text:
Talk:Bartending/Tiki Bar TV recipes

* (cur) (last) 20:38, 20 May 2006 64.59.144.21 * (cur) (last) 05:24, 10 May 2006 12.214.223.54 (→Recipes) * (cur) (last) 00:10, 25 April 2006 Drhaggis m (→Episode 15 - Legal Ease - bold that cocktail name, tiki gods have mercyt) * (cur) (last) 21:37, 24 April 2006 69.140.9.225 (→Episode 15 - Legal Ease - Added name of drink) * (cur) (last) 21:36, 24 April 2006 69.140.9.225 (Added recipie for EP.15) * (cur) (last) 13:57, 14 April 2006 Gfk m (Added a link to Newfoundland_Screech) * (cur) (last) 19:35, 29 March 2006 Xyzzyplugh (-((move to wikibooks))- recipes don't belong on wikpedia, per WP:NOT) * (cur) (last) 15:50, 28 March 2006 Bpage (→Episode 14 - Boomerang) * (cur) (last) 15:50, 28 March 2006 Bpage (→Episode 14 - Boomerang) * (cur) (last) 12:17, 23 March 2006 Drhaggis (new page for tiki recipies, see Tiki bar TV talk page for discussion)
 * (cur) (last) 20:39, 20 May 2006 Mboverload m (Reverted edits by 64.59.144.21 (talk) to version 52477631 by 12.214.223.54 using VandalProof)

title: Talk:Bartending/Tiki Bar TV recipes


text:
Cookbook:Tortilla de Patatas

Tortilla de patatas (potato omelette) is also sometimes called Tortilla española de patatas (Spanish omelette) to differentiate it from the dish commonly known as tortilla francesa (French omelette) or just tortilla, which is made only with eggs, as well as from the Mexican/Mesoamerican tortilla made from maize/corn or wheat flour. It is a very popular dish at any kind of event in Spain and can be served either cold or hot. It is also served as a tapas dish. Although potatoes and eggs are the basic and in most cases the only ingredients of a tortilla de patatas, other vegetables can also be found accompanying it such as onions and, more rarely, red peppers, chives, artichokes, ham or even chorizo, and then it is called tortilla paisana.

Ingredients

 * 3 lb (1200 g) potatoes
 * 4 eggs
 * 2 cups olive oil
 * Salt

Procedure

 * 1) Peel the potatoes and cut them into small cubes or thin round slices. Sprinkle with salt and leave any excess water to drain from them while heating the oil to around 350°F (177°C) in a large frying pan.
 * 2) Fry the potato slices until they are very slightly golden, although this is a matter of taste: the more golden and crisp the potatoes are, the juicier will be the omelette. For a dryer and thicker tortilla, turn the heat down and let the potatoes cook gently until tender and soft.
 * 3) Remove the potatoes from the oil and drain. Beat the eggs, add salt to taste and mix with the potato chips. Leave them to soak for 10 minutes.
 * 4) Heat 1 tablespoon of the olive oil in a frying pan and, when it's smoking hot, add the potato and egg mixture. Use a smaller frying pan so you will get a thicker and well-rounded omelette. Shake the pan to avoid the omelette sticking or burning.
 * 5) After a few minutes, turn the omelette over with the help of a flat lid or a large dish, and leave until golden on the other side.
 * 6) Serve hot or cold accompanied by a salad.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook:Tortilla de Patatas


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Cookbook talk:Tortilla de Patatas

* (cur) (last) 09:16, 20 May 2006 Picapica (-- rösti (see talk)) * (cur) (last) 18:34, 14 May 2006 67.173.246.202 * (cur) (last) 18:33, 14 May 2006 67.173.246.202 * (cur) (last) 22:59, 12 May 2006 66.215.22.64 * (cur) (last) 08:22, 10 May 2006 Shenme (Revert to revision dated 02:00, 5 May 2006 by Fredil_Yupigo, oldid 51616856 using popups) * (cur) (last) 08:14, 10 May 2006 71.16.198.246 * (cur) (last) 19:00, 4 May 2006 Fredil Yupigo (Reverted edits by 71.254.108.181 (talk) to last version by 194.30.63.135 using VandalProof) * (cur) (last) 19:00, 4 May 2006 71.254.108.181 (→Method) * (cur) (last) 06:01, 19 March 2006 194.30.63.135 * (cur) (last) 09:23, 14 March 2006 212.219.231.1 (or actually maize/corn, in the case of the Mexican tortilla) * (cur) (last) 17:05, 5 March 2006 Dr.frog m (categories) * (cur) (last) 03:09, 14 February 2006 Chlewbot m (robot Adding: nl) * (cur) (last) 09:51, 10 February 2006 86.143.195.67 (→Ingredients) * (cur) (last) 11:43, 16 January 2006 Eskimbot m (robot Adding: fr) * (cur) (last) 21:15, 1 January 2006 83.180.170.162 (→Method) * (cur) (last) 11:20, 10 December 2005 63.100.44.98 (→Method) * (cur) (last) 14:53, 31 October 2005 RobyWayne m (Bot-assisted disambiguation of Egg.) * (cur) (last) 13:35, 20 October 2005 CDN99 (merged with spanish tortilla) * (cur) (last) 10:59, 29 September 2005 Unyoyega m (+: de, es) * (cur) (last) 20:50, 12 July 2005 Dforest m (ital) * (cur) (last) 19:25, 12 July 2005 Dforest * (cur) (last) 17:33, 10 July 2005 Uaxuctum (merge) * (cur) (last) 03:45, 16 April 2005 TheParanoidOne m (Stub-sorting. You can help!) * (cur) (last) 16:57, 24 March 2005 203.134.7.23 (→External links) * (cur) (last) 07:11, 21 January 2005 213.51.209.230 * (cur) (last) 18:54, 13 November 2004 203.134.7.48 * (cur) (last) 09:20, 5 October 2004 Dominus m (stub) * (cur) (last) 21:55, 13 August 2004 RedWolf m (disambiguation: egg) * (cur) (last) 08:59, 5 August 2004 Burschik m (added category) * (cur) (last) 15:56, 7 March 2004 Hadal m (Reverted edits by 65.136.2.113 to last version by Heron) * (cur) (last) 12:06, 22 February 2004 65.136.2.113 * (cur) (last) 07:10, 3 April 2003 Heron m (copyedit) * (cur) (last) 06:55, 3 April 2003 193.145.234.39 * (cur) (last) 06:48, 3 April 2003 193.145.234.39 * (cur) (last) 05:52, 3 April 2003 193.145.234.39 (One of the most popular dishes in Spain)
 * (cur) (last) 05:26, 26 May 2006 Marianocecowski (+Category:Argentine cuisine) [rollback] [proxycheck]

title: Cookbook talk:Tortilla de Patatas


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Cookbook talk:Jambalaya II

Renaming
I believe that renaming this category to "Jambalaya" would be more appropriate and succinct than its present name as "Soul food."

Doubtless, there are numerous recipes which can comprise the "Soul food" category" - a name which emerged during the late 1960's to mid 1970's and which referred colloquially to food prepared and eaten predominately by Negroes in the United States of America, which also originated in the Southeastern United States.

There is much information available on the dish jambalaya and it's anthropological history. If there is no commentary validating reasons against renaming, then I will procede. Kevin L. Bardon 03:05, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Jambalaya II


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Talk:SPARC Assembly

I have created some templates for use in this book:

 * Template:SPARC Assembly Page
 * Template:SPARC Instruction

--Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 03:35, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:SPARC Assembly


text:
SPARC Assembly/Multiplication and Division

Looking through the lists of instructions, it becomes clear that multiplication and division operations are not provided in SPARC: at least not in a form that most programmers are familiar with. This page is going to discuss the algorithms used to perform multiplication and division operations in SPARC

Example
To multiply %l3 and %l4 and store in %l5:


text:
Old English/The spoken language

Introduction
Old English as a language was spoken from around 450 AD to around 1100 AD in England. Like all spoken languages, it had its dialects, and it evolved in both vocabulary and form. However, the majority of written Old English is in the West Saxon dialect, and that is the dialect exemplified here.

title: Old English/The spoken language


text:
Basic Bitmap Image Editing

Suppose you have an image file. You think it would look great on a Wiki page, but it's not quite perfect. Perhaps it's too dark, or too big? If only you could clean it up a bit it would look great! Have no fear. This tutorial will show you a few tricks to turn an OK image into a thing of beauty.

Getting started
The first thing to do is open up an image-editing program. There are several possibilities.

 * Adobe Photoshop: The best in the business, it has lots of plug ins, is used by professionals, but is very expensive.
 * GIMP: Rapidly becoming very popular, and available for both Linux and Windows. For designing web graphics, GIMP is quite comparable to Photoshop, with the added benefit that it is free software.
 * Corel PhotoPaint: In price is intermediate between Paint Shop Pro and Photoshop, but much closer to Photoshop in abilities. Very configurable.
 * Paint Shop Pro: Used to be shareware but now is sold reasonably cheaply (compared to Photoshop). Runs on Windows machines.
 * IrfanView: A free, lightweight, and fast image viewer and converter. Faster than Photoshop and GIMP for quick image optimizations, but lacks advanced editing functionality.
 * CodedColor: Provides less image editing functionality then Photoshop but included many useful tools like image viewing, creation of web albums, organization of pictures with keywords and annotations.
 * Adobe Photoshop Elements: Comes as part of some scanner and digital camera software. Described as for the serious hobbyist, it is a compendious version of Photoshop.
 * Microsoft Paint: Comes with the Windows operating system. If you have a Windows machine you don't even have to bother installing it. However, it is severely limited in what it can do. (It makes a good combination together with IrfanView. Before saving, re-export by C&P.)
 * Microsoft Photo Editor: Comes with Windows versions of Microsoft Office. If you have a Windows machine with a full installation of the ubiquitous Microsoft Office product, you don't even have to bother installing it. Though, like Paint, it is severely limited in what it can do, its limitations are different. Therefore, by alternately opening an image in one and then the other of Photo Editor and Paint, one can accomplish most common image editing tasks, at the cost of some tedium since neither program by itself has all the needed features.

For the rest of this tutorial, I will be describing how to use Paint Shop Pro to perform some simple image manipulations. {Only because this is the program with which I am most familiar, perhaps others could add sections on how to do things in GIMP etc.}

Irfanview: Resizing and cropping
How to put image data into appropriate size.

