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Habermas Commentary/Books/PDM

Commentary on Jürgen Habermas, ''The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures copyright 1985 by Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main (Germany) translated by Frederick Lawrence published 1987 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press (Cambridge)

I. Modernity’s Consciousness of Time and Its Need for Self-Reassurance
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II. Hegel’s Concept of Modernity

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Excursus on Schiller’s “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man”

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III. Three Perspectives: Left Hegelians, Right Hegelians, and Nietzsche

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Excursus on the Obsolescence of the Production Paradigm

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IV. The Entry into Postmodernity: Nietzsche as a Turning Point

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V. The Entwinement of Myth and Enlightenment: Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno

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VI. The Undermining of Western Rationalism through the Critique of Metaphysics: Martin Heidegger

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VII. Beyond a Temporalized Philosophy of Origins: Jacques Derrida’s Critique of Phonocentrism

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Excursus on Leveling the Genre Distinction between Philosophy and Literature

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VIII. Between Eroticism and General Economics: Georges Bataille

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IX. The Critique of Reason as an Unmasking of the Human Sciences: Michel Foucault

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X. Some Questions Concerning the Theory of Power: Foucault Again

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XI. An Alternative Way out of the Philosophy of the Subject: Communicative versus Subject-Centered Reason

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Excursus on Cornelius Castoriadis: The Imaginary Institution

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XII. The Normative Content of Modernity

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Excursus on Luhmann’s Appropriation of the Philosophy of the Subject through Systems Theory

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Habermas Commentary/Books/PDM


text:
User talk:Athensgator

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:15, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Radiation Oncology
Athensgator, thanks for helping with the Radiation Oncology wikibook! — Brim 13:59, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Athensgator


text:
Habermas Commentary/Books/PDM/p408

N. 28. In “Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity: Critical Essays on The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Maurizio Passerin d'Entrèves, Ed.), Jay M. Bernstein offers an article entitled “The Causality of Fate:  Modernity and Modernism in Habermas.”  On page 248 of that article, Bernstein discusses what he calls this “long and nervous footnote.”  See http://books.google.com/books?id=P4kg3t6j5FgC&pg=PA248&lpg=PA248&dq=%22philosophical+discourse+of+modernity%22+excursus+%22leveling+the+genre+distinction%22&source=web&ots=tAtqD7NwNS&sig=UNNZofP2UUPqsJJ7XPyeUep52GE#PPA248,M1

title: Habermas Commentary/Books/PDM/p408


text:
Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books

Questions sections
Most of the detailed plot summaries come with chapter-by-chapter "Questions" sections. These are a tad unuseful "to the scholar" if they don't also come with answers. For instance, in chapter 1 of the philosopher's stone, we have the question "4) Who was You-Know-Who?". It would be a little more informative to have some information, either beside it or below in another section, saying "Question 4 is answered in Chapter 4, Book 1". Or similar. Some questions posed early on aren't answered until Book 7, others are answered in 3 pages - this vital information is not made clear. Anyone wishing for answers could only possibly find them in this manner by searching page by page through our synopses. --86.5.99.65 14:30, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Literary criticism questions are often left unanswered in review books since they often don't have a straight answer. These kinds of questions are often what we desire to write since they make the reader reflect and stay interested in the material, looking for deeper answers as they read. A straightforward question could be answered like you say, but that is left up to the reader to find. With casual reading that question can be answered, and it's much too important to give away so early. These questions should intertwine the works and deliver a stronger understanding of the topics involved. -within focus 00:37, 3 July 2007 (UTC)


text:
User talk:69.177.202.217

Thanks
Thanks for contributing to Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book. I undid your edit because the Wilderness Living honor is not yet finished. There are still several requirements that are not yet answered. If you'd like to add answers, I invite you to do so! Once we have a good answer for every requirement, we can mark that honor as 100% completed and add it to the front page. --Jomegat 14:44, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Join Us
-Jomegat 14:44, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.177.202.217


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Double fishermans

|


text:
Talk:Haskell/GADT

About Example: Trouble with GADTs
We can define SafeList in the following manner, without such troubles:

data Empty data NonEmpty

data SafeList :: * -> * -> * where Nil :: SafeList x Empty Cons :: x -> SafeList x y -> SafeList x z

safeHead :: SafeList x NonEmpty -> x safeHead (Cons x _) = x

-- bad typed as before --bad = safeHead Nil

-- OK silly 0 = Nil silly 1 = Cons 1 Nil

 * Nice. Thanks. Can you please update the page with some discussion? -- Kowey 15:07, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * That doesn't buy you much, though: safeHead (silly 1) still fails.

About Example: Existential Types
The bits about TE2/TG2 talk about "heterogenous lists", but that's inaccurate. Each TE2/TG2 instance contains a homogeneous list of b's (the existentially-quantified type). Of course, each instance may use a different b. (Paul Steckler)

