text:
NVIDIA/Stereo

[From gmpf.de retrieved via google cache]

Stereoscopy (or stereo for short) is a way of running 3D applications in true stereo so when viewed correctly appear to have depth.

What is needed for Stereo
The following are required to use stereo with a NVIDIA graphics card, other cards also support stereo such as the ATi and should have similar requirements and similar steps to get it going.

 * a Nvidia Quadro card with QuadBuffered Stereo support (all current ones except NVS range). Note that NVIDIA mention using page flipped stereo with normal GeForce cards using a special driver, but this driver is for Windows only.
 * Some type of Stereo display, for example
 * High refresh rate (100-120hz) screen such as a CRT monitor or DLP projector and some shutter glasses
 * an autostereo screen
 * two projectors with 100% overlap with different polarising filters and polarised glasses.
 * a stereo headset with one screen for each eye
 * In some cases a converter to provide a 3pin stereo DIN output if your card does not have one.

Basic Setup
To configure the type of stereo you will use, you will need to set the "Stereo" option. The format of this option is: Option "Stereo" "integer" and its values can be:
 * 1 - DDC stereo, for signalling on the DDC line
 * 2 - Blue line stereo, signalling via a varying length blue line at the bottom of the screen (This option can be used, it seems, with the Stereo Graphics StereoEnabler
 * 3 - On-board stereo output with 3-pin connector for direct connection to shutter glasses.
 * 4 - TwinView stereo (passive, one eye per screen, typically used with two projectors setup with polarising filters in front of them)

Options 1 and 2 require a converter box added to the video card's video output to convert the video signal into a form that the shutter glasses can understand, these options are useful if your card doesn't have 3-pin mini-din output. For example, the Elsa Revelator shutterglasses (Option "Stereo" 1) comes with a adapter that connects to the VGA card at one side and to the monitor cable and a 3-pin mini-DIN socket for the cable of the glasses (or the emitter) to the other side.

For active stereo you will need a high refresh rate, the default one (typically 85hz) will be too low for comfortable viewing of stereo. To do this, you will need to get the following specifications of your monitor, in particular:

 * Vertical Sync range (vsync)
 * Horizontal Sync range (hsync)
 * Maxiumum Pixel Clock (pclk)

Use these values to configure the HorizSync and VertRefresh configuration settings and if we are using TwinView the SecondMonitorHorizSync and SecondMonitorVertRefresh Options in your XF86Config-4 file. Once we have set these up we are ready to create our custom modeline(s). To do this we can use the gtf utility, for example to create a ModeLine for 1024×768@120 Hz we do the following:

gtf 1024 768 120

# 1024x768 @ 120.00 Hz (GTF) hsync: 98.76 kHz; pclk: 139.05 MHz Modeline "1024x768_120.00" 139.05  1024 1104 1216 1408  768 769 772 823  -HSync +Vsync

If for example your monitor has a horizontal sync range of 50-121 kHz, this would be below the maximum specification supported by the monitor, we can increase the refresh rate until we reach the maximum specifications so that we get a better flicker free image; e.g.

gtf 1024 768 144

# 1024x768 @ 144.00 Hz (GTF) hsync: 120.24 kHz; pclk: 169.30 MHz Modeline "1024x768_144.00" 169.30  1024 1104 1216 1408  768 769 772 835  -HSync +Vsync

alternatively we could increase the resolution keeping the refresh rate the same:

gtf 1152 864 120

# 1152x864 @ 120.00 Hz (GTF) hsync: 111.12 kHz; pclk: 176.01 MHz Modeline "1152x864_120.00" 176.01  1152 1240 1368 1584  864 865 868 926  -HSync +Vsync

When you have finished put the line into your XF86Config-4 file, and update the Modes config option of your Display Section e.g.

Subsection "Display" Depth      24 Modes      "1152x864_120.00" EndSubsection

or if you're using TwinView...

Option "MetaModes" "1152x864_120.00,1152x864_120.00"

in your screen section. Once you have set this all up logout and restart the X server with Crtl-Alt-Backspace. You should now be running at your new refresh rate with stereo enabled. There are several ways to check the refresh rate:  On screen dialogs on your monitor may tell you  The xvidtune command  The xrandr command

  Now you'll want to check that the stereo is working, to do this I suggest getting the "pulsar" program. Compile it like this (you will need GLUT or freeglut installed)

gcc -lglut -lGL -lm -lGLU -lX11 -lXmu -lXi -lXext -L/usr/X11R6/lib pulsar.c -o pulsar then run it ./pulsar -s and if it works your done.

TwinView
There are no extra configuration options needed to setup [NVIDIA/TwinView] to use stereo, however a number of conditions must be met for this to work

 * Both monitors must be running at with the same mode (see "ENSURING IDENTICAL MODE TIMINGS" section of the README for details.
 * You are not using version 66.29 of the drivers as this feature appears to be broken that version, it is fixed in version 71.74
 * Neither monitor is detected as a DFP.

Related Options

 * "AllowDFPStereo" By default stereo is disabled for displays detected as Digital Flatpanels (DFPs i.e. LCD monitors), setting this to yes re-enables it.

Hardware suppliers

 * HoloVis International
 * Inition
 * NuVision
 * StereoGraphics
 * Virtalis

Related Links

 * Software-based Genlock for Active Stereo NVIDIA Cards - Cheaper alternative to "G" cards?

 * VRizer - Run non stereo enabled applications in stereo

title: NVIDIA/Stereo


text:
Talk:A-level English/Wise Children

Untitled
It's nice to see that the wikibook is coming along at a steady pace.

Thanks for this useful resource regarding Wise Children. As a student currently studying this novel for AS, I've frequently come back to this website for references and ideas! So, again, thanks - and keep it up!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:A-level English/Wise Children


text:
User:AndyGeers

"For God so loved the world that he sent his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have everlasting life" (John 3:16, The Bible)

http://www.geero.net

title: User:AndyGeers


text:
User:Wyatt Riot

I'm Wyatt Edwards, perpetual newbie.

My hobbies include role-playing games (usually Dungeons & Dragons), listening to and playing music (metal and punk, mostly), and reading and thinking about all kinds of geeky things.

More about me than you could possibly want to know can be found via:

 * Homepage
 * MySpace

I was saved by the Invisible Pink Unicorn (Blessed Be Her Holy Hooves). Ask me how!

title: User:Wyatt Riot


text:
Talk:Mac OS X Tiger/Meet the Applications/Calculator

=To-Do List=
 * 1) Write feature list for Programmer calculator.
 * 2) Convert the three feature lists into in-depth manuals.
 * 3) Add screenshots of each calculator, paper tape.
 * 4) Condense, expand, refacor, polish, etc.


text:
User:Eukesh

This is Eukesh from Kathmandu.

My wikipedia

 * My Contributions and Edits
 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:युकेश
 * http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh
 * http://is.wiktionary.org/wiki/Notandi:Eukesh

title: User:Eukesh


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Nepal Bhasa

What writing system(s) does this language use?
Nepal Bhasa, also known as Newari, uses Devnagari, Ranjana, Prachalit, Brahmi, Bhunjigol, Golmol and a variety of other writing systems

How many people speak this language?
Nepal Bhasa is spoken by approximately 1,000,000 people around the world.

Where is this language spoken?
Nepal Bhasa is mostly spoken in Nepal. It is also spoken in parts of India, Bhutan and Tibet.

What is the history of this language?
This language developed from a mixture of a lot of Sino-Tibetan and Indo-Aryan languages.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
Siddhadas Mahaju, Chhitadhar "Hridaya" etc.

What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?

 * Namaskar means "hello"
 * Baaye mean "good bye"
 * Mero Naam means "my name"
 * Swagat means "welcome"
 * Dhanyawaad means "Thank you"
 * Maya means "love"

To introduce yourself you would say: "Namaskar, Mero Naam" your name "kha"

If you are saying hello to your friend you would say: "Namaste, Namaskar"

What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?
"He maakka"

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Nepal Bhasa


text:
User talk:Esoltas~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Esoltas. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Esoltas~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:56, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Esoltas~enwikibooks


text:
User:FrankLambert

Frank L. Lambert graduated with honors from Harvard University and received the doctorate in chemistry from the University of Chicago. After military service and industrial research and development, he joined the faculty of Occidental College in Los Angeles. His primary concern was teaching and his most important publication in the field, that few professors seem to have read until recently, urged the abandonment of the traditional lecture system in chemistry. ("Why lecture -- since Gutenberg? Aren't textbooks available now?")

For many years he taught "Enfolding Entropy", a course for non-science majors. His research in the polarography of halogen compounds was designed for undergraduate collaboration and all but one of his scientific articles prior to his retirement were published with student co-authors.

Professor emeritus from Occidental College, he became the first scientific advisor to the J. Paul Getty Museum. He continued to be a consultant to the Getty Conservation Institute when it was founded and as it grew to have a staff of 14 scientists. In the last decade he has also been concerned with improving the teaching of thermodynamics to first-year university students and making the concepts more understandable to non-scientists as well.

His articles in the Journal of Chemical Education have resulted in the removal of misleading ideas (such as shuffled cards or messy dorm rooms being examples of entropy increase) from all but one US general chemistry text. As of April 2006, some 15 university chemistry textbooks have deleted the unscientific concept "entropy is disorder" from their thermodynamics chapters because of these publications by Professor Lambert.

His five Web sites (http://www.entropysite.com as the master site, with links, articles and supplements) emphasize the concepts surrounding the second law rather than equations and calculations. They had more than 510,000 readers (from some 2 million 'hits') in 2005.

title: User:FrankLambert


text:
User:Shikai shaw/monobook.js

document.writeln( '<' +  '/script>');

title: User:Shikai shaw/monobook.js


text:
A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Processing and Programming Techniques/Machine Operation and Assembly Language

Machine Code
Machine code is a binary programming language and is the form most easily processed by a CPU. Each line of code contains an operator (a binary representation of an instruction) and an operand (the data to be opererated on by the given instruction).

