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Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Brain

Normal tissue reactions
 * Acute
 * begin few hours after 1st treatment, progressively less severe with additional fractions
 * mild headache, nausea
 * Cause: radiation-induced permeability in blood-brain barrier
 * Rx: corticosteroids

 * Early-delayed
 * begin 1-12 weeks after completion of RT, peak by 8 weeks, resolve spontaneously within 4 months
 * transient, self-limited neurologic deterioration, somnolence, or focal encephalopathy
 * headache, lethargy, exacerbation of neurologic symptoms, decline in long-term memory
 * Cause: transient demyelination from damage to proliferating oligodendrocytes, plus changes in blood-brain barrier
 * Rx: corticosteroids

 * Late-delayed
 * vary from asymptomatic white matter changes to cerebral atrophy, hemorrhagic vascular telangiectasia, neurobehavioral impairment, pituitary-hypothalamic dysfunction, radiation necrosis
 * lassitude, personality changes, dementia, urinary incontinence, gait abnormalities
 * Radiation necrosis: from 3 months, but usually 1-2 years after treatment. Very difficult to differentiate from tumor recurrence
 * Rx: corticosteroids, surgical resection of necrotic area

Studies
External beam radiotherapy:
 * Amsterdam; 2007 PMID 17555870 -- "Cerebral necrosis after 25Gy radiotherapy in childhood followed 28 years later by 54Gy radiotherapy." (Koot RW, Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2007 Sep;109(7):607-12.)
 * Case report. 34-year old with PCI 25 Gy in childhood. Then atypical meningioma treated with fractionated 54 Gy
 * Outcome: 2 years later radiation necrosis, surgery confirmed

 * Intergroup NCCTG/RTOG/ECOG (1986-1994)
 * Randomized. 203 patients. Age >18. Included low grade astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, or mixed oligoastrocytoma; pilocytic astrocytomas were excluded. Randomized to 50.4 Gy vs 64.8 Gy in 1.8 Gy/fx. RT technique: 2 cm margin around preoperative tumor volume, 1 cm margin for boost after 50.4 Gy.
 * 5-years; 2002 PMID 11980997 — "Prospective randomized trial of low- versus high-dose radiation therapy in adults with supratentorial low-grade glioma: initial report of a North Central Cancer Treatment Group/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study." (Shaw E et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002 May 1;20(9):2267-76.) Median F/U 6.4 years
 * Toxicity: crude incidence of severe, life-threatening, or fatal radiation necrosis was 1% in low-dose vs. 6% in high-dose group (2-yr actuarial rates 2.5% vs. 5%). Radiation necrosis of brain stem leading to death recorded even at 50.4 Gy

 * Washington University (1974-1976)
 * 1985PMID 4070632 The risk of cerebral radionecrosis in relation to dose, time and fractionation. A follow-up study. (Marks JE, Prog Exp Tumor Res. 1985;29:210-8.)
 * Brain necrosis: 18% incidence with doses > 64.8 Gy, compared to 0% with doses <57 Gy
 * 1981 PMID 6260715 -- "Cerebral radionecrosis: incidence and risk in relation to dose, time, fractionation and volume." (Marks JE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981 Feb;7(2):243-52.)
 * 152 patients with brain/pituitary tumors. Pathology done in 17% patients. Necrosis pathologically confirmed in 7 patients (5%), didn't vary with type of tumor. Median time to development 14 months (6 months - 2 years)
 * Conclusion: no radiation necrosis <54 Gy in 30 fractions

 * UCSF; 1980 PMID 7007303 -- "Therapeutic irradiation and brain injury." (Sheline GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 Sep;6(9):1215-28.)
 * Review. >100 reported cases of injury in literature analyzed, 80 evaluated. Analyzed for acute reactions, early delayed reactions, leukoencephaly, and late delayed reactions
 * 20 patients with dose <50 Gy, but 17 had daily fractions 2.5 - 37.5 Gy). If dose 52 Gy in 2 Gy/fx, rate <0.5%, necrosis becomes a risk at 50-60 Gy in 2 Gy/fx

Radiosurgery:
 * Cleveland / Case Western PMID 16226848 -- "12 Gy gamma knife radiosurgical volume is a predictor for radiation necrosis in non-AVM intracranial tumors." (Korytko T, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Feb 1;64(2):419-24.)
 * Retrospective, 129 pts with 198 non-AVM tumors followed with MRI every 3-6 months.
 * Symptomatic radiation necrosis correlated with 12 Gy volume. Risk of asymptomatic radiation necrosis did not relate to 12 Gy volume.

Treatment

 * MD Anderson; 2007 PMID 17236958 -- "Effect of bevacizumab on radiation necrosis of the brain." (Gonzalez J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Feb 1;67(2):323-6.)
 * Retrospective. 15 patients with malignant brain tumors treated with bevacizumab (5mg/kg/2-week or 7.5mg/kg/3-week). Radiation necrosis in 8 patients. MRI studies reviewed
 * Post-treatment MRI: abnormality reduction in all 8 patients. Average reduction in daily dexamethasone 8.6 mg
 * Conclusion: Bevacizumab can reduce radiation necrosis, by decreasing capillary leakage and associated brain edema

Review

 * Fox Chase; 1995 PMID 7677836 -- "Radiation response of the central nervous system." (Schultheiss TE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Mar 30;31(5):1093-112.)
 * Review of anatomical, pathophysiological, and clinical aspects of radiation injury to CNS
 * Spine cord: 5% radiation myelopathy probably induced at 57 - 61 Gy without chemo
 * Brain: necrosis rarely <60 Gy; neurocognitive lower

Somnolence Syndrome

 * Considered under category of early delayed encephalopathy
 * Syndrome: somnolence (mild drowsiness to overwhelming exhaustion), low-grade fever, nausea/vomiting, and headache
 * Symptoms reported in 1929 in children treated with low-energy X-rays for ringworm of scalp
 * Syndrome described in 1973 in children treated with cranial RT for ALL
 * Classically occurs after whole brain irradiation (after cranial RT for ALL (15-58%), and also after TBI)
 * Doses as low as 12 Gy TBI have been reported to trigger it (PMID 10989470)
 * Fractional dose (1.8 Gy/fx vs 1.0 Gy/fx) doesn't appear to impact incidence of clinical somnolence
 * Also described after focal RT to pineal region for meningioma
 * Etiology unclear, but hypothesized to be transient demyelination, possibly in the reticular activating system (RAS)
 * Effects on long-term cognitive function are contradictory
 * Prophylactic steroids can reduce incidence, and can be helpful in recovery. However, most children can improve spontaneously and completely without treatment

 * Ankara (Turkey)(1994-1996) -- oral dexamethasone 2mg/m2 vs. 4 mg/m2
 * Randomized. 32 patients with high-risk ALL. Prophylactic cranial RT 18/10. Arm 1) oral dexamethasone 2 mg/m2 during RT vs Arm 2) oral dexamethasone 4 mg/m2. Tapered in 5 days after RT
 * 1998 PMID 9756169 -- "Reduced incidence of the somnolence syndrome after prophylactic cranial irradiation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." (Uzal D, Radiother Oncol. 1998 Jul;48(1):29-32.)
 * Outcome: Somnolence syndrome low dose 64% vs. high dose 18% (SS). Most common symptom drowsiness. Median time-to-development 4 weeks, duration of symptoms median 7 days (2-14 days). In all cases, symptoms subsided completely and spontaneously
 * Conclusion: Steroids at 4 mg/m2 during cranial RT can reduce incidence of somnolence syndrome

