text:
Counterterror Joint Command

Mission Statement
Government Counterterrorism Policy centers on cooperating with regional members by adhering to international intelligence security guidelines and long term strategic objectives. National guidelines involve protecting Energy Resources, Information and Electronic Technologies, enforcing Trade, Transportation and Telecommunication Policies and Force Interdiction by Department of Defense, Military, and Federal Rapid Response Law Enforcement for tactical interdiction in response to incursion by limited foreign elements.

It is a common conception that only major trade and political allies to the USA, are likely targets for violent international terrorist activities therefore many incidents involving explosives, hostages or destructive chemicals will remain a responsibility of City and County Police and their own Tactical Teams as according to the current criminal code. It is our belief that Law Enforcement’s Role in Counterterrorism is much more significant and far wider in scope then current government policies dictate.

The Essence Of Counterterrorism
The essence of Counterterrorism is to achieve an infrastructure with capabilities to plan, organize, staff, implement and control every aspect of potential terrorism so that a terrorist-like incident causing great destruction and suffering does not occur when it could have been preventable. Furthermore these capabilities will take into account how to minimize the adverse effects and maximize speedy restoration of order should terrorism strike, not only as a function of manpower but through information sharing, intelligence gathering and dissemination of public warnings as an intrinsic responsibility of LE. Most importantly, these integrations elevate present police capabilities to the highest level of responsiveness and competency for any emergency including earthquakes, other natural disasters and environmental calamity.

Objectives
The purpose of this report is to outline a general summary of the actions that Police Agencies must focus on in order to establish a sound Counterterrorism Command and Management Infrastructure for Law Enforcement to face the threat of terrorism and which includes the following functions:

1. Vulnerability Assessment and Threat Detection 2. Monitoring and Occurrence Prediction 3. Protection and Mitigation 4. Information Assurance 5. Risk Management 6. Contingency Planning and Red Team Tasking

The next steps taken will help guide international agencies into the 21st Century in a cost effective manner utilizing support from the foremost experts available. Our objective is to bring to Taiwan leading experts in Advanced Security Infrastructure and Occurrence Management who can fulfill the requirements of training, software, hardware and technological guidance specifically for use by the Chiefs of Police Departments.

Defining Terrorism
In fairness to those who have differing perspectives, according to terrorism specialist Louise Richard, sub-state terrorism is the deliberate targeting of non-combatants for a political purpose. She expands on this definition with several inherent characteristics of this terrorism: Terrorism is the means used and not the end which are pursued. This is crucial, since many are reluctant to label those with whom they agree as terrorists, even if they are, and instead reserve that label for terrorism directed against them or their allies. Terrorism is terrorism regardless of whether you agree with their ends. Richard also points out that there are often legitimate goals which are the basis for terrorism.
 * 1) A terrorist act must be a political act
 * 2) It must involve violence or the threat of violence
 * 3) It must be symbolic since sub-state terrorists are invariably outmanned and outgunned by their adversaries
 * 4) The violence is to communicate a political message - not to defeat an enemy, nor violence for the sake of violence
 * 5) The victims of terrorism and the audience of terrorism are not the same
 * 6) The targeting of non-combatants must be deliberate

The author believes the above definition is a static socio-political viewpoint which uses limited sampling processes to fit the term to her definition. There is another school of thought which that takes into account the essence of 4th Generation Warfare as a Military Tool of terrorist organizations and in this last year several acts of terrorism have not only had no political aspiration, but have specifically targeted active military personnel. Furthermore to say that the action is symbolic because the terrorists are out-gunned is quite near-sighted. The acts of terrorists may be by individuals with a cause or acts sanctioned by large international organizations backed by military leaders and political heads of state where vast resources are used to wage irregular warfare. As well, whole armies are known to be both terrorist affiliated or manned by terrorists directly and this is hardly the "few against many" depicted by Ms. Richard. As in recent years, civilian casualties may be party of the peripheral damage of the act. Finally, terrorism is never legitimate and the means by which these goals are sought may not be by the same process which another entity uses for like goals, therefore if one group can use non-terrorist methods to ascertain their goals why would anyone legitimize terrorist actions for the same objectives. It is hard to believe thaat anyone who can use nuclear or biological weapons does not count believe that the more that are killed of their enemy the greater the success, which in a broad stroke is precidely the ends by which the means is used for.

Weapons of Terrorism
The traditional tools of terrorism include explosives, incendiary devices, taking of hostages and kidnapping however Modern Day Terrorism now includes what has been generally referred to as Weapons of Mass Destruction or “WMD”. A suitable acronym which describes the basic categories of “WMD” scale is “B-NICE” which stands for Biological, Nuclear, Incendiary, Chemical, and Explosive. The most common weapons are Incendiary Devices and Explosives; however a greater danger exists from the combining of components to enhance damage and injury not only to potential victims, but to investigators who enter into the Hot Zone to collect evidence.

Delivery
Supplementing traditional improvised explosive devices by adding a biological or chemical agent can increase the length of time and the effective area of danger. If a biological weapon releases deadly viruses or bacterial pathogens into the environment, agriculture, animals, water, soil and air are at risk from contamination and recovery then becomes a tremendous challenge requiring resources, equipment and expertise which may be very limited or unavailable. Even more so, the effects of a biological agent may not be felt for hours or days after its release, severely complicating detection and containment. On the simplest scale, a plastic water bottle containing caustic or toxic agents with a hand grenade taped to its exterior becomes a weapon with surgical strike capabilities and a means of focused assassination. Binary Devices are weapons with two chemicals held in separate sections that are mixed after firing to produce deadly substances such as Sarin. Detonation can be through impact, fuse, timed dissolve, preliminary charge, ballistic, wired or wireless electrical signal such as a mobile phone for remote and distance connect. A deterrent to this type of electronic relay is a frequency jammer now in common use with US Forces in the Middle East to protect fortified positions.

Law Enforcement whose basic goal is to protect the public must deter these acts prior to occurrence which requires preplanning, acquiring equipment, specialized training and to develop an infrastructure to command, and manage Operations, Planning, Logistics and Administrative functions of Incidence Response.

Terror Interdiction Action Plan
In order to support the required functions the NPA antiterrorism plan must be:

1) Dynamic and Flexible in order to proactively deter and preemptively deny an entity that is as yet unknown from:  a) Destroying vital services* thereby crippling society, b) Propagating fear and mayhem to paralyze our nation’s vitality.  c) Using a WMD to end life and 2) Simple and Practical for: a) Rapid Implementation b) Optimal Infrastructure in order to:   i) Gather and share essential interagency intelligence ii) Disseminate information and warnings to the public   iii) Liaison w/ Civilian Reps as well as the Chief of Staff c) Effective Incident Management Chain of Command to:   i)  Understand the nature of the terrorist threat. ii) Understand your antiterrorism plan and their role.    iii) Recognize indications of a terrorist attack. iv) Take effective and appropriate action.   v)  Restore Order and Assist Recovery

Preparations
Special attention must be placed on Training and Administration: 1. Officer Safety Issues 2. First Responder Procedure, Secondary Criticality 3. Explosives and Incendiary Devices, WMD and HAZMAT 4. International Terrorism and Extremism Groups 5. Domestic Terrorism and Religious Fanaticism 6. Understanding the Terrorist Mindset - Terrorism Indicators 7. Terrorist Financing – Criminal Investigations 8. Special-Interest/Single-Issue Terrorism - 9. Special-Interest/Anarchist Groups 10. Interview, interrogation, Negotiation Techniques With Extremists 11. Threat Assessments - Risk Management 12. The Role of Intelligence – Information Sharing 13. Human Rights, Legal Issues 14. First Responders – Public Safety and Dangerous Containment 15. Tactical Force Response 16. Hostage Rescue 17. Guarding public Services 18. Recovery and Restoration

Process and Protocol
Establishing a Counterterrorist Command Center

1) Before an incident – Plan and Preparation  a) A Risk Assessment i) Description of the types of potential threat    ii)	 Analysis of potential locations most likely in threat. iii)Procedure to keep this assessment current.   b) Training i) Simulations and Reviews   ii) 2nd Response iii) Contingency   iv) Special Operations v) Scientific Teams   vi) Containment c) Acquiring Equipment   i) Bio-Chemical Scanning Detection ii) Radioactivity Measurement   iii) Special Operations Listening, Radar, Visual Aids iv) Medical Emergency   v) Isolation Equipment – NBC Masks and Suits vi) Detoxification – Cleaners   vii) Disposal 2) During the incident – Executing and Responding  a) Joint Field Command Structure b) Incident Command Layout   c) On-scene Coordination Protocol, Contingency, 2nd Occurrence d) Commissioner’s Command Tree   e) Securing Vital Public Services*, Events, and Important Areas i) Energy Resources, Power transmission and lines    ii) Waterways, Harbors, Freight and Container Loading iii) Shoreline, Borders, Airspace    iv) Banks, Financial Institutions, Businesses, IT, TV     v)	 Hospitals, Evacuation Centers, Prisons     vi) Roadways, Bridges, Tunnels, Mountain Passage vii) Railways, Electric Circuitry and Control Stations    viii) Airports, Cargo Centers, Mail, Telecommunication ix) Dams, Construction, Refineries, Science and Industry    x)	 Schools, Universities, Libraries, Sports Events, Media xi) Public Gathering, Auditoriums, Concert Halls, Malls    xii) Government Buildings, Memorials, Landmarks 3) After an Incident – The Follow Through  a) Criminal Investigation b) Recovery  c) Analysis d) Victim Assistance

