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The Computer Revolution/Hardware/Video Cards

Video Cards are specific pieces of hardware a computer system uses to display all images on the monitor. A video card is the apparatus that the monitor plugs into the mother board.

They do not require:
 * their own power plug from the power source.
 * require a separate card.

Video card range from:
 * different qualities
 * different memory size.
 * The more megapixels the video card can display onto the monitor, the better the resolution; meaning it has a better image quality.

Video cards most often have built in memory; which determines how fast and smooth a video card can change and display images. Years ago,video cards were usually 8MBs; today, the most common video cards in PCs are approximately 256MBs. This has enabled higher quality images in games and DVDs. Without video cards the monitor cannot be attached to the computer and will not display images. As well, another fundamental trait of the video card is that it requires it's own driver in order to function to its fullest potential.

Why are they important?
Video cards are important to everyday users, as well as businesses and large firms. Video cards enable the computer monitor to display more colors, clearer images, and better quality images. A video card converts the processor's output info into a signal that can be sent to the monitor. The uses of a video or graphics card are numerous, programs like CAD and other design software needs to be detailed and very precise. Another use is for dual monitors. Employees today are expected and/or required to work on multiple programs at the same time and complex spreadsheets and reports. Having dual monitors makes working on those tasks move along much more efficiently and therefore improves employee productivity. In order to do this, you need to have either multiple video cards or a video card that supports dual monitors. As well, a video gamer may want better resolution and better quality picture for the game they are playing. Video cards have evolved along with computers, from displaying black and white, to the multitude of colors available now.


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The Computer Revolution/Databases/Types of Files

A file can be defined as a collection of data or information. However, the computer treats every file like a single unit. Therefore each file has a filename. For example a file created in word is different from a file created in a wave editing program. There are two types of files. There are Program files and Data Files. Program files, at heart, can be described as files containing software instructions. Program files are then made up by two files called, source program files and executable files. Source program files contain the original form of instructions from the creator. These are then translated in executable files so the processor can interpret them and carry out the function of the file. The Other type of main file is data files. These are basically to hold data. These are not like program files in which they actually carry out a function on the computer. Rather they contain information that is to be acted on by the program files. There are they types of files that make up data files. These are Graphic Files, Audio files and Animation/Video files. Graphic files can easily be thought of, of the pictures you see. Audio Files are the music files you listen to. Animation/Video files are the movies or clips that you watch on your computer.

Copying and Moving Files and Folders
Copying and moving files and folders is a very easy and simple task to do. It helps you keep your computer organized and helps to keep you folders readily available. The first step to take in order for you to do this is to find the folder that you want to move. Then you highlight (select) the folder and right click to copy or cut the folder. This copies the file to the clipboard. Then you will go to the location where you want to put the file and right click and paste it there. (This is for windows 7).

Deleting Files and Folders
This task is very useful to keep your computer clean and organized. You might want to delete these files to keep your computer organized or even to get your computer going faster. The first step to take to delete a file or folder is to go to the drive and folder where your file is located. Then you will select that file and drag it to the recycle icon on your desktop. What you can also do is select and press the delete key. This will delete your folder. If you delete a folder it will delete every file in that folder.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Cookbook:Pumpkin Pie II

| Dessert | American cuisine | Holiday

Serve your pumpkin pie warm or cold, topped with whipped cream or not!

Ingredients

 * ¾ cup (180 g) granulated sugar
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
 * ½ teaspoon ground ginger
 * ¼ teaspoon ground cloves
 * 2 large eggs
 * 1 can (15 oz / 425 g) pumpkin
 * 1 can (12 fl oz / 350 ml) evaporated milk
 * 1 unbaked 9-inch pie shell
 * Whipped cream

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 425°F (210°C)
 * 2) Mix sugar, salt, cinnamon, ginger, and cloves in small bowl. Beat eggs in large bowl; stir in pumpkin and sugar spice mixture. Gradually stir in evaporated milk.
 * 3) Pour into the unbaked pie shell.
 * 4) Bake at 425°F (210°C) for 15 minutes. Reduce temperature to 350°F (180°C), and bake for 40–50 minutes or until knife inserted near center come out clean.
 * 5) Cool on wire rack for 2 hours.
 * 6) Top with whipped cream before serving.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Make the filling ahead, if you wish, but pour it into the pie shell just before baking to keep the crust crisp.
 * The baking instructions start with a high oven temperature, then direct you to reduce the heat partway through baking. This is an important step which allows the crust time to crisp.
 * Insert a knife near but not exactly in the center of the pie to test for doneness, as the center will still cook after you take the pie out of the oven.
 * 1¾ teaspoons pumpkin pie spice may be substituted for the cinnamon, ginger, and cloves; however, the taste will be slightly different.

title: Cookbook:Pumpkin Pie II


text:
The Computer Revolution/Hardware/Server

A server is nothing more than a computer that provides services to other computers. In any computer can be a server the only thing you have to do is enable file sharing and others are able to copy files to and from your computer. But the main question is it a good or fast server?, That depends on you machine. There are different types of servers here a list of some basic once: Mail server - a computer optimized to handle email. What could mean it was a lot of hard disk space. Print server - a computer optimized for printing that could mean it had a big hard disk space. Web server - that could be a shared or dedicated. Shared means that it could host more then 1 site and dedicated means that it is only hosting one.

So in conclusion a server is just a computer that's been selected to perform a specific task in service to others and the task that makes the difference.

title: The Computer Revolution/Hardware/Server


text:
AQA A-Level Physics

< A-level Physics

This book is designed to help students who are studying the AQA Specification A syllabus to understand the topics covered, as well as explaining the way in which questions are asked in exams and how they differ from other examining bodies. Edited for the new Syllabus - from 2016)

Measurements and their Errors
Use of SI Units

Limitation of Physical Measurements

Estimation of Physical Quantities

Particles and Radiation

 * /Atomic structure/[[File:100%.svg]]
 * /Particles and Anti-particles/[[Image:25%.svg]]
 * Constituents of the particle
 * Forces
 * Particle-Antiparticle interactions
 * Creation and annihilation
 * Creation and annihilation 2
 * Conserving and illustrating interactions
 * /Quarks and sub-atomic particles/[[File:00%.svg]]

Electromagnetic Radiation and Quantum Phenomena

 * The photoelectric effect[[File:00%.svg]]
 * The photon[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Energy Levels and Spectra
 * Mass and energy[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Waves and particles[[File:00%.svg]]

Waves

 * Progressive waves[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Longitudinal and transverse waves[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Superposition and Stationary Waves
 * Interference
 * Diffraction
 * Reflection, refraction and optics[[File:00%.svg]]

Mechanics

 * Scalars and vectors[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Moments[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Motion along a straight line[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Projectile motion[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Newton's laws of motion[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Momentum
 * Work, energy and power[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Conservation of energy[[File:00%.svg]]

Materials

 * Density[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Springs[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Deformation of Solids[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Momentum
 * Materials Summary Page[[File:00%.svg]]

Current Electricity

 * Charge and Current[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Voltage and Power[[File:00%.svg]]
 * IV Characteristics[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Resistivity[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Circuits[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Potential divider[[File:00%.svg]]
 * EMF and Internal resistance[[File:00%.svg]]

Further Mechanics

 * Circular Motion
 * Simple Harmonic Motion
 * Forced Vibrations, Damping and Resonance

Thermal Physics

 * Thermal energy[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Ideal gases[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Scalars and vectors??[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Molecular kinetic theory model[[File:00%.svg]]

Fields

 * Gravitational Fields
 * Electric Fields
 * Capacitance
 * Magnetic Fields
 * Alternating currents[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Oscilloscope[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Comparison of Fields

Thermal Physics
Specific Heat Capacity

Latent Heats

Gas Laws

Kinetic Theory

Radioactivity

 * /Evidence for the nucleus/[[File:75%.svg]]
 * /Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation/[[File:00%.svg]]
 * /Radioactive decay/[[File:25%.svg]]
 * /Nuclear Instability/[[File:25%.svg]]
 * /Nuclear Radius/[[File:25%.svg]]

Nuclear Energy

 * mass and energy[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Induced fission[[File:00%.svg]]
 * Safety aspects[[File:00%.svg]]
 * /Binding Energy/

Optional Topics
Pupils study one of these:

Astronomy and Cosmology

 * /Telescopes/
 * /Astronomical Telescopes with Two Converging Lenses/
 * /Reflecting Telescopes/
 * /Single Dish Telescopes (Radio, IR, UV, X-ray)/
 * /Large Diameter Telescopes and their Merits/
 * /Classification of Stars/
 * /Luminosity/
 * /Absolute Magnitude/
 * /Temperature/
 * /Spectral Classes/
 * /HR Diagram/
 * /Supernovae, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes/
 * /Cosmology/
 * /Doppler Effect/
 * /Hubble's Law/
 * /Quasars/
 * /Detection of Exoplanets/

General Resources

 * /List of formulas/[[File:00%.svg]]
 * /Past paper questions/

title: AQA A-Level Physics


text:
User talk:James.Spudeman~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Xania 23:01, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Or talk in the IRC channel as you've just found. Xania 23:01, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called James.Spudeman. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name James.Spudeman~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:15, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:James.Spudeman~enwikibooks


text:
The Computer Revolution/Security/Firewall

Many times we have head people saying “ I can’t get onto that website because of the firewall”. What does that mean? Most of the computers at home and in large corporations are protected by a firewall. It protects the computers from potential hackers. It protects you from all the threats that are trying to enter your computer. That is why it’s called firewall. It allows information to go through or it doesn’t allow the information to go through. For instance, in a large company there are hundreds of computers connected to the network. All these networks are in interests of hackers. If there is a hole that is not covered hackers would enter and exploit that hole. That’s when firewall comes in and protects. A company can have a large control of what is getting downloaded, what websites employees enter and how, even controlling what website are not to be entered at work. Suck treats that it protects us from are: macros, email bombs, spam, viruses etc. There are three levels of firewall protection. The best one to use is the highest level of security. It will block everything but it’s the best way to start and allow only the sites that you choose to come into your computer.

Security Devices
The Statefull firewall is one of the most common business security devices

Stateful Firewall -  The stateful Firewall in business allows for the most flexibility in providing secure Internet access. This type of firewall inspects the outgoing packets and retains the destination and source information of the packet in memory. The stateful firewall will then only authorize those sender and receiver packets to traverse the Network. One important aspect of the stateful firewall is that a Network administrator can define specific polices defining which type of packets would be allowed to traverse a business’s private network. These policies can be defined in relation to protocols and applications which the firewall refines the inspection of the session. 1 http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=373120


text:
The Computer Revolution/Entertainment/Digital Cameras

A digital camera is a device that captures an image into an electronic imaging sensor. Usage of a disk instead of a film provides immediate photos that can be stored, viewed in a desktop or printed right at home in a matter of minutes.

The Camera and the idea of creating a real image was adopted long ago in Ancient Greece. The camera much evolved gaining more advantages from previous creations. NASA revolutionized the world of photography from its need to develop an effective method of sending high powerful images back to Earth from all of its space missions. The quality of these pictures is determined by megapixels; the more the higher the resolution it will have. Today a vareity of Cameras are present which ranges in size, weight, quality, picture, and formats. The major producers of digital camera's include Nikon, Sony, Fujifilm, Olympus, Canon, and Casio but Kodak was the first to release the first consumer digital camera back in 1991.

Digital SLRs
Digital SLRs bring together the best of both worlds between high quality single lens reflex (SLR) film camera and digital cameras. Digital SLR's focuses on giving high manual control to the user through swappable lenses, manual control feature such as zoom, aperture, and depth of field and exposure control. If you want to let the camera do the work, most digital SLRs also have multi point focus and many of the same features that normal digital cameras have. Some advantages to the digital SLRs is that the start usually with higher mega pixels, which allows the ability to crop and blow up images with no image quality loss, as well as being able to store the photos in multiple formats such as jpeg and RAW. RAW images retain every last pixel of the image data, combine this with high mega pixel, this makes a perfect situation for users to edit their photos and still maintaining a high quality image. Some of the disadvantages to digital SLRs are usually quite a bit bigger, bulkier as compared to regular digital cameras and significantly more expensive.

Photo Editing
One of the most significant advantages to digital cameras is the ability to alter the photographs after they have been taken. Many digital cameras that are bought in store today are accompanied by software specific to the brand of camera. As well, Windows XP itself contains a program which allows the alteration of photographs. In these programs an individual is able to modify the image in a number of ways, such as:
 * 1) Adjusting the brightness of the image
 * 2) Repairing red eye
 * 3) Inserting or removing people or objects
 * 4) Applying textures
 * 5) Adjusting contrast
 * 6) Cropping the image

The above alterations and more allow each individual to alter their photos to their true potential. No longer are we stuck with half a roll of film of unusable pictures, no wasted money or time. When the alteration process is completed the user is able to print the best and most loved photos.

Adjusting Brightness
Previously when a photo was overexposed or underexposed it would have been thrown out; the photo was not usable. Even is the photography was impeccable, the negative influences of the setting would have ruined the picture. In cameras that are not digital the amount of light which was available was a major determining factor as to the quality outcome of the picture. While light still plays a role, it is not quite as critical because it can be altered after the fact.

Repairing Red-Eye
The destructive force of red-eye used to plague many-a-photo. Though the image was not lost the mood often drowned behing the focus of the red eyes. With the ability to alter photos a click of a button will significantly reduce the look of red eyes restoring the original integrity to the image.

Inserting or Removing People or Objects
Often not all the people in one picture photograph well, in this instance, with the use of digital cameras and photo editing, two photos can become one and the best individual image of a person in one photograph can be merged with another so that both people, animals or objects look their best.

Applying Textures
The software allows a picture in its entirety to be modified. Antiqued or black and white looks can be achieved effortlessly without special film. The photos that the user wants to change can be altered while the rest can be left in their original form, instead of an all or nothing decision.

Downfalls of Digital camera
The downfalls of digital camera are that there are no surprises anymore on what the pictures will look like as we can see every photo that is taken right at the moment, whereas before we would take them in and then have to wait with suspense as to what photo's were taken. Also when the photo is deleted that photo is gone, there is no way to recover that photo. It takes a lot of batteries to function properly, you always seems to run out at the worst time. As you can make so much adjustment the person almost seems fake not what was originally there.

Pixel
Pixel quality is important for the reason of enlarging photo's and cropping in on a certain objects to make them larger, if the pixel number is not sufficient enough then picture quality can be poor.

Connecting to the computer
They now over time have made the software very user friendly so that uploading photo's is fast and efficient. You can see a video on the computer that you recorded and then uploaded right away, it then is easy to send to friends. Once in the computer it is very easy to send all photo's to site that other users can enjoy such as "YouTube". Once the photo is on the computer you can send them to a local Photoshop and they will print them and have it ready for you to pick up.


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The Computer Revolution/Hardware/Hard Disks

The Hard Disk also known as the Hard Drive is the device the computer uses to store data on. The hard disk measures about six by four by one and a half inch. The hard drive goes directly in the computer case. It has a IDE or SATA cable that attaches to the motherboard. Also, it has a power supply cable that connects to it directly from the power supply box. The hard disk has the following main parts: - Read Head - Write Head - Platters of Disks - Actuator Arm - Power connection - and The Spindle.

The read head is a laser that reads the platters. The write head writes data on the platters via magnetizing them. The Platters is where the actual data is stored. The more platters the hard disk has, the more storage room it is; they are directly related. These disks are usually either from metal, glass, or ceramic. The Actuator arm is what controls the read/write heads putting them where the data is intended to be on the platter. The power connection is the part that internally connects the power to the spindle. The spindle rotates all the disks to help the read/write heads be in the correct place. The faster the spindle can spin the disks, the faster the hard drive can respond to commands; they are directly related.

These days most computers are made with hard drives that hold at least eighty Giga-Bytes. The hard disk is protected and surrounded with a metal case to prevent all outside substances from entering the disk area.

Data Backup
Now that you know how the Hard drive is designed, and how it has weaknesses, it is very important to know that you should periodically back up your data on your hard drive. "Backing up" your data is a term that means to create a duplicate of the data on your hard drive. This way, if your primary hard drive fails, you won't lose any of your important data, files, music, or contact information. Today, there are also many other ways of backing up data such as cloud computing where your data is stored on a server and can be accessed using the internet.

Data Recovery
Data loss is unpredictable and sometimes inevitable. Having data backed up is very helpful. It makes the recovery process a lot less painful. But sometimes you forget to back your data up, so then what? There are specialized data recovery firms like SALVAGEDATA Recovery. They take damaged drives apart in a "clean room" (like the ones where computer chips are made) and temporarily repair them so they're able to obtain the desired files. They use the acquired data to reconstruct the information on the damage hard drive. If they are unable to obtain the data they need, their engineers attempt to match the meshed data to appropriate file types to try and reconstruct the original files.


