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Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/What is a mass balance?

The "Black Box" approach to problem-solving
In this book, all the problems you'll solve will be "black-box" problems. This means that we take a look at a unit operation from the outside, looking at what goes into the system and what leaves, and extrapolating data about the properties of the entrance and exit streams from this. This type of analysis is important because it does not depend on the specific type of unit operation that is performed. When doing a black-box analysis, we don't care about how the unit operation is designed, only what the net result is. Let's look at an example:

Conservation equations
The formal mathematical way of describing the black-box approach is with conservation equations which explicitly state that what goes into the system must either come out of the system somewhere else, get used up or generated by the system, or remain in the system and accumulate. The relationship between these is simple:

 * 1) The streams entering the system cause an increase of the substance (mass, energy, momentum, etc.) in the system.
 * 2) The streams leaving the system decrease the amount of the substance in the system.
 * 3) Generating or consuming mechanisms (such as chemical reactions) can either increase or decrease the amount of substance in the system.
 * 4) What's left over is the amount of the substance in the system.

With these four statements we can state the following very important general principle:

Its so important, in fact, that you'll see it a million times or so, including a few in this book, and it is used to derive a variety of forms of conservation equations.

Common assumptions on the conservation equation
The conservation equation is very general and applies to any property a system can have. However, it can also lead to complicated equations, and so in order to simplify calculations when appropriate, it is useful to apply assumptions to the problem.

 * Closed system: A closed system is one which does not have flows in or out of the substance. Almost always, when one refers to a closed system, it is implied that the system is closed to mass flow but not to other flows such as energy or momentum. The equation for a closed system is:
 * $$ Accumulation = Generation $$
 * The opposite of a closed system is an open system in which the substance is allowed to enter and/or leave the system. The funnel in the example was an open system because mass flowed in and out of it.

 * No generation: Certain quantities are always conserved in the strict sense that they are never created or destroyed. These are the most useful quantities to do balances on because then the model does not need to include a generation term:
 * $$ Accumulation = In - Out $$
 * The most commonly-used conserved quantities in this class are mass and energy (other conserved quantities include momentum and electric charge). However, it is important to note that though the total mass and total energy in a system are conserved, the mass of a single species is not (since it may be changed into something else in a reaction). Neither is the "heat" in a system if a so-called "heat-balance" is performed (since it may be transformed into other forms of energy. Therefore, one must be careful when deciding whether to discard the generation term).

 * Steady State: A system which does not accumulate a substance is said to be at steady-state. Often times, this allows the engineer to avoid having to solve differential equations and instead use algebra.
 * $$ In - Out + Generation - Consumption = 0 $$
 * All problems in this text assume steady state but it is not always a valid assumption. It is mostly valid after a process has been running in a controlled manner for long enough that all the flow rates, temperatures, pressures, and other system parameters have reached reasonably constant values. It is not valid when a process is first warming up (or an operating condition is changed) and the system properties change significantly over time. How they change, and how long it takes to become close enough to steady state, is a subject for another course.

Conservation of mass
TOTAL mass is a conserved quantity (except in nuclear reactions, let's not go there), as is the mass of any individual species if there is no chemical reaction occurring in the system. Let us write the conservation equation at steady state for such a case (with no reaction):

$$ In - Out = 0 $$

Now, there are two major ways in which mass can enter or leave a system: diffusion and convection. However, if the velocity entering the unit operations is fairly large and the concentration gradient is fairly small, diffusion can be neglected and the only mass entering or leaving the system is due to convective flow:

$$ Mass_{in} = \dot{m}_{in} = \rho * v * A $$

A similar equation apply for the mass out.

In this book, we generally use the symbol $$ \dot{m} $$ to signify a convective mass flow rate, in units of $$ mass/time $$. Since the total flow in is the sum of individual flows, and the same with the flow out, the following steady state mass balance is obtained for the overall mass in the system:

If it is a batch system, or if we're looking at how much has entered and left in a given period of time (rather than instantaneously), we can apply the same mass balance without the time component. In this book, a value without the dot signifies a value without a time component:

$$ \sum{m_{out}}-\sum{m_{in}} = 0 $$

This is a fairly trivial example, but it gets the concepts of "in", "out", and "accumulation" on a physical basis, which is important for setting up problems. In the next section, it will be shown how to apply the mass balance to solve more complex problems with only one component.


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Collaborative Networked Learning: A Guide/References and Notes

Notes and References

 * 1) The term groupware was originally coined in 1981 by Peter and Trudy Johnson-Lenz,in "Consider the Groupware: Design and Group Process Impacts on Communication in the Electronic Medium," In Hiltz, S.R. and Kerr, E (eds) (Studies of Computer-Mediated Communications Systems: A Synthesis of the Findings. Final Report to the Information Science and Technology Division, National Science Foundation (IST-8018077)\bold) East Orange, N.J., Upsala College, Chapter 5.) is helping facilitate communication in groups. Groupware acquired national popularity in the middle 1980’s in articles appearing in the popular press. . In one such article in Fortune, Louis Richman (2\Richman, Louis. 1987. "Software Catches the Team Spirit," (Fortune\bold) Vol 115, 12, June 8, 1987, pp. 125,131,132,136.) described the concept as follows: Software that will enable people to collaborate across barriers of space and time is one of today's hottest frontiers of computer research. Like an electronic sinew that binds teams together, the new "groupware" aims to place the computer squarely in the middle of communications among managers, technicians, and anyone else who interacts in groups, revolutionizing the way they work.

 * Conklin,Jeff.1987. "Hypertext:An Introduction and Survey." ‘’’Computer’’’ September,1987,pp. 17-41
 * Bransford, John et al.1986. " Teaching Thinking and Problem Solving" American Psychologist. 41,10,pp. 1078–1088.
 * Feenberg, Andrew.1986."Network Design: An operating Manual for Computer Conferencing." (IEEE Transactions on Professional Communications\bold) Vol.PC 29, No 1, March 1986,p. 4.
 * Findley, Charles A. 1987. "Collaborative Networked Learning: Technology and Opportunities," October 13, 1987, Burlington, MA., Digital Equipment Corp.
 * Findley, Charles A. 1989. Open Communication Systems Beyond the Classroom. Presentation at World Future Society, July 16–20, Washington, D.C.
 * ________________. 1989. Collaborative Learning-work. Presentation at the Pacific Telecommunications Council 1989 Conference, January 15–20, Honolulu, Hawaii.
 * _________________. 1988. Collaborative Networked Learning: On-line Facilitation and Software Support,  Digital Equipment Corporation. Burlington, MA.
 * _________________. 1987. Integrated Learning and Information Support Systems for the Information Age Worker. Presentation at World Future Society Conference, Cambridge, MA., November 1987.
 * Kerr, Elaine, and Hiltz, Starr R. 1982. Computer-Mediated Communication Systems: Status and Evaluation. Academic Press, New York.
 * Elaine Kerr (3\Kerr,Elaine. 1985. "Electronic Leadership: A Guide to Moderating On-line Conferences," IEEE Transactions on Professional Communications. Vol. PC 29, No 1, p. 16)
 * Friedman, Thomas. 2005. The World is Flat: A brief History of the Twenty-first Century. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux
 * Johnson, David W. and Roger T. Johnson (1987) Learning Together and Alone:Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic learning Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
 * Levy, Frank and Richard J. Murnane. 2005. ‘’The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market’’ Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
 * Malone, Thomas. 2004. The Future of Work: How the New Order of Business Will Shape Your Organization, Your Management Style, and Your Life, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard
 * Peters. Thomas J. and Robert Waterman (1982). In Search of Excellence. New York: Harper and Row.
 * Peters, Thomas J. 2006. Re-Imagine!: Business Excellence in a Disruptive Age (Paperback).  New York: Dorling Kindersley Adult.
 * Pink, Daniel. 2005. “A Whole New Mind: Moving from the Information Age to the Conceptual Age,” New York: Penguin
 * Rice, Ronald and Gail Love. 1987. "Electronic Emotion: Socio-emotional Content in a Computer- Mediated Communication Network," (Communication Research\bold),February, Vol 14, No 1. pp. 85–108.)
 * Shaw, Mildred.1987. "Interactive Elicitation and Exchange of Knowledge in Group Problem Solving," Paper presented to the Seventh International Congress on Person Construct Psychology, Memphis,Tennessee, August 14-9,1987.
 * Shaw, Mildred.1987. "An Interactive Knowledge-Based System for Group Problem-Solving," IEEE System, Man and Cybernetics: Special Issue on Human Computer Interaction and Cognitive Engineering.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Sean r greenwood

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title: User talk:Sean r greenwood


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User talk:Grege319

Regarding multiple image copyright problems
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Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. --Iamunknown 00:11, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grege319


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User talk:Sshar704

Image copyright problem with Image:Sumeenafire.gif
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title: User talk:Sshar704


text:
Physics Study Guide/Quantum Mechanics

The Beginning Of The End
By the start of the twentieth century, a major problem had become apparent in what is now referred to as 'classical physics'. The Rayleigh-Jeans Law of thermodynamics stated that as the wavelength of the light incident on a hot body, the total power reflected from the body would also increase. The problem with this was that as the wavelength increased towards zero, the power increased towards infinity. This peak occurred about the ultraviolet section on the EM spectrum so the problem became known as the Ultraviolet Catrastope. This marked the beginning of the end for classical physics.

However, in 1900, a physicist named Max Planck went before the German Physical Society and presented a groundbreaking new theory on thermal radiation. It was based on an idealised body called a blackbody - perfect absorber and emitter of radiation. The emission spectrum of this body is identical to that of classical theory until it reaches a specific wavelength, dependent on the temperature of the body, where it peaks and then drops to zero for the shortest wavelengths.

title: Physics Study Guide/Quantum Mechanics


text:
Talk:Openbravo POS/Installation guide

Category and Product IDs are best served by using the barcodes or GTINs. See this link for more info. They are unique and provide so much more detail.

The beauty of following this standard is you can synchronize your inventory within your supply chain. Check out the GPC Browser:

title: Talk:Openbravo POS/Installation guide


text:
Talk:Basic Physics of Nuclear Medicine/Radioactive Decay

is iodine-131 more stable than barium-137

MCQ at end of chapter not interactive
I am not able to open the MCQ at te end of the chapter? Problems? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.209.230.44 (discuss) 17:32, 15 June 2011
 * Well the interactive questions are working OK for me on firefox 3.6.17, which browser are you using? Recent Runes (discuss • contribs) 21:04, 15 June 2011 (UTC)


text:
Algorithms/Find maximum/Java findMax method 1

Code Java


text:
User talk:151.213.176.72

Regarding edits made during February 10 2007
Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. Az1568(Talk) 04:46, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:151.213.176.72


text:
Talk:Demystifying Depression/The Role of Sports

Competative sports, as an extreme and seeming obvious example, should be avoided. Insecurities and other related "flight" instincts can corrupt a healthy attempt to return to or to even experience for the first time a healthful mindset.

