text:
User talk:Asdfasdfasdfasdf~enwikibooks

Copyright problem with Image:Carbonara4.jpg
--Derbeth 09:26, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Images
As you can see at the top of this page, "All unlicensed images uploaded to wikibooks before November 1, 2006 will soon be deleted." You have uploaded images and some of them are untagged. You can see them here. Please review them and add appropriate tags. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me. --Think Fast 04:35, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Asdfasdfasdfasdf. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Asdfasdfasdfasdf~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:59, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:35, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asdfasdfasdfasdf~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:69.152.247.254

Please stop. If you continue to use Wikibooks for advertising, you will be temporarily blocked from editing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.152.247.254


text:
Forth/Structuring vs. words that actually do something

We have described a process of creating definitions of words by listing sequences of other words previously in the dictionary which are to be executed in turn in the order given. One can imagine calling a "high-level" word which in turn calls other "high-level" words lower in the dictionary, which call other words lower still. Note that all this structuring is for the benefit of the programmer, maintenance, and many other good reasons to be there.

There obviously needs to be something else than a means to organize sequences of previously defined words, and so on ad infinitum. Eventually we must come to a different type of word that actually does something: adds two numbers, moves a value, or other operation normally thought of in connection with "machine instructions". These are called "machine code words". At the bottom of the dictionary, classic Forth systems include a set of words of this type that implement a more or less standard "Forth Virtual Machine". Often each machine code word is a short sequence of assembly language instructions that implement a particular standard function, for example a parameter stack manipulation named SWAP. Alternate implementations implement machine code words directly in hardware, as in the gates of an FPGA (Field Programmable Logic Array ~= Desktop hardware development environment).

The process of defining machine code words and "high level" words is formally analagous to "axioms" and "theorems" of such formally built up mathematical systems as Euclidean geometry or Bertrand Russell and Albert North Whitehead's Principia Mathematica. Analagous questions of which axioms are essential, and whether it is necessary to add an axiom to allow a previously undefined operation to take place at all are considered in the design of the Forth dictionary. In this sense, adding a new machine code word that enables, for example, TCP/IP communications that could not be made to occur using a structure based on the previous set of machine code words is seen as adding a "TCP/IP communications axiom" to the dictionary.

Execution of a Forth program typically takes place when the user or another process requests the "execution" of a particular word. If this is a "high level" word, a mixture of tracing through the sequence of calls and sometimes reaching a machine code word and doing instructions on the "Forth Virtual Machine". Clearly, this technique can be used to great benefit when specialized hardware presents a unique set of machine code words necessary to send signals to exotic specialized processors or I/O devices. Adding the standard machine code and higher level words then provides an environment to develop additional "high level" words on top to bring out the functionality of the unique instrument.


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User talk:69.231.126.170

This is your last or only warning. There is a history of placing external links connected with this account in some form. If you are not blocked immediately from editing Wikibooks you will be if you place another external link.

title: User talk:69.231.126.170


text: User talk:88.111.87.64

title: User talk:88.111.87.64


text:
User talk:Jbland

Copyright problem with Image:Woofer.jpg
--Derbeth 15:32, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Please stop uploading images with unknown copyright status. Such images are dangerous to Wikibooks,

because authors of copyrighted work may sue Wikibooks. Wikibooks does not accept any images you can find in the Internet. If you are adding public domain or GFDL images, insert copyright tag and link to source. If you are author of images you uploaded, mark them with PD-self or GFDL-self. If you continue ignoring warnings, you will be temporarily blocked from editing Wikibooks. If you have any questions, please leave me a message. --Derbeth talk 17:03, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I blocked you temporarily for 6 hours because you kept uploading images violating our image use policy. You must have seen my two warnings as well as warning at upload page. Images whose source and license are unknown are dangerous to Wikibooks - if they are copyighted, their authors may sue Wikibooks for violating their copyrights.
 * You can come back to work after 6 hours but I warn you that you will be blocked again if you upload more suspicious images. Leave a message at my talk page or send me an e-mail if you need any help. --Derbeth talk 18:20, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jbland


text:
User talk:24.47.251.134

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:24.47.251.134


text:
Talk:Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/File I/O

Hi,

On the telephone number program along with the FILE IO, will you also include a Search facility. For exmaple, I might have 200 contacts, I would perfer to search for "Paul" to see what all appears, instead of displaying all 200 contacts.


text:
UK Constitution and Government/British Monarchs/Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom

Elizabeth II (1926–2022)

Elizabeth II Queen since 1952, Elizabeth was the elder daughter of Albert, Duke of York, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. She initially had little prospect of succeeding to the throne until her uncle, Edward VIII, abdicated in December 1936. Her father then became king and she became heir.

During World War II, she and her sister, Princess Margaret, spent much of their time safely away from the London Blitz, living mostly at Balmoral Castle in Scotland and at Windsor. Early in 1947, she went with her parents to South Africa. After her return, her engagement to her distant cousin Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten (formerly Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark) was announced. The wedding took place in Westminster Abbey on 20 November 1947. On the eve of the wedding, the king conferred various titles on Philip, including Duke of Edinburgh.

In the summer of 1951, the health of King George VI entered into a serious decline. He died the following February, while Elizabeth was in Kenya. Now, queen, she returned home. Her coronation was held at Westminster Abbey on 2nd June 1953.

In November 1953, she and the Duke of Edinburgh made a six-month tour of the Commonwealth. In 1957, after state visits to various European nations, they visited Canada and the United States. During her Silver Jubilee in 1977, she presided at a London banquet attended by the leaders of the 36 members of the Commonwealth, travelled all over Britain and Northern Ireland, and toured overseas in the South Pacific and Australia, in Canada, and in the Caribbean.

Over the course of her reign, the queen has tried to square the circle of a modern monarchy commanding respect in the age of global media. She allowed the televising of the royal family's domestic life in 1970 but had had to deal with its consequences: an insatiable hunger for information. She was known to favour simplicity in court life and was also known to take a serious and informed interest in government business, aside from the traditional and ceremonial duties. Privately she has become a keen horsewoman; she kept racehorses, frequently attended races, and periodically visited the stud farms of Kentucky, U.S. Her financial and property holdings had made her one of the world's richest women.


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Talk:Algebra/Quadratic functions

Missing a section on completing the square? --DesertFox_59 {X} 16:56, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

I really don't think it's wise to say that the Quadratic Formula should be used in place of completing the square where possible. While the Quadratic Formula may be derived from the process of completing the square, the two are not at all equivalent. Completing the square is a problem-solving method used in other areas of mathematics, such as Calculus, whereas the Quadratic Formula is a problem-solving tool which only gives answers. Encouraging the use of the Quadratic Formula in this way, as the tool of choice, will only make other areas of mathematics more difficult to the beginner. I refer you to Peter Afeld's explanation for a more in-depth explanation - and a much cleaner technique for completing the square (the one on this page would confuse all but mathematicians, I think). --Deriamis 22:41, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Algebra/Quadratic functions


text:
Guide to Unix/BSD/External Links

DragonFly BSD

 * DragonFly BSD
 * Extreme BSD Evolution, The Road to the Future goals
 * Frequently Asked Questions
 * DragonFly BSD wiki

FreeBSD

 * FreeBSD
 * FreeBSD Hypertext Manual Pages also includes manual pages from other Unix-like systems

FreeBSD Documentation Project
This list is taken from http://www.freebsd.org/docs/books.html
 * The FreeBSD FAQ (faq) "Frequently Asked Questions, and answers, covering all aspects of FreeBSD."
 * The FreeBSD Handbook (handbook) "A constantly evolving, comprehensive resource for FreeBSD users."
 * The FreeBSD Developer's Handbook (developers-handbook) "For people who want to develop software for FreeBSD (and not just people who are developing FreeBSD itself)."
 * The FreeBSD Architecture Handbook (arch-handbook) "For FreeBSD system developers. This book covers the architectural details of many important FreeBSD kernel subsystems."
 * The Porter's Handbook (porters-handbook) "Essential reading if you plan on providing a port of a third party piece of software."
 * "Design Overview of 4.4BSD" The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System (design-44bsd) "Donated by Addison-Wesley, provides a design overview of 4.4BSD, from which FreeBSD was originally derived."
 * "Printserving" The FreeBSD Corporate Networker's Guide (corp-net-guide) "Donated by Addison-Wesley, provides an in-depth look at using FreeBSD to provide printing services to Windows, NT, and Novell hosts."
 * The FreeBSD Documentation Project Primer for New Contributors (fdp-primer) "Everything you need to know in order to start contributing to the FreeBSD Documentation Project."

NetBSD

 * NetBSD
 * The NetBSD Guide
 * NetBSD Manual Pages
 * More Documentation

OpenBSD

 * OpenBSD
 * OpenBSD Manual Pages
 * OpenBSD FAQ supplement to manual pages
 * Related Projects
 * OpenSSH and OpenSSH FAQ
 * OpenBGPD border gateway protocol
 * OpenNTPD network time protocol
 * OpenCVS reimplementation of CVS source version control

title: Guide to Unix/BSD/External Links


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Gmail/Gmail advanced

Now that you have learned the simple things in Gmail, we can go on to more difficult things

This section contains:
 * Filters
 * Invite a friend
 * Labels
 * Forwarding and POP/IMAP access
 * Settings
 * The To:, CC:, and BCC: fields

Signing messages with PGP or Hashcash
Q: How do I "sign" messages I send through Gmail, with either PGP or Hashcash ? (I'm trying to send email to someone who is so paranoid about spam that his spam filter automatically deletes all incoming email, unless it's signed with PGP or HashCash)

 * Gmail and GPG (Firefox Extension): http://firegpg.tuxfamily.org/index.php?page=home&lang=en
 * Gmail and PGP: http://web.archive.org/20060427162257/madpoet.typepad.com/mad_poets_anonymous/2004/12/gmail_pgp_and_t.html
 * Gmail and PGP: http://forums.pgpsupport.com/viewtopic.php?p=9803
 * Gmail and Hashcash (Thunderbird Extension): http://pennypost.sourceforge.net/ThunderbirdExtension
 * Gmail domain keys: http://www.poornam.com/articles_spam.php

Back - Content - Next

title: Gmail/Gmail advanced


text:
Bicycles/Modifications/Fixed Gear Hub Conversion

Introduction
To create a fixed-gear bike, a screw-on freewheel hub (not freehub with cassette) may be converted to fixed gear use.

