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General Astronomy/Protostars and Stellar Nurseries

The Birth of Protostars

Protostars are formed in star hosptitals called nebulas, while nebulas are areas of higher dust and gas densities relative to the surrounding interstellar space. Nn and a little helium, although more massive elements and even molecules are also ubiquitous. These more massive elements and molecules are from previous stars that have died and scattered some of their remnants into the nebula. These clouds of gas and dust can span hundreds of light years across and can be formed when enough gas and dust come together to become gravitationally bound or can be compressed by the explosion of stars known as supernova that also add their gases to the cosmos as planetary nebulas. If the nebula has a high density, distubances of gas and dust may cause gravitational contraction to become significant. If gravity becomes significant enough to pull in the dust and gas from the cloud then the material trapped by gravity will collapse into itself, this is how a protostar is formed. When gravity takes over and causes the material of the nebula to collapse in on itself this forms a sort of ball that will start to rotate. This rotation will cause gas and dust outside of the ball to start to rotate towards the ball, similar to when the drain of a tub is opened and all the rubber ducks at the other side of the tub start to move towards the drain getting caught in the whirlpool and finally sucked down the drain. This is how a protostar increases its mass; a protostar will start out as the small ball that begins to rotate (this can be thought of as the drain) as this ball rotates it will create an accretion disk (the whirlpool around the drain) this disk will suck dust and gas from the surrounding nebula and transfer it to the protostar. How fast this process happens can help determine the outcome of the new star. This process will stop when the protostar starts nuclear fusion of hydrogen. During the formation of the protostar and the accretion process the protostar becomes hotter and denser. The protostar becomes denser because the accretion disk is adding material to the star which is causing the gravity of the protostar to increase, thereby “pushing” the gas and dust from the accretion disk closer and closer towards the center of the protostar. This effect is correlated to the temperature of the protostar and as the density of the star increases so does the temperature. When the temperature at the center of the protostar reaches about 10^6 Celsius it will start to fuse hydrogen. This is the start of the proton proton fusion chain that is the main fusion that supports the star and signifies the birth of a new star. The burning of hydrogen produces a solar wave that will blow the accretion disk away from the star allowing no new material to be added beyond that time. Simple Model of Protostar Formation

The above is a description of the formation of new stars. We will now look at the early physics used to describe protostar creation. The first person to stud was Sir James Jeans; he studied globules and molecular clouds where protostar formation has been observed. Sir Jeans studied what conditions are needed in a molecular cloud or globule to induce collapse of material to form a protostar. During Jeans life time (1877–1946) the advanced computational powers of computers were not available so he had to simplify his calculations. The major simplifications Jeans made before he began his analysis was to assume that the effects of rotation, turbulence, and magnetic fields can be neglected. These assumptions are not true but Jeans calculations give a good starting point.

Jeans started with the Virial Theorem, 2K+U=0 equation 1 This states that the total potential energy (U) of gravity is twice the absolute value of the total kinetic energy (K) of the system and when the two add to zero then the system is in equilibrium and the cloud will neither collapse nor dissipate. If the kinetic energy of the cloud is more than half of the potential energy then the cloud will expand and dissipate. If the kinetic energy is less than half its potential energy then the cloud will collapse into a protostar. We can write the potential energy as, U= -(3/5)(GM2/R) equation 2

And kinetic energy can be written as, K= (3MkT)/(μmH) equation 3

where,

μ= mean molecular weight

T= temperature

M= mass of cloud

mH= is mass of hydrogen

R= the radius of the cloud

G and k= gravitational constant and Boltzmann’s constant

rewriting R as,

R= [(3M)/(4πρ)]1/3 equation 4

ρ= the initial mass density of the cloud is assumed to be constant throughout the cloud

Sir Jeans then substituted the R equation into the Potential energy equation and then put both energy equations into the virial theorem and solving for the mass he found the minimum mass required for a cloud to collapse. This is called the Jeans mass and he found the minimum radius by placing the equation for R into the Jeans mass equation and solving this is called the Jeans length. If the cloud has a mass or radius larger than the values found by these equations then the cloud will collapse.

MJ= [(5kT)/(GμmH)]3/2[3/(4πρ)]1/2 equation 5

RJ= [(15kT)/(4πGμmHρ)]1/2 equation 6

This was the first theoretical attempt to model the formation of a protostar. These equations give us good approximations of which molecular clouds will be able to form protostars. But observations of forming protostars and of molecular clouds show that the equations that Sir Jeans developed are not always accurate. >

Constraining factors to Sir James Jeans Model

The preceding section explained Sir Jeans’s model for the formation of protostars from the surrounding molecular clouds. Observations of molecular clouds and protostars have shown that this model is flawed. The model predicts that the entire cloud will collapse into the forming protostar; also the model predicts that if the mass or radius is higher than the Jeans mass or Jeans radius, than the cloud will collapse and form protostars. Astronomers have found molecular clouds and globules that do not follow this model very well. Observations have been made on globules and molecular clouds that have many stars forming in them and on others that are above the Jeans mass or Jeans radius and do not have a lot of protostar activity in them. Many astronomers have tried to determine what is wrong with the model and have found reasons to explain the observations made that contradict the model. One reason found was that the simplifications made by Sir Jeans could not be left out and that by including some of these previously excluded variables astronomers found that the model fit more closely to what they observed. Some of the variables that were excluded in Jeans model were cloud rotation, the presence of a magnetic field, temperature changes, mass density changes, external gas pressure, and fragmentation.

Example

Let us look at a diffused hydrogen cloud. Assume that the temperature is 50K and that the cloud is completely hydrogen with a density of 8.4x10−19 kg/m3, and take µ to be 1. What then is the minimum mass necessary to cause the cloud to collapse? Using equation 5 from above with the given values we find that the mass necessary for collapse is roughly 1500 solar masses. The normal diffused hydrogen cloud ranges in mass from 1-100 solar masses therefore such clouds are stable since the Jeans Mass calculated above is greater than the mass of such clouds.[4] Now let’s look at what happens in the center of a dense giant molecular cloud (GMC). The typical temperatures for this cloud is 10K and we will take the density to be 3x10^-17 kg/m3 and take µ to be 2. Again using equation 5 we find that the Jeans Mass is now only 8 solar masses. GMCs are approximately 10 solar masses. We can now reason that GMC cores are unstable. Consequently they will form stars because the Jeans Mass is lower than the mass of the cloud. This has been proven by astronomers through observations of GMCs in our night sky.[4]


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Advanced Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists/Change of Variables

Change of Variables
As with ODEs (ordinary differential equations), a PDE (partial differential equation, or more accurately, the initial-boundary value problem (IBVP) as a whole) may be made more amenable with the help of some kind of modification of variables. So far, we've dealt only with boundary conditions that specify the value of u, which represented fluid velocity, as zero at the boundaries. Though fluid mechanics can get more complicated than that (understatement of the millennium), let's look at heat transfer now for the sake of variety.

