text:
Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Workup

Endorectal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

 * On axial T1 gland appears homogeneous and the zonal anatomy is not well appreciated
 * Postbiopsy hemorrhage is evident on T1-weighted images as high T1 signal intensity (important because hemorrhage may mimic tumor on T2 and greatly interferes with assessment of ECE)
 * zonal anatomy is best seen on axial and coronal T2 as are the vas deferens and SV
 * neurovascular bundles best seen on axials
 * penile root is better imaged on T2 coronals
 * peripheral zone is hyperintense whereas tumor appears is HYPOINTENSE (other causes of low T2: hemorrhage, prostatitis, hormone treatment, and RT)
 * Hemorrhage: high T1, low T2

Bone Metastases Detection

 * Brussels, 2007 (Belgium) PMID 17664475 -- "Magnetic resonance imaging of the axial skeleton for detecting bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: diagnostic and cost-effectiveness and comparison with current detection strategies." (Lecouvet FE, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 1;25(22):3281-7.)
 * Prospective. 66 patients with high-risk PCA (newly diagnosed PCA with GS >=8 and PSA >=20; PSA recurrence after RP with PSADT <12 months; on ADT and PSADT <12 months). Evaluated by bone scan + targetedplain films (BS/TXR) vs. bone scan + targeted plain films + MRI-on request (BS/TXR/MRIor) vs. axial MRI (MRIas)
 * Outcome: 62% bone mets. MRIas more sensitive than current sequence of sequential workup (bone scan, targeted XR, MRI of area at risk)

Role of Bone Scan

 * ""Columbia University, 2000"" PMID 11121646 -- "Which patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer need a radionuclide bone scan? An analysis based on 631 patients" (Lee, N, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 vol. 48 (5) pp. 1443-6)
 * Retrospective review of 631 consecutive patients treated at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center between 1990-1996 who had both a Gleason score and a bone scan. Reviewed clinical factors associated with positive bone scan.
 * Results: 14% with positive bone scan. Multivariate analysis: only Gleason 8-10, PSA>50, and clinical T-category >T2b predicted positive bone scan. All 237 patients with Gleason 2-7, PSA<15 and T-category50, 49.5% had positive bone scan.

title: Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Workup


text:
User:Llludden

Organizational_and_Adult_Learnng/

Contents [hide] Organizational_and_Adult_Learnng/Overview of Learning Theories 2 Behaviorist Theories 3 Cognitive Theories 4 Constructivist Theories 5 Post-Modern Theories 6 Adult Learning Theories 7 Organizational Learning:Contributions by Dicipline 8 Organizational Learning: Triggers 9 Organizational Learning: Influencing Factors 10 Organizational Learning: Agents 11 Organizational Learning: Processes 12 Organizational Learning: Interorganizational 13 Organizational Learning: Practice 14 Knowledge Management: Challenges 15 Knowledge Management: Processes 16 Knowledge Management: Leadership 17 Knowledge Management: Change

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Llludden


text:
User:Xerol/Cleanup

If you're seeing this page you've either come here from my user page or because I put a Cleanup Notice on a talk page. If it's from the latter, I probably identified a problem that can easily be fixed, but I'd prefer the cleanup be done by someone who has knowledge about the book in question so that I just don't make things worse.

Right now, if you're getting to this page from the Cleanup Notice, it's probably because I've found some orphans that belong in a particular book. Pages that have been categorized but not explicitly linked to in page text will appear there, which means you're probably using Categories as a table of contents, and if I've linked a lot of pages then a full TOC page or more internal links is probably required.

Miscellaneous Cleanup Tasks
These are problems I've found but haven't found the appropriate place to notify people about yet, or am waiting to amass a number of similar issues to solve them all in one (or few) actions.

My current major project is to get the number of orphaned pages down to a list of pages that are necessarily orphaned - that is, there's a reason for the page to exist, and there's a reason for no other pages to link to it. Note that I may link to some of these pages from this page, which will remove them from the list on the next refresh, but it does not mean the problems have been resolved.

Unassigned Orphans
Pages that don't fit into any of the other 'categories' I've got listed here.
 * None for now

To-be-shelved
Top-level pages that need to be indexed beyond categories. These are probably the most important to take care of, since they're not linked to from anywhere and therefore probably won't be developed. I'm collecting these here for now, once I get a couple dozen I'll put them in appropriate indices.

It seems that books can now be 'properly' categorized without actually being linked anywhere. I'll therefore divide the list into those that need categorization and those that don't.

Categorized Books

 * A-level Critical Thinking
 * Admission to Graduate School in the U.S. - Last significant activity Sep 2009
 * Advanced Analog IC design - Book stub; Last significant activity Oct 2009
 * An Imaging Guide to Mars
 * An Introduction to Punjab (Pakistan) - Extreme stub with only two content edits; sole contributor's last edits Sep 2009
 * Build Your Own Solar Power Generator

Uncategorized Books

 * None for now

Misplaced Subpages
Maybe they were just misnamed, or an index somewhere was changed and they were forgotten. These are pages within non-orphaned books that became orphaned at some point.
 * Algorithm Implementation/Simulation/Monty Hall problem/Usefulness

Placeholder Pages
These are pages that have been created and locked to prevent spam/vandalism or unbookified pages.
 * Acknowledgements
 * Auction

Orphan Redirects
Orphaned pages that consist of solely a redirect. In some cases there's a reason to keep the redirect around (mainly for Search use) but in cases they just clutter things up.
 * None for now

title: User:Xerol/Cleanup


text:
User:Xerol/Orphan

As part of my efforts to clean up orphaned modules I found a bunch of pages that should belong here, but aren't linked. Some of these might be forks of existing modules here, in which case they'd probably be candidates for speedy deletion; in other cases they may simply need to be linked from the main module. --Xerol Oplan | Talk

title: User:Xerol/Orphan


text:
User:ArrowHate

Hi, I'm ArrowHate. You can find me on Star Sonata, or you can leave a message on my talk page.

title: User:ArrowHate


text:
User talk:ArrowHate

Welcome to my talk page. Feel free to leave a new message. Please remember so sign your comments with ~ or I'll do it for you! ArrowHate 06:12, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:ArrowHate


text:
User talk:Wikitopian

Just a word to say that I don't think the Wikitopia book is within Wikibooks' purview. I've opened a discussion on WB:VFD and you may want to contribute there, Jguk 07:26, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Role of Wikibooks
First of all, I'm going to give you a general welcome message:

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

These are all pages you should look at, and in particular look at What is Wikibooks for a general view of what sorts of content is acceptable on Wikibooks.

You might also want to check out Proposals for new projects for a place to suggest new project ideas like the one you seem to have proposed for Wikitopia. I know it sounds harsh, but Wikibooks is about writing content that would seem more like a book with scholarly research (aka looking things up in a book and synthesizing the material from several sources) and the development of textbooks directly intended for classroom usage.

If you were writing something about Wikitopia, which exists elsewhere, this would be a good place to write about that project. It isn't a place to start a general participatory project with an ideological tilt to it. From some considerable experience, both I and others have seen books that seem like yours to get an initial burst of development and then languish on Wikibooks for months or even years without any additional contributions. Or worse yet, it becomes a BBS of a sort with participants doing things that have absolutely nothing to do with Wikibooks.

If there is an ideological tilt to Wikibooks, it is that we want to help provide an alternative to bookstores (especially college bookstores with their textbooks) where an ordinary student can obtain a high quality textbook for a realitively low cost. Most textbook authors on that level don't really make much money anyway off of a particular book, so this is to help provide a way to simply get the material available to more people.

I want you to know that I really do value new contributors to Wikibooks, and I enjoy seeing truly innovative ways that people like to express themselves. IMHO marking up the page for immediate deletion was completely wrong by the above user, but he does have reasons for the opinions he is trying to express here. --Rob Horning 17:49, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

After realizing that the scope of wikibooks is much more specific than I had originally gathered, it appears that my wikibook will probably need to find a new wikihome. I respect the mission of wikibooks and don't feel slighted in the least. I appreciate your polite presentation and will have this wiki relocated in the next day or two when I find a more appropriate location for it.

title: User talk:Wikitopian


text:
Subject:Blender 3D

Blender 3D Blender3D Blender Blender 3D Blender 3D Blender 3D Blender 3D Blender 3D Blender 3D

title: Subject:Blender 3D


text:
Cookbook talk:Rosehip Soup

From a cookbook linked to the 1st. fleet to Australia. Soak 4ozs dried rosehips.Boil in pint of water with lemon rind,cloves,cinnamon until soft then sieve.make 2oz.brown rue& slowly add to soup sweeten add wine serve hot.Sorry no other measurments.

xsailor2004

title: Cookbook talk:Rosehip Soup


text:
Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Multimedia Courseware/Educational Learning Object Repositories

The dramatic growth in e-learning has brought about a massive increase in the learning resources that are available on-line. The catalogue of hardware and software packages available to the modern day educator and learner is constantly evolving as each new technology is developed. Learning materials are written by a wide range of practitioners from professional software developers to pupils experimenting with programming, from teachers to parents.

