text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Physiology of Human Body Systems

Content
On completion of this unit a learner should:
 * 1. Know the levels of organisation within the human body
 * 2. Be able to relate the structure of the circulatory system to its function in a multi-cellular organism
 * 3. Be able to relate the structure of the respiratory system to its function
 * 4. Be able to relate the structure of the digestive system to its function
 * 5. Understand the immunological function of the lymphatic system.

Context

 * We all appear to be fascinated by how our bodies work. This unit will give you an insight into how the human body works (human physiology).
 * Practical work and research will help you relate the material in this unit to the functioning of the human body. You will then be in a position to use this information to understand the basic systems that make up a healthy human body.
 * You will also study what happens when things go wrong with the body.
 * You will look at the building blocks (cells, tissues and organs) that make up the systems in the body, and study digestion, respiration and circulation. The emphasis will be on understanding the interrelationships between these systems and how they contribute to the working of the whole human body.
 * You will investigate how the various human physiology systems work by doing experiments and using apparatus. The practicals may involve taking measurements to investigate respiration and cardiovascular rates, or the passage of materials around the body or through membranes.
 * You will be expected to analyse the results and draw conclusions just as a laboratory technician might do.
 * By the end of the unit you will have developed your practical skills and increased your knowledge and understanding of human physiology systems.

Learning outcomes
On completion of this unit a learner should:
 * 1) Understand how structure and function are related in living human cells
 * 2) Understand how the energy requirements of the human body relate to the functioning of the digestive system and be able to carry out blood sugar measurements
 * 3) Understand the role of transport systems in the human body and be able to carry out cardiovascular measurements
 * 4) Understand the structure and functioning of the respiratory system and be able to measure respiratory functions.

Assignment 1
Understand how structure and function are related in living human cells

P1 /M1 /D1

Task 1 (P1)
Produce a presentation that includes labelled diagrams/pictures illustrating the structure and function of the following cells, tissues and organs.

a)	A human cell, as observed from an electron micrograph. To include;

 * Plasma membrane,
 * Cytoplasm,
 * Nucleus,
 * Ribosome,
 * Endoplasmic reticulum,
 * Mitochondria,
 * Centrioles
 * Centrosomes

b) A detailed diagram of the plasma membrane (fluid mosaic model) that illustrates transport across the membrane

Include the following tissues;

c) Epithelial (covering, lining and glandular)

d) Connective (cartilage, bone, areolar, adipose, elastic)

e) Muscle (smooth, skeletal, cardiac)

f) Nerve tissues (neurons, neuralgia)

g) Include 2 examples illustrating; A tissue that shows abnormalities from normal structure.

h) Complete the Organ Trail activity

Task 2 (M1)
In this task you are asked to produce a detailed & annotated diagram (correctly referenced) that explains the relationship between structure & function of the major organ systems of the body. Include the following systems;

a)	Integumentary, b)	Circulatory,

c)	Lymphatic, d)	Urinary,

e)	Nervous, f)	Endocrine,

g)	Skeletal, h)	Muscular,

i)	Reproductive (Male & Female)

Task 3 (D1)
Explain changes seen in tissue owing to disease. Examples could be;

 * Failure of foramen ovale to close after birth
 * Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth
 * Diverticulitis infected sac in the colon

Explain possible causes for the state of the tissue, relating disease to malfunction of tissues

Assignment 2
Understand how the energy requirements of the human body relate to the functioning of the digestive system and be able to carry out blood sugar measurements.

P2/ M2 /D2

Task 1 (P2)
a) Complete the blood glucose monitoring activity, copy & complete the table below.

Class Blood Glucose Measurements

b) On your results table, highlight any anomalous results obtained, give possible reasons for these. (Do not include human error as a reason!!!)

c) Interpret (explain the meaning of) your results.
 * What happened?
 * Why?
 * Compare your results to expected normal ranges for blood glucose – how do they compare?
 * Link this to the functioning of the digestive system
 * Explain your results using some SCIENCE

Task 2 (M2)
a) Compile a food diary for one day, include EVERYTHING that you eat, or drink. Compare your nutrient intake to the recommended DRV. Submit your table as evidence.

c) Explain the meaning of;
 * Metabolism
 * Anabolism (give a clear example)
 * Catabolism (give a clear example

d) Identify how the body metabolises the products of digestion, including the associated chemical equations. Include;
 * Carbohydrates (glucose)
 * Proteins (amino acids)
 * Lipids (fatty acid & glycerol)

e) Outline the main structures and functions of the human digestive system, and give a clear description showing where & how the major food groups are processed.

f) State how the energy requirements of the body are obtained. Include glucose and cellular respiration.

g)Submit the results table from your enzyme experiments

Task 3 (D2)
Complete the attached set of questions that requires the interpretation of data relating to the digestive system & essential dietary nutrients;

Assignment 3
Understand the role of transport systems in the human body and be able to carry out cardiovascular measurements

P3/ M3

Task 1 (P3)
a) Take physiological measurements of the Cardiovascular System before & after exercise. Include the following physiological measurements;

 * Baseline measurements
 * Heart Rate (bpm)
 * Blood Pressure (mmHg)
 * Temperature (°C)

b) Submit your results table (highlight anomalies)

c) Submit the conclusion. Ensure you include the following;

 * Show knowledge of the structure & function of the cardiovascular system
 * Correctly interpret results.
 * Give reasons for any anomalous results

Task 2 (M3)
Explain the requirement for a transport system in the body and how this is achieved

Include;
 * Transport (gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat)
 * Defence
 * Regulation (temperature, pH, water content)
 * Lymphatic System

For example;

 * How does the body deal with the constant leakage of fluid from the cells?
 * Which part of the transport system ensures this intracellular fluid is returned?

Remember an annotated diagram is always a good thing

Assignment 4
Understand the structure and functioning of the respiratory system and be able to measure respiratory functions

P4/ M4/ D4/ D3

Task 1 (P4)
a) Complete the investigation; ‘The Lung Capacity Activity’.

b) Submit your results table (highlight anomalies)

c) Interpret your results & relate them to the functioning of the respiratory system. Ensure you include the following;

 * Show knowledge of the structure & function of the respiratory system
 * Correctly interpret results.
 * Explain what you are measuring.
 * Give reasons for any anomalous results
 * Explain what is happening!!

Task 2 (D4)
Analyse and draw conclusions from the data you have collected, and relate this to the functioning of the respiratory system.

Include;

 * You must take your own experimental data and interpret the results against published data.
 * You must display the ability to identify crucial factors, analyse them and then reach a conclusion which you can justify using the primary and secondary data identified.
 * The method of presentation may include the use of software packages to present charts and graphs and perhaps diagrammatical representations of some conclusions.

Task 3 (M4)
Explain how measurements related to the respiratory system may change under different conditions including disease.

Include;

 * You must demonstrate understanding of the effects of external factors on the respiratory system (such as exercise and temperature).
 * You must also know how diseases affect the respiratory system and how malfunctions can be detected in respiratory measurements.

Task 4 (D3)
Explain how the digestive, cardiovascular and respiratory systems are interrelated

Hints;
 * Link the functions of three body systems.
 * The emphasis here is on identifying the functions of each system and showing how they are interrelated.
 * This work lends itself to annotated diagrams with explanatory text rather than a long essay.

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources except (*) which have been added. official criteria from edexcel: http://www.edexcel.com/migrationdocuments/BTEC%20Nationals%20from%202010/Unit_11_Physiology_of_Human_Body_Systems.pdf

Textbooks
Adds J et al. — Respiration and Co-ordination (Nelson Advanced Science: Biology Series) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2005) ISBN 0748774890

Boyle M et al. — Human Biology (Collins Advanced Science Series) (Collins Educational, 2002) ISBN 0007135998

Fullick A — Body Systems and Health (Life Science In-Depth) (Heinemann, 2006) ISBN 1403475199

Johnson M D — Human Biology: Concepts & Current/Issues with Interactive Physiology for Human Biology CD-ROM, 3rd Edition (Benjamin Cummings, 2005) ISBN 0805354344

Parkinson P — ‘A’ Level Human Biology: Advanced Subsidiary (AS) Human Biology (2000) ISBN 1853568961

Parkinson P — ‘A’ Level Human Biology: Advanced GCE (A2) Human Biology (2000) ISBN 185356897X

Pickering W R — A-level Advanced Human Biology Through Diagrams (Oxford University press, 2001) ISBN 0199141967

Simpkins J and Williams J I — Advanced Human Biology (Collins Educational, 1987) ISBN 000322290X

Tortora G J — Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (John Wiley & Sons, 2005) ISBN 0471718718

Website
Health and Safety Executive guidance for employers and employees on blood-borne viruses in the workplace.

