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User talk:Jenniferjkidd

Dr. Kidd, Thanks a lot for your time and effort in responding my email! I appreciate it very much... I will see you this Friday.Teachtheworld (talk) 00:09, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

hey Jen, this is the best user page ever. But, where's your philosophy of education, huh?Jkauf007 (talk) 01:04, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Even though you are the professor for my class I wanted to get a bit more history on you. I am really excited for you with your new addition arriving soon. I am also the mother of three children and they are everything. Moms define their success based on the childrens accomplishments. I am truly blessed because all three of my children are healthy, happy and doing well in school. I hope to make them proud by earning my degree. I have always wanted to teach and have talked about it so much. This is my third try at getting my degree. I am determined and with the support of my family and the good lord I will succeed. I know you will enjoy your new baby as you have shown great mothering pride in all the pictures of your other children. Thanks for taking the time to teach us this semester.Pbrit001 (talk) 00:51, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Wow you sound like you are an excellent teacher! My devotion is to be just like you!!! =-) Brownie points!!!  Mclar005 (talk) 20:07, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

No License Data
Hello, two of the images you uploaded of your family (File:Expanded family.jpg and File:Expanded family2.jpg) have no license attached. If you could add the license they were released under, that would be great. Thanks. Unusual? Quite TalkQu 14:20, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Wiki introduction
Hi Jenniferjkidd,

I've noticed that some of the contributors to the class project that you seem to be one of the leaders of have had some problems getting accustomed to the wiki interface. Perhaps they could use reading up on some of the documentation that we have. Unfortunately, much of it is poor and some of us are trying to get it up to shape. Comments on what is unclear would be greatly appreciated.

Cheers, --Swift (talk) 21:35, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The following two comments moved from User talk:Swift. If I leave you a note on your talk page, please reply there.
 * Hi Swift,
 * Thanks for asking. I have found that posting a picture can be problematic - especially figuring out the licensing. Does everyone need to include a summary of their pic, for example? I also haven't found a specific page that provides a simple easy to use guide to Wikicode. For example, a list of desired outcomes and then steps or links to step by step instructions for how to accomplish this. Does such a thing exist? I've tried to create something of the sort for by students (for example, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Education_and_Instructional_Assessment/Edition_4/How_to_Use_this_Book_Table_of_Contents/Posting_an_Article_and_Posting_a_Picture_, but if something you all have done already exists, that's even better.Jenniferjkidd (talk) 15:31, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry for being intruding. I thought you had a problem with vandalism, when I looked at my watchlist.  The answers to most of your questions can be found in the list I'm providing, and mostly on the Help page..
 * Help:Contents
 * Help:Editing
 * Help:Uploading_Images -- Retropunk (talk) 17:23, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Many thanks to Retropunk for seeing the notice. Had you read these pages? If not, where had you looked for help so far? If we know that, we might be able to better figure out how to increase the accessibility. I know the organsiation of our help pages is currently lousy and your comments are really appreciated. I've made a note of these issues as being of particular interest.
 * Another helpful page is Help:Talk page. As he noted, Retropunk thought you were commenting on vandalism. There is a tab up top, near the edit tab, that allows you to add a new section rather than appending it to the previous one (can't remember what it says as I've changed it to a "+" in my settings).
 * Please also have a quick look at the welcome templates (I personally prefer the bigwelcome). These can be used to welcome new users and give then a quick outline of the project and where to seek help. Please use it if you think it's useful and give us feedback if you see areas for improvement. --Swift (talk) 02:02, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jenniferjkidd


text:
Metabolomics

etabolism has been studied on some level for hundreds or thousands of years. People often associate metabolism with nutrition. In the life sciences, a detailed discussion of metabolism is usually presented in a variety of courses, including introductory biology, cell biology, microbiology and biochemistry. With the advent of the human genome project, there is a shift in perspective in the life sciences to something called "systems biology" in which we view living organisms or groups of organisms as systems with a number of components. The question then becomes, "if I perturb the system by changing concentrations of a component, or I remove a component or I add a new component, how is that going to affect the system?

This site is being developed at the Rochester Institute of Technology for the purpose of introducing a systems biology perspective to the traditional metabolism course that is part of our one year biochemistry course sequence. Here is a proposed time line within our program.

2008 Project Begins. We are simply trying to populate the topics with links to excellent web resources and open access articles. Students will write brief summaries of each resource they identify.

2009 Project Refinements. We will re-evaluate the table of contents and reorganize it to reflect the most important content areas, adding or removing additional table of contents entries as appropriate. Students will actually write individual chapters based on the linked web resources and open access articles.

2010 Working Textbook. The second draft of each chapter will be prepared and input will be solicited from the broader community of life science educators. This refinement process will continue indefinitely until either (a) metabolomics is incorporated into all existing educational materials relating to metabolism or (b) my preferred choice - online textbooks become the norm, freeing students from the cost of purchase and freeing faculty from having 1000 kg of textbooks on their shelves.

Please also view our book on Proteomics.

Table of Contents

 * 1) /Introduction to Metabolomics/
 * 2) /Metabolites/
 * 3) /Hormones/
 * 4) /Analytical Methods/
 * 5) /Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control/
 * 6) /Nutrition/
 * 7) /Databases/
 * 8) /Applications/
 * 9) /Contributors/

Biochemie und Pathobiochemie

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Metabolomics


text:
User:Kuminal~enwikibooks

Polish is my native language. I was born 12.07.1975. I have MA with computer science and I have LIC with psyhics My main hobbies: Science fiction, physics and computer science. I'm technical advisory engineer and I working in Włocławek. I live in Włocławek Poland, and I'm from to Poland. Before I lived in Włocławek, I lived in Bydgoszcz. I'm come from Poland.