Apprehension can interfere with group exercise, although the task of entering into an exercise routine is up to an individual. Depression can sway a recovering person through extreme emotions related to apprehension at joining a group even for Yoga. Depending on the source of the depression, avoid group exercise until you are truly ready.

Sports or exercise is challenging for people experiencing depression primarily because of the engagement of mind, body and spirit. For example, persons depressed as a result of sexual trauma have spent an unknown length of time separated intellectually from their body(ies). One exercise that allows for a kind of autonomy while truly strengthening the body and connecting mind and body is lap swimming. Here an individual can focus on breathing as one would while engaged in meditation. There are also various kinds of disguises involved in swimming starting with swim goggles. The combination of the "mask" and the single swim lane results in a safe environment.

Swimming requires regular participation. The outcomes (for me) are still being recognized, but the main effort to connect or to reconnect the mind and the body through a concentrated routine of swimming for exercise are being realized.


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Algorithms/Find maximum/vb script method 1

 function findMax(aa) Dim o_intMax o_intMax = aa(0) for each p_intJ in aa         if p_intJ > o_intMax then o_intMax = p_intJ end if      next findMax = o_intMax end function Dim cc(3) cc(0) = 3 cc(1) = 6 cc(2) = 5 cc(3) = 1 document.write("Max is " & findMax(cc) )


text:
Algorithms/Find maximum/java script method 1

 function findMax(intA) { if ( intA.length == 0 ) return 0; if ( intA.length == 1 ) return 1; var o_intMax = intA[0]; for (var p_intI = 1; p_intI < intA.length; p_intI++) { if ( intA[p_intI] > o_intMax ) { o_intMax = intA[p_intI]; } // end if      } // end loop return o_intMax; } // end method var intA = new Array(1,3,6); document.write(findMax(intA));


text:
Algorithms/Find maximum/jscript

 function findMax(intA) { if ( intA.length == 0 ) return 0; if ( intA.length == 1 ) return 1; var o_intMax = intA[0]; for (var p_intI = 1; p_intI < intA.length; p_intI++) { if ( intA[p_intI] > o_intMax ) { o_intMax = intA[p_intI]; } // end if     } // end loop return o_intMax; } // end method var intA = new Array(1,9,6); document.write(findMax(intA));

title: Algorithms/Find maximum/jscript


text: Algorithms/Find maximum/Java findMax method 2


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Algorithms/Find maximum/java script method 2

 function findMax(i_intaryTab) { if ( i_intaryTab.length == 2 ) { if ( i_intaryTab[0] > i_intaryTab[1] ) return i_intaryTab[0]; else return i_intaryTab[1]; } // end if         if ( i_intaryTab.length == 1 ) return i_intaryTb[0]; var yy = i_intaryTab.length / 2; var p_intaryA = new Array(yy); var p_intaryB = new Array(yy); for (var p_intI = 0; p_intI < yy ; p_intI += 1) p_intaryA[p_intI] = i_intaryTab[p_intI]; var p_intK = 0; for (var p_intJ = yy; p_intJ < i_intaryTab.length; p_intJ +=1,p_intK += 1) p_intaryB[p_intK] = i_intaryTab[p_intJ]; var o_intM = findMax(p_intaryA); var o_intN = findMax(p_intaryB); if ( o_intM > o_intN ) return o_intM; else return o_intN; } // end method var cc = new Array(1,2,3,4); document.write(findMax(cc));


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Algorithms/Find maximum/jscript 2

function findMax(i_intaryTab) { if ( i_intaryTab.length == 2 ) { if ( i_intaryTab[0] > i_intaryTab[1] ) return i_intaryTab[0]; else return i_intaryTab[1]; } // end if         if ( i_intaryTab.length == 1 ) return i_intaryTb[0]; var yy = i_intaryTab.length / 2; var p_intaryA = new Array(yy); var p_intaryB = new Array(yy); for (var p_intI = 0; p_intI < yy ; p_intI += 1) p_intaryA[p_intI] = i_intaryTab[p_intI]; var p_intK = 0; for (var p_intJ = yy; p_intJ < i_intaryTab.length; p_intJ +=1,p_intK += 1) p_intaryB[p_intK] = i_intaryTab[p_intJ]; var o_intM = findMax(p_intaryA); var o_intN = findMax(p_intaryB); if ( o_intM > o_intN ) return o_intM; else return o_intN; } // end method var cc = new Array(1,2,3,4); document.write(findMax(cc));

title: Algorithms/Find maximum/jscript 2


text:
Algorithms/Find maximum/vb script method 2

 function findNoOfElement(i_intAry) Dim o_intCount o_intCount = 0 for each objEle in i_intAry o_intCount = o_intCount + 1 next findNoOfElement = o_intCount end function function findMax(i_intAry,i_intSize) Dim oRes if ( i_intSize <= 3 ) then if i_intAry(0) > i_intAry(1) then oRes = i_intAry(0) else oRes = i_intAry(1) end if       else Dim yy          yy = i_intSize /2 Dim p_intAryA Dim p_intAryB ReDim p_intAryA(yy) ReDim p_intAryB(yy) Dim p_intI Dim p_intJ for p_intI = 0 to (yy - 1) step 1 p_intAryA(p_intI) = i_intAry(p_intI) next Dim p_intK for p_intJ = yy to (i_intSize - 1) step 1 p_intAryB(p_intK) = i_intAry(p_intJ) next Dim o_intM Dim o_intN o_intM = findMax(p_intAryA,findNoOfElement(p_intAryA)) o_intN = findMax(p_intAryB,findNoOfElement(p_intAryB)) if ( o_intM > o_intN ) then oRes = o_intM else oRes = o_intN end if                  end if              findMax = oRes end function Dim cc(3) cc(0) = 33 cc(1) = 6 cc(2) = 7 cc(3) = 11 document.write("Max is " & findMax(cc,findNoOfElement(cc)) )


text: Algorithms/Find maximum/Java findMax method 3


text:
Algorithms/Find maximum/java script method 3

 function findMax(i_intAryTab,i_start,i_end) { if ( (i_end - i_start) == 1 ) { if ( i_intAryTab[i_end] > i_intAryTab[i_start] ) { return i_intAryTab[i_end]; } else { return i_intAryTab[i_start]; } // end if              } // end if     var intJ = (((i_end - i_start)+1)/2) - 1; var oMaxN = findMax(i_intAryTab,i_start,i_start+intJ); var oMaxM = findMax(i_intAryTab,i_start+intJ+1,i_end); if ( oMaxN > oMaxM ) { return oMaxN; } else { return oMaxM; } // end if   } // end method function findMaxHandler(i_intAry) { return findMax(i_intAry,0,i_intAry.length - 1); } // end method var cc= new Array(3,6,1,9,1,1,1,12); var ii = findMaxHandler(cc); document.write(ii);


text:
Algorithms/Find maximum/jscript 3

function findMax(i_intAryTab,i_start,i_end) { if ( (i_end - i_start) == 1 ) { if ( i_intAryTab[i_end] > i_intAryTab[i_start] ) { return i_intAryTab[i_end]; } else { return i_intAryTab[i_start]; } // end if             } // end if    var intJ = (((i_end - i_start)+1)/2) - 1; var oMaxN = findMax(i_intAryTab,i_start,i_start+intJ); var oMaxM = findMax(i_intAryTab,i_start+intJ+1,i_end); if ( oMaxN > oMaxM ) { return oMaxN; } else { return oMaxM; } // end if  } // end method function findMaxHandler(i_intAry) { return findMax(i_intAry,0,i_intAry.length - 1); } // end method var cc= new Array(3,6,1,9,1,1,1,12); var ii = findMaxHandler(cc); document.write(ii);

title: Algorithms/Find maximum/jscript 3


text:
User talk:Satyabrat

Image copyright problem with Image:03-tankers.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:03-tankers.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you. Iamunknown 06:57, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Satyabrat


text:
CAT-Tools/DéjàVu X/get started

Try this file: http://web.archive.org/web/20030622014325/http://www.atril.com/docs/DVX/GettingStartedStandard.pdf

title: CAT-Tools/DéjàVu X/get started


text:
Algorithms/Find maximum/vb script method 3

 function findMax(aa,i_intStart,i_intEnd) Dim o_intMax if ( (i_intEnd - i_intStart) <= 1.5 ) then if ( aa(i_intEnd) > aa(i_intStart) ) then o_intMax = aa(i_intEnd) else o_intMax = aa(i_intStart) end if     else Dim p_intJ p_intJ = ( ( ( i_intEnd - i_intStart) + 1 ) / 2) -1 if ( p_intJ = 1.5) then p_intJ = 1 end if        Dim o_intM Dim o_intN o_intM = findMax(aa,i_intStart,i_intStart+p_intJ) o_intN = findMax(aa,i_intStart + p_intJ + 1,i_intEnd) if ( o_intM > o_intN ) then o_intMax = o_intM else o_intMax = o_intN end if     end if      findMax = o_intMax end function Dim cc(3) cc(0) = 9 cc(1) = 6 cc(2) = 5 cc(3) = 1 document.write("Max is " & findMax(cc,0,3) )


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Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Color/Gradients

Gradients in Flash Professional 8 can be applied to fill objects as well as strokes. You can choose between a variety of gradients such as a linear gradients or radial gradients. These two gradients can be made up of either 2 colors or a whole bunch of colors (not just one color), and are dropped into the color pointers which can be dragged left or right for position on the gradient. In a radial gradient, the left color pointer controls the color of the radius center and the right color pointer controls the color of the radius edge. You can play around with the transparencies of each color you choose to put into your gradient and set it anywhere between 0% to 100%. In this manner, a gradient can then be used as a layer mask to create a feathered vignette or other effect.

The settings for gradients can be accessed from the Color Mixer panel, where they can also be saved and added to the Color Swatches panel as new palettes. The overflow styles popup controls how the gradient will respond at its edges. The three choices are: extend, reflect and repeat. Extend does just what it sounds like—the gradient will extend as far as needed to fill the area it is contained in. Reflect flips (or reflects) the original gradient edge to edge to fill the area. Repeat creates a repetition of the original gradient edge to edge until the area is filled.

Gradients in Flash Pro 8 have changed a bit from past Flash versions. In Flash Pro 8, the gradient transform tool lets you control the location of where the focal point can be placed. This is beneficial in creating realistic lighting effects. There are several handles on the gradient transform tool that allow for different types of modifications. The round center handle moves the center point and the center pointer moves the highlight. The round corner handle rotates the gradient whereas the round corner handle with a straight arrow will scale the gradient symmetrically. Finally, the square handles scale the gradient either vertically or horizontally.

../Color Mixer/ | ../Color Swatches/


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CAT-Tools/DéjàVu X/Scan function

Bugs (Specific languages: Japanese as source language)

1. Scan function (Ctrl+S)

Added: --Loek van Kooten 18:19, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Version: 7.0.284

System: Windows XP SP2

Description: Scan function (also known as Concordance in other CAT tools) does not work reliably. Words in Japanese source text are not always found. No pattern has been established yet.

