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Sociology of Religion/Religious Typologies

Religious Development
-- The most general sociological/anthropological theory of the formation of religions so far is contained in R. Stark & W. S. Bainbridge's book "Theory of Religion". This theory is outlined roughly below:

Most religions start out their lives as cults or sects, i.e. groups in high tension with the surrounding society. Over time, they tend to either die out, or become more established, mainstream and in less tension with society. Cults are new groups with a new novel theology, while sects are attempts to return mainstream religions to (what the sect views as) their original purity. Mainstream established groups are called denominations. The comments below about cult formation apply equally well to sect formation.

There are four models of cult formation: the Psychopathological Model, the Entrepreneurial Model, the Social Model (Subcultural Model), and the Normal Revelations model.

According to the Psychopathological Model, religions are founded during a period of severe stress in the life of the founder. The founder suffers from psychological problems, which they resolve through the founding of the religion. (The development of the religion is for them a form of self-therapy, or self-medication.)

According to the Entrepreneurial Model, founders of religions act like entrepreneurs, developing new products (religions) to sell to consumers (to convert people to). According to this model, most founders of new religions already have experience in several religious groups before they begin their own. They take ideas from the pre-existing religions, and try to improve on them to make them more popular.

The Social Model (Subcultural Model) emphasises not the founder of the religion, but rather the early religious group. According to this model, religions are founded by means of social implosions. Members of the religious group spend less and less time with people outside the group, and more and more time with each other within it. The level of affection and emotional bonding between members of a group increases, and their emotional bonds to members outside the group diminish. According to the social model, when a social implosion occurs, the group will naturally develop a new theology and rituals to accompany it.

The Normal Revelations model was added to the theory by Stark in a latter work. According to the Normal Revelations model, religions are founded when the founder interprets ordinary natural phenomena as supernatural; for instance, ascribing his or her own creativity in inventing the religion to that of the deity.

Some religions are better described by one model than another, though all apply to differing degrees to all religions.

Once a cult or sect has been founded, the next problem for the founder is to convert new members to it. Prime candidates for religious conversion are those with an openness to religion, but who do not belong or fit well in any existing religious group. Those with no religion or no interest in religion are difficult to convert, especially since the cult and sect beliefs are so extreme by the standards of the surrounding society. But those already happy members of a religious group are difficult to convert as well, since they have strong social links to their pre-existing religion and are unlikely to want to sever them in order to join a new one. The best candidates for religious conversion are those who are members of or have been associated with religious groups (thereby showing an interest or openness to religion), yet exist on the fringe of these groups, without strong social ties to prevent them from joining a new group.

Potential converts vary in their level of social connection. New religions best spread through pre-existing friendship networks. Converts who are marginal with few friends are easy to convert, but having few friends to convert they cannot add much to the further growth of the organization. Converts with a large social network are harder to convert, since they tend to have more invested in mainstream society; but once converted they yield many new followers through their friendship network.

Cults initially can have quite high growth rates; but as the social networks that initially feed them are exhausted, their growth rate falls quickly. On the other hand, the rate of growth is exponential (ignoring the limited supply of potential converts): the more converts you have, the more missionaries you can have out looking for new converts. But nonetheless it can take a very long time for religions to grow to a large size by natural growth. This often leads to cult leaders giving up after several decades, and withdrawing the cult from the world.

It is difficult for cults and sects to maintain their initial enthusiasm for more than about a generation. As children are born into the cult or sect, members begin to demand a more stable life. When this happens, cults tend to lose or de-emphasise many of their more radical beliefs, and become more open to the surrounding society; they then become denominations.

The goal or dream of most founders of religions is to convert their entire society; but of the myriad religions founded throughout history, few have been very successful. Most of the world's religious people adhere to one of a few major religions (Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism). It is very difficult for a religion to grow to this size. Most of these religions (especially Christianity) became established when they were adopted by politically powerful individuals. The religion of the common people took much longer to change (sometimes centuries). --


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Cookbook:No-Bake Chocolate Pie

| Dutch Cuisine | Desserts

This is an old Dutch recipe for a very 'powerful' chocolate pie.

Filling

 * 150–200 g cocoa powder
 * 150–200 g white granulated sugar
 * 250–500 g butter
 * About 1 cup milk (optional)

Crust

 * 2–3 packs of 'marie' biscuits (also known as 'rich tea' biscuits)
 * Cold brewed black coffee or other taste makers (optional)

Topping

 * Chocolate sprinkles

Special equipment

 * Dish or mold with high sides (e.g. springform or pie pan; about 26 cm in diameter)
 * Saucepan
 * Wooden spoon

Procedure

 * 1) Melt the butter in a saucepan, then mix in the sugar.
 * 2) Stir in the cocoa and milk.
 * 3) Dip biscuits in the coffee, and arrange them in the bottom of the dish to make a single layer. Spread the chocolate mixture on top of the biscuits. Repeat this step until you run out of biscuits and chocolate.
 * 4) Scatter the sprinkles on top, then chill in the fridge until set.
 * 5) Slice and serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The above measurements aren't precise; play with the amounts to your liking.
 * Adding the milk will make the cake less solid.
 * Coffee is optional; addition is to taste.
 * Use about 750 g butter for more than 2 layers of biscuits, and adjust the cocoa/sugar to match.
 * Vegan variation: Remove the milk and chocolate sprinkles, and replace the butter by ⅔ soy butter and ⅓ margarine (or all margarine).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook:No-Bake Chocolate Pie


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User talk:63.101.124.90

Please tell us more about omnidirectional wheels. Can you provide a link to a picture? - Omegatron 16:54, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:63.101.124.90


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Organic Chemistry/Dienes/Conjugation

Organic chemistry > Dienes > Conjugation

<< Kinds of Dienes | Diene Properties and Reactions >>

Conjugation of Double Bonds
A diene is said to be conjugated when its double bonds are not directly next to each other, but rather separated by a single bond in between them (CH2=CH-CH=CH2).

Conjugated dienes are particularly stable due to the delocalization of the pi electrons along sp2 hybridized orbitals, and they also tend to undergo reactions atypical of double bond chemistry. For instance, chlorine can add to 1,3-butadiene (CH2=CH-CH=CH2) to yield a mixture of 3,4-dichloro-1-butene (ClCH2-CHCl-CH=CH2) and 1,4-dichloro-2-butene (ClCH2-CH=CH-CH2Cl). These are known as 1,2 addition and 1,4 addition, respectively. 1,2-addition is favored in mild reaction (irreversible) conditions (the kinetically preferred product) and 1,4-addition is favored in harsher reaction (reversible) conditions (which results in the thermodynamically preferred product).

Another interesting conjugated diene reaction is the Diels-Alder reaction, in which a conjugated diene reacts with an alkene (called a "dienophile" in this case) in order to yield a cyclic product. In Diels-Alder type reactions, the substituent on the dienophile will go into either an exo or endo position in the final product. ("Endo" in this case meaning trans to the substituents on the ends of the diene, and "exo" meaning the same thing, only cis.)

<< Kinds of Dienes | Diene Properties and Reactions >>

title: Organic Chemistry/Dienes/Conjugation


text: File:Diels-Alder.PNG

title: File:Diels-Alder.PNG


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User:Carlosbustos83

TESIS ENSAYO
''

En Colombia debe surgir un modelo de hacker no coopiado de modelos extranjeros''

Es de saber lo grandes aporte realizado por los Colombianos Polkan Rodriguez y Alejandro Forero, genios de l ainformatica que comparten su conocimiento.

Hace poco se reunieron para compartienos un poco de su conocimiento en la UNIVERSIDAD MANUELA BELTRAN

--Carlosbustos83 18:26, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Carlosbustos83


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User:Onomastics

What's in a name?

title: User:Onomastics


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Cookbook:Rhubarb

| Rhubarb Recipes

Rhubarb is a relative of buckwheat and has an earthy, sour flavor. Rhubarb thrives in cold climates and originated in Western China, Tibet, Mongolia, Siberia and neighboring areas. The traditional role was medicinal — the dried root was a popular remedy for a wide range of illnesses. Its primary function was to induce vomiting, although rhubarb is also a mild astringent. This medicinal role caused the price of the dried root to rise. In 1542, rhubarb sold for ten times the price of cinnamon in France and in 1657 rhubarb sold for over twice the price of opium in England (Schneider, 2001). Beginning in the eighteenth century, rhubarb began to be consumed in foods, primarily drinks and meat stews.

Botanically speaking, rhubarb is considered a vegetable, but it's most often treated as a fruit — though it's rarely eaten raw. Just like fresh cranberries, rhubarb is almost unbearably tart on its own and needs the sweetness of sugar, honey, or fruit juice added to it to balance out the acidity. Rhubarb's nickname is the "pie plant" because that is the primary use for this vegetable.

Rhubarb was introduced to the United States at the end of the eighteenth century. Today most rhubarb is frozen for commercial and institutional use; only about a quarter of the crop is sold fresh.

Selection
Hothouse, or strawberry, rhubarb appears in markets as early as January and continues to be stocked through April. Field-grown, or cherry, rhubarb begins to arrive in markets in March and can continue to arrive through the summer (depending on the area where it is grown). Spring stalks are the juiciest and most-tender.

Fresh stalks are flat, not curled or limp. When stalks that have been pulled-not cut-from the field are available; choose them. Pulled stalks dry out less rapidly. Size is no indicator of tenderness. Deep red stalks are sweeter and richer.

Storage
Wrap rhubarb in plastic wrap and store it in the coldest part of the refrigerator for up to one week. Cooked and raw rhubarb both freeze well.

Preparation
Cut off and discard the leaves (see warning below). Rinse and trim from base and tip. You may peel or cut with the skin intact. Remember to cook only in non-aluminum pots due to the acidic nature of rhubarb.