My adventures with computer science
My adventure with computer science is since 1994, when I was 1st year student computer science in Toruń. Computer science I finished study in 1999, when I writting MA on topic "Windows 98", where I wrote about Win 98 tools. But IMO I'm better in Win XP than Win 98:P. Beetween 1995 - 1997 I worked as shop assistant. Next my job was job in Lexmark division between 1997-1997, when I finishing computer science. Later between 1999-2001 I worked in firm, which wrote programs. In 2001 april this firm bancruted. My next work where I worked between 2001-2003 was..teacher of computer science. In 2004 to became counsel to optics. 18.12.2004 I to became an expert in firm, where I've been working. Between days 18.12.2004 - 16.08.2005 I was an expert and consuel to Pascal. Next to I to became 01.09.2005 a member watchdog and I was secy of watchdog first to 01.03.2005, later to 23.04.2005 when I piece to disqualification from office, but officjal I'm not member watchdog since 1st May 2005. Since 19.05.2005 to 04.02.2007 I was chief of programist-rad. Since 10th February I work as technical advisory engineer. What I would to do in my work? In my work I do as programmer C++, Pascal etc. And testing operating systems, behavior operating systems in alien milieu e.g behavior Win 98 in NT sistems. Next to in my work I do testing new technologies etc.

About me
My hobbies are: computer science (I've finished MA study and I've written MA about Win 98), science-fictions films, physics (I've finished LIC study with physics and I wrote LIC about optics etc.) and fantasies. In computer science my the biggest interest are operating systems, my favourite operating system is Microsoft Windows XP Professional, which I use as my operating system. In computer science I never like network..I do not why.. And in industry we usually saids: To next run computer! (polish oryginal: Do ponownego uruchomienia kompa).

(english translation by Kuminal)

pl:user:Kuminal

title: User:Kuminal~enwikibooks


text: User talk:98.192.123.196

title: User talk:98.192.123.196


text: User talk:204.114.53.45

title: User talk:204.114.53.45


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Solar System

Solar System
This is inspired by Herby's nom above; as he says, it is merely a skeleton, with little or no content. Also, the subject matter "solar system" is kind of encompassed by the book on Astronomy, but that's just a footnote. --- Anonymous Dissident  Talk 09:26, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * as a stub with (seemingly) a good framework for future expansion. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:31, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I tend towards keep, although I hesitate a little. First off, we have an excellent book on this topic at Wikijunior:Solar System, although we don't delete a book for adult readers just because we have one for children on the same topic. Also, we do have good books at Astronomy and Astrodynamics, although neither of these books seems to focus enough on objects just in our solar system. I say keep it, but tag it with cleanup and expansion templates so people know it needs help. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 21:36, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol merge vote.svg|15px]] Merge with Astronomy - Otherwise the rest of the pages, merging as many substantial opening comments as possible into Astronomy as well. I might be able to organize the book into a hand-crafted  solar system section for Astronomy. Thoughts? Laleena (talk) 22:30, 15 January 2008 (UTC) After reading other comments I am for a delete. Volcanoes, another work of Tannersf, was almost entirely deleted due to the fact that it was just a framework, and I think that Mike was right to delete all but the intro page. I still have not finished rescuing the book from its "VFD pit" into a "completed" book (and Mike is helping me too). I attribute the same conditions to this book, although I am willing to, after deletion, change it into a book not unlike Volcanoes. Cheers, Laleena (talk) 01:46, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Keep - While in its current form it seems to be incredibly shallow, and is even a shadow of the very excellent Wikijunior Solar System book, there is a need for a Solar System book on Wikibooks. My only concern about making an adult-level Wikibook about the Solar System (or perhaps renamed to a more adult sounding Planetary Science) is that it would be difficult in the current format to beat the content about the Solar System on Wikipedia.  Please, oh please, oh please don't merge this into the monstrosity of the Astronomy Wikibook.  I nominated that book (Astronomy) for a VfD because it became the dumping ground for a whole bunch of very disconnected and irrelevant content by several mergists that has taken years of work to try and do something of a clean up from even the previous awful state of that book.  Let's not destroy a good book with inferior content.  If there is a rationale for deleting this book, it is because it is a macropedia and as such is against the terms of WB:WIW.  Even then, I've seen stubby books that are this awful get cleaned up by somebody with strong determination and a vision.  --Rob Horning (talk) 11:53, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * - another abandoned shell of an idea. As RH points out, Wikijunior already has better than this. If someone shows an interest in building an "adult" book (sounds risqué) on the solar system or planetary science, I'm sure they'll not be hampered by the loss of this effort. Webaware talk 07:04, 17 January 2008 (UTC)


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User talk:Frohro~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:41, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Frohro. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Frohro~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:13, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:59, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Frohro~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Penma

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:42, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Please use to provide license information for your image upload. Thanks!  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:45, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Penma


text:
Future Media/Interactive MultiMedia

An inclusive definition for interactive media is illusive if not impossible to write. Interactivity in media can be described by degree, but not by a single, all-encompassing definition. Interactive media has been called a "hybrid media technology" because it can combine any format (print, web, disc, video, audio, virtual reality scene, PDF, web link, etc.) that allow users to respond to content.

Inteactive media is evolving at a faster rate than most other aspects of new technology and multisensory experimentation is bringing startling new considerations into the multimedia mix. Movies an audience can taste, touch, see, hear and feel are not science fiction. User created content on Youtube is a manifestation of people's thirst for interactivity, as that web site gives users ultimate control over content by allowing them to create it themselves.

It's not just access that makes multimedia powerful, but the control over content given to users. Interactive Media authoring programs enable the user to manipulate the materials through linking, sorting, searching and annotating activities.

title: Future Media/Interactive MultiMedia


text:
Future Media/Media Fads Versus Paradigm Shifts

P2P networking is a networking style that does not need the use of a centralized server to share files between computers. This style of networking means that an individual does not need to rent server space to share files with other people on the internet. Ethically and morally, this style of networking tends more towards pirating of anything that is on a person’s computer. It also allows for the passing of viruses. In the eyes of the law, the passing of files over P2P networks that were not bought by the person holding the file, is illegal, but it is very hard for the authorities to track downloads over such networks.

