text:
Template:A-level Mathematics/C3/TOC

This is part of the C3 (Core Mathematics 3) module of the A-level Mathematics text. Algebraic Functions / Special Functions and Transformations / More Trigonometric Functions and Identities / Differentiation / Integration / Numerical Methods / Appendix A: Formulae

title: Template:A-level Mathematics/C3/TOC


text:
WebObjects/Testing/WOUnitTest

WOUnitTest
[WOUnitTest Homepage on SourceForge]

WOUnitTest 2 is an extension of JUnit for WebObjects development. It is developed and tested with WebObjects 5.3.2, Java 1.5, and JUnit 4.1.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: WebObjects/Testing/WOUnitTest


text:
User talk:Noppann

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 19:42, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Noppann


text:
Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Geocaching

'Geocaching is an entertaining outdoor adventure game for GPSr users. Participating in a cache hunt is a good way to take advantage of the wonderful features and capability of a GPSr unit. The basic idea is to have individuals and organizations set up caches all over the world and share the locations of these caches on the Internet. GPSr users can then use the location coordinates to find the caches. Once found, a cache may provide the visitor with a wide variety of rewards. All the visitor is asked to do is if they get something they should try to leave something for the cache.' -Schmidt C. Prince


text: User talk:85.240.169.62

title: User talk:85.240.169.62


text:
Talk:Personal Finance

This is a good article/book, well done. Please note the dollar sign $ should be on the left eg. $100 rather than 100$ --Ylringwood 22:40, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

This is good section where I would love to contribute. I have added 4 quadrants and the liability section here as that can clearly add to the one of the major aspect of the personal finance. I also wish to add other soft liabilites as children, car etc as they are also source of expense. Since this is not very routine to consider them as liabilities i have put them in the discussion for everyone to discuss. (Yndesai (talk) 12:23, 16 December 2010 (UTC))

title: Talk:Personal Finance


text:
Talk:Abstract Algebra

Style update
I see the manual of style page for contributors and if I'm being honest, I don't like it very much and I don't think it's very reader friendly. I think a much better style can be found in the Linear Algebra textbook (see this section for example). In particular having text boxes for the Theorems/Lemmas/Definitions/etc. makes them easier to spot and also break things up so you're not just facing a wall of text.

I would love to hear other people's thoughts on the matter, although it seems like there is not a lot of work happening here at the moment so if there is no response over the next few days, I might make the changes anyway.

Tripler06 (discuss • contribs) 02:47, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

Any One Here?
Ary: Hello~ ~ ~ ~
 * Echo: Hello~ ~ ~ ~

I am working on the group section now.

Arydye001 (talk) 19:36, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Not many people at the moment, but keep up the good work. It is noticed.  I wrote some material about groups here probably too basic for this book, but if it helps use it.  Thenub314  ( talk ) 21:23, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I see... may be others working on this book may come by soon.

Moving This Page
I don't believe that it is a good idea to move this page. For newcomers it is helpful to have an absolute starting point for mathematical study. I don't think people would look for this in algebra.

 * I am looking for "Where to start: with nothing" which I had just found and liked immensly. Where is it now? I cannot find it easily in Algebra. Would anyone help? Thank you

Numbering convention
What kind of numbering convention should we use? I see two possible candidates, each with advantages and drawbacks.

 * Using the same counter for all entries, that is, Definition 1, Theorem 2, Defintion 3, Example 4, Remark 5, etc...

 * Advantage: Easier navigation in the text.

 * Disadvantage: Editing is cumbersome.

 * Seprarate counters for each type of entry, that is, Definition 1, Theorem 1, Definition 2, Example 1, Remark (unnumbered), etc...

 * Advantage: Easier to edit.

 * Disadvantage: Navigating the text becomes more cumbersome, but this can be overcome using a search function.

Does anyone have opinions regarding this? Espen180 (discuss • contribs) 21:26, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I prefer the first, and the anchor template is a nice way to refer back to things. For example, if I want to refer to the definition of a zero vector I can simply create a direct link to it..  But to be honest, it will probably be a case of what ever makes you happiest. Thenub314 (talk) 23:05, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Nice e-book
Hello, I am a student and really enjoy reading this excellent e-book on abstract algebra. Thanks to the creators of this :-) --Mathmensch (discuss • contribs) 21:28, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

Exercises to be included

 * Let $$p \le R$$ be prime. Then $$p R[x]$$ is prime in $$R[x]$$.

To do

 * field theory
 * include correspondence theorems, link to the ring one in the commutative algebra book chapter 12. Mathmensch (discuss • contribs) 14:37, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

Two lists of contents
There are two different lists of contents. Can one be deleted, or renamed, if it's still needed for reference? I started reading the first page of the second list, and every section of it is incomplete. Is the second list an old draft? ThornyHemlock (discuss • contribs) 12:53, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abstract Algebra


text:
Talk:MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook/Wikimedia projects

Use this list as a template for all the other tool pages, with links to relevant policy pages. -- SB_Johnny | talk 23:32, 14 November 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Programming Mac OS X with Cocoa for Beginners/Building a GUI

When I try to follow this tutorial, XCode gives me the following errors /Users/enk3/Documents/Schoolwork/XCode/HelloWorld/EKHelloView.m:38: warning: 'EKHelloView' may not respond to '-text:' /Users/enk3/Documents/Schoolwork/XCode/HelloWorld/EKHelloView.m:38: warning: 'EKHelloView' may not respond to '-setText:withSize:' when I attempt to get the slider to control the Hello World text size.

Make sure to implement the  '- (void) setText:(NSString*) text withSize:(int) size;' and ' - (NSString*)   text;' methods. I too had problems following this tutorial until realizing that I had skipped this important step. Otherwise, I feel it is an excellent presentation of Objective-C. A Thank-You to the author.


text:
User talk:Steel359

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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Good luck! -- SB_Johnny | talk 23:49, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Autoconfirmed users
Are you sure that autoconfirm works the same on all projects? -- SB_Johnny | talk 23:50, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I dunno... Though I think autoconfirmation is something that can be turned on and off using bugzilla (iirc, there was some discussion of this on the wikiversity irc channel a few months ago when we were setting it up). There are a number of software features that work differently on different projects: for example, blocked accounts on wikibooks apparently can't edit their own talk pages. -- SB_Johnny | talk 14:43, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * "Makes writing a cross-project handbook difficult" -- indeed it does :). The plan is to have chapters about the basics of the tools on the main chapter, then have separate chapters for each wiki's particular quirks. If autoconfirmed is different by project, the best approach will probably be to use some sort of table.
 * BTW: could you give us some comment about blocked users editing talk pages, and how well it's worked for wikipedia? A few of us want to adopt that here (it definitely doesn't work here... I blocked myself to check, and no dice). Discussion is on the staff lounge (i.e. "Village Pump") here. -- SB_Johnny | talk 17:24, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Steel359


text:
French/Lessons/Algerian War of Independence

''Voici un article, tiré de la Wikipédia francophone, sur la guerre d'indépendance algérienne. Lisez-le.'' La guerre d'Algérie (aussi nommée, selon les points de vue, guerre d'indépendance algérienne, révolution algérienne, événements d'Algérie ou guerre de libération nationale) se déroule de 1954 à 1962 et débouche sur l'indépendance de l'Algérie.

Côté algérien, elle est menée par le Front de libération nationale (FLN), qui n’est d’abord soutenu que par une infime minorité du peuple algérien (la majorité par la suite réf. nécessaire) et quelques hommes politiques français d'extrême gauche (envoi d'armes et d'argent) appelés les « porteurs de valise ». Du fait du choix du terrorisme c’est essentiellement une période de violence contre la population et de lutte contre l'administration française. Il ne s'agit donc pas d'une guerre classique, entre deux États souverains.

