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PBASIC Programming/Variables and Constants

Need for Storage
When we write a program, it's always a good thing to be able to store data that we are using, and to manipulate that data. If we want to set aside some storage for a particular use, we need to tell the computer to save that space, and we need to give the space a name. A variable is a storage location, like a box or a shelf in real life, that has a name. Think about the common algebraic equation for a straight line:

 * $$y = mx + b$$

Where y is a variable that can take values dependent on the values for the other parameters.

Variables
A variable is a storage location where we can hold values. A variable can be the size of one of our datatypes, such as a bit, a nibble, a byte, and a word. Once we define a variable, the size of it is fixed: If we define a byte, our variable cannot contain values over 255.

Defining a Variable
To define a variable, we use the VAR keyword. First we need to give a name to our variable, and the name for the variable cannot be the same as any of the reserved words. Variable names must start with a letter, may contain letters or numbers, and are not case sensitive. Here are some examples:

MyVariable1 VAR Bit MyVariable2 VAR Nib MyVariable3 VAR Byte MyVariable4 VAR Word

Aliases
We can give names to the individual parts of our variables. For instance, we know that a byte is made up of 8 bits, and if we want we can give each of these bits a name, if we want. Notice that bit numbers start at 0, not 1. Here are some examples:

MyVariable VAR Byte FirstBit VAR MyVariable.Bit0 FirstNib VAR MyVariable.Nib0 SecondNib VAR MyVariable.Nib1 FirstBitFirstNib VAR FirstNib.Bit0

Notice that the variable  is the same exact thing as.

Arrays
If we have multiple data values that are related, and we don't want to give them all individual names, we can create an array. An array is a large variable that contains many "boxes", each with an address. The array has a name, and to access an individual box in the array, you need the name of the array and the address. Here are some examples:

MyArray VAR Byte(10)

This creates an array with 10 bytes. Each byte can still only contain numbers up to 255, and we cannot combine multiple bytes in our array to make larger numbers.

We can use aliases with array elements too:

MyArray VAR Byte(10) MyVariable VAR MyArray(0)

We can also make more complicated aliases, but we need to keep the box address at the end:

MyArray VAR Byte(10) MyVariable VAR MyArray.Nib1.Bit0(0)

Constants
Sometimes when we are doing calculations, we can define a thing called a constant to make things easier. Constants are just numbers, not variables, and once you set the value it cannot be changed. A common example of a constant that people use is π = 3.1415.... Instead of having to write out π to several decimal points each time we want to use it, we can simply define a constant value with the name "pi". To define a constant, we use the CON keyword. Here are a few examples:

Ten CON 10 ACouple CON 2 ABunch CON 1024

Constants are useful for a number of reasons:
 * 1) Makes mathematical equations easier to read.
 * 2) If we need to change a value, we only change the CON definition, and we dont need to change it everywhere in the code


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Lowland Scots/Lesson02

Lowland Scots Lesson Two: Numbers and Greetings

Number Basics
The number system in Scots is very similar to English, which is obvious because Lowlands is English's closest relative. The numbers are as follows;
 * 'wan"1 one
 * twa two
 * three three
 * fower four
 * five five
 * sax six
 * seiven seven
 * aicht eight
 * nine nine
 * ten ten
 * eleiven eleven
 * twal twelve
 * thirteen2 thirteen
 * fowerteen fourteen
 * fifteen fifteen
 * saxteen sixteen
 * seiventeen seventeen
 * aichteen eighteen
 * nineteen nineteen
 * twinty twenty

 * 1: Also pronounced "yin" "een" or "wan" and "ae" also pronounced "yae".
 * 2: Also "thritteen" or "deil's dizzen".

Greetings
Some common phrases include as follows:
 * Scots: walcome. hous it gaun?1 a'am daein fine.2,3 thank ye. thanks. hou much. cheerio.
 * English: welcome. how are you? I am well. thank you. Thanks. how much? good-bye.

 * 1: It literally says "how is it going?".
 * 2: It literally says "I'm doing fine".
 * 3: "A am" would coloquially be contracted into the word "A'm".

Dialogue
Scots:
 * John: Whit like? 1
 * Mary: A'm daein fine. An yersel? 2
 * John: A'm daein fine an aw. Thanks for askin! A'm awa the nou. See ye efter. 3
 * Mary: See ye efter.

English:
 * John: How are you?
 * Mary: I'm well. You?
 * John: I'm well, too. Thanks for asking! I got to go now. Bye.
 * Mary: Bye.

Literal Translations: 1 "What like?" - similar in meaning to: "How's things?" 2 "I'm doing fine. And yourself?" 3 "I'm doing fine and all. Thanks for asking. I'm away the now. See you after"

End of lesson two
Now that lesson two is complete, you'd should also be able to have a simple conversation with anybody that speaks Scots. You can even count up to "twinty"! In the next lesson, we will discuss more advanced number material.

<>

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lowland Scots/Lesson02


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PBASIC Programming/Labels and GOTO

Control Flow
Computers are only able to perform one action at a time. This means that if we write up a large program with many instructions, that the BasicStamp will execute those instructions one at a time, starting at the top and moving to the bottom. The order in which the BasicStamp executes instructions is called the control flow. There are several tools that we can use to change the control flow, so that it doesnt just start at the top and move to the bottom.

Tokens and the Instruction Pointer
When we compile our program, the computer changes the code that we have written into a series of tokens that the BasicStamp can understand. This process is very complicated, so we won't discuss it any further in this book. When we upload our program to the BasicStamp, all of the tokens from the program are stored, in order, in the BasicStamp's FLASH memory unit. The tokens are stored in an array. A special address variable, called the instruction pointer points at the different elements in the token array, and whatever the instruction pointer points at is the instruction that the BasicStamp will perform at that moment.

Labels
We can create special tags called labels that are like addresses or anchors. If we create a label in our code, we can jump to it from other parts of our program by using special instructions called GOTO, GOSUB, or branches called IF / THEN. Labels must have a name, just like a variable. They must:
 * Start with a letter
 * Contain letters or numbers
 * End with a colon ":"

GOTO
The most simple way to jump to a label that we have defined is through the use of the GOTO command. The GOTO command causes the instruction pointer to point at the label, instead of the next instruction.

title: PBASIC Programming/Labels and GOTO


text:
User:Kzollman

Find me at the english wikipedia

title: User:Kzollman


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows/Chapter 23

Synopsis
With Snatchers surrounding the camp, Hermione quickly jinxes Harry's face to hide his identity. Harry, Ron, and Hermione are forced out of the tent and bound with Dean Thomas and Griphook, who have also been captured. Assuming that the Trio are students on the run, the Snatchers check a wanted list. Hermione claims she is Penelope Clearwater, a half-blood. Ron identifies himself as Stan Shunpike, but the Snatchers know this is untrue, and Ron then claims he is a Weasley relative. Harry identifies himself as Vernon Dudley, a Slytherin student, and accurately describes the Slytherin Common room: he and Ron (using Polyjuice Potion to impersonate Crabbe and Goyle) were there during their second year at Hogwarts. However, the Snatchers recognize Hermione's photo in the Daily Prophet and find Harry's glasses. The scar beneath his puffy, jinxed forehead is barely discernible, leaving them unsure. They also find Gryffindor's Sword.

Harry, meanwhile, has slipped back into Voldemort's mind and sees a black fortress with a tall tower within; an ancient man says he was expecting Voldemort, but tells him that he never had it.

Believing he has captured "Undesirable Number One", the Snatchers' leader, Fenrir Greyback, takes the captives to the Dark Lord's headquarters, Malfoy Manor. Lucius Malfoy believes Voldemort will forgive him when he turns over Harry Potter, but he first orders Draco to verify Harry's identity. Draco, fearful and hesitant, claims to be unsure. Draco's mother, Narcissa Malfoy, notices that Harry's wand does not match Ollivander's description, and wants to be positive it is him before summoning Voldemort. Narcissa recognizes Hermione from Madam Malkin's robe shop and also her picture in the Daily Prophet. Lucius prods Draco to identify Ron and Hermione, and he reluctantly admits it could be them.

Bellatrix enters and is also uncertain if it's Harry, but wants to inform Voldemort immediately, though Lucius claims it is his right to do so. Greyback interjects, saying he captured Potter and demands the reward; he also wants Hermione as a prize. As Lucius is about to touch his Dark Mark to Summon Lord Voldemort, Bellatrix shrieks: a Snatcher has Gryffindor's Sword. When he is reluctant to hand it over, Bellatrix Stuns all the Snatchers except Greyback, who is now on his knees. Bellatrix screams that they are all in peril if her Gringotts vault has been breached.

