text:
Wikibooks:Feature Requests

A list of bugs and feature requests specific to Wikibooks. To file one of the bugs/requests below directly with developers (and to see other bugs and feature requests), please see Mediazilla.

Leading colon bug?
The colon ":", where it is the first item in a line, performs an indent function. However, this is no longer the case if it is placed at the front of the very first line in a module. It used to work (all of my German advanced lessons started with an indented instructions paragraph; now they all start with ":This page..."), but just recently ceased working. Functionality is returned if a blank line is added before the line that begins with a colon. Is this a bug or a new quirk? - Marsh 02:27, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Templates and interwiki links
Are interwiki links not allowed in mediawiki messages? I have placed

On some talk pages, and it clearly doesn't work right, though it displays fine at Template:Meritbadgedisclaimer. TUF-KAT 20:11, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I noticed that headings don't get carried forward from mediawiki pages, but i dunno if thats it. Use this code instead, it works as below: The requirements to this merit badge are copyrighted by the Boy Scouts of America. They are reproduced in part here under fair use looks like
 * The requirements to this merit badge are copyrighted by the Boy Scouts of America. They are reproduced in part here under fair use.

Bug : MSIE runtime errors
I keep getting runtime errors when browsing Wikibooks in MSIE: "addcss not defined". It's usually around line 18 of whatever it is causing the error, but sometimes it reports other numbers like 17. I haven't gotten this on any other Wikimedia sites, just Wikibooks. Wikisource, Wikiquote, etc. all load normally. I have the problem on every page of Wikibooks, though. :( --Furrykef 19:22, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Bug : "Editing help" popup window is too small
I just looked at "Editing help" for a refresher on something. The window that popped up was smaller than I would like and it was set such that I could not resize it. I don't have any idea how hard it is to change such things (is it embedded in the MediaWiki code?), but I thought I'd note my experience. (...and I really like the MediaWiki's new look!) --Rs2 17:31, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * What browser/OS are you using? Sj

Bug : User login message
The message at the user login page below the "Mail me a new password" button is not shown properly: the anchor tags are seen (altough the links are clickable):

To register, just select a username and password and click "Create new account". For tips on choosing a username, see the Username page. Please pick a readable name, not just a number.

If you need more information about logging in, see the How to log in page.

Returning users only need to fill in their username and password.

You must have cookies enabled to log in to Wikibooks.

--surueña 08:23, 2005 Apr 14 (UTC)

Bug : SVG image rendering issue
Not sure whether this is a bug on the Wiki systems, or whether it's perhaps a bug with the Chrome internet browser.

I've created a template using the following code.

After a while, after using the template a little, all of a sudden, the SVG images just stop appearing, both in template, and where the template has been used. However, if I change the pixel size of one of the images, from being 15px to something else in template code, all of a sudden the images start to appear in the template code (even the other image that still has its size set at 15px). However, the places where the template is used, still don't have their images showing (even though the images appear when viewing the template [preview]). To get the images to appear in the places where the template is used, I've found that all I need to do, is add code to display the SVG image at a resolution other than 15px. Then all of a sudden the template references start to work properly.

After the images start to work, the measures just described used to 'jig' it back into working, can be undone, and the images work fine. However, after a while, the bug reappears and the images just stop appearing again. Performing the measures again 'jig' it back into working, but then again it stops working after a while.

Because of the above 'strange' behaviour, I'm strongly suspecting that this is in fact a bug, rather than something I'm doing wrongly. Perhaps it could be some kind of caching issue?

 * System on which issue was found:
 * Internet browser: Google Chrome.
 * Operating system: ChromeOS, version 76.0.3809.136 (Official Build) (64-bit).
 * Computer: Acer Chrome C720 series.

ADDENDUM This issue seems to be fixed if permanently changing the resolution to 20px (as suggested by Mrjulesd). Probably a scaling issue at Wikibooks's end? --MarkJFernandes (discuss • contribs) 17:01, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

 * 🏆 Mrjulesd has identified the precise nature of this bug/issue, and suggested a workaround. Details are in his following message:

 * Yeah I think I've found the problem in the HTML coding, this is the img tag for the thumb up icon:

 * The problem is the srcset attribute: one of the icons it accesses (depending on the scaling) is https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thumbs_up_font_awesome.svg/24px-Thumbs_up_font_awesome.svg.png, and that happens to be a blank. So not a direct problem with the MediaWiki software, but a problem with the dataset of images that it tries to accesses from Commons, where there is a missing image.

 * One work-around would be to access a different icon, there's a definite problem with this one, depending on browser scaling. It might be worth mentioning on Phabricator, if it hasn't been reported before. Jules  (Mrjulesd) 10:37, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Bug: Relative URLs are not permitted in the links set for images
Not 100% sure this is a bug, but for the sake of uniformity, it seems that relative URLs should be allowed in the links set for images, like how they are allowed for links set for text. I'm not a master in Wikibooks editing, so perhaps the issue is more to do with my lack of knowledge. Anyway, being able to set relative URLs for images is useful if you are using an image for an icon. That's what I've been doing, because otherwise the colour scheme for hyperlinked text can ruin the visual aesthetics in a book. If this isn't a bug, please categorise this under feature requests, as it is desirable that this feature be implemented.

--MarkJFernandes (discuss • contribs) 11:59, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

Searching within a book
How do I restrict a search to just one book? JWSchmidt 14:31, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * There is no way at present to search inside one book. You could approximate it by including the title of the book in your search, but there's no way to limit a search like that. TUF-KAT 22:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The books at the Entrez Bookshelf have a nice search function. I'm not sure it will be possible to have multiple contributors construct a complex science or technical book without having useful search and indexing for the books. JWSurf 00:20, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I totally agree that we need to have a book-specific search capability. That was part of my argument when the site first started to have the pages structured with the name of the book like this: wiki/bookname/partofbook. However even though motion has not been in that direction, eventually we should have a book-speficic function. For example, now with the MediaWiki Table of Contents feature, each page of each book would have a tag in it linking it back to the TOC, and new software could limit searches to the pages containing that tag. However, we need to wait for the developers to do the work. Those guys are not paid as far as I know and are overwhelmed with work already... but in time it should happen (Karl being hopeful although without specific personal experience with how development process works). --Karl Wick

 * I don't know that any developer-time has been devoted to designing such a feature, but there definitely needs to be a standard "Search within this book" interface option, even if it is imperfect. Sj 22:16, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Searches can be restricted to a single book by using the  option at the end of the search field. For example, searching for   finds all pages in the History of Rail Transport that mention Stephenson. More information at WB:SEARCH. — Sam Wilson ( Talk • Contribs ) … 23:23, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

