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Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques/Benzoic acid

=Preparation of benzoic acid=

The experimental details given here are given in good faith and are believed to be safe and workable methods. However, the authors cannot take responsibility for the consequences of performing these experiments.

The experiments are written for experienced science teaching staff to use as instructions for a supervised class of students. The experiments are not designed for students or inexperienced members of the public to perform without supervision. If you wish to attempt the experiments, ensure that you have completed a legally adequate risk assessment beforehand and that you work within the constraints of the risk assessment.

Theory
Oxidations are a very important class of reactions in organic chemistry. Most oxidations require either a heteroatom in a reduced state (O in -OH, N in -NH2, etc.) or a carbon-carbon pi-bond.

The oxidation of an aromatic side chain does not require any of these factors. All that is needed is a benzylic carbon with at least one hydrogen attached to it. The oxidising agents that can be used are chromic acid (using Na2Cr2O7 or CrO3 in sulphuric acid and water) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The product in each case is benzoic acid or a derivative of benzoic acid. The permanganate reaction requires work up with acid, because the permanganate reaction generates a basic solution as a by product):
 * C6H5CH3 + 2 KMnO4 → C6H5COOK + 2 MnO2 + H2O + KOH

We will use potassium permanganate to oxidise methylbenzene (toluene) to benzoic acid. Permanganate solutions are less hazardous than those containing chromium compounds, which are often carcinogenic.

Safety

 * Potassium manganate (VII) (permanganate) is a strong oxidiser, and is corrosive, wear gloves while handling it (it will also stain skin and clothing).
 * Sodium hydrogen sulphite (sodium bisulphite) is an irritant—wear gloves while handling it.
 * Concentrated hydrochloric acid is corrosive and toxic—wear gloves while handling it, and be sure to wash your gloves and your hands after handling it.
 * Methylbenzene (toluene) is a flammable liquid, is toxic, and its vapours are narcotic—no flames will be allowed in lab, wear gloves while handling it, and avoid breathing its vapours.

Method
Day 1: Preparation of benzoic acid.

In a 100 cm3 round bottom flask (this will keep liquid to less than half of the capacity of the reaction vessel), mix the following:
 * 3.0 g of KMnO4 (Use caution not to get on skin)
 * About 0.7 g of methylbenzene (about 0.8 cm3 liquid)
 * 35 g (cm3) of water.

Reflux (with a few added anti-bumping granules) the reaction mixture for up to 4 hours.

Refluxing for less time than this may result in left-over manganate (VII). Because of the volatility of methylbenzene, efficient cooling of the reflux condenser is necessary.
 * C6H5CH3 + 2 KMnO4 → C6H5COOK + 2 MnO2 + H2O + KOH

STOP, and leave your apparatus until the next lab period for purification.

Day 2: Separation of benzoic acid

Use suction filtration in a Büchner funnel (filter the hot solution, but do not wash with hot or cold water). Collect the filtrate (the liquid that passes the filter).

The insoluble MnO2 will be retained by the filter, while the filtrate is collected in the suction flask. It can be thrown away.

If the filtrate is still purple (indicating MnO4- ion is still present) transfer the filtrate to a new flask and cool on ice if it is still hot.

Slowly add small amounts of solid sodium hydrogen sulphite (NaHSO3 ) to reduce any remaining permanganate ion.

Be careful because the reaction between sodium hydrogen sulphite and potassium manganate (VII) is highly exothermic (heat released).

When no more purple colour is present (the mixture will be a brownish suspension), you have added enough sodium hydrogen sulphite.

When the purple colour is no longer present, centrifuge the suspension for 5 minutes at 3-4000 rpm. (The MnO2 formed at this stage is too fine to be filtered efficiently). Centrifugation will cause the precipitate to form a pellet and the rest of the solution can be decanted carefully.

If the solution is not colourless (it is still purple in colour) you will need to add more hydrogen sulphite and repeat the centrifugation in order to produce a clear solution (a slight brownish hue is acceptable, but it must not be purple).

