text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outreach/Christian Citizenship (Malaysia)

4. Explain the meaning of and reason for the National Anthem, and recite the words from memory.
Negaraku (Malay)

 * Negaraku, tanah tumpahnya darahku,
 * Rakyat hidup, bersatu dan maju,
 * Rahmat bahagia, Tuhan kurniakan,
 * Raja kita, selamat bertakhta.
 * Rahmat bahagia, Tuhan kurniakan,
 * Raja kita, selamat bertakhta.

History of 'Negaraku' song

At the time of independence, each of the eleven States of Malaya that made up the Federation had their own anthem, but there was no anthem for the Federation as a whole. Tunku Abdul Rahman, at the time the Chief Minister and Minister for Home Affairs, organized and presided over a committee for the purpose of choosing a suitable national anthem. On his suggestion, a worldwide competition was launched. 514 entries were received from all over the world. None were deemed suitable.

Next the committee decided to invite selected composers of international repute to submit compositions for consideration. The composers chosen were Benjamin Britten, Sir William Walton who had recently composed the march for Queen Elizabeth II's coronation, the American opera composer Gian Carlo Menotti and Zubir Said, who later composed the National Anthem of Singapore. They were all turned down too.

The Committee then turned to the Perak State Anthem. On August 5, 1957 it was selected on account of the "traditional flavour" of its melody. New lyrics for the National Anthem were written jointly by the Panel of Judges— with the Tunku himself playing the leading role. At the time this melody was, while still the State Anthem of Perak, Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan.

The song had been very popular on the island of Mahé in the Seychelles. where the Sultan of Perak had formerly been living in exile. He heard it at a public band concert on the island, a song to a popular French melody, originally composed by the lyricist Pierre-Jean de Béranger (1780–1857), who was born and died in Paris. When a member of the Perak royal family was invited to a reception in Europe, he was asked what his state anthem was. Realizing that his state did not in fact possess an anthem, he, in order not to appear backward in front of his hosts, proceeded to hum the aforementioned tune. Thus was an anthem born.

The song was later introduced into an Indonesian Bangsawan (Opera), which was performing in Singapore. In no time at all, the melody became extremely popular and was given the name Terang Bulan. Aside from its dignity and prestige as the Perak State Anthem, the song became a Malayan "evergreen", playing at parties, in cabarets and sung by almost everybody in the 1920s and 1930s. (Today, of course, since independence, it is not played as a popular melody, and any such use is proscribed by statute.)

The anthem was given a new quick march beat in 1992, which proved unpopular. Some Malaysians have gone as far as to say that the altered tempo resembled circus music, and was the subject of much derision. In July, 2003 it was reported in the Malaysian press that the anthem would be rearranged for the second time and the title and lyric would be changed from Negaraku to Malaysiaku. There was a public outcry of dismay and the change of name was scrapped, but the anthem was re-arranged and returned to the pre-1992 pace by composer Wah Idris.

5. Give the rights and responsibilities of a citizen of your country.
As in the MALAYSIAN FEDERAL CONSTITUTION

PART II - FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES

'''Article 5. Liberty of the person.'''

(1) No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty, save in accordance with law.

(2) Where complaint is made to a High Court or any judge thereof that a person is being unlawfully detained the court shall inquire into the complaint and, unless satisfied that the detention is lawful, shall order him to be produced before the court and release him.

(3) Where a person is arrested he shall be informed as soon as may be of the grounds of his arrest and shall be allowed to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice.

(4) Where a person is arrested and not released he shall without unreasonable delay, and in any case within twenty-four hours (excluding the time of any necessary journey) be produced before a magistrate and shall not be further detained in custody without the magistrate's authority: a) Provided that this Clause shall not apply to the arrest or detention of any person under the existing law relating to restricted residence, and all the provisions of this Clause shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Article as from Merdeka Day: b) Provided further that in its application to a person, other than a citizen, who is arrested or detained under the law relating to immigration, this Clause shall be read as if there were substituted for the words "without unreasonable delay, and in any case within twenty-four hours (excluding the time of any necessary journey)" the words "within fourteen days": c) And provided further that in the case of an arrest for an offence which is triable by a Syariah court, references in this Clause to a magistrate shall be construed as including references to a judge of a Syariah court.

(5) Clauses (3) and (4) do not apply to an enemy alien.

'''Article 6. Slavery and forced labour prohibited.'''

(1) No person shall be held in slavery.

(2) All forms of forced labour are prohibited, but Parliament may by law provide for compulsory service for national purposes.

(3) Work or service required from any person as a consequence of a conviction or a finding of guilt in a court of law shall not be taken to be forced labour within the meaning of this Article, provided that such work or service is carried out under the supervision and control of a public authority.

(4) Where by any written law the whole or any part of the functions of any public authority is to be carried on by another public authority, for the purpose of enabling those functions to be performed the employees of the first mentioned public authority shall be bound to serve the second mentioned public authority, and their service with the second mentioned public authority shall not be taken to be forced labour within the meaning of this Article, and no such employee shall be entitled to demand any right from either the first mentioned or the second mentioned public authority by reason of the transfer of his employment.

'''Article 7. Protection against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials'''

(1) No person shall be punished for an act or omission which was not punishable by law when it was done or made, and no person shall suffer greater punishment for an offence than was prescribed by law at the time it was committed.

(2) A person who has been acquitted or convicted of an offence shall not be tried again for the same offence except where the conviction or acquittal has been quashed and a retrial ordered by a court superior to that by which he was acquitted or convicted.

'''Article 8. Equality'''

(1) All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law.

(2) Except as expressly authorized by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion, race, descent or place of birth or gender in any law or in the appointment to any office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment.

(3) There shall be no discrimination in favour of any person on the ground that he is a subject of the Ruler of any State.

(4) No public authority shall discriminate against any person on the ground that he is resident or carrying on business in any part of the Federation outside the jurisdiction of the authority.

(5) This Article does not invalidate or prohibit - (a) any provision regulating personal law; (b) any provision or practice restricting office or employment connected with the affairs of any religion, or of an institution managed by a group professing any religion, to persons professing that religion; (c) any provision for the protection, well-being or advancement of the aboriginal peoples of the Malay Peninsula (including the reservation of land) or the reservation to aborigines of a reasonable proportion of suitable positions in the public service; (d) any provision prescribing residence in a State or part of a State as a qualification for election or appointment to any authority having jurisdiction only in that State or part, or for voting in such an election; (e) any provision of a Constitution of a State, being or corresponding to a provision in force immediately before Merdeka Day; (f) any provision restricting enlistment in the Malay Regiment to Malays.

'''Article 9. Prohibition of banishment and freedom of movement.'''

(1) No citizen shall be banished or excluded from the Federation.

(2) Subject to Clause (3) and to any law relating to the security of the Federation or any part thereof, public order, public health, or the punishment of offenders, every citizen has the right to move freely throughout the Federation and to reside in any part thereof.

(3) So long as under this Constitution any other State is in a special position as compared with the States of Malaya, Parliament may by law impose restrictions, as between that State and other States, on the rights conferred by Clause (2) in respect of movement and residence.

'''Article 10. Freedom of speech, assembly and association.'''

(1) Subject to Clauses (2), (3) and (4) - (a) every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression; (b) all citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) all citizens have the right to form associations.