Reproduction:

Workaround:

Status:

Not read by Atril yet.

Comments from other users:

title: CAT-Tools/DéjàVu X/Scan function


text:
CAT-Tools/DéjàVu X/Portions Found window

2. Portions Found window

Added: --Loek van Kooten 18:19, 5 February 2007 (UTC)<

Version: 7.0.284

System: Windows XP SP2

Description: Japanese source words do not appear in Portions Found window if they are preceded or followed by punctuation marks (、. ).

Reproduction:

Workaround:

Status:

Not read by Atril yet.

Comments from other users:


text:
CAT-Tools/DéjàVu X/Auto-propagate

3. Auto-propagate

Version: 7.0.284

System: Windows XP SP2

Description: DVX gets confused by number conversion issues in translations from Japanese and therefore copies numbers of auto-propagated strings straight away without actually checking whether the numbers in the auto-propagated 'copy' are equal to the numbers in the auto-propagated 'original'.

Example:

平成19年2月2日 (The year Heisei 19, 2nd month, 2nd day) is translated as February 2, 2007

平成19年1月1日 (The year Heisei 19, 1st month, 1st day) is auto-propagated as February 2, 2007 (it should be January 1st 2007)

While it is understandable that DVX cannot come up with the right translation for the auto-propagated copy, the danger lies in the fact that DVX marks the copy as auto-propagated while in fact the source text is different. Turning auto-propagation off is the other extreme, as that also cancels auto-propagation of strings that would otherwise be propagated correctly.

Solution: DVX should not auto-propagate strings if a) the source text is Japanese AND b) numbers in the auto-propagated copy are not equal to numbers in the auto-propagated original. Reproduction:

Workaround:

Status:

Not read by Atril yet.

Comments from other users:

title: CAT-Tools/DéjàVu X/Auto-propagate


text:
CAT-Tools/DéjàVu X/Import from Microsoft Word

4. Import from Microsoft Word

Added: --Loek van Kooten 15:54, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Version: 7.0.284

System: Windows XP SP2

Description: After importing Japanese Word documents, the text in DVX is infested with rogue codes. Japanese often features both Chinese ideograms (kanji) and the Roman alphabet/Arabic numerals. Since standard Roman alphabet/Arabic numerals in Japanese fonts are quite ugly, most Japanese texts in Word use two different fonts (one for kanji and one for the Roman alphabet/Arabic numerals), which are constantly alternated. Each alternation results in a rogue code.

The problem is that if the target text is a western language, these rogue codes make no sense at all, as the target text will not feature kanji and is therefore written in one font (the font used for the Roman alphabet/Arabic numerals). I.e. these rogue codes are completely superfluous in the target text, slow down the translation process and pollute your databases.

When translating from Japanese to a western language, DVX should therefore ignore all font changes and opt for a standard font instead (like Arial, or maybe even user-defined). Automatic recognition of the fonts used in the Japanese source text seems very complicated, as "font sets" (consisting of a Japanese and a Roman font) might be used and "paired" inconsistently.

It seems many rogue codes are actually not caused by alternating fonts, but by alternating code sets, as even Word documents that have been forced to use one font give inconsistent rogue codes in DVX:

{\loch\af25\hich\af25\dbch\af25 \loch\af25\hich\af25\dbch\f25 平成}{\loch\af25\hich\af25\dbch\af25 \hich\af25\dbch\af25\loch\f25 18年12月19日}

instead of merely 平成18年12月19日

The rogue codes are inconsistent: if a code appears behind 平成 (Japanese changes from kanji to Arabic numerals), you'd expect a similar code behind 年, 月 or 日, but this is not the case. Reproduction:

Workaround:

Status:

Not read by Atril yet.

Comments from other users:


text:
Category:Afghan recipes

Recipes of Afghanistan

title: Category:Afghan recipes


text:
Cookbook:Goat

| Meat and poultry

Goat is an animal from Southwestern Asia and Eastern Europe. The Goat is of the Bovidae and is closely related to the sheep. The Goat is also a food, used for milk and meat. When the Goat Meat comes from an adult, it's called Mutton. When it's a young animal, it's capperato or kid. Usually in particularly Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and India, "mutton" is referred to Goat and Sheep.

title: Cookbook:Goat


text:
Template:Unicode/doc

This 'Unicode/doc' template documentation is transcluded for all Template:Unicode/doc tagged templates [ [ edit] ].

Purpose
This template was created to allow easy switching to unicode fonts. This is useful for pages that require unicode to display correctly, such as those written in the International Phonetic Alphabet. On some browsers, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, unicode does not seem to be activated automatically, so this template lets you force it manually.

One might ask why bother to use a template for this. Simply:
 * 1) The template code is easier to remember than the HTML font style specification, which must be entered fairly precisely for this to work.
 * 2) The template code, although not completely transparent, is more transparent than asking new editors to use inline HTML CSS style tags.  At least for many editors.
 * 3) Using the template allows us to change unicode display properties for all articles that employ the template at once.  This is useful as the prefered fonts for displaying unicode are somewhat disputable and will change as new, more complete unicode fonts continue to be developed.  The way font specification works, we can provide a whole list of suggested fonts and the first one that is active on the user's machine will be selected.

 * When the page says Unicode, Internet Explorer will activate Unicode.
 * However, when the page says Arial, Internet Explorer will display Arial. While Arial does include e. g. basic Greek and Cyrillic, it does not include e. g. IPA extensions. These are displayed in Arial anyway when the page says so – that is, they are displayed as the famous rectangles.
 * David Marjanović | david.marjanovic_at_gmx.at | 00:44 | 2006/5/16

Guts of template
.

wherein class="Unicode" is defined in MediaWiki:Common.css.

Examples
and give  and.

title: Template:Unicode/doc


text:
User:Itayb\MediaHebrew

=The Subject+Verb Sentence=

Excerpt 1 הוא מת בדרכו לבית החולים. He died on his way to the Hospital.

הצוואה קוימה: חלימי נקבר בירושלים\יעל ברנובסקי ynet, February 2, 2007

Excerpt 2 הדיווח על התאונה התקבל במד"א אזור נגב סמוך לשעה ארבע אחר הצהריים. The report about the accident was received at the Red Star of David of the Negev Region around four o'clock in the afternoon.

צומת פלוגות: 3 הרוגות ו-16 פצועים\דורון נחום nrg, February 10, 2007

Excerpt 3 יהודי חרבין חיו תחת ארבעה משטרים פוליטיים מרכזיים: רוסיה הצארית (1898-1917), השלטון הסיני (1917-1931 ומ-1946 ואילך), הכיבוש היפאני (1931-1945) והכיבוש של הצבא האדום הסובייטי (1945-1946). The Jews of Hrebin lived under four major political regimes: Zarist Russia (1898-1917), the Chinese regime (1917-1931 and from 1946 onwards), the Japanese occupation (1931-1945) and the Soviet Red Army occupation (1945-1946).

קהילת חרבין: אי של שלווה בהיסטוריה היהודית\שירי לב-ארי haaretz, the printed edition, February 9, 2007

title: User:Itayb\MediaHebrew


text:
Modern Media Hebrew Corpus

Excerpts from the online editions of the three Hebrew newspapers of widest circulation appearing in Israel: Yediot Aharonot, Maariv and Haaretz. The excerpts are taken from articles written originally in Hebrew (not translated from Reuters, say) and published after the turn of the century. Only articles accessible to anonymous surfers have been utilized.

The excerpts are chosen as to illustrate grammatical constructs. Since the interest is in Media Hebrew, rather than colloquial Hebrew, verbatim quotations are disregarded. That is to say, if a news article says: The Prime Minister said: "We must reach a resolution.", whatever is in the quotation will not be excerpted, however had this sentence been phrased so: The Prime Minister said, that the government had to reach a conclusion.", than the phrase "the government had to reach a conclusion" might well be used as an excerpt. The excerpt are taken only from the body of the article, not from its title or subtitle.

 * The Nominal Phrase
 * The Verbal Phrase

title: Modern Media Hebrew Corpus


text:
User:Mike.hinson/KeyBehaviour

CW has made a FAQ item for this here

The behaviour of the stop key while watching a recording will not be changed.

title: User:Mike.hinson/KeyBehaviour


text:
Modern Media Hebrew Corpus/Verbal Phrase

Excerpt 1 הוא מת בדרכו לבית החולים. He died on his way to the Hospital.

הצוואה קוימה: חלימי נקבר בירושלים\יעל ברנובסקי ynet, February 2, 2007

Excerpt 2 הדיווח על התאונה התקבל במד"א אזור נגב סמוך לשעה ארבע אחר הצהריים. The report about the accident was received at the Red Star of David of the Negev Region around four o'clock in the afternoon.

צומת פלוגות: 3 הרוגות ו-16 פצועים\דורון נחום nrg, February 10, 2007

Excerpt 3 יהודי חרבין חיו תחת ארבעה משטרים פוליטיים מרכזיים: רוסיה הצארית (1898-1917), השלטון הסיני (1917-1931 ומ-1946 ואילך), הכיבוש היפאני (1931-1945) והכיבוש של הצבא האדום הסובייטי (1945-1946). The Jews of Hrebin lived under four major political regimes: Zarist Russia (1898-1917), the Chinese regime (1917-1931 and from 1946 onwards), the Japanese occupation (1931-1945) and the Soviet Red Army occupation (1945-1946).

קהילת חרבין: אי של שלווה בהיסטוריה היהודית\שירי לב-ארי haaretz, the printed edition, February 9, 2007

Excerpt 4 הניסוי נערך בשעה 21:18 במקביל בשני שדות שונים The experiment was conducted at 21:18 simultaneously in two different fields

Complete Sentence: הניסוי נערך בשעה 21:18 במקביל בשני שדות שונים והוגדר כמוצלח. The experiment was conducted at 21:18 simultaneously in two different fields and was termed successful.

ניסוי לילי ראשון במערכת החץ הוכתר בהצלחה\חנן גרינברג ynet, February 11, 2007


text:
Cookbook:Tofu Tamale Pie

| American cuisine | Vegetarian Cuisine | Soybeans

Ingredient

 * 4 ounces tofu, washed, drained well, and broken up
 * 1 ounce sharp cheddar cheese, grated
 * 1 ounce finely-diced onion
 * ½ cup finely-chopped celery
 * ½ green pepper, finely chopped
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste
 * 1 medium carrot, grated
 * 1 teaspoon instant beef bouillon
 * 8 ounces tomato juice
 * ½ teaspoon garlic salt
 * 2 teaspoons chili powder or to taste
 * 1 ounce corn meal

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 350°F.
 * 2) In non-stick skillet, add onion, celery, green pepper.
 * 3) Add instant beef bouillon, tomato juice, and cook until vegetables are tender.
 * 4) Add tofu, carrot, garlic salt, chili powder.
 * 5) Simmer a few more minutes.
 * 6) Add corn meal and mix thoroughly.
 * 7) Pour into a one quart casserole and top with grated cheese.
 * 8) Bake at 350°F for 20 minutes or until browned.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Substitute vegetable broth in place of beef bouillon to make it vegetarian.
 * May add black beans for added protein and flavor.

title: Cookbook:Tofu Tamale Pie


text:
Cookbook:White Bulgarian cheese

| Cheese

White Cheese - a particular variety of the increasingly-popular Greek Feta cheese now popular in many places. It originated on the Balkan Peninsula in a region called Trakia, which is the current day Southern Bulgaria. This Bulgarian sirene has much the same texture as the Greek feta. It is a brined cheese, produced from sheep or cows milk, and is both used on the table and as an essential part of other foods from Shopska Salata to Banitza. Feta Cheese is produced in many different countries, but Bulgarian-made Feta is generally held to be the best.

title: Cookbook:White Bulgarian cheese


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus

Welcome to the wiki-based annotated text and analysis for the poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus.

