text:
User:Jfingers88/Templates/dedict

 * 1) Word
 * 2) Part of speech
 * 3) Translation

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jfingers88/Templates/dedict


text:
User:Jfingers88/Templates/dedictn

 * ''' - n, ',
 * } - pl

 * 1) Word
 * 2) Gender
 * 3) Translation
 * 4) Plural

title: User:Jfingers88/Templates/dedictn


text:
Talk:Visual Basic/VB6 Command Reference

Visual Basic Classic suggested merge
User:Hagindaz has suggested that Programming:Visual Basic Classic should be merged with VB6 Command Reference? I think that a better course would be for the contributor to VB6 Command Reference to add to Programming:Visual Basic Classic. --kwhitefoot 13:56, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I meant that VB6 Command Reference should either be added as an appendix to Programming:Visual Basic Classic, or have any useful content added to Programming:Visual Basic Classic, then redirected. I found VB6 Command Reference as an orphaned module. Since both books are on the same subject, so I don't think there is any reason to have them both exist as separate books. I'm sorry I wasn't clear, you can't add notes to merge. --Hagindaz 17:27, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Visual Basic/VB6 Command Reference


text:
User:Jfingers88/Sandbox

German to English See also English to German

A

 * Arm - n, m, arm
 * Arme - pl

B

 * Buch - n, nt, book
 * Bücher - pl

C

 * Café - n, nt, Café
 * CD -n, f, CD

D

 * Deutschland - n, nt, Germany
 * Dichter(in) - n, m(f), poet
 * du - pron, (informal) you

F

 * Fahrrad - n, nt, bicycle
 * Fahrräder - pl

 * Finnland - n, nt, Finland
 * Fisch - n, nt, fish
 * Fische - pl

 * Frankreich - n, nt, France
 * Frau - n, f, woman
 * Frauen - pl

G

 * gehen - v, (sein), to go
 * Griechenland - n, nt, Greece
 * groß - adj, great, big
 * Großbritannien -n, nt, Great Britain
 * gut - adj, good

H

 * haben - v, (haben), to have
 * hassen - v, (haben), to hate
 * Hut - n, nt, hat

I

 * ich - pron, I
 * Idee - n, f, idea
 * Ideen - pl

 * Indien - n, nt, India
 * Insel, n, f, island
 * Inseln - pl

 * Irak - n, nt, Iraq
 * Iran - n, nt, Iran
 * Irland - n, nt, Ireland
 * Island - n, nt, Iceland
 * Italien - n, nt, Italy

J

 * Jäger - n, m, hunter
 * Jägers - pl

K

 * kalt - adj, cold
 * Kanada - n, nt, Canada
 * Katze - n, f, cat
 * Katzen - pl

 * Kuba - n, nt, Cuba

L

 * leben - v, (sein), to live
 * Leute - n, pl, people
 * lieben - v, (haben), to love
 * liegen - v, (sein), to lay

M

 * Mädchen - n, nt, girl
 * Mädchen - pl

 * Mann - n, m, man
 * Männer - pl

N

 * nächste - adj, next
 * Name - n, m, name
 * Namen- pl

 * neben - adv, next to
 * nicht - adv, not
 * nichts - adv, nothing
 * Niederlande - n, f, the Netherlands
 * Nieder Sachsen - n, nt, Lower Saxony
 * nord - adj, north
 * N~ Amerika - n, nt, North Amerika
 * norden - adj, north
 * nordisch - adj, Nordic

O

 * öffnen - v, (haben) to open
 * oft - adv, often
 * Österreich - n, nt, Austria

P

 * Paar - n, nt, pair
 * Paares - pl

 * Papier - n, nt, paper
 * Papiers - pl

 * Polen - n, nt, Poland
 * Portugal - n, nt, Portugal

R

 * recht - adj, right, right-hand. R~ - n, nt, law, justice, privlege.
 * rechts - adv, at the right
 * richtig - adj, correct, right

S

 * Sachsen - n, nt, Saxony
 * Sachsen-Anhalt -n, nt, Saxony-Anhalt
 * schlafen - v, (haben), to sleep
 * schlagen - v, (haben), to hit
 * sein - v, (sein), to be
 * Spanien - n, nt, Spain

T

 * Tisch -n, nt, table
 * Tische - pl

U

 * über - adv, over

 * unter - adv, under

V

 * Vater - n, m, father
 * Väter - pl

 * Vereignigten Staaten von Amerika - n, f, United States of America

W

 * Wasser - n, nt, water

 * Wasserstoff - n, m, hydrogen

Z

 * Zimmer - n, nt, room
 * Zimmern - pl

 * Zwiebel - n, f, onion
 * Zwiebeln - pl

 * Zug - n, nt, train
 * Züge - pl

title: User:Jfingers88/Sandbox


text:
User talk:Sandettielightvessel

Visual Basic Classic suggested merge
User:Hagindaz has suggested that Programming:Visual Basic Classic should be merged with VB6 Command Reference. I think that a better course would be for the you to contribute your notes and text to Programming:Visual Basic Classic as this is already a fairly large book. It would be great to have some company. --kwhitefoot 13:59, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I meant that VB6 Command Reference should either be added as an appendix to Programming:Visual Basic Classic, or have any useful content added to Programming:Visual Basic Classic, then redirected. I found VB6 Command Reference as an orphaned module. Since both books are on the same subject, so I don't think there is any reason to have them both exist as separate books. I'm sorry I wasn't clear, you can't add notes to merge. --Hagindaz 17:27, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sandettielightvessel


text:
ZK/How-Tos/Issues

= Issues =

Upgrade Issues

 * how to resolve javax.servlet.ServletException: Only one layout servlet is allowed in one context
 * 1) please remove the older jar of ZK first.
 * 2) put the new zk jar into web-inf\lib
 * 3) also check there is any zk jar files in the common/shared lib of the application server.

 * Below is the core zk jar list of different version.,

2.4.1      zcommon.jar zhtml.jar zk.jar zkplus.jar zul.jar zweb.jar 3.0RC zcommon.jar zcommons-el.jar *new since 3.0RC zhtml.jar zk.jar zkmax.jar       *new since 3.0RC zkplus.jar zml.jar         *new since 3.0RC zul.jar zweb.jar 3.0RC2 zcommon.jar zcommons-el.jar zhtml.jar zk.jar zkmax.jar zkplus.jar zml.jar zul.jar zulex.jar       *new since 3.0RC2 zweb.jar 3.0      zcommon.jar zcommons-el.jar zhtml.jar zk.jar zkex.jar        *rename from zulex.jar since 3.0 zkmax.jar zkplus.jar zml.jar zul.jar zweb.jar

To make sure there are no other conflicts. For example, two mysql jdbc drivers in the tomcat/lib makes this exception, too.

ZK 3.0 or later
ZK allows developers to use EL expressions, but it doesn't require the Web server to support JSP 2.0. ZK actually doesn't depend on JSP any more.

ZK 2.4 or earlier
For those who use older version of ZK (before 3.0), it is possible to configure an old Web server to support JSP 2.0 as described MyFaces's Installation.

The basic idea is to copy jsp-api.jar to the proper directory, which depends on the Web server. For example, the directory is common/lib if Tomcat 4.1.x is used.

If you find a way to enable ZK on an old Web server, don't hesitate to share the information with us by adding them the proper section above.

The jsp-api.jar file can be found in Tomcat's download, or ZK Subversion.

Cursor lost in overlapped over a Div with "overflow:auto"
This issue existed in Firefox's bugs-list for a long time. -- input field over div with overflow has no input cursor

Hope

Notes in Linux
1.remember to set headless and DISPLAY in linux export DISPLAY=:1.0 export CATALINA_OPTS="-Djava.awt.headless=true"

title: ZK/How-Tos/Issues


text:
Category:Crab recipes

Recipes involving crab.

title: Category:Crab recipes


text:
User:Robert Horning/Content Tools

This is a spot to help with the development of various tools that can help make Wikibooks a better place.

For now, see also w:Wikipedia:Tools for some ideas, but there are some other projects that should be strongly considered.

Top active replacement
This is a useful page that was even listed on the Main Page until it was no longer maintained. As can be seen the last update was on March, 2005 (over a year ago).

Card Catalog Office tools
This is a generation of cataloging pages under multiple schema that can be automatically generated as new books are added.

List of contributors
Trying to identify all of the contributors to a whole Wikibook is currently a very tedious process of scanning the edit histories of all of the modules. A very useful tool to conform to the requirements of the GFDL for republication would be to automate this process, perhaps with edit counts of all of the users on all of the pages in a Wikibook, or even scanning page histories to see what the quantity of added text is for each user, to determine how significant of a contributor each user has been. Culling blocked users from this list (i.e. vandalism) might also be a feature.

General Wikibooks stats
Ranking Wikibooks by size, number of pages, number of contributors, number of edits, and other criteria might be useful in terms of what is a significant Wikibook and what might be useful to include in the Hot Picks list on the main page. Some people are just stat junkies as well, so they might just have some fun with this sort of information.

title: User:Robert Horning/Content Tools


text:
Category:Mango recipes

Recipes involving mango.

title: Category:Mango recipes


text:
User:Tbittlin/Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Hallo du!


text:
User talk:Robert Horning/Content Tools

I'm starting this page to throw some ideas out to the Wikibooks community. Eventually if these concepts and tools are developed or taken seriously, new pages should be created for each one of these individual proposals with significant additional details added and even a list of interested participants. --Rob Horning 14:53, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robert Horning/Content Tools


text:
User talk:Kidko

Official News
[4-13-06] Update. Kidko 15:08, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikibooks
I have added your new DiceFree book to the "New Wikibooks" section of the Main Page. I hope that you will continue working on the book. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks, --Kernigh 17:44, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

DiceFree
I am archiving your DiceFree on my user page before it gets deleted, because I like the idea and don't want it gone. Josen

title: User talk:Kidko


text:
PHP Programming/Nuts and Bolts

This page makes use of Color Code Boxes. To leave your feedback regarding this new feature, please click here.