Put the clear and colourless solution (a slight brownish colour is acceptable) in the ice bath. Acidify the mixture by adding about 2.5 cm3 of concentrated HCl. Add the acid drop by drop until a white precipitate of benzoic acid is formed. (It may redissolve if not enough acid has been added). As few as 4-5 drops may be enough to make the solution acidic, and initiate the formation of solid material. Adding more acid will not affect your results, as you cannot add too much acid.

 * C6H5COOK + KOH + 2 HCl → C6H5COOH + H2O + 2 KCl

Collect the precipitated organic product using vacuum filtration and a Büchner funnel. You can use small amounts of cold water to wash the solid material and to remove the solid from the crystallisation container, prior to drying on a watch glass.

The solid product will be stored in the drying oven until the next lab period for recrystallisation.

Stop and store your solid material until the next lab period for purification. If you were not able to produce solid material during this lab period, you can store your sample until the next lab period.

Day 3: Recrystallisation and analysis of the benzoic acid

The purification method involves recrystallisation. It is necessary to select an appropriate solvent in which A solvent which meets these criteria for this experiment is water.
 * 1) the benzoic acid is very soluble at high temperatures but sparingly soluble at low temps, and...
 * 2) either; impurities are insoluble at all temps, or....
 * 3) impurities are soluble at all temps

Example recrystallisation method
This is an example of how the work might be recorded. Repeat this experiment – or improve on it if you feel able to. Note that not all data are recorded for you (the volume of hot water used, for example).

Benzoic acid was collected in a beaker (250 cm3).

A small quantity of water was poured into the beaker and the mixture brought to the boil over a Bunsen flame. The mixture was stirred to encourage dissolving.

Not all of the benzoic acid dissolved. A little more water was added, keeping the mixture stirred and simmering. The process was repeated until all of the benzoic acid appeared to dissolve.

The mixture was then filtered quickly through a pre-heated Buchner funnel. Any insoluble impurities remained on the paper as the residue.

The filtrate was cooled on ice and this caused most of the benzoic acid to crystallise. Soluble impurities were left in solution.

The mixture was again filtered at the pump, this time while cold. The residue on the filter is the purified benzoic acid.

This residue was washed by running a little deionised water over it in order to remove the salt solution. Running the pump for a short while after filtration encourages drying of the residue.

The residue was then carefully scraped off the filter paper onto a watch glass and allowed to dry in the oven at 60 oC. When dry, the final product was weighed.

Results

Mass of benzoic acid at start 4.00 g

Mass of benzoic acid as product 3.50 g

Discussion
Analyse the benzoic acid by determining the melt temperature. Compare your observed value to the literature value. Determine a percentage yield based on the limiting reagent (methylbenzene).

Show the oxidation state of the methyl carbon of the methylbenzene, the carbonyl carbon of the acid, and for the Mn in both the permanganate ion and the MnO2.

You may wish to record other details of the experiment which do not naturally fall in to any of the other categories e.g. mistakes which may have occurred; some theory which is new to you; some interesting application or detail which you may wish to record for future reference etc.


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Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques/Aspirin

=Preparation of aspirin=

The experimental details given here are given in good faith and are believed to be safe and workable methods. However, the authors cannot take responsibility for the consequences of performing these experiments.

The experiments are written for experienced science teaching staff to use as instructions for a supervised class of students. The experiments are not designed for students or inexperienced members of the public to perform without supervision. If you wish to attempt the experiments, ensure that you have completed a legally adequate risk assessment beforehand and that you work within the constraints of the risk assessment.