Poorly written, but gets the point across
I think somebody made this point about this (stub) article on #haskell. Criticism gratefully received! Any takers? For what it's worth, I always found the examples used explaining GADT to be a little hard to understand (it took quite a while for them to really sink in). Some nice new examples would be useful. Also Ganesh's talk in LondonHUG seems to do a pretty good job explaining GADTs. Worth borrowing some ideas from him -- Kowey (talk) 09:13, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I had some time and digged up examples:
 * Ganesh's talk in LondonHUG GADTs for patches.
 * SPJ - type inference for GADTs (rewritten version of the wobbly paper). Features the standard expression evaluator example.
 * LtU - Prototyping new monads Term implementation for the state monad.
 * Hinze - Fun with Phantom Types Strongly typed . (It's possible to do that without GADTs, though). Generic programming (= representing types as values).
 * This wikibook: safe lists.
 * Fixed size vectors/matrices. Other invariants like AVL or red-black trees.
 * So, most examples emphasize safety, but I think the one that does not is the most compelling one. Its basic message is: with GADTs, pretty much every abstract data type has a term-implementation, that can be used to cook up its implementation. That's enough to warrant GADTs in the language and makes a good starting point for the wikibook. Unfortunately, it's the state monad, which may create unwanted associations in the reader's mind... I wonder whether there is a different example without troubling ballast.
 * Btw, I think the word "safety" should be replaced by "more precise types" or "more fine-grained types" or something; just a feeling.
 * -- apfeλmus 17:25, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * More example goodness:
 * LtU - How are GADTs useful in practical programming?. Meta-resource.
 * Augustsson,Petersson - Silly Type Families Parser combinators as GADTs, they're not monadic. The intention is to automatically left-factor easy grammars, you need an (G)ADT for that. But I think that these combinators can be recast as applicative functors, eliminating the need for  which forces the extension to GADTs. Not sure whether left-factoring is still feasible then, though. If it ever was...
 * Yampa GADTs enable optimizations by cutting down dynamic checks, or so I hear.
 * Contracts for functional programming. An embedded DSL for dynamically checking constraints ("contracts"), i.e. more invariants but dynamically checked. GADTs make the implementation easy / make it possible at all.
 * -- apfeλmus 21:14, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Comments
I watched the first few minutes of the video mentioned on apfeλmus's blog. I generally like the text medium much better than video. Video works better if it shows a person giving a lecture, there are animated demonstrations, that sort of thing. The video did have a few examples that appeared in handwriting that were helpful, but I think they could be integrated into the text. About the content itself, what's here is reasonably good, but it could use expansion. I found the assertion "GADT's are mostly useful for EDSL's" to be surprising, though EDSL's are a good example. Darcs uses GADT's in an interesting way, to track complicated invariants of patches. GADT's are considered by some to be a gateway drug to dependent types, so I'd be interested to see how they can be used for nontrivial code verification. I'd also like to see an example of using an existential wrapper to introduce GADT-typed values from external data. I've fooled around with code like that, but have never understood the idea well enough to do anything interesting with it. 75.57.243.88 (talk) 21:48, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment! :-)
 * I take it that you didn't like the video format because of the pace? The great advantage of text is indeed that the reader can choose the pace and can also glance at the overall structure.
 * Since the video is only an introduction, I didn't include material on dependent types. That would be a second video / text. ;-)
 * -- apfeλmus 19:38, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, I guess it's mostly that the video and text have about the same content, but with text it's much easier to adjust reading speed depending on difficulty of the passage, go over a section again, that sort of thing. The video is like having the text read out loud, which is not that useful.  Maybe it departs more from the text further in--I might watch the rest of it sometime just to see if it makes a difference.  Video is useful for informal presentations where you're speaking somewhat off the cuff, and that's less work than preparing a complete text.  But if you're writing the text anyway, the video doesn't gain much.  Video can also be useful at the other extreme, where you have elaborate productions of moving images, but that's even more work.  If you're serious about adding some dependent type material, that would be great, I'm looking forward to seeing it.  75.57.243.88 (talk) 09:49, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The text here is pretty much a transcription of what I said off the cuff in the video. Well, or what I was still saying in the sixth take. :-) Pleasantly, this meant that the text didn't take much work to prepare.
 * Curiously, some things don't work so well in text, like discussing code "incrementally", i.e. writing it, underlining parts that they don't type check, rewriting the type signature, that sort of thing. That's what's happening in the subsection "Extending the language", but it just doesn't have the same look and feel as in the video.
 * Anyway, I'm preparing another video experiment, stay tuned. ;-)
 * -- apfeλmus 08:26, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Relationship to other features
The article notes briefly that GADTs subsume existential types, but it also subsumes (at least partly) functional dependencies, doesn't it? This is nice information to have for e.g. me, who are familiar with the old ways, and want to learn how GADTs fit in. Ketil (talk) 14:07, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

 * GADTs don't subsume functional dependencies.
 * -- apfeλmus 07:15, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

A simple alternative to GADT is ignored
The following simple solution without GADT seems to be silently ignored: define

and use smart constructors. Am i missing something? --Alexey Muranov (discuss • contribs) 21:04, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

 * While that would work, not having to rely on smart constructors is part of the point. The general idea is that, instead of carefully weaving a set of combinators that preserve the invariants and pruning your interface so that nothing else is exported, you can encode the invariants in the type, making them impossible to break from the start. (By the way, as the constructors in the GADT type here won't break the invariants, they can be safely exported and used for pattern matching.) --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 04:51, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, this solution (and an explanation why GADT are supposed to be better) should better be included. --Alexey Muranov (discuss • contribs) 12:48, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Indeed, it would be good to make such motivations more explicit. The whole chapter, in fact, could do with some reworking. --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 01:37, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haskell/GADT


text:
Talk:BLL German/Vocabulary/Languages

Untitled
Is there a way to say Esperanto in German? Just curious. -Drury

 * Of course there is. Esperanto is very big in Germany. The word is simply "Esperanto" (with a German pronunciation, not too far from the Esperanto pronunciation of the word). Junesun 06:00, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:BLL German/Vocabulary/Languages


text:
Cookbook talk:Tabbouleh I

This recipe should be merged with Cookbook:Tabouli and Cookbook:Tabula: they are clearly the same. --Sirmylesnagopaleentheda 16:57, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. As well, only the 2nd alternative recipe on this page is close to the traditional dish. The first version lists many optional ingredients and the 1st alternative doesn't even include mint. The Cookbook:Tabouli is closest to the definition.—140.153.24.155 (discuss) 15:49, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