Assembly Language Instructions
Assembly language is an intermediate stage between machine code and high-level language and can usually be converted to machine code by a direct translation. Like machine code, an assembly language instruction contains an operator and one or more operands.

The exact range of instructions available to a processor will vary for each processor. However there are four different types of instructions available to any given processor:

Data Transfer Instructions
Data transfer instructions are used to move data between registers and between registers and main memory.

Arithmetic Instructions
Arithmetic instructions can be used to perform arithmetic functions on the contents of the registers. Some processors allow a range of arithmetic instructions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and incrementation. Some others only allow addition and subtraction.

Logic Instructions
Logic instructions can be used to perform logic functions on the contents of the registers. Some examples of logic instructions are; and, or, xor and not. These can be useful when masking numbers, for instance converting from ASCII to binary representation of numbers or converting from higher to lower case ASCII.

AND
Only when there is the comparison of two 1s is the answer one.

$$\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ - & - & - & - & - & - \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}$$

OR
Only when there are one or more 1s in a comparison is the answer one.

$$\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ - & - & - & - & - & - \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{matrix}$$

XOR
or EOR (Exclusive OR / eXclusive OR) Only when there is exactly one 1 in a comparison is the answer one.

$$\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ - & - & - & - & - & - \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{matrix}$$

NOT
Flip the 1s to 0s and the 0s to 1s. Useful for Two's Complement.

$$\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ - & - & - & - & - & - \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix}$$

Masking
Example of conversion from ASCII to binary representation of a number: The ASCII representation of the denary number 3 is $$0011\ 0011$$ The binary representation is $$0000\ 0011$$ So to convert from ASCII to binary we need to mask out the first four bits of the binary representation and maintain the last four bits. There are several ways to do this. AND solution $$\begin{matrix} ASCII & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ mask & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ binary & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \end{matrix}$$ Note that we have set the last four bits to 1, try converting another ASCII number and see if this mask works for all of them? XOR solution $$\begin{matrix} ASCII & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ mask & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ binary & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \end{matrix}$$ Note that we only set the two bits different between the ASCII and binary to 1. Try this mask for other ASCII numbers

Rules of Thumb AND, if you want to keep a part of a number, AND 1 with it. If you want to blank out part of a number, AND 0 with it. OR, if you want to keep a part of a number, OR 0 with it. If you want to set part of a number, OR 1 with it. XOR, if you want to keep a part of a number, XOR 0 with it. If you change a one to a zero XOR a 1 with it.

Dealing with don't care
The exam may ask you questions where you have to build a mask for a particular number, checking for ones and zeros as well as ignoring contents of certain cells. Below is a quick crib table (X = don't care about the input)

AND $$\begin{matrix} desired\;input & 0 & 1 & X \\ mask & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ - & - & - & - \\ result & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{matrix}$$

If you place any other input into the equation other than the desired input the result will come out incorrect. You can now compare this with the number $$0 1 0$$ and if equal then you know the correct input was received.

OR $$\begin{matrix} desired\;input & 0 & 1 & X \\ mask & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ - & - & - & - \\ result & 0 & 1 & 1 \end{matrix}$$

If you place any other input into the equation other than the desired input the result will come out incorrect. You can now compare this with the number $$0 1 0$$ and if equal then you know the correct input was received.

Example in assembly

You are allowed to input the following number only $$0 X 1$$, write some assembly language to check that this works correctly.

AND 1 0 1 CMP 0 0 1 BEQ label

Try writing the OR version of the above code.

Shift Operations
If you look at the binary representations of the following numbers you will notice something peculiar:

0001 = 1 0010 = 2 0100 = 4 1000 = 8

Each time we shift the number one space to the left, the value of the number doubles. This doesn't only work for one bit, take a look at this more complicated example.

0001 0101 = 21 0010 1010 = 42

Again, one shift to the left and the number has doubled. On the other hand, one shift to the right halves the value.

Computers are notoriously bad at doing multiplication and division, it takes lots of CPU time and can really slow your code down. To try and get past this problem computers can shift the values in registers and as long as multiplication or division is by powers of 2, then the CPU time is reduced as the action takes only one line of Machine Code. There are three main types of shifts that processors can perform:

Logical Shift
Shifting either left or right, you add a 0 on the empty end.

Arithmetic Shift
You maintain the sign bit of the number being shifted. Generally only shifts right

Please note the Logical shift example is also an example of an arithmetic shift as the sign remains the same

Circular Shift
The bit that is pushed off one end appears on the other

Test and Branch Instructions
Test and branch instructions are used to test whether a given condition is true or not and then branch to a given instruction depending on the outcome of the test. This makes conditional statements and interation possible.

Computer Instructions
Computers understand instructions in things called words. In a computing context a word is the number of bits a computer can execute at one time. You will get processors that can understand different word sizes, for example the processor on the Sony PlayStation had a 32 bit word size. Sony decided to make the PlayStation 2 better than the original and the word size of the PlayStation 2 was 128 bits. Generally larger word sizes mean faster and more complex CPUs.

The word that a computer can understand is made up of two parts. The first is the type of instruction, or the opcode, the second part contains the variable(s) on which the instruction will execute, or the operand. The operand is sometimes called the address and the following section will explain how a computer can use the operand in different ways.

0 address instruction
This type of instruction takes no parameters and involves Assembly code that doesn't need variables. For example:
 * CLC - clear the carry flag
 * EXIT - exit a subroutine
 * INC - increment the accumulator by 1

1 address instruction
This type of instruction is very useful when you are dealing with only one general purpose register (the accumulator) and takes only one operand. For example
 * LDA #34 - load the accumulator with the denary value of 34
 * ADD 234 - add the value stored at memory location 234 to the accumulator

2 address instruction
This type of instruction can accept two operands and the complexity of operations increases. For example ADD R1, R2 - add R1 to R2 and store the result back into R1

Addressing Formats
There are different methods that a processor can use to calculate the memory address of the instruction being processed or the data being operated on. These are referred to as addressing modes.

Immediate Addressing
This is the addressing mode you have been used to using so far, where the data being operated on is given in the instruction.

Like this: LDA	#35	;Load the number 35 immediately into the accumulator.

Direct Addressing
In direct addressing the location of the data will be given in the instruction.

Like this: LDA	35	;Load the contents of location 35 in to the accumulator.

Indirect Addressing
This is similar to direct address, although instead of the instruction giving the address of the data it gives an address where the address to the data is held. For example. If memory location A0 contained “F1” and memory location F1 contained “42” then to load 42 in to the accumulator the instruction would be:

LDA	(&A0)	;Loads the contents of address given at &A0 in to acc

Relative Addressing
This type of addressing gives a memory location in terms of the current location in memory.

For example: JMP	+10	;branch to the instruction held 10 bytes on.

If this instruction was held at location 1 then it would jump to location 11.

Base Register Addressing
This type of addressing combines the specified with the address held in another location.

LDA &12,B	;loads acc with contents of the address formed by adding the contents of B with the hex address 12.

In this example the address &12 would be added to the address held in B to find the address of the data to be loaded in to the accumulator.

Indexed Addressing
This form of addressing is similar to base register addressing, except that the base addresses are held in an index register. If using this addressing format then the address of an operand can be changed by changing the contents of the index register.

LDA	TABLE,X	;Load in to the ACC the contents of TABLE + x

A story to help you tell the difference
There was once a gangster called the Accumulator, pretty cool name huh? He had a lot of 'business' that he was involved in and had to be paid accordingly. He liked to be paid in several different ways. These were immediately, directly, indirectly, indexed and relative.

When he was paid immediately his goon would give him the money there and then, he got it without having to go find it or solve any clues, he got it immediately.

 * "Boss here's the £5" =
 * "LDA #5"

When he was paid directly he had to do a little bit of work, all across town he had lots of Post boxes that his clients would drop off payments in. He would be given the name of a particular post box and know that if he went there he would find the cash he wanted. He was directed to the cash.

 * "Boss the money is in the postbox at address 1023".
 * = "LDA 1023"

You must understand that the Accumulator had other business friends who were up to some dodgy business and preferred to remain as hidden as possible in their business dealings to keep the cops off their tracks. To do this they used a clever system of putting the money in a post box but instead of directly giving the Accumulator the address they instead gave the Accumulator the address of a postbox that contained the address of the real postbox. They gave him the address indirectly. Sounds a little confusing? Don't worry, hopefully this short transcript will sort things out

 * "Boss the address of where the money is, is in the postbox at 304"
 * The Accumulator opens the postbox at 304 and finds a note saying go to 706
 * When he gets to 706 he finds the money he was looking for
 * = "LDA (304)"

Business for a gangster is not always straight forward and occasionally they have to solve a clue or two to get their money, a bit like in the movies. In the case of an Indexed payment, Accumulator is given a clue to solve, he knows the base address and someone provides a value that must be added to the base value. He adds these two together and bingo he finds the address at which the money he is owed is stored.

 * "Boss the base address you need is 7987"
 * "Boss our sources say that the house your money is stored at is 5 houses up from the base address"
 * the Accumulator looks in 7987+5 (7992) and finds the cash he is looking for
 * = LDA TABLE,X

Assembly Code
Computers can understand only 1s and 0s. To get computers to understand what we want them to do we must get our ideas into these 1s and 0s. You can use High level languages or the low level language of Assembly. In Assembly code every line of code will generally transfer into one line of machine code. Assembly is used in industry to program low level routines and functions and the code produced is usually simple but long.

Instruction sets
An instruction set is the range of different instructions that a CPU can understand. There are two schools of thought, the RISC and the CISC. The RISC - reduced instruction set computer has a small number of different instructions it can perform but it generally does them very fast and efficiently. CISC - complex instruction set computer has a large number of different instructions it can perform but often not as fast as executing them as an equivalent RISC.