Warning
Rhubarb stalks are also rich in vitamin K, important to note for people taking anticoagulants (bloodthinners).

title: Cookbook:Rhubarb


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Sociological Theory/Equity Theory

From Hatfield, Elaine. Equity Theory and Research. Blumberg, Herbert H. Small Groups and Social Interaction. John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 1983. Four Propositions: 1: Individuals will try to maximize their outcomes (where outcomes equal rewards minus punishments) 2a: Groups (or rather the individuals comprising these groups) can maximize collective reward by evoloving accepted systems for equitably apportioning resources among members. Thus, groups will evolve such systems of equity, and will attempt to induce members to accept and adhere to these systems. 2b: Groups will generally reward members who treat others equitably and generally punish members who treat each other inequitably. 3: When individuals find themselves participating in inequitable relationships, they will become distressed. The more inequitable the relationship, the more distress they will feel. 4. Individuals who discover they are in inequitable relationships will attempt to eliminate their distress by restoring equity. The greater the inequity that exists, the more distress they will feel, and the harder they will try to restore equity.

equity is in the eye of the beholder

only two ways to alter equity - altering their own or their partner's relative gains

applies to: exploiter/victim relationships, philanthropist/recipient relationships, business relationships, and intimate relationships

Notes: lot of problems with this theory: -still isn't deterministic; there is no way of knowing if a person will try to resolve the inequity and, if so, how -completely subjective - everyone's definition of equity is unique

Formula: $$ \frac{(O_A-I_A)}{(|I_A|)^{k_A}} = \frac{(O_B-I_B)}{(|I_B|)^{k_B}} $$

Where:
 * $$I_A$$ and $$I_B$$ designate a scrutineer's perception of Person A's and Person B's inputs
 * $$O_A$$ and $$O_B$$ designate his or her perception of Person A's and Person B's outcomes
 * and $$|I_A|$$ and $$|I_B|$$ designate the absolute value of their inputs

title: Sociological Theory/Equity Theory


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User:Wikidgood~enwikibooks

This page is deprecated. I have reclaimed my original page and prefer this page be simply deleted. Thank you in advance for transparency and forewarning of often Byzantine policy implementation. Wikidgood (discuss • contribs) 21:49, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User:Wikidgood~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Quickie Material

=Old Text=

(User:- This tutorial, though still under construction, is very helpful because it addresses what I believe is a new panel, 'Links and Pipeline', in 2.42. A lot of the other tutorials seem to date before this addition. It is also very explanatory which helps a lot. Thanks.)

Below is old text for this page. I want to preserve it to use elsewhere. Please disregard for now. Materials are what gives an object its basic colour and 'feel'. For example, plastic is quite hard and smooth so it reflects light well, while cotton is soft so it mostly only reflects ambient light.

=Adding A Material= To add a material, select your object, and click the Shading button (a shaded sphere) or press F5. In the Material box, click "add new". (If you can't see this button, your object already has a material.) Your object now has a material and you can change lots of settings. The most interesting ones are Textures (see next page), the Colour and Alpha (transparency) sliders in the same box, and the next two boxes, Shaders and Mirror Transparency. Your material will be called something like Material.001. You can change this name by clicking on the name box. Naming things is good! It makes things much less confusing later on.

=Shaders= Shaders are what makes the difference between the way light behaves on cotton, plastic and many other objects. The reflectivity slider controls how much ambient light is reflected (move it and watch the preview). The Halo button turns your object's vertices into points of light. Specularity controls how much light bounces directly off objects (think sunlight reflecting off the sea), and hardness controls the angle at which specularity is noticible. Translucency is used to light a surface if the side facing away from the eye point is receiving light. Ambient colour sets the amount of global ambient color the material receives. Emittivity will make the material glow in the dark (good if a particular object is too dark).

=Mirror Transparency= The mirror transparency tab is used to control reflections and transparency. You should have raytracing turned on on the render tab to use these settings (Ray button after you press F10). Reflectivity makes your object reflect other objects. Press Ray Mirror to turn it on and the slider to control the amount. Depth controls how many times a reflection can bounce before it reaches the camera (if two reflective objects are next to each other, they will only reflect each other this number of times). Ray Transparency is used to make objects see-through. The Alpha slider on the materials tab controls how transparent the material is; IOR stands for Index of Refraction - how much light bends when it passes into or out of the object. (If it is 1, light passes straight through and the object often looks fake. Glass has a typical IOR of 1.5, and water is about 1.33.)  ZTransp does not rely on raytracing, but Ray Transp looks much better. The object will not be transparent without ZTransp or Ray Transp checked.

EDIT: Translucency will make the object translucent. translucent means: Transmitting light but causing sufficient diffusion to prevent perception of distinct images. (clear)

=Preserving text= Please use the edit history to preserve text, and use this Talk page for discussion. Revisions are identified by unique URLs so if you need to keep your place, you can create a bookmark in your browser.

Brinman 18:27, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

=Updating=

I am updating the text so it fits 2.59 I have done the first part until Specifying Colors and hope to do the rest asap. --> done!

Good on ya! BTW you may want to get an account if you're going to do this consistently. --JamesNZ (discuss • contribs) 08:24, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

I have but I forgot to log in :D


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Cookbook:Homemade Wheat Tortillas

| Cuisine of Mexico | Tex-Mex cuisine

Tortillas are a type of flatbread popular in Mexico and Central America commonly made from wheat flour or masa. This recipe is for the wheat flour variety; see Corn Tortilla for the masa version..

Ingredients

 * 4 cups (950 ml) unbleached all-purpose flour
 * 2 teaspoons salt
 * 2 tablespoons lard or vegetable shortening
 * 1½ cups (360 ml) warm water, or more if needed
 * 4 teaspoons baking powder (optional, for thicker and chewier tortillas)

Procedure

 * 1) In a large bowl, stir together the flour, salt and baking powder.
 * 2) With a pastry blender, a fork, or your hands, gradually work in the lard or shortening until it is all incorporated.
 * 3) Add enough warm water to make a soft but not sticky dough.
 * 4) Turn out onto a lightly-floured board and knead for 5 minutes.
 * 5) Divide the dough into ¼ cup (3 oz / 90 g) portions and form them into balls.
 * 6) Roll each ball into a flat round about 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter and ⅛ inches (0.3 cm) thick. You can use a tortilla press for this.
 * 7) Heat a large heavy skillet over medium high heat.
 * 8) Place the tortillas one at a time into the dry (or very lightly oiled) hot skillet; cook until browned in spots on one side, then turn and brown the other in spots side (about 1 minute/side)
 * 9) Remove from the skillet and keep warm in cloth towel.

밀가루 토르티야

title: Cookbook:Homemade Wheat Tortillas


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Cookbook:Green Olive

| Vegetable | Olive

The green olive is a pickled olive, normally stuffed with a pimento but sometimes containing the pit, an anchovy, an almond, or nothing at all. Green olives are usually sold in glass jars.

Green olives are sometimes added to salads and sandwiches.

title: Cookbook:Green Olive


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Cookbook:Snow Pea

| Legume

The snow pea is a type of pea that is eaten whole, immature, and still in the pod. It is commonly stir-fried in East Asian cuisine. They can also be eaten as sprouts.

Snow peas should be shiny and flat, with very small peas that are barely visible through the pod. Smaller pods are the sweetest and the most tender.

It is best to serve fresh peas the day they are purchased. If they must be stored, place them in a perforated plastic bag in the refrigerator. Do not wash them before they are stored.

Rinse snow peas before use. To trim snow peas, cut the tips from both ends of the pod. This can be done with kitchen shears.

title: Cookbook:Snow Pea


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User:*Dark Dragon*~enwikibooks

My primary occupations is electronics, phisics, mathematics and programming.

That's all for now. In future I will add more info about myself.

title: User:*Dark Dragon*~enwikibooks


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Cookbook:Cuisine of the Netherlands

| European cuisines

Dutch Cuisine is usually quite simple. A traditional dinner (since about 19th century) usually consists of boiled potatoes, panfried meat (popular choices are: pork chops, beef balls, and thick sliced pork bellies) and a boiled vegetable (e.g. cauliflower, green beans, and broccoli). A dinner is not complete without some sort of dessert.

Dinner

 * Boerenkool met worst
 * Hachee
 * Hutspot
 * Kapucijners met spek
 * Hete bliksem (Hot lightning)
 * Erwtensoep
 * Pannenkoeken
 * Poffertjes
 * Stoofperen

Meat

 * Zure zult
 * Balkenbrij
 * Bloedworst
 * Blinde vink

Snacks / Treats

 * Kroketten / Bitterballen (Beef Croquettes)
 * Oliebollen (Fried Dough Balls)
 * Speculaas (Spice-cookies)

Desserts / Cakes

 * No-Bake Chocolate Pie
 * Hutspot with sugar-sirup and chocolate
 * Arretjescake (No Bake Chocolate Cake)
 * Buckwheatcake
 * Griesmeelpudding
 * Krentenwegge
 * Bitterkoekjes
 * Jan in de zak
 * Drie in de pan
 * Hangop
 * Watergruwel
 * Haagse bluf
 * Karnemelksepap
 * Broodpap
 * Trommelkoek
 * Wentelteefjes
 * Vlaai
 * Speculaas
 * Banketstaaf
 * Ouwewijvenkoek
 * Kruidkoek
 * Kniepertjes
 * Janhagel
 * Arnhemse meisjes
 * Borstplaat
 * Appelflap

Drinks

 * Boerenjongens (Farmboys)
 * Boerenmeisjes (Farmgirls)
 * Kwast

Kookboek/Nederlandse keuken

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of the Netherlands


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User:Webmind

for more information on me see my blog

title: User:Webmind


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Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Quickie Texture

=Storing Content=

Just storing the previous content for this page for later use. Please disregard for now. --Spiderworm 13:25, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I moved it back for now. I agree, there could be a better intoduction, but this is better than an empty for now, I think. --Allefant 20:05, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Didn´t help me- I selected the texture I wanted to use, but it didn´t apply on screen- I don´t know what to do, so that the texture is taken over to the model...something like an Enter-Button...?!

