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Aros/Platforms/x86 installing

ISO Image
Virtualized AROS supports non accelerated vga graphics and some limited 2D and 3D. When configuring the VM always try to start with as less additional (and new) HW as possible (no sound, network, USB, ide instead of sata etc). From there you could try to work your way up.

64bit is work in progress but please use a 32 bit nightly or a configured distribution first. A nightly has some additional debug which can be seen by adding sysdebug=all to the selected grub-entry.

VirtualBox and VMWare doesn't emulate the CPU but does emulate all other periphery and not just implement standards. Influence of host operating system are the exception.

Vmware and virtualbox will simulate different hardware such as video, audio, network so depending on the support for those in the guest OS. So if AROS supports NIC A better than NIC B and vmware simulates NIC A and virtualbox simulates NIC B then you may get a better experience under vmware.

More information can be found here

Oracle Sun Virtual Box Install
VirtualBox (VBox) emulates a system, so your current machine's hardware is not important except VT (virtualization) must be set in the bios security section. So most desktop iCore intel or AMDs CPUs from 2011 and most laptop CPUs from 2013 onwards are best. Embedded chips are hit or miss though.

It can be described as virtualization CPU extensions (vmx==Intel, svm==AMD), in the bios as http://intel.com for VT-x & http://amd.com V-x or Virtualize Intel VT-x/EPT or AMD-V/RVI

Please make sure to enable VT in the system BIOS.

Specific emulated machine hardware can be set in VirtualBox config.

Please do not use any existing VBox vhd images, just create a 2Gb+ disk drive and boot the CD/DVD image in VBox and install from there. Create a new virtual machine with an empty vhd HDD Storage (a 5Gb HDD is plenty and it's far from being full), then mount the cd image of Icaros in VBox and boot your system (for "mounting" select the disc image from your VBox Storage virtual cd/DVD drive). Sharing network allows you to mount a windows share in AROS to easily exchange files.

The only settings changed from default were

 * Processor   -: Enable PAE/NX -> ON
 * Storage     -: Floppy -> OFF
 * Graphics    -: Enable 2D acceleration -> ON

The other options were already enabled -:

 * USB         -: version 1.1 OHCI
 * Acceleration -: Enable nested Page tables (maybe ghosted out)

Here's a good setup that can be use for Vbox

 * 1 CPU core (2 can be used if desired or stuttering occurs)
 * 2GB RAM (if you can spare it; 1GB is also okay)
 * 8GB HDD
 * 8MB to 128MB video RAM
 * Use AC'97 as emulated sound system (HD Audio sometimes works)
 * sometimes necessary to specify an older chipset such as PIIX3 (in both motherboard and storage sections)
 * only 1.1 OHCI USB seems to work

To install to a physical USB pen drive stick from a downloaded AROS iso image in Virtualbox. Install Extension as described below

Extension patch matched for VB 7.1 7.0 6.1 or 6.0 version

Under Windows, VirtualBox might be needed to run as Administrator. In linux/mac something similar sudo usermod -aG vboxusers log out and log in again (reboot computer)

just make sure you disable the USB device under the host OS like Windows, MAC or Linux, then add it in VB settings. Once you've done that just live boot from an iso (in VB) and run the AROS installer as normal, selecting the USB device as the install to media. The installed system will then boot from any system. Its also a method that will get AROS running on some systems that are otherwise tricky to get AROS to install on.

Issues
A P4 system, most definitely, does not have the virtualisation support i.e. slow. Most later CPUs (2006+) often needed a bios setting manually enabled for core2duo's, i's or athlon x2's, ryzen to do hardware virtualization. They were shipped with it disabled. This provides faster running speed.

VT-x is disabled in the BIOS for all CPU modes (VERR_VMX_MSR_ALL_VMX_DISABLED). You need virtualization Technology enabled in the Bios

 * Reboot your machine
 * Press Esc, F2 or F10 to enter BIOS.
 * Security-> System Security
 * Enable Virtualization Technology (VTx) and Virtualization Technology
 * Save and start the machine.

VT-x is disabled in the BIOS for both all CPU modes ... Select the Virtual device and choose Settings · Navigate to System and click the Processor tab · Tick the check-box, Enable PAE/NX · Click OK

Booting issues try disabling DMA from the GRUB's command line, it is known to cause several issues with virtualbox's IDE.

Here is the information to set custom screen resolution. VboxManage is actually a tool located in the installation folder of VirtualBox, you need to launch it from a command prompt with the above parameters in one line, changing "VM name" with the name of your virtual machine. The .xml file will be auto-magically updated then, no need to manual edit it.

VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" "CustomVideoMode1" "1400x1050x16"

VBoxManage list vms

To add the resolution:

VBoxManage setextradata "AROS Broadway" "CustomVideoMode1" "1920x1200x32"

VBoxManage startvm "Icaros Desktop"

Then in AROS, edited AROS:boot/grub/grub.cfg - copied an existing entry and changed it to 1920x1200 and made sure ATA=32bit,nodma

If you just want to exchange files between AROS and windows, use the following set up:
 * attached to : Host Only adapter
 * name : VirtualBox Host only adapter
 * Adapter : PCnet-FastIII (Am79C973)
 * MAC adress : ?????????????

In AROS choose HDCP and Use FileZila client from windows and Icaros default configuration for the FTP server.

The hang while booting AROS on VirtualBox 4.0.0 seems to be caused by the timer hardware emulation (again!) rather than anything ATA specific. ata_InitBus asks timer.device to wait for 100us but it never finishes. However, AROS programs the oldstyle PIT controller in a dynamic way, a way which new virtualbox don't like as it seems. VBox boots again if timer 0 is set to mode 0 or 3. I haven't tried this on real hardware yet though.

Proxmox Install
Proxmox VE is designed for enterprise servers without audio outputs. Either PCIe passthrough of an (on-board) sound device or setup audio via the (virtual) network.

cpu: [[cputype=] ] [,flags=<+FLAG[;-FLAG...]>] [,hidden=<1|0>] [,hv-vendor-id=] [,phys-bits=<8-64|host>] [,reported-model= ] athlon | core2duo | coreduo | host | kvm32 | kvm64 | max | pentium | pentium2 | pentium3 | phenom (default = kvm64)

CI Pass-through method using intel_iommu=on is important and iommu=pt is not good

Run below to check if the soundcard got its own IOMMU group pvesh get /nodes/{nodename}/hardware/pci --pci-class-blacklist ""

audio0: device= [,driver=]

 * ich9-intel-hda: emulates Intel HDA Audio on ICH9 chipsets
 * intel-hda: emulates Intel HDA Audio on ICH6 chipsets. Use if the ICH9 one does not work properly
 * AC97 intel 82801AA : useful for older OS`s like Windows XP

Might want to add to VM's .conf file

-device AC97,addr=0x18

-device intel-hda,id=sound5,bus=pci.0,addr=0x18 -device hda-micro,id=sound5-codec0,bus=sound5.0,cad=0 -device hda-duplex,id=sound5-codec1,bus=sound5.0,cad=1

For the SPICE audio driver to work, you're going to need the SPICE graphics driver

net[n]: [model=] [,bridge= ] [,firewall=<1|0>] [,link_down=<1|0>] [,macaddr=] [,mtu= ] [,queues= ] [,rate= ] [,tag= ] [,trunks=] [, = ]

Network Card Model. The virtio model provides the best performance with very low CPU overhead. If your guest does not support this driver, it is usually best to use ne2k_pci, rtl8139 or pcnet

model=

Changing it back to i440fx fixed network

Proxmox ref,

VMWARE Install
Ensure that CPU and bios supports EM64T (Extended Memory 64 Technology) and VT-x (Virtualization Technology)

VMware virtual machine is exactly the same virtual machine no matter what the host is. That's because VMware hooks just in the host CPU and exposes the model you have to the guest environment. But all the rest, including the USB controller (UHCI, EHCI or XHCI on newer versions), the ethernet NIC model and the sound card are EMULATED in a real emulator-fashion.

 * VMware 14
 * VMware Player 12.1 works
 * VMware 10
 * VMware 09
 * VMware 7.1 last xp version works

Create a new virtual machine with 1 core processor 256 mb ram minimum 6 gb IDE hardfile "other" OS type

mount Icaros Live CD/DVD iso image as a CD/DVD unit and install it as you would on a real machine

To Install to USB is compatible with most contemporary VMware desktop products like Workstation and Player (which is free and available both on Windows and Linux, but you'll need to dig a little in VMware website to find it), and the bare devices needed for installing Icaros onto a pendrive: a virtual DVD device and a USB controller, already configured to use USB 1.1 speed only - since 2.0 under VMware is kind of broken in AROS, at the moment.

Have to change "insert DVD" with "mount DVD ISO in VmWare" when required.

It will create a .vmx file of the desired size and attributes. You use it as main disk and install AROS on there.

It is advised to disable (unmount) the USB device before closing/rebooting AROS

QEmu Install
Icaros Full and Light have a QEmu setup included within.

Qemu on Windows also not really recommended because it does not support KVM (I didn't know that before) so its VERY slow, and qemu does not support USB on windows (2015)

qemu-img create icaros.img 40968M

qemu -cdrom icaros.img -had icaros.img -m 256 -boot d

qemu -had /wherever/AROS/image/kept/icaros.img -m 384

-net nic,model=e1000 -net nic,model=rtl8139 -net nic,model=ne2k_pci

-soundhw es1370 -soundhw all

Have used the following as complete Qemu start command, which have worked for most operating systems

qemu -no-quit -smp 1 -m 512M -soundhw all -USB -net nic,model=rtl8139 -net user

Creating HardDisk AROS: qemu-img create AROS.img xxxMB

Install AROS: qemu-system-i386.exe -drive file=AROS.img -soundhw ac97 -cpu "qemu32" -m 1024 -vga std -netdev user,id=mynet0 -device pcnet,netdev=mynet0 -usb -cdrom C:\Users\Win7\Desktop\aros-pc-i386.iso -boot d

Start HD AROS qemu-system-i386.exe -drive file=AROS.img -soundhw ac97 -cpu "qemu32" -m 1024 -vga std -netdev user,id=mynet0 -device pcnet,netdev=mynet0 -usb

Start HD + CD/DVD qemu-system-i386.exe -drive file=AROS.img -soundhw ac97 -cpu "qemu32" -m 1024 -vga std -netdev user,id=mynet0 -device pcnet,netdev=mynet0 -usb -cdrom C:\Users\Win7\Desktop\aros-pc-i386.iso

qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -L. -M "pc" -m 2048 -cpu qemu64 -vga vmware -serial vc -parallel vc -name "AROS64" -drive file=aros64.img,index=0,media=disk -boot c -drive file=../T100pUAD/T100pUAD.iso,index=1,media=cdrom -boot d -soundhw ac97 -net nic,vlan=0,model=pcnet -net user,vlan=0 -USB -localtime

For older QEmus

$ qemu-img create AROS.img 2G $ qemu-system-i386 -cdrom distfiles/aros-pc-i386.iso -serial stdio -m 1024 -had AROS.img

PS: if QEMU can see your C:\ drive as a FAT device, you can mount it on AROS. But you've better using ftp. launch qemu install IcAROS on a virtual hard drive of Qemu enter prefs/ConfigIP choose "manual configuration" change AROS IP address according to your local network/machine save and reboot launch FileZilla on Windows configure a entry for the IcAROS machine (use active transfers mode) transfer file to/from AROS IcAROS has a special place (PUB:) for handling files. The ftp server is on the AROS side, it's loaded at boot time and accepts connection to the PUB: directory. Use this place to keep your files and then move 'em wherever you want. If you want to get files FROM AROS, just place 'em in PUB: launch FileZilla on windows and get 'em with it.

