text:
Talk:Quantum Mechanics/Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

This fisher information approach may be applicable to understanding why the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle arises from attempts to measure physical systems []. I am uncertain and will continue reading and cogitating upon it at another time. 8) Lazyquasar 06:06, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

The uncertainty principle has nothing to say about a single particle
The description of the uncertainty principle seems to go beyond what quantum mechanics can actually say. The result can only be obtained for an average of an ensemble of measurements. These could either be a series of measurements at the same time or a set of measurements one after the other.

To show that an individual measurement is not covered, consider putting a beam of electrons into a sharply defined state of momentum. This causes the position in the direction of the motion to be uncertain. You can then stop an arbitrary individual electron at a precise position. At the time of that measurement the position and momentum of the electron are precisely known. Of course, subsequent to the measurement that electron is no longer in a precise state of momentum.

In addition, this can only be done for an arbitrary electron of the set - there is no way to do this for a defined electron.

AN AGRUMENT ABOUT UNCERTINITY
According to uncertainty theory we cannot measure the accurate position and velocity simultaneously.

MY ARGUMENTS ARE THAT IF IN A ROOM I STARTED MOVING WITH THE SPEED OF ELECTRONS THAT IS=2*10 TO THE POWER 6, THE PERSON WHO IS IN THE ROMM CAN NOT DEFINE MY POSITION BECAUSE I AM MOVING WITH A VERY HIGH SPEED SO AT EVERY INSTANT I AM PRESNT EVERY WHERE IN THE ROOM,ACCORDING TO THAT PERSON

AS SAME I WANT TO ADD UP IN THE CASE OF ELECTRONS WE DO NOT HAVE PROPER INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE THE POSTION BEACUSE OF THAT WE CAN NOT CALLED IT AS A UNCERTINITY  JUST THINK ABOUT IT AN ELECTRON IS MOVING WITH HALF THE SPEED OF LIGHT AROUND A SMALL SIZE RADIUS, SO HOW MANY REVOLUTION IT MADE IN A SECOND AND THIS FORM A RING OF THE ELECTRONS MOVING POSTION OR CALLED IT A SPHERE. IF WE HAVE THE PROPER INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE THE VELOCITY AS WELL AS POSTION IN MICRO TO MICRO SECOND THEN NO NEDD OF THIS THEORY.∼∼∼∼ARYAN


text:
User:Stripypants

Stripypants

 * Political science major
 * Peace activist

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Stripypants


text: User talk:67.49.81.241

title: User talk:67.49.81.241


text:
History of Literature

Literature may refer to any number of poetic, dramatic, fictional or nonfictional works from anywhere in the world. When people think of Literature they often picture dusty old libraries crammed full of leather bound books. They think of the English novelists of the 18th and 19th centuries or the ancient Greek dramatists. The mythology of Africa and the haikus of Japan are not often included in this rather limited view of what constitutes "Literature". That is the purpose of this book; to open up you, the reader, to literature through space and time.

In the Ancient World

 * /Literature of the Ancient Mediterranean/
 * /Literature of Ramesside Egypt/

Poetry

 * Introduction
 * Sacred Poetry
 * Secular Poetry
 * Epic Poetry
 * Modern Poetry
 * Australian poetry at the turn of the 20th century

Fiction

 * Introduction
 * Novel
 * Modern Fiction Around the World
 * North America
 * South America
 * Europe
 * Africa
 * Asia
 * Australia

The Wikibook on 19th Century Literature can be found here

Nonfiction

 * Introduction
 * Essays
 * Life Stories
 * Biographies
 * Autobiographies
 * Scientific Literature
 * Philosophical Works

Drama and Film
The Wikibook on theatre and acting can be found here.

 * Introduction
 * Tragedy
 * Comedy
 * Romance
 * Histories
 * Humanity

Significant Figures

 * William Shakespeare
 * Mark Twain
 * Charles Dickens
 * Geoffrey Chaucer
 * Jane Austen
 * The Brontë Sisters
 * Thomas Hardy
 * James Joyce
 * George Orwell

The Wikibook on Catullus' poems can be found here The Wikibook on Shakespeare's works can be found here

title: History of Literature


text:
Talk:Arabic/LearnRW/Normal Alphabet Layout

Untitled
So top row right symbol is alif?

yes


text:
Social Ballroom Dancing/Waltz

The waltz is a smooth, progressive dance in 3/4 or 6/8 time, done primarily in closed position. It first became fashionable in Vienna in about the 1780s, then spread to many other countries within the next few years. The waltz, and especially its closed position, became the example for the creation of many other ballroom dances. Subsequently, new types of waltz have developed, including many folk dance and several ballroom dance types.

In contemporary ballroom dance, fast versions of the waltz are called Viennese waltz.

International Standard Waltz has only closed figures; that is, the couple never leaves closed position.

Contrast American Style Waltz, in which some figures involve breaking contact entirely. For example, the Syncopated Side-by-Side with Spin includes a free spin for both the man and lady. Open rolls are another good example of an open dance figure, in which the lady alternates between the man's left and right sides, with the man's left or right arm (alone) providing the lead.

See http://www.centralhome.com/ballroomcountry/International-American.htm for a more information regarding the differences between International and American Waltz.

A typical waltz figure (from the man's perspective) starts lowered into the knees and travelling forward with a strong heel lead. Count 2 rises and is taken on the ball of the foot, and count 3 starts on the ball of the foot and lowers to the heel as the couple begins to lower in preparation for the next measure. A smooth rise-and-fall action is a primary characteristic of this dance.

title: Social Ballroom Dancing/Waltz


text:
User talk:EMP Demon

Hey! Thanks for helping me out on the Bowman Guide. Do you know where the report vandalism page is?

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Vandalism_in_progress

And you wanna finish up the rest of the guide? Like start a mage section and etc. etc.? --Dragontamer 16:14, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Linkification
Hey, you notice how I've re-set up the Warrior Skills and Builds section so far? If you need help adding those kinds of links, I'll just walk in and modify your writing. It is somewhat hard to understand though, took me a bloody week learning how to do that correctly.

But if you think you can learn by reading my code, by all means, go ahead. Save me some trouble :-p --Dragontamer 02:21, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I should add that for headers, you don't need the "span" or "div" or whatever thing. It is automatically done. For example: on this page :)
 * B'oh. -EMP Demon 02:46, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Sigh, politics...
http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks_talk:Computer_and_video_games_bookshelf&diff=prev&oldid=434943

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks&diff=prev&oldid=434945

If you are wondering who this "Jimbo Wales" is, he is the creator of Wikipedia and Wikibooks. I doubt this is a fight we can win :( I'll keep an eye on this issue and let you know what is going on... If he reverses his decision or something. --Dragontamer 17:59, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, just wanna add: Until this is confirmed, I'd like to proceed as planned. Just keep doing updates; they'll let us transwiki at the end. So no real worries there. --Dragontamer 04:01, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:EMP Demon


text:
Talk:Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins

Comments
I edited the first few paragraphs (it's not a pirate!). I would use a link about Helmholtz. Generally too wordy: try make sentences shorter and include more visuals. --me513

Proposal
According to a recent discovery in archeology, the earliest musical instrument, which should be probably simple flutes or whistles made from bone, can be traced back to more than 100,000 years ago. Since then, music has been played an important role in our daily lives. People, especially musicians, tend to utilize color words, shimmer, darkness, or even some abstract words, relaxation, repose, to describe music, but not many people really figure out how musical instruments sing. I would like to examine the physical principles and phenomenon behind the veil. For personal interest, I chose violin as my topic. The phonation of violin can be produced through the interaction between the bow and strings, vibration of the body, and air resonating inside the body. I will illustrate the vibration pattern of the strings, which is the famous Helmholtz motion, how the vibration produced by the stings be passed to the body, and the importance of the air inside the body. The principle and phenomenon discovered here can also be analogized to other musical instruments.

Back to Acoustic in Violins


text:
User talk:Dragontamer

Add comments here :-)

I'll respond asap.

Ada Print Version
The project has three lead contributers which - coincidently - are three top entries in the contributer list:

 * Martin Krischik (Contributions)
 * Manuel Gómez (Contributions)
 * Santiago Urueña (Contributions)

Mayor changes should be discussed in the Talk:Ada Programming/Contributors lounge.

--Krischik T 15:28, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Meant to say
Good wishes to you for 2007 - regards -- Herby talk thyme 10:23, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Congratulations
Dragontamer, I looked through the Ada pdf. It is amazing work! Good job. --User:Iamunknown 06:17, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Editorial board
Hey dragontamer, I really wanted to get your opinion of the editorial board proposal that i've been working on. I'm envisioning this board as being a more formal replacement for the Wikipublish project page, although I dont think acceptance of one necessarily dictates a rejection of the other.