The Role of Law Enforcement – Sequence of Events
1. SCENE ASSESSMENT – Threat Evaluation Team, Forensics, Scientist, Health 1) What type of B-NICE Incident is suspected?  2) How many victims? 3) Current status – on-going or stable?  4) What other resources are required, Fire, Medical? 5) Where is the location exactly?  6) What is the safest approach? 7) Any other devices or suspicious possibilities?  8) Are any perpetrators present? 9) What is the threat? Ambush Traps, Secondary Explosives 2. SECURING THE SITE  1) Prevent witnesses from leaving 2) Prevent others from entering danger areas  3) Preserve Evidence 4) Prepare staging area  5) Limit contamination 3. LIMITING THE SPREAD OF THE HAZARD 1) Understand the blast potential, direct force and shrapnel  2) Contain contamination and contaminated persons, materials 3) Use scanning and detection to read the types  4) Understand the weather and wind conditions, glaze distances 5) Locate Spread Points, water tables, waterways, animals 4. RESCUE AND AIDING THE INJURED  1) Securing traffic 2) Establishing Emergency Medical Services Entry  3) Containment and removal of HAZMAT 4) Evacuation of Injured  5) Isolation of non-injured 5. INITIATE THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION 1) Scene is equal to Violent Crime Scene  2) Recording and photographing and identifying witnesses 3) Install earliest possible investigations and specialists teams 6. ASSISTING OTHER AGENCIES AND SPECIALISTS IN PERFORMING DUTIES    1) Establishing Security and Perimeter 2) Assisting Medical Staff   3) Evacuation Support 7. RESTORATION OF PUBLIC ORDER AND CONFIDENCE 1) Visibility   2) Fielding Questions 3) Public Relations  4) Restore Confidence 5) Proper equipped and trained investigations teams

The Infrastructure

title: Counterterror Joint Command


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Colors

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:67.82.238.86

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
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 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

--dark lama  02:16, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.82.238.86


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Frostbite

Frostbite occurs when ice crystals form in the skin or deeper tissues after exposure to a temperature of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. Depending upon the temperature, altitude, and wind speed,   the exposure time necessary to produce frostbite varies from a few minutes to several hours.

The areas most commonly affected are the face and extremities. The symptoms of frostbite are progressive. Victims generally incur this injury without being acutely aware of it. Initially, the affected skin reddens and there is an uncomfortable coldness. With continued heat loss, there is a numbness of the affected area due to reduced circulation. As ice crystals form, the frozen extremity appears white, yellow-white, or mottled blue-white, and is cold, hard, and insensitive to touch or pressure. Frostbite is classified as superficial or deep, depending on the extent of tissue involvement.

Superficial Frostbite

In superficial  frostbite the surface of the skin will feel hard, but the underlying tissue  will be soft, allowing it to move over bony ridges. This is evidence that only the skin and the region just below it are involved. General treatment for superficial frostbite is as follows:
 * 1) Take the victim indoors.
 * 2) Rewarm hands by placing them under the armpits, against the  abdomen, or between the legs.
 * 3) Rewarm feet by placing them in the armpit or against the abdomen of the buddy.
 * 4) Gradually rewarm the affected area by warm water immersion, skin-to-skin contact, or hot water bottles.
 * 5) Never rub a frostbite area.

Deep Frostbite

In deep frostbite, the freezing reaches into the deep tissue layers. There are ice crystals in the entire thickness of the extremity. The skin will not move over bony ridges and will feel hard and solid. The objectives of treatment are to protect the frozen areas from further injury, to rapidly thaw the affected area, and to be prepared to respond to circulatory or respiratory difficulties.
 * 1) Carefully assess and treat any other injuries first.  Constantly monitor the victim’s pulse and breathing since respiratory and heart problems can develop rapidly.  Be prepared to administer CPR if necessary.
 * 2) Do not attempt to thaw the frostbitten area if there is a possibility of refreezing.  It is better to leave the part frozen until the victim arrives at a medical treatment facility equipped for long-term care.  Refreezing of a thawed extremity causes severe and disabling damage.
 * 3) Treat all victims with injuries to the feet or legs as litter patients.  When this is not possible, the victim may walk on the frozen limb, since it has been proven that walking will  not lessen the chances of successful treatment as long as the limb has not thawed out.
 * 4) When adequate protection from further cold exposure is available, prepare the victim for rewarming by removing all constricting clothing such as gloves, boots, and socks. Boots and  clothing frozen on the body should be thawed by warm-water immersion before removal.
 * 5) Rapidly rewarm frozen areas by immersion in water at 100 °F to 105 °F (38 °C to 41 °C).  Keep the water warm by adding fresh hot water, but do not pour the water directly on the injured area. Ensure that the frozen area is completely surrounded by water; do not let it rest on the side or bottom of the tub.
 * 6) After rewarming has been completed, pat the area dry with a soft towel.  Later it will swell, sting, and burn.  Blisters may develop.  These should be protected from breaking.     Avoid pressure, rubbing, or constriction of the injured area.   Keep the skin dry with sterile dressings and place cotton between the toes and fingers to prevent their sticking together.
 * 7) Protect the tissue from additional injury and keep it as clean as possible (use sterile dressings and linen).
 * 8) Try to improve the general morale and comfort of the victim by giving hot, stimulating fluids such as tea or coffee.  Do not allow the victim to smoke or use alcoholic beverages while being treated.
 * 9) Transfer to a medical treatment facility as soon as possible.  During transportation,  slightly elevate the frostbitten area and keep the victim and the injured area warm.  Do not allow the injured area to be exposed to the cold.

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text:
Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Frostbite

The information here was taken nearly verbatim from the U.S. Navy Training Manual 14295, Hospital Corpsman Revised Edition


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Infection

Open wounds are a serious hazard in a survival situation, not only because of the tissue damage and blood loss, but also because of the increased possibility of infection. Little  can be done to prevent wound contamination at the time of the injury. Proper wound care  can minimize further contamination and promote  healing and preservation of function in the   injured part.
 * Clothing should be cut or torn away from a wound; drawing clothes over the wound may introduce bacteria into the wound.
 * Whenever possible, avoid touching the wound with fingers or any unsterile object. All water and instruments used in wound care should be sterilized by boiling.  Washing your   hands before you treat any wound is very important in keeping down infection.
 * Clean all wounds as soon after occurrence as possible. Only antiseptics especially   designed to  use in open wounds should be used directly in the wound.
 * NOTE: Common antiseptics such as Merthiolate, iodine, and Mercurochrome should never be  applied directly to a wound. These solutions destroy only part of the bacteria and actually damage the exposed tissues.
 * When cleansing solutions for wounds are not available, and medical attention will not be available for a while, a suitable substitute may be a poultice made of fern root. To   prepare a poultice, you boil finely chopped roots in water until syrupy.  Allow the   poultice to cool and apply directly to the wound.
 * The “open treatment” method is the safest way to manage wounds in a survival situation.  No attempt should be made to close a wound by stitching.  The wound should be left open to permit drainage of pus from infection.  As long as a wound can drain, it generally will not   become life threatening.  If a wound is gaping, the edges can be brought together with adhesive tape cut in the form of a butterfly or dumbbell. When a butterfly bandage is   applied properly, only a small portion of the adhesive is in contact with the wound; but a large surface of the tape is in contact with the skin on either side of the wound, providing   traction that pulls the edges of the wound together.  The narrow center permits some free   drainage from the wound, and the strips can be removed easily if the wound has to be opened should infection develop.

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text:
Cookbook:French Canadian Shepherd's Pie (Pâté Chinois)

| Meat Recipes

Pâté chinois (Chinese pie) is a traditional French Canadian main course, and is often served during the cold months of the year. It is typically served with pickled beets.

Ingredients

 * 8 medium fresh whole white potatoes
 * 2 lbs ground beef
 * 1 small yellow or Spanish onion, chopped
 * 1 small green bell pepper (optional), chopped
 * 1 can (15 oz) whole kernel corn, drained, or creamed sweet corn with sauce
 * 2 tbsp butter
 * ½ cup milk
 * Salt
 * Pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Boil potatoes in lightly salted water until soft, drain. Mash potatoes, adding 2 tbsp butter and just enough milk to achieve a spreadable consistency. Set aside.
 * 2) Brown ground beef with onions and peppers. Drain fat and put ground beef mixture in bottom of casserole dish.
 * 3) Mix creamed corn and whole kernel corn, then spread over beef.
 * 4) Spread the mashed potatoes across the top to form a 'crust'. Lightly sprinkle with paprika, and salt/pepper to taste, and make tracks with a fork, if desired.
 * 5) Bake uncovered at 400°F until the potatoes are golden brown (approximately 30 minutes).
 * 6) Serve hot with a generous portion of sliced chilled pickled beets.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Mix ½ cup grated Parmesan cheese with potatoes, or place shredded sharp cheddar cheese on top of potatoes before cooking.
 * See also Shepherd's Pie.


text:
System Monitoring with Xymon/Administration Guide

All things related system administration will be documented here.

Xymon Protocol

 * There is a version of Xymon protocol in ASCII text format from Xymon author.

Architecture of a Xymon System Monitoring Environment
TBC

Picking an OS for Xymon Server
These are some notes and advice from Xymon users.

Linux

 * Red Hat Enterprise Linux / CentOS
 * Debian

Pros

 * Plus 1: Turbocharged TCP/IP.
 * Plus 2: dtrace
 * Plus 3: Self Heal
 * Plus 4: You can configure root and disk to use zfs and have zfs snapshot enabled.