La principale cause du déclenchement de cette guerre réside dans le blocage dû au fragile équilibre du pouvoir sous la IVe République, de toutes les réformes. Alors que des dizaines de milliers d’Algériens, estimés à 68 000 combattants, ont participé à la libération de la France et que plusieurs intellectuels revendiquent l’égalité des droits, les Algériens musulmans sont à l'époque considérés comme des citoyens de seconde zone par le régime de l'indigénat. Les représentants des colons au Parlement français constituent une minorité de blocage. Questions de compréhension Répondez en français aux questions suivantes: 1. Donnez tous les noms mentionés par cet article pour la « guerre d'Algérie ». 2. En quelle année la guerre commence-t-elle ? 3. Qui mène cette guerre ? 4. Selon cet article, s'agit-il d'une guerre « classique » ? Pourquoi ? 5. Quelle est, selon cet article, la principale cause du déclenchement de cette guerre ? 6. « Les Algériens musulmans sont considérés à l'époque comme des citoyens de seconde zone ». Pourquoi, à votre avis ?

« Il s'agit de »
Notice the phrase  « Il ne s'agit donc pas… » . Sometimes difficult to translate, the verb s'agir can mean 'to be a question of' 'to be about' or 'to be necessary'. Therefore, in this context, the best translation might simply be the verb 'to be', thus 'It was therefore not a classic war...'. Consider the following examples for various contexts in which to use this expression.

 * Il s'agit de bien relire ce que vous avez écrit - It is necessary to, OR you have to re-read carefully what you have written
 * J'ai un problème, il s'agit de ma dernière note de biologie - I have a problem, it's about my last biology grade

As a general (but not completely strict) rule,
 * il s'agit de + complément de nom = it is about, it is a question of, it is
 * il s'agit de + infinitif = it is necessary, one must

Note that s'agir can ONLY ever be used in the third person singular, masculine, with the subject il. Therefore we have il s'agit de, il s'agissait de, il s'agira de. It is always followed by de. Common mistakes with this expression include such expressions as elle s'agit de or ce roman s'agit de. These are grammatically wrong. In the latter case, say "Ce roman parle de" or "Ce roman traite de", and not Dans ce roman, il s'agit de, which would mean "In this novel, it is necessary to".

Dû
The adjective dû, meaning 'due' (from the past participle of the verb devoir), is used in the expression A est dû à B - A is due to B. Of course, the à changes to au, à l', à la and aux when followed by the definite article. Furthermore, note the changes to dû:
 * M. Sing - dû
 * F. Sing - due [no circumflex accent]
 * M. Plur - dus
 * F. Plur - dues

Le début des hostilités
In November 1954 the FLN made the following statement:

Pour prouver notre désir réel de paix, limiter les pertes en vies humaines et les effusions de sang, nous avançons une plate-forme honorable de discussion aux autorités françaises si ces dernières reconnaissent une fois pour toutes aux peuples le droit à disposer d'eux-mêmes.

1. La reconnaissance de la nationalité algérienne par une déclaration officielle abrogeant les édits, décrets et lois faisant de l'Algérie une terre française en déni de l'histoire, de la géographie, de la langue, de la religion et des mœurs du peuple algérien. 2. L'ouverture des négociations avec les porte-parole autorisés du peuple algérien sur les bases de la reconnaissance de la souveraineté algérienne. Questions de compréhension: '''1. Quels sont les deux raisons pour lesquelles le FLN avance cette « plate-forme honorable de discussion » ?  2. Résumez les deux conditions qu'impose le FLN aux autorités françaises.  3. Pourquoi pensez-vous que le FLN veut que la nationalité algérienne soit reconnue par les autorités françaises ? '''


text:
User talk:RonnieSpain

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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title: User talk:RonnieSpain


text:
User talk:Ais523

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- SB_Johnny | talk 00:03, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ais523


text:
Talk:GIMP/Create a Stone Texture

This page sucks. There is not a "Noise" tool. Be more specific.

This is very helpful tutorial. Thanks for that. Good job !

title: Talk:GIMP/Create a Stone Texture


text:
User:Marcos Antônio Nunes de Moura

You can read my introduction in pt.wikibooks. It's written in Portuguese. --Marcos Antônio Nunes de Moura 00:37, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Marcos Antônio Nunes de Moura


text:
User:Elfar

I hope to contribute good content for the advancement of my field and my fellow man and woman. I hope that our collective contributions serve to advance this cause. If you would like to submit work in orthopaedics to help the cause of this wikibook, then please visit our collective blog OpenOrtho and I will help you.

title: User:Elfar


text:
Talk:Operations Strategy

This talk page is dedicated to discussions based on the general structure and organization of the content present in the WikiBook. A todo schedule is also available to start working with.

Todo list

 * Create a bibliography page
 * Create images, tables and graphs for chapters (Request for images and graphs need be put here)
 * A better image for the Strategic Reconciliation diagram used in the book
 * Check errors on all pages - Once the book is completed
 * Create an index page

title: Talk:Operations Strategy


text:
User:Rakuten06~enwikibooks

Come look at my page at My User Page

title: User:Rakuten06~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Rakuten06~enwikibooks

Post your messages at the below the line.

On the Starcraft VFD
Well, if StrategyWiki had similar policies or was part of the Wikimedia project, I would agree with you. But it isn't. To edit anything on StrategyWiki, it requires people to register. Additionally, you are asking the authors to not only move the entire book, but to relearn the policies of a different wiki. I'm not saying that StrategyWiki is a bad thing, but it is a different place.

Ultimately, I feel that leaving Video game guides here is an excellent opportunity for Wikibooks in general. It allows contributors to edit their own projects, learning how to utilize the tools of Mediawiki markup, templates, and the such. Starcraft as a guide is also reasonably complete, not as good as some sites, but better than many of the wikibooks. It gives a reasonably deep view of strategy in Starcraft, going down to even build orders and cloning. The book is easy to follow as well.

Also, no official policy on wikibooks has been set against video game guides in general. Arguably, they are software manuals, which is allowed in policy.

Finally, Starcraft itself is one of those rare exceptional games that even if Video Games were removed from this site, I'd argue that Starcraft should stay. Starcraft does have a reasonably large following, and supposedly is very popular in Korea. (at least, this video would imply that). I'm not sure how old that video is, but it does show that Starcraft is pretty popular and can be an exception. And according to wikipedia, it is also reasonably popular, with 2 television channels in Korea dedicated to professional gameplay of Starcraft. --Dragontamer 17:56, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, I copy/pasted this response into the VfD page. On second thought, this is a community debate, so... yeah :-) Please respond there. Thanks! --Dragontamer 18:05, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Re:Afrikaans
Oh yes! I really would like help with it. I can't do much right now because I barely know the language. Icelandic Hurricane 17:39, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * That'd be great! The lessons don't have to be in that order or those exact things though. I just wanted to get the ideas down. Icelandic Hurricane 17:48, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Nice! I g2g eat though. Hang on. Icelandic Hurricane 18:19, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Wow! That's awesome. I think now it just needs more prose that's not just a list of words, and even pictures if they can be found. Check out lesson one for some ideas. I'll help a little tomorrow if I get the chance, which I probably will. Good luck! Icelandic Hurricane 02:10, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Wikibooks Newsletter, Volume 1
(Wikibooks gazette home | Discuss | Bulletin board | Subscription list)

This is a short newsletter that is being distributed to all active wikibookians. You are getting this message because you are recognized as an established contributor to the project. This newsletter will be distributed on a regular basis to help share news, information, and tips. It comes from a bot account, User:The Staff. User:The Staff is currently operated by a team of wikibooks admins, the complete list of which is available on the user page of the bot. If you would like to not receive this newletter anymore, please remove your name from the list at Active wikibookians.

The work you do at Wikibooks is greatly appreciated. However there are plenty of other opportunities for you to get involved and help us to create a thriving Wikibooks community. We are sure that there are things we can do to help you and your understanding of Wikibooks and similarly there are certainly things you could do to help Wikibooks become a better place.

We would like to ask all wikibookians to add the Bulletin Board to your watchlists. The Bulletin Board is a fast and easy way for wikibookians to communicate important news and events to the entire community. If you have important news to share with the community, you can feel free to add your own entry to that page.

