text:
HP Open View NNM Exam Guide

HP Network Node Manager is one of the latest and widely used IT Infrastructure Management tools for networks. There are a lot of network management system (NMS) tools available, but NNM is the market leader.

HP Offers 3 levels of certification in NNM (NNM1,NNM2 and NNM3). This article talks about clearing NNM-1 exam, which is coded as HP-0632.

Golden Rules to clear your NNM-1 Exam:

 * 1) Have good hands on experience on NNM
 * 2) Brush up your OS skills and basic Networking skills, since there will be some questions about the same.  (e.g. :  what is the port for SNMP, What is ICMP etc.)  There will be minimum 2 to 3 questions like this.
 * 3) Have you attended any training  from HP for NNM ?  If so, they must have given you two books.  Go through them, they are very good.
 * 4) A must try::-->   http://www.softpedia.com/get/Others/Home-Education/HP0-632-OpenView-Network-Node-Manager-I.shtml.  This will give you a free test, and you will have a better understanding where you stand.
 * 5) Some of the questions will be repeated.  It is good and it is bad.  Good, if you got the first one right and bad, if you got the first one wrong
 * 6) Questions will be distributed in the below areas :
 * 7) * Explain and recognize fundamental architectures and technologies of NNM
 * 8) * Recognize and describe HP OpenView NNM products and solutions
 * 9) * Perform the planning and design necessary to achieve a deployable solution
 * 10) * Install, configure, setup and upgrade NNM
 * 11) * Performance-tune and optimize solution
 * 12) * Perform troubleshooting and repair of NNM
 * 13) * Manage the network using HP NNM
 * 14) * Perform administrative and operational tasks
 * 15) * Explain the NNM market place and competitive positioning

title: HP Open View NNM Exam Guide


text:
User talk:121.210.21.137

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 10:16, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:121.210.21.137


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User talk:Dominicz82

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User talk:Dfred

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User talk:Cphale

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User talk:Batistanc

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User talk:Farhan Nasim

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Book query
Hi - I've looed at your comment but I am afraid I am not sure what it is that you require? It may be best if you pots something here where more people will see it. I have changed the page you blanked back to a redirect as it may be easier for people to find the new location for now. Thanks -- Herby talk thyme 12:33, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Again I am unsure exactly what you are trying to do. Equally my editing is patchy at present so you really would be best asking here or the link above - thanks -- Herby  talk thyme 12:54, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

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User talk:Heroboy~enwikibooks

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User talk:Yoleus

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Shimano images
G'day, and thanks for uploading those images on Shimano gearing. I've just copied them across to the Wiki Commons, so that they can be used by other Wiki projects (including non-English Wikibooks). You might be interested in some of the other images on Commons, especially for the Bicycles book. For example, take a look at commons:Category:Shimano and commons:Category:Derailleur gears. You can use any of these images as if they were in Wikibooks, with no special notation - when the Wiki software doesn't find them locally, it pulls them down from the Commons. cheers, Webaware talk 04:54, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

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User talk:Philh

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User talk:Dgiroux~enwikibooks

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dgiroux. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dgiroux~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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User talk:Mewilhel

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User talk:GoLLoXp

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User talk:Rohan Ghatak

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User talk:Alharris

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User talk:Tigerdrake~enwikibooks

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tigerdrake. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tigerdrake~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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User talk:Woojitsu~enwikibooks

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Woojitsu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Woojitsu~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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title: User talk:Woojitsu~enwikibooks


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User talk:Inspectorsd

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User talk:MeetsMany

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User talk:Roychen912

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User talk:Aseem mal

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User talk:ConMan

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User talk:Latinonyc1985

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User talk:Ashlyak

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User talk:Dnyarak

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User talk:Scienciac

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User talk:FluffyKittyMG

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User talk:Soccerdude jake

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User talk:Ripntime

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User talk:MosheA

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User talk:Nim~enwikibooks

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nim. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nim~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

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User talk:Newbie~enwikibooks

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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User talk:Rodger edwards

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User talk:Mkz1000

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User talk:Brylie

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User talk:Dragonflare82

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User talk:Djinnways

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User talk:Iqueen

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User talk:Econ student

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User talk:Magnussama~enwikibooks

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User talk:DaJBM~enwikibooks

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called DaJBM. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name DaJBM~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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text:
Talk:C++ Programming/Content

 * See also: Talk:C++ Programming/Conventions and Talk:C++ Programming/Q&A
 * This space is for contents planning and to provide a direction for continued contributions.

Items needing work (Editor's TOC)
Talk pages

Type Casting
There are various kinds of casts in C++: C-style casts like (type)value, functional-style casts like type(value), and keyword casts (reinterpret_cast, const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast). That's all the casts there are. Some conversions are caused by casts, some are not. There's no such thing as an "automatic cast".

[moved from Talk:C++ Programming/Type Casting]--Panic 19:36, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

I've now explained to James Dennett the presumable author of the post that, type casting and type conversion are synonyms, to say that there is no such thing as "automatic cast" is the same as "automatic type conversion" (which there is). "automatic type conversion" is the conversion of one type to another without an instruction from the coder, like by using some construct or an abstraction layer one can perform an "automatic type conversion". (must check the text if this is explained there) --Panic 21:01, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

At this time I think I've helped Panic to understand that type conversion and type casting are not synonyms, and explained in particular how some type casts do not result in conversions, while other conversions occur without casts being present. -- James Dennett 07:01, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

This discussion is more or less finished User:James Dennett has corrected my assertion. It is still here and not archived because a check must be made if the correct information is now on the book, before archiving this... --Panic 15:43, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

The example of dynamic_cast on this page is flawed at the moment in that neither of those classes are polymorphic. User:anon 16:38, 2 October 2007 (GMT+0)

In reference to the part on Automatic Type conversions (any reason why "conversions" is not capitalized btw?), I thought 5.6 would be a double converted to an int?220.255.7.243 (talk) 11:45, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

pointers
(moved from the Q&A page as an unsigned post about content) --Panic 17:26, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

I would like to have a bit more of how pointers work and what their function(s) are.Also i would like to know what Data Structure can be used to write a function that returns an Array of elements.Your help will be highly appreciated.

 * The answer to (a) is (b). The answer to (b) is (a).

A bit less snarky: Pointers do many things. We use pointers to implement most forms of indirection; and "All problems in computer science can be solved by another level of indirection" according to abstraction layer :-). One way to return an array of elements involves a pointer to (the first element of) that array.

