text:
Kdenlive/Audio effects

Audio clips can be treated with a multitude of effects in Kdenlive, and the available audio effects are listed in this page.

Unless otherwise stated, the audio effects used in Kdenlive are based on LADSPA, an open-source architecture for sound plug-ins. They will be available only if MLT was compiled with support for LADSPA, and for achieving this the packages ladspa-sdk and libjack-dev and swh-plugins must be installed. However, this should not be an issue for people not interested in compiling Kdenlive locally.

 * Mute : Hides the audio from a clip. This is a MLT effect.
 * Volume : Adjust the variation of audio volume in a clip between two selected frames. This effect is provided by the MLT framework.
 * Declipper : Remove from the soundtrack clicks caused by clipping, an artifact caused when the audio recording level was too high. If you can have a graphical visualization of the sound, in a software like Audacity, you will see the audio "overflowing" and having its peaks cut off --- and these peaks cause the clip artifact.
 * Vinyl : Emulate the sound of a vinyl record player.
 * Limiter : Limit the audio volume.
 * Equalizer : A stereo equalizer, useful for adjusting playback levels separately for different tones, like treble, mid and bass.
 * Phaser : Very commonly used by guitar players, this effect causes an inversion in the phase of a sound wave in regular periods of time. In a sound wave made from a constant tone, a phaser will make it sound like a "woouunnwooouunn...". Well, it is surely easier to understand it by hearing than by reading :)
 * Pitch Scaler : Allows you to modify the tone modulation of a sound --- for example, to make a male voice sound like a female voice and vice-versa.
 * Pitch Shifter :
 * Rate Scaler :
 * Reverb : Reverberation is what happens, for example, when you sing in a cathedral, by the sound reflecting in the walls.
 * Room Reverb : Same effect as in reverb but with shorter delays, like in a bathroom.

Kdenlive/_Effekte Kdenlive/Effetti audio

title: Kdenlive/Audio effects


text:
Kdenlive/Files

In Kdenlive, a project is made of clips. These can be whole audio or video files, or segments of files you add to the project.

=Adding clips to the project= If you drag a file onto the timeline that is not in the project (for instance, if you drag a DV file straight from Konqueror to Kdenlive), then the file will be automatically added to the project for you.

You can add clips to the Project List yourself. Either use the Project List context menu (right click on the window), or the Project menu on the menu bar. Select 'Add Clips' to bring up a file dialog in which you can select the clip you wish to add to this project. As long as the clips are valid, they will appear in the Project List.

=Deleting clips via the Project List= You can delete clips from your project by selecting 'Delete Clip' via the clip context menu (right click) or from the Project menu. When you delete a clip from the Project List, this will also remove any clips on the timeline that are using it.

=Clip Properties=

=Clean Project - removing unused clips= Use Clean Project to remove any clips from your project that are currently unused. This is great if your Project List has become cluttered and you want to get a concise view of which clips exist. Cleaning a project will not alter your final edit in any way --- the only clips that are removed are those that are no longer in use anywhere.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kdenlive/Files


text:
Kdenlive/Transitions

Transitions are probably one of the most interesting features of non-linear video editors. They are used between two clips and they allow a soft, or a sophisticated way of passing from one scene to the other. This is a contrast with the "hard" or "dry" cut between scenes -- which, prior to the computer adoption, were very hard to make or required special equipment.

For using a transition effect in Kdenlive, you must place the two clips you want to join in different video tracks, in such a way that they "overlap" each other a little bit --- exactly in the points you want to place the transition. Then, right-click the mouse over the first clip (the "outgoing" one), then select Add transition in the context menu, and point the mouse towards the arrow for seeing the transition types available. Then you will see a yellow rectangle placed between the video tracks, representing the transition. For having a live preview of how the transition will look like, simply drag the timeline cursor from left to right over the transition area.

You can modify the transition effect, or the way it works, by left-clicking the mouse twice over this yellow rectangle. This will turn it into red and cause the "Transition" tab in the top-left panel to pop and show the properties you can set for the currently selected transition effect --- and, if you want, you can choose another type of transition, clicking at the icons at the left of this panel. We will call this operation as "entering in edit mode" for the transition.

Generally the top strip displays on the project (lower strip number). Default transition order is from down to up, so for a crossfade from clip1 to clip2 first should be on strip#1 and second is on strip#0. (Reverse order can be handlead easily by using "reverse" checkbox in the effects.)

AffineComposite
AffineComposite composes upper and lower strips, using lower as background and upper as "picture in picture".

You apply rotation, shear and mirror effects to the upper (usually smaller) clip.

You can set the size and the position of the upper clip by moving the red rectangle in the bottom positional area of the settings of the effect. (It's pretty buggy as of 0.7, you have to select effect, draw the invisible position, deselect, select again, and it shows.)

Composite
Simple picture-in-picture effect, uses upper clip as background and lower as picture-in-picture.

Luma
This transition goes from one video to another using effect defined by an image file ("luma" file). The lighter an area of luma file is, the sooner following clip will appear in this area.

Luma transforms from lower clip to upper one.

You can download some luma files using "Settings" -> "Download new lumas" in pull-down menu.

Parameters:
 * Softness: enables control over how soft the transition looks
 * Invert: inverts the luma file, therefore making black areas appear first
 * ImageFile: The luma file
 * Reverse transition: transition goes from upper strip to lower one

Wipe
Classic slide-in effect. Start and end parameters give where the upper strip starts from and ends up. Starting and ending transparency gives a possibiity to crossfade apart from sliding.

(Plain crossfade can be simulated by having both start and end in the middle, and start from 100% transparent to end at 0%.)

Align parameter aligns the ...

Comments
At the time of version 0.7, Kdenlive provides four major kinds of transitions: AffineComposite, Composite, Luma, and Wipe. Unfortunately these are not documented yet, but it has been suggested on IRC (#kdenlive, FreeNode) that crossfade is achievable using the Composite transition. Please also see the Video Effects and Transitions section of the forums.

Version 0.5
At the time of version 0.5, Kdenlive provided four major kinds of transitions, documentation for which is kept below for posterity until more uptodate documentation can replace it:

Crossfade
This is the most known and used transition effect. Two scenes are softly blended: the first scene gradually starts to fade out with transparency while the second scene fades in over it until it completely replaces the first. The time of the overlap and thus the speed of the cross-fade can easily be adjusted.

This effect can also be used for the widely known fade-in and fade-out effects. For creating the fade in/out, assuming you simply want you to use the standard "fade to/from black", you can simply go to edit mode and, at the top-left panel, click in the combobox Perform transition with: and choose "Background track (black)". Alternativel, you can fade to white or any other color by first creating a color clip with any desired color and use it as the first or second scene of the transition.

Push
This transition does not blend the clips --- instead, the "outgoing" clip is "pushed out" of the screen by the incoming clip.

In the edit mode for the Push transition, you must use the Start and End radiobuttons to define, respectively, where the first scene will be "positioned" in the screen during the transition --- in other words, you set the push direction. For that, just click in the rectangles of the 3x3 matrix shown. Usually you will click in the central rectangle for "Start"; you will certainly see no transition effect if you choose another start position.

The Transparency control allows you to set, well, transparency to the clip which is going out of the screen. It is applied also according to the "Start" and "End" buttons. You will normally want the outgoing clip to vanish during the movement, so you will set 0 or a low value for transparency at "Start", and a higher value at "End".

Anyway, you might want the second clip to "come into the screen" --- so you can use the "Invert direction" checkbutton, and use suitably inverted values and directions for "Start" and "End". Play around with the options until you get the desired effect.

PIP
PIP stands for Picture in picture, and this transition effect causes the impression that the second clip is growing from a point, or the first clip is shrinking to a certain point.

Wipe
Makes the scene from the first clip to be "wiped" from the screen in an animated way, giving room for the second clip.

Creating and using Luma files
The Wipe transitions are based in Luma files --- grayscale images in which the white-to-black variation "drives the wipe" for a transition. You can either create your own Luma files or download them from the internet.

Kdenlive/__%C3%9Cberg%C3%A4nge

title: Kdenlive/Transitions


text:
Kdenlive/Interface

Kdenlive has, with no doubt, one of the simplest interfaces you can find in video editing softwares. It is a typical multitrack editor, with a portion of the main window being used for showing the files used in the project, a timeline made of multiple audio and video tracks where you put those files or clips made from them; another portion of the window with a pair of video monitors to allow you to watch those files and also the contents of the timeline; plus the usual menus which you see in lots of other applications.

=The Project Area=

The Effects Stack
The Effects Stack shows which effects were applied to the selected clip in the Timeline. From there, you can edit the settings of an effect; and if you don´t want one of the effects to be applied, you can simply remove it from the stack.

=The Timeline=

The Timeline
Kdenlive allows visual and audio tracks to be layered separately or grouped together in the timeline: the highest video clip in the timeline obscures whatever is below it when played back in the project monitor. Audio tracks mix together.

Files can be dragged in their entirety from the project tree straight onto the time line or select portions from the Clip Monitor using Set Zone In and Set Zone Out buttons (mark in and mark out)

=The Monitors= The monitors are those little rectangular black boxes which play video or audio in your project. They are divided in notebook tabs, but you probably will not have to deal with those tabs—the appropriate monitor is automatically selected according to what you are doing at the moment.

All the monitors are equipped with playback controls --- those "Play", "Rewind", "Fast Forward", "Pause" and other buttons you have already seen in most media players. Those buttons have some "hidden" functionalities --- for example, the Rewind and Fast Forward buttons may be pressed more than once for reversing or forwarding the video/audio in different speeds.

