text:
Advanced Interactive Media/Design Team/Marketing Approach

Marketing Approach
This is to help with interaction with possible students:

1. Myspace page for Potential MMI Students 2. Facebook Group
 * These social networks are huge with all ages right now.

3. Unique packaging of our product 4. Emails and direct mail (registrar help?) 5. TV - maybe a 30 sec. TV spot to run with the other College Weekend spots on KGEB, Hour of Healing, and Make your Day Count 6. VISUALS - Have the goods, i.e. camera, audio board, etc. in the pit for the college weekenders to see. This will draw them downstairs for a tour. 7. Customize the mailings and packaging
 * Have our information packaged in a box that resembles a camera, film canister, or a DVD case. Have our label on the case and when they open it it has our information inside, a colorful brochure, maybe something like an interactive DVD, CD, etc. Possibly some of our projects from TV intro up through the Institute classes. Give them an idea what they will be doing.

8. It’s important to contact them prior to the weekend. Maybe 2-3 times before college weekend. Especially within 2 months before College Weekend. Start in summer and express our interest in them!! SEE MARKETING SCHEDULE. 9. Have something ready for them when they arrive with their name and information on it. Singling them out makes the feel welcomed and special!!

Marketing Schedule
April May June July August  September October November
 * Finish all projects
 * Spring College weekend
 * College Recruiting
 * Push Myspace and Facebook setup
 * Begin Summer Break
 * College recruiting
 * Push Myspace and Facebook setup
 * High School out for Summer
 * College recruiting
 * Push Myspace and Facebook setup
 * College recruiting
 * Direct Mail about ORU and MMI
 * Push Myspace and Facebook setup
 * Return to school
 * New MMI- tell about project
 * Email potential MMI people
 * Push Myspace and Facebook setup
 * Push Myspace and Facebook setup
 * Organization is key
 * Get new MMI involved
 * Push Myspace and Facebook setup
 * Direct Mail again-Reminder to sign up for college weekend
 * Email again-Reminder
 * Begin set-up at end of month for the screens, etc.?
 * Push Myspace and Facebook setup
 * Final Email Reminder
 * Set-up complete
 * Fall College weekend
 * Hand out materials at College Weekend
 * FOLLOW-UP throughout the year


text:
TI-Basic Programs/Chase

Program Description
Chase is a simple yet enjoyable game. In it, players take the role of a "greater-than" symbol (>) who is getting to eat some X's. It is played on the regular typing screen, and there are 6 characters that can move around the screen. One is the player's character, the > sign. Another, the X, is the character that the player is supposed to move towards and eat once he has reached it. The other four, however, are "not-equal-to" symbols (≠) which are vicious and will try to eat the player if they get close enough. Chase has a title screen that draws itself up on the Graph screen through the CSTART program, which must also be on a player's calculator before he can play Chase. The title screen has four options which are: 1) New Game (to start a new game) 2) Continue (to continue a currently saved game) 3) Instructions (to bring up the instructions for Chase) 4) Quit (to leave the program and return to the main screen).

In the Instructions page, much of the above information is covered, as well as other information like which keys are used for the game controls. In the game, the five non-player characters (the four ≠'s and the X) move around on their own, randomly following any of four patterns. For instance, if one of the ≠'s moves a space left, then another will move up, another will move down, and another will move right. Two ≠'s will never move in the same direction as one another in one move. Also, the movement of the X will parallel that of one of the four monsters. The controls that the player uses to move are displayed on the Instructions page. The player can press any of the 9 number keys (1-9) except for the 5 to move his character. For instance, pressing the 7 key will move the player's character up one space and to the left one space, and pressing the 8 key will only move the player's character up one space. This explanation may be difficult to understand but is very easy to figure out by playing the game.

The player's score is displayed in the upper-right corner of the screen throughout the game. Whenever the player eats the X character, one point will be added to his score in the display. Also, the X will disappear and be regenerated somewhere else on the screen. The player's high score is displayed in the Chase title screen every time he starts the game.

One last control is the ENTER key, which pauses/saves the game that you are currently playing. If the player presses it once while he's playing, he can save his game and come back to it whenever he wishes by starting prgmCHASE and choosing option 2, Continue, mentioned above. Also, by pressing the ENTER key twice while playing, once to pause/save the game and then once again, He can resume immediately and play will continue. The effects of this are that all of the variables for things like score and position of each character on the screen are stored and also, the game will regain its regular running speed. Unfortunately, whenever one is running a TI-Basic program that repeats, it will eventually run slower and slower. To avoid or solve this problem when playing Chase, one can use this method of pressing ENTER twice. As stated above, this exits the program and then resumes it again.

Note: The variables used by the calculator to operate Chase are stored in the [J] matrix.

Program Code
Notes:
 * 1) Many of these lines of code can be linked together in one line by just typing a ":" instead of pressing ENTER and typing the next command on the next line. Also, some of the commands displayed here are already linked in this way.
 * 2) The "¤" found in the command, " :Output(8,3,"-GAME¤SAVED- ", is actually a very small square and it can be found in the CATALOG menu on your calculator. It will be above what looks like a small plus sign (+), near the bottom of the list.

PROGRAM:CHASE
 * If Ans=105:1→Y
 * {3,9→dim([J]
 * [J](1,1→C:[J](1,2→D:[J](1,3→E:[J](1,4→F:[J](2,1→G:[J](2,2→H
 * [J](2,3→I:[J](2,4→J:[J](3,1→K:[J](3,2→L:[J](3,3→M:[J](3,4→N
 * If 1=Y
 * Then
 * DelVar Y
 * [J](2,5→X
 * Goto A
 * End
 * If 1≠[J](3,5
 * 0→[J](1,5
 * prgmCSTART
 * ZStandard
 * AxesOn
 * If Ans=93
 * Then
 * [J](2,5→X
 * Goto A
 * End
 * DelVar X
 * round(C,0→C:round(D,0→D:round(E,0→E:round(F,0→F:round(G,0→G:round(H,0→H
 * round(I,0→I:round(J,0→J:round(K,0→K:round(L,0→L:round(M,0→M:round(N,0→N
 * C+round(9rand,0)-round(9rand,0→C:D+round(9rand,0)-round(9rand,0→D
 * G+round(4rand,0)-round(4rand,0→G:H+round(4rand,0)-round(4rand,0→H
 * I+round(4rand,0)-round(4rand,0→I:J+round(4rand,0)-round(4rand,0→J
 * K+round(4rand,0)-round(4rand,0→K:L+round(4rand,0)-round(4rand,0→L
 * M+round(4rand,0)-round(4rand,0→M:N+round(4rand,0)-round(4rand,0→N
 * Lbl E
 * If C<1:1→C:If C>8:8→C:If D<1:1→D:If D>16:16→D:If E<2:2→E:If E>7:7→E
 * If F<2:2→F:If F>15:15→F:If G<2:2→G:If G>7:7→G:If H<2:2→H:If H>15:15→H
 * If I<2:2→I:If I>7:7→I:If J<2:2→J:If J>15:15→J:If K<2:2→K:If K>7:7→K
 * If L<2:2→L:If L>15:15→L:If M<2:2→M:If M>7:7→M:If N<2:2→N:If N>15:15→N
 * If C=E and D=F or C=G and D=H or C=I and D=J or C=K and D=L or C=M and D=N
 * Then
 * D+round(6rand,0)-round(3rand,0→D
 * Goto E
 * End
 * Lbl C
 * E+round(9rand,0)-round(9rand,0→E
 * F+round(9rand,0)-round(9rand,0→F
 * If E<2:2→E:If E>7:7→E:If F<2:2→F:If F>15:15→F
 * If E=M and F=N
 * Goto C
 * Lbl A
 * ClrHome
 * Disp X
 * Output(E,F,"X
 * Output(G,H,"≠
 * Output(I,J,"≠
 * Output(K,L,"≠
 * Output(M,N,"≠
 * Output(C,D,">
 * If C=E and D=F
 * Then
 * X+1→X
 * Goto C
 * End
 * If C=G and D=H or C=I and D=J or C=K and D=L or C=M and D=N
 * Goto D
 * getKey
 * If Ans=105
 * Then
 * Output(8,3,"...SAVING...
 * C→[J](1,1
 * D→[J](1,2
 * E→[J](1,3
 * F→[J](1,4
 * G→[J](2,1
 * H→[J](2,2
 * I→[J](2,3
 * J→[J](2,4
 * K→[J](3,1
 * L→[J](3,2
 * M→[J](3,3
 * N→[J](3,4
 * X→[J](2,5
 * Output(8,3,"-GAME¤SAVED-
 * 105
 * Stop
 * End
 * If Ans=0
 * Goto B
 * If Ans=72 and C>1 and D>1
 * Then
 * C-1→C
 * D-1→D
 * End
 * If Ans=73 and C>1
 * C-1→C
 * If Ans=74 and C>1 and D<16
 * Then
 * C-1→C
 * D+1→D
 * End
 * If Ans=82 and D>1
 * D-1→D
 * If Ans=84 and D<16
 * D+1→D
 * If Ans=92 and C<8 and D>1
 * Then
 * C+1→C
 * D-1→D
 * End
 * If Ans=93 and C<8
 * C+1→C
 * If Ans=94 and C<8 and D<16
 * Then
 * C+1→C
 * D+1→D
 * End
 * Lbl B
 * randInt(1,4
 * If Ans=4
 * Goto 3
 * If Ans=3
 * Goto 2
 * If Ans=2
 * Goto 1
 * If F≥2 and G≤7 and J≤15 and K≥2 and N≥2
 * Then
 * F-1→F
 * G+1→G
 * J+1→J
 * K-1→K
 * N-1→N
 * Goto A
 * End
 * Lbl 1
 * If E≥2 and H≥2 and I≤7 and L≤15 and M≥2
 * Then
 * E-1→E
 * H-1→H
 * I+1→I
 * L+1→L
 * M-1→M
 * Goto A
 * End
 * Lbl 2
 * If F≤15 and G≥2 and J≥2 and K≤7 and N≤15
 * Then
 * F+1→F
 * G-1→G
 * J-1→J
 * K+1→K
 * N+1→N
 * Goto A
 * End
 * Lbl 3
 * If E≤7 and H≤15 and I≥2 and L≥2 and M≤7
 * Then
 * E+1→E
 * H+1→H
 * I-1→I
 * L-1→L
 * M+1→M
 * End
 * Goto A
 * Lbl D
 * Output(4,2,"YOU GOT EATEN!
 * 1→[J](3,5
 * 0→[J](2,5
 * If X>[J](1,5
 * Then
 * Output(5,2,"{Press enter}
 * Pause
 * X→[J](1,5
 * Output(4,2,"New high score:
 * Output(5,2,"             "    <-- (This close-quote mark is not needed, but
 * Output(5,8,[J](1,5                      there must be 14 blank spaces here)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: TI-Basic Programs/Chase