Cons

 * Minus 1: Xymon depended on other open source software that doesn't come with Oracle Solaris by default. Following are three sources where you can get the software in binary or source code format.
 * 1) http://www.blastwave.org
 * 2) http://www.sunfreeware.com has lots of open source.
 * 3) http://www.thewrittenword.com

List of software required to meet all dependecies and order of installation:
 * 1) common-1.4.5-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 2) pcre-4.5-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 3) fping-2.4,REV=2004.10.12_rev=b2_to_ipv6-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 4) zlib-1.2.3,REV=2007.05.12-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 5) png-1.2.18-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 6) libiconv-1.9.2-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 7) expat-1.95.7-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 8) ggettext-0.14.1,REV=2005.06.29-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 9) libpopt-1.7,REV=2004.05.15-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 10) chkconfig-1.2.24h,REV=2006.12.12-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 11) libpopt-1.7,REV=2004.05.15-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 12) openssl-0.9.8,REV=2007.05.10_rev=e-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 13) imaprt-2004,REV=2006.09.02_rev=g-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 14) freetype2-2.1.10,REV=2005.12.11-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 15) libart-2.3.16-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 16) berkeleydb44-4.4.20,REV=2007.01.27-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 17) ncurses-5.5,REV=2006.02.10-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 18) readline-5.0,REV=2005.06.07-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 19) gbc-1.06-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 20) gdbm-1.8.3,REV=2006.01.01-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 21) perl-5.8.8,REV=2007.03.16-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 22) cvs-1.11.22-sol10-sparc-local.gz
 * 23) rrdtool-1.2.19,REV=2007.02.07-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 24) libnet-1.0.2,REV=2004.04.08_rev=a-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 25) berkeleydb4-4.2.52,REV=2005.04.28_rev=p4-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 26) sasl-2.1.22,REV=2007.06.19-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 27) openldap_rt-2.3.35,REV=2007.04.14-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 28) xymon-4.2.0,REV=2007.04.12-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz
 * 29) xymon_client-4.2.0,REV=2007.04.12-SunOS5.8-sparc-CSW.pkg.gz

Xymon Server: Solaris Intel 11/06 U3 VMware appliance on a 2GB flash pen drive
Following are main procedures for this to-go Xymon server.

 * VMware server 1.0.1 to create Solaris 10 VMware session.
 * Create a 1.9G partition, select custom install.
 * modify the partition table to take out /export/home,only leave /swap and /.
 * decrease default 512M swap size to 300M.
 * select "Core group" (about 573M in size).
 * Install httpd server
 * Install xymon server

Xymon Server and Development: Solaris Intel 11/06 U3 VMware appliance on a 4GB flash pen drive

 * VMware server 1.0.1 to create Solaris 10 VMware session.
 * Need to use vmware player 1.0.3 so dhcp will work.

Xymon Server Test site

 * Solaris Intel 11/06 U3 VMware appliance on a 4GB flash pen drive

Servers
This is a comparison table on how Xymon server is different from BB when performing an administration task.

Clients
This is a comparison on how Xymon is different from BB when performing an administration task.

Capacity Planning
rule of Thumb is 5MB disk space on Xymon server per machine being monitored

Client

 * Run the BBWin 0.13 installer.
 * Under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\BBWin (32-bit) or HKLM\SOFTWARE\Wow6432Node\BBWin (64-bit) in the registry set the computer name (as it is in the bbhosts file)

 * Make the top of the config file in C:\Program Files\BBWin\etc (or C:\Program Files (x86)\BBWin\etc on Windows x64 systems) look like this:

 * Delete or comment out the default lines:

...snip ...

 HOST=new host name, as it appears in the bbhosts file LOAD 65 75      # Load thresholds are in % DISK C 80 90 DISK D 90 95 MEMPHYS 75 101 MEMSWAP 75 85 MEMACT 75 85 PROC BBWin.exe 1 1
 * This causes these thresholds to be set at the server side. Any settings here will override the settings in the server's analysis.cfg file. It is much easier to manage these settings centrally.
 * Start the service at the server.
 * Then edit /home/xymon/server/etc/analysis.cfg and add:
 * 1) Hostname entries from bbwin clients.

Server
[win32] eventlog:Security ignore Success eventlog:System ignore Information eventlog:Application ignore Information
 * /xymon/server/etc/client-local.cfg:

 * filtering in: /xymon/server/etc/analysis.cfg

CLASS=win32 LOAD 80 90 # Load thresholds are in % PROC BBWin.exe 1 1 PORT STATE=LISTENING MIN=0 TRACK=Listen TEXT=Listen LOG %.* %error -.* COLOR=yellow LOG eventlog:Security %failure.* COLOR=yellow LOG eventlog:Application %warning.* COLOR=yellow LOG eventlog:System %error.* COLOR=yellow

CLASS=win32 LOAD 80 90 # Load thresholds are in % PROC BBWin.exe 1 1 PORT STATE=LISTENING MIN=0 TRACK=Listen TEXT=Listen LOG %.* %^error.* COLOR=red #IGNORE=TermServDevices \(        LOG %.*  %^warning.* COLOR=yellow IGNORE=%.*TermServDevices.*        LOG %.*  %^failure.* COLOR=yellow
 * Instead you can use the following, but every update to the eventlog is send to the xymon server (instead of local filteret first).

Unix-like

 * AIX
 * Debian (Ubuntu)
 * FreeBSD
 * HP-UX
 * IRIX
 * Mandriva (xymon 4.2.3 is available in contrib as of 2009.0, prior to that hobbit was available in contrib)
 * NSLU2 Unslung OS
 * RedHat Linux / RedHat Enterprise Linux / Fedora Core (http://rpm.razorsedge.org/ or http://staff.telkomsa.net/packages/)
 * Solaris As of 20 September 2012, Blastwave has ceased its operation, and its Web site is no longer accessible.

Building from package source using TWW HPMS
TWW Hyper Package Management system can help a software developer or system administrator to create different native package formats for different OS. The package source for compiling and packaging hobbit client and server software are in XML format that can be repeated reliably with TWW's sb and pb tools.

Hobbit server and Hobbit client package source is GPL licensed on TWW's support ftp server.

Building from src RPM
Sometimes it's better to build your own RPMs specifically for your environment. If you are using RH Enterprise or CentOS, the Fedora Core or generic RPM may not install correctly. You could also run into this problem if you have versions of dependent libraries that are not compatible with the system that the RPM was built on.

In order to build the src RPM, you'll need several packages:
 * 1) openssl-devel, openldap-devel, and pcre-devel from the CentOS CDs.
 * 2) * You may also have to make a link from /usr/include/pcre/pcre.h to /usr/include/pcre.h
 * 3) rrdtool-devel
 * 4) * I recommend getting this from the DAG repository
 * 5) fping
 * 6) * Also available from the DAG repository

RPMs from a matching version of RHEL usually work on CentOS with no problem (for example RPMs for EL 4 work fine on CentOS 4)

Once you have all the dependencies installed, download the src RPM from SourceForge. Once you have that, just run rpmbuild --rebuild hobbit-xxxx.src.rpm. For example:

The rpmbuild command should compile and build the RPM for you. You can watch the compiler output for any problems. After it is done, you should have new RPMs in the /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386 directory (assuming your architecture is i386). This process will build both server and client RPMs for your system. The server RPM also includes the client, so it is not necessary to install both of them.

SUSE
Dependencies for installation include apache2, apache2-utils, gcc, libstdc++-devel, net-snmp, pcre, pcre-devel, rrdtool and rrdtool-devel. Download the latest Xymon source from http://sourceforge.net/projects/xymon/files/Xymon/. Ensure that mod_rewrite is enabled in apache2, from YAST -> Network Services -> HTTP Server -> Server Modules.

$ useradd -m xymon $ ./configure.server [...] [...] What group-ID does your webserver use [nobody] ? www [...] $ make [...] Now run 'make install' as root $ make install [...] Installation complete.
 * Where do you want the Xymon installation [/home/xymon] ?
 * cp /home/xymon/server/etc/xymon-apache.conf to /etc/apache2/conf.d/
 * htpasswd2 -c /home/xymon/server/etc/xymonpasswd
 * Ensure that fping can be executed by user xymon, either via appropriate sudo permissions, or by chmodding fping to setuid root.
 * Start the apache2 service.
 * /home/xymon/server/bin/xymon.sh start

Ubuntu
With Synaptic, install the PCRE and RRDtool libraries. Then, download xymon and unpack it.

Launch a terminal (CTRL + t) and enter the commands below, in order to install the software in your HTTP directory. Example with Apache: If it hasn't already been done, it's necessary to configure Apache to execute the CGI programs: Finally, test the software: http://localhost/xymon/server/bin/confreport.cgi

Hobbit in HA
There are two approaches to implement High Availability for Xymon servers,HA-LAN and HA-WAN. Pick one of them according to your network structure.

HA-LAN approach
This approach is using clustering software to do fail over using a set of Xymon servers. Each OS has their own version of clustering software. We know for Linux we can use Linux-HA plus DRBD. For Solaris, we have Sun Cluster Software.

The cons of this approach is the High Availability is at the scale of LAN not WAN level. The server in clustering need to reside at same LAN subnet. If the clustering site went down then we will end up with xymon messages has no place to send message to.

HA-WAN approach
For networks that span over states or countries, failing over a primary xymon server to standby server over WAN network is not an easy networking task.

Following HA-WAN architecture can do fail-over without involve network team to do dns or routing changes.

hobbit.test.com                    hobbit2.test.com | Primary                        | Standby Xymon server | <-  heart beat ->      | LAN1        |                                 |     LAN2 --            -     ^           ^           ^                ^   ^          ^     |           |           |                |   |          |     |  ---   |          |     |  |        |               |     |  |        |     |     |--     |     |  |        |     |                                |    | hobbitc A     hobbitc B                              hobbitc C     LAN 3         LAN 4                                LAN 5

LAN1: California LAN2: Brazil LAN3: Argentina LAN4: Mexico LAN5: Japan

Requirements

 * a script that can detect failing of hobbit.test.com services.

Pros

 * No need to alter existing network configuration.

Cons

 * Increase network bandwidth by sending same message to two different servers.

