text:
Radiation Oncology/Pancreas/Overview

Epidemiology

 * 4th leading cause of cancer-related death in men and women (http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/uscs/toptencancers.aspx)
 * Estimated 31,000 deaths in 2004. (12.3 per 100,000 population)
 * Incidence 10th for males, and females. Males: 13.1 per 100,000, Females: 10.2 per 100,000. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/uscs/toptencancers.aspx
 * Incidence stable over past 20 years but has increased 3-fold since 1920
 * Higher incidence in African Americans and males.
 * Incidence peaks in 7th and 8th decades. Very uncommon before age 40.
 * Risk factors are smoking, high fat diet, obesity.
 * 60-80% of patients had diabetes diagnosed within the preceding 2 years.

Anatomy

 * Divisions of the pancreas include the head, uncinate process, neck, body, tail
 * Duct of Wirsung is pancreatic duct located in substance of pancreas and draining to common bile duct

 * Anatomic Landmarks
 * Celiac axis originates at T11-12
 * SMA originates at L1 vertebral body (usually 1cm below celiac axis)

 * Nodal drainage
 * Pancreatic head - ant/post pancreaticoduodenal nodes, hepatoduodenal ligament nodes (including porta hepatis), SMA nodes
 * Pancreatic body/tail - splenic artery nodes, celiac nodes, SMA nodes, paraaortics, inf pancreatic nodes

Pathology

 * Adenocarcinoma
 * Neuroendocrine 1-2%
 * Cystic neoplasms (serous cystadenomas, mucinous cystic neoplasms) <10%
 * Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors
 * Solid pseudopapillary tumors
 * Acinar cell
 * Squamous cell
 * Primary lymphoma of the pancreas 1%

Patient characteristics

 * 80% have unresectable disease
 * 52% are Stage IV
 * 5-year overall survival is lowest of any cancer
 * Survival with resection: 48% (1-year), 24% (2-year), 17% (3-year)
 * Survival without resection: 23% (1-year), 9% (2-year), 6% (3-year)

Tumor markers

 * CA 19-9 - has 70% sensitivity, 87% specificity when using a cutoff of 70 U/mL. Elevated in benign conditions as well, such as cholangitis.  But the higher the CA 19-9, the more likely to have cancer.  The pretreatment level is prognostic.  A decreasing value after treatment with surgery, XRT, or chemo associated with better survival.

Prophylactic Hepatic Irradiation

 * Tochigi, 2005 (Japan) (1994-2003) PMID 15995813 -- "Prophylactic hepatic irradiation following curative resection of pancreatic cancer." (Hishinuma S, J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2005;12(3):235-42.)
 * Retrospective. 65 patients, 34 with prophylactic hepatic irradiation (PHI), 31 without. RT dose 19.8-22.0 Gy + CI 5-FU
 * Complications: 32/34 completed RT; 1 liver abscess, 1 death from hepatic failure without mets
 * Liver failure: better in PHI group (p=0.05); Survival: better in PHI group (p=0.0002)

 * Hopkins, 1997 (1991-1995) PMID 9193189 -- "Pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation improves survival. A prospective, single-institution experience." (Yeo CJ, Ann Surg. 1997 May;225(5):621-33; discussion 633-6.). See above. No benefit.

 * RTOG 8801 (1988-89) PMID 1571912 -- "High-dose local irradiation plus prophylactic hepatic irradiation and chemotherapy for inoperable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. A preliminary report of a multi-institutional trial (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 8801)." (Komaki R, Cancer. 1992 Jun 1;69(11):2807-12.).
 * 79 pts w/ unresectable, inoperable, or recurrent T1-3 adenoCA of pancreas. Tx'd w/ 6120 cGy to pancreas + simultaneous 2340 cGy prophylactic hepatic irradiation.  Pts received concurrent 5FU.
 * Hepatic metastases documented in 32%, local progression in 73%, abdominal spread in 27%
 * 2 grade 5 complications (1 hepatic failure), 9 grade 4 complications (mostly hematologic)
 * Conclusion: PHI may reduce frequency of hepatic metastases, but local progression and abdominal spread ultimately uncontrollable.

Other Resources

 * ARRO Case - Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer
 * ARRO Contour - Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer
 * eContouring Webinar - GI malignancies with Karyn Goodman, M.D.

title: Radiation Oncology/Pancreas/Overview


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Wikibooks:Cleanup

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Latin/Common phrases

Latin (Italic)
Pronunciations are first given in the Ecclesiastical Pronunciation (Based on Italian, and used in some ceremonies by the Catholic church, and usually heard in recordings of classical music). These pronunciations are followed by the classical pronunciation (a reconstruction of how scholars believe the Romans pronounced these expressions)

For example — “of light” lucis (LOO-cheess)  (LOO-kiss), with (LOO-cheess) being the ecclesiastical pronunciation, and (LOO-kiss) how the Romans said lucis.

title: Latin/Common phrases


text:
Latvian/Alphabet and pronunciation

Latvian is mostly pronounced as it is written. Lowercase letters in this section identify English letters; capital letters identify Latvian letters. For vowels, "long version" indicates that the vowel sound is held or sustained appreciably longer than the corresponding basic short vowel.

 * A as ə in cup
 * Ā as ɑ in car (long version of A)
 * B as b in boat
 * C as ts in tsunami or in nets
 * Č as tʃ in child
 * D as d in dog (but pronounced with the tongue pressed to the teeth rather than to the gum above the teeth).
 * E as æ in apple (broad E)
 * E as e in get (narrow E)
 * Ē as æ in glad (long version of broad E)
 * Ē as eə in glare (long version of narrow E)
 * G as g in gate (never as in gem)
 * Ģ like D and J (d and y) run together (ɟ)
 * H as h in house
 * I as ɪ in tin
 * Ī as i in seen (long version of I)
 * J as j in you
 * K as k in skit (not as in kit)
 * Ķ as T and J (t and y) run together (c)
 * L as l in line
 * Ļ as L and J (l and y) run together (lj)
 * M as m in mat
 * N as n in neat
 * Ņ as ɲ in canyon or ñ in Spanish cañón
 * O as o in boy, without adding on the y sound
 * Ō as oə in morning (long version of O, usually spelled as O instead of Ō)
 * P as p in spin (not as in pin)
 * R as rr in Spanish ferrocarril (a trilled R)
 * S as s in sun
 * Š as ʃ in shine
 * T as t in steam (not as in team)
 * U as u in foot
 * Ū as u in food (long version of U)
 * V as v in vacation
 * Z as z in zebra
 * Ž as ʒ in azure or s in leisure

Finally, there are two letter combinations that are not included in the alphabet but represent single consonant sounds (not diphthongs):
 * DZ as D and Z run together (a voiced version of C or ts)
 * DŽ as j in join or g in gentle (a voiced version of Č or ch)

Note that k, p, and t in Latvian are unaspirated (produce no puff of air), as happens in English when k, p, or t follows an s. Learners may safely ignore the difference.

If two vowels appear next to each other, they are almost always a diphthong. Exception: In neesmu (I am not), pronounce the ee as if a broad Ē (or like the a in glad).

A challenging but very common diphthong is IE. It may be of long or short duration in pronunciation, and the tongue moves forward in going from I to A.
 * IE as I and A (y and a) run together

Four common diphthongs have simple equivalents in English, or come close to it.
 * AI as ai in bike
 * AU as æw in now
 * EI as ej in they
 * UI as U and I run together (oo as in foot run together with y) (wə)

Other diphthongs typically appear only in words of foreign origin.

Positional pronunciation
Although Latvian is normally considered to be written as it is spoken, there are some positional sound changes that are not reflected in writing. Such variations in pronunciation are rarely perceived as incorrect by native speakers; ignoring positional pronunciation is far more likely to be perceived as incorrect.

Voiceless consonants between two short vowels are lengthened by a very brief pause before a voiceless stop (p, t, k, c, č); for the voiceless sibilants s, š, the consonant itself is lengthened in duration.

Voiced consonants b, d, g, z, ž, dz, dž are pronounced voiceless p, t, k, s, š, c, č (respectively) before other voiceless consonants. Similarly, voiceless consonants are pronounced voiced before voiced consonants.

Word-ending ds and ts merge to form c, while šs and žs merge into š

Consonants v and j after a short vowel become similar to vowels u and i, respectively. Between vowels or diphthongs, v may become w (as in lauva [lion], pronounced lauwa).

Consonant 'n' before g or K becomes ng, as in sing, followed by the g or k, respectively, similar to nk in bank.

Stress and Pitch
Stress in Latvian is on the first syllable. The most common exceptions are paldies [thank you], the informal farewell atā, and greetings (e.g., labrīt [good morning]). Other exceptions typically involve compound adjectives and adverbs, in which the stress falls after the prefix (i.e., where it would fall if the word stood alone, without the compounding prefix).

Latvian also has one, two, or three types of pitch accent, depending on the region. Pitch is needed to sound like a native speaker, but context serves well enough to let the learner understand and be understood. If you ask for medicine (zāles, with one kind of pitch), the native speaker won't offer you concert halls (zāles, with a different pitch), even if you ignore pitch entirely.

title: Latvian/Alphabet and pronunciation


text:
Latvian/Basic vocabulary

Numerals
Names for other numerals up to one million are coined using words above:
 * -teen numerals - second numeral + pa + desmit (10) i.e. 14 = četri (4) + pa + desmit (10) = četrpadsmit = four over ten (pa is a preposition which means over in this case). As you can see the e from the word "desmit" is omitted, as well as the ending of the second numeral. The ending (the very last letter), in case of numerals, is not omitted if a numeral used in coining of word is 3 (trīs) or the numeral is used as last part of the coined word.
 * decimal numerals - first numeral + desmit (10) + second numeral i.e. 41 = četri (4) + desmit (10) + viens (1) = četrdesmit viens. As you see ending of četri (4) is cast off again, desmit (10) doesn`t have ending, therefore it simply can`t be cast off. If second number is zero ("nulle") then it is not added, thus 30 = trīsdesmit = first nummeral (trīs) + desmit (10)
 * Hundreds - first number + simts (100) + decimal number or last number if middle number is zero ("nulle") i.e. 945 = deviņi (9) + simts (100) + četrdesmit pieci (45) = deviņsimt četrdesmit pieci or 802 = astoņi (8) + simts (100) + divi (2) + astoņsimt divi. If first number is 1 first numeral "viens" is cast off, thus 111 = simtvienpadsmit = simts (100) + viens (1) + pa + desmit (10) not vien + simt vienpadsmit. Again if last numbers are zeros they are not named.
 * Thousands - first numeral + tūkstoš (1000) + numeral naming hundred. Again - when naming numbers from 1000 to 1999 first numeral ("viens") is omitted. If numerals name tens or hundreds of toustands first decimal numeral naming hundred is used i.e. 20 000 = decimal numeral (20) + tūkstoš (1000) = divdesmit tūkstoš or 500 000 = hundred (500) + tūkstoš = piecsimt tūkstoši.

title: Latvian/Basic vocabulary


text:
Latvian/Common phrases

 * Latvian: Latviešu
 * Hello (informal): Sveiki!
 * Hello (formal): Sveicināti!
 * Good day (formal): Labdien!
 * Good evening: Labvakar!
 * Good morning: Labrīt!
 * Goodbye: Uz redzēšanos!
 * Glad to meet you: Prieks iepazīties!
 * Please: Lūdzu!
 * Thank you: Paldies!
 * Yes: Jā
 * No: Nē
 * Sorry: Atvainojiet!
 * I don’t understand: Es nesaprotu
 * General toast: Priekā!
 * How are you? (formal): Kā jums klājas?
 * How are you? (informal): Kā tev iet?
 * Where's the bathroom?: Kur ir tualete?
 * Do you speak English? (formal): Vai Jūs runājat angliski?
 * Do you speak English? (informal): Vai tu runā angliski?
 * I love you: Es tevi mīlu
 * See you tomorrow: Tiksimies rīt!
 * What is it?: Kas tas ir?
 * Where am I?: Kur es esmu?
 * Where is the closest train station?: Kur atrodas tuvākā vilciena stacija?
 * What time is it?: Cik ir pulkstenis?
 * Happy Birthday: Daudz laimes dzimšanas dienā!
 * Happy New Year: Laimīgu jauno gadu!
 * Goodnight: Ar labu nakti!

title: Latvian/Common phrases


text:
Macedonian/Common phrases

The following phrases should help even a person totally unfamiliar with Macedonian to manage his way around Macedonia. They are grouped by categories.

