text:
IB Cultural Anthropology/The Ethnographies/How to Read an Ethnography

Back to IB Cultural Anthropology/The Ethnographies

An ethnography is usually a book that studies a particular culture in depth. Ethnographies do not necessarily need to be books, however- they can also be films.

Steps to reading ethnography

 * 1) Find the interpretation.
 * 2) *Separate the interpretation from the description
 * 3) Examine the selection of data.
 * 4) *What did the anthropologist spend the most time on?
 * 5) Examine the theoretical framework the ethnography is working within.
 * 6) Find the fundamental questions the ethnography is trying to answer.
 * 7) *These are usually provided in the introduction or first chapter.
 * 8) Examine the organization of the ethnography.

Interpretation vs. Description
An example of the difference between description and interpretation is as follows:

Examine the “wink.”

Description
A description of a wink would be: blinking one eye. This, however, is hardly satisfying.

Interpretation
Interpretation of this data would show that winking is a gesture that indicates:

 * Joviality
 * Flirting
 * Knowing
 * Other emotions

This would provide a much more thorough understanding of what a “wink” really is.

Back to IB Cultural Anthropology/The Ethnographies


text:
IB Cultural Anthropology/Contributors

 * Splat - Created wikibook, organized it, and has written the Course and Ethnographies volumes.

Back to IB Cultural Anthropology

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: IB Cultural Anthropology/Contributors


text:
Celestia/Wish List

This page is obsolete. See the page Bugs and Feature Requests.

Wish List items are very unlikely to be implemented if they aren't on the | SourceForge list. If you are interested in any of the features listed below, you must take the responsibility of making sure they're requested on | SourceForge.

 * 1) Make a game based on Celestia... Mostly Harmless project stalled...            Star Control! The next version of Star Control!
 * 2) Someone make an editor that allows us to tweak Celestia more easily and make worlds of our own. I'm a real lazy pig and all the .ssc generators I've checked out so far don't do a real good job.
 * 3) I have some worldwind cache-packs (folder with 50/200/800/3200/12800 little pictures). renaming to celestia-style should be no problem. but celestia starts 2x1x512pixel - and worldwind begins 10x5x512.
 * 4) Merging the goodness of World Wind, Celestia and Google Earth together!
 * 5) Make a recopilation of high resolution add-ons in a single pack, with most realistic data from official databases periodically updated. An auto-update could be great in order to manage the downloads of a large pack. Or it could be shared in a P2P network. Make a real 3D universe is now possible!
 * 6) Why not space agencies improve more this great project?
 * 7) Let Celestia include Google Earth and automatically run it when it detects the user wanting to zoom in on Earth (maybe bad idea)...
 * 8) Better promotion of this great and spectacular program (better promotion = biggest community = more developers = faster development of Celestia)
 * 9) cooperation with space agencies and another scientific institutions (universities, observatories etc.)
 * 10) Better main website (more screen shots, promo video, news about future versions, info from this with pictures + +, info about Celestia Wiki) and maybe new address
 * 11) Maybe (in far future) some spectacular computer benchmark based on Celestia (if Celestia engine needs more developers it's a good "bait" ;)
 * 12) Basic version with better textures and models (and version for "low end" computers)
 * 13) More configurations options in user interface
 * 14) HDR Rendering as soon as possible and more graphic options for modern GPUs

 * 1) I believe that an educational web-based interactive game/simulator would really be beneficial.  I am a software engineer who would be interested in such a collaboration. prosetto@msn.com

title: Celestia/Wish List


text:
Reaktor/Hardware/Computers

Processor

 * For audio processing, it’s usually much better to have a slower CPU with good hardware acceleration of floating-point operations (such as a Pentium) than a faster integer-based CPU (such as a Celeron)

Quiet computer

 * How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Silencing
 * Super-quiet Power Supplies at Sound on Sound

On the web

 * Setting Up A Computer Studio at Sound on Sound
 * New Intel Chipsets: Good For Musicians? at Sound on Sound. September 2004
 * Pentium-M laptops at Sound on Sound. December 2003

title: Reaktor/Hardware/Computers


text:
Reaktor/Wikibook - About

Reaktor Wikibook (URL: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Reaktor) is a project started after many discussions between users on Reaktor User Forum. Everybody agrees, that Reaktor is a very powerfull system, but unfortunately the documentation is poor and therefore it's difficult to learn and advance in Reaktor. Few people wanted to start a "tutorial", but there was no adequate media for it. Wikibook seems to be perfect.

First time visitors should read this

 * Wiki is a website that allows a user to add content, as on an Internet forum, but also allows that content to be edited by anybody.
 * Wikibooks is dedicated to developing free, open content textbooks and other classroom texts like tutorials. Every book is open to revision and addition by anyone – even you.
 * Wikipedia is a general encyclopedia

First time editors should read this

 * Please use neutral point of view
 * How to edit a page?
 * Wikipedia policies and guidelines

Advanced contributors should read this

 * Template messages/Links. Templates are necessary to develop easy navigation for a Book, which looks like this

title: Reaktor/Wikibook - About


text:
Reaktor/Hardware/Soundcards

General
Regardless of the sound card you choose, if you use Windows you will have to tweak your system to get smooth low latency operation. Some basic tips:

 * 1) If it's a PCI sound card, make sure it's not sharing an IRQ with anything. In the device manager, choose view resources by type and make sure nothing else is on the same IRQ as your card. If there is, you might try moving it to a different PCI slot.
 * 2) Turn off screen savers, virus scanners, firewalls, Palm Pilot sync and any other memory resident programs that might interfere. A hardware gateway/router that does NAT is a good idea if you have a highspeed connection - running a Windows-based computer on a highspeed connection with no firewall at all is suicidal.
 * 3) DO NOT lower the hardware acceleration on your video card as some resources have suggested. Running in 16 bit color could help. more info
 * 4) Make sure you have the latest drivers for your unit.

Recommended soundcards

 * Echo Indigo DJ Portable CardBus card for a laptop, doesn't require power supply, very low latency ~5ms, two independent outputs (line, phones), non-exclusive driver, which allows to run multiple sound application at the same time and mix their signal on the card
 * RME Multiface 8-in 8 out interface with PCI card or Cardbus, very low latency ~5ms
 * M-Audio 24/96 An inexpensive low latency solution, good for beginners. ~5ms or less with a bit of tweaking.
 * 01Xray site dedicated to the 01XThe yamaha 01X is ideal for Reaktor as not only do you get a low latency soundcard ~5ms or less but yo also get a control surface which is great for tweaking all those knobs and faders in Reaktor. RRP £1299 although it is available for about £1000 from most retailers.

title: Reaktor/Hardware/Soundcards


text: Template:Reaktor

title: Template:Reaktor


text:
Reaktor/Artists

Please add only official releases on CDs, not all people who uploaded some MP3s somewhere
 * Native Instruments page dedicated to artists, who use Reaktor

 * Cibelle
 * Lazyfish also great Reaktor builder
 * Artur Nowak
 * Ticklish
 * Mouse on Mars
 * Nine Inch Nails
 * Kid 606
 * Fluorescent Grey
 * Tim Exile
 * Richard Devine also worked on several new instruments and snapshots for the Electronic Instruments Vol. 2 library
 * Speedy J ditto
 * Photek (Rupert Parkes) ditto
 * VNV Nation
 * Squarepusher
 * Merzbow
 * Bitmud

title: Reaktor/Artists


text:
Linux Guide/File Manipulation

 * ls : lists all files and directories in the current directory.
 * mv  : move to destination .
 * rm : remove.
 * cd : change the current directory to.
 * cat : concatenate files and show them on standard output, text files work best:)
 * find [path...] [expression] : search for files in the given path
 * xargs : takes input from stdin and formats it as the arguments to another program. For instance, to delete all files with an ending ~, write find . -name "*~" | xargs rm

Copy file from remote system (rsync)
rsync -ave ssh :  Example: rsync -ave ssh root@192.168.1.252:/tmp/myfile.

title: Linux Guide/File Manipulation


text:
Ada Programming/Keywords/range

Description
The keyword range is used in the following type definitions.

 * Defining the first and last element in an integer range.
 * Defining the first and last element in a Modulus subtype.
 * Defining the first and last element in an enumeration subtype.
 * Defining the minimum range of a floating point type.
 * Defining the minimum range of a fixed point type.
 * Defining the range of an array type.

It is also used within the following statements:

 * Specify the range of a for loop.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Keywords
 * Ada Programming/Types/range
 * Ada Programming/Types/Enumeration
 * Ada Programming/Types/digits
 * Ada Programming/Types/delta
 * Ada Programming/Types/array
 * Ada Programming/Control

Ada Reference Manual

Ada Quality and Style Guide

|Range

title: Ada Programming/Keywords/range


text:
Ada Programming/Keywords/array

This keyword is used in the declaration of array types and anonymous array objects.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Keywords

Ada Quality and Style Guide

|Array

title: Ada Programming/Keywords/array


text:
Ada Programming/Keywords/aliased

Description
If you come from C/C++ you are probably used to the fact that every element of an array, struct/record and other variables has an address. The C/C++ standards actually demand that. In Ada this is not true.

Ada is a self optimizing language — there is for example no register keyword like in C/C++. Ada compilers will use a register for storage automatically. Incidentally, most C/C++ compilers nowadays just ignore the register and allocate registers themselves, just like Ada does.

So if you want to take an access from any variable you need to tell the compiler that the variable needs to be in memory and may not reside inside a register. This is what the keyword aliased is for. Additionally it also serves as a hint to the reader of the program about the existence of pointers referencing the variable.

For variables
I : Integer := 0;

For the elements of an array
Declaring an as  will only ensure that the array as a whole has an address. It says nothing about the individual elements of the — which may be packed in a way that more than one element has the same address. You need to declare the actual elements as aliased as well. You can read in Types/array how this is done. Here is just a short example:

Day_Of_Month  1 .. 31;  Day_Has_Appointment   (Day_Of_Month)   Boolean;

For the elements of a record
Just like arrays, declaring a record as aliased will only ensure that the record as a whole has an address. It says nothing about the individual elements of the record — which again may be packed and share addresses. Again you need to declare the actual elements as aliased as well. You can read in Types/record how this is done. Here is just a short example:

Basic_Record A : Integer; ;

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Keywords

Ada Reference Manual

Ada Quality and Style Guide

|Aliased

title: Ada Programming/Keywords/aliased


text:
User talk:Publunch~enwikibooks

Hello, I was reading through the preface of your Logic in the Introduction to Philosophy wikibook. You say you need some help with the modal logic part of the book. I believe I could actually help with writing that part (as long as the tone is introductory). (Alex beta 20:34, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC))

O.K., Work on the Modal Logic part has started. I will assume some basic knowledge of propositional logic and predicate logic (which are previous sections, so that should be all right). (Alex beta 13:03, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC))

Hello again,

I will also be working on the Wikiversity Spanish School of Philosophy. For the time being, I am just translating my contributions to the English School of Philosophy into Spanish, but, as I am presently working on the Logic course, I thought it might be a good idea to start translating what has been done so far in the logic part of the Introduction to Philosophy wikibook into Spanish. Is that O.K.? (In the sections that you have written, I would only take credit for the translation, of course). Do you think I should wait until more of the text has been done? (Alex beta 20:31, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC))

Hi.