For the exam you need to know some basic Assembly instructions that a CPU can understand. We will now look at a range of instructions and then some examples of their use.

Basic instructions

 * ADD #34: add a number to the accumulator and store the value in the accumulator
 * SUB #34: take a number from the accumulator and store the value back in the accumulator
 * DEC: take one from the accumulator
 * INC: add one to the accumulator
 * LDA 34: load the accumulator with the value contained in memory location 34
 * STO 34: store the accumulator value into the memory location 34
 * CMP &34: compare the accumulator against the hexadecimal value of 34 and store the details in the status register
 * BNE label1: if the comparison was not equal then jump to label label1
 * BEQ label1: if the accumulator matched the value being compared the jump to label label1
 * BGT label1: if the accumulator is greater than the value compared jump to label label1
 * BLT label1: if the accumulator was less than the value compared jump to label label1
 * JMP label1: jump directly to label label1, similar to the goto function in some high level languages

 * AND 01001001: 'AND' the accumulator with the value 01001001 storing the result in the accumulator
 * OR 01001001: 'OR' the accumulator with the value 01001001 storing the result in the accumulator
 * XOR 01001001: 'XOR' the accumulator with the value 01001001 storing the result in the accumulator
 * NOT :not the accumulator storing the result back in the accumulator

 * MOV R1, R2: Move the contents of register R1 into register R2

add shift instructions here

Labels
You may have noticed that several of the commands above call for the program to 'jump' to a label called label1. This performs the same function as the 'goto' statement in languages like C. Although the goto statement is frowned on in high level languages, it is essential in Assembly to execute loops and conditional statements. labels will appear like this in code:
 * LDA #40
 * label1:
 * INC
 * CMP #46
 * BLT label1
 * STO 1024

this piece of code loads the accumulator with the value 40. The accumulator is then increased by one and tested against the number 46. If the accumulator is less than 46 then you jump to the label1 to keep incrementing the accumulator. What value will be stored in memory location 1024?

Examples
In the examinations you will be often asked to take a piece of pseudo or real code and convert it into assembly. To make sure the examiner knows what you are doing always write comments with your code. Below are some examples of pseudo code along side their assembly equivalents

 * x = x + 1

 * LDA x
 * INC
 * STO x

 * while (x >= 6)
 * x = x + 1
 * y = y + 4
 * end while

 * while:
 * LDA x
 * CMP #6
 * BLT end
 * INC
 * STO x
 * LDA y
 * ADD #4
 * STO y
 * end:

Quick Check Questions
Provide assembly code that will complete the following tasks:

Q0
y = x + y

Q1
working out the negative two's complement of a given binary number x and storing it back in x

Q2
changing a ASCII lower case letter to its binary equivalent

Q3

 * do x= x-1
 * z++
 * while (z != 10)


text:
Template:Biology bookshelf

Biology

— Botany – Anatomy – Biochemistry – Bioinformatics (Computational Biology) – Cell Biology – Ecology – Evolutionary Biology – Genetics – Genetic Information – Microbiology – Paleontology – Pathology — O THER G ENERAL F IELDS  — B IOLOGY C OURSES  — AP Biology – IB Biology – A-level Biology – GCSE Biology — F EATURED B OOKS  – Animal Behavior – Entomology – Histology – Human Anatomy – Invertebrate Zoology – Introduction to Paleoanthropology — Proteomics — O THER T OPICS  — Dichotomous Key – The Descent of Man All biology books...

title: Template:Biology bookshelf


text:
C++ Programming/headers

C standard headers
These standard headers define functions that were originally defined in the C programming language. They make it much easier to port C code to C++.

These are only some of the many C++'s Standard Headers.

cctype
int isalnum(int c); int isalpha(int c); int iscntrl(int c); int isdigit(int c); int isgraph(int c); int islower(int c); int isspace(int c); int isprint(int c); int isupper(int c);
 * 1) include

cstring
These cstring functions are almost never used by C++ programmers—we use the String class instead.

size_t strlen(char* str); char* strcpy(char* dest, char* src); char* strncpy(char* dest, char* src, size_t length); int strcmp(const char* s1, const char* s2); int strncmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t length); char* strtok(char* str, const char* delim); char* strchr(const char* str, int c); char* strstr(const char* str, const char* within);
 * 1) include

ctime
clock_t clock(void); double difftime(time_t t1, time_t t0); time_t mktime(struct tm *timeptr); time_t time(time_t *timer); char *asctime(struct tm *timeptr); char *ctime(const time_t *timer); struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *timer); struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timer); size_t strftime(char * s, size_t maxsize, const char * format, struct tm * timeptr); clock_t clock(void); double difftime(time_t t1, time_t t0); time_t mktime(struct tm *timeptr); time_t time(time_t *timer); char *asctime(struct tm *timeptr); char *ctime(const time_t *timer); struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *timer); struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timer); size_t strftime(char * s, size_t maxsize, const char * format, struct tm * timeptr);
 * 1) include

cmath
These cmath functions are heavily used in many kinds of physics simulations—such as realistic video games, finite element analysis, etc.

#include

See the book sections regarding Standard C Library Math or the C Programming wikibook Further math page for details on the trig functions and other floating-point functions implemented in this library.

climits
This header lists the maximum and minimum values for all the primitive data types used in C++.

#include

Corresponds to the C language "limits.h".

See C Programming wikibook pages regarding the C99 Reference, and it's Reference table of Standard Headers.

title: C++ Programming/headers


text:
User:Shikai shaw/monobook.css

@import "http://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Shikai_shaw/monobook.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css";

title: User:Shikai shaw/monobook.css


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Wildflower Preservation Act of 1973

Georgia Wildflower Preservation Act of 1973, O.C.G.A. 12-6-170

General Description
This Act provides for the designation of officially protected plants and authorizes rules for the collection, transport, sale and listing of these plants.

Administrative Authority
Under this Act, Georgia’s DNR has the authority to list as protected any plants meeting the requirements approved by the Board of Natural Resources.

Substance of Act
Protected plants must not be collected on public lands unless authorized by the DNR. Protected plants must not be transported unless permission has been granted by the landowner as evidenced by the presence of an affixed tag from the DNR and a written document detailing such permission. The At also authorizes the enforcement of these policies through prosecution of any violations of the Act.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Waterwell Standards Act

Waterwell Standards Act, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-5-120

General Description
The Water Well Standards Act of 1985 outlines the requirements for licensing of well drillers. All water well drillers are required to be licensed by the Act based on the language, "Any person desiring to engage in the business of water well construction in this state shall apply to the council for a license as a water well contractor."

Administration
The State of Georgia licenses well drillers through the Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Water Quality Control Act

Georgia Water Quality Control Act, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-5-20

General Description
The Georgia Water Quality Control Act declares that the water resources of the state shall be utilized prudently for the maximum benefit of the people. The Act directs that the government of the state shall assume responsibility for the quality and quantity of such water resources and the establishment and maintenance of a water quality and water quantity control program. The Act also establishes procedures governing discharge from marine toilets.

Applicability
“Waters of the State” are considered to be any and all rivers, streams, creeks, branches, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, drainage systems, springs, wells, and all other bodies of surface or subsurface water, natural or artificial, lying within or forming a part of the boundaries of the state which are not entirely confined and retained completely upon the property of a single individual, partnership, or corporation.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Surface Mining Act

Georgia Surface Mining Act, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-4-70

General Description
Georgia's Surface Mining Act regulates all surface mining in Georgia, including the coastal zone. Dredging or ocean mining of materials are not directly regulated by State authority, except that sand and gravel operations are subject to the Shore Protection Act.

Purposes
Georgia’s Surface Mining Act was enacted with the following purposes:
 * 1) Assist in achieving and maintaining an efficient and productive mining industry and to assist in increasing economic and other benefits attributable to mining.
 * 2) Advance the protection of fish and wildlife, and the protection and restoration of land, water, and other resources affected by mining.
 * 3) Assist in the reduction, elimination, or counteracting of pollution or deterioration of land, water, and air attributable to mining.
 * 4) Encourage programs that will achieve comparable results in protecting, conserving, and improving the usefulness of natural resources.

Administration and Permitting
The act designates the Environmental Protection Division of the Department of Natural Resources to be the administering agency and to have several mandatory duties and powers, including the appraisal of permit applicants and revoking permits & denying renewals of those who refuse to carry out their plans of mining land use.

title: Georgia Water/Laws/Surface Mining Act


text:
Suomen kieli ulkomaalaisille/Sisältö/Verbityyppi 1

 Verb type 1

All Finnish verbs have a first infinitive (i.e. dictionary listed) form ending with the letter -a or -ä.

Type 1 Verbs are distinguishable from all other verb types because before the final -a or -ä there is one other vowel. This may be any of the Finnish vowels a, ä, e, i, o, ö, u, or y.

puhua - to speak


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Scenic Rivers Act of 1969

Georgia Scenic Rivers Act, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-5-350

General Description
The Georgia Scenic Rivers Act of 1969 defines "scenic river" to mean certain rivers or section of rivers that have valuable scenic, recreational, or natural characteristics that should be preserved for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations. Certain sections of rivers are named in the Act, and the process for designating other sections of Georgia rivers is described.

Administration
The Georgia Scenic Rivers Act is administered by the Environmental Protection Division.