Examples

 * Good morning, how are you?
 * Добро утро, како си?
 * dough-BRO-oo-troh, KAHK-oh-see?

 * Good, thanks. And you?
 * Добро, фала. А ти?
 * ''DOUGH-bro, fa-la. Ah tea?

Examples

 * I don't speak Macedonian.
 * Не разбирам македонски.
 * neh-RAZ-beer-ahm mach-ADDON-ski

 * Do you speak English?
 * Зборувате ли англиски?.
 * zbor-OO-va-teh lee AHNG-lee-ski

Examples

 * Where is the pharmacy?
 * Каде е аптеката?
 * KAH-de eh up-TECH-aatah?

 * I need a doctor! Urgently!
 * Mи треба доктор! Итно!
 * me TREH-bah DOCK-tor! EAT-no!

Examples

 * How much is this one?
 * Колку е ова?
 * COLE-coo eh OH-va?

 * It's expensive! Lower me the price!
 * Скапо е! Намали ми ја цената!
 * SCUP-oh-eh! nahm-al-EE-me-ya TSE-nah-tah!

Examples

 * Please, that one!
 * Ве молам, тоа!
 * veh MOW-lahm, TOW-ah!

 * Sorry, this one? No? Which one? Where is it?
 * Извини, ова? Не? Кое? Каде е?
 * EASE-veen-ee, OH-va? NEH? CO-a? KAH-deh eh?

title: Macedonian/Common phrases


text: Malayalam/Common phrases

title: Malayalam/Common phrases


text:
Classical Nahuatl/Common phrases

Nahuatl (Uto-Aztecan)

 * Nahuatl: Nawatlahtolli/Nahuatlahtolli
 * hello: niltse/niltzé
 * good-bye: nimitzittaz (lit. "I will see you")
 * thank you: tlasohkamati/tlazohcāmati
 * that one: inon
 * yes: kema/quemâh (ordinary), kemakatsin (reverential)
 * no: ahmo (ordinary), ahmotsin (reverential)
 * English: Inglestlahtolli
 * Do you speak [English]?: Nitlatlahtoa [Inglestlahtolli]?
 * What is your name?: Tlen motokatsin?

title: Classical Nahuatl/Common phrases


text: Portuguese/Contents/Common phrases

title: Portuguese/Contents/Common phrases


text: Sanskrit/Everyday Phrases/Common Phrases


text:
Lowland Scots/Common phrases

Scots (Germanic)
Scots survives in a number of dialects. The North east Central (Fife) pronunciation is marked NeC, North East Scots (Doric) is marked as NE. C ans S for central and southern pronunciations. The unmarked pronunciations are generally used in most areas. A /t/ between vowels and final is glottalised. This may also occur with a final /d/.

 * Scots: Scots [skots, skOts]
 * hello: awricht [A'rIxt, a'rIxt], NE: whit like [fIt l@ik]
 * good-bye: see ye [si: ji:]
 * thank you: ta [ta:]
 * that one: that ane [C and S <tt> Dat jIn, </tt> NeC <tt> Dat en, at en,</tt> NE <tt>at in]</tt>
 * no: nae <tt>[ne:, nQ </tt> NE <tt>na]</tt>
 * yes: ay <tt>[AI]</tt>
 * sorry: sairy <tt>[se:rI]</tt>
 * I don’t understand: A dinna unnerstaund <tt>[a dIn@ Vn@rstA:n(d), a dIne Vn@rstA:n(d), a dIna Vn@rstA:n(d)]</tt>
 * I don't know: A dinna ken <tt> [a dIn@ kɛn]</tt>
 * where’s the bathroom?: whaur’s the cludgie? <tt>[WA:rz D@ klVdZI,]</tt>. NE: whaur’s the chantie <tt>[fArz i 'tSVntI]</tt>
 * generic toast: cheers! <tt>[tSi:rz]</tt>
 * Do you speak English?: Dae ye speak English? <tt>[de: ji spIk INlIS,</tt> NE <tt> di: ji spIk INlIS]</tt>

title: Lowland Scots/Common phrases


text:
Serbian/Appendices

 * /Common phrases/
 * /Cyrylic Alphabet/

title: Serbian/Appendices


text:
Serbian/Appendices/Common phrases

Serbian (Slavic)
Ekavian Speech
 * Serbian: српски srpski /srp-skee/ (srpskee)
 * hello: здраво zdravo /zdrA-vO/ (z like in zebra) Literal translation: healthy
 * good morning: добро јутро dobro jutro
 * good afternoon: добар дан dobar dan
 * good evening: добро вече dobro veče
 * good-bye: довиђења doviđenja /dOvidʲɛnʲɑ/ Literal translation: until we see again
 * please: молим molim /mO-lim/ (moleam)
 * thank you: хвала hvala /hvA-la/ Literal translation: praise
 * that one: то to (not as English to)
 * how much?: колико? koliko? /ko-lɛ-ko/ (coleeco, co-, -co => cup)
 * English: енглески engleski /ɛn-glɛ-ski/ (-skee)
 * yes: да da /dA/
 * no: не ne /nɛ/
 * generic toast: живели! živeli! /ʒi-vɛ-li/ (zhiveli) Literal translation: live!
 * sorry: извините izvinite /ezveeneete/ (formal)
 * I don’t understand: не разумем ne razumem /na rAzUmem/
 * Where is [the bathroom (toilet)]?: Где је тоалет? Gde je toalet? /gdɛ jɛ toAlEt/
 * Do you speak English?: Да ли говорите енглески? Da li govorite engleski?

title: Serbian/Appendices/Common phrases


text:
Spanish/Thesaurus of Spanish Cognates/Everyday Vocabulary/Conversational Forms

Spanish (Romance)
Note 1: The Spanish words can be mainly categorized in three groups according to what is the stressed syllable: agudas, when the stressed syllable is the last one; llanas, when the stressed syllable is the penultimate (i.e. the last syllable but one); and esdrújulas, when the stressed syllable is the antepenultimate (i.e. the last syllable but two).
 * All the agudas words which end in vowel or in the consonants n or s, have a written accent on the stressed syllable (the last one).
 * All the llanas words which do NOT end in vowel nor in consonants n or s, have a written accent on the stressed syllable (the penultimate one).
 * And all the esdrújulas words have an written accent on the stressed syllable (the antepenultimate one).

Note 2: The s and th are not observed by all the Spanish speakers. In Latin America and some regions of Spain, people pronounce z and c before e and i (th pronunciation) as an s, this phenomenon is called seseo. On the other hand, when the s pronunciation is replaced for the th one, it is called ceceo.


text:
Swahili/Common Phrases

A few basic terms and phrases:
 * Swahili: Kiswahili /ki swa hi li/ (kee-swa-HEE-lee)
 * hello: Jambo (ja m boh) or (ya m boh)
 * good-bye: kwa heri /kwa he ri/ (kwa HAY-ree)
 * please: tafadhali /ta fa ða li/ (tah-fah-tha-lee)
 * thank you: asante /a san te/ (ah-SAHN-tey)
 * that one: yule /ju le/ (YOO-lay)
 * how much?: ngapi /ŋga pi/ (ng-AH-pee)
 * How much? (cost of something): shilingi ngapi (shee-leen-gee ng-gah-pee)? or bei gani?
 * where?: wapi /wa pi/ (WA-pee)
 * English: Kiingereza /ki iŋge re za/ (kee-ing-gay-reza)
 * yes: ndiyo /n di jo/ (nn-DEE-yoh)
 * no: hapana /ha pa na/
 * generic toast: //
 * no worries: hakuna matata /ha ku na ma ta ta/ (ha-KOO-na ma-TA-ta) or hamna shida (ham-na she-da)
 * I don't understand: Sielewi
 * I don't know: Sijui
 * Let's eat/we should eat: Tule
 * Not now: Sio sasa
 * Say again: Sema tena
 * Nice to meet you: Ninafuraha kukutana nawe
 * Let's go!/We should go.: Tuende

=Extended greetings= Greetings in Swahili are a crucial aspect of Swahili culture; it is not uncommon for a conversation to go on for several minutes before it actually moves beyond saying what would be considered “hello” in western cultures. There is no generic word for “hello” in the language, rather there are numerous options depending on the relative ages and race of the people involved, as well as singular and plural forms, time of day, and other factors.

 * Greetings are somewhat regular and formulaic, with specific responses required (not completely, but somewhat).
 * Often, Swahili greetings are structured in a call-and-response format, where a certain initial greeting will require a particular response (for example, shikamoo is always followed by marahaba).
 * Positive responses are the norm, even more so than in the west. Thus you will not generally respond that you are unwell, regardless of your actual state.
 * You will note that some greetings fall into "families," where many greetings are derived from variations on a theme, such as the habari family, including habari, habari yako, habari za..., habari gani.

Note that if you mess up with the greetings, or anything else in the language, Swahili people are not likely to become angry or offended, but instead to be somewhat amused, yet understanding and helpful of your language difficulties, especially if you are white-skinned. (African-descended western individuals may face varied difficulties in being mistaken for Africans, including being expected to know the language, at least until the situation becomes clear.)

A non-comprehensive list would include “hujambo” (reply “sijambo”) for two people of similar age and race, “jambo” (reply “jambo”) for between white and black people, “shikamoo” (reply “marahaba”) for a young person to an elderly person, “hodi” (reply “karibu”) when in the doorway of a house. There are additionally numerous informal greetings such as “mambo”, “safi”, and many more. Farewells are abrupt or even non-existent. Habari is perhaps the most common and general-use single greeting, as it can range from very informal to semi-formal.

Greetings are shown in rough order of formality, with very formal greetings at the top and very informal ones at the bottom of the table. (Please add greetings to this table as you think of them...)