Textbooks

•	Adds J et al. — Respiration and Co-ordination (Nelson Advanced Science: Biology Series) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2005) ISBN 0748774890 •	Boyle M et al. — Human Biology (Collins Advanced Science Series) (Collins Educational, (2002) ISBN 0007135998 •	Fullick A — Body Systems and Health (Life Science In-Depth) (Heinemann, 2006) ISBN 1403475199 •	Johnson M D — Human Biology: Concepts & Current/Issues with Interactive Physiology for Human Biology CD-ROM, 3rd Edition (Benjamin Cummings, 2005) ISBN 0805354344 •	Parkinson P — ‘A’ Level Human Biology: Advanced Subsidiary (AS) Human Biology (2000) ISBN 1853568961 •	Parkinson P — ‘A’ Level Human Biology: Advanced GCE (A2) Human Biology (2000) ISBN 185356897X •	Pickering W R — A-level Advanced Human Biology Through Diagrams (Oxford University press, 2001) ISBN 0199141967 •	Simpkins J and Williams J I — Advanced Human Biology (Collins Educational, 1987) ISBN 000322290X •	Tortora G J — Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (John Wiley & Sons, 2005) ISBN 0471718718

Websites

www.cellsalive.com www.biotopics.com http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/ http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/tour/cell/cell.htm http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html http://www.instantanatomy.net/


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Human Regulation and Reproduction

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Adds J et al — Respiration and Co-ordination (Nelson Advanced Science: Biology Series) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2005) ISBN 0748774890

Boyle M et al — Human Biology (Collins Advanced Science Series) (Collins Educational, 2002) ISBN 0007135998

Johnson M D — Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 3rd Edition (Benjamin Cummings, 2005) ISBN 0805354344

Pickering W R — A-level Advanced Human Biology Through Diagrams (Oxford University Press, 2001) ISBN 0199141967

Simpkins J and Williams J I — Advanced Human Biology (Collins Educational, 1987) ISBN 000322290X

Tortora G J — Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (John Wiley & Sons, 2005) ISBN 0471718718

Website
Health and Safety Executive guidance for employers and employees on blood-borne viruses in the workplace.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Biochemical Techniques

Content
On completion of this unit a learner should:
 * 1. Be able to investigate properties of water and biological molecules in living organisms
 * 2. Understand the structure of proteins
 * 3. Be able to investigate the factors that affect the activities of enzymes in biological systems
 * 4. Know the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Alberts B et al — Essential Cell Biology (Garland Science, 2003) ISBN 0815334818

Boyle M and Senior K — Biology (Collins Advanced Science Series) (Collins Educational, 2002) ISBN 0007136005

Hames D and Hooper N — Instant Notes in Biochemistry (Instant Notes Series) (Bios Scientific Publishers, 2005) ISBN 0415367786

Purves W K — Life: The Science of Biology Volume 1 The Cell and Heredity (WH Freeman & Co Ltd, 2001) ISBN 0716738732

Salway J G — Metabolism at a Glance, 3rd Edition (Blackwell Publishing, 2003) ISBN 1405107162

Website
Nature


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Energy Changes

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Breithaupt J — New Understanding Physics for Advanced Level: Core Book AND Course Study Guide (New Understanding Physics) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2000) ISBN 0748743162

Ellse M and Honeywill C — Electricity and Thermal Physics (Nelson Advanced Science: Physics) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2005) ISBN 074877663X

Johnson K et al — Advanced Physics for You (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2000) ISBN 074875296X

Milward et al — Revise AS Physics for Salters Horners (Heinemann Educational Secondary Division, 2005) ISBN 043558345X

Milward et al — Revise A2 Physics for Salters Horners (Heinemann Educational Secondary Division, 2006) ISBN 0435582089

Websites
A sheet on selective surfaces.

The Association for Science Education.

Efunda engineering fundamentals.

The Online Fuel Cell Information Resource.

Institute of Physics.

Ideal gas law experimental instructions.

MPower


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Microbiological Techniques

Content
On completion of this unit a learner should:
 * 1. Be able to identify the characteristic features and functions of akaryotes, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 * 2. Be able to use aseptic techniques to culture micro-organisms
 * 3. Be able to determine the factors that influence the growth of micro-organisms
 * 4. Know how to identify micro-organisms.

=Resources= Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Adds J, Larkcom E and Miller R — Microorganisms and Biotechnology (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 1998) ISBN 0174482698

Taylor J — Microorganisms and Biotechnology (Bath Advanced Science Series) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2001) ISBN 0174482558

Tortora G J, Funke B R and Case C L — Microbiology: An Introduction (Benjamin Cummings, 2005) ISBN 0805377522

Journals
Biological Science Review

Microbiology Today

New Scientist

Websites
‘Cells Alive’ by Quill Graphics

Maricopa Online Biology textbook.

‘Molecular Expressions’ Virtual Microscopy

Nikon Microscopy Digital Movie Gallery

Society of General Microbiology


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemistry for Biology Technicians

Content
On completion of this unit a learner should:
 * 1. Be able to relate enthalpy changes to the bonding in a range of substances
 * 2. Be able to show how rates of reaction are affected by varying the reaction conditions
 * 3. Be able to interpret key features of equilibrium processes
 * 4. Be able to demonstrate the structure and properties of simple organic molecules.

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Chapman C — Basic Chemistry for Biology (William C Brown, 1998) ISBN 0697360873

Fry M and Page E — Catch Up Chemistry: For the Life and Medical Sciences (Scion Publishing, 2005) ISBN 1904842100

Rockett B and Sutton R — Chemistry for Biologists at Advanced Level (John Murray, 1996) ISBN 0719571464

Sackheim G I — An Introduction to Chemistry for Biology Students (Benjamin Cummings, 2001) ISBN 0805330755

Website
chemguide


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Electrical Circuits

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Breithaupt J — New Understanding Physics for Advanced Level: Core Book AND Course Study Guide (New Understanding Physics) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2000) ISBN 0748743162

Duncan T — Electronics for Today and Tomorrow (Hodder Murray, 1997) ISBN 0719574137

Ellse M and Honeywill C — Electricity and Thermal Physics (Nelson Advanced Science: Physics) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2005) ISBN 074877663X

Johnson K et al — Advanced Physics for You (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2000) ISBN 074875296X

Milward et al — Revise AS Physics for Salters Horners (Heinemann Educational Secondary Division, 2005) ISBN 043558345X

Milward et al — Revise A2 Physics for Salters Horners (Heinemann Educational Secondary Division, 2006) ISBN 0435582089

Journal
New Scientist

Websites
Electrical Engineers

National Grid

The Institute of Physics

Students’ research site


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Genetics and Genetic Engineering

Content
On completion of this unit a learner should:
 * 1. Understand the processes of cell division and the principles of classical genetics
 * 2. Be able to apply basic techniques of DNA technology
 * 3. Know how gene expression can be controlled
 * 4. Know how genetic engineering can be applied and the possible commercial, social and ethical impact of these applications.

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Adds J, Larkcom E and Miller R — Molecules and Cells (Nelson Advanced Science: Biology Series) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2003) ISBN 074877484X

Adds J, Larkcom E and Miller R — Genetics, Evolution and Biodiversity (Nelson Advanced Science: Biology Series) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2004) ISBN 0748774920

Giddings G, Jones N and Karp A — The Essentials of Genetics (Hodder Murray, 2001) ISBN 0719586119

Journals
Biological Science Review

New Scientist

Scientific American

Websites
Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry animation of genetic engineering.

Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry animation of PCR.

Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry animation of DNA sequencing.

Virtual FlyLab.

DNA interactive (by Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory).

Gene Almanac DNA animations (by Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory).

DNA detective (by Cold Spring Harbour laboratory)'

National Centre for Biotechnology Education.

Virtual Cell Animations (including transcription, translation and lac operon).


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Practical Chemical Analysis

Analytical chemistry is the science that seeks ever-improved means of measuring the chemical composition of materials. Chemical composition is the entire picture (composition) of the material at the chemical scale and includes geometric features such as molecular morphologies and distributions of species within a sample as well as single-dimensional features such as percent composition and species identity. The analytical results enabled by analytical chemistry have played critical roles in science from the understanding of basic science to a variety of practical applications, such as biomedical applications, environmental monitoring, quality control of industrial manufacturing and forensic science.