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Print version

= Table of Contents =

Python Scripting

 * Introduction
 * Export scripts
 * Import scripts
 * Procedural object creation
 * Scripts for modifying meshes
 * Creating a GUI for your script

Advanced Animation

 * Introduction
 * Guided tour:
 * Armature Object
 * Armature Object in Object Mode
 * Armature Object in Edit Mode
 * Armature Object in Pose mode
 * Mesh Object
 * Connection between Armature and Mesh
 * Envelope
 * Vertex Groups & Weight Paint
 * Shape Keys
 * Lip-Sync with Shape Keys
 * Constraints
 * Copy Location
 * Copy Rotation
 * Track-To
 * Floor
 * Locked Track
 * Follow Path
 * Stretch-To
 * IK Solver
 * Action
 * Timeline Window
 * IPO Window
 * Data Type
 * Channel
 * Curve Edition
 * Driven IPO
 * Action Window
 * Introduction To Action Data Block
 * Key Edition
 * NLA Window
 * Introduction To NLA Editor
 * Key Editor In the NLA
 * Strip Edition
 * Strip's Properties (NKEY)
 * The Stride feature
 * Working example: Bob
 * Build The Rig
 * Deform The Mesh
 * Create A Walk Cycle
 * Working example: Piston, Rod and Crank

Python Scripting
Introduction

Export scripts

Import scripts

Procedural object creation

Scripts for modifying meshes

Creating a GUI for your script

Advanced Animation
Introduction

Guided tour:

Armature Object

Armature Object in Object Mode

Armature Object in Edit Mode

Armature Object in Pose mode

Mesh Object

Connection between Armature and Mesh

Envelope

Vertex Groups & Weight Paint

Shape Keys

Lip-Sync with Shape Keys

Constraints

Copy Location

Copy Rotation

Track-To

Floor

Locked Track

Follow Path

Stretch-To

IK Solver

Action

Timeline Window

IPO Window

Data Type

Channel

Curve Edition

Driven IPO

Action Window

Introduction To Action Data Block

Key Edition

NLA Window

Introduction To NLA Editor

Key Editor In the NLA

Strip Edition

Strip's Properties (NKEY)

The Stride feature

Working example: Bob

Build The Rig

Deform The Mesh

Create A Walk Cycle

Working example: Piston, Rod and Crank

= GNU Free Documentation License =


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Miscellaneous Tutorials/Print version

= Table of Contents =

Miscellaneous Tutorials

 * 3D Tiling Backgrounds For The Web
 * All Blender Tutorial Links
 * All Blueprints Links
 * Cool things that aren't that obvious
 * Ways to create "fluffy" effect (materials and lights)
 * Troubleshooting
 * General Advice on Modeling Realistically
 * Using Blender Libraries
 * Creating Blender Libraries
 * Displacement Mapping
 * Human Body
 * Rendering Informations
 * Making Landscapes with heightmaps
 * Modeling a Mug using Spinning and Extrusion
 * Add some depth with stereo
 * Creating animated GIFs using Blender and Gimp
 * Creating Ogg-Theora movies using Blender
 * Soft Body with wind

Miscellaneous Tutorials
3D Tiling Backgrounds For The Web

All Blender Tutorial Links

All Blueprints Links

Cool things that aren't that obvious

Ways to create "fluffy" effect (materials and lights)

Troubleshooting

General Advice on Modeling Realistically

Using Blender Libraries

Creating Blender Libraries

Human Body

Rendering Informations

Making Landscapes with heightmaps

Modeling a Mug using Spinning and Extrusion

Add some depth with stereo

Creating animated GIFs using Blender and Gimp

Creating Ogg-Theora movies using Blender

Soft Body with wind

= GNU Free Documentation License =


text:
Horticulture/Lilium

The plants of the genus Lilium are the true lily plants, comprising a genus of about 100 species in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are important as showy and large flowered garden plants, and in literature.

Lilies are native to the northern temperate regions. Their range in the Old World extends across much of Europe, the north Mediterranean, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. A few species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include ../Cardiocrinum/ and ../Nomocharis/.

Description
Lilies are usually erect leafy stemmed herbs. The majority of species form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. A few species form bulbs at or near the soil surface.

Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.

The large flowers have three petals along with three petal-like sepals, often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds, purples, bronze and even nearly black. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees.

The plants are summer flowering. Most species are deciduous, but Lilium candidum bears a basal rosette of leaves for much of the year. Flowers are formed at the top of a single erect stem, with leaves being borne at intervals up the stem.

Growing conditions
They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often mountain, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an epiphyte (L. arboricola). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.

Species
Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;
 * Species (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
 * Asiatic hybrids (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and east Asian species.
 * Martagon hybrids (Division II). These are based on L. martagon and L. hansonii. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
 * Candidum hybrids (Division III). This includes hybrids of L. candidum with several other mostly European species.
 * American hybrids (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from L. pardalinum. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.
 * Longiflorum hybrids (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
 * Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including L. regale and L. aurelianse. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
 * Oriental hybrids (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of L. auratum and L. speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is Lilium "Stargazer".
 * Other hybrids (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.

Uses
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.

Some lilies, especially ../Lilium longiflorum/, as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, L. longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.

Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of ../Lilium lancifolium/, ../Lilium pumilum/, and especially ../Lilium brownii/ (called 百合干 in Chinese) are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.

Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis (kidney failure) in cats which have eaten some species of Lilium and ../Hemerocallis/.

Lilies are considered the most common of flowers to be presented at funerals. The presence of Lilies at funerals symbolizes that the soul of the departed has received restored innocence after death.

Maintenance
Maintaining Asian lilies means as a basic rule to keep the bulbs cool and not watered in winter. More than just some basic moisture might cause the bulb to rot.

Propagation
Liliums can be propagated in several ways;
 * by division of the bulbs,
 * by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem,
 * by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb,
 * by seed; seed germination patterns are variable and can be complex.

Pests and diseases
../Soft Rot/ ../Gray Mold/ ../Stem Rot/ ../Stem Canker/ ../Wilt/ ../Foot Rot/ ../Soft Bulb Rot/ ../Blue Mold/ ../Bulb Rot/ ../Brown Scale/ ../Rusts/ ../Viri/ ../Nematodes/ Physiological problems ../Aphids/ ../Scales/ ../Whiteflies/ ../Thrips/ ../Flies/ ../Beetles/ ../Caterpillars/ ../Mites/
 * ../Erwinnia carotovora/
 * ../Botrytis cinerea/
 * ../Botrytis elliptica/
 * ../Phytophthora parasitica/
 * ../Pellicularia filamentosa/
 * ../Pelicularia rolfsii/
 * ../Sclerotium delphinii/
 * ../Phytophthora cactorum/
 * Rhizopus stolonifer
 * Rhizopus
 * Penicillium corymbiferum
 * Penicillium cyclopium
 * Fusarium oxysporum var. lilii
 * Colletotrichum lilii
 * Puccinia sporoboli
 * Uromyces holwayi
 * ../Cucumber Mosaic Virus/
 * Lily Symtomless Virus
 * ../Tobacco Ringspot Virus/
 * Mottle Virus
 * Lily Rosette Virus
 * Bulb and Leaf Nematode: ../Aphelenchoides fragariae/
 * Root Lesion Nematode: ../Pratylenchus penetrans/
 * Root Lesion Nematode: ../Pratylenchus praetensis/
 * Bud Blast
 * Chlorosis
 * Frost Injury
 * Leaf Scorch
 * Melon Aphid: ../Aphis gossypii/
 * Crescent Marked Lily Aphid: ../Neomyzus circumflexus/
 * Green Peach Aphid: ../Myzus persicae/
 * Foxglove Aphid: ../Acyrthosiphon solani/
 * Hemispherical Scale: ../Saissetia coffae/
 * Greenhouse Whitefly: ../Trialeurodes vaporariorum/
 * Thrips: ../Liothrips vaneechei/
 * Thrips: ../Taeniothrips simplex/
 * Gladiolus Thrips: ../Thrips simplex/
 * Lesser Bulb Fly: ../Eumerus tuberculatus/
 * Narcissus Bulb Fly: ../Merodon equestris/
 * Lily Weevil: ../Agasphaerops nigra/
 * Rugose Strawberry Weevil: ../Brachyrhinus rugostriatus/
 * Lily Leaf Beetle: ../Lilioceris lilii/
 * Strawberry Root Weevil: ../Otiorhynchus ovatus/
 * Black Vine Weevil: ../Otiorhynchus sulcatus/
 * Fuller Rose Beetle: ../Pantomorus cervinua/
 * Stalk Borer: ../Papaipema nebris/
 * Saddleback Caterpillar: ../Sibine stimulea/
 * The Dun-bar
 * Bulb Mite: ../Rhizoglyphus echinopus/

title: Horticulture/Lilium


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Lilium

Species
The following is a partial list of the recognised species.