A wide range of these materials are available in the public domain and can be found in a variety of LORs (Learning Object repositories). The learning object can be as small as a paragraph of text or a large as whole programme. It can come in the form of HTML, text files, JAVA, flash or QuickTime movies etc. The LOR has come about as a direct result of the need for these resources to be easily found and reusable.

Much of the resources found in LORs have been substantially researched and reviewed, this can save the new user much valuable time in identifying good quality and effective resource. Some offer a variety of fee based services to support the end user and give added information and instruction on the usage of the resource.

There are a number of LORs that can be directly associated with education and are supported by educational institutions. One such site is MERLOT a free and open resource designed for faculty and students primarily studying Higher education. The links contain online learning material, peer reviews and assignments.

With so many resources available the development of an LOR that looks to standardise the materials and make them available through a standardised learning environment.


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Containers.Indefinite Hashed Maps

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

Specification
Key_Type Element_Type Hash Key  Key_Type  Hash_Type Equivalent_Keys Left   Key_Type Right  Key_Type Boolean "" Left   Element_Type Right  Element_Type Boolean Preelaborate Indefinite_Hashed_Maps Map Preelaborable_Initialization Map Cursor Preelaborable_Initialization Cursor Empty_Map  Map No_Element  Cursor "" Left   Map Right  Map Boolean Capacity Container  Map  Count_Type Reserve_Capacity Container   Map Capacity       Count_Type Length Container  Map  Count_Type Is_Empty Container  Map  Boolean Clear Container   Map Key Position  Cursor  Key_Type Element Position  Cursor  Element_Type Replace_Element Container   Map Position       Cursor New_Item       Element_Type Query_Element Position  Cursor Process      Key       Key_Type Element  Element_Type Update_Element Container   Map Position       Cursor Process       Key           Key_Type Element   Element_Type Move Target   Map Source   Map Insert Container     Map Key              Key_Type New_Item         Element_Type Position        Cursor Inserted        Boolean Insert Container   Map Key            Key_Type New_Item       Element_Type Include Container   Map Key            Key_Type New_Item       Element_Type Replace Container   Map Key            Key_Type New_Item       Element_Type Exclude Container   Map Key            Key_Type Delete Container   Map Key            Key_Type Delete Container   Map Position    Cursor First Container  Map  Cursor Next Position  Cursor  Cursor Next Position   Cursor Find Container  Map Key        Key_Type Cursor Element Container  Map Key        Key_Type Element_Type Contains Container  Map Key        Key_Type Boolean Has_Element Position  Cursor  Boolean Equivalent_Keys Left   Cursor Right  Cursor Boolean Equivalent_Keys Left   Cursor Right  Key_Type Boolean Equivalent_Keys Left   Key_Type Right  Cursor Boolean Iterate Container  Map Process       Position   Cursor Map Empty_Map  Map Cursor No_Element  Cursor AdaContainersIndefinite_Hashed_Maps

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Virtual Learning Environments/Assessment Tools

Assessment Tools

The process of assessment in the context of learning can be defined as; An act of judgement of a person or situation or event leading to an evaluation or rating.

To assist in the process of assessment and to allow us to make better judgements, assessment tools have and continue to be developed and refined. Assessment can take many forms; •	Case studies •	Direct Observation •	Examination •	Multi-choice Test •	Performance Projects •	Practical Projects •	Problem Sheets •	Simulations •	Essays •	Oral Questions •	Portfolios •	Presentations •	Projects •	Short Answer Questions

For the purpose of this entry we can focus on the assessment tools that are more readily available on-line.

Paperless Portfolio

The paperless electronic portfolio enables learners following an NVQ qualification to receive the NVQ standards that they are working towards on a CD along with any relevant policy and procedures. It gives the learner a resource to record all of their evidence of assessment. The evidence is digitally transposed into the portfolio and can include digital pictures and sound recording. The technology is able to authenticate the work to ensure that it is original and authentic. If this technology is used widely it will provide a quick and economically friendly system.

Multiple choice Tests

An advantage of on-line multiple choice tests is that they can be graded and marked in a fraction of the time taken using a descriptive answer questionnaire. The setting up of multiple choice tests take longer than descriptive tests but done properly the results compare favourably. The negative aspect is that a multiple choice test does allow an amount of guessing and can result in unexpected grades. An example of an on line test can be accessed below. Driving Theory Test

Simulation

Computer Simulations can represent real or imaginary situations; they allow users to experience things that would be difficult or impossible to do normally. Simulation is particularly useful when carrying out a task would be too dangerous or expensive or when the desired result would take too long to produce. A good example of where simulation can be applied is in the area of design. Simulation allows the user to create and change designs as often as required yet allows the user to view an end product at little cost or effort compared to doing it for real. Garden design can be accomplished through simulation with good results click the link below to try it out.

Design a garden

These are just a few examples of the Assessment Tools that are available to on-line users.


text:
Talk:Georgia Water/Best Practices/Simulation

add decision support models also.


text:
Java Programming/Keywords/transient

is a Java keyword which marks a member variable not to be serialized when it is persisted to streams of bytes. When an object is transferred through the network, the object needs to be 'serialized'. Serialization converts the object state to serial bytes. Those bytes are sent over the network and the object is recreated from those bytes. Member variables marked by the java keyword are not transferred; they are lost intentionally.

Syntax: ; or   ;

For example:

See also:
 * Java language specification reference: jls
 * Serializable Interface. Serializable

title: Java Programming/Keywords/transient


text:
Conlang/Intermediate/History

Languages can change over time. The form of English that you speak is likely to be slightly different to the form of English that your parents — or grandparents — speak. For example, you may pronounce some words differently from them or there might be some words that you've heard of that they haven't (and vice-versa).

Many people underestimate the extent to which languages can change. To give you an idea, here is the Lord's Prayer as it might have been written in English over a six hundred-year period:

One way that you can make your conlang more interesting is to give it a history, just like natural languages. There are many things that you can do to add history — or the appearance of history — to a conlang.

Language families and proto-languages
As languages change, the people who speak them sometimes split up into groups and travel apart from each other. Since there is usually very little contact between these groups, the languages that these two groups speak often change in different ways. When these languages change so much that the two groups can no longer understand one another we say that the one language has split into two separate languages and that these two languages are part of the same language family.

Natural languages almost never arise spontaneously from nothing. Usually a natural language is a changed form of some other language and is part of a family. For example, French, Portuguese, and Romanian all come from Latin. English, Swedish, and German all come from a language that we call Proto-Germanic.

When you're reading about the history of languages, you might often come across the term proto-language. A proto-language is just a language that has had new languages come out of it; a parent language, if you like.

There's nothing intrinsically special about proto-languages compared to non-proto-languages. The speakers of Latin and Proto-Germanic didn't know at the time that the languages they were speaking would become proto-languages. They're not necessarily simpler or more complex than other languages and they don't have any special grammatical features. They were just in the right place at the right time to have children.

Adding history to a conlang
The obvious way to make a conlang with history is to invent a proto-conlang and evolve that proto-language in the same way that a natural language might evolve. When you do that you end up with a language that looks like it has a history because it actually does have a history.

But what if you already have a mostly complete conlang and you want to give history to it? This is much harder because you will have to work backwards, slowly uncoving the proto-language. You'll almost certainly need to revise a whole bunch of stuff as you discover more about your conlang's proto-language.

If that sounds like too much work then there are a few things you can do to give a language the appearance of a history without having to invent a whole new conlang first.

Before we can do anything, we need to know how natural languages can change over time. Let's talk about sound changes.

title: Conlang/Intermediate/History


text:
User:Bolo~enwikibooks

Maintainer of the Flat Frog open Source project

You can check my website for more info.

title: User:Bolo~enwikibooks


text:
Proteomics/Protein Sample Preparation

Introduction
As technological advances are made in the field of proteomics, it is seen that advances are necessary in the preparation of protein samples prior to any particular procedure. A number of issues arise in this respect; including sample clean-up, fractionation, enrichment, and the also sample condition optimization. Considerations of this nature can be crucial in obtaining relevant results from an experiment; some so much so that experts feel the field of proteomics is currently being limited by the lack of significant advancement in sample preparation techniques. This facet of proteomics is becoming particularly critical in the case of high throughput protocols where the necessary conditions of a sample in one stage may directly conflict with the efficacy of a second stage. For example, during the initial step in 2D electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, all proteins in a sample are given a net charge of zero; while the second step, gel electrophoresis, requires a negative charge on all products in the sample in order to induce movement through the gel matrix. Many companies offer pre-packaged kits that will allow you to prepare samples for many different techniques. They also offer many protein samples, and other protein technologies. Many of these companies are also on the forefront of protein analysis technology. Some examples are: This section is part of an ongoing project at the Rochester Institute of Technology, involving the Bioinformatics department. Currently the project is being worked on by a Proteomics Class taught by Dr. Paul Craig.
 * 1) www.millipore.com
 * 2) www.bio-rad.com
 * 3) www.qiagen.com
 * 4) www.gelifesciences.com
 * 5) www.invitrogen.com
 * 6) www.eksigent.com
 * 7) www.agilent.com
 * 8) www.beckmancoulter.com
 * 9) www.caliperls.com
 * 10) www.glygen.com
 * 11) www.piercenet.com
 * 12) www.bioproximity.com

title: Proteomics/Protein Sample Preparation


text:
User talk:141.215.5.139

Dragontamer here. I would like a fact check on your last edit on Bowman builds.