Issues
absolutely do not use USB-hubs, USB-switches etc. also try all USB-ports. Remove as much devices from same USB header as possible.

You could also try USB-legacy mode in bios.

If you have done all of that and it still does not work than you are one of the unlucky people that have a problem with USB-support for your USB-device and/or chipset

The 32bit.bat file contains the -USB switch. But that's not nearly enough to have Icaros give you access to the USB stick. The switch won't automount or do anything to your plugged in USB stick. It doesn't appear, whether you plug it before, after qemu starts, after or before you reach workbench, whatever. Qemu won't autoload the USB that's connected, worst, Kqemu doesn't solve or optimize that whatsoever.

To make sure your keyboard is set correctly make sure that the corresponding values are like the ones below:

Keyboard=en-us KeyboardIndex=5

Should you find that some of your keys do not work or "press" the wrong key (in particular, the arrow keys), you likely need to specify your keyboard layout as an option. The keyboard layouts can be found in /usr/share/qemu/keymaps.

qemu -k [keymap] [disk_image]

If you don't hear any sound in QEMU 0.10.x, you'll have to set QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=fmod (available: dsound; fmod; sdl; none ; wav (dump to file) - see QEMU documentation for information.

Microsoft Virtual PC
still being tested...

Parallels Desktop Lite
tried both the 386 and x86-64 ISOs but both show the (Grub?) startscreen for selecting GFX, and both fail to black window regardless of the resolution used

Install to USB Pendrive
Covered VirtualBox to add hardware USB support above and for ease of use and portability, USB installs are probably the best option for most users.

A PDF manual can be found on the Icaros Desktop site.

Aros Installer
make sure DU0: is selected or else your hard drive data might vanish instead. In fact, to be safe, always double check these options BEFORE clicking proceed.

Start from a clean USB pendrive: no partitions at all, use the wipe option from InstallAROS to clear the USB pendrive

A few times the existing non-AROS partitions are still there after the wipe. So remove the USB drive, re-insert it and start installAROS again.

make sure DU0: is selected or else your hard drive data might vanish instead. In fact, to be safe, always double check these options BEFORE clicking proceed.

Choose 'only use free space' option from the AROSInstall app. OK. Setup how many partitions needed and note DU0 being displayed

Before rebooting, open SYS:Tools/HDToolbox and look under usbscsi device to see if a PC-EBR and AROS RDB partition(s) has been created. If not start InstallAROS again which sometimes does the job.

'Use existing AROS Partitions'

Things to keep in mind...

 * There are additional issues with U3 partitions and other extra/hidden partitions already existing that Sandisk and others in the past have used. They can be removed or BETTER assign the AROS partition to unit number 1 or higher.
 * Do not under ANY circumstances change the name of the boot volume or the install won't work
 * using default install selecting usbscsi.device and unit 0 or 1 - needs to match the physical unit number see HDToolBox to investigate
 * don't try Freedroid or any SDL program whilst making your USB stick as it causes the whole machine to freeze/slow.
 * You may need to use this utility to recover a damaged corrupted usb drive or use the HP boot utility. Please note these have not been tested under Windows and should be virus checked before use.

Before installing AROS, you may want to add a FAT16 or FAT32 partition, to aid copying files between various operating systems...

1. boot windows or use Linux GParted (Primary Partition Fat32)

2. right click on My Computer, choose Manage > System > Disk management.

3. Click on the pendrive's blank space

4. create a small FAT volume on it (0.5 to 1Gb), and quick format it in simple FAT mode

If a FAT Partition is not required...

1. boot into AROS from a CD image and then plug in the USB pendrive.

2. Double click with the mouse on AROSInstall on the screen

3. Choose Use Free Space with arrow keys or mouse

4. Change IDE option to USB. To the right, usbscsi device should now show (DH0: should change to DU0:)

5. choose to create a new AROS partition, create a 500MB partition for nightlies or a 2GB+ partition for Icaros (for example a small DU0: for sys: and larger DU1: for Extras:)

7. reboot when required - AROS will load again - make sure that a desktop icon with a name of Aros shows

8. launch AROSInstall again by double clicking with left mouse button, choose use existing aros partitions, if DU1: created tick choose use Work: partition for

make sure DU0: is selected or else your hard drive data might vanish instead. In fact, to be safe, always double check these options BEFORE clicking proceed.

Manually via HDtoolBox

 * Physical media device e.g. Hard Disk, usb, etc
 * Partition table types (either UEFI newest or MBR old)
 * Partitions - however many sub disks you need and the sizes can vary up to the size of the physical media
 * Filesystem - usually NTFS (windows), ext3 / ext4 (Linux) or hfs+ Journaled (Mac OSX) and SFS on AROS
 * Files - your stuff

Read more here.

If an icon does not show on the desktop after using InstallAros, you will be left with the only option using HDToolBox.

Double click on sys:Tools/HdToolBox and you are presented with two windows - left hand side (LHS) the drives and to the right (RHS) information regarding the drives.

In the left hand side window (LHS) double click on usbscsi.device and it will change to show the Units (could show as the name of the device) that are available, click one of these to show the Partitions already on the drive.

There can be three 'layers' of Partitions - top layer is primary/extended partitions, followed by another lot in the extended one and finally within that are the DH0: DH1: (hard disk) DU0: DU1: (usb stick pen drive)

So selecting the right layer. Select the last Partition and click on the Add Entry button below. Add Entry presents a window with four conditions along the top - Unselected Empty, Selected Empty, Unselected Used, Selected Used and a long track underneath with represents the total storage capacity available and this is where the above four states are shown in various positions on the device according to how you setup

select the empty space (usually to the right) on the long track and click OK

* Partition 0

don't worry about it showing another partition 0 as it gets renamed when you save later.

select it and choose Resize/Move button if the partition is of the incorrect measurement - click on the partition on the long track that needs resizing and change the size in gigabytes G on the lower RHS gadget and press return (typical MUI behavior). The track information should change to indicate the correct partition size. Click OK.

* S Partition 0 shows that something has changed or amended

Select the new partition 0 and Click Create Table and click on one selection of RDB, PC-MBR or PC-EBR. Highlight one and click OK

 * If PC-MBR primary chosen for FAT32 partitions (limit of 3 or 4 slots)
 * If PC-EBR extended chosen for AROS partitions to save running out of PC-MBR 'spaces'
 * If RDB Amiga/AROS special, select 'Change Type' button and select AROS RDB Partition Table

Click Change Type for the filesystem used on this partition and a requester shows with type already set to 0x30 (Aros Installer default). It needs to be changed to 0x2f in the lower zune (mui) text box ie SFS BE (Smart File System) partition, press return/enter key and click OK

select SFS BE for historic reasons
 * Old Filesystem
 * Fast Filesystem
 * Fast Filesystem (intl)
 * Smart Filesystem BE (PowerPC Amiga etc)
 * Smart Filesystem LE (IBM PCs)

Go up a level - Click Rename if DH0 is not the correct device (used quite often).

If you need to go to the top of the left hand side window where there are two white .. or the Parent button which means going up in terms of information (ie. Partitions (DU0, AROS, PC) -> Units (Named) -> Devices Driver #?.device)

Click on Switches button and tick
 * Active for partition table use usually (usually on the primary/extended layer ie not used often)
 * Automount for most DH? or DU? and Bootable used on one DH0 or DU0 only - then click on OK

Selecting back to the usbscsi.device or Units display info but not double clicking will allow the Save Changes box to become available. Save Changes.

The new partition is not automatically formatted. Open a shell (right win key and w) - type assign to see if one or more USBSCSIxPy has been set up (take a note of the x and y are numbers).

format DEVICE USBSCSIxPy: Name Aros QUICK

assign DU?: USBSCSIxPy: ? in the amiga world represents a character (in this case a number) just like dos and linux use *

Summary

Usual sequence of Button pressings = Add Entry - Resize/Move - Create Table - Change Type - Rename - Switches

 * Partition Table - needed for most 'Add Entry' except the last bit adding devices DH0, DH1, DH2, DU0, DU1, DU2 etc
 * Partitions - auto set depending on how many 'Add Entry' made
 * Partition Type - needed for each 'Add Entry'
 * Active - set one partition (usually PC-EBR which usually includes the AROS RDB Partition Table one)
 * Bootable - for your DH0 or DU0 via Switches button
 * Autoboot - for all your DH? or DU? via Switches button (? in this case represents a number starting from 0)

Add RDB Table partition

Add Entry - Create Table - Change Type - Switches

Add AROS Partitions

Add Entry - Resize/Move - Change Type - Rename - Switches

You can have four primary partitions, or three primaries and one extended. The extended can be split into up to more than 60 logical partitions, the amount supported is OS dependent. These are the rules that Microsoft created, and that MS-DOS implemented. Microsoft OSes will not allow you to create another extended partition if there is already an extended partition in the MBR.

An example of finished stick with 2 FAT partitions and unallocated on Unit 0 or other higher numbers if more than 1 device tethered
 * primary Fat32 Partition Table: PC-MBR Partition Type: Win95 FAT32
 * primary Fat32 Partition Table: PC-MBR Partition Type: Win95 FAT32
 * unallocated

Using AROSInstall turns the rest of the unallocated space into an extended partition to save losing more PC-MBR slots (max 3 or 4) partition with Partition Table: RDB (rigid disk block) and using a Partition Type: AROS RDB Partition Table DU0: Partition Table: Unknown Partition Type: SFS BE filesystem - Switches Bootable and Automount DU1: Partition Table: Unknown Partition Type: SFS BE filesystem - Switches Automount Unallocated if all the space within the extended partition is not used
 * partition Partition Table: PC-EBR and using a Partition Type: Extended

Grub4DOS
grub4dos can already boot the kernel via the floppy image

title AROS find --set-root --ignore-floppies /boot/aros-pc-i386.img map --mem /boot/aros-pc-i386.img (fd0) map --hook chainloader (fd0)+1 rootnoverify (fd0)

As soon as the fat-handler is romable all you would have to do is extract to a fat USB drive and use grub4dos. :)

should (in theory) be possible to just dump the AROS files on a Fat32 formatted key and use grub4dos to boot, but otherwise hopefully this will provide an easy route for some.

