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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bartemius Crouch Sr.

Overview
Bartemius "Barty" Crouch, Sr. led the Department of Magical Law Enforcement during Lord Voldemort's first rise to power (apparently in the 1960s). During this period he became a ruthless leader, doing things such as giving Aurors the power to kill. He later became the head of the Department of International Magical Co-operation after losing status in the Wizarding world, due to the common belief that he drove his son to joining the Death Eaters.

Goblet of Fire
Mr. Crouch is first mentioned as being Percy Weasley's boss at the Ministry. Mr. Crouch is apparently the head of the Department of International Magical Cooperation, and Percy is writing a report on substandard cauldrons being imported from Europe for him.

We first see Mr. Crouch at the Quidditch World Cup, where he is apparently in charge of organizing the international aspects of the competition. He stops at the Weasley campsite when Arthur Weasley calls him over; Percy scrambles to make him a cup of tea, which Mr. Crouch accepts, calling Percy "Weatherby". He then corrals Ludo Bagman, and they apparate off to attend to some detail.

After the appearance of the Dark Mark, Mr. Crouch is in the team of wizards that attempt to Stun the wizard who produced the Mark. Mr. Crouch is suspicious of everyone there present, and is shocked when Amos Diggory discovers his House-elf, Winky, at the apparent source of the incantation. Arthur Weasley, another of the wizards in that group, points out that Mr. Crouch has accused the two people there present least likely to be involved with the Death Eaters: Harry Potter, and his own house-elf. Mr. Crouch goes off into the woods to search for other evidence, and on his return, fires Winky.

We next see Mr. Crouch when he arrives at the school on 30 October to be introduced as one of the five judges in the upcoming Triwizard Tournament, and again on the following night when the Goblet of Fire selects the Champions of each school who will take part in the Tournament. Surprisingly, the Goblet selects a fourth wizard, Harry Potter. Called upon to interpret the rule book, Crouch says that if the wizard's name comes out of the Goblet, then he is required to compete. With this settled, though to nobody's satisfaction, Crouch goes on to explain that he will not be telling them what they will face in the First Task of the Tournament, because ability to think quickly and bravely is necessary to a wizard, but he does give them the date when it will occur.

As he steps into the firelight, Harry notices that Mr. Crouch seems ill; apparently Professor Dumbledore sees this as well, because he asks Crouch to stay the night. Crouch refuses, saying he has to get back.

Crouch is then present to the Weighing of the Wands ceremony, in which Mr. Ollivander checks the wands of the four Champions to see that they are in full working order. Harry thinks he still looks a bit ill.

Crouch is present again during the First Task, and he awards Harry 9 out of 10 points for retrieving the golden egg from his dragon.

At the Yule Ball, Crouch is absent; Percy Weasley has taken his place, saying that Mr. Crouch is tired and is staying at home. He is sending instructions by Owl Post, and Percy is just glad that Crouch has an assistant that he can trust enough that he can get the rest he needs. Hermione suggests that he wouldn't be so tired if he hadn't summarily and unjustly fired his Elf; Percy tries to defend Crouch's actions.

Percy is again substituting for Mr. Crouch at the Second Task. Shortly afterwards, Harry, Ron, and Hermione visit Sirius Black, who is living in a cave near Hogsmeade with Buckbeak. Sirius says that it is very unusual for Mr. Crouch to be taking a vacation; he was always very dedicated to his work at the Ministry. Sirius also says that it was at Mr. Crouch's direction that he was kept in Azkaban Prison for twelve years without a trial.

In late May, Harry is taken aside by Viktor Krum for a private conversation under the eaves of the Forbidden Forest. As they finish their conversation, a disheveled Mr. Crouch appears, talking to the trees, and in apparent sane moments demanding to see Dumbledore. Leaving Krum to guard him, Harry runs off to collect Dumbledore, an action which is delayed by Professor Snape. By the time Dumbledore and Harry return to the Forbidden Forest, Krum has been Stunned and Mr. Crouch is gone.

Shortly after this, Harry is left alone in Dumbledore's office as Professor Dumbledore, Professor Moody, and Cornelius Fudge go to investigate the place where Crouch was found. Harry discovers Dumbledore's Pensieve, and ends up viewing three trials at the Wizengamot in which Crouch presided. We see Crouch considering whether to release Igor Karkaroff from Azkaban based on the names of supposedly uncaught Death Eaters he has given them; presiding over the session where Ludo Bagman was released; and the session where Bellatrix Lestrange, Rabastan Lestrange, Rodolphus Lestrange, and Barty Crouch Jr., his own son, were sentenced for the torture of Frank and Alice Longbottom.

Fudge apparently shortly opens an inquiry into how Crouch could have been apparently so very ill without anyone in the Ministry knowing. Percy is evidently called in as part of this inquiry; as a result, Fudge himself ends up judging the Third Task.

Following the Third Task, when Barty Crouch Jr. is revealed, we are given some additional information. When Crouch went off into the forest after the discovery of Winky under the Dark Mark, he had found Barty Stunned under his Invisibility Cloak and sent him home. He had fired Winky, not for being associated with the Dark Mark, but for allowing Barty to escape and get himself a wand. Shortly afterwards Lord Voldemort and Wormtail had managed to put Crouch under the Imperius curse, and he had been under the Imperius Curse during the selection of the Champions and during the First Task. As Wormtail's control started getting tenuous, Crouch was confined to his home, where Voldemort and Wormtail were also staying. He had managed to escape, had made his way to the Forbidden Forest where Harry had seen him, and had then been killed by Barty, and his body hidden.

Strengths
Although it is hard to say what Mr. Crouch Senior would be like, due to his presence in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire being almost entirely while under the Imperius Curse, what little we see of him in the Pensieve, at the Quidditch world cup, and from Dumbledore's and Sirius' comments on him, it appears that Mr. Crouch Senior was truly a man of the law. He prosecuted Karkaroff, and gave him no favours, and against his own will let Bagman go when the vote of the jury went against him. It is with his son, though, that we start to see his compassion. Although he does not pardon his son, in fact, harshly convicts him with other Death Eaters, Mr. Crouch accedes to his wife's dying request to remove his son from Azkaban, at her own request allowing her to replace him there. This act demonstrates Mr. Crouch Senior's ability to love, and perhaps to forgive.

Mr. Crouch does seem to eventually be able to throw off the Imperius Curse, partially or completely, though it seems that either that, or some other restraint applied to him, resulted in his being driven at least partially insane.

Weaknesses
While, as mentioned above, Mr. Crouch does free his son from Azkaban at his late wife's request, he cannot forgive Barty to the extent of allowing him any freedom; though removed from the Dementors, Barty remains restrained by the Imperius curse placed on him by Mr. Crouch and by the efforts of the House-elf Winky. Mr. Crouch's love of his wife in this case could be seen as a weakness, as it impels Crouch to act against his own interests. Compassion also causes Mr. Crouch to allow Barty to attend the Quidditch World Cup, a choice which results in Mr. Crouch's capture and eventual death at his son's hand.

Mr. Crouch's severity and officiousness could also be seen as a weakness, as it prevents his showing mercy to any accused. It also leads him, presumably, to preside over the trial of his son, where a more just prosecutor would recuse himself to avoid even the appearance of partiality.

Relationships With Other Characters
Mr. Crouch's severity extends to his own family, where he is seen to prosecute his own son, being instrumental in committing him to Azkaban. Yet he loves his wife enough to accede to her dying wish that Barty should be freed from Azkaban. Placed in an untenable conflict, being aware that Barty is guilty and unrepentant, Crouch resorts to keeping Barty under house arrest, using the Imperius Curse and the actions of the house-elf Winky. When this is discovered by Bertha Jorkins, Mr. Crouch destroys her memory of the event, possibly rendering her memory permanently unreliable.