I really want to get some input on this, I'm very interested in getting this proposal (or a similar one) accepted. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 16:35, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Jokebook
Tell me about the jokebook incident. Never heard of it. If you could let me know on 100110100 of Wikipedia that would be great. Thanks!198.161.51.112 20:42, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

De-adminship
Hello, As all administrators at the English Wikibooks, you are subject to de-adminship if you are inactive for over 1 year, which is currently the case. The request will be made at Meta one month from today. If you would like to object to the de-adminship, please do so at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions#Removal_of_access

Thanks for your time of service as an administrator at English Wikibooks.

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:36, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dragontamer


text:
Social Ballroom Dancing/Rumba

Cuban Rumba
Rumba is a latin dance that arose in Havana in the 1890s. As a sexually-charged Afro-Cuban dance, rumba was often suppressed and restricted because it was viewed as dangerous and lewd.

Later, Prohibition in the United States caused a flourishing of the relatively-tolerated cabaret rumba, as American tourists flocked to see crude sainetes (short plays) which featured racial stereotypes and generally, though not always, rumba.

There are several rhythms of the Rumba family, and associated styles of dance:

Today social Rumba is usually danced very slowly with a romantic quality and sexy flair, which results from Cuban motion.

The American style is done in a "Box" pattern to a Slow Quick Quick timing.

 * /American Rhythm Technique/

title: Social Ballroom Dancing/Rumba


text:
Talk:Calculus/Real numbers

Edited to add discussion of fields, replacing poor and misleading definition. This page still needs work, however. Expansion of the construction of the reals is needed, and simplification of the proofs (possibly omitting some) to match usual calc student's knowledge.

title: Talk:Calculus/Real numbers


text:
User:Madcello

I'm Blended by this prog!

Madcello,please I really need help. I don't know what weight painting REALLY is. I don't know the principles behing it. Assigning weights to vertices? In relation to armatures? Vertex groups? Help!

title: User:Madcello


text:
TI 83 Plus Assembly/Appendix A

=ROM Calls=

This Appendix shows information about many ROM Calls that can be used when programming in TI 83 Plus Assembly.

Bit_VertSplit
Tests if the TI−83 Plus is set to G-T (graph-table) display mode. Output NZ is set if G-T is set Example B_Call(Bit_VertSplit) JR NZ,Screen_is_Split

CheckSplitFlag
Checks if either horizontal or G-T split screen modes are active. Input grfSplitOverride, (IY + sGrFlags) = 1 to ignore split mode settings Output NZ is set if split screen mode is active

Under construction... Please see this pdf [] for Texas Instrument's documentation on all B_Call's. TI's list is far from complete, consider looking at:

title: TI 83 Plus Assembly/Appendix A


text:
Talk:Arabic/Verbs

waqf (pausal pronunciation)
What are the pausal forms of all the pronouns. Pausal form/(with waqf): the way it can be pronounced at the end of a sentence (if one pauses while reading). naHnu => naHn (I'm guessing) anta => ant           an-tun-na => an-tun an-ti => ant huwa =>  ? hun-na=>hun hiya =>  ? The same in both pronunciations: ana,hum,antumaa,humaa,antum Please correct any mistakes I made, and provide some answers. Thank you. --TwoThirty 19:58, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arabic/Verbs


text:
Talk:Arabic/LearnRW/Dammah and waaw

Untitled
Shouldn't that be moo-fau instead of moo-foo?

Please be more specific, I don't know which part you are talking about. As far as I can see there is no place where it should be "moo-fau" instead of "moo-foo".--TwoThirty 16:40, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

A mistake?
In the following line: تـُو a waaw with a fatHa (pronounced: too) I'm almost sure that's supposed to say a Dammah. But I don't know Arabic really, so I don't feel confident enough to change it. Also, the section following is supposed to be a list of examples where the waaw has a symbol on it, but I don't see anything in it (using latest version of Firefox in Windows XP).Clum (talk) 18:41, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arabic/LearnRW/Dammah and waaw


text:
Hungarian/Lesson 2

So, now it's time to begin learning some Hungarian words. As in elementary school, let's begin with numbers. After that, you'll get an insight into the basics of question forms.

For the first time, you'll have some short exercises to solve at the end of the lesson. Don't skip them, even if you feel quite sure of yourself.

Cardinal numbers
Beyond ten you say individual numbers by saying the tens, and then the ones (just like in English, i.e. forty-four = "negyvennégy"). However, there are some cases when you connect the two words with a en or on (in case of 10 - tizen, 20 - huszon (note, that the long vowels in tíz and húsz have been shortened in these cases!), so 24 would be huszonnégy, but 34 would be harmincnégy ). After hundred the rules are the same, but the exception does not apply. Just like in English, numbers are grouped by thousands (i.e. 635 000 - hatszázharmincötezer, but 265 238- kétszázhatvanötezer-kétszázharmincnyolc), but in Hungarian you say száz (hundred) only in numbers which are less than 1000 (so for instance you never say for 1600: tizenhatszáz, but ezerhatszáz instead).

Maybe you didn't even realize that your first meeting with vowel harmony in practice has occurred: -van, -ven suffixes are no longer used in Hungarian, but they can still be observed in the words you see in the chart. As négy, öt, hét and kilenc are front words, they were suffixed with the front affix (-ven), while hat and nyolc are back words, so they were suffixed with the back affix (-van).

Note:
 * In phrases numbers always stand before the noun, adverb.
 * The nouns, adverbs are always singular after a number in Hungarian. Never use plural! e.g. két fiú ("two boys"), száz fa ("one hundred trees")
 * In writing Hungarians use comma instead of decimal point. In a large number leave space when a comma is used in English.

Ordinal numbers
As you can see, Hungarian forms ordinal numbers with adding the suffix -dik. The formation of first (első) and second (második) is irregular, but irregularity disappears in larger numbers: you can't say *huszonelső (twenty-first literally) but huszonegyedik (*twenty-oneth literally) for 21.

Fractions
The number gets an -ad, -ed or -öd ending everytime, depending on its vowels. e.g. ötöd harmincad tized. Ketted and harmad are a bit different, because it's more simple to say harmad but háromad. Note: you can say half as ketted, but Hungarians use fél in everyday life, ketted on Maths lesson. Another question: how to say 1,43? Simply: egy egész negyvenhárom század. After the integer number, put the word egész (it means whole) and then say the fraction. e.g. négy egész hét század (4,07), nulla egész négy tized (0,4) In the form 3/4 Hungarians say három negyed.

Words for everyday life
And now, for easier learning here are some sentences you might find useful (and also their meaning). You don't have to memorize them, just have a look at them to grab the feeling of the Hungarian language. Try to pronounce these sentences and find out which word means what (before looking at the solution):

Jó napot (kívánok)! - (I wish you a)Good day (you should already know this one)
 * Hány óra van? : What time is it?
 * Hány óra? : shorter form.
 * Hány : how much.
 * óra : clock.
 * van : is.

Hold on for a minute! In Hungarian, there is a big difference of telling time from the English form. I.e. "(It's) half past three" means fél négy (van), which literally means half of four (fél-half, négy-four). So in Hungarian you tell the fraction of the next hour (i.e. quarter to seven - háromnegyed hét, half past two - fél három, quarter past eight - negyed kilenc, ten o'clock - tíz óra), and the remaining or already passed minutes are told relatively to these four orientation points (five past eight - öt perccel múlt nyolc, six to eleven - hat perc múlva tizenegy or there are more complicated ways like négy perccel múlt fél kettő literally means four past half to two). The Hungarian language also uses special expressions for the day's two turning point: dél (note, that this word means South as well) - noon and éjfél - midnight (but with these two words don't use the half past- and the quarter past/to-like expressions, instead say just fél tizenkettő, and not fél dél and so on).

 * Hogy vagy? - How do you do?/How are you?
 * Hogy-how,
 * vagy-you are

Note: Only said to people who we address by "te"

Hol van a(z) ... utca? (to use a or az depends on whether the next word begins with a consonant or a vowel respectively) - Where is the ... street? (literally the same)
 * Segítene (nekem), kérem? - Could you help (me), please?
 * Segítene - could you help.
 * nekem - for me
 * kérem - please

Interrogatives
Hungarian, as every language have a lot of query words. The most frequently used are listed here (note the usage differences in the given examples):

 * Ki? - Who?
 * Ki ez? - Who is she/he?
 * Kit? - Whom?
 * Kit keresel? - Who are you looking for? . For whom are you looking?
 * Kivel? - With whom?
 * Mi? - What?
 * Mi a problémád? - What is your problem?
 * Mit? - What?
 * Mit akarsz tőlem? - What do you want from me?
 * Mivel? - With what?
 * Mikor? - When?
 * Mióta? - Since when?
 * Meddig?/Míg? - Till when?
 * Merre? - Which way?
 * Miért? - Why?
 * Mennyi?/Hány? - How much?/How many?
 * Hány alma van az asztalon? - How many apples are on the table?
 * Mennyit?/Hányat? - How much?/How Many?
 * Hányat szeretnél venni? - How many do you want to buy?
 * Hol? - Where?
 * Hogyan? - How?

