text:
Talk:Physics Study Guide/Energy

My comments about this page and this project
This was a total mess. After being on here for over 14 months, it was riddled with problems, many of which remain.
 * Unit symbols not italicized.
 * The units Joule and Newton were improperly capitalized, in situations where they should not be capitalized.
 * It incorrectly claimed, not just once but at least twice, that the spring constant k is "unitless".
 * It included a conversion factor from joules to calories; I don't think there's any crying need to include calories at all, but if you do, give the conversion factor from calories to joules, not the other way.
 * Of course, that's what you had--you just had the units screwed up and flipped around. Actually, a calorie is about 4.18 to 4.19 joules, not a joule equal to 4.18 calories.
 * I'm sure there were other things I fixed too, and others yet unfixed even on this short page, but I've vented all I need to now. 66.97.235.123 12:42, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Work and Energy merging
I think we should merge two articles substantially rewriting the content.

When work is defined with energy while energy defined by work, it will be better to compose a common article where to introduce them somehow simultaneously.

Suggestions? Lincoln J. (discuss • contribs) 15:16, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Physics Study Guide/Energy


text:
Robotics/Components/Actuation Devices/Pneumatics Hydraulics

Pneumatic and hydraulic systems are actuators which provide linear movement. Hydraulic systems, especially, can produce extremely high forces.

Pneumatic system
The Pneumatic Actuator is sometimes called a Pneumatic Ram. The basic Pnuematic Ram consists of 3 main parts. These 3 parts are the Cylinder, Piston and Rod.

The Cylinder, which is black in the diagram, is where the process takes place. Most of the cylinders in use for hobby robotics are constructed of stainless steel and depending on the type of ram it will either feature one or two ports for compressed air.

The Piston, marked in green, is similar to one that you would find in a car engine. It essentially provides a surface for the compressed gas to act upon.

The Ram, marked in blue, is connected to the piston and transfers the force from the piston to the mechanism that needs moving.

There are several different types of cylinders:
 * Single acting cylinder: This cylinder has one input and has a spring. If the pressure is released from the cylinder the spring pushes the piston rod back to its starting position.
 * Double acting cylinder. This type of cylinder is moved by pressurizing one side at a time of the piston. (see images below).

Applications
Pneumatics are useful for generating linear motion.
 * Movement of a lever in a walker robot design.
 * Closing a gripper

Design Considerations
The use of Pnuematics requires a supply of compressed gas. For a stationary robot on a production line a compressor could be set up nearby to supply it however this isn't possible for a robot that is on the move. The solution is to have a container that holds compressed air. If lots of compressed air is required the addition of a compressor into the design may be required however bear in mind that a compressor will consume a large amount of power.

Calculating Output Force

The force a cylinder can be expressed as

 * $$ F = \ {p A_{Piston}}\,\!$$

 * F: Force in Newtons
 * p: Air pressure in cylinder in Pascals. Pressure can be obtained through use of a Pressure Gauge in the air circuit before the Ram.
 * A: Surface area of the piston in square meters. This can be obtained from the manufacturers specifications.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Patrik

I've adding some graphics to the robotics book. These are done with Inventor and (most of them) touched up with paintshop pro.

placing graphics on wikipages:
Since the help page of wikibooks isn't much help yet, here's how I placed those pictures:

The center tags place the picture in the center of the page and prevent from text being placed next to them as this looks wrong.

"robotics logo.png" is the name of the drawing uploaded to wikibooks.

"none" is the orientation. Could be left or right.

"thumb" I have no idea. I assume this means thumbnail?

"288px" how width the drawing has to be. height is automaticaly calculated to keep the aspected ratio correct.

The rest of the line is the text below the drawing, but still in the picturebox.

Another way is the gallery tag:

Watchlist acting unfair.
Watchlists seem to act a little unfair lately. Someone wrote a nice part on IDC connectors which showed up in my watchlist. However when I made a small change to it (changed 2 symbols ('?') that weren't drawn properly in '°' symbols, only my minor edit was left in the watchlist. I wonder if this is normal.

 * Noticed this too, I think it's a Wiki mechanism to avoid flooding the watchlist with hundreds of minor edits (if wiki documents each minor edits). I know for one I sometimes had to go back to re-edit my work when I spotted a typo/ format issue, and the watchlist just takes the latest edit as a summary of all the edits in the time span. Lynx7725 06:19, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

spell checking.
I admit I'm not always spell check what I contribute. The main cause is that I write a lot on other peoples computers (this I'm writing on my gf's) and those don't have a spell checker installed in mozilla.  --Patrik 17:43, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

links
LearnElectronics Theoretical_Mechanics Software_engineering

Image copyright problems
Thanks for uploading image(s) to Wikibooks. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about what Wikibooks includes because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. Some or all of your uploaded files may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status. The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Please take the time to read Media to learn more about what copyright information is required to satisfy our requirements and remember to include this important information for every file that you upload in the future as well. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk.

To find the files in question, use (unlicensed|untagged)

Thanks! '''– MBA ( Bot talk | Mike talk | owner | block ) 01:21, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This is an automated message. Please ignore it if you've already provided license information for all your uploads.

 * I did notice that some or all of your images say that they are your own work. Please decide how you want to license those images, and tag them as such. Without the license tags, they will be deleted. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:02, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patrik


text:
User:PhilHibbs

PhilHibbs

title: User:PhilHibbs


text:
Adobe GoLive Guide

Contents

 * 1) /Fundamentals/
 * 2) /Site Creation, Structure, and Management/
 * 3) /Page Creation and Layout/
 * 4) /Text Formatting and Cascading Style Sheets/
 * 5) /Tables, Images and Beyond/
 * 6) /Forms/
 * 7) /Site Assets/
 * 8) /Web Site Publication/

title: Adobe GoLive Guide


text:
Adobe GoLive Guide/Site Creation, Structure, and Management

This chapter focuses on creating and designing a web site using Adobe GoLive

GoLive Site Wizard
The GoLive Site Wizard can be used to create anything from empty to template structured to imported web sites.

How it Works
The Site Wizard creates a project folder, a project file and three organizational folders to contain the elements of the site. These folders are the web-content folder, the web-data folder and the web-settings folder. While these various parts are used to organize and create the site, only the web-content folder is uploaded onto the server when publishing.
 * project file shares the name of your site and uses the .site file extension. This file is used to manage your site's makeup.
 * web-content folder contains pages, css, images and everything else needed for the published version of the site.
 * web-data folder templates, components and other reusable elements.
 * web-settings folder stores changes made in the Site Settings dialog box.

Creating a Site
The site creation process for the Mac or PC is identical and the resulting files are interchangeable across operating systems.

 * File > New Site
 * Select Single User
 * Select
 * Blank Site
 * Import from Folder
 * Import from Server
 * Copy from Template
 * Name the site (if applicable)
 * Choose a location for the site files to reside
 * Click Finish

Organizing a Site
Once your site has been created and populated with pages (see next chapter) you must link these pages and their elements together and to their sources to make a coherent and maintainable Web site.

Linking Pages, Objects and Their Sources
Once linked, objects will maintain their links even when their sources are moved or renamed so long as these changes occur within the site window. There are three types of links which can be applied to objects, images, etc.

 * resource links (links in the HTML which locate the objects appearing on the page)
 * navigational links (links that take a viewer from one page to another or between locations on a page)
 * external links (still technically navigational links, external links refer to any link which opens another page or email)

resource links
Do one of the following:
 * Drag the file from the site window and let GoLive create the resource link automatically
 * Manually specify the resource location:
 * Select an object
 * Navigate to the Inspector
 * Change the source file

navigational links

 * Select item to house the link
 * If linking an image or object, click the Link tab and then the Create Link button (looks like a chain)
 * Type the destination file in the URL text box.
 * Use the Target menu to select a location for the link to open if you wish it to open in a frame or another window.
 * Enter a title for the link. The title will appear when the cursor is held over the link.  (This only works in some browsers.)
 * Use the Name/ID menu to select Name & ID.
 * Type a link name on the Name/ID line.


text:
Energy and Power: Production, Distribution, and Society

This course is an introduction to energy and power within a societal context.

Useful Prerequisites
A general knowledge base in these topics will facilitate learning.

 * Calculus
 * Electricity and Magnetism
 * Physics
 * Statistics
 * Thermodynamics

Topics

 * /Introduction: A Global Energy Balance/

Energy Consumption: Utility and Inequality

 * 1) /World Portfolio/
 * 2) * /Breakdown by Users, Sources, and End Use/
 * 3) * /Relationship to GDP/
 * 4) * /Trends, Projections, and Scenarios/
 * 5) * /International Efforts/
 * 6) /United States Energy Policy/
 * 7) * /Energy Portfolio/
 * 8) * /The Department of Energy/
 * 9) * /History, Policy, and Industry/

Basic Ideas: Exercises and Review

 * 1) /The Conservation of Energy/
 * 2) * /Special Topic: Crackpot Claims and Spotting Violations of the First Law/
 * 3) /Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Analysis/
 * 4) * /P-V Diagrams/
 * 5) * /T-S Diagrams/
 * 6) * /Psychrometrics/
 * 7) * /Chemical Energy and Combustion/
 * 8) * /Temperature Dependent Chemical Equilibrium/
 * 9) /Circuits: Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors/
 * 10) * /DC Circuits/
 * 11) * /AC Circuts/
 * 12) /Transformers, Motors, and Turbines/
 * 13) /Distribution of Electric Energy/

Energy Sources: Technology, Cost, and Potential

 * 1) /Special Topic: Non-Renewable, Renewable, Sustainable/
 * 2) /Fossil/
 * 3) * /Coal/
 * 4) * /Natural Gas/
 * 5) * /Petroleum/
 * 6) /Nuclear/
 * 7) /Solar/
 * 8) * /Photovoltaics/
 * 9) * /Solar Thermal/
 * 10) /Water/
 * 11) * /Hydroelectric/
 * 12) * /Ocean Wave/
 * 13) * /Ocean Tidal/
 * 14) * /Ocean Current/
 * 15) /Biomass/
 * 16) /Wind/
 * 17) /Geothermal/

Energy Storage and Conversion

 * 1) /Gasification/
 * 2) /Waste to Energy/
 * 3) /Fuel Cells/
 * 4) /Hydrogen/
 * 5) /Micro-Turbines/
 * 6) /Flywheels/
 * 7) /Batteries/
 * 8) /Electricity/
 * 9) /Distributed Generation/
 * 10) /Diesel Generators/
 * 11) /Turbines/