As hinted previously, the one dimensional diffusion equation can also describe heat flow in one dimension. Think of how heat could flow in one dimension: one possibility is a rod that's completely laterally insulated, so that the heat will flow only along the rod and not across it (be aware, though, it is possible to consider heat loss/gain along the rod without going two dimensional).

If this rod has finite length, heat could flow in and out of the uninsulated ends. A 1D rod can have at most two ends (it can also have one or zero: the rod could be modeled as "very long"), and the boundary conditions could specify what happens at these ends. For example, the temperature could be specified at a boundary, or maybe the flow of heat, or maybe some combination of the two.

The equation for heat flow is usually given as:

\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = \alpha \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}\, $$

Which is the same as the equation for parallel plate flow, only with ν replaced with α and y replaced with x.

Fixed Temperatures at Boundaries
Let's consider a rod of length 1, with temperatures specified (fixed) at the boundaries. The IBVP is:

\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = \alpha \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}\, $$

u(x, 0) = \varphi(x)\, $$

u(0, t) = u_0\, $$

u(1, t) = u_1\, $$

φ(x) is the temperature at t = 0. Look at what the BCs say: For all time, the temperature at x = 0 is u0 and at x = 1 is u1. Note that this could be just as well a parallel plate problem: u0 and u1 would represent wall velocities.

The PDE is easily separable, in basically the same way as in previous chapters:

\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(u(x, t)) = \alpha \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}(u(x, t))\, $$

\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(X(x)T(t)) = \alpha \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}(X(x)T(t))\, $$

X(x) \frac{\partial}{\partial t}(T(t)) = \alpha T(t) \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}(X(x))\, $$

X(x) T'(t) = \alpha T(t) X''(x)\, $$

\frac{T'(t)}{\alpha T(t)} = \frac{X''(x)}{X(x)}\, $$

 * $$\Big\Downarrow$$

\frac{T'(t)}{\alpha T(t)} = \frac{X''(x)}{X(x)} = -k^2\, $$

 * $$\Big\Downarrow$$

\frac{T'(t)}{\alpha T(t)} = -k^2 \Rightarrow T'(t) = -k^2 \alpha T(t) \Rightarrow T(t) = C_1 e^{-k^2 \alpha t}\, $$

\frac{X(x)}{X(x)} = -k^2 \Rightarrow X(x) = -k^2 X(x) \Rightarrow X(x) = C_2 \cos(k x) + C_3 \sin(k x)\, $$

 * $$\Big\Downarrow$$

u(x, t) = X(x) T(t) = C_1 e^{-k^2 \alpha t} (C_2 \cos(k x) + C_3 \sin(k x)) $$

u(x, t) = e^{-k^2 \alpha t} (A \cos(k x) + B \sin(k x)) $$

Now, substitute the BCs:

u_0 = u(0, t)\, $$

u_0 = e^{-k^2 \alpha t} (A \cos(k \cdot 0) + B \sin(k \cdot  0))\, $$

u_0 = A e^{-k^2 \alpha t}\, $$

u_1 = u(1, t)\, $$

u_1 = e^{-k^2 \alpha t} (A \cos(k \cdot 1) + B \sin(k \cdot 1))\, $$

u_1 = e^{-k^2 \alpha t} (A \cos(k) + B \sin(k))\, $$

We can't proceed. Among other things, the presence of t in the exponential factor (previously divided out) prevents anything from coming out of this.

This is another example of the fact that the assumption that u(x, t) = X(x)T(t) was wrong. The only thing that prevents us from getting a solution would be the non-zero BCs. This is where changing variables will help: a new variable v(x, t) will be defined in terms of u which will be separable.

Think of how v(x, t) could be defined to make its BCs zero ("homogeneous"). One way would be:

u(x, t) = v(x, t) + h(x)\, $$

This form is inspired from the appearance of the BCs, and it can be readily seen:

u(0, t) = u_0\, $$

u(1, t) = u_1\, $$

 * $$\Big\Downarrow$$

v(0, t) + h(0) = u_0\, $$

v(1, t) + h(1) = u_1\, $$

If h(0) = u0 and h(1) = u1, v(x, t) would indeed have zero BCs. Pretty much any choice of h(x) satisfying these conditions would do it, but only one is the best choice. Making the substitution into the PDE:

\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(u(x, t)) = \alpha \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}(u(x, t))\, $$

\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(v(x, t) + h(x)) = \alpha \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}(v(x, t) + h(x))\, $$

\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} = \alpha \frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial x^2} + \alpha \frac{\partial^2 h}{\partial x^2}\, $$

So now the PDE has been messed up by the new term involving h. This will thwart separation...

...unless that last term happens to be zero. Rather then hoping it's zero, we can demand it (the best choice hinted above), and put the other requirements on h(x) next to that:

\frac{d^2 h}{d x^2} = 0\, $$

h(0) = u_0\, $$

h(1) = u_1\, $$

Note that the partial derivative became an ordinary derivative since h is a function of x only. The above constitutes a pretty simple boundary value problem, with unique solution:

h(x) = (u_1 - u_0) x + u_0\, $$

It's just a straight line. Note that this is what would arise if the steady state (time independent) problem were solved for u(x). In other words, h could've been pulled out of one's ass readily just looking at the physics of the situation.

The problem now reduces to finding v(x, t). The IBVP for this would be:

\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} = \alpha \frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial x^2}\, $$

v(x, 0) = \varphi(x) - h(x) = \varphi(x) - ((u_1 - u_0) x + u_0)\, $$

v(0, t) = 0\, $$

v(1, t) = 0\, $$

Note that the IC changed under the transformation. The solution to this IBVP was found in a past chapter through separation of variables and superposition to be:

v(x, t) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-(n \pi)^2 \alpha t} \int_{0}^{1} 2 \sin(n \pi x) (\varphi(x) - ((u_1 - u_0) x + u_0)) \ dx \cdot \sin(n \pi x)\, $$

u(x, t) may now be found simply by adding h(x), according to how the variable change was defined:

u(x, t) = v(x, t) + h(x)\, $$

u(x, t) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-(n \pi)^2 \alpha t} \int_{0}^{1} 2 \sin(n \pi x) (\varphi(x) - h(x)) \ dx \cdot \sin(n \pi x) + (u_1 - u_0) x + u_0\, $$

This solution looks like the sum of a steady state portion (that's h(x)) and a transient portion (that's v(x)):

Time Varying Temperatures at Boundaries
Note that this wouldn't work so nicely with non-constant BCs. For example, if the IBVP were:

\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = \alpha \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}\, $$

u(x, 0) = \varphi(x)\, $$

u(0, t) = u_0(t)\, $$

u(1, t) = u_1(t)\, $$

Then, transforming it would require h = h(x, t). Reusing u(x, t) = v(x, t) + h(x, t) introduced previously would eventually lead to:

\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial h}{\partial t} = \alpha \frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial x^2} + \alpha \frac{\partial^2 h}{\partial x^2}\, $$

v(x, 0) = \varphi(x) - h(x, 0)\, $$

v(0, t) = 0\, $$

v(1, t) = 0\, $$

Where, to simplify the PDE above:

\frac{\partial h}{\partial t} = \alpha \frac{\partial^2 h}{\partial x^2}\, $$

h(x, 0) = \mbox{anything}\, $$

h(0, t) = u_0(t)\, $$

h(1, t) = u_1(t)\, $$

Which doesn't really make anything simpler, despite freedom in the choice of IC.