HA-WAN 2 approach
From Patrick: we have 3 data centres and each data centre contains a xymon server. All clients in a data centre only report to their local xymon server. However the xymon servers can communicate with each other using BBDISPLAYS (its a little more complicated than that as we utilise a bbproxy in each DC to take the messages and spray them to all 3 xymons).

hobbit1.test.com                    hobbit2.test.com | Primary                        | Standby Xymon server | <-  bbproxy    ->      | LAN1        |                                 |     LAN2 --            -     ^          ^     ^                                ^     |          |     |                                |     |          |     |                                |     |          |     |                                |     |          |     |                                |     hobbitc A     hobbitc B                              hobbitc C

LAN1= has hobbitc A,B LAN2= has hobbitc C

HA-WAN3 approach
This is a two node hobbit loosely-coupled cluster across WAN. It has following challenge need to be resolved.

 * hobbit.test.com DNS need to failover to hobbit2 from hobbit1 when hobbit1 is down.
 * The web page on hobbit1 and hobbit2 are not in sync.
 * Maintence records are not in sync between two servers.
 * RRD databases on two hobbit servers are not in sync after either one server is down for a while.

hobbit.test.com -> hobbitdynamic.test.com (using CISCO DD software). -> hobbit1.test.com -> hobbit2.test.com

hobbit1.test.com                    hobbit2.test.com | Primary                            | Standby Xymon server | <- 1985 heart beat ->      | | <- 1986 history    ->      | | <- 1987 heart beat ->      | LAN1        |                                     |     LAN2 --            -     ^           ^           ^                ^   ^          ^     |           |           |                |   |          |     |  ---   |          |     |  |        |               |     |  |        |     |     |--     |     |  |        |     |                                |    | hobbitc A     hobbitc B                              hobbitc C     LAN 3         LAN 4                                LAN 5

LAN1: California LAN2: Brazil LAN3: Argentina LAN4: Mexico LAN5: Japan

Requirements

 * a script that can detect failing of hobbit.test.com services.

Pros

 * No need to alter existing network configuration.

Cons

 * Increase network bandwidth by sending same message to two different servers.

Hobbit HA on LAN
hobbit.test.com                      hobbit2.test.com |      HA Software                 | |   <-  heart beat ->              | |                                  | LAN1: 192.168.1.0 ^         ^    ^     |          |    |     |          |    ---     |          |                              |     |          |                              |     |          |      hobbitc A     hobbitc B                   hobbitc C  LAN 2          LAN 3                        LAN4

LAN1: California LAN2: Brazil LAN3: Argentina LAN4: Mexico

Pros

 * Close to real-time fail-over.

Cons

 * Fail over happens only on LAN, not WAN.

SunCluster
Free and opensourced clustering software from Sun. Commercial technical support is available.
 * Using two sol-nv-b68-x86 VMware sessions with Sun Cluster express 07/07.

FST HA
An opensource Clustering solution specifically for Solaris. Small Text
 * FSTha vs other HA

Hobbit(bb)/XyMon port 1984 encryption Using Stunnel

 * References: http://www.stunnel.org/

Plain text bb message will be a bottleneck to make Hobbit a enterprise solution which require high security standard. Following is an attempt to make your CIO smile on hobbit solution. Note: It is possible to use reverse SSH tunnels, using Padraig Lennon's ssh_tunnels.sh script. instead of Stunnel server and client. See more details in Monitor Hobbit clients in a DMZ using reverse SSH tunnels

 * 1) Machine A : has both HB Server and Stunnel server running.
 * 2) Machine B : is a BB client.
 * 3) Machine C : is a hobbit client with stunnel client enabled. hb client will send bb message via encrypted port 1999.
 * 4) Machine D : is a HB client.
 * 5) Note: old bb port is one way, hb's bb protocol's is bi-directional.

Machine A (192.168.1.111)

---    HB Server process         |   <-port 1984 <-  BB client (Machine B)         |                     | |1984                |   <-port 1984 ->  HB client (Machine D)         |                     | Stunnel Server process 1999 |  < port 1999 --> 1999 Stunnel Client |           (Machine C 192.168.1.141) |                                                                  --1984 ---HB client

Configure stunnel server to run in hobbit server

 * 1) stunnel config file on server to direct 1999 into local 1984 port.

 * 1) starting stunnel server on machine A. we can see hobbit-server port redirection is ok.
 * 1) make sure stunnel is running.
 * 1) Testing port 1999 on hb server directly, typing garbage message "asdf" and then control+d to quit.
 * 1) We can see port 1999 has incoming message from 192.168.1.141(machine c)in stunnel log file on machine A.

Configuring hb client to use port 1999

 * 1) add hobbitclientLocalIP into hobbitclient.cfg file. We want hobbit client send bb message to itself.
 * 1) A successful hobbit client stunneling to hobbit server using port 1999.

Using HTTPS Transport
A posting at http://lists.xymon.com/archive/2011-October/032866.html describes a technique where Xymon clients can submit client messages using a web connection. It requires a CGI script to be installed on the Xymon server. This method can be used to connect via web proxies, and authentication can be achieved by configuring the web server to enforce client-side certificates or user/password logins.

Encryption via Secure-Shell (ssh) Tunnel
Xymon can be configured to use the IP address of an ssh tunnel, and thus its traffic will be encrypted. This section describes two ways to establish a tunnel between the Xymon server and Xymon client.

Persistent Tunnel
This method is essentially creating a kind of VPN between the Xymon server and the client. Once established, the Xymon client is configured with XYMSRV set to 127.0.0.1, and all updates are sent down the tunnel.

The simplest way to setup a persistent tunnel is with a tool such as Autossh. There's also a Xymon-specific add-on for establishing tunnels called ssh_tunnel.

Ephemeral ssh Tunnel
An ephemeral tunnel is a temporary tunnel created only when Xymon data need to be collected. Secure shell tunnels make use of key authentication so that passwords are not required. They can be established by ssh connection made in either direction, depending on requirements. In both cases, XYMSRV is set to 127.0.0.1.

Xymon Server to Client
For a server-to-client connection, the Xymon server runs an ssh connection to the client with a remote tunnel on port 1984, sets up some variables, and runs the Xymon client scripts. An example is shown here.

ssh -R1984:127.0.0.1:1984 -o batchmode=yes xymon@xymon-client '/usr/lib/xymon/client/bin/xymoncmd sh -c "XYMSRV=127.0.0.1 /usr/lib/xymon/client/bin/xymonclient.sh"'

This command can be put into tasks.cfg, run every 5 minutes.

Xymon Client to Server
For a client-to-server connection, the Xymon client establishes a connection to the server with a local tunnel on port 1984, and runs the Xymon client scripts. An example is shown here.

ssh -f -L1984:127.0.0.1:1984 xymon@xymon-server sleep 15 && /usr/lib/xymon/client/bin/xymoncmd sh -c "XYMSRV=127.0.0.1 /usr/lib/xymon/client/bin/xymonclient.sh"

This command should be run every 5 minutes on the Xymon client, and can be run from cron or from clientlaunch.cfg.

32 bit vs 64 bit binary for hobbit on Solaris

 * This article describe this subject in great detail.

LDAP Authentication
Example httpd.conf (Apache 2.0.x with LDAP authenticated against Active Directory):

Substitute LDAPSERVER.DOMAIN.COM with your LDAP server

: use account with permission to view LDAP directory

: password for account (You should limit what this account can do)

Same for a Novell-edir ldap server:

Alerts setting
Using sms_client [smsclient.org]
 * Pager

Create a shell-script (/usr/bin/hobbitsms) like this:

Edit hobbit-alerts.cfg and add the lines for the alerts you want to receive:

Using snpp sendpage.org
 * Pager.

Create a shell-script (/usr/bin/hobbitsnpp) like this:

 * Email.

How to shorten Xymon Server nslook up time ?
Xymon server do lots nslookup for every five minutes on the machines that need to be pinged.

Install a local dns cache server. I use djbdns for it

Overview
Remedy ticket system has a web interface for opening up a ticket to a particular ticket queue.

The Perl approach is to use the following software to automate the ticket request when an alert occurs.

 * perl
 * LWP
 * trouble_ticket.tgz on http://www.deadcat.net
 * an entrance URL on remedy server web interface.
 * A perl subroutine to open up remedy ticket.

System and Inventory Monitoring
System monitoring and inventory monitoring can achieved by an external module to report a system's inventory's information.(TBC)

Q. When I click on a status icon I get the message "Status not available". What should I check?
A. First make sure that the server is actually running. ps -ef | grep hobbitd

You should see several processes similar to: hobbit  32717 32716  0 Nov07 ? 00:01:07 hobbitd --pidfile.... hobbit  32726 32716  0 Nov07 ? 00:00:03 hobbitd_channel --channel=page... hobbit  32727 32716  0 Nov07 ? 00:01:58 hobbitd_channel --channel=status... hobbit  32728 32716  0 Nov07 ? 00:00:01 hobbitd_channel --channel=data... hobbit  32725 32716  0 Nov07 ? 00:00:00 hobbitd_channel --channel=stachg...

If the server is failing to start, start looking at the hobbit logs directory. Check here for one location /var/log/hobbit

Q. After installing the Hobbit client, my msgs tests are "clear" (sometimes referred to as "white")
A. As of the time of this writing, the Hobbit client does NOT have msgs functionality like the BB client does. This can be added by installing the bb-msgs.sh file from the BB client as an external test. Even so, the Hobbit server will turn the test to "clear" instead of the expected status. To correct his issue, you'll have to edit the hobbitlaunch.cfg file (usually found in /etc/hobbit/ or /usr/lib/hobbit/server/etc/) to add --no-clear-msgs to the client channel and restart the server: CMD hobbitd_channel --channel=client hobbitd_client --no-clear-msgs --log=$BBSERVERLOGS/clientdata.log ...


