text:
Umbraco/Samples and Articles/Implementing Search

Introduction
This article describes how to implement a basic content search in Umbraco.

Please send any comments or corrections to df at darren hyphen ferguson dot com.

Pre-Requisites
You should have some experience of creating Umbraco Templates and Document types.

You will need to download the following files:

Umbraco Utilities: http://old.umbraco.org/frontpage/download/extensions/umbracoutilities.aspx [file no longer exists]

Umbraco XSLT Search: http://www.learningmill.org/bonus/umbraco/SearchResults%201.0%20with%20XSLT.zip [file no longer exists - visit http://old.umbraco.org/frontpage/download/extensions/umbracoutilities/umbsearchresult.aspx for instructions][file no longer exists]

Finally, you'll need some pages in Umbraco. Obviously, if you don't have anything to search, you won't have any results!

Install Umbraco utilities
Rename the Umbraco utilities zip file that you downloaded and rename it as umbracoUtilities.umb (Windows sometimes automatically adds a .zip extension)

Log in to your Umbraco installation as a user that has access to the Developer tab.

Right click on the 'Macros' Icon in the 'Developer' pane and click 'Import package'.

In the resulting popup window use the 'Browse' button to locate umbracoUtilities.umb and then click the 'Load Package' button.

On the following screen you will need to check the 'Accept License' checkbox and click the 'Install Package' button.

Assuming that all goes well you will be presented with a confirmation screen telling you that Umbraco utilities was successfully installed.

You will be prompted to populate the Search index which you should do.

Creating a search form document type and template
In order to search Umbraco content you will need a form that makes an http post of a search term. The form input containing this search term should be named 'search' and is typically an HTML input element with it's attribute type set to text.

You may include your form in a master template, or navigation XSLT file, but for the purpose of this turorial we will assume that the search form resides within it's own template.

Click on 'Settings' in the Umbraco dashboard. in the 'Settings' pane on the left hand side right click 'Document Types' and then click 'Create'.

In the resulting popup window type 'Search Form' (or whatever you like) into the 'Name' text field and check the 'Create matching template' checkbox. Click the 'Create' button.

If you are familiar with Umbraco you may want to add some Tabs and Properties to your new Document Type at this point. If you are relatively new, don't worry, you can always come back and do this later.

In the 'Settings' pane on the left hand side of the Umbraco GUI click on the plus icon to the left of the 'Templates' folder to expand the list of templates. Locate and click on the 'Search Form' template that you created in the previous step of this example.

Paste the following into the 'Template' textarea:

Search Umbraco

Click the 'Save' icon (which looks like a floppy disk).

This is really basic web dev stuff, no trickery here. If you feel the need to add CSS classes, Javascript validation or anything else here, feel free. The only thing that you may need to modify is the form action. The action /result.aspx specified above assumes that you are able to create a page at the root of your umbraco content tree. Don't panic if you can't. I will mention how to replace this URL later.

Creating the search page
Click on the 'Content' icon in the Umbraco dash board. Right click on the Top level content node in the 'Content' pane on the left hand side of the Umbraco GUI. Click 'Create'.

In the resulting 'Create Page' popup select the 'Search Form' Document type that you created in the previous step using the 'Choose Document Type' drop down. In the name text field type 'Search' and then click the create button.

Note: if you don't see your Document type in the list of options then there are obviously issues with how you have set up the structure of Document types within Umbraco. Resolving this problem is outside of the scope of this tutorial, but is quite simple to resolve and the fine folks on the Yahoo mailing list will no doubt set you straight within minutes.

We are starting to get somewhere now. You will see that the Search node has appeared in the 'Content' pane on the left hand side of the Umbraco GUI. You will see that it is greyed out, so click on the 'Save and publish' icon (a globe and a floppy disk combined).

Note: It's a cosmetic issue, but you may not want your Search page icon to be a folder. You probably know how to change this, but if not it's back to the mailing list again.

We've nearly got this section wrapped up, but let's just check that our Search page works ok. Due to a small bug in Umbraco, you'll notice that the 'Link to document' in the right hand frame of the GUI still says 'This item is not published'. To remedy this, click on your search page in the left hand 'Content' pane and the 'Link to document' should change to say '/search.aspx'.

Click on the 'Link to document' URL and you should see something like this:

Ok, it isn't very pretty, but we are well on our way.

Creating a Search results document type and template
We created a document type and template for the search form and the basic steps for creating your Results document type and template are exactly the same. I'm not going to repeat all the diagrams here, so if you struggle, just use the step by step diagrams and instructions in the previous section.

In the settings section of Umbraco Create a document type called 'Search Result' with a matching template.

In the 'Content' section of Umbraco Create a page of type 'Search Result' called 'Result'. Save and publish the page. Click on the page in the left hand 'Content' pane so that you can see it's URL which confirms that it has been published (remember when i mentioned that you may want to change the form action? Well this is the url you need).

Now we have a search form that submits to a page that will show the search results. It's time for the final step. Adding the search functionality.

Creating the search XSLT
In the Umbraco 'Sections' Pane, click on 'Developer'. In the 'Developer' pane on the left hand side of the GUI right click 'XSLT Files' and click 'Create'.

In the resulting popup window Check the 'Create Macro' checkbox and type 'SearchResult' in the Filename text box. Click the 'Create' button. Note: You can leave the 'Choose a template' drop down as it is because we will be updating the newly created file in the next step.

Extract 'SearchResults 1.0 with XSLT.zip' to your local PC. Using your favourite text editor copy the contents of 'SearchResults.xslt' to your clipboard.

In Umbraco click on the SearchResult.xslt file that you have just just created in the 'Developer' pane on the left hand side of the GUI. Paste the contents of your clipboard into 'Source' textarea replacing the existing contents.

Click on the save icon (that looks like a floppy disk).

Note: There will be plenty of time to customise this XSL later, this tutorial just focuses on getting a basic search working.

Setting up the search Macro
In the 'Developer' pane on the left hand side of the Umbraco GUI expand the list of Marcos by clicking on the plus icon next to the 'Macros' folder. Locate the Macro that you created in the previous step (X S L T Search Result) and click on it.

Note: I am unsure why Umbraco adds the spacing into 'X S L T Search Result' but it doesn't matter.

Click on the 'Parameters' tab and enter the following parameters for your Macro.

ALIAS         NAME                           TYPE source        Source                         contentTree search        Search String                  text maxPerPage    Results to display per page    number searchFields  Umbraco fieldnames to search   text page          Page Number                    text

You should end up with a screen that looks like this:

Ensure that you save the changes by clicking on the save icon (that looks like a floppy disc).

Insert the Macro into the Search Result Template
Let's go back and edit our 'Search Result' template. In case you'd forgotten, you click on 'Settings' in the Umbraco 'Sections' pane and it's in the Templates folder.

Right now, it should be empty, so lets put some skeleton HTML in. Just paste the following into the 'Template' textarea:

Search Umbraco

Place your cursor in the textarea between the open and closing body HTML tags. Click on the 'Insert Macro' button (the icon look like two angled HTML tag brackets, you will get a tooltip when you rollover the button the confirm it is the right one.

In the resulting popup window choose 'X S L T Search Result' from the drop down list and click 'OK'.

The following screen asks for some values for the Macro parameters. These demand a little explanation.

By clicking on 'Choose Item' next to the Source parameter you can browse Umbraco's content tree and specify a node under which the search should be performed. I have tried, but I can't seem to get this working from the root node. Maybe someone out there knows how?

The value '[@search]' in the 'Search string' field tells us that the search term is going to be supplied as an part of the HTTP request (remember the text input called 'search' that we created in the form right at the beginning of the tutorial?).

'Result to display per page' is exactly what it says. Just make sure that you specify a number. I've used 10 for this example.

'Umbraco fieldnames to search' is again fairly self explanatory, but you will have to supply field names that are relevant to your own Umbraco installation. You can specify as many fields as you like as a comma delimited list.

'Page Number' has the value '[@page]' which means that it will be part of the http request. The XSLT file we installed earlier takes care of paging through results, so you don't need to do anything special.

Click the OK button, and notice how Umbraco has inserted a Macro tag into our template.

The final But VERY IMPORTANT step is to surround the Marco tag with Umbracos 'ASPNET_FORM' tag so it looks like this:

<?ASPNET_FORM> <?UMBRACO_MACRO macroAlias="XSLTSearchResult" source="-1" search="[@search]" maxPerPage ="10" searchFields="Keywords,Description" page="[@page]">

Thats it! Make sure that you save the changes to your template by clicking the save (floppy disc) icon.

Testing the Search
Browse back to the search page you created and have a go. If it doesn't work, then please let me know what I missed out in the article.

Conclusion
I hope you found this helpful.

Articles like this only evolve, if those who read it send me updates, errors, bugfixes and so on, or as this is a Wiki, just update as you see fit.


text:
Talk:Algorithm Implementation/Search/Binary search

Python
The Pyhon code does not actually work: center is only set once to $$len (seq) / 2$$ and then never changes => the function will always return $$- 2 - len (seq) / 2$$ - unless $$search < seq [0]$$.

This clearly shows that algorithm-code-snippets must always be accomplished by a test suite to be useful to the reader.

Of course only the Ada Programming authors make the effort. And to allow myself a little ranting: It show the difference between a community of software-engineers and community of code-hackers.

--Krischik T 13:22, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

PoisoneR - I add working python code and also java implementation.