(2) Parliament may by law impose - (a) on the rights conferred by paragraph (a) of Clause (1),such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, friendly relations with other countries, public order or morality and restrictions designed to protect the privileges of Parliament or of any Legislative Assembly or to provide against contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to any offence; (b) on the right conferred by paragraph (b) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, or public order; (c) on the right conferred by paragraph (c) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, public order or morality.

(3) Restrictions on the right to form associations conferred by paragraph (c) of Clause (1) may also be imposed by any law relating to labour or education.

(4) In imposing restrictions in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof or public order under Clause (2) (a), Parliament may pass law prohibiting the questioning of any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III, article 152, 153 or 181 otherwise than in relation to the implementation thereof as may be specified in such law.

'''Article 11. Freedom of religion.'''

(1) Every person has the right to profess and practice his religion and, subject to Clause (4), to propagate it.

(2) No person shall be compelled to pay any tax the proceeds of which are specially allocated in whole or in part for the purposes of a religion other than his own.

(3) Every religious group has the right - (a) to manage its own religious affairs; (b) to establish and maintain institutions for religious or charitable purposes; and (c) to acquire and own property and hold and administer it in accordance with law.

(4) State law and in respect of the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya, federal law may control or restrict the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief among persons professing the religion of Islam.

(5) This Article does not authorize any act contrary to any general law relating to public order, public health or morality.

'''Article 12. Rights in respect of education.'''

(1) Without prejudice to the generality of Article 8, there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the grounds only of religion, race, descent or place of birth- (a) in the administration of any educational institution maintained by a public authority, and, in particular, the admission of pupils or students or the payment of fees; or (b) in providing out of the funds of a public authority financial aid for the maintenance or education of pupils or students in any educational institution (whether or not maintained by a public authority and whether within or outside the Federation).

(2) Every religious group has the right to establish and maintain institutions for the education of children in its own religion, and there shall be no discrimination on the ground only of religion in any law relating to such institutions or in the administration of any such law; but it shall be lawful for the Federation or a State to establish or maintain or assist in establishing or maintaining Islamic institutions or provide or assist in providing instruction in the religion of Islam and incur such expenditure as may be necessary for the purpose.

(3) No person shall be required to receive instruction in or take part in any ceremony or act of worship of a religion other than his own.

(4) For the purposes of Clause (3) the religion of a person under the age of eighteen years shall be decided by his parent or guardian.

'''Article 13. Rights to property.'''

(1) No person shall be deprived of property save in accordance with law.

(2) No law shall provide for the compulsory acquisition or use of property without adequate compensation.

6. Have an interview with a local, regional, or national official of your country, and learn about his duties.
It is generally easier to get a local official to agree to an interview, though it is often more exciting to interview a more prominent person. The interview can be accomplished during a club meeting, and multiple Pathfinders can ask questions. Invite your guest well ahead of time, and make sure everyone in the club is on time. A visit by an official would be a very good reason to have everyone in the club wear their class A uniforms. If desired, you can make up several questions ahead of time, writing them on index cards, and distributing them to the members of your club. But do not be so rigid as to not allow them to ask spontaneous questions. Having questions prepared ahead of time on index cards are a good way to get things rolling. Here are some suggested questions:
 * Could you describe a typical day at work?
 * What is the most difficult part of your job?
 * What is the most satisfying aspect of your job?
 * To whom do you report?
 * How did you get your position? Were you elected, appointed, or hired?
 * How should a young person prepare for a life of public service?

7. Write a one-page essay or give a two-minute oral report about a famous person in your country. Mention what he has done to gain his recognition.
In 1954 Tunku Abdul Rahman led a delegation to London to seek independence for Malaya, but the trip proved to be unfruitful. The British were reluctant to grant independence unless there was evidence that the different races in Malaya were able to work together and cooperate in a new and independent country.

As successor, Abdul Rahman saw a way around this by forming a political alliance with the Malayan Chinese Association called the Alliance Party. The coalition proved to be popular among the people. The Alliance was later joined by the Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) in 1955, representing the Indian community.

In the same year, the first federal general election was held, and the Alliance Party (Perikatan) won fifty-one out of the fifty-two seats contested. Abdul Rahman was elected as Malaya's first Chief Minister. Tunku Abdul Rahman proclaiming Malayan independence later in 1955 Abdul Rahman made another trip to London to negotiate Malayan independence, and 31 August 1957 was decided as the date for independence. When the British flag was lowered in Kuala Lumpur on Independence Day, Abdul Rahman led the crowd in announcing "Merdeka!" (Freedom!).

Abdul Rahman dominated the politics of independent Malaya (which became Malaysia in 1963), and led the Alliance to landslide wins in the 1959, and 1964 general elections. The formation of Malaysia was one of Abdul Rahman's greatest achievements. In 1961 he made a speech at the Foreign Correspondents Association of Southeast Asia in Singapore, proposing a federation Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak, and Brunei. On 16 September 1963, with the federation of all these states except Brunei, Abdul Rahman was formally restyled Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Abdul Rahman initiated the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) in 1961, grouping Malaya, Thailand and the Philippines. This grouping was later replaced by a larger grouping, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) which was formed on 8 August 1967.

At the 1969 general election, the Alliance's majority was greatly reduced. Demonstrations following the elections sparked the May 13 racial riots in Kuala Lumpur. Some UMNO leaders led by Tun Abdul Razak were critical of Abdul Rahman's leadership during these events, and an emergency committee MAGERAN took power and declared a state of emergency. Abdul Rahman's powers as Prime Minister were severely curtailed, and on 22 September 1970, he was forced to resign as Prime Minister in favour of Abdul Razak. He subsequently resigned as UMNO President in June 1971.

a. Make a list of ten famous quotations from leaders of your country.
1. “To develop the human capital, we want our citizens to be fully equipped with knowledge, practice good moral values, have a broad mind, love the country and possess the physical and spiritual strength,” - Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (Prime Minister of Malaysia).

2. “In general, writing in a blog does not give you immunity from being sued” - Datuk Zaid Ibrahim (top lawyer and MP).

3. “There must be space on the blogosphere for free and fair comment, which is anathema in the mainstream media where important national issues and prominent personalities are concerned.” – Lim Kit Siang (DAP Chief).

4. “This could be a litmus test for our digital media as they need to sort out conventional laws from our cyber laws.” – Datuk Ruhanie Ahmad (former senior Member of Parliament).

5. “Developing countries like Malaysia should have a say in changing the world financial system since we have faced the problems that it has caused.” – Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad (Malaysia 4th prime minister).

6. "Title is not the measurement of a man but by his contribution" – Sudirman (Famous singer).

7. “In addition to education, you must always equip yourself through training and sharpening your skill all the time,” – Tunku Abdul Rahman (Malaysia 1st Prime Minister).

b. Make a list of ten famous historic places in your country.
1. Melaka Sultanate Palace - A replica of the Melaka Sultanate palace was reconstructed at the foot of St. Paul's Hill. The design is based on the description of the palace from the sixteenth-century 'Malay Annals,' or 'Sejarah Melayu.' It is the only building of its kind in Malaysia, and it provides a rare glimpse of the ancient Malay kingdom that once flourished here. The palace houses the Malacca Cultural Museum, which includes many artifacts of that kingdom.

2. St. Paul’s Church - On top of St. Paul's Hill is the St. Paul's Church, once the prayer house of the Portuguese Catholics, then turned into burial ground for their noble dead by the Dutch. The tombstones have Latin and Portuguese inscriptions on them. St. Francis Xavier was buried here in 1553 before his body was moved to Goa in India.