Unfortunately, that (making a 'stock' USB image) doesn't work for many systems:

 * USB flash drives with hardcoded geometries
 * USB flash drives that are no-MBR, FAT only - they exist, and they turn into little bricks if you put on a MBR or NTFS - SanDisk Industrial CF devices used to do this too.
 * USB flash drives with wear levelling logic that only works if they are FAT formatted - These are even more fun. They seem all fast and speedy when using FAT, but go very slow with any other FS. - And they wear out faster.

Installing to Hard Disc

 * Set up Partitions

 * Installing to a Partition

 * Booting from that and other partitions

UEFI bios with Globally Unique Identifer (GUID) Partition Table (GPT) Disks untested
DO NOT USE at the moment - WORK IN PROGRESS (WIP)

 * Legacy ONLY [msdos partitioning table] with CSM mode set to ON
 * UEFI + Legacy [GPT partitioning table] with CSM mode set to ON
 * UEFI ONLY [GPT partitioning table] with CSM mode set to OFF

Inside the EFI firmware - Boot from UEFI to Legacy  or   Security -> Secure Boot SB disabled and CSM Legacy enabled and reboot

Press ESC or F2 or F10 or Del depending on the hardware to gain entry into the EFI.

Please check that Secure Boot can be disabled and CSM enabled.

There has been no time to complete GPT partition table handling (it's currently read-only, you can install AROS onto a GPT partition but you have to use 3rd party tools to partition the drive). Writing GPT is currently enabled, but DO NOT TRY THIS. It WILL destroy your partition table!!! CRC and backup table are not updated!!!

With the introduction of the EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) and UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface ie EFI v2) specification based hardware around 2012 which replaced older computers based on the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) boot and its associated MBR (Master Boot Record).

The EFI brought GUID Partition table (GPT) based partitions which Windows(TM) 7 and 8 now use. AROS had an update to the partition.library to support "GUID Partition Table" format disks added by Sonic Amiga in 2011/12.

GUID should not to be confused with UUID

 * MBR legacy from the MS-DOS days
 * UEFI spec

You MUST pay attention to your boot mode: BIOS/CSM/MBR/legacy or EFI/UEFI.

GPT does not have primary and logical (and therefore extended) partitions, but just partitions (if choosing the partition type gpt)

AROS does not have systemd-boot ndboot for uefi drives

Grub does not understand GPT partition tables and needs to be tricked into starting from one. You need to create a very small partition at the start of your disk to hold the grub stage2, (or stage1.5 if you would like to start stage2 from /boot).

Grub should store its configuration data on the EFI System Partition (ESP) aka EFI boot partition (type EF00). If your computer came with Windows pre-installed, an ESP should already exist, and you can use it in AROS and Linux. If not, create an ESP of around 550MiB or little more in size. Create a FAT32 filesystem on it and give the partition a "boot flag."

Although partition sizes are no longer an issue (greater than 128GB), the filesystem size limitations (SFS) now come into play.

Boot Manager and Boot loader functions are usually both covered by the latest GRUB, GRUB2, rEFInd or Elilo

NB. You need a BIOS boot partition for a BIOS native install to GPT. You need an EFI system partition for a UEFI native install. You don't need either for a BIOS native install to MBR. You never need both.

…set root=(hdX,gptY)…

menuentry “OS name” { set root=(hdX,gptY) chainloader +1 }

If you install windows 7 or 8 from DVD media onto a fresh unpartitioned disk it will convert your HDD to GPT partition table and dual boot will be almost impossible... (or will give you a lot of headache) to avoid this, dump the win7 iso to an USB using Windows 7 USB/DVD Download Tool or have the disk setup as bios/mbr partitions first. Installing from USB should not change the hdd into a GPT partition table based partitions.

As a last resort, a protected MBR allows booting from a legacy BIOS, and protects GPT from GPT-unaware utilities (such as fdisk) NB. Choose the option to create a new partition table. Choose MSDOS from the list. Hit ok than apply/commit all changes. ATTENTION this will erase all your data and MS Windows (or any other OS) will disappear from your hard disk. Your HDD is now converted from GPT to MSDOS (MBR type). You can now boot your preferred distro, create your partition scheme in the old way. This could possibly void your warranty, so check with the hardware vendor first.

Windows is a little trickier, since it ties its partition table type to its boot mode -- Windows boots in BIOS mode only from MBR disks and in EFI mode only from GPT disks. Thus, switching the Windows boot mode requires changing the partition table and installing a new boot loader.

There's a lot of complexity in any triple-boot setup, and the partition table types and boot modes of most of your OSes One is to convert both Windows and Ubuntu to boot in EFI mode. Another is a hybrid setup using reFind

set root=(hd0,gpt3) chainloader (hd0,gpt3)/System/Library/CoreServices/boot.efi

DB DBX and SB (KEK and PK) options are not signed allocated keys options for AROS yet due to Microsoft(TM) Revenue generating fee.

BIOS boot and MBR based Legacy Partitions
Best NOT to use WIPE with other partitions on a hard drive

Usually a hard drive needs to be partitioned (i.e. make space available within a hard drive's capacity) for any operating system (OS) to be installed. But AROS requires that 5GB, 10GB or more are left unpartitioned i.e. empty at the end of the drives' capacity. You do NOT have to create partitions, the installer will do that automatically. SFS filesystem that AROS currently uses has a partition size limit of 120GB but it can be anywhere on a larger hard drive with other partitions.

The AROSInstall program, using free space option, has also on its' first page an option tick to set up a Work (DH1:) partition. Then a reboot. On the first page again, select use AROS partitions. After the bootblock, locales and other dev packages tick page, there is another page with two/three tick options for using/installing/formatting to Work (DH1:). Please read these pages carefully to use properly.

One Hard Disk Drive
If the whole hard drive is one big windows partition, then a partition utility can be used to shrink the partition down in size. Care must be taken or you take the risk of rendering the drive inoperable especially with Windows Vista. If you are in any doubt, do not change anything or maybe think about an USB drive install instead.

For XP, you just right click on "My Computer" and choose Manage > storage > disk management, then resize the XP partition. Leave some free unpartitioned space at the end of the drive, say 10 or 20 GBs, and AROS will use it for its own partition when you'll install it. Other examples are gparted in Linux and Vista Resize.

Two or more Hard Disk Drives
These are the important steps to perform on your PC if you want to install AROS on second Hardisk "without the DualBoot":

 * Using a Partition Editor Delete all partitions from the Hardisk you want to use for AROS
 * After deleting the partitions, make the Hardisk RAW, this is done with a Partition Editor with the Wipe command, without this procedure many HDs or Pendrives will not Boot, GRUB corrupted.

Wipe does not need to be done for the whole hardisk, it would take a long time, important to do it for the first 500 MB or 1GB. The Wipe will clean the old Bootloader stored on HD well.

 * Having done this unplug the primary Hardisk where Windows is installed (to avoid doing damage), and in its place plug in the second Hardisk.

 * From the Bios enable SATA to AHCI switching.

Boot AROS from DVD or PendriveLive, run installAROS and install AROS, leave SFS filesystem set (best choice)

 * After the installation is finished turn off the PC and connect the 2 Harddisks (in SATA Mode, no need to set AHCI anymore), the one where you installed AROS you can put it wherever you want, then from the Windows Boot Menu you can choose which one to boot, by default it will boot the operating system set to SATA 1

To use the "drivemap" command and "chainloading" because my configuration is:

- Bios-Booting hard-disk - first partition = AROS - 2nd hard-disk - first partition = Windows XP

First of all found it odd but if you have a hard-disk on the 2nd IDE channel, but is set as first boot device on BIOS, grub will see it as "(hd0,1)" = first hard-disk.

So, since Windows doesn't like to be booted from a 2nd hard-disk, had to use command "drivemap -s (hd0) (hd1) as described above.

An example entry in Grub.cfg is:

menuentry "Windows XP-SP3 ENG" { drivemap -s (hd0) (hd1) insmod chain insmod ntfs set root=(hd1,1) chainloader +1 }

Note that even after using the "drivemap" command to swap the drives, the Windows hard-disk is still seen as (hd1,1) = 2nd hard-disk, first partition.

To check how your hard-disk partitions are seen by grub you can simply enter in command-line mode and type "ls" command to list all partitions, then "ls (hd1,1)" for example to see the information on the partition.

There are ways to editing the bios every time, but it's much faster and nice to select the OS on Grub menu IMHO. Most old MB Bioses do have a boot-menu pressing F8 or F12 at boot time, but you can choose only HD, removable devices (CD-ROM) or network boot, and if you choose hard-disk, it won't let you choose which one, taking always the first-ide channel.

Read more here or Double-click on InstallAROS application icon (then read the Icaros manual)!! and here essential reading for Acer Aspire A110/A150 9 inch users

Manual Install
Not recommended but an option

An alternative is to use Linux to create the partitions, you can skip the RDB and create two primary/logical partitions for AROS in Linux with type 2F hex. The partitions will be called "ATAxPy:" in AROS, where x is the ata.device unit number and y is the partition number. The AROS shell command "Assign DEVICES" will show you their names so you won't have to guess.

Created First partition ( 20 GB ) on SDAy partition, with 0x2F ID. Zeroed under linux ( dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sday) to be sure to destroy any data on this partition.

Boot Icaros ( 1.3.x ) release and did the following :

Checked partition ready in system - open a shell and assign, and saw a partition called 'ATA0P0'.

format DRIVE ATA0P0: name Aros QUICK

assign DH0: ATA0P0:

And launched the installer and installed the basic system. Did a reboot and checked that all files are there.

Install-grub2-i386-pc ata.device UNIT=0 GRUB=SYS:boot/grub

Install-grub2-i386-pc usbscsi.device UNIT=0 GRUB=SYS:boot/grub

You should check beforehand that device and UNIT is correct else errors may occur

Errors
VESA display options do not have scrolling debug output though

Once AROS is installed, you may need to edit the grub boot option. It is found in SYS:boot/grub/grub.cfg. Or you can use the cursor/arrow keys on the boot screen to move up and down. Press e to edit. Ctrl and X to exit.

To check how your hard-disk partitions are seen by grub you can simply enter in command-line mode and type "ls" command to list all partitions, then "ls (hd1,1)" for example to see the information on the partition.

 * Grub2 Picture Editing

NB. After my install crashed, I decided to reinstall. When booting the Icaros Install DVD (pendrive), Icaros looks at the hard drive, which it's supposed to, but for some reason it loads some of the settings from the hard drive, which since my hard drive wouldn't boot, neither would the install disc.