=Applying textures=

I'm having trouble actually applying my texture to a plane. Can anyone help?

Obsolete info
The method for specifying a texture image changed years ago. This is obsolete and useless for the current Blender 2.48. --John Nagle (talk) 20:17, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

How does the shadow appears?
After added the Stucci texture and affected it with the normal, an aliased shadow will appear in our rendered work. I fixed it by pressing 'Nor' button in the 'Map To' tab again, so the text 'Nor' turns yellow.

I wonder how come this shadow appear and why it's quality is rather low? --Weeix (talk) 15:41, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

this tutorial
i cant seem to apply this tutorial to the blender 2.61 version that "spotty" button that your supposed to press is not on my blender program or has another name that isnt spotty button so i cannot complete this tutorial wich i really wish i could.

This Tutorial is actually very hard to follow for a Noob like me with Blender version 2.60 + Updates would be nice for these and many other tutorials on this book.


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US Contract Law

While topics in contract law may be universal, this book will focus primarily on the American (USA) law of contracts.

This book discusses the legally binding obligations that parties can voluntarily enter into and how the courts deal with enforcing those obligations.

Note: This is an extremely early version and is likely to contain mistakes. This page is not a substitute for legal representation. Also, this is a general overview of contract law as it is practiced and enforced in the United States. The details may be different depending on which State(s) is(are) involved. Nevertheless, the writers encourage every person to acquaint themselves with the principles of a legal system that governs nearly all sales and transactions. The world is, after all, a "global marketplace."

=Legal Theories of Contracts=

What is a Contract?
A working definition of Contract comes from the American Law Institute's      Restatement 2nd:

§ 1. Contract Defined:

A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.

Another definition comes from the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which specifically covers contracts for "Goods" (instead of services):

§ 1-201(11) [Revised § 1-201(11)]:

“Contract” means the total legal obligation which results from the parties’ agreement as affected by this Act and any other applicable rules of law.

Both of these definitions make clear that not all promises or agreements are contracts. The promises or agreements that are contracts are the ones the legal system will enforce. That definition certainly appears circular: which ones will our legal system enforce?

That enforcement mechanism kicks in when a contract has been formed and it has been breached. The legal system is then asked to supply a remedy. These concepts of formation, breach, and remedy will play a large part in our discussion. While not always taken in that order, those are also the major topics around which your Contracts course is organized. And they form the basis for a claim for breach of contract, as we will now see.

Economic Analysis
=Was There a Breach of Contract?= These three elements of a claim for breach of contract reflect the major topics of Contract Law:

The first element is called Formation.

The second element is called Performance and Breach.

The third element is called Remedies.

The only other major topic in Contracts is Third Parties. Contracts is so much fun that one person is a party! It takes two to make a contract, however, so the first two parties are the parties to the contract. The "Third Party" is a party who is not a party to the contract.

It is clear that the parties to a contract have certain rights and obligations towards each other as defined in the contract. Sometimes third parties can have rights and obligations by virtue of the contract as well. The parties to the contract may have intended for the contract to benefit a third party, in which case the third party would be a beneficiary of the contract (third party beneficiary). The parties to the contract might also seek to assign their rights under the contract or to delegate their duties under the contract to a third party (assignment and delegation).

To have a claim of breach of contract succeed, the plaintiff must prove that all the elements of a claim are satisfied. To defeat the plaintiff's claim, the defendant needs to knock out only one element. You will find it helpful when analyzing Contracts cases to figure out which element the defendant is contesting.

Sources of Contract Law
Contracts always involve the future. Problems frequently arise because events did not turn out as one or both of the parties had anticipated and they look to contract law to provide the solution for that particular situation. Where do we go to find the rules to resolve contract disputes?

There is a hierarchy of sources. [Insert chart here.]

The principal state statute you will deal with in Contracts is the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC or Code). The Code has a number of parts, called Articles, that apply to different transactions. You will be concerned with Article 1, which contains General Provisions that apply to the whole Code, and Article 2, Sales.

The UCC is an odd duck. One of its principal goals, expressed in § 1-102(2)(c) [Revised § 1-103(a)(3)], is “to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.” You would think the easiest way to make the law uniform would be to enact a federal law. But that is not the way of the Code. The Code is promulgated by two groups, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Law (NCCUSL), and the American Law Institute (ALI). After both of these groups have approved proposed statutes that are drafted by a committee of experts, NCCUSL then takes the proposal to each state, asking the state to enact it. If every state enacts the same law, then the law is uniform. NCCUSL and the ALI have had tremendous success with the UCC, getting most of it enacted in every American jurisdiction.

However, the UCC is not entirely uniform. Legislatures are of course free to change the proposed version in the course of enacting the law, and most legislatures have taken advantage of that freedom. The CALI lessons will cite to the Uniform version of the Code, but you should be aware that your state may have a nonuniform provision.

Application of UCC Article 2
The subject matter of UCC Article 2 is, as expressed in § 2-102, “transactions in goods,” and generally, the sale of goods. So whenever your facts indicate that the contract involves the sale of goods, you should go to UCC Article 2 for the rule. But what are “goods”? Section 2-105(1) provides this definition:

(1) "Goods" means all things (including specially manufactured goods) which are movable at the time of identification to the contract for sale other than the money in         which the price is to be paid, investment securities (Article 8) and things in          action. "Goods" also includes the unborn young of animals and growing crops and other identified things attached to realty as described in the section on goods to         be severed from realty (Section 2-107).

So goods are movable. All well and good. But if a transaction is a hybrid, involving both goods and non-goods, do we apply Article 2? One approach to this problem, from the case of Bonebrake v. Cox, 499 F.2d 951 (8th Cir. 1974), asks us to determine whether the sale of goods was the "predominant purpose" of the transaction. If it was, then Article 2 is applied to the entire transaction.

The Common Law
What if we have a sale of goods (please double check this info as it is not as 'good' as it would appear), but we find no rule in Article 2 that addresses our issue? For example, Farmer claims that because he was drunk when he made the agreement with Cereal Company, the agreement is not binding. UCC Article 2 has no rule on whether agreements a person makes when drunk are enforceable. Where do we go to find the applicable rule? UCC § 1-103 (Revised § 1-103(b)) tells us:

§ 1-103. Supplementary General Principles of Law Applicable. Unless displaced by the particular provisions of this Act, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating cause shall supplement its provisions.

Where do we find these “principles of law and equity”? In a few states, notably Louisiana, which has a French Civil Code tradition, and California, which adopted the Field Code developed by law reformer David Dudley Field in the 19th century, general principles of law, including contract law, are found in statutes. These statutes, however, are often broadly stated and will not answer your question. For example, if you were researching in California whether agreements a person makes when drunk are enforceable, you would find this applicable statute in the Civil Code:

§ 39. Conveyance or contract; rescission; rebuttable presumption.

(a) A conveyance or other contract of a person of unsound mind, but not entirely without understanding, made before the incapacity of the person has been judicially determined, is subject to rescission ....

In most jurisdictions, general principles of contract law are a matter of common law; that is, the tradition of judge-made law handed down in judicial opinions. In a state where contract law is found in a code, like California, there is still a strong common law tradition because the courts must interpret the code to determine whether it is applicable to a particular situation.

In theory, if you wanted to know what the common law rule is, such as whether an agreement made by a person when drunk is enforceable, you would have to read all the cases on point and attempt to distill the rule from them.

In practice, someone has already done that work for you. Enter the Restatement. The Restatements are another project of the American Law Institute. As suggested by the title, a Restatement represents a distillation of the principles of law into “black letter” rules that can be easily, perhaps too easily, stated. We are blessed with an excellent Restatement in our area, the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.

CALI Contracts lessons will occasionally refer to a section from the Restatement (Second) of Contracts (and since it is the only Restatement we will refer to, we may often just call it "the Restatement"). But don’t assume that just because the Restatement states a rule that it is “the law.” Each Restatement is written by a committee of lawyers, judges, and law professors. It reflects the opinion of the authors as to what the general principle is or should be. It is not mandatory authority because it is not enacted by a legislature, and it may not reflect the rule in a particular jurisdiction.

Federal Courts, State Courts, and the Applicable State Law
Sometimes the contracts cases you study have been decided by a federal court. In those cases, it is helpful to ask how the court got jurisdiction. Frequently (but not always) the cases are in federal court because of diversity jurisdiction; that is, the federal court takes jurisdiction when the plaintiff and the defendant are citizens of different states.

Default Rules and Freedom of Contract
Have you studied Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 305 U.S. 673 (1938), in Civil Procedure yet? For our purposes, the gist of it is that the Supreme Court declared that there is in general no federal common law of contracts. Whether a case is heard in federal court or in state court, the court will apply the law of the relevant state.

Which state’s law will the court apply? That question is answered by the choice of law rules. You may eventually study that subject in a course called Conflicts of Law. According to the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (yes, there is a Restatement for that, too), the general rule for choice of law in a contracts case is found in § 188:

§ 188. Law Governing In Absence Of Effective Choice By The Parties

(1) The rights and duties of the parties with respect to an issue in contract are determined by the local law of the state which, with respect to that issue, has the most significant relationship to the transaction and the parties under the principles stated in § 6.

(2) In the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties (see § 187), the contacts to be taken into account in applying the principles of § 6 to determine the law applicable to an issue include: (a) the place of contracting, (b) the place of negotiation of the contract, (c) the place of performance, (d) the location of the subject matter of the contract, and (e) the domicil, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of business of the parties. These contacts are to be evaluated according to their relative importance with respect to the particular issue.