Another paradigm shift that one believes is the most devastating of all is the ability to deceive the general public with editing software. Since the invention of programs like Photoshop, Final Cut Pro, Adobe Audition, and Apple Logic Pro it’s a fairly simple process to take a breaking news story and edit out key parts of the broadcast to make it appear as though something didn’t happen the did or take what a person said out of context. It happens frequently in news stories and it used as a way to spice up a dull story or to try to start some controversy. Whatever the reason, this shift from explaining the news just as it happens to spicing up the news for the sake of ratings is a sad move for our culture and society. It not only doesn’t keep citizens accurately informed but also ruins reputations and could potentially destroy a person’s creditability.

On the more computer tech 'savvy' side of multimedia, a paradigm that affected the actual hardware and computing capabilities which enable multitudes of projects to be done or even conceived, is that of virtualization.

Today’s powerful x86 computer hardware was originally designed to run only a single operating system and a single application, but virtualization breaks that bond, making it possible to run multiple operating systems and multiple applications on the same computer at the same time, increasing the utilization and flexibility of hardware.

Virtualization lets you transform hardware into software. Use software such as VMware ESX Server to transform or “virtualize” the hardware resources of an x86-based computer—including the CPU, RAM, hard disk and network controller—to create a fully functional virtual machine that can run its own operating system and applications just like a “real” computer. Multiple virtual machines share hardware resources without interfering with each other so that you can safely run several operating systems and applications at the same time on a single computer.

Possibilities of this technology are practically limitless and can be applied to all areas, not just multimedia. Many schools and universities are switching to this technology because it is cheaper and also much more hardware efficient.

Smart Drugs: Better Performance Through Biochemistry- In the future, people will take medicine designed not only to prevent, but also to enhance their bodies. According to futurist Dr. James Canton (founder of the think tank Institute for Global Futures), more than half of all Americans are currently using some kind of drug. Over 33% of these individuals take medication with the express purpose of altering their moods or alleviating such things as stress and depression. According to the Philips Health Index, an estimated 15-25% of people take these mentality-shifting drugs (such as Prozac) with the intent to create a heightened sense of alertness and increased performance on the job. Imagine a time when you may find yourself at a competitive disadvantage if you choose not to take enhancement mediation. The Extreme Future, James Canton, pg. 141-143


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Future Media/Social Networking - An On-Line Phenomenon

On-line social networking is a web phenomenon almost beyond compare. At least ten million people have dated on-line as of the beginning of 2008 and the average Myspace site is getting forty hits per day.

If a large part of success is "all about who you know", is on-line social networking the most effective way to build a sphere of friends? Are Facebook and Myspace trends that have reshaped the course of social interaction, or just a total waste of time?


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Future Media/Viral Media

When a video posted on Youtube gets twice the viewing audience as a nationally syndicated TV sitcom show you can be sure that the big networks are paying attention to viral media. It costs about $2.5 million dollars an episode to produce one thirty segment of a television series and it typically takes most of a year to build an audience. A back yard video shot on a $600 digital video camera should not be able to generate more viewers than the networks can get throughout an entire season - but they are.

What makes media go viral (a video, a new band, a photo, a web site, etc.)? Should people who want to communicate learn how to infect the public with a media virus or treat the whole idea like a plague?

title: Future Media/Viral Media


text:
Future Media/Multi-sensory Media Is About To Explode

For several years, media researchers have demonstrated movies that you can taste, smell, and feel. Multimedia developement indicates that people crave any experience that more closely resembles their real-world (TV instead of radio, color TV instead of black and white, high def. TV over standard definition TV, etc.).

Is multisensory multimedia inevitable? Will it replace or supplement books and other conventional media? When will it become available for general consumption at an affordable price? If completely immersive multisensory multimedia becomes common place, what are the implications for you and the rest of society?


text:
Future Media/Virtual Experiences: Now More Like Our Real World

Video games might be the most commonly recognized virtual experience and they become more realistic with each new release. Second Life has become an on-line web phenomenon that attracts a million unique visitors every week. Avitars (a user's alter-ego digital stand-in on the web) populate and ever growing world of virtual environments. The military trains soldiers in a game-like device that turns people into track-balls in order to allow them to navigate an infinite landscape. http://www.virtusphere.com/

What are some potential applications for virtual experiences designed for entertainment, education, marketing, political messages, and other purposes?

All of us have experienced virtual reality to one extent or another. When we become engrossed in a movie or a video game, we enter into a virtual world. For a brief period of time, we lose awareness of the world outside and our consciousness becomes focused on the sounds and images presented on the screen. However, virtual reality and immersive media is not solely reserved for games or media of the such, but it can AND has also been applied in fields such as psychology.

Numerous research in the past 7 years has been dedicated to the use of virtual reality in therapy, especially in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders encountered in clinical practice, if not the most common. Standard treatment consists of psychotropic medication and psychotherapeutic interventions. A key psychotherapeutic intervention is exposure therapy. Exposure can be either imaginal, by having the patient imagine a particular scene (for instance, a traumatic war experience), or in vivo (for instance, having a patient who is afraid of flying go to an airport, watch planes take off, sit in an airplane seat, etc.).

A virtual exposure may have advantages over both imaginal and in vivo exposure. It may be superior to imaginal exposure in that it is much more life-like and therefore might be more effective. At the same time, it has many potential advantages over in vivo exposure. It is generally much less costly; it saves public embarrassment; it can be stopped if the symptoms get overwhelming. In addition, the key aspects can be repeated over and over; for instance, if someone has a fear of flying, and the therapist identifies that the take-off is the anxiety provoking aspect of flying, a virtual take-off can be replayed over and over again. Physiological monitoring of data such as heart or respiration rate is much easier to achieve during virtual than in vivo exposure. Finally, many situations that one would not replay, such as war trauma or sexual assault, can be addressed through the safety of virtual reality.