Building Energy Use

 * 1) /Green Building Design/
 * 2) * /Information Technology and Building Energy Management/
 * 3) * /HVAC systems/
 * 4) ** /Psychrometrics, Human Comfort, and Energy/
 * 5) * /Lighting/
 * 6) /Time-Dependent Demand/
 * 7) /Commercial and Residential/

Transportation

 * 1) /Spark Ignition, Diesel, and Hybrid Vehicles/
 * 2) /Freight and Shipping/
 * 3) /Air Travel/

The Path of Emerging Technologies
Power Cycles and Car Engine Design
 * 1) /Otto Cycle/
 * 2) /Diesel Cycle/

Power Cycles and Power Plant Design

 * 1) /Rankine Cycle/
 * 2) * /Reheat/
 * 3) /Brayton/
 * 4) /Issues in Efficiency and Cost/

Combustion and Pollution

 * 1) /Combustion and Chemical Energy/
 * 2) /Kinetics/
 * 3) /Common Pollutants and Concerns/
 * 4) /Regulation/

Economics and Energy Markets

 * 1) /Limited Natural Resource Economics/
 * 2) * /Jevons Paradox/
 * 3) * /The Consumption Curve/
 * 4) * /Reserves/
 * 5) /Pollution Caps and Trading/
 * 6) /Electricity/
 * 7) * /Supply and Demand: Peaks and Valleys/
 * 8) * /Grid Capacity and Infrastructure Costs/
 * 9) * /Deregulation/
 * 10) * /Real-time Pricing/
 * 11) /Developmental Economics and Energy/
 * 12) * /Traditional Energy Portfolios/
 * 13) * /Human Impacts and Correlations/
 * 14) * /The Great Divide: North vs South/
 * 15) /Econometrics and Energy Forecasting/

Sustainability and Energy

 * 1) /Global Warming/
 * 2) * /CO2 Equivalent Sources and Sinks Accounting/
 * 3) * /Carbon Sequestration/
 * 4) * /Atmospheric Modeling/
 * 5) /Energy Sources and Magnitudes/
 * 6) /Special Topic: Consumption, Capitalism, and Unsustainable Growth/

The Future: Scenarios of Disaster and Opportunity

 * 1) /Economic and Environmental Forces for Change/
 * 2) /The Role of the Engineer: Ideas with Potential/


text:
Talk:Energy and Power: Production, Distribution, and Society

Hello, I just started this with a very preliminary sketch of topics I would like this course to cover. It's very messy right now, and extremely ambitious!

I am a utility engineer and would like to help add to this ambitous page to build the knowledge base.


text:
Radiation Oncology/Gastrointestinal symptoms

Gastrointestinal Symptoms Management

 * Nausea and vomiting
 * Esophagitis
 * Diarrhea
 * Proctitis


text:
How To Assemble A Desktop PC

If you're reading this, you're probably thinking about building your next computer instead of buying one already built. Building a computer can be a very awesome experience and can bring many benefits; you can learn a lot about computer hardware by building one, you get a totally personalized computer, you can choose better components and you may be able to save some money and have fun. In case you are the sort of person who wants to understand how things work, if you take broken stuff apart just to see how it all fits together, if you have a drawer somewhere full of “parts” you think may come in handy someday, then you just may be in the right place.

Contents

 * /Noted contributors/ · /External links/ · /Development/

 * 1)  /Choosing the parts/
 * 2) CPU
 * 3)  /Assembly/
 * 4)  /Software/
 * 5)  /Overclocking/
 * 6)  /Silencing/
 * 7)  /Conclusion/

 * /Archives/: old content which isn't relevant anymore.
 * /Authors & Contributors/

Note to editors
Please look at the talk page before editing this book. The editors of this book have come up with guidelines to follow when editing this book, and a list of things that have to get done. New sections and content first go into /Development/.

Assemblage d'un ordinateur Costruire un computer Rozbudowa komputera w praktyce

title: How To Assemble A Desktop PC


text:
Japanese/Introduction/About

Introduction - Welcome to the Japanese Wikibook
Development of this Wikibook began on August 11, 2003. It is an ongoing project that will evolve as users contribute to the content and layout of pages. The end goal of this project is to create an online resource for those wishing to learn Japanese. We will attempt to encompass all aspects of the Japanese language, including pronunciation, reading, writing, and grammar.

Many textbooks and travel guides make use of 'rōmaji' (Romanisation of Japanese characters) to bypass the need for learning the Japanese characters. This Wikibook, however, aims to develop a well rounded student, and as such, will make minimal use of 'rōmaji' except in introducing pronunciation.

Current work
In the first five years, this Wikibook went through several rewrites. Seeing all too few contributors keen on picking up the torch where past editors left off, the book had amassed several layers of rewritten material that did little to provide a clear path through the material. Waking to that reality after considerable discussion, we came up with the categorisation scheme now present on the main page. The Japanese/Contents page does not conform with that scheme as it is more an inventory for editors looking for existing material to work with (be it merging, re-factoring, deleting, or rewriting), rather than an index for learners.

Since June 2008, a good deal of merges and rewrites have been done. As a result we've managed to delete over a hundred pages of unnecessary or duplicate material, navbars, printable versions, and templates. See Removal Suggestions for deletion proposals and discussions. For pages to be merged, see the Books to be merged category for a list of pages in this book that have been suggested be merged and Category:Japanese/todo for pages with specific work to be done.

There hasn't been much discussion lately on the actual content since active editors (currently Retropunk and Swift) have been working on somewhat separate aspects of this book. We have a section on pages on structure, lesson plans and syllabus. How much to teach and Levels might also be of interest for those so inclined. For development of a consistent curriculum see User:Retropunk/Japanese Curriculum and Sugu ni Hajimemashō.

Finally; every contributor seems to have a different take on the purpose of this book. In your work, remember that learners have vastly different learning styles and diverse approaches to lesson plans will benefit readers and contributors alike. Until we have fully functioning learning paths, the categorisation scheme on the front page will make the existing material accessible to readers while allowing users to contribute without having to conform to a predefined form.

That said; pick your path and be bold.

title: Japanese/Introduction/About


text:
User:Reub2000

How To Build A Computer
I am the starter, and a major contributer to How To Build A Computer, which made Book of the Month for May 2005.

Misc
My Contributions

Not Dual Licensed
Anything that is copied from elsewhere and that is not licenced under the Create Commons license is not multi-licensed for obvious reasons.

title: User:Reub2000


text:
User:Meanos~enwikibooks

Hello ! I'm a wiki user from the french wikibooks project (wikilivres in french) — see my user page on wikilivres.

Lurking here to read, translate and grasp some of the good stuff you've been made since the wikibooks' launch :)

For more informations about me, myself and I, feel free to read my stupid, boring personnal page on the french Wikipedia.

Meanos 01:58, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Meanos~enwikibooks


text: Template:DualLicenseWithCC-BySA-Dual

title: Template:DualLicenseWithCC-BySA-Dual


text:
File:CompSciLogicRefTree1.png

a refutation tree

title: File:CompSciLogicRefTree1.png


text:
User talk:Andreas Ipp

request for adminship
Hey Andreas, I think you've been doing great work. I just want to "get to know you" for a little bit longer before I cast my "support" vote. In the mean time, you can suggest changes for the main on the talk page; or we can try unprotecting it again. MShonle 06:21, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! This sounds promising. If adminship can not be granted so quickly, I'd be perfectly happy, if the main page was unprotected again (for doing small changes). Anyway, for the "big" change (I want to reserve at least a quarter of the page for the "book of the month") I should design this locally first, and if you guys like it, it could also be moved to the main page by one of you... Doesn't have to be me! In the meantime, increase the quality of the vote by voting by yourself! Thanks, --Andreas Ipp 07:57, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Main Page
Oops, I guess I should have announce the main page isn't protected anymore. I think the vandal we had has gone. Hopefully, I'm right. :) Gentgeen 00:25, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem, I already made the changes (see the "Book of the month"). If you like, please vote for your favorite book too. I guess you have far more experience and overview over the books around here than me... --Andreas Ipp 00:28, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

he to they
Hey mate, great spotting. I should have been more careful with my edits. I guess we could move it to wikisource if you really wanted, but we shouldnt take it off wikibooks, cause the plan is that it will grow and become more the the out-of-copyright book that it is now. Large parts of wikipedia had thier base in a 1908 (?) version of britanica which is now out of copyright. The point was not to put the text of britanica online, but to have it as a starting point to create something bigger and better. The bellman 06:50, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Message
I left a message on the Wikibooks_talk:Top_active/Listing_January_2005 for you.
 * And I just answered there --Andreas 13:33, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Categories
How would I go about creating OR requesting categories? The Golden Bough has some, but those categories do not have any page associated with them. Ojmorales0002 21:36, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Your categories exist, all you had to do, was purge the cache of the Mediawiki software (so that the red links turn blue). I did this by manually entering: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=The_Golden_Bough&action=purge . By the way, it is not a good idea, to have all sub-pages in the Category as well. It is recommended, only to put the main page of the book into categories.

 * Only the main page will be there. Thanks Ojmorales0002 12:46, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I wrote the above before checking. I only added Categories to the main page The GOlden Bough yet, all sub-pages appear in those categories. Did I miss something? Ojmorales0002 12:48, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * No no, look at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Religion, all pages that are listed here, have the Category link at the bottom of their page. (it is not on all subpages of your book, just on some!) --Andreas 16:03, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Was not your fault, EuropracBHIT had added all those Categories, I wrote a note to his talk page. --Andreas 16:43, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Spaces in wikipage names
I had no idea that wikimedia supported spaces in the names, is there any way that I can add the spaces into the names without losing content or having to copy/paste the whole book? --Mrnoj 17:25, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Mrnoj. Yes, if you are logged in, you have a "move" command on top of each page. With this you can "move" the page to a new name and insert spaces. All history is automatically moved as well, and the old page will become a redirect to the new page. --Andreas 08:47, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Book (of the month) change

 * That's all right, Andreas. I can imagine you were very busy or didn't have much time, and you didn't do it yourself for that reason.
 * Regarding the April award. So pleased that US History has got it, as of 0:00 UTC yesterday. When are we going to announce it, and who is going to draw/find a picture?
 * It's really been close and competitive this month (with an element of tactical voting, if I do say so myself, but no nasty factions!). Imagine, the next three books got 4 each. The Unicyclopedia, How to Build a Computer and the Physics Study Guide, if I recall.

