text:
Quenya/Verbal forms

Infinitive
The infinitive is used after verbs that influence the meaning of other verbs:
 * The verbs pol- "can" and  mer- "wish, want":

 * polin quetë "I can talk"

 * ma polil cenë nin? "Can you see me?"

 * i naucor merner matë "the dwarves wanted to eat"

 * i yonyo pollë hlarë ilya quetta "the boy could hear each word"

 * merin cenda i parma "I want to read the book"

 * Verbs that indicate that an action starts, ends or changes:
 * i nissi pustaner linda "the women stopped to sing"

 * i neri yestaner matë "the men began to eat"

 * The negating verb ua- (see ../Verbs/).

Note: the word "to" that sometimes precedes an English infinitive is never translated into Neo-Quenya.

Formation:

This is easy because the infinitive is always equal to the endingless form of the aorist:
 * for A-verbs this is equals the dictionary stem: linda- "sing" →  linda
 * for primitive verbs we find the ending -ë:  quet- "speak, talk" →  quetë
 * for U-verbs the final -u of the stem becomes -o:  palu- "spread" →  palo

Long Infinitive
One of the most distinguishing properties of Quenya is the presence of object endings. So when an infinitive takes a personal pronoun as object then the infinitive is lengthened and the object ending is added. When we replace "the king and queen" by a personal pronoun this is changed into:
 * i mól veryanë cenë i aran ar i tári "the slave dared to look at the king and queen"
 * i mól veryanë cenitat "the slave dared to look at them"

The long infinitive is formed by adding -ta to the stem of A-verbs and U-verbs, and  -ita to the stem of primitive verbs:
 * car- "make, do, build" → carita-

 * mapa- "take, catch" → mapata-

 * palu- "spread" → paluta-

The long infinitive never appears without object ending, e.g.
 * polin ortatas "I can lift it"

 * i ohtari úvar mapatat "the soldiers will not catch them"

The long infinitive can also be used with possessive endings, but this can be found on the page ../Possessive pronouns/.

Passive Infinitive
There is a complication when we want to use an infinitive in a passive sentence.

Look at the following sentence: The verb mat- "to eat" is in the infinitive because it appears behind the modal verb  pol- "can".
 * i naucor polir matë i apsa "the dwarves can eat the food"

When we make these sentences passive, the infinitive gets the prefix a-:
 * i apsa polë amatë i naucoinen "the food can be eaten by the dwarves"

Verbs that begin in a vowel instead have the long infinitive suffix:
 * i corma polë antata atarinyan "the ring can be given to my father"

In some verbs very likely the historical stems appear when we apply the prefix: The verb masta- "to bake" has a historical stem mbasta- that reappears when a prefix is put in front of it:  ambasta.
 * i massa polë ambasta "the bread can be baked"

For more on this see the page on the perfect tense.

Participles
A Neo-Quenya verb has 2 participles: the active and the passive participle.

Active participle
The Active participle can be used in two ways:
 * as an adjective : in this case it is always put behind the noun:

 * i seldo mátala "the eating boy"

 * as a main verb in a sub-sentence that in English begins with "while":

and sometimes we also drop "while":
 * mátala marin, i nér cendanë parma "while (he was) eating an apple, the man read a book"
 * mátala marin, i nér cendanë parma "eating an apple, the man read a book"

The active participle doesn't have a plural:
 * i seldor mátala "the eating boys"

But it can be declined in all 9 cases because it follows the rule of the last declinable word (see the page ../Inflected adjectives/):
 * isilmë ilcalassë "in gleaming moonlight" (locative ending)

When the noun is in the plural, dual or the partitive plural the case ending of the participle is plural:
 * vendi lindalaiva "of singing girls" (possessive plural ending)

When an Active participle has a direct object, this object always immediately follows the participle:
 * nauco tírala elda "an elf-watching dwarf"/"a dwarf that is/was watching an elf"

Note: the Active participle is never used predicatively or as a noun. Instead of both these uses Quenya uses the present tense instead.

When used as a noun, it becomes a present tense preceded by the article (this corresponds to the use of the article as a relative pronoun without antecedent):
 * i cendëa "he/she who is reading"

 * i mátar "they who are eating"

Formation:

The A-stems and U-stems form their active participle by lengthening the central vowel and adding the suffix -la:
 * mapa- "take" → mápala "taking"

 * lala- "laugh" → lálala "laughing"

 * hlapu- "blow" → hlápula "blowing"

When the syllable of the central vowel is already long, this vowel cannot be lengthened:
 * hauta- "stop" → hautala "stopping"

 * píca- "diminish" → pícala "diminishing"

 * nurru- "grumble" → nurrula "grumbling"

The primitive verbs also have a lengthened central vowel and they get the ending -ala:
 * tir- "watch" → tírala "watching"

 * hac- "yawn" → hácala "yawning"

 * mat- "eat" → mátala "eating"

Passive participle
The passive participle is in Quenya only used as an adjective as it isn't needed to form the perfect tenses. It is called this way because with a transitive verb it can be used predicatively to form the passive voice (see ../Syntaxis/):
 * i atani harnainë "the wounded men"

 * i atani nar harnainë "the men are (i.e., have been) wounded"

 * i ondo ortaina "the lifted stone"

 * i ondo ná ortaina "the stone is lifted"

For an intransitive verb it can only be used with a noun and in that case it is used to denote completion of the action:
 * i nér lantaina "the fallen man"

From these examples it should already be clear that the passive participle has a plural form on -ë, in fact it behaves like an ordinary adjective on  -a (so it also can get case endings when following its noun; see ../Inflected adjectives/).

Formation:

The A-stems and U-stems form their passive participle by adding the suffix -ina. This suffix merges with the final -a or -u into the diphtongs -ai and -ui. According to the stress rules (see ../Phonology/), these diphtongs are always stressed.
 * anta- "give" → antaina "given"

 * perya- "halve" → peryaina "halved"

 * mapa- "take, catch" → mapaina "taken, caught"

 * moru- "conceal" → moruina "concealed" (vs. also supposable  morúna - cf. The Silmarillion, ch. XXI)

The primitive verbs can be divided into three categories:
 * verbs ending on -c, -p, -t, -v, -s also get the ending -ina but in these verbs the central vowel is lengthened:

 * rac- "break" → rácina "broken"

 * top- "cover" → tópina "covered"

 * not- "count" → nótina "counted"

 * lav- "allow" → lávina "allowed"

 * sis- "fry" → sísina "fried"

 * verbs in -qu also follow this rule, but the central vowel cannot be lengthened (and qui doesn't contain a diphtong as it pronounced cwi):

 * miqu- "kiss" → miquina "kissed"

 * verbs ending on -r, -m, -n receive the ending -na:

 * mer- "want" → merna "wanted"

 * nam- "judge" → namna "judged"

 * cen- "see" → cenna "seen"

 * verbs on -l get -da as ending:

 * mel- "love" → melda "loved"

Note: Verbs can also form a verbal adjective. These adjectives always denote a static condition while past participle always denote a condition in evolution:
 * harna- "wound"

 * harna "with a wound"

 * harnaina "wounded"

 * quat- "fill"

 * quanta "full"

 * quátina "filled"

Gerund
The gerund is a combination of a verb and a noun. In English it has the same form as the present participle, e.g. "walking is healthy". The noun "walking" is called the gerund of the verb "walk".

As an example let's look at some Quenya sentences:
 * harië malta úva carë nér anwavë alya "having gold doesn't make a man really rich"

 * matië ná i analta alessë ilyë Naucoron "eating is the greatest joy of all dwarves"

A gerund can also have a direct object:
 * hirië harma caruva nér alya "finding a treasure shall make a man rich"

(note: the object of the gerund is in the nominative and not in the genitive as with a verbal noun)
 * tirië aiwi anta i vendin alta alassë "watching birds gives a girl great pleasure"

and an indirect object:
 * antië malta i aranen ná lai manë "giving gold to the king is very good"

In all these examples the gerund replaces the subject of the original sentence, it can however also replace the direct object:
 * melin tirië aiwi "I love watching birds"

There is a clear difference between infinitives (see above) and gerunds, as infinitives cannot be replaced by a normal noun:
 * polin quetë "I can talk"

In this sentence you cannot replace talk by e.g. "nature", because *"I can nature" is not a good English sentence. But "I love nature" is a good sentence, so tirië has to be a gerund, and quetë an infinitive.

Formation:

The ending of the gerund is -ië.

Gerunds of primitive verbs are made by simply adding this ending:
 * quet- "say, speak" → quetië

A-verbs and U-verbs drop their final vowel before adding the ending:
 * orta- "stand, get up" → ortië

Note that this form is identical to the verbal noun nainië. This is often the case, analysis of the context has to decide whether it is a gerund or a verbal noun.
 * naina- "lament" → nainië

Verbs on -ya drop this ending completely before adding  -ië:
 * harya- "have, possess" → harië

 * verya- "dare" → verië

Cases of the gerund
In Quenya the gerund can be declined into three cases:
 * Genitive: This case appears when a gerund is dependent on a verbal noun:

 * carmë teciéo "art of writing"

 * ../Dative/: We use the dative to express "in order to":

But in English the words "in order" are mostly implicitly understood, so to use this case properly you will have to be careful when meeting an English "to" + infinitive:
 * mótas cuinien "he works in order to live"
 * utúlientë cenien i aran "they had come to see the king"

 * ../Instrumental/: We use the instrumental to express "through, by":

 * nolles mahtië tirienen i ohtari "he learned to fight through/by watching the soldiers"

Negation
All verbal forms are negated by use of the particle lá (see also Negation on the page ../Verbs/).

Infinitives:
 * Here we find a difference in meaning between negation with lá and with  ua-:

 * saila ná lá caritas "it is wise not to do it"

 * saila uas carita "it is not wise to do it"

Participles:
 * i yonyor hácala "the yawning boys"

 * i yonyor lá hácala "the not yawning boys"

 * i harma halyaina "the hidden treasure"

 * i harma lá halyaina "the not hidden treasure"

Gerund:
 * quetië ná telpë "speaking is silver"

 * lá quetië ná malta "not speaking is gold"

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Verbs/ >> ../Verbal forms/

title: Quenya/Verbal forms


text:
Quenya/Imperative

The Imperative is used to issue a command to somebody or a group of individuals. In Quenya, several kinds of imperative contexts are used for various situations and meanings.

Ancient Imperative
The ancient form of the imperative is only used with primitive verbs.

It is formed by adding -a to the stem without lengthening the stem-vowel (so it is like the present tense but with a short central vowel):
 * tira! "watch!"

This imperative is very direct, so you shouldn't use it when you want to be polite.

Standard Imperative
This is formed by placing the particle á before the infinitive:
 * á tirë! "watch!"

 * á vala! "rule!"

When the central vowel of the infinitive is long, a diphthong or followed by more than one consonant we use the particle a instead of  á (This rule isn't obligatory, so using á is acceptable):

 * a caima! "lie down!"

 * a móta! "work!"

 * a linda! "sing!"

The combinations ry,  ly,  ny,  ty do not count as a double consonant, so when the central vowel is immediately followed by any one of these we use  á: but
 * á lelya! "go!"
 * a mintya! "remember!"

The particle is pronounced as a unit with these infinitives, so the stress is normally on the particle á and not on  a (the exceptions are verbs with an infinitive of more than two syllables).

Negative imperative
A prohibition or negative imperative is formed by the particle áva. It is the same for all verbs:
 * áva lelya! "don't go!"

 * áva tirë! "don't look!"