Don't worry about slow progress. I am even slower, I'm afraid. I was hoping that translating the logic course into Spanish might be a good idea because I can keep working on the Wikiversity while I am not feeling creative.

I agree about the differences between languages. I also find it very interesting. One would expect to find the Spanish School of Philosophy with a greater emphasis on continental philosophy. That will not be the case for the time being, however, because I am virtually the only person writing any content in it.

You asked me about myself in your last message. I don't think there is very much to say. I do have a small weblog that I haven't written in for quite some time. There is a link to it on my user page. I graduated from Sussex University (I believe you spent some time there too), but I have also been studying philosophy elsewhere. In addition, I am half way through a Physics degree and I have just started a Social and Cultural Anthropology degree this year (you can study more than one degree simultaneously where I live).

My philosophical interests are all over the place. I can't think of any field of philosophy that I am not interested in (although I have lost some interest in the Philosophy of Mind and the Philosophy of Science recently). I am now reading about Heidegger, Husserl and Gadamer, mainly, but I don't think I'll be writing about that for a long time. (Alex beta 20:08, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC))

Wikiversity
I saw your name on the Wikiversity participant's list, you may be very experienced in mathematics already, but I'm trying out instructing a Calculus course if you're interested, go to Wikiveristy, check out the mathematics department, pure mathematics, and in the course list is included Calculus. Fephisto 22:52, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Looking for help
Dear Publunch: My name is Ivan Robaina Bychko and I am a almost 20 years old Cuban wikipedian and universitary student. I am very intersted in Philosophy and logic and I am working to write an article at my university about the history of philosophy, since it seems that no university teacher is willing to help, it seems you are the right guy for it. I do not have internet connectivity (only wikipedia and e-mail), but I think we could contact via e-mail, please, if you are willing to help me, let me know at my e-mail: nayesda.daria@medired.scu.sld.cu Thanks, Ivan

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Publunch. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Publunch~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Publunch~enwikibooks


text:
United States Government/The Judicial Branch-Criticism/Does the judicial branch upset the principle of checks and balances?

The Judicial Branch of the United States has the de facto role of evaluating both the legislative and executive branches of the United States Federal government. Laws which are passed by the legislative branch can be declared null and void by the Supreme Court, and the actions of a sitting president can be called into question by the judicial and legislative branches.

However, there is neither a formal nor informal check on the power of the judicial branch itself; decisions made by the Supreme Court are final and can only be overturned or modified by future Supreme Court justices and the principle of precedence. As such, it can be argued that the judicial branch can potentially operate contrary to or without the mandate of the electorate.

United States Supreme Court Justices are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. In theory, this procedure allows both the executive and legislative branches to have some power over the judiciary and thus "check" the judicial branch's power. However, following confirmation by the Senate, all Supreme Court justices hold office for life unless they are impeached or they voluntarily retire.

The principle of checks and balances allows branches of government to be "isolated from each other so that no branch has total power over all functions of government...an attack on or abuse of power by individuals of a single branch will not lead to tyranny or the fall of the entire government." The judicial branch, however, holds the potential to nullify laws approved by the legislative branch, disregard the executive branch, and, in essence, control the rule of law in the United States in accordance to the opinions of its sitting justices.

While there have not been any historically prominent abuses, the United States has had a history of irregular and even hypocritical laws as justices rotate and the political atmosphere of the country changes.

There are several checks on the powers of the Judicial branch. First, they can only pronounce on those cases brought before them. Judges cannot make law. They can only interpret laws, treaties and the constitutions of the states and the United States. If Congress feels that a law has been misinterpreted, they can pass laws to clarify their meaning as has been done many times before. If enough people feel that the Constitution is wrong, it too can be amended as it has been 27 times to date. Judges are subject to impeachment and removal by the Congress, and Congress may, by law, establish how the courts operate and within some constitutional limits, Congress may decide which cases are heard by which courts and how large courts are.

Some people have proposed that judges be elected or their ruling subject to overrule. Elected judges are not independent. They will rule based on what is popular, rather than what the laws provide. Many rights that we now take for granted were once restricted based on majorities. Inter-racial marriage, restrictions on speech, and even a woman's right to work were once restricted based on popularly supported laws. An independent judge can make the tough decisions that an elected judge would be afraid to make.

In The Federalist No. 78, Alexander Hamilton wrote: "The standard of good behavior for the continuance in office of the judicial magistracy, is certainly one of the most valuable of the modern improvements in the practice of government. In a monarchy it is an excellent barrier to the despotism of the prince; in a republic it is a no less excellent barrier to the encroachments and oppressions of the representative body. And it is the best expedient which can be devised in any government, to secure a steady, upright, and impartial administration of the laws."

Hamilton goes on to quote from Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws Vol. 1 that "there is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers."

 * Insert examples
 * Insert links supporting/developing current controversies in the United States re: President Bush's potential nominations, Senator Arlen Spector and the abortion issue, etc.


text:
Reaktor/Hosts/Cubase

Snapshot changes to "init" when rendering audio
Q: from Reaktor User Forum: When using a user-created ensemble or synth, when I try to render audio, the preset always reverts to "init" and I'm not able to export an audio file. This also occurs when I push stop on the Cubase transport. However, this thing doesn't happen when using one of the native Reaktor factory ensembles or synths. I've tried just about everything to no avail. The user ensebles are all current versions, and Reaktor is updated to the latest version. Any ideas?

A: Make sure that the inspector in Cubase is set to the snap you want to use

title: Reaktor/Hosts/Cubase


text:
Reaktor/Hardware/Controllers

 * Lemur - programable multitouch contoller. Tutorial how to use Lemur and Reaktor together
 * Faderfox Although designed for Ableton Live, may be used with Reaktor

title: Reaktor/Hardware/Controllers


text:
Reaktor/Hosts/Sonar

In Sonar 4, one way to open a softsynth is to click the "Synth Rack" button on the VIEWS toolbar, and then use the Insert button on the synth rack's toolbar (a big + sign). Alternatively (or if the Synth Rack isn't already open), it's slightly quicker to just click INSERT on the main menu and select from the dropdown entries under "DXi Synth".

Note -- Reaktor shows up under "NI" as if it were a type of plugin (alongside the VST plugins).

With Reaktor showing up as an instrument in the Synth Rack, click the Properties button in the Synth Rack's toolbar to display the Reaktor plugin window.

Once open, Reaktor's plugin view will ask for an initial Ensemble. The default view of the Reaktor Browser doesn't initially show Ensembles, so you can't immediately drag and drop into the blank part of the window as it suggests. First, you must navigate to an ensemble to load (which you can drag/drop), or you can right-click in the blank area and choose New Ensemble.

If you're using Reaktor as a softsynth, you'll probably want to add a MIDI track. To do this, right-click in Sonar's track pane and choose "Insert MIDI Track". Then click on the Output selector in the MIDI track and select Reaktor1 from the list.

The output of the synth has to go somewhere, so you'll probably want to create an audio track also (Right-click; choose "Insert Audio Track"). Then click on the Input selector in the audio track and select Reaktor 1 Main from the list.

Note -- Reaktor plugins can be synths or FX processors, so they also show up (as expected) in the track or Console views when you want to add an FX module in any track's FX bin.

--Allen 22:53, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Due to the combination of Sonar's excellent DXi automation handling, and Reaktor's incredibly flexible DXi / MIDI dual automation features, there are a number of different ways of recording and manipulating Reaktor ensemble control information.

 * 1) To be able to record direct movement of Reaktor ensemble UI controls into Sonar as automation data, you must insert a Reaktor instance (either DXi or wrapped VSTi version) directly into the FX Bin of a Sonar Audio track. It does not work if you insert it into the Synth Rack first.  Load up the Reaktor ensemble you want to use and ensure the automation controls are sorted and organised as desired.  Then right-click on the Reaktor label in the Sonar track's FX Bin and click "Arm Parameter" from the context menu.  This now lists all the automation parameters exposed by the loaded Reaktor ensemble.  Either select a subset, or (easier) just click Arm All.  You should now see the Record Automation icon button in Sonar Transport toolbar become clickable (changes from greyed out appearance).  Set the Now Time marker where you want to start the automation recording from.  Click the Record Automation icon button and start wiggling those Ensemble knobs and faders!  Press spacebar or click the Transport Stop button to stop recording when you are done. Sonar will display any movements as new track envelopes, handily labelled with the appropriate Ensemble parameter.
 * 2) Having inserted a Reaktor instance in a Sonar track's FX bin, right click somewhere in the clips pane and select Envelopes -> Create Track Envelope -> Reaktor 1 ... A dialog window is displayed listing all automatable parameters .. but in my version of Sonar (v4.01), this list is just a bunch of numbers from P0001 to P1000 (a bug?).  All is not lost .. click on the Reaktor ensemble panel control you want to create an envelope for, and look at the UI control's Properties pages.   Find the "Global ID" field listed at the bottom of the Connection properties page (say "117" for a Filter cutoff knob).  Go back to the envelope popup window and select the P0117 checkbox. Click OK, and a new track envelope appears labelled with the panel control name.  Adjust enevelope to taste.
 * 3) If you have a midi control box, you can use its physical knobs and faders instead of directly controlling Reaktor ensemble UI controls with a mouse.  For each ensemble UI control you want to remote control, display the UI control's own Connections property page. Ensure "Remote to MIDI" is turned on.  Map the control to the physical knob or slider you want to use (e.g. use MIDI learn).  Repeat for all the ensemble controls you want to hook up to your midi controller box. Now proceed as described in #1 above, but instead of using your mouse to move the UI controls, use your MIDI controller box.  Any movements get converted into track envelopes, labelled with the UI control's name.
 * 4) This is probably the least preferred option of recording automation data from a Reaktor ensemble, as it requires a separate MIDI track to be used and treats all the automation data as pure MIDI CC data. However,  this is the only way to send automation data to a Reaktor ensemble if the Reaktor instance was inserted into the Synth Rack, and not into a specific track's FX Bin.  Why would you want to do that? Inserting a Reaktor instance into the Sonar SynthRack allows you to send outputs of multi-timbral Reaktor ensembles to multiple audio tracks for further, separate processing, for example.  OK, so insert a new Reaktor plugin instance using the Sonar SynthRack, and create (at least) one audio track and one associated MIDI track.   Load up the ensemble you want to use into the Reaktor plugin.  Open the Ensemble properties page and ensure the "Activate MIDI in" and "Activate MIDI out" boxes are switched on in the Connections property page.  Then do the same for all the ensemble Instruments you want to record panel automation from.  Now, for each UI control you want to record movements for, ensure the "Activate MIDI In" and "Panel to MIDI" switches are on, and a MIDI cc number is defined.  Set the Now Time marker where you want to start recording.  Select the MIDI track, and arm it for recording (the "R" button turns red).  Press the main Transport Record button (not the Record Automation button this time).  Now perform the UI control movements you want to record.  When you are done, click Stop.  Sonar has recorded your UI panel movements as a series of MIDI CC events.  Rewind, and press Play.  Sonar sends the recorded MIDI cc data back to Reaktor, and you should see the panel controls repeat the movements you just recorded.  If you want, you can then convert the MIDI cc data into a MIDI track envelope using Sonar's Edit -> Convert MIDI to Shape .. command.
 * 5) Of course, you can use a physical midi controller in #4 above instead of using a mouse to manipulate the ensemble's controls.  Set up the mapping between the physical controller and the UI ensemble controls as described in #3 above.  Arm the MIDI track for recording, hit the Record button in the Transport bar, and move the physical MIDI controllers knobs and sliders to generate CC data which will get recorded into the MIDI track, and passed through to the Reaktor plugin receiving MIDI data from that MIDI track.