 * Very good! - prehaps we should delete the broken version. --Krischik T 19:31, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

C++
I added two separate C++ implementations, one that is recursive and probably better for learning, and one that is generic. The generic one should be good for people learning to write generic algorithms via C++ templates. Any comments, criticisms improvements welcome --Etscrivner 05:21, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:CACS/Preface

"comprehensive overview of the field,..." What is this Field? What CACS stands for in the first place?--Anon01.

title: Talk:CACS/Preface


text:
Talk:Vietnamese/Lesson 1

Format
I think this should be the format of our book.

Chu Nom and Chu Han
I put Han Nom after Quoc Ngu because they are not in common nowadays.--Muzmuz (discuss • contribs) 06:58, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vietnamese/Lesson 1


text:
Clarinet/Clarinet Basics/Tonguing

Tonguing
The Tongue is used as an "air stopper" between the airstream (from the player's mouth) and the mouthpiece, a clarinetist never stops the airflow with his or her diaphragm, the air is merely interrupted by the tongue in a way specific to the musical context. It can be thought of as stones skipping over water, your tongue literally bouncing over air.

Exercise 1
First exercise when we start tonguing is to set up the reed and the mouthpiece, as you normally would, but take it off the clarinet (with the barrel too) and begin to play long sustained notes allowing each to be about 8–10 seconds long, now when you want to shortly interrupt the sound, while blowing (playing notes) use the tip of the tongue and make the consonant sound of the letter "t" (if you find that "t" doesn't float your boat, use "d"). This is only a tiny interruption in the sound and should be approx 1/64 of a beat (a minute amount). You have now learned the basic legato tonguing, this is used in situations for example when you have a bar of ta's (Crotchets- For all those non-French note value people) that are just a bar of ta's, they are separated by a light tongue in an even manner. It would be appropriate to practice the tonguing of ta's or 2 beat notes (Crotchets or minums) with your mouthpiece/barrel setup and then move on to Tee-Tees (quavers, grouped into 2's) with the sound "t t" and learn to control the speed and dynamic of your tonguing. Then move on to music, put your clarinet together and play a song all tongued and then play it all slurred, and then play it as written. You will get better and find out how your tongue is most comfortable with practice.

Kларинет/Језик

title: Clarinet/Clarinet Basics/Tonguing


text:
User:NadineWickedWeasel

Hi I'm Nadine from Wicked Weasel.

title: User:NadineWickedWeasel


text:
User talk:NadineWickedWeasel

--195.188.50.200 14:44, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:NadineWickedWeasel


text: Microtechnology

title: Microtechnology


text:
Relationships/How Women Select Men

Women have two, conflicting instincts when choosing men. On the one hand, women have the natural imperative to select optimal genetic traits, one way of making that selection easy is through hierarchically superior men, a.k.a. "alpha" males. On the other hand, women want men who can materially provide for their families, commit to a long-term relationship, and enjoy interacting with children, a.k.a. "good relationship skills."

"Alpha" Males
What kind of "alpha" male are you?

If you're a gorilla, you establish your physical dominance over any male you meet.

If you're a gibbon, you mate monogamously for life. You live with your mate and your children. You sing to your mate and your mate sings back to let you know their location. You and your mate are the same size and look identical. You start each morning with a half-hour of loud hooting to frighten other gibbons away from your forty acres of forest.

If you're a chimpanzee, you live in a group of fifty individuals. When a female is ovulating, she has sex with every male in the group. Males have a large penis, large testicles, and ejaculate lots of sperm. Males reproduce not because they dominate females or other males, but because their sperm is more active than other males' sperm (i.e., healthier than other males).

If you're a baboon, you live in a troop that varies from 10 to 200 individuals, depending on habitat, time of year, and predation. Males make friends with other males. When another male threatens a male, their friends back them up. The threatened male avoid fighting. Fighting leads to injuries, and lions eat injured baboons. Males and females also form friendships. Female baboons mate with their male friends. They like males who have many friends.

Women Go For Tail Feathers
Among the Aché hunter-gatherers of Paraguay, the men hunt big-game animals. They bring home a big animal about one day in ten. They return empty-handed the other days. Men, on median, bring in 4,663 calories per day.

Aché women gather plants and small animals, and care for their children (see ../How Our Ancestors Lived/). The amount of food a woman brings home depends only on how many hours she spends laboriously picking and processing foods. Women, on average, bring in 10,356 calories per day.

When an Aché man brings home a deer, he shares it with other families, not only with his wife and children. Why do Aché men hunt large animals, only to give away this relatively rare food? Why not help their wives gather food? Such a man could easily bring home enough plants and small animals for two wives and their children.

Aché women view big-game hunting like peahens view peacocks' tail feathers. Big-game hunting shows that a man is physically and mentally fit. Giving away meat shows that he has more than enough strength and skill to survive. Women like men with many friends, and giving away meat maintains friendships. Men give meat to lower-status individuals to show their superior place in the social hierarchy (see The Great Male Hierarchy).

Extramarital sex isn't unusual among the Aché. When asked who had fathered their children, Aché women named, on average, 2.1 possible fathers for each child. On the list of possible fathers, the best hunters' names came up most often.

Status
Women prefer high-status men. In workplace affairs, men are equally likely to have sex with a superior or subordinate woman. Women, in contrast, are seven times more likely to have sex with superior, rather than subordinate, men.

Many societies expect the sons of leaders to become leaders. Women who want "alpha" sons marry "alpha" husbands. E.g., the 2000 presidential election was between the son of a president, the son of a senator, the son and grandson of four-star Navy admirals, and the son of a wealthy banker (George W. Bush, Al Gore, John McCain, and Bill Bradley).

To attract women, improve your social status. Give away stuff to make friends. Help less-fortunate individuals, to show that you're above average. Lead groups, e.g., captain your softball team. Dress well, Speak well.

Money
If money attracted women, Bill Gates would be sexier than the Beatles in 1965.

Women are conflicted about money. Women want "alpha" males who show off their money like peacocks show off their tail feathers, e.g., buying a round of drinks in a bar. But women also want "relationship" men who put their paychecks into a mortgage.

Show off your money to attract a woman's attention. Then talk about the home you're buying to make her want a relationship.

Our hunter-gatherer ancestors owned nothing but what they could carry to the next campsite. Accumulation of wealth wasn't possible. Women's cerebral cortexes have learned to appreciate accumulated wealth, but their brains aren't hardwired for this. In a conflict, women tend to choose their more basic instinct; love, instead of their newer appreciation of wealth.

Confidence and Stress
Aché men gamble on bringing home a deer one day in ten, instead of choosing the safety of helping their wives gather food. Gambling—and a man's life in general—is stressful.

Mammals produce glucocorticoid hormones in stressful situations. Too much glucocorticoid causes health problems. In male and female primates, high-status individuals produce minimal glucocorticoid in stressful situations. Low-status individuals produce too much glucocorticoid. Stress—"the fear of fear itself"—physically hurts low-status individuals. Stress doesn't affect the health of high-status individuals.

Confident men—who believe that their powers or circumstances can handle stressful situations—attract women. To attract women and improve your health, take a stress-reduction class. Learn to handle stressful situations with confidence.

The common belief that men are hardwired to be alone ("go to their caves") after a stressful day and that women are hardwired to talk to a supportive partner is a misconception. The former is the avoidant attachment style and the latter is the secure attachment style. It's true that attachment styles are hardwired in adults, and it's true that this distinction is of paramount importance in relationships (mismatched partners have more relationship difficulties, and avoidant individuals have more relationship difficulties in general) but the hardwiring results from the individuals genetics and childhood peer influences. Men and women can have either attachment style.

Looks, Height, and Strength
Women rate tall, strong, athletic males as "very desirable" marriage partners. Women are almost twice as likely to value physical strength in men, as men are to value physical strength in women. However, most women have to be realistic and would settle for a male just slightly taller than themselves, whilst preferring men with feminine-looking faces. E.g., women prefer Leonardo DiCaprio to Tom Selleck.

American women prefer men 5'11" (180.34 cm) or taller. Tall men receive more personal ad responses than short men.

Never-married women are more likely to prefer physical attractiveness. Conversely, divorced and widowed women are more likely to select good character over physical attractiveness.

Language Skills
Men with good language skills attract women. Women love talking. To improve your language skills, take a creative writing class. Or memorize a few romantic poems.

Or learn a foreign language. Foreign women will think that a man who can conjugate verbs correctly in their language will make a good husband.

Age
Women select personal ads primarily by age. Women select men who are, on average, three and a half years older. Older men, in general, have more social status and emotional maturity.

The worldwide average age difference between brides and grooms is three years. Americans marry closer in age.

In 1890, the average age at which men first married was 26. Women married at 22.

During the first half of the twentieth century, increasing affluence enabled younger men to support families. Secondary education and increased leisure time facilitated dating. Dating sometimes led to sex, pregnancy, and early marriage. In 1956, men married at 22, women at 20.

The FDA approved oral contraceptives in 1956. The U.S. Supreme Court legalized abortion in 1973. Women delayed motherhood to start careers. In 1998, men married at 27, women at 25.

Couples now live together from the age that their parents' generation married. The average man now first lives with a woman, either in marriage or as an unmarried couple, for the first time at 22. The average woman moves in with a man at age 20 or 21.

Couples that marry younger than 25 have dramatically higher divorce rates. Our brains' prefrontal lobes don't mature until 25. This "executive decisions" brain area is where we make good judgments. Automobile insurance rates drop at 25 because drivers with mature prefrontal lobes get into fewer accidents. Similarly, men and women make better relationship decisions after 25. (If you want to marry younger than 25, and you live in a culture where it is accepted to ask your parents to arrange a marriage for you, then give it a try; That idea sounds radical but it has worked for thousands of years.)