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=MapleStory/Bowman_Guide/Builds&curid=52345&diff=406731&oldid=404361

I've tested this myself; AB does 360% max. Although, perhaps you have found something new. If so, please show me a screenshot of AB doing 520% damage. If you have any other evidence of this, I would also be interested in seeing it. Thanks. --Dragontamer 20:24, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

PS: As for now, I'll leave the guide up as it was before, because of my personal tests on this subject (ex. fireing 500+ shots at Iron Hogs, Snails, and other creatures to test true damage % rates using both AB and DS)

title: User talk:141.215.5.139


text:
User:DuctoMan16~enwikibooks

DuctoMan16
DuctoMan16 is now on wikibooks. Ha Ha! DuctoMan16 21:05, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User:DuctoMan16~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Lildog

Rick! Good to see you, this year is just a test, my goal is to complete it and really kick ass with more stuff like this in the future. Karmafist 22:40, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lildog


text: French/Texts

title: French/Texts


text: Template:French/Texts/Simple

title: Template:French/Texts/Simple


text: French/Texts/Simple/La Cigale et la Fourmi


text: French/Texts/Simple/Le Corbeau et le Renard


text:
French/Texts/Simple/Les Deux Mulets

The fable
Deux mulets cheminaient, l’un d’avoine chargé, L’autre portant l’argent de la gabelle Celui-ci, glorieux d’une charge si belle, N’eût voulu pour beaucoup en être soulagé. Il marchait d’un pas relevé, Et faisait sonner sa sonnette : Quand, l’ennemi se présentant, Comme il en voulait à l’argent, Sur le mulet du fisc une troupe se jette, Le saisit au frein et l’arrête. Le mulet, en se défendant, Se sent percé de coups ; il gémit, il soupire. Est-ce donc là, dit-il, ce qu’on m’avait promis ? Ce mulet qui me suit du danger se retire ; Et moi j’y tombe et je péris ! — Ami, lui dit son camarade, Il n’est pas toujours bon d’avoir un haut emploi : Si tu n’avais servi qu’un meunier, comme moi, Tu ne serais pas si malade.

Questions
What were the mules carrying?

title: French/Texts/Simple/Les Deux Mulets


text:
Meteorology/Introduction to Meteorology and the Atmosphere

Introduction
When it comes to the weather, there is nothing more common on the news other than sports. People don't pay much attention to the weather until they have an issue with it or are planning something for outside. They rarely think about what goes into making that weather report or how weather works. Hopefully this book will tell you those things and maybe a little more. So next time you see a weather forecaster make a mistake, you can understand why.


text:
Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis

Definitions
e•lec•tro•pho•re•sis (ĭ-lĕk'trō-fə-rē'sĭs) n. 1) The migration of charged colloidal particles or molecules through a solution under the influence of an applied electric field usually provided by immersed electrodes. Also called cataphoresis. 2) A method of separating substances, especially proteins, and analyzing molecular structure based on the rate of movement of each component in a colloidal suspension while under the influence of an electric field.

an•a•lyte (a-nə-līt) n. A chemical substance that is the subject of chemical analysis.

Electrophoresis Theory
Separation by electrophoresis depends on differences in the migration velocity of ions or solutes through a given medium in an electric field. The electrophoretic migration velocity of an analyte is:

$$v_p = \mu_p E$$

where E is the electric field strength and $$\mu_p$$ is the electrophoretic mobility.

The electrophoretic mobility is inversely proportional to frictional forces in the buffer, and directly proportional to the ionic charge of the analyte. The forces of friction against an analyte are dependent on the analyte's size and the viscosity (η) of the medium. Analytes with different frictional forces or different charges will separate from one another when they move through a buffer. At a given pH, the electrophoretic mobility of an analyte is:

$$\mu_p = \frac{z}{6\pi \eta r}$$ where r is the radius of the analyte and z is the net charge of the analyte.

Differences in the charge to size ratio of analytes causes differences in electrophoretic mobility. Small, highly charged analytes have greater mobility, whereas large, less charged analytes have lower mobility. Anionic surfactants are often used to denature proteins before electrophoresis. This gives all proteins approximately the same charge. Since their charges are all equal their mobility is now a function of only their masses. Electrophoretic mobility is an indication of an analyte's migration velocity in a given medium. The net force acting on an analyte is the balance of two forces: the electrical force acting in favor of motion, and the frictional force acting against motion. These two forces remain steady during electrophoresis. Therefore, electrophoretic mobility is a constant for a given analyte under a given set of conditions.

Applications of Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis has a wide variety of applications in proteomics, forensics, molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and microbiology.

One of the most common uses of electrophoresis is to analyze differential expression of genes. Healthy and diseased cells can be identified by differences in the electrophoretic patterns of their proteins. Proteins themselves can also be characterized in this way, and some sense of their structure can be derived from the masses of fragments inside the gel.

There are many different types of electrophoresis, and each can be used for something different. Two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis, for example, has the ability to discern many more proteins than most of its contemporaries. Many of these methods will be discussed in detail throughout this chapter.


text:
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title: User:Fiks~enwikibooks/monobook.css


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User:Fiks~enwikibooks

dfd

title: User:Fiks~enwikibooks


text:
D Programming/First Program Examples

To be completed.

Structure of a D program
Every program must have a starting point. In D, this is the function named main except for Windows GUI programs which uses WinMain. You must have one of these functions to create a runnable application.

Note:
 * Even though this function is the starting point for the program processing flow, it is possible to have other parts of your code execute before main is given control. These are module and class constructors, and will be discussed later.
 * A collection of one or more modules that do not have a main function is known as a library and is not an executable program. Instead, the functions in libraries are used by applications as pre-written functionality.

Simple D Programs
Note:
 * The main function, in the D programming language, must return either void or int data type. This return value is returned to the operating system.
 * If void return type is specified, the application returns an int with the value 0, otherwise the program must supply a return value.
 * The main function, in the D programming language, must specify either no arguments or a single argument in the form char[][], which is an array of UTF8 strings that contain the command line parameters.

In summary, the main function can take one of four formats ... int main // Application defined return value,  ignores command line

int main( char [][] args) // Application defined return value, uses command line

void main // returns 0, ignores command line

void main( char [][] args) //returns 0, uses command line

Example 1
import std.stdio; void main {  writefln( "Hello World!" ); }

This program merely prints "Hello World!" on the console, followed by a newline and then exits. The first line imports the standard library module std.stdio. This module defines the function writefln, which is used to write to the standard output. This program does not use the command line arguments and will return zero to the operating system.

You need to compile this to convert it to an executable program. First you save the source code to a text file that has the ".d" extension. Assuming we called this file hw.d, here is the way to compile it using the DigitalMars compiler ... dmd hw.d

Example 2
import std.stdio; void main( char [][] p_Args) {  foreach ( char [] l_Arg; p_Args) {   writefln( "Argument '%s'", l_Arg); } }

This program prints out each of the command line parameters. The argument to main is char [][] p_Args which names the argument as p_Args and declares its data type as char[][], which is a variable-length array of UTF8 strings. This is saying that main is passed a set of zero or more character strings.

The foreach statement is a way to process each of the elements in an array. In the format above, it names a temporary variable l_Arg that will receive each element in turn as the foreach moves through the array p_Args. The temporary variable is scoped to the foreach block and thus cannot be seen by code outside the foreach.

The writefln function not only writes out things to the console, it also allows you to format that output. The %s is a formating code that specifies where a subsequent argument will appear in the console output. In this case, if l_Arg contains "abc" then the output will be "Argument 'abc'".

Example 3
This heavily annotated example highlights many of the enhancements over C++.