But this isn't completely useless. Note that the PDE for h was chosen to simplify the PDE for v(x, t) (would lead to the terms involving h to cancel out), which may lead to the question: Was this necessary?

The answer is no. If that were the case, the PDE we picked for h would not be satisfied, and that would result in extra terms in the PDE for v(x, t). The no-longer-separable IBVP for v(x, t) could, however, be solved via an eigenfunction expansion, whose full story will be told later. It's worth noting though, that an eigenfunction expansion would require homogenous BCs, so the transformation was necessary.

So this problem has to be put aside without any conclusion for now. I told you that BCs can mess everything up.

Pressure Driven Transient Parallel Plate Flow
Now back to fluid mechanics. Previously, we dealt with flow that was initially moving but slowing down because of resistance and the absence of a driving force. Maybe, it'd be more interesting if we had a fluid initially at rest (ie, zero IC) but set into motion by some constant pressure difference. The IBVP for such a case would be:

\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = \nu \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2} - \frac{P_x}{\rho}\, $$

u(y, 0) = 0\, $$

u(0, t) = 0\, $$

u(1, t) = 0\, $$

This PDE with the pressure term was described previously. That pressure term is what drives the flow; it is assumed constant.

The intent of the change of variables would be to remove the pressure term from the PDE (which prevents separation) while keeping the BCs homogeneous.

One path to take would be to add something to u(x, t), either a function of t or a function of y, so that differentiation would leave behind a constant that could cancel the pressure term out. Adding a function of t would be very unfavorable since it'd result in time dependent BCs, so let's try a function of y:

u(y, t) = v(y, t) + f(y)\, $$

Substituting this into the PDE:

\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(v(y, t) + f(y)) = \nu \frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}(v(y, t) + f(y)) - \frac{P_x}{\rho}\, $$

\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} = \nu \frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial y^2} + \nu \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2} - \frac{P_x}{\rho}\, $$

This procedure will simplify the PDE and preserve the BCs only if the following conditions hold:

0 = \nu \frac{d^2 f}{d y^2} - \frac{P_x}{\rho}\, $$

f(0) = 0\, $$

f(1) = 0\, $$

The first condition, an ODE, is required to simplify the PDE for v(y, t), it will result in cancellation of the last two terms. The other two conditions are chosen to preserve the homogeneous BCs of the problem (note that if the BCs of u(y, t) weren't homogeneous, the BCs on f(y) would need to be picked to amend that).

The solution to the BVP above is simply:

f(y) = \frac{P_x}{2 \rho \nu} (y^2 - y)\, $$

So f(y) was successfully determined. Note that this function is symmetric about y = 1/2. The IBVP for v(y, t) becomes:

\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} = \nu \frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial y^2}\, $$

v(y, 0) = -f(y) = \frac{P_x}{2 \rho \nu} (y - y^2)\, $$

v(0, t) = 0\, $$

v(1, t) = 0\, $$

This is the same IBVP we've been beating to death for some time now. The solution for v(y, t) is:

v(y, t) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-(n \pi)^2 \alpha t} \int_{0}^{1} 2 \sin(n \pi y) \left(\frac{P_x}{2 \rho \nu} (y - y^2)\right) \ dy \cdot \sin(n \pi y)\, $$

And the solution for u(y, t) follows from how the variable change was defined:

u(y, t) = v(y, t) + f(y)\, $$

u(y, t) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-(n \pi)^2 \nu t} \int_{0}^{1} 2 \sin(n \pi y) \left(\frac{P_x}{2 \rho \nu} (y - y^2)\right) \ dy \cdot \sin(n \pi y) + \frac{P_x}{2 \rho \nu} (y^2 - y)\, $$

u(y, t) = \frac{P_x}{2 \rho \nu} (y^2 - y) - \frac{P_x}{2 \rho \nu} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-(n \pi)^2 \nu t} \cdot \frac{4 (-1)^n - 4}{n^3 \pi^3} \sin(n \pi y)\, $$

This solution fits what we expect: it starts flat and approaches the parabolic profile quickly. This is the same parabola derived as the steady state flow in the realistic IC chapter; the integral was evaluated for integer n, simplifying it.

A careful look at the solution reveals something interesting: this is just decaying parallel plate flow "in reverse". Instead of the flow starting parabolic and gradually approaching u = 0, it starts with u = 0 and gradually approaches a parabola.

Time Dependent Diffusivity
In this example we'll change time, an independent variable, instead of changing the dependent variable. Consider the following IBVP:

\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = \frac{1}{1 + t^2} \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}\, $$

u(x, 0) = \varphi(x)\, $$

u(0, t) = 0\, $$

u(1, t) = 0\, $$

Note that this is a separable; a transformation isn't really necessary, however it'll be easier since we can reuse past solutions if it can be transformed into something familiar.

Let's not get involved with the physics of this and just call it a diffusion problem. It could be diffusion of momentum (as in fluid mechanics), diffusion of heat (heat transfer), diffusion of a chemical (chemistry), or simply a mathematician's toy. In other words, a confession: it was purposely made up to serve as an example.

The (time dependent) factor in front of the second derivative is called the diffusivity. Previously, it was a constant α (called "thermal diffusivity") or constant ν ("kinematic viscosity"). Now, it decays with time.