Supplies
Parts:
 * Wheel with screw-on freewheel hub
 * Track sprocket
 * Bottom bracket lockring
 * Axle spacers

Tools:
 * Freewheel removal tool
 * Adjustable wrench (large) 10"-12"
 * Thread locker
 * Chainwhip
 * Lockring wrench
 * Cone wrenches
 * Straight edge
 * Metric ruler
 * Truing stand
 * Spoke wrench
 * Dishing tool

Hub selection
The preferred hub for this process is called a freewheel hub. In this type of hub, the freewheel mechanism is an independent mechanism that screws onto the hub proper. More importantly, the bearings for the axle are contained within the hub itself; the wheel does not rely on the structure, or presence, of the freewheel for operation as a wheel, so the freewheel mechanism can be removed entirely.

Not all hubs are suitable for conversion to a fixed gear, though. Modern hubs are an evolution of the freewheel: they split the gear cluster from the freewheeling mechanism in order to move the bearings further out from the bicycle's center plane. These hubs are called freehub hubs, and the cluster of gears used on such hubs is readily replaced. These hubs can not be converted using the method described below because the freewheeling mechanism (or body) is an integral part of the hub; the bearings that support the axle itself depend on the presence of the freehub body, so the freehub body cannot be removed and still leave a working wheel.

When considering a candidate hub, it will be necessary to identify the type of hub in hand. While the distinction between the two types of hub discussed above is not obvious if the hub has gears of the original type still installed, there is a simple method to distinguish freewheel hubs from freehub hubs: while holding the wheel and looking closely at the gears, spin the gears counter-clockwise, then note whether or not the circular metal band running around the axle is moving with the gears as they freewheel. If the ring remains stationary, the hub uses a freewheel; if the ring turns with the gears, the wheel is equipped with a freehub--and is not suitable for this conversion.

Dismantling
Once a proper hub is selected, it needs to be prepared for conversion. Principally, the freewheel needs to be removed from the hub. This is accomplished through the use of a freewheel removal tool. The tool has splines on one end and a hex-nut on the other. The splines fit into the freewheel, and the nut, through the use of a wrench, allows the freewheel to be unthreaded (in a normal counter-clockwise fashion) from the hub body. The freewheel must be held in position by a quick release or axle nut when it is turned by the wrench.

Many varieties of freewheel removal tools exist, so care should be taken that the correct tool is selected before trying to remove the hub.

Gear ratio and sprocket selection
With the freewheel removed from the hub body, the track sprocket can be installed. When selecting a sprocket for installation, some consideration should be made. The tooth count and sprocket width must be decided upon.

The number of teeth on the sprocket is a matter of user preference. The number of teeth affect both the ease of acceleration and the top attainable speed, but the two factors are inversely related. A lower gear (higher tooth count) will make starting from a dead-stop easier, but will require the cyclist to spin the cranks faster at high speeds, eventually at such a rate that a higher speed is not possible. With training, higher rotational speeds are possible, but there is definitely a limit.

A higher gear (lower tooth count) on the other hand will make standing starts more difficult but will make higher speeds possible before reaching the physical limit of how fast a rider can ride.

Regardless of the tooth count guidelines, the final gear ratio is dependent, also, on the tooth count of the front chainring. For the purposes of this instruction, it is assumed that the front chainring is a fixed variable. When deciding the desired gear ratio, it is often helpful to ride a multi-geared bike first, testing the ridability of each gear ratio, to decide on the most suitable ratio. If the chosen sprocket size later turns out to be unsuitable, it can be changed.

It is also important to select a sprockets of proper width. A traditional track cog, used on track bikes raced in velodromes, is 1/8" in width, however, it is often the case with fixed-gear conversions, that the wheel is used on a normal road bike where the chainring and chain require a cog that is 3/32" in width. A cog of proper width should be obtained depending on the application.

Sprocket installation
After the sprocket is selected, it can be installed onto the hub. The design of a freewheel hub difers from a proper track hub, so special care must be taken with the installation. Because braking on a fixed gear bike can be accomplished by resisting the rotation of the cranks, it is possible to unthread the sprocket from the hub, which could prove disastrous under the wrong circumstance--even deadly. This problem is solved on a true track hub by having a set of left-hand (reverse) threads outboard of the regular sprocket thread. A special left-hand threaded lock ring is installed after the cog and prevents the cog from loosening, since the lockring would be tightened by any loosening of the sprocket.

This feature does not exist on a freewheel hub. There is only a single set of normal, right-hand threads. A track hub lockring will not fit on the hub; however, the lockring from an adjustable bottom bracket has the same threads as the hub and can be used to secure the cog, to a degree. The caveat is that the lockring is threaded in the same direction as the cog and, theoretically, can loosen in the same way as the sprocket. An improvement to this combination--a threaded sprocket in combination with an identically-threaded lock ring--is judicious pinning of the sprocket to the hub. The downside to this method is that the pins used to secure the sprocket must be ground flush with the outside face of the sprocket, in order to accommodate the lock-ring, making it impossible to later remove the sprocket. However, this method is much more secure than simply threading the sprocket and lock-ring onto the hub.

Before installing the sprocket, apply threadlocker to the threads. Screw the sprocket all the way onto the hub. Use the chainwhip to tighten the sprocket. It is recommended that the wheel be supported upright while the rider's weight is applied to the end of the chainwhip to greatly tighten the sprocket. Caution should be taken not to strip the threads.

After the sprocket is installed, use the lockring wrench to install the lockring in the same fashion as the sprocket, using threadlocker and the rider's weight again. Allow the threadlocker to fully set before using the wheel.

Spacing
Once the track sprocket has been installed, the hub is still not ready for practical use. In its original freewheel form, the hub makes room for the sprocket cluster on the right by spacing the hub body toward the left side of the axle. With the track sprocket installed, the positions of the sprocket is too far to the left and leaves a disproportionate length of axle exposed on the right.

To correct this spacing problem, axle spacers are removed from the right side of the hub, the bearing cones (and thus the hub body) are move towards the right, and extra spacers are installed on the left. Technically, this is a straight forward process. The spacers are usually situated on the axle between the outer locknuts and the threaded cones. Use appropriately sized cone wrenches to loosen the locknuts. The spacers should be able to be removed by hand at this point. Depending on the hub, the existing spacers installed on the hub may be multiple, equally sized spacers or a single, specifically sized spacer on each size. In the former case, it may be possible to simply remove one or more spacers from the right side and install them directly on the left side to achieve the desired spacing. In the latter case, new spacers will need to be acquired before continuing. These are usually available at better equipped bike shops.

Besides the purely technical aspect of respacing the hubs, the chainline must also be considered. For a fixed-gear bike to be as safe and efficient as possible, the rear sprocket must be directly inline, from front to rear, with the front chainring. This alignment, called the chainline, may be adjusted in a number of ways. Varying length bottom bracket axles, cranks with differing spider depth, or chainring stackbolt spacers may all be used to affect the chainline. Assuming that the crank and bottom bracket, though, are not open to modification, the chainline must be adjusted through the use of rear hub spacers. Since the hub has already been dismantled for the purposes of converting it, it is reasonable to adjust the chainline at this point.

With the hub initially respaced, install the wheel in the frame and place a rigid straight-edge against the face of the chainring so that it is extending rearward toward the cog. If the straight-edge aligns perfectly with the face of the cog, no further spacing adjustments are required. Otherwise, using a metric (or other finely graduated) ruler, measure the distance from the straight edge to the face of the cog. Spacers can be moved around on the axle to account for the difference in the chainline. For example, if the distance from the straight-edge to the cog is 3mm, 3mm worth of spacers should be removed from the right side and installed on the left. This will move the cog 3mm to the right to bring it into alignment with the chainring. Be sure, however, to maintain the correct locknut-to-locknut length for your frame (120, 126, 130 or 135mm depending on type and vintage of frame).

After the desired spacing is achieved, the hub bearings should be adjusted in a normal fashion.

Dishing
With the hub properly spaced, the rim will be found to be too far to the right and must be redished to move it back inline with the center of the frame. Dishing is the process of adjusting spokes on each side of the wheel to bring the rim inline with the hub centerline. The centerline of the hub is not related to the hub flanges where the spokes fits into the hub, but rather to the locknut faces where the axle contacts the frame.

Dishing is a normal part of truing a wheel and should be carried out as such. At a minimum only a spoke wrench is needed, a bicycle frames can be used as a truing stand. However a truing stand and dishing gauge will make the job much more convenient and quicker. And if the wheel is in poor adjustment to begin with, a spoke tensiometer may be desired.

The only specific consideration that should be made is to the spoke length. There is usually a sufficient amount of spoke threads and length to account for the relatively large shift in dishing. There are times, however, when the process causes the spokes to protrude too far above the rim (more of a concern for a single-, rather than double-, walled rim), causes the spoke nipple to bottom out on the spoke threading, or causes the spoke nipple to disengage completely from the spoke threading. The former two symptoms occur on the right-(or drive-)side. The latter occurs on the left. If any of these problems occur, the wheel may need to be partially rebuilt with spokes of correct length.


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Talk:Instructional Technology/Learning Management Systems

I fiend that the proposed sub chapters of Instructional Technology / Learning Management Systems are too heterogenous.