Overview
Analytical chemistry is a sub discipline of chemistry that has the broad mission of understanding the chemical composition of all matter and developing the tools to elucidate such compositions. This differs from other sub disciplines of chemistry in that it is not intended to understand the physical basis for the observed chemistry as with physical chemistry and it is not intended to control or direct chemistry as is often the case in organic chemistry and it is not necessarily intended to provide engineering tactics as are often used in materials science. Analytical chemistry generally does not attempt to use chemistry or understand its basis; however, these are common outgrowths of analytical chemistry research. Analytical chemistry has significant overlap with other branches of chemistry, especially those that are focused on a certain broad class of chemicals, such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry or biochemistry, as opposed to a particular way of understanding chemistry, such as theoretical chemistry. For example the field of bioanalytical chemistry is a growing area of analytical chemistry that addresses all analytical questions in biochemistry, (the chemistry of life). Analytical chemistry and experimental physical chemistry, however, have a unique relationship in that they are very unrelated in their mission but often share the most in common in the tools used in experiments.

Analytical chemistry is particularly concerned with the questions of "what chemicals are present, what are their characteristics and in what quantities are they present?" These questions are often involved in questions that are more dynamic such as what chemical reaction an enzyme catalyses or how fast it does it, or even more dynamic such as what is the transition state of the reaction. Although analytical chemistry addresses these types of questions it stops after they are answered. The logical next steps of understanding what it means, how it fits into a larger system, how can this result be generalised into theory or how it can be used are not analytical chemistry. Since analytical chemistry is based on firm experimental evidence and limits itself to some fairly simple questions to the general public it is most closely associated with hard numbers such 'as how much lead is in drinking water'.

Modern analytical chemistry
Modern analytical chemistry is dominated by instrumental analysis. There are so many different types of instruments today that it can seem like a confusing array of acronyms rather than a unified field of study. Many analytical chemists focus on a single type of instrument. Academics tend to either focus on new applications and discoveries or on new methods of analysis. The discovery of a chemical present in blood that increases the risk of cancer would be a discovery that an analytical chemist might be involved in. An effort to develop a new method might involve the use of a tunable laser to increase the specificity and sensitivity of a spectrometric method. Many methods, once developed, are kept purposely static so that data can be compared over long periods of time. This is particularly true in industrial quality assurance (QA), forensic and environmental applications. Analytical chemistry plays an increasingly important role in the pharmaceutical industry where, aside from QA, it is used in discovery of new drug candidates and in clinical applications where understanding the interactions between the drug and the patient are critical.

Types
Traditionally, analytical chemistry has been split into two main types, qualitative and quantitative:

Qualitative

 * Qualitative inorganic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given element or inorganic compound in a sample.
 * Qualitative organic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given functional group or organic compound in a sample.

Quantitative

 * Quantitative analysis seeks to establish the amount of a given element or compound in a sample.

Approaches
Most modern analytical chemistry is categorised by two different approaches such as analytical targets or analytical methods. Analytical Chemistry (journal) reviews two different approaches alternatively in the issue 12 of each year.

By Analytical Targets

 * Bioanalytical chemistry
 * Material analysis
 * Chemical analysis
 * Environmental analysis
 * Forensics

By Analytical Methods

 * Spectroscopy
 * Mass Spectrometry
 * Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
 * Chromatography and Electrophoresis
 * Crystallography
 * Microscopy
 * Electrochemistry

Traditional analytical techniques
Although modern analytical chemistry is dominated by sophisticated instrumentation, the roots of analytical chemistry and some of the principles used in modern instruments are from traditional techniques many of which are still used today. These techniques also tend to form the backbone of most undergraduate analytical chemistry educational labs. Examples include:

Titration
Titration involves the addition of a reactant to a solution being analysed until some equivalence point is reached. Often the amount of material in the solution being analyzed may be determined. Most familiar to those who have taken college chemistry is the acid-base titration involving a colour-changing indicator. There are many other types of titrations, for example potentiometric titrations.

Gravimetry
Gravimetric analysis involves determining the amount of material present by weighing the sample before and/or after some transformation. A common example used in undergraduate education is the determination of the amount of water in a hydrate by heating the sample to remove the water such that the difference in weight is due to the water lost.

Inorganic qualitative analysis
Inorganic qualitative analysis generally refers to a systematic scheme to confirm the presence of certain, usually aqueous, ions or elements by performing a series of reactions that eliminate ranges of possibilities and then confirms suspected ions with a confirming test. Sometimes small carbon containing ions are included in such schemes. With modern instrumentation these tests are rarely used but can be useful for educational purposes and in field work or other situations where access to state-of-the-art instruments are not available or expedient.

Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the molecules with electromagnetic radiation. Spectroscopy consists of many different applications such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy and so on.

UV-Vis Spectroscopy
Coloured chemicals absorb electromagnetic waves in the visible part of the spectrum. The absorbed energy

causes changes in the energy of the molecules’ electrons. The electrons change from a ‘ground state’ to an ‘excited state’.

Most transitions are not caused by visible light. Many absorb ultra-violet radiation. Chemicals which absorb UV radiation are colourless (unless they fluoresce). The energy changes when molecules of a coloured compound and of a colourless compound are illustrated below:

Remember that the apparent colour is caused by absorbing photons of a complementary colour. A blue compound is blue because it absorbs yellow light.

Chromophores
Chemical structures which have excited states corresponding to visible light are calledchromophores. There are two main types:

1. Transition Metal Complexes.

Transition metals form complex ions – the metal binds to small molecules or anions called ligands. The ligands allow the electrons of the metal ion to enter an excited state if the electrons absorb a photon of visible light.

e.g. tetrachlorocuprate (II) and hexaaquacopper (II) ions:

The partially-occupied d-orbitals of transition metal compounds are important in giving colour to transition metal complexes. See diagram (which could represent V+2, Cr+3, Mn+4, etc.):

①.	In an uncomplexed ion, all the d-orbitals have the same energy.

②.	When ligands surround the ion, the negative charges of the ligands make the d-orbitals less stable (higher energy).

③.	Critically, the ligands will come closer to some d-orbitals than to others. Typically, two or three of the orbitals will be destabilised more than the remainder.

An electron in one of the lower d-orbitals can acquire the energy to be excited into a higher d-orbital:

This mechanism allows transition metal complexes to absorb photons of visible light.

2. Conjugated/Delocalised Electron Systems.

When single and double bonds alternate, the electrons in the double bonds can enter an excited state if they absorb a photon of visible light. e.g. β-carotene (above) has ten conjugated C=C bonds:

The diagram above shows the excitation energies of conjugated aldehydes. n is the number of C=C double bonds which are conjugated. The simplest (n=1) is CH3-CH=CH-CH=O. Note how the excitation energy is lower with higher numbers of conjugated bonds.

Chromophores of dye molecules often contain unsaturated groups such as >C=O and -N=N-, which are part of a conjugated bonding system, usually involving aromatic rings. Chrysoidine, a basic dye, is shown below:

Note how the –N=N- group is just the centre of a conjugated system which extends across all twelve carbon atoms and includes seven double bonds. All azo dyes contain the -N=N- arrangement.

Auxochromes: Attached to the chromophore are two -NH2 groups which interact with the chromophore to modify the orange colour. A group of atoms attached to a chromophore which modifies the ability of that chromophore to absorb light is called an auxochrome. They can modify or enhance the colour of the dye. Examples: -OH, - NH2, aldehydes.

Added functional groups can also:

 * alter the solubility of the dye in water or other solvents.
 * bind the dye molecules to cloth, paper or other substrates.

[[Image:CI_Reactive_Red_6_structure.png|350px|centre|thumb|Reactive Red 6 has both organic

(conjugated system) and inorganic (complex metal ion) chromophores.]]

Mass Spectrometry
Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using electric and magnetic fields. There are several ionization methods: electron impact, chemical ionisation, electrospray, matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation, and others. Also, mass spectrometry is categorised by approaches of mass analyers: magnetic-sector, quadrupole mass analyser, quadrupole ion trap, Time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, and so on.

Crystallography
Crystallography

Crystallography is a technique that characterises the chemical structure of materials at the atomic level by analysing the diffraction patterns of (usually) x-rays that have been deflected by atoms in the material. From the raw data the relative placement of atoms in space may be determined.

Electrochemical Analysis
Electrochemistry Electrochemistry measures the interaction of the material with an electric field.

Thermal Analysis
Calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis Calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measure the interaction of a material and heat.

Separation
Separation processes are used to decrease the complexity of material mixtures. Chromatography and electrophoresis are representative of this field.

Hybrid Techniques
Combinations of the above techniques produce "hybrid" or "hyphenated" techniques. Several examples are in popular use today and new hybrid techniques are under development. For example, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS, GC-IR, LC-NMR, CE-MS, and so on.