(3) If the place of negotiating the contract and the place of performance are in the same state, the local law of this state will usually be applied, except as otherwise provided in §§ 189-199 and 203.

According to Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 188, the general rule is that the local law of the state that "has the most significant relationship to the transaction" will govern. There is an even narrower rule for contracts involving the sale of chattels (goods). Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 191 provides:

§ 191. Contracts To Sell Interests In Chattel

The validity of a contract for the sale of an interest in a chattel and the rights created thereby are determined, in the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties, by the local law of the state where under the terms of the contract the seller is to deliver the chattel unless, with respect to the particular issue, some other state has a more significant relationship under the principles stated in § 6 to the transaction and the parties, in which event the local law of the other state will be applied.

We’re not going to go into those rules in detail, but we will use this opportunity to emphasize the important principle called Freedom of Contract. Contract law is generally not regulatory. It is facilitatory -- it facilitates the making of agreements between the parties. When we speak of the rules of contract law, we don’t mean rules in the sense of inflexible commandments. We are generally speaking of “default rules” -- the rules that apply in the absence of the parties’ agreement. In fact, this point is nicely captured by the caption to Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 188: Law Governing In Absence Of Effective Choice By The Parties.

Unless it is a formation rule or a matter of policy is involved, the parties are generally free to use freedom of contract to change the default rule. This principle is stated in UCC § 1-102(3) [Rev. § 1-302(a)], which provides that "The effect of provisions of this Act may be varied by agreement, except as otherwise provided in this Act. "

Basic Vocabulary
Agreement

An agreement consists of an offer and an acceptance, this sometimes referred to as mutual assent.

Offer

According to the Restatement of Contract Law, "an offer is a manifestation of an intent to be contractually bound upon acceptance by another party." In other words, when a potential party to a contract makes others aware that he wants to enter into a contract, an "offer" has been made.

An offeror must spell out enough terms such that the offeree can merely say "I accept." For example, "I'll buy your house" isn't enough to constitute a valid offer. At a minimum, a price and boundaries for what land will be sold must be included within the offer. However, there are jurisdictions in which an advertisement stating that a car will be sold for a certain price is considered legally binding on the advertisers.

Offers can be made with an expiration date on them. If an offer is made with no explicit expiration date, the courts will create one based on local business customs, how the parties have handled in the past, and the nature of the contract.

Separate agreement can be made to extend the length of time of previous offers. The agreements, usually called "option contracts", bind the original offeror to keep his offer valid and exclusively available to the original offeree for some period of time, usually in exchange for some amount of money.

It is important to distinguish between an offer and merely an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is generally an offer to the world, such as goods on display in a shop, or an advertisement in a newspaper. Where an invitation to treat occurs, it is the one wishing to purchase a product that makes the legal 'offer' to the owner who then 'accepts'.

Acceptance

Accepting the terms of the offer.

Consideration

This element is broken down into two parts: First, the consideration given in return for the promise or performance must be of legally sufficient value. It may be money, an action the party has no legal duty to do, or not taking an action the party has a legal right to take. Second, the consideration must consist of bargained-for exchange. This element distinguishes contracts from gifts. This is a continuance of the concept of mutual assent, a meeting of the minds between offeror and offeree. Note that "legally sufficient value" does not save either party from an unwise contract. Under the doctrine of freedom of contract, people are free to bargain and contract as they wish. Just because one party may think their offer or acceptance is unequal to the value of consideration they got in return does not void the contract.

Consideration is something of sufficient, but not necessarily adequate, value that is exchanged between the parties. As long as the consideration has sufficient value to the offeror then this is deemed to be sufficient consideration.

Past consideration generally is not acceptable. This is that the consideration must take place in light of the offer and acceptance. As with English law there is always the exception. In cases such as a window cleaner, past consideration is necessary (a window cleaner will clean the windows first then ask for payment later in respect of the performance that has already occurred).

The Bargaining Process
This section deals with the essential elements of the bargaining process. There are basically two requirements: (1) Assent and (2) Definiteness.

Assent
Mutual assent to be bound is an essential element of contract formation. Parties may achieve mutual assent through a bargaining process which involves an offer and an acceptance. So, identifying the offer and acceptance can be the method by which mutual assent is established.

There are three essential elements to an offer. Res. 2d Contracts sec. 24. All must exist before there can be a legally valid offer.

Once you decide that an offer has been made, next determine if the offer is revocable. An offer can become irrevocable by formation of an option contract, Res. 2d Contracts sec. 25, by beginning to perform under an offer that looks to acceptance by performance only, Res. 2d Contracts sec. 45, by detrimental reliance, Res. 2d Contracts sec. 87(2), by statute, including a firm offer under U.C.C. 2-205, and by a writing signed by the offeror which recites a purported consideration and proposes a fair exchange. Res. 2d Contracts sec. 87 (a).

If the offer can be terminated before acceptance, you must next consider whether an offeree's power of acceptance has been terminated by revocation, rejection (including a counteroffer), lapse, or death or incapacity of the offeror or offeree. Res. 2d Contracts sec. 36. If the offeree's power of acceptance has been terminated, no acceptance is possible. If it hasn't then consider if there has been an acceptance. A valid acceptance requires that there be a manifestation of present intent to accept, and that the acceptance be made in the manner invited or required by the offer. Res. 2d Contracts sec. 50. An offer can require that the offeree can accept only by making a promise. If it does, then no other means of acceptance is possible. Similarly, if the offer requires a performance only, then no other means is possible. Res. 2d Contracts sec. 30.

Objective vs. Subjective Assent
The cases are legion that require a "meeting of the minds" for the formation of a valid contract. If taken literally, it would require that all of the parties to a valid contract must simultaneously intend to bind themselves to the contract. Does modern contract law require a "meeting of the minds?" If so, what exactly does it mean?

The Offer An offer is defined as a manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain so made as to justify another person in understanding that her assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it. Res. 2d Contracts sec. 24. A legally sufficient offer requires a manifestation of present intent. Because of the nature of this objective test of intent, modern cases require that one look not only at the words used by the purported offeror, but also at all of the surrounding circumstances to determine whether a reasonable person in the position of the purported offeree would understand that the offeror intended to be bound. Murray p. 69. Farnsworth p. 135. Offers can be oral, written, or implied by conduct.

Legal Capacity
Both parties to a contract must have contractual capacity. This means they must be seen as competent persons in the eyes of the law. Common qualifiers are: Being of the age of majority (18 in the United States), possessing the freedom of choice (free of outside influence such as duress, undue influence, and intoxication), and being of sound mind at the time of the contracts formation (on this topic an entire book can be written).

Legality
The contract's purpose must be legal, for example murder is illegal. Therefore you cannot form a contract which to be completed requires someone to murder another person as the purpose of the contract is to conduct an act which is not legal. This means that contract law will not apply.

This is the strict sense of the legality dependant upon state, so an act legal in one state may result in a void contract if contracted elsewhere.

Duress
Restraint or danger, actually inflicted or impending, which is sufficient in severity or apprehension to deprive a person of free choice, destroy his volition, or obtain consent only in form.

Under the law, a person is not guilty of a crime if he participated only because he believed, and had good reason to believe, that he would be seriously harmed if he did not participate and had no other way of escaping serious harm. The burden is on the government to prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. To find someone guilty, therefore, there must be proof beyond a reasonable doubt that when he participated in the offense, he did not have a reasonable belief that such participation was the only way he could save himself from serious harm.

An actual or a threatened violence or restraint of a man's person, contrary to law, to compel him to enter into a contract, or to discharge one.

Some divide duress into two sorts:

First. Duress of imprisonment, where a man actually loses his liberty. If a man be illegally deprived of his liberty until he sign and seal a bond, or the like, he may allege this duress, and avoid the bond. But, if a man be legally imprisoned, and either to procure his discharge, or on any other fair account, seal a bond or a deed, this is not by duress of imprisonment, and he is not at liberty to avoid it.

Second. Duress per minas, which is either for fear of loss of life, or else for fear of mayhem, or loss of limb,; and this must be upon a sufficient reason. In this case, a man way avoid his own act. Lord Coke enumerates four instances in which a man may avoid his own act by reason of menaces: 1. For fear of loss of life; 2. Of member; 3. Of mayhem; 4. Of imprisonment.

It is not every degree of violence or any hind of threats, that will invalidate a contract; they must be such as would naturally operate on a person of ordinary firmness, and inspire a just fear of great injury to person, reputation or fortune. The age, sex, state of health; temper and disposition of the party, and other circumstances calculated to give greater or less effect to the violence or threats, must be taken into consideration.

A contract by violence or threats, is void, although the party in whose favor the contract is made, and not exercise the violence or make the threats, and although he were ignorant of them.

Violence or threats are cause of nullity, not only where they are exercised on the contracting party, but when the wife, the husband, the descendants or ascendants of the party are the object of them.

If the violence used be only a legal constraint, or the threats only of doing that which the party using them had a right to do, they shall not invalidate the contract A just and legal imprisonment, or threats of any measure authorized by law, and the circumstances of the case, are of this description.

But the mere forms of law to cover coercive proceedings for an unjust and illegal cause, if used or threatened in order to procure the assent to a contract, will invalidate it; an arrest without cause of action, or a demand of bail in an unreasonable sum, or threat of such proceeding, by this rule invalidate a contract made under their pressure.

All the above articles relate to cases where there may be some other motive besides the violence or threats for making the contract. When, however, there is no other cause for making the contract, any threats, even of slight injury, will invalidate it.

Statute of Frauds
The Statute of Frauds is a collective term describing the various statutory provisions which render unenforceable certain types of contracts unless they are evidenced by a writing.