If you have general questions or comments about Wikibooks, you are welcome to post a message on The Staff Lounge, a free discussion area. Your input would also be welcomed in the Votes for Deletion and Requests for Adminship discussion pages. These pages are all active discussion areas that help to shape the Wikibooks community as a whole.

Sometimes it is easy to forget that the Wikibooks community is much larger and more diverse then the people who work in a single book, or on a single bookshelf. Hopefully, together we can all make Wikibooks a better place, and a more valuable educational resource.

The Staff 04:17, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Wikijunior:World War II
You are listed as either an interested participant or at one time voted for "World War II" for Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter. This message is to let you know that we are starting work on World War II because it was selected for 3rd quarter 2007. -- xixtas talk 01:14, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rakuten06. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rakuten06~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:39, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rakuten06~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Stephanieeast

Hello and Welcome
Hi Stephanie,

Thanks for your work on the Spider honor (and the other things you've been doing on this project as well). It is greatly appreciated. I hope you don't mind that I added the spider web picture directly to requirement 5. I'm guessing that a few people like to print these out and use them to teach an honor - maybe without looking it over very closely first. Sometimes we're called upon suddenly to teach an honor with little to no time to prepare. Therefore, it's better if it can stand alone.

Thanks again. keep up the good work!

Jim Thomas 02:55, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Images
Hi Stephanie,

You can talk to me by adding comments to my talk page or to yours - I'll see them either way. You can also email me: jthomas at bittware dot com

About adding pictures - The pictures on the cirrusimages site are copyrighted, so we cannot include them in the wikibook. The byteland site is a little better, since the images are licensed under the Creative Commons. That means that we have permission to use them for non-commercial purposes. Unfortunately, the license we have to use in wikibooks requires that we only use works that are free to use for any purpose, including non-commercial. :-( I guess the reason for that is because the Gnu Free Documentation License (GFDL) that we use allows anyone to grab a copy of our work, print it out, and sell the copies - all without our permission, and with us not seeing a red cent from it. They are, however, constrained to include a copy of the license which allows anyone else the same liberty.  I'm OK with that, so it's not a big deal to me.

In a nutshell - we can't use images from either of these sites. But all hope is not lost. You can use those sites to gather information, such as which species of spiders to look for. Then you can look for their images either in wikipedia or in the wikimedia commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org). Wikipedia, wikibooks, and wikimedia commons are all run by the same organization. Because of that, we (and wikipedia) are set up to make direct use of any images available on wikimedia commons, which is where they prefer for you to upload any images. If you find an image in the commons, all you need is its name. Then add markup like this:

You can also add arguments to the image "tag" to control the placement and size of the image and add a caption. It's easiest to edit a page and look at the markup to see how that's done. Another option - which I recommend for a large collection of spider images - is to use a gallery. Look at the Flowers honor for an example of how that's done.

Sometimes you might find an image in wikipedia that is not in the wikimedia commons. If I really want to use it, I download a copy and upload it to the commons. I don't think that's the correct thing to do though, because you lose the file's history when you do it. But sometimes I do it anyway.

Other sources of images we can use include any pictures you take yourself, or anything in the public domain. For example, I have discovered a couple of websites that host military training manuals. Since those were original productuctions of the U.S. Government, they are in the public domain - which means we can do whatever we want with them, including uploading them to the commons and including them in our wikibooks.

BTW, when you think the Spiders answers are complete you should change the "stage" in the index page to 100% and add a link in the "completed honors" section on the front page. I do this when there's enough information there for someone to earn the honor. For instance, if you don't want to add spider-killing instructions you don't have to (not that I'm against it) because there are two other options available for meeting the requirement. I do try to put information for every option there eventually, but if there's enough there that someone can earn the honor, I say "good enough" and add it to the "done" list.

The other thing I do when I decide one is done enough, is announce it on the forum on pathfindersonline.org. Feel free to do that, or if you'd rather, I will be happy to do it. That's my way of drawing attention to the project and hopefully attracting contributors. Though sometimes I do feel like a broken record.

Jim Thomas 04:30, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

You seem to have missed the "official Welcome"!
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:13, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Requirements Outlined
Thank you for outlining the requirements. That was a huge job! I have been following your work, and you have both done a superb job.

When you guys started going gangbusters on the requirements, all the links turned blue, so it was harder to tell which ones had answers and which ones didn't. That's what prompted me to re-fiddle the indices. I moved the "stage" icons in front of the honor name and supressed the date. This should make it easier to tell which ones have had answers added to them. To preserve the spacing, I had to add a No_work icon. I hope you don't mind that I'm calling "no answers" "no work." It is work! But the next stage was 00%, so I had to come up with something different.

I was also going in behind you on a few and adding the Category entry, but one of the admins noticed I was doing this and clued me in on a tool they have that'll do this much more easily. So I held off on that. Now that you're finished, I'll pull the trigger on the Category thing.

BTW, what do you think of the answers I added for First Aid, Advanced? Not very detailed, but it seems almost pointless to add any more to it than that. If you think it's OK like that, I may replicate it in Community Water Safety - Advanced.

I also thought about doing this to the Radio honors, but haven't yet, thinking I might attempt to write a "How to Get a Ham License" module. But that's a MAJOR undertaking. I guess we could punt (as above) but if we don't maybe some ambitious engineer will jump in and do it.

Thanks for your work. It's very, very nice to have collaborators. Jim Thomas 02:47, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Admin Privs
Hi Stephanie,

There are a couple of guys on Wikibooks who regularly patrol the site for vandalism. They have helped our book on numerous occasions. Right now they are looking to have their rights escalated so that they may have "Checkuser" privileges. This will equip them with more powerful tools for fighting vandalism.

In order for that to happen though, they have to get 25 votes of support, and that is /very/ difficult to achieve. Their usernames are Herbythyme and SBJohnny. I would appreciate it if you would go to these URLs, click the edit link, and add this:

Support: ~

The tildes leave your username and the date. You /do/ have to be registered and logged in for the vote to count.

Here's where you can vote for them:

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/WB:RFA#Herbythyme_.28talk_.7C_email_.7C_contribs_.7C_logs.29 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/WB:RFA#SBJohnny_.28talk_.7C_email_.7C_contribs_.7C_logs.29

Thanks in advance.

Jim Thomas 15:05, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Stepahnie,
 * Today my user page was struck by a particularly nasty vandal, and the change was reverted by SBJohnny in under one minute. The best way I can think of to thank him is by urging my friends to vote for his request for Check user rights on the Request for Admin page.  I know you already voted for Herby, and I thank you for that as well.  I think SBJ deserves the same.  Thanks in advance! Jim Thomas 16:34, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Mammals honor
Hi Stephanie,

What exactly is the problem with Mammals? I'm not positive I know what you were talking about. I found a few problems you might have been worried about...

The Pinnipeds quit showing up as a header item because there was an extra space after the three = signs. An invisible problem with very visible results.

The range maps that aren't showing up are not present in the wikimedia commons. That's the repository of "media" type data. Wikipedia and Wikibooks both can draw images from there, but they can also both draw images from their own private little worlds. If a Wikipedia image is hosted at wikipedia instead of at the commons, it'll show up as a red link in Wikibooks. To be able to use it, you have to copy it from Wikipedia to Wikibooks. I did that to the Humpack range map. Here's how:

 * Click on the image in Wikipedia to go to its page
 * Click on the image again in its own page to be sure you've grabbed the full-resolution version.  If it was bigger than 800px wide, it'll only show up as 800px on that first page, but they really only want you to load ful-res images.  They can be scaled down by whoever needs them elsewhere.
 * Go to this page and enter the name of the picture. This will capture the metadata of the image.  I do this in another browser tab.
 * Go to the commons upload page and upload the image. Paste the metadata you got from the commons helper (previous step) into the information section.  You may also wish to add it to a category a la

 * Hit the upload button.
 * Yay!