It can also be used on its own, but then the long vowel is shifted: (note: this is the only two-syllable word that is stressed on the final syllable; see ../Phonology/)
 * avá! "don't!"

Personal pronouns with the imperative
When a verb is in the imperative it can have personal pronouns that refer to the subject, the direct object or the indirect object.

Subject pronouns
A reference to the subject is not very frequent, only when it is absolutely necessary to specify to whom the command is directed: "Listen you!"

The Quenya endings are -t in the singular and  -l in the plural:
 * a lindat! "sing you!" (singular)

With a primitive verb the connecting vowel is -i- as usual:
 * a lindal! "sing you!" (plural)
 * á tirë! "watch!"

 * á tirit! "watch you!"

 * á tiril! "watch you!"

These endings can also be used in the negative imperative:
 * áva tulë! "don't come!"

 * áva tulit! "don't come you!"

 * áva tulil! "don't come you!"

Direct object pronouns
To indicate the direct object we can use the nominative of the independent personal pronouns:
 * a laita te! "bless them!"

 * á tirë nye! "watch me!"

It is however also possible to add this nominative as an ending to the particle á.

This could be used for less emphasis on the direct object so it is not as commanding (in this situation we always use á never  a):
 * átë laita! "bless them!"

 * ányë tirë! "watch me!"

Also with the negative imperative both forms are possible:
 * ávamë tirë! "don't watch us!"

 * áva tirë me! "don't watch us!"

Indirect object pronouns
With an indirect object we obviously use the dative forms of the pronouns:
 * ámen linda! "sing for us!"

When a verb has both a direct and an indirect object, you have the choice which is applied to the particle á or  áva and which is used a separate word:
 * ánin carë ta! "do it for me!"

 * áta carë nin! "do it for me!"

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Verbs/ >> ../Imperative/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Quenya/Imperative


text:
Quenya/Past Tense

Regular formation
The basic ending to form the Past Tense is -në.

Following verbs follow the regular formation:
 * A-stem verbs with a long central syllable that do not end on -ya

 * hauta- "stop" → i elda hautanë "the elf stopped"

 * lussa- "whisper" → lussanemmë "we both whispered"

 * móta- "labour" → mótanelyë "you laboured"

 * apta- "deny" → aptanenyë "I denied"

 * U-stem verbs with a long central syllable:

 * nurru- "grumble" → nurrunen "I grumbled"

 * Primitive verbs on -r, -n or -m:

 * tir- "watch" → tirnes "he watched"

 * tam- "tap" → tamnentes "they tapped it"

 * cen- "see" → cennen i alda "I saw the tree"

Nasal inversion
The primitive verbs that end in -t, -c, -p, -l, -qu undergo the so called nasal inversion because the  -n of the past ending is placed before these consonants

(the reason is that the clusters: tn, cn, pn, ln, cwn are not allowed in Quenya).

 * mat- "eat" → mantë "ate"

 * hat- "break" → hantë "broke"

 * tac- "fasten" → tancë "fastened"

 * pequ- "comb" → penquë "combed"

When a primitive verb ends in p, Quenya/Phonology dictates that  np changes to  mp:
 * top- "cover" → tompë "covered"

And nl changes into  ll:
 * wil- "fly" → willë "flew"

There is one final group that undergoes nasal inversion, these are the verbs on -d. In modern Quenya, a single d changes into r. Careful consideration is needed when we meet a primitive verb on -r, because if this r  descends from a d, its past tense changes into  nd (otherwise the past tense is regular, see above).

Following verbs belong to this group:
 * har- "sit" → handë "sat"

 * hyar- "plough" → hyandë "ploughed"

 * nir- "press" → nindë "pressed"

 * quir- "stir" → quindë "stirred"

 * quor- "choke" → quondë "choked"

 * rar- "peel" → randë "peeled"

 * rer- "sow" → rendë "sowed"

 * ser- "rest" → sendë "rested"

 * sir- "flow" → sindë "flowed"

Vowel lengthening
The primitive verbs that end in -v or  -s do not get the regular ending  -në, but instead lengthens the central vowel and gets the ending  -ë:

 * tuv- "find" → túvë "found"

 * tyav- "taste" → tyávë "tasted"

 * sis- "fry" → sísë "fried"

A-stems/U-stems with short central syllable
These verbs can be conjugated by the regular formation, but most of the time their final -a or  -u is dropped and they are conjugated as if they were primitive verbs:

 * cava- "dig" → cávë "dug" (or  cavanë)

 * maca- "forge" → mancë "forged" (or  macanë)

 * naqua- "steal" → nanquë "stole" (or  naquanë)

 * hlapu- "blow" → hlampë "blew" (or  hlapunë)

 * lutu- "float" → luntë "floated" (or  lutunë)

These two verbs can never be conjugated by the regular ending:

 * papa- "tremble" → pampë "trembled"

 * pata- "rap" → pantë "rapped"

The verbs on -wa only apply in this case:
 * fawa- "smell" → fangwë "smelled" (or  fawanë)

 * rawa- "run" → rangwë "ran" (or  rawanë)

And verbs on -ha are always regular:

 * nyeha- "weep" → nyehanë "wept"

Note: the central syllable in maxa- "cook" and  ruxa- "crumble" is long as  x is short for the consonant combination cs.

A-stem verbs on -ya
These verbs have two different past tenses which are used depending on whether it is used transitively or intransitively.

A verb is used transitively when it has a direct object, and intransitively when it doesn't have a direct object.

 * when a verb on -ya is used transitively it has a regular past tense,
 * when a verb on -ya is used intransitively its past tense is formed by dropping the ending  -ya and conjugating it as if it were a primitive verb.

So we have three cases:
 * Transitive verbs which require a direct object, these are always regular:
 * harya- "have, possess" → haryanë "had, possessed"

 * haryanes rocco "he had a horse"

 * Intransitive verbs (these cannot have a direct object), they are always conjugated as primitive verbs:
 * lamya- "sound" → lamnë "sounded"

 * i nyelli lamner "the bells sounded"

 * Transitive verbs that can be used intransitively, these verbs have two forms in the past tense:

 * ulya- "pour, overflow" → ulyanë "poured" and  ullë "overflowed"

 * i nís ulyanë nén "the woman poured water"

 * i sírë ullë "the river overflowed"

 * yerya- "wear out, get old" → yeryanë "wore out" and  yernë "got old"

 * i nér yeryanë i colla "the man wore the cloak out"

 * i nér yernë "the man got old"

Irregular Past Tenses
Some verbs are completely irregular:

 * anta- "give" → ánë "gave"

 * caw- "bow" → caunë "bowed"

 * ista- "know" → sintë "knew"

 * lala- "laugh" → landë "laughed"

 * lelya- "go, travel" → lendë "went, travelled"

 * lom- "hide" → lombë "hid"

 * onta- "create" → ónë "created"

 * serta- "tie" → sérë "tied"

 * ten- "show" → tengë "showed"

 * vinta- "fade" → vintë "faded"

Two verbs have both an irregular and a regular form:
 * atalta- "collapse" → atalantë/ataltanë "collapsed"

 * orta- "stand, get up" → orontë/ortanë "stood, got up"

However, the latter is said to be a difference in conjugation between intransitive "rise" and transitive/causative "raise" homonyms, thus:
 * I Elda oronte "The Elf arose" but I Elda ortane márya "The Elf raised his hand."

The irregularities of some special verbs can be found on a separate page.

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Verbs/ >> ../Past Tense/

title: Quenya/Past Tense


text:
Quenya/Nouns

Neo-Quenya nouns can be declined into 9 cases and 4 numbers, so each noun has 36 forms.

Paradigms of the standard declension of nouns without stem-forms can be found on following page: ../Declension Paradigms/.

Plural
There are 2 possible endings that indicate the plural: -r and  -i.

 * Words ending in -a, -i, -o, -u, -ië  get  -r:

 * alda → aldar (tree)

 * tári → tárir (queen)

 * ondo → ondor (rock)

 * heru → herur (lord)

 * tië → tier (path)

 * Words ending in a consonant get -i:

 * aran → arani (king)

 * macil → macili (sword)

 * Words on -ë (but not  -ië)  change the final  -ë into  -i:

 * aurë → auri (day)

 * lassë → lassi (leaf)

Following words are irregular:
 * on -ë:

 * rotsë → rotser (pipe)

 * tyávë → tyáver (taste)

 * mallë → maller (street)

 * tyellë → tyeller (grade, incline)

 * on -a

 * hína → híni (child)

 * ónona → ónoni (twin)

Dual
The Neo-Quenya dual is used for expressing natural pairs. So when talking about the two eyes of one person, we use the dual form. But when we talk about eyes from different persons we use the plural form.

So that's why we translate the dual not simply by the number two but by "a pair of":

 * pé "lip" → peu "a pair of lips"

 * alda "tree" → aldu "a pair of trees"

but

 * atta péti "two lips"

 * atta aldar "two trees"

When the dual is preceded by the article i, it can also be translated to mean "both":

 * i peu "both lips / the two lips"

 * i aldu "both trees / the two trees"

Formation
The ending -u is used when the word contains a d or t sound or when it denotes a body part:

 * sarat "sign" → saratu "a pair of signs"

 * hlar "ear" → hlaru "a pair of ears"

When the noun ends on -a,  -i or  -ë (with plural on -i) use the ending  -t:

 * cirya "ship" → ciryat "a pair of ships"

 * lassë "leaf" → lasset "a pair of leaves"

 * tanwë "device" → tanwet "a pair of devices"

 * tári "queen" → tárit "a pair of queens"

When these words end on -a or  -o and are of the u-dual, the  -u of the ending replaces these vowels:

 * alda "tree" → aldu "a pair of trees"

 * tiuco "thigh" → tiucu "a pair of thighs"

When the word ends on a consonant this ending becomes -et:

 * aran "king" → aranet "a pair of kings"

Some words cannot take the -u ending, they always take  -t:

 * Words on -u:

 * cundu "prince" → cundut "a pair of princes"

 * Words on -ië:

 * tië "path" → tiet "a pair of paths"

 * Words on -ë that form their plural on  -r:

 * rotsë "pipe" → rotset "a pair of pipes"

The word veru "married couple" is always dual.

Partitive plural
The partitive plural replaces the words 'some' or 'a few'. The ordinary plural has the additional implied meaning 'all I am talking about'. This means in fact 'all the ships I'm talking about, are white'.
 * i ciryar nar fánë "the ships are white"

But the partitive plural implies that there are also ships that have a different colour.
 * i ciryali nar fánë "some/a few ships are white"

The partitive plural can also denote something that is part of a bigger entity. This means that there are more rocks, but the ship didn't sail into them.
 * i cirya rancë ondolissë "the ship broke upon some/a few rocks"

Sometimes it is used for a group that belongs to a larger group. So we mean that there also are elves that are not so large.
 * eldali nar altë "some/a few elves are large"

But in the ordinary plural... In this sentence we mean "every elf is large".
 * eldar nar altë "elves are large"

When a noun in the partitive plural is accompanied by an adjective, the adjective has the normal plural form.
 * wenyë lasseli "some/a few green leaves"

But in the partitive plural the rule of the last declinable word is not applied. So the case-suffix is always applied to the noun even when there are adjectives or pronouns following behind the noun (see ../Inflected adjectives/)
 * rimbalissen hallë "on some/a few high walls"

Formation
The basic rule is to add the suffix -li to nouns ending in a vowel:
 * lassë "leaf" → lasseli

 * cirya "ship" → ciryali

When the noun ends on -l, the same suffix is added.
 * macil "sword" → macilli

The final letters -r,  -n and  -s change into  -lli.
 * atar "father" → atalli

 * elen "star" → elelli

 * cos "quarrel" → colli

Nouns ending in t, and sometimes  n, get an -e- in between to make  -eli.
 * sarat "sign" → sarateli

Note: because of the -r, -n and -s changing to -lli- rule, it is possible that two entirely different nouns have an identical partitive plural:
 * atar "father" / atan "man" →  atalli "some fathers/men"

Further distinction between identical partitive plurals could be made by adding -eli instead of using assimilation:
 * atan "man" → atalli →  ataneli "some men"

 * atar "father" → atalli →  atareli "some fathers"

Stem-forms
Lots of Neo-Quenya nouns have a stem-form that is used in almost all cases and number except the nominative singular. These forms can be found in the dictionary and should be learned, as they are the basis for forming words in Quenya.