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The Computer Revolution/Hardware/CPU

CPU stands for "Central Processing Unit". It can be thought of as the brain of the computer. In the first personal computers the CPU carried out all the processing. In more modern computers the CPU delegates specialized processes - like graphics handling - to other processors. In the most powerful computers there are more than one CPUs. Super computers can have more than 100,000 CPUs.

The CPU is also called the microprocessor or just the processor. Intel or Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) produces most CPUs used in consumer desktop and laptops. CPUs are often given individual processor cores. There are many benefits to multi-core CPUs. To start, they are helping to speed up the processing of a computer while decreasing the heat production. Multi-core CPUs are also responsible for speeding up multitasking, such as watching a video in one window while browsing the Internet in another.

The CPU also consist of a variety of connections and components that are confined together and connected directly to the motherboard. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. It also connects the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices. The motherboard is The main circuit board of a computer, located inside the system unit, to which all computer system components connect. Today most personal computers use central processing units (CPU's) manufactured by Intel or Advanced Micro Devices. Intel Core and AMD Ryzen are most commonly used with desktop computers, and also produce power efficient designs that are specifically for notebook and tablet computers.

title: The Computer Revolution/Hardware/CPU


text:
The Computer Revolution/Programming/Object Oriented vs. Structured programming

Although there are differences between Structured programming and object oriented programming, they are both useful to programmers.So now let's have a lookup at it.

Structured Programming

 * Structured programming takes on the top-to-bottom approach.
 * Structured programming is based around data structures and subroutines.
 * It splits the tasks into modular forms. This makes the program simpler and easier to read with less lines and codes.
 * This type of program accomplishes certain tasks for that of a specific reason.
 * For example, invoice printers use structured programming. This type has clear, correct, precise descriptions.
 * A structured program is decomposed into a hierarchy of processes. A process in this context is a body of code, typically a function or subroutine, that takes some input and manipulates it to produce an output. A process may be composed of other, more specialized processes, i.e., it may be a function that calls other functions.

Object Oriented Programming

 * This type of programming uses sections in a program to perform certain tasks.
 * It splits the program into objects that can be reused into other programs.
 * They are small programs that can be used in other software.
 * Each object or module has the data and the instruction of what to do with the data in it. This can be reused in other software.
 * An object-oriented program is decomposed into a network of collaborating objects. An object represents a thing or concept and has a known set of behaviors that may be invoked by other objects. For any activity of the program, an object responsible for that activity may interact with other objects by invoking their behaviors, or "methods", until the activity is complete.


text:
The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/Around The Home

There are currently a few great products that utilize artificial intelligence for home use. Many monotonous chores can be replaced by such technologies and give the individual more time to pursue other activities.

Robot Vacuum
One such product is the robotic vacuum made by IRobot. This vacuum will automatically release itself from itself charging craddle and proceed to automatically vacuum your carpet or hardwood floors. One charge is good for 45min of vacuuming and it will let you know when it needs to be emptied out. A similar product by the same manufacturer will wash your hardwood floors. With the use of sensors and infrared tracking beams it will avoid carpets and will cover a 12 foot by 12 foot kitchen in 45 min. There is also an industrial version of this used in warehouses and industry shops. Needless to say that this is just a sure sign of great things to come with the implementation of AI being used to make jobs easier.

RoboMower®
RoboMower® is as the name implies. It is a robotic lawn mower that actually does the mowing for you. The charger station is also set up so that your mower is charged. This mower comes supplied with a wires and pegs and a charger station. Set up your charger station to make sure your mower is powered up and ready to go. Next, you lay the wire and pegs around the perimeter of your lawn. Sensors in the mower make sure the mower does not but your neighbors lawn as well. The idea is that the wire sinks into the lawn and becomes unnoticable. The Romomower crisscrosses the lawn to make sure the whole lawn is as short as you like it. All you need to do next is set the schedule of operation (which can be rescheduled any time) and let your dog chase it around all summer long (not recommended for safety reasons though).

Reference:http://www.friendlyrobotics.com/robomow/howitworks/ January 16, 2007

Robo pets
Another application of Artificial Intelligence around the home can be found in the increasing number of "Robo pets" that are being marketed to a market segment in search of a low maintenance relationship. While this sector is still in the earliest stages of development, some of these toys, like Tamagotchis(little egg-shaped virtual pets that require constant care and nurturing in order to be kept alive), have had a great success. Another example is the AIBO dog developed by Sony a few years ago having seeing eyes and stereo ears. It has programmed emotions and can recognize words as it "grows". Researchers are now trying to develop a pet prototype that would be sensitive to human emotions.


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The Computer Revolution/System Software

System software
System software describes all files and programs that are not indispensable to the operating system functions but extend or guarantee the basic functionality of it to the user. When you install the operating system, the system software is also installed. Some system software may be necessary to ensure that the computer can perform basic functions in order to run other programs, that rely on it. It also can allows the operating system to communicate with the hardware of the computer in a modular way, that can easily be updated and configured to the existing needs. However, the end user does not run most of the system software, it runs in the background.

The main functions of an operating system are: interfacing with users(translating user instructions), booting the computer, (loading the kernel into the memory, determine and configure the hardware attached to the computer), configuring devices (using device drivers to communicate to computer peripherals), managing and monitoring resources and jobs, file management(organizing and keeping track of files), security (using passwords, firewalls to prevent intrusion). System software should not take up a great deal of the computer's memory in order to run efficiently and should be transparent to the user so that the user need not be aware of what the system software is performing in the background.

Another type of System software is represented by Utility programs having the role of managing and maintaining the computer system. They fall into several categories: file management programs (performing file management- file look up, copy, move, rename, delete), search tools (searching files), diagnostic and disk management programs (evaluate, diagnose and repair problems), Uninstall and cleanup utilities (deleting programs and temporary files), File compression programs, back-up and recovery programs, security programs (antivirus, antispyware, firewall).

Development Tools

Tools to help with the development of software used with computers have been available for a long time but tools for developing programs for devices that use embedded software which are called device software development tools, have not been available until recently. One example of this type of tool is Wind River Workbench, which is a collection of tools designed to speed up the development of devices that use this programs operating system or version of Linux.

Device Drivers
Device drivers, commonly just called drivers, are software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system. Many device drivers come with system software when you buy a computer. Most new operating systems recognize new hardware devices on their own and automatically install them, but sometimes they require a device driver cd for installation.

Device drivers should be updated periodically. This can be done through the suppliers website.

Device drivers are very common for printers, scanners, video adapters and sound cards.

Zip Drive
A Zip drive is a useful asset to your computer as it allows you to back up your work. It is a little bit larger than the regular A: drive floppy disks and have the ability to hold 100 MB, 250 MB, and now up to 750 MB of data. They allow you to back up hard disks, information on your computer, and also enable you to transport large files from computer to computer. They range in reliability and speed in writing the disk and most Zip drives are compatible in drives with the same capacity ability. Most Zip drives are relatively durable and even come with write protection. Also, some Zip drives can be accessed only with a password so your information cannot be tampered with.

Other basic utility programs
The following utility programs help to maintain your computer and keep the computer running with optimal performance:

Uninstall Utility -Removing programs that you are not using enables you to free up space on the hard drive. Simply deleting the program’s folder from your hard drive does not ensure that the program will be completely uninstalled since certain parts of the program may still be sitting elsewhere (such as shortcuts on the desktop) and can ultimately slow down your computer. Removing the programs using an uninstall utility ensures a complete deletion of the program. The uninstall utility may be accessed through the operating system or on the program that is being deleted.

Cleanup Utility -Another way to free up precious space on the disk is by using the Cleanup Utility. The Cleanup Utility deletes temporary files, such as files stored during a program installation, files sent to the Recycle Bin and temporary internet files. The registry cleaner deletes unnecessary information in the Windows registry, keeping the computer running efficiently.

Disk defragmenter -This program optimizes the hard drive by searching for files stored on the hard drive in fragments and assemble them to be stored in contiguous locations. This will make the hard drive run more efficiently since files are more organized and can be more efficiently located.

System Restore -System Restore is a very useful tool that allows a user to reset the current computer's system files to what they were at a specific point in the past. This tool is useful because if you ever install a program or a new driver that has an undesired effect on your computer and uninstalling it doesn't fix the problem, then you can simply use the System Restore tool to restore your computer's system files to an earlier date when your computer was functioning properly.