Today I added an example of passing arrays to a function and returning an array from a function at C++ Programming/STL. I have one example using the older "C style arrays", the other example uses the newer "C++ STL vectors". Does this answer your question? Would it be more useful to move that example to C++ Programming/Operators/Arrays or perhaps C++ Programming/Memory Management ? --DavidCary (talk) 00:20, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Inheritance, Polymorphism
Can anyone explain why there need to be two different modules on inheritance and two different modules on polymorphism in this book? -- xixtas talk 13:50, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Results of the restructuring of Darklama. Darklama advanced the concept of named structure to support even better the page names navigation scheme, specific sections were aggregated (see class / stl /api ), works ok and was an improvement to the navigation. The specific pages were restructured not only to accommodate to that but also due to the extensive changes of the text and order. I'm saving the original pages to state only the concept and class/xpto to the applications of it (like a page to state what is a plug and another to show how to install a plug on a wall), and as it seems there is duplication with the page Darklama created merging other 3 pages (the one with history logs problems), but that one will require very careful work to see what was done there. --Panic 15:36, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

I would prefer to have only one section which starts from basic and advances gradually. Wish we could come up with a bible kind of book. Jayaram Ganapathy

 * That was how it was structured in the beginning of the book (on the introduction to programming paradigms) but that information was reduced (some of the historic part was removed) and there is a problem for a single part that addresses it all, that is a bit difficult as several concepts have a general definition but implications in several parts of the language, take a look for instance on the Editor's ToC at the memory management and see if you can merge it properly with the book (it's a hard task to make the book not only usable to for people that only will use it for consultation and people that like to read a book from cover to cover), I personalty prefer the first concept for technical books but I have not imposed that view on my edits if you have a better solution give it a try with that page. --Panic 16:55, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

What I would suggest is to add a chapter before inheritance with title resource management. There we have to discuss everything related to object creation including the usage of placement new, delete[], auto pointers, smart pointers etc. Before knowing OOPS a person should know memory management in C++. Then only he will be able to understand properly virtual functions, multiple inheritance with a common ancestor etc... Also I would say add one error management in C++ before we dive into OOPS. Once these are done, discuss inheritance. At this point a reader will be able to understand descent code which contains memory management and exception handling code. We also will be able to throw good examples of inheritance. Then move to generics/templates. Regarding the Editor's ToC at procedural idioms, it contanins boost specific examples. I would prefer to take out boost specif things to the beyond the basics section of TOC 2. There an exhaustive boost chapter is welcome. After all we don't have a company like SUN who will provide JDK like API. So we should encourage all third party tools usage and anybody interested let them add one chater about usge of a specific tool there. Jayaram Ganapathy

RTTI
This conversation moved from Talk:C++ Programming/RTTI.

This discussion is not so much about the page or the content itself but about RTTI; in particular its misuses of it and comparing it to goto. If you are going to compare it to goto you might as well say never ever use it. A page here http://www.asingh.net/technical/rtti.html talks about up-casting a pointer back to a derived pointer : perhaps to access specific methods of that object ... wouldn't this be a valid use of RTTI ? at some point (because all objects aren't the same) you will have to access a object specific member right ... ? even if those classes are in a hierarchy. --Gravisan 04:18, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

To tell you the truth I never used RTTI intentionally, and you must keep in mind that the book isn't only written by a single person (you may edit any information you object to). I will check the edit and see if something is inaccurate and who provided the content. As for stating "never ever use it" we don't do this here :) we try to substitute must by should in general. Even in the goto information we only provide the facts, we don't specify that it should never be used (there are proper, even if rare, cases for its use). I will examine the provided information and will reply to you later (and add/correct any content) on this subject. Txs for the input. --Panic 16:35, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

But suppose that we know for sure ''that this pointer points to an object of type 'SpecificClass' and we would like to call the member SpecificOp of that class. To dynamically convert to a derived type we can use dynamic_cast, like so:''

If we know this for sure, there's no need to use dynamic_cast. The whole point of dynamic_cast is that it can be used when the object's dynamic type is unknown, and the results will indicate whether it has the correct type. Also, type_info::name does not in general return the class name as shown, but returns a compiler-dependent string. I hate to dump on other people's efforts, but it is better to have nothing than something incorrect.

 * ✅. I changed the text of C++ Programming/RTTI as you suggested. --DavidCary (talk) 22:15, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry I reedited it and made it worst the original was the most correct one (any of the view points can be valid) even if I don't know any useful instance when throw an exception would be wanted. I'll get back on this, going to do some research. --Panic (talk) 23:33, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The situation/examples are weak for the intended demonstration as there was no previous contextualization. I've added a bit on top and reworded it to conform to the above. See if you agree, I think that there is some content duplication occurring here will check on that... --Panic (talk) 23:50, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Ok removed duplication and some misleading information, still to do is a interconnection of dynamic_cast, the other casts, types, exceptions and RTTI. --Panic (talk) 00:19, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Chapter names
I propose a change to the chapter names: Renaming chapter "Getting Started" as "C++ a multi-paradigm language" and "Fundamentals" as "Getting Started" for starters would resolve most of the issue people have raised and relate better to the content provided there. "Advanced Features" is also a problematic issue but I haven't come up with a viable alternative, something like "Extended Features" would be an advance does anyone have a better idea ? --Panic (talk) 05:29, 22 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. I've also taken the chance to improve the navigation and clear some of the book's category chaos. The second chapter is still pending moves and renames. Now a change is also in order to the "Object-Oriented Programming" since it is a to generic chapter title, something on the lines of "Using the power of object-oriented constructs and features".
 * I also detected inconsistency on the headings case and page names I will attempt to fix it. Page names will have the first letter upper cased (if possible, for instance keywords shouldn't be changed)...
 * Objection and ideas for improving the title are welcomed to facilitate later changes on the chapter name I was thinking in reducing the page name to "Objects" (like the first chapter uses "C++").  --Panic (talk) 04:13, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:C++ Programming/Content


text:
Celestia/3D Models

Introduction
In addition to its internally defined spherical objects, Celestia can use 3D models to display bodies with complicated shapes.

Usage in Celestia
A 3D model will be displayed when Celestia encounters the Mesh directive in one of its catalog files. For example, Mesh "file.3ds"

If a Texture declaration is included in the entry for the same object, that texture image will replace all diffuse material texture images specified in the model file.

Model Types
Celestia can display three different types of 3D model files.

3DS
Originally developed by the authors of 3D Studio Max, the .3DS binary file format is used by many different software packages. Model files usually can be created in this format by choosing it in the "Export" menu of your favorite 3D modeling program.

CMS
CMS Model Files are unique to Celestia. They use a simple textual format. The CMS format is deprecated.

CMOD
CMOD Model Files are unique to Celestia. They have both binary and textual forms. The format was designed for efficient use by OpenGL code. When drawing a CMOD model, Celestia's framerate is about 1.5-2x as fast as when drawing the equivalent 3DS model.

A 3DS to CMOD conversion program is available. CMOD export scripts are available for Anim8or and Blender.

Modeling Programs

 * Blender 3D - this is an open-source, free software that is extremely powerful. However, it is quite intimidating to use for beginners. Blender 3D: Noob to Pro is a Wikibook that has good guides to help you, if needed. Note: as of version 2.80, Blender no longer supports exporting 3DS models.
 * Anim8or - free modelling software. This is only available for Windows, however.

Limitations

 * 1) 3DS models have a limit of 65536 vertices and polygons, making extremely high-resolution models impossible. This limitation, however, does not exist for CMOD models.
 * 2) Models in Celestia do not (yet?) cast shadows on themselves or on other objects.
 * 3) Translucent model surfaces are not properly depth sorted. Some are drawn correctly, but some are not.
 * 4) DSC Nebula Meshes are not depth sorted at all. They always are drawn in the order that Celestia reads them.

title: Celestia/3D Models


text:
User talk:Gaineyas

Image copyright problem with Image:025.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:025.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. The image that may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status.