 * For the reason of filesize. This is relevant for websites, and image collections (galleries)
 * For preview purpose (so called thumbnail). Irfanview allows to put thumbnails from directory content into a single image.
 * For detail purpose (only a particiualar detail is interesting, or border areas contain data which is not required).
 * For "speedy display" purpose (the more tiny a file, it quicker it shows up/travels on the internet).

 * Scaling and Resampling (for filesize purpose) It is possible to scale via HTML attribute (img height= width=). This should only be used for variation about 50 percent. It occurs that tiny thumbnails are indeed based on 500kbyte files. Scaling should be done in a way the information remains clearly visible. Resampling is to amplify data by interpolation. It often works for up to double size for clear sources, but does not increase the amount of information. For this reason it is important to keep a "master" file in lossless format and maximal resolution. Any scaling should be done directly from the master (however often it does not make a big difference). Size needs can differ much according to display hardware (the monitor). Hence it is good practice to show a directory (tree-like structure) of thumbnails, which link to images in high resolution. If the image display is static, then choose a filesize, which is possible to display within a few seconds, preferably immediately. Try to keep internet images around 50 kbytes, and test the page display under a slow connection.
 * Resizing (to emphasize details) In general, first crop out border areas, then adjust colors, then scale the image, and in the last instance probably reduce the color depth. This guarantees as little processing loss as possible.

Select the Image menu. Then select "Resize/Resample".

Irfanview: Adjusting parameters (color, brightness etc.)
This has the purpose of "realistic" appearance (by default)

Some images can be color reduced (the color depth), even with a result in increasing "subjective" quality. Others do not take color reduction well, or the filesize increases above that of JPEG. Try to modify parameters in this sequence: First the Saturation, then Contrast, then Gamma factor, then R/G/B intensity. Adjusting Brightness easily gives unrealistic results. It is possible to operate these factors artistically, but most likely a "normal" image should be archived. This means how it would like to appear in daylight at 12pm, or under standard office light. Too bright images can disappear completely on some monitors. Generally different monitors can cause a change of 50 percent, there is never "exact" reproduction. In case of doubt, test the image file on different computers.

Select the Image menu. Then select "Enhance colors".

Irfanview: The saving format
JPEG has become standard. However it is a lossy format, you should always keep a master file in a lossless format. Reduction of quality to 85, 80, even 70 does not bug most images too much. However some can become quite ugly, and require high quality. PNG requires more storage space. However, if the color depth is reduced, below 256 and even downwards to 5 unique colors, it sometimes outperforms JPEG! It is worth trying to save in different formats, and to carefully examine the results, compare versions in different JPEG quality next to each other on the screen.

Go to "File/Save as..
 * Remove the "point and extension" (if contained in the filename)
 * Choose a meaningful filename, probably including number of colors, x-resolution, year, performed effect.
 * Differ if it is a personal file, or if others may have to decipher the meaning years later.
 * Do not save/distribute files under unchanged names produced by digital cameras (except personal pictures).
 * Select the appreciate format, and control the parameters (quality), and options (transparent color etc.).

The image is too big
Sometimes an image is so large it dominates the page. As a general rule, images should not be more than about 300 pixels wide. The image that you see on the right would be over 500 pixels wide if it were simply to be uploaded. There are several things that can be done about a very large image. If it is a scanned image, it can be rescanned at a lower resolution. If however the image is digital it must be either resized or cropped.

Resizing
Select I mage then Res i ze. You then get to choose the size of the image you want. Take care when resizing. The only way to make an image smaller is to throw away some of the pixels. If the image contains text, the pixels that get thrown away are not necessarily the ones that a human being would choose. If the top few pixels of the letter d are lost it becomes an a. Sometimes the only way to render readable, resized, text is to use the magnifying glass to look really close up, then pick up the correct colour with the dropper (the button that looks like a pipette), and finally select a one pixel paint brush to paint the letters in a pixel at a time.(The size of the paint brush can be adjusted from the style bar, which can be found on the v iew menu).

Cropping
If only part of the image is needed, it can be easily cropped. Use the selection tool to select the area that is wanted (see Fig.1) then copy and paste as a new image.

The image is dark or the color is wrong
If the image looks to bright or too dark it can be adjusted by clicking on color then adjust then selecting brightness/contrast. A box pops up (fig. 2) with a small window that allows you to see the effect that any changes will have. Color can be adjusted similarly by selecting red/green/blue instead of brightness/contrast.

There is a tree growing out of someone's head
Well not literally perhaps, but often there are parts of the image that you would prefer are not there. The trouble is if you simple delete them with the eraser tool, you'll end up with a great big splodge of the background colour. What you would like to do is remove the offending tree but leave the sky alone.

Using the clone tool to erase offending objects
The clone tool (the button with two brushes) copies one area of the picture to another. To use it, you first right click the area you want to copy from, then left click and drag the area you want to copy to. A black cross appears on the picture to show you where you are copying from. On the picture on the right, you can see the tree is being erased by copying a portion of the sky over the tree.

title: Basic Bitmap Image Editing


text:
Talk:Basic Bitmap Image Editing

* (cur) (last) 02:47, 24 April 2006 Akidd dublin m (→Getting started - remark about MSPAINT) * (cur) (last) 15:37, 4 April 2006 80.177.20.202 (→Getting started) * (cur) (last) 04:58, 13 November 2005 Bluebot m (Robot: Changing category Image help) * (cur) (last) 20:31, 20 April 2005 Beland (Move to Wikibooks) * (cur) (last) 18:47, 3 April 2005 80.177.20.202 (→Getting started) * (cur) (last) 16:05, 10 March 2005 Grendelkhan m (use PNG screenshot, not JPG) * (cur) (last) 10:02, 26 February 2005 Havarhen m (→Getting started - Added link to the Free software article on WP for the mention of The GIMP) * (cur) (last) 07:13, 17 February 2005 194.78.3.50 (→Getting started - typos) * (cur) (last) 17:19, 16 February 2005 161.149.63.107 (→The image is dark or the COLOR is wrong) * (cur) (last) 08:59, 11 December 2004 Rick Sidwell m (→The image is too big - avoid redirect) * (cur) (last) 20:15, 1 December 2004 Rick Sidwell m (corrected link) * (cur) (last) 20:53, 27 November 2004 4.245.173.243 * (cur) (last) 07:45, 28 October 2004 Zigger m (Rv category change.) * (cur) (last) 07:39, 28 October 2004 Zigger (Caps. Wikified image syntax. Disambiguated resolution. Adj. hdr level. Changed category.) * (cur) (last) 17:17, 19 October 2004 Mrbrak m (→Getting Started) * (cur) (last) 09:32, 13 October 2004 Poccil (→Getting Started) * (cur) (last) 09:31, 13 October 2004 Poccil (→Getting Started) * (cur) (last) 15:12, 17 September 2004 Benc (→Getting Started - +irfanview) * (cur) (last) 18:31, 31 August 2004 Gracefool (Category:Image help) * (cur) (last) 21:12, 9 June 2004 Chris 73 m   * (cur) (last) 20:52, 9 June 2004 Chris 73 (Category:Wikipedia images) * (cur) (last) 11:46, 21 April 2004 Theresa knott m (=Using The clone tool to erase Offending Objects=) * (cur) (last) 11:45, 21 April 2004 Theresa knott m (=Resizing= changing f to t -->d to a)   * (cur) (last) 21:15, 5 March 2004 Minesweeper m (dab Windows) * (cur) (last) 05:41, 24 February 2004 Patrick m   * (cur) (last) 15:50, 1 February 2004 Pakaran (revert because there is no noticable improvement in article, sorry) * (cur) (last) 15:49, 1 February 2004 217.132.105.171 * (cur) (last) 11:29, 13 September 2003 Alfio m (scanner -> scanner (computing)) * (cur) (last) 09:01, 23 June 2003 Codedcolor * (cur) (last) 06:05, 16 June 2003 Jimfbleak m (added Adobe Elements) * (cur) (last) 05:58, 16 June 2003 Theresa knott m (fixed link to plug ins) * (cur) (last) 14:09, 30 May 2003 Wapcaplet (additional info about the GIMP (for web graphics, it really is comparable, if not better, than Photoshop)) * (cur) (last) 00:50, 1 April 2003 Theresa knott m (spelling and numbering the illustrations) * (cur) (last) 03:52, 31 March 2003 Theresa knott m (Putting a small gap between the pictures I has to use  &nbsp</td  Is this the best way to do it?) * (cur) (last) 01:52, 31 March 2003 Theresa knott m (Making captions bold) * (cur) (last) 01:47, 31 March 2003 Theresa knott m (Getting the graphics to align properly) * (cur) (last) 12:07, 29 March 2003 Theresa knott (Adding link to graphics tutorials) * (cur) (last) 11:59, 29 March 2003 Theresa knott (adjusting the positioning of the brightness graphic) * (cur) (last) 06:41, 29 March 2003 Theresa knott (A first attempt. Lot's more work needed)
 * (cur) (last) 03:33, 27 April 2006 Akidd dublin (added some information of "how to" (IrfanView)) [rollback] [proxycheck]

title: Talk:Basic Bitmap Image Editing


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Talk:IB Chemistry/Option Definitions

The thalidomide material was libellous and untrue before I edited it! I'm all for strong opinions, but not in favour of shooting one's mouth off without justification. 8-) Ewen 08:44, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:IB Chemistry/Option Definitions


text:
Cookbook:Rugelach

Rugelach is a Jewish pastry with a variety of fillings, such as raisins, walnuts, and sometimes chocolate.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups (260 g) all-purpose flour
 * ½ cup (65 g) plus 4 tsp white granulated sugar
 * 1 tsp cinnamon
 * ½ tsp salt
 * 1 cup loosely packed golden raisins, chopped
 * 1 ¼ cups walnuts (¼ lb), finely chopped
 * 16 tbsp (2 sticks) unsalted butter, softened
 * 8 oz (220 g) cream cheese, softened
 * 1 cup apricot jam or raspberry jam
 * Milk to brush