Relationship Skills
Women want men who'll stay in a faithful, long-term relationship. But a woman can't predict a man's behavior twenty years in the future. Women instead look for signs that a man is relationship material.

Predictability
Women prefer men who have a steady job, are dependable, and are emotionally stable. A predictable man is boring and a woman will soon get bored with you to leave you for another. Unpredictable men are a good thing because it will keep her guessing and interested in the mystery that you are. Don't be predictable, you're better than that.

E.g., if you want to date a certain waitress, talk to her for 5-15 minutes and then ask for her phone number and shut up. If she is interested, she will help give it to you, on the contrary if she talks about how her sister just got into town and hands you a business card then flush that number fast as you can.

A woman who is secure will look for the stability of a more sensible man who understands the predictability of a secure relationship but realizes how romance can be used for emotional intimacy.

Home Ownership
One of the highest factors correlating with likelihood of a man to marry is home ownership.

Family Relationships
Another sign that a man will be a good husband and father is his relationship with his family. Show women photos of yourself playing with your nieces and nephews. Invite your date to meet your siblings or cousins and their nieces and nephews (meeting your parents and grandparents is less effective).

Men positively interacting with children attract women. Men who ignore a child in distress turn off women. Women's favorite pinups show bare-chested, muscled men holding smiling babies.

In contrast, men have no preference for women interacting with children versus women alone. E.g., men like pinups of bare-chested women, but not holding babies.

Astrology and Personality Types
Astrology and personality types fascinate many people. However, astrology is a pseudoscience with no basis in fact and there is no scientific evidence for the various methods of personality typing. Despite this many men and women choose to use astrology as one part of choosing a new partner. Talk about personality types on dates (see Personality Types).

Emotional Connection
The prefrontal lobes (part of the cerebral cortex) enable affect-regulation, or the

"ability to regulate our emotional reactions, control our impulses, or moderate the survival reflexes of our ancient reptilian system."

- Joseph Chilton Pearce, The Biology of Transcendence (2002)

The prefrontal lobes are our most recently evolved brain area. This is also the last area to develop in each individual—maturing between the ages of 15 and 25.

Women want emotionally mature men. An emotionally mature man changes his emotions as situations change—or to change a situation. Although his limbic brain experiences a wide range of emotions, his higher self (his prefrontal lobes) stays constant. Such an individual is capable of a long-term relationship.

E.g., in Roxanne (1987), a man insults Steve Martin. Martin at first shows anger at the insult. But then he switches to humor. Martin first makes jokes about himself. Then he switches the subject of his wit to the other man, making a crowd laugh at the man. The other man shows only one emotion—anger—in response to each of Martin's changing emotions.

Imagine that your emotions are like a car with a standard transmission. To shift from one emotion to another, you shift through neutral. In neutral, you quiet one emotion before shifting to another emotion. When you quiet your own emotions, you can feel your partner's emotions. Buddhists call this state egoless. Christians say selfless. When you feel your partner's emotions, you can select the best emotion for the situation.

Fear Reduces Us to Reptilian Responses
You meet an attractive woman. Your cerebral cortex imagines your friends' envy if she goes out with you.

Your limbic brain fears that she'll reject you.

Your reptilian brain wants to have sex with her.

In a conflicted brain, the older brain area wins. You're capable of having sex with her. Your reptilian brain is perfectly functional.

Your limbic brain is warning, "Don't emotionally connect with her! You'll get hurt!" You're unable to feel her emotional state. She seems like a beautiful statue in a museum.

You've locked out your cerebral cortex. Language is a cerebral cortex activity, so you can only stare at her breasts and mumble incoherently.

"When integrated, [the triune brain] offers us an open-ended potential; an ability to rise and go beyond all constraint or limitation. But when that integration fails, our mind is a house divided against itself, our behavior a paradoxical civil war—and we become our own worst enemy."

- Joseph Chilton Pearce, The Biology of Transcendence (2002)

Developing Awareness of Choices
Cerebral cortex activity won't get you out of an internal conflict. E.g., repeating positive statements (affirmations) while blocking awareness of your emotional state won't help.

Instead, connect to your limbic brain. Feel your emotional state.

Slow down. When you react quickly, your brain selects myelinated or habitual responses. Instead of going with your first reaction, pause and breathe.

Imagine your choices. Imagine alternative responses.

"No one needs to be completely hemmed in by circumstances; no one needs to be the victim of his biography."

- George Kelly, The Psychology of Personal Constructs (1955)

Think through your general fear to specific fears. E.g., you fear that she'll say that you're too old for her. Imagine different responses you could make to that rejection: When Hugh Hefner first asked Barbi Benton out, she said, "Well, I've, uh, never dated anyone over 23 before." Hef responded without hesitation, "That's okay. Neither have I."

You'll no longer feel fear. What seemed like an insurmountable problem now looks like a variety of choices, each leading to a positive conclusion.

Imagining different possible futures is a cerebral cortex activity. Feeling emotions is a limbic brain activity. Imagining your emotions in various scenarios connects your cerebral cortex and limbic brain. You unblock your internal conflicts.

Play a Game
When an unexpected event upsets you, the problem isn't the event. The problem is that you don't know how to respond. When you're upset you fail to see positive opportunities. You see only that your plans are blocked. Instead, stay flexible and look for opportunities in unexpected events.

E.g., a man sees a woman sitting in a bar booth. He walks over, bends down to talk to her, and bonks his head on a lampshade hanging over the table. Momentarily stunned, he stands there while the lampshade swings back and bonks his head a second time.

He says, "Excuse me. Let me do this again." He returns to his bar stool. He comes back to the woman, puts his hand calmly on the lampshade, bends down, and introduces himself.

This happened to one of my friends. He and the woman dated for several months.

He managed his fear by playing a game. Play boosts emotional experience, and develops relationships with other individuals.

Children play obvious games. Adults play subtle games. Let's make my friend's game more obvious:

 * Shift to a pretend world. : He said, in effect, "I'm going to pretend to meet you." In pretend worlds we're less afraid of showing emotions.

 * Focus on a bipolar construct. : Psychologists call a pair of opposite ideas a bipolar construct. A literature major would say irony. Whatever you call it, when an individual does two, opposite things at the same time, we laugh. In this game, the bipolar construct was being cool vs. being clumsy.

 * Exaggerate emotions. : If my friend had played the game to entertain a child, he would've amplified his emotions. E.g., he returns to his bar stool. Then he pretends to see the woman for the first time. His eyes pop open and his jaw drops. His hand shakes and he nearly spills his beer in his lap. He exaggerates preening in the bar mirror, then swaggers over.

 * Repeat the game : If he were playing the game to entertain a child, he'd bonk his head on the lampshade—three times. Then he'd repeat the skit. He could repeat it thirty times and the child would laugh every time.

 * Exchange roles. : If he were entertaining a child, he'd trade places with the child. The child would pretend to be clumsy Joe Cool.

 * Make your game physical and unstructured. : Children play physical, unstructured, non-competitive games. Adults play abstract, non-physical, structured, competitive games, e.g., spectator sports, casino gambling, ballroom dancing, and board games. My friend's game was physical (bonking his head on the lampshade) and unstructured (he didn't hand out a sheet of rules).

 * Schedule playtime. : For your next party, tell your guests that the first hour will be games, e.g., Twister.

Laugh to Connect Your Limbic Brain and Cerebral Cortex
Only humans laugh. Other animals express emotions as they occur. Our emotional regulation stops us from suddenly expressing unexpected emotions.

Our cerebral cortex sends emotions it doesn't know how to regulate to our speech area, and we laugh. We associate laughter with humor because humor is always unexpected. But humor isn't one emotion. Humor is any emotion we can't regulate. Because different individuals regulate different emotions well or poorly, different individuals laugh at different events.

A sense of humor attracts women. Laugh in emotional situations, e.g., when you do something embarrassing. Laughing connects your limbic brain and cerebral cortex, enabling better awareness of your emotions.

Reveal a Secret to Emotionally Connect
In 1957, a young man arrived in Nashville. He stuttered, but played guitar, and could sing without stuttering.

Soon he had a job performing with Minnie Pearl, the country comedienne. Pearl encouraged him to talk on stage. He refused, afraid that the audience would laugh at his speech.

Pearl replied:

"Let 'em laugh. Goodness gracious, laughs are hard to get and I'm sure that they're laughing with you and not against you, Melvin."

The singer developed humorous routines about his stuttering. Audiences laughed. His career took off.

"Word began to circulate around Nashville about this young singer from Florida who could write songs and sing, but stuttered like hell when he tried to talk. The next thing I knew I was being asked to be on every major television show in America."

- Mel Tillis

Don't be afraid to share a secret. Women share secrets with girlfriends to emotionally connect (see Women's Support Circles). But don't whine about your problems. Instead, talk confidently about a secret to show that you've turned a weakness into strength.

Entertainment Skills
Entertainment expresses emotions. Effective entertainers emotionally connect with their audiences.

Entertainment integrates limbic brain emotions with cerebral cortex imagination. When an entertainer expresses an old emotion in a new way, we applaud.

Other animals do the same mating rituals generation after generation. E.g., peahens never get bored watching peacocks show off their tail feathers. Like peahens, older women enjoy 300-year-old operas. But young women want only new music, the latest clothes, and the coolest actors. Their greatest put-down is "that's so ten minutes ago."

"Mankind might well be a tool-making and tool-using species, but nothing so separates us from the lower animals than our almost comic enthusiasm for the new, new thing."

- Nick Schultz, editor of TechCentralStation.com

Effective entertainers have integrated brains. Conversely, to improve your brain integration, develop your entertainment skills.