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk. Thank you. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:10, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Gaineyas


text:
PBASIC Programming/Serial Communications

Parallel and Serial
If we want to send out 16 bits worth of data, as we had been doing in the last chapter, we would need to define 16 output ports, and then write our data out to the pins. Here is an example that will output a 1 on every port:

DIRS = %1111111111111111 OUTS = 255

Unfortunately, this system doesnt leave us any extra pins to play with. We don't have any available pins to use for inputs or other outputs. In cases like these, we want to use serial communications instead.

Parallel communications, what we have been doing so far, uses many wires in parallel with one another. Each data bit is transmitted on its own wire, and so to send x bits we need to use x wires. In a serial system, instead of using 16 wires, we use just 1 wire, and send all the data bits on that one wire, one at a time. The target computer, where the data is being sent to, reads each of the bits, one at a time, and stores them in a variable.

To use serial I/O, we use the SERIN and SEROUT functions

Serial Settings
Serial I/O is obviously a little more complicated then parallel data is. For instance, we need to know what speed the data is being sent, so that the target computer can read the data at the same speed. We also need to know a few other things:

 * Parity:Parity adds an extra bit to every byte that we transmit. This extra bit can be used to determine if there is an error in the transmission. Parity can be set to "Odd", "Even", or "None".
 * Baud:"Baud" is the number of pulses that are transmitted each second. Both the sender and the receiver need to be using the same baud.
 * Data Bits:Data bits is the number of bits per "chunk" of information. There are commonly 8 data bits, but 7 is also possible on some hardware.

Both the sender and the receiver need to have the same values for the parity, baud, and data bits. If these are not matched, the communication will not work.

 * Port: This is the number of the port to be used to send or receive the data. This can be any of the regular data ports 0 - 15, or it can be the special dedicated serial port 16. Port 16 is the port that you use to program the BasicStamp. If you use port 16 you will have a fancy serial plug to use, but you won't be able to use the debug features of your BasicStamp. The sender and the receiver can use different ports.

SERIN and SEROUT
To send serial output, we use the SEROUT command. If we want to read serial data, we use the SERIN command. Because serial can send bits one after the other, we can send long data arrays at once, in addition to sending out single data bytes. We can send entire strings or arrays, if needed.


text:
Talk:First Aid/Stroke & TIA

Change
I'm changing the treatment section for stroke as it is wrong, placing a victim in the recovery position while they are conscious and fully alert may be uncomfortable. The victim should be placed in a Position of Comfort. Only when a persons mental status changes should a person be placed into the recovery position--Nugger 21:08, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I've updated this a bit further for clarity. Also changed EMS back to ambulance as it's an american specific term. Owain.davies 17:53, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Cliff Hanger
If the symptoms pass, what? 72.50.169.6 (talk) 07:46, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Aid/Stroke & TIA


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LPI Linux Certification/Print Version

LPI Linux Certification

Current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks at URL: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LPI_Linux_Certification Automatic reload all new Certificates

=LPI Linux Certification=

=Junior Level Linux Professional=

=Hardware & Architecture=

=Linux Installation & Package Management=

=GNU & UNIX Commands=

=Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard=

=The X Window System=

=Kernel=

=Boot, Initialisation, Shutdown & Runlevels=

=Printing=

=Documentation=

=Shells, Scripting, Programming & Compiling=

=Administrative Tasks=

=Networking Fundamentals=

=Networking Services=

=Security=

=Advanced Level Linux Professional=

=Linux Kernel=

=System Startup=

=File Systems=

=Hardware=

=File & Service Sharing=

=System Maintenance=

=System Customisation & Automation=

=Troubleshooting=

=Networking=

=Mail & News=

= DNS =

=Web Services=

=Network Client Management=

=System Security=

=Network Troubleshooting=

=LPI101 Exercises=
 * Configure Fundamental BIOS Settings Exercise Results

title: LPI Linux Certification/Print Version


text:
User talk:Rclarken

Welcome Rclarken, welcome to wikibooks! Here are a few hints to get you started in the right direction:

Now, you said you wanted to write a book about Bahai Education. This sounds like an interesting project. Let me ask you a few questions, before you start: I can definitely help you with this project, answer these questions and let me know what you need. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:00, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) What language will you be writing this book in? English? If not english, you should go to the Wikibooks portal, and find the proper language project. If it is english, you are in the right place.
 * 2) What will be the title of the book? When you know what the title is, type it into the search box on the left, and click "Go". This will take you to the page, and you can start typing in some text.
 * 3) Is the book already written? has it already been published? If so, you must release it under the GFDL license before you upload it here.

Image copyright problem with Image:Baha'i Education Compilation 2007 Peter Terry.pdf
Thanks for uploading Image:Baha'i Education Compilation 2007 Peter Terry.pdf. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. The image that may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status.

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk. Thank you. Webaware talk 08:09, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

removals of content
Please use the edit summary, especially when removing large amounts of content. Without an explanation, such removals will often be reverted. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:19, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Image:MeetThyGod.jpg is missing license or source information

 * A number of your uploads are copyright violations, yet you have falsely claimed to be the author, and released then under free licenses. The images will be deleted shortly; if you continue to upload copyright violations and/or falsely claim authorship over media, you will be blocked. Please be careful to give credit where credit is due, and follow Wikibooks policies. Thank you. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:28, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Mike.lifeguard
 * Peter Terry and I, Rod Clarken, have put together this compilation of writings on Bahai Education along with some commentary. We are not claiming authorship of the passages in the compilation we quote and have properly cited and attributed all the sources. They are not in copyright violations as these sources can be and are freely used by the public. We are planning on updating and upgrading this wikibook and want it to made freely available. Please let us know if and why you think differently. Rod (discuss • contribs) 22:39, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Mike.lifeguard
 * I do not know anything about the Meet Thy God jpg you refer to as violating copyright. Rod (discuss • contribs) 22:44, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * You said the MeetThyGod.jpg, which has nothing to do with the chapter or book was in violation and was deleted, which is fine, but the whole contents of the chapter are missing as far as we can see. Can you help us to resolve this issue so that the contents of this chapter can be again seen by the public? Thank you. Rod (discuss • contribs) 22:51, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rclarken


text: User:Reece/Main Page Archive/Introduction


text: User:Reece/Main Page Archive/Navigation

title: User:Reece/Main Page Archive/Navigation


text: User:Reece/Main Page Archive/Sisterprojects


text: User:Reece/Main Page Archive/Featured Books


text:
Template:Engineering bookshelf new

Category — Subject — Dewey Decimal — Library of Congress

title: Template:Engineering bookshelf new


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Silencio

Overview
Silencio is used to silence an object or a person.

Extended Description
We see this charm being taught to the Trio in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Hermione is easily able to silence her raven; Harry and Ron have trouble with the toad they are supposed to be silencing, and are unable to silence Hermione's raven after they swap.