To simplify the PDE via a transformation, we look for ways in which the factor could cancel out. One way would be to define a new time variable, call it τ and leave it's relation to t arbitrary. The chain rule yields:

\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = \frac{\partial u}{\partial \tau} \cdot \frac{d \tau}{d t}\, $$

Substituting this into the PDE:

\frac{\partial u}{\partial \tau} \cdot \frac{d \tau}{d t} = \frac{1}{1 + t^2} \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}\, $$

Note now that the variable t will completely disappear (divide out in this case) from the equation if:

\frac{d \tau}{d t} = \frac{1}{1 + t^2} \Rightarrow \tau = \arctan(t) + C\, $$

C is completely arbitrary. However, the best choice of C is the one that makes τ = 0 when t = 0, since this wouldn't change the IC which is defined at t = 0; so, take C = 0. Note that the BCs wouldn't change either way, unless they were time dependent, in which they would change no matter what C is chosen. The IBVP is turned into:

\frac{\partial u}{\partial \tau} = \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}\, $$

u(x, 0) = \varphi(x)\, $$

u(0, \tau) = 0\, $$

u(1, \tau) = 0\, $$

Digging up the solution and restoring the original variable:

u(x, \tau) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-(n \pi)^2 \tau} \int_{0}^{1} 2 \sin(n \pi x) \varphi(x) \ dx \cdot \sin(n \pi x)\, $$

 * $$\Big\Downarrow$$

u(x, t) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-(n \pi)^2 \arctan(t)} \int_{0}^{1} 2 \sin(n \pi x) \varphi(x) \ dx \cdot \sin(n \pi x)\, $$

Note that, unlike any of the previous examples, the physics of the problem (if there were any) couldn't have helped us. It's also worth mentioning that the solution doesn't limit to u = 0 for long time.

Concluding Remarks
Changing variables works a little differently for PDEs in the sense that you have a lot of freedom thanks to partial differentiation. In this chapter, we picked what seemed to be a good general form for the transformation (inspired by whatever prevented easy solution), wrote down a bunch of requirements, and defined the transformation to uniquely satisfy the requirements. Doing the same for ODEs can often degrade to a monkey with typewriter situation.

Many simple little changes go without saying. For example, we've so far worked with rods of length "1" or plates separated by a distance of "1". What if the rod was 5 m long? Then space would have to be nondimensionalized using the following transformation:

x = 5 \ \mbox{m} \cdot \hat{x}\, $$

Simple nondimensionalization is, well, simple; however for PDEs with more terms it can lead to scale analysis which can lead to perturbation theory which will all have to be explained in a later chapter.

It's worth noting that the physics of the IBVP very often suggest what kind of transformation needs to be done. Even some nonlinear problems can be solved this way.

This topic isn't nearly over, changes of variables will be dealt with again in future chapters.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:84.65.171.169

Your recently created page has been deleted. Wikibooks is for the creation of text books and your page was more suited to an encylcopedia like Wikipedia.

Xania talk 00:58, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:84.65.171.169


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Cookbook:Tapioca Pearls

Tapioca Pearls, also pearl tapioca, are small spheres of tapioca starch (made from cassava), and are the basis of many puddings in Asia and, through colonialism, parts of Europe. They are also used to make a drink called bubble tea.

Tapioca pearls normally require soaking for some hours before cooking, although some commercial brands are prepared for instant use (i.e. without soaking); read the packet before use.

Tapioca pearls are often used as a substitute for sago. The practice is so common that some brands of tapioca pearls called themselves sago, but closer inspection of the packet reveals that they are actually made from tapioca.

title: Cookbook:Tapioca Pearls


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Cookbook talk:Spaetzle

Roasted readcrumbs
I think it's much more popular to put breadcrumbs which were roasted with butter on the Spätzle rather than onions if they are used as side dish. Roasted onions might be put on Kässpätzle (Cheese-Spätzle).

title: Cookbook talk:Spaetzle


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Cookbook:Tapioca Starch

Tapioca starch, sometimes called tapioca flour or cassava starch, is a refined starch derived from the cassava root. It should not be confused with cassava flour, which is the whole powdered cassava tuber.

Characteristics
Tapioca starch is very fine and starchy, and is often used as a substitute for arrowroot starch and cornstarch.

Uses
Tapioca starch is broadly used as a thickener for sauces, soups and stews. It can also be used in baking. Because it is gluten-free, and is often added to gluten-free baking as a thickener and binder to make up for the lack of gluten in those recipes.

title: Cookbook:Tapioca Starch


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Cookbook:Manioc Flour

Manioc flour, also called cassava flour, tapioca flour, harina de manioca, or harina de yuca, is a coarse flour made from the cassava root. It is used largely in South American cuisines, particularly as a thickener for soups and stews, but also in some baking and desserts.

Manioc flour is the main ingredient in Farofa.

A reasonable substitute for manioc flour is tapioca starch, although that is more refined and will behave a little differently.

title: Cookbook:Manioc Flour


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User:Whiteknight/Convtest

 Kg

title: User:Whiteknight/Convtest


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Physical emotional mental spiritual differences

[edit section] For this discussion we will refer to 10 to twelve year-old Pathfinders as "juniors" and 13-16 year-old Pathfinders as "teens." More information on this topic can be found in the Pathfinder Staff Manual (see chapter 2).

a. Physical
Juniors are generally a very healthy group of kids, and they are very active. They need to move, so a good Pathfinder program will have "moving" times built in to it (Marching and Drilling, games, etc.) to harness that energy productively.

Teens are very concerned about their appearance. They will often engage in innocuous physical contact with a certain girl or boy of whom they harbor romantic thoughts. This may include "slugging" them on the shoulder or lightly pushing them.

The teenage years are a time of rapid growth. The mind may still say that their shoe size is 7 when 11 is more like it. This can cause clumsiness and lead to embarrassment.

b. Emotional
Juniors remember almost everything you say. If you say "next week we are going to go on a nature hike," you had better go on a nature hike next week. If you do not, they will remind you of what you said. Be very careful of the things you promise to them, and never make a threat you are not willing to execute. If you get in a situation where consequences are called for, it is better to say "there will be consequences for that" and decide what those consequences are later rather than making a spur-of-the-moment threat that you will regret later.

Furthermore, juniors will remember what the consequences for a given infraction were for Johnny, the consequences for the same infraction had better be about the same for Billy. They recognize and remember unfairness.

Teens will continue to love and follow the adults in their lives that they loved and followed as juniors. If you become their "hero" when they are 12, they will still respect you when they are 16.

The teen years are an emotional roller coaster. Their bodies are coursing with hormones that make them very moody. One can easily be on the top of the moon at the beginning of an activity and an emotional mess before it's over. Girls tend to cry and get it all out (especially with trusted girlfriends), while boys tend to internalize negative emotions that can erupt at the slightest provocation.

Teens will sometimes challenge your authority. This will sometimes come in the form of the Pathfinder uniform. If a teen shows up for Induction with pink shoes instead of the regulation black, call them on it. If you do not, they may very well show up in baggy pants at the next Class A uniform event. You do not need to make a big scene - just let them know that you did notice and that their choice is not in line with your expectations.

c. Mental
Junior Pathfinders love to collect things - it could be anything from the traditional stamps and coins to the more bizarre. Many AY honors involve making collections (Insects, Shells, Rocks and Minerals, etc.) so use this to your advantage.

Juniors are eager to learn and can memorize things quickly. They like to read.

Juniors are into "secret codes" and handshakes. They like adventure, and they love stories. Be careful when telling them the exploits of your own youth. If you ever tell them about the wrong things you did as a child, make sure you tell them what the consequences were as well. Also remember that they may try to reproduce your youthful adventures.