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Future Media/Emerging Technologies: Preparing For The Next Job Market

In his best seller "The World is Flat", Thomas Friedman states that "anything that can be defined by a set of procedures or formulas, and anything that can be accomplished in cheaper in another country will be outsourced - if it hasn't happened already". There are things we can do to prepare ourselves for this outsourcing of jobs is affecting every profession and the "flattening" of our world.

If we can learn to think like "designers", rather than piggy banks for information we safeguard our own futures. With the advent of the internet, portable devices and powerful search engines, piggy bank employees are being outsourced. There is no indication that artificial intelligence, or any other technology, will ever be able to compete with the creative intelligence of humans. For self preservation, how do we cultivate our own creative potential to a marketable level?

As a result of outsourcing and other disruptive trends in modern society, it will be important to realize what it takes to be successful in the future job market. In the past, talented individuals who were willing to work hard and be honest would end up on top. That will change. From now on, it will be the rule breakers and the innovators, the creative people who can figure out new ways to write the rules who will be successful.


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Future Media/User Generated Media

In the Bible, the book of Genesis says that God made man so he would have someone to fellowship and interact with. It also says that people are made in God's image. Perhaps this helps explain why people are so much more compulsive about interactive media than conventional, traditional, less interactive media (for about five years now, blockbuster video games have made more money than all of the major films combined).

Perhaps the ultimate interactive media is that which an audience creates themselves. Will user generated content replace the media produced by "professionals"? Why does Youtube overwhelm network television shows in viewership? Isn't quality and professional experience important any more? Why do people watch grainy, stupid videos on Youtube? Will they continue to do so, or is this just a brief interlude of bad taste?

title: Future Media/User Generated Media


text: User talk:217.136.53.38

title: User talk:217.136.53.38


text:
Future Media/Media Convergence

In the early 21'st century, a new arena began emerging in technology. The integration of multiple functions that have in the past been confined to individual devices, into a single device. Simply put, one gadget that can perform the job of multiple devices. Until recently, the only machine capble of handling such tasks was the personal computer and computing technology. However, as more and more advances in the technological field were pioneered, items like CD/MP3/DVD players, PDA's and even camera phones began to emerge. Today, such devices are commonplace and not so much a marvel as before. Almost all cellular phones made today have some multi-tasking component integrated into their functionality, with more and more being added each year. Perfect examples of these advanced phones would be the p990, from (Sony Ericsson), which along with the Motorolas Blackberry Phone, was one of the very first PDA/Camera/MP3/Internet devices on the commercial market in the US. Of course, advancements such as these were already made in countries like Japan and Europe, thus are not so much of a surprise to their cultures. However, in the US, technology such as this is still relatively new and extremely costly as well, which is one of the few disadvantages to such devices.

Is the iPhone a music player, video viewer, web browser, GPS, telephone or PDA? The Apple company would answer "yes".

Where will the convergence of media and media management devices (and perhaps everything in society) end? What else can be "converged" after the iPhone? Why are things converging? What, in our society, has not converged and probably never should?

title: Future Media/Media Convergence


text:
Future Media/Other Topics

List and address your own topics on this page.

title: Future Media/Other Topics


text:
Future Media/Field Trip Feedback

Use these pages to provide reflective feedback related to field trips that will take place this semester.

title: Future Media/Field Trip Feedback


text:
User talk:Shethugam

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:55, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shethugam


text:
Advanced Interactive Media/External links

SIGGRAPH may well be the most comprehensive and significant annual world event with regard to emerging multimedia technologies. With historical roots in graphic design and an entirely volunteer staff, it is unique in its perspective and objectives. Those attending get a glimpse at what's next in the fields of film gaming and interactive, multistory, multimedia.


text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Nigeria

| African cuisines

Influences
The cuisine of Nigeria is influenced by its many ethnic groups, as well as neighboring West African nations, British colonialism, and other countries Nigeria has interacted with through trade. New-world foods such as cassava, tomatoes, and maize/corn were introduced by Portuguese traders, and they have since become staple foods.

Characteristics
Nigerian food features a wide variety of flavors, ingredients, and spices, both native and imported. Soups and stews are a staple food often containing assorted vegetables and meats, and they are often served with a variety of swallows like fufu. Dishes are typically hot and peppery.

Meat
A variety of meats are consumed across Nigeria, including beef, goat, lamb, chicken, turkey, and bush meat. Brush-tailed porcupine and cane rats are common bush meat varieties.

Seafood
Fish and other seafood are widely consumed in Nigeria. They can be sourced from the southern coast or the Niger river. Carp, perch, and catfish are common. Stockfish is also widely imported from Scandinavia. Fish may be preserved by smoke-drying to make dryfish.

Fruits and vegetables
Leafy greens are common across Nigeria and go by many names. Popular options include water leaves, African spinach (efo tete), bitter leaves, Lagos spinach (efo shoko), fluted pumpkin leaves (ugwu), jute leaves (ewedu), and scent leaves (efirin).

Yam and taro (cocoyam) are starchy tubers that may be boiled, fried, and/or pounded until soft. Plantains are used similarly.

Grains and legumes
A variety of legumes such as beans and lentils are eaten in Nigeria, typically boiled. Peanuts/groundnuts are common.

Typical grains include rice, millet, and sorghum.

Seasonings
Nigerian food is seasoned with a variety of flavors. Dried ground chili peppers are common, as well as black pepper, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Ground crayfish and fermented products such as iru and ogiri are sources of umami. Stock cubes (Maggi is a popular brand) are also common.

Other
Palm oil and groundnut oil are two very common oils used in Nigerian cooking.

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Nigeria


text:
Category:Nigerian recipes

Recipes from Nigeria.

title: Category:Nigerian recipes


text:
Photography Equipment/DSLR Systems

Unless one purchases and uses only a single body and the kit lens, one's equipment is not a DSLR camera, but a DSLR system, meaning a compatible set of bodies, lenses, and accessories. Indeed, SLR and DSLR bodies in the same system can be interchanged (notably, the same lenses can be used). However, bodies from one system (e.g. Canon EOS) cannot generally be used with lenses from another system (e.g. Nikon F-mount), which becomes a major concern if one has a significant investment in lenses.