Also in a VM it makes it not want to install with a window stating that I needed to boot from the install disc, or if not that, it would stop within a few files stating that the drive was in an invalid state. This even made making a pendrive extremely difficult.

Suggestion. The Install Icaros application should be fixed not to load any settings from the hard drive whatsoever, and if it does, some way of informing the user would be nice. That would help immensely.
 * Adding and using bootdevice= from grub is advised.

The AROS Installer should also warn us with a Message saying "You have chosen AHCI Mode to install but AROS does not fully support this yet. The install may fail! Use SATA drive in IDE mode instead."

The native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub/cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use.

The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative, older version provided: Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub/cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use.

Also, the option "Wipe Disk" should read "Wipe Disk (Create AROS Partitions)" to be more specific. I would have used it the first time but I thought it could only "Clean" the disk!

The "noacpi" boot option causes all PCI devices to be invisible to AROS. Although disk drives may still work, network, sound etc. drivers won't.

Changing video resolution may cause a crash, especially when using the Intel GMA driver. I'm not sure if the new resolution will still be saved for the next boot. If not, you can work around the problem by temporarily switching to Wanderer in Icaros preferences.

Some VirtualBox settings are incompatible with AROS. Do not select ICH9 or ICH6 chipsets, nor SATA drives. Only use AC97 audio.

Some other caveats are:
 * booting with ntfs driver and installed windows (although that should have been fixed). AROS tried to load from ntfs partition (and of course failed).
 * moving files around partitions with old directory Opus (not magellan). No direct cause, just experience that it eventually _will_ break your filesystem. Just remove the button to prevent moving files around by accident.

Unknown root partition - Error 100
Getting a "Could Not Open Root Partition", "Unknown Error 100" when trying to install Aros.

 * Some Sandisk 8GB and 16GB were a problem until you deleted the FAT partition already on the usb drive (did not work if resizing) and using another partition creator (like Linux GParted) to create a new Primary Fat32 partition. Afterwards, AROSInstall would then create the PC Extended AROS RDB partitions correctly. Icaros 1.3 can only install to one partition but 1.4 should install to dual partitions.
 * If the partitions have been created with Windows(TM), please use ArosInstaller. It is Aros Installer that gives the error. That happens when the unit number is wrong. You can use HDToolBox to find out the correct unit number (although InstallAROS should be able to figure it out by itself in theory: maybe your RAID set-up is confusing it). Another reason could be that a partition editor like linux gparted or dos PartitionMagic has created a moveable? 1mb partition which is confusing the partition numbering system. It could also be that the partitions can no longer be detected. Check with a LiveCD of Linux or Haiku and use TestDisk with care to investigate.
 * Sounds like AROS doesn't detect your HD. Add the option debug=memory to the GRUB config, and then when you boot, run "Tools/Debug/Bifteck to T:boot.log" in a shell. If you can, post the log to Aros-Exec (e.g. put it on a USB flash drive); if you can't get it off your AROS PC, just post some of the "[ATA]" lines from it.
 * Also, does your AROS GRUB entry have "enableusb"? Without this any USB is not setup.
 * There's probably a bug or incompatibility in ata.device then. The only potential short-term fix I can suggest is to try setting the drive to SATA mode in the BIOS.

DMA Error
Volume 'AROS' (DH0: ata.device, unit 0)

There was an error while accessing this volume: DMA error. The transferring of data to/from the device failed.

Errorcode = 41 io_Command = 49152 io_Offset = 239738880 io_Length = 8192 io_Actual = 0

 * Try ATA=32bit,nodma or ATA=nodma on the grub boot line (e to edit and Ctrl-X to reboot).
 * Test DVD for corruptions or reburn at lower 4x speeds
 * Incompatible Hard Drive e.g. some Maxtors, etc

Freezes/stops at [ATA--] ata_Scan: Waiting for Buses to finish Initialising

ATA=32bit,nopoll

ATA=nodma,nopoll,32bit

ATA=32bit,nopoll,nolegacy

If you don't need ATA, you can edit the GRUB entry and set

ATA=nopci,nolegacy

If issues with SATA hard drives drives

add "nosata2pata" in the ATA part of the grub line

No bootable media

 * Try a reboot (nearly always works)
 * press space bar whilst booting, try all the boot options, including booting without a startup-sequence
 * use a CD or DVD boot disc to access the drive (especially with usb drives - unplug and plug in again)
 * or as a last resort, reinstall grub either through the AROSInstaller (make sure that only the Boot Block Loader is ticked) or manually below (best avoided unless you know what you are doing)

After AROS install, add already installed OS to AROS grub
Please install other OS's and leave the install of AROS to the last one. AROS currently requires its own implementation of grub to boot. AROS grub detects the Windows partition but others need to be added. Other installed OS's would be added to the AROS version of grub. Please edit Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg

First hard drive          Linux     Grub1   Grub2

First primary partition	 /dev/sda1 (hd0,0) (hd0,1) Second primary partition /dev/sda2 (hd0,1) (hd0,2) Third primary partition /dev/sda3  (hd0,2) (hd0,3) Extended partition	 /dev/sda4 First logical partition	 /dev/sda5 (hd0,4) (hd0,5) Second logical partition /dev/sda6 (hd0,5) (hd0,6) Third logical partition	 /dev/sda7 (hd0,6) (hd0,7)

Second hard drive

First primary partition	 /dev/sda8 (hd1,0) (hd1,1) Second primary partition /dev/sda9 (hd1,1) (hd1,2) Third primary partition /dev/sda10 (hd1,2) (hd1,3) Extended partition	 /dev/sda11 First logical partition	 /dev/sda12 (hd1,4) (hd1,5) Second logical partition /dev/sda13 (hd1,5) (hd1,6) Third logical partition	 /dev/sda14 (hd1,6) (hd1,7)

In grub console, use  ls -l   to show the various partitions on the drive and each uuid

Normally, grub-mkconfig will generate menu entries that use universally-unique identifiers (UUIDs) to identify various filesystems to search for files

the root variable will also have been set to the root device name, so prefix might be set to ‘(hd0,1)/boot/grub’, and root might be set to ‘hd0,1’

Grub 2.04
menuentry "Windows XP" { insmod ntfs search --set=root --label WINDOWS_XP --hint hd0,msdos1 ntldr /ntldr }

menuentry "Windows 7" { insmod ntfs search --set=root --label WINDOWS_7 --hint hd0,msdos2 ntldr /bootmgr }

menuentry "OS using grub2-legacy" { insmod ext2 search --set=root --label OS2 --hint hd0,msdos6 legacy_configfile /boot/grub/menu.lst }

Search devices by file (-f, --file), filesystem label (-l, --label), or filesystem UUID (-u, --fs-uuid).

Argument to search after –label is FS LABEL. You can also use UUIDs with –fs-uuid UUID instead of –label LABEL. You could also use direct root=hd0,msdosX but this is not recommended due to device name instability.

The ‘search.file’, ‘search.fs_label’, and ‘search.fs_uuid’ commands are aliases for ‘search --file’, ‘search --label’, and ‘search --fs-uuid’ respectively.

Grub 2.02beta
menuentry "Linux" { set root='hd0,x' linux /boot/vmlinuz-x.xx.x initrd /boot/initrd.img-x.xx.x

menuentry "Haiku" { set root='hd0,x' chainloader +1 boot }

menuentry "FreeDOS" { set root='hd0,x' chainloader +1 boot }

menuentry "memtest" { set root='hd0,x' knetbsd	/boot/memtest86+.elf }

menuentry "memtest" { set root='hd0,x' linux16	/boot/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8 }

Grub 1.97 (Grub 2)
menuentry "Linux Distro with generic" { set root=(hd0,x) linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.27-11-generic root=UUID=6f78a220-070b-4d52-81d1-3361818bc614 ro quiet splash initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.27-11-generic }

Replace UUID with your system's own unique number. You will have to write it down before hand or use Linux LiveCD to look it up from Linux grub menu entry (/boot/grub/grub.cfg) There you will find also the correct kernel version of your Linux installation.

menuentry "Newer Puppy x.xx" { set root=(hd0,x) linux /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda3 ro vga=normal initrd /boot/initrd.img }

If using an USB pen drive as the hard disk, you could setup the first and maybe second partitions as fat32. A Puppy Linux live CD contents could be put into a directory on one or more of these fat32 partitions and use Grub4DOS to be set up on one or more of these fat partition(s) (PBS option not whole drive).

MBR of whole drive - AROS' version of grub goes here partition1 (hd0,1) MBR of partition1 fat32 - grub4DOS could go here partition2 (hd0,2) MBR of partition2 fat32 - grub4DOS could go here

partition5 (hd0,5) amiga1 sfs aros sub-partitions amiga2 sfs aros sub-partitions

Whilst in AROS - an example to add to Arch/PC/boot/grub/grub.cfg (may have to turn on Show ALL Files to see this)

set root=(hd0,1) chainloader +1 boot

in grub, type

root (hd

(don't press Enter yet) and then hit tab once or twice to see what hard drives Grub can see.

The USB device, if it's recognized, will probably be hd1 if hard disk installed or hd0 if not.

Don't specify a partition number; just add a closing parenthesis. So the line will be root (hd1). Then after that, type the following:

chainloader +1 boot

Having installed Linux first (Ubuntu, etc.), you will find installing AROS next will replace the linux installed grub boot and will no longer show Linux as an option.

One option to get around this is to install the boot (grub, lilo, etc) on the Linux Partition itself (root) rather than to the MBR. Let AROS install to the MBR as it always does and set root and chainloader +1 to get to the Linux boot options. It does lead to two boot options being made rather than one.

To check how your hard-disk partitions are seen by grub you can simply enter in command-line mode and type "ls" command to list all partitions, then "ls (hd1,1)" for example to see the information on the partition as well as the UUID.