 * Sorry, I left out a step. You have to download the full-res image to your computer and then upload it to the commons.  They don't have any facility for transferring it from the wikipedia server directly to the commons server (but it would sure be nice if they did!).  Does that help? Jim Thomas 01:20, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Outdoor Education
hi stephanie, you may be interested in contributing to this new book: Outdoor Education. sincerely, Jtneill (talk) 01:51, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stephanieeast


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Tagalog

What writing system(s) does this language use?
A long time ago, Tagalog writing was engraved into pieces of wood using an alphabet called Baybayin. After the Spanish had colonized the Philippines, they changed the alphabet into Latin, the alphabet also used in English and other European languages. Tagalog and almost all of the languages in the Philippines are written using the Latin alphabet. The Tagalog alphabet includes all of the same letters we use in English, along with 'Ñ'(enye), which the Filipinos borrowed from the Spanish, and 'Ng', a Filipino invention.

How many people speak this language?
Around 22 million people around the world speak it as a first language, and more than 65 million more have Tagalog as a second language. This makes it the most spoken of the Philippine languages, and the 40th most spoken language in the world.

Where is this language spoken?
Tagalog originates in the Philippines, where it is spoken by 49 million people as their first language, and is mostly spoken in the island of Luzon. Although there are many local languages in the Philippines, Tagalog is the language of the media and the government. Tagalog is also spoken outside the Philippines by Filipino immigrants who migrated to North America, Australia, Asia, and the Middle East.

What is the history of this language?
Tagalog is an Austronesian Language. Indonesians and Malays came to the Philippines and they spoke Malay and Javanese and they wrote Baybayin — and Baybayin's origin is ../Sanskrit/! Soon after the Age of Contact came and the Philippines started trading with other people like Persians, Arabs, Malays, Indians, Japanese, and Chinese. The people who traded with the Filipinos also introduced their language and culture, and soon after the Filipinos started using words from their languages and dressed, ate, and lived like them.

The Spanish came and they introduced Spanish and Latin, the Spanish taught the Filipinos Spanish, and soon after Spanish words were in the Language. ../Nahuatl/, an Aztec Mexican Language, also gave Tagalog some words. The British came and introduced English, and soon after Americans too came and encouraged the use of English, so English words then were also included in Tagalog. Tagalog is therefore one of the most diverse languages of the world, with Sanskrit, Malay, Javanese, ../Mandarin Chinese/, Nahuatl, Persian, ../Arabic/, ../Japanese/, ../Spanish/, and ../English/ loanwords!

On 1930 Manuel L. Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the National Language of the Philippines.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
Jose Rizal was a Famous Filipino Nationalist. He has written book in Tagalog and Spanish like El Fulibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere. Jose Rizal is known as Pride of the Malay Race, First Filipino, etc., for being a patriot for his Country. He was a poet, linguist, genius, and nationalist. He was born in Laguna, Philippines and he wanted to be an Ophthalmologist (a doctor for eyes) to cure his ailing mother. He studied in Europe and became a doctor and went back to the Philippines. He wanted freedom for the Philippines; he was imprisoned by the Spanish and then sent for execution.

Francisco Balagtas is a Famous Filipino poet and author. He is the Filipino Shakespeare because he has many contributions to Filipino Literature. His famous work was Florante At Laura (Florante and Laura), a story about Love and War.

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Tagalog


text:
The Computer Revolution/Computer Graphics/CADD

CAD is an acronym that stands for Computer Aided Design Program (http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/inside/cadcam/whatis.htm). It is a program that allows drafting professionals to draw using geometric shapes which is why it can be also called Computer Aided Drafting Design (http://www.trixsystems.com/cad.html). It is a program that has replaced the drafting drawing board that used to be used to use to design (http://www.trixsystems.com/cad.html). This computer program is much more advanced then an actual drawing board as it also creates mathematical calculations and formulas within the spreadsheet design. This program also allows people to measure objects with actual measurements used which allows for complete accuracy (http://www.fastcad.com/x-whatis.html). Another benefit to this drafting system is that you can see your objects in 2-dimentional format and some programs can actually allow you to see the drawing in a 3 D effect (http://www.fastcad.com/x-whatis.html). These programs are mainly used for high tech drafting professionals like Architects, engineers and geologists that benefit greatly from this computer graphics system. Computer Aided Design (CAD) CAD software was designed to help aid the development of building, bridges, landscape and new designs. Also, to reduce the time it takes to draft up a product or design. CAD can also help in producing new mechanical and electrical systems. An advantage of using this software is the ability to make changes and modify existing projects easily and quickly. Not only does it aid in design and development, it also aids in the event of a new structure being build, if its up to date with the latest version for any weather resistant structures. For example earthquakes, or unforeseen weather conditions. Computer aided design program also has the advantages of 3D designing. It will give the builder the ability to go into the finish building with out having to waits time and money if a issue would arise. (Morley, Deborah, Parker s., Charles. "Understanding Computers, Today and Tomorrow" print. Page 477)

A Historical Overview of CAD/CAM
A CAD/CAM system combines software and hardware and, as a system, is useful in designing products and controlling the manufacturing process that produces the particular product that has been designed. Essentially, CAD “is the main geometry authoring tool within the Product Lifecycle Management process and involves both software and sometimes special-purpose hardware [with] current packages [that] range from 2D vector based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modellers” (http://en/wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design  Retrieved Dec 7, 2006).

At one time, CAD systems required special computers, but since the mid-1980s, CAD software became much more affordable and even available for an individual’s personal computer. This significantly affected the workforce in company’s drafting departments – often eliminating the need for traditional draftsmen, but increasing the demand for CAD operators. The labour intensive art and craft of the traditional draftsman was replaced by the new technological savvy of the computer draftsman, although the art of designing was still a requisite.

This technology, although not necessarily decreasing the investment of time and effort in the initial design and drafting stage of an engineering process, it does have its advantages in the overall design cycle, especially in terms of modifying a drawing. CAD enables designs to be edited, saved, printed and re-edited on a “paper-less studio” without starting over again on a new sheet of mylar every time changes, even minor ones, were made or mistakes had to be corrected (http://en/wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design Retrieved Dec 7, 2006).

“CAD drawing tools … describe geometrics used by the CAM portion of the program to define a toolpath that will direct the motion of a machine tool to machine the exact shape that was drawn” (http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/inside/cadcam/whatis.htm Retrieved, Dec 7, 2006). But where did it all begin?

Well before CAD, large industries, especially those in the aerospace and automotive industries, sought to automate their manufacturing processes (http://www.fourmilab.ch/autofile/www/section2_83_6.html  Retrieved Dec 7, 2006). Background work to future CAD developments maybe attributed to “… mathematical description work on curves” developed in the early 1940s (http://en/wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design Retrieved Dec 7, 2006). In fact, “CAM’s history dates back to the period after World War ii when manufacturers working for the United States Air Force concluded it would be more efficient to build complex structures with the assistance of computers” (http://www.inventorconnections.com/feature_full.php?cpfeatureid=17200&id=183472  Retrieved Dec 7, 2006). Thus is was in the 1950s that “… Numerically-Controlled machines … used paper tapes with regularly spaced holes punched in them … to feed numbers into controller machines … wired to the motors positioning the work on machine tools” (http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/inside/cadcam/whatis.htm Retrieved, Dec 7, 2006). Then, work on “… polynomial curves and sculptured surfaces …” was undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s. What may have been most important was the development, and subsequent announcement at MIT in 1962, of APT or Automatically Programmed Tools – a universal NC (Numerical Control) programming language which “… allowed programmers top develop postprocessors specific to each type of NC tool … .” Thus, one may find the use of the term CAD/NC (Numerical Control) as an equivalent to CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing) in some industries  (http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/inside/cadcam/whatis.htm Retrieved, Dec 7, 2006).