--EuropracBHIT 05:48, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dichotomous Key Glossary
Hey, I'm unsure about glossary formatting, so I thought I'd ask for a second opinion. Take a look at Dichotomous Key:Mammalia. Do you think the glossary is better like that (i.e. next to the terms it applies to) or altogether in a box somewhere on the page? TUF-KAT 21:50, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I like the glossary right next to the terms, that is very useful! I added two formatting commands, to put all glossary to the right on a stack:

      *Birth **Eggs - Monotremata **Live birth - 2
 * The last  is needed so that the right floats won`t overlap with the next section. I hope it is not too ugly, some of it might be put into a template...
 * Speaking of template, you might think of one template, e.g., so that the glossary terms are also easily editable on the page (otherwise you have to create really a lot of templates, and the likelihood of overlap with other projects on Wikibooks increases..). --Andreas 03:43, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I'm terrible with wikisyntax! Can you make the three boxes at the top of the page line-up neatly.  I tried randomly sticking stacks around and got it looking nicer on my monitor, but the righthand box ("adjacent keys") is still lower than the others and way off to the right.  Regarding combining the glossary into one template, there are definite advantages, but using an individual template (e.g. Template:Egg) lets you use the same definition on multiple pages (and change it on all pages with only one edit).  It's probably possible to use templates within templates to get the best of both worlds, but that could get messy... TUF-KAT 06:56, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * For now, I inserted a break before the "1" section. About the layout of the three boxes... It looks a little bit disorganized with so many boxes floating around. What about having 1 large box on top that is subdivided into the necessary parts? Something along the lines as sketched below: --Andreas 07:43, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks good with combined boxes! TUF-KAT

World History
I finally got around to changing (what I hope is) every single link and page. I used the Book:Chaptertitle hierchy because of a specialized chapter page top which would look funny with the automatic used by Book/Chaptertitle. Besides, the latter confuses new users anyway. Hope it helps!--Naryathegreat|(talk) 00:25, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well done! Thanks a lot. --Andreas 12:56, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

SimCity
I've expanded the page on SimCity quite dramatically, and given that you have contributed to it in the past, I'm wondering if you have any comments, suggestions, or anything else to contribute to it? AmishThrasher 15:46, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

De-Adminship vote
A vote is being held to remove your sysop privileges. The basis for this vote is lack of use of these privileges. You may want to participate at Requests_for_adminship. See also the discussion at Staff_lounge. --JMRyan 22:39, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Your De-Adminship
Hello. I would like to inform you that you will have your sysop rights removed here on 1 Nov 2006 due to inactivity. If you would like to discuss the matter, please see WB:RFA. You can re-apply for adminship at a later date if you wish. Thanks. -within focus 21:28, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andreas Ipp


text:
LaTeX/Introduction

What is TeX?
TeX is a language created by to typeset documents attractively and consistently. Knuth started writing the TeX typesetting engine in 1977 to explore the potential of the digital printing equipment that was beginning to infiltrate the publishing industry at that time, in the hope that he could reverse the trend of deteriorating typographical quality that he saw affecting his own books and articles. While TeX is a programming language in the sense that it is Turing complete, its main job is to serve as a markup language for describing how your document should look. The fine control TeX offers over document structure and formatting makes it a powerful and formidable tool. TeX is renowned for being extremely stable, for running on many different kinds of computers, and for being virtually bug free. The version numbers of TeX are converging toward the mathematical constant $$\pi$$, with the current version number being 3.1415926.

The name TeX is intended by its developer to be, /x/ being the velar fricative, the final consonant of loch and Bach. (Donald E. Knuth, The TeXbook) The letters of the name are meant to represent the capital Greek letters tau, epsilon, and chi, as TeX is an abbreviation of τέχνη (ΤΕΧΝΗ – technē), Greek for both "art" and "craft", which is also the root word of technical. English speakers often pronounce it, like the first syllable of technical.

The tools TeX offers "out of the box" are relatively primitive, and learning how to perform common tasks can require a significant time investment. Fortunately, document preparation systems based on TeX, consisting of collections of pre-built commands and macros, do exist. These systems save time by automating certain repetitive tasks; however, this convenience comes at the cost of complete design flexibility. One of the most popular macro packages is called LaTeX.

What is LaTeX?
LaTeX (pronounced either "Lah-tech" or "Lay-tech") is a set of macros for TeX created by. Its purpose is to simplify the TeX typesetting, especially for documents containing mathematical formulae. Within the typesetting system, its name is formatted as.

TeX is both a typographical and logical markup language, and one has to take account of both issues when writing a TeX document. In creating LaTeX, Lamport's aim was to split those two aspects. A typesetter can make a template and the writers can focus on LaTeX logical markup despite perhaps not know anything about typesetting.

In addition to the commands and options LaTeX offers, many other authors have contributed extensions, called packages or styles, which you can use for your documents. Many of these are bundled with most TeX/LaTeX software distributions; more can be found in the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN).

Why should I use LaTeX?
Most readers will be familiar with WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) typesetting systems such as, , or. Using LaTeX is fundamentally different from using these other programs—instead of seeing your document as it comes together, you describe how you want it to look using commands in a text file, then run that file through the LaTeX program to build the result. While this has the disadvantage of needing to pause your work and take multiple steps to see what your document looks like, there are many advantages to using LaTeX:

 * You can concentrate purely on the structure and contents of the document. LaTeX will automatically ensure that the typography of your document—fonts, text sizes, line heights, and other layout considerations—are consistent according to the rules you set.
 * In LaTeX, the document structure is visible to the user, and can be easily copied to another document. In WYSIWYG applications it is often not obvious how a certain formatting was produced, and it might be impossible to copy it directly for use in another document.
 * Indexes, footnotes, citations and references are generated easily and automatically.
 * Mathematical formulae can be easily typeset. (Quality mathematics was one of the original motivations of TeX.)
 * Since the document source is plain text,
 * Document sources can be read and understood with any text editor, unlike the complex binary and formats used with WYSIWYG programs.
 * Tables, figures, equations, etc. can be generated programmatically with any language.
 * Changes can be easily tracked with software.
 * Some academic journals only accept or strongly recommend submissions in the form of LaTeX documents. Publishers offer LaTeX templates.

When the source file is processed by the LaTeX program, or engine, it can produce documents in several formats. LaTeX natively supports and PDF, but by using other software you can easily create PostScript, PNG, JPEG, etc.

Terms regarding TeX
LaTeX is a document preparation system based on TeX. So the system is the combination of the language and the macros.
 * Document preparation systems:

TeX distributions are collections of packages and programs (compilers, fonts, and macro packages) that enable you to typeset without having to manually fetch files and configure things.
 * Distributions:

An engine is an executable that can turn your source code into a printable output format. The engine by itself only handles the syntax. It also needs to load fonts and macros to fully understand the source code and generate output properly. The engine will determine what kind of source code it can read, and what format it can output (usually DVI or PDF).
 * Engines:

All in all, distributions are an easy way to install what you need to use the engines and the systems you want. Distributions usually target specific operating systems. You can use different systems on different engines, but sometimes there are restrictions. Code written for TeX, LaTeX or ConTeXt are (mostly) not compatible. Additionally, engine-specific code (like font for XeTeX) may not be compiled by every engine.

When searching for information on LaTeX, you might also stumble upon, , or other names with a -TeX suffix. Let's recap most of the terms in this table.

What's next?
In the next chapter we discuss installing LaTeX on your system. Then we will typeset our first LaTeX file.

Learning more
One of the most frustrating things beginners and even advanced users might encounter using LaTeX is the difficulty of changing the look of your documents. While WYSIWYG programs make it trivial to change fonts and layouts, LaTeX requires you to learn new commands and packages to do so. Subsequent chapters will cover many common use cases, but know that this book is only scratching the surface.

Coming from a community of typography enthusiasts, most LaTeX packages contain excellent documentation. This should be your first step if you have questions—if a package's manual has not been installed on your machine as part of your TeX distribution, it can be found on CTAN.

Other useful resources include:
 * The TeX Stack Exchange Q&A
 * the #latex IRC channel on Freenode
 * The TeX FAQ
 * The LaTeX.org forums
 * Donald Knuth's original guide to TeX, The TeXbook
 * Leslie Lamport's original guide to LaTeX, LaTeX: A document preparation system

LaTeX/_Einleitung LaTeX/Увод لاتخ/مقدمة

title: LaTeX/Introduction


text:
User:Yacht/Sandbox/Elementary Chinese

 * Unit 1: Hello! I am Wang Ming. 第一单元：你好！我是王明. / 第一單元：你好！我是王明.
 * Lesson 1: Hello! 第一课：你好！ / 第一課：你好！
 * Lesson 2: What's this? 第二课：这是什么？ / 第二課：這是什麽？
 * Lesson 3: Who's he? 第三课：他是谁啊？ / 第三課：他是誰啊？

 * Unit 2: I have two books. 第二单元：我有两本书. / 第二單元：我有兩本書.
 * Lesson 4: There are two books on the table. 第四课：桌子上面有两本书. / 第四課：桌子上面有兩本書.
 * Lesson 5: It's Sunday today. 第五课：今天是星期天. / 第五課：今天是星期天.
 * Lesson 6: There are three people in my family. 第六课：我一家有三口人. / 第六課：我一家有三口人.

 * Unit 3: This book is new. 第三单元：这本书是新的. / 第三單元：這本書是新的.
 * Lesson 7: This book is new. 第七课：这本书是新的.  / 第七課：這本書是新的.
 * Lesson 8: I am tired. 第八课：我很累. / 第八課：我很累.
 * Lesson 9: This house is bigger. 第九课：这间房子更大. / 第九課：這間房子更大.