It is important that when you teach hands-on activities to this age group that it is their hands that are on, and not yours. If you jump in and do their activities for them, they will quickly lose interest. Instruct them how to do something, but then put your hands behind your back. Let them do it!

Logic plays a large role in a teen's thinking, as it is at this age that they become critical thinkers. They will compare what you say to what you do and note any inconsistencies.

If teens were cars, they would have excellent acceleration and lousy brakes. They may think of an idea and dive in before thinking of the consequences. If they do consider the consequences before it is too late, they may still have difficulty putting on the brakes. If they know that a well-loved adult leader (hopefully this is you) will be disappointed in their actions, that is sometimes enough to kick in the brakes. If they respect you, they do want your approval.

d. Spiritual
Juniors are very interested in what goes on in church. They are eager to help take up the offering in church. Most baptisms in the Adventist church take place among this age group.

Do not discuss negatives in front of this age group. If there are problems in your club that require discussion with other staff, save them for staff meetings. Juniors will pick up on bad vibes, and if you complain about another staff member in front of them, you will undermine that staff's authority with them.

Juniors will take your word as authoritative on spiritual matters. Teens will challenge you, citing objections or inconsistencies.

Teens will wrestle with their consciences, but remember - their braking system is not yet fully developed. They do succumb to peer pressure, but they also repent. Be ready to forgive them, and remember that if they already realize they have made a mistake, a lecture may be unnecessary. Sometimes they just need a friend.

|


text:
Cookbook:Pandan Essence

| South-East Asian cuisines

Pandan Essence is an essence extracted from the leaves of the screwpine (Pandanus amaryllifolius). It comes in two varieties:

 * Pandan essence – a clear liquid
 * Pandan paste – deep-green and quite thick

Pandan essence or paste is used in place of fresh pandan leaves, to flavour and colour desserts, drinks, and tapai.

title: Cookbook:Pandan Essence


text:
Cookbook:Tapai Ketan (Indonesian Fermented Sticky Rice)

| Fermentation | Cuisine of Indonesia

Tapai, also tape (pronounced "tah-pay"), is a traditional fermented food of Indonesia, although present in some form throughout South-East Asia. It can be made from various starchy staple foods including grains and tubers, each giving it a distinctive taste and texture, and often a specific local name. Tapai tastes sweet, tangy, a bit yeasty, and is slightly alcoholic (or not so slightly, if left to ferment longer).

The following recipe is for a common variant called tape ketan (ketan means glutinous rice; when made with black glutinous rice, it is tape ketan-hitam).

Ingredients

 * 2 cups glutinous rice (sticky rice)
 * 4 cups water
 * 1 cake of ragi tapai (see notes)
 * A couple of drops of pandan paste for color (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Rinse the rice and cook it in the water, unsalted. If adding pandan paste, add it now. The absorption method is usually easiest: bring the water to boiling point with the rice in it, then put the lid on the pot and turn the heat down to lowest possible setting and simmer for 15 minutes.
 * 2) Allow rice to cool down to about 30°C (86°F). To help it cool down faster, sit the pot in a basin of cold water.
 * 3) Crumble the cake of ragi tapai over the rice and mix in well.
 * 4) Loosely pack the mixture into a large jar, cover with a cloth, and set aside in a warm place to ferment (about 30–35°C / 86–95°F). The tapai will ferment over the next 2–4days. After about two days, it should start to show a little liquid at the bottom of the jar, and will start producing a distinctive smell of tapai. At this point, the tapai can be considered complete, although it will taste better after a couple of days kept in the refrigerator.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Tapai can be made from plain white rice (tape nasi), or cassava (tape ketala, tape telor, peuyeum), or even sweet potato.
 * Ragi tapai (or ragi tape) can be a little difficult to track down outside of South-East Asia, but a little persistence should help find it. The same (or very similar) product is used to ferment Chinese rice wines, and runs under the names "wine yeast", "yeast cake" and "rice cake" in Asian grocery stores. They look like crumbly little white balls, about 2-3cm (1 inch) in diameter. Just ask the shopkeeper whether it can be used to make wine. They can also be purchased on-line from some stores; try this Google search.
 * The liquid that collects at the bottom is actually a rice wine, called brem. It will be very low in alcohol after only a few days, but if kept and allowed to ferment, it will become more alcoholic.


text:
Cookbook:Kaffir Lime Leaf

Kaffir lime leaves are the leaves of a lime tree native to Indonesia. Kaffir lime leaves are used in several South-East Asian cuisines, adding a sour, citrus-like flavour to foods cooked with them.

Kaffir lime leaves are available fresh in some supermarkets, and as whole dried leaves from Asian grocers.

title: Cookbook:Kaffir Lime Leaf


text:
User talk:Jusjih

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:20, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Spambots
Can you please check the recent bots on this wiki and global block their IPs etc? Thanks. Mentifisto (discuss • contribs) 03:25, 11 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah, ignore me, I see you're not a local checkuser... Mentifisto (discuss • contribs) 03:27, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

Administrator
Thank you for volunteering, there's enough support to close your RFA as successful. Good luck! QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 16:26, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * You are very welcome and thanks for admitting me to adminship. I will do my best as a cultural bridge between East Asia (speaking Mandarin natively and basic Korean) and the West (speaking nearly advance French and near-intermediate French), which is how I am known as an administrator on English Wikisource.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 04:58, 4 January 2018 (UTC)

Book categories
Suggestion: When moving a pre-existing book category to add the   prefix, if the category page doesn't use book category header, it probably should, as that template provides a standardized, fairly detailed category-page message. (Also, many of those older pages use for the "book name", which doesn't work right once one adds the   prefix.)