Network Utility
Provides basic tools for troubleshooting network communication problems.

PING Utility - One of the more common Network utility available on the more popular Operating Systems is the PING utility for network troubleshooting, this tool is to assess if a receiver (Host) is an integrated part of the Network. PING (for the sound that was made from sonar when detecting an object) incorporates the ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol, this protocol functions to report problems on the Network. When experiencing a problem accessing a Host, the PING utility is a good starting point for problem determination. Performing a ping can assist in determining if the Host is on a local network or the Internet. For example, from the Windows operating system CLI command prompt, type, for example ping 10.10.1.1 which is the IP address of the receiving host. A successful ping would display a response that will look like this “Reply from 10.10.1.1: bytes = 32 time < 1ms TTL=128”, a failed, ping will return a message like this, “request timed out”. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc792.txt

Antivirus
There are ways to counterattack against these malicious software - if one is well-equipped. Antivirus_Software, anti-spyware, firewalls, and other security programs are available to protect against these attacks.

Computer viruses are self replicating malicious software programs that can cause damage or perform other harmful acts to a computer system. Other than the virus, there are other security concerns in existence, such various types of spyware software similar to virus but not self replicating or worms that have as the only function to open breaches so that the infected machine is accessible from the network.

Though they are intentionally designed not to be destructive and evident in the infected computer system (or a network of computer systems) they can disrupt functions. The objective of the virus and spyware is to profit from the information and resources it takes control.

The term Spyware is used for software programs that secretly collect data and/or information, spying on the user's activities, without consent and then send it to an outside party, normally via the user's Internet connection. It can be as innocent as monitoring your web page visits so as to tailor the ads you are bombarded with, to logging keystrokes and all that may entail. The most serious implications of this practice are identity theft, and stealing sensitive information like credit card numbers etc.

Generally, they are installed without knowledge of the user when running other types of software, the most common way is to receive an infected e-mail message with an infected attachment or link to a site that promotes the execution of some other piece of software.

Lately, spyware use is happening more and more frequently and aggressively and it can damage your computer, causing it to work improperly or to slow down. Stealthware is a type of spyware that can deliver ads to your computer at any time, regardless of the activities it is engaged in. Browser hijacking is the act of spyware changing your browser homepage or other settings.

The worst type of spyware rewrites your computer's main instructions to change your browser settings back to their hijacked form every time your computer is rebooted, undoing any changes you may have made to your browser settings.

Importance of Anti-virus
To protect your system from viruses
 * 1) It is important to use Antivirus software in preventing these unwanted programs from corrupting your information.
 * 2) Some of these viruses can corrupt your information, and some may overload your memories. In a lot of cases, virus can render your computer inoperable.
 * 3) It is also important to keep your antivirus software up to date as new viruses are created frequently.

There are many Anitvirus software programs available on-line such as Windows Live OneCare which helps protect your computer from many different kinds of threats. This software in particular also helps you back up your important documents in case of emergency and runs regular tune-ups to help your computer run smoothly.

Norton AntiVirus
Norton AntiVirus started in 1990. It is the most popular anti-virus program having over 100 million people worldwide using it.It has many valuable features. These features include detecting, blocking, and removing viruses, worms, and spyware.It also protects email and instant messages. For the computer's safety it will automatically renew your subscription. The current version is Norton AntiVirus 2007.

Comodo
Comodo Internet Security ensures 100% protection to the system for its users. This works as a package, which is in a combination of antivirus software along with an enterprise class firewall and an advanced host intrusion prevention system. All this can be used together or used separately for a specific purpose. To avoid and to prevent the attack of viruses Comodo offers Antivirus Software for Windows at its best.

McAfee
McAfee is also one of the worlds leading anti-virus programs. Similar to Norton, McAfee had been industry tested and reports 100% detection. It also has easy scheduling to keep the software and your computer up to date. McAfee software also scans e-mails and IM attachments as well as has a very idepth virus database. After surfing the McAfee site I really enjoyed how they have a section that explains what each of the viruses are and what the do in a language that the common user can understand. By being able to relate this to the user it allows the user to educate themselves and take action. On the down side, McAfee's e-mail monitoring creates a popup for every single e-mail outside of the preset limits. For someone such as myself that receives a lot of mail from unknown senders (some junk and some relevant) this can be a very time consuming chore. On the plus side, McAfee's price is a little less expensive so if your do not use your computer very much this is the program for you.

Virex
Virex is McAfees Macintosh Anti-virus software. This is very similar to the McAfee anit-virus for the PC with several key differences. Because of the Mac OS X platform you are able to drag and drop the files that you would like scanned which can really speed up your monitoring. The Virex interface is different from that of the PC interface it has been designed with the Mac user in mind. With operating Virex you will find that the program is the same user friendly Mac screen. As well with drop scan this makes it easy to run extensive searches through individual pieces or individual files. This can prove to be quite useful when running multimedia editing software where only portions need to be scanned.

Free disk utilities software
There are many free antivirus programs and windows utilities that are available for use on desktop and laptops I would like to introduce three in particular that are very useful. The first program you can use is from Piriform.com which is named C cleaner. This software supports Windows 7, Vista and XP also (there is also a version which supports Mac OS X 10.5 or 10.6). This will clean Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Opera, Safari, and Windows Registry cleaner. C cleaner will clean temp files, history, cookies, and the auto complete form history. On Windows it cleans recycle bin, recent documents, and temporary files and again form history. On the Registry it cleans the unused and old registry history. The next is Auslogic disks defrag can be found on the site auslogic.com. The disks defrag “process reduces the amount of fragmentation's” it will organize storage devices into smaller fragments so to create more space. The last software to introduce is Microsoft Security Essentials.. This can be found at the Microsoft.com site. Before you use this software the computer must have be installed with genuine Windows. This software will scan and do updates on scheduled times. I believe that antivirus software can be useful in keeping your computer running more effectively and free from viruses. 1.piriform.com 2.auslogic.com 3.microsoft.com 4.notionbit.com

Zone Labs Security Software
Zone Labs is a brand of software which provides Internet security solutions. It protects PCs from spyware, personal data theft, identification information theft, and of course hackers. This software is derived from its own research center, which presents us with up-to-date security, anti-spyware and anti-virus information. It also alerts us of the most recent security threats. This software allows your computer to still run quickly and smoothly, due to its superior compatibility. Parents are advised to use this program, as it prevents children from access to inappropriate websites. While emailing, it is able to quarantine unknown attachments while stopping the spread of it by preventing outbound messages so you don’t send it out to everyone in your address book. It blocks out those annoying pop-up advertisements so you can surf the web without having to keep closing the boxes. Also, when you install new programs it will alert you of any dangers there may be.

Multipurpose
Some features may be:
 * Detect and automatically removes viruses, Trojan horses, and worms.
 * Checks incoming and outgoing email attachments for viruses.
 * Automatically scans incoming instant message attachments for threats.
 * Checks compressed file archives for viruses.
 * Keeps dangerous Internet worms out, blocking them before they infect your system.
 * Automatically downloads updates to protect against new threats.
 * Automatically scans for viruses upon completing a download.
 * Using smart technology to detect emergent worms and other new threats without waiting for updates.

Norton
When it comes to anti-virus software Norton is the industry leader. Norton has been given praise for reports of to having 100 percent detection for virus. Norton easy scheduling scans which make it easy to keep your computer up to date. Norton does everything from scanning inbound and outbound e-mail to IM attachments. Essentially it monitors all information going into and out of your computer. One feature that makes Norton stand out is that in includes an inbound firewall protection. However, all these great features do come at a cost Norton is on the high side of the market and there are many other alternatives for a lower price. Norton includes spyware, firewall, security, systemrestore and ghost. All in all if you are looking for a sure bet with minimual hassel Norton is it.

title: The Computer Revolution/System Software


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The Computer Revolution/Hardware/Virtual Memory

Virtual memory is a management technique used by operating systems. Virtual memory is only not virtual at all, it uses a portion of the computers hard drive appropriated for some functions of RAM if more memory is required to run things than the virtual memory can provide without slowing down. Program and data placed in RAM is divided into fixed-length pages, it depends on the operating system used. Virtual memory allows to use more memory than is physically available on the computer.