title: Talk:Horticulture/Lilium


text:
C++ Programming/Chapter Learning the Basics

The Binary Number System
Most computer systems operate using binary logic. The computer represents value using two voltage levels, usually 0V for logic 0 and either +3.3V or +5V for logic 1. These two voltage levels represent exactly two different values and by convention, the values are zero and one. These two values coincidentally, correspond to the two digits used by the binary number system. Since there is a correspondence between the logic levels used by the computer and the two digits used in the binary numbering system, it should come as no surprise that computers employ the binary system.

Binary Number Formats
The binary number system uses base 2 which includes only the digits 0 and 1.

In the United States among other countries, every three decimal digits is separated with a comma to make larger numbers easier to read. For example, 123,456,789 is much easier to read than 123456789. We adopt a similar convention for binary numbers. In order to make binary numbers more readable, we add a space every four digits starting from the least significant digit, on the left of the decimal point. For example, the binary value 1010111110110010 will be written as 1010 1111 1011 0010.

Using the above example 1010 1111 1011 0010:

 * The rightmost sequence (0010) is in bit position zero, holding value 0. Bit zero is referred to as the least significant bit, or lsb
 * Each bit to the left is given the next successive bit number. bit 1, bit 2 and so on...
 * The left-most bit (1010) is typically called the most significant bit, or msb, holding value 1.

We typically write binary numbers as a sequence of bits. There are defined boundaries for the different sizes of a bit:

In any number base, we may add as many leading zeroes without ever changing its value, but in the binary number system, adding leading zeroes adjusts the bit to a desired size. For example, we can represent the number 5 as a:

Bit 101;

Nibble 0101;

Byte 0000 0101;

Word 0000 0000 0000 0101; or

Double Word 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101

Notes on Names
The boundary for a Word can be defined as either 16-bits or the size of the data bus for the processor. Therefore, a Word and Double Word is not a fixed size but varies from system to system - depending on the processor.
 * The Word

For the 8085 and 8086 microprocessors, a word is a group of 16 bits. We number the bits in a word starting from bit zero (b0) through fifteen (b15) as follows:

Remember, b0 is the LSB and b15 is the msb and when referencing the other bits in a word use their bit position number. Notice that a word contains exactly two bytes. b0-b7 form the low order byte, b8-b15 form the high order byte. Naturally, a word may be further broken down into four nibbles. Nibble zero is the low order nibble (b0-b4) and nibble three is the high order nibble (b12-b15) of the word. The other two nibbles are "nibble one" and "nibble two".

With 16 bits, you can represent 2^16 or 65,536 different values. These could be the unsigned numeric values in the range of 0 => 65,535, signed numeric values which include both positive and negative values in the range of -32,768 => +32,767, or any other data type with no more than 65,536 values. The three major uses for words are

 * 16-bit integer data values
 * 16-bit memory addresses
 * any number system requiring 16 bits or less

A double word is exactly that, two words, so a double word quantity is 32 bits. Naturally, this double word can be divided into a high order word and a low order word, four bytes, or eight nibbles.
 * The Double Word

Double words can represent all kinds of different data:
 * an unsigned double word in the range of 0 => 4,294,967,295
 * a signed double word in the range - 2,147,483,648 => +2,147,483,647
 * a 32-bit floating point value
 * any data that requires 32 bits or less

Binary to Decimal
It is very easy to convert from a binary number to a decimal number.

For example let's breakdown the binary value 1100 1010:

Now just like the decimal system, we multiply each digit by base 2 and its weighted position value, then find the sum, like this:

Decimal to Binary
To convert from decimal to binary is slightly more difficult.

There are two methods, division by 2 and subtraction by the weighted position value.

The Division Method
For this, we divide the decimal number by 2, if the remainder is 0 write down a 0. If the remainder is 1, then write down a 1. This process is continued until the quotient is 0.

The remainders will represent the binary equivalent of the decimal number. The remainder values are written from the least significant digit to the more significant digit. So each new remainder value is written to the left of the previous.

For example, consider the number 2671.

The Subtraction Method
Start with a weighted position value greater than the number. If the number is less than the weighted value, write down a 0 and subtract 0. If the number is greater than the weighted value, write down a 1 but subtract the weighted value instead. This process is continued until the result is 0.

When performing the subtraction method, the digits will represent the binary equivalent of the decimal number from the most significant digit to the lesser significant digit. So each new digit is written to the right of the previous.

Consider the same number, 2671

The Octal Number System
Although this was once a popular number base, especially in the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP/8 and other old computer systems, it is rarely used today. The Octal system is based on the binary system with a 3-bit boundary.

The Octal system uses base 8 which includes only the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 (any other digit would make the number an invalid octal number).

 * Octal digits in binary form

 * And now the weighted values for each octal position

Binary to Octal Conversion
It is easy to convert a binary value to an octal number.

First, break the binary number into 3-bit sections from the LSB to the MSB then convert the 3-bit binary number to its octal equivalent.

Let's breakdown the binary value 1010111110110010:

Octal to Binary Conversion
It is also easy to convert from an octal number to a binary value.

Convert the decimal number to its 3-bit binary equivalent, then combine the 3-bit sections.

Let's take the above octal number, 127662 and break it down:

This yields the binary number 001010111110110010 or 0000 1010 1111 1011 0010 in our more readable format.

Octal to Decimal Conversion
To convert from Octal to Decimal, multiply the value in each position by its Octal weight and add each value.

Again, let's take the Octal value, 127662

Decimal to Octal Conversion
To convert decimal to octal is slightly more difficult.

The typical method to convert from decimal to octal is repeated division by 8. For this method, divide the decimal number by 8, and write the remainder on the side as the least significant digit. This process is continued by dividing the quotient by 8 and writing the remainder until the quotient is 0. When performing the division, the remainders which will represent the octal equivalent of the decimal number are written beginning at the least significant digit (right) and each new digit is written to the next more significant digit (the left) of the previous digit. Consider the number 44978.

As you can see, we are back with the original number.

Hexadecimal Number System
A big problem with the binary system is verbosity. For example, eight binary digits are required to represent the value 202 while the decimal version requires only three decimal digits. Especially with large values, binary numbers become too unwieldy. The hexadecimal numbering system solves these problems.

Hexadecimal numbers are very compact and it is easy to convert from hex to binary and binary to hex. Since we'll often need to enter hexadecimal numbers into the computer system, we need a different mechanism for representing hexadecimal numbers since you cannot enter a subscript to denote the radix of the associated value.

The Hexadecimal system is based on the binary system using a Nibble or 4-bit boundary. In Assembly Language programming, most assemblers require the first digit of a hexadecimal number to be 0, and we place an H at the end of the number to denote the number base.

The hexadecimal number system uses base 16, which includes only the digits 0 through 9 and the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F.

This table provides all the information you'll ever need to convert from one number base into any other number base for the decimal values from 0 to 16.

Hexadecimal to Binary
To convert a hexadecimal number into a binary number:

1. Breakdown the hexadecimal number into each individual Hexa digit

2. Substitute the corresponding binary value for each Hexa digit

3. Each binary value is written from the beginning of the MSB (left) to the LSB (right)

For example, to convert 0ABCDH into a binary value, simply convert each hexadecimal digit according to the table above.

 * 0ABCDH = 0000 1010 1011 1100 1101

Binary to Hexadecimal
To convert a binary number into the hexadecimal format is almost as easy.

For example, given the binary number 1011001010, the first step would be to add two zeros in the MSB position so that it contains 12 bits. Then separate the binary value into groups of four bits, so the revised binary value reads 0010 1100 1010. Then we look up the binary values in the table above and substitute the appropriate hexadecimal digit:

Therefore 0010 1100 1010 = 2CA

Another example, 1010111110110010 converts into AFB2.

Hexadecimal to Decimal conversion
The weighted values for each position is as follows:

To convert from Hex to Decimal, multiply the value in each position by its weighted value then add. Using the table above and the previous example, 0AFB2H, we expect to obtain the decimal value 44978.

Decimal to Hex
To convert from decimal to hex is slightly more difficult. The typical method is repeated division by 16.

While we may also use repeated subtraction by the weighted position value, it is more difficult for large decimal numbers.

