text:
Talk:A-level Mathematics/OCR/C2

Formulae
I think the page could be tidied up if the formulae section was a separate page. It's worst on this page, but I imagine that the other pages will need a lot of formulae, which will clutter them up as well. --Krackpipe 19:25, 12 March 2006 (UTC) When the unit is finished

Will Do Keytotime 21:01, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

I'm gonna finish C1 then I'm gonna finish sequences and series and intergration. Then I will make a problem page. Keytotime 18:30, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:A-level Mathematics/OCR/C2


text:
False Friends of the Slavist/Map pravo (n.)

See also *pravo (adv.). pravo (n)


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Techniques/Building Services

Plumbing
You must consider condensation issues when running plumbing through straw bale walls. Consider normal technique for plumbing adobe.

Electrical
It is common to simply use Romex as one would do in a normal wood frame construction. Due to the compact nature of straw bales, there is less of a risk of fire than in traditional building with the air gaps (assuming there is plaster sealing inside and outside of walls). per Austin, Texas, U.S.A Code: 3605.7.10 Electrical. All wiring within or on bale walls must meet all provisions of the National Electrical Code adopted by this jurisdiction. Type NM or UF cable may be used, or wiring may be run in metallic or non-metallic conduit systems. Electrical boxes must be securely attached to wooden stakes driven a minimum of 12 inches into the bales, or an acceptable equivalent.

Heating and Cooling
(Please help write this section by pressing the edit button and adding your knowledge)

While thinking about the design of your foundations, or more specifically the foundation pad, this is the time to think about heating options. One of the options gaining popularity is in-floor radiant heating. You can read more about that in the section on heating.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Serpensortia

Overview
Serpensortia makes a snake appear from the end of the caster's wand. Malfoy uses this spell against Harry during a duel in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

Extended Description
This is a major plot point, as it is the first time that Harry has had to use Parseltongue in front of wizards, and while we have seen it before, neither he nor we understand its significance.


text:
D Programming/Libraries/Phobos

Phobos is a standard runtime library for D programming language.

D Modules

 * std
 * std.base64
 * std.bitarray
 * std.boxer
 * std.compiler
 * std.conv
 * std.ctype
 * std.date
 * std.demangle
 * std.file
 * std.format
 * std.gc
 * std.intrinsic
 * std.math
 * std.md5
 * std.mmfile
 * std.openrj
 * std.outbuffer
 * std.path
 * std.process
 * std.random
 * std.recls
 * std.regexp
 * std.socket
 * std.socketstream
 * std.stdint
 * std.stdio
 * std.cstream
 * std.stream
 * std.string
 * std.system
 * std.thread
 * std.uni
 * std.uri
 * std.utf
 * std.zip
 * std.zlib
 * std.windows
 * std.linux
 * std.c
 * std.c.stdio
 * std.c.windows
 * std.c.linux

title: D Programming/Libraries/Phobos


text:
User talk:Sjc~enwikibooks

Sjc, thank you for yer contributions to the EQ Wikibook. Am curious, how far we'll get...*wave* --Kajolus 22:45, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sjc. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sjc~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:45, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sjc~enwikibooks


text:
D Programming/GUI libraries/DFL

To be completed.

DFL (D Forms Library) is a Win32 windowing library for the D language.

Maybe, there will be a linux version as well.

Its main website is at http://www.dprogramming.com

DFL Modules

 * dfl
 * /dfl.all/
 * /dfl.application/
 * /dfl.base/
 * /dfl.button/
 * /dfl.clipboard/
 * /dfl.collections/
 * /dfl.colordialog/
 * /dfl.combobox/
 * /dfl.commondialog/
 * /dfl.control/
 * /dfl.data/
 * /dfl.drawing/
 * /dfl.environment/
 * /dfl.event/
 * /dfl.filedialog/
 * /dfl.folderdialog/
 * /dfl.fontdialog/
 * /dfl.form/
 * /dfl.groupbox/
 * /dfl.label/
 * /dfl.listbox/
 * /dfl.listview/
 * /dfl.menu/
 * /dfl.messagebox/
 * /dfl.notifyicon/
 * /dfl.panel/
 * /dfl.picturebox/
 * /dfl.registry/
 * /dfl.richtextbox/
 * /dfl.socket/
 * /dfl.splitter/
 * /dfl.tabcontrol/
 * /dfl.textbox/
 * /dfl.timer/
 * /dfl.tooltip/
 * /dfl.treeview/
 * /dfl.usercontrol/

title: D Programming/GUI libraries/DFL


text:
D Programming/GUI libraries/DUI

DUI is a D language graphical user interface wrapping (or binding) GTK+ graphical toolkit

Its main website is at http://dui.sourceforge.net/

title: D Programming/GUI libraries/DUI


text:
Orthopaedic Surgery/Biomechanics/General Concepts

The various components of the musculo-skeletal apparatus interact in a coordinated fashion. We have evolved the highly adaptive ability for upright movement through our environment freeing the upper extremities to engage in independent activities that advance the agenda of the organism;  first and foremost to promote our own survival or the survival of our immediate family. The upper limbs through the anatomic features of the shoulder,elbow, forearm, wrist and hand have evolved for tool use and seemingly toward the efficient use of hand held projectiles, to affect defense and to obtain food.

The axial skeleton and core muscle groups provide protection to our vital energy processing viscera and the avenues of communication and nutrient distribution that are represented by our,nervous, endocrine and vascular systems. The central muscle groups anchored to the axial skeleton affect a coordination of the whole by  overcoming momentum and enabling the fluid transfer of potentional energy to kinetic energy via the levers of our extremities in a fashion enabling force speed and accuracy in our activities. The resultant process can be beautiful, awe inspiring or comical.

Our skeletal adaptation to bipedal locomotion was accompanied by a bowl shaped pelvis with resultant narrowing of the pelvic outlet. This in association with enlarging brain size necessitated parturition at a relatively immature state of development to enable the passage of the fetal skull through the birth canal. A protracted post natal dependency would logically have required mating humans to remain mutually supporting to enable division of labor to support the dependant newborn. Thus it seems our biomechanical characteristics lead to social implications from the beginning of our existence as a species.


text:
User:Alexie~enwikibooks

Y HALO THAR

title: User:Alexie~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Isometric Pixel Art/Introduction

Where did the pages go?
I have summarized a few pages onto this one page, containing two lines of text, and assimilated other pages into.. well, other pages. No information has been lost, just moved. Please try to clean up text and write professionally to avoid having to rearrange information to create a nice flow of relating informate. :) Jellocube27 00:33, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Isometric Pixel Art/Introduction


text:
User:Konulu~enwikibooks

Konulu is a constant user of wikipedia, his wikipedia acount can be reached here please leave messages on the wikipedia account

title: User:Konulu~enwikibooks


text:
Macroeconomics/Supply and Demand

Supply and Demand: A Model of a Competitive Market
This chapter will focus on competitive markets, a market in which there are many buyers and sellers of the same good or service. The key feature of a competitive market is that no one individual's actions have a noticeable effect on the price at which the good or service is sold. When a market is competitive, its behavior is well described by the supply and demand model. Because many markets are comparative, the supply and demand model is very useful one indeed. There are five key elements in this model:
 * The demand curve
 * The supply curve
 * The set of factors that cause the demand curve to shift and the set of factors that cause the supply curve to shift.
 * The market equilibrium, which includes the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity
 * The way the market equilibrium changes when the supply curve or demand curve shifts

title: Macroeconomics/Supply and Demand


text:
Talk:XML - Managing Data Exchange/OpenOffice.org & OpenDocument Format

Proposed Changes:

1.Include short description of what each Open Office components are capable of.

2.Link to each component on the OpenOffice website.

3.Update the future of OpenDocument to include more recent news updates.

4. Include portions of the OpenDocument code within the chapter as source of reference.

Editorial Board - Viji:

I like all your suggestions. Just remember to make the changes that we are making to all chapters (many will not apply to this chapter, but some like putting the learning objectives in a table will apply).

Is there an example of code or an exercise that would be appropriate for this chapter?

Professor
The chapter could do with some links to other sites (eg OASIS, Star Office) Say a bit more about the zip archive as this is something interesting about OO that most people will not know about. What is it?

In class, show people how to get OO and give them a demonstration of using it with a MS Office product (eg Word), and show the XML files, etc created by OO.

A good exercise would be to get the class to create an OO document and then use XSLT to transform it.

Rtw 18:27, 26 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outreach/Christian Drama

a. Human Videos
Characterizing a song by acting it out with expression and movement.

b. Worship Skits/Drama Sketches
Usually only about 10 minutes long or less and have a specific message.

c. Pantomime
The art of telling a story without speech. Can be one person or a group. Can also be put to music as a Human Video.

d. Dramatic Reading/monologue, duet, or group
Can be a monologue, duet or group reading using the voice to emphasize and show emotion.

e. Musical/Drama
Usually longer than a skit. Could have different acts or scenes. Songs are added to go with the theme.

3. Describe how each of these areas of Drama can be used to reach people for God.
They can be used in Youth Rallies, Worships, and Youth Groups. Also, for going out to other churches, schools and youth groups as an outreach. For example, say you had a play about the nativity it would explain to people Jesus' birth. When acting it out, people who have never heard of Jesus, could easily find out about how the wise men came to see Jesus in just a play.

a. Pantomiming used as an outreach ministry should never be a guessing game. It should clearly state the theme.
=== b. It is important to remember that in dramatic work, the thought comes first. Let your eyes respond first, then the rest of your face and head, and finally, the rest of your body. This is called motivated sequence. ===

a. Ad-lib
To make up stage business or conversation.

b. Backstage
The area behind the stage. This part of the stage is invisible to an audience.

c. Cross
The movement by an actor from one location to another onstage.

d. Cue
An action or event that is a signal for somebody to do something.

e. Downstage
The part of the stage toward the footlights.

f. Exit
To leave the stage.

g. Getting up in part
Memorizing lines.

h. Holding it
Keeping perfectly still.

i. Left and Right
Terms used to refer to the stage from the actors point of view when facing the audience.

j. Left Center and Right Center
The portion of the stage just to the left or right (from the actor's point of view) of the center of the stage.

k. Set
The scenery for an act or scene.

l. Tempo
The speed with which speech and action move a play along.

m. Upstage
The area of the stage away from the footlights, toward the rear of the stage.

n. Upstaging
Improperly taking attention away from an actor who is the focus of interest.

