text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/UV Map Basics

UV mapping is a technique used to "wrap" a 2D image texture onto a 3D mesh. "U" and "V" are the names of the axes of a plane, since "X", "Y" and "Z" are used for the coordinates in the 3D space. For example: increasing your "V" on a sphere might move you along a longitude line (north or south), while increasing your "U" might move you along a line of latitude (east or west).

Another explanation can be gleaned from the Blender manual. Imagine a paper 3D model of an object, e.g. a sphere, that is to be laid flat on a table. Each of the 3D coordinates of the sphere can be mapped to the 2D coordinate on the flat piece of paper. Blender provides another view of the vertices (coordinates) in the UV/Image Editor. You can select and edit these 2D vertices just like in the 3D Editor window. The purpose of this unwrapping of the coordinates is just to map these coordinates to images/pictures so that the 3D image can have a realistic looking surface with textures derived from these images.

Add a sphere
We'll use a sphere for this demonstration. Delete the initial cube ( + X ). Then, create a new model, a sphere ( → Add → Mesh → UV Sphere). Leave the settings at default for now.

Mark a UV seam
In edit mode, select a ring of vertices around the widest part of the sphere (the equator, if you will). This can be done easily by holding down and left-clicking on the 'equator'.

Press and select Mark Seam, or select Mesh → Edges → Mark Seam. This tells the UV unwrapper to cut the mesh along these edges.

Unwrap the mesh
Next, create a window for the UV mapping: click and drag left the small lined area in the top right corner of the 3D window, a new window will be created. Set its window type to "UV/Image Editor" with the drop down box at the bottom left corner of the new window or with.

In the 3D View window, select all your vertices by pressing, and press → Unwrap. In the UV/Image editor you should see all the vertices/faces/edges of the model represented, or 'mapped', in 2D space.

If you don't see anything, you need to select UV Editing from the Screen Layout dropdown in the UV/Image editor window.

Apply an image
Now we're going to actually use this UV map. Save the following image (click to view in full high resolution (4,096 × 2,048 pixels)):

Load it in the UV/Image Editor window by clicking Image → Open Image or by pressing. Then with the grab, rotate and scale tools, adjust the UV islands (the UV groups that aren't connected to each other) so that it fits nicely on top of the image as shown. To select a UV island, hover the mouse over the island and press a vertex and.

''Note: Since the aspect ratio of the image will warp the UV's, it may be easier to simply re-unwrap the mesh exactly the same way you did before. You can then adjust the UV's as needed.''

If you have issues fitting to the image use X and Y letters after pressing S. This will adjust the shape to fit the image.

[S]cale, [R]otate, [G]rab, [B]order selection, [A] Select/Deselect all

Admire your new creation
Back in the 3D View window, go into Object mode. The next drop-down menu to the right of the mode menu is the Viewport Shading (Draw Type) menu; use it to set the Viewport Shading to Texture. Note that parts of the model will be shadowed and other parts illuminated based on the location of the lights in your scene. Try adding more lights and moving them around so you see the model more clearly, and try to use this lighting preview to 'Rough' your lights. (you can add more lights Shift-A-Lamp and right click lamp to move to where light is needed)

To make the texture visible in renderings, you also need to add the texture to the sphere as a new material. In the Properties window, switch to the Material context by clicking the small shaded-sphere button. Create a new material by pressing the New button, leave the settings as they are for now; then switch to the Texture context. Create a new texture and select the type to be 'Image or Movie'. Select the globe texture from the dropdown menu.

Then go to the mapping menu and set the Coordinates to 'UV' and the 'Map' to 'UVMap', leave the projection at 'Flat'. This will make use of the UV's we unwrapped earlier. To make the globe a bit smoother, switch to the Modifier context in the Properties window and add a subsurf modifier; set the number of subdivisions to 2. Then press, if you had no Tool-shelf, in the 3D viewport and select 'Smooth' under the shading options. This will make the globe far smoother and more realistic.

Now, simply press to render your scene!

Note that in the above render I've changed the lighting and the camera position to make the image more interesting. I also added a star background, you can find the settings for this in the World context (a pretty relevant coincidence) in the Properties window and the texture settings for the World.

Go to the World properties and check both Blend Sky and Real Sky, set all 3 colours (Horizon, Zenith, Ambient) to black. Go to Texture settings and if you weren't already there, click on the World texture settings (upper left globe icon) and set the type to Voronoi. Scroll down to Colors panel and check Ramp and give Color Stop 0 a white color and an alpha of 1 and Color Stop 1 a black color and alpha of 0. Now some will happen magic: set Distance Metric to Minkowski 1/2, in Noise section set size to .002 and set 2 of Feature Weights at around .5. Finally, in Influence panel, check Horizon, Zenith Up and Zenith Down. That will do the trick. In some older versions there was a standard option for this but it has "disappeared".

Alternative method
If you looked around the textured globe we just made, you would have noticed that around the 'equator' there were lines, or 'seams', where the two UV islands met. This is a common problem with UV mapping and there are a couple of ways to avoid it. In our case, since we're using a sphere, the best way to remove the seams is to use spherical mapping.

First download one of the textures from this link: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/BlueMarble_2002.php. Then use this texture for your globe instead of the one we first downloaded.

Go into edit mode, and select all the vertices of sphere. Press → Sphere Projection. If you've got the UV/Image editor open you should see a very different UV map, as shown below. Note that only the 'Unwrap' option will use the seams we just made, all of the other options completely ignore it.

You can also try, especially handy when you use a more detailed map in the place of the seam: First unwrap with cube projection and then with sphere projection. It's now a square like UV.

Now lets make the UVs fit more evenly over the texture. In the UV/Image editor, press UVs → Constrain to Image Bounds. This will make sure that during editing none of the UVs will go over the bounds of the texture; if they did, it would cause the texture to repeat itself in the area of the UVs outside the bounds.

Now select all the UVs with and scale them up till it is stopped by the image bounds. In my case, there is one vertex in the top-right corner, and a few in the bottom-right corner that are quite distant from the rest of the UVs; to fix this, I simply selected those vertices and moved them closer to the rest of the UVs.

Now simply scale all the UVs by the X axis until the UVs stretch over all of the image. Doing this is exactly the same as scaling in the 3D viewport, press and, then drag the mouse.

Now rerender your model, and you will see that there are no seams! You can also use an image with clouds. if you render this you will see seams. you can fake this away a bit by making the diffuse at material sea-blue by using the color picker after rendering the first render (If it looks good it is good).

title: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/UV Map Basics


text:
Talk:LPI Linux Certification/LPIC2 Exam 202/DNS

I don't think we should be telling people to use BIND 8; BIND 8 has a horrible security history. I think we should be telling people how to use BIND 9 or another more secure DNS server. 172.166.167.204 21:21, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
J2ME Programming/MIDP1

Introduction
While in The J2ME Platform we covered the whole J2ME platform, in this article we will be covering Mobile Information Device Profile 1.0(MIDP1.0). While CLDC covers the subset of Java language used in MIDP devices, MIDP covers such areas as the graphical user interface and etc.

Connection Protocols
The CLDC defines the language definitions and operation of the input/output. However, the protoc,mm ols that flow over this connection are defined by the Mobile Information Device Profile(MIDP). In the MIDP1.0 the HTTP protocol is defined and used by the javax.microedition.io.HttpConnection class.

MIDlet
In MIDP application development the application container in which everything occurs is called the MIDlet. The javax.microedition.midlet.* package set of classes define the MIDlet lifecycle and the MIDlet states.

http//javax.microedition.midlet.MIDlet

RMS
RMS, or Record Management Storage, is the persistent storage used in MIDP mobile devices. While the RMS classes define how the RMS operates they do not define how much total kilobytes the RMS can take off the heap. That information is usually found by either reading the OS datasheet when the OS includes their own JVM, such as SymbianOS, or from the JVM datasheet itself, or the device series datasheet.

RMS classes

 * javax.microedition.rms.InvaidRecordIDException
 * javax.microedition.rms.RecordComparator
 * javax.microedition.rms.RecordEnumeration
 * javax.microedition.rms.RecordFilter
 * javax.microedition.rms.RecordListener
 * javax.microedition.rms.RecordStore
 * javax.microedition.rms.RecordStoreException
 * javax.microedition.rms.RecordStoreFullException
 * javax.microedition.rms.RecordStoreNotFoundException
 * javax.microedition.rms.RecordStoreNotOpenException

LCDUI, the MIDP GUI APIs
In MIDP MIDlet development there are two APIs defined for the graphical user interface that are contained in the same Limited Connected Device User interface(LCDUI) packages. The low level API gives pixel control over placement of graphical items on the screen and is used heavily in games. The high level interface has lightweight widgets to make business application gui building easier for developers.

Displayable Object
Both the High Level LCDUI API and the Low Level LCDUI API use the displayable object to send graphical data/objects to the screen to be displayed.

Displayable Classes

 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Display
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Display

High Level LCDUI API
The High Level LCDUI API classes are:

High Level LCDUI API Classes

 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Alert
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.AlertType
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Choice
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.ChoiceGroup
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Form
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Gauge
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.ImageItem
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Item
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.ItemStateListener
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.List
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Screen
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.StringItem
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.TextBox
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.TextField
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Ticker

Screen
At this point, we have to be careful as there are two Screens referred to in javadocs. We are referring to the both subclasses of Screen that are in the Displayable class. Both encapsulate the High Level API. The first subclass of Screen under Displayable does not allow the removing of high level widgets once they are placed on screen such as List, TextBox, and Alert. The second subclass of Screen under Displayable allows one to place and remove widgets.