 * ? Institution -- RT dose 1 Gy/fx vs. 1.8 Gy/fx
 * Randomized. 97 children with ALL, receiving cranial RT. Same chemotherapy including IT-MTX. Arm 1) 18/18 (@1 Gy/fx) vs. Arm 2) 18/10 (@1.8 Gy/fx)
 * 1984 PMID 6593316 -- "The somnolence syndrome in leukemic children following reduced daily dose fractions of cranial radiation." (Littman P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1984 Oct;10(10):1851-3.)
 * Outcome: Clinical somnolence 58% in both groups (NS)
 * Conclusion: RT dose fraction does not appear to impact incidence of somnolence

Radiation-induced moyamoya syndrome

 * Snehal S Desai et al. Radiation-induced moyamoya syndrome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jul 15;65(4):1222-7. ( 16626890) ( DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.01.038)
 * A PubMed search of English-language articles, with radiation, radiotherapy, and moyamoya syndrome used as search key words, yielded 33 articles from 1967 to 2002.
 * Patients who received RT to the parasellar region at a young age (<5 years) are the most susceptible to moyamoya syndrome.
 * The incidence for moyamoya syndrome continues to increase with time, with half of cases occurring within 4 years of RT and 95% of cases occurring within 12 years.
 * Patients with NF-1 have a lower radiation-dose threshold for development of moyamoya syndrome.
 * Paulo Almeida et al. Moyamoya Syndrome after Radiation Therapy: a Clinical Report. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2019; 6(12): 001337. ( 31893204)

Radiosurgery

 * See also: treatment-specific information at Radiation Oncology/CNS/Arteriovenous malformation

title: Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Brain


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Bartending/Cocktails/Three Dollar Shoes

"Three Dollar Shoes" is a gin cocktail made with Seagram's and Bombay Sapphire brand gin. It also includes Margarita mixer for sweetness, and grenadine to give the drink a pink tint.

History
The Three Dollar Shoes cocktail was invented in Albuquerque, New Mexico on 21 July 2006 as a strong but sweet cocktail to drink before going to a local club for Salsa dancing. Originally, the drink included only Seagram's and Margarita mixer. Bombay Sapphire was added to give a higher alcohol content, and drawing inspiration from one of the inventors recently purchased pink high-heel shoes (for three dollars), the grenadine was added to give the cocktail a pink tint.

For serving the drink, a plastic water-bottle was used for ease and portability. In keeping with the original spirit of the cocktail, if at all possible the drink should be served from a large, cheap plastic bottle, though a drink mixer can be used instead.

Ingredients

 * 3 parts Seagram's brand Gin
 * 2 parts Bombay Sapphire brand Gin
 * 2 parts (or to taste) chilled margarita mixer
 * 1 part Grenadine

Glass

 * As served originally, the drink should be poured from a plastic bottle, though a drink mixer may be substituted. The cocktail may be drunk strait from the water bottle, or poured into large glasses.[1]

Procedure

 * 1) Add all ingredients, gin first, into the plastic bottle or mixer.
 * 2) Shake for 10 seconds, or until well blended.
 * 3) Drink directly from water-bottle, or pour into a large glass.  It may also be served as is, chilled, or on the rocks.

Three Dollar Shoes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bartending/Cocktails/Three Dollar Shoes


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Talk:Bartending/Alcohol/Wine

This page needs some work. Any wine experts out there?

I am not a wine expert but at least I was able to correct the several major spelling and grammar flaws.

The major spelling flaw here is in the name. Unfortunately, "fermented" is misspelled, so this has effectively duplicated the original wine page. Howeve, this has some more information, so we should really merge the pages to the other location. JonesyLD 11:27, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Need some help getting this page going. Any wine experts out there? --JoeCrower 07:35, 22 July 2006 (UTC) There's another page on this under "fremented beveages. We should incorporate the info there into this page. JonesyLD 11:29, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bartending/Alcohol/Wine


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User:Limetom

My user page on the English Wikipedia: Limetom.

To Do:
 * Work on Irish in Wikijunior
 * Work on Latin in Wikijunior
 * Work on Persian in Wikijunior

title: User:Limetom


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Cookbook:Gulab Jamun (Fried Milk Balls in Syrup)

| India | Dessert

Gulab jamun is a popular Indian and Pakistani sweet dish comprised of fried milk balls in a sweet syrup flavoured with cardamom seeds and rosewater or saffron. It originates from Bengal and is pronounced "Gulab Jambuh" in regional languages such as Gujarati. Mixes and finished products are often available in supermarkets, though it is still popular to make it from scratch.

Fritters

 * 3 cups (720 ml) dry milk powder
 * 1 cup (240 ml) Bisquick baking mix
 * A little over ¾ cup (200 ml) warm milk
 * 2 Tbsp butter, melted

Syrup

 * 2 cups (480 ml) water
 * 2 ½ cups (600 ml) white granulated sugar
 * 4 cardamom pods

Fritters

 * 1) Preheat canola oil 1.5–2 inches (4–5 cm) deep in a small saucepan over medium heat.
 * 2) Combine the milk powder, Bisquick, and melted butter in a metal bowl.
 * 3) Slowly add the warmed milk, 2 Tbsp at a time. Use a wooden spoon to mix the dry ingredients into a dough ball. Continue adding milk until all dry ingredients have been incorporated. The dough should be firm and moist, but not sticky. If you put too much milk, add a bit more dry mixture (maintaining the ratio of 3 parts milk powder to 1 part bisquick).
 * 4) Roll into evenly sized balls (if they are not even, they will not cook at the same rate). Since the balls dry out quickly, do not wait more than a few minutes before frying.
 * 5) Drop a few balls into the oil—don't overfill the pan, since they will get larger as they cook. They will sink to the bottom, then float to the top of the oil. Stir regularly to keep them browning evenly.
 * 6) When dark brown, remove from the oil and place on paper to absorb any excess.
 * 7) Repeat until all the dough is used up.

Syrup

 * 1) Break cardamom seeds from their pods.
 * 2) Separate seeds, and bash them to release flavor.
 * 3) Mix water, syrup, and cardamom and heat for 10 minutes—do not overheat or the syrup will caramelize.
 * 4) Soak the finished fritters in the syrup overnight.
 * 5) Serve hot or cold.


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User:Jitterro~enwikibooks

I came over from Wikipedia.

Created Pages
Gulab jamun

title: User:Jitterro~enwikibooks


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User:MrDolomite

'''MrDolomite is inactive on. Contact via Special:Emailuser/MrDolomite.'''

title: User:MrDolomite


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User:MrDolomite/Sandbox

It's the MrDolomite Sandbox.

Templates

 * [ Templates in this project] : Special search page for Templates.

DPL
DynamicPageList

 mode=ordered category=Main page namespace=Category shownamespace=false suppresserrors=true

title: User:MrDolomite/Sandbox


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Talk:French/Lessons/Formal speech

Vous vs. tu in web forums
In this book it says that one should always use 'vous' if one is not familiar with the person one is talking to. This seams clear so far.