Rivers currently designated as ‘scenic’ by the Georgia Legislature

 * 1) The portion of the Jacks River contained within the Cohutta National Wilderness Area and located in Fannin and Murray counties, Georgia, which portion extends a length of approximately 16 miles;
 * 2) The portion of the Conasauga River located within the Cohutta National Wilderness Area and located in Fannin, Gilmer, and Murray counties, Georgia, which portion extends a length of approximately 17 miles;
 * 3) The portion of the Chattooga River and its West Fork which are now designated as part of the Chattooga National Wild and Scenic River and located in Rabun County, Georgia, which portion extends a length of approximately 34 miles; and
 * 4) The portion of Ebenezer Creek from Long Bridge on County Road S 393 to the Savannah River and located in Effingham County, Georgia, which portion extends a length of approximately seven miles.
 * 5) Note that other Georgia rivers can be designated as ‘scenic’ by future legislative acts. See O.C.G.A. § 12-5-352.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Safe Water Drinking Act

Georgia Safe Water Drinking Act, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-5-170


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Nongame Wildlife Conservation Programs Act of 1985

Georgia Nongame Wildlife Conservation Programs Act of 1985, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-3-600

General Description
Authorizes the Department of Revenue to establish a mechanism and create a fund into which citizens may donate money to the state for the purpose of conservation of non-game species.

Purpose
The Act seeks to conserve non-game species of wildlife for the benefit and non-consumptive use of Georgia citizens. The revenues generated from hunting and fishing licenses have not been adequate to provide for the conservation of non-game species.

Function
Donations may be made via an option listed on individual’s tax returns. Further, the Department or Revenue may solicit revenue via any other approved means.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Natural Areas Act

Georgia Natural Areas Act, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-3-90

General Description
The Georgia Natural Areas Act (1996) authorizes the Department of Natural Resources to identify areas in the State of Georgia which are of unusual ecological significance, and to secure the preservation of such areas in an undisturbed natural state. The purpose for such acquisition is to allow scientific study of the property, to educate, to "serve as examples of nature to the general public," and to "enrich the quality of our environment for present and future generations."

"Natural Area", defined
As defined by the Act, “natural areas” are tracts ofland in their natural state that are to be set aside and permanently protected or managed for the purpose of preserving natural plant or animal communities, rare or valuable members of such communities, or any other natural features of significant scientific, educational, geologic, ecological, or scenic value.

Administration
Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division

title: Georgia Water/Laws/Natural Areas Act


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Mountain and River Corridor Protection Act

Georgia Mountain and River Corridor Protection Act, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-2-8

General Description
This Act authorizes the Department of Natural Resources to develop minimum standards for the protection of river corridors (and mountains, watersheds, and wetlands) that can be adopted by local governments.

Administration
The Act is administered by the Environmental Protection Division of the Department of Natural Resources.

Applicability
All rivers in Georgia with an average annual flow of 400 cubic feet per second are covered by the Act, except those within the jurisdiction of the Coastal Marshlands Protection Act.

Various Provisions
Some of the major provisions of the Act include:

 * 1) Requirements for a 100-foot vegetative buffer on both sides of rivers
 * 2) Consistency with the Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act

Local governments must identify river corridors in land-use plans developed under their respective comprehensive planning acts.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Heritage Trust Act of 1975

Georgia Heritage Trust Act of 1975,, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-3-70

General Description
The Georgia Heritage Trust Act of 1975 seeks to preserve certain property in Georgia with unique natural characteristics, special historical value, or particular recreational value.

Legislative Intent & Purpose
The Georgia Heritage Trust Act asserts that it is an urgent public need to preserve important and endangered elements of Georgia's heritage. In addition, the legislation declares that the custodian of all submerged cultural resources shall be the Department of Natural Resources, and defines policies for reporting finds of all such resources as well as permitting methods for recovery operations.

Function of the Act
The Act created the Heritage Trust Commission, composed of 15 members appointed by the Governor who represent a variety of interests and expertise. The Commission served as an advisory body to the Governor and to the Board of the Department of Natural Resources, making recommendations concerning the identification, designation, and acquisition of heritage areas. Although this Act is still in Georgia law, the Commission's term expired and the implementation and administration of many of the goals of the Act has been superseded by the Heritage 2000 Program.

Area of Applicability (definitions)
Heritage Area: Any area of land, marsh, or water that has been identified by the board as having significant historical, natural, or cultural value.

Submerged Cultural Resources: All prehistoric and historic sites, ruins, artifacts, treasure, treasure trove, and shipwrecks or vessels and their cargo or tackle which have remained on the bottom for more than 50 years, and similar sites and objects found in the Atlantic Ocean within the three-nautical-mile territorial limit of the state or within its navigable waters.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Game and Fish Code

Georgia Game and Fish Code,O.C.G.A. §§ 27-1-1

General Description
This Act effectively allows DNR to exercise executive powers of the state with respect to wild animal life, freshwater aquatic life, and marine life.

Function
Establishes that Georgia residents have a right to take fish and wildlife, subject to the laws and regulations adopted for the public good and general welfare.

Establishes that Georgia’s wildlife resources should be managed in accordance with sound principles of wildlife management.

Establishes that the ownership and jurisdiction over all wildlife within the state is in the State of Georgia, held in trust for the benefit of its citizens.

Provides DNR the authority to coordinate with sportsmen and conservation groups to ensure that hunting and fishing activities continue into perpetuity and that no net loss of species occurs over time.

Subjects violators of the regulations established by the DNR to criminal sanctions.

title: Georgia Water/Laws/Game and Fish Code


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975

Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-7-1

General Description
The Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act requires that each county or municipality adopt a comprehensive ordinance establishing procedures governing land-disturbing activities based on the minimum requirements established by the Act.

Administration & Permitting system
The Erosion and Sedimentation Act is administered by the Environmental Protection Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, and by local governments. Permits are required for specified "land-disturbing activities," including the construction or modification of manufacturing facilities, construction activities, certain activities associated with transportation facilities, activities on marsh hammocks, etc. With certain constraints, permitting authority can be delegated to local governments.

Application to water
One provision of the Erosion and Sedimentation Act requires that land-disturbing activities shall not be conducted within 25 feet of the banks of any State waters unless a variance is granted (O.C.G.A. 12-7-6-(15)).

Construction of single family residences under contract with the owner are exempt from the permit requirement but are still required to meet the standards of the Act (O.C.G.A. 12-7-17-(4)).

Large development projects, both residential and commercial, must obtain a permit and meet the requirements of the Act. According to the Georgia Coastal Management Act, any permits or variances issued under the Erosion and Sedimentation Act must be consistent with the Georgia Coastal Management Program. Permits within the jurisdiction of the Coastal Marshlands Protection Act and the Shore Protection Act can include requirements that certain minimum water quality standards be met as a condition of the permit.

Exemptions
There are specific exemptions to the requirements of the Erosion and Sedimentation Act (O.C.G.A. 12-7-17 - Exemptions). The exemptions include: surface mining, granite quarrying, minor land-disturbing activities such as home gardening, construction of single-family homes built or contracted by the homeowner for his own occupancy, agricultural practices, forestry land management practices, dairy operations, livestock and poultry management practices, construction of farm buildings, and any projects carried out under the supervision of the Natural Resource Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Exemptions from the requirements of the Act also apply to any project involving 1.1 acres or less, provided that the exemption does not apply to any land-disturbing activities within 200 feet of the bank of any State waters.


text:
User:E^(nix)

That's me: de:Benutzer:E^(nix)

Unknown

 * Spanish/Personal pronouns
 * Spanish Index III

title: User:E^(nix)


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Endangered Wildlife Act of 1973

Georgia Endangered Wildlife Act of 1973, O.C.G.A. §§ 27-3-130

General Description
This law, similar to (but somewhat different from) the Federal Endangered Species Act, prohibits the capture, killing, or selling of protected species and protects the habitat of these species on public lands.

Limited to public lands
Georgia law specifically states that rules and regulations related to the protection of state protected species shall not affect rights in private property.

Primacy requirements not met
The Georgia Endangered Wildlife Act is much narrower in scope than the Federal Endangered Species Act. Because this State law is not as stringent that the Federal Act, Georgia does not receive primacy (Georgia does not have the responsibility to administer federal laws within the state).

Currently protected species
A list of the currently protected species in Georgia is available at: []


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Coastal Zone Management Act

U.S. Coastal Zone Management Act

General Description
This Act declares a national interest in land use decisions previously viewed as local in nature by acknowledging that a rapidly growing population is endangering the fragility and beauty of the coastal zone.

Purpose
The purpose of the CZMA is to preserve the unique values of the coastal lands and waters by encouraging states to devise land and water use plans for coastal protection.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

U.S. Wild & Scenic Rivers Act (1968)

General Description
The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (WSRA) was enacted to preserve the free-flowing state of rivers that are listed in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (System) or under study for inclusion in the System because of their outstanding scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural, or other similar values. Rivers in the System are classified as wild river areas, scenic river areas, or recreational river areas. The WSRA establishes requirements applicable to water resource projects and protects both the river, or river segments, and the land immediately surrounding them.

Administering Agencies
The Department of the Interior (through the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management and Fish and Wildlife Service) and the Department of Agriculture (through the Forest Service) manage wild and scenic rivers within their jurisdiction and conduct the necessary studies to include additional rivers or river components into the System. Under Section 2(a) of the Act, states may also propose rivers to the System and manage them.

Substance of Act
Section 7 of the WSRA specifically prohibits federal agencies from providing assistance for the construction of any water resources projects that would adversely affect wild and scenic rivers. Assistance may be in the form of a loan, grant, or license. A water resources project is defined as a dam, water conduit, reservoir, powerhouse, transmission line, discharge to waters, or development project that would affect the free-flowing characteristics or scenic, recreational, fish and wildlife values of a wild and scenic river or study river.

Text of Act
Available at http://www.nps.gov/rivers/wsract.html


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Plant Protection Act

U.S. Plant Protection Act

General Description
The Plant Protection Act (PPA) consolidates all or part of 10 existing USDA plant health laws into one comprehensive law, including the authority to regulate plants, plant products, certain biological control organisms, noxious weeds, and plant pests. The Plant Quarantine Act, the Federal Pest Act, and the Federal Noxious Weed Act are among the 10 statutes the new Act replaces. The PPA is necessary because of the major impact plant pests currently have and could have on the agriculture, environment, economy, and commerce of the United States.