 * Unit 4: I went to the bookstore yesterday. 第四单元：我昨天去了书店. / 第四單元：我昨天去了書店.
 * Lesson 10: I went to the bookstore yesterday. 第十课：我昨天去了书店.  / 第十課：我昨天去了書店.
 * Lesson 11: I have been to China. 第十一课：我去过中国. / 第十一課：我去過中國.
 * Lesson 12: He just left. 第十二课：他刚刚走了. / 第十二課：他剛剛走了.

title: User:Yacht/Sandbox/Elementary Chinese


text:
User:Yacht/Sandbox/Elementary Chinese/Lesson 1

Dialogue 1
You can check out the translation here


text:
User talk:216.194.1.141

I'm quite new to this and didn't expect to be able to edit this page but I did. All I did was correct the link it gave from (http://www.gcc.gnu.org/) into the correct one (http://gcc.gnu.org/) wich is a minor edit .. still learning!:)

title: User talk:216.194.1.141


text:
Talk:Buddhist Philosophy

Does anyone know which Guenther book this comes from: (my copy is flawed)

"Kun-tu bzang-po, without ever having done the slightest good, has realized Buddhahood by recognizing the three facets of Being for what they are. The sentient beings in the three realms, without ever having done any evil, roam about in Samsara by not having recognized the three facets for what they are.  They roam about in Samsara because they have failed to recognize reality to be open-dimensional, experience to be radiant, and responsiveness to be the unity of presence and openness." MKha-gro snkying -thig   Translated by Herbert Guenther.

Merger disccussion
Oppose. In Buddhism, particularly, practice and philosophy are distinguished. If someone wants to write a practice manual that is a great idea and we could bear several based upon different schools of thought in Buddhism. The same could be said for philosophy. We should not ever delude ourselves into thinking that any given topic can only support one single comprehensive wikibook when several would better match the variety of approaches and perspectives on a given topic. Let a thousand flowers bloom.Geofferybard (discuss • contribs) 23:43, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Small font makes this book unreadable
I can't read the font, I don't have glasses available and am not inclined to fiddle with my computer settings. Can we not have small font in any books on wikibooks? It is sure to drive our readers, and editors, away. IMO. Geofferybard (discuss • contribs) 23:45, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Recent deletion.
Comparing revered spiritual figure to despised disease carrying pests? This should not be a controversial deletion. Imagine similar application to Abrahamic faiths....Would result in riots, etc. It is very POV to suggest that Buddhas are comparable in this manner I find it appalling that anyone would open the topic with that kind of rubbish. And it does not change things if one drums up some quote from some suitably "foreign" source...Policyharmonization (discuss • contribs) 18:07, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buddhist Philosophy


text:
File:CompSciLogicUnsuccessfulTre.png

computer science logic: unsuccessful resolution refutation tree

title: File:CompSciLogicUnsuccessfulTre.png


text:
File:CompSciLogicSuccessfulTree.png

computer science logic: successful resolution refutation tree

title: File:CompSciLogicSuccessfulTree.png


text:
User talk:66.97.235.123

Thanks for your contribs, I wrote most of that material based on a physics course I took but am no expert, and definitely appreciate you fixing any errors that were in there, your edits should help keep a lot of people from being confused or misled. --Karl Wick 15:18, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:66.97.235.123


text:
Business English/Grammar

Check out this grammatical information while we write new content for the Business English book.

title: Business English/Grammar


text:
C Programming/Error handling

C does not provide direct support for error handling (also known as exception handling). By convention, the programmer is expected to prevent errors from occurring in the first place, and test return values from functions. For example, -1 and NULL are used in several functions such as socket (Unix socket programming) or malloc respectively to indicate problems that the programmer should be aware about. In a worst case scenario where there is an unavoidable error and no way to recover from it, a C programmer usually tries to log the error and "gracefully" terminate the program.

There is an external variable called "errno", accessible by the programs after including  - that file comes from the definition of the possible errors that can occur in some Operating Systems (e.g. Linux - in this case, the definition is in include/asm-generic/errno.h) when programs ask for resources. Such variable indexes error descriptions accessible by the function 'strerror( errno )'.

The following code tests the return value from the library function malloc to see if dynamic memory allocation completed properly:

The code snippet above shows the use of the return value of the library function malloc to check for errors. Many library functions have return values that flag errors, and thus should be checked by the astute programmer. In the snippet above, a NULL pointer returned from malloc signals an error in allocation, so the program exits. In more complicated implementations, the program might try to handle the error and try to recover from the failed memory allocation.

Preventing divide by zero errors
A common pitfall made by C programmers is not checking if a divisor is zero before a division command. The following code will produce a runtime error and in most cases, exit.

In ordinary arithmetic division by zero is undefined. Because of this, you must check or make sure that a divisor is never zero. Alternatively, for *nix processes, you can stop the OS from terminating your process by blocking the SIGFPE signal.

The code below fixes this by checking if the divisor is zero before dividing.

Signals
In some cases, the environment may respond to a programming error in C by raising a signal. Signals are events raised by the host environment or operating system to indicate that a specific error or critical event has occurred (e.g. a division by zero, interrupt, and so on.) However, these signals are not meant to be used as a means of error catching; they usually indicate a critical event that will interfere with normal program flow.

To handle signals, a program needs to use the signal.h header file. A signal handler will need to be defined, and the signal function is then called to allow the given signal to be handled. Some signals that are raised to an exception within your code (e.g. a division by zero) are unlikely to allow your program to recover. These signal handlers will be required to instead ensure that some resources are properly cleaned up before the program terminates.

The C Standard Library only defines six signals; Unix systems define 15 more. Each signal has a number, called a signum, associated with it. Here are a few common ones:

Signals are handled with the signal function, from the signal.h library. Its syntax is:

Signals can be raised with raise or kill. raise sends the signal to the current process; kill sends it to a specific process.

''Note that signal</tt> is now deprecated in favor of <tt>sigaction</tt>, due to a lack of portability between Unix systems and potential for unexpected behavior. However, as <tt>sigaction</tt>'s use is more complicated, we will stick with <tt>signal</tt> to illustrate the concept here.''

To understand how signals work, here's a simple example:

Try compiling and testing this on your machine; after you see "Sleeping...", send the interrupt signal by pressing <tt>ctrl + c</tt>.

Here's a more complex example. This creates a signal handler and raises the signal:

setjmp
The setjmp function can be used to emulate the exception handling feature of other programming languages. The first call to setjmp stores a reference point to the current execution point, and is valid as long as the function containing setjmp doesn't return or exit. A call to longjmp causes the execution to return to the point of the associated setjmp call.

<tt>setjmp</tt> takes a `jmp_buf` (a type that will store an execution context) as an argument, and returns <tt>0</tt> the first time it runs (i.e., when it sets the return point). When it runs a second time - when <tt>longjmp</tt> is called - it then returns the value passed to <tt>longjmp</tt>.

<tt>longjmp</tt> takes a `jmp_buf` as an argument (one that's already been passed to <tt>setjmp</tt>), and a value to pass to <tt>setjmp</tt> to return.

Try running this with a compiler on your own machine.

The values of non-volatile variables may be corrupted when setjmp returns from a longjmp call.

While setjmp and longjmp may be used for error handling, it is generally preferred to use the return value of a function to indicate an error, if possible. setjmp and longjmp are most useful when errors occur in deeply nested function calls, and it would be tedious to check return values all the way back to the point you wish to return to.

title: C Programming/Error handling


text:
Business English/Speaking and Listening

 * Business English/Interviewing

title: Business English/Speaking and Listening


text:
Business English/Interviewing

It is great practice to do one-on-one conversations on specific topics. Here is a starter list of interview questions and conversational topics.

Interview Questions

 * Where do you work?
 * What is the best part of your job?
 * What's the worst part?
 * What are three adjectives that describe you?
 * Why do you want to study Business English?
 * What is your dream job and why?
 * What is your competency?

Conversation Topics

 * Sports
 * Television
 * Entertainment (movies, music, celebrities and books)
 * Business ethics
 * Food and drinks
 * Money
 * The rich
 * Current events
 * Business trends
 * Work
 * Branding
 * Marketing
 * Finance
 * Big business
 * Home office
 * Computers and technology
 * Engineering
 * Business books and magazines
 * Cold calling
 * Starting your own business
 * American culture
 * American business culture♠
 * Time management
 * Bad news letters
 * Routine and good news letters

title: Business English/Interviewing


text:
User:Andreas Ipp/Main Page suggestion

There are currently no new suggestions on this page.

Please go back to the Main Page.

title: User:Andreas Ipp/Main Page suggestion


text:
Business English/Phrasal Verbs/Up

to bang up – maltratar (equipo); hacer algo muy bien Be careful not to bang up my bike too much please. Great work, that was a real bang-up job!

to beat up – pegar, dar una paliza The New Cork cops beat up more than one innocent person.

to bottle up – no dejar salir a las emociones People who bottle up their feelings can develop emotional problems later on.

to box up – poner en cajas

to bring up – mencionar, traer hasta arriba

to brush up – repasar

to call up – llamar por telephono (esp. después de tiempo);

to chop up – cortar en pedazos

to clean up – limpiar

to come up with – imaginar

to crop up – aparecer de repente

to cross up – condundirse entre varias cosas

to dance up a storm – bailar mucho o con gusto

to dig up – encontrar, sacar desde el pasado

to do up – preparer

to draw up – preparer (planos)

to dream up – imaginar

to drink up – tomar

to eat up – comer, comerse to do

to feel up to – tener ganas o fuerzas para hacer algo

to flare up – empeorar de repente, llenarse de llamas

to fold up – doblar

to freeze up – congelar (maquinas); quedarse callado por miedo

to freshen up –

to hang up – colgar (ropa, el teléfono)

to hold up – detener, robar

to hook up – hacer conección

to keep up – hacer siguimiento;

to kick up – generar (usu. problemas)

to kiss up – hacer halagos inmerecidos

to laugh it up – reírse de algo

to light up – encender

to lighten up – tomar una actitud más positiva

to line up – poner en fila

to link up – hacer liga entre

to liven up – hacer más divertido

to loosen up – relajarse

to mess up – equivocarse

to own up – confesar

to pack up – preparar equipaje

to pile up – amontonar

to polish up – poner brillo

to pull up – llegar (en coche)

to roll up – enroller

to run up – gastar (una cuenta)

to screw up – confundir, hacer problemas con algo

to shoot up – injector (esp. drogas illegales)

to show up – aparecer

to snuggle up – acercarse cariñosamente

to speed up – accelerarse

to split up – divider; terminar (con novio/a)

to stir up – mezclar, causar (problemas)

to sum up – sumar

to talk up – hablar de las virtudes de

to think up – imaginar

to tighten up – apretar

to turn up – subir (volumen); aparecer

to wash up – lavarse

title: Business English/Phrasal Verbs/Up


text:
Business English/Reading and Writing

Both reading and writing are important skills for anyone who wants to do business in English. Here is a list of suggested writing topics.