/* sh style script syntax is supported! */ /* Hello World in D    To compile: dmd hello.d   or to optimize: dmd -O -inline -release hello.d   or to get generated documentation: dmd hello.d -D */ import std.stdio;  // References to  commonly used I/O routines. void main ( char [][] args)  // 'void' here means return 0 by default. {    // Write-Formatted-Line writefln( "Hello World, "  // automatic concatenation of string literals              "Reloaded" ); // Strings are denoted as a dynamic array of chars 'char[]' // auto type inference and built-in foreach foreach (argc, argv; args) {        // OOP is supported, of course! And automatic type inference. auto cl = new CmdLin(argc, argv); // 'writefln' is the improved 'printf' !! // user-defined class properties. writefln(cl.argnum, cl.suffix, " arg: %s", cl.argv); // Garbage Collection or explicit memory management - your choice!!! delete cl; }     // Nested structs, classes and functions! struct specs {        // all vars. automatically initialized int count, allocated; }    // Note that declarations read right-to-left. // So that 'char[][]' reads as an array of an array of chars. specs argspecs( char [][] args) // Optional (built-in) function contracts. in { assert (args.length > 0); // assert built in    } out (result){ assert (result.count == CmdLin.total); assert (result.allocated > 0); }    body { specs* s = new specs; // no need for '->' s.count = args.length; // The 'length' property is number of elements. s.allocated = typeof (args).sizeof; // built-in properties for native types foreach (argv; args) s.allocated += argv.length * typeof (argv[0]).sizeof; return *s; }    // built-in string and common string operations, e.g. '~' is concatenate. char [] argcmsg = "argc = %d" ; char [] allocmsg = "allocated = %d" ; writefln(argcmsg ~ ", " ~ allocmsg,         argspecs(args).count,argspecs(args).allocated); } /**   Stores a single command line argument. */  class CmdLin {    private { int _argc; char [] _argv; static uint _totalc; } public : /************      Object constructor. params: argc = ordinal count of this argument. argv = text of the parameter *********/      this ( int argc, char [] argv) {        _argc = argc + 1; _argv = argv; _totalc++; }    ~ this  /// Object destructor {        // Doesn't actually do anything for this example. }     int argnum /// A property that returns arg number {        return _argc; }     char [] argv /// A property  that returns arg text {        return _argv; }     wchar [] suffix /// A property  that returns ordinal suffix {        wchar [] suffix;  // Built in  Unicode strings (utf8,utf16, utf32) switch (_argc) {        case 1: suffix = "st" ; break ; case 2: suffix = "nd" ; break ; case 3: suffix = "rd" ; break ; default : // 'default' is mandatory with "-w" compile switch. suffix = "th" ; }        return suffix; } /* **************      * A property of the whole class, not just an instance. * returns: The total number of commandline args added. *************/      static  typeof (_totalc) total {        return _totalc; }     // Class invariant, things that must be true after any method is run. invariant {         assert (_argc > 0); assert (_totalc >= _argc); } }
 * 1) !/usr/bin/dmd -run

title: D Programming/First Program Examples


text:
File:Xml voicexml architecture.png

Summary
VoiceXML architecture model

title: File:Xml voicexml architecture.png


text:
Digital Circuits/Karnaugh Maps

This page talks about Karnaugh maps, which are fundamental tools for analyzing and optimizing digital circuits.

Karnaugh Maps
A Karnaugh map (K-map for short) is a useful tool used in the simplification of combinational boolean equations and the creation of sequential logic circuits. Karnaugh maps were created by Maurice Karnaugh in 1953. The size of a Karnaugh map can be very large, however a size of four columns by four rows is easier to understand than any larger maps.

The philosophy behind these drawings is that differences of only one bit for the logic of a boolean equation are adjacent to each other. This is just an organizational method for a boolean logic truth table, but it can give you the ability to help simplify logical equations. This has proven to be especially useful for digital circuit designers, as it can suggest components which can be eliminated or a way to simplify circuit designs. This reduces both the cost and complexity of these designs, and even an automated method for developing these circuits assuming that you can come up with a logical truth table in the first place.

What is going to be demonstrated here is how to manually evaluate Karnaugh Maps. For very complex circuit designs that involve dozens or even hundreds of variables, there is software available that automates this process.

Structure and Creation
The structure of a Karnaugh map is grid shaped. The two most typical sizes used for instruction or for small projects is the three variable (a 2x4 grid or 4x2 depending on the user) and the four variable map (4x4 grid).

K-maps can only be created if a truth table is present; it works differently for sequential logic, which will be discussed later. A finished K-map can make a truth table, or a boolean equation vice versa. Once a truth table is acquired, a Karnaugh map can be created. The top left corner(or sometimes just the top and the left) of a K-map shows the variables used for that side.The picture of the K-map example shows the variables associated to that side. The top is A and B and the numbers below them is the state A and B are for that column (i.e. The column 10 is when A is true(high) and B is false(low)). From the truth table we put its output in the corresponding squares (i.e. If on the truth table when ABCD is 1011 and the output was 1, then on the four variable map, a 1 would go  in the fourth column, second row). The following example shows how to translate a truth table to a K-map and then turn the K-map into a boolean equation.

Order of input values
On a K-map, the order in which the input values combinations are placed is of utmost importance. By looking at the example image above, it can be noticed that it doesn't use the normal, or numeric, ordering of values (00, 01, 10, 11), but instead uses (00, 01, 11, 10). Although there are usually many orderings that can be used, not all possible orderings are usable for a K-map. A formal description for valid K-map orderings would be defined by the following rules:

 * 1) The input values combinations at two adjacent rows or columns must differ in exactly one bit.
 * 2) The map is cyclic: the first and last rows are considered to be adjacent, and the first and last columns are also adjacent.
 * 3) Each possible combination of bits must appear exactly once in the map.

For two-variable maps, fulfilling this rules is trivial: one of the variables is assigned to rows, the other one to columns, and a 2x2 map can be drawn where both possible sequences (0,1 and 1,0) are valid. It's valid even to use (0,1) for one variable and (1,0) for the other. On three or four variables, either the columns or rows (or both, for 4 variables) need to hold two variables. The sequence used in the examples above (00, 01, 11, 10) works well, and is the most used; an alternative to this could be (00, 10, 11, 01). If a K-map is ever needed for a 5 or even more inputs circuit, then longer sequences need to be made up that fulfill the rules above. For three variables (8 combinations), the (000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101, 100) sequence is often used. This is enough for maps of up to 6 inputs, or 64 combinations; bigger circuits are very rarely mapped by hand, most often using specialized software to build the map and even to retrieve information from it; but, if the need arises, an appropriate combinations sequence can be made by constructing an n-bit Gray Code.

As could be noticed from later sections, optimization of circuits through K-maps relies completely in the above rules or properties of such maps, so using wrong combination sequences may lead to circuits that are not optimal, or even to circuits that do not produce the expected output.

title: Digital Circuits/Karnaugh Maps


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Introduction

=Introduction to Building with Straw Bales=

History
While use of grass-family plant fibers has long been a part of building methods worldwide, dating far back into prehistory, actual straw-bale construction was pioneered in Nebraska in the United States, in the late 19th/early 20th century, in response the then-new availability of baling machines and the lack of significant amounts of timber or buildable sod needed to build barns and housing in the Sandhills region. Under the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Kinkaid Act of 1904, the "sod-busters" were required to develop and live on their new property for five years in order to maintain ownership; building housing was a legal requirement. The straw-bale house was first seen simply as a make-shift structure, to provide temporary lodging, until enough funds were available to pay for the shipping in of timbers, to build a "real" house. However, these homes quickly proved to be comfortable, durable, and affordable, and so became regarded as permanent housing. Over the past century they have indeed outlived many neighbouring timber-frame buildings, and a number are in continuing use today and beginning their second century.

After World War II a scattering of U.S. veterans turned to straw-bale for shelter, but modern straw-bale construction experienced a re-emergence in the late 1970s, after the 1973 energy crisis helped bring issues of real sustainability to the forefront, with first examples built primarily in the southwestern United States. Now, they are being built the world around, from northern Canada, Mongolia and post-Chernobyl Russia, to Mexico, Australia and New Zealand. Because it is based on an inexpensive and renewable so-called "agricultural waste product," with a technique relatively simple for beginners to implement, involving few synthetic chemicals and providing effective energy-conserving insulation, it continues to grow in popularity, especially with do-it-yourself-ers "owner-designer-builders" and other proponents of sustainability.

Current Perspective and Regulations
(Please help to expand this section!)

Building with straw bales is slowly but surely gaining ever wider acceptance across America, Europe and Australasia. With some charitable groups using it in poorer countries it is also beginning to appear in South America and Eastern Europe.

Government bodies are in general less hostile than you might at first expect. In many instances government bodies actively welcome sustainable building projects and straw bale building is readily recognized as a sustainable building method. Generally there is some reluctance to accept non standard 'alternative building methods by building officials. Besides adopted straw bale building codes there are now extensive resources available based on officially executed laboratory tests, studies and reports making it much easier to win them over (see the later section entitled Technical Studies, Reports and Tests for a compilation of links to such literature).

Since the initial research done in the United States to support the adopted straw bale buildings in several counties, tests have been executed in such places as Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Germany, France, Hungary and New Zealand, resulting in the adoption of either local codes or the establishment of a frame work of best practices.

Australia
Around 1996 the Standards New Zealand/Standards Australia Joint Technical Committee for Earth Building (BD-083), chaired by New Zealand architect Graeme North, decided against publishing any specific regulatory standards.