3. A’ Famosa - After the Portuguese captured Melaka, they built a fortress to defend themselves. The fortress, called A'Famosa suffered severe destruction during the Dutch invasion. What's left today is just the entrance walls, still well preserved till today

4. The Stadthuys - was the official residence of the Dutch Governor. It now houses the Historic Museum and Ethnography Museum which has many traditional bridal costumes and relics on display. Nearby, one will also find the Christ Church built in 1753, another fine example of the Dutch architecture.

5. The Kampung Keling Mosque - is one of the oldest in the country (17th century). It's a blend of Sumatran and Western architecture with a 3 tier pyramid roof, a touch of Hindu influence perhaps. The carved wooden ceiling is supported by elegant Corinthian-styled columns.

6. The Cheng Hoon Temple - was constructed in 1645 and is believed to be the oldest Chinese temple in the country. The eaves of the temple are decorated with Mythological figures and animation made from broken glass and porcelain. Besides the figures, the wood carvings and lacquer work are almost breath-taking.

7. Baba and Nyonya Heritage Museum - 'Straits Chinese' or the Baba and Nyonya, are Chinese of noble descendants that have adopted much of the Malay culture into theirs. The public can now review the heirloom unique to this heritage at private museum run by the Babas and Nyonyas of Malacca. Floral and pictorial motifs grace parts of the front of the house while the interior is adorned with intricately carved fittings finished in gold leaf.

8. Hang Jebat and Hang Kasturi's mausoleum - Two of the Malacca Sultanate's well-known warriors and champion of justice. Hang Jebat was unceremoniously killed by Hang Tuah in a duel of honour that lasted 3 days and 3 nights. He was killed in the name of justice to avenge the sultan's hasty punishment against Hang Tuah for a crime he didn't commit.

9. Hang Tuah's well - located in Kampung Duyong where Hang Tuah was born and spent his childhood among four of his good friends who would later become the famous warriors of Malacca Sultanate. The well is said to be the abode of his soul which takes the apparition of a white crocodile. For a commoner to catch the glimpse of Hang Tuah is hardly likely. It is said that the holy among us can ever hope to see the apparition.

10. Maritime Museum - is constructed after 'Flora De La Mar', the Portuguese ship that sank off the Coast of Malacca on its way to Portugal. With its hull laden with invaluable treasures seized from Malacca, the ship was doomed from existence had it not for the efforts to Malacca's heritage. At the museum, visitor can get a closer look at Malacca from the famed Malay Sultanate of the 14th century to the Portuguese era, the Dutch era and the British era. There are exhibits of foreign ships that had once called at the port of Malacca during the height of its maritime hegemony.

c. Make a list of ten famous historic events in your country.
1. 24th Feb 1948 - First Meeting for the Federal Council of the Federation of Malaya.

2. 15 July 1956 - The launching of Federal Military Office by Major General F.H. Brooks.

3. 31 August 1957 – The Independence of the then Malaya (National day). Later changed to Malaysia.

4. 12 September 1959 - The First Parliamentary Seating of Malay Federation by D.Y.M.M. Yang di-Pertuan Agong Pertama Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad.

5. 25 January 1960 - The inaugural opening of the Federation of Malaya Conference by His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The Late Tuanku Abdul Rahman Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad.

6. 31 January 1963 - The launching of Television Malaysia by Y.T.M Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

7. 15 January 1965 - The launching of SEACOM (Telekom Cabel System).

8. 5 December 1974 - The official opening of Bank Simpanan Nasional by Tun Abdul Razak, the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

9. 9 July 1985 - The first Proton saga was manufactured. The Proton car became the best selling car in the local passenger car for both the Malaysian and overseas markets since 1990.

10. 15 September 1992 - The Petronas Twin Towers project was launched together with Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) Project. The twin Towers have 88 floors in each of the towers and full height 0f 451.9 m above ground level. Thus it had been acknowledged by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban habitat as the new tallest building in the world, making them a new world landmark right in Kuala Lumpur.

9. Describe what you can do as a citizen to help your church and country.
The best way to help either your church or your country is by getting involved. Edmund Burke, an English philosopher summed this up when he said "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing."

In your church, this means that you will show up for services on a regular basis. It also means you will support it with your tithes and offering, show up for business meetings, and not wait to be asked before you volunteer your services. If you see something that needs done, do it. If you do not have the skill to do it, or you think that you need permission first, talk to your pastor, an elder, deacon, or deaconess. Find your ministry!

For your country, it is much the same. Show up for public meetings, stay informed about the issues of the day, vote if you are eligible, and pay your taxes fairly and promptly.

10. Go through the steps of an individual acquiring citizenship in the country and learn how this is done.
Most Malaysians are granted citizenship by lex soli. All Malaysians are Federal citizens with no formal citizenships within the individual states except for states and the federal territory in East Malaysia where state citizenship is privilege and distinguishable from the Peninsula.[citation needed] Every citizen is issued with a biometric smartchip identity card, known as MyKad, at the age of 12, and must carry the card at all times. A citizen is required to present his or her identity card to the police, or in the case of an emergency, to any military personnel, to be identified.[citation needed] If the card cannot be produced immediately, the person technically has 24 hours under the law to produce it at the nearest police station

The criteria to be a Malaysian citizen are:

 * 1.	Every person born before Malaysia Day who is a citizen of the Malaysia by virtue of these provisions.

 * 2.	Every person who immediately before Merdeka Day, was a citizen of Malaysia by virtue of any of the provisions of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, whether by operation of law or otherwise.

 * 3.	Every person born within Malaysia on or after Merdeka Day and before October, 1962.

 * 4.	Any person born within Malaysia but whose parents are foreign can acquire citizenship after a period of 6 years.

 * 5.	Every person born within Malaysia after September 1962, of whose parents one at least was at the time of the birth either a citizen or permanently resident in Malaysia, or who was not born a citizen of any other country.

 * 6.	Every person born outside Malaysia on or after Merdeka Day whose father was a citizen at the time of his birth and either was born in Malaysia or was at the time of the birth in service under the Government of Malaysia or of a State.

 * 7.	Every person born outside Malaysia on or after Merdeka Day whose father was a citizen at the time of the birth if the birth was, or is, within 1 year of its occurrence or within such longer period as in any particular case was or is allowed by the Malaysian Government, registered at a consulate of Malaysia or, if it occurred in Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei or North Borneo, registered with the Federal Government.

 * 8.	Every person born on or after Malaysia Day, and having any of the qualifications specified below:

 * a)	Every person born within Malaysia of whose parents one at least is at the time of the birth either a citizen or permanently resident in Malaysia

 * b)	Every person born outside the Malaysia whose father is at the time of the birth a citizen and either was born in Malaysia or is at the time of the birth in the service of the Federation or of a State.

 * c)	Every person born outside Malaysia whose father is at the time of the birth a citizen and whose birth is, within 1 year of its occurrence or within such longer period as the Malaysian Government may in any particular case allow, registered at a consulate of Malaysia or, if it occurs in Brunei or in a territory prescribed for this purpose by order of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, registered with the Malaysian Government.

 * d)	Every person born in Singapore of whose parents one at least is at the time of the birth a citizen and who is not born citizen otherwise than by virtue of this paragraph.

 * e)	Every person born within Malaysia who is not born a citizen of any country otherwise than by virtue of this paragraph.