Introduction

 * /Preface/
 * The Life of Catullus

Poems

 * /1/
 * /2/
 * /3/
 * /4/
 * /5/
 * /6/
 * /7/
 * /8/
 * /9/
 * /10/
 * /11/
 * /12/
 * /13/
 * /14/
 * /15/
 * /16/
 * /17/
 * /18/
 * /19/
 * /20/
 * /21/
 * /22/
 * /23/
 * /24/

 * /25/
 * /26/
 * /27/
 * /28/
 * /29/
 * /30/
 * /31/
 * /32/
 * /33/
 * /34/
 * /35/
 * /36/
 * /37/
 * /38/
 * /39/
 * /40/
 * /41/
 * /42/
 * /43/
 * /44/
 * /45/
 * /46/
 * /47/
 * /48/

 * /49/
 * /50/
 * /51/
 * /52/
 * /53/
 * /54/
 * /55/
 * /56/
 * /57/
 * /58/
 * /59/
 * /60/
 * /61/
 * /62/
 * /63/
 * /64/
 * /65/
 * /66/
 * /67/
 * /68/
 * /69/
 * /70/
 * /71/
 * /72/

 * /73/
 * /74/
 * /75/
 * /76/
 * /77/
 * /78/
 * /79/
 * /80/
 * /81/
 * /82/
 * /83/
 * /84/
 * /85/
 * /86/
 * /87/
 * /88/
 * /89/
 * /90/
 * /91/
 * /92/
 * /93/
 * /94/
 * /95/
 * /96/

 * /97/
 * /98/
 * /99/
 * /100/
 * /101/
 * /102/
 * /103/
 * /104/
 * /105/
 * /106/
 * /107/
 * /108/
 * /109/
 * /110/
 * /111/
 * /112/
 * /113/
 * /114/
 * /115/
 * /116/

Appendices

 * Meters Used By Catullus
 * About The Authors
 * Bibliography

title: The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/7

Catullus 7 is one of Catullus's poems to his Lesbia. This seems to have been written at a particularly passionate stage of the affair, as the poem has no negative connotations, or doubts, as in others.

=Text & Translation=

Meter - Hendecasyllabic

=Connotations of The Text=

Line 3

 * Libya - Africa

This is not to be confused with the present day nation of Libya. The Romans called the continent of Africa Libya and our modern day nation of Libya was known as Africa.

 * quam magnus numerus Libysae harenae - as great a number of the Libyan sands

A common metaphor for infinity, Catullus stresses his desire for Lesbia through this wish. The message here is, that no amount of kisses will be enough for Catullus. This is also a stereotypical way of expressing love which makes it original by naming the beach but it doesn't give it a romantic aspect but a learned aspect because of Lesbia

Line 4

 * lasarpiciferis - silphium bearing

Libya was the centre of producing the plant lasarpicium of which is the gum asa foetida. The gum was used as a cure for baldness and many illnesses and conditions, as well as a contraceptive and abortifacient - it would be administered to a woman to terminate a pregnancy.

Line 6

 * Battus - the founder of Cyrene

In 700 BC Battus founded of the city of Cyrene in what is now Libya. His tomb, mentioned here as sacrum sepulchrum [sacred tomb] was 300 miles away from the Oracle of Jupiter, and some Romans used to venture out into the desert in the hope of finding it, and receiving a vision.

Battus' father was Polymnestus, a descendant of the Argonaut Euphemus. After leaving Lemos for Lacedaemonia, they were forced to leave Lacedaemonia and settle in Thera. His mother was a native-born Cretan called Phronime. Battus' real name has come under dispute; some have said his real name was Aristaeus.

Cyrene, furthermore, was connected to the poet Callimachus. Callimachus was considered chief of the elegiac poets; his elegies were highly esteemed by the Romans (see Neoterics), and imitated by Catullus.

Line 7

 * aut quam sidera multa - or as many as are the stars

The number of stars in the sky is how many kisses is enough for Catullus. This of course is infinite and the poetic reference serves to make his point within the metaphor.

Line 8

 * furtivos hominum vident amores - which see the secret love affairs of men

Could this be a clear reference to Catullus himself?

Line 11

 * curiosi - inquiring men

This is a reference to the gossip that was present at the time of Catullus' affair. He is thought to have been having an affair with a senator's wife, and as such the gossip in the Senate was potentially damaging.

Line 12

 * mala fascinare lingua - an evil tongue bewitch

In witchcraft, it was believed that if the evil one had a specific number that was related to the victim, [in this case the number of kisses] then it would make the spell more effective. Catullus is urging Lesbia to kiss him so many times that any potential evil-doer would not be able to count them. This would also serve to quench Catullus' lust for Lesbia.

=Vocabulary=

Line 1

 * quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situm - seek; ask
 * basiatio, -onis, f. - kissifications [real word]

Line 2

 * satis superque - enough and more than enough

Line 3

 * Libyssus, -a, -um (Libya, -ae, f.) - Libyan
 * harena, -ae, f. - sand; beach

Line 4

 * lasarpicifer, -era, -erum - silphium bearing; plant used in medicine for baldness - the gum of which is called asa foetida
 * 'Cyrenae, -arum, f. (Cyrenis - locative. case)'' - Cyrene, North East Africa

Line 5

 * aestuosus, -a, -um - hot; sultry

Line 6

 * vetus, veteris (adj.) - aged; old; ancient
 * sepulcrum, -i, n. - tomb; grave;

Line 7

 * sidus, sideris, n. - a group of stars; the heavens

Line 8

 * furtivus, -a, -um - secret; concealed; stolen

Line 9

 * basiare - to kiss

Line 10

 * vesanus, -a, -um - mad; insane; wild; love-sick

Line 11

 * curiosus, -a, -um - curious; nosy; inquisitive; thoughtful

Line 12

 * fascino, fascinare, fascinum, -i, n. - enchant; bewitch; fascinate
 * lingua, -ae, f. - tongue; speech; language

=External Links=

 * Catullus 7 Translation of Catullus 7
 * Catullus 7 Another Translation of Catullus 7
 * Catullus 7 Commentary Commentary on the Text of Catullus 7
 * Battus For more on Battus, founder of Cyrene.

title: The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/7


text:
Talk:The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/7

Catullus 7 authors and history

 * 2006-12-27T06:44:03 User:68.65.114.250

 * 2006-12-19T03:03:43  contribs)|

 * 2006-12-19T02:59:22  contribs)|

 * 2006-12-19T02:58:40  contribs)|

 * 2006-10-13T21:28:03  contribs)|  m   (→External links)

 * 2006-09-29T08:49:17  contribs)|  m   (Category:Poems of Catullus)

 * 2006-08-05T05:36:23  contribs)|  m   (stub)

 * 2006-08-01T05:23:15  contribs)|  (rm wikisource tag + stub tag (see comments on User_talk:Samael775))

 * 2006-08-01T03:03:29  contribs)|

 * 2006-05-18T23:44:28 User:68.35.119.42

 * 2006-05-04T05:56:49  contribs)|  m   (Disambiguate Mistress to Mistress (lover) using popups)

 * 2006-02-23T00:15:08  contribs)|  m

 * 2006-02-23T00:14:41  contribs)|

 * 2005-12-25T06:23:29  contribs)|  m   (→See also)

 * 2005-10-31T23:51:52  contribs)|  m   (Fixed See also/External links error(s).)

 * 2005-09-23T00:32:45  contribs)|  (→Meter/scansion - Wrong meter link)

 * 2005-08-24T21:38:20  contribs)|  (→Sources)

 * 2005-06-20T08:48:46  contribs)|  m   (Reverted edits by 212.219.248.235 to last version by Ian Pitchford)

 * 2005-06-20T08:44:41 User:212.219.248.235

 * 2005-06-11T21:21:08  contribs)|  (→Sources)

 * 2005-05-29T05:37:09  contribs)|  (→General Comments)

 * 2005-05-29T05:32:42  contribs)|  (→English Translation)

 * 2005-05-29T05:27:50  contribs)|  (→Sources)

 * 2005-05-29T05:27:13  contribs)|  (→Meter/Scansion)

 * 2005-05-29T05:27:13  contribs)|  (→Latin Text)

 * 2005-05-28T05:10:40  contribs)|  (see also and category)

 * 2005-05-26T21:52:29  contribs)|

= From Wikipedia:Talk:Catullus 7 =

I do NOT think this poem should be moved to wikisource because it is notable enough on its own (e.g., it is especially famous of catullus's poems and has inspired other poetry). I mark it as a stub. Please regard this. see also wikiproject catullus. Sophy's Duckling 05:36, 5 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/2

=Text & Translation=

Meter - Hendecasyllabic

Line 10

 * leuare curas...

Here there is text that has been lost, as the poem clearly has a break in sense. We can only theorise what might have been after line 10. "Some verb or neuter noun is as pleasing to Catullus as the golden apple was to Atalanta" - Daniel H. Garrison, The student's Catullus, University of Oklahoma Press, 2004, p. 94

Line 11

 * est/es

Usually "est" but see a strong argument for its being "es" in "Sparrows and Apples: The Unity of Catullus 2", users.ox.ac.uk/~sjh/documents/cat2.doc.

Lines 11-13
This refers to the myth of the girl Atalanta a beautiful princess. She was warned about the dangers of marrying, so she set a task: For if any man could beat her in a foot race, he would be able to marry her. But if the man lost he would be killed.

One day, a hero called Melanion (also known as Hippomenes) came along to woo her. Atalanta fell in love with him and while running she stopped to pick up a golden apple thrown by Melanion. (This apple had been given to him by the goddess Venus). Atalanta stopped and picked up the apple and deliberately lost the race so she could marry him.

