text:
User talk:Cj~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 11:38, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cj. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cj~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:02, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:48, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cj~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Virgoptrex1

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 11:38, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Virgoptrex1


text:
User talk:Friðrik Bragi Dýrfjörð

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title: User talk:Friðrik Bragi Dýrfjörð


text:
User talk:Shouvik

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title: User talk:Shouvik


text:
User talk:Proxima~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:03, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Proxima. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Proxima~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:35, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:23, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Proxima~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:DGreen

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:03, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:DGreen


text:
User talk:CyberTroniX

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title: User talk:CyberTroniX


text:
User talk:Davewagner

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title: User talk:Davewagner


text:
User talk:Sbrozell

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title: User talk:Sbrozell


text:
User talk:Capeboy~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:04, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Capeboy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Capeboy~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:01, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:46, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Capeboy~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Bforbes

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title: User talk:Bforbes


text:
User talk:Cometstyles

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title: User talk:Cometstyles


text:
User talk:LDV~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:04, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called LDV. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name LDV~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:21, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:LDV~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Alien9542~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:05, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Alien9542. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Alien9542~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:56, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:30, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alien9542~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jeremytmunn

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:05, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeremytmunn


text:
User talk:Gdorner~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:05, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gdorner. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gdorner~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gdorner~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Parmarp

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title: User talk:Parmarp


text:
User talk:SPQRobin

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title: User talk:SPQRobin


text:
User talk:Joti

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:06, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joti


text:
User talk:Arbron

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title: User talk:Arbron


text:
User talk:Designgrl~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:06, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Designgrl. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Designgrl~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:05, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:53, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Designgrl~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Cascience

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:06, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cascience


text:
User talk:Quinsareth~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:06, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Quinsareth. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Quinsareth~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:38, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quinsareth~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Salzgeber

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:07, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Salzgeber


text:
User talk:Csitcr

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:07, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Csitcr


text:
User talk:Wikinator~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:07, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Wikinator. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Wikinator~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:54, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:38, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wikinator~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Kanzure

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:07, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kanzure


text:
User talk:Lieberoth~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:07, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lieberoth. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lieberoth~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:22, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lieberoth~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Grievos

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title: User talk:Grievos


text:
User talk:Spoiler27

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title: User talk:Spoiler27


text:
User talk:Marico~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:08, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Marico. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Marico~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:28, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:14, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marico~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Sendtoanurag~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:08, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sendtoanurag. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sendtoanurag~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:43, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:28, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sendtoanurag~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Kwan3217~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:08, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kwan3217. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kwan3217~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:21, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:10, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kwan3217~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:RaumVogel~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:08, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called RaumVogel. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name RaumVogel~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:40, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:24, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:RaumVogel~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Mattl

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 12:25, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software
Hi - can I make you aware that Wikibooks does not host source texts and it appear that you are currently creating that. You might be better looking at Wikisource where such material is more appropriate - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 12:25, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mattl


text:
Celestia/STC File

Introduction
An STC file, or ST ar C atalog, specifies the position and other parameters of a Star or Barycenter.

This is a brief description of the STC parameters recognized by Celestia v1.4.1 and newer versions of the program. STC functionality has undergone a substantial improvement when compared to the previous versions of Celestia, v1.3.2 and earlier.

 * Objects are defined by specifying a quoted name, and a list of parameters. Barycenters and Hipparcos/Tycho designations are optional, and modify the star.
 * Editing a previously defined object can be done by prefixing the object's name by one of the keywords Modify or Replace. The revised definition can include any of the parameters used to define objects. Note that if you are modifying/replacing a Barycenter, the keyword must come before Barycenter, not after.

STC catalog files are either in the "data" directory of the Celestia root or in an Add-on's root subdirectory (itself in Celestia's  directory).

Celestia's catalog files are plain text files, and can thus be modified with your favourite text editor. As with other code, the text must use straight ("dumb") quotes, not curly ("smart") quotes; for some text editors you will have to disable smart quotes.

Most stars in Celestia are defined in the file Celestia/data/stars.dat, which uses a different format. (See Binary Star File for more information).

Structure of an object definition
'type index "object name" { ...parameters''... }'''

The first elements in an STC object's definition are its name, and an option for Hipparcos/TYC designations, and stellar barycenters.

type = Either Barycenter or Star (you can also leave it blank for a star).

index = Optional, a number between 0 and 4294967295, that specifies the Hipparcos or Tycho designation of the star.

object name = Name of the object, in quotes (e.g. "Sirius"). As of Celestia 1.6.0, multiple names separated by colons are allowed ("<tt>Eris:2003 UB313</tt>").

The object's descriptive parameters follow within the accolades ("braces" or "squiggly brackets": {} )

The list of parameters is:
 * RA
 * Dec
 * Distance

 * AppMag or AbsMag
 * SpectralType
 * Radius (optional; the default value is calculated from the Star's SpectralType and magnitude.)
 * SemiAxes or Mesh (optional)
 * Texture (optional)
 * EllipticalOrbit (optional)
 * Orbital elements (not listed here: see Trajectories § EllipticalOrbit)
 * Rotational elements (not listed here: see Rotation Models; optional)

Comments
#

The pound sign ("crosshatch" or "sharp sign") begins a comment: whatever lies after this sign up to the next line terminator is ignored by Celestia.

Type and Identifier

 * Barycenter or Star

An STC catalog file can be used to describe either Stars or Barycenters around which Stars, Barycenters and SSC objects can orbit.

A Barycenter defines only a position in space. You can't see it, as it is the center of mass of a collection of bodies. A Barycenter can orbit around another Barycenter, or around a Star.

A Star is a glowing object described by a position plus visual parameters like SpectralType, AppMag or AbsMag and optional Mesh, Radius, SemiAxes and Texture declarations. A Star can orbit around another Star or around a Barycenter.

There are three optional fields used to introduce an STC object. They specify the type of object it is and provide unique identifiers for it. In their required order of appearance, they are
 * (Optional) type of object: either Barycenter or Star. If omitted, Star is assumed.
 * (Optional) Hipparcos catalog number: if this Hipparcos catalog number is the same as the Hipparcos catalog number of a previously existing Star or Barycenter, that object is replaced by this one. Barycenters and Stars can replace each other or objects of the same type.
 * (Optional) quoted name: can be a list separated by colons . This will replace the names of a previously defined object with the same catalog number. If no name is specified, the original names will be retained.

Of the three, at least a HIP number or a Star name is required.

Examples:
 * Type of object, Hipparcos catalog number, and two names

Barycenter 100000 "My Barycenter:My System" { ... description ... }

This creates a barycenter with the Hipparcos number 100000, with the names "My Barycenter" and "My System".

 * Name of object (type of object is assumed to be Star)

"My Star" { ... description ... }

This creates a star with the name "My Star".

All of the other parameters used to describe a particular STC object are enclosed within curly-brackets: { }

Bayer Star Names
When a Bayer star name is specified, the 3-character abbreviation for the Greek letter as used in the Hipparcos catalog should be specified. These abbreviations are alpha = ALF  beta= BET   gamma= GAM   delta= DEL   epsilon= EPS zeta = ZET   eta = ETA   theta= TET   iota = IOT   kappa  = KAP lambda= LAM  mu  = MU    nu   = NU    xi   = XI    omicron= OMI pi   = PI    rho = RHO   sigma= SIG   tau  = TAU   upsilon= UPS phi  = PHI   chi = CHI   psi  = PSI   omega= OME

For example, the following would create a star labeled "α Cen":

Star "ALF Cen" { ...description... }

Unfortunately these abbreviations do not distinguish between Bayer designations and variable star designations for "MU" and "NU". For example, HIP 35355 is known as MU CMa, but in Celestia that name would be rendered as "μ CMa".

This table is taken from HD-DM-GC-HR-HIP-Bayer-Flamsteed Cross Index Kostjuk N.D., Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences (2002), which is available at http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?IV/27

Constellation Names
Similarly, when specifying a constellation name as part of a star's name, use its official 3 letter abbreviation. The International Astronomical Union provides a list of constellation abbreviations.