Let's look at following examples:
 * hen, hend- "eye" → hendi "eyes" →  hendu "a pair of eyes"

 * tál, tal- "foot" → tali "feet" →  talu "a pair of feet"

 * laman, lamn- "animal" → lamni "animals" →  lamnet "a pair of animals"

Note that the endings of the plural and dual are based upon the stem-form and not on the nominative singular:
 * pilin, pilind- "arrow" → pilindi "arrows" →  pilindu "a pair of arrows"

A separate page is dedicated to an overview of stem-forms.

I-stems
I-stems are nouns with a nominative singular on -ë but that use a stem on  -i in all other cases. In this document they are grouped together with four other classes of related nouns:

The Neo-Quenya nouns in -ë/-i can be divided into these groups:
 * Nouns in -ë with plural on  -r

 * mallë, rotsë,  tyávë,  tyellë

 * Nouns in -ë with plural on  -i but that keep the -ë in the singular

 * Nouns in -ë with a stem on  -i (real I-stems)

 * Nouns in -i

 * Nouns in -ië

More about these can be found on the page ../I-stems/.

U-stems
In the same way we can divide the nouns in -o/-u into several groups:
 * nouns that keep the -o in all cases

 * nouns with a stem on -u but with a nominative singular on  -o (the real U-stems)

 * nouns that keep the -u in all cases

We again refer to a separate page for further details: ../U-stems/.

Cases
Each of the cases is treated on a separate page:
 * Nominative case
 * Genitive case
 * Possessive case
 * Dative case
 * Ablative case
 * Allative case
 * Locative case
 * Instrumental case
 * Respective case

Two special categories of nouns are:
 * ../2-letter words/
 * ../Verbal nouns/

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/

title: Quenya/Nouns


text:
Quenya/Declension Paradigms

This page contains the paradigms of the nouns that do not have a separate stem-form or are related to such nouns, i.e.
 * nouns on -a
 * nouns on the consonants -l,  -n,  -r,  -s,  -t

The others can be found on the pages about:
 * ../Stem-forms/
 * ../I-stems/
 * ../U-stems/
 * ../2-letter words/

Note that the following inflected Quenya words with an underline indicates an irregular form.

nouns on -a
We use ampa "hook":

The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use alda "tree"):

Note: nouns on -oa probably have the genitive singular of  -avo:
 * coa "house" → cavo

and always have a t-dual.

nouns on -l
We use macil "sword":

The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use sutil "slime")

Note that this is a template for possible u-duals in this category:

nouns on -n
We use aran "king":

The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use atan "human, man")

Note that this is a template for possible u-duals in this category:

nouns on -r
We use luxor "swamp, bog":

The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use tasar "willow")

Note that this is a template for possible u-duals in this category:

nouns on -s
We use cos "quarrel, dispute":

The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use tavas "woodland")

Note that this is a template for possible u-duals in this category:

nouns on -t
We use sarat "sign" (this group only contains u-duals):

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Declension Paradigms/

title: Quenya/Declension Paradigms


text:
Quenya/Stem-forms

A number of changes in modern Quenya seem rather irregular at first sight, when we look at the evolution from Old-Elvish to Quenya however, they can be explained. Let’s look at an example:
 * aran "king" → arani "kings"

but...
 * elen "star" → eleni "stars"
 * talan "floor" → talami "floors"

Notice how talami has an  m in the plural, and not an  n.

On the page ../Nouns/ we have said that talam- was the stem of  talan and we find the word as  talan (talam-) in the word-lists. This makes for the word talan to be an irregular noun as it doesn't end with  m.

The reason for this irregularity is that modern Quenya no longer allows an m to appear at the end of a word (see ../Phonology/). So during the evolution of the language this m turned into an  n in the nominative form. In all other cases it kept the m, as it wasn't the final sound at the end of the word, thus allowing  m to stay.

All nouns with a u-dual that belong to one of the categories on this page, use their stem-forms but are otherwise regular (we use haran,  harn- "leader"):

The irregular stem-forms can be found on a separate page: ../Exceptional stems/.

d-/t- stems
The first group of words ends in –n,  –r or  –l. Their stem-forms are made by adding a –d–.

The second group ends in –n,  –r or  –s and add  -t to form the stem.

A list of the known Quenya-words belonging to this group can be found on following page: ../Nouns: d/t-stems.

The adjectives on –n probably also belong to the  d- stems (PE 14 pg. 77):
 * i hwarindi "the crooked (ones)"
 * hwarindi neri "crooked men"

When they are used as final declinable words (see ../Inflected adjectives/), they get the vowels –e– or  –i– between the stem and the case-ending:
 * harma furindessë "in a concealed treasure"
 * urur úrindinen	"with blazing hot fires"

The declension of d- and  t- stems is regular except in the possessive singular. In this case we use the suffix –wa with the nominative (all nouns in this group have u-duals):

Contracted stems
Another group of stems lose the vowel of the second syllable. So the stem-form is a contracted form of the nominative.

Following nouns belong to this group:
 * coron, corn- "ball"

 * feren, fern- "beech"

 * haran, harn- "leader"

 * huan, hún- "dog"

 * laman, lamn- "animal"

 * soron, sorn- "eagle"

In quite a number of cases of the singular these words use the nominative to produce these cases. In the partitive plural they also use the nominative:

There is a second group that have lost the final vowel + n in the nominative
 * calmar, calmarn- "child of light"

 * halatir, halatirn- "kingfisher"

 * mëar, mëarn- "gore, blood"

 * pur, purn- "(artificial) fire"

 * tavar, tavarn- "dale sprite"

and also
 * seler, sell- "sister"

They have in the singular only two exceptional cases:

=Doubled stems=

There are also words in -t that have a doubled stem but they can be found on the page about ../Exceptional stems/.

doubled stems in ss-
A number of stems double their final -s:
 * calas, calass- "brass"

 * coimas, coimass- "lembas"

 * eques, equess- "saying"

 * falas, falass- "shore, beach"

 * indis, indiss- "bride"

 * inwilis, inwiliss- "fairy"

 * is, iss- "light snow"

 * itis, itiss- "fly bite"

 * lis, liss- "honey"

 * nes, ness- "mead, valley, land"

 * niquis, niquiss- "frost-pattern"

 * nís, niss- "woman"

 * oinalis, oinaliss- "ointment"

 * olos, oloss- "snow"

 * sintilis, sintiliss- "sparkling (of crystal)"

 * tiris, tiriss- "watch"

 * tolos, toloss- "knob, lump"

 * tyos, tyoss- "cough"

The proper name Tulcas also belongs to this group.

The word solor "surf" has stem-form  soloss- and uses the same forms as these words except the possessive singular which is  solorwa.

doubled stems in ll-/nn-
Final l and  n can also be doubled:
 * amil, amill- "mother"

 * aranel, aranell- "princess"

 * horinel, horinell- "pine-needle"

 * miril, mirill- "jewel"

 * riel, riell- "flower-girl"

 * isil, isill- "moon"

 * tol, toll- "island"

 * ailin, ailinn- "lake"

 * cailen, cailenn- "throat"

 * calimban, calimbann- "barbarian land"

 * campin, campinn- "hips"

 * colman, colmann- "summit"

 * elwen, elwenn- "heart"

 * helin, helinn- "pansy"

 * irin, irinn- "town"

 * irmin, irminn- "inhabited world"

 * latúcen, latúcenn- "tin"

 * licin, licinn- "horn"

 * mindon, mindonn- "turret"

 * olwen, olwenn- "branch, wand"

 * onin, oninn- "anvil"

 * pequen, pequenn- "comb"

 * tamin, taminn- "forge"

 * túrin, túrinn- "province"

 * wilin, wilinn- "bird"

The proper name Silmaril also belongs to these words.

The exceptional cases are: the possessive singular and the allative or ablative in singular and plural forms.

doubled stems in rr-
A list of words that have the rr- stem:
 * condor, condorr- "warrior"

 * hostar, hostarr- "tribe"

 * indor, indorr- "groom"

 * lamandar, lamandarr- "herdsman"

 * lar, larr- "place, region"

 * maquar, maquarr- "(human) jaw"

 * milnar, milnarr- "sown field"

 * neldor, neldorr- "beech"

They are declined as follows:

m- stems
As told in the introduction, the letter m is no longer allowed at the end of a word and has changed into  n in the nominative:
 * artan, artam- "hammer"

 * ilin, ilim- "milk"

 * men, mem- "nose, beak"

 * quin, quim- "female"

 * ran, ram- "noise"

 * talan, talam- "floor"

These words have exceptional locatives, instrumentals and partitive plurals:

The words with stem on -ng also behave like these words:
 * falaswin, falaswing- "wavecrest"

 * fen, feng- "reed"

The locative is fendë and the partitive plural  felli (but the instrumental is regular:  fengenen).

c- stems
Four words originally ended in -c, and this letter is also not allowed at the end of a word:
 * filit, filic- "little bird"

 * nelet, nelc- "tooth"

 * oryat, oryac- "badger"

 * quesset, quessec- "pillow"

They are declined as follows:

The locative of nelet is  neletsë, but otherwise it is declined the same as the other three nouns.

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Stem-forms/

title: Quenya/Stem-forms


text:
Quenya/Nouns: d/t-stems

d-stems
There are also a few proper names with such stem-forms:

 * Laurelin

 * Lórien

 * Solonel

 * Taniquetil

 * Ancalimon

 * Sauron

t-stems
The proper names in this group are:

 * Turambar

 * Mandos

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../../Nouns/ >> ../../Stem-forms/ >> ../../Nouns: d/t-stems/

title: Quenya/Nouns: d/t-stems


text:
Quenya/Exceptional stems

Words with misguiding final letter
Following words look as words on -r but they are in fact words on  -s:
 * cár → cas- "head"

 * cor → cos- "war"

 * fandor → fandos- "monster"

 * mar → mas- "home, dwelling"

 * nier → nies- "honey-bee"

They only have a final -r in the nominative singular, in all other cases they are declined as  cos (see ../Declension Paradigms/).