Example 1 - Basic arithmetic operators
This example makes use of the five basic operators used in mathematical expressions. These are the foundation of all mathematical and string operations performed in PHP. The five mathematical operators all function identically to those found in C++ and Java

Examine this example. Each mathematical expression to the right of the assign operator is evaluated, using the normal order of operations. When the expression has been evaluated, the resultant value is assigned to the variable named to the left of the assign operator.

Note: If you are not familiar with (X)HTML, you may not know the purpose of this part of the above code:

There are two code options that perform the opposite of the assign operator. The keyword  should be used for variable nullification, which is actually used with the assign operator  in place of a value. If you want to destroy a variable, the  language construct is available.

Examples:

Apart from that, the powers of 10 can be introduced with the letter "e":

The number formatting is realized by : number of decimals, decimal separator and thousand separator. Example:

Example 2 - String concatenation
This example demonstrates the concatenation operator, which joins together two strings, producing one string consisting of both parts. It is analogous to the plus operator commonly found in C++ string class (see STL), Java, JavaScript, Python implementations.

The statement

As we all know, or for those new to programming will soon find it, programmers are always searching for "tighter code". Simply put, we pride ourselves in doing the most work with the fewest keystrokes. With that in mind, here's a trick that can save those precious keystrokes: concatenate and assign at the same time. It's easy. Let's take the same example as above.

You just saved 8 keystrokes with the exact same output. Big deal? Imagine having to do that with 100 lines of template code like I did recently. Yes, it's a big deal. By the way, if you change the implementation without changing the output, that's known as refactoring. Get comfy with that term. You'll be using it a lot. See more examples of compound assignments below.

Example 3 - Shortcut operators
This snippet demonstrates self-referential shortcut operators. The first such operator is the  operator, which increments   (using the postfix form) by   giving it the value. After incrementing,   is defined and assigned the value.

The second shortcut operator is, which takes   and assigns it the value  , or.

After initializing  to , the subsequent line performs two shortcut operations. Going by order of operations (see manual page below),  is decremented (using the prefix form) and divided into. is assigned to the resulting value,.

Note: The expanded version of the above code (without the shortcut operators) looks like this:

Operators
An operator is any symbol used in an expression used to manipulate data. The seven basic PHP operators are:

 * (assignment)
 * (addition)
 * (subtraction)
 * (multiplication)
 * (division)
 * (modulus)
 * (concatenation)

In addition, each of the above operators can be combined with an assignment operation, creating the operators below:

 * (addition assignment)
 * (subtraction assignment)
 * (multiplication assignment)
 * (division assignment)
 * (modulus assignment)
 * (concatenation assignment)

These operators are used when a variable is added, subtracted, multiplied or divided by a second value and subsequently assigned to itself.

In other words, the statements

There are also increment and decrement operators in PHP.

 * (increment)
 * (decrement)

These are a special case of the addition and subtraction assignment operators.

This code uses the addition assignment operator to increment and decrement a variable. While this is perfectly legal in PHP, it is somewhat lengthy for an operation as common as this. It can easily be replaced by the increment operator, shortening the statement. This code snippet uses the increment and decrement operators to increase and decrease a variable's value by one.

For a more in-depth overview of PHP's operators, including an explanation of bitwise operators, refer to the manual link below.

Precedence
Precedence determines the priority given to certain operators to be performed earlier in a statement. If an operator has higher precedence, it doesn't mean that it is of greater importance; the opposite can often be true.

When multiple operators occur that have the same precedence (whether multiple instances of the same operator or just different operators with the same precedence), it becomes important to consider the associativity: whether right (to left), left (to right), or non-associative.
 * Associativity

 * Examples where associativity is irrelevant

In certain cases (as in the example below), especially where the same operator is present, the associativity may make no difference to the result.

The following...

...with its left associativity is equivalent to:

However, in this case, right associativity would have produced the same result:

 * Examples where associativity is relevant in PHP (but not mathematically)

In mathematics, it may be considered irrelevant in which direction a calculation is performed for operators with the same precedence.

For example, the following...

...is equivalent to this (left associative) statement:

And, if this were considered according to human conventions in mathematical calculations, the following equivalent right associative expression would produce the same result:

However, since we are dealing with a linear computer language that doesn't know to convert the " " into a negative number and group it with the " " before adding it to the " " (and then the " "), if PHP were to perform the following expression in a strict right associative manner, the following (mistaken) outcome would occur:

Thus, the associativity is relevant and should be memorized (though it is generally good practice to make one's groupings explicit anyhow—both to avoid mistakes and to improve readability for others looking at the code).

Similar problems occur with multiplication and division. Although with human convention, all adjacent multiplication and division groups would have the multiplication performed at the numerator level and the division at the denominator level, the PHP interpreter does not know to do this, so it is bound to set the left(-to-right) convention when explicit groupings (via parentheses—that have highest precedence) have not been made:

This is equivalent to the left associative:

However, as with the addition/subtraction example above, performing this by right associativity (in a strictly reverse linear fashion) does not produce the same (intended) result:

Newline and Other Special Characters
Both of the below examples make use of the newline character (,  or  , basing on the OS) to signify the end of the current line and the beginning of a new one.

The newline is used as follows:

Notice: the line break occurs in the output wherever the occurs in the string in the echo statement. However, a does not produce a newline when the HTML document is displayed in a web browser. This is because the PHP engine does not render the script. Instead, the PHP engine outputs HTML code, which is subsequently rendered by the web browser. The linebreak   in the PHP script becomes HTML whitespace, which is skipped when the web browser renders it (much like the whitespace in a PHP script is skipped when the PHP engine generates HTML). This does not mean that the operator is useless; it can be used to add whitespace to your HTML, so if someone views the HTML generated by your PHP script they'll have an easier time reading it.

In order to insert a line-break that will be rendered by a web browser, you must instead use the
 tag to break a line.

Notice: The newline is  for Linux/Unix-based systems,   for Windows and   for Mac's (until 1996, where MkLinux that bases on Linux came to the market). Therefore the statement above would be altered like so:

The function is available to automatically convert newlines in a string to   tags.

The string must be passed through the function, and then reassigned:

Other special characters include the ASCII  - used for padding binary files, tab  - used to display a standard tab, and    - signifying a carriage return. Again, these characters do not change the rendering of your HTML since they add whitespace to the HTML source. In order to have tabs and carriage returns rendered in the final web page, &tab; should be used for tabs and
 should be used for a carriage return.

Input to PHP
PHP has a set of functions that retrieve input. If you are using standard input (such as that from a command-line), it is retrieved using the basic input functions: Reading from standard input:

Web servers
On Web servers, information sent to a PHP app may either be a GET operation or a POST operation.

For a GET operation, the parameters are sent through the address bar. Parameters within the bar may be retrieved by using accessing. On a POST operation, submitted input is accessed by.

A more generic array,  contains the contents of ,  , and.

For More Information

 * PHP Manual: Operators
 * PHP Manual: Expressions
 * PHP Manual: Strings

title: PHP Programming/Nuts and Bolts


text:
Control Systems/Controllers and Compensators

Controllers
There are a number of different standard types of control systems that have been studied extensively. These controllers, specifically the P, PD, PI, and PID controllers are very common in the production of physical systems, but as we will see they each carry several drawbacks.

Proportional Controllers

Proportional controllers are simply gain values. These are essentially multiplicative coefficients, usually denoted with a K. A P controller can only force the system poles to a spot on the system's root locus. A P controller cannot be used for arbitrary pole placement.

We refer to this kind of controller by a number of different names: proportional controller, gain, and zeroth-order controller.

Derivative Controllers

In the Laplace domain, we can show the derivative of a signal using the following notation:

 * $$D(s) = \mathcal{L} \left\{ f'(t) \right\} = sF(s) - f(0)$$

Since most systems that we are considering have zero initial condition, this simplifies to:

 * $$D(s) = \mathcal{L} \left\{ f'(t) \right\} = sF(s)$$

The derivative controllers are implemented to account for future values, by taking the derivative, and controlling based on where the signal is going to be in the future. Derivative controllers should be used with care, because even small amount of high-frequency noise can cause very large derivatives, which appear like amplified noise. Also, derivative controllers are difficult to implement perfectly in hardware or software, so frequently solutions involving only integral controllers or proportional controllers are preferred over using derivative controllers.

Notice that derivative controllers are not proper systems, in that the order of the numerator of the system is greater than the order of the denominator of the system. This quality of being a non-proper system also makes certain mathematical analysis of these systems difficult.

Z-Domain Derivatives
We won't derive this equation here, but suffice it to say that the following equation in the Z-domain performs the same function as the Laplace-domain derivative:

 * $$D(z) = \frac{z - 1}{Tz}$$

Where T is the sampling time of the signal.

Integral Controllers

To implemenent an Integral in a Laplace domain transfer function, we use the following:

 * $$\mathcal{L}\left\{ \int_0^t f(t)\, dt \right\} = {1 \over s}F(s)$$

Integral controllers of this type add up the area under the curve for past time. In this manner, a PI controller (and eventually a PID) can take account of the past performance of the controller, and correct based on past errors.

Z-Domain Integral
The integral controller can be implemented in the Z domain using the following equation:

 * $$D(z) = \frac{z + 1}{z - 1}$$

PID Controllers

PID controllers are combinations of the proportional, derivative, and integral controllers. Because of this, PID controllers have large amounts of flexibility. We will see below that there are definite limites on PID control.

PID Transfer Function
The transfer function for a standard PID controller is an addition of the Proportional, the Integral, and the Differential controller transfer functions (hence the name, PID). Also, we give each term a gain constant, to control the weight that each factor has on the final output:

 * $$D(s) = K_p + {K_i \over s} + K_d s$$

Notice that we can write the transfer function of a PID controller in a slightly different way:

 * $$D(s) = \frac{A_0 + A_1s}{B_0 + B_1s}$$

This form of the equation will be especially useful to us when we look at polynomial design.

