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C++ Programming/Examples

C++ Programming by examples Appendix Purpose and Scope This Appendix to the C++ Programming book will attempt to provide users a complementary practical understanding of the C++ programming language. It will be an aggregation dependent on the lessons and theoretical content already presented on the C++ Programming book, so to consistently list all compilable example programs that are used in the main book, this appendix will be useful to refresh your knowledge in a hands-on approach, guarantee performance and permit easier maintenance of the used code and test derivations of the examples used. This is an open work, if you find any problems with terms or concepts you can help by contribute to it, your participation is needed and welcomed! You are also welcome to state any preference, shortcomings or vision for the actual book content, structure or other conceptual matters, see this Wikibook's discussion page for the right forum for participating.

About the book
Referencing the learning chapters

Preamble
C++ Programming by examples can be used as an alternative approach to learn the language, by putting practice over theory. In any case this will require you to have greater level of expertise. You will need to understand how C++ files are organized, have and know how to operate a compiler and understand some nuances that will not be visible in code. Do understand that you will be able to read and program in C++, to some degree but to get to really understand the language, theory, not only practice, is required. Use the primary book as a reference anytime you have a doubt.

In the book we cover where to get a compiler (see the Compiler Section), this will provide you the tool needed to proceed. If you don't have, want or need a compiler installed on you machine you can use a WEB free compiler available at http://ideone.com (or http://codepad.org but you will have to change the code not to require interactive input).

Chapter 1: C++ a multi-paradigm language

 * This is the initial chapter of the book, it attempts to introduce the C++ language to the reader, speak of the language history and its evolution. providing an overview in an attempt to convey the reasons why one should come to know the language.
 * To understand C++, first one must establish what a programming language is, how they relate with each other (Low-level/High-level), the different programming paradigms, the Procedural programming and Object-oriented programming (Objects and Classes, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Multiple inheritance, Polymorphism), Generic programming, etc. As a way to permit to, not only to provide some useful background, but for readers with experience in other languages to understand how particular C++ is as compared to the other languages that are closely related, C (the origin of C++), Java, C#, (C++/CLI) and D.

 * In this chapter readers are asked to examine the first C++ source code, the common Hello World and provided the resources to understand it in step-by-step way.

Chapter 1: Compilable examples
Hello World - Displays a string - Displays a string1 - Displays a string2

Chapter 2: Fundamentals for getting started
Data and Variables One of the concepts for novice programmers is understanding how to write a program that sorts three integers. This comes in handy if you want to apply this to a program that you will later want to incorporate in a real-life situation. I am using this code to show how this can be applied for the purposes of using this code at work.

One example that comes to mind is if you were counting people such as (1) population density of a region or (2) the number of employees to get the demographics. For example, if you worked at the Census Bureau, and you wanted to measure how much of the population had moved from the Country to the City, you may way to sort the numbers. If you want to know if more women than men applied for a certain job, you will want to sort these the integers. Sometimes these types of Sorting functions can be seen on websites that filter and give the view with the largest integer descending down to the smallest of integers. Behind this User-interface (UI) is a Sorting function that is called when the User clicks a Submit button on a website.

This example takes 3 integers (from the User's Input) and sorts it. The main purpose of this section is to show how simple code can be used in real-life situations.

Chapter 5: Beyond the Standard

 * Average ( same program rewritten using a class )
 * Complicated Scope (v1 - v2 - v3)
 * Namespaces
 * Storing two values in integer variables (v1 - v2)
 * Using a Class
 * Displays a string (v1 - v2 - v3)

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Radiation Oncology/CNS/Trigeminal neuralgia/Retrospective

Trigeminal Neuralgia Retrospective Studies
 * Maryland
 * 2007 (1996-2004) PMID 17467919 -- "Efficacy and quality of life outcomes in patients with atypical trigeminal neuralgia treated with gamma-knife radiosurgery." (Dhople A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Oct 1;69(2):397-403. Epub 2007 Apr 30.)
 * Retrospective. 35 patients with atypical TN, Group I (atypical TN) 57%, Group II (typical progress to atypical) 43%. RT median 75 Gy (70-80 Gy). Median F/U 2.4 years
 * Pain control: 72% excellent/good relief, mean time to relief 5.8 weeks (0-24). Mean duration of relief 14 months. Comparable to typical TN at same institution
 * Side effects: 19% bothersome numbness
 * Conclusion: Aytpical TN similar outcomes to classical TN
 * 2003 PMID 12829153 1996-2001 -- "Radiosurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: evaluating quality of life and treatment outcomes." (Petit JH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Jul 15;56(4):1147-53.)
 * Retrospective. 96/112 patients. RT dose 75 Gy (70-80 Gy). Questionnaire containing BNI and McGill pain scales. Median f/u 30 months
 * Pain relief: 77% after median 3 weeks (0-24 weeks), 66% had decrease in meds use. Response associated with lack of prior surgical treatment and <50 month pain duration.
 * QOL: If sustained pain relief - 100% improvement in QOL and 100% belief in success, if temporary pain relief - 80% improvement in QOL and 65% belief in success
 * Side effects: 7% trigeminal dysfunction, 3% bothersome

 * Georgia, 2006 PMID 16825804 -- "Outcome of Patients Undergoing Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Medically Refractory Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia: Medical College of Georgia's Experience." (Fountas KN, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2006;84(2-3):88-96.)
 * Retrospective. 77 patients.
 * Pain control: no prior surgery 92% vs. prior surgery 84%, excellent outcome at 3 years 54% vs. 12%, good outcome 19% vs. 32%
 * Side effects: facial numbness

 * San Diego Gamma Knife Center, 2006 NSA Abstract -- "Dose response of Gamma Knife surgery for trigeminal neuralgia and high-dose salvage of failed Gamma Knife surgery" (Ott K, Neurosurgical Society of America Abstract, 2006)
 * Retrospective. 263 patients treated, 26 retreated. RT dose range 26-140 Gy. Average f/u 32 months
 * Pain control: Typical TN 85% excellent/good, Atypical TN 46% excellent/good. Dose response present, now use 97 Gy for both treatment and retreatment.
 * Side effects: >50% facial numbness, usually transient. Better pain control results
 * Retreatment: Same benefit. Comparable facial numbness, better response. Some with fair/poor/no response initially had excellent response on retreatment

 * Washington University, 2005 PMID 16205107 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: the Washington University initial experience." (Drzymala RE, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2005;83(4):148-52.)
 * Retrospective. 73 patients. RT 76-87 Gy.
 * Outcome (naive vs. prior surgery): complete pain relief 59% vs. 33%; >=50% pain reduction 25% vs. 28%, no relief 16% vs. 28%
 * Side effects: 15% numbness/paresthesias, 2% bothersome

 * USC, 2005 1997-2003 PMID 15918946 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia." (NcNatt SA, Neurosurgery. 2005 Jun;56(6):1295-301; discussion 1301-3.)
 * Retrospective. 49 patients. RT 40 Gy to 50% isodose, max 80 gy. 16% prior GR, 16% prior MVD. Median f/u 49 months
 * Pain relief 61% (BNI I-III), including 32% complete pain relief. Recurrence 29%, median time 9.6 months
 * Side effects: 29% mild/moderate facial numbness, 18% mild dysesthesias

 * Louisiana State
 * 2005 PMID 15913284 2000-2004 -- "Assessment of pain control, quality of life, and predictors of success after gamma knife surgery for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia." (Jawahar A, Neurosurg Focus. 2005 May 15;18(5):E8.)
 * Retrospective. 52/81 patients treated responded to questionnaire. Median f/u 16.5 months
 * Pain control: 42% complete, 27% partial, 31% failed. Recurrence 13%. Overall satisfaction 80%
 * 2004 PMID 15165787 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a study of predictors of success, efficacy, safety, and outcome at LSUHSC." (Shaya M, Surg Neurol. 2004 Jun;61(6):529-34; discussion 534-5.)
 * Retrospective. 41 patients. RT 70-90 Gy. Median f/u 14 months
 * Pain control: 40% excellent, 30% good, 30% failed. Vascular compression on MRI did not impact outcome. Improvement with dose >=80 Gy
 * 2002 PMID 11892881 -- "First 100 cases of gamma knife radiosurgery in Louisiana: analysis of demographics and early results." (Jawahar A, J La State Med Soc. 2002 Jan-Feb;154(1):31-6.)
 * GK commissioned 01/2000. Mets main indication, TN an indication

 * Rosewell Park, 2005 PMID 15796377 -- "Stereotactic gamma knife surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: detailed analysis of treatment response." (Tawk RG, J Neurosurg. 2005 Mar;102(3):442-9.)
 * Retrospective. 38 patients. RT to 35, 40, or 45 Gy to 50% isodose via 4-mm. Median follow-up 24 months
 * Pain relief (@24 months): 21% excellent/good, 3% fair, 50% poor, 26% still in f/u
 * Side effects: 37% facial numbness, dose related. But, higher pain relief in patients with facial numbness
 * No effect of dose (70Gy vs. 90Gy)

 * Virginia, 2005 1996-2003 PMID 15796376 -- "Gamma knife surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: outcomes and prognostic factors." (Sheehan J, J Neurosurg. 2005 Mar;102(3):434-41.)
 * Retrospective. 151 patients (14 repeats, 1 tripeat). RT 50-90 Gy, target 2-4mm anterior to entry into pons. Median f/u 19 months
 * Pain relief: 47% pain free/no meds at 1 year, 34% at 3 years. 90% some improvement at 1 year, 70% at 3 years. Mean time-to-relief 24 days (1,180). Relapse: 27% at median 12 months (2,34)
 * Side effects: 9% facial numbness, correlated with undergoing >1 GK

 * Prague (Czech)
 * 2005 PMID 15662776 -- "Treatment of essential trigeminal neuralgia with gamma knife surgery." (Urgosik D, J Neurosurg. 2005 Jan;102 Suppl:29-33.)
 * Retrospective. 107 patients. RT 70-80 Gy. Median f/u 60 months. Repeat in 19 patients, same dose.
 * Pain relief: Initial 96% (complete 80%). Median time to improvement 3 months (1 day, 13 months). Recurrence 25%, median interval 36 months (6, 94).
 * Retreatment: 19 patients (17%), initial pain relief 89% (complete 58%). Relapse 1 patient thus far
 * Side effects: Hypesthesia 20% after first GK, 32% after second GK. Median interval 35 months (3, 94) after first GK, 21 months (1, 72) after second
 * 2000 PMID 11143238 1995-1999 -- "Treatment of postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia with the gamma knife." (Urgosik D, J Neurosurg. 2000 Dec;93 Suppl 3:165-8.)
 * Retrospective. 16 patients treated for postherpetic TN. RT 70-80 Gy. Mean f/u 33 months
 * Pain relief: Success (excellent, very good, good) in 44%, failure in 56%. Pain relief after median 1 month
 * Side effects: none
 * 1998 PMID 9782252 1995-1996 -- "Gamma knife treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: clinical and electrophysiological study." (Urgosik D, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1998 Oct;70 Suppl 1:200-9.)
 * Retrospective. 49 patients, 31 essential TN, 7 MS-TN, 3 atypical TN, 8 postherpetic TN
 * Pain control (excellent, very good, good): EN 77%, MSTN 43%, ATN 33%, PTN 38%. Median relief 2 months
 * Side effects: hypesthesia 6%, 11% slight electrophysiological changes