And these words look as words on -s but they are really words on  -t:
 * ceres → ceret- "earthenware"

 * hes → het- "sibling"

 * palis → palit- "sward, lawn"

They only have a final -s in the nominative singular, in all other cases they are declined as  sarat (see ../Declension Paradigms/).

doubled stems in ts
When these words end in -t we don’t find a genuine doubling but rather an extra  -s:
 * helet → helets- "fur-coat"

 * henet → henets- "window"

 * orot → orots- "cave"

 * quelet → quelets- "corpse"

Also some words in -s belong to this group:
 * aris → arits- "daughter"

 * cangaris → cangarits- "weaver"

 * fas → fats- "tassel"

 * nos → nots- "damp"

 * oaris → oarits- "mermaid"

And one exceptional word in -ë:
 * vitë → vits- "sap"

These words have a special locative and possessive singular, and they all have a u-dual:

doubled stems in tt

 * calumet → calumett- "lamp"

 * cehtecet → cehtecett- "cuckling"

 * lat → latt-, "flap, lid"

 * lequet → lequett- "joint"

 * mat → matt- "meal"

 * nat → natt- "thing"

 * tecet → tecett- "letter"

doubled stems in ht

 * cecet → ceceht- "pheasant"

 * met → meht- "mark, aim"

 * mut → muht- "dirt, filth"

 * sarat → saraht- "plank"

 * teret → tereht- "auger, gimlet"

 * tet → teht- "spot, mark"

 * welet → weleht- "boil, tumour"

 * yat → yaht- "neck"

Vowel shortening
In some nouns a long vowel is shortened in the stem-form, but otherwise they are declined as if they didn't have that long vowel in the nominative singular.

 * lár → lar- "ear"

 * nén → nen- "water"

 * nér → ner- "man"

 * quén → quen- "person"

 * tál → tal- "foot"

 * yár → yar- "blood" ^

^ The normal word for blood is sercë.

The word yén "Elvish year" is an exception, as its stem-form also has a long  é:  yéni.

Vowel lengthening
In a few words we find the reverse situation. But they are all proper names:
 * Eruhin → Eruhín- "Child of Eru"

 * Valatar → Valatár- "Valar-king"

 * Atanatar → Atanatár- "Forefather"

 * Casar → Casár- "Dwarf"

Vowel changing
In some words the vowel completely changes. The most frequent words are the U-stems and the I-stems.

There are 2 words that have a stem-forms in –a but a nominative in  –o:
 * rauco → rauca- "demon"

 * sundo → sunda- "root"

Note: rauco is in singular and dual a U-stem.

There are also 2 words on –a with a stem-form on  –i:
 * hína → híni- "child"

 * ónona → ónoni- "twin"

Words with exceptional connecting vowels
As we have seen: when a case-ending that begins with a consonant, is applied to a noun ending in a consonant we add an –e– between the stem and the ending, e.g.
 * macilen "to a sword" (dative)

 * anarenna "to a king" (allative)

There are however four words that have a different connecting vowel: With –o–
 * tol → toll- "island"

 * Mandos → Mandost- "Mandos"

 * so we find e.g.

 * tolossë "on an island" (locative)

 * Mandostonna "to Mandos" (allative)

With –a–
 * tál → tal- "foot"

 * umbar → umbart- "fate"

 * so we find e.g.

 * talan "to a foot" (dative)

 * umbartanen "with fate" (instrumental)

Irregular stem-forms
First a group of connected words: All words that denote a "room" end on –san. This is derived from sambë "room", e.g.:
 * caimasan → caimasamb- "bedroom"

These two words also belong to this group:
 * han → hamb- "ground"

 * san → samb- "chamber"

But some words are totally irregular:
 * cilapi → cilapinc- "robin"

 * hyar → hyarm- "plough"

 * las → lax- "snare"

 * lencë → lenqu- "limb"

 * oito → oiont- "lack"

 * olos → olor- "dream"

 * pat → papt- "small leaf"

 * peltas → peltax- "pivot"

 * piet → piecc- "pin"

 * sat → sapt- "hole"

 * silit → siliqu- "flint"

 * sincë → sinqu- "mineral, metal"

 * taran → taramb- "buffet"

 * telin → telimb- "roof, covering"

 * tyus → tyux- "cud"

 * ulun → ulump- "camel"

Some words resemble ../2-letter words/, but they have a stem-form:
 * rá → ráv- "lion"

 * nó → nów- "idea"

 * tó → tów- "wool"

The possessive singular of these words always ends on -va, the genitive on -vo:
 * rá → ráva, rávo

 * nó →  nóva, nóvo

 * tó → tóva, tóvo

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Stem-forms/ >> ../Exceptional stems/

title: Quenya/Exceptional stems


text:
Quenya/I-stems

Nouns in -ë with plural on -er
This group only contains four nouns: mallë "street",  rotsë "pipe",  tyávë "taste",  tyellë "grade". All nouns have t-duals, no u-duals are possible.

They are declined as follows (we use mallë "street"):

Nouns in -ë without I-stem
These normal nouns as e.g. aurë "day" keep this  –ë in all cases of the singular and in ablative, allative and locative in the plural. In the other cases of the plural this –ë changes into an  –i (we use  aurë "day"):

Nouns in -ë with I-stem
These nouns use –i in all cases except the nominative singular (we use  porë,  pori- "flour"):

Some I-stems have a completely irregular nominative singular:
 * lapattë, lapatsi- "rabbit"

 * mahtë, maxi- "hold, grip"

 * ohtë, oxi- "egg"

 * suhtë, suxi- "resin, gum"

A few remarks:
 * The noun ehtë "spear" can be inflected as an I-stem or as a noun without I-stem.
 * The noun lingwë "fish" has an alternative nominative singular  linwë. All other cases are formed with the stem  lingwi-.
 * The adjectives in –ë also belong to the I-stems, but one can only notice this when the adjective takes case endings (see ../Inflected adjectives/).

Nouns in -i
These nouns mostly denote female persons or animals (we use lopsi "mare"):

Nouns in -ië
All nouns have t-duals, no u-duals are possible (we use tië "path"):

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../I-stems/

title: Quenya/I-stems


text:
Quenya/U-stems

Nouns in -o that keep -o in all cases
They are declined as follows (we use carpo "frog"):

The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use ondo "stone"):

Nouns in -u that keep -u in all cases
There also exist words that end in the nominative in –u, these are however not U-stems. They differ from the U-stems in the nominative and the genitive plural. These nouns due to retaining the –u, the dual forms are always distinguished with the  –t dual form.

They are declined as follows (we use heru "lord"):

Nouns in -o with a U-stem
These are the real U-stems. But there are two exceptional categories: the nouns in -co and the nouns in  -ngo.

The others are declined as follows (we use malo,  malu- "pollen"). Note that these nouns don't follow the normal rule for the formation of the plural: they get -i as extension instead of the  -r that ordinarily follows vowels.

The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use sito,  situ- "habit"):

Note that these forms are, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.

The noun tuo "muscle" behaves rather strangely because its Old-Elvish stem was  'túu'-. This long ú appears when the ending begins in a single consonant; when the ending starts in a consonant cluster or a vowel, we find  u instead of  ú, e.g.
 * Dative singular: tún

 * Ablative singular: tullo

U-stems in -co
The special feature here is that the combination cui changes in  qui. As an example we look at urco,  urcu- "bogey":

The u-duals are just as in the example of sito, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.

Two nouns behave irregularly:
 * rauco "demon" is only a U-stem in the singular, partitive plural and dual. The plural is formed with the stem rauca-.
 * telco "leg, stem" is only a U-stem in the plural and the dual. The singular and partitive plural are formed with the stem telco- (see above for nouns that end in  -o).

U-stems in -go
The special feature here is that the combination ngu +  i changes in  ngwi. As an example we look at ango,  angu- "snake":

The u-duals are just as in the example of sito, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../U-stems/

title: Quenya/U-stems


text:
Quenya/2-letter words

Neo-Quenya has a number of words that end in a long vowel, but they all have only two letters:

 * cú "crescent, arc"

 * fé "last hour"

 * hó "owl"

 * lú "moment"

 * má "hand"

 * nyé "bleat"

 * pé "lip"

 * pí "fly, insect"

 * quá "duck"

 * ré "day (of 24 hours)"

 * sé "eyeball"

 * sú "rushing (of the wind)"

 * tyé "tea"

and the proper names Vé and  Rú.

The following words also have this form, but in Neo-Quenya they sound old-fashioned, so they are replaced most of the time with the word next to them:
 * cá "jaw" → anca

 * fá "air, atmosphere" → wilwa / vilwa

 * ló "night" → lómë

 * ní "woman" → nís

 * rá "arm" → ranco

 * sá "fire" → uru

 * wá "wind" → vaiwa

 * yó "son" → yondo

The words rá "lion",  tó "wool" and  nó "idea" don't belong to this category because they have a stem-form with 3 letters (see ../Exceptional stems/).

They have some special features:
 * When the case ending contains a double consonant, the vowel is shortened:
 * ressë "on a day" (locative)

 * i mannar "to the hands" (allative)

 * In the u-duals the –u joins with the final vowel to make a diphthong:
 * peu "a pair of lips"

 * In the plural the -i- also joins with the final vowel:
 * cuinen "with arcs" (instrumental)

 * maiva "of hands" (possessive)

 * In the words ending with –é, the diphthong ei is not a possible combination in Quenya. Instead, it is left as it is, having no distinction from singular/plural forms:
 * rén "to a day/ to the days" (dative)

 * To further define the singular/plural difference if need be, numbers can be expressed to distinguish quantity of a noun:

 * rén atta "to the two days"

 * The genitive singular is not known for most nouns. The words on -é don't give any problems because éo is acceptable:
 * ré "day" → réo

 * pé "lip" → péo

 * Those already with an -ó have a genitive that is identical to the nominative.

The complete declination for má "hand" can be found in next table:

The complete declination for ré "day" can be found in next table:

The complete declination for pí "fly, insect" can be found in next table:

The complete declination for hó "owl" can be found in next table:

The complete declination for lú "moment" can be found in next table:

It should be noted that irregular forms for noun declension appear to be frequent in two letter words, and careful consideration is to be taken to ensure no word clashes within the letter itself (such as diphthongs or long vowels before a consonant group, vowel combinations that don't exist, such as ei) and with other attested words provided by Tolkien.

As to demonstrate in the table below, the word pé has an another plural form  péti, as attested by Tolkien, instead of pei which cannot be formed in Quenya.

Irregular noun pé "lip" table:

The behaviour of the final long vowel before possessive endings is discussed on the page about ../Possessive pronouns/.

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../2-letter words/

title: Quenya/2-letter words


text:
Quenya/Verbal nouns

These are nouns that are constructed out of verbs.

The main types are:

1. The ending -më is used for abstract things:
 * mel- "love" → melmë "love"

 * car- "make, build, do" → carmë "art"

2. The ending -ië is used for a noun that indicates that the action is still going on:
 * tyal- "play" → tyalië "a play"

 * perya- "halve" → perië "a halving"

3. Verbs on -ta can be used as nouns without changing anything:
 * vanta- "walk" → vanta "a walk"

 * lanta- "fall" → lanta "a fall"

4. The ending -ë together with a lengthened stem-vowel are used to make nouns that describe a consequence of the verb:
 * ser- "rest" → sérë "peace"

 * lir- "sing" → lírë "song"

5. To make nouns that denote concrete things we use the ending -lë with A-verbs and U-verbs:
 * nurta- "hide" → nurtalë "a hiding"

 * perya- "halve" → peryalë "a half"

 * nurru- "grumble" → nurrulë "a grumble"

and for primitive verbs we add -alë to the past tense stem:
 * quet- "talk" → quentalë "a story"

This fifth type of nouns is the type most frequently found.

Note: Following examples concerning gender are Qenya forms that may not be valid in Late-Quenya.

To denote someone who performs an action we have the endings: -ro/-rë and  -indo/-indë.

The endings on -o are masculine, and those on  -ë are feminine.

The first two endings are applied to A-verbs and U-verbs:
 * masta- "bake"
 * mastaro "baker" (m.)
 * mastarë "baker" (f.)

and the other two to primitive verbs:
 * car- 'make, build, do"
 * carindo "maker, builder" (m.)
 * carindë "maker, builder" (f.)