Pronunciation
Using your knowledge of the Hungarian letters, try to pronounce (and memorise) the following Hungarian words, then listen to the audio file to check yourself: süt (bake)     hűt (cool)      ül (sit) köd (fog)	föld (ground)	öröm (pleasure) hit (faith)	híd (bridge)	írni (to write) hát (back)	kád (bath-tub)	sál (scarf) vér (blood)	négy (four)	kérdez (ask)

Numbers
How do you say the following numbers in Hungarian? 11, 18, 23, 76, 391, 1614

(For the solutions see the Exercises section of the next chapter.)

title: Hungarian/Lesson 2


text:
User talk:202.163.65.85

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks! I noticed your test edit to Using KDE : What is KDE and removed it.

If you want to continue with your experiments, please edit the Sandbox instead. The sandbox allows you to try editing without breaking any existing page. --Kernigh 21:12, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.163.65.85


text:
User:David Kernow~enwikibooks/About weight and gravity

''This was (a draft for) an alternate version to the Wikijunior Solar System module About gravity, mass, and weight

You may've read or heard people say that your weight would be different on the Moon, or on other planets and their moons. Does this mean that when you leave the Earth you somehow become fatter or thinner, without gorging on food or going on a diet? Hopefully you'll be glad to hear the answer is no! Here's why:

Gravity
Have you ever wondered why everything on the Earth doesn't just float up into the sky and off into space? Or perhaps why you land back on the ground whenever you jump up?

So far as we know, everything in the universe tries to pull on everything else. This pull is what's known as gravity. It's very weak, but it becomes stronger as things get closer together and when any of them are very bulky. The more bulky something is, the more it pulls on other things around it.

We're all living on the Earth, which is very bulky compared to each of us, so it pulls on each of us very strongly. That's why we don't all float away from the Earth and why we come back down to the ground whenever we jump up. We each pull on the Earth, but as each of us is tiny compared to the Earth, our pull on the Earth is tiny too.

Other places in our Solar System and the rest of the universe are more or less bulky than the Earth, so their gravity is more or less than that here on Earth. So, if we leave the Earth and visit them, their pull on us will be more or less than that we know here on Earth. The Moon, for example, is less bulky than the Earth, so if you weighed yourself there with a bathroom scale, it would say you weighed less than when you weighed yourself with it on the Earth. This is why people say your weight is different at different places in the Solar System or the rest of the universe! You haven't changed – what's changed is the strength of the gravity keeping you on the surface of whatever place you're visiting.

{Mention planet and comet formation?}

Orbits and weightlessness
You don't even have to travel that far from the Earth to experience this change. If you travel fast enough around it, the Earth's surface will keep curving away from you as fast as Earth's gravity pulls you toward it. You'll keep going round and round the Earth, never getting any closer to it. This is called orbiting the Earth and the path you follow around the Earth is called an orbit. Since you don't get any closer to the Earth, it's as if the Earth is no longer pulling on you and so you have no weight — you're weightless.

The same is true if you travel fast enough around anything else in the universe. The speed you'll need depends on how bulky it is and how far away you are from it.

{Include (parts of) How does gravity change what happens elsewhere? ...?}

{Do not include any material from the So how much would I weigh on the Moon? and Astronomerese sections as it is inappropriate and/or too complicated for a Wikijunior book ...?}

{Do not include any more material on this page (with the exception of an image or two) in order to keep it succinct?}


text: File:Windows XP Bluetooth push 1.png

title: File:Windows XP Bluetooth push 1.png


text: File:Windows XP Bluetooth push 2.png

title: File:Windows XP Bluetooth push 2.png


text:
Folkstyle Wrestling/Position and Control

Position is an essential topic in wrestling. Almost all counters to moves and the effectiveness of these counters is based on position.

Principles:
 * Hips Higher Than Theirs
 * Getting Behind or Squaring off
 * Controlling The Hips
 * Controlling the Center of Balance
 * Don't go down to your hip
 * Keep the Head up at all times


text:
Folkstyle Wrestling/Basic Moves From Top Position

 * Chop The Arm
 * Grab an Ankle
 * Far Knee, Far Ankle
 * Using Your knee to Bump

General Ideas In Top Position
do a half nelson a cradle do a banana split do a bow and arrow do a leg tuck


text:
Folkstyle Wrestling/Basic Moves From Bottom Position

 * Stand Up
 * Sit Out
 * Side Roll
 * Peterson Roll


text:
Cookbook:Coriander Chutney

Coriander chutney goes well with a papadum or chapati. It is suitable for refrigeration and freezes fairly well. It pairs extremely well with meat and many vegetarian preparations and is commonly served as a condiment with a wide variety of dishes in North Indian cuisine.

Ingredients

 * 1 bunch of coriander leaf (cilantro)
 * 2 or so green chillies
 * 1 tsp cumin seeds or ground cumin (optional)
 * 1 small onion
 * 1 pinch salt
 * juice of ½ lemon or lime

Procedure

 * 1) Wash the coriander.
 * 2) Finely chop the onion, chillies, and coriander.
 * 3) Add the salt, juice, and cumin.
 * 4) Blend to a fine paste.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * This can also be made with mint leaves and is called mint chutney. Both varieties are called green chutney.
 * Grated coconut, garlic, and ginger can also be added.

title: Cookbook:Coriander Chutney


text:
Folkstyle Wrestling/Advanced Defensive Moves From Neutral

 * Sprawl Moves
 * Front Headlock Counters
 * Elbow Drag
 * "Gut Wrench"
 * If they are reaching
 * Defensive Duck Under
 * Defensive Armdrag
 * From the Counter-attack
 * Position-Specific Counter Attacks.


text:
Folkstyle Wrestling/Advanced Defensive Moves From Referee's Position

 * Switch
 * Granby
 * Sit Out, Turn Out
 * How to chain Wrestle
 * Advanced Rolls
 * Whizzer


text:
User talk:Tarun telang

I have moved your request for Google and Yahoo from Computing bookshelf to Requested Wikibooks. --Kernigh 22:48, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tarun telang


text:
User talk:24.7.32.115

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. Guanaco 00:32, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.7.32.115


text:
User:Redfalcon~enwikibooks

I am a High school student in Michigan, and an Airman Basic in the United States Air Force Auxiliary. I mainly right about history or military training.

title: User:Redfalcon~enwikibooks


text:
User:Kernigh/sandbox

 * Begin transclusion of User:Kernigh/delete me

 * End transclusion of User:Kernigh/delete me
 * Edit --Kernigh 04:44, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

The next line calls Template:TickerEntry.

title: User:Kernigh/sandbox


text:
US Criminal Law

{| style="width:65%;"
 * style="background-color: cream; border: solid 1px gray; padding: 1em;" valign="top" |

Chapters

 * /Mens rea/
 * /Actus reus/
 * /Summary/

 * /Preliminary offenses/
 * /Search and seizure/
 * /Defenses/

 * }

title: US Criminal Law


text:
US Criminal Law/Search and seizure/Without a warrant

{|style="width:65%;"
 * style="background-color: cream; border: solid 1px gray; padding: 1em;" valign="top" |

Consent
The simplest and most common type of warrantless searches are searches based upon consent. No warrant or probable cause is required to perform a search if a person with the proper authority consents to a search. A consent search requires the person being searched to freely and voluntarily waive their Fourth Amendment rights, granting the officer permission to perform the search.

The person has the right to refuse to give consent and except in limited cases may revoke consent at any point during the search. In Schneckloth v. Bustamonte the U.S. Supreme Court found that officers were not required to warn people of their right to withhold consent in order for consent to be valid. However, the prosecution is required to prove that the consent was voluntary and not a result of coercion.

In cases such as, Lee v. United States, Lopez v. United States, and Hoffa v. United States the courts have ruled evidence found in searches based on consent obtained as an undercover officer or as an informer to be admissible.

A third party can in some limited cases grant consent. The person needs to possess or be believed by the searching officer to possess “common authority over or other sufficient relationship to the premises or effects sought to be inspected”.

Consent can be revoked at almost any time during a consent based search. If consent is revoked the officer or officers performing the search are required to immediately stop searching. The right to revoke consent is not recognized in two cases; airport passenger screening and prison visitation

Most courts have found the right to revoke consent is removed once a passenger has begun X-ray screening. In United States v. Herzbrun, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit found Herzbrun, “had no constitutional right to revoke his consent to a search of his bag once it entered the X-ray machine and he walked through the magnetometer.” “A rule allowing a passenger to leave without a search after an inconclusive X-ray scan would encourage airline terrorism by providing a secure exit where detection was threatened.,” explained the court in United States v. Pulido-Baquerizo.

