text:
Japanese/Basic Japanese/Answers/Lesson 1

Answers

 * 1) 初めまして should only be used when talking to someone you are meeting for the first time.
 * 2) どうぞ　よろしく means "Please favor me with your friendship" though it is usually loosely translated to "Pleased to meet you" or "Nice to meet you"
 * 3) No. The correct sentence should be "私は田中です". さん is an honorific suffix applied to others. It cannot be applied to oneself.
 * 4) When meeting someone for the first time, it is common to say "初めまして、___　です. 　どうぞ　よろしく. "
 * 5) To introduce someone to another person, "こちら　は　___さん　です. " can be said.


text: User:Nmontague

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Nmontague


text:
International Relations/International Liberal Theory

Both International Liberal Theory and International Realism Theory take for granted the state of anarchy: no world government exists, therefore each state acts on its own. International Realism Theory focuses on predicting how a rational state would behave in its own interests. It is hoped that, if every state can predict how other states will react to its actions, armed conflict can be avoided.

Liberal theory, on the other hand, focuses on ways to avoid interstate conflict be regulating state behaviour. Therefore, Liberal Theory focuses on international institutions and systems.

Liberal International theory is comparable to the "social contract" of Rousseau. States value their freedom to act in their self-interest, but they realize that they lose some of that freedom to act if they are in constant conflict with other states. Therefore, they voluntarily give up some of that freedom and create international institutions. These institutions create contacts for interstate co-operation and rules to resolve interstate conflicts. Liberal theorists often study institutions such as the United Nations, the European Union, and the Organization of American States.

One of the most influential believers in International Liberal theory was U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. He pushed for the creation of the Legaue of Nations after World War I as an institution that could provide a forum for resolving international disputes. The failure of the League of Nations to prevent World War II is one of the often-cited examples used by critics of International Liberal Theory. Nonetheless, International Liberal theory is strongly evident in the creation of the United Nations and the European Union, two of the more successful post-World War II international institutions.


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Template talk:BOTM/Voting rules

I changed the period where a book is not allowed to be nominated again from 2 months to 1 year. I think it would degrade the quality of the vote, if we would see the same book on the main page every 3 months. Part of the philosophy behind the "book of the month" is to present new or maybe yet unknown books to the community, and it would not be good to always have the same book in that place. What do you think?

Minimum number of edits?
Last month, it looked like a user regestered multiple accounts, which did nothing more than vote for the London book. I suggest that you have to have at least 100 edits in order to vote. Reub2000 14:35, 1 Jul 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that if we have such condition at Collaboration of Month, we should introduce it here. BOTM is even more important, we shouldn't risk that sockpuppets will manipulate this vote. I suggest minimum of 20 edits - like at COTM. --Derbeth talk 11:15, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd go with 20 edits on the day the BOTM cycles, otherwise it would be fairly easy to create several accounts that correct 20 typos, then vote. Gentgeen 16:53, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * There have been a number of books, notably the Japanese and Bulgarian Wikibooks, that seem to have abused this recently (noted by the redshirt users doing the voting for those Wikibooks). At the same time, I don't want to discourage legitimate new users from voting as the BOTM is a good place to get your feet wet without having to deal with the greater political battles that happen on the VfD page or Staff Lounge, for example.  You can pad edits just as easily as you can do anything else, but that would also make sock puppets obvious and take more effort to create.  Too bad we don't have anybody with CheckUser privileges here at the moment.  Definitely add an extra line to the rules to prohibit sock puppets explicitly (the rationale for introducing this rule in the first place, I presume).  --Rob Horning 02:48, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I support both the explicit ban of sockpuppets from polls, and the requirement to have 20 edits before polls open for that month. --Kernigh 03:58, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The default policy should have the previous edit requirement to be the same (0, 20, 100, whatever) for BOTM and COTM. Having different requirements should require specific reason, eg., there is more of a problem at one or the other.  I have been a bit curious about suspicious some of the redshirt voting in recent months—it seems that the minimum should be more than zero.  Let's try 20 for both since that is what is at COTM.  Further problems may require higher minimums.  Some possibly suspicious redshirt voting this month at COTM may suggest that 20 isn't enough.  But the place to start is raising the BOTM requirement to 20.  --JMRyan 04:22, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I put in formal rules that reflect this general concensus. I would agree that 20 votes is not enough, but it at least is a place to start.  I also put in a warning that the number may be raised if low-quality books seem to be getting a lot of votes.  --Rob Horning 19:43, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:BOTM/Voting rules


text: File:Laurate.png

title: File:Laurate.png


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Robotics/Computer Control/The Interface/Remote Control

Remote control is about controlling a robot (or any other electronic device) from a distance, either with or without a wire. Remote control methods can be split into two categories: wireless and wired.

Wired Remote Control
Wired remote control or tethered control can be the right way to interface a computer with a stationary robot. For mobile robots the cable can become a burden for the robot.

Limited Range

 * Electric signals transferred over a wire lose energy because of the wires resistance. The result is that the amplitude of the signal decreases as distance increases.
 * Reflections can be a problem when the data rate is high. This means a previous signal doesn't disappear before the next is transmitted. This is why transmission lines are "terminated" with a resistor to ground.
 * Interference is caused by the magnetic fields of other conductors or capacitive coupling of high speed signals in other conductors. Shielding cables reduces interference, as does using differential signals (instead of using amplitude relative to ground to transmit '1's and '0's, using amplitude between 2 signal wires) through a twisted pair of conductors.

Mechanical Issues With Cables

 * Cables have fixed number of wires in them, if you need more, you'll have to replace the whole cable, which can be very time consuming.
 * Cables have a certain stiffness. The thicker the cable the more force you need to apply to bend the cable.
 * Cables have a weight. This can make it hard for smaller robots to drag it around.
 * They can get in the way of the robot.

Methods
Many of the mechanical issues of cables can be reduced by using thin cables with as few conductors as possible. Ideally such a cable would have only 3 or 4 conductors: Ground, power and one or 2 signal wires. See Networks for sending multiple signals through as few wires as possible.

Advantages
By using a cable you get around the problem of heavy batteries. The robot can be powered by an AC-outlet. Another benefit of a tether is the ability to easily use a PC to control the robot.

IR
IR remote control is the best known form of wireless remote control. It's cheap and reliable, but limited to line-of-sight communication. Complete IR-receiver modules, like the TSOP1736, are available cheaply and can be interfaced with most controllers without much extra components. TV remote controls using RC5 (Phillips) can be used with such modules. If you want a faster data link, IRDA components could boost it significantly. Bluetooth and Wifi have replaced it on modern laptops, but IRDA components are still available.

RF
RF is widely known in model race cars, Wifi, and various other applications. These days complete RF transmitter/receiver modules are available at reasonable low prices. These modules are very easy to use and have ranges of around 100m depending on their environment. RF remote controls for high end model race cars have larger range but are much more expensive and limited in their use. While it is definitely possible to build RF transmitters from scratch, this is not advisable. Radio frequencies are strictly governed and building a transmitter that uses the wrong frequency quickly leads to a fine or worse. Know what you're allowed to do, before building one of these. It is possible to use a wireless telephone to provide an RF connection to your robot. The major restriction being data rates limited to 9.6kbaud or so.

Speech Recognition
In essence speech recognition is a form of remote control. Probably one of the hardest forms of remote control, but also one of the most impressive ones. Although today there are modules that contain a full speech recognition system capable of learning a dozen commands, those systems are still very limited as they can't handle sentences (just commands), need to be trained before they are useful and usually can only be used by one person.

Sound
Sound can also be used as remote control, generating a tone of a particular frequency isn't hard, building a receiver to detect this tone isn't too difficult either. Sounds like whistling and clapping hands have been used for remote control before (e.g. the keyring which makes a sound when you whistle).

Network control
A further step would be to do the control over a network, from another device. This could be a wired network, like RS-232, RS-485 or Ethernet, or a wireless one, as WLAN, Bluetooth or ZigBee.


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Climate Change

The Earth's climate, changes in pasterns (moderate shifts in the mean values of the variables) are normal and expected. Earth's climate is a dynamic system, full of complicated processes that lead to chaotic variations, changes to external forcing of the system can lead to significant changes.

Usually we think of trends in global average quantities (especially surface temperature) as indicative of climate change. But when the trend leads to a change larger than the natural variability, a statistically significant change most certainly has occurred. Reasons for this recent shift in the general pattern have been mostly stated as being the result of actions of the human species on the planet and solar variation.

This Wikibook will cover most of the normal implications of climate changes but will focus on the recent medium to long term effects on the above normal changes, normally but also confusingly labeled global warming. If you care to share your knowledge of this topic, please contribute.

Although this book is still in a very preliminary state, we seem to be moving toward a cohesive structure. The book is really two parts: first, a primer on the science of climate change, and second, a study of societal implications of climate change. The first part deals with much more concrete, physically based principles. As such, it can be developed more easily. The second part is potentially more controversial, but not necessarily so; for the early stages of development, the second part should probably be limited to generalities and external links.

Table of Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Science/
 * /Evidence of Change/
 * /Causes/
 * /Effects/
 * /Mitigation Strategies/

Appendices

 * /Press Cuttings/ – the sub-page where we should post press cuttings
 * /Further Reading/ – References and recommendations... non-technical, text, and scientific work to supplement this Wikibook.
 * Frequently Asked Questions
 * /External Links/

Tools and applications

 * Flood Maps (http://flood.firetree.net/) interesting demonstration, using Google’s mapping API and raw data from NASA, to generate a visualization of the impact of sea level rising due to climate change.

title: Climate Change


text:
Cookbook:Barbecuing

Barbecuing is cooking food slowly with relatively low heat and hardwood smoke. Spices, marinades or brines, and sauces may all be used in the food preparation process. Grilling as a barbecue method is hotly debated in most of the US. In places like North Carolina and Texas where barbecue is part of their history and heritage, they believe grilling is not a barbecue method. Using different select hardwoods will infuse foods with distinct smoky flavors. Gas and electric smokers allow for more temperature control than smokers using charcoal or wood. In North Carolina, pork is traditionally barbecued while in Texas it is beef. However, for the common American, barbecue means pork.