Procedure

 * 1) Whisk flour and salt in a medium bowl.
 * 2) Beat butter and cream cheese in a large bowl with a mixer until well combined.
 * 3) Stir in flour until the contents is the consistency of dough.
 * 4) Roll the dough into a ball and wrap in plastic; flatten into a 5 x 7 inch (12 x 17 cm) rectangle.
 * 5) Refrigerate for 12–24 hours.
 * 6) Line a large shallow baking pan with parchment paper. Preheat oven to 350°F.
 * 7) Cut the chilled dough into 4 even pieces, and return all but 1 to the fridge in plastic wrap. Roll the remaining piece into a 12 x 8 inch (30 x 19 cm) rectangle on a floured surface with a floured rolling pin (to prevent sticking).
 * 8) Put the flattened dough on parchment paper, and then return to the fridge to chill while you repeat the flattening process on all other dough quarters.
 * 9) After you are done flattening the dough, return the last piece to the fridge.
 * 10) Whisk the ½ cup sugar with cinnamon in a medium bowl.
 * 11) Take one dough quarter out of the fridge and spread ¼ cup of the jam over the dough with a spatula. Over the dough, scatter ¼ cup of raisins and then walnuts, finally 2 tablespoons of the whisked cinnamon sugar.
 * 12) Roll the dough quarter up into a tight cylinder. Place the dough cylinder seam-side down in the baking pan and close and tuck the ends.
 * 13) Repeat the same process with the other 3 dough rectangles.
 * 14) Finish the cylinders by brushing with milk, sprinkle each with a teaspoon of sugar. Using a large knife, score the dough cylinders with ¾ inch (2 cm) deep cuts, at one inch intervals.
 * 15) Bake at 350°F (180°C) for 45–50 minutes.
 * 16) Take out of the oven, cool in the pan on a wire rack for 30 minutes. Transfer cylinders to a cutting board and cut slices from the cylinders to make rugelach.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Instead of using raisins, try substituting mini chocolate chips.

title: Cookbook:Rugelach


text:
Handbook of Descriptive Statistics/Measures of Central Tendency/Geometric Mean

The geometric mean of a set of N numbers is the Nth root of their product.

An alternate method for calculation of the geometric mean is to first calculate its logarithm, which is the arithmetic mean of the logs of the original numbers.


text:
Talk:MySQL

Moving the Examples to Programming:SQL ?
The complete example section should be moved to Programming:SQL as it's not MySQL specific. --Lathspell 22:10, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. I think the focus should be on installing and using MySQL and not on the SQL language.  Let's go ahead and keep section 3. Lanuage for now until SQL:Programming becomes more mature and then remove it.  Also, I think we should add a section on indexes and optomizing tables and such.  This wikibook is WAY to focused on SQL language and is only duplicating the efforts found in SQL --Nick Manley 03:06, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Cost
Why MySQL? Cost - Free! (though not for commercial use-- Programming:PostgreSQL? is free for any use)

As far as I can tell it is free for any use. What is not free is distributing an application that includes MySQL unless you also open source the application. --kwhitefoot 11:09, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right. I changed it to "though not for use in proprietary software" 80.202.45.37 10:07, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

I would like to help
Sorry if this isn't the right place to offer my help. Anyway, I would like to help this project. There's a problem, thought: I'm not an english speaker, so all I write needs to be reviewed, because it may contain idiotic grammar errors. Is it acceptable?

If so: what can I do now?

--Sante Caserio (talk) 01:02, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

All in one solutions
It states "As MySQL alone isn't enough to run a real database server,". MySQL is enough to run as a database server on it's own (it is a database server after all), but for running web application on one server then you need to install the all in one solution.

Should I update accordingly?

--AdamSankey (discuss • contribs) 15:47, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:MySQL


text:
Practical Electronics/Greek Alphabet

Greek letters are often used in electronics, either for prefixes or to represent values, often if the normal letters run out.

title: Practical Electronics/Greek Alphabet


text:
Tagalog/Lesson 4

Aralin 4 — Numbers'' This lesson will teach you about Tagalog numbers.

Diálogo (Dialogue)
The characters for this dialogue are Amy and Mark. The dialogue will be in Tagalog first, then an English translation will appear below the Tagalog original.

Sa Tagalog (In Tagalog)
Amy: Mark, magkano ang tsokolate? Mark: Tatlóng piso lang. Amy: Masaráp ba iyán? (common: Masaráp ba 'yan?) Mark: Oo. At mura pa. (common: Oo, mura pa.) Amy: Sige, bíbili akó ng dalawá. (common: Sige, pabili ng dalawa) Mark: Eto, Amy. Anim na piso iyán. (common: Eto, Amy. Anim na piso lahat.) Amy: Sige. Salamat, Mark. Mark: Waláng anumán.

Salin sa Inglés (English translation)
Amy: Mark, how much is the chocolate? Mark: Only three pesos. Amy: Is it delicious? Mark: Yes. And it's cheap. (common: Yes, even cheap.) Amy: Okay, I'll buy two. (common: Ok, give me two.) Mark: Okay, Amy. That's six pesos. (common: Here, Amy. Six pesos in total.) Amy: Okay. Thanks Mark. Mark: You're welcome, Amy.

Talasalitaan (Vocabulary)

 * Magkano: How much
 * Tsokolate: Chocolate
 * Tatló: Three
 * Piso: Peso
 * Masaráp: delicious
 * Mura: Cheap
 * Bíbili: Will buy
 * Dalawá: Two
 * Salamat: Thank you
 * Waláng anumán: You're welcome

Mgá bilang kardinál (Cardinal numbers)
Tagalog has distinct words for numbers ranging from 0-10, as shown above. To form numbers within the range of 11 and 19, the prefix labíng- (or in some cases labin-, without the '-g') is added to the number separated by a dash (or not in some cases), as also shown above.

Numbers above 19 whose digit ends with zero use the base number (0-9) and add the suffix -mpû if the base number ends in a vowel, as shown in these examples:

 * Dalawampû (Twenty)
 * Limampû (Fifty)

If the ending letter of the base number ends with the letter "o", the letter is changed to "u" before adding the suffix -mpû, as shown in these examples:

 * Tatlumpû (Thirty)
 * Pitumpû (Seventy)
 * Walumpû (Eighty)

If the ending letter of the base number is a consonant, the ligature na is added and the "m" from the suffix -mpû is dropped, incorporating na into the suffix. However, it is still spelled as one word, as shown in these examples:

 * Apatnapû (Forty)
 * Animnapû (Sixty)
 * Siyamnapû (Ninety)

Numbers above 20 whose ending digit is a digit other than zero use the base form of the number but attach a contracted form of at, the Tagalog word for "and", written as 't, and are separated by a space, as shown in these examples:

 * Apatnapú't pitô (Forty-seven)
 * Dalawampú't anim (Twenty-six)
 * Siyamnapú't siyám (Ninety-nine)

When numbers reach the hundreds range, the number is modified by dropping the last letter and adding the suffix -daán, as shown in these examples:

 * Isandaán (One hundred)
 * Limandaán (Five hundred)

There are exceptions, however. With numbers whose base number ends with "o", the "o" changes to a "u" before adding the suffix -daan, as shown in these examples:

 * Tatlundaán (Three hundred)
 * Pitundaán (Seven hundred)
 * Walundaán (Eight hundred)

In numbers whose base number ends with a consonant, the ligature na is added before the suffix. However, the suffix -daán changes to -raán, as shown in these examples:

 * Apatnaraán (Four hundred)
 * Animnaraán (Six hundred)
 * Siyamnaraán (Nine hundred)

For counting thousands, use the word libo, meaning "thousand".

 * Isáng libo (One thousand)
 * Tatlumpúng libo't apatnaraán at dalawá (Thirty thousand four hundred two)

For counting millions, use the word milyón, meaning "million".

 * Isáng milyón (One million)
 * Apat na milyó't tatlundaá't labíng-anim na libo't siyamnaraán at limá (Four million three hundred sixteen thousand nine hundred five)

Mgá bilang ordinál (Ordinal numbers)
Except for the number 1, Tagalog ordinals are made by adding the prefix ika- to the number in most cases, as shown in these examples:

 * Ika-apat (Fourth)
 * Ika-limá (Fifth)
 * Ika-pitô (Seventh)
 * Ika-waló (Eighth)

There are cases in which the first two letters of the base number are removed before adding the prefix -ika, as shown in these examples:

 * Ikalawá (Second)
 * Ikatló (Third)

You can also substitute the prefix pang- to indicate ordinality, examples:

 * Pangalawá (Second)
 * Pangatló (Third)

The number 1 is a special case, as it is written as una, taken from Spanish.

For numbers ranging above ten, the ika- prefix is applied to the number in the same way that it is done regularly, as shown in these examples below:

 * Ika-labíng apat (Fourteenth)
 * Ika-dalawampú't siyám (Twenty-ninth)
 * Ika-walumpú't waló (Eighty-eighth)

Mgá bilang Espanyól (Spanish numbers)
In certain situations, such as the numbering of buildings or places and financial transactions, Spanish numbers are used instead of Tagalog ones.

Exercise
Translate the following into English from Tagalog and from Tagalog to English. ''Mga Sagot — Answers: 1. One Cat, 2. Two Giraffes, 3. Fives Presidents, 4. Limang Daan Euro.''

title: Tagalog/Lesson 4


text:
Programmable Logic/Programmable Hardware

This page is going to discuss what exactly programmable hardware is.

VLSI
VLSI stands for "Very-Large-Scale Integration", and is the term for a number of different chip architectures that are integrated (many components on a single chip), and are usable for a variety of different purposes. Some more modern chips are referred to as ULSI (U = "Ultra"), but VLSI and ULSI are essentially the same thing.

VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) refers to integrated circuits with over approximately one hundred thousand transistors. Currently chips with many millions of transistors are sometimes referred to as ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration), however the complexity of the designs are approximately the same as VLSI.


text:
Programmable Logic/Design Process

This page is going to discuss the design process for working with programmable logic devices.

Design Flow
Let's talk about the basic flow involved in developing a VLSI chip. Generally this flow is slightly cyclical in nature due to the practicalities of developing a product. Often specifications have to be revisited and reworked throughout the lifetime of a development project which impacts each of the other steps further down the flow.

VLSI Chip Flow
See Chip Design Made Easy.

