text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince/Chapter 25

Synopsis
Harry and Ginny are happy together, laughing over the circulating rumors about them; for once, everyone talking about Harry actually makes him happy. Ron and Hermione seem to be growing closer as well, and Harry's concerns that his and Ginny's relationship could affect his friendship with Ron have largely evaporated.

Harry dares not enter the Room of Requirement to recover his Potions textbook, worried that Snape might confiscate it. As a result, his Potions work is suffering, though Professor Slughorn attributes this to his relationship with Ginny. Hermione, meanwhile, theorizes about the 'Half-Blood Prince'. A write-up she found about a former Hogwarts student named Eileen Prince, suggests that if she was a half-blood, she could have been the "Prince".

When Harry is summoned to Dumbledore's office, he encounters Professor Trelawney sprawled on the hallway floor, outside the Room of Requirement. She admits to using the Room of Requirement to hide her sherry stock, but she is unable to get in. Harry thinks the 'whooping' she heard from within is Malfoy finally finishing his task. When Trelawney called out in the darkness to see who was there, she was pushed out into the hall. Harry suggests she tell Dumbledore. Trelawney accompanies him, and along the way, she recounts the evening that Dumbledore hired her. When she mentions that Severus Snape had interrupted their interview, Harry realizes that he was the one who passed the prophecy to Voldemort, resulting in his parents' deaths.

After a fiery exchange with Harry about Trelawney's revelation, Dumbledore simply states he has reason to trust Snape, despite Snape's skills at Occlumency. Dumbledore has located another Horcrux, and if Harry wishes to accompany him to retrieve it, he must follow Dumbledore's instructions explicitly. Harry promises, and Dumbledore orders him to fetch his Invisibility Cloak and meet him in the Entrance Hall.

Before leaving the castle, Harry gives Ron and Hermione his Marauder's Map and the phial of Felix Felicis potion, believing there could be some imminent danger now that Draco has finished his task. Harry tells Ron, Hermione, and Ginny to use Felix to protect themselves, and wants Dumbledore's Army to guard the Room of Requirement and also Snape.

Dumbledore and Harry, who is covered by his Cloak, head to Hogsmeade. They pass the Three Broomsticks and go on towards the Hog's Head Inn; they Disapparate before reaching it.

Analysis
Harry and Ginny are happy, finally realizing they were meant to be together. However, their happiness may be short-lived: the book's mood is rapidly becoming markedly darker, especially when Harry learns it was Snape who betrayed his parents. Also, Harry knows that whatever task Draco has been working on appears to be completed. Just what this task is and how it will affect Hogwarts is still unknown, and Harry is exceedingly frustrated that his warnings about Draco's suspicious activities have been repeatedly ignored by Ron and Hermione, and apparently also by Dumbledore. However, it is actually unlikely that Dumbledore ever ignored Harry's warnings, and he likely knows what has been happening within his own school. Harry fails to realize that a Headmaster is unable to divulge sensitive information to a student, even Harry. There have been hints that Dumbledore assigned Snape to investigate Draco's suspicious behavior. And while Harry continues to suspect Snape, Dumbledore reiterates his complete trust in him.

Many story lines in this book are rapidly coming to a peak in this chapter. It was Trelawney's prophecy that was conveyed to Voldemort, while Draco has apparently completed a major portion of his mission. Also, Dumbledore is preparing to leave the school with Harry to hunt down another Horcrux. Because Draco's task has apparently reached this point, Harry fears that the Order of the Phoenix guards patrolling are now insufficient. They are only guarding the school's perimeter and the known entrances into Hogwarts; Harry suspects the threat is Draco, and also Snape, from inside the Room of Requirement. His instructions to Ron and Hermione are based on that suspicion.

At least one reader has commented that Madam Rosmerta is acting out-of-character in this chapter when she is seen tossing out an unruly customer: we have been led to believe that she generally runs an orderly pub, and should not have to resort to physically ejecting wizards, and yet she is seen doing exactly that. Of course, we have never been in Hogsmeade during the evening, so we have no idea what generally goes on then.

Review

 * 1) What exactly did Snape hear when Trelawney related the prophecy to Dumbledore?

Further Study

 * 1) What might have Snape done or said that has made Dumbledore trust him implicitly?
 * 2) Why did Dumbledore never tell Harry who overheard the prophecy?
 * 3) Why were Harry's repeated warnings about Draco Malfoy continually ignored, especially considering Malfoy's obviously suspicious behavior?

Greater Picture
We have the clue needed to determine why Harry was unable to enter the Room of Requirement while Draco was working in there, and Harry has the option of going in and finding out what Draco has been doing. Trelawney reveals she was hiding her sherry in the Room, which was in the same warehouse form as when Draco was using it. We can guess that the invocation, "I need some place to hide my sherry," caused the junk warehouse to appear, which was the same form as when Harry hid his Potions book there in the previous chapter. It is likely that whatever Draco is working on is inside that warehouse. The other revelations that Trelawney revealed, however, are profound enough that he, and we, failed to notice this clue.

It is interesting to note that after this book's publication and before Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was released, many "good Snape" theorists based their opinions on Professor Trelawney's identifying Professor Snape as the intruder the night she gave the prophecy. Since we know from Chapter 16: Professor Trelawney's Prediction in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban that Trelawney is oblivious to her surroundings while experiencing a true prophecy, she could only have seen Snape before or after she related the prophecy to Dumbledore. This contradicts Dumbledore's story that the intruder (Snape) only heard the prophecy's first half before being ejected from the Hog's Head Inn. Furthermore, since we know from Voldemort's actions in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix that Snape only heard the prophecy's first half, many people assume that Snape either heard the entire prophecy or none, and either way, only reported as much of it to Voldemort as Dumbledore ordered him to. This would certainly go a long way towards explaining why Dumbledore trusts Snape. However, it is also necessary to remember that in both instances, Trelawney repeated the prophecy's beginning. Therefore, the prophecy's critical part was the middle. If Snape heard only the end, and relayed that to Voldemort, that would be the same as carrying only the beginning.

Later information leads us to believe that Snape was Voldemort's ally, but after sharing the prophecy's content, he was revolted by how Voldemort utilized this information. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows it is learned that Lily Evans was Snape's great unrequited love, and so when Voldemort determined that the prophecy meant that she and her child (Harry) must die, Snape was effectively lost to the Death Eaters.

Snape's memories in that chapter suggested that Dumbledore never ignored Harry's information about Draco and Snape; his response to Harry was always, "Put that out of your mind." Literally, he was saying that this was not Harry's concern, not that it was unimportant. In Snape's memories, Dumbledore already knew about Draco's mission before Snape told him, and before this book had even opened, though we never know how he learned this. (Dumbledore and Snape talk of Draco's mission when Snape has just finished containing the curse which killed Dumbledore's hand; and the damage to his hand is alluded to in chapters 2 and 3 of the book.) So Dumbledore's response to Harry's information is more along the lines of, "I already know all about this, and you should not concern yourself with it." Dumbledore had said previously that he is an old man, and old men tend to forget how young men think and feel. Perhaps dismissing Harry's concerns this way is another case of this forgetfulness?

Hermione's belief that Eileen Prince could have been the Half-Blood Prince is incorrect, but her theory is actually closer to being accurate than she, or anyone, realizes.

Madam Rosmerta's greeting Dumbledore in passing is more important than it seems. We shortly discover that she is under Draco Malfoy's control, which may account for her uncharacteristic aggressive behavior when she ejects a customer from her establishment. It was because she was under Draco's control that she sent the poisoned mead and the cursed necklace to the school, in an attempt to kill Dumbledore. Tonight, when Rosmerta sees that Dumbledore has left Hogwarts, she notifies Draco, who uses this opportunity to allow Death Eaters into the school through the Vanishing Cabinet.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince/Chapter 26

Synopsis
Professor Dumbledore Apparates himself and Harry to the foot of a seaside cliff. This is where the young Tom Riddle led two younger orphans on a horrifying outing. As Dumbledore and Harry approach the cliff, Dumbledore illuminates his wand, revealing a fissure that he and Harry swim to.

Inside they find a sea cave, but it is only an antechamber; their actual destination lies further ahead. Dumbledore finds a slit in the cave's wall, but it does not open. Divining its secret, Dumbledore cuts his arm and sheds blood on the rock, explaining that Voldemort likely prefers to weaken those seeking his artifacts. An opening appears, and inside is an underground lake with a strange green glow in its center. As Dumbledore searches for something, he cautions Harry against touching the water. When Harry suggests Summoning the Horcrux Dumbldore urges him to try. Far out in the lake, something large jumps, intercepting Harry's spell. Dumbledore says that is likely what they will have to face in order to retrieve the Horcrux.

Dumbledore summons a submerged chain and reels in a tiny boat that has surfaced. Harry and Dumbledore climb in, and the boat propels itself towards a small island. Harry, peering into the water, sees dead bodies floating beneath the dark surface. Dumbledore assures him that as long as the bodies are merely floating, there is no danger, they will avoid light and warmth.

On the island is a basin filled with green glowing liquid. Presumably the Horcrux is immersed within. Dumbledore determines that he must drink the substance to uncover the locket and makes Harry promise to force him to finish every drop. He produces a goblet and begins drinking. As he progresses, the potion appears to cause intense pain, and, in delirious agony, Dumbledore begs Harry to kill him. When he suddenly collapses, Harry persists in refilling the goblet and forcing Dumbledore to drink it all. Dumbledore finishes it and, to Harry's horror, lapses into temporary unconsciousness. Recovering, and seeming weak and thirsty, Dumbledore requests water. Harry conjures water, but it vanishes as soon as he gives it to Dumbledore. When Harry is forced to draw water from the lake, Inferi (the corpses floating beneath the surface, now animated) emerge and attempt to drag Harry into the lake. Harry tries fending them off, but finds himself outnumbered and overpowered. Dumbledore recovers enough to surround them with magical fire, driving the Inferi back into the water. After collecting the locket, he and Harry climb into the boat. The Inferi, dully, lose interest in Harry and Dumbledore, who return to the lake shore. Harry leads the weakened Dumbledore from the cave.

Analysis
The only explanation we ever receive for Dumbledore asking Harry to accompany him on his mission to retrieve the Horcrux is that Harry "has earned that right," through his recovery of the memory from Professor Slughorn. It was actually critical that Harry go with Dumbledore, not only for his magical abilities, but also for his incomplete mastery of them. Dumbledore believes Voldemort charmed the boat to carry only one adult wizard at a time; it cannot be summoned to and from the island with magic while it is empty - a passenger must be in it. However, two people are needed to retrieve the locket from the basin. Harry is underage and small, so his presence in the boat goes undetected. If Dumbledore did not know this before he actually entered the cave, it is then fortuitous that he brought Harry with him.

It is a measure of Dumbledore's character that he deliberately undertakes the mission's hardest part. He refuses Harry's offer to provide the blood that opens the portal, and chooses to drink the unknown potion himself, rather than subjecting Harry to it.