After Haiku has installed and bootmon (not used)?... Install AROS and add the following to /boot/grub/grub.cfg - changing the x in hd(0,x) to a number that matches your partition holding Haiku. (Ctrl-C then ls at grub boot edit)

for others with grub2, i.e. grub 1.97 or later, you must edit /boot/grub/grub.cfg

menuentry "Haiku" { set root=(hd0,x) chainloader +1 }

After installing FreeDOS no grub entry is shown after an AROS install, so add the following to /boot/grub/grub.cfg  - changing the x in hd(0,x) to a number that matches your partition holding FreeDOS. (Ctrl-C then ls at grub boot edit). FreeDOS only likes primary partitions (1-3 or 4). No later logical partitions supported.

menuentry "FreeDOS" { set root=(hd0,x) chainloader +1 }

If FreeDOS is on another drive menuentry “FreeDOS on Other Drive (hd1,1) { drivemap (hd0) (hd1) drivemap (hd1) (hd0) set root=(hd0) chainloader (hd1,1)+1 }

Other partitions booting using grub2 needs parttool

parttool PARTITION COMMANDS

parttool (hd0,3) hidden+
 * 1) hide a partition ("hide" as it was in grub legacy grub1)

parttool (hd0,4) hidden-
 * 1) unhide a partition ("unhide" as it was in grub legacy grub1)

parttool (hd0,4) boot+
 * 1) make a partition active ("makeactive" in grub legacy)

parttool (hd0,3) boot-
 * 1) remove active flag from a partition

menuentry "Kids Operating System" { insmod chain insmod ntfs parttool (hd0,2) hidden- parttool (hd0,1) hidden+ parttool (hd0,5) hidden+ set root= (hd0,2) search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 9A18464D18462919 chainloader +1 }

title windows root (hd0,0) makeactive chainloader +1

title mint kernel (hd0,0)/boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic BOOT_IMAGE=mint root=UUID=2051c270-e461-412d-bbb2-02659976cd45 initrd (hd1,13)/boot/initrd.img

title mint1 root (hd1,4) makeactive chainloader +1

title mageia kernel (hd0,0)/boot//vmlinuz-3.12.21-desktop-2.mga4 BOOT_IMAGE=mageia root=UUID=5498d2cf-9d68-4f8d-9ca2-8240974d5b37 initrd (hd1,13)/boot/initrd.img

title mageia1 root (hd1,11) makeactive chainloader +1

title OpenSuSE kernel (hd0,0)/boot/vmlinuz-3.7.1 BOOT_IMAGE=OpenSuSE root=UUID=47387537-47f2-4568-a284-9f25dd5bea8f initrd (hd1,13)/boot/initrd.img

title OpenSuSE1 root (hd1,0) makeactive chainloader +1 <-- I added an empty line here, as that is necessary for proper stanza separation title memtest-4.20 kernel (hd1,13)/boot/memtest-4.20 BOOT_IMAGE=memtest-4.20

EFI GPT Partition
TO DO

GRUB
Normal Linux grub cannot recognize amiga (ffs/sfs) filesystems. But you can put AROS-kernel (aros-pc-i386.gz) and other .gz files to the place, where grub can find it. e.g. copy boot/aros-pc-i386.gz from AROS-cd to /boot directory (on a Linux partition). Now come tricky part, edit grub configuration file.

use the original grub.cfg file. That file has menu entries that uses the correct locations.

Since the list of modules to be loaded is almost 7 feet long, wanted to refrain from mentioning them as they can be copied form the original grub.cfg

The 'trick' is in loading the AROS-partions and sfs module into grub 2, so that the AROS partition can be accessed.

When setting the root you'll do just that and be able to 'load' the rest of the required modules from there.

( So, the first 3 lines in the menu entry from that example should be working, and the rest should be copied from an icaros grub.cfg file, so that the correct locations are being used).

menuentry "AROS (true colour VESA graphics: 1024x768)" { multiboot /boot/bootstrap-pc-i386.gz vesa=1024x768 ATA=32bit floppy=disabled nomonitors module /boot/aros-kernel-pc-i386.gz   module /boot/aros-usb-pc-i386.gz }

or

menuentry "AROS (native graphics)" { insmod part_amiga insmod sfs set root='(hd1,msdos5,amiga1)' multiboot /boot/bootstrap-pc-i386.gz gfx=hidd.gfx.nouveau lib=DRIVERS:nouveau.hidd ATA=32bit floppy=disabled debug=serial module /boot/aros-kernel-pc-i386.gz module /boot/aros-usb-pc-i386.gz }

Writing
To create the boot floppy, you will need to download the disk images from the download page, extract the archive, and write the boot image to a floppy disk. If you are using a UNIX-like operating system (such as Linux or FreeBSD), you can do this with the following command:

cd AROS-i386-pc

dd if=aros-boot.img of=/dev/fd0

If you are using Windows, you will need to get rawrite to write the image to a floppy. Please see the documentation of rawrite for information on how to use it.

Booting
Simply insert the boot floppy into the drive and reboot the computer. When disk access stops and the screen is blank, replace the boot floppy with the system floppy (you can also insert a boot CD at this point if your PC has trouble booting directly from CD). If everything works you should see a nice screen after a while.

Technical
Although there are many partitioning schemes, PC-MBR (4 partitions, or 3 plus 1 extended), Amiga RDB, or 68k/PPC Apple Partition Map. AROS uses a dedicated PC-MBR partition 'slot' containing something like amiga RDB as the first sector, with several partitions/filesystems inside (FreeBSD style...). Consequently, Linux can't normally read AROS FFS partitions because they're not contained directly in an MBR partition. However, there is a patch around for the Linux kernel to make this possible. Alternatively, you can create MBR partitions of type 0x2e and 0x2f in Linux to make FFS and SFS partitions. These will be named ATAxPy: in AROS, where x is the drive number and y is the partition number (both start at zero).

The installer should never overwrite any existing MBR primary or logical partitions, but it won't set up Linux in its Grub menu. If asked to install Grub, the installer will overwrite the MBR, but you can always save it beforehand of course.

Create an 0x30 type unformatted partition, then on the Aros installer and use "Use existing AROS Partition" and ata.device unit 0 for the bootloader (type ata.device myself it doesn't have it there already) and then the installation fails, with Aros installer asking me for volume DH0.

The x30 partition is a virtual harddrive for AROS. You still need to create an AROS partition table (a.k.a. RDB) and AROS partitions on this virtual drive. HDToolbox is the tool to use for that. You could have created the x30 partition with HDToolbox, too. Would have saved you one time booting with Acronis.

Trying to figure out how to create more than 2 partitions on my fresh Icaros install. Is this supposed to be working at the moment? The reason I ask this: I had 3 partitions in the past, but after some update, the third partition became "invisible". I could only see it when I booted a CD with an old version.

Now, with my fresh install on my 60 GB hard disk, I created a 4 GB dh0: and 10 GB dh1: partition in order to create a third partition for my data afterwards. But hdtoolbox tells me that there is no more free space next to dh0: and dh1:. I could add another "partition 0" one level higher, but I can't save the changes. Any ideas?

It can be done without reinstall. The trick was to resize the RDB partition table with hdtoolbox. After that, I was able to add another partition to it. Care should be taken though.

After partitioning with the installer, it should also be possible to create a second RDB table within the extended partition. I tried that, but the partition was also named "partition 0" and I was not able to rename it. I also couldn't create partitions in it.

Relabel does not rename the partition, it only renames the volume. In order to rename the partition, you need to run HDtoolbox, find the partition and enter a different name, then reboot.

The name displayed on the desktop is the volume name, though. The partition name is only used by DOS.

In order to relabel a volume, you don't need to find the partition name. You can enter

relabel oldname: newname

keep all my work in a dedicated partition (dh3), so normally formatting and/or reinstalling to dh0 my work is safe). Using 68k os3.x hdtoolbox however strips the drive of its "aros" drive tables, etc. (I knew this already, but in my frustration just didn't think about it), so I believe I may have lost everything. I'd repartitioned the drive to include an os3.x dh0: and dh1:, before I reaslied my error (have left a good chunk of the drive raw still too). Anyway, my question is in regards to data recovery. Is there a way to restore things to how they were, even if its just for the raw areas on the drive ?

title: Aros/Platforms/x86 installing


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Keystroke, Button, and Menu Notation

As you read through these tutorials, you will encounter cryptic codes such as and Timeline → End Frame. They describe actions you perform using the keyboard and mouse. The notation used in this book comes from the standard used by the Blender community. We will try to import those standards here to facilitate our studies.

If you're reading this book online, you may wish to print this page for future reference. In addition, or as an alternative, you can bookmark it in your browser for faster reference.

Hotkeys
Most computer keyboards have number keys in two different places. A row above the letters, and in a (numeric keypad) to the right of the keyboard. While many applications use these two sets of keys interchangeably, Blender does not. It assigns different functions to each set. If you're using a laptop keyboard without a separate numeric keypad, this might cause some difficulty. You'll need to use your function key to do some things. It is possible to indicate to Blender the type of keyboard you are using, but we strongly recommend you use a standard external keyboard if you use a laptop for these tutorials as it will make your studies and usage of Blender much more straightforward and enjoyable.

This book often assumes your keyboard has a numpad. If yours doesn't, consult the tutorial on Non-standard Input Devices for alternative ways to access the numpad's functions.

Key Notation
When a key is used in a module, it means press that key. For exammple:
 * means "press the M key"
 * means "press the 0 key thats found on the numpad."

Combinations that involve holding down a key while performing another action are written with a plus sign (+). For example:
 * means "press while holding down "
 * means "press while holding down both  and "

Mouse Notation
Blender uses three mouse buttons and the scroll wheel, if you have one. If your mouse only has one or two buttons, consult the tutorial on Non-standard Input Devices for alternative ways to access the functions assigned to these buttons.

Mouse and keyboard actions are often combined. means to click while holding down.

Navigating Menus
Blender uses both pop-up and pull-down/pull-up menus. Many menus have sub menus (menus that are reached via another menu). If a menu item displays a triangle, that means it leads to a sub menu.

You can move through items in a menu by either:
 * Moving the mouse pointer up and down

 * Pressing and

You can enter a sub menu by either:
 * Moving the mouse pointer to the right

 * Pressing while hovering over a menu item that shows a triangle on its side.

You can leave a sub menu by doing one of the following:
 * moving the mouse pointer to the left

 * pressing

To initiate a menu action, you can:
 * click

 * press

You can escape from a menu by:
 * moving the mouse pointer away from the menu

 * pressing

For each menu, Blender remembers your last choice and highlights it for you the next time you enter the menu.

Notation
Menu notation is fairly self-explanatory.

Mesh → UV Sphere

Means:
 * 1) Press Shift+A
 * 2) In the menu that pops up, move through the items until Mesh is highlighted
 * 3) Enter the Mesh sub menu
 * 4) Move through the items until UV Sphere is highlighted
 * 5) Press Enter or click the left mouse button to initiate the action

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Template:A-level Mathematics/C1/TOC

This is part of the C1 (Core Mathematics 1) module of the A-level Mathematics text. Indices and Surds / Equations / Polynomials / Error bounds and Inequalities / Coordinate Geometry and Graphs / Differentiation / Appendix A: Formulae

title: Template:A-level Mathematics/C1/TOC


text:
Cookbook:Miso

Miso is a fermented paste which greatly resembles peanut butter in appearance, and has a strong, salty taste somewhat like soy sauce (but not as strong). It is made from soy beans, grain, and salt.

Like yogurt, uncooked Miso contains bacteria that can be benefical. Miso is a rich source of protein. Miso also contains antioxidants and MSG. Miso that is marked as USDA organic will not contain MSG.