2-hydroxybenzoic (‘salicylic’) acid reacts with ethanoic acid and its derivatives to form 2-ethanoylhydroxybenzoic acid (‘aspirin’)

Chemicals and apparatus

 * Round-bottomed flask
 * Vacuum filtration apparatus
 * Reflux condenser
 * Ice-bath
 * Beaker, 100 cm3
 * Heating mantle
 * Balance
 * Watch glass
 * 2.0 g of 2-hydroxybenzoic (‘salicylic’) acid
 * 3.0 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride
 * 5 drops of 85% phosphoric (V) acid

Precautions

 * Wear eye protection and laboratory coat at all times.
 * Tie back long hair when using Bunsen burners.

Procedure

 * 1) Weigh out approximately but accurately 2.0 g of 2-hydroxybenzoic (‘salicylic’) acid and add it to a round-bottomed 'Quickfit' flask.
 * 2) With care, add 3.0 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride to the flask contents.
 * 3) Again with care add 5 drops of 85% phosphoric (V) acid and swirl gently to mix the flask contents.
 * 4) Using a heating mantle reflux the mixture gently for five minutes.
 * 5) Immediately after 5 minutes carefully add 2.0 cm3 of water down the vertical condenser. Note:  this will produce a vigorous reaction.
 * 6) When the reaction has subsided carefully pour the flask contents into 40 cm3 of cold water in a small beaker.
 * 7) Allow the beaker contents to cool, scratching the inside of the beaker with a glass rod if crystallisation does not occur immediately.
 * 8) Once crystallisation has started cool the beaker and contents in an ice-bath.
 * 9) Filter the solid product using suction (vacuum) filtration and wash the solid with a little cold water.
 * 10) Recrystallise the product from the minimum of hot water, filtering and washing as before.
 * 11) Dry the material in air, scrape it onto a pre-weighed watch glass and determine the mass of product.

Treatment of the product

 * 1) Determine the percentage yield.
 * 2) Carry out a melting point determination.

Conclusions and comments

 * 1) What sort of reaction is occurring? What sort of bond is formed?
 * 2) What is the purpose of the phosphoric acid?
 * 3) What is the relationship between ethanoic anhydride and ethanoic acid?
 * 4) Look up and write a short account of how aspirin is manufactured. How is the 2-hydroxybenzoic acid made?

=References=

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques/Caffeine Extract

=Isolation Of Caffeine From An Impure Mixture (Tea).=

This method is adapted from that of Eric Paul, Bergen Academies, 2000

The experimental details given here are given in good faith and are believed to be safe and workable methods. However, the authors cannot take responsibility for the consequences of performing these experiments.

The experiments are written for experienced science teaching staff to use as instructions for a supervised class of students. The experiments are not designed for students or inexperienced members of the public to perform without supervision. If you wish to attempt the experiments, ensure that you have completed a legally adequate risk assessment beforehand and that you work within the constraints of the risk assessment.

Introduction
Natural products are substances produced in living systems. They may be useful to humankind, especially in the field of medicine. For example, taxol is a substance derived from Pacific yew trees that has been shown to be effective against certain types of cancer. The extraction of such substances is necessary before their value can be evaluated.

The extraction of a natural product, caffeine, from tea leaves, has been chosen since the starting ingredients are relatively easy to come by, and we will still find a reasonable level of challenge. Caffeine is a natural product found in coffee and tea. It is chosen here because it is relatively easy to extract compared to some of the other substances we might be interested in. Efficient Extraction of caffeine from tea leaves relies heavily on the properties of caffeine and the other components present in the tea bag. Tea leaves constitute of cellulose, tannins, proteins and pigments, saponins and other minor components.

Caffeine

Objective
To obtain the greatest mass of caffeine from four bags of tea.

Reagents
The compound is highly volatile and the vapour irritates eyes, skin and lungs; depresses the central nervous system and may cause liver damage. Prolonged action may cause cardiac arrest. The liquid can be absorbed through the skin and is toxic if ingested. Use only in a fume cupboard. Wear gloves as well as usual protective clothing (labcoat and safety glasses).
 * Dichloromethane (methylene dichloride):
 * Sodium carbonate
 * Anhydrous magnesium sulphate

Murexide test

 * Potassium chlorate (I)
 * Concentrated hydrochloric acid
 * 2 mol dm−3 ammonia solution

Precautions
Wear eye protection and laboratory coat at all times.