Review

 * 1) What was the green liquid that Dumbledore drank?
 * 2) Why would Dumbledore ask a still-unqualified student to accompany him on such a dangerous mission?
 * 3) Why did Dumbledore wish Harry to kill him?

Further Study

 * If, when Harry used Aguamenti to pour water into the goblet, it did not work, why didn't he simply attempt spraying a small quantity of water into Dumbledore's own mouth? He has seen Inferi in the lake, and, even if he doesn't know what exactly that means, he is frightened by it; why would he want to touch the water in the lake?
 * 1) We learned earlier in this book that Tom Riddle had taken two of his fellow orphans to a cave on a seaside trip, and they had never been the same after. We now learn that this is the same cave. Why would Riddle have brought the two orphans here?
 * 2) How could Tom Riddle have discovered the cave?

Greater Picture
As mentioned, it takes two to recover the Horcrux, and one must be small and an unqualified wizard. It will soon be learned that Harry and Dumbledore are not the only ones who overcame this obstacle: Kreacher had been used by the Dark Lord for the same purpose, and had returned to his master afterwards, and Kreacher and his master had then also made the same trip.

The way this Horcrux was retrieved clearly indicates that Voldemort's power has limits, and demonstrates how his blindness to those limitations ultimately results in his defeat. This pattern is repeated throughout the series. In this case, Voldemort believes that his hiding place is impenetrable because he concealed his past history, forgetting that it was Dumbledore who retrieved him from the orphanage and that he probably knew about Tom's behavior at the orphanage. It is also apparent to us now that Dumbledore is familiar enough with Tom Riddle's thought patterns, that he is able to deduce how Tom conceals and protects his valuables. That the real Horcrux itself is gone is another piece of the same pattern; Voldemort, having protected his hiding place against wizards, discounts House-elves' magical abilities, and never considers Kreacher's knowledge about the cave to be an issue. Kreacher, of course, was unhindered by the anti-Apparition spells placed on the cave, and could return home after Voldemort left him for dead. This allowed Kreacher's master to learn about the Horcrux and to take steps against it.

It is worth noting Dumbledore's comment that Harry is more valuable than he is himself. Dumbledore now knows his time on Earth is very nearly done; it has been some eleven months since he was cursed by the Peverell ring, and Snape had given him no more than a year to live at that time. His time is even shorter than he can predict, as his death at Snape's hand is now only hours away. However, whether it is because of his own impending demise, or as a more general statement, we cannot be certain.

Compare Harry's feelings of "revulsion" and "self-hatred" as he forced Dumbledore to drink the potion, to Snape's expression as he performs the Avada Kedavra in the next chapter. Both Harry and Snape have been forced, by promises they have made to Dumbledore, to inflict harm on him. While Harry has accepted Dumbledore's promise out of love, it is uncertain what Snape feels for Dumbledore; we will discover later why Snape does Dumbledore's bidding, but not what his true feelings are. We will see in the next book that Snape continues to do Dumbledore's bidding even past his death, which suggests strongly that Snape did have some feelings for Dumbledore.

As Dumbledore drinks the potion, we briefly glimpse what may be his worst fear: his loved ones, which it will eventually be learned are his brother and sister, suffering on his account.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince/Chapter 27

Synopsis
Harry Apparates a weakened Dumbledore back to Hogsmeade. Collapsing, Dumbledore tells Harry to get him to Severus Snape. Madam Rosmerta runs up, reporting that the Dark Mark is floating over Hogwarts. She lends them brooms, and they fly to the Astronomy Tower, with Dumbledore mumbling incantations to allow them through Hogwarts' protective spells. Harry fears for his friends' lives.

As they land atop the tower, Dumbledore orders Harry to fetch Snape, but hearing footsteps in the stairwell, petrifies Harry under his Invisibility Cloak. Draco Malfoy bursts through the door and Disarms Dumbledore. Draco reveals that his task is to murder Dumbledore, and that he has helped the Death Eaters invade Hogwarts via a Vanishing Cabinet that he repaired. Draco also used the Imperius curse on Madame Rosmerta, forcing her to poison the bottle of mead and to send the deadly necklace to the school.

Malfoy seems reluctant to kill Dumbledore, but believes he has no other choice, as his and his mother's lives are at forfeit should he fail. Dumbledore calmly reasons with the frightened and conscience-stricken boy to abandon his mission, promising protection from Voldemort. Malfoy falters, apparently considering Dumbledore's offer. As he lowers his wand, four Death Eaters arrive: Amycus and Alecto Carrow, Fenrir Greyback, and one other; Malfoy, apparently horrified at Greyback's presence, did not know he was going to come. Despite their taunts spurring on Draco, he is unable to kill Dumbledore. Harry, still immobilized under his Cloak, can hear the Hogwarts defenders yelling below as Snape suddenly appears on the scene. When Dumbledore calls out his name almost pleadingly, Snape, revulsion and horror on his face, casts the Killing curse directly at him, hurling Dumbledore's lifeless body over the parapet and to the ground below, Harry watching in frozen, silent terror.

Analysis
Perhaps the greatest mystery in the entire series is, did Snape actually murder Dumbledore or was there a prearranged plan? Evidence supports either conclusion, and despite Dumbledore's unwavering trust in Snape, his loyalty remains questionable to Harry and readers. Regardless, it appears that Snape had little choice; he must either kill Albus Dumbledore or die, since he is bound by the Unbreakable Vow to protect Draco Malfoy and complete his mission should Draco fail. Though many readers may believe that if Snape was truly loyal to Dumbledore, then he should have willingly sacrificed himself to protect him and Harry, yet he does not. It is possible that Snape and Dumbledore were communicating with each other using Legilimency, and Dumbledore's pleas may represent a request for Snape to sacrifice him to protect Harry and allow Snape to remain in the Dark Lord's favor, implying that Snape might play a key role if Harry is to destroy the Dark Lord. These speculations, and whether or not Dumbledore was actually dead, were hotly debated by readers until the seventh and final Harry Potter book was released.

Whenever the Avada Kedavra curse has previously been seen, the victim merely collapsed and died. Yet in this instance, Dumbledore is hurled into the air and spun around before falling dead to the ground. This was cited as evidence that Snape's curse was not actually the killing curse, but something else; it was suggested that he had spoken the Avada Kedavra incantation, but had actually voicelessly cast something like Expelliarmus, to make it appear that Dumbledore was dead but sparing his life.

Snape's killing Dumbledore may not actually be murder. That is, there may have been a prearranged agreement that Snape would kill the Headmaster if events deemed it necessary to protect the Order's and Harry's missions. Indeed, during their confrontation on the Astronomy Tower, Dumbledore is almost pleading with a conflicted Snape to curse him. In a previous conversation between them, Snape was overheard telling Dumbledore that he would refuse to do something, to which Dumbledore insisted he must follow through. This may have been a reference to Snape's Unbreakable Vow that would require him to kill Dumbledore if Draco failed.

Voldemort himself may have unintentionally prevented Dumbledore's death. When Dumbledore drinks the potion in the cave, he says it will not immediately kill him, because Voldemort would want to keep whoever stole the locket alive long enough to learn how he was able to penetrate the Dark Lord's defenses. Is it possible that the potion protected Dumbledore from the Avada Kedavra curse, keeping him in a deathlike state? If this were true, there may be an antidote to the potion's poisonous effects, and which could be why Dumbledore wanted Harry to fetch Snape rather than Madam Pomfrey, when they returned to Hogwarts.

Countering these speculations is the author's assertion in an interview after the sixth book's release that Dumbledore is "definitely dead." And though Rowling has often planted "red herrings" in the storyline, she has never been prone to outright deception by issuing false statements to her fans. The Headmasters do live on, in a fashion, within their portraits, interacting with people and retaining the headmasters' memories. Should Dumbledore's portrait appear in the Headmaster's office, to join the other portraits there, it should be able to speak with Harry and provide information regarding unresolved events. Additionally, Dumbledore will also have stored memories in his Pensieve, which Harry may be able to access.

In previous books, Rowling included a particular character who demonstrated suspicious behavior (e.g. the implication that Snape was trying to steal the Philosopher's Stone in book 1), before revealing it was actually someone else (e.g. Quirrell was attempting to obtain the Philosopher's Stone). Given her tendency to plant red herrings, it is impossible to say conclusively where Snape's loyalty lies. His actions have been such that he has been useful to both sides, and he has done nothing that would force him to choose one over the other.

Dumbledore seems either to have been intending to die or was taking a tremendous gamble. The Death Eaters were able to quickly conjure an impenetrable barrier on the stairway, which begs the question why Dumbledore did not react similarly after hearing footsteps on the Astronomy Tower staircase. This would have allowed both Harry and himself an opportunity to escape, but instead he chose to incapacitate Harry, preventing him from intervening and allowing himself to be disarmed by Draco Malfoy, an unqualified wizard. He was either expecting (or planning) to be killed by either Draco or Snape, or he hoped to turn Malfoy over to his side. Dumbledore's already seemingly weakened condition, followed by the events in the sea cave, may have left him extremely vulnerable, resulting in his failure to defend himself and Harry against this attack.

Review

 * 1) If Dumbledore did not know about Snape's Unbreakable Vow, he nevertheless suggests to Draco Malfoy that "perhaps Severus may have told you so," implying that Snape might not really be disobeying Dumbledore. Is it possible he was bluffing to Malfoy?

Further Study

 * 1) Why did Malfoy choose Madam Rosmerta to be his spy? Explain in detail.
 * 2) Why did Dumbledore paralyze Harry Potter under his Invisibility Cloak upon Draco's arrival on the Tower?
 * 3) Why would Snape kill Albus Dumbledore? Was it ruthless murder or a prearranged plan?
 * 4) If Snape actually is loyal to Dumbledore (as Dumbledore always claimed), why wouldn't he be willing to sacrifice himself to save Dumbledore and Harry?

Greater Picture
Nothing is mentioned in this chapter about what happened to Dumbledore's wand after Draco sent it over the tower parapet. However, it is revealed in book seven that the wand was interred with Dumbledore's corpse, and it becomes an important plot element in the final showdown between Harry and Voldemort.

Dumbledore's death was, we discover later, premeditated by both himself and Snape; Snape was charged to kill him at an appropriate time to spare Malfoy from completing Voldemort's task, thus saving Draco's soul, which would be forever damaged by committing murder. Dumbledore was slowly dying from a deadly curse that was inflicted when he put on the now-destroyed Horcrux (Gaunt's ring). Wishing to die by his own design, to spare Draco's soul, and to retain the dignity that Death Eaters such as Fenrir Greyback or Bellatrix Lestrange would have denied him, Dumbledore tasked Snape with his death. The potion Dumbledore drank in the cave had left him too weak to defend himself. His final plea to Snape was not to spare him, as Harry naturally believed, but to carry out his final wish, which Snape reluctantly executed.