(I noticed you'd moved a few, Láadan and Ido and Ecology, which puzzles me since I thought I'd already done all the book categories in those parts of the alphabet.) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:18, 7 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I thought keeping book categories and non-book categories for Ido and Ecology redundant. If breaking up is absolutely needed, be bold as long as not reckless.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 03:23, 7 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't quite follow what you mean. Atm we have two main kinds of categories, book categories that should start with the   prefix, and subject categories that start with the   prefix.  That's most of our categories; there are some miscellaneous others.  Eventually we plan to have some other categories that can be used for individual pages of books (because subjects are only for entire books), which will use some other prefix but we haven't settled what that is going to be.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:39, 7 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Feel free to revert my re-categorization if desirable. My always hating edit wars is the key for me to be an administrator on 13 wikis. De-populating Special:WantedCategories is better.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 04:04, 9 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I'll keep that in mind; thanks for the perspective. I dislike such things too.  (I'm an admin on two wikis; can't imagine coping with 13.)  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 05:34, 9 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I have admin flags on 13 wikis after so many years. Now in addition to Category:Book:Ecology do we need "Category:Ecology" or "Category:Subject:Ecology"?--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 20:58, 9 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Well, first of all, I've replaced the header text of Category:Book:Ecology with book category header. Note that the old text had a red-link for the book main page, because it mistakenly thought the book title was "Book:Ecology".  (That particular difficulty could have been fixed by replacing  with {{ROOTBOOKNAME}}; the message provided by book category header is also more detailed, though.) I see you've also got category Category:Pinyin/Ecology under :; but this isn't so.  That Pinyin thing clearly isn't part of the book Ecology.  As I've been slowly reforming the project's categories, I've put as little work as I could into the Pinyin stuff, because my general sense is that the entire Pinyin hierarchy is something of a blot on the project, ignoring the nature of the project — I suspect there's stuff there that belongs in a dictionary, or on a news site, perhaps in an encyclopedia, thus poaching on the territory of sisters Wiktionary, Wikinews, Wikipedia — and I'm highly suspicious of both copyright and neutrality, as well.  I suspect that the entire Pinyin hierarchy has been created with flagrant disregard for the identity of the project and either major parts of it or perhaps the whole thing really ought to be deleted wholesale, making it a bad investment of labor to be rearranging its categories more than necessary; but meanwhile, Category:Pinyin/Ecology clearly doesn't belong as a subcategory of :.  It ought to be a subcategory of :, however problematic that book category is. [And I see that it is in that book category; good; it just doesn't belong in :.] There is no subject Ecology.  Do we have multiple books that would go in it, and what would be its one or two parent subjects?  If we do have multiple books to go in it, and know what one or two parents to put it under, we could create it. The other question would be whether we ought to have a category for pages-as-well-as-books that are related to ecology.  However, despite a scattering of false starts, we don't have an infrastructure for categories like that.  There is, in fact, a whole bunch of fundamental stuff we should work out before we starting trying to provide an infrastructure for such things.  So we're not ready yet.  The first step, before we could do it, though, was to rename the subject categories and book categories so we'd have any hope of keeping it all straight, and I've spent something like the past year and a half doing that.  I hope to finish with my individual processing of the book categories soon.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 01:13, 10 January 2018 (UTC)
 * As your thoughts to categorize is much better than mine, just be bold as long as not reckless.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 03:03, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Infiltrator II
Hi, I noticed you have created a new book. Don’t forget to add  so that it will appear in the correct completion status in the shelf. -Gifnk dlm 2020 If only Middle English Wikipedia could be saved (talk) 09:15, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Merry Christmas 2021

Gifnk dlm 2020 (chat) wishes you a Very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. Hopefully this greeting has made your day a little better. Spread WikiLove by wishing another user Merry Christmas! Merry Christmas and Happy New Year.

Much love! -Gifnk dlm 2020 Merry Christmas 🎄(talk) 12:10, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

How we will see unregistered users
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin will still be able to access the IP. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on better tools to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can read more on Meta. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can subscribe to the weekly technical newsletter.

We have two suggested ways this identity could work. We would appreciate your feedback on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can let us know on the talk page. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. /Johan (WMF)

18:14, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jusjih


text:
User talk:206.174.84.146

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 08:28, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:206.174.84.146


text:
User:F-3000

I find it funny that a person needs to create a separate account for "wikibooks" even when he has account at wikipedia. No matter. More information about this person can be found here (in wikipedia).

Currently I'm interested in expanding the "AppleScript_Programming"-book, as I am studying the Applescript language, and I think there isn't anywhere on the net an useful source that'll tell the ins and outs of scripting with it, and what would be better place than wikipedia?

Please, feel free to comment any of my works, and especially note me about lingual errors I make (typos, wrong sentence orders, etc.), since I'd prefer fixing my own mistakes so that I'll learn about them best.

title: User:F-3000


text:
AppleScript Programming/Advanced Code List

Here is list of commands that also contains detailed examples how to use said command. Also, this list aims to include only code that comes with OS X, ignoring any possible "plugins" (and their commands) that do not follow any standard OS X Install.

List attempts to be in alphabetical order.

 * /Display Dialog/
 * /Repeat/
 * /Say/
 * /tell/

How To:
 * Hide Application


text:
AppleScript Programming/Advanced Code List/Display Dialog

With command "display dialog" you can make the script invoke a sign, that can be used in so many purposes that it would be senseless to list them all. But for least few example, it can be used to note the user, ask for option (yes/no), prompt for user input, and so on.

In its simplest form, it is like this:

Which will give result like this:

When considering from the view of complexity, it is very opposite of this code... set my_pass to text returned of (display dialog "Enter password for " & ¬	quoted form of my_name ¬	with title "LiveJournal Post Event" ¬	with icon stop ¬	default answer "" ¬	buttons {"Continue…"} ¬	default button 1 ¬	with hidden answer ¬       giving up after 5) ... and this window:

NOTE: For the script above to work, you need to set variable "my_name".

 * I will introduce every piece of the code shown in the second example, so that you will have more insight about what you can do.

set myVariable to text returned of ( When you start display dialog-command with this, you will invoke dialog-window with input prompt. Just remember to add the ")" at the end, which I left out from above example, so that you won't be trying to make it like.

quoted form of myVariable With this part of command you can put "single-dot"-quote around the variable, instead of "two-dot"-quote, which is not possible with, while   can be used to add quotes into the dialog-text.

with title "Hello punk!" This will set a title for the dialog-window.

with icon stop This will simply add the stop-sign into dialog-window.

default answer "" When you use the input-prompt, this will insert sort of "default" into the input-field. If it's "" as like in the example, there will be nothing in the input-field. But if it's "1", then there will be number 1 "pre-written" (and selected) in the input-field.

NOTE: Adding this to  will also create input-prompt.

buttons {"Uh, no.","Continue…"} With this you can determine the amount of buttons and what they have as text. Without this, there will be default buttons "Cancel" and "OK".

NOTE: Without determining the button names, you cannot do " ".

default button 1 With this you can determine which button is "selected" in the dialog-window. If this code is not included while you set your own buttons (with ), no button will be "selected", and pressing enter won't close the dialog - forcing user to click one of the buttons. Button order is determined from "left to right", so button number 1 is first button from left.

with hidden answer This will make the text written into the input-field appear as balls, resembling "••••". There is no need for any sort of " "-code.

giving up after 5 With this you can limit the time the dialog-window is displayed. If this code is not included, the window can only be dismissed with the buttons (or the "return" key for the default button). When included, a separate "gave up:true" or "gave up:false" is returned as a sub-field of the result.

You can break out the separate return sub-field values using something like this:

set theReturnedItems to (display dialog "How are you?" default answer "Example" buttons {"Quit", "OK"} default button 2 giving up after 4) set theAnswer to the text returned of theReturnedItems set theButtonName to the button returned of theReturnedItems set theGaveUpState to gave up of theReturnedItems as string

Since the "result" can change at any time, it is important to preserve its parts in a local variable right away. You can not use the "set my_pass to text returned of" before the (display dialog ...) because that alters the result. You must preserve the entire result because you may need to extract separate sub-fields.