You can use the mousewheel to move back and forward in the monitors, one frame at a time. Pressing Ctrl while using the wheel changes it to move one second at a time.

The Project Monitor
This monitor shows the video that is the result of the current Timeline. It works in a similar way to the Clip Monitor.

Inpoints and outpoints on the Timeline Monitor achieve the same purpose as they do on the Clip Monitor. You can choose a part of the current timeline, and drag a clip of it back to the timeline. You will get a "project clip", which is a clip that contains all of the clips on the timeline in the state when you made it. It is useful for grouping together a number of clips when you have finished editing them and want to be able to treat them as a single clip.

The Capture Monitor
This monitor shows video from a DV device connected to your computer. You can find more details on it in the Capture page.

=Changing the interface layout= Kdenlive allows you to change the position of the various areas you see in the main window. Four stock combinations are provided, but you can modify them freely or create a new, unique combination.

For using the provided layouts, you can simply click on those 1, 2, 3, 4 buttons you see in the main window toolbar.

=Menus and default key shortcuts= WARNING - This list may be out of date at each new Kdenlive release, so don´t take it too seriously.

The File Menu
Creates a new document. Open a saved project. Open a recently used project. Saves the project. Saves the project under a different filename. Quits Kdenlive
 * File->New (Ctrl-n)
 * File->Open (Ctrl-o)
 * File->Open Recent
 * File->Save (Ctrl-s)
 * File->Save As...
 * File->Quit (Ctrl-q)

The Edit Menu
Undo the last edit to the timeline. Redo a previously undone edit to the timeline. Non-functional at present. Non-funtional at present. Non-functional at present
 * Edit->Undo (Ctrl-z)
 * Edit->Redo (Ctrl-Shift-z)
 * Edit->Cut (Ctrl-x)
 * Edit->Copy (Ctrl-c)
 * Edit->Paste (Ctrl-v)

The Project Menu
Add clips to the project list. Delete the selected clip from the project. This deletes all references to the clip, including those on the timeline, or those within composite clips. Remove unused clips from the project list. Non-functional at present
 * Project->Add Clips
 * Project->Delete Clips
 * Project->Clean Project
 * Project->Clip Properties

The Timeline Menu
Select the move/resize tool to use on the timeline. This tool lets you move and resize clips on the timeline. It is the standard operating mode of the timeline. Select the Razor tool to use on the timeline. This tool will cut (razor) the clip into two pieces at the time selected. Select the Spacer tool to use on the timeline. This tool lets you select all clips to the right of where you click on the timeline. If checked, all operations will snap to the nearest frame. If checked, moving and resizing clips will snap to nearby clip borders and the seek marker.
 * Timeline->Move/Resize Tool (q)
 * Timeline->Razor Tool (w)
 * Timeline->Spacer Tool (e)
 * Timeline->Snap To Frames
 * Timeline->Snap To Border

The Render Menu
Export the timeline to a video clip. Also known as rendering down.
 * Render->Export Timeline

The Layout Menu
Loads up a previously saved screen layout. Saves the current screen layout to the respective layout slot.
 * Layout Menu->Load Layout 1/2/3/4 (F9/F10/F11/F12)
 * Layout Menu->Save Layout 1 (Ctrl-Shift-F9/Ctrl-Shift-F10/Ctrl-Shift-F11/Ctrl-Shift-F12)

The Settings Menu
Show/hide the toolbars. Show/Hide the status bar. Configure Kdenlive keyboard shortcuts. Configure the toolbars. Configure Kdenlive
 * Settings->Show Toolbar
 * Settings->Show Statusbar
 * Settings->Configure Shortcuts...
 * Settings->Configure Toolbars...
 * Settings->Configure Kdenlive...

The Help Menu
View the Kdenlive handbook (this document). After selecting this, click on part of the gui to find out what it does. Report a bug about Kdenlive See information about Kdenlive, including the license, authors and contributers. See information about the KDE project.
 * Help->Kdenlive Handbook
 * Help->What's This? (Shift-F1)
 * Help->Report Bug...
 * Help->About Kdenlive
 * Help->About KDE

Kdenlive/Interfaccia

title: Kdenlive/Interface


text:
User talk:BeardedFury

"What do I need to know?": Added text, made corrections thereafter.

title: User talk:BeardedFury


text:
Kdenlive/Render

When you have finished editing, you can render your project via the Render->Export Timeline menu. This brings up a dialog, which allows you to choose your export format, export options, and filename to save as.

=Export Profiles= When you click the File->Export Timeline menu item, a dialog will show you a list of possible formats and parameters which you can choose for the video file to be created. The items on this list are the export profiles. The stock profiles offered by Kdenlive are some of the most common ones, but you can create a profile of your own if you need a video with special properties, such as a certain screen size or video codec tag.

Be aware that this process can take a very long time (perhaps a few hours for a full DVD image of 4 GB)

MLT libavcodec parameters list
=Exporting to a video file= Select Destination: File Rendering Output File Name: give a name Format: select what kind of video format you need (NTSC, HD...) then hit "Render to file" button located at left bottom corner of the current window.
 * 1) Create your project
 * 2) Add a video clip
 * 3) Add the video clip to the video track - edit, add transitions ...
 * 4) Click on RENDER button. A new window pop up (Rendering).

Will open the "Job Queue" tab where you can see the progress. When is finished click on "Close".

=Exporting to DVD= The DVD wizard offered by Kdenlive allows you to automatically create VOB files which can be recorded to a DVD, along with the chapters definition and a simple menu.

Be aware that this process can take a very long time (perhaps a few hours for a full DVD image of 4 GB)

=Exporting to a DV device=

Kdenlive/Render

title: Kdenlive/Render


text:
Radiation Oncology/Cervix/Locally Advanced

Overview

 * No curative surgical options
 * Primary RT alone fails often (Stage IIB ~20-50%, Stage III 50-75%)
 * Early trials showed no difference, but RTOG 90-01 showed a benefit for CRT. Also, several other trials in other subgroups showed a benefit.
 * As a result, in 1999 NCI recommended that "strong consideration should be given to adding chemotherapy to radiation therapy in the treatment of invasive cervical cancer"
 * Cisplatin-based regimens appear best, but no firm conclusions yet

Meta-Analysis

 * Lanzhou University, China; 2010 PMID 20157716 -- "Radiochemotherapy versus radiotherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer: a meta-analysis." (Wang N, Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010 Feb 16. [Epub ahead of print])
 * Meta-analysis. 18 RCT involving 3,517 patients, locally advanced cervical CA. Comparison of RT vs chemo-RT
 * Outcome: chemo-RT superior in response rate, 3-year OS and 5-year OS
 * Toxicity: Chemo-Rt worse in GI, myelosuppression and leucopenia. No significant difference in rectitis, cystitis, nausea, or vomiting
 * Conclusion: Chemo-RT superior outcome, no significant difference in toxicity

Randomized Evidence

 * NCI Canada, 2002 PMID 11844818 -- "Phase III trial comparing radical radiotherapy with and without cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with advanced squamous cell cancer of the cervix." (Pearcey R, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Feb 15;20(4):966-72.)
 * Randomized. 259 patients with Stage IB-IVA squamous cell Cx, bulky >5cm or pathologically LN+. Treated with RT +/- cisplatin 40mg/m2 qw. Median F/U 6.8 years
 * 5-year outcomes: no difference in PFS, or OS (62% vs. 58%)
 * Conclusion: No difference, however balance of other evidence suggests CRT
 * Editorial (PMID 11844807): No surgical staging of PA LN, anemia imbalance. Agree with authors conclusion that balance of evidence suggests combined-modality treatment

 * Taiwan, 1997 (1990-1995) PMID 9234921 -- "A randomized trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix." (Tseng CJ, Gynecol Oncol. 1997 Jul;66(1):52-8.)
 * Randomized. 122 patients with advanced Cx. Treated with RT alone vs. RT + concurrent chemo (cisplatin, vincristine, bleomycin q3w x4 cycles). Median F/U 3.8 years
 * 3-year outcomes: DFS: 52% vs. 53% (NS), OS 62% vs. 64% (NS)
 * Toxicity: higher in concurrent group 37% vs. 18% (SS)
 * Conclusion: no difference

 * RTOG 90-01 (1990-97)
 * 403 pts. Stage IIB-IVA, or Stage IB-IIA with >5cm tumor, or LN+. Randomized to: 1) 45 Gy to pelvis + paraaortic nodes (both at 1.8 Gy/fx) with upper border at L1/L2, or 2) 45 Gy to pelvis alone plus 3 cycles 5-FU and cisplatin concurrent with RT.  Intracavitary RT given in both arms. Chemotherapy was cisplatin (75 mg/m2) on Day 1 and 5-FU (4 g/m2 96-hr infusion,Days 1-5), repeated q3w.
 * 3-years, 1999 PMID 10202164 — "Pelvic radiation with concurrent chemotherapy compared with pelvic and para-aortic radiation for high-risk cervical cancer." Morris M et al. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 15;340(15):1137-43. Median F/U 3.6 years.
 * Estimated 5-year outcome: DFS RT alone 40% vs CRT 67% (SS); OS 58% vs 73% (SS). Decreased DM and LRR in chemo+RT arm.
 * Toxicity: comparable, higher reversible hematologic in CRT
 * Conclusion: Significantly improved survival with concurrent cisplatin/5-FU
 * 5-years, 2002: ASTRO Plenary #1, Eifel PJ et al. - Webcast:Eifel Webcast discussion:Greven
 * 5-yr OS 52% vs 72%, DFS 43% vs 67%, pelvic recurrence 34% vs 18%. No difference in paraaortic recurrence.
 * 8-years, 2004: PMID 14990643 — "Pelvic irradiation with concurrent chemotherapy versus pelvic and para-aortic irradiation for high-risk cervical cancer: an update of radiation therapy oncology group trial (RTOG) 90-01." Eifel PJ et al. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Mar 1;22(5):872-80. Median F/U 6.6 yrs.
 * 8-yr OS 41% vs 67%. Decreased recurrences by 51%. Greatest improvement for Stage IB-IIB but were also substantial for stages III-IVA.
 * Conclusion: addition of 5-FU and cisplatin improved survival