Is it an abomination to substitute cilantro for mint and Italian parsley? --2603:6081:8002:AE78:C572:B691:B196:C08 (discuss) 04:28, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

Merging
I'd like to merge Cookbook:Tabouli and Cookbook:Tabula into this page. See Cookbook talk:Tabouli and Cookbook talk:Tabula. -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 20:41, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Tabbouleh I


text:
Cookbook talk:Tabbouleh II

This article should be deleted, and its relevant parts be moved to Cookbook:Tabbouleh: they are clearly the same. As it is, we have three articles! --Sirmylesnagopaleentheda 17:00, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Merging
Hi! I'd like to merge this page (Cookbook:Tabouli) into Cookbook:Tabbouleh. I've seen others suggest similarly, and unless someone disagrees I'll merge them. Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 20:37, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Tabbouleh II


text:
Cookbook talk:Tabbouleh III

This article should be deleted, and its content moved to Cookbook:Tabbouleh. There is no point in having three articles for almost the identical dish. --Sirmylesnagopaleentheda 17:01, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Merging
Hi! I'd like to merge this page (Cookbook:Tabula) into Cookbook:Tabbouleh. I've seen others suggest similarly, and unless someone disagrees I'll merge them. Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 20:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Tabbouleh III


text: Template:Outofcontext

title: Template:Outofcontext


text:
User:Greyjasper

Greyjasper is an attempt at creating flash based webpages for bitchin' individuals and companies. As we grow, this page will. We are based in Keene, New Hampshire and consist of 2 peeps and a coonhound...

title: User:Greyjasper


text:
What You Should Know About Medicines/Anticholesterols

There are several types of medications used to lower cholesterol. But first, a few words on what the problem is.

In the human body, cholesterol is an important chemical, which is used to make vital hormones like testosterone and estradiol. It is manufactured in the body, or can be ingested in the diet, and absorbed in the intestinal tract.

There are several subtypes of cholesterol. When one says "my cholesterol is good", it usually refers to the total cholesterol. There is one subtype called high density lipoprotein (HDL for short), which is considered the "good" cholesterol. The higher this is, the better. Another subtype is called low density hypoprotein, or "bad" cholesterol. Over the years, physicians have been lowering what they consider to be "safe" LDL, and for most people it is now lower than 100. (For people at "high risk" of complications, like diabetics, it is below 70.) There are other subtypes as well, but they are less important clinically.

The evidence for high cholesterol being linked to cardiovascular disease like heart attacks and strokes took decades to glean from the data of hundreds of scientific studies. Even though the cholesterol values currently account for only about 50% of the causes of cardiovascular disease, efforts to lower these levels have resulted in dramatic drops in morbidity and mortality. So much effort is expended to aid people in understanding what their personal cholesterol levels are, how their diet can contribute to it, and if high, how changing their diet and other lifestyle parameters can reduce their risk.

Some medications to lower cholesterol work by trying to "bind" it in the intestinal tract before it actually enters the blood stream. Although this can work for some people, and a high fiber diet that helps is nearly always good for us, it is unlikely to change the cholesteral values much by itself.

The most commonly prescribed cholesterol lowering medications in the US today are called statins, for short. They include medications with names like Lipitor, lovastatin, mevacor, etc. They work quite well for most people, and some work better than others. Your clinician can help chose the one for you. They have a serious side effect of damaging muscles, which is uncommon, but not rare. After going on a statin, your clinician should draw blood to ensure the medication is not causing you harm.

Niacin is another cholesterol lowering medication, usually taken as a powder. It's side effects include "flushing", where one turns red, like a menopausal hot flash.


text:
Talk:Circuit Idea

Welcome to Circuit Idea discussion page
Hi everybody! Here, I would like to start the discussion about the new wikibook Circuit Idea. I hope that you will expose your viewpoint at the present content and implementation and will suggest how to improve them. Circuit-fantasist 18:07, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

An incredible happening in my teacher's life
December 30, 2007

The story that I have told here is the most incredible happening in my teacher's life. I have been teaching circuitry for more than 20 years. I have been having good, responsive, clever, curious, capable and even talented students that have been helping and inspiring me in my pursuit of revealing the truth about circuits through these years. But, as a rule, my best students loose interest in the subject after passing the examination. I have received sporadically emails from some of them at that when they need some help.

That's why, imagine how much I was amazed when Cyril whom I was teaching basic circuitry two years ago, came on one of my consultation hours and showed willingness for discussing circuit phenomena. In the beginning, I supposed that Cyril has just to pass some examination or he has failed to take an examination or he has to make a project... But imagine how much I was amazed when I knew that Cyril wanted just to understand circuits! He brought out a few textbooks, showed to me obscure circuit diagrams of various oscillators and told me that he had not understood anything from these explanations. He just wanted to know why, when and how oscillations arise, where currents flow, why the inductor and capacitor of an LC tank discharge completely, what make energy circulate between the two component of the LC circuit, what transistors and op-amps do in oscillating circuits, how an RC oscillator oscillates although it does not actually contain any oscillating circuit, etc. Then I started reading the vague texts and, as a result, I realized that I also do not understand them. I knew but I didn't realize the basic ideas behind these great phenomena.