8. As a group create one drama presentation and perform it.
| /Completed Honors


text: Template:Chinese (Mandarin) Traditional TOC


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/Traditional/Lesson 2

=Lesson 2: 今天你忙不忙？=

Lesson 2 contains a dialogue of two students discussing their classes for the day.

Dialogues 1 & 2: Characters
Dialogue 1

Dialogue 2

Dialogues 1 & 2: Pīnyīn/English
Dialogue 1

Dialogue 2

Vocabulary
Note!: Visit this lesson's Stroke Order subpage to see images and animations detailing how to write the following characters. Audio files of the words are linked from the pīnyīn when available. Problems listening? See media help.

Affirmative-negative questions
Example: Q: 他是不是東尼?
 * Tā shì bu shì Dōngní?
 * Is he Tony?

A: 是. or 不是.
 * Shì. or Bú shì.
 * Yes (he is). or No (he isn't).

Example: Q:今天艾美忙不忙?
 * Jīntiān Àiměi máng bù máng?
 * Is Amy busy today?

A: 她很忙. or 她不忙.
 * Tā hěn máng. or Tā bù máng.
 * Yes, she's busy. or No, she's not busy.

Sentences using yǒu [有]
Example: 我有三節課.
 * Wǒ yǒu sān jié kè.
 * I have three classes.

Example: 今天她們没有一節課.
 * Jīntiān tāmen méi yǒu yì jié kè.
 * They don't have any class today.

it:Cinese: Lezione 2

title: Chinese (Mandarin)/Traditional/Lesson 2


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/Traditional

''This book teaches Standard Mandarin Chinese. For other uses, see Subject:Chinese language.''

Welcome to the Mandarin Wikibook, a free Chinese textbook on the Standard Mandarin dialect. This page links to lessons using Traditional Han characters 繁體中文 (used in Taiwan, Macau and Hong Kong). There is also a Simplified Han Character Version 简体中文 available (used in mainland China).

Related Books 相關書籍
臺語（閩南語）]]
 * Written Chinese
 * Guide to Writing East Asian Languages 漢字書寫
 * Cantonese (Yue) 廣東話（粵語）
 * Chinese Phrasebook (on WikiVoyage)
 * [[Min Nan|Taiwanese (Southern Min / Min Nan)
 * Cookbook:Cuisine of China

Contributors

 * Contributor's Guide
 * Textbook Planning 課文安排
 * Development History
 * Contributors 撰文者

Chinesisch Enseignement du chinois Corso di cinese Chiński

title: Chinese (Mandarin)/Traditional


text:
User talk:Cynical

I DO NOT check or maintain this page. Please use my Wikipedia talkpage instead.

title: User talk:Cynical


text:
Chinese (Mandarin)/Print version

REVISION

= Table of contents =

Introduction / 介绍

 * About Chinese 中文是什么？
 * How to use this textbook 如何使用这本教科书
 * How to study Chinese 如何学习中文

Pronunciation

 * Pinyin Pronunciation Basics
 * Pronunciation of Initials
 * Pronunciation of Finals
 * Possible Initial-Final Combinations
 * Using Tones

= Text / 课文 =
 * Hello! - 第一课：你好！
 * Are you busy today? - 第二课：今天你忙不忙?
 * An introduction to particles - 第三课：助词
 * Word order and Verbs - 第四课：词序和动词
 * Measure words/Counters - 第五课：量词
 * More on interrogatives - 第六课：疑问助词
 * What's this? - 第七课：这是什么?
 * Who is she? - 第八课：她是谁?
 * Where is the railway station? - 第九课：火车站在哪里？
 * A telephone conversation - 第十课：电话
 * Taiwan 第十一课：台湾
 * Mandarin is so interesting! 第十二课：汉语真有趣
 * I'm sick 第十三课：我生病了
 * Drinking tea 第十四课：喝茶
 * China 第十五课：中国
 * Basic Chinese History 第十六课：基本中国历史

Introduction / 介绍
= Pronunciation =

= Lessons / 课程 =

Appendices / 附录
= License =

title: Chinese (Mandarin)/Print version


text: Template:Print version

title: Template:Print version


text:
Talk:French/Grammar/Pronouns

Untitled
Ils y en sont ne veux rien dire. Il faut dire "Il en existe plusieurs". 89.48.250.14 17:00, 13 March 2006 (UTC) Changed to "Il y en a." - O.K.? Il y en a est égamenet OK. tu es hagindaz ? non ? Merrheim 17:16, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Non. Use ~ to sign with your IP/name and date. I also recommend that you sign up for an account. Thanks for your help, 89.48.250.14 and Merrheim. --Hagindaz 23:46, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

§ /* Possessive Pronouns */ le tienne, le sienne
Should not 'le tienne' and 'le sienne' here be 'la tienne', 'la sienne'? Or are they irregular like that? —Auk 06:31, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the lively response! Anyway, I verified the terms in a dictionary, and I've now corrected them to la. —Auk 23:07, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

relative order of direct & indirect non-3rd-person pronouns
I am trying to say in French, "If he recommends you to me, then you shall be my friend."

Should the condition (underlined) be #1 or #2?
 * 1) s'il vous me recommande
 * 2) s'il me vous recommande

The article gives no help here. Order rules says only
 * When a sentence uses the indirect object pronouns me, te, nous, and vous with the direct object pronouns le, la, and les, me, te, nous, and vous go first.
 * il me le donne. - He gives it to me.

But I need to use me and vous together, me as I.O. and vous as D.O., and the article says nothing about such cases. Nor do others I've consulted. This needs clarification.

--Thnidu (discuss • contribs) 16:08, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * According to "A Comprehensive French Grammar" by Glanville Price (ISBN 978-1-4051-5385-0) section 208, it is not possible to combine any two of me, te, se, nous or vous in the same sentence. He says "In circumstances that might seem to require one of these impossible constructions, the direct object pronoun follows the ordinary rule but the indirect object is expressed by à (to) and a disjunctive pronoun." This would produce "il vous recommande à moi" based on your example. (Your complete example sentence being a conditional contruction using si may require different tenses in French, which is a separate issue unrelated to the content of this page which we need not discuss here.) I don't know if this is the kind of depth of knowledge you would expect to find in a book of this level or not. Hope this helps anyway. Recent Runes (discuss • contribs) 18:11, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:French/Grammar/Pronouns


text:
Georgia Water/Best Practices/Simulation

River Basin Models

 * RiverWare (commercial, about $3000 USD academic use)
 * Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP, commercial, about $1000 USD academic use)
 * MIKE Basin (commercial, about $3000 EUR)
 * RIBASIM (River Basin Simulation Model, commercial)

Hydrology Models

 * List of models

Statistical Models

 * List of models

Training Courses
See section on Education.

title: Georgia Water/Best Practices/Simulation


text:
User:Fool4jesus

Hola, soy norteamericano (de Virginia, cerce de Washington, D.C.) pero me encanta el idioma Español. He estado hablando el Español desde Julio 2004. Siempre trato de aprender lo más posible sobre Español, y usarlo cuando pueda. Contribuyo al libro Spanish con las cosas que aprendí en mis estudios de este idioma bonita.

Hi, I´m a North American (from Virginia, near Washington, D.C.) but I love the Spanish langauge. I have been studying Spanish since July, 2004. I always try to learn as much as I can about Spanish, and use it whenever I can. I contribute to the book Spanish with the things I've learned in my studies of this beautiful language.

title: User:Fool4jesus


text:
Anim8or - Basics to Advanced/QuickStart

Part 1: Modeling
Welcome to Part 1 of the Anim8or - Basics to Advanced QuickStart. This first part of the Quickstart will show you how to model the shape of a Gingerbread man. Many of you may be familiar with the Gingerbread man modeling from the Blender book. This article will show you how to do exactly that with similar results, except we are going to use Anim8or, not Blender. So go ahead and open up Anim8or and let's start.

Creating the Body
First off, start up the Anim8or program. Make sure you are in front view by pressing (NUM – 5). Also make sure you are in Object Edit mode by pressing (SHIFT – A).

We are going to draw a cube, which we will edit to form our gingerbread man. Select the Cube draw button by pressing (SHIFT – C). Move your mouse pointer to the workspace and click and drag the mouse to form a cube. Next, get the Select tool (A) and double-click the cube you just drew. Make sure the location of the cube is in the center by setting the x, y, and z parameters to 0. Then in the Divisions, set them to 2 in each direction. For the size, set x, y, and z to 20. Then hit the OK button:

title: Anim8or - Basics to Advanced/QuickStart


text:
D Programming/Phobos

To be completed.

Phobos is a standard runtime library for D programming language.

Std: Core library modules

 * /std/
 * /std.base64/
 * /std.bind/
 * /std.bitarray/
 * /std.boxer/
 * /std.compiler/
 * /std.conv/
 * /std.cover/
 * /std.cpuid/
 * /std.ctype/
 * /std.date/
 * /std.demangle/
 * /std.file/
 * /std.format/
 * /std.gc/
 * /std.intrinsic/
 * /std.math/
 * /std.md5/
 * /std.metastrings/
 * /std.mmfile/
 * /std.openrj/
 * /std.outbuffer/
 * /std.outofmemory/
 * /std.path/
 * /std.process/
 * /std.random/
 * /std.regexp/
 * /std.signals/
 * /std.socket/
 * /std.socketstream/
 * /std.stdint/
 * ../std.stdio/
 * /std.cstream/
 * /std.stream/
 * /std.string/
 * /std.system/
 * /std.thread/
 * /std.traits/
 * /std.typetuple/
 * /std.uni/
 * /std.uri/
 * /std.utf/
 * /std.zip/
 * /std.zlib/
 * /std.c.fenv/
 * /std.c.locale/
 * /std.c.math/
 * /std.c.process/
 * /std.c.stdarg/
 * /std.c.stddef/
 * /std.c.stdio/
 * /std.c.stdlib/
 * /std.c.string/
 * /std.c.time/
 * /std.c.wcharh/
 * /std.windows/
 * /std.linux/
 * /std.c.windows/
 * /std.c.linux/

Phobos official website

title: D Programming/Phobos


text:
D Programming/D Forms Library

To be completed.

DFL (D Forms Library) is a Win32 windowing library designed by Christopher E. Miller for the D language.

Maybe, there will be a linux and xBSD versions as well.

Licence is unknown so far.