Virtual memory is a common part of most operating systems found in desktop computers. Because the ram on the ordinary computer isn’t enough to run all of the programs that most users need to at the same time, virtual memory is required. Without virtual memory you would not be able to open a web browser and a word processor program at the same time. Virtual memory allows the computer to look at RAM for areas that have not been used recently and copy them onto the hard disk. This frees up enough space in RAM so that the user can load the new program. Since the hard disk space is much cheaper than RAM chips, virtual memory has an economic benefit to it. However, since the read/write speed of a hard drive is much slower than RAM the user may find that there is a performance drop if the computer relies too heavily on the virtual memory. The key for the user is to have enough RAM to handle everything they tend to work on simultaneously so that the only time there seems to be slowness due to virtual memory reliance is when they’re changing tasks only.

An Austrian astronomer named Rudi Albrecht worked at ESO developed a virtual memory system to handle files on tape that were larger than the available memory on his Hewlett Packard 2116 microcomputer (A large computer with one processor and 16 kilobytes of magnetic-core memory). His contributions helped develop our current technology in regards to virtual memory today. http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1223b Here is a link of Albrecht today in the Data Center at ESO Headquarters in Germany surrounded by a 40 processor core, 138 terabyte storage and 83 gigs of RAM.


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The Computer Revolution/Programming/The Six Phases of System Analysis and Design

Conduct a preliminary investigation
Conducting a preliminary investigation is basically finding out the purpose of the program, to propose alternative solutions, describe costs and benefits and submit a preliminary plan with recommendations. There are 4 steps in this phase, they are, 1) conduct the preliminary analysis 2) propose alternative solutions 3) describe the costs and benefits and 4) submit a preliminary plan.

Do an analysis of the system
Doing an analysis of the system is basically to gather data from the old system and see how to make it work in your program. there are 3 steps to phase 2 and they are, 1)Gather data 2)Analyze the data and 3) Write a report.

Design the system
The designing of a system phase does exactly what it says, it creates the first design of the system. There are also 3 steps to this phase and they are: 1) Do a preliminary design 2) Do a detail design and 3) write a report.

All good system designs must include a cost benefit analysis to determine if the benefits of the new system outweigh the costs of developing and implementing the system. The costs of the system need to include the entire life-cycle costs (e.g. initial investments plus on-going maintenance). The benefits include labor and resource savings. There are also intangible savings, but these are much more difficult to quantify (e.g. better data, better customer support, etc.). Performing a cost-benefit analysis will help to show decision makers outside of the IT department that the project is warranted and cost-effective.

Develop the system
Developing a system phase is the phase where the system analyst gather proper hardware and software to create the system. The three steps for this phase are to 1) develop or acquire the software 2) acquire the hardware and 3) test the system. Testing the system then breaks down into unit testing and system testing.

Implement the system
Implementing the system means that you convert the hardware, software and files into a new system and also training the users. There are two steps in this phase, they are, 1) Convert to the new system and 2) Train the users. Before any converting can be done, it has to be tested, to ensure that it could be working properly. After the new system is tested, they can then start to transfer their information to the new one. Converting to the new system breaks down into direct implementation, parallel implementation, phased implementation and pilot implementation. Pilot conversion means that the new system is used at only one location with the organization and nowhere else. To train the users, there is usually a head trainer who will lead the users and direct them on how to use the system by explaining them how to operate it. Sometimes it can be done online, in which they will not need an instructor because it can come with a robot or chatterbox.

Source: Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow Deborah Morley, Charles S.Parker. Chapter 12 pg. 496,497

Maintain the system
The final phase, maintaining the system is the phase where all the bugs are ironed out. Any last minute changes happen here so the system can operate at its best. It is also a never ending process. Like a car, you have to keep the system maintained so it can run smoothly so there will no be any problems. Sometimes when they maintain a system, it can come with an upgrade, which includes new features to an existing software. Like how in (Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow, 497) says, if there is any major change, the organization can develop a new system to replace the current one, thus developing the life cycle. Maintaining the system means to grade the problems occurring if any, and to make it run as smoothly as possible. You can not run a good system without it running at its best !

Source: Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow Deborah Morley, Charles S.Parker. Chapter 12 pg.497

Definition
According to the authors of Using Information Technology the six phases can be seen within a life cycle creating a step by step process each following the next.


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User talk:Alan O'Toole

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikibooks. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires.

title: User talk:Alan O'Toole


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The Computer Revolution/Computer Graphics/Graphics Accelerator

Graphics Accelerators are a co-processing unit in a computer that is devoted to graphics output. These have become increasingly popular due to the increase in the number of highly detailed graphics contained in many computer games. A graphics accelerator takes on all of the processing necessary for the output of graphics allowing the rest of a computers processing abilities not to be ties up.


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User talk:65.92.201.122

Xania 00:03, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.92.201.122


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User talk:68.192.68.42

Xania 00:03, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.192.68.42


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The Computer Revolution/Communication/VOIP

VOIP or Voice Over Internet Protocol is in a nutshell your phone via through the computer. One of the biggest benefits to this is the savings on long distance phone calls. Because you are accessing the phone through your modem it is essentially costing you about 1 cent a minute. Even the lowest telephone plan is around 5 cents a minute and to get that you have to be calling late at night. Another benefit is the mobility, VOIP users can take there phone with them where ever they go. As long as they have a modem connection they have access to there phone. Should they be away from the phone for a period of time they have the traditional messaging services available to them. However, despite these advantages it is worth noting that not everyone has a VOIP phone which can make things a bit of a hassle. Because VOIP phone have different phone numbers it also means switching your phone number. If there was ever a power outage you would also find that your VOIP phone useless without power to the modem. All in all we are seeing what through VOIP what the future has in store for the telephone industry however it is clear that certain advancements need to be made in order for this to become the new norm.

Skype

Skype is a type of VoIP that allows you to communicate with others through voice, video and instant messaging. The nice thing about skype is that communication with other skype users is free of charge which allows for more personal interaction via the internet. It is versatile in it's ability to transfer files and videoconferencing. The thing that sets it apart from other VoIP services is that it has a peer to peer and a client based system.


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The Computer Revolution/Programming/Conducting the Preliminary Investigation in system analysis and design

There are four steps in the first phase of system analysis and design, in computer programming. The first step is to identify the objective of the organization you are programming for. This includes identifying the objective or problem. This step is called conducting the preliminary analysis. Second you are to determine possible alternatives for the organization to use. This normally requires some research into methods that are and are not suitable for organization. Thirdly; describing the costs and benefits to the organization. Normally you would try to come up with solutions other than replacing the whole program. Finally you submit the preliminary plan. You want this to be as accurate and detailed as possible because the ultimate decision is based on this report.


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The Computer Revolution/Databases/Data Warehouses

Data Warehouses are a large and specialized form of a database that is used to store a company's data in a form that can be easily updated and analyzed. It contains data from transaction data, but it can include data from other sources. It separates analysis workload from transaction workload and enables an organization to consolidate data from several sources. With the advent of the data warehouse the need for heaps of physical records in innumerable filing cabinets largely ceased. No longer to modify physical paper records one by one, or to sort through masses of records to arrive at the data required. Data warehouses can perform all of the complex queries and data mining that a regular database can.

There are several characteristics of data warehousing that were created by William Inmon. These characteristics include: Subject Oriented, Nonvolatile, Integrated, and Time Variant.

Subject Oriented The way that you analyze data basing off of a subject, such as sales for a company, makes it a subject oriented data warehouse.

Nonvolatile This characteristic simply means that once data is entered, it shouldn't be changed or removed. This makes sense because this will let you analyze all collected data.

Integrated This is similar to subject oriented in the way that it handles subject material, except things such as inconsistencies and name errors must be fixed. This needs to be done so that it can be integrated correctly in the system.

Time Variant Time variant means that the data warehouse focuses on changes over time, such as from old data to new data.


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The Computer Revolution/Communication/Instant Messaging

Instant Messaging

IM has been around for some time now, but started off with people placing their notes and messages on bulletin boards and other online services.