However, in my native language, German, there is this similar concept of 'Du'(=tu) and 'Sie'(=vous). But we have all adopted the habit of never using 'Sie' and use only 'Du' (informal) on online forums, even though we are not familiar with the persons we are talking to. Everybody does so, and everybody is pretty comfortable with that.

Does this phenomenon also occur among french speaking people? Human Robot 08:52, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Most of the time on french speaking forums, people usally say tu each others. For example, at fr.wikipedia.org, almost everyone say tu on talk pages BUT contrary to de.wikipedia.org, the pages say vous, for exemple for the password prompt.
 * QUOTE : Votre nom d'utilisateur
 * Votre mot de passe:

the Rule of Thumb for tu vs. vous
In this book it notes that " As a rule of thumb, use "tu" only when you would call that person by his first name, otherwise use "vous"." Is this rule of thumb ideal? It contradicts with a couple previous sentences, particularly "It is used when talking to someone who is important, someone who is older than you are, or someone with whom you are unfamiliar." For example, it has probably been over 10 years (when a teenager) since I last called any person by anything other than their first name, including bosses, clients, professors, complete strangers I had just met, etc. I talk to a ridiculous amount of people (of all ages, "ranks" of importance) and they, too, refer to me by my first name back. Neither party in many cases know the other party's last name until we become more familiar. (unsigned comment by User: TheCuriosity on 17 Feb 2010).
 * If you can justify a better rule please edit the main text. The main contributers to this book are no longer active, and I think no-one else is likely to change it. Recent Runes (talk) 23:48, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I didn't want to jump on anyone's toes, so-to-speak TheCuriosity (talk) 04:52, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:French/Lessons/Formal speech


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Template:Fruit

| Fruit

Usage
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Template:Vegetable

| Vegetables

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Template:Nut

| Nuts and Seeds

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title: Template:Nut


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Grawp

Overview
Grawp is the Giant half-brother of Rubeus Hagrid. His mother was the giant Fridwulfa.

Order of the Phoenix
The half-wild Grawp is introduced to Harry and Hermione by Hagrid, who has hidden him in the Forbidden Forest. Hagrid is on probation at this point and is greatly afraid of being sacked by Dolores Umbridge; he charges Harry and Hermione with Grawp's care should he be sent away from the school. When they tell Ron about this the next day, Ron is utterly incredulous.

Harry and Hermione trick Professor Umbridge into going into the forest to look for a non-existent weapon, where they are stopped by a herd of Centaurs; Umbridge promptly manages to antagonize them by referring to them as having "nearly-human intelligence". Grawp crashes onto the scene, looking for the recently-sacked Hagrid, just as the Centaurs are about to sentence Harry and Hermione to the same fate that they have decided for Umbridge. Grawp recognizes Hermione (calling her "Hermy"), and demands Hagrid ("HAGGER!"). The Centaurs try to defend themselves from Grawp's clumsiness with arrows, but finding that their weapons are ineffective, serving only to enrage him, scatter into the woods, carrying off Umbridge.

Half-Blood Prince
According to Hagrid, Grawp is now living in a nice cave; this must be similar to the mountains where he was living when Hagrid first met him.

He is present at Albus Dumbledore's funeral, acting much more civilized, and trying, in his ham-fisted way, to console Hagrid.

Deathly Hallows
We are re-introduced to Grawp when Hagrid comes crashing into the school through a window, with his boarhound Fang. He tells us that when Voldemort had started his attack on the school, Hagrid had been up in the mountains visiting Grawp. They had headed down to the school together and Grawp had helpfully put Hagrid down inside the school (by tossing him through the window). Grawp is involved in battling the two Giants that Voldemort has brought along to attack Hogwarts, and does not seem to be badly injured in the process – after the battle, survivors in the Great Hall are throwing food to him out the windows.

Strengths
He is a giant, so therefore, very strong. We have seen that Hagrid is largely immune to Stunning spells, and we are told that this is because of his Giant heritage. Because of this, it is safe to assume that Grawp will likely not even notice a Stunning spell.

In his encounter with the Centaurs, we see that arrows, too, only annoy him, rather than injuring him.

Weaknesses
He doesn't seem very intelligent, although he is certainly improving through the books.

Relationships with Other Characters
Grawp eventually grows to at least like his half-brother Hagrid, although the process seems to be quite extended; we see, from Hagrid's return to the school in November right up to possibly May when Hagrid introduces Grawp to Harry and Hermione that Hagrid is suffering from repeated injuries inflicted, we're led to believe, by Grawp. We don't know how Hagrid managed to convince Grawp to return to Hogwarts, but there must have been some feeling for Hagrid, else Grawp, being far stronger and larger than Hagrid, would have simply struck out on his own.

Grawp does seem to be attracted to Hermione; when Hagrid is dismissed, and Grawp breaks loose, it is "Hermy" that he's calling for as he wanders the Forbidden Forest. We don't know what the attraction is.

Analysis
It is interesting to see a character who is as much stronger than Hagrid, as Hagrid is stronger than the regular wizards. It's hard to tell the effect that Grawp's heavy affection is having on Hagrid, but one can see that Hagrid is being as pummeled by Grawp's great strength, as Harry and Ron are by Hagrid's.

By the beginning of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, we know that at least one giant is roaming Britain, and we Muggles are being led to believe it is a tornado. We have not as yet seen anything, except another giant, that can defeat a giant; is this why Grawp has been civilized? So that he can be an unstoppable force on the side of the Wizards?

Questions

 * 1) Hagrid, we're told, is largely immune to Stun spells because of his giant heritage. Presumably Grawp is even more so. Are there any non-fatal spells that can stop a giant?


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Susan Bones

Overview
Susan Bones is a Hogwarts student in Harry's year who had an uncle, aunt, and cousins who died at the hands of Death Eaters.

Philosopher's Stone
Susan Bones is placed in Hufflepuff house by the Sorting Hat.

Order of the Phoenix
Susan Bones is one of the students who attend the first meeting of the group that will become Dumbledore's Army. At the meeting, she asks Harry if he is, in fact, able to produce a "corporeal Patronus." The phrasing is familiar to Harry, who asks if she is related to Amelia Bones. Susan confirms that Madam Bones is her aunt. With the escape of the Death Eaters from Azkaban, people are once again frightened that Voldemort may be returning, despite the official Ministry reassurances. Susan Bones, who had lost several cousins, an uncle, and an aunt, to the Death Eaters in the previous round, becomes something of a center of attention in the school. At one point, she asks Harry how he stands the fame.

Susan is also one of the six members of Dumbledore's Army who see Draco Malfoy attempting to jinx Harry on the Hogwarts Express, and promptly return fire, leaving Draco, Crabbe, and Goyle looking like gigantic slugs squeezed into Hogwarts robes.

Half-Blood Prince
Susan's aunt, Amelia Bones, is murdered, probably directly by Voldemort.

Susan later appears during apparition instruction, during which she splinches her leg off. Adult wizards are on hand to reattach it, of course.

Deathly Hallows
While Susan's name is not mentioned, we know that Neville had summoned Dumbledore's Army to assist in Harry's mission. So we assume that as Harry, Ron and Hermione return to Hogwarts to seek for Rowena Ravenclaw's lost diadem, she either is in the Room of Requirement with other Dumbledore's Army members, or else arrives later with the members of the Order of the Phoenix. We believe she was also present for the final Battle of Hogwarts.