Automatic Numbering
Is there a way to do automatic equation numbering? It'd certainly be useful for the maths, and many of the science, books to be able to say 'see eq. 1.4c' (the third numbered equation in section 1.4) but trying to do that by hand is problematic. I'd probably end up with equation labels in the wrong order, and references that didn't match the referents. Using # doesn't work Carandol

 * No, there isn't. Sorry... You can manually hack in TeX but it isn't pretty. Dysprosia 06:48, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Book-specific Layour Features
The Wiki software doesn't seem to have anything specific to writing books. Is any developer working on adding support? As I understand it, even adding a TOC for all the pages in a book has to be done manually. Norman Weiner
 * Any progress on this? Specifications of desired features?  Sj 05:50, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Tags & external program for image generation
It would be good idea to have an image tag similar to the math tag. It would make images editable, with the commands inside the tag being processed by an external program to make pngs. Most of the pictures in books are vector graphics anyway, and this would also help keep source files for a book in one place. Comments? Norman Weiner

 * What do you mean? Like something for SVG? You might want to take feature requests to Sourceforge. Dysprosia 06:06, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * It wouldn't have to be SVG. Currently, the math tag contains TeX markup.  We could have markup for a graphics program inside a graphics tag.  I was hoping that someone in charge here at wikibooks would take it up with the sourceforge developers if there is a consensus.  A single request there probably wouldn't be noticed.  Norman Weiner
 * Certainly both this, and automatic numbering would be useful for the more technical books. Wikibooks could use Gnuplot and/or SVG for graphs and diagrams, and support some of Latex's autonumbering features. What would it take to get this adopted? Carandol
 * What it would take is for someone to check in the code in sourceforge. The math module seems to be a standalone one written in ocaml (!). Norman Weiner

Is there currently a standard program/style for creating diagrams for math/science books? I have looked, and not found any. magefile
 * My programming skills are too rudimentary to do anything the code. I suppose all we can do is put the requests in and see if anyone follows them up. Carandol

Entry Forms / Online Quizzes
It would be nice for the Mediawiki engine to allow simple form creation (popup lists, textboxes, radio buttons) that could eventually be used for things like crude online quizzes or quick entry forms. --DougHolton 21:30, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Random Page in Current Language
While the "Random Module" feature is nice, I have encountered several pages in languages other than my own. I'd recommend making an option in the preferences to limit the Random Page to the current language.

--Eibwen 06:08, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hide Own Contributions
Another useful filter would be to hide your own contributions -- particularly when you've authored many of the pages listed on the Recent changes page.

--Eibwen 22:20, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Link previews when hovering over links
Wikipedia has a really good feature of displaying small previews of linked-to Wikipedia articles, when hovering over any one such hyperlink. The feature seems to be unavailable in Wikibooks. I suggest that this feature be implemented such that link previews automatically happen at least for links to Wikipedia articles.

--MarkJFernandes (discuss • contribs) 13:53, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

Include a book's formatting skin with a book
Sometimes books come with artwork and decoration, that sometimes is also functional. To this end, the selected colour scheme for things like headings and hyperlinks may be an important aspect of the aesthetic decoration as well as of the functional properties of the book. Currently, it appears that you cannot override the colours set for links. I suggest that you permit book formatting skins, published alongside the books—if users then wish to override the book's custom skin, that's fine.

Figured out that you can in fact customise the colours of links at the wikibook authoring end—see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Link_color#Styling_individual_links_on_a_page. Therefore, this feature request is no longer needed.

--MarkJFernandes (discuss • contribs) 11:29, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

More efficient and effective legal notices
Every time I perform a page edit, there is a legal statement about the licence and terms that apply. Because such texts are liable to change at any time, each time I perform a page edit, I ought to check to make sure the text hasn't changed since last time. This can be expensive for users. It's true that I could just copy the text, and then do a browser search to see whether the text is exactly the same, but that is also a penalty hit (for users). What would be better, is if the legal notice is displayed just once, and then perhaps there is a checkbox that you check, to instruct Wikibooks not to display the notice except if it changes.

The same also applies to uploads, although uploads are probably handled by Wikimedia Commons rather than Wikibooks.

Most website user agreements are terrible. So don't feel so bad if I criticise your agreements. Anyway, it is a fantastic thing that you have one user agreement across many sites. You should keep this practice up and adopt it as much as possible. It means users often don't have to keep on reading a new agreement when switching to a sister site. Also, another good thing is that you don't frequently update your terms and conditions. This also saves the work users have to expend to use your sites.

If you change your terms and conditions, and there was exactly one previous agreement, you should draw-up two new documents: one document should be simply the new agreement; the other document should be a short amendment document, that simply amends the previous agreement in order to fully inform users of the new agreement, whilst at the same time reducing their overall work in the scenario that they have processed the previous agreement. The user can then choose which document they process, both documents equating to essentially the same user agreement. The same principle applies when several historic versions of the agreement exist. Do not create a 'fluffy' non-legally-binding document that describes the way the agreement has changed. Such documents are generally useless apart from getting a rough idea of how things have changed. And when you can instead create a legally-binding amendment document, that is so much better than such 'fluffy' documents. Always think, how much work will users need to conduct, to get up and running as quickly as possible.

Your legal agreements should go through many iterations in the drafting process, with each iteration simplifying the terms, and improving its readability and usability. Don't think in terms of creating a 'utopia' in writing, but instead in terms of creating a 'utopia' in practice. Many websites and companies make the mistake of creating a 'utopia' in writing, and they often end-up with huge agreements that most people probably ignore. Examples of such companies: Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Microsoft. The purpose of the user agreement is not to tell a story about who you are. Cut the fluff out. The user agreement's purpose is to be a legal contract specifying the legal relationship to get users up and running as quickly as possible.

You should think in terms of shifting the work from the user end, to the provider end, in respect of terms and conditions. This is because, with a poorly written agreement, and a large user base (perhaps a million users), the overall amount of contract-related work conducted by both users and the provider combined, is generally much higher than the work involved in writing good agreements and in the users processing a well-written agreement.