Entertaining men attract women. When a man's performance makes a woman feel emotionally connected, her limbic brain tells her that she's in a long-term relationship with him.

A woman with an integrated brain responds, "I want a long-term relationship with this man. I'll buy his CDs (or watch his movies). I'll feel as if I've known him for years."

A woman with a poorly integrated brain might try to have a physical relationship with the man, even though her cerebral cortex tells her that he'll never commit to a relationship with her. In a conflicted brain, the older area wins.

Entertainment skills can make women ignore a man's faults. E.g., Woody Allen's sense of humor attracts women, even though he's small, scrawny, and married his stepdaughter. (At least he's a family man.)

Women's Entertainment Skills
Male entertainers, in general, have both male and female fans. Female entertainers, until recently, had only female fans, and had fewer fans than male entertainers. E.g., your local ballet company has fewer fans than your professional basketball team.

Masculine individuals (generally, but not always, men) use entertainment skills to attract sexual partners. Feminine individuals (generally, but not always, women) use entertainment skills to keep a partner in a long-term relationship.

E.g., a woman who makes her husband laugh each day, and makes his heart ache when she sings lullabies to their children, has a husband who's not going to leave her.

Legendary King Shahryar took a new woman to bed each night, and then killed each woman in the morning. One woman saved herself by telling a story with a cliffhanger ending. Shahrazad kept this up night after night, spinning Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Sinbad the Sailor, and other stories into One Thousand and One Arabian Nights (circa A.D. 1000).

Truth and Lying in Art and Entertainment
Entertainment skills increase reproductive success so effectively (i.e., get women to have sex with men, and get men to stay with women) that sexual selection for entertainment skills may have driven our ancestors to evolve larger cerebral cortexes.

Art and entertainment are lies, from the point of view of the performer. E.g., when an actor playing Hamlet says that he's going to kill his stepfather, the actor isn't threatening his stepfather's life. A painter creates an image that looks real, but isn't. A poem makes us visualize a scene we don't see. Novels and movies take us into worlds we've never experienced.

But art and entertainment are truthful, from the point of view of the audience. Effective artists and entertainers communicate emotions that "strike a chord" in the listener or viewer. They tell the truth not about themselves—e.g., you don't want to know that an actor is afraid of forgetting his lines, or is hoping that a movie producer might be in the audience and offer him a better-paying job—but instead quiet their own emotions and emote the audience's feelings.

Religion and Evolution
Art, entertainment, religion, and reproductive success are entwined. Religious men and women sing in church or synagogue, dramatically recite Bible stories, dance at rituals, etc. Most societies encourage religious men, e.g., rabbis, to marry and produce large families. Men prefer to marry religious women, because they're more likely to be sexually faithful.

Our ancestors' sexual preference for partners with deeply moving emotional skills may have driven them to evolve brains capable of spiritual thought. I.e., evolution enabled humans to think spirituality, and, conversely, spiritual thinking may have driven human evolution.

Consumerism as Runaway Sexual Selection
For our ancestral fathers, entertainment was "do it yourself." Dinner was killing and roasting an animal. After dinner, they played music, danced, or told epics of their heroes.

"Now consider what happens in modern courtship. We take our dates to restaurants where we pay professional chefs to cook them great food, or to dance clubs where professional musicians excite their auditory systems, or to films where professional actors entertain them with vicarious adventures. The chefs, musicians, and actors do not actually have sex with our dates. They just get paid. We get the sex if the date goes well. Of course, we still have to talk in modern courtship, and we still have to look reasonably good. But the market economy shifts much of the courtship effort from us to professionals. To pay the professionals, we have to make money, which means getting a job. The better our education, the better our job, the more money we make, and the better the vicarious courtship we can afford. Consumerism turns the tables on ancestral patterns of human courtship."

- Geoffrey Miller, The Mating Mind (2000)

"I can't stand dinner and a movie."

- Julia Schultz, Playboy centerfold

"Onstage, I make love to 25,000 people;then I go home alone."

- Janis Joplin

Consumerism hotwires our brains' relationship circuits. Cars, shopping malls, television, and Julia Schultz's Playboy poses hit these neural circuits.

Women are especially susceptible to consumerism. E.g., on eBay, women described 11% of their shoes as "sexy." Men described only 0.005% of their shoes as "sexy."

Consumerism makes us work longer hours to buy more stuff for our mates. Women have less time to exercise and look attractive. Men have less time to practice entertainment skills. Couples have less time together.

The effects of consumerism range from environmental destruction to anti-American hatred. Runaway consumerism&#;not war, crime, or disease;is the greatest threat to human survival. Focus on relationships, not buying stuff. You'll be happier and your grandchildren will have a planet to live on.

==References==
 * Buss, David M. Evolutionary Psychology (Allyn & Bacon, 1999, ISBN 0-205-19358-7, 136-137.
 * Brin, David. "Neoteny and Two-Way Sexual Selection in Human Evolution," http://www.kithrup.com/brin/neoteny.html.
 * Rhodes, G. Hickford, C., Jeffrey, L. "Sex-typicality and attractiveness: Are supermale and superfemale faces super-attractive?" ritish Journal of Psychology, 91, 125-140 (2000); Cunningham, M.R. “Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: Quasi-experiments on the sociobiology of female facial beauty,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 925-35 (1986); Johnson, V.S., Franklin, M. “Is Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder?” Ethology and Sociobiology 14 (1993): 183-199.
 * Brin, David. "Neoteny and Two-Way Sexual Selection in Human Evolution," http://www.kithrup.com/brin/neoteny.html.
 * Buss, David M. Evolutionary Psychology< (Allyn & Bacon, 1999, ISBN 0-205-19358-7, p. 140.

title: Relationships/How Women Select Men


text:
Relationships/How Our Ancestors Lived

If human existence were as long as two copies of this book, for all but the last page of the second book—10,000 years—humans lived in small bands of hunter-gatherers. Archaeologists call this era the Paleolithic, or "early Stone Age."

Idyllic Lifestyle
The hunter-gatherer lifestyle is better than the agricultural lifestyle in many ways. Hunter-gatherers moved around. They saw new vistas and ate different foods. Most appealing, they met other groups of people. In contrast, farmers are stuck in one place all their lives.

Hunter-gatherer diets were nutritious. They ate a wide variety of meat, fish, and plants. For example, the Yupic natives of coastal Alaska ate more than thirty species of mammals, birds, fish, and shellfish. Starvation was not an issue in places with multiple food sources.

In contrast, agricultural diets are mostly corn, potatoes, wheat, or rice. These starchy foods lack protein, vitamins, and minerals. Better diets made our hunter-gatherer ancestors bigger (with bigger brains) than many modern people.

Men enjoyed hunting. They skillfully crafted weapons. They roamed far from home. They used intelligence to find animals. They used speed and strength to kill.

Women enjoyed socializing while gathering plants, snaring small game, and preparing food. Their children played around them, or stayed in camp with their elderly relatives.

Hunter-gatherers had many hours of leisure. Climates that required minimal shelter and clothing had little of the "housework" of our culture. In harsh climates, people could do little in the winter or during storms.

Small populations lived in large areas. Contagious diseases were unlikely to spread. Changing camps—before waste accumulated—stopped endemic diseases.

Many cultures describe their ancestors as coming from an idyllic Garden of Eden or "land of milk and honey." These ancestral memories may be true.

The Roman Cornelius Tacitus described a hunter-gatherer tribe in first-century Lithuania, as

"astonishingly savage and disgustingly poor. They have no proper weapons, no horses, no homes. They eat wild herbs […]. The women support themselves by hunting, exactly like the men […]. Yet they count their lot happier than that of others who groan over field labor."

- Tacitus, Germania (circa A.D. 100)

People continue to live as hunter-gatherers in northern Canada, the Australian outback, and central Africa. Contemporary hunter-gatherers live only on land that no one else wants, e.g., deserts, jungles, or frozen tundra. Their lives are difficult not because they are hunter-gatherers, but because they live on the worst land. 10,000 years ago, our ancestors lived good lives on abundant, temperate lands.

Egalitarian Groups
Hunter-gatherers were egalitarian. A large animal has more meat than one family can eat. A hunter loses nothing by giving away the extra meat to other families. When the hunter comes home empty-handed, he can expect other men to share their kills. Because hunter-gatherers cannot store meat, they measure wealth by social connections.

Hunter-gatherers could not accumulate wealth. They could not store food. They did not build permanent houses. Each person owned only what he could carry.

With nothing to steal, violence was minimal and warfare nonexistent.

Men and women were equally responsible for producing food. They had equal status in hunter-gatherer societies. Hunter-gatherer societies have fixed gender roles, but everyone learns all basic skills for survival.

Each individual had equal opportunities to speak to the group. Each individual made his own decisions. A band that disagreed about a decision could split into two groups.

Older people were libraries of knowledge, before the invention of writing. A band with an old woman might survive a flood or a drought, because she remembered what people did when a similar disaster happened decades earlier.

Children learned by observing adults, not through rote learning. Adults raised children to think independently. Children had to survive in case of disaster or separation from the group. Because hunter-gatherers live in small bands, boys and girls play together and behave more alike than children in larger societies.

Limited Polygyny
Most hunter-gatherers were monogamous. Most hunters could provide only enough meat for one wife and her children. The best hunters could support two wives (polygyny).