 * GONO, Italy (1989-1991)
 * Randomized. 64 patients, Stage IIB-III. Arm 1) RT 40/20 + 15-20 Gy parametrial boost + BT 40 Gy vs. Arm 2) sequential cisplatin 60 mg/m2 x2 cycles, then RT as in Arm 1, then cisplatin x 4 cycles
 * 1994 PMID 8048390 -- "Randomized study comparing chemotherapy plus radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in FIGO stage IIB-III cervical carcinoma. GONO (North-West Oncologic Cooperative Group)." (Chiara S, Am J Clin Oncol. 1994 Aug;17(4):294-7.)
 * Outcome: 3 year OS RT 83% vs. C-RT 72% (NS); PFS 72% vs. 59% (NS)
 * Conclusion: No difference

 * Chiang Mai, Thailand (1988-1994)
 * Randomized. 926 patients with locally advanced Cx (FIGO IIB-IVA) randomized into 4 arms: 1) RT alone, 2) RT + adjuvant CT, 3) RT + concurrent CT, 4) RT + concurrent CT + adjuvant CT. Concurrent chemo was IV mitomycin C and oral 5-FU; adjuvant chemo was oral 5-FU. Median F/U 7.4 years
 * 2003 PMID 12654431 -- "Concurrent mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, and radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix: a randomized trial." (Lorvidhaya V, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Apr 1;55(5):1226-32.)
 * Toxicity: higher in concurrent arm, but tolerated well
 * 5-year DFS: 48% vs. 54% vs. 64% vs. 60%. 5-year LRR: 25% vs. 21% vs. 14% vs. 18%. Mets rate comparable
 * Conclusion: Concurrent chemo (mitomycin C + 5-FU) with RT showed improved DFS compared to RT alone

 * Princess Margaret (1987-1995)
 * Randomized. 234 patients with Stage IB/IIA bulky - IVA. Four arms. Arm 1) RT 50/25 vs. Arm 2) RT 50/25 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 vs. Arm 3) RT 52.8/33 (partially hyperfractionated 1st day and last 4 days BID) vs. Arm 4) RT 52.8/33 as Arm 3 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2. All followed by BT 40 Gy.
 * 1998 PMID 9600821 -- "A randomized trial of standard versus partially hyperfractionated radiation with or without concurrent 5-fluorouracil in locally advanced cervical cancer." (Thomas G, Gynecol Oncol. 1998 May;69(2):137-45.) Median F/U 5 years
 * Outcome: DFS 45% vs. 53% vs. 58% vs. 61% (NS); no difference in OS
 * Conclusion: No difference with concurrent 5-FU or partially hyperfractionated RT

 * RTOG 80-05 (1980-1984)
 * Randomized. 120 patients. Stage IIIB and IVA, squamous cell Cx. RT +/- misonidazole 400mg/m2 qd. RT technique' 46 Gy whole pelvis, 10 Gy parametrial boost, brachy/EBRT boost to tumor
 * 1999 PMID 10348279 -- "Irradiation with or without misonidazole for patients with stages IIIB and IVA carcinoma of the cervix: final results of RTOG 80-05." (Grigsby PW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Jun 1;44(3):513-7.)
 * 5-year outcome: PFS RT 22% vs. CRT 29% (NS). No difference in patterns of failure
 * Toxicity: no difference
 * Conclusion: No benefit for misonidazole

 * Hong Kong (1982-83)
 * Randomized. Advanced cervical CA. Treated with 1) RT alone, 2) RT + weekly cisplatin, or 3) RT + twice-weekly cisplatin
 * 1989 PMID 2807006 -- "Long-term follow-up of potentiation of radiotherapy by cis-platinum in advanced cervical cancer." (Wong LC, Gynecol Oncol. 1989 Nov;35(2):159-63.)
 * Conclusion: Best central tumor control for twice-weekly group, but overall survival was similar.

 * Roswell Park (1972-1976)
 * Randomized. 130 patients. Stage IIB and IIIB Cx. Treated with continuous or split-course RT +/- hydroxyurea
 * 1983 PMID 6359885 -- "Hydroxyurea: a radiation potentiator in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A randomized double-blind study." (Piver MS, Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983 Dec 1;147(7):803-8.)
 * 40 patients with IIB, PA lymphadenectomy negative. F/U >5 years
 * Toxicity: leukopenia significantly worse with HU, no other differences
 * OS: RT alone 53% vs. CRT 94% (SS); 45% of patients with placebo died of cervical cancer
 * 1977 PMID 6359885 -- "Hydroxyurea as a radiation sensitizer in women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix." (Piver MS, Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977 Oct 15;129(4):379-83.)
 * Outcome: Stage IIB: OS RT alone 43% vs. CRT 74% (SS); Stage IIIB: OS 33% vs. 52% (NS)
 * RT: continous RT 91% vs. split-course RT 29% (SS)

Retrospective
 * Washington University, 2004 (1998-2003) - PMID 15667965 — "Lack of benefit of concurrent chemotherapy in patients with cervical cancer and negative lymph nodes by FDG-PET." Grigsby PW et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Feb 1;61(2):444-9.
 * Retrospective, 65 pts (15 without chemo, 50 with chemo). Stage IB2, IIB, and IIIB. All pts underwent PET with no evidence of lymph node metastases.  Patients up until mid-1999 did not receive chemotherapy; thereafter, they received routine chemo.  Chemo dose 40 mg/m^2 cisplatin weekly x 6 cycles.  Radiation dose was curative intent with brachytherapy and external beam (mean dose 85 Gy to point A); no para-aortic XRT.
 * Mean follow-up 32 months. Similar 5-year overall survival (85% vs 81%) and 5-year cause-specific survival (78% vs 74%).
 * Conclusion: No benefit to concurrent chemotherapy in lymph node negative patients.

Chemo-RT: various chemo combinations

 * Multinational B9E-MC-JHQS (2002-2004) -- A) gemcitabine + cisplatin + RT, then adjuvant gem/cis; B) cisplatin + RT only
 * Randomized. 515 patients, Stage IIB - IVA. Arm 1) cisplatin 40 mg/m2 and gemcitabine 125 mg/m2 QW x6 + concurrent EBRT 50.4/28 followed by brachytherapy 30-35 Gy, followed by adjuvant cisplatin 50 mg/m2 + gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 Q3w x2 cycles vs Arm 2) concurrent cisplatin 40 mg/m2 + RT with no adjuvant chemotherapy
 * 2011 PMID 21444871 -- "Phase III, Open-Label, Randomized Study Comparing Concurrent Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin and Radiation Followed by Adjuvant Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Versus Concurrent Cisplatin and Radiation in Patients With Stage IIB to IVA Carcinoma of the Cervix." (Duenas-Gonzalez A, J Clin Oncol -- online before print. 2011 Mar 28.) Median F/U 3.9 years
 * Outcome: 3-year PFS adjuvant GEM/CIS 74% vs control 65% (SS); 3-year OS ~80% vs 69% (SS). No difference in local failure rate (11% vs 16%)
 * Toxicity: Increased grade 3/4 toxicities (86% v 46%); 2 deaths attributed to treatment in Arm A.
 * Conclusion:"Gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemoradiotherapy followed by BCT and adjuvant gemcitabine/cisplatin chemotherapy improved survival outcomes with increased but clinically manageable toxicity when compared with standard treatment."

 * GOG 165 (1997-2000)
 * Randomized. 316 pts, Stage IIB, IIIB, or IVA. Randomized to: EBRT + brachytherapy (85 Gy total to point A) combined with 1) weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m2) x 6 cycles, or 2) continuous infusion 5-FU (225 mg/m2/d) 5 days/wk x 6 weeks. RT technique: EBRT to 45 Gy to pelvis, plus 5.4-9 Gy parametrial boost, followed by LDR or HDR brachytherapy. Brachytherapy: LDR 40 Gy (in 1-2 fractions) or HDR 30 Gy (in 5 fractions). HDR started on the 4th week of EBRT with at least 1 fx/week, then 2 fx/week after completion of EBRT.
 * 2005 PMID 16230678 — "A Randomized Comparison of Weekly Cisplatin or Protracted Venous Infusion of Fluorouracil in Combination With Pelvic Radiation in Advanced Cervix Cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study." Lanciano R et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005. Epub ahead of print October 17, 2005; tentatively for 11/20/2005 print issue.
 * Trial stopped early due to increase rate of progression in Arm 2. No S.S. difference in PFS. 4-yr OS 64% (arm 1) vs 55% (arm 2), N.S. Study not powered to detect an inferior outcome.
 * Conclusion: 5-FU is not better than cisplatin