PID Tuning
The process of selecting the various coefficient values to make a PID controller perform correctly is called PID Tuning. There are a number of different methods for determining these values:

1) Direct Synthesis (DS) method

2) Internal Model Control (IMC) method

3) Controller tuning relations

4) Frequency response techniques

5) Computer simulation

6) On-line tuning after the control system is installed

7)Trial and error

Notes:

Digital PID
In the Z domain, the PID controller has the following transfer function:

 * $$D(z) = K_p + K_i \frac{T}{2} \left[ \frac{z + 1}{z - 1} \right] + K_d \left[ \frac{z - 1}{Tz} \right]$$

And we can convert this into a canonical equation by manipulating the above equation to obtain:

 * $$D(z) = \frac{a_0 + a_1 z^{-1} + a_2 z^{-2}}{1 + b_1 z^{-1} + b_2 z^{-2}}$$

Where:

 * $$a_0 = K_p + \frac{K_i T}{2} + \frac{K_d}{T}$$

 * $$a_1 = -K_p + \frac{K_i T}{2} + \frac{-2 K_d}{T}$$

 * $$a_2 = \frac{K_d}{T}$$

 * $$b_1 = -1$$

 * $$b_2 = 0$$

Once we have the Z-domain transfer function of the PID controller, we can convert it into the digital time domain:

 * $$y[n] = x[n]a_0 + x[n-1]a_1 + x[n-2]a_2 - y[n-1]b_1 - y[n-2]b_2$$

And finally, from this difference equation, we can create a digital filter structure to implement the PID.

Bang-Bang Controllers
Despite the low-brow sounding name of the Bang-Bang controller, it is a very useful tool that is only really available using digital methods. A better name perhaps for a bang-bang controller is an on/off controller, where a digital system makes decisions based on target and threshold values, and decides whether to turn the controller on and off. Bang-bang controllers are a non-linear style of control.

Consider the example of a household furnace. The oil in a furnace burns at a specific temperature—it can't burn hotter or cooler. To control the temperature in your house then, the thermostat control unit decides when to turn the furnace on, and when to turn the furnace off. This on/off control scheme is a bang-bang controller.

Compensation
There are a number of different compensation units that can be employed to help fix certain system metrics that are outside of a proper operating range. Most commonly, the phase characteristics are in need of compensation, especially if the magnitude response is to remain constant. There are four major types of compensation 1. Lead compensation 2. Lag compensation 3. Lead-lag compensation 4. Lag-lead compensation

Phase Compensation
Occasionally, it is necessary to alter the phase characteristics of a given system, without altering the magnitude characteristics. To do this, we need to alter the frequency response in such a way that the phase response is altered, but the magnitude response is not altered. To do this, we implement a special variety of controllers known as phase compensators. They are called compensators because they help to improve the phase response of the system.

There are two general types of compensators: Lead Compensators, and Lag Compensators. If we combine the two types, we can get a special Lag-lead Compensator system.(lead-lag system is not practically realisable).

When designing and implementing a phase compensator, it is important to analyze the effects on the gain and phase margins of the system, to ensure that compensation doesn't cause the system to become unstable. phase lead compensation:- 1 it is same as addition of zero to open loop TF since from pole zero point of view zero is nearer to origin than pole hence effect of zero dominant.

Phase Lead
The transfer function for a lead-compensator is as follows:

 * $$T_{lead}(s) = \frac{s-z}{s-p} $$

To make the compensator work correctly, the following property must be satisfied:

 * $$| z | < | p |$$

And both the pole and zero location should be close to the origin, in the LHP. Because there is only one pole and one zero, they both should be located on the real axis.

Phase lead compensators help to shift the poles of the transfer function to the left, which is beneficial for stability purposes.

Phase Lag
The transfer function for a lag compensator is the same as the lead-compensator, and is as follows:

 * $$T_{lag}(s) = \frac{s-z}{s-p} $$

However, in the lag compensator, the location of the pole and zero should be swapped:

 * $$| p | < | z |$$

Both the pole and the zero should be close to the origin, on the real axis.

The Phase lag compensator helps to improve the steady-state error of the system. The poles of the lag compensator should be very close together to help prevent the poles of the system from shifting right, and therefore reducing system stability.

Phase Lag-lead
The transfer function of a Lag-lead compensator is simply a multiplication of the lead and lag compensator transfer functions, and is given as:

 * $$ T_{Lag-lead}(s) = \frac{(s-z_1)(s-z_2)}{(s-p_1)(s-p_2)}. $$

Where typically the following relationship must hold true:

 * $$| p_1 | > | z_1 | > | z_2 | > | p_2 | $$


text:
Do-It-Yourself/Wooden boat

By David Moss

Selecting a design
The design (layout) involved for this project might just be the most difficult part of the whole process.

Your first boatbuilding project should be simple and inexpensive, yet the boat needs to be useful when it is finished. The balance between these criteria is an individual decision. The Internet is a great place to start when looking for a design. A site I found useful for free design information was http://home.clara.net/gmatkin/design.htm.

In my case I chose the "Dug", designed by Hannu Vartiala. Free plans are available on the web at Hannu's Boatyard: http://koti.kapsi.fi/hvartial.

I chose the Dug because I wanted something simple and inexpensive as my first boatbuilding project. It is made from a single sheet of plywood so it doesn’t get any cheaper, and the design on the website looked easy to follow.

I modified the design to use 3mm plywood rather than 6mm. Not only was the thinner ply cheaper, but it was much lighter. It also gave me the opportunity to experiment with fitting gunwales. The finished product was a one person canoe. I can pick up and carry this boat easily by myself and it practically floats on wet grass. It is perfect for fishing in the shallow rivers around the headwaters of the Murray Darling system in Queensland, Australia.

The Dug was my choice, though. Your own choice of design for your first boatbuilding project may well be different.

Plywood
Plywood is a man made construction material. It usually consists of an odd number of layers of thin timber veneer glued together with the grain of alternate layers running at 90° to each other. The outermost layers are termed the faces. Since these are the only visible layers, the appearance of each face is subject to standard specification. In Australia each face of a plywood sheet is described by a code letter:

 * A — a high quality appearance grade veneer suitable for clear finishing.
 * S — an appearance grade veneer which permits natural characteristics such as knots as a decorative feature subject to agreement.

 * B — an appearance grade suitable for high quality paint finishing.

 * C — a non-appearance grade with a solid surface. All open defects such as knot holes or splits are filled.

 * D — a non-appearance grade with permitted open imperfections. Limited numbers of knots and knot holes up to 75 mm wide are permitted.

Marine plywood that meets the AS/NZS 2272 standard has two A grade faces and an A or B grade core.

In the USA some manufacturers use a letter code for the "front" face and a corresponding number for the "back" face, i.e. a code of AB in Australia may be specified as A3 in the USA.

Typical applications using this grading standard are AA for marine plywood, AD for a wall cladding where only the front face of the plywood is visible, CD for structural plywood flooring and DD for structural bracing.

The adhesive used to bond together the laminations in the ply is of paramount importance to boatbuilders. There are four standard glue ratings:

 * Type A bond is produced from a phenol-formaldehyde resin [PF] which sets permanently under controlled heat and pressure. It forms a permanent bond that will not deteriorate under wet conditions, heat or cold. It is readily recognisable by its black colour. Type A bond is specified in AS/NZS 2272 for marine plywood.

 * Type B bond is produced from melamine fortified urea-formaldehyde resin [MF] which sets under controlled heat and pressure.

 * Type C and Type D bonds are interior use bonds produced from urea-formaldehyde resin [UF] and should not be used in boatbuilding.

Plywood for boatbuilding is traditionally purchased in 8 foot x 4 foot sheets. In metric this rounds out to 2400mm x 1200mm.

It is apparent from these dimensions that it is necessary to join plywood sheets together to build even the simplest of boats.

Exterior grade ply
Exterior ply is manufactured in accordance with AS/NZS2271 from a variety of materials including hardwoods and decorative veneer facings such as Sapele, White Ash, Teak, or inlaid Teak and Beech.

It is not manufactured to the same engineering standards as marine ply but is often quite suitable for a first boatbuilding project. The glues used between the layers are the same as those used in marine ply so delamination should not be a problem

Exterior grade ply may have one "good" face and the other of lesser grade, for example AB. The "Dug", my first boat, was constructed using exterior grade ply in pacific maple.

Marine ply
Marine ply is an engineering product that must comply with published standards. In Australia the relevant standard is AS/NZS2272. In the USA, the UK and other parts of the world the BS1088 standard may be used to specify marine ply. These standards detail practically every aspect of the composition and performance of marine ply. If you are going to build a seaworthy boat, or a boat that must meet survey standards, use of a certified marine ply is essential.

In the Australian/ New Zealand Standards system for veneers and bonds marine plywood has a grading of AA - A bond and should have the 'PAA Tested marine' stamp applied to the sheet. If it is not stamped then it is likely to be material which has not passed final inspection.

Some examples of marine ply available in Australia are:

 * Hoop Pine: AS 2272 Standard, Australian made premium plywood.
 * Gaboon: BS1088 and BS3655 Standards, light weight plywood having Lloyds Register certification.
 * Mahogany: BS1088 Standard, premium plywood
 * Pacific Maple: BS1088 Standard, the most economical but slightly heavier plywood.
 * Cortech: Balsa-cored plywood, has a very high stiffness to weight and strength to weight ratio. For use in boat hulls, decks etc.
 * Veneered Plywood: Waterproof plywood with teak, ash and sapele decorative veneer. Also teak/ash striped plywood for boat soles and decks.

Joining Plywood sheets
Plywood for boatbuilding is traditionally purchased in 8 foot x 4 foot sheets. In metric this rounds out to 2400mm x 1200mm. It is apparent from these dimensions that it is necessary to join plywood sheets together to build even the simplest of boats.

Two methods are commonly used to join plywood sheets together:

 * The butt joint
 * The scarf joint

The butt joint is by far the easiest to make. It is formed by applying liquid epoxy to the edges of the sheets to be joined, pushing them together and gluing a strip of ply to one or both sides of the seam.