Hyphenated separation techniques refers to a combination of two (or more) techniques to detect and separate chemicals from solutions. Most often the other technique is some form of chromatography. Hyphenated techniques are widely used in chemistry and biochemistry.

A slash is sometimes used instead of hyphen, especially if the name of one of the methods contains a hyphen itself.

List of hyphenated techniques:

 * LC-MS (or HPLC-MS)
 * HPLC/ESI-MS
 * LC-DAD
 * CE-MS
 * CE-UV
 * GC-MS

Microscopy
The visualization of single molecules, single cells, biological tissues and nano- micro materials is very important and attractive approach in analytical science. Also, hybridization with other traditional analytical tools is revolutionizing analytical science. Microscopy can be categorized into three different fields: optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy. Recently, this field is rapidly progressing because of the rapid development of computer and camera industries.

Lab-on-a-chip
Miniaturized analytical instrumentation, which is also called as microfluidics or micro total analysis system (μTAS). The beauty of lab-on-a-chip system is that a whole device can be visualized under a microscope.

Standard Curve
A standard method for analysis of concentration involves the creation of a calibration curve. This allows for determination of the amount of a chemical in a material by comparing the results of unknown sample to those of a series known standards.If the concentration of element or compound in a sample is too high for the detection range of the technique, it can simply be diluted in a pure solvent. If the amount in the sample is below an instrument's range of measurement, the method of addition can be used. In this method a known quantity of the element or compound under study is added, and the difference between the concentration added, and the concentration observed is the amount actually in the sample.

Internal Standards
Sometimes an internal standard is added at a known concentration directly to an analytical sample to aid in quantitation. The amount of analyte present is then determined relative to the internal standard as a calibrant.

Trends
Analytical chemistry research is largely driven by performance (sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, linear range, accuracy, precision, and speed), and cost (purchase, operation, training, time, and space).

A lot of effort is put in shrinking the analysis techniques to chip size. Although there are few examples of such systems competitive with traditional analysis techniques, potential advantages include size/portability, speed, and cost. (micro Total Analysis System (µTAS) or Lab-on-a-chip). Microscale chemistry reduces the amounts of chemicals used.

Much effort is also put into analysing biological systems. Examples of rapidly expanding fields in this area are:
 * Genomics - DNA sequencing and its related research. Genetic fingerprinting and DNA microarray are very popular tools and research fields.
 * Proteomics - the analysis of protein concentrations and modifications, especially in response to various stressors, at various developmental stages, or in various parts of the body.
 * Metabolomics - similar to proteomics, but dealing with metabolites.
 * Transcriptomics- mRNA and its associated field
 * Lipidomics - lipids and its associated field
 * Peptidomics - peptides and its associated field
 * Metalomics - similar to proteomics and metabolomics, but dealing with metal concentrations and especially with their binding to proteins and other molecules.

Analytical chemistry has played critical roles in the understanding of basic science to a variety of practical applications, such as biomedical applications, environmental monitoring, quality control of industrial manufacturing, forensic science and so on.

The recent developments of computer automation and information technologies have innervated analytical chemistry to initiate a number of new biological fields. For example, automated DNA sequencing machines were the basis to complete human genome projects leading to the birth of genomics. Protein identification and peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry opened a new field of proteomics. Furthermore, a number of ~omics based on analytical chemistry have become important areas in modern biology.

Also, analytical chemistry has been an indispensable area in the development of nanotechnology. Surface characterization instruments, electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes enables scientists to visualize atomic structures with chemical characterizations.

Analytical chemistry is pursuing the development of practical applications and commercial instruments rather than elucidating scientific fundamentals. This may be an arguable difference from overlapping science areas such as physical chemistry and biophysics, although there isn't any distinct boundaries among disciplines in contemporary science and technology. However, this aspect may attract many engineers' interest; thus, it is not difficult to see papers from engineering departments in analytical chemistry journals.

Among active contemporary analytical chemistry research fields, micro total analysis system is considered as a great promise of revolutionary technology. In this approach, integrated and miniaturised analytical systems are being developed to control and analyze single cells and single molecules. This cutting-edge technology has a promising potential of leading a new revolution in science as integrated circuits did in computer developments.

Standard solutions
Be able to prepare and standardise solutions of specified concentrations

Molarity: calculations involving molar quantities; calculation of concentration including use of dilution factors necessary to produce a range of standard solutions from a given stock solution of known concentration

Standard solutions: preparation of solutions of fixed concentration; appropriate titrations to determine concentration or standardise given solutions; dilution of stock solutions to give a series of related standard solutions

Spectroscopy
Understand the design and operating principles of selected spectroscopic instruments and be able to use spectroscopic methods to analyse chemical substances

Spectroscopic instruments: e.g. ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, mass spectrometry; block diagrams showing key components; basic principles of operation e.g. energy sources, optics, magnets, detectors

Spectroscopic techniques: e.g. infrared spectroscopy, absorption bands and correlation charts, identification of organic functional groups, origin and uses of the fingerprint region; ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, Beer-Lambert law, measurement of absorbance, construction of calibration curves, measurement of concentration, determination of molar absorption coefficients; atomic spectroscopy, applications of absorption and emission spectroscopy, criteria for method selection, use in quantitative analysis, calibration curves and internal standards; 1H NMR spectroscopy, conditions for NMR activity, examples of other NMR active nuclei in addition to H, TMS as internal standard, correlation charts, integration traces, spin-spin splitting, identification of simple organic compounds from 1H NMR spectra; mass spectrometry, measurement of relative molecular mass, simple fragmentation patterns

Chromatography
Understand the principles of chromatographic separation of components and be able to use chromatographic methods to separate and analyse chemical substances

Chromatographic principles: stationary and mobile phases; adsorption (liquidsolid) chromatography; liquid-liquid chromatography; gas-liquid chromatography (GLC); ion exchange chromatography; Rf values; visualisation/detection of fractions; quantitative and qualitative uses; basic instrumentation (where appropriate)

Chromatographic methods: e.g. practical applications of chromatographic separations e.g. paper, column, thin layer, GLC, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion exchange, molecular exclusion (gel permeation) chromatography

Chemical substances: simple mixtures e.g. glucose-maltose mixture, seven food dye mixture dissolved in water (Erythrosin, Brilliant Black BN, Fast Red E, Naphthol Red S, Yellow Orange S, Ponceau 4R and Tartrazine)

Paper chromatography
Paper chromatography is an analytical technique for separating and identifying compounds that are 'or can be coloured, especially pigments. This method has been largely replaced by thin layer chromatography, however it is still a powerful teaching tool. Two-way paper chromatography, also called two-dimensional chromatography, involves using two solvents and rotating the paper 90° in between. This is useful for separating complex mixtures of similar compounds, for example, amino acids.

Technique
A small spot of solution containing the sample is applied to a strip of chromatography paper about 1 cm from the base. This sample is adsorbed onto the paper and may form interactions with it. Any substance that reacts or bonds with the paper cannot be measured using this technique. The paper is then dipped in to a suitable solvent such as ethanol or water, and placed in a sealed container.

The solvent moves up the paper by capillary action, which occurs as a result of the attraction of the solvent molecules to the paper and to one another. As the solvent rises through the paper it meets and dissolves the sample mixture, which will then travel up the paper with the solvent. Different compounds in the sample mixture travel at different rates due to differences in solubility in the solvent, and due to differences in their attraction to the fibres in the paper. Paper chromatography takes anywhere from several minutes to several hours.

In some cases, paper chromatography does not separate pigments completely; this occurs when two substances appear to have the same Rf values in a particular solvent. In these cases, two-way chromatography is used to separate the multiple-pigment spots. The chromatogram is turned by ninety degrees, and placed in a different solvent in the same way as before; some spots separate into multiple spots, showing the presence of more than one pigment. As before the Rf value is calculated, and the two pigments identified.

Thin-layer chromatography
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a widely-used chromatography technique used to separate chemical compounds. It involves a stationary phase consisting of a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, alumina, or cellulose immobilised onto a flat, inert carrier sheet. A liquid phase consisting of the solution to be separated dissolved in a solvent is drawn through the plate via capillary action, separating the experimental solution. It can be used to determine the pigments a plant contains, to detect pesticides or insecticides in food, in forensics to analyse the dye composition of fibres, or to identify compounds present in a given substance, among other uses.

Plate preparation
TLC plates are made by mixing the adsorbent, such as silica gel, with a small amount of inert binder like calcium sulphate (gypsum) and water. This mixture is spread as a thick slurry on an inert carrier sheet, usually glass, thick aluminium foil, or plastic, and the resultant plate is dried and activated by heating in an oven. The thickness of the adsorbent layer is typically around 0.1–0.25 mm for analytical purposes and around 1–2 mm for preparative TLC.