Use dichloromethane and concentrated hydrochloric acid in fume cupboard, wearing gloves

Materials and Equipment
Perform this activity in groups of three or four. Every member has a lab book in which procedures, observations, and data must be recorded. The members of each group have specific tasks to do.

Task #1 is safety engineer, the person who directs the others and reminds them to wear goggles and to follow other safety procedures.

Task #2 is balance technician, responsible for recording masses and other significant data.

Task #3 is “setups technician,” who sets up various pieces of equipment, such as the separating funnel.

For four-member groups, there is a director distinct from the safety engineer.

Method

 * 1) Put on goggles.
 * 2) Set up the separating funnel in advance. Place the ring stand in the hood. It is desirable to place rubber bumpers on the iron ring so as to protect the glass from breakage. The rubber for this will come from expendable rubber tubing. Cut a short section of tubing, then cut it open lengthwise, so that it can be wrapped around the ring. Place these bumpers approximately 120o from each other on the iron ring, and this will protect the funnel against damage when it is placed in the iron ring.
 * 3) Prepare a basin of ice for cooling the beaker of tea later.
 * 4) In a hood start heating the water in the rotary evaporator.
 * 5) The objective is to produce the greatest mass of caffeine per tea bag. Students are given this objective in advance, so they can do research in the library, on the Internet, and by talking to experts, to identify promising teas for extraction of the most caffeine. Start with four tea bags.
 * 6) Four tea bags are to be massed. It is important that tea leaves not leave the bags, so the bags should not be punctured, but strings and tags should be cut off and paper wrappers removed before massing.
 * 7) Using the graduated cylinder, measure 100 cm3 of distilled water into a 400 cm3 beaker.
 * 8) Mass 2.0 g of NaHCO3 and use glass rod to stir into beaker of water.
 * 9) Submerge tea bags in the solution in the beaker.
 * 10) Place a clean, dry petri dish on the top of the beaker to prevent splattering. Thus covered, the beaker should be placed on a tripod and heated with a Bunsen burner. Continue heating until the water boils.
 * 11) Decant the liquid to a 400 cm3 beaker and examine the liquid to see if any tea leaves have escaped the bags. If the liquid is free of tea leaves, then proceed to the next step. Otherwise, repeat steps 6 - 11.
 * 12) Cool the tea by setting the beaker in a basin of ice.
 * 13) Ensure separating funnel valve shut. Using an ordinary funnel, pour the tea into the separating funnel.
 * 14) Put on gloves. (The subsequent steps, which involve dichloromethane, should be performed in a fume cupboard while wearing gloves.)
 * 15) The separating funnel should be placed in the hood if it has not been already.
 * 16) Using a graduated cylinder, measure 25 cm3 of dichloromethane. Dichloromethane and the tea mixture can form an emulsion difficult to separate if allowed to be agitated, so slowly pour the dichloromethane into the separating funnel.
 * 17) Avoid shaking the separating funnel too vigorously. Stopper the separating funnel and gently tilt the mixture back and forth. Vigorous shaking will cause a bothersome emulsion to form.
 * 18) After the bottom layer is removed from the separating funnel, it must pass through a drying agent (such as anhydrous Na2SO4). The purpose of this is to remove any H2O from the bottom layer. A second filtration setup is used. Set up the conical flask close by the separating funnel, and place a funnel in the flask. Line the funnel with filter paper. Place a small amount of dichloromethane on the filter paper so that it will adhere to the sides of the funnel. This setup will be used in the next step to remove Na2SO4 after it has removed the last traces of water.
 * 19) Place a conical flask under the separating funnel to catch the bottom layer. Unstopper the flask and gently open the valve to allow only the bottom layer to pass through. Turn the valve to the shut position before any of the top layer passes through. Add anhydrous Na2SO4 to the liquid and stir. Pour the contents of this flask through the paper-lined conical funnel so as to remove the Na2SO4.
 * 20) Set up the rotary evaporator. Ensure tubing is hooked up for cooling water, including a secure hose leading to a drain. Turn on the cooling water.
 * 21) Record the mass of a round-bottom flask. Transfer the filtrate to the round-bottom flask, and attach this to the appropriate end of the rotary evaporator. Ensure a receiving flask is also in place. Start the rotation of the sample flask. Gently lower the sample flask into the water, but if the solvent boils too violently, elevate the sample flask and lower the temperature of the water, then try again. Eventually, the solvent will evaporate and is collected in the receiving flask. The caffeine sample will encrust the first flask.
 * 22) Weigh your flask with its contents to determine the yield, in grams, of caffeine.5 Remove your caffeine to a sample tube and label it.