Mr. Crouch's severity and officiousness is seen here as the dominant part of his personality, preventing him from getting close to anyone – he addresses Percy Weasley, his own assistant, as "Weatherby". We have no idea whether this is a defence mechanism intended to prevent further revelations of Barty's existence, or whether this is the way he has always been; but it would seem that if it is a conscious defence mechanism, it is simply an increase in degree from his normal personality.


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Wikijunior:What can you use math for?/Area

Let's say that you, for some reason, wanted to know exactly how many squares there are on a chess board. How would you figure it out? The first thing you think of would probably be to count them out: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on. You're a busy person though and don't have that kind of time, you need to know quickly. How do you do it? You could use a very simple geometric property: area.

Area is how much space there is inside a 2d object (a 2d [2 dimensional] object is something like a circle or a square but not a ball or box). Area is measured in square units. The units are whatever I am using to measure the object, they can be feet, inches, or miles in the US or meters, centimeters, or kilometers in the rest of the world. In the case of our chess board, the units we will use will be squares.

How do we find the area? For a square (like our chess board) that is simple; all we need to do is multiply the length of the bottom times the length of a side. So here is the process we will follow to find the area of our chess board. First, count the number of squares along the bottom of the board, then count the number of squares along a side. Both numbers should be 8. Next multiply the two numbers. 8 x 8 = 64. So the area of the chess board is 64 square squares, thus we have 64 squares on one chessboard, and we found that out without wasting time counting all of the spaces.

This idea can be applied to any flat, rectangular surface- even if it doesn't have squares marked off. Simply measure a surface's length and width and multiply them. They do not need to even be whole numbers (they can have decimals or fractions). For example, if a table surface measures 150 cm by 250 cm, then its area is 150 x 250 = 37,500. That's a big number! But if you drew 1 cm by 1cm squares on the table, that's how many there would be.

It's hard to think about area with decimals, but it is very useful because not all tables are going to have a whole number of squares. For example, if our table earlier was actually a little bit off- say, 150.2 by 249.6, we can still multiply these numbers, but you might need a calculator. 150.2 x 249.6 = 37,489.92, which is slightly less than before. Notice that even though one side was slightly bigger, the other side was smaller by more, so there is less area. If you drew squares on this table, you would not even get 37,489 full squares, because all squares on the edge would get cut off. But if you added up all of those pieces of squares, 37,4892 is how many full squares could be made (with .92 left over).

Area with decimals has some results that you might not expect. If a square is 1/2 meters by 1/2 meters (.5 m by .5 m), its area is .5 x .5 = .25 or 1/4. That seems strange because it is less than either the length or the width. But if you divide a square by drawing one line vertically through the center and another horizontally through the center, you will have four equal sections. That is, each square is 1/4 of the total area even though it is only 1/2 by 1/2 of the total length and width.

Area can be applied to more than just square surfaces. You can find the area on a circular or triangular table too. In fact, the area of any surface, no matter the shape, can be measured. It gets a lot more difficult for some shapes, however, so we won't teach just how, but be aware it can be done. By using area, you can compare objects that aren't of the same shape. For example, you could determine whether a circular table had more or less space than a square table.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Cookbook:Hoppin John

| American cuisine | Beans | Rice

Ingredients

 * 6 slices bacon, diced
 * 1 medium onion, diced
 * ½ cup diced celery
 * ½ cup diced bell pepper
 * 4½ cups water
 * 2 packs long grain rice (3–4 cups cooked)
 * 3 cans black-eyed peas
 * 3 jalapeños, seeded and diced (about ½ cup)

Procedure

 * 1) Brown bacon in large Dutch oven, remove, and reserve 2 tablespoons of grease in pan.
 * 2) Add onion, celery, and bell pepper, and sauté 5 minutes.
 * 3) Add rice and seasoning packet, water, and black-eyed peas; cover and simmer 25 minutes.
 * 4) Add bacon and jalapeños, cover and heat 5–10 minutes more.

title: Cookbook:Hoppin John


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Cookbook:Chuck Wagon Beans

| American cuisine | Beans

Ingredients

 * ½ pound bacon, cut into bite-sized pieces
 * 1 pound ground chuck
 * 1 large onion, chopped
 * 2 cloves garlic, minced
 * ⅓ cup brown sugar
 * ⅓ cup white sugar
 * 2 tablespoons molasses
 * ¼ cup barbecue sauce
 * 2 tablespoons mustard
 * 1 teaspoon pepper
 * 2 teaspoons salt
 * ½ teaspoon chili powder
 * 32 ounces canned pork and beans

Procedure

 * 1) Brown bacon, ground chuck, and onion.
 * 2) Stir in remaining ingredients in order; mix well in between each addition.
 * 3) Bake at 350°F for about 40 minutes, or until thickened.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Good with corn bread

title: Cookbook:Chuck Wagon Beans


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User talk:Qib321

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!--Sundance Raphael 22:45, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Qib321


text:
User talk:ThuranX

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!--Sundance Raphael 22:45, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:ThuranX


text:
Category:Requests for unblock

 * An unblock request is made by the user placing an template on their User talk page (which they can still edit).
 * An admin will review the block, and make the appropriate determination
 * Abuse of will result in the affected talk page being protected

 * If you decide to unblock a user or decline the request:Replace the tag with
 * Instructions are located on :Copy-paste the template code provided, and fill in your reason

title: Category:Requests for unblock


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User:Simtropolitan

As a high school student with an interest in books and a broad range of interests, I hope to contribute much to this project.

Wikibooks I'm currently working on:

 * Wikijunior Languages/Inuktitut

title: User:Simtropolitan


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Crayon

Method 1 (No SSS)
Here is a texture setting for a waxy crayon.

Material Tab

Color: Anything (e.g., 0000A7)

Alpha: 1

Shader Tab

Diffuse Shader (Oren-Nayar), Ref: 0.8

Diffuse Shader (Oren-Nayar), Rough: 1.5

Specular Shader (Phong), Spec: 0.75

Specular Shader (Phong), Hard: 25

Crayon


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Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Mothball

Here is a texture setting for a crusty mothball.

Material Tab

Color: R:0.93, G:0.93, B:1

Alpha: 1

Shader Tab

Diffuse Shader (Oren-Nayar), Ref: 0.4

Diffuse Shader (Oren-Nayar), Rough: 2

Specular Shader (Blinn), Spec: 0.5

Specular Shader (Blinn), Hard: 10

Specular Shader (Blinn), Refr: 2

Texture Settings

Texture Type: Musgrave

Musgrave Tab

Hetero Terrain

H: 1.000

Lacu: 1.000

Octs: 1.000

Ofst: 1.000

iScale: 2.5

NoiseSize: 0

Noise Bias: Blender Original, Nabla: 0.001

Map To Tab

Add (not Mix)

Col

Nor (press twice)

Color: R:1, G:1, B:1

Mothball


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Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Ceramic

Ceramic
For a cream colored ceramic, use this:

Diffuse: (Both Lambert and Oren-Nayar work well with this)

Color: R 0.620 G 0.571 B 0.539

Intensity: 1.000

Specular:

Color: R 0.870 G 0.801 B 0.756

Intensity: 0.500

Hardness: 50

Ceramic


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User talk:151.11.53.254

Hello, thanks for the input. Yes, it should be na foto panorameca and it is pronounced eeks, for that one, the only thing I can see as having happened was I meant to write ics as you would in Italian. We can always use more help on this if you'd like to participate. Thanks again.-E. abu Filumena 23:59, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:151.11.53.254


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User:Herraotic/Elementary books

Elementary books is a project focusing on building the foundations of knowledge required as prerequisites of higher education. Its concern is with the management of these books and for facilitating collaboration between the authors.