Technique
The process is similar to paper chromatography with the advantage of faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different stationary phases. Because of its simplicity and speed TLC is often used for monitoring chemical reactions and for the qualitative analysis of reaction products.

A small spot of solution containing the sample is applied to a plate, about one centimeter from the base. The plate is then dipped in to a suitable solvent, such as ethanol or water, and placed in a sealed container. The solvent moves up the plate by capillary action and meets the sample mixture, which is dissolved and is carried up the plate by the solvent. Different compounds in the sample mixture travel at different rates due to differences in solubility in the solvent, and due to differences in their attraction to the stationary phase.

Analysis of chromatograms
After development, the spots corresponding to different compounds may be located by their colour, by ultraviolet light, ninhydrin or by treatment with iodine vapours. The final chromatogram can be compared with other known mixture chromatograms to identify sample mixes using the Rf value.

As in most other forms of chromatography, paper chromatography uses Rf values to help identify compounds. Rf values are calculated by dividing the distance the pigment travels up the paper by the distance the solvent travels (the solvent front). Because Rf values are standard for a given compound, known Rf values can be used to aid in the identification an unknown substance in an experiment.

As the chemicals being separated may be colourless, several methods exist to visualise the spots:
 * Often a small amount of a fluorescent compound, usually Manganese-activated Zinc Silicate, is added to the adsorbent that allows the visualisation of spots under a blacklight(UV254). The adsorbent layer will thus fluoresce light green by itself, but spots of analyte quench this fluorescence.
 * Iodine vapours are a general unspecific colour reagent
 * Specific colour reagents exist into which the TLC plate is dipped or which are sprayed onto the plate

Once visible, the Rf value of each spot can be determined by dividing the distance travelled by the product by the total distance travelled by the solvent (the solvent front). These values depend on the solvent used, and the type of TLC plate, and are not physical constants.

Operation of industrial and commercial laboratories
Understand how an industrial or commercial laboratory operates

Laboratory type: any multifunctional laboratory e.g. hospital clinical chemistry, government public health, industrial quality control laboratory

Processes: range of analytical procedures; data recording and manipulation; data presentation; quality assurance;

See Case studies

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources except * which have been added to their list.

Textbooks
Barker J — Mass Spectrometry (Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning Series) (John Wiley & Sons, 1998) ISBN 0471967629

Dean J R (editor) — Atomic Absorption and Plasma Spectroscopy (Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning Series) (John Wiley & Sons, 2000) ISBN 0471972541

Downard K — Mass Spectrometry: A Foundation Course (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004) ISBN 0854046097

Fowlis I A — Gas Chromatography (Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning Series) (John Wiley & Sons, 1995) ISBN 0471954683

Hanai T — HPLC: A Practical Guide (RSC Chromatography Monographs) (Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999) ISBN 0854045155

Hill G and Holman J — Chemistry in Context: Laboratory Manual and Student Guide (Chemistry in Context) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2001) ISBN 0174483074

Lajunen L H and Peramaki P — Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and Emission, 2nd Edition (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005) ISBN 0854046240

Levinson R — More Modern Chemical Techniques (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002) ISBN 0854049290

Lindsay S — High Performance Liquid Chromatography (Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning Series) (John Wiley & Sons, 1992) ISBN 0471931152

Sewell P A and Clarke B — Chromatographic Separations (Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning Series) (John Wiley & Sons, 1987) ISBN 0471913715

Stuart B H — Modern Infrared Spectroscopy (Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning Series) (John Wiley & Sons, 1995) ISBN 0471959170

Thomas M J K — Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy (Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning Series) (John Wiley & Sons, 1996) ISBN 0471967432

CD ROMs
Practical Chemistry for Schools & Colleges (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Spectroscopy for Schools & Colleges (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Websites
BBC

The RSC’s Chemical Science Network

*Dr Oliver Seely's Laboratory Manual

*Basic analytical Toxicology - WHO online text.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Medical Physics Techniques

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Breithaupt J — New Understanding Physics for Advanced Level: Core Book AND Course Study Guide (New Understanding Physics) (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2000) ISBN 0748743162

Duncan T — Advanced Physics, 5th Edition (Hodder Murray, 2000) ISBN 0719576695

Ellse M and Honeywill C — Mechanics and Radioactivity (Nelson Thornes, 2003) ISBN 0748776605

Pope J — Medical Physics: Imaging (Heinemann Advanced Science) (Heinemann Educational Secondary Division, 1999) ISBN 0435570943

Websites
The Royal College of Radiologists.

How Stuff Works.

Teacher Resource Exchange.

Body Teaching Files.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Biomedical Science Techniques

Content
On completion of this unit a learner should:
 * 1. Be able to investigate the structure and characteristics of major groups of organisms of medical importance
 * 2. Understand how the body defends itself against infection
 * 3. Know how the principles of blood transfusion science relate to haematology
 * 4. Know the importance of cell pathology as a diagnostic tool
 * 5. Understand how the chemical make-up of the body influences health and disease.

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Crocker J C — Molecular Biology in Cellular Pathology (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003) ISBN 0470844752

Hoffbrand V and Mehta A B — Haematology at a Glance (Blackwell Publishing, 2005) ISBN 1405126663

Luxton R — Clinical Biochemistry (Scion Publishing, 2005) ISBN 0750628782

Murphy M F et al — Practical Transfusion Medicine (Blackwell Science, 2000) ISBN 0632051140

National Blood Service — Guidelines for the Blood Transfusion Services in the United Kingdom, 7th Edition (The Stationery Office, 2005) ISBN 0117033715

Provan D et al — Oxford Handbook of Clinical Haematology (Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0198526520

Tortora G J — Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (John Wiley & Sons, 2005) ISBN 0471718718

Tortora G J, Funke B R and Case C L — Microbiology: An Introduction (Benjamin Cummings, 2005) ISBN 0805377522

Journals
Biomedical Scientist

Journal of Epidemiology

New Scientist

Nursing Times

Website
BBC.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques

=Prepare, isolate and purify compounds.=

One inorganic compound

One organic compound

One substance extracted from a natural or synthetic material

Procedures.
Safe dispensing of chemicals.

Avoidance of contamination of reagents.

Mixing chemicals safely.

Heating and boiling under reflux.

Control and monitoring of reactions.

Safe disposal of substances.

Isolation and purification.
Solvent extraction

Evaporation

Filtration (gravity and reduced pressure)

Distillation (simple and fractional)

Paper and thin layer chromatography

=Analyse compounds.=

Qualitative analysis of inorganic substances: tests for anions and cations.

Qualitative analysis of organic substances: tests for functional groups; identification of aldehydes and ketones from melting points of derivatives.

Quantitative analysis — volumetric: preparation of standard solutions; titrations.

Qualitative analysis: use of pH meter; use of colorimeter.

=Calculate percentage yield and percentage purity.=

Yield: theoretical yield; actual yield; percentage yield

Percentage purity: calculate % purity w/w

=Experiments=

Measuring the iron content of iron tablets.

Extracting plasticisers from PVC.

Extracting caffeine from tea.

Synthesis of ethanal by oxidation.

Synthesis of benzoic acid by oxidation.

Synthesis of aspirin by esterification.

Synthesis of ethyl ethanoate by esterification.

Preparation of Kastle-Meyer test reagent.

Extraction and presumptive testing of cocaine.

Synthesis and analysis of iron (II) ethanedioate.

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Clark J — Calculations in AS/A Level Chemistry (Longman, 2000) ISBN 0582411270

Faust C B — Modern Chemical Techniques (The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1905) ISBN 1870343190

Hill G and Holman J — Chemistry in Context (Nelson Thornes, 2004) ISBN 0174481918

Hill G and Holman J — Chemistry in Context: Laboratory Manual and Student Guide (Nelson Thornes, 2001) ISBN 0174483074

Hunt A — Advanced Level Practical Work for Chemistry (Hodder Murray, 2004) ISBN 0340886722

Levinson R — More Modern Chemical Techniques (The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001) ISBN 0854049290

MacDonald K — Getting the Message Across: Key Skills for Scientists, 3rd Edition (The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001) ISSN 14717166 page 12

Ramsden E N — Calculations for A-Level Chemistry (Nelson Thornes, 2001) ISBN 0748758399

Websites
Royal Society of Chemistry — aspirin activities.

How to read Material Safety Data Sheets — University of Bristol — site also contains links to major manufacturers’ information.

Chemical Industries Association.

Creative Chemistry website (A-level practical work).

Physical Sciences Educational Reviews.

Royal Society of Chemistry.

Practical techniques.