Relationships with Other Characters
We rarely see Susan interact with other characters, but we do get a brief glimpse of the groups she hangs out with. She arrives at the first meeting of Dumbledore's Army in company with Hannah Abbott, Ernie Macmillan, and Justin Finch-Fletchley; at the end of the school year she shares a train compartment with the same three students, as well as Terry Boot and Anthony Goldstein.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bellatrix Lestrange

Overview
Bellatrix Lestrange (née Black) is Sirius Black's cousin, and sister to Narcissa Malfoy and Andromeda Tonks, making her Nymphadora Tonks' aunt. Bellatrix is described as being taller than Harry, with thick, sleek, black hair, a thin mouth, dark, heavily lidded eyes, pale skin, and the Black family's patrician good looks and bearing. However, her features became somewhat hollowed out during her incarceration in Azkaban prison.

Bellatrix was sorted into Slytherin House at Hogwarts. The first wand she is seen using is Walnut with a Dragon Heartstring core. After her wand is captured in the final book, she procures another, but we are not told what it is made of.

Goblet of Fire
Bellatrix is introduced, albeit only by Sirius Black telling Harry that she was among a group at Hogwarts that Severus Snape ran with; almost all became Death Eaters.

Harry also witnesses her trial and conviction using Dumbledore's pensieve. Shortly after Lord Voldemort's disappearance, Bellatrix and three other young Death Eaters (her husband Rodolphus Lestrange, his brother Rabastan Lestrange, and Barty Crouch Jr.) attacked Aurors Frank and Alice Longbottom, torturing them with the Cruciatus Curse until they were rendered irreversibly insane. All four of them were sentenced to life imprisonment in Azkaban Prison.

Order of the Phoenix
Several times while the cleaning is underway at Number 12, Grimmauld Place, Harry sees a Wizarding photo of Bellatrix. It seems she is among Kreacher's favorites, as, after retrieving her photo from the trash, he placed it centrally in his sleeping area.

Bellatrix escaped Azkaban prison in the mass breakout and rejoined Voldemort during Harry's fifth school year. She was with the Death Eaters at the Battle at the Ministry, and it was her stunning curse that stunned and tipped Sirius Black through the veil. She escaped the battle, running for the Atrium, with Harry in hot pursuit. When Voldemort arrived at the Ministry, Bellatrix, trapped under a fallen statue, was the only Death Eater he rescued, though this may have been merely fortunate timing, as Bellatrix was in the Atrium when he appeared there, and Albus Dumbledore had already captured the other Death Eaters with an anti-Apparition charm.

Half-Blood Prince
Bellatrix accompanies her sister, Narcissa Malfoy, to Spinner’s End, where Severus Snape lives. Bellatrix had tried to dissuade Narcissa from going, and once there, both she and Snape agree that Narcissa should not discuss anything that Voldemort has told her. Bellatrix, distrusting Snape, poses a series of questions to him that seem solely designed to prove his disloyalty. Snape counters that the Dark Lord has already asked those same questions; as he is satisfied with Snape's answers, should Bellatrix not also be? He does, however, address all her concerns. Snape also explains that if he had killed Harry Potter, he would have lost Dumbledore's protection and would now be unable to act as Voldemort's spy.

With Bellatrix's suspicions at least temporarily quieted, Narcissa wants Snape to make an Unbreakable Vow to help her son, Draco perform Voldemort's task. Bellatrix, initially skeptical that Snape will comply, is surprised when he agrees. She performs the binding of the Vow.

When Harry later eavesdrops on Snape and Draco, who have just left Professor Slughorn's Christmas party, he hears Snape telling Draco that his Aunt Bella must have been teaching Draco Occlumency.

We do not know if Bellatrix is one of the Death Eaters who invade Hogwarts later in the book — her presence is not mentioned.

Deathly Hallows
Bellatrix first appears at Malfoy Manor, in council with Lord Voldemort and the other Death Eaters, though she is seated far from Voldemort. She presumably has lost his favour, partially due to the disastrous battle at the Ministry, as well being related to the disgraced Malfoy family, and also because her half-blood niece, Nymphadora Tonks, has married the werewolf Remus Lupin.

When Harry is moved from Privet Drive by the Order of the Phoenix, six members have disguised themselves as Harry decoys using Polyjuice potion. Ron, a decoy, is paired with Tonks, his protector. Bellatrix targets Tonks, and aunt and niece duel fiercely; Tonks and Ron escape uninjured. Meanwhile, when Harry first sees Andromeda Tonks at the safe house, he briefly mistakes her for her sister, Bellatrix.

When Harry, Ron, Hermione, Dean Thomas, and Griphook are captured and taken to Malfoy Manor, Bellatrix discovers they have the Sword of Gryffindor. Panicked, she halts Lucius Malfoy summoning Voldemort, wanting to authenticate the sword before alerting the Dark Lord, who she fears may fatally punish them if it is what it appears to be. Hermione, tortured by Bellatrix, insists the sword is only a replica. Knowing that goblins can detect a fake, Bellatrix has Draco fetch Griphook. Having been coached by Harry, Griphook claims this sword is merely a copy. Satisfied that the real sword is safe, Bellatrix rewards Fenrir Greyback by offering Hermione to him. Harry and Ron, having escaped their captors, burst in. Ron, with Wormtail's captured wand, Disarms Bellatrix, but she holds Hermione hostage with a knife, forcing Harry and Ron to relinquish their wands to Draco. Dobby, who has arrived to rescue Harry and the others, drops a crystal chandelier on Bellatrix, as Harry wrests the three wands away from Draco, tossing one to Ron. As the group Apparates to safety, Bellatrix throws her knife, striking Dobby, who dies soon after in Harry's arms.

Bellatrix's extreme reaction to seeing the Sword of Gryffindor convinces Harry that she feared it had been stolen from her Gringotts vault, thus leading him to suspect that a Horcrux may also be hidden there. When the Trio break into Gringotts Bank to retrieve the Cup Horcrux, Hermione has assumed Bellatrix's appearance with Polyjuice potion, and is wielding her captured wand, though it performs poorly for her.

Bellatrix is present when Voldemort receives word that her Gringotts vault was breached and the Cup Horcrux stolen. She and Lucius Malfoy barely escape Voldemort's murderous rage upon hearing the news.

When Harry views Snape's memories in Dumbledore's Pensieve, one scene shows Dumbledore shortly after the Ring Horcrux destroyed his hand. Snape revived him, and contained the curse, but has informed Dumbledore that it is unstoppable and he only has about one year left to live. Dumbledore, knowing Draco Malfoy was tasked by Voldemort to murder him, seeks Snape's promise that Snape will kill him in Draco's stead. Snape demurs, but Dumbledore insists he prefers Snape rather than a Death Eater, such as Greyback or Bellatrix, who enjoy taunting their victims.

Harry, upon learning he carries Voldemort's soul shard, determines he must be killed by Voldemort before Voldemort can be slain. When they meet in the Forbidden Forest, Bellatrix is beside Voldemort, offering comfort. After Harry is almost fatally cursed and returns from the King's Cross simulacrum, he hears Bellatrix attempting to resuscitate Voldemort, who apparently fell when Harry did; Voldemort brusquely pushes her away.