Draft list of applicable elementary books

 * An introduction to the English alphabet (use images illustrating natural examples to prepare an understanding of science)
 * An introduction of numbers (use images representing encounters in modern life such as money in a wallet/purse)

title: User:Herraotic/Elementary books


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User:Norm~enwikibooks

This account has been blocked indefinitely as it has been been compromised by a page move vandal. See this user's contributions for evidence. If you are the legitimate owner of this account, please create a new one.--Az1568(Talk) 01:51, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Norm~enwikibooks


text:
User:Ggeller~enwikibooks

Hello:

I'm George Geller. My interest are social software, science and history. Wikipedia and wikibooks rock! Please visit my website at http://wsms.wikiplanet.com.

title: User:Ggeller~enwikibooks


text:
User:Alex43223

{|name="userboxes" id="userboxes" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 248px; border: solid 1px; background-color: ; color: ; float: ; "
 *

 |}
 * }

title: User:Alex43223


text:
Hepatology/Alcoholic Liver Disease

Alcoholic liver disease characteristically progresses through successive stages before terminating in cirrhosis, the end stage live disease. the disease, a companion to uncontrolled, prolonged alcohol ingestion takes years to develop(5-10 years). the first change which is noticeable is, fatty change of the liver. then comes the alcoholic hepatitis stage characterized by the inflammatory process and then the stage of cirrhosis. laboratory findings include AST level increase in particular. cirrhosis itself proceeds through micro nodular and macronodular stages and finally ending in a shrunken, fibrotic liver.

title: Hepatology/Alcoholic Liver Disease


text:
This Quantum World/Feynman route/Free propagator

< PREVIOUS

The propagator as a path integral
Suppose that we make m intermediate position measurements at fixed intervals of duration $$\Delta t.$$ Each of these measurements is made with the help of an array of detectors monitoring n mutually disjoint regions $$R_k,$$ $$k=1,\dots,n.$$ Under the conditions stipulated by Rule B, the propagator $$\langle B|A\rangle$$ now equals the sum of amplitudes

\sum_{k_1=1}^n\cdots\sum_{k_m=1}^n\langle B|R_{k_m}\rangle\cdots \langle R_{k_2}|R_{k_1}\rangle\,\langle R_{k_1}|A\rangle. $$ It is not hard to see what happens in the double limit $$\Delta t\rightarrow 0$$ (which implies that $$m\rightarrow\infty$$) and $$n\rightarrow\infty.$$ The multiple sum $$\sum_{k_1=1}^n\cdots\sum_{k_m=1}^n$$ becomes an integral $$\int\!\mathcal{DC}$$ over continuous spacetime paths from A to B, and the amplitude $$\langle B|R_{k_m}\rangle\cdots\langle R_{k_1} |A \rangle$$ becomes a complex-valued functional $$Z[\mathcal{C}:A\rightarrow B]$$ — a complex function of continuous functions representing continuous spacetime paths from A to B:
 * $$\langle B|A\rangle=\int\!\mathcal{DC}\,Z[\mathcal{C}:A\rightarrow B]$$

The integral $$\int\!\mathcal{DC}$$ is not your standard Riemann integral $$\int_a^b dx\,f(x),$$ to which each infinitesimal interval $$dx$$ makes a contribution proportional to the value that $$f(x)$$ takes inside the interval, but a functional or path integral, to which each "bundle" of paths of infinitesimal width $$\mathcal{DC}$$ makes a contribution proportional to the value that $$Z[\mathcal{C}]$$ takes inside the bundle.

As it stands, the path integral $$\int\!\mathcal{DC}$$ is just the idea of an idea. Appropriate evaluation methods have to be devised on a more or less case-by-case basis.

A free particle
Now pick any path $$\mathcal{C}$$ from A to B, and then pick any infinitesimal segment $$d\mathcal{C}$$ of $$\mathcal{C}$$. Label the start and end points of $$d\mathcal{C}$$ by inertial coordinates $$t,x,y,z$$ and $$t+dt,x+dx,y+dy,z+dz,$$ respectively. In the general case, the amplitude $$Z(d\mathcal{C})$$ will be a function of $$t,x,y,z$$ and $$dt,dx,dy,dz.$$ In the case of a free particle, $$Z(d\mathcal{C})$$ depends neither on the position of $$d\mathcal{C}$$ in spacetime (given by $$t,x,y,z$$) nor on the spacetime orientiaton of $$d\mathcal{C}$$ (given by the four-velocity $$(c\,dt/ds,dx/ds,dy/ds,dz/ds)$$ but only on the proper time interval $$ds=\sqrt{dt^2-(dx^2+dy^2+dz^2)/c^2}.$$

(Because its norm equals the speed of light, the four-velocity depends on three rather than four independent parameters. Together with $$ds,$$ they contain the same information as the four independent numbers $$dt,dx,dy,dz.$$)

Thus for a free particle $$Z(d\mathcal{C})=Z(ds).$$ With this, the multiplicativity of successive propagators tells us that
 * $$\prod_j Z(ds_j)=Z\Bigl(\sum_j ds_j\Bigr)\longrightarrow Z\Bigl(\int_\mathcal{C}ds\Bigr)$$

It follows that there is a complex number $$z$$ such that $$Z[\mathcal{C}]=e^{z\,s[\mathcal{C}:A\rightarrow B]},$$ where the line integral $$s[\mathcal{C}:A\rightarrow B]= \int_\mathcal{C}ds$$ gives the time that passes on a clock as it travels from A to B via $$\mathcal{C}.$$

A free and stable particle
By integrating $$\bigl|\langle B|A\rangle\bigr|^2$$ (as a function of $$\mathbf{r}_B$$) over the whole of space, we obtain the probability of finding that a particle launched at the spacetime point $$t_A,\mathbf{r}_A$$ still exists at the time $$t_B.$$ For a stable particle this probability equals 1:

\int\!d^3r_B\left|\langle t_B,\mathbf{r}_B|t_A,\mathbf{r}_A\rangle\right|^2= \int\!d^3r_B\left|\int\!\mathcal{DC}\,e^{z\,s[\mathcal{C}:A\rightarrow B]}\right|^2=1 $$ If you contemplate this equation with a calm heart and an open mind, you will notice that if the complex number $$z=a+ib$$ had a real part $$a\neq0,$$ then the integral between the two equal signs would either blow up $$(a>0)$$ or drop off $$(a<0)$$ exponentially as a function of $$t_B$$, due to the exponential factor $$e^{a\,s[\mathcal{C}]}$$.

Meaning of mass
The propagator for a free and stable particle thus has a single "degree of freedom": it depends solely on the value of $$b.$$ If proper time is measured in seconds, then $$b$$ is measured in radians per second. We may think of $$e^{ib\,s},$$ with $$s$$ a proper-time parametrization of $$\mathcal{C},$$ as a clock carried by a particle that travels from A to B via $$\mathcal{C},$$ provided we keep in mind that we are thinking of an aspect of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics rather than an aspect of the real world.

It is customary The purpose of using the same letter $$b$$ everywhere is to emphasize that it denotes the same physical quantity, merely measured in different units. If we use natural units in which $$\hbar=c=1,$$ rather than conventional ones, the identity of the various $$b$$'s is immediately obvious.
 * to insert a minus (so the clock actually turns clockwise!): $$Z=e^{-ib\,s[\mathcal{C}]},$$
 * to multiply by $$2\pi$$ (so that we may think of $$b$$ as the rate at which the clock "ticks" — the number of cycles it completes each second): $$Z=e^{-i\,2\pi\,b\,s[\mathcal{C}]},$$
 * to divide by Planck's constant $$h$$ (so that $$b$$ is measured in energy units and called the rest energy of the particle): $$Z=e^{-i(2\pi/h)\,b\,s[\mathcal{C}]}=e^{-(i/\hbar)\,b\,s[\mathcal{C}]},$$
 * and to multiply by $$c^2$$ (so that $$b$$ is measured in mass units and called the particle's rest mass): $$Z=e^{-(i/\hbar)\,b\,c^2\,s[\mathcal{C}]}.$$

NEXT >


text:
Civ/Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri/Pop Boom

Pop Boom is a part of the game mechanics that causes a 1 population per a turn increase for as long as the city has at least 1 extra nutrient available when the growth social engineering stat reaches 6 in that city. This can have an outstanding effect on the growth of an empire but must be balanced with proper drone control. Only a faction inherent social penalties/ bonuses, social engineering choices, the children's creche facility, and golden ages can effect your growth stat; though, the cloning vat secret project does in effect trigger a pop boom in ALL of your bases without any other growth modifiers being in effect. All factions are capable of triggering a pop boom.