MarkJFernandes (discuss • contribs) 09:38, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * In fact I don't think we've changed our license in very many years. Most of the sisters do use the same license (Wikinews being the only exception I know of, because the nature of news calls for it to be more widely disseminable), and I've heard talk in recent years that many sisters would like to upgrade to the new version (from 3.0 to 4.0?) but there turn out to be compatibility issues between the old and new.  There the notices get displayed is, I believe, dictated by Wikimedia Legal, who I've the general impression may tend to professional paranoia. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:42, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Btw, as this page is marked "historical", I suggest we pull up all of this and move it to one of the reading rooms. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:47, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * 👍 to moving content to reading rooms. Because of copyright issues, we should probably use transclusion rather than copy-and-paste (out of respect for the contributions of the other authors). If you don't do it, I'll probably end-up doing it one of these days. Thanks. 🙏
 * 👍 to moving content to reading rooms. Because of copyright issues, we should probably use transclusion rather than copy-and-paste (out of respect for the contributions of the other authors). If you don't do it, I'll probably end-up doing it one of these days. Thanks. 🙏

MarkJFernandes (discuss • contribs) 17:03, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks:Feature Requests


text:
User:Ardonik

User:Ardonik ♦ Wiktionary:User:Ardonik ♦ Wikipedia:User:Ardonik ♦ Wikisource:User:Ardonik ♦ Meta:User:Ardonik

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ardonik


text:
Talk:C++ Programming/Q&A

 Welcome to the C++ Programming questions and answers page. Feel free to post any questions you have while learning to program in C++. If you have questions about this book, post them on the C++ Programming content discussion page. If you know the answer to a question, or you can improve any, go ahead and do it. After a response is given and the information is missing in the book, please add it and delete the post. (give at least 7 days after the reply, no archive is needed to be maintained of this page). You may also be interested on the material regarding this subject at Wikiversity.

how to move a text up and down using keys?
how to move a text up and down using keys?

You have to intercept the pressing of the keys, see the book example on how to get input from the keyboard and adapt it to detect those key presses, if you don't know the code for a particular key, print it to the screen after you have read it. if you think the example on how to get the keyboard data is missing something please ask again, please do sign you posts txs --Panic 14:41, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

string::find return type
Which one is right?

--DavidCary (talk) 02:32, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
 * returns an  ? -- old version of C++ Programming/Code/IO/Streams/string; but the compiler I'm using today tells me "warning: comparison between signed and unsigned integer expressions".
 * returns a  ? -- SGI reference; but the compiler I'm using today keeps telling me "error: 'size_type' was not declared in this scope".
 * returns a  ? -- another C++ reference; this seems to compile -- on this ancient compiler I'm using today. But is it portable?

 * What compiler are you using?   is the correct one, by what is on the 2003 standard.
 * Use  and the "error: 'size_type' was not declared in this scope" should be solved.  --Panic (talk) 19:06, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, that makes sense. Now my compiler accepts it. So actually

 * returns a
 * right? --DavidCary (talk) 04:04, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Well the correct terminology is that the type is size_type, the  bit is the namespace/scope were the compiler can find a definition for it, in general a type can be the same or different across several namespaces/scopes sharing the same keyword, in this case it also exists in other namespaces/scope (ie  ) and from your previous searches it seems that some time back it was a int.
 * For what is on the standard (2003) the size_type is implementation dependent and size_t will (with a high degree of certainty) be equal to size_type (but the standard doesn't commit to it and I couldn't find a clear reason why...) --Panic (talk) 04:44, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you. OK, I've updated C++ Programming/Code/IO/Streams/string based on the new understanding you've given me. As always, feel free to improve that page, even if it means reverting my mis-guided edits. --DavidCary (talk) 13:58, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

mathematical operations
a c++ programe that can display mathematical operations.

 * No major problem, the only difficulty would be the output but that depends only on how much it needed to conform with the standard notation. You could output a TeX formula and render it elsewhere. --Panic (talk) 19:50, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Ejecting optical drive
How to eject optical drive using c++ code on turbo c++ 3.0 compiler without using any windows library or header file?

 * Only possibility is to call another program that executes delete that task. That operation is dependant on the OS. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 22:09, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

MATALAB?
How does C++ compare with MATALAB? When should one use C++ instead of MATLAB? When is C++ superior to MATLAB? When is MATLAB superior to C++?

 * That is a bit like discussing what the differences are between oranges and apples, even more problematic since the analogy is even closer since both are fruits.
 * C++ is a programming language MATLAB is not even if it is scriptable the functions or objectives rarely are the same (MATLAB can be used to examine algorithms). Since they really can't be directly compared (unless we define a specific problem that can be addressed by both) the comparison has no meaning in generic terms, each does what it they are proposed to do. Also consider that MATLAB is a commercial product there is some fairly recent products that already replicate some functionalities of that software package in the case of programming languages there is no direct concurrency, there is only one C++ language even if some other languages can perform the same tasks they are ultimately completely distinct in use, capabilities and results (see the book section that compares C++ with similar languages if you need further info on that). --Panic (discuss • contribs) 08:39, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

c++ programming logical
A=9,B=9 why C=A!=B+1+(A==B) get the result C=0 ?

 * Go by steps and check operator resolution priority on the table. In any case doing such logic in a single operation like that is bad coding practice, you can extend it into several operations unless compiler optimization needs to be turned off, in that case you should provide an appropriate comment. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 09:44, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

Programming terms
hello there, I don't know anything about programming c++, but i ran on these words and would like to know what they are or how to get them: can you help pls?

 * - initial interface
 * - data loggin
 * - polling system
 * - object inspector
 * - gage component

thanks a lot

 * This have no specific relation to C++, even if they can be declared as terms used in programming. All depend on the context they are used so it would be mostly guessing to what they mean as listed above.
 * An interface can be many things but lets assume it refers to classes, in that case the initial interface may be indicating the parent class interface before derivation.
 * Data logging relates to keeping "data" for review (a log).
 * Polling system may be something like detecting if a system is active (for instance in dealing with threads) or in networks it can also be referring to deciding a priority by a vote (see distributed systems).
 * Object inspector is just like it states, you should learn more about Object Oriented Programming first.
 * The gage component can be so many things that I will not conjecture about it.
 * Programming is hard, it is not only understanding a language but knowing what can be done with it, understanding all the intrinsics of a language. Knowing the code is even less important that fully understanding the concepts behind how and why things are implemented as they are. If you understand those, every language will become very similar to you, as they ultimately share the same basic functional purpose. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 19:11, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

C++
what's the difference between \n & endl;

 * The first is a legacy notation from many older languages including C, the latest (I guess you intended to refer to std::endl) behavior is mostly equivalent but has further uses (streams) and guarantees see for example what was answered here, provides a complete coverage of the issue. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 23:32, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

the hello world example
Hi guys,

I am trying to learn C++ using your book. But the hello world example is confusing!

Here is why:

- the use of "int" before "main" is explained much later than it should be;

- the explanation claims that the first line of the program contains a line ending in \n and then waxes lyrical about what this means but the first line of the example does not contain \n !

raj 203.214.45.199 (discuss) 05:03, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:C++ Programming/Q&A


text:
Object Oriented Programming

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a model of programming that uses Objects as representation of data and the data's properties. Objects can be defined as fields of data with unique properties, or attributes and methods (functions). At its heart, object-oriented programming is a mindset which respects programming as a problem-solving dilemma on a grand scale that requires careful application of abstractions and subdividing problems into manageable pieces. Compared to procedural programming, a superficial examination of code written in both styles would reveal that object-oriented code tends to be broken down into vast numbers of small pieces, with the hope that each piece will be trivially verifiable. OOP was one step towards the holy grail of software re-usability, although no new term has gained widespread acceptance, which is why "OOP" is used to mean almost any modern programming distinct from systems programming, assembly programming, functional programming, or database programming. Modern programming would be better categorized as "multi-paradigm" programming, and that term is sometimes used. This book is primarily aimed at modern, multi-paradigm programming, which has classic object oriented programming as its immediate predecessor and strongest influence.