Bellatrix is killed in the Hogwarts battle by an enraged Molly Weasley, presumably with the Killing Curse or combined defensive charms, in a duel triggered by one of Bellatrix's Killing Curses nearly striking Ginny Weasley. Furious over losing his staunchest supporter, Voldemort attempts to fatally curse Molly in retaliation, but Harry's Shield charm blocks him.

Strengths
Bellatrix is incredibly powerful, and appears proficient in many magical branches, foremost the Dark Arts. She never hesitates to use the Unforgivable Curses, seeing them as being the most powerful. Albus Dumbledore characterizes her as "... dear Bellatrix, who likes to play with her food before she eats it." This, along with how she abuses Neville Longbottom at the Department of Mysteries, clearly illustrates Bellatrix's sadistic and positively evil nature, as she willingly tortures, or even kills, her opponents. She is so single-minded in her aims that she counts family, such as her cousin Sirius Black, her niece, Nymphadora Tonks, and even her sister, Andromeda, among her enemies, and attempts to kill Tonks and Sirius, succeeding in Sirius' case (and possibly in Tonks' as well, the book does not say who was actually responsible for Tonks' death). While even Voldemort decides against killing a Muggle boy as "unnecessary, quite unnecessary" when it is (the occasion happens before the killing of the Potters and is reported in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows), we see Bellatrix Lestrange throw the Killing Curse at a merely suspicious bush, without caring whether the noise comes from a fox (as was actually the case), a Muggle or wizard, or the Auror she might have suspected to be there (in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince). In many ways it is a fearsome strength, as she will do whatever is necessary to gain Voldemort's favour and help him conquer the Wizarding realm.

Weaknesses
She is obsessively devoted to and in love with Voldemort, putting him above anything else, including her family; this obsession consumes everything in her life. Bellatrix's evil nature borders on total insanity, causing her to act rashly and fervently. In the Department of Mysteries, it is noted that the other Death Eaters present seem disturbed by Bellatrix' intensity, and, at one point, Lucius Malfoy must restrain her.

Relationships With Other Characters
Though she is married to Rodolphus Lestrange, Bellatrix has long harbored a passionate desire for Lord Voldemort. It is unclear whether she is truly in love with him or merely besotted by his power, but regardless, her obsessive lust leads her to being among his most devoted and fanatical Death Eaters. However, her feelings are hardly reciprocated, as Voldemort believes love is a weakness, nor is he even capable of experiencing that emotion. Though Voldemort utterly trusts and relies on her, he would likely sacrifice her, as he did Snape, if it served his evil purpose.

Bellatrix Lestrange's sisters are Narcissa Malfoy, Draco's mother, and Andromeda Tonks, mother to Nymphadora Tonks. The three women's father is Cygnus Black, who is Sirius Black's uncle. The extensive inbreeding within the "pure-blood" wizard lines can be measured by examining the Black family tree, which shows that Bellatrix is related distantly to many major players in the story, including: the Weasleys, both directly and via the Prewetts; the Tonks; the Longbottoms; the Macmillans; the Crouches; and even Harry himself. Note that though related to the Tonks clan by Andromeda's marriage to Ted Tonks, Bellatrix has disavowed the relationship and has expunged Andromeda from the family tree, and even physically attacked Andromeda's daughter, her own niece, Nymphadora Tonks.

Bellatrix has few personal relationships, though she appears to be close to her other sister, Narcissa Malfoy, and dotes on her only nephew, Draco, Narcissa's son, though she and her brother-in-law, Lucius Malfoy, also a Death Eater, seem barely cordial with one another. It is unknown what Bellatrix's and her husband's marriage is like, as they are rarely seen interacting with one another, nor does she mention him. Their union is childless.

Bellatrix strongly distrusts Severus Snape. Given that she is sufficiently skilled as an Occlumens to be teaching the technique to Draco, we can imagine that this suspicion is partially due to Snape's own ability in that field. Bellatrix no doubt has attempted to use Legilimency on Snape and had been blocked, though she may have been unaware. Her ongoing distrust regarding Snape may largely be due to her inability to read his motives, along with the fact that Snape seems to have replaced Bellatrix in Voldemort's councils. It is possible that the two got along at least slightly better when they were younger, and that the distrust stems from relatively recent events. We note that Sirius mentions they were friends or at least acquaintances during their Hogwarts years.

As much as Bellatrix loves Lord Voldemort, she equally hates Harry Potter, considering him the greatest threat to Voldemort and his plans. She will do anything to assist the Dark Lord's desire to defeat Harry.

Analysis
Even by most Wizarding world standards, Bellatrix is considered more than slightly insane. In Dumbledore's Pensieve, we see her screaming defiance at the Wizengamot. After finding her portrait that Kreacher had hidden away at Grimmauld Place, Harry remarks on her insane appearance. Of all the Death Eaters in the battle in the Ministry of Magic, she alone is restrained from attacking Harry before he has relinquished the Prophecy. She also wants to torture Neville, just as she did to his parents many years before, to force Harry into yielding the Prophecy. Interestingly, while at Snape's home in Spinner's End, she is the voice of moderation, urging Narcissa to avoid getting into trouble by seeking Snape's help against Voldemort's wishes.

Like Voldemort, Bellatrix does not understand love. She has an obsession with Voldemort, which she may mistake for love, but it is not reciprocated: he regards his followers as servants and tools for his own ends. When meeting with Narcissa Malfoy and Snape to discuss Draco's mission, she does not understand why Narcissa is so worried about Draco. She says that if she had children of her own, she would gladly sacrifice them to do Voldemort's work. Rowling wrote elsewhere that her defeat at the hands of Molly Weasley is a symbolic victory of Molly's motherly love over Bellatrix's obsessive love.

Questions

 * 1) Do you think Bellatrix loved her husband or Voldemort?
 * 2) If she loved Voldemort, why did she marry Rodolphus?

Greater Picture
Much like Charlie Weasley, Bellatrix seems to have two canon ages given in the series. Originally Sirius mentioned that she and her husband were friends of Snape's when they were at Hogwarts together. Over the next few books however we learn that she is the oldest of her sisters, both which seem to be a bit older than both Snape and Sirius. Andromeda, her younger sister, has a daughter (Nymphadora Tonks) who's said to be about 22 when she was first introduced, and about 24-25 by the time of her death. This would make Andromeda at least 40 by the time Nymphadora was introduced (if we assume that she didn't have a child until after Hogwarts) which would make Bellatrix 40 or older. Given that Snape and Sirius have been given birth years of 1960, this would make both of them only about 5 years younger than Andromeda and likely 6 or more than Bellatrix. Even if the two were at Hogwarts together, it seems strange that a 6th-7th year Bellatrix would even notice little 11 year old Snape. It's unknown why this is, but it seems to have been a simple mistake on the part of JK Rowling.

Note: JK Rowling also released a family tree for the Black Family that gave us a birth year for Bellatrix, 1951 (9 years older than Snape's 1960). This would've made it impossible for the two to have attended Hogwarts together. The tree is ambiguously canon however as there are many other errors that don't fit the canon given in the books.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dudley Dursley

Overview
Dudley Dursley is the beloved son of Vernon Dursley and Petunia Dursley, who are Harry Potter's uncle and aunt. Harry lives with them at Number Four, Privet Drive.