Tacitus described a Neolithic (late Stone Age) German tribe as having

"One wife apiece—all of them except a very few who take more than one not to satisfy their desires, but because their exalted rank brings many pressing offers of matrimonial alliances. The dowry is brought by husband to wife […] gifts [such as] oxen, a horse and bridle, or a shield, spear and sword […] she in turn brings a present of arms to her husband. The woman must not think that she is excluded from aspirations to manly virtues or exempt from the hazards of warfare. She enters her husband's home to be the partner of his toils and perils, that both in peace and war she is to share his sufferings and adventures. Clandestine love-letters are unknown to men and women alike. Adultery is extremely rare. Girls too are not hurried into marriage. As old and full-grown as the men they match their mates in age and strength."

- Tacitus, Germania (circa A.D. 100)

Were Our Ancestors Monogamous or Polygamous?
Biological and anthropological evidence suggests that our ancestral mothers were mildly polyandrous, i.e., women had more than one male sexual partner per birth.

Female gorillas are monogamous. Gorilla testes are one-quarter of the size of human testes (adjusted for body size). In contrast, female chimpanzees average 13 male sex partners per birth. Chimpanzee testes are three times the size of human testes (adjusted for body size). The size of human testes suggests that our ancestral mothers had several male sexual partners per birth.

As noted, the Aché hunter-gatherers are moderately polyandrous, with each child having, on average, 2.1 possible fathers.

Biological and anthropological evidence also suggests that our ancestors were mildly polygynous, i.e., that men fathered children with more than one woman. In polygynous species, e.g., gorillas, males are bigger than females (sexual dimorphism). Males that win fights with other males mate with several females. Male gorillas are twice the size of females. In contrast, among monogamous species, e.g. gibbons, small males breed as often as large males. Gibbon males and females are the same size.

Men are somewhat larger than women, suggesting mild polygyny. This biological and anthropological evidence for polyandry suggest that our ancestors were moderately polygamous (men with more than one woman).

Agricultural Societies
Agriculture started about 10,000 years ago. Women planted wild wheat and barley seeds near their camps, so they would not have to walk far to collect grain. But someone had to stay and protect the crops from animals and other people. At first, elderly individuals did this. They spent their time making pottery containers to store grain.

Hunter-gatherer women could carry only one child. They spaced children about four years apart, because a four-year-old could walk all day. Women married as adults, strong enough to carry a child.

In contrast, agricultural women did not have to carry their children everywhere. They spaced children a year or two apart, producing larger families. Teenage girls married and reproduced before they were full-grown.

Agriculture and bigger families caused a vicious circle of increased food, but also increased population. More labour had to go into working the fields, to produce enough food to feed everyone. More men had to farm. Fewer men hunted.

Individuals in agricultural societies became specialized. Some individuals did nothing but make pottery. Others became blacksmiths, shepherds, or soldiers. Specialization increased productivity, but population increases kept pace. Successive generations did not live better.

Animal Husbandry and the Origins of Wealth
Farmers owned land. Some land was better than other land. Farmers owned plows and other tools for farming. They owned pottery and buildings for storing food. They built permanent houses, living in one place for generations.

Domesticated animals became an additional source of wealth. Dogs and pigs first came into camps to eat garbage. Children raised baby animals after hunters killed the animals' mothers. Farmers first raised domesticated animals for meat. Over time, men figured out how to harness large animals to plow fields, and to produce milk and wool.

A man who owned a pair of sheep, cattle, or hogs soon had more livestock. A shepherd can watch one hundred sheep as easily as he can watch ten sheep. Economies of scale become possible. Some men became rich—and poor men became their slaves.

Livestock made violence a profitable way of life. Stealing cattle was easy, especially for men skilled as hunters. For the first time, people owned a resource worth stealing. Cattle raids led to killing people, which led to warfare.

Marriage and Divorce
Wealthy men supported larger families. Their wives spent more time producing children, and less time working outside the home. High-status men in agricultural societies had dozens or even hundreds of wives. Because high-status men had so many wives, many subordinate males had no wives or children.

Hunter-gatherer societies accepted divorce. Because individuals own only what they can carry, it is easy to split up. Divorce was economically impossible for farmers. A couple with fields, a house, and a barn could not divide the property in half. The individual who wanted out of the marriage had to leave empty-handed.

Many immigrants to the United States and its western frontier were men leaving their marriages and land, looking for new land and new marriages.

Negative Patterns
By the Neolithic era, we see the negative patterns of our own culture:

 * A few wealthy, powerful men.
 * Many poor, powerless men.
 * Women valued for their ability to produce children, not for their minds.
 * Women confined to their homes.
 * Teenage girls marrying before reaching physical and intellectual maturity.
 * Malnourishment in the best of times. Corn, wheat, potatoes, etc. do not provide balanced nutrition. Starvation in years of drought, flood, insects, etc.
 * Many people living in close quarters spread diseases.
 * Shorter lifespans, due to malnutrition and disease.
 * Long hours of specialized, repetitive, mind-numbing work.
 * War with neighboring tribes.
 * Violence between bachelor men.
 * Children disciplined into obedience, punished for independent thinking, and rewarded for working quietly in a group.
 * Lack of support for teenagers' needs to feel that they are unique, special individuals. Punishment of teenagers who assert their individuality.
 * Old women became useless and disrespected, as books replaced them as sources of knowledge.
 * Poor self-esteem. It is easier to make people work like slaves if they believe they are slaves. A philosopher observed, "The remarkable thing isn't that some men are slaves. The remarkable thing is that some men believe that they are slaves."

Hunter-gatherer societies encouraged some individuals to develop transcendent abilities, e.g., prescience, communication with a spirit world, or physical feats such as firewalking. Speculatively, transcendent abilities could develop in the pre-frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. Only humans have pre-frontal lobes. This is the most recent brain area to evolve, and, between the ages 15 to 21, the last to develop in each individual (see Emotional Connection). A young person who receives support and guidance from a mentor to develop transcendent experiences might develop pre-frontal lobe capabilities that would otherwise be lost. The institutional religions of the agricultural era may have set back brain evolution.

Cities and Civilization
Cities developed about 5,000 years ago. Civilization increased social stratification—i.e., the rich became richer, and the poor became poorer.

Village leaders became warlords, then kings, then emperors. Military organizations dominated regions, instead of occasionally raiding a neighboring village.

When primate brain size is compared to the number of animals in social groups, and then extrapolated to human brain size, humans appear to be hardwired for living in groups of about 155 individuals. If we live in a larger community, we put people into groups instead of thinking of them as individuals. I.e., communities of less than 155 individuals do not have "us and them" thinking.

On the positive side, civilization enabled new ideas to spread faster. New ideas breed more new ideas. Competitive individuals try to outsmart each other—making everyone smarter.

"A critical mass of people with such knowledge can multiply growth still further—essentially by creating knowledge clusters in which generally like-minded people bounce ideas off each other and compete. This dynamic is one reason why incomes are higher in cities than in rural areas and why nations that are already technologically advanced will quickly become more so."

- Bruce Bartlett

Industrial-Information Society
We're living in a third era. The Industrial-Information Age began in 1437, when Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press.

Better information enabled technological advances—and, in a virtuous circle, technological advances produced better information.

Improved communication enabled oppressed peoples to organize themselves against autocratic rulers. Examples of liberation movements range from the American (1775-1783) and French Revolutions (1789-1795) to the civil rights movement of the 1960s and the women's movement of the 1970s.

Democracy vs. Women
Democratic revolutionaries replaced aristocracy. The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, stated, "all men are created equal." Jefferson intentionally excluded women.

"This new United States government was going to be the opposite of a court. All of the things that are features of court life—like kings, and absolute power, and courtiers, and the interplay of personal interests, and face-to-face politicking, and influential women—all of those things became anathema to the founders of this brand-new republic. Thomas Jefferson, who had been an ambassador in France, had particularly seen those court women ruling and having control over all kinds of official business, and he loathed it."

- Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics (2000)

Instead, Jefferson envisioned an open government, with no behind-the-scenes politicking—and no women.

The revolutionaries took power from the old rulers—the few powerful men, and most women. They gave power to the powerless—the majority of men. The United States did not allow women to vote until 1920. Switzerland gave women the vote in 1970. Women aren't allowed to vote today in Saudi Arabia.

Hunter-Gatherer Values in the Industrial-Information Age
The industrial-information age enables us to return to our hunter-gatherer instincts.

In hunter-gatherer groups, everyone was economically equal. No individual owned more than he could carry. Today, poor Americans enjoy the standard of living—as measured by cars, televisions, air conditioners, etc.—that the middle-class enjoyed a generation ago.

Hunter-gatherer groups had minimal violence. Violent crime is dropping in the United States. Fewer international conflicts occur. By 2100, violence and war may be rare.

In hunter-gatherer groups, men and women had equal status. Women's rights are among the achievements of the past 30 years.

Hunter-gatherers were mildly polygamous. We practice mild polygamy in the form of "serial monogamy." Like hunter-gatherers, we allow divorce.

Hunter-gatherers enjoyed seeing new scenery and meeting new people. Today, working class men and women admire long-distance truckers. Professional class men and women enjoy travel to "unspoiled" third-world countries. We all increasingly appreciate social diversity and the natural environment.

Delayed Reproduction to Reduce Overpopulation
According to some writers, men should have their sperm frozen before 35, and wait until 40 or 45 to start a family, and women should wait until 30.

Older couples have the maturity for long-term committed relationships. They are more likely to have the emotional maturity to raise children.

Providing that economic conditions are good nationally, older couples have accumulated wealth. At least one parent does not have to work.

Couples that marry later are less likely to divorce. Delayed reproduction slows population growth. If a 40-year-old couple have two children, and the parents live to 76, net population growth is zero. In contrast, a 19-year-old couple with two children increases the population seven-fold—when such a couple dies, two children, four grandchildren, and eight great-grandchildren replace them.