Harry, Ron, Dean and Griphook are taken to the cellar, where Luna and Ollivander are also imprisoned, while Hermione is left upstairs to be interrogated. Bellatrix tortures her to learn if the Sword was stolen from the Lestrange's vault. Ron, hearing Hermione's screams of pain, becomes distraught. With Luna's help and light from the Deluminator, Harry, Ron, Dean, and Griphook are unbound, though Griphook is badly injured.

Searching his pouch, Harry sees a blue flash in the mirror shard, and frantically begs for help. Upstairs, Hermione, despite being tortured, tells Bellatrix the Sword is a fake. Lucius Malfoy sends Draco to fetch Griphook so he can verify this, and Harry quickly tells Griphook to claim the Sword is fake. After Draco collects Griphook, Dobby Apparates into the cellar and confirms he can Disapparate with humans.

Again, Harry peers through Voldemort's eyes, seeing the old man telling Voldemort that killing him will bring him no nearer to what he seeks.

Dobby Apparates Luna, Dean, and Mr. Ollivander to Shell Cottage, Bill and Fleur's home. When the loud cracking Disapparition noise brings Wormtail to the cellar to investigate, Harry and Ron attack him. Wormtail grabs Harry, choking him with his silver hand. Harry reminds Wormtail that he is owed a life debt. Hesitating, Wormtail momentarily relaxes his grip, and the silver hand turns on him, fatally strangling its owner despite Harry and Ron's efforts to restrain it.

Ron and Harry rush upstairs, armed only with Wormtail's wand. Griphook has declared the Gryffindor Sword is a fake. Bellatrix, satisfied her vault is safe, summons Voldemort, then offers Hermione to Greyback as a reward. Harry's scar explodes with pain as he sees Voldemort, angry at being summoned, killing the old man. Ron bursts into the room and disarms Bellatrix with Wormtail's wand while Harry, who runs in after him, catches it and Stuns Lucius Malfoy. Bellatrix, pressing a silver knife to Hermione's neck, orders them to drop the wands; Draco collects them. Dobby suddenly reappears, dropping the crystal chandelier on Bellatrix, Hermione, and Griphook, and disarming Narcissa. As Ron pulls Hermione out from under the chandelier, Harry grabs all three wands from Draco and Stuns Greyback. When Bellatrix addresses Dobby as an enslaved House-elf, Dobby declares he is free and has come to save Harry Potter and his friends. Harry tosses a wand to Ron, and tells him to go. Harry, Griphook and Dobby also Disapparate to safety, but Bellatrix's silver knife has fatally wounded Dobby. Cradled in Harry's arms, Dobby simply whispers, "Harry . . . Potter . . ," and dies.

Analysis
Several characters show personality traits that have only been glimpsed previously. Ron's feelings for Hermione are further developed as he listens to Bellatrix torturing her, and when he fiercely tries to prevent her falling prey to Fenrir Greyback's perverted desires. This marks yet another turning point in Ron's maturity as he faces the possibility of losing someone he cares deeply about, and must act to save her, regardless of his own safety. Harry also shows faith in the unknown again by trusting that the blue eye in the mirror is someone who has been watching over him and will send help. Harry's trust has been somewhat affected by the eye resembling Dumbledore, though Harry still doubts his late mentor's motives. Harry's faith is rewarded, however, when Dobby appears, though it is still unknown who sent him or why.

The character dynamics are a little different at Malfoy Manor, and readers have seen how Voldemort demands absolute fidelity and obedience from his servants. Here it appears that most support him only out of fear or for personal gain, though there is certainly no guarantee that loyalty will be rewarded or lives spared. This has created conflict among his followers that is starting to undermine Voldemort's rule. Bellatrix and Lucius here vie with one another for power and favor, leaving Narcissa Malfoy the unenviable task of choosing between supporting her sister or her husband. Though unseen here, we have earlier evidence that Narcissa's devotion is only to her husband and son. Fenrir Greyback, meanwhile, desires material compensation (which includes Hermione), while the cowardly Wormtail (Peter Pettigrew) sought out the Dark Lord only for protection against the Order of the Phoenix, who would likely execute him for betraying the Potters and Sirius Black. Wormtail was also burdened by his life debt to Harry, an obligation he had no choice but to fulfill, and which Voldemort fatally punished him for when he did. Voldemort may have been unaware that Wormtail owed this life debt when he crafted the silver hand; it is almost certain that Wormtail would never willingly have divulged this information to Voldemort, though Pettigrew's weak mind would be far too easy for the Dark Lord to penetrate and read his thoughts; however, knowing how meek and untrustworthy Wormtail was, it is likely that Voldemort created the silver appendage as a convenient mechanism to retaliate against any disloyalty or disobedience, however slight, and, finally, to eliminate a relatively useless minion when he was no longer needed.

Draco Malfoy, meanwhile, clearly shows that he is not his father's son; when Draco is again forced into a difficult situation, he is torn between intrinsic compassion, family loyalty, and fearing Voldemort. Although he obviously recognizes Harry and the others imprisoned at Malfoy Manor, as with Dumbledore on the Astronomy Tower (in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince), and the Death Eater that Voldemort forced him to torture, he resists taking any action that will endanger another. Only under his family's pressure and knowing he will be unable to lie convincingly does he admit that Harry's two companions could be Ron and Hermione. It seems unlikely that Draco has any fonder feelings for Harry and the others than he ever did and is still an obnoxious bully, but he is neither vicious nor a killer. Like Harry's cousin, Dudley, there is an invisible line his innate humanity prevents him from ever crossing. Despite being raised with "pure-blood" rhetoric and elitist conditioning, Draco is mostly a half-hearted Voldemort follower, foolishly trailing along out of family duty, for adventure, and the prestige he believes it bestows. Like Regulus Black, he soon finds himself in over his head, lacking the inherent evil nature to be a true Death Eater. His refusal to harm Harry and Dumbledore goes against everything he has been taught. By now, Draco probably realizes that Voldemort is only using him to punish his family and will likely kill him and his parents once they are no longer useful. Ultimately, Draco shows strength and morality by protecting the Trio, even though betraying them could help win back Voldemort's favor for his family. Consequently, Draco fails to realize that his compassion makes him a far better person than his flawed, reprehensible father; instead, he believes himself a cowardly failure. A very different Draco might have been seen here, however, had he succumbed to fatally cursing Dumbledore that fateful night on the Astronomy Tower, his soul indelibly stained by murder.

Dobby's role is also examined here. In his last act, Dobby dies a martyr and a true hero. He defies the humans who had enslaved him. Dobby's life has revolved around the hope that Harry would improve other House-elves' situations by defeating Voldemort, and his admiration is clearly reflected by his dying words. His noble, grand courage is climaxed by his daring rescue, but perhaps most importantly, he dies a free elf, which Harry will note on his tombstone.

Although the unfortunate experience at Malfoy Manor has resulted in Dobby's tragic death, Dean, Griphook, Luna, and Ollivander are rescued from an uncertain, but likely deadly, fate. Also, Bellatrix Lestrange's frantic behavior about her vault may signal something that the Trio will need to know.

One point perhaps worth mentioning is that once again the difference between House-elf Apparition and human Apparition is seen. In the first chapter, Death Eaters Apparate just outside Malfoy Manor's gates and then proceed on foot; similarly, the Snatchers Apparate to just outside the same gates and proceed on foot once admitted. This is a clear indication that Apparition has been barred inside the Manor grounds. Yet Dobby Apparates in and out. It is curious, perhaps, that Harry and Ron, once they have defeated Bellatrix, are able to Apparate out of the manor; though the spells around the Burrow apparently prevented Apparition in either direction, perhaps Voldemort or Lucius worked a more advanced version of that spell, so it is only Apparition into the manor which is prohibited. Or perhaps it is a matter of timing: Voldemort is unlikely to want to Apparate to a location outside the protection of Malfoy Manor, so he might have arranged the spell preventing Apparition so that he could disable it, allowing himself to Apparate when he chose. As he has just Disapparated to return to Malfoy Manor, it is possible that he temporarily disabled the anti-Apparition spells to allow himself entry, and that provided a loophole which Harry and Ron were able to utilize.

Review

 * 1) How could Dobby Apparate into the supposedly impenetrable cellar? What other impenetrable area has been seen where an elf Apparated into?
 * 2) Why does Draco claim not to recognize any Trio members? Why does he finally admit that it could be Ron and Hermione?
 * 3) Why does the goblin lie about the sword?
 * 4) How does Hermione being tortured affect Ron?
 * 5) Why does Wormtail's silver hand strangle him now?

Further Study

 * 1) How did Dobby know where to find Harry and the others?
 * 2) Why do Lucius and Bellatrix argue over who will summon Voldemort, now that Harry has been captured?
 * 3) How does Draco's character compare to his family's, particularly his father, Lucius Malfoy? What accounts for this?
 * 4) What might be the after-effects of Hermione's torture?
 * 5) Whose blue eye might Harry be glimpsing in the mirror fragment? If it is not Dumbledore, why would Harry trust that this person will help?