Position

 * RA <tt>f</tt>
 * Dec <tt>f</tt>
 * Distance <tt>f</tt>

or
 * OrbitBarycenter "<tt>object path</tt>"
 * SSC-style EllipticalOrbit parameters (optional)

The nominal location of a Star or Barycenter can be specified using either RA, Dec and Distance or by using the keyword OrbitBarycenter to specify the name (and thus the position) of a previously defined Barycenter or Star.

To specify using RA, Dec, and Distance, add the coordinates of the star. The RA and Dec are the right ascension and declination of the star. Note that in an STC catalog, RA must be specified in degrees. This is unlike a DSC catalog, where RA must be specified in hours.

Usually the RA will be in hours/arcminutes/arcseconds format, and the Dec will be in degrees/arcminutes/arcseconds format. To convert to Celestia's format, use a tool like this RA Dec Flexible Converter, and select the eleventh option down.

For example:

RA 299.0   # in fractional degrees, 0-360 Dec -10.5  # in fractional degrees, -90 to + 90 Distance 30 # in light years

OrbitBarycenter puts the object in orbit around another object, which is specified by putting the name in quotes. For example, this puts the object in orbit around a star called "My Star":

OrbitBarycenter "My Star"

 * A Star or Barycenter can orbit around its own nominal position, around another Star or around a Barycenter.

 * The orbit of a Star or Barycenter is specified using the same EllipticalOrbit declaration as is used in SSC files.
 * A list of parameters is omitted: see the chapters on SSC files and Trajectories. Celestia v1.5.0 Frame declarations are not yet supported in STC catalogs.
 * The usual orbital parameters listed in papers are in a different reference frame compared to the one in Celestia. Therefore, they must be converted to Celestia's frame using Grant Hutchinson's Star Orbit Translation Spreadsheet.

 * A Star's or Barycenter's elliptical orbit is defined relative to the object's nominal location, which is specified using either an RA, Dec, Distance triplet or by OrbitBarycenter.

Specifying RA, Dec, and Distance is slightly more efficient than OrbitBarycenter, but only at load time, when Celestia has to lookup the position of the Barycenter. Despite this, OrbitBarycenter should be used for multi-star systems so that Celestia can determine that two stars orbiting the same point are actually associated.

Magnitude
or
 * AbsMag <tt>f</tt>
 * AppMag <tt>f</tt>

AppMag and AbsMag control how bright the star is. The AppMag is the apparent magnitude (how bright the star is from Earth). AbsMag is the absolute magnitude. This is how bright the star would be if it were 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years) away, with no extinction (dimming, caused by dust that is blocking light).

In Celestia, the AppMag corresponds to the V-magnitude in the Johnson UBV photometric system. This means that the magnitudes correspond to the brightness in a specific passband: only a range of frequencies count.

Confusion may arise, since Celestia uses data from the Hipparcos catalog and that has introduced its own visual filter profile. The Hipparcos "visual" magnitude is called Hp. This profile is much wider in wavelength than the "standard" Johnson one.

Moreover, Tycho data again use different photometry, designated with VT and BT for the visual and blue magnitudes, respectively.

There exist detailed mutual transformation algorithms and/or lookup tables. The relations are quite non-trivial in general. A list of them can be found at http://www.aerith.net/astro/color_conversion.html.

SpectralType

 * SpectralType <tt>f</tt>

SpectralType controls the type of the star. It is a string, such as <tt>G2V</tt>, that describes the color and luminosity class of the star.

Spectral types as defined in Celestia have three parts to it: the spectral class, a number, and a luminosity class. Spectral types may also have extra symbols for spectral peculiarities, but these are not included in Celestia.

The spectral class is one of these characters/strings: O, B, A, F, G, K, M, L, T, C, R, N, S, WC, WN, D, Q, or X. O through M represent normal stars, with O being the hottest and bluest and M being the coolest and reddest. L and T represent brown dwarfs: objects that are too small to fuse hydrogen (Spectral class Y is implemented in v1.7). C, R, and N represent carbon stars: red giant stars with noticeable amounts of carbon in their atmospheres (i.e. greater than oxygen concentrations). S represents a class of star with approximately equal amounts of carbon and oxygen in their atmospheres. WC and WN represent Wolf-Rayet stars, D represents white dwarfs, Q represents neutron stars, and X represents black holes. The number after that modifies the original class: for stars from O to T, a lower number represents a hotter number. Finally, a luminosity class is one of these strings: Ia0, Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, or V, with decreasing luminosity. Note that the number and the luminosity class may be left blank.

Spectral types can often be estimated from other values, such as mass, radius, or temperature. A table can be found here: http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/astro/HR-temp-mass-table-byhrclass.html.

Appearance

 * Radius f (optional)
 * SemiAxes [f f f] (optional)
 * Mesh <filename> (optional)
 * Texture <filename> (optional)

 * SSC-style orientation parameters (optional)

 * By default, the appearance of a Star is controlled by its SpectralType (coloration) and magnitude (brightness: either AbsMag or AppMag). Celestia's spectral type field can include any of the standard astronomical spectral type and luminosity codes. See below for a description of the magnitude standard used by Celestia.

 * The size of a Star is usually calculated from its SpectralType and its Magnitude. Optionally one can force a Star to be a particular size by specifying its Radius in km.

 * The default spherical shape of a Star can be modified by the optional declaration SemiAxes. SemiAxes specifies the relative sizes of a Star's radii in three dimensions:

SemiAxes [1 0.85 1]

Mesh "accretion_disk.cmod"
 * The default spherical shape of a Star can be replaced by using the optional model declaration Mesh.

 * A Mesh may be a 3DS model, or one of Celestia's proprietary model types, either CMOD or CMS, which are described elsewhere.

Texture "image filename"
 * The default surface texture of a Star (normally determined from its SpectralType) can be replaced by using a Texture declaration
 * Note: as of Celestia v1.4.0, only one default texture is used for all stars: astar.jpg. Its coloration is determined by the Star's SpectralType.

 * The orientation of a Star is controlled by the same optional rotational element declarations as are used in SSC catalogs, although v1.5.0's BodyFrames and related functions are not yet available. (A list of rotational parameters is available in the SSC documentation.)

 * Other SSC parameters are not supported. In particular, Bumpmaps, Normalmaps, NightTexture and Atmosphere (including CloudTextures) are ignored.

 * Also, AltSurface and Location declarations are not (yet?) supported.

Example STC definition
This example is taken from Grant Hutchison's star catalog file Celetia/data/nearstars.stc. It's one of the catalogs which are included with Celestia v1.4.0 and later.

Barycenter "Rigel Kentaurus:Toliman:ALF Cen:Gliese 559" {  RA 219.917516 # mass ratio 1.09:0.92 Dec -60.837128 # Distance 4.365 } 71683 # ALF Cen A { OrbitBarycenter "ALF Cen" SpectralType "G2V" AppMag 0.01 EllipticalOrbit {   Period 79.914 SemiMajorAxis 10.765 # mass ratio 1.09:0.92 Eccentricity 0.5179 Inclination 82.980 AscendingNode 67.708 ArgOfPericenter 3.774 MeanAnomaly 200.119 } } 71681 # ALF cen B { OrbitBarycenter "ALF Cen" SpectralType "K0V" AppMag 1.34 EllipticalOrbit {  Period 79.914 SemiMajorAxis 12.755 # mass ratio 1.09:0.92 Eccentricity 0.51479 Inclination 82.980 AscendingNode 67.708 ArgOfPericenter 183.774 MeanAnomaly 200.119 } }

Renaming stars
To rename a Star or Barycenter in Celestia, add this STC template code:

Modify 123456789 "FOO" { }

where  is the Hipparcos/TYC index of the star you want to rename, and   is a string containing the new names in quotes, separated by colons.

If you also wish to change the star's properties, the parameters can be put inside the curly brackets. So the following code, which renames Betelgeuse, will work as well:

27989 "Betelgeuse:Al Mankib:Almerzamo nnagied:Gula:Besn:ALF Ori:58 Ori" { RA 88.792958 Dec 7.407064 Distance 419.13 AppMag 0.58 SpectralType "M1Iab" }

The alternative names above are from Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning by Richard Allen, Dover, 1963. The location and spectral information are from the Simbad catalog server.