Features of IM are:

(http://www.howstuffworks.com/instant-messaging.htm) Retrieved January 16, 2007
 * Instant messages - Send notes back and forth with a friend
 * Chat - Create your own chat room with friends or co-workers
 * Web links - Share links to your favorite Web sites
 * Images - Look at an image stored on your friend's computer
 * Sounds - Play sounds for your friends
 * Files - Share files by sending them directly to your friends
 * Talk - Use the Internet instead of a phone to actually talk with friends
 * Streaming content - Real-time or near-real-time stock quotes and news

It really kicked off in 1996 when Jewish programmers introduced ICQ. It was one of the first successful IM programs. After that, AOL came out with AIM instant messenger. It is messaging in real time and messages are sent trough internet to any computer you desire. When text messaging started, you were able to see message getting typed in real time. If you needed to make corrections in the text, the other party is able to see what you are doing. Now days the only messages you see is the ones that are sent whenever the typist is done writing. There are many popular IM services like MSN messenger, Meetro, Skype, Yahoo messenger, Gadu-Gadu and Google Talk are just some of them. Now days most popular one is MSN messenger. One of the most important is considered a very safe way to communicate. You still shouldn’t share important or personal information through IM. . It was one of the first successful IM programs. After that, AOL launched AIM instant messenger. It is messaging in real time and messages are sent trough internet to any computer you desire. When text messaging started, you were able to see message getting typed in real time. If you needed to make corrections in the text, the other party is able to see what you are doing. Now days the only messages you see is the ones that are sent whenever the typist is done writing. There are many popular IM services like MSN messenger, Meetro, Skype, Yahoo messenger, Gadu-Gadu and Google Talk are just some of them. Now days most popular one is MSN messenger. One of the most important is considered a very safe way to communicate. You still shouldn’t share important or personal information through IM.

Downside of Instant Messaging

Instant messages create disruptions to work and studying. Many people, mostly young kids and young adults use instant messenger. The most frequent users are those who play online video games or spend hours surfing the net (http://www.personal.psu.edu/zev100/IM.pdf). Instead of concentrating on a homework assignment or contributing productively at work people are spending their time instant messaging. This creates a generation that could become lazy due to low concentration levels. Not only does instant messaging create a lazy generation it also contributes to a decreased awareness of spelling and grammar (http://www.personal.psu.edu/zev100/IM.pdf). Instant messengers have created their own type of language made up of acronyms and abbreviations that they loose the smart vocabulary that people use in conversation. Instant messaging also reduces face to face communication which teaches people how to communicate with body language and facial expressions which is an integral part of communication (http://www.personal.psu.edu/zev100/IM.pdf). A statement can be interpreted in the wrong way therefore offending the receiver. Lastly instant messaging allows an open forum for children and people to chat with strangers that could be dangerous. Personal information can be obtained by online chats that could be harmful if in the hands of the wrong person.

Nowadays we drop the use of the telephone to talk to someone and fire up the computer and use Instant Messaging to talk to our family, friends, Co-Workers, etc. Instant messaging is easy to use and is free to download. Some of them include AIM, Windows Live, or Yahoo. Instant Messaging is the long form of using Twitter. With an Instant message you type your thoughts into a box on the screen and it sends your comments over the World Wide Web to the recipients on the other end who is on your buddy list. Some of the features of Instant Messaging include sending Emoticons, different sounds & emotions, colors, fonts, and backgrounds. As long as you are not writing your ideas in all capital letters you’re talking in a polite voice. On the other hand, if you are mad at someone then go right ahead and type it all in capitals which means you is shouting at the person. More of today’s applications such as Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace are merging their friend lists straight into your favorite instant messengers. For several individuals like myself who use a screen reader I love having all of my social networking sites combined into one application where the screen reader is able to pick up the entire conversation to and from the recipient instead of being on the site and picking up half of the conversation.


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User talk:68.249.111.21

Xania 00:23, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.249.111.21


text:
The Computer Revolution/Entertainment/MP3 Players

MP3 Players are all around us these days. We just need to have music to filter out the silence around us. The growing need for MP3 players have caused them to become more efficient. For instance they keep getting smaller and smaller which makes them more portable. When you break it down theres different sections that should be considered before you purchase a MP3 player. The considerations should be: Data Storage (Hard drive or Flash), smapling rate, transfer of files, battery life, color screens and photo viewing. If your someone like me you need a lot of storage room. Therefore you need a bigger storage. Hard drives allow you to go up to enormous sizes. 15, 20, 30, 40 or even 60 gigabyets! however these hard drives can crash then all your music is lost. This is where the flash drive steps in. The flash drive is usually a small card that can in inserted into your MP3 player. It wont go up to the larger sizes you may want, but it wont crash on you either. The sampling rate has to do with the conversions of the song file you have. The number of times that a song can be measured and converted to a digital value is known as the sampling rate. It is measured in kilobits per second. Basically it shows the "quality" of the song. The higher the quality = the higher the sampling rate = the better! Transferring Files is also a consideration. Do you simply just connect the cables and drag and drop? or do you have to install a whole new application on your PC, then select your songs to convert, then send them onto the drive or card of your player? Some new players has been fixed with color screens and photo viewing. This is seen in the new Ipods which allow you to view photo's or even watch movies on the Ipod itself.

Hard drive based mp3 players
High capacity player that tends to have more features and larger screens, as well being able to hold all the songs that you can every dream of. They can range from a couple of Gigs to as much as 80 GB which is currently used by Ipod and the Zune. The hard drives have moving parts, but lot of them have great anti skip capabilities, 10,20 minutes. Many of the new hard drive based mp3 players come equipped with a colour screen that can display JPEG and BMP images. Not only can you view pictures on these players, you may be able to watch movies and videos with many of them. Currently some of the best players are Ipod, Zune, and creative and many more. When looking for an mp3 player you want to look for one with the most accessories, this way you can use it more. Make sure to research your player before buying.

MP3 players less than 20GB
MP3 players with less than 20GB of memory are unable to store large videos or large quantity of video. Therefore their main purpose is to store and play music. As well it subdivides all the musics into many different categories including:
 * 1) Labeled playlists
 * 2) alphabetically
 * 3) by artist
 * 4) by genre
 * 5) by album, etc.

As well, mp3 players are able to store other information such as pictures, games, calendars, contacts, etc. When viewing pictures some mp3 players allow the device to work as PowerPoint does making slideshows out of the photographs. It allows the user to apply transitions, music and timing for each slide or photograph. The players are becoming more intelligent and continue to develop more user functions.

MP3 add-ons
Since MP3s have become so popular more devices that allow incorporation into the other aspects of our lives have been introduced. Devices such as car radio adapters, portable speakers and an array of cases have become popular. The portable speakers act as a new age stereo system, which hooks up to the mp3 and plays any and all of the music out loud through the speakers. Car adapters attach to the car stereos, through the lighter/power ports and communicates to the radio frequencies allowing the music on the mp3 to play through the speakers in your vehicle. Finally the cases provide protection to the mp3 and also gives your mp3 player personality.


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The Computer Revolution/Software/Abandoned

Abandoned software
Abandoned software on the other hand is software that is no longer available to the public. It's software that is no longer used, provided, nor published by the producers. The users that already have it may continue using it but cannot expand their use for it. If current users attempt to spread it, it is considered illegal. After a quick search on the web, it is easy to find sites that have abandoned software for download. Better yet, there are even discussion boards posted of where to find the best sites to download what you are looking for. The most popular download of abandoned software is ancient video games such as Atari.

Pirating can also mean using C.D Keys, "via CD copies," someone else is using and spreading them over the internet. This causes problems with software/products/video games with C.D keys already in use if you play online. No one has ever taken this type of pirating to heart as of yet.

Pirating of software is taken very seriously by those who stand to lose the most such as: larger recording studios, BMG and movie producers i.e.: Disney. Downloads of music videos and software applications are becoming the norm of today's society, there are many sites called torrent sites available with the latest releases of movies and music.this has created a search for higher levels of security to prevent files from being pirated. Manufactures are inventing more encryption codes on discs to prevent them from being uploaded but they will never work.

Grassroots organizations exist such as the Pirate Party opposing copyright particularly on software. Some campaign for legal reform for various reasons including freedom of ideas. Widespread opposition also exists to software patents.


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AQA A-Level Physics/Atomic structure

The atom as we know it, was not originally known as it is today. As you may know from GCSE physics, the way in which an atom is structured consists of a nucleus and electrons. This isn't far from the truth, but there are some differences in the way in which the atom is laid out. To better understand this, we need to look at how the modern structure of the atom was discovered.

Rutherford Scattering

Originally the atom was thought of as a tiny piece of solid matter. People knew that the atom was the smallest thing you could have; the word atom comes from a Greek word meaning indivisible. So if the atom was the smallest thing it seemed perfectly sensible to imagine it as a sort of solid jelly.

Rutherford had a different idea, and to test it he had to make a very thin solid layer. He used gold, because it is easier to roll or hammer out a thin solid layer of gold than any other material. He wanted a thin layer because he wondered if the atoms really were solid.