Requirements Gathering
Products are conceptualized by engineers and sales people who are looking to address a particular market need. They take into account the number of sales, the cost of the product, other products in the market, the company's own line of products, the resources available to the product and many other factors. In fields such as ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits), the engineers often work with potential customers to address their needs.

From this investigation, they come up with the basic requirements of the chip. This will include:
 * the packages that the chip will be produced for.
 * The power requirements of the chip.
 * The speed of the chip.
 * Plans for derivatives.
 * Requirements for prototyping and samples to send to customers.

Once the requirements are developed, the designers can create the functional specifications for the product. While in theory, functional specifications can be abstract descriptions of the behaviour of the chip, most customers understand beyond just the behavioural level and generally the functional specifications have at least a top level architecture of how the chip is put together.

For VLSI designs, the actual circuit is often built up from existing submodules. For instance, a platform may combine a processor, memory cache, and a bus interface unit. Peripherals and on-board memory can be added. PLLs (phase locked loop circuits) are often placed on the silicon to provide the fast frequencies available nowdays. The functional specification often describes how the various blocks are interconnected and how they will function together. They also describe how the product will interact with connections on the pins.

Establishing a structure
Once the functional specifications have be defined, design engineers can begin to fill out the basic architecture of the chip. A HDL (hardware description language) such as Verilog or VHDL is usually used both in the high level conceptual designs and later at the gate-level. At the architectural level, a stub HDL file can describe the module's ports. We can instantiate these stubs in a chip level connection HDL file, in the same way that objects can be instantiated in a object oriented computer program, to define the interconnections between all the modules.

Creating a behavioural model
For each module, we can write a behavioural model in a HDL. HDLs can be written much like a computer program. This allows the designer to experiment with the intended behaviour of the module. Simulators can interpret the HDL and show how it interacts with various stimulus. The stimulus can also be written in a HDL or other language. The testbench that is created for testing this module can often be used later on in the design flow on lower level descriptions of the design.

The behavioural models for each module can be used with the top level structural file to imitate the behaviour of the chip in simulation. As the logic design for a module is created, we can replace the behavioural models with RTL and verify the chip's behaviour conforms to the specifications.

Verifying behaviour
Functional verification is the process of testing models to determine whether they perform as functionally specified. Tests written to use the testbench can be written by verification engineers to determine whether the behavioural model performs to the specifications created during requirements gathering. A great deel of effort is usually assigned to verifying that the models behave as specified.

At the module level, this is called unit level functional verification. Module designs would need to pass all their functional verification tests before they could be used in a chip level design. It is important that the functional tests cover all the possible functional uses of a module. These tests can often be reused on other models of the design such as RTL and gate level models.

title: Programmable Logic/Design Process


text:
Non-nerd's Guide to Computers/os

Operating Systems
An Operating System(OS) is the system that allows interaction between the user and the internal components of the PC/Computer. The main examples are
 * GNU/Linux (Free/Libre)
 * Microsoft's Windows
 * Apple's Mac

title: Non-nerd's Guide to Computers/os


text:
SPARC Assembly/Introduction

What This Book is About
This book is about programming SPARC Assembly language. This book will cover basics of the assembly language (instructions, syntax, etc), but will also discuss more advanced topics as well. In short, this book is attempting to be a complete SPARC reference, for readers of all skill levels.

Two versions of the architecture are currently in use, SPARCv8 and SPARCv9. Most programs written for one of them should work on the other, since SPARCv9 is backward compatible with SPARCv8 and SPARCv8 is upward compatible with SPARCv9. The main differences lie at the system-programming level, and therefore do not concern user programs. More information can be found on.

Who This Book is For
Because this book contains both low-level information, as well as deeper advanced material, this book is for people of all skill levels. Beginners to SPARC will find this to be an excellent introduction and teaching aide to the language. Advanced users will (hopefully) find this to be a valuable quick reference. Readers are assumed to have at least some background in assembly language programming, but it is not strictly required.

How This Book is Organized
This book is ordered according to ascending skillset. That is, the easiest material is presented first, and the more advanced material is presented towards the end. Beginners, and people who are only looking to learn the basics of SPARC assembly need only read the first 2 sections. Later sections are targeted towards people who are doing advanced projects in SPARC, such as the creation of operating system kernels, and SPARC Assemblers.

Where to Go From Here
This book attempts to be a complete reference to SPARC programming. As such, there are no wikimedia projects (actual or planned) that will continue the discussion of this material any further. However, the reader may benefit from some of the other materials available, such as the other assembly languages discussed, and the various high-level languages with entire books devoted to them.

Additional information can be obtained from the following links :
 * www.sparc.org : The official SPARC reference, containing SPARCv8 and SPARCv9 architectures specifications,
 * : Wikipedia's page about SPARC,
 * Microprocessor Design : for a general discussion about microprocessor design.

title: SPARC Assembly/Introduction


text:
Practical Electronics/Preferred Values

Preferred values are a series of numbers between a power of ten and the next, each of which has a fixed ratio with the previous number. For more information, see the section in resistors. Commonly, the E12 is used for resistors, and the E6 series is used for capacitors, although if you use more accurate components, different systems may be used.

The E-series of preferred values are as follows:

E6 ( 20%):  10      15      22      33      47      68

E12 ( 10%): 10  12  15  18  22  27  33  39  47  56  68  82

E24 ( 5%):  10  11  12  13  15  16  18  20  22  24  27  30 33 36  39  43  47  51  56  62  68  75  82  91

E96 ( 1%): 100 102 105 107 110 113 115 118 121 124 127 130 133 137 140 143 147 150 154 158 162 165 169 174            178 182 187 191 196 200 205 210 215 221 226 232             237 243 249 255 261 267 274 280 287 294 301 309             316 324 332 340 348 357 365 374 383 392 402 412             422 432 442 453 464 475 487 499 511 523 536 549             562 576 590 604 619 634 649 665 681 698 715 732             750 768 787 806 825 845 866 887 909 931 953 976

E192 (0.5%) 100 101 102 104 105 106 107 109 110 111 113 114 115 117 118 120 121 123 124 126 127 129 130 132            133 135 137 138 140 142 143 145 147 149 150 152             154 156 158 160 162 164 165 167 169 172 174 176             178 180 182 184 187 189 191 193 196 198 200 203             205 208 210 213 215 218 221 223 226 229 232 234             237 240 243 246 249 252 255 258 261 264 267 271             274 277 280 284 287 291 294 298 301 305 309 312             316 320 324 328 332 336 340 344 348 352 357 361             365 370 374 379 383 388 392 397 402 407 412 417             422 427 432 437 442 448 453 459 464 470 475 481             487 493 499 505 511 517 523 530 536 542 549 556             562 569 576 583 590 597 604 612 619 626 634 642             649 657 665 673 681 690 698 706 715 723 732 741             750 759 768 777 787 796 806 816 825 835 845 856             866 876 887 898 909 919 931 942 953 965 976 988

title: Practical Electronics/Preferred Values


text:
Talk:Ancient Greek/Basic Verbs

Eimi
Is there no way to get the accents and breathings involved? After all, eimi with neither an accent nor a breathing could either mean "I am" or "I go."

does entering the diacritics with an Ancient Greek layout not work? εἶμι

Also, there's a good reference for all the various noun and verb paradigms here:

http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/paradigmsU/paradigms_U.html

title: Talk:Ancient Greek/Basic Verbs


text:
SPARC Assembly/Pseudo-Ops

This page is going to discuss SPARC Pseudo-Ops.

Pseudo-Ops
In addition to the SPARC instructions and synthetic instructions, there are a number of assembler-provided "Pseudo-Ops" that create convenience for the programmer.

 * .ascii
 * .asciz
 * .text
 * .data
 * .bss
 * .skip
 * .align
 * .byte
 * .half
 * .word
 * .single
 * .double
 * .quad
 * .global
 * .common
 * .empty

This chapter will (hopefully) discuss each of these.

title: SPARC Assembly/Pseudo-Ops


text:
SPARC Assembly/Synthetic Instructions

Synthetic Instructions
The SPARC Instruction set leaves out a number of conveniences that programmers have grown accustomed to. To fill in these gaps, SPARC assemblers implement a set of Synthetic Instructions. These Synthetic Instructions use the existing SPARC instructions to perform additional tasks. Some of these Synthetic Instructions have already been listed in the sections about the instructions, but for completeness, we are going to list the operations that are Synthetic Instructions here.

 * cmp %r1, %r2 = subcc %r1, %r2, %g0
 * jmp
 * tst
 * call
 * ret
 * retl
 * set
 * not %r1 = xnor %r1, %g0, %r1
 * neg
 * inc
 * inccc
 * dec
 * deccc
 * btst
 * bset
 * bclr
 * btog
 * clr
 * clrb
 * clrh
 * mov

These operations, strictly speaking, are not part of SPARC Assembly, but are instead provided as macros to ease the task of programming. This chapter will (hopefully) address specifically how each of these instructions are implemented.

title: SPARC Assembly/Synthetic Instructions


text:
User:Awen~enwikibooks

Just an edge-walker who loves being center-stage!

title: User:Awen~enwikibooks


text:
Perl Programming/Objects

Objects
When Perl was initially developed, there was no support at all for object-orientated (OO) programming. Since Perl 5, OO has been added using the concept of Perl packages (namespaces), an operator called bless, some magic variables (@ISA, AUTOLOAD, UNIVERSAL), the -> and some strong conventions for supporting inheritance and encapsulation.

An object is created using the package keyword. All subroutines declared in that package become object or class methods.

A class instance is created by calling a constructor method that must be provided by the class, by convention this method is called new

Let's see this constructor.

Client code can use this class something like this.

This code prints 10.

Let's look at the new contructor in a little more detail:

The first thing is that when a subroutine is called using the <tt>-></tt> notation a new argument is pre-pended to the argument list. It is a string with either the name of the package or a reference to the object (<tt>Object->new</tt> or <tt>$o->setA</tt>. Until that makes sense you will find OO in Perl very confusing.

To use private variables in objects and have variables names check, you can use a little different approach to create objects.

Now you have good encapsulation - you cannot access object variables directly via <tt>$o->{bar}</tt>, but only using set/get methods. It's also impossible to make mistakes in object variable names, because they are not a hash-keys but normal perl variables, needed to be declared.