It happened half a month ago; since that time I have no peace. I stopped writing temporarily the introductory methodological stories of Circuit idea and began thinking about oscillation phenomena. During my consultation hours Cyril and I discuss these famous circuits. Usually, our "brainstorming sessions" last two hours. I record them on a solid-state recorder; then I write down them on a paper and finally I use the valuable thoughts in creating circuit stories. So, I would like to dedicate the exciting introductory story about the philosophy of oscillations in this world to Cyril who has inspired me to start and then to keep this series of stories.

Joining students to Circuit idea
March, 2008

In the beginning of March, 2008 I decided to join my students to Circuit idea. I started this initiative "in sport" but it turned out so successful and exciting that now I am entirely absorbed in this new web undertaking. I have told how it has begun in the discussion of the first completely finished page that my students and I have dedicated to the famous Ohm's experiment.

After I saw the rapturous reactions of my students I realized the potentialities of this approach and began enlarging this educational experiment. For this purpose, I have created separate pages of all the ten student groups (64a, 65a, 66a, 67a, 68a, 64b, 65b, 66b, 67b and 68b). In these group pages, my students and I, all together, have been placing what we have done in the laboratory and the lecture hall - photos, drawings, texts, etc. During labs and lectures I record our conversations and discussions by a small solid-state recorder and make snaps by a digital camera; some students do the same. The photos show drafts on the whiteboard, screen shots, laboratory setups, the very students (and sometimes, their teacher:), etc. On returning at home I download the records and pictures to my computer and begin processing them. In order to help students, I outline briefly the structure of the future modules in the student and talk pages; then I place all the raw materials (pictures) in the pages. I add also links to useful resources and some provoking questions. Then I leave students to go on developing the stories; I only intervene in their works from time to time to edit and refine them. Finally, I expand student works by adding more explanations and use these materials to create the according modules. You can see how I have placed (on the right) links in the list of started circuit stories pointing to the corresponding student pages. You can imagine how powerful this approach is where students and their teacher, all together, work on the same common project! They add, edit and continuously refine it; they learn how to present what they have done to other, how to contribute a wiki project, how to communicate with people, etc. Furthermore, any web visitors (including other students and their teachers) through the world can join and enrich this open project! It is just wonderful! I have started a concrete page where to tell how I have joined students from Technical University of Sofia to Wikibooks. Also, I have prepared a link to a more general story about joining students; we might discuss this idea in the talk page. If you are a teacher, student or you just like education, join our web initiative! Here are links to my student groups:

Group 64a • Group 65a • Group 66a • Group 67a • Group 68a • Group 64b • Group 65b • Group 66b • Group 67b • Group 68b

Return after a long absence...
August 12, 2020

I started Circuit Idea in 2007 with great enthusiasm and expected the same from Wikibooks readers. My idea was, all of us together, in hot debates and discussions, to build a "philosophy" of circuitry... but it did not happen.

That is why, in 2012, I joined the scientific network ResearchGate where I continued to reveal the fundamental ideas behind circuits but in a form of questions and answers. For several years, I asked a total of 124 questions and 3432 comments. They helped me reach new insights into circuit phenomena. Unfortunately, few contributors were interested in such a "philosophical" approach, which came as a surprise to me. After all, these were scientists, theorists, for whom such an approach should be significant and interesting? Gradually I started to get frustrated and lose the desire to do this...

I started looking for a more suitable field to promote my ideas. In 2014, I came across interesting questions and answers in StackExchange, which made me join this network. But I was very surprised by the rude relations and the open pragmatism of the contributors there... and that made me give up and stay in ResearchGate. I kept asking more and more questions... and even finally answering them myself... until at one point I gave up... and went back to StackExchange...

For a year now, I have been collaborating intensively in StackExchange and I have got to know it very well. What is attractive about it are the interesting, often naive questions that mostly young people ask. In some inexplicable way, they provoke my thinking and make me reach new insights. I made many interesting illustrations of circuits with visualized electrical quantities (my favorite way of presentation). But I do not find support from my colleagues and this deters me. The relationship between us is terrible - instead of helping each other, we envy each other. Downvoting is common. Also, it is common practice not to respond to comments below the answers. If there are any comments, usually they are negative. There are no words of praise and encouragement. Discussions do not take place, and they are suppressed by the moderators. And at the heart of it all is anonymity...

In these terrible working conditions, I began to feel that much of my efforts were going to waste. And then I remembered that I had to finish my "lifework" - Circuit Idea... and I came back here again... 13 years after the beginning...Circuit-fantasist (discuss • contribs) 09:40, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Starting a new initiative
Through my participation in ResearchGate and StackExchange, I was able to accumulate many new circuit stories in the form of questions, answers and comments. Now I am starting to incorporate them into Circuit Idea as links to relevant resources. My idea is to gradually rework them into Circuit Idea stories. I just started with the ResearchGate question, "Can we make an attenuator act as an amplifier?" In this way, I want to do something like a bridge between these three big forums. --Circuit-fantasist (discuss • contribs) 17:22, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Circuit Idea


text:
User:Owain.davies

See my userspace at Wikipedia

title: User:Owain.davies


text:
What You Should Know About Medicines/Diabetes Medications

Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus (or DM, for short) are many in number, and can improve the body's dysfuntion in many ways.