A summary of values that can affect growth

 * +2 growth Democratic social engineering choice
 * +2 growth Children's Creche
 * +2 growth Planned social engineering choice
 * +2 growth Golden Age
 * -1 growth The Cybernetic Consciousness (inherent)
 * -1 growth the Nautilus Pirates (inherent)
 * +1 growth the Usurpers (inherent)
 * +1 growth the Human Hive (inherent)

Broadly speaking each faction can be lumped into 1 of 2 categories

 * Those that can pop boom without golden ages by running democratic and planned social choices on cities with children's creches:

The University of Planet, the Spartan Federation, Gaia's Stepdaughters, the Lord's Believers, the Peacekeeping Forces, The Free Drones, the Data Angels, the cult of the planet, and the Manifold Caretakers fall into this category.

By far, these factions have it the easiest when needing to produce a pop boom as they are not forced to crank up the econ values to cause golden ages. These groups can sometimes end up with improperly planned pop booms due to the fact that they are so easy to trigger. It should be noted that these groups could also trigger a golden age by not having either a creche, a planned economy, or a democratic system by substituting a golden age for the missing growth points.

 * Those that can only pop boom by using golden ages:

The Human Hive (can not use democracy), the Morgan Industries (can not use planned), the Usurpers (can not use democracy), the Cybernetic Consciousness (inherent -1 growth), and the Nautilus Pirates (inherent -1 growth) fall into this category.

Less flexible than the previous groups, these factions must use all of the growth adding social models (planned and democracy) that they can barring faction restrictions noted above, creches, and golden ages.

title: Civ/Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri/Pop Boom


text:
Wikijunior:Bugs/Harvestman (Daddy Longlegs)

What does it look like?
Harvestmen are sometimes called Daddy longlegs. Other common names are granddaddy-longlegs, harvest spiders, shepherd spiders, and reapers.

They belong to the class Arachnida, but are not true spiders. Many different kinds of creatures belong to this class, including spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. Harvestmen are opilionids. The body is a single oval unit. There is no constriction between the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Unlike spiders, harvestmen do not have a segmented abdomen.

They have 2 eyes, often on raised structures. Chelicerae (pincers) have 3 segments; pedipalps (feelers) have 6 segments. The 4 pairs of walking legs have 7 segments. The second pair of legs is longest and acts like antennae. All of the legs are attached to the cephalothorax. None are attached to the abdomen.

Harvestmen have extremely long, thin legs. The legs break off easily and do not grow back. The reddish-brown body is 1/8 to 1/2 inch long. There is a very small claw at the tip of each pedipalp.

Worldwide, there are about forty families of Harvestmen. Only members of the Phalangiidae family—Eastern Daddy longlegs and Brown Daddy longlegs— are considered true Daddy longlegs.

Eastern Daddy longlegs are yellowish to greenish-brown. They are 1 /4 to 3/8 of an inch long. There is a blackish stripe on each side of the body. Their long thin legs are pale to dark colored.

Brown Daddy longlegs have a reddish-brown body. They are 1/8 to 1 /4 of an inch long with long dark legs.

Harvestmen in the Family Cosmetidae are generally dull-colored. Some are able to change color to blend in with their surroundings. Harvestmen in the tropics are green or yellow with reddish-brown legs.

Many Harvestmen in the Family Gonyleptidae are brightly colored. They usually have stout bodies with small bumps on the surface. The hind legs sometimes have long, sharp spines. Males tend to have smaller bodies, with more spines on their legs, than females.

The endangered Cokendolpher Cave Harvestman is small and does not have eyes. It is also known as Robber Baron Cave Harvestman.

Where does it live?
Most harvestman species live in moist, shady environments like caves, basements and deep woods. They are found under logs and rocks. Cosmetids live in tropical regions of North and South America. They are found under stones and debris in grassland, forest, and semidesert regions. Gonyleptids live in South American tropical forests, under logs and stones. Eastern Daddy longlegs are found east of the Rocky Mountains. They are found on leaves, tree trunks, and shady walls of buildings.

Brown Daddy longlegs are found throughout North America. They can be seen in shady areas and in fields. They hide under rocks, on tree trunks and foliage in open areas. Cokendolpher Cave Harvestmen are only found in Bexar County Texas. They are subterranean, living underground in a cave. Much of their habitat has been destroyed. None have been seen since 1993.

What does it eat?
Harvestmen are mostly scavengers. They are omnivores, feeding on insects and plants. In darkness, they search for slow-moving or dead insects. They eat small insects, insect eggs, mites, and earthworms. They eat fungi, decaying organic plant material and juices. Sometimes adults store food for their larvae to eat.

How does it defend itself?
Harvestmen are eaten by birds, large spiders, and predatory insects. They have spines on their legs to fend off predators. If a leg falls off, it keeps twitching a while. Scientists believe this helps detract predators so the harvestman can escape.

Harvestmen do not have venom glands. They have special glands on the carapace (protective covering). Crystals in these glands contain a defensive fluid with a distinctive odor. When attacked, the harvestman regurgitates a drop of fluid to mix with the crystals. The tips of the forelegs are dipped into the fluid then brushed onto the attacker. This defense is called “leg dabbing”. Some fluid remains on the harvestman’s body to keep the attacker away. The fluid is replenished when the harvestman drinks water.

What stages of metamorphosis does it go through?
Male Harvestmen do not court females before mating. Some species reproduce by direct fertilization. In a few species, females reproduce without males.

After fertilization, females use a special slender tube (ovipositor) to insert hundreds of eggs into cracks in the soil. The eggs are inserted one-by-one and overwinter in the soil. Females of one Gonyleptid species build a mud wall around their eggs to protect them.

Young harvestmen molt as they slowly grow larger in the soil. The outgrown cuticle is shed and replaced with a larger one. The new one has folded membranes inside. It is soft and fragile. The immature harvestman swallows air to swell up inside and expand the new cuticle. The mature harvestman will split the cuticle and crawl out in summer. One generation matures each year. In areas where frost occurs, few adults survive until spring.

What special behaviour does it exhibit?
Harvestmen have no silk glands, so they are unable to spin webs to catch prey. They hunt at night and will sit motionless on leaves waiting to ambush their prey.

Dozens of adult daddy longlegs often gather close together with their legs interlaced. In cold weather, they may cluster in knotholes of trees. In dry climates, they gather together during the day. Scientists think they do this to avoid drying out.

Some species of Harvestmen have red mites parasites attached to their legs.

How does this bug affect people?
Harvestmen rarely enter houses. They may be considered a nuisance when they gather in large numbers.

They are medically harmless to people. They do not harm animals, crops, or buildings. They are not venomous although many people wrongly think they are. Some people believe they do not bite. Others say the fangs are able to penetrate skin but only cause a mild reaction.

People once believed daddy longlegs could find lost cattle. To find a lost herd, a farmer would pick up a daddy longlegs by its legs. One leg was left free to point in the direction of the cattle. Some people think killing a daddy longlegs will bring rain.