 * Columbia
 * 2004 PMID 15137604 -- "Gamma knife surgery with a dose of 75 to 76.8 Gray for trigeminal neuralgia." (Brisman R, J Neurosurg. 2004 May;100(5):848-54.)
 * Retrospective. 293 patients. Median f/u 1.9 years
 * Final pain relief: 22% complete, 30% mostly (>90%, minor meds), 92% good (>50%). Recurrence requiring 2 GKS in 70 patients (24%)
 * Side effects: dysesthesia >5/10 in 3%
 * Atypical TN less likely to attain pain relief
 * 2000 PMID 11143236 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for primary management for trigeminal neuralgia." (Brisman R, J Neurosurg. 2000 Dec;93 Suppl 3:159-61.)
 * Retrospective. 82 patients with primary GKS treatment vs. 90 patients with GKS as a retreatment. RT dose 75 Gy
 * Pain control: excellent or good result more likely in primary GKS (p=0.058), and not in MS-associated TN (SS). Number and type of procedures NS.

 * Northwest Hospital (Seattle)
 * 2003 ASTRO Abstract -- "Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia" (Mehta V, Abstract 21, 2003)
 * Retrospective. 250 patients (no MS-TN, or secondary TN). RT dose 76 Gy, 87 Gy, or 98 Gy. Median f/u 2.4 years
 * Pain control: 6 months - 42% excellent, 33% good. Last f/u - 50% excellent, 14% good. Recurrence in 18%, mean time-to-recurrence 1.8 years (0.5 - 6). At 12 months - 76 Gy 70%, 87 Gy 86%, 98 Gy 86% (trend, but NS)
 * 2000 Abstract 1991-1999 -- "Gamma Knife radiosurgery for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: long term results" (Young RF, 3rd TN Conference, 2000)
 * Retrospective. 435 patients. RT 76-98 Gy. Median f/u 51 months. 51 patients retreated. Joint with Good Samaritan data??
 * Pain control: 6 months - 60% excellent, 30% good (some meds). Last f/u - 78% excellent/good. Including retreatment, 65% excellent, 20% good
 * Retreatment: success 80%
 * Side effect: 16% facial numbness
 * 1998 PMID 9782251 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia." (Young RF, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1998 Oct;70 Suppl 1:192-9.)
 * Retrospective. 110 patients. RT dose 70-80 Gy. Mean f/u 20 months
 * Pain control: Initial relief 95%, 3% recurrence. Atypical TN 88%, 19% recurrence
 * Side effects: 3% sensory
 * 1997 PMID 9065534 -- "Gamma Knife radiosurgery for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: idiopathic and tumor related." (Young RF, Neurology. 1997 Mar;48(3):608-14.)
 * Retrospective. 60 patients. RT 70 Gy. Mean f/u 16.3 months
 * Pain control: 75% excellent, 14% good. Better outcome if no prior surgery. Recurrence 7%. At last follow-up 80% excellent or good result
 * Side effects: 1 patient facial numbness

 * Baylor, 2002 PMID 12677104 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis patients." (Huang E, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2002;79(1):44-50.)
 * Retrospective. 7 patients with MS-associated TN. RT 80-90 Gy. Median f/u 28 months
 * Pain relief: 100% excellent response. Time-to-response 1 day - 8 months. 1/7 recurrence 24 months after treatment
 * Side effects: 4/7 patients persistent numbness in V2 and V3.

 * Arizona Onc Services / Barrow Neurologic Institute
 * 2002 PMID 12507090 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis." (Rogers CL, J Neurosurg. 2002 Dec;97(5 Suppl):529-32.) Links
 * Retrospective. 15 patients with MS-associated TN. RT 70-90 Gy. Median f/u 17 months
 * Pain relief: 80% some pain relief. Time-to-response 56 days (1-157 days).
 * Retreatment: 5/15 patients, RT dose 48 Gy, same target. All improved
 * Side effects: 2/15 delayed facial hypesthesias after 1st GKS, 2/5 after 2nd GKS. None bothersome. All with hypesthesias had complete pain relief
 * 2000 PMID 10863073 1997-99 — "Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: the initial experience of The Barrow Neurological Institute." Rogers CL et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jul 1;47(4):1013-9.
 * 54 pts treated with follow-up of at least 3 months. First 41 treated with 35 Gy to 50% isodose, then 40 Gy for the last 14 pts. Single 4mm shot.
 * Median onset to pain relief, 15 days; to maximal relief, 63 days. 41% able to stop all medications.

 * Mayo
 * 2002 PMID 12186463 -- "Stereotactic radiosurgery for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia." (Pollock BE, J Neurosurg. 2002 Aug;97(2):347-53.)
 * Retrospective. 117 patients. Median f/u 26 months
 * Pain control: excellent 57% at 1 year, 55% at 3 years (actuarial). Greater for previously untreated patients.
 * Side effects: trigeminal dysfunction 37%, bothersome 12%. Strong correlation between facial sensory loss and pain relief
 * 2000 PMID 10719853 -- "Stereotactic radiosurgery for tumor-related trigeminal pain." (Pollock BE, Neurosurgery. 2000 Mar;46(3):576-82; discussion 582-3.)
 * Retrospective. 24 patients with cranial base tumors and TN (9) or painful trigeminal neuropathy (15). Radiologic target was tumor. Median f/u 45 months
 * Pain control: 50% initially pain free, 46% significan improvement. 3/24 recurrent pain related to tumor progression
 * 1999 PMID 9987527 -- "The Mayo Clinic gamma knife experience: indications and initial results." (Pollock BE, Mayo Clin Proc. 1999 Jan;74(1):5-13.) Links
 * Retrospective. 20 patients with TN, 70% pain free after SRS
 * Comment in Mayo Clin Proc. 1999 Jan;74(1):101-3.

 * Seoul (Korea)
 * 2002 PMID 12507091 -- "Unusual causes of trigeminal neuralgia treated by gamma knife radiosurgery. Report of two cases." (Chang JW, J Neurosurg. 2002 Dec;97(5 Suppl):533-5.)
 * Case report. TN caused by lesions along trigeminal nerve within pons, adjacent to 4th ventricle. Postulated old viral neuritis
 * Treated with GKS. Results encouraging so far.
 * 2000 PMID 11143233 1992-1995 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for idiopathic and secondary trigeminal neuralgia." (Chang JW, J Neurosurg. 2000 Dec;93 Suppl 3:147-51.)
 * Retrospective. 15 patients with idiopathic TN and 38 patients with secondary TN
 * Idiopathic TN: pain control 87%, 2/15 mild sensory change
 * Secondary TN: pain control 67%
 * 1999 PMID 10681688 1991-1998 -- "The effects of stereotactic radiosurgery on secondary facial pain." (Chang JW, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72 Suppl 1:29-37.)
 * Retrospective. 27 patients with secondary TN. RT mean dose 26.4 Gy to 45-90% isodose. Mean f/u 32 months
 * Pain control: 86% initial relief, but 50% recurred. Less responsive to SRS than idiopathic TN

 * Alabama, 2002 1995-2001 ASTRO Abstract -- "Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia" (Spencer SA, Abstract 2063, 2002)
 * Retrospective. 163 facial pain, 104/113 typical TN. RT 35 Gy to 50% isodose line (36 patients), 40 Gy to 50% isodose line (68 patients). Min f/u 6 months, median f/u 28 months.
 * Pain control: 72% excellent or good. 52% 35 Gy vs. 81% 40 Gy
 * Side effects: 16% paresthesias. 2% 35 Gy vs. 14% 40 Gy. Bothersome 4%

 * Chiba, 2002 (Japan) PMID 12507089 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: the dry-eye complication." (Matsuda S, J Neurosurg. 2002 Dec;97(5 Suppl):525-8.)
 * Retrospective. 33/41 patients treated with GKS to 80 Gy, 4-mm collimator, single isocenter. Mean f/u 13 months
 * Pain control at last follow up: 49% excellent, 27%. Recurrence 7%
 * Side effects: 17% facial numbness. 3 patients reported "dry eye", with diminution/absence of corneal reflex. No other abnormalities.

 * Marseille (France)
 * 2001 PMID 11780888 1992-1997 -- "Long-term outcome after gamma knife surgery for secondary trigeminal neuralgia." (Regis J, J Neurosurg. 2001 Aug;95(2):199-205.)
 * Secondary TN. Median f/u 55 months. Treatment groups as below (Regis, 1998)
 * Neuropathic component poorly sensitive to SRS.
 * 2001 Abstract Régis J, Billet F, Hayashi M: Plexus triangularis gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: Results of a 110 patients prospective controlled study. Presented at Symposium on Vascular Interventions, 5th International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society Congress, Las Vegas, NV, June 10–13, 2001.
 * Goal median dose 90 Gy, but due to blocking brainstem actual average 85 Gy
 * 1999 PMID 10099103 -- "Radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia and epilepsy." (Regis J, Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1999 Apr;10(2):359-77.)
 * Initial experience with higher doses to 90 Gy
 * Pain control: 90% instead of 65% with original lower doses
 * 1998 PMID 9782253 -- "Effect of gamma knife on secondary trigeminal neuralgia." (Regis J, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1998 Oct;70 Suppl 1:210-7.)
 * Retrospective. 53 patients with secondary TN. Four groups (I - essential TN, II - secondary TN with CNV visualized, III - secondary TN with CNV not visualized, IV - goal of tumor control). Groups I/II treated to 70-90 Gy, Groups III/IV treated to 20-40 Gy. Mean f/u 32 months
 * Pain relief: short term 74% excellent, 18% good
 * Side effects: 4% facial hypesthesia, 1 patient motor fasciculation