Effects of Television on Children's Brain Development
Before television, children listened to adults telling stories. Imagining a story stimulated a child's cerebral cortex. Vicariously feeling the adult's emotions stimulated the child's limbic brain. Acting out a story (a central activity in Waldorf schools) integrates the reptilian brain, limbic brain, and cerebral cortex.

In contrast, television provides visual and auditory stimulation, leaving nothing for the child to imagine. Children become emotionally attached to television actors, but the emotions are one-way (i.e., the actors do not love the children). Sitting still does not develop a child's reptilian brain.

One hundred years ago, doctors espousing the new germ theory of disease told mothers not to touch their infants. Fifty years ago, doctors told mothers not to breastfeed. Many of these infants died. The surviving infants did not receive the emotional relationships needed for limbic brain development. To future generations, allowing children to watch television may seem as barbaric as not allowing mothers to touch or feed their infants.

title: Relationships/How Our Ancestors Lived


text:
User:YOUR USER NAME

j1.janani

title: User:YOUR USER NAME


text:
Cookbook:Fried Green Tomatoes

| Southern U.S. cuisine

Ingredients

 * 4–6 green tomatoes
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Yellow cornmeal
 * Vegetable or olive oil

Procedure

 * 1) Slice the tomatoes ¼–½ inch (0.75–1.25 cm) thick.
 * 2) Salt and pepper tomato slices to taste.
 * 3) Dip slices in cornmeal and shallow fry in hot grease or oil over medium heat for about 3 minutes or until golden on bottom.
 * 4) Gently turn over, and fry the other side.
 * 5) Serve by themselves or, for a elegant addition, add a little goat cheese.

title: Cookbook:Fried Green Tomatoes


text:
User:M Linley

I am a kindergarten teacher, interested in creating learning tools for beginning readers.

title: User:M Linley


text:
Relationships/Communication Styles

The Great Male Hierarchy
Women don't think that all men were created equal. In most species, females prefer to mate with certain males. Females' preferences created the Great Male Hierarchy.

Hierarchies have many advantages. Leaders provide for the welfare of men below them. Subordinate men support the leaders. Every man has a job to do. Leaders make and execute decisions quickly.

New men can join the hierarchy at any time—at the bottom. No time is wasted deciding who likes or dislikes whom.

"Ego boosts"—praise and appreciation that boosts a man up the hierarchy—can be more important than anything else.

"It is with baubles that battles are won."

- Napoleon Bonaparte, creating the Legion d'Honour medal

Conversely, fear of embarrassment—a fall down the hierarchy—makes soldiers risk their lives. An insult—a shove down the hierarchy—"drives a man to distraction" or makes him ignore more important goals.

The hierarchical model works with a dozen men, or a million men.

Men in a hierarchy have no need to put down any other man. They establish rules. The rule of law supplants force and violence. The organization runs smoothly. Courts and justice systems are hierarchies.

The downside of hierarchies is that high-status individuals can abuse low-status individuals. A male hierarchy with thirty million members—e.g. Nazi Germany—has far more potential for abuse than a thirty-member women's circle.

Women’s Support Circles
Women form egalitarian support circles. When a woman has a problem, the other women in her circle help her. This structure promotes sharing of resources. Support circles take care of each member.

Women compliment each other and put themselves down to say, "You're in my circle."

Instead of having set jobs, at different times individuals have different roles. A woman with resources or skills needed today helps her sisters. They'll care for her at another time.

Women play games to socialize. In contrast, men play to win.

The downside of women's support circles is that they're effective only up to about thirty members. Decisions require consensus. Women's circles can talk and talk and talk instead of making a decision.

Women in a circle exclude other women. Women gossip to say, "You're in my circle." Women make "catty" remarks to exclude individuals from their circle.

Only five women head Fortune 500 companies. But few women are homeless. The top and bottom of the Great Male Hierarchy are far apart. Women's egalitarian instincts keep them from society's depths as well as its heights.

Women's Culture, Men's Culture
In most societies, women spend most of their time with other women, and men spend most of their time with other men. North American society is unusual in that we have few rules enforcing this, but men and women still generally follow this pattern.

Women's culture isn't monolithic. Some groups of women read fashion magazines, others look to Oprah Winfrey as their role model, while other women are devoted to their horses. But, in general, women like to be with other women.

Men like to engage in activities with other men. Watching sports, drinking beer, going hunting and fishing, etc. The difference between men's and women's cultures is that men welcome women into their cultures, when women want men to stay out of their cultures (although there are exceptions to both these assertions).

For example, a woman who likes to watch football and drink beer will be welcomed at any sports bar. She'll receive plenty of attention from the men (e.g., they'll buy her beer).(However, this may not be the case at a small-town gambling establishment.)

But a (straight) man who shows up at an aerobics class wearing a leotard will be ignored by the women in the class. They won't buy him a sports drink at the juice bar afterwards.

The obvious problem is that the women will think that he's there just to pick up women. The women won't think he's there because he likes aerobics. In contrast, at the sports bar the men will assume that a woman is there to see the big game (the same reason the men are there).

A subtler problem is that women may assume that any man who tries to join their culture is a loser. For example, a friend invited me to the aerobics class she taught at a health club. (She warned me not to try to pick up any of the women.) Through 95% of the class I was having mishaps. All the brightly colored gym equipment was beyond my abilities to control. E.g., my big bouncy ball kept bouncing around the room, instead of staying between my feet. I was hopelessly off the beat in any exercise that required rhythm. I excelled at the few exercises that required upper body strength, but the women ignored that. I laughed and had fun, but my friend (the instructor) pretended not to know me, and none of the women in the class talked to me. No one offered to show me how to use the brightly colored springy thingies, for example. In contrast, if a woman shows up at a bowling club, men will be happy to show her how to hold the ball, etc.

In contrast, when a woman joins a men's culture, she quickly figures out who are the alpha males, and is happy to meet them.

If a man tries to join a women's culture, the women might form "buddy circles" to talk and exclude him. A woman who doesn't have a buddy circle will get out her cellphone to avoid him trying to talk to her. The man trying to join a women's buddy circle conversation is a major.

The result is that women have power and opportunities that men lack. This power is balanced in several ways. Young, attractive women are welcomed into men's cultures, but less attractive women are ignored. And women who are too engrossed in their women's groups can find themselves without a man in their lives. For example, when my running club goes out to dinner the handful of women sit at one end of a long table, while the ten or fifteen men sit around the rest of the table. One night I put a Kleenex pack on the table in front of me, while I talked to the men on my side of the table. Our conversation was interrupted by two women asking for Kleenexes. Both were crying, and when I listened to their conversation I heard them commiserating about being thirty-something and not having boyfriends. One was saying that she'd now decided to accept that she could be happy on her own, without a man in her life. I felt like telling them to stop sitting together at one end of the table and go sit among the men, and they'd soon have boyfriends. Instead, she'd decided to stay with her girlfriends and try to be happy without a man.

Men: "Report Talk"
Men communicate to establish social hierarchies, examples being when:

 * They put each other down, showing off, or boasting.
 * They talk about things they did, a.k.a. "report talk."
 * They issue orders or commands—"Bring me a beer!"
 * "Anger as a greeting." A man makes a verbal challenge. If the other man stands up to him, they respect each other.
 * Men disagree to show superiority. E.g., a man admires a Honda motorcycle. His buddy replies that Harley-Davidson motorcycles are better.
 * Men refuse offers of help. This shows that a man is independent. Dependence indicates low status.
 * Men tend to find something positive in negative situations. "No, I didn't catch any fish, but I tried my new outboard motor." Expressing unhappiness admits failure.
 * Men offer advice. Advice taken shows that the advisor is smarter. In contrast, fixing another person's problem communicates subservient status.
 * Men talk more in public. High status men talk the most. Men interrupt each other, to increase their talk time.
 * Equal men prefer to talk sitting side-by-side, not looking at each other. Driving is ideal for a conversation with a man. Men talk to each other face-to-face only within a hierarchy (e.g., a boss sitting at his desk), or in a confrontation.
 * "Playful insults and teasing put-downs are a common way that men and boys show affection and intimacy."

Women: "Rapport" Talk
Women communicate to establish egalitarian support circles:

 * Supporting each other—"You're doing great!"
 * Complimenting each other.
 * Agreeing or saying "we're the same."
 * Putting themselves down—"I'm not smart like you!"
 * Making suggestions, especially to do things together—"Let's clean the house today"-instead of issuing orders.
 * Asking for help, and offering help, to show rapport and equality.
 * Instead of offering advice, women do the work themselves.
 * Preferring intimacy to independence.
 * Talking more in private.
 * Gossiping or telling each other secrets, to demonstrate equality and intimacy.
 * Women prefer to talk sitting face-to-face. Women feel threatened when approached from behind.

Men Should Learn to Speak "Woman-ese"
Men have to learn two languages: "man-ese" to get to the top of the Great Male Hierarchy (and so attract women), and "woman-ese" to make a woman feel the equality, kindness, and support she's used to receiving from other women. Speaking "woman-ese" is the most important dating skill a man can learn.

The men at the top of the Great Male Hierarchy often have the worst relationships with women. Smart men devote years of higher education to learn "lawyer-ese" or "computer-ese." Then they spend one weekend in a John Gray seminar learning "woman-ese."

Instead, practice your "woman-ese" with every woman you meet. Make every woman feel good about herself. This includes old ladies, cleaning staff, and your sister-in-law.

Men with overdeveloped cerebral cortexes look down from their corner offices and wonder why women go for losers. The leader of a three-punk motorcycle gang, who plays guitar and knows the words women want to hear, scores all the women he wants. An MBA managing sixty employees can't get a date, if he only knows how to talk about business.