Greater Picture
In discussing Draco Malfoy's humanity, it should be noted that Dumbledore had also recognized this trait in him. As we will find out shortly, by the beginning of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore knew that Voldemort had tasked Draco with murdering him. This was why Dumbledore extracted Snape's promise, that, if necessary, Snape would kill Dumbledore: primarily to save Draco's soul from that first, destructive act that would cost him that humanity and irretrievably push him to the Dark side. Dumbledore was also aware that Draco would likely fail in his mission, likely resulting in his execution, and suspected that another Death Eater would complete the job. Snape would allow Dumbledore to die with dignity and by his own design, whereas other Death Eaters would not.

Draco is not entirely redeemed, however, and in a later chapter, he will attempt to capture Harry for Voldemort, though he may be motivated by trying to reprieve his family from the Dark Lord's wrath. In this light, it is important to compare Draco's behaviour here, and later in the story, when Harry, Ron, and Hermione are searching for something in the Room of Requirement, and Draco, with his sidekicks Crabbe and Goyle, tries to intervene and capture Harry for the Dark Lord. We will see that back at Hogwarts, away from his family's influence and with his minions in tow, Draco once more reverts to his previous, bullying self. This will be short-lived, as Draco once again falls apart when he is separated from his followers. This is typical bully behaviour, particularly one like Draco who has learned his techniques from one of his parents. Without his "gang's" support, Draco is cowardly. Even with his cronies, whenever things deviate from his internal script, he has little recourse except to run away — note his reaction when Hermione slapped him in an earlier year.

Harry, witnessing Bellatrix's near-panic when the Sword of Gryffindor is discovered, and remembering Griphook's earlier words that the replica Sword of Gryffindor was moved from the Headmaster's office to a Gringotts vault, will correctly guess that it is the Lestrange vault where the fake Sword is secured, and that there is another object stored there that Voldemort highly values. Harry will correctly surmise that this is another Horcrux, and that it is Hufflepuff's Cup, that being the only Founders' artifact that was mentioned or seen in Hokey's memory, but not examined.

The reader likely recognizes the high tower that Voldemort is inspecting as Nurmengard, and may have guessed that the old man who Voldemort is interrogating is Gellert Grindelwald. This constitutes, in Voldemort's mind, the penultimate link in the chain that he is following towards the Elder Wand. He will learn that Grindelwald had lost the wand to Dumbledore, and will guess that Dumbledore had the wand interred with him. Very shortly, Harry, who will have reached the same conclusion, will have to decide whether he will race Voldemort to Hogwarts for that wand, or whether he will continue to chase Horcruxes. It will be mentioned later that event timing in this chapter is somewhat critical; Harry must be distracted enough that he withdraws from Voldemort's mind just as Voldemort is examining Grindelwald's memories. If Harry perceives the battle between Dumbledore and Grindelwald, tinged as it is bound to be by the memories of their friendship (and possibly more than friendship), the turmoil in Harry's mind could only be increased, causing him to be less likely to make the necessary decisions to close this book satisfactorily. To this end, Hermione's torture and Harry's fight with Pettigrew are necessary to this final book's plot.

In light of what happens in future chapters, we should note the various wands that are changing hands in this chapter. Harry's own damaged wand remains, of course, hidden and useless in his Moke-skin bag. The short blackthorn wand Harry was using, Ron's wand, and Hermione's wand are all captured by the Snatchers, and while we see the blackthorn wand again, its role in the upcoming battle is insignificant. Ron captures Pettigrew's wand and uses it to disarm Bellatrix; Harry uses Bellatrix' wand to Stun Lucius Malfoy, who still lacks a wand, having surrendered his to Voldemort. Bellatrix forces Harry and Ron to drop their wands, and Draco collects them. After the chandelier falls, Harry recovers Bellatrix' and Pettigrew's wands from Draco, as well as claiming Draco's, Stuns Fenrir and tosses one wand to Ron. Narcissa attempts to jinx Harry but is disarmed by Dobby. The other Snatchers are excluded from the matter, as Bellatrix had previously Stunned everyone when her demand for the Sword of Gryffindor was resisted. So as they leave Malfoy Manor, they take Pettigrew's, Draco's, and Bellatrix' captured wands, leaving Hermione's, Ron's, and the blackthorn one Harry had been so annoyed by. Harry will guess, without much support, that the Death Eaters will interrogate Hermione's wand and determine that it had broken Harry's wand, the one that Voldemort so feared. We will see no evidence, however, that this has actually occurred, or that a wand can be interrogated with such high precision after so lengthy a time and many intervening spells.


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User talk:PaulWLepp

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- SB_Johnny | PA! 20:43, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Hmmm, bummer!
I guess you're trying to talk with the authors of the Ecology book? Unfortunately the early authors haven't been around for a while. I know quite a bit about the subject (and wikibooks), so if you have any questions or need someone to bounce ideas off of, feel free to ask me! -- SB_Johnny | PA! 20:46, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Page Counting
Hello Paul, I saw your message in staff lounge. I have written a javascript that can count all sorts of things about a page, including the number of characters, words, etc. If you tell me what pages you want counted I can do it for you and post you the results. Also, if you would like to do it for yourself, I can install the script on your user account javascript page (at User:PaulWLepp/monobook.js) and you could use it yourself. Let me know what you would prefer. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 00:17, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I have installed the script for you. What browser are you using? I have tested it in IE and FireFox, but I have not tested it to work in Opera or Safari. If you need compatibility with either of these other browsers, let me know and I can test it/fix it as needed. To ensure that the script is loaded, do a hard page reset. In IE or FireFox, you can press CTRL + F5 to do a hard reset.
 * To use the script, go to User:Whiteknight/Tester Gadget. You should see a small textbox there and two buttons, "get" and "clear". Type the title of the page you want to check into the box and click "Get". The page will be analyzed, and the results will be displayed. Clicking "Clear" will clear the results.
 * Please let me know if it works, and if there are any other options or features that you think I could add to future versions of it. If it does not work, let me know what happens, what browser you are using, etc, and I will try to help. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 18:40, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Introduction to Bioinformatics
There is an outline that you can work with or adjust and some initial content at Bioinformatics. That book has been abandoned, so you could refactor it and also gain the benefit of the one-word title. – Adrignola talk 16:03, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * We encourage continued improvement upon existing texts. If you don't care for a page, you can mark it with .  If you decide to adopt the book, please let me know and I'll remove Introduction to Bioinformatics to avoid confusion.  Thanks. – Adrignola talk 17:27, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:PaulWLepp


text:
Ruby Programming/Data types

Ruby Data Types
As mentioned in the previous chapter, everything in Ruby is an object. Ruby has 8 primary data types and 3 more data types derived from the Numeric superclass. Everything has a class. Don't believe me? Try running this bit of code: displays

See? Everything is an object. Every object has a method called class that returns that object's class. You can call methods on pretty much anything. Earlier you saw an example of this in the form of. (Technically when you call a method you're sending a message to the object, but I'll leave the significance of that for later.) Something that makes this extreme object oriented-ness very fun for me is the fact that all classes are open, meaning you can add variables and methods to a class at any time during the execution of your code. This, however, is a discussion of datatypes.

Constants
We'll start off with constants because they're simple. Two things to remember about constants: 1. Constants start with capital letters. Constant is a constant. constant is not a constant. 2. You can change the values of constants, but Ruby will give you a warning. (Silly, I know... but what can you do?) Congrats. Now you're an expert on Ruby constants.

Symbols
So did you notice something weird about that first code listing? "What the heck was that colon thingy about?" Well, it just so happens that Ruby's object oriented ways have a cost: lots of objects make for slow code. Every time you type a string, Ruby makes a new object. Regardless of whether two strings are identical, Ruby treats every instance as a new object. You could have "live long and prosper" in your code once and then again later on and Ruby wouldn't even realize that they're pretty much the same thing. Here is a sample irb session which demonstrates this fact:

irb> => -507772268 irb> => -507776538

Notice that the object ID returned by irb Ruby is different even for the same two strings.

To get around this memory hoggishness, Ruby has provided "symbols." s are lightweight objects best used for comparisons and internal logic. If the user doesn't ever see it, why not use a symbol rather than a string? Your code will thank you for it. Let us try running the above code using symbols instead of strings:

irb> => 150808 irb> => 150808

Symbols are denoted by the colon sitting out in front of them, like so:

Hashes
Hashes are like dictionaries, in a sense. You have a key, a reference, and you look it up to find the associated object, the definition.