It was during these early years (1960s and 1970s) that new companies were created and based themselves on this emerging technology, such as Intergraph in 1969. Then, desktop CAD appeared in the early 1980s, most notably that of AutoCAD, a 2D system, developed by Autodesk, a company founded by John Walker in 1982 (http://en/wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design  Retrieved Dec 7, 2006). According to one review, “AutoCAD is undeniably the most popular CAD product in the world … and AutoCAD [is] the practical standard in desktop CAD everywhere CAD is done” (http://fourmilab.ch/autofile/www/section2_83_3.html#SECTION00833000000000000000  Retrieved Dec 7, 2006). Despite the fact that “AutoCAD … is one of the best professional design & drafting programs on the market … used by engineering and manufacturing companies around the world” (http://metals.about.com/od/cadcam/CAD_CAM_Software.htm  Retrieved Dec 7, 2006), in the world of CAD/CAM, AutoCAD is simply a small part of this universe in the sense that “detail drafting represents no more than one-third of the requirements …” of the design/manufacturing process  (http://www.fourmilab.ch/autofile/www/section2_83_13.html#SECTION008313000000000000000  Retrieved Dec 7, 2006).

In fact, there is no one “traditional” CAD/CAM product – the array of options is phenomenal and applications abound across all disciplines and industries, from the traditional to the not so common uses. It maybe found in the likes of fashion and textile industries and medical applications (http://www.medschool.northwestern.edu/depts/repoc/sections/research/projects/cadcam/index.html  Retrieved Dec 7, 2006), piping design, laser & waterjet profiling, and others have been developed as prototyping software, real-world design and operations simulation software, 3D and solid modeling software, thermal analysis software and software for industrial engraving and sculpting – to name a few  (for a more comprehensive list, see http://metals.about.com/od/cadcam/CAD_CAM_Software.htm  Retrieved  Dec 7, 2006).

CAD/CAM and Fashion
“When you think of computer-aided manufacturing, sexy lingerie is probably not the first thing that comes to mind.”

Since the early 90s, fashion designers have been using CAD/CAM software to speed up the transition of 3D designs to the 2D material that needs to be cut. Most high-end clothes are still designed the old fashioned way, but store bought off the rack clothing is increasingly being developed using CAD/CAM software. It’s cheaper and quicker which are the main requirements for department store clothing. Two leading companies, Gerber and Lectra offer CAD/CAM software packages that are tailored to the fashion industry and range in price from $3,000 to $20,000 per seat. The programs focus on design, 3D prototyping, pattern making, size grading, nesting of the pattern pieces to maximize use of materials, and integration with automated textile-cutting machines.

Retrieved from http://news.cnet.com/CAD-software-is-the-new-black/2100-1012_3-6221810.html on February 24, 2012.

CAD/CAM and the Future
So what is the future for CAD/CAM? Since people can best appreciate the spatial world around them in three dimensions (3D), the drive to achieve 3D has been undertaken since the 1500s. While there have been huge advances in the realm of so-called 3D, it is generally accepted that this is, for the most part, technology which achieves “… good spatial impressions, [but] … is not stereo 3D … .”  The IT sector really means that the displays are truly two-dimensional (2D) which give a “certain spatial impression to objects by projection  “ and has been referred to as “3D display through 2D projection”  (http://www.tomshardware.com/2004/03/04/eye_candy/index.html  Retrieved, Dec 7, 2006). (http://www.tomshardware.com/2004/03/04/eye_candy/index.html Retrieved Dec 7, 2006). Therefore, despite advances in CAD/CAM with repect to “usability, speed, graphics, ‘intelligence; and automation … even the best 3D mechanical-design packages leave plenty of room for improvement. It needs to be faster, easier to use, and more useful for communicating with nonengineers” (http://www.machinedesign.com/ASP/viewsSelectedArticle.asp?strArticleld=56993&strSite=MDSite&Screeb=CURRENTISSUE  Retrieved Dec 7, 2006).

Some CAD models can be viewed in “virtual reality” with “special viewing helmets or glasses, and software that formats video images to create the impression of depth” (http://www.machinedesign.com/ASP/viewBDEArticle.asp?page=1&catld=361&strArticleFileName=/BDE/cadcam/bdecad2/bdecad2_1.html Retrieved Dec 7, 2006). Other technologies are on their way and, in fact, “moves toward 3-D volumetric information extraction, real-time graphic generation and real-time collaboration have all occurred and it does not appear that that pace will slow” (http://www.advancedimagingpro.com/article/article.jsp?suteSection=1&id=580 Retrieved Dec 7, 2006). What, historically, began as a simple means to automating the design and manufacturing processes, has evolved into so many fields and stages of industrial and personal development and interest. Where will it go from here?


text:
The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/Turing Test

The Turing Test

- The Turing test answers the question " do computers have or have computers achieved human intelligence"

Alan Turing, the creator of the Turing test, predicted that by the end of the century, computers would mimic human thinking. Alan, a mathematician at the time ( 1950 ) stated that it would be impossible to tell if a conversation with a computer could be distinguishable from conversation with a person.

In most examples the test works as follows:

1. human being(1) typing responses to human being(2) questions or queries

2. computer program providing other responses to same human being(2) questions or quieres

3. now both human being (1) and the computer program are not in eye site of human being (2) so that human being (2) has no visual reference of which source ( human (1) or computer ) is providing the reference.

4. the point of the test is to answer the question above "do computers have or have computers achieved human intelligence" 5. if the human being (2) is unable to determine which source responding to him is either human or computer, this demostrates the computers ability to hold human intelligence.

The Loebner Prize

In 1990, Dr. Hugh Loebner introduced a contest designed to implement the Turing Test. He offered to award a prize of $100,000 and a bronze medal to the computer that could “think” like a human and could be considered artificially intelligent. Each year an annual contest is held and a prize of $2000 and a bronze medal is awarded to the program that responds with the most “human-like” responses. So there is a winner every year, but to date, the gold medal has never been awarded. Parker, D. M. (2011). Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow. Boston, MA: Course Technology. Cengage Learning.


text:
User talk:Kinoko~enwikibooks

Thank you for your interesting and useful contribution to Wikijunior Languages. --xixtas 03:50, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kinoko. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kinoko~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:19, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:09, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kinoko~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Chicken Curry (Mediterranean-inspired)

This is an Indian dish with Mediterranean influence.

Ingredients

 * 2 tbsp olive oil
 * 6 cloves of garlic, smashed
 * ½ lemon, juiced
 * 5 medium spicy long green chiles, slit in half length-wise
 * 5 tbsp milk
 * 2 tbsp garam masala
 * 2 tbsp dried basil
 * Salt to taste
 * 2 whole bone-in chicken thighs

Procedure

 * 1) Combine oil, garlic, lemon juice, chiles, milk, garam masala, dried basil, and salt to make a marinade.
 * 2) Marinate the chicken in the marinade for about ½-1 hour.
 * 3) Transfer chicken and marinade to a pot. Cover and cook over low heat until fully cooked and tender.


text:
User:Lanklan~enwikibooks

For the sake on convenience please use my Wikipedia userpage
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lanklan

title: User:Lanklan~enwikibooks


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User:Koantum

My real name is Ulrich Mohrhoff. I teach physics at the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education in Puducherry (formerly Pondicherry), India. My website is This Quantum World where a bit more about me can be found.

title: User:Koantum


text:
User talk:71.105.214.51

Thanks for experimenting with the page PSP Programming/Compiling PSP Programs on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

Az1568 06:22, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.105.214.51


text:
User talk:210.18.214.18

Thanks for experimenting with the page Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Model a silver cup on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

Az1568 06:22, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:210.18.214.18


text:
User talk:24.94.13.166

It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from European History/European Imperialism and Nationalism. Please be careful not to remove content from Wikibooks without a valid reason, which you should specify in the edit summary or on the page's talk page. Take a look at our welcome page to learn more about contributing.--Az1568 06:25, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.94.13.166


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Art History/Preface

Art is that which elevates our understanding of the world and of ourselves from simple description or narrative to the sublime. Art occurs when images and objects, sights and sounds, or drawings and carvings convey the beauty and splendor of the world, or a realized imagination of an artist, for the purpose of self-expression or the shared enjoyment of its creation.

Art: Defined

The modern use of the word 'Art', which rose to prominence after 1750, commonly refers to a skill used to produce an aesthetic result. By any definition of the word, Art has existed alongside humankind, from the Ancient to the Contemporary.