Dudley, being a child, grows throughout the series. He starts as a monumentally fat infant, grows to be a monumentally fat child, goes on a diet and starts building muscle, and ends up to be one of those horrible hulking tough lads.

While Dudley's birthday is never explicitly given a date, we believe it to be some time in June, shortly before school ends, as Harry's punishment after the events at the zoo in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was "his longest-ever punishment. By the time he was allowed out of his cupboard again, the summer holidays had started". At least one web site puts it on 23 June.

Philosopher's Stone
We hear that Dudley Dursley is the only child of Vernon Dursley and Petunia Dursley, and that in their opinion, there is no finer child anywhere. Offset against this, we have the observation of Minerva McGonagall, who protests Albus Dumbledore's decision to leave Harry with these, "the very worst sort of Muggles." McGonagall has seen Petunia taking Dudley out for a walk and has seen him hitting her, demanding candy.

Ten years later, we see the Dursley house again. We are told that there are lots of pictures of Dudley, a monumentally fat child, where previously there had been lots of pictures of a monumentally fat toddler. It is Dudley's birthday, and Petunia tells Harry to be extra careful cooking breakfast, she doesn't want anything to spoil her Dudley's special day. When Dudley comes down to breakfast, he is outraged that there are only 37 gifts for him; last year he had gotten 38. To defuse the explosion, Petunia promises that they will buy him two more gifts. Dudley eventually works out that this is 39, and this satisfies him. Shortly, though, Mrs. Figg phones to say that she can't take Harry for the day, as she has broken her leg. Vernon and Petunia decide that they have to take Harry with them on Dudley's outing to the zoo, as they can't trust him alone in the house, and Dudley starts to pretend to cry at this. He is interrupted, though, by the arrival of Piers, his friend, who is also going to the zoo. Dudley doesn't want Piers to see him crying, so that effectively is an end to his resistance.

At the zoo, Harry manages to get a lemon ice when the vendor assumes that all three of the children will have something, and Vernon, to keep up appearances, must buy Harry something as well; and later, Harry gets nearly all of Dudley's dessert (a "Knickerbocker Glory") when Dudley complains that it is too small and Vernon gets him a second one.

In the reptile house, Dudley quickly goes to find the biggest snake in the place, and bangs on the glass to try and make it move. When it doesn't, he goes away disappointed. Harry finds that the snake understands him, and while he is talking with it, Piers calls Dudley and Vernon to come and look at it. Dudley, waddling up at speed, hits Harry in the ribs, and Harry falls on the floor. Much to everyone's amazement, the glass in front of the snake vanishes, and the snake escapes, telling Harry it's off to Brazil. Dudley claims that the snake almost bit his leg off, and Piers says he was almost squeezed to death, but the worst is that Piers, calming down a bit, says Harry was talking to it. This results in Vernon locking Harry in his cupboard under the stairs for a week.

When we next see Dudley, school vacations have started. Dudley and his gang often come over to visit, and Harry does his best to stay hidden during these episodes, as Dudley, with Piers, Dennis, Malcolm, and Gordon, have settled on hitting Harry as their favorite pastime. Harry looks forward to the end of summer vacation, as Dudley is going to Vernon's old school, Smeltings, while Harry is going to be going to Stonewall Comprehensive. (Note to US readers: Smeltings, presumably a "public" school, is what is called a private school in the US, while Stonewall, a comprehensive school, is what would be called public in the US.) While Vernon and Petunia get all teary-eyed over the sight of Dudley in his Smeltings uniform, Harry is hard-put to restrain his laughter.

Dudley is in his school uniform the next morning at breakfast. When Vernon tells him to fetch the mail, Dudley tells him to have Harry do it; when Harry demurs, Vernon tells Dudley to poke Harry with his stick. Harry, seeing that Dudley is all too ready to do so, fetches the mail and finds the first of what will be a large number of letters for himself. Before he gets to open this one, though, Dudley calls out that he has received a letter, and Vernon pulls it away from him. Reading it is evidently a serious shock for both Vernon and Petunia, but they refuse to let either Harry or Dudley read it, despite their demands.

On returning home from work that day, Vernon tells Harry that they are moving him from his cupboard to the smallest bedroom at the house, the one that has been to date used to store all of Dudley's broken and disused gifts. Dudley is angered by this encroachment on his domain, and Harry can hear him bawling even with his new door closed.

The following morning, another letter arrives for Harry; Dudley, sent to get the mail, retrieves it, but is not allowed to read it.

The following morning, Vernon sleeps across the front door as the mailman arrives, delivering several more letters for Harry. Vernon then stays home, and nails up the letterbox. Dudley can only watch in horror as Vernon's antics to prevent the delivery of these letters grows ever more irrational. He clearly fears that his father has gone insane, and Petunia, who alone understands the reason for his actions, cannot explain.

Vernon's irrationality comes to a head on Sunday, and results in them driving off into the wilds of England. They end up in a ramshackle house, built on a rock out at sea, after Dudley has complained about missing one of his favorite television shows. Here, after a wholly unsatisfactory dinner, Vernon and Petunia take the one bed, and Dudley sleeps on the couch, leaving Harry with one threadbare blanket on the floor. Harry, looking at the watch on Dudley's pudgy wrist, recognizes the arrival of his eleventh birthday.

This is how they are found by Rubeus Hagrid, "keeper of the keys and grounds at Hogwarts", when he bursts in at midnight. Dudley, apart from being petrified at this huge and woolly man breaking into their house, and trying to hide behind his parents, plays little part in this scene; he does twitch a little when Hagrid dumps a half-dozen sausages onto a plate and hands them to Harry, but Vernon forbids his taking anything from Hagrid, and Hagrid says that Dudley doesn't need any more feeding up. When Vernon, resisting Harry's going off to Hogwarts, calls Albus Dumbledore a "crackpot old fool," Hagrid loses his temper, and pointing his umbrella at Dudley, charms a pig's tail onto him. Panicked, Dudley, Vernon, and Petunia retreat into the bedroom. Hagrid says that he had meant to turn Dudley into a pig, but he was already so much like one that there wasn't much left to do.

The next we see Dudley, it is the day that Harry is to take the Hogwarts Express. Dudley was very scared of Harry that he would never stay in the same room as him. Vernon agrees to take Harry to London to catch the train, saying they had to go to town anyway to get Dudley's tail surgically removed. Harry shows his ticket to Vernon, who knows that there is no platform nine and three quarters. Vernon takes him to King's Cross Station, gets all his goods onto a luggage cart, and points at platforms nine and ten, showing him that there is no platform nine and three quarters, then gets back into the car and drives off. Harry sees that all three of the Dursleys are laughing.

On Harry's return from Hogwarts, we see Dudley and Aunt Petunia in the background, looking terrified. Harry comments to Ron that he's going to have fun with Dudley this summer, because the Dursleys don't know that he's not allowed to do magic.

Chamber of Secrets
On Harry's birthday, Vernon is preparing for what he expects to be a major sale, entertaining a very important client in his home. He starts off by assigning everyone duties. Dudley's initial job is to greet Mr. and Mrs. Mason at the door and offer to take their coats; and then to be sycophantic in the lounge while they are waiting for dinner, and to offer an arm to Mrs. Mason on the way in to dinner. Harry's role, of course, is to be up in his room, utterly silent, and pretending he isn't there; but listening to Dudley planning to suck up to the Masons, he again has trouble refraining from laughing.