Fred Banting and Charles Best, in the summer of 1921, first extracted insulin from cells of the pancreas and tested it on diabetic dogs. They had discovered a treatment for a disease that since the beginning of time would kill by wasting away, sometimes in a coma, because of high blood levels of a sugar called glucose. Soon humans were being treated of this dread condition, called Diabetes Mellitus, and able to go on with their lives.

Nearly a century later, DM is still being studied around the world, with new research showing new treatments every year. There are two major types, called now called type 1 and type 2. Type 1 seems to be caused by a virus, with a sudden onset of the destruction of the islet cells in the pancreas which make insulin, usually in childhood. Type 2 seems to be caused by a "wearing out" of these same cells that suggest they have been "overworked" for decades.

There are many problems that the poor control of blood sugar seems to cause in people, including
 * retinopathy of the eyes, where tiny blood vessels break and bleed, causing blindness
 * peripheral neuropathy, where the longest nerves of the body, those from the spinal cord to the feet, stop working normally, causing numbness and pain
 * cardiovascular disease like strokes and heart attacks, and blockage of arteries, usually the small ones, that can lead to loss of limbs
 * renal nephropathy or kidney disease, which can lead to elevated blood pressure and the need for frequent kidney dialysis in the extreme form
 * other less common complications

Treatment of Type 1 DM requires a comprehensive team of people working with the patient and family to help balance the food being ingested with the energy expended, with the right amount and type of insulin.

Treatment of Type 2 DM can be a challenge to patients for a different reason. Although they initially may not require injections of insulin, because of old habits established decades ago they need to adjust their diets and exercise patterns.

Both forms of DM require a close attention to diet, a good exercise plan, attention to detail in caring for oneself, and ending life threatening behaviors like smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol and sugared drinks.

There are many types of insulin available today. Some are short acting, intended to work within minutes, and some long acting, working over hours. In the past, most were derived from the pancreas of beef or pork, but today most are made in the laboratory using a recombinant DNA technology. Almost all have to be injected into the body to work, as the insulin molecule will not withstand the body's digestive system. (There is a new type that has recently hit the market that allow one to use an inhaler, where the insulin is delivered to the lungs instead of using a needle.)

Medications for Type 2 DM are many, and are aimed at solving the problem in different ways.
 * Knowing that fat cells become resistant to insulin as they get larger (they seem to lose the receptors that bind the insulin) led to the discovery of Biguanides like metformin which seems to increase the receptors and therefore lower the amount of insulin needed. Metformin also reduced the liver's production of glucose.
 * Getting the pancreas "to work harder" and put more of the body's insulin into the bloodstream is the function of secretagogues, which include the sulfonylureas. There are first and second generation drugs which have been developed over time.
 * Another class is the Thiazolidinediones, which combine the effects of the two classes mentioned above.
 * Yet another class of medications, calle Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors reduce the speed with with the body absorbs the glucose from the intestines after a meal. This delay reduces the need for the insulin that occurs because the body "sees" so much need after a meal
 * A new class of medications called GLP-1 receptor agonists or incretin mimetics affect hormones called incretins, which assist the pancreas in signalling the need for additional insulin only when the blood sugar is actually high.
 * This field changes so fast that there are likely to be new medications not present on this list since the last time this section was updated.


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User talk:Kay Körner~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 18:46, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

SV Dynamo
Thank you for your contribution. However please note that this is "English" Wikibooks and as such the page you have created is outside our project scope. It will probably be deleted shortly I'm afraid -- Herby talk thyme 18:46, 2 July 2007 (UTC) Then, I must translate it in the next 5 days. Please giv me 5 days of time for this.--Kay Körner 19:03, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry Kay - undeleted for you to translate now - I will leave it a week - regards -- Herby  talk thyme 11:00, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Contributions outside project scope
Please note that Statute of the Sport Unification Dynamo, 30 Years Sportvereinigung Dynamo and SV Dynamo (now a redirect) are all outside project scope and are slated to be deleted imminently. If you would like to transwiki any of those to a more appropriate home, please do so yourself, or ask for someone else to do it immediately; the modules will be deleted soon.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:53, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

I will change my name in Zelde

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kay Körner. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kay Körner~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:22, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:08, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kay Körner~enwikibooks


text:
User:Jacroe

On Wikipedia

title: User:Jacroe


text:
Cookbook:Pizza Vanegas

| Cuisine of Italy | Pizza

Dough

 * 1 cup warm water
 * 3 tbsp active dry yeast
 * 1 tbsp white granulated sugar
 * 1 lb all purpose flour
 * ¼ cup olive oil

Toppings

 * Pepperoni
 * 8 oz mozzarella cheese
 * ½ can (15 oz) of Hunt's Family Favorites Pizza sauce
 * 1 small onion, finely diced
 * 1 small red pepper, finely diced
 * 3 ½ oz sliced mushrooms
 * Oregano
 * Salt
 * Black pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Dissolve yeast and sugar in 1 cup warm water.
 * 2) Combine 3 cups of flour, olive oil, one tsp of salt, and the yeast-water mixture. Knead for 15 minutes, adding more flour until dough is no longer very sticky.
 * 3) Coat dough with a little oil (about 1 tsp) and place it into a large bowl. Cover with plastic wrap and let rest for 45 minutes until the dough is twice its original size.
 * 4) Meanwhile, preheat oven to 350°F / 175°C for at least 30 minutes).
 * 5) Gently deflate dough in order to eliminate air bubbles.
 * 6) Cut dough into 2 pieces (you can freeze dough to bake later for up to a month).
 * 7) Roll out dough to form a rounded pizza crust.
 * 8) Add pizza sauce (½ can per pizza), and sprinkle onion, red pepper, salt, oregano and black pepper.
 * 9) Bake 10 minutes.
 * 10) Take out of the oven, add mozzarella cheese, pepperoni, and mushrooms.
 * 11) Return to the oven and bake until cheese melts.
 * 12) Cut into eight slices, and enjoy!