Low Level LCDUI API
An easy way to keep these two APIs clear in your mind is that High Level APIs are always have more classes than the Low Level APIs so that more complex graphical objects can be generated by just using a few methods.NKS

Low Level LCDUI API Classes

 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Canvas
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Graphics
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Font
 * javax.microedition.lcdui.Image

Conclusion
With these short concepts in mind you should be able to understand that the CLDC covers the java language subset used in MIDlet development and the MIDP classes cover the user interface, connection protocols, and persistent storage.

Trademark Notices
J2ME, Java and all Java-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.

title: J2ME Programming/MIDP1


text:
Talk:J2ME Programming/MIDP1

Original Author:

Fred Grott

title: Talk:J2ME Programming/MIDP1


text:
J2ME Programming/JVMs in MIDP

Introduction
This article covers the evolution of java Virtual Machines within the MIDP family of devices for the J2ME Platform. J2ME developers will find this information useful in determining whether their specific target devices support on device emulation and other beneficial information required for their application development on mobile devices.

Brief History of Java Virtual Machines in MIDP devices
In 1999 the K-Virtual Machine for CLDC/MIDP devices was introduced by Sun Microsystems. Motorola demoed several different devices such as pagers running KVM at the 1999 JavaOne conference.

As Sun Microsystems Engineers were tackling the problem of optimizing the Java Virtual Machine, they came up with the Java Platform Debugger Architecture as a full debug infrastructure to assist java developers in debugging Java applications in a running mode operation using the JVM itself to provide the debugging functionality.

As mobile devices have a small memory size foot print, its obvious that the full JPDA could not be implemented in JVMs for mobile devices. Thus, the lowest part of the JPDA, Java Debug Wire Protocol(JDWP), was implemented as KVM Debug Wire Protocol(KDWP) on the KVM. Typically in the J2SE platform you would use an IDE to connect its JVM to the application JVM to collect this data that the JDWP sends from the application JVM. In the mobile J2ME development environment you would use Sun's WTK on device debug implementation or an OEM Vendors emulator to serve in place of the IDE JVM collecting data from the mobile device KVM through the KDWP conduit.

A more full mobile JDPA was researched by faculty(Jim Vallino and Hans-Peter Bischof) of Rochester Institute of Technology and students(Jon Coles, Zakir Mahomedy, Brian Koponen, Jeff Myers, John Mikucki, Aaron Deitrich) and this contributed to Sun Microsystems own KDPA product in 2001 for the KVM.

With the release of J2SE 1.3.x, Sun Microsystems introduced the Java HotSpot Java Virtual Machine technology to the java developers community. The introduction of HotSpot Optimized JVM technology to CLDC/MIDP devices(known as Monty) occurred in 2001. The HotSpot Java Virtual Machine for CDC/J2ME Platform devices was introduced in 2004.

K Virtual Machine
KVM1.0 and onward are based on the Spotless non optimized JVM architecture. All KVMs have the KVM Platform Debug Architecture and debugging is facilitated by a Debug Proxy within the Sun Microsystems WTK or vendor OEM emulator/simulator to connect the debug data and memory intensive debug operations up with occurring in the IDE JVM.

Even with both those parts the KDWP portion on the mobile device has to be compiler turn-on enabled when the KVM for that device is first compiled and deployed to that device. Some OEM vendors did not enable this feature due to memory/speed constraints faced in their own KVM implementation on their device series. Typically, KVM has a performance of 30% to 80% when compared to the JDK 1.1.x on the desktop.

Basic KVM Features

 * 30% to 80% of JDK 1.1.x desktop speed performance without Just-In-Time compiling technology
 * Implemented in C
 * Small memory foot print size of 60-72kb
 * Platform independent Green Threads
 * Ports to Linux, Windows, Solaris, and Windows CE
 * Basic bytecode interpreter

KVM Platform Debug Architecture

 * Based on existing JDWP (Java Debug Wire Protocol)
 * Memory-intensive operations moved to Debug Agent (aka Debug Proxy) on Desktop Workstation
 * KVM implements subset of JDPW command set (KDWP)

CLDC HotSpot Implementation Virtual Machine
The HotSpot term from both the mobile and the desktop implementations refers to the use of an adaptive compiler to only compile bytecode into native instructions for frequent used methods (hotspots). The infrequent methods are interpreted using an optimized interpreter. This improves performance over the KVM bytecode interpreter by a factor of 5 to 7 times.

Because over 90% of all MIDP devices use the ARM family of processors, the CLDC HotSpot VM Implementation uses three methods to optimize for the ARM processors known as Thumb Mode Support.

Thumb Mode Support
Another new feature when compared to the KVM is a multitasking option to run multiple threads and MIDLets in one JVM on mobile devices. These new multitasking features are implemented without relying on the underlying operating system.
 * VM can be compiled into 16-bit Thumb machine code
 * The dynamic adaptive compiler can be configured to generate 16-bit thumb machine code
 * The optimized interpreter was implemented using the 32-bit ARM instruction set

This Virtual Machine implementation also implements the JDPA compliant technology first introduced in the KVM as KDWP. It is enabled by compiling the CLDC-HI VM and deploying it on a mobile device. Not every OEM vendor has made enough optimization of this CLDC-HI VM on their specific processor used and mobile hardware and thus some mobile devices with MIDP2.0 have this feature turned off.

Trademark Notices
J2ME, Java and all Java-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.

title: J2ME Programming/JVMs in MIDP


text:
Talk:J2ME Programming/JVMs in MIDP

Original Authors:

 * Fred Grott
 * DJ Clayworth

Shareme 00:23, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:J2ME Programming/JVMs in MIDP


text:
J2ME Programming/MIDlet Preverify

A MIDlet is a Java program for embedded devices, more specifically the J2ME virtual machine. Generally, these are games and applications that run on a cell phone.

Introduction
Since class verification in J2SE takes up 50 KB and the lack of space in MIDP devices, the class verification has been broken up to a part that is completed by the developer and apart completed by the Mobile JVM itself. The developer-directed class verification stage is called MIDlet preverification, which occurs after the class is compiled.

What Tasks Preverification Completes
Generally, the preverification task annotates the class files with notes that the small incomplete class verifier in the Mobile VM reads and uses to do a fast class verification to enable the Mobile VM to then run the resulting bytecodes. The resulting bytecodes are valid bytecodes, because the annotations are using attributes of the bytecode to make the notes for the Mobile VM to read in doing its final incomplete class verification. .

JVM Class File Verification
According to The Java Virtual Machine Specification, class file verification is completed in four passes before full startup of the JVM occurs in running bytecode of an application:

Pass 1

 * Correct magic number in the first four bytes.
 * Byte code attributes must be the proper length.
 * The class file cannot be truncated or have extra bytes at end.
 * Constant pool must not contain any superficial data.

Pass 2

 * Ensures that final classes are not subclassed and that the final methods are not overridden.
 * Checks that every class except  has a direct superclass.
 * Ensures that the constant pool meets documented static constraints.
 * Checks that all field references and method references in the constant pool have valid names, valid classes, and a valid type descriptor.

Pass 3
During linking, the verifier checks the code array of the code attribute by performing a data flow analysis to ensure these items are true:
 * That the operand stack is always the same size and contains the same types of values.
 * No local variable is accessed unless it is known to contain a value of an appropriate type.
 * Methods are invoked with the appropriate arguments.
 * Fields are assigned only using values of appropriate types.
 * All opcodes have appropriate type arguments on the operand stack and in the local variable array.

Pass 4
This is the pass where class loading occurs to finalize the class verification process.

Preverification steps

 * The preverification places a StackMap Attribute, which is a sub attribute of the Code attribute, which describes variable types used and operand stack items.
 * Inlines all subroutines and removes jumps.
 * By default, it generates a class file for the Java code.

Conclusion
Preverification preverifies the compiled classes by inserting annotations in the StackMap portion of the Code attribute describing variable types used and operand stack items. This and inlining all subroutines and removing jumps reduces the first three passes of the J2SE verification process to something more manageable with the mobile device memory sizes in completing the last fourth pass on the mobile device within the mobile jvm.

Trademark Notices
J2ME, Java and all Java-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of ORACLE in the U.S. and other countries.

title: J2ME Programming/MIDlet Preverify


text:
Talk:J2ME Programming/MIDlet Preverify

Orginial Authors:
 * Fred Grott
 * DJ Clayworth

Shareme 00:40, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:J2ME Programming/MIDlet Preverify


text:
JavaScript/Best practices

This chapter will describe current JavaScript community standards and best practices that every programmer should know.

document.write
This is deprecated. Use  or DOM manipulation methods instead.

In XHTML,  does not work, but you can achieve the same effects with DOM manipulation methods.

JavaScript protocol
Try to avoid links that exist solely for executing JavaScript code.