 * Pittsburgh
 * 2001 PMID 11803302 -- "Stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia." (Kondziolka D, Clin J Pain. 2002 Jan-Feb;18(1):42-7.) and PMID 11147887 -- "Clinical outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia." (Maesawa S, J Neurosurg. 2001 Jan;94(1):14-20.)
 * Retrospective. 220 patients. RT dose median 80 Gy (60-90 Gy). 16% atypical TN. Median 2 years
 * Pain control: complete or partial in 86% at 1 year, 56% at 5 years. Complete relief in 65% (6 months), 70% (1 year), 75% (2.8 years). Atypical pain had lower rate of pain relief. No prior surgery higher rate of pain relief
 * Side effects: 10%
 * 1998 PMID 9782250 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery as the first surgery for trigeminal neuralgia." (Kondziolka D, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1998 Oct;70 Suppl 1:187-91.)
 * Retrospective. 23 patients. RT 70 Gy (14 patients) or 80 Gy (9 patients). Mean f/u 12 months
 * Pain control: Excellent 74%, good 22%
 * Side effects: None
 * 1998 PMID 9865796 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: results and expectations." (Kondziolka D, Arch Neurol. 1998 Dec;55(12):1524-9.)
 * Retrospective. 106 patients. RT dose 70-90 Gy. Median f/u 18 months
 * Pain control: Initial 60% excellent, 17% good. Last follow-up 77% excellent + good. Dose, age, prior surgery, sensory loss didn't correlate with outcome. 10% recurrence
 * Side effects: paresthesias 10%
 * 1996 PMID 9032878 -- "Trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery: the University of Pittsburgh experience." (Kondziolka D, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1996;66 Suppl 1:343-8.)
 * Retrospective. 51 patients with typical TN. RT dose 60-90 Gy. 86% prior surgery. Mean f/u 10 months
 * Pain control: Initial 86% response. Last follow-up 37% excellent, 41% good, 21% failed
 * RT dose >=70 Gy associated with significantly greater chance for complete pain relief

 * Tianjin, 2001 (China) 1996-1999 PMID 12007276 -- "Stereotactic radiosurgery for primary trigeminal neuralgia using the Leksell Gamma unit." (Zheng LG, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2001;76(1):29-35.)
 * Retrospective. 80 patients. RT dose mean 75.6 Gy (70-90 Gy). Follow-up 24 months
 * Pain control: excellent 52%, good 31%, fair 10%, fail 6%. Mean time to improvement 22 days (1-120 days). Recurrence 10% in 5-26 months later
 * Retreatment: 12 patients (7 recurrent, 5 failures). RT dose mean 74.2 Gy (70-80 Gy). Mean f/u 18 months, 9/12 excellent result, 2/12 good result, 1 failed. Mean time to improvement 15 days (1-120)
 * Side effects: 11% facial numbness

 * Yale, 2001 1998-1999 ASTRO Abstract -- "Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia: Early Results of the Yale Experience" (Kim DH, Abstract 107, 2001)
 * Retrospective. 54 cases, idiopathic or MS-TN. RT dose 80 Gy. Median f/u 1.1 years
 * Pain control: 98% response, 85% decreased meds. Recurrence 32% at 60 weeks actuarial, 24% if CR
 * Side effects: 13% hypesthesia, 4% decreased corneal sensation, 4% paresthesias

 * Kentucky, 2000 PMID 11143234 -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery using 90 Gy for trigeminal neuralgia." (Nicol B, J Neurosurg. 2000 Dec;93 Suppl 3:152-4.)
 * Retrospective. 42 patients treated to 90 Gy. Median f/u 14 months
 * Pain control: 74% complete, 21% good.
 * Side effects: paresthesia 17%, dysgeusia 10%

 * Cleveland Clinic, 2000 ASTRO Abstract 1997-1999 "Results of gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia" (Suh JH, Abstract 264, 2000)
 * Retrospective. 55/95 patients, phone survey. 22% TN-MS. RT dose 75 Gy
 * Pain control: 65% BNI I/II, 27% BNI III
 * Side effects: mild numbness 11%

 * Mumbai, 1999 (India) PMID 10901930 -- "Gamma-knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia." (Kannan V, Australas Radiol. 1999 Aug;43(3):339-41.)
 * Retrospective. 7 patient treated. RT 70-80 Gy. Follow up 5-16 months
 * Pain control: complete 4/7, partial 2/7. No side effects

 * UCLA, 1997 PMID 9018707 -- "Leksell Gamma Knife treatment of tic douloureux." (Rand RW, Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1997 Jan;8(1):75-8.)
 * Retrospective. 12 patients. F/u 3-4 years
 * Pain control: 8/12 improvement or complete relief.
 * Side effects: 1 radionecrosis in medial temporal lobe

 * Good Samaritan LA, 1996 1991-1995 ASTRO Abstract "Intractable Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Single Institution Experience in 26 Patients Treated With Stereotactic Gamma Knife Radiosurgery" (Rufus JM, Abstract 71, 1996)
 * Retrospective. 26 patients. RT 64.3 - 70 Gy, 1 patients 120 Gy. Median f/u 19 months
 * Pain control: Last follow-up - 42% excellent, 42% good (>50% reduction). Dose response: <70 Gy 25% CR, 70 Gy 57% CR
 * Side effects: 8% (1 patient numbness, 1 patient temporal lobe edema, resolved after decadron)

 * Multi-institutional, 1996 PMID 8847587 -- "Stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a multiinstitutional study using the gamma unit." (Kondziolka D, J Neurosurg. 1996 Jun;84(6):940-5.)
 * 5 institutions (Pittsburgh, Northwest Hospital, Good Samaritan Hospital, Marseille, Brown). 50 patients. RT dose 60-90 Gy. Median f/u 18 months
 * Pain control: 58% excellent, 36% good (50-90%), 6% failure. Time to pain relief 1 month (1 day - 6.7 months). 6% recurrence. At 2 years 54% pain-free, 88% good relief
 * RT: dose >=70 Gy with significantly greater chance of complete relief (72% vs. 9%)
 * Side effects: 6% facial paresthesias

 * Marseille, 1995 (France) PMID 8584826 -- "Effect of the Gamma Knife on trigeminal neuralgia." (Regis J, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1995;64 Suppl 1:182-92.)
 * Initial report. 20 patients with TN, 11 with goal of pain relief, 9 with tumor control
 * Appear to have rapid clinical improvement and great benefit

 * Karolinksa, 1971 (Sweden) PMID 4948331 -- "Sterotaxic radiosurgery in trigeminal neuralgia." (Leksell L, Acta Chir Scand. 1971;137(4):311-4.)

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User:ErikHaugen

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 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:ErikHaugen

title: User:ErikHaugen


text:
Psychiatric Disorders/Anxiety disorders/Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is one of the anxiety disorders. It is characterized by the repeated occurrence of discrete panic attacks, associated with at least 1 month of persistent concern about having another panic attack. These attacks are discrete in that they have a recognizable beginning and end. In between the attacks, patients often no symptoms at all. However, with repeated episodes, they may experience some anticipatory anxiety. In addition, about half of panic disorder patients also experience Agoraphobia.

Phenomenology
The central feature of panic disorder is a panic attack. Panic attacks themselves are not a disease, but rather a cluster of symptoms that come on and depart relatively rapidly. Many diseases can cause panic attacks, including other anxiety disorders, and a number of medical disorders. These will be described later.

"Panic Disorder" is used to describe individuals who have recurrent panic attacks without an alternative explanation. By definition, the panic attacks have to be recurrent. For The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-IV this means two or more, however in practice most patients have many more attacks than that.

The attacks seem to come “out of the blue” and most often occur without clear precipitant or stressor. DSM-IV does not require that the panic attacks be spontaneous, and there can be situational triggers, however spontaneous attacks are probably the most common. Though, by definition, the attacks have a definable beginning and ending, there may be anticipatory and residual anxiety surrounding the attacks.

The attacks can occur any time, including while the patient is sleeping. In the case of nocturnal attacks, the panic seems to occur most often during non-REM sleep, and thus they are different from nightmares. Early on, patients may not recognize these symptoms as being anxiety based, and patients may end up in the emergency believing they are having a heart attack.

Epidemiology
In all, anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorder. Panic is not the most common of these: the phobias have that honor. The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is from 1 to 2%. It is more common in women than in men.

Etiology and Pathophysiology
Panic disorder appears to be genetic. It certainly runs in families and the risk of panic increases with the degree of consanguinity. However, sufficient twin and adoption studies are lacking to distinguish genetic from other familiar factors (for a discussion of why such studies are important in determining genetic versus environmental factors, see this article), and direct genetic studies have not shown clear linkages. This suggests that if the disorder is genetic, the pattern of inheritance is complicated.

One interesting clue is that several substances can precipitate panic in individuals who are predisposed. The best studied is sodium lactate infusion, and, to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide inhalation. These are of etiology interest, as both may represent, to the body, signs of suffocation. Other agents that can also induce panic include cholecystokinin, tetrapeptide, caffeine, yohimbine, isoproterenol, and the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil. These findings help implicate several transmitter systems. The panic inducing effect of yohimbine and isoproterenol, along with studies showing a blunted growth hormone response to clonidine infusion helps suggests a noradrenergic role in the regulation of anxiety. Serotonin likely has a regulatory role as well; this is suggested, among other things, by the efficacy of serotonergic agents in treating panic.

The most direct affected neurotransmitter system is the GABA-ergic system. GABA, a major inhibitory transmitter system in the brain, is the major treatment site for all direct acting anxiolytics, such as benzodiazepines. The panic inducing effect of flumazenil lends further support. There is also some direct evidence suggesting that GABA levels are decreased in the area of the occipital cortex of patients with panic disorder. Some Functional MRI studies suggest that panic disordered patients show abnormal activation in the area of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus.

How to put this all together? Some have suggested that panic disorder is really a “false suffocation alarm”, perhaps caused by oversensitivity to acid-base disturbances in the brain. This alarm, when triggered may activate certain areas of the brain responsible for our normal anxiety/arousal reactions, including the locus ceruleus—which is noradrenergic, or the dorsal raphe nucleus—which is serotonergic. Both structures help regulate limbic areas of the brain, including the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and the amygdala. It is well known that stimulation of these limbic areas, all of which are rich in GABA receptors, can produce intense anxiety.

Differential Diagnosis
As already noted, panic attacks are not unique to panic disorder, and can be seen in almost any of the anxiety disorder. The difference in these cases it that the attacks are caused by the specific disorder: thus, a person with a phobia around heights may panic when forced to climb a ladder; similarly, a person with a social phobia may panic when having to give a public speech. In each case, the panic attack is directly associated with the person’s phobia or fear, and will not occur if the precipitants can be avoided.