Günter (Central Europe, Austria)


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User talk:Gautamraj

I've responded to your comment at the Signals and Systems book. I have been working on layouts for a number of books that I would like to create and put on the EE bookshelf in the future. you can find the books i am planning on my user page. you are more then welcome to add your two cents to anything you find there. --Whiteknight T C E 19:21, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Control Systems
I created the book Control Systems, and I just wanted to let you know that I am looking for people to help contribute to it. --Whiteknight (talk) (current) 22:28, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gautamraj


text: User talk:62.65.245.52

title: User talk:62.65.245.52


text: User talk:64.12.116.6

title: User talk:64.12.116.6


text:
User talk:83.230.163.206

You have been temporarily blocked from editing Wikibooks. You were warned several times that linking to commercial sites is not allowed. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires.

title: User talk:83.230.163.206


text:
User talk:71.247.128.220

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:71.247.128.220


text:
Guide to Schools/States by Region

Vermont
King George School

New York
Family Foundation School

Virginia
Carlbrook School

title: Guide to Schools/States by Region


text:
C++ Programming/Programming Languages/C++/Code/Statements

Statements
Most, if not all, programming languages share the concept of a statement, also referred to as an expression. A statement is a command the programmer gives to the computer.

Each valid C++ statement is terminated by a semicolon. The above statement will be examined in detail later on, for now consider that this statement has a subject (the noun " "), a verb (" ", meaning "write to"), and, in the sense of English grammar, an object (what to print). In this case, the subject " " means "the standard character output device", and the verb " " means "output the object" — in other words, the command " " means "send to the standard output stream," (in this case we assume the default, the console).

The programmer either enters the statement directly to the computer (by typing it while running a special program, called interpreter), or creates a text file with the command in it (you can use any text editor for that), that is latter used with a compiler. You could create a file called "hi.txt", put the above command in it, and save that file on the computer.

If one were to write multiple statements, it is recommended that each statement be entered on a separate line.

However, there is no problem writing the code this way:

The former code gathers appeal in the developer circles. Writing statements as in the second example only makes your code look more complex and incomprehensible. We will speak of this deeply in the Coding style conventions Section of the book.

If you have more than one statement in the file, each will be performed in order, top to bottom.

The computer will perform each of these statements sequentially. It is invaluable to be able to "play computer" when programming. Ask yourself, "If I were the computer, what would I do with these statements?" If you're not sure what the answer is, then you are very likely to write incorrect code. Stop and check the language standards and the specific compiler depended implementation if the standard declares it as undefined.

In the above case, the computer will look at the first statement, determine that it is a cout statement, look at what needs to be printed, and display that text on the computer screen. It'll look like this:

Hi there!

Note that the quotation marks are not there. Their purpose in the program is to tell the computer where the text begins and ends, just like in English prose. The computer will then continue to the next statement, perform its command, and the screen will look like this:

Hi there!Strange things are afoot...

When the computer gets to the end of the text file, it stops. There are many different kinds of statements, depending on which programming language is being used. For example, there could be a beep statement that causes the computer to output a beep on its speaker, or a window statement that causes a new window to pop up.

Also, the way statements are written will vary depending on the programming language. These differences are fairly superficial. The set of rules like the first two is called a programming language's syntax. The set of verbs is called its library.

Compound statement
Also referred to as statement blocks or code blocks, consist of one or more statements or commands that are contained between a pair of curly braces { }. Such a block of statements can be named or be provided a condition for execution. Below is how you'd place a series of statements in a block.

Blocks are used primarily in loops, conditionals and functions. Blocks can be nested inside one another, for instance as an if structure inside of a loop inside of a function.

As seen above the statements are evaluated in the order as they occur (sequentially). The execution of flow begins at the top most statement and proceed downwards till the last statement is encountered. Any single statement can be substituted by a compound statement. There are special statements that can redirect the execution flow based on a condition, those statements are called branching statements, described in detail in the Control Flow Construct Statements Section of the book.
 * Program Control Flow


text: Template:User en-0

title: Template:User en-0


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User:Mindfrieze

mindfrieze

title: User:Mindfrieze


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Reverse Engineering/Legal Aspects

It is quite often the case that reverse code engineering a software product is teetering on the border of legal and illegal. Note that reverse engineering a competing car or a weapon is never legally challenged, nor was reverse engineering software a few decades ago. So as a reverse engineer, you should know your rights and the rights of the software owner. This chapter will focus on just that, exploring issues surrounding patents, copyrights, and licensed software. Even if you play by the rules, you are not immune to harassment lawsuits. (NB: The material here reflects the legal position in the USA. Other juridictions may have different laws.)

Patented Software
Explain the rights of the software owner under the patent law

Copyrighted Software
There are laws about the copyright that someone who reverse-engineers must take care of in open source projects, and the common approach to this problem is to divide the programmers into 2 groups:

 * 1) The one who disassembles the code of the program/firmware and writes the specifications.
 * 2) The second group that makes a program using these specifications.

Fair Use
Under a few circumstances, fair use allows the reproduction of copyrighted material without the owner's permission. The Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 107 states specifically:

Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include—

 * 1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
 * 2) the nature of the copyrighted work;
 * 3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
 * 4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.

In terms of reverse engineering and fair use, the law tends to favor the reverser. However, negatively affecting the value of the original product will almost never result in it being categorized as "fair use." Also keep in mind that fair use does not permit breaking the user license terms.

It needs to be noted that fair use is not black and white. The line between fair use and copyright infringement is very gray. Unless you are very confident about what you are doing, you shouldn't do it.

Digital Millennium Copyright Act
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act was put into place in 1998 in order to make any service or device with purpose of undermining or removing DRM (Digital Rights Management) copyright infringement. The act forbids any service or device from being designed to circumvent, or even being marketed to circumvent any DRM.

There is, however, an exception in the DMCA stating that reverse engineering can be done under the purposes of inter-operability between software components. It states the following:

REVERSE ENGINEERING.—
 * 1) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(1)(A), a person who has lawfully obtained the right to use a copy of a computer program may circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a particular portion of that program for the sole purpose of identifying and analyzing those elements of the program that are necessary to achieve interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, and that have not previously been readily available to the person engaging in the circumvention, to the extent any such acts of identification and analysis do not constitute infringement under this title.
 * 2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a)(2) and (b), a person may develop and employ technological means to circumvent a technological measure, or to circumvent protection afforded by a technological measure, in order to enable the identification and analysis under paragraph (1), or for the purpose of enabling interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, if such means are necessary to achieve such interoperability, to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under this title.
 * 3) The information acquired through the acts permitted under paragraph (1), and the means permitted under paragraph (2), may be made available to others if the person referred to in paragraph (1) or (2), as the case may be, provides such information or means solely for the purpose of enabling interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, and to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under this title or violate applicable law other than this section.
 * 4) For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘interoperability’ means the ability of computer programs to exchange information, and of such programs mutually to use the information which has been exchanged.

Fair use does still apply. However, it is not fair use to gain unauthorized access to copyrighted work.

End User License Agreement
An end user license agreement (or EULA) is a legal contract between the software manufacturer and the user. It explains the terms under which the user may use the software, giving a list of conditions of what the user may and may not do. This contract can state anything from the number of copies that can be made to conditions under which it can be reverse engineered.

EULA and Fair Use
Fair use seems to be safe ground for reverse engineers, almost always using it as a defense. However, an EULA is a legally binding contract. If a user agrees to terms which are in conflict with fair use, the user has effectively waived their rights to fair use.

In the case of Davidson & Associates v. Jung, Ross Combs, Rob Crittenden, and Jim Jung reverse engineered Blizzard's protocol language to allow gamers to play pirated video games online. In this case, the reverses agreed to an EULA and TOU (Terms of Use) prohibiting reverse engineering. The judge found the EULA and TOU to be enforceable by law and that a user's right to reverse engineer a product can be contractually waived.

Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc.
When Nintendo came out with the Nintendo Entertainment System, they designed a program, the 10NES, to prevent unauthorized video games from working on the NES. In order to make an authorized game, you had to become licensed with Nintendo, and the license agreement essentially stated that a company could make up to five games per year and prevented them from selling the same games to other home entertainment systems.

Atari attempted to crack the 10NES to bypass the restrictive licensee agreement. In 1986, they purchased some NES units and started reverse engineering. By chemically dissolving top layers of the chip containing the 10NES, they could use a microscope to physically look at the bits and accrue some of the object code. The object code was then decompiled to source. However, Atari was unable to completely reverse the 10NES using this method.

In 1988, Atari requested a copy of the 10NES source code from the Copyright Office by falsely saying they were involved in an infringement lawsuit with Nintendo. After completely understanding the 10NES program, they built a program to defeat it. In 1989, Nintendo filed charges against them for unfair competition, patent infringement, copyright infringement, and trade secret violations.

One of Atari's defenses was that reverse engineering was fair use under the copyright law. In the end, the courts decided the act of chemically peeling back the chip and looking at the bits to get the object code on systems they purchased was fair use. It was expected that the courts would find Atari at fault for copyright infringement for stealing the source from the Copyright Office. However, in 1994, Atari and Nintendo settled out of court.

Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade Inc.
This case concerned Sega's video game console and cartridges. The cartridges had a 20-25 byte code segment which was interrogated by the console, as a security measure.

Accolade disassembled the code which was common to three different Sega games cartridges, to find the security segment, and included it in competing games cartridges.

The Ninth Circuit held this disassembly to be a permitted "fair use" of the copyright in the games' programs. The disassembly of copyrighted object code, as a necessary step in examination of the unprotected ideas and functional concepts embodied in the code, is a fair use that is privileged by section 107 of the Copyright Act: because disassembly was the only means of gaining access to those unprotected aspects of the program, and because Accolade has a legitimate interest in gaining such access (to determine how to make its cartridges compatible with the Genesis console).

Jon Johansen Case
Give a description of this case

title: Reverse Engineering/Legal Aspects


text:
User talk:24.5.215.70

Please stop. If you continue to blank pages, you will be blocked from editing.

title: User talk:24.5.215.70


text:
Talk:Reverse Engineering/Legal Aspects

This page needed lots of cleaning up, and it still needs to be further expanded and researched. I think there was a short blurb on legal issues in the introduction page, so we can move them here. --Whiteknight T C E 22:25, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reverse Engineering/Legal Aspects


text:
Talk:Signals and Systems/Time Domain Analysis/Convolution

I dont think we necessarily need to derive all the formulas here, because they are all derived elsewhere. We can probably just be content to display the results, and provide links to further information, for interested readers. --Whiteknight T C E 22:31, 5 November 2005 (UTC)


text: Template:No license

title: Template:No license


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User talk:JamesAlanFarrell

Copyright problem with Image:Serval 2.jpg
--Derbeth 22:53, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JamesAlanFarrell


text:
User talk:LordDragonHat

Copyright problem with Image:Sleep-cycle.gif
--Derbeth 22:57, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:LordDragonHat


text: User talk:70.105.27.162

title: User talk:70.105.27.162


text:
User talk:Mkalz~enwikibooks

Copyright problem with Image:Structuration giddens.png
--Derbeth 23:18, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mkalz. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mkalz~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mkalz~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Rossetantoine

Copyright problem with Image:SetPixelTo.jpg
--Derbeth 23:21, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

More images with problems
All images uploaded by you lack any sort of license information. Derbeth's warning about Image:SetPixelTo.jpg applies equally to all the others.