Later, Hermione silences a Death Eater who is calling out that he has found her, Harry, and Neville during the Battle at the Department of Mysteries.

Analysis
There is some question as to whether this spell breaks the rule that defines Charms. According to the author, Charms are those spells which do not change the basic characteristic of an object. Transfiguration, therefore, is not a Charm as it involves changing objects into other objects, or making them vanish. And yet, the class where Silencio is being taught is Professor McGonagall's Transfiguration class. Does silencing a raven change its essential raven nature? If not, this spell should be taught by the Charms instructor, Professor Flitwick.

There is some thought that, in silencing the Death Eater at the Department of Mysteries, Hermione may be attempting to prevent his casting more spells. This does not, in fact work, as the silenced Death Eater is still able to cast a disabling spell on Hermione. Casting spells silently is a skill that starts to be taught in sixth year, and at the time, the Trio are in their fifth year of school.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows/Chapter 19

Synopsis
Harry, unable to sleep, imagines hearing footsteps and voices in the wind and gets up during Hermione's watch. Hermione agrees with Harry that they should leave early, reinforcing what Harry imagined, and even thinking she saw somebody. As the Sneakoscope is quiescent, there seems to be no imminent danger, but they Disapparate under the Invisibility Cloak just to be safe.

They arrive in the Forest of Dean, at an old campground Hermione once visited with her parents. The snow and bitter cold keeps Harry and Hermione inside the tent the first day. Harry, taking the watch, senses this night is different. In the post-twilight hours of impenetrable darkness, a bright silver light appears drifting soundlessly through the trees. Gliding closer, a silver-white doe steps out, gazes at Harry, then turns and walks away. Harry follows it deeper into the forest until it halts, then vanishes. Using Hermione's wand, Harry casts a light. A frozen pond is visible—the Sword of Gryffindor lies on the pond's bottom.

After several failed attempts to retrieve the Sword without getting wet, Harry remembers Dumbledore's words when he last retrieved it; only a true Gryffindor could have pulled the Sword out of the Sorting Hat. Stripping down to his underwear, Harry breaks the ice and plunges in. As he grabs the hilt, the Locket, sensing danger, tightens around his neck, strangling him. Kicking and fighting, Harry is unable to loosen the chain's chokehold. Suddenly, someone grabs him, dragging him from the pond. Dazed and shivering, Harry sees the Sword of Gryffindor and a drenched Ron.

Ron denies casting the doe Patronus; he thought it was Harry's, until Harry reminds him that his is a stag. To test the Sword's authenticity, they decide to destroy the Locket. Harry feels Ron should be the one to slay it. Setting the Locket on a nearby stone, Harry says "Open" in Parseltongue. The Locket unlatches and two eyes on its sides stare back—Tom Riddle's eyes. A voice insults Ron, preying on his fears and insecurities, but when this fails, distorted Harry and Hermione heads appear, hurling taunts and ridicule, then they kiss. The real Harry yells to stab the Locket. With a single swift stroke, Ron slays the Locket and Voldemort's soul shard.

Harry assures a guilt-ridden Ron that Hermione missed him and that there is nothing between her and Harry. Reconciled, they head to the camp where Harry is warmly welcomed by Hermione while Ron is pummeled by her furious fists. Harry intervenes, but a shouting match continues. Ron insists he immediately tried to return after leaving but was captured by Snatchers, Ministry-hired bounty hunters searching for Muggle-borns and blood traitors. By the time Ron escaped, Harry and Hermione had already moved. Ron eventually located them with the Deluminator; it detects conversations about the person holding it. When Ron heard Harry and Hermione speak his name he was able to use the Deluminator to transport to where they were. It was Ron they heard at their last camp, but they left before he could find them. The Deluminator brought him to where the doe Patronus and Harry were. Hermione is told about the doe, the Sword, and destroying the Locket Horcrux. Ron also gives Harry a wand he 'snatched' from a Snatcher to replace his broken one. Hermione threatens Ron one last time, and the three finally get some sleep.

Analysis
While this chapter is a pivotal turning point in each Trio member's emotional development, Ron undergoes the most significant change. Dumbledore, aware that Ron may have needed extra guidance, left him the Deluminator to help him find his way back should he abandon or become separated from the others. Ron's return highlights how significant his role in the Trio truly is, and it marks a distinct milestone in his maturation. From here on, he is a more assertive, independent, and contributing member, rather than a passive follower whose insecurity allowed him to take a back seat to Harry, Hermione, and also his siblings. Despite his deficiencies, Ron, unknowingly, has served an important function within the group: Harry and Hermione are talented and resourceful wizards, but, being Muggle-raised, they still lack significant knowledge about the general Wizarding world. Ron has often guided them by filling in these gaps. It is unlikely Harry and Hermione could succeed without Ron supplying these missing pieces. His humorous, easy-going nature also helps bond the Trio and counter-balances Harry and Hermione's more intense and somewhat dour personalities, though Ron has shown, at least while carrying the Locket Horcrux, that he, like most people, has a rather suppressed dark side to his nature. Ron also proves he is a true Gryffindor by overcoming his fears and doubts about the mission, and returning to a dangerous situation to search for and help his friends. He also demonstrates immense bravery by rescuing Harry from the freezing pond. Harry expresses his appreciation by insisting that Ron destroy the Locket Horcrux; though, at least initially, and when the Horcrux is fighting for its life, Ron may be uncertain that this is a favour. While Hermione is furious that Ron deserted the mission, his brief absence actually proves useful. Upon returning, he provides vital information about Voldemort and the war, warns them that the Dark Lord's name is now "tabooed," and explains what Snatchers are. By being too elusive and cut off from their allies who could provide critical information and support, the Trio have made their quest more difficult and dangerous. From here on, they will utilize information gathered from various sources.

A different facet to Hermione's personality is exposed in response to Ron's return. For the first time, she is so overcome with hurt and anger that she loses control, and, unable to think rationally, reacts without logic or forethought. Only Harry's intervention prevents her from possibly harming Ron. Although furious that he deserted the mission, Hermione was likely feeling abandoned and betrayed by someone she cares deeply about. This outburst may also show that Hermione is acting more intuitively and freely without always waiting until she knows all the answers before taking action. Ron, meanwhile, literally comes face-to-face with his unresolved feelings for Hermione when witnessing false images of Harry and Hermione kissing projected by the Locket in an attempt to protect itself. Harry, also witnessing this spectacle, assures Ron that he and Hermione love each other only platonically, and tells him how important he is to their trio.

Harry not only shows another side to his innate courage, but also his growing ability to trust others. Despite not knowing if friend or foe sent the doe Patronus, and after the nearly disastrous encounter with the bogus Bathilda Bagshot, Harry takes yet another leap of faith by following the doe in the hope that this time it was sent to help. However, youthful curiosity may have helped to override caution, and Harry avoids consulting Hermione, knowing she would be far more suspicious and leery following their near-fatal experience in Godric's Hollow. It is confirmed, however, that the silver doe was indeed dispatched to help; the question now is, who sent it and why?