Instead consider:

Users with JavaScript enabled will be provided with the JavaScript-embellished version of content (perhaps using DHTML), whereas those without will be redirected to a XHTML page that provides it statically. This is more accessible than having an  element lacking a normal href attribute value. First, it uses proper language semantics. Second, it provides access to your content for users without JavaScript. Third, it detects whether the function execution succeeded and redirects JS-enabled readers too in case of a failure.

The onclick expression evaluates to a Boolean value. If the function succeeds to perform the desired effect and returns true, the onclick will return a failure and hyperlink not execute. When the function fails for whatever reason, the false, null or undefined value will evaluate to true and not prevent the link from being executed. Alternatively, if you do not wish to provide a static equivalent, you may embed the onclick attribute within an element with less demanding semantics:

Thus no user agent will be confused upon reading a reduced  element.

Email validation
Many people use JavaScript functions to immediately catch the most common sorts of errors in form entry. For example, some web forms ask people to enter the same thing twice. Other web forms ask people to enter an email address. Then they do a quick check to see if what was entered looks at least vaguely like an email address:

Unfortunately, some other "email validation" JavaScript functions reject perfectly valid email addresses. For example, some incorrectly reject valid addresses that include "+" signs.

The original email address syntax (RFC 821) did allow "+" signs. RFC 822, published in the same month (August 1982), also allowed them. The current version of the syntax is given in RFC2821/RFC2822. Section 3 of RFC3696 gives useful examples of unusual valid email addresses.

After validation, many JavaScript programmers encode the email address using to work-around certain client-side languages that can't seem to handle plus signs properly.

The complexity of the quoting rules used for email addresses makes it impractical to test the local-part of an address or a domain literal completely. Given that there isn't necessarily a real mailbox corresponding to a valid local-part how much extra download time is worth spending on a complex validation script?

Examples valid according to RFC2822

 * – comments are discouraged but not prohibited by RFC2822.
 * – comments are discouraged but not prohibited by RFC2822.
 * – comments are discouraged but not prohibited by RFC2822.
 * – comments are discouraged but not prohibited by RFC2822.
 * – comments are discouraged but not prohibited by RFC2822.
 * – comments are discouraged but not prohibited by RFC2822.
 * – comments are discouraged but not prohibited by RFC2822.
 * – comments are discouraged but not prohibited by RFC2822.
 * – comments are discouraged but not prohibited by RFC2822.

Test page
COMMENT: This code has been incorrectly designed to reject certain emails that are actually valid. If changes to valid and invalid emails are accepted, the following code should also be reviewed.

The following test page can be used to test an email validation function. Save the three files in the same directory and then open validEmail.htm in a web browser.

validEmail.js ');

var handlesInvalidAddressesCorrectly = true; results.append(' ');

var conclusion; if (handlesValidAddressesCorrectly) { if (handlesInvalidAddressesCorrectly) { conclusion = ' The function works correctly with all the sample addresses. ';   } else { conclusion = ' The function incorrectly accepts some invalid addresses. ';   }  } else { conclusion = ' The function incorrectly rejects some valid addresses. '; }

document.getElementById('testResults').innerHTML = conclusion + results.toString; }

function StringBuffer { this.buffer = ""; }

StringBuffer.prototype.append = function(string) { this.buffer += string; return this; };

StringBuffer.prototype.toString = function { return this.buffer; };

validEmail.css

validEmail.htm

use strict
Many JavaScript programmers recommend enabling ECMAScript 5's strict mode by putting the exact statement  before any other statements:

For further reading
JavaScript best practices:
 * Coding Cookbook/Validate Email Address
 * "Six JavaScript features we do not need any longer" by Christian Heilmann.
 * source code for Apple's recommended JavaScript validation functions: checkEmail, etc.
 * JavaScript form validation - doing it right
 * "FORM submission and the ENTER key?" discusses forms that submit when you press Enter; forms that don't submit when you press Enter; and how to make a form work the other way.
 * "JavaScript Best Practices" by Matt Kruse
 * "Comparing E-mail Address Validating Regular Expressions" has a list of valid and invalid email addresses and a variety of regular expressions and how well each one works on that list.

Best practices in other languages

 * Computer programming/Standards and Best Practices

title: JavaScript/Best practices


text:
Debate/Topics/Murder

Murder is the intentional taking of the life of another person. Killing an individual may not be considered for various reasons, such as self-defense.

Legal view of murder
Not all cases of illegal killing constitute murder. For example, unintentionally caused deaths due to recklessness or negligence are treated in most countries as the lesser crime of involuntary manslaughter or criminally negligent homicide. Similarly, intentional killings without premeditation are sometimes charged as voluntary manslaughter rather than murder. In addition, some illegal killings have legal defenses such as insanity or diminished capacity).

Some cases of premeditated, intentional killing have lawful excuse and thus are not legally murder. These include killing non-surrendered enemy combatants in time of war, killing a person who poses an immediate threat to the lives of oneself or others (i.e., in self-defense), executing a person in accordance with a sentence of death, and, in some countries, abortion under defined circumstances. Sometimes killings under extreme provocation or duress are legally excused as justifiable homicide.

Most countries allow conditions that "affect the balance of the mind" to be regarded as mitigating circumstances against murder. This means that a person may be found guilty of "manslaughter on the basis of diminished responsibility" rather than murder, if it can be proved that they were suffering from a condition that affected their judgement at the time. Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and medication side-effects are examples of conditions that may be taken into account when assessing responsibility. A somewhat different defense is insanity, which is almost exclusively used in cases of psychosis such as that caused by schizophrenia. Also, some countries, such as Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom and Australia, allow post-partum depression, or 'baby-blues', as a defense against murder of a child by a mother, provided that a child is less than a year old. See also crime of passion.

Old Testament

 * Do not commit murder. Deuteronomy 5:17
 * Do not commit murder. Exodus 20:12

New Testament

 * ...no murderer hath eternal life abiding in him. (1 John 3:15)
 * murderers... shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death. (Revelation 21:8)
 * Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment. (Matthew 5:21)
 * Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill (Romans 13:9)
 * Listing sins: Envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings (Galatians 5:21)
 * Listing sins: Neither repented they of their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication, nor of their thefts. (Revelation 9:21)
 * Listing sins: murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars (Revelation 21:8)

Abortion
Many Christians, especially conservative Christians, oppose abortion, capital punishment and euthanasia on the grounds that it ends a life and thus constitutes murder.

Justified murder and execution
There are many passages in the Bible that could be construed as justifying either murder or capital punishment.