A person can become a citizen of Malaysia either by registration or naturalization. In cases by registration, where a person is by operation of law is a citizen but have yet to be registered, such person is entitled to citizenship upon application and be registered as a citizen of Malaysia. For cases by naturalization, this refers to the process of admitting a person not a citizen of Malaysia to citizenship. This is subjected to the requirements and conditions of the Federal Government. Any person holding Malaysian citizenship is also disallowed to hold any other country's citizenship. Malaysia does not allow dual citizenship.

Those applying for citizenship by registration must have "an elementary knowledge of the Malay language". Those applying to become naturalised citizens must have "an adequate knowledge of the Malay language" and have resided in the country for ten of the past twelve years, including the twelve months immediately preceding the application. These requirements are set out by Part III of the Constitution; however, as there is no objective definition of what constitutes elementary or adequate knowledge of Malay, in practice, the tests are often subjective, sometimes even varying in whether a written knowledge of Malay is required.

11. Know how to explain the process of government in your country.
Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy. The federal head of state of Malaysia is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commonly referred to as the King of Malaysia. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term among the nine hereditary Sultans of the Malay states; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection.

The system of government in Malaysia is closely modeled on that of Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British colonial rule. In practice however, more power is vested in the executive branch of government than in the legislative, and the judiciary has been weakened by sustained attacks by the government during the Mahathir era. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has been governed by a multi-party coalition known as the Barisan Nasional (formerly known as the Alliance).

Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicameral parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (literally the "Chamber of the People") and the upper house, the Senate or Dewan Negara (literally the "Chamber of the Nation"). The 222-member House of Representatives are elected from single-member constituencies that are drawn based on population for a maximum term of five years. All 70 Senators sit for three-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, two representing the federal territory of Kuala Lumpur, one each from federal territories of Labuan and Putrajaya, and 40 are appointed by the king. Besides the Parliament at the federal level, each state has a unicameral state legislative chamber (Malay: Dewan Undangan Negeri) whose members are elected from single-member constituencies. Parliamentary elections are held at least once every five years, with the last general election being in March 2008.[40] The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body.

State governments are led by chief ministers (Menteri Besar in Malay states or Ketua Menteri in states without hereditary rulers), who is a state assembly member from the majority party in the Dewan Undangan Negeri.In the states with hereditary rulers,the chief ministers are required to be a Malay Muslim.This discriminatory laws had exist since the early 20th century and are yet to be reviewed

12. Explain the meaning of this statement Jesus made in Matthew 22:21: "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's.
This verse teaches that governmental authority is to be respected, as long as it does not conflict with the moral obligations of being a Christian. Government serves a holy purpose; preserving social order, promoting the well-being of its citizens, and protecting their safety. If you believe that this does not apply today because you see the government as corrupt, you are urged to research the Roman government of the first century A.D. when these words were spoken by Jesus. Was Herod corrupt? Was Pilate just?

13. Explain why laws are established in your country.
The law of Malaysia is mainly based on the common law legal system. This was a direct result of the colonisation of Malaya, Sarawak, and North Borneo by Britain between early 1800s to 1960s. The supreme law of the land the Constitution of Malaysia—sets out the legal framework and rights Malaysian citizens. Federal laws enacted by the Parliament of Malaysia apply throughout the country. There are also state laws enacted by the State Legislative Assembly which applies in the particular state. The constitution of Malaysia also provides for a unique dual justice system the secular laws (criminal and civil) and sharia laws. The operations and relationship between the two legal systems can be complicated and has caused uncertainties.

Prior to the independence in 1957, most of the laws of United Kingdom were imported and either made into local legislations or simply applied as case laws. Malaysian law is also based on other jurisdictions namely Australia and India. The criminal law in Malaysia the Criminal Procedure Code was based on the Indian criminal code. Similarly, the Contracts Act is based on the Indian model. Malaysian land law is based on the Australian Torrens system.

The Constitution of Malaysia, or the Federal Constitution, is the supreme law of the land. It provides the legal framework for the laws, legislations, courts, and other administrative aspects of the law. It also defines the government and monarch, and their powers, as well as the rights of the citizens. (Please refer to the attached Malaysia Constitution file attached.)

The dual system of law is provided in Article 121(1A) of the Constitution of Malaysia. Article 3 also provides that Islamic law is a state law matter with the exception for the Federal Territories of Malaysia. Islamic law refers to the sharia law, and in Malaysia it is known and spelled as syariah. The court is known as the Syariah Court. Looking at the Malaysian legal system as a whole, sharia law plays a relatively minimal role in defining the laws on the country. First and foremost, sharia law only applies to Muslims. With regards to civil law, the Syariah courts shall have jurisdiction in personal law matters, for example, marriage, inheritance, and apostasy. In some states, there is the sharia criminal laws, for example, the Kelantan Syariah Criminal Code Enactment 1993. Their jurisdiction is however limited to imposing fines for an amount not more than RM 3000, and imprisonment to not more than 6 months. In August 2007, the then Chief Justice of Malaysia proposed to replace the current common law application in Malaysia with sharia law.

Complications have arisen with regard to the dual justice system. An example of this will be in the context of freedom of religion. Article 11 of the Constitution provides that "Every person has the right to profess and practice his religion". However in the case of Lina Joy a (Malay) who converted to Christianity the Federal Court of Malaysia refused to allow her to change her religion indicated in her identity card (MyKad). The judges held that they had no jurisdiction on the matter that it was a matter of the Syariah Court, as indicated in Article 121(1A) of the Constitution.

Federal laws are made by legislators (members of Parliament and senators) sitting in the Parliament of Malaysia and applies nationwide. State laws are made by assemblymen sitting in the State Legislative Assembly (Dewan Undangan Negeri) and only apply in the particular state. Article 75 of the “Constitution” clearly states that a federal law shall prevail over any inconsistent state laws, including sharia laws.

The states of Sabah and Sarawak joined Malaya and Singapore to form Malaysia in 1963, and there are special laws applicable only to these two states. An important area in this regard is the immigration law. Other areas of law peculiar to these two states are land law. Generally, land matters and natural resource management is a federal law matter. However, there are special provisions in the Constitution allowing for the states of Sabah and Sarawak to create separate legislations. For example, in the Peninsular, the National Land Code governs most of the laws relating to land. In Sabah, the main legislation is the Sabah Land Ordinance; and in Sarawak, the Sarawak Land Code.

The laws of Malaysia can be divided into two types of laws written law and unwritten law. Written laws are laws which have been enacted in the constitution or in legislations. Unwritten laws are laws which are not contained in any statutes and can be found in case decisions. This is known as the common law or case law. In situations where there is no law governing a particular circumstance, Malaysian case law may apply. If there is no Malaysian case law, English case law can be applied. There are instances where Australian, Indian, and Singaporean cases are used as persuasive authorities.

The application of English law or common law is specified in the statutes. Section 5 of the Criminal Procedure Code states that English law shall be applied in cases where no specific legislation has been enacted. Similarly, in the context of civil law, Sections 3 and 5 of the Civil Law Act allows for the application of English common law, equity rules, and statutes in Malaysian civil cases where no specific laws have been made. In 2007, the then Chief Justice of Malaysia, Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim questioned to need to resort to the English common law despite Malaysia having already been independent for 50 years and proposed to replace it with Islamic law jurisprudence or sharia law. However, the Malaysian Bar Council responded by saying that the common law is part of Malaysian legal system and that there is no basis to replace it. Court appeals to the Privy Council in England have already been abolished in 1985. The principle of stare decisis also applies in Malaysian law. This means that any decisions by a court higher in the hierarchy will be binding upon the lower courts.