Harvestmen are beneficial because they eat insects and help decompose dead organic matter.


text:
MediaWiki talk:Edittools

Fractions symbols
G'day, it would be very handy to have the fractions symbols added into this boilerplate. See the Wikipedia equivalent, or just wedge the following code in somewhere:

cheers, Webaware 05:38, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Trouble
My wiki doesn't show it as it should... it just shows the plain text.. do i need to modify anything in the php files? --Gerard armando 05:20, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Nasalization
I think it would be helpful if we could include a number of nasalized vowels for transcription of French and Portuguese at the least, namely: ã ɑ̃  ə̃  ɛ̃  ɔ̃  œ̃  æ̃  ẽ  ĩ  õ  and ũ. On other wikis, they have had trouble getting the combining character ( ̃) to show up on its own, so they included just the common nasalized vowels with the diacritic. Cheers, —Internoob (Disc·Cont·Wikt) 19:08, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I have no objections to putting these under say the Latin list, but I just wanted to make sure this is the complete list of symbols you'd like. Thenub314 (talk) 09:32, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

tie bar
Also the ‿ symbol would be helpful. Thanks. —Internoob (Disc·Cont·Wikt) 19:13, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I have added ‿ under they symbols list. Thenub314 (talk) 09:33, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Edittools


text:
User:PaulCotney~enwikibooks

Pages I have added

 * Pop Boom

title: User:PaulCotney~enwikibooks


text:
User:Swift/Status

[ edit] These days I'm occasionally working on things related to Japanese and Wikibooks maintenance.

Otherwise you can try looking for me in garden or reading somewhere...

title: User:Swift/Status


text:
User talk:202.59.70.164

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Az1568(Talk) 05:57, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.59.70.164


text:
Cookbook:Montreal Russian Borscht

| Cuisine of Russia | Soups

Montreal Russian borscht was a prize winner in Montreal, Canada's Russian community

Ingredients

 * 7 litres water
 * 1 can stewed tomatoes, or an equivalent amount of fresh tomatoes
 * 1 small can tomato paste
 * Sugar to taste
 * Salt, to taste
 * 1 large onion, thinly sliced
 * 1–2 cloves garlic
 * 5–6 medium beets, peeled and julienned
 * 3 medium carrots, peeled and julienned
 * 1 potato, julienned (optional)
 * ½ large white cabbage, shredded

Procedure

 * 1) Fill large stock pot with water. Add can stewed tomatoes, tomato paste, sugar, salt, onion, garlic, and beets, and boil for 20 minutes.
 * 2) Add carrots, cabbage, and potato.
 * 3) Return to a boil and cook for 1.5 hours

Notes, tips, and variations

 * It's very important to remember that this particular recipe is somewhat like wine. The older it gets, the better it gets. It is recommended to let sit in refrigerator for at least two days, before serving. The difference is truly remarkable.

title: Cookbook:Montreal Russian Borscht


text:
User talk:Fokion

Did you know you didn't finish your sentence in Introduction to Psychology:chpt17? I really wanted to know more about the issues you raised, but it stopped mid sentence

title: User talk:Fokion


text:
User talk:Timc

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:03, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Timc


text:
Cookbook:Summer Rolls

| Cuisine of Vietnam

Summer Rolls, or gỏi cuốn in Vietnamese, are wraps of various ingredients in rice wafers, and are often confused with nem or spring rolls (which, in turn, are often confused with egg rolls).

Ingredients

 * 4 rice wafers (rice paper, tapioca sheet)
 * 4–8 prawns
 * 50 g cooked pork or chicken meat
 * 50 g cooked rice vermicelli
 * 1 cucumber, sliced into fingers
 * 4 leaves of leafy lettuce (e.g. romaine/cos, mignonette, etc.)
 * 2 leaves of Chinese cabbage, halved lengthways
 * Fresh herbs, to taste (e.g. coriander, basil, mint)
 * Warm water

Procedure

 * 1) Dip a rice wafer into the warm water and remove immediately when it is completely wet—it only needs to be in the water for a few seconds.
 * 2) Lay the rice wafer on a board or plate.
 * 3) Arrange a portion of the ingredients near the edge of the rice wafer in a neat pile, with the fingers of cucumber roughly parallel to the edge of the wafer.
 * 4) Fold the edge of the wafer over the pile of ingredients, and roll it over once.
 * 5) Fold the sides of the wafer inwards, to close of the ends of the roll you just made.
 * 6) Roll the wafer up the rest of the way, to enclose the roll completely.
 * 7) Set aside for 5 minutes to dry a little before eating.
 * 8) The above process for each summer roll.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Summer rolls can easily be made vegetarian by omitting the prawns and meat, and adding more greens and vegetables like bean sprouts, snow pea sprouts, fingers of carrot.

title: Cookbook:Summer Rolls


text:
User talk:Hamburhgie

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!--Sundance Raphael 10:41, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hamburhgie


text:
User talk:Suhasdpatwardhan~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!--Sundance Raphael 10:41, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Suhasdpatwardhan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Suhasdpatwardhan~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:33, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Suhasdpatwardhan~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Vuongbuivan

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!--Sundance Raphael 10:42, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vuongbuivan


text:
User talk:Anilkishore~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!--Sundance Raphael 10:42, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Anilkishore. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Anilkishore~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:58, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:33, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anilkishore~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Krishnaswamy~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!--Sundance Raphael 10:42, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Krishnaswamy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Krishnaswamy~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:24, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:10, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Krishnaswamy~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Minix 3/Print version

Any Book planned which teaches step-by-step coding of OS (e.g. Minix/Minix-3)
Over time I have been looking for a book which can guide say a C/C++ programmer to write his own OS. Normally books only discuss the various modules(Memory Management, Process Management etc) and stop at that, in case of book on Minix by Andrew S. Tanenbaum it supplied the source code but didn't devote chapters on writing part of the souce code. Any such book available somewhere or is there a plan for the same. Wikipedia user name Vjdchauhan. 203.200.99.67 10:46, 4 January 2007 (UTC).

title: Talk:Minix 3/Print version


text:
User talk:Joenaujokas~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!--Sundance Raphael 10:49, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Joenaujokas. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Joenaujokas~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:17, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:05, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joenaujokas~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Nikkas

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!--Sundance Raphael 11:47, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nikkas


text:
User talk:Surinderjain

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck!--Sundance Raphael 11:48, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Surinderjain


text:
User talk:Redfrettchen

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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title: User talk:Redfrettchen


text:
User talk:Glasshouse~enwikibooks

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title: User talk:Glasshouse~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP1

Was this 'book' written by an idiot? Full of errors all over the place. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.178.75.234 (talk • contribs).

 * Where are the errors? Not all modules are completed or even started. Keytotime 18:47, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * RE: 81.178.75.234. Those comments aren't welcome, rather it would be appreciated if you could give constructive criticism or contribute. --Herraotic 18:58, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP1


text:
User talk:Gmorgan

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User talk:Abhishekmathur

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title: User talk:Abhishekmathur


text:
User talk:MartinY

Very late indeed but "Welcome" nonetheless
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title: User talk:MartinY


text:
Haskell/Zippers

The Labyrinth
"Theseus, we have to do something" said Homer, chief marketing officer of Ancient Geeks Inc.. Theseus put the Minotaur action figure™ back onto the shelf and nodded. "Today's children are no longer interested in the ancient myths, they prefer modern heroes like Spiderman or Sponge Bob." Heroes. Theseus knew well how much he had been a hero in the labyrinth back then on Crete. But those "modern heroes" did not even try to appear realistic. What made them so successful? Anyway, if the pending sales problems could not be resolved, the shareholders would certainly arrange a passage over the Styx for Ancient Geeks Inc.

"Heureka! Theseus, I have an idea: we implement your story with the Minotaur as a computer game! What do you say?" Homer was right. There had been several books, epic (and chart breaking) songs, a mandatory movie trilogy and uncountable Theseus & the Minotaur™ gimmicks, but a computer game was missing. "Perfect, then. Now, Theseus, your task is to implement the game".