Chemical Industry Education Centre.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Science for Environmental Technicians

Content
On completion of this unit a learner should:
 * 1. Be able to investigate soil and rock formation and understand the processes influencing their formation and those associated with the Earth’s atmosphere
 * 2. Understand the processes involved with the water cycle and our management of water
 * 3. Understand the factors associated with plant and animal energy usage and natural environmental balance
 * 4. Understand the uses and management of raw materials.

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Boeker E and Van Grondelle R — Environmental Science: Physical Principles and Applications (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2001) ISBN 0471495778

Jones A et al — Practical Skills in Environmental Sciences (Longman, 1999) ISBN 058232873X

Kent M — Advanced Biology (Oxford University Press, 2000) ISBN 0199141959 Pickering W R — Advanced Biology Through Diagrams (Oxford University Press, 2001) ISBN 0199141975

Waugh D — Geography: An Integrated Approach (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2000) ISBN 017444706X

Waugh D — Geography — An Integrated Approach: Supplement (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2005) ISBN 074879462X

Waugh D — The New Wider World (Nelson Thornes, 2004) ISBN 0748773762

Woodfield J — Ecosystems and Human Activity (A-level Geography Series) (Collins Educational, 2000) ISBN 0003266524

Journal
New Scientist


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Principles of Plant and Soil Science

Content
On completion of this unit a learner should:
 * 1. Understand the function of plant structures
 * 2. Understand the main processes of plant physiology
 * 3. Understand plant growth and development
 * 4. Know the principles of soil science.

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Barnes C and Poore N — Plant Science in Action (Hodder Arnold, 1994) ISBN 0340600993

Cutler D, Botha T and Stevenson D — Plant Anatomy: An Applied Approach (Blackwell Publishing, 2007) ISBN 1405126795

Davies B, Eagle D and Finney B — Soil (Resource Management Series) (Farming Press, 2002) ISBN 0852365594

Graham I — Soil (Earth’s Precious Resources Series) (Heinemann Library, 2004) ISBN 0431115540

Green N P O, Stout G W and Taylor D J — Biological Science 1 and 2, 3rd Edition (Cambridge University Press, 1997) ISBN 0521561787

Hay R K M — Chemistry for Agriculture and Ecology (Blackwell Science, 1981) ISBN 0632006994

Hill-Cottingham P and Hill-Cottingham D — Plant Science (Biology Advanced Studies Series) (Blackie Schools, 1992) ISBN 0216930316

Lockhart J A R et al — Lockhart and Wiseman’s Introduction to Crop Husbandry, 7th Edition (Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, 1993) ISBN 0080420036

Raven P, Johnson G, Singer S and Losos J — Biology, 7th Edition (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2004) ISBN 0071111832

Ridge I — Plants (Oxford University Press, 2002) ISBN 0199255482

Roberts M, Reiss M and Monger G — Biology: Principles and Processes (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2004) ISBN 0174481764

Soffe R — The Agricultural Notebook, 20th Edition (Blackwell Science, 2003) ISBN 0632058293

Stern K — Introductory Plant Biology, 9th Edition (McGraw-Hill Education, 2002) ISBN 0071199004

Journals
Arable Farming

Crops

Crop Science

Landwards

Websites
AgriFor.

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

Health and Safety Executive.

Botanical Society of America Online Image Collection.

Lantra.

Rothamsted Research.

The Science and Plants for Schools Website.

The Society for Experimental Biology.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Electronics for Science Technicians

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Bird J — Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology (Newnes, 2003) ISBN 0750665505

Bishop O — Electronics: Circuits and Systems (Newnes, 2003) ISBN 0750658452

Duncan T — Electronics for Today and Tomorrow (Hodder Murray, 1997) ISBN 0719574137

Floyd T L — Electronic Devices: Conventional Flow Version (Prentice Hall, 2004) ISBN 0131140809

Websites
The Science Campus.

Electrical Engineering Training Series by Integrated Publishing.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Applications of Chemical Reactions

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Freemantle M H — Chemistry in Action (Thomson Learning, 1995) ISBN 1861527128

Fullick A and Fullick P — Chemistry: Evaluation Pack (Heinemann Advanced Science) (Heinemann Educational Secondary Division, 2000) ISBN 043557096X

Hill G and Holman J — Chemistry in Context (Nelson Thornes, 2004) ISBN 0174481918

Hill G and Holman J — Chemistry in Context: Laboratory Manual and Student Guide (Nelson Thornes, 2001) ISBN 0174483074

Lewis E and Berry M — AS and A Level Chemistry (Longman, 2000) ISBN 058233733X

Lewis R and Evans W — Chemistry, 3rd Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006) ISBN 0230000118

Ramsden E N — A-level Chemistry: AND Answers Key (Nelson Thornes, 2004) ISBN 074875301X

Journals
Education in Chemistry

Royal Society of Chemistry

Magazine
Allan P — Chemistry Review, e.g.:
 * 1) Vol 6(4), March 1997 — Energy issues in industrial chemistry
 * 2) Vol 6(5), May 1997 — Cost issues in industrial chemistry.

Video
Industrial Chemistry for Schools and Colleges (The Royal Society of Chemistry)

Other publications
Controlling Chemical Reactions — A Case Study (The Chemical Industry Education Centre, University of York)

Cash and Chemicals (The Chemical Industry Education Centre, University of York)

Industrial Chemical Case Studies (The Royal Society of Chemistry)

Websites
The Sheffield Chemdex.

Physical Sciences Information Gateway.

Royal Society of Chemistry.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Periodicity

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Beavon R and Jarvis A — Periodicity, Quantitative Equilibria and Functional Group Chemistry (Nelson Advanced Science: Chemistry) (Nelson Thornes, 2003) ISBN 0748776575

Chapman B — Transition Metals, Quantitative Kinetics and Applied Organic Chemistry (Nelson Advanced Science: Chemistry) (Nelson Thornes, 2001) ISBN 0174482922

Chapman B, Beavon R and Jarvis A — Structure Bonding and Main Group Chemistry (Nelson Advanced Science: Chemistry) (Nelson Thornes, 2004) ISBN 0748776559

Hill G and Holman J — Chemistry in Context (Nelson Thornes, 2004) ISBN 0174481918

Hill G and Holman J — Chemistry in Context: Laboratory Manual and Student Guide (Nelson Thornes, 2001) ISBN 0174483074

Hubbard E (editor) — Essential Chemical Industry (Chemical Industry Education Centre, University of York, 1995) ISBN 1853425567

Lister T — Industrial Chemistry Case Studies: Industrial Processes in the 1990s (Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999) ISBN 0854049258

Lister T and Osborne C — Sodium Carbonate: A Versatile Material (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2000) ISBN 085404924X

Maple J — Advanced Chemistry: An Enquiry-based Approach (John Murray, 1995) ISBN 0719553598

Ramsden E N — A-level Chemistry: AND Answers Key (Nelson Thornes, 2004) ISBN 074875301X

Websites
chemguide.

Royal Society of Chemistry’s chemical science network.

University of York and Chemical Industries Association.

WebElements.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Applications of Organic Chemistry

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Fullick A and Fullick P — Chemistry: Evaluation Pack (Heinemann Advanced Science) (Heinemann Educational Secondary Division, 2000) ISBN 043557096X

Hill G and Holman J — Chemistry in Context (Nelson Thornes, 2004) ISBN 0174481918

Hill G and Holman J — Chemistry in Context: Laboratory Manual and Student Guide (Nelson Thornes, 2001) ISBN 0174483074

Lewis E and Berry M — AS and A Level Chemistry (Longman, 2000) ISBN 058233733X

Journals
Education in Chemistry

Royal Society of Chemistry

Magazines
Chemistry World

Royal Society of Chemistry

Websites
Physical Sciences Information Gateway.

Royal Society of Chemistry.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Physiological Investigations

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Binnie C D et al — Clinical Neurophysiology: Electromyography, Nerve Conduction and Evoked Potentials (Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, 1995) ISBN 0750611839

Colman R W et al — Hemostasis and Thrombosis (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005) ISBN 0781749964

Hill S L, Newall C and England P — Practical Handbook of Respiratory Function Testing (Association for Respiratory Technology and Physiology, 1999) ISBN 0953689808

Hughes J M B and Pride N B — Lung Function Tests: Physiological Principles and Clinical Applications (W B Saunders, 1999) ISBN 0702023507

Katz J — Handbook of Clinical Audiology (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2001) ISBN 0683045482

Koss L G and Melamed M R — Koss’ Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005) ISBN 0781719283

Marriott H J L — Marriott’s Practical Electrocardiography (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000) ISBN 0683307460

West J B — Pulmonary Pathophysiology: The Essentials (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2003) ISBN 0781740622

Websites
American Heart Association.