Harry is then told to stay out of Petunia's way while she is cleaning. Sitting out in the backyard, Harry sees something in the hedge looking at him; while he is trying to figure out what it is, Dudley waddles over and starts taunting him about not getting any birthday cards from his "friends at that freak school". Harry tells Dudley that he's thinking up the best spell to set the hedge on fire; when he starts reciting nonsense words under his breath, Dudley runs off to tell Aunt Petunia. In retaliation for having threatened to use magic, Petunia sets him a large number of cleaning tasks, while Dudley lolls around and eats ice cream.

Dudley does not interact significantly with Harry before Fred and George Weasley arrive with Ron in their father's flying car, and the book ends as Harry walks off the platform at King's Cross, so we don't see Dudley directly again in this book.

Prisoner of Azkaban
The Dursleys, while they cannot prevent Harry from receiving messages from other wizards, are still against his doing magic, so they have locked his spell books and school gear away under the stairs in the cupboard where Harry used to sleep. However, when Vernon, Petunia, and Dudley go out into the street to admire Vernon's new company car (in loud voices, so that the neighbours will know about it also), Harry takes the opportunity to pick the lock on the cupboard and take enough of his stuff upstairs so that he can do his homework. We see him initially doing his homework under the covers late at night, to the sound of Dudley's distant, grunting snores.

Dudley had been complaining about the long walk from the kitchen to the television in the living room, so the Dursleys had bought a new television for the kitchen, and Dudley had been sitting in the kitchen all summer, eating continuously, with his five chins wobbling. When Vernon announces that his sister Marge will be arriving, Harry is dismayed; Marge has repeatedly shown favoritism to Dudley over Harry, at one point allowing her dog to chase Harry up a tree, and then leaving him up there until midnight.

Vernon continues, saying that there will be some ground rules set. Dudley looks away from the television; he enjoys seeing Harry chastised more than watching TV. But while Harry protests at the requirements – he cannot mention his school, instead he must say that he attends St. Brutus's Secure Center for Incurably Criminal Boys – Harry's reaction is not interesting enough to Dudley to keep his eyes away from the television, and he returns to watching that as Harry follows Vernon out to the front room and makes a deal with him about how he is to remember the nonsense he's supposed to tell Aunt Marge.

When Marge arrives, she throws her suitcase at Harry, and gives Dudley a hug. Harry knows that Dudley only puts up with her affections because he gets paid for it, and sure enough, Dudley is clutching a new £20 note (US: about $30) when he breaks away from the hug. During her visit, Marge keeps buying expensive gifts for Dudley while silently challenging Harry to say anything. Possibly because he is being so monopolized by Marge, Dudley stays largely out of our story until Harry, having received as much verbal abuse as he can stand, flees the house.

At the end of the book, we again see Vernon waiting for Harry to return, but if Dudley has come with him, Harry doesn't notice him.

Goblet of Fire
Dudley's end-of-term report card from Smeltings had caused some consternation. While Vernon and Petunia could dismiss his bad grades and the accusations of bullying, the school nurse had mentioned that Dudley was seriously overweight, and the outfitters at the school did not have uniforms in his size. Thus, he had been put on a very controlled diet; and as a matter of family solidarity, the entire family, including Harry, had perforce been placed on a diet also. Breakfast was a quarter grapefruit each, which Dudley augments by sneaking Vernon's away from him when he goes to answer the door and Petunia is busy with the kettle. Harry, of course, has resources that Dudley does not know about; he had sent a plea for help off with Hedwig, and had received a goodly supply of treats back from Ron, Hermione, and Hagrid. Harry is able to tease Dudley about how "filling" breakfast was, and Dudley can't make any reply.

The Weasleys have tickets to the Quidditch World Cup, and have invited Harry and Hermione to go along with them. They agree to pick Harry up at five o'clock the next day, and Harry is packed and ready by noon. It is five thirty before they finally appear, and when they do, Arthur Weasley arrives by means of the Floo network to the Dursleys' boarded up fireplace. Hearing the noise behind the wall, Dudley waddles out of the lounge and into the kitchen as fast as he can move, holding his hands over his behind. The fireplace becomes very congested, with Arthur, Fred, George, and Ron in it; Arthur blows the wall apart to make an exit for his family. Vernon and Petunia are in a panic, and cannot respond to Arthur's attempts at conversation. Fred and George go off upstairs to collect Harry's trunk; the sound of them dragging Harry's trunk down the stairs scares Dudley back into the lounge. Hiding behind his parents, he watches as Fred and George prepare to return to the Burrow, and as a bag of sweets falls out of Fred's pocket. Fred rapidly gathers them up, then takes off through the fireplace, followed by George with Harry's trunk, and Ron. Harry says goodbye, and steps towards the fireplace; Arthur stops him, amazed that the Dursleys have not even said goodbye. Under what he perceives as a threat (Arthur's wand), Vernon grudgingly says goodbye, but as Harry steps towards the fireplace, he hears a gagging sound: Dudley has found and eaten one of the dropped sweets, and his tongue is now a foot long and still growing. Pandemonium erupts, with Dudley gagging, Petunia trying to yank this growth out of Dudley's mouth, Arthur attempting to reassure everyone that he almost certainly knows how to cure this, and Vernon attacking Arthur in any way he can. Harry departs, finding himself in the Burrow. Fred and George immediately ask him what had happened. When Harry replies that Dudley had eaten it, there was a great burst of laughter in the kitchen, and Harry realizes that Charlie and Bill are there as well. The Twins explain that the sweet was a Ton-Tongue Toffee, something that they have been working on.

Shortly, Arthur appears, infuriated, asking what they had given him, and reporting that Dudley's tongue was four feet long before his parents would let him reverse the charm. He demands to know why they had given that to Dudley. Fred and George protest: they hadn't given it to him, they had dropped it, and he had grabbed it himself. Arthur angrily refutes that, saying that they knew he was on a diet, and that this sort of thing was what strained Wizard-Muggle relations. The twins reply that they hadn't done this to Dudley because he was a Muggle, they had done it because he was a great bullying git, and Harry confirms that he is that. While the twins do apparently catch a serious scolding from their mother for this infraction, that is the last we hear of Dudley before school time.

While Uncle Vernon is waiting for Harry at King's Cross at the end of the book, Dudley is not present.

Order of the Phoenix
During the summer, Dudley, now grown muscular and having discovered a passion for boxing, apparently has taken to working the street with his cronies and seems to be torturing the neighborhood kids. Harry spots him as a meeting with his cronies breaks up, and knowing that he will be locked out of the house if Dudley gets home before he does, heads home with him. During this short walk, Harry taunts him, knowing full well that Dudley was terrified of Harry's magical capabilities. Dudley then mentioned things that Harry had muttered in his sleep during nightmares. Harry threatens him with his wand, but before he can do anything but point it at Dudley, Dementors appear. Dudley goes to pieces and Harry uses the Patronus charm to fight them off. On their return to Privet Drive, Dudley claims the Dementor's effects were caused by Harry. Harry is nearly thrown out of the house by Vernon Dursley, but a Howler, sent to Petunia, evidently changes her mind, and they decide to allow him to stay. However, Vernon starts locking him in his room again, except for bathroom visits. He remains there until one night when Vernon and Petunia, with Dudley in tow, go out, and Harry is rescued by a group of wizards, the Advance Guard, who take him to the Headquarters of the Order of the Phoenix.