An adult reading this chapter may also note that Ron mentions nothing about having told Bill and Fleur where he was going, or even that he was leaving, when he departed Shell Cottage. This rather leads one to wonder what Bill and Fleur thought when they found his room empty. We do see that Ron took time to pack a rather large knapsack for the trip, rather than just setting out after the light from the Deluminator as he implies in his story; we can only hope, for Bill and Fleur's sake, that he at least left them a note, though they may not have been too surprised by his leaving, knowing Ron had been on a mission with Harry and Hermione.

Review

 * 1) Why did Harry and Hermione's conversation about Harry's broken wand prove to be so important?
 * 2) How did Ron's shameful desertion actually help the Trio?
 * 3) What made Ron return? Why is Hermione so angry at him?
 * 4) Why does Harry want Ron, rather than himself, to destroy the Locket Horcrux? How does Ron react to this?

Further Study

 * 1) Who could have sent the doe Patronus? Why?
 * 2) How did Gryffindor's Sword get in the pond? Who might have been responsible for putting it there and why?
 * 3) If someone intended for Harry to find the sword, why was it left in such a dangerous place where he was almost killed?
 * 4) Why was the Locket strangling Harry?
 * 5) Why would the Locket project an image of Harry and Hermione kissing?
 * 6) In Harry's third year, just before Sirius Black slashed Ron's bed curtains, Harry had a curious dream in which he was pursuing a glowing silver creature through a forest. Could there be any relation between that dream and the silver doe in this chapter? Explain that relationship.
 * 7) James Potter's (Harry's father) Animagus form was a stag and Harry's Patronus is a silver stag. Could these have any relationship to the doe Patronus? Explain.

Greater Picture
Ron will also bring back information about "Potter Watch", an underground wizard news radio program that airs updates about Harry and the war against Voldemort. The information in this broadcast will prove extremely heartening to Harry, as he learns that he is not alone in fighting Voldemort. It will, however, inadvertently result in the Trio being captured.

We learn later that the doe was Severus Snape's Patronus. Carefully examining the text shows that Hermione had her beaded bag open when she told Harry where they had stopped. Phineas Nigellus's portrait inside it overheard Hermione and reported that to Snape. Snape thus knows that Harry and Hermione are in the Forest of Dean, though not exactly where; the Forest of Dean is a largish place, several wooded sections totaling about 40 square miles. (It is located a few miles west of Gloucester in the south-west of England.) It is open to question how Snape found Harry, given the protective spells Hermione had set around them. This must, of course, be supposition, but we already know that many spells are limited by distance, Apparition being one; it is likely that once he was within a few miles of Harry, Snape could use Legilimency to see what Harry was seeing, and thus determine where he was. This would be easier for Snape because he had previously spent time in Harry's mind. After learning the Trio's general whereabouts from Nigellus, it appears Snape sent the Patronus in the hope that Harry would see and follow it to where Snape hid the Sword in the pond. It will be seen in a later chapter that more than one Patronus can be cast at a time, and there may have been multiple ones roaming the forest searching for Harry.

This is the first time Snape's Patronus is seen. It is learned later in the book that its form is somehow related to Lily Potter, and for a specific reason. Readers might consider how and why Tonks' Patronus had changed its shape, something that Snape had ridiculed her for.

There is one additional interesting note. Mr. Ollivander later tells Harry that if a wizard captures another wizard's wand, that wand's allegiance can be transferred to its new owner. Ron provides Harry a wand he took from a Snatcher, making it possible that Ron is actually that wand's new master. However, Harry can still use it, though likely with less effectiveness than if he had been the one who forcibly obtained it. Harry will later seize and wield Draco Malfoy's wand, finding that it performs quite well for him, while Hermione, who is given Bellatrix's confiscated wand rather than having captured it herself, discovers it works poorly when she uses it. Harry capturing Draco's wand plays a crucial role in Harry's final confrontation with Voldemort, who has stolen the Elder Wand from Dumbledore's tomb. Voldemort will also discover that this wand, the most powerful in the world, fails to meet his great expectations, though he is initially unable to understand why.


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows/Chapter 16

Synopsis
Harry awakens the next morning half-expecting Ron to be in his bunk, but finds it empty. Harry and Hermione delay packing, knowing Ron will be unable to find them once they leave. Unable to wait any longer, they Disapparate to a wind-swept hillside. Hermione breaks down in sobs, while Harry casts the protective spells around their campsite. For the next few days, Harry watches for Ron's dot on his Marauder's Map, certain he has returned to Hogwarts, but it never appears. At night, Harry and Hermione spend hours discussing where Dumbledore could have hidden Gryffindor's Sword. Harry is uncertain if he is angrier at Ron for leaving, or at Dumbledore for failing to give him more information. Ron's words haunt him: "We thought you knew what you were doing . . . We thought Dumbledore had told you what to do . . . We thought you had a real plan!" Ron was right; Dumbledore left him with virtually nothing, and the remaining Horcruxes are still just as unattainable.

At night, Hermione brings out Phineas Nigellus' portrait. Despite his threat never to visit it again but curious for information, he agrees to show up blindfolded every few days. Phineas only sporadically reveals information about Hogwarts, although Harry and Hermione learn about a low-level student mutiny. Snape has reinstated Dolores Umbridge's decree prohibiting three or more students from gathering or any unofficial student societies, although Harry speculates that Ginny, Luna, and Neville have probably revived Dumbledore's Army. Harry briefly yearns for Hogwarts' comforts, only to remember he is "Undesirable Number One."

The weather grows colder, and the two constantly move to new locations throughout the country. Christmas trees begin appearing in sitting room windows. Hermione shows Harry a strange hand-drawn symbol in The Tales of Beedle the Bard. She is unable to decipher it, but has determined it is something other than an eye icon or an ancient rune in the syllabary. Harry recognizes it as the same triangular symbol Xenophilius was wearing at the wedding. Krum had claimed it was Grindelwald's mark. Someone drawing a Dark mark in a children's book is puzzling to Hermione. Meanwhile, Harry, curious about his history, proposes going to Godric's Hollow; surprisingly, Hermione agrees, believing Dumbledore may have hidden the Sword in Godric Gryffindor's birthplace. She pulls out A History of Magic by Bathilda Bagshot and reads a passage about Godric Gryffindor. Harry remembers Ginny's Aunt Muriel telling him at the wedding that Bathilda Bagshot still lived in Godric's Hollow. Both silently notice that Harry deliberately avoided referring to Muriel as Ron's aunt. A thought suddenly occurs to Hermione—maybe Dumbledore entrusted the Sword to Bathilda.

Harry and Hermione immediately make plans to go to Godric's Hollow. Hermione first wants to practice Disapparating together under the Invisibility Cloak, plus a few other spells, but Harry only thinks about seeing his birthplace. It is another week before they depart for Godric's Hollow. Using some Muggle hairs that Hermione obtained for the Polyjuice Potion, they transform into a middle-aged couple. They Disapparate under the Invisibility Cloak to Godric's Hollow, but once there, Harry suggests removing the Cloak. A war memorial in the town square suddenly transforms into a statue of a man and a woman holding an infant. Astonished, Harry recognizes the two figures as his parents, and the baby as himself. While looking inside a church cemetery, they unexpectedly discover Kendra and Ariana Dumbledore's graves; Harry again wonders why Dumbledore never shared their common roots. On the grave marker is the inscription: "Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also," though Harry is uncertain what it means. While searching for the Potters' graves, Hermione spots something. Carved on an old tombstone is the same symbol that was in the book and that Xenophilius wore. The stone's letters are badly weathered, and only the first name, Ignotus, can be read.