Men's Mistakes

 * Interrupting—women's #1 complaint. When your date is talking, repeat silently to yourself: Let her talk.
 * When women talk about their problems, men often give advice for "fixing" the problem. Women instead are asking for emotional connection.
 * Put-downs. Never tell a woman that she's ugly, stupid, short, or fat. Not even when you're joking.
 * Don't argue, disagree, or correct facts. Listen for things a woman says that you can agree with, instead of listening for points to disagree about.
 * Lecturing. Nothing is more boring to a woman than a man endlessly talking about his work or hobbies. Women smile, nod, and act interested, because this is how women listen. Men interpret this as encouragement to continue talking. To improve your conversation skills, imagine that your date is silently asking "How is this conversation relevant to me?"
 * Lack of eye contact. Don't stare at a woman's breasts, behind, or pelvic area—this is highly offensive. Don't make sexually charged compliments. When in doubt about these, just don't. Don't look at other women.
 * Not listening. At least half of "good communication skills" is listening. (However, researchers have found that the commonly taught marital counseling technique of "active listening" doesn't improve relationships.)
 * Sometimes, if you ask a woman a question, her reply will not necessarily be the one she wants to give. Females tend to expect males to read their mind and say either "yes dear" or "no, we're doing this". Picking the wrong one at the wrong time is disastrous, but use that hunter's risk assessing ability that has been precisely sculpted over eons of time.

Women's Mistakes

 * Don't say "no" when you mean "yes," or "yes" when you mean "no." Also avoid saying "maybe" or relying on the male to pick up subtle signals.
 * Most women aren't adept at "man-ese" and shouldn't speak it, e.g., "trash talk" after a game (unless you desire a hearty dead-arm or a wedgie).
 * While interrupting a woman will cause her to pause and maybe listen but silently harbour a scathing grudge, more often than not a man will simply continue to talk over the top of her.
 * If a man talks about a problem, he is probably subconsciously asking you to help him fix the problem. Women manage to realise the first half of this and overtly offer a solution.
 * Don't argue or overtly disagree. Listen for things a man says that you can agree with, instead of listening for points to disagree about.
 * Lack of eye contact, especially don't look at other men. Also too much eye contact may enrage the male.
 * Nagging. With reference to the above, men give orders and rarely enjoy taking them from subordinates. However, men are often looking for some kind of 'damsel in distress' situation and if you reconstruct the order into a request they will most likely oblige.
 * Trying to stop a fight that has already begun. Big mistake, about a hundred reasons not to do it. Just don't.

"Don't try to compete with the guys; it won't impress anyone. Remember, one of the reasons they like you is because you don't offer yet more competition to the already existing male egos."

- Chrissie Hynde's advice to aspiring female rock stars

Emotional Communication
Emotional messages hide in factual communications. For example, Morrow Mayo's essay "To See It Fall" is composed only of scientific facts and objective narration, yet it gives a sense of strong disapproval to the settlers' cutting down of the Brobdingnagian sequoia.

Emotional messages can be verbal, e.g., inviting a woman to a party. Or emotional messages can be nonverbal, e.g., offering a man a place to sit.

Emotional messages can be positive (e.g., "I like you") or negative (e.g., "I don't like you"). Responses can be positive, negative, or ambiguous.

Good communicators respond to the emotional message as well as to the factual message. Good communicators respond positively to negative and ambiguous emotional messages.

Dating: Ambiguous Responses to Positive Emotions
In dating, the most common communication problem is ambiguous responses to positive emotional messages.

E.g., a man asks a woman out to a movie Friday night. His factual message is about the movie. His emotional message is, "I feel romantic attraction to you. Do you feel attraction to me?"

The woman responds, "No, I have other things to do Friday night." She's responding negatively to the factual message, and ambiguously to the emotional message. She's thinking, "You're probably a loser, but I'm not 100% sure, and the other men I'm dating are losers too, so keep asking me out. Maybe some night I'll be so desperate that I'll go out with you. God, I hope not."

The man responds, "What about seeing a hockey game Saturday night?" The woman again responds, "No, I have other plans Saturday night." They can go on for weeks without asking or answering the deeper message. Miscommunication wastes their time.

The woman could directly answer the emotional message. She could say, "I think you're attractive. Let's get together another time." Or, "I don't find you attractive and don't want to do anything else with you." It's hard to imagine that a woman would speak directly. You can see why we hide emotional messages in factual statements.

Or the man could clearly communicate his deeper message: "Do you feel attracted to me?" Again, it's hard to imagine a man directly asking an emotional question.

But clearly communicating emotional messages will improve your relationships. Try it. At first you'll say embarrassing things. With practice you'll master emotional communication.

Relationships: Respond Positively to Negative Emotions
In relationships, the most common communication problem is negative responses to emotional messages.

E.g., a couple agrees to meet at a restaurant. He's twenty minutes late. She points this out (a factual message) and her body language and vocal tone communicate that she's angry (an emotional message).

He responds negatively, "Only twenty minutes. What's the big deal? Last week you were thirty minutes late."

Negative, ignored, and ambiguous responses don't change your partner's negative emotions.

Successful couples respond positively to negative messages. E.g., he responds, "I'm late because my boss gave me a lot of work, but all day I was counting the minutes until we'd be together."

Playful Partnering
Relationship masters use humor to respond to negative emotions. The key word in that sentence was masters. Humor used badly will get you into deeper trouble.

Play a game (see page 16). E.g., you're twenty minutes late. Ask your partner to pretend to be angry. She looks at her watch, paces, and says, "He's one minute late. He doesn't love me. Now he's two minutes late. I should have married Fred the accountant. He was boring but punctual..."

You pretend to be somewhere else. You dreamily think aloud, "I love her cute little nose, I love her kissable lips....Oh no, look at the time, I'm late! She hates it when I'm late! I'd better stop and buy her flowers. No, that'll make me more late!"

Then you meet. She expresses anger, impersonating Jack Nicholson in The Shining. You express drippy, romance novel love. If she doesn't laugh, you get drippier, until she's laughing.

Now repeat the game, switching roles.

You acknowledge that you understand her emotional message, and switch your partner from negative to positive emotions.

Emotions Are Contagious
Consciously or unconsciously, people mimic each other's emotions. We infect each other with our emotions. Your emotional state results primarily from the people around you, not from what you do or think.

If you can't get dates, maybe you're infecting people with negative emotions. No one wants to be infected with anger, distrust, anxiety, or low self-esteem. Instead, infect people with positive emotions.

Women's Dating Lies
Women lie all the time. Lying is not viewed as being wrong, but natural in order to achieve her desired outcome. "I felt a kind of pleasure in accepting at face value all the counterfeit currency she had passed off on me."

- Giacomo Casanova, 18th-century Italian lover

Jealousy
"My guy and I have a loving relationship, but...I crave attention from other men. I flirt with every guy in the bar, including men my friends are after. I never take it any further than that, but I get off on making men swoon. Is there something wrong with me?"

- letter to Cosmopolitan

Women are twice as likely as men to intentionally cause jealousy.

Women cause jealousy to test the strength of the relationship, and to increase their partners' commitment. Jealousy increases sexual passion. Jealous couples are more likely to marry. Revenge, bolstering self-esteem, and punishment aren't typical reasons for women to use jealousy.

Boyfriend Lies
25% of women living with men say they don't intend to marry their partners. Most explained that their partner's income or education was too low.

These women wanted monogamous relationships, so they "hooked up" with a boyfriend. But they're not satisfied with their boyfriend, so they're keeping their eyes open for better prospects. If the boyfriend realizes this, he might cheat or end the relationship. Navigating through this dilemma sometimes requires lying:

 * A man asks a woman's friend whether she has a boyfriend. "Yes," the friend replies, "but she wants to break up." He asks her out. She rejects him, saying that she has a boyfriend.
 * A woman flirts with a man. When he asks her out, she says that she has a boyfriend.
 * A woman accepts a lunch date with a man. After he pays the bill, she starts talking about her boyfriend.
 * A woman refuses a date, saying that she recently broke up with a boyfriend and needs time to recover. Two weeks later she has a new boyfriend.

The message in all these examples is "I'm not 100% satisfied with my boyfriend so I checked you out, but you're not worth leaving my boyfriend for." He refuses to hear that he's inferior to another man. He instead accuses her of lying. (She may also be trying to make her boyfriend jealous.)

Men's Dating Lies
We have different rules for interactions between friends and strangers (see Adult Friendship). Men's dating lies cross the boundary between friends and strangers.

A man may feel that he knows his object of desire, and so believe that they're friends. He may have watched her and overheard her conversations with her friends. Or, in this electronic age, he may have seen her on television or listened to her music and feels that he knows her. But as long as he's a stranger to her, he should interact with her according to the rules of strangers.

Or a man may think that acting like a friend will make a woman like and trust him. That works with equal partners. E.g., two men meet while fishing. If they're friendly to each other, they become friends (see "Equality," page 84). In contrast, imagine going into a bank to ask for a loan. There's nothing wrong with being friendly, but friendliness won't affect whether you get the loan. Dating is like applying for a loan. If a woman decides not to go out on a date with you, being friendly isn't going to change her mind.

Unsolicited Gifts
Friends give each other unsolicited gifts. Friends don't expect anything in return.

If you receive an unsolicited gift (e.g., a man finishes People magazine while eating lunch at a restaurant, and then gives it to the waitress), say that you don't want it but you know someone (e.g., a co-worker) who'd like it. If the giver backpedals and insists that the gift is only for you, don't accept it.