Another source of unwritten laws are the customary laws. Most ethnic groups in Malaysia have their own customary law which they follow. Some have the force of law, while some has lost its force after being superseded by Parliament legislations. The Malays in Peninsular Malaysia adhere to the Adat which mainly deals with land tenure and inheritance. The two main forms of adat are Adat Perpatih and Adat Temenggong. Adat Perpatih has matrilineal characteristics and Adat Temenggong has patrilineal characteristics.

In East Malaysia there are also customary laws which are still in force. These laws apply mainly in the rural areas, and they are enforced by the Native Court. In Sabah, an unconventional form of punishment that can be imposed by the Native Court is sogit, which is a form of compensation whereby a wrongdoer may be ordered to pay in the form of livestock or crops. The Native Court is governed by the Native Court Enactment, and the decisions of the court can be appealed to the mainstream courts of Malaysia. In Peninsular, a similar court is the Penghulu Court. There are also Chinese and Hindu customary laws mainly relating to family law matters. However, following an enactment in 1976 these laws have lost their effects.

About the Author
MG Daniel Victor had been a Pathfinder since the age of 9 and has been in the Pathfinder ministry for almost 30 years. He had served in various leadership roles in the many Pathfinder clubs in Peninsular Malaysia Mission (PEM). Currently, he is serving as an elder in Hope Adventist Church Malaysia as well as the Administrative Director of Fedora Pathfinder Club and Fedora Adventurer Club. He had completed both Pathfinder Leadership Award (PLA) as well as Advanced Pathfinder Leadership Award (APLA) or otherwise known as Pathfinder Instructor Award (PIA). He is a dedicated leader who not only has passion to serve the Lord with his best but he also enjoys working with young people with a goal to nurture them to become leaders. He is married to MG Jane Daniel and together this lovely couple serve in their local church as well as with many other churches in Peninsular Malaysia Mission.


text:
User:Silviya Karaivanova

Hello, It's me ! I am a student in Tehnical University of Sofia. I took participation in this great project of our tutor Kiril Mechkov.I think that it's a really helpful for me. One good tutor like Kiril Mechkov knows how to allocate duties among the students in order to make the best use of the special aptitudes of each student. All that I need is a good tutor like him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Silviya Karaivanova


text:
User talk:Darkkey

Welcome message
Welcome, Darkkey!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Webaware talk 09:45, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Hello!
Hi Darkkey,

I added an image depicting the national flag of Malaysia and copied text from Wikipedia describing it. Thanks for starting the page! If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask! --Jomegat (talk) 16:41, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Signing contributions
Hi Darkkey,

It would be better if you did not sign each contribution you make to Wikibooks. If you are the primary contributor to a chapter in the AY Honors Answer Book, you can make an About the Author page and include that at the end of the chapter just after the "References" section. To make it do that, just add this text: One of the Wikibooks bureaucrats has already removed your signature from the Stars honor, and it would not really be appropriate to add an about the author section there (since I wrote most of that one). But if you are the primary author of a chapter, you are encouraged to add a blurb at the bottom. See the Radio Electronics honor for how I added mine to one. --Jomegat (talk) 00:54, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Image:Cheng Hoon Temple.png is missing license or source information

 * Please be sure to provide source and license information for all your uploads. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:05, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Darkkey


text:
Talk:Soil Mechanics/Soil classification

soil is composed of three components that is sand silt and clay and all of them should be in such a proportion that will be suitable to its existence.

title: Talk:Soil Mechanics/Soil classification


text: User talk:85.12.64.149

title: User talk:85.12.64.149


text:
Translation

Quality – Cost
The cost and quality of a translation can vary. For the professional products especially, you are advised to be wary of extremely low-cost translations, as professional translation is a service that takes time and effort, something a translator would charge for if they are in fact spending the necessary time and effort on it. When publishing a text with an otherwise large total project cost, it would be unwise to save a few dollars on translation and end up with an awkward text. Keep in mind that for the foreign market segments, the translator is just as crucial as your copy-writers. A translation will also need proof-reading and a final review. It is imperative that this be performed independently from the translation.

Professional translators will normally advise against translation into any language other than the translator's mother tongue. If you want something translated into German, you should ask a person whose native language is German. The same applies to French, Russian and English. To a certain extent this also applies to American, British and Australian. Large differences exist between Spanish spoken in Europe as opposed to Latin American Spanish, or between standard European French as opposed to the French spoken in Quebec. The unabridged version of this guide book can be found on tips about translation.

Finalize the text before starting the translation
No matter how tempting it might be to start the translation work parallel with the authoring, this will invariably turn out to be more expensive than providing a final text for translation. And even worse; it presents a greater risk that there will be errors in the completed product. Sometimes you might not have a choice; the deadlines are so short that the translating has to begin as soon as possible. In such a case, be sure to see to it that all versions of the originals are referenced by version numbers and dates, and that all changes to the text are clearly marked. Time is money, and the time needed to manage changes and correct translations because of errors in the original document will be expensive.

Because translators place your text under close scrutiny, you might try to make use of this opportunity to make sure your original text is comprehensible. Encourage the translator to ask questions, this may reveal any unclear sections and possibly enhance the quality of your text. Perhaps ask for comments back so you can revise it before sending it in for a translation, but this is a service not all translators will provide and will probably cost extra.

That said, take care to have realistic expectations concerning what a translator is able to do, or to fully communicate what you are asking of them. The translator will usually translate one sentence at a time. Re-working the text, considering the document as a whole, and to a certain degree, authoring a totally new and better text will invariably take more time than merely translating it, thus costing more.

Inform the translator of the purpose of your text
A speech is not the same as a web page. A marketing brochure is not the same as a user’s manual or a catalogue. A press release is not the same as an offer of shares for public subscription. You should also consider how the text will be read and interpreted. On one hand there are scientific papers in which each sentence will be thoroughly scrutinized and assessed by critical peers, while on the other hand there are magazine articles that are read only for entertainment, or web pages that are merely browsed for general content.

Everything; style, wording, and sentence construction will vary according to where the text will be presented and the purpose it is intended to serve. Paying attention to these issues will assure you maximal impact in terms of your message. This may have substantial influence on the price. A glossy brochure in which every word and sentence is “polished” may understandably be more expensive than a rough translation of an internal memo.

Provide enough time for the translator to perform her/his work. Today, no one can afford to sit around waiting for a job that will arrive "probably on Tuesday, maybe not until Wednesday". Most translators are freelancers, working late evenings as well as weekends. They will appreciate very much receiving early notification of when the job will arrive, so that they can plan their own schedule.

Technical issues
It is a well known fact that last minute changes, headings, abbreviations, line breaks or other changes to the words may ruin an otherwise perfect text. Always be careful about making changes over the telephone. This often results in misunderstandings.

Typographical conventions vary from country to country; the use of the apostrophe, quotation marks, numbers, and comma varies. Paper sizes also vary – in Europe the sheet is called A4 while other countries use Legal or Letter. These sizes are somewhat different, and thus they will not hold the same amount of text per page. A very common problem is that the space for text in text boxes and figure call-outs is too limited. In cases where everything is packed into a limited space, one has to use abbreviations, a practice that does not result in a clear text.