It is never explained why Dumbledore allows a Cloaked Harry to witness his death. We can only guess at his motives, though the circumstances may have prevented him from making another choice. Dumbledore, who has known that his death is impending, fully expects that either Draco or a Death Eater is on their way up the tower. Dumbledore has stated that Harry is far more valuable than he is himself, and so his primary purpose is to protect Harry and keep him out of the battle. Dumbledore knows Harry will defend him and would be over matched by the invading Death Eaters, so he disables Harry. Whether Dumbledore deliberately chose the freeze spell that would immediately free Harry upon Dumbledore's death, must remain unknown. The nature of the spell, Harry's witnessing the events atop the tower, and his immediately being released from the spell's effects, is clearly necessary from the author's viewpoint. Our protagonist must see these events at the book's climax.

As a side note, the unnamed fourth Death Eater present at Dumbledore's death, is later identified as Yaxley. Yaxley, a Death Eater in Voldemort's old organization, will play a moderately significant role in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince/Chapter 28

Synopsis
Snape forces Draco Malfoy back down the tower stairwell, followed by the Death Eaters. Harry, released from the paralyzing spell by Dumbledore's death, Petrifies the last one and charges down the steps after the others. At the bottom is a melée of Hogwarts students, teachers, and Order of the Phoenix members fighting Death Eaters. Ginny is duelling Amycus Carrow. Harry Jinxes Amycus, as Snape and the other Death Eaters break away and run.

At the front entrance, Harry sees a Death Eater on the grounds, Snape and Draco further away. The large blond Death Eater casts multiple curses at Hagrid, but his massive body deflects them. Harry hurls the Prince's spells at Snape, but Snape easily blocks every one, proclaiming he created them—he is the Half-Blood Prince. Although Snape blocks every curse Harry casts, he does nothing to harm him and continually tells him what he is doing wrong. Snape prevents the other Death Eaters from attacking Harry, claiming he belongs to Voldemort. Harry calls Snape a coward. Enraged, Snape jinxes Harry before escaping with Draco and the other Death Eaters.

Seeing that Hagrid's hut is afire, Harry, finding his dropped wand, helps douse the flames. Hagrid cannot believe that Dumbledore is dead, but as he and Harry approach a huddled crowd, Dumbledore's twisted corpse is seen lying on the ground. Harry takes the locket that has fallen out from the old wizard's robe pocket. Inside is a note reading:

 * To the Dark Lord
 * I know I will be dead long before you read this
 * but I want you to know that it was I who discovered your secret.
 * I have stolen the real Horcrux and intend to destroy it as soon as I can.
 * I face death in the hope that when you meet your match,
 * you will be mortal once more.
 * R.A.B.

Analysis
Harry chases Snape in a blind rage and with one intent: to kill him. Snape, who easily eludes him, has every opportunity to murder or capture the outmatched Harry. Instead, he merely deflects Harry's ineffective curses. Snape continually does nothing to harm Harry, and actually tells him what he is doing wrong and how to correct it. He also prevents the other Death Eaters from cursing him. Why? Although he claims he wants Harry left alive for the Dark Lord, he could easily have stunned and presented him to Voldemort. By leaving Harry at Hogwarts, Snape not only risks having the determined and vengeful Harry single-mindedly hunting him down, but also the Dark Lord's deadly wrath by letting his number one enemy remain alive and free. For Harry, learning that his admired mentor (the Half-Blood Prince) is actually his hated nemesis is shocking and revolting.

It is interesting to note Snape's enraged reaction when Harry calls him a coward, even though murdering the unarmed Dumbledore is an extremely cowardly act, as was his subsequent running away. One must wonder if there is something beyond what Snape has actually done, some way in which Snape can still see himself as honourable and living up to some form of standard.

Harry learns that someone with the initials R.A.B. stole the true Horcrux from the sea cave. However, in that chapter, it was learned that two people were needed to recover the locket from the basin on the island. R.A.B. must have had some assistance. Although R.A.B. is probably dead, if someone else was involved, it is possible he or she may still be alive and could provide valuable information. It also appears that R.A.B. may have known about the prophecy, as that person refers to Voldemort meeting his match. However, it also seems that R.A.B. may have mistakenly believed that the locket was the only Horcrux, as he seems to assume that destroying it will be sufficient to make Voldemort mortal once more.

Review

 * 1) Why does Snape not curse or kill or capture Harry during his escape? Why would Snape tell Harry what he is doing wrong as Harry attempts to curse him?

Further Study

 * 1) Who might R.A.B. be?
 * 2) Why would Snape react so strongly when Harry called him a coward?
 * 3) During his duel with Snape, why didn't Harry cast any spells nonverbally, one of Snape's first lessons in Defence Against the Dark Arts?

Greater Picture
In the final book, it is revealed that "R.A.B." are the initials of Regulus Black (Sirius' brother). Regulus' middle name is "Arcturus," a name appearing on the Black Family tree. The person who stole the Horcrux had to be someone close to Voldemort, most likely a Death Eater, which Regulus Black was. It is usually, although not exclusively, Death Eaters who refer to Voldemort as the Dark Lord. Our understanding of the timing leads us to believe that Regulus cannot have been aware of the prophecy, as it likely had not yet been made.

It was believed that Regulus had gotten into Voldemort's hierarchy, and not liking what he found, wanted out, but had been killed. This is not what actually happened. Kreacher will know more about it, as he was involved; it is noted in the Analysis that it would have taken two people to remove and replace the locket, and that will turn out to have been Regulus and Kreacher. Regulus decided that he wanted out, but rather than simply leaving (and being killed), he had decided to make his death count for something. Having learned of the existence of a Horcrux, and having determined, from Kreacher, where something valuable was hidden, Regulus determined to destroy what he believed was Voldemort's only Horcrux.

Snape is this book's titular Half-Blood Prince, and the textbook that Harry used so successfully was originally Snape's. The book was fifty years old when Harry looked at it, which seemed to rule out his father owning it, as well as Snape. However, it is learned later that Snape comes from a poverty-stricken household, and likely had second-hand textbooks. From seeing Ginny's books in her first year, we know used books are available, and so it is entirely possible that the young Snape would have them. Quite possibly, having to use a text that was already a quarter century old, would have increased his dislike of the more-privileged students.

In the previous year, as Sirius, Harry, and the Weasleys sorted through the various family heirlooms at 12 Grimmauld Place, the Black family home, a heavy locket that none of them can open is tossed aside. Unknown to anyone, Kreacher saved the locket, keeping it hidden in his cupboard, though it will be stolen by Mundungus Fletcher, and then extorted from him by Dolores Umbridge. It will turn out to be the Horcrux locket, once belonging to Salazar Slytherin, and can only be opened by someone speaking in parseltongue. That would explain why no one could open the locket, and why Regulus was unable to destroy it as he intended. Since no one suspected the locket was a Horcrux, Harry did not speak Parseltongue to it (although he does so later to destroy it). Voldemort probably did not create the charm that prevented the locket from opening, though he was likely glad that it was difficult as it protected his Horcrux within. Slytherin's descendants were proud of their ability to speak to snakes; it is entirely possible that Slytherin himself, when he created the locket, charmed it to prevent it from opening unless spoken to in Parseltongue.

Connections

 * When Harry runs through the entrance hall in his pursuit of Snape (just after Dumbledore's death), the hourglass recording Gryffindor's house points has been shattered by a curse, and the rubies spill all over the floor. In a clearly intentional parallel, during the Battle of Hogwarts next year (just before Voldemort's death), the Slytherin hourglass will be shattered, and the emeralds will spill all over the floor.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince/Chapter 30

Synopsis
Over the next few days, some students leave the school with their parents, including the Patil Twins. Others, like Seamus Finnigan, refuse to go until they have paid their last respects to Dumbledore. Meanwhile, wizards and witches pour into Hogsmeade to attend the funeral. Harry and Ginny, Hermione and Ron now spend all their time together. They visit the Hospital Wing often. While Neville is healed, Bill remains under constant care. Apart from being permanently disfigured, the only lasting effect seems to be a preference for very rare steaks.

Hermione's library research has uncovered that Eileen Prince, the likely original owner of Harry's Potions text, was Snape's mother. Prince, "married a Muggle named Tobias Snape and later gave birth to a son, Severus." Harry is maddened that Snape, unknown and unknowingly, was helping him. He sees a similarity between the half-blood Lord Voldemort and his assumed title, and the Half-Blood Prince and his adopted moniker. How could Dumbledore have missed it?

At Dumbledore's request, he is laid to rest at Hogwarts in a glorious white tomb overlooking the lake. Many students and the staff attend the funeral, as well as the Merpeople and the Centaurs, who fire arrows into the air in salute.

Harry ends his relationship with Ginny—for now. Harry realizes that Voldemort attacks him through those he loves—his parents, Sirius, and Dumbledore. By ending their romance, he hopes to protect Ginny.

Scrimgeour, the Minister for Magic, takes Harry aside to ask for details about the night Dumbledore was killed. Harry refuses to tell him anything, and wants to know whether Stan Shunpike has been released yet. Harry reiterates that he is, "Dumbledore's man through and through."

Harry tells Hermione and Ron he is leaving Hogwarts, even if the school remains open. Finding the remaining Horcruxes and killing Voldemort are his only focus now. He intends to visit his parents' former home in Godric's Hollow after a brief stay at Privet Drive to fulfill Dumbledore's wish that he remain under his mother's protective charm. Ron and Hermione pledge to join his quest, despite Harry's preference to go it alone. Harry finds comfort in spending one last peaceful day with his friends, and he looks forward to Bill and Fleur's wedding.

Analysis
Unlike the first five books, the story ends with Dumbledore's funeral, rather than the students arriving at Platform 9¾ in King's Cross Station, London on the Hogwarts Express and bidding each other goodbye for the summer. If Harry follows through on his mission, which seems certain, the next book will probably also deviate from the traditional opening with students headed back to school in the fall. In any event, without Dumbledore, Hogwarts will be a far different place. His effect on the school has not only been deeply significant but, as seen by the many magical creatures that attended his funeral, far-reaching. For Harry, Hogwarts has always been a source of comfort and security. Without Dumbledore, it may have been too much for him to return. One thing seems certain—the Dursleys will probably make an appearance, as Harry must make one last visit to Privet Drive to reinforce his mother's protective charm before it expires on his next birthday. This will be the Dursleys' final opportunity to reconcile with Harry, although their mutual loathing is probably too deep to bridge.

Ron and Hermione inform Harry they are joining the Horcrux mission, whether he wants them to or not. Their decision is an affirmation of their love, friendship, and loyalty for their friend. Harry intended to search for the Horcruxes alone, wanting to protect those he cares about, driven by the need to battle Voldemort himself. He has, however, finally accepted that it takes unity, support, and cooperation to defeat evil.