For more information, see Barbecue Tips.

Kookboek/Barbecueën

title: Cookbook:Barbecuing


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SPM/MATLAB

Introduction
MATLAB (The MathWorks) is a high-level technical computing language and interactive environment for algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis, and numeric computation. Its syntax is close to that of matrix algebra, making the code an effective pseudo-code for the algorithms, and leading to fast development times.

The SPM software is a collection of MATLAB functions and thus requires the MATLAB software to be installed on your computer in order to run. SPM requires only core MATLAB to run (no special toolboxes are required - unless stated otherwise).

See the System Requirements page for a list of suitable platforms to run MATLAB and the Platform Roadmap for the correspondence between MATLAB versions and supported platforms.

Each SPM version was written for a particular MATLAB version and will not work with earlier versions. MATLAB versions released after SPM can have some peculiarities but SPM developers try to provide compatibility fixes in the updates (at least for recent SPM versions).

MEX files
Whilst the majority of the code is implemented as standard MATLAB M-files, SPM also uses external MEX files, written in C, to perform some of the more computationally intensive operations. Pre-compiled binaries of these external C-MEX routines are provided for several platforms and correspond to files with extensions .mexwin32, .mexwin64, .mexglx, .mexa64, .mexmac, .mexmaci, .mexmaci64, .mexsol, .mexs64.

If the compiled MEX-files are provided for your platform, then SPM should work straight out of the box. If they are not provided or if they appear to be incompatible with your system, then you will need to create the MEX files using a suitable C compiler and the Makefile provided with the SPM distribution. To do so, follow the indications given in these pages for the corresponding platform:
 * Windows 32 bit
 * Windows 64 bit
 * Linux 32 bit
 * Linux 64 bit
 * Mac PowerPC
 * Mac Intel 32 bit
 * Mac Intel 64 bit
 * Solaris

Other numerical analysis software
GNU Octave is a free open source numerical analysis software similar to MATLAB. See SPM/Octave for more details about compatibility between SPM and Octave.

Julia is another modern programming language with excellent numerical computing abilities. Porting SPM to Julia would be a major investment but see this.

title: SPM/MATLAB


text: Template:SPM/Header

title: Template:SPM/Header


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Climate Change/Mitigation Strategies/Office

 * Notices by every lightswitch encouraging people to turn lights off whenever they leave a room.
 * Lights in communal areas (toilets, corridors, etc.) timed to switch off automatically outside office hours. Perhaps install a movement sensor to switch the lights back on again for a few minutes.
 * Radiators to be turned off in toilets.
 * Powersave mode activated on all monitors so they are switched off automatically after a period of inactivity.
 * Encouragement to turn off all monitors and computers overnight unless absolutely necessary. (leaving one computer on every night for a year produces an excess of about 400 kg of CO2; so an office of 100 people could save about 40 tonnes of CO2 per year just by turning off their PCs every night (0.2 kW x 14 hours x 365 days x 0.43 kg CO_2 per kWh = 440 kg of CO2 per year)
 * Greater recycling provision, e.g. paper recycling box in every office, plastic/glass recycling in kitchen/common room. It's important to be able to recycle news papers and cardboard as well as just office paper.
 * Signs in the communal kitchens saying: "Only fill the kettle with as much water as you need. Never boil more water than you need.  If the kettle is on for only 2 minutes per boil then you emit about 100 kg of CO2 every year.  If it's on for 4 minutes per boil then you emit 200kg of CO2.  (2 kW x 365 days per year x (2 min/60 h/min) x 10 times per day x 0.43 kg of CO2 per kilowatt hour = 105 kg of CO2 per year)"
 * Encourage people to buy LCD screens rather than CRT (17" LCD uses ~40 watts; 17" CRT uses ~250 watts; CRT uses 6 times more power)
 * Bring own kitchenware. Avoid using paper/foam cups or plastic forks and spoons.
 * Set-up box for collecting electronic waste. Those will increase the rate of recycling batteries, electric bulbs, and also reusing some of old electronics.


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Wikibooks:Book of the month/February 2005

The book of the month for February is Lucid Dreaming.

Lucid Dreaming is dreaming while you are aware you are dreaming. This allows you to control your dreams and have fantastical experiences.

The lucid dreaming wikibook gives you all the information you need about improving your dream recall, inducing lucid dreams, and using them to do whatever you want. There are also external references from which you can learn more.

"Very nice book: very complete and useful, and also well written!" - Johan

Vote for March - Book of the month


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Wikibooks:Book of the month/2005

 * Refresh this page
 * Refresh main page
 * Refresh main page (table free)
 * Refresh main page (text only)
 * Refresh main page (text only)
 * Refresh Book of the month

Book of the month 2005

view - talk - history
 * February

view - talk - history
 * March

view - talk - history
 * April

view - talk - history
 * May

view - talk - history
 * June

view - talk - history
 * July

view - talk - history
 * August

view - talk - history
 * September

view - talk - history
 * October

view - talk - history
 * November

view - talk - history
 * December

title: Wikibooks:Book of the month/2005


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Climate Change/Mitigation Strategies/Home

 * Only fill the kettle with the minimum amount of water. Never boil more water than you need.  If the kettle is on for only 2 minutes per boil then you emit about 100kg of CO2 every year.  If it's on for 4 minutes per boil then you emit 200kg of CO2.  (maths: 2kW x 365 days per year x (2minutes / 60) hours x 10 times per day x 0.43 kg of CO2 per kiloWatt hour = 105 kg of CO2 per year)
 * boil water in the microwave instead of the stove top.
 * Turn the cooker down as low as you can. For example, if you're boiling an egg then put the gas / hob on full until the water boils, and then reduce the heat.  The water will continue to boil but you'll be using less energy.
 * Next time you need to replace a light bulb, use a fluorescent lamp instead of an incandescent lamp. A 20 watt fluorescent lamp gives as much light as a 60 watt incandescent lamp — an incandescent lamp converts only 10% of its power into light; most of the rest gets converted into heat. (But because of this, switching to a fluorescent lamp may make the room feel colder.)
 * Reduce the number of lamps in a room. One 60 watt lamp may provide sufficient light instead of two 40 watt lamps.
 * Consider solar power. But do the homework in terms of cost and benefit before making a decision.
 * Use Energy Star-compliant and similarly energy-efficient appliances.
 * Use rechargeable batteries. This reduces the number of dead batteries to be trashed, and hence the amount of hazardous chemicals in landfills.
 * If your home computer doesn't need to be 'always on' (e.g., it is not used for work), consider consolidating your computer usage to only a few hours every day. Turn the computer off the rest of the day.
 * Use draft instead of air conditioning during hot days.
 * Plant a tree(s) so shadow will reduce heat during hot days.
 * In the winter, set your thermostat at 68 degrees in the daytime and 55 degrees at night. In the summer, keep it at 78.
 * Showering uses up 40% less water than a bath.
 * Install low-flow shower heads and faucet aerators.
 * Wash full loads in your dishwasher and use short cycles for all but the dirtiest dishes.
 * Set the appropriate water level for different size loads in your clothes washer, wash in cold water when practical, and always rinse in cold.
 * Don't use dryer to dry you clothes after washing. Let them dry themselves on hangers or rope in natural way.
 * Wrap your water heater in a water heater blanket, especially if it's located in an unheated part of the house. This prevents heat loss through radiation.
 * Opt-out from unwanted mailings: credit card offers, free newspapers, catalogs, advertisement, etc.
 * Use Internet for latest news or library for newspaper/magazine articles.
 * Bring reusable bags with you when you need to visit stores.


text:
Category:Fish recipes

Recipes involving fish.

es:Categoría:Pescado fr:Catégorie:Poissons

title: Category:Fish recipes


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Emergency Medicine/Guide to the OCTEM

The Open-Content Textbook of Emergency Medicine (OCTEM) has been launched. Open-content means that anyone - doctor, nurse, PA, EMT or interested layperson - can write chapters, edit existing chapters, and even re-organize the text. I am writing to you today to invite you to take part: jump right in and write or edit a chapter today.

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Emergency_Medicine

You might be thinking, “this open-source formula might sound like chaos, like a disaster. . . “. Read on to find out why it won’t be.

The OCTEM is based upon the same system used to create the Wikipedia. From its inception in 2001 the Wikipedia has outgrown establishment encyclopedias such as Encarta, Brittanica and Merriam Webster. It has more entries, and also receives more traffic. Here’s why:

On the internet, for the most part, readers struggle with bad information crowding out good information. You might think this would be a real problem on Wikipedia, where anyone can create and edit entries. But in practice good information usually drives out bad on the Wikipedia. Inaccuracies, gross bias and other problems are picked up by a large and interested body of readers who are also editors. For every one person who might introduce an inaccuracy one some topic, there are many more people who are passionately interested in that topic, who are ready to find and remedy errors, inaccuracies and vandalism. Note that the “Wiki” model takes some pressure off authors. Chapters don’t have to be completely finished when they’re first put online. Sections can be missing, citations incomplete. In other words, works-in-progress are placed on the site. While you’re working on a chapter, you may find someone else working alongside you, adding and revising as you go. It’s an unusual form of collaboration, and it bears unusual fruit.

Of course, it can be unsettling to work this way. You have to get used to the idea that someone else can revise your work, or add to it, at any time. No-one “owns” the content. However, if you’re the first to start writing on a topic, or you contribute the bulk of the writing, you certainly can claim authorial credit.

In order to write and edit chapters you have to be able to do some basic things: create headings, lists, footnotes. The Wiki system is designed so that computer numbskulls pick it up almost instantly. About fifteen minutes is enough to know how to do these basic things. I have summarized some of them below, and have provided a link for people who want to learn more.