 * Anyone arrogant enough to reject the verdict of the judge or of the priest who represents the LORD your God must be put to death. Such evil must be purged from Israel.  (Deuteronomy 17:12 NLT)
 * You should not let a sorceress live. (Exodus 22:17 NAB)
 * If a man lies with a male as with a woman, both of them shall be put to death for their abominable deed; they have forfeited their lives. (Leviticus 20:13 NAB)
 * A man or a woman who acts as a medium or fortuneteller shall be put to death by stoning; they have no one but themselves to blame for their death. (Leviticus 20:27 NAB)
 * Whoever strikes his father or mother shall be put to death. (Exodus 21:15 NAB)
 * If one curses his father or mother, his lamp will go out at the coming of darkness. (Proverbs 20:20 NAB)
 * But if this charge is true (that she wasn't a virgin on her wedding night), and evidence of the girls virginity is not found, they shall bring the girl to the entrance of her fathers house and there her townsman shall stone her to death, because she committed a crime against Israel by her unchasteness in her father's house. Thus shall you purge the evil from your midst.  (Deuteronomy  22:20-21 NAB)
 * If your own full brother, or your son or daughter, or your beloved wife, or you intimate friend, entices you secretly to serve other gods, whom you and your fathers have not known, gods of any other nations, near at hand or far away, from one end of the earth to the other: do not yield to him or listen to him, nor look with pity upon him, to spare or shield him, but kill him. Your hand shall be the first raised to slay him; the rest of the people shall join in with you.  You shall stone him to death, because he sought to lead you astray from the Lord, your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, that place of slavery.  And all Israel, hearing of this, shall fear and never do such evil as this in your midst.  (Deuteronomy 13:7-12 NAB)
 * Suppose a man or woman among you, in one of your towns that the LORD your God is giving you, has done evil in the sight of the LORD your God and has violated the covenant by serving other gods or by worshiping the sun, the moon, or any of the forces of heaven, which I have strictly forbidden. When you hear about it, investigate the matter thoroughly. If it is true that this detestable thing has been done in Israel, then that man or woman must be taken to the gates of the town and stoned to death.  (Deuteronomy 17:2-5 NLT)
 * One day a man who had an Israelite mother and an Egyptian father got into a fight with one of the Israelite men. During the fight, this son of an Israelite woman blasphemed the LORD's name.  So the man was brought to Moses for judgment.  His mother's name was Shelomith. She was the daughter of Dibri of the tribe of Dan.  They put the man in custody until the LORD's will in the matter should become clear.  Then the LORD said to Moses, "Take the blasphemer outside the camp, and tell all those who heard him to lay their hands on his head.  Then let the entire community stone him to death.  Say to the people of Israel: Those who blaspheme God will suffer the consequences of their guilt and be punished.  Anyone who blasphemes the LORD's name must be stoned to death by the whole community of Israel.  Any Israelite or foreigner among you who blasphemes the LORD's name will surely die.  (Leviticus 24:10-16 NLT)
 * Suppose there are prophets among you, or those who have dreams about the future, and they promise you signs or miracles, and the predicted signs or miracles take place.  If the prophets then say, 'Come, let us worship the gods of foreign nations,' do not listen to them.  The LORD your God is testing you to see if you love him with all your heart and soul.  Serve only the LORD your God and fear him alone.  Obey his commands, listen to his voice, and cling to him.  The false prophets or dreamers who try to lead you astray must be put to death, for they encourage rebellion against the LORD your God, who brought you out of slavery in the land of Egypt.  Since they try to keep you from following the LORD your God, you must execute them to remove the evil from among you.  (Deuteronomy 13:1-5 NLT)
 * But any prophet who claims to give a message from another god or who falsely claims to speak for me must die.' You may wonder, 'How will we know whether the prophecy is from the LORD or not?'  If the prophet predicts something in the LORD's name and it does not happen, the LORD did not give the message.  That prophet has spoken on his own and need not be feared.  (Deuteronomy 18:20-22 NLT)
 * So God let them go ahead and do whatever shameful things their hearts desired. As a result, they did vile and degrading things with each other's bodies.  Instead of believing what they knew was the truth about God, they deliberately chose to believe lies.  So they worshiped the things God made but not the Creator himself, who is to be praised forever.  Amen.  That is why God abandoned them to their shameful desires.  Even the women turned against the natural way to have sex and instead indulged in sex with each other.  And the men, instead of having normal sexual relationships with women, burned with lust for each other.  Men did shameful things with other men and, as a result, suffered within themselves the penalty they so richly deserved.  When they refused to acknowledge God, he abandoned them to their evil minds and let them do things that should never be done.  Their lives became full of every kind of wickedness, sin, greed, hate, envy, murder, fighting, deception, malicious behavior, and gossip.  They are backstabbers, haters of God, insolent, proud, and boastful.  They are forever inventing new ways of sinning and are disobedient to their parents.  They refuse to understand, break their promises, and are heartless and unforgiving.  They are fully aware of God's death penalty for those who do these things, yet they go right ahead and do them anyway.  And, worse yet, they encourage others to do them, too.  (Romans 1:24-32 NLT)
 * For the LORD had said to Moses, 'Exempt the tribe of Levi from the census; do not include them when you count the rest of the Israelites. You must put the Levites in charge of the Tabernacle of the Covenant, along with its furnishings and equipment.  They must carry the Tabernacle and its equipment as you travel, and they must care for it and camp around it.  Whenever the Tabernacle is moved, the Levites will take it down and set it up again.  Anyone else who goes too near the Tabernacle will be executed.  (Numbers 1:48-51 NLT)
 * The LORD then gave these further instructions to Moses: 'Tell the people of Israel to keep my Sabbath day, for the Sabbath is a sign of the covenant between me and you forever. It helps you to remember that I am the LORD, who makes you holy.  Yes, keep the Sabbath day, for it is holy.  Anyone who desecrates it must die; anyone who works on that day will be cut off from the community.  Work six days only, but the seventh day must be a day of total rest.  I repeat: Because the LORD considers it a holy day, anyone who works on the Sabbath must be put to death.  (Exodus 31:12-15 NLT)
 * All who curse their father or mother must be put to death. They are guilty of a capital offense.  (Leviticus 20:9 NLT)
 * If a man commits adultery with another man's wife, both the man and the woman must be put to death. (Leviticus 20:10 NLT)
 * A priest's daughter who loses her honor by committing fornication and thereby dishonors her father also, shall be burned to death. (Leviticus 21:9 NAB)
 * If you find it (that a person in a town worships another god) and can prove that such a detestable act has occurred among you, you must attack that town and completely destroy all its inhabitants, as well as all the livestock. (Deuteronomy 13 NLT)
 * Whoever sacrifices to any god, except the Lord alone, shall be doomed. (Exodus 22:19 NAB)
 * They entered into a covenant to seek the Lord, the God of their fathers, with all their heart and soul; and everyone who would not seek the Lord, the God of Israel, was to be put to death, whether small or great, whether man or woman. (2 Chronicles 15:12-13 NAB)
 * If a man still prophesies, his parents, father and mother, shall say to him, "You shall not live, because you have spoken a lie in the name of the Lord." When he prophesies, his parents, father and mother, shall thrust him through.  (Zechariah 13:3 NAB)

Islam
Most Muslim scholars believe that all murder is forbidden in Islam. According to the Qur'an, one of the greatest sins is to kill a human being who has committed no fault.

 * Do not take a ˹human˺ life—made sacred by Allah—except with ˹legal˺ right.
 * Whoever takes a life—unless as a punishment for murder or mischief in the land—it will be as if they killed all of humanity; and whoever saves a life, it will be as if they saved all of humanity.
 * Fight in the cause of Allah ˹only˺ against those who wage war against you, but do not exceed the limits. Allah does not like transgressors.
 * The Prophet Muhammad has given clear instructions about the behaviour of the Muslim army. "Go in Allah's name, trusting in Allah, and adhering to the religion of Allah's Apostle. Do not kill a decrepit old man, or a young infant, or a child, or a woman; do not be dishonest about booty, but collect your spoils, do right and act well, for Allah loves those who do well. [Sunan Abu Dawud :2614]|undefined

Regarding Non-muslims
The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Whoever killed a Mu'ahid (a person who is granted the pledge of protection by the Muslims) shall not smell the fragrance of Paradise though its fragrance can be smelt at a distance of forty years (of traveling). [Sahih al-Bukhari :6914]

Martyrdom
As for those who emigrate in the cause of Allah and then are martyred or die, Allah will indeed grant them a good provision. Surely Allah is the Best Provider.

Allah has indeed purchased from the believers their lives and wealth in exchange for Paradise. They fight in the cause of Allah and kill or are killed. This is a true promise binding on Him in the Torah, the Gospel, and the Quran. And whose promise is truer than Allah’s? So rejoice in the exchange you have made with Him. That is ˹truly˺ the ultimate triumph.

Buddhism
One of the Five Precepts is I undertake to abstain from harming living beings..

Some material for this page was taken from Wikipedia's GFDL article on murder.

title: Debate/Topics/Murder


text:
Dichotomous Key/Primates

1

 * Nose
 * Wet - 2
 * Dry - 3

3: Haplorrhini

 * Tarsus
 * Elongated - ../Tarsiiformes/
 * Not elongated - 4

4: Simiiformes

 * Nostril direction
 * Downward - 5
 * Sideways - 6

5: Catarrhini

 * Number of cusps on molars
 * Four - ../Cercopithecoidea/
 * Five - ../Hominoidea/

6: Platyrrhini

 * External ears
 * Very small - ../Nyctipithecidae/
 * Other - Could be ../Pitheciidae/, ../Atelidae/ or ../Cebidae/

title: Dichotomous Key/Primates


text:
Dichotomous Key/Hominoidea

1

 * Wrist
 * Ball and socket joint - ../Hylobatidae/
 * Other - ../Hominidae/

title: Dichotomous Key/Hominoidea


text:
User:209.6.80.30

Hey, this is me, Alex.

title: User:209.6.80.30


text:
Category:Chickpea recipes

Recipes involving chickpeas.

title: Category:Chickpea recipes


text:
User:Thesuperfox6859

Contributions:

Title: Wikijunior South America

Page: Paraguay

Description: Wrote "The Chaco plains"

title: User:Thesuperfox6859


text:
Talk:Debate/Topics/Murder

Is there a Morality Wikibook? Morality doesn't exist. Guanaco 05:37, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * There probably should be... Or maybe Ethics instead (I never could remember the difference. I'm not at all qualified to write a Wikibook on morality (or ethics) though. TUF-KAT 06:15, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, I just realized the point of your question. I made this page because it is an adjunct to Issue Guide/Invasion of Iraq  I envision there will be a number of pages along these lines for the Issue Guide, such as Morality/Stealing, Morality/Adultery.  They should presumably also be tied in with Wikibooks on Morality and Ethics and the like, but I don't have any ideas on how to do that. TUF-KAT 07:45, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Debate/Topics/Murder


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Electrodynamics/Electromagnetic Radiation

How Maxwell Fixed Ampère's Law
When Maxwell was looking at Ampere's Law, he realised that changing electric fields acted like currents, but this was not present in its current form. So Maxwell added it, and the full version of Ampere's Law became:

 * $$\nabla \times \mathbf {B} = \mu_0 \mathbf {J} + \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t} $$

This realization came about due to the fact that previously Ampere's law was not compatible with the conservation of charge/continuity equation. Upon taking the divergence of Ampere's original equation, it is found that the divergence of the current is equal to zero, which is not in accordance with the conservation of charge. This paradox was resolved through the introduction of the displacement current.

Using The New Law
When we look at this in a vacuum and combine it to Faraday's Law of Induction:

 * $$\nabla \times \mathbf {B} = \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t} $$

 * $$\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}} {\partial t}$$

And then we solve this, we can see that it's a wave travelling with velocity c.