Sometimes the ending -ro is replaced by the short form  -r, e.g.  istar "wizard" from  ista- "know".

To make the plurals of the masculine form on -ro I would personally always prefer this shortened form:
 * mastari instead of mastaror

Usage of cases
The connection of a verbal noun to a verb means that it is often a condensed sentence, so that is why such nouns can have a subject and an object:
 * Altariello nainië "the lament of Galadriel"

We call this a subject genitive because Galadriel is the one who laments.

When a verbal noun has an object we use the possessive case: By this we mean that Orome is honoured, so it is the object of "honour", and this is called an object possessive.
 * laitalë Oroméva "honoring of Orome"

Of course both can be present with the same verbal noun:
 * Eruo melmë ataniva "the love of God for men" (or, "God's love of men")

 * atanion melmë Eruva "the love of men for God" (or, "men's love of God")

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Verbal nouns/

title: Quenya/Verbal nouns


text:
Quenya/Nominative

In Neo-Quenya the nominative case is used for:
 * The subject
 * The predicate
 * The direct object
 * After most prepositions
 * (only et, arwa, rá and ú take another case)

The nominative is the basic form that can be found in a dictionary. The plural, dual and partitive plural of this case can be found on the main page about nouns.

The use of the nominative for the direct object has implications for the word order:
 * in a normal sentence the word order is subject - verb - object, or SVO :
 * i nér roita i rocco "the man chases the horse"

 * i rocco roita i nér "the horse chases the man"

All other parts of the sentence can be in any order:
 * i aran anta rocco i roquenen "the king gives a horse to the knight"

 * i aran anta i roquenen rocco "the king gives to the knight a horse"

 * i aran i roquenen anta rocco "the king, to the knight, gives a horse"

It purely depends on the emphasis one likes to express.
 * i roquenen i aran anta rocco "to the knight, the king gives a horse"

Accusative case
In Parmaquesta "Book Quenya", an ancient form of Quenya dating centuries before the Noldor's departure from Valinor, there existed an accusative case that was used for the direct object and after prepositions. This disappeared from spoken Exilic-Quenya and was replaced by the nominative, but was retained in some formal writing and documentations, and was possibly obsolete in Exilic-Quenya during the time period of The Lord of the Rings. It may have continued use within the Vanyarin Dialect of Quenya, where many ancient features of Quenya persisted.

It was formed as follows:
 * When the nominative singular ends in a consonant, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative, the accusative plural ends in -í
 * When the nominative singular ends in a vowel, this vowel is lengthened in the accusative singular, in the accusative plural we add -i
 * But when the nominative singular ends in -i or  -ië, the accusative plural ends in  -í
 * When the nominative dual ends in -u, this  u is lengthened to  ú; when it ends in  -t, the Accusative dual is identical to the nominative dual
 * In the accusative partitive plural we always find -í

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Nominative/

title: Quenya/Nominative


text:
Quenya/Genitive

Quenya has 2 cases that together form the traditional genitive case of an inflected language (e.g. Latin, German or Greek): the genitive and the possessive. However, the Quenya genitive case doesn't cover all that is in the traditional genitive case, which instead are found in the possessive case, so to differentiate between when to appropriately use a genitive or possessive is key to learning the differences between these Quenya cases.

Usage
There is quite an extensive list of situations in which the genitive is used:

1. Origin:
 * The place where something is made or someone is born is in the genitive:

 * cirya Tiriono  "the ship of Tirion"

 * seldo Alqualondëo  "the boy from Swanhaven"

 * It has no implication of movement, so the boy was born in Swanhaven but we don't mean that he just arrived from Swanhaven.

2. Previous owner:
 * rocco arano  "the horse of a king"

 * This means that the horse once belonged to the king, but now belongs to someone else.

3. Partitive genitive:

 * We use this to denote something that is part of something greater:
 *  i elenion ancalima "the brightest of the stars"

 * ranqui i arano  "the arms of the king"

4. Family relations:
 *  i arano yondor "the sons of the king"

 * indis ohtaro  "the bride of a soldier"

5. Where a title belongs to:
 * aran Sindaron  "the king of the Sindar"

 * heru i cormaron  "the lord of the rings"

6. Nouns after "about":
 * equessi arano  "the sayings about the king"

 * Frequently the preposition "about" is replaced by "of" in English, so we have to be careful about the meaning of this "of":

 * i naucor quetir altë harmaron  "the dwarves speak of (about) great treasures"

 * quenta Silmarillion  "the tale of (about) the Silmarils"

 * quentalë Noldoron  "the history of (about) the Noldor", Noldoron is also spelt as.

(for more about this see also ../Verbal nouns/)

7. Composite names of plants or animals:

 * asëa aranion  "kings' weed"

8. The word following quanta "full":

 * quanta masso  "full of bread"

9. The prepositions ú "without" and the adjective  arwa "with, having":

 * ú calo  "without light"

 * aran arwa ohtarion "a king with/having soldiers"

 * The adjective arwa has the plural form of  arwë, this is used when there is more than one owner:

 * neri arwë collo "men with/having a mantle"

Word order
The genitive can be placed in front or behind the noun to which it belongs:
 *  i nórëo aldar "trees of the land"

 * aldar i nórëo  "trees of the land"

There are 2 cases in which the genitive is always put in front:
 * When the noun is preceded by a preposition:

 * ve osto aran "like the king of a city"

 * nu tirino tópa "under the roof of a tower"

 * When the noun has both a word in the genitive and in the possessive case:
 *  i eldaron macil atarwa "father's sword of (coming from) the elves"

A genitive can also be used predicatively:

 * i corma ná Saurondo  "the ring is (originally) Sauron's"

Use of the article
A noun that is accompanied by a noun in the genitive case normally shouldn't get the article i (however the article is sometimes written for poetic reasons).

So we have to take into account that a noun in the genitive can be translated with either an indefinite or a definite article:

 * indis ohtaro  "a bride of a soldier"/"the bride of a soldier"

 *  ohtaro indis "a bride of a soldier"/"the bride of a soldier"

 *  i ohtaro indis "a bride of the soldier"/"the bride of the soldier"

 * indis i ohtaro  "a bride of the soldier"/"the bride of the soldier"

Formation
We discuss each of the numbers separately:

Singular
The basic ending is -o.

Most words simply add this ending:

 * aran "king" → arano

 * tári "queen" → tário

 * vendë "girl" → vendëo

Words that have a stem-form use this stem-form:

 * nís "woman" → nisso (stem-form  niss-)

 * curo "device" → curuo (stem-form  curu-)

 * lómë "night" → lómio (stem-form  lómi-)

Words on -o have a genitive singular that is identical to the nominative singular:
 * rocco "horse" → rocco

In words on -a this final letter is replaced by  -o:
 * máma "sheep" → mámo

Words on -ië lengthen the final the "e" to make it  -ié:
 * mornië "darkness" → morniéo

 * lië "people" → liéo

Plural
The plural adds -on to the nominative 'plural' (this is exceptional as all other cases of the plural are based upon the nominative singular):
 * aldar "trees" → aldaron (nom.sing.: alda)

 * eleni "stars" → elenion (nom.sing.: elen)

 * rávi "lions" → rávion (nom.sing.: rá)

 * nissi "women" → nission (nom.sing.: nís)

Words on -ië lengthen the final "e" to  -ié:

 * mornië "darkness" → morniéron

 * lië "people" → liéron

Dual
In the dual the ending is also -o:
 * ciryat "a pair of ships" → ciryato (nom.sing.: cirya)

 * aldu "a pair of trees" → alduo (nom.sing.: alda)

 * rávet "a pair of lions" → ráveto (nom.sing.: rá)

When the noun has a t-dual and the nominative singular ends in a vowel followed by a consonant:

( -l, -n, -r, -s), the  -e- of the nominative dual disappears in the genitive dual:

 * aranet "a pair of kings" → aranto (nom.sing.: aran)

 * macilet "a pair of swords" → macilto (nom.sing.: macil)

 * ëaret "a pair of seas" → ëarto (nom.sing.: ëar)

Words on -ië lengthen the final "e" to make  -ié:

 * mornië "darkness" → morniéto

 * lië "people" → liéto

Partitive Plural
We always add -on to the nominative partitive plural:
 * ciryali "some ships" → ciryalion (Nom.Sing:  cirya)

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Genitive/

title: Quenya/Genitive


text:
Quenya/Possessive

Neo-Quenya has 2 cases that together form the traditional genitive case of an inflected language (e.g. Latin, German or Greek): the genitive and the possessive.

So it is important to know when each is appropriate.

Usage
There are 4 situations in which the possessive is used:

1. Present owner

This means that the horse at this moment belongs to the king. It has no implications of origin or previous ownership.
 * rocco i aranwa  "the king's horse"

This is why in English this case is frequently translated by an English genitive.

Of course this ownership is always related to the tense of the verb: it is the present owner at the moment indicated by the verb: So this house is at this moment the property of that elf. In this case the girl was the present owner of the book at the moment of the sentence, but it is quite possible that at this moment she no longer owns it.
 * nas coa i eldava  "it's the elf's house"
 * nes parma i vendeva  "it was the book of the girl"

2. Properties

The possessive case is also used to denote a property of a person or object:
 * huinë i taureva  "the gloom of the wood"

 * altarë i nerwa  "the length of the man"

3. Substance

We also use this case to denote the substance from which something is made: This meaning is of course related to using an adjective: When we use a possessive case the material from which the crown is made is emphasized (just as can be seen by the English translations).
 * rië telpeva  "the crown of silver"
 * i telpina rië "the silver crown"

4. Subject of nouns with an "about" noun

In situation 6 of the usage of the genitive case we have seen that the words after the preposition "about" are in the genitive. The subject of these words is however in the possessive case. This can again be translated by "of" but in this case "of" is equivalent to the preposition "by":
 * quentalë atarwa  "the story of (i.e. by) father"

(for more about this see also ../Verbal nouns/)
 * equessi i naucoiva  "the sayings of (i.e. by) the dwarves"

Word order
The possessive is always put behind the noun to which it belongs:
 * míri i naucova  "the dwarf's jewels"

 * tári i eldaiva  "the elves' queen"

A possessive can also be used predicatively:
 * i corma ná Saurondeva  "the ring is Sauron's"

Use of the article
A noun that is accompanied by a noun in the possessive case normally shouldn't get the article i (however the article is sometimes written for poetic reasons).

So we have to take into account that a noun in the possessive can be translated with either an indefinite or a definite article:
 * coa ohtarwa  "a house of a soldier"/"the house of a soldier"

 * coa i ohtarwa  "a house of the soldier"/"the house of the soldier"

Formation
We discuss each of the numbers separately:

Singular
The basic ending is -va after vowels and  -wa after consonants.

Most words simply add this ending:
 * elda "elf" → eldava

 * aran "king" → aranwa

Singular Exceptions: Penultimate + Vowel

 * Words that end on a vowel and of which the penultimate syllable is short (see ../Phonology/), lengthen the final vowel before adding -va:
 * tyalië "play" → tyaliéva

 * oromë "hornblower" → oroméva

 * tano "crafstman" → tanóva

 * Words of two syllables that contain the diphthong -ui in the first syllable and that end in a vowel, also lengthen this vowel before adding the ending:
 * huinë "gloom" → huinéva

 * tuima "sprout" → tuimáva

(but e.g. quinga "bow" doesn't contain the diphthong  ui because  qu stands for cw).