Miso is particularly associated with Japanese cuisine, where it is used in miso soup, dengaku, and in sauces of all sorts. A version of miso is also used in Korea.

title: Cookbook:Miso


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Cookbook:Soy Bean

The Soy bean is a small fat green bean. It is particularly associated with East Asian cuisines, large-scale commercial cooking, meat analogues for vegetarians, and industrial processes. Soy beans may be served uncooked and whole during a Japanese meal. They may be cooked and pressed to yield soy milk, which can then be coagulated to make tofu. They may be fermented to produce soy sauce, natto, miso, and tempeh. Soy beans may be used to produce bean sprouts that are larger than the normal ones produced from mung beans. Soy bean oil has a high smoke point, making it suitable for high-temperature frying.

Edamame
To eat beans right out of the shell, boil them until they are al dente (still slightly firm). Rinse to cool slightly, and season (salt, generally) as desired. You can easily suck the al dente beans out of the shell. Beans may also be shelled and added to other dishes, such as salads. Beans are easy to shell after they are boiled briefly.

ספר מתכונים/סויה

title: Cookbook:Soy Bean


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Cookbook:Soy Sauce

| Basic foodstuffs | Legume

Soy sauce (soya sauce) is a dark brown liquid derived primarily from fermented soybeans (soya beans). Soy sauce is common in the cuisines of Japan, China, Philippines, Korea, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and there are many varieties.

Soy sauce contains a small amount of naturally occurring MSG. It can also be extremely salty.

Soy sauce is shelf-stable because it contains added salt, alcohol, or sodium benzoate. Since alcohol quickly boils off when stir-frying (a typical use of soy sauce), an alcohol-based soy sauce is preferable when using copious amounts.

Varieties
While all soy sauces consist largely of fermented soy, distinct varieties exist that impact the flavor of a dish. Some common varieties are described below.

 * Chinese brewed soy sauce: Brewed soy sauce made primarily from soybeans with some other grains.
 * Chinese dark soy sauce: A dark and thick variety of soy sauce often used to add color during cooking.
 * Kecap manis: A sweetened Indonesian soy sauce
 * Koikuchi shoyu: This is considered the standard Japanese soy sauce. Its production uses a significant amount of wheat, which gives it a slightly sweeter taste than Chinese soy sauces.
 * Tamari shoyu: A thicker Japanese soy sauce usually made without wheat.

Recipes using soy sauce

 * Broccoli Stir Fry
 * Cashew Chicken
 * Egg Roll
 * Fried Rice
 * Sweet and Sour
 * Teriyaki Sauce
 * Wonton Soup
 * Sushi

title: Cookbook:Soy Sauce


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Cookbook:Rapeseed Oil

| Basic foodstuffs | Oil

Rapeseed Oil, Canola oil, or LEAR oil is low erucic acid rapeseed oil. Canola is the marketing name in North America, for obvious reasons. Erucic acid is poisonous.

It has a high smoke point which makes it suitable for high-temperature frying. It is also composed of mostly mono-unsaturated fat, considered good for health.

title: Cookbook:Rapeseed Oil


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Cookbook:Seaweed

Seaweeds, or sea vegetables, are various edible algae that grow in the sea. They are commonly used in the cuisines of Japan, Korea, Peru, Wales and North American Indians. Seaweed derivatives are also used in cooking and food products, especially agar and carrageenan.

Nutrition
Seaweed naturally contains many vitamins, folic acid, MSG, niacin, and many minerals. Seaweed is very low in calories.

Varieties
Types of commonly-eaten seaweed include:

 * Konbu/dashima/haidai: a variety of kelp (brown alga), eaten fresh or used to make dashi
 * Wakame/miyeok/sea mustard: a variety of kelp (brown alga)
 * Nori/gim: dried red algae sheets
 * Dulse: a variety of red alga common to the North Atlantic
 * Laver: a generic English term for a variety of edible seaweeds
 * Gamet: a variety of red alga used in the Philippines

title: Cookbook:Seaweed


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Cookbook:Mushroom

| Basic foodstuffs | Fungus

A mushroom is the spore-forming part of a fungus. Many edible mushrooms are cultivated, while some edible wild mushrooms are commercially harvested from nature.

A serving of mushrooms can contain 1/3 of a person's daily need for selenium. Mushrooms contain large amounts of riboflavin, plus decent amounts of niacin and pantothenic acid. Mushrooms contain a small amount of naturally occurring MSG. A serving of mushrooms contains about 10% of a person's daily need for potassium. Mushrooms are low in calories.

Many wild mushrooms are very good for cooking, however, other wild mushrooms are poisonous, some even deadly. When picking mushrooms in nature or using wild picked mushrooms, proper care should be exercised and unknown mushrooms never eaten. Often there exist guidebooks to help identify mushrooms in a given region.

Shiitake mushroom
This medium-sized brown mushroom has an earthy taste. It is primarily used in Japanese cuisine. Dried shiitake are often preferred over fresh.

Common or white mushroom
This is the typical mushroom used on pizza and generally in Italian cuisine. These mushrooms taste much better when cooked. They are commonly available pre-cooked and pre-sliced in cans and jars; the see-through jars generally have better quality. Also called: Agaricus bisporus, cultivated mushroom, and champignon de Paris.

Contrary to popular belief, mushrooms do not  absorb water when washed or soaked.

Portobello mushroom
This is an overgrown crimini (brown) mushroom (head is 4"-6" in diameter). It is often barbecued without the stalk, to be used as a vegetarian substitute for a hamburger. A common alternate spelling is "Portabella".

Straw mushroom
This is a small mushroom well-suited to stir fry and often available canned. Straw mushrooms look like Smurf houses.

Enokitake mushroom
This is a very tall and narrow mushroom sometimes added to soup, particularly in Japanese cuisine. Also referred as "golden needle mushrooms", or "golden mushrooms" in some countries, including Indonesia.

Oyster mushroom
This is a trumpet- or oyster-shaped mushroom, which tastes somewhat fishy, hence the name. They will often appear sliced into strips and fried.

Chanterelle
A bright yellow funnel-shaped mushroom with a very characteristic fruity flavour.

Recipes using mushrooms

 * Chicken Pot Pie
 * Eggplant and Chickpea Skillet
 * Vegetable Pie
 * Spaghetti Sauce
 * Pizza

title: Cookbook:Mushroom


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Guide to Social Activity/Losing fear

Some persons fear others because they are the opposite gender. But most persons have male and female relatives (fathers, brothers, grandfathers, uncles, mothers, sisters, grandmothers, aunts, cousins...). If you do not fear these persons, then you need not fear other men or women.

Males and females have different body parts and brain chemistry.

Fear itself
Fear leads to inhibition. There are several thoughts, feelings, actions that build up to fear.

If you ever were forced to jump from a tall tower or bridge into a distant body of water, or anything similar that gives you a physical, instinctive fear which affects your entire body, you have been in a real conflict between a subconscious fear (fear of heights, of danger) and your rational mind saying, "Is it rational to fear this? Is this artificial fear or should I really be afraid." The subconscious mind can be made to accept and feel comfortable with such situations by repeated exposure. It can be made to accept reality, or to ignore it. Most of the time you have to impress a made-up idea upon your subconscious to make it accept it. This is a suggestion, which the subconscious mind turns into reality.

Some obstacles creating fear are sexual: always check with your doctor to ensure your sexual health. If you are having serious problems with assertiveness or confidence, try joining a club or society that allows you the opportunity to mix with members of the opposite sex in a comfortable setting where you can make friends as well as chat with women. If all else fails, see a psychiatrist or psychologist; they may recommend talk therapy or medication. Just remember: taking a pill cannot fix all of your problems.

Another sign of fear or inconfidence, once you have found yourself a date is being overly "clingy" to your partner. While this may appeal to those who are essentially caretakers/nurturers, more independent women may be put off. Adolescence and early 20s is really the time to individuate, and a woman may hate being treated like your mother. Acting this way may also be seen as inferior and boring. There is a fine line between being intensely attentive to or absorbed by someone, and being clingy; make sure you know where that line is.

With the theory out of the way, let's fool the subconscious that prevents you from getting a date!

Exercises to reduce fear
To overcome fear, it helps to have clear simple steps towards a larger goal.

Awareness
Wherever you go, pay attention. Look around you for the beauty in each person. (FIXME Only for persons of a certain gender? Only beauty and no other traits?) Find what you like about each, and say it to yourself quietly. Practice this, so YOU know what you like.

After a while you should feel comfortable with what you find attractive of another person. (FIXME?) Much of the fear you feel is from the possibility of failure, so you can desensitize yourself to this fear by not allowing yourself to think about the possibility of success. This does not entail assuming that you will always fail (otherwise, why try?) but rather the view that, "There's a very good chance that it won't work. So what? I won't know unless I try. I wasn't dating her 5 minutes ago and I was getting along just fine; I'll be fine if I'm not dating her 5 minutes from now."

Assertiveness
Start to state your compliments of the attire, hairstyle, figure or tattoos of a potential mate louder and louder, until it is a normal conversational tone.

Next, take the leap! Actually go meet the person, and not in a creepy, sulking way, but directly, and politely. Promise yourself that, regardless of the actual response of the person is, you will not say anything other than that compliment.

You are in effect building up good karma to use later. Something simple..."Excuse me miss. I just had to tell you that your hair looks simply beautiful today." Smile, and walk away. Of course, it pays to be a little selective, though- if she appears to be in a bad mood or very busy, it could lead to you being "shot down" which might negatively affect your confidence for awhile.

This will help you practice breaking the ice with pretty strangers, and make plenty of persons have a better day.

Thought Experiments
This is a list of items to only think of.

(FIXME are these only general conversation tips? Move to Guide to Social Activity/Conversation or keep here?)

 * Think about conversing with strangers. Try to provoke the emotions you want to avoid. Know how it feels. Then try to force your emotions away. Do this in the presence of such a person (without that person noticing your thoughts), because this makes it more real and your subconscious mind will more likely try to intervene!

 * Realize that all neurotypicals are probably equally nervous about social situations and everyone is worried about how they are perceived. If you can pretend to be confident, people will perceive you as confident.  Pretend that you are charming. Pretend that you are witty. Practice it with people of either gender, until you can consistently get favourable reactions. Much charm and wit can be honed with guys and still be effective on girls. Once you've got the hang of acting like you know what you are doing, you will realize that you DO know what you are doing, and you will be able to be yourself without feeling self-conscious.
 * If you still find yourself becoming self-conscious, FOCUS FOCUS FOCUS on the girl and forget about yourself.

(Body Language

 * The eyes: Look into the eyes of as many women as you can, don't stare, just fix them with a nice smile on your face.

 * Your face: Vary your facial expressions when you tell stories.  Don't be afraid to make silly faces at appropriate moments when you tell stories.

Making contact
It is sometimes easiest to do this in a group of trusted friends, as this makes for a more friendly atmosphere, and provides moral support in case of embarrassment. The woman you are seeking has to be approachable, and should have shown a degree of interest in you. Ideally, she ought to be as interested in you as you are in her, but some of these exercises you can try on people the instant you meet them. Asking someone out on a date is less frustrating, faster, and easier once you have got used to it. It is also more fun!