Following the conclusion of the committee, in 2001 Standards Australia published an Earth Building Handbook authored by Dr Peter Walker (University of Bath, UK) with the assistance of Stephen Dobson, David Baetge, Kevan Heathcote, Chris Howe and David Oliver.

Canada
Several researchers and government bodies in Canada, including the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Company, have been testing the abilities of straw-bale construction. They hope to develop building code to be included in the next revision of the Canadian Building Code.

Building permits can be issued for alternate building methods approved by an engineer.

New Zealand
Early European settlers used clay to make wattle and daub, sod or cob houses. Chimneys were made from tree fern trunks heavily plastered with clay. Māori began to use sod to build whare paruparu (dirt houses) takitaki (walls). The oldest known standing earth building in New Zealand was built in 1842, the two storey Pompallier House in Russell, Bay of Islands.

Today the popularity of straw bale construction is increasing, with a growing number of specialist businesses dedicated to the area. Straw bale constructions are required to meet the standard New Zealand building regulations.

Around 1996 Graeme North, Chair of the Standards New Zealand/Standards Australia Joint Technical Committee for Earth Building (BD-083), rejected an approach to enlarge the committee's work to write strawbale standards for Australasia despite the wide range of building methods that utilised both earth and straw. The rejection was based on several reasons:
 * Earth buildings rely on the binding properties of clay. Once this is absent, then you have another material and set of “rules”;
 * Strawbale was relatively recent in New Zealand and Australia and did not have a large number of local examples or performance history to draw upon;
 * There was no adequate funding available to enable them to do the work.
 * Some members of the committee had no experience or interest in strawbale.

Despite this outcome, a few years later the 'New Zealand Earth Building Standards' were published in late 1998/1999. Standards development was managed by Standards New Zealand and supported by the members of a voluntary Technical Committee. The publications are available from Standards New Zealand:
 * NZS 4297:1998 Engineering Design of Earth Buildings (Specific Design)
 * NZS 4298:1998 Incl Amendment#1 2000 Materials & Workmanship for Earth Buildings
 * NZS 4299:1998 Incl Amendment#1 1999 Earth Buildings Not Requiring specific Designs

In mid-2012, access to these three standards documents cost over NZD $300 to purchase, however they are usually easy to locate in a local library via services such as WorldCat and are not particularly long documents. The Earth Building Association of New Zealand suggests that the final document (NZS 4299:1998 Incl Amendment#1 1999 Earth Buildings Not Requiring specific Designs) may be useful for earth builders seeking a way to legally avoid dealing with certain planning expenses.

Also in 1998 the Building Research Association of New Zealand published an article entitled Guidelines For Strawbale Building In New Zealand by G. North, R. Walker, B. Gilkison, N. Crocker, A. Alcorn, T. Drupsteen in its BUILD magazine. This was apparently later republished as a 'bulletin' on straw bale building best practices, most recently updated in December 2010.

One of the authors of that paper, architect Graeme North, presented a paper entitled Strawbale Building Guidelines for Wet and Humid Climates (Such as New Zealand's) at an international conference in 2002.

For further information on local regulations and conditions, consider visiting the Earth Building Association of New Zealand.

Ireland
The Building Regulations in Ireland require you to obtain a fire certificate and with strawbale construction, this is not an easy process because there are so few straw bale buildings in Ireland (with the majority being domestic houses which do not require fire certificates). Fire Officers have no reference point and as yet are reluctant to accept that this type of construction is occuring across the world and can meet the standards set out in the Building Regulations.

title: Straw Bale Construction/Introduction


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Materials

= Materials =

Straw sources, bale dimensions and compression
Straw-bales can be made from a range of plant fibers, not only grass-family species like wheat, rye, barley, blue-grass and rice, but also flax, hemp, etc. (Bales of recycled materials like paper, pasteboard, waxed cardboard, crushed plastics, whole tires and used carpeting have also all been used or are currently being explored for building.)

Basic straw-bales are produced on farms and referred to as "field-bales". These come in a range of sizes, from small "two-string" ones 18 in (460 mm) wide, by either 14 or 16 in (350 to 400 mm) high, and 32 to 48 in (0.8 to 1.2 m) long, to three-string "commercial bales" 21 in wide, by 16 in high, by 3 to 4 ft long. These sizes range from 40 to as much as 100 pounds (18 to 45 kg).

Even larger "bulk" bales are now becoming common, 3 by 3 ft (1 by 1 m), or 3 x 4 ft (1 m by 1.2 m) by 6 ft (2 m) long and even 4 x 4 x 8 ft (1.2 by 1.2 by 2.4 m) long, weighing up to a ton, plus rolled round bales 4 to 5 ft (1.2 to 1.5 m) in diameter. All of these "economy-size" units also offer unique potential for imaginative designers.

A newer trend is the use of high-density recompressed bales, sometimes called strawblocks, offering far higher compression strength. These bales, "remade" from field bales, in massive stationary presses producing up to 1 million pounds of force (4 MN), were originally developed for cargo-container transport to over-seas markets.

But innovators soon discovered that where a wall of "conventional field bales" is able to support a roof load of 600 pounds per foot (900 kg/m), the high-density bales can support up to 3,000 to 4,500 pounds per foot (4,500 to 7,000 kg/m). This makes them particularly suited to load-bearing multi-storey or "living-roofed" designs, and they may be faced with siding, gyp-board or paneling and have cabinetry hung directly from them with long sheet-rock screws.

They are available in a range of sizes from different companies' presses but 2' long by 2' high by 18" wide might be considered "typical"; because they are bound with horizontally ties or straps, at 3" or 4" intervals vertically, they may be recut with a chain-saw at a range of heights.  They are usually used in "stacked bond", with the straws running vertically for greatest strength and tied with "re-mesh" on both sides before stucco application.

Choosing your bales

 * straw source
 * twine tightness
 * compression
 * humidity

Keeping your bales dry before building
Keeping your bales dry is extremely important. This can be a challenge, especially when building load bearing. A dry barn on site is a big advantage. Or try to negotiate to leave a trailer with bales on site for a month.

If neither of those is an option, some hints:
 * Have your bales delivered only when ready to build
 * Put a double layer of pallets under your bale pile.
 * Make multiple local piles of bales. Put those near the places where you will need bales. This will speed up construction, and thus limit the times bales are exposed.
 * Stack the bales in pyramid shape. Cover them in tarps. The pyramid shape will help rain water drain off the pile.
 * You don't expect windy rain? Then leave the bottom part of the tarp exposed. Wind will help moisture (condensation, ...) that did get to the bales dry up.

title: Straw Bale Construction/Materials


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Characteristics

=Characteristics=

The thick walls (typically 21 to 26 inches (530 mm) when stuccoed/plastered), result in deeper window and door "reveals", similar to stone and adobe buildings. Since the bales are irregular and may be shaped easily, they are readily adaptable to curved designs, and when plastered, tend toward a relaxed, imperfect texture and shape. If flat, straight walls are desired, this can be achieved, as well, by the application of more plaster.

 * 1) Acoustics
 * 2) Insulation
 * 3) Thermal mass
 * 4) Passive solar
 * 5) Availability, types and cost
 * 6) Resistance to pests
 * 7) Resistance to fire
 * 8) Structural properties
 * 9) Design and construction challenges

title: Straw Bale Construction/Characteristics


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Characteristics/Insulation

UK
Straw in steady state conditions is an unexceptional insulator in the context of insulating materials that are typically considered when designing a building envelope.

''Note: of the materials given in the table above straw is the only one that can also be used as the principle structural element. ''

Note: U = 0.2 W/m2K is a steady state target proposed in case studies for the 2013 Part L draft, the new regulations do allow dynamic methods of analysis where natural fibre insulation materials perform significantly better.

However, the first point to note is that in common with all natural fibre insulation, straw performs better under dynamic conditions. So if a typical day/night cycle is considered better in-situ performance will be recorded than would be predicted from a typical U value calculation.

The next point to consider is that straw is used in bale form and typically laid flat to maximise stability during construction. So more straw is put into the building to fascilitate the construction sequence than would be needed to provide adequate thermal performance.

Finally straw is low density and the higher density renders are thin. So thermal mass and thermal lag time are less than for a traditional masonry construction. However natural fibres interact with moisture in the air which causes a 'virtual' thermal mass effect as water vapour changes phase, this has been more thoroughly investigated in hemp-lime than straw, but is still not fully understood.

US
A carefully constructed straw-bale building has excellent thermal performance because of its combination of the bales' high insulative value and the thermal mass provided by the interior's thick plaster coating. (Read the section on thermal mass for more on the advantages of a high mass construction.)