Solving a Problem
Friends help each other solve problems. But friends don't overplay minor problems into major problems. And friends don't cause problems, and then offer to fix them.

E.g., a man and woman arrive at a hardware store after it closes. He asks what she needs to buy, and she replies that she has a leaky faucet. It's OK for him to say that another store across town is open late. It's not OK for him to insist that she accompany him to the other store, and insist that she let him fix her leaky faucet. In fact it is just better to let her fix her own problems than to offer her any help.

Refusing to Hear "No"
Your best friend says that she doesn't want a birthday party this year. You ignore her "no," reserve the back room of her favorite restaurant, invite all of her friends, and decorate the room with banners and balloons. Your friend has a great time.

It's not OK for a stranger to refuse to hear "no." If a woman gives in to a minor allowance, e.g., carrying her groceries up to her apartment, she'll give in to bigger advances.

For more about recognizing predatory men's lies, read The Gift of Fear, by Gavin De Becker (1997).

title: Relationships/Communication Styles


text:
Relationships/Emotional Control Systems

Reptiles — and unemotional people — always react the same way to events. Mammals, in contrast, select from a variety of reactions. Emotions enable flexible responses to environmental stimuli.

Emotional control systems are hardwired into mammalian brains. Neuroscientists have identified ten emotional control systems. These emotions are:

 * 1) Seeking and anticipation; energetic, goal-directed searches for food, shelter, mates, etc.
 * 2) Homeostasis — balance of oxygen, water, temperature, etc. — and the discomfort of deprivation and pleasure of relief.
 * 3) Anger and rage, when another animal steals our resources (food, shelter, mate).
 * 4) Fear, and fearful anticipation of the future.
 * 5) Separation distress, e.g., when a mother and child lose each other. This is the basis of anxiety and panic.
 * 6) Sexuality and lust.
 * 7) Nurturance and maternal behavior.
 * 8) Fun, joy, and playing to create social bonds.
 * 9) Sorrow, grief, and loneliness.
 * 10) The sense of self.

These neural pathways are the basis of personality types. While everyone has all ten emotional control systems, different circuits are stronger or weaker in different individuals. A neural pathway that an individual uses often becomes myelinated or stronger. E.g., a mother develops strong maternal instincts.

An individual's personality type is the emotional control system she uses most often. One of the goals of personal growth is to strengthen underused emotional control systems. An immature individual responds to all events with the same emotion.

Archetypes
Personality types repeat in human experiences generation after generation. These archetypes appear in the ancient world as gods and in myths and folktales. Archetypes appear in the modern world as celebrities, movie formulas, and recurring news events.

The above ten emotional control systems, plus several speculative circuits, form the fifteen personality types in the following chapters. The speculative emotional control systems are

 * Valuing the past through tradition, ritual, and ceremony (Hera).
 * Homemaking (Hestia).
 * Skillful use of tools, especially controlling fire (Hephaestus).
 * The quest for meaning (Dionysus).

Additionally, Poseidon symbolizes the limbic brain not integrated with the cerebral cortex, and Apollo symbolizes the reverse.

Individuals embody different archetypes at different life stages. E.g., a young woman may embody Aphrodite, the goddess of romantic love and feminine beauty. In her 30s, she becomes Demeter, the mother. Later she embodies Hestia, making a beautiful home. Or she may pursue a career, embodying Athena.

The transition between archetypes can be difficult. E.g., an Artemis woman

"...in her twenties and thirties may resent her suitors and keep them at a distance or choose only those who would never qualify as lifelong partners. For her, dating partners may be temporary liaisons to share an adventure, men who need a lot of distance, or female lovers. Then, in her forties, she may be shocked to find herself feeling lonely and depressed as Artemis recedes from center stage, her developmental needs may suddenly contradict the ruling archetype, requiring emergence of a new pattern, such as Demeter, the goddess of motherhood. If her ego remains identified with the old pattern, this transition can be confusing and painful."

- Connie Zweig and Steve Wolf, Romancing the Shadow (1997)

Opposites Attract
Similar personalities cause marital problems. E.g., Artemis and Ares look similar, but competition drives the couple apart. The easy road to divorce is to match your spouse's archetype.

In a successful relationship, a partner responds to his partner by selecting an emotion opposite to her emotional state (see "Opposite Relationships"). But opposite personalities are immediately painful. E.g., your wife embodies Hestia and buys every item in Martha Stewart's catalog. You embody Hermes and suggest taking a vacation-hopping freight trains. You'll argue and disagree. But handled well you'll "get on like a house on fire." In the long term, this will produce a happy marriage-and balanced individuals.

Encourage your spouse to embody your opposite archetype. You embody his opposite. E.g., an Athena woman who married an Apollo man (similar personality types) should develop her Artemis energy (his opposite). He should develop his Poseidon side (her opposite). But don't do this at the same time-Artemis and Poseidon don't match.

Ideally, a couple uses all fifteen archetypes, at different times. But most couples stay with a few main archetypes. You need a village of relationships to use all the archetypal pairs.

==References==

title: Relationships/Emotional Control Systems


text: Category:Book:Entry Level PHP Web Application Development


text: Category:Book:Evolution of Operating Systems Designs


text:
Talk:Book of Magic/Mental Magic

I do not think that the most common use of a force is in card magic. The magicians choice (equivoke) is used in almsot every area of magic, and I would say that this is the "most common form it takes".

Additionally, do you really think it's a good idea to give them your script word for word. Rather, wouldn't it be better to give them a lesson on writing scripts, and maybe give them an example trick which they should try to write a script for. This is the approach that I take when teaching magic classes, and it works quite well.

title: Talk:Book of Magic/Mental Magic


text:
Parkour/Introduction

What is Parkour?
Parkour is a physical discipline inspired by human movement, focusing on uninterrupted, efficient forward motion over, under, around and through obstacles (both man-made and natural) in one's environment. Such movement may come in the form of running, jumping, climbing and other more complex techniques. The goal of parkour is to adapt one's movement to any given obstacle.

According to founder David Belle, the spirit of parkour is guided in part by the notions of "escape" and "reach", that is, the idea of using physical agility and quick thinking to get out of difficult situations, and to be able to go anywhere that one desires.

How can I start?
In order to begin, all you have to do is research, maybe get some friends in it, then go out and try some stuff. It is strongly urged that beginner traceurs start small at first, then gradually try harder techniques as their abilities grow. Parkour can be a dangerous practice, particularly when traceurs do not observe their surroundings correctly during a run.

Equipment
The only things you need to begin your parkour training are a pair of good Parkour shoes, comfortable clothes, and the necessary safety precautions. When choosing clothing for parkour, remember that comfortable clothing should not be overly baggy, as excess fabric may catch on obstacles. Necessary safety precautions include knowledge of the landscape you are training on. Always check behind obstacles to ensure there are no hidden dangers, such as rocks, sticks or secondary obstacles.

You should always want to switch from "good running shoes" to "barefoot shoes" or plain barefoot. Using more padded shoes can lead toward your feet relying on that extra padding and could end up causing injury. You always want to be able to practice parkour injury free. Using flat bottom or no shoes will increase your parkour skills.

Exercises
Before doing more advanced parkour, you must first begin by doing exercises. It is necessary to condition your body, and as parkour is a very physical activity, it is advisable to have a routine which includes stretches and exercises. This wikibook includes descriptions of several useful exercises in the Exercises chapter. Exercises are important in parkour because many of the techniques require one to use muscles that usually aren't worked out and strong so all kinds of exercises, targeting all muscles on your body, must be done to be able to do the moves properly.

Your first run
Before doing your first parkour run, it is recommended that you warm up your muscles with a light jog and a series of stretches to reduce muscle strain or harm during your first run. Try a regular run with low objects, such as small boulders, benches or low rails/fences to start off, then slowly progress to harder things. If you are unsure of where to practice, consider local parks or school yards. In recent years parkour's increased popularity has led to indoor parkour facilities in some cities.

Physical requirements
A very important requirement of parkour is physical development. Arm and leg strength are the key for success in Parkour. The training routine takes to the earnings of more experience for new obstacles and help in the motive coordination. With time, Parkour helps one learn the movements of the body and teaches balance and control. Knowing the limits of the body creates an adaptation for new atmospheres and challenges. A unique aspect of Parkour is the emphasis placed not on strength of body, but regarding personal fear and lack of self trust. A traceur may experience fear of getting hurt when confronting new techniques or situations. Ultimately it is important for traceurs to trust themselves if they wish for their technique to develop. Parkour is about pushing the limits of the human body as well as the human mind. With the training it is possible to develop an atrevecia vision for obstacles. Which is the easiest road? Which is the most difficult? Is it possible to jump here? The routine takes to the naturalness of movements in new atmospheres. In scary situations or during falling, the heart beats fast and adrenaline is felt all throughout the body. The training of the movements or courses helps the traceur overcome the prescribed physical response to flail. He or she will then think about the movement. '' What seems difficult today he or she has to be to seem easy tomorrow. '' Within Parkour exists philosophy and roads to the discovery of the limits of oneself.
 * Development of physical force
 * Development in the motive coordination
 * Psychological strength
 *  Growth in the mobilization of obstacles
 *  Controlling adrenaline
 *  Helps in the personal search

title: Parkour/Introduction


text:
Java Programming/Keywords/do

is a Java keyword.

It starts a do-while looping block. The do-while loop is functionally similar to the while loop, except the condition is evaluated after the statements execute

Syntax:

For example:

See also:
 * Java Programming/Statements
 * Java Programming/Keywords/for
 * Java Programming/Keywords/while

title: Java Programming/Keywords/do