A variation is to use fibreglass tape instead of the strip of ply. Once the epoxy has cured the join is stronger than the plywood sheets themselves and the wood will fail under stress before the epoxy of the joint.

Hint: Epoxy does not stick to polyethylene. Laying down a sheet of polyethylene film, such as a disposable painters drop sheet, can save the embarrassment of gluing your work to the floor when joining sheets.You can also use baking paper for this purpose if polyethylene is not available.

Lofting
Lofting is the process of taking the dimensions from a plan and drawing full size components on the construction materials.

Sometimes the designer provides the necessary measurements in the form of a table, but sometimes it is necessary to take the measurements directly from the drawing and scale them up to life size.

First a centre line is marked, then series of station lines are drawn on the ply at regular intervals 90° to the centre line using a set square. Station lines may be drawn every 10cm for example. The distances either side of the centre line at each station line are determined from the plans and marked on the ply as reference marks. Finally smooth lofting lines are drawn through the reference marks. A straight edge such as a steel ruler may be used for straight lines and the lofting batten is used for smooth curves. It is helpful to temporarily drive panel pins into some of the reference marks to ensure the lofting batten follows the correct curve.

Once the lofting process is complete the lofting lines are used as cutting guides when the components are cut from the sheet.

Epoxy
Epoxy is the material that makes wooden boatbuilding possible for the average person. It is used as an adhesive, a structural component, and to seal the wood to stop it absorbing water.

Wikipedia has an article about epoxy at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy.

The WEST System
The Wood Epoxy Saturation Technique, or WEST system, is a technique for sealing a wooden boat against the ingress of moisture. A thin layer of liquid epoxy is applied to the wood like paint. Some of the epoxy is absorbed into the grain and the pore structure of the wood while the epoxy is a liquid and when it hardens the wood is effectively protected by a moisture proof barrier.

The WEST System is a generic boatbuilding technique, but also a registered trade name for a brand of epoxy products manufactured under license from Gougeon Brothers, Inc. USA. The Gougeon Brothers developed the epoxy coating of the original WEST system in conjunction with DOW Chemicals in the late 1960s. Since that time epoxy systems, including the WEST System brand, have undergone significant development. Today there is a wide range of manufacturers offering epoxy systems for wooden boatbuilding. A web search using the term boat building epoxy will return thousands of references, tailoring the search for your own location should return more than enough local epoxy manufacturers to choose from.

A word of warning however. Not all epoxy formulations are suitable for sealing a wooden boat against moisture. Marine coating epoxies generally do not include organic solvents or thinners. They may be described as high solids epoxies. The reason is that organic molecules are much larger than water molecules. When organic solvents evaporate from the liquid epoxy during curing the departing molecules may leave microscopic tunnels that allow much smaller water molecules to enter. This reduces their effectiveness as a moisture barrier and makes them unsuitable for use as a marine coating.

When building my first wooden boat I chose Bote Cote, a high solids epoxy produced by a company in Brisbane, the closest major city to my residence. My choice was mostly influenced by convenience, reputation for quality, and the desire to support a local business. Your choice of an epoxy system may be influenced by similar considerations but so long as you choose a high quality epoxy suitable as a marine coating, the choice is yours.

Mixing Epoxy
The most critical part of the epoxy process is mixing the correct amount of hardener with the epoxy resin.

Stored separately the hardener and the resin will stay in liquid form. When mixed together the hardener acts as a catalyst and induces the resin to polymerise, or form cross linkages between its molecules. As these bonds between the molecules form the viscosity of the mixture increases and eventually, after a few hours, it solidifies. The reaction continues for several days afterward so it is important not to apply excessive stress to the material for at least 24 hours after application.

The rate at which the polymer bonds form is dependent on the chemical properties of the hardener used and the ambient temperature. The reaction that forms the bonds is exothermic which means heat is generated each time a new bond is formed. The hotter it is, the faster the bonds form and the hotter it gets, so new bonds form even faster. The heat usually escapes to the surrounding air by conduction so it is important to spread the epoxy out in a tray rather than keep it in a pot after mixing. The greater surface area of the tray allows more heat to escape and increases the pot life, the time when the mixture is still thin enough to apply effectively.

The pot life of a batch of epoxy is generally about 45 minutes. Once a batch has reached the end of its pot life it is no longer possible to apply it, so it must be discarded. It makes sense to mix up small quantities of epoxy at a time. Only mix up as much as you can comfortably apply during the pot life or you will waste a lot of expensive epoxy.

Polyethylene containers such as those used by some takeaway food outlets are excellent mixing pots for epoxy. Epoxy will not stick to polyethylene so it is easy to peel out the thin layer of hardened epoxy next day and re-use the container.

It is important to follow the manufacturers directions about mixing ratios exactly. Adding more or less hardener to the mixture will not affect curing time or pot life, but it will reduce the strength of the bond.

It is also important to use the type of hardener the manufacturer recommends for the ambient temperature of your workshop. Bote Cote recommend the following hardeners for use with their epoxy system:

 * Fast Hardener: For use in southern Australian climates and in winters, has a pot life of 45 minutes and a thin film set time of 5-6 hours at 14-16 deg.C.  Can be used at temperatures as low as 8 deg.C.

 * Standard Hardener: Suitable for warmer conditions and southern summers, has a pot life of 45 minutes and a thin film set time of 5-6 hours at 20-22 deg.C.

 * Tropical Hardener: For hot climates such as northern Australia where temperatures rarely fall below 30 deg.C. and there is consistently high humidity.  Has a pot life of 45 minutes and a thin film set time of 4-5 hours at 30 deg.C.

Metric conversion hint: go to google.com and type "20C in F" in the search box. This neat trick works in converting many other units too. (you can try out the example here)

Some manufacturers also supply a hardener accelerator. For Bote Cote the addition of 2% accelerator doubles the reactivity (half the pot life) while 4% makes it react 4 times as fast. The accelerator is not a replacement for hardener, it just speeds the process. This can be useful when you have a supply of tropical type hardener but want to use it with epoxy on a cold day in winter.

Whatever epoxy system you choose it is important to follow the manufacturers directions exactly when mixing.

In my case the mix ratio was two parts of epoxy resin to one part hardener. While it is possible to mix epoxy to the correct ratio using measuring cups, or by weight, I decided to purchase measuring pumps when I bought my epoxy. Two hand operated pumps were required, one for the epoxy resin and one for the hardener. The pumps were inexpensive (around AUD$10 each), fit directly on to the bottles, and I have never regretted the decision. Mixing was simply one squirt of hardener to every two squirts of epoxy resin. I highly recommend measuring pumps to anyone intending to build a wooden boat.

Once the epoxy and hardener has been dispensed in the correct ratio it is essential to make sure it is thoroughly mixed. Stir the mixture carefully for several minutes with a flat, disposable stirrer. Some thin plywood offcuts trimmed to size are ideal.

When the epoxy is thoroughly mixed many people transfer it to another container before application, even if the quantity is too small to worry about it exotherming in the mixing pot. The reason for this is no matter how careful you are with mixing, there will always be some unmixed epoxy resin or hardener adhering to the sides of the pot, or right down in the corners. If a single drop of this unmixed resin finds its way on to your work it will result in a sticky spot that will never cure properly. Murphy's law dictates the sticky spot will occur in the worst possible part of your surface. Pouring the mix into a clean container and giving it a final stir with a clean stirrer is cheap insurance against unwanted sticky spots in the epoxy.

Thickening Epoxy
Properly mixed epoxy is a very runny liquid. It is ideal for painting on to wooden surfaces, but sometimes its low viscosity can present a problem. Building up a fillet in the join between a horizontal and a vertical surface is impossible without the addition of a thickening agent.

Epoxy manufacturers sell a variety of thickening agents. Bote Cote supplies the following fillers that can be used to thicken epoxy in various situations:

 * High Strength Filler: A high density glass fibre and particle filler for maximum strength gluing applications such as catamaran beams, mast bulkheads, load carrying transoms, etc.

 * Glue Filler: A low cost blended filler used for most gluing applications and also for making all fillets.

 * Fairing Filler: A low density, easily sanded microsphere based filler, which spreads like cream to a perfect feather edge. Used for filling and fairing.

Most manufacturers supply their own versions of these filler products.

Some manufacturers also supply wood flour for thickening epoxy. Hannu's Boatyard, the site where I sourced the plans for my first boat, suggested plain old wheat flour as an effective epoxy thickener. That is what I used when building the "Dug" and it worked just fine.

Once the epoxy has been thoroughly mixed, simply add your chosen thickener a little at a time, stirring continuously, until the mixture reaches the desired consistency. It makes sense to use as little thickener as possible consistent with the application. Every particle of thickener in the mix is a particle that does not form polymer bonds with the surrounding epoxy. The less thickener in the mix, the stronger the material will be when it hardens.

I added sufficient plain wheat flour to bring the epoxy mixture to the consistency of peanut butter in order to form the fillets needed on the "Dug".

Tools
Tools useful in constructing the boat included

 * Power drill
 * Power jigsaw
 * Power plane
 * Random orbit sander

 * Handsaw
 * Hand plane
 * Hand sanding block
 * Clamps (lots of them)
 * Lofting batten (a long, straight, flexible strip of wood to aid in drawing even curves)
 * Set square
 * Steel ruler
 * Tape measure

Protective equipment

 * Particle mask
 * Safety glasses
 * Disposable plastic gloves
 * Close weave work clothing

A particle mask is essential. There is a lot of sanding in boatbuilding and the dust it generates is not good for your health. Wood dust itself is bad enough, but when you add epoxy dust and fibreglass dust you will definitely want to keep it out of your lungs. You can buy disposable paper particle masks quite cheaply at hardware stores.

Safety glasses are highly recommended. Personally I wear prescription glasses so I don’t have to worry about special safety glasses. People fortunate enough not to need spectacles should consider purchasing a pair of safety glasses before using chemicals like epoxy and hardener.