Because components are not interchangeable between systems, photographers typically choose one system and remain with it for as long as possible. Few consider owning multiple systems to be economical and switching between systems often entails considerable expense.

The key consideration in selecting a system is the lenses and bodies that one expects to use in future, typically over a 10-30 year time frame: one can expect to acquire additional lenses, and periodically upgrade the body.

Canon and Nikon
The two leading DSLR systems are Canon and Nikon, or more properly the Canon EOS system with Canon EF-mount and the Nikon F-mount system, referring to the lens systems. There are other brands, detailed below, but Canon and Nikon are the preeminent systems, with combined market share of about 89%. While there are significant differences, discussed at Canon and Nikon, they are both widely respected and widely used.

Canon and Nikon have broad ranges of lenses and accessories, and extensive support, so one can easily:
 * rent lenses for them,
 * purchase components and get repairs, and
 * resell equipment in a large market.

Other brands
Other brands of DSLRs include: They use various lens mounts, and have much smaller selections of lenses.
 * Fujifilm
 * Kodak
 * Leica
 * Olympus
 * Panasonic
 * Pentax : Pentax K mount (photo.net) (dpreview.com)
 * Sigma (notable for using the Foveon X3 sensor)
 * Sony (was Konica Minolta) : Sony Alpha mount (photo.net) (dpreview.com)

Why use another brand?
If you are building a new system, any of the major manufacturers can be considered a good choice. Factors to consider would be:

 * Legacy glass: If you have a large collection of older lenses, a DSLR from the same manufacturer may allow you to continue to use them.
 * Features: Different manufacturers take different approaches to the same issues, and you may find one suits you better than the others. An example would be image stabilisation – some makers have chosen to include it as an in-body option, which thus applies to all lenses, while others build stabilising mechanics into the lenses themselves.
 * Price: Naturally, the perceived price to performance ratio will be a major consideration for most buyers.

title: Photography Equipment/DSLR Systems


text:
User talk:142.36.184.153

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:33, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:142.36.184.153


text:
Chechen/Lesson 1

Дарс 1: Хьан цIе хIун ю?

Lesson 1: What's your name?

Дарсан хIума (Lesson Material)
In these lessons, we will learn how to greet another person, ask how they are feeling, and ask what their names are. We will also be able to tell what our names are and engage in simple conversation.

Маршалла хаттар (Greetings)
''Note that the phonetics which are written out for pronunciaton follow English pronunciation rules. The letter ä will represent the palochka, allowing you to make the I sound you have learnt in the Alphabet lesson. This is again temporary, try to read the Cyrillic alphabet instead of the phonetics.''

Notes
 * The greetings, Ассаламу Iалайкум and Салам, along with their replies, Ва Iалайкум ассалам and Ва салам , are derived from the religion of Islam, and borrowed from Arabic. This is a very special greeting to give to a Chechen, especially if you are not Chechen or Muslim. This literally means Peace be upon you, and can be found in many other languages that have had or still have a strong Islamic influence. Again, you do not have to be Muslim to say this greeting.
 * In Chechen, like many European languages, there are two ways to address a person. There is a singular and plural form (Like in English saying you and you all), then there is also a familiar form and polite form. We have encountered these in the greetings Маршалла ду шуьга and хьоьга . The familiar form, хьоьга, is also the same as the singular form, and is used when talking to people you know well or if you are in a younger generation, used amongst people around your age, or talking to your pet dog or cat. The polite form, шуьга , is used when speaking to strangers, teachers, in business, or people of higher status in the social class. It is also used when talking to more than one person. When in doubt, use the polite form.
 * You probably have been either baffled or "laughing" at the way to say yes and no in Chechen. Indeed, you have read the pronunciation correctly. To say yes in Chechen, it is a quick Ha sound but cut it short at the end. To get the sound, try to just blow out air and whilst your mouth is open, stop your breath from both your nose and mouth. Do this really fast and you have just said Yes in Chechen.
 * To say no in Chechen, it is a little different than yes and a bit softer. If you speak sarcasm, all you have to do is give a fake laugh, (ha ha), but hold the first ha longer than the second. You should realise too that luckily Chechen is not a language to be spoken fast like French, Spanish, or even English. Each word needs to be said clearly in order to be understood. Also realise that Chechens are not used to hearing foreigners speak their language, so you need to really emphasise these sounds that sound weird to us English speakers in order to be understood. So try it again bearing this in mind, Haa-ha.

At this point, you might feel frustrated with this new starting vocabulary and the odd sounds of Chechen. It is important to approach language learning in a positive way, and enjoy it. If you feel frustrated, take a deep breath, take a break, and come back to it. The more you practise and look at something, the more it will become natural. Chechen is not like any language you have probably heard of, so of course it will be different, but remember, the results can be very rewarding. And of course, this is a self teaching course, so go at your own pace. You don't have to go on to the next section or lessons until you feel comfortable!

Грамматика (Grammar)
Chechen grammar is extremely complicated for Indo-European language speakers. There are 8 grammatical cases (if you are unfamiliar with a case system, don't worry, we will cover it in the future lessons). This means that a word will change form or add a suffix depending on its action in the sentence. As of now, we will focus on the more spoken aspect of Chechen whilst covering the basic essential parts of the grammar.

ЦIерметдешнаш (Pronouns)
Pronouns are nouns which substitute other nouns in a certain phrase or sentence. For example, in English pronouns are I, you, he, she, it. In Chechen they are:

 * In Chechen there are two ways to say We. These forms are called Inclusive and Exclusive. The inclusive form, Вай, (sometimes pronounced vay depending on the dialect) is used when you are including the listener. (For example: We, both you and me, will go to the store). The exclusive form, Тхо , is used when you are referring to a group which does not include the listener. (For example: We, my friend and I, are going to the store).
 * Note that in Chechen, pronouns are never capitalised unless of course they are starting the sentence. (In English, we always capitalise I in the sentence. Like most European languages, we do not capitalise cо in Chechen).