Words that have a stem-form in a vowel (../I-stems/ and ../U-stems/) use this stem-form:
 * curo "device" → curuva

 * lómë "night" → lómiva

Words that have a stem-form in a consonant use their basic form and not the stem-form:

 * fion "hawk" → fionwa (stem-form  fiond-)

 * tirios "burg" → tirioswa (stem-form  tiriost-)

 * amil "mother" → amilwa (stem-form  amill-)

 * toron "brother" → toronwa (stem-form  torn-)

 * seler "sister" → selerwa (stem-form  sell-)

 * henet "window" → henetwa (stem-form  henets-)

 * talan "floor" → talanwa (stem-form  talam-)

Singular Exceptions: -ss

Words with a stem-form on -ss:
 * nís "woman" → nisseva (stem-form  niss-)

 * lis "honey" → lisseva (stem-form   liss-)

Words with a stem-form on -c:
 * filit "little bird" → filiqua (stem-form  filic-)

 * nelet "tooth" → nelequa (stem-form  nelc-)

 * quesset "pillow" → quessequa (stem-form  quessec-)

Words with a long vowel that is shortened in the stem-form:
 * tál "foot" → talwa (stem-form  tal-)

 * nér "man" → nerwa (stem-form  ner-)

Plural
The ending is -iva:
 * macil "sword" → maciliva

(note: this ending forms a diphthong when the noun ends in -a, -o or -u)
 * elda "elf" → eldaiva

Plural Exceptions:

Words ending in -ë drop this  -ë and have  -íva as ending:

 * lassë "leaf" → lassíva

Words ending in -ië drop this  -ië and have  -íva as ending:

 * mornië "darkness" → morníva

Words ending in -i (or with a stem-form in  -i) also get  -íva. Any preceding long vowel can be shortened:

 * tári "queen" → táríva

 * tári "queen" → taríva

 * lómë "night" → lomíva

Dual
The dual is regular: u-duals get -va, t-duals get  -wa:
 * ciryat "a pair of ships" → ciryatwa (nom.sing.:  cirya)

 * aldu "a pair of trees" → alduva (nom.sing.:  alda)

Partitive Plural
When the nominative partitive plural ends in -lli, the possessive ends in  -lliva:
 * toron "brother" → torolli →  torolliva

 * macil "sword" → macilli →  macilliva

When the nominative partitive plural only has a single l before the final i then the possessive ends in -líva:
 * cirya "ship" → ciryali →  ciryalíva

 * sarat "sign" → sarateli →  saratelíva

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Possessive/

title: Quenya/Possessive


text:
Quenya/Dative

Usage
The dative is used for the indirect object.
 * i nér anta i parma i eldan  "the man gives the book to the elf"

The word order is free because we can always recognize the indirect object by its ending:
 * i nér anta i eldan i parma "the man gives the elf the book"

 *  i eldan i nér anta i parma "to the elf the man gives the book"

 * i nér i eldan anta i parma "the man, to the elf, gives the book"

Some verbs can have an indirect object without a direct object:
 * i vendi liltar i aranen  "the girls dance for the king"

The verb apsen- "remit, forgive" has a direct object in the dative:
 * i aran apsenë i neren  "the king forgives the man"

The preposition rá "on behalf of, for" is used with the dative:
 * i orco tullë rá Sauronden  "the orc came on behalf of Sauron"

Impersonal verbs
The dative is also used for the recipient of certain impersonal verbs:
 *  i seldon óla aiwion "the boy dreams about birds"

(see also: ../Special Verbs/)

Formation
We discuss each of the numbers separately:

Singular
The basic ending is -n after vowels and  -en after consonants.

Most words simply add this ending:
 * aran "king" → aranen

 * tári "queen" → tárin

 * vendë "girl" → venden

Words that have a stem-form use this stem-form:
 * nís "woman" → nissen (stem-form  niss-)

 * curo "device" → curun (stem-form  curu-)

 * lómë "night" → lómin (stem-form  lómi-)

Plural
The ending is -in:
 * macil "sword" → macilin

(Note: this ending forms a diphthong when the noun ends in  -a ,  -o or  -u)
 * elda "elf" → eldain

Exceptions:
 * Words ending in -ë drop this -ë and have  -ín as ending:

 * lassë "leaf" → lassín

 * Words ending in -ië drop this -ië and have  -ín as ending:

 * mornië "darkness" → mornín

 * Words ending in -i (or with a stem-form in -i) also get  -ín:

 * tári "queen" → tárín

 * lómë "night" → lómín

Dual
The dual is regular:
 * U-duals get -n:

 * aldu "a pair of trees" → aldun (nom.sing.:  alda)

 * In t-duals the final -t is replaced by  -nt:

 * ciryat "a pair of ships" → ciryant (nom.sing.:  cirya)

 * aranet "a pair of kings" → aranent (nom.sing.:  aran)

(Note: these words are the only Neo-Quenya words that end in more than one consonant)

Partitive Plural
We always add -n to the nominative partitive plural:
 * ciryali "some ships" → ciryalin (nom.sing.:  cirya)

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Dative/

title: Quenya/Dative


text:
Quenya/Ablative

Usage
The ablative corresponds to the preposition "from".

So it is used for origins that involve motion:

 * tuluvan i ciryallo  "I shall come from the boat"

or for the originator of something given:

 * tuvunes i malta i cundullo  "he received the gold from the prince"

The ablative is also used with following words:

The verb ruc- "fear", to express what is "feared":

 * i hína runcë i huinello  "the child feared the shadow"

The preposition et "out, out of":

 * i fëa tullë et i olpello  "the spirit came out of the bottle"

Singular
The basic ending is -llo after vowels and  -ello after consonants.

Most words simply add this ending:
 * lassë "leaf" → lassello

 * tári "queen" → tárillo

 * vendë "girl" → vendello

 * aran "king" → aranello

 * atar "father" → atarello

 * sarat "sign" → saratello

Words that have a stem-form use this stem-form:
 * nís "woman" → nissello

 * curo "device" → curullo

 * lómë "night" → lómillo

'Exceptions:'
 * Words ending in -l contract with the ending:
 * menel "heaven" → menello

 * Providing no duplicate words arise, endings in -r,  -n,  -s lose this final consonant before adding  -llo:
 * rómen "east" → rómello

 * tavas "woodland" → tavallo

When using these rules you have to look at the final letter of the stem-form (and not at the final letter of the nominative):
 * talan "floor" → talamello (stem-form  talam-)

 * nén "water" → nello (stem-form  nen-)

The ablative of contracted stems (see ../Stem-forms/) doesn't use the stem-form but the nominative singular:
 * haran "leader" → harallo (stem-form  harn-)

Doubled L-stems also use the nominative singular:
 * amil "mother" → amillo (stem-form  amill-)

(For these nouns, the genitive and ablative singular are identical.)

Plural
The ending is -llon after vowels and  -illon after consonants.
 * mindon "tower" → mindonillon

 * elda "elf" → eldallon

(note: sometimes the plural endings -llor and  -illor are seen, but these are not preferred. They may have something to with nouns having an -r plural form.)

'Exceptions:'
 * Words ending in -l contract with the ending:

 * macil "sword" → macillon

 * Doubled L-stems use the nominative singular:

 * amil "mother" → amillon (stem-form amill-)

Dual

 * U-duals get -llo onto the nominative dual plural of the noun:

 * aldu "a pair of trees" → aldullo (nom.sing.:  alda)

 * In t-duals the final -t is replaced by  -lto:

 * ciryat "a pair of ships" → ciryalto (nom.sing.:  cirya)

 * aranet "a pair of kings" → aranelto (nom.sing.:  aran)

Partitive Plural
We add -llon or  -llo to the nominative partitive plural of the noun: (the ending -llon is preferred, and again sometimes  -llor is seen.)
 * ciryali "some ships" → ciryalillon/ciryalillo (nom.sing.:  cirya)

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Ablative/

title: Quenya/Ablative


text:
Quenya/Allative

Usage
The allative corresponds to the preposition "towards" (and this is frequently abbreviated to "to").

So it is used for destinations:
 * lelyuvan i ciryanna  "I shall go to(wards) the boat"

or for a direction in which the action is performed:
 * quentes Elendilenna  "he spoke to(wards) Elendil"

 * lenden ostonna  "I went to town"

The preposition "into" is translated by mir followed by a nominative:
 * lenden mir osto  "I went into town"

The allative is also used with following verbs:
 * caita- "lie", to express whereupon the subject "lies":

 * i cirya caita i falmannar  "the ship lies upon the waves"

 * tulya- "lead", to express whereinto the subject "is lead":

 * tulyan i nér i taurenna  "I lead the man into the forest"

Singular
The basic ending is -nna after vowels and  -enna after consonants.

Most words simply add this ending:
 * aran "king" → aranenna

 * tári "queen" → tárinna

 * vendë "girl" → vendenna

 * háno "brother" → hánonna

Words that have a stem-form use this stem-form:
 * nís "woman" → nissenna

 * curo "device" → curunna

 * lómë "night" → lóminna

Exceptions:

Words ending in -n contract with the ending:

 * mindon "tower" → mindonna

Words ending in -l change  l +  nna into  -lda:

 * menel "heaven" → menelda

When using these rules you have to look at the final letter of the stem-form (and not at the final letter of the nominative):
 * talan "floor" → talamenna (stem-form  talam-)

 * nén "water" → nenna (stem-form  nen-)

The allative of contracted stems (see ../Stem-forms/) doesn't use the stem-form but the nominative singular:
 * haran "leader" → haranna (stem-form  harn-)

Doubled N-stems also use the nominative singular:
 * olwen "branch" → olwenna (stem-form  olwenn-)

Plural
The ending is -nnar after vowels and  -innar after consonants.
 * macil "sword" → macilinnar

 * elda "elf" → eldannar

Doubled N-stems use the nominative singular:

 * olwen "branch" → olwennar (stem-form  olwenn-)

Exception: Words ending in -n contract with the ending:

 * mindon "tower" → mindonnar

Dual
U-duals get -nna:

 * aldu "a pair of trees" → aldunna (nom.sing.:  alda)

In t-duals the final -t is replaced by  -nta:

 * ciryat "a pair of ships" → ciryanta (nom.sing.:  cirya)

 * aranet "a pair of kings" → aranenta (nom.sing.:  aran)

Partitive Plural
We add -nnar or  -nna to the nominative partitive plural:
 * ciryali "some ships"

 * ciryalinnar/ciryalinna (nom.sing.: cirya)

 * falmali "some (crested or foaming) waves"

 * falmalinnar (nom.sing.: falma)

(Note: The ending -nnar is preferred.)

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Allative/

title: Quenya/Allative


text:
User talk:Fiddle~enwikibooks

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You cannot mark "noncommercial" image as GFDL. GFDL allows all uses, including commercial. You also write that it's "freely distributable" - this may mean that modification of this image is not allowed. All GFDL work may be altered freely.

I'm sorry, but Wikibooks cannot accept such images. According to new rules, every "noncommercial" images have to be deleted. If it is possible to change license of these images, please do it. --Derbeth talk 22:47, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Now everything is ok - the only problem was "noncommercial" condition in description of this image. CC-BY-SA 2.5 is license accepted by Wikibooks. --Derbeth talk 08:58, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Fiddle~enwikibooks


text:
Quenya/Locative

Usage
The locative corresponds to the prepositions "in", "on" and "upon".

It is always used for places:
 * ëan coassë  "I am in a house"

 * i ciryamo ëa i ciryassë  "the sailor is on the ship"

 * i aiwe háma olwassë  "the bird sits upon a branch"

or for a moment or period in time when something happens:

 * utúlien i lómissë  "I have come in the night"

There are two situations in which we don't use the locative:
 * The preposition "into" is translated by mir followed by a nominative:

 * nér vantanë mir i mallë  "a man walked into the street"

 * The preposition "in" can also be used to denote a condition or feeling someone has, in that case we use the preposition mi (or  mí, this is short for  mi +  i):

 * nér vantanë mi mornië  "a man walked in darkness"

 * nér vantanë mí ringa  "a man walked in the cold"

Singular
The basic ending is -ssë after vowels and  -essë after consonants.