Please contact me with any questions. And please email your friends in medicine and related fields who might have something to contribute to this textbook. Thank you,

Paris Lovett

Getting Started, Editing and Creating Chapters

 * 1) To get started, visit Emergency Medicine
 * 2) Look for your topic on the home page, in the appropriate subheading. If something has already been written, it will appear in blue or purple, if nothing has been written it will appear in red.
 * 3) To start a new chapter, click on a red link. That's all it takes. You can start writing your chapter right away.
 * 4) If a chapter has already been begun, clicking on the link will allow you to start editing it.
 * 5) If you want to write a chapter that doesn't yet appear as a link, create a link by editing the home page (please be careful when doing this!). Paste in a new link under the appropriate subheading. For instance, to create a new chapter on Chest Tube, paste a line under the subheading "Treatment" which looks like this:  Chest Tube,  Submit the edit to the home page. Then follow the new link you created. Presto! you have a new chapter.
 * 6) A nice feature of the Wiki system is that you can view all previous versions of a page. And you can hold discussions attached to each page. For instance, when controversy exists, you can click on the “Discuss this page” link and type in your thoughts. Others will respond. It becomes a forum for creatively engaging differences of opinion and reaching consensus on how to present those differences in the actual chapter. Look for plenty of such discussion on such topics as NEXUS versus Canadian C-spine rule!
 * 7) This page offers more help on this topic: Help:Starting a new page or book
 * 8) I have created a template for chapters. You are free to use this or not use this. It has subheadings such as symptoms, signs, investigations, etc.
 * 9) Wherever possible, please include evidence (EBM) on the performance of symptoms, signs, labs, treatments. Likelihood ratios, where known, are particularly valuable, as are number-needed-to-treat and other information.

The Wiki Format

 * 1) Wikibooks have only a few special tips for formatting. It’s kept simple on purpose. You can basically enter normal text and add just a few characters here and there for formatting.
 * 2) Here’s how to create headings and subheadings:
 * 3) To create a heading, add = signs like this: == Management ==
 * 4) To create a sub-headings, and sub-sub headings, use more = signs like this: === Cardioversion ===   ==== Emergency Cardioversion ====
 * 5) To create lists:
 * 6) Bullet lists *Lists are easy to do:   ** start every line with a star   *** more stars means deeper levels
 * 7) Numbered lists # Numbered lists are also good   ## very organized   ## easy to follow
 * 8) To add footnotes/references/links to documents on the web (not in the OCTEM):
 * 9) To add a footnote to a document on the web (not in the OCTEM), just enclose the URL in square brackets like this and it will be converted to a footnote.
 * 10) Actually, in the above example, for PubMed references, it's even simpler. Just type in PMID 15635313 and you'll get a link that looks like this: PMID 15635313.
 * 11) To add a link to a document on the web, and have it appear as a link, not a footnote, do the same think as in (a) but after the URL put a space and then type in a name for the link. For instance The Vexatious Vital . This will appear as “The Vexatious Vital” underlined, and linking to the PubMed URL.
 * 12) You are encouraged to use links to the NLM/PubMed whenever possible.
 * 13) To add a link to another chapter/page in the OCTEM
 * 14) Here is an example: chapter on cardioversion
 * 15) In the example in above the link will be to a page called Cardioversion. It doesn’t even matter if the page has been created or not yet. If the page has been created, it will link there. If the page has not been created, anyone who follows the link will have the opportunity to create it.
 * 16) Basically, the words between the / and the | refer to the actual page/chapter name you’re linking to. And the words after the | determine how the link will look. So in the example in (a) you’ll get the words “chapter on cardioversion” underlined as a link to the chapter called “Cardioversion”. And it doesn’t even matter whether or not someone has created that chapter yet!
 * 17) Here’s how to make big text or small text
 * 18) Remember to order a CXR after placing the central line
 * 19) The material in this textbook has not been checked for accuracy or safety
 * 20) You need an empty line between paragraphs. So hit the enter button twice.
 * 21) Indent: use a colon : at the beginning of the paragraph
 * 22) Images:
 * 23) You have to choose a name for your image such as steakknifeinheart.jpg
 * 24) Make sure that no-one has already uploaded an image with the same name, so you don’t erase it. You can search at this page: Special:Imagelist
 * 25) once you’ve picked a name for your image, you can upload images at the following link: Upload an image to Wikimedia Commons
 * 26) you can then display those images by including the following line in your page/chapter: [[image:steakknifeinheart.jpg]]
 * 27) For more details look at Help:Editing

You can usually learn what you need to do by looking at existing pages (in the OCTEM or in other wikibooks or on Wikipedia) and clicking the “edit” link. That will show you how people created lists, formatted text, placed images, and so on.

title: Emergency Medicine/Guide to the OCTEM


text: User:Walden~enwikibooks

title: User:Walden~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Computers for Beginners

Computers for Beginners
I've moved this back to something closer to the original title 'Never used a Computer'. This book is about flat-out basics for absolute beginners. For a more specific tutorial on Windows XP, go to Windows XP for Beginners. -- Klafubra 23:34, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If it is to bear the name "Computers for Beginners" then it should be about COMPUTERS in general—hardware, basic graphical user interface concepts, and software concepts. I am very irked by the use of terminology like "double-clicking the c: drive" to explain file systems or whatever other nonsense is herein written.  All of the Windows XP crap should be moved out of a book called "Computers for Beginners". A subsection of this book could be "Operating Systems" which MIGHT introduce operating system basics.  If nothing else, it could point to "Windows for Beginners" (note the lack of self-dating references!), "Macs for Beginners", "Linux for Beginners", etc. etc.—Kbolino 06:13, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Miscellaneous
As a passing comment, it may be worthwhile to have a section on how to explore in a computer. In the limited sample of my family members and friends, those that are computer illiterate are most afraid of breaking the computer, which makes them afraid to try out new things. I'd argue that the ability to explore a computer on your own is a key skill to get anywhere in using a computer. The section could have some info like what is safe to do, what you should avoid doing, ways to try out things if you don't know what they do, etc.

--Naerbnic 21:54, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Help my bewk. We could be 1337 together. ^_^;; --Cyberman 04:02, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Naerbnic - That's a great idea. I'll try to fit it in somewhere sometime. Cyberman - I'm kind of busy with my book, but I'll check yours out and see if I can add anything. By the way, I know nothing about A+ cerfification. :-) 83.28.52.96 (discuss) 23:45, 10 January 2012 (UTC) --Kram 23:05, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ok, I wrote a bit on web browsing, but there is a paradox here. If the poor computer-illiterate doesn't even know how to browse the web, how are they even reading this book anyway?! I think wikibooks really needs an easy way to export PDFs or something, books like this one can be printed and given out to under-developed countries etc.

--Sideris 18:29, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

First of all Sideris, you should move your bit on web browsing to the actual chapter instead of the TOC. Also, I copied the text from the website, put it in OOo Writer, and exported it as a pdf. This worked okay, but it would be better if there was a program that would take the source for the wikibook and make a pdf out of it.

--Kram 17:09, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yes, sorry I put it in the TOC, it was a moment of confusion :-) I will move it when I find some free time. About printing: it is easy to print one-page articles from wikipedia in the way you described, but the structure that wikibooks follow would make printing one whole wikibook very tedious. You need a program for that (and again, if I find the time, I'll sit down and write it myself!)

--Sideris 11:54, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

We need something that can teach children how to use the computer.

Paradox
I agree with kram that there is a paradox here - how can a person who doesn't "know how to move a mouse" browse through this?

Windows XP for Beginners
I moved this here because: almost all new computer users will have Windows XP, it is impossible to accurately teach several operating systems, and it's almost all Windows XP stuff anyway.--Naryathegreat 01:12, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, do you really think that anyone who is new to computers would use Linux, I mean, come on, get serious- new users dont go out and buy Linux, period.--Naryathegreat 01:19, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * They don't go out and buy any OS, period. They do get Linux on the $199 Walmart computers though, and they get MacOS X on Macs.

 * Okay, smartguy, yes, they do buy an OS sometimes, but no, not when getting a computer. And no one who buys that $199 computer with linux will be happy they did-they are bad for new users, period.  And there's a reason you never see REAL books about all kinds of different OS's, for instance, maybe you might see Mac OS X and Windows, but you can't describe how to use the trillion plus linux os's in one book (well, since they all are just Windows 98-GUI clones, maybe you can).--Naryathegreat 04:35, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see why you think so. Maybe you would not like a Linux computer. Somebody expecting to run a particular Windows-only game will of course be unhappy. The modern Linux box can do all the basic grandma tasks though. If you're thinking about the command line (like a fancy DOS box, ugh), you haven't seen a modern end-user-oriented Linux distribution.

 * It may be news to you, but many people only use the web browser. Consider that this provides email access, online tax prep, all the forums one could want, flash-based games for the grandkids, wikipedia, and so on. Linux boxes even continue functioning long after they are purchased, while Windows boxes are often replaced because of spyware-related slowdowns and crashes. AlbertCahalan 22:19, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * After playing with ubuntu for awhile, I've honestly considered installing it on my grandmother's computer, as it is actually EASIER to use in many ways than Windows XP, at least for most tasks a basic (read;Non-professional/gaming) user will need. I'd like to know where you get the idea that all Linux OS are clones of Win98- Quite a few have more complex GUIs, or different GUIs altogether. Just because something uses windows doesn't mean it's a  Windows ripoff. Actually, if anything, MSWin ripped off Xwindows. X was released in 1984, and the first Windows OS to have actual windows was released in 1987. --69.247.164.232 06:53, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm okay with the name change, but there is some Linux information in the book already. Should it be removed? --Kram 21:01, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * If this book aims to about Windows XP, then anything not about windows xp should not be here. So I deleted a section on creating symbolic links in linux. Delete any more if you find 'em. Reub2000 01:48, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

At least until someone creates a Linux for Beginners. I'm sorry I changed it without saying anything, but to me it just seemed common sense. If I offended someone, I'm sorry.--Naryathegreat 23:35, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I don't think the change by Naryathegreat was a good idea. I would like to change it back to Never Used a Computer. Here is why:

 * Windows XP will be obsolete in a few years. It would be nice to make this book a bit more generic and future proof.