Test small samples as follows
Measure the melting point and compare it to the expected value

Perform the murexide test:

(In the fume cupboard, wearing gloves)

 * 1) In a watch glass, mix a small amount of your sample with 2-3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Use a glass rod for mixing.
 * 2) Add a few small crystals of potassium chlorate (I) and mix well.
 * 3) Heat the watch glass over a boiling water bath until the sample is dry.
 * 4) Allow to cool.
 * 5) Moisten with a drop of ‘bench’ (2 mol dm−3) ammonia solution. The sample should turn purple.

The test is for purines in general and gives murexide, a violet compound:

Murexide is a useful indicator for metals complexes such as nickel. The nickel complex is yellow.

Questions
1 Polyphenols are a potential contaminant. The addition of carbonate prevents them from contaminating the caffeine because the weakly acidic polyphenols undergo the following equilibrium:

Explain why this prevents polyphenols becoming an impurity.

2 Which layer is dichloromethane and which is aqueous? Give the densities of water and dichloromethane in your explanation.

3 What effect does this have? Record your observations and their explanation.

4 Why use this piece of equipment?

5 What is the amount of caffeine in tea? What is your percentage yield?

6 Identify the ‘amide’ parts of caffeine.

7 Phenols are aromatic molecules. Explain what this means. What is its main functional group?


text:
User:Nabo0o~enwikibooks

Some stuff might appear here.... eventually.

title: User:Nabo0o~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:First Aid/Heat-Related Illness & Injury

Sunburns
Where would sunburns fall under first aid? Heat-related injury or Thermal burns? --Nugger 17:55, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Radiation burns, actually.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:11, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Organization
I just suggested that "Symptoms of heat exhaustion" and "treatment of heat exhaustion" be made subheaders under the already present "Heat Exhaustion" header. --BryceB 28 July 2009

Same thing with Heat Stoke.


text:
Fractals/Cantor's Set

Cantor's set is a subset of an interval in the real line - normally the unit interval, [0,1]. It is constructed by removing the middle third of the interval but leaving the end-points where they are (see open intervals). This iterative step is then applied again and again to the parts left "to infinity" to any and all line segments left. This eventually (after an infinite length of time and number of iterations) reduces the original set to a set of distinct points. The picture on the right shows the source set

Taking a probability measure over the line (analogous to determining how much of the length of the original line is left at any given time) one can see that one loses 1/3 per iteration multiplicatively. Hence, the length left decreases exponentially to zero with the number of iterations increasing. The limiting behaviour of this measure can be described by examining the function $$f(n)=\left ( \frac{2}{3} \right )^n$$, noting that its limit lies at zero. In fact, the cantor set, the limiting residue of the line after an infinite number of iterations as described above is a set of distinct points. Since the points have no length, this is described as a set of measure zero. It is also an infinite set, as 2^n more endpoints are created with every successive step and these end-points are all that is left within the set. It is also an uncountable set, which means that the natural numbers ("whole" or "counting" numbers) can't be singularly mapped onto it by a process that allows them to be mapped back.