As of 1.6.1, it is currently only possible to rename a star if it has a Hipparcos/TYC index.

Hipparcos and Tycho Catalog Numbers
Celestia uses Hipparcos catalog numbers as the primary identifier for its Stars. Hipparcos catalog numbers, often identified in documents with the prefix HIP, range from 1 to 120404. In Celestia, Tycho catalog numbers start at 1 000 000 000.

Tycho catalog numbers can be used, but they have to be "encoded" into fake Hipparcos numbers. They all are encoded into a 10 digit number with a value greater than 1 000 000 000. To do this, the three numeric fields of a Tycho catalog number are reversed and concatenated into a single number:

TYC aaaa-bbbbb-c becomes cbbbbbaaaa

E.g. TYC 654-32-1 becomes 1000320654. (Note, however, that this number does not correspond to an actual Tycho catalog entry. It is only used to show how the numeric fields are rearranged.)

Celestia rearranges these numbers to display the correct Tycho catalog number on the screen.

The following STC catalog entry defines the star TYC 654-32-1 named "TycStar"

1000320654 "TycStar" { RA 123.45 Dec 45.67 Distance 89 SpectralType "G1V" AppMag 8.7 }

Note that Celestia uses 32-bit integers to represent star numbers, so cannot use star numbers above 4294967295 (which would correspond to TYC 7295-29496-4): this should not limit the implementation of real Tycho stars.

title: Celestia/STC File


text:
Talk:UK Constitution and Government/Print version

"In May 1660, the Convention Parliament that Charles had been the lawful King of England since the death of his father in 1649." There seems to be a word missing between 'Parliament' and 'that'. Maybe it's something else, but there definately seems to be something wrong with that sentence. 58.7.83.36 16:50, 11 August 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:Karuro san

I am a highly motivated teacher who belief in hands-on. I am passionate about language which has inspired me into becoming an English teacher. In addition to native Spanish, I speak English as a second language, Japanese, French, Portuguese, and a bit of Korean. I believe that the study of language not only gives you better job opportunities, but, also help you develop excellent communication skills, which are necessary in any career. I am currently doing a master's degree in Teaching English as a Second language, planning on studying translation and eventually a doctor's degree linguistics.

title: User:Karuro san


text:
Wikibooks:Language Learning Difficulty for English Speakers

This world is full of thousands of languages, each unique in its own way. Wikibooks also hosts many different language learning books, albeit on a smaller scale, of course.

Becoming fluent in a language is a challenging endeavor, even if you do already display an aptitude for languages. This Wikibook aims to serve as a guide to determine the difficulty level of learning the language you have set your eyes on is.

Many people wonder how long it will take them to become proficient in a particular language. However, this question, of course, is impossible to answer definitively, because a lot depends on various factors such as an individual's language learning ability, motivation, learning environment, intensity of instruction, and prior experience in learning foreign languages. Last, but not least, it depends on the level of proficiency the person wishes to attain.

The Foreign Service Institute (FSI) of the US Department of State has compiled approximate learning expectations for a number of languages based on the length of time required to achieve Speaking 3: General Professional Proficiency in Speaking (S3) and Reading 3: General Professional Proficiency in Reading (R3). The list is limited to languages taught at the Foreign Service Institute, minus languages which don't have yet their own Wikibook. Note that this only states the views of The Foreign Service Institute (FSI) of the US Department of State, and many language learners and experts would disagree with the ranking. It must also be kept in mind that students at FSI are almost 40 years old, are native speakers of English and have a good aptitude for formal language study, plus knowledge of several other foreign languages. They study in small classes of no more than six. Their schedule calls for 25 hours of class per week with three or four hours per day of directed self-study. Languages deemed easy are typically those that bear similarities to English. If your native language differs, you may find instead that languages similar to your own are easier.

Before you even look at the table, here's a little advice: If you find that the language you want to learn is particularly difficult, don't let that stop you from learning it. They may well be difficult, but that doesn't mean they're impossible to learn (and once you do learn it, it will be much more rewarding)! The alleged difficulty may merely signify that a longer timeframe is necessary to master the language. Also remember that the Foreign Service Institute may have gotten things wrong.

Language difficulties
Now for the part you've all been waiting for. "How difficult will learning language x be?". Well, now you can find out what the FSI thinks.

* Languages preceded by asterisks are typically somewhat more difficult for native English speakers to learn than other languages in the same category.

Many people in the conlang community attempt to design international auxiliary languages specifically designed to be much easier to learn than natural languages.


text:
User:Yaleks

w:ru:Участник:Yaleks

title: User:Yaleks


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows/Chapter 33

Synopsis
After witnessing Severus Snape's death, Harry hears Lord Voldemort's magically amplified voice, speaking to everyone at Hogwarts, and specifically to Harry, giving him one hour to surrender and threatening to kill everyone if he fails to comply. Harry, Ron, and Hermione return to Hogwarts through the tunnel, and Ron and Hermione enter the Great Hall, where the defenders are regrouping and the many wounded and dead lie. Harry sees Fred, Lupin and Tonks among the deceased. Unable to bear the sight, Harry runs to the Headmaster's office, where all the portraits stand empty, and finds Dumbledore's Pensieve.

Harry pours Snape's memories into the Pensieve, and, hoping to briefly escape his own mind, enters the memories. He finds himself in a playground. A young, small boy, whom Harry recognizes as Snape, is watching two girls, Petunia and Lily Evans, from behind a small bush. After Lily shows some strange tricks to her older sister, unaware she is performing magic, Snape emerges and informs Lily that she is a witch and derides Petunia as a Muggle. Insulted at being called a witch, Lily follows her indignant sister and goes away, leaving Snape bitterly disappointed. It is apparent he was planning this for a while and it all went wrong.

The scene dissolves and reforms into a new one. Snape is telling Lily about Hogwarts and magic, including Azkaban and the Dementors. When Lily inquires about Snape's parents, he says that they are still arguing, revealing Snape's unhappy home life. When Petunia appears and insults Snape, a tree branch above breaks and falls on her. Accusing Snape of breaking the branch, Lily goes away, leaving him miserable and confused.

The scene changes into a different memory. Snape is standing on Platform Nine and Three Quarters next to a thin, sour-looking woman whom Harry recognizes as Snape's mother, Eileen Prince. Snape is staring at Lily's family. Petunia and Lily are arguing. Petunia calls Lily a freak for being a witch, and Lily retorts that Petunia had not thought so when she wrote to Professor Dumbledore, asking for admission to the school. An embarrassed Petunia, realizing that Lily and Snape read her letter, insults them, and they part on bad terms.

The scene reforms once more, and inside the Hogwarts Express, Snape finds a compartment with Lily and two boys. She is upset over her sister's hurtful words. Snape begins to say that Petunia is only a Muggle but instead grandly announces they are setting off for Hogwarts. When he mentions she had better be in Slytherin, one of the boys, the young James Potter, scornfully remarks to his friend, Sirius Black that he would rather leave than be in Slytherin, and prefers Gryffindor. Sirius points out that his entire family have been in Slytherin. Snape engages in a little battle of words with both Sirius and James, until an indignant Lily asks Snape to follow her to different compartment.

And the scene dissolves again into Hogwarts' Great Hall during the House sorting ceremony. Lily is sorted into Gryffindor, much to Snape's dismay. Remus Lupin, Peter Pettigrew, and James Potter are also sorted into Gryffindor, joining Sirius Black. Finally, Snape is sorted into Slytherin. At the Slytherin table, he receives a pat on the back from a Prefect, Lucius Malfoy.

The next scene depicts Lily and Snape arguing. Lily says they are still friends, though she detests whom Snape hangs out with, naming Avery and Mulciber specifically. Snape counters by mentioning the trouble James Potter and his friends cause and hints that Lupin is a Werewolf. The fight is resolved and Snape is satisfied when Lily criticizes James as an "arrogant toerag."