A similar argument is also applied to searches of prison visitors in United States v. Spriggs. As long as a prison visitor is warned that all visitors will be searched and consents to the search, consent can not be revoked once the search has begun. Allowing consent to be withdrawn the court reasoned would encourage the smuggling of contraband into prisons by providing a secure escape to the smuggler.

Once consent to search is given an individual may withdraw consent with an “unequivocal act or statement of withdrawal.” Consent may be withdrawn by statements, actions, or a combination of statements and actions. In United States v. Bily, the court found Bily statement to the agents, “That’s enough, I want you to stop,” was a revocation of consent. The revocation of consent must be a clear statement. In the United States v. Gray, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit found Gray did not revoke consent with the statements of “[t]his is ridiculous,” and “how long [is] the search going to take.” The district court found that while Gray and his passenger had made “protests to leave,” “there was no specific request to leave, and under the circumstance,... [the officer] was reasonable in continuing the search”. An expression of impatience, is not sufficient to terminate consent.

In United States v. Ho, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, the court found Ho's attempts to retrieve his portfolio from the officer during a search constituted a revocation of his earlier consent to search. In this decision the court recognized his acts constituted a valid revocation of consent.

During the course of a search an officer may develop reasonable suspicion or probable cause, once this has been developed the individual loses their right to revoke consent. However, in United States v. Fuentes, the court found the “[m]ere refusal to consent to a stop or search does not give rise to reasonable suspicion or probable cause.”

Officers are not required to conduct a search in a way that gives the individual an opportunity to revoke consent. In United States v. Dominguez, the court rejected the idea that, “officials must conduct all searches in plain view of the suspect, and in a manner slowly enough that he may withdraw or delimit his consent at any time during the search.”
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Motor vehicle exception
The motor vehicle exception was first established by the United States Supreme Court in Carroll v. United States. The motor vehicle exception allows an officer to search a vehicle without a warrant as long as he has probable cause to believe that evidence or contraband is located in the vehicle.

The motor vehicle exception is based on the idea of a lower expectation of privacy in motor vehicles due to the regulations they are under. Additionally, the ease of mobility creates an inherent exigency. In Pennsylvania v. Labron the U.S. Supreme Court, stated, “If a car is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains contraband, the Fourth Amendment thus permits police to search the vehicle without more.”

The scope of the search is limited to only what area the officer has probable cause to search. This area can encompass the entire vehicle including the trunk. The motor vehicle exception in addition to allowing officers to search the vehicle also allows officers to search any containers found inside the vehicle that could contain the evidence or contraband being searched for. The objects searched do not need to belong to the owner of the vehicle. In Wyoming v. Houghton, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the ownership of objects searched in the vehicle is irrelevant to the legitimacy of the search.

Some state's constitutions require officers to show there was not enough time to obtain a warrant. With the exception of states with this requirement, an officer is not required to obtain a warrant even if it may be possible to do so.

In United States v. Ludwig ,The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals found that a search warrant is not required even if there is little or no risk of the vehicle being driven off. The court stated, “[i]f police have probable cause to search a car, they need not get a search warrant first even if they have time and opportunity.” In United States v. Johns,the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a search of a vehicle that had been seized and was in police custody for three days prior to the search. The court stated, “A vehicle lawfully in police custody may be searched on the basis of probable cause to believe it contains contraband, and there is no requirement of exigent circumstances to justify such a warrantless search”.

The motor vehicle exception does not only apply to automobiles. The U.S. Supreme Court in California v. Carney found the motor vehicle exception to apply to a motor home. The court did however, make a distinction between readily mobile motor homes and parked mobile homes. A number of factors including, the home being elevated on blocks, whether the vehicle is licensed, and if it is connected to utilities determine if the motor vehicle exception applies. In United States v. Johns, the motor vehicle exception was applied to trucks. In United States v. Forrest it was applied to trailers pulled by trucks. United States v. Forrest applied the exception to boats and in United States v. Hill to house boats. In United States v. Nigro and United States v. Montgomery the motor vehicle exception was found to also include airplanes.
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Emergency exception
The emergency exception allows officers to enter and search a residence in certain circumstances when these circumstances prevent them from obtaining a search warrant or consent. In Minnesota v. Olsen, preventing escape was found to be a valid emergency circumstance, In United States v. Santana, the court found that preventing the destruction of evidence and the hot pursuit of a criminal suspect, to also be valid reasons to conduct an emergency search. The right to perform legal warrantless searches to prevent harm to the officers or others was established in Warden v. Hayden. Thompson v. Louisiana and Mincey v. Arizona established the right for an officer to enter and search a residence in order to render immediate aid to a person in need of assistance.

Permitting officers to enter a residence to render immediate aid  was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court with the comment, “numerous state and federal cases have recognized that the Fourth Amendment does not bar police officers from making warrantless entries and searches when they reasonably believe that a person within is in need of immediate aid.” A “warrantless entry by criminal enforcement officials may be legal when there is compelling need for official action and no time to secure a warrant.” The reason given for allowing these entries is that the police are acting to assist the person in need rather then make an arrest or collect evidence.

In order for the warrantless, consentless, entry and search to be legal, the officer must “reasonably believe” a emergency situation requiring immediate police intervention exists. The courts have often interpreted this to mean the officer must have probable cause. In Kerman v. City of New York, the court found “probable cause for a forced entry in response to exigent circumstances requires finding a probability that a person is in ‘danger.’”

The courts commonly apply a test known as the Mitchell Test in determining if an emergency search was valid. This test requires the officer to have had “reasonable grounds to believe” that there was an emergency and an immediate need for police assistance, the search was not motivated primarily by an intent to arrest or seize evidence and  there must have been a “reasonable basis approximating probable cause” to believe the area searched was associated with the emergency.

Emergency searches must be limited to searches for and to aid the injured. Officers may however, seize items in plain view during a lawful emergency search.

The most common emergency searches are as a result of a 911 call. Many of these calls are anonymous. In most cases the courts have found police response to anonymous calls to be unlawful unless additionally corroborating information is available. This information can include officer observations, such as sounds of violence, fighting, gun shots or cries for help.

An example of this can be found in Ohio v. Applegate. Officers were sent to the Applegate's home after receiving an anonymous call reporting domestic violence. The officers heard yelling, arguing and sounds of furniture being turned over. The officers entered the house and arrested the defendant. The court found “the movements of the officers were conservative, prudent, and reasonable.”

Visual observations can also be used to help corroborate an anonymous call. In Colorado v. Thompson, officers responding to an anonymous call found gun shell casings on the driveway and blood on the front door. The officers found a woman covered in blood who claimed her attacker was gone and everything was alright. The police searched the home for further victims and the suspect. No one else was found but police did find several large marijuana plants. The court upheld the search saying “the evidence establishe[d] the existence of an emergency justifying the warrantless entry and limited search of [the] residence.” The court also noted that the officers did no more, “than conduct a quite limited search of the premises to ascertain whether additional injured persons were present.”

The conduct of people at the scene can also be used to corroborate an anonymous call. In United States v. Arcobasso, police responded to a “shots fired within a residence.” They heard the clicking sounds of a gun being dry-fired and observed through an open window a man dry-firing a gun. The officers searched performed a protective sweep and found a shotgun. The court held the search to be legal because “there may have been a shooting victim or another armed person inside…exigent circumstances existed to justify the warrantless search.” In other cases the person running from the police, or “sweating profusely and appearing to be agitated” were found to corroborate an anonymous call.

Police knowledge of past or ongoing criminal activity may also be used to corroborate an anonymous call. In People v. Love, officers responded to a call of a man with a gun at a hotel. Officers knocked on the room's door which was opened by a woman who upon seeing police attempted to shut the door. The officers pushed the door open and entered the room. The officers found in plain view an automatic handgun, drugs, and drug paraphernalia. The court upheld the police officers actions because, “[t]he nature and specificity of the police radio transmissions, their close temporal proximity, the reputation of the hotel as a locale for drug and prostitution activity, and the hostile reception by [the] woman in the room when the police knocked on the door….”.

The type of victim may also be a factor in assessing an anonymous report. In Wisconsin v. Boggess, an officer accompanied by a social worker made a warrantless entry to check the welfare of children after receiving an anonymous report of physical abuse. The court found the entry into the house to be reasonable because it, “involved small children inside a home, who are less able to protect themselves from further harm or to independently seek medical attention than are adults.