Historically, "OOP" has been one of the most influential developments in computer programming, gaining widespread use in the mid 1980s. Originally heralded for its facility for managing complexity in ever-growing software systems, OOP quickly developed its own set of difficulties. Fortunately, the ever evolving programming landscape gave us "interface" programming, design patterns, generic programming, and other improvements paving the way for more contemporary Multi-Paradigm programming. While some people will debate endlessly about whether or not a certain language implements "Pure" OOP—and bless or denounce a language accordingly—this book is not intended as an academic treatise on object oriented programming or its theory.

Instead, we aim for something more pragmatic: we start with basic OO theory and then delve into a handful of real-world languages to examine how they support OO programming. Since we obviously cannot teach each language, the point is to illustrate the trade-offs inherent in different approaches to OOP.

Although OOP is quite complex to beginners it becomes easy when you first fully understand what pillars the concept of OOP is built on.

Table Of Contents

 * /Introduction To OOP/
 * /Classes/
 * /Properties/
 * /Methods/
 * /Constructors/
 * /Lifetime Management/
 * /Getters and Setters/
 * /Static vs Dynamic/
 * /Private vs Public/
 * /Encapsulation/
 * /Inheritance/
 * /Subclasses/
 * /Superclasses/
 * /Polymorphism/
 * /Abstraction/
 * /Advanced Concepts/
 * State
 * /Interfaces/
 * /See also/

title: Object Oriented Programming


text:
Swedish/Lesson 2

Dialogue
Hans - a German tourist - is driving through Skåne in southern Sweden with his caravan looking for a place to stay the night. He meets Johan - a local Swedish farmer.

Hans: Ursäkta mig. Vet du var husvagnscampingen ligger? ''English: Excuse me. Do you know where the caravan camp is located? ''

Johan: Ja, det är bara att följa den här vägen 5 kilometer och sedan svänga åt vänster. ''English: Yes, just follow this road for 5 kilometers and then turn left. ''

Hans: Tack så mycket! Jag har letat i flera timmar. ''English: Thank you very much! I have been looking for several hours. ''

Johan: Det är ingen fara. Fin husvagn förresten. Varifrån kommer du? ''English: Don't worry about it. Nice caravan by the way. Where are you from?''

Hans: Jag kommer från Tyskland och är här i Sverige på semester över sommaren, som du kanske förstod. ''English: I'm from Germany and I'm here in Sweden on vacation during the summer, as you might have imagined. ''

Johan: Jo, det är ju många tyskar som kommer hit under sommaren. ''English: Yes, there are many Germans coming here during the summer. ''

Hans: Kanske för att Sverige är så underbart. Hur som helst måste jag åka nu. Tack så mycket för hjälpen igen! ''English: Maybe because Sweden is so wonderful. Anyhow I have to go now. Thanks so much for the help again! ''

Johan: Ha en trevlig semester. Hej då! ''English: Have a pleasant vacation. Good bye! ''

Travelling
Travelling in Sweden is easy. Most people understand and speak good English. Some people are also skilled in German, French, Spanish, and Finnish. Most Swedes can easily understand Norwegian and well-enunciated Danish.

The biggest railway company is Statens Järnvägar (State Railroads).

The dominating airline company is Scandinavian Airlines (SAS). SAS is a member of Star Alliance.

There are also buses travelling all over the country. The biggest provider of long distance bus travel is Swebus Express.

Driving
In Sweden, driving is done on the right side of the road. For some rules and regulations, see Vägverket (Swedish Road Administration). You can drive freely for one year on a valid non-Swedish driving licence, and forever if you have a driving licence from an EEA country. Swiss or Japanese drivers’ licences can be exchanged for a Swedish licence for permanent residents.

Use of public transportation (like bus or train) is encouraged. In Stockholm, there is a new charge for motorists to reduce congestion on the streets (see The Local).

Allemansrätten - All People's Right
In Sweden, one is allowed to walk in forests and fields and pick berries, mushrooms and flowers, even if it is on private property. This is in Swedish called 'allemansrätten'. There are some restrictions, which mostly anyhow fall under rules of politeness. The right only extends to "the wild" (as forests and meadows), not to obviously planted gardens. The area closest to a house also is exempted. Thus, for instance, one should not camp directly in another's front yard, nor can one light a fire if fire restrictions are in effect. You should not pick flowers that are rare or planted. This also extends to branches and twigs on living trees; the owners of a forest may have planted them, and probably plans to sell or let their children sell the trees as wood to the Swedish forest industry, Thus, you only may take fallen wood for a fire. when they are full-grown. You can camp one night on another's land. This right also does not extend to littering or bothering the animals, and you must pack out everything you take in,

Currency
The currency in Sweden is the Swedish krona (SEK) and öre, where 100 öre is 1 SEK. Öre are no longer used if paying cash. The exchange rate is about 8-9 SEK for 1 €. Many Swedes will use the word "crowns" for their currency, since that is the literal translation for kronor. To get cash in Sweden is easy, visit the closest ATM (called Bankomat or Minuten) with your VISA, MasterCard or similar.

The coins of less value than the 1 SEK are no longer used, however, you will still see prices such as 11 kronor 90 öre, but these prices are rounded to the closest amount in kronor, if you pay cash.

Vocabulary

 *  En bil  - A car
 *  Ett tåg  - A train
 *  En järnvägstation  - A train station
 *  En buss  - A bus
 *  En biljett  - A ticket
 *  En maskin  - A machine
 *  En biljettmaskin  - A ticket machine
 *  En karta  - A map
 *  En bilkarta  - A roadmap

As you can see, words can quite easily be put together to form new words. One difference from English is that in Swedish you don't separate the words, you write "en bilkarta", not "en bil karta". Writing it with a space is called "särskrivning", literally "separate writing", and should be avoided as it's incorrect.

Grammar
This is some short introductory grammar to the definite form in Swedish. For a more complete guide, look at the page about nouns.

Singular
To make a word into definite form, you add letters to the end of the word and remove the "en" or "ett" from before it. To do this, first you have to know if it's "en" or "ett". In most cases, not always though (I'll come back to this), you simply add a "n" to "en"-words, and a "t" to "ett"-words if they end with a vowel. If they end with a consonant, you do the same thing, but add an "e" between the word and the ending.
 * En bil -> Bilen
 * Ett hus -> Huset
 * En karta -> Kartan

Plural
Plural isn't as easy, as there's five "declensions". These you simply have to learn, but when you've read and spoken Swedish for a while, you won't have any trouble with it, you'll simply know when to use a certain ending. For now, ask a Swede, or look the word up in a dictionary. More on the declensions here (link to wikipedia).

title: Swedish/Lesson 2


text:
Swedish/Vocabulary

How to use this vocabulary
All the conjugation forms of verbs, nouns and adjectives have been given here.