title: Fractals/Cantor's Set


text:
User talk:87.225.121.25

You have been blocked from editing Wikibooks  as a result of your .  Please note that page blanking, addition of random text or spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. Webaware talk 23:02, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:87.225.121.25


text:
User:Kathrynjoann

I am new to wikibooks and trying to figure out how everything works.

title: User:Kathrynjoann


text:
Talk:Haskell/Modules

encapsulation
there should be something on how not exporting a constructor can hide information. if no expert takes on the job within the next few days, I am happy to do it.
 * Agree; I will add something along these lines later. Duplode (discuss • contribs) 05:17, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

Needs some clarification
I'm learning from this wikibook, so I can't make the changes myself.. there ought to be a real example of a module definition, not just the syntax. I'm not quite clear on how 'where' works (at first I thought it was a syntactical marker) after reading this. --207.14.29.3 23:22, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. there should be one toy module completely defined. I'm doing it.
 * Arguably solved in an indirect way by making Haskell/Standalone programs the very next module. Duplode (discuss • contribs) 05:18, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

How to express Main.(++++)?
I define a infix function (++++) in module Main.

 * Sorry, could you elaborate on your question? If you want to import/export infix functions, you have to wrap them around parentheses, like  .  Were you talking about that?  -- Kowey 07:05, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

for example: module Main where (+)::[a]->[a]->[a] a + b = a++b main = do   print ([1] + [2]) return It says "Ambiguous",because + is also define in Prelude.

How to explicitly point it's Main.+?

 Infix operators can be qualified Hugs> 1 Prelude.+ 2 3 Hugs> (Prelude.+) 1 2 3 Note that you may have to hide the original  and import the Prelude qualified in order to redefine   in terms of the old one: module Main( (+) ) where

import Prelude hiding ( (+) ) import Prelude qualified

(+) :: Num a => [a]->[a]->[a] a + b = zipWith (Prelude.+) a b -- apfeλmus 09:42, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

The $ operator
Some examples in this section use the $ operator, which has not been introduced yet. It is a bit confusing, and I still don't quite get what it does. Could someone add little more detail on that, please?

 * The $ operator is just ordinary function application . It has very low precedence, however, which is very useful to saving parentheses. Example:

length (map (^2) [1..10]) = length $ map (^2) [1..10] = length $ map (^2) $ [1..10]

 * --apfeλmus 07:25, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

 * To add to that, it can also be useful in other situations where it can remove a lambda expression: . We should include information on this operator before this module outside of the talk page, though. --Digichoron (discuss • contribs) 01:05, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Qualified imports
I've read over this section several times and can not determine what the difference is between a 'qualified import' and a simple 'import'? VernonF (discuss • contribs) 19:37, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haskell/Modules


text:
User talk:Tyoyafud

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 23:24, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

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Mirad Version 2
Please respond to the question on the book's talk page. The situation needs clarification. I pinged you there, but it seems the notification may have gotten misplaced. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 23:38, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