Simple DFL Example
import dfl.all; int main {   Form myForm; Label myLabel; myForm = new Form; myForm.text = "DFL Example" ; myLabel = new Label; myLabel.font = new Font( "Verdana", 14f); myLabel.text = "Hello, DFL World!" ;   myLabel.location = Point(15, 15); myLabel.autoSize = true ; myLabel.parent = myForm; Application.run(myForm); return 0; }

Dfl: Core library modules

 * /dfl/
 * /dfl.all/
 * /dfl.application/
 * /dfl.base/
 * /dfl.button/
 * /dfl.clipboard/
 * /dfl.collections/
 * /dfl.colordialog/
 * /dfl.combobox/
 * /dfl.commondialog/
 * /dfl.control/
 * /dfl.data/
 * /dfl.drawing/
 * /dfl.environment/
 * /dfl.event/
 * /dfl.filedialog/
 * /dfl.folderdialog/
 * /dfl.fontdialog/
 * /dfl.form/
 * /dfl.groupbox/
 * /dfl.label/
 * /dfl.listbox/
 * /dfl.listview/
 * /dfl.menu/
 * /dfl.messagebox/
 * /dfl.notifyicon/
 * /dfl.panel/
 * /dfl.picturebox/
 * /dfl.registry/
 * /dfl.richtextbox/
 * /dfl.socket/
 * /dfl.splitter/
 * /dfl.tabcontrol/
 * /dfl.textbox/
 * /dfl.timer/
 * /dfl.tooltip/
 * /dfl.treeview/
 * /dfl.usercontrol/

See
DFL Home Page

title: D Programming/D Forms Library


text:
User talk:Epsilon

For help on German (book or grammar, whichever you're at) feel free to contact me via jabber:

Epsilon@jabber.ccc.de

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Epsilon. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Epsilon~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Epsilon


text:
User talk:155.52.45.151

--Derbeth talk 22:09, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:155.52.45.151


text:
Arimaa/Other Hostages

Horse-by-elephant hostages
As with a camel hostage, a horse or smaller piece hostage will be effective only if it gives the hostage-holder a usable advantage in free pieces. This is usually not the case when an elephant holds a horse hostage, as occurred in. Silver's alignment is poor; the gold elephant is a far greater threat to the silver camel than is the silver elephant to the gold camel. Gold would gladly trade his horse for the silver camel, which if it came east would be at risk in both c3 and f3. If a silver horse advanced first, it could be threatened by the gold camel. If the silver elephant simply left the f6 trap, Gold would have a strong attack which might decimate Silver's eastern forces.

For now, the gold elephant is better placed on e6 than on f5. If e6 and e7 were clear, the silver elephant could pull the gold horse onto e7 and then perhaps fork it between traps. That is a possible advantage of positioning a hostage-holder behind the trap.

In some cases, a horse-by-elephant hostage might be converted to a frame or passed off to the camel. If Silver were better positioned for that, it would be urgent for Gold to prevent a solid frame or horse-by-camel hostage, which could free the silver elephant while the gold elephant remained stuck defending the horse.

Gold should be prepared to go after an aggressive silver piece or clean up in the east, but if Silver plays gingerly, Gold might swarm the f6 trap and rotate out his elephant.

While a horse-by-elephant hostage is usually a bad long-term strategy, it may be an effective tactic if the hostage-holder can make a quick second threat. In, Silver threatened both gold horses, and Gold did not have time to defend both traps.

A horse-by-elephant hostage may be effective on a depleted board. In, such a hostage tied up the three strongest remaining pieces. Up two-to-one in dogs, Silver can dominate the rest of the board. If a second gold horse or dog remained, this hostage would likely be weak.

Horse-by-camel hostages
The camel is usually the piece that should fight an enemy horse long term. This may lead to a horse-by-camel hostage, which could be very strong or very weak. The "defending" elephant can usually dislodge a hostage-holding camel, at least temporarily; what happens next depends on what other pieces are nearby. If the hostage can be held without the direct support of the friendly elephant, the hostage-holder may have a large elephant mobility advantage.

These diagrams illustrate different horse-by-camel hostage configurations, with Gold holding such a hostage in the southwest. A gold piece is always on a4, to keep the gold camel mobile if it is pulled to b4. In the first diagram, the b2 cat allows for capture of the hostage if the silver elephant goes to b4. Gold should leave d3 clear, so that the camel could finish that capture on d3 rather than c4, where it would then be at risk in c6. The b2 cat and empty d3 square indirectly protect Gold on the b-file; if the silver elephant could afford to step west and begin the next turn on b4, things could quickly turn around. As things stand, this may be a solid hostage position for Gold, whose own elephant is the strongest free piece for the time being.

Without a gold piece securely on a4, the hostage would be weak. With ec4we Mb3n ha3e, Silver could have her elephant on c4 and her horse on b3; if the gold camel were frozen on b4, Silver would have strong capture threats in c3, and could also flip the gold camel to c5 with a threat to capture it in c6. The a4 square is thus crucial to such a hostage position, and Gold does well to have a horse on that square, as a weaker piece could be pulled away more easily.

In the second diagram, the hostage horse is on b2 rather than a3; this has implications if the camel is dislodged. For instance, if the silver elephant moved to b4, it would then threaten to capture the camel due to false protection. On the other hand, a hostage on b2 could be pushed to b1 if the camel needed to back away from the elephant. The camel might then move the hostage to c1, or back to b2 when feasible.

In the third diagram, the hostage is held behind the trap. On c2, the gold camel is less exposed and thus perhaps easier to support. A camel-held hostage behind the trap can thus be strong, if the area is reasonably well-fortified and the opposing army is not well-developed on the wing.

In all of these cases, the defender should consider bringing in more pieces if possible. In the last example, Silver could own the trap if she could take b3 in addition to d3. In the first, the silver camel might displace Gold's linchpin horse.

When a camel holds a hostage behind a trap, the defender might be no better off if he pushes the camel away. In, Gold's 13g left him even more vulnerable in the west, where Silver then advanced a horse and dog. When the gold elephant left f7, the silver camel retook the hostage. When an elephant goes to a corner to try to free a hostage, there is also a risk that both pieces will get blockaded.

By tying up the gold elephant and horse while other strong pieces were tied up in the west, Silver's horse-by-camel hostage at right enabled silver dogs to control f3. This led to a.

In, Gold's central horse-by-camel hostage allowed him to defend goal in the west, as no additional silver piece could reach the southwestern corner. This would be a strong position for Silver if he could displace the gold camel, but Gold to move can blockade c3 and perhaps move toward a northwestern goal threat. With the southern forces tying each other down, the western gold horse is the strongest free piece; the silver elephant must stay beside c3, and cannot freeze the gold horse in place. One way or another, this horse can soon accomplish something.

After 15s of, Silver in effect had a strong horse-by-camel hostage, despite the proximity to the gold elephant and camel. Advanced gold rabbits shielded the silver camel and horse. Silver kept e7 and f7 occupied, so that the gold rabbit could not get off of f6 and threaten goal.

After 17s of, the hostage-holding camel was itself on a5, and supported by silver pieces which had advanced further. Gold could unfreeze and move his horse, but couldn't really threaten the silver camel. Gold might advance more pieces toward c6, but that could further weaken his own home defense.

Cat and dog hostages
A smaller piece may also make a valuable hostage, if its elephant is the only piece which can defend it. In, the silver camel held a gold dog hostage behind c6. The silver elephant is free to pull gold pieces toward f6. The gold elephant can't defend both traps.

However, Silver's situation is less than ideal, for a few reasons. The silver camel does not currently threaten either gold horse. Even if the gold elephant leaves the c6 trap, Silver will have to clear space for the dog capture. Gold is well-developed in the east, and might create a double-threat on that wing. A dog-by-camel hostage is not ideal, but may still give the hostage-holder an elephant mobility advantage.

In, Gold's early dog-by-horse hostage allowed for an elephant-camel attack on f6. An early camel advance would often result in a camel hostage, but the southeastern hostage gave Gold time to advance his camel and support it with rabbits.

title: Arimaa/Other Hostages


text: User talk:131.251.0.53

title: User talk:131.251.0.53


text:
French/Appendices/Hints and common errors

Quoi, qui, que, ce que, ce qui, est-ce que, and qu'est-ce que

 * "Quoi" is used as the object of a preposition (i.e.: à, avec, après), except for variations of "de". Example: Sais-tu à quoi il pense ? = Do you know what he's thinking about?

 * "Qui" can be most easily translated as "which", or "who". It's used when referring to a specific item or person doing something (La chienne qui aboye), or when asking a question (as in "Qui aimes-tu").

 * "Que" can be used to compare something (he eats more than she eats = il mange plus qu'elle mange), or to be used to say "that" ("he thinks that he eats a lot" = "Il pense qu'il mange beaucoup").

 * "Ce que", and "ce qui" are indefinite pronouns. Ce que is used to describe something the subject of a sentence is modifying, and ce qui describes the subject of a sentence.

This is what he wants = "C'est ce qu'il veut". This is something that satisfies me = "C'est ce qui me satisfait."

 * "Est-ce que" is a phrase placed in front of a statement to make it a question.

"Tu l'aimes" = "You like it." In French, when describing the subject of a sentence in relation to another object or place, the subject goes first, then the pronoun of the object or place being related to, and then the verb. "Est-ce que tu l'aimes ?" = "(Do) you like it?"

 * "Qu'est-ce que" means "what is it that", as in "What is it that he likes to eat" (Qu'est-ce qu'il aime manger ?) Similarly, "Qu'est-ce qui" means "What is it that", however, just like "ce qui", it refers to a subject instead of an object. ("Qu'est-ce qui aboye ?" = "What's barking?")

tout, tous, toute, toutes
"Tout", when used as an adverb, always stays invariant. When used as an adjective, it agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies (like every adjective in French).

Example: Ils sont sales means "They are dirty". Adding tout gives a complementary information, different whether tout is employed as an adverb or an adjective: Ils sont tout sales. (Adverb: invariant). Insists on the adjective sale. In this case tout means "very" or "completely". Ils sont tous sales. (Adjective: agree with "sales" in gender and in number). Insists on the fact that they are ALL dirty.

false cognates / faux amis

 * Actuel vs. actual: "actuel" in French means "current". e.g. les événements actuels = current events
 * Sale vs. sale: in French, "sale" is an adjective that means "dirty". eg. des sales = some dirt
 * Travailler vs. to travel: "travailler" is a verb meaning to work, not "to travel".
 * La librairie vs. library: "librairie" denotes bookstore.
 * La figure vs. figure: "figure" in French means face.
 * La journée vs. Journey: "journée" in French means day.

ap/em/porter
apporter - to bring an object (only things you can carry) to a place where you are. J'ai apporté mon livre à la fête.

emporter - to take an object (only things you can carry) to a place different than your current location. J'ai emporté ma boisson à la fête.