Many medical conditions can produce symptoms that are similar or identical to panic attacks. Most common are medical conditions that affect the cardiopulmonary system, thus bringing on a sensation of shortness of breath or chest pain. Dramatic examples include pulmonary emboli, myocardial infarctions, and these should first be ruled out in an individual for which they represent a possibility. Chronic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or heart failure also can cause feelings of anxiety and panic. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) can be difficult to distinguish from panic attacks, but as distinguished by the very rapid onset of SVT, often peaking within seconds, and the positive response to a Valsalva maneuver. Hypoglycemia may cause anxiety, but is somewhat slower in onset, and predictably responds to sugar ingestion.

The list of other disorders that can cause anxiety is long. Some disorders typically cited include simple partial seizures, pheochromocytoma, mastocytosis, and carcinoid syndrome. Each of these disorders can cause seemingly paroxysmal anxiety, but each also has symptoms and laboratory findings that are unique to each disorder.

A number of medications and drugs can cause panic symptoms, either in ingestion or during withdrawal. Examples of drugs that typically can cause anxiety include levodopa, most stimulants and sympathomimetics. Alternately, drugs that usually produce anxiolytic or sedative effects, such as benzodiazepines or barbiturates, can cause anxiety during withdrawal.

In summary, differential list are quite long for panic, however we should not be overwhelmed by this list. A good history and physical, with proper supporting labs will rule out most of the possible mimics of anxiety. In fact, it is the very fact that the patient often looks and acts so healthy that distinguishes panic disorder from these other syndromes.

Comorbidity
The most common complication of panic disorder is agoraphobia. Agoraphobia, literally “fear of the marketplace” is often mistakenly thought to be a fear of open places. In reality, what occurs is that, for many individuals with panic disorder, the attacks are so unpredictable that the individual begins to restrict his or her traveling in order to be sure of being in a “safe place” such as home, when the attack occurs. Simply put, most of us would rather have these frightening attacks at home than in the mall, and the only way to be sure of this is to spend as much time at home as possible. One can imagine that this is a particularly disabling complication of the disorder; it can affect as many as half of Panic Disordered patients.

Drug and alcohol abuse is another serious complication, often beginning as an unsuccessful attempt to treat the symptoms, and sometimes then taking on a life of its own. Use of benzodiazepines or other tranquilizers are particularly problematic, as withdrawal symptoms may mimic, or even precipitate panic. Depression is common as well, and patients suffering from comorbid panic and major depression may have a higher risk for suicide than those with either disorder alone.

Though it may be surprising, patients with panic disorder alone are not at a higher risk for suicide than the general population.

Another commonly reported comorbidity is mitral valve prolapse. Though it is tempting to suggest an etiological role in either direction, the relationship between panic and mitral valve prolapse seems to stem from some shared abnormality, rather than any direct relationship.

Onset
Most often, there is no prodrome; instead, a panic full-blown panic attack is often the first sign of the disease. It can occur at any age, but most often begins during the late teens or the early twenties. It tends to be a disease of adolescence and adulthood: onset during childhood or geriatric years is much less common.

Long-term course
There appear to be at least two different potential courses. One group of patients experience waxing and waning of symptoms over the course of many years. During bad periods, the symptoms can be daily; at times that are more quiescent the patient may only have panic attacks once every few months, however they do not experience long attack free intervals. A second group experience a more episodic course, with a group of attacks being followed by long, symptoms free periods.

Treatment
As with most therapeutics in psychiatry, there are two types of treatment for panic: acute treatment and preventive treatment. Acute treatment refers to relieving symptoms that are occurring now: in this case, the acute panic attack. Preventative treatment refers to decreasing the frequency and severity of future attacks.

Both treatment strategies have several options, including pharmacologic and psychotherapy options. Neither strategy is good or bad in itself, but represent two approaches that have their own advantages and limitations.

Acute Treatment
Acute treatment of panic attacks is very difficult, as the attacks may begin and end before treatment has time to take effect. Treatment is more likely to be effective in cases where these is some warning, or way to predict that panic will occur, or in patients who have an unusually long time until the peak of symptoms. Obviously, in cases where panic attacks are not caused by panic disorder, but by a more predictable problem, for example a phobia, treatment is more likely to be effective. For example, a patient who has fear of flying may take a medication before getting on a plane. Patients, during a panic attack feel very desperate, and will take anything to relieve their anxiety. That said, often the treatments are more effective at diminishing the subsequent anticipatory and secondary anxiety than in treating the panic attack itself.

Pharmacological treatment
Acute treatment of panic, or really any type of acute anxiety, usually involves the use of fast acting medications. These typically have short half lives, and rapid times to onset. The most common medications used for acute treatment of anxiety are the benzodiazepines. They all work through potentiation of GABA action at GABA-A receptors in the CNS. Because of their indirect effect on the GABA receptor, the benzodiazepines are relatively safe compared with other sedatives.

There are three classes of benzodiazepines: 2-keto, 3-hydroxy, and triazolo. 2-keto drugs include chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, prazepam, clorazepate, halazepam, clonazepam, and flurazepam. Many of these are pro-drugs; they are oxidized in the liver (usually to active metabolites). They therefore tend to have long half-lives and are more susceptible to drug interactions and age effects. The 3-hydroxy drugs include oxazepam, lorazepam, and temezepam. These are conjugated in the liver (to inactive substances); thus, they have shorter half-lives, and are less affected by age and other drugs. The triazolo class includes alprazolam, triazolam and adinazolam. These are oxidized, but with more limited active metabolites. Thus, they are somewhat shorter-acting than the 2-keto drugs. The mechanism of action relates to specific receptors on GABA receptors.

The most commonly used benzodiazepines for acute anxiety, at least in the US, are alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam and diazepam. All have a relatively quick onset, and, except for diazepam, short to medium half lives. The advantage of benzodiazepines is that they can be effective, if administered in time. Indeed, there are few other medications that can be used in a “as needed” or PRN basis. In addition, they are relatively safe, even in overdose. There are downsides of using benzodiazepines. Though they are relatively safe, they still can cause respiratory depression, even coma or death in overdose. The chance of this is much higher in individuals who already have respiratory or cardiac problems. The risk is also greatly increased if the benzodiazepines are taken along with another CNS depressant, such as alcohol. In addition, there is a risk of tolerance and withdrawal. Tolerance is a pharmacodynamic neuroadaption, in which an individual becomes “used to” a given medication, and begins needing more medication to achieve the same effect. Tolerance mainly occurs with repeated use, thus the risk of tolerance increases if benzodiazepines are used frequently. Withdrawal is also common with repeated and continuous use of benzodiazepines. The symptoms of withdrawal are often virtually identical to the original anxiety symptoms. For this reason, benzodiazepines can, at times, create a vicious circle in which an individual begins to experience rebound anxiety as soon as they stop using their medication.

Addiction is another concern. Addiction refers to the compulsive use of a medication, usually for the psychic effects of the medication, such as in order to “get high.” While tolerance and withdrawal are common with repeat use of benzodiazepines, addiction is much less common. The greatest predictor of benzodiazepine addiction is a prior history of substance dependence, either to alcohol or some other substance. It should never be assumed that addiction is an inevitable, or even common result of benzodiazepine use; it is not. Often physicians need to spend time educating their patients about this, and the difference between true addiction and physical dependence/tolerance or withdrawal.

Psychological Treatments
There are a number of psychological treatments aimed at curbing anxiety once it begins. Most of the symptomatic treatments are rooted in behavioral therapy. Most commonly used are the relaxation therapies, which, as the name implies, are geared towards promoting relaxation and lessening anxiety. Common examples include progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing exercises. Both are easily taught, and become more effective the more they are practiced. Thus, when instructing patients in their use, they should be encouraged to practice them often, so that panic does occur, the behavioral strategies can be done almost automatically.

Preventive Treatment
Preventive treatment refers to treatment strategies aimed at decreasing the frequency and severity of future attacks. Ideally, one wishes to eliminate the attacks altogether, and sometimes this is possible, but even if it is not, any alleviation in the severity of the disorder will likely be of great benefit to the patient. For example, a patient who is afraid to go to work for fear of having a panic attack there may feel sufficiently safe to resume working if the attacks begin to seem more minor.

Pharmacological treatment
In practice, benzodiazepines are sometimes used preventive as well as symptomatic treatment. In this case, instead of being used as needed, they are given continually, usually in divided doses, so that there is a constant blood level throughout the day. Some of the short acting benzodiazepines have come out with longer acting versions that can be taken once a day: alprazolam is an example. Despite the common use of these agents, the continuous use of benzodiazepines is controversial for the reasons discussed above: mainly those of tolerance and dependence. Though, admittedly there are different opinions and some conflicting data, it is the opinion here that these are not first line treatments for prevention of panic, or any anxiety disorder. Antidepressants have largely supplanted benzodiazepines as first line treatment for the prevention of panic. Most currently available antidepressants likely have some effect on anxiety. However, the SSRIs are likely the most popular, and a number of studies have demonstrated them to be as good or better than the benzodiazepines in treating anxiety. The dose and treatment strategy for the use of antidepressants in panic is similar to that for depression: similar doses are required, and a similar time course is used. For that reason, antidepressant treatment will not be discussed in detail here, and the reader (listener) is referred to the section on the treatment of depression. It is notable, however, that some clinicians suggest a slow titration for fear that the antidepressants may cause some anxiety or agitation if administered too aggressively.

Other medications have also shown efficacy in treating panic disorder. Propranolol has been used to prevent panic, though it is generally thought to be less consistently effective than antidepressants or benzodiazepines. Inositol has also shown promise, though it is little used in clinical populations currently. Buspirone, which has proved effective in some types of anxiety, most notably generalized anxiety disorder, is NOT effective for panic disorder. Cognitive-behavior therapy, used either independently or in conjunction with medical treatment, should also be considered, especially in light of the fact that in addition to reducing the frequency of panic attacks, it is also an effective treatment for agoraphobia.

Psychological treatments
There are a number of psychological treatments aimed at preventing anxiety. Much of psychoanalysis and dynamic therapy was aimed as reducing anxiety in the sense that anxiety itself wasn’t seen as the problem, but as a signal of ongoing conflicts and stresses which, once attended to would lessen the resulting anxiety. That said, the long term dynamic therapies such as psychoanalysis are no longer considered the treatment of choice for preventing panic disorder. Most commonly used now are the cognitive-behavioral therapies or CBT. CBT is based on learning theory; the idea is that people learn to develop automatic responses of fear or dread in relation to a stimulus. What is learned can be unlearned, and much of CBT is spent teaching the patient to tolerate the triggers of anxiety. In the case of phobias, the triggers are clear; in the case of panic disorder, the trigger is, in a sense, the anxiety itself, and the patient learns to tolerate their anxiety.