Your uploaded images will be deleted if you cannot tell us what permission Wikibooks hs to contain these images!

title: User talk:Rossetantoine


text:
User talk:Brandon (usurped)

Copyright problem with mage:Inositol.png
--Derbeth 23:23, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brandon (usurped)


text:
User talk:LeonBuijs

Copyright problem with Image:Otf.jpg
--Derbeth 23:28, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:LeonBuijs


text: User talk:81.177.9.27

title: User talk:81.177.9.27


text:
Microsoft Office/Creating and Editing a Presentation

The PowerPoint Window

 * 1) Title Bar - Displays the name of the application followed by the title of the presentation
 * 2) Formatting Toolbar - Provides quick access to commands you need for formatting
 * 3) Outline and Slides Tab - The slides tab gives you a thumbnail view of all the slides in the presentation and allows to rearrange their order; the outline tab adds textual content to the slides in an outline format
 * 4) Slide Pane - Area where you build the slides for your presentation
 * 5) View Buttons - Change the way you view the presentation; the Normal view (left button) is the default, the Slide Sorter view (center button) shows you only the thumbnails and is used to sort and rearrange the presentation, and the Run view (right button) runs the presentation from the current slide
 * 6) Drawing Toolbar - Provides all the tools you need to draw and format objects
 * 7) Notes Pane - Adds notes for yourself for each slide in your presentation
 * 8) Task Pane (Windows version) - Varies based on what you are currently working on; when you first start PowerPoint, you see the New Presentation task pane; other possible tasks include Slide Layout, Slide Design, and Effects
 * 9) Menu Bar - Includes all of the PowerPoint menu choices
 * 10) Placeholders - Designate the space that will be filled with titles, text, or other objects such as graphics or charts
 * 11) Application Close Button (Windows Version) - Exits PowerPoint
 * 12) Presentation Close Button (Windows version) - Closes the current presentation

Using a Design Template

 * 1) If necessary, choose File > New to display the New Presentation pane
 * 2) On the New Presentation pane, click on the From Design Template link
 * 3) The Slide Design pane will display on the right side of the screen with a variety of different templates to choose from
 * 4) Select the design of your choice from the Slide Design pane
 * 5) Click OK to begin working with the first slide in the Normal View

Using a Blank Presentation

 * 1) If necessary, choose File > New to display the New Presentation pane
 * 2) On the New Presentation pane, click on the Blank Presentation link

This will open a new presentation with no template. You will provide the content, background, color scheme, text format, etc. This method gives you the most freedom, but also requires the most amount of time to complete.

Adding a new slide
Once you have opened a new presentation, the next step is to add and format the content. PowerPoint provides a selection of pre-defined slide layouts based on different types of content that you can use to quickly add content to the slides. For each of the 27 Slide Layouts provided, PowerPoint combines the four types of placeholders in different combinations; each placeholder will be replaced with the following type of content:

Using a Slide Layout ensures that the text and other elements you enter into the placeholders will have consistent spacing and be optimally arranged.

How to Add Slides to a Presentation

 * 1) Click the New Slide button on the Formatting toolbar.
 * 2) From the list of Slide Layouts, select the layout you want to apply to the new slide.
 * 3) You may now begin adding content using the placeholders in the layout.

How to Change the Layout for any Slide
PowerPoint will try to guess what layout you want to use for new slides that are added to the presentation. If you want a different layout for the slide you can quickly change the layout for any slide.

 * 1) Display the slide that you want to change in the Slide Pane (work area in the center of the window).
 * 2) Choose Format > Slide Layout to display the Slide Layout task pane.
 * 3) Click on the layout you want to apply to the slide.
 * 4) PowerPoint will attempt to fit existing content into the new layout, but you will probably have to make additional changes.

How to Add Slides in the Outline Tab
You can also create new slides while working in the Outline tab. By default the Outlining toolbar should display, but if it does not, select View > Toolbars > Outlining.

 * 1) Display the Outline tab by clicking on Outline in the pane on the left.
 * 2) Place the cursor at the end of the text in the slide you wish the new slide to follow.
 * 3) Click the New Slide button to insert a new slide.

Enter Text on a Slide Using Placeholders

 * 1) Click on the Title, Subtitle, or Text placeholder.
 * 2) Type the text you want.
 * 3) If necessary, press [Return] or [Enter] to move to a new line.
 * 4) Click anywhere on the slide outside of the placeholder to deselect it.

Enter Text Using the Outline Tab
Working in the Outline Tab allows you to type and edit text for the presentation in a more word processing-like environment than the Slide pane. The Outline tab displays in the pane on the left side of the screen when you are working in the Normal view.

Information in the Outline tab is arranged by levels. The Title of each slide appears as the first, left-most level next to a numbered icon of the slide. Bulleted text is indented one to four levels to the right of the title. The Outline tab has an Outlining toolbar that displays to the left of the pane.

Tip: If the Outline and Slides panes are not displaying in the Normal view, select View > Normal (restore panes) and it will display on the left side of the screen.

 * 1) After adding a new slide, Type the slide title and press [Return] or [Enter].
 * 2) To change the slide text to a first level bullet, press [Tab] or click the Demote button on the Outlining toolbar.
 * 3) Type the text for the first bullet and press [Return] or [Enter] to move to the second bullet.
 * 4) To create a sub-bullet, press [Tab] and type the text.
 * 5) Continue to enter text for bullets and sub-bullets until the slide is complete.
 * Use [Return] or [Enter] to create a new instance of the same level you are on. For example, if you are typing a level one bullet, pressing [Return] or [Enter] will create another level one bullet.
 * To demote a line of text, use [Tab] or the Demote button. This will make a level one bullet into a level two sub-bullet.
 * To promote a line of text, press [Shift] and [Tab] together or click on the Promote button. This will turn a level one bullet into the Title of a new slide.

Adding Clip Art to a Slide
Effective visuals emphasize the key content points in a presentation. PowerPoint provides a selection of professionally designed pictures, or clip art, that you can use in your presentations. These clip art images include many different themes such as animals, people, buildings, food, holidays, business, and more.

How to Insert a Clip Art Image

 * 1) Move to the slide on which you want to place clip art.
 * 2) Apply a Slide Layout that includes a content or clip art placeholder.
 * 3) Open the Select a Picture dialog box by:
 * Clicking on the Clip Art button on the content placeholder OR
 * Double-clicking on the clip art placeholder
 * 1) In the Search box, type a word or phrase that describes the clip you want.
 * 2) Click Search. PowerPoint displays the search results in the Select Picture List.
 * 3) Click on the clip art image you want and click OK.

How to Resize a Clip Art Image
Once you have added a clip art object to your slide, you can resize it to make it fit better into your presentation.

 * 1) Click on the Clip Art object to select it.
 * 2) Put the arrow on one of the resize handles at the corner of the picture until the cursor changes to a double-headed arrow.
 * 3) Depress the mouse button and drag the handle toward or away from the center to make the image larger or smaller. The corner handles resize the image proportionally and the handles on the sides of the image increase or decrease the height or width of the image.  When you release the mouse button, the object appears in its new size.

Editing Slide Text
You know how to enter text into your presentation, but what happens if you decide you want to change the text? PowerPoint allows you to navigate to a specific slide and change the text.

Selecting Text
Knowing how to select text is a critical skill in all Microsoft Office applications. Selecting text is a necessary step for many procedures such as deleting blocks of text or formatting.

How to Edit Text in a Slide Pane
You can edit text or move bulleted text in the Slide pane or the Outline tab. To edit text in the Slide pane:
 * 1) Select the bulleted text you want to change.
 * 2) If necessary, edit the text by:
 * Pressing the [Delete] key to delete the text; or
 * Typing new text to replace the selected text.
 * 1) If necessary, move the bulleted item by:
 * Selecting the entire bulleted item; and
 * Dragging the item up or down to move it to its new location.

Move Bulleted Items in the Outline Tab
You can change the order of bulleted items and slides in the Outline tab:
 * 1) Select the slide or bulleted item you want to move.
 * 2) Click the Move Up or Move Down button on the Outlining toolbar until the slide or bulleted item appears where you want it.


text:
User:Lupin/monobook.js

// User:Lupin/popups.js - please include this line

mw.loader.load(            'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/popups.js'             + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s');

title: User:Lupin/monobook.js


text:
User:Robinson0120~enwikibooks

Nowadays, I'm grantrob.

title: User:Robinson0120~enwikibooks


text:
Template:POV

Places a page in Category:NPOV disputes.

id:Templat:POV pl:Szablon:POV

title: Template:POV


text: Georgia Water/Policy/Georgia Coastal Sound Science Initiative


text:
Georgia Water/Policy/Georgia Growth Strategies Commission

Linda DiSantis — Economic Development Task Force of Governor Joe Frank Harris’ Growth Strategies Commission.


text:
User:BCalchet

Nothing to see here, move along.

title: User:BCalchet


text:
US Internet Law/Domain Names

The advent of the Domain Name System has led to attempts by trademark holders to enforce their rights over domain names that are similar or identical to their existing trademarks, particularly by seeking control over the domain names at issue. As with dilution protection, enforcing trademark rights over domain name owners involves protecting a trademark outside the obvious context of its consumer market, because domain names are global and not limited by goods or service.