Disposable plastic gloves are also a good idea when you are mixing or applying epoxy resin. Some people rapidly become sensitised to epoxy and develop dermatitis. Disposable plastic gloves prevent skin contact from occurring in the first place and avoid potential health problems. Disposable plastic gloves are available cheaply at major supermarket chains.

Close weave work clothing with long sleeves and long trousers is highly recommended. If you are considering more than just one boatbuilding project it might be wise to invest in light cotton overalls. I made the mistake of sanding fibreglass reinforced joints wearing only a pair of shorts. This was very comfortable at the time in the hot Queensland summer, but very uncomfortable for over a week afterwards when the glass fibres in the dust made their presence felt. Ever since I have worn cotton drill work clothes with sleeves down regardless of the temperature!

Stitch and Glue
Stitch and glue is a technique for constructing complex three dimensional objects using plywood and epoxy resin.

The stitch and glue method was developed by the first television "do it yourself" (DIY) expert, Barry Bucknell, in about 1964. Wikipedia has an article about stitch and glue at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitch_and_glue.

First a row of small holes about 10cm apart is drilled close to the edge of one of the mating pieces of plywood. A matching hole is drilled in the other piece adjacent to each of these holes as construction proceeds and the two pieces are stitched together using either copper wire or plastic cable ties.

Once the mating pieces have been stitched together a fillet of epoxy is applied to the joint, gluing the pieces together. In the photo on the right a piece of waste plywood with a radius sanded on to one corner is being used to spread thickened epoxy into an even fillet.

If you look closely at the photograph you will notice the edges of the mating plywood pieces are darkened. This is because the edges were wetted out with a light coat of liquid epoxy before the thickened epoxy of the fillet was applied. The unthickened epoxy wicks into the grain of the plywood allowing greater adhesion. Since both the thickened and unthickened epoxy cure together they form a single polymerised structure of great strength. In fact the joint formed is stronger than the plywood itself. Once cured the wood will break before the epoxy of the joint if sufficient force is applied.

When the epoxy fillet has cured the stitches are removed. The holes filled and the addition of fibreglass tape and more epoxy provides the required level of structural strength to the joint.

Painting
Painting a wooden boat is more than just a cosmetic effect. The paint forms an essential part of the boat's structure.

If a wooden boat is not sealed against moisture it will absorb water, the wood will swell up and severe damage can occur.

Most wooden boats today are sealed against water using a thin coat of epoxy. Epoxy does a terrific job sealing out moisture but is susceptible to damage from ultraviolet light (UV). Unprotected epoxy will be damaged by the UV rays in sunlight and start to deteriorate in a single season.

Fortunately most exterior grade paints offer good protection against UV light as well as added protection against moisture ingress.

Selecting a paint
Selecting a surface finish for your boat is a complex task. If you go down to your local hardware store and ask for a paint that is good over epoxy you will most likely be greeted with a blank look. Very few paints specifically state they can be applied to epoxy. The good news is that most paints will stick well to epoxy despite the lack of formal specification. Success depends on surface preparation however.

People often change their minds about surface finish during the construction of the boat. They start out with a vision of the boat painted in solid covers, but during the construction process the beauty of the timber is revealed, especially in the areas where unthickened epoxy has been used. Epoxy forms a smooth, clear, shiny surface that enhances the grain of timber. Its too bad it can't just be left as-is but unfortunately it breaks down quickly when exposed to UV light. Epoxy must be protected by a coat of UV stabilised paint or varnish if it will be exposed to sunlight.

Some surface finishes that have been suggested for marine use are:

 * standard-type marine enamels
 * silicon/alkyd types
 * epoxy paints
 * one or two-part urethanes
 * Linear polyurethane

Each of these surface finishes has its own advantages and disadvantages. For my first project I selected a latex type exterior acrylic house paint. It was relatively inexpensive, formed a smooth medium gloss finish and adhered well to the WEST treated plywood of the boat.

Some manufacturers recommend the use of etching primer before the application of their product. This ignores the fact that cured epoxy is chemically inert. Etching primers, which rely on a chemical etching action, have no effect whatsoever on cured epoxy.

The only way to achieve good paint adhesion on cured epoxy is to lightly sand the surface prior to application, making millions of microscopic scratches on the surface. This facilitates mechanical keying of the paint to the surface, reducing the chance of peeling.

Preparation
Before doing any finishing work or applying finishes, allow the last coat of epoxy to cure 5 to 7 days if the ambient temperature is above 20°C, even longer at colder temperatures. (There is a lot of waiting in all aspects of boatbuilding) Some epoxy systems suffer from amine blush, a greasy substance that forms on the surface during curing. If your chosen epoxy system suffers from this problem, wipe down the work with a water/ammonia dampened rag or sponge prior to sanding. This will eliminate the greasy amine blush, make sanding easier and minimize clogging of the abrasive paper.

title: Do-It-Yourself/Wooden boat


text:
Nanotechnology

=The Opensource Handbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology=

Nanotechnology and nanoscience is about controlling and understanding matter on the sub-micrometer and atomic scale. This wikibook on nanoscience and nanotechnology gathers information about the various tools, methods and systems to provide students, researchers and everyone else an open-source handbook and overview guide to this vast interdisciplinary and expanding field - a book that can be adjusted as new things appear and improved by you!

 * Latest major additions in: /Health effects of nanoparticles/, /Environmental Impact/, and Nanotechnology Demonstration Experiments
 * Sections Nano & Society, nanooptics and electron beam lithography are in preparation.

Chapter 1: Introduction
Why is nanotechnology such a 'hot' subject - and is it more hype than substance? This part gives a brief introduction to the visions of nanotechnology and why so many people are working on it around the world. To help set a perspective there are overview tables with timelines, length scales and information resources.

/Perspective/

 * 1) Nanotechnology in the Middle Ages?
 * 2) A perspective on Nanotechnology
 * 3) Nanocomponents, Tools, and Methods
 * 4) Hot and hyped

Overviews

 * 1) Internet Resources
 * 2) Journals
 * 3) Nanotech Products
 * 4) A nano-timeline
 * 5) A nano-scale overview

About the Book

 * 1) Vision
 * 2) How to contribute
 * 3) History
 * 4) Authors and Editors
 * 5) Support and Acknowledgments
 * 6) How to Reference this Book

Reaching Out

 * 1) Teaching Nanotechnology
 * 2) Outreach projects
 * 3) Demonstration experiments

Chapter 2: Seeing 'Nano'
Microscopes allow us to probe the structure of matter with high spatial resolution, making it possible to see for instance individual atoms with tools such as the scanning tunneling microscope, the atomic force microscope, and the transmission electron microscope. With the related spectroscopic methods, we can study the energy levels in nanosystems. This part gives an overview of the tools and methods used in microscopy and spectroscopy of nanostructures.

Optical Methods

 * 1) Optical Microscopy
 * 2) STED Microscopy
 * 3) Confocal Microscopy
 * 4) X-ray Microscopy
 * 5) UV/VIS Spectrometry
 * 6) Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR)
 * 7) Terahertz Spectroscopy (THz)
 * 8) Raman Spectroscopy
 * 9) Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

Electron Microscopy

 * 1) The Electron Optical System
 * 2) Electron Range
 * 3) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
 * 4) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

/Additional methods/

 * 1) Point-Projection Microscopes
 * 2) Low energy electron diffraction (LEED)
 * 3) Reflection High Energy Electron diffraction (RHEED)
 * 4) X-ray Spectroscopy and diffraction
 * 5) Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)
 * 6) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
 * 7) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR /ESR)
 * 8) Mössbauer spectroscopy
 * 9) Non-Contact Measurements

Chapter 3: Physics at the Nanoscale
On the nanoscale force that we in everyday life do not consider strong, such as contact adhesion, become much more important. In addition, many things behave in a quantum mechanical way. This chapter looks into the scaling of the forces and fundamental dynamics of matter on the nanoscale.

Intro to Nanophysics

 * 1) Scaling laws
 * 2) Quantized Nanosystems
 * 3) Bulk matter and the end of bulk: surfaces
 * 4) The Tyndall Effect

/Modelling Nanosystems/

 * 1)  The Schrödinger equation
 * 2)  Hartree-Fock (HF) or self-consistent field (SCF)
 * 3)  Density Functional Theory (DFT)
 * 4)  Transport phenomena

/Physical Chemistry of Surfaces/

 * 1) Hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces
 * 2) Surface Energy
 * 3) Surface Diffusion
 * 4) Mass transport in 1, 2, and 3D

/Background material/

 * 1) Dispersion relations

Chapter 4: Nanomaterials
Many unique nanostructured materials have been made, such as carbon nanotubes that can be mechanically stronger than diamond. This part provides an overview of nanoscale materials such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires, quantum dots and nanoparticles, their unique properties and fabrication methods.

/Overview of Production methods/

 * 1) Commercial suppliers of nanomaterials

/Semiconducting Nanostructures/

 * 1) Carbon nanotubes
 * 2) Buckyballs
 * 3) Nanowires
 * 4) Semiconducting nanoparticles

Chapter 5: Nanosystems
To understand the novel possibilities in nanotechnology, this part gives an overview of some typical nanoscale systems - simple experimental devices that show unique nanoscale behavior useful in for instance electronics.

/Nanoelectronics/

 * 1) Diffusive and Ballistic Electron Transport
 * 2) Double barrier systems
 * 3) Moletronics

/Nanomechanics/

 * 1) Mechanics of beams and cantilevers
 * 2) The harmonic oscillator

Chapter 6: Nanoengineering
Combining nanodevices into functional units for real life application is a daunting task because making controlled structures with molecularly sized components requires extreme precision and control. Here we look at ways to assemble nanosystems into functional units or working devices with top-down or bottom-up approaches.

See also the Wikibook on Microtechnology which contains information about many fabrication and processing details.