 * GOG 120 (1992-97) - randomized to one of three concurrent chemotherapy regimens
 * 526 pts. FIGO stage IIB, III, or IVA. Excluded those with positive para-aortic nodes or disease beyond the pelvis. All pts received RT. Randomized to receive concurrent chemotherapy with: 1) cisplatin (40 mg/m2, weekly x 6), 2) cisplatin / 5-FU / hydroxyurea (50 mg/m2, days 1+29; 4 g/m2 96-hr infusion, days 1+29; 2 g/m2 po twice weekly, weeks 1-6), 3) hydroxyurea (3 g/m2 po twice weekly, weeks 1-6). RT technique: whole pelvis 40.8 Gy/24 fx or 51 Gy/30 fx, followed by 1 or 2 intracavitary insertions for 40 Gy (stage IIB) or 30 Gy (Stage III-IV); total point A dose was 80.8 or 81 Gy; point B dose was 55 or 60 Gy, respectively.
 * 10-years, 2007 PMID 17502627 -- "Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial comparing concurrent single agent cisplatin, cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, or hydroxyurea during pelvic irradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study." (Rose PG, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jul 1;25(19):2804-10.). Median F/U 8.8 years
 * 10-year outcome: PFS: Arm 1 46% vs. Arm 2 43% vs. Arm 3 26% (SS); OS 53% vs. 53% vs. 34%. Benefit seen for both Stage IIB and Stage III
 * Local progression: Arm 1 22% vs. Arm 2 21% vs. Arm 3 34% (SS). Prognosis for progression: stage, treatment arm
 * Conclusion: Cisplatin-based chemo during pelvic RT improves long-term PFS and OS
 * 2-years, 1999 PMID 10202165 Full text, 1999 — "Concurrent cisplatin-based radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer." Rose PG e al. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 15;340(15):1144-53. Median F/U 3 years
 * 2-year outcome: PFS cisplatin 67% vs. cisplatin/5-FU/HU 64% vs. HU 47% (relative risk 0.56 for cisplatin groups); OS 75% vs. 75% vs. 60% (relative risk 0.60)
 * Improved PFS and OS in groups receiving cisplatin vs those only receiving hydroxyurea. Decreased local failures as well as distant mets.
 * Conclusion: cisplatin regimens improve overall survival and progression free survival for locally advanced cervical ca.
 * Editorial (PMID 10202172)

 * GOG 85 / SWOG 8695 Intergroup (1986-1990) - RT + hydroxyurea vs cisplatin/5-FU
 * Randomized. 368 pts. Stage IIB-IVA. All pts had staging para-aortic lymphadenectomy (from inferior mesenteric artery to mid common iliac arteries). Pelvic lymphadenectomy not required. Pts with para-A mets or positive washings were excluded. Randomized to hydroxyurea (80 mg/kg twice weekly ) vs cisplatin (50 mg/m2, days 1+29) + 5-FU (4 g/m2 96-hr infusion, days 2-5, 30-33) RT technique: IIB received 40.8/24 whole pelvis EBRT, then 40 Gy brachy boost to point A, point B 55 Gy; III-IVA received 51/30 EBRT + 30 Gy brachy boost, point B 60 Gy. If no implant, then 61.2 Gy EBRT
 * 1999 PMID 10334517 - "Randomized comparison of fluorouracil plus cisplatin versus hydroxyurea as an adjunct to radiation therapy in stage IIB-IVA carcinoma of the cervix with negative para-aortic lymph nodes: a Gynecologic Oncology Group and Southwest Oncology Group study." Whitney CW et al. J Clin Oncol. 1999 May;17(5):1339-48. Median F/U 8.7 years
 * Outcome: PFS CF 57% vs. HU 47% (SS); OS CF 55% vs. HU 43% (SS)
 * Toxicity: leukopenia CF 4% vs. HU 24%
 * Conclusion: cisplatin/5-FU better PFS, OS, and less toxicity than hydroxyurea

Meta-Analysis
 * Canada, 2002 - PMID 12109823 — "Concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for cervical cancer--a meta-analysis." Lukka H et al. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2002 Jun;14(3):203-12.
 * Relative risk of death for chemotherapy, 0.74; 0.78, for advanced stage; 0.56, for high-risk early stage disease.

 * Liverpool, 2001 (UK) - PMID 11564482 — "Survival and recurrence after concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for cancer of the uterine cervix: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Green JA et al. Lancet. 2001 Sep 8;358(9284):781-6.
 * 4580 pts from randomized studies.
 * Pts most likely to benefit from concurrent chemotherapy are those with: positive pelvic lymph nodes, large cervical lesions. Concurrent chemotherapy reduced incidence of distant mets.

Para-aortic node RT

 * EORTC (1977-81)
 * 441 pts. Randomized. Stage IB-IIB with positive pelvic LN; or Stage IIB with distal vaginal and/or parametrial involvement; or any Stage III. Clinically involved PA nodes not allowed. Randomized to pelvic RT vs pelvic + PA RT (45 Gy).
 * 1988 PMID 3281186 — "Is prophylactic para-aortic irradiation worthwhile in the treatment of advanced cervical carcinoma? Results of a controlled clinical trial of the EORTC radiotherapy group." Haie C et al. Radiother Oncol. 1988 Feb;11(2):101-12.
 * No difference in LC, DFS, or DM, but decreased PA metastases.
 * Conclusion: Routine PA RT is not indicated

 * RTOG 79-20 (1979-86) - Prophylactic paraaortic RT.
 * Randomized. 335 pts. Bulky Stage IB (now IB2) and IIA with tumor > 4 cm or Stage IIB (73%). Randomized to: 1) Pelvic RT alone (40-50 Gy), 2) Pelvic + PA RT (44-45 Gy). Both at 1.6-1.8 Gy/fx. For arm 2, gave maximum of 30 Gy AP/PA and paraaortic boosted with arc rotation technique or two posterior obliques or shaped laterals. Followed by parametrial and intracavitary RT.
 * 1990 PMID 2211198 — "Prophylactic irradiation of the para-aortic lymph node chain in stage IIB and bulky stage IB carcinoma of the cervix, initial treatment results of RTOG 7920." Rotman M et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990 Sep;19(3):513-21. Median F/U 3.6 years
 * Outcome: 2-yr OS 72% vs 81%, 5-yr OS 55% vs 66% (SS). No difference in LRC or DM
 * Toxicity: Grade 4/5 P-RT 4% vs. PA-RT 8% (primarily in patients with prior surgery 11% vs. 2%)
 * Conclusion: Improved survival, toxicity tolerable
 * 1995 PMID 7616634 — "Prophylactic extended-field irradiation of para-aortic lymph nodes in stages IIB and bulky IB and IIA cervical carcinomas. Ten-year treatment results of RTOG 79-20." Rotman M et al. JAMA. 1995 Aug 2;274(5):387-93.
 * 10-yr OS 44% vs 55%. No difference in DFS.
 * Conclusion: benefit for elective paraaortic radiation.

 * GOG 125, 1998 (1992-3) - Phase II
 * 95 pts. Any stage (except IIIA) with biopsy confirmed paraaortic nodal mets. Lymphadenectomy not required. Treatment: EBRT to the pelvis and PA with concurrent chemo. Doses: Pelvis (180 cGy/fx) to 39.6-48.6 Gy, paraaortic (150 cGy/fx) to 45 Gy. PA field border at L1/L2 interspace. Intracavitary application for point A dose of 80 Gy and pt B dose of 55-60 Gy. Chemo: Cisplatin (50 mg/m2) q28d + 96-hr 5-FU infusion (days 2-5), 2 cycles each.
 * 1998 PMID 9869224 — "Cervical carcinoma metastatic to para-aortic nodes: extended field radiation therapy with concomitant 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study." Varia MA et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Dec 1;42(5):1015-23.
 * Conclusion: feasible treatment regimen. PFS of 33% at 3 years demonstrated that a portion of patients with advanced disease can achieve control

 * RTOG 90-01, Morris 1999 - see under Chemotherapy + RT above.

Altered Fractionation

 * RTOG 71-05 (1971-1980)
 * Randomized. 301 patients. Stage IIB-IVA. Split course RT (25/10 + 25/10) vs. standard RT (51/30). Both followed by brachytherapy 30 Gy LDR or EBRT boost 16/8
 * 1983 PMID 6406397 — "Split-course versus continuous pelvis irradiation in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a prospective randomized clinical trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group." (Marcial VA et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1983) Apr;9(4):431-6.
 * Outcome: 2-year pelvic control Split course 65% vs. continuous 59% (NS), no difference in DM or OS rate
 * 2-year survival: Stage IIB 70%, IIIA 58%, IIIB 46%, IVA 23%
 * Conclusion: No difference between split course and continuous RT

Hyperthermia

 * Maastro Clinic, Netherlands; 2010 PMID 20091593 -- "Combined use of hyperthermia and radiation therapy for treating locally advanced cervical carcinoma." (Lutgens L, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD006377.)
 * Cochrane meta-analysis. 6 RCTs. 74% FIGO IIIB
 * Outcome: 3-year local recurrence improved (HR 0.48, SS); 3-year OS improved (HR 0.67, p=0.05)
 * Toxicity: No difference
 * Conclusion: Cannot draw definitive conclusions, but addition of hyperthermia likely improves local control and overall survival

Anemia

 * GOG 191 (2001-2003) -- Chemo-RT +/- EPO
 * Randomized. Closed prematurely due to concerns about thromboembolic events. 109 patients accrued (<25% planned). Cervical cancer, Stage IIB-IVA, Hgb <14.0 Arm 1) Chemo-RT vs. Arm 2) Chemo-RT + recombinant Epo 40,000 units QW
 * 3-years; 2008 PMID 18037478 -- "Phase III trial to evaluate the efficacy of maintaining hemoglobin levels above 12.0 g/dL with erythropoietin vs above 10.0 g/dL without erythropoietin in anemic patients receiving concurrent radiation and cisplatin for cervical cancer." (Thomas G, Gynecol Oncol. 2008 Feb;108(2):317-25. Epub 2007 Nov 26.) Median F/U 3 years
 * Outcome: 3-year PFS control 65% vs. EPO 58%; OS 75% vs. 61% (insufficient numbers)
 * Rate of thromboembolism: control 8% vs. EPO 19% (NS), no deaths
 * Conclusion: Thromboembolism common; impact of Hgb >12.0 remains undetermined