Association for Respiratory Technology and Physiology.

British Medical Journal.

Health and Safety Executive guidance for employers and employees on blood-borne viruses in the workplace.

Human Anatomy Online.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Medical Instrumentation

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Carr J J and Brown J M — Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology (Prentice Hall, 2000) ISBN 0130104922

Jennings D, Nokes L D M, Turton B C H and Flint T — Introduction to Medical Electronics Applications (Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, 1995) ISBN 0340614579

Journal
British Medical Journal

Websites
American Heart Association.

Association for Respiratory Technology and Physiology.

British Medical Journal.

Human Anatomy Online.

The Science Campus.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Criminology

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Becker H S — Outsiders: Studies in Sociology of Deviance (Simon & Schuster Ltd, 1997) ISBN 0684836351

Kelling L and Coles C M — Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities (Simon and Schuster Inc, 1998) ISBN 0684837382

Matthews R and Young J — Rethinking Criminology: The Realist Debate (Sage Contemporary Criminology Series) (Sage Publications Ltd, 1992) ISBN 0803986211

Muncie J and McLaughlin E (editors) — The Problem of Crime (Sage Publications Ltd, 2001) ISBN 0761969713

Wilson J Q and Herrnstein R J — Crime Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime (Free Press, 1998) ISBN 0684852667

Journals
British Journal of Criminology 1980 volume 20: pages 136-147 Clarke RVG — ‘Situational’ Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice

British Society of Criminology

Civil Liberties Review, number 3 pages 23–35, Von Hirsch A, 1976, ‘Giving criminals their just deserts’

Home Office Statistical Bulletin, issue 21/98, London HMSO, Mirrlees-Black et al., 1998, The 1998 British Crime Survey

Websites
The British Journal of Criminology.

Broken Windows Theory.

The Institute for the Study of Civil Society.

Crime Statistics for England and Wales.

Criminological Theory (Florida State University).

The Home Office.

The British Crime Survey.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Forensic Evidence

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Dean J R et al — Practical Skills in Forensic Science (Prentice Hall, 2005) ISBN 0131144006

Eckert W G — Introduction to Forensic Sciences (CRC Press Inc, 1996) ISBN 0849381010

Moore P — The Forensics Handbook (Eye Books, 2004) ISBN 190307035X

Pepper I K — Crime Scene Investigation: Methods and Procedures (Open University Press, 2005) ISBN 0335214908

White P C — Crime Scene to Court: The Essentials of Forensic Science (The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004) ISBN 0854046569

Journals
Biological Sciences Review

Chemistry Review

Chemistry World

New Scientist

Physics Review

Websites
Biology resources for learners and tutors.

Royal Society of Chemistry.

the Forensic Science Service.

the Forensic Science Society.

Health and Safety Executive guidance for employers and employees on blood-borne viruses in the workplace.

Institute of Physics.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Forensic Photography

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Hicks R and Schultz F — Darkroom Basics and Beyond (Collins & Brown, 2003) ISBN 1843400480

Langford M — Basic Photography (Focal Press, 2000) ISBN 0240515927

Redsicker DR — The Practical Methodology of Forensic Photography (CRC Press Inc, 2000) ISBN 0849320046

Stone J and London B — A Short Course in Photography: An Introduction to Photographic Technique, 6th Edition (Prentice Hall, 2005) ISBN 0131933809

Stroebel L — View Camera Technique (Focal Press, 1999) ISBN 0240803450

Stroebel L et al — Basic Photographic Materials and Processes (Focal Press, 2000) ISBN 0240804058

Websites
The Association of Photographers.

Forensic Photography for the Crime Scene Technician.

Analysis of forensic digital photography.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Criminal Psychology

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Brewer K — Heinemann Themes in Psychology: Psychology and Crime (Heinemann Educational Secondary Division, 2000) ISBN 043580653X

Coolican H — Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology (Hodder Arnold, 2004) ISBN 0340812583

Harrower J — Applying Psychology to Crime (Hodder Arnold, 1998) ISBN 0340705566

Kapardis A — Psychology and Law: A Critical Introduction (Cambridge University Press, 2002) ISBN 0521531616

Milne R and Bull R — Investigative Interviewing: Psychology and Practice (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2007) ISBN 0470016272

Towl G J and Crighton D A — The Handbook of Psychology for Forensic Practitioners (Routledge, 1996) ISBN 0415128889

Journals
Law and Human Behavior

Legal and Criminological Psychology

Websites
The Internet Journal of Criminology.

New Criminologist Online Journal.

The Home Office.

Psychology Press.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Forensic Fire Investigation

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
DeHaan J D — Kirk’s Fire Investigation, 5th Edition (Prentice Hall, 2002) ISBN 0130604585

DeHaan J D and Icove D J — Forensic Fire Scene Reconstruction (Prentice Hall, 2004) ISBN 0130942057

Faith N — Blaze: The Forensics of Fire (St Martin’s Press, 2000) ISBN 0312261284

Noon R K — Forensic Engineering Investigation (CRC Press Inc. US, 2000) ISBN 0849309115

Quintiere J G — Principles of Fire Behaviour (Delmar, 1997) ISBN 0827377320

Redsicker D R — Practical Fire and Arson Investigation (CRC Press Inc. US, 2007) ISBN 0849321336

Websites
Fire Safety Advice Centre.

The Fire Service College.

Institution of Fire Engineers: Basic Principles of Building Construction; Fire Technology — Chemistry and Combustion; Principles of Fire Investigation.

provides resources for fire services, fire insurers, law enforcement and others whose duties involve arson investigation, fire investigation safety and fire scene training.

The Fire Protection Association is the UK’s national fire safety organisation: Safety at Scenes of Fire and Related Incidents.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Forensic Science Informatics

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Beales R P — PC Systems, Installation and Maintenance (Newnes, 2003) ISBN 0750660740

Bejtlich R et al — Real Digital Forensics: Computer Security and Incident Response (Addison Wesley, 2005) ISBN 0321240693

Casey E — Digital Evidence and Computer Crime (Academic Press Inc. US, 2004) ISBN 0121631044

Jones R — Internet Forensics (O’Reilly, 2005) ISBN 059610006X

Websites
IT security website.

Academic Press.

International Virtual Librarian Association of Computer Investigative Specialist.

WHOIS lookup, ping and tracert commands.

Legal website.

Forensic website.

High Tech Crime Investigation Association.

Legal website.

Computer books, conferences and online publishing.

Virtual Librarian.

Internet website.

IT website.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Traffic Accident Investigation

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Cooper S and Orme M — Practical Road Traffic Law (Blackstone’s Practical Policing Series) (Oxford University Press, 2006) ISBN 0199296839

James S H and Nordby J J (editors) — Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques (CRC Press Inc. US, 2002) ISBN 0849312469

Meloan C E and Saferstein R — Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 8th Edition (Prentice Hall, 2003) ISBN 0131126814

Noon R K — Forensic Engineering Investigation (CRC Press Inc. US, 2000s) ISBN 0849309115

Van Kirk DJ — Vehicular Accident Investigation and Reconstruction (CRC Press Inc. US, 2000) ISBN 0849320208

Websites
Department for Transport.

Department for Transport road safety.

Department for Transport road safety research report.

The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents.

[http://www.thinkroadsafety.gov.uk The THINK! Road Safety Website.]

[http://www.thinkroadsafety.gov.uk/campaigns/drinkdrive/drinkdrive01.htm THINK! Drink driving factsheet.]

The World Bank.

State University of New York drink driving.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Criminal Investigation Procedures

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
English J and English B — Police Training Manual (Contemporary Books, 2003) ISBN 0-07-710731-4

Milne R and Bull R — Investigative Interviewing: Psychology and Practice (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2007) ISBN 0-470-01627-2

Pepper I — Crime Scene Investigation: Methods and Procedures (Open University Press, 2004) ISBN 0-335-21490-8

Quinn F and Elliott C — Criminal Law (Longman, 2006) ISBN 1-4058-3528-1

Sampson F et al — Blackstone’s Police Investigator’s Manual (Blackstone’s Police Manuals) (Oxford University Press, 2005) ISBN 0-19-928759-7

The Home Office — Covert Surveillance: Code of Practice (The Stationery Office Books, 2002) ISBN 0-11-341284-3

Journal
British Society of Criminology

Websites
ACPO criminal investigation guide for hate crime.

ACPO Investigation of Volume Crime Manual.

The British criminal justice system.

The Crown Prosecution Service Admitting Evidence Under Sections 9 And 10 Criminal Justice Act 1967.

Covert surveillance information.

Crime scenes.

The Home Office types of surveillance.