 * A good starting point is a discussion of what R-value is, and what it is not. It is not an absolute measure of how energy efficient your building is. It is not even a perfect way of predicting the wall’s contribution to thermal comfort. It is one piece of information about the wall that, with other information, can enable you to estimate the heat loss and heat gain through the walls. R-value is the inverse of U-factor (R = 1 / U). U-factor is a measure of thermal conductance, or how easily a material (or system) allows heat to pass through it. This is how U-factor is defined (in the U.S.): the number of British thermal units that pass through one square foot of a material (or system) per hour with a one degree Fahrenheit temperature difference between the two sides of the material. Mathematically:

$$U=\left( \frac{Btu}{h \times a \times F} \right)$$

Btu = British thermal units, a = area in square feet, F = temperature fahrenheit

 * In most other countries U-factor is defined in terms of Watts per square meter per Kelvin [W/(m2*K)]. To convert metric (SI) U-factors to inch-pound (IP) U-factors multiply by 0.1761; to convert the other way, simply divide by 0.1761. To convert IP R-values to metric R-values, multiply by 5.6783.

 * When a laboratory tests a material (or system) to determine its thermal conductance or resistance, they determine the heat flow from one side to the other on the basis of measured surface temperatures and heat energy required on the warm side of the wall to maintain a steady heat flow. This provides the U-factor, which is then converted to R-value for some purposes. (Nehemiah Stone, 2003)

(the following comments are imperial R value) The theoretical R-value (thermal resistance) for a 16.5 inch (420 mm) straw bale was calculated by Joseph McCabe as 52 (RSI-9.2). This is compared with a theoretical R-value for 3.5 inch (90 mm) of fibreglass (the conventional insulation material used in home construction) of 13 (RSI-2.3). This means fibreglass has an R-value of about 3.7 per inch (RSI-0.26 per centimeter) and straw bales have about 3.2 per inch (RSI-0.22 per centimeter).

Some lab tests of straw-bale assemblies have found significantly lower R-values in practice. However, the more conservative of these results still suggests an R-value of 28 for an 18" wall, which is a significant improvement over the R-14 of an energy-efficient insulated 2x6 wall. Straw-bale experts suggest that it is possible to approach theoretical R-values by giving more attention to detailing, but this has never been documented.

 * Tests have shown a range of values from R-17 (for an 18” bale wall) to R-55 (for a 23” bale). Analysis at Oak Ridge National Lab, among other places, has shown that R-values for insulation materials used in “standard” walls are generally much higher than the R-value for the wall as an assembly of disparate materials. Joe McCabe recently postulated that the same phenomenon could account for the difference between the high values from his testing of bales and the lower values obtained in the 1998 Oak Ridge test of a straw bale wall system. While it is possible that the relatively low densities where bales abut each other might contribute to greater heat loss than would be measured through an individual bale, it is unlikely that this would account for the entire difference. This difference between bales and bale walls is similar to the difference between standard insulation and what is found in stud framed walls (insulation voids, thermal bridges, uninsulated headers, and other faults).

 * It is noteworthy that all tests of straw bale wall systems prior to the Oak Ridge test in 1998 had potentially significant shortcomings and should not be considered particularly reliable. The last Oak Ridge test had no identified deficiencies and is considered by most to be an accurate determination of the thermal resistance of straw bale walls. ORNL determined the R-value to be R-27.5 (or R-1.45/inch), or R-33 for three string (23”) bale wall systems. Shaving a bit off the top just for conservatism's sake, the California Energy Commission officially regards a plastered straw bale wall to have an R-value of 30.


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Characteristics/Thermal mass

Thermal mass
The interior plaster on a straw bale wall works as an excellent thermal mass on a diurnal cycle.

Thermal mass reduces temperature swings due to daytime warming and night time cooling, by absorbing and then gradually releasing heat. This can result in a direct reduction in the need for fuel or electricity to regulate temperature, and indirectly in savings through lifestyle adjustments: occupants of a moderate environment, with only gradual temperature swings, are less likely to use artificial heating and cooling. This is most easily achieved at high desert altitudes where a clear sky contributes to both warm days (solar gain) and cool nights (nighttime cooling), but the principle still works in other climates as well.


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Characteristics/Passive solar

Thermal mass
(Please help expand this section, specifically adding comparative)

Straw bale like all other organic insulation materials are better able to buffer heat than inorganic insulation. Basically this improves thermal comfort within a building, exterior temperature swings are delayed and damped. Having thermal mass is the difference between the interior comfort experienced within a catherderal or in a corrugated shed, either in the summer or winter. The fact that a straw bale wall should be plastered on innner and outer surfaces greatly enhances the heat buffering effect by substantially adding to the thermal mass of the building.

The combination of insulation with sufficient thermal mass creates the high level of comfort experienced in most straw bale buildings. Adding extra thermal mass by even thicker plaster layers on inner surfaces encounters the effects of diminishing returns. Doubling the thickness over 35mm (which seams to be the optimum) increases comfort by an insignificant amount. Depending on the location overheating can take place if there is too much equator facing glass. This can be combatted by adding extra thermal mass. Shading though is far more effective but correctly dimensioning the amount of glasing is even better as it saves the heat loss through the glasing at night or overcast days.

(Passive Solar should be moved to a more appropriate section)

Passive solar refers to buildings designed to maximise the heating and cooling effects of the environment around them. They are called passive because there are none (or few) parts of the design that require energy to operate. The most common technique for passively taking advantage of the environment is maximising solar gain by exposing interior surfaces to the suns warmth and then designing the building to best contain that warmth. At the other end of the scale, where climates are hot and passive cooling is what's needed, one technique is using rising warm air to draw basement cooled air up through a building.

Any building taking advantage of passive solar gain must have well insulated interior surfaces which are exposed to sunlight and have enough mass to store daytime heat and release it at night. How suited a straw bale house is to taking advantage of solar gain depends on the mass (think of thickness) of the inside plaster coating, though some maintain that straw bale constructions are inherently unsuitable for passive solar gain (although the article seems to neglect the surface plaster). It should be stressed that straw bale homes are not inherently good for passive solar gain, they need to be designed to make use of it, it doesn't just happen. The same is true of any building material or system.

Following are the basic features that distinguish straw bale buildings designed to maximise passive (think of free and sustainable) heating and cooling:

 * Limited exterior wall surface with high insulation.
 * Equator-facing, East and West Roof overhangs correctly sized to block the summer sun (angle) and still allow the lower winter sun angle to provide heating of interior thermal mass.
 * Passive preheating/precooling of external air by drawing through cellers, porches, glass houses and heat exchangers.

Features specific to cold climates
 * Large (super insulated low-e) glass surfaces with high orientation for maximum sun exposure of the buildings interior. In strawbale buildings the inside plastered surface of the bales is a great surface for collecting sunlights heat and radiating it slowly back to the inside space. See also w:Solar_gain:solar gain.
 * Superinsulated doors, windows and frames. Glazing with low-emissivity glass coatings facing outwards
 * Position doors for minimum wind exposure, preferably with an enclosed porch.
 * External postbox, not an in-door hole.
 * Building envelope air-tightness (see below).
 * For extra winter heating the focus is on renewable fuels (plant oils/ charcoal and wood) or sun heated systems (solar collectors or heat pumps).

Features specific to hot climates
 * Glass openings (and leisure areas) need to be protected from radiated heat from surrounding object like sun baked sand or earth, outside planting can greatly reduce radiated ground heat.
 * Shading and orientation to avoid sun exposure, especially to the buildings interior.
 * Position windows where they can make the most efficient use of prevailing wind for cooling and ventilation.

One common source of confusion when talking about 'passive' construction is the term 'breath' which is more accurately known as “vapor permeability”. People talk about straw bale walls breathing, but this has nothing to do with air moving through the wall, it's about moisture moving through the wall. Really it is better to refer to it as moisture permiability. In this way walls that can transport odour filled moisture to the outside contribute to a high air quality, without air moving through the wall.


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Characteristics/Availability types and cost

Availability
Straw is an agricultural waste product, a by-product of grain harvesting. Many different kinds of straw are baled and can be used for construction. Straw is widely available, and is generally an abundant, renewable resource. Relatively little energy is consumed in harvesting, baling and transporting bales to a building site. In bulk, straw bales are generally sold for close to the cost of baling and transport. Farmers will sometimes sell bales for under cost in order to clear storage sheds prior to a harvest.

In most regions, straw is baled only once each year, and so must kept dry and stored for use at other times of the year. Straw production and demand is relatively constant, however high demand for bales used for erosion control following forest fires can create a temporary shortage of bales.

Types
Bales are rectangular compressed blocks of straw, bound by strings or wires. Straw bales come in all shapes and sizes. Rectangular bales are the only bales suitable for building. The round bales that are now becoming popular require re-bailing before use but this is not recommended. Three string bales (585x405x1070 mm) common in western USA have an average weight of 29 kg. The two string bales (460x350-450x960 mm) which are common in the rest of USA and most of the world are easier to handle and have a weight ranging from 15 to 19 kg.

Besides these traditionally sized bales, big jumbo bales are also becoming popular. There are basically two sizes in use. The real jumbo is 1200x760x2400 mm and the mini-jumbo is 800mm wide and available in various lengths and heights depending on the bailing machine used. The jumbo bales are appropriate for bigger industrial buildings where they show definite advantages due to their high load carrying capacity of up to 300 KG/bale for the 1200mm wide variety. Only machine handling is possible due to their weight. Greater stability and the bigger size of Jumbo bales compared to the conventional bales favors rapid and easy construction.