 * Hit girls with pick-up lines. No kidding.  Deliver in a joking manner, like you want to make fun of her, seeing whether she can laugh about herself. Do it over and over again with women you don't know and just meet casually in the bus, sub-way, in the city. They will never recognise you again and even if they do they won't do anything. You will see it's just your mind that gives you the uncomfortable feeling - with practise this feeling goes away!   (warning - using profanity may be offensive)

 * Reciprocity is a powerful and universal social behavioral trait. Translation: when people receive something, they feel obliged.  In dating the obvious examples would be buying a girl a drink or bringing flowers to a girl on a date.  There are more subtle ways to use the rule of reciprocity.  When you give your name to a girl she will feel obliged to give you hers.  If you volunteer some personal anecdote or opinion, she will often do the same.

 * Build rapport through use of the word "we". It helps to put people at ease if they feel that you are on their side.  For example - if you are learning to dance and you want to build rapport with your partner, say something like "We are doing really great.  I think we nailed that last step."

 * Ask if you know them from somewhere, or ask if you've met them before.  This gets them to look at you closely to see if they recognize you, but even if they say no, quickly introduce yourself and ask them what their name is, ask where they are from, or ask something related to where you both are at the moment. whatever comes to your head, just keep the conversation going.  Concentrate on ignoring uncomfortable feelings, and concentrate on her.   Joke around a little.  If the conversation goes well, ask for her number or email address, and give her yours.  Then call her that night and tell her you enjoyed talking to her.

 * Compliments are effective for expressing interest without being perceived as vulnerable. The more subtle, the better.  "I like... the way you carry yourself/ the way you smile/ the way your eyes sparkle/ the way you walk/ the way you think."  Only compliment if that's the way you really feel.  Although people tend to believe compliments - even when it is understood that the flatterer stands to gain from their liking him.  Giving compliments increases ones likeability.  Don't throw out compliments too often - maybe once during a date - so make it a good one!

 * The impersonal interrogative comment (IIC) allows you to invite someone into a conversation without risking rejection or making your object of interest uncomfortable. An example of the IIC is, "Beautiful day today, isn't it?"  Or, (at the beach) "The water is freezing this time of year, isn't it?"  This type of comment can be responded to with a simple grunt or a nod - or if the girl is interested she might say, "I think the water is invigorating!  And once you get in its not so bad."  The longer and more personalized the response, then more positive for your chances.

 * Use the internet - the barrier is lower for initiating a conversation. If you are very sensitive, chatting online may be enough to make you blush. However, you can practice wording and conversation to your heart's content. Have a goal of arranging an in-person meeting in under an hour.  You don't need anything other than your natural wit and maybe a photo.  Part 2 of the exercise: date them. This will get you into the dating game for practise.

 * Go dancing! Not in a club or disco. Learn how to dance: salsa/mambo, Caribbean stuff; often the cheaper the lessons are, the better. East Coast Swing (aka jitterbug) is a dance that is relatively easy to learn - an hour is enough to learn the basics.  Be warned that Lindy Hop (eight count swing) is much more difficult.  If you know a sport dancing-club, see if you can join. University sports are fine locations for that, too. The difference between classic dancing schools and the sport-dancers/non-Latin salsa scene is that in the schools they teach figures, as fast as they can, and you will not be able to take advantage of your knowledge!! The hobbyists on the other hand emphasize much more on "feeling" the music, feeling and leading the partner.  A girl will never judge your dancing abilities on the basis of how many figures you can do, she wants to feel good, and you need to be able to lead!  Followers (girls) prefer a strong lead.  It is much easier for them if they don't have to guess where the dance is going.  In sport dancing they emphasize the so called "basics", the way to move your feet, your arms, hands, rhythm.  You will be able to dance with girls in a disco much more comfortably (for both of you) and you can teach them how to dance like they do in the films ;)  Be sure to smile and look like you are having fun - even if you are nervous or stressed about your footwork.  Dancing will also help you lose any inhibitions about being in someone else's personal space.

Never look back. Someone can turn you down, but she can't defeat you!

Have no regrets
Consider this situation: you are 85 years old, and looking back upon your life. What are your biggest regrets?

Be aware that this particular issue has been studied. One common theme in the responses given by old people is this: they regret the things that they did NOT do. Ask an old man one of his greatest regrets, and he will eventually tell you about a beautiful woman he knew when he was young. He will tell you how he regrets never pursuing her. He will tell you that at the time it made him nervous, but now he has learned that it's really not that big of a deal, especially considering other things in life.

What is important here is to consider a perspective where you accept the possibility that there is NOT life after death, heaven, hell, or reincarnation. There IS a possibility that you will live once, then cease to exist, and that’s it! With this in mind, do you want to repeat the mistakes of others and not live (your ONLY) life to the fullest? Do you want to allow your fear, pride, ego, etc., to limit your life?

Change is not easy, but it is possible. You have learned to ride a bike, even though you crashed a few times along the way. You have learned many hard to speak/spell English vocabulary words, yet when you were young you thought you could never learn a big list of words every week. You thought about all the things you think you could not do, yet you have done many of them. Stop thinking that you can't get women, because you can. Stop thinking that your situation is unique, because it's not. Men-seeking-women is as old of a subject as humans, it's the source of countless songs, poems, books, movies, and history.

Nothing is easy at first, that's just part of life. Do you think you can't skydive from an airplane? Consider warming up to the challenge of women by first conquering your fear of heights. Yes, go skydive. Then tell yourself "if I can do THAT, then getting women is also possible."

Convince yourself that you do not care about the outcome of pursuing a woman, because either you will succeed OR gain practice, and either one is acceptable.

And besides... the old adage, "It's better to have loved and lost than to have never loved at all" is very true. So, even if you try to establish a relationship with someone and eventually get shot down, you will have grown from the experience. It might hurt in the short term, but you will be better prepared for the next time. There will be a next time.

Approach Girls With Confidence
When someone interrupts you, you find it rude, it's intrusive, as a man it's disrespectful. Women are different however, they like it when you interrupt them. It's as if they want you to disregard what they are talking about. It's taking charge and showing your decisiveness about what's important. You can't just interrupt at any time, but when you have something more important to say they won't stop for you. They want their conversation to be controlled by you. When you interrupt at a time when you know that you have something good to say, something funny that will interest them they will actually be receptive.. There is a specific way to interrupt a girl.

1 - Open Circle

When women want you to approach they have way of letting you know. If there's more than two of them, they stand in a circle that is open towards you. They are basically making space for you to fill in the gap. If there's just two of them talking they also keep themselves open. They are not standing this way by coincidence, this is your chance.

2 - Animated Behavior

You can tell that girls want to be approached because they talk a little bit more pronounced and louder than they have to. They enunciate certain words and phrases more than the rest of the conversation. They are basically talking amongst themselves and they are being overly excited. It's not because they've got some great new topic, they've already finished introducing themselves to each other, they are long time friends. The reason they are being just a little too loud and overtly expressive is because they like you and that's their way to draw attention. Words like Wow, That's So Cool, Awesome, It's The Best... and so forth will be a little more pronounced. They are interested, they want to compliment you, but instead of doing that directly they use those words amongst themselves. Anything that sounds like a compliment will be better pronounced.

3 - Eye Line

They will look directly and more intensely at each other. In normal conversation the speakers eyes wonder around the listeners face, scanning the environment around the listener, looking to the side when telling a story etc. Once the girls have noticed you, they will try not to look at you so as to not to be to direct with you. As a result they will stop scanning around and lock eye contact with themselves. That means they have already noticed you, and if their body language is open, that means they like you. Don't wait too long, they might get uncomfortable and by the time you approach them, attraction will turn into resentment. Then you have to show more responsiveness to their signals. Find the girl with the most intense eyes, she is the one that likes you. Check to make sure that her body language is open and then just walk right in.

4 - Looking Around

When girls start looking intensely at each other, you know they have already noticed you, but if they haven't noticed you yet, they will be making glances. Look for girls that are glancing to the sides, scanning the crowd, looking at the door, watching for somebody new to come in. If they are doing that, that means they are looking for a man, come closer and see if they notice you. But don't come too close; you just want to be in their line of sight, where they are making passes. If they stop glancing after they've seen you, that means you're the one they've been looking for.

5 - Standing Alone In A Visible Area

If it really was a private conversation, they would move to a secluded place. They would go to a corner, grab a table or a booth where they wouldn't be disturbed. But if they are standing at a bar, by the fireplace, near the door, near the window, generally in a central location where people pass through. The only exception is if they are standing by the door on their way out. Otherwise, if the girls are in a central location, they want to be approached, don't expect a special invitation, although it's happened before.

6 - Other Girls Leaving

If there's a group of four or more girls, chances are that not all of them are going to like you. The ones that haven't found what they are looking for will be wanting to move on. They will excuse themselves from the rest of the group. If the remaining girls aren't sticking with their friends chances are they have found a reason to stay.

7 - Light Conversation

In order to interrupt girls their conversation should be light and funny, no serious topics. Watch out for conversations on money, work, talking about a man, talking about a woman, talking about a specific person, career, politics, religion, popularity, attractiveness. Those are sensitive topics to people and if they are talking about it chances are they will not be in a casual mood for you. If on the other hand, from a distance you can hear that everything is light and funny, even though they seem to be having a private conversation, you really know that they are ready to meet a man.

8 - No Hierarchy

No Hierarchy means there is no leader within the group of girls. It's a social function, the atmosphere should be casual and that means balanced. Contrary to popular belief, meeting a member of the opposite sex is not a popularity contest. The only person hugging the spot light should be the band that's playing up on center stage. However this does happen often sometimes, some girls try to be the leaders of the group, they try to lead the conversation, they want to make sure they get the final word. Don't approach a group where there is a power struggle going on, the girls will be preoccupied. This really should not happen because if it's a social event, the idea is to make the atmosphere supportive. However, sometimes a girl doesn't find what she's looking for, so instead of feeling sorry for herself she starts working the crowd made up of her friends. That's not the right way to treat a friend, but if she has good social skills, she can get away with this. Sometimes she is jealous of a better looking girl friend of hers and showing off her popularity is her way of settling her score. If her friends fall for it, don't interrupt them, they will be preoccupied any way. What you can do is go for the leader and watch her drop her followers in a second.

9 - Body Language Symmetrical Synchronized

We know the importance of open body language when approaching a girl with any interruption, and what else is important is symmetry. Girls like to move their hands when they talk. When she's gesturing check that she is moving both hands. Her stance should be straight. She shouldn't be leaning on one leg or the other or tilting her head to either side either. Studies show that asymmetrical posture signals a preoccupied and a distant mind. If they are having fun, they should also be in synch with one another. If one is laughing they should all be laughing. If one is using gestures they should all be gesturing. If one is holding a drink, they should all be drinking and so forth. You might have spotted the girl you want, but if there's something not in tune with the group she's with don't interrupt just yet. Be patient. If she is interested in you too she will gradually distance away from her group and make herself available. Instead of approaching girls that are preoccupied look for girls that are having a good time and are receptive to meeting a new guy.