The best way to illustrate this, I think, is with a quick demonstration: displays

I could have also written this like so: This code cycles through each element in the hash, putting the key in the  variable and the value in the   variable, which is then displayed

I could have been more verbose about defining my hash; I could have written it like this:

If I felt like offing Luke, I could do something like this: Now Luke's no longer in the hash. Or lets say I just had a vendetta against farmboys in general. I could do this: This iterates through each key-value pair and deletes it, but only if the block of code following it returns. In the block I made the value lowercase (in case the farmboys decided to start doing stuff like "FaRmBoY!1!") and then checked to see if "farmboy" matched anything in its contents. I could have used a regular expression, but that's another story entirely.

I could add Lando into the mix by assigning a new value to the hash:

I can measure the hash with. I can look at only keys with the  method, which returns the hash's keys as an. Speaking of which...

Arrays
s are a lot like es, except that the keys are always consecutive numbers, and always starts at 0. In an  with five items, the last element would be found at   and the first element would be found at. In addition, all the methods that you just learned with es can also be applied to  s.

Here are two ways to create an : As you may have guessed, the  operator pushes values onto the end of an. If I were to write  after declaring those two  s the output would be. Of course, if I felt like simultaneously getting  and deleting it from the array, I could just   it off. The  method returns the last element in an array and then immediately removes it from that array: Then  would hold   and   would be an element shorter. If I kept doing this, array2 wouldn't hold any elements. I can check for this condition by calling the  method. For example, the following bit of code moves all the elements from one  to another: Here's something that really excites me: s can be subtracted from, and added to, each other. I can't vouch for every language that's out there, but I know that Java, C++, C# and perl would all look at me like I was a crazy person if I tried to execute the following bit of code:

After that code is evaluated, all of the following are true:
 * contains all of the elements that  did, except the ones that were also in.
 * All the elements of, minus the elements of  , are now contained within.
 * now contains all the elements of both  and.

You may search for a particular value in variable  with the   method:

If you just wanted to turn the whole  into a , you could: If array2 had the value that we declared in the last example, then  's value would be

We could have called the  method without any arguments: 's value would now be

Strings
I would recommend reading the chapters on strings and alternate quotes now if you haven't already. This chapter is going to cover some pretty spiffy things with s and just assume that you already know the information in these two chapters.

In Ruby, there are some pretty cool built-in functions where s are concerned. For example, you can multiply them: yields

s may also be compared: yields

The preceding evaluation is actually comparing the ASCII values of the characters. But what, I hear you ask, is the ASCII value of an given character? With ruby versions prior to 1.9 you can find the ASCII value of a character with: However, With Ruby version 1.9 or later that no longer works. Instead, you can try the  method: Either approach will display which is the ASCII value of A. Simply replace A with whichever character you wish to inquire about.

To perform the opposite conversion (from 65 to <tt>A</tt>, for instance), use the  method: displays

Concatenation works the same as most other languages: putting a  character between two  s will yield a new   whose value is the same as the others, one after another: yields

For handling pesky  variables without using the concatenate operator, you can use interpolation. In the following chunk of code,  , and   are identical:

If you need to iterate through (that is, step through each of) the letters in a  object, you can use the   method: Displays each letter in  (puts automatically adds a newline after each call): But what's with that weird " " thing in the parameter? That, my friend, is called a regular expression. They're helpful little buggers, quite powerful, but outside the scope of this discussion. All you need to know for now is that  is "regex" speak for "any one character." If we had used  then ruby would have iterated over each group of two characters, and missed the last one since there's an odd number of characters!

Another use for regular expressions can be found with the <tt>=~</tt> operator. You can check to see if a  matches a regular expression using the match operator,  : displays

The  method works much the same way, except it can accept a   as a parameter as well. This is helpful if you're getting regular expressions from a source outside the code. Here's what it looks like in action: Alright, that's enough about regular expressions. Even though you can use regular expressions with the next two examples, we'll just use regular old s. Lets pretend you work at the Ministry of Truth and you need to replace a word in a   with another word. You can try something like: Now  contains. But what if the  contains lots of lies like the one you just corrected? only replaces the first occurrence of a word! I guess you could iterate through the  using   method and a   loop, but there's a much more efficient way to accomplish this: Big Brother would be so proud! is the "global substitute" function. Every occurrence of " " has now been replaced with "<tt>Long live</tt>" so now <tt>winston</tt> is only proclaiming its love for Big Brother, not its disdain thereof. On that happy note, lets move on to s and  s. If you want to learn more about methods in the   class, look at the end of this chapter for a quick reference table.

Numbers (Integers and Floats)
You can skip this paragraph if you know all the standard number operators. For those who don't, here's a crash course. <tt>+</tt> adds two numbers together. <tt>-</tt> subtracts them. <tt>/</tt> divides. <tt>*</tt> multiplies. <tt>%</tt> returns the remainder of two divided numbers. Alright, integers are numbers with no decimal place. Floats are numbers with decimal places. <tt>10 / 3</tt> yields <tt>3</tt> because dividing two integers yields an integer. Since integers have no decimal places all you get is <tt>3</tt>. If you tried <tt>10.0 / 3</tt> you would get <tt>3.33333...</tt> If you have even one float in the mix you get a float back. Capisce? Alright, let's get down to the fun part. Everything in Ruby is an object, let me reiterate. That means that pretty much everything has at least one method. Integers and floats are no exception. First I'll show you some integer methods. Here we have the venerable <tt>times</tt> method. Use it whenever you want to do something more than once. Examples: This will print out the numbers 0 through 99, print out <tt>Guess what?</tt> five times, then say <tt>I'm done!</tt> It's basically a simplified <tt>for</tt> loop. It's a little slower than a <tt>for</tt> loop by a few hundredths of a second or so; keep that in mind if you're ever writing Ruby code for NASA. ;-) Alright, we're nearly done, six more methods to go. Here are three of them: Alright, that should make sense. In case it didn't, <tt>upto</tt> counts up from the number it's called from to the number passed in its parameter. <tt>downto</tt> does the same, except it counts down instead of up. Finally, <tt>step</tt> counts from the number its called from to the first number in its parameters by the second number in its parameters. So <tt>5.step(25, 5) {|x| puts x}</tt> would output every multiple of five starting with five and ending at twenty-five.  Time for the last three: <tt>to_s</tt> converts floats and integers to strings. <tt>to_i</tt> converts floats to integers. <tt>to_f</tt> converts integers to floats. There you have it. All the data types of Ruby in a nutshell. Now here's that quick reference table for string methods I promised you.

title: Ruby Programming/Data types


text:
Lowland Scots/External Links

Links
Check out these other awesome links.
 * http://www.cor.europa.eu/document/Highlight/Scottish%20phrase%20booklet-FIN.pdf
 * http://www.scots-online.org/dictionary/engscots.asp

title: Lowland Scots/External Links


text:
Talk:Io Programming/Beginner's Guide/Objects

I'm running Io on Windows, and I can't reproduce the behavior in the end of the Money, Money, Money section. Account's clones use Account's balance slot until they assign to balance, which is when they get their own slot. 75.36.186.242 21:13, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

I confirm this, it looks like Io's behavior changed since the page was written. (Running on OS X.) 88.147.142.222 (talk) 20:23, 28 October 2008 (UTC)


text:
Lowland Scots/Print version

= Lowland Scots =

=Main Contents=
 * Introduction
 * Pronunciation
 * Lessons
 * Lesson One: The Basics
 * Lesson Two: Numbers and Greetings
 * Lesson Three: Advanced Numbers, Plural, and Interoggatives
 * Appendix
 * External Links
 * Contributors
 * GFDL

Lesson Three
=External Links=

=Contributors=

=GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE=

title: Lowland Scots/Print version


text:
User talk:FlyingGerman

Orphaned fair use
Your image has been deleted since it's under fair use license but it is not being used. If you plan on using it in a book, let me know and I'll restore it for you. Regards. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 23:17, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:FlyingGerman


text:
More C++ Idioms/Runtime Static Initialization Order Idioms

= Runtime Static Initialization Order Idioms =

Intent
Control the order of initialization and destruction of non-local static objects across compilation units that are otherwise ordered in an implementation dependent manner.

Motivation

 * Order of initialization of static objects spread across different compilation units is not well defined. Order of destruction is the reverse of initialization order but initialization order itself is implementation defined. Bring order to this chaos.
 * The destructor of static objects are non-trivial and have important side-effects that have to happen

Solution and Sample Code
The following idioms are commonly used to control the order of initialization of static objects.
 * Construct On First Use
 * Nifty Counter Idiom (a.k.a. Schwarz Counter Idiom)

More C++ Idioms/実行時の静的初期化順序に関するイディオム(Runtime Static Initialization Order Idioms)


text:
More C++ Idioms/Construct On First Use

= Construct On First Use =

Intent
Ensure that an object is initialized before its first use. Specifically, ensure that non-local static object is initialized before its first use.