CBT treatment has been shown in some studies to be as effective as medication treatment. It has the additional advantage of alleviating the concomitant agoraphobia, which medications are generally less effective in treating. Indeed, agoraphobia left to itself may persist long after panic is prevented, and in those cases CBT may be the only treatment with will address with lingering and disabling complication.


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User:84.132.119.6

Hi, you should add stuff at the bottom of the main Talk:Cookbook page, where you can currently see some comments I've added. The taskbox is more for long-term repetitive tasks, etc. The cookbook is modelled on a normal cookbook, but lessons would probably be a good addition; if you want to drum up support for this, adding a comment at the bottom of Talk:Cookbook is the best place to get the attention of other contributors. Kellen T 20:49, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User:84.132.119.6


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Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar

Contents

 * 1) /Alphabet and pronunciation/
 * 2) /Word roots/
 * 3) /Nouns/
 * 4) /Numbers/
 * 5) /Adjectives/
 * 6) /Adverbs/
 * 7) /Verbs/
 * 8) /Word order/
 * 9) /Contractions for poetry/
 * 10) /Esperanto on the Web/
 * /About the authors/

Preface
This book will be a descriptive grammar of the Esperanto language invented by L. L. Zamenhof, which will be complete and comprehensive in regards to a) the grammar of Esperanto as first outlined by Zamenhof in Fundamento de Esperanto and other foundational documents, and b) Esperanto as it is spoken today by the most committed Esperantists. (Proposed reforms to the Esperanto language will be discussed if they have serious support from a significant fraction of Esperanto enthusiasts).

This book is not intended as a textbook for learning Esperanto. For that purpose, you are cordially referred to another Wikibook: the Esperanto Textbook.

This book was started practically on a dare from the August 2006 issue of Bob's Poetry Magazine, in which Robert Happelberg boasted that he could print a complete and comprehensive grammar of Esperanto in just one 6 by 7 inch page. While this is obviously wrong, it's not too far off the mark. When completed, this book will require several standard size (8.5 by 11 in the USA) pages, but will still be much shorter than a complete grammar of a natural language like English or Slovene.

In view of this goal, the number of examples provided for each concept will be kept to a bare minimum. Those wishing to build their Esperanto vocabularies are also referred to the Esperanto textbooks. It is acceptable in the beginning to word the text in an accessible manner like in a textbook, but the goal should be for all the text to be technical with a full command of linguistic jargon.


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Microsoft Certified Professional Developer/Exam 70-526/Construct print documents

Below are various links to MSDN documentation showing you the printing abilities with Windows Forms. The first link is the most complete, while the other two are simply quick references for graphics and text.

-MSDN Entry For Windows Forms Printing Support

-MSDN Entry For Printing Graphics in a Windows Form

-MSDN Entry For Printing Text in a Windows Form


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User:Mitchel.sellers

Mitchel Sellers [mailto:mitchel.sellers@gmail.com email] Website

title: User:Mitchel.sellers


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Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar/Numbers

Numbers
In Esperanto, the cardinal numbers are all built up from little more than a dozen words:

 * 0 Nul
 * 1 Unu
 * 2 Du
 * 3 Tri
 * 4 Kvar
 * 5 Kvin
 * 6 Ses
 * 7 Sep
 * 8 Ok
 * 9 Naŭ
 * 10 Dek
 * 11 Dek Unu
 * 12 Dek Du
 * 20 Dudek
 * 30 Tridek
 * 100 Cent
 * 1,000 Mil
 * 1,000,000 Miliono
 * 1,000,000,000 Miliardo
 * 1,000,000,000,000 Biliono

All other numbers are simply built up from these. To give a couple of examples:

 * 16 Dek ses (one ten and six)
 * 42 Kvardek du (four tens and two)
 * 442 Kvarcent kvardek du (four hundreds, four tens and two)
 * 1,729 Mil sepcent dudek naŭ (one thousand, seven hundreds, two tens and nine)
 * 22,729 Dudek du mil sepcent dudek naŭ (Twenty two thousands, seven hundreds, two tens and nine)
 * 3,022,729 Tri milionoj dudek du mil sepcent dudek naŭ (three millions, twenty two thousands, seven hundreds, two tens and nine)
 * 4,003,022,729 Kvar miliardoj tri milionoj dudek du mil sepcent dudek naŭ (four billions, three millions, twenty two thousands, seven hundreds, two tens and nine)
 * 5,004,003,022,729 Kvin bilionoj kvar miliardoj tri milionoj dudek du mil sepcent dudek naŭ (five trillions, four billions, three millions, twenty two thousands, seven hundreds, two tens and nine)

The ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.) are simply adjectives and are formed as all other adjectives in Esperanto, as will be detailed in the chapter on adjectives.


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User talk:Robertboland

Hi Robertboland,

The page "Panic Disorder" appears to be an encyclopedia article, not a book. If you would like to add links to encyclopedia articles from a wikibook, just use ARTICLE_NAME to make a link to the wikipedia article. -- SB_Johnny | talk 21:25, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem. I moved the "Psychiatry" page to Psychiatric Disorders to better reflect the content... is "Abnormal Psychiatry" a better term? "Psychiatry" seems too vague a name to use for this particular book! -- SB_Johnny | talk 21:35, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "Module" just means "page"... I have no idea why thay name was used. It can be a book, a chapter, or a subchapter.
 * By the way, if you want "Panic Disorder" to be a chapter of this book, the way to do it would be to name the page Psychiatric Disorders/Panic Disorder, which would make it a chapter of the main book (you can move it there using the "move" tag at the top of the page).
 * I think it's best not to use "shorthands" for book titles :). For me, I'd rather save "Psychiatry" for a bookshelf page, since there might be more books on the subject added over time, and the page named "Psychiatry" could list and descrive those books for the curious reader.
 * (Oh: when you leave messages on talk and discussion pages, don't forget to put four tildes ~ after your comment. This provides a link back to your userpage, and lets people know who said what). -- SB_Johnny | talk 21:51, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robertboland


text: User talk:61.0.108.227

title: User talk:61.0.108.227


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User:Murauĉeko

Saluton! I'm Anthony Morris, known as Anton Mravcek in the English, Slovene and Swedish Wikipedie. I'm working on Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar.

title: User:Murauĉeko


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User:Uaxuctum~enwikibooks

You can find me in the English and Spanish Wikipedias under the same user name.

title: User:Uaxuctum~enwikibooks


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Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar/Nouns

Nouns
In Esperanto, all singular nouns end in "o," regardless of gender, and all plural nouns end in "oj." Nouns are turned feminine by the insertion of "in" between the word root and the "o" or "oj" suffix. For example:

 * Hundo (dog)
 * Hundoj (dogs)
 * Hundino (she-dog)
 * Hundinoj (she-dogs)

Iĉism
Iĉism is a proposed reform to Esperanto to erase the unsymmetrical nature of and/or perceived sexual discrimination in Esperanto nouns. Iĉism isn't a standard form of Esperanto and isn't accepted by the majority of the Esperanto community.

Iĉism proposes:
 * The suffix -iĉ- is to be used symmetrically with the suffix -in-.
 * One should only use them only to highlight the gender or specify it when necessary.
 * The roots without suffix -iĉ- or -in- do not indicate gender.
 * The prefix ge- is used only in the plural, and then just to show that it was both sexes. It does not use prefix if gender does not matter.

For all but a couple dozen words, the standard Esperanto word is epicene, and ge- is not required. For example, dentisto is a dentist of unspecified sex in both iĉism and in modern standard Esperanto. The main words where the prefix ge- can be useful are:

 * Kin terms: avo edzo fianĉo filo frato kuzo nepo nevo onklo patro vidvo
 * Words for boys and men: bubo knabo viro
 * Titles: fraŭlo grafo princo reĝo sinjoro

This is because In the early days of the language, members of a profession were assumed to be masculine unless specified otherwise with -in-, reflecting the expectations of most industrial societies. That is, dentisto was a male dentist, and instruisto was a male teacher. These became gender neutral in the mid-to-late 20th century in Esperanto, just as actor and author did in English, because of social transformation. The list above shows the gendered nouns that are left today; they remain masculine only because, officially at least, Esperanto has no other way of indicating masculine gender.

As such, moderate iĉists exist. They propose not changing words of kinship like "patro" but only adding iĉo to words that are already neutral such as esperantisto, where only the neutral and feminine form exist. This is often proposed as for an iĉist to speak to an Esperantist of standard Esperanto to communicate without confusion, the iĉist can add the prefix ge-, when in standard Esperanto usage the noun would be masculine.

 * Standard: The unmarked form of the 20 or so gendered nouns is masculine, and the two marked forms are the feminine and the inclusive/epicene. E.g. patro (father) versus patrino (mother) and gepatroj (parents [of both sexes]), the latter extended by some speakers to an epicene singular gepatro (parent).
 * Iĉist: The unmarked form is epicene, and the two marked forms are the feminine and the masculine. E.g. patro, (parent), versus patrino (mother) and patriĉo (father).
 * Moderate iĉist: The unmarked form is epicene except in terms of kin where -iĉ- becomes redundant and the two marked forms are the feminine and neutral. E.g. patro and patriĉo (father), patrino (mother) and gepatro (parent).

Proper names, including exonyms
Just as in English and other languages, names of persons and specific places in Esperanto are capitalized regardless of where they occur in the sentence. (Names of months and days of the week are only capitalized if they begin a sentence.)

To fully assimilate an exonym into Esperanto, an "o" is added at the end and the writing is made to conform to the standards of Esperanto: for example, "Novjorko" refers to New York.

Pronouns
The pronouns of Esperanto are similar to that of English, but with the addition of a reflexive pronoun. They are as follows:

Riismo
Some Esperanto enthusiasts feel Esperanto is somewhat sexist in its use of pronouns as well, and have proposed a reform called Riismo.

According to the Prezento de Riismo, in Riism:

 * The pronoun ri replaces the pronouns li and ŝi. One does not use the pronouns li or ŝi.
 * The iĉism is accepted.

Use of the pronoun ri parallels usage in many natural languages, such as Finnish, Swahili and Chinese, in which the third-person pronouns have no distinction between feminine and masculine. Esperanto has a gender-neutral (or epicene) third-person pronoun, ĝi, but this has been dispreferred because it translates English it, and is often thought to be inanimate.