The first and broadest sense of how Art is described has remained closest to it's Latin meaning, which roughly translates to a "skill" or "craft", a few examples demonstrating the broad sense of the root "Art" includes artifact, artificial, artifice, artillery, medical arts, and military arts. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its etymology, such as from the Indo-European root meaning "arrangement" or "to arrange". In this sense, Art is whatever is described as having undergone a deliberate process of arrangement by an agent.

The second, more recent, sense of the word Art is an extension for "creative art" or “fine art". In this instance, Art skill is being used to express the artist’s creativity, or to engage the audience’s aesthetic sensibilities, or to draw the audience towards consideration of the “finer” things. Often, if the skill is being used in a lowbrow or practical way, people will consider it a craft instead of Art. Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it will be considered commercial art instead of Art. On the other hand, crafts and design are sometimes considered applied art. Some have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgments rather than any distinct and defined difference. However, even fine art can have goals beyond just pure creativity and self-expression.

The ultimate derivation of fine in fine art comes from the Aristotelian philosophy, Four causes. This principle states that there are four causes or explanations for an object. The fourth and/or final cause of an object is the purpose for its existence. The term fine art is derived from this notion. If the final cause of an artwork is simply the artwork itself, and not a means to another end, then that artwork could appropriately be called fine.

''The closely related concept of beauty is classically defined as "that which when seen, pleases". Pleasure is the final cause of beauty, and so it is not a means to another end, but is an end in itself.''

Art can describe several kinds of things: a study of creative skill, a process of using the creative skill, a product of the creative skill, or the audience’s experiencing of the creative skill. The creative arts (“art”’ as discipline) are a collection of disciplines (“arts”) which produce artworks (“art” as objects) that is compelled by a personal drive (“art” as activity) and echoes or reflects a message, mood, or symbolism for the viewer to interpret (“art” as experience).

Artworks can be defined by purposeful, creative interpretations of limitless concepts or ideas in order to communicate something to another person. Artworks can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted based on images or objects. The purpose of Art may be to communicate ideas, such as in politically-, spiritually-, or philosophically-motivated art, to create a sense of beauty (see “aesthetics”), to explore the nature of perception, for pleasure, or to generate strong emotions. The purpose may also be nonexistent or seemingly nonexistent.

Art is something that visually stimulates an individuals thoughts, emotions, beliefs or ideas. Art is a realized expression of an idea, it can take many different forms and serve many different purposes. Though the application of scientific theories to derive a new scientific theory involves skill and end product is "creation" of something new, but this is not categorized as art, but as science only.

"It is self-evident that nothing concerning art is self-evident any more." -Walt Weaver

Theories of Art

Nowhere are we more easily tripped up than in defining what is truly Art. While no one quibbles with the sublime beauty of the Mona Lisa, or the timeless majesty of the Parthenon, a general consensus about some works of art leads us to disturbing and difficult questions like "Who gets to say what art is?" or "What is it about this artwork that makes it beautiful?" We do know that while the artist is trying to relate directly to his intended audience, the process of defining and appreciating art is facilitated by the theoretician and critic, who give us insight into the work, its nature and its place in the history of culture.

There are many related theories of art. Aesthetics is the philosophy of beauty; aesthetic discussions engage us in disputes about the best way to define art. One nihilistic theoretical point of view, for example, is that it is a mistake even to try to define art or beauty, insofar as they have no essence, and therefore can have no definition. Another is that art is a cluster of related concepts rather than a single concept. Examples of this approach include Morris Weitz and Berys Gaut. Fountain by Marcel Duchamp. At the same time, general descriptions of the nature of art can be separated from determinations of beauty and called “theories of art,” but are always ringed with the determination of the relative artistic value of the work.

Another approach is to say that “art” is socially or culturally rooted, and that "art" is whatever artists, schools and museums say it is. This "institutional definition of art" has been championed by George Dickie. This theory smacks of elitism, and has its populist critics. Most people, at first blush, cannot see the artistry of a Brillo Box or a store-bought urinal; that is, until Andy Warhol and Marcel Duchamp said they were art, by placing them in a context to be viewed as art (i.e., the art gallery). This contextualization of art cum definition is a common, if overused, feature of conceptual art, prevalent since the 1960s; notably, the Stuckist art movement critiques this tendency.

Proceduralists often suggest that it is the process by which a work of art is created or viewed that makes it, art, not any inherent feature of an object, or how well received it is by the institutions of the art world after its introduction to society at large. For John Dewey, for instance, if the writer intended a piece to be a poem, it is one whether other poets acknowledge it or not. Whereas if exactly the same set of word was written by a journalist, intending them as shorthand notes to help him write a longer article latter, these would not be a poem. Leo Tolstoy, on the other hand, claims that what makes something art or not is how it is experienced by its audience, not by the intention of its creator. Functionalists, like Monroe Beardsley argue that whether or not a piece counts as art depends on what function it plays in a particular context, the same Greek vase may play a non-artistic function in one context (carrying wine), and an artistic function in another context (helping us to appreciate the beauty of the human figure).

Art and Class
Louis Le Vau opened up the interior court to create the expansive entrance cour d'honneur, later copied all over Europe. Art is often seen as belonging to one social class and excluding others. In this context, art is seen as a high-status activity associated with wealth, the ability to purchase art, and the leisure required to pursue or enjoy it. The palaces of Versailles or the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg with their vast collections of art, amassed by the fabulously wealthy royalty of Europe exemplify this view. Collecting such art is the preserve of the rich, in one viewpoint. Before the 13th century in Europe, artisans were often considered to belong to a lower caste, however during the Renaissance artists gained an association with high status. "Fine" and expensive goods have been popular markers of status in many cultures, and continue to be so today. At least one function of Art in the 21st century is as a marker of wealth and social status.

Utility of Art
Often one of the defining characteristics of fine art as opposed to applied art, is the absence of any clear usefulness or utilitarian value. But this requirement is sometimes criticized as being a class prejudice against labor and utility. Opponents of the view that art cannot be useful, argue that all human activity has some utilitarian function, and the objects claimed to be "non-utilitarian" actually have the function of attempting to mystify and codify flawed social hierarchies. It is also sometimes argued that even seemingly non-useful art is not useless, but rather that its use is the effect it has on the psyche of the creator or viewer.

Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as art therapy. The end product is not the principal goal in this case; rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.

Graffiti is a kind of graphic art, often painted on buildings, buses, trains and bridges. The "use" of art from the artist’s standpoint could be as a means of expression. It allows one to symbolize complex ideas and emotions in an arbitrary language subject only to the interpretation of the self and peers.

In a social context, art can serve to soothe the soul and promote popular morale. In a more negative aspect of this facet, art is often utilised as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood (in some cases, artworks are appropriated to be used in this manner, without the creator's initial intention).

From a more anthropological perspective, art is often a way of passing ideas and concepts on to later generations in a (somewhat) universal language. The interpretation of this language is very dependent upon the observer’s perspective and context, and it might be argued that the very subjectivity of art demonstrates its importance in providing an arena in which rival ideas might be exchanged and discussed, or to provide a social context in which disparate groups of people might congregate and mingle.

Classification disputes about Art
It is common in the history of art for people to dispute about whether a particular form or work, or particular piece of work counts as art or not. Philosophers of Art call these disputes “classificatory disputes about art.” For example, Ancient Greek philosophers debated about whether or not ethics should be considered the “art of living well.” Classificatory disputes in the 20th century included: cubist and impressionist paintings, Duchamp’s urinal, the movies, superlative imitations of banknotes, propaganda, and even a crucifix immersed in urine. Conceptual art often intentionally pushes the boundaries of what counts as art and a number of recent conceptual artists, such as Damien Hirst and Tracy Emin have produced works about which there are active disputes. Video games and role-playing games are both fields where some recent critics have asserted that they do count as art, and some have asserted that they do not.