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Snow blindness

Exposure to reflected sunlight from snow, ice, or water, even on grey overcast days, can result  in sunburn of the tissues comprising the surface of the eye, as well as the retina, producing   snow blindness.

 * Symptoms: Symptoms may not be apparent until up to 12 hours after exposure.  The eyes initially feel irritated and dry; then, as time passes, eyes feel as though they are full of sand.  Blinking and moving the eyes may be extremely painful.  The eyelids are usually red, swollen, and difficult to open.

 * Remedial Action: A mild case will heal spontaneously in a few days, but you can obtain some relief by applying cold compresses and a lightproof bandage.  An ophthalmic ointment can be applied hourly to relieve pain and lessen the inflammatory reaction.

 * WARNING: Do not rub your eyes.

/Transcluded Modules


text:
User:24.24.109.126

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

--Ugluk 03:10, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User:24.24.109.126


text:
Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Snow blindness

Material for this section was taken from the U.S. Naval Training Manual 10330, Aircrew Survival Equipmentman 1 & C.


text:
User talk:Ugluk

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --Ugluk 03:11, 23 November 2006 (UTC) (i welcomed myself!)

title: User talk:Ugluk


text:
User:Ugluk

[adult swim]

title: User:Ugluk


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Dehydration

Dehydration is the depletion of water from the body. It can be prevented by drinking plenty of water, especially during periods of physical exertion. One to five percent dehydration will make you lose your appetite, become sleepy and nauseated, and begin to vomit. As dehydration goes up to 10 percent, dizziness results. You will have headaches, difficulty in breathing,  tingling of the legs and arms caused by poor circulation, indistinct speech, and, finally, an  inability to walk. Still, 10 percent dehydration generally causes no permanent ill effects. When dehydration exceeds 10 percent, you will become delirious, spastic, almost deaf, and  barely able to see. The skin shrivels and becomes numb. At temperatures above 90 °F, dehydration over 15 percent is generally fatal. At 85° and less, the body can stand up to 25  percent dehydration. Dehydration is quickly cured by water—in fact, only water can cure it. When you are dehydrated, you don’t have to worry about how much water you drink or how quickly  you drink it, or if the water is warm or cool. Cold water, though, will upset the stomach.

|


text:
Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Dehydration

Material for this section was taken nearly verbatim from the U.S. Naval Training Manual 10330, Aircrew Survival Equipmentman 1 & C.


text:
Introduction to BASIC

BASIC was originally implemented as a combined computer language and command interpreter invented in 1964 at Dartmouth College by J. Kemeny and T. Kurtz. it was an important part of a project to make timeshared computer access available to a large community, in this case Dartmouth College. It was first implemented on a GE 225 computer. BASIC combines both programming and computer control into a single interface.

The language is a simple set of variable assignments, control flow and data handling. It was designed to be easier for most users than Fortran, but the Dartmouth version, surprisingly, included matrix operations which have not been part of most other implementations. The computer control allows the user to perform simple commands such as file save & load and program start and stop.

Because BASIC can be interpreted, and because more or less useful variants can be implemented with a small interpreter, it was an attractive choice as a high-level language for the earliest microcomputers. BASIC interpreters were generally supplied burned into ROMs which were limited (in affordable sizes) to 2KB or 4KB. Apple supplied its IntegerBASIC in ROM with the Apple II; Microsoft began as a specialist in providing ROMed BASICs to assorted computer vendors, including Atari, Altair (the original Microsoft product!), Commodore (PET / VIC-20 / 64), Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 1, 2, etc and the Color Computer), and even, rather later on, IBM in its earliest PC models (ie, BASICA).

Because the amount of RAM available on many of these early machines was severely limited, most of the ROMed BASICS had an extremely limited and abbreviated syntax to permit more than toy programs to fit into the installed RAM. Inevitably, this produced an opaque and obscure programming style. For instance, in most Microsoft BASICs, commented lines could begin with a single "'" character, rather than the original "REM", most commands could be abbreviated to the first letter ("L" for "LET"), variable names could be similarly contracted, and so on.

Disk based versions of BASIC were eventually available (after floppy disks dropped sufficiently in price) and Microsoft became the dominant supplier (eg, Applesoft BASIC for the Apple II, MBASIC for CP/M-80 machines, and Graphic Workstation BASIC (GWBASIC) for COompaq and eventually any non IBM PC clone machines. GWBASIC was meant to be compatible with BASICA for the IBM PCs, for none of the PC clone makers were allowed access to the ROM version; it eventually was also implemented as a compiler and is currently available as Visual BASIC in several flavours. Alternatives at various times included CBASIC from Gordon Eubanks (eventually acquired by Symantec), NorthStar BASIC for CP/M-80 machines, QBASIC for the Sinclair ZX80 and its 68000 based followon, the TSC BASICs (large, small, interpreted, and compiled/tokenized) for FLEX, FLEX9, and UNIflex machines based on the Motorola 6809 processor, and BASIC09 from Microware Systems in Iowa, also for the 6809 CPU. There were also several other BASICs, or variants under other names, developed and marketed for the minicomputer market (systems using 12, 16, or even 32 bit CPUs and costing between $10000 and $200000) between, say, 1970 and 1990. Several were used as the 'interface' language to database systems or business management packages. Some of them still survive. Various BASICs were also available for large mainframe systems from IBM, Burroughs, Univac, and so on.

BASIC 'dialects' and implementation 'styles' have varied. Some BASICs have stored all string variables as a part of a single large array, some haven't; some BASICs have included automatic garbage collection (eg, many Microsoft variants), others haven't; and so on. HP BASIC was one prominent 'school' and DEC BASIC another. Microsoft's 'style', basically in the DEC camp, became the de facto standard style for nearly all users by the mid-1980s. Ironically, Kemeny and Kurtz decided to offer an updated version of their language (TrueBASIC) but were too late -- there was little market for it. ANSI finally began a BASIC standardization project, but decided not to adopt Microsoft's de facto standard. There was a Minimal BASIC standard, but it was essentially ignored by the market. The language was originally implemented as a compiler, but in the 1980s, most implementations of it were interpreters (and when used inside another application, Basic is commonly used for scripting). Compiling implementations are commonly available today (such as Visual Basic).

Dialects
Dialects of BASIC can be divided into many different groups, based on many of their aspects such as:
 * Their platform (Windows, linux, etc.)
 * Their type of purpose (games, gui applications, etc.)
 * Their ability to be compiled or interpreted

Some dialects:

QuickBASIC: the origin of all modern BASICS. A few programmers have spurred a cult for the language, as many games and tutorials are available on the internet for use.

FreeBASIC: QuickBASIC, compiled. It has many more modern features, such as pointers, 64-byte types, and support for larger amounts of memory. FreeBASIC is recommended, as this is the standard dialect for the following tutorials. See BASIC Programming for some FreeBASIC tutorials.

DarkBASIC: A significant commercial BASIC, which utilizes the DirectX library and is great for writing games quickly.

VisualBASIC: Microsoft developed this BASIC first in the early 1990s. It is slightly inaccurate to say that this is a dialect, as it resembles much different code than standard BASIC, and is very popular for commercial use. Gambas is a similar language and is used widely by Unix BASIC programmers.

BlitzMax, a compiled BASIC dialect that supports OpenGL for graphical games on Mac OS, Linux and Microsoft Windows.

GLBasic Programming, a compiled BASIC dialect that supports OpenGL and inline C++ for graphical games on Widows, Linux, Mac OS X, iOS, and Android.

Monkey, a compiled BASIC dialect for Windows, Mac OS X, Android, iOS, and HTML5, also from Blitz Research.

Business Basic

Futurebasic

PBASIC Programming, the BASIC dialect interpreted by the Parallax BasicStamp.

TI-BASIC, the BASIC dialect interpreted by TI graphing calculators, which apparently has further slight variations (?) between TI-Basic 84 Programming, Talk:TI-Basic Z80 Programming, and TI-Basic 89 Programming.

REALbasic, apparently also called Xojo.

Chipmunk Basic pocketManual

Visual Basic .NET

Visual Basic for Applications

XBasic, an open source GUI Basic for Windows and Linux, and the related (?) XBLite.

Gambas, an object-oriented open-source dialect of the BASIC programming language for Linux. See Programming Gambas from Zip for a gentle introduction.

Related Wikibooks
Programming Text Adventures In Basic

title: Introduction to BASIC


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Beauxbatons Academy of Magic

General Overview
Beauxbatons Academy is a wizarding academy, similar to Hogwarts School, believed to be located somewhere in southern France. It is run by headmistress Madame Maxime and is traditionally a competitor in the long-dormant Triwizard Tournament against Hogwarts and Durmstrang Institute.

Extended Description
We first hear of Beauxbatons Academy during the riots after the Quidditch World Cup. Harry, Ron, Hermione, Fred, George, and Ginny are sent off into the forest nearby to keep them out of the way of the violence. As they travel through the woods, they meet another group of teenagers who speak to them in French. When Harry replies in English, one of the teenagers responds with a disdainful "'Ogwarts," and returns to his companions. Hermione mentions that they must be from a French Wizarding school. This is something of a surprise to Harry; the thought that there must be Wizarding schools in other countries evidently had not occurred to him.

The Beauxbatons students taking part in the Triwizard Tournament arrive on 30 October in a carriage the size of a small house drawn by a team of large winged horses. The only Beauxbatons student we are introduced to, Fleur Delacour, ends up as the Beauxbatons Champion. We also meet the headmistress, Madam Maxime.

Once the horses have been been harnessed to the carriage at the end of the year, and the Beauxbatons contingent has departed, this school does not return to our story. The carriage and the headmistress do, however: we hear that Madame Maxime has accompanied Hagrid on a mission to the home of the giants after the end of that school year, and she also returns in the carriage to attend Professor Dumbledore's funeral.