=Reference= Centre for Intercultural Learning: Tanzania - Conversations

title: Swahili/Common Phrases


text:
Swedish/Vocabulary/Common phrases

Swedish (Germanic)

 * Swedish: svenska //
 * hello: hej // (hey)
 * good-bye: hej då // (HEY-doh)
 * please: tack /tak/ (tahck) as in “yes, please” or snälla // (snella) as in “please, show me to the station” or “var så god” // (vahr saw gohd) as in “please come in and make yourself at home”
 * excuse me: ursäkta mig // or // (uor-SECKTAH may)
 * sorry: förlåt / (ferlawht)
 * thank you: tack // (tahck)
 * that one: den där // (den dehr)
 * how much?: hur mycket? // (huwr MICK-eh)
 * English: engelska // (ENG-el-skah)
 * yes: ja // or // (yah)
 * no: nej // (neiy)
 * generic toast: skål // (skal or skol)
 * banana: banan // (buh-NAAN)
 * what time is it?: vad är klockan? // (vaad air KLAWCK-an)
 * Where's the bathroom?: var är toaletten? // (vahr eyr twah-LET-en)
 * I don’t understand: jag förstår inte // (yah fur-SHTOHR in-teh)
 * Do you speak English?: Talar du engelska? // (TAH-lahr doo ENG-elska) [with NG as in 'siNGer', not as in 'fiNGer']

title: Swedish/Vocabulary/Common phrases


text:
Tagalog/Appendix E

Tagalog/Filipino common phrases
Note: The more polite or formal forms of some phrases — those which make use of the word pô — should generally be used when speaking to persons of authority and seniority, or to show reverence to the person to whom spoken. With friends and in casual situations, pô need not be used. Also, in modern written Filipino/Tagalog, diacritical marks are not essential, and are omitted.

title: Tagalog/Appendix E


text:
Tamil/Vocabulary phases

Tamil (Dravidian)
Please note that spoken Tamil is very different from formal written Tamil.

The below phrases are in written Tamil and thus sound very awkward and stilted when used in everyday speech.

title: Tamil/Vocabulary phases


text:
Telugu/Common Phrases

Negative Words

 * వద్దు | Vaddhu | will-not | Do not want
 * లేదు | Ledhu | there-not | Do not have/Is not there
 * కాదు | | Kaadhu | not-like | Not like that
 * రాదు | | Raadhu | come-she-not | Will not come (usually associated with feminine and neutral)
 * బాగాలేదు | Baaledhu | good-not | It's not good
 * తెలియదు | Teliyadhu | know-no | Don't know
 * నాకు అర్ధం కాలేదు | Naaku ardtham kaledhu | I-for meaning not-get | I do not understand

General Conversation 1

 * భాష | Bhasha | Language
 * నా పేరు | naa peru | My name
 * బాత్‌రూమ్ ఎక్కడ ఉంది? | bathroom ekkada undhi? | bathroom here-where is? | Where is the bathroom?
 * ఎలా ఉన్నారు? | elaa Vunnaaru? | how are-doing? [respect] | How are you?
 * ఎక్కడికి వెళ్తున్నాము? | ekkadiki veluthunam? | where-is-we going-to? | Where are we going?
 * ఏమిటి | Enti | What
 * ఎక్కడ | Ekkada | where-is | where
 * Why, when, who, how. : Endhuku, eppudu, evaru, elaa ( ఎందుకు, ఎప్పుడు, ఎవరు, ఎలా)
 * Had your meal? : "Bhojanam ayyindha?" (భోజనం ఐనదా?)
 * What are you doing? : "Emi chEsthunnaaru?" (ఏమి చేస్తున్నారు?)
 * It is there. : "undhi" (ఉంది)
 * It is not present. : "lEdhu" (లేదు)
 * I Like --- : "Naaku --- ishtam"                                               ( నాకు ఇష్టం )
 * I want --- : "Naaku --- kaavaali"                                            ( నాకు కావాలి )
 * I will go--I will come : "veltaanu--vastaanu" (వెళ్తాను -- వస్తాను)
 * Year -- "Samvatsaram" (సంవత్సరం)
 * Month -- "Maasam" (మాసం)
 * Date -- "Thedhi" (తేది)
 * New -- "Noothana" (నూతన)
 * This is very good. -- "Idi chaalaa baagundhi" (ఇది చాలా బాగుంది)
 * Where do you stay -- "Meeru ekkada untunnaaru" (మీరు ఎక్కడ ఉంటున్నారు?)
 * I am watching a movie -- "Nenu cinema choosthunnanu" (నేను సినిమా చూస్తున్నాను)

"My father name" -- "Ma Nanna peru"

"I love you" -- "Nenu ninnu premistunnanu"

General Conversation 2

 * A : Hi, how are you? "Namaskaram, ela unnaaru?"
 * B : I am very well - how are you? "Nenu chaala baagunnanu - meeru ela unnaru?"
 * A : Have you had lunch? "Bhojanamu chesara?; Bhojanamu ayyindha?"
 * B : I am going to a restaurant to have lunch. "Bhojanamu tinadaaniki hotelu ki velthunna."

title: Telugu/Common Phrases


text:
Thai/Common phrases

Thai (Tai-Kadai)
Polite language in Thai requires that a politeness marker be at the end of every phrase. The markers differ according to the gender of the speaker:

title: Thai/Common phrases


text:
Tok Pisin/Common Phrases

Tok Pisin (Neo-Melanesian English creole)

 * Pidgin: Tok Pisin
 * hello: gut de
 * good-bye: gut bai
 * please: plis
 * thank you: tenkyu
 * that one: em
 * how much?: haumas
 * English: Inglis
 * yes: yes
 * no: nogat
 * nevermind, it doesn’t matter: maski
 * I don’t know: mi no save (save is two syllables sa-ve)

title: Tok Pisin/Common Phrases


text:
Ukrainian/Common Phrases

Ukrainian (Slavic)
Note: adjectives have different forms when describing feminine, masculine or neuter nouns.

title: Ukrainian/Common Phrases


text:
User:Jaycee09

Magnet Schools and Charter Schools: The New Future of EducationItalic text

Headline text
Table of Contents

Section 1: Education is Key.

Section 2: Charter School Myths

Section 3: Where Charter Schools Originated from?

Section 4: Magnet Schools

Section 5: Criticism of Magnet Schools

Section 6: Who Magnet and Charter Schools Affect?

Section 7: Summary

Section 1: Education is Key

Education is key. Education is vital. Education is the future. How many times have we heard

those same lines over and over again? Well, they’re true. Education is very important and for

the most of us, will help us out in the long run. Magnet and Charter schools are fairly new

forms of education our youth. They give parents and care-givers other options besides the

traditional route. Section 2: Charter School Myths

There are several myths about charter schools that need to be dispelled. Charters are

not private schools; they’re closely connected with public schools. Charter schools are “held

responsible” with just as much paperwork as any public school. They also face market

accountability which means funding depends on the number of parents who choose to send their

children to these schools; if too few parents choose a charter school, it closes. (Maranto,

B02) 	Another myth is that charters drain money from traditional public schools. Like all

public schools, charter schools cost public dollars, leading opponents to claim we cannot

afford to charter more schools. Yet the real financial picture shows we can’t afford not to.

(Maranto, B02) One final myth is that charter schools are bad schools. This is not true, when

traditional public schools fail, they stay open. In contrast, failing charters close – about

eleven percent nationally. Fear of closure keeps charter principals and teachers on their

toes. Charter schools have somewhat lower test scores than traditional public schools because

they tend to serve students who struggled in other schools. Most of these students learn more

as well. Studies show that students learn more as well. Studies show that students learn more

in one year in a charter than in a traditional school (Maranto, B02)

Section 3: Where Charter Schools Originate From?

Charter schools are even favored by the Bush administration. They receive taxpayer but

operate independently of school district rules and teachers’ union contracts. They were

proposed by Albert Shanker (federation president) in 1988 which led to their appearance in

1992. Today there are more than 3, 600 charter schools serving more than one million students;

about 2 percent of all students, according to the center of education reform, a charter

advocacy group. (Toppo, 4D)

Section 4: Magnet Schools

Magnet schools are the latest device to inspire students by giving them choices. They

usually attract students by concentrating on particular fields, such as the arts, science,

mathematics, writing, or international studies. (Hechinger, C8:30) The comprehensive magnet

school does find it difficult to serve all of its diverse clientele. As a result, more

students drop out and parents look to the private schools. (Hechinger, C8:30) Studies have

shown that even though magnet schools do not select the brightest students, the quality of

education and the students achievements improve.

Section 5: Criticism of Magnet Schools

Magnet schools have drawn plenty of criticism however according to Dr. Maryanne R

Raywid, Hofstra University professor who’s studied magnet schools for twelve years said “they

give people who attend the school a stake in the school that they don’t have in a school of

assignment.” (Berger, 2) She says “they tailor schooling to individual children, give teachers

a greater voice in what gets taught, create competition among schools for students and usually

make for smaller, more intimate schools. (Berger, 2) One student even said “Everyone knows

each other…it’s a nice family feeling” (Berger, 2) Some magnet schools like Manhattan East select their students on the basis of academic

records and interviews. So even if a kid did really want to go to a certain magnet school,

they might not be able to. Even so, there are others who will take underachieving students,

such as J.H.S 117 which has a school for 93 poorly achieving youngsters from troubled homes.

Section 5: Who Magnet Schools and Charter Schools Affect?

There is an estimate that there is more than ten thousand elementary, junior high,

and senior high schools nationwide that can be called magnet or alternative schools. Magnet

schools’ success could serve as an incentive to the remaining comprehensive schools to seek

their own paths to better education and to become more attractive to students. Advocates of

some selective public schools point out that able students reinforce each others’ strengths

(Hechinger, C8:3) Advocates warn that to eliminate elite institutions is to deprive

individuals of opportunity and the nation of vital, fine-tuned talent. (Hechinger, C8:3) Section 7: Summary

Charter schools basically offer the same things as magnet schools. They both give

underprivileged and academically challenged youth a chance to succeed. Both of them also are

sponsored by taxpayers’ dollars. Lastly, they offer an alternative option for people who don’t

want the other route. To summarize it all up, charter and magnet schools represent the future

of what’s to come in America and how sticking to traditional ways of the past will not

sufficiently hold up with the immediate competition from the east.

~QUIZ~

1) Which is one of the myths of Charter schools?  (a) they allow dogs to attend their classes   (b) parents are forgotten about totally   (c) that Charter schools are not held equally responsible for paper work just like public schools   (d) the students are in charge of the school

2) Who came up with the idea of Charter Schools?  (a) Albert Shanker   (b) Elizabeth Joyner   (c) William Shatner   (d) Willey E. Boyts

3) What is a drawback to Magnet Schools?  (a) they have a rodent problem   (b) not every student who wants to get in, will get in   (c) they don't offer enough one-on-one attention in the classrooms   (d) not enough money

4) What's the percentage of charter schools closing?  (a) 4%   (b) 25%   (c) 15%   (d) 11%

5) What's one of the perks to having Magnet schools?  (a) they will get all their students to graduate and go to college   (b) they don't take tax-payers dollars   (c) some of them will accept underachieving students   (d) they have better food then public schools

Answers to Quiz:

1)C 2)A 3)B 4)D 5)C

Response PaperItalic text According to the research I've done, I would say that charter schools and some magnet schools (not all) have good characteristics and a lot to offer our future students. It gives them a chance to do better than what they did in their previous schools. Plus, it gives our educators a chance to teach in different ways in which they wouldn't be able to in a regular public school setting. Also, Charter Schools and Magnet Schools give parents a financial break. They don't have to pay the money they would if they wanted alternate education for their children. All they have to pay is their taxes and that covers that kid's tuition just as if they were at a public school.

However, I do firmly believe that charter school are better than magnet schools. Magnet schools are not equipped with handling kids with behavioral problems or bullying. I know this firsthand because i attended a magnet middle school (6th through 8th grade) and it was atrocious. I had several bullies who would tease me constantly everyday and i went through several administrators including the principal who only set up a meeting with the bullies in which all they did was deny that they ever did anything wrong. The bullies were never punished or anything.

The magnet school which I went to was called Jones Magnet Middle School by the way and it did not select students based on academia. It accepted kids through a basic lottery. I was one of the unlucky few that was chosen. (My mother actually pushed me to go there, I did not want to go.) I did learn there but I felt that I could did just the same at any other middle school in the area. The only difference between our school and the others was the fact that we did cornell notes and others didn't.