A true hero, Theseus chose Haskell as the language to implement the company's redeeming product in. Of course, exploring the labyrinth of the Minotaur was to become one of the game's highlights. He pondered: "We have a two-dimensional labyrinth whose corridors can point in many directions. Of course, we can abstract from the detailed lengths and angles: for the purpose of finding the way out, we only need to know how the path forks. To keep things easy, we model the labyrinth as a tree. This way, the two branches of a fork cannot join again when walking deeper and the player cannot go round in circles. But I think there is enough opportunity to get lost; and this way, if the player is patient enough, they can explore the entire labyrinth with the left-hand rule."

data Node a = DeadEnd a            | Passage a (Node a)             | Fork    a (Node a) (Node a)

Theseus made the nodes of the labyrinth carry an extra parameter of type. Later on, it may hold game relevant information like the coordinates of the spot a node designates, the ambience around it, a list of game items that lie on the floor, or a list of monsters wandering in that section of the labyrinth. We assume that two helper functions

get :: Node a -> a put :: a -> Node a -> Node a

retrieve and change the value of type  stored in the first argument of every constructor of.

"Mh, how to represent the player's current position in the labyrinth? The player can explore deeper by choosing left or right branches, like in"

turnRight :: Node a -> Maybe (Node a) turnRight (Fork _ l r) = Just r  turnRight _            = Nothing

"But replacing the current top of the labyrinth with the corresponding sub-labyrinth this way is not an option, because the player cannot go back then." He pondered. "Ah, we can apply Ariadne's trick with the thread for going back. We simply represent the player's position by the list of branches their thread takes, the labyrinth always remains the same."

data Branch = KeepStraightOn | TurnLeft | TurnRight type Thread = [Branch]

"For example, a thread  means that the player took the right branch at the entrance and then went straight down a   to reach its current position. With the thread, the player can now explore the labyrinth by extending or shortening it. For instance, the function   extends the thread by appending the   to it."

turnRight :: Thread -> Thread turnRight t = t ++ [TurnRight]

"To access the extra data, i.e. the game relevant items and such, we simply follow the thread into the labyrinth."

retrieve :: Thread -> Node a -> a retrieve []                 n             = get n retrieve (KeepStraightOn:bs) (Passage _ n) = retrieve bs n retrieve (TurnLeft      :bs) (Fork _ l r)  = retrieve bs l retrieve (TurnRight     :bs) (Fork _ l r)  = retrieve bs r

Theseus' satisfaction over this solution did not last long. "Unfortunately, if we want to extend the path or go back a step, we have to change the last element of the list. We could store the list in reverse, but even then, we have to follow the thread again and again to access the data in the labyrinth at the player's position. Both actions take time proportional to the length of the thread and for large labyrinths, this will be too long. Isn't there another way?"

Ariadne's Zipper
While Theseus was a skillful warrior, he did not train much in the art of programming and could not find a satisfying solution. After intense but fruitless cogitation, he decided to call his former love Ariadne to ask her for advice. After all, it was she who had the idea with the thread. Our hero immediately recognized the voice. "Hello Ariadne, it's Theseus." An uneasy silence paused the conversation. Theseus remembered well that he had abandoned her on the island of Naxos and knew that she would not appreciate his call. But Ancient Geeks Inc. was on the road to Hades and he had no choice. "Uhm, darling, ... how are you?" Ariadne retorted an icy response, "Well, I uhm ... I need some help with a programming problem. I'm programming a new Theseus & the Minotaur™ computer game." She jeered, "Ariadne, please, I beg of you, Ancient Geeks Inc. is on the brink of insolvency. The game is our last hope!" After a pause, she came to a decision. Theseus turned pale. But what could he do? The situation was desperate enough, so he agreed but only after negotiating Ariadne's share to a tenth.

After Theseus told Ariadne of the labyrinth representation he had in mind, she could immediately give advice, "Huh? What does the problem have to do with my fly?" "Ah." "I know for myself that I want fast updates, but how do I code it?" "But then, the problem is how to go back, because all those sub-labyrinths get lost that the player did not choose to branch into." Ariadne savored Theseus' puzzlement but quickly continued before he could complain that he already used Ariadne's thread,

type Zipper a = (Thread a, Node a)

Theseus didn't say anything.

data Branch a = KeepStraightOn a                | TurnLeft  a (Node a)                | TurnRight a (Node a) type Thread a  = [Branch a]

Theseus interrupts, "Wait, how would I implement this behavior as a function ? And what about the first argument of type   for  ? Ah, I see. We not only need to glue the branch that would get lost, but also the extra data of the   because it would otherwise get lost as well. So, we can generate a new branch by a preliminary"

branchRight (Fork x l r) = TurnRight x l

"Now, we have to somehow extend the existing thread with it." "Aha, this makes extending and going back take only constant time, not time proportional to the length as in my previous version. So the final version of  is"

turnRight :: Zipper a -> Maybe (Zipper a) turnRight (t, Fork x l r) = Just (TurnRight x l : t, r) turnRight _              = Nothing

"That was not too difficult. So let's continue with  for going down a passage. This is even easier than choosing a branch as we only need to keep the extra data:"

keepStraightOn :: Zipper a -> Maybe (Zipper a) keepStraightOn (t, Passage x n) = Just (KeepStraightOn x : t, n) keepStraightOn _               = Nothing

Pleased, he continued, "But the interesting part is to go back, of course. Let's see..."

back :: Zipper a -> Maybe (Zipper a) back ([]                 , _) = Nothing back (KeepStraightOn x : t, n) = Just (t, Passage x n) back (TurnLeft x r    : t , l) = Just (t, Fork x l r) back (TurnRight x l    : t , r) = Just (t, Fork x l r)

"If the thread is empty, we're already at the entrance of the labyrinth and cannot go back. In all other cases, we have to wind up the thread. And thanks to the attachments to the thread, we can actually reconstruct the sub-labyrinth we came from." Ariadne remarked,

Heureka! That was the solution Theseus sought and Ancient Geeks Inc. should prevail, even if partially sold to Ariadne Consulting. But one question remained: "Why is it called zipper?" "'Ariadne's pearl necklace'," he articulated disdainfully. "As if your thread was any help back then on Crete." she replied. "Bah, I need no thread," he defied the fact that he actually did need the thread to program the game. Much to his surprise, she agreed,

"Ah." He didn't need Ariadne's thread but he needed Ariadne to tell him? That was too much. "Thank you, Ariadne, good bye." She did not hide her smirk as he could not see it anyway through the phone.

Half a year later, Theseus stopped in front of a shop window, defying the cold rain that tried to creep under his buttoned up anorak. Blinking letters announced "Spider-Man: lost in the Web" - find your way through the labyrinth of threads - the great computer game by Ancient Geeks Inc. He cursed the day when he called Ariadne and sold her a part of the company. Was it she who contrived the unfriendly takeover by WineOS Corp., led by Ariadne's husband Dionysus? Theseus watched the raindrops finding their way down the glass window. After the production line was changed, nobody would produce Theseus and the Minotaur™ merchandise anymore. He sighed. His time, the time of heroes, was over. Now came the super-heroes.

Differentiation of data types
The previous section has presented the zipper, a way to augment a tree-like data structure  with a finger that can focus on the different subtrees. While we constructed a zipper for a particular data structure, the construction can be easily adapted to different tree data structures by hand.

Mechanical Differentiation
But there is also an entirely mechanical way to derive the zipper of any (suitably regular) data type. Surprisingly, 'derive' is to be taken literally, for the zipper can be obtained by the derivative of the data type, a discovery first described by Conor McBride. The subsequent section is going to explicate this truly wonderful mathematical gem.

For a systematic construction, we need to calculate with types. The basics of structural calculations with types are outlined in a separate chapter ../Generic Programming/ and we will heavily rely on this material.