 * This books includes info about hardware, as it should. Absolute beginners need to be informed about hardware just as much as software. They also find it hard to distinguish between hardware and software, so both should be included in the same book.

 * There is a lot more to computers than just the operating system. The info on the internet is totally independent of the operating system.

 * Naryathegreat says it is impossible to accurately teach several operating systems. As the original name implied, the book is meant for absolute square-one beginners. They don't need to be taught accurately about any operating system. They only need to know the very basics, which are similar enough for XP, Linux and MacOS.  It is not hard to include supplementary info where there are differences. Why do we need to exclude non-Windows users categorically if they can be catered for with little effort?

 * Naryathegreat says almost all new computer users will have Windows XP. What he has failed to ask is whether people reading this book will have Windows XP. People in developing nations will find this book more useful than people in the West who can afford tutorials. We should also aim this book at the vast population in developing nations purchasing the "100 dollar PC" over the next few years, most likely a Linux PC.

 * Naryathegreat says it's almost all Windows XP stuff anyway. Not it's not. There is a large section on hardware and the internet in general, and some users are already trying to delete the section because of the name.

I have nothing against a book called Windows XP for Beginners and Intermediates but this does not seem to be the intention of this book. -- Klafubra 18:33, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Organizing the book
Hi there, you have a nice book that grows well. I'd like to suggest two things: Windows XP for Beginners/Introduction Windows XP for Beginners/Buying A Computer Windows XP for Beginners/Flat Out Basics and so on. (You can move pages easily with the "move" command on top of the page, once you are logged in). If you need any help or advice, just ask. --Andreas 20:05, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) On the main page, you don't have to put links to subpages into sections . It just invites people to click on the "edit" button to the right and put their information to the wrong place, and you have to write this "If you want to add stuff, click on the chapter please!" line, which, frankly, I have not seen on other Wikibooks. Why? Because they don't use headings for links. Have a look at these simple examples: Hamster Care, How To Build A Computer, CPAM with TWW, ...
 * 2) There are several ways to organize books (see the current discussion at Hierarchy naming scheme), but I would recommend you to change to a more standardized delimiter, using either ":" or "/". The latter (subpages via "/") will give you the additional benefit of an autmatic link back to the main page of your book. Your subpages would then be organized as

Thanks Andreas, I think I'll fix the layout right now. --Kram 15:53, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * On the How To Build A Computer wikibook, we have a simplified TOC, then a link to the more complete TOC. I think that would be a good idea for this book too. Reub2000 22:43, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Removal of Computer Buying 101 Chapter
Since it's about XP, and not Computer Buying 101, I believe the "Buying a Computer" section isn't really appropriate for this book. --icez

This book was originally for people who never used a computer. Naryathegreat then insisted on calling it Windows XP for Beginners. I do think it is appropriate to include hardware because a) beginners find it hard to distingush between hardware and software b) beginners will find the information very useful. Klafubra 17:56, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The past and the future.
Windows is past, GNU/Linux is future... :-)

--Gengiskanhg 23:32, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Right on, Gengiskanhg. I stopped working on this book shortly after it was renamed to Windows XP for Beginners, and I think I'll come back now. But let's not start a flame war on the talk page. --Kram 22:45, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Relevance
Many of the topics are only relevant to Windows. I have worked on it a little today and have found it difficult to expand some of the criteria to other operating systems. The theory is good to know, but specific examples are also nice. Perhaps a disclaimer to the user telling them that many examples in the book are using Windows XP?

Possible Fork
Before I started my book Basic Computing Using Windows I was sure I checked for other similar existant books... but I only found this one today. I'm not sure if my book really forks this one or if they are different enough to leave separate, but I have a hunch they have a lot of duplicate material -- SingpolymaT E 15:55, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

programming
I am in favor of more people learning at least a little about programming. However, I suspect that subject is outside the scope of this book. I think we should, instead, finish the book with "Congratulations! You're no longer a beginner!" and suggest the next books towards becoming an expert -- books such as Web Design and Computer programming and perhaps Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python.

Are there any objections to ripping the "Computers for Beginners/Programming" module out of this book and putting it into some more relevant book? --DavidCary 21:31, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Just an idea
Maybe it is half wrong... putting some OS-specific info here, in this book ?

My idea is that Computers for beginners does not necessarily imply  for beginners The most info we should include about OS's are a definition and maybe only general description, but also common OS pieces of advice, like a windowed graphical interface and interaction between the user and the machine.

Programming is just going too far. Considering this book targets beginners, it should be as simple and concise as it can.

Also, I disagree that Linux is not approachable to beginners. I admit, in the very short time I tried to use it, I didn't even manage to install or build applications on certain flavors, but if I'd have really been interested, I would have read some info on the Internet... however, for browsing the web and editing documents it does an almost perfect job. Many computer beginners would appreciate a tutorial on using a free (I don't know if they really care about the open part) OS, don't you?

Another point is that I, for example, prefer Windows 2000 over XP. I only use XP because it is a dependency of the latest Visual Studio, which I use to program. I'd rather not restrict to XP in this article since there are still many computers running older OS's.

That being said, I was thinking about writing something like this since I often come into people who buy a computer but look at the mouse as if it were a radio (I sold computers in the past) and some think that the screen is the one that does the processing part... and that has to change. I'd gladly help edit this book, but I've never done it before and I'm not going to start right now. Still, I'm interested and I will keep an eye on it for the future though. I really want to help.

So, are you with me or against me when I say that we should have a separate book about computers and different books for different OS's ?

This should also answer the question of whether to integrate this article in the Basic computing using windows book

 * I agree with your first sentence. This book should be vendor and technology neutral. For specific operating systems its best to write separate books, and link them from this book. This also applies to computer hardware, it should not be specific to IBM compatible PC's but it should also descibe different kinds of computers, for example what server and mainframes are, what smartphone is, etc, it should explain what user interface is, and should not mention only GUI, or monitor+keyboard, but also teletype, touchscreen, etc...it should mention most popular technologies.
 * This book should explain basic concepts about computers like: user interface, operating system, application, processor, central processing unit, peripherial processor or device, main memory, storage memory, hardware, software. etc...

 * About programming - it should be mentioned and explained what does it mean.

 * About "open part" - I think that it should be explained what open source means, and it should explain technical merits, and benefits of this aproach for users and programmers..

title: Talk:Computers for Beginners


text:
User:Azbanshech

Hi I am Chanoch Gruenman on Wikipedia.

title: User:Azbanshech


text:
Guide to Unix/BSD/OpenBSD

This module contains information that is specific to OpenBSD.

Background
OpenBSD calls itself the "multi-platform, ultra-secure operating system". The OpenBSD team believes in strong security and code correctness. The OpenBSD team has between six and twelve developers working on finding bugs and security holes in the system. OpenBSD also strives to be secure by default, meaning that the user does not have to be a security expert to secure the system. The OpenBSD project normally makes a new version every six months.

OpenBSD is known for having strict rules regarding bugs, such as an application not having a manual is considered a bug and therefore the application will not be included in the port (or package) tree. These rules are also included in the operating system. Should an application pose a security risk, OpenBSD will kill the process on the spot. If there is a bug, and it is announced on the mailing list, then the OpenBSD team will come out with a patch in a matter of days. OpenBSD has only had two remotely exploitable bugs (both were in SSH and patched soon thereafter), after a default install (with no additional services turned on) in over 10 years.

Notable Security Features

 * strlcpy and strlcat
 * Memory protection purify
 * W^X
 * .rodata segment
 * Guard pages
 * Randomized malloc
 * Randomized mmap
 * atexit and stdio protection

 * Privilege separation
 * Privilege revocation
 * Chroot jailing
 * New uids
 * ProPolice

Installation
OpenBSD has an easy, although non-graphical, installer.

Customization
You can change the default configuration files and install additional packages, by creating your own custom ISO file.

As a firewall
OpenBSD uses pf ("packet filter") as a firewall. Although the authors originally contributed pf to OpenBSD because it is free, other operating systems are including pf as well.

As a webserver
As of OpenBSD 5.6, OpenBSD ships with its own webserver, httpd(8). A hardened fork of Apache 1.3 (was in base prior to 5.6), upstream Apache 2.2, nginx (in base prior to upcoming 5.7) and other webservers are available from ports.

As a desktop
Despite its reputation for being only for servers OpenBSD can also serve as a great workstation/desktop. OpenBSD uses pkg_add as their binary package management system. The pkg_add automatically resolves dependencies. If you get the packages from ftp, pkg_add is able to resolve all of the dependencies for you. Some of the desktop related packages in the binary package system include: KDE (3.5), Xfce, Gnome, fluxbox, blackbox, and e16. Many other packages are available through the port system which also resolves and compiles the dependencies for you.

title: Guide to Unix/BSD/OpenBSD


text:
Talk:US History/Progressive Era

The section on Kitty Hawk seems a bit out of place, considering the rest of the page is about progressive reforms. I would suggest either removing it or moving it to a more complete section on technological advancements, either on this page or a separate one.

title: Talk:US History/Progressive Era


text:
Cookbook talk:Oatmeal Raisin Cookies

Woops. Your right. Can't grease pan with apple sauce. =)

At any rate, shortening is terribly unsafe for human digestion and I am definitely making alternatives VERY clear in this article, not just because I've researched shortening, but because I've completed this recipe with using vegetable oil and butter, and apple sauce, and they tasted fabulous!

Yeago 02:25, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Oh, come on. Maybe it is not good for you. Perhaps it is worse than oil, or even worse than beef fat. It is however quite easy to show that shortening is not terribly unsafe for human digestion. Look around you. People typically live way past 40, and often past 90. With shortening being such a big part of the normal modern diet, that is proof enough that it is not terribly unsafe for human digestion.

Please don't go vandalizing recipes. The shortening page, linked to from this recipe and others, mentions the issue appropriately and suggests alternatives. There is no need for every recipe involving the stuff to contain a rant about trans fatty acids and heart disease. Heck, even before the recent research, shortening wasn't exactly considered a health food. The same goes for cookies in general, with or without shortening.