In conclusion, charter schools are better than magnet schools. They are because they often specialize in things that make children feel included rather than secluded. Magnet school often make it seem like the smart kids are penalized for their smarts rather than let them feel a part of the crowd or family. In short, kids who are bullied suffer long term self-esteem problems in which others suffers too. When everyone is treated equally only then will you see society as a whole prosper.

BibliographyItalic text

Maranto, Robert. (2007) Charter Schools are the future. Philadelphia Editorial; pg 802.

Berger, Joseph. (1988) Magnet Schools: Still a Hit Amid Criticism. The New York Times. Section B; page 17, Column 2.

Hechinger, M Fred. (1984) About Education: The Magnetism of The "Magnet" Public School. The New York Times. Section C, page 8, Column 3; Science Desk

Toppo, Greg. (2006) Charter Schools fail to top their public peers; Federal report finds slight performance gap. USA Today Life, pg 4D.

Schemo, Diana. (2006) Study of Test Scores Find Charter Schools Lagging. The New York Times. Section A; Column 5 National Desk, pg 14 Late Edition-Final

title: User:Jaycee09


text:
Iranian History/Age of Literary Accomplishments

The rise of the Abbasids in the 8th century AD and the policy of ethnic and cultural tolerance they pursued led to a Persian literary revival. The period lasting from the beginning of the 9th century AD when Harun Al Rashid was on the throne to to the end of the end of the 13th century AD when the Ilkhanids grabbed power in Iran could well be termed as the Iranian Renaissance. Culture and arts flourished and the Iranian civilization was highly recognized and regarded by the Arabs, Europeans and Moors who borrowed heavily from it.

Zoroastrian Writings of the 9th century AD
The oldest extant books of the Zoroastrian religion (including the oldest version of the Avesta in existence) date only from the 9th century AD. Whatever we know of early Zoroastrianism and the life of Zoroaster are through the books written during the period between the last days of Abbasid rule and the decline of the Ghaznavid dynasty in the 11th century AD. This period is generally recognized as a period of Persian as well as Zoroastrian literary revival.

The Zoroastrian literary revival began during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Al Mamun who encouraged Zoroastrian as well as Islamic literary scholars. The oldest extant version of the Avesta was written during this period and attested in the Dinkard, a work belonging to the 9th century AD. Masud (who probably lived during the same time) makes references to Zoroaster and the heretic Mani.

One Zoroastrian writer of note who lived during this period was a high-priest of Pars and Kirman called Minushchir who produced a revised version of the Bundashisn, the Zoroastrian myth of Creation. Minushchir also wrote the Dadestan-i-Denik in the year 881. His brother Zadsparam is regarded as the author of Vichitakiha-i-Zadsparam or The Selections of Zadsparam. The Epistles of Minushchir is a compilation based on a letter sent by Minushchir to his younger brother Zadsparam on March 15, 881 in condemnation of a decree issued by the latter who had recently been appointed as the High-priest of Sirkan near Kirman.

The Dinkard is one of the most important works written in the early part of the 9th century AD. Its writer is mentioned as one Atur-frobag, a Zoroastrian high-priest who had an argument with a Zoroastrian heretic called Abalis in the presence of the caliph Al Mamun. The book was eventually completed during the time of his grandson Aturpad. Contemporary with Aturpad was Mardan Farrukh who wrote Sikand Gumanik Vigar or doubt-dispelling explanation in which he seeks to establish the superiority of the Zoroastrian religion over others. Mardan Farrukh makes references to a manuscript by Roshan, a son of Atur-frobag mentioned in the Pahlavi commentaries on the Avesta and Atur-frobag's grandson Aturpad who is also considered to be a contemporary of Zadsparam. A colophon appended to an existing manuscript of the Dinkard says that the book was thoroughly revised by one Mahvindad in the year 1020. However, the colophon refers to only the third and fourth books of the Dinkard and alludes it to Aturpad implying that the first two books had already been lost. These might probably have been the oldest books of the Dinkard written by Atur-frobag in the early part of the 9th century AD. The Din Vigirgard contains a list of all the extant Nasks of the Avesta.

Zoroastrian works of note continued to produced in Iran until the 1100s and the 1200s. One of the last notable Zoroastrian compilations was the Zartosht-Namah written in 1278. This was heavily derived from the fifth and the eighth books of the Dinkard which speaks of the life of Zoroaster. By the start of the 14th century AD, the renaissance period had come to an end. The end of the Zoroastrian literary renaissance corresponded to the end of the transition of the character of the Iranian nation from Zoroastrian to Muslim. However, strangely, this transition was not brought due to the intolerance of the Muslim rulers of the country but by the destructive effects of the Mongol invasions which nearly wiped out Zoroastrianism from the country. However, Zoroastrian precepts did survive and were incorporated into Sufist Islam.

Almost all holy books of the Zoroastrian religion written after the fall of the Sassanian Empire were in Pahlavi. The Avesta was no longer understood without a Pahlavi commentary known as the Zand thereby lending it the name the Zend Avesta.

Early Muslim Writers
The first Muslim Persian scholar was Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa. A native of Fars who spent most of his life in Baghdad, he translated the Kalileh-o-Demneh(the Indian Panchatantra) from Middle Persian into Arabic. He was however murdered around 756 by the Caliph Al Mansur on charges of heresy. Sahih al-Bukhari, a native of Bukhara is credited with the compilation of the Hadith. However, these writers wrote almost exclusively in Arabic as also other Persian writers of the Umayyad era like Sibawayh, Dinawari, Baladuri and Naubakht.

Post-Sassanian Persian literature has its origin from the time of Rudaki whose full name was Abdullah Jafar Ibn Mohammad Rudaki who is the first notable Persian writer to make use of the new Perso-Arabic script. He was born in 858 in Rudak (Panjrud), a village in Khorasan, Persia which now forms a part of Tajikistan. For a time, he served as the court-poet of the Samanid ruler Nasr II in Bukhara. He is regarded as the father of Persian literature and the Sultan of Persian poets. Over 1,300,000 verses have been attributed to him out of which around 52 qasidas, ghazals and rubais have survived. He is also credited with having prepared a retranslation of the Arabic Kalileh-o-Demneh to Persian, a work has been lost to time. Rudaki has been the subject of a number of modern European biographies. Translations of his works are extensively available.

Mansur Al Hajjaj was another prominent Persian writer and one of the earliest exponents of the Sufism. He was born in 858 in Shushatar in the Khuzestan province of Western Iran. His grandfather is believed to have been a Zoroastrian who converted to Islam. However, despite his Persian ancestry, Mansur wrote almost entirely in Arabic. His Sufi writings, however, provoked the ire of the Abbasid Caliphs and he was executed for heresy in 922. Ibn Khafif or Mohammad Ibn Khafifwas another prominent Persian Sufi writer and poet from the period.

Firdausi
Firdausi or Ferdowsi as Western scholars called him, was arguably the greatest poet Iran has ever produced. He was born Hakim Abul Kasim Firdausi Tusi at a minor place called Tus in Khorasan in the year 935. His father was a wealthy landowner and Firdausi himself was a pious Muslim.

When he was just 23 years old, he came across a copy of the Shahnameh written in prose form by Abu-Mansour Almoammari. With the help of Almoammari's prose version and other earlier versions of the story, Firdausi started the composition of the epic in 977. The epic took 35 years to complete and Firdausi's intention was to present the epic before the Samanid ruler of Northern Iran. However, by the time Firdausi had completed the work (in 1012), the Samanid Empire had fallen and Mahmud Ghaznavi the first of the Ghaznavid kings sat on the throne.

Firdausi approached Mahmud nGhaznavi with the manuscript of the Shahnameh but Mahmud Ghaznavi failed to reward him suitably. Firdausi stormed out of the palace in rage and returned to his hometown of Tus where he continued to pen poems. In one of his poems, he condemns Mahmud Ghaznavi in unequivocal terms, its last line containing the following curse:

"Heaven's vengeance will not forget. Shrink tyrant from my words of fire, and tremble at a poet's ire"

Ferdowsi is said to have died around 1020 in poverty at the age of 85. One tradition claims Mahmud repented of his actions and sent the amount promised to Firdausi in the year 1020 but when the messengers reached his house, they found that he had died a few hours earlier. The promised reward was then offered to his daughter, who according to one version, refused to accept the sum.

The Shahnameh
The Shah Namah or Shahnameh, the Epic of the Kings, is regarded as one of the gems of classical Persian literature along with Umar Khayyam's Rubaiyyat and Rumi's Masnavi. It is a semi-mythical epic poem of a non-Islamic character, the different personages derived from the earlier legends and folklore of pre-Islamic Iran.

It is composed of over 990 chapters and 60,000 couplets and describes the history of Iran from times of the first man Gayomard to the Islamic conquest of Iran. It is more than seven times the size of Homer's Iliad. The work is replete with Iranian nationalistic feeling.

Despite being a Muslim, Ferdowsi was grieved by the fall of the Iranian empire and its subsequent rule by Arabs and Turks. The Shahnameh is largely his effort to preserve the memory of Iran's golden days and transmit it to a new generation so that they could learn and try to build a better world.

The epic starts with the birth of Gayomard, the Adam of the Iranians and the establishment of the Iranian monarchy. The epic then describes the reigns of the legendary Persian monarchs Gayomard, Husheng and Jamshed ans their descendants. The epic also describes in vivid detail the fall of Jamshed and the brief interval when Iran was ruled by Zohak, the Yemeni whom Firdausi regards as the agent of Ahriman. The revolution and the origins of the Durufsh-i-Kaviyani, the leather-apron of the blacksmith and Kayanian loyalist Kawah which later became the national standard of Iran and the restoration of the line of Kayanid princes under Feridun is also described in detail.

A parallel story concerning the lineages of the Persian feudatories of Sistan (referred to as the Pahlavas of Zabulistan) runs alongside the main one. Right from the incident of the partitioning of the Empire between Feridun's sons, Salm (who became the king of Rome), Tur (who became king of Turan) and Irikh (who became the king of Iran), the tale of the kings of Iran is replete with the disputes and animosities between Iran and Turan. Rustam, the Pahlava of Zabulistan is the focal point of the narrative and most of the second half of the story starting with Feridun's restoration revolves around him. Historians and archaeologists tend to identify Rustam with Surena, the Parthian commander at the Battle of Carrhae and Rustam Farrokhzad who died fighting in the Battle of Al Qadesiyyah. However, the semi-divine attributes assigned to Rustam by Firdausi make it highly impossible. Rather, Rustam could have been a pure mythical character inspired by historical peronages as Surena and Rustam Farrokhzad.

Al Beruni
Abu Rayhan Al Biruni also known as Al Beruni was a Persian writer, scientist, anthropologist and alchemist who lived during the time of Mahmud Ghaznavi. He was born at Kath in Khwarezn on September 15, 973. He belonged to the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi and was a part of Ghaznavi's entourage which made way to India. He is especially known for his books on Indians and their daily life.

Biruni's works number 146 in total. These include 35 books on astronomy, 4 on astrolabes, 23 on astrology, 5 on chronology, 2 on time measurement, 9 on geography, 10 on geodesy and mapping theory, 15 on mathematics (8 on arithmetic, 5 on geometry, 2 on trigonometry), 2 on mechanics, 2 on medicine and pharmacology, 1 on meteorology, 2 on mineralogy and gems, 4 on history, 2 on India, 3 on religion and philosophy, 16 literary works, 2 books on magic, and 9 unclassified books.