In the films, Beauxbatons is portrayed as an all girls' school, but the books clearly indicate that boys attend the school as well – it is a boy who gets out of the carriage to lower the steps, for instance, and at the Yule Ball, Parvati Patil and her sister Padma end up dancing with Beauxbatons boys when Ron and Harry prove disappointing.

Fleur Delacour mentions at one point during Harry's sixth year that the students at Beauxbatons take their first exams in their sixth year, unlike Hogwarts' students who take O.W.L. exams in their fifth year.

Analysis
Curiously, the revelation that there are Wizarding schools other than Hogwarts comes as something of a surprise to the reader. Once their existence is revealed, however, it becomes obvious that there must be Wizarding schools in other countries; we see nobody at Hogwarts except those who come from the British Isles, there must be some place for European witches and wizards to be educated. Similarly, there must be a school for North American wizards; the author has, some years after publication of the original series, identified the North American school, Ilvermorny. On Pottermore, she has given us a whole background of how the school came to be which is located on Mount Greylock in modern day Massachusetts.

We are left to wonder more than a little about the quality of teaching at Beauxbatons; the chosen Beauxbatons Champion, Fleur Delacour, puts in a dismal fourth-place showing, being easily outstripped not only by Cedric Diggory and Viktor Krum, but by Harry, who Fleur has previously dismissed as being "a little boy."

Questions

 * 1) Does Beauxbatons Academy have houses and, if so, how and when are they sorted?


text:
User:PeterBartholomewKido

Ho!

title: User:PeterBartholomewKido


text:
User talk:PeterBartholomewKido

Hi! --PeterBartholomewKido 09:41, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:PeterBartholomewKido


text:
User talk:212.203.11.187

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 11:08, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.203.11.187


text:
User talk:Hyad~enwikibooks

Late I know but ...

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:21, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

I know
I did wonder at the time. However, in the short space of time I've been around I've mostly done RC stuff and so hadn't particularly noticed your name as you hadn't been quite so active for a bit. It's meant sincerely, I'm trying to pick up on some backlogs! -- Herby talk thyme 07:58, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Hyad. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Hyad~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:13, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:02, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hyad~enwikibooks


text:
Template:Phytopathprof

To start a new profile page for a plant disease, add to the page, then save. The included templates and  should never be substituted.

/Templates/Profiles

title: Template:Phytopathprof


text:
Template:Phytopathcontrol

This template is complicated, so please do not edit this page unless you know what you are doing.

/Templates

title: Template:Phytopathcontrol


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Template:Phytopathcontrol/Examples

Using Template:Phytopathcontrol
This template is automatically included by the page template.

Example
/Templates/Examples

title: Template:Phytopathcontrol/Examples


text:
Horticulture/Cultivation for Disease Control

Cultivating for disease control requiress a thorough knowledge of the target pathogen, since cultivation can cause more harm than good when certain pathogens are involved. In many cases, the upper layer of soil or mulch should simply be removed, and disposed of carefully.

/Diseases/Controls


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Horticulture/Excluding Plant Pathogens

The best way to control plant diseases is to simply exclude the pathogen from the garden. While this is often impossible because many diseases are wind-borne, putting some effort into exclusion is worth the time.

One way to exclude pathogens is to "quarantine" any new plants for a wile before planting them in the garden. This is especially important for some of the more serious soil-borne fungi such as Phytophthora, Verticillium, and Sclerotinia.

Removing alternate hosts is effective for many pathogens.

Controlling vectors is important for many diseases.

title: Horticulture/Excluding Plant Pathogens


text:
Horticulture/Cultural Controls for Plant Pathogens

Cultural controls for plant pathogens are techniques intended to avoid creating an environment where a pathogen will flourish. Often, plants become more disease resistant when they are simply sited properly and provided good soil fertility and proper irrigation.

/Diseases/Controls


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Horticulture/Downy Mildew

Downy Mildews are plant diseases caused by organisms in several genera of the water mold group, closely related to the mildews that grow in moist environments such as bath tiles and walls. They can be devastating to certain plants if left uncontrolled: a downy mildew of grapes decimated European vineyards during the nineteenth century.

They are easily controlled once discovered, so careful monitoring of susceptible hosts is key, because if left unaddressed, the organism can quickly spread and completely overwhelm the host species.

Symptoms and Signs
The mildews are easily visible on the undersides of leaves, fruits, and branches as a whitish or gray mass of hyphae. The upper surface of leaves are often chlorotic, with white or gray patches that can easily be confused with ../Powdery Mildew/.

Life Cycle
The causal organisms overwinter on field trash or on the buds and stems of woody plants. When conditions are conducive, the mildews grow rapidly. They go dormant during warm, dry periods.

Host Range
The various species and genera grow specifically on certain groups of plants.

 * Bremia spp. -- Lettuce (Lactuca)
 * Peronospora spp. -- Alfalfa (Medicago),

title: Horticulture/Downy Mildew


text:
Artificial Intelligence/Chronology

Artificial intelligence over the years
The field of artificial intelligence has growth over a period of more than sixty years and machines still can't emulate human thought processes. The table below shows some significant milestones that occurred along the way. Due to the nature of the book, detailed information about each interval might serve the pages of yet another book on the WikiBook shelf regarding the history of AI.

Table 1: Chronological history of Artificial Intelligence

The information in this table is colour-coded with appropriate colour indicating the faction of Artificial Intelligence the event is related to. To know which color belongs to which please refer to the legend here:

title: Artificial Intelligence/Chronology


text:
The Computer Revolution/Communication/satellites

Communications satellites are stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications.

The first satellite was Soviet Sputnik I which was launched in 1957. In 1958, Project SCORE was the first American satellite used to relay communications. It used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. President Eisenhower used it to send a Christmas greeting to the world. In 1960, NASA launched an Echo satellite that was used for radio communications.

NASA launched the first privately sponsored space launch of Telstar in July, 1962. Telstar was the first active, direct relay communications satellite, and it belonged to AT&T.

Modern communications satellites use three different types of orbits. One of these is geostationary. From earth, the satellite appears to be in a fixed position. It revolves around the earth at a constant speed once per day over the equator. It is a useful application for communications purposes. In 1972, the first geostationary communications satellite, Anik I (a Canadian satellite) was launched.

The United States launched Satcom 1 in 1975, which was used by broadcast TV networks such as ABC, NBC and CBS to distribute their programming to all of their local affiliate stations.

Another type of orbit used by communications satellites is the low earth orbit. It is typically a circular orbit about 150 kilometers above the earth's surface and takes about 90 minutes to revolve around the earth. Because low earth orbiting satellites are stationed closer to the ground than geostationary orbiting satellites, they are less expensive to position in space. A low earth orbiting satellite is also able to store data received while passing over one part of Earth and transmit it later while passing over another part of Earth.

Molniya orbiting communications satellites are used for providing services at high latitudes. The Molniya orbit provides good elevation (the satellite's position above the horizon) over selected positions during the northern part of its' orbit. It takes one half day for the satellite to complete a full revolution.

Molniya orbiting satellites are more commonly used for telephone and TV services over Russia because of their high latitude capabilities. They are also used for mobile radio systems, even at lower latitudes, because cars traveling in the presence of tall buildings need access to satellites at high elevation to secure the signal.


text:
Cookbook talk:Chayote

regarding section "Selection"
In what supermarkets? In what country? Logictheo 18:37, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Chayote


text:
User:Urhixidur

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title: User:Urhixidur


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MATLAB Programming/Debugging M Files

This section explains things you can do if you fix all the syntax errors (the ones that give you actual error messages), the program runs... but it gives you some result you don't want. Maybe it goes into an infinite loop, maybe it goe through the loop one too few or one too many times, maybe one of your "if" statements doesn't work, maybe the program is giving you "infinity" or "NaN" as an answer (which usually isn't very useful!)... there's as many things that can go wrong as there are lines in the code. Thankfully there are techniques for both fixing and improving on working MATLAB code.

Using MATLAB's Debugging tool
Using the Debugging Tool will let you stop your program in mid-execution to examine the contents of variables and other things which can help you find mistakes in your program.

M-file programs are stopped at "breakpoints". To create a breakpoint, simply press F12 and a red dot will appear next to the line where your cursor is. You can also click on the dash next to the line number on the left side of the M-file window to achieve the same result.

Then press F5 or Debug->Run from the menu to run the program. It will stop at the breakpoint with a green arrow next to it. You can then examine the contents of variables in the workspace, step, continue or stop your program using the Debug menu. To examine contents of a variable, simply type its name into the workspace, but be warned: you can only look at the values of variables in the file you stop in, so this means that you'll probably need multiple breakpoints to find the source of your problem.

There are several different ways you can move through the program from a breakpoint. One way is to go through the whole program, line by line, entering every function that is called. This is effective if you don't know where the problem is, but since it enters every function (including MATLAB functions like ode45), you may not desire to use it all the time. Thankfully, there's also a way to simply step through the function you're currently stopped in, one line at a time, and instead of going through the child functions line by line MATLAB will simply give you the results of those functions.

Finally, note that you cannot set a breakpoint until you save the M-file. If you change something, you must save before the breakpoint "notices" your changes. This situation is depicted in MATLAB by changing the dots from red to gray. Sometimes, you'll save but the dots will still be gray; this occurs when you have more than one breakpoint in multiple files. To get around this (which is really annoying), you have to keep going to "exit debug mode" until it turns gray. Once you're completely out of debug mode, your file will save and you'll be ready to start another round of debugging.

Using comments to help you debug code
If you want to test the effects of leaving out certain lines of code (to see, for example, if the program still returns Inf if you take them out), you can comment out the code. To do this, highlight it and then go to:

Text -> Comment

Or press CTRL+R. This will simply put a '%' in front of every line; if the line is already commented out it will put another '%' there so when you uncomment them the pattern of comment lines will not change. Commented lines will be ignored by the compiler, so the effect will be that the program is run without them.