This conflict was more easily resolved when the domain name user actually used his website to compete with the trademark owner. Cybersquatting, however, involves no such competition, but instead an unlicensed user registering the trademark as a domain name in order to pressure a payoff (or other benefit) from the lawful mark owner. Typosquatters—those registering common misspellings of trademarks as domain names—have also been targeted successfully in trademark infringement suits.

This clash of the new technology with preexisting trademark rights resulted in several high profile decisions as the courts of many countries tried to coherently address the issue (and not always successfully) within the framework of existing trademark law. As the website itself was not the product being purchased, there was no actual consumer confusion, and so initial interest confusion was a concept applied instead. Infringing domain names were analogized to a sign identifying one store but falsely placed in front of another, in the hopes that customers will in the end not care that they were duped or will at least give up on trying to reach the right store.

Most courts particularly frowned on cybersquatting, and found that it was itself a sufficiently commercial use (i.e., "trafficking" in trademarks) to reach into the area of trademark infringement. Most jurisdictions have since amended their trademark laws to address domain names specifically, and to provide explicit remedies against cybersquatters. This international legal change has also led to the creation of ICANN Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy and other dispute policies for specific countries (such as Nominet UK's DRS) which attempt to streamline the process of resolving who should own a domain name (without dealing with other infringement issues such as damages). This is particularly desirable to trademark owners when the domain name registrant may be in another country or even anonymous.

Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy is a policy of ICANN for the resolution of disputes over domain names. According to the policy, complaints are submitted to approved dispute-resolution service providers, which can be corporations or non-profit organizations. The process is based on international and national dispute resolution traditions.

Registrants of domain names also sometimes wish to register the domain names themselves (e.g., "XYZ.COM") as trademarks for perceived advantages, such as an extra bulwark against their domain being hijacked, and to avail themselves of such remedies as confusion or passing off against other domain holders with confusingly similar or intentionally misspelled domain names.

As with other trademarks, the domain name will not be subject to registration unless the proposed mark is actually used to identify the registrant's goods or services to the public, rather than simply being the location on the Internet where the applicant's web site appears. Amazon.com is a prime example of a protected trademark for a domain name central to the public's identification of the company and its products.

Terms which are not protectable by themselves, such as a generic term or a merely descriptive term that has not acquired secondary meaning, do not become registrable when a Top-Level Domain Name (e.g. dot-COM) is appended to it. Examples of such domain names ineligible for trademark protection would be "SOFT.COM" (merely descriptive when applied to a product such as facial tissue), or "BANK.COM" (generic for banking services).

title: US Internet Law/Domain Names


text:
Saxophone/Embouchure

A saxophone embouchure is formed by placing the top teeth about mid-way on the mouthpiece and applying the lower lip as a cushion on the reed (lower part of the mouthpiece). The upper lip muscle is then pulled downwards around the mouthpiece. Think of the upper lip as a clamp and the lower lip as the control. The saxophone embouchure may be described as an "O" shape. Note that the jaw should be dropped and the throat open. Practice this by singing a very low note, this is similar to how your embouchure will be while playing. For a better tone, practice keeping the corners of your mouth drawn in an "O" shape around the mouthpiece, sealing the air from all sides. This may not feel natural at first, but with practice it will become second nature.

One common practice technique for embouchure is called Long Tones. The idea is to play long controlled notes. While doing this it is helpful to imagine the air leaving your mouth and traveling through the saxophone to your listener. One good LT exercice is to start on the mid-c# then D the expand with each following note, C#-D, C-Eb and so on until you have played through the full range of the saxophone, then reverse until you're back a the C#.

There are other embouchures that can be used to produce multiphonic sounds.

Breathing is extremely important in sound production. Breath with your stomach region, using the abdominal muscles to assist in the blowing. When taking a breath, breathe through the corners of your mouth so as not to disturb your embouchure.

External Resources
Sax on the Web Saxophone Embouchure and Mouthpiece.

Sax Music Plus Saxophone Embouchure Advice.

title: Saxophone/Embouchure


text:
Van Dwelling/Parking

The choice of a parking spot is one of the most critical decisions a vehicle dweller will make. The choice of parking spot for a night will have much to do with safety, security, quality of sleep, and avoidance of police. Considering the fact that more and more communities are passing laws that make it illegal to sleep in a vehicle, stealth is of utmost importance if in the city. If one is boondocking in the wilderness, this is of little consideration. So, the choice of parking spot creates an incredible challenge. Let us consider several different scenarios, and analyze the pros and cons of each.
 * Selecting a Parking Spot

Forested Wilderness
From the standpoint of safety, security, and a quiet night's sleep, nothing is likely to be better than a heavily forested location miles and miles from civilization, parked next to a creek or river. The serene surrounding and gentle sound of flowing water quickly settles me down and allows me to get right to sleep. This is usually known as "dispersed camping" or "boondocking". It is allowed on many types of public lands. Sometimes a permit in required from the government agency that manages the land.

Finding such spots is not difficult in some parts of the country, such as the Rocky Mountain region, Pacific Northwest, and central Appalachians, but may be much more difficult in other parts of the United States. Your mileage may vary in other countries.

A significant downside to living in these areas is also the reason you are there: The remoteness. Being so remote also means you are far from gas stations and grocery stores and other conveniences of modern life.

Desert and Plains
There is a lot of this land and many people congregate for certain seasons in these open areas. You can usually be closer to civilization and have more of a community atmosphere, but noise and other things that come along with being around other Homo sapiens can be a negative. I have never done this before, so somebody else could fill this in better.

City Camping: Residential
When van dwelling in an urban environment, you pretty much have three choices of places to park: Residential, commercial, and industrial areas.

The beauty of residential areas is that it is usually common to have cars on the street at night, so it is potentially easy to blend in, depending on what kind of vehicle you have. It is less common in wealthier neighborhoods to see vehicles on the street, and you should also be aware of crime rates in the neighborhood you choose to inhabit.

Living in a large cargo van makes me shy away from parking in most residential areas, as the vehicle just doesn't fit in as well.

City Camping: Commercial Areas

Retail and business sectors are my preferred parking areas for my cargo van. It is not unusual to see large cargo vans, box vans, and other commercial-looking vehicles in these parts of town, since many businesses use them as service and delivery vehicles. When stealth is of the utmost importance, commercial/business parks are the cream of the crop. Not only are larger vehicles commonly parked overnight in these parts of town, it is also common to see smaller cars in these areas because there are night crews doing stocking, cleaning, customer service, etc. It also helps to strap a disguise on your van. So if you park by a plumbing supply it helps to put magnets on van that says "Bobs Plumbing" and add PVC pipe on the roof.

City Camping: Industrial Sectors
Industrial zones are typically noisier and dirtier than most other parts of cities. These areas are also more likely to have 24-hour operations, which mean more people coming and going during the night. Private security is also more abundant near industrial facilities. This increases the likelihood of somebody seeing you come and go, or of having your window tapped on in the middle of the night. In large metropolitan areas, crime rates also tend to escalate near large industrial areas. To me, these are all reasons to avoid industrial parts of town.

Designated Sites
If one is driving an RV, there may be campsites that allow one to park without worry of concealment. These sites also often provide a variety of amenities. Of course the downside to this service is that it costs money, which adds up to considerable amounts for long term van dwelling.

Summary: The Best Parking Place?
I personally find the best possible parking spot to be a quiet, low-traffic dead end piece of road with several other vehicles parked nearby on the border between a middle-class residential neighborhood and a large office or retail park. My van typically fits in perfectly in this sort of place and I tend to feel safe and secure knowing other people are nearby.

Other Ideas

Many websites offer tips on parking. In general parking relates to the concept of movement discipline. Have checklists in the vehicle (a good idea in general) like those of an airline pilots, and go through your checklist each time you move the vehicle.

Here are a few discreet parking strategies.

With intent to leave:
 * Park in areas of high visibility to deter theft.

With intent to stay:
 * If you have a cohort, they can park the van for you practically anywhere that allows overnight parking. To external observers it would appear as though your cohort had simply parked the van and left.  If you have a van with a barrier you may consider simply getting in the back of the van to start with (although that may arouse suspicion), or driving into an alley or some unobservable place and transfer to the back there.
 * Park in the very early hours of the morning, and shut your door as though you had left.
 * Park so as to obscure visibility of your entrance.
 * Park the van as if to leave it overnight and return to it later. Be aware of who is watching you.  Not recommended in residential areas where you cannot be sure if you are being watched, except for late at night.
 * Always park near other vans.
 * In winter park in sunlight, and summer in shade. Try to find areas which will consistently be in the sun or shade as the day progresses.

 * Avoid parking in front of someone's house in a residential neighborhood, unless you plan on leaving early in the morning. Some residential areas that are mainly apartment complexes are better, where the people living there don't own the property, but people who own their own homes tend to believe that the curbside in front of their house is their property too, even though it is city property, and they might call the police on you.
 * If you need to be in a city, try parking near a college or university. It is borderline acceptable that some college students are poor and live in vehicles, and most of the facilities on college campuses such as bathrooms, gym showers, and library are available to anyone.

Also truck stops, rest areas and Walmart lots are usually good spots to park and sleep.

title: Van Dwelling/Parking


text:
User:Jassen

Jassen Bowman  Residence: Colorado, USA Wiki Interests: Van Dwelling Age: 33 Occupation: Tax Consultant, Marketing Consultant. Web site: JassenBowman.com

title: User:Jassen


text: Esperanto/Appendix/Table of word endings


text:
Openbravo POS/User guide

Startup
Run start.bat (win32) or start.sh (Unix) to start the Application.

This starts the application in a maximised window. It is possible to start the application in fullscreen mode as would likely be required in a deployment scenario. See below for further details.

The lower part of the screen lists all of the current valid accounts. By default, these are
 * Administrator
 * Manager
 * Employee
 * Guest

You can log in as any of these users by selecting the relevant icon. You will not be prompted for a password since all of the default accounts are created without a password.

Sales Workflow
Choose the sales window from the left hand menu options.

Using a Barcode Scanner
Simply scan the barcode. Each item scanned which has an entry in the stock table will add an entry to the sales ticket.