The Division Method

Divide the decimal number by 16, and write the remainder on the side as the least significant digit. This process is continued until the quotient is 0. When performing the division, the remainders which will represent the hex equivalent of the decimal number are written beginning at the least significant digit (right) and each new digit is written to the next more significant digit (the left) of the previous digit. Consider the number 44978.

 * 44978 = 0AFB2

''When you use hex numbers in an 8085 program, the Assembler usually requires the most significant hex digit to be 0 even if this number of digits exceed the size of the register. This is an Assembler requirement and your value will be assembled correctly.''

Hex Addition
Add as if decimal numbers, except:

If individual digits are A through F, we must convert to its decimal equivalent (values from the table above) then add.

For example:

find the sum of D + C

0DH = 13 and 0CH = 12 so;

13 + 12 = 25 therefore;

D + C = 25 but;

If the sum is greater than or equal to 16, we replace the sum with the sum minus 16 and carry over 1.

For example:

25 - 16 = 9; then

D +  C = 19; and finally

3) if the sum is between 10 and 15 (decimal), we replace the sum with the equivalent hexadecimal digit, for example:

More examples of binary and hex addition:

Positional number systems
Our decimal number system is known as a positional number system because the value of the number depends on the position of the digits. For example, the number 123 is different from 321 even though the same digits are used. Other ancient number systems used additional symbols to represent larger values, but in a positional number system the value of each digit is determined by its place in the full number. The lowest place value is the rightmost position, and each successive position to the left has a higher place value. The rightmost position represents the "ones" column, the next position represents the "tens" column, the next position represents "hundreds", etc. Therefore, the number 123 represents 1 hundred and 2 tens and 3 ones, whereas the number 321 represents 3 hundreds and 2 tens and 1 one.

The values of each position correspond to powers of the base of the number system. So for our decimal number system, which uses base 10, the place values correspond to powers of 10:

Converting from other number bases to decimal
Other number systems use different bases. The binary number system uses base 2, so the place values of the digits of a binary number correspond to powers of 2.

For example, the value of the binary number 10011 is determined by computing the place value of each of the binary digits of the number:

So the binary number 10011 represents the value

The same principle applies to any number base. For example, the number 2132 base 5 corresponds to

So the value of the number 2132 base 5 is

Converting from decimal to other number bases
In order to convert a decimal number into different number bases, we have to be able to express the number in terms of powers of the other base. To convert the decimal number 100 to base 4, we must figure out how to express 100 as the sum of powers of 4, for example:

Then we use the coefficients of the powers of 4 to form the number as represented in base 4:

Another method is to repeatedly divide the decimal number by the base in which it is to be converted until the quotient becomes zero. As the number is divided, the remainders - in reverse order - form the digits of the number in the other base. For example:

Convert the decimal number 82 to base 6:

The answer is formed by taking the remainders in reverse order: 2 1 4  base  6 Example conversions between number systems:

Fixed length binary numbers
Computer arithmetic is performed on data stored in fixed length memory locations, typically 8, 16, or 32 bits.

Special problems occur in manipulating fixed length numbers. The number 280 (base 10) is larger than the maximum 8-bit number; this results in a carry beyond 8 bits in the binary representation and a carry beyond two digits in the hexadecimal representation. When doing arithmetic using fixed length numbers, these carries are potentially lost.

Negative numbers
Signed magnitude - Use one bit for sign, 7 bits for number.

Example: -1 (in an 8-bit system) could be 1000 0001 (base 2)

2's complement (most often used in computing)

Example: the 2's complement number representing -1 (in an 8-bit system) would be 1111 1111 (base 2)

Complement numbers
Consider odometer numbers on a bicycle: Consider odometer numbers on a bicycle: Decimal examples Odometer numbers are useful for both addition and subtraction (complements) of signed numbers. - 2    + 998 + 3     + 003 + 1     1 001

In the second example, the correct result is just the +001; the overflow is ignored in fixed-length complement arithmetic. Do subtraction as addition by using complements, i.e. A - B = A + (-B) Important: It is easier to compute -B and add than to subtract directly. Example: - 005    + 995 + 003     + 997 + 008     1 992

Note that 995 and 997 were added in the normal fashion, the overflow was ignored, and the result was 992, which can be converted from the complement (or odometer) system back to -8, the correct answer. signed  3-bit complement +3  003     +2   002     +1   001      0   000     -1   999     -2   998     -3   997     -4   996     -5   995     -6   994     -7   993     -8   992

decimal  2's complement binary +127  01111111   +126   01111110   +125   01111101    ...   ........     +2   00000010     +1   00000001      0   00000000     -1   11111111     -2   11111110    ...   ........   -127   10000001   -128   10000000

There are 256 numbers in an 8-bit fixed length 2's complement number system. Why are these numbers called 2's complement? M - N = M + (-N) where -N is the complement of N. Example: decimal + 1  =     00000001    - 1   =   + 11111111      0   =   1 00000000

which does not equal 2^8, or 256; ignore the overflow, and the correct answer is zero. Now we need an easy way to do 2's complement operations. Example: What is the representation of -27 (base 10) in 2's complement 8-bit notation? 2^8 - 1    11111111 -      27   - 00011011              11100100   corresponds to flipping all the bits; also known as 1's complement add 1  + 00000001 result    11100101   -27 in 2's complement representation

This approach is necessary because: 1.	Fixed-length nature of numbers stored in a computer 2.	More computationally efficient to implement a fast adder than an adder and a subtractor ________________________________________ Examples of 2's complement number operations Addition and subtraction in 2's complement form •	Addition: To compute N1 + N2, add N1 to N2 •	Subtraction: To compute N1 - N2, add N1 to -N2 Examples: decimal       binary           hex 11  =     00001011   =     000B + 21  =   + 00010101   =   + 0015    32   =     00100000   =     0020

21  =     00010101   =     0015  - 11   =   + 11110101   =   + FFF5 10  =     00001010   =     000A

11  =     00001011   =     000B - 21  =   + 11101011   =   + FFEB - 10  =     11110110   =     FFF6

- 11  =     11110101   =     FFF5 - 21  =   + 11101011   =   + FFEB - 32  =   1 11100000   =     FFE0

How we got the 2's complements of -11 and -21: 11    00001011 ~11   - 11110100   1's complement + 1  + 00000001   add 1 -11    11110101   2's complement representation

Algorithm 1.	Store N. 2.	Obtain ~N, the 1's complement of N, by replacing (bit by bit) every 0 with a 1 and vice versa in the number's binary representation. 3.	Add 1 and ignore any carry after the eighth bit. Note: This algorithm works in hex by replacing each digit x with its hex complement, i.e. 15 - x. Example: The hex equivalent of 11 is $000B; its hex complement is then $FFF4, where each digit was computed as $F - x. Adding 1 to $FFF4 gives the result $FFF5 for the 2's complement of 11. (Using a dollar sign ($) before a number indicates that it is base 16.) Example: In binary: N    0000 0110 0100 0111 ~N  - 1111 1001 1011 1000   1's complement +1  + 0000 0000 0000 0001   add 1 -N    1111 1001 1011 1001   2's complement representation

In hex: N    0647 ~N  - F9B8   1's complement +1  + 0001   add 1 -N    F9B9   2's complement representation

A calculator will always give you the 2's complement directly. The Most Significant Bit (MSB) is the binary digit corresponding to the largest power of 2 and is always 1 for a negative 2's complement number. As a result it is often called the sign bit. In 2's complement, -0 = +0. Technically, 0 is the complement of itself. N    00000000 ~N  - 11111111   1's complement +1  + 00000001   add 1 -N    00000000   2's complement representation

________________________________________ Problems with fixed-length arithmetic Overflow and underflow For a 16-bit fixed-length number system, Adding signed numbers can easily exceed these limits. first digit 0011  $3000       0110   $6000       1001   $9000

This result, from adding two positive numbers in the number system, results in $9000, which is larger than $7FFF, the largest allowed positive number. In fact, $9000 equals 1001 0000 0000 0000, which is a negative number. The sign of the result is different from that of the operands. Rule: If there is a sign change in adding two positive 2's complement numbers, then overflow has occurred. We can generalize these rules to signed addition and subtraction. Sign extension How about if numbers are of different length? decimal  2's complement binary 3-bit 4-bit 8-bit +3  011   0011   00000011     +2   010   0010   00000010     +1   001   0001   00000001      0   000   0000   00000000     -1   111   1111   11111111     -2   110   1110   11111110     -3   101   1101   11111101     -4   100   1100   11111100

To extend a 2's complement number to a greater number of binary digits, you just continue the sign bit to the left. Examples: Extend $9B to 16 bits. $9B = 1001 1011 = 1111 1111 1001 1011 = $FF9B

Extend $5F to 16 bits. $5F = 0101 1111 = 0000 0000 0101 1111 = $005F

Adding two 2's complement numbers of different length 43A0    43A0 9B    FF9B   need to sign extend; you can't just add zeros. ????  1 433B

Note that the 8-bit $9B and the 16-bit $FF9B both represent -101 in their respective number systems.


text:
HacktivistCookbook

Some people have money, some people have political capital, some have media capital, some have guns.

We have technology. It's free, its available. It can connect, organize, inform, provoke, alert, display.

This book is about using it right to get your effect. It is about harnessing social and participatory technologies for the people who need it most. Those who do not have other means of organizing themselves to action or making their voice heard. In other words, you.