If the ending of the word has been, at some point, divided with a slash (/), it means that the ending has to be attached to the word by dropping the following letter(s) separated by the slash from the rest of the word.

E.g. en abborr/e, -en, -ar, -arna should become en abborre, abborren, abborrar, abborrarna. Notice how the "e" in abborre is dropped, leaving the stem "abborr", to which the endings -en, -ar or -arna are attached.

If there is no dividing slash at some point in the end of a noun or a verb, the ending is directly attached to the word. E.g. en arm, -en, -ar, -arna becomes en arm, armen, armar, armarna.

Also notice that en and ett are both articles and are dealt with in the grammar section.

A

 * abborr/e, -en, -ar, -arna (/abore/) -- n. perch
 * absolut -- n. absolute, definite
 * affär, -en, -er, -erna -- n. business, shop, store
 * afton, -en -- n. evening
 * akta, -de, -t -- v. be careful with, take care of
 * alla -- pron. all, everyone
 * allihop -- pron. all of us
 * allmos/a, -an, -or, -orna (/almu:sa/) -- n. alms
 * allt -- pron. all, everything
 * alltid -- adv. always
 * alm, -en, -ar, -arna (/alm/) -- n. elm
 * annan -- pron. other, another one
 * ansikte, -t, -n, -na (/ansikte/) -- n. face
 * använda -- v. use, employ
 * ap/a, -n, -or, -orna -- monkey
 * arbet/a, -ar, -ade, -at (/arbe:eta/) -- v. work
 * arbete, -t, -n, -na (/arbe:ete/) -- n. work
 * arg (/arj/) -- adj. angry
 * arm, -en, -ar, -arna (/arm/) -- n. arm
 * ask, -en, -ar, -arna (/ask/) -- n. ash (living tree)
 * aska, -n (/aska/) -- n. ash (burnt tree)
 * askkopp, -en, -ar, -arna (/askop/) -- n. ashtray
 * asp, -en, -ar, -arna (/asp/) -- n. aspen

B

 * bad/a, -ar, -ade, -at -- bath v.
 * ett badkar, -et, badkar, -en -- bathtub
 * bak/a, -ar, -ade, -at -- bake v.
 * en balj/a, -an, -or, -orna -- tub, bowl
 * bandspelar/e, -(e)n -- tape recorder
 * en bank, -en, -er, -erna -- bank
 * en bankomat, -en, -er, -erna -- ATM (one of two brands in Sweden)
 * ett barn, -et, barn, -en -- child
 * ett ben, -et, ben, -en -- leg; bone
 * berg, -et, berg, -en -- mountain
 * en berg-och-dalban/a, -an, -or, -orna -- rollercoaster
 * en bil, -en, -ar, -arna (short for automobil) -- car
 * en bild, -en, -er, -erna -- image, picture
 * en, bildskärm, -en, -ar, -arna -- monitor (CRT)
 * en biljett, -en, -er, -erna -- ticket
 * billig, -t, -a -- cheap
 * en björn, -en, -ar, -arna -- bear
 * en blixt, -en, -ar, -arna -- flash
 * en blomm/a, -an, -or, -orna -- flower
 * en blomkruk/a, -an, -or, -orna -- flower pot
 * bly, -(e)t -- lead
 * bläck, -et -- ink
 * en bläckfisk, -en, -ar, -arna -- octopus
 * en bok, -en, -ar, -arna -- beech
 * en bok, -en, böck/er, -erna -- book
 * en bokhyll/a, -an, -or, orna -- bookshelf
 * ett bord, -et, bord, -en -- table
 * brännvin, -et -- vodka
 * ett bröd, -et, bröd, -en -- bread
 * en buss, -en, -ar, -arna -- bus
 * en busshållplats, -en, -er, -erna -- bus stop
 * en bärsärk, -en, -ar, -arna -- berserker
 * ett par byxor, -orna -- a pair of trousers

C

 * en central, -en -- center, central station
 * centrum -- center
 * en chaufför -- driver, chauffeur
 * chef -- boss, head, manager
 * choklad -- chocolate
 * cirk/el, -eln, -lar, -larna -- a circle
 * cirkla -- to circle (verb)
 * en citron, -en, -er, -erna -- lemon
 * en cyk/el, -eln, -lar, -larna -- bicycle

D

 * dag -- day
 * dagbok -- diary, journal
 * dagis -- daycare center
 * dagg -- dew
 * daggmask -- earthworm
 * dal -- valley
 * dam -- lady
 * damm -- (1) dust (2) pond (3) damm
 * dammsugare -- vacuum cleaner
 * danmark -- denmark
 * dansa -- dance
 * dator -- computer
 * dass -- outhouse or toilet (esp. outdoor, non-WC)
 * decennium -- decade
 * del -- portion, part, section, share
 * dela -- divide, share
 * deras -- their
 * dikt -- poem
 * din -- your
 * diska -- wash up, do the dishes
 * djup -- deep
 * djur -- animal
 * dricka --drink
 * dröm, -en, -ar, -arna -- dream
 * du -- you
 * ett dund/er -ret -er -ren -- thunder
 * dyr -- expensive
 * då -- then, at that time, in those days
 * dålig -- bad, poor, weak
 * där -- there
 * därför -- so, therefore
 * därifrån -- from there
 * dö, dog, dött -- die

E

 * efter -- after, behind
 * egen -- own
 * egenskap -- quality, characteristic
 * ej -- not
 * ek -- oak
 * eka -- small, oar propulsed wooden boat
 * eka -- echo v.
 * ekhjul -- oak wheel
 * eko -- echo
 * ekonomi -- economy
 * ekorre -- squirrel
 * elak -- naughty, evil, wicked
 * eld -- fire
 * elev -- student, pupil
 * eller -- or
 * emot -- against
 * enda -- only
 * enkel -- simple, easy
 * ensam -- alone, solitary
 * er -- your, yours
 * erfarenhet -- experience

F

 * falsk -- false
 * familj -- family
 * farlig -- dangerous
 * fatta -- catch, grasp
 * fel -- wrong
 * fest -- party, feast
 * festa -- have a good time, party v
 * fika -- have some coffee, coffee break
 * fjäder -- feather
 * fjäll -- a mountain with bare top in the Nordic countries
 * flod -- river (outside the Nordic countries)
 * fluga -- fly n.
 * flyga -- fly v.
 * flygplan -- aeroplane
 * flygplats -- airport
 * fläsk -- pork
 * folk -- people
 * fot -- foot
 * frisk -- well, healthy, not sick
 * fråga -- question n
 * fråga -r -de -t -- ask
 * fura -- pine tree. the word tall is more common.
 * furu -- pine wood
 * fusk -- cheating
 * få, fick, fått -- get
 * fågel -- bird
 * får -- sheep
 * färsk -- fresh
 * förstå -- understand
 * förälska -- fall in love