We use them the same way like hash-blessed objects:

prints <tt>10</tt>

title: Perl Programming/Objects


text:
User:AriadneA

I'm a stickler for spelling, so at this point most of my Wikibooks contributions will be minor edits, in order to get into the swing of things.

AriadneA 16:34, 30 May 2006 (UTC)AriadneA

title: User:AriadneA


text:
Practical Electronics/Breadboard

The breadboard (also called a protoboard) is used to create circuits without soldering components together. The pins are connected vertically along the grey and red lines and horizontally in the sections in between. Note that they do not connect across the gap in the center.

-

title: Practical Electronics/Breadboard


text:
User talk:Ewen

Chemistry Bookshelf
The same is vaild for bookshelfs and there templates as well. You must first create the bookshelf (and it's template) and only then you may add it to the shelf. Sorry.

--Krischik T 17:52, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Krischik

Danke schon!

I'm having real trouble with bookshelves: There seems to be no help that describes how they function. How do they work?

PS it's is short for it is. It's a tricky bit of English and one of its most common mis-spellings.

Ewen 08:15, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

A-level Applied Science pages
Hi, Ewen, and thank you for contributing to this book. What do you intend to have on the pages: Some of these pages are not linked anywhere, so they will be lost. You can move them to follow the book's naming convention using the "move" tab at the top of each page or mark them for deletion by typing on each page. By the way, pages can be copied from Wikipedia, but the copier should use them as a base for a textbook or chapter instead of directly copying them. If you have any questions or would like some help, please say so on this page. Thanks, hagindaz 01:13, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry,
 * A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry Fibres, and
 * A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry Cellulose Fibres?

A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry/Colour
This page is going to be deleted as it uses non-free (noncommercial) content. --Derbeth talk 09:32, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Ewen. It was deleted because of the licencing used by the original document, which restricts its use to non-commercial applications only. Wikibooks is under the GFDL, meaning that anything here can be used for any reason, including commercial uses. Since the copyright on that document restricts this, it is a violation of their copyright to put it here under the GFDL, which does allow commercial uses such as printing out and selling the book to which that chapter belongs.

 * Does that answer your question? (BTW, Derbeth was the one who marked it for deletion... I'm the one who deleted it). -- SB_Johnny | talk 13:20, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I asked around, but no dice. The only options are to rewrite from scratch not using that document, or to ask the original authors to relicence under GFDL. -- SB_Johnny | talk 14:58, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it answers the question, but begs a further one: Is two hours a reasonable time to allow between warning a user of an impending deletion and removing his work? It's not as if the copyright breach was flagrant and deliberate; I didn't realise that the GFDL was actually 'more' restrictive the the originators' license.

 * I have asked the originators of the material if they would be willing to waive the non-commercial clause of their copyright. Failing that, I can edit the article so it does not breach their copyright. Of course, this would be much easier if I had a copy of the page to edit, which I don't since it has been deleted.

Ewen 15:03, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I wish I could be more helpful there, but when I asked "the experts", they said no undeleting is allowed. The listing for delete was for "speedy delete" (which applies to any page that's obvious copyvio), which means it should be deleted by the next available admin.

 * If you are able to use irc, you might try asking on the commons channel on freenode (#wikimedia-commons), they're really the "experts" on this kind of thing. I might be able to "userify" it temporarily (i.e., put in User:Ewen/sandbox), but I'm not sure of the legal details on doing that (you might want to ask Derbeth about that option, too). -- SB_Johnny | talk 15:33, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

You could e-mail it to me at e.mclaughlin(at)swancoll.ac.uk

It would be a real pain to have to re-write the whole article: Most of it was my own work! Please can I have it back?

Was speedy deletion justified? The copyright breach was not 'obvious' to me or I would not have posted it. Perhaps my mistake was to credit them at all - if I hadn't been honest enough to post the acknowledgement then who would have spotted it? I checked their license and it seemed very generous; the technical issue about GFDL allowing commercial use and them excluding it was easily overlooked by a new, enthusiastic author (who today became a bit less new and a lot less enthusiastic).

Ewen 15:44, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I restored the article. Please rewrite it so that it won't be similar to work from . --Derbeth talk 16:59, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Job done.

I must say this would have been much simpler if you hadn't rushed into speedy deletion - I'd have found the problem this morning and corrected it hours ago.

Ewen 18:10, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I wasn't the one who deleted the page. --Derbeth talk 18:12, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't say you did: But you marked the article for speedy deletion which resulted in it being deleted within 2 hours. A message to me outlining the problem would have had a much quicker effect. I made an honest mistake. I've now corrected it quickly.

 * I'm now regretting being honest about where I took the original material from: If I hadn't alerted you to the source you wouldn't have found it. If I'm honest enough to declare my sources, why not give me the benefit of the doubt and ask me to sort the problem out myself?

Ewen 18:23, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Hi again... glad you got it worked out (nice images, too). I'll re-delete it later, and restore the current version without it's history so we won't have this problem any more :). -- SB_Johnny | talk 22:53, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

I've had a response from elecuter giving permission to use their text. Ewen 08:29, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Acetone Peroxide VFD
This page used to have a Danger template on it, but an anonymous user seems to have removed it. I have reincluded the template on that page, and I put a note is the history that the warning must remain on the page. If it is removed again, I will delete the page out of principle, and we can move the entire discussion over to WB:VFU.

I've posted my comments, and will likely have more to say as the discussion progresses. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 14:51, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I noticed youre moved the Acetone Peroxide synthesis from the org. chem book. Frankly, I was thinking it was out of place, at least in terms of the book's TOC. It just kind of stood out there as the lone synthesis in the book's TOC. And obviously, your concerns were well founded. This books should not be about how to blow yourself up. It should be about the fundamentals of organic chemistry. I hope to be doing a lot of work on this book over the next few months. I'm glad there's someone else out there who's looking at it as well. -- Pete 16:30, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

POV!
Granted & that's a better rewrite  -- Herby talk thyme 16:05, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, perhaps I got carried away there; but it irritated me how they were claiming that their narrow selection was representative of organic syntheses. Ewen 16:12, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * As I was "watching" on RC I felt I'd try and ensure the situation didn't get any worse! That said - my vote stands -- Herby  talk thyme 16:34, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Be civil (Votes_for_deletion)
This is your only warning. Please remove the personal attacks from that page. -- SB_Johnny | talk 18:03, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have removed what I could. Swift discussed one of my comments so should I remove my comment (which would make his comment seem silly), or his comment too, or leave it to an admin (please edit what you see fit)? Ewen 19:05, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No... it's OK now. I just wanted to head that off before things got worse. You're a great asset to wikibooks... I hope you understand my concerns :) -- SB_Johnny | talk 19:16, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * BTW, would you support striking the record on this? See the very bottom of the debate (that part will be striken too). I'd rather not see the debate archived (whatever the result) in it's current form. -- SB_Johnny | talk 19:32, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Fine by me. It's not even entertaining and certainly not relevant 8-) Ewen 19:39, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Cool, thanks :). -- SB_Johnny | talk 19:40, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Can we work together?
Ewen, I'm very unhappy with your attitude. I feel you've insulted me numerous times and think you have not done as much as you could to engage in a calm, rational debate on issues where we disagree. Whiteknight just commented on Talk:Chemical synthesis giving a few pointers but mainly put this in our hands. SB Johnny might still add something to this, but I suppose he'll agree with WK's suggesion to "either try to work together, or try to work far apart." I'm willing to do either, but if the former, I think some things have to change.

Let me know, --Swift 02:17, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Swift, I'm extremely concerned about your intentions. I think you have yet to answer, 'Why have you chosen these particular syntheses?' I find it very hard to assume good faith in the light of your choice of topics, and you have not reassured me.

 * I feel you've ignored the points I have made and seem unconcerned that you are publishing information and that either has been or can be used for acts of terrorism. I make no apology if the strength of my feelings pervade my comments. I have tried to keep it rational and my contempt is not for you, but for the material posted.

 * I shall be editing the syntheses to base them on laboratory grade chemicals instead of Wal-Mart grade. That would be a positive step, wouldn't it? Ewen 07:20, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * If you have any concerns, you should have approached me directly from the start instead of assuming that I had ill intent. You have treated me with disrespect and that has been detrimental to discussion. I don't feel we can continue unless you acknolege your part in this and change your ways. I'm open to critisism in how I behave, I hope you are too.
 * "I find it very hard to assume good faith in the light of your choice of topics. If you look at the work I've done on Wikibooks, you'll find that the CS book is but a tiny part of that. That said, you don't have a choice. You have to assume good faith. In this case it would have served you — not to mention this discussion — well.
 * "I feel you've ignored the points I have made". I'm sorry if you feel that way. I think I've addressed all your concerns and am willing to continue the discussion — but only if the debate rises to a slightly higher level.
 * "unconcerned that you are publishing information and that either has been or can be used for acts of terrorism." Here, you are right. I'm not conserned. Oddly, you should know why since you have already stated it yourself: this information is available elsewhere.
 * "I make no apology if the strength of my feelings pervade my comments." Then back off from Wikibooks. You are required to be civil. I don't think you have so far and your feelings don't justify insulting others.
 * "my contempt is not for you, but for the material posted." Actually,
 * "and an apparent desire on the part of the authors to list only syntheses of the most dangerous chemicals possible."
 * I think you are being less than honest.
 * "scope disengenuous" I wrote the scope. When you say you find it disengenuous, you say that I am disengenuous.

 * If I haven't answered why I chose those particular synthases, it is because I haven't been asked. In the prologus of Snorra Edda, the canonical source on nordic mythology, Snorri Sturluson proclaims his belief that "the Almighty God created in the beginning heaven and earth and all the things that them follow" because had he not, he would surely have been charged with heresy and killed. Luckily, we don't live in such times where one can be lynched on unfounded assumptions. There is a very good reason why we have WB:AGF — it is so that people don't let their prejudice hinder discussion which, if approached with an open mind, will reveal the true intentions of people. --Swift 13:24, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I ask you again: Why choose those syntheses? (I'll assume you mean to address this question at some point and simply missed it this time.)

 * I can assume good faith only until the assumption becomes ridiculous. I'm trying to hang onto the assumption but you still haven't explained your choice of topics for this book.

 * As I said, the desire to select dangerous syntheses is apparent. Perhaps this is a false impression; I'd like to think so but there has been no other explanation offered for the choice of syntheses.