=Vocabulary=

Line 1

 * passer, -eris, m. - sparrow

 * deliciae, -arum, f. - delight; beloved object; darling

Line 2

 * quicum = quocum - with whom

 * sinus, -us, m. - curve; fold; lap; [in one's body or dress]

Line 3

 * digitus, -i, m. - finger; finger tip

 * appetere (3rd) - grasp after; peck

Line 4

 * acer, acris, acre - sharp

 * morsus, -us, m. - a bite; biting

 * incitare - provoke

Line 5

 * desiderium, -i, n. - desire; the object of my affection

Line 6

 * lubet or libet - it pleases; it is agreeable

 * iocor, iocari, iocatus sum - to jest; joke

Line 7

 * solaciolum, -i, n. - little comfort; relief; solace

Line 8

 * acquiesco, -ere, -ievi - repose; rest; be satisfied

 * ardor, ardoris, m. - a burning fire; heat; flame; passion

Line 9

 * ipsa - mistress

Line 10

 * animus, -i, m. - soul; passions; heart

 * levo, levare - relieve, lighten; take away

Line 11

 * gratus -a, -um - causing joy; agreeable; welcome

 * ferunt (3rd pl. pres. fero) - they say; report; relate

Line 12

 * pernix, pernicis (adj.) - nimble; swift

 * aureolus, -a, -um (dim. of aureus)'' - little gold

 * malum, -i, n. - apple; pulpy fruit

Line 13

 * zona, -ae, f. - belt; girdle; zone

 * solvo, solvere - loosen; untie; undo

 * ligare - to bind; tie

title: The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/2


text:
Talk:The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/2

Catullus 2 authors and history

 * 2007-02-10T17:07:03  contribs)|  (Wikipedia is not a dictionary.  There's a Latin dictionary (indeed a dictionary of all languages) right next door.)

 * 2007-02-10T16:34:00  contribs)|  (→External Links)

 * 2007-02-10T16:33:07  contribs)|  (→External Links)

 * 2007-02-10T16:32:00  contribs)|  (→External Links)

 * 2007-02-10T16:30:21  contribs)|

 * 2007-02-10T04:59:24  contribs)|  (nominated for deletion: see Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Catullus 2)

 * 2007-02-09T22:40:23  contribs)|  (→Text And Translation)

 * 2007-02-09T22:39:58  contribs)|  (→Text And Translation)

 * 2007-02-09T22:39:18  contribs)|

 * 2007-02-09T22:03:32  contribs)|

 * 2007-02-09T22:01:07  contribs)|  (→Connotations Of The Text)

 * 2007-02-09T22:00:52  contribs)|  (→Connotations Of The Text)

 * 2007-02-09T21:58:54  contribs)|  (→Connotations Of The Text)

 * 2007-02-09T21:58:14  contribs)|  (→Metre)

 * 2007-02-09T21:55:41  contribs)|

 * 2007-02-09T21:55:05  contribs)|

 * 2007-02-09T21:40:31  contribs)|

 * 2006-10-08T16:49:56  contribs)|  m   (Redirecting to Catullus)

 * 2006-08-05T20:20:11  contribs)|  (created redirect)

 * 2006-08-05T05:32:15  contribs)|  (i think the english translation of this poem should be moved to wikisource b/c it's not as notable as other of c's poems)

 * 2006-08-04T16:32:36  contribs)|  (see my talk page.)

 * 2006-08-04T15:11:04  contribs)|

 * 2006-08-01T05:21:22  contribs)|  (rm wikisource tag + stub tag (see comments on User_talk:Samael775))

 * 2006-08-01T02:50:23  contribs)|

 * 2006-07-17T21:21:41 User:81.69.82.171  (→Notes)

 * 2006-05-20T19:17:28 User:145.94.48.243  (→External links)

 * 2006-04-23T16:45:32 User:70.171.2.229  (→Notes)

 * 2006-04-23T16:44:28 User:70.171.2.229  (→External links)

 * 2006-04-23T16:43:37 User:70.171.2.229  (→External links)

 * 2006-03-15T03:14:37  contribs)|  m   (→Text)

 * 2006-03-14T18:33:34  contribs)|  (→Text)

 * 2006-02-22T23:43:54  contribs)|  m

 * 2006-02-22T21:45:23  contribs)|

 * 2006-02-22T20:39:49  contribs)|

 * 2006-02-17T14:11:36  contribs)|

 * 2006-01-19T20:07:35 User:168.215.249.14  (→General comments)

 * 2005-12-25T06:22:25  contribs)|  m   (→See also)

 * 2005-12-25T06:21:27  contribs)|  m   (→See also)

 * 2005-12-25T06:20:47  contribs)|  m   (→See also)

 * 2005-12-25T06:19:01  contribs)|  m   (→See also)

 * 2005-09-23T00:30:52  contribs)|  (→Meter/Scansion - wrong meter)

 * 2005-08-24T21:36:34  contribs)|  (→Sources)

 * 2005-05-19T22:00:14  contribs)|  m   (Capitalization)

 * 2005-05-19T21:57:33  contribs)|  (Adding intro; +cat Latin Poems)

 * 2005-05-19T21:13:48  contribs)|  m   (Altered the appearance of it so the article was not redundant.)

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 * 2005-05-19T21:09:13  contribs)|  (→General comments)

 * 2005-05-19T21:06:25  contribs)|

= From Wikipedia:Talk:Catullus 2 = "Some also believe that the sparrow is a metaphor for Lesbia's sexual organs." No. A 'passer' is also a colloquial expression, according to Pompeius Sextus, used in mimes when referring to the male genitalia. So, leave Lesbia alone, it's the poet going solo here. The people proposing this theory are: Iohannes Iovianus Pontanus, Angelus Politianus (latin transliterations both). Another theory (don't know whose) makes Passer a name of a person, who's showing too much affection to the Girl (don't forget it'll take a while untill Lesbia gets her name). And yet another theory makes the passer a small jewel the girl eventually loses. Nevertheless, these 2 last theories don't get much credibility. Reynaert-ad 14:58, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

What is a "blue thrush"? (mentioned as a candidate for the 'passer') Vultur  21:58, 17 July 2006

I think that the various theories on what the passer is should be added to the article. It being a textbook and all.--Bonaeludae 17:35, 20 April 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Understanding C++/Quick Reference

How is this a cheat sheet? I think a cheat sheet should describe more complex things too, or the ones that people can hardly remember! Wykis 17:44, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, really. Who needs a lookup table for logical AND and logical OR? 24.97.115.82 15:41, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

#pragma once - delete?
Should #pragma once be deleted? All pragmas are implementation-defined, and also, using #ifndef wrappers is generally considered better style. It would be better off to mention it in the section on preprocessor directives - not on a cheat sheet. Coppro 21:16, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Understanding C++/Quick Reference


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/109

=Text And Translation=

Meter - Elegiac distych

=Connotations of the Text=

This is the poem Catullus himself chose as the 109th segment of his published set of poems. It is addressed to Catullus's mistress Lesbia. This poem joins the ranks of the many others that demonstrate his conflicting feelings for Lesbia.

Line 1

 * mea vita - lit. my life

This translates literally to "my life" but a more natural English translation would be "my love" or "my dear". It pertains to the common cliché that one's love becomes their whole life - and is as relevant today as in the time of Catullus.

=Vocabulary=

Line 2

 * fore - the future infinitive of the verb to be, sometimes seen as "futurunesse" lit: to be about to be.

Line 5

 * liceat - an impersonal verb that requires a dative. "liceat nobis" literally translates as "it may be permissable for us".

Line 6

 * foedus, -eris; n - pact; bond; treaty

=External Links= Catullus 109 Translation of Catullus 109

Catullus 109 Another Translation of Catullus 109


text:
Talk:The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/109

Catullus 109 authors and history

 * 2006-12-22T02:39:51  contribs)|  (Add note about copying to Wikisource)

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 * 2006-09-29T08:44:47  contribs)|  m   (Category:Poems of Catullus)

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 * 2006-03-01T07:43:11  contribs)|  m   (→Meter/scansion)

 * 2006-03-01T07:42:29  contribs)|  m   (→Latin text)

 * 2005-09-23T00:30:13  contribs)|  (→Meter/scansion - link meter)

 * 2005-05-19T22:19:30  contribs)|  (expanding intro; +cat Latin poems)

 * 2005-05-19T20:47:34  contribs)|

= From Wikipedia:Talk:Catullus 109 =


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/9

=Text And Translation=

Meter - Hendecasyllabic

=Connotations of the Text=

Note the two tricolon crescendos in this poem; "your household gods...old mother" and "places...tribes" - these are particularly Alexandrian aspects of Catullus' poetry. This poem also expresses Catullus' Epicurean ideal through his friendship with Veranius.

Line 1

 * Verani

Veranius was a friend of Catullus's who had just returned from serving with the governor of Spain.

=External Links=
 * Catullus 9 Translation of Catullus 9

title: The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/9


text:
Talk:The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/9

Catullus 9 authors and history

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 * 2006-08-16T06:46:15  contribs)|  (added English translation)

 * 2006-08-16T06:30:52  contribs)|  (+ Latin& table)

 * 2006-08-05T05:38:34  contribs)|  (rm text of poem, added poetry stub)

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 * 2006-03-09T19:08:06 User:217.12.147.60  (→General Comments)

 * 2006-03-09T19:07:14 User:217.12.147.60  (→English Translation)

 * 2006-01-16T13:56:47 User:68.118.198.54  (→See also)

 * 2006-01-16T13:56:39 User:68.118.198.54  (→General Comments)

 * 2006-01-16T13:56:19 User:68.118.198.54  (→Meter/Scansion)

 * 2006-01-16T13:55:35 User:68.118.198.54  (→English Translation)

 * 2006-01-16T13:54:51 User:68.118.198.54  (→See also)

 * 2006-01-16T13:52:52 User:68.118.198.54  (→Meter/Scansion)

 * 2005-12-24T17:54:03  contribs)|  m

 * 2005-12-07T23:47:56 User:69.181.82.102  (→Sources)

 * 2005-08-24T21:38:51  contribs)|  (→Sources)

 * 2005-08-24T21:23:08  contribs)|

 * 2005-08-06T20:50:12  contribs)|  m   (Robot-assisted disambiguation: Roman)

 * 2005-07-31T17:13:18  contribs)|  ("A poem by the Roman poet Catullus.")

 * 2005-07-21T13:22:09  contribs)|

 * 2005-06-04T13:54:40  contribs)|

 * 2005-06-01T01:01:51  contribs)|

= From Wikipedia:Talk:Catullus 9 =


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/5

=Text & Translation=

Meter - Hendecasyllabic

=Connotations of The Text= This poem concerns his love of Lesbia. This seems to have been written at a very passionate stage of the affair. The poem is written in the hendecasyllable style.

Lines 2-3
This is a reference to the gossip going around the Senate, as it was believed that Catullus was having an affair with a senator's wife, known as Clodia. She is also thought to be the woman Lesbia in his poetry. Catullus is urging Clodia to disregard what people are saying about them, so she can spend more time with him. It also features a chiasmus, as it has the same tone and meaning at the beginning and end.
 * rumoresque senum severiorum - rumours of severe old men

Line 5

 * brevis lux - brief light

A pessimistic view of life, and the belief of no afterlife. This was a belief at odds with most Romans, who believed in the afterlife.

He also uses this view as an argument as to why Lesbia should spend lots of time with him.Here we find yet another chiasmus.