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Water must be warm but not boiling in order to activate yeast. Boiling water will kill the yeast.
 * You can replace ¼ of water cup with milk. You can also replace the sugar with 1 tbsp honey.
 * If you like a stronger cheese flavor, you can add, for example, little chunks of bleu cheese, on top of the other ingredients.
 * Try to keep the mushrooms fairly dry. Mushrooms are like sponges, and will lose unwanted water on to your pizza.
 * You can try different toppings to basic pizza dough, and even add cheese borders. To do so, you should roll out pizza into a larger size, adding cheese one inch from the border, and little pizza sauce. Roll dough over the cheese and press firmly to close.

title: Cookbook:Pizza Vanegas


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User:Arsharpe

=Contributions=
 * Citroën Berlingo Electrique Service Manual

 * Citroën Berlingo Electrique Owners Manual

 * Motorola U9 Configuration

 * /Yahoo Notes/

=Other=

 * Formatting Notes

 * My Sandbox

 * My Drafts

=To Do= Check Berlingo categories, etc
 * http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Electric_vehicles - Rationalise this
 * http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Electric_Vehicles - Check why this is showing as sub category of Technology when it is configured as a sub-set of Transport.

title: User:Arsharpe


text:
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/Chapter 3 Practice Problems/Solutions

Problem 1
D. (1.06 g/m^3)*(1 m^3/264.17 Gal.) = 4.01E-3 grams

Problem 2
volume of Toluene = 53.199 cm^3

Problem 3
 Important Conversion Factor : 1 ream = 500 sheets

A. (10,000 reams)*(500 sheets/1 ream)*(1 book/250 sheets) = 20,000 books

(30,000 Lbs. ink)*(1 book/0.2 Lbs. ink) = 150,000 books

Paper is the limiting resource @ 20,000 books.

B. (1-0.04)*(20,000 books) = 19,200 books

North America : (19,200 books)*(0.15) = 2880 books South America : (19,200 books)*(0.10) = 1920 books Europe       : (19,200 books)*(0.20) = 3840 books Africa       : (19,200 books)*(0.20) = 3840 books Asia         : (19,200 books)*(0.25) = 4800 books Australia    : (19,200 books)*(0.10) = 1920 books

Cost of Printing (20,000 books)*($0.50) = $10,000

Shiping Cost North America : (2880 books)*($0.05) = $144 South America : (1920 books)*($0.08) = $153.6 Europe       : (3840 books)*($0.10) = $384 Africa       : (3840 books)*($0.20) = $768 Asia         : (4800 books)*($0.12) = $576 Australia    : (1920 books)*($0.15) = $288 Total Shiping Cost = $2,313.6

 Basis : 1 book sell = $1.00  Total Daily Production Cost : $10,000 + $2,313.6 = $12,313.6

 Daily Max Profit : $19,000 - $12,313.6 = $6,886.4

C. Selling 12,314 books/day would return a profit of $0.40/day

D.  Pounds of Ink  North America : (2880 books)*(0.02 Lbs ink) = 57.6 Lbs. ink South America : (1920 books)*(0.02 Lbs ink) = 38.4 Lbs. ink Europe       : (3840 books)*(0.02 Lbs ink) = 76.8 Lbs. ink Africa       : (3840 books)*(0.02 Lbs ink) = 76.8 Lbs. ink Asia         : (4800 books)*(0.02 Lbs ink) = 38.4 Lbs. ink Australia    : (1920 books)*(0.02 Lbs ink) = 96.0 Lbs. ink

 Sheets of Paper  North America : (2880 books)*(250 sheets) =  720,000 Sheets South America : (1920 books)*(250 sheets) =  480,000 Sheets Europe       : (3840 books)*(250 sheets) =   960,000 Sheets Africa       : (3840 books)*(250 sheets) =   960,000 Sheets Asia         : (4800 books)*(250 sheets) = 1,200,000 Sheets Australia    : (1920 books)*(250 sheets) =   480,000 Sheets

E.  Improve the Profit Margin  -Cheaper paper feed stock -Recycle defective books for tax incentives -Use recycle paper feed stock for tax incentives -Cheaper ink feed stock -Use environmentally friendly feed stock for tax incentives -Reduce number of defective books produced -Sell the book at higher prices where the market will allow


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Cookbook:Eastern North Carolina Barbecue Sauce

| Southern U.S. cuisine

This recipe is initially from the original contributor's friend and brother, Chip Crumpler.