Mirad
Hi, how are you. I have just found your article about Mirad and I think it is very interesting. Do you speak the language? --Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 08:33, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Would it be possible for you to help me learn the language? --Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 10:27, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi! I am trying to contact you, as you have stated in your User page (If you are interested in Mirad, you can contact me on my discussion page and then we can exchange email addresses.). I think I found you on LinkedIn and also sent you a message there. I have also sent you and email to Shoetack@... (which I think it is yours). However, I haven't received any answer neither here, nor on LinkedIn nor by email. I would like to learn Mirad and would like to ask for some pieces of advice. If you prefer not to be contacted please let me know. Kind regards Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 12:21, 1 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi, sorry to bother you again, I would like to ask you wheter this and this is correct? I have started a wiki in Mirad in order to practise the language while translating shorts texts. It would be great if you could help out there. --Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 06:09, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The Czech Republic is now called Czechia and is translated as Cekyam in Mirad.
 * When you want to say in Europe, in Paris, or in Czechia, it is better to use the all-purpose locative preposition be, such as be Europa....in Europe. The word yeb is an adverb meaning inside, in.  It takes a preposition like be....at, bi...of, or bu to make a prepositional phrase.  For example:
 * Iyt se yeb be ha tam.....She is in/inside the house.
 * At peye yeb bu ha dyesnexam.....I am going into (=inside to) the library.
 * Yay yeyfe zoyper yeb bi ha om.....We should come back in from the cold.
 * The preposition be is used for general locative and idiomatic situations:
 * be ha domep....on the street
 * be yaniv....at a party
 * be bak ay be bok....in health and in sickness
 * be abem bi ha tam.... on top of the house
 * be yibsinibar....on television
 * be 1983....in 1983
 * be Meur....on Mars
 * Tyoyafud (discuss • contribs) 18:59, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * , you may be interested in the reply. - 🇺🇦 Слава🇺🇦Україні 🇺🇦 Героям🇺🇦Слава🇺🇦 (talk)🇺🇦 18:05, 3 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for telling me, somehow I haven't got any notification about @Tyoyafud's reply.
 * @Tyoyafud thanks for your answer, if you would like to add texts to the wiki, please feel free to do so. Unfortunately, now I am quite busy and I don't know when I will be able to keep learning Mirad or helping out on the wiki. All the best. Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 19:06, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

Dundyes
Hay! Duhayen et se? I am writing just to inform you that these Asian countries don't have a translation on the dictionary: Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, East Timor, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan.

Also, if the Dominican Republic is called "Dominikam", how is it called "Dominica" (another Caribbean country)?

I have also created this article.

Hoy! --Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 06:57, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I will add these countries to the list. Thanks for noting their absence, plus the confusion with Dominican Republic. Tyoyafud (discuss • contribs) 16:55, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Translation
Hi! Could you please translate this to Mirad?
 * Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language.
 * Hello, Jonathan! > Hay, Jonathan! (are names translated or they remain the same?)
 * Aristotle (384 BC – 7 March 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher. He was one of the most important philosophers in the history of Western civilization. He tutored Alexander the Great when Alexander was a child.

Thanks for your help. --Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 13:10, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Textun se ha vyayabxwa tix bi zyasauna ay obyema didi, gel husi ayv esen, vyatex, ten, nazi, tep, ay dalzeyn.
 * Aristotelis (348 JK - 7 jiib 322 JK) sa Helena textut. It sa awat bi ha gwa tesaga textuti be ha ajdin bi umera dotyen.  It tuuxa Aleksandros ha Agala haj hu Aleksandros sa tud.
 * This is the translation you requested. I have not decided how to handle foreign names, expect I think it would be best to stick to the original name of someone as close as possible, using whatever letters in Mirad reflect the pronunciation closest. Also, I may organize world country names to reflect the ISO standard.  More about this later...   Tyoyafud (discuss • contribs) 20:42, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you so much for your translation. I have add the articles to the Wiki.
 * Could you please translate this as well, whenever you have time?
 * First chapter
 * First May (1st May)
 * A man stands in a city. The man writes a journal. The man sees a city.
 * Does the man stand in a city? Yes, he stands in a city.
 * Does the man stand on... a man? No, he does not stand on a man. He stands in a city.
 * Thanks for your help. Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 10:01, 1 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Aa dyesgon (or: Anapa dyesgon)
 * Aa jub bi Jiyob.
 * Tob kyose be dom. Ha tob dre jubdyes.  Ha tob tease dom.
 * Duven ha tob kyose be dom? Va, it kyose be dom.
 * Duven ha tob kyose ab...tob? Vo, it voy kyose ab tob.  It kyose be dom.
 * Better is English would be "A man IS STANDING in a city." (the progressive present tense = kyoseye). In either case, I think you may mean "The man LIVES or IS in a city."..... Tyoyafud (discuss • contribs) 17:27, 1 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the translation. Yes, I meant "is standing", sorry. Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 18:16, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

New translation
Hi, how are you?