Line 5-6
The position of lux - light, and nox - night right next to each other serve to emphasise his two comparisons. Symbolically, the "perpetual night" represents death and the "brief light" represents life.
 * lux, nox

Line 11

 * conturbabimus illa - throw those accounts into confusion

This hopes that the evil ones will not know the specific numbers of kisses, therefore reducing the effectiveness of any potential spell and spurning ill will. [See Below].

Line 12

 * malus invidere possit - [a person] casts the evil eye upon

This is linked to the belief of witchcraft (the evil eye). In the practice of witchcraft (the casting of the evil eye) it was believed that if the evil one knew of certain numbers relevant to the victims (in this case the number of kisses) then the spell would be much more effective.

=Vocabulary=

Line 2

 * rumor, -oris, m. - rumour; gossip

 * severus, -a, -um - serious; strict; stern

Line 3

 * unius - (Gen. of unus) - one

 * aestimare - value; estimate

 * as, assis, m. - penny; farthing

Line 4

 * sol, solis, m. - sun

 * occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum - fall down; fall; set; kill

Line 5

 * semel (adv.) - once; once and for all

Line 7

 * basium, -ii, n. - a kiss

Line 8

 * dein (abbrev. of deinde) - then; afterward

Line 9

 * usque (adv.) - right up to; as much as; continully; constantly

Line 10

 * fecerimus ''(fut. perf. indic.) - we shall have made

Line 11

 * conturbare - throw into disorder; mess up the accounts

 * scio, scire, scivi, scitum know; have knowledge of

Line 12

 * invideo, invidi, invisum - cast the evil eye upon; begrudge; envy

=External Links=

Catullus 5 A Translation of Catullus 5

Catullus 5 Another Translation of Catullus 5

Catullus 5 Yet Another Translation of Catullus 5

title: The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/5


text:
Talk:The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/5

Catullus 5 authors and history

 * 2007-02-09T23:05:39  contribs)|  (→Text And Translation)

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 * 2007-02-09T22:51:16  contribs)|

 * 2007-02-09T22:46:58  contribs)|  (→Connotations Of The Text)

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 * 2007-02-09T22:41:52  contribs)|

 * 2007-02-09T22:38:45  contribs)|  (→Connotations Of The Text)

 * 2007-02-09T22:37:13  contribs)|  (→Text And Translation)

 * 2007-02-09T22:29:25  contribs)|

 * 2007-02-06T04:54:26 User:12.206.70.227

 * 2006-12-29T07:32:01 User:148.235.154.28

 * 2006-12-19T03:07:41  contribs)|  (rvv)

 * 2006-12-19T03:06:56 User:63.193.241.126

 * 2006-10-13T21:27:19  contribs)|  m

 * 2006-09-29T08:48:20  contribs)|  m   (Category:Poems of Catullus)

 * 2006-08-26T18:22:54  contribs)|  m   (robot  Adding: da:Catullus 5)

 * 2006-08-16T09:06:47  contribs)|  (rm wildly inaccurate idiocy *smacks*)

 * 2006-08-16T08:58:21  contribs)|  (continued fixing translation)

 * 2006-08-16T08:53:12  contribs)|  (added material & began to fix translation)

 * 2006-08-05T16:45:26  contribs)|  m   (stub fix)

 * 2006-08-05T16:44:35  contribs)|  (reinstated text; scansion to be added)

 * 2006-07-31T17:50:59  contribs)|  m   (Stub-sorting. You can help!)

 * 2006-07-31T17:28:34  contribs)|  (removed source material)

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 * 2006-07-31T17:21:14 User:128.148.5.141

 * 2006-04-27T13:06:18  contribs)|  m   (→Text)

 * 2006-04-11T04:23:10  contribs)|  (Created page)

= From Wikipedia:Talk:Catullus 5 =


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/4

Text & Translation
Meter - Iambic Senarii

Connotations of the Text
This poem, which concerns the retirement of a well-traveled ship, borrows heavily from Ancient Greek vocabulary, and also uses Greek grammar in several sections, and makes numerous geographic references and elaborate litotic double negatives in a list-like manner. Catullus 4 has been viewed as everything from a parody of epic poetry to another piece of writing in which the Ship of State metaphor is used. The meter is iambic trimeter.

Line 1

 * phaselus A phaselus was a small boat, derived from a Greek word meaning "bean" because of its similarity in shape to a bean-pod.

Line 3

 * trabis

("timber", "wooden beam") is here a poetic metonymy for "boat".

Line 4

 * Palmulis (diminutive of palma, "palm" of a hand) is here a metaphor for "oar".

Line 9

 * porpontida

("in front of Pontus") was the ancient name for the Sea of Marmara.

 * Ponticum sinum ("Pontic sea") was the name for the Black Sea.

Line 11

 * Cytorio

Mt. Cytorus was a mountain on the southern coast of the Black Sea, between the port cities of Amastris and Cytorus. Cytorus was famous as a source of boxwood.

Line 14

 * tibi

Amastris and Cytorus are addressed in the singular (tibi instead of vobis) because the city of Cytorus was absorbed by Amastris as it expanded, forming a single city.

Line 20

 * Iuppiter

Jupiter, king of the gods, is here used as metonymy for "sky" or "wind".

Line 21

 * pedem

(literally "foot") is here used to mean "sheet", a rope fastening the lower corners of a sail to the ship.

Line 27
The gemelle Castoris ("twin of Castor") refers to Pollux, the other twin in the Castor and Pollux pair, who were also known as the Gemini ("twins"). The two twins were often referred to by only a single name, most commonly Castor, as though they were one, hence the tibi in line 26.

title: The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/4


text:
Talk:The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/4

Catullus 4 authors and history

 * 2006-12-22T02:41:00  contribs)|  (Add note about copying to Wikisource)

 * 2006-12-06T03:42:04  contribs)|  m   (space, sorry.)

 * 2006-12-06T03:41:40  contribs)|  (yacht to little boat)

 * 2006-10-13T21:26:22  contribs)|  m   (→External links)

 * 2006-09-29T08:47:53  contribs)|  m   (Category:Poems of Catullus)

 * 2006-08-05T05:33:42  contribs)|  (move to wikisource (cf c2,2a,3))

 * 2006-05-20T19:19:50 User:145.94.48.243  (→External links)

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 * 2006-02-22T23:41:56  contribs)|  m

 * 2006-02-22T23:19:50  contribs)|  (translate and add notes and tabling and more explanatory lines.)

 * 2006-01-01T18:39:16  contribs)|  m   (Skip the "Epic" disambiguation page (You can help).)

 * 2005-12-26T00:29:44  contribs)|  m

 * 2005-12-07T23:48:38 User:69.181.82.102  (→Sources)

 * 2005-10-27T15:59:30 User:166.109.0.71  (→Meter/Scansion)

 * 2005-08-24T21:37:16  contribs)|  (→Sources)

 * 2005-05-29T05:24:14  contribs)|  (→Meter/Scansion)

 * 2005-05-29T05:23:59  contribs)|  (→English Translation)

 * 2005-05-29T05:19:43  contribs)|

= From Wikipedia:Talk:Catullus 4 =

Translation
I'm a little worried about the current translation of "phaesalus". It seems to me that "yacht" has more grand connotations than "little boat" might, and considering Catullus' affinity for diminutives in his epic parodies, "yacht" doesn't seem appropriate for the translation. Suggest changing it to "little boat". Any complaints? --Blisters 02:56, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Links
This poem is dotted with links to wikipedia. I have nothing personally against that, but it is incongruent with the other poems. Is there some general formatting rule to cover this? Storeye 08:10, 20 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/101

=Text And Translation=

Meter - elegiac couplet

=Connotations of the Text=

Elegiac couplets were mainly used for love poetry; however, Catullus uses them here to try to express how deep his love for his brother was.

This Poem was written while Catullus was on a sight-seeing journey on his way home from Bithynia. He went via Troad where his brother had died and wrote the poem addressed to him. This is one of several poems in which Catullus tries to cope with the loss of his brother, who had drowned. The last words, "Hail and Farewell", are among Catullus' most famous.

=External Links=

Catullus 101 Translation of Catullus 101

Catullus 101 Another Translation of Catullus 101


text:
Talk:The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/101

Catullus 101 authors and history

 * 2006-11-30T08:21:14  contribs)|  m   (→General comments - Grammar)

 * 2006-10-28T03:34:34 User:24.199.162.154  (→Text and translation)

 * 2006-10-13T00:40:12  contribs)|  (added a little to general comments, including the cause of his brother's death)

 * 2006-10-08T17:07:08  contribs)|  m   (→Sources)

 * 2006-09-29T08:44:34  contribs)|  m   (Category:Poems of Catullus)

 * 2006-08-16T09:33:48  contribs)|  (→Text and translation - translation/format fix)

 * 2006-08-16T09:31:47  contribs)|  (→Text and translation - added english)

 * 2006-08-16T09:29:17  contribs)|  (→English translation - rm translation for inclusion in above table)

 * 2006-08-16T09:29:03  contribs)|  (latin text)

 * 2006-07-23T07:19:49 User:60.224.93.147  (→Latin text)

 * 2006-06-14T01:29:29 User:151.203.50.74  (→Latin text)

 * 2006-06-14T01:28:54 User:151.203.50.74  (→Latin text)

 * 2006-04-05T05:40:41 User:160.39.147.7  (→English translation)

 * 2006-03-29T17:57:58 User:151.204.203.149  (→English translation)

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 * 2006-02-02T01:13:04 User:24.62.244.2  (→English translation)

 * 2005-10-03T21:49:36 User:151.201.18.126

 * 2005-09-23T00:26:46  contribs)|  (→Meter/scansion - wrong meter)

 * 2005-07-11T07:41:33 User:80.220.162.35  (→Latin text)

 * 2005-06-02T14:42:02 User:219.18.208.115  (→General comments)

 * 2005-05-19T22:17:29  contribs)|  (adding intro; +cat Latin poems)

 * 2005-05-19T21:53:01  contribs)|  (→General comments)

 * 2005-05-19T21:50:09  contribs)|  (added poem 101 to wiki)

= From Wikipedia:Talk:Catullus 101 =

Better translation
There is a more elegant translation:

By strangers' coasts and waters, many days at sea,

I came here for the rites of your unworlding,

Bringing for you, the dead, these last gifts of the living

And my words -- vain sounds for the man of dust.

Alas, my brother,

You have been taken from me. You have been taken from me

And by cold hands turned to shadow, and my pain.

Here are the foods of the old ceremony appointed

Long ago for the starvelings under the earth.

Take them. Your brother's tears have made them wet. And take

Into eternity my hail and my farewell.