The scene switches for the sixth time and is the same memory Harry saw before when he peeked into Snape's Pensieve during their Occlumency lessons. Harry keeps his distance somewhat, not caring to witness this memory again. It ends when he hears Snape shouting "Mudblood" at Lily.

The scene changes to night time in front of the Gryffindor Tower. Snape is remorseful for calling Lily a Mudblood and had threatened to sleep outside the entrance had she not come to see him. Despite his deep, desperate apologies, the angry Lily is fed up with Snape and will not forgive him, and disapproves of him having friends with Death Eater ambitions. She leaves him and the scene dissolves.

The scene takes longer to reform and now becomes a hilltop in the darkness. The adult Snape is panting and pacing and appears to be waiting for something. A jet of white light flies through the air and Snape, disarmed, drops to his knees. Dumbledore asks what message he has brought from Lord Voldemort. Snape replies with a request from himself. He admits he relayed everything he heard of the prophecy from Trelawney to Voldemort, and that Voldemort believes the chosen child is Lily's son. He reveals that Voldemort plans to hunt down and kill the entire family. Dumbledore is disgusted that Snape has asked Voldemort to spare only Lily's life without regard for her husband and son. Ashamed at being rebuked, Snape then pleads with Dumbledore to hide the entire family. Surprising Snape, Dumbledore asks him what he will give in return. After a long moment, Snape replies, "Anything."

The scene switches to Dumbledore's office. Snape, grief-stricken, is slumped in a chair with a grim-looking Dumbledore standing over him. Snape asks why Dumbledore failed to keep Lily and her family safe. Dumbledore replies that they put their faith in the wrong person, much as Snape had in trusting Voldemort to spare Lily's life. He says that her son, Harry, survived. Snape wishes he were dead with Lily, and Dumbledore tells him that if he truly loved Lily, he will help protect Harry when Voldemort returns. Snape reluctantly agrees. He makes Dumbledore promise never to tell anyone that he is protecting James Potter's son, ever.

The scene shifts again and Snape is criticizing Harry to Dumbledore, saying he is like James Potter. Dumbledore replies that Snape sees what he wants to see in the boy while the other teachers report Harry to be a modest, likable, and reasonably talented boy. Personally, Dumbledore says that he finds Harry to be an engaging child. He asks Snape to keep an eye on Professor Quirrell.

With a whirl of color everything changes again and Snape and Dumbledore are now standing in the entrance hall as the Yule Ball is ending. Snape tells Dumbledore that Karkaroff's Mark is becoming darker as well and that he plans on fleeing if the Mark burns. When Dumbledore asks if Snape is tempted to do the same, Snape denies it and says he is not a coward. Dumbledore then muses that perhaps students are Sorted too soon, leaving Snape shocked.

The scene dissolves for the twelfth time and reforms into the headmaster's office again. Dumbledore is semiconscious, his right hand blackened and dangling over the side of the desk. Snape is muttering incantations and pouring a golden liquid down Dumbledore's throat. When Dumbledore regains consciousness, Snape asks why Dumbledore even tried on the ring. Dumbledore says he was a fool. Marvolo Gaunt's ring lies on the desk, cracked, with the Sword of Gryffindor next to it. Snape says it is a miracle he got here and that the curse is extraordinary powerful. Snape believes Dumbledore may only have a year to live since all he can do is contain the curse, not stop it. Dumbledore replies that this makes things much easier to decide and begins discussing Voldemort's plan involving Draco Malfoy killing Dumbledore. Snape says it is only to punish the Malfoys and that Draco is expected to fail. Dumbledore correctly guesses that when Malfoy fails, Voldemort wants Snape to finish Dumbledore off, saying that Voldemort feels he will soon not need a spy at Hogwarts anymore, as it will be under his control. Dumbledore makes Snape promise to watch over the students in that event, and to be the one to kill him (Dumbledore). Snape questions this and Dumbledore says it would be helping an old man die. He would rather die on his own terms at the hands of Snape than foes like Death Eaters Bellatrix and Fenrir Greyback. Snape reluctantly agrees and the scene ends.

In the next scene, Snape and Dumbledore are strolling through the castle grounds at night. Snape asks what Dumbledore has been doing with Harry all these evenings alone, and Dumbledore replies that he has information he must give to Harry before it is too late. Snape challenges Dumbledore as to why he is not entrusted with the same information, to which Dumbledore replies that he does not like to keep all his secrets in one basket. They get into a row about Snape having to be a double agent on Dumbledore's orders and that Harry is no more trustworthy than Snape. Dumbledore begins to go on with his plan to Snape, however, Snape is angry that Dumbledore refuses to tell him what he has told Harry and threatens that he has changed his mind about killing Dumbledore. Dumbledore reminds him that he gave him his word and that he is also to keep an eye on Draco. Snape looks unsatisfied so Dumbledore invites him to his office that night.

The scene shifts to Dumbledore's office. Dumbledore tells Snape that Harry must not know what he has to do until the final moment, and that after Dumbledore's death, there will come a time when Voldemort fears for Nagini's life. He instructs Snape that, if there is ever a time when Voldemort keeps Nagini magically protected and always in his sight, Snape must then tell Harry that he is a seventh Horcrux, inadvertently created by Voldemort, and that Harry must die in order for Voldemort to be killed. Snape feels tricked, and upset that Dumbledore made him protect Lily's son only to have him die. Dumbledore asks if Snape has grown to care for Harry, but Snape spurns that possibility and casts his Patronus, a silver-white doe. Dumbledore, shocked, asks Snape, "After all this time?", to which Snape says, "Always."

The scene switches to Snape talking to Dumbledore's portrait. Dumbledore says Snape must give Voldemort the correct date of Harry's departure if Voldemort is to trust Snape. Snape is also to suggest the Potter decoys using Polyjuice potion to Mundungus so that Harry is indeed safe. The scene shifts to Snape face-to-face with Mundungus in a tavern. Snape confunds him so he will suggest using multiple Potters, and to forget seeing Snape or that he got the idea from him.

The scene shifts yet again, to Snape gliding on a broomstick at night. Up ahead are Lupin and George, disguised as Harry. Snape casts Sectumsempra at a Death Eater to prevent him from Cursing Lupin, but the spell misses and hits George instead, severing his ear.

The scene shifts again to Sirius's room at Grimmauld Place. Snape is weeping as he reads Lily's letter to Sirius. He takes the second page containing Lily's signature, and tears out her image from the picture of her and Harry, then leaves.

The scene shifts again and Snape is in the headmaster's office. Phineas Nigellus' portrait says Hermione and Harry are in the Forest of Dean. Dumbledore's portrait, appearing happy, tells Snape to plant the sword of Gryffindor there without being seen. Snape says he has a plan, removes the Sword from behind Dumbledore's portrait, and leaves.

Harry returns to himself, lying on the carpet in the same room he just saw Snape leaving.

Analysis
It has been mentioned that Rowling is highly skilled at what is called the "set-up and pay-off" writing style. Here, we see a classic example. The preceding six books have created a long set-up, from as far back as the first novel when Snape was introduced, and on through the entire series as the conflict within Snape is repeatedly shown. While readers accept Harry's belief in Snape's untrustworthiness, evidence shows that Snape was protecting Harry since the first book. Here, we have the pay-off: it is revealed that Snape has been among Harry's staunchest protectors, despite his hating Harry's father, because he made a promise out of his love for Harry's mother.

Snape's constant inner conflicts have helped make him an intriguing character. His love for Lily never faded, and, unknown to Harry, that is why Snape always protected him. Snape's seeming malice towards Harry actually resulted from Snape's lingering hatred and resentment towards James Potter; Harry was merely an unfortunate reminder and a convenient target. As Snape was about to die, he asked to gaze into Harry's eyes, presumably because they looked just like Lily's, something Harry has been repeatedly reminded of.

We additionally learn why Petunia despised Lily and, by extension, Lily's son Harry. Because she was born without any magical ability, Petunia hated magic and everything associated with the Wizarding realm. As Petunia had actually requested permission to attend Hogwarts, and had been declined, it is clear that her rejecting the magical world is simple jealousy and retaliation for it never accepting her, an all-too-human characteristic. We can surmise that she wed Vernon Dursley because he possessed a so-very-stolid non-magical nature, and it is clear that the ill-treatment she inflicted on Harry was part and parcel of those same feelings.