AlbertCahalan 02:40, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Oatmeal Raisin Cookies


text:
Template:Cleanup

This adds a page to Category:Pages needing attention.

pl:Szablon:Poprawić

title: Template:Cleanup


text:
Template:Sectstub

This adds the page to Category:Section stubs.

title: Template:Sectstub


text:
Category:Wikibooks maintenance

You can find works that need help being maintained in any of the subcategories listed below.

See also:
 * Category:Cataloguing
 * Template:Backlog
 * Maintenance
 * Templates/Maintenance

es:Categoría:Wikilibros:Mantenimiento ms:Kategori:Penyelenggaraan Wikibooks

title: Category:Wikibooks maintenance


text:
Talk:Emergency Medicine/Guide to the OCTEM

Hello Paris,

Welcome to WikiBooks!

I'm glad to see the work you've done so far on OCTEM. It seems like quite an undertaking, and I'm excited to see how it progresses. I'm also a doc and I'm working on a textbook of Radiation Oncology.

Just to let you know, the Wiki markup language now makes linking to articles on PubMed easy. You don't have to type out the long URL any more, but just need to type  PMID 15635313  instead of the much more cumbersome URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15635313.

This will create an automatic link that looks like: PMID 15635313

Also, on Wikipedia, there's a new template that allows the creation of old-school footnotes. If you want to give actual references in your text instead of just providing a link, you might want to check out w:Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Best of luck on your textbook! — Brim 17:04, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Movie Making Manual/Casting Directors

To help you to get some actors for your movie, you're going to need some Casting Directors. Casting Directors are the people who help pick out people to act in your movie. The Casting Directors hold auditions to get actors to act out a snippet of the script and the person who does it best gets picked for the movie.

Where do I get actors?
One of the best places to announce auditions, is of course institutions like drama/theater schools. Also use online community forums like IMDB Pro.

Drama students can often be convinced to do a movie very cheap or for free — especially if it's their first and it's a low budget film.

/Actors /Pre-production /Directing

title: Movie Making Manual/Casting Directors


text:
Talk:Atlas Shrugged

Transwiki proposal
I believe most of the content, and proposed content, of this Wikibook should be present on Wikipedia. --OldakQuill 17:38, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wasn't it moved here from Wikipedia? (Yosofun 06:45, 6 August 2005 (UTC))
 * Yes, most of it was. The content here is far too detailed for Wikipedia.  It also included analysis which could be considered prohibited original research under their rules.  Rossami 12:29, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

UML Diagram of Atlas Shrugged
Just curious if mediawiki has the cap's for creating UML diagrams. As an offbeat nerd hobby, I'm up for (helping) the creation of a UML diagram for Atlas Shrugged. My talk me if you're up for this too. (Yosofun 06:45, 6 August 2005 (UTC))

title: Talk:Atlas Shrugged


text:
Using GNOME/Application menus

< ../Menus

The process for editing the applications menu in GNOME is unintuitive. Open the Nautilus File Browser, and enter  into the location bar, loading up what is effectively a folder filled with Launchers, or shortcuts, which you can edit or add to, to change the layout and contents of your application menus.

In some versions of Gnome this does not work without using third-party software. To work around this you can edit menus manually, by going to  in the file browser. This will be filled with launchers too which you can edit or add to. The downside is that, for them to appear in the Application menu at all, you must assign them to certain categories and this can only be done by editing the launcher files using a text editor.

The categories that Launchers can belong to in the menus are often easy enough to grasp, i.e. they might be the names of the sub-menus in the Application menu, and by assigning them to these categories, the Launcher will appear in respective sub-menus in the Application menu. However the category names are not always obvious, so you might have to have a look at the contents of existing Launchers to tell for certain.

Launchers, or .desktop files are essentially text files which contain data, i.e. for the location of the icon to use, the command to run or folder to open when the launcher is used, etc. You can open these Launchers in text editors like Gnome's. Here is an example of a Launcher, when opened in a text editor:

[Desktop Entry] Version=1.0 Encoding=UTF-8 Name=Mozilla Firefox Comment=Mozilla Firefox Web Browser Exec=/usr/bin/firefox %U Icon=firefox-icon.png Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;Network; GenericName=

This is a Launcher which starts Mozilla Firefox. As you can see, there are properties there, such as name, comment, etc. which determine the appearance and behaviour of the Launcher. When working with Launchers in Gnome, you can modify almost all of the important values just by right-clicking on the Launcher icon and selecting its properties. When you modify the Application menu from, this is what you should do. However, one important property, Categories, you cannot modify using the Properties dialog, and so must modify in the text editor.

To assign a Launcher to a particular category, first find out exactly what the category is called, by opening up a Launcher that is already in the category. For instance if you were adding something to the Internet sub-menu in the Applications menu, you could open up the Firefox Launcher and observe that the category is called Network. Also observe the entry under Categories called Application. This is included as a convention also, as it might influence the behaviour of other versions of Gnome. Into your new Launcher then you would enter the line:

Categories=Applications;Network;

This line can go at the end of the text in the Launcher, or if there is already a Category field, you should replace the existing one with the new one. To enter a Launcher into a different category, obviously you would use different values for the Category field. Also note that if you wanted an application Launcher to appear under multiple sub-menus or Categories at once, you can simply add the other category at the end of the values you have already, remembering to separate them with semi-colons. So if you want to add this particular application to Network and Graphics, you would add to the end of the existing value,  so that the line would appear as so:

Categories=Applications;Network;Graphics;

title: Using GNOME/Application menus


text:
Cookbook talk:Brownies

Numbers for filling a 13x9 pan or two 8x8 pans:

One   Two    Three     Item - -- --- 2       2      2.5    c sugar 4      4       4     # eggs 1      2       2     t vanilla 1.25  1.5      1     c flour 1      1       -     t baking powder 1      1      0.5    t salt 1      -       -     c nuts 4oz    -       -     o baking chocolate 0.667  1       1     c grease -     0.5     1.5    c cocoa

Brownies in picture
To the anonymous poster of the browny picture, thanks much. I was wondering if the "cake-like" brownies on the right were completely cooked? They look somewhat undercooked from the picture. Anyway, I hope they tasted good. liblamb 06:15, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * (not my picture, but...) I somewhat agree about the looks. I think they also have too much oil or fat. Note that lots of people will undercook brownies because they don't want brownies. No kidding, what they really want is fudge. AlbertCahalan 06:41, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Multiple Brownies
Shoudn't this be split a little since they are different brownies? Just have them all listed in desserts and it's all good and people can find them each. Nmontague 23:33, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, go for it. User:Geo has done the same for Cookbook:Hummus. His disambiguation-style page could use some work, but is functional. Kellen T 08:03, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That should do it. Nmontague 03:35, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Brownies


text:
User:Jimbo Wales

Better go visit me at my en user page

title: User:Jimbo Wales


text:
User talk:Garrymeyer

I am very knew to this and am wondering just what is happening here. Perhaps I'll spend some time here for a few days and see if I can get into this.

title: User talk:Garrymeyer


text:
Cookbook:Baking Soda

| Basic foodstuffs | Leavening agent

Baking soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate or bicarbonate of soda is a chemical leavener.

Characteristics
Baking soda is an alkaline ingredient with a very bitter flavor. It reacts with acid to produce carbon dioxide gas that expands existing air pockets, which is what makes it useful as a leavening agent.

Selection storage
Baking soda is very stable and keeps for a very long time at or below room temperature and about 75% humidity.

Use
Baking soda is used as a leavening agent in many cakes, cookies, pancakes, some breads, and other foods. An acidic ingredient is required to obtain the desired rising effect of baking soda. Commonly used in this role are, , , , molasses, and. It should be noted that batters and doughs containing baking soda are not considered "bench stable" since they start releasing gas as soon as they are moistened and react with acid at room temperature.

Baking soda is also used to neutralize undesired acidity in foods, make noodles like ramen springier, tenderize beans when cooking, weaken and tenderize gluten and other proteins, increase spread of cakes and cookies, give shrimp a crispy texture and tenderize meat, and increase browning through the Maillard reaction.

title: Cookbook:Baking Soda


text:
Romanian/Lesson 2

GENUL / The Gender
Romanian nouns are divided into three genders (genuri). They are masculine (m.), feminine (f.), neuter (n.).

Romanian pronouns and articles are only masculine and feminine. When needed for neuter nouns, they use the masculine singular form and feminine plural form.

Pronumele Personale / Personal Pronouns
In Romanian there isn't a neuter pronoun for inanimate things. Either el or ea is used, depending on the gender of the noun. Ei is used when at least one of the beings referred is masculine. Use ele only when all beings referred to are feminine and/or neutre.

Pronumele de politeţe / Polite pronouns
Remember when writing to capitalise Dumneavoastră. This pronoun always demands its verb to be at the 2nd person plural form. The singular form of the verb may be perceived as disrespectful, even rude.

Colloquial
These pronouns don't require the verb to be at the plural form, though this is considered more respectul. The pronouns themselves are more polite than tu, but less polite than Dumneavoastră.
 * dumneata / mata / matale - you (sg.)

Articolul nehotărât / The Indefinite Article
The indefinite article in Romanian precedes the noun.

Because neuter nouns function as masculine in the singular and feminine in the plural, they take the indefinite article "un/unui."

Male
 * un copil (m., a child)
 * nişte copii (m., some children)
 * un bărbat (m., a man)
 * nişte bărbaţi (m., some men)

Neuter
 * un tablou (n., a painting)
 * nişte tablouri (n., some paintings)
 * un tatuaj (n., a tattoo)
 * nişte tatuaje (n., some tattoos)

Feminine
 * o casă (f., a house)
 * nişte case (f., some houses)
 * o femeie (f., a woman)
 * nişte femei (f,. some women)

Feminine nouns take their plural forms in the singular genitive/dative case.