--Aguycalledrichard 22:20, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Reaktor/Hosts/Sonar


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Bulgaria

| European cuisines

Bulgarian food could easily be called one of the wonders of this world. Its unique character has developed through the ages out of wealth of local culinary traditions, intertwined with foreign influence in a way which is possible only in Bulgaria, a culture rich in history and traditions. The result, the unique Bulgarian cuisine, offers an incomparable taste with unique characteristics, originality and exceptional variety.

The variety in Bulgarian cuisine is based on the long history of the country, as well as on the long-lasting migrations of the tribes that founded Bulgaria more than 1300 years ago. The close contact with Turkey and Greece have helped us form a very attractive, and to some extent exotic, national cuisine, including some dishes which cannot be called national but which are typical of Bulgaria only. That's one of the things Bulgarians miss most when they are abroad and one of the things that make them come back.

Indeed, who would not like the abundance of fresh vegetables and fruits, juicy meat, grilled or served with piquant sauces, mouth-watering vegetarian dishes, simmered slowly on low heat, the banitsa (cheese pie) which simply melts in your mouth, and famous Bulgarian yogurt?

If you go to the country, good food will be just a part of what you'll be impressed by. Because, above all, Bulgaria is a state of traditions. And whatever you eat, you'll be told that it is a part of a particular custom, i.e. if the meal is on the menu, it's just because it is on the custom.

Many of the Bulgarian products and dishes are known in various other parts of the world. But it's a pity that very few foreigners know how to cook original Bulgarian meals. Gourmets have long since esteemed the merits of Bulgarian cuisine with the verdict that it is tasty, spicy and varied, appealing to one and all.

So, what's actually the secret? Above all, the concurrent cooking of products at a low temperature. Make sure that the food simmers—boil, roast or stew gently. That is the only way to retain the nutritive qualities, achieving superb favour at the same time. The same effect is reached with the variety of products which agree well with the seasoning.

If you are invited to someone's home or choose a good traditional restaurant you'll be able to sample what's best about Bulgarian cuisine; plenty of fresh vegetables, eaten raw, roasted or stewed with meat in terracotta pots. Lots of garlic, onions, oil and spices. Influences of its neighbours, Turkey and Greece are also present in dishes such as "Sarmi" (vine or cabbage leaves stuffed with minced meat with rice and spices), "moussaka" and "baklava".

Bulgarians like their salads: A salad and Rakiya (Bulgarian spirit manufactured through distillation of fermented grapes, plums or other fruits; its alcoholic content is 36-55%) are the usual start to the meal. Be warned, this stage of the meal can be a very drawn-out process lasting up to an hour.

Bulgarian Recipes
A wealth of Bulgarian recipes (in English) could be found on Find Bulgarian Food website. Here are some of the more popular Bulgarian meals, salads and desserts, well worth a try:
 * "Shopska Salata"- chopped tomatoes, cucumbers, onions and peppers sprinkled with 'sirene' (Bulgarian white cheese);
 * "Snezhanka"- thick creamy yogurt with chopped cucumber or gherkins, walnuts and garlic;
 * "Kyopulo"- hors d'oeuvre/salad of mashed baked eggplant, peppers, loads of garlic, parsley, vinegar and sunflower oil.

Soups are also a very important element in the Bulgarian menu;
 * "Bob Chorba"- traditional bean soup with plenty of herbs;
 * "Zelenchukova Supa"- Vegetable soup
 * "Gabi supa"- tasty mushroom soup
 * "Shkembe Chorba"- tripe soup with garlic, vinegar and bell pepper, quite tasty if you can bring yourself to try it;
 * "Tarator"- cold yoghurt and cucumber soup.
 * "Supa Topcheta"-Bulgarian meatball soup

Bulgarians like meat - mainly pork (svinsko), veal (teleshko) and chicken (pile)- grilled, fried or as a stew:
 * "Shashlik"-Small pieces of meat on a skewer, with peppers, onions and baby mushrooms
 * "Gyuvetch"- hotch-potch) - a dish of vegetables and meat baked in an earthenware pot;
 * "Kyufteta"- spicy meat balls/ hamburgers;
 * "Kebapcheta"- spicy mince meat, sausage shaped, grilled.

Very popular is also Gyuveche, a catch-all dish, you can make with just about anything you have in the fridge. It gets its name from the small individual ceramic dishes in which it's traditionally cooked and served.

Vegetarians may find the choice on the menu a bit limiting which is a shame as there are plenty of delicious vegetarian dishes. Usually you can find the following but if all else fails try a selection of starters or a combination salad (a plate of various salads): "Kashkaval (or sirene) pane"- fried/breaded yellow (or white) cheese;
 * "Chushki byurek"- roasted fried peppers stuffed with egg and cheese;
 * "Sirene po Shopski"- white cheese, egg, tomatoes and peppers baked in a pot;
 * "Banitsa"- baked thin sheets of pastry with a filling of white cheese and eggs or vegetables

Bulgarian Wine
The fame of Bulgarian high-quality wine speaks for itself. The Bulgarian white and red wines such as Gumza, Dimiat, Pamid, Muscat, Misket, Mavrud and Melnik are well known to connoisseurs. Traditionally, Bulgaria boasts five wine-growing regions, specialized in the production of typical wines. In general, South Bulgaria is known for its red wines, North Bulgaria for white wine. The Black Sea area, too, is an important viticultural region, Bourgas, Pomorie and Varna being its three main centers. The smallest viticultural region in Bulgaria - the area around Melnik famous for its full-bodied red wine - is known for its specific microclimate. Bulgaria is also the only country to celebrate Wine-growers' Day. February, 3rd (new style Feb 14th) is the day which we call Trifon Zarezan (St.Trifon's Day). It dates back to the ancient Thracians. Winegrowers celebrate with wine-trimming ceremonies on this day. So this is a celebration dedicated to a drink, which is not celebrated anywhere else in the world. It is also essential that one knows that Bulgarian wine has very long traditions and is famous for its quality. The identity of St. Trifon's Day proves the importance of this day for the Bulgarians.

To learn more about Bulgarian folklore, see the Bulgarian Folklore Calendar.

Related Links
Find Bulgarian Food - Online guide to Bulgarian food, recipes, restaurants and stores.

המטבח הבולגרי

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Bulgaria


text:
Talk:Latin/Lesson 2-Genitive and Dative

Untitled
The vocabulary for excersize 8 was not discussed

Roman Numerals
The Romans did not write IX for 9 but VIIII instead. The system that subtracts the value of a symbol if it is to the left of a higher valued symbol is a mediaeval invention. In classical Roman times the position of the symbols had no significance. At least that is my understanding, I'll see if I can find some references. --kwhitefoot 16:05, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Would it be OK to suggest someone put it in some Latin examples for each of the uses of the dative? The genitive examples are good. The same thing for the dative would be useful. --59.167.249.210 22:52, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Split?
I think that the genitive and dative cases are a bit too substantial to introduce them both in one lesson. I suggest that the genitive and dative cases be split into two lessons? What say you people? --BiT 21:30, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

-I agree. I think the concepts should be separated.

Vowel Length
Very good overall, I just should like to point out that some macrons are missing and some have been put incorrectly. Eg, imperator (ought to be imperātor); sēx (ought to be sex).

I ask for someone with more knowledge to check these if possible.

title: Talk:Latin/Lesson 2-Genitive and Dative


text:
Cookbook:Gyuveche (Bulgarian Casserole) II

Gyuveche is a popular Bulgarian casserole. Bulgarians typically use whatever is left over in the fridge to make this dish

Ingredients

 * About 200–300 g cheese
 * Various chopped herbs

 * Any kind of cooked chicken, pork, or beef (optional)
 * Any kind of sausage or hot dogs (optional)
 * Vegetables (optional), such as tomatoes, peppers, small hot pepper, mushrooms, cooked potatoes
 * Fresh greens (optional), such as parsley, dill, celery leaves
 * 1 egg

Procedure

 * 1) Chop or dice everything you want to put in.
 * 2) Alternate layers of cheese, meat, and vegetables in a baking dish. Finish with cheese on top.
 * 3) Bake in the oven at 200 °C (375 °F) for 20 minutes or until the cheese is melted.
 * 4) Break the egg on top and put back in the oven for another 5–10 minutes depending on how well-done you like your eggs.
 * 5) Serve with fresh bread or toast. Enjoy!

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You may use as many different kinds of cheese as you like, but make sure to include feta cheese, as it is the traditional one for this dish and is not as oily when it melts.


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Cookbook:Egg, Cheese and Phyllo Casserole (Banitsa)

 * Cuisine of Bulgaria

This is a popular dish from Bulgaria and can be eaten on its own or as part of a main meal. This recipe will serve 2–3 people and can be prepared in less than 1 hour. It is adapted from Ralitsa Roesing's kitchen.

Ingredients

 * 2 packets phyllo dough (Bulgarian "fini kori" or phyllo from the frozen section)
 * 200 grams kashkaval cheese (or a mixture of cheddar and mozzarella), cut in small pieces
 * 500 grams sirene or feta cheese, crumbled
 * 7 eggs
 * 100 grams of butter
 * ½ cup soda water
 * 1 cup yogurt

Procedure

 * 1) Mix 6 of the eggs, the grated butter, both cheeses, and the yogurt.
 * 2) In a buttered pan, lay a layer of the phyllo dough, spread a layer of the mixture, and continue alternating layers so that the phyllo and the mixture are finished about the same time.
 * 3) Finish with a layer of phyllo dough on top.
 * 4) Cut the banitsa into serving pieces.
 * 5) Mix the last egg with the soda water, and stir well.
 * 6) Pour the egg mixture over the banitsa, and make sure there are no pieces of the phyllo dough left dry.
 * 7) Bake in a preheated oven at 200 °C (390 °F) for 40 minutes, or until golden. Enjoy!