Most words simply add this ending:
 * aran "king" → aranessë

 * tári "queen" → tárissë

 * vendë "girl" → vendessë

 * háno "brother" → hánossë

Words that have a stem-form use this stem-form:
 * sar "pebble" → sardessë (stem-form  sard-)

 * curo "device" → curussë (stem-form  curu-)

 * lómë "night" → lómissë (stem-form  lómi-)

Singular Exceptions
Words ending in -s contract with the ending:

 * arquilis "desert" → arquilissë

Words ending in -t only get  -së as ending to make  -tsë:

 * ecet "short sword" → ecetsë

Words ending in -l change  l +  ssë into =  -ldë:

 * menel "heaven" → meneldë

Words ending in -n change  n +  ssë into =  -ndë:

 * cemen "earth, soil" → cemendë

Words that in the nominative end on -ssë don't have a locative case, when a locative would be needed they use the preposition  mi:
 * Víressë "April" → mi Víressë

Stem-forms show quite a lot of exceptions in this case (see ../Stem-forms/):
 * The locative of contracted stems doesn't use the stem-form but the nominative singular:

 * haran "leader" → harandë (stem-form  harn-)

 * Doubled S-stems simply add -ë to the stem-form:

 * falas "beach" → falassë (stem-form  falas-)

 * T-stems that add -s also follow this rule:

 * henet "window" → henetsë (stem-form  henets-)

 * C-stems are changed as follows:

 * quesset "pillow" → quessexë (stem-form  quessec-)

 * But nelet uses the rule of the T-stems in this case:

 * nelet "tooth" → neletsë (stem-form  nelc-)

 * M-stems use the nominative instead of the stem-form:

 * talan "floor" → talandë (stem-form  talam-)

Plural
The ending is -ssen after vowels and  -issen after consonants.

 * macil "sword" → macilissen

 * elda "elf" → eldassen

Plural Exceptions
In the plural the different exceptions generally aren't used, only when a word would end on -sissen (or  -cissen) is the ending shortened: Words ending in -s:

 * arquilis "desert" → arquilissen

Doubled S-stems:

 * falas "beach" → falassen (stem-form  falas-)

T-stems that add -s:

 * henet "window" → henetsen (stem-form  henets-)

C-stems:

 * quesset "pillow" → quessexen (stem-form  quessec-)

 * nelet "tooth" → neletsen (stem-form  nelc-)

Dual

 * U-duals get -ssë:

 * aldu "a pair of trees" → aldussë (nom.sing.:  alda)

 * T-duals get -së:

 * ciryat "a pair of ships" → ciryatsë (nom.sing.:  cirya)

 * aranet "a pair of kings" → aranetsë (nom.sing.:  aran)

Partitive Plural
We add -ssen or  -ssë to the nominative partitive plural:
 * ciryali "some ships" → ciryalissen/ciryalissë (nom.sing.:  cirya)

(but the ending -ssen is preferred)

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Locative/

title: Quenya/Locative


text:
Quenya/Instrumental

Usage
The instrumental corresponds to the preposition "with":
 * técantë tecilden  "they are writing with a pen"

But not all uses of the preposition "with" correspond to an instrumental, only when the underlying meaning is "with the help of" or "by means of" this case is used.

For example the sentence: In this sentence we mean that they were together with an elf, not that I was using an elf to see them better.
 * cennenyet as elda "I saw them with an elf"

Sometimes the instrumental corresponds to the English preposition "through":
 * lassi lantar i súrinen  "leaves fall through the wind"

In the passive voice (see ../Syntaxis/) the instrumental is also used for the agent and in English the agent is expressed by the preposition "by".

Except for the instrumental the preposition "with" can be translated into Quenya in several ways: Ownership: arwa/arwë with a genitive:

 * nauco arwa harmo "a dwarf with a treasure"

"together with": as (used with a singular)/  yo (used with plural, dual):

 * matin as atarinya "I eat with my father"

 * matin yo nildonyar "I eat with my friends"

Also in this meaning the prefix ó- is used with personal pronouns:

 * lenden ósë i ostonna "I went with her to town"

The complete list is:

 * óni "with me"

 * ólë "with you"

 * ómë "with us"

 * ótë "with them"

 * óta/ót "with it"

 * ósë/ósa "with him/her / it"

Singular
The basic ending is -nen. So after vowels this case is equal to the dative with an extra -en
 * tári "queen" → tárinen

 * vendë "girl" → vendenen

When a noun ends on -r or  -n, we add  -nen:
 * atar "father" → atarnen

 * elen "star" → elennen

or has a stem-form on -m,  -r or  -n:

 * talan "floor" → talamnen (stem-form  talam-)

 * olos "dream" → olornen (stem-form  olor-)

The instrumental of contracted stems doesn't use the stem-form but the nominative singular:
 * toron "brother" → toronnen (stem-form torn-)

When a noun or its stem-form ends on -p,  -c or  -t, we apply nasal inversion (see Quenya/Past Tense):
 * ecet "short sword" → ecenten

 * filit "little bird" → filincen (stem-form  filic-)

When a noun ends in -l, -"den" is attached to make the ending  -lden:
 * macil "sword" → macilden

Other nouns ending on a consonant have -enen as ending:
 * arquilis "desert" → arquilisenen

 * nís "woman" → nissenen (stem-form  niss-)

Plural
In the plural we always add -en to the dative:

 * macil "sword" → macilin →  macilinen

(note: this ending forms a diphthong when the noun ends in -a,  -o or  -u)
 * elda "elf" → eldain →  eldainen

The exceptions are regular once you know the dative:
 * lassë "leaf" → lassín →  lassínen

 * mornië "darkness" → mornín →  mornínen

 * tári "queen" → tárín →  tárínen

 * lómë "night" → lómín →  lómínen

Dual
In the dual we also add -en to the dative:
 * aldu "a pair of trees" → aldun →  aldunen (nom.sing.:  alda)

 * ciryat "a pair of ships" → ciryant →  ciryanten (nom.sing.:  cirya)

 * aranet "a pair of kings" → aranent →  aranenten (nom.sing.:  aran)

Partitive Plural
When the nominative partitive plural ends in -lli, the instrumental ends in  -llinen:
 * toron "brother" → torolli →  torollinen

 * macil "sword" → macilli →  macillinen

When the nominative partitive plural only has a single l before the final  i then the instrumental ends in  -línen:
 * cirya "ship" → ciryali →  ciryalínen

 * sarat "sign" → sarateli →  saratelínen

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Instrumental/

title: Quenya/Instrumental


text:
Quenya/Respective

Usage
This case is sometimes called the mystery-case because so little is known about it.

We only have a few examples by Tolkien himself, so different authors have used it in different ways. But as Helge Fauskanger notes:  'As these authors didn’t get nightly visits from Tolkien, we can regard these uses as acceptable' .

Most authors use it as a nephew of the locative case: To replace the preposition "by" when it is used to describe a place:

 * i coa i taures "the house by the forest"

This means "the house next to the forest", a locative has a slightly different meaning:

 * i coa i tauressë "the house in the forest"

To replace the preposition "at" when it is used to describe a place:

 * i calta i rambas "the picture at the wall"

This means "the picture hanging on the wall", a locative again has a slightly different meaning:
 * i calta i rambassë "the picture on (top of) the wall"

Formation
The formation is however well known, because Tolkien explained in a letter to Mr. Plotz: the respective can be formed by changing the final –n of the dative into an –s:
 * ciryas "by a ship" (dative: ciryan)

 * ciryais "by ships" (dative: ciryain)

 * ciryalis "by some ships" (dative: ciryalin)

The u-duals are formed in the same way:
 * aldus "by a pair of trees" (dative: aldun)

The t-duals however have a special ending –tes:
 * ciryates "by a pair of ships"

>> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Respective/

title: Quenya/Respective


text:
User talk:LJ

Image:Violinanatomy.JPG
You did not specify license of this image. I must warn you that it will be deleted if you don't fix it.

If you want to learn which licenses you can use, see Image use policy and Image copyright tags. --Derbeth talk 22:58, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:LJ


text:
User talk:Gks

Image:Pump pipe circuit.gif
You did not specify license of this image. You should have seen warning on upload page: we delete image with unknown source and copyright status. Please fix images you uploaded. Read Image use policy and Image copyright tags or leave me a message if you have any questions. --Derbeth talk 23:00, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Please stop uploading images with unknown copyright status. Such images are dangerous to Wikibooks, because authors of copyrighted work may sue Wikibooks. Wikibooks does not accept any images you can find in the Internet. If you are adding public domain or GFDL images, insert copyright tag and link to source. If you are author of images you uploaded, mark them with PD-self or GFDL-self. If you continue ignoring warnings, you will be temporarily blocked from editing Wikibooks. If you have any questions, please leave me a message. --Derbeth talk 17:00, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gks


text:
User:Betsythedevine

Jeez, I already have userpages on Wikipedia and meta...

title: User:Betsythedevine


text:
User:Dalelyles

My name is Dale Lyles. I am a media specialist at Newnan Crossing Elementary School in Newnan, Georgia. I think Wikijunior has a lot of potential to meet some of Georgia's curricular needs as we begin to implement our new curriculum, the [Georgia Performance Standards].

title: User:Dalelyles


text:
User talk:Demipomme

People's Tactics/Units
Can you explain me why did you remove copyright warning from this page without giving any reason? --Derbeth talk 23:26, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure where to reply to your question so I'm doing it here. I've put a post in the discussion page of People's Tactics/Units giving a link to the permission I have been granted. Should I not remove copyright infringement notices myself? If not, then I'm sorry and won't do it again. I would point out that I have not seen anywhere in the wikibooks documentation anything telling me not to remove copyright infringement notices myself. And they're ugly.

 * Ok, that's fine. But using "Summary" box often prevents from many cases of misunderstanding. If you wrote f.e. "removing copyvio - I have permission" there would be no problem. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks. --Derbeth talk 00:17, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Sorry about the misunderstanding and thanks for the clarification. Cheers!

Sorry about the misunderstanding and thanks for the clarification. Cheers! Demipomme 09:09, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Demipomme


text: User talk:71.134.171.158

title: User talk:71.134.171.158


text:
User talk:Bgeswein

Image:Frequency.jpg
You did not specify license of this image. I must warn you that it will be deleted if you don't fix it.

If you want to learn which licenses you can use, see Image use policy and Image copyright tags. If you have any questions, leave a message on my talk page. --Derbeth talk 00:01, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bgeswein


text:
Talk:Linear Algebra/OLD/Vector Spaces

I think it would be a good idea to remove the mention of the word "dimention" in the discussion of "some familliar fields" as this word has not yet been defined.

Vector
I wonder why a vector in R^2 is written as two numbers above each other and not just as (x,y), which is conform with the definition of R^2. Maybe it is because of the interpretation as a "column vector", which by the way is formally not an element of R^2?Nijdam 21:49, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linear Algebra/OLD/Vector Spaces


text: User talk:71.105.204.19

title: User talk:71.105.204.19


text:
User talk:71.134.52.194

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

title: User talk:71.134.52.194


text:
Talk:Engineering Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans

I don't agree...this is going to be VERY thorough, not general as in the CPU design book.