Judging by the above, it can be seen that Snape and Petunia shared certain similarities in their personalities. Both were denied what they most desperately wanted, and each manifested their jealousy and disappointment as hatred toward Harry. In Petunia's case, her hatred was extended from her envy over her sister's magical abilities, while Snape was consumed with spite for James Potter and his pain over losing Lily. Petunia could never ever set aside these feelings and never ceased to hate Harry throughout his life. Snape, who also remained bitter about James Potter, carried forward this bitterness towards James's son Harry; this was not helped by Harry's own dislike and disrespect for Snape himself. However, Snape's outward attitude towards Harry also was a part of his mask which helped him remain trusted by Voldemort, who would have killed Snape instantly if he was seen to be protecting Harry.

There are many other revelations, large and small. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Petunia Dursley says, "I heard – that awful boy – telling her about them – years ago." "Her" is of course Lily, her sister, and "them" refers to the Dementors, whom Petunia has just identified as the guards of Azkaban. It is interesting to note that "that awful boy" was actually Severus Snape. Knowing Petunia, we expected this to refer to James Potter.

Snape's memories show something else unexpected. Previously, Harry had seen the memory after the Defence Against the Dark Arts O.W.L. test in a chapter called "Snape's Worst Memory." Considering the extreme humiliation Snape suffers at James Potter's hands, that would seem sufficient reason for it being his "worst memory." However, knowing Snape's strong feelings for Lily, the memory acquires a different meaning: it is the worst because one word spoken in it forever ended his friendship with Lily Evans, who later married James Potter and gave birth to Harry.

While the reason is never explicitly given, it is clear that when Dumbledore, watching the students return from the Yule Ball, remarks that perhaps the students are Sorted too soon, Snape is shocked at the thought that his true place at Hogwarts as a boy, and his entire later life, could have been different had the Sorting been delayed until he better understood his own desires.

The conversation between Snape and Dumbledore on the castle grounds, appearing as Snape's fourteenth memory, is one we have heard pieces of before. Apparently this discussion took place the previous year, just before Ron's rather disastrous birthday. It was partially overheard by Hagrid, who, with his usual inability to keep a secret, passed on the bits he overheard to Harry and Hermione.

The following conversation, in Dumbledore's office, turns out to perhaps one of the most important revelations of the entire series. Dumbledore finally explains to Snape the reason why Harry has a connection with Voldemort, why Harry can see Voldemort's mind (and vice versa), and why Harry can speak to snakes. It turns out a part of Voldemort's soul attached to Harry when the curse rebounded, and it lived inside him ever since. Harry was the Horcrux that Voldemort did not intend to make, and unless Harry was killed, Voldemort would not be able to die. Snape is horrified upon learning about this, and shows a side of his character that we hadn't seen till now. He accuses Dumbledore of manipulating Harry's life, to raise him and protect him so that at the proper time Harry must voluntarily seek Voldemort and allow himself to be killed. When Dumbledore sees that Snape is so angry that Harry must die, he asks if Snape had grown to care about Harry. We learn that Snape is still in love with Lily, performing a Patronus which takes the shape of a doe, which we believe, and Dumbledore recognizes, is somehow reminiscent of Lily. From the shape of Snape's Patronus, the reader recognizes that it was actually Snape who placed the Sword of Gryffindor in the forest and guided Harry towards it; this is of course confirmed by the final scene in Snape's memories.

One other interesting revelation occurs in the scene where Snape is healing Dumbledore after he receives the damage to his hand. We know that this damage must have occurred before Narcissa Malfoy and Bellatrix Lestrange visit Snape, because Snape alludes to the damage then. As Snape finishes healing Dumbledore, Dumbledore asks about Voldemort's plan to have Draco Malfoy kill him. Whether Snape is aware of this plan or not, it is certainly news to him that Dumbledore knows of it. While we never do find out how Dumbledore learns this, it is a shock to Snape, and a small revelation to the reader, that Snape is not Dumbledore's only informant in Voldemort's inner circles.

It has been suggested that rather than an informant, Dumbledore's information about Draco's mission has come to him through the deluminator. Ron's experience shows that it enables the holder, under certain circumstances, to hear conversations in which his name is mentioned, and to visit the location where the conversation is happening. In Dumbledore's case, this would have been more difficult, of course; while Ron is likely to be mentioned by only one group at any given time, Dumbledore, because of his fame, likely will face a small flock of conversations when he chooses to monitor what people are saying about him. If Dumbledore had been monitoring the deluminator, and if he had some method for filtering out the other conversations about him, it is possible that he would have overheard Voldemort either giving Draco his mission, or discussing Draco and his mission with Snape.

Review

 * 1) How was Harry able to get into the Headmaster's office, which needs a password to enter?
 * 2) Based on what he has just learned, what might Harry do next?

Further Study

 * 1) How will Harry, who distrusted and hated Snape, cope with the reality that Snape was loyal to Dumbledore and had protected Harry, always at great peril to himself?
 * 2) Is it possible that Lily could have ever felt more than friendship for Snape? Could she have felt more for Snape than for James?
 * 3) Why and how did Lily, who initially despised James Potter, fall in love with him?
 * 4) Why did Dumbledore call Harry's mother "Lily Evans" rather than "Lily Potter" when trying to convince Snape to switch sides? This is after Lily had married James Potter and shortly before Harry is born.
 * 5) Now that Harry knows the reason for Aunt Petunia's bitterness and resentment towards him, is it likely to change their relationship? Explain.

Greater Picture
It is interesting to note that of those around him, Dumbledore most often confided in Snape, whereas up until this chapter, Minerva McGonagall had always appeared to be his closest confidante. Before, Snape always seemed on the periphery and his true allegiance questionable. Now it is revealed that Dumbledore and Snape enjoyed a close relationship, forged by a common quest. When others asked why he trusted Snape, Dumbledore always alluded to a nebulous event, but never elaborated. Now, not only do we see what he was referring to—Snape's undying and unrequited love for Lily—but also why Dumbledore refused to identify it: Snape extracted that promise from him. Finally, we understand why Dumbledore trusted Snape implicitly, and vice versa, and our, and Harry's, faith in Dumbledore is reaffirmed.

Also noteworthy is that this chapter fully explains why Snape was so eager to see Sirius Black turned over to the Dementors, and why he retained his hatred for Sirius even after both realized they were on the same side. Sirius Black had been framed as an accessory to Lily's murder. The Order of the Phoenix shared the Ministry belief that Sirius betrayed Lily and James. Snape wanted revenge on Sirius for his lost love's murder. Even after Sirius' innocence was established, Snape continued to hate Sirius, though his lingering resentment over their antagonistic schooldays at Hogwarts likely also fueled his emotions. Snape may also have blamed Sirius for allowing James to trust Peter Pettigrew, so inadvertently causing Lily's death.

The key item that Harry takes away from this is the message that Dumbledore had required Snape to pass on to Harry: that Harry must allow himself to be killed in order that the last Horcrux be destroyed. It is, of course, critical to the story that Snape provide this entire set of memories to Harry. Snape had no time, and was wise enough to recognize Harry's deep distrust of Snape and his motives. Even if he had more time, Snape knew that he would be unlikely to convince Harry that Dumbledore wanted Harry to subject himself to Voldemort. Providing Snape's entire back story with Harry and his parents, in a way that was entirely trustworthy, no matter how uncomplimentary to Snape, is the only way that Harry would be able to accept the truth of Snape's allegiance. In fact, given Snape's ability as an Occlumens, it is only with Snape being in extremis that Harry is likely to accept these memories as being true. If Snape had not been in the final moments of his life, Harry would likely have distrusted Snape's memories as possibly being edited.

We must be careful about the wording here, of course; note that while Snape refers to the soul shard as a Horcrux, Dumbledore does not. This, it turns out, is critical to Harry's future; a Horcrux is magically bound to its container, and the container must be destroyed in order to destroy the Horcrux. The soul shard within Harry, while acting as a Horcrux in that it would anchor Voldemort's flayed soul to the earth, is not bound to Harry, but is simply clinging to him, and can be separated from Harry and destroyed by means that are less destructive to Harry.