Notes, tips, and variations

 * For spinach banitsa, substitute 3 of the eggs with ½ kilogram spinach, washed, cut and lightly fried (no more than 5 minutes).
 * For green onion banitsa, substitute 3 of the eggs with 5–10 stalks of green onion (about 1 cup chopped), lightly fried (no more than 10 minutes).
 * Instead of piling the phyllo leaves on top of each other, you can just spread the mixture on the phyllo, top with a little soda and roll two of the leaves up around the mixture. The rolled phyllo is then aligned in a spiral in the pan. Sprinkle with some oil before baking.


text:
Cookbook:Shopska Salata (Tomato, Cucumber, and Bell Pepper Salad)

| Cuisine of Bulgaria

Ingredients

 * 4 tomatoes
 * 2 cucumbers
 * 2 roasted peppers or fresh green bell peppers
 * 2 spoonfuls chopped parsley
 * 2 spoonfuls chopped red onion or green onion
 * ½ pound (225 g) white cheese (feta; optional)
 * Some olives (optional)
 * salt, vinegar, oil to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Cut the tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers in small pieces—cubes if possible.
 * 2) Mix well with the parsley, onion, salt, and oil.
 * 3) Serve with white cheese grated on top. Enjoy!


text:
Cookbook:Tarator (Bulgarian Cucumber Soup)

Ingredients

 * 500 g plain yogurt
 * 1 cup (240 ml) water
 * 1–2 cucumbers, diced (diced is far better than grated, although at many restaurants they grate them)
 * A couple of spoonfuls chopped dill
 * Salt, to taste
 * Vinegar, to taste
 * Oil, to taste
 * A couple of spoonfuls chopped walnuts (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Mix all the ingredients, using enough water so the soup is about the consistency of milk
 * 2) Serve cold in a soup dish, adding a couple ice cubes if it's not cold.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you use all of the above ingredients without the water and strain the yogurt until it becomes half in volume, you can make a salad. It is referred to as snezhanka (Snow White) or mlechna salata (yogurt salad). The main difference is that people traditionally use pickles/gherkins for snezhanka and fresh cucumbers for mlechna salata.


text:
Cookbook:Snezhanka (Bulgarian Cucumber and Yogurt Salad)

| Cuisine of Bulgaria

Ingredients

 * 1 liter of plain yogurt (two regular containers in Bulgaria)
 * ½ kg pickles or cucumbers or mixed
 * 1–2 tbsp of oil
 * 1 tbsp vinegar or lemon juice
 * 1 tsp seasoned salt (like "Vegeta") or salt (use no salt if you are using salty pickles)
 * 2–3 tbsp chopped dill
 * 2–3 cloves crushed garlic
 * 2–3 spoonfuls ground walnuts

Procedure

 * 1) Strain the yogurt, and cut the pickles/cucumbers into tiny cubes.
 * 2) Mix all the ingredients except for the walnuts.
 * 3) Sprinkle the walnuts on top of the salad. Enjoy!

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you use thick American yogurt, use about ½ liter and skip the straining.


text:
Cookbook:Moussaka (Bulgarian)

Moussaka is a Bulgarian minced meat dish, resembling a casserole. For the Greek version of this dish, see Greek Moussaka. This recipe is adapted from Ralitsa Roesing's kitchen. It's delicious with cold yogurt on the side.

Ingredients

 * Oil for cooking
 * 1 onion, finely chopped
 * ½ kg minced meat (usually pork in Bulgaria, but don't hesitate to experiment!)
 * 1 kg potatoes, peeled and finely chopped
 * 2 tomatoes, finely chopped
 * ⅓ cup parsley, finely chopped
 * 3 eggs, beaten
 * 1 cup yogurt
 * 2 spoonfuls flour
 * Salt
 * Pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Fry the onion and the minced meat in a little oil until the meat is cooked. The fattier the meat is, the less oil you need.
 * 2) Combine meat and onions with the potatoes, tomatoes, and parsley. Add salt and pepper to taste.
 * 3) Transfer to a baking dish. Bake for about 1 hour, or until the potatoes are cooked.
 * 4) Stir the eggs, the yogurt and the flour together and pour it over the dish. Bake for 10 more minutes.

title: Cookbook:Moussaka (Bulgarian)


text:
Cookbook:Mushroom Soup (Gabi Supa)

Ingredients

 * 1 pound fresh mushrooms, sliced if too big
 * 2 cubes of mushroom base (bouillon) plus 1 cup of noodles OR 1 cube and 1 package of ramen-type mushroom noodle soup
 * 2 tablespoons butter
 * 2 tablespoons flour
 * 2–3 cups milk
 * 2–3 cups hot water
 * The juice of ½–1 lemon, or to taste
 * 2–3 teaspoons chopped parsley

Procedure

 * 1) In a pot, fry the flour in the melted butter until slightly golden (about 3 minutes).
 * 2) Add the water and stir until smooth.
 * 3) Add the milk, the mushrooms, and the cube(s) of soup base.
 * 4) Boil for less than 10 minutes or until the mushrooms are cooked but not soft.
 * 5) Add the noodles and boil until cooked.
 * 6) Take the pot off the burner, add the lemon juice, the parsley, and more milk if you like the soup to be less thick.
 * 7) Enjoy!

title: Cookbook:Mushroom Soup (Gabi Supa)


text:
Cookbook:Bulgarian Meatball Soup (Supa Topcheta)

Supa topcheta is a popular Bulgarian soup.

Ingredients

 * 1 lb (450 g) ground beef
 * 6 Tbsp rice
 * 1 tsp paprika
 * 1 tsp dried savory
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste
 * 6 cups water
 * 2 beef bouillon cubes
 * ½ bunch green onions, sliced
 * 1 green bell pepper, chopped
 * 2 carrots, peeled and sliced thin
 * 3 tomatoes, peeled and chopped
 * ½ bunch parsley, minced
 * 1 egg
 * 1 lemon, juiced

Procedure

 * 1) Combine beef, rice, paprika, and savory.
 * 2) Season to taste with salt and pepper, and mix lightly but thoroughly.
 * 3) Form mixture into 1-inch (2.5 cm) balls, then roll in flour.
 * 4) Combine water, bouillon cubes, 1 tablespoon salt, 1 teaspoon pepper, green onions, green pepper, carrots, and tomatoes in large pot. Cover, bring to boil, reduce heat, and simmer 30 minutes.
 * 5) Add meatballs, cover, and bring to boil again. Reduce heat and simmer 20 minutes.
 * 6) Add chiles and simmer, covered, 40 minutes or until rice is cooked.
 * 7) Add parsley during last 5 minutes of cooking time. Taste and add more salt and pepper, if needed.
 * 8) Just before serving, beat egg with lemon juice. Stir 1 to 2 tablespoons hot soup into egg mixture, then stir egg mixture into soup.
 * 9) Heat gently, stirring, until soup is thickened slightly, but do not allow to boil.


text:
Cookbook:Sirene po Shopski (Bulgarian Cheese and Tomatoes)

| Cuisine of Bulgaria

Ingredients

 * 400 g white cheese
 * 150 g yellow cheese
 * 2 hot peppers
 * 2 sliced tomatoes
 * 2 roasted bell peppers, chopped
 * oregano, parsley or any other dry green spice
 * 2 eggs

Procedure

 * 1) Take two small earthware pots with lids ("gyuveche" pots), add a layer of cheese, then a layer of peppers and tomatoes, then more cheese. Season with spices as you layer.
 * 2) Bake for about 20 minutes or until the cheese is melted.
 * 3) Break an egg on top of each dish, and cook until the egg is the consistency you like.
 * 4) Serve with salad and beer. Enjoy!


text:
Cookbook:Shashlik (Russian Skewered Meat)

Shashlik (Russian шашлык from Turkic shishlik < shish "rod, skewer") is a dish of usually mostly meat roasted over open fire on skewers. Russians seem to have borrowed making shashliks from peoples of Caucasus mountains, and shashliks have become a picnic/garden party food in Russia similar to barbecue elsewhere. Meat is often specially marinated before roasting, and while in the Caucasus mutton is most common and Muslim peoples may abstain from alcohol, it is not so in Russian culture. Food stores in Russia in the warm season sell equipment for shashliks, like iron mangal boxes on legs to put fire underneath and skewers on top, skewers, bags of charcoal etc. While both men and women eat shashliks, it may be expected of men to be able to make the dish like other mostly meat dishes. The secret of the shashlik is that the meat should soak in a marinade for at least 3 hours.

Ingredients

 * 1 kg pork shoulder
 * 100 ml vodka
 * 1 tbsp honey
 * 1 tbsp black pepper
 * 1 tbsp prepared mustard
 * Pieces of onion, red or green bell pepper, bacon, sausage, cucumber, baby mushrooms

Procedure

 * 1) Mix the honey, mustard, vodka, salt and pepper in a deep bowl and soak the meat pieces in it. Leave the bowl in the refrigerator for 3 hours.
 * 2) Arrange the meat pieces on wooden or metal skewers, putting some pieces of bacon, sausage, pepper, onion, mushrooms, cucumber, according to your preference, between the pieces of meat.
 * 3) Grill the skewers.
 * 4) Serve with potato and other salads! Enjoy!


text:
Cookbook:Bulgarian Fresh Sausage (Kebapcheta)

Ingredients

 * 1 kg minced meat (approximately 60% pork + 40% beef)
 * Salt to taste
 * ½ teaspoon cumin
 * ½ teaspoon black pepper
 * 2–3 tablespoons water

Procedure

 * 1) Salt the meat, and mix well with spices and water.
 * 2) Cover, and let stand in the refrigerator for 1–2 days. This is the most important and tricky part of the recipe, as the goal is to allow the meat to ferment.
 * 3) Form mixture into oblong rissoles (skinless sausages) by passing through a grinder with a funnel at the end.
 * 4) Grill sausages on medium-high heat. Do not flip more than once when grilling—flipping multiple times will produce a dry instead of juicy product.
 * 5) Serve hot with your choice of sides. They are best with golden French fries and cold beer.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If the minced meat is very lean, modify the ratio to 75% pork + 25% beef—otherwise the kepabcheta will be dry. The target fat content should be about 30% fat, like a US style burger.
 * Kebapche does not contain onion, which is found in the related dish called Kyufte.
 * When the meat is well fermented, the cooked product looks puffed (compare to a Walmart burger, which shrinks when cooked).


text:
Cookbook:Red Bell Peppers Stuffed with Cheese and Egg (Chushki Byurek)

| Cuisine of Bulgaria

Ingredients

 * 1 kg red bell peppers
 * 250 g brined sheep's cheese
 * 6 eggs
 * Sunflower oil
 * Salt
 * Parsley, finely chopped

Procedure

 * 1) Roast, peel, and seed the peppers.
 * 2) Mix the crumbled cheese with 4 of the eggs. Stuff the peppers with this mixture.
 * 3) Beat the remaining two eggs.
 * 4) Roll the stuffed peppers in breadcrumbs and beaten eggs.
 * 5) Fry the breaded peppers in hot oil.
 * 6) Serve sprinkled with finely-chopped parsley.


text:
Cookbook:White Bean Soup (Bob Chorba)

Ingredients

 * 200 g white beans
 * 2–3 carrots
 * ½ a celery
 * 1 onion
 * 1–2 tomatoes
 * 1–2 bell peppers
 * 1–2 chiles
 * Optional: parsley, mint, sunflower oil, salt

Preparation

 * 1) Soak the beans in cold water for 3–4 hours. Drain and cover with fresh water.
 * 2) Boil beans in an earthenware pot together with the oil, finely chopped carrots, onion, and celery. Cook until beans are tender.
 * 3) Add sliced peppers, grated tomatoes, and mint.
 * 4) Season with salt and boil for another 15–20 minutes.
 * 5) Serve sprinkled with finely-chopped parsley.

title: Cookbook:White Bean Soup (Bob Chorba)


text:
Cookbook:Kyopulo (Eggplant with Peppers and Tomatoes)

| Bulgarian cuisine

Kyopulo or kyopolou is a type of Bulgarian relish or spread, made of eggplant, peppers, and tomatoes.