Cost
Small bales range in price from 1.50 USD per bale to 6USD per bale. Prices go up rapidly when you take into account transportation. Jumbo bales, including transportation, range in cost from 15USD to 30USD per bale. This depends upon when you purchase the bales, how far they need to be transported, and type of bale - whether it's wheat straw, flax straw, or rice straw. Different "waste" products have different values for farmers and some are less usable than others for agricultural purposes.

The best way to get an idea of prices in your area is to look in the Worldwide organisations and contacts section of this book. Of course if you find some useful information, come back and add it to this page.


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Characteristics/Resistance to pests

Resistance to pests
Straw bales are thick and dense enough to keep out many kinds of pests. As well, the outer layer of plaster makes them unattractive or impenetrable to animals and insects. Finally, because straw contains little nutrient value to most animals and insects, it does not attract pests.

Termites like moist damp conditions. While a wall is kept dry, there is little danger termites would have any interest. When termites do manage to enter a wall, they tend to bypass the straw and attack any wooden studs.

In North America, termites attacked straw bale houses only very rarely.


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Characteristics/Resistance to fire

Resistance to fire
Although loose straw is quite flammable, once packed into a bale it is too dense to allow enough air for combustion. By analogy, it is easy to light a single piece of paper on fire, but difficult and time consuming to burn an entire phone book. In construction it is critical to have, at a minimum, a parge coat of plaster on all surfaces of the wall. Parge coating the wall involves troweling on a thin coating of mortar and brushing it smooth.

Typical failure of straw-bale homes involves frame walls set against straw-bale walls without a parge coat. A spark from an electrical short or an error by a plumber ignites the hair-like fuzz on the exposed bale. The flame spreads upward and sets the wood framing on fire causing the wood framing to burn. The typical fire results in little fire damage to bales, but extensive water damage due to the fire suppression activities.

The ASTM E-119 fire resistance test for plastered straw-bale wall assemblies in 1993 passed for a 2 hour fire-wall assembly. In this test a gas flame blows on one side of the wall at approximately 2000 degree Fahrenheit (1100 degrees Celsius) while the temperature of the other side of the wall is continuously measured. The results of this test had no burn-through and a maximum temperature rise of 60 degrees Fahrenheit (33.3 degrees Celsius).


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Characteristics/Structural properties

Limits to structural strength
Load-bearing straw-bale walls are typically used only in single-storey or occasionally double-storey structures. A dug foundation (basement) is uncommon.

An all-straw vaulted building was designed and built in Joshua Tree, California, and greatly exceeded the structural requirements for this highly active seismic zone.

Post and beam straw-bale structures have been used for buildings as large as 14,000 square feet (1,300 m²) and even for a United States Post Office, in Corrales, NM.

UK Structural Design of Loadbearing Straw Bale Buildings
In the UK there are currently two main ways of building with straw: onsite or prefabricated. In both cases the straw is covered by an earth or lime render, note NEVER a cement render!

In the UK the recommended minimum density for a straw bale is 110kg/m^3 this is to ensure a good bond between the straw and render by improving the dimensional stability of the straw.

The below is based on the Natural Building Materials lecture series given at the University of Bath (BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials)

Traditional Construction
Vertical Load Capacity

Current practise is to ignore the strength of the straw and only consider the strength of the render. Recent testing at the University of Bath has shown that the render more than any other variable affects strength and stiffness.

Consider a typical wall section for a one-storey building that uses standard two string bales laid flat (450mm) and 35mm render internally and externally. A timber base and header plate are positioned to ensure uniform load distribution.

Assume that there is sufficient composite behaviour that the render will be restrained from buckling by the straw, the wall is plumb and the load is concentric.

Area of render = 2 × 35 × 1000 = 70×10^3 mm^2 per m run of wall

So even a low strength mortar σc = 0.5 N/mm^2

Gives a theoretical allowable force, F = A × σc = 35kN per m run of wall

However it is unlikely that a wall will ever be built plumb so a practical limit of 10kN/m run is applied. Addional checks should be done if the wall is to be eccentrically loaded as this will result in unequal load share between the internal and external renders.

Lateral Load Capacity

Once again the strength of the straw is ignored and composite behaviour is assumed. Failure is taken to be when the render cracks and leaves the straw vulnerable.

Calculate the second moment of area, I = 2[b(t^3)/12 + bt(d^2)] (from parallel axis theorem)

Calculate the section modulus, z = I/y (y is distance from centroid to extreme edge)

Moment resistance of the wall is given by, M = z × σb (σb of render, ignore straw)

Rearrange M = w(l^2)/8 for w to find failure load.

Racking Resistance

Straw constructions that are one or two storeys high generally do not have racking issues providing the walls are continuous and window openings are restricted to 50% of the wall area.

Prefabricated
The main supplier of prefabricated straw bale units in the UK is Modcell. The panels are made near to site in a flying factory, allowing the use of local straw which minimises embodied carbon due to transportation. The frame is machine cut glulam with steel corner bracing to improve racking resistance. These can be load bearing up to three storeys or used non-structurally as cladding panels.


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Characteristics/Design and construction challenges

Design and construction challenges
Straw-bale construction is still considered experimental in many jurisdictions. Building codes may not include it, local authorities may not recognise it, and most contractors will probably not be experienced in its use.

Straw-bale buildings must be carefully designed to eliminate the possibility of moisture entering the walls, especially from above. Successful designs often incorporate roof overhangs that are wider than normal and roof shapes and detailing that minimise the risk of water splashing against walls.

Because straw-bale walls are much thicker than normal walls, there is sometimes a compromise between the size of the building's footprint and the amount of living space.


text:
Straw Bale Construction/Resources/Internet

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 * Voluntary simplicity
 * Sustainable living
 * Appropriate technology
 * Self-sufficiency
 * Ecological footprint
 * Energy conservation

Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection

 * Carpentry


text:
Talk:The Voynich Manuscript/Page-by-page commentary

This page contains information added to wikibooks by RZ, Jguk 11:20, 24 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
The Voynich Manuscript/Page-by-page commentary

Quire 1
Structurally, the Voynich Manuscript is divided into quires - each quire comprises a set of about four bifolios folded down the middle, stitched along the gutter.

Here, then, is a schematic diagram of Quire 1, with clickable links to each of its 16 pages:-

/-- ../F1r//../F1v/    A1      ! / ../F2r//../F2v/     A1      ! ! /-- ../F3r//../F3v/    A1      ! ! ! / ../F4r//../F4v/    A1      A A A A      ! ! ! \ ../F5r//../F5v/    A1      ! ! \-- ../F6r//../F6v/    A1      ! \ ../F7r//../F7v/     A1      \-- ../F8r//../F8v/     A1

Quire 2
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 2, with clickable links to each of its 16 (original) pages:-

/-- ../F9r/ /../F9v/   A1      ! / ../F10r//../F10v/   A1      ! ! /-- ../F11r//../F11v/  A1      ! ! ! /--....  ../F12r//../F12v/   (missing!) A A A A     ! ! ! \ ../F13r//../F13v/  A1      ! ! \-- ../F14r//../F14v/  A1      ! \ ../F15r//../F15v/   A1      \-- ../F16r//../F16v/   A1

Quire 3
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 3, with clickable links to each of its 16 pages:-

/-- ../F17r//../F17v/    A1      ! / ../F18r//../F18v/     A1      ! ! /-- ../F19r//../F19v/    A1      ! ! ! / ../F20r/]/[[../F20v/    A1      A A A A      ! ! ! \ ../F21r//../F21v/     A1      ! ! \-- ../F22r//../F22v/     A1      ! \ ../F23r//../F23v/     A1      \-- ../F24r//../F24v/     A1

Quire 4
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 4, with clickable links to each of its 16 pages:-

/-- ../F25r//../F25v/    A1      ! / ../F26r//../F26v/     B2      ! ! /-- ../F27r//../F27v/    A1      ! ! ! / ../F28r//../F28v/    A1      A B A A      ! ! ! \ ../F29r//../F29v/    A1      ! ! \-- ../F30r//../F30v/    A1      ! \ ../F31r//../F31v/     B2      \-- ../F32r//../F32v/     A1

Quire 5
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 5, with clickable links to each of its 16 pages:-

/-- ../F33r//../F33v/    B2      ! / ../F34r//../F34v/     B2      ! ! /-- ../F35r//../F35v/    A1      ! ! ! / ../F36r//../F36v/    A1      B B A A      ! ! ! \ ../F37r//../F37v/    A1      ! ! \-- ../F38r//../F38v/    A1      ! \ ../F39r//../F39v/     B2      \-- ../F40r//../F40v/     B2

Quire 6
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 6, with clickable links to each of its 16 pages:-