However, Harry is too dismayed by the other implications of this conversation to discern such fine points; he has just learned that in order to finally defeat Voldemort, Harry must allow Voldemort to kill him. Given Voldemort's announcement at this chapter's beginning, Harry believes that the same magic that protected him after Lily's death may be invoked by his own death to protect Hogwarts' defenders from Voldemort. Even so, the awareness that he must allow Voldemort to murder him is almost more than he can bear.

While Harry is currently far too occupied with current events to be able to deal with the major revelations in this chapter, we will see that he does accept that Snape had been acting to protect him. In the Epilogue, we will learn that Harry had named his second son Albus Severus, after two headmasters of Hogwarts, and that he felt the one from Slytherin (Severus Snape) was one of the bravest men he had ever met.


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Category:Category 1 Languages

This category contains language wikibooks for Category I languages (those closest to English and therefore less difficult).

See also: Language Learning Difficulty for English Speakers

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Category:Category 2 Languages

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Category:Category 3 Languages

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Category:Languages by category

This category contains all the categorized language categories.

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Talk:MediaWiki Developer's Handbook/Add JavaScript

Can any one explain in more detail how to make script work? In this example do I copy word for word or modify? Once created and set up how do I tell the page to display the script.

What would I put in the mediawiki page itself to get it to display the script?


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Hemp Products

Over 51000 products derived form the hemp plant exist. Broadly these fall into the following categories
 * textiles & fabrics
 * paper & canvas
 * paints & varnishes
 * rope & cordage
 * biomass energy
 * food oils and protein
 * medicine
 * building materials
 * recreation & creativity

This book intends to teach specific methods for farming hemp and using the plant mass to create each of the 51000 products.

The Hemp Products book concentrates on specific processes, methods and machines used for harvesting, processing and treating hemp to generate the real-world products available to the public.

Contents

 * /Authors/ · /Development/

 * Introduction
 * /History/
 * /Farming/

 * Products
 * /Textiles & Fabrics/
 * /Paper & Canvas/
 * /Toiletries/
 * /Paints & Varnishes/
 * /Rope & Cordage/
 * /Biomass Energy/
 * /Food Oils & Protein/
 * /Medicine/
 * /Building Materials/
 * /Recreation & Creativity/

title: Hemp Products


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Hemp Products/Authors

cauri started this wikibook he also founded the MovieMakingManual wikibook. He would like the experts on hemp industry products to contribute extensively to this book.

title: Hemp Products/Authors


text: User:Lindsay Ridgeway/Printable Sandbox

title: User:Lindsay Ridgeway/Printable Sandbox


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Cookbook:Sopaipillas (Latin American Fried Dough)

Ingredients

 * 2 cups all-purpose flour
 * 2 tsp salt
 * 2 tsp baking powder
 * ¼ cup shortening
 * 1½ cup warm water
 * Vegetable oil for frying

Procedure

 * 1) Combine ingredients and knead into a round ball.
 * 2) Cover with a towel and let set for 10–20 minutes.
 * 3) Break dough into 2–3 inch balls. Roll out each ball so that it is 8–12 inches in diameter. Cut into quarters.
 * 4) Deep fry in hot oil until golden brown. Turn once.
 * 5) Drain on paper towels and sprinkle with mixture of sugar and cinnamon.
 * 6) Serve warm plain or drizzled with honey or strawberry syrup.


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Calculus/Implicit Differentiation

Generally, you will encounter functions expressed in explicit form, that is, in the form $$y=f(x)$$. To find the derivative of $$y$$ with respect to $$x$$, you take the derivative with respect to $$x$$ of both sides of the equation to get
 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{d}{dx}[f(x)]=f'(x)$$

But suppose you have a relation of the form $$f\bigl(x,y(x)\bigr)=g\bigl(x,y(x)\bigr)$$. In this case, it may be inconvenient or even impossible to solve for $$y$$ as a function of $$x$$. A good example is the relation $$y^2+2yx+3=5x$$. In this case you can utilize implicit differentiation to find the derivative. To do so, one takes the derivative of both sides of the equation with respect to $$x$$ and solves for $$y'$$. That is, form
 * $$\frac{d}{dx}\bigl[f\bigl(x,y(x)\bigr)\bigr]=\frac{d}{dx}\big[g\bigl(x,y(x)\bigr)\big]$$

and solve for $$\frac{dy}{dx}$$. You need to employ the chain rule whenever you take the derivative of a variable with respect to a different variable. For example,
 * $$\frac{d}{dx}(y^3)=\frac{d}{dy}[y^3]\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}=3y^2\cdot y'$$

Implicit Differentiation and the Chain Rule
To understand how implicit differentiation works and use it effectively it is important to recognize that the key idea is simply the chain rule. First let's recall the chain rule. Suppose we are given two differentiable functions $$f(x),g(x)$$ and that we are interested in computing the derivative of the function $$f\bigl(g(x)\bigr)$$, the chain rule states that:
 * $$\frac{d}{dx}\bigl[f\bigl(g(x)\bigr)\bigr]=f'\bigl(g(x)\bigr)\cdot g'(x)$$

That is, we take the derivative of $$f$$ as normal and then plug in $$g$$, finally multiply the result by the derivative of $$g$$.

Now suppose we want to differentiate a term like $$y^2$$ with respect to $$x$$ where we are thinking of $$y$$ as a function of $$x$$, so for the remainder of this calculation let's write it as $$y(x)$$ instead of just $$y$$. The term $$y^2$$ is just the composition of $$f(x)=x^2$$ and $$y(x)$$. That is, $$f\bigl(y(x)\bigr)=y(x)^2$$. Recalling that $$f'(x)=2x$$ then the chain rule states that:
 * $$\frac{d}{dx}\bigl[f\bigl(y(x)\bigr)\bigr]=f'\bigl(y(x)\bigr)\cdot y'(x)=2y(x)y'(x)$$

Of course it is customary to think of $$y$$ as being a function of $$x$$ without always writing $$y(x)$$, so this calculation usually is just written as
 * $$\frac{d}{dx}(y^2)=2yy'$$

Don't be confused by the fact that we don't yet know what $$y'$$ is, it is some function and often if we are differentiating two quantities that are equal it becomes possible to explicitly solve for $$y'$$ (as we will see in the examples below.) This makes it a very powerful technique for taking derivatives.

Explicit Differentiation
For example, suppose we are interested in the derivative of $$y$$ with respect to $$x$$, where $$x,y$$ are related by the equation
 * $$x^2+y^2=1$$

This equation represents a circle of radius 1 centered on the origin. Note that $$y$$ is not a function of $$x$$ since it fails the vertical line test ($$y=\pm1$$ when $$x=0$$, for example).

To find $$y'$$, first we can separate variables to get
 * $$y^2=1-x^2$$

Taking the square root of both sides we get two separate functions for $$y$$ :
 * $$y=\pm\sqrt{1-x^2}$$

We can rewrite this as a fractional power:
 * $$y=\pm(1-x^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$

Using the chain rule we get,
 * $$y'=\pm\frac{(1-x^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}\cdot(-2x)}{2}=\mp\frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$

And simplifying by substituting $$y$$ back into this equation gives
 * $$y'=-\frac{x}{y}$$

Implicit Differentiation
Using the same equation
 * $$x^2+y^2=1$$

First, differentiate with respect to $$x$$ on both sides of the equation:
 * $$\frac{d}{dx}[x^2+y^2]=\frac{d}{dx}[1]$$
 * $$\frac{d}{dx}[x^2]+\frac{d}{dx}[y^2]=0$$

To differentiate the second term on the left hand side of the equation (call it $$f(y(x))=y^2$$), use the chain rule:
 * $$\frac{df}{dx}=\frac{df}{dy}\cdot\frac{dy}{dx}=2y\cdot y'$$

So the equation becomes

 * $$2x+2yy'=0$$

Separate the variables:
 * $$2yy'=-2x$$

Divide both sides by $$2y$$, and simplify to get the same result as above:
 * $$y'=-\frac{2x}{2y}$$
 * $$y'=-\frac{x}{y}$$

Uses
Implicit differentiation is useful when differentiating an equation that cannot be explicitly differentiated because it is impossible to isolate variables.