Parol Evidence Rule
The nutshell version of this rule: when drafting a contract -- write what you mean, and mean what you write. If a judge looking at the contract can figure out what the parties' intentions were, then there is no need to have the parties give any testimony whatsoever on what they meant when they drafted the contract. If a judge cannot reasonably understand the parties' intentions on a point of contention, then oral testimony, also called parol evidence, is allowed. See the examples below.

It can happen that once the parties to a contract are somewhat along in their contractual relationship that a dispute will arise regarding what the contract requires one or both parties to actually do. For instance, say Jane hires Bob to paint her house for $5,000.00 with the job to start in August, and the written contract states exactly that with no other wording regarding any sort of time requirement for getting the work done. Jane then tells Bob that she wants the job finished by the end of August because she has family visiting from out of state on September 1st. Bob tells Jane that he completely understands her situation. Summertime is a very busy time for Bob, so he starts the job on August 31st to meet the deadline, but he then leaves the job to paint other houses and, as a result, he does not finish until mid-October. Jane is infuriated and embarrassed that her visitors had to deal with looking at the partially painted house and she firmly believes that Bob knew he would not be able to get the work done in August as she asked. So, she refuses to pay half of the agreed amount ($2,500.00). Bob files a lawsuit.

Bob tells the judge that he completely abided by the contract and did exactly as he was required to do. Jane says that Bob knew that she wanted him to start and finish in August, despite the fact that the contract said Bob only needed to start in August. The judge believes that both Jane and Bob are telling the complete truth, but finds that Bob is entitled to the remaining $2,500.00 due on the contract. Here's why Jane loses: the contract did not state that Bob must finish in August; It merely stated he must begin in August. When a judge can look at the plain language of a contract and from that can understand what the duties are for each party, the Parol Evidence Rule prevents the judge from taking into account oral evidence as to what a party or the parties actually meant. In other words, the written word trumps the spoken. In this case, the judge, even if he or she feels it is unfair to Jane, does not need testimony to understand that the contract only required Bob to start in August -- not complete the job in August.

But what if the contract stated that Bob must start on August 15th, and that he must do the work quickly and in a workmanlike manner until completion. Before signing the contract, Jane tells Bob of the reason for the "quickly" requirement -- that is she has visitors coming on September 1st. Bob tells Jane that he completely understands. Bob does start on August 15th but does not finish until September 15th, and tells Jane that he did indeed proceed quickly as she requested. Jane withholds the $2,500.00 and, predictably, Bob files a lawsuit.

The judge, this time, would be very willing to hear the oral testimony of both parties because, while it is clear the parties contemplated some requirement for a finish date, it is unclear from the plain language of the contract what that date actually was. Looking at the contract, it is absolutely impossible to find a solid finish date, and the parties' expectations as to what that meant under the contract can only be derived from oral testimony. Jane's statement regarding her timetable and Bob's statement that he completely understood might be enough to convince a judge that the contract required Bob to be finished by August 31st.

To sum up in outline fashion: 1. If the contract is specific as to the point in dispute: no oral testimony is allowed. 2. If the contract is ambiguous as to the point in dispute: oral testimony is allowed.

Impossibility
when an act cannot be performed due to nature, physical impediments, or unforeseen events. It can be a legitimate basis to rescind (mutually cancel) a contract

Frustration of Purpose
Frustration of purpose is a term used in the law of contracts to describe a defense to an action for non-performance based on the occurrence of an unforeseen event which makes performance impossible or commercially impracticable. A common situation is that the subject matter of the contract - a house or a car for example - is unintentionally destroyed.

Remedies
Give the benefit of the bargain i.e. expected gain. 'For the party who has suffered a loss to be put in the position as if the contract's obligations had been performed.'
 * Expectation Damages

Restore to before contract. Repay any loss
 * Reliance Damages

Action off the contract. Party receives damages for the benefit they conferred on the other party, so as not to allow unjust enrichment. For the party who has suffered a loss to be put back in the position had the contract not been agreed at all - recovery of losses, as opposed to expectation damages, see above.
 * Restitution Damages

Punish breach. Usually only used for tortious breach; therefore, this is not a usual type of damages in Contracts Law. Policy: Breaching a contract can be efficient. The law does not wish to force all promises to be adhered to. It simply wishes to put the non-breaching party in the position he would have been in if the contract had been performed.
 * Punitive Damages

Perform as promised. Complete the bargain Used only when damages can’t or won’t be sufficient. Specific performance is the very last resort that the English Legal System shall generally resort to. This is making a person carry out obligations agreed to under the terms of the contract. This is not a good option for either parties. The person is unlikely to perform tasks to a satisfactory standard for the Claimant and it is essentially like slavery for the Defendant whom is being made to carry out obligations.
 * Specific Performance

=Sources= Overview and Sources of Contract Law by Scott J. Burnham, Professor of Law, The University of Montana School of Law

Contract Formation I by Matthew C. McKinnon, Professor of Law, Michigan State University School of Law

title: US Contract Law


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Talk:Music Theory/Modes

Great article; a couple of comments: i) it would be nice to compare/contrast modes to other similar concepts in the world, for example "Thats" in Indian music. ii) The phrase in the last sentence 'sound through time' does not make sense; is there any sound that is not through time?

Use of Roman and Hindu-Arabic numerals
This is looking good.

Only critique I would make is that Roman numerals are usually reserved for discussing chords where Hindu-Arabic numbers are used for discussing scale tones. Also when using numbers to describe musical ideas we usually prefix any #'s or b's rather than making them a suffix

i.e.

Is how we would describe the deviations each mode has from the Ionian in terms of scale degree structure. Bandcoach (discuss • contribs) 07:38, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music Theory/Modes


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Beekeeping/First Time

Before deciding to open your hive be aware that bees dislike the smell of newly mown grass, it can make them agitated and more liable to sting you. They are also similarly affected by the type of cool heavy air that presages a thunderstorm, so again delay opening the hive. However, once you have decided that the conditions suit,start your smoker and have a heavy cool smoke issuing from your smoker, making sure that there won't be any hot coals or chunks that will be blown out. Having your veil on would be helpful as well. Blow a few puffs into the entrance of the hive and wait a minute or so, then remove the cover. Open the cover slowly and carefully using a pry tool (my bees like to build a lot of burr comb upside down on the cover) and blow a few puffs of smoke on top of the frames and underneath the cover. The bees should retreat to the comb. Lean the cover against the side of the hive, never place it flat on the ground. This will prevent trapping or crushing the bees.

When you are ready to close the hive, puff some smoke over the tops of the frames again to keep the bees below the cover. Then position one end of the cover on top of the hive and close it like a hinge. This will help prevent the bees from being crushed under the cover.

title: Beekeeping/First Time


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Cookbook:Five Spice Powder

| Spices and herbs

Chinese five spice powder (五香粉, five spices powder, or five-spice powder) is a convenient seasoning for Cantonese cuisine. It incorporates the five basic flavours of Chinese cooking—sweet, sour, bitter, pungent, and salty. One common recipe includes China Tung Hing cinnamon, powdered cassia buds, powdered star anise and anise seed, ginger root, and ground cloves. Another recipe for the powder consists of cinnamon, black pepper, cloves, fennel seed, and star anise. It is used in most Cantonese roasted ducks, as well as beef stew. Although this spice is used in restaurant cooking, many Chinese households never use it in day-to-day cooking.

The formulae are based on the Chinese philosophy of balancing the yin and yang in food. A pinch of the powder goes a long way. A versatile seasoned salt can be easily made by stir-frying common salt with five spice powder under low heat in a dry pan until the spice and salt are well mixed.

Ingredients

 * 2 teaspoons Szechuan peppercorns
 * 8 star anise pods
 * ½ tsp ground cloves
 * 1 tablespoon ground cinnamon
 * 1 tablespoon ground fennel seeds

Procedure

 * 1) Toast the Szechuan peppercorns in a dry frying pan for about 3 minutes.
 * 2) Grind the peppercorns in a pepper grinder or coffee grinder together with the star anise pods.
 * 3) Sift the ground spices to remove any larger bits.
 * 4) Mix together the cloves, cinnamon, and fennel seeds.
 * 5) Grind the completed mixture until it is a very fine powder.
 * 6) Use sparingly, as it is extremely pungent.

title: Cookbook:Five Spice Powder


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Cookbook:Star Anise

Star anise is a spice commonly used in Chinese, South Asian, and Indonesian cooking. It has a flavour much like anise, and has also been compared to fennel and liquorice.

In many dishes, whole stars are added to the cooking, imparting their flavour as the food simmers. It is not uncommon to find star anise served in the food, to be fished out by the diner.

Star anise is also a component of the classic Chinese five spice mix, used widely in Chinese cuisine.

In western cuisines, star anise has gained some use as a replacement for anise, as it is less expensive.

Kookboek/Steranijs

title: Cookbook:Star Anise


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Cookbook:Cannabis

| Herbs and Spices Cannabis or marijuana is an herb known for its psychoactive effects. Cannabis is often smoked for these effects, but it may also be incorporated into food for a similar result.

Characteristics
Cannabis is a green herb derived from the flower of the cannabis plant. It is typically sold in its dried form, either whole or ground.

Effects
Oral consumption of cannabis can induce stronger psychoactive effects than most other methods of consumption. These effects often do not appear for up to an hour and a half after eating (due to the time it takes to digest the food), and it is common among first-time cooks (but long-time smokers) to eat too much thinking it has not worked. Use caution and proceed gradually when eating cannabis-containing foods to avoid undesirable effects. Serving cannabis-containing foods without the eater's knowledge or consent is highly inappropriate and may be dangerous.

Selection and storage
Cannabis loses its aromatic and psychoactive properties as it ages. In order to preserve these, store dried cannabis (preferably whole) in an airtight container away from any light and heat.