Let's look at some examples to see what their zippers have in common and how they hint differentiation. The type of binary tree is the fixed point of the recursive equation $$\mathit{Tree2} = 1 + \mathit{Tree2}\times\mathit{Tree2}$$. When walking down the tree, we iteratively choose to enter the left or the right subtree and then glue the not-entered subtree to Ariadne's thread. Thus, the branches of our thread have the type $$\mathit{Branch2} = \mathit{Tree2} + \mathit{Tree2} \cong 2\times\mathit{Tree2}$$. Similarly, the thread for a ternary tree $$\mathit{Tree3} = 1 + \mathit{Tree3}\times\mathit{Tree3}\times\mathit{Tree3}$$ has branches of type $$\mathit{Branch3} = 3\times\mathit{Tree3}\times\mathit{Tree3}$$ because at every step, we can choose between three subtrees and have to store the two subtrees we don't enter. Isn't this strikingly similar to the derivatives $$\frac{d}{dx} x^2 = 2\times x$$ and $$\frac{d}{dx} x^3 = 3\times x^2$$?

The key to the mystery is the notion of the one-hole context of a data structure. Imagine a data structure parameterised over a type $$X$$, like the type of trees $$\mathit{Tree}\,X$$. If we were to remove one of the items of this type $$X$$ from the structure and somehow mark the now empty position, we obtain a structure with a marked hole. The result is called "one-hole context" and inserting an item of type $$X$$ into the hole gives back a completely filled $$\mathit{Tree}\,X$$. The hole acts as a distinguished position, a focus. The figures illustrate this.

Of course, we are interested in the type to give to a one-hole context, i.e. how to represent it in Haskell. The problem is how to efficiently mark the focus. But as we will see, finding a representation for one-hole contexts by induction on the structure of the type we want to take the one-hole context of automatically leads to an efficient data type. So, given a data structure $$F\, X$$ with a functor $$F$$ and an argument type $$X$$, we want to calculate the type $$\partial F\, X$$ of one-hole contexts from the structure of $$F$$. As our choice of notation $$\partial F$$ already reveals, the rules for constructing one-hole contexts of sums, products and compositions are exactly Leibniz' rules for differentiation. Of course, the function  that fills a hole has the type $$(\partial F\,X) \times X \to F\,X$$.

So far, the syntax $$\partial$$ denotes the differentiation of functors, i.e. of a kind of type functions with one argument. But there is also a handy expression oriented notation $$\partial_X$$ slightly more suitable for calculation. The subscript indicates the variable with respect to which we want to differentiate. In general, we have $$(\partial F)\,X=\partial_X(F\,X)$$ An example is $$\partial(\mathit{Id}\times\mathit{Id})\,X=\partial_X(X\times X)=1\times X + X\times 1 \cong 2\times X$$ Of course, $$\partial_X$$ is just point-wise whereas $$\partial$$ is point-free style.

Zippers via Differentiation
The above rules enable us to construct zippers for recursive data types $$\mu F := \mu X.\,F\,X$$ where $$F$$ is a polynomial functor. A zipper is a focus on a particular subtree, i.e. substructure of type $$\mu F$$ inside a large tree of the same type. As in the previous chapter, it can be represented by the subtree we want to focus at and the thread, that is the context in which the subtree resides $$\mathit{Zipper}_F = \mu F\times\mathit{Context}_F$$. Now, the context is a series of steps each of which chooses a particular subtree $$\mu F$$ among those in $$F\,\mu F$$. Thus, the unchosen subtrees are collected together by the one-hole context $$\partial F\,(\mu F)$$. The hole of this context comes from removing the subtree we've chosen to enter. Putting things together, we have $$\mathit{Context}_F = \mathit{List}\, (\partial F\,(\mu F))$$. or equivalently $$\mathit{Context}_F = 1 + \partial F\,(\mu F) \times \mathit{Context}_F$$.

To illustrate how a concrete calculation proceeds, let's systematically construct the zipper for our labyrinth data type

data Node a = DeadEnd a            | Passage a (Node a)             | Fork a (Node a) (Node a)

This recursive type is the fixed point $$\mathit{Node}\,A = \mu X.\,\mathit{NodeF}_A\,X$$ of the functor $$\mathit{NodeF}_A\,X = A + A\times X + A\times X\times X$$. In other words, we have $$\mathit{Node}\,A \cong \mathit{NodeF}_A\,(\mathit{Node}\,A) \cong A + A\times \mathit{Node}\,A + A\times \mathit{Node}\,A\times \mathit{Node}\,A$$. The derivative reads $$\partial_X(\mathit{NodeF}_A\,X) \cong A + 2\times A\times X$$ and we get $$\partial \mathit{NodeF}_A\,(\mathit{Node}\,A) \cong A + 2\times A\times \mathit{Node}\,A$$. Thus, the context reads $$\mathit{Context}_\mathit{NodeF} \cong \mathit{List}\,(\partial \mathit{NodeF}_A\,(\mathit{Node}\,A)) \cong \mathit{List}\,(A + 2\times A\times (\mathit{Node}\,A))$$. Comparing with

data Branch a = KeepStraightOn a                | TurnLeft  a (Node a)                | TurnRight a (Node a) type Thread a  = [Branch a]

we see that both are exactly the same as expected!

Differentiation of Fixed Point
There is more to data types than sums and products, we also have a fixed point operator with no direct correspondence in calculus. Consequently, the table is missing a rule of differentiation, namely how to differentiate fixed points $$\mu F\,X = \mu Y.\,F\,X\,Y$$: $$\partial_X(\mu F\,X) = {?}$$. As its formulation involves the chain rule in two variables, we delegate it to the exercises. Instead, we will calculate it for our concrete example type $$\mathit{Node}\,A$$: $$\begin{matrix} \partial_A(\mathit{Node}\,A) &=& \partial_A(A + A\times\mathit{Node}\,A + A\times \mathit{Node}\,A\times\mathit{Node}\,A)\\ &\cong& 1 + \mathit{Node}\,A + \mathit{Node}\,A\times\mathit{Node}\,A\\ &&+ \partial_A(\mathit{Node}\,A)\times(A + 2\times A\times\mathit{Node}\,A) .\end{matrix}$$ Of course, expanding $$\partial_A(\mathit{Node}\,A)$$ further is of no use, but we can see this as a fixed point equation and arrive at $$\partial_A(\mathit{Node}\,A) = \mu X.\,T\,A + S\,A \times X$$ with the abbreviations $$T\,A = 1 + \mathit{Node}\,A + \mathit{Node}\,A\times\mathit{Node}\,A$$ and $$S\,A = A + 2\times A\times\mathit{Node}\,A$$. The recursive type is like a list with element types $$S\,A$$, only that the empty list is replaced by a base case of type $$T\,A$$. But given that the list is finite, we can replace the base case with $$1$$ and pull $$T\,A$$ out of the list: $$\partial_A(\mathit{Node}\,A) \cong T\,A \times (\mu X.\,1+S\,A\times X) = T\,A\times\mathit{List}\,(S\,A)$$. Comparing with the zipper we derived in the last paragraph, we see that the list type is our context $$\mathit{List}\,(S\,A) \cong \mathit{Context}_{\mathit{NodeF}}$$ and that $$A\times T\,A \cong \mathit{Node}\,A$$. In the end, we have $$\mathit{Zipper}_{\mathit{NodeF}} \cong \partial_A(\mathit{Node}\,A) \times A$$. Thus, differentiating our concrete example $$\mathit{Node}\,A$$ with respect to $$A$$ yields the zipper up to an $$A$$!

Differentation with respect to functions of the argument
When finding the type of a one-hole context one does d f(x)/d x. It is entirely possible to solve expressions like d f(x)/d g(x). For example, solving d x^4 / d x^2 gives 2x^2, a two-hole context of a 4-tuple. The derivation is as follows let u=x^2 d x^4 / d x^2 = d u^2 /d u = 2u = 2 x^2.