 * I asked about whether you thought it was a good idea changing the syntheses to lab reagents. I'll assume you mean to address this question at some point and simply missed it this time. I'll ask it again: Do you think this change is a good idea or not?

 * There is a difference between posting a disengenuous comment and being habitually disengenuous. I'm not saying that your behaviour is generally disengenuous, or that your phrasing of the scope was deliberately so. Sorry if that is how you construed my remark. I prefer the current scope because it does not imply that the choice of topics is purely the result of picking a few topics at random from the wide range avaialable.

 * Ewen 14:22, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * "I ask you again:" You never asked. OK, you implied the question and I deliberately avoided it to make a point. Your direct question now gets a direct answer.
 * "Why choose those syntheses?" I didn't choose them over anything else. These were those that I took from Wikipedia where they were deemed in breach of policy (barring recipes — they had been kept on censorship).
 * Now as you can see, there exists a completely ordinary reason and nothing ridiculous about the matter other than your prejudice. There is no desire to select dangerous syntheses over others and your impression was wrong.

 * "I asked about whether you thought it was a good idea changing the syntheses to lab reagents." Yes, I noticed it. I was pissed off at you for your attitude and allegations and wasn't sure if we could even co-operate on this issue. I'm still not sure about whether we can work together as still find you very hostile and unwilling to consider my complaints about your attitude.
 * For the sake of discourse and in the hope that it will help ease tensions I'll answer. Sure, but I don't see the mention of the household chemicals to be detrimental to the content of the page.

 * "I'm not saying that your behaviour is generally disengenuous". Actually, you have. Numerous times have you alluded that my intentions were dishonest and criminal. I don't agree with your understanding of the word disengenuous. "Accidentally disengenuous" statements would be "inaccurate". With the context of your allegations, I can't see how you meant anything else. If you feel this is a misunderstanding, please change the wording on the CS talk page. --Swift 15:12, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I've tried to clarify how I feel by writing this clear statement: I'm not saying that your behaviour is generally disengenuous. I think this carries more weight than the 'allusions' which were not intended as personal insults, but as observations about the choice of content of Chemical synthesis. Something which is 'accidentally disingenuous' could just be badly worded.

 * Your rationale for choosing the syntheses seems innocent. Fair enough. There were no other chemical recipes barred? I think you can understand why I am suspicious? Have you considered the rationale for posting the original recipes on wikipedia? What were the authors thinking? I feel that these are important questions.

Ewen 16:23, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't feel your statement weighs heavier than the red thread through our debate. As for your statements, you've said on this page: "you are publishing information and that either has been or can be used for acts of terrorism." and then on the CS talk page: "I'm not opposed to 'Explosives' as a category because it makes it easier to find recipes for explosives."
 * "seems innocent." Seems?
 * I'm done! I think I've bent over backwards while you've done nothing to approach me. --Swift 02:47, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Swift; please let it go and let's get on with working on the book. I don't want to rake over the ashes of our argument because I don't think it will do either of us much credit; but for an example of how I have done something to approach your position, you can look no further than my recent concession that you quoted above: 'I'm not opposed to 'Explosives' as a category because it makes it easier to find recipes for explosives.' although one of my original objections was that such publication would assist terrorism. Ewen 06:42, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think if we keep confronting one another we will force each other into taking contrary positions with no hope for reconciliation without publicly climbing down. Let's just quietly drop it and who knows? After a while we may feel able to concede (without risking the other using the concession to 'score points' in the argument) that on occasions we were wrong but it doesn't matter now... Pax? Ewen 06:42, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Changes to Organic Chemistry textbook structure
Ewen,

Just a quick note. This morning I did a bit of reorganization of the Organic Chem textbook. The major change was renaming the Alkanes and Cycloalkanes section to simply be Alkanes. I am currently working on the Cycloalkanes section. There is still a subsection under alkanes called Cycloalkanes and it has some very basic information that I think is relevant to keep in that location as sort of a "preview" of cycloalkanes.

There were a great number of links to fix and other pages to change with respect to this move. I moved all the subsection pages accordingly and all their links. It's quite possible I missed something, though I tried to be thorough. If you see anything out of place, let me know. -- Pete 20:05, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I've not had time to have a look yet, Pete; but thanks for the work! If I spot anything trivial I'll sort it myself but I'll check anything major with you first. Ewen 20:26, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course, feel free to do whatever you want. I just offer because if I screwed it up, I'm happy to fix it... On another topic, and of course, this is totally optional, I've created a link to an author's To-Do list at the top of the outline page. I'm just using it to keep track of the things I'm working on that need to be done. As I come across sections that need work, but I may be in the middle of something else, I'll add those as well.  You're welcome to use it for yourself or not. If you want, you can just periodically check it to see what plans, if any, I have... I just think of stuff faster than I actually do it all, so instead of having to think it up again later, I'm just going to add it there and, as it gets longer (which it surely will), I'll probably start prioritizing my stuff. The idea, though, is just for each author to carve out a section of the page for their own stuff. -- Pete 22:38, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination reactions
Ewen, I noticed you touched the elimination stuff in Haloalkanes. I've been trying to figure how to do this and here's my thought. I did a lot of work on the Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination reaction stuff under Introduction to Reactions, and I'm thinking we ought to just merge it all into the Haloalkanes page. It seems like the right place to introduce them, even though the mechanisms are used in some non-haloalkane situations (dehydration of alcohols, for example). The existing substitution and elimination stuff in that chapter is pretty thin and it seems weird to have the substitution and elimination stuff in the back of the book. There's still some work to do on them, particularly for elimination, but it's much more thorough than what's on the Haloalkanes page. -- Pete 16:03, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Images in alcohols
While you were fixing the images in alcohols, I was posting a question in the help desk asking why my images weren't being resized properly. Then I went back to the page and they were fine and it took me a sec to figure out what happened. lol. Thanks for fixing them. I see what I was doing wrong now. -- Pete 20:19, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Did you see how many attempts it took me to get them right? 8-) Ewen 20:24, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * lol. I saw a long list of edits. I tried a few things in preview and couldn't get it to work. I had even found the help page in the mediawiki manual and was trying to duplicate it from stuff they had in there and couldn't figure it out, which is why I went and posted at the help desk. Funny that you stumbled across it right after I posted it. I need to do the alcohol syntheses via reduction as well and then I'll fill in the text with an actual description of each of the reactions. Really, one of the most time consuming parts of this book is doing all the damn drawings, but you really can't skimp on them in an organic chem text. We ought to resize some of those older images that are just huge. I mean, a molecule with 5 or 6 atoms taking up half the screen is just a little excessive. -- Pete 21:04, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * What do you use for images? I use GIMP for the final image. Chemsketch and Chime for molecules in 3D. Yup, it's time-consuming but then it's an image everyone can use; well everyone who wants to illustrate Grignard reagents reating with ketones... You search wikimedia commons, right? Some categorising work there would help us find things... Ewen 21:08, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I use ChemDraw for non-3D stuff and Chem3D for 3D renderings and then Photoshop to clean up. I haven't tried Chemsketch and haven't used Chime either. Chime is kinda like JMol, isn't it? One thing I like about both ChemDraw and Chem3D is the ability to create a molecule from its name or to draw the molecule and have it tell me the name. For big molecules, that comes in really handy.
 * I haven't been categorizing my uploads to commons. I've been planning on going back through all my uploads and categorizing them at some point. I generally go through and look for existing ones but I've had limited success finding things in a format that I want it. Like getting the bubble molecules instead of a ball and stick or getting ball and stick when I want Kekule. I'm sure eventually it'll have a great collection.
 * Part of the problem is, sometimes, I want to show several images together instead of having to have several images side by side. For example, most of the images on the cycloalkanes page. -- Pete 21:30, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Electrostatic potential maps
Ewen, do you have any software to calculate and draw electrostatic potential maps of molecules? I found gOpenMol which is supposed to be able to do it, but I can't figure out how. Frankly, I hate most XWindows based apps. The UIs are just too damn hard to navigate. It's ported to Windows, but it works like an XWindows app. Still looking around for other software to do it. But stuff that can produce plots like this would be fantastic. -- Pete 15:30, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Well, Chime kinda does the job. Its methods are dodgy but frankly, if it looks good who cares? What molecules are you after? Ewen 15:39, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Ewen, my bad. Turns out Chem3D does it. I was just didn't realize it... It's really slow, but it seems to work. -- Pete 16:30, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't quite figure out the electrostatic potential maps in Chem3D. It's producing red, white, and blue rendererings with red at the more electronegative areas and blue at the less electronegative areas and white where things are neutral. I know it can do the red, green, and blue that's more standard, but I'm just not sure how. Might have to ask around a bit. -- Pete 14:18, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Ewen, I've spent the past several hours futzing with MEPs for a few hours yesterday and a few hours today and I'm getting very frustrated. The ones in Chime appear to be very low resolution (very pixelated). The ones in Chem3D are red, white, and blue and that just seems kind of non-standard. gOpenMole crashes on me every time I try to display MEPs in it, after going through about 2 hours of creating all the stupid damn data files it needed for them, so I've given up with that. Why can't there just be a simple way to do this? People are doing them all over their books these days, and they look really nice. How are they doing it? -- Pete 18:39, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Ewen, man, I've just been struggling with all this, but here's where things are at the moment. SpartanModel came with one of my textbooks. It has a bunch of molecules with pre-calculated MEPs and they look nice, so that'll probably work for now. So far every semi-popular molecule I've come up with has been covered (my first query was for p-chloroaniline and it came right up). There might be one or two thousand of them in there. Anyway, that should be enough to get good samples for the text. -- Pete 21:15, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Organic Chemistry/Alkenes/Naming alkenes etc
Hi Ewen - I've found a few of these under orphaned pages. It looks as tho they may be speedy deletes so if you want to let me know I'll mark them or you can - cheers -- Herby talk thyme 12:44, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure. How do I mark them for speedy deletion? (I hadn't thought of doing that; thanks for reminding me) Ewen 14:02, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem - use
 * which actually in general is used for vandalism type stuff but put in as the reason something like - "content moved to another page - editor's request" or similar. Top of the page is the usual spot. Let me know if I can help -- Herby  talk thyme 14:29, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * which actually in general is used for vandalism type stuff but put in as the reason something like - "content moved to another page - editor's request" or similar. Top of the page is the usual spot. Let me know if I can help -- Herby  talk thyme 14:29, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Speaking of naming alkenes, I think EZ nomenclature is covered in 2 other places, but I just wrote up an EZ naming section in the naming alkenes, from scratch (the one place where it really belongs and it wasn't even there...) Anyway, if you could, look it over and see if you find it easy to follow. This is how I was taught it and I find it very easy to understand and I think it's easier to understand than the other descriptions I've read in other places in this book, but if you don't think so, maybe we ought to discuss it. -- Pete 03:17, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Ewen, on another topic, can you give me the list of all the alkene sub-pages you merged that aren't yet marked for speedy deletion? Since that page no longer has the links, I don't have a consolidated list, but they should all be together in your "my contributions page". I'll go through and fix all links to them and then mark them for speedy deletion. -- Pete 20:34, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * /Naming alkenes /Alkene synthesis /Alkene reactions /Alkene properties /Stability of double bonds. These are still in the book outline and the print version but I haven't had time to fix the links there. /Cycloalkenes and /The pi bond still have content - they either need merging or linking. Ewen 09:57, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll try to do the links on the aromatics page too. Sorry, I've been overlooking this aspect of merging pages.Ewen 09:57, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't worry about it. I'm just as capable of doing this stuff and I haven't gotten around to it either... I just kind of jump in doing whatever I feel motivated to do at the moment. I think that works pretty well right now while there's just so much that needs doing. When I've left things partially done, I just add them to my to-do list and I go to it every once in a while and just try to knock things out of it. -- Pete 14:14, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The 'Alkenes' page is getting rather long. Should we create an 'alkene reactions' page and split the page into general notes and notes about reactions? Ewen 09:57, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Ewen, I'm not sure what the general strategy is in regards to page length on wikibooks. For print, obviously it doesn't matter. I just kind of assumed that if the page is long and there's a TOC at the top, then that's okay, but I just don't know what the standard is on Wikibooks. I don't care of the deeper linking of the old layout where everything is broken up into small subsections. -- Pete