Preparation
If its psychoactive properties are desired in a dish, cannabis must first be ground and decarboxylated to convert its THCA content into the psychoactive compound THC. This can be achieved in a couple ways. The first is to bake it on a sheet pan for 30–40 minutes at 220°F (104°C). The resulting product can then be incorporated into foods as desired. Alternatively, the cannabis can be placed in a container, which is then put in a simmering water bath for 1 hour. If you want to infuse an fat (e.g. butter or oil) with cannabis, you can add it to the cannabis during the heating step. Whatever method you use, make sure not to heat the cannabis too much or for too long—this will cause the psychoactive compounds to volatilize and/or degrade. Once decarboxylated, the cannabis may be stored or used in cooking.

Use
Cannabis is currently primarily used to create foods that will produce a high. This is usually done by cooking with a fat infused with the cannabis. However, cultures in South Asia have a long history of making food and drink with cannabis.

Warnings

 * Cannabis is a drug and can cause tiredness, reddening of the eyes, dry mouth, increased heart rate, and a drop in blood pressure. Appetite is increased, and perceptions of distance and velocity can change. Illusions may occur. While the drug’s effects last, it is difficult to concentrate. Due to cannabis' strong psychoactive effects, people under the influence should not attempt to drive or operate heavy machinery.
 * Some cannabis users may become dependent on the drug and experience symptoms of withdrawal, although exact statistics are unclear due to insufficient studies.
 * Possession of marijuana is illegal in many countries. Depending on where you live, prosecution may result in fines, imprisonment, and even execution.

title: Cookbook:Cannabis


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User talk:OMouse

Wikiversity
I saw your name on the Wikiversity participant's list, you may be very experienced in mathematics already, but I'm trying out instructing a Calculus course if you're interested, go to Wikiveristy, check out the mathematics department, pure mathematics, and in the course list is included Calculus. Fephisto 22:48, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Bubble Tea
The Bubble Tea recipe seems to have a problem. Including the full cup of milk but no honey, I count 28 ounces. The recipe claims to produce only 16 ounces. Unless the cook is expected to heavily sample or spill, the math doesn't seem to work out. It's 35 ounces if you use Imperial units. AlbertCahalan 01:42, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Greetings!
Aloha! --Dionyziz 10:15, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Copyright problem with Image:Sles new.jpg
--Derbeth 17:46, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Pic
Love the new pic! Thanks a ton for it! Atrivedi

 * Is there a way to make a new image when Wikiversity becomes official? "Wikiversity: School of Literature and English Studies". Unless we change the name, of course.  Atrivedi

IRC
Nope, sorry! I'm at work and even at home I don't do IRC :( Atrivedi, SLES

Welcome message
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Good luck! --Panic 00:43, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:OMouse


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Cookbook:Pimento

| Chili Pepper | Spice

The pimento is a mild chili pepper, somewhat stronger than a red bell pepper, commonly used to stuff green olives.

title: Cookbook:Pimento


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AP Biology/Cell Structure

Cells are the smallest units of life. The vast majority of organisms today are made up of eukaryotic cells, which contain distinct, membrane-bound organelles and which contain a membrane-bound nucleus. Earlier organisms with no membrane-bound organelles and no definite nucleus are termed prokaryotic. Each type has its own distinct anatomy.

Organelles
The term "eukaryote" comes from the Greek (eu, "good", "true") and κάρυον](karyon, "nut").

Karyon refers to the nucleus of the cell, thus pointing out that every eukaryote must have the following characteristics:

 * Contain a membrane-bound nucleus
 * Be composed of membrane-bound organelles

Typically, eukaryotic cells are much larger and more complicated in comparison to prokaryotes. Eukaryotes are believed to have evolved from early prokaryotes through endosymbiosis (see endosymbiotic theory), roughly 1 billion years after the evolution of the first prokaryotes and archaea. The endosymbiotic relationship between modern mitochondria and chloroplasts, and their corresponding membrane arrangements, provides some of the strongest evidence for this theory. The following is an overview of the main organelles which make up the eukaryotic cell.

Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is used to allow some materials to enter and block others, and vice versa.

Cell Wall
The cell wall is a more or less solid layer surrounding a cell. They are found in bacteria, archea, fungi, plants, and algae. Animals and most other protists have cell membranes without surrounding cell walls. When a cell wall is removed using cell wall degrading enzymes, what is left of the cell and its surrounding plasma membrane is called a protoplast.

Cell sap is a dilute fluid that is found in the large central vacuole of many plant cells. It contains water, amino acids, glucose, and salts. The sap has many functions, such as storage of useful materials, and provides mechanical support for non-woody plants; it also helps plant-cells in the process of osmosis.

Centrioles
A centriole in biology is a barrel shaped microtubule structure found in most animal cells, and cells of fungi and algae though not frequently in plants. The walls of each centriole are composed of nine triplet microtubules or, in the case of Drosophila, nine doublet microtubules. The microtubules which make up the centriole are very stable and are acetylated. Centrioles are important in the cell division process, organizing the mitotic spindle upon which the chromosomes are pulled apart. Some animal cells may be able to divide their chromosomes without centrioles, for instance in female meiosis. Centrioles assist the cell through the process of mitosis and in male meiosis.

Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm includes everything within the cell, within the cell membrane, but excludes the nucleus. Cytosol makes up the liquid part of the cytoplasm, filling the intracellular space of the cell. It functions to provide a medium in which cellular reactions take place, as well as suspending organelles, and aiding in sensory transduction and signaling.

Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae which conduct photosynthesis. They are similar to mitochondria but are found only in plants. Both organelles are surrounded by a double membrane with an intermembrane space; both have their own DNA and are involved in energy metabolism; and both have reticulations, or many foldings, filling their inner spaces. Chloroplasts convert light energy from the sun into ATP through a process called photosynthesis.

Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained, as all other organelles, within the cytoplasm. It is a dynamic structure that maintains cell shape, enables some cell motion (using structures such as flagella and cilia), and plays important roles in both intra-cellular transport (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example) and cellular division. The three types of cytoskeleton are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum or ER (endoplasmic means "within the cytoplasm," reticulum means "little net") is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. The ER modifies proteins, makes macromolecules, and transfers substances throughout the cell. Prokaryotic organisms do not have membrane-bound organelles and thus do not have an ER. ER's base structure and composition is similar to the plasma membrane, though it is an extension of the nuclear membrane. The ER is the site of the translation, folding, and transport of proteins that are to become part of the cell membrane (e.g., transmembrane receptors and other integral membrane proteins) as well as proteins that are to be secreted or "exocytosed" from the cell (e.g., digestive enzymes).

Golgi bodies
The structure and internal function of the Golgi apparatus is quite complex and is the subject of scientific dispute. The Golgi apparatus consists, like the ER, of membranous structures. It is made up of a stack of flattened cisternae and similar vesicles. The cis face is the side facing the ER, the medial region is in the middle while the trans face is directed towards the plasma membrane (Fig. 1). The cis and trans faces have different membranous compositions.The Golgi apparatus is considered more or less the "postal office" of the cell. It handles all incoming lipids, proteins, etc., and controls their export as well.

Lysosomes
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) to digest macromolecules. They are found in both plant and animal cells, but because animal cells also have vacuoles, animal cells contain many more lysosomes. They are built in the Golgi apparatus. At pH 4.8, the interior of the lysosomes is more acidic than the cytosol (pH 7). The lysosome single membrane stabilizes the low pH by pumping in protons (H+) from the cytosol, and also protects the cytosol, and therefore the rest of the cell, from the degradative enzymes within the lysosome. The digestive enzymes need the acidic environment of the lysosome to function correctly. For this reason, should a lysosome's acid hydrolases leak into the cytosol, their potential to damage the cell will be reduced, because they will not be at their optimum pH. All these enzymes are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum, and transported and processed through the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus produces lysosomes by budding. Each acid hydrolase is then targeted to a lysosome. The lysosome itself is likely protected from digestion due to its unique internal 3-D structures which prevent enzymatic action.

Some important enzymes in lysosomes are:
 * Lipase, which digests lipids,
 * Carbohydrases, which digest carbohydrates (e.g., sugars),
 * Proteases, which digest proteins,
 * Nucleases, which digest nucleic acids.

Mitochondrion
Mitochodrion (from Greek mitos thread + khondrion granule) is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, including those of plants, animals, fungi, and protists. A few cells, such as the trypanosome protozoan, have a single large mitochondrion, but usually a cell has hundreds or thousands of mitochondria. The exact number of mitochondria depends on the cell's level of metabolic activity: more activity means more mitochondria. Mitochondria can occupy up to 25% of the cell's cytosol.

Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants", because their primary function is to convert organic materials into energy in the form of ATP.

Important to note is that mitochondria are, in fact, separate cells unto themselves. They were at one time independent prokaryotic cells living in a mutualistic prokaryotic community. Over time, they evolved to live as endosymbionts within eukaryotic cells. They reproduce independently of their host cells, having their own genetic material.

Mitochondrion have inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers.

Nucleus
The nucleus varies in diameter from 10 to 20 micrometres. It is enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The inner and outer membrane fuse at regular intervals, forming nuclear pores. The nuclear envelope regulates and facilitates transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, while separating the chemical reactions taking place in cytoplasm from reactions happening within the nucleus. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and may be studded with ribosomes. The space between the two membranes (called the "perinuclear space") is continuous with the lumen of the RER. The nuclear face of the nuclear envelope is surrounded by a scaffold of filaments called the nuclear lamina.

Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotes that function to rid the cell of toxic substances. They consist of a single membrane that separates them from the cytoso] (the internal fluid of the cell). Peroxisomes were discovered by Christian de Duve in 1965. Unlike lysosomes, which are formed in the secretory pathway, peroxisomes usually self-replicate by enlarging and then dividing, although there is some indication new ones may be formed directly. They also have membrane proteins that are critical for various functions, such as for importing proteins into their interiors and to proliferate and segregate into daughter cells.