Topics for Mini-Research Papers

 * MBTI / Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator
 * The Campbell-Stone Restoration Movement World Convention National Profile Pages
 * Peter Drucker
 * The de Vinci Code
 * Stephen Covey and the Seven Habits of Highly Effective People
 * Moore’s Law
 * Different styles of leadership and leaders
 * Rasputin
 * Wal-Mart
 * Nonverbal communication
 * The origins of English
 * Today’s weather in (you choose the location)
 * Choose your own topic!

Use the Internet or traditional printed materials to find information about your chosen topic. Write like a reporter or historiographer and remember the six w’s: who, what, when, where, why, and how. The length of the paper should reflect the complexity of the issue, your English fluency, and your time available. One to two typewritten pages is typically an appropriate length.

Include a bibliography citing the Internet pages that you used as reference.

Use ONLY your own words, except for short, cited quotations. It is usually better to read about the subject, but the material aside, and write from your own memory. That is, don’t read your source material and write your essay at the same time.

English Language and Grammar Topics

 * Correct use of adjectives
 * Present simple vs. present progressive (continuous) tense
 * Using articles (a, an, the, …)
 * When to use “what” and when to use “that”

The directions are the same as above. Include examples whenever possible.

I saw an article in a newspaper of yesterday requesting for readers to put comments on the passage.

The whole group was against my sister for not turning up to a meeting which was very important to her.

We had an accident on our way to Zomba.

What happened to your sister who is now in prison?

When is the next meeting taking place?

That place is not good for your health.

Suggested writing topics

 * Describe your line of work and your responsibilities.
 * Write a history of your family.
 * Tell about a favorite memory, perhaps a childhood memory.
 * Describe the office or facilities where you work.
 * Describe a system or process that you are familiar with in your work.
 * Write a plan and analysis describing your goals in studying English.
 * Write up a business plan for a business that you might think about starting.
 * Write about something that you are passionate about.
 * Describe a visit to an English-speaking area.
 * Choose a topic and write about it for this Business English book.
 * Write about your favorite music, group, or artist.
 * What important things have you accomplished in your life?
 * What would you like to do when you retire?
 * What do you regret doing or not doing?
 * Read an article from the Wikipedia or other source and write a summary of it.

Reading
You can get practice reading at many places. Some websites that you might like to visit are the Wikipedia, New York Times (free and painless registration required, really, it's worth it), The Economist, (a British newsmagazine), and various English magazines that may be available where you live.

title: Business English/Reading and Writing


text:
File:CompSciLogicPrologTab.png

prolog and logic syntax comparison

title: File:CompSciLogicPrologTab.png


text:
PHP Programming/Why Templating

So what is a template, in the first place? For our purpose, a template is an HTML-like document that defines the presentation of a web page, while a PHP script supplies the content. The separation of content and presentation is at the heart of any GUI paradigm. To see why this is desirable, consider the following hypothetical, yet realistic script. It's a script to retrieve a list of books from the database and display it as a table with alternate colours for each row, or "No books found" if the list is empty.

You will find yourself writing this kind of script very soon. The problems with this script are obvious:

 * This PHP page really is two pages, one for the error message and one for the normal display. Confusing.
 * Even for the normal display part, the PHP script does two things: prepare the data and format it, e.g. alternate colour for each row.
 * Look at how entangled the PHP and HTML codes are. Good indentation becomes practically impossible and that makes the code difficult to read.
 * What if your boss now wants not a table, but a list instead? You will need to alter your PHP code for that.
 * And now your boss wants a fancier error page that needs at least 300 lines of HTML, can you still tell where your first "page" ends and the second starts?
 * You probably need to teach your graphics designer PHP if he wants to do any aesthetic make up to your page.

The list goes on.

title: PHP Programming/Why Templating


text:
User talk:67.82.208.55

Hey,

Welcome to the wacky wide world or wikimedia, in particular wikibooks. While it may be true that anyone can edit anything on a wiki, that does not mean we will put up with vandalism. You are welcome to contribute to any wikibook, however if you continue to edit Toki Pona, with the same sort of content that you currently have been you will be banned. If you have any questions feel free to raise them on my talk page. The bellman 02:04, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.82.208.55


text:
User talk:68.239.154.165

Hey,

Welcome to the wacky wide world or wikimedia, in particular wikibooks. While it may be true that anyone can edit anything on a wiki, that does not mean we will put up with vandalism. You are welcome to contribute to any wikibook, however if you continue to edit Toki Pona, with the same sort of content that you currently have been you will be banned. If you have any questions feel free to raise them on my talk page. The bellman 02:05, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.239.154.165


text:
Adobe GoLive Guide/Page Creation and Layout

This chapter focuses on creating and formatting web pages using Adobe GoLive

Adding and Formatting Pages
Pages can be created from within GoLive or added from without. Any time you choose to add a page, image or other object to your site, do so by dragging these files into the site window. This allows you to use the file in your site without effecting the original files and allows GoLive to keep track of and maintain your files/links.

Creating a New Page
While it is possible to create a page by selecting New Page (Ctrl +N) from the File menu, it is often more efficient to create each page as part of the site. There are several ways to do this.

 * Make sure that the site window is open and the Files or Extras tab is selected.
 * Site > New > Page

 * Select a page from the Files tab in the site window.
 * Edit > Duplicate

 * Drag a page onto the Files or Extras tab from the Objects palette.
 * In navigational view, follow the instructions above dragging the page next to any other page.

Formatting Pages
Aspects like backgrounds, margins and keywords (used for searches) can be added before or after the creation of the rest of the page.

Page Titles
The page title appears at the top of most browsers.
 * Select the page in the site window, then open the Page tab in the inspector. Enter a new title in the Title text box.

 * Open the document window and click on the "Title" label at the top of the window. Enter a new title.

Page Margins
Page margins determine how close the contents of a Web page come to the browser window.
 * Special > Page Properties
 * Click Page tab.
 * Change Margin Width and Height.

 * To quickly remove page margins right click on page. Select Document > Set Page Margins to Zero.

Window Size
You can choose to set the page layout to a certain size to help design your page to that size. The following will not actually effect the size of the browser window. Use Java Script to change the size of the browser window.
 * In document view select a size from the Layout Dimensions menu in the bottom right hand corner of the window.

 * To change the size for all document windows, follow the instructions above and then open the Settings window from the Layout and Dimensions menu. Check the box labeled Markup Document Windows.


text:
Business English/Topics/Work

Working is good for your life. You might say, "I knew that".

title: Business English/Topics/Work


text:
User talk:66.68.116.44

Please do not use wikibooks as a means of advertising a website. Thankyou. The bellman 03:33, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:66.68.116.44


text:
Home Remedies/Chapter 3

A
ADD,ADHD or ADD/h Most of the 10 symptoms of ADHD are similar to the symptoms of lack of omega-3 fatty acids or your body's ability to process it.
 * Take Omega-3 fatty acids fish body oils (GNC has a a Brown Bottle of 360 pills for $20)
 * Second option is Flaxseed (it comes as a seed, or oil or a pill).
 * Ginko Biloba
 * Boron
 * Caffeine, a stimulant, will work for many cases of ADHD in the same way Ritalin does. Many people with mild ADHD symptoms self-medicate with coffee, soft  drinks, tea, and other caffeinated drinks.

Alzheimers Prevention
 * 1) Increase your intake of Niacin from food sources as this may reduce the risk of getting Alzheimers according to a report in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. Good food sources are tomates, carrots, sweet potatoes, mushrooms, milk, chicken, broccoli, tuna and salmon. The recommended daily allowance is 14 mg a day for women and 16 mg a day for men.

B
Bad Breath

Some studies have shown eating yogurt, drinking green tea, or chewing cinnamon or sugarless cinnamon gum can also reduce bad breath.

Maintain water levels in the body by drinking several glasses of water a day. Adding lemon juice to your water is refreshing and also beneficial. Parsley is a natural breath freshener when chewed slowly, and is easy to grow at home.

Since a dry mouth can increase bacterial buildup and cause or worsen bad breath, chewing sugarless gum can help with the production of saliva, and thereby help to reduce bad breath.

Use Hydrogen Peroxide as your mouthwash. Use twice a day. Baking soda(gargle)and water with lemon juice(gargle)before bed.

C
Cough
 * 1) For a persistant cough use Hydrogen Peroxide as a mouthwash twice a day until symptom improves. Mix with equal amount of water, swish around in mouth for at least 1 minute, gargle and spit out. Use for up to 7 days.

H
Hayfever
 * 1) Regularly eating local honey may reduce the symptoms of hayfever.
 * 2) Wear dark glasses outdoors.

Headaches
 * 1) Believe it or not, drinking a couple of cups (one big glass) of Gatorade helps cure headaches. Also, a cup of strong coffee with lemon juice added to it will expand your blood vessels. Drinking a large amount of water often helps, since it thins the blood and helps it pass through your body faster. Or, you could try crushing fresh thyme and inhaling the vapors.
 * 2) Peppermint-oil : drip one to 5 drops on the forehead while lying on your back, then run your fingers through your hair, starting from the place you dripped the oil and going up towards the top of the head, in a sort of gentle massage of the scalp. Doing this while closing your eyes and concentrating on the cold-warm effect of the oil on your skin will slowly "evaporate" the pain.
 * 3) Pressure: Place one thumb on your forehead between your eyes, place your other thumb on the indented spot at the back of your head, at the top your spine. Simultaniously apply pressure to both spots, holding for three seconds. Repeat this three times consecutively. This should activate pressure points to relieve the headache soon after.

Hiccups
 * 1) Take a teaspoon of white sugar. Pour on lemon juice to soak it.  Eat it off the spoon.
 * 2) Take 3 deep breaths and on the last breath exhale until nothing at all comes out and at that time drink as much water as you can to the point where you feel like you are going to drown then keep going just a bit longer, its the drowning feeling the will rid you of the hiccups.
 * 3) Place a little bit of sugar on the back of your tongue. Hiccups.. gone. This works very well on kids and babies!

Stomach ache
Many home remedy websites list remedies based on acid (such as lemon juice vinegar), but many stomach pain, especially when your stomach is empty, are caused by acid (http://www.mothernature.com/Library/Bookshelf/Books/48/193.cfm). Instead, taking bases such as calcium and baking soda will neutralize the acid.