To avoid ambiguity, write dates using the ISO/ANSI standard yyyy-mm-dd, i.e. 2005-04-02 for April 2, 2005 (this format is also adopted by the UN). Also remember that eight o’clock might be AM or PM, so please use the twenty-four hour clock: 08:00 and 20:00. Why? If you write a date as 02-04-05 (02/04/05), it may mean April 2, 2005 or February 4, 2005, or April 5, 2002. Historically, it may also mean April 2, 1905.

Typography regarding numbers, such as 10,000.00 and 10.000,00 differ from country to country; not to mention the meanings of words regarding numbers, such as “billion”. One ”milliard” (1 000 000 000) in Norwegian means one billion in the US, whereas one ”billion” (1 000 000 000 000) in Norway means one trillion in the US.

File formats
Large translation agencies will normally receive all kinds of formats, graphics, drawings, and faxes.

Please note that there is considerably more work required in translating single words spread over a graphic image than translating a free-flowing text in MS Word format. If it is possible to give the translator a clean text file for translation and then later place the text where it is supposed to be in the printed material, this will result in overall savings.

Special fonts or intricate formatting will also add to the translator’s work load. Do you really want the translator to spend time on graphic specialties that are routine tasks for the DTP specialist? If funded, you can save money / meet your needs better by using the appropriate 'craftsman' for the specific task to be done, and if you are working on a budget, your pockets will benefit if you save these minor, yet complex tasks for yourself after the translation.

Normally you will achieve the best and most cost-effective result by supplying your translator with Word-files. PDF-files have to be converted and formatted before translation, and they may, expectedly, charge you a fee for this.

E-mail
These days, almost all documents are exchanged via e-mail. Be aware that one cannot count on E-mail messages reaching the addressee in every case. It may arrive tomorrow or a few days after. It may get tangled up with other e-mails, or it may disappear entirely. There have been instances where mail servers have lost thousands of e-mails without notifying either party. This is an unfortunate occurrence, but it does happen from time to time. One way to deal with this is to send follow up e-mails.

Machine translation – Computer Assisted Translation
Some people are looking for software that can translate the text directly on their PC. In case you need to translate a segment of text solely for your own use, machine translation may be of some assistance, though if you use it for presentational or communicative purposes of your own intent to others, it can make you seem to be expressing confidently something you didn't mean to say.

That said, if you do want to translate what others said, keeping in mind it may not be entirely accurate/understandable, it is quick and inexpensive; some services are even free of charge. Like

 * Freetranslation
 * Babelfish
 *

Again, these are usually not suitable for serious translation of a text you want to send someone else – the result will make you appear to be inarticulate or stupid. For an amusing trial run, you might try to have your PC translate some text from English into a foreign language and then back into English. Having seen the result, I can guarantee that you will not want to use that text for any sort of occupational purposes.

Careful editing of a machine translated text by a skilled translator is an alternative, but it will not save you any expenses overall. Most translators will tell you that a machine translated text is so bad that it would be quicker and less expensive to do the job over again manually.

Several software companies, of which Trados, Déjà Vu and WordFast, are the best known, have developed software to assist translation agencies and translators in their work. In addition, few companies, provide cheap translation solutions like CAT LanguageProz.

Such software can be valuable time-savers when translating repetitive texts. The greatest advantage though, is that the software makes it easier to ensure consistency throughout the translation, i.e. repeated terms or expressions will be translated the same way in all documents. CAT (Computer Assisted Translation)

Does back translation work?
First, you translate from language A to language B. Then, as a measure to assess quality, you translate the text back to the original language A, which allows you to compare the result with the original. This seems like an attractive method for checking the translation, but actually the translator will have far too many synonyms from which to choose, so back translation will be a futile exercise in terms of quality assurance. People who have participated in such experiments, generally agree that it provides useful experience and some new knowledge for the translator; however, as a quality check it is of little value. In this respect, structured checks and proof-reading will prove to be more efficient and considerably less expensive.

Think internationally from the start - Localizing
Localizing means more than just translation; it also means that the text content will be adapted to the culture of the country/geography in question. The translator will need to know how local telephone numbers and addresses should be treated. Should they be replaced by addresses in the target country or should country codes in addition to ”the official name of the country” be added? What about given names and names of places used as examples in the text? Should, for example, ”Knut Hansen” be replaced by ”John Smith”, and ”Kongsberg” by ”Detroit”?

Regarding addresses linking to web sites, are these the same for the English, Norwegian, and German editions? For websites, inform the translator of how screen menu items are to be treated. Are they intended to remain in the original language on the screen, or are they to be displayed in the target language?

To facilitate localization, culture-specific phrases should be avoided as far as possible. References to national sports are often misinterpreted or not understood at all in a foreign language, and the same goes for literary and cultural phrases/sayings. Always exercise caution when referring to parts of the human body; these have widely different interpretations in different cultures. Also be careful when using humor, as it may backfire unintentionally. It would be wise to avoid metaphors or puns that are specific to your country or your language; these will force the translator to add elaborate explanations or paraphrases.

Some examples:

”…hook, line and sinker” may be found in English, but what about German and French? The same goes for ”The full Monty”, a phrase indicating nudity which will be totally incomprehensible to Japanese readers. ”Time-out” is a popular expression that will be meaningless to anyone unfamiliar with American sports. ”We’ll hit them for six” is an expression from the sport of cricket that will confuse everybody but the British (In American the expression will be “The whole nine yards”). ”A baker’s dozen” means thirteen. The expression ”Der ligger hunden begravet” (literally ”That’s where the dog is buried”) works fine in Norwegian, but how does one say this in Spanish? When Electrolux launched a sales campaign for a new vacuum cleaner in the USA, they used the slogan “Nothing sucks like an Electrolux”. The expression had another effect than intended. Ford Company failed to break into the Spanish-speaking market with their Nova car (in Spanish “no va” means “does not work”).

Careless and haphazard use of local idioms is rarely funny. Many people may even be offended. Local coloring may be retained if deemed necessary; however you might want to check with the translator as to what is possible and/or sensible. The translator may well be given free rein, but please keep in mind that if they do provide this service, it may be expensive, as you are asking a lot of thought, time, and creativity of them.

Simplification
When you have hundreds of pages of text to be translated, take a moment to consider the situation. Is it actually necessary to translate all of the pages, or would it be possible to translate an abbreviated version? A quick consultation with your contributors (if you're not the author) to decide what information is indispensable is always a good idea.

A little effort at an early stage may save considerable expenses later on. Elaborate descriptions and bombastic statements on internal affairs can often improve a text by being deleted. Internal trade terminology should always be used sparingly unless you are 100% certain who your target readership is.

Last year a large technical company sent a 500-page user’s manual to a company named TransLogic, asking them to have it simplified and finalized. The result was a reduction of some 230 pages before the translating itself had started, and the outsourcer was surprised to find that the manual turned out to be an even better product following the trimming.

title: Translation


text: User talk:203.27.235.41

title: User talk:203.27.235.41


text: User talk:195.225.189.9

title: User talk:195.225.189.9


text:
User talk:59.93.10.25

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:39, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:59.93.10.25


text:
User talk:89.139.91.244

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:40, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:89.139.91.244


text: User talk:125.19.209.66

title: User talk:125.19.209.66


text:
Clock and Data Recovery/Introduction/Definition of (phase) jitter

 *  radians and cycles, radian/sec and Hertz

angles or phases

In the context of periodic phenomena, such as a wave, phase angle is synonymous with phase.