Классаш и хоттам (Classes and the copula)
Now that we have learnt the pronouns, we can start building our first Chechen sentences. Before we get into constructing our basic sentences, we need to cover some explanations first in English.

The Class System is something unique in the Chechen language. Instead of having each word fall into a gender category such as masculine, feminine, or neuter, Chechen words each belong to a specific class. These determine the grammatical course of the other words in the sentence, especially certain important verbs. There are 6 classes in Chechen, which we can remember as V Y D Y B B "(to help you remember the order: vyu dyubb)" or В Ю Д Ю Б Б. The good part of this class system is that the chart is very easy to memorise and figure out ways to remember it. The bad part is that there isn't really any pattern to determine the class of inanimate objects.

Let's start with the first 2 classes. These are the easier ones to learn, because they actually do have a similar gender attribute found in languages like English and Finnish. This aspect is called natural gender. Meaning if you are talking about a boy, this boy is obviously masculine, along with uncle, grandfather, man, an American man and so on. These words fall into Class 1 (V - В). If the word refers to a woman, such as wife, girl, aunt, a British woman, these words fall into Class 2 (Y - Ю).

But what does this mean? These will make the Chechen copula, to be. A copula is just a technical linguistic word for a verb. In other words, we are now learning the way to make sentences like I am a boy, he is a man, she is a girl and so on. The words am, is, and are will go at the end of the sentence, just like any other verb in Chechen. So you will wind up saying I boy am, he man is, she girl is. And of course these words will change appropriately to the class.

Now let's take a look at how to say am, is, and are in Chechen for the first two classes. (Note: This is called conjugating a verb).

We can look at this chart and easily master it. Just remember in the singular (I, you, he, she, it) that ву always refers to masculine and ю always refers to feminine. In the plural, the copula is the same for both classes. We and the plural form of You both use ду and They use бу. That it! You have just mastered your first 2 classes of Chechen! Now let's use them and make our sentences!

Нохчийн предложни (The Chechen Sentence)
The sentence order in Chechen is Subject + Object/Predicate + Verb (SOV), similar to Korean and Japanese. What does this mean? Take note of the following English examples of sentence structure:

English: I am a boy, and she is a girl.

Chechen: I boy am, and she girl is.

This will take some time to get used to. Just keep practising! But now let's start making some sentences in Chechen. Look at the examples if you have difficulty understand the explanations, some people can just learn a language by seeing examples>

Со кIант ву - I am a boy

Иза кIант ву - He is a boy

Иза йоI ю - She is a girl

Хьо зуда ю - You are a woman

Со кIант ву a хьо йоI ю - I am a boy and you are a girl

Why don't you try a few out yourself? How would you say, "He is a man?" Now translate this sentence from Chechen to English: "Хьо йоI ю я зуда ю? Со зуда ю.". Yes, со кхета that these sentences are very elementary, but we start at the basics and we will build on them.

Культура (Culture)
Note that sometimes the Chechen word, оьздангалла is used to mean culture, but культура is more common.

Ислам нохчийн маттахь (Islam in the Chechen language)
Ассаламу Iалайкум (assalamu alaykum!) Do you remember from this lesson what the proper response would be? Ва Iалайкум Ассалам (wa alaykum assalam!) This greeting comes from the Arabic, peace be upon you, which is also the universal Islamic greeting. Chechnya is a Muslim country and the language has been welcoming influence from Arabic, the original language of the Holy Quran and also used in daily prayers. I am sure you have noticed by now the many sounds that come from Arabic are also found in the Chechen language. Besides these sounds, there are a few phrases that you will commonly hear when listening to Chechens speak their language.

Besides the Islamic greeting, Assalamu alaykum, there are a few others you might encounter, such as ЛаилахIа иллаАллахIа, laa illaha illallah. This means "there is no god but Allah". АллахIа, pronounced Allah, is the Arabic word for the monotheistic God. Chechens might also use the word Дала or Дела as well to refer to God, but АллахIа is more common. Another common Islamic phrase would be ИншАллахIа, inshallah, which literally means "God willing". Some words like the word for thank you, баркалла, have totally integrated into the Chechen language and have derived from the Arabic. In a later lesson, we will learn religious vocabulary and more about religion in Chechnya, but for now, it is a good time to understand the Islamic influence on the Chechen people and their beautiful language.

'''Дика ду! Молодец!''', you have done well so far. How do you like Chechen now? Take a break, review what you have learnt, then move on and read a little about Chechen culture and do the exercises. When you are walking in town, in a store, or whatever the place may be around people, try saying to yourself (not outloud, unless you want people staring at you) these simple sentences, like He is a boy, and he is a man.

title: Chechen/Lesson 1


text:
User talk:MakoWiki

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Laleena (talk) 00:25, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:MakoWiki


text: User talk:4.255.224.216

title: User talk:4.255.224.216


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/poundif

Syntax
[statementBlock1] [ #else [statementBlock2]]
 * 1) if condition
 * 1) endif

Description
is a synonym for. If you use the  statement, you must also use the   statement.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/poundif


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/poundelse

Syntax
[statementBlock1] [ #ELSE [statementBlock2]]
 * 1) IF condition
 * 1) ENDIF

Description
is a synonym for. If you use the  statement, you must also use the   and   statements. In FBtoC  is not supported and   is the only available syntax.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/fnaddress

Syntax
dim as pointer  functionAddress functionAddress = @fn FunctionName

Description
Returns a memory address which can be used to access the function specified by. must be the name of a function which was defined or prototyped at some earlier location in the source code (in a, a  , or a   statement).

The address returned by  can be used in the   statement, in the   statement/function, or to specify a callback function (for instance a Carbon Event handler).