/Top-down and bottom-up approaches/

 * 1) Microfabrication made smaller

/Self assembly/

 * 1) Selfassembled monolayers
 * 2) Bottom-up chemistry
 * 3) Molecular engineering

/Lithography/

 * 1) Electron beam lithography (EBL)
 * 2) Nano imprint lithography (NIL)
 * 3) Focused Ion Beam (FIB)

/Nanomanipulation/

 * 1) AFM manipulation
 * 2) STM manipulation
 * 3) In-situ SEM manipulation
 * 4) In-situ TEM manipulation

Chapter 7: Nano-Bio Introduction
Your body is based on a fantastic amount of biological nanotechnology operating right now in each of your body's cells, which has evolved over aeons to an awesome level of complexity. Much of current nanotechnology research is aimed at bio-applications, such as bio-sensors and biologically active nanoparticles for medical therapy or targeting cancer. This part is an introduction to this cross-disciplinary field.

/Nano-bio Primer/

 * 1) Biological building blocks
 * 2) Lengths and masses
 * Cells
 * 1) Virus
 * 2) Bacteria
 * 3) The body

/Biosensors/

 * 1) Typical applications and Analytes
 * 2) Sensor principles

Nanomedicine - Targeting diseases

 * 1) Nanomedicine
 * 2) Cancer
 * 3) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Chapter 8: Environmental Nanotechnology
People are very enthusiastic about the visions of nanotechnology, but at the same time there is a natural worry about the environmental issues of the emerging technologies. This area is being increasingly brought into focus to ensure a healthy development.

Health Effects of Nanoparticles

 * 1) Nanotoxicology
 * 2) Production and applications of nanotech
 * 3) Exposure of environment and humans
 * 4) Nanoecotoxicology
 * 5) Identification of key hazard properties
 * 6) Hazard identification
 * 7) Surface chemistry and coatings
 * 8) Interactions in the Environment
 * 9) Conclusion

/Environmental Impact/

 * 1) Potential environmental impacts of nanotechnology
 * 2) Exploitation and loss of scarce resources
 * 3) Energy intensity of materials
 * 4) Life cycle assessment (LCA)

Imagining Nanotechnology

 * 1) Scenarios for the Plausible Implications of Nanotechnology
 * 2) Anticipatory Symptoms
 * 3) Early Ontological Technologies

Nanoethics

 * 1) Impact on Developing Countries
 * 2) Collective Open Source Design
 * 3) The Prisoner's Dilemma

Open Source Nanotechnology

 * 1) Application
 * 2) Collective Design and Risk

title: Nanotechnology


text:
College Survival Guide/Is going to college worth my time

College is what you make of it
College is what you make of it. Should you apply yourself, you may find yourself in a position to network with potential future leaders, work under esteemed researchers, and broaden your horizons in other ways. Yet college can also be a waste of time and money for those who do not take it seriously or those burdened by other commitments, leaving the student unsatisfied and possibly destitute. The decision to go to college is not one to make lightly.

Many members of society hold college educated people in high regard. A degree is not the only way to prove your skills to an employer, but it certainly helps. A broader understanding of the world around you can prepare you as a quality citizen who can make informed decisions. That said, there are many avenues for gaining knowledge and someone who can competently self study can go far. Resources provided by your local library, trade schools, and other resources allow for quality non-college education for adults.

Building a Background
Colleges have a number of resources that help build a background. Most have career centers, workshops, and other skill building resources. Better still, sometimes these include certificates or other resume builders that you can use to more easily prove your skills to others.

However resources not used are worthless to you. Some college students fail to take advantage of these resources, and find themselves book smart but unable to apply what they learned in practice immediately after graduation. Furthermore certifications do not always equate to real skill. While someone without certifications is subject to greater scrutiny during the hiring process, in many cases this can be overlooked if the applicant can prove themselves skilled in other ways. This often involves getting to know someone on the inside to bypass HR screening, which often excludes those without a degree.

It is important to note that some professions nearly universally exclude those without proper accreditation. This including Doctors, Engineers, and Lawyers among a few other positions that almost always require a degree from an accredited institution. At the same time, some careers have alternate paths to certification - Police Academies are one such example. When the price of failure is high, hiring a non credentialed worker is simply a risk most organizations can not take.

The Internet
Many people wish to destroy this institution conflict by destroying the institutions. However, some people believe the best way to do that is through espionage or becoming one of the collective. You've got various things that have changed since the 1700s. Most of all, you have the Internet. Yet the Internet has many people who were college educated. It is these people who are guiding others to knowledge. As time goes on, the amount of accurate information will present itself to people; and the possibility of a truly free education may become a reality. However, experience is the thing that colleges offer that the Internet does not. Unless a person does experiments, keeps logs, and gets certification through exams and testing, proving you've got experience is a very difficult task.

Experience
Interestingly, however, is that experience can be gained in many different ways:

The Artist
Some people say artists ought learn in college. College gives an artist a knowledge background as to methods, materials, art history, aesthetics, and other aspects of art. Some people would call this a 'formal' education in art. However, some artists don't need to go to college. These people are artists. They create art, and their ability to create art comes from talent and so forth. Whether or not these people are considered artists is up to aesthetics and debate, but a person doesn't need a college degree to be considered an artist. Artists draw, paint, sculpt, and do many other things with resources and mediums. Some artists graduate college and don't find a job right away. In other words, the ability to create art is more about experience, less about formal knowledge. Although, formal knowledge allows the artist to understand techniques, but such things can be learned out of various art books.

Artists show experience through a portfolio. However, the artist may want to take into consideration a type of formal education. This formal education may come from a freelance art teacher or through various art books.

The Scientist
On the other end of a spectrum you've got the scientist. This is the kind of person that finds graduating from college a necessity. The reason college is a necessity for this kind of person is for various reasons. One would be ethics, which discuss how science is to act in the future according to society. Another is a formal education in lab work, which often a group of persons doing experimentation. In whole, the scientist often goes to college in order to receive a formal education and work with a group of persons toward a common goal.

'Yes' and 'No' Summary
Yes and no. This all depends on a few factors. One of the factors is what you want to accomplish in the long run.

Want to be a computer scientist/mathematician/physicist/linguist/translator?
 * Go to college and make the best grades you can.

Want to be a biologist/chemist?
 * Go to college, because ethical concerns exist when employing people without proper training.

Want to be a scientist/doctor/neuroscientist?
 * Same as above.

Want to be an artist/actor?
 * You probably don't need to go. Most artists only need a portfolio to prove to others they are the cream of the crop. Colleges and universities don't really help these type of people. Many artists from earlier days rejected the schools and became famous. Salvador Dali was an artist who saw himself better than the teachers and later worked with Picasso.

Want to be a graphic designer/businessperson?
 * You need training. Who is going to hire an interior decorator with no experience?  The easiest place to get experience is college.  And to get a job in the business world, unless you want to stay in an entry-level position, a degree is required.

In all reality, if someone holds a four-year-degree, he or she should be able to find a job somewhere. So college is your best bet for job security!

Recommended Reading
Bird, Caroline: The Case Against College (1972)


text:
Computational Chemistry/Molecular mechanics

 Previous chapter -  ../

Introduction
A good introduction is molecular mechanics.

In molecular mechanics we treat a group of molecules as a  classical collection of balls and springs rather than a quantum collection of electrons and nuclei. This means we can readily make physical models and have these physical models turned into computer programs. There is a hierarchy of models, the minimal being  atoms as hard spheres of radius  equal to the covalent radius and using VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Repulsion) for the lonepairs. Angles are approximately determined by best mutual avoidance in the hierarchy lone pairs > bond pairs. The electronegativities of atoms $$\chi$$ can be used to increase the flexibility of the model. Substituents with greater electronegativity decrease the size and repulsiveness of bond pairs. The model is incomplete because of neglect of bonding overlap and there is no description  of any $$\pi$$ bonds the molecule may have. Also we are making invalid additivity assumptions illustrated as follows.

The longest bondlengths are adjacent to electron pairs as in the classic example of F-F. ( HF is 91.7 pico-metres, FF 141.7 (covalent radii H 37.0 pm, F 71.0pm).) HF is quite clearly shorter than average and FF longer. The Fluorine covalent radius F value determined as 1/2 F-F, will be  longer than the value determined from fluoro-alkanes. Once you move to using a computer it is usual to go straight to a full molecular mechanics model with a force field such as MMx, Merck or AMBER.

The data which describes how the balls and springs behave is known as the force field. The earliest force fields were only for the atoms C, H, O and N and gradually added extra atoms, atom types and functional groups. Rappe and coworkers at CalTec, Los Angeles have produced a deductive paradigm for producing a whole periodic table force field. Everything necessary to code it is in the literature. Recent versions of CHARMM also have a whole periodic table force field. The Merck Forcefield which is currently thought to be the most accurate, has  more metal elements than the older forcefields.

Force fields
A formal description of a typical force field follows.

harmonic force constant.

$$ V_{s} = \sum_{l} \frac {1} {2} k_{l} {( l - l_{0} )}^2 $$

optional anharmonic force constant.

$$ - \sum_{l} \frac {1} {3!} k_{l}^{anh} {( l - l_{0} )}^3 $$

angle bending constants.

$$ + \sum_{\theta} \frac {1} {2} k_{\theta} \left\{ {( \theta - \theta_{0} )}^2 - k_{\theta}^{'} {( \theta - \theta_{0} )}^3 \right\} $$

Fourier representation of torsional potential.

$$ + \sum_{n} \frac {1} {2^{n}} k_{\omega} ( 1 + s \cos (n\omega) ) + \sum_{\omega} \frac {1} {2} k_{\omega} ( 1 + s \cos (\omega) ) $$

Out of plane bending for trigonal groups.

$$ + \sum_{\Gamma} \frac {1} {2} k_{\Gamma} {( \Gamma - \pi )}^2 $$

Van der Waals terms.

$$ \sum_{i<j} \left\{ \frac {A_{ij}} {r_{ij}^{12}} - \frac {B_{ij}} {r_{ij}^{6}} \right\} $$

electrostatic interactions.

$$ \sum_{i<j} \frac {q_{i} q_{j}} {r_{ij}^{2}} $$

What do the force field components mean?
Let us first consider bond lengths. The most important number is $$r_0$$ the average bondlength. Then we have the harmonic force constant, which is the rigidity of the bond, obtainable from either IR spectroscopy or an energy derivative electronic structure calculation. The anharmonic constants are always negative corresponding to a steeper slope on the repulsive, compressive side and a shallowing out on moving towards dissociation. Bending constants are complicated and not so subject to simple rules of thumb. Four body dihedral functions are of course periodic and can be almost any shape with a number of minima related to valency and lonepair content of the four entities.