Challenges
What is it you want to do with technology? What are the problems you will face?

Instruments
What tools, mechanisms and practices can you use?

Howtos
Step by step instructions

title: HacktivistCookbook


text:
Horticulture/Lindera

Lindera is a genus of about 80-100 species of flowering plants in the family Lauraceae, mostly native to eastern Asia but with three species in eastern North America. The species are shrubs and small trees; common names include Spicebush and Benjamin Bush.

One of the world's rarest bee species, the andrenid bee ../Andrena lauracea/ is apparently a specialist on Lindera (see ../Lindera benzoin/).

Description
The leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen depending on species, and are alternate, entire or three-lobed, and strongly spicy-aromatic. The flowers are small, yellowish, with six petaloid sepals and no petals. The fruit is a small red, purple or black drupe containing a single seed.

Growing conditions
Prefers rich, well-drained soils, but adapts well to poor soils. Part sun to dense shade.

Pests and diseases
Lindera species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Engrailed.

title: Horticulture/Lindera


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Lindera

Species list from Wikipedia:

;Selected species

title: Talk:Horticulture/Lindera


text:
User:SB Johnny/monobook.css

h1.firstHeading {font-color:blue;} /* This one affects the whole h1 heading */ h1.firstHeading span {font-size: 0.5em;} /* This one affects only the span inside the heading (the subchapter) */ p.booktitle {font-color:green;} /* This one affects only the small booktitle where there is also a chapter/subchap*/

title: User:SB Johnny/monobook.css


text:
User:SB Johnny/monobook.js

function formatBookHeading { // Grab all the h1 elements within the document var h1Elements = document.getElementsByTagName('h1'); // We need to check every h1 element in the document: for (i = 0; i < h1Elements.length; i++) {  // But we only want to modify the h1 elements that have the // class of "firstHeading". if (h1Elements[i].className == "firstHeading") {    // Then use the / to split the heading into it's parts var headings = h1Elements[i].innerHTML.split('/'); //    // If there is only one heading (ie, the Book Title), then // leave it as the h1 element and do nothing. Otherwise // we want to set the Chapter:Subchapter as the h1 heading, // and put the book title as a paragraph _before_ the h1    // heading? (Just check this, I think that's what you're after?    //     if (headings.length > 1)     {       // First, create the paragraph that will contain the       // book title, and give it a class so we can style it from CSS.       var bookTitle = document.createElement('p');       bookTitle.setAttribute("class","booktitle");       // Then for the IE bug:       bookTitle.setAttribute("className","booktitle");       // And add the Booktitle text from the original heading       bookTitle.innerHTML=headings[0];       // Next, set the h1 heading to the Chapter title:       h1Elements[i].innerHTML = headings[1];       // Check if there's a third sub heading:       if (headings.length == 3)       {         var subchapter = document.createElement('span');         subchapter.innerHTML = ":" + headings[2];         // and add the subchapter to the h1 heading:         h1Elements[i].appendChild(subchapter); }      // Finally, add the book title before the h1 heading: h1Elements[i].parentNode.insertBefore(bookTitle, h1Elements[i]); // Finally, add the chapter element after the heading. //h1Elements[i].parentNode.insertBefore(chapter, h1Elements[i].nextSibling); }

} // end if class=firstHeading } //end for loop }

if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load",formatBookHeading,false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload",formatBookHeading); import_script('User:Whiteknight/google.js');

var Alias = new Array(   ['pa.us',   'wikimedia',   'SB_Johnny', 'Media-PA'],    ['en',        'wikipedia',    'SB_Johnny',   'Pedia'],    ['en',        'wikiversity',  'SB_Johnny', 'Versity'],    ['commons', 'wikimedia',   'SB_Johnny', 'Commons'] );

import_script('User:Whiteknight/remotetalk.js');

title: User:SB Johnny/monobook.js


text: Honda Nighthawk/Links/Performance

title: Honda Nighthawk/Links/Performance


text:
Honda Nighthawk/Links/Part Sources

Sudco New Clutch Parts

ServiceHonda

Honda Parts

Pearl Siren Blue Paint

title: Honda Nighthawk/Links/Part Sources


text:
User talk:Tmartira

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 14:11, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tmartira


text:
User talk:65.120.80.8

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 15:52, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 15:54, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

'''You are blocked and I have taken into account your record on Wikipedia. Please contribute constructively when the ban expires -- Herby talk thyme''' 15:56, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

FYI, this is a shared IP address by 2,000+ students in a school.

Blocked
You cannot edit for 1 day due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--ЗAНИA talk 20:52, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.120.80.8


text:
Honda Nighthawk/Links/History-Models

MotorEra - general specs and a brief history of all Honda bikes

Nighthawk history from Randy's Nighthawk Pages

Nighthawk history from Paul's Nighthawk Pages

Greg's Nighthawk S Page

Honda_CB_series Wikipedia Honda CB series History

title: Honda Nighthawk/Links/History-Models


text:
French/Vocabulary/Hotels

General

 * A hotel: Un hôtel
 * I stay in a hotel
 * A hotel stay = length of time you stay

 * A room: Une chambre
 * A bell boy or a bell hop = the guy that helps with your luggage
 * A motel is a hotel that has rooms with exterior doors and a parking space in front

People

 * A bell boy or a bell hop
 * An attendant

Definitions
The people who clean your room are called housekeepers and their department is called housekeeping. The people who run the Hotel are called staff and their bosses are called management.

Parts

 * A bathroom: Une salle de bain
 * A lobby: Un hall d'entrée
 * A room: Une chambre
 * An elevator (GB lift): Un ascenseur
 * A front desk: Une réception
 * A reception: Une réception
 * A parking lot: Un parking
 * A hallway: Un couloir
 * A lounge: Un salon
 * A restaurant: Un restaurant
 * A check-in: Un enregistrement
 * Gift shops: Un boutique de souvenirs

Definitions

 * A lobby: A lobby is a room in a building which is used for entry from the outside, sometimes referred to as a foyer or an entrance hall.
 * When you walk in to get a room, you go to the front desk and ask the attendant, "I would like a room for the evening.
 * Most Hotels have a swimming pool. You will need a swim suit. The Hotel supplies towels to dry yourself with.

Hardware

 * A laptop: un ordinateur portable or un portable.
 * A screen: un écran
 * Phone lines: des lignes téléphoniques
 * A printer: une imprimante
 * Pay-per-view movies: télévision à la carte
 * Wireless internet: internet sans fil

Software

 * Broadband internet: internet haut débit
 * An email: un courrier électronique, un email
 * To send an email: envoyer un email
 * To read an email: lire un email
 * To write an email: écrire un email

Organizing

 * A conference room: Une salle de conférence
 * A meeting room: Une salle de réunion
 * An overhead projector: Un rétroprojecteur
 * To display a chart: Afficher un graphique

 * A screen: Un écran

Situational phrases

 * Waiter, would you agree with me that the wine is off?
 * Serveur, seriez-vous d'accord avec moi que le vin n'est pas bon ?
 * I'm terribly sorry Sir, How can I assist? (by staff to customer)
 * Je suis vraiment désolé, monsieur. Comment puis-je vous aider ?
 * How many vacant rooms do you have?
 * Combien de chambres vacant avez-vous ?
 * I'm sorry the Hotel is full
 * Je suis désolé, l'hôtel est complet.
 * We have  of rooms available
 * Nous avons  de chambres disponible.
 * I would like to book a conference room.
 * J'aimerais réserver une salle de conférence.
 * For how many people?
 * Pour combien de personnes ?
 * Yes, that will be easy to arrange, sir
 * Oui, ce sera facile d'organiser, monsieur.
 * I am sorry, but that will not be possible
 * Je suis désolé, ce ne sera pas possible.
 * Can I connect to the internet from here?
 * Puis-je me connecter à internet d'ici ?
 * Do you support WiFi?
 * Avez-vous une connexion WiFi ?
 * I wish to make a long distance call
 * Je voudrais faire un appel longue distance.
 * Do you have mail for me?
 * Avez-vous du courrier pour moi ?
 * How much is a charged for placing calls?
 * Combien est facturé pour un appel ?
 * Calls are charged at :
 * Les appels sont facturés à:
 * I am expecting a package, has it arrived?
 * Je m'attendais à un paquet, il a arrivé ?
 * Sir, I wish to complain about ... (Note stronger than merely bringing it to their attention)
 * Monsieur, je tiens à plaindre de...
 * Waiter, There is a fly in my soup...
 * Serveur, il y a un mouche dans ma soupe...
 * Please give my regards to the Chef
 * S'il vous plaît, donner mes salutations au chef.
 * Waiter, What are today's specials?
 * Serveur, quels sont les plats du jour ?
 * Do you have a directory of local services?
 * Avez-vous un répertoire des services locaux ?
 * I do not wish to be disturbed.
 * Je ne veux pas être dérangé.
 * I have a quantity of luggage, I require assistance in moving it
 * J'ai de nombreux bagages, j'ai besoin d'aide pour le déplacer.
 * Sir, I accept the bill as presented.
 * Monsieur, j'accepte le reçu tel que présenté.
 * Sir, I would like to query something on the bill
 * Monsieur, je voudrais demander quelque chose à propos du reçu.