To test his idea he fired alpha particles (usually written as $$\alpha$$-particles) at the foil. These particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, that is a helium nuclei. They were quite easy to use because a common type of radio-active decay emits $$\alpha$$-particles. When this experiment was first performed, by Rutherford's assistants, Geiger and Marsden, in 1909 they found a rather interesting result. Most of the particle went straight through the foil. However, a few of them bounced off. This behaviour could not be explained if the atoms are really a jelly-like solid.

If we think about this result and consider it at the large scale we can get an idea of what is happening. Imagine we have a wire fence, and let's imagine that it is perfectly strong, and we fire balls at it. Let this fence be the nice open net that we often get with holes about 75mm square. If we fire a football we are not surprised if it just bounces straight off. The football is much bigger than the holes in the fence and so the fence appears to be solid. If we hit golf balls at the fence we'd not be surprised if most went straight through it, and the ones that hit right onto a wire bounced back. If we fired slugs from an air pistol we'd expect even more to go straight through.

This sort of thinking gave Rutherford the idea of the atom.
 * 1) He suggested that because most of the $$\alpha$$-particles went straight through the atom must contain a majority of empty space.
 * 2) Some alpha particles scattered off so these must have been repelled by something.
 * 3) That something must have a positive charge to repel the positive charge of the $$\alpha$$-particle and must be heavier than the $$\alpha$$-particle to make it bounce the way that it did.

This gave Rutherford the idea that the atom was mostly empty space, with a heavy, positively charged nucleus with the relatively light, negatively-charged electrons orbiting around it like planets around a star. (Of course, in those days the only star that we knew had planets was our sun.)

The now-known structure
As we know now, the atom contains:
 * 1) Nucleons (Protons and Neutrons bundled together)
 * 2) Electrons

Now, the things to remember about atoms is that The atom is defined by the number of protons in the nucleus, so if there's 1 proton in the nucleus, then it's going to be hydrogen, because its atomic number (number of protons) is 1. If you want to know what the element is, look it up on the periodic table. Now, for some quick facts:

 * 1) The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons, due to the charge of 1 proton pulling in 1 electron (in AS anyway)
 * 2) When electrons are removed or added to an atom, it becomes an ion. This is called Ionisation.
 * 3) When there are is a different no. of neutrons than usual in the nucleus, then an atom is an Isotope.
 * 4) Isotopes have the same physical and chemical properties, but the nuclei can be either stable or unstable, for example, C-12 and C-14 both occur in matter but the C-14 isotope is unstable

These are important concepts, as they're the basis of other theories and models that you'll learn later on in the module. Now, remember these definitions.
 * Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different masses due to differing numbers of neutrons in their nucleus.
 * Ions are atoms which have a number of electrons different to the number of protons, resulting in a charge.

To understand what these mean, you need to know what the top value and the bottom value means.. the top value,
 * A is the number of protons AND neutrons in the nucleus of the element, known as nucleon number
 * Z is the number of protons in the nucleus.. so, therefore...
 * $$A - Z =$$ number of neutrons.

Now, with that said, you will need to be able to calculate the masses and charges of these particles, and you will need to use their specific values unlike in GCSE. Don't worry, you don't need to remember them as you will '''get them in a data sheet at the front of the exam paper. With that said, it won't hurt to remember them!

Practice Questions
Don't let the wording phase you, and make sure to read and understand what answer the question wants, and what part is just explaining something. To see the answers, look below.
 * An isotope of Plutonium-210 is a radioactive isotope, which emits alpha radiation. Calculate:
 * The number of protons
 * The number of electrons
 * The number of neutrons

 * The isotope undergoes an ionisation process which removes 4 electrons from the atom. Calculate the overall charge of the atom.

Answers

 * 1) Number of protons= 92, Number of neutrons=116, number of electrons=94
 * 2) (2 x 1.60 x10−19) = + 3.2 x10−19

title: AQA A-Level Physics/Atomic structure


text:
The Computer Revolution/Software/Software Licenses

Software licenses
Congratulations, you just bought the coolest new operating system out there. It’s yours. But wait, is it yours? Can you view the source code? Can you make changes to the code? Can you install the program on all of your computers and your friends' computers, and any other computer that suits your fancy. No, you can’t. That’s because you didn’t really buy the software, you bought a software license.

Software being a non-physical construct is not a scarce resource or intrinsically unique, it can be endlessly replicated. Software licenses are the way authors and copyright owners control their rights over these creations and limit access to them.

A software license is something that declares rights, conditions and permission to the software it applies to. The rights to use, copy, alter and distribute are the most important. Some may only allow you to install it once on only one computer; while others may allow you a certain amount of installs before prohibiting you any more. The license is also an agreement that you must make in order to continue the installment.

Author and Copyright owner Like in any intellectual property creation the author will retain ownership of all rights to it, unless he was doing work for hire or sells some or all rights to another entity, therefore the author can not be the same entity that the copyright owners.

In relation to licenses one has to consider that users do not buy, or own the product but license its use. Details of the license may vary, but in most cases the software license limits the number of computers upon which you can install the software and the types of changes (if any) you can make to the software.

The rest of this section describes the types of licenses available, as you will see they can grant or limit user rights in many aspects, they can even give you the right to alter and distribute the software.

Commercial software
Commercial software is developed and sold for profit, software that you can purchase, or license. Normally these come with a single –user license which means that you are only allowed to install and use the software on a single computer. In some cases the software could be installed on a second computer that you own, if allowed by the license. The makers of the program do not really sell you their software, rather they sell you a license so you are a "authorized" user of the software.

This could be any programs such as Microsoft Word, TurboTax, GarageBand Adobe Photoshop. You are not allowed to view the source code or make any changes to that code.

Demo/Trial Version In addition to their full versions, some commercial software is available in a demo or trial version. These versions can be used free of charge and distributed to others but are often missing key features, or will not run after a trial period is over. These programs are not designed to be replacements for the fee-based version and is usually meant to be uninstalled after use.

Shareware
Shareware software is software that you can obtain for free for a limited trial basis, it is usually also found pre-installed on new computers with commercial operative systems. Should you wish to keep the software after the trial basis, you are required to pay a small fee. It is unethical to use shareware after the trail period ends.

Most shareware software is incomplete or functionally limited in some way until you purchase it. It may run for a limited time, for example for one hour only, each time you launch it, or some key features, such as printing, may be disabled. In order to get a full version of that software, the user will need to purchase a registration code which can be done through publisher’s website.If you pay the fee to keep the program you can copy and share it with people, but if they choose to keep the software they must pay the fee as well. Shareware can be less costly than other kinds of commercial software because it is made by a single programmer and uses a different type of marketing system. You can find different shareware programs on websites that offer different software to download. By using this type of marketing it saves cost of having to advertise or package the programs.

Freeware
Freeware software is software that the copyright owner permits free utilization. The copyright owner keeps ownership of the software meaning that he is the only that can sell, distribute, or modify it. Freeware does not require any payment. There are no time limits of usage or usage restrictions in the software. Once you install the software, you are free to use it as long as you want. The term 'freeware' was trademarked in the 1980's by Andrew Fluefelman, who was an attorney, computer magazine editor and developer of a popular communications program, "PC-Talk". Although now, the trademark is abandoned and there term is now 'generic'. Some popular examples of freeware is 'Youtube Downloader 3.3' and 'AVG Antivirus Free 2012'.

Open-source
Open Source software is software that can be edited, viewed, and used by any person. It is open in the same manner that Wikipedia is (though Wikipedia is not an example OS software) anyone may come here and use it, learn from it, change, it correct it or improve on what they see. They allow for a wider distribution and a wider amount of input, it is also possible for there two be a number of people who wish to design software to collaborate and though they may not have identical ends they can contribute. The aim of those who contribute to Open Source software, or open source anything for that matter, not only the design but the subsequent dissemination of the knowledge and products of their labor.

Open Source is the certification trade mark of Open Source Initiative (OSI). To be distributed under the OSI trade mark the software has to conform to the following terms: •Software must be free to distribute, share, modify and possibly improve. •The program source code must be made available. •The name of the developer must be announced. •The license must be technology-neutral and must not restrict any other software.

The Free Software Directory of Open Source contains over 5,000 free software packages. Free user-generated software now includes the most widely used web-server software Apache, database software MySQL, the second most popular desktop operating system Linux, and web browser Firefox and office suite Open Office.

Public domain software
Ownership rights for public domain software have been donated or defaulted to the public. This means that anyone can use, modify, and distribute the software free of charge. Programs can be out of copyright simply because their authors (or right owners) intended to share the work with everyone else, releasing them as public domain. The UNIX community has developed a number of such programs over the years.