Note
No special notes.


text:
User:Do da rock thing

WELL ME WELL THERS ALOT 2 KNW ABOUT ME WELL 1ST OF ALL I AM AWESOME OF COURSE MY FAVORITE SONG IS DO DA ROCK THING! IF U HAVEN`T NOTICE I AM HELLA HOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! PLUS I LOVE ANIMALS

title: User:Do da rock thing


text: User talk:Someguywithnothingtodo

title: User talk:Someguywithnothingtodo


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Wikibooks talk:Reading room/Projects

writing a book
I was thinking of writing a book about natural science and technology for young learners but I need a group of people who I can work with or someone who is willing to give me advice and walk me through the process. Can I get help Sanezedope (discuss • contribs) 17:46, 23 June 2018 (UTC)
 * See Using Wikibooks QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 11:48, 25 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Reading room/Projects


text: User talk:124.105.56.59

title: User talk:124.105.56.59


text:
User talk:Lilyh21

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title: User talk:Lilyh21


text:
User talk:Fconaway

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title: User talk:Fconaway


text:
User talk:Eaglesfein~enwikibooks

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Eaglesfein. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Eaglesfein~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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User talk:Bwade

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User talk:Twentysand~enwikibooks

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Twentysand. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Twentysand~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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User talk:Kuminal~enwikibooks

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kuminal. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kuminal~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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User talk:Allen Moore

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User talk:Jfarrow

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Cookbook:Monte Cristo Sandwich
G'day, welcome to the Cookbook. Thanks for adding your recipe. I have just formatted it to look like the other recipes in our collection - take a look at it now to see what I mean. You can read about how the Cookbook works here, and talk with other Cookbook contributors here. cheers, Webaware talk 08:39, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Monte Cristo?
A Monte Cristo doesn't neccesarily have to use ham, cheese, etc. I've seen chefs do a lot of different sandwiches and they still call them Monte Cristo sandwiches. I thought a Monte Cristo sandwich was any sandwich that was battered in egg. So does Bobby Flay, Wolfgang Puck, Gordon Ramsay, Morimoto, Alton Brown, Rachael Ray, Sandra Lee, Tyler Florence, Paula Deen, etc. So could I change it? AltonBrownIsAwesome (talk) 23:00, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jfarrow


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User talk:HG~enwikibooks

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called HG. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name HG~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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User talk:Chadrhiggins

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User talk:64.24.25.47

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title: User talk:64.24.25.47


text: User talk:68.93.224.4

title: User talk:68.93.224.4


text:
User talk:OoEtMePasty

Welcome message
G'day, welcome to Wikibooks. It's good to see some new blood working on the Cookbook!

Here's our standard welcome message:

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title: User talk:OoEtMePasty


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Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/osmosis

Diffusion
If you put a dye pill in a glass of water, it will start out concentrated in one place, but as the atoms of water move around by Brownian motion they knock the atoms of dye around until it spreads throughout the glass coloring the water evenly. This property of matter is called DIFFUSION.

Osmosis
Membranes, such as those found in cells, are semipermeable. Large molecules can not pass through the membrane easily, but water can. Osmosis is the flow of water through a membrane from where water is more concentrated to where it is least concentrated. The concentration of water is affected by what is dissolved in it. Items dissolved in water are called Solutes. Most solutes (salts and sugars) are too big to pass through a membrane, but water can. Water will diffuse across the membrane from the side which has more water compared to solute molecules (hypotonic solution) toward the side of the membrane that has more dissolved solutes (The hypertonic solution) until both sides have the same ratio of water to solute (isotonic solution).

Osmosis and cells
Osmosis is something that all cells must learn to deal with. Different cells use different strategies to avoid being damaged by osmotic pressure. An animal cell in a hypotonic solution is in danger of lysis (breaking apart) because the water will flow into the cell making it bulge and expand. A cell in a hypertonic solution will shrivel and lose water (plasmolyze).

Plant cells have a cell wall which prevents lysis when they are in a hypotonic solution. The cells expand until they hit the cell wall and then get no bigger. This is why we can put a flower in a glass of water without worrying about the cells bursting.

Plant cells, however, can plasmolyse. If you put a plant into salt water the cells will shrivel as water rushes out of the cells which have now become a hypotonic solution. Plant cells are not designed to work under such conditions, and so most plants will die if you try to grow them in salt water.

Dealing with Osmotic Pressure
Water is needed for life to function, and osmosis is a physical property that will affect all living organisms. Organisms have evolved different ways to solve this problem. Organisms that live in pure water need to prevent lysis by osmosis. Many of them do so by having a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane to prevent lysis. This includes bacteria, archea, plants, and most algae. Some protists, like the paramecium, have specialized structures to pump water out of the cells. Multicellular organisms, such as humans, prevent osmotic shock by regulating water levels in the cells. A human's skin blocks water from entering except through specific entry points (mainly the mouth). This allows the body to control the salt levels so that most cells are floating in an isotonic solution. The dissolved solute level of the blood and the extracellular fluid is strictly regulated. This is why it is important not to do things that violate the water balance, such as use pure water with your contacts, or to inject water into someone's blood. This is also why animal tissue culture cells are grown in media with the same amount of dissolved solutes.


text:
Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/organelles

Organelles
Eukaryotic cells contain many substructures called organelles. These little organs perform different functions inside the cell.

Nucleus
The largest organelle is the nucleus. This is where the information used to run the cell is found.

A dark spot inside a nucleus is called a nucleolus and this is thought to be the location where ribosomal RNA (ribonucleic acid) is made. Some cells have nucleoli and some cells do not.

The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane. The membrane contains holes called nuclear pores that are used to transport large objects ( such as ribosomes) out of the nucleus.

The endomembrane system
The nucleus works together with a group of organelles that make up what is called the endomembrane system. They are the factories which build the cell.