To uncomment a line go to

Text -> Uncomment

Or press CTRL+T.

Another use of commenting is to test the difference between two different possible sets of code to do something (for example, you may want to test the effect of using ODE113 as opposed to ODE45 to solve a differential equation, so you'd have one line calling each). You can test the difference by commenting one out and running the program, then uncommenting that one and commenting the other one out, and calling the program again.

How to escape infinite loops
If your program is doing nothing for a long time, it may just be slow (MATLAB creates a lot of overhead and if you don't use arrays wisely it will go very, very slow) but if you are testing a small module, it is more likely that you have an infinite loop. Though MATLAB can't directly tell you you have an infinite loop, it does attempt to give you some hints. The first comes when you terminate the program. Terminate it by pressing CTRL+C and MATLAB will give you a message telling you exactly what line you stopped on. If your program is running a long time, it is likely the line you stopped in is in the middle of an infinite loop (though be warned, if the loop calls a sub-function, it is likely that you will stop in the sub-function and not the parent. Nevertheless, MATLAB also will tell you the lines of the parents too so you can track down the loop easily enough).

However, sometimes MATLAB won't even let you return to the main window to press CTRL-C. In this case you probably have to kill the whole MATLAB process. After this, add a "pause (0.001)" or a similarly small value in the loop you suspect to be the infinite one. Whenever MATLAB passes this instruction you will be able to interact with MATLAB for a (very) short time, e.g. go to the main window and press CTRL-C with MATLAB being able to respond to your command.

Other debugging tips
When inside a function, a loop or just anywhere in the script use a special comment syntax. The %% is the Cell-mode commenting. By adding a %% on the line above the interesting code and another %% below the code a cell is created. Now this cell may be executed and modified in memory without the requirement to save the code, script or function. By adding some text after the %% a heading for this cell section is created. I.e. %% Start debugging infinite loop

Another method is to enter the breakpoint, selecting the interesting part and copy this to a new file. Now the code may be changed within this new file and tested. When the modified code is working as expected the debug session may be ended. The code from the temporary file may be copied back and replace the debugged code. This method lets the user run this code snippet multiple times include the %% if the code should be run in cell mode.

Instead of using the IDE to run the code, debug the code or selecting breakpoints, command line functions may be used. Just enter db and press the TAB-key to choose the functions. The functions dbstatus and dbstack are two usable functions. Experiment with the functions and use help functon name or select the function name and press the F1-key

The last debugging tips in is to add possible code inside the comments I.e. % plot(x,y); % This debug plot function plots the value vector y with input x Now select the plot(x,y) with or without the ; and press F9 (run the selected code). Use help and preferences to find and modify keyboard shortcuts if needed. CTRL+D on the selected y variable opens it inside the variable editor, not to forget hovering the mouse over any variable will display it contents if possible. Even the plot command itself is a great debugging tool, when it comes to visualize the variables.

The final tips is actually a summary. Experiment with the above methods and even combine them such that the debugged code is both run efficiently, has valuable comments and have means to be debugged if necessary. Make plans for coding mistakes by adding comments and helper functions. Make small functions which does what it is designed to do, then implement this function in the complete program or script. Inside the functions use try, catch me and me.getReport; And if there are recurring mistakes, expect them to happen and program accordingly. Infinite loops are very common mistakes so by adding functionality to discover this mistake is a great time saver. Another tips could be unit testing.

title: MATLAB Programming/Debugging M Files


text:
Talk:IB Chemistry/Medicines and Drugs

I'd say that Prozac is an antidepressant. --Nope, you are wrong from the IB objectives book: "Depressants are often described as anti-depressants because they relieve depression."

title: Talk:IB Chemistry/Medicines and Drugs


text:
Parkour/Basic Moves/Reverse Vault

Steps

 * Run towards the object.
 * If you are going to the right of your hands, take off with your RIGHT foot, this makes you pass the object in reverse. It's also fine to take off with both feet, as long as you are basically backwards over the object.
 * It is usually done with an overhand/underhand grip, or with one hand, but the grip is NOT the important part of the vault, it's the takeoff.

Note

 * Do not begin as you would a Speed Vault, as the Reverse Vault is a separate movement.

title: Parkour/Basic Moves/Reverse Vault


text:
Parkour/Basic Moves/Speed Vault

Steps

 * What makes a speed vault fast is the ability to take off of one foot and make one big stride over the obstacle. Begin by running toward the obstacle. As you approach it you want to reach out and aim your hand to the furthest end of it. Some people prefer to take off of their front leg and use that as their guiding leg, others prefer to take off of their back leg and swing the front leg up. (Picture 1 and Picture 2)
 * Throw your free arm up to guide your body over. Jump up sideways and swing your front leg over the top of the obstacle like you're jumping a long hurdle.(Picture 3)
 * Spot your landing on the other side and let your momentum carry you over the obstacle. The hand that is placed on the obstacle is there to make sure your body gets enough height. You can gently release this hand once over.

Land on the ball of your front foot as if you had just taken a really long running stride. Bend your knee to absorb the impact and immediately stride forward with the other leg to continue running.

This vault should almost feel like a fast sideways jump or a really long stride. The hand you grasp the obstacle with should have to do very little work and just be there as a guide. (Picture 4)

Variations
Sometimes a more controlled movement can be applied by bringing your free hand down behind you and grasping the obstacle. This motion should be used to change the direction of the body and add to a softer more stealthy landing. You can quickly stride into this movement just like a speed vault, but the exit becomes more compacted and can be very useful in tighter areas.

title: Parkour/Basic Moves/Speed Vault


text:
Talk:Ordinary Differential Equations/Simple Harmonic Motion

I've changed example 2 because 1 cm = 0.01 m.

I think SI units should be used throughout. People will get problems if they think they can generally use physical equations using non SI units. Btw, what is a slug????

proof of the equation- if y1=A sin(wt+k1)and y2=A sin(wt+k2) then y=A sin(wt+k).

Differential solution
Can you elaborate the differential solution a bit more? Here are the questions which bother me: 1. Why to multiply by v=dx/dt? Why does it work? 2. What does it mean that these addends are exact derivatives and how does it helps us to integrate? 3. Why can't we separate variables? (I know that we can't but I don't know why. It's a question from some other website.) 4. How to integrate the monster dx/sqrt(2E/m - kx^2/m) = +-dt ? 5. How is that monster and its parts related to the common solutions v = +-iw x, a = -w^2 x ? --83.5.206.15 (talk) 11:58, 7 January 2011 (UTC)


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Macroeconomics/Money

There have been may types of money and many ways of creating it. It is important to bear in mind that money is defined by its function, not its form. Money is not gold, nor debt, nor the government. Money is what money does.

What does it do? Money serves as a symmetry breaker. A barter transaction has symmetry in time, place, value, and participants. This is very limiting and a modern economy could not function under these constraints.

Money allows you to sell something to one person and then buy something from someone else at a different time and place. You can sell your labor to your employer and then use money to buy food-- you needn't work for a farmer to eat, nor for a doctor to get medical care.

Money has no intrinsic value--a thing is worth only what someone will give you for it. If you were marooned on a desert island with a million dollars, it would be of no use since there would be nobody willing or able to give you anything for it.

Money can make an individual rich, but it cannot make a nation rich. The wealth of a nation depends on its capacity to produce things people want. Mercantilism is an economic dogma resulting from belief in the illusion that money has value. Mercantilist nations compete to accumulate more gold, money, or whatnot, but those things cannot make a nation rich. Only real productive capacity can do that.

The important attributes of money are its supply, demand, and price. These are simple concepts but the devil is really in the details here.

Nobody knows exactly how much money is in circulation at any one time. There are ways to estimate it, but a discussion would require a long digression. Money takes more than one form: cash, bank deposits, etc., and there are disagreements about what to count. The balance in your checking account certainly counts, even though it is nothing but magnetic spots on some bank's disk drive, but what about a savings account? A Treasury Bill? A bag of silver coins in a safe? In general, liquid assets you intend to spend are money. Illiquid assets you don't plan to spend for a while are not, but can be converted to money when the time is right.

In a modern economy money is created by a central bank. In the US, that means the Federal Reserve. Central banks have the authority to print money. They spend it to put it in circulation. What they usually spend it on are government bonds, but sometimes they buy foreign currency and they may buy other assets should the need arise. When the central bankers want to increase the money supply they buy assets. When they want to decrease the money supply they do the reverse--they sell some of their assets and take the seller's cash out of circulation. These are called "open market operations" in the US, and other nations have analogous procedures.