Best way to remember is that 'take' has an 'e' so the verb starts with an em.

a/em/mener
amener - to bring an animal, vehicle or a person with you to a place where you are. Si vous venez nous voir, amenez votre frère.

emmener - to take an animal or a person with you somewhere different than your current location. Il a emmené ses enfants à l'école.

Same formula to remember: 'take' has an 'e' so the verb starts with an em.

passer

 * passer la journée which means to spend the day (doing something. a longer example is needed here)
 * se passer which means for something to happen, or to occur.

pronominal verbs with meanings different than regular version

 * s'en aller
 * s'en vouloir
 * s'enfuir
 * s'envoler

plus
Plus can mean "more" or "not anymore" according to the context. The final "s" is pronounced only when it means "more"

capitalization
The days and months names are always in lowercase (unless they begin a sentence):
 * lundi = Monday.
 * janvier = January.

bon vs bien

 * Bon is usually an adjective. It modifies a noun and means good, suitable, efficient, correct, useful, etc.
 * Bien means good, right, healthy, etc., and can often be used as an adjective with the verb être. It usually is an adverb, however.

an vs année

 * an is a masculine noun meaning "year".
 * année is a feminine noun meaning "year".

jour vs journée, matin vs matinée, soir vs soirée
The masculine forms tend to simply refer to the time. The feminine forms tend to place an emphasis on the length of time, or the time passed.

 * jour is a masculine noun meaning "day"
 * journée is a feminine noun meaning "day"

 * matin is a masculine noun meaning "morning"
 * matinée is a feminine noun meaning "morning". Used in phrases like "faire la grasse matinée" which means to have a lie in

 * soir is a masculine noun meaning "evening"
 * soirée is a feminine noun meaning "evening". You might use to talk about an evening party/get-together.

negation other that ne... pas in detail
Pas can be substituted for other words to give a negation new meanings. For instance, ils ne regardent pas - "They are not watching" can become:
 * Ils ne regardent plus - They are no longer watching
 * Ils ne regardent guère (formal) - They are barely watching
 * Ils ne regardent jamais - They are never watching

c'est vs il est, ce vs il vs one
C'est means this is. For example, saying C'est un chien would mean 'This is a dog'.

Il est means it is. For example, saying Il est malade means 'He (or it) is sick'. Note that est is the il form (present) of the verb être, which is a 3rd group verb.

ger and cer verbs
Verbs like manger(to eat) and commencer(to start) have a slight deviation in the nous form for these verbs.

For verbs like manger, which use the ger ending, add an e to the nous form in front of the g of 1st group verbs - that is nous mangeons.

For verbs like commencer, which use the cer ending, add a cedilla(Ç) to the c in commencer - that is nous commençons.


text:
User:Spongefeld~enwikibooks

de:User:Spongefeld

title: User:Spongefeld~enwikibooks


text:
Java Programming/Reflection/Overview

Reflection is the mechanism by which Java exposes the features of a class during runtime, allowing Java programs to enumerate and access a class' methods, fields, and constructors as objects. In other words, there are object-based mirrors that reflect the Java object model, and you can use these objects to access an object's features using runtime API constructs instead of compile-time language constructs. Each object instance has a  method, inherited from, which returns an object with the runtime representation of that object's class; this object is an instance of the , which in turn has methods that return the fields, methods, constructors, superclass, and other properties of that class. You can use these reflection objects to access fields, invoke methods, or instantiate instances, all without having compile-time dependencies on those features. The Java runtime provides the corresponding classes for reflection. Most of the Java classes that support reflection are in the. Reflection is most useful for performing dynamic operations with Java — operations that are not hard-coded into a source program, but that are determined at run time. One of the most important aspects of reflection is dynamic class loading.

Example: Invoking a method
One way to understand how reflection works is to use reflection to model how the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) loads and executes a class. When you invoke a Java program

and pass it command line arguments, the JRE must Steps 2, 3, and 4 can be accomplished with Java reflection. Below is an example of loading the  class, locating the   method, (see Understanding a Java Program) and invoking it via reflection.
 * 1) put the command line arguments arg0 ... argn into a [] array
 * 2) dynamically load the target class named by fully-qualified-class-name
 * 3) access the      method
 * 4) invoke the   method, passing the string array main.

This code is obviously more complicated than simply calling

However, the main Java runtime does not know about the  class. The name of the class to execute is a runtime value. Reflection allows a Java program to work with classes even though the classes are not known when the program was written. Let's explore what the  method is doing. The first statement at line 9 is an example of dynamic class loading. The  method will load a Java class and return an instance of  that results from loading the class. In this case, we are loading the class from the default package. We store the class object in the local variable ; its type is <?>. The second statement at line 10 simply creates a array with the four command line arguments we wish to pass to the   method of the   class. The third statement at line 11 performs a reflection operation on the  class. The  method is defined for the  class. It takes a variable number of parameters: the method name is the first parameter and the remaining parameters are the types of each of 's parameters. The method name is trivial: we want to invoke the  method, so we pass in the name. We then add a  variable for each of the method parameters. accepts one parameter ( so we add a single   element representing the String[]. The   method has a return type of  ; we store the result in a local variable named  . Finally, we invoke the method by calling the   method of the   instance. This method's first parameter is the instance to invoke on, and the remaining parameters are for the invokee's parameters. Since we are invoking a static method and not an instance method, we pass  as the instance argument. Since we only have a single parameter we pass it as the second argument. However, we must cast the parameter to Object to indicate that the array is the parameter, and not that the parameters are in the array. See varargs for more details on this.

The  method returns an   that will contain the result that the reflected method returns. In this case, our  method is a  method, so we ignore the return type. Most of the methods in this short  method may throw various exceptions. The method declares all of them in its signatures. Here is a brief rundown of what might throw an exception: In addition to these exceptions, there are also errors and runtime exceptions that these methods may throw.
 * will throw, if the named class cannot be located.
 * will throw, if the class could not be loaded due to the static initializer throwing an exception or a static field's initialization throwing an exception.
 * will throw
 * , if a matching method is not found, or is not public (use  to get a non-public method).
 * , if a security manager is installed and calling the method would result in an access violation (for example, the method is in the  package designed for internal use only).
 * may throw:
 * , if this method is invoked in a manner that violates its access modifiers.
 * for various reasons, including
 * passing an instance that does not implement this method.
 * the actual arguments do not match the method's arguments
 * , if the underlying method ( in this case) throws an exception.

title: Java Programming/Reflection/Overview


text:
Java Programming/Reflection/Accessing Private Features with Reflection

All features of a class can be obtained via reflection, including access to methods & variables. But not always see. Let us look at the following example:

Although the field and method are marked, the following class shows that it is possible to access the features of a class:

JUnit - Test Private methods
JUnit's are unit test cases, used to test the Java programs. Now you know how to test a private method using Reflection in JUnit. There's a long-standing debate on whether testing private members is a good habit ;There are cases where you want to make sure a class exhibited the right behavior while not making the fields that need checking to assert that public (as it's generally considered bad practice to create accessors to a class just for the sake of a unit test). There are also cases when you can greatly simplify a test case by using reflection to test all smaller private methods (and their various branches), then test the main function. With dp4j it is possible to test private members without directly using the Reflection API but simply accessing them as if they were accessible from the testing method; dp4j injects the needed Reflection code at compile-time.


text:
Java Programming/Reflection/Dynamic Invocation

We start with basic transfer object:

Following is the example for invoking method from the above mentioned to dynamically. Code is self explanatory. Conclusion: Above examples demonstrate the invocation of method dynamically using reflection.


text:
Java Programming/Reflection/Dynamic Class Loading

Dynamic Class Loading allows the loading of java code that is not known about before a program starts. Many classes rely on other classes and resources such as icons which make loading a single class unfeasible. For this reason the   is used to manage all the inner dependencies of a collection of classes. The Java model loads classes as needed and doesn't need to know the name of all classes in a collection before any one of its classes can be loaded and run.

Simple Dynamic Class Loading
An easy way to dynamically load a  is via the   class. This class can be used to load a  or a collection of classes that are accessible via a URL. This is very similar to the  parameter in the   executable. To create a, use the factory method (as using the constructor requires a security privilege):

Unlike other dynamic class loading techniques, this can be used even without security permission provided the classes come from the same Web domain as the caller. Once a  instance is obtained, a class can be loaded via the   method. For example, to load the class, one would:

Executing code from a  instance is explained in the Dynamic Invocation chapter.


text:
Proteomics

Proteomics
This is a textbook for teaching the principles and practice of proteomics for undergraduate students in the life sciences. The focus is on the analytical methods and data analysis for protein separation, quantitation and identification. We will begin with older methods (chromatography, electrophoresis) and move to more modern approaches (chips, for example) that are being used for high throughput proteomics.

This book conforms to the Guidelines for class projects and can be found under List of class projects.

Also view our developing Metabolomics book: Metabolomics

Table of Contents

 * 1) /Introduction to Proteomics/
 * 2) /Protein Sample Preparation/
 * 3) /Plant Proteomics about Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis/
 * 4) /Protein Separations - Chromatography/
 * 5) Protein Separations - Electrophoresis
 * 6) /Protein Separations - Centrifugation/
 * 7) /Emerging and Miscellaneous Proteomics Technologies/
 * 8) /Protein Identification - Mass Spectrometry/
 * 9) /Protein Primary Structure/
 * 10) /Post-translational Modification/
 * 11) /Protein - Protein Interactions/
 * 12) /Protein Chips/
 * 13) /Proteomics and Drug Discovery/
 * 14) /Biomarkers/
 * 15) /Experimental Protocols/
 * 16) /Contributors/

title: Proteomics


text:
Talk:Statistics/Summary/Range

effecient? k?
Is "efficient" used here to mean that meaningful conclusions can be made from a small number of samples?

Also, if someone was looking for the table of "k"s, what terms should they search for? TomCerul (talk) 14:50, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Statistics/Summary/Range


text:
C++ Programming As A Set Of Problems

WE THE WRITERS of this book want to address an area where it seems programming books make a big mistake. From what we've seen, programming tutorials and books for C++ (and other languages, for that matter) are organized in the same old way. They start with "basics" like variables and control flow, each chapter dedicated to a different part of the programming language. They teach the language, they just don't teach things that are absolutely fundamental to programming. Then there are other books who say that they don't just teach the language, they teach "real world" examples. These books tend to compact the language half, and add in chapters for user interface programming or network programming. Once again, this is not teaching exactly what is needed. It's good that they are spreading around knowledge, so that the reader knows a bit of useful skills that they can apply towards their program making. It's bad that they are compacting knowledge of the language, which is itself just as useful.