We also see here Harry's unwillingness to ally himself with the Ministry. Harry has correctly determined that the Ministry is more interested in maintaining a good public face, rather than in dealing with Voldemort directly.

Harry unhappily and regretfully ends his relationship with Ginny to protect her from Voldemort, though she is probably still in grave danger. Harry never mastered Occlumency, and Voldemort could possibly penetrate his mind and see images involving Ginny. It was earlier mentioned, though, that he found being inside Harry's consciousness extremely unpleasant, and he may never attempt this again. This would hardly prevent Voldemort from obtaining information about Harry, and also Ginny, from others who are close to him, and possibly even from Ginny herself.

Snape, Voldemort, and Harry share an important characteristic: they are all half-bloods. Snape, however, apparently grew up connected to the Wizarding world, unlike Harry and Voldemort, though his home life was certainly just as unpleasant. As much as Harry always disliked and resented Snape, he is now driven solely by hatred and vengeance. This vigilante desire to avenge Dumbledore's death has clouded Harry's judgment; rather than seeking justice, Harry is consumed with inflicting revenge. This could jeopardize his mission to find and destroy Voldemort's Horcruxes. Harry will need to control his extreme emotions if he is to succeed.

It is also an unpleasant irony for Harry that his least favorite and most ineffective teacher (Snape) is also an admired and influential mentor (the Half-Blood Prince), someone who inspired him and from whom he has learned so much. This conflict will continue to affect Harry.

Review

 * 1) What does Harry mean when he says he is, "Dumbledore's man, through and through"?
 * 2) Why does Harry end his relationship with Ginny? Is it likely they will reunite in the future?
 * 3) Why did Harry not want Ron and Hermione to join his search for the remaining Horcruxes?

Further Study

 * 1) Why would Dumbledore want to be buried at Hogwarts?
 * 2) When Scrimgeour spoke to Harry at Christmas, Harry was quite blunt in his refusal to assist Scrimgeour. Why would Scrimgeour have asked Harry again? Would Scrimgeour think that Harry's answer would have changed now that Dumbledore is dead?

Greater Picture
Harry ends his and Ginny's relationship to protect her from Voldemort. This actually is a bad decision. Saying that a relationship is over does not end it, and even if Harry no longer had romantic feelings for Ginny, he would still care about her as a friend. Their relationship, however brief, actually puts her in more danger, as Voldemort, if he is monitoring matters as closely as we believe, probably knows about the attachment and will likely attempt to use it against Harry. Voldemort's using Sirius against Harry in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was greatly assisted by poor communication between Harry and Sirius. If Harry wants to protect Ginny, his best course is to keep her at his side throughout his travels. Fortunately, this never become a problem; though Ginny returns to Hogwarts for her sixth year while Harry wanders England hunting Horcruxes, Voldemort attacks Hogwarts only at the book's conclusion, and Ginny handles herself quite well. We also learn that Ginny and Harry marry, finally.

As the book ends, it is unclear if Dumbledore was truly dead or merely in some deathlike state. This led to much speculation among readers as to whether or not he would return in some form in book 7. Voldemort is not the only one who knows how to create Horcruxes, though Dumbledore would never resort to murder to create one. It is always possible that there are other magical means for a resurrection in Book 7. There were certainly many clues that he could return. Dumbledore was acting uncharacteristically when he pleaded with Snape just before he killed him. Was Dumbledore begging for his life or asking Snape to strike him according to some prearranged plan? Readers noticed that the Avada Kedavra curse that Snape used reacted differently than others seen in the series. Also, Dumbledore has always been closely associated with a Phoenix, a bird that dies and is reborn from its own ashes. The smoke from Dumbledore's funeral pyre appeared to have briefly assume a Phoenix form. Whether that symbolized a corporeal resurrection or only a spiritual one, Dumbledore does return in some form in the next book.

Also, it is unknown where Dumbledore's portrait appeared from or how it was hung in the office. Presumably, no one had entered the office since his death, and yet it is already hanging on the wall when Professor McGonagall and Harry arrive there. Portraits may magically appear when a headmaster or headmistress dies. It is also unclear how closely associated portraits are with those they represent. They may merely be talking autobiographies of their subjects, or they may retain their essence, including the ability to develop mentally and/or gain new insights. Later evidence does suggest that portraits remain able to think and reason, as it seems that Dumbledore's portrait continues advising Snape and Harry.

J. K. Rowling had stated, following this book's publication, that Dumbledore was definitely dead, though readers may still hope for a resurrection; while we do see him again, it is now known that he is definitely not resurrected.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince/Chapter 29

Synopsis
Ginny leads a grief-stricken Harry to the Hospital Wing where everyone has gathered. Harry, remembering the Dark Mark, fearfully asks who is dead. Surprisingly, only Professor Dumbledore and a Death Eater have been killed. The "body" Harry fell over was Bill Weasley, who was savagely mauled by Fenrir Greyback. Bill will survive, but is permanently disfigured, and the long-term effects are unknown. Because Fenrir was not transformed at the time, Bill probably escaped being infected as a Werewolf. Ginny, Ron, and Hermione were protected during the battle because they took Felix Felicis potion.

While Harry and Dumbledore were away, the Death Eaters appeared when Tonks, Lupin, and Bill were on patrol. Ron says that he, Ginny, and Neville were watching the Room of Requirement when Draco appeared, carrying the Hand of Glory. Draco threw something into the corridor, darkening it, and blinding Ron, Ginny, and Neville so they were unable to Jinx the people they heard running past. Lupin found the Death Eaters at the Astronomy Tower while Hermione and Luna had gone to Snape's office. Confused sounds were heard from within, then Snape emerged, saying Professor Flitwick had fallen inside and to help him.

During the battle, Draco disappeared, apparently going up the Astronomy tower. Four Death Eaters followed, casting a barrier behind them, with one Death Eater firing curses in all directions. Then Snape arrived and went through the barrier, returning soon with Draco, passing unheeded through the fighting.

Mrs. Weasley, Mr. Weasley, and Fleur Delacour arrive. Fleur becomes angry when Mrs. Weasley suggests she will want to cancel the engagement because Bill is scarred. Fleur's declaration that she still loves Bill bonds her with Mrs. Weasley. Tonks reveals she loves Remus Lupin who, because he is a Werewolf and older, had discouraged her attachment. Harry suddenly realizes that Tonks' new Patronus is a wolf. Lupin is still reluctant, but Mr. Weasley points out that the future is always uncertain.

Hagrid reports that he moved Dumbledore's body, the students are back in bed, and the Ministry has been alerted. Professor McGonagall takes over as interim Headmistress and calls a meeting with the House Heads plus Hagrid. McGonagall first meets with Harry in the Headmaster's office, where Dumbledore's sleeping portrait now hangs among the other past headmasters. Harry, still honoring Dumbledore's wishes, refuses to say what happened after he and Dumbledore left the school, though he has told McGonagall about Snape revealing the Prophecy's contents to Voldemort; Dumbledore said he trusted Snape because he claimed he was remorseful. Harry also warns McGonagall that Madam Rosmerta is under the Imperius curse. The House Heads arrive, and all agree Hogwarts will remain open and that Professor Slughorn should head Slytherin House; the Governors will make the final decision. It is also unanimously agreed to honour Dumbledore's wish to be laid to rest at the school.

Hearing that Rufus Scrimgeour is just arriving with a delegation, Harry, wanting to avoid questions, heads to Gryffindor tower. Thankfully, only Ron is in their dormitory. Harry tells him that the Horcrux was a fake; the real one was stolen. Ron reads the note. Harry says he has no idea who R.A.B. is.

Analysis
Whether or not Dumbledore is really dead was endlessly debated by fans. The author left many hints that Dumbledore may still be alive or will return in some manner - either physically or spiritually. His portrait in the Headmaster's office "appears" to be sleeping. It is possible it is not a real portrait, but only imitating those of other former Headmasters and Headmistresses as a ruse to deceive enemies. If, however, the portrait starts interacting in a similar manner as the others, this would be some proof that Dumbledore is actually dead.

That Dumbledore's animal familiar is a Phoenix is unlikely a coincidence. A Phoenix dies by bursting into flames and is reborn from its own ashes. This could be symbolic that Dumbledore may experience a similar resurrection. Phoenix tears are healing, and Fawkes' lament was heard as he soared over his master's body, though we never see any tears falling, and it has never been said they can resurrect the dead.

On a completely separate subject, the author makes several statements on the nature of love and relationships in this chapter.

First, we again see the romance between Harry and Ginny. When Hagrid tells Harry that he must leave Dumbledore's body, Harry does not move; it is only when Ginny leads him away that Harry moves. Also, in the Hospital Wing, Ginny stays next to Harry, possibly to give him comfort if he needs it, possibly to receive some from him herself. He stays by her side until Professor McGonagall summons him to the headmaster's office.

A previously unsuspected strength in Fleur is seen. To date she has seemed very self-centered, as well as being somewhat weak in witchcraft, despite having been named Beauxbatons Champion in the fourth book of the series. Her willingness to take on Bill's care is totally unexpected, both by Mrs. Weasley and by us, and shows a previously unseen aspect of Fleur.

Additionally, Tonks' ongoing depression over her unrequited love for Lupin is finally resolved. The catalyst here is Mr. Weasley pointing out that times are always hard, with the implication that if their race had waited for a guaranteed good time to raise children, it probably would have died out. Love's power to overcome adversity is highlighted here by Lupin's finally accepting Tonks affections.

It is uncertain whether Hogwarts will be re-opened next year. McGonagall states that decision will be left to the governors. Many readers assume that McGonagall will be Headmistress if the school does continue, but that decision is also one that will be made by the governors.

Review

 * 1) Why does Mrs. Weasley believe Fleur will end her engagement to Bill Weasley? What is Fleur's reaction?
 * 2) Can Tonks and Lupin's relationship last? What precautions must they take?
 * 3) Why does Hogwarts close early? Will it reopen next year?
 * 4) Why does Harry refuse to tell McGonagall what happened after he and Dumbledore left for the cave? Couldn't she get this same information from Dumbledore's portrait?

Further Study

 * 1) What reasons might Snape have killed Dumbledore? Is it possible he is still loyal to Dumbledore even after causing his death?
 * 2) What might happen to Bill Weasley in the future?
 * 3) Who is likely to be the new headmaster/headmistress? What challenges will they face?
 * 4) Where does the portrait of Dumbledore come from?
 * 5) How could the portrait help Harry?

Greater Picture
The speculation surrounding Dumbledore's death was ended when the seventh and final book was published. It revealed that Dumbledore had been cursed by the Peverell ring, which had been cursed to protect the Horcrux it contained. Despite Snape's best efforts to contain it, the curse left Dumbledore with about a year to live. Dumbledore, knowing that Voldemort tasked Draco Malfoy with murdering him, also knew that Draco would likely be reluctant, subjecting him to constant torment from Voldemort's Death Eaters to comply. Dumbledore had exacted Snape's promise that Snape would undertake this task, so as to spare Draco's soul and allow Dumbledore to retain some dignity in his death.