Hyperbaric Oxygen

 * RTOG 70-01 (1972-1975) -- RT in air vs. RT in HBO
 * Randomized. Stopped early due to slow accrual. 58 patients with Stage IIB-IVA cervix. Arm 1) RT 50/25 in air vs. Arm 2) RT 40/10 in HBO. Brachytherapy in both arms. Only 19/29 HBO patients received most of their EBRT in the chamber
 * 1981 PMID 7028700 -- "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for carcinoma of the cervix--stages IIB, IIIA, IIIB and IVA: results of a randomized study by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group." (Brady LW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981 Aug;7(8):991-8.)
 * Outcome: Local failure air 24% vs. HBO 26% (NS); DFS air 52% vs. HBO 73% (NS)
 * Complications: both arms 24% (NS)
 * Conclusion: Study too small; no difference; HBO technically difficult to administer
 * Comment: Test of hypofractionation + HBO vs. standard fractionation; study too small

Long-Term Outcome

 * Florida, 2007 PMID 17234362 -- "Long-term Outcome after Radiotherapy for FIGO Stage IIIB and IVA Carcinoma of the Cervix." (Yeung AR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Apr 1;67(5):1445-50.)
 * Retrospective. 91 patients IIIB/IVA treated with curative intent. Median F/U 8.8 years
 * Outcome: 10-year LC 53%, RFS 26%, OS 21%; 5-year LC 53%, RFS 30%, OS 29%
 * Failures: 90% within 2 years; 60% local, 29% regional, 17% para-aortic without pelvic
 * Toxicity: Grade 3-5 rate 13%
 * Conclusion: One-third can be cured, with 13% complication rate

 * MDACC, 1999 (1965-74) PMID 10477014 -- "Mature results of a pilot study of pelvic radiotherapy with concurrent continuous infusion intra-arterial 5-FU for stage IIIB-IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix." (Eifel PJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Aug 1;45(1):113-8.)
 * 27 pts; 22 Stage IIIB, 5 IVA. Treated with RT (median dose 50 Gy) + 5-FU. Only 4 pts received brachytherapy.
 * Median f/u 190 mo (>15 yrs) -- 5-yr OS 37%; 41% for IIIB. 4 of 10 pts who received chemo + only 50 Gy were long term survivors.
 * Conclusion: "While this series is small, the fact that 4 patients with massive Stage IIIB tumors survived after a total radiation dose of only 50 Gy suggests that RT with CI IA 5-FU deserves further study. Modifications in dose, technique, and route of administration should reduce toxicity, and the addition of intracavitary RT should improve the local effectiveness of combined treatment."

PET Staging

 * Washington U
 * 2003 (1998-2002) PMID 12738325 -- "FDG-PET lymph node staging and survival of patients with FIGO stage IIIb cervical carcinoma." (Singh AK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Jun 1;56(2):489-93.)
 * 47 pts. Stage IIIB.
 * 13 (28%) were lymph node negative by PET, 20 (43%) had (+) pelvic LN only, 7 (15%) had both pelvic and para-aortic LN, 7 (15%) had pelvic, PA, and supraclavicular LNs. None had other distant mets.
 * 3-yr CSS 73% (LN-), 58% (pelvic LN), 29% (pelvic + PA), 0% (SCLV).
 * Conclusion: "The cause-specific survival for patients with FIGO Stage IIIb carcinoma is highly dependent on the extent of lymph node metastasis as demonstrated by whole-body FDG-PET."
 * 2010 (2000-2009) PMID 20308664 --"Lymph node staging by positron emission tomography in cervical cancer: relationship to prognosis." (Kidd EA, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Apr 20;28(12):2108-13.)
 * 560 pts. Stage IA2-IVA treated with curative intent (survival analysis on 513 pts)
 * 47% has lymph node involvement by PET, of those 100% had (+) pelvic, 35% had (+) PA, and 12% had (+) SCLV
 * Median F/U 45 mo--DSS HR: Pelvic LN 2.40 (SS); PA 5.9 (SS); SCLV 19.4 (SS). Recurrence HR: Pelvic LN 2.4 (SS); PA 5.9 (SS); SCLV 30.3 (SS)
 * Conclusion: "Nodal involvement detected by FDG-PET in cervical cancer relates to clinical stage, is comparable to historical data, and stratifies patient recurrence and survival outcomes.

Review

 * UC Irvine, 2007 PMID 17617527 -- "Multimodality therapy for locally advanced cervical carcinoma: state of the art and future directions." (Monk BJ, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jul 10;25(20):2952-65.)


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User talk:LifeIsJesus

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User talk:Jha007 om

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User talk:Hsiujen

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text:
User talk:Plasmasphere

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Remi 02:45, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Plasmasphere


text:
User talk:Iguama808

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Remi 02:45, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iguama808


text: External Links

title: External Links


text: External links

title: External links


text:
Kdenlive/Video systems

Digital video has some properties and terminology inherited from old analog systems used in television broadcast and also some new properties brought by the new technologies. Detailed information about those properties and systems are beyond the scope of this manual, but here are some explanations which might help you in using clips and generating video with Kdenlive.

=Frames per second= The human eye is a wonderful mechanism, but it can be fooled. This is what made cinema possible back in the 1800s --- if a sequence of slightly different still pictures is shown rapidly, the eye cannot distinguish individual images, creating the illusion of movement. The same thing happens if you take a pen between your fingers and move it up and down while keeping your fingers flexible --- this will make the pen look as if it's melted.

In video language, each of the pictures in a sequence is called a frame, and we have to show the frames at a certain speed to create the movement illusion. The measure found for this speed is the number of frames per second (fps). The human eye can not distinguish frames shown at a rate of 14fps, although this might still look clumsy. This was the speed used in the earlier cinema movies. Slightly higher speeds allow an illusion of smoother movement.

When television was created, one of the problems found was that, more than having the frames shown at a certain rate, it was needed to synchronise the frame display in the receiver to that of the transmitter. The lack of precise electronic circuits and components at the time led the engineers to use a simple oscilator which was ready for use in the wall --- the frequency of the Alternating Current (AC) electricity network. In some countries, AC was generated in a 50 Hz frequency, and in other countries it came to the outlets at 60 Hz. This will have more meaning when we reach the NTSC and PAL systems explanations.

=Screen size=

=Aspect Ratio=

The aspect ratio is basically the proportion between the screen width and the screen height.

The two more used aspect ratios are:

 * 4:3 - This is the standard format for analog television, also known as "pan format".
 * 16:9 - This format comes from cinema, and it is also used by the so-called wide-screen television.

When a 16:9 movie must be shown in a 4:3 screen, it has to be cut at both sides, by removing columns (and content), or it can be shown with black borders in the top and bottom which will allow the whole width to fit in the narrower screen. This latter display method is known as letterbox.

=Video interlacing= Another property which came from the television. The kinescopes (or CRTs, Cathode Ray-Tubes) used until the 90s did not have enough speed to write a whole picture in the screen 50 or 60 times in a second.

The solution found was to split each picture in two fields --- the first one made of all the odd lines which composed a picture, and the second one with the even lines. The human eye could not distinguish scenes shown and the materials used in the tube screens would, anyways, retain light for a little while after the light ray hit them. In such speed, the combination of the two fields would be imperceptible.

This is interlacing. Following the frequency chosen by the television engineers, 50 or 60 fields are shown per second, making for, respectively, 25 or 30 frames per second.

Later, faster kinescopes allowed the full display of pictures without the need of interlacing, and non-interlaced video allows a better quality, specially noticeable in frozen images. Sometimes, converting interlaced video to non-interlaced video or vice-versa is desirable.

=Timecode= When we are editing video, we often need a reference of a specific point of the video --- for example, where a certain scene begins. The most precise measure since the earlier edition machines is the timecode, which came with the magnetic video tape technology and remained in digital video.

The timecode of a recording is embedded in the video information and it counts the time since the start of the recording. It is usually shown in the format hh:mm:ss:ff, where hh is the number of hours, mm means minutes, ss are the seconds, and ff is the number of frames within a second.

=NTSC= NTSC is a television broadcast system created by the National Television Standards Committee in USA. While an analog system, NTSC is used as a reference for digital video for the screen size and number of frames per second. It has the following characteristics:

 * 352x240 pixels screen size (720x480 for DVD)
 * 30fps. More precisely, 30000/1001fps or 29,97fps.

The strange rate of frames per second in NTSC makes necessary the use of the commonly called drop frame technique in video editors like Kdenlive. Every 2 minutes, except each 10th minute, two frames are simply ignored in the time count, so the video seems to run in 30fps. Without this trick, the audio at "real 30fps" would slightly slip out of sync with the video in some minutes.

=PAL= The PAL system was created by German electronics giant AEG-Telefunken and became widely adopted in many other countries of Europe, South America, Asia and Africa. Its name comes from Phase-Alternate Line, which was a rather ingenious method found by the engineers to allow automatic color correction in television --- which resulted in PAL being described as "Pictures Always Loveable", while NTSC was known as "Never Twice the Same Color"...

Just like NTSC, PAL is also used as a reference in digital video for image size and picture rate:

 * 352x288 pixels screen size (720x576 for DVD)
 * 25fps

However, a number of PAL variants were created for different countries and some of them do NOT follow these standards. The PAL-M system adopted in Brazil and Laos, for example, keeps the "color burst" and modulation of PAL while taking the picture size and frames-per-second properties of NTSC.