Purpose
Seeks to prevent the importation, exportation and spread of pests injurious to plants, as well as to provide for their control and eradication together with the certification of plants and other things

Administrative Authority
The PPA gives the Secretary of Agriculture, and through delegated authority, USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), the ability to prohibit or restrict the importation, exportation, and the interstate movement of plants, plant products, certain biological control organisms, noxious weeds, and plant pests. Under the PPA, violators face harsher civil penalties than ever before for smuggling illegal plants or produce that could harbor plant pests or diseases. The PPA gives the Secretary of Agriculture the authority to subpoena documentary evidence and witnesses to prosecute violators. The Act also provides APHIS with a cost recovery mechanism for expenses related to the disposal of abandoned shipments at U.S. ports of entry.

Text of Act
Available at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/weeds/PPAText.PDF

title: Georgia Water/Laws/Plant Protection Act


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/National Invasive Species Act

U.S. National Invasive Species Act (1996)

General Description
The National Invasive Species Act (NISA) was passed in 1996 amending the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990. The 1990 Act established the Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS) Task Force to direct ANS activities annually. The Task Force is co-chaired by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Other members include the National Marine Fisheries Service, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. State Department, and the Army Corps of Engineers.

Purpose and Findings
Nonindigenous invasive species have become established throughout the waters of the U.S. and are causing economic and ecological degradation to the affected near shore regions. Zebra mussels are present in the Great Lakes and inland waters including the Mississippi drainage, Arkansas River, Hudson River, and Lake Champlain. Other exotic species infestations, such as the mitten crab, brown mussel, ruffe, Eurasian watermilfoil, and hydrilla, occur throughout waters of the U.S. If preventive measures are not taken nationwide, introduction and spread of aquatic nuisance species will continue in marine and fresh waters of the U.S.

Expansion of ANS
NISA furthered ANS activities by calling for ballast water regulations, the development of State management plans and regional panels to combat the spread of aquatic nuisance species, and additional ANS research.

Cross Reference
Executive Order: In 1999, President Clinton signed the Executive Order on Invasive Species. See XIX, above.

Text of Act
Available online at http://library.law.unc.edu/ocean-coastal/nisa.html


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act

U.S. Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act (1950)

General Description
The Act creates a program for management, conservation, and restoration of fishery resources.

Source of Funding
The Sport Fish Restoration program is funded by revenues collected from the manufacturers of fishing rods, reels, creels, lures, flies and artificial baits, who pay an excise tax on these items to the U.S. Treasury.

Fund recipients
Appropriate State agencies are the only entities eligible to receive grant funds. Each State's share is based 60 percent on its licensed anglers (fishermen) and 40 percent on its land and water area. No State may receives more than 5 percent or less than 1 percent of each year's total apportionment. Puerto Rico receives 1 percent, and the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, and the District of Columbia each receive one-third of 1 percent. Plan structure: The program is a cost-reimbursement program, where the state covers the full amount of an approved project then applies for reimbursement through Federal Aid for up to 75 percent of the project expenses. The state must provide at least 25 percent of the project costs from a non-federal source.


text:
Bartending/Cocktails/Gin and Orange Juice

Often called an Orange Blossom, this drink is simply 1.5oz Gin topped with Orange Juice.


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/Build rig

If you think you already know what a rig is, then you probably need to read the definition of "rig" and "rigging" before we get started. It's important to note that an armature is not a rig, but a rig can be an armature. Assigning a mesh to be deformed by an armature is not rigging.

A rig should always be designed for the types of animations your character is going to be performing. Only make your rig as complex as it needs to be to allow for the types of actions you need.

To make everything with the armature easy to deal with, we're going to make our character in the crucifix pose. If he's not, you will have headaches trying to deal with bone roll angles. Once Blender can easily allow the user to roll the bone to align with a roll target, then I'll edit this tutorial for that. But in the meantime, we will use vertical legs and horizontal arms. We will build the legs from the side view and arms from the top view.

Center the cursor (shift+c) and add an armature. In Object Mode, press alt+r to clear the rotation. You have to have a bone for the hip, and it needs to stick out of his front or his back, so take your pick, because they both look bad. Don't point the bone upward at some odd angle, we need to be able to roll the hips easily, and to that end, we will place the bone horizontally.

In front view, place the cursor and add a bone. IMAGE

In side view, move points and extrude them until your chain looks like this. Note the slight bend in the knee. This is very important! IMAGE

Snap your cursor to the root of this chain (shift+s) and add a bone. Now select the points at the hip joint and the ankle joint, and snap the cursor to the selection. IMAGE

Select the tip of the newest bone and snap it to the cursor. IMAGE

Now give these bones some names. It's a good idea to use the same names I do to avoid confusion, since I will refer to the bones by name. Select upperleg.l and then shift+select leg.l, and press ctrl+p to make upperleg.l the child of leg.l. Do this again, but make leg.l the child of hip. IMAGE

In front view, center your cursor and select

pivot point


text:
Transwiki:Bypassing the Great Firewall of China

The Great Firewall of China, also known as the Golden Shield (Chinese: 金盾; pinyin: jīndùn), is installed on the international Internet gateway of mainland China and censors international communications over the Internet. People in mainland China cannot visit censored websites. This article describes some ways to work around the firewall so that people can bypass this firewall and visit censored websites inside mainland China.

Windows & Macintosh
Tor is available for Windows and Mac OS X.

However, it is a bit trickier now since the Tor project website is now banned in China. Tor Service is not affected, but users need working proxy first to download the Tor software package. The best way to overcome the Firewall is by using a VPN connection to another country. For example Acevpn.com, vpnprivacy.com, Witopia.net or any other VPN service let you to do that. It's a more stable and secure way to unblock all websites you need.

Freegate, GTunnel and Ultrasurf are freeware tools to allow users to bypass censorship.

Debian GNU/Linux step by step
''FIXME: Instructions below point Firefox directly at Tor; this leaks DNS. (Do we care in the China scenario if we leak DNS? Yes, you do care, because if you resolve DNS locally, the local government-controlled DNS servers can lie to you.) On http://tor.eff.org they instruct to run Privoxy between Firefox and Tor, in which case we must install Privoxy, then point Firefox at the HTTP proxy of Privoxy, not the SOCKS proxy of Tor. But in my practice, for sites listed in the tutorial, Privoxy is not required for performance reasons, also, I have a patch for Tor to make it with better performance (but lower privacy protection, performance is more important than privacy in this case)''

 * 1) Run "apt-get install tor" as root to install Tor
 * 2) If you are using Firefox 1.5, open Preferences in Edit menu, click Connection Settings... button, select Manual proxy configuration, fill SOCKS Host as localhost at port 9050.

And it should work. But this is not perfect, since, for uncensored sites, the speed would be really slow via Tor proxy, so we can use a PAC script, so only apply Tor proxy for censored sites.

To use the PAC script, create a file called proxy.pac at your home directory, or somewhere else, then write the following in the file:

function FindProxyForURL(URL, host) {	if (dnsDomainIs(host, ".google.com")) {		return "SOCKS localhost:9050"; }	if (isInNet(host, "66.102.15.101", "255.255.255.255")) {		return "SOCKS localhost:9050"; }	if (dnsDomainIs(host, "zh.wikipedia.org")) {		return "PROXY 145.97.39.134:80"; }	if (isInNet(host, "211.115.107.162", "255.255.255.255")) {		return "PROXY 145.97.39.134:80"; }	return "DIRECT"; }

The first if tells the browser to apply Tor proxy for *.google.com, the second for banned *.blogspot.com, and the third for zh.wikipedia.org, DNS servers in mainland China will return a fake IP address, so this is a workaround, the fourth if is for general Wikimedia sites, including en.wikipedia.org, note the IP 145.97.39.134 can be changed, if .134 doesn't work, try .132, .133, .135 or something like. For other censored sites, add similar entries to the file.

After the creation of the file, open Preferences -> Connection Settings dialog in Firefox, and select Automatic proxy configuration URL, fill the location to the file, for example, if you put proxy.pac at /home/user/proxy.pac, fill "file://localhost/home/user/proxy.pac" here.

Also VPN for China can be used to bypass the Chinese Great Firewall.


text:
European History/Print version

 * GNU Free Documentation License

=Chapter 01 - The Crises of the Middle Ages=

=Chapter 02 - Renaissance Europe=

=Chapter 03 - Exploration and Discovery=

=Chapter 04 - Challenges to Spiritual Authority=

=Chapter 05 - Religious Wars in Europe=

=Chapter 06 - Absolutism in Europe=

=Chapter 07 - Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment=

=Chapter 08 - Revolution in France=

=Chapter 09 - Napoleon Bonaparte and the Rise of Nationalism=

=Chapter 10 - Age Of Revolutions=

=Chapter 11 - European Imperialism and Nationalism=

=Chapter 12 - World War I=

=Chapter 13 - Europe: 1918 to 1945=

=Chapter 14 - Europe: 1945 to Present=

=Glossary=

=A Brief Outline of European History=

=Authors=

=Bibliography=

=GNU Free Documentation License=

title: European History/Print version


text:
User:Mendy Fisch~enwikibooks

Hi, I'm Mendy Fisch. I'm a member of the Wikiversity Political Science school. I'm also a student at Princeton University. You can email me with any questions you have at mendyman@gmail.com. I look forward to helping you!

-Mendy

title: User:Mendy Fisch~enwikibooks


text:
Do-It-Yourself/Reusable menstrual pads

What are cloth menstrual pads?
Cloth menstrual pads are a reusable alternative to disposable sanitary napkins used by women when they are menstruating, experiencing post partum flow, and also by people who are mildly incontinent. They are made of an absorbent cloth and are washed and dried between each use. There are many different designs, and may include one-piece items, or a case and towel insert.