In the context of communication waveforms, the time-variant angle $$\scriptstyle 2 \pi f t + \theta,\,$$  or its modulo $$\scriptstyle 2\pi$$ value, is referred to as instantaneous phase, but often just phase.
 * Phases as well as angles are measured in radians or in cycles (or in degrees), and are dimensionless quantities.
 * When checking the plausibility of an equation by dimensional analysis, it may be useful to include, along with the dimensions of the other involved quantities, also the radian and the cycle (as appropriate) when an angle or a phase is involved.
 * The correctness check may become easier and the mistake of adding (or of not adding) a 2π may be avoided.

time intervals and frequencies
 * When checking the correctness of an equation that deals with times and frequencies by dimensional analysis, it is useful to include also the radian and the cycle where appropriate.
 * It becomes easier to tell time constants from periods, and frequencies from angular frequencies, and to avoid uncertainties or mistakes.

 * CDRs and parts per million of frequency mismatch
 * When dealing with frequencies that differ very little from each other, the scale of parts per million is a useful tool.
 * Parts per million, denoted as ppm, is used to give a relative measure of the frequency difference of two oscillators.
 * For example if an oscillator runs at 155 MHz and another at 155.13 MHz, they differ by (155.13 106 – 155 106)/(155 106) = 8,38006832978792 10-4 which is the same as 838 ppm.
 * The free running frequency of a slave CDR may differ no more than 50 ppm from the frequency of its remote master (not a stringent requirement if assisted by a low cost quartz crystal), or 10000 ppm (easy even with an RC oscillator home made!), or differ less than 1 ppm, still without big cost concerns.
 * For instance, less than 0.5 ppm accuracy for a local (not locked) oscillator is becoming standard for GPS receivers inside mobile phones nowadays.
 * Less than 0.01 ppm would mean professional equipment

Definition of (phase) jitter
Although the term jitter, strictly speaking, may refer to several properties of a signal, it refers most often to the phase of the signal. In this book it always means jitter of the signal phase, only. The phase is defined at discrete instants only, that is at the transitions of the signal through a certain level threshold.

More formally, jitter is here defined as:

The (jittering) time difference between corresponding transitions of two signals

Instead of the jitter in seconds it is convenient to represent the related quantity jitter*ωp (in radian) or jitter*fp in UI (Unit Interval) i.e. as a fraction of the period corresponding to the transmission of one pulse. The true dimension of jitter remains seconds and not the dimension-less related quantities that are used for convenience. The reconciliation shall be made with a division by, for instance, ωp and a phase delay of 0.86 rad is in actuality a jitter (= a time delay) of 0.86/ωp seconds. The jitter in such case can only be defined (and measured) when a clock transition and its corresponding data transition are present. This point, in addition to the reluctance to use an "ideal" reference in a definition, explains the (equivalent) definition given above.
 * 1) In some cases it is convenient to remove the reference to the frequency of the pulses of the transmitted signal (ωp or fp where ωp = 2πfp).
 * 1) The ITU-T defines jitter as the variation of a digital signal’s transitions from their ideal positions in time, for instance in G.810, where jitter and wander are defined accordingly, with separation boundary at 10 Hz:
 * (timing) jitter: The short-term variations of the significant instants of a timing signal from their ideal positions in time (where short-term implies that these variations are of frequency greater than or equal to 10 Hz).
 * wander: The long-term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their ideal position in time (where long-term implies that these variations are of frequency less than 10 Hz).
 * In the scope of CDRs however, the jitter is between a clock waveform and (the clock implicit in) a NRZ data stream.

Jitter and phase noise: the same thing?
Jitter and phase noise are descriptions of the same phenomenon from different points of view.

Generally speaking, radio frequency engineers speak of the phase noise of an oscillator, whereas digital system engineers work with the jitter of a clock, as pointed out in the Wikipedia definition of phase noise.

A mountain may look different from different points of view. It may be difficult to imagine the view from a point different from the present one.

Passing from jitter to phase noise may be equally difficult and some caution is necessary. It is important to keep in mind that the jitter in a CDR is the sum of unwanted phase deviations (noise) and of the useful signal (the phase that the CDR wants to acquire and to stay locked into).

Total noise and phase noise (jitter)
Generally speaking, a waveform is affected by both amplitude and phase noise.

But a clock waveform (sinusoidal or square) does not vary in amplitude, and just jitters.

Therefore the side-bands of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of a clock signal are phase-noise side-bands, i.e. jitter side-bands.

More precisely, the upper side-band translated into base-band is nothing but the jitter PSD! (divided by 2)

When the signal is not a clock but a data stream (NRZ or encoded), its PSD explodes into many small replicas of the clock spectrum and may become even a continuous shape if the encoding data are casual.

A dedicated CDR block, the phase comparator, is used to output a meaningful comparison result between an encoded signal and a clock that are presented at its two inputs.

Eye diagram
On the screen of an oscilloscope, triggering the display with the clock signal, it is possible to display such clock and an NRZ data stream associated with it.

Signals on the scope

The subsequent traces of the data waveform trace different patterns, owing to the random nature of the source data.

Note that the physical limitation of slew rate and of signal bandwidth reduce the slope and smooth the corners of the signal transitions.

The presence of noise, of intersymbol interference and of various types of distortions, that affect any real transmission, make the individual traces spread out and differ from each other.

In practice, the pattern of a train of “eyes”, the "eye pattern" will appear on the scope.

Why call it an "eye" diagram?

During the signal transmission, noise, intersymbol interference, channel non linearities and jitter are added to the signal.

The eye diagram at the receiving end (using the regenerated, jittered clock to trigger the scope) shows a closing eye.
 * The closing eye corresponds in fact to a signal that is less easily detected (= less “visible”).
 * The receiver in fact "sees" each received pulse only once, stroboscopically at the eye center, every time when the regenerated clock samples the signal.
 * Although the received signal could be further amplified and clamped before the actual sampling (see below), the eye diagram is very representative of the link conditions and is often used to specify important conditions that the receiver must tolerate.
 * Errors of regeneration occur when the upper or the lower "lids" of the eye "blink" to the eye mid level.

When the data stream is a coded multilevel signal, the diagram shows a stack of eyes. 3-level eye diagram

Relative phase
The received signal can be strongly amplified and then limited, so that, as a result, it switches rapidly between two opposite levels. The time position of its abrupt level transitions still betray the analog and imperfect nature of the signal.

In the signal, the transitions through the mid-level amplitude carry the timing information.

The positions of the level transitions move continuously back and forth in an irregular, almost nervous, manner (= they jitter). If the vibration reaches as far as the middle point before the next transition (= the center of the eye diagram), the bit level in the received signal may be falsely detected (= errored bit).

Jitter (and wander) definition
For a precise mathematical definition of the jitter, the first step is to clearly define the reference.

The instantaneous phase of the signal originated by the transmit clock (= that is the phase of the transmit clock itself) is the reference, and it is represented by $$\omega$$t.

Any further processing of the signal will add a fixed delay d plus a small, irregularly variable (= jittery) contribution to the signal phase, that will become then: ωt + d ω + j(t). The phase jitter j(t) is the part additional to the phase of the original signal and to the transit delay.

The reference frequency of the signal is $$\omega$$0 (radian/second).