 * A warning pops up when the page length exceeds (I think) 42 kB. Some browsers have problems with longer pages. I agree that the fragmented style is not the way to go, and I intend fixing some sections such as alkynes to put the whole content on one page. With Aromatics I found that the page length was unwieldy and made a separate Aromatic reactions page, which split the content nicely. Ewen 14:23, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, that seems reasonable to break off the reactions. Actually, I'll be surprised if the reactions alone, when I get done with them, take up less than 42kB. -- Pete 01:44, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

WB:LMOS Maybe we should decide on a limit? Ewen 13:05, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Ahah! Editing this talk page I had the warning "WARNING: This page is 35 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections." I knew I'd seen it somewhere....

Acetone peroxide
Is it really necessary to remove the references to easily available chemicals. What purpose does it serve.Dolive35 12:10, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Now I look at chemical synthesis I see that you explained that on the comment page for thermite synthesis. Sorry to bother you. Good call.Dolive35 14:56, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Cheers! Ewen 15:26, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Not much I can do this week
Ewen, If you notice I'm not doing much this week, it's because I have 3 exams over the next 2 days. Once those are done, and I've had a day or two to regroup, I'll get back in the saddle. Just didn't want you thinking I was abandoning the book. I have a 4th exam in a couple weeks which is going to be a tough one, so I'll be busy before that one as well... Anyway, just an FYI... -- Pete 00:41, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I wondered why you'd gone quiet! Good luck with the exams! Ewen 06:14, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Deleted pages from Organic chemistry
Cross posted to User talk:Pdavis68 --Swift 02:55, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

I just deleted a bunch of pages marked by you and User:Pdavis68 with delete. A few of these were linked to from Organic Chemistry/Book outline. I thought I'd give you the heads-up so you could update that to fit your new outline or delete it as well. Thanks for your hard work, --Swift 02:55, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Swift! We've been reorganising the book into a flatter structure and trying to remove some redundant sections (repeated in several places). Ewen 13:05, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Damn
As I was doing it I thought I ought to drop you a note Ewen so firstly sorry - other things happened!

You know how we all have "bees in our bonnet" about something. Mine (well one of them) is alpha catting. It irritates me (that is mild, all cookbook recipes were cat'ed under "C" for cookbook!). The helper I used is capable of doing large numbers of pages in a fairly short space of time (including typos and other cleanups) and I spotted your pages. If you would prefer it not to be then it will not require much effort for me to reverse the process (equally if you know of other pages you would like me to look at please let me know). I do have a request for "bot" status on an account in at WB:RFA but for now its on my own account.

Again sorry and if I can help you know where I am - regards -- Herby talk thyme 14:30, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * There's no need to apologise! Thanks for cleaning up the Applied Science pages and feel free to do whatever you feel will improve the book (including the many vandal reverts you've done: it's good to have you on lookout). I'm still not sure what it was that you achieved (removing the _ bits in addresses doesn't seem so profound to me). What's alpha catting? Forgive my ignorance! Ewen 19:11, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah well - if you click on the at the bottom of the pages that have the cat instead of everything being under "A" for A-level it is split alphabetically in (What I hope is) a more understandable way?  Regards -- Herby  talk thyme 19:17, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Gotcha! Thanks for that. clever stuff! never have figured it out for myself... Ewen 20:18, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No worries - we all have our specialties - let me know if I can help -- Herby talk thyme 20:19, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

BTW
Nice to have someone else around when I am!! Us UK folk need to stick together - morning -- Herby talk thyme 08:49, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Morning! It's good to write a wiki piece without changing to color, sulfur, aluminum, etc Ewen 10:37, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Trouble is I now use FF2 which is great 'cos of the spell checker BUT it wants to Americanize (!) everthing! -- Herby talk thyme 12:46, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Wikibooks Newsletter, Volume 1
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The Staff 04:16, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Hi!
Thanks for the message, Ewen. I have several (4!) competitive exams coming up in the next few months, and I'm busy preparing for them, but whenever I can, I'd love to help out. The pages have changed a lot since the last time I contributed anything, and I must say everyone here has done a fantastic job! Keep up the great work! Take care... Xcentaur 14:12, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Good luck with the exams! Thanks for the compliments! Ewen 15:39, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Chemistry Book
Ewen,

Thanks for the note regarding the discussion. Actually, I happened upon the discussion before I read your note... Over the holidays I was busy with family and then returned to school and things have just been insanely busy this semester. I'm working full-time (40-50hrs/week), taking 16 hours of classes and working 8+ hours in a lab. That hasn't left much time to work on the book, but I'm going to try to do a bit today and maybe I can find a little time on weekends to pitch in. My schedule should ease up a bit over the summer, but until then, I'm just not going to have a great deal of time to work on the book. I'm glad to know you've been keeping an eye on it and showing some presence there.

Pete

Hey there
Hi!

I'm not very active here, you'll find me far more involved on En Wikipedia, but I just dropped by today and I must say - fantastic work!

I had contributed a bit on Alkenes and other bits and pieces. From what the pages were and what they are now, I am amazed. I have real life commitments which eat at my time, but I'll be free from June. I'm looking forward to working with the all the editors here, its phenomenal how the pages are shaping up!

Keep at it, Xcentaur 10:11, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Page moves
G'day Ewen, thanks for fixing up the "barbeque" misspellings in Cookbook:. However, when performing page moves, please follow each one up with a check for double-redirects. WikiMedia software doesn't follow redirects recursively to prevent race conditions, so you need to ensure that each redirect is pointing at a real page, not another redirect. Webaware talk 01:17, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn't find any double redirects. I guess I mised one/some? Thanks for the heads-up! Ewen 05:28, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

 * No worries, thanks for fixing up the dodgy spelling. Webaware talk 06:58, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Bad Science
What are you up to?

I've only just started to add content to this new book and you're requesting its deletion. Please could you just hold on a minute? Or maybe write your explanations (Challenging NPOV? What on Earth for?) before you put your tags on?

Ewen (talk) 11:22, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I did not tag Bad Science for deletion. If at all you desire to build a book, fine. You could expanded the page, create new ones and remove the query tag which I posted there. I feel that the page is more relevant for Wikipedia than Wikibooks. Well, it appears more like a advocacy of something and one-sided. It needs cleanup for sure. Cheers-Ravichandar My coffee shop 11:28, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It's kind of sneaky to change your comments on my talk page like that, don't you think? Perhaps if you considered what you were saying before posting it...?

 * Anyway, as it happens I have Ben Goldacre's permission to copy this work of his onto a wikibook. He originally asked on his blog if anyone would be willing to do this and he confirmed by e-mail that I could go ahead.

 * Ewen (talk) 11:27, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Please be calm. I did not place those messages which I removed. They were placed there automatically. Oh, very well. :-) In that case, I'll remove them. But please try to improve upon your work. We cannot allow that book to remain here for long in the present condition. Thanks-Ravichandar My coffee shop 11:44, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't find it very 'calming' when you tag the page ten minutes after it was created. It's a bit of a 'Shoot first, ask questions later' policy isn't it? I will certainly 'try to improve' the work but it takes more time than you seem to be prepared to give it.

 * Ewen (talk) 13:25, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I guess that's the end of it. I didn't tag the page for deletion. I only tagged it with the "query" tag thereby giving you an opportunity to explain things. As for the POV and cleanup tags, I've clearly explained them here as well as in the discussion page. I don't wish to continue this discussion any further lest it should turn into an argument. Thank you very much. It was nice knowing you-Ravichandar My coffee shop 14:47, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Hi there, Ewen.

I notice that you said you received an email from the copyright holder for this material? Would you please forward that to our OTRS team at permissions-en@wikimedia.org so they can verify & archive it? We do this to protect the copyright holder.

As a scientist, I'm quite interested in this issue, so I'll be very interested to see this work evolve. However, I think some of this is not particularly textbook-like. I can expand on what I mean by that if you like, but that is perhaps something to give some thought to as you continue working on this book.