Programs in the public domain can be used without restriction, even as components of other non public domain programs. When reusing code of public domain software, it is good to understand its history so that you can be sure it really is in the public domain. It can thus be freely used, copied, or altered and licensed because no one owns the rights to restrict its use. Public domain software is the only type in most cases to which no limitations apply.

There are plenty of public domain programs, but these are often confused with several other types of software, called freeware, which can be obtained for free, or shareware, which is usually obtained free but require a fee for use.

Software Piracy

Software licenses and other means are useful in today's time where we often face the problem of software piracy. Software piracy and digital counterfeiting affect individuals and businesses. Some software companies charge very high prices so people may seek out pirated copies. There are some tools currently being used to curb software piracy such as software anti-piracy tools.


text:
The Computer Revolution/Communication/Online Forums

Online forums are an environment that allows the discussion and sharing ideas. It differs from things like email and instant messaging in that messages are posted for anyone who cares to see and respond to them. There are an almost infinite number of forum topics around, allowing people of any interest no matter how rare to meet and discuss with like minded people. If you cannot find a subject forum that fits you, you may simply start your own.

Most online forums support one of two methods of tracking unread messages: "Full" and "Session".

There's a simple test that can provide a good guess at whether the forum software supports "Full" unread message tracking:
 * 1) Login into the forum.
 * 2) Wait for unread messages to appear (unread markers shown). Do not read them.
 * 3) Logout from the forum (use "logout" link).
 * 4) Login into the forum again.
 * 5) Check whether unread markers that you've seen before the logout persisted through the logout/login.

If markers didn't "survive" logout/login, then the forum is most likely using "Session" unread message tracking. If markers did survive, then there's a good chance that forum indeed supports "Full" unread message tracking. Note that you should check unread markers at the topic level as there are at least some examples of using board-level markers to indicate things other than existence of unread topics within.

.


text: User talk:Jersey Cow

title: User talk:Jersey Cow


text:
Radiation Oncology/Pancreas/Squamous Cell

 * Squamous cells not normally present in pancreas, so four theories have been proposed:
 * Metaplasia of pancreatic ductal epithelium present during inflammation (eg during pancreatitis)
 * Pluripotent progenitor cell capable of differentiating to adeno or squamous undergoes malignant transformation
 * Pre-existing adenocarcinoma undergoes transformation to squamous cell
 * Aberrant squamous cell undergoes malignant transformation
 * Reported incidence between 0.005% (pure squamous) and 2% (adenosquamous) tumors of pancreatic tumors
 * 61 cases reported in English literature (PMID 16208119)
 * Mean age 62 years
 * Presenting symptoms: abdominal or back pain, weight loss, anorexia
 * Average tumor size 7.8 cm
 * Equal distribution between head, body and tail
 * Median survival: resected 7 months, non-resectable 3 months
 * Given its rarity, it is important to exclude metastatic disease from elsewhere
 * Enhances on triphasic contrast CT
 * Consider gemcitabine-based chemotherapy

Adenosquamous carcinoma

 * PMID 10367867, 1999 — "Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas." (Madura JA. Arch Surg. 1999 Jun;134(6):599-603.)
 * Retrospective review of 6 patients
 * Approximately 4% of all pancreatic neoplasms (only 134 cases reported at the time of publication - 1999)
 * Discussion states positive Ca 19-9, ST 439, keratin staining
 * Survival = 5.4 +/- 4 months


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Take pictures leave footprints

"Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints" is pretty self-explanatory. It means you do not disturb nature while you are out enjoying it. If you see a pretty rock, leave it there for someone else to enjoy. If you eat a piece of candy on the trail, don't toss the wrapper — take it with you.

There are a few exception to both these rules. If you see trash, by all means, take it. Throw it in the trash when you get to a proper trash receptacle. Also be aware that footprints are not always harmless. Many tundra plants that take years to grow can be destroyed by a single footprint. Stay on the trail.

One of the most important ways people leave their mark on the land is by building a campfire. For "no trace" camping, bring a camp stove. Unfortunately, the campfire is one of the primary attractions for many people, so it is not easy to follow this advice. If your campsite has a fire ring or an existing fire pit, use that. If it does not and you must have a campfire, lay a small tarp on the ground and cover it with six to eight inches of mineral sand. Mineral sand is sand containing no organic material, and can be found on a beach or where a large tree has fallen over and raised a rootwad. The sand must be piled deep so the heat does not affect the tarp beneath. Stop putting new fuel on the fire well before you are ready to put it out, and push in the ends of sticks that have not yet burned. Allow them to burn down to white ash. When you are ready to leave, douse the fire well, and spread the ashes over a wide area. Return the sand to the place where you found it and pack up your tarp.

|


text:
Neapolitan/501 Neapolitan verbs/arapì

arapì

 * (transitive) to open

1. Innecativo
 * a. presente
 * {| class="wikitable"

 * align="left"|io
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|arapo
 * align="left"|tu
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|arape
 * align="left"|isso/essa
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|arape
 * align="left"|nuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|arapimmo
 * align="left"|vuje
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|arapite
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|arapeno
 * }
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|arapite
 * align="left"|isse/lloro
 * align="left", bgcolor="#c9c8e9"|arapeno
 * }
 * }

Participio passato
 * araputo

title: Neapolitan/501 Neapolitan verbs/arapì


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Tsán

Tsán
This was marked as a speedy, but given the rationale provided by User:Iamunknown, I think maybe this is worth some discussion:
 * From all searches I did, cannot find any evidence that this is constructed language is documented anywhere else on the Internet. I searched Google using the terms Tsán, Tsán language, Tsán constructed language, and finally Tsán "constructed language. Furthermore, the last edit of the main contributor, 66.135.111.26 (Talk), on 2004-03-23 was to blank the whole page. Only on 2004-04-03 did someone, User:Perl (Talk • Contribs), finally restore it. Given this evidence, I nominate this article for speedy deletion as (1) unverifiable information and (2) a possible original creation.

--Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 04:33, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I recuse myself from the discussion as I originally tagged the article as a candidate for speedy deletion. --Iamunknown 08:10, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The top search result was for the Wikibook page. I can't find any more info about this either.  The author of the book should indicate its origins and provide some references to prove that this isn't original research otherwise delete. Xania 19:45, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete I argue that the original author self-deleted the material. Though it is hard to tell given that he is an anonymous IP address :-/ On a smaller note; it is a stub that has been going on for a very long time (almost 9 months) so... thats my second criticism. --Dragontamer 02:04, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete as it is not verfiable in any way. Kellen T 15:48, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Delete - while not speedy I agree with Iamunknown's conclusion -- Herby talk thyme 17:00, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, move it over to Wikiversity as a linguistics research project, since it seems to be original. --Remi0o 07:06, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Tsán


text:
User talk:TeamZissou~enwikibooks

You are obviously making some points in your edits - please be careful you do not fall foul of NPOV yourself. I consider one of your edits to be borderline so far -- Herby talk thyme 08:18, 13 December 2006 (UTC) You're right. I'll watch it. However, some of these are no more informative than laundromat pamphlets.TeamZissou 08:20, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not disagreeing with you - just urging caution -- Herby talk thyme 08:23, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Invitation to discuss the Prophecies Fulfilled Concerning Jesus Christ. Are there only 55 prophecies or 60 as presented. - Athrash | T a l k 05:16, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:23, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

User:Athrash
We've received a complaint from this user concerning some of your edits. He claims that you've deleted meaningful content, that you've ignored his protests, refused to participate in a discussion on the matter, and that you've even deleted content from his user page. All of these things are no allowed here on wikibooks. Wikibooks is a collaborative environment, and no single users is permitted to excercise ownership or control over the content of a particular page or book. Decision making states that users in a dispute must work towards compromise, and that no user can be making unilateral control over the contents of a page or book.

As much as I would like this to sound friendly, this is a warning, and if this situation doesn't fix itself, you could be banned from wikibooks. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 22:50, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called TeamZissou. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name TeamZissou~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:49, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:35, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:TeamZissou~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Wmooney

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 09:15, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wmooney


text:
User talk:Dbmayur~enwikibooks

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 10:25, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dbmayur. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dbmayur~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:04, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:52, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dbmayur~enwikibooks


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. f4

= Vienna Game = Black should not play /3...exf4/ because after 4. e5, the black knight has no free square but its home square. The correct move here is /3...d5/.

Theory table
.

1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. f4


text:
User talk:71.107.98.67

-- SB_Johnny | talk 11:07, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.107.98.67