Pair potentials
The pair potential term is always clearly divided into a repulsive and an attractive part. In van der Waals complexes it is this repulsive function which ultimately prevents the molecules locking together usually giving the peculiarity of a positive van der Waals energy which seems counterintuitive. (Perhaps it should be relabelled, Lennard-Jones energy, or pair energy.)

For some purposes the $$\frac 1 {r^{12}} $$ term in the pair energy is too steep and a softer repulsive potential the Buckingham potential is used:

The Buckingham potential
$$ E_{vdw} = \sum { A e ^{- B r} - C r ^{-6} } $$

Another modification to the pair potential is the addition of an inverse $$r^{10}$$ term, used in some programs to simulate the extra attractive energy of the hydrogen bond.

The Lennard-Jones potential
$$ E(r) =  4 \epsilon \left( { { \left( \frac \sigma r \right) } ^ {12} - { \left( \frac \sigma r \right) } ^ 6 } \right) $$

$$\epsilon$$ is the energy at the pair minimum. The location of the pair minimum is at $$r = 2 ^{1/6} \sigma$$ i.e. $$1.122462048 \sigma$$.

MOLWEB, the software written by MG to do interfacing and MM style property calculations, internally uses either the MM2 atom types or an atom type formed from the atomic number multiplied by 100, giving the possibility of 100 different atom types. This is not a ludicrous requirement if one thinks of transitional metal complexes where differentiation between half a dozen oxidation states, several coordination numbers and high and low spin environments might be required.

The $$\frac {A} {r^{12}} - \frac {B} {r^{6}}$$ is often expressed using the 2 parameters of an energy $$\epsilon$$ and a distance $$\sigma$$.

Table 1 - The MM2 atom types
U. Burkert  and  N.  L.  Allinger,   Molecular Mechanics,  ACS  Monograph 177, (ACS,Washington,1982). A. K. Rappé and C. J. Casewit, Molecular Mechanics across Chemistry, (University Science Books, California, 1997).

Notice the absence of metals from this table. Rappé and coworkers at CalTec, Los Angeles have produced a deductive paradigm for producing a whole periodic table force field (Rappé and Casewit, 1997).

If you do not have access to a code with this in it everything necessary to code it is in the literature. It is believed recent versions of CHARMM also have a whole periodic table force field. The new Merck Forcefield (Halgren,1996)), which is currently thought by some to be the most accurate, has more metal elements than the older forcefields.

Practical Problems
i) Conformations of cyclohexanes

Check that the available force fields predict the correct energy differences between chair and skew-boat forms of cyclohexane. Confirm that the boat is impossible to make as it is not a minimum on the potential surface. Trial boat forms of cyclohexane are rather difficult to make. One possible route is to start with benzene, put the carbons into the right place after removing the double bonds. After that it is necessary to add hydrogens to resaturate valency with H-ADD. Another way is to pull the chair form down from the menu and delete the 2 hydrogens at the foot of the chair. Move the carbon with 'MXY', and then replace the hydrogens.

Establish whether 1-chlorocyclohexane prefers the axial or equatorial positions. (Make the first conformer and optimise for energy. Then invert at the 1 centre to get the other conformer and check the energy). Try this for both MM2 and AMBER force fields.

2) Geometry of cis-Chlordane

Use your bibliographic skills to get a model of cis-Chlordane, (whatever that is). Minimize it with MM2. Calculate its energy when solvated in water and chloroform, using continuum models, (if available).


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US History/Spanish Civil War

Background
The Great Depression heightened instability in Europe. The Treaty of Versailles had unrealistically addressed war reparations, causing a debt spiral between Germany and the Western Allies and the United States. The German nation felt humiliated by the Treaty's terms. This contributed significantly to the collapse of the world financial markets and led to an economic catastrophe that spawned a political vacuum which allowed new, more radical-than-traditional politicians to emerge on the world scene. These included such men as Adolf Hitler, Franklin Roosevelt, Hideki Tojo, Chiang Kai-shek, and Francisco Franco.

The Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War (July 18, 1936–April 1, 1939) was a conflict in which the incumbent Second Spanish Republic and political left-wing groups fought against a right-wing nationalist insurrection led by General Francisco Franco, who eventually succeeded in ousting the Republican government and establishing a personal dictatorship. It was the result of the complex political, economic and even cultural divisions between what Spanish writer Antonio Machado characterized as the two Spains. The Republicans ranged from centrists who supported capitalist liberal democracy to communists or anarchist revolutionaries; their power base was primarily secular and urban (though it also included landless peasants) and was particularly strong in industrial regions like Asturias and Catalonia. The conservative Basque Country also sided with the Republic, largely because it, along with nearby Cataluña sought autonomy from the central government which would later be suppressed by the centralizing nationalists. The ultimately successful Nationalists had a primarily rural, wealthier, and more conservative base of support, were mostly Roman Catholic, and favored the centralization of power. Some of the military tactics of the war -- including the use of terror tactics against civilians - foreshadowed World War II, although both the nationalists and the republicans relied overwhelmingly on infantry rather than modern use of blitzkrieg tactics with tanks and airplanes.

The number of persons killed in the Spanish Civil War can be only roughly estimated. Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. More recent estimates have been closer to 500,000 or less. This does not include those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease.

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

The Abraham Lincoln Brigade was an organization of United States volunteers supporting or fighting for the anti-fascist Spanish Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War as part of the International Brigade.

The name "brigade" is something of a misnomer, as there were several American battalions organized under the Fifteenth International Brigade of the Spanish Republican army. This brigade was loosely organized by the Comintern and was made up of volunteers from nations around the globe. The George Washington Battalion, Abraham Lincoln Battalion, John Brown Anti-Aircraft Battery were part of the American contingent. Other U.S. volunteers served with the MacKenzie-Papineau battalion (Canadian), the Regiment de Tren (transport) and in various medical groups. The name Abraham Lincoln Brigade was used to include all the U.S. volunteers, regardless of which unit they served with.

Most of the people making up the Abraham Lincoln Brigade were official members of the Communist Party USA or affiliated with other socialist organizations. The IWW, or "Wobblies", were lightly represented. However, the brigade was made up of volunteers from all walks of American life, and from all socio-economic classes. It was the first unit of soldiers made up of Americans to have an African-American officer, Oliver Law, lead white soldiers.

American volunteers began organizing and arriving in Spain in 1936. Centered in the town of Figueras, near the French border, the brigade was organized in 1937 and trained by Robert Merriman. By early 1937, its numbers had swelled from an initial 96 volunteers to around 450 members. In February 1937 the League of Nations Non-Intervention Committee banned foreign national volunteers.

Self-motivated and ideological, the Lincolns attempted to create an egalitarian "people's army"; officers were distinguished only by small bars on their berets and in some cases rank-and-file soldiers elected their own officers. Traditional military protocol was shunned, although not always successfully. A political commissar explained the politics of the war to the volunteers and tended to their needs and morale. The Lincoln Brigade helped ease the pressure on Madrid, giving the Republic time to train and organize its own popular army. The subject of respectful news reports by such writers as Ernest Hemingway, Herbert Matthews, Martha Gellhorn, and Lillian Hellman, the brigade helped strengthen anti-fascist opinion in the United States. Yet the Lincolns and the Republican military, fighting with inadequate weaponry, could not withstand the forces allied against them. By the end, the Lincolns had lost nearly 750 men and sustained a casualty rate higher than that suffered by Americans in World War II. Few escaped injury. In November 1938, as a last attempt to pressure Hitler and Mussolini into repatriating their troops, Spanish prime minister Juan Negrin ordered the withdrawal of the International Brigades. The Axis coalition refused to follow suit and Madrid fell in March 1939.

The Lincolns returned home as heroes of the anti-fascist cause but enjoyed no official recognition of their deed. Many Lincolns soon aroused bitterness within sectors of the Left when, with the signing of the Hitler-Stalin nonaggression pact in 1939, they supported the CP's call for the United States to stay out of WWII. Once the United States and the Soviet Union entered the war, however, many of the veterans enlisted in the armed forces or served with the merchant marine. In a foreshadowing of the McCarthy period, the armed forces designated the Lincolns "premature antifascists" and confined them to their bases. Many successfully protested and were allowed to see action. Among the core agents of the Office of Strategic Services were Lincoln veterans whose contacts with the European partisans, forged in Spain, were key to OSS missions.

The International Brigade was used by the Loyalist army for several battles in Spain. They unsuccessfully defended the supply road between Valencia and Madrid in the Jarama Valley from February 1937 until June 1937. They were also present at the battles of Brunete, Zaragoza, Belchite, and Teruel.

The Brigade was a cause celebre in the United States, however. Liberal and socialist groups organized fund-raising activities and supply drives to keep the Brigade afloat. News of the Brigade's high casualty rate and bravery in battle made them romantic figures to an America concerned about the rise of Fascism around the world.

The war dragged on and the Fascist forces gained victory after victory over the Spanish Republic. The International Brigade was withdrawn from battle by the Spanish prime minister in spring of 1938. Most of the surviving Lincolns were repatriated promptly afterward, and were welcomed home as heroes.

In the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, members of the Brigade were castigated as supporters of the Soviet Union. Following World War II, at the height of the "Red Scare", former members of the Brigade were considered security risks, and branded "premature anti-fascists".

The US volunteers of the International Brigades adopted the song "Jarama Valley" as their anthem, which was the older song "Red River Valley" with new lyrics. The song was also translated into Catalan. The effect of the War on Americans can be guessed from Ernest Hemmingway's novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls.