Dudley is mentioned during Harry's Occlumency lessons; memories of Dudley riding a new bike and bullying Harry are glimpsed.

At the end of the book, Vernon, Petunia, and Dudley are at King's Cross to meet Harry on his return from school. They are confronted by Alastor Moody, Remus Lupin, Nymphadora Tonks, and Arthur Weasley, as Harry, Ron, and Hermione look on. Moody, the leader of the group, is telling Vernon that they are interested in Harry's well-being and will be keeping an eye on how he is being treated. Dudley has nothing to contribute here; like his parents, he is scared of this collection of fully grown wizards, and simply tries to hide himself as best he can.

Half-Blood Prince
Harry's time at the Dursleys' is quite short this year, with Dumbledore arriving after only a fortnight to take him away. Before he leaves, though, Dumbledore has some very harsh words to say to the Dursleys about how they are raising Harry. He does say that they had done a better job with Harry than with Dudley. Dudley's contribution during this period seems to be limited to frightened squeaks and attempts to hide behind his parents.

Deathly Hallows
Harry steps into a cold cup of tea outside his bedroom door as he goes to the bathroom to clean an injury he has received, and he believes that this is Dudley playing a trick on him. Dudley, however, shows his real feelings towards Harry when he reveals that he doesn't think Harry is a waste of space, and that he would miss Harry in his absence. Although this seems very faint praise to Dedalus Diggle, who is present to assist the Dursleys in making their escape, Harry recognizes this for a marked change from his earlier treatment of Harry, and makes Harry re-assess the meaning of the tea outside his room – perhaps it was a peace offering from Dudley? While we are never told the full reason for Dudley's change of heart, it is probably the result of Harry's saving his soul from the dementors two years previously.

Strengths
Having discovered his skill at boxing, Dudley is evidently able to stick to it well enough that he manages to lose a significant amount of weight over the course of a year. Our impression is that he will always remain stocky, and likely will have to fight a weight problem all his life, but he seems to have the willpower to bring his weight down at least once.

Weaknesses
Dudley is spoiled and self-indulgent. Before he takes up boxing, he is a couch potato who overeats and has become obese. Once he is forced to start losing weight, he uses his new-found strength to beat up smaller children. He bullies his parents with tantrums and whining to get what he wants, lies to them about what he is doing, and has little concern for the feelings of others.

Relationships with Other Characters
Dudley is a bully, and has been since the first book, where it is mentioned that Harry is his favorite punch-bag. Like all bullies, when faced with someone who might be stronger than he (e.g. Rubeus Hagrid, Arthur Weasley, Albus Dumbledore), he runs away.

Dudley is friends with Piers Polkiss and several other boys who are all bullies. He gets along with them, and has them over for his birthday in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.

Analysis
Dudley's role in the story is relatively minor, despite the amount of control he seems to have of the Dursley household. Harry will be faced with a large number of enemies, of varying strength, over the course of the story arc, and Dudley, despite Harry's being forced to live with him, seems to be no more than an irritant. Even in the first book, Harry seems to be able to attack Dudley verbally; it is clear that Dudley has not vanquished Harry, except in certain limited areas. Harry, of course, cannot stand up to Dudley physically, but is quite clearly his mental superior. It is interesting to note that Harry seems to dread the arrival of Aunt Marge, whose attacks on her very occasional visits are largely verbal, much more than he concerns himself with Dudley, with whom he must live.

Much of Dudley's role seems to be one of contrast. The Dursley family treatment of Harry is apparently designed to show how children can be abused through neglect by those who are nominally taking care of them, while Dudley seems to be an example of how children can be abused through overindulgence. Professor Dumbledore comments on this in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, in fact, pointing out that while the Dursleys had done a bad job raising Harry, they had done a worse job on Dudley. While the author clearly does not condone either extreme, it seems that she has deliberately portrayed the results of overindulgence as being significantly worse than the results of privation.

Questions

 * 1) In the first chapter ('Dudley Demented') of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Dudley and Harry are attacked by two dementors. Dementors suck all the happy memories out of their victims, leaving them with nothing but their worst experiences. Dudley, during the attack, cowers and shivers and shows all the symptoms of someone being attacked by (or being near) a dementor. So he is reliving his worst memories. However, he is favoured enormously by his parents over Harry, let alone anyone else and they spoil him greatly. So... what is Dudley Dursley's worst memory?
 * 2) Why was Dudley Dursley a bully?

Greater Picture
At one point, the author mentioned on her web site that some character would, late in life, develop unexpected magical talent. No information was given about who this person would be, though it was later noted that "late in life" clearly meant "after eleven years of age", as that is the point at which a child becomes eligible to enter Hogwarts. If a magical talent were to appear after that point, the person having that talent would be crippled through not having had the chance to have the talent properly nurtured and educated. We have to assume that the cutoff age was selected to avoid leaving frustrated near-wizards floating discontentedly among the Muggle population. No late-developing magical talent was evident in the final book of the series, however, and the author later noted that the plot line had changed since her earlier statement, and the late-blooming wizard was no longer required.

We mention this because there was some speculation among the fan population that Dudley would turn out to be the unexpected wizard. This would have utterly horrified his parents, of course, but might have made Harry's life easier. Supporting this, we have the fact that Dudley was evidently affected by the Dementors in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, while we had been told earlier that Muggles could not sense them. This is, however, the only trace of magical ability we ever see from Dudley, and it is by no means conclusive; there are varying opinions as to whether Squibs can perceive Dementors, and it is mentioned in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince that Muggles can at least sense Dementors in a general sort of way.


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User:ActiveSelective~enwikibooks

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Talk:Linear Algebra/Systems of linear equations

The discussion of linear equations as lines is not correct. In general, a single linear equation in n-space can be viewed as a constraint determining a space of dimension n-1. In the cartesian plane this is a line but in three space, for example, it is a plane. A very simple specific case is x=0 in cartesian 3-space is the y-z plane.

--Ted Taylor tedbtaylor3@yahoo.com

I would like to suggest to someone well versed on the subject that he or she go through and elaborate this section. As a reader who is hoping to learn from this book about linear algebra, it is quite dense. It seems to be written for a reader who is already well versed in intermediate-advanced mathematics (perhaps for the purpose of a review). As a teaching tool, it needs quite a bit of work to make it more accessible. And, obviously, the Gaussian operations need to be explained.

Some specific suggestions for this module:

1)clarify that different variables can be denoted either by different letters or by the same letter with different subscripts, then explain what the convention is (I don't know if there is one).

2) Clarify what is meant by order of one and order of zero. It may not be clear to a naïve reader.

3)give a clear definition of what a system of linear equations is and how it works. Is it just a series of equations?  Is it a group of lines?  Must they have the same variables, must they have the same number of variables?  Give some examples of what is and what is not a system of equations, like was done with individual linear equations (perhaps each with different ways of expressing linear equations). dwinetsky