Taken from a speech given by Chris Hedges. I am not sure how to include, could someone add it if appropriate. If it is also in Chris Hedges book "War is a force that gives us meaning", he might reference it.196.208.7.43 20:26, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a danger that people's own translations are under copyright, so I'm not sure we're allowed to use it. But thankyou for telling us! Storeye 11:31, 14 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/1

=Text and Translation=

Meter - Hendecasyllabic

=Connotations of the Text= This is traditionally arranged first among Catullus' poems, though it was not necessarily the first poem that he wrote. It is a dedication to Cornelius Nepos, a historian and sometimes poet, though some consider Catullus' praise of Cornelius' history (Chronica) to have been sarcastic; Catullus attempts in many cases to do away with large-scale forms, focusing rather on small but elaborate constructions. Nepos' project, although "doctus" and "laboriosus" (not insignificant compliments from Catullus), is in the tradition of large, comprehensive works, which Catullus contrasts with his "nugae."

The poem alternates between humility and self-confidence; Catullus calls his poetry "trifles", but asks that it remain for more than one age. This understatement is deliberate; Catullus knows very well the quality of his poetry, and also the provocative form it has. He also calls his work "new"; the poems are recently made and therefore new, but they are also new as some of the first examples of Neoteric poetry in the Latin language.

The poem begins with a 2-line question followed by a 1-line answer. The body of the poem, the middle 4 lines, is an explanation for the dedication; Catullus is dedicating the poems to Nepos because Nepos supported Catullus and because Catullus respects Nepos' work (and finds it similar to his own). The next line affirms that Nepos should accept Catullus' "whatever this is of a book," and the poem closes with a 2-line invocation of the Muse.

Line 1

 * dono

We can understand 'cui dono...?' in one of two ways. 1) Taking the present tense literally: 'Who am I giving this booklet to (you may ask)?: well, the answer is Nepos'. 2) Taking the present tense as equivalent to a future, or a deliberative sujunctive: 'Who do I give this booklet to (I wonder)?: I know! Nepos' = 'who shall I give it to?', or 'who am I to give it to?'. In favour of (1) is the very similar opening of Meleager's dedicatory poem from his 'Garland' anthology (now preserved in the Greek Anthology, AP 4.1): "Dear muse, to whom to you bring this all-fruited song? Or who was it that made this garland of poets? Meleager made it, and he laboured at this gift as a keepsake for glorious Diocles". Either Catullus knew this poem, or knew of others like it, now lost: his own poem is a witty response. In favour of (2), Latin questions in the present tense sometimes have an urgent future, or deliberative, quality: [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/cas.shtml Plaut. Cas.] 384 Compressan palma an porrecta ferio?, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/att13.shtml#40 Cic. Att. 13.40] advolone an maneo?, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vergil/aen4.shtml Verg. Aen. 4].534 en, quid ago?. Furthermore, Ausonius seems to have taken it this way, as if Catullus, puzzled for a moment, plucked a name out of the air: 'inventoque/statim dedit Nepoti' = "and on finding Nepos, gave it immediately to him". See Ausonius poem in full, in the note to line 3.

Through the light, bantering tone (here and elsewhere) Catullus wants us to know that he is Nepos' social equal -- not, for instance, a lickspittle poetaster in need of a patron. There's no-one he needs to impress, and these little gems are dedicated as lightly as they are rattled off. That's the pose, anyway...

 * libellum

A "papyrus roll" (liber, diminutive libellus) was the standard ancient format for a body of writings and the ancient equivalent of a modern book. Likewise, "papyrus sheets" (cartae) can refer to a "volume" of papyrus rolls. Catullus' labeling of his poems as a "libellum" (as opposed to librum) is an instance of the humble tone that pervades the poem. It is perhaps a mock humility, considering Catullus' loftier statements present both here and in his other poems.

There has been much debate about what poems exactly composed the "libellus," since the 116 poems (just shy of 2300 lines) that have come down to us are too many to fit onto a single papyrus. It is mostly accepted now that the "libellus" was some selection of Catullus' poems, although which poems these were is unknown.

Line 2

 * arida

Pumex is masculine, and the MSS give 'arido'. Servius ad Aeneid 12.587 remarks that 'Catullus said it in the feminine'; and in modern times most editors have followed Servius' hint, reading 'arida' here (Mynors in his OCT, Fordyce, Quinn; but Riese (1884) and Merrill (1893) read 'arido'). But that's jumping the gun: Servius does not specifically quote this poem (though it's the only one we have where it makes a difference). Martial uses the masculine in 8.72.2, a poem which imitates Catullus (Nondum murice cultus asperoque / morsu pumicis aridi politus / Arcanum properas sequi, libelle...). See LCM 1986 p. 131 for the arguments against 'arida'.

 * modo

The "modo" gives the impression of these poems being "hot off the presses."

 * pumice

Pumice was used to smooth off the ends of papyrus scrolls to prevent ragged edges.

 * expolitum

The "ex-" has a sense of thoroughness. It refers literally to the papyrus, and figuratively to the poems contained therein. Quintilian, writing a century and a half later, used expolio in a literary sense (Inst. 8.3.42, warning against too great a polish in oratory), but the word was used metaphorically even as early as Plautus. The pumice-stone was soon to appear as an explicit literary metaphor in Propertius 3.1.8 exactus tenui pumice versus eat).

Line 3

 * Corneli

This Cornelius is identified as Nepos by Ausonius XXIII (= Ecl. 1 = Schenkl p.120 = 'Ausonius Drepanio filio'), itself an imitation of Catullus 1, which is quoted in full here, because it's by no means easy to track down:

«Cui dono lepidum novum libellum?»

Veronensis ait poeta quondam inventoque

dedit statim Nepoti. At nos inlepidum,

rudem libellum, burras quisquilias

ineptiasque, credemus gremio cui fovendum?

Inveni, trepidae silete nugae,

nec doctum minus et magis benignum,

quam quem Gallia praebuit Catullo.

Hoc nullus mihi carior meorum,

quem pluris faciunt novem sorores,

quam cunctos alios, Marone dempto.

«Pacatum haut dubie, poeta, dicis?»

Ipse est. Intrepide volate, versus,

et nidum in gremio fovete tuto.

Hic vos diligere, hic volet tueri:

ignoscenda teget, probata tradet:

post hunc iudicium timete nullum. Vale.

The allusion to Nepos' Gallic origins in line 8 is added confirmation that Catullus is addressing Cornelius Nepos the historian and biographer. Catullus himself also came from Cisalpine Gaul -- hence 'Veronensis... poeta' (the poet from Verona) in line 2.

The imperfect 'you used to think' is evidence that Catullus' relationship with Nepos is long-standing. The emphatic 'tu' may imply 'you, at least, think something of my poems, even if no-one else does': Nepos has taste.
 * tu solebas

Line 4

 * aliquid

The idea here is that Cornelius thought Catullus' trifles ("nothings") to be something.

 * nugas

Catullus again is being self-deprecating about his own poetry. At the same time, the idea of creating these little "nuggets" was a point of pride for Catullus and the neoterics; they were creating a new genre of Latin poetry, quite distinct from weighty epics.

Line 5
Nepos' boldness and uniqueness are admirable qualities in an author; but the vocabulary also makes Nepos resemble a character from his own historical works -- adventurous, and the single man out of the multitude able to solve a crisis (like Horatius, Fabius Maximus, for instance), a point well made by Johnston 1997.
 * ausus es unus Italorum

Line 6
According to Ausonius Epist. 16 and Aulus Gellius 17.21.3, Nepos wrote a work (now lost) entitled Chronica, which is presumably what Catullus is alluding to here, rather than any of his biographical prose works (some of which survive). The Chronica need not have been a prose work (the usual assumption), but could have been in verse, like the Chronica by the Greek Apollodorus of Athens, which covered events from the fall of Troy to the poet's own time.

A standard word to denote the setting-out in order of a historical account, used indeed by Nepos himself in the preface to his surviving work 'On excellent leaders of foreign races'; or any verbal description, written or spoken. At the same time its basic meaning 'to unroll' can literally be applied to the scrolls -- Nepos', and Catullus' own -- upon which the poet's eye dwells.
 * explicare

Line 7

 * Iuppiter

An exclamation; Catullus is marveling at the quality of Nepos' work.

 * doctis et laboriosis

Neoteric values; Catullus' poems are filled with "learned" references to mythology and are very finely crafted. Nepos' work is allegedly of similar quality.

Line 8

 * quidquid hoc libelli

Self-deprecating, as is the "qualecumque" of the next line.

Line 9

 * o

O does not appear in any extant manuscripts, but is supplied by modern editors on the assumption that it was in the original, based on context and metrical concerns.

 * patrona virgo

The "virgin patron" is either a muse or Pallas Athena. The invocation of a muse or inspiring deity is, of course, a common enough phenomenon in poetry -- Meleager addresses an unnamed Muse in his intro poem (see note on line 1). Notable here, however, is the Romanness of 'patrona': it's often the job of a dedication to define or enact the roles of poet and dedicatee as client and patron. Here, the job of patron is offered to the goddess.

Line 10

 * plus uno saeclo

Saeclo ("age", syncopated from saeculum) can more specifically mean "lifetime", "generation", or "century"; it does not necessarily refer to anything approaching the amount of time over which Catullus' poetry has survived. Notably, Catullus does not ask for many ages. He merely asks that his "quidquid hoc libelli" remain for more than one. This is a touch of modesty, even in the middle of an invocation to the Muse (one of the more elevated activities of a poet).

 * maneat

Optative subjunctive, not jussive subjunctive; one does not command the Muse.

=Vocabulary=

Line 1

 * lepidus, -a, -um - delightful, pleasant, charming

 * libellus, libelli - little book

Line 2

 * aridus, -a, -um - dry

 * modo, (adv.) - just now

 * pumex, pumicis -pumice stone

 * expolio, -ire, -ivi, -itus. - to polish, smooth; to smooth off

Line 3

 * Cornelius, Cornelii - Cornelius Nepos

 * soleo, solere, solitus sum be accustomed to

Line 4

 * aliquis, aliquid - someone, something

 * puto, -are, -avi, -atum to think, consider

 * nugae, nugarum -trifle, nugget

Line 5

 * cum, (conj.) -when

 * audeo, -ere, ausus sum -to dare

 * italus, -i, n. -Italian

Line 6

 * aevum, aevi -age, generation

 * tres, tria -three

 * explico, -are, -avi, -atus -to unfurl; explain

 * carta, cartae -papyrus sheet; volume

Line 7

 * doctus, -a, -um -learned

 * laboriosus, -a, -um -toiled-over, elaborate

Line 8

 * quare, (adv.) -wherefore, therefore

 * quidquid -whatever

Line 9

 * qualiscumque, qualecumque -of whatever sort

Line 10

 * plus, (adv.) -more than

 * perennis, perenne -everlasting

 * saec(u)lum, saec(u)li -age, generation

title: The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/1


text:
Talk:The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/1

Catullus 1 authors and history

 * 2007-02-03T15:51:18  contribs)|  m   (corrected link)

 * 2007-01-31T03:36:01  contribs)|  (Added link to literal translation done by a student)

 * 2007-01-21T10:10:23  contribs)|  (Removed See Also area, only link was a bad link.)