Some critics of Riism consider the elimination of li and ŝi to be a major fault. They contend that the gendered pronouns are useful for the very same reasons of emphasis and precision that the suffixes -iĉ- and -in- are; and that while Riism eliminates a sexual inconsistency for nouns, its requirement that li and ŝi be wholly eliminated (as opposed to being relegated to those uses where sex is specifically implied) introduces an inconsistency in gender between nouns and pronouns. As such, many riists propose adding ri to the list of pronouns rather than removing li and ŝi, thus making Esperanto have a masculine, feminine, epicene, and inanimate pronouns much like Ido.

The pronoun ri would also cause problems with comprehension, a common flaw with proposals made on paper but not used much in actual conversation. Many verbs begin with ri-, to avoid confusion with verbs having the prefix re-. Since personal pronouns are most commonly used immediately before a verb, the pronoun ri would cause similar ambiguity: ri gardas (they keep) vs. rigardas (looks), ri petas (they ask) vs. ripetas (repeats), etc. Critics making this objection often propose that the epicene pronoun should be gi, by analogy with the prefix ge-.

Other critics argue that the alleged lack of an epicene pronoun is spurious, because Zamenhof himself specified that ĝi should be used when the sex of an individual is unknown, and that the idea that ĝi cannot be used for people is due to interference from English. In Zamenhof's day it was customary to specify gender whenever it was known, and indeed in many European languages this is grammatically required. A shift from li and ŝi to ĝi could be argued to be a stylistic change similar to the ongoing shift from copula-plus-adjective to verb (such as bluas for estas blua), and that nothing so radical as the creation of a new pronoun is required.

However, many Esperantists use the work-around of the demonstrative pronoun tiu (this/that) as an epicene personal pronoun, but only when li or ŝi would be inappropriate.

Ciism
Unlike other proposals, ciism comes from Zamenhof himself, although it was never pushed by him. He created a second-person singular called ci for when a distinction between the singular and plural you is needed, mostly for literature. However, he recommended against it because the existence of the plural you is also associated with formality in cultures of Europe, which he wanted to avoid.

Iŝism
Another proposal is that of the plural she and it as iŝi and iĝi to allow distinctions found in other languages. Proposed by Kálmán Kalocsay and Gaston Waringhien to better translate texts that were written in a language that has plural gender. They cited the biblical passage Matthew 28:10-11:

 * Tiam Jesuo diris al ili (LA VIRINOJ): Ne timu; iru, diru al miaj fratoj, ke ili foriru en Galileon, kaj tie ili min vidos. Kaj dum ili iris...
 * "Then Jesus said to them [the women], “Do not be afraid. Go and tell my brothers to go to Galilee. They will see me there.” While they were going, ..."

It is obvious from context that "They will see me there" refers to the brothers. However, the identity of the "they" in "While they were going" is completely opaque. Kalocsay and Waringhien proposed the following solution:

 * "Tiam Jesuo diris al iŝi: Ne timu, iru, diru al miaj fratoj, ke ili foriru en Galileon, kaj tie ili min vidos. Kaj dum iŝi iris..."


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Esperanto: A Complete and Comprehensive Grammar/About the authors

About the authors
This book was started by Anthony Morris, known as User:Murauĉeko here and as Anton Mravcek in the English, Slovene and Swedish Wikipedias.

The input of other Esperanto enthusiasts, regardless of their level of proficiency, is quite welcome, but they had better edit with a username.


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Psychiatric Disorders/Anxiety Disorders

The anxiety disorders include disorders with symptoms of anxiety or excessive worrying, phobias and panic attack. Specific disorders include /Panic Disorder/, /Agoraphobia without History of Panic Disorder/, /Specific Phobia/, /Social Phobia/, /Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/, /Posttraumatic Stress Disorder/, /Acute Stress Disorder/, /Generalized Anxiety Disorder/, and the /Secondary Anxiety Disorders/, Meaning,  definition,  cause,  symptoms, preventions and treatments of Anxiety.

Anxiety is not, it itself, pathological, and in the right situation, appropriate anxiety is a necessary survival adaptation, motivating an individual to avoid potential or impending harm. One way to think of anxiety is as a warning signal, telling us of potential danger or harmful situations. Anxiety disorders are present when this warning system is not working properly: it may be overly sensitive, and cause the individual to overreact to minor or nonexistent dangers, or it may create so severe a reaction that the individual is too disabled to cope with the potential harm.

Anxiety involves various psychological and physical symptoms. The individual feels anxious and fearful. This is accompanied by various physical manifestations: restlessness, psychomotor agitation, shortness of breath, hyperventilation, stomach upset, chest pain and diaphoresis. Thought and cognition can be affected: a moderate amount of anxiety can actually be good for attention and concentration, however too much tends to make one distracted.

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent of psychiatric disorders. Community samples, such as the Epidemiological Catchment Area Project, found surprisingly high lifetime prevalences (Figure 1). Clinical samples have shown anxiety disorders to be a very common reason for presentation to primary care doctors and emergency departments.

Anxiety disorders seem more common in women. They may decrease with age, and they can present differently at different ages. In children, an anxiety disorder can manifest as separation anxiety (“school phobia”). Elderly patients may tend towards somatic presentations (“stomach problems,” headaches, sleep problems).

title: Psychiatric Disorders/Anxiety Disorders


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Psychiatric Disorders/Anxiety disorders/Panic attack

A panic attack is not a disorder in itself, but a syndrome, or cluster of symptoms that may be part of a number of disorders. It is a cardinal feature of panic disorder, but can be caused by almost any anxiety disorder (with the exception of Generalized Anxiety Disorder).

A panic attack begins quickly, and peaks within 10 minutes. The entire attack usually lasts no more than 20 minutes, and attacks that occur for over an hour are very rare. However, once the attack is finished, patients may have residual symptoms as they recover from what is a very frightening event.

Symptoms of a panic attack include the following: Palpitations, pounding heart, or increased heart rate, Sweating, Trembling or shaking, Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering, Feeling of choking, Chest pain, Nausea, Dizziness, Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization, Feeling of losing control/going crazy, Fear of dying, Paresthesias, and Chills. Among these symptoms, the most common, and perhaps most central to the disorder are the pulmonary ones: the feeling of shortness of breath and/or choking.


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User talk:Cbrown1023

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck!  Cbrown1023  talk  14:37, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cbrown1023


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Jeep Liberty/Performance

Ignition system
The 3.7L engine was designed to use copper core spark plugs. NGK Vpower plugs are the best copper core plugs currently available for this engine. Precious metal or gimmick plugs will not do anything in this engine.

Performance Distributors carries their SOS ignition coils for the 3.7L. These coils release 10,000 more volts than the stock coils. This allows plug gaps of 0.065 which helps create a faster combustion.

TRQ ICA61506 coils also release 35k volts.

Computers

Computer modifications are needed to realize to full potential of any performance upgrades. The Jeep Liberty computer can be reprogrammed with a different flash image, tricked with a different intake temperature sensor, or tricked with a performance chip.

The B&G Jeep Liberty Flash (JTEC-NGC) permanently changes the timing and fuel tables, raises the rev limit and speed limit, and removes torque management. A different intake temperature sensor tricks the engine into adjusting the fuel mixture.

Jet Performance's stage 2 Jetchip can help increase power by adjusting fuel and spark tables as well as shift points, these are accomplished by tricking the computer with an altered signal. It cannot raise the redline, speed limiter, or remove torque management. This should only be installed after installation of a less restrictive intake and exhaust. The use of 91 octane fuel is required to prevent detonation.

The 3.7L gas and 2.8L diesel are very different engines with very different computer modifications. SP Diesel makes a chip for the diesel engine. The ECU on the 2.8L CRD is made by Bosch, and at this time there are two companies offering a re-flash for the CRD ECU, Green Diesel Engineering and INMOTION TUNING. Both vendors offer choices between ECO (economy) and Performance tuning programs.

HP Tuners software is now available for JTEC and NGC ECUs. This allows full control of all parameters and maximum efficiency of your setup when professionally tuned.

Mufflers and Headers
Many different companies manufacture cat-back exhaust systems for the Jeep Liberty. Borla makes a split pipe dual exhaust system. The Borla single side and Gibson Performance systems aren't preferable for off-roading because their larger mufflers hang more vulnerably below the lower control arm mounts. Rusty's Offroad offers a Flowmaster Delta Flow based system with a 2.5" clamped mandrel bent tail pipe.

A good off-road or muffler shop should be able to fabricate an off-road friendly exhaust system around a universal aftermarket muffler. Just remember, it's illegal to remove the catalytic converter. The Flowmaster 40 and 50 SUV mufflers are common choices, the latter being more quiet and durable. Flowmaster has also released a strengthened diamond plate off-road muffler. Generally, MagnaFlow mufflers offer more performance but less aggressive sound than Flowmasters. MagnaFlows are built from stainless steel while Flowmasters are built from rust susceptible aluminized steel. Aeroturbine and Gibson also manufacturer exhaust options. A 2.5" center in/side out muffler works well with the stock 2.5" mandrel bent tubing. A short restriction in the tubing, immediately upstream of the stock muffler flange, can be removed to increase flow. A new muffler can be welded in its place or, if disassembly is required, a DynoMax flange adapter. Increasing tail pipe diameter will deepen tone and most mufflers will get louder as they break-in. Exposed tail pipe tips should be avoided in off-road applications.

Contrary to popular belief, increasing backpressure will not increase low-end torque. On the other hand, decreasing pipe diameter will increase low-end torque. Decreasing pipe diameter increases velocity and thus the scavenging effect. The scavenging effect is most pronounced at lower RPMs where it affects low-end torque, but is negligible when using forced induction. The goal is to eliminate as much backpressure as possible while still maintaining sufficient velocity.

JBA manufactures stainless steel short-tube headers for the Jeep Liberty. Ceramic coated stainless steel versions, colored silver or titanium, are also available. These headers only work with 2005-2009 Libertys because other years have a different catalytic converter connection. Short-tube headers don't create as much scavenging effect because they don't pulse as well as equal length long-tube headers. On the other hand, short-tube headers pass emmisions testing, keep the catalytic converters, and are easier to install. The JBA short-tube headers include the "Firecone," which JBA claims increases scavenging. Regardless, all good aftermarket headers remove restrictions and increase efficiency.

Filters and Intakes

There are a number of different drop-in air filters and replacement intakes available for the Jeep Liberty. The most popular aftermarket filters are made by K&N, who makes both drop-ins and a FIPK replacement intake. AEM Induction Systems and aFe also make a replacement intakes and filters. The CRD's turbo charger makes performance intakes and filters less advantageous for it than its gas counterpart. There is currently no FIPK available for the CRD. Another alternative is to install a snorkel, which by raising the air intake to roof height will keep dust out and allow for river crossings at the same time. At this time there are snorkels being manufactured for the Liberty. Aftermarket hood vents can help decrease underhood temperatures and making any of the intake systems more effective, especially at slow speeds while offroading.