Another way money is created is by lending. Imagine all the banks in the nation glommed together into one big bank. You go to the bank and deposit your money. Contrary to popular belief, the bank does not hold your money for safekeeping. You give it to them and they give you a receipt that says you can exchange that receipt for a certain amount of money at a future date. You are a lender to the bank. The bank takes your money and lends it to somebody else, who spends it on a new car or whatnot. The seller of the item now takes the money and puts it back in the bank. Your money is still in the bank, and now the seller's is too--the bank has xeroxed your money! Economics texts use terms like "balance sheet expansion" or "deposit creation" for this process. The process can go on and on forever, creating an infinite amount of money--until somebody defaults on a loan. When that happens the whole thing unwinds and comes crashing down like a house of cards. For this reason banks are regulated by the government. In the US the Federal Reserve plays a major role, but other agencies are also involved. The xerox machine must not be allowed to get out of hand or the financial system could become dangerously unstable. Banks are required to keep some of their capital in reserve to absorb losses, and the central bank requires that they deposit a certain percentage of their assets with them where they cannot be loaned out and earn no interest. This money is called "Fed Funds" and the "Fed Funds Rate" is the interest rate banks charge each other to borrow these funds. The Federal Reserve controls this rate and you will often hear talk of it on TV and in the papers. They also control the amount the banks must deposit with the Fed; this is called the "reserve ratio." In addition to regulating bank's lending, central banks serve as pawnshops for commercial banks. Since most depositor's money has been lent out, there can be problems if many depositors want to withdraw their money at the same time--because it isn't there! If the bank is solvent it will have the assets necessary to pay all the depositors, but not in the form of cash. The assets will be in the form of IOUs from borrowers which have value but are not suitable for paying off depositors. When this happens it is called a "liquidity crisis," and in such situations banks may take their IOUs to the central bank and pawn them for cash to pay off depositors and avoid a run on the bank. The central bank buys the IOUs at a discount, and the amount of the discount determines the cost to the bank of this service and is equivalent to an interest rate on a loan using the IOUs as collateral. This rate is called the "discount rate" and the facility for such borrowings is called the "discount window." The central bank controls the discount rate. In normal times banks prefer not to use this facility since it might imply they are in financial difficulties but the central bank can encourage its use by setting the rate lower than market rates. In a crisis it can be an important means of keeping the banking system lubricated.

The demand for money isn't what most people think it is. Isn't it infinite? Doesn't everybody want as much as they can get? Not exactly. Imagine you won the lottery and got a million dollars cash. What would you do? You would spend some of it, invest some more, and keep some of it in your wallet and your checking account. Your demand for money is how much of it you want to keep in cash--not what you spent or invested. It's your demand for short term liquid assets, not your desire to be richer. It's impossible to know exactly what the demand for money is, though it can be estimated. In general, the demand for money rises as you become richer, or if prices are stable or falling, or if there are few attractive alternatives for parking your wealth.

We don't know the supply of money, or the demand, but at least we know its price! If an ounce of gold costs $600, then the price of a dollar is 1/600th of an ounce of gold. If 100 Yen cost a dollar, then the price of a dollar is 100 Yen. When the value of money is increasing, we have deflation. When the value of money is decreasing, we have inflation.

The price of money is arbitrary. If another zero was added or subtracted from everybody's bank account, nothing would change. Prices and wages would immediately compensate and credit contracts would compensate for the change also--if the change was known in advance. If the change came as a surprise, a massive income transfer would occur between parties who had agreements to transfer funds in the future.

It's tempting to think that inflation and deflation don't matter if everyone sees it coming. Not quite. They have different effects on people's willingness to hold cash. In inflationary times, cash becomes a hot potato--a wasting asset to be spent or invested quickly. In deflationary times, cash gets more and more valuable the longer you hold it--you would demand a premium over the deflation rate to be induced to invest. Suppose prices are falling 3% per year and you have a million bucks stuffed in the mattress. You make 3% doing nothing, so naturally you won't loan out those funds unless someone offers you a better deal. Suppose a borrower offers to pay you 1% on your money. Because prices are falling (i.e., the price of money is increasing), the dollars you are repaid have a purchasing power 3% more per year than those you lent. Even though your nominal rate is 1%, your real rate is 4%--borrowers must scrape up 4% per year more purchasing power than they borrowed, even though the nominal value of the cash is only 1% more than they borrowed. Moral of the story: deflation tends to make credit less available and more expensive than stable or rising prices. If the deflation is severe, credit may dry up and investment will virtually cease. This can destroy an economy since lack of investment will hurt productivity, and in the long run productivity is the only determinant of a nation's standard of living. Inflation is a somewhat different story. If inflation is running at 3%, you would be anxious to lend your money out because if you sat on idle cash it would slowly disappear. In this case a nominal rate of 1% yields a negative 2% real rate. If a lender wants to receive the same 4% real return as in the deflationary case, a 7% nominal rate would be required. Even though the interest rate is much higher, borrowers would be willing to pay it because they would be repaying their loan with dollars that were "cheaper" than the ones they borrowed. Moral of the story: inflation, if known in advance, tends to make credit available by penalizing holders of idle cash, and the interest rate can compensate for the change in prices. If the inflation rate comes as a surprise, income transfers between lenders and borrowers will occur.

If prices are 1/10th or 10 times what they are today, it makes no difference, but getting from "here" to "there" can be a rocky road indeed!

title: Macroeconomics/Money


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Marine Mammals

a. Toothed Whales
Dolphins and porpoises are also classified as toothed whales, but since they appear as a separate group in this requirement, they are not listed here.

2. Know and locate the story of how God used a whale in Bible times.
Jonah and the whale. In the book of Jonah. Jonah is in the whale's belly for three days and three nights. Jonah 1:17 the whale swallowed Jonah. Jonah 2:1-9, Jonah is in the whales belly. Jonah 2:10 Jonah is vomited onto dry land.

3. What is the largest mammal in the sea?
The largest mammal in the sea, is the Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus).

a. Breaching
Breaching is when a whale leaps into the air and falls on their backs. There are a variety of explanations about why different whales and dolphins perform this artful leap. Some researchers have proposed it may be a behavior to dislodge parasites off of the whale's back, while others have interpreted it as a form of communication. Some believe the whale is just having fun!

b. Echolocation
Echolocation is the biological sonar used by several mammals such as bats, dolphins and whales.

Animals that use echolocation emit calls out to the environment. They listen to the echoes that return from various objects in the environment. They use these echoes to locate, range and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for navigation and for foraging (or hunting) in various environments.

Toothed whales, including dolphins, porpoises, river dolphins, orcas and sperm whales, use echolocation because they live in an underwater habitat that has favorable acoustic characteristics and where vision is extremely limited in range due to absorption or turbidity.

c. Spyhopping
Spyhopping is when a dolphin and whales are in a vertical stance so they can look at their surroundings above the water. The whale slowly rises straight out of the water, until its eye is above the water surface. After a few moments, the whale sinks back down. Again, we cannot be sure why whales spyhop, but they may be coming up to take a look around.

d. Baleen
Baleen makes up baleen plates, which are arranged in two parallel rows that look like combs of thick hair; they are attached to the upper jaws of baleen whales. Whales use these combs for filter feeding. Baleen whales scoop vast amounts of water into their mouths, and then push the water back out their mouths through the baleen plates. The baleen plates prevent fish and plankton from flowing out of their mouths. Whales are the only vertebrate group to use this method of feeding in great abundance (flamingos and crabeater seals use similar methods, but do not have baleen), and it has allowed them to grow to immense sizes.

e. Pod
A pod is a social group of whales, porpoises, or dolphins.

f. Harem
A harem is a group of female seals, which are corralled together by a male for the purpose of mating. The male Northern Fur Seals are possessive of individual females in their harem, often aggressively competing with neighboring males for females. Some males breed with up to 50 females in a single breeding season.

g. Plankton
Plankton are defined as any drifting organism that inhabits the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water. They are widely considered to be one of the most important organisms on Earth, due to the food supply they provide to most aquatic life.

5. Draw a food chain of two different marine mammals.

 * phytoplankton → copepod → fish → squid → seal → orca

This "chain" can be described as follows: Orca (also known as "killer whales") feed upon seals, that feed upon squid, that eat small fish, that feed on copepods, that feed on microscopic algae.

 * phytoplankton → krill → baleen whales

Food loses efficiency as it travels up the food chain from prey to predator. This is because each creature in the chain uses some of the energy it gained from its food. By keeping their food chain short, baleen whales are able to efficiently consume enormous amounts of energy, and therefore, they are able to grow to enormous sizes.

6. What is the purpose of blubber?
Blubber is a thick layer of fat found under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians. It covers the whole body, except for the appendages, loosely attached to the muscles. It can comprise up to 50% of the body mass of some marine mammals during some points in their lives. Blubber serves several different functions, it is the primary area of fat on some mammals, and essential for storing energy. It is particularly important for species which feed and breed in different parts of the ocean. During these periods the species are operating on a fat-based metabolism.

Blubber also serves as an efficient thermal insulator, making it an essential for thermoregulation. It has advantages over fur (as used in Sea Otters) in this respect; fur can retain heat by holding pockets of air, but under pressure (while diving) the air pockets will be expelled. Blubber, however, does not compress under pressure. It can also aid in buoyancy, and acts to streamline the body.

7. Know two reasons that seals are hunted.
Seals are hunted for their fur and their meat. They are also hunted by fishermen to eliminate competition for fish. Seals sometimes take bites out of fish already caught in a fisherman's net, making the fish unfit for sale.

8. Describe why seals and dolphins can move so quickly in the water.
The seal's flippers are enormously long, and the skin between them forms a web which is used like a paddle to propel the seal along. They have long, sturdy claws on their front flippers which they use to help them move on land, especially when they need to grip onto rocks or ice

a. Take a trip to an aquarium. Learn about and observe the daily feeding schedule of a marine mammal.
This option will almost certainly be the most rewarding for your Pathfinders, but it will also require the most work on your part to get it organized. Try to contact the aquarium before setting off on your trip so that you can make arrangements to meet with a staff member there. They are usually very willing to help you, and will be delighted to provide you with information regarding the daily feeding schedule. Note that some zoos have aquariums too, so if a zoo is more convenient than an aquarium, you might want to investigate this possibility.

b. Write a 500-word report on a marine mammal. Include pictures.
Much of the material for the answers presented here was taken from Wikipedia. You can start your research by reading the full articles:
 * Whales
 * Tooth Whales
 * Baleen Whales
 * Dolphins
 * Earless (True) Seals
 * Eared Seals
 * Manatees

c. Write a 500-word report on current events involving marine mammals and their environment and how they could be endangered.
Search Google News for marine mammals to find out about current events. http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&ned=us&q=marine+mammal&btnG=Search+News You can also search http://news.google.com for a particular marine mammal (such as whales, seals, dolphins, or manatees).