UK Law Online.

The Metropolitan Police crime prevention information.

Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996.

The Criminal Procedure Rules 2005.

PACE codes and police powers.

The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA).


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Criminal Investigation Practice

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Dean J R et al — Practical Skills in Forensic Science (Practical Skills Series) (Prentice Hall, 2005) ISBN 0131144006

Fleisher W L and Gordon N — Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques (Academic Press Inc US, 2006) ISBN 0123694906

Jackson A R W and Jackson J — Forensic Science (Prentice Hall, 2004) ISBN 0130432512

Milne R and Bull R — Investigative Interviewing: Psychology and Practice (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2007) ISBN 0470016272

White P C — Crime Scene to Court: The Essentials of Forensic Science (The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004) ISBN 0854046569

Journals
British Society of Criminology

Forensic Science International

Journal of Forensic Science

Websites

 * Interviewing Witnesses: What Works and What Doesn’t?.
 * Enhancing the Practicality of the Cognitive Interview in Forensic Situations.
 * A-level psychology online Chapter 3: Cognitive Psychology: Human Memory.
 * The Art and Science of Criminal Investigation: Testimonial Evidence.
 * Crime Scene Investigator.
 * Forensic Science Resources in a Criminal Fact Investigation Index.


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Forensic Media and Crime

=Resources=

Edexcel recommend the following resources.

Textbooks
Anderson P J and Weymouth A — Insulting the Public?: British Press and the European Union (Longman, 1999) ISBN 0582317401

Best J — Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians and Activists (University of California Press, 2001) ISBN 0520219783

Chambliss W J — Power, Politic and Crime (Crime and Society Series) (Westview Press Inc. US, 2000) ISBN 081333487X

Flanagan C and Russell J — Research Methods for Edexcel Psychology (Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2005) ISBN 0748794336

Hachen D — Sociology in Action: Cases for Critical and Sociological Thinking (Sage Publications Inc, 2001) ISBN 0761986634

Holtzman L — Media Messages: What Film, Television and Popular Music Teach Us About Race, Class, Gender and Social Orientation (M E Sharpe, 2000) ISBN 0765603373

Jacobs R N — Race, Media and the Crisis of Civil Society: From Watts to Rodney King (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521625785

Reeves B and Nass C — The Media Equation: How People Treat Computing, Television and New Media Like Real People and Places (University of Chicago Press, 1998) ISBN 1575860538

Swann P — TV Dot Com: The Future of Interactive Television (TV Books, 2000) ISBN 1575001772

Other publications
All England Report on Crime — HMSO publication

Websites
Examines the statistical relationship between ethnicity and the likelihood of committing a crime.

The Commission for Racial Equality. The Equal Opportunities Commission.

The Home Office ‘British Crime Survey’.

Explanation of laws relating to libel and slander.

The Department for Constitutional Affairs: justice rights and democracy.

The Media-wise Trust: towards better journalism.

OFCOM: the official regulator of the media.

Press Complaints Commission (PCC).

Rethink Organisation.

official national statistics.

example of crime statistics.


text:
User talk:Peace keeper II~enwikibooks

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 12:16, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Disaster and WOMD defence guide
Please be aware that this is a wiki - you cannot prevent folks from editing a page here, thanks -- Herby talk thyme 12:16, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Peace keeper II. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Peace keeper II~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:21, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peace keeper II~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:MyOwnLittlWorld/Python/Python: Non-Interactive (Script) Mode

Yes, I realize this leaves out the: chmod 744 X.py && ./X.py method of running programs in *nix/OS X, but in the interest of simplicity and platform independence (as this doesn't run on Windows), I'm leaving it out.

If it's required, it can be added as a subsection as "Another method of executing programs" or something.


text:
User:MyOwnLittlWorld/Python/Conventions

A few notes on the conventions used in this book, just things to keep in mind and understand:

 * Whenever you see something like "type Return" or "press Enter", the author is referring to the large key on the right side of American keyboards, beneath the "Backspace" key.

title: User:MyOwnLittlWorld/Python/Conventions


text:
LaTeX/Numbering

Basic Numbering
The following are numbered LaTeX objects:

part, chapter, section, subsection, subsubsection

paragraph, subparagraph

page

equation, figure, table

footnote, mpfootnote

enumi, enumii, enumiii, enumiv

title: LaTeX/Numbering


text:
Cookbook:Boiled Yellow Split Peas

| Vegetarian Cuisine

These legumes are flavorful and healthy, but require soaking.

Ingredients

 * ½ pound (225 grams / 1¼ cups) dry yellow split peas
 * 3–4 cups (¾–1 liter) potable (drinking) water
 * ⅛ teaspoon baking soda, if needed (see tips)

Quick method

 * 1) Pick over beans, then add hot water.
 * 2) Boil for two minutes.
 * 3) Set aside for 1 hour.
 * 4) Drain and rinse.
 * 5) Simmer until tender.

Overnight method

 * 1) Pick over beans, then add cold water.
 * 2) Soak overnight, or 6 hours minimum.
 * 3) Drain and rinse.
 * 4) Simmer until tender.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * As beans are a natural product, pick over beans, discarding any stones, dirt particles, or discolored beans before soaking or cooking.
 * If you have hard water in your area, adding ⅛ teaspoon baking soda will reduce the cooking time.
 * Make sure water covers beans by at least 2 inches (5 centimeters), check on water level every little while, and don't let the top beans get above the water.

title: Cookbook:Boiled Yellow Split Peas


text:
User:Liaocyed

 * Received education in Taiwan, Canada, and Europe.

title: User:Liaocyed


text:
Talk:Basic Book Design/Font

Monospaced fonts are usually recommended for text seen at computer's console and they are used in mathematics. In my opinion, their usage needs more details.

Keep out of trouble rule 7
This rule says "Don't forget that it can only take up less than a quarter of a page". What is "it"? There is no obvious thing for this to refer to.

free fonts?
What about recommending fonts under free licenses?Reseletti (discuss • contribs) 13:33, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Basic Book Design/Font


text:
Cookbook:Carbonara Pasta

This is a wonderful dish that is very easy to do. It does call for the use of raw eggs, which is not to everyone's taste. However, pregnant women should not eat raw eggs.

Ingredients

 * 4 free-range eggs with large yolks
 * 3 oz (65 g) fresh Italian pancetta, cubed into ¼–⅜-inch (0.64–0.95 cm) pieces
 * 1 sprig of fresh thyme, finely chopped
 * ¼ small onion, finely chopped
 * The minced zest of ½ a lemon
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste
 * Grated parmigiano and/or pecorino romano cheese
 * 12 oz (340 g) uncooked pasta (e.g. spaghetti or penne)

Procedure

 * 1) Put on the desired quantity of pasta to cook.
 * 2) Crack the eggs carefully, and separate the yolks from the whites—a good way of doing this is to run the egg through the almost closed fingers of your upturned palm, so as the white runs away through the fingers, and the yolk remains in your hand. Keep the yolks in a large bowl, and use the whites for another purpose. Remember to pick out the pesky little white bit that always remains behind on the yolk.
 * 3) Fry the pancetta on a lowish heat in a dry frying pan until it is crispy.
 * 4) When the pancetta is cooked, drain and allow it to cool for a few minutes before combining it with the yolks in a large bowl. Allowing it to cool prevents cooking of the eggs.
 * 5) Add a pinch of rock-salt and a very generous amount of ground pepper to the yolk mixture.
 * 6) Add the lemon zest, chopped thyme, and a small amount of the Parmigiano cheese.
 * 7) Drain the pasta through a colander, count to 10 to let the pasta cool slightly, and add it to the bowl with the yolk mixture.
 * 8) Mix it through with a wooden spoon and serve immediately, sprinkling the remaining Parmigiano cheese over the top.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * For the pancetta don't buy the ready cubed stuff, but the fresh, Italian version, with a little cracked pepper on the rind. If you really can't find it, smoked bacon will do.
 * Use yolks as fresh and as yellow as possible!
 * If you want to add a little chopped flat-leaf parsley (not the curly stuff) to add colour, go ahead.
 * Served with a simple green salad, it's delicious.

title: Cookbook:Carbonara Pasta


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User talk:Nagarajat

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

Xania talk 18:16, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nagarajat


text:
User:TexasAndroid

Wikibooks account for English Wikipedia admin TexasAndroid.

title: User:TexasAndroid


text:
User talk:129.255.93.180

-- SB_Johnny | talk 19:57, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

A Wikimanual of Gardening/The Importance of Studying Weeds
Thank you for your excellent contributions! Weeds are a favorite topic of mine :). -- SB_Johnny | talk 19:57, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:129.255.93.180