For example, consider the equation,
 * $$x^2+xy+y^2=16$$

Differentiate both sides of the equation (remember to use the product rule on the term $$xy$$):
 * $$2x+y+xy'+2yy'=0$$

Isolate terms with $$y'$$:
 * $$xy'+2yy'=-2x-y$$

Factor out a $$y'$$ and divide both sides by the other term:
 * $$y'=\frac{-2x-y}{x+2y}$$

Example

 * $$xy=1$$

can be solved as:
 * $$y=\frac{1}{x}$$

then differentiated:
 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{1}{x^2}$$

However, using implicit differentiation it can also be differentiated like this:
 * $$\frac{d}{dx}[xy]=\frac{d}{dx}[1]$$

use the product rule:
 * $$x\frac{dy}{dx}+y=0$$

solve for $$\frac{dy}{dx}$$:
 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{y}{x}$$

Note that, if we substitute $$y=\frac{1}{x}$$ into $$\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{y}{x}$$, we end up with $$\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{1}{x^2}$$ again.

Application: inverse trigonometric functions
Arcsine, arccosine, arctangent. These are the functions that allow you to determine the angle given the sine, cosine, or tangent of that angle.

First, let us start with the arcsine such that:

 * $$y=\arcsin(x)$$

To find $$\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}$$ we first need to break this down into a form we can work with:

 * $$x=\sin(y)$$

Then we can take the derivative of that:

 * $$1=\cos(y)\cdot\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}$$

...and solve for $$\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}$$ :
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=\frac{1}{\cos(y)}$$

At this point we need to go back to the unit triangle. Since $$y$$ is the angle and the opposite side is $$\sin(y)=x$$, the adjacent side is $$\cos(y)=\sqrt{1-x^2}$$ , and the hypotenuse is 1. Since we have determined the value of $$\cos(y)$$ based on the unit triangle, we can substitute it back in to the above equation and get:

We can use an identical procedure for the arccosine and arctangent:

title: Calculus/Implicit Differentiation


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User talk:Asaduz zaman

Asaduz Zaman Born: 1991 -loves to play games-

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Hemp Products/Development

Use this page to develop sections that will eventually go into the book Hemp Products (only if there exists enough material present to justify a new subpage).

title: Hemp Products/Development


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User:Xurcroh~enwikibooks

helping edit all Harry Potter related articles one day at a time.

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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows/Chapter 11

Synopsis
Three days pass, and Kreacher is still gone, while dark figures, apparently Death Eaters, are constantly outside watching Grimmauld Place. While awaiting Kreacher's return, the tension strains the Trio's nerves. Tiring of Ron and Hermione's bickering, Harry heads for the kitchen, hoping Kreacher will reappear there. Halfway down the stairs, he hears the front door opening and draws his wand. As a cloaked figure enters, Dumbledore's moldering form rushes at the mysterious stranger, who calls out, "It was not I who killed you, Albus," causing Dumbledore to crumble back into dust. Aiming his wand, Harry shouts, "Don't move!" causing Mrs. Black's portrait to start screeching insults. As Ron and Hermione come running from upstairs, the voice identifies himself as Remus. Hermione and Ron lower their wands, but only after further convincing is Harry finally persuaded to lowers his. Lupin, speaking as their Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, reprimands Ron and Hermione for lowering their defenses too soon. Lupin confirms that Death Eaters are monitoring the house, though they apparently are unaware anyone is there. Any place associated with Harry is being watched.

Lupin updates them on recent events. He is stunned about the Death Eaters at Tottenham Court Road, though he assures Harry the Trace cannot still be active, confirming Ron's earlier statement. Lupin reports that most wedding guests Disapparated to safety, and that Death Eaters have infiltrated the Ministry. It is rumoured that Scrimgeour was tortured before being killed, but he apparently never revealed Harry's location. Death Eaters searched the Burrow and found the Spattergroit Ghoul, but avoided getting too close; everyone else at the Burrow was interrogated for hours. Although Death Eaters forced their way into other Order-related houses, no one has been killed, but some, like the Tonks, were tortured. Death Eaters were able to penetrate the magical charms surrounding the Burrow because they now have the Ministry's might behind them. Asked how they can legally justify their search, Lupin pulls out a Daily Prophet. On the front page is Harry's picture and the headline: WANTED FOR QUESTIONING ABOUT THE DEATH OF ALBUS DUMBLEDORE.

Harry pushes the paper aside. Lupin says the Ministry claims that the murdered Scrimgeour actually resigned. He was replaced by Pius Thicknesse, who is under the Imperius curse. This effectively makes Voldemort the Minister for Magic. Though many wizards suspect what is happening in the Ministry, none dare speak out, fearing reprisals and unsure who to trust, while Voldemort remains hidden to create fear and confusion. Dumbledore's death was certain to make Harry the rallying point for resistance fighters, only now, implicating him in Dumbledore's murder has cast doubt. Lupin also says the Ministry is rounding up Muggle-borns, claiming they acquired their magical powers by theft. Anyone without at least one close wizard relative is suspect. In addition, all wizard children can now study magic only at Hogwarts, though this is actually a means to further weed out Muggle-borns – to attend Hogwarts, you must be able to prove Blood status.

The Order suspects Dumbledore assigned Harry a secret mission, which Harry confirms without confiding details. Lupin offers his assistance, even if they are unable to share what they are doing. When asked about Tonks, Lupin says she will be fine at her parents' house. Hermione suspects he is withholding something, and Lupin reveals that Tonks is expecting a baby. Harry chastises him for abandoning his pregnant wife, but Lupin claims she is better off without him and that she should never have married an outcast. He fears their child will be a Werewolf like him and that he is an unfit father. Outraged that he would desert his family, Harry shouts that Lupin is a coward. Lupin, offended, rages out the front door, ignoring Hermione's pleas to stay. Hermione, supported by Ron, reproaches Harry, who now feels bad over how he treated Lupin, but still feels he was right.

Ignoring Ron and Hermione, Harry browses the Prophet. Dumbledore's name jumps out, along with a photo of the entire Dumbledore family: Percival, Kendra, Albus and Aberforth, and baby Ariana. There is also a headline: EXCLUSIVE EXTRACT FROM THE UPCOMING BIOGRAPHY OF ALBUS DUMBLEDORE by Rita Skeeter. The article describes Kendra as proud and haughty. After her husband's imprisonment in Azkaban, the family moved to Godric's Hollow, Harry Potter's former home, where few knew them. Skeeter claims that Kendra thought she could hide Ariana, who was believed to be a Squib. The article concludes with, Next Week: Albus Dumbledore at Hogwarts—the Prizes and the Pretense.

Kreacher suddenly returns, clutching a flailing Mundungus Fletcher, who attempts to use his wand. Hermione disarms him, and Ron wrestles him to the floor. With Kreacher wielding a pot at him, Mundungus admits he used the Locket to bribe a Ministry woman who caught him selling goods without a license. The woman was short, wearing a hair bow, and looked rather like a "toad." Harry, Ron, and Hermione exchange shocked expressions; the old scars on Harry's hand begin to prickle.

Analysis
One must wonder somewhat about the Death Eaters' interest in the house at Grimmauld Place. It is clearly under surveillance, though no apparent attempt is made to enter it, indicating they are probably unable to detect the concealed residence's precise location. Clearly the Death Eaters believe that some Order member, possibly Harry, may be hiding inside, though it is learned that any place associated with Harry is being watched. We already know that Severus Snape is a Secret-Keeper for the house's location; if it is believed that Harry may be in the house, why has Snape never shared the secret to a Death Eater squad so they could enter and ransack the place? If Snape is reluctant, why does Voldemort not order him to reveal this information? However, if Snape attempted to search Grimmauld Place after the Order of the Phoenix left, without knowing how to disarm the protective charms that were left behind, Snape may have been barred from entering, or, if he had bypassed that, Mad Eye Moody's Tongue-tying Curse that greeted the Trio at the front entrance may be preventing Snape from divulging its location.