Also, it hardly seems surprising that Dumbledore would wish to be entombed at Hogwarts. It was his beloved home for many years. However, in Deathly Hallows it is learned that his mother and sister, who both died tragically, and who he loved dearly, are buried in Godric's Hollow, and in the same cemetery as James and Lily Potter. Upon this revelation, it then seems rather odd that Dumbledore would request to be laid to rest alone, apart from those closest to him, and perhaps where Harry may eventually be buried (to be near his parents). There is never any explanation given for Dumbledore's choice, though many secrets about his past will be uncovered in the next book, revealing much about his character and motives, and providing us a few clues, but no definitive answers, as to why this is where he requested to be interred.

When Harry tells McGonagall his theory about why Dumbledore trusted Snape, she will seem taken aback, as if wondering why such loyalty could be commanded by a relatively small act. The reader is also somewhat surprised that it is believed Dumbledore could give his trust based on a simple remorseful statement. However, the final book reveals that there was more behind this. Lily Evans, Harry's mother, was Snape's one great, though unrequited, love. Snape was devastated by the threat against her, and promised "anything" in return for Dumbledore protecting her and her family. This revelation, near the last book's conclusion, finally explains Dumbledore's trust.

While the school does re-open for Harry's seventh year, Harry does not attend. Dumbledore's mission is far more important to him than formal schooling, and instead he elects to pursue it rather than returning to Hogwarts. Events will show that this is the correct decision, as the school will become an unhealthy place for him, and many other students, to be, under its auspicious new Headmaster and teachers.


text:
Talk:Music Theory/Jazz

I know I should edit this page instead of complain about it, but I don't have time right now.

The whole triplet explanation of jazz phrasing is a very classical way to approach it. If you listen to jazz even in the 30s but certainly 40s and after, it is not really triplet eights, especially as the tempos get faster. Rather, the offbeat notes are accented. You can play notes totally straight, but if you accent (e.g., tongue on trumpet) off the beat, you will be getting there.

 * Hoo-ee. Well, at least there's a lot of work to do. Yes. The explanation of swing was the first thing that caught my eye. Don't worry, there are better educators out there who are more familiar with how these things work. I don't want Wikibooks to not have a damn good book on one of the truest American art forms. (Until I actually get to editing the articles: What "swing" denotes is an organisation of rhythms which can mean different things in different contexts - e.g., Latin jazz has a different kind of swing that is completely unrelated to "swing" music. The "staggered triplet" myth is one that must be dispelled; it's not jazz, and it's not helpful to understanding jazz.) To the buzcave! this raven is icy (talk) 07:38, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Also, Dave Brubeck's appearance as one of the first jazz artists mentioned is another classical music lover tip-off, since he was very palatable to that crowd.

Anyway, there are more important properties of jazz that the way eight notes were phrased. Call and response is good (which is present). Heavy blues influence, especially 12-bar blues. Emphasis on improvisation and improvised solos.

where did you come up with this " Jazz is very widely known as the only art form to have originated in the United States"

--- art form as "art music," as opposed to "low" or "folk music"... its a poor word choice, but is considered legit. If you are looking at it from a "classical" perspective, which is the easiest, if not most correct, way to look at jazz, it is the most "arty" music from the US, blues being a folk style and rock being a commercial style.

bebop
how can you write a book about jazz and not included the greatest virtuosos and improvisers that ever walked the planet; Coltrain, Park, The Dizz, Monk, Joe Pass, Bill Even, Phil effing Woods, Clifford Blown, Horace Silver, et. al.

Also, Chick Chorea was NOT a Latin jazz player. He was a jazz player preferred by miles Davis for Bitches Brew and a couple of more. Even john Mclaughlin was a jazz player with miles before Miled encouraged him to form his own band which became "Mahavishnu Orchestra. His "electric band" lineups starting in mid-eighties were fusion band. Majahishu Orchestra was a fusion band. Fusion means Jazz played with rock instruments. Jackhammer111 (discuss • contribs) 18:13, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music Theory/Jazz


text:
Knowing Knoppix/Using floppy disks

= Using a floppy disk = Knoppix supports all standard 1.44 Mb floppy drives. If you have an Imation LS120 SuperDisk drive, see the later section. The SuperDisk drive is not a standard 1.44 Mb floppy drive; it works quite differently. To copy files onto a 3.5” floppy drive: Note Unmounting a 3.5" floppy disk is done for you automatically. There is no need to “Change read-write mode”, because the read-write tab on the floppy disk itself controls whether it is writable or not.
 * 1) Check the write-protect tab on the floppy disk. Make sure the tab is in the closed (write enabled) position.
 * 2) Insert the floppy disk into the drive.
 * 3) Click once on the “Floppy Disk” icon on the Desktop.
 * 4) The files on the floppy will be displayed.
 * 5) Drag and drop files and folders to be copied into the floppy disk window.
 * 6) Click “Copy Here”.
 * 7) The files will be copied.
 * 8) Wait until the floppy drive's “busy” light goes out.
 * 9) Close the floppy disk window.
 * 10) It is now safe to remove the floppy disk from the drive.

Quick help
Question: How do I format a 3.5" floppy? Right-click the “Floppy disk” icon on the Desktop, then click “Format Floppy disk”.

'''Question: I have an Imation SuperDisk floppy drive. Why does clicking on the Floppy icon not do anything?''' The Imation SuperDisk is not an ordinary floppy drive. It is treated as a hard disk drive. Follow the instructions in the Imation LS-120 SuperDisk section.

= Using an Iomega Zip disk = The Iomega Zip disk drive was very popular in the 1990s. It has been somewhat superseded by the CD-RW and the USB flash drive. However, Iomega Zip drives, and their media, are still easy to find and often useful. The usual capacity of Iomega Zip media is 100 or 250 Mb.

There are three varieties of Iomega Zip drive: internal, parallel, and USB. The internal and parallel varieties are older and are no longer made. The USB variety is newer and is still being made today. Note Iomega measures its disk capacities in megabytes where 1 megabyte = one million bytes. This is less than the conventional definition where 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 bytes. Knoppix uses the conventional definition. Therefore a “Zip 100” disk has an actual capacity of 98,078 kilobytes according to Knoppix.

Using an external USB Iomega Zip drive
The external USB Iomega Zip drive is available in 100 Mb, 250 Mb and 750 Mb versions. The 750 Mb version also supports USB 2.0 for higher transfer speeds. Knoppix uses its built-in USB Mass Storage driver to support the external USB Iomega Zip drive. To copy files onto an external USB Iomega Zip drive: Note Hot-plugging the external USB Iomega Zip drive is not supported. This means you need to have the drive connected before you start Knoppix. You can't plug the Zip drive into the computer when it is already running and expect an icon for it to appear, as you can with USB flash drives and other USB external hard drives.
 * 1) With the computer turned off, plug the Zip drive into a USB socket.
 * 2) Insert a valid PC formatted Zip disk into the drive.
 * 3) Start Knoppix, but specify text mode at the command prompt. For example, enter:
 * 4) Knoppix will start up, but then stop before loading KDE.
 * 5) Press Enter on the keyboard to wake up the command prompt. Type this command, then press Enter:
 * 6) You should see the activity light on the front of the drive come on, and you should hear the drive work.
 * 7) Switch to graphics mode with this command:
 * 8) After KDE loads, you will see an icon for the Zip drive on the Desktop. Assuming you have no other SCSI drives, the icon will be labelled “Hard disk partition [sda4]”.
 * 9) Click the icon for the Zip drive.
 * 10) Wait while the device is mounted.
 * 11) Wait while the “Konqueror” file manager starts up.
 * 12) The files on the Zip disk will be displayed.
 * 13) Right-click the Zip drive's icon.
 * 14) Click “Change read/write mode”.
 * 15) Click “Yes”.
 * 16) Drag and drop the files and folders to be copied into the Zip disk's window.
 * 17) Click “Copy Here”.
 * 18) The files and folders will be copied.
 * 19) Close all the Zip disk's open windows.
 * 20) Right-click on the Zip drive's icon.
 * 21) Click “Unmount”.
 * 22) The green triangle will go away.
 * 23) It is now possible to take the Zip disk out of the drive.

Using an internal IDE Iomega Zip drive
The internal IDE Iomega Zip disk drive is like an internal hard drive, but with removable writeable media. Knoppix uses its built-in ATAPI (AT Attachment Packet Interface) driver to support the internal Iomega Zip drive. Typically the maximum disk capacity is 100 Mb. To copy files onto an internal Iomega Zip drive:
 * 1) With the computer turned off, insert a PC formatted Zip disk into the Zip drive.
 * 2) Start Knoppix in the usual way.
 * 3) You will see an icon for the Zip drive on the Desktop. Assuming there are no other SCSI drives in your computer, the icon will be labelled “Hard disk partition [sda4]”.
 * 4) Click the icon for the Iomega Zip drive.
 * 5) Wait for a moment while the Zip disk is mounted. A green triangle will appear indicating that the drive is in use.
 * 6) Wait while the “Konqueror” file manager starts up.
 * 7) The files on the disk will be displayed.
 * 8) Right-click on the icon of the Zip drive.
 * 9) Click “Change read/write mode”.
 * 10) Click “Yes”.
 * 11) Drag and drop the files you want to copy into the Zip drive window.
 * 12) Click “Copy Here”.
 * 13) The files will be copied.
 * 14) Close the Zip drive's windows.
 * 15) Right click on the Zip drive icon.
 * 16) Click “Unmount”.
 * 17) The green triangle will go away.
 * 18) It is now safe to take the Zip disk out of the drive.

Using a parallel port Iomega Zip drive
The external parallel port Iomega Zip disk drive is the oldest kind of Zip drive. It was marketed for its high capacity, speed and portability. It is fully supported in Knoppix. Everything needed to use it is included in Knoppix, however, a “helping hand” is needed. To copy files onto an external parallel Zip drive:
 * 1) With the computer turned off, connect the Zip drive to the computer's parallel (printer) port. Connect the Zip drive to the mains and turn the Zip drive on.
 * 2) Insert a valid PC formatted Zip disk into the drive.
 * 3) Start Knoppix, but at the boot prompt, specify text mode. For example, enter:
 * 4) Knoppix will start up and then stop before loading KDE.
 * 5) Press Enter on the keyboard to wake up the command prompt.
 * 6) The next step is to enable the Iomega parallel Zip drive support. Look at the underside of the drive. The date of manufacture should be printed there. If your drive was made before 31 August 1998, enter this command and press Enter. If your drive was made after 31 August 1998, type this and press Enter:
 * 7) If successful you will be rewarded with lines like this: This means that the Linux kernel has found the Iomega external drive on the parallel port. In this example, the drive is called “sda”, which means it is the first SCSI drive.
 * 8) Type the following command and press Enter:
 * 9) Finally type this and press Enter:
 * 10) KDE will start up. You will see an icon for the Iomega Zip drive on the Desktop. Assuming you have no other SCSI drives, it will be labelled “Hard disk partition [sda4]”.
 * 11) Click the Zip drive icon.
 * 12) Wait for a moment while the Zip drive is mounted.
 * 13) Wait while the Konqueror file manager starts up.
 * 14) The files on the Zip drive will be displayed.
 * 15) Right-click on the Zip drive's icon.
 * 16) Click “Change read/write mode”.
 * 17) Click “Yes”.
 * 18) Drag and drop the files and folders you wish to copy into the Zip drive's window.
 * 19) Click “Copy Here”.
 * 20) The dropped items will be copied.
 * 21) When you have finished copying, close the Zip drive's windows.
 * 22) Right-click the Zip drive icon.
 * 23) Click “Unmount”.
 * 24) The green triangle on the Zip drive icon will go away.
 * 25) It is now safe to take the Zip disk out of the drive.