Also Known As
Lazy construction/evaluation

Motivation
Static objects that have non-trivial constructors must be initialized before they are used. It is possible to access an uninitialized non-local static object before its initialization if proper care is not exercised. In the above code, Bar::f gets called before its constructor. It should be avoided.

Solution and Sample Code
There are 2 possible solutions, which depends upon whether the destructor of the object in consideration has non-trivial destruction semantics. Wrap the otherwise static object in a function so that function initializes it before it is used.

If the object has a destructor with non-trivial semantics, local static object is used instead of dynamic allocation as given below.
 * Construct on first use using dynamic allocation

 * Construct on first use using local static

Known Uses

 * Singleton pattern implementations often use this idiom.
 * ACE_TSS class template in Adaptive Communication Environment (ACE) for creating and accessing objects in thread specific storage (TSS) uses this idiom.

Related Idioms

 * Nifty/Schwarz Counter

title: More C++ Idioms/Construct On First Use


text:
Talk:Jeep Liberty/Performance

You can use them.

---

KY Liberty,

We need some throttle body images for the Performance section of the Jeep Liberty Wikibook. Do you grant permission for the following images of yours to be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 license?

http://\64.8.40.120\/fastmantb.jpg

http://\64.8.40.120\/2002stocktb.jpg

http://\64.8.40.120\/tbodies.jpg

Thanks, Michael Robinson  www.fuzzymuzzle.com

title: Talk:Jeep Liberty/Performance


text:
User talk:Basso Profundo

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User talk:Raimundh

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User talk:Nheise

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User talk:Aritter

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User talk:DavePercy

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User talk:Supercoopers

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User talk:Bigdeal~enwikibooks

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Copyright problem with Image:Ben & mike 011.jpg
-- Herby talk thyme 12:29, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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User talk:LDHan

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User talk:(3lack(V)agus

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User talk:Nickyudichak

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Lo Langesi
Dear Nickyudichak,

Welcome to Wikibooks!

Is Lo Langesi is a relatively static, slowly-changing language, encumbered by years of literature, like French? Then please give us a reference to that literature. Wikibooks is a great place for such languages.

Or is Lo Langesi is a dynamic, rapidly-changing language, free from compatibility barnacles? The Conlang Wikia ( http://conlang.wikia.com/ ) is a great place for such languages.

Even though each one of the over 4375 wiki online has a pretty narrow focus, I suspect there is nothing that anyone could think up that wouldn't be on-topic at some wiki. --DavidCary (talk) 04:43, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nickyudichak


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User talk:TilmanATuos

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User talk:Wonkibooks

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text:
Cookbook:Chili Cornbread Casserole

| Texas cuisine

Chili

 * 4 strips bacon, cut in small pieces
 * 1½ tablespoons brown sugar
 * 1¼ teaspoons chili powder
 * 1 teaspoon instant coffee
 * 2 teaspoons cumin
 * 1 tablespoon diced jalapeños (canned)
 * 1 teaspoon oregano
 * 1½ teaspoons paprika
 * 1 large onion, diced
 * 1¼ pounds hamburger meat
 * 1 pound beef, cut into small pieces
 * Black pepper
 * 1 can (15-ounces) diced tomatoes

Cornbread

 * 2 tablespoons (¼ stick) butter
 * ½ cup corn meal
 * ½ cup flour
 * 1 teaspoon baking powder
 * ½ teaspoon baking soda
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * 1 egg
 * ½ cup milk

Chili

 * 1) Fry bacon at medium-high heat in big skillet.
 * 2) Lower heat to medium and add the brown sugar, chili powder, coffee, cumin, jalapeños, oregano, and paprika.
 * 3) Cook 3 minutes, stirring constantly.
 * 4) Add onion and cook until soft, about 5 minutes, stirring frequently.
 * 5) Add beef pieces and hamburger meat, and cook until lightly done (maybe 8 or 10 minutes).
 * 6) While beef is cooking, start on cornbread.
 * 7) Add tomatoes to skillet and cook 1 minute, stirring deeply to keep anything from sticking to the bottom.
 * 8) Adjust seasoning as necessary, and remove from heat.

Cornbread

 * 1) Melt, then cool butter.
 * 2) Whisk butter, egg, and milk together.
 * 3) Combine cornmeal, flour, and salt, then add baking powder and baking soda.
 * 4) Stir liquid mixture into dry mixture.

Assembly

 * 1) Preheat oven to 425°F.
 * 2) Spray a 9x12-inch baking pan with cooking spray.
 * 3) Transfer the chili to the baking pan and smooth surface.
 * 4) Spoon cornbread mixture over chili mixture, and smooth with a large spoon.
 * 5) Bake about 20 minutes, or until cornbread pulls away from the sides of the pan.
 * 6) Serve in bowls, making sure every large spoonful has both textures.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Beans in the chili would probably be too much starch.

title: Cookbook:Chili Cornbread Casserole


text:
User:Jotomicron/monobook.css

@import "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Jotomicron/monobook.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css";

title: User:Jotomicron/monobook.css


text:
User talk:122.202.190.253

You have been blocked from editing Wikibooks  as a result of your .  Please note that page blanking, addition of random text or spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. Webaware talk 13:38, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:122.202.190.253


text:
XForms/Select All

WARNING THIS EXAMPLE IN DEVELOPMENT
= Motivation = You would like to be able to select all rows in a table using a single trigger.

= Approach = You can put a list of items in a table and have a single column that has a checkbox in it. You can then use the index function to change the selected item.

= Screen Image =

= Sample Program =       Select all list [n]         <xf:label>Unselect all list [n]</xf:label> <xf:action ev:event="DOMActivate"> <xf:setvalue ref="item[1]/@selected" value="'false'" /> <xf:setvalue ref="item[2]/@selected" value="'false'" /> <xf:setvalue ref="item[3]/@selected" value="'false'" /> <xf:setvalue ref="item[4]/@selected" value="'false'" /> </xf:action> </xf:trigger>

<xf:trigger> <xf:label>Select all repeat</xf:label> <xf:action ev:event="DOMActivate"> <xf:repeat nodeset="item" id="repeat-id-2"> <xf:setvalue ref="@selected" value="'true'" /> </xf:repeat> </xf:action> </xf:trigger> <xf:trigger> <xf:label>Unselect repeat</xf:label> <xf:action ev:event="DOMActivate"> <xf:repeat nodeset="item" id="repeat-id-3"> <xf:setvalue ref="@selected" value="'false'" /> </xf:repeat> </xf:action> </xf:trigger> <ol> <xf:repeat nodeset="item" id="repeat-id-4"> <li> <xf:output ref="@selected" /> </li> </xf:repeat> </ol>

Discussion
Note that the setvalues inside the repeat blocks do not work. I have tried to use the current function inside the repeat like this:

but with no luck.

If anyone knows how to get this working, please let us know. Thanks - Dan

Alternate Way
Note: <xf:repeat> does not work inside <xf:action>. Here is the workaround for this.

title: XForms/Select All


text:
Lowland Scots/Lesson03

Lesson Three: Advanced numbers, Plurals, and Interrogatives

Numbers
Here is a list of more advanced numbers; thirty1 thirty fowerty forty fifty fifty saxty sixty seiventy seventy aichty eighty

hunder hundred thoosand thousand

Ordinal, Cardinal
Numbers like "ane", "twa", and "three" are cardinal numbers, and that means that they are a generalized kind of number used to denote the size of a set. That's what you've learned so far. Ordinal numbers, however are another type of number used to accommodate infinite sequences and to classify sets with certain kinds of order structures on them. In English, Cardinal numbers would be "first", "second", and "third", though most numbers have "-th" added to them. In Scots, you generally add a "-t" to the end of the word, like so.
 * Scots: seicont, fowert, fift, saxt, seivent.
 * English: second, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh.

Notice how "first" and "third" weren't included in that list. That's because they are irregular like in English. In Scots, "first" is "first", or sometimes "foremaist", and "third" is "thrid" or "third".

 * 1: Also "thritty".

Plural form
Plural is when the word becomes more than one. In English, the plural form is usually "-(e)s". In Lowland Scots, nouns usually form their plural by adding "-(e)s" to the end of a word, but some irregular plurals occur. For example; "ee"/"een" ("eye"/"eyes"), "cauf"/"caur" ("calf"/"calves"), "horse"/"horse" ("horse"/"horses"), "cou"/"kye" ("cow"/"cows"), "shae"/"shuin" ("shoe"/"shoes"). Nouns of measure and quantity unchanged in the plural. Words include, "fower fit" ("four feet"), "twa mile" ("two miles"), "five pund" ("five pounds"), "three hunderwecht" ("three hundredweight"). Regular plurals include "laifs" ("loaves"), "leafs" ("leaves"), "shelfs" ("shelves") and "wifes" ("wives"), etc.