Over-the-counter pain medication will dull the sensation of pain, but for stomachaches it is often faster, easier, and healthier to fix the cause of the problem.

Sunburn
quick relief from the symptoms of sunburn can be obtained through the application of shaving cream to the affected area. in addition to a cooling sensation (best if the product used is methnolated) this remady also helps rehydrate the skin and promotes healing.

A good cure for sun burn is bio yogurt applied to the afflicted area. If the yogurt is taken straight from the fridge it also provides a cooling sensation.

Hydrogen Peroxide will take the sting out of the skin.

title: Home Remedies/Chapter 3


text:
Home Remedies/Chapter 2

General immunity
Drinking a reasonable amount of, though not too much, plain, clean water can help control weight gain.

A warm, but not super hot, cup of tea contains polyphenols, which can help a body fight off free radicals.

Chicken Soup with vegetables can help relieve nasal congestion and sore throats.

Turmeric is a healthy ingredient, that can give you a slight edge when fighting off inflammation.

Sweating in a Sauna regularly can help prevent, but not cure, colds.

Other aspects of health
Consuming Thulasi, also known as Holy Basil may assist in reducing stress and contains a number of nutrients.

The smell of Oregano oils can be beneficial for your skin.

If you are otherwise healthy and don't have conditions like diabetes or circulation issues, you may consider wrapping your feet in a cold soaked towel for ten to fifteen minutes, then go to sleep while wearing dry socks on top of cold socks to decrease congestion and promote sleep.

Middle-Ear Infection
Cut a heated onion in half and clasp it around the ears for a smoothing effect. Still, this is just a supplementary treatment to a doctor's attention, so please go see a doctor anyway. Untreated ear infections can cause severe scarring of the eardrums and lead to increasing deafness over time!

You should not use Sweet Oil in your ears. It does ease pain briefly, however can feed fungi in your ear, making the problem worse. See a doctor.

Sore Throat
Sucking on popsicles or ice cubes can be a cheap and effective way to make sure your throat is moist, soothing the soreness somewhat.

Again, a visit to the doctor is not negotiable, you might need antibiotics.

title: Home Remedies/Chapter 2


text:
Home Remedies/Chapter 4

B
Bug bites and other skin irritations: Go out an gather a good amount of plantain, which is a weed on most peoples' lawns. Put it in a crockpot and set the pot on low. Cover with a good quality oil--coconut oil is best. Leave the lid off, and cook for about 24 hours. Strain out the plantain and add enough beeswax to make it "set up". You will need to experiment with this, because everyone I know likes it a bit different. You're aiming for a sloppy lip balm consistency. This heals all my bug bites better than prescription $150 stuff, and has worked on skin infections and brown recluse spider bites and bouts of exzema.

Banana skin - fleshy side down - taped to the wart overnight. If you have more than one wart the first wart to appear is usually the largest and the most uncomfortable - this is the one to treat. Within four days all warts disappear - you won't even notice them go!!

D
Covering a wart with duct tape is a very effective treatment. After a shower, scrub the wart well to remove dead skin. Cover it with duct tape as soon as the skin is dry enough for the tape to stick. Leave the tape on until your next shower. Duct tape is thought to work by causing irritation, which get the immune system to pay attention. Also, the adhesive pulls off some of the wart each time you change the tape (though it must be left on for a longish time to have this effect). After two weeks to a month of persistent taping, the wart should be gone.

The duct tape also helps by suffocating the tissues. The skin in the ares can't "breathe" so it starts to turn white and die, helping rid you of the wart.

You can also get rid of a wart by painting it with clear nailpolish. You may have to re-apply a couple times during the day if it flakes off, but it suffocates it. It has the same effect as the duct tape but a lot quicker resolution.

E
To remove warts, rub Castor Oil on the wart a minimum of 2x/day. My great grandmother taught me this as a child and it worked for me several times. After about 2-3 weeks of daily applications, the wart is gone. No pain, and a good solution.

H
To fight infection in a bite, scratch, cut or wound (especially if it has already become infected), peel a layer off a raw onion, lay it directly on the wound and wrap it or tape it securely so it stays in place. You can cut and shape the onion to fit the size and shape of wound if you like and just hold it in place with a bandaid or masking tape. If it is in an awkward place like your foot or ankle, you can place a piece of plastic wrap over it to prevent odor, then wrap securely with strips of cloth or an elastic bandage so that it stays securely in place. Or you can just use the plastic wrap to do the wrapping. Put it on at bedtime and go to sleep. By morning the infection will be gone. I've raise five children and this was my number one home remedy. It never failed.

M
To help clear up acne or outbreaks of herpes or cold sores, use plants of the menthe family, those being mints and lemon balm. Drinking them (lemon balm is best) as tea improves the immune system and weakens the virus's ability to infect cells. Topical application of the same tea (you could just put the cooling tea bag onto the skin) is also effective. While no medicine will ever truly remove herpes, the symptoms can be controlled.

A few warnings, mint is a volatile herb. While most people will not have a problem, drinking too much of the tea can cause problems. If you start to become windy (it also has a "positive" impact on digestion) then mint may be to blame. However, mint will only cause this if your diet is causing colonic sluggishness already.

P
Both as a remedy and prophylactic, use homeopathic Rhus Tox.

title: Home Remedies/Chapter 4


text:
Home Remedies/Chapter 5

B
Aloe Vera get is good for treating burns, bites and grazes.

If you pack mud on a bee sting, it should help the stinger pop out.

C
CAMOMILE TEA TAKEN AT BEDTIME PROMOTES A RESTFUL SLEEP.

title: Home Remedies/Chapter 5


text:
Home Remedies/Chapter 6

A
Tobacco is good for wasp stings. Just wet it and find a way to keep it on the spot on which you were stung. It takes the stinging away and some of the swelling. Or, cut a piece off a fresh onion and hold it to the spot of the sting. Works with bee stings as well.

B
Brewers' Yeast tablets contain a chemical (the Vitamin B?) which comes out in your sweat and helps repel mosquitos.

H
Honey is very effective in cough appearing during night. Lick slowly a tea spoon full mixed with a pinch of Termaric powder and for some time water should not be taken.

P
Plantain leaf, which comes from a common lawn weed, can be of help in removing poisons. This plant has oval shaped leaves with veins running the length of the leaf. It has spiked flowers. To use, simply chew the leaf and use the resulting mush as a poultice for bee stings, spider bites and even snake bites. You may want to put a bandage over the poultice to hold it in place. Change it twice daily or more often as needed.

S
If you are in an area and climate where you may be bitten by a snake, take the homeopathic remedy Lachesis with you. It may save your life!

V
Ordinary Vinegar (used in the kitchen) is an easy and effective remedy against insect stings, bites etc.

title: Home Remedies/Chapter 6


text:
Introduction to Art/What is the Creative Process?

Concept + Medium
Hi my name is Dalai. The notion of artistic or creative process has been the subject of much debate and research as that of the nature of art itself. Some insist that creativity is by nature spontaneous, while others argue that undirected spontaneity is a random mess and that creativity consists of the original use of accomplished technique. This article will suggest an approach to process which can yield practical results in a context of self-evaluation.

All art consists of a concept embedded in a medium. The concept is what the artist wants to show to the audience. It may be an emotion, information, or (most often) some combination of the two. Representational art, which alludes to some real phenomenon - that is, something which is identifiable by a majority of people - may be said to have a subject. Abstract art may have a subject in the mind of the artist, but if this subject is not readily apepehensible by most viewers, either from the artwork itself or its title, then any imputation of subject is in the mind of the audience and will vary between individuals.

The medium is the mode of expression or communication used by the artist to convey the concept at hand. It may be concrete, as in the case of a painting or sculpture, or ephemeral, as in the case of a sound recording, motion picture, or book. Although copies of these latter works exist in physical form, they are not meant to be appreciated for their physical manifestation. Such ephemeral artworks are meant to be appreciated in the dimension of time rather than all at once in space. Motion pictures are the medium that currently come closest to presenting art in a spatial and temporal context simultaneously.

Regardless of the medium employed, the creative process is essentially the same. Gross differences between artists in their methods of realizing an art work can generally be ascribed to the differing technical requirements of the medium. Thus the sculptor must shape clay or use a hammer and chisel to hit a lump of rock, while a photographer arranges a camera in a certain relationship to the subject of the photograph. These differences are superficial. We will now examine the unifying factors which are common to all works of art and the process of creating art.

First is a technical understanding of the medium. This consists of knowledge of the materials that the artist is working with and knowledge of how it may be manipulated to fit the conception of the artist. In the case of painting, this might include a knowledge of the behavior of different types of paint and the degree to which they can be intermixed, an appreciation of how paint transfers from a bush or other applicator to a canvas or other surface, a knowledge of how to blend different colors of paint together to obtain a new color, and so forth. Understanding of the medium is measured by the degree to which an artist can produce an arbitrary result on demand - for example, an understanding of color in oil painting would allow an expert to match the color of any given object by blending others.

Complete understanding of a medium is not necessary for the creation of art. Indeed, a full understanding of a medium does not equate to a capacity for creation. Such a full understanding may be available to the scientist or critic, but this only allows them to define the bounds of possibility for expression within the medium. It should be noted that such bounds can only be defined negatively: we cannot say what is the full range of shapes and textures available to the sculptor, but we can assert with confidence that the techniques of sculpture are not applicable to choreography.

Some understanding of a medium is necessary for the production of art. In the simplest case, we can say that no drawing is possible until the would-be artist has grasped the idea of using an object to make a mark upon a surface. At the other extreme is the understanding of how to render any given effect on demand, as noted above. Staying with drawing, such a skill allows the artist to produce accurate renditions of arbitrarily complex subjects - for example, it takes great mastery of technique to make a drawing of a hand which is indistinguishable from a photograph.

In general, technique can be highly admired. However, it is regarded as being of less importance since the invention of machines which embody nothing but technique, such as cameras or automated musical software. Art which relies heavily on expression at the expense of technique is called 'naive'. Naiveté may be the result of a lack of training (such as Outsider Art ), however the contemporary artist may deliberately make a statement about the unimportance of technique or choose to mimic the style and characteristics of the untrained (often imitating the work of children). At the opposite extreme, and quite rare, are those individuals known as idiots savants, who can produce highly accurate reproductions of things seen or heard, but are quite unable to produce anything original from their imagination.