Peroxisomes function to rid the cell of toxic substances, such as hydrogen peroxide, or other metabolites and contain enzymes concerned with oxygen utilization such as D-amino acid oxidase and urease oxidase. The peroxisome contains the enzyme catalase which converts H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide, a toxic byproduct of cellular metabolism) to H2O and O2, with 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2.

Ribosomes
Organelle composed of rRNA (synthesized in the nucleolus) and ribosomal proteins. It translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein). It can be thought of as a factory that builds a protein from a set of genetic instructions. Ribosomes can float freely in the cytoplasm (the internal fluid of the cell) or bind to another organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum, or to the nuclear envelope. Since ribosomes are ribozym]s, it is thought that they might be remnants of the RNA world.

Prokaryotic Cells
The term "prokaryote" comes from the following combining terms:

"pro", meaning before "karyote", meaning kernel (referring to the nucleus)

Thus, prokaryotes are cells that came before nuclei. They have no membrane-bound organelles and lack a membrane-bound nucleus. They are significantly simpler than eukaryotes.

Nucleoid
The nucleoid is the area of the cytoplasm where the single bacterial chromosome is located

Ribosomes
-Consists of RNA Molecules and proteins.

Cell Membrane
In bacteria, this is also known as the plasma membrane.

Cell Wall
-found in plant cells, fungi, protists, and bacteria. They develop outside the plasma membrane and provide support for the cell.

title: AP Biology/Cell Structure


text:
AP Biology/Membranes

=Introduction=

The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane composed of all four types of macromolecules, with lipids and proteins being the most prevalent in dry weight. The membrane is present in all cells and functions to regulate incoming and outgoing materials, maintain intracellular homeostasis, and participate in signal transduction.

=Models=

Various models have been created to help visualize the complex structure of the cellular membrane, the most famous being the fluid mosaic model, which describes the membrane as a two-dimensional "sea" of molecular units, and the liquid crystal model, which describes the membrane as a sea of crystals with liquid properties.

Fluid Mosaic
The fluid mosaic model was developed in 1972 by S.J. Singer and Garth Nicolson. In their report, they proposed that biological membranes can be considered as a two-dimensional fluid composed of a mosaic of molecules, the majority of which had hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties (phospholipids). Thus, the molecular interactions create a membrane that is not solid, but which behaves like a fluid as molecules change positions and has the ability to stretch and contract vertically.

Liquid Crystal Model
The liquid crystal model was developed in 1970 by Freye and Edinin. It proposes that the phospholipid bilayer behaves like a series of crystals moving in an fluid, yet ordered manner.

=Elements of the Membrane=

The phospholipid bilayer is composed of the following in dry weight:

 * 50% proteins
 * 30% lipids
 * 5% glycolipids
 * 15% other

Each element of the membrane performs a specific function in sensory transduction, transport, etc.

Proteins
 Glycoproteins

Glycoproteins are transmembrane proteins with oligosaccharides covalently bonded to their amino acid chains. Glycoproteins generally play an important role in sensory transduction, particularly with regard to immune system responses.

[[File:Polytopic membrane protein.png|thumb|left|250px|Schematic representation of transmembrane proteins: 1. a single transmembrane α-helix (bitopic membrane protein) 2. a polytopic α-helical protein 3. a transmembrane β barrel

The membrane is represented in light brown.]]  Transmembrane Proteins

Transmembrane proteins are proteins that extend through the membrane, having both an exterior and an interior domain. They are integral proteins, meaning they are permanently bonded to the PLB. Many function as hormone/signal acceptors, ion channels, and transport proteins. As a rule, they act as channels between the intra- and extracellular spaces.

There are two structural categories of transmembrane protein:

 * Alpha-helical, those composed of repeating hydrogen bonds that make up alpha helices on the secondary level of structure
 * Beta barrel, those which have repeating hydrogen bonds that form pleated sheets

Alpha-helical make up the largest group, with beta barrel proteins found primarily in mitochondrial and other prokaryotic gram-positive membranes.

 Peripheral Proteins

Peripheral proteins are proteins that are bonded by weaker interactions to either the interior or the exterior of the membrane. Their loose bonds allow them to detach and function as secondary messengers or extracellular messengers upon receipt of a signal from the cell. Some prominent functions are in metabolism and in sensory transduction.

Lipids
 Phospholipids

Phospholipids are the "glue" that gives the membrane its distinct structure. Their amphipathic nature and tendency to create micelles in water were likely the origin of the first cells.

 Glycolipids

Glycolipids are lipids with attached carbohydrates. Their most prominent function is providing extracellular support to form tissues in multicellular organisms.

 Cholesterols

Cholesterol molecules are lipids distinguished by their four-ring structure. In the membrane, they act to resist as a type of "anti-freeze" to prevent freezing and overheating.

=Transmembrane Transport=

Passive
 Osmosis and Diffusion

 Porin Proteins

Active Transport
phospholipid bilayer (plasma membrane)
 * proteins (peripheral, integral, transmembrane, adhesion, recepto, channel, recognition and adhesion)
 * cholesterol

simple diffusion osmosis channel proteins facilitated transport active transport pumps (h+ and na/k) endo-, pino-, phago- cytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis bulk flow exocytosis

title: AP Biology/Membranes


text:
AP Biology/Energy and Metabolism

Key Phrases

 * energetics/bioenergetics
 * heterotroph - autotroph (stanley miller and harold urey)
 * enzymes (organic catalysts)
 * Reactions (exer-/ender- gonic)
 * activation energy
 * ATP
 * Aerobic/anaerobic
 * Cellular respiration
 * Fermentation
 * Glycolysis
 * Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
 * Oxidative Phosphorylation

from the Cell Biology wikibook

wikipedia: cellular respiration

title: AP Biology/Energy and Metabolism


text:
Talk:Of Mice and Men

We just read this book in our school and I very much enjoyed it but was rather shocked at the ending. RIght up to the last moment I believed Lenniew ould escape

Dont EVER delete other peoples comments.. This article is very bad. Lennie is not obsessed with the hair of Curley's wife until the end. Its not a trait of him. He never thought about her hair any other time. That, among other things, makes this article terible.

Restore Comments
Someone needs to restore the comments before some evil person deleted them and wrote Haha.

Restored comments
by 66.41.169.244 12:35, 8 December 2005 (UTC) aka Akako

from now on, just revert the comments by going to the history. It is made rather easy.--66.41.169.244 12:38, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

'''Someone really messed up this
 * No (excrement), Sherlock... :) Correcting. Lynx7725 02:39, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, done. Obviously, can't restore everything, and it's been quite some time since I last read the book (10+ yrs back). It really ticks me off to see ignorant people doing nonsensical edits to articles that are placed here in good faith by others. I mean, why not just leave the darn thing alone? Lynx7725 02:52, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Caveat Corrector: Although I've tried to edit it, this entry remains simply terrible. Good luck to the brave soul willing to pick up where I left off.

the edits by 82.44.185.123 should be checked --213.156.52.112 10:55, 8 September 2005 (UTC) '''

One Brave Soul
Okay. I'm jumping in on this one. I'm going to hit the character sketches first, then go to the synopsis. One question for those of you watching this module: I could do a synopsis of just a few paragraphs, or I could hit this chapter by chapter. Which is preferred? I'll look at entries for other novels and see what common practice is, I guess. This novel is too great to be so poorly represented here. -- Mitchell K Dwyer 09:58, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Be as detailed as you like. The goal is to be at least as good as a CliffsNotes would be.  The Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter goes chapter by chapter, notice.  Uncle G 15:54, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

I tried

 * Thanks for the sincere attempt at the summary; I was going to get to that after the characters. I think it still needs a bit of work, but your summary at least provides a good backbone.  -- Mitchell K Dwyer 17:09, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * She doesn't have a name for a reason, to prove she's thought of as a 'possession' at least that's what my revision guides have said. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.188.173.231 (discuss • contribs) 11:38, 3 May 2006

title: Talk:Of Mice and Men


text: Template:Wikipediapar

title: Template:Wikipediapar


text:
Template talk:Wikipedia

Wikipediapar template
Use Template:Wikipediapar if the article on Wikipedia has a different name than the name of the module you've placed the template on. For example, Horn/General/Players/Dennis Brain needed to have this template linking to its complementary article on Wikipedia. Wikipedia's article (Dennis Brain) is named "Dennis Brain", not "Horn/General/Players/Dennis Brain". The appropriate template code in this instance is:

Do use two |'s. Ross Uber 04:34, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You should not have changed the template parameters without a previous consensus. Now there are broken usages of this template. At least you should update the template instantiations after changing it. But in any case I don't agree with the change given that the usual case is that the wikibook name does not match the Wikipedia article because of supages or namespaces. ManuelGR 18:43, 13 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay. I wasn't aware that modules were using this template as it appeared to be very broken. It appeared to be broken because the method of using it is completely different from how it is used on Wikipedia. Trying to use it on my module using the Wikipedia code method failed. These templates should be the same across sister projects so confused people like me don't screw them up with the wrong code in articles/modules. And, anyway, there should be two different templates (one for when wikibook name matches wikipedia article, one for when they don't match). Ross Uber 00:36, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with your last sentence. Go and create the version with the same title, but this one should stay as it currently stands. ManuelGR 19:17, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I have restored the use of one parameter because almost all the pages using this template were broken. ManuelGR 19:17, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

I agree that it would be less confusing if Wikipedia and Wikibooks had consistent templates. But I'm still mystified as to why there are 2 templates. both look identical to me. Couldn't both Wikipedia and Wikibooks each use a single template ? Then the explaination would be much simpler. The explanation (on the talk page) would say:
 * On Wikipedia, type
 * to refer to a Wikibook (or a particular page in that book).
 * On Wikibooks, type
 * to refer to a Wikipedia article.
 * to refer to a Wikipedia article.
 * to refer to a Wikipedia article.