Interrogatives

 * wha who
 * whit what
 * hou how
 * why why
 * whilk which
 * whaur where
 * whan when

<>

title: Lowland Scots/Lesson03


text:
User talk:167.104.6.43

Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is intended to be read without the need for external reference and requires content rather than external links particularly those which are for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links may include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that exist to attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page rather than re-adding it. See the welcome page to learn more about Wikibooks. Thank you. Webaware talk 15:34, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:167.104.6.43


text:
Talk:SimCity and Urban Planning/Authors

Is this an book about urban planning or Simcity? I am trying to get information on urban planning but this so-called urban planning book is a complete waste of time!

title: Talk:SimCity and Urban Planning/Authors


text: Talk:Dutch/Practical

title: Talk:Dutch/Practical


text:
Category talk:Subject:Science

Please give information about Quantity Surveying & levelling

title: Category talk:Subject:Science


text:
User talk:Summer~enwikibooks

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 18:16, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Cookbook contributions
Hi and thanks for these. However here we do require real articles about items (in text book form) and not merely links to Wikipedia (an encyclopedia). Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 18:16, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Summer. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Summer~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:48, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:33, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Summer~enwikibooks


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Battle of Hogwarts

Overview
Note that at least one fan site has placed the Battle of Hogwarts as occurring on 2 May, which would mean Harry had returned to Hogsmeade the evening of 1 May. The author has stated also that this date should be possible to determine from the text. The climactic battle of the entire series is fought as Harry Potter returns to Hogwarts in search of what he believes to be the last-but-one Horcrux, in hopes of destroying it and thus taking nearly the final step in blocking Voldemort's apparent immortality. Learning of Harry's mission, Professor McGonagall assists in the sacking of headmaster Snape, and in preparing the school to be besieged. All underage wizards, and all of Slytherin house, are evacuated, and the remaining wizards, being the school staff and of-age students, Dumbledore's Army, and the Order of the Phoenix, prepare to meet the attack of the Death Eaters. During the preparations, Ron opens the Chamber of Secrets, and with Hermione, destroys the Cup Horcrux that they have been carrying, using Basilisk fangs.

Harry has determined that the last Horcrux is probably Rowena Ravenclaw's lost diadem, and recalls that he had seen it in the Room of Requirement. He, Ron, and Hermione enter the Room, but are followed by Draco Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle. In the ensuing fight, Harry finds and loses the diadem, and Crabbe eventually sets Fiendfyre. The Fiendfyre consumes everything in the room, including Crabbe, but Harry and Ron rescue Draco and Goyle. Harry also catches the diadem, which is being tossed around by the fire; as he examines it after exiting the room, it screams thinly and falls apart.

The battle is raging fiercely now, with Death Eaters inside the school. Hermione asks Harry to look into Voldemort's mind and say where he is. Harry finds that he is in the Shrieking Shack. Making their way there through the tunnel under the Whomping Willow, the Trio arrive just in time to see Voldemort murder Snape, in the belief that this will allow him to tap the full power of the Elder Wand. As his last living act, Snape gives Harry a jar of his memories. Unseen, Voldemort announces a one-hour break in hostilities, and promises that if Harry will come to him in the Forbidden Forest, nobody else will be harmed.

The Trio return to the school, where Harry, alone, takes Snape's memories and places them in Dumbledore's Pensieve. There, he learns that Snape had been acting always to preserve Harry's life, at Dumbledore's request, out of Snape's unrequited love for Harry's mother. Knowing now that he, himself, is acting as an accidental Horcrux, Harry leaves the school to find Voldemort. Using the Elder Wand, Voldemort kills Harry.

Harry, surprisingly, does not seem to be dead, but is, instead, in a sort of way station that looks like King's Cross railway station. Here he meets Dumbledore, and has much that was puzzling him explained, including that Voldemort's using Harry's blood in his reanimation had extended the protection granted by Lily's blood: so long as Voldemort lived, he could not kill Harry. Harry, given the choice of going onwards or going back, chooses to go back and finish Voldemort once and for all.

Returning to his body in the Forest, Harry plays dead, and Voldemort has him carried to Hogwarts. There, Voldemort taunts the defenders, though his jinxes seem ineffective. When he chooses to torture Neville, by putting the Sorting Hat on his head and setting it afire, Neville produces the Sword of Gryffindor from the hat and beheads Nagini.

As Voldemort screams in anger, reinforcements arrive for the defenders, and the battle is rejoined. It eventually centers in the Great Hall, where Bellatrix Lestrange is defeated by Molly Weasley. Harry and Voldemort now duel, and Voldemort's Killing Curse again rebounds, killing him.

Event Details
Note: this battle covers several chapters of the final book in the series. As such, the event details are quite lengthy. In the course of the battle, notably in the hiatus, several plot points that do not have to do directly with the battle are discussed and resolved. As they do not have any effect on the course of the battle itself, they will be skipped for reasons of length.

Harry, sensing Voldemort's thoughts when he is told that the cup Horcrux has been stolen, learns that the one Horcrux they have not yet been able to identify is at Hogwarts. With Ron and Hermione, he resolves to get there first and prevent Voldemort retrieving it. Arriving at Hogsmeade, they are caught by the curfew, and are rescued by the innkeeper at the Hog's Head, who Harry identifies as Aberforth Dumbledore. Once Harry convinces Aberforth to help them, he shows them a secret passage which leads to the Room of Requirement within Hogwarts School.

There, Harry finds many members of Dumbledore's Army, who had found the school too hot for them but wanted to stay, in order to continue with their program of guerrilla warfare against the current administration. Neville, who had become the leader of the group, says that he had used the Galleons that Hermione had bewitched earlier to recall all of the DA, and sure enough, past DA members start arriving through the tunnel from the Hog's Head. Asking about missing artifacts of Rowena Ravenclaw, Harry is told about her lost diadem, and decides that this is almost certainly what Voldemort would have used for his Horcrux. Luna takes Harry to the Ravenclaw common room, to see a statue of Rowena with the diadem so that he knows what to look for. He is caught there by a Death Eater, Alecto Carrow, who summons Voldemort by way of the Dark Mark on her arm, and is then Stunned by Luna. Amycus Carrow and Professor McGonagall then arrive. When Amycus decides that he will blame Alecto's summoning of Voldemort on the students, McGonagall refuses to put her students in danger, whereupon Amycus spits at her. Harry, outraged, curses him. Revealing himself to McGonagall, Harry says that he is hunting something in Hogwarts, at Dumbledore's request, and that Voldemort is on his way to try and find the same object. McGonagall sends Patronus messengers to summon the other Heads of House, and starts for the Great Hall. On the way, the way, they encounter Headmaster Snape, and he and McGonagall duel. As Professor Flitwick and Professor Sprout arrive, followed by Professor Slughorn, Snape retreats into an empty classroom, jumps out the window, and flies off into the night.

Returning to the Room of Requirement, Harry finds that several members of the Order of the Phoenix have arrived, but Ron and Hermione have vanished. He tells the assembled people that Voldemort is on his way, and that the fighters are gathering in the Great Hall for instructions. An argument breaks out with Ginny Weasley, who wants to help fight; Molly eventually relents to the point of allowing Ginny to stay at Hogwarts if she stays in the Room of Requirement. As this conversation winds up, Percy Weasley arrives and declares that he was a stupid prat, that he has left the Ministry and wants to rejoin the family. He is welcomed with open arms.

While Harry wanders the halls searching for Ron and Hermione, the school's defences are prepared. At Professor McGonagall's command, statues and suits of armor come suddenly to life all over the castle, arming themselves and taking up positions on the battlements. We see Professor Sprout and Neville planning defences using the dangerous plants from the greenhouses, and meet again with Hagrid, as he is thrown into the school through a window with his boarhound, Fang, by Grawp. Still searching either for inspiration, or for Ron and Hermione, Harry goes to the Great Hall. Here, Kingsley Shacklebolt informs the students of the plan to defend their school. All students are asked to leave, except those who are of age who want to help. Suddenly, Voldemort's voice rings through the hall. Voldemort informs the school that if they surrender Harry to him by midnight, nobody in the school will be hurt. Pansy Parkinson spots Harry, and stands, shrieking for someone to grab him; all of Gryffindor house rises in a mass, pointing wands at the Slytherins, almost immediately followed by all of Ravenclaw and Hufflepuff. Professor McGonagall announces that all of Slytherin house will be evacuated, though those of age in the other three houses are welcome to stay if they wish.