Ingredients

 * ¾ gallons apple cider vinegar
 * ⅛ cup salt
 * ¼ cup ground black pepper
 * ¼ cup red pepper flakes
 * 1 cup molasses
 * 2 cups honey

Procedure

 * 1) Start with apple cider vinegar in saucepan over medium heat.
 * 2) Add salt, ground black pepper, crushed red pepper, molasses, and honey.
 * 3) Let mixture heat up, but not quite boil.
 * 4) Mix well.
 * 5) Return sauce to the jug that the vinegar came in to cool.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * This is the sauce used for authentic barbecue.


text:
User:Agricolaplenus/Sandbox

Template:User vox

title: User:Agricolaplenus/Sandbox


text: User:Agricolaplenus/Vox

title: User:Agricolaplenus/Vox


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What You Should Know About Medicines/Injectible

Medicines that must be delivered directly into the body through the skin are called injectible medication.

There are two areas medicines are placed. The subcutaneous area is just under that skin, but not in the muscle. When the needle is placed deeper, it is targeted for the muscle itself, called intramuscular.

The choice of whether the injection should be subcutaneous or intramuscular has to do with the medication being injected, and how well it is absorbed in either site.
 * Insulin is perhaps the most commonly used subcutaneous injection
 * Vaccinations or antibiotics are generally given intramuscularly.

Certain medications will be deactivated by the body (usually the liver) so quickly that to give them orally is worthless. These are usually given through injection
 * Testosterone for replacement of male hypogonadism is given intramuscularly.


text:
Electrodynamics/Introduction

Welcome
Welcome to the Electrodynamics wikibook. This book is a wiki, so all readers are welcome to contribute to the book to help make it better.

Who is this book for?
This book is part of a series of books on Modern Physics, and is intended to be read by advanced undergraduate students in the fields of physics or engineering.

What will this book cover?
This book is going to introduce and discuss the topics of the electric field and the magnetic field. We are going to discuss the effects of relativity on these fields. We are also going to introduce tensors as a method to describe these fields under transformation.

What are the prerequisites?
Before reading this book, the reader should have a solid background in calculus (especially multivariable or "vector" calculus), differential equations, and elementary physics. Some books that will be useful are:

 * Calculus
 * Ordinary Differential Equations
 * Linear Algebra
 * Real Analysis
 * Engineering Analysis

Notations
This book will rely on a variety of mathematical notations. We will follow this convention, where possible:

 * Scalars will be italic. Scalars will be denoted with a lower-case letter, or a Greek letter.
 * Vectors will be bold and lower-case.
 * Vector fields, tensors, and matrices will be bold and upper-case.
 * A cross (×) will denote the vector cross-product, not scalar multiplication.
 * Where possible, when an equation or mathematical term needs to be embedded in the text of a page, it will be rendered as HTML, not in TeX.
 * Parenthesis will be used to denote the arguments to a function, such as σ(r). Subscripts will be used to denote elements from inside a vector, such as p1 for numbered elements, and Bx for elements that correspond to a particular coordinate.

title: Electrodynamics/Introduction


text:
Electrodynamics/Resources

Resources

 * Schwartz, Melvin. "Principals of Electrodynamics", Dover, 1987, ISBN0486654931
 * Waves
 * Special Relativity
 * General Relativity
 * On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies by Albert Einstein, June 30, 1905.
 * On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies (pdf)
 * Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (2002) by the IARC.
 * A summary of the previous report by GreenFacts.
 * http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10695845&dopt=Citation
 * College Physics Volume 2  by Doug Davis, Saunders College Publishing, Orlando, FL, 1994

title: Electrodynamics/Resources


text:
User:Drriad~enwikibooks

Sandbox More active in English wikipedia here.

title: User:Drriad~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Bhuna Khichuri (Bengali Rice and Lentils)

 * South Asian cuisines

Khichuri is a Bengali dish once considered comfort food for the poor but now a delicacy served warm in the monsoon rain. Like the similar khichdi, the core ingredients are rice and lentils, but different variations exist, some adding vegetables, poultry or meat and named accordingly (e. g. sabji khichuri for vegetable). Here is the recipe for the popular Bhuna Khichuri, which is is romantic and especially suited for a rainy day. Serve warm with Bengal fish curry and chutney as a condiment.

Ingredients
Spices for seasoning For garnish
 * 1 cup white fragrant rice (e.g Basmati rice or short-grained pilau rice)
 * 1 cup green gram or red split lentils
 * ½ cup split dried chickpeas (preferably Bengal variety; optional)
 * ½ cup garden peas (optional)
 * 2 tablespoons butter (preferably ghee)
 * ½ teaspoon turmeric powder
 * 2 whole green chiles, slit in the middle and optionally de-seeded
 * Salt to taste
 * 4 cups water for boiling
 * 2 bay leaves
 * 4 green cardamom pods
 * 4 whole cloves
 * 2 sticks of cinnamon 1 inch long
 * ¼ teaspoon cumin seeds
 * 2 cm piece of ginger, finely chopped
 * 1 medium or 2 small onions, thinly sliced
 * 2 tablespoons butter preferably ghee
 * 1 bunch coarsely chopped fresh coriander leaves

Preparation

 * 1) Rinse rice, lentils, and chickpeas separately in cold water.
 * 2) Dry rice in a colander or on a flat surface.
 * 3) Leave lentils and chickpeas to soak in water for 30 minutes.
 * 4) Drain lentils and chickpeas, then roast them briefly until they emit an aroma; set aside to cool.
 * 5) Heat water in a kettle to use later. Keep warm but not boiling.
 * 6) Semi-crush cardamom, cinnamon, and cloves.