Indology
Al Beruni is regarded as one of the early Muslim Indologists. He had written a few books on the Indian people and their customs and practices which provide a vivid picture of the state of affairs at that time. He is considered as a pioneer of anthropology and comparitive theology and his works on India constitute one of the first Muslim studies of the Hindu religion.Besides, he was also the first Muslim scholar to understand the Hindu concept of Advaita. In one of his works, he writes:

"The Hindus believe with regard to God that he is one, eternal, without beginning and end, acting by free-will, almighty, all-wise, living, giving life, ruling, preserving; one who in his sovereignty is unique, beyond all likeness and unlikeness, and that he does not resemble anything nor does anything resemble him"

Science
Al Beruni correctly measured the size of the earth, its radius and circumference. He also wrote books on the Geology of India. He has catalogued precious minerals and stones in his Kitab Al-Jawahir or "Book of Precious Stones" which is considered to be an authority of gemology.

The Al-Biruni crater, on the Moon, is named after Biruni. Tashkent Technical University (formerly Tashkent Polytechnic Institute) is also named after Abu Rayhan al-Biruni.

Avicenna
Abu Ali Al Hussain ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina also known as Ibn Sina or Avicenna was a Persian Muslim astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, poet, psychologist, physicist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian.


text:
Video Game Design/Introduction/Rat race

The Rat race: Perception of reality
In today's world no one does large commercial level games just for fun any more, especially in the PC architecture (or at least we rarely learn more about those crazy people after the beta stage or the first independent release). If you are investing time into producing a game you should define first the reasons that lead you to commit to such a difficult, time and resource intensive task before you lose any more time and money. Then select the target architectures (or framework if portability is achievable).

When creating "real games" (prototypes or flash demos not included) one is mostly proposing to do a big production, since it must compete in the market against multimillionaire projects that will cost more to produce than some of the blockbuster movies coming out of Hollywood today. This of course has some exceptions, in small markets (very specific genres) and new platforms, there may be a initial time-frame where establishing a foothold is possible before competition gets impossible for a small enterprise.

It is ultimately all about needs and expectations, those of the creator, producer, publisher and consumer. Most are always moving targets, what works today may not work tomorrow in an ever accelerating consumer/producer loop. A game is a cultural object that has to connect with the overall cultural reality. For instance since 2008 there has been a contraction regarding big budget games production even as the game market explodes. This is even observable on how the licensing of other intellectual properties for use in games has declined or even reversed.

With the rise of better communications and the explosion of "intelligent" (CPU and memory capable) mobile phones, the App culture has taken over and seemingly reached a peak in 2018. And so the culture around games has changed drastically, all past experiences will hardly see a repetition and games and gaming culture have become inter-meshed into society as never before. This cultural shift is not something new, it has happened in the field like literature, music, film and photography and many other cultural products that have been impacted by changes in media and access channel due to technological advances. This allied with the capacity to easily preserve digital products has been leading to a saturation of cheap even freely available content, even disregarding legislative and some technological efforts to prevent it. Creators today will not only have to compete with a larger number of peers but with past creations and at least in a shot term an increasing number of new arrivals and ease of access to competing products.

One will either be in this field either for fun or profit, the latter of which being very hard to attain. Just consider your chances in the gaming market: most projects without a great concept or good planning will never be finished or will be sold to a corporate machine at prototype stage or diluted amongst similar offers on a digital distribution software platform. Those the options to be able to successfully promote it, and support extra licenses, artwork and give it a known brand. If you are lucky you will be included on the developing team but the design and marketing gremlins will erase from your mind the idea to ever call it your baby. By the end of 2007 we could count on a single hand famous game author's games like Sid Meier, David Braben or Shigeru Miyamoto. Those that are able to make it into the limelight must take special care not only in protecting a great concept, but must be able to see it implemented as they envisioned it by retaining creative control of their work. By 2008 the mobile revolution started to created a market for simpler a cheaper games, but with low cultural value and profitability, this disposable and unremarkable phone gaming culture has shaped the gaming market even of more conservative platforms like the personal computer and consoles. That themselves have have been contracting they presence on the gaming market under the pressure of simpler devices, like Tablets, Web Computers even Streaming and the rise of eGames competitions popularity that has extended the mobile phone culture into more areas.

Software Houses
The most lucrative side of the game industry is formed by game labels, most of which are software and distribution houses. It is not also by chance that several may also provide the Operating Systems or the hardware where games will run on, and many have created and are now fighting over digital distribution channels. This was done in arcades, then in personal computers and consoles, and recently on mobile phones or other small consumer devices.

With an increasingly fragmented hardware ecosystem the age of the large Software House seems at a near end by late 2018, only those in key market positions will survive as large players.
 * Electronic Arts
 * Sega
 * Square-Enix
 * Retro Studios
 * Blizzard
 * Atari
 * Namco
 * Valve Corporation

title: Video Game Design/Introduction/Rat race


text:
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// /** This script requires MediaWiki:Gadget-morebits.js It is a hack of w:User:AzaToth/twinklespeedy.js, so almost all the credit goes there It was modified for use on English Wikibooks and is maintained by User:Mike.lifeguard

var version = "devlopment version 0.0.13a"; //this module has its own configuration TwinkleSpeedyConfig = { userTalkPageMode						:	'tab', summaryAd								:	" using TW", deletionSummaryAd						:	" using TW", deleteTalkPageOnDelete					:	true, markSpeedyPagesAsMinor					:	true, notifyUserOnSpeedyDeletionNomination	:	[ 'g9',//vfd 'a3',//query 'i9',//imgcopyvio 'g12',//copyvio 'i4',//nld 'i7',//bfu 'i6'//no rationale ],	orphanBacklinksOnSpeedyDelete			:	{ exclude: [ 'g1',// badpage 'g12',//copyvio 'a2',//naming-convention 'a3',//query 'i2',//corruptimg 'i4',//nld 'i6',//no rationale 'i7',//bfu 'i9'//imgcopyvio ], orphan:true }//orphan deletions EXCEPT the above };

function twinklespeedy { //don't go	var maketwinklego = false; //unless... //check for +patroller or +sysop and continue if so	if( userIsInGroup( 'patroller' ) || userIsInGroup( 'sysop' ) ) { //check for IsArticle on wgAction=(true|purge|history|rollback) if( (wgIsArticle == true && (wgAction == "view" || wgAction == "purge" || wgAction == "rollback" || wgAction == "markpatrolled")) || (wgIsArticle == false && wgAction == "history") ) { //check for not Main Page if( wgPageName != "Main_Page" ) { maketwinklego = true; }		}	}	//if you didn't make it, then too bad :(	if(maketwinklego == true){		if( userIsInGroup( 'sysop' ) ) {			mw.util.addPortletLink( 'p-cactions', "javascript:twinklespeedy.callback", "speedy", "tw-csd", "Twinkle speedy tag/delete", "");		} else if ( userIsInGroup ('patroller') ) {			mw.util.addPortletLink( 'p-cactions', "javascript:twinklespeedy.callback", "speedy", "tw-csd", "Twinkle speedy tag", "");		}		else{		mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', 'javascript:alert("Your account doesn\'t have the appropriate permissions. See http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Mike.lifeguard/Twinkle_Speedy_documentation");', 'csd', 'tw-csd', 'Twinkle speedy tag', '');		}	} } $(twinklespeedy);

twinklespeedy.callback = function twinklespeedyCallback { var Window = new SimpleWindow( 800, 400 ); Window.setTitle( "Speedy tagify, notify and deletify " + version );

var form = new QuickForm( userIsInGroup( 'sysop' ) ? twinklespeedy.callback.evaluateSysop : twinklespeedy.callback.evaluateUser, 'change' ); if( userIsInGroup( 'sysop' ) ) { form.append( {				type: 'checkbox',				list: [					{						label: 'Tag page only, don\'t delete',						value: 'tag_only',						name: 'tag_only',						//keep admins from deleting when they meant to tag						checked: true,						tooltip: 'Admins may unselect this to delete. Read the tooltips carefully to get the result you want!',						event: function( event ) {							event.target.form.notify.disabled = ! event.target.checked;							event.stopPropagation;						}					},					{						label: 'Orphan backlinks',						value: 'orphan_backlinks',						name: 'orphan_backlinks',						tooltip: 'Will orphan all backlinks to the current page in the mainspace.',						checked: false,						event: function( event ) {							TwinkleSpeedyConfig.orphanBacklinksOnSpeedyDelete.orphan = event.target.checked;							event.stopPropagation;						}					}				]			} ); }