Prompted by Professor McGonagall, Harry again sets out in search of the Horcrux. A phrase nags at him: "not seen in living memory." Perhaps the ghosts would know, they have been around much longer than anyone else. Harry finds Nearly Headless Nick, and asks him where he might find the Ravenclaw house ghost. Somewhat miffed at having his own offer of help dismissed, Nick indicates The Grey Lady, and Harry eventually chases her down. Talking to her, he finds that she is the ghost of Rowena Ravenclaw's daughter, and that in life she had stolen her mother's diadem and hidden it in a forest in Albania. She ashamedly admits to having told one other student about it, many years before. Harry privately thinks that the Grey Lady is only one of many who have been hoodwinked by Tom Riddle. He now remembers having seen an old diadem before; he had, in fact, used it to mark the location in the Room of Requirement where he had hidden his Potions book the year before.

As he is returning to the Room of Requirement, Harry finds Ron and Hermione. Ron had opened the Chamber of Secrets by mimicking the sounds Harry had made to open the Locket, and Hermione had recovered several Basilisk fangs, using one of them to destroy the Cup Horcrux. The Trio return to the Room of Requirement to clear it out, finding Ginny, Mrs. Longbottom and Nymphadora Tonks there. Tonks demands to know where her husband Remus Lupin is, and Harry tells her he was planning on taking a group of fighters into the grounds. Mrs. Longbottom immediately goes to join in the battle, and Tonks to find her husband. Once Harry finally clears everyone out of the Room of Requirement, he re-opens it as the junk storage warehouse where he had placed the diadem. Harry, Ron, and Hermione enter and start searching for the diadem; as Harry finds it, however, he is cornered by Draco Malfoy and his sidekicks, Crabbe and Goyle, starting a skirmish in the room. The ensuing duel ends when Crabbe sets Fiendfyre, a magical fire that consumes all. Harry spots some old brooms, and the Trio mount them to escape; as they leave, though, Harry sees Malfoy and Goyle and rescues them, then sees the Diadem being thrown about by the Fiendfyre and grabs that as well. As they fly out into the corridor, the door slams shut behind them and vanishes. Now landed, Harry watches as the diadem screams thinly and falls apart. Hermione mentions that Fiendfyre is another of the very few things that will destroy Horcruxes.

Harry realizes that it is midnight, and the attack on the school has begun. Details are few and far between at first. Death Eaters, clearly based out of the Forbidden Forest, come streaming out in great numbers. They are flanked by giants and by the huge spiders of the forest. Curses and jinxes fly in every direction, lighting up the sky in green and red. The giants savagely attack the school, demolishing its walls in places. The spiders attack as well, swarming up the walls and into the holes created by the giants. Harry meets Percy and Fred in the halls; Percy jinxes Pius Thicknesse, saying that Thicknesse may consider that his resignation. An explosion shatters the walls, and falling stones kill Fred.

Voldemort is strangely missing from the battle as student and Order members fight side-by-side in small gangs. Battles rage in the main grounds, the Entrance Hall and outside the Great Hall. Even Peeves gets a piece of the action, hurling dangerous roots at the Death Eaters and taunting them. Hermione asks Harry to locate Voldemort; Harry enters Voldemort's mind and sees him dispatching a haggard Lucius Malfoy to fetch Severus Snape. Harry reports that Voldemort is in the Shrieking Shack.

Harry, Ron, and Hermione head for the Whomping Willow and the secret passage to the Shrieking Shack. Blocked by Dementors, Harry is rescued by Luna Lovegood, Seamus Finnigan and Ernie Macmillan casting Patronuses to drive them away. They are separated from the Trio by giants, and Harry, Hermione, and Ron enter the tunnel under the Whomping Willow alone.

In the Shrieking Shack, Harry sees Voldemort talking to Snape. Voldemort is disappointed in the performance of the Elder Wand that he had taken from Dumbledore's tomb. He clearly believes that the Wand currently owes allegiance to Snape because Snape had killed Dumbledore, and will not be fully Voldemort's until Snape dies. So saying, he throws Nagini at Snape. Nagini bites Snape, and Voldemort leaves with Nagini. Harry leaves concealment to try and help Snape. Snape releases a large quantity of memory, which Harry gathers in a crystal vial. Snape then dies, looking into Harry's eyes.

Suddenly, just as the Death Eaters were gaining the upper hand, the battle ceases; Voldemort calls his troops back. He issues a warning to all inside, telling them that if they do not hand over Harry Potter in one hour, he will order his troops to kill everyone in Hogwarts. Harry, Hermione, and Ron return to the school through the tunnel, and Hermione and Ron enter the Great Hall to mourn the losses of their friends, including Fred, Remus Lupin and Tonks. Harry, ashamed at the damage he has caused, takes the vial of memories to the headmaster's office and examines them with Dumbledore's Pensieve. In Snape's memories, Harry finds that Snape, always loyal to Dumbledore because of a promise he had made out of his unrequited love for Harry's mother, had been playing a dangerous double game, protecting Harry while pretending to be Voldemort's most loyal lieutenant, and that a shard of Voldemort's soul had broken off and adhered to Harry when Voldemort had tried to kill him. Dumbledore believes that Harry must be killed by Voldemort to destroy this soul shard.

Knowing that he must die, Harry now leaves the headmaster's office and heads for the Forbidden Forest. Passing Neville on the grounds, he tells Neville that if he does not return from where he is going, Voldemort's snake must be killed. Finding the Resurrection Stone inside the Golden Snitch that Dumbledore had left, Harry summons the shades of his father, mother, Lupin, and Sirius Black. They protect him from the Dementors as he walks through the forest. Reaching the Death Eaters' campsite, Harry drops the Resurrection Stone, and the shades vanish. Voldemort, spotting Harry, attempts to kill him.

Harry finds himself in a place that looks like King's Cross Station. There he speaks with Dumbledore, who tells him that the soul shard that had been stuck to him is now gone, and that Harry has the choice to go back and defeat Voldemort, or to go onwards. Harry chooses to go back, in the hopes of finally defeating Voldemort.

Returning to the Forbidden Forest, Harry plays dead. From what he hears, it seems that Voldemort has apparently also fallen unconscious, but is now reviving. He orders Narcissa Malfoy to examine Harry, to see if he is dead. Narcissa, hearing from Harry that Draco is still alive and in the school, and knowing that the only way to go to him is to end the war, lies to Voldemort, saying that Harry is dead. Voldemort forces Hagrid to carry Harry out of the forest and back to the school.

As the hour elapses, the forces inside Hogwarts are awaiting the next wave of attack when Voldemort's voice sounds around them. He presents Harry Potter's body to the assembled forces. Aghast, the Defenders of Hogwarts shriek their rage at the Dark Lord. Neville stands against the Dark Lord, and Voldemort brings the Sorting Hat from the Headmaster's office, forces it down over Neville's head, and sets it afire, declaring that only Slytherin House be at Hogwarts from now on. Neville produces the Sword of Gryffindor from the hat and cuts off Nagini's head, and the battle is renewed. This time the Hogwarts' forces are bolstered by the Centaurs, joining battle from the Forest; by the House Elves, who charge out of the Hogwarts kitchens bearing knives and attack the Death Eaters savagely; and by a crowd of reinforcements, led by Charlie Weasley and Slughorn, and apparently composed of the parents and neighbours of every child in Gryffindor, Ravenclaw, and Hufflepuff House from all over the country.

Most of the Death Eaters are quickly routed, until only Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange remain, both continuing to fend off those fighting them. Harry, under the Invisibility Cloak, follows the battle into the Great Hall. When Molly Weasley, protecting her children, kills Bellatrix Lestrange, Voldemort turns his wand on Molly. Harry, revealing himself as he shields Molly, gives Voldemort the chance to redeem himself; he refuses, and tries to kill Harry. His curse again rebounds, and Voldemort dies of his own killing curse.

Notable Consequences
Ron's suddenly thinking about the House-elves in the kitchens, and telling Hermione that they ought to warn them, is a turning point in their relationship. Hermione recognizes it as a sign of maturity, that Ron is now thinking of others, and it deepens her love for him.

The battle results, indirectly, in the destruction of the soul shard adhering to Harry, and of Nagini, Voldemort's final Horcrux. With the destruction of five Horcruxes prior to this, Voldemort's immortality is ended, and when Voldemort dies, it is permanent.

The death of Voldemort and many of his followers brings Voldemort's second reign of terror to an end. Wizarding Britain, which has been living in fear for the last two years, suddenly finds itself again free from the grasp of the Death Eaters and their leader, Lord Voldemort. Harry Potter, without a doubt one of the people most affected by the war, having lost parents, godfather, mentor, and many friends, now finds himself free of the burden that was placed on him before his birth, when the Prophecy named him as the only one that could defeat the Dark Lord. This will also give him freedom to pursue what he has always wished: a family of his own, which he hopes to find next to Ginny Weasley.