They continue hunting until Hermione calls out, "Harry, they're here . . . right here." The Potters' white marble headstone is only two rows behind Kendra and Ariana. Below James and Lily's names is the inscription: The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death

Confused, Harry thinks this sounds like a Death Eater concept, but Hermione says it means to defeat death by existing beyond it. Its meaning provides little comfort to Harry, knowing his parents' moldering remains lie beneath the frozen ground. He sobs a bit, and Hermione takes his hand. Harry feels bad that he forgot to bring something for his parents, but Hermione, unasked, conjures a wreath of roses that Harry lays on the graves. They quietly turn to leave the cemetery.

Analysis
Although Harry wanted to "go it alone" on this mission, he now sorely misses Ron's presence and realizes how much he relied on his help and friendship. This may be a crucial turning point for Harry in learning to trust others and accept their help. He currently only has Hermione for support, but this could place an even greater burden on her. Ron's painful absence also shows a sharp contrast to Hermione's steadfast loyalty, and it is doubtful that Harry could have gotten as far as he has without her assistance. In the past, he and Ron have tended to dismiss her contributions and abilities except when they needed specific information about something. Her careful planning and foresight has allowed the Trio to move relatively efficiently and comfortably throughout the country during their Horcrux search. Her diligent research methods and cool, logical mind will continue to be a useful resource to the mission. However, living by her wits and surviving day-to-day in a life-threatening situation have also greatly improved her practical skills and abilities, forcing her to also rely on intuition, speculation, and immediate action rather than always poring over books for definitive answers before taking action. Her quick, sharp reflexes have repeatedly saved the Trio from disaster, as when she Disapparated them away from Bill and Fleur's wedding and Grimmauld Place, and may do so again in future chapters.

Seeing Kendra and Ariana's tombstone disturbs Harry nearly as much as his own parents' graves. This reminder that Dumbledore had a hidden history, or that Harry never asked about it, reignites Harry's anger and confusion over Dumbledore's cryptic plan. The inscription on the gravestone, "Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also," further frustrates Harry, who fails to understand how deeply Dumbledore loved his mother and sister. Harry again wonders why Dumbledore never revealed their common roots, though Skeeter's book leads us to believe the Dumbledore family only moved to Godric's Hollow to keep Ariana's condition hidden. Also, having discovered Ariana's existence causes Harry to ponder how much truth might actually back Rita Skeeter's book.

It is interesting to note that the Potters' statue is (appropriately) disguised as a war memorial. Not only did James and Lily fight against Voldemort in life, but they continue their battle in death through their son, Harry.

Review

 * 1) Why do Harry and Hermione avoid mentioning Ron's name?

Further Study

 * 1) Why has Harry never been taken to visit Godric's Hollow and his parents' home and graves, despite it being a monument to their memories?
 * 2) Who might Ignotus be?
 * 3) The symbol on Ignotus' tombstone appears to be the same one Xeno Lovegood wore at the wedding, that Grindelwald used, and that was drawn in Dumbledore's copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard. How might they be tied together?
 * 4) Why does Phineas Nigellus Black continually give Harry and Hermione updates about Hogwarts? Can this information be trusted? Explain why or why not.
 * 5) What might the inscription, “Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also,” mean? Who likely chose those words for Ariana and Kendra's grave stone and why?
 * 6) Who might have chosen the inscription for the Potters' tombstone? Is Hermione's interpretation of it correct, or could it mean something else entirely? Explain.
 * 7) Harry searches for Ron on the Marauders' Map but is unable to find him at Hogwarts. Where might Ron be and what could he be doing?
 * 8) Harry has no idea where to search for Gryffindor's Sword, although there is something that once helped him to obtain it. What is this, and why doesn't it occur to Harry? How difficult would it be to obtain this item?

Greater Picture
Although Harry has abandoned his dream to be reunited with his dead parents, when he learns about the Deathly Hallows (and the Resurrection Stone), this possibility will be revived.

Harry and Hermione have no idea where to search for Gryffindor's Sword, and they are taking a huge gamble and using precious time in hope that Dumbledore hid it in Godric's Hollow. However, there could be another way to retrieve the Sword. Readers likely will remember that in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Harry pulled Gryffindor's Sword from the Sorting Hat when he fought the Basilisk. While this could be one possible way to obtain the Sword, neither Harry or Hermione considers it. There is certainly no guarantee that the Sorting Hat can or would provide the Sword on demand, or if it is at all possible to obtain the Hat that is safely secured in the Hogwarts Headmaster's office. Even if Harry's allies inside Hogwarts attempted to retrieve it, given the Castle's tight security, it could be a difficult undertaking for any student, even resourceful Dumbledore's Army members, to breach the Headmaster's office, particularly now that Snape is in residence there. And given Ginny, Luna, and Neville's previous unsuccessful attempt to steal the Sword of Gryffindor, their punishment could potentially be far more severe for a second offence. However, as the Sorting Hat may generally be considered an innocuous magical object that Harry would not be seeking, it is plausible that it could be removed from the Headmaster's office, possibly with Professor McGonagall's help. Also, considering how effortlessly Hermione was able to Summon the restricted books from Dumbledore's study, the Sorting Hat might likewise be retrieved. However, Snape, likely aware that the Sorting Hat has this ability, may have taken steps to protect it.

Harry will eventually obtain Gryffindor's Sword, not with the Sorting Hat, but with help from an unidentified ally. However, the Sorting Hat will again prove important later in the story when it provides Gryffindor's Sword to Neville Longbottom, who Harry tasks with destroying a remaining Horcrux should he, Ron, or Hermione be unable to.

The inscription on Lily and James' grave seems to reflect a Death Eater sensibility to Harry, and Hermione's counter-explanation feels weak to him, as it does to us. Reflecting on this inscription, we must wonder who wrote it. It is, of course, originally from the Bible (1 Corinthians 15:26), although one wonders if Rowling expects her readers to pick up on this. It is unlikely that it was authored by James or Lily, as they were quite young, and had likely given little thought to what would come after their deaths. As he was a close friend, it is possible that it would have been written by Dumbledore. If it was, we can see that the inscription proceeds from the story of the Deathly Hallows, and the belief that the one who controls all three Hallows can conquer Death. The Hallows would be close to the surface of Dumbledore's mind at that point. In addition to the Hallow that he himself possessed, he was also examining another of the three Hallows, the Invisibility Cloak, that he had borrowed from James. Dumbledore might have suffered a shade of guilt, thinking that with the Cloak, Harry's parents may have evaded Voldemort. For whatever reason, though, the inscription does seem to tally with a later declaration of the Hallows' power, better than it does either with Hermione's explanation or with Harry's understanding.