G

 * gaff/el, -eln, -lar, -larna -- Fork
 * galen -- mad, crazy
 * gammal -- old, ancient
 * gat/a, -an, -or, -orna -- Street
 * ge, gav, givit (col. "gett") -- give, grant
 * genast -- at once, immediately
 * genom -- through, by way of, thanks to
 * gifta sig, gifte sig, gift sig -- marry oneself
 * glad -- happy, pleased, delighted
 * glas, -en, -ar, -arna -- Glass
 * glass -- Ice cream
 * glädje -- joy, delight, happiness
 * glöm/ma, -de, -t -- forget
 * god -- good, nice, pleasant
 * godis, -et, (no pl.) -- Candy
 * golv, -et, -, -en -- floor
 * grann/e, -en, -ar, -arna -- neighbor
 * gran, -en, -ar, -arna -- Spruce
 * grej, -en, -er, -erna -- (jargon) thing, gadget
 * gris, -en, -ar, -arna -- Pig
 * grisa, -de, -t -- (1) What a sow does when she gets piglets. (2) To behave like a pig, typically in conjunction to a party.
 * griskulting, -en, -ar, -arna -- Piglet
 * grod/a, -an, -or, -orna -- Frog
 * gräns, -en, -er, -erna -- boundary, border
 * grön -- green
 * gubb/e, -en, -ar, -arna -- Old man
 * gud, -en, -ar, -arna -- (a) god
 * Gud -- God
 * guld, -et, (no pl.) -- Gold
 * gumm/a, -an, -or, -orna -- old woman
 * gyllene -- Golden
 * gå, gick, gått -- walk
 * göra, gjorde, gjort -- do, make

H

 * ha, hade, haft -- have
 * hals, -en, -ar, -arna -- neck, throat
 * halsa, -de, -t -- (jargon) drink directly from a bottle,
 * halv -- half
 * hand, -en, händer, -na -- hand
 * handduk, -en, -ar, -arna -- towel
 * handla, -de, -t -- shop, trade, deal, do business v
 * hans -- his
 * hat, -et, (no pl.) -- hatred
 * hav, -et, -, -en -- sea, ocean
 * hembränt, -, (no pl.) -- Moonshine (i.e. home made vodka)
 * hej! -- hi!
 * hel -- whole, full, complete
 * heller -- either
 * helvete, -t, -n, -na -- hell
 * hem, -et, -, -en -- home
 * herr/e, -en, -ar, -arna -- gentleman, man
 * hinna, hann, hunnit -- reach, get, find
 * hit -- here
 * hitta, -de, -t -- find
 * hjort, -en, -ar, -arna -- deer
 * hjälp -- help, assistance
 * hjälp/a, -te, -t -- help, aid
 * hjärta, -t, -n, -na -- heart
 * hon -- she, her
 * hund, -en, -ar, -arna -- dog
 * hur -- how
 * hus, -et, -, -en -- house
 * hyr/a, -de, -t -- rent, hire
 * hål, -et, -, -en -- hole
 * hår -- hair
 * härifrån -- from here
 * högskol/a, -an, -or, -orna -- college of higher learning
 * hök, -en, -ar, -arna -- hawk
 * hön/a, -an, -or, -orna -- hen
 * hör/a, -de, -t -- hear, learn, be told

I

 * Ilska -- Anger
 * Ingenjör -- Engineer
 * Inget -- Nothing
 * Inte -- Not
 * Intighet -- Void
 * Illa -- badly
 * Is -- ice
 * Iller -- polecat
 * Iskall -- as cold as ice
 * Italien -- Italy

J

 * Jacka -- Jacket
 * Jaga -- Hunt v.
 * Jakt -- Hunt n.
 * Jord -- Soil/Dirt
 * Jorden -- The Earth
 * Järn -- Iron
 * Järnväg -- Rail road
 * Järv -- Wolverine

K

 * kaffe, -t, (no pl.) -- coffee
 * katt, -en, -er, -erna -- cat
 * kattung/e, -en, -ar, -arna -- kitten
 * kalv, -en, -ar, -arna -- calf
 * kniv, -en, -ar, -arna -- knife
 * ko, -n, -r, -rna -- cow
 * kontinent, -en, -er, -erna -- continent
 * Kontinenten -- Europe minus the Nordic countries (often including Denmark)
 * krabb/a, -an, -or, -orna -- crab
 * kräft/a, -an, -or, -orna -- crayfish
 * kräft/a, -an, -or, -orna -- cancer (medic, obsolete: instead use Cancer /kanser/)
 * kräftan -- Cancer (zodiac)
 * kvinn/a, -an, -or, -orna -- woman
 * kyckling, -en, -ar, -arna -- chicken
 * kär -- in love
 * kärlek, -en, -ar, -arna -- love n.
 * kök, -et, -, -en -- kitchen
 * kött, -et, (no pl.) -- meat
 * kör, -en -- choir
 * kam, -en -- comb
 * kamel, -en -- camel
 * kille, -en -- boy

L

 * Lampa -- Lamp
 * Land -- Land, Country
 * Lax -- Salmon
 * Leka -- Play
 * Lycka -- Happiness
 * Läka -- Heal
 * Läkare -- Doctor (physician)
 * Läxa -- Homework
 * Läsa -- read
 * Lämna -- leave

M

 * Majs -- Corn
 * Man -- Man
 * Mardröm -- Nightmare
 * Mark -- Ground
 * Maskin -- Machine
 * Mat -- Food
 * Mejla -- E-mail v.
 * Minut -- Minute
 * Minuten -- ATM (one of two brands in Sweden)
 * Misstag -- Mistake
 * Mint -- Mint (flavor)
 * Mjöd -- Mead
 * Mjöl -- Flour
 * Mjölk -- Milk
 * Mobba -- Bully
 * Mobbning -- Bullying
 * Mynt -- Coin n.
 * Mynta -- (1) Coin v. (2) Mint (herb)
 * Månad -- Month
 * Måne -- Moon

N

 * Natt -- Night
 * Nord -- North n.
 * Norden -- The Nordic Countries
 * Norge -- Norway
 * Norr -- North prep.
 * Norrman -- Norwegian
 * Norska -- Norwegian (language or woman)
 * Ny -- New
 * Nybörjare -- Beginner, Novice, N00b, Newbie
 * Nyhet -- News
 * Nyheterna -- The news
 * Nätet -- The (Inter)Net