Analysis
One of the signs of Harry's increasing maturity is his treatment of the Hallows. As he confronts Voldemort, he knows that he has just released one of the Hallows to fall, unseen and irretrievable, on the forest floor; he is carrying another under his robe; and he believes the third, although it is in Voldemort's hand, currently owes its allegiance to him. During his walk through the forest, he has effectively united all three of the Hallows under his command, and so has, if the legend holds, conquered Death. When he faces Voldemort, he believes that he will die, and he is naturally afraid. A less mature wizard would have assumed the words of the legend were literal, and would have clutched the three Hallows to himself, in the belief that they would shield him from death. Harry knows that it is the man who is not afraid of Death who has truly conquered it, as death itself cannot be denied, but the fear of death is often far worse than death itself. Knowing this, Harry has decided that he will not allow the fear of death to prevent him from doing what he must, and with that decision has conquered death. Having done so, he no longer needs the Hallows, and we will see that he releases two of the three, keeping only the Cloak which he intends to pass on to his son.

Greater Picture
This being the climactic battle of the entire series, it must draw together all the dangling threads of the seven-book narrative. As a device to allow these threads to be drawn together and tied up, the battle actually has been written with an intermission. During this intermission, we first see Snape's memories of events, which explains many of the paradoxes surrounding Snape's actions, and finally reveals Snape's motivations throughout the entire series, as well as the riddle of Dumbledore's damaged hand in the previous year. Then, in the Waystation, Dumbledore ties up the threads involving the Hallows, Harry's soul fragment, and aspects of wandlore as they affect Harry through the story. A purist might suggest that this was an awkward way of getting the necessary information to us, but perhaps it is a measure of Rowling's skill that this device feels true to the nature of Snape, Voldemort, and Dumbledore. It does seem, however, that after having briefly decided to chart his own course, Harry is once again placed in a situation where he can only react to what is going on around him.

One thing that should be mentioned is that the soul fragment adhering to Harry, while it presumably would work like a Horcrux to hold the remnants of Voldemort's soul to the Earth, is not a Horcrux. There is more information on this in the Horcruxes topic, but in brief, indications are that the Elder Wand, even when wielded by its true master, does not have the necessary power to destroy a Horcrux. The fact that the soul fragment adhering to Harry is destroyed by the Elder Wand would argue that it is not a Horcrux. It is also true that the necessary magic to create a Horcrux and tie it completely to a physical object was not performed; Voldemort, dying from the rebounding spell that had been meant to kill Harry, would not have been able to perform that magic.


text:
Talk:LPI Linux Certification/LPIC2 Exam 201/Filesystems

"The sync utility can be used to force the change onto the partition, modern filesystem like ext3 or reiserfs sync the partition every time that a change is made so you don't need to issue the command manually."

ext3 and reiserfs are journaling filesystems and unless mounted with the right options definitely will not synchronously write data, only metadata consistency is guaranteed. 217.30.176.249 20:58, 25 July 2007 (UTC)


text:
Dichotomous Key/Hexanchiformes

1

 * Tissue on gill slits
 * Protruding - Chlamydoselachus anguineus
 * Not protruding -

2

 * Number of gills
 * Six -
 * Seven -

3

 * Number of pups in one litter
 * 22 to 108 - Hexanchus griseus
 * 13 or less - Hexanchus nakamurai

4

 * Spots
 * Present - Notorynchus cepedianus
 * Absent - Heptranchias perlo

title: Dichotomous Key/Hexanchiformes


text:
Norwegian/Appendix 3

Here are a few English-sounding/-looking Norwegian false friends, i.e. words whose meaning is not what you may think at first, coming from English.

title: Norwegian/Appendix 3


text:
Dichotomous Key/Actinopterygii

1

 * Spiracles
 * Present - Chondrostei
 * Either only remnants present or spiracles absent -

2

 * Spiracles
 * Remnants present - Holostei
 * Absent - Teleostei

title: Dichotomous Key/Actinopterygii


text:
Wikijunior:World at Work/Firefighter

fr:Wikijunior:Le monde au travail/Pompier

title: Wikijunior:World at Work/Firefighter


text:
User talk:203.206.253.218

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 07:45, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.206.253.218


text: Template:JET Database/Navigation

title: Template:JET Database/Navigation


text:
User talk:Rajib sahani

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 11:11, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Your pdf upload
This does not appear to be relevant to any Wikibooks text book, is a "preview" document apparently and is unlicensed. As such it has been deleted. -- Herby talk thyme 11:11, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rajib sahani


text:
User talk:68.41.162.181

Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is intended to be read without the need for external reference and requires content rather than external links particularly those which are for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links may include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that exist to attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page rather than re-adding it. See the welcome page to learn more about Wikibooks. Thank you. Webaware talk 12:48, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.41.162.181


text:
Talk:Citroën XM

I have posted to lists asking people to provide content. Can it be left a few more days? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 123.2.107.194 (talk • contribs) 13:27, 26 July 2007.

Transwiki:XM maintenance has been imported to Wikibooks, and could be useful as part of this wikibook. John Vandenberg (talk) 04:29, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Citroën XM


text:
Java Persistence

A book relating to the Java programming language.

Contents

 * 1) /Preface/
 * 2) /About Authors/
 * 3) /What is Java persistence?/
 * 4) /What is Java?/
 * 5) /What is a database?/
 * 6) /What is JPA?/
 * 7) /What is new in JPA 2.0?/
 * 8) /What is new in JPA 2.1?/
 * 9) /Other Persistence Specs/
 * 10) /Why use JPA or ORM?/
 * 11) Persistence Products, Which to Use?
 * 12) EclipseLink (Eclipse)
 * 13) Hibernate (RedHat)
 * 14) Open JPA (Apache)
 * 15) DataNucleus
 * 16) Ebean (SourceForge)
 * 17) TopLink Essentials (Glassfish)
 * 18) TopLink (Oracle)
 * 19) Kodo (Oracle)
 * 20) Mapping, Round Pegs into Square Holes
 * 21) /Tables/
 * 22) Identity, Primary Keys and Sequencing
 * 23) /Inheritance/
 * 24) Embeddables (Aggregates, Composite or Component Objects)
 * 25) Locking and Concurrency
 * 26) /Basic Attributes/
 * 27) /Relationships/
 * 28) OneToOne
 * 29) ManyToOne
 * 30) OneToMany
 * 31) ManyToMany
 * 32) Embedded
 * 33) Advanced Mappings
 * 34) ElementCollection (Embeddable Collections, Basic Collections)
 * 35) Variable Relationships (Heterogeneous, Interface)
 * 36) Nested Collections, Maps and Matrices
 * 37) /Advanced Topics/
 * 38) Events
 * 39) Views
 * 40) Interfaces
 * 41) Stored Procedures
 * 42) Structured Object-Relational Data Types
 * 43) XML Data Types
 * 44) Filters
 * 45) History
 * 46) Logical Deletes
 * 47) Auditing
 * 48) Replication
 * 49) Partitioning
 * 50) Data Integration
 * 51) NoSQL (and EIS, legacy, XML, and non-relational data)
 * 52) Multi-Tenancy
 * 53) Dynamic Data
 * 54) Runtime, Doing the Hokey Pokey (EntityManager)
 * 55) /Querying/
 * 56) JPQL
 * 57) Criteria API
 * 58) Persisting (Inserting, Updating, Merging)
 * 59) /Transactions/
 * 60) /Caching/
 * 61) /Packaging and Deploying/
 * 62) EJB
 * 63) Auditing and Security (User Authentication, Proxy Connections, VPD)
 * 64) /Servlets and JSPs/
 * 65) /WebServices/
 * 66) Java EE
 * 67) Oracle Weblogic
 * 68) Oracle Glassfish
 * 69) IBM Websphere
 * 70) Redhat JBoss
 * 71) /Spring/
 * 72) /OSGi/
 * 73) /Tomcat/
 * 74) /Clustering/
 * 75) /Databases/
 * 76) /Oracle/
 * 77) /PostgreSQL/
 * 78) /MySQL/
 * 79) /DB2/
 * 80) /SQL Server/
 * 81) NoSQL, EIS, and Non-relational Data Sources
 * 82) /Debugging/
 * 83) /Performance/
 * 84) /Tools/
 * 85) /NetBeans JPA Modeler/
 * 86) /Eclipse JPA (Dali)/
 * 87) /Testing/

title: Java Persistence


text:
User:Wavell/monobook.css

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title: User:Wavell/monobook.css


text:
User talk:G134dr~enwikibooks

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

If you have any questions about the Muggle's Guide in particular (specifically how we write things here and our set of standards), please leave me a message at my talk page. Thanks. -within focus 15:02, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called G134dr. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name G134dr~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:10, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:G134dr~enwikibooks


text:
Cookbook:Yardlong Bean

| Legumes

Yard long bean is another name for the long string bean.

title: Cookbook:Yardlong Bean