 * That's it, you know as much about the " " as the original writer at the moment he wrote this.

END NOTE: All text that I have written (with exception of code) are mine, spontaneously formed and written. Equalities to any copy-written source is pure coincidence.


text:
Horticulture/Bugs

Heteroptera is a group of about 40,000 species of insects (also called true bugs) in the order Hemiptera. The word "Heteroptera" is Greek for different wings: most species have forewings with both membranous and hardened portions (called hemelytra); members of the primitive infraorder Enicocephalomorpha have wings that are completely membranous. The name Heteroptera is used in two very different ways in modern classifications; it commonly appears as a suborder within Hemiptera, but also as a rankless (non-Linnaean) but monophyletic grouping of infraorders within the suborder Prosorrhyncha of the order Hemiptera. The use of the name may eventually be rejected due to some taxonomical problems.

Heteroptera includes both pest insects and beneficial (predatory) insects, some of which are sold in the trade as biocontrols. The order also includes a number of aquatic insects ("water bugs"), including the water striders.

Description
True bugs have a "plate" called a scutellum behind the head, which is triangular. Most species have forewings with both membranous and hardened portions (called hemelytra), most are good fliers as adults. Like all ../Hemiptera/ns, they have piercing-sucking mouthparts they use to extract plant juices.

Selected families of Heteroptera

 * stink bugs or shield bugs (Pentatomidae and related families)
 * leaf footed bugs and squash bugs (Coreidae)
 * seed bugs (Lygaeidae)
 * assassin bugs (Reduviidae)
 * bedbugs and flower bugs (Cimicidae)
 * leaf bugs or mirid bugs (Miridae; c.6,000 species)

Selected families of water bugs

 * back swimmers (Notonectidae)
 * giant water bugs (Belostomatidae)
 * water scorpions (Nepidae)
 * water boatmen (Corixidae)
 * pond skaters (Gerridae)
 * Smaller water strider (Veliidae)

Control
Note: Any control for a pest bug will also kill the beneficial bugs.

title: Horticulture/Bugs


text:
Video Production/Editing a subtitle file with a text editor

Opening Editing and Saving Subtitle Files from a Text Editor
Video creators and distributors are starting to create subtitle files for their videos. These are transcripts with timecodes included. They are very useful as they can be played on a computer linked with the appropriate video file, so that the subtitles are displayed. They can also be used to create subtitles for DVDs. These subtitle files can be selected as needed when viewing a video, and do not need to be 'burnt on' to the video image as subtitles have been traditionally.

Translators can also use a simple text editor like NotePad, Word Pad, Text Edit etc to open, edit (ie translate) and save the timecoded transcription file to a different language version.

Windows
In Windows the simplest way to do this is with the NotePad program. You can open it in the Applications section of the Programs Menu.

Open notepad

When you have opened it you can select and substitute each line of text with the translation. Be careful not to alter any of the numbers listed in the first 2 lines of each caption.

9 00:00:48,105 --> 00:00:51,573 But on the other hand, if you say that there will be a screening 10 00:00:51,574 --> 00:00:56,656 it's a whole different thing and a lot more people come.

becomes

9 00:00:48,105 --> 00:00:51,573 Maar als je vertelt dat er een video vertoond wordt 10 00:00:51,574 --> 00:00:56,656 dan is het iets heel anders en veel meer mensen komen er op af.

When the translation is finished you can save the file once more with a different name. Be sure to select from File Type, "Text Documents *.txt" - and give the file a *.srt extension as shown below. Then, for example, if the original is called transmission_xvid_700kps_mp3_128_en.srt and you have translated it to dutch you could call it transmission_xvid_700kps_mp3_128_nl.srt. It's good to include as much information as you can in the title of files to make it easier for internet distribution.

Other platforms
The same theory applies if you are using Word, or Word Pad, or a Mac Text Edit or similar programmes. Just make sure you save as a text file, with the language indicated in the name, and with the .srt extension.

The file can then be emailed to whoever needs it, or it may be possible to upload it to the page that the original was downloaded from.


text:
User talk:195.8.175.44

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 12:11, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

-- Herby talk thyme 14:42, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:195.8.175.44


text:
User talk:F-3000

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 13:03, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Applescript: Display Dialog
Hi - I guess you are a mind reader!! I was just going to put a message on your page about this and you moved it!! Let me know if I can help - regards -- Herby talk thyme 13:03, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * If you want the redirect killed I'll do it, let me know (or tag it - will explain if you want) but it isn't doing any harm and as you say will allow a search to find it - your call as far as I see. Let me know if I can help (tho not with Applescript - I use the unmentionable!) -- Herby talk thyme 13:53, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I have to say it looked pretty good to me - some pages here are faaar worse I assure you. If you want someone with a Mac then a message here might be useful as I do know he uses one.  Look around too - most of my ideas on how to do stuff come from someone else, equally ask - most folks are friendly.  Regards -- Herby  talk thyme 14:35, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:F-3000


text:
User talk:69.140.207.70

Please do not replace Wikibooks pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikibooks because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. If page is no longer useful, insert delete to its top. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks! -- Herby talk thyme 13:54, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.140.207.70


text:
WebObjects/Database Compatibility and Comparisons/Informix

Calven Eggert
For those interested your connection string from the client should look like this:

jdbc:informix-sqli://ip:port/dbname:informixserver=servername;user=username;password=password

The driver name currently is: com.informix.jdbc.IfxDriver

This is the link that describes in detail the connection string: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/idshelp/v10/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.jdbc.doc/jdbc52.htm


text:
WebObjects/Database Compatibility and Comparisons/DataMigration

Project Wonder
ProjectWonder provides a really handy tool for migrating data between two databases:

NSMutableDictionary sourceDict = new NSMutableDictionary; sourceDict.setObjectForKey("YourPassword", "password"); sourceDict.setObjectForKey("YourUserName", "username"); sourceDict.setObjectForKey("jdbc:FrontBase://127.0.0.1/YourSourceDatabase", "URL"); sourceDict.setObjectForKey("com.frontbase.jdbc.FBJDriver", "driver"); sourceDict.setObjectForKey(Boolean.FALSE.toString, "autoCommit"); sourceDict.setObjectForKey(Boolean.TRUE.toString, "readOnly"); sourceDict.setObjectForKey(Boolean.TRUE.toString, "quote"); NSMutableDictionary destDict = sourceDict.mutableClone; destDict.setObjectForKey("jdbc:postgresql://localhost/YourDestinationDatabase", "URL"); destDict.setObjectForKey("YourPassword", "password"); destDict.setObjectForKey("YourUserName", "username"); destDict.setObjectForKey("org.postgresql.Driver", "driver"); destDict.setObjectForKey(Boolean.FALSE.toString, "autoCommit"); destDict.setObjectForKey(Boolean.FALSE.toString, "readOnly"); destDict.setObjectForKey(Boolean.FALSE.toString, "quote"); EOModel model = EOModelGroup.defaultGroup.modelNamed("YourModelName"); ERXJDBCUtilities._copyDatabaseDefinedByEOModelAndConnectionDictionaryToDatabaseWithConnectionDictionary(model, sourceDict, destDict);


text:
User talk:206.176.114.233

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 16:01, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.  -- Herby talk thyme 16:03, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

I did warn you - you are blocked -- Herby talk thyme 16:05, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:206.176.114.233


text: User:SimonDeDanser

title: User:SimonDeDanser


text:
AppleScript Programming/Advanced Code List/Repeat

With command  you can create repetative behavior, that often will shorten the code a lot, if done correctly.