= Using an Imation LS-120 SuperDisk = The Imation LS-120 SuperDisk drive crosses laser technology with the floppy disk. “LS” stands for “Laser Servo”. Imation SuperDisk media has a capacity of 120 Mb. The Imation LS-120 SuperDisk was quite popular in the 1990s. For example, many computers made by Gateway came with a SuperDisk drive fitted as standard. Today, the SuperDisk drive is no longer made, but the 120 Mb media is still available.

The SuperDisk drive is an IDE device, like a CD-ROM drive. It does not use the conventional floppy drive interface. However, the SuperDisk drive is backwards compatible with 1.44 Mb floppy disk media.

Knoppix uses its built-in AT Attachment Packet Interface driver to support the SuperDisk drive. Knoppix uses SCSI emulation to treat the SuperDisk drive as a SCSI device. However, because of the way the drive works, it is not automatically detected so a little “helping hand” is needed. To copy files onto an Imation LS-120 SuperDisk drive:
 * 1) Insert an LS-120 disk or conventional floppy disk into the SuperDisk drive.
 * 2) Start Knoppix in the usual way.
 * 3) Right-click anywhere on the Desktop.
 * 4) Point to “Create New”.
 * 5) Click “Hard Disk”.
 * 6) A window for the new device will appear.
 * 7) On the “General” tab, replace the words “Hard Disk” with a suitable name. For example, enter “LS-120”.
 * 8) Click the “Device” tab.
 * 9) In the “Device” drop-down box, choose /dev/sda, assuming there are no other SCSI devices in the system. Knoppix treats the SuperDisk drive as a SCSI device.
 * 10) Click “OK”.
 * 11) The new device will appear on the Desktop.
 * 12) Click the icon for the SuperDisk drive.
 * 13) Wait while the device is mounted.
 * 14) Wait while the Konqueror file manager starts up.
 * 15) The files on the disk will be displayed.
 * 16) Right-click on the icon of the LS-120 drive.
 * 17) Click “Change read-write mode”.
 * 18) Click “Yes”.
 * 19) Drag and drop the files and folders you want to copy into the SuperDrive's window.
 * 20) Click “Copy Here”.
 * 21) The items will be copied.
 * 22) Close the SuperDisk's windows.
 * 23) Right-click on the SuperDisk's icon.
 * 24) Click “Unmount”.
 * 25) The green triangle on the drive's icon will go away.
 * 26) It is now safe to take the disk out of the drive.

Quick help
Question: Why does it say “Do not format” on the LS-120 disk? All LS-120 disks are factory formatted. Simply deleting all the files on the disk will put it back to factory fresh condition.

title: Knowing Knoppix/Using floppy disks


text:
Knowing Knoppix/Networking

= Connecting to a network = Knoppix has built-in support for many Ethernet network cards. As a rule, if the computer has a network card, Knoppix will be able to support it (except the very old, or the very new).

Well supported cards include 3Com, Realtek, NE2000 compatible, Intel and many others. However, some Broadcom cards, found in certain Dell PCs made after the year 2000, do not work with this version of Knoppix.

Automatic setup
If you have a supported network card, Knoppix will attempt to configure it automatically during startup. This is for you if you have a server which manages your local area network. To check to see if it worked:
 * 1) Click the Konsole icon in the Panel (bottom row, 6th from the left).
 * 2) Type this command and press Enter at the end of the line:
 * 3) This says the first Ethernet interface (eth0) has been given the Internetworking Protocol (IP) address “192.168.1.18”. If the Ethernet card has been given an IP address, it means the card is working. To double-check the connection, find out the IP address of another computer on your network. For example, suppose another computer has the address 192.168.1.1. Type this command and press Enter, replacing 192.168.1.1 appropriately: Press Ctrl + C on the keyboard to cancel pinging.

Manual setup
If there is no server on your network, you will need to configure your network card manually.
 * 1) Click the Knoppix menu in the bottom left corner.
 * 2) Point to Network/Internet.
 * 3) Click Network Card Configuration.
 * 4) You will be asked if you want to use DHCP broadcast.
 * 5) Click “No”.
 * 6) You will be asked to enter the IP address that you want to give to the first Ethernet interface. You need to know an IP address that is free on your network. You can't use an IP address that is already in use, or both computers will not be able to communicate.
 * 7) Enter the IP address that you want to give to the card.
 * 8) Click OK. Follow the prompts to complete the setup process.

Quick help
Question: There is no “eth0”, why not? Check the network cables. If there is a DHCP server on your local area network, make sure it is running. Click the “Knoppix” menu, choose “Root Shell” and enter: /etc/init.d/network restart pump -i eth0 Try configuring your network card manually. If it still won't work, it may mean your network card is not supported.

= Using a network server = Knoppix can copy files to the following types of network file servers:
 * File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers.
 * Windows Server Message Block (SMB) servers.
 * UNIX Network File System (NFS) servers.

Copying to an FTP server
To copy files onto a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server:
 * 1) Click the Konqueror icon in the Panel.
 * 2) The Konqueror file manager will come up.
 * 3) To log in to the FTP server anonymously, type the following on the address line. Replace “server” with the IP address of the server you want to connect to. Example:
 * 4) If you need a username and password to log in to the FTP server, type the following on the address line. Replace “username” and “password” with your username and password. Replace “server” with the address of the FTP server you want to connect to. Example:  This will connect to the FTP server at 192.168.1.1 with the username “phil” and password “mypass”.
 * 5) The files on the FTP server will appear.
 * 6) Drag and drop the files you want to copy to that window.
 * 7) Click “Copy Here”.
 * 8) The files will be uploaded, as long as you have permission to write files to the server.

Copying to a Windows file server
To copy files onto a Microsoft Windows file server:
 * 1) Click the Konqueror icon in the Panel.
 * 2) Wait while Konqueror starts up.
 * 3) Type the following on the address line. Replace “server” with the hostname or IP address of the Windows file server.
 * 4) Example:
 * 5) The public shares on the server with the IP address 192.168.1.1 will be displayed. The workgroup name is detected automatically. If a username and password is required, replace “username” and “password” below with your username and password. Replace “server” with the IP address of the server you want to connect to. Example:
 * 6) This will connect to the Windows file server at the IP address 192.168.1.1 with the username “phil” and password “mypass”.
 * 7) Drag and drop the files you want to copy into the server's Konqueror window.
 * 8) Click “Copy Here”.
 * 9) The files will be copied, provided you have access permission to the Windows file server.

Copying to an NFS server
To copy files onto a Network File System (NFS) server:
 * 1) Click the Knoppix menu in the bottom left corner.
 * 2) Click “Root Shell”.
 * 3) Type the following command and press Enter:
 * 4) The port mapping service will be started. The portmapper is needed to access NFS servers.
 * 5) Enter the following command, again pressing Enter at the end of the line. Replace “server” with the IP address or hostname of your NFS server. Replace “/export” with the name of the shared directory on the NFS server. For example, to mount the shared directory “/home” to the local directory “/home/knoppix/tmp”:
 * 6) The NFS export should be mounted.
 * 7) Click the “Home” icon in the Panel.
 * 8) The files in the Knoppix home directory will be displayed.
 * 9) Click the “tmp” folder.
 * 10) The shared directory on the NFS server should appear.
 * 11) Drag and drop the files you wish to copy into this window.
 * 12) Click “Copy Here”.
 * 13) Given that you have the appropriate file permissions on the NFS server, the files will be copied.

= Connecting to the Internet = The main ways to get connected to the Internet are: Knoppix is designed first and foremost for wired Ethernet networking. This gives you the best chance of success. Meanwhile, the following connection methods may not be so easy with Knoppix: The above methods tend to rely on proprietary software that requires Microsoft Windows. Even if the proprietary software were available for Linux (which it sometimes is these days) it cannot be distributed with Knoppix due to licence constraints.
 * Through an Ethernet gateway, router or local area network.
 * Through an external serial modem.
 * Through a PCMCIA serial cardbus modem.
 * Most internal PCI dial-up modems.
 * Most external USB broadband modems.
 * Most wireless (802.11) PCI and PCMCIA cards.
 * Some PCMCIA modem/network combination cards.
 * AOL and Compuserve.

Broadband
A broadband Internet connection lets you download at up to ten times the speed of a conventional modem. It also lets you make and receive voice calls on the same line at the same time. The technical name is Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). To use ADSL broadband Internet over a conventional phone line with Knoppix, you need: To make the connection: Note The diagram above shows a typical setup for the UK. It may vary from country to country depending on regulatory requirements. What is most important is that filtering must be done correctly. The ADSL modem must never be subject to filtering, while every other device on the telephone line must be filtered. The term “broadband” can also mean Internet provided by cable and other high speed Internet connections (including wireless options). These connections may or may not be usable in Knoppix.
 * A telephone line which has been “activated” for ADSL.
 * An account with an ADSL-enabled Internet Service Provider. This means any ISP that offers a standard broadband service.
 * A microfilter for each standard analogue device (such as telephones, fax machines, and dialup modems).
 * A supported Ethernet adapter in your PC or laptop (see the section “Connecting to a local area network”).
 * An ADSL router. These popular, inexpensive devices combine a broadband modem with an Ethernet router/gateway, giving “instant Internet”. The single-port variety is for one computer. Multi-port versions let several computers share the same broadband Internet connection.
 * 1) Make sure the Ethernet cable from the ADSL router is connected to the computer's Ethernet adapter.
 * 2) Start Knoppix. It should detect the network card, and then obtain an IP address automatically from the ADSL router.
 * 3) If you have not already done so, use a web browser to visit the ADSL router's configuration page. To learn about the web browsers included in Knoppix, see the later section, “Browsing the World Wide Web”. Enter the necessary information on the configuration page to make the connection to your ISP.
 * 4) You're done! As long as the “upstream” connection to the Internet is working, you will be connected to the Internet.