Zippers vs Contexts
In general however, zippers and one-hole contexts denote different things. The zipper is a focus on arbitrary subtrees whereas a one-hole context can only focus on the argument of a type constructor. Take for example the data type

data Tree a = Leaf a | Bin (Tree a) (Tree a)

which is the fixed point $$\mathit{Tree}\,A = \mu X.\,A+X\times X$$. The zipper can focus on subtrees whose top is  or   but the hole of one-hole context of $$\mathit{Tree}\,A$$ may only focus a  s because this is where the items of type $$A$$ reside. The derivative of $$\mathit{Node}\,A$$ only turned out to be the zipper because every top of a subtree is always decorated with an $$A$$.

Conclusion
We close this section by asking how it may happen that rules from calculus appear in a discrete setting. Currently, nobody knows. But at least, there is a discrete notion of linear, namely in the sense of "exactly once". The key feature of the function that plugs an item of type $$X$$ into the hole of a one-hole context is the fact that the item is used exactly once, i.e. linearly. We may think of the plugging map as having type $$\partial_X F\,X \to (X \multimap F\,X)$$ where $$A \multimap B$$ denotes a linear function, one that does not duplicate or ignore its argument, as in linear logic. In a sense, the one-hole context is a representation of the function space $$X \multimap F\,X$$, which can be thought of being a linear approximation to $$X\to F\,X$$.

title: Haskell/Zippers


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Unsolved archive

Unsolved archive
No idea what to make of this. It has been around since 2004 and was apparently intended for VfD then but I cannot find it in any archive. It seems to me to be inappropriate for WB. -- Herby talk thyme 14:05, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Sharp eyed Iamunknown spotted that the VfD arc is actually on the talk page (keep an eye on him!). I wouldn't call it conclusive so lets see what happens this time -- Herby talk thyme 16:39, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep - Part of this book (OK only one part) is highly developed and apparently was a former book of the month. It has potential if only someone would help save it. Xania 22:05, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, the Consciousness Studies is a separate book. --Swift 18:53, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Delete. No meaningful content and is going nowhere (and isn't supposed to according to the original contributor]). The VfD discussion on the talk page seems to refer to Unsolved problems in biology, not Unsolved archive or Unsolved problems in biology and all the comments on the talk page have timestamps predating the wikibook creation. It seems that the book was created as an archive for whatever reasons. This is, of course, unnecessary since everything is stored in the history. Furthermore it is a violation of the GFDL since it was copied without copying the history of past contributors. --Swift 18:53, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. As per User:Swift. Good detective work, all! --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:50, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry to use your precious electrons. Feel free to delete the page. --JWSurf 05:15, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete. As per User:Swift. --Panic 18:36, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - This was a very, very early experiment on Wikibooks back well before anybody here had any idea what Wikibooks even could be, and in a sense I might want to keep it around to clearly demonstrate that Wikibooks wasn't exclusively for the development of textbooks, as some revisionist historians might try to claim. I have seen this page before, and considered it a sort of quaint sideshow to Wikibooks.  Comments about dealing with the history tab and other features of MediaWiki software notwithanding, there were legitimate reasons to create this page all so many years ago.  Transwiki standards were non-existent and MediaWiki was quite primitive to use when this page was created, nor were naming standards established for Wikibooks and subpages weren't available.  All this said, however, I don't see the reason for maintaining this page.  The only possible alternative is to perhaps move the page to Unsolved problems in biology/Archive, but that is only a suggestion.  This "page" isn't needed. --Rob Horning 19:56, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for a very interesting comment. I would argue that if we want to leave some historical evidence, then an annal — something like History would be interesting — could be better (or, at least, an important complement) since anyone looking for this type of content would have great difficulty finding it and understanding the background of it. The former could, however, be made easier by tagging it like Help:Textbook planning and categorizing.
 * As for your "possible alternative", I think it would be a good compromise if anyone wants this kept. Actually, this is so good an idea that I'm considering changing my vote. --Swift 22:37, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Given these comments, I would strongly ask that the article be archived at History as Swift suggested. I have found it really difficult coming back to Wikibooks after a year-long absence. I've been trying to keep up on current events, understand why past events happened the way they did, and it is tough. This could be very useful for me and for others who feel the insane need to understand everything they possibly can. *sigh* Thanks, Iamunknown 17:56, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Very confused. Something ain't right here. The writing style is similar to Unsolved_problems_in_biology, and that page links to that book as well. Perhaps there should be a whole VfD for the book, but a VfD for what seems to be a single page that didn't follow naming policy doesn't really seem... right. Basically, delete if this is a book. Keep if this is part of Unsolved problems in biology --Dragontamer 22:10, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * As I tried to explain, this is similar because it is the "archived version" of a transwikied article from Wikipedia. Your confusion is reasonable unless you understand the historical context that it comes from, which is why the links to this article are so important to look at.  --Rob Horning 15:07, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete per everybody. Kellen T 16:21, 2 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook:Vermicelli

Vermicelli is long, thin, noodles often used in South-East Asian Cuisine. It is usually made from rice, but may also be made from mung beans.

It’s a versatile ingredient used in a variety of dishes, from Italian to Asian cuisine. In Italian, “vermicelli” means “little worms,” which describes its thin, worm-like appearance.

Variations

 * Wheat Vermicelli: The traditional form, made from wheat flour, commonly used in Italian and Mediterranean dishes.
 * Rice Vermicelli: A gluten-free alternative prevalent in Asian cuisine, made from rice flour, and essential in dishes like spring rolls and noodle soups.
 * Semolina Vermicelli: Often used in Indian cuisine for dishes like vermicelli pudding, it’s made from ground durum wheat.

Nutritional information
Vermicelli, depending on its base ingredient, offers varying nutritional benefits. Wheat vermicelli is a good source of carbohydrates and proteins, with some essential vitamins like B-vitamins. Rice vermicelli is gluten-free and lighter, making it suitable for those with gluten sensitivities. However, like many pasta types, vermicelli is low in fiber, so it’s beneficial to pair it with fiber-rich vegetables or whole grains.

Regional uses

 * Italian Cuisine: In Italy, vermicelli is often used in soups and pasta dishes, sometimes served with seafood or light sauces.
 * Asian Cuisine: Rice vermicelli is a staple, featured in spring rolls, noodle soups, and stir-fries across various Asian countries.
 * Middle Eastern Cuisine: Vermicelli is used in both savory and sweet dishes, often toasted and added to rice or used in desserts with sugar and milk.
 * Indian Cuisine: Semolina vermicelli is popular in sweet and savory dishes, like kheer (pudding) and upma (a seasoned thick mixture).

Substitutions and alternatives

 * Spaghetti or Angel Hair: These can be used as alternatives, adjusting cooking time due to thickness differences.
 * Rice Noodles: A suitable substitute for rice vermicelli, especially in Asian dishes.
 * Soba or Udon Noodles: These can offer a different texture and flavor but can be used in various recipes.
 * Gluten-Free Options: For those with gluten sensitivities, gluten-free pasta varieties are available.

Recipes

 * 1) Sheer Khurma
 * 2) Egyptian Rice with Vermicelli
 * 3) Seviyan Ji Khirni #(Sindhi Vermicelli Pudding)
 * 4) Noodle

title: Cookbook:Vermicelli


text:
User talk:64.251.50.130

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 13:48, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

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You are blocked -- Herby talk thyme 14:14, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.251.50.130


text:
User talk:212.202.234.98

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title: User talk:212.202.234.98


text:
Cookbook:Rice Wafer

| South-East Asian cuisines

Rice wafer, also nems wafer, rice paper, tapioca sheet, is used in South-East Asian cuisine, often as a wrap.

Recipes using rice wafers

 * summer rolls
 * nem

title: Cookbook:Rice Wafer