Sketch Proof

 * $$\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}} {\partial t}$$

 * $$-\int (\nabla \times \mathbf{E}) dt = \mathbf{B} $$

Substituting this into Ampere's Law gives:

 * $$-\nabla \times \int (\nabla \times \mathbf{E}) dt = \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t} $$

 * $$\nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf{E}) = -\mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2} $$

We now use the following relation:

 * $$ \nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf{A}) = \nabla(\nabla \cdot \mathbf{A}) - \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}$$

This gives us:

 * $$ \nabla^2 \mathbf{E} = \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2} $$

And similarly:

 * $$ \nabla^2 \mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{B}}{\partial t^2} $$

This should look familiar to you, it's a second derivative with respect to location, equal to a negative second derivative with respect to time. It's a sine function (really imaginary exponential, but it's satisfactory to use sine here). That moves at velocity $$c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0 \epsilon_0}}$$.

And experimental values of these numbers gave results extremely close to the observed value of speed of light.

 * This velocity is so nearly that of light, that it seems we have strong reason to conclude that light itself (including radiant heat, and other radiations if any) is an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the electromagnetic field according to electromagnetic laws. --Maxwell 1865

How do we really know light is an electromagnetic wave?
Just the fact that the speed comes out correct and the fact that light has wave behaviors (interference and diffraction) is not enough -- after all, gravitational waves would also have these properties. Perhaps the most compelling evidence that light is an electromagnetic wave is that
 * The reflection of light from conductors and from dielectrics behaves as one expects from Maxwell's equations
 * The polarization of light produced by reflection and scattering is as one expects from Maxwell
 * High intensity lasers can cause air and other (dielectric) materials to "break down". This looks like a tiny spark, just as one would expect if light is made of electric and magnetic fields, with the electric field causing dielectric breakdown.
 * There is a continuum of radiation types, from radio waves, which we know are electromagnetic because we fabricate it (and capture their charges with antennas), to light, through microwaves, far infrared, near infrared, light (and beyond). These radiation types exhibit properties continuously and smoothly varying with their wavelength, without jumps.


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User:Coolcaesar

I am a student at a well-known law school on the West Coast of North America.

title: User:Coolcaesar


text:
FHSST Physics/Atomic Nucleus/Origin of the Universe

= Origin of the Universe =

Looking deep inside microscopic particles, physicists need to collide them with high kinetic energies. The smaller parts of matter they want to observe, the higher energy they need. This is why they build more and more powerful accelerators. However, the accelerators have natural limitations. Indeed, an accelerator cannot be bigger than the size of our planet. And even if we manage to build a circular accelerator around the whole earth (along the equator, for example), it would not be able to reach the energy of $$\sim10^{17}$$MeV at which the grand unification of fundamental interactions takes place.

So, what are we to do? How can we test the theory of everything? Is it possible at all? Yes, it is! The astronomically high values, like $$\sim10^{17}$$MeV, should be looked for in the cosmos, of course. Our journey towards extremely small objects eventually leads us to extremely large objects, like whole universe.

Equations of Einstein's theory of relativity can describe the evolution of the universe. Physicists solved these equations back in time and found that the universe had its beginning. Approximately 15 billion years ago, it started from a zero size point that rapidly expanded to the present tremendous scale. This latter point will ever not sufficiently stressed: Big Bang has been an Expansion of Space, and not an expansion in space. At the first instants after the explosion, the matter was at such incredibly high density and temperature that all particles had kinetic energies even higher than the unification energy $$\sim10^{17}$$MeV. This means that at the very beginning there was only one single force and no difference among fundamental particles. Everything was unified and simple.

You may ask ''So what? How can so distant past help us?''. In many ways! The development of the universe was governed by the fundamental forces. If our theories about them are correct, we should be able to reproduce (with calculations) how that development proceeded step by step. During the expansion, all the nuclei and atoms in the cosmos were created. The amounts of different nuclei are not the same. Why? Their relative abundances were determined by the processes in the first moments after the explosion. Thus, comparing what follows from the theories with the observed abundances of chemical elements, we can judge validity of our theories.

Nowadays, the most popular theory, describing the history of the universe, is the so-called Big-Bang model. The diagram given in Fig. 15.11, shows the sequence of events which led to the creation of matter in its present form.

Nobody knows what was before the Big Bang and why it happened, but it is assumed that just after this enigmatic cataclysm, the universe was so dense and hot that all four forces of nature (strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational) were indistinguishable and therefore gravity was governed by quantum laws, like the other three types of interactions. A complete theory of quantum gravity has not been constructed yet, and this very first epoch of our history remains as enigmatic as the Big Bang itself.

The ideal democracy (equality) among the forces lasted only a small fraction of a second. By the time $$t\sim 10^{-43}$$ sec the universe cooled down to $$\sim 10^{32}$$K and the gravity separated. The other three forces, however, remained unified into one universal interaction mediated by an extremely heavy particle, the so-called $$X$$ boson, which could transform leptons into quarks and vice versa.

When at $$t\sim 10^{-35}$$ sec most of the $$X$$ bosons decayed, the quarks combined in trios and pairs to form nucleons, mesons, and other hadrons. The only symmetry which lasted up to $$\sim10^{-10}$$sec, was between the electromagnetic and weak forces mediated by the $$Z$$ and $$W$$ particles. From the moment when this last symmetry was broken ($$\sim10^{-10}$$sec) until the universe was about one second old, neutrinos played the most significant role by mediating the neutron-proton transmutations and therefore fixing their balance (neutron to proton ratio).

Already in a few seconds after the Big Bang nuclear reactions started to occur. The protons and neutrons combined very rapidly to form deuterium and then helium. During the very first seconds there were too many very energetic photons around which destroyed these nuclei immediately after their formation. Very soon, however, the continuing expansion of the universe changed the conditions in favour of these newly born nuclei. The density decreased and the photons could not destroy them that fast anymore.

During a short period of cosmic history, between about 10 and 500 seconds, the entire universe behaved as a giant nuclear fusion reactor burning hydrogen. This burning took place via a chain of nuclear reactions, which is called the $$pp$$-chain because the first reaction in this sequence is the proton-proton collision leading to the formation of a deuteron. Nowadays, the same $$pp$$-chain is the main source of energy in our sun and other stars.

But how do we know that the scenario was like this? In other words, how can we check the Big-Bang theory? Is it possible to prove something which happened 15 billion years ago and in such a short time? Yes, it is! The $$pp$$-chain fusion,

is the key for such a proof.

As soon as the nucleosynthesis started, the amount of deuterons, helium isotopes, and other light nuclei started to increase. This is shown in Fig. 15.12 for $${}^2$$H and $${}^4$$He. The temperature and the density, however, continued to decrease. After a few minutes the temperature dropped to such a level that the fusion practically stopped because the kinetic energy of the nuclei was not sufficient to overcome the electric repulsion between nuclei anymore. Therefore the abundances of light elements in the cosmos were fixed (we call them the primordial abundances). Since then, they practically remain unchanged, like a photograph of the past events, and astronomers can measure them. Comparing the measurements with the predictions of the theory, we can check whether our assumptions about the first seconds of the universe are correct or not.

Astronomy and the physics of microworld come to the same point from different directions. The Big Bang theory is only one example of their common interest. Another example is related to the mass of neutrino. When Pauli suggested this tiny particle to explain the nuclear $$\beta$$-decay, it was considered as massless, like the photon. However, the experiments conducted recently, indicate that neutrinos may have small non-zero masses of just a few eV.

In the world of elementary particles, this is extremely small mass, but it makes a huge difference in the cosmos. The universe continues to expand despite the fact that the gravitational forces pull everything back to each other. The estimates show, that the visible mass of all galaxies is not sufficient to stop and reverse the expansion. The universe is filled with a tremendous number of neutrinos. Even with few eV per neutrino, this amounts to a huge total mass of them, which is invisible but could reverse the expansion.

Thus, the cooperation of astronomers and particle physicists has led to significant advances in our understanding of the universe and its evolution. The quest goes on. Albert Einstein once said "The most incomprehensible thing about this Universe is that it is comprehensible."


text:
FHSST Physics/Info

Free High School Science Texts (FHSST) is an initiative to develop and distribute free science textbooks to grade 11 - 12 learners in South Africa.

The primary objectives are:
 * To provide a *free* resource, that can be used alone or in conjunction with other education initiatives in South Africa, to all learners and teachers
 * To provide a quality, accurate and interesting text that adheres to the South African school curriculum and the outcomes-based education system
 * To make all developed content available internationally to support Education on the largest possible scale
 * To provide a text that is easy to read and understand even for second-language English speakers
 * To make a difference in South Africa through helping to educate young South Africans

FHSST Website - FHSST Physics on Wikibooks

Other FHSST books on Wikibooks:
 * FHSST Biology
 * FHSST Computer Literacy
 * FHSST Chemistry

title: FHSST Physics/Info


text:
General Astronomy/Telescopes

The word telescope originates from the Greek language (τηλεσκόπιο), and it means literally far-seeing. It is an instrument that is intended to gather information, usually in the form of light or other energy, about a distant location that can not be perceived directly by the unaided eye. Telescopes let you magnify faint stars, and see finer detail. This allows you to, for example, distinguish one star as two stars that are very close (such as Mizar A and B).

Telescopes are used by astronomers to gather visual and other information the human eye alone cannot see. They do so by means of a large collector surface that then directs the incoming energy photons into a smaller focusing lens. This large surface also allows the resolution of fine details that are too close together for the human eye to discern. It was through his usage of the telescope that Galileo discovered that the celestial spheres weren't perfect, as had been thought. He could see sunspots, and the lunar "seas".