However, we are still missing something fundamental to programming. What does every programmer do, no matter what programming language, and no matter what task? They solve problems! Problem solving is a skill central to programming. The programmer could know every interface, every library in the world, but it would all come to nothing if they didn't know how to make their knowledge useful. You, as a programmer, not only need to know the language, in its entirety: quirks, oddities, and all, you need to know how to use that knowledge and apply it towards the problem.

So this is where we come in. We're going to take a different approach to teaching programming. It's true that we will teach the programming language C++. It's true that we may also spoil some of those joyful weekends we as programmers spent solving the problems we present in this book a year or two after we have learned to program. For that reason, we will leave the book with a list of "problems" for the reader, pointing to various articles about the problems, so that they to can experience joyful weekends making Tic Tac Toe programs or Sudoku Solvers, as it was these "weekends" that inspired some of us to teach C++ using them, because it's those times when you try new things without worrying about messing something up, and it's those times that new skills truly develop.

Another common thing that I've seen in C++ books is that they teach C before C++, even though they don't say it. C++, as you may have guessed, is derived from another programming language, C, but with many, many extensions, even innovations. Where as C could be taught in a single chapter of a book (and often is), C++ is likely to take up a good chunk of the book. The code in many books early on looks and acts like C code, without using good C++ conventions, yet it is these chapters that become permanently graven in the reader's mind (you'd be amazed how much these have an effect, even if you can't remember the paragraphs 5 minutes after you read them), as they are their first steps into programming. So, in the spirit of Accelerated C++ (a highly recommended commercial book), we will start out with C++ code, and finish with C++ code.

Compilers
 * Dev-C++ (uses the GCC compiler neatly)
 * MinGW (uses the GCC compiler)
 * Cygwin (uses the GCC compiler directly, you'll have to generate compile codes yourself (note: this also goes for MingW), you'll be helped with that ;-) )

These are free and open source, but you might still like to use a commercial compiler instead. As long as it is compatible with ANSI-C and/or ANSI/ISO C++, you won't have to worry much (although there is one compiler, which rumors say, is the least standards conforming compiler made by man). Otherwise just edit this book and add what worked for you. Suggested non-open source compilers are Microsoft Visual C++ or Borland C++.

Chapter 1, Covering The Basics
Your first problem: The Tower Of Hanoi. It might not sound exciting, but it makes a great introduction to programming. In this chapter we will make a program that solves the Tower Of Hanoi, showing us the individual steps it took to arrive at a solution. We will first decipher the problem, figure out a solution, then create the code. The exercise will teach you C++ basics such as functions, variables, conditional statements, formatted output, and containers. Your first program is truly one to be proud of.

/CGI Script program/
A program that outputs a simple HTML page onto the console screen.

title: C++ Programming As A Set Of Problems


text:
C++ Programming As A Set Of Problems/Chapter1

Introduction - Solving The Tower of Hanoi
The Tower of Hanoi is a fairly simple puzzle. It consists primarily of three poles and a set of rings. The rings are in different sizes, stacked from largest to smallest on the first pole. Your objective: to move all the rings to the second or third tower. Sounds simple? Rules: You can only move the top ring on a given tower, and you can't place larger rings on top of smaller rings. If you already know how to get a solution, you can skip the next part.

Let's start off with a simple version of Hanoi, it is from this version that we will base larger versions. Let's start with two ring Hanoi. I'm sure it shouldn't be a challenge for you to move two rings to the target location. We will call these rings #1 and #2. #1 is stacked on #2 on the first pole. We want to get both #1 and #2 to the second pole; so eventually, we will have to move #2 to the second pole. #2 is the bottom ring, so it can't be placed on top of anything else; the second pole has to be clear. So, from this, we formulate a solution. We move the #1 ring onto the alternate pole, then we move #2 on to the target pole, then move #1 back onto the target pole.

Now, let's move onto a larger example. How about 4 ring Hanoi. We will try to use some of the knowledge present in the previous example. First, we have to move the #4 ring onto the second pole at some time in the solution, and for that to happen, the second pole has to be empty. For #4 to be movable there can be nothing on top of it, so we have to stack #1, #2, and #3 on the alternate pole first. Now we can move #4 to the target pole and reassemble the tower on top of it.

The solution has gotten slightly more complex. We can't simply pick up #1, #2, and #3. We have to move them according to the same rules. So we apply the same pattern, #3 has to be moved to the alternate pole, and that pole has to be clear of rings with lower numbers than #3, meaning no #2's, or #1's. So, the alternate pole becomes our target pole, only we're moving less rings. See the pattern? Its called a recursive pattern. So, let's define a basic rule: To move n rings from pole a to pole b, using c as an alternate, first we move n-1 rings to pole c using the same rule, then we move the ring n to pole b, then we move n-1 rings back from pole c to pole b. Note that when n=0 we should do absolutely nothing. Now, let's turn this into a program.

Proudly, Your First Program
Open up your favorite text editor with a new file called "hanoi.cpp". This file will contain our source code.

First of all, we told ourselves that there is a recursive pattern. This pattern seemed to take four variables, n, a, b, c. We should give these slightly better names, perhaps, depth, from, to, and alternate. So, let's make a function. A function, as in math, is just a list of instructions for the computer to follow. It has a name, unlike in math where everything is named "f" or "x", which makes little to no sense. We will name our function "hanoi". Type or copy/paste into your text program the following:

Let's dissect this for a moment. The first part of the line is "void". What does this mean? Well, in reality, the first part of the line is the return type. This is what the function will return, which is what it will evaluate to, what its result is. A type just means a type of data, like a number, a letter, a string (which is a bunch of letters that make up sentences and stuff), or even our own data type (we will explore this later). The void type means nothing, literally, so this function doesn't have a result, it does some other thing, like output its result to us, instead of returning it. The second part of line is "hanoi", which, as you may have guessed, is the name of the function.

Then a pair of parentheses, "(" and ")", and within them is a set of arguments. You may have also guessed that these arguments are what we named earlier: depth, from, to, and alternate. They are separated by commas, which is logical. However, what is the int part, you may be wondering? Remember I said earlier that all data has a type. The int is a type that your compiler knows, it stands for integer. So, our four variables are integers, in that they represent negative or positive numbers. The depth is a number that represents the number of rings the system should be moving. The from, to, and alternate are all integers that specify what pole we are working with. Indeed, these could also be done with strings, which would allow the output to be more like "Move ring #3 from tower a to tower b", instead of "Move ring #3 from tower 1 to tower 2". We can, and will, do this later.

The next lines consist entirely of an opening bracket "{", and a closing bracket, "}". These two brackets show what is in the function, what the function does.

Now, we are going to start making up the function. Remember our rule? Part of it said that we should do nothing if n, or depth, is 0. So, let's do that first. Make a new line in between the brackets, and we will add in an if statement. An if statement consists of a few parts, mainly, it follows the following pattern:

You can note that the "..do something.." is only done if the "something" is true. In our case, the something is "depth is 0", and the do something would be to do nothing, as confusing as that sounds. Our code, then, is:

I can hear the screams already! You shout "Wait, that doesn't match the pattern! It's supposed to be on one line, not three!". Let me explain. You're allowed to put spaces and new lines anywhere, absolutely anywhere in the code, except in dumb places like between the "i" and the "f" in the "if", or inside the "depth". But in most other places, it's perfectly OK. So you might be asking, "Why bother?". There are notable benefits to spacing things out. It makes code more readable. You will find that as you get more experienced that more than two-thirds of your time is spent reading code you wrote at some other point in time, rather than writing code right there and then. You will spend lots of time finding mistakes, or computer bugs, in your code. So, it becomes essential that your code be easy to read.

All this being said, we should discuss the code. First of all, our "something" in the if statement is "depth == 0". You might be wondering why there are two equals signs instead of one. This is because using only one equals sign would change depth, "depth = 0" causes depth to become 0, and we lose whatever used to be the value of depth. Two equals signs denotes comparison, we are comparing depth to 0, and if it is true, we are going to execute the return statement, otherwise, we skip past everything contained in the curly brackets. The return statement causes the function to return immediately, meaning there is nothing more to be done in this function, so no more code is executed in that function. This is exactly what we want: if the depth is 0, then do no more, just go back up a level. Also note that the return statement has a semicolon at the end, yet the if statement does not. This is extremely important to remember: all statements, except for ones that use curly brackets, must end in a semicolon.

So, on to the next part. First things first, we move all of the rings above the nth ring to the alternate. So, basically, the function is calling itself to do this. Add in the following code:

You can see that we are calling the hanoi function again. Except, we've now swapped the alternate and the to, to represent the fact that we want to move all the above rings to the alternate pole, rather than onto the pole we are trying to move the bottom ring to. This is simple enough.

On to the next part. We have to move the nth ring from the from to the to. Let's decide how we're going to do this. We are not literally doing it in code—there is no Pole data and we are not moving Ring data between poles, we are simply issuing the command so that a human reader who had the three poles in front of him could do it himself. We will get into more advanced forms later. For now, add in the following code:

This is the code that will output our information. Let's dissect it. First, it starts with "std::cout". The "std::" part specifies that we are using something in the standard library. The standard library includes lots of useful things, and it comes with every implementation of C++. The "cout" part means we are using cout from the standard library, which stands for "Character-OUTput". The next part is "<<". This is called the format operator. It sends what's on the right into what's on the left. This operator is used almost exclusively for "std::cout", although, if you really wanted to, you could use it for your own purposes. The next part is "Move ring ". This simply means we're sending the text "Move ring " into std::cout, which will, in turn, come out for us to see.

Then you see another "<<", so we are sending more into std::cout, except this time, we're not sending in text that is to be replicated exactly, we are sending in depth, which means whatever the value of depth is, be it 17, 42, or 15843, it will be output that number. The next part is another piece of text. Again, notice that there is a space at the beginning. This is because when the program is outputting the 'depth', it doesn't add in spaces at the beginning and end, as that may not be what you want. So, you have to add in the spaces manually. The rest of the line may be easily deciphered; we are just outputting more information. The last part, however, is std::endl. Another thing from the standard library. "endl" stands for "end-line", it causes the line to end, and all the previous output to be sent to the screen.