Courts generally only except “immediate” emergency searches to be valid. However, a few exceptions do exist. In State v. Kraimer, it was established that a reasonable delay to investigate, and corroborate an anonymous call does not invalidate the application of the emergency exception. Kraimer made three calls to a confidential police helpline stating that “he had shot and believed he had killed his wife 4 days earlier; that his wife’s body was in an upstairs bedroom near a bathroom; and that he had his four children, at home with him, who ranged in age from a 12-year-old male to a 2-year-old female.” Police attempted to locate the caller by checking school absences for children of matching ages. Police identified three families with matching absences. After checking the other two families, police arrived at Kraimer's house approximately four hours after the first call had been received. Neighbors told the police that they had seen the children playing in the yard, conflicting with the explanation of a vacation Kraimer had given the school. The officers called for backup and after a brief delay entered the house and found body of the Kraimer’s  wife and other evidence. The court ruled the entry and search to be lawful and all evidence found to be admissible. The delay of the several hours while searching for the caller, did not eliminate the belief an emergency existed, nor did the wait for backup officers as it was a “reasonable precautionary measure.” Additionally the court found the police are not required to accept a layperson's belief that a person is already dead.
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Plain view doctrine
The plain view doctrine allows an officer to seize without a warrant, evidence and contraband found in plain view during a lawful observation. In order for the officer to seize the item, the officer must have probable cause to believe the item is evidence of a crime or is contraband. The police may not move objects to get a better view. In Arizona v. Hicks, the officer was found to have acted unlawfully. While investigating a shooting, the officer moved, without probable cause, stereo equipment to record the serial numbers. The plain view doctrine has also been expanded to include the sub doctrines of plain feel, plain smell, and plain hearing. In Horton v. California, the court eliminated the requirement that the discovery of evidence in plain view be inadvertent. Previously, "inadvertent discovery" was required leading to difficulties in defining "inadvertent discovery". A three-prong test is now used. The test requires the officer to be “engaged in lawful activity at the time”; “ the object’s incriminating character was immediately apparent and not concealed”, and “the officer had lawful access to the object and it was discovered accidentally”.
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Open fields
Another exception to the warrant requirement is open fields. In Hester v. United States, the court found that the Fourth Amendment did not protect open fields and therefore there are no requirements for warrants or probable cause. Police may perform warrantless searches of open fields even if this search would amount to trespassing. In determining if the area can be searched, factors such as the proximity to home, the use of an area, and actions taken to prevent observation and access to the area are used. In Oliver v. United States, the court found abandoned effects, refuse, and public places to also not be protected by the Fourth Amendment.
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National borders
Searches made along the national borders were authorized by the First Congress, in The Act of July 31, 1789. These searches can be made without a warrant, probable cause, or even some degree of suspicion. In United States v. Ramsey, the court stated, “That searches made at the border, pursuant to the longstanding right of the sovereign to protect itself by stopping and examining persons and property crossing into this country, are reasonable simply by virtue of the fact that they occur at the border, should, by now, require no extended demonstration”.

People at immigration points may be searched and be held for up to 16 hours on reasonable suspicion alone. Searches performed near but not at the nation's borders however, are not included. In Almeida-Sanchez v. United States, the court found a search of an automobile 20 miles from the border to violate the Fourth Amendment as it lacked probable cause.
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Crime scenes
There is no crime scene exception to the fourth amendment. An officer responding to an emergency situation can use exigent circumstances to justify entry to a private residence or business to render aid, etc, however, once the exigency is gone, the requirement of the fourth amendment reestablishes itself (See Mincey v. Arizona - 1978). An officer could use the plain view doctrine to justify seizing items of contraband or other items readily recognizable as evidence of a crime. But to open drawers or manipulate anything to view something not in plain view would create an illegal seizure and render the evidence inadmissible. It is always better to err on the side of obtaining a search warrant. The scene can and must be preserved while the warrant is being sought and everything seen while in the residence is admissible as probable cause.
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Prison
Prison administrators are permitted to search prison cells and are not even bound by a reasonableness standard. In Hudson v. Palmer the Court stated “the Fourth Amendment proscription against unreasonable searches does not apply within the confines of the prison cell”. Some unreasonable searches may however be in violation of the Eighth Amendment or state laws against harassment, or malicious property destruction.
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Probation
In Griffin v. Wisconsin, the court found a warrant or probable cause is not required to search the home of a person on probation provided “reasonable grounds” for a search exists. The court explained, “A State's operation of a probation system, like its operation of a school, government office or prison, or its supervision of a regulated industry,. . . presents 'special needs' beyond normal law enforcement that may justify departures from the usual warrant and probable cause requirements” “Probation, like incarceration, is a form of criminal sanction”. The Court also noted a requirement of a warrant or probable cause would interfere with the proper functioning of the ongoing [non- adversarial] supervisory relationship.
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Searches incident to a lawful arrest
An exception to the warrant requirement is searches incident to a lawful arrest. This is also known as the Chimel Rule after the case that established it, Chimel v. California. This rule permits an officer to perform a warrantless search during or immediately after a lawful arrest. This search is limited to only the person arrested and the area immediately surrounding the person in which the person may gain possession of a weapon or destroy or hide evidence.
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Searches of public school students
The warrantless searches of public school students during school is one of the more controversial types of warrantless search. The Court defined many of the aspects of the warrantless search of students in New Jersey v. T.L.O.. The court found the Fourth Amendment to apply to searches conducted by public school officials because “school officials act as representatives of the State, not merely as surrogates for the parents.” The court did, however, also state, “the school setting requires some easing of the restrictions to which searches by public authorities are ordinarily subject.” The court ruled that neither the warrant requirement or the probable cause standard applied, rather a reasonableness standard is used. In order for the search to be valid “reasonable grounds for suspecting that the search will turn up evidence that the student has violated or is violating either the law or the rules of the school.” Additionally searches must, “not [be] excessively intrusive in light of the age and sex of the student and the nature of the infraction” or discriminatory on the basis of age, sex, or race.
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Warrantless interceptions of communications
Communications between informants and suspects are often used. These recordings can be some of the most valuable evidence in a case, providing evidence that would otherwise be unobtainable. If the communications are intercepted lawfully officers are permitted to record these conversations and use them as evidence

The U.S. Supreme Court has found the Fourth Amendment to not apply when the individual speaks in the presence of  law enforcement or to those cooperating with law enforcement. In Hoffa v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the use of  informants to capture the contents of conversations, does not violate the other party's Fourth Amendment rights. The court found the Fourth Amendment protections do not apply to a “wrongdoer’s misplaced belief that a person to whom he voluntarily confides his wrongdoing will not reveal it.”

In a similar case, Lopez v. United States, Lopez had attempted to bribe an Internal Revenue Service agent. The agent has made recordings of the conversations in which Lopez attempted to bribe him. The court found these tapes to be admissible because the agent was one of the parties in the recorded conversations.

In United States v. White, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the earlier decisions with the statement, “[i]f the conduct and revelations of an agent operating without electronic equipment do not invade the defendant’s constitutionally justifiable expectations of privacy, neither does a simultaneous recording of the same conversations made by the agent”.

Law enforcement may use individuals to record conversations they are a party to, or overhear, even if they do not understand the conversation. In United States v. Longoria, an informant working with FBI agents recorded  conversations involving Longoria. Longoria contested the admissibility of conversations recorded while the informant was present but the conversations were in Spanish, a language the informant did not understand. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit found the conversations to be admissible because, “the informant may very well have concealed his ability to speak Spanish, the same as he concealed the recording equipment and his allegiance with law enforcement.”
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US Criminal Law/Defenses/Insanity defense

The insanity defense is a rarely used legal argument. It is based upon the claim the defendant is suffering from a mental illness or mental incapacity. Under one of the rules for determining insanity, the M'Naghten rule, the defendant is considered not guilty if at the time of the crime the person did not know what he was doing or did not know what he was doing was wrong. While there are several other rules for determining insanity all of them focus upon the person not being fully aware of what they were doing or that the action was wrong because of a mental illness. If the person is found not guilty by reason of insanity the judge may order the person to be committed for psychiatric treatment until they are cured.


text:
Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/C

C

title: Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/C


text:
Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Ancient Pueblo Peoples

The Ancient Pueblo people were a Native American culture also known as Anasazi, but descendants of the people prefer not to be called that. They are the ancestors of modern Pueblos. Their culture dates back to 1200 B.C.

What country did they live in?
The Ancient Pueblo people lived in what is now the southwestern United States of America. They lived in a high desert area filled with flat-topped hills called mesas. Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona meet at a point called "Four Corners". The area surrounding Four Corners was the home of the Ancient Pueblos, which is probably why the "Four corners." nickname is "the pueblo corners".

What did their buildings look like?