form.append( {			type: 'checkbox',			list: [				{					label: 'Notify if possible',					value: 'notify',					name: 'notify',					tooltip: 'Please take care not to innundate a single user with many template messages. This box should remain checked unless tagging many pages by the same user. In cases where there is an appropriate template message, the script will use it; in all other cases, you\ll have to leave a message manually.',					checked: true,					//don't disable - must be allowed to NOT warn when tagging many uploads with subst:nld, for example					//disabled: userIsInGroup( 'sysop' ),					//disabled: userIsInGroup( 'user' ),					event: function( event ) {						event.stopPropagation;					}				}			]		}	); if( wgNamespaceNumber == Namespace.IMAGE ) { form.append( {type:'header', label:'Images/Media' } ); form.append ( {				type: 'radio',				name: 'csd',				list: [					{ 						label: 'Duplicate image',						value: 'dupeimg',						tooltip: 'If tag-only: Tag the image for deletion because it is a duplicate of some other image. Have the image name ready at the prompt (including Image: prefix). If deleting: Deletes the image because it is a duplicate of some other image. Have the image name ready at the prompy (with Image: prefix).' 					},					{ 						label: 'Corrupt or empty image',						value: 'corruptimg', 						tooltip: 'If tag-only: Tag this image for deletion because it is corrupt or empty. If deleting: Deletes the image because it is corrupt or empty.' 					},					{						label: 'Lack of licensing information: ', 						value: 'noimgsrc',						tooltip: 'Tag-only: Tags an image with and notifies the uploader. Please unselect notification to leave only one notification when tagging multiple uploads by the same user. If deleting: Admins can delete images tagged with for over 7 days with this option.' },					{						label: 'Unused unfree images', value: 'unusedFU', tooltip: 'Tag-only: This will tag images for deletion because they are unused, but have a fair use claim. If deleting: Admins may delete images which are unused, but have a fair use claim after they\'ve been tagged as such for 7 days.' },					{						label: 'Missing fair-use rationale: ', value: 'norat', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Tags images with a fair use claim but no rationale. If deleting: Admins may delete images with this option when they have been tagged for over 7 days as not having a fair use rationale.' },					{ 						label: 'Invalid fair-use claim', value: 'badfairuse', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Tags this image because it has an obviously bad fair use claim. If deleting: Admins may use this to delete images with obviously bad fair use claims after one week.' },					{						label: 'Images available as bit-for-bit identical copies on Commons: {' + '{nowcommons}}', value: 'nowcommons', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Tags the image with {' + '{nowcommons}}. Please have the commons image name (no Image: prefix) ready at the prompt. If deleting: Check that if the filename on commons is different from here that all links are updated. This tool will unlink images if you let it; BE CAREFUL and check the checkbox - do you really want to unlink the image? Check that the commons image exists, is the same, and has good license and source info. Have the commons image name (with Image: prefix) ready at the prompt.' },					{						label: 'Image copyright violation: {' + '{copyvio}}', value: 'imgcopyvio', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Tags the image with {' + '{copyvio}}. Please have the source ready at the prompt (full url including http://) if available. If not, then enter a short reason why you think it\'s a copyvio. If deleting: Admins may use this to delete images which have been tagged with {' + '{copyvio}} for over 7 days. You should allow TW to unlink these images.' },				]			} );	} if( wgNamespaceNumber == 0 || wgNamespaceNumber == 1 ||wgNamespaceNumber == 102 ||wgNamespaceNumber == 110) {	form.append( { type:'header', label:'Modules' } );	form.append( { type: 'radio', name: 'csd', list: [ {					label: '{' + '{query}}', value: 'query', tooltip: 'Tag-only: This will tag a page with {' + '{query}}. If deleting: Admins can use this option to delete a page that has been tagged with {' + '{query}} for over 7 days (only). For pages that have no meaningful content but haven\'t been tagged (and don\'t deserve to be), use the general deletion option, and provide a reason when prompted.' },				{					label: 'No meaningful content', value: 'nocontent', tooltip: 'Tag-only: This will tag a page for speedy deletion because it has no meaningful content. If deleting: Admins can use this to delete pages which clearly have no meaningful content.' },				{					label: 'New books: {' + '{new book}}', value: 'newbook', tooltip: 'Tag-only: This will add {' + '{new book}} to the page. If deleting: Impossible.' },				{					label: 'Modules for transwiki: {' + '{transwiki}}', value: 'transwiki', tooltip: 'Tag-only: This will tag a page for transwiki. Please have the text for an interwiki link ready at the prompt (no or ). If deleting: Admins may use this to delete a page after the transwiki is complete.' },				{					label: 'Very large modules: {' + '{subpages}}', value: 'split', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Tag a module to be split into subpages. If deleting: Impossible.' },				{					label: 'Books violating the naming policy: {' + '{cleanup-nc}}', value: 'nc', tooltip: 'Tag-only: This will tag the page as violating the naming policy. If deleting: Impossible.' },				{					label: 'Generic cleanup', value: 'cleanup', tooltip: 'Tag-only: This leaves {' + '{cleanup}} with a mandatory reason. If deleting: Impossible.' }			]		} );	}	form.append( { type:'header', label:'General criteria' } );	form.append( { type: 'radio', name: 'csd', list: [ { 					label: 'Nonsense, spam or vandalism page', value: 'badpage', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Tags the page for speedy deletion because it\'s a bad page page. If deleting: Admins may delete such pages here' },				{					label: 'Recreation of deleted material', value: 'repost', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Will tag this page for speedy deletion because it\'s a repost of content previously deleted at WB:VFD. If deleting: Admins may delete reposted content here.' },				{					label: 'VFD', value: 'vfd', tooltip: 'Tag-only: You\'ll tag it for deletion by VFD; don\'t forget to create the appropriate section at WB:VFD. If deleting: Admins may use this to delete after a VFD (please have the pagename of the archived discussion ready at the prompt).' },				{					label: 'Generic Speedy deletion', value: 'gen', tooltip: 'Tag-only: You\'ll be prompted for a reason If deleting: Admins can use this for speedy deletions which don\'t fit elsewhere. Have a reason ready at the prompt.' },				{					label: 'Author requests deletion', value: 'author', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Use this to request deletion of your own pages, or request speedy deletions for another user. If deleting: Admins can delete page by author request here.' },				{					label: 'Author blanked', value: 'blanked', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Tags a page for deletion if the author blanked it. If deleting: Admins may take a blanking by the only author to be a deletion request and delete here.' },				{ 					label: 'Copyright violation: {' + '{copyvio}}', value: 'copyvio', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Adds {' + '{copyvio}}; please have the url ready at the prompt. If deleting: Admins can use this to delete a page tagged with {' + '{copyvio}} for more than 7 days.' }			]		});	form.append( { type:'header', label: 'Redirects' } );	form.append( { type: 'radio', name: 'csd', list: [ { 					label: 'Broken redirect', value: 'redirnone', tooltip: 'Tag-only: This will tag the page for deletion because it redirects to a nonexistent page If deleting: Admins may use this to delete broken redirects.' },				{ 					label: 'Orphaned redirects', value: 'redirorphan', tooltip: 'Tag-only: This will tag the page for deletion because it\'s an orphaned redirect. Make sure it\'s orphaned using Special:Whatlinkshere! If deleting: Admins can delete orphaned redirects here.' }			]		} ); if( wgNamespaceNumber == 14 || wgNamespaceNumber == 15 ) {	form.append( { type:'header', label: 'Categories' } );	form.append( { type: 'radio', name: 'csd', list: [ { 					label: 'Empty categories', value: 'catempty', tooltip: 'Tag-only: This will tag an empty category for deletion. If deleting: Admins may delete unneeded, empty categories with this option.' }			]		} ); } if( wgNamespaceNumber == 2 || wgNamespaceNumber == 3 ) {	form.append( { type:'header', label: 'User pages' } );	form.append( { type: 'radio', name: 'csd', list: [ {					label: 'User request', value: 'userreq', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Use this to request deletion of pages in your userspace. If deleting: Admins may use this to delete pages in the userspace upon request.' },			]		} ); } if( wgNamespaceNumber == 10 || wgNamespaceNumber == 11 ) {	form.append( { type:'header', label: 'Templates' } );	form.append( { type: 'radio', name: 'csd', list: [

{ 					label: 'Template for deletion', value: 'template', tooltip: 'Tag-only: Use this to request deletion of templates. If deleting: Admins may delete templates with this option.' }			]		} ); }

var result = form.render; Window.setContent( result ); Window.display; }

twinklespeedy.normalizeHash = { 'badpage': 'g1', 'newbook': 'g2', 'repost': 'g4', 'nocontent': 'g5', 'vfd': 'g9', 'gen': 'g13', 'author': 'g7', 'blanked': 'g7', 'copyvio': 'g12', 'cleanup': 'a1', 'nc': 'a2', 'query': 'a3', 'split': 'a4', 'transwiki': 'a5', 'redirnone': 'r1', 'redirorphan': 'r3', 'dupeimg': 'i1', 'corruptimg': 'i2', 'noimgsrc': 'i4', 'unusedFU': 'i5', 'norat': 'i6', 'badfairuse': 'i7', 'nowcommons': 'i8', 'imgcopyvio': 'i9', 'catempty': 'c1', 'userreq': 'u1', 'template': 't1', };

twinklespeedy.reasonHash = { 'badpage': 'Nonsense, spam or vandalism page', 'newbook': '', 'repost': 'repost of deleted content', 'nocontent': 'no meaningful content', 'vfd': 'per VFD', 'g13': '', 'author': 'the only editor requested deletion', 'blanked': 'the only editor has blanked the page', 'talk': 'was a talk page whose corresponding page does not exist', 'copyvio': 'copyright violation unresolved after 7 days', 'query': 'had no meaningful content after 7 days tagged with ', 'transwiki': 'was transwikied to the appropriate wiki', 'redirnone': 'was a redirect to a non-existent page', 'redirorphan': 'orphaned redirect', 'dupeimg': 'a same or better image exists', 'corruptimg': 'was a corrupt or empty image', 'noimgsrc': 'Image tagged with nld for more than seven days', 'unusedFU': 'unused fair use image', 'norat': 'was an image with fair use tag but no fair use rationale for more than seven days', 'badfairuse': 'incompatible licensing/invalid fair use claim', 'nowcommons': 'nowcommons', 'imgcopyvio': 'unresolved copyright violation over 7 days old', 'catempty': 'was an empty category', 'userreq': 'was a user page whose user requested deletion', };

twinklespeedy.callbacks = { sysop: { main: function( self ) { var xmlDoc = self.responseXML; var normal = xmlDoc.evaluate( '//normalized/n/@to', xmlDoc, null, XPathResult.STRING_TYPE, null ).stringValue; if( normal ) { wgPageName = normal; }			var exists = xmlDoc.evaluate( 'boolean(//pages/page[not(@missing)])', xmlDoc, null, XPathResult.BOOLEAN_TYPE, null ).booleanValue;

if( ! exists ) { self.statelem.error( "It seems that the page doesn't exists, perhaps it has already been deleted" ); return; }			var query = { 'title': wgPageName, 'action': 'delete' };

var wikipedia_wiki = new Wikipedia.wiki( 'Deleting page', query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.sysop.deletePage ); wikipedia_wiki.params = self.params; wikipedia_wiki.followRedirect = false; wikipedia_wiki.get;

if( 				TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deleteTalkPageOnDelete && 				wgNamespaceNumber % 2 == 0 && 				document.getElementById( 'ca-talk' ).className != 'new' 			) { var talk_page = namespaces[ wgNamespaceNumber + 1 ] + ':' + wgTitle; var query = query = { 'title': talk_page, 'action': 'delete' };				var wikipedia_wiki = new Wikipedia.wiki( 'Deleting talk page', query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.sysop.deleteTalkPage ); wikipedia_wiki.params = self.params; wikipedia_wiki.followRedirect = false; wikipedia_wiki.get; }

if( wgNamespaceNumber == 6 && self.params.normalized != 'i8' ) { var query = { 'action': 'query', 'list': 'imageusage', 'titles': wgPageName, 'iulimit': userIsInGroup( 'sysop' ) ? 5000 : 500 // 500 is max for normal users, 5000 for bots and sysops };				var wikipedia_api = new Wikipedia.api( 'Grabbing image links', query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.sysop.unlinkImageInstancesMain ); wikipedia_api.params = self.params; wikipedia_api.post; }			var doOrphan = TwinkleConfig.orphanBacklinksOnSpeedyDelete; if( doOrphan.orphan && doOrphan.exclude.indexOf( self.params.normalized.toLowerCase ) == -1 ){ var query = { 'action': 'query', 'list': 'backlinks', 'blfilterredir': 'nonredirects', 'bltitle': wgPageName, 'bllimit': userIsInGroup( 'sysop' ) ? 5000 : 500, // 500 is max for normal users, 5000 for bots and sysops 'blnamespace': [0, 102, 110] // main, cookbook, Wikijunior };				var wikipedia_api = new Wikipedia.api( 'Grabbing backlinks', query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.sysop.unlinkBacklinksMain ); wikipedia_api.params = self.params; wikipedia_api.post; }			var query = { 'action': 'query', 'list': 'backlinks', 'blfilterredir': 'redirects', 'bltitle': wgPageName, 'bllimit': userIsInGroup( 'sysop' ) ? 5000 : 500 // 500 is max for normal users, 5000 for bots and sysops };			var wikipedia_api = new Wikipedia.api( 'Grabbing redirects', query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.sysop.deleteRedirectsMain ); wikipedia_api.params = self.params; wikipedia_api.post;