Let's go onto the next part of our pattern. Now we have to move all the rings, which would now be on the alternate pole, back onto the target pole. For that, we use a similar command to what we used the first time:

We've swapped things around again. We are moving from the alternate pole to the target pole (named "to"), and we use the from pole as a new alternate pole. Lost in confusion? I hope not. Now that that is over with, the rings should all be on the right poles, so that is the end of our function. The completed function looks like this:

You can take notes on how I space things, as it's probably not how you did it in your text editor. You can see that for every "{" bracket, I indent things by four spaces. Again, this is a style choice, but it's commonly agreed upon that four spaces makes code look neat and tidy, while still allowing lots of code to fit on-screen at once.

The terror is not over yet! All we have is a function. We haven't told the computer what we want done with the function. We also forgot to include some header files, but we'll get more on that later. For now, let's add in the following code:

We made a new function, main, and it returns an integer. The main function is special, it specifies the entry point to your program. It takes two arguments. The first one we can figure out easily—it's another integer. The second one is slightly more confusing. "What is with the char** thing?" Well, a "char" stands for character. But the two stars changes this somehow. I can't entirely explain what this does at this point, it's fairly complex. For now, just be certain that it stands for the arguments passed into the function on the command line.

Let's jump into the body of the function. It seems to execute our hanoi function, it provides a depth of 4, and it wants you to move rings from tower 1 to tower 2, using tower 3 as an alternate. Then we see that return statement again, except this time, we are returning nothing (as we did in our hanoi function, which returned void, which is basically nothing). This time we are returning a 0, which is compatible with the int return type. That is the end of our main function. It seems pretty simple, heh?

We are missing just one last thing to make the program complete. Remember how we used std::cout? Well, the compiler doesn't just assume std::cout exists, you have to ask for it. To do this, you "include the header file". This is done by adding the following to the very top of the file:

This copies and pastes the iostream header file into your file at compile time, rather than you doing it manually (which is both error prone and time consuming, and, if the iostream header file were to change, you'd have to repeat the whole process over again). You will have to memorize this one fact, std::cout is contained in the iostream header file. If you want to use std::cout, you have to #include the iostream header file.

Here is the entire program. Note that the compiler may care about the order, so 'main' should be placed after the 'hanoi' function definition.

We now have a complete program! Your first! Congratulations! I think it's about time we test it out, don't you think? At this time, pull up a console, go into the directory where hanoi.cpp is located, and type in "g++ hanoi.cpp -o hanoi". Wait about 2 seconds, and you have your program. You can execute it by doing "./hanoi". Amazing, isn't it? It's giving you the commands for 4 ring Hanoi. I think you should give yourself a pat on the back, and move onto the next section when you're ready.

Extending, What More Could A Man/Woman Want?
So, we have a Hanoi program. It tells us how to solve Hanoi. Big deal. This won't impress an interviewer at Google who's qualifying you for "Head Of Development." Our program needs to become a little more involved. Heres a list of things we want the program to do:

 * 1) Allow us to choose the number of rings when we start the program
 * 2) Show us the actual towers of Hanoi, and where the rings are placed.
 * 3) Update the image, on the console, in real time as the computer finds the solution
 * 4) Not to go too fast, as we would like to see the solution, rather than have it blaze by us in the blink of an eye.


text:
TI-Lists/Applications

This section contains several examples of mathematics problems that can be solved using lists. These applications come for a variety of levels of math. Some of these problems can be solved in other ways on the calculator.

Reducing fractions
Let's reduce $$\frac{29302}{75803}$$ to lowest terms by seeing which prime numbers divide into both the numerator and denominator. In a list we can divide tham both at the same time.

Enter the numerator and denominator of the fraction as a list
 * {29302,75803}
 * {29302 75803}

Divide by 2.
 * Ans / 2
 * {14651 37901.5}

As we might have guessed the top comes out even, but the bottom does not. So, multiply by 2 to get the original fraction back.
 * Ans * 2
 * {29302 75803}

Let's try dividing by 3.
 * Ans / 3
 * {9767.333 25267.667}

Neither one works. Multiply the 3 back in.
 * Ans * 3
 * {29302 75803}

Looking at the ones digit tells us not to bother with 5. Seven is the next prime.
 * Ans / 7
 * {4186 10829}

Both number came out even so the original fraction reduces by 7. Now we must see if there is another factor of 7 in both numbers. We can hit enter again to do the same operation again: dividing the previous answer by 7.
 * Enter
 * {598 1547}

Seven is a factor of both numbers again; what about a third time?
 * Enter
 * {85.429 221}

The denominator is dividible by 7 a third time, but not the numerator. We must put the 7 back in.
 * Ans * 7
 * {598 1547}

Next try 11.
 * Ans / 11
 * {54.364 140.636}

No good.
 * Ans * 11
 * {598 1547}

13 is next.
 * Ans / 13
 * {46 119}

They both reduce by 13. Now since 13 time 13 is more than 100 and thus more than 46, if 13 divided into 46 evenly the answer would be smaller than 13. But we tried all the primes smaller than 13. This fraction is in lowest terms.

 * $$\frac{29302}{75803} = \frac{7\times 7\times 13\times 46} {7\times 7\times 13\times 119} = \frac{46}{119} $$

Checking for prime factors
We can check any three digit number to see if is a prime by dividing it by all the primes less that the square root of 1000. Create a list in L1 for these primes.
 * {2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31} Sto> L1

It might be easier to create this list in the Editor.

Is 997 a prime number? Divide 997 by all those primes.
 * 997 / L1 Sto→ L2
 * {498.5 332.333...

Since this contains lots of numbers with ten decimal digits, look at L2 in the list editor, and scroll down it. We see that none of the divisions come out as even integers, so 997 is prime.

Try 991
 * 991 / L1 Sto→ L2

Can you see that 991 is also a prime?

Try 989.
 * 989 / L1 Sto→ L2

Can you see in the editor that the factors of 989 are 23 × 43?

Graphing families of curves
A list of numbers can be used to display several related graphs.

For example put 0, 1, 2, and 3 into a list. We will use this list of numbers in several ways.
 * {0,1,2,3,} STO> L1
 * {0 1 2 3}

Press Y= and enter
 * Start with a set of linear graphs.
 * Y1=L1*X+1
 * ZOOM 6(ZStandard)

Notice that the lines have different slopes. Each graph is steeper that the previous one. But the y-intercept is 1 in each case.

 * Next look at a family of quadratic curves.

Change to
 * Y1=1+L1*X+0.25X^2
 * GRAPH

This time each of these parabolas have the same shape, due to the second degree term, and the same y-intercept, due to the constant (1). The list draws each graph in a different place on the axes.

 * How will changing the coefficient on an exponential function affect the graph?
 * Y1= L1*e^(X/4)
 * GRAPH

Why do you only see three graphs? The list has affected the y-intercept. What does multiplying by zero do to the rest of the formula?

 * And now for some trigonometry.

Hit the MODE key and move down and over to Degree; hit ENTER.
 * Y=L1*3*sin(36X)
 * GRAPH

Once again there are only three visible graphs. (I guess zero wasn't the best number to put in our list.) The sine waves are similar with different amplitudes.

Solving systems of linear equations
One good way of solving a system of equations is called the elimination method. The plan is to multiply each equation by a different number. The multipliers are chosen so that one of the variables in each equation has the same coefficient, except for opposite sign. This allows us to add the equations together and eliminate that variable with opposite coefficients.

Example
 * 8x + 7y = 35
 * 6x + 5y = 27

Put the three numbers in each equation into a list.
 * {8,7,35} STO> L1
 * {8 7 35}
 * {6,5,27} STO> L2
 * {6 5 27}

35 is the smallest number that the y-coefficients are both multiples of; and 24 is the smallest common multiple of 8 and 6. Let's start with 24. We need a positive 24x in one equation and a negative 24x in the other.

We can multiply the first equation by 3:
 * 3 * L1 STO> L3
 * {24 21 105}

and the second equation by -4:
 * -4 * L2 STO> L4
 * {-24 -20 -108}

Add the two new lists.

 * L3 + L4
 * {0 1 -3}

This list represents 0x + 1y = -3 or y = -3.

Next let's fix the y coeficients to 35 and -35

 * 5 * L1 STO> L3
 * {40 35 175}
 * -7 * L2 STO> L4
 * {-42 -35 -189}

And add

 * L3 + L4
 * {-2 0 -14}

Which represents -2x = -14, so divide the list by -2

 * Ans / -2
 * {1 0 7}

Solution: x = 7, y = -3

Calculating both solutions to quadratic equations
This process is begun by having a list containing a positive one and a negative 1.
 * {1,-1} STO> L6
 * {1 -1}

When this list is multiplied by a number, the result is a list with plus and minus the number.

 * 1.8 * L6
 * {1.8 -1.8}

Next, since the answers to a quadratic equation are often irrational, they need to be rounded off. So set the calculator to 3 decimal digits.

Press the MODE Key and move down and over to the 3 and press ENTER.

Example - Solve  x2 + 5x + 3 = 0

Using the quadratic formula gives us:

 * $$\frac{-5 \pm \sqrt{5^2 - 4(1)(3)}}{2(1)}$$

Start with the calculation inside the square root:

 * 5 ^ 2 - 4 * 1 *3
 * 13.000

Next do the square root and get both positive and negative answers:

 * L6 * √ (Ans)
 * {3.606 -3.606}

Add -5

 * Ans - 5
 * {-1.394 -8.606}

And divide by 2
 * Ans / 2
 * {-.697 -4.303}

That list contains both of the answers.

title: TI-Lists/Applications


text:
Talk:TI-Lists/Applications

This section started as a presentation that I shared with some math teachers at a conference in 2003.
 * --MathMan64 06:09, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:TI-Lists/Applications


text:
Arimaa/Sample Games

 * Omar vs. Fritzlein, 2005 Postal Championship
 * Browni vs. Fritzlein, 2015 World Championship
 * risteall vs. ChrisB (2018)

Other resources

 * Audio commentary (2014–2016 championships)
 * Videos
 * 'Think Out Loud' Match (2010): Live commentary from the players.
 * The Arimaa Wiki has commentaries on some tournament games:
 * 2009
 * 2010
 * 2011
 * 2012
 * 2018
 * There have been three One vs. Mob games, with a single player against a team who discussed moves in the forum. The Ones were:
 * chessandgo: | forum
 * Fritzlein: | forum | Fritzlein's commentary
 * bot_sharp (with the assistance of sharp's author, lightvector): | forum | lightvector's commentary
 * Big reversals: list of games where the players in worse positions came back and won (click on "Comments" if a direct game link doesn't work)
 * Game archive: all games played on arimaa.com

title: Arimaa/Sample Games


text: Harmonica/Harmonica Modifications

title: Harmonica/Harmonica Modifications


text:
EQUIP4J

This is the tutorial for Equip4j. In a few words equip4j implements (and not only) the concept of dataspace. A dataspace may be interpreted as a middleware solution for distributed computing.