=Chrominance and Luminance: colors in video= When color TV became commercially possible, a number of black and white TV sets were already in people´s restrooms and it would make no sense to throw them away. Also, the idea of transmitting color TV with different signals for the three basic colors (Red, Green and Blue, the famous RGB) was impossible in practice, because of the large bandwidth required for analog transmission. It would be too much information to fit in one standard television channel, 6 MHz wide.

Engineers got a brilliant solution, one more time benefiting from a limitation of the human eye. They created a color system based on subtraction which became known as YCC, as opposite to the addition system used for RGB.

The main part of the analog color TV signal is made of luminance, which defines only the brightness, ranging from full black to full white. This is exactly what the black and white TV needed, so those old TV sets could remain useful just by ignoring the color information. Added to it, but taking much less bandwidth, the chrominance signals were added for the colors. These signals are processed locally by the receiver with a little colors logic. If the blend of all colors in full bright result in pure white --- which is also the maximum value possible for the luminance signal ---, you could get color values from subtracting those chrominance values from the luminance signal.

To be exact, the blend for making white is 30% red, 11% blue and 60% green. So, to keep the required bandwidth as low as possible, the two chrominance signals blended to the luminance are those for red (Cr) and blue (Cb). Getting the amount of green in a pixel is as simple as G = Y - Cr - Cb. Blue is the result of Y + (Cb - Y), and red comes from Y + (Cr - Y).

Then, a coloured image in TV is made half by the luminance signal, and the rest for chrominance (a proportion of 4:2:2). The color information itself can use less bandwidth because the human eye is much more sensitive to the bright and contours of an image than the color differences. You can prove that by looking at drawings made only from colors without black or darker contours.

Although this solution was made for analog television, and digital video allows complete color information in a narrower bandwidth, the YCC scheme was preserved for allowing better compression. The DV25 standard for digital video uses even less bandwidth for the color information, in a luminance/chrominance proportion of 4:1:1 --- which can lead to visual artifacts in operations such as compositing an image with other of a person shot against a blue background (the famous chromakey composition). The more professional-driven DV50 standard uses 4:2:2 color sampling by default.

Kdenlive/ Digitales Video Kdenlive/Sistemi video

title: Kdenlive/Video systems


text:
Kdenlive/Preferences

A number of options for Kdenlive behaviour and looks are available through the Settings menu in the main window menubar. Here you will see the meaning of some of them, as well as creating your own configurations and using special hardware setups.

=The "Configure Kdenlive" dialog= North Americans typically record with the NTSC standard.

=Special hardware configurations=

Two monitors
=Configuring Key Shortcuts=

title: Kdenlive/Preferences


text:
Wikijunior:Human Body

About the book
Welcome to Wikijunior The Human Body.

The target age of this title is 8–12 years old. Section titles will include parts and systems of the body. Modules will answer some general questions and provide basic information about the subject. There will be an introduction and a glossary. Other articles of general interest about human anatomy may also be included.

When working on this project, remember that it's aimed at children. Being understood is just as important as being accurate. Authors should concentrate on the most important concepts rather than getting wrapped up in every detail. Use technical vocabulary when you need to, but don't use big words where simpler language would work.

If you have made contributions to this Wikibook and would like to have formal credit for being an author, please add your name to this list: Human Body Authors.

{| style="width:100%;"

{| style="width:100%;"

 * style="width:50%; background-color: #ffffec; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #faf9b2; padding:1em; padding-top:0.5em;" |

Special Articles

 * /Introduction/
 * Anatomy
 * /Finale/
 * Glossary

 * style="width:50%; background-color:#eeffee; border:1px solid #99ff99; padding:1em; padding-top:0.5em;" |

Contributing

 * /Authors/
 * /Contributing/

Create or Request an Article
You are encouraged to create an article on an interesting part of the human body. If you would like to do so, please read the /Contributing/ page.

Stub Template
Please use the Stub Template when creating a new article.

Sources of Additional Information
{| style="width:100%;"
 * }
 * style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;" |

Publishable pages

 * Pain
 * style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;" |

Developing pages

 * Circulatory System
 * /Heart/
 * /Blood/
 * /Blood Vessels/

 * Respiratory System
 * /Lungs/

 * Digestive System
 * Stomach
 * Small Intestine
 * Large Intestine
 * Kidneys

 * Musculoskelatal System
 * /Muscles/
 * /Skeleton/

 * Nervous System
 * /Brain/

 * Immune System

 * Excretory System

 * Sensory System
 * /Eyes/
 * /Nose/
 * /Mouth/
 * /Ears/
 * /Hands/

 * Immune System

 * Excretory System

 * Other
 * Medical - Laparoscopic Surgery

 * style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;" |

Page stubs

 * Ears
 * Spinal Column
 * Excretory System
 * Medical - Laparoscopic
 * Kidneys
 * Nose
 * Mouth
 * }
 * }

ja:Wikijunior:人間の体 nl:Wikijunior:Het lichaam bn:wikijunior:মানুষের শরীর

title: Wikijunior:Human Body


text:
User talk:216.180.149.57

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Webaware talk 10:25, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.180.149.57


text:
Horticulture/Vinca

Vinca is a genus of five species of in the family ../Apocynaceae/, native to Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. The common name, shared with the related genus ../Catharanthus/, is Periwinkle.

Description
They are trailing vines, subshrubs or herbaceous, and have slender trailing stems 1-2 m long but not growing more than 20-70 cm above ground; the stems frequently take root where they touch the ground, enabling the plant to spread widely. The leaves are opposite, simple broad lanceolate to ovate, 1-9 cm long and 0.5-6 cm broad; they are evergreen in four species, but deciduous in the herbaceous V. herbacea, which dies back to the root system in winter.

The flowers, produced through most of the year, are salverform (like those of ../Phlox/), simple, 2.5-7 cm broad, with five usually violet (occasionally white) petals joined together at the base to form a tube. The fruit consists of a group of divergent follicles; a dry fruit which is dehiscent along one rupture site in order to release seeds.

Species
The two most commonly grown species are ../Vinca major/ and ../Vinca minor/

Uses
Two species, the Small Periwinkle V. minor and the Large Periwinkle V. major, are very popular ornamental plants in gardens, grown for dense evergreen ground cover and their delicate violet flowers. V. major has broader leaves with a hairy margin and larger flowers, is less cold hardy, and has twice as many chromosomes as V. minor. A variegated selection of V. major is commonly cultivated. Both species are considered invasive weeds in parts of the United States and Australia. They do not respond to common herbicides and require hormone based sprays to control.

This plant was formerly used in homeopathy for catarrh and dyspepsia but due to the nature and effects of the alkaloids vincamine, isovincamine and vincamidine, it is rarely used. The chemotherapy drugs vincristine and vinblastine are derived from this plant.

Maintenance
Remove any leaf cover in the fall to prevent fungal problems.

Propagation
Propagated by cuttings.

Pests and diseases
../Blight/ ../Canker/, ../Dieback/ ../Leaf Spots/ ../Root Rot/ ../Nematodes/ ../Aphids/ ../Scales/ ../Hoppers/ ../Whiteflies/ ../Mealybugs/ ../Earwigs/ ../Thrips/
 * ../Botrytis cinerea/
 * Phoma exigua var. exigua (asexual stage Diaporthe vincae)
 * Alternaria
 * Colletotrichum
 * Macrophoma vincae
 * Phyllosticta
 * Phyllosticta minor
 * Phyllosticta vincae-majoris
 * ../Pellicularia filamentosa/
 * ../Meliodgyne haple/
 * ../Xiphinema americanum/
 * Green Peach Aphid: ../Myzus persicae/
 * Oleander Aphid: ../Aphis nerii/
 * Crescent-marked Lily Aphid: ../Neomyzus circumflexus/
 * Brown Soft Scale: ../Coccus hesperidum/
 * Aster Leafhopper: ../Macrosteles facifrons/
 * Silverleaf Whitefly: ../Bemisia argentifolii/
 * Citrus Mealybug: ../Planococcus citri/
 * European Earwig: ../Forficula auricularia/
 * Flower thrips: ../Frankliniella thricti/

title: Horticulture/Vinca


text:
Horticulture/Wilts

Wilting refers to the loss of rigidity of non-woody parts of plants. This occurs when the turgor pressure in non-woody plant cells falls towards zero, as a result of diminished water in the cells. Lower water availability may result from:
 * drought conditions, where the soil moisture drops below conditions most favorable for plant functioning;
 * high salinity, which causes water to diffuse from the plant cells and induce shrinkage;
 * saturated soil conditions, where roots are unable to obtain sufficient oxygen for cellular respiration, and so are unable to transport water into the plant; or
 * bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms that clog the plant's vascular system.

Wilting diminishes the plant's ability to transpire and grow. Permanent wilting leads to plant death. Symptoms of wilting and blights resemble one another.