},		unlinkBacklinksMain: function( self ) { var xmlDoc = self.responseXML; var snapshot = xmlDoc.evaluate('//backlinks/bl/@title', xmlDoc, null, XPathResult.UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE, null );

if( snapshot.snapshotLength == 0 ) { return; }

var statusIndicator = new Status('Removing backlinks', '0%');

var total = snapshot.snapshotLength * 2;

var onsuccess = function( self ) { var obj = self.params.obj; var total = self.params.total; var now = parseInt( 100 * ++(self.params.current)/total ) + '%'; obj.update( now ); self.statelem.unlink; if( self.params.current >= total ) { obj.info( now + ' (completed)' ); Wikipedia.removeCheckpoint; }			}			var onloaded = onsuccess;

var onloading = function( self ) {}

Wikipedia.addCheckpoint; if( snapshot.snapshotLength == 0 ) { statusIndicator.info( '100% (completed)' ); Wikipedia.removeCheckpoint; return; }

var params = clone( self.params ); params.current = 0; params.total = total; params.obj = statusIndicator; params.page = wgPageName;

for ( var i = 0; i < snapshot.snapshotLength; ++i ) { var title = snapshot.snapshotItem(i).value; var query = { 'title': title, 'action': 'submit' }				var wikipedia_wiki = new Wikipedia.wiki( "Unlinking on " + title, query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.sysop.unlinkBacklinks ); wikipedia_wiki.params = params; wikipedia_wiki.onloading = onloading; wikipedia_wiki.onloaded = onloaded; wikipedia_wiki.onsuccess = onsuccess; wikipedia_wiki.get; }		},		unlinkBacklinks: function( self ) { var form = self.responseXML.getElementById('editform'); var text = form.wpTextbox1.value; var old_text = text; var wikiPage = new Mediawiki.Page( text ); wikiPage.removeLink( self.params.page );

text = wikiPage.getText; if( text == old_text ) { // Nothing to do, return self.onsuccess( self ); Wikipedia.actionCompleted( self ); return; }			var postData = { 'wpMinoredit': form.wpMinoredit.checked ? '' : undefined, 'wpWatchthis': undefined, 'wpStarttime': form.wpStarttime.value, 'wpEdittime': form.wpEdittime.value, 'wpAutoSummary': form.wpAutoSummary.value, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value, 'wpSection': '', 'wpSummary': 'Removing backlinks to ' + self.params.page + " (deleted per policy)" + "; " + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpTextbox1': text };			self.post( postData ); },		deleteRedirectsMain: function( self ) { var xmlDoc = self.responseXML; var snapshot = xmlDoc.evaluate('//backlinks/bl/@title', xmlDoc, null, XPathResult.UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE, null );

var total = snapshot.snapshotLength * 2;

if( snapshot.snapshotLength == 0 ) { return; }

var statusIndicator = new Status('Deleting redirects', '0%');

var onsuccess = function( self ) { var obj = self.params.obj; var total = self.params.total; var now = parseInt( 100 * ++(self.params.current)/total ) + '%'; obj.update( now ); self.statelem.unlink; if( self.params.current >= total ) { obj.info( now + ' (completed)' ); Wikipedia.removeCheckpoint; }			}			var onloaded = onsuccess;

var onloading = function( self ) {}

Wikipedia.addCheckpoint; if( snapshot.snapshotLength == 0 ) { statusIndicator.info( '100% (completed)' ); Wikipedia.removeCheckpoint; return; }

var params = clone( self.params ); params.current = 0; params.total = total; params.obj = statusIndicator;

for ( var i = 0; i < snapshot.snapshotLength; ++i ) { var title = snapshot.snapshotItem(i).value; var query = { 'title': title, 'action': 'delete' }				var wikipedia_wiki = new Wikipedia.wiki( "Deleting " + title, query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.sysop.deleteRedirects ); wikipedia_wiki.params = params; wikipedia_wiki.onloading = onloading; wikipedia_wiki.onloaded = onloaded; wikipedia_wiki.onsuccess = onsuccess; wikipedia_wiki.followRedirect = false; wikipedia_wiki.get; }		},		deleteRedirects: function( self ) { var form = this.responseXML.getElementById( 'deleteconfirm' ); if( ! form ) { // Hell, image deletion is b0rked :(				form = this.responseXML.getElementsByTagName( 'form' )[0];				var postData = {					'wpReason': "Speedy deleted per policy, Redirect to deleted page \"" + wgPageName + "\"." + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd,					'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value				}			} else {

var postData = { 'wpReason': "Speedy deleted; Redirect to deleted page \"" + wgPageName + "\"." + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value }			}			self.post( postData ); },		unlinkImageInstancesMain: function( self ) { var xmlDoc = self.responseXML; var snapshot = xmlDoc.evaluate('//imageusage/iu/@title', xmlDoc, null, XPathResult.UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE, null );

if( snapshot.snapshotLength == 0 ) { return; }

var statusIndicator = new Status('Unlinking image instances', '0%');

var total = snapshot.snapshotLength * 2;

var onsuccess = function( self ) { var obj = self.params.obj; var total = self.params.total; var now = parseInt( 100 * ++(self.params.current)/total ) + '%'; obj.update( now ); self.statelem.unlink; if( self.params.current >= total ) { obj.info( now + ' (completed)' ); Wikipedia.removeCheckpoint; }			}			var onloaded = onsuccess;

var onloading = function( self ) {}

Wikipedia.addCheckpoint; if( snapshot.snapshotLength == 0 ) { statusIndicator.info( '100% (completed)' ); Wikipedia.removeCheckpoint; return; }

var params = clone( self.params ); params.current = 0; params.total = total; params.obj = statusIndicator; params.image = wgTitle;

for ( var i = 0; i < snapshot.snapshotLength; ++i ) { var title = snapshot.snapshotItem(i).value; var query = { 'title': title, 'action': 'submit' }				var wikipedia_wiki = new Wikipedia.wiki( "Unlinking on " + title, query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.sysop.unlinkImageInstances ); wikipedia_wiki.params = params; wikipedia_wiki.onloading = onloading; wikipedia_wiki.onloaded = onloaded; wikipedia_wiki.onsuccess = onsuccess; wikipedia_wiki.get; }		},		unlinkImageInstances: function( self ) { var form = self.responseXML.getElementById('editform'); var text = form.wpTextbox1.value; var old_text = text; var wikiPage = new Mediawiki.Page( text ); wikiPage.commentOutImage( self.params.image, 'Commented out because image was deleted' );

text = wikiPage.getText; if( text == old_text ) { // Nothing to do, return self.onsuccess( self ); Wikipedia.actionCompleted( self ); return; }			var postData = { 'wpMinoredit': form.wpMinoredit.checked ? '' : undefined, 'wpStarttime': form.wpStarttime.value, 'wpEdittime': form.wpEdittime.value, 'wpAutoSummary': form.wpAutoSummary.value, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value, 'wpSummary': 'Removing instance of image ' + self.params.image + " (speedily deleted per policy)" + "; " + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpTextbox1': text };			self.post( postData ); },		deletePage: function( self ) { var form = this.responseXML.getElementById( 'deleteconfirm' ); if( ! form ) { // Hell, image deletion is b0rked :(				form = this.responseXML.getElementsByTagName( 'form' )[0];				switch (self.params.normalized){				case 'g12':					var source = prompt('Please enter the source if possible')					if (source == null) {						return;					}					var postData = {						'wpReason': "copyvio (" + source + ") unresolved after 7 days" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd,						'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value					}					self.post(postData);					break;				case 'i9':					var source = prompt('Please enter the source if possible')					if (source == null) {						return;					}					var postData = {						'wpReason': "copyvio (" + source + ") unresolved after 7 days" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd,						'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value					}					break;					self.post(postData);					break;					case 'g2':					window.alert ('I can\'t let you do that, Dave.'); break;//don't ever delete on g2 (new book) case 'a1'://cleanup w/ mandatory parameter window.alert ('I can\'t let you do that, Dave.'); break;//don't ever delete on a1 (cleanup) case 'a2': window.alert ('I can\'t let you do that, Dave.'); break;//don't ever delete on a2 (cleanup-nc) case 'a4': window.alert ('I can\'t let you do that, Dave.'); break;//don't ever delete on a4 (split) case 't1'://template; requires prompt var why = prompt('Enter a reason for speedy deletion.') if (why == null) { return; }					var postData = { 'wpReason': "Deleted because " + why + "." + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value };					self.post(postData); break; case 'i1'://redundant image var img = prompt('Enter the image this one is redundant to with the Image: prefix.') if (img == null){ return; }					var postData = { 'wpReason': "Speedy deleted because this image is redundant to " + img + "" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value };					self.post(postData); break; case 'g9'://vfd var archive = prompt('enter the full page name of the archived VFD (excluding and  like this: Wikibooks:Votes for deletion/ArchivedDiscussion)') if (archive == null){ return; }					var postData = { 'wpReason': "Deleted per VFD" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value }					self.post(postData); break; case 'g4'://repost var archive = prompt('Enter the full page name of the archived VFD (excluding and  like this: Wikibooks:Votes for deletion/ArchivedDiscussion)') if (archive == null) { return; }					var postData = { 'wpReason': "Repost of deleted content)" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deleteionSummaryAd,						'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value					}					self.post(postData);					break;				case 'a3'://query					var postData = {						'wpReason': "No meaningful content after 7 days tagged with " + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd,						'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value					}					self.post(postData);					break;				case 'g13'://general					var why = prompt('enter a reason for deletion')					if (why == null){						return;					}					var postData = {						'wpReason': "Deleted per policy because " + why + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd,						'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value					}					self.post(postData);					break;				default://everything else					var postData = {						'wpReason': "Speedy deleted per policy; " + self.params.reason + "." + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value }					self.post(postData); break; }			}			else { switch (self.params.normalized){ case 'g12': var source = prompt('Please enter the source if possible') if (source == null) { return; }					var postData = { 'wpReason': "copyvio (" + source + ") unresolved after 7 days" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value }					self.post(postData); break; case 'i9': var source = prompt('Please enter the source if possible') if (source == null) { return; }					var postData = { 'wpReason': "copyvio (" + source + ") unresolved after 7 days" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value }					self.post(postData); break; case 'g2': window.alert ('I can\'t let you do that, Dave.'); break;//don't ever delete on g2 (new book) case 'a1'://cleanup w/ mandatory parameter window.alert ('I can\'t let you do that, Dave.'); break;//don't ever delete on a1 (cleanup) case 'a2': window.alert ('I can\'t let you do that, Dave.'); break;//don't ever delete on a2 (cleanup-nc) case 'a4': window.alert ('I can\'t let you do that, Dave.'); break;//don't ever delete on a4 (split) case 't1'://template; requires prompt var why = prompt('Enter a reason for speedy deletion.') if (why == null) { return; }					var postData = { 'wpReason': "Deleted because " + why + "." + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value };					self.post(postData); break; case 'i1'://redundant image var img = prompt('Enter the image this one is redundant to with the Image: prefix.') if (img == null){ return; }					var postData = { 'wpReason': "Speedy deleted because this image is redundant to " + img + "" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value };					self.post(postData); break; case 'g4'://repost var archive = prompt('Enter the full page name of the archived VFD (excluding and  like this: Wikibooks:Votes for deletion/ArchivedDiscussion)') if (archive == null) { return; }					var postData = { 'wpReason': "Repost of deleted content)" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deleteionSummaryAd,						'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value					}					self.post(postData);					break;				case 'g9'://vfd					var archive = prompt('enter the full page name of the archived VFD (excluding and  like this: Wikibooks:Votes for deletion/ArchivedDiscussion)')					if (archive == null){						return;					}					var postData = {						'wpReason': "Deleted per VFD" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd,						'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value					}					self.post(postData);					break;				case 'a3'://query					var postData = {						'wpReason': "No meaningful content after 7 days tagged with  " + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd,						'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value					}					self.post(postData);					break;				case 'g13'://general					var why = prompt('enter a reason for deletion') if (why == null){ return; }					var postData = { 'wpReason': "Deleted per policy because " + why + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value }					self.post(postData); break; default: var postData = { 'wpReason': "Speedy deleted per policy; " + self.params.reason + "." + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value }					self.post(postData); break; }			}		},		deleteTalkPage: function( self ) { form = this.responseXML.getElementById( 'deleteconfirm' ); var postData = { 'wpReason': "Speedy deleted per policy; was a talk page of deleted content." + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value }			self.post( postData );//this deletes the talk page, supposedly :\ }	},	user: { main: function( self ) { var xmlDoc = self.responseXML; var normal = xmlDoc.evaluate( '//normalized/n/@to', xmlDoc, null, XPathResult.STRING_TYPE, null ).stringValue; if( normal ) { wgPageName = normal; }			var exists = xmlDoc.evaluate( 'boolean(//pages/page[not(@missing)])', xmlDoc, null, XPathResult.BOOLEAN_TYPE, null ).booleanValue;