Comments
You should expand the scope and include things like: 1) typical sound spectra; 2) typical sound levels and loudness values; 3) influence of installation. The description of the sound generation mechanisms should be restricted to the ones that apply to electronic cooling fans.  Use the material in the last presentations on influence of inflow.  Include link to B&K application notes?  --me513

Fans are not just for computers
I would keep this as a seperate entry, referenced in the "how to build a quiet PC" entry, for those who want to know a little more about the theory. Quiet PC builders will probably be largely content with practical guidance. Also, as the title suggests...merging in this information may obscure it from those interested in cooling things other than PCs


text:
User:Admrboltz

– – – – – – ———— – ———— – – – – ———— – – – – ———— – ———— – ———— – – – – – –

 * "Dere is a boy, and his name is Paul. And Mommy like Paul. He's a nice, nice boy but he's-uh gay, and he only like two sings. He like-uh ass...and Judy Garland, and dass all. What kind of-uh life is it like dat? Dere's-uh ass, and ass-over-the-rainbow, and dass all." -- Margaret Cho, impersonating her mother.

Hello everybody - new here on WikiBooks, but been on Wikipedia for awhile longer stats | en-Wiki | es-Wiki | simple-Wiki | wikibook | commons | WikiTravel | CellWiki | SeattleWiki | Memory α

title: User:Admrboltz


text:
Software Engineers Handbook/Language Dictionary/Ruby

Ruby
The wikipedia entry is here.

Type
Ruby is a full objected-oriented language.

Execution Entry Point

General Syntax

Comments
Pound signs (#) designate comments in Ruby
 * 1) this is an inline comment.  Everything after the # is a comment.

Variable Declarations
Ruby does not require explicit variable declarations. The following is perfectly valid Ruby code x = 5 (x:5) z = x+3 (z:8) string = 'a string' (string:'a string') longstring = string+string (longstring:'a stringa string')

Yet there are times when a declaration of type is necessary. In the following operation the array named 'objects' must be defined as an array so it can use the << method of adding elements to the array objects = [] objects << "my 1st array elements" objects << "my 2nd array element" objects << 52+3 (objects: ["my 1st array element", "my 2nd array element", 55])

Method Declaration/Implementation

Scope

Conditional Statements

Looping Statements

Output Statements

Error Handling/Recovery

Containers

Algorithms

Garbage collection

Physical Structure

Tips

Web References

Books and Articles


text:
Cookbook talk:Rice Vinegar

rice vinegar is made from rice. it is not white vinegar with sugar and salt!

Sober 01:48, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Rice Vinegar


text:
User talk:Chrishu~enwikibooks

Erm... that was confusing..

Aight, you go ahead and edit the mage section :) I'll edit it in tomorrow or something. Lol. --Dragontamer 03:11, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chrishu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chrishu~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:06, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:48, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrishu~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Islam Way of Life

This could potentially be a very interesting be a very interesting book, but I must warn the author of some potentially devestating facts:

 * 1) Wikibooks policy expects all books to maintain a Neutral point of view (NPOV). You can teach about islam, for example, but you can't say that islam is the best, or anything similar
 * 2) Wikibooks policy forbids using wikibooks as a soapbox for religious propaganda. Again, you can teach about islam, but you can't "sell" it to the readers here.
 * 3) Wikibooks is not allowed to be used as a personal webhost, or as a central hub for an external group of people.

With all these things in mind, if you stick to the facts, and you make this book educational, but don't make it propaganda, then things will be fine. If you violate these policies, this book could potentially be deleted. For more information, check out this page: WB:WIW. Let me know if you have any questions about this, and good luck with your new book. --Whiteknight T C E 04:26, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

The author do closely read and follow the policies and guidelines, but if you have any suspicions, please check out the previous history of this module (the one with "impending doom"), and warn the author for more devastating facts. 212.123.21.178 09:19, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * This page looks ok to me so far, i'm just warning the author(s) here. Several other books on religious topics have been deleted recently, so i think it's a good idea to warn new books on the topic. --Whiteknight T C E 12:28, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

The English standard used in this book is terrible! Note to author, please improve English standard!

Great! The author(s) can learn beter English and Arabic at the same time. I expect a complete grammar check, as soon as all chapters are in place. 80.201.38.28 20:56, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
Should that not be "better" and Islam with a capital I? I am not a believer in any specific religion, but from a 'neutral point of view' they exist, and were probably vital to human survival. I agree this is not the place for proselytizing but explaining. For this reason I have included some historical context. I am not sure about the 'bad English' comment since there is no central authority such as the Académie Français or the Academia Real to dictate 'proper' rules of English (or American?) grammar. If it is reasonably comprehensible, then why worry? IMHO English grammar is merely DESCRIPTIVE never PRESCRIPTIVE. Anyway minor errors of interpretation lead us to new understandings (which is why I reject the 'final absolute truth' of scriptural authority). For spelling I use Firefox, because I am a bit dyslexic, and it includes a multi-lingual spell checker as well as editor support. Timpo (talk) 09:48, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Copyright Questions
I am taking a look at this Wikibook, and it seems a little bit too extensive so far. Let me just say that the tone of the book and the kind of material that has been presented here reminds me of copyright violations I have seen in the past.

Please, when you add material to Wikibooks, make sure you read the disclaimer at the bottom of the edit window that clearly requests that you make sure all contributions are compatable with the GNU Free Document License, including copyright permission to republish under the GFDL if you are doing more than a fair-use quotation of copyrighted material. If you need help to determine exactly what is Fair-use, please make a request on Staff Lounge.

I'm not making a specific acusation, but just a friendly reminder. If you make original contribution, those are especially welcome here. Also try to keep a Neutral Point of View (NPOV) as well, which I know with philosophy books is especially difficult to maintain. It can be done, but you have to work extra hard to accomplish the task. --Rob Horning 01:39, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Bloated Book
This book is too big. Why should we jump back and forth between six different part of this book just to know the 15 points of this book? The 15 points is the in the 3x5 diagram.

I see two problem: 1) Too much narative and debates 2) The Author(s) does not know what he is talking about.

These cause the third problem 3) No body read it, despite of its potential value.

Solutions: 1) Finish the satelites books first, such as: Koranic Law of Nature, Islam Way of Life/Practising Islam and Islam/Legislation to have a better grip on the subject at hand.

Note: Islam/Scholarship and Islam/Civilization is not very important to finish for the moment.

2) Rewrite and split the book into two:
 * 1) Islam Way of Life contains <43KB texts that covers all 15 points from the original book, no debates, no excessive naratives.
 * 2) Islam/Way of Life:Terms covers list of terms, its usages in Quran and debates around them. This is NOT a chapter from the first book, but rather a launch pad for each terms used in the book.

It will be the 3rd time re-write. The 1st version was voted for speedy deletion and the 2nd version was too bloated. 212.123.21.178 14:55, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Labeling
Quran and probably all ideological books have inherent tendency to labels people. Therefore Quran and probably all ideological books could be threats to world peace.

It is the fact of life that there is crimes. But does crimes makes a man criminal? Or more specifically is there really a creature we can call criminal?

One could argue that there is no such thing can be called as criminal. Everybody, with no exceptions, can do better than what he/she did yesterday. So, there will be no cruel punishment, such as death penalty, torture, or concept of hell is allowed. This way, humanity is one and moving towards one direction, the good for all. Therefore, all religion and idiological book that depends on dividing and labeling humanity are by itself invalidated.

If you agree with me, this book or later re-write can be geared towards this understanding as well. I mean, as long as people shows respite and good intentions, we should never labels them. I think Quran supports the understanding that God forgiveness is accessible to everybody without exceptions. Also fairness (read: justice) and freedom is possible to have balance.

It will be a shame of me, if I did not praise this book approach that believing in another faith (Christian, Jews) does not automatically mean a terminal destiny (hell). I wish there are more moslems have this way of thinking.

82.210.108.152 01:12, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

In fact, we use different approach to write books: 80.201.47.242 07:12, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Inclusive-Fundamentalist point-of-view for Islam Way of Life book
 * 2) This is as close as possible to Koranic point-of-view, including simplistic labeling of people
 * 3) Inclusive = all abrahamic religions are just branches of Islam
 * 4) Fundamentalist = good-versus-evil, black-white view of the world in "Straight-Path" and "Legal-Limit" chapters.
 * 5) Fundamentalist = 2-dimensional (text-book) view of Islam
 * 6) Exclusive-Charismatic point-of-view for Islam Way of Life/Practising Islam book
 * 7) This is as close as possible to the modern organized Official Islamic Institutions from Saudi Arabia
 * 8) Exclusive = that the only people who will go to heaven will be Moslems, and all other religion are corrupted
 * 9) Charismatic = we can rationalize every actions and saying of prophets and saints.
 * 10) Charismatic = multi-dimentional-view of Islam, where right-or-wrong is based on who do it
 * 11) For the book Islam/Legislation we just report the facts

Koran or Quran?
When to use "Koran" term and when "Quran"?
 * Background: The term Koran is used in "Koran for Dummies" book of Sohaib Sultan. That book share many principles and intentions with this book as well as similar examples. The term Koran and Moslem are registered in some english spelling checker, such as Microsoft word.
 * Usage: So, Koran is English word while Quran is not. We can use it in two ways:
 * 1) To smooth the reading flow: use only English words.
 * 2) To explain interpretations: Similar to the use of "Muslim" for an original not-yet-interpreted word, "Moslem" for the popular modern interpretation of "Muslim" and "Peaceful" for the interpretation chosen by this book.

In any doubt, follow the standard Wikipedia style 158.169.131.14 07:35, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Converts
I was actually offended when I read the section about converted Muslims. I am a revert to Islam. I cover and wear the hijab, my hair does not show. I am studying Arabic and learning to recite Qur'an. I attend Jummah and volunteer at my masjid. I have had the opportunity to teach BORN MUSLIMS about their own religion, due to there lack of knowledge and education. I must agree the other does not know what they are talking about on this aspect. Do you think one would change his/her whole life and be rejected by family, friends and most of American society without basing it on what they feel is concrete knowledge? Reverts are not ill-educated about Islam or the Prophet Muhammad (saaw). 70.89.107.251 (discuss) 22:19, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed, The reference to Moslem Converts in Islam Way of Life/Spirituality is not appropriate, we will replace it in the future. I would suggest to replace it with Monotheist. I would go even further to split the book into two: Monotheist Manual (the first shahada) and Moslem Manual (the second shahada). I will base the first book from the first Quran chapter, and the second book from the last (no.114) Quran chapter. We could then greatly simplified the book using the terms and icons similar to Electronic Device manuals, such as Danger icon, Warning icon, etc... 194.7.217.7 (discuss) 08:57, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Done. "Converts" has been replaced with "apprentice". This is to follow Sufi/Tareeqa apprentice, Journeyman and Master. We need to find way to show that assenter are not stable and very much influenced by her peers, while believers are strong and stable. We need to show as well that The Assent is about basic monotheism, common ground of several major religions, while Believe is a specialize, stronger-relationship-bond and faithful. 91.176.70.22 (discuss) 02:56, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Islam version of 7 deadly sins
These book amazingly explains Islam version of Jewish/Christian 10 commandments. Any chances to included Islam version of Christian 7 deadly sins? These could actually the labels, such as "mushrik" is bigots as reference to deadly sin of bigotry. Much like "Islam", it is not a proper noun. It is possible that is not a discriminatory or politically motivated label (although Chapter 4 explain tha Koran explicitly mentions that it is open to such abuse). As a plus, you can also include the antonym of original sin, the "lively kindness".

title: Talk:Islam Way of Life