Philosopher David Novitz has argued that disagreement about the definition of art, are rarely the heart of the problem, rather that “the passionate concerns and interests that humans vest in their social life” are “so much a part of all classificatory disputes about art” (Novitz, 1996). According to Novitz, classificatory disputes are more often disputes about our values and where we are trying to go with our society than they are about theory proper. For example, when the Daily Mail criticized Hirst and Emin’s work by arguing "For 1,000 years art has been one of our great civilising forces. Today, pickled sheep and soiled beds threaten to make barbarians of us all" they are not advancing a definition or theory about art, but questioning the value of Hirst’s and Emin’s work.

Controversial Art
Famous examples of controversial European art of the 19th century include Theodore Gericault's "The Raft of the Medusa" (1820), construed by many as a blistering condemnation of the French government's gross negligence in the matter, Edouard Manet's "Le D'jeuner sur l'Herbe" (1863), considered scandalous not because of the nude woman, but because she is seated next to fully-dressed men, and John Singer Sargent's "Portrait_of_Madame_X", (1884) which caused a huge uproar because of the model's plunging neckline and the fact that her dress strap fell off shoulder. The model's family petitioned for the painting to be removed from the salon, and Sargent repainted the left dress strap on to the shoulder.

In the 20th century, examples of high-profile controversial art include Pablo Picasso's "Guernica" (1937), considered by most at the time as the primitive output of a madman, this the sole explanation for its 'hodgepodge of body parts' and Leon Golub's "Interrogation III" (1958), shocking the American conscience with a nude, hooded detainee strapped to a chair, surrounded by several ever-so-normal looking "cop" interrogators.

In 2001, Eric Fischl created "Tumbling Woman" as a memorial to those who jumped or fell to their death on 9/11. Initially installed at Rockefeller Center in New York City, within a year the work was removed as too disturbing.

Forms, Genres, Mediums, and Styles
The creative arts are often divided into more specific categories, such as decorative arts, plastic arts, performing arts, or literature. For example painting is a form of decorative art, and poetry is a form of literature.

An art form is a specific form for artistic expression to take, it is a more specific term than art in general, but less specific than “genre.” Some examples include, but are by no means, limited to:

 * painting
 * drawing
 * printmaking
 * sculpture
 * music
 * poetry
 * architecture
 * cinema

A genre is a set of conventions and styles for pursuing an art form. For instance, a painting may be a still life, an abstract, a portrait, or a landscape, and may also deal with historical or domestic subjects. The boundaries between form and genre can be quite fluid. So, for example, it is not clear whether song lyrics are best thought of as an art form distinct from poetry, or a genre within poetry. Is cinematography a genre of photography (perhaps “motion photography”) or is it a distinct form?

An artistic medium is the substance the artistic work is made out of. So for example stone and bronze are both mediums that sculpture uses sometimes. Multiple forms can share a medium (poetry and music, both use sound), or one form can use multiple media. An artwork or artist’s style is a particular approach they take to their art. Sometimes style embodies a particular artistic philosophy or goal, we might describe Joy Division as Minimalist in style, in this sense, for example. Sometimes style is intimately linked with a particular historical period, or a particular artistic movement. So we might describe Dali’s paintings as Surrealist in style in this sense. Sometimes style is linked to a technique used, or an effect produced, so we might describe a Roy Lichtenstein painting as pointillist, because of its use of small dots, even thought it is not aligned with the original proponents of Pointillism.

Many terms used to describe art, especially recent art, are hard to categorize as forms, genres, or styles; or such categorizations are disputed. No one doubts there is such a thing as land art, but is it best thought of as a distinct form of art? Or, perhaps, as a genre of architecture? Or perhaps as a style within the genre of landscape architecture? Are comics an art form, medium, genre, style, or perhaps more than one of these?

title: Art History/Preface


text: User talk:Ohms law

title: User talk:Ohms law


text: Category:Book:C Sharp Programming/Keywords


text:
User talk:InFamou$

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 11:17, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

22:57, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

[InFamou$]

I dont care!

title: User talk:InFamou$


text:
User talk:Banana~enwikibooks

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 11:18, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Banana. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Banana~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:01, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Banana~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Norway

| European cuisines

Norwegian cuisine in its traditional form is based largely on the raw materials readily available in a country dominated by mountains, wilderness and the sea. Hence, it differs in many respects from its continental counterparts, with a stronger focus on game and fish.

Modern Norwegian cuisine, although still strongly influenced by its traditional background, now bears the marks of globalization: pastas, pizzas and the like are as common as meatballs and cod as staple foods, and urban restaurants sport the same selection you would expect to find in any western European city.

Desserts
Cookbook:Svele_Kake

Soups
Cookbook:Ertesuppe

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Norway


text:
User talk:Chrisja1358

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 11:20, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrisja1358


text:
Template:C Sharp Programming/stub

'' This or  The  module or this section of C Sharp Programming is a stub. You can help Wikibooks by [ expanding it].'' /stubs :This template adds page to /stubs. Stub

title: Template:C Sharp Programming/stub


text:
Category:Book:C Sharp Programming/stubs

The pages in this category need particular attention in order to be complete.

Please use   rather than  to place pages in this category.

title: Category:Book:C Sharp Programming/stubs


text:
Talk:Tcl Programming/Working with files

I am trying to get content from a file and try to manipulate with the data in that.I used the following script for that.

set fp [open "/app/ess/appl/ess.version/exits/Tcl/out_exit6" r] set data [split $fp] foreach line $data { set rssUserNames [read $fp] puts $LogFile $rssUserNames }

The file contains 5 values.But i am not able to retrieve all 5.Instead i am getting only 3 values.How will i retrieve all data?

title: Talk:Tcl Programming/Working with files


text:
Folksprak

Folksprak (formerly Folkspraak) is an Zonal constructed language (IAL) project based on the Germanic languages. It is intended to be quickly learnable by all Germanic speakers (a group including over 465 million native speakers, and an additional 300 to 900 million who speak English as a second language). It is not meant to be designed by any one individual, but is a collective work created by all interested parties.

A proposal for Folksprak (called Sprak) has been developed by Stephan Schneider (member of the Yahoo folkspraak group). It is analogous to the "real" modern Germanic languages, because its phoneme inventory is based on reconstructed Proto-Germanic with phoneme shifts following those seen in the development of modern Germanic. Its original scope was to provide an inter-Germanic orthography based on reconstructed Proto-Germanic.

As it is a community based project the contents in this book may not always be up to date. Note that there are many different variations of the folksprak language and one person's version of folksprak may be different from the general version.

Basics

 * /Alphabet/
 * /Numbers/

Intermediate

 * Grammar
 * Orthography

title: Folksprak


text:
User:Stephan Schneider

de:User:Stephan Schneider eo:User:Stefo

title: User:Stephan Schneider


text:
Subversion

 * Subversion/Setting up server under Windows
 * XForms/Versioning Form Data With WebDAV and Subversion
 * Subversion/Basic Usage Guide

title: Subversion


text:
Animal Care/Land hermit crab chlorine

All water (H2O) for land hermit crabs must be free of any form of chlorine.

Water companies are increasingly using chloramine (NH2Cl) in tap water, rather than chlorine (actually hypochlorite - Cl2O2). The chlorine in chloramine will not "outgas" from water (dissipate into the air) with anywhere near the speed and reliability of the chlorine in hypochlorite. That is precisely the reason that chloramine is being used to protect human water supplies from bacteria.

When making plans to remove chloramine, note that unless
 * a gas is produced that bubbles out of the water or
 * a solid is formed that precipitates out of the water,

adding a product to water to "remove" something simply converts one compound into another compound, rather than actually removing anything from the water.

For instance, many products that "remove" chloramine will "add" ammonia. Choramine is created by combining chlorine and ammonia (NH3), so when the chlorine bond in choramine is broken, ammonia is leftover. Aged (weeks) choramine-treated water will contain this ammonia.

Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3, is the primary ingredient of many commercial water dechlorinators. It releases harmless chloride ions from both hypochlorite and chloramine, but it also releases the ammonia from chloramine.