Traditional disposable sanitary napkins are made of plastic and bleached cotton/rayon batting. These are not reusable. Cloth menstrual pads can be made from new materials or from old materials such as old pillow cases, sheets, and towels. 100% cotton fleece fabric (like the fabric found in most jogging wear) is the best for both comfort and absorbency. Some designs suggest a flannel bottom layer to go against the underwear, as it helps the pad to stay in place, others recommend a light-weight waterproof fabric attached to the bottom of the pad and either buttons or Velcro to fasten the pad securely into underpants. Some people use nylon for the waterproofing. There is also a breathable fabric available (i.e. Gore-tex) in some fabric stores, and many pad makers use a coated fabric called PUL, which is very popular in reusable diaper-making.

Advantages of cloth menstrual pads
Disposable sanitary napkins are expensive, particularly to the environment. At the rate of 4 per day, 6 days a month, 12 months a year, for over 35 years, an average woman will be throwing away about 10,000 pads or tampons in her life as well as their plastic packaging. These are then either incinerated (bad for air quality) or put into land fill (where they will take hundreds of years to break down). Cloth menstrual pads last for years before disposal is necessary and some may even be composted.

Reusable pads are a more natural alternative than disposable napkins. As they are made of cloth rather than plastics, they allow your skin to breathe, causing less odour and reducing chaffing and irritation. They are less likely to cause rashes, contact dermatitis, and may reduce the scent of menstrual blood on the cloth pad, as well as helping women afflicted with certain types of vaginitis. Women with sensitive skin and allergies may find cloth pads to be more comfortable against their skin, particularly cloth pads made of undyed organic cotton. These would benefit young girls and women in the developing world who cannot afford or even have access to conventional sanitary pads.

In the long term, it is less expensive to buy and produce cloth menstrual pads compared to disposable menstrual products. They can be made by hand for little or no cost. Cloth menstrual pads are also highly customizable so you can make yours fit you.

Average lifespan of cloth pads
Many companies that manufacture cloth pads indicate that the pads and liners have a lifespan of approximately 5 years. However with proper care, pads and liners may remain in usable condition for up to ten years.

Assessing your needs
This guide will assist you in making a one-piece reusable pad. These are very similar in shape and use as disposable pads and are treated as one piece.

Materials needed

 * Pre-washed and dried cotton fabric (this preshrinks the material)
 * Pre-washed and dried terry toweling fabric (towel material)
 * Cotton thread
 * Button or press-stud

Tools needed

 * Cardboard
 * Pen/pencil/fabric marker
 * Scissors
 * Pins
 * Sewing machine or serger (or a needle, if you are sewing by hand)
 * Press stud assembly kit if using press studs

Quick Steps

 * Make cardboard templates.
 * Cut the fabric to size.
 * Sew.
 * Attach a button.

Make cardboard templates
Get a shop-bought pad of a brand that you've found comfortable (preferably with wings). Trace around it (wings out) on the cardboard and then add a 1-1.5cm seam allowance around that. Cut out the cardboard shape (with seam allowance). This will be your outside pattern.

With the same pad, close the wings in and trace around it on a second piece of cardboard. Cut the cardboard out 0.5-1cm smaller than this shape. This will be your inside pattern.

Cut the fabric to size
Cut two sheets of cotton fabric (this is for the outside) matching your outside pattern.

Cut 3 or 4 layers of towel fabric (depending on your preference) matching your inside pattern. Pin together.

Sew
Put both layers of cotton fabric together, pattern side inwards. Sew from the top of one wing, down around that wing and up to the top of the second, leaving the top of the case open.

Using blanket stitch or zig-zag, sew around the layers of towel so that they'll stay together.

Turn the case inside out so you can now see the pattern on both sides. Insert the layers of towel into the gap and pin into position. Sew through the case top, towels and case bottom in a long oval shape to hold everything together.

Hand stitch the case closed.

Attach a button
Using a press stud assembly kit, sew on studs, a regular button or velcro, make a fastening so that the pad can be fastened around your underwear. You're done!

How to wash a reusable menstrual pad after use
Separate pads and liners (if required) and rinse in cold water. You may then choose to soak the pad in a bucket of cold water, optionally adding a non-chlorine bleach, washing powder, laundry detergent, antiseptic solution or other cleaning agent of your choice. Alternately, if it will be several days until your next load of washing gets done, you may choose to hang the items up to dry. This will prevent them from developing an odour from soaking.

Once you are ready to wash a load of washing, re-rinse any pads which have been left soaking, and add all pads and liners to the washing machine. Launder as you would any other household items, using your regular detergent, but without fabric softener. Dry in full sun if possible, or as you would dry other household items.

If any items picked up odours before washing, and these odours remain after washing and drying, put them aside to wash again in the next laundry load. If feasible, and depending on the material used for your pads, perform the next wash on the hottest reasonable setting.

title: Do-It-Yourself/Reusable menstrual pads


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Talk:Do-It-Yourself/Reusable menstrual pads

Ideas for this article
There are so many different designs for reusable menstrual pads. I'm starting this article off by making a tutorial explaining the way I make my pads, but it would be great for this article to include tutorials for other people's designs as well. When I finish the first tutorial, I envisage other tutorials being added, as well as a paragraph near the beginning of the article which shows pictures of the various pads that people could choose to make. The viewer could click on the picture of their choice and the page would automatically scroll down to the tutorial for the pad the viewer wants to make. Scrolling down the page manually would allow the viewer to see all the tutorials, one after the other. --A vivid dreamer 06:27, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

This article has been continued in howto.wikia
I have discovered that there is now a howto.wikia and I am now working on this article in howto.wikia instead. . --A vivid dreamer 07:49, 14 May 2006 (UTC)


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Cookbook talk:Deep Fried Mars Bar

I think one tablespoon of oil is a wee bit short to fry a whole bar, isn't it? ;-)
 * Surely, though that could be the amount of oil that gets removed from the fryer when you take out the food.

350-375 degrees? degrees of what - F or C?

People can try this if they want, it's a free country after all, but it should be noted that very few people in Scotland have ever tried one and, apart from the Royal Mile in Edinburgh where they are sold to gullible tourists, you would be hard pressed to find a fish and chip shop that actually sells them. It's largely an urban myth that these are a delicacy north of the border but deep fried pizza, now that's a different matter...

Wheat or corn (maize) flour?

title: Cookbook talk:Deep Fried Mars Bar


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General Chemistry/Thermodynamics/The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Introduction: A powerful law.
The second law of thermodynamics is based on our common human experience. It didn't begin with complicated apparatus or complex theories, but rather with thinking about how old-fashioned steam engines worked and the first important equation appeared to be very simple: just q/T.

Yet the second law is probably our most powerful aid in helping us understand why the world works as it does both in simple and in complex ways: why hot pans cool down, why ping pong balls don't bounce forever when they are dropped, why gasoline (plus the oxygen in air) makes engines run, why our "engines"—our bodies—run and we continue to live and our bodies stay warm even when it's cold, but also why we die when some chemical reactions within us fail. In fact, the second law helps to explain everything that happens in our physical world. In chemistry, it's especially important because it can tell us whether any chemical reaction that we write on paper will probably be spontaneous and go as we have written it.

The Big Problem
Unfortunately, for almost a century and a half, the second law has been expressed by experts in ways that a beginner in chemistry could not possibly understand without a great deal of additional explanation. Here are just three of some 25 explanations that have been most prominent:

 * "The entropy of the universe increases toward a maximum" (Clausius)
 * "It is impossible in any way to diminish the entropy of a system of bodies without thereby leaving behind changes in other bodies" (Planck)
 * "In any irreversible process the total entropy of all bodies concerned is increased." (Lewis)

Entropy, entropy, entropy! But what is entropy? Even some textbooks still say something like "Don't ask about understanding it. Just work the problems that have entropy in them and you'll gradually understand it because you will be able to work with it"! That's the old way which fortunately has been discarded by most US general chemistry texts. (See list here.) The good news of the twenty-first century is that now entropy can be described as a simple idea (no matter how complex to calculate and deal with in advanced courses and research.) Because of our new conceptual approach, a basic version of the second law can be understood easily.

A Modern Version
What does that "energy of all types" and "becoming dispersed" mean? Let's first think about light (which technically is electromagnetic radiation). Does the radiation from a light bulb stay inside that glass of the bulb? Of course not. It spreads out just as far as it can, hindered from dispersing to miles and even farther only by dust or air density differences. What about the sound from a stereo speaker—does it stay inside a dorm room or a car? It disperses farther than other people want to hear it, usually! And what happens to the kinetic energy of a fast moving car if the car should hit a brick wall? It spreads out in a crashing sound, in twisting metal and heating it and tearing apart the bricks of the wall so that they fly around, slightly warmer than they were. Those are just a few examples of different types of energy and some ways in which they become dispersed or spread out.

The Importance of the Second Law
In chemistry, the type of energy in which we are most often interested is the kinetic energy of molecules, molecular motion energy. We know from Kinetic Molecular Theory that molecules are in constant motion if their temperatures are above 0 K. In gases like nitrogen and oxygen, they are moving at an average speed of a thousand miles (1600 km) an hour at 298 K and go about 200 times their diameter before bumping into another molecule. The molecules in liquids may be moving approximately as fast even though they are constantly hitting one another as they move a little here and there. In solids the particles, molecules or atoms or ions, can only "dance in one place" (vibrating in coordination with the other particles in the solid). This is a kinetic energy of vibration that is equivalent to the motion energy of gases or liquids at the same temperature.

The motion energy of molecules consists of their translation, rotation, and vibration (Figure 1 here.) Note that this vibration is vibration inside a molecule and by itself, as though the chemical bonds between atoms were like springs. The vibration in a crystal that we were just talking about is a vibration of a whole molecule or other particle in one place and coordinated with the other molecules in the crystal.