The Ancient Pueblo people built large buildings made up of many individual rooms. Families built the buildings over generations. Different families lived together in a single building, like an apartment complex today. The Spanish called the buildings pueblos. Pueblo is a Spanish word that means "village". It is from these pueblos that the Ancient Pueblo people get their name.

These buildings were made of wood logs, adobe and stone. Adobe is a natural building material made from water, dirt and straw. The Ancient Pueblo builders used stones to make the walls of each room. Then they covered them with a layer of smooth adobe. The color of the walls is often the same as the color of the ground nearby.

One very famous pueblo is Taos Pueblo. It has a multi-storied residential complex of reddish-brown adobe. The Rio Pueblo River runs through the middle of the pueblo. Pueblo people built this pueblo between 1000 and 1450 A.D. About one hundred and fifty people still live there today.

They also built enclosed pits called kivas. Religious rituals and ceremonies were held inside the kivas. Most kivas built by the Ancient Pueblo people were round underground rooms. A hole in the roof was both a door and chimney. There were benches and alcoves in the walls. A fire pit was in the center.

The Ancient Pueblo people are famous for their cliff dwellings. Mesa Verde in south western Colorado has several built into its sides. Cliff Palace is a particularly well known dwelling there. It has 220 rooms, in several stories and 23 kivas. The design of Cliff Palace seems random. Different people added new rooms slowly. Over many years, it took shape. People who lived there grew their food on the top of the mesa above them. They had to climb the face of a steep cliff to get home. They used small hand and foot holds carved in the rock.

What did they eat?

The Ancient Pueblo people were very good farmers despite the harsh and arid climate. They ate mainly corn, beans, and squash. They knew how to dry their food and could store it for years. Women ground the dried corn into flour, which they made into paper-thin cakes. They cooked these on a hot rock. Today their ancestors call these cakes "piki." They also cooked stews in clay pots over a fire.

Since they lived in the high desert, food was hard to come by. They had bows and stone-tipped arrows. They hunted and ate animals like mice, rabbits, squirrels, deer, elk, and turkey. They also gathered wild foods like piñon nuts, yucca bulbs, and sunflower seeds. They kept turkeys and ate their eggs, but they may not have eaten the birds themselves. Instead, they used these birds to control insects. The birds would eat the bugs before the bugs ate the plants.

What did they wear?
Ancient Pueblo people wore many different types of clothing. They wore shirts and loincloths made of animal hides and furs. As animals were scarce, so was leather. They made sandals with thick soles from the matted fibers of the yucca plant. Yucca fibers were also used as thread.

About 1,000 years ago, they began trading and growing cotton. They used cotton to weave shirts, dresses, loincloths and blankets. They decorated their clothing using natural dyes made from plants and minerals. Some common colors were ochre yellow, rust red, and pale blue-gray. The Ancient Pueblo people were expert weavers and they would decorate the fabric they wove. They painted or embroidered abstract geometric designs on the fabric.

The weather was hot during the summer, so they wore little clothing then; however, they experienced cold winters. To make robes and coats, they wrapped feathers around Yucca fibers which they then sewed together.

They also wore jewlery. They crafted pendants, earrings and necklaces from turquoise. They traded for shells and beads and wore these as well.

What did they believe?

No one knows for sure what the Ancient Pueblo people believed. We can make some good guesses, though. This is because we know what modern Pueblos believe.

They did not believe in a single god. They believed in many mystic beings and gods. Today their descendants call some of these kotchinas. The kotchinas could speak directly with gods. People would ask the kotchinas to help them. Dancing was a main way that people connected with kotchinas.

According to Pueblo history, their ancestors entered this world from another world. The people who entered this world are the First People. A flute-playing locust led them on the journey.

An important concept in Pueblo history and religion is the sipapu. A sipapu was a place where people could communicate with the spirits. It could be an alcove in a kiva, a mountain, a body of water, or some other place. Ancient Pueblo Indians believed that the dead pass into the spirit world through the sipapu. When someone died, their spirit went to a different world for a time. Then they were reborn in this world as a new baby.

What did their writing look like?

Ancient Puebloans did not have a written language. They did create pottery, cloth, and rock carvings with abstract designs, though. These designs identified groups or spirits. They also made rock carvings that had pictures of people and animals.

Are some of them famous even today?
A Pueblo medicine man named Popé led a revolt against the Spanish in 1680. The revolt was in response to the cruel treatment the Native Americans received from the conquering Spanish. The Pueblos managed to force the Spanish out of New Mexico but two years after Popé's death, the Spanish regained control.

Maria Martinez is a famous pottery maker known for her recreation of traditional Puebloan designs. Her most famous pots have matte black designs on a shiny black surface.

What is left of them today?
There are still Pueblo people living in New Mexico and Arizona. Some live other places in the American south west. There are around 25 pueblos today. Taos, Acoma, Zuni, and Hopi are the most well known pueblos. Modern Pueblo people are descended from the Mogollon and Hohokam people as well as the Ancient Pueblo people.


text:
User:Fiddle~enwikibooks/Blender

"Blendo" Model re-rigged for Blender 2.40
Recently the BlenderChar website was taken down due to lack of new contributions. Unfortunately, Lyubomir Kovachev's "Blendo" model is therefore no longer available there. Weirdhat challenged someone to rerig Blendo, using the new Blender 2.40 armatures; so, here it is (link will be added here; pending permission)

This is basically the same rig as Lyubomir's original - I have only taken out the null bones (which aren't needed any more), and ensured that all IK chains have the correct length.

The principles of Lyubomir's are decribed in his tutorials which are in the official Blender documentation. The position of each hand is set by the target IK_hand; the position of each of the fingers is determined by IK_fing1, IK_fing2, IK_fing3 and IK_thumb. Since these IK targets are parented to the IK_hand target the relative position of the fingers stays the same even when the hand is moved (Of course, there is a .R and .L version for each of thses targets).

For the feet, the overall foot position is determined by IK_foot. This target has two children: IK_heel and <tt>IK_toes</tt>, which govern the position of the heel and toes (surprisingly) relative to the foot as a whole. This allows you e.g. let the character walk on tiptoe by raising the heel but leaving the toes on the floor.

Note: Lyubomir's original rig used Null bones to connect IK target to tips of bones, and applied the "Copy Location" constraint to connect the IK-chains with each other. In the new setup this is no longer necessary, so that for instance the toes are now connected to the foot bone in a single hierarchy. One consequence (which can be either an advantage or a drawback depending on your animation style) is that it is no longer possible to create some of the stretch of the feet that one could with the original rig.

If I have time I'll attempt to add some more new sophisticated features, like mesh deformation for facial animation.

As a start here are some simple example poses created with the new rig:

Thoughts for Blender 2.50
I have been developing some ideas for improving the internal structure of Blender. For now these are unstructured ideas, which I will summarize here. As soon as I have thread connecting these, the best place to submit these I think is for Blender 2.50

Events
The new event structure could have the following elements

where the attributes have the following meaning: Anything else, that I've forgotten? The idea is that a sequence of interfac (keyboard/mouse) events will get translated into a single COMMAND event Each COMMAND event corresponds to a Python command so that a Python log can be created of the things that the user does interactively, similar to macro recording in Visual Basic in Excel for instance. The Pytohn API model needs to be agreed I am not too familiar with MEL used in Maya but I assumed this is similar. Vice versa, execution of those Python function calls is equivalent to processing the corresponding command events (at this point I don't know if ALL python function calls should have a corresponding COMMAND - or other type - event, but this is something to be considered).
 * type  eg. COMMAND, KEYBOARD, MOUSE, other
 * event, eg. KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN, MMB_UP, RMB_DOWN, MOUSE_MOVE
 * modifiers, eg SHIFT, ALT, CTL and bitmapped combinations where MAC CMD mapped on CTL etc
 * time system time of event
 * command: depends on listener for this event (only when type=COMMAND)
 * listener: editor to which command is sent, could be windowmanager (only when type=COMMAND)
 * mousex: x coordinate of mouse (in window coordinates)
 * mousey: y coordinate of mouse (in window coordinates)
 * window: window in which mouse was when event occurred

Spaces
Currently adding new spacetypes in Blender is quite painful. My idea is that a space is a fully self contained editor which is identified by the SpaceType pointer which points to the SpaceType structure which contains all the external functions as function pointers. This means that the C namespace of a spacetype could be completely local (i.e. if you could implement all functionality in one file ALL functions would be static) The only thing that is visible externally is the SpaceType structure and perhaps the init_spacetype_xxx function.