Remarks

 * A 'double' in the UK means a double bed
 * A 'twin' is a 2 person room with 2 single beds

Situation phrases

 * I am sorry, but he may have to modify your booking
 * Owing to circumstances beyond our control, we have had to cancel the booking
 * We apologize for the disappointment your have suffered.
 * As a gesture of goodwill.

 * Are you able to cope with differently abled persons?

 * I have to say, our sweetshop is not accessible for people on wheelchair... but if you pass the stairs on the entrance, it is also accessible

 * Waiter!

 * Sir, I would like to bring to your attention the matter of ...
 * Can you give me an assurance that a package for  arrives promptly
 * Do you have mail for ?
 * Do you have mail for ?

 * How many nights would you like? Combien de nuits désirez vous [rester]?
 * Tonight only, please. [Je reste] Seulement, ce soir.
 * Three nights. Trois nuits.
 * Does this room include a shower?
 * Is breakfast included?
 * I wish to book a call from .
 * Mr  I have a call from  for you.

Sample dialogue 1

 * Customer (C): I wish to book a room
 * Desk (D)" What sort of room? Single, double or suite?"
 * C: "Single"
 * D: "Single -confirmed"
 * D: " Breakfast is included, but additonal charges may apply for phone calls, minibar or fax"

 * D: All rooms have shower facilities
 * C: Thank you
 * D: Check-in is automatic
 * D: Check out on deapature must be completed before 10:00 AM
 * D: Check out must be done via the front-desk(reception)
 * D: Late Checkout is subject to a surcharge
 * C: How much of a surcharge?
 * D: 80% of the nightly rate
 * C: Thank you
 * D: You will be booking for tonight?
 * C: Yes
 * D: And for how many nights?
 * C: 2 nights
 * D: That will be >currency>
 * D: Commencing Tonight for 2 nights, Thank you

 * C: I wish to pay by credit card (or 'I would like to pay by credit card')
 * D: Certainly, do you also have a passport on you?
 * C: Here,
 * D: Thank you
 * C And here is the card
 * D: Thank you, the amount will be (or 'that will be ')
 * D: Your passport
 * D: If you would like to enter your PIN
 * C: OK
 * D : Please wait a moment
 * D: Here is your card
 * D: And here is your booking
 * D: have a pleasant stay

Sample dialogue 2

 * D: Front desk
 * C: (Irate) I wish to speak to the manager!!
 * D: Perhaps, I can assist?
 * D: What is the problem?
 * C: My room is filthy!
 * D: I see
 * C: Do you?
 * C: I have mentioned this before,
 * D: OK, What is the exact nature of filthy?
 * C: Dust on the surfaces, the bed is unmade, and the toliet smells as though the drains have burst
 * D: I will get someone onto it right away
 * C: I was promised that last time!!
 * D: Calm down, I will personally ensure someone is with you in the next 10 mins
 * C: I will believe it when I see it.
 * D: In addition I will ensure the Manager is made aware of the issues you raise.
 * C: Indeed
 * D: Is there anything else you wish to raise?
 * C: Not at the moment.
 * D: Thank you, I will have someone with you as soon as possible...
 * C: (calming down) Thank you.
 * C:

Exercice : traduction

 * 1) La femme de ménage remplace les essuis chaque jour.
 * 2) J'aimerai réserver une salle de conférence pour 200 personnes.
 * 3) Puis-je me connecter à internet d'ici ?
 * 4) Je désire ne pas être dérangé.

 * 1) The housekeeper replaces the towels every day.
 * 2) I would like to book a conference room for 200 people.
 * 3) Can I connect to internet from here?
 * 4) I do not wish to be disturbed.

title: French/Vocabulary/Hotels


text: User:Therequiembellishere

title: User:Therequiembellishere


text:
Talk:Metasploit/WritingWindowsExploit

This is a fantastic tutorial, keep it up!

Continue.
Jerom, had alot of use of your tutorial and was thinking that I'll fill in some of the missing pieces if its OK.

/Ola

Very nice
I learned quite a lot by reading the material here, i just wish there was even more!

I'm sorry if my video guides that i have added are inappropriate, if so please remove them.

~ MaXe

title: Talk:Metasploit/WritingWindowsExploit


text:
Instructional Technology/Legal Issues

INTRODUCTION
Legal issues in instructional technology are becoming more and more relevant as technology becomes more prevalent for delivering instruction. Potential legal issues include but are not limited to, freedom of speech, harassment, privacy, special education, plagiarism, copyright and fair use.

POTENTIAL LEGAL ISSUES IN INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY
As the profession of Instructional Technology grows and expands in the digital era, there is an increase for potential problem and/or conflict areas. Reiser & Dempsey (2002) enumerate the following issues as possible legal areas of concern:

 * Failure to develop and offer training which is mandated by the government can result in litigation initiated by the government.
 * Taking material from the internet without getting consent, thereby violating copyright laws or intellectual property rights.
 * Lawsuits resulting from comments made or material handed out during a training that are discriminatory (based on age, sex, race, ethnicity, etc).
 * The injury of a trainee or employee who received the injury during a training if the training personnel were negligent in providing a safe training environment.
 * Injury due to missing or incorrect information received by training materials.
 * Possible lawsuits due to employees feeling that they were kept from promotions because they were denied access to the training which is necessary for the promotion.

Richard & Dempsey (2002) conclude that, "although we do not expect designer's to be legal experts, each needs to be aware of general laws (e.g., those pertaining to sexual harassment) and the laws governing specific industries (e.g., those pertaining to the discharge of pollutants)." (p. 207).

Richey, R. C., & Morrison, G. R. (2002). Instructional design in business and industry. In Reiser, R.A., & Dempsey, J.V. (eds.), Trends and issues in instructional design and technology (p.207). Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Prentice Hall.

ISTE National Educational Technology Standards for Administrators
SOCIAL, LEGAL, AND ETHICAL ISSUES. Educational leaders understand the social, legal, and ethical issues related to technology and model responsible decision-making related to these issues. Educational leaders:
 * 1) ensure equity of access to technology resources that enable and empower all learners and educators.
 * 2) identify, communicate, model, and enforce social, legal, and ethical practices to promote responsible use of technology.
 * 3) promote and enforce privacy, security, and online safety related to the use of technology.
 * 4) promote and enforce environmentally safe and healthy practices in the use of technology.
 * 5) participate in the development of policies that clearly enforce copyright law and assign ownership of intellectual property developed with district resources.

These standards can be found on the following website: http://cnets.iste.org/administrators/a_stands.html

Similar standards have been published for teachers. These standards might be important part of legal issues.

ISTE Educational Technology Standards and Performance Indicators for All Teachers
Teachers understand the social,ethical,legal,and human issues surrounding the use of technology in PK-12 schools and apply those principles in practice. Teachers:

 * 1) model and teach legal and ethical practice related to technology use.
 * 2) apply technology resources to enable and empower learners with diverse backgrounds, characteristics, and abilities.
 * 3) identify and use technology resources that affirm diversity
 * 4) promote safe and healthy use of technology resources.
 * 5) facilitate equitable access to technology resources for all students.

Available at http://cnets.iste.org/teachers/t_stands.html

title: Instructional Technology/Legal Issues


text:
C++ Programming/RAII

Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII)
The RAII technique is often used for controlling thread locks in multi-threaded applications. Another typical example of RAII is file operations, e.g. the C++ standard library's file-streams. An input file stream is opened in the object's constructor, and it is closed upon destruction of the object. Since C++ allows objects to be allocated on the stack, C++'s scoping mechanism can be used to control file access.

With RAII we can use, for instance, Class destructors to guarantee clean up, similar to the finally keyword in other languages. Doing this automates the task and so avoids errors but gives the freedom not to use it.

RAII is also used (as shown in the example below) to ensure exception safety. RAII makes it possible to avoid resource leaks without extensive use of /  blocks and is widely used in the software industry.

The ownership of dynamically allocated memory (memory allocated with new) can be controlled with RAII. For this purpose, the C++ Standard Library defines auto ptr. Furthermore, lifetime of shared objects can be managed by a smart pointer with shared-ownership semantics such as  defined in C++ by the Boost library or policy based   from Loki library.

The following RAII class is a lightweight wrapper to the C standard library file system calls.

This RAII class can be used as follows :

Without using RAII, each function using an output log would have to manage the file explicitly. For example, an equivalent implementation without using RAII is this:

The implementation of  and   becomes more complex if   and   could potentially throw exceptions;   would be unaffected, however.

The essence of the RAII idiom is that the class  encapsulates the management of any finite resource, like the   file handle. It guarantees that the resource will properly be disposed of at function exit. Furthermore,  instances guarantee that a valid log file is available (by throwing an exception if the file could not be opened).

There's also a big problem in the presence of exceptions: in, if more than one resource were allocated, but an exception was to be thrown between their allocations, there's no general way to know which resources need to be released in the final   block - and releasing a not-allocated resource is usually a bad thing. RAII takes care of this problem; the automatic variables are destructed in the reverse order of their construction, and an object is only destructed if it was fully constructed (no exception was thrown inside its constructor). So  can never be as safe as   without special coding for each situation, such as checking for invalid default values or nesting try-catch blocks. Indeed, it should be noted that  contained resource bugs in previous versions of this article.