Today, observational astronomy covers the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Telescopes detecting other fundamental particles are also very common. Nonetheless, we shall start with our most familiar part in the field, the optical region in the spectrum.

Some difficulties with telescopes are chromatic aberration (different colors focused at different points) and spherical aberration (light isn't focused at a single point). Spherical aberration can occur when the reflecting mirror in a telescope isn't a true parabola.

Adaptive optics are used to compensate for atmospheric distortion which is caused by small changes in the refractive index of the atmosphere, which is responsible for the "twinkling" effect.

The Light Gathering Power of a telescope is measured by the area of the lens divided by the area of the eye.

Large telescopes are housed inside observatories. One of the most famous is the Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton, named after James Lick, a streetcar baron, who made donations to have the observatory built. When he died, he was buried beneath it.

Light pollution makes stargazing difficult. This is caused by fixtures (such as streetlamps) that allow light to go up into the atmosphere where it is reflected and creates a "fog" of light that makes viewing very dim distant objects difficult.

The spectrum
Our sense of sight is based upon particles of electro-magnetic energy that are emitted by objects and then collected by our eyes. These particles are vibrating quanta of energy that are known as photons. Every photon oscillates at a particular frequency, and the range of all possible frequencies is called the spectrum.

Human eyes are attuned to a particular frequency range of photons that lie within the visual portion of the spectrum. We can not directly view photons that vibrate at frequencies above or below this range, although measuring instruments have been constructed to measure these parts of the spectrum.

All the information we have about the planets in our solar system, and the stars and galaxies comes to us from photons that have traveled that great distance. It is almost exclusively by means of these photons that astronomers have been able to assemble our current knowledge of the universe beyond the Earth.

(Some people are working on the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory and the  Virgo interferometer  to try to detect gravity waves, composed of "gravitons", that have traveled that great distance.)

title: General Astronomy/Telescopes


text:
Cookbook:Fiber

Fibers are long chains of carbohydrates that are undigestable to the human digestive tract. Consuming enough fiber in your diet is important, as it bulks up the stools and allows them to retain moisture better, resulting in easier defecation.

Some foods that have high amounts of fiber include legumes or beans, artichokes, apples, bananas, broccoli, and carrots.

ספר מתכונים/סיבים תזונתיים

title: Cookbook:Fiber


text:
Cookbook:Mutton

| Meat

Mutton can either mean the meat from an adult sheep (contrast with lamb), or meat from a goat. Most English-speaking countries refer to sheep meat as mutton, whereas some Asian and Caribbean use the term for goat.

Mutton from adult sheep is more flavoursome than lamb, but is fattier and tougher to cook. It would easier to cook the meat if it could be seasoned with ginger, which softens the meat and makes it cook faster. Ginger also removes the musky smell of the meat. Mutton is increasingly hard to find, as butchers and supermarkets move more towards easier cooking cuts of meat. Mutton is preferred over lamb for stews and long-simmered curries.

Mutton from goat (sometimes called chevon) is much leaner than both lamb and mutton from sheep. It is a very flavoursome meat, well suited to spicy stews and curries. Being very lean, oil or fat often needs to be added to the meal, especially when pan-frying or barbecuing.

title: Cookbook:Mutton


text:
File:Fhsst waves41.png

Licensing
/Images

title: File:Fhsst waves41.png


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Burns

Burns should be immediately immersed in cold running water, or shower for large area. Do not wait to remove clothes. This should be maintained for at least 10–15 minutes.

Continue for at least 1 hour with cold pack, partially insulated with clean fabric (cotton, thin toweling), or further immersion in iced water. Blistered or open burn wounds should be cleaned and covered with non-adhesive gauze (preferably bactericidal) and cotton dressing. DO NOT use butter, oils or any similar treatment which can trap heat and increase risk of infection. Also do not use antiseptics that may aggravate sensitive skin.

Consult a medical physician immediately for any large, deep, infected or otherwise serious burn.

Aloe vera extract, silverdene (Silver Sulfazdiazine), topical analgaesics and NSAID are commonly used medications. Consult a doctor before use.

Burns are sustained by electricity, heat, chemical or radiation (sunburn). There are three levels of burns, including first degree burns (Superficial burn), second degree burns (Partial thickness burn) and third degree burns (Full thickness burn). The first degree burn is typical sunburn with symptoms such as redness of the skin and pain. Second degree often has blisters and severe pain. Third degree can be caused by fires and caustic chemicals. Often the victim will feel no pain because the nerves have been destroyed, even though the skin is deeply charred.

Burns that cover more than ten percent of the body, or are larger than the casualty's palm, are medical emergencies and need to be treated as such. Also ANY burns to the face, hands or groin should be considered critical and require an examination by a physician.

/Overlapping requirements


text:
Debate/Topics

Below are several possible debate topics:

The Issues

 * /Drug Prohibition/
 * /Same-Sex Marriage/
 * United States
 * /Invasion of Iraq/
 * /Religious Circumcision of Children/
 * /Abortion/
 * /Death Penalty/
 * Lethal Injection
 * /Murder/

title: Debate/Topics


text:
Talk:Issue Guide

See Talk:Voter's Guide for organization discussion

title: Talk:Issue Guide


text:
Talk:JavaScript/First program

The  attribute has been deprecated in favor of the   attribute.

65.10.43.110 23:16, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. Ftiercel (discuss • contribs) 19:20, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

I recommend that we keep the case of the HTML all lowercase. Currently it is mixed (with being lowercase while others are uppercase). I ask that we stick with all lowercase
 * Done. Ftiercel (discuss • contribs) 19:20, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

please ditch document.write/document.writeln
It is deprecated. It won't work in XHTML.

Noobs will get used to it and have problems understanding that it won't work later in onclick, forms, etc.
 * Done. Ftiercel (discuss • contribs) 19:20, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Exercise with single vs. double quotes not very educating
There is no difference between using single or double quotes in the exercise at the bottom of the page. Coming to this conclusion is not very educating here, so I'd suggest removing this exercise.

Ditto
I what's the answer? Is there a difference? I didn't notice one.
 * There is no difference. I have added the answers. Maybe we will remove the second exercise later. Ftiercel (discuss • contribs) 19:20, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:JavaScript/First program


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/Introduction to XML

There are four central problems in data management: capture, storage, retrieval, and exchange of data. The purpose of this book is to address XML, a technology for managing data exchange. The foundational XML chapters in this book are structured by a 'data model' approach. The first chapter introduces the reader to the XML document, XML schema, and XML stylesheet with a single entity example. Subsequent chapters expand upon the XML basics with multiple-entity examples and a one-to-one relationship, a one-to-many relationship, or a many-to-many relationship.

XML is a tool used for data exchange. Data exchange has long been an issue in information technology, but the Internet has elevated its importance. Electronic data interchange (EDI), the traditional data exchange standard for large organizations, is giving way to XML, which is likely to become the data exchange standard for all organizations, irrespective of size.

EDI supports the electronic exchange of standard business documents and is currently the major data format for electronic commerce. A structured format is used to exchange common business documents (e.g., invoices and shipping orders) between trading partners. In contrast to the free form of e-mail messages, EDI supports the exchange of repetitive, routine business transactions. Standards mean that routine electronic transactions can be concise and precise. The main standard used in the United States and Canada is known as  X.12, and the major international standard is  UN/EDIFACT. Firms adhering to the same standard can share data electronically.

The Internet is a global network potentially accessible by nearly every firm, with communication costs typically less than those of traditional EDI. Consequently, the Internet has become the electronic transport path of choice between trading partners. The simplest approach is to use the Internet as a means of transporting EDI documents. But because EDI was developed in the 1960s, another approach is to reexamine the technology of data exchange. A result of this rethinking is XML, but before considering XML we need to learn about SGML, the parent of XML.

SGML
For a typical U.S. firm, it is estimated that document management consumes up to 15 percent of its revenue, nearly 25 percent of its labour costs, and anywhere between 10 and 60 percent of an office worker’s time. The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is designed to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of document management.

A markup language embeds information about a document within the document's text. In the following example, the markup tags indicate that the text contains details of a city. Note also that the city's name, state, and population are identified by specific tags. Thus, the reader—a person or a computer—is left in no doubt as to meaning of Athens, Georgia, or 100,000. Note also the latitude and location of the city are explicitly identified with appropriate tags. SGML’s usefulness is based upon both recording text and the meaning of that text.

Exhibit 1: Markup language

SGML is a vendor-independent International Standard (ISO 8879) that defines the structure of documents. Developed in 1986 as a meta language, SGML is the parent of both HTML and XML. Because SGML documents are standard text files, SGML provides cross-system portability. When technology is rapidly changing, SGML provides a stable platform for managing data exchange. Furthermore, SGML files can be transformed for publication in a variety of media. The use of SGML preserves textual information independent of how and when it is presented. Organizations reap long-term benefits when they can  store documents in a single, independent standard that can then be converted for display in any desired media.

SGML has three major advantages for data management:
 * Reuse: Information can be created once and reused many times.
 * Flexibility: SGML documents can be published in any format. The same content can be printed, presented on the Web, or delivered with a text synthesis. Because SGML is content-oriented, presentation decisions can be delayed until the output format is decided.
 * Revision: SGML supports revision and version control. With content version control, a firm can readily track the changes in documents.