 * casa unui bărbat (a man's house)
 * casa unei femei (a woman's house)
 * casa unor bărbaţi (some men's houses)
 * casa unor femei (some women's houses)

Articolul hotărât / The Definite Article
The definite article in Romanian is enclitic (it is attached to the end of the noun).

For masculine and neuter nouns, the article is simply added to the end of the word. Note that in everyday speech, the 'l' is often left unpronounced. For instance, bărbatul (the man) would be pronounced bărbatu.

For feminine nouns, the last letter changes to a. In the genitive, "i" is added to the plural form of the noun.

 * Singular, m. & n.: +l (the). The article has a u (called prosthetic) between it and the noun.
 * bărbat (m., man) - bărbatul
 * savant (m. scholar) - savantul
 * tablou (n., painting) - tabloul
 * Singular, m. & n., ended in e: +le (the).
 * câine (m., dog) - câinele
 * Singular, .f: -a (the).
 * femeie (woman) - femeia
 * portocală (orange, the fruit) - portocala

 * Plural, m.: +i to the indefinite plural form
 * bărbaţi (men) - bărbaţii
 * Plural, f. & n.: +le to the indefinite plural form
 * femei (f., women) - femeile
 * portocale (f., oranges) - portocalele
 * tablouri (n., paintings) - tablourile

Genul / The Gender
Romanian nouns are divided into three genders (genuri). They are masculine (m.), feminine (f.), neuter (n.).

Numărul / The Number
The nouns of neutre gender may bear a masculine article in their singular form and a feminine article in their plural one.

Singularul / The Singular
Masculine singular nouns and neuter singular nouns generally end in:
 * a consonant: om (m., man), copac (m., tree)
 * -u: ou (n., egg)
 * -e: rege (m., king)
 * -ă: tată (m., father)

Feminine singular nouns generally end in:
 * -ă: copilă ([little] girl)
 * -e: femeie (woman)
 * -are: floare (flower)
 * -ere: distrugere (destruction)
 * -ire: convertire (conversion)
 * -siune: sesiune (session)
 * -ţie: producţie (production)
 * -ţiune: naţiune (nation)
 * -ziune: televiziune (television)

Pluralul / The Plural
Masculine plural:
 * ending in vowel change ending to i:
 * câine (dog) -> câini
 * ending in consonant: +i:
 * nor (cloud) -> nori
 * poliţist (policeman) -> poliţişti

Feminine plural:
 * ending in -ă change ending to -e
 * copilă ([little] girl) -> copile
 * fată (girl) -> fete
 * fereastră (window) -> ferestre
 * profesoară (female teacher) -> profesoare
 * ending in -ă change ending to -i
 * uşă (door) -> uşi
 * maşină (car) -> maşini
 * stradă (street) -> străzi
 * bancă (bank) -> bănci
 * ending in -e: change ending to -i
 * carte (book) -> cărţi
 * clădire (building) -> clădiri
 * femeie (woman) -> femei
 * noapte (night) -> nopţi
 * pasăre (bird) -> păsări

Neuter plural:
 * +e:
 * calculator (computer) -> calculatoare
 * creion (crayon) -> creioane
 * oraş (town, city) -> oraşe
 * scaun (chair) -> scaune
 * telefon (phone) -> telefoane
 * televizor (TV set) -> televizoare
 * ziar (newspaper) -> ziare
 * verb (verb) -> verbe
 * +uri:
 * radio (radio station, radio receiver) -> radiouri
 * sens (meaning) -> sensuri
 * tren (train) -> trenuri
 * zid (wall) -> ziduri

Orthographic changes

 * -ea- add +i >>>> -e-
 * -oa- add +i >>>> -o-
 * -d add +i >>>> -z
 * -t add +i >>>> -ţ
 * -s- add +i >>>> -ş-
 * -st- add +i >>>> -şt-

 * -a- add +e >>>> -e-
 * -e- add +e >>>> -ea-
 * -o- add +e >>>> -oa-
 * -î- add +e >>>> -i-

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title: Romanian/Lesson 2


text:
Cookbook:Fried Fish

| Fish

This fried fish is battered and deep-fat fried. You'll need thin fish filets that don't fall apart when cooked. Fried fish go well with soda and can be served with ketchup, lemon juice, or a mixture of the two. They could also be served with sweet-and-sour sauce or teriyaki sauce.

Ingredients

 * Oil with a high smoke point
 * Thin fish fillets (e.g. catfish, tilapia, or the less-durable flounder)
 * 1 egg white
 * 1 cup flour
 * 1 cup beer or 1 cup cold water plus ½ teaspoon baking powder
 * Extra flour to dust the fish

Procedure

 * 1) Start heating the oil in a skillet. This recipe is intended for fast cooking in very hot oil.
 * 2) Microwave the fish to ensure that the inside is hot. Flip the fish as you microwave it. When done, the fish should be hot and should look half-cooked.
 * 3) Mix the flour, egg white, and beer to make a batter.
 * 4) Pat the fish dry with a paper towel, then lightly dust it with flour to ensure that it is really dry.
 * 5) Dip the fish into the batter, and coat them well. The batter will help protect your hand from splatter.
 * 6) Hold the fish right above the oil, then gently slide the fish into the oil.
 * 7) With tongs, nudge the fish as needed to keep it from sticking to the bottom. Turn the fish over as it cooks.
 * 8) Remove the fish when it looks good, then serve it immediately.

Warnings

 * When a pot of hot oil catches fire, the flames will reach up for 2 or 3 feet. If you must work under flammable cabinets or shelves, be sure to have a fire extinguisher handy. Soybean oil, shortening, and peanut oil withstand heat better than most cooking oils.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Whip the egg white, or leave it out entirely.
 * Add cornmeal to the batter.

title: Cookbook:Fried Fish


text:
User:Shikai shaw

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title: User:Shikai shaw


text:
Cookbook:Turkey Wrap

| Meat Recipes

The turkey wrap works well as a meal for an ordinary day. Chicken may be used in place of turkey, but is not as nice and often costs more per pound.

Ingredients

 * 8 large (burrito-size, about 12-inch) flour tortillas.
 * 1 can (6 ounces) tomato paste
 * 6 ounces (net drained weight) black olives
 * Several cups of cooked turkey

Procedure

 * 1) Cut the olives in half.
 * 2) Cut the turkey into ¾-inch chunks.
 * 3) Mix the olives and tomato paste.
 * 4) Mix in turkey, adding as much as will be covered by the paste.
 * 5) Optionally, warm the mixture.
 * 6) Place some of the mixture on a tortilla.
 * 7) Wrap the tortilla around the mixture.
 * 8) Place the finished wrap on an ungreased cookie sheet, with the exposed edge (flap) downward to prevent the wrap from coming undone before it is cooked.
 * 9) Keep making wraps as needed.
 * 10) Place the cookie sheet in an oven set to 350°F.
 * 11) Remove the wraps when they start to brown, which should be about 15 minutes.
 * 12) Let the wraps cool a bit on the outside while heat sinks into the inside.

title: Cookbook:Turkey Wrap


text:
The Unicyclopedia/Safety

Unicycling is a relatively safe sport but at the same time it can be as dangerous as you want it to be. If you want to learn the basics, and if you have some prior experience with exercise, it's very unlikely that you will sustain any serious injuries.

A gym floor is probably the safest place to start practicing. In case you lose balance getting off a unicycle is easy, you just put a foot down on the ground.

Unicycle safety is a bit different from bicycle safety. People who are new to unicycling tend to use their hands as to cushion most of their falls, but this is not the ideal method to land as it's easy to sprain or even break your wrist using this method. If you don't know what you are doing, use wrist guards or at least gloves. Falling backwards is also a risk, so a helmet is recommended.

Most beginner cycles have plastic pedals that will only cause slight pain and maybe some brushing when the inevitable happens and it smacks you in the shin, however if you have metal pedals, and in particular if you have pedals with bear claws, use leg armour. A slip from a bear claw pedal has a large possibility of tearing the skin and may require stitches. In general a bit of armour can be the difference between a painful bruise and another half hour of practice. More information about armour can be found in the Armour and Clothing section.

Remember to tie your shoelaces up or tuck them away so that they don't get caught in the cranks. If you notice your laces are caught in the cranks, and you get off quickly you should be okay, but you shouldn't rely on noticing it in time.

If your shoes come untied often, check out "Ian's Secure Shoelace Knot" for security. If your laces are too long, and the ends get caught, use one of the knots advertised as "shortens laces." See those knots and more on Ian's Shoelace Site

title: The Unicyclopedia/Safety


text:
The Unicyclopedia/Organisations

Introduction
There are a great many unicycling organizations. There is one major international organization, many countries have their own organizations and there are some organizations for local areas. Many juggling clubs are accepting of unicycling.

International Unicycling Federation
This is the organization responsible for international events such as Unicon, keeping track of unicycling records, maintaining the skill levels system and maintaining rules for competitions.

Japan
Hosted Unicon XII, in 2004. Unicycling is taught in many schools, hence Japan has the most unicyclists of any country in the world. An especial strength is performance, with easily the best group unicycle stage dance and performance groups in the world, consisting mostly of girls and young women.

Hong Kong
The main unicycling group is Hong Kong Unicycling Club [], which primarily plays unicycle hockey but also goes offroad (muni) and for group rides. Some members are professional performers.

Unicycling Association of Hong Kong was founded on January 29 in 2016. This association aims to promote unicycling by sponsoring schools with unicycles and training coaches in Hong Kong. []

Singapore
Singapore Unicyclist: The club plays hockey on a weekly basis and goes for road/muni rides. []

Korea
The Korea Unicycling Federation(KUF) formed in 2001, has over 3,000 members. It is a nationwide union which represents Korea. They operate the biggest unicycle community web site from Korea. They participated unicon12(Japan)And unicon13(Switzerland). And unicon14 (Denmark) participates. They are active are world-wide. Contact lyn [mailto:youngnamsung@hanmail.net]

In Seoul, a number of clubs are affiliated under the Korea Unicycling Association. Korea Unicycling Association is federation of Taekwondo instructors [Taekwondo is korea martial art]. They are being active are continuous (KUA), formed in 2006. The Association has a unicycle hockey team that recently played their first international match, as hosts against Hong Kong. Contact Lujianne [mailto:Lujianne@hanmail.net] for details.