If you have sold more than one item of a product, you can press the '+' sign to increase the amount of items. You can also use the '-' sign to decrease the quantity. If the quantity is one and you press '-' it will erase the item.

When all of the items have been scanned, press the equals '=' sign on the screen and the payment options dialog will appear.

The dialog has options for cash, cheque, electronic payment. Choose the relevant option e.g. cash and type in the amount handed over by the customer. LibrePOS will calculate the change. Press the printer button to print the receipt and open the till. Press OK to complete the transaction and return to the sales screen.

Using a Keyboard or the On Screen Keypad
This functions much as the barcode scanner does. Simply type in the barcode number and LibrePOS will lookup the barcode item in the stock table. Then when return on the keyboard or the green tick on the screen is pressed, the item will be added to the sales ticket.

Using the Catalog
LibrePOS maintains a catalog of current stock items, if icons have been added in the stock management screen they are displayed on the bottom right of the sales screen using images loaded into the database at the time of the stock update. If the images are not added to the stock items, the items will not appear in the catalog window.

To use these icons to make a sales transaction, select the category the stock item is in. Type in the number of items to be sold on the on screen keypad, press the multiply button '*' and only then choose the item itself from the catalog window. If only one item is to be sold, don't bother with the number or the multiply button, simply press the item's screen icon. The required number of items will be added to the sales ticket. When all of the items are added, complete the transaction as per the barcode scanner.

Selling General items which don't have barcodes/stock entries
You can type the price and then press the '+' sign. It will add a line with the price to the ticket.

Previously add a "General Item" entry to the stock database with an icon and with £0.00 as the price. When selling such an item, choose the general item from the catalog to add the item to the sales ticket. Then select the "General Item" on the sales ticket and press the pencil button to change the price and number of units being sold.

Closing cash
Closing cash allows you to see the sales of the day and prints a report for the day's sales.

 * 1) Under Main go to Close cash
 * 2) Click on close cash. A message box will appear and will ask you if you are sure. click yes.
 * 3) A report will print on the default printer for the payments and sales

Manage cash closings
You can see the cash closings on a certain time frame. To do that go to Main->Cash closed and select a start and end time. A report with the data will appear

Notice: message.nosave
After completing a sale you get a message box and this error: (with or without the psql/postgresql words) net.adrianromero.data.loader.DataException: org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: ERROR: duplicate key violates unique constraint "tickets_pkey"

Explanation

There are sales stored in the database with the same ticket ID that the ticket you are trying to save (pressing =).

Solution

PostgreSQL

If the result of: select max(TICKETID) FROM TICKETS is greater than: SELECT last_value from ticketsnum Do this: SELECT setval('ticketsnum', (select max(TICKETID) FROM TICKETS))

MySQL

if the result of: SELECT max(TICKETID) FROM TICKETS is greater than: SELECT ID FROM TICKETSNUM Do this: UPDATE TICKETSNUM set ID = (select max(TICKETID) FROM TICKETS)

title: Openbravo POS/User guide


text:
Talk:ZynAddSubFX/PADsynth

This page would definately benefit from an explanation of what the PADsynth algorithm is, what it does, why it is used, etc. The introduction section jumps right into the discussion without explaining many of the basics. --Whiteknight T C E 06:01, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:ZynAddSubFX/PADsynth


text:
User:MahyarMcDonald

I'm a lumberjack and I'm ok. I work all night and I sleep all day.

If you have any comments, please put it on the help page.

I'll probably work on whatever I feel like I'm being taught badly.

Extra features that would be nice.

 * "Text Folding" in a tree like manner for the display of solving formulas. So people who know x amount of detail already don't have to slug through reading it, while those who forget and can open it and find out rather than puzzle over it.
 * Hover notes: Like footnotes in an academic text, yet all you do just hover your mouse over something that looks like this: [1] and it displays the text for you.

title: User:MahyarMcDonald


text:
User talk:MahyarMcDonald

TALK

title: User talk:MahyarMcDonald


text:
Radiation Oncology/Bile duct/Overview

Subpages:
 * Pathology Literature

Epidemiology

 * Uncommon in U.S., incidence ~3,000/year
 * Incidence increases with age, peak in 8th decade
 * Overall incidence has been increasing, particularly intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
 * Risk factors
 * Sporadic in most patients
 * primary sclerosing cholangitis risk ~160x
 * choledochal cysts 10-20%
 * liver fluke infestation in China and Southeast Asia
 * Cholelithiasis minimal impact, unlike for gallbladder cancer

 * Texas A&M; 2002 PMID 11991810 -- "Worldwide trends in mortality from biliary tract malignancies." (Patel T, BMC Cancer. 2002 May 3;2:10.)
 * Conclusion: Marked global increase in mortality from intrahepatic, but not extrahepatic, biliary tract malignancies

Anatomy

 * Cholangiocarcinoma - malignancy of the biliary duct epithelium. The term is somewhat ambiguous, as it may refer only to cancers of the intrahepatic bile duct (originally), or include entire bile duct (commonly today), or even include the gall bladder
 * Intrahepatic bile ducts form part of the portal triad within liver, together with hepatic artery and portal vein
 * Left and right hepatic ducts join together at the hilum to form the common hepatic duct
 * Common hepatic duct and cystic duct from gallbladder join to form common bile duct, which travels in the porta hepatis along portal vein and hepatic artery. This can lead to early vessel involvement
 * Common bile duct travels within head of pancreas, joins pancreatic duct, and empties together with it into duodenum in Ampulla of Vater
 * Tumor location (from UK 2002 Consensus Document), based on classification of Nakeeb (PMID 8857851):

 * Perihilar tumors can be further described according to Bismuth classification (Bismuth H, Castaing D. Hepatobiliary malignancy. London: Edward Arnold, 1994.)
 * Klatskin tumors are perihilar cholangiocarcinomas that involve the confluence of the left and right hepatic ducts (Bismuth Type II), named after Dr. Klatskin who described them in 1965 (PMID 14256720)

Pathology

 * 90% adenocarcinoma (papillary, nodular, sclerosing)
 * CA19-9 and CA-50 are positive in 80-90% of chalnciocarcinomas and rarely in hepatomas
 * AFP is rarely positive in cholangiocarcinoma but in 35-75% of hepatomas
 * Presence of MIB-1 and AgNOR, and lack of CD44 (esp. CD44v6) appears correlated with LN mets and tumor progression
 * 10% all other histologies (squamous cell, mucoepidermoid, etc.)

They are locally invasive, and rarely metastatic PMID 4354116

Please see Bile Duct Pathology for literature review

Diagnosis

 * Clinical: S/S of biliary obstruction (jaundice, pale stool, dark urine, pruritus)
 * Blood tests: none diagnostic, LFTs consistent with obstruction (elevated bilirubins, AP, GGT)
 * Tumor markers: CA19-9 (85% patients, but also other GI tumors), CA125 (40-50% patients)
 * Imaging:
 * U/S first line investigation
 * Contrast-enhanced spiral CT or MRI
 * Cholangiography (MRCP, ERCP, PTC). PTC may be better than ERCP due to 1) better define the proximal extent of tumor and 2) place percutaneous transhepatic catheters for decompression
 * Endoscopic U/S and PET are under evaluation
 * Confirmatory histology
 * Met from a primary located elsewhere work-up:
 * Pancreas
 * Stomach
 * Breast
 * Lung
 * Colon

Carcinoid tumor of bile duct

 * UT Southwestern PMID 11075851 -- Carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic bile ducts: a study of seven cases. (2000 Maitra A, Am J Surg Pathol. 2000 Nov;24(11):1501-10.)
 * "Because carcinoid tumors of the EHBD are of low malignant potential, they should be separated from the more common adenocarcinomas in this location."

Imaging

 * Princess Margaret ASTRO Abstract A Prospective Comparison Study of Liver Tumour Target Definition Based on Triphasic CT and Gadolinium MR (2005 Voroney JJ, ASTRO 2005 #2088)
 * 23 patients (CCA 4, HCC 10, liver mets 9) on protocol; liver immobilized using ABC/voluntary breath hold. Best CT (arterial phase for HCA, venous phase for CCA and mets), best MRI T1 gado
 * Average GTV difference 11cc (1-263); CT GTV larger in 3/7 mets, 4/4 CCA, 6/11 HCA
 * Conclusion : "MR defined GTVs can be significantly different than CT defined GTVs and this should be considered for high precision liver cancer radiotherapy."

 * Essen Germany PMID 14764888 -- Intraoperative radiation therapy in liver tissue in a pig model: monitoring with dual-modality PET/CT. (2004 Antoch G, Radiology. 2004 Mar;230(3):753-60. Epub 2004 Feb 5.)
 * Conclusion : "The morphologic and functional changes due to IORT in liver tissue can be accurately monitored with dual-modality PET/CT. By enabling the integration of functional and morphologic data, PET/CT may have an important role in monitoring radiation treatment."

 * Jichi Japan PMID 10744810 -- Intraductal US in assessing the effects of radiation therapy and prediction of patency of metallic stents in extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. (2000 Tamada K, Gastrointest Endosc. 2000 Apr;51(4 Pt 1):405-11.)
 * Conclusion : "Assessment of local radiation effects by intraductal US is useful for predicting patency of metallic stents in bile duct cancer."

Treatment Overview
Adapted partially from the 2002 UK Consensus document

 * Surgery
 * The only curative treatment, but only <50% are resectable, and <30% have negative margins. Residual tumor amount is a significant predictor of post-op prognosis
 * LN are positive in ~50% of patients at presentation, and signify worse prognosis. It appears patients with 5+ LNs have significantly worse survival than patients with 1-4 LNs
 * 5-year OS for proximal lesions is 9-18%, for distal lesions 20-30%
 * For unresectable patients, palliative stenting procedures for relief of obstructive symptoms improve OS

 * Chemotherapy
 * No evidence to support adjuvant therapy outside of clinical trials
 * 5-FU: ~10-20% response rate
 * Newer agents (e.g. Gemcitabine): 20-30% response rate
 * Combination therapy: 20-40% response rate
 * Gemcitabine + cisplatin: 30-50% response rate
 * Hepatic artery / portal vein infusion: good concentration, but no distal coverage

 * External Beam RT
 * No evidence to support adjuvant therapy outside of clinical trials
 * No prospective adjuvant randomized trials
 * One prospective nonrandomized trial negative in perihilar tumors
 * Retrospective studies are suggestive of some value, particularly with higher doses and in patients with positive surgical margins
 * Based on retrospective reports, RT has value in palliation
 * The role of EBRT vs. ILRT vs. EBRT+ILRT has not been determined

A study from Wisconsin suggests significantly improved outcomes since 1998 in resected patients (~30%), owing to improvements in patient selection and chemoradiation.