O

 * Olycka -- Accident, Misfortune
 * Ondska -- Evil
 * Orkan -- Hurricane
 * Orm -- Snake
 * Ost -- Cheese
 * Otur -- Bad luck
 * Ond -- evil
 * Ostron -- oyster
 * Om -- if
 * Oss -- us

P

 * Paket -- Parcel, Package
 * Pengar -- Money
 * Pris -- prize
 * Plastpåse -- plastic bag
 * Pojke -- boy
 * Paj -- pie
 * Påsk -- Easter

Q

 * Qatar -- Qatar

R

 * Rak -- Straight
 * Ren -- Reindeer
 * Rep -- Rope
 * Rike -- State, Country, Realm
 * Ris -- Rice
 * Rum -- Room; Space (in mathematics)
 * Rymd -- Space
 * Rymden -- Space (the Universe)
 * Råtta -- Rat
 * Rät -- Straight
 * Rätt -- Right, Correct
 * Rättighet -- Right jur. De mänskliga rättigheterna. (The human rights)

S

 * se, såg, sett -- See
 * sekel -- century
 * sekund -- second
 * silver -- silver
 * sked -- spoon
 * skjorta -- shirt
 * sko -- shoe
 * skola -- school
 * skorsten -- chimney
 * skott -- Shot
 * skottkärra -- Wheelbarrow
 * skottland -- Scotland
 * skottår -- Leap year
 * slang -- hose
 * slang -- slang
 * slut -- end, finish n. (and vulgarly adj.)
 * sluta, -de, -t -- end, finish, stop v.
 * slända -- distaff
 * slända -- an insect in the order of Odonata, such as dragonflies and damselflies.
 * smak -- taste, flavor n.
 * smaka, -de, -t -- taste v.
 * SMS -- SMS n.
 * SMS:a -- SMS v.
 * sol -- sun
 * sova, sov, sovit -- Sleep v.
 * spel -- game
 * spårvagn -- tram
 * spöke -- ghost
 * stav -- staff
 * stjärna -- star
 * stjärnbild -- constellation
 * stjärntecken -- astrological sign
 * ström -- Stream, Current; Electric power. Vi har ingen ström! (We have no power!)
 * stål -- steel
 * suga -- suck
 * svensk -- Swede, Swedish adj.
 * svenska -- Swedish (language or woman)
 * Sverige (/sværje/) -- Sweden
 * syd -- south prep.
 * synd -- sin; Pity. Vad synd! (That's a shame!)
 * syrsa -- cricket (insect)
 * såg -- saw, sawmill
 * söder -- south n.
 * sömn -- sleep n.

T

 * ta, tog, tagit -- take
 * tall, -en, -ar, -arna -- Pine tree
 * tallrik, -en, -ar, -arna -- Plate
 * tenn -- Tin
 * tennsoldat, -en, -er, -erna -- Tin soldier
 * tid, -en, -er, -erna -- Time
 * timme, -en, -ar, -arna -- Hour
 * toa, -n, (no pl.) -- Toilett
 * toalett, -en, -er, -erna -- Toilett
 * troll, -et, -, -en -- Troll
 * trolla, -de, -t -- Do (stage) magic
 * trollsländ/a, -an, -or, -orna -- Dragonfly
 * träd, -et, -, -en -- Tree
 * tunnelban, -en, -er, -erna -- Subway
 * tupp, -en, -ar, -arna -- Rooster
 * tur, -en, -er, -erna -- Good luck
 * Tyskland -- Germany
 * tåg, -et, -, -en -- Train
 * tågstation, -en, -er, -erna -- Train station

U

 * Ull -- Wool (sheep hair)
 * Undulat -- Budgerigar
 * Universitet -- University
 * Upplevelse -- (an enjoyable) Experience
 * Ute -- Outside
 * Utrikes -- Abroad, Overseas
 * Uggla -- owl

V, W

 * Vatten -- Water
 * Webben -- The (World Wide) Web
 * Vecka -- Week
 * Vin -- Wine
 * Väg -- Way, Road
 * Vänstersväng -- Left turn
 * Värld -- World
 * Väst -- West prep.
 * Väster -- West n.
 * Växa -- Grow
 * Växt -- Plant

X

 * Xylofon -- Xylophone

Y

 * Yxa -- Axe
 * Yrke -- Occupation
 * Ylle -- Wool (textile)
 * Ytterdörr -- front door

Z

 * Zooma -- Zoom v.
 * Zebra -- zebra

Å

 * en å, -n, -ar, -arna -- river
 * ett år, -et, år, -en -- year
 * århundrade, -t, -n -- century
 * årtionde, -t, -n -- decade
 * årtusende, -t, -n -- millennium
 * en år/a, -an, -or, -orna -- oar
 * en åsikt, -en, -er, -erna -- opinion; vara av samma åsikt med ngn (to agree with smbd); vara av annan åsikt med ngn (to disagree with smbd)
 * en åsk/a, -an, -or, -orna -- thunder

Ä
(skol)Ämne -- subjekt
 * Älg -- Moose
 * Älska -- Love v.
 * Älv -- River (in the Nordic Countries)
 * Älva -- Female elf
 * Ände -- End (of something physical, such as a rope)
 * Äpple -- Apple
 * Äta -- Eat

Ö

 * Ö -- Island
 * Öl -- Beer
 * Örn -- Eagle
 * Öst -- East prep.
 * Öster -- East n.
 * Önska -- Wish v.
 * Önskning -- Wish n.

title: Swedish/Vocabulary


text:
Quantum Field Theory/QFT Schwinger-Dyson

In quantum field theory, action is given by the functional S of field configurations (which only depends locally on the fields), then the time ordered vacuum expectation value of polynomially bounded functional F, , is given by

 * $$=\frac{\int \mathcal{D}\phi F[\phi]e^{iS[\phi]}}{\int\mathcal{D}\phi e^{iS[\phi]}}$$

In fact, on shell equations for the classical case usually have their quantum analog because, in a hand wavy way, when integrating over regions of the configuration space which are significantly off shell, the rapidly oscillating phases would tend to produce "destructive interference" wheareas for regions close on shell, we tend to have "constructive interference".

For example, what is the analog of the on shell Euler-Lagrange equations, $$\frac{\delta}{\delta \phi}S[\phi]=0$$?

If the functional measure $$\mathcal{D}\phi$$ turns out to be translationally invariant (we'll assume this for the rest of this article, although this does not hold for, let's say nonlinear sigma models) and if we assume that after a Wick rotation

 * $$e^{iS[\phi]}$$,

which now becomes

 * $$e^{-H[\phi]}$$

for some H, goes to zero faster than any reciprocal of any polynomial for large values of φ, integrate by parts (after a Wick rotation, followed by a Wick rotation back) to get the following Schwinger-Dyson equations:

 * $$<\frac{\delta}{\delta \phi}F[\phi]>=-i$$

for any polynomially bounded functional F.