Local groups

 * Seoul city unicycle federation in Korea
 * Gwangju city unicycle federation in Korea
 * Daegu city unicycle federation in Korea
 * Inchun city unicycle federation in Korea
 * Ansan city unicycle club
 * 'Noone unicycle club' in Seoul city

Denmark
Danish unicycling clubs are members of DGI, the Danish Gymnastics and Sports Associations. DGI works to aid the local clubs and arranges national events such as the national championships.

Germany

 * Einradverband Deutschland e.V.
 * Deutsche Einradhockeyliga
 * Deutsches Einradforum

Italy
The Italian Unicycle Association (AIM, Associazione Italiana Monociclo) was established in September,2007 with the aim to promote unicycling in Italy and to coordinate unicyclists nationwide. Website: www.unicyclist.it (in Italian).

Lithuania
Unicycling club of Lithuania Unike.org established in 2005-2006.

Russian Federation
Unicyclists from Russia.

Sweden and Norway
Unicyclists in Sweden and Norway are often members of Enhjulingsfolket - Enhjuling i scandinavien. Enhjulingsfolket is a an internet-based community that attempts to gather all types of unicyclists in a friendly environment and to coordinate conventions and unicycle weekends.

Switzerland
The Swiss Unicycling Federation (SUF) was formed in 2001. It supports organization of track racing and manages the swiss unicycle hockey league. The SUF recently hosted, with all the associated effort, Unicon XIII in Langenthal. More info at http://www.unicon13.ch/ More information about SUF and unicycling in Switzerland can be found at http://www.einradsport.ch/

contact me true this email address jenny2008bello@yahoo.co.jp

United kingdom
The Union of UK Unicyclists was established in 2001. It aims to promote unicycling throughout the UK. Union of UK Unicyclists

New Zealand
The New Zealand Unicycling Federation was incorporated as a society in 2004. The New Zealand Unicycling Federation (abbreviated to NZUni) organises the New Zealand Unicycling weekend and promotes unicycling within New Zealand. They coordinate the organization of NZUni weekend and nationals and muni weekends, as well as many unicycle meetings throughout the year. More information can be found on the NZUNi website http://www.unicycle.org.nz

Australia
The Australian Unicycling Society is the main unicycling organization in society. They coordinate the organization of uninats and muni weekends, as well as offer support to the Australian unicycling organizations that are affiliated with it. Their website is at http://www.unicycling.org.au/

Northern Territory
Unicycling Association of the Northern Territory - http://www.unicyclingnt.com/

Queensland
There's a bunch of riders that ride in Queensland, if you want to find some near you may check out and contact those who are based in Brisbane using www.unicycle.com.au riders list.

Tasmania
A group of unicyclists meet in small groups and are forming a larger group to arrange regular rides - any unicycling visitors are welcome to join in. for information contact Aubin at: karin.adamsgill@gmail.com

Victoria
There are two active unicycling groups in Victoria, one in Castlemaine and one in Melbourne. The Castlemaine group is incorporated under the name CACTUS, and the Melbourne group is at this stage only a loose affiliation of riders. Both groups meet regularly; the Melbourne group meets on the last sunday of most months outside the Melbourne Museum, between the museum and Nicholson St.

Western Australia
There is an active unicycling group that meets weekly around inner Perth. Anyone is welcome to join up for a ride. See http://perthunicycle.com for more information.

Canada
There's the club in Toronto, out of which came the famous Universe and Universe 2 videos of extreme unicycling.

United States
The RTUC in Redford Michigan, hosting NAUCC 2012.

The Madison Unicyclists in Madison, WI. Hosted NAUCC 2011.

TCUC in the Twin Cities, MN. The largest club in the United States.

The CLUB in Leola,PA.

The Idiots On Unicycles (IOU's) Fallbrook, CA. (San Diego County)

Mad Skills Unicycle Club, Sarasota Florida. Started as a unicycle club, this organization has grow to include slack lining, juggling and many of the traditional circus skills. http://www.facebook.com/#!/profile.php?id=100001492730210

title: The Unicyclopedia/Organisations


text:
The Unicyclopedia/Rolling trials

Rolling trials (or RT) is a yet another more recent form of unicycling. It works like normal trials in many ways, the unicyclist tries to navigate a course without stepping off the unicycle or touching the ground. The main difference between rolling trials and normal trials is that in rolling trials, you cannot hop. You are only allowed to roll along the course. This presents a new type of challange and also allows people who are not interested in learning how to hop with a chance to do trials, although hopping is, for most people, easier to learn than riding itself. It does, however, take a certain type of skill. See example courses for examples.

Example courses
Ray's MTB

title: The Unicyclopedia/Rolling trials


text:
The Unicyclopedia/Racing

Unicycle racing consists of track racing, road racing, and off-road racing.

Track racing is done on a level closed-course circuit, and is governed by IUF Rules, as well as applicable rules of national and local governing bodies. The traditional racing class is for 24" wheels with cranks no shorter than 5", but 700c wheels and larger are allowed in some track events. Records are kept by the IUF and Guinness World Records(TM). Races include sprints, medium distances up to 1600m, and open time records (e.g. 1, 12 and 24 hour records). There are backwards as well as forward races, slow as well as fast, and even obstacle courses.

Road racing is generally limited to the 10K (6.2 miles) for official races, but longer races are also becoming popular. Road racing can be done on any open course, either out & back, or point A to point B. Road racing can and often does include hill climbs. There are no wheel size limits.

Off-road racing on MUnis is very popular, and many unicyclists have participated in mountain bike races of all distances and degrees of difficulty. MUni racing can consist solely of a hill climb, to cross-country style, to downhill. Equipment is generally unlimited, and usually includes wide knobby tires and well-padded saddles.

title: The Unicyclopedia/Racing


text:
The Unicyclopedia/Big wheels

Riding a big wheel, generally regarded as 29" and bigger, is generally fairly simple once you are up and riding. However, mounting can be significantly trickier, as you are sitting higher than on a smaller wheel. Big wheels make touring and distance riding a joy, and are graceful to look at.

This picture shows the custom-made Semcycle Big Wheel of Leo Vandewoestijne

Mounting Techniques (Always wear protection!)
The first thing to note is that the added mass of the wheel means that unless you have unusually strong legs, a rollback mount just isn't going to work at first. You probably won't be able to change the direction of the wheels rotation fast enough. That leaves two options, both of which are reasonably common - a static mount or a rolling mount. Bear in mind that in both cases, you will need to push off the ground somewhat harder than for a small wheel. For a static mount, some people find it helpful to bend forwards and hold the wheel, so they can pull themselves closer to the wheel after pushing off the ground. Some people find it easier to learn a rolling mount on a big wheel than on a small wheel.

Irregularities in the riding surface
Is there a bump in front of you? Don't worry! The advantage of a big wheel, other than speed, is that you barely notice bumps that you have to pay some attention to on a smaller wheel.

Stopping
For stopping, there are two issues. The first is that there's more unicycle to stop, because it weighs more, and the second is that you're likely to be going faster. Despite these, the stopping techniques are the same as for a small wheel, it just takes longer so you need to plan ahead more. Using a hand brake helps in reducing speed as you get ready to step off. A brake also comes in handy in moderating your speed on down-hills.

Idling
Slowly, slowly. For idling, what matters is not how far you move the pedal but how far the wheel moves. When you idle a small wheel, moving the pedals between 45 degrees either side of vertical gets you about the right amount of wheel movement, but that kind of pedal movement will get you too much wheel movement on a larger wheel. Try to override your instinct to pedal back and forth automatically and instead react to the current state of the wheel. Again here, though, the weight of the wheel can be problematic, so don't expect to be able to idle a Coker easily (though Terry Peterson - the famed "Unigeezer" - has posted videos of himself idling a Coker).

Turning
At first you will want to leave plenty of room for turns. More lean may be required to get the big wheel banked over. As you get used to the big wheel, turns will come easier and less room will be required. 180 degree and hop turns are well within reason.

No Limits
Most open speed and distance records are done on big wheels. 36" wheels have become popular due to the 36" tire made by the Coker company. Many different frames and configurations have used that tire. Several manufacturers such as The Unicycle Factory and RBR offer even larger wheeled unicycles. Sem Abraham has ridden the largest wheel at 73"...he required blocks to reach the pedals!

title: The Unicyclopedia/Big wheels


text:
The Unicyclopedia/Giraffe

There's not really any trick to riding a giraffe. It's basically like riding a normal unicycle once you get up high enough to ride it.

Assisted Mounts
The main problem in mounting is getting height. There are several ways of cheating to get height, some of which may involve breaking rules.

The Picnic Table (Garbage Can, Car Hood)
This is a way of applying the normal rollback or static mounts to a giraffe. A typical picnic table is probably sufficient height for a 5 foot giraffe; for a larger giraffe, you may want to find a larger object to serve as a picnic table substitute.

The procedure is simple - stand on the edge of a picnic table, with the giraffe in front of you with it's wheel on the ground. Mount as you would a smaller unicycle on the ground. Bear in mind that you have an uneven surface to fall on if you go backwards, so pushing off the table too hard is infinitely preferable to pushing off too softly.

The High Fence/Wall
This mount works for any giraffe height, depending on the availability of fences. Hang the giraffe by the seat on the fence. Climb up the fence and sit on top. Then rearrange yourself so you have a foot on a pedal and your bum on the seat. Finally, transfer your weight from the fence to the unicycle. This mount is both the least scary and the least elegant.

The Tree Branch
This mount again works for any height of giraffe, provided that you have suitable branches available. Climb the tree to the required branch, then hang from that branch by your hands. Have a friend pass the giraffe; grab it with your legs and arrange things appropriately, then ride away.