A short section of SGML demonstrates clearly the features and strength of SGML (see Exhibit 2). The tags surrounding a chunk of text describe its meaning and thus support presentation and retrieval. For example, the pair of tags and surrounding “Delta” identify the airline making the flight.

Exhibit 2: SGML example

The preceding SGML code can be presented in several ways by applying a style sheet to the file. For example, it might appear as

Delta flight 22 flies from Atlanta to Paris leaving 5:40pm and arriving 8:10am

or as

If the data are stored in HTML format and rendered on a Web site (as in Exhibit 3), then the meaning of the data has to be inferred by the reader. This is generally quite easy for humans, but impossible for machines. Furthermore, the presentation format is fixed and can only be altered by rewriting the HTML. If you are not familiar with HTML, you should read the WikiBooks chapter on XHTML, an extension of HTML, before reading the next chapter.

Exhibit 3: HTML rendering example  Delta flight 22 flies from Atlanta to Paris leaving 5:40pm and arriving 8:10am

Meaning and presentation should be independent, and this is an important reason why SGML is more powerful than HTML.

 SGML is a markup language that defines the structure of documents and is preferred to HTML as it can be transformed into a variety of media.

XML
Many computer systems contain data in incompatible formats. A time-consuming challenge is to exchange data between such systems. XML is a generic data storage format that comes bundled with a number of tools and technologies that should make it easier to exchange specific XML 'applications' between incompatible systems. Since XML is open and generic, it is expected that as time progresses, more and more organizations and people will jump onto the XML bandwagon, both developers and data users. This should make XML the ultimate viable technology for certain types of data exchange.

XML is used not only for exchanging information, but also for publishing Web pages. XML's very strict syntax allows for smaller and faster Web browsers and as such is well suited for use with Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and cellphones. Web browsers that interpret HTML documents, on the other hand, are bloated with programming code to compensate for HTML’s not so strict coding.

The types of data generally well suited for encoding as XML are those where field lengths are unknown and unpredictable and where field contents are predominantly textual.

An XML schema allows for the exchange of information in a standardized structure. A schema defines custom markup tags that can contain attributes to describe the content that is enclosed by these tags. Information from the tagged data in the XML document can be extracted using an application called a “parser”, and with the use of an XML stylesheet the data can be formatted for a Web page.

XML's power lies in the combination of custom markup tags and content in a defined XML document. The purpose of eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is to make information self-describing. Based on SGML, XML is designed to support electronic commerce. The definition of XML, completed in early 1998 by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), describes it as a meta language — a language to generate languages. XML should steadily replace HTML on many Web sites because of some key advantages. The major differences between XML and HTML are captured in the following table.

Exhibit 4: XML vs HTML

The eXtensible in XML means that a new data exchange language can be created by defining its structure and tags. For example, the OpenGIS Consortium designed a Geography Markup Language (GML) to facilitate the electronic exchange of geographic information. Similarly, the Open Tourism Consortium is working on the definition of TourML to support exchange of tourism information. The insurance industry uses data corresponding to the XML based standard ACORD for electronic data exchange. Another good example of XML in action is NewsML™.

In this text we will cover all the features of XML, but at this point let us introduce a few of the key features.

 Applications of XML:

Before we start learning more about how an XML document is structured, let us point out what XML can be used for. The four major implementations of XML are:

Publication: Database content can be converted into XML and afterwards into HTML by using an XSLT stylesheet. Making use of this technique, complex websites as well as print media like PDF files can be generated. Information no longer has to be stored in different formats (i.e. RTF, DOC, PDF, HTML). Content can be stored in the neutral XML format and then, using appropriate layout style sheets and transformations, brochures, websites, or datalists can be generated (See more in Chapter 17.)

An example of the capability of XML and XSLT can be found at http://www.emimusic.de: This website contains approximately 20,000 pages with profiles of the artists, their products and the titles of the songs. These pages are generated using a XSLT script. Based on the script used it will also be possible to create a catalog in PDF format. Please see below for more details.

Interaction: XML can be used for accessing and changing data interactively. This man<->machine communication usually happens via a web browser (see Chapter 12).

Integration: Using XML, homogenous and heterogenous applications can be integrated. In this case, XML is used to describe data, interfaces, and protocols. This machine-machine communication helps integrate relational databases (i.e. by importing and exporting different formats).

Transaction: XML helps to process transactions in applications like online marketplaces, supply chain management, and e-procurement systems.

Key features of XML

 * Elements have both an opening and a closing tag
 * Elements follow a strict hierarchy, with documents containing only one root element
 * Elements cannot overlap other elements
 * Element names must obey XML naming conventions
 * XML is case sensitive

XML will improve the efficiency of data exchange in several important ways, which include:
 * write once and format many times: Once an XML file is created it can be presented in multiple ways by applying different XML stylesheets. For instance, the information might be displayed on a web page or printed in a book.
 * hardware and software independence: XML files are standard text files, which means they can be read by any application.
 * write once and exchange many times: Once an industry agrees on a XML standard for data exchange, data can be readily exchanged between all members using that standard.
 * Faster and more precise web searching: When the meaning of information can be determined by a computer (by reading the tags), web searching will be enhanced. For example, if you are looking for a specific book title, it is far more efficient for a computer to search for text between the pair of tags and than search an entire file looking for the title. Furthermore, spurious results should be eliminated.
 * data validation XML allows data validation using XSD or DTD which is a contractual agreement between two interacting parties.

10 reasons to use XML

 * 1) XML is a widely accepted open standard.
 * 2) XML allows to clearly separate content from form (appearance).
 * 3) XML is text-oriented.
 * 4) XML is extensible.
 * 5) XML is self-describing.
 * 6) XML is universal; meaning internationalization is no problem.
 * 7) XML is independent from platforms and programming languages.
 * 8) XML provides a robust and durable format for information storage.
 * 9) XML is easily transformable.
 * 10) XML is a future-oriented technology.

The major XML elements
The major XML elements are: In the next few chapters you will learn how to create and use each of these elements of XML.
 * XML document: An XML file containing XML code.
 * XML schema: An XML file that describes the structure of a document and its tags.
 * XML stylesheet: An XML file containing formatting instructions for an XML file.

Creating a markup file
Any text editor can be used to create a markup file (e.g. an HTML file). In this book, we use the text editor within NetBeans, an open source Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Java, because NetBeans supports editing and validation of XML files. Before proceeding, you should download and install NetBeans from http://www.NetBeans.org/.

The examples in this book use NetBeans to illustrate proper XML code. For an alternative to NetBeans, see ../Exchanger XML Lite/

XML at United Parcel Service (UPS)
“UPS is a service company and it is all about scale and speed,” says Geoff Chalmers, Project Leader at UPS eSolutions Department. In 2003, UPS had $33.5 billion annual revenue and 357,000 employees worldwide. Six percent of the United States' Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on any given day is in the UPS system.

UPS uses technology extensively. The Information Systems department employs 4,000 people. The company's web site has 166 different country home pages and is supported by 44 applications.

UPS delivers around 13 million packages every day, and customers can track these shipments via the UPS Web site, which receives around 200 million hits daily. Nineteen of the applications within ups.com are XML OnLine Tool (Web services) applications.

UPS’s online tools are developed specifically to be integrated with customers’ applications. This makes the customer’s task simpler, easier, and faster. UPS verified the importance of simplicity and speed, via “CampusShip,” a product that has been one of the UPS’s most successful in the last 10 years. UPS CampusShip® is a Web-based, UPS-hosted shipping system. Using an Internet connection, employees can ship their own packages and letters from any desktop, while management maintains overall control of shipping activities. UPS CampusShip® allows simultaneous shipper autonomy and managerial cost-control within the organization. This product has been successful because no installation or software maintenance is required and it is quick to implement. XML Online Tools enabled cheap and fast evolution of CampusShip®.

UPS favors XML especially because it is agnostic; platform and language independent. These features make XML very flexible and powerful. It is also decoupled and scalable. XML has enabled UPS to target a broader market and reduce customer interaction, and thus the cost of customer service. Another positive feature of XML is that it is backward compatible. The adoption of XML has reduced maintenance, implementation, and usage costs significantly within UPS.

However these advantages don’t come without a price. “XML is inefficient in so many ways” says Chalmers. XML unfortunately takes more CPU and bandwidth than the other technologies. Yet bandwidth and CPU are cheap and getting cheaper everyday, so this is a gradually disappearing problem.

Nevertheless, Chalmers also thinks that XML doesn’t work well in databases. He says that it is too wordy and it is an exchange medium rather than a database medium. There were some early attempts to tightly integrate XML and databases. Because databases do supply structure and identification to data as does XML, the value-add of XML-database integration is limited to applying hierarchical structure. On the other hand, if data is to be stored as a blob, then XML makes sense. Another problem that he points out about XML is that business rules cannot be expressed in XML schemas.

Finally, raw XML programming and debugging can be challenging. Therefore, UPS’s enterprise customers are starting to explore the code generators and embedded facilities to be found in .NET and BEA. However, hand coding by experienced in-house engineers is a must for the high availability, scalability, and performance that UPS requires for the UPS OnLine Tools.

XML at EMI Music
How is it used?