/-- ../F41r//../F41v/    B2      ! / ../F42r//../F42v/     A1      ! ! /-- ../F43r//../F43v/    B2      ! ! ! / ../F44r//../F44v/    A1      B A B A      ! ! ! \ ../F45r//../F45v/    A1      ! ! \-- ../F46r//../F46v/    B2      ! \ ../F47r//../F47v/     A1      \-- ../F48r//../F48v/     B2

Quire 7
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 7, with clickable links to each of its 16 pages:-

/-- ../F49r//../F49v/    A1      ! / ../F50r//../F50v/     B2      ! ! /-- ../F51r//../F51v/    A1      ! ! ! / ../F52r//../F52v/    A1      A B A A      ! ! ! \ ../F53r//../F53v/    A1      ! ! \-- ../F54r//../F54v/    A1      ! \ ../F55r//../F55v/     B2      \-- ../F56r//../F56v/     A1

Quire 8
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 8, with clickable links to each of its 8 remaining pages (originally probably 20):-

/ ../F57r//../F57v/    B2    ! /-- ../F58r//../F58v/     A    ! ! /--......(059)  (missing!) ! ! ! /......(060)  (missing!) ! ! ! ! /--......(061)  (missing!) B A ! ! !   ! ! ! ! \--......(062)   (missing!) ! ! ! \......(063)  (missing!) ! ! \--......(064)  (missing!) ! \-- ../F65r//../F65v/ \ ../F66r//../F66v/    B

Quire 9
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 9, with clickable links to each of its pages. The two folios fold out to 10 pages altogether:-

/---+--   ../F67r1//../F67r2/ / ../F67v2//../F67v1/ !     \---+--+-- ../F68r1//../F68r2//../F68r3/ / ../F68v3//../F68v2//../F68v1/

Quire 10
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 10, with clickable links to each of its pages. The two folios fold out to 6 pages altogether:-

/--   ../F69r//../F69v/ !     \+ ../F70r1//../F70r2/ / ../F70v2//../F70v1/

Quire 11
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 11, with clickable links to each of its pages. The two folios fold out to 8 pages altogether:-

/     ../F71r//../F71v/ !     \---+--+-- ../F72r1//../F72r2//../F72r3/ / ../F72v3//../F72v2//../F72v1/

Quire 12
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 12, with clickable links to its 2 remaining pages:-

/ ../F73r//../F73v/ !     \--...... (074)    (missing!)

Quire 13
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 13, with clickable links to each of its 20 pages:-

/ ../F75r//../F75v/    B2      ! /-- ../F76r//../F76v/     B2      ! ! / ../F77r//../F77v/    B2      ! ! ! /-- ../F78r//../F78v/    B2      ! ! ! ! / ../F79r//../F79v/    B2      B B B B B      ! ! ! ! \ ../F80r//../F80v/    B2      ! ! ! \-- ../F81r//../F81v/    B2      ! ! \ ../F82r//../F82v/    B2      ! \-- ../F83r//../F83v/     B2      \ ../F84r//../F84v/     B2

Quire 14
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 14, with clickable links to its pages. It consists of a single multiple-folded leaf consisting of a complicated 9-rosettes drawing on one side, and 6 individual pages on the other:-

/--   ../F85r1//../F85r2/ !     \+ ../F86v4//../F86v6//../F86v5//../F86v3/

---     !  +  !     Rosettes ---

Quire 15
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 15, with clickable links to each of its pages. The four folios fold out to 12 pages altogether:-

/--    F87r//../F87v/     A4      ! /     ../F88r//../F88v/     A4      A A      ! \---+ ../F89r1//../F89r2/ / ../F89v2//../F89v1/     A      \-+ ../F90r1//../F90r2/ / ../F90v2//../F90v1/     A

Quire 16
Despite this quire's absence, it almost certainly contains (if the folio numbering system is consistent with the quire numbering system) folios 91 and 92 (i.e. probably a single bifolio).

Quire 17
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 17, with clickable links to each of its pages. The four folios fold out to 10 pages altogether:-

/--    ../F93r//../F93v/     A4      ! /     ../F94r//../F94v/     B5      A B      ! \---+ ../F95r1//../F95r2/ / ../F95v2//../F95v1/     B5      \--     ../F96r//../F96v/     A4

Quire 18
Despite this quire's absence, it almost certainly contains (if the folio numbering system is consistent with the quire numbering system) folios 97 and 98 (i.e. probably a single bifolio).

Quire 19
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 19, with clickable links to each of its pages. The four folios fold out to 12 pages altogether:-

/--    ../F99r/ /../F99v/      A4? ! /    ../F100r//../F100v/     A4? A A     ! \---+ ../F101r1//../F101r2/ / ../F101v2//../F101v1/     A4? \-+ ../F102r1//../F102r2/ / ../F102v2//../F102v1/    A

Quire 20
Here is a schematic diagram of Quire 20, with clickable links to each of its remaining 24 pages:-

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Cookbook:Pepes Ikan (Indonesian Steamed Fish)

| Cuisine of Indonesia

Pepes is cooking method of steaming the ingredients (fish, chicken, tofu, or mushroom) wrapped in banana leaves until it becomes tender, then grilling the packets. In this recipe any fresh water fish or salt water fish can be used as substitute. In restaurants serving West Java cuisine, where Ikan Pepes is always on the menu, the use of carp fish is very common.

Spice paste

 * 2 cloves garlic
 * 4 shallot
 * 2 cm fresh ginger
 * 2 cm fresh turmeric
 * 50 g fresh chile pepper
 * 5 candlenut
 * 5 g tamarind
 * ½ tsp salt
 * 25 ml water

Assembly

 * 1 kg whole fish (carp or snapper)
 * 1 chopped tomato
 * 1 stalk green onion
 * 1 stalk lemongrass
 * 5 salam leaves
 * 50 g kemangi leaves (sweet basil; optional)
 * Salt
 * 1 tsp sugar
 * 2 tbsp salad oil
 * Banana leaves or aluminum foil to wrap

Procedure

 * 1) Grind together all the ingredients for the spice paste.
 * 2) Scale and clean the fish. Take out the intestines but not the eggs.
 * 3) Make three diagonal slashes on each side of the fish for spice paste flavor to immerse.
 * 4) Marinate the fish with salt and tamarind for 15 minutes then wash the fish with a bowl of water to remove excess salt.
 * 5) Add cooking oil to the spice-paste, mix.
 * 6) Coat fish with spice paste.
 * 7) Put kemangi leaves, salam leaves and sliced lemon grass for the flavor.
 * 8) Wrap the fish in banana leaves or aluminum foil.
 * 9) Steam over medium heat for 30 minutes. Use pressure cooker for faster cooking time and better taste.
 * 10) Let it cool and grill the wrapped fish over charcoal fire.


text:
The Future of Feedback

Primary Contributors: Douglas B. and Dwight W. Allen

=iFeedback: The Future of Feedback=

Why iFeedback

 * Accelerating and continuous change
 * Globalization
 * Teamwork and collaboration
 * Necessary for learning
 * Empowered individuals are more productive
 * Flattened organizations
 * Trust

Follow-on
Speed and flexibility

Principles of Effective Feedback

 * All learning is based on feedback and encouragement
 * Attention is the prerequisite
 * The importance of both intentional and non-intentional learning
 * Incidental learning
 * Serendipitous learning
 * Unexpected learning
 * Fortuitous learning
 * Service learning
 * Professional expertise
 * Just in time learning
 * Learning on demand
 * Secrets of 2+2

Common Shortcomings of Traditional Feedback Tools

 * Feared
 * Ineffective
 * Not timely
 * Laundry list
 * Generic, without useful detail
 * Little or no built-in follow-up or consequence
 * Not prioritized

Making Feedback a Habit

 * Overcoming fear of feedback
 * Learning to crave feedback
 * Understanding the value of real-time feedback
 * Learning to give successful feedback

2+2: An example of real-time feedback

 * The five secrets
 * Balanced
 * Timely
 * Focused
 * Specific
 * Follow-up

The Foundations of iFeedback

 * Data Entry
 * Digital Data
 * On-line Editing
 * Data Retrieval
 * Search Engines
 * Information Management
 * Information Access
 * Knowledge Generation
 * Assessment
 * Change

iLoops: Iterative Knowledge

 * Software version updates
 * Literary themes and plots
 * Movie remakes
 * Renovate and rebuild
 * Hybrids
 * Art and architecture styles
 * Open source
 * Wikis

iRoadblocks

 * Recognition and ownership
 * Fair compensation
 * Corruption and appropriation
 * Secrecy and proprietary rights
 * Confidentiality and privacy
 * Legal issues
 * Time
 * Access to technology
 * Confusion and messiness
 * Lack of stability
 * Compatibility
 * Keeping up and retraining

Next Steps

 * Embracing new technologies
 * Individual attitudes and skills
 * Management and administrative skills and attitudes
 * Organization change and development
 * Access to tools

title: The Future of Feedback