Violence During the Spanish Civil War
The opening weeks of the Spanish Civil War were characterized by horrendous atrocities, most of them inflicted by an inflamed working class upon conservatives in general and Catholic clergy in particular. Ultimately, 12 bishops and hundreds of priests and nuns and seminarians were slaughtered. The reprisals taken by the nationalists were as brutal, though usually less picturesque in their cruelty. Europe looked on in horror as a country once recognized as the center of Western Civilization descended into bloodshed on a scale not seen since the ghastly events of WWI. The new tank warfare tactics and the terror bombing of cities from the air were features of the Spanish Civil War which later was a significant part in the general European War. The Spanish Civil War had cost the nation somewhere between 600,000 - 800,000 lives, counting deaths in battle and executions, as well as civilians killed by bombing, starvation, and disease. Under the new regime thousands more would be condemned to death, imprisoned, or forced into exile. The war ended with the victory of the rebels, who called themselves the Nationalists, the overthrow of the Republican government, and the exile of thousands of Spanish Republicans, many of whom ended up in refugee camps in Southern France. Apart from the combatants, many civilians were killed for their political or religious views by both sides.

America and Europe During the Spanish Civil War
After World War I, U.S. Blacks confronted once again the forces of white supremacy and a revitalized Ku Klux Klan. Yet the appearance of a Communist government in Russia in 1917 opened new vistas for African American militancy. After Lenin's Communist party came to power in the Soviet Union and boldly proclaimed "the wretched of the earth" should rule the world, African American resistance took on new meaning. In Chicago, an African Blood Brotherhood led by Cyril Briggs talked of arming Black men for self-defense and called for unity with white workers to overthrow capitalism and imperialism. In 1924 Briggs led his followers into the U.S. Communist party.

Other African Americans also turned to the Communist party for inspiration and organizational support. The most significant African American Communist of this early era was World War I veteran Harry Haywood. During the 1920s Haywood headed for the Soviet Union. In 1928 at a Comintern conference he embraced a proposal that Blacks who lived in the sixty contiguous southern U.S. counties (where they accounted for a majority of the population) be entitled to self-determination including the right to secede from the United States. Such ideas became the basis of the Communist party's organizing among southern Blacks during the 1930s. Haywood later served briefly as a commissar in the Lincoln Brigade.

title: US History/Spanish Civil War


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User talk:Dmoss

Welcome to Wikibooks
I have added your new book on Build a wooden boat to the "New Wikibooks" part of the Main Page. Because you started the book, I hope that you continue to add to it. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks, --Kernigh 17:44, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dmoss


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User talk:216.7.248.254

US History
Hello, I noticed that you are working on the US History book. Let me give you a few hints about editing:

 * There is a Show preview button, so you can check your work without saving each time. When you show preview, you get back the edit box on the page, which saves you from clicking "Edit this page" again.
 * There is a Summary box below the main edit box but above the buttons. You can type a summary of what you did. For example, when you removed part of US History/Contents/Civil War to make US History/Contents/Secession, you could have provided a summary explaining that you were doing a move. I actually suspected that you were a bad user deleting from US History/Contents/Civil War, until I found US History/Contents/Secession.

The use of "Show preview" and "Summary" is optional - but you might find them useful. --Kernigh 17:51, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

US History pages
Subjects such as Marcos Pontes are not notable enough to be included in a survey course of US history. You should not just copy encyclopedic entries from Wikipedia, but write a textbook on US history. Things like the Internet, which had a great cultural and societal impact, and the Space Race, which had important political ramifications would gladly be accepted. --haginძaz 14:34, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Modern History pages
According to Wikipedia, modern history begins at the end of the 18th century. The Early Modern Times generally refers to the events in Europe, so for the 15th through early 18th centuries, please contribute to the European History book, unless of course you plan to write about the entire world during this period, which I don't think would be a very good organization, but can be done nontheless. (If you wish to do that, start an Early Modern Times book. Currently you only have European events, so please move your work to European History).

Secondly, please write in textbook, not encyclopedic, format. Both "Martin Luther" and "John Calvin" would go in a "Reformation" chapter. The Beaconsfield mine collapse refers to one news event. Please move it to Wikinews. Thanks, haginძaz 16:18, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Humanities bookshelf
Please note that some of the books and sections you have added to Humanities bookshelf are actually social sciences, and as such would go on Social sciences bookshelf. For the difference between the two, please see social sciences and humanities. Thanks and regards, haginძaz 22:41, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Soviet Realism
I removed your Soviet Realism suggestion from Humanities_bookshelf because it is an art style. Do you want the book to record the History of Russian Art Movements? If so, I suggest you make it a chapter of a larger book, and add it to Art_bookshelf. Or do you want a book that explains how to draw in this art style? If so, list it on Art_bookshelf. I also recommend that you focus on one book at a time, because textbooks aren't useful until they are close to completion ("quality over quantity"). Feel free to respond with any questions you may have. Thanks, haginძaz 22:57, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:216.7.248.254


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Category:Papaya recipes

Recipes involving papaya.

title: Category:Papaya recipes


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Cookbook talk:Biscuits I

Baking powder and cream of tartar? Really? Why??--83.228.137.212 18:46, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

This page and the "Biscuit" page need to be combined. --Anon

title: Cookbook talk:Biscuits I


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Talk:Counterpoint/First Species

again, diagrams
This opening discussion is very good for a start. I submit that further progress isn't possible until someone agrees to contribute graphics to the article. Contributors could then begin the business actually of illustrating how species counterpoint works. (This topic is dear to my heart as it is the first thing I learned at university!)

-John

title: Talk:Counterpoint/First Species


text: Digital Signal Processing/Introduction

title: Digital Signal Processing/Introduction


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User:Kellen

Contributions  User:Kellen` at wikipedia User:Kellen at meta User:Kellen at commons My Recipes Cardamom Bread Chokladbollar Flaky Pie Crust Fry Bread Rhubarb Pie Shortcrust Pastry Strawberry Rhubarb Pie  Edits: 1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

I am on a wikibreak due to having achieved my main organizational goals for the cookbook. Find me as Kellen` on wikipedia.

I'm a vegan "computer scientist" primarily working on the cookbook. I've written the Cookbook:Policy module to clarify and centralize how things are/should be done in the cookbook. I've been editing wikibooks since 2005-01-06, and I have been an administrator here since 2006-10-31. I wrote a draft of the decision making policy, upon which the current version is based.

I'm currently living in San Diego, California Berlin, Germany Bristol, England Malmö, Sweden / Copenhagen, Denmark, San Francisco, California , Lund , Sweden.

TODO

 * Remove category from Template:Recipesummary as it just leads to confusion.
 * Merge "type" pages with their respective categories (Cookbook:Cake with Category:Cake recipes). Possibly rename the category.
 * Actually, maybe just use DPL2s for this and unmerge the merged pages.
 * Format or delete 1881, decameron and convoluted recipes in Category:Cookbook pages needing work.
 * Merge pages on Cookbook:Lentil, Cookbook:Dal, Cookbook:Urad Dal, Cookbook:Dahl, etc

Pending wikibooks/mediawiki enhancements
This task requires Uncategorizedpages to recognize a namespace parameter.
 * Categorize cookbook pages in Special:Uncategorizedpages

Done

 * Completed 2005/08/04. I have gone through Cookbook:Recipes and added appropriate templates, done some formatting, and added obvious categories.
 * Completed 2005/09/30. Formatted recipes in Category:Cookbook pages needing work, except for 1881 pages, decameron pages, and really convoluted ones.
 * Completed 2005/10/24. Create descriptions for cookbook categories from Special:Categories.
 * Completed 2005/10/24. Put multi-parented categories, e.g. Category:Beef stews into Category:Cookbook:Unnecessary categories
 * Completed 2005/10/24. Add to all cookbook categories.
 * Completed 2005/10/24. Normalize category names by looking at Special:Categories.
 * Completed 2005/10/24. Categorize all uncategorized cookbook categories in Special:Uncategorizedcategories.
 * Completed 2006/07/24. Reorganize Category:Cookbook.
 * Completed 2006/10/26. Go through every page in the Cookbook Index and do obivous formatting and categorization.
 * Completed 2007/01/17. Categorized Category:Cookbook templates.

Misc

 * Talk:Cookbook
 * Cookbook:Vegan cuisine
 * Cookbook:Vegan Substitutions
 * /Scratch
 * /Scratch/Uncategorized cookbook pages using DPLs
 * /Scripts for manipulating wikibooks-related data
 * Scratch pad for cookbook categories: /Categories
 * Test recipe page /Recipe and template /Recipe/Template
 * My /monobook.js and /monobook.css
 * /Decision making policy statement
 * Flowchart I made to illustrate formal consensus decision making.

title: User:Kellen


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User:Posala~enwikibooks

Rawr!

title: User:Posala~enwikibooks


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User:Anna Pherson

When discussing behaviorism and learning it is important to go back to the early roots and identify the key contributors to the theory. John B. Watson was considered the "Founder of Behaviorism" and B.F. Skinner was concerned with the functional relationships between the environment and behavior.

According to behavioral theory "learning occurs when there is a measurable change in the frequency of observable performance". Learning is a process in which the "shaping" of behavior occurs through reinforcing the appropriate responses.

Repetition, drills, practice and immediate feedback upon completion of the correct behavior will strengthen the chances the behavior will occur again. Over time, the behavior will not require continous reinforcement and will be transferable to similar situations.

Behavioral theory and training is a key component of animal training and skill training in humans. Teaching animals to sit for a kibble is very similar to clapping and hugging your child for their first steps or bike ride. Slot machines are based on intermittent reinforcement, which in turn leads gamblers to put more quarters in the machine to be reinforced by the ching ching of winning. As students, we are reinforced by the 100 points or A we receive on the test or paper, or by the removal of the F on the grade card. Anna Pherson Source

title: User:Anna Pherson