Thanks — Mike.lifeguard | talk 03:32, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ewen


text:
User talk:Frontier

Solid State Physics
I have created a new book called Semiconductors, which aims to be a general reference and discussion of all things semiconductor-related. I would like to merge in the book you started, Solid State Physics. I have alot of time to work on my new book, and your book hasn't progressed much since it was started. If you have any objections, let me know. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:53, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Modern Physics
I am doing a large amount of editing recently on the Electromagnetics section of the Modern Physics book, and I just wanted to alert you of a few things. First, I am reworking some pages that you have contributed to, and I am removing your signatures from the bottoms of pages that you authored. I don't mean this as a sign of disrespect, I just don't think it is appropriate to be signing the module pages. Your name and contribution history will still be shown in the History pages, and you can feel free to leave an "I wrote this" message on the talk pages of those modules, should you feel so inclined. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:50, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Frontier


text:
Talk:Semiconductors

Mass Merger
My goal for this book was to collect and unify the various sources we have about this subject, under several different titles. I feel that by bringing all the material together under one banner, we can make a bigger, better resource, and hopefully increase contributions. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:55, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Templates
I have created a page-header template for use in this book:

 * Template:Semiconductors Page
 * Template:Semiconductors Stub
 * Category:Electric Circuits
 * Category:Semiconductors/Stubs

--Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 17:56, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Resources
I am going to list some resources here, that can be harvested for material for this book. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 16:02, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * commons:Category:Semiconductors

title: Talk:Semiconductors


text:
Semiconductors/What is a Semiconductor

Semiconductors are materials that have properties in between normal conductors (materials that allow electric current to pass, e.g. aluminium) and insulators (which block electric current, e.g. sulphur).

Semiconductors fall into two broad categories. First, there are intrinsic semiconductors. These are composed of only one kind of material. Silicon and germanium are two examples. They are also called "undoped semiconductors" or "i-type semiconductors".

Extrinsic semiconductors are made of intrinsic semiconductors that have had other substances added to them to alter their properties.

Intrinsic Semiconductors
Every atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by a number of electrons. Only the electrons are involved in electronic processes. The electrons can exist only in certain electron shells around the atom. There are many shells in each atom.

It requires energy to get an electron from a shell close to the nucleus to one further away, and if an atom's electrons are in a position which is not the position with least energy (i.e. they are in a higher (further from nucleus) shell and there is space in a lower shell), energy is given up so the electrons "fall" into the inner shells. Thereby, the shells closest to the nucleus are filled first, and then the next closest and so on. It requires more energy for an electron in a shell that is close to its nucleus to fill an outer shell than it is for an electron on an outer shell to fill an inner shell, so the inner shell is filled first.

We will consider our material to be arranged in a lattice, which is a regular arrangement, like a crystal. This helps to describe and explain the principles. In the lattice, each electron can "see" every atom in the entire lattice, and therefore is not just affected by the presence of electrons in its own atom, but by all the other atoms in the material. The huge number of atoms (usually greater than one thousand billion billion in a cube 1mm on a side) means that the number of electrons in each shell of each atom is not important - the shells "merge" into bands. All that matters is that if that band is filled, partially filled or empty. The size of bands and the gaps between them is determined by the nature of the material.

In a lattice, there will be a set of filled bands, with a full complement of electrons and unfilled bands which have no electrons (because they are in the lower-energy filled bands). The highest energy band with electrons in it is called the valence band, from the chemists' term "valence electrons" which are the electrons on the outermost shell of the atom which are responsible for chemical reactions. The conduction band is the band above the valence band. Electrons in the conduction band are free to move about in the lattice, and can therefore conduct current. The energy gap between the valence and conduction band is called the band gap.

Every material has associated with it a Fermi energy. Imagine the bands "filling up" from the bottom up, like water poured into a container. The continuous nature of the filling arises from the fact that there is such a large number of electrons they are essentially infinite in number. This behavior does not happen in a single atom, as the small number of electrons means that the amount of energy is heavily quantized. The Fermi energy is the level of the top of the "sea" that is formed. This is defined at absolute zero, when there is no thermal energy to allow the electronics to form "ripples" on the sea.

In insulators, the Fermi level lies between the valence and conduction bands, in one of the "forbidden zones" where electrons cannot exist. Thus all electrons in the lattice are in the valence band or a band under that. To get to the conduction band, the electron has to gain enough energy to jump the band gap. Once this is done, it can conduct. However ,the band gap for insulators is large (over 3 eV) so very few electrons can jump the gap. Therefore, current does not flow easily in insulators.

In metals, the conduction band and the valence band overlap or the valence band is only partially full, both with the Fermi energy somewhere inside. This means that the metal always has electrons that can move freely and so can always carry current.

In semiconductors, the Fermi energy is between the valence and conduction band, but the band gap is smaller, allowing electrons to jump the gap fairly easily, given the energy to do it. At absolute zero, semiconductors are perfect insulators, but at room temperature, there is enough thermal energy to allow occasional electron jumps, given the semiconductor limited conductivity, even though, by rights, it should be an insulator.

If there are no electrons in the conduction band of a semi-conductor it won't conduct. To move electrons out of the valence band and into the conduction band, one needs to give them energy. This may be through heat, incident light or high electric field. As most semiconductors operate at non-zero temperature, there are generally some electrons in the conduction band. This also means that if the semi-conductor gets too hot (125°C for silicon), excess electrons will exist in the conduction band, hence the semi-conductor will act more like a conductor.

Because intrinsic semiconductors contain no "extra" electrons from impurities like extrinsic semiconductors do, every time an electron jumps the band gap, it leaves a hole behind. This hole represents a positive charge as it is the lack of an electron. Intrinsic semiconductors have exactly equal numbers of holes and electrons, so, where n is the number of electrons and p is the number of holes,

Direct and Indirect Semiconductors

The total energy of an electron is given by its momentum and its potential energy. To move an electron from the conduction band to the valence band, it may need to undergo a change in potential energy and a change in momentum. There are two basic material types, in-direct and direct band gap materials. In an indirect band gap material, such as silicon, shown in figure 4, to move into the valence band, the electron must undergo a change in momentum and energy. The chance of this event is small. Typically this process is achieved in several steps. The electron will first move to a trap site in the forbidden band before moving into the valence band. A change in potential energy will result in the release of a photon, while a change in momentum will produce a phonon (a phonon being a mechanical vibration which heats the crystal lattice).

In a direct band-gap material such as GaAs, only a change in energy is required, as seen in figure 5. As such GaAs is very efficient at producing light, although in the infrared spectrum.

Extrinsic Semiconductors
One may also dope the semiconductor material. Semi-conductor materials are doped with impurities chosen to give the material special characteristics. One may want to add extra electrons or remove electrons.

Doping atoms are chosen from elements in group III or V of the periodic table[1] which are similar in size to silicon atoms. Thus individual intrinsic semiconductor atoms may be replaced with dopant atoms to form an extrinsic semi-conductor.

The binding energy of the outer electron added by the impurity is weak. This is represented by placing the excess electrons just below the conduction band. Thus very little energy is required to move these electrons into the conduction band. Thus an extrinsic semi-conductor operating at room temperature will have most of these "extra" electrons existing in the conduction band. Thus at normal operating temperature,

 * $$n_c\approx N_d$$,

Where $$n_c$$ is the number of conduction electrons and $$N_d$$ is the number of dopant atoms.

Fermi Level
The number of energy levels in the conduction band is given by $$N_c$$:

$$ N_c\approx 2\bigg(\frac{2m_e\pi kT}{h^2}\bigg)^\frac{3}{2} $$

where $$m_e$$ is the effective mass of an electron.

The number of energy levels in the valence band is given by $$N_v$$

$$ N_v\approx 2\bigg(\frac{2m_h\pi kT}{h^2}\bigg)^\frac{3}{2} $$

where $$m_h$$ is the effective mass of a hole.

For an intrinsic semi-conductor, the number of conduction electrons must equal the number of conduction holes. Such that

$$ n_c=n_v $$

where $$n_c$$ is the number electrons in the conduction band and $$n_v$$ is the number of conduction holes in the valence band, given by:

$$ n_c=N_ce^\frac{E_f-E_c}{kT} $$ $$ n_v=N_ve^\frac{E_f-E_v}{kT} $$

for an n-type extrinsic semiconductor, the number of conduction electrons $$n_c$$ must equal the number of conduction holes plus the number of ionized donor atoms, $$n_d$$.

$$ n_c=n_v+n_d $$

where: $$ n_d\approx N_de^\frac{E_f-E_d}{kT} $$

Figure 8: Carrier density for doped semiconductor

Figure 8 shows this relationship against temperature. At the operating temperature, the electrons available for conduction is relatively constant, as most donor electrons exist in the conduction band. For high temperatures electrons from the valance band begin to populate the conduction band, significantly increasing the carrier density. The electrons in the conduction band are now dominated by electrons from the intrinsic semiconductor and it is said to be intrinsic. For very low temperatures, the donor electrons no longer populate the conduction band and the semi-conductor is said to freeze out.

Conduction
electron mobility: When an electric field is applied to a semiconductor, the electrons experience a force and are accelerated in the opposite direction of the electric field. This acceleration is inhibited by what we term 'collisions' [1]. When a collision occurs, the velocity of the electron drops to zero and it accelerates again. The average time between collisions is given by $$\tau_c$$.

The effect is a constant drift velocity for an n-type semiconductor $$V_n$$ given by:

$$ V_n=-\mu\cdot\xi $$ $$ \mu =\frac{q\tau_c}{m_e} $$

where $$\mu$$ is the mobility. Its derivation is complicated as the velocities have a Maxwellian distribution.

The current density $$J_n$$ is given by:

$$ J_n=\frac{I}{A}=-qnV_n $$

where $$n$$ is the number of electrons per unit volume $$A$$ and $$q$$ their charge. One may also express the current density in terms of the conductivity $$\sigma$$:

$$ J_n=\sigma\xi $$ $$ \sigma=qn\mu $$

where $$\sigma$$ is the conductivity in siemens per meter and $$\xi$$ the electric field.

Conduction is further complicated by additional diffusion of carriers. The voltage drop across the semiconductor is gradual and therefore sets up an electron density gradient. Electrons which exist at higher densities experience a force towards less dense region. Thus a Diffusion co-efficient $$D_n$$ is defined along with electron density gradient $$\nabla n$$.

$$ J_n=qn\mu_n\xi+qD_n\nabla n $$

where $$ D_n=\frac{kT}{q}\mu_n $$ The same equations also apply for a p-type semiconductor with a few minor differences.

title: Semiconductors/What is a Semiconductor