Review Papers

 * 2005 PMID 16214602 -- "Cholangiocarcinoma." (Khan, Lancet. 2005 Oct 8;366(9493):1303-14.)

 * 2005 PMID 15757418 -- "Biliary tract cancers: current concepts and controversies." (Leonard GD, Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005 Feb;6(2):211-23.)

 * 2004 PMID 15011829 -- "Diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinomas: a comprehensive review." (Yalcin, Hepatogastroenterology. 2004 Jan-Feb;51(55):43-50.)

 * 2004 PMID 14755014 -- "Diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma." (Anderson, Oncologist. 2004;9(1):43-57)

 * 2004 PMID 15218306 -- "A review and update on cholangiocarcinoma." (Olnes, Oncology. 2004;66(3):167-79.)

 * 2003 PMID 14603159 -- "Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Current management." (Martin R, Minerva Chir. 2003 Aug;58(4):469-78.)

 * 2002 PMID 12607581 -- "Palliative and postoperative radiotherapy in biliary tract cancer." (Macdonald, Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2002 Oct;11(4):941-54.)

 * 2002 PMID 11879588 -- "Cholangiocarcinoma of the Hepatic Hilum (Klatskin Tumor)." (Byrnes, Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2002 Apr;5(2):87-94.)

 * 2002 PMID 12164560 -- "Cancers of the gallbladder and biliary ducts." (Yee, Oncology (Williston Park). 2002 Jul;16(7):939-46, 949; discussion 949-50, 952-3, 956-7.)

 * 2001 PMID 11455468 -- "Radiotherapy as a component of multidisciplinary treatment of bile duct cancer: a surgeon's perspective." (Todoroki, J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2001;8(2):130-6.)

 * 1999 PMID 10536130 -- "Biliary tract cancers." (de Groen, N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 28;341(18):1368-78.)

 * 1999 PMID 10436829 -- "Chemoradiation for pancreatic and biliary cancer: current status of RTOG studies." (Rich, Ann Oncol. 1999;10 Suppl 4:231-3.)

 * 1998 PMID 9849443 -- "The role of chemotherapy and radiation in the management of biliary cancer: a review of the literature." (Hejna, Eur J Cancer. 1998 Jun;34(7):977-86)

title: Radiation Oncology/Bile duct/Overview


text:
Radiation Oncology/Bile duct/Resectable Disease

Surgery
Curative surgery (negative margins) is the only treatment modality shown to improve overall survival, and should be the first line therapy in operable patients. Unfortunately, only ~50% present with resectable disease, and only ~50% of these have negative margins. As a result, 5-year overall survival is around 30%, and as high as 50% in select series.

Resectability:
 * Intrahepatic: 30-50%
 * Perihilar: 25-79%
 * Distal bile duct: 56%

5-year survival:
 * Overall: 8-44%
 * Margin negative: 19-47%
 * Margin positive: 0-12%
 * Intrahepatic tumors: one series 60%
 * Perihilar tumors: as high as >50% but higher periop mortality (8-10%)
 * Distal tumors: 21-54% (but some series include periampullar tumors with better prognosis)

Liver transplantation no longer a treatment option outside research protocols due to high relapse rates. However, a protocol at Mayo (Rea 2005 below) appears promising for carefully selected patients.

Please see the Bile Duct/Surgery section for review of surgical literature.

Preoperative RT

 * Mayo 1993-2003 PMID 15192792 -- Liver transplantation for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. (2004 Heimbach JK, Semin Liver Dis. 2004 May;24(2):201-7.)
 * Prospective. 56 patients, Stage I/II perihilar CCA, treated with neoadjuvant EBRT + BT + 5-FU/capecitabine, followed by liver transplant
 * 4 died and 4 progression of disease prior to completion. 48 staged, 28 underwent transplant
 * 5-year actuarial survival: 54% for all patients, 64% for staged patients, 82% for transplant
 * Conclusion : "Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with liver transplantation achieves excellent results for patients with localized, regional lymph node negative, hilar cholangiocarcinoma."

 * Nebraska PMID 12243499 -- Radiochemotherapy and transplantation allow long-term survival for nonresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. (2002 Sudan D, Am J Transplant. 2002 Sep;2(8):774-9.)
 * Prospective. 11 patients treated with 60 Gy BT + 5-FU, followed by transplantation
 * 5/11 (45%) alive without recurrence with median follow-up 7.5 years (2.8-14.5)
 * 6/11 (55%) died; 2 recurrence, 3 sepsis, 1 transplant rejection
 * Conclusion : "Cholangiocarcinoma should not be considered an absolute exclusion criteria for orthotopic liver transplantation. Long-term, tumor-free survival was achieved in 45% of the transplanted patients. Complications of biliary catheter placement for brachytherapy were associated with poor outcome."

 * Amsterdam Netherlands PMID 11016470 -- Prevention of implantation metastases after resection of proximal bile duct tumours with pre-operative low dose radiation therapy. (2000 Gerhards MF, Eur J Surg Oncol. 2000 Aug;26(5):480-5.)
 * Retrospective. 21 patients with proximal tumors given 3.5 Gy/fx x 3 fractions preop + biliary drainage, followed by resective surgery
 * No patients developed implantation mets (vs. 20% in previous study)
 * Conclusion : "The results of this study suggest that pre-operative radiotherapy in patients with a resectable proximal bile duct tumour who have undergone pre-operative drainage, decreases the risk of implantation metastases. To be certain about the role of pre-operative radiotherapy, a randomized study is required. Until then, we advocate standard low dose radiotherapy preceding resection in all patients with lesions suggestive of a proximal bile duct tumour who have undergone biliary drainage."

 * Utsunomiya Japan 1988-96 PMID 9537213 -- Preoperative radiotherapy for cancer of the extrahepatic bile duct. (1998 Hishinuma S, Am J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;21(2):203-8.)
 * Retrospective. 12 patients pre-op RT (40.6- 58.4 Gy), 11 surgery, 9 resection, 8 additional IORT
 * Complications: 4 patients, 3 post-op deaths
 * Conclusion : "The high complication rate requires modification of this strategy."

 * Louisville 1983-96 PMID 9409582 -- Neoadjuvant chemoradiation for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. (1997 McMasters KM, Am J Surg. 1997 Dec;174(6):605-8; discussion 608-9.)
 * Retrospective. 91 patients, 40 resected (44%). Of these, 9 pre-op chemoradiation
 * Median survival: resected 22 months vs. palliative 10.7 months (p<0.0001)
 * Margin-negative resection: pre-op chemoradiation 100% vs. surgery alone 54% (p<0.01)
 * Conclusion : "These results suggest that preoperative chemoradiation for extrahepatic bile duct cancer can be performed safely, produces significant antitumor response, and may improve the ability to achieve tumor-free resection margins."

 * Amsterdam Netherlands PMID 9380186 -- [Pre- and postoperative irradiation in the treatment of resectable Klatskin tumours] - [Article in Dutch] (1997 van Gulik TM, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1997 Jul 5;141(27):1331-7.)
 * Retrospective. 71 patients, treated with 10.5 Gy pre-op RT, surgery, 48 post-op RT (55 Gy either EBRT or EBRT/BT) or 23 no post-op RT
 * RT statistically better survival (no numbers in abstract)
 * More complication from EBRT/BT therapy, but same survival
 * Conclusion : "Pre- and postoperative irradiation may contribute to the success of the treatment of the resectable Klatskin tumour."

Intraoperative RT

 * Essen Germany
 * PMID 15239635 -- 10-year tumor-free survival after intraoperative radiation therapy and secondary liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. (2004 Sotiropoulos GC, Transplantation. 2004 May 27;77(10):1625.)
 * Case report. No abstract.

 * PMID 12210029 -- Treatment of nonresectable proximal bile duct carcinoma using intraoperative radiotherapy combined with hepatojejunostomy. (2002 Kaiser GM, J Surg Oncol. 2002 Sep;81(1):55-7.)
 * Case report. No abstract.

 * PMID 9263815 -- IORT of carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. (1997 Willborn K, Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 1997;31:173-6.)
 * No abstract.

 * Tsukuba Japan
 * PMID 10701737 -- Benefits of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical resection of locally advanced main hepatic duct carcinoma. (2000 Todoroki T, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Feb 1;46(3):581-7.)
 * Retrospective. 63 pts with Klatskin IVA (T4, N0-1, M0) treated by radical resection.
 * 47 pts had microscopic + margins (R1). 28 of those received XRT (17 IORT + postop RT; 6 IORT only; 4 postop only)), 19 surgery only.
 * 5-year OS: surgery 13.5% vs. RT 33.9% (IORT + PORT 39.2%).
 * Locoregional control: surgery 31.2% vs. RT 79.2%
 * Conclusion : "Our data clearly suggest the improved prognosis of patients with locally advanced Klatskin tumor by integrated adjuvant radiotherapy with IORT and PORT to complete gross tumor resection with acceptable treatment mortality and morbidity."

 * PMID 2830731 -- The role of intraoperative radiation therapy in the treatment of bile duct cancer. (1988 Iwasaki, World J Surg. 1988 Feb;12(1):91-8.)
 * 81 patients. 50 resected (33 surgery, 14 +IORT, 3 +PORT). 31 not resected (6 +IORT, 4 +EBRT)
 * IORT (20 Gy) not used in curative resection (1 pt), only with incomplete resection (13 pts) or PTCD (6 pts)
 * 2-year OS: Non-curative resection + IORT 17.1% vs. resection alone 9.0%

 * PMID 3704902 -- Surgical treatment for carcinoma at the confluence of the major hepatic ducts. (1986 Iwasaki Y, Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1986 May;162(5):457-64.)
 * Retrospective. 46 pts, 22% curative resection, 24% palliative resection, 22% palliative resection + IORT, 32% bile duct drainage

 * PMID 7427860 -- Intraoperative radiotherapy for advanced carcinoma of the biliary system. (1980 Todoroki T, Cancer. 1980 Nov 15;46(10):2179-84.)
 * Case report 5 pts. IORT (25-30 Gy) for unresectable patients
 * Conclusion : "Intraoperative radiotherapy increased the effectiveness and length of palliation for the unresectable lesion."