Ingredients

 * 2–3 aubergines
 * 4–5 bell peppers
 * 2–3 tomatoes, diced or grated
 * 3–4 cloves garlic, crushed
 * Sunflower oil
 * Vinegar
 * Salt
 * Parsley, finely chopped

Procedure

 * 1) Roast the aubergines and peppers on a hot plate. Remove the skins, and cut into small pieces.
 * 2) Add the tomatoes, then the crushed garlic.
 * 3) Mix with a wooden spoon, then add oil, vinegar, and salt to taste. Beat together well.
 * 4) Pour into a plate and top with finely chopped parsley.


text:
Cookbook:Zelenchukova Supa (Bulgarian Vegetable Soup)

Ingredients

 * Salt
 * 1–2 carrots, diced
 * ½ ea. celery, diced
 * 1–2 bell peppers, finely cut
 * ¼ of a medium-sized cabbage, finely cut
 * 2–3 potatoes, diced
 * Sunflower oil
 * 1 onion, finely chopped
 * 2–3 tomatoes, grated
 * 1 spoonful flour
 * 1 tsp paprika
 * 1 beetroot, diced and boiled
 * 100 g yogurt
 * 1 egg
 * Parsley, finely chopped
 * 100 g kashkaval (yellow cheese)

Procedure

 * 1) Bring a pot of salted water to a boil, then add the carrots, celery, peppers, and cabbage. Cook until soft.
 * 2) Add the diced potatoes.
 * 3) Heat some oil in a pan, and add the onion. Cook until soft, then stir in the flour, paprika, and tomatoes.
 * 4) Stir the onion mixture into the boiling vegetables, and cook for another half hour.
 * 5) Add the beetroot.
 * 6) Combine the yogurt and egg, carefully mix in a bit of hot broth, then stir this mixture back into the soup to thicken it.
 * 7) Season with salt to taste.
 * 8) Serve with finely chopped parsley and grated kashkval.


text:
User talk:81.156.117.185

Bulgarian food in the Cookbook
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Thank you for all the wonderful Bulgarian food. It's always nice to know about new cuisines, especially around Christmas time and New Year.

Don't forget to log in and create an account and read the Guidelines to Wikibooks.

Here is a useful link for all cooks: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Recipe_template

--EuropracBHIT 04:37, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.156.117.185


text:
Korean/Lesson III7

제7과: 컴퓨터 사용하기

 * 컴퓨터 computer
 * 랩탑 컴퓨터 / 노트북컴퓨터 laptop computer/notebook computer
 * 모니터 monitor
 * 마우스 mouse
 * 소프트웨어 software
 * 온라인 online
 * 인터넷 internet
 * 홈피 homepage (slang for 홈페이지)

<<Lesson 6 | Lesson 7

title: Korean/Lesson III7


text:
User:Denelson83/monobook.css

a { text-decoration: none; color: #009900; background: none; }

/* this can be used in the content area to switch off special external link styling */ background: none; padding: 0; }
 * 1) bodyContent a.external { color: #0000cc; }
 * 1) bodyContent .plainlinks a {

color: #0066cc; background: none; padding: 0; }
 * 1) bodyContent a.extiw,
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a:visited { color: #006600; } a:active { color: 00ff00; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { color: 00cc00; text-decoration: none; } a.stub { color: #cc9900; } a.new { color: #cc0000; } a.new:visited { color: #990000; }

title: User:Denelson83/monobook.css


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Reaktor/Synthesis/Frequency Modulation

"Frequency Modulation Synthesis" is mostly abbreviated to "FM synthesis" and this abbreviation will be used further on.

FM synthesis in general

 * Synthesizer at Wikipedia
 * Frequency modulation synthesis at Wikipedia
 * An Introduction To Frequency Modulation at Sound on Sound
 * FM Tutorial
 * Digital Music Online Course Frequency Modulation Synthesis Technique
 * Digital Sound Synthesis Using FM

Examples of FM Instruments for Reaktor

 * SoundForum Synth

Classic hardware FM instruments

 * Yamaha DX7

title: Reaktor/Synthesis/Frequency Modulation


text:
Reaktor/Synthesis/Subtractive

Substractive synthesis in general

 * Synthesizer at Wikipedia
 * Subtractive synthesis at Wikipedia
 * Introduction to Subtractive Synthesis by Mister Bill

title: Reaktor/Synthesis/Subtractive


text:
Reaktor/Synthesis/Additive

Additive synthesis in general

 * Synthesizer at Wikipedia
 * Additive synthesis at Wikipedia
 * An Introduction To Additive Synthesis at Sound on Sound
 * Broken Gadget Articles on Additive Synthesis
 * Digital Music Online Course Additive Synthesis Technique

title: Reaktor/Synthesis/Additive


text:
Reaktor/Synthesis/Wavetable

Wavetable synthesis in general

 * Synthesizer at Wikipedia
 * Wavetable synthesis at Wikipedia
 * A Tutorial on MIDI and Wavetable Music Synthesis by Jim Heckroth

Examples of Wavetable synthesis Instruments for Reaktor

 * NanoWave - available with Reaktor 3 Premium Library

Classic hardware wavetable synthesis instruments

 * PPG Wave - now available as VST plugin from Steinberg

title: Reaktor/Synthesis/Wavetable


text:
Reaktor/Tutorials

Basics

 * Terminology
 * Modules, Macros, Instruments, Ensembles

Tutorials

 * Reaktor as effects processor
 * matsc:s basic Reaktor tutorial- Many tutorials here
 * Where are the values?
 * Variable Slope - how to create an envelope with a variable slope (a curve).
 * Applied algebra for Reaktor users
 * Use of IC Send module with any sequencer
 * Converting Gate to Edge
 * Rounding a number
 * Implementing Aftertouch
 * Creating a Hold button
 * Implementing Pitchbend
 * Clavia Nord Lead - Building Tutorial
 * Reaktor Diary - A blog about instrument building

Clocks and sequencing

 * Basic Clock Demo
 * Event Table Tutorial

Best tips from user forum

 * Scaling values (or click here for a better explanation on this wiki)
 * How to elliminate DC offset?
 * Importing Akai Mixed-Mode CDs
 * How to stop LFO at its highest value?
 * How to record sequenced track in Cubase to audio?
 * After making a copy of a table, both tables change value when one is edited
 * Discussion about event processing
 * Saturation issues (this link doesn't actually offer a solution!)
 * Fine-tuning of knob values

Requests

 * Please submit requests for tutorials here

title: Reaktor/Tutorials


text:
Template:The Linux Kernel/include

inc Usage:

title: Template:The Linux Kernel/include


text:
Reaktor/Synthesis

Synthesis techniques available in Reaktor

 * Subtractive Synthesis
 * Frequency Modulation Synthesis (FM)
 * Additive Synthesis
 * Wavetable Synthesis
 * Granular Synthesis
 * Physical Modelling
 * Amplitude Modulation

Synthesis techniques NOT available in Reaktor

 * Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

Books on Synthesis

 * The Csound Book Whilst this book is about a competing product, the free and text based csound program it does contain a huge amount of information on various types of synthesis. Check the reviews on amazon to see if it's appropriate for you.

title: Reaktor/Synthesis


text:
Reaktor/Ensembles/Best

You can add a list of your favourite ensembles, but please add a comment WHY you like them, what is so special about them etc...

Twisted Tools

 * Buffeater: Insane glitch effects plugin! Probably the best out there...internal automation, dynamic routing, high quality
 * Vortex: Amazing granular sampler/sequencer with a lot of modulation options. Easy to use and nice looking.
 * Colorflex Unique sequencer with cell matrix. Fun poly-rhythmic stuff!
 * Flakes Cool free granular sampler (there are a bunch of other cool free ones too...)

User 1

 * Wilderbeast: It's spacy and trippy in a 70s analog lasershow freakout kinda way.

 * Haseline II: Someday musicians will be replaced by machines. That day has come.

Ogo Pogo

 * Crow Orpheus: a monster-synth!
 * Vocal Modeler Xtreme: amazing vocal fx ensemble
 * Crow Oberline: a recreation of the Oberheim Sem

Kush Arora

 * Squarepusherizer: Generative drum and bass drum loop beat slice sequencer
 * FX swithcer: Sequencer based fx matrix
 * Bassy bass drum: The bassiest digital synth bass drum i've ever heard

Reaktor User Forum thread

 *

title: Reaktor/Ensembles/Best


text:
Reaktor/Modules/XY

On the web

 * XY tutorial by Programchild. Available to registered Reaktor 4 users

title: Reaktor/Modules/XY


text:
Talk:Reaktor/Tutorials/Applied algebra for Reaktor users

Uploading
John, Herw, could you please make an ensemble with these formulas as macros and upload it to User Lib? Artur Nowak 11:56, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * mhh? have a look into the library! MATHEMATICS--herw, + 16:25, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

What you should know
you should know about exp. and log and frequency and time. Havn't just the last - perhaps someone could add it.--herw, + 14:19, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)


text:
US History/Nixon and Indochina

Violence and the Election of 1968
There were 3 major assassinations in the 60s, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy. Many conspiracy theories regarding the assassinations are still popular, especially those suspecting government interference, which had a profound effect on how some Americans viewed their government, helping further divide Americans.

After the assassination of Dr. King in Memphis, riots broke out in over 100 cities. Troops were called in to control the mobs of people. Stunned and saddened by Dr. King's death, the nation worried about renewed homeland violence.

Racism
The late 1960s and early 1970s saw a number of significant mobilizations against racism. The first sizable demonstration of Asians took place in 1972 over yet more anti-immigration laws. There were increasing numbers of protests against the National Front (NF), which was slowly building support by 1974. There was also a host of protests and campaigns against police harassment and racist educational policies. It was the concentration of anti-racist forces in a campaign against the NF, led by the Anti Nazi League (ANL), that shattered the upsurge of racism. In alliance with Rock Against Racism it was able to put on not just two huge carnivals, but countless events that drew black and white young people together.

Robert Kennedy is Assassinated

In the race for the Democratic nomination, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, Eugene McCarthy, and Robert Francis Kennedy (brother of John F.) were competing in a close match. In most primaries, Kennedy edged out McCarthy, and meanwhile, Humphrey garnered the support of Democratic party leaders, who chose the delegates to the national convention. In June 1968, Kennedy won the primary in California, the state with the most delegates to the convention. Bobby Kennedy was trying to become president and follow in his brother's footsteps. At a celebration rally on the night of the victory, Kennedy was shot and killed by Sirhan B. Sirhan, who claimed that he did not remember shooting Bobby Kennedy. Sirhan shot Kennedy with .22 pistol. Kennedy was hit multiple times and five others were wounded. The nation was sent reeling into another shock from the new violence. Kennedy's body lay in repose at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York for two days before a funeral mass was held on June 8. His body was interred near his brother John at Arlington National Cemetery. His death prompted the protection of presidential candidates by the United States Secret Service. Hubert Humphrey went on to win the Democratic nomination for the presidency, but ultimately narrowly lost the election to Richard Nixon.

The Democratic Convention
Because of his support among leaders and delegates from the Democratic Party, it appeared that Humphrey had enough votes to win the nomination at the convention in Chicago. Humphrey, however, was a supporter of Johnson's policy in Vietnam, so he was perceived as a war supporter.

Anti-war Democrats, most of whom had supported Kennedy, felt left out of the convention. Angry, they flocked to Chicago to protest Humphrey's nomination. On the first and second nights of the convention, the protesters were generally subdued and the Chicago police made few arrests. On the third night, however, protesters planned to march to the convention site to protest.

