating a Zooky (see Wikiversity: Essential Preschool Part I).

Some notes on strokes
From much practice with the benchmounted disc system described above, the writer has learned to distinguish three types of strokes:

 * Hyphen-stroke—left-right—used for low-pressure rounding of edges (usually four side grain and four side-to-end grain).
 * C-stroke—a double stroke with the wood continuously in contact with the flapdisc 180 degrees around the left side of the disc and alternatively a little further toward the right at the top of the disc and a little further to the right at the bottom of the disc (illustration is in preparation and will be added to article). This is used for high-pressure sanding of flat sidegrain.
 * I-stroke—up-down—used for sanding flat endgrain surfaces.

A stroke sequence found practical
1. Side grain: start with the block lying laterally with your right hand gripping the block strongly and ready to do turns, and your left fingers pressing the block against the left edge of the sanding disc, at a slight angle so that most of the pressure is against the outer edge of the disc. Sand about half the block with two high-pressure C-strokes (right-left-right-left), then turning the block "away" from you up to 45 degrees, two low-pressure hyphen-strokes, then again two high-pressure C-strokes on the original side, then turning the block "toward" you, two low-pressure hyphen-strokes. Do the complete operation four times in one smoothly continuous non-stop sequence. Then turn the block around and repeat the above for the opposite half of the block.

2. Turn the block so that it is slanting downward about 45 degrees toward the disc and rotate it so that each side-to-end edge is rounded; then turn the block end (crossgrain) flat against the outer part of the disc and do one or two I-strokes (see above); turn to 45-degree angle and rotate one 90-degree turn; again flatten endface against disc for one or two I-strokes, etc. (do the above four times).

3. With block lying laterally, this time about parallel to the whole flapdisc, grip strongly (for turning) with your left hand and with your right fingers press the block against the inner lip of the flapseries (at this position, nearer the center of the disc, the sandpaper is moving almost twice as slow as during the above sequences). Sand about half the block with two high-pressure C-strokes, turn it "toward" you for two low-pressure hyphen-strokes, and so on around (usually four times). Turn the block and do the other end-half similarly. This sequence is a little shorter than #1 above, and you are sanding in the opposite direction from #1.

4. Repeat #2 above with I-strokes on the endface, but this time against the inner lip of the flaps instead of the outer edge.

Depending on the size of the block, the above four-step sequence may take 1–4 minutes. In most cases, a softwood block handled this way is ready for varnish or paint, and a hardwood block for the next finer disc (with a shorter sequence). By turning and alternating you avoid overheating and use the disc most efficiently.

Varnish, paint?
Varnishing is advisable to protect some softwoods which soil or stain easily, and it will make some pines, etc., more dramatic by bringing out the color contrast between hard (dark) and soft (light) rings. Select the boringest softwood pieces to be painted: first a coat of paint, then let dry; resand, possibly partly eroding the paint in an interesting grainy/drainy/trainy pattern; second coat may be varnish. Or paint the blocks with a light color, sand just enough for smoothness, give to children to draw or paint illustrations on, then final varnish.

An option with hardwood blocks is to resand with a higher grit (and at a slower wheel speed, which may require belt and pulley): Grit #36, #50, #60, #80, #100 etc. requiring 2/3, 1/2, 1/3 wheel speeds etc. The crossgrain thus revealed (detailed view of many years of treegrowth) is the #1 most educational view seen anywhere on the planet. Some pieces of especial beauty will need no varnish at all; others may be painted and/or varnished only on the side grain, leaving the final fine sanding of endgrain for after the varnish has dried.

Further learning bonus: sandman training
Compared to saws, which scare parents, the sander is a relatively safe machine for relatively young children to use, making blocks for relatively younger children. Consult experts on how to set up a workspace in which some children can participate safely in this profoundly educating and productive performance art.)

Other small sanded-wood products
The above cited suggestions for sanding with the flapdisc system are applicable to a wide range of office equipment, tool handles, etc. where scrapwood-based product can substitute for presently available product made with new wood, petroleum plastics, metal and other less eco-friendly materials.

Shelfboards
Most boards under 4'/1.3m are about as easily, and more cheaply, prepared with the disc sander system above, compared with a pricey handheld disc sander or belt sander, good as they are.

1. Stand facing the table- or bench-height 24-grit flapdisc and keep moving the board in a systematic way while pressing the board against the left side of the disc, mostly sanding crossgrain because though this may make the board slightly less flat the main thing is to kill splinters.

a. When sanding sides and edges at the left (your left) end of the board, hold most of the board securely under your right armpit and press with your left hand from behind the board.

b. When sanding sides and edges at the right (your right) end, hold board securely under your left armpit and press with your right hand from behind the board.

c. Sand at a 45 degree angle all the way around each end (holding the board pointing down 45 degrees toward where it contacts the sandpaper) before sanding the flat end. Rounding all edges will solve at least 90% of all splinter problems.

title: Carpentry/Power Tools/Sanders


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...Ke7

2...Ke7??
This move is a blunder, as it allows 3. Qxe5#, with red-faced spectators all about.