As a start I have added all the xxx_buttons functions to the space type. So as an example, I created a new pws spacetype as follows:

extern void changeview2dspace(ScrArea *sa, void *spacedata); // defined in space.c

where

Now the simplification is in editscreen.c:

I would like to build on this further

title: User:Fiddle~enwikibooks/Blender


text:
Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Pre-History

What is Prehistory?
Prehistory means "before recorded history". History is what we know about the past as it has been recorded. Just like we do today, people used to tell stories about the most interesting and challenging events in their people's lives, even turning them into songs or family stories that were passed down from generation to generation. Later, stones and giant rock ledges and caves were scraped, chiseled, and even painted with drawings called petroglyphs. Petroglyphs could have been left for several reasons. It is possible that hunting parties or explorers left some to help lead their people to safety, or to ward off intruders by giving an impression that the land here is off limits and protected by many gods, or simply marking this valley a very successful hunting grounds. These became very artistic in some regions and cultures.

Finally, about 6000 years ago people started to make marks on clay tablets to help them remember, and so writing was invented. Songs and sagas likely were changed as they were learned by each new generation of minstrels and story-tellers. Painting and art usually only captures a moment in time, but writing can be used to describe everything in detail in past, present, and even what people expect for the future, like written laws, wills, and recorded deeds of land ownership. However, even though writing was a huge achievement for mankind, it took a very long time before it was used by everyone. At first not many people learned how to write, so history - our written record - really only emerged about 5000 years ago, in what we call The Bronze Age. That is why Historians (people who study history) don't know very much about what prehistoric people did.

The information we have about prehistoric people is mainly gathered from archeology - the art of finding and interpreting things that are buried in the ground. Sometimes we find ancient burial sites, which contain human remains and sometimes 'grave goods' which we can now date fairly accurately by measuring the decay of an isotope called Carbon 14. Other such artifacts include weapons, jewellery, pottery, painting, even preserved post-holes and earth-works that allow us imagine how their buildings may looked and how they used to live.

Human activity really started when people picked up sticks and stones, bound them together, and made themselves simple hammers, spears and other tools. Curiously, it seems that, because making and using tools is difficult to learn, language evolved to compliment simple grunts and gestures. This earliest period of truly human activity is known as the "Stone Age"  which was followed by the '''"Bronze" and "Iron" Ages.  . These are sometimes called   the three ancient ages of man  ''' Historians have further divided the Stone Age into three parts. They are:

 * The Old Stone Age (Palaeolithic)

According to ancient writings (scripture) mankind suddenly appeared fully human. According to the theories of Darwin, we seem to evolved alongside forest primates (monkeys and apes) that lived in Central Africa. Exactly why our ancestors abandoned their ancestral homes and started to migrate all across the world is not clear, but there is archaeological evidence to suggest that a huge wave of primitive people did just that about 70,000 years ago.

People had started to make stone implements long before this first great migration. Now they moved around the land hunting animals and gathering plants, and are often called "Hunter-Gatherers". It seems they mostly ate a vegetarian diet and sometimes were able to eat the meat off dead animals killed by predators or small game they were able to skillfully snare, trap, or even kill with weapons like spears or by throwing rocks at their prey. Many people stayed in caves for shelter in the winter and developed a nomadic lifestyle, living in tents and following the herds of wild animals that they hunted.

We have traces of where people moved through bits of specially sharpened flint from spears, stone axes and even sometimes (although it is rare) animal bones and ash from ancient meals and seeds from things that they ate. By looking carefully at the soil around these buried artifacts we can guess the period when they were discarded and what the weather was like in those days.

 * The Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic)

Meat was very important because it is nutritionally much richer than food derived from vegetation, and probably eating fish and animals allowed our ancestors to spend less time hunting and gathering and more time developing language, clothes and other things which made their lives much better.

During this period people start to construct small tents to sleep in, and have learned how to control fire. We think they may have invented the bow and arrow by this time. More advanced tools are found, showing that people of this period were getting cleverer. By this time, humans are mostly hunting and killing animals, instead of mainly scavenging. The remains of baked clay pots are sometimes found but they are rare, probably because these people were still moving around a lot, pots are rather fragile and not really essential to their survival.
 * The New Stone Age (Neolithic)

During this period, people have become much cleverer. In the Levant (which Europeans call "The Middle East"), people started to herd animals and grow plants in special places that became farms. Now needing to travel less and stay longer near their cultivation, they started to and build more durable homes of wood and clay. Soon the first wooden villages, clay towns and later, stone cities appeared.

However, in less climatically favored places like Northern Europe, and North America, so far, there hasn't yet been any evidence of farming or early towns from this period unearthed, but we never know what surprises are in store with so many fascinating archeological sites being discovered. We have found in Northern Europe that there were people there who marked the sacred places and build stone burial chambers called "barrows" and leave with the dead grave goods perhaps intended to help them survive during their 'after-life'. The Ancients also created monumental temples that were sometimes filled with expensive sacrificial artifacts that may have had religious significance.

These archaeological remains have been mostly quite well preserved and can still be seen today. A prime example is Stonehenge in Britain, which started as a wooden structure around 10,000 years ago, and was rebuilt in stone about 5,000 years later. Much of Stonehenge still stands today. There are many other such sites all around the world.

All over the world, people developed their own cultures which eventually grew into the great civilizations that this book is about. Many prehistoric habits and customs became significant features of the later civilization..

Prehistoric Levant
The cradle of civilization seems to have been inland from the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, an area generally known by its Arabic name, The Levant. It stretches approximately from Egypt in the south to Syria in the north and Persia in the East.

Groups of people lived in different parts of the Levant, each with their own culture. This is known as the Pre-Dynastic Period, a part of the Old Stone Age. Historians say that as the desert got hotter, forcing people to move northwards towards the rivers Nile and Jordan and onwards to the fertile crescent between the rivers Euphrates Tigris (Mesopotamia -approximately modern day Iraq and Iran). People now ate more fish that previously. Seafood, which is rich in the chemicals needed to develop brains seems to have played an important role in Human history. Some even suggest our ancestors may have lost their fur and become naked during a period when they were living near, perhaps even mostly in the water!

During this early or pre-dynastic period, we mainly find stone axes and other small tools. We know that the Egyptians began mining a stone called "chert", because the remains of a mine was discovered that seems to be about 35,000 years old! Chert is a rock that can be chipped to make sharp stone tools for stabbing and cutting. Unfortunately, we do not have other much evidence about this early period of Egyptian history, probably because the rivers and streams have washed it away. Archaeologists have found some prehistoric hunting camps, mainly in what is now desert.

As time went by, people started farming and making pots, and we have a lot more evidence because of the things they left behind. We have found bracelets, beads, hairpins, arrows, pots and even skeletons. A whole graveyard was found, with about 50 people in it. This culture of the Neolithic in Egypt has been named the  "Badarian" culture, after the place where many things were found.

Gradually, powerful hunters gathered together sizable tribes, because that made life easier and more survivable. Tribes sometimes traded and sometimes fought each other for scarce resources. Rules had to be made and enforced, so rulers and soldiers developed the earlier skills of hunters and warriors in order to enforce laws.

Civilization comes from the same word as 'city'. and like cities, civilization probably started quite modestly, perhaps as a large family farm managed by a patriarch (father-figure), which grew and joined nearby families either by agreement or more probably by force of arms.

Armies were led by noble warriors, who became princes and kings, able to assemble for themselves vast fortunes and so control huge armies which in turn could subdue neighbors and rivals.

Because chieftains tended to hand power to their sons, dynasties were formed. Dynasty means that members of a ruling or royal family are able to accumulate power that can be inherited.

Thus 'the naked ape' became truly 'the killer ape' and those murderous tendencies had to be carefully managed. The primary purpose of religion in early times seems to have been to define who must be defended - primarily kings and nobles, followed by farmers and herdsmen who produced their food - and, just as vitally, who may or must be killed including enemies slaughtered in war and law-breakers to be executed during times of peace. Later, enemies, weaker tribes, and law-breakers were sometimes enslaved - forced to work hard labor, usually building city walls, temples, or huge palaces.


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Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Norse

The Norse were a people in northern Europe. They are also often called Vikings. The Vikings were skilled sailors and sailed long distances on their ships. They even visited America hundreds of years before any other European went there.

During the Viking Age, Vikings often raided the British island and other parts of Europe. But they also traded with the rest of Europe.

What country did they live in?

The Scandinavians were many different kinds of people who had different homes. They lived in the areas that are now Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Greenland and many small islands in the Baltic Sea, North Sea and Norwegian Sea. These places were their home countries. When the Viking Age began around the 9th century, they traveled far and wide across all of Europe, the Mediterranean and even down into the Middle East. Some settled in the places they traveled to, but their homes remained in the north. Norway, Sweden and Denmark were the homes to the Scandinavians before Iceland was discovered in the 9th century. Many people sought out Iceland as a place of refuge, and possible fortune (because of the available new lands) during the reign of Harald Fairhair. Many went to Iceland to escape punishment and sometimes they left for Iceland when they had been exiled.