Fearing another outbreak of violence, the mayor of Chicago made the police block the protesters at the hall. When they tried a different route, protesters were blocked again. Outraged, protesters started throwing objects at the police. The police threw tear gas into the crowd and charged the protesters, beating some and taking others into custody.

Humphrey won the nomination, but the violence hurt his campaign. The nation saw all the anger and outrage on television. It seemed that Democrats could not control their own party.

The Election
Nixon, the former Vice President, had quietly been nominated by the Republicans as their candidate. Nixon claimed to represent the "silent majority" in America; that is, those that had begun to take on a more conservative approach to politics and disliked the "hippie" and civil rights movements. Nixon also promised to end the war in Vietnam, although he never said he would win it.

Because of his promises about Vietnam, Nixon was able to gain support from antiwar Democrats and Republicans alike. In a huge political comeback (Nixon was defeated in the election of 1960 and lost the race for the governor of California in 1962), Nixon barely won the popular vote, gaining only 500,000 more votes than Humphrey. He won by a larger margin in the electoral college, gaining 301 votes, while Humphrey only had 191.

Also note that Nixon made the statement on November 3rd 1969, almost a year after his election. He cribbed it from a speech his vice president, Spiro Agnew, had made on May 9th of that year. Agnew's writers may have been taking it from President Kennedy's 1956 book Profiles in Courage. The original phrase goes back to Edward Young's 1721 poem "The Revenge": "'Life is the desert, life the solitude; Death joins us to the great majority.'"

It became an in-joke among Democrats and protesters to hear Agnew and Nixon claim to represent the dead, perhaps as envoys of the Undead. This was only two years after Caesar Romero's Night of the Living Dead came out.

Foreign Policy
Nixon, in an attempt to bring stability to the nation, made many changes in foreign policy. He appointed Henry Kissinger as his national security advisor and later as his Secretary of State. Both believed in the philosophy of realpolitik, which put national interests in front of leaders' political ideologies and reasoned that peace could only come from negotiations, not war. During Nixon's presidency, he and Kissinger would work to try to ease the cold war.

Vietnamization

Nixon promised to ease the United States out of the Vietnam war, and for the most part, he kept his promise. He and Kissinger called their plan to hand the war over to the South Vietnamese: Vietnamization. By the end of 1970, the number of troops in Vietnam had fallen from 540,000 in the beginning of 1969 to 335,000. By January of 1970, the Vietnam conflict had become the longest in American history and, with 40,000 killed and over 250,000 wounded, the third most costly foreign war in the nation's experience. In 1971 there were only 60,000 troops in Vietnam.

In order to compensate for the loss of troops in Vietnam, Nixon hiked up the bombing campaign. The Ho Chi Minh Trail, which bordered and sometimes ran into the countries of Laos and Cambodia, was bombed. Nixon wanted to keep his public image as a peace President, so the bombing of Cambodia was kept a secret. The Vietnam War was one of the first wars to be publicized on television. This raised awareness to Americans around the country because they were more aware of the inhumane acts of war.

The war seemed to be fought both over in Asia and back in the states. Thousands of protesters mostly young college students were against the war and were beginning to get war weariness during the later years of the war. Many of the youth were drafted to fight overseas during this war, the lucky ones were able to escape if they could afford a college education.

The Vietnam War polarized opinion in the United States. Some people believed the war was immoral, others that it would not serve US interests while some felt it was necessary to stop the advance (as they saw it) of communism.

The Vietnam war brought both violence but also opened up many job opportunities as well both at home and overseas. The draft was issued and thousands of men were sent to go fight in Vietnam along with thousands of other volunteer soldiers. With all these men fighting overseas many small businesses and factories were in need of employing new workers which opened up many job opportunities for other Americans at this time.

The End of the War

In the fall of 1972, it seemed that peace was at hand. But at the last minute, the negotiations fell through because the South Vietnamese refused to have North Vietnamese forces in their country. Nixon decided to launch a last aggressive bombing campaign to try to scare the North Vietnamese into stopping the war, but they were persistent and continued to fight. In the beginning of 1975, the North Vietnamese launched a final major offensive. The South Vietnamese army collapsed, and soon, Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, was in the Vietcong's grasp. Americans scrambled to evacuate from the country, and on April 29, Americans were evacuating by helicopter off the roof of the American embassy. In the early hours of April 30, 1975, Saigon fell to the Vietcong. Soon after, South Vietnam surrendered.

Upon return, the American troops had no welcome. Many Americans, angered at the outcome of the war or just angry that the war ever had to happen, just wanted to forget the ordeal. Vietnam lay in ruins, and almost 1.4 million Vietnamese lives (on either side) were claimed. Also, 58,000 Americans had died, 300,000 were wounded, and the U.S. had wasted $150 billion on the war.

China
In 1969, Nixon wanted to ease the tensions of the Cold War to help the nation heal from the tragedy of Vietnam. He and Kissinger used realpolitik, the practice of basing decisions on the interests of the nation rather than the leaders' beliefs, to shape a new foreign policy. Nixon formed a foreign policy plan of détente, a plan of relaxing international tensions. Nixon's ultimate goal in his new plan was to achieve a so-called "balance of power" between the U.S., Europe, Soviet Union, China, and Japan so that no one nation could grow too strong.

To kick off his new plan, Nixon began to express friendliness to the People's Republic of China. The United States had severed ties with China after communists took control of the government in a political coup d'etat (a sudden change of government by force) in 1949. In 1970, Nixon began hinting at new relations with China, and he stopped referring to the country as "Red China," which was an offensive term for the nation. By increasing relations with China, Nixon hoped that the Soviets would become more cooperative in talks with the U.S. because it would fear a U.S.-China alliance.

Realizing the change in U.S. sentiment, China invited a U.S. table tennis team to visit the country in April 1971, and a week later, the U.S. opened trade between the two countries. After sending Kissinger on a secret visit to China, Nixon announced that he would go to Beijing, the Chinese capital. In February 1972, Nixon finally came to Beijing. Pictures of him at the Great Wall and attending Chinese banquets were in international news. In another seven years, Chinese relations would be fully restored.

The Soviet Union
Nixon was right about the Soviet Union. Fearing a Chinese alliance with America, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev agreed to meet with Nixon in Moscow in May of 1972. Again, pictures of Nixon with communist leaders filled the news. While in Moscow, Nixon signed the SALT I Treaty, or the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. The treaty limited the number of nuclear arms that the Soviet Union and the U.S. could possess.

Feeling that the Soviet Union was in scientific decline, Brezhnev agreed with the U.S. to work with it in trade and information. This way, the Soviet Union could also gain access to desperately needed American grain. As a result of the talk, the Arms Race slowed and international tensions eased.

Kent Four and Jackson Two
Nixon tried to end the war through peace talks with North Vietnam, but generally, these stalled because the North Vietnamese had a wait and see attitude towards the war. They believed that opposition to the war within America would eventually grow so strong that Nixon would be forced to remove American troops from the country.

Nixon tried to appeal to his "silent majority" and renew support for the war, but then, Cambodia fell into a civil war between Communist and non-Communist forces. Nixon decided to send troops into Cambodia to destroy Communist strongholds, and Americans were outraged that their leader, who had strived for an end to the war, had attacked a neutral country. Opposition, especially in colleges, grew stronger.

Background
This was especially true in Kent State University in Ohio. On May 1st, Students began protesting, resulting in some broken windows downtown, and riot police retaliating with tear gas. When students burned down the ROTC building on the Kent State campus, and then cut the hoses of firemen to prevent them from extinguishing it on May 2nd, the Ohio governor declared martial law, or emergency military rule. The national guard responded by forcing everyone on campus, including non-students, into dorms. By May 3rd, many outsiders had arrived to observe the protests. On the night of May 3rd protests resumed in hopes of meeting with officials, instead they were met with more tear gas.

"They’re worse than the "Brown Shirts" and the communist element and also the “night riders” in the Vigilantes. They’re the worst type of people that we harbor in America"

Kent Four
Classes resumed on Monday May 4th, where two thousand people staged an initially peaceful rally on the Kent commons, despite the rally being banned. The National Guard troops told the students to disband, and shot tear gas into the crowd, though the winds that day made it ineffective, and the agitated crowd had begun to throw rocks at the guardsmen. Thus the troops thus advanced with bayonets to push the majority of protestors into a fenced in field, while taking a position on a hilltop. For unknown reasons, the troops then turned around and 28 guardsmen fired for 13 seconds on a smaller group, taking between 61 and 67 shots in total. Four students were killed and thirteen others were wounded.

Furious and in disbelief at the attack, several hundred protestors regrouped as National Guardsmen retreated to the commons. By this point, it was clear that those remaining were willing to die for their cause, and the National Guardsmen were willing to fire on students. Fearing the worst, Faculty pleaded with the National Guard to allow them to speak to the remaining students, and after 20 minutes of impassioned pleas were able to disperse those remaining.

"I am begging you right now, if you don’t disperse right now they’re going to move in and it can only be a slaughter!"

The University President and the County Prosecutor both ordered the campus closed following the shooting. Despite this, Professors secretly finished the semester using facilities at other nearby colleges, and by using their own homes to house and teach students.

Aftermath
Initially, much of the American public sided with the National Guardsmen.

Jackson Two
Violence again struck at Jackson State in Mississippi. After a night of campus violence, police were called in to control the students, but eventually police opened fire on the students and two were killed. Witnesses recalled the police recklessly blasting the school's residence hall with their guns. The police claimed to be defending themselves from snipers.

Refugees
Because people's homes and fields were destroyed in the war in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos thousands of refugees flooded out of the country on boats. Many came to the United States, but they weren't met with open arms by most Americans.

The Hmong people of Laos had sided with America in the war effort against communists, and had to flee following communist retaliation for their involvement in the war effort. The Hmong began significant immigration to America in 1976, mostly to California and Minnesota. Their culture of traditional agriculture did not translate well to modern mechanized agriculture, but over time they slowly began to adapt. Hmong did not initially fare well in American Hospitals, but their initial poor experiences lead to medical professionals improving communication between doctors and patients.

Cambodians refugees fleeing the genocide of the Khmer Rouge often settled in California, where they had a profound influence on the doughnut culture of Los Angeles.

The Women's Movement
In the 1970s, women in “The Women’s Movement” claimed that they had achieved a great deal through all their efforts in the past decades. These achievements consisted of: married women receiving the right to have their own credit in their own name instead of just in their husband’s name, unmarried women receiving the right to get birth control, women receiving the right to serve on a jury panel, and women receiving the right to list their help wanted ads alongside men’s help wanted ads.

One of the goals these feminists had set was to change the view and laws on rape. Before this time, psychiatrists would claim that “A woman sometimes plays a big part in provoking her attacker by. . . her overall attitude and appearance.” Statements and beliefs like this made it easy for people to have a less sympathetic view towards victims of rape. However, by the end of the 1970s, activists worked on state levels to create crisis centers for rape victims, educate people such as police and hospital security about how to handle and take care of women who have been raped. These women even succeeded in changing some laws.