EMI Music Germany GmbH & Co. KG, a famous German record label, displays information about the artists it is affiliated with on its website. Visitors are able to explore all their audio or video productions. The whole website consists of nearly 20,000 pages that contain information about artists and their products (CD, DVD, LP). Everything is properly linked and systematically grouped.

After all, there is data to be provided for every artist, albums, samples, pictures, descriptions or article codes. The site is updated on a daily basis and is subject to change by a web editor whenever it’s necessary. Now this is a fairly complex and large amount of data to be handled.

This is where XML comes into play. The data, which is stored in a database, has been transformed into XML code. Now an XSLT stylesheet converts this data into HTML code, which can be easily read by any web browser (e.g. Internet Explorer or Firefox).

What's the benefit?

The advantage of XML is that the programming effort is considerably lower as compared to other formats. This is because XML lies at the point of intersection of XSLT and HTML.

It’s also no problem for the web editor to update the website. Using XML makes it easy for the person in charge to deal with this large amount of data.

Going beyond… On the basis of the XML scripts thus far produced by EMI Music, the company could easily produce a PDF-formatted catalog or design i-Mode pages for the current mobile phone generation. Thanks to XML, this can be done with little extra effort.

A brief history of XML
In the late 60s Charles Goldfarb, Raymond Lorie and Edward Mosher all working for IBM started to develop GML (Generalized Markup Language), a text formatting language. The language was successfully applied for internal documentation procedures. As it used to be common, the document editing was performed in the batch-mode. GenCode, another procedure to define generic formatting codes for the typesetting systems of various software producers, was developed by the GCA (Graphic Communications Association) at about the same time. Both of these technologies, GML syntactically and GenCode semantically, served as basis for the development of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language). The process of standardization started at the U.S. Standardization institute ANSI in the early 80s and in 1986 SGML finally passed as ISO standard ISO2879:1986.

SGML is reckoned to be a complex and comprehensive language (the specification extends 500 pages). However, the success of HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) proved that the concepts of SGML were appropriate. SGML-based HTML was developed by Tim Berners-Lee in Geneva, in the early 90s in order to illustrate and link documents in the Internet. Meanwhile, HTML developed as the most successful format for all electronical documents. The Internet was originally designed as a space for human-human and human-machine communication but lately machine-machine communication has gained tremendous importance, putting a completely new challenge on the computer languages used.

HTML is a descriptive language for the presentation of documents. The main focus is on the presentation, meaning that an HTML-document mixes the presented data and its formatting instruction. A human being may recognize the displayed semantic by means of the presentation and the context meaning; a machine or (better-said) software is unable to.

In 1996 a team under the guidance of Jos Bosak attending the W3C-consortium was established to make SGML web-suitable. The result was a 30-page specification, which received in February 1998 the status of a "W3C-recommendation" and was named "Extensible Markup Language (XML)".

The most important goals developing XML were:
 * XML should be compatible with SGML
 * XML should be easy to use in the Internet
 * The number of optional characteristics should be minimized
 * XML-documents should be easy to generate and human-readable
 * XML should be supported by a variety of application
 * It should be easy to write programs for XML
 * XML should be put into practice on time

In the terminology of markup languages, a description formulated in XML is called a XML-document, albeit the content has nothing to do with text processing.

Why is this book not an XML document?
If you have accepted the ideas presented in this chapter, the question is very pertinent. The simple answer is that we have been unable to find the technology to support the creation of an open text book in XML. We need several pieces of technology
 * An XML language for describing a book. DocBook is such a language, but the structure of a book is quite complex, and DocBook (reflecting this complexity) cannot be quickly mastered
 * A Wiki that works with a language such as DocBook
 * A XML stylesheet that converts XML into HTML for displaying the book's content

There is a project to create WikiMl (Wiki MarkupLanguage), and this might be used at some point.


text:
Primary Mathematics/Working with fractions

Working with fractions
Mixed numbers and top-heavy fractions:

A mixed number is an integer and a fraction, eg two and a half, a top heavy fraction is a fraction with a larger numerator than denominator, eg 3/2. For multiplication and division you must not use mixed numbers. They can be used in addition and subtraction (do the integers and fractions separately and combine the result) if this is not too confusing.

Simplest terms: Multiplying (or dividing) the numerator and denominator by the same number will not change the fraction. A fraction is put into its simplest terms by dividing both by the largest integer that goes into both a whole number of times, this can be done in stages using small integers such as 2 and 3, 5 and 10 repeatedly.

Multiplication:

$$\frac{a}{c}*\frac{b}{d} = \frac{ab}{cd}$$

Where ab=a*b.

Division:

To divide fractions; remember that a fraction is a division. Fractions can be stacked like so:

$$\frac{\frac{a}{b}}{\frac{c}{d}}$$

The rule to remember to simplify is that anything under an odd number of lines goes on the bottom and anything under an even number of lines goes on the top (0 is even for this purpose) thus:

$$\frac{ad}{bc}$$

It is easier (perhaps) to remember that the second fraction in the division gets turned upside down.

Addition and subtraction:

For addition the denominators of the two fractions must be the same - if this is so then simply add (or subtract) the numerators:

$$\frac{a}{b}+\frac{c}{b} = \frac{a+c}{b}$$

If the denominators are not the same then a common denominator must be found, the simplest way to do this is take the product of the denominators although if one is a multiple of the other simply multiplying it by the applicable integer works as well. Remember to multiply the numerators by the same number. Generally:

$$\frac{a}{b}+\frac{c}{d} = \frac{ad+cb}{bd}$$

But for example

$$\frac{a}{5}+\frac{b}{10} = \frac{2a+b}{10}$$

Is possible.

Remember that young children will not understand the algebraic formulation here. The art of primary teaching is finding a way to make this make sense to young children. However, teachers need to know these general rules.


text:
Cookbook talk:Jalebi (Fritters in Syrup)

Jalebi is a NORTH Indian speciality...the south of India is somewhat known for Jangiri...which is made with lentil flour...not all purpose flour.

Most Jalebi recipes call for some yoghurt.


text:
Cookbook:Keralan Prawns

| Seafood | Shrimp | Indian Cuisine

Prawns cooked Kerala style.

Ingredients

 * ½ kg whole prawns
 * ¼ tablespoon red chile powder
 * ¼ teaspoon turmeric powder
 * ¼ teaspoon coriander powder
 * ¼ tablespoon minced ginger
 * 3 tablespoons oil
 * Kudampuli (Malabar tamarind) to your preferred sourness (can be substituted with lime juice)
 * 15 curry leaves
 * 20 pieces chipped coconut kernel (thin slices approximately 2 cm long each)
 * 1 big green chile
 * ¼ big onion (not sweet)
 * Salt to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Remove the prawn tails and heads.
 * 2) Cook the prawns in water with ginger, salt, curry leaves, green chillies, kudampuli and coconut. Leave a little water in the vessel at the end of cooking.
 * 3) Heat the oil in a pan and fry the turmeric, chili powder and coriander powder in it until they turn brown.
 * 4) Add the onion and sauté until wilted.
 * 5) Add the cooked shrimp and simmer, stirring, until it reaches a semi-dry consistency.

title: Cookbook:Keralan Prawns


text:
Cookbook:Shrimp

Shrimp and prawns are crustaceans, related to lobster, crab, crayfish, and krill. Prawns are not shrimp, but are generally indistinguishable in culinary usage; see the recipes listed below for details.

To remove the shells, start by pinching away the leg-like gill structure. Then split the shell from there, pulling it off the rest of the way. You may wish to remove the "vein" on the back, which is actually the digestive tract. If the shrimp are already deveined, they will be split along the back, and a good way to peel them is to simply squeeze forefinger and thumb against the tail. This will push the "meat" out and allow you to easily pluck off the remnants of the shell. Of course, this results in tail-less shrimp.

The easiest way to cook shrimp is by boiling. Simply place them into a pot of boiling water and cook them until they change color, generally becoming pink. You can serve the shrimp with lemon juice, ketchup, a mixture of both, or a fancier cocktail sauce.

Shrimp also go well in stir-fry, including fried rice.

A more difficult and dangerous deep fat frying procedure can be used to produce fried shrimp. There are several types including Southern fried shrimp (non-puffy batter containing cornmeal) or Chinese fried shrimp (puffy cornmeal-free batter, as used in westernized Chinese cooking), and tempura (thin and sometimes flakey Japanese style).

The shells and tails from peeled shrimp can be used to make a stock. Simply place the shells and tails in a pot with a small amount of water, bring to a boil, then cover and simmer while you prepare the rest of the dish. This stock can then be used to flavour the dish, and/or used as a component of the cooking liquid to make shrimp-flavoured rice.

Recipes Using Shrimp

 * Fried Shrimp
 * Keralan Prawns
 * Ceviche of Shrimp and Sea Bass
 * Low Country Shrimp and Grits
 * Pad Thai
 * Fried Rice
 * Miso Soup

title: Cookbook:Shrimp


text:
Horn/Repertoire/Orchestral Excerpts/Wagner, R. - Siegfried (the "Long Call")

The Long Call is an off-stage solo for horn in Richard Wagner's Siegfried opera. It takes place in Act 2, Scene 2 as the main character, Siegfried, acts in playing a silver hunting-horn to a bird.