Furthermore, the inscription on Kendra and Ariana's grave can be seen as foreshadowing. Dumbledore writes this, suggesting his lifelong grief for his sister, and he dies in his quest to quell the dark forces that took her life. Similarly, Harry's entire character is based around his love for his lost parents, which is the primary force behind his steadfast opposition to Voldemort.

We note that Harry and Hermione's reluctance to utter Ron's name when the occasion clearly arose delays his return; it is later made clear that he intended to rejoin them as soon as possible, but only got information about their whereabouts once his name was spoken.


text:
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text: Category:Book:The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)


text:
Semiconductor Electronics

 * /About this book/
 * /Types of Materials/

Semi Conductors

 * /Semiconductor/
 * /Depth in look of semiconductors/

Diode

 * /Diode/
 * /Diode Applications/

Transistor

 * /Bipolar Junction Transistor/
 * /DC Biasing-BJTs/
 * /BJT Transistor Modelling/
 * /BJT Small-Signal Analysis/
 * /Transistor Applications/

FET

 * /Field Effect Transistor/
 * /FET Biasing/
 * /FET Small-Signal Analysis/
 * Systems Approach-Effects of RS and RL
 * /BJT and JFET Frequency Response/
 * /FET Applications/

Operational Amplifiers

 * /Operational Amplifiers/
 * /OP-AMP Applications/
 * /Op Amp Applications/

Other Topics

 * /Power Amplifiers/
 * /Linear-Digital ICs/
 * /Feedback and Oscillator Circuits/
 * /Power Supplies/
 * /Discrete Components Manufacture/
 * /Integrated Circuits/
 * /Software/
 * /Reference/
 * /Back Cover/

title: Semiconductor Electronics


text:
Semiconductor Electronics/About this book

Philosophy
Hello, readers. This book is sponsored by Mind As Lab publication, a company which I started to create free and open-source documentation and software creation. When I buy technical books in India, they are surely substandard. Books that are sold in USA and Europe have color prints, hence they helps those students understand better. Those copies that were printed for India, Pakistan and other nations had only black and white content. They were done so to make those books cheap.

Here in Wikipedia I have the opportunity to create a book for electronics with Multimedia content. Once the books has enough volume, it will be converted to PDF and published on the internet for free (free over here stands for freedom like free speech, not like free beer).

This book aims to provide software to make student life easy. Currently Mind As Lab is experimenting with animation. If it becomes a success, in the far future this book will provide built-in movies explaining selected concepts.

Target
Semiconductor Electronics is a book that is targetted at students studying electronics. This book was initially started by A.K.Karthikeyan to provide comprehensive material for students.

Authors

 * A.K.Karthikeyan

If you have contributed to this book, feel free to add your name.

Support
Thanks to many for their support in writing this book. Special thanks to Mind As Lab, which will publish this book in full color print in the Indian subcontinent. Thanks to Chitra and Sohail, graphic designers at Mind As Lab, for providing many SVG images that will enhance the book. Thanks to all open-source programmers who have released various tools under the GPL license (specially under GPL v.3); it is really them who need to be credited.

Thanks to the Mind As Lab accounting team for providing funding worth Rs.200/week to make this book a reality. I wish more funds be forthcoming.


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Semiconductor Electronics/Bipolar Junction Transistor

In the year 1904 J.A. Fleming introduced the vacuum tube diode. Shortly thereafter in 1906 Lee De Foster added the third element the control grid to the diode, thus making the first vacuum tube amplifier the triode. By 1930, pushed by electronics industry the vacuum tube had four elements in it and was called tetrode, the five element version was called pentode. Vacuum tubes became so popular for electronics that their production that was about 1 million in 1920 rose to 100 millions by 1937.

It was on December 23 1947, the demonstration by Walter H. Brattain and John Bardeen in Bell Telephone Labs introduced the Bipolar Junction Transistor. Its advantage over Vacuum tubes was imminent, it had no heater element, required less power to operate, it was small and light weight, it required no warming up.

Unlike vacuum tube it lasted longer, could have a rugged construction. Hence Transistors gained dominance over vacuum tubes.

Transistor Construction
A transistor is constructed by placing a oppositely doped semiconductor material between two similarly doped semiconductors. Or placing n-type material between two p-type material which forms the pnp-transistor or by placing a p-type material between two n-type semiconductor which forms npn-transistor.

 * PNP_Transistor_Construction.svg

The above diagram shows the schematic construction of a PNP transistor. As you can see an N-type silicon (green layer) is sandwiched between two P type materials (red layer). The left part is indicated by P+ which means its highly doped P-type material. This highly doped portion is called Emitter, that is the piece of semiconductor that supplies majority carriers for the transistor to function. At the extreme right is moderately doped P type material which is called as the Collector. This portion collects the majority charge carriers that is been emitted by Emitter and that manage to cross the collector. The middle region is denoted by n- because it's doped with N-type impurities. The minus'-' sign indicates it's doped very very less compared to the emitter and collector. The middle region is called the Base, and it's this region that serves as a gate, regulating flow of charge from Emitter to collector.

The doping of base is just one tenth of that of collector. In a real transistor, the width of base is very thin. The total width of the transistor will be 150 times that of the width of the base.

In a similar way by sandwiching a lightly doped P region between highly and moderately doped N region we get a NPN transistor as shown below.

 * NPN_Transistor_Construction.svg

Transistor Operation
To see how transistor operates we will look at how an PNP transistor works. NPN transistor works the same way as PNP, but with voltage and currents reversed.

Below is the diagram of PNP transistor. One can see that its emitter is held more positive than base and base more positive than collector. When emitter-base is forward biased and collector based is reversed bias, the transistor is said to be in active region. It's in the active region that transistor acts as a amplifier and so on. So let's study about it.

See the image below for active biasing of PNP transistor.

Now let's say we remove the voltage between base and collector hence the circuit looks as follows.

Let's analyze it.

Common Base Configuration
As its name suggests, in the Common Base or grounded base configuration, the BASE connection is common to both the input signal AND the output signal. The input signal is applied between the transistors base and the emitter terminals, while the corresponding output signal is taken from between the base and the collector terminals as shown. The base terminal is grounded or can be connected to some fixed reference voltage point.

The input current flowing into the emitter is quite large as its the sum of both the base current and collector current respectively therefore, the collector current output is less than the emitter current input resulting in a current gain for this type of circuit of “1” (unity) or less, in other words the common base configuration “attenuates” the input signal.

'''It has following properties
 * low input impedance
 * high output impedance
 * high voltage gain
 * unity (or less) current gain

Transistor Amplifying Action
The transistor is widely used as an amplifying device, and can provide voltage gain, current gain, and power gain. The basic amplifying action may be understood by considering the circuit of Fig 6.1. This circuit is known as the common base circuit due to the fact that the base terminal is common to both input and output circuits. The input voltage is applied between the emitter and the base, while the output voltage is developed across the load resistor RL. A small change in the input voltage Ii Vi produces a change in emitter current AlE given by where re is the input impedance of the circuit. The change in emitter current produces a change in output voltage across the load resistor given by The voltage gain Av, which is the ratio of the voltage across the load to the input voltage is given by Since RL can be made much larger than re, a high voltage gain is possible.