The Case
In March 1970, a Texas woman by the name of Norma McCorvey, unmarried and pregnant, decided to sue the state of Texas by the recommendation of Sarah Weddington, a young attorney. At the time, the vast majority of the other states had similar laws. At the time, Texas had a law in place that banned abortion, with the exception of women with life-threatening pregnancies. As part of standard court procedure, McCorvey was renamed Jane Roe, because she did not want her identity to be known by the court.

With rulings favoring both Roe and Dallas Country district attorney Henry Wade in various levels of the courts, the case eventually landed in the Supreme Court. Argued first on December 13, 1971 and again on October 11, 1972 (at the court's request), Weddington contended that the Texas law (and therefore all abortion banning laws) were in violation of the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments, which gave a citizen the right to privacy, and that abortion laws violated the privacy of women.

The case was decided on January 22, 1973, with Harry Blackmun writing the ruling. With a 7-2 majority, the Court ruled that the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments did indeed collectively give a citizen the right to privacy, and that abortion laws did indeed violate the right to privacy of women.

Roe v. Wade was decided primarily on the Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a part of the Bill of Rights. The Court's decision in this case was that the Ninth Amendment, in stating that "the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people," protected a person's right to privacy.

Having recently appointed Warren Burger (the Chief Justice), Harry Blackmun, Lewis Powell, and William Rehnquist, Nixon was disappointed in the ruling. All of them Republicans, Nixon had presumed that the judges would rule conservatively. Only Rehnquist would dissent with the majority. The other dissenting vote was Byron White, who had been appointed by John F. Kennedy.

The Effects
The ruling continued the abortion divide that still exists today. It gave the general pro-choice sentiment among the more liberal and progressive Democratic Party and the pro-life sentiment among more conservative and religious Republican Party. The case was reopened in 1992, only to reaffirm the ruling.

Roe vs Wade was not only a turning point in the legalization of abortion, it was a turning point in many other debates. It caused people to ask when a person becomes a person. To some, it was a symbol of liberation and freedom because women could control when or if they had a full pregnancy, which is no small burden, and by extension women could have more control over her life. To others allowing abortions was a violation of the teachings taught by their religion, with many critics of abortion calling the procedure murder, and protesting outside clinics that performed it or lobbying for laws that limited the ability of clinics to operate.

American Indians
Many American Indians, especially those who were a part of the American Indian Movement conducted a number of protests and occupations, notably occupying Alcatraz Island in 1969 and Plymouth Rock on Thanksgiving Day, 1970.

Domestic Policy
The Environmental Protection Agency was founded in 1970 during the Nixon Administration to help more responsibly manage environmental resources.

The Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 transformed the Post Office Department into the United States Postal Service.

In 1971 the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, also known as Amtrak, was established, combining 20 passenger rail services into one publicly supported national network.

McGovern's Campaign
In 1971, Nixon had many doubts about the 1972 election. But this was before Nixon and Kissinger had vastly improved relations with the Soviet Union and China. By the time those tasks had been accomplished, much of the nation approved of Nixon. Even more in his favor was the Democratic disunity and the controversial nomination of George McGovern. The positions of McGovern, including immediately ending the Vietnam War, and creating a guaranteed minimum income, were seen by many at the time as too radical. Southern Democrats went so far as to form an "Anybody but McGovern" coalition during the Democratic Party primaries.

The White House Plumbers
Even so, Nixon's paranoia and the stress of the presidential campaign would conspire to send the nation reeling and his administration into crisis. Much later, it would be found that Nixon's campaign would stretch the truth, the law, and ethics.

To start his campaign, Nixon asked a group of only the most loyal aides to create an "enemies list," a list of political opponents to the Nixon administration. Then, Nixon asked the IRS and the FBI to investigate those on the enemies list, and justified his actions by saying that he believed that those investigated were a threat to national security. Nixon was slowly changing his campaign from a campaign for the presidency to a campaign against enemies. Nixon was the renominated Republican nominee running with Sprio T. Agnew. They were running against the democratic nominee, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. McGovern was running with Senator Thomas Eagleton for vice president. Eagleton was shortly replaced with Sargent Shriver after the press discovering Eagleton had been treated for psychological problems. Nixon was also running against longtime segregationist, George Wallace. On May 15, 1972, Wallace became a victim of an assassination attempt that left him paralyzed from the waist down. Wallace was shot by twenty-one year old, Arthur Bremer. Bremer had also shot three others and was sentenced to 63 years in prison.

Using some of the money allotted for his campaign, Nixon funded a secret group of "plumbers," who "plugged" information leaks that were damaging to the administration. Money also funded dirty tricks against Nixon's Democratic opponents.

In November of 1972, an unknowing public headed to the polls to cast votes for the President. Nixon won the election by a landslide, with almost 61 percent of the popular vote and 520 out of 537 electoral votes.

Things were quiet for a while after the election. In late 1973, countries in the Middle East imposed an embargo, or refusal to trade, on oil to the U.S. after the U.S. supported Israel in a short war against Egypt (the most powerful country in the region) and Syria. Prices for gas shot up in the U.S. and stations had to ration the gas, putting restrictions like "ten gallons per customer." Many people were laid off. Nixon worked to help relations with the Middle East, and in March 1974, the embargo was lifted. He was also able to get the U.S. out of Vietnam. Because of his work, Americans generally approved of Nixon.

Voters did not know that a little while after midnight on June 17, 1972, a security guard named Frank Wills had been patrolling in the parking garage of the Wartergate complex, the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee, and found tape on the locks to doors leading into the building. He removed the tape and thought little of it, but an hour later, he would find it replaced. He would call the police, and they would arrest five robbers inside the complex.

The subsequent arrests of "plumbers" Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt would slowly but surely send tremors through the presidency. Initially, the Nixon administration denied that it had anything to do with the two plumbers or the bugs that the five men were trying to plant in the telephones of the Democratic headquarters (bugs are telephone listening devices, commonly used by spies and others in the field of espionage) when investigators gathered info that suggested it did. Ronald Ziegler, Nixon's press secretary, decried the break-in a "third rate burglary."

Hearing of the incident at the Watergate complex, the Washington Post, a prominent Washington D.C. newspaper with a national circulation, started publishing a series of articles linking Nixon to the burglary. Also, after questioning, one of the burglars confessed that the White House lied about its involvement in the break-in. Still, only about half of Americans had even heard of the robbery.

The Saturday Night Massacre
In early 1973, the Senate voted to hold hearings on the Watergate break-in. They asked the Department of Justice to hire a special prosecutor outside of the Nixon-influenced department to investigate Watergate. Slowly, Cox and Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina would reveal the massive scandal going on in the White house. In May, former deputy White House counsel John Dean, a source close to Nixon, would testify that there indeed had been a cover up and that it had been directed by Nixon himself.

The extent of Nixon's desperation would become evident in October 1973 when Cox ordered that Nixon hand over tapes from a secret taping system that recorded conversations in the President's office. He refused on executive privilege grounds, contending that the release of the tapes would compromise national security.

When Cox tried to get an injunction for the release of the tapes, Nixon ordered Elliot Richardson, the attorney general, to fire Cox (after all, it was the Justice Department that had hired Cox), but Richardson refused and resigned. Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General William Rickelshaus to fire Cox, but he, like Richardson, refused and resigned. Finally, Nixon got a minor Justice Department official, Solicitor General Robert Bork, to fire Cox. The series of resignations and the firing of Cox became known as the Saturday Night Massacre. The public was outraged.

At the height of the Watergate scandal, the Department of Justice uncovered another: Vice President Spiro Agnew had accepted bribes as the governor of Maryland. He resigned on October 10, 1973. Nixon nominated Michigan congressman Gerald Ford as his Vice President, who was quickly confirmed.

Impeachment Proceedings & Resignation

The House of Representatives decided to initiate the impeachment process as public outrage mounted over the Saturday Night Massacre. If a majority voted to charge the President of high crimes and misdemeanors, he would be tried by the Senate and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court would preside over the trial. If 67 of the 100 senators voted to find Nixon guilty, he would be expelled from office.

In April of 1974, Nixon decided to release heavily edited transcripts of the tapes to try to improve his image. This only led to more public protest, and the Supreme Court eventually ruled that Nixon had to hand over the tapes. After a conversation on one of the tapes revealed that Nixon had ordered a cover up of the robbery, the public was stunned and the House mulled impeachment. Before any more damage could be done, Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. He would be the first and (so far) only president to resign and Gerald Ford would become the only president not elected to the office of president or vice president.

The impact of the scandal was wide and far-reaching. Among other things, Congress passed a series of laws sharply limiting a president's power to wage undeclared war, limiting campaign spending and strengthening public access to government information. Also, it proved that the Constitution's system of checks and balances could work to bring an abusive or tyrannical president out of power. But by far the biggest impact of the crisis was the loss of the public's faith and trust in politicians and elected officials; cynicism concerning the ethics, behavior, and motives of elected officials would be deep and lasting. Because of Nixon's party affiliation and the outrage over a preemptive pardon that Ford granted Nixon after he became president, people associated corruption with the Republican party. Decades of gerrymandering by New Dealers and their successors had assured nearly-impregnable overwhelming Democratic majorities in both houses of Congress since the 1930s. Fallout from Watergate assured that this trend would continue in the midterm elections of November 1974. The Republicans would pay the ultimate price for Watergate in 1976, with Ford losing the White House to a relative political newcomer.

title: US History/Nixon and Indochina


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Panel

Panel modules

 * 1) Fader
 * 2) Knob
 * 3) Button
 * 4) List
 * 5) Switch
 * 6) XY
 * 7) Scope
 * 8) Lamp
 * 9) Level Lamp
 * 10) RGB Lamp
 * 11) Meter
 * 12) Level Meter
 * 13) Picture
 * 14) Multi Picture
 * 15) Mouse Area
 * 16) Stacked Macro
 * 17) Text
 * 18) Multi Text
 * 19) Receive

title: Reaktor/Modules/Panel


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Math

Math Modules

 * 1) Constant
 * 2) Add
 * 3) Subtract
 * 4) Invert, -x
 * 5) Multiply
 * 6) Mult/Add, a*b+c
 * 7) Reciprocal, 1/x
 * 8) Divide, x/y
 * 9) Modulo, x%y
 * 10) x||Rectify, |x|
 * 11) Rectify/Sign
 * 12) Compare
 * 13) Compare/Equal
 * 14) Quantize
 * 15) Expon. (A)
 * 16) Expon. (F)
 * 17) Log. (A)
 * 18) Log. (F)
 * 19) Power, x^y
 * 20) Square Root
 * 21) 1 / Square Root
 * 22) Sine
 * 23) Sine/Cosine
 * 24) ArcSin
 * 25) ArcCos
 * 26) ArcTan