This frees  from explicitly managing the resource as would otherwise be required. When several functions use, this simplifies and reduces overall code size and helps ensure program correctness.

resembles the idiom used for resource management in non-RAII languages such as Java. While Java's try-finally blocks allow for the correct release of resources, the burden nonetheless falls on the programmer to ensure correct behavior, as each and every function using  may explicitly demand the destruction of the log file with a try-finally block.

title: C++ Programming/RAII


text:
User talk:Therequiembellishere

Muggle's Guide
Good to see that we have a new editor, and while I understand the idea of "being bold", might I suggest that perhaps you have misunderstood part of the idea?

This is intended as a textbook. The "Questions" may well be answered already; but that doesn't mean they shouldn't be there. They are there for a reason -- to hopefully inspire thought in the student.

Specifically: The questions under Ron's name are all answered, or many of them. Should they be yanked? No, because if you just skim the text you'll miss the answers; answering the questions sort of requires that you either go back and read the text more thoroughly, or that you already have an encyclopedic knowledge of the series.

Hacking out an entire section with the one-word comment "Bull" is not helpful. You may disagree; feel free to post a contrarian opinion. The Discussion page on that particular article does have some comments about that topic already, IIRC. But the fact that the opinion was placed there means that someone feels it is valid, or at least worth consideration.

Perhaps a good idea would be to consider whose toes you might be stepping on before you get too happy with the deletions. Chazz (talk) 20:31, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Also, don't take my actions the wrong way. I have no problem with how you started (by adding useful stuff to a good number of pages), and some of MG's pages might indeed need a bit of clean-up; i just put back a few parts that aren't yet decreasing the quality of those pages. When we have a good-enough quality overall, we can cut off the lesser parts. Looking forward to seeing you in action. And do have fun editing. -- Jokes Free4Me 07:30, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * PS If you forget about something you know you edited, you can use the "my Contributions" link to see if it's in there. Also, maybe you could find it useful to look into using the "my WatchList" feature. ;) -- Jokes Free4Me 07:41, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * MG = Muggles' Guide, the subject of our discussion. :D -- Jokes Free4Me 17:41, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Dates
I see you've gone and put a bunch of dates in for the dates people did things at Hogwarts. I'm going to suggest that you take those out... because while they are accurate, and we have got dates in the Timelines, that's the only place we have them. And since dates are not actually mentioned in most of the books, it makes a heck of a lot more sense for our readers if the years given in our articles are listed as relative to the books, rather than to the outside world. For instance – Kettleburn was Dangerous Creatures teacher until June 1993, right? But that doesn't make it obvious that he left at the end of book 2. We've been basically following the same rule throughout... actual calendar dates are not at all important to the series, but dates relative to the books themselves are, so we leave it at "first year" rather than "1991-1992". Chazz (talk) 21:43, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Granted my reasoning is a little... awkward, but as I got raked over the coals for it in my early days, I feel a little sensitive about it... To restate: You know and I know that Harry's first year starts September 1991, yes? But to the naïve reader, that is not obvious; it does not become apparent until the second book, what year it actually is supposed to be. (And even there, our supposition is wrong; Harry's parents were, by that logic, murdered on Hallowe'en 1981, which is a Saturday, so November 1, the first day in the first book, ought to be a Sunday, yet the book quite clearly states that it is a Tuesday.) JKR plays fast and loose with the dates in a number of other places; most importantly, school always starts on September 2, the Hogwarts Express rolls on September 1, and it seems that September 2 is at least always a week day, and a disproportionate number of times it is a Monday. GoF is at least consistent within itself as to the way days of the week and days of the month line up, but it is not consistent with 1994 / 1995. And I could go on for hours... but the important thing is this: The fact that book 1 largely falls in 1991 and 1992 is not important to the reader. The fact that it is Harry's first year at Hogwarts is important. So with the exception of the timelines, where the structure of the timeline generator forces us to put dates on things, the actual physical dates are largely unimportant.
 * Matt and I had a lot of words about this at one point; I think some part of our debate is still on the Discussion tab of the Timelines page. Chazz (talk) 07:17, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually... I can do that reversion for you. Hope you don't mind too much if I do that... Chazz (talk) 07:18, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Therequiembellishere


text:
Microprocessor Design/Photolithography

The current state-of-the-art process for manufacturing processors and small ICs in general is to use photolithography. Photolithography is a complicated multi-step process.

Wafers
A wafer is a large circular disk, typically made of doped silicon. Each wafer can hold multiple chips arranged like tiles. The number of chips per wafer is known as the yield.

Basic Photolithography
In photolithography, there are typically two important chemicals: an acid and a resist. A photo-negative of the design is exposed to light, and the pattern is projected onto the wafer. Resist is applied to the wafer, and it sticks to the portions of the wafer that are exposed to light. Once the resist is applied to the wafer, it is dipped in the acid. The acid eats away a layer of everything that is not covered in resist. After the top layer has been disolved, the wafer is washed (to remove any remaining acid and resist), and a new layer of doped silicon is applied to the top of the wafer. Once the new layer of silicon has been applied, the process is repeated again.

The first two applications of resist are used to convert thin, carefully shaped regions of the base silicon wafer into n-type and p-type doping (semiconductor) (no net material is added or taken away after these steps). ''Wait up -- I thought doping occurred after the polysilicon was added? Is that an additional doping stage, or is doping not really the first 2 stages?''

After that, layers of polysilicon, silicon oxide, and metal are added, coating the entire wafer. After each layer of desired material is added, resist and acid are used to "pattern" the layer, keeping the desired regions and removing the undesired regions of that layer.

Packaging
After all the layers specified by the design have been applied, the wafer is "diced" into individual rectangular "die". Then each die packaged.

''... does testing happen before the wafer is diced? Before and after? ...''

title: Microprocessor Design/Photolithography


text:
Russian/Cheat Sheet

This is the Cheat Sheet for the Russian for English Speakers Wikibook. It is intended to be a one page quick guide to the Russian Language, and should serve as a reference to the general text, at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Russian, which is released under the GNU Free Documentation License.

The Alphabet

 * In most Russian dialects, о is pronounced as in hello only when it is stressed. If it comes immediately before the stressed syllable, it is pronounced 'ah', as in father. Otherwise, it is pronounced 'uh', as in money. For example, the word "хорошо" is stressed on the third syllable, so the word is pronounced 'khuh-ra-sho', not 'kho-ro-sho'. Notice that the first "o" is pronounced as "uh", the second as "a", and the third as "oh". However, if you pronounce о as 'oh', Russians will still understand you.
 * The suffix -ого is usually pronounced 'ovo', not 'ogo', and -его is pronounced 'yevo', not 'yego'.
 * Consonants can be either hard or soft. They are hard by default, unless followed by the vowels я, е, и, ё, or ю, or the soft-sign ь. Because of this, consonants rarely need to be made hard, so the hard-sign, ъ, is rarely used. Hard consonants are so called because they're short and brief, whereas soft consonants are just softer versions of their hard counterparts. For example, the hard consonant 't' in the English word tank is pronounced with the tip of tongue on the ridge of the hard palate - but if you pronounce it with the tip of the tongue on the back of the upper teeth, the 't' sound becomes soft.
 * At the end of a word, or before unvoiced consonants (like T), the following consonants change pronunciation: б→п, в→ф, г→к, д→т, ж→ш, and з→с. Notice that these are fairly similar, and since they make for easier pronunciation of the word, they are easy to predict. For example, ход is pronounced khot, not khod.
 * Palatalisation (or soft consonants) means the letter is pronounced with the middle of the tongue. Ex: Pronounce ball while holding your tongue.

title: Russian/Cheat Sheet


text:
User:Indolering~enwikibooks/monobook.js

// install User:Cacycle/wikEd in-browser text editor document.write(' ');

title: User:Indolering~enwikibooks/monobook.js


text:
Talk:Honda Nighthawk

Your comments here are appreciated

--Rob 22:56, 12 April 2007 (UTC) I am the new owner of a 85 nihgthwak and just discover the 2nd gear pop out problem. I am looking for more advice and or repair solutions. A help would be appreciated. My email is bwbucks101@aol.com. Thank You for your info

title: Talk:Honda Nighthawk


text:
User talk:Parthi4u~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

You might also be interested in reading our Cookbook policy page, and talking with other Cookbook editors. Webaware talk 23:19, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Parthi4u. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Parthi4u~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:33, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:21, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Parthi4u~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jayaram Ganapathy

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
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 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

Thank you also for your post regarding the C++ Programming book, happy editing. --Panic 23:31, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jayaram Ganapathy


text:
User talk:LipeFontoura

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

You might also be interested in reading our Cookbook policy page, and talking with other Cookbook editors. Webaware talk 23:34, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Brazilian Portuguese duplication merge proposal
Hi there. Back in 2007 it looks like you did a lot of work on the Brazilian Portuguese lessons here: Portuguese/Contents/BPL1. Later on somebody created a separate Brazilian Portuguese wikibook, but left your set of lessons in place. I've started a discussion about how we can resolve this duplication: Talk:Portuguese/Contents

-- Harry Wood (talk) 11:55, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:LipeFontoura


text:
User talk:FunPika

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

Thank you also for your post regarding the C++ Programming book, happy editing. --Panic 23:31, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:FunPika


text:
User talk:Tedka

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Panic 23:31, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tedka


text:
C++ Programming/Programming Languages/C++/Code/Compiler/Linker

Linker
The linker is a program that makes executable files. The linker resolves linkage issues, such as the use of symbols or identifiers which are defined in one translation unit and are needed from other translation units. Symbols or identifiers which are needed outside a single translation unit have external linkage. In short, the linker's job is to resolve references to undefined symbols by finding out which other object defines a symbol in question, and replacing placeholders with the symbol's address. Of course, the process is more complicated than this; but the basic ideas apply.