Examples from Everyday Life
Let's see how the second law helps us to understand our common experience better, to see how so many totally different events really are just examples of energy dispersing or spreading out, i.e., of the second law. A rock will fall if you lift it up and then let go. Hot frying pans cool down when taken off the stove. Iron rusts (oxidizes) in the air. Air in a tire is at a high pressure and shoots out even from a small puncture to the lower pressure atmosphere. Ice cubes melt in a warm room.

A Falling Rock
A rock has potential energy (PE) localized in it when you lift it up above the ground. The rock is the system; everything else it encounters is the surroundings. Drop the rock and its PE changes to kinetic energy (energy of movement, KE), pushing air aside as it falls (therefore spreading out the rock’s KE a bit) before it hits the ground, dispersing a tiny bit of sound energy (compressed air) and causing a little heating (molecular motion energy) of the ground it hits and in the rock itself. The rock is unchanged (after a minute when it disperses to the air the small amount of heat it got from hitting the ground). But the potential energy that your muscles localized in by lifting it up is now totally spread out and dispersed all over in a little air movement and a little heating of the air and ground.

A Hot Frying Pan
A hot frying pan? The iron atoms in a hot frying pan (system) in a room (surroundings) are vibrating very rapidly, like fast "dancing in place". Therefore, considering both the pan and the room, the motion energy in the hot pan is localized. That motion energy will disperse—if it is not hindered, according to the second law. Whenever the less rapidly moving molecules in the cooler air of the room hit the hot pan, the fast-vibrating iron atoms transfer some of their energy to the air molecules. The pan’s localized energy thus becomes dispersed, spread out more widely to molecules in the room air.

Some Rusting Iron
In a chemical reaction such as iron rusting, i.e., iron plus oxygen to form iron oxide (rust), the reactants of iron and oxygen don't have to be at a high temperature to have energy localized within them. Iron atoms (as -Fe-Fe-Fe-) plus oxygen molecules of the air (O-O) have more energy localized within their bonds than does the product of their reaction, iron rust (iron oxide).

That’s why iron reacts with oxygen—to release energy from their combined total of higher energy bonds and form the lower energy bonds in iron oxide. Then, all that difference in energy becomes dispersed to the surroundings as heat i.e., the reaction is exothermic and makes molecules in the surroundings move faster. But remember how chemical reactions occur! Remember that it requires energy to break bonds and therefore to start any reaction there must be some extra energy, an activation energy supplied somehow to break a bond or many bonds in the reacting substances. (For information about activation energies, see here.) Then, if the bonds that are being formed in the product are much stronger than those being broken in the reactants, that difference in energy (which usually causes greater motion energy of all the molecules) can feed back to break more bonds in the reactants.

However, in the case of iron reacting with oxygen at normal room temperature around 298 K, the process is very slow because only a few oxygen atoms are moving exceptionally fast and hit the iron just right so an Fe-Fe bond and an O-O bond are broken and an Fe-O bond can form. There isn't enough heat (motion energy) localized in nearby iron atoms, and there are no other unusually fast-moving oxygen molecules. It's a slow process depending on collision of the small amount of fast moving oxygen atoms in the surroundings to make it happen.

Therefore, even in moist air (that speeds up another process yielding iron oxide), iron doesn't react very rapidly with oxygen but it steadily does so and in time, both the iron atoms and the oxygen molecule spread out to the surroundings the portion of their bond energy that iron oxide doesn't need for its existence at that temperature.

A Leaky Tire
Air in a tire is at a higher pressure than the atmosphere around it, so it shoots out even from a small hole. What could that have to do with a big deal like the Second Law of Thermodynamics? (Every spontaneous physical or chemical process involves the second law!) Those nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the tire each have motion energy but it is far more localized, compressed in the small volume of the tire, than it would be in the huge volume of the atmosphere. Thus, the second law explains why punctures or blowouts occur: the motion energy of those localized molecules will become dispersed and spread out to the lower-pressure, larger-volume atmosphere if it is no longer hindered by the tire walls from becoming so.

A Melting Ice Cube
An ice cube melts in a big warm room. How can the melting of a little ice cube in a warm room maybe 200,000 times bigger than it is be an example of the second law? How could that possibly be a spreading out of energy? But the second law has to do with energy dispersal and there's a little spreading out in that 200,001st part of that total of system plus surroundings!

Lots of things are happening when molecules of the warm air disperse some of their energy to the molecules that are vibrating (like dancing rapidly in one place) in the ice cube. Right at the surface many hydrogen bonds between the water molecules of the ice are broken by the motion energy of the air molecules being transferred to the those surface molecules. (This doesn't change the amount of motion energy of those molecules and therefore their temperature doesn't change. They increase in potential energy due to the hydrogen-bond breaking.) Now, because the water molecules whose hydrogen bonds to other molecules in the rigid ice structure are broken, they are free to form hydrogen bonds to other water molecules that are liquid—they can exchange partners and move from one to another. The vibrational energy that allowed them to dance in place in the crystal is changed to translational energy in the liquid and the molecules can move just a bit.

Thus, although the true picture is just a bit more complex (i.e., it is the closer energy levels in translation than in solid vibration that make the energy far more dispersed in liquid than solid), we can sense that the movement of molecules in liquid water allows the energy to be more spread out than in crystalline ice, even at melting temperature. It is not a matter of order and "disorder"! (That's as misleading as magic and as obsolete as 1898 fashions. See here.)

Order to Disorder
The second law tells us about energy dispersal, and entropy is the word for how that energy dispersal is measured—how spread out the energy becomes in a system, how much more dispersed it has become compared to how localized it was. Such energy changes and consequent entropy changes are the focus for understanding how and why spontaneous events occur in nature. Only sometimes do the structures or arrangements of molecules in an object help us to see greater or lesser localization of energy (that used to be called "order to disorder").

Now we can understand what scientists have been talking about the last century and a half when they spoke in apparently mysterious sentences like "The entropy of the universe increases toward a maximum." All they meant was simply that energy, everywhere, spreads out as much as it can (and that spreading out of energy is measured by entropy).

Recap and Conclusion
Rocks falling down mountains, hot pans cooling in cool rooms, anything made of iron rusting, anything burning or reacting with oxygen, all these types of spontaneous events and chemical reactions that occur by themselves are due to energy dispersing or spreading out. Entropy is the quantitative measure of how much energy and how much dispersal occurs in a process or a reaction. Therefore, entropy is constantly increasing because spontaneous events continue to occur in our energy-rich universe. Thus, we can decipher the following statement of the second law:

"In any irreversible process the total entropy of all bodies concerned is increased."

That just means: "In any process in which energy becomes spread out, the measure of that spreading out or dispersing (i.e., the total entropy) increases when you include both what happens in the system AND its surroundings.”

Now we can translate "second law language"! It seems very confusing if you read it rapidly, but taking it a few words at a time and knowing what we have just reviewed, the ideas are not complicated.


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User talk:Mitchconquer

I don't agree mitch. you don't like languages!

you like sponge bob.

and madonna

and guinea pigs

title: User talk:Mitchconquer


text:
User:Mgway~enwikibooks

Mgway
That's "em-gee-way"

This is my page.

I edit random pages, mainly when I see typographical errors. However, I have recently cleaned up/wikified some articles. So you never know with me.

I'm also Mgway on Wiktionary and Wikipedia.

I dabble in lots of languages, as you see on the right.

That is all.

title: User:Mgway~enwikibooks


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Talk:Suomen kieli käyttöön

New thing
I added a new section in "Level 2" reading, featuring an interview with Conan O'Brien that he did whilst in Finland in 2006.

Merger Suggestion rejected
It has been suggested that this book be merged with the "Finnish" Wikibook. The Finnish Wikibook appears to be a teaching book containing lessons in Finnish. Finnish Language in Use is intended to be a practical book showing modern language use and linking it to the book on Finnish aimed at Foreigners learning Finnish. Finnish Language in Use is being written in several languages with common page names and titles in the Finnish, English Russian and German Wikibooks and may soon be extended to Arabic and Farsi. Renaming the book is not a practical proposition.

The master book on Finnish in the Finnish Wikibooks site is called Finnish for Foreigners to indicate that it is aimed at the special needs of foreigners learning the language. It is not a book on Finnish Grammar aimed at Finns.

URL consistency
The page naming isn't entirely consistent with respect to capitalization. This makes linking harder. I suggest a consistent system where the first letter is a capital and all others small, unless a capital is standard such as in proper nouns.Kotka 22:47, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

This has been a bit of a problem and is hard to control, but I agree that we must try to be consistent.

Note also that the system will interpret native words like käyttöön as k%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6%C3%B6n in the URL, but when building links it is more readable if it is shown in the native rather than interpreted form. Hauskalainen 09:28, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * This isn't a problem as the link diplayed can be any text one chooses (i.e. different from the URL linked). Kotka 21:35, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Suomen kieli käyttöön


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User:Timrem

w:User:Timrem

title: User:Timrem


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Georgia Water/Laws

 * View listed by code section number.
 * View alphabetically by name.
 * View listed by administering agency.
 * View listed by subject area.