Superchargers
Kenne Bell discontinued its supercharger for the Jeep Liberty's 3.7L engine. The relatively high piston rings in the 3.7L caused piston land weakness and failure, a problem correctable with forged pistons. A 4.7L supercharger can be installed onto the 3.7L, without issue, if a new tube and upgraded pistons are installed.

Throttle Bodies

The Fastman ported throttle body allows better flow than the stock PowerTech throttle body.

Airaid throttle body spacers can help increase throttle response be moving the throttle body further from the manifold. They will not add any noticible power increase on their own though.

Transmissions and Torque Converters
The TransGo Shift Kit causes the Jeep Liberty's automatic transmission to shift more quickly. The same 45RFE PSK kit works with both 45RFE and 545RFE. The kit corrects the soft 1-2 and heavy throttle long 2-3 shifts and provides a firmer 4th and lockup.

The APS High Stall Torque Converter is an efficient torque converter that allows more power to be transferred from the engine to the transmission. It features additional stall, firmer lockup, increased torque multiplication, and 6% more efficiency than stock. It's only available for the 45RFE and not the more common 42RLE.

Suncoast Converters also has a 1200 RPM stall heavy-duty torque converter for the 2.8L CRD. This converter improves fuel economy and power delivery.

Sonnax produces many performance parts for the rfe transmission family. The most affordable being a line pressure booster module that plugs into the existing wiring.

The 2002-2004 545rfe TCM can be swapped into 45rfe equipped KJs of the same year. This provides a 5th gear overdrive that reduces the rpm by 200 after reaching 50mph.

To remove torque managments effects unscrew and remove the wiring harness from the TCM, then take the plastic cover off. Snip the #10 wire (it is yellow with a green tracer, make sure you are snipping the proper wire as some people have accidentally snipped the #17 wire (yellow w/ dark blue tracer). If you snip the #17 wire than the trans will shift way to hard. Reinstall the connector onto the TCM, reinstall the screw, then reinstall the plastic cover.

title: Jeep Liberty/Performance


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Pharmacology/Alpha 2 agonists

Alpha 2 receptors are located mainly on presynaptic nerve endings, as well as Beta cells of the pancreas. These receptors are inhibitory in nature. When Norepinephrine is released from the presynaptic nerve terminal, some circles back to bind with the Alpha 2 receptor. This causes feedback inhibition, thus reducing the amount of Norepinephrine released. Alpha 2 stimulation also results in inhibition of insulin release. Binding of Alpha 2 receptors is mediated by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP. Alpha 2 agonists include Precedex and Clonidine.

title: Pharmacology/Alpha 2 agonists


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Pharmacology/Alpha1 blockers

Alpha 1 receptors are located in:
 * Eye radial (i.e dilator) muscle
 * Arterioles and veins,
 * Male sex organs, Urinary bladder,
 * Kidney and Liver.

Alpha 1 receptors use Gq Coupled secondary mediators and cause increase in phospholipase C and calcium levels in the cell.

Alpha1 blockers:
 * Selective Blockers: Prazosin, Doxazocin, Terazocin
 * Non selective Alpha blockers (both alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptor blockers): Phentolamine(competitive inhibitor), Phenoxybenzamine (non competitive inhibitor)

Effects of Alpha1 receptor blockage:
 * Eye: Miosis
 * Arterioles and veins: Reduced sympathetic tone in blood vessels- This results in vasodilation, Decrease in preload and after load on heart, lowering of peripheral vascular resistance and thus a fall in blood pressure is noted. The drop in blood pressure causes a reflex tachycardia.

Alpha 1 receptors (GPCR) that are located on arteriole smooth muscle and coupled to IP3/DAG cause vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure.

Prazosin : Prazosin can lower BP rapidly so we warn patients to relax for 1 hour after taking the first dose and for any increase in dose. Other side effects: Orthostatic hypotension, Nasal stuffiness, First dose syncope, Urinary incontinence and failure of ejaculation.

It is a smooth muscle relaxant so it is used in cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy, as it decreases the tone of urinary sphincters.

title: Pharmacology/Alpha1 blockers


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User talk:Lotsofissues~enwikibooks

Hello. You assert that Image:Calvinkleinobsession.jpg is "Fair Use". Could you please explain why?

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lotsofissues. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lotsofissues~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:23, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:12, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lotsofissues~enwikibooks


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Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Creating animated GIFs using Blender and Gimp

This tutorial will guide you through how to make a simple animated Gif Using Blender and Gimp. This is useful for creating Avatars for forums etc. This tutorial assumes basic knowledge of blender and Gimp, see the basic animation tutorial.

To start off you will need an animation, this usually should be no longer than 25 frames long.

 * 1) Open Blender. and delete the default cube and add a UV sphere, the default settings for the sphere work fine.
 * 2) Now set the camera size in the scene buttons (F10) to 50 by 50 (I am creating an avatar for deviant art where the required size is 50 by 50 pixels, you may change this if you want)
 * 3) set the frames to start at frame 1 and end at frame 20.
 * 4) select the sphere and insert a LOC keyframe at frame 1 and 21, then go to frame 11, move the sphere and insert another LOC keyframe. this will create a looping animation.
 * 5) Set the image type to PNG or JPEG (it doesn't matter) and render the animation.

Now to combine the images into an animated GIF using Gimp.

 * 1) Open the first image with gimp.
 * 2) Now click File-> open as Layer or press "Ctrl-Alt-O". Select the next frame and it will be added as a new layer. Repeat this for all of the images, or select all of the images by pressing "Ctrl-A".
 * 3) If you press Filters->Animation->Playback it should play the animation. It will probably have a low frame rate making it "choppy". this will be fixed in the next step.
 * 4) Change the frame rate to 40 ms(25 frames per second). Choose file->Export as-> "Name".gif, then choose Save as Animation.

Note: Don't know wheter this is an additional feature of Gimp 2.6.8 or not, but i found out following: In Gimp 2.6.8, within the export wizard, you have to choose option: -save as animation- first and next at the option: -single picture where not mentioned- the option: one single picture per layer. -Sorry i use the german version of gimp-

You should end up with something like this:

Alternatively, you may try using addons to create animated Gifs directly from Blender. 2 options include Spritify and Bligify


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Korean/RWP/Lesson 4

Welcome back! This is the 4th lesson of "Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean". This lesson covers the rest of the basic Korean letters.

The vowel ㅜ (u)
The first new letter is the vowel ㅜ (u):

The vowel ㅜ is pronounced like the oo in boot. Similar in appearance to ㅗ (o) and 一 (eu), the vowel ㅜ (u) is wider than it is tall, so it is written below the consonant rather than next to it.

Exercise
The following Korean words contain ㅜ (u). Guess what the words mean. Click "Show" to check your answers, as usual.

You can check your answers by clicking at "Show" above, as usual.

Exercise: writing practice
Try to write the following words:

The vowel ㅓ (eo)
The next of the vowels to learn is ㅓ (eo):

The vowel ㅓ is pronounced like the u in plus (IPA: [ ʌ ]) and transcribed as eo (think "surgeon"). Similar in appearance to ㅏ (a), the vowel ㅓ (eo) is taller than it is wide, so it is written next to the consonant.

Exercise
Try to translate these Korean words:

Try translating the following words into Korean:

The vowel ㅔ (e)
The next vowel to learn is the digraph ㅔ (e):

The appearance the vowel ㅔ shows that it was originally a diphthong of ㅓ (eo) and ㅣ (i). Today, it is pronounced like the e in the Australian pronunciation of word bed and transcribed as e.

Exercise
Try to translate these Korean words:

The vowel ㅐ (ae)
The last vowel for this lesson is the digraph ㅐ (ae):

The appearance the vowel ㅐ shows that it was originally a diphthong of ㅏ (a) and ㅣ (i). Today, it is pronounced like the e in the American pronunciation of the English word bed and transcribed as ae.

Exercise
Try to translate these Korean words:

The consonant ㅎ (hieut)
The next consonant for this lesson is ㅎ (hieut):

Exercise
Try to translate these Korean words:

The consonant ㅈ (jieut)
The last consonant for this lesson is ㅈ (jieut), it is pronounced as a j or a ch:

Exercise
Try to translate these Korean words:

End of lesson 4
If you learned the letters in this lesson, you are ready to go on to lesson 5, where you will learn some simple variations of the letters you already learned.

title: Korean/RWP/Lesson 4


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Talk:Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Archive

Just a test: Everything you wrote is wrong! --Aschoeke 10:39, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Move the final Book?
I just wanted to give you a hint. There is a special university wikibook, it is called Wikiversity. Maybe you find information there that is useful. Also, we could later on link our Project to the School of Psychology, as they are desperatly looking for free CogPsy books. --Aschoeke 14:59, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

How to write a book
Another hint: If you still have trouble to find the right form for your introduction or have some concept problems then take a look on this page: de:Hilfe:Neues Buch beginnen/ Gliederung zuerst. This page is in german though. -- Iroewer

500 words
Hey people, there is hardly anyone that has the required 500 words Schmalhofer wants you to have in your introduction! If you don't know how to count your words, just copy them to Word. There you click EXTRAS, 'Wörter zählen' and you get the information you need.

Iroewer 01:19 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually in the paragraph, he talks about "up to 500 Words". I misread it to first. Still, I think, that it is better to be in the over 300 area.

Bye,--84.136.177.206 01:16, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Final State
2 hours before deadline, most chaps are close to be complete. I don't want to decide when it is. So please update the front page and change in the stage-tag from 75% to 100% when you think, that you are finished!

The deadline is standing for today 24 o'clock. No exception. Stuff that is added later can not be considered for grading!

BTW, we are listed as "Good Wikibook" and we are close to be a featured one! :)

--Aschoeke 20:35, 19 August 2006 (UTC)


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/The Grey Lady

Overview
The Grey Lady is Ghost of Ravenclaw House.

Deathly Hallows
The Grey Lady helps Harry find information about the lost Ravenclaw diadem, which has been made into a Horcrux by Lord Voldemort. We discover that she was Rowena Ravenclaw's daughter Helena, and had stolen the diadem and hidden it in Albania. Harry correctly determines that it had been retrieved by Voldemort, and stored in the Room of Requirement (in its Junk Storeroom state).

Relationships with Other Characters
It turns out that the character who became the Bloody Baron (upon his death) went to Albania, where the Grey Lady (as she was to become) was hiding, to bid her come back to see her mother before she died. When she refused, the Baron, angered, killed her.