Dial-up
Dial-up Internet is the older, slower way to access the Internet. To connect this way, you need an account with any standard Internet Service Provider (not AOL or Compuserve) and one of the following: There are two main ways to make a dial-up connection. The recommended way is to use “K Point to Point Protocol” (KPPP). The alternative, in case KPPP doesn't work, is the “Worldvisions Dialer” (WVDial).
 * An external serial modem. This type of modem connects to the computer's serial port (called COM1 or COM2 under DOS). No special driver is needed to operate this type of modem, so compatibility with Knoppix is excellent. For example, the “Sitecom External V92 Serial Modem” works perfectly.
 * A PCMCIA Cardbus modem. A PCMCIA Cardbus modem is effectively an external serial modem. In general, the cheaper the card, the better. For example, the “Sitecom 56Kbps Fax Modem PC Card” works perfectly with Knoppix.
 * An internal ISA modem. Like the external modem, this type of modem needs no special driver to make it work. That is why old ISA modems are useful.

Connecting using KPPP

 * 1) Click the Knoppix menu in the lower left corner.
 * 2) Point to “Network/Internet”.
 * 3) Click “Modem Dialer”.
 * 4) The “KDE Point-To-Point Protocol” (KPPP) program will start.
 * 5) Click “Setup”.
 * 6) Click the “Device” tab.
 * 7) If your modem is plugged into the serial port called “COM1” in Windows, set “Modem device” to /dev/ttyS0. If it is plugged into the port called “COM2” in Windows, select /dev/ttyS1. If you have a PCMCIA Cardbus modem, select /dev/modem. If you have an internal ISA modem, select /dev/ttyS0 first; if that doesn't work, try up to /dev/ttyS3.
 * 8) Click the “Modem” tab.
 * 9) Click “Query modem”.
 * 10) You should see a response from the modem. If not, go back to step 7 and try another modem device setting.
 * 11) Click the “Accounts” tab.
 * 12) Click “New”.
 * 13) Click “Dialog setup”.
 * 14) In “Connection name” enter a name for the connection e.g. “test”.
 * 15) Beside “Phone number”, click “Add”.
 * 16) Enter your Internet Service Provider's dial-up access number. If you don't know, ask your Internet Service Provider. Click OK.
 * 17) Click OK. This will take you back to the accounts screen.
 * 18) Click OK again.
 * 19) Enter your login ID and password. Again, if you don't know what they are, ask your Internet Service Provider.
 * 20) Click Connect.
 * 21) You should hear the modem work.
 * 22) In a few moments, the KPPP window should shrink down to the Taskbar. It should then read “00:00” on the Taskbar. This indicates your time online in hours and minutes. Congratulations, you have connected to the Internet successfully.
 * 23) To disconnect, click the KPPP button in the Taskbar.
 * 24) The KPPP window will come back up.
 * 25) Click Disconnect.
 * 26) The phone call will be ended.

Quick help
Question: It says “The PPP daemon died unexpectedly!” Check your username and password.

Question: I know my username and password is correct but it still says “The PPP daemon died unexpectedly”. Go to /etc/ppp/peers/kppp options.txt and change #noauth to noauth (ie Delete the #).

If that still doesn't help, try another modem.

Question: I tried another modem and I still can't connect. Sorry, it seems that KPPP doesn't work with all ISPs. Luckily, there is an alternative. The “Worldvisions Dialer” is included with Knoppix. For an example of how to use “wvdial”, see: http://support.real-time.com/linux/dialup/wvdial.html

Question: Can I use an internal PCI modem? Not usually. As noted in the “Identifying hardware” section, most internal PCI modem cards need special software not in Knoppix.

Question: I have a PCMCIA combo Ethernet modem card, but the modem function doesn't work. Sorry, with some combo Ethernet and modem PCMCIA cards, only one part works. Usually the Ethernet works and the modem does not.

title: Knowing Knoppix/Networking


text:
Knowing Knoppix/Internet

= Common web browsers = Once you have an Internet connection, Knoppix has several different web browsers built in. A web browser is a program for using the World Wide Web, one of the Internet's most popular services.

Konqueror
Konqueror is a web browser and file manager, which uses the KHTML layout engine to render content. The WebKit layout engine used in Safari and Chrome browsers is based on KHTML.

When starting Knoppix for the first time or with default settings into the K Desktop Environment (KDE), Konqueror will start automatically and will display a local HTML page introducing Knoppix.

To invoke Konqueror later on in KDE, click Konqueror Web Browser on the Panel.

Gecko-based browsers
The Mozilla Application Suite, then just known as Mozilla, has been a mainstay in earlier versions of the Knoppix CD until Knoppix 3.8. Mozilla has not been included since that version in favor of Mozilla Firefox. Mozilla and Firefox are both available on the Knoppix 4.0 DVD.

Mozilla Application Suite
Mozilla is a whole, integrated, configurable, sophisticated and extensible Internet application suite. To invoke it in KDE, click the “Mozilla Browser” button on the Panel.

On modern hardware, the Mozilla Web Browser may take longer to start than Konqueror in K Desktop Environment (KDE), because Konqueror and KDE share the same toolkit and other technologies. On slower computers with limited RAM memory, Mozilla may be more responsive when run from a simple window manager and not from a desktop envrionment.

Mozilla Firefox/IceWeasel
Mozilla Firefox, a fast, light browser, replaced Mozilla proper. Firefox 1.0.3 was included in Knoppix 3.8.2 and has remained the primary browser ever since. Unlike Mozilla, which is a whole application suite, Firefox 1.0 had an advantage with speed and responsiveness.

Mozilla Firefox 2.0 later turned out to be comparably less responsive than SeaMonkey 1.x — a fork and descendant of Mozilla, that was still based on original Mozilla technologies, which had matured in 2001/2002. Firefox 2.0 also requires more in-depth customization than SeaMonkey to make it more responsive and less resource-hungry.

The Mozilla Firefox package was later changed to IceWeasel, a version- and source-compatible fork of Mozilla Firefox. The change was borne out of a naming and trademark dispute with Mozilla.org and developers of Debian (on which Knoppix is based).

Since at least Knoppix 6.0.1, IceWeasel has by default included the NoScript extension, which protects against web attacks.

Small browsers

 * For a minimal web browser, click K menu -> Internet -> Dillo.
 * For text-only web browsing (yes, really), click K menu -> Internet -> Lynx. Then hit the letter G (for Go). You will be prompted to enter the web address that you want to visit. Type the web address that you want, then press Enter. The web page will be loaded.

= Email = Knoppix has several different email clients. An email client is a program that lets you send and receive Internet email. Here is how to set up the KMail email client in Knoppix: Important Knoppix will not let you accidentally run Linux programs received by email. Program files must be given execute permission before they can be run by double-clicking on them. This gives excellent protection against would-be “email viruses”, while still letting you open ordinary document attachments easily.
 * 1) Click the K menu in the bottom left corner.
 * 2) Point to “Internet”.
 * 3) Click “KMail (Mail Client)”.
 * 4) The KMail mail program will be loaded.
 * 5) Click the “Settings” menu.
 * 6) Click “Configure KMail”.
 * 7) The KMail configuration screen will appear. On the left side, ensure that “Identities” is selected. Click “Modify”.
 * 8) Enter your real name, organisation and email address, then click OK.
 * 9) Click “Network”.
 * 10) Click “Remove”.
 * 11) Click “Add”.
 * 12) Make sure “SMTP” is selected, then click OK.
 * 13) In the “Host” box, enter the hostname of your Internet Service Provider's outgoing SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) server. If the SMTP server requires authentication, check the “Server requires authentication” box and enter your username and password for sending mail.
 * 14) Click OK.
 * 15) Click the “Receiving” tab.
 * 16) Click “Add”.
 * 17) Select the type of incoming mail server you have. Most Internet Service Providers use POP (Post Office Protocol). Some provide IMAP (Internet Message Application Protocol).
 * 18) Click OK.
 * 19) Enter your login and password for receiving your email. Enter the server which provides your incoming email in the “Host” box.
 * 20) Click OK. This takes you back to the “Configure KMail” screen.
 * 21) Click OK again.
 * 22) To see if you have new mail, click the “File” menu, then “Check Mail”. Or click the “Check Mail In” button on the toolbar. KMail will look for your new messages.
 * 23) To write email, click the “Message” menu, then “New Message”. Or click the “New Message” button on the Toolbar.
 * 24) When you have finished writing, click the “Message” menu, then “Send”. Or click the “Send” button in the Toolbar.

title: Knowing Knoppix/Internet


text:
Knowing Knoppix/Peripheral devices

= Printing = Knoppix has built-in support for hundreds of popular printers. Parallel and USB connections are supported. The best supported inkjet printers are HP and Epson. Many Canon and a few Lexmark printers are also supported. On the laser front, all greyscale Postscript and most greyscale Printer Control Language (PCL) laser printers work.

However, some printers do not work with Knoppix. The printers that do not work tend to be cheap Lexmark inkjet printers, and very low cost colour laser printers. Colour laser printers work if they are fully Postscript or PCL compatible. Unfortunately, very low cost colour laser printers tend not to be compatible with either. They are therefore completely incompatible with Knoppix.

To set up a printer connected by a USB or parallel cable: The test page paper size is US Letter by default. If you are using A4 paper, the test page won't print all the way to the bottom of the page. This is normal. Web link The Linux printing home page: http://www.linuxprinting.org/
 * 1) Click the Knoppix icon in the Panel.
 * 2) Point to “Configure”.
 * 3) Click “Configure printer(s)”.
 * 4) Wait for a moment while the KDE “Printing Manager” starts.
 * 5) Click “Add”.
 * 6) Click “Add Printer/Class…”.
 * 7) The welcome screen of the “Add Printer” wizard will appear.
 * 8) Click Next.
 * 9) Select “Local printer”, then click Next.
 * 10) Select the port that your printer is on. If your printer is connected to the computer's parallel port, select . If you have a USB printer, select  . Click Next.
 * 11) Select the manufacturer and model of your printer. If you cannot find your exact printer model in the list, try the nearest available. For example the HP PSC 1200 driver works with the HP PSC 1350, even though the HP PSC 1350 is not in the list. Click Next.
 * 12) This screen appears if Knoppix knows of more than one driver that can operate your printer. Usually the first or the recommended option will be fine. Click Next.
 * 13) Click the “Test” button to print a test page on your printer. After a short pause, your printer should start working.
 * 14) When the test page has finished, click Next four times until you get to the “General Information” screen. Enter a short name for your printer, then click Next.
 * 15) Click Finish.
 * 16) The Printing Manager will be displayed again. You may now print from all the applications included in Knoppix. When you exit Knoppix, the printer setup will be lost. However, there is a way to save the setup. See the later section, “Finding permanence”.