 * Tokyo Japan 1976-96 PMID 10524416 -- Intraoperative radiotherapy for resectable extrahepatic bile duct cancer. (1999 Kurosaki H, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Oct 1;45(3):635-8.)
 * Retrospective. 35 patients received IORT (15-30 Gy); 16 patients PORT (average 40.4 Gy)
 * Median survival (5-year OS): 19 months (19%)
 * Conclusion : "The combination of IORT and EBRT is useful for patients with bile duct cancer who undergo noncurative resection or who have lymph node metastasis."
 * RTOG PMID 1514529 -- Intraoperative radiation therapy of extrahepatic biliary carcinoma: a report of RTOG-8506. (1992 Wolkov HB, Am J Clin Oncol. 1992 Aug;15(4):323-7.)
 * Phase I/II. 23 patients entered, 16 patient eligible, 8 patients completed IORT protocol
 * No early Grade 3/4 toxicity, 1 late Grade 4 (perforated viscus) toxicity
 * No conclusions presented

 * Deaconess Boston PMID 2727900 -- Intraoperative radiation therapy for biliary tract carcinoma: results of a 5-year experience. (1989 Busse PM, Surgery. 1989 Jun;105(6):724-33.)
 * 15 patients with IORT (5-20 Gy), resected 2 patients, unresected 10 patients, recurrent 3 patients
 * Median survival: 14 months, operative mortality 13%
 * Conclusion : "This aggressive approach in the therapy for advanced disease has an acceptable level of morbidity and may warrant the use of IORT as part of the management of biliary tract cancer."

Adjuvant RT
There are no prospective randomized trials evaluating efficacy of adjuvant RT. Single institution retrospective studies seem to suggest some benefit to RT, particularly with higher doses (>45 Gy) and with microscopically positive margins (R1). The role of brachytherapy is similarly unclear.

Intrahepatic

 * Chang Gung Taiwan 1977-2001 PMID 15793863 -- Prognostic analysis of surgical treatment of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: two decades of experience at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. (2005 Jan YY, World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar 28;11(12):1779-84.)
 * Retrospective. 373 patients with peripheral CCA (second order or more intrahepatic branches), 50% hepatectomy (36% curative resection). Please see more detail in surgical section
 * RT 63 patients vs. no RT 249 (not further discussed in text)
 * Median survival, 3-year OS, 5-year OS: RT 11.7 mo (16.6%, 6.6%) vs. no RT 6.2 mo (9.6%, 7.2%) (p=0.02)
 * Conclusion: "Favorable overall survival of PCC patients undergoing surgical treatment depends on early tumor stage, presence of mucobilia, papillary tumor type, hepatic resection, and post-operative chemotherapy"

 * Please see the Bile Duct/Adjuvant RT section for literature review.
 * Please see the Liver Cancer section for constraints on RT delivery

Combined modality therapy

 * Duke; 2009 (1992-2006) PMID 18805651 -- "Concurrent chemoradiotherapy in resected extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma." (Nelson JW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jan 1;73(1):148-53. Epub 2008 Sep 19.)
 * Retrospective. 45 patients, extrahepatic cholangio, curative resection. RT (median 50.4 Gy) + concurrent 5-FU based chemo. Neoadjuvant 12 patients felt to be borderline unresectable, adjuvant 33 patients. Brachy boost (mean 29 Gy) in 4 patients. R0 resection 80%, R1 13%, R2 7%. N0 75%. Median F/U 2.5 years
 * Outcome: 5-year LC 78%, DFS 37%, OS 33%. Median OS 2.8 years. Distal failure main problem. Neoadjuvant treatment potentially better (5-year OS 53% vs. 23%, p=0.16). No significant predictors of survival, though brachytherapy inferior outcome
 * Toxicity: Fatigue 80%, nausea 65%, anorexia 50%, abdominal pain 30%. No deaths
 * Conclusion: Possible local control benefit from combined chemo-RT and surgery. Preop CRT might be better

 * Wisconsin; 2002 (1990-2001) PMID 12407338 -- "Improved survival in resected biliary malignancies." (Nakeeb A, Surgery 2002; 132:555-63; discission 563-4.)
 * Retrospective. 140 biliary (111 cholangiocarcinoma, 29 gallbladder); 61% underwent exploration, 31% ultimately resected. Chemoradiation used more frequently since 1998
 * Resected 1998-2001 (n=25): 3-year survival 70%, median survival 44+ months
 * Resected 1990-1997 (n=19): 3-year survival 21%, median survival 13 months (p<0.01)
 * Conclusion: Improved outcomes with time, possibly due to careful surgical selection and adjuvant chemo-RT

 * Seoul; 2002 PMID 12243816 -- "Role of postoperative radiotherapy in the management of extrahepatic bile duct cancer." (Kim S, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 54:414-9.)
 * Retrospective. 84 surgical patients, 86% gross resection (65% negative margin), 14% subtotal/palliative resection. Median F/U 2 years
 * All patients received >40 Gy of external beam RT after surgery. In patients who underwent radical resection, the target volume was designed to include regional lymph nodes (porta hepatis, pancreaticoduodenal, and celiac axis lymph nodes). In patients who had gross residual disease, the target volume included both the tumor and the regional lymph node area with a margin of 2.5–3.0 cm beyond ductal involvement as demonstrated on cholangiogram and/or CT. Concurrent 5-FU administered during external beam RT in 71 patients, and maintenance chemotherapy was performed in 61 patients after RT completion.
 * OS: 2-year 52%, and 5-year 31%. N-stage only significant multivariate predictor (p=0.02)
 * Conclusion: Long-term survival feasible in patients with radical surgery and postop chemo-RT

 * South Florida; 2001 (1988-99) PMID 11565760 -- "Location, not staging, of cholangiocarcinoma determines the role for adjuvant chemoradiation therapy." (Serafini FM, Am Surg. 2001 Sep;67(9):839-43; discussion 843-4.)
 * Retrospective. 192 pts treated, 92 (48%) surgically. Of these, 38 patients had adjuvant CT/XRT vs. 50 no further treatment
 * Mean survival: adjuvant CT/XRT 42 months vs. no treatment 29 months (p=0.07)
 * Distal tumors mean survival: adjuvant CT/XRT 41 months vs. 25 months (p=0.04)
 * Conclusion : "Adjuvant chemoradiation improves survival after resection for cholangiocarcinoma (P = 0.07) particularly in patients undergoing resection for distal tumors (P = 0.04)."

 * Pittsburgh 1990-95 PMID 10219804 -- Radiotherapy and multimodality management of cholangiocarcinoma. (1999 Urego M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999; 44:121-6.)
 * Retrospective. 61 patients, 38% resection +/- transplant, 62% palliative surgery/biopsy
 * All patients had RT (median dose 49.5 Gy), 50% received chemo (5-FU/Leucovorin/IFNalpha or taxol)
 * Median survival (5-year OS): 20 months (24%)
 * Only predictor of survival was complete resection
 * Conclusion : "Combined modality therapy that includes complete surgical resection with or without transplantation can be curative in the majority of patients with biliary duct carcinoma. Further study is needed to better define the roles of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cholangiocarcinoma."

 * ECOG PMID 7799024 -- Protracted intravenous fluorouracil infusion with radiation therapy in the management of localized pancreaticobiliary carcinoma: a phase I Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial. (1995 Whittington R, J Clin Oncol 1995; 13:227-32.)
 * Phase I trial to determine maximum tolerated dose of 5-FU as continuous infusion + 59.4 Gy EBRT
 * Conclusion : "Concurrent radiation with protracted 5-FU infusion at 250 mg/m2/d is well tolerated and shows evidence of activity against tumors of the pancreas and biliary system."

 * MSKCC PMID 1951179 -- Extrahepatic biliary system cancer: an update of a combined modality approach. (1991 Minsky BD, Am J Clin Oncol. 1991 Oct;14(5):433-7.)
 * Retrospective. 12 patiens (1985-1990), 2 GB, 5 Klatskin, 5 CBD
 * Laparotomy + 50 Gy to tumor bed/LN (+ some received 15 Gy tumor bed boost) + 5FU/Mytomicin
 * Median survival: 17 months
 * Conclusion : "Our data continue to show that this approach is feasible and may result in an improvement in survival."

 * Padova Italy 1982-89 PMID 2057604 -- [Neoplasms of the gallbladder and the extrahepatic bile ducts: radio-chemotherapeutic combined treatment. Results in 18 treated cases] - [Article in Italian] (1991 Loreggian Radiol Med (Torino). 1991 May;81(5):714-7.)
 * Retrospective. 18 patients treated with surgery + RT + 5-FU
 * Mean survival: 16 months

 * MSKCC 1985-88 PMID 2347722 -- Combined modality therapy of extrahepatic biliary system cancer. (1990 Minsky BD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990 May;18(5):1157-63.)
 * Please see Minsky 1991 above for update.

 * PMID 73534 -- The role of radiation therapy in cancer of the extra-hepatic biliary system: an analysis of thirteen patients and a review of the literature of the effectiveness of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. (1977 Kopelson G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1977 Sep-Oct;2(9-10):883-94.)
 * Review. ~30% resectable, ~50% of these recur


text: User talk:65.95.159.144

title: User talk:65.95.159.144


text: User talk:219.78.182.16

title: User talk:219.78.182.16


text:
User talk:202.156.6.54

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Spam
Please do not add commercial links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. --hagindaz 17:23, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you insert a commercial link you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks. --hagindaz 16:03, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.156.6.54