if( ! exists ) { self.statelem.error( "It seems that the page doesn't exists, perhaps it has already been deleted" ); return; }			var query = { 'title': wgPageName, 'action': 'submit' };

var wikipedia_wiki = new Wikipedia.wiki( 'Tagging page', query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.user.tagPage ); wikipedia_wiki.params = self.params; wikipedia_wiki.followRedirect = false; wikipedia_wiki.get; },		tagPage: function( self ) { form = this.responseXML.getElementById( 'editform' ); var text = form.wpTextbox1.value; //check for tag was removed here var code; switch( self.params.normalized ) { case 'g1'://nonsense var code = "{" + "{delete|nonsense, spam or vandalism page}}"; break; case 'g2'://new book var code = "{" + "{new book}}"; break; case 'g4'://'repost of deleted content var code = "{" + "{delete|repost of deleted content}}"; break; case 'g9'://nominate for VFD var code = "{" + "{vfd}}"; break; case 'g7'://only editor requested deletion var code = "{" + "{delete|the only editor requested deletion}}"; break; case 'a1'://cleanup var clean = prompt('Enter a comment regarding what cleanup is needed'); if (clean == null) { return; }				var code = "{" + "{cleanup|" + clean + "}}"; break; case 'a2'://cleanup-nc var code = "{" + "{cleanup-nc}}"; break; case 'a3': //query var comments = prompt('Enter any additional comments for the author'); if (comments != null) { var code = "{" + "{query|" + comments + "}}" } else { var code = "{" + "{query}}"; }				break; case 'a4'://split var code = "{" + "{split}}" break; case 'a5'://was transwikied var wikiwiki = prompt( 'Enter which project this should get moved to' ); if( wikiwiki == null ) { return; }				var code = "{" + "{transwiki|" + wikiwiki + "}}"; break; case 'r1'://broken redirect var code = "{" + "{delete|broken redirect}}"; break; case 'r3'://orphan redirect var code = "{" + "{delete|orphan redirect}}"; break; case 'i2'://broken image var code = "{" + "{delete|corrupt or empty media}}"; break; case 'i4'://nld var code = ""; break; case 'i5'://unused fair use image var code = "{" + "{delete|unused fair use image}}"; break; case 'i6'://no fair use rationale var code = ""; break; case 'i7'://invalid fair use claim var code = ""; break; case 'i9'://copyvio image var url = prompt( 'please enter url if available' ); if( url == null ) { return; }				code = "{" + "{copyvio|1=" + url + "}}"; break; case 'c1'://empty cat var code = "{" + "{delete|empty category}}"; break; case 'u1'://user request var code = "{" + "{delete|userpage of a user requesting deletion}}"; break; case 't1'://template per policy var reason = prompt( 'Please enter a reason to delete this template'); if( reason == null ) { return; }				var code = "{" + "{delete|" + reason + "}}"; break; case 'i8'://nowcommons var commonsimage = prompt( 'enter the image name on commons, including the Image: prefix' ); if( commonsimage == null) { return; }				var code = "{" + "{Now Commons|1=" + commonsimage + "}}"; break; case 'g12'://copyvio page var url = prompt( 'please enter url if available' ); if( url == null ) { return; }				code = "{" + "{copyvio|1=" + url + "}}"; break; //for vfds case 'g9'://nom for VFD var code = "{" + "{vfd}}"; break; //for generic speedies case 'g13': var genericreason = prompt( 'enter a detailed reason for deletion:' ); if (genericreason == null) { return; }				code = "{" + "{delete|" + genericreason + "}}"; break; case 'i1'://dupe image var img = prompt( 'enter the image this is redundant to, including the Image: prefix' ); if( img == null ) { return; }				code = "{" + "{delete|redundant to " + img + "}}"; break; default://the rest, in case I missed one code = "{" + "{delete}}"; break; }			// Notification to first contributor var query = { 'action': 'query', 'prop': 'revisions', 'titles': wgPageName, 'rvlimit': 1, 'rvprop': 'user', 'rvdir': 'newer' }			var callback = function( self ) { var xmlDoc = self.responseXML; var user = xmlDoc.evaluate( '//rev/@user', xmlDoc, null, XPathResult.STRING_TYPE, null ).stringValue; var query = { 'title': 'User talk:' + user, 'action': 'submit' };				var wikipedia_wiki = new Wikipedia.wiki( 'Notifying of initial contributor (' + user + ')', query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.user.userNotification ); wikipedia_wiki.params = self.params; wikipedia_wiki.get; }			if( self.params.usertalk ) { var wikipedia_api = new Wikipedia.api( 'Grabbing data of initial contributor', query, callback ); wikipedia_api.params = self.params; wikipedia_api.post; }			var postData = { 'wpMinoredit': TwinkleSpeedyConfig.markSpeedyPagesAsMinor ? '' : undefined, 'wpStarttime': form.wpStarttime.value, 'wpEdittime': form.wpEdittime.value, 'wpAutoSummary': form.wpAutoSummary.value, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value, 'wpSummary': "Speedy tagging" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.summaryAd, 'wpTextbox1': code + "\n" + text };			//patrol this page if possible var patrolled = getElementsByClassName(document.getElementById('content'), 'div', 'patrollink'); if (patrolled && patrolled[0]) { var link = patrolled[0].getElementsByTagName('a')[0]; var makepatrolled = new XMLHttpRequest; makepatrolled.open('GET', link, false); makepatrolled.send(null); if (makepatrolled.status == 200) { dump(makepatrolled.responseText); }				}			self.post( postData ); },		userNotification: function( self ) { var form = self.responseXML.getElementById( 'editform' ); var text = form.wpTextbox1.value; var code; switch( self.params.normalized ) { //g9: vfd a3: query i9: imgcopyvio g12: copyvio case 'i6'://no fair use rationale text+= "\n"; break; case 'i7'://bad fair use claim text+= "\n"; break; case 'g9'://VFD text += "\n"; break; case 'a3'://query text += "\n"; break; case 'i9'://image copyvio text += "\n"; break; case 'g12'://copyvio text += "\n"; break; case 'i4'://nld text += "\n"; break; default://template:test for anything missed :\ text += "\n"; break; }			var xmlDoc = self.responseXML; var normal = xmlDoc.evaluate( '//normalized/n/@to', xmlDoc, null, XPathResult.STRING_TYPE, null ).stringValue; if( normal ) { wgPageName = normal; }			var exists = xmlDoc.evaluate( 'boolean(//pages/page[not(@missing)])', xmlDoc, null, XPathResult.BOOLEAN_TYPE, null ).booleanValue; if( exists ) { text = "" + "" + text; }			var postData = { 'wpMinoredit': form.wpMinoredit.checked ? '' : undefined, 'wpStarttime': form.wpStarttime.value, 'wpEdittime': form.wpEdittime.value, 'wpAutoSummary': form.wpAutoSummary.value, 'wpEditToken': form.wpEditToken.value, 'wpSummary': 'Notification regarding ' + wgPageName + '.' + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.summaryAd, 'wpTextbox1': text };			self.post( postData ); },		}	} twinklespeedy.callback.evaluateSysop = function twinklespeedyCallbackEvaluateSysop(e) {

wgPageName = wgPageName.replace( /_/g, ' ' ); // for queen/king/whatever and country!

var tag_only = e.target.form.tag_only; if( tag_only && tag_only.checked ) { return twinklespeedy.callback.evaluateUser(e); }

var value = e.target.value; var normalized = twinklespeedy.normalizeHash[ value ]; //this was intended to make sure the var is not undefined in some cases as reported by Reece. //While it is true that the parameter is undefined here, it somehow works properly for everyone but him. //By having this here, we get normalized=='g13' but we also get it passed properly when deletion actually happens //So I'm not sure where the parameter /is/ being passed, but it is not here. I am horribly confused by this, but //perhaps enabling JSL for him will help? We can hope :) otherwise I am not sure what to do. ////Addendum: in the switch(normalized){ line (5 down), I just changed "self.params.normalized" to "normalized" since ////I changed the structure of that variable //	if ( ! self.params.normalized ){ //		self.params.normalized = 'g13'; //	}	switch (normalized){	case 'i1'://redundant image		var img = prompt('Enter the image this one is redundant to with the Image: prefix.')		if (img == null){			return;		}		var params = {			value: value,			normalized: normalized,			reason: "Speedy deleted because this image is redundant to " + img + "" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd		};		break;	case 'a5'://transwiki		var wiki = prompt('Enter the interwiki link to the content without or .')		if (wiki == null){			return;		}		var params = {			value: value,			normalized: normalized,			reason: "Transwikied" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd		};		break;	case 'i8'://nowcommons		var img = prompt('Enter the image name on commons with the Image: prefix.')		if (img == null){			return;		}		var params = {			value: value,			normalized: normalized, reason: "NowCommons: commons:" + img + "" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd };		break; case 'g9'://vfd var archive = prompt('enter the full page name of the archived VFD (excluding and  like this: Wikibooks:Votes for deletion/ArchivedDiscussion)') if (archive == null){ return; }		var params = { value: value, normalized: normalized, reason: "Deleted per VFD" + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummaryAd };		break; case 'g13'://general var why = prompt('Enter a reason for deletion:') if (why == null){ return; }		var params = { value: value, normalized: normalized, reason: "Deleted per policy because " + why + TwinkleSpeedyConfig.deletionSummarAd }		break; default: var params = { value: value, normalized: normalized, reason: twinklespeedy.reasonHash[ value ] };		break; }	Status.init( e.target.form );

var query = { 'action': 'query', 'titles': wgPageName }	var wikipedia_api = new Wikipedia.api( 'Checking if page exists', query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.sysop.main ); wikipedia_api.params = params; wikipedia_api.post; } twinklespeedy.callback.evaluateUser = function twinklespeedyCallbackEvaluateUser(e) { wgPageName = wgPageName.replace( /_/g, ' ' ); // for queen/king/whatever and country! var value = e.target.value; var normalized = twinklespeedy.normalizeHash[ value ];

var params = { value: value, normalized: normalized, usertalk: TwinkleSpeedyConfig.notifyUserOnSpeedyDeletionNomination.indexOf( normalized ) != -1 && e.target.form.notify.checked };

Status.init( e.target.form );

Wikipedia.actionCompleted.redirect = wgPageName; Wikipedia.actionCompleted.notice = "Tagging complete";

var query = { 'action': 'query', 'titles': wgPageName }

var wikipedia_api = new Wikipedia.api( 'Checking if page exists', query, twinklespeedy.callbacks.user.main ); wikipedia_api.params = params; wikipedia_api.post;

}

title: User:Mike.lifeguard/TSdev.js


text: User talk:24.20.75.210

title: User talk:24.20.75.210


text: User talk:76.124.25.104

title: User talk:76.124.25.104


text:
User talk:Fra 011 011~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 05:17, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fra 011 011. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fra 011 011~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:10, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fra 011 011~enwikibooks


text: User talk:72.129.99.195

title: User talk:72.129.99.195