= Scanning = Knoppix has built-in support for some scanners. Scanning in Knoppix is simple, if you are lucky enough to have a fully compatible scanner. Scanner support is provided by a program called “Scanner Access Is Now Easy”. If your scanner is fully supported, you don't have to do any setup at all. To test a scanner using Knoppix: Web link The Scanner Access Is Now Easy home page: http://www.sane-project.org/
 * 1) Click K menu.
 * 2) Click Multimedia.
 * 3) Click XScanImage.
 * 4) If the scanner is detected, the device name will be shown at the top of the window. For example, if you have an Epson Perfection 1260 USB, it will say.
 * 5) Assuming your scanner is detected, click “Preview Window”.
 * 6) Click Acquire Preview.
 * 7) The image that the scanner sees will be shown.
 * 8) Lasso the area to be scanned using the mouse.
 * 9) Click “Scan”.
 * 10) The marked area will be scanned to an image file.

title: Knowing Knoppix/Peripheral devices


text:
Knowing Knoppix/Multimedia

= Playing Audio CDs = Knoppix has a built-in player for Compact Disc Digital Audio music CDs. Unlike data CDs, audio CDs don't need to be mounted in order to be played. The ideal is to have two CD drives in your computer – one for the Knoppix CD, and one for the audio CD that you want to play. If you only have one CD drive, refer to “If you have only one CD drive” in the “Advanced startup options” section. If your CD-ROM drive is wired to the sound card, you will hear the music through the speakers attached to the sound card. If you can't hear anything, plug your speakers or headphones into the audio out socket on the front of the CD drive. Then adjust the volume level using the volume control on the front of the CD drive.
 * 1) Click K Menu.
 * 2) Point to Multimedia.
 * 3) Point to Sound.
 * 4) Click KsCD (CD Player).
 * 5) The CD player application will appear.
 * 6) Put the audio CD in the drive that is not occupied by Knoppix.
 * 7) Click the big “Play” button in the KsCD window to begin.
 * 8) The audio CD will be played.

When you close KsCD, it will “dock” into the System Tray in the bottom right corner of the screen. To get it back again, click its icon in the System Tray. Note Some audio CDs are designed not to work on a computer CD-ROM drive. They should be clearly marked. They may also not work on some non-computer CD players such as in-car players. If you are not satisfied with your audio CD, return it to the shop and ask for a refund. It is simply cheaper and easier for the seller to give you your money back than argue.

= Playing DVD movies = Knoppix has a built-in player for DVD movies. This section will help you test a DVD-ROM drive for DVD movie playing. It is best to have two CD drives – one CD drive for the Knoppix disc, and one DVD capable drive for the movie disc you want to play. If you have just a single DVD drive, refer to “If you have only one CD drive” in the “Advanced startup options” section. You also need a reasonable graphic cards with hardware acceleration that is supported by Knoppix. For example, the ATI Rage 128 AGP card works perfectly.

What is DVD?
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. It was originally called Digital Video Disc. A DVD disc can contain data, audio or video. DVD Read Only Memory (ROM) drives are backwards compatible, so they can read the older Compact Disc media.

DVD movies in Knoppix
Knoppix 3.3 has a limited DVD player application. It can play "unencrypted" DVD movie discs, such as home videos, but it can't play most commercial DVD movie discs. Knoppix 5.1 has a full DVD player which can play commercial DVD movie discs, given extra software that has to be downloaded separately. It is best to have two CD drives: one drive for Knoppix, and one DVD capable drive for the movie disc.

Playing DVDs in Knoppix 3.3

 * 1) Click K Menu.
 * 2) Point to Multimedia.
 * 3) Point to Video.
 * 4) Click Xine Media Player.
 * 5) Wait for a moment while “Xine” starts up.
 * 6) The Xine player application will appear.
 * 7) Put the disc in the DVD drive that is not occupied by Knoppix.
 * 8) Click the “DVD” button in Xine.
 * 9) If the DVD is unencrypted, and the region check is passed, the movie should begin playing.
 * 10) If it says “Error reading NAV packet”, most likely this means the DVD is encrypted and so it cannot be played. Try another disc.
 * 11) If you need to change the region, click the Xine Setup button. When you hover the mouse pointer over the “Setup” button, a blue spanner icon will appear in the Xine display, and a “Setup window” tooltip will appear. Click the “Input” tab. Under “Region that DVD player claims to be”, choose the region number that you want. For example, choose “2” for United Kingdom (Europe). Click Apply, then Close. This change affects only the Xine software. It will not alter your DVD drive, and it will not affect any other DVD movie playing software that you may have.

Playing DVDs in Knoppix 5.1
Knoppix 5.1 has the magical ability to add extra software on the fly. This is handy, because playing most commercial DVD movie discs requires installing an extra package.
 * 1) Click "Knoppix" menu in the Panel (bottom row, 2nd from the left).
 * 2) Click "Set password for root".
 * 3) Enter a password of your choice. This is only a temporary password. It will be forgotten when you exit Knoppix.
 * 4) Click OK, re-enter the password, click OK again.
 * 5) Start the Konqueror web browser.
 * 6) Visit http://download.videolan.org/pub/videolan/libdvdcss/1.2.9/deb/
 * 7) Click "libdvdcss2_1.2.9-1_i386.deb"
 * 8) Click "Open with KPackage".
 * 9) Click "Install". It will ask to confirm to install package "libdvdcss2", click "Install".
 * 10) When KPackage has finished installing, click "Done", then close KPackage.
 * 11) Insert the DVD movie disc.
 * 12) The disc will be auto-detected. Choose "Play DVD with Kaffeine".
 * 13) Follow the steps and the DVD movie will be played. Notice that you can skip freely. Where many DVD players annoyingly refuse to fast forward and skip to the film, here you can. Much better. :-)
 * 14) When you exit Knoppix, the temporary installation of "libdvdcss2" will be discarded.

Question: Why is libdvdcss not just included in Knoppix? “Xine Media Player” and "Kaffeine" have not been authorised by the “DVD Copy Control Association”. Getting authorisation is expensive and would introduce licencing constraints. To get around that, the necessary third-party component "libdvdcss" is a separate download.

Question: It says “Error reading NAV packet”. The movie is probably encrypted. Knoppix cannot play it without libdvdcss.

Question: How do I know if a DVD is encrypted or not? You don't. There is no official label. The presence (or not) of a "region code" is a guide but not definitive. The only way to find out is to try it and see if it works.

title: Knowing Knoppix/Multimedia


text:
Knowing Knoppix/Sound

Knoppix has built-in support for many sound cards. Well supported cards include Soundblaster compatibles, Creative Soundblaster Live, C-Media 8738, Intel i810, Ensoniq, Crystal Soundfusion and the Via 82c series of sound cards. = Testing sound in KDE = = Testing sound in XMMS = To play the built-in demonstration music file: If the demonstration song does not start automatically, click the “Play” button (bottom row, second from the left, in the XMMS window). = Volume controls = To adjust the sound volume levels: To learn what each slider does, hover the mouse pointer over the icon at the top. A little yellow label will appear, such as “Microphone”.
 * 1) Click K Menu.
 * 2) Point to Settings.
 * 3) Click Control Center.
 * 4) Wait for a moment while the “KDE Control Center” starts.
 * 5) On the left side, click Sound & Multimedia.
 * 6) Under Sound & Multimedia, click Sound System.
 * 7) On the right side, click “Start aRTs server on KDE startup”.
 * 8) Click Apply.
 * 9) Click Test Sound.
 * 10) You should hear the KDE startup sound.
 * 1) Click the CD-ROM icon for your Knoppix CD.
 * 2) Click the “Demos” folder.
 * 3) Click the “Audio” folder.
 * 4) Click the “opensource.ogg” file.
 * 5) Wait while the “X Multimedia System” application starts.
 * 6) The demonstration song will play.
 * 1) Click K Menu -> Multimedia -> Sound -> KMix (Sound Mixer).
 * 2) The main volume control is on the far left. Move the slider up for louder and down for quieter.

Muting
The green spots are called the “mute buttons”. The mute button turns on and off output from the corresponding channel. Light green means on, dark means off (muted). All the channels are on by default. Note The microphone channel has no output, since it's only used for recording (input). KMix gives the microphone channel a mute button anyway. The mute button on the microphone channel has no effect.

Closing KMix
When you close KMix, it goes into the System Tray which is in the bottom right corner of the screen. To get KMix back again, right-click its icon in the System Tray, then click “Show Mixer Window”.

Quick help
Question: I can't get KMix to start by clicking in the K menu. KMix is already started. Right-click its icon in the System Tray (bottom right corner of the screen), then click “Show Mixer Window”. = Sound recording = This explains how to test sound recording through your sound card. You need a microphone plugged in to the “Mic” socket on your sound card. Audacity is a multi-track sound recorder. Each new recording that you make is stored in a new track. This lets you overlay sounds on top of each other. To get rid of a recorded track, click the small X on the left side next to the words “Audio Track”. Web links X Multimedia System: http://www.xmms.org/ Audacity sound recorder: http://audacity.sourceforge.net/
 * 1) Bring up the KMix window. If KMix is already running, right-click its icon in the System Tray, then click “Show Mixer Window”. If KMix is not already running, click K Menu -> Multimedia -> Sound -> KMix (Sound Mixer).
 * 2) Click the red button at the bottom of the Microphone channel. This sets KMix to record from the Microphone channel. You can only record from one channel at a time.
 * 3) Click K menu -> Multimedia -> Sound -> Audacity.
 * 4) Wait for a moment while the “Audacity” application starts up.
 * 5) To start recording, click the large red circle (record) button.
 * 6) The waveform of the sound from the microphone will appear while it is recorded.
 * 7) To stop recording, click the yellow square (stop) button.
 * 8) To hear the result, click the green triangle (play) button.

title: Knowing Knoppix/Sound


text:
Knowing Knoppix/Recovering from freezes

It is possible for the X Window System, the K Desktop Environment, or an individual application to "freeze up". This section explains what to do if that happens.

Getting rid of an individual application
The most common situation is to have a program that just doesn't seem to want to go away. Even when you click the close button on its window, it still won't disappear. To get rid of it:

 * 1) Press Ctrl+Alt+Esc on the keyboard.
 * 2) The pointer will change into a skull and crossbones.
 * 3) Point anywhere inside the window that you want to get rid of.
 * 4) Click the left mouse button.
 * 5) The errant program will be killed.

Restarting the X Window System
If many programs or your entire graphical environment seems stuck, you can try to restart the X server entirely.

Pressing Ctrl-Alt-Backspace kills X. The display manager should bring it back up again.

An alternate way to restart X in Knoppix is to:

 * 1) Press Ctrl+Alt+F2.
 * 2) Type this command, then press Enter:
 * 3) You will see the message "X Window System shut down". This will also end the K Desktop Environment and all its open applications.
 * 4) Then enter:
 * 5) The X Window System will be restarted. The KDE desktop will appear again as it did when you first started Knoppix.

title: Knowing Knoppix/Recovering from freezes