Administered by the Environmental Protection Division

 * Clean Water Act (delegated)
 * Water Quality Control Act, OCGA 12-5-20
 * Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975, OCGA 12-7-1 (amended 2003)
 * Safe Drinking Water Act (delegated)
 * Safe Drinking Water Act of 1977, OCGA 12-5-170
 * Groundwater Use Act, OCGA 12-5-90
 * Surface Water Use Act, OCGA 12-5-31
 * Water Well Standards Act, OCGA 12-5-120
 * Water Supply Act, OCGA 12-5-470
 * Safe Dams Act of 1978, OCGA 12-5-370
 * Flint River Drought Protection Act, OCGA 12-5-540
 * Environmental Policy Act, OCGA 12-16-1
 * Planning Act of 1989, OCGA 12-2-8
 * Comprehensive State-wide Water Management Planning Act, OCGA 12-5-520
 * Surface Mining Act of 1968, O.C.G.A. 12-4-70

Administered by the Department of Natural Resources

 * Land Conservation Act, O.C.G.A. 36-22-1
 * Natural Areas Act, O.C.G.A. 12-3-90
 * Scenic Rivers Act of 1969, O.C.G.A. 12-5-350
 * Mountain and River Corridor Protection Act (informal title), O.C.G.A. 12-2-8
 * Endangered Wildlife Act of 1973, O.C.G.A. 27-3-130
 * Game and Fish Code, OCGA 27-1-1
 * Nongame Wildlife Conservation Programs Act of 1985 (informal title), O.C.G.A 12-3-600
 * Wildflower Preservation Act of 1973, O.C.G.A. 12-6-170
 * Heritage Trust Act of 1975, O.C.G.A. 12-3-70
 * Coastal Management Act, OCGA 12-5-320
 * Coastal Marshlands Protection Act of 1970, OCGA 12-5-280
 * Protection of Tidewaters Act, OCGA 52-1-1.
 * Georgia Shore Protection Act, O.C.G.A. 12-5-230
 * Boat Safety Act, OCGA 52-7-1.
 * Right of Passage Act, OCGA 52-1-30.
 * Beach Sand and Channel Dredging, OCGA 52-9-1.

Administered by the Department of Community Affairs

 * Georgia Service Delivery Act of 1997 ref
 * Georgia Planning Act, Part V (See EPD Rules for Environmental Planning Criteria; Chapter 391-3-16)

Administered by the Soil and Water Conservation Commission

 * House Bill 579 (requires all farm uses of water to be metered by July 1, 2009) (signed by Governor Perdue, June 2003)

Administered by Environmental Facilities Authority, OCGA 50-23-5

 * Georgia Land Conservation Revolving Loan Fund, per Georgia Land Conservation Act (O.C.G.A. 36-22-1)

Administered by Department of Economic Development

 * Foundation for Tourism Act

Miscellaneous

 * Conservation Use Act of 1991 as amended, OCGA 48-5-7.4
 * Uniform Conservation Easement Act, O.C.G.A 44-10-1

 * Georgia Ports Authority Act, OCGA 52-2-1.
 * Intracoastal Waterway, OCGA 52-3-1
 * Canal Companies, OCGA 52-4-1
 * Navigation Companies, OCGA 52-5-1
 * Board of Pilotage Commissioners, OCGA 52-6-1
 * Dumping Navigation Impediments, OCGA 52-8-1

 * Local Government Public Works Construction Law, OCGA 36-91-1

Administered by Federal Agencies

 * U.S. Clean Water Act (1966, 1972, 1987)
 * U.S. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1975)
 * U.S. Endangered Species Act (1973)
 * U.S. Executive Order 13112
 * U.S. Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act (1950)
 * U.S. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (1937)
 * U.S. Land and Water Conservation Fund Act (1965)
 * U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (of 1972 as amended)
 * U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)
 * U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
 * U.S. National Invasive Species Act (1996)
 * U.S. Plant Protection Act (2000)
 * U.S. Wild & Scenic Rivers Act (1968)
 * National Drought Policy Act (1998) ref

 * Unified Federal Policy for a Watershed Approach to Federal Land and Resources Management (2000)

title: Georgia Water/Laws


text:
User talk:Laserbeak

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! --Snargle 17:25, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Laserbeak


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/National Environmental Policy Act

U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (1969)

General Description
NEPA is an environmental statute that emphasizes information rather than regulation. NEPA requires the publication of information about the environmental effects and alternatives to potential actions of the federal government. NEPA does not dictate environmental standards or controls.

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
This is the primary document generated under NEPA. Federal agencies must make a threshold finding of whether the EIS must be prepared, determine the scope and adequacy of the EIS, and then make a summary of existing credible scientific evidence relating to potential environmental impacts of a given project.

Judicial Review
A court may not substitute its own judgment for that of the agency, but it must determine that the agency did, in fact, actually consider the environmental issues and make full consideration of all relevant factors.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Migratory Bird Treaty Act

U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)

General Description
This Act implements the treaties that the U.S. signed with Great Britain (on behalf of Canada) in 1916, Mexico in 1936, Japan in 1972, and the Soviet Union in 1976. The act functions to protect birds that migrate across national borders by prohibiting the taking, possessing, importing/exporting, selling, and transporting of any listed migratory bird, its parts, nest, or eggs without a permit All North American diurnal birds of prey, except bald and golden eagles, are listed as migratory birds under this Act.

Full Text
The full text of the statute may be found at http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusmba.htm


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Marine Mammal Protection Act

U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (of 1972 as amended)

General Description
The U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) protects all marine mammals, including cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), sirenians (manatees and dugongs), sea otters, and polar bears within the waters of the United States. The Act makes it illegal to take or import marine mammals without a permit. This means people may not harass, feed, hunt, capture, collect, or kill any marine mammal.

Divided Administrative Responsibility
The MMPA is managed by the federal government. The NMFS, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within the Department of Commerce, is responsible for managing cetaceans otariids, and phocids. The FWS, part of the Department of the Interior, is responsible for managing odobenids, sirenians, otters, and polar bears. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, part of the Department of Agriculture, is responsible for regulations managing marine mammals in captivity.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Land and Water Conservation Fund Act

U.S. Land and Water Conservation Fund Act (1965)

General Description
Assists in the preservation, development and accessibility of outdoor recreational resources so that such resources may be utilized and enjoyed by all present and future citizens and visitors of the United States.

Function: The act functions by
Providing funds for and authorizing Federal assistance to the States in planning, acquisition, and development of needed land and water areas and facilities and

Providing funds for the Federal acquisition and development of certain lands and other areas.

Source of funding
The funds distributed under the Act are to be the revenues generated by park fees and park permits.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act

U.S. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (1937)

Purpose
The purpose of this Act was to provide funding for the selection, restoration, rehabilitation and improvement of wildlife habitat, wildlife management research, and the distribution of information produced by the projects.

Source of funding
Funds are derived from an 11 percent Federal excise tax on sporting arms, ammunition, and archery equipment, and a 10 percent tax on handguns. These funds are collected from the manufacturers by the Department of the Treasury and are apportioned each year to the States and Territorial areas (except Puerto Rico) by the Department of the Interior on the basis of formulas set forth in the Act. Funds for hunter education and target ranges are derived from one-half of the tax on handguns and archery equipment.

Apportionment
Each state's apportionment is determined by a formula which considers the total area of the state and the number of licensed hunters in the state. The program is a cost-reimbursement program, where the state covers the full amount of an approved project then applies for reimbursement through Federal Aid for up to 75 percent of the project expenses. The state must provide at least 25 percent of the project costs from a non-federal source.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Executive Order 13112

U.S. Executive Order 13112

General Description
Executive Order 13112 requires that a Council of Departments dealing with invasive species be created.

Purpose
To prevent the introduction of invasive species and provide for their control and to minimize the economic, ecological, and human health impacts that invasive species cause.

Structure and Objectives
The Council, comprised of the heads of several departments (Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of the Interior, etc.), is assigned the role of providing national leadership regarding invasive species, including:

Overseeing the implementation of this order and ensuring that the Federal agency activities concerning invasive species are coordinated, complementary, cost-efficient, and effective

Encouraging planning and action at local, tribal, State, regional, and ecosystem-based levels

Developing recommendations for international cooperation in addressing invasive species


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Endangered Species Act

U.S. Endangered Species Act (1973)

General Description
Congress enacted the ESA in 1973 to conserve both endangered and threatened species and also to protect the ecosystems upon which those species depend. The ESA requires the Secretary of the Interior to take action to avoid jeopardizing the continued existence of a species. The Secretary also has a duty to conserve threatened and endangered species until they are no longer threatened or endangered. The ESA requires the secretary to give the highest priority to protecting the endangered species.

Listing a Species
The Secretary of the Interior has been given the authority under the ESA to determine whether any species is endangered or threatened.

Limits on Federal Agency Action
ESA prohibits an agency from engaging in any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened species or that destroys or adversely affects the critical habitat of such species.

Limits on Private Development
The ESA prohibits any individual/entity to "take" an endangered or threatened species. The definition of "take" includes harass, harm, hunt, kill, shoot, capture, collect, etc.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

U.S. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1975)

General Description
With over 100 parties, the Convention sets up a complex system of import and export permits and regulations to safeguard endangered species from over-exploitation.

Structure
A Convention-appointed Secretariat prepares scientific and technical studies as well as coordinates recordkeeping and reporting as required by the Convention. The Convention also establishes a Conference of State Parties which meets every two years to adapt the Convention to evolving conditions.

Functioning of the Permit System
The permits under the system are nationally administered and keyed to categories of endangered species. Exemptions from permits system exist, and states are permitted to take stricter measures if they wish.


text:
Georgia Water/Laws/Clean Water Act

U.S. Clean Water Act (1966, 1972, 1987)

General Description
The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States.

Function
The CWA gives EPA the authority to implement pollution control programs such as setting wastewater standards for industry.

The CWA requires that water quality standards be set for all contaminants in surface waters.

The CWA makes it unlawful for any person to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a permit was obtained under its provisions.

The "Hole" in the CWA
While the CWA regulates pollutant discharges originating from point sources, non-point sources are not regulable under the CWA. Thus, certain types of water pollution- water runoff from roads and airports, pesticides, etc.- are not regulable despite having an adverse effect on water quality. However, those entities that are subject to CWA regulations can typically be relied upon to exert pressure on those not subject to the regulations, due to the formers ability to discharge being based upon the total pollution in the water body (regardless of the source).

title: Georgia Water/Laws/Clean Water Act