Cooking

 * 1) Heat 2 tbsp butter in a heavy-based pan over medium heat. Add bay leaf and semi-crushed spices in; once they start to sputter, add sliced ginger and cumin. Stir for 1–2 minutes until ginger has a nutty aroma.
 * 2) Add green chili and garden peas, and stir once or twice.
 * 3) Add rice to the mixture and stir gently for 2–3 minutes, making sure the oil coats it thoroughly.
 * 4) Add lentils, chickpeas and salt; stir again for 1–2 more minutes
 * 5) Add hot water to the pan. The level of water should be about 1 inch above the mixture. Lower the heat slightly, cover, and simmer until done. Check regularly to make sure rice does not burn at the bottom. Rice and lentils are done when there is no hard part in rice, it is medium firm, each one is easily separable, but not very soft or sticky. This should take around 10 minutes.

Topping

 * 1) While the rice is simmering, heat the remaining butter in a separate frying pan. Fry the onion on a medium heat until it starts to brown.
 * 2) When rice mixture is done, top with onion and accompanying oil. Garnish with coriander.
 * 3) Turn down the heat to the lowest and cover until served which should not take long.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You may replace the butter with vegetable oil or omit it altogether. For an oil-free alternative dry toast the spices. Pour hot water over rice and lentil mix, then add onion, ginger and spices.

Warnings

 * Slicing onions may irritate eyes. Ethnic ingredient shops often sell ready-made fried onions.


text:
Electrodynamics/Maxwell's Equations

Maxwells Equations
When James Clarke Maxwell was doing his work with electrodynamics, several of the concepts that we have been considering had not yet been introduced to the world of mathematics. For instance, vector calculus was a very young discipline, and many of the operators currently in use (Div, Curl, the Laplacian) did not exist in Maxwell's time.

The original "Maxwells Equations" were a set of 20 complicated differential equations that placed a primary focus on the idea of magnetic potential (a quantity which is almost completely ignored in the modern variants of these equations).

Heinrich Hertz and Oliver Heaviside did much of the work to convert Maxwells original equations into a more convenient form. The Electric and Magnetic fields were deemed to be of primary importance, whereas the magnetic potential was dropped from the formalization. From Hertz and Heaviside we obtained the 4 equations that we know today as "Maxwell's Equations".

The 4 Equations
Here are Maxwell's equations. Several of these equations have been seen already in previous chapters.

 * $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}$$

 * $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} = 0$$

 * $$\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac {\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}$$

 * $$\nabla \times \mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \mathbf{J} + \mu_0\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t}$$

Where: $$\rho$$ is the charge density, which can (and often does) depend on time and position, $$\epsilon_0$$ is the permittivity of free space, $$\mu_0$$ is the permeability of free space, and $$\mathbf J$$ is the current density vector, also a function of time and position. The units used above are the standard SI units. Inside a linear material, Maxwell's equations change by switching the permeability and permitivity of free space with the permeability and permitivity of the linear material in question. Inside other materials which possess more complex responses to electromagnetic fields, these terms are often represented by complex numbers, or tensors.

We can write Maxwell's equations in another form, that relates each field to its sources: By taking the curl of the third equation, we get
 * $$\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf{E}=-\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \nabla \times \mathbf{B}$$

Since
 * $$\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf{E}=\nabla (\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E})-\nabla^2 \mathbf{E}=\frac{1}{\epsilon_0}\nabla \rho-\nabla^2 \mathbf{E}$$

and since
 * $$\nabla \times \mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \mathbf{J} + \mu_0\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t}$$

we get

\frac{1}{\epsilon_0}\nabla \rho-\nabla^2\mathbf{E}=-\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\mu_0 \mathbf{J} + \mu_0\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t})$$ or $$ \nabla^2 \mathbf{E}-\mu_0\epsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2}=\mu_0 \frac{\partial \mathbf{J}}{\partial t} + \frac{1}{\epsilon_0} \nabla \rho$$

Similarly, $$ \nabla^2 \mathbf{B}-\mu_0\epsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{B}}{\partial t^2} = \mu_0 \nabla \times \mathbf{j}$$

Using Tensors
It should be noticed, if not immediately, that the first two equations are essentially equivalent, and that the second two equations have a similar form and should be able to be put into a single form. We can use our field tensors F and G to put the 4 Maxwell's equations into two more concise equations:

 * $$\sum_{\mu}\frac{\partial \mathbb{F}_{\mu\nu}}{\partial x_\mu} = 4 \pi j_\nu$$

 * $$\sum_{\mu}\frac{\partial \mathbb{G}_{\mu\nu}}{\partial x_\mu} = 0$$

Symmetry
You may notice that these two equations are very similar, but they are not completely symmetric. The magnetic field equations reduce because magnetic fields always have two opposite poles, whereas an electric field may have only a single charge. This lack of symmetry in these equations has prompted scientists to search for a magnetic monopole, something that we will talk about in later chapters.

Besides the forms of these equations, modern "unified theories" of physics seeking to describe all forces of nature (including, significantly, electromagnetism and gravity) often posit the existence of monopoles. As a basic consideration, similarity and symmetry among many equations and processes in physics often leads to the discovery of entirely new entities or phenomena. Thus, the pronounced lack of symmetry between the magnetic and electric field equations is a simple and logical reason for scientists to search for monopoles.

title: Electrodynamics/Maxwell's Equations


text:
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title: User talk:Drriad~enwikibooks


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User talk:Khochman~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Khochman. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Khochman~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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title: User talk:Khochman~enwikibooks