(Further down, the talk page would discuss "Optional, advanced details" about putting more stuff in-between the vertical lines). --DavidCary 19:55, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Someone made it so that wikipedia without a paramater performs a search. You can still do or  like before, though the former is easier than the latter. --Kernigh 06:17, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Currently Help:How does one edit a page recommends using the "Wikipediapar" template. Should I change that help page to recommend the "Wikipedia" template instead/in addition? --DavidCary 11:57, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Multiple Parameters
Seeing as this template didn't accept parameters, I have changed it so that up to three articles can be linked to using one box. I also changed the text to make this a bit smaller. (I forgot to log in though) Conrad.Irwin 23:42, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Search
The "search go" variant seems to have never gone directly to the intended target if the target was multi-word. --Pi zero (talk) 12:31, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Here's an illustration of what it did. All that's needed to make it work right is to convince it to replace the space in "Constructed language" with "_" instead of "+"... --Pi zero (talk) 13:21, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Uhm that wasn't what the current revision was. I used localurl rather than urlencode, after I noticed that exact problem myself. Perhaps you were seeing an outdated version? --dark lama  17:04, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

You'd have no way of knowing I've spent most of my wikibooks time lately programming esoteric templates (yonder).

For anyone using the secure server your second version (the one I didn't even think to provide a mock-up of) comes out as follows. --Pi zero (talk) 19:05, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Here's one way I've thought of that ought to work to some extent, thought it could take some tinkering and would, I think, always be a kludge. Modify the first version (the one using urlencode) by replacing each

with a call to #titlepart on a call to localurl. The uncomfortable part of this is that #titlepart has to remove the correct number of slash-separated fields — either you have to build the expected number of slashes into the template, or you have to test for it and you can still only build in a finite number of possible numbers of slashes. --Pi zero (talk) 19:57, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I see so its the secure server that is giving you trouble. How about this than:

 * I just tried it myself in preview both with the secure server and without and it works for me. --dark lama  22:59, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Elegant. --Pi zero (talk) 01:07, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Why search?
Why is the search in the link. Wikipedia will automatically search if it's not found. Perhaps Wikipedia did not used to? Would seem that the seem in this template could now be removed. SunCreator (talk) 14:38, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia doesn't automatically do a search if the page is not found when following a link (for example http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foobiz or Foobiz). I see a message saying "Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name", if you see otherwise perhaps you are using a Gadget? Wikipedia will only automatically search if the page is not found when clicking go from the search toolbar or when using the search special page, which is what this template does. --dark lama  22:01, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Layout trouble
I've created a layout workaround for the template in OpenOffice.org, because the template appears to adversely affect the layout of the first item in an unordered list. See the example from article history. -82.147.166.212 (talk) 01:29, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

What happened to the border?
Weird issue where has border on Mac Safari and missing border on IE7. It blends in with the text of the book too much. --MarsRover (talk) 08:11, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Want topic 4 plz
Please make a forth parameter. I need it for History of Hong Kong. Thank you. Kayau 13:56, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Four parameters are now available. – Adrignola talk 14:59, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Wikipedia


text:
Horn/General/Players/Dennis Brain

Dennis Brain was born into an already-famous horn-playing family in 1921. His father, Aubrey, his uncle, Alfred Jr., and his grandfather, Alfred Sr. all played professionally. Brain began his career by playing second to his father. For a time after WWII, Brain led the horn sections in the Philharmonia and Royal Philharmonic. Brain made several solo recordings, including the Strauss and Mozart horn concertos.

Brain died in a car accident while returning to London from the Edinburgh Festival. It is unfortunate that the world lost a great horn player at such a young age.

title: Horn/General/Players/Dennis Brain


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/TCMS/Cells and genetics

Chapter 1: Cells and genetics

 * 1) Cell Structure
 * 2) Plant and Animal Cells
 * 3) Tissues and organs
 * 4) DNA and chromosomes
 * 5) Cell division
 * 6) Genes, inheritance and genetic disorders
 * 7) Disease and immunity

Old Pages from the Old Structure

 * Micro-organism structure
 * Mitosis
 * Meiosis


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/TCMS/Indigenous knowledge systems and biotechnology

Chapter 2: Indigenous knowledge systems and biotechnology

 * 1) Food industry
 * 2) Traditional techonologies
 * 3) Medical biotechnologies
 * 4) Genetic engineering
 * 5) Cloning
 * 6) DNA fingerprinting and forensics


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/TCMS/Ethics and legislation

Chapter 3: Ethics and legislation

 * 1) Tissue culture
 * 2) Cloning
 * 3) Genetic modification
 * 4) Beliefs, attitudes and values
 * 5) Diseases
 * 6) Genetic counselling


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/SCP/Energy

Chapter 1: Energy
]]
 * 1)  [[FHSST_Biology/Contents/Index/SCP/Energy/Photosynthesis|Photosynthesis
 * 1)  Energy release

title: FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/SCP/Energy


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/SCP/Food

Chapter 2: Food

 * 1)  Manufacture and preservation
 * 2)  Human nutrition
 * 3)  Related diseases and allergies

title: FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/SCP/Food


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/SCP/Mass transport systems

Chapter 3: Mass transport systems

 * 1) Plants
 * 2) Gaseous exchange
 * 3) Water transport
 * 4) Humans
 * 5) Gaseous exchange, related diseases and allergies
 * 6) Blood transport and related diseases
 * 7) Blood transfusions and life support systems
 * 8) Endocrine system and related diseases
 * 9) Excretion


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/SCP/Other Systems and ethics

Chapter 4: Other Systems and ethics

 * 1) Nervous system
 * 2) Support systems in plants and humans
 * 3) Reproduction
 * 4) Reproductive systems
 * 5) Related diseases
 * 6) Reproduction ethics
 * 7) Sperm banks
 * 8) Surrogacy
 * 9) Test Tube babies
 * 10) Abortion
 * 11) Sexuality ethics


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Ecosystems

Chapter 1: Ecosystems

 * 1) Biospheres, biomes and ecosystems
 * 2) Resources
 * 3) Biotic (living) and Abiotic (non-living) resources
 * 4) Nutrient cycles
 * 5) Energy flow within environments


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Human Influence

Chapter 2: Human Influence
]]
 * 1) [[FHSST_Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Human Influence/Air|Air
 * 1) Ozone, global warming and the greenhouse effect
 * 2) Acid rain
 * 3) Land
 * 4) Water
 * 5) Industrialisation
 * 6) Effect of pollutants on humans


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Resource Management

Chapter 3: Resource Management

 * 1) Exploitation
 * 2) Sustainability
 * 3) Eco-tourism
 * 4) Rehabilitation of environments
 * 5) Waste management
 * 6) Air, land and water-born disease management


text:
User talk:Legend~enwikibooks

Hi

My name is Peter John Allebone and you can reach me for an queries on peter@cdrive.co.za or allebone@gmail.com

Regards Peter

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Legend. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Legend~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:24, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Legend~enwikibooks


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Land issues

Chapter 4: Land issues
]] ]]
 * 1) Ownership and use
 * 2) [[FHSST_Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Land issues/Urban decay|Urban decay
 * 1) Agriculture
 * 2) [[FHSST_Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Land issues/Nature and game reserves|Nature and game reserves
 * 1) Deforestation and desertification
 * 2) Political, legal, economic, ethical and environmental influences


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/DCC/Biodiversity

Chapter 2: Biodiversity

 * 1) Biodiversity studies
 * 2) Significance and value of Biodiversity
 * 3) Threats to biodiversity
 * 4) Conservation
 * 5) Conservation methods and ethics
 * 6) Species extinction
 * 7) Red Data book
 * 8) Endangered species list


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/DCC/Population studies

Chapter 3: Population studies

 * 1) Characteristics
 * 2) Growth and fluctuation
 * 3) Limiting factors
 * 4) Social behaviour
 * 5) Predation
 * 6) Competition
 * 7) Managing populations


text:
FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/DCC/Origin of species

Chapter 5: Origin of species

 * 1) Theories
 * 2) Evolution
 * 3) Mutation
 * 4) Adaptation
 * 5) Natural selection
 * 6) Macro-evolution
 * 7) Speciation
 * 8) Creationism
 * 9) Fossil studies
 * 10) South Africa as the cradle of mankind?
 * 11) Mass extinction theories
 * 12) Biological evidence for evolutionary populations


text:
FHSST Computer Literacy

The Free High School Science Texts:

A Textbook for High School Students Learning Basic Computer Literacy.

To do list

Contents

Contributors

Guidelines

About FHSST

title: FHSST Computer Literacy


text:
File:HSE ch5 binary tree.png

This is for a question in the problem set of HSE chapter 5. Please note that this is only a temporary working draft. It will be replaced as work progress.

title: File:HSE ch5 binary tree.png


text:
User:AleksRaiden~enwikibooks

Здравствуйте!

Меня зовут Александр Лозовюк, я присоединился к сообществу Wikipedia недавно, 13.05.2005, хотя активно слежу за развитием проекта.

Хочу пока представить на суд общественности некоторые свои работы, в частности книгу, которую я начал писать, но, к сожалению, в настоящее время не уверен, что смогу закончить ее. Поэтому было решено пока выложить ее в свободном виде.

title: User:AleksRaiden~enwikibooks


text:
Script Languages Synopsis/String/regexp

Python:

There is nothing like a =~ operator. Use either the regex module (cf. http://www.amk.ca/python/howto/regex/), or a string function. Often, the string's .find method will do.

title: Script Languages Synopsis/String/regexp


text:
Talk:Introduction to Shakespeare/The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet

Hi I am Juliet in our reading and i dont really get why she would die for someone she just met? Please help me


text:
AP Biology/Resources

Wikibooks

 * Biology

Vocabulary

 * Vocabulary

title: AP Biology/Resources