In woody plants, reduced water availability leads to cavitation of the xylem.

title: Horticulture/Wilts


text:
French/Vocabulary/Drink

Juice: Le jus

 * Fruit juice: le jus de fruit
 * Orange juice: le jus d'orange
 * Apple juice: le jus de pomme
 * Tomato juice: le jus tomate
 * Grape juice: le jus de raisin
 * Pineapple juice: le jus d'ananas
 * Lemonade: la limonade

Dairy products: Les produits laitiers

 * Milk: le lait
 * Cheese: le fromage
 * Ice Cream: la glace
 * Yogurt: le yaourt
 * Butter: le beurre

Hot beverages: Les boissons chaudes

 * Coffee: le café
 * Hot Chocolate: le chocolat chaud
 * Tea: le thé
 * cappuccino: le cappuccino

Alcoholic beverage: Les boissons alcoolisées

 * Beer: la bière
 * Wine: le vin
 * Champagne: le champagne
 * Red Wine: le vin rouge
 * White Wine: le vin blanc

Miscellaneous

 * A glass (of wine): Une verre (de vin)
 * A bottle: une bouteille
 * A cup: une tasse
 * to drink (verb): boire
 * to take (verb): prendre ''(also means "to have" a drink / some food)'

title: French/Vocabulary/Drink


text:
Horticulture/Aphis fabae

The Bean Aphid is most notable as an agricultural pest of beans, but also feeds on a wide variety of garden plants, both woody and herbaceous.

Description
Dark-colored aphids.Black or dark green in colour. Legs and antennae are yellow in colour. Bulbous abdomen and cornicles on the abdomen.

Symptoms and Signs
Leaf-curling, sooty mold.

Host plants

 * ../Beta/
 * ../Capsella/
 * ../Chamomilla/
 * ../Chenopodium/
 * ../Cirsium/
 * ../Dahlia/
 * ../Daucus/
 * ../Dianthus/ (Carnation)
 * ../Euonymus/
 * ../Galium/
 * ../Hedera/
 * ../Lactuca/ (Lettuce)
 * ../Nicotiana/
 * ../Papaver/ (Poppy)
 * ../Phaseolus/
 * ../Philadelphus/
 * ../Rheum/ (Rhubarb)
 * ../Rumex/
 * ../Solanum/
 * ../Viburnum/
 * ../Vigna/
 * ../Zinnia/

title: Horticulture/Aphis fabae


text:
Wikibooks:WikiProject Languages

Scope
This WikiProject aims primarily to organize books in the area of language learning and to provide a platform for communication between editors of books related to language learning. Primarily it serves to create some kind of coherence between the main language learning books, but will also encompass those such as French For Football.

The goals of this WikiProject are to:
 * provide a standard "bare bones" format for language learning books
 * provide useful links for module writers
 * provide a location to discuss issues relating to this section of Wikibooks
 * provide community support for writing language learning texts.

Why a Languages Project?
The goal of this WikiProject is to create some kind of general style of language learning book. Books should:
 * Teach both vocabulary and grammar through a series of lessons
 * Organize the lessons in a well-worked order
 * Provide the lessons in tiers of proficiency
 * Provide useful vocabulary lists by topic
 * Include a full and organised grammar guide
 * Include appendices suitable for the language e.g. a pronunciation index, lists of idioms, guide to slang etc.

Relevant Books and Pages for Authors

 * Authoring Foreign Language Textbooks
 * Miskito (a state-of-the-art language learning wikibook)
 * Subject:Languages
 * Assessment of language book pages
 * Review of language teaching methods in the 20th century

Active Books

 * A-level French
 * French
 * German
 * Spanish by Choice

Task forces

 * /French language task force/
 * /German language task force/
 * /Spanish language task force/

Participants

 * Italienmoose (talk) Joined Project: 5 June 2010 Native English. French preferred as foreign language.
 * Martin Kraus (talk) Joined Project: 6 June 2010 Native German. Speaks English and some Spanish and learns Danish.
 * Recent Runes (talk) Joined Project: 6 June 2010 Native English. Intermediate level student of French, with an emphasis on football!
 * Kayau ( talk | email | contribs ) Joined project: 14 June 2010 Native Cantonese Chinese. First cerificate for English. Intermediate Mandarin Chinese. An eensy weensy bit of French.
 * Internoob (Disc·Cont·Wikt) Joined Project: 24 June 2010 Native English. Proficient in French. Knowledge of Haitian Creole. Learning Spanish. Elementary understanding of other Romance languages.
 * Indiana (talk) Joined Project: 19 Jul 2010 Native English. Conversational in Esperanto, Spanish, French and Japanese.
 * Girdi (talk) Joined Project: 05 Feb 2011 Bilingual English and Icelandic. Conversational in Chechen and Finnish. Basics in Manx, Russian, Belarusian, and German.
 * ismailzali (talk) Joined Project: 13 Feb 2011 Native English. 4+ years as Spanish student. Basics of Classical, Romance, Semitic, and Slavic languages. Slowly learning Japanese and Sanskrit writing systems.
 * Readyokaygo ( talk | email | contribs ) Joined project: 8 July 2012 Native English. 6+ years of French and Spanish. University student of Arabic and Hebrew.
 * Herr Cambron (discuss • contribs) Joined project 7 June 2017 Native English 7+ years Spanish. 2 years of intensive German, currently teaching High School German in the USA. Hopes to learn Latin someday.(UTC)
 * Chapka (talk) Joined project 7 June 2020. Native English speaker; student of German, Standard Chinese, Irish. Experienced professional writer and editor.
 * Sbb1413 (he) (talk • contribs) Joined project 28 March 2023. Native Bengali speaker. Also speaks English and some Hindi.
 * add your name here

title: Wikibooks:WikiProject Languages


text:
Horticulture/Phlox

Phlox (pronounced "flocks") is a genus of 67 species of annual or perennial flowering plants. Some species flower in early spring while others flower in summer into fall. Most species are native to temperate North America but a few species are also from northeastern Asia. They are found growing in diverse habitats from alpine locations to open woodlands and prairies.

Description
Phlox range in color from pale blue to bright red to white, though cultivars have been bred for purple and deep blue. Some species such as ../Phlox glaberrima/ (Smooth Phlox) grow to 1.5 m tall, while others, such as ../Phlox stolonifera/ (Creeping Phlox), form low mats only a few centimeters in height. Seeds are in a 3-celled, valved capsule, with one seed to each cell.

The flowers are 5-lobed, with a tube below the lobes. The flower buds open by untwisting.

Growing conditions
Phlox is best grown in fertile, well-drained soil, exposed to partial shade to partial sun.

Species

 * ../Phlox adsurgens/ - Northern Phlox
 * ../Phlox alyssifolia/
 * ../Phlox andicola/
 * ../Phlox austromontana/
 * ../Phlox bifida/ - Sand Phlox
 * ../Phlox borealis/
 * ../Phlox bryoides/
 * ../Phlox buckleyi/ - Swordleaf Phlox
 * ../Phlox caespitosa/ - Cushion Phlox
 * ../Phlox carolina/ - Thickleaf Phlox
 * ../Phlox cuspidata/ - Pointed Phlox
 * ../Phlox diffusa/ - Spreading Phlox
 * ../Phlox divaricata/ - Blue Phlox or Woodland Phlox
 * ../Phlox douglasii/
 * ../Phlox drummondii/ - Drummond Phlox
 * ../Phlox floridana/ - Florida Phlox
 * ../Phlox glaberrima/ - Smooth Phlox
 * ../Phlox idahonis/ - Idaho Phlox
 * ../Phlox kelseyi/ - Kelsey's Phlox
 * ../Phlox maculata/ - Meadow Phlox
 * ../Phlox missoulensis/ - Missoula Phlox
 * ../Phlox multiflora/ - Flowery Phlox, Rocky Mountain Phlox
 * ../Phlox nana/ - Santa Fe Phlox
 * ../Phlox nivalis/ - Trailing Phlox
 * ../Phlox ovata/ - Mountain Phlox
 * ../Phlox paniculata/ - Summer Phlox
 * ../Phlox pilosa/ - Prairie Phlox
 * ../Phlox pulchra/ - Alabama Phlox
 * ../Phlox sibirica/ - Siberian Phlox
 * ../Phlox speciosa/ - Bush Phlox
 * ../Phlox stolonifera/ - Creeping Phlox
 * ../Phlox subulata/ - Moss Phlox

Uses
Phloxes are grown for their showy, often fragrant flowers in borders and cutting gardens. They attract both butterflies and hummingbirds.

Maintenance
Deadheading and staking are often needed for taller species.

Propagation
Division, cuttings, or seed.

Pests and diseases
../Crown Gall/ ../Powdery Mildew/ ../Leaf Spots/ ../Blights/ ../Crown Rots/ ../Wilts/ ../Rusts/ ../Viri/ ../Phytoplasma/ ../Nematodes/ ../Aphids/ ../Scales/ ../Hoppers/ ../Bugs/ ../Beetles/ ../Weevils/ ../Caterpillars/ ../Mites/
 * ../Agrobacterium tumeifaciens/
 * ../Erisiphe chicoracearum/
 * ../Sphaerotheca humili/
 * Ascochyta phlogis var. pholgina
 * Cercospora omphakodes
 * Cercospora phlogina
 * Macrophoma cylindrospora
 * Phyllosticta sp.
 * Ramularia sp.
 * Septoria divaricata
 * Stemphylium botryosum
 * Pyrenochaeta phlogina
 * ../Sclerotinia/
 * ../Pellicularia rolfsii/
 * ../Sclerotium delphinii/
 * ../Thielavopsis basicola/
 * ../Verticillium albo-atrum/
 * Puccinia douglassii
 * Uromyces acuminates var. polemonii
 * Mosaic
 * ../Aster Yellows/
 * Stem Canker by ../Ditylenchus dispaci/
 * Black Scale: ../Saissetia oleae/
 * Aster Leaf Hopper: ../Macrosteles facifrons/
 * Phlox Plant Bug: ../Lopidea davisi/
 * Fourlined Plant Bug: ../Poecilocapsus lineatus/
 * Tarnished Plant Bug: ../Lygus lineolaris/
 * Japanese Beelte: ../Popillia japonica/
 * Asiatic Garden Beetle: ../Maladerma castanea/
 * Black Blister Beetle: ../Epicuata pennsylvanica/
 * Golden Tortoise Beetle: ../Chadidotella bicolor/
 * June Beetles: ../Phyllophaga/ spp.
 * Oriental Beetle: ../Exomala orientalis/
 * Potato Flea Beetle: ../Epitrix cucumeris/
 * Black Vine Weevil: ../Otiorhynchus sulcatus/
 * Corn Earworm: ../Heliothis zea/
 * Saddleback Caterpillar: ../Sibine stimulea/
 * Stalk Borer: ../Papaipema nebris/
 * Twospotted Spider Mite: ../Tetranychus urticae/

The foliage of Phlox is sometimes eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Dot Moth, Gazoryctra wielgusi, Hummingbird Hawk-moth and Schinia indiana which feeds exclusively on P. pilosa. Phlox species are also a popular food source for groundhogs, rabbits and deer.

title: Horticulture/Phlox


text:
User:Spudgunner

Hello

title: User:Spudgunner


text:
Horticulture/Fragaria

The strawberry (Fragaria) is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae, and the fruit of these plants. There are more than 20 named species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the Garden strawberry, ../Fragaria x ananassa/.