Could you please translate this to Mirad?
 * Film directors, screenwriters and actors
 * Family and relationships
 * Business and economics
 * International organizations
 * War and military
 * Social issues
 * Alexander III of Macedon (Greek: Αλέξανδρος, Aléxandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC) commonly known as Alexander the Great, was king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 336 BC until his death in 323 BC. He was one of the greatest military leaders of all time. He was born in 356 BC in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia.

Thanks for your help. --Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 15:55, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Dyezebi, dyezdruti, ay dyezuti
 * Tod ay todati
 * Ebkyax ay dobnastun
 * Ebdooba xobi
 * Dropek ay dop
 * Dota soni
 * Aleksandros III bi Mikim (Elid: Αλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 jiyeb 356 JaK - 10/11 jiyab 323 JaK) yansanay trawa gel Aleksandros ha Agala, sa edeb bi ha Ajoba Geroma Edebam bi Mikim bi 336 JaK ju ita toj bi 323 JaK. It sa awat bi ha agala dopa debi bi hya job.  It tija be 356 JaK be Pella, ha ajoba debdom bi Mikim.
 * Tyoyafud (discuss • contribs) 21:03, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks, could you please translate this?
 * Does the man stand on a train? No, he does not stand on train. He stands in a city. The man stands in a city.
 * Does the man write a journal? Yes, he writes a journal.
 * Does the journal write the man? No, the journal does not write the man. A journal does not write. A man writes. The man writes the journal.
 * Does the city see the man? No, the city does not see the man. A city does not see. A man sees. Does the man see the city? Yes, the man sees the city.
 * Where is the man? He stands on a city. What does the man write? He writes a journal. What does the man see? He sees a city. He stands in a city, and he writes a journal, and he sees a city.
 * Thank you. Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 13:22, 22 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm glad you are interested in Mirad. Why don't you try to translate your sentences yourself?  Mirad Grammar has all the information you need to do the job.  You can use the Mirad-English dictionary at the end to find words and expressions.  I must tell you that I don't have time to do the work for you.  By the way, in English, we translate Sp. "estar" with "to be, is, are, am, etc.", not "stand".  So we say " Is the man on a train? He is in a city, etc." So, in Mirad, the former sentence would be Duven ha tob se be bixpur? Tyoyafud (discuss • contribs) 17:42, 23 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi, just to let you know, I have moved all the articles from the Mirad Wiki here. That wiki we created is going to be deleted so, in order to keep those articles, I have put them in the other one. Caro de Segeda (discuss • contribs) 09:08, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

Mirad
Hi, how are you? I have just found about your language and I wanted to ask you whether it is related to Kotava in any way and what is your opinion on Kotava compared to Mirad. Thanks. --Jon Gua (discuss • contribs) 08:49, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Kotava has no relationship to Mirad. I like Kotava as an attractive language, but the vocabulary is completely random.  All the words in Mirad relate to one another schematically, a bit like how a thesaurus groups words and their opposites. Once you learn zia (right), you automatically know zua (left) because the stem vowels are opposite.  This saves a lot of studying.  All words having to do with books, such as "library", "reader", "bookbinder", and "literate" contain the root "dye-" meaning "read". Tyoyafud (discuss • contribs) 14:57, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your answer. Do you have any suggestions on how to learn the language? Jon Gua (discuss • contribs) 15:16, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * In the book "Mirad Grammar", there are some lessons toward the end with mini-quizzes. It would help to learn the language by starting there.  I will be adding lessons as I find the time.  But just these few lessons will give you and idea how the language works and you can then study the grammar. Tyoyafud (discuss • contribs) 20:48, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tyoyafud


text:
User talk:69.182.126.233

Mattb112885 (talk to me) 23:24, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.182.126.233


text:
User talk:Hoshismom

Welcome, !

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title: User talk:Hoshismom


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User talk:Jdick020

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User talk:Chadd

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User talk:Jorge de jorge

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User talk:Crawl004

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title: User talk:Crawl004