The Grey Lady apparently stole the Diadem from Rowena Ravenclaw out of jealousy of her mother's achievements and fame. We are not told why she refused to return, though we can safely guess that it was either fear of retribution or remorse.


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Rueda de Casino/Cubano

From Guapea, the follower does an Enchufa, and the leader moves in front of her, facing the centre of the circle, changing hands so that he has her right hand in his right. He then steps back on his left on 1, while she steps back on her right, and they do basic steps, 'bouncing' in opposite directions for a few bars.

The caller will use one of these two calls:

 * Dame - on 5, the leaders move towards the follower to the right, and continue doing Cubano with the new follower. This is different to the usual Dame.

 * Se Fue - on 1, when the leader is to the right of the follower, he will change hands so that his left holds her right, and give her an Enchufa then Dile Que No.

Typically there will be a couple of Dame calls, then Se Fue.

title: Rueda de Casino/Cubano


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Rueda de Casino/Pelota Loca

Enchufa then before changing to the next follower, the leader stamps his left foot, then claps, then his left again, claps again, then his left again and claps 3 times. The follower does the same, but using her right foot. Followed by a Dile Que No with the next follower.

Here's a figure to help - S is stamp, C is clap.

C      C       C    C    C S       S       S

This one sounds really good in a large rueda!

title: Rueda de Casino/Pelota Loca


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Rueda de Casino/Enchufa Doble Sácala Doble

Enchufa Doble, then the leader changes hands so that he has right-to-right, faces the centre, then pushed the follower out of the circle, so that she steps back on her right, facing the centre, and then she comes into the centre, turns to her right and goes back out. She repeats this turn, then Dile Que No.

The leader needs to be firm with this, push her straight back out of the circle, otherwise she may turn. Also, some followers will be unfamiliar with the right turn (it's actually the same footwork as Setenta for the followers, except with less turn), so you may need to use your left hand to 'guide' her back out of the circle.


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Rueda de Casino/Amarillo

Keep hold of her right hand with your left, and turn to your right, all the way, on the spot, to face her again. Push her hand as in Guapea, then duck underneath her arm to return to a normal hold, then back to Guapea.

This is a standard move, but the name is not standard. We made it up because we didn't know the name.

title: Rueda de Casino/Amarillo


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Rueda de Casino/Sombrero

Hold both hands, right over left, and turn her to her left, walking around her, clockwise, until you have switched places, then, keeping hold of both hands, bring your left arm over your own head, and your right arm over her head, then Dile Que No.

There is a double version of this, called Sombrero Complicado.

title: Rueda de Casino/Sombrero


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HyperText Markup Language/Conditional Comments

Conditional comments are a proprietary extension to Microsoft Internet Explorer for Windows (IE/win) version 4.0 and later. They are not available in Internet Explorer for Mac (IE/mac). They are a very useful way of handling the CSS bugs in the various versions of Internet Explorer.

Syntax
An ordinary (X)HTML comment looks like this:

Conditional comments add additional syntax to comments. The simplest example is:

Browsers that don't understand the conditional comment syntax will process this as a normal comment, i.e. the content of the comment will be ignored.

Specific versions of IE/win can be targeted by changing the expression after the. For example to target any version of IE/win with a major version of 5 use: The text will display in IE/win versions 5.0 and 5.5.

To target a specific version number, e.g. 5.0, the syntax is slightly quirky.

Inequalities can be used in the expression by placing an operator before the. The operators are:
 * : less than (but at least version 5.0 which is the lowest version supporting conditional comments)
 * : less than or equal (but at least version 5.0 which is the lowest version supporting conditional comments)
 * : greater than
 * : greater than or equals

Example:

All the expressions can be negated by prefixing with, e.g.

The second example may seem pointless but with a small tweak you can arrange to hide text from IE/win version 5 and above.

The following HTML document is a working example.

Use with CSS
Conditional comments can be used to pass additional stylesheets to IE/win. These stylesheets can provide fixes to layout bugs in IE/win. The basic idea is:


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Talk:Programming:WebObjects

Does anyone care to respond to the point that the chapter naming is incorrect? RayKiddy 20:45, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Programming:WebObjects


text:
Cascading Style Sheets/User Style Sheets

CSS allows the reader of a document to apply style sheets to the document. These are called user style sheets. They become part of the cascade along with the author's style sheets.

The following sections explain how you can set your own user style sheet in various web browsers—Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Opera.

Apple Safari
Setting a user style sheet in Apple Safari:
 * 1) Create a style sheet and save it on a drive that can be seen by the user.
 * 2) Open Safari.
 * 3) Select Safari I Preferences... from the menus.
 * 4) On the Advanced tab, with the Style Sheet combo box select "Other...".
 * 5) Browse for the file.

The user style sheet is loaded when it is set up and when Safari is started.

Mozilla Firefox
Setting a user style sheet in Mozilla Firefox:
 * 1) Find your profile by following Mozilla's instructions.
 * 2) Create a style sheet and save it as   in the   subdirectory of your profile.

Opera
Setting a user style sheet in Opera:
 * 1) Create a style sheet and save it on a drive that can be seen by the user.
 * 2) Open Opera.
 * 3) Select Tools>Preferences... from the menus.
 * 4) On the Advanced tab select Content from the list on the left.
 * 5) Click on the 'Styles options...' button.
 * 6) Fill in the 'My style sheet' box.

For a full description of Opera's style modes, refer to Style Presentation Modes in Opera 12.16.

Windows Internet Explorer
Setting a user style sheet in Internet Explorer for Windows:
 * 1) Create a style sheet and save it on a drive that can be seen by the user.
 * 2) Open Internet Explorer.
 * 3) Select Tools> I nternet Options... from the menus.
 * 4) On the General tab click on Accessibility... (near bottom right).
 * 5) Under 'User style sheet' check 'Format documents using my style sheet'.
 * 6) Either type the location of the style sheet into the box or browse for the file.


text:
Using GNOME/Calculator

Gcalctool is the GNOME calculator, a calculator with basic, advanced, financial and scientific modes.

title: Using GNOME/Calculator


text:
Japanese/Vocabulary/Biology

Associated Vocabulary

title: Japanese/Vocabulary/Biology


text:
Emergency Communities/Emergency Lighting

As anyone who throws parties in warehouses will tell you, good lighting can change a harsh, uninviting, dirty and burned out building or parking lot into something inviting, cozy, and warm. In situations where you can't bring in rugs, where there are no internal walls, little furniture, etc., it is the light that ends up organizing a space.

Thankfully, there are cheap, simple ways of structuring light to make community spaces.

General
Avoid work lights, clip lights, and bare bulbs. They reinforce the disaster area harshness.

Indoor Suggestions: Paper Lanterns
In occupying the remnants of a pre-disaster building, I recommend dangling china ball paper lanterns from the ceiling in clusters to illuminate focused areas with warm, diffused light.

 * 1) run romex or UF power cable across the ceiling from a circuit breaker or generator, and put 4 outlet-junctions at points across the ceiling.
 * 2) cut or wrap wires for each individual bulb, with a bulb socket on one end, and a plug on the other.  make them long enough to (A) cross the ceiling from the junction to wherever you want to hang the light and then (B) dangle down from the ceiling an appropriate distance.  a good height for lighting is 7 or 8 ft, just above where a person can reach.
 * 3) the Chinese Paper Moon lanterns attach to the same wire that the socket is on, just above the socket, and enclose the bulb.

With a good ladder and proper wire and wirecutters/strippers ready, two people can do the ceiling wire and 5 lanterns in an hour. If you need to wrap your own wire, make it two hours.


text: Japanese/Vocabulary/Government and politics


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User:Homo sapiens

I am w:User:Homo sapiens on en.

title: User:Homo sapiens


text:
Game Maker Programming/Intro

Programming: An introduction
Before you even begin programming, it would be a good idea to understand a little bit about what you are getting into. This chapter will help you understand the purpose of programming, as well as some basic concepts of it.

Getting things done
The point of any program is to accomplish some task, whether it be as simple as a calculation or as complex as a computer game, a program gets something done. Think of the computer as a person awaiting instructions; You must speak that person's language in order to tell them what you want done, and you must give that person your instructions. It is the same with the computer, you need to know the computer's language as well as give it instructions in that language.

That is what a program is, a series of instructions in the computer's language.

Instructions
As mentioned earlier, a program is a series of instructions in the computer's language. And just as English has words and grammar, so does a programming language.

Let's say you wanted Bob to go to the store and get some eggs. You could say,

"Bob, go to the store."

Bob would not get you your eggs though. He would go to the store, just as you instructed him however. The same concept applies to programming; you need to tell the computer exactly what you want done, because the computer won't be able to guess what you mean. So instead, you tell Bob:

"Bob, go to the store - eggs."

This time, Bob might get the eggs; but only because he could guess you meant to get some eggs. But a computer would not understand you if you programmed like that. Instead you would tell Bob:

"Bob, go to the store and get 12 eggs; be back at 5:00." This would tell Bob exactly what to do.

Your instructions (programs) should always be precise, using the correct grammar of the programming language. Remember, a computer can only do what you tell it to.

Language
In order to give your computer instructions however, you must know a language you can talk to it in. In this case the language is Game Maker Language (GML). You will learn more about GML in the upcoming chapters.

title: Game Maker Programming/Intro


text:
User:TakuyaMurata/Functional Analysis

Intro
Functional Analysis can mean many things depending on which mathematician you ask. The core of the subject, however, is to study linear spaces with some topology which allows us to do analysis; ones like spaces of functions, spaces of operators acting on the space of functions, etc.

Hilbert space
A Banach space is called a Hilbert space if for each ordered pair $$(x, y)$$ of elements in the space there is a unique complex number called an inner product of $$x$$ and $$y$$, denoted by $$\langle x, y \rangle$$,

title: User:TakuyaMurata/Functional Analysis


text:
Jeep Liberty/Authors

 * unixxx
 * JeepKJ02

 * AdamIsAdam
 * Kevin
 * Tokyojoe
 * Kugellager

title: Jeep Liberty/Authors


text:
User:Unixxx

I'm currently working on the Jeep Liberty WikiBook which details the Liberty in OEM and modded form. I also occassionally make edits to other auto related Wikibooks and Wikipedia articles. When an image is needed for any of these I'll upload it to Wikimedia Commons.

 * Jeep Liberty

title: User:Unixxx


text:
User talk:Kamerek~enwikibooks

$$E= MC2$$<

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kamerek. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kamerek~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:21, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:07, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kamerek~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Internet Technologies/The Internet

which government are we talking about here?

title: Talk:Internet Technologies/The Internet


text: Category:Book:Emergency Communities

title: Category:Book:Emergency Communities