 * 2006-11-19T18:50:59  contribs)|  m   (spelling)

 * 2006-10-08T16:32:28  contribs)|  m   (→External links)

 * 2006-09-29T08:43:53  contribs)|  m   (Category:Poems of Catullus)

 * 2006-08-16T06:17:09  contribs)|  m   (diction)

 * 2006-08-04T16:31:56  contribs)|  (see my talk page.)

 * 2006-08-04T15:10:39  contribs)|

 * 2006-05-20T19:16:18 User:145.94.48.243  (→External links)

 * 2006-05-20T19:15:52 User:145.94.48.243  (→External links)

 * 2006-03-16T21:54:06  contribs)|  m   (→Notes)

 * 2006-03-16T21:52:29  contribs)|  m   (→Text - see talk page)

 * 2006-03-15T23:52:59  contribs)|  (experimenting with one of several possible ways to include the scansion)

 * 2006-03-15T03:12:05  contribs)|  m   (→Notes)

 * 2006-03-15T03:09:43  contribs)|  m   (→Text - see discussion.)

 * 2006-03-15T03:05:37  contribs)|  m

 * 2006-03-14T18:34:09  contribs)|

 * 2006-03-14T18:33:17  contribs)|

 * 2006-02-22T23:44:20  contribs)|  m

 * 2006-02-22T21:55:27  contribs)|

 * 2006-02-22T20:31:55  contribs)|  (→English Translation)

 * 2006-02-22T20:30:52  contribs)|  (expand, clarify translation of some lines, add more explanatoryfootnotes)

 * 2006-02-17T13:42:01  contribs)|

 * 2006-02-13T18:42:03  contribs)|

 * 2006-02-13T00:59:59 User:71.195.206.227  (→English Translation)

 * 2006-02-13T00:32:56  contribs)|  (→English Translation)

 * 2006-02-13T00:32:10  contribs)|  (→General comments)

 * 2006-02-13T00:25:14  contribs)|  (→English Translation)

 * 2006-01-31T21:21:04 User:212.144.142.80  (→General comments)

 * 2006-01-27T19:13:44  contribs)|  (→English Translation)

 * 2006-01-19T15:48:19  contribs)|  m   (Reverted edits by 168.9.41.100 (talk) to last version by BirgitteSB)

 * 2006-01-12T19:24:15 User:168.9.41.100  (→English Translation)

 * 2006-01-05T18:22:21  contribs)|  m   (revert vandalism)

 * 2006-01-04T19:58:56 User:69.119.65.88  (→English Translation)

 * 2005-12-26T00:28:27  contribs)|  m

 * 2005-09-23T00:25:09  contribs)|  (→Meter/scansion - Wrong meter link)

 * 2005-08-24T21:36:16  contribs)|  (→Sources)

 * 2005-05-27T13:33:38 User:198.143.199.102  (→English Translation)

 * 2005-05-20T00:07:34  contribs)|  m   (→General comments)

 * 2005-05-19T21:58:22  contribs)|  m   (capitalization)

 * 2005-05-19T21:54:01  contribs)|  (Adding intro; +cat Latin Poems)

 * 2005-05-19T21:07:58  contribs)|  (→Meter/scansion)

 * 2005-05-19T21:00:29  contribs)|  (→General comments)

 * 2005-05-19T20:59:18  contribs)|  (→English Translation)

 * 2005-05-19T20:59:06  contribs)|  (→Literal English Translation)

 * 2005-05-19T20:57:17  contribs)|

 * 2005-05-11T01:35:19  contribs)|  (→Literal English Translation)

 * 2005-05-11T00:56:53 User:24.41.7.185  (→Literal English Translation)

 * 2005-05-11T00:56:41 User:24.41.7.185  (→Literal English Translation)

 * 2005-05-11T00:46:57 User:24.41.7.185

= From Wikipedia:Talk:Catullus 1 =

source text
From what edition is the text taken? There are huge textual issues over the "qualumcumque; quod, o patrona virgo"- check the critical apparatus in the editions. It might be mentioned as a source. Reynaert-ad 15:06, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Translation Argument
71.195.206.227 recently reverted a large number of my edits on this page; these edits are incorrect. Unfortunately this user is using an IP, not a username, so it is difficult to contact them. Hopefully, they will look here.

I have highlighted points that 71.195.206.227 appears to disagree with me over, and I will explain my decisions.

To whom do I give this new charming little book Just now smoothed with dry pumice? To you, Cornelius: For you were used to thinking My trifles to amount to something, For you alone dared to unravel the entire history of the Italians in three scrolls, learned, (by Jupiter!), and filled with labor. Therefore have for yourself this something, This little book, and whatever it is worth; and let it, oh patron maiden, remain for more than one lasting age.

 * The first point of contention appears to be "unravel." 71.195.206.227 prefers the phrase "set forth," yet this loses the theme of literature and unraveling that Catullus established. Throughout the poem, he uses phrases that have a secondary meaning related to literature and scrolls. In his exaltation of Cornelius he praises him for both liking Catullus's literature, and for Cornelius's great works. In short, literature is an essential theme of the poem. Using a phrase like "set forth" loses much of the beauty of the poetry here.

 * Next, 71.195.206.227 prefers "you alone of the Italians" to "the entire history of the Italians." However, in doing so 71.195.206.227 uses "entire history of the world;" the word "world" is not present in the Latin text, and 71.195.206.227 has no basis for this translation. Furthermore, there are other accounts of a man named Cornelius writing three major volumes on the history of Italy; while we don't have access to them any more we are quite certain they exist. Most likely, Catullus is referencing this person who wrote about Italy.

 * 71.195.206.227 prefers "volumes" to "scrolls." The justification for "unraveling" is the same as the justification for "scrolls," but also Catullus uses word picture to establish a sort of unraveling of the line. Grammatically, the line proceeds in a spiral, from the center outwards, in an unraveling motion that implies a scroll. This sort of poetic technique is characteristic of Roman poetry, and is not to be discounted.

 * 71.195.206.227 prefers "laboriously wrought" over "filled with labor." There are three major problems with this. First, the verb "wrought" does not exist in the Latin text anywhere. Second, "laboriosis" has an ending that means literally "Labor-filled," rather than just "labor," which would be "laboris." Third, "laboriosis" is a noun, not an adverb as 71.195.206.227 makes it.

 * 71.195.206.227 would prefer "such as it is" to "something," yet the Latin word "quidquid" specifically means "something" in English. There through the poem of Catullus's self-abasement; he calls his poems "trifles" earlier, and his reference to his poems as "quidquids" makes them seem small and not very valuable. 71.195.206.227's translation loses this meaning.

 * Finally, 71.195.206.227 eliminates the word "lasting," but this is completely baseless and ignores the word "perenne" in the original Latin text.

Hopefully, 71.195.206.227 will show up to respond to these arguments.--WoodenTaco 18:41, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

December 19 Changes to the Catullus 1 wikibooks page
I've just deleted the comment on the "italorum" in line 5. The comment said that "italorum" can be taken with "omne aevum." The "literal translation" and the English (and Spanish) on negenborn.net both take this reading as well. I find it very hard to swallow. Foremost is the fact that it is in the same line as "unus." I think the pull of the word order "unus italorum" is unavoidable. "Italorum/omne aevum" is difficult not merely because of the line break, but also because "omne aevum" is certainly a unit. From the workings of the poem, it seems to me that this is a hard reading. If this reading were supported by meaning as WoodenTaco suggests, it could be a possibility. But I think he certainly means "you who alone of the Italians dared to unfurl every age" rather than "you who alone dared to unfurl every age of the Italians." The crucial distinction here is: was Nepos unique in being a Roman writing in such a way or was Nepos unique in writing about Italy? We can quickly rule out the latter; Atticus, a friend of Nepos', wrote a Liber Annalis of Roman history. Furthermore it is hardly daring ("ausus es") to be a Roman writing on Rome. On the other hand, Nepos' Chronica, the "tricartite" work to which Catullus is referring, was unique in that it was the first Roman attempt at a comprehensive history; Nepos apparently had a Greek model (Apollodorus' Χρονικά), but it is always a major event when a Roman adapts a Greek tradition to Roman means (cf. Horace: "princeps Aeolium carmen ad Italos deduxisse modos"). Further reasons for the reading "unus Italorum" are given in compelling article by W. Marshall Johnstone, Jr. found here:. So, for these reasons I've deleted the comment on "italorum," for I think the reading in the given translation is right. If someone wants to put it back, I think a discussion of both readings on the page itself would be necessary. 03:56, 20 December 2008 (UTC)Nathan —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.23.87.207 (talk)

More Translation

 * I am removing the word "yourself" from the English translation. "Tu" is just "You." The "tibi" that might account for the "you yourself" is actually taken care of with "To you, Cornelius".
 * I am changing "therefore" to "wherefore." Quare has a *slightly* different meaning from igitur and ergo, best conveyed with the use of the w. Sophy's Duckling 03:09, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The tibi has nothing to do with the "you yourself"; it's not even in the same clause. The reason I translated namque tu solebas as "for you yourself were accustomed" is because namque means "for" or "for indeed" and solebas means "you were accustomed", so your translation completely ignores the tu in the original Latin. In Latin, nominative pronouns (like ego, "I", and tu, "you") are typically a part of the verb, making it grammatically unnecessary to use them. As a result, almost all use of ego and tu is purely for emphasis (the only other alternative I can see here are metrical concerns). So, while tu solebas might literally mean exactly the same thing as solebas ("you were accustomed"), a more faithful rendition of the Latin would make the "you" more emphatic with something like "for you were accustomed" or "for you yourself were accustomed", similar to the intensifying pronoun ipse.
 * Oh, right. I'll revert it. And it's important, anyway, because it singles him out to show his good taste: just as cornelius alone of the Italians dared to explain all history on three scrolls, he alone of all the Italians thought Catullus's nonsense was valuable. Sophy's Duckling 21:50, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * As for quare: In modern English, "wherefore" is an archaic-sounding and rather obscure word; I'm pretty sure that most users won't understand the nuanced distinction between it and "therefore", and some, sadly, may not even glean the basic information of its meaning. The dictionaries I have prefer "therefore", "whereby" (significantly less obscure than "wherefore", in my experience), and "for which reason" for quare. -Silence 04:23, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * How about I change it to "For which reason"? It avoids blurring the distinction between quare and ergo/igitur and it isn't obscure.Sophy's Duckling 21:50, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

= Nice Use of Letters = Nice use of letters, celloman2012

=Translation emendation= Re 'omne aevum': it's an elementary error to assume that the singular of 'omnis' can't mean 'all/the whole'; but cf the famous opening of Caesar's Gallic Wars, "Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres" = 'all Gaul [i.e. the whole of Gaul] is divided into three parts'. Pace Fordyce ad loc, I see no reason to imply that Cornelius is gathering separate periods of history into one book, but rather expounding the whole of time -- the whole of history -- seen as one overwhelmingly large chunk. Mufflethrug (discuss • contribs) 23:39, 25 January 2012 (UTC)