10 - Three Second Rule

The most important rule about interruptions is to do it right away. You need to recognize these signals and be able to identify them with confidence. As soon as you spot these signals, more right in, it's an interruption, it should be considered rude, but if you do it right it will actually be welcomed.

title: Guide to Social Activity/Losing fear


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Radiation Oncology/Historical documents about radiation

Radiation history timeline
 * A Brief Chronology of Radiation and Protection by J. Ellsworth Weaver III

Interesting historical documents about radiation and its effects on humans or animals.
 * Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (1994-1995)
 * Home page
 * Final report
 * - Bibliography of secondary resources, as of June 16, 1995.

 * Wake Forest, 2005 PMID 17411764 -- "Publication rate of abstracts from the annual ASTRO meeting: Comparison with other organizations." (Papagikos MA, J Am Coll Radiol. 2005 Jan;2(1):72-5.)
 * Retrospective. Oral presentation ASTRO Abstracts 1999-2001
 * Publication rate: 56%, no difference based on country of origin, category, or study design. 50% published in 1 year, 90% in 2 years. Journals IJROBP 62%, JCO 8%, Radiotherapy and Oncology 3%


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C++ Programming/Programming Languages/Comparisons

Language comparisons
There is not a perfect language. It all depends on the resources (tools, people, and even available time) and the objective. For a broader look on other languages and their evolution, a subject that falls outside of the scope of this book, there are many other works available, including the Computer Programming wikibook.

This section is provided as a quick jump-start for people that already had some experience in them, a way to edify notions about C++ language's special characteristics, and as a demonstration of what makes it distinct.

Ideal language
The ideal language depends on the specific problem. All programming languages are designed to be general mechanisms for expressing problem-solving algorithms. In other words, it is a language - rather than simply an expression - because it is capable of expressing solutions to more than one specific problem.

The level of generality in a programming language varies. There are domain-specific languages (DSLs) such as regular expression syntax which is designed specifically for pattern matching and string manipulation problems. There are also general-purpose programming languages such as C++.

Ultimately, there is no perfect language. There are some languages that are more suited to specific classes of problems than others. Each language makes trade-offs, favoring efficiency in one area for inefficiencies in other areas. Furthermore, efficiency may not only mean runtime performance but also includes factors such as development time, code maintainability, and other considerations that affect software development. The best language is dependent on the specific objectives of the programmers.

Furthermore, another very practical consideration when selecting a language is the number and quality of tools available to the programmer for that language. No matter how good a language is in theory, if there is no set of reliable tools on the desired platform, that language is not the best choice.

The optimal language (in terms of run-time performance) is machine code but machine code (binary) is the least efficient programming language in terms of coder time. The complexity of writing large systems is enormous with high-level languages, and beyond human capabilities with machine code. In the next sections C++ will be compared with other closely related languages like C, Java, C#, C++/CLI and D.

The quote above is shown to indicate that no programming language at present can translate directly concepts or ideas into useful code, there are solutions that will help. We will cover the use of Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools that will address part of this problem but its use does require planning and some degree of complexity.

The intention of these sections is not to promote one language above another; each has its applicability. Some are better in specific tasks, some are simpler to learn, others only provide a better level of control to the programmer. This all may depend also on the level of control the programmer has of a given language.

Garbage collection
In C++ garbage collection is optional rather than required. In the Garbage Collection Section of this book we will cover this issue deeply.

Why no keyword?
As we will see in the Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII) Section of the book, RAII can be used to provide a better solution for most issues. When  is used to clean up, it has to be written by the clients of a class each time that class is used (for example, clients of a fileClass class have to do I/O in a  / /  block so that they can guarantee that the fileClass is closed). With RAII, the destructor of the fileClass can make that guarantee. Now the cleanup code has to be coded only once — in the destructor of fileClass; the users of the class don't need to do anything.

Mixing languages
By default, the C++ compiler normally "mangles" the names of functions in order to facilitate function overloading and generic functions. In some cases, you need to gain access to a function that wasn't created in a C++ compiler. For this to occur, you need to use the keyword to declare that function as external:


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Guide to Social Activity/Building a relationship

Many treatises have been written, by better and more experienced authors, on the subjects of extracting commitment from another person - even unto a lifelong relationship and lasting dynasty - that is in the long term mutually beneficial. Suffice it to say that, should you be willing to undertake the ordeal, there are many avenues to explore.

That said, building a self-sustaining relationship which will survive through the ages despite the best efforts of third parties and human nature, and without constant vigilance on your part, remains a difficult and unsolved problem.

It is important to recognize that you wish to enter into a form of a contract with another person involving social transactions. You intend to make an agreement to be monogamous, among other things. As is the case with ANY contract, you must first evaluate if the other party is trustworthy/honorable. To be blunt, do not chose a loser/player/bad-boy, with the hope of changing him. A serious mistake in life is to assume you have the ability to change other people; you do not. You can only indirectly influence them to chose to change themselves. Should you chose a loser, and believe you can change him, you will be repeating a common error; you will be setting yourself up for a broken heart.


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Cookbook:Parmesan Cheese

| Cheese

Parmesan cheese is a hard dry white Italian cheese that stores well. It has a particularly buttery, salty taste. It is also known as Parmigiano-Reggiano.

It is available ready-grated as a powder intended for sprinkling onto food at the table.

Grating or shaving the cheese into thin slivers immediately before use will give a moister result. Parmesan is the traditional topping to many Italian dishes, including risotto, where it adds a final richness and creaminess.

With the advent of refrigeration and pre-shredded soft cheeses, mozzarella cheese can now take the place of parmesan for table usage but the taste is blander.

Parmesan cheese is used in the making of pesto.

Parmesan cheese is never vegetarian. Cheeses from a specific location need to follow a consistent recipe to be recognised as having specific names. In the case of Parmigiano-Reggiano, or Parmesan cheese, this means always using animal rennet.

title: Cookbook:Parmesan Cheese


text:
Cookbook:Mozzarella Cheese

| Cheese

Mozzarella cheese is a mild soft white cheese, originating in the area of Naples, Italy. Mozzarella cheese is often used:
 * as a topping for pizza
 * in hot sandwiches
 * deep-fried to make mozzarella sticks
 * in melanzane alla parmigiana and baked pasta dishes
 * raw, in tomato salads.

With the advent of refrigeration and pre-shredded soft cheeses, it has become practical to use mozzarella cheese at the table in place of the strong-smelling Parmesan cheese.

The most authentic mozzarella is made fresh in Italy from raw Water Buffalo milk, formed into balls, and does not last more than about a day: this type of mozzarella cannot be used in cooking as it turns into string instead of melting. World-wide mozzarella is mostly made from pasteurized cow milk, in a form with a longer shelf life: this form of mozzarella is often known to Italians as fiordilatte, and is used in baked dishes. It is sometimes sold processed as String cheese.

title: Cookbook:Mozzarella Cheese


text:
Talk:JavaScript/Variables and types

Contrary to what this page says, JavaScript supports pretty much all of the OO features that it says it does not.

http://intertwingly.net/wiki/pie/JavaScript

function Foo { this.test1 = function { print("Hi from foo (1)"); } this.test2 = function { print("Hi from foo (2)"); } } function Bar { Foo.apply(this); // Bar inherits from Foo this.test1 = function { print("Hi from bar") }; } var foobar = new Bar; foobar.test1; foobar.test2;

66.101.11.218 13:22, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree. A quick google for "classes in JavaScript" and "object-oriented Javascript" shows quite a few pages about classes (and other OO features) in Javascript.
 * http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=classes+in+Javascript&btnG=Google+Search
 * http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=object-oriented+Javascript&btnG=Search

Definitely we'll want to talk about this in the JavaScript book. Should we stick information about implementing "classes" and "member methods" in Javascript at the end of the "JavaScript:Variables and types" chapter for now? --DavidCary 23:40, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * JavaScript can imitate classes, but it is important to stress that it does not actually have them. Instead it has a more flexible paradigm.   --Jesdisciple (talk) 09:15, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Perhaps this is a simplistic question, but what is the definition of a "type"? Webchoc (talk) 04:53, 19 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Every constructor function is, in effect, a type. All of the basic types have constructor functions, even though best practice is to use their literal forms (if applicable) instead. --Jesdisciple (talk) 09:12, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

IIRC, JavaScript strings are Unicode. If this is true, it is important enough to go into this page. Yaronf (discuss • contribs) 11:49, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

More Types
The current primitive types in JavaScript are: undefined, null, boolean, string, symbol, number. We should probably add some sections on undefined and null as they're missing from the page. There are also object forms of Number, Boolean and String which are needed to explain why we can call methods on them. 81.187.215.34 (discuss) 15:26, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

Very outdated content!
Content seems very outdated, misses let and const which are both part of ES6 which was released in 2015 which is 8 years ago! MrUnoDosTres (discuss • contribs) 05:46, 18 January 2023 (UTC)
 * This page is no longer part of the Wikibook. I would be happy if someone deletes it. What the OP is missing, is integrated into the actual Wikibook. --Kelti (discuss • contribs) 04:32, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:JavaScript/Variables and types


text:
Canadian History/Bibliography

Websites

 * Jordan Dill's First Nations Site Index
 * Lee Sultzman's First Nations Compact Histories
 * Icelandic Tour Guide
 * Canadian Encyclopedia: Metis
 * Canadian History: Red River Rebellion
 * Quebec History: Red River Rebellion
 * Metis Nation
 * eLibrary: Metis
 * eLibrary: Red River Rebellion
 * Native Languages
 * Louis Riel
 * Canadian Encyclopedia: North-West Rebellion
 * Heritage Centre: Louis Riel flees to the USA
 * Heritage Centre: Louis Riel's Exile
 * Canadian Encyclopedia: Louis Riel
 * Canadian Encyclopedia: Bison
 * CBC: North-West Rebellion
 * Manitoba Historical Society
 * CPR
 * Canadian Encyclopedia: Canadian Pacific Railway
 * Canadiana: The First Five Hundred Treaties
 * Top Ten Myths
 * Lacrosse
 * Royal Canadian Mounted Police
 * Canada Online: Canadian Languages
 * "The Canada You Don't Know
 * Trail Canada: Climate and Weather in Canada

Books

Rewriting History: Louis Riel as a Hero

Horizons: Canada Moves West (Prentice Hall)

Contributors

 * nmontague
 * talons2009

Special Thanks

 * NASA - Supplying quality public domain images of North America for diagrams.

title: Canadian History/Bibliography