Its basic format is this: repeat 10 times say "Hello." end repeat

And it can be used to do a specific task for every item you drop into a script that has been turned into a program. on open (ListItem) repeat with thisItem in ListItem -- bunch of kick*** code end repeat end open

One example of actual script that utilizes repeat-function can be found here.

While, here is one example of code that will wait until a page in Safari is fully loaded: tell application "Safari" to activate -- Brings Safari frontmost application. repeat tell application "Safari" if source of document in window frontmost contains " " then tell application "Script Editor" to activate exit repeat -- This will quit the loop. else delay 1 -- Will wait for 1 second. end if	end tell end repeat

And a useful source can be found from here: www.macobserver.com

The entire series of AppleScript columns at Mac Observer are here www.macobserver.com/tips/applescript/


text: User talk:SimonDeDanser

title: User talk:SimonDeDanser


text:
A-level English/Wise Children/Bakhtin's Theory

Bakhtin was a Russian Scholar whose work was centered on the idea of Carnivalesque. Carnivalesque, relating to the carnival is a theme in literature with aspects of chaos and disarray, of social hierarchies being reversed, of celebration and of the worshipping of bodily functions. However, the main aspect of the carnivalesque was the idea of the 'cycle of life'. Bahktin created an image of an old hag, near death but about to give birth. Even though she is near to the end of her life, she is bringing new life into the world. In Wise Children, this idea of the old hag is played upon by Carter, exploring the idea that Dora and Nora are the old hags, who are given new life in the form of two new twin babies by Perry.


text:
User:Phildo~enwikibooks

== Phildo ==

title: User:Phildo~enwikibooks


text:
AppleScript Programming/Sample Programs/Letter Replacer

A problem:

" I need a script to change the unicode character to old Slovenian ASCII character because of some fonts we use. Right now we use find and replace in TextEdit, but it is a pain to do it on 50 documents and with 10 different replacing character in each text. "

Result:

Automatic Letter Replacer

Just copy the code, paste it in ScriptEditor, edit all necessary info (read the comments), and save as a program. Then just happily drag and drop - a punch at a time, so you don't have to do it one by one.

Note: I would suggest testing the program with a single document first (with "autosave" off), as all the letters that you put into variables might not appear correct in TextEdit. The script has difficulties to respect - for example - Scandinavian letters "ä" and "ö".

More sophisticated version would save the changed document with different name, maybe even in different location. It could be a lot better, but current shall satisfy for now.

(* This script works as "drag and drop", and utilizes TextEdit. Its purpose is to replace letters (or even lines) in documents.

To make it work properly in the first place, you need to edit variables "find" and "replace" to resemble the actual wording as they appear in your TextEdit with your OS language set.

Do NOT interrupt the script in run by switching program, as result might be something nasty.

There is disabled abilities at the end of the script. You can enable them if you wish.

If you get NSReceiverEvaluationScriptError: 4 ("target object doesn't exist" or something like that) in middle of the script in action, you can ignore it and re-run the script.

If you get the above error at every time you run the script, you got either button name or window name wrong - if you changed them in the first place.

Brought to you by F-3000

on run display dialog ¬ "You need to drag and drop documents into this application in order it to work. Try again." buttons ¬ {"OK"} default button 1 end run

on open (ListItem) set find to "Find" -- Name of the "Find"-window in TextEdit. set replace to "Replace All" -- Name of the "Replace All"-button in the Find-window in TextEdit. set TE to "TextEdit" -- Change this to the name as it shows in your language set, if you have problems -- with the english program name. I didn't have any problems - and I don't use English as OS language. set r11 to "a" -- Determines letter to be replaced. set r12 to "b" -- Determines replacing letter. set r21 to "c" set r22 to "d" set r31 to "e" set r32 to "f" set r41 to "g" set r42 to "h" set r51 to "i" set r52 to "j" set r61 to "k" set r62 to "l" set r71 to "m" set r72 to "n" set r81 to "o" set r82 to "p" set r91 to "q" set r92 to "r" set r101 to "s" set r102 to "t" -- Feel free to modify the length of the list if you wish, just also remember to do the same for "replacing	-- script" as well. display dialog "You are about to replace 10 letters with others within " & ¬ (count (ListItem)) & ¬ " documents. You cannot abort the process in run. Also, remember to save the changes." buttons ¬ {"Cancel", "OK"} default button 2 repeat with thisItem in ListItem tell application TE			activate open thisItem tell application "System Events" keystroke "f" using command down keystroke r11 keystroke "	" keystroke r12 tell process TE to click button replace in window find keystroke "f" using command down -- Above command is in repetitive manner because it'll select the text in the first text-field in -- the Find-window. keystroke r21 keystroke "	" keystroke r22 tell process TE to click button replace in window find keystroke "f" using command down keystroke r31 keystroke "	" keystroke r32 tell process TE to click button replace in window find keystroke "f" using command down keystroke r41 keystroke "	" keystroke r42 tell process TE to click button replace in window find keystroke "f" using command down keystroke r51 keystroke "	" keystroke r52 tell process TE to click button replace in window find keystroke "f" using command down keystroke r61 keystroke "	" keystroke r62 tell process TE to click button replace in window find keystroke "f" using command down keystroke r71 keystroke "	" keystroke r72 tell process TE to click button replace in window find keystroke "f" using command down keystroke r81 keystroke "	" keystroke r82 tell process TE to click button replace in window find keystroke "f" using command down keystroke r91 keystroke "	" keystroke r92 tell process TE to click button replace in window find keystroke "f" using command down keystroke r101 keystroke "	" keystroke r102 tell process TE to click button replace in window find keystroke "w" using command down -- keystroke "s" using command down -- keystroke "w" using command down -- If you want to enable "save and close document", just take the double-lines (that makes				-- them mere comments) off before the two above commands. end tell end tell beep -- Will note that a single document is done. end repeat -- tell application TE to quit beep 3 -- Will note that the *whole* process is over. end open