A periodic signal (the shape is not important) is defined as: p($\omega$0t) where $$\omega$$0 is a constant. In other words, $$\omega$$0t can be viewed as the output phase of an ideal, noise-less and drift-less oscillator of angular frequency $$\omega$$0. A signal of the type: p($\omega$0t + x(t)) where x(t) is in radian, represents an angular phase and describes a deviation from the perfectly linear phase increase $$\omega$$0t, is a jittered version of p($$\omega$$0t), and $$\tfrac{x(t)}{\omega_0} $$ is the jitter in seconds. The jitter added to the (otherwise linear) phase of a constant frequency signal

In some practical cases it is useful to distinguish between the AC part of x(t) – and call it jitter in a restricted sense - from its very low frequency components – and call that wander -.

The wander part of the jitter is made up by the low frequency (or truly DC, which is nothing but a frequency drift) components. More precisely, the wander components are the low frequency ones that impact in the topic under study only with unidirectional, slow but large, deviations. During the duration of the phenomenon being studied, the drift components last less than one half cycle at their frequency (their period is more than twice the interval of time being considered). The jitter proper is made by the components relevant to the topic under study as periodic functions of time (or as functions of j$$\omega$$ in the mathematical model).

A slow, large deviation of the signal phase from $$\omega$$0t would be seen on the scope as a drift of the eye diagram to the left (negative time variation) or to the right (positive time variation).

The eye drift of a real signal, although slow, exhibits in practice the same random behavior of the jitter in general. This drifting sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left, is called wander.

To control something, you must first be able to measure it (Engineering principle)
How to measure jitter then?

Oscilloscopes and spectrum analysers are the fundamental tools.

A really excellent tutorial on this fundamental aspect are the 6 lessons from Ransom Stephens in: Tektronix Jitter 360° Knowledge Series from http://www.tek.com/learning/.

A good concise paper with reference to the various standards for jitter is the Agilent article .


text:
Talk:First Aid/Electrocution

Perhaps we don't need this.
It seems almost repetitive to have 2 different sections on both Electrical burns and Electrocution when we can cover both in one. So why not put this up for deletion and move the info over to Electrical Burns. --Nugger (talk) 15:07, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Aid/Electrocution


text:
Talk:First Aid/Burns

Made some changes.
Those changes under that IP address are mine. Gotta start remembering to log in ;) --Nugger (talk) 15:10, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Aid/Burns


text: User talk:208.122.69.191

title: User talk:208.122.69.191


text: User talk:75.47.101.253

title: User talk:75.47.101.253


text:
User talk:Maditv

Welcome to Wikibooks, Maditv! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:56, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I just deleted one of your pages because it doesn't fit within our project scope. Please be sure you're at the right project before adding more pages -- we write textbooks here, not fiction. If you need help with anything, feel free to ask! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:56, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maditv


text: User talk:Hhman

title: User talk:Hhman


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Viruses, Prions, and Viroids


text:
User talk:193.120.116.177

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-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:24, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:193.120.116.177


text:
Cookbook:Noodles for Soup

From the 1881 Household Cyclopedia

Ingredients

 * 1 egg
 * Flour

Procedure

 * 1) Beat the egg. Mix and knead in flour until you have a very stiff dough.
 * 2) Roll the dough out into a thin sheet.
 * 3) Sprinkle the dough with a good amount of flour to prevent it from sticking to itself. Tightly roll up the dough to make a log.
 * 4) Use a sharp knife to cut the log cross-wise into thin slices, similar to how you would slice cabbage for slaw. Unroll the noodles and toss with flour.
 * 5) Add the noodles to boiling soup. Simmer for 10 minutes.

title: Cookbook:Noodles for Soup


text:
Cookbook:Mutton Broth

This recipe for mutton broth has been adapted into modern language from the 1881 Household Cyclopedia.

Ingredients

 * 3 pounds scrag of fresh mutton neck, cut into several pieces
 * 2 quarts cold water
 * A few turnips, cut into slices
 * A few branches fresh parsley
 * 1 sprig fresh thyme
 * Salt

Procedure

 * 1) Wash the mutton pieces, then place in a pot.
 * 2) Cover the mutton with the cold water. Bring to a boil, then skim well.
 * 3) Add the turnips, parsley, thyme, and a little salt.
 * 4) Boil gently for 1½ hours. Let cool slightly, and skim the fat from the surface.
 * 5) Strain through a fine sieve to remove the solids.
 * 6) Cool thoroughly and as quickly as possible to prevent spoilage.
 * 7) Store in the fridge or freezer until use.

title: Cookbook:Mutton Broth


text:
User talk:144.30.39.161

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-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:02, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:144.30.39.161


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/on edit

Statement
(+)	Appearance		(+)	Standard			Console

Syntax
ON EDIT {FN userFunction|GOSUB{lineNumber|"stmtLabel"}}

Description
This statement designates a particular function or subroutine as an edit-event handling routine. An edit-event handling routine is called in response to a keypress, if there is an active editable edit field in the current output window. After such a keypress event occurs, FB does not call your designated routine immediately. Instead, your program continues executing until the next HANDLEEVENTS statement is reached; at that time, FB calls your designated routine once for each keypress event that occurred. FB calls your routine without displaying the new character in the edit field. Your edit-event handling routine should examine the TEKEY$ function to determine which key was pressed. To apply that character (or some other character of your choice) to the edit field, your routine should execute the TEKEY$ statement. If you have not designated any edit-event handling routine, then HANDLEEVENTS applies the keypress directly to the current edit field. The most common use for an edit-event handling routine is to inhibit or alter the display of certain kinds of characters in the edit field. In most cases, you will want the following keys to be processed normally:
 * CHR$(8) (delete)
 * CHR$(28) (left arrow)
 * CHR$(29) (right arrow)
 * CHR$(30) (up arrow)
 * CHR$(31) (down arrow)
 * CHR$(13) (Return (if edit field type allows Return's))

Example
This program limits the entered contents of the edit field to a number of not more than four digits. DEF FN DoEdit '(prototype) WINDOW 1 TEXT _sysFont, 12 EDIT FIELD 1,"",(10,10)-(100,30),_framedNoCR ON EDIT FN DoEdit DO ÊÊÊHANDLEEVENTS UNTIL _false END '-- LOCAL FN DoEdit theKey$ = TEKEY$ efID = WINDOW(_efNum) SELECT CASE theKey$ CASE "0","1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9" LONG IF LEN(EDIT$(efID)) < 4 TEKEY$ = theKey$ 'display the digit XELSE BEEP 'Too many digits! END IF CASE CHR$(8),CHR$(28),CHR$(29),CHR$(30),CHR$(31) TEKEY$ = theKey$ 'Apply the cursor movement CASE ELSE BEEP 'Illegal character! END SELECT END FN

Note: If you use the ON EDIT FN userFunction syntax, then userFunction must refer to a function which was defined or prototyped at an earlier location in the source code. Your edit-event handling function should not take any parameters, nor return a result. The following kinds of keypresses do not trigger a call to your edit-event handling routine:

 * Menu Command-key equivalents;
 * -period;
 * Arrow keys in a direction that the insertion point can't move (these generate DIALOG events instead);
 * Modifier keys (e.g. Shift, Control, etc.) by themselves.

If there is no active editable edit field in the current window or if you are running under the Appearance Compliant runtime, keypresses are treated as DIALOG events (see the _evKey event in the DIALOG function).

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/on edit