The typical modern strawberry grown as a food crop comes from the Americas, and is a hybrid of both north and South American varieties. Ironically, the crossbreeding was done in Europe to correct a mistake; the European horticulturists had only brought female South American plants, and were forced to cross them with the North American variety in order to get fruit and seeds.

Fragaria comes from "fragans", meaning odorous, an allusion to the perfumed flesh of the fruit. Madam Tallien, a great figure of the French Revolution, who was nicknamed Our Lady of Thermidor, used to take baths full of strawberries to keep the full radiance of her skin. Fontenelle, centenarian writer and gourmet of the 18th century, considered his long life was due to the strawberries he used to eat.

Description
The strawberry is an accessory fruit, meaning that the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries (which are the "seeds", or achenes) but from the peg at the bottom of the hypanthium that held the ovaries. So from a technical standpoint, the seeds are the actual fruits of the plant, and the flesh of the strawberry is modified receptacle tissue. It is greenish-white as it develops and in most species turns red when ripe.

Varieties
There are more than 20 different Fragaria species worldwide. Key to the classification of strawberry species is recognizing that they vary in the number of chromosomes. There are seven basic types of chromosomes that they all have in common. However, they exhibit different polyploidy. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total). Others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries (Darrow).

 * Diploid species
 * ../Fragaria daltoniana/
 * ../Fragaria iinumae/
 * ../Fragaria nilgerrensis/
 * ../Fragaria nipponica/
 * ../Fragaria nubicola/
 * ../Fragaria vesca/ (Woodland Strawberry)
 * ../Fragaria viridis/
 * ../Fragaria yezoensis/

 * Tetraploid species
 * ../Fragaria moupinensis/
 * ../Fragaria orientalis/

 * Hexaploid species
 * ../Fragaria moschata/ (Musk Strawberry)

 * Octoploid species and hybrids
 * ../Fragaria x ananassa/ (Garden Strawberry)
 * ../Fragaria chiloensis/ (Beach Strawberry)
 * ../Fragaria iturupensis/ (Iturup Strawberry)
 * ../Fragaria virginiana/ (Virginia Strawberry)

 * Decaploid species and hybrids
 * ../Fragaria × Potentilla hybrids/
 * ../Fragaria × vescana/

Numerous other species have been proposed. Some are now recognized as subspecies of one of the above species (see GRIN taxonomy database).

The Mock Strawberry and Barren Strawberry, which both bear resemblance to Fragaria, are closely related species in the genus ../Potentilla/. The Strawberry tree is an unrelated species.

Pests and Diseases
../Leaf Spots/

../Gray Mold/

../White Mold/
 * ../Sclerotinia/

../Nutrient Deficiencies/
 * Boron Deficiency

../Aphids/
 * Melon Aphid: ../Aphis gossypii/
 * Buckthorn Aphid: ../Aphis nasturtii/
 * Strawberry Aphid: ../Chaetosiphon fragaefolii/

../Spittlebugs/
 * Meadow Spittlebug: ../Philaenus spumarius/

../Bugs/
 * Tarnished Plant Bug: ../Lygus lineolaris/

../Earwigs/
 * European Earwig: ../Forficula auricularia/

../Thrips/
 * Western Flower Thrips: ../Frankliniella occidentalis/

../Beetles/
 * Fuller Rose Beetle: ../Pantomorus cervinus/
 * Fourspotted Sap Beetle: ../Glischrochilus quadrisignatus/
 * Hop Flea Beetle: ../Psyllioides punctata/
 * Palestriped Flea Beetle: ../Systena blanda/
 * Redheaded Flea Beetle: ../Systena frontalis/
 * Strawberry Flea Beetle: ../Altica ignata/
 * Strawberry Rootworm: ../Paria fragariae/
 * Strawberry Sap Beetle: ../Stelidota geminata/

../Weevils/
 * Rough Strawberry Root Weevil:../ Brachyrhinus rugostriatus/
 * Strawberry Root Weevil: ../Otiorhynchus ovatus/
 * Strawberry Bud Weevil: ../Anthonomus signatus/

../Caterpillars/
 * Strawberry Leafroller: ../Ancylis comptana fragariae/
 * Obliquebanded Leafroller: ../Choristoneura rosaceana/
 * Stalk Borer: ../Papaipema nebris/
 * Sparganothis Leafroller: ../Sparganothis sulfureana/
 * Green Fruitworm: ../Lithophane antennata/
 * Omnivorous Leaftier: ../Cnephasia longana/
 * Redbanded Leafroller: ../Platymota stultana/
 * Strawberry Crown Borer: ../Synanthedon bibionipennis/
 * Strawberry Crownminer: ../Monochroa fragariae/
 * Variegated Leafroller: ../Platynota flavedana/

../Mites/
 * Cyclamen Mite: ../Steneotarsonemus pallidus/

../Millipedes/

../Slugs and Snails/

title: Horticulture/Fragaria


text:
Persian/Print version

=Contents=

=Introduction=

= The Alphabet =

= Lesson One =

= Lesson Two =

= Lesson Three =

= Lesson Four =

= Lesson Five =

= Appendix One: Persian Handwriting =

= Appendix Two: Glossary =

= Appendix Three: Websites =

= Appendix Four: Further Reading =

=GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE=

title: Persian/Print version


text:
User:ThomasB~enwikibooks

Hello, my name is Thomas, and I am from Norway.

title: User:ThomasB~enwikibooks


text:
User:Chuboltite

Who am I?
My actual user page can be found at Wikipedia.

title: User:Chuboltite


text:
MINC

MINC is a Medical Imaging file format and Toolbox for use in medical imaging, this wikibook contains Tutorials, API Reference and Examples

/Introduction/ - The How, What and Where of MINC

/History/ - The Who and When of MINC

/MincWorld/ - Who uses and develops software based on MINC

/Installation/ - Tutorials for installing the MINC tools and associated software

/FAQ/ - MINC Frequently asked questions

/Tools/ - MINC extra tools (registration, B0 correction, classification, etc)

/VisualTools/ - Visual MINC tools (manual segmentation, registration, data visualisation)

/Scripts/ - Extra scripts (typically perl) that have been collected over time

/SoftwareDevelopment/ - Information on developing MINC software

/Tutorials/ - Software development tutorials

/Resources/ - Example data sets, library files, color maps, etc.

/Atlases/ - The various atlases that are available from the BIC in the MINC format

/Authors/ - The Authors of MINC and how to reference the tools

title: MINC


text:
MINC/Tutorials

MINC in a few less than hard steps

The following set of tutorials are broken into three sections, the first involves all issues with installing MINC. The second running the MINC command line tools and the third concerns using an example pipeline for automated analysis. These tutorials assume that you are using a linux-based system an a "sh" variant shell such as bash, but should be reasonably easy to adapt to other settings.

Installing and configuring MINC
The first step is to install the MINC library itself, this can be done by either compiling from source or by using a binary installer if you happen to be working on a platform that is currently supported. So you can pick either one of the first two tutorials here before progressing to the 3rd and 4th.

/SourceInstall/ - Building the MINC tools from source

/BinaryInstalls/ - How to install a binary MINC package

/InstallingPerl/ - How to install the required perl modules

/AddingPaths/ - Finishing off the installation

Using the MINC command line tools
/Tutorials01/ - Basic MINC commands from the toolbox

/Tutorials02/ - Conversion to MINC, the MINC file format, information on files

Programming with the MINC2 toolkit in C
/Programming01/ - The MINC version of "hello world."

/Programming02/ - The two MINC coordinate systems.

/Programming03/ - A fully functional and useful example on using voxel and world coordinates.

/Programming04/ - Writing volumes to file, with an aside on slice scaling.

/Programming05/ - Working with hyperslabs.

/Programming06/ - Hyperslabs part 2: a slice loop with slice scaling

Programming with MINC2 in python
/InstallingPyminc/ - How to install pyminc.

/PythonExample/ - A simple example for manipulating image data in Python.

/PythonSliceLoop/ - How to run a slice loop in python for dealing with large amounts of data.

/NumericPyminc/ - Why use python at all? See here - an illustration of solving the same problem in a bunch of ways.

CVS and how to make a MINC package
/CVSandPackaging/ - Procedure to follow to make a BIC source package and release it

Reading/Writing MINC2.0 images from ITK (Insight Toolkit)
/part1/ - Build ITK with MINC2.0 options enabled

/part2/ - How to read/Write MINC2.0 images from ITK

title: MINC/Tutorials