Common Emitter Configuration
'''As well as being used as a switch to turn load currents "ON" or "OFF" by controlling the Base signal to the transistor, NPN Transistors can also be used to produce a circuit which will also amplify any small AC signal applied to its Base terminal. If a suitable DC "biasing" voltage is firstly applied to the transistors Base terminal thus allowing it to always operate within its linear active region, an inverting amplifier circuit called a Common Emitter Amplifier is produced. One such Common Emitter Amplifier configuration is called a Class A Amplifier. A Class A Amplifier operation is one where the transistors Base terminal is biased in such a way that the transistor is always operating halfway between its cut-off and saturation points, thereby allowing the transistor amplifier to accurately reproduce the positive and negative halves of the AC input signal superimposed upon the DC Biasing voltage. Without this "Bias Voltage" only the positive half of the input waveform would be amplified. This type of amplifier has many applications but is commonly used in audio circuits such as pre-amplifier and power amplifier stages. With reference to the common emitter configuration shown below, a family of curves known commonly as the Output Characteristics Curves, relates the output collector current, (Ic) to the collector voltage, (Vce) when different values of base current, (Ib) are applied to the transistor for transistors with the same β value. A DC "Load Line" can also be drawn onto the output characteristics curves to show all the possible operating points when different values of base current are applied. It is necessary to set the initial value of Vce correctly to allow the output voltage to vary both up and down when amplifying AC input signals and this is called setting the operating point or Quiescent Point'''

Transistor testing
Using multimeter we connect the red and black probe to the lead of transistor first we find the base by moving up the probe to any lead of the transistor for which probe remain on the lead of the transistor and the other is on any two lead of the transistor that the base. Collector (C) we denote that red probe is for finding the collector we notice that when we set off the probe to the lead of the trasistor the multimeter will deflect half of the scale and by changing position we see that multimeter deflect more than half of the scale

Transistor Casing and Terminal Identification
After the transistor has been manufactured using one of the techniques, it leads of, typically, gold, aluminum, or nickel are then attached and the entire structure is encapsulated in a container. Those with the heavy duty construction are high-power devices, while those with the small can (top hat) or plastic body are low- to medium-power devices. Note the very small size of the actual semiconductor device. There are gold bond wires, a copper frame, and an epoxy encapsulation. Four (quad) individual pnp silicon transistors can be housed in the 14-pin


text:
File talk:Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours.pdf

Started this page to talk about future developments.

Type Testing Function Misplaced
In the PDF document, we have  folded into the binary, boolean 'operators':

[ ( "=", numBoolBinop (==) ), ( "<", numBoolBinop (<) ), ( ">", numBoolBinop (>) ), ( "/=", numBoolBinop (/=) ), ( ">=", numBoolBinop (>=) ), ( "<=", numBoolBinop (<=) ), ( "&&", boolBoolBinop (&&) ), ( "||", boolBoolBinop (||) ), ( "string=?", strBoolBinop (==) ), ( "string?", strBoolBinop (>) ), ( "string<=?", strBoolBinop (<=) ), ( "string>=?", strBoolBinop (>=) ) ]

In the main text, everything is alright.


text:
Semiconductor Electronics/Types of Materials

Insulators
Insulators are those materials that don't conduct electricity under normal conditions. For instance: air is an insulator. You don't get electrocuted when approaching a plug point since air is an insulator. In abnormal conditions, air behaves like a conductor. For example, during a thunderstorm, extremely high voltage create lightning bolts, which jump from one cloud to another or to the ground. At these extreme situations, air will act as a conductor.

Conductors
Conductors are substances that easily let electrical charge pass through them with relatively very-less resistance. Almost all metals are conductors. Whenever you cut an electric wire, you can see copper or some other metal at its core. This is because these metals can easily conduct electricity. Silver can conduct electricity better than copper and copper can conduct electricity better than gold. We don't use them because they are extremely expensive due to their rarity. In cases where electrical circuit needs to be short, like in PCBs and in ICs, gold has been used. Gold is preferred over silver because it's inert and doesn't react and/or corrode as quickly as silver.

Semiconductors
Semiconductors are materials that behave like both conductors and insulators. In certain condition a semiconductor acts like a conductor. For example charcoal and graphite which are allotrope of Carbon act as conductor, as opposed to diamond, which has a different crystal structure and acts as an insulator. The conductivity of semiconductors can be increased by adding certain impurities to them; this is called doping. The conductivity may increase by pumping energy into semiconductor crystal in the form of heat or light.

Atom of an Insulator
All atom has a central nucleus which a heavy positively charged mass with relatively small size and located at the center of the atom. The negatively charged electrons go around the nucleus in a path which we call orbit. This is very similar to our solar system. We have Sun, a heavy mass at the center and planets, comets and asteroids go around the Sun. This model was proposed by Niels Bohr, and is called Bohr's atomic model.

It's wrong to think that an orbit is a single well defined path. Instead, each orbit consists of many sub orbitals. This is shown in the diagram below. The outer most orbit of an atom can be divided into various sub orbitals or bands. As you can see below, it has been divided into three colors. The lower most band is called a valence band. The electrons in this band determine the valency of the atom. The upper most band is called the conduction band. In this band, the electron is farthest from the positively charged nucleus and is capable of easily escaping out of the atom and thus enabling the material/atom to conduct electricity.

Normally, an insulator atom does not conduct electricity because there is a forbidden energy gap between the valence and conduction band. The electron has to over come the forbidden energy gap in order for it to orbit in conduction band and conduct electricity. In insulators the forbidden energy gap is very huge, and hence an insulator does not conduct electricity under normal conditions.

However if we can ap an insulator atom with enough power, it can conduct electricity. For example air is an insulator. But during thunder storm lightning bolts pass through air. This is because, the potential difference between  two clouds or between the cloud and the ground is enough to make electrons in Nitrogen and Oxygen atoms in air to jump from valence to conduction band. This makes air an temporary conductor till the lightning bolt strikes its destination.

Atom of a Conductor
Below you can see the diagram of an atom of an conductor. Here you can notice that there is no forbidden energy gap. The valence and conduction band are overlapping each other. Hence it's extremely easy for electrons to move from valence to conduction band. Hence conductors easily conduct electricity without much loss of energy. They conduct electricity under normal conditions.

Atom of Semiconductor

In a semiconductor the forbidden energy gap is neither too high nor two low; for example bandgap of Si is 1.1 eV, Ge is 1.43 eV. In normal conditions some atoms of a semiconductor conduct while other behave like an insulator. This is because there is non homogeneous energy distribution among atoms. Certain atoms have enough energy for their electrons to orbit in conduction band whereas others don't have enough hence their electrons stay in the valence band.

By pumping a little amount of energy or by adding certain impurities to an semiconductor crystal we can make it behave like a conductor. Its these properties of a semiconductor that makes it highly useful for electronics which you will understand as you read this book further and further.

Group IV (four) of the periodic table namely atoms like Carbon, Silicon, Germanium come under semiconductor class.