Harry's reaction to Lupin seems undeservedly harsh, but he immediately sees that Lupin, believing himself an unsuitable husband and father, is crafting a thinly-veiled excuse to leave Tonks, who he thinks deserves someone better. Having lost his own parents and godfather, being raised in a loveless household, and left feeling betrayed and set adrift by Dumbledore, Harry is infuriated that Lupin would abandon his pregnant wife in such desperate times and allow their unborn child to be raised without a father. Lupin's belief in his own unworthiness must seem particularly infuriating to him as Lupin, despite being a Werewolf, has risked his own life serving in the Order of the Phoenix fighting Voldemort and his Death Eaters, is always loyal to his friends. He has also exerted a significant positive influence on Harry and many other students while being a Hogwarts teacher. Lupin, like so many others when they appraise themselves, apparently fails to consider this, and, despite loving Tonks, instead feels that his outcast status in the Wizarding world far outweighs any sterling attributes and his responsibilities as a husband and father. Lupin leaves Grimmauld Place in a rage, and he and Harry seem permanently divided, but Harry's outburst likely will deeply affect him. Harry is also affected by their confrontation, and though Harry now regrets overreacting to Lupin, he remains convinced he is right.

Rita Skeeter's book excerpt has also troubled Harry, and he is confused by the Dumbledore family's behavior. He wonders how the Albus Dumbledore he knew could have come from the past Skeeter describes, though Harry actually knew little about Albus' life. Harry is also particularly dismayed to discover how far Kendra Dumbledore seemed willing to go to conceal her daughter Ariana.

Based on Mundungus Fletcher's description, the Trio is positive that the "toad" woman is none other than Ministry official Dolores Umbridge. Although they have located the Locket Horcrux, they must now devise a plan to retrieve it—an extremely difficult and dangerous undertaking. It is unclear yet if Umbridge knows the Locket's significance.

Review

 * 1) How did Lupin know where to find the Trio? How did he enter Grimmauld Place undetected by the ever-present Death Eaters?
 * 2) Why does Lupin offer to help with the Trio's mission?
 * 3) Who do the Trio think the "toad woman" might be? Are they correct, or are they rushing into an unfounded conclusion?

Further Study

 * 1) If Death Eaters and Snape, who is a Secret Keeper, previously searched Grimmauld Place as Harry suspects, why are they unwilling or unable to enter it now?
 * 2) The mess in Sirius' room clearly indicates someone has been in Grimmauld Place. If Death Eaters did not enter Grimmauld Place, then who did and why?
 * 3) Why does Harry call Lupin a coward, even though Lupin is willing to risk his life to help with their mission? Was it proper of Harry to say that?

Greater Picture
Although Lupin is deeply angered and offended by Harry's outburst, its effect will reunite him and Tonks and, eventually, cause him to realize that he is indeed a fit husband and father. Lupin later asks Harry to be godfather to his newborn son, which Harry immediately accepts, indicating their relationship has healed.

The Trio's worry about Snape breaking in is not unfounded; we will later learn that Snape had, in fact, visited Grimmauld Place, and was responsible for at least some of the mess in Sirius' bedroom. There is some confusion on when Snape visited; the account of the visit seems to place it after Harry's escape from Privet Drive, a good two months after Dumbledore's funeral. According to an interview with the author, however, Snape entered Grimmauld Place immediately after Dumbledore's death, before the protective spells were implemented. Snape never reveals Grimmauld Place's location to other Death Eaters; he was apparently there only for personal reasons, rather than an attempt to capture Harry or uncover valuable information for Lord Voldemort. And though Voldemort is greatly skilled at Legilimency, Snape is highly adept at Occlumency, and can, presumably, keep this hidden.

As the Trio believes, the "toad woman" is Dolores Umbridge, who is likely oblivious to the Locket's status. To her, it is only an ornate piece of jewelry with an inlaid S, and something she is unable to open. Having extorted it from a petty street grifter, she would expect it to be little more than a cheap trinket or a moderately valuable stolen item, not an artifact worth thousands of Galleons. And Horcruxes, being a mechanism for a person's immortality, would certainly be carefully protected and unavailable for sale on a street corner, though this one, by unusual circumstances, came to be.

It also seems that Umbridge is using the Locket as a prop to bolster her possibly bogus claim that she is related to the ancient Selwyn Wizarding family, on the strength of the inlaid S. If she is unrelated, she may be dangerously ignorant that a character named Selwyn likely does belong to that family, and he is a Death Eater. Considering how inter-connected most wizard families appear to be, it is certainly possible Umbridge could somehow be related to the Selwyns, though any relationship that might exist is likely being over-exaggerated by her.


text:
Devanagari/Lesson 1

 * ''For Table of contents and other quick links, see Devanagari/Quick jump

As it was told, we have 12 vowels and 34 consonants to learn. Traditional way is to mug-up the list, starting with all the vowels and then ending with consonants. Since it requires a teacher to constantly tell how to speak each character, and since we don't have a teacher here, we will start with the basics.

Important note
There is one very important part to note before we proceed. All the characters in Devanagari have a horizontal line on their top! All the characters!!

Just for comparison, we will show you some characters:

क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ

Notice how every character has a horizontal line on top of it. It is very important to drive this point home, since it will be required later!!

Your first character
So here is your first consonant:

क

This symbol represent the sound of K.

Note the emphasis on sound. क  is NOT "K". In English "C" is also used sometimes for this same sound. For example: Coal, Kill, Crack, Wikibook and so on.

The pronunciation of  क   is C as in come.

Exercise
1. Mark the occurrence of sound of K in the following sentence and replace them with equivalent letter of Devanagari: "Jesus Christ. Kate. Christopher. Come. Cart. Crack. Kart-racing."

Jesus कrist. कate. कristopher. कome. कart. कraक. कart-racing.

Lesson to be learned

 * 1) All of the characters in Devanagari have a horizontal line on top.
 * 2) What is  क.

Now let us proceed to your first vowel, because consonants have no life of their own :)

Go to Lesson 2

title: Devanagari/Lesson 1


text:
Devanagari/Quick jump

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) Lesson 1
 * 3) Lesson 2

title: Devanagari/Quick jump


text:
Devanagari/Lesson 2

 * ''For Table of contents and other quick links, see Devanagari/Quick jump

Now we introduce our first vowel.

We will also learn about using this vowel with the consonant क we learned in the last chapter.

स्टार्ट
So here is your first vowel:

आ

This symbol represents the sound of "a" in father.

That was easy! Now let us learn how to draw this character. What are the important features here?
 * 1) There is a "3" like character.
 * 2) Two vertical lines after that.
 * 3) A small horizontal line connecting the "3" to the first vertical line, perpendicularly.
 * 4) Like all Devanagari characters, there is a horizontal line on top. But it is not touching the "3". Why so? For your ease, because it is easy to adjust the size of vertical lines to compensate the top horizontal line, but not so easy to adjust the "3".

So, it is easy, isn't it? Write "311" and then add a horizontal line between 3 and 1, so that it looks like "3-11". And then put a cap on top of 11. :)

Addition rule
Unlike Latin script, when we add vowels to a consonant, the form of vowel changes. Actually, it is more like the vowel "leaving" some of its trait in the consonant it is being added to. It may sound strange but it is a lot easier. Let us see how:

क + आ = का

Heh, that was easy! The trait of आ is the last vertical line.

So what did we learn? When you want to add the sound of "a" as in father, add a vertical line after the consonant.

And here is your first word: काका (kākā) (father's elder brother in Hindi)

Exercise
1. Mark the occurrence of sound of आ in the following sentence and replace them with equivalent letter of Devanagari: "Cart. Kampf. Father. Kafka." Anyone who can think of anymore English words?

काrt. काmpf. fआther. काfका.

Lesson to be learned

 * 1) What is  आ.
 * 2) How to add आ in a consonant.

Armed with one vowel, you can now tackle some more consonants.

Go to Lesson 3

title: Devanagari/Lesson 2