The Pole
This is the most obvious method, but also the hardest of the assisted mounts. Hold the unicycle upright, with a pedal in the 6 O'Clock position. Put one foot on the pedal, and hold the seat with one hand and the pole with the other. Haul yourself up, using the pole for stability. Depending on the height of your unicycle, you might need to start by climbing onto the tire, and then bringing your foot up to the pedal. Sit on the seat and ride away.

The Friend
Climb up your friend and the giraffe at the same time. Then shift your weight from the friend to the unicycle and ride away.

A good friend or person without any ambitions is required.

Free mounts
This is where it gets especially interesting, because you are basically climbing up a moving object.

Climb
This is the best method of free mounting a giraffe of 6' or more. Put the right pedal at 6 0'Clock, and put your left foot on top of the wheel and push your foot into the fork. This locks the wheel and pedals in place. Step up and put your right foot on the right pedal, then put your weight on the pedal - this stops the wheel from moving much. You should now be able to move the left foot from the wheel to its pedal and sit on the seat, at which point you should be in a position to ride away. The climb has to be just right so that you end up leaning forwards as much as is required to ride away. Before working on this mount, you should be able to do the side mount on a regular unicycle, because once you get your left foot on the pedal and stand up on it, this mount works the same as the side mount. You should also practice mounting the giraffe this way while holding onto something, until you can get on fairly quickly, and without putting too much weight on your support.

Some sizes of giraffe can only use this mount if the giraffe has pegs on the frame that act as brakes when they are pushed down.

Jumping Climb
This works quite well for tall people and 5' giraffes, and has been known to work for 6' giraffes. Put one pedal at the 6 O'Clock position and one foot on the pedal. Hold the seat with both hands. Do one smaller hop, then one huge hop, with the foot on the ground. That should get you high enough that you can push yourself upwards with your hands on the seat and the foot on the pedal, which should in turn get enough height that you can put your bum on the seat and other foot on the pedal, and ride away.

A loose sprocket on your hub can cause serious problems with this jump. When applying such intense forces on the crank, the sprocket on the hub can slip and cause the rider to fall down. Once the sprocket gets loose, it must be tightened or else it may effect normal riding, especially when it slips while idling. Use thread lock on the sprocket to prevent further slipping. You can also weld the sprocket to the hub for a more permanent solution.

Jump
Also known as the frog mount, the Jump mount is one of most difficult ways to mount a giraffe. Start by holding the giraffe in a vertical position, with the pedals horizontal. Hold the back of the seat with both hands, thumbs on top. In one motion, jump up as high as possible and land on the pedals. If the wheel rolls at all during the jump it will be almost impossible to judge where the pedals will be. This mount is much easier to land seat out, where you can begin hopping or riding seat out. Another way to make the mount easier is to hold the unicycle at approximately waist level, and then raise it to vertical during the motion of the jump.

Rolling
This a scarier, but probably also more impressive way to mount a giraffe. While it works best for shorter giraffes, it can be done on a 6' giraffe. Simply run along while holding the giraffe with the saddle a little above crotch level, then at exactly the right moment, launch yourself onto one pedal, and then the seat and other pedal simultaneously. It is advisable to land with almost all of your weight on the back pedal. This will allow you to pedal backward a few cycles of the wheel in order to get the wheel under you. With practice you can jump higher and apply less pressure to the first pedal, eliminating the need to roll back. The main difficulty with this mount is getting your first foot on the pedal at exactly the right moment. You want to hit it while it's coming up, so that you will press downward on the pedal and make the unicycle roll under you. One other thing to remember is make sure you take a fairly fast, confident jump. Think of it like pole-vaulting.

In this clip Sem Abrahams shows a good example of a rolling mount

Giraffe Skills
A great number of unicycle skills can either be taken directly from their respective genres or translated into more reasonable skills to account for new factors that must be taken into account for a giraffe.

One Footed Idling
Idling with one foot one the giraffe, after being able to idle well, is fairly easy. It is easier to idle with one foot on the giraffe then on the standard unicycle, so if you can't idle to great one footed on your regular unicycle it is still worth a try. It is easiest with the bottom of one foot pushing against the front of the frame, but it looks better with one foot extended witch isn't much harder. It is also possible to one foot idle with the non pedaling foot on your opposite knee, putting your non pedaling foot on the opposing top of crank, and holding the foot, knee, or leg in your hand.

One Footed Riding
Riding with one foot is not much harder then on a normal unicycle. When first learning it is best to be able to one foot idle well in the technique you would like to ride which would most likely either be with your foot against front of frame, or with it extended. Be sure to fall off the unicycle forwards to avoid a landing on your back, while practicing one footed riding, because it is very likely your foot can get caught by the pedal or the sprocket.

Seat in Back Riding
For this trick it is best to lower the seat slightly to make it easier to put the seat from under you to behind you. Unlike seat in back riding on the normal unicycle it is much easier to ride with both hands firmly on the seat because of the difference in weight. You have to lean forward a ways, and hold the seat pretty close behind you.

Hopping
Hopping on a giraffe is the same as a standard unicycle: stand, firmly grasp the handle or front of the giraffe, and jump with the unicycle. There are two important things to consider when hopping on a giraffe. First, the giraffe weighs far more than the average unicycle. Secondly, when the giraffe starts to tip one direction, your weight on the pedals is transferred to the frame in a way that accelerates your fall. This is a non-issue for a standard unicycle, where you apply no weight to the frame when hopping.

Hopping seat out is the same as a normal unicycle, except the tipping effect described above is magnified by the intentional tilt of the frame. This can be compensated for by bending at the waist and placing your center of gravity farther back than usual.

Rolling hops on a giraffe are more difficult because of the large weight of the frame. Fortunately, the giraffe has an inherent benefit that helps compensate for this. When approaching the point at which he plans on jumping a giraffe rider can allow himself to fall forward more than usual. Because of the height of the frame the rider can be a foot or more in front of his intending take-off point before the wheel leaves the ground. The rider now jumps, and if he jumps with the pedals approaching horizontal but not yet there he can use his waist and legs to push the giraffe out in front of him. He now lands with the unicycle tilted backwards, and takes advantage of his momentum to reassume his original position above the cranks. Using this technique it is not uncommon for a giraffe rider to clear gaps of 2 feet or more with their body at almost the same point in the air for the time period in which the wheel is in the air.

Wraps
A wrap can be performed on a giraffe in a similar way to a standard unicycle. This includes double wraps, triple wraps, super wraps, and so on. It should be noted that it is harder to recover from a wrap for the tipping issue mentioned above.

Giraffe Spin
The giraffe spin is the same as a unispin on a standard unicycle. Start by hopping seat out (see above) with both hands on one side of the seat. For the 180 Giraffe Spin, jump off of the pedals and spin the giraffe so that you land on the pedals with the unicycle backwards. Important differences are that your feet do not need to clear the tire, but landing on the sprocket becomes a problem.

Side Ride
There are a few riders who can do the "side-ride" on a tall unicycle.

Here is a video in which Dustin Kelm performs side-ride on a 7ft tall unicycle (RealPlayer)

Playing a Musical Instrument
An assortment of instruments work well in conjuction with a giraffe unicycle. These include in part electric guitars and basses (with mini-amps), vocals, woodwind, and brass instruments (yes, unicycling with a tuba is quite possible). It is advisable to first mount the unicycle before picking up any such instrument to avoid personal injury and/or injury to one's instrument. For this reason, one should always use the oldest and most decrepid of musical instruments when attempting this stunt. An assistant is usually necessary when performing such a stunt, preferably one who has the physical capability of lifting a moderately large instrument and performing such tasks as opening doors. Believe it or not, these can be hard to come by outside of the unicycling world.

Safety
Remember that when you are on a 6 foot giraffe, you are almost 7 feet off the ground. A fall from this height could result in injury. Be sure to be fully equipped with safety gear. A spotter is highly recommended for learning how to ride a giraffe.

Tipping
The most important factor of giraffe riding is the fact that your weight rests on the frame instead of the hub. If the unicycle is not exactly vertical your body weight accelerates the fall of the uni, and this can cause unfamiliar movements to a novice giraffe rider. This can be referred to as the tipping effect.When sitting on the giraffe this is usually negated by your body on the seat, but when performing seat out skills or mounting it plays a role in the movement of the giraffe. It is important to think through all skills you plan on attempting and analyzing how the frame will be tilted at any given time.

Falling Off
An ideal way to fall off is forwards. It's easier than you think; basically, you start the unicycle toppling over and take your feet off the pedals; the wheel will move backwards a short way, and the seat (and you) will move forwards and down until you hit the ground. Bend your knees when you land and you'll be surprised at how little pain is involved.

This is by no means the definitive opinion on the matter of giraffe dismounts. There is a school of thought that holds it to be safer to dismount to the rear and have the giraffe move forwards as you drop to the ground and a safe landing on your feet.

Safety is the main reasoning behind this line of thought. If you dismount and allow the wheel to move backwards, there is a chance that it might stop short against a wall, pavement or (despite your best intentions and checking over your shoulder before committing to the dismount) a pedestrian who walked into the path of the rearward travelling giraffe. Such a stop can cause severe injury as the force will be transmitted to your spinal column via your coccyx.

This is topic that bears some discussion and this discussion can be joined here.

The rider is encouraged to investigate this issue and make a personal decision.

Frame Strength
A major issue concerning giraffe safety is the strength of the frame. Due in part to the generally cheap construction and the large size it is not uncommon for giraffe frames to bend or even snap. Skills such as rolling mounts apply forces in three places (up on the handle, down on the cranks, and up on the tire) in such as way that the frame experiences extreme stress. Until giraffe construction is rethought to allow for more intense riding it is advisable to check your frame every time you ride to assess the state of your frame. It is up to you to make a judgement concerning the safety of your frame.

Giraffe records
the largest unicycle measures was 115 feet (35.0 meters) tall and weighed 208 pounds in 2004. The rider was Sem Abrahams.

title: The Unicyclopedia/Giraffe