These equations are the analog of the on shell EL equations.

If J (called the source field) is an element of the dual space of the field configurations (which has at least an affine structure because of the assumption of the translational invariance for the functional measure then, the generating functional Z of the source fields is defined to be:

$$Z[J]=\int \mathcal{D}\phi e^{i(S[\phi]+)}$$

Note that

$$\frac{\delta^n Z}{\delta J(x_1) \cdots \delta J(x_n)}[J]=i^n Z[J] <\phi(x_1)\cdots \phi(x_n)>_J$$

where

$$_J=\frac{\int \mathcal{D}\phi F[\phi]e^{i(S[\phi]+)}}{\int\mathcal{D}\phi e^{i(S[\phi]+)}}$$

Basically, if $$\mathcal{D}\phi e^{iS[\phi]}$$ is viewed as a functional distribution (this shouldn't be taken too literally as an interpretation of QFT, unlike it's Wick rotated statistical mechanics analogue, because we have time ordering complications here!), then $$<\phi(x_1)\cdots \phi(x_n)>$$ are its moments and Z is its Fourier transform.

If F is a functional of φ, then for an operator K, F[K] is defined to be the operator which substitutes K for φ. For example, if $$F[\phi]=\frac{\partial^{k_1}}{\partial x_1^{k_1}}\phi(x_1)\cdots \frac{\partial^{k_n}}{\partial x_n^{k_n}}\phi(x_n)$$ and G is a functional of J, then $$F[-i\frac{\delta}{\delta J}]G[J]=(-i)^n \frac{\partial^{k_1}}{\partial x_1^{k_1}}\frac{\delta}{\delta J(x_1)} \cdots \frac{\partial^{k_n}}{\partial x_n^{k_n}}\frac{\delta}{\delta J(x_n)} G[J]$$.

Then, from the properties of the functional integrals, we get the "master" Schwinger-Dyson equation:

$$\frac{\delta S}{\delta \phi(x)}[-i \frac{\delta}{\delta J}]Z[J]+J(x)Z[J]=0$$

If the functional measure is not translationally invariant, it might be possible to express it as the product $$M[\phi]\mathcal{D}\phi$$ where M is a functional and $$\mathcal{D}\phi$$ is a translationally invariant measure. This is true, for example, for nonlinear sigma models where the target space is diffeomorphic to Rn. However, if the target manifold is some topologically nontrivial space, the concept of a translation does not even make any sense.

In that case, we would have to replace the S in this equation by another functional $$\hat{S}=S-i\ln(M)$$

If we expand this equation as a Taylor series about J=0, we get the entire set of Schwinger-Dyson equations.

Now how about the on shell Noether's theorem for the classical case? Does it have a quantum analog as well? Yes, but with a caveat. The functional measure would have to be invariant under the one parameter group of symmetry transformation as well.

Let's see how it goes. Let's just assume for simplicity here that the symmetry in question is local (I don't mean local in the gauge sense. I mean local in the sense that the transformed value of the field at any given point under an infinitesimal transformation would only depend on the field configuration over an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the point in question.). Let's also assume that the action is local in the sense that it is the integral over spacetime of a Lagrangian and that $$Q[\mathcal{L}(x)]=\partial_\mu f^\mu (x)$$ for some function f where f only depends locally on φ (and possibly the spacetime position). If we don't assume any special boundary conditions, this would not be a "true" symmetry in the true sense of the term in general unless f=0 or something. Here, Q is a derivation which generates the one parameter group in question. We could have antiderivations as well, like for example BRST and supersymmetry. Let's also assume

$$\int \mathcal{D}\phi Q[F][\phi]=0$$ for any polynomially bounded functional F. This property is called the invariance of the measure. And this does not hold in general. See anomaly (physics) for more details.

Then,

$$\int \mathcal{D}\phi Q[F e^{iS}][\phi]=0$$, which implies

$$+i=0$$ where the integral is over the boundary. This is the quantum analog.

Now, let's assume even further that Q is a local integral $$Q=\int d^dx q(x)$$ where q(x)[φ(y)]=δ(d)(x-y)Q[φ(y)] so that $$q(x)[S]=\partial_\mu j^\mu (x)$$ where $$j^{\mu}(x)=f^\mu(x)-\frac{\partial}{\partial (\partial_\mu \phi)}\mathcal{L}(x) Q[\phi]$$ (this is assuming the Lagrangian only depends on φ and its first partial derivatives! More general Lagrangians would require a modification to this definition!). Note that we're NOT insisting that q(x) is the generator of a symmetry (i.e. we're NOT insisting upon the gauge principle), but just that Q is. And let's also assume the even stronger assumption that the functional measure is locally invariant:

$$\int \mathcal{D}\phi q(x)[F][\phi]=0$$.

Then, we'd have

$$+i=+i=0$$

Alternatively,

$$q(x)[S][-i \frac{\delta}{\delta J}]Z[J]+J(x)Q[\phi(x)][-i \frac{\delta}{\delta J}]Z[J]=\partial_\mu j^\mu(x)[-i \frac{\delta}{\delta J}]Z[J]+J(x)Q[\phi(x)][-i \frac{\delta}{\delta J}]Z[J]=0$$

The above two equations are the Ward-Takahashi identities.

Now for the case where f=0, we can forget about all the boundary conditions and locality assumptions. We'd simply have

=0.

Alternatively,

$$\int d^dx J(x)Q[\phi(x)][-i \frac{\delta}{\delta J}]Z[J]=0$$

An example: φ4
To give an example, suppose

$$S[\phi]=\int d^dx \left (\frac{1}{2} \partial^\mu \phi(x) \partial_\mu \phi(x) -\frac{1}{2}m^2\phi(x)^2 -\frac{\lambda}{4!}\phi(x)^4\right )$$

for a real field φ.

Then,

$$\frac{\delta S}{\delta \phi(x)}=-\partial_\mu \partial^\mu \phi(x) -m^2 \phi(x) - \frac{\lambda}{3!}\phi(x)^3$$.

The Schwinger-Dyson equation for this particular example is:

$$i\partial_\mu \partial^\mu \frac{\delta}{\delta J(x)}Z[J]+im^2\frac{\delta}{\delta J(x)}Z[J]-\frac{i\lambda}{3!}\frac{\delta^3}{\delta J(x)^3}Z[J]+J(x)Z[J]=0$$

Note that since $$\frac{\delta^3}{\delta J(x)^3}$$ is not well-defined ($$\frac{\delta^3}{\delta J(x_1)\delta J(x_2) \delta J(x_3)}Z[J]$$ is a distribution in x1, x2 and x3), this equation needs to be regularized!