As a result, water+chloramine+sodium thiosulfate requires an additional chemical that converts the ammonia into a non-toxic form before the water can be given to hermit crabs. However, a sodium thiosulfate product may not contain that second chemical or even mention ammonia. This is a case of buyer beware!!

Other chemicals exist that will release chloride ions from chloramine and also convert the resulting ammonia into a non-toxic form. (See the "super 10-gal tank" setup.)

title: Animal Care/Land hermit crab chlorine


text:
Subversion/Setting up server under Windows

Updated for 1.4.4

Best Documentation is available in the TortoiseSVN Help File. Please install TortoiseSVN and the manual can walk anyone through the installation under Windows.

This article is based on a helpful blog post Setting_up_a_Subversion_Server_under_Windows, which got outdated.

Download

 * the Windows server binaries
 * the TortoiseSVN shell integration utility

You don't need to download the "svnservice" wrapper or similar programs anymore because since version ?? Subversion server can be run as a service. For details see.

Install server
1) Unzip Windows binaries, e.g. to c:\Program Files\subversion\

2) Add the path to subversion binaries to the system Path environment variable: %programfiles%\subversion\bin\

3) Create SVN_EDITOR environment variable to specify text editor to use:

Start the server service
sc create SVNserve binpath= "c:\Program Files\subversion\bin\svnserve.exe --service --root \"c:\svn_root\"" displayname= "Subversion Repository" depend= Tcpip start= auto

Start the service: net start SVNserve

Install client
Run the installer. At the end it asks to restart but it's not necessary.

Create repository
You can create via the command line or through TortoiseSVN. Repositories can be accessed in various ways. Go to the command prompt and type: "svn --version" to see a list of available methods.

defaults are: - handles 'http' scheme - handles 'https' scheme - handles 'svn' scheme - handles 'file' scheme
 * ra_dav : Module for accessing a repository via WebDAV (DeltaV) protocol.
 * ra_svn : Module for accessing a repository using the svn network protocol.
 * ra_local : Module for accessing a repository on local disk.

1a) In the command prompt, run svnadmin create "c:\svn_root"

1b) Right click in explorer, TortoiseSVN | Create Repository here... obviously, you should create a folder named "svn_root" under c:\

2) Go to the directory you created above, open ./conf/svnserve.conf and uncomment these lines (remove # from the beginning of the line): [general] anon-access = read auth-access = write password-db = passwd

3) uncomment these lines in ./conf/passwd: [users] harry = harryssecret sally = sallyssecret

5a) create the project for access by svn svn mkdir svn://localhost/myproject // the svnserve is listening for connections on svn://localhost and it points to "C:\svn_root\" in this example // as the sc command written above has that path set // the repository will have "myproject" as the first folder under the root

5b) create the project for access by local file ( using TortoiseSVN ) Go to Repo-broser and look at: file:///c:\svn_root/ right click and add a folder

Create a project
1) Create a directory for your working copy. Right-click on it and choose "SVN Checkout..."

2a) Type svn://localhost/myproject/ 2b) Type file:///c:\svn_root/


text:
Talk:Guide to Clinical Examination/General Philosophy

Regarding the paragraph on how to describe the patient's symptom, here is my proposed text.

In questioning the patient regarding their presenting problem, consider the 7 characteristics: Site,Severity (e.g. using a scale of 1 to 10 in the case of pain), Setting or Onset, Timing (duration, recurrence, periodicity), Quality (description, severity), Aggravating or relieving factors (including any attempts to alleviate the problems and their outcomes),Associated symptoms. Furthermore, it is expected of the student to elucidate how this is affecting their everyday life (daily function) and what the patient think causes it/think what it might be/afraid what it might be.


text:
User talk:68.225.120.157

Good work on the vandalism - sign up?? Cheers -- Herby talk thyme 14:42, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.225.120.157


text:
Cookbook:Svele Kake (Norwegian Yogurt Pancakes)

| Cuisine of Norway

Ingredients

 * 4 eggs
 * ½ cup white granulated sugar
 * 2½ cups flour
 * 1 litre kefir or yogurt
 * 1 teaspoon baking powder
 * 1 teaspoon baking soda
 * ⅛ teaspoon horn salt (ammonium bicarbonate)
 * Vanilla

Procedure

 * 1) Mix all ingredients gently (do not use mixer).
 * 2) Let batter stand ½ hour.
 * 3) Fry on hot griddle.
 * 4) Serve with butter, brunost (brown/goat cheese), or Nugatti Crisp (caramel/hazelnut dessert spread).


text:
Cookbook:Horn Salt

Horn salt (also hartshorn) is used in some traditional Northern European baked goods as a leavening agent.

It is used in thin baked goods (e.g., cookies and pancakes) as otherwise the ammonia may not cook out completely (leaving an aftertaste in the food).

Modern horn salt is ammonium bicarbonate.

title: Cookbook:Horn Salt


text:
Folksprak/Grammar

Click here for the version of Folksprak that is documentated in the German Wikibook, and on which this English wikibook is based.

As of the beginning of 2014, some Folkspraak enthusiasts are attempting to produce a unified version of the language. Click here to follow their progress or even to contribute. They also meet irregularly in an IRC chatroom (link in their wiki). If they are eventually successful, the present wikibook should be thoroughly updated.

Parts of Speech

 * /Nouns/
 * /Pronouns/
 * /Verbs/
 * /Adjectives and Adverbs/
 * /Particle/
 * /Words for nationalities/

Phrase structure

 * /Indicative sentences/
 * /Imperative sentences/
 * /Question sentences/
 * /Conditional sentences/
 * /Subclauses/
 * /Relative clauses/

title: Folksprak/Grammar


text:
User talk:81.56.74.68

Please do not add commercial links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. Note that books may be collections of external links for educational purposes only. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 16:05, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to use Wikibooks for advertising, you will be temporarily blocked from editing. -- Herby talk thyme 16:47, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.56.74.68


text:
General Genetics/Genetic Principles

How a living organism is built and functions is determined and governed by genes. Understanding how genes work may enable researchers to:
 * detect and cure genetic illnesses.
 * determine an organism's features and behaviors.
 * create a new organism.

The relationships between genes and features are very complex. Currently, we are unsure if it will ever be possible to change only one feature of an organism by changing one or a set of genes. If features are able to be genetically altered, there is a likelihood that any attempt may accompany other changes. The other changes could be small and/or ignorable however. Some changes are gradual, while changes in gene expression can result in rapid transformations in the physiological state of an organism.

Gregor Mendel and Peas
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. He is credited as the father of modern genetics. While planting and harvesting pea plants on his monastery he noticed patterns of traits in pea plants. Most pea plants turned out to have green pods, some had yellow pods. Some had yellow seeds and while others had green seeds. Stem length, petal color, pod shape, location of flowers all these seemed to exhibit a pattern of inheritance.

Mendel went on to breed pea plants to see how these traits acted. Through these experiments Mendel created 3 laws that govern how traits are passed on from parents to offspring.

Mendel's Laws
Law of Dominance - In a cross between contrasting traits only 1 appears in the F1 generation this is the dominant trait; the other is recessive

Law of Segregation- During gamete formation the 2 traits responsible for each trait separate so each gamete has only 1 gene for each trait

Law of Independent Assortment- when dihybrid plants are crossed the factors for 1 trait are distributed separately from other traits so that one can find all these changes

Chromosomes, alleles and Mendel’s law: the behavior of homologous chromosomes during meiosis can account for the segregation of the alleles at each genetic locus to different gametes. The alleles for 2 or more genes located on different chromosomes. In Mendel’s experiment, the segregation and the independent assortment during meiosis in the F1 generation give rise to the F2 phenotype ratio observed by Mendel.

Law of Dominance
It is when crossing two contracting character traits, one of the character traits will be masked of or will not show which is recessive and the other will be dominant.When Mendel crossed breeds two pea plant with contracting height,one being tall(TT) and the other being short or dwarf(tt). What he found is that all the the first generation(F1) where all tall.

title: General Genetics/Genetic Principles