Tutorials

 * Basic applied algebra for Reaktor users

title: Reaktor/Modules/Math


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Signal Path

Signal Path Modules

 * 1) Selector/Scanner
 * 2) Relay 1,2
 * 3) Crossfade
 * 4) Distributor/Panner
 * 5) Stereo Pan
 * 6) Amp/Mixer
 * 7) Stereo Amp/Mixer

title: Reaktor/Modules/Signal Path


text:
Reaktor/Modules/MIDI Out

MIDI Out Modules

 * 1) Note Pitch
 * 2) Pitchbend
 * 3) Controller
 * 4) Ch. Aftertouch
 * 5) Poly AfterTouch
 * 6) Sel. Poly AT
 * 7) Program Change
 * 8) Start/Stop
 * 9) 1/96 Clock
 * 10) Song Position

title: Reaktor/Modules/MIDI Out


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Oscillator

Oscillator Modules

 * 1) Sawtooth
 * 2) Saw FM
 * 3) Saw Sync
 * 4) Saw Pulse
 * 5) Bi-Saw
 * 6) Triangle
 * 7) Tri FM
 * 8) Tri Sync
 * 9) Tri/Par Symm
 * 10) Parabol
 * 11) Par FM
 * 12) Par Sync
 * 13) Par PWM
 * 14) Sine
 * 15) Sine FM
 * 16) Sine Sync
 * 17) Multi-Sine
 * 18) Pulse
 * 19) Pulse FM
 * 20) Pulse Sync
 * 21) Pulse 1-ramp
 * 22) Pulse 2-ramp
 * 23) Bi-Pulse
 * 24) Impulse
 * 25) Impulse FM
 * 26) Impulse Sync
 * 27) Multistep
 * 28) Multistep 4-Step
 * 29) Multistep 4-Ramp
 * 30) Multistep 5-Step
 * 31) Multistep 5-Ramp
 * 32) Multistep 6-Step
 * 33) Multistep 6-Ramp
 * 34) Multistep 8-Step
 * 35) Multistep 8-Ramp
 * 36) Ramp
 * 37) Clock Oscillator
 * 38) Noise
 * 39) Random
 * 40) Geiger

title: Reaktor/Modules/Oscillator


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Samplers

Sampler Modules

 * 1) Sampler
 * 2) Sampler FM
 * 3) Sampler Loop
 * 4) Grain Resynth
 * 5) Grain Pitchformer
 * 6) Grain Cloud
 * 7) Beat Loop
 * 8) Sample Lookup

title: Reaktor/Modules/Samplers


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Sequencer

Sequencer Modules

 * 1) 6-Step
 * 2) 8-Step
 * 3) 12-Step
 * 4) 16-Step
 * 5) Multiplex 16

title: Reaktor/Modules/Sequencer


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Delay

Delay Modules

 * 1) Single Delay
 * 2) Multi-Tap Delay
 * 3) Diffuser Delay
 * 4) Grain Delay
 * 5) Grain Cloud
 * 6) Unit Delay

title: Reaktor/Modules/Delay


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Audio Modifier

Audio Modifier Modules

 * 1) Saturator
 * 2) Saturator 2
 * 3) Clipper
 * 4) Mod. Clipper
 * 5) Mirror 1 Level
 * 6) Mirror 2 Levels
 * 7) Chopper
 * 8) Shaper 1 BP
 * 9) Shaper 2 BP
 * 10) Shaper 3 BP
 * 11) Shaper Parabolic
 * 12) Shaper Cubic
 * 13) Slew Limiter
 * 14) Peak Detector
 * 15) Sample + Hold
 * 16) Frequency Divider
 * 17) Audio Table

title: Reaktor/Modules/Audio Modifier


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Event Processing

Event Processing Modules

 * 1) Accumulator
 * 2) Counter
 * 3) Randomizer
 * 4) Frequency Divider
 * 5) Ctrl. Shaper 1 BP
 * 6) Ctrl. Shaper 2 BP
 * 7) Ctrl. Shaper 3 BP
 * 8) Logic AND
 * 9) Logic OR
 * 10) Logic EXOR
 * 11) Logic NOT
 * 12) Order
 * 13) Iteration
 * 14) Separator
 * 15) Value
 * 16) Merge
 * 17) Step Filter
 * 18) Router M->1
 * 19) Router 1, 2
 * 20) Router 1->M
 * 21) Timer
 * 22) Hold
 * 23) Event Table

title: Reaktor/Modules/Event Processing


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Auxiliary

Auxiliary Modules

 * 1) Tapedeck 1-Ch
 * 2) Tapedeck 2-Ch
 * 3) Audio Voice Combiner
 * 4) Event V.C. All
 * 5) Event V.C. Max
 * 6) Event V.C. Min
 * 7) A to E
 * 8) A to E (Trig)
 * 9) A to E (Perm)
 * 10) A to Gate
 * 11) To Voice
 * 12) From Voice
 * 13) Audio Smoother
 * 14) Event Smoother
 * 15) Master Tune/Level
 * 16) Tempo Info
 * 17) Voice Info
 * 18) Tuning
 * 19) System Info
 * 20) Note Range
 * 21) Midi Channel
 * 22) Snapshot
 * 23) Set Random
 * 24) Unison Spread
 * 25) Snap Value

title: Reaktor/Modules/Auxiliary


text:
Reaktor/Modules/Terminal

Terminal Modules

 * 1) In Port
 * 2) Out Port
 * 3) IC Send
 * 4) IC Receive
 * 5) Send
 * 6) Receive
 * 7) OSC Send
 * 8) OSC Receive

title: Reaktor/Modules/Terminal


text:
Ada Programming/Types/range

A is a signed integer value which ranges from a  to a last. It is defined as

First .. Last

When a value is assigned to an object with such a range constraint, the value is checked for validity and Constraint_Error exception is raised when the value is not within to.

When declaring a range type, the corresponding mathematical operators are implicitly declared by the language at the same place.

The compiler is free to choose a suitable underlaying hardware type for this user defined type.

Working example
The following example defines a new range from -5 to 10 and then prints the whole range out.

; Range_1 Range_Type  -5 .. 10;    T_IO  Ada.Text_IO; I_IO  Ada.Text_IO.Integer_IO (Range_Type); A Range_Type I_IO.Put (         Item  => A,          Width => 3,          Base  => 10); A < Range_Type' T_IO.Put (","); T_IO.New_Line; ;    ;  Range_1;

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Types
 * Ada Programming/Keywords/range

Ada Reference Manual

|Range

Programación en Ada/Tipos/Enteros

title: Ada Programming/Types/range


text:
Reaktor/Hardware

Hardware recommendations, optimization issues, known problems and resolutions, purchasing guides (but not just a brand advertising, it should be brand-independent, general guide, if you name a particular brand it should be based on your experience)
 * Computers
 * Controllers
 * Soundcards

title: Reaktor/Hardware


text:
Reaktor/Links

Forums

 * Official Reaktor User Forum - NI's user forum open to any Reaktor related discussion
 * Reaktor Tribe forum
 * Reaktor Workshops German forum

Tutorials

 * London College of Music Free Reaktor Tutorials
 * Dave Pape's Blog Features free Reaktor Tutorial videos
 * Peter Dines' Reaktor Tips Blog Has some free tutorials
 * Science of Native Instruments' Reaktor 8 part online class tutorial with patches from NorcalDJMPA and Fluorescent Grey
 * matsc,s Reaktor tutorials Tutorials for beginners (a $50 "subscription fee" must be paid to access the tutorials)

Native Instruments

 * Native Instruments - company, which developed Reaktor
 * Official Reaktor page
 * Demo download page - PC version
 * Demo download page - Mac version

Other Reaktor Resources

 * Reaktions.com A website devoted to showcasing Reaktor-centric pieces of original electronic music in all styles/genres
 * Reaktor-Phile FAQ maintained by Christopher List
 * Sound on Sound Magazine Reaktor Tips - Part 1
 * Sound on Sound Magazine Reaktor Tips - Part 2

Blogs

 * Reaktor Diary - A series of Reaktor video tutorials
 * Reaktor Tips - A series of tutorials focused on events, sequencing and generative algorithms
 * Synth Of Mine - Clear ideas and thoughts on synthesis, sampling and sequencing

Reaktor Ensembles

 * Allgorhythm, Buffeater, Chance, Colorflex, Colorstrip, Cirklz,Debris, Flakes, MP16, Sineblaster, Vortex Pro Reaktor Ensembles by Twisted Tools
 * Amazing Reaktor Ensembles by Joe Orgren
 * boogiepop homepage Max/MSP & Reaktor patches, VST Plugins, & more
 * CC4 - Descriptions of ensembles available at the official Reaktor users library
 * Dr. James J. Clark's Reaktor Ensembles - Descriptions with downloads available at the official Reaktor users library
 * Dr0n - Home to Liveskipper, Allophone, and more
 * Electroniscape, Electronic Music by r.b. ensembles (bottom)
 * electro-music.com Some free ensembles (mostly are pitch to MIDI converters)
 * Fingermarks
 * Fluorescent Grey aka Robert Martin - Reaktor 3/4/5 Ensembles & Instruments, and Max/MSP Patches. Over 50 tools dedicated to experimental and glitch oriented music
 * Harm Visser acoustic modelling - Creative Physical Modeling Toolbox for Reaktor 5
 * Jonathan Leonard's Sound Design Ottotoon pitch correction and more
 * K.H.'s Reaktor Software Instruments k.h.'s reaktor ensembles
 * Kevinofnine
 * Luca Capozzi - Sound designer featuring genetic drum machine and other cool free ensembles
 * Leviathan User's Guide and Event Logic tutorial v2.0 - by Ernest Meyer, available in User Library
 * Lord & Karlheinz
 * m.h.'s wake Max/MSP & Reaktor patches
 * Mark Smart - Reaktor Ensembles & more
 * MNB Home - Reaktor Ensembles, VST Plugins, & more
 * Musicrow Reaktor Ensembles pro commercial reaktor ensembles
 * Jim Aikin's MusicWords - Large Synth & Small Synth Ensembles available for download.
 * Nathan Ramella Reaktor Page - Heavy Lifting ensemble and more
 * Reaktor Ensembles by Noisewreck
 * PatchArena - Reaktor patches, patches for other synths, superb music related links, and more
 * pierpaololeo.it musician/reaktor ensembles
 * programchild
 * RachMiel
 * rb2k1.com offers RB2K1 Reaktor SuperSaw Volume Two commercial synth
 * Reaktor 4 Library Additions & Reaktor Classics
 * Reaktor Virtual Synthesizer page
 * Self Oscillate's Web Resource
 * Simulated.Net - Reaktor Ensembles and more
 * Soundbytes
 * Soniprojects Audio OP-X
 * Swiftkick
 * Swoon Boy
 * Synth Of Mine personal Reaktor skills
 * Wave In Head - Various Reaktor related files
 * Dieter Zobel (aka Didier Leboz) Ensembles by one of Reaktor's most prolific programmer
 * Radiansoundlab Fat ens for Dubstep & D&B

Electronic music links

 * Electronic music on Wikipedia
 * Advanced Programming Techniques for Modular Synthesizers by James J. Clark
 * Mathematics and Music by Dave Benson
 * Theory and Techniques of Electronic Music by Miller Puckette
 * KVR - Supporting Open Standard Audio Plugins
 * Intelligent Dance Music Forums have a section dedicated to music production including Stutter & Glitch techniques. All Reaktor chat is welcome!

Digital Signal Processing

 * Reaktor/Links/DSP

title: Reaktor/Links


text:
Reaktor/Comparable Products

Comparable products

 * ChucK
 * Csound
 * Max/MSP
 * Plogue Bidule
 * Pure Data, Wikipedia
 * SuperCollider
 * Tassman
 * SynthEdit
 * SynthMaker
 * Analog Box 2
 * CPS
 * Usine Sensomusic

Reaktor versus...

 * /Max/MSP/
 * /Pure Data/
 * /SuperCollider/

title: Reaktor/Comparable Products