Linkers can take objects from a collection called a library. Depending on the library (system or language or external libraries) and options passed, they may only include its symbols that are referenced from other object files or libraries. Libraries for diverse purposes exist, and one or more system libraries are usually linked in by default. We will take a closer look into libraries on the Libraries Section of this book.

Linking
The process of connecting or combining object files produced by a compiler with the libraries necessary to make a working executable program (or a library) is called linking. Linkage refers to the way in which a program is built out of a number of translation units.

C++ programs can be compiled and linked with programs written in other languages, such as C, Fortran, assembly language, and Pascal.
 * The appropriate compiler compiles each module separately. A C++ compiler compiles each ".cpp" file into a ".o" file, an assembler assembles each ".asm" file into a ".o" file, a Pascal compiler compiles each ".pas" file into a ".o" file, etc.
 * The linker links all the ".o" files together in a separate step, creating the final executable file.

Linkage
Every function has either external or internal linkage.

A function with internal linkage is only visible inside one translation unit. When the compiler compiles a function with internal linkage, the compiler writes the machine code for that function at some address and puts that address in all calls to that function (which are all in that one translation unit), but strips out all mention of that function in the ".o" file. If there is some call to a function that apparently has internal linkage, but doesn't appear to be defined in this translation unit, the compiler can immediately tell the programmer about the problem (error). If there is some function with internal linkage that never gets called, the compiler can do "dead code elimination" and leave it out of the ".o" file.

The linker never hears about those functions with internal linkage, so it knows nothing about them.

A function declared with external linkage is visible inside several translation units. When a compiler compiles a call to that function in one translation unit, it does not have any idea where that function is, so it leaves a placeholder in all calls to that function, and instructions in the ".o" file to replace that placeholder with the address of a function with that name. If that function is never defined, the compiler can't possibly know that, so the programmer doesn't get a warning about the problem (error) until much later.

When a compiler compiles (the definition of) a function with external linkage (in some other translation unit), the compiler writes the machine code of that function at some address, and puts that address and the name of the function in the ".o" file where the linker can find it. The compiler assumes that the function will be called from some other translation unit (some other ".o" file), and must leave that function in this ".o" file, even if it ends up that the function is never called from any translation unit.

Most code conventions specify that header files contain only declarations, not definitions. Most code conventions specify that implementation files (".cpp" files) contain only definitions and local declarations, not external declarations.

This results in the "extern" keyword being used only in header files, never in implementation files. This results in internal linkage being indicated only in implementation files, never in header files. This results in the "static" keyword being used only in implementation files, never in header files, except when "static" is used inside a class definition inside a header file, where it indicates something other than internal linkage.

We discuss header files and implementation files in more detail later in the File Organization Section of the book.

External
All entities in the C++ Standard Library have external linkage.


text:
Category:Salmon recipes

Recipes involving salmon.

title: Category:Salmon recipes


text:
Wikijunior:Human Body/Authors

=Authors=
 * Shampa.Ghosh - Shampa Ghosh, Ph.D., India
 * Basejumper123 - Benjamin Mitchell, USA
 * Alicia Winifred - started Wikijunior Human Body/Medical - Laparoscopic Surgery
 * Karen Fasimpaur
 * Aayush Mudgal [ Director ] A.M. Creation
 * Shefa Tabassum

title: Wikijunior:Human Body/Authors


text:
User talk:Ericb

Welcome message
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
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 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

You might also be interested in reading our Cookbook policy page, and talk to other Cookbook editors. Webaware talk 01:24, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ericb


text:
User:Williamborg

Hi. Please leave messages at Wikipedia User:Williamborg.

title: User:Williamborg


text:
User talk:Williamborg

Please leave messages at Wikipedia user:Williamborg.

 * Geophysics Sandbox
 * Signals Sandbox
 * Electromagnetics Sandbox

title: User talk:Williamborg


text:
Talk:Klingon/English dictionary of Klingon words

Untitled
Isn't this more of a thing to go on http://tlh.wiktionary.org/wiki/wIqImu%27ghom:ghItlh%27a%27 ? Bawolff 04:31, 13 April 2007 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook:Pie Floater

| Cuisine of Australia

The pie floater is a meal consisting of a meat pie served upside down in a dish of pea soup. It is common in South Australia, and sometimes seen in other parts of Australia. The pie floater is a popular midnight snack for drinkers and revelers.

Ingredients

 * 1 meat pie (commercial pies are fine)
 * 1 can pea soup

Procedure

 * 1) Heat the pie in an oven. A microwave will not work as well, as the pie pastry will not be crisp.
 * 2) Heat the pea soup separately.
 * 3) Place the pie upside down in the dish, and pour the pea soup around it until the dish is full.

title: Cookbook:Pie Floater


text:
Wikijunior:Human Body/Skeleton

The skeleton is the part of our body that allows it to keep its shape. It is made up of hundreds of connected bones, each with a different role.

An adult skeleton system has 206 bones. The longest is the thigh bone - femur The smallest inside the ear - ossicles.

Parts of the Skeleton

 * Tibia = Shin Bone
 * Clavicle = Collarbone
 * Vertebrae = Spine/Backbone
 * Femur = Thigh
 * Mandible = Jaw
 * Scapula = Shoulder Bone
 * Humerus = Arm
 * Patella = Kneecap
 * Pelvis = Hip
 * Cranium = Skull
 * Phalanges = Fingers and Toes

Functions of the Skeleton
The skeleton has five main functions:
 * Support - the skeleton is the 'frame' which supports the body, allowing us to maintain our shape.
 * Attachment - muscles, tendons and ligaments attach to the surface of the bones.
 * Movement - skeletal muscles allow us to move around and these are attached to the skeleton by tendons. If it were not for the skeleton, movement would be much harder and would be very restricted.
 * Protection - the skeleton protects most of the vital organs. For example the skull protects the brain and the ribcage protects the lungs and the heart.
 * Blood cell production - blood cells are made inside bone marrow, which is found in bones of the skeleton.

Structure of the Skeleton
Bones contain blood vessels, nerve cells and living bones. A non-living hard matter of calcium and phosphorous protects these.

Skeleton Joints
Joints are the meeting point of bones. These restrict as well as facilitate movement of bones. Fixed joint, movable joints , ball and socket joints , pivot joints, etc., are different types of joints.

title: Wikijunior:Human Body/Skeleton


text: Main Page/test2

title: Main Page/test2


text:
Talk:Proteomics/Protein Separations - Chromatography

Should this page be merged with Organic Chemistry/Analytical techniques/Chromatography? Most of the information on this page applies to all chromatography, perhaps a small page detailing protein separation specific information be sufficient, along with a link to a general chromatography page?


text:
Talk:Organic Chemistry/Analytical techniques/Chromatography

The Proteomics/Protein Separations - Chromatography page is much more detailed than this page, should the two be merged?

No, because that's a different book with a different emphasis. Ewen 12:37, 16 April 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:Wintermin

Hi, my name's Michael.

title: User:Wintermin


text:
Linear Algebra/Partitioned Matrices

A partitioned matrix also called a block matrix is a partition of a matrix into rectangular smaller matrices called blocks.

The matrix $$P$$ can be partitioned into 4 2×2 blocks
 * $$P = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 1 & 2 & 2\\ 1 & 1 & 2 & 2\\ 3 & 3 & 4 & 4\\ 3 & 3 & 4 & 4\end{bmatrix}$$

 * $$P_{11} = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix},  P_{12} = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 2\\ 2 & 2\end{bmatrix}, P_{21} = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 3 \\ 3 & 3 \end{bmatrix},  P_{22} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & 4\\ 4 & 4\end{bmatrix}$$

Then we can write the partitioned matrix like this
 * $$P_{\text{partitioned}} = \begin{bmatrix}

P_{11} & P_{12} \\ P_{21} & P_{22} \end{bmatrix}$$

title: Linear Algebra/Partitioned Matrices


text:
Linear Algebra/Zero Matrices and Zero Vectors/

Zero Matrix
A zero matrix is a matrix with all its entries being zero. An example of a zero matrix is

$$M = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$$

Zero Vector
A zero vector also called a null vector is a vector with all its entries being zero. An example of a zero vector is

$$\vec{v}=(0, 0, 0, 0)$$


text:
Indonesian/Q&A

Re: Note: The word "tinggal" is a tricky word. If it is used alone (not conjugated), it means to live or to stay. However, if you conjugate it, it means to leave or to die. Many people got confused on this. Think of it in Indonesian culture perspective. Many indigenous Indonesian believe that when people die, their soul is here to stay.

Correction: The word "meninggal" which means "to die," was created because when one dies, he or she departs from this world. Therefore the correct word for "to die" in Indonesian is "meninggal dunia." Literally it means "to depart from the world." The colloquial word or slang word for this is "meninggal."

Example:
 * 1) Pandu, panduan, pemandu, memandu.
 * 2) Tinggal, tinggalkan, meninggal, meninggalkan.

title: Indonesian/Q&A


text:
User talk:198.236.64.24

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks. -- Jomegat 16:31, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.236.64.24