While understanding of a medium gives the artist the knowledge of how to produce something, expression is the ability to decide what to produce, and make choices about the manner of production. We can say that expression consists of having something to say to the audience; this may be a declaration of beauty, a declaration of affinity between two apparently dissimilar objects or phenomena, or a desire to give form to an abstraction and make a commentary thereon.

Communication is equally important as expression. While many of the traditional arts (drawing, painting, sculpture) are expressive and emotional, contemporary society a multimedia visual culture. Many artists such as graphic designers, storytellers, and illustrators use the elements and principles of visual design to effectively convey the intended information.

The elements and principles of visual art have been studied for many years, resulting in rules or standards for composition. These rules can be strictly applied, used as loose guides, or intentionally broken. Their goal is often to achieve balance, optimize impact, or more thoroughly communicate or express the concept.

Thus, we can summarize the creative process as the application of an individual's concept to a medium which they have some skill in manipulating. For the ambitious artist, the task is to first find a medium in which they want to represent something, develop some level of skill in shaping that medium to represent simple things, and finally to choose something for representation which can be realized without too many distracting refinements of technique. The surer one is about how to do something, the more concentration can be applied towards the question of what to do, and the more natural and unobtrusive the medium will be in conveying the intended impression.

Therefore, because of this, because of that, and as an example, as a result, to summarize, and in conclusion, this is the creative process.


text:
User:Reene~enwikibooks

Home Remedies is the only project I intend to work on.

I'm better known on Wikipedia.

title: User:Reene~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Soda Bread

| Bread

Procedure

 * 1) Grease and flour an 8-inch (20 cm) round baking tin.
 * 2) Sift the white flour into a large mixing bowl.
 * 3) Add the other dry ingredients and mix thoroughly.
 * 4) Make a well in the centre of the bowl, pour in some of the buttermilk and, with a wooden spoon, gradually mix the flour into the buttermilk. Alternatively, make a volcano shape on a marble slab with the dry ingredients, add the buttermilk, and mix with a knife.
 * 5) Add more buttermilk and mix in more flour. Continue until the flour is completely absorbed into the mix. The mix should not be over-saturated, but have a slightly stretchy look. Handle it as little as possible. You can also ball it up into one or two balls, place them on a flat baking tray, and cut a cross in the top.
 * 6) Turn the mix into the baking tin and place in a medium hot oven (180°C or 350°F) for 35–45 minutes, or until golden brown.
 * 7) Leave to cool on a wire tray.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * When sifting the dry ingredients, sift the flour and baking soda five times through a sieve. This ensures even mixing of the ingredients and gives a better result.

title: Cookbook:Soda Bread


text:
User talk:Zigger

Wikipedia:en:User talk:Zigger

title: User talk:Zigger


text:
User:Zigger

Wikipedia:en:User:Zigger

title: User:Zigger


text:
User talk:67.95.199.114

Execelent. I'd suggest looking at the History bookshelf or the Humanities bookshelf to see if a project has already been started, then feel free to contribute there. If a similar book does not exist, see Help:How to start a book, and feel free to start one. Gentgeen 18:55, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.95.199.114


text:
Counterpoint/Consonant Intervals

Consonant intervals in counterpoint are:
 * Perfect unison (Prime)
 * Third
 * Perfect Fifth
 * Sixth
 * Octave

The inversion of the perfect 5th is not consonant.

title: Counterpoint/Consonant Intervals


text:
Counterpoint/Dissonant Intervals

Dissonant intervals in counterpoint are:

 * Second
 * Fourth
 * TRITONE - diminished fifth or augmented fourth
 * Seventh

title: Counterpoint/Dissonant Intervals


text:
Cookbook:Basic Mayonnaise

Mayonnaise is notoriously difficult for the beginner, as it often curdles, but easy once you have the knack.

Ingredients

 * 2 egg yolks
 * 2½ teaspoons (12.5 mL) lemon juice and/or vinegar
 * ½ teaspoons (2.5 mL) Dijon mustard
 * ¼ teaspoons (1 mL) salt
 * ¾ cup (180 mL) oil

Procedure

 * 1) In a large bowl, beat the egg yolk with a wire whisk for about a minute.
 * 2) Then add the mustard, salt, and half the lemon juice. Whisk for another minute - the mixture should thicken very slightly.
 * 3) Then, very slowly, add half the oil with one hand whilst whisking with the other.
 * 4) Start drop by drop, incorporating each drop before adding the next, and build up to a trickle.
 * 5) Keep going until the oil is whisked in.
 * 6) Add the rest of the lemon juice, whisk to combine.
 * 7) Add the rest of the oil in the same manner as before.
 * 8) Keep going until all the oil is whisked in.
 * 9) If desired, stir in flavourings such as crushed garlic, or use the mayonnaise as a base for other sauces.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * One can make the whisking process easier by using a kitchen towel. Wet a kitchen towel, or any small towel, until it is very wet and heavy, but not dripping. Coil the towel on top of a flat surface, such as the kitchen countertop or a table. Place the bowl onto the circle. This will provide a steady base for the bowl and allow you to whisk with one hand while adding ingredients with the other.
 * If the mayonnaise curdles, it can be recovered by slowly dribbling the curdled mayonnaise into another egg yolk while whisking vigorously the whole time.
 * ½ teaspoon white sugar can be added with the salt at the beginning for those with a sweet tooth.
 * It's easier to just use an immersion blender for the whisking.
 * For special occasion, you can spice up this recipe by making Juanz mayonnaise: Just add about a handful of finely chopped cilantro and about half a tooth of crushed garlic. This is also known as banana's mayonnaise.

 * Fry sauce is 2 parts of mayonnaise mixed with 1 part of tomato ketchup. It goes well with fries.

Livre de cuisine/Sauce mayonnaise Kookboek/Mayonaise Książka kucharska/Majonez

title: Cookbook:Basic Mayonnaise


text:
User talk:62.74.7.166

hey, nice work on Tengwar The bellman 06:43, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:62.74.7.166


text:
Ada Programming/Delimiters/box

The box <> is a placeholder for something not (yet) fully specified.

Contexts

 * In array declaration

Some_Array  (Positive  <>)  Some_Type;

Declare an array type with bounds known only at runtime.

 * a type that has unknown discriminants

T <>

 * Generic declaration of a discrete type

T (<>);

It means that T must be a discrete type: either an enumeration, a range, or a modular type.

 * component association in Ada 2005

Some_Rec_Type'( => <>);

 * partial parameterization of generics in Ada 2005

P  G      (Param_1  T         <>

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Delimiters

Ada Reference Manual

|<> Delimiters:<>

title: Ada Programming/Delimiters/box


text:
Movie Making Manual/Writing/Screenplay Format

In the Motion Picture industry, screenplays are usually presented in a standardized format. This format has been developed over the years in the Hollywood studio system in order to approximate a rule of thumb of one script page equaling one minute of movie screen time. This "Hollywood Standard" format has become widely adapted and accepted worldwide due to the proliferation of screenwriting software such as Final Draft and Movie Magic. The main characteristics of this standard are:
 * 3 holed Letter size 8.5"x11" paper (US and Canada) or A4 paper format (rest of the world)
 * Character names and Dialogue should be formatted to appear centered (see below)

Writers submitting their work to US based production companies are strongly advised to follow this standard as any deviation from it is often regarded as a sign of an amateur screenwriter. Many in the industry say they refuse to accept non-standard scripts but stories abound of writers with "stunt submissions" such as the one in 2004 at Cannes. Supposedly someone took a chance and printed their screenplay up like a paperback novel (bound with a fancy cover and everything) and even though the screenplay was no good the size was very popular (being less bulky than a conventional screenplay) and lots of people took copies and read them. So some may conclude that sometimes breaking the rules works. However, as it was pointed out, the screenplay in this case was no good, so it once again reinforced the commonly held preconception that fancy stunt submissions are usually done by amateurs, whereas professionals follow the standard format.

Screenplay
Although some writers utilize their own modifications on the standard screenplay format, there is a basis upon which all feature film screenplays are formated.

The standard screenplay format is devised for simplicity of reading by many different departments in addition to roughly timing out to one minute of screen time for one page of script.

Screenplays should be written in twelve point Courier font. Twelve point Courier is an important component of the standard format for two reasons. One is nostalgic (Courier font resembles the look of a page written on a mechanical typewriter), but the other reason is highly practical: Courier is a monospaced font meaning every glyph is the same width (as opposed to variable-width fonts, where the "w" and "m" are wider than most letters, and the "i" is narrower). With a monospaced font only a certain number of letters will fit on each row and each page, assuring uniformity of the format and achieving the one page per minute of screen time formula. Final Draft, the popular screenwriting software has developed their own Courier font, Courier Final Draft. This font was designed to mimic a PC Courier font on Mac computers to achieve further uniformity between the platforms. There are no differences between the glyphs of Courier and Courier Final Draft and the two fonts are interchangeable on those platforms. Utilizing any font other than twelve point Courier or Courier Final Draft will result in a screenplay that does not adhere to the standard format, does not approximate the one page per minute of screentime formula and therefore regarded as highly undesirable by producers. NOTE: The Courier New font alters the pitch of the typeface, taking up more space on the page and therefore altering the overall page count of a script document. Courier New font is not recommended for screenwriters.

Margins are generally set as such (spaces are assuming 12 point font at 72 spaces per line):
 * Scene Number (if used) is 1.25 inches from the left edge or 13 "spaces" in
 * Scene Heading 1.75 inches from the left edge or 19 spaces in
 * Action 1.75 inches from the left edge or 19 spaces in (cut off at 55 characters (including spaces) per line)
 * Dialogue 2.75 inches from the left edge or 29 spaces in (cut off at 35 characters (including spaces) per line)
 * Character name is centered on the page (about 43 spaces in)
 * Parenthetical direction is 3.5 inches from the left or 36 spaces in (cut off at 16 characters (including spaces) per line)

Elements of the screenplay
Screenplays traditionally start with FADE IN in the upper left hand corner of the first page, immediately followed by the scene heading for the first location.