Greenland was settled sparsely. In the Norse sagas they say that Erik the Red was exiled from Iceland for murder, and when travelling further west, found Greenland and named it Greenland. But regardless of his discovery, Eskimo tribes were already living there at the time. Though each country was 'Scandinavian', there were many differences between the people, kings, customs and history of Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Iceland.

The word "Viking" is an Old Norse adjective meaning " to go on an adventure". people who travelled overseas from their native land were called Vikings.

What did their buildings look like?
The Norse lived mainly on farms, but some lived in towns and villages. The houses were made of whatever was available. Wood was preferred, but stone or blocks of turf were also used, as was wattle and daub, which was woven sticks with mud caked up to several feet thick on them, placed between posts to hold up the roof. Roofs are believed to have usually been thatched or of sod. Some roofs may have had tiles made of slate, limestone or wood. They usually had only one room, but a wealthy family could have up to four rooms. The farmhouse was usually larger than town houses, and there were other buildings that were part of the farm, for things like storage, livestock and the blacksmith. The houses were called long-houses because they were much longer than they were wide. They had a very steep pitch to their roofs so that most of the snow that fell in winter would slide off, and not cause the roof to collapse under its weight.

The cooking was done on a long open hearth, which usually ran down the centre of the main room. There was no chimney. A hole in the roof let much of the smoke out, but the houses would still be very smoky. Raised platforms along the long sides of the house would be used for seating during the day, and as beds for most of the household at night. Sometimes the head of the household, particularly in wealthier homes, would have a bed in a separate room, or in a small closet in the main hall. The homes of the wealthier Norse also decorated their homes with carving and paint.

In towns, half logs were often laid out between houses as a kind of path or road as the ground could become quite muddy. Some homes also had wattle fences erected around what we would call their front yard so they could keep a few livestock and not have them wander through the town.

Inside the home, there were no cupboards or wardrobes for keeping things in. They had hooks on the wall for hanging up items and chests to store things, which could also be used for seats. The woman in charge of the household would have the keys to these chests hung from her brooches; they were considered a sign of status. In addition, items (especially food) could be hung from the open rafters overhead, out of reach of the dogs, children, and mice.

The loom was used for making cloth for clothing and sails for the ships, and was a common item in most houses.

What did they eat?
The food they ate for breakfast was porridge from ground grains mixed with goat’s milk and honey. Many different foods have been found at Viking sites including berries, apples, fish, seal, pig, cow, lamb, grains, flat bread, turnips, herbs and more. Stews were a common food as all the ingredients, meat, herbs and vegetables, could be thrown in a pot hung over the fire. Flat bread was made from ground grain and liquid and eggs were added to the flour until it became dough. This was then rolled out and cooked in a similar way that you would cook pancakes on an open fire. A common drink was mead, which was made from honey.

What did they wear?
Their garments were mainly made of wool and linen. Thread was spun using a spindle whorl and then woven into cloth using a drop weight loom. Tablet weaving and even embroidery was used to decorate garments. Women usually wore an under-dress, a dress and an apron. Men wore a shirt that reached to mid thigh and trousers. Both men and women used cloaks. Boots were made of leather. Since Vikings did not have pockets, the men had leather pouches on their belts and the women hung items from utility chains that were attached to brooches they wore at the top of their aprons. Children were dressed similarly to adults. Vikings also loved bright colours used natural things like bark and vegetation to dye their clothes. They had colours like orange, yellow, brown, green and blue as well as many others.

What did they believe?
The Vikings believed that their world was divided up into nine worlds, on three levels, all held together by the great tree, ‘Yggsdrasil’. Perched upon the tree was the eagle ‘Vidofnir’.

The top level consisted of:
 * Asgard, home of the Aesir or Warrior Gods.
 * Vanahiem, the home of the Vanir or Fertility Gods
 * Alfeim, the home of the Light Elves.

The middle level or “Middle Earth” was connected to the Higher worlds by the great rainbow bridge ‘Bifrost’. Inside this level, were the homes of:

 * Midgard, home of the Humans.
 * Nidavellir, home of the Dwarves.
 * Jotunhiem, home of the Giants.
 * Svartalfhiem, home of the Dark Elves.

Encircling this level, was the great serpent ‘Jormungand’, one of god Loki’s misshapen offspring.

The bottom level included:
 * Muspell, Realm of Fire.
 * Niflhiem, Land of the Dead.
 * In this land is the ‘Niddhog'

What did their writing look like?

In pre-Christian times; the Vikings used an alphabet which was comprised of Runes. Their alphabet was called the Futhark, from the first five letters of their alphabet.

In later times, after most had converted to Christianity (from their earlier Pagan religion), they adopted most of the Latin Alphabet (one of the reasons they adopted it was due to the fact that most Christian writings were written in Latin). However, they kept two runes and adopted them to their Latin alphabet. They were Thorn (Þ) and Eth (Ð).

Are some of them famous even today?
Yes. One of the most famous Vikings was Leif Eriksson. He took fleet of ships and around the year 1000 sailed to Canada. He is known as one of the first Europeans to set foot in North America. Leif Eriksson was the second son of Erik Thorvalsson, or Eric the Red as we more commonly know him. Erik the Red discovered Greenland after being banished from both Iceland and Norway.

Another famous Viking King is Harald Hardraada, who attacked the North of England in 1066. Harold I of England defeated him in battle and repelled the invaders. Later on, when William the Conqueror of Normandy invaded, Harold lost the battle of Hastings and was shot in the eye with an arrow. This was the beginning of the line of French kings to rule England.

What is left of them today?
Descendants of the Vikings inhabit most of northern Europe even today. The Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway, Iceland, and Denmark openly claim Viking heritage and the royalty from those countries descend from the ancient Viking kings. The Vikings also were absorbed into the cultures of many other Northern European countries, especially those countries surrounding the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.

Many Germanic languages like English also have words that come from Norse traditions. For example, the days of the week were named after Norse gods. Tuesday was named after Tyr; Wednesday was named after Wodin, another name for Odin; Thursday was named after Thor; and Friday was named after Frige.

How do we know this?
We know this from carefully studying what they have left behind, in their garbage heaps (called middens), their graves, and in areas where their houses had been built. We also can read about their lives in the sagas, stories that they told about themselves. Several of them were written down by early Christian monks. We also have carvings they left behind on large rocks, called rune-stones, that were often raised in memory of a person or event. These rune-stones allow us to have an idea of what they looked like, and what they considered important enough to go to the expense and effort of raising a stone to remember.

Today, new technology, such as computer imaging and DNA sequencing, is allowing us to learn even more, even from very old finds, such as the Oseberg ship burial, which was found over a hundred years ago.

For More Reading
There are many great websites that have information about the Norsemen. Here are a few:

In Wikipedia
The Viking Wikipedia Article

Other Websites
BBC's History for Kids Site (Vikings)

The Viking Answer Lady

Hurstwic, Norse Re-enactors

Wikijunior Alte Zivilisationen/ Wikinger

title: Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Norse


text:
Sonic Heroes

Intro
Sonic Heroes is a 3D platforming game. The game was first released in 2003. Released for GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox video game consoles, the game could also be played on personal computers running Microsoft Windows. The game is known for it's unique team mechanic, which focuses on teams of 3 characters clearing the game.

Table of Contents

 * Teams
 * Team Sonic
 * Team Dark
 * Team Rose
 * Team Chaotix
 * /Walkthrough/
 * /Enemies/
 * /Other Characters/

title: Sonic Heroes


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title: User talk:212.205.227.158


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title: User talk:203.186.238.250


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Template talk:Wikijunior:New Book Voting Rules

I suggest that only users with at least 20 edits can vote. The same requirement is present in rules of COTM vote. --Derbeth talk 13:02, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Rule Changes
I'm changing the rules a little bit for reasons given in a discussion on Talk:Wikijunior. Lets try this and see if it works to get more contributors working on these books. I have also incorporated Derbeth's suggestion about 20 edits. -- xixtas talk 01:46, 2 July 2007 (UTC)


text: TI 83 Plus Assembly/Appendix B

title: TI 83 Plus Assembly/Appendix B


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TI 83 Plus Assembly/Appendix C

The following tables show all the key codes that can be accessed with GetKey or GetSCS. These may also be found inside ti83plus.inc.

GetKey Codes
Accessed with B_Call(_GetKey). After the command, the key code is stored into the accumulator and (KeyExtend). Alpha-Alpha Function Keys must be enabled with the following system flag: SET	LwrCaseActive,(IY+AppLwrCaseFlag)

Alpha-Function Keys
Alpha-Alpha-Function Keys

GetCSC (Scan Key) Codes
These KeyCodes are returned from the B_Call(_GetSCS) call. Note that the [APPS] key is equated to skMatrix for portability to the TI-83.

title: TI 83 Plus Assembly/Appendix C


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