Equip4j is a Java library developed for the Equator project (http://www.equator.ac.uk/). The source code can be found at http://sourceforge.net/projects/equip.

How does it work?

Basically, equip4j provides a Java library that exploits the concept of dataspaces. One way to view the way equip4j works is by the three roles of software components: the server, the consumers and the producers. The consumers can make subscriptions to any kind of tuples(1), the producers post tuples (or updates to these) to the server (2), and the server processes and notifies the consumers about new tuples (3,4). Any software component may assume the consumer or producer role.

For ease of implementation, Equip4j provides libraries for handling, managing and distributing tuples through the JavaBean framework. Most of the documentation here provided deals with the libraries surrounding this particular JavaBean support in equip4j.

The Class Tuple
A tuple "is a finite sequence of objects" or elements (similar to a row in a database). In equip4j, a tuple is a generic class used to interchange information between producers and consumers. In equip there are two subclasses of tuples: Tuple and TupleEvents.

Elements in equip tuples are stored in an array. The way to create a tuple is as follows:

This tuple can represent a chat message (Hello) form Peter to Jane. As the elements of the tuple are in an array, the order of the elements remains the same and can have meaning, i.e. the second element is the "sender of the message". Notice each element in the tuple is a subclass of the ValueBase class, in the example StringBoxImpl is used to send strings. Furthermore, the class Tuple has two other fields:  and , the elements are stored in the field.

The current contructors allow a certain maximum number fields. In case you require more than the current maximum number of fields (in ), it is possible to manipulate the field    directly as follows:

About nulls in the fields the following are the possibilities:

The Class DataspaceBean
The class DataspaceBean represents the server and allows the programs (consumers and producers) to communicate with the server (as a proxy). The form to create an instance of this class is as follows: In the example is supposed there is a equip server running at the IP address 127.0.0.1 (local machine) and at the port 9123.

The form to post a new Tuple in the server is as follows:

If the tuple to add is an "event", must be added to the dataspace as follows:

It is good idea to initialize the metadata filed of the event in case you don´t want to generate a warnig when the event is added. Two forms to initialize the metadata (merely as examples):

The Interface DataspaceEventListener
This interface must be implemented by the consumers, in case the consumer wants to be notified about events, for instance, new tuples posted in the server. The method  must be implemented to process the events. When invoked, the dataspaceEvent receives as parameter a DataspaceEvent class. The DataspaceEvent class allows to retreive the posted tuple by the producer.

The form to implement listener is as follows:

Notice that there exists several types of events.

Finally, the form to subscribe to events type "AddEvent" is as follows.

The code above allows mylistener to receive notifications (events) when a producer post (adds) tuples with the words "Chat" and "Jane" in the first two elemens of the array, the name equals to "chat_message" and any other information in the other fields (again, null is a wildcard).

Running equip as server
The simply way to run equip as server is as follows:

java -cp  equip.data.server equip://:

As concrete example to run equip in the current machine (equip4j.jar must be placed in the directory where the command is executed):

java -cp equip4j.jar equip.data.server equip://:9123

Browsing the equip server
The Browser2 class allows to browse the dataspace (to know what is happening with the dataspace and to know if operations from your programs over the dataspace as events, addition of items and so on are working). The way to invoke the browser is as follows:

Equip external Resources
- equip4j Javadocs link http://www.crg.cs.nott.ac.uk/~cmg/Equator/Downloads/docs/equip4j/javadoc/index.html (the most important classes reside in the packages equip.data and equip.data.beans). - An example of a chat program can be download at http://193.137.8.61/equip4jchatexample.zip - EQUATOR project page http://www.equator.ac.uk/ - EQUIP and ECT source code http://sourceforge.net/projects/equip - Chris Greenhalgh's Equator project page http://www.crg.cs.nott.ac.uk/~cmg/Equator/

title: EQUIP4J


text:
User:Sinatra~enwikibooks

Grzega, Joachim
www.grzega.de

born on 9 September 1971 in Weißenburg (Germany)

Associate Professor at the University of Eichstätt (Germany)

 * 1991-1998 studies at the universities of Eichstätt, Salt Lake City, Paris-Sorbonne, Graz
 * 2000 Dr.phil. (Ph.D.) in Romance, English and German Linguistics
 * 2004 habil.diss. in English and General Linguistics

Author of 6 books and ca. 50 articles

editor and webmaster of the internet platforms Onomasiology Online und EuroLinguistiX

Research Interests
 * eurolinguistics
 * onomasiology
 * public-oriented linguistics/practical linguistics, linguistics for the public
 * intelligible linguistics
 * linguistic economics/socioeconomic linguistics, linguistics and knowledge society (basic article)
 * Austrian German
 * language contacts
 * intercultural communication
 * teaching English as an international language (Basic Global English)
 * didactic issues at university (especially Learning by teaching -- cf. my English article)

title: User:Sinatra~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:209.80.225.126

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

title: User talk:209.80.225.126


text:
Cookbook:Gluten

Gluten is a protein found as a major component of wheat, rye and barley. Gluten can be separated from the starch and is useful to make dough more elastic and bread made with additional gluten is more firm, remains fresh and in its form.

Flour is graded by its gluten content, with bread flour having the most, and pastry flour, the least. The more widely-available all-purpose flour is a compromise between the two, having an intermediate amount of gluten.

Gluten develops its firmness as dough or batter is "worked". In a relatively dry dough, as is used in most breads, this development of structure causes the dough to be noticeably firmer as kneading progresses. In looser doughs, such as those used for focaccia or certain thin-crust, high-temperature pizza doughs, working of the dough is necessary but its effects aren't apparent until the dough is baked.

For most pastries, the development of gluten is undesirable. Pie crust and sugar cookies are common examples. Recipes of this type often warn against the toughness that results from over-working the dough.

Gluten is the main component of Seitan, a versatile meat substitute.

title: Cookbook:Gluten


text:
Python Programming/Threading

Threading in python is used to run multiple threads (tasks, function calls) at the same time. Note that this does not mean that they are executed on different CPUs. Python threads will NOT make your program faster if it already uses 100 % CPU time. In that case, you probably want to look into parallel programming. If you are interested in parallel programming with python, please see here. Python threads are used in cases where the execution of a task involves some waiting. One example would be interaction with a service hosted on another computer, such as a webserver. Threading allows python to execute other code while waiting; this is easily simulated with the sleep function.

A Minimal Example with Function Call
Make a thread that prints numbers from 1-10 and waits a second between each print:

A Minimal Example with Object
The output looks like this: Thread-0 started! Thread-1 started! Thread-0 finished! Thread-2 started! Thread-1 finished! Thread-3 started! Thread-2 finished! Thread-3 finished!

Programmation Python/Les threads

title: Python Programming/Threading


text:
Talk:Movie Making Manual/Music

I would love it if this page had a "Getting permission to use comercial music" page.

 * That's a good idea. Go ahead and add it if you want.  I don't know a huge amount about the topic.  Thanks, dan_aka_jack 12:02, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I would also like to know more about this topic since I couldn't find useful information on other sites, ALL just tell you how to create film music or let someone create it for you, but not how to get permission to use already existing recordings. :( --87.168.96.190 (talk) 12:21, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Movie Making Manual/Music


text:
Toyota Prius/How it works

The Prius has been called a true hybrid vehicle, designed from the bottom up. Toyota's goal for the Prius was to reduce the amount of pollutants it produced and to be as energy-efficient as possible. They used several methods to try to achieve this goal, including:
 * 1) More efficient use of the internal combustion engine (ICE), reducing gasoline consumption. The Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine uses the more efficient Atkinson cycle instead of the more common Otto cycle;
 * 2) Two electric motor/generators, providing 50 kW (67 hp) @ 1,200 to 1,540 rpm and 400 N·m (295 ft·lbf) torque from 0 to 1,200 rpm, which significantly contribute to performance & economy;
 * 3) 50 kW IGBT inverter controlled by a 32 bit microprocessor, which efficiently converts power between the batteries and the motor/generators;
 * 4) Lower Drag coefficient of drag at 0.26 (0.29 for 2000 model), reducing air resistance especially at higher speeds;
 * 5) Lower rolling-resistance tires on the 2000 model, reducing road friction;
 * 6) Regenerative braking, a process for recovering kinetic energy when braking or traveling down a slope and storing it as electrical energy in the traction battery for later use while reducing wear and tear on the brake pads;
 * 7) Sealed 168 cell nickel metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable battery providing 201.6 volts;
 * 8) Continuously variable transmission — the Prius does not use a typical CVT; Toyota calls it the Power Split Device. The electric motors and gas engine are connected to a planetary gear set which is always engaged, and there is no shifting.
 * 9) Flexible resin gas tank, reducing the amount of hydrocarbon emissions in the form of escaped gasoline vapor;
 * 10) Vacuum flask coolant storage system that stores hot engine coolant, then reuses it to reduce warm-up time.
 * 11) Weight reduction — for example the hatch and hood are made of aluminium instead of steel.

Touted advantages of the Prius over previous energy-efficient designs include never needing to be plugged in, as all power is ultimately delivered from the gasoline engine. This means it drives like a traditional ICE automobile, with the onboard computer taking care of shifting power to and from the engine and motors, and automatically determining when to charge the battery, as well as the most efficient use of the engine or the electric motors (or both) based on driving conditions. This also means that one can not choose to use electricity from other sources to power this vehicle; some consider this to be serious disadvantage. The Prius uses energy that would be otherwise wasted: i.e. when braking, the kinetic energy is partly recovered to recharge the battery instead of being wasted as heat and brake wear.

The engine is permitted to shut down once it has warmed up and the catalytic converter in the exhaust system has reached operating temperature. Once this occurs, the Prius can be driven on electric power only; this is sometimes referred to as "stealth mode" due to the lack of engine noise. This further reduces gasoline consumption and wear and tear on the engine. When driving conditions demand additional power from the engine, it is designed to start up automatically.

As well as the immediate benefit of reducing fuel consumption and emissions, stopping the engine also improves the performance of the catalytic converter, as in a normal vehicle the exhaust gases from an idling engine tend to cool the catalysts below their optimal temperature.