SCENE HEADING (SLUG) A scene heading always starts with a distinction whether the location of the scene is indoors or outdoors. INT. signifies an interior location whereas EXT. signifies an exterior location. These are always abbreviated and followed by a period and one blank space and then the name of the location where that scene takes place. Scene headings, also called slugs, are placed for each and every location in the screenplay, including all the various elements of a location. For example INT. OLD HOUSE LIVING ROOM might be followed by INT. OLD HOUSE KITCHEN if the characters or action moves to the kitchen. It is not correct to have INT. OLD HOUSE and move characters from one room to the next within the same scene. Each room is treated as a separate location in the script because when the film is actually shot these sequences will most likely be shot out of order (all scenes in the kitchen will be shot together and all scenes in the living room will be shot together, possibly on different days) and, possibly, in completely different physical locations (the kitchen may be a practical location in an Old House, the living room might be built on a soundstage). Some writers like to put a hyphen between the main location and the sub location, IE: INT. OLD HOUSE - LIVING ROOM and INT. OLD HOUSE - KITCHEN, but this is not required. Following the location name is one or two hyphens (depending on writer's taste) and the time of day the scene takes place; DAY, NIGHT, DAWN, DUSK, EVENING or MOMENTS LATER, CONTINUOUS (if the scene is immediately after the following as in the characters walking from the living room to the kitchen in one conversation). After the Scene heading, there are two carriage returns (one blank space) and the ACTION begins. Scene headings are always in all capital letters.

ACTION Action is the description of what is happening in the scene, IE: Mark walks into the living room from the kitchen and picks up his books. Action is always written in present tense (Mark walks, not Mark walked). Action is in non-indented paragraph/prose form and is the longest element on the page (spanning from the far left to the far right hand margins of the page). It is generally accepted that action should not be longer than 10 lines without a break. Action also describes the locations, as much as necessary. Action is always in traditional English upper/lowercase. There are two line breaks between the end of action and the name of a character speaking (one blank line between action and character name) or the beginning of a new scene (one blank line between the end of action and the scene heading for the next scene).

CHARACTER NAME When dialogue is spoken, it is preceded by the name of the character speaking the dialogue. The Character Name is placed on its own line and centered on the page. It is always in capital letters. There are some modifiers that can be placed after the character name in parenthesis (separated by a single space). Voice Over (V.O.) IE: JOHN (V.O.) is dialogue that is presented on the film's audio track, but is not spoken by the character on screen. Voice Over can be a voice on a telephone or the sound of the character's own thoughts. Off Screen (O.S.) IE: JOHN (O.S.) is dialogue that is spoken by a character in or immediately near the physical location of the scene, but who is not visible on the screen in that shot or scene. This could be a character speaking from another room. There is only one line break after the character name before dialogue (no blank space).

DIALOGUE Dialogue is the actual spoken words by the character. It is placed immediately under the centered character's name and indented considerably from the left hand side and slightly from the right to stand out on the page. Dialogue is presented in standard upper/lowercase text (ALL CAPS can signify extreme emphasis or SHOUTING). Underline and italics can be used for emphasis, but should be used sparingly.

PARENTHETICAL DIRECTION This is very brief (usually one or two words) of direction or clarification that is placed within a character's spoken dialogue. It is placed, indented from the dialogue, on a separate line and enclosed in parenthesis. Parenthetical direction is only specific to the speaking character (not to other characters in the scene) and should be extremely brief. It can indicate a parawr use, a direction of conversation to a different character in the scene, a notation on a specific emotion or intent in the following dialogue. Parentheticals are always in the middle of dialogue - dialogue never ends with a parenthetical direction. Parenthetical direction is usually written in all lowercase letters IE: (beat). After the dialogue ends, there are two line breaks (one blank space) between the next character name or action or a new scene heading.

Some standard format notes:
 * The first time a character is introduced in action, their name is presented in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS to point out their introduction.
 * Sound effects such as a phone RINGS or an alarm BEEPS are placed in all capital letters to point them out.
 * Scene transitions such as DISSOLVE TO:, CUT TO:, FADE TO BLACK: are placed flush right, on their own line. They are placed at the end of a scene with one blank space before a new scene heading. Generally speaking, they should be used sparingly.

An HTML example of screenplay formatting (incorporating all of the above) can be found at:

More notes on screenplay formatting can be found at: Academy notes on Screenwriting Format

Other Formats

 * Television
 * Stage Play
 * Radio Drama

Locking the Script
As part of the pre-production process, the script is going to be accepted and locked. This provides the basis for keeping everyone on the same page. A locked script means that the page numbers do not change. Every copy of the script will have the same page 10 because it will never change. As new material is added, sub pages ("a" pages) are added (10a, 10b, 10c and so forth). If significant deletions are made as to eliminate all the material on a page, it remains in the script as a blank page merely with the word "OMITTED" on it. In addition to page numbers, scene numbers are also locked and treated the same. If a scene is cut from the script, its number remains and the slug reads "OMITTED"; added scenes are sometimes identified with capital letters 101A, 101B, 101C and so forth. Sometimes additional scenes are numbered as in 101-1, 101-2 or 101.1, 101.2. Numbering is somewhat preferred as the traditional system for identifying coverage on slates while shooting a movie is to designate each new shot with a letter. Scene 101 may be one page in the script, but the final scene may be made up of 15 different camera angles. On the set, these will be designated on the slate and in continuity notes as 101a, 101b, 101c and so forth, so it can be confusing to see scene 101Aa, 101Ab. Each assistant director or unit production manager has their own system for locking the script and each script supervisor has their own system for designating shots on set. It's up to that team to coordinate how these numbers will be implemented.

Rewrites
Throughout the production process the script may need to be modified or re-written. Scenes are added, moved, deleted, or changed.

The location supervisor reports that the restaurant location will not be available. The director confers with the writers and decides that the scene can take place in a park instead.

This means the casting director doesn't need to cast a waiter for the scene, but a hot dog vendor and a street entertainer will be required.

The scene has moved from indoors to outdoors, different lights/film may be required. The DoP will need to know this.

The costume designer no longer needs to dress 40 extras in evening dinner attire.

It's very important for everyone to be on the same page; changes are usually printed on different color pages. For example, if everyone else is carrying light-blue scripts, and you have a pink script, then you've got a problem.

Templates

 * A free screenplay template for Apple Pages compiled according to Final Draft’s Cole & Haag standard
 * Snoozeletter MSWord 2002 + 97/2000/2003/2007 templates
 * LibreOffice + OpenOffice Screenwright(R) screenplay formatting templates (FREE!)
 * LibreOffice, OpenDocument .odt Script - Screenplay template by Carlos (Free)
 * ScriptTeX a free macro package for TeX users
 * Screenplay mode for Emacs
 * John August's CSS formatting for webpage screenwriting
 * screenplay templates for Google docs
 * European Screenplay template MSWord from abcguionistas (in Spanish)

Screenwriting Software

 * Final Draft Screenwriting software
 * Scrivener Writing software
 * Movie Magic Screenwriter
 * Movie Outline Scriptwriting Software
 * Montage Screenwriting Software
 * Writer's Cafe
 * Celtx screenwriting software (FREE!)
 * Wikimedia screenplay extension
 * Cinergy Script Editor (FREE!)
 * Plotbot Online Script Editor (FREE!)
 * Zhura - Features online collaboration. (FREE!)
 * Trelby - Simple, fast and elegantly laid out to make screenwriting simple.(FREE!)

 * Linux
 * Mac
 * Windows

Lessons in Screenplay Formatting

 * Wikiversity has a free lesson in Script Formatting for a very short motion picture.  The lesson uses the free demo version of Final Draft (Macintosh or Windows version).  This lesson can be completed in less than two hours.  And you can earn points!

 * Note: While many of the lessons of Wikiversity Film School are not complete, this one is ready for you to begin immediately.  And it is fun.

/Writing movies /Working Fields


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Web/AWS

AWS, the Ada Web Server, is a complete framework to develop Web based applications. The main part of AWS is the embedded web server. This small, yet powerful, Web server can be embedded into your application, so it will be able to talk with a standard Web browser. Around this Web server, a lot of services have been developed.

AWS supports SOAP Web Services and the REST architecture.

Hello World
The famous Hello World demo for AWS, a complete Web server that will display "Hello world!" for every request made to localhost on port 8080.

AWS.Default; AWS.Response; AWS.Server; AWS.Status; Hello_World WS : AWS.Server.HTTP; HW_CB (Request : AWS.Status.Data) AWS.Response.Data AWS.Response.Build ("text/html", "Hello world !"); HW_CB; AWS.Server.Start (WS, "Hello World", Callback => HW_CB'); 60.0;   AWS.Server.Shutdown (WS); Hello_World;

Setting server configuration and waiting for an event
It is possible to pass configuration parameters for the server using a record. It is also possible to use a built-in procedure on AWS to wait for an event.

callbacks.adb

Callbacks HW_CB (Request : AWS.Status.Data) AWS.Response.Data AWS.Response.Build ("text/html", "Hello world !"); HW_CB; Callbacks;

callbacks.ads

AWS.Status; AWS.Response; Callbacks HW_CB (Request : AWS.Status.Data) AWS.Response.Data; Callbacks;

main.adb

AWS.Config.Set; AWS.Server; Main AWS; Host : String := ; Port :        := ; Web_Server : Server.HTTP; Web_Config : Config.Object; Config.Set.Server_Host (Web_Config, Host); Config.Set.Server_Port (Web_Config, Port); Server.Start (Web_Server => Web_Server,                 Callback => Callbacks.HW_CB',                  Config => Web_Config); Server.Wait (Server.Q_Key_Pressed); Server.Shutdown (Web_Server); Main;

REST
Interface with bitcoind JSON-RPC.

bitcoin.adb

AWS.Client; AWS.Headers; AWS.Headers.Set; AWS.Response; Bitcoin Get_Wallet_Info AWS.Response.Data hdrs : AWS.Headers.List := AWS.Headers.Empty_List; AWS.Headers.Set.Add(hdrs,, ); AWS.Client.Post(URL =>,                      Data => ,                       User => ,                       Pwd => ,                       Headers => hdrs); Get_Wallet_Info; Bitcoin;

Create the bitcoin.conf file by opening Bitcoin Core and clicking on the corresponding button on the options window. The following is an example configuration file. Then reopen bitcoin-qt or start the bitcoind daemon to start the server. The bitcoin-cli program and the testnet network can be used for testing RPC commands.

bitcoin.conf

server=1 rpcuser=USERNAME rpcpassword=PASSWORD
 * 1) Expose the RPC/JSON API

Wikipedia

 * Web application
 * Web services
 * SOAP

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Libraries (Other Language Libraries)

title: Ada Programming/Libraries/Web/AWS