Frequent starting up and shutting down of the engine does not cause additional wear and tear nor emission problems, as in conventional automobiles, because the drive motors have enough power to quickly and smoothly spin the engine to optimal rpm (around 1,000) before the engine actually begins to "fire up". This avoids wear when the engine is "running" (with fuel and spark) at very low rpm, as happens in most vehicles.

The Prius gets better fuel efficiency in the city because the batteries get used more, whereas on the highway, the engine is used in order to recharge the batteries, and the wind resistance is higher.

title: Toyota Prius/How it works


text:
Toyota Prius/Notable facts

Awards

 * 2005 European Car of the Year (Toyota Prius 2nd generation with 406 points, ahead of Citroën C4 with 267 points and Ford Focus II with 228)
 * Motor Trend Motor Trend Car of the Year 2004 (January 2004 issue)
 * Car and Driver magazine's Car and Driver Ten Best list for 2004.
 * The Prius also won the North American Car of the Year award for 2004 and was nominated in 2001.
 * 2003 Scientific American names Toyota Motor Corporation as "Business Leader of the Year" ("Scientific American 50"; December, 2003) for its singular accomplishment in the commercialization of affordable hybrid cars.

Notable facts

 * Due to the success of both the engineering and sales of the Prius, in 2005, Toyota has released a hybrid V-6 engine for the Lexus RX400h and a hybrid engine version of the Highlander.
 * Toyota is also actively developing a hydrogen-fuel-cell engine. They have already successfully developed a RAV4 that can achieve 900 miles (1450 km) on one tank of hydrogen.
 * The Prius fuel tank holds 45 litres (11.9 US gal), although the internal bladder in American models limits the fill, giving a range of up to 600 miles (1,000 km).
 * In August 2004, Toyota began a Special Service Campaign (SSC 40G), affecting most previous generation Prius cars manufactured between 2001 and mid-2003. This repair involves re-sealing terminals on the high-voltage battery to avoid minor electrolyte leakage. Repairs will be performed free of charge on affected automobiles.
 * Starting with the 2004 model, Toyota is now producing the Prius on a standard mass production assembly line, resulting in one being produced every minute instead of one every 8 to 10 minutes. The use of a standard assembly line has dropped the manufacturing cost significantly, allowing Toyota to deliver a substantially upgraded model, which in turn has generated publicity and popularity. The limiting factor in Prius (and Lexus RX400h) production now appears to be third party component availability, particularly batteries.
 * The battery pack of the 2004 Prius is guaranteed for 100,000 miles (160,000 km) or 8 years, although Toyota has stated that they expect it to last 15 years. The warranty is extended to 150,000 miles (240,000 km) or 10 years for Prius in California and several other states that adopted the Californian emission control standards.
 * In May 2005, Finnish anti-virus firm F-Secure Corp. has tested a Prius for Bluetooth vulnerabilities in the on-board mobile telephony and computer systems and found the car has performed "admirably".
 * On June 1, 2005, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the US started an investigation on the 33 reported cases of engine stalling when the Prius travels at highway speed. The cars were still operatable under battery power with substantial loss of power when the internal combustion engine failed to run. Toyota believes it was due to a computer programming error that was fixed in a recall (SSC-40D) issued back in September, 2004. The investigation needs to verify if all the reported cases occurred to the cars that didn't receive the software fix. Some supporters argued that 33 cases (of which some were duplicate reports and/or valid out-of-gas conditions) among 75000+ cars sold was not an alarming percentage figure compared to the millions other auto makers have recalled. Besides, the Prius is safer than any other car with a failed engine, as the Prius can still run with its electric motor until it can stop at a safe location.

Celebrities

 * Larry David, co-creator of Seinfeld and star of Curb Your Enthusiasm drives a Prius.
 * Bill Maher, host of the HBO series Real Time with Bill Maher, drove a Prius for 3 years before trading it in for the Lexus RX 400h hybrid.
 * Not only did actor Leonardo Dicaprio buy himself a Prius, he bought several for others in his family.
 * In Gilmore Girls, Rory drives a first generation Prius which she received as a high school graduation gift from her grandparents.
 * Brian Griffin of the show Family Guy drives a Prius (which inexplicably appeared in the fourth season of the show).
 * Claire Fisher of the show Six Feet Under drove a Prius to NYC after crashing her Cadillac Hearse.
 * Holly Madison, Hugh Hefner's ex-girlfriend, drives a Prius instead of her Porsche.
 * Jeff Dunham drives a Prius according to his show.
 * Karen Moody, Hank Moody's ex-wife from Californication drives a Prius.

title: Toyota Prius/Notable facts


text:
Toyota Prius/2004 to 2006 model

The Prius 2004 model year was a complete redesign of the previous generations of Prius. The new model is based on the new (third generation) Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD), replacing the earlier Toyota Hybrid System (THS) technology. The first generation (1997 to 2003) could not run its air conditioning unless the motor was running. In contrast, the 2004 model introduced an all-electric compressor for cooling. This allowed more extensive use of the "stealth mode" (operation on electric motor only).

The drag coefficient of 0.26 was now the second-lowest in the industry, after the smaller Honda Insight at 0.25.

Regenerative braking was greatly improved, relying so little upon the friction-type brakes (except for panic stops) that some Toyota technicians quipped that the original brake pads might well last for the life of the car.

The 2004 Prius emerged as a midsize car with more room than the previous compact, redesigned as a "five-door" model (four doors plus a rear hatch). In general the car remained conveniently narrow on the outside, rather flat sided, and relatively tall (several inches taller than a Toyota Camry). The profile was much more continuous, with a short sloping nose transitioning to a highly sloped windshield and an arcing roofline ending in a cut-off Kammback. The additional height allowed a more erect seating position and a higher eye point, giving a better view of the road to the driver. There was also a surprising amount of additional rear-seat leg room, resembling that available in a much larger vehicle. Fold down rear seats with a 60/40 split made for easy carriage of most parcels.

With a smaller and lower voltage NiMH battery and an inverter to step the voltage up to 500 V, the 2004 model was more powerful (2 seconds faster in 0 to 96 km/h acceleration) and is 15% more fuel efficiency|fuel efficient than the previous generation Prius, with 60 miles per US gallon (4.3 L/100 km) city and 50 miles per US gallon (4.7 L/100 km) highway (according to the EPA). When driven appropriately, commuting and mixed suburban drivers are reporting fuel consumption of 45 to 50 miles per US gallon (5.2 to 4.7 L/100 km). See also

The multi-function-display (MFD) shows fuel consumption bars for each five minute segment of driving and this can encourage economical driving. The display also indicates instantaneous fuel consumption, which is useful for detecting when the vehicle has switched from electric-only to electric + ICE. At this time it can usually be advantageous to accelerate quickly rather than lug the vehicle, in an attempt to get to a more favorable location or speed range for electric-only mode.

A Smart Key System (SKS) option eliminates the traditional ignition key. The "smart key", which resembles a conventional keyless entry remote, has buttons to remotely lock and unlock the door, as well as trigger the alarm system. It is not necessary to use any of the buttons to utilize the SE/SS system. Approaching to within one metre of the car while in-possession of the key (even inside a pocket or purse) causes the interior dome lights to fade in (if the switches are at the DOOR position). When the person with the key in their possession touches either of the front doors, or the rear hatchback door, that door is immediately unlocked and can be opened. There are three settings in which the Smart Key System (SKS) can operate with the default being - driver's door touched, driver's door unlock only; front passenger or rear hatchback touched, all doors unlock. Once inside, the car may be started by pushing the "POWER" button with the fob still safely tucked away inside your pocket or purse). To stop the car, push the "POWER" button again. Once parked, the car can be locked by a pushing a black button on the exterior door handle. The SKS system will detect keys left inside the vehicle when powered-off, and will not allow the vehicle to be locked in this situation.

There is no conventional ignition switch which needs to be turned to start the Prius, that function having been replaced by a simple round "POWER" button on the dashboard. With the SKS models, the driver only needs to sit down inside the vehicle (with the fob in their possession), press the brake with their foot and push the "POWER" button to start the vehicle. On cars which are not equipped with SKS, the driver uses the lock/unlock buttons on the fob, and puts the remote fob into a slot in the dash to allow the car to start.

The vehicle is classified as a SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle), 90% cleaner than conventional gasoline-only automobiles. It comes with an Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (AT-PZEV) certification by CARB (California Air Resources Board).

As an interesting side note, an option package offered in Japan and Europe gives the Prius the ability to perform parallel and reverse parking assisted by the on-board computer — the first time such a capability has been offered on a production vehicle. Eighty percent of the Prius buyers in Japan have chosen this option. The system is not intelligent though, particularly lacking machine vision which would allow avoidance of obstructions or pedestrians, so it is very limited.

When the vehicle is turned-on with the "start" button, it is ready to drive immediately in "EV" (electric vehicle) mode, before the internal combustion engine is started to heat-up the emissions control system (including the catalytic converter). The delay between starting the car and starting the internal combustion engine is approximately seven seconds. The Asian and European versions of this vehicle provide a button labelled "EV" that maintains electric vehicle mode after startup, under most low-load driving conditions. The North American model does not have the "EV" button, although the "EV" mode is still supported internally by the Prius high-voltage management computer. While some have speculated that EV mode was not included on North American models in the interest of retaining the warranted battery life of 100,000 miles (160,000 km) in the US - 150,000 miles (240,000 km) in California and several other states, engineers note that EV mode is automatically overridden when the battery requires recharging from the internal combustion engine. The Prius is designed to protect the battery from extreme discharge as well as over-charge and will utilize the engine as-necessary to maintain the optimum conditions for a long battery life. In addition to information at online discussion groups, the PRIUS+ Project offers instructions for do-it-yourselfers who wish to enable the button, and aftermarket components provider Coastal Electronic Technologies offers a kit.

Evolving from the button project, The California Cars Initiative (CalCars) converted a Prius in 2004, adding larger batteries, and private companies EDrive Systems in the United States and Amberjac Projects in the UK announced plans to sell conversion kits in 2006. CalCars initiated efforts to promote fleet purchases of plug-in hybrids to be built by automakers, and documented the emissions benefits of plug-in hybrids not only on California's clean power grid but also on the national (50% coal-fueled) power grid.

Passengers of the Prius can use their Bluetooth-enabled cellphone via the car's audio system without taking the phone out of their pocket. It is the first car released with this feature.

title: Toyota Prius/2004 to 2006 model