Ribosomes are small structures found in the cytoplasm which make proteins. When proteins must be inserted into a membrane, or when they must be secreted, then the ribosome will attach to a structure called the rough endoplasmic reticulum where the protein will be made. ( Reticulum means a net.)

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is rough because of the ribosomes on its surface. Proteins made here will travel in small bubbles called vesicles to another organelle called the Golgi apparatus where they are sorted, assembled into larger structures, and sent to different parts of the cell.

The Golgi makes lysosomes which contain digestive enzymes for breaking down food. It also assembles structures that will end up in the plasma membrane.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes. It is thought to be the site of many chemical processes including the synthesis of lipids.

Vesicles
Small round bubbles found in a cell are called vesicles. Some vesicles are simply molecules in transit such as from the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, or from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.

Others have special functions such as lysosomes which contain digestive fluids or peroxisomes that contain chemicals to breakdown harmful oxidants in the cell.

Secretory vesicles are used to store chemicals that will be secreted from the cell. A vesicle that is filled with water is called a vacuole. Plants, for example, have large vacuoles in the center of the cell.

Mitochondria

The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. They produce high energy molecules called ATP (Adenosine tri-phosphate) that are used throughout the cell to drive chemical reactions. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration where sugar is broken down in the presence of oxygen to make energy.

Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are organelles found exclusively in plants and algae. Chloroplasts absorb light and convert it to usable, storable energy for the plant in a process called photosynthesis. This allows plants and algae to be autotrophs - organisms that produce their own food. Chloroplasts primarily use chlorophyll as a pigment to absorb light. Chlorophyll reflects green light, explaining why plants are green. Chloroplasts and photosynthesis are explained in more depth later.

Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis is a theory that proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were, at one point, individual organisms that eventually evolved to be able to live only in a eukaryotic cell. It is proposed that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotes that lived symbiotically (in mutual benefit) inside eukaryotes. For example, the precursors to mitochondria would have benefitted from the supply of sugars by the eukaryote, while the eukaryote would have benefitted from ATP. One major piece of evidence supporting this theory is the fact that both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and replicate independently from the eukaryotic cell.

Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton of a cell is the network of various proteins that maintain the cell's shape. Three major types of fiber exist within the cytoskeleton: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Microfilaments are the smallest of the three and are made of actin, a major component of muscle cells. Intermediate filaments are larger than microfilaments and are made of a variety of proteins. Microtubules are the largest of the three. Along with providing structure for the cell, they also form cilia and flagella [pictured], which protrude from the cell and are responsible for movement.

Centrosomes and Centrioles
Centrosomes are important organelles for cell division (mitosis) in animals. Each centrosome is made of two centrioles and is responsible for making microtubules, which is especially important for splitting DNA evenly into two daughter cells during cell division.


text: User talk:213.176.161.204

title: User talk:213.176.161.204


text:
Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Assignment template

This is a bit of an experiment, but I hope that we will be able to use a template to set up assignments easily. We have a format from Edexcel and dropping the information into the form would be easier than writing a whole form each time.

 * Help:Templates - Wikibooks' help page for templates.
 * Template:BTECNatAppSciAssignment - the template itself.

This is what the template looks like when it's used:

To add the template, add

to the relevant page.

This allows up to six criteria and six tasks per assignment. Are more required? If any are left blank, then the template ignores them.


text:
Template:BTECNatAppSciAssignment

Assignment

title: Template:BTECNatAppSciAssignment


text: User talk:82.71.216.91

title: User talk:82.71.216.91


text:
User talk:204.39.95.9

Webaware talk 13:38, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Blocked
Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 20:00, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:204.39.95.9


text:
Talk:Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Text IO

Text I/O with Non-String Types
I don't see an example of outputting a variable which is not a string, for example, an integer. Is this something that Text_IO can handle? Put and Put_Line only seem to take strings.


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting

Intro
Find the main category of your problem and then see if one of the links within it narrows it down. If you get really stuck, consider following CW's Guide to a Stable Toppy.

Installation & Startup
Auto Scan (for channels): why is it so slow?

Duplicate Channels: can/should they be removed?

Main Menu: why do I get stuck in the Main Menu on startup?

Startup: does not start up properly

Firmware problems: why does my 5800 have problems that others don't?

EPG Data
Duplicate Channels: can/should they be removed?

Missing Channels: why doesn't my Toppy show a particular channel any more?

Missing EPG Data or Gaps: on certain channels

Wrong Data: why is the end (or beginning) of the programme missing from my recording?

Playback
Audio Dropouts: why do I lose audio momentarily, every minute or so?

Interruption (CYR): why is playback (or chase play) interrupted by this daft prompt when a recording starts?

Timeshifting: why did my timeshift suddenly stop (dropped to "Live"), or why can't I rewind to see something again?

Video Corruption: why do I get random glitches in the video, every 30 seconds or so?

Recording
Interruption (CYR): why does a recording interrupt my TV viewing with this daft prompt?

Recording From Standby: why did the Toppy not wakeup from standby for a timer recording?

Short Recordings: why is the end (or beginning) of the programme missing from my recording?

Standby When Recording: can I put the Toppy into Standby when it's recording?

Timeshifting: why did my timeshift suddenly stop (dropped to "Live"), or why can't I rewind to see something again?

Twin Tuner (or "Record Two, Watch a Third"): why are some channels not available to watch, when they usually are?

USB
why wont my PC recognise my Toppy?

why wont Altair etc connect to my Toppy?

why are downloads so slow?

why do my downloads fail?

why cant I upload firmware? It wont wort work with TFDN USB or TopSet 2.0 the Toppy just starts normally

Other
Aspect Ratio: why does it keep changing, when nobody has adjusted that Setting in the Main Menu?

Audio Dropouts: why do I lose audio momentarily, every minute or so?

"Check Your Reservation" (or "CYR"): what on earth does that mean?

Front Display: why does it continue to show the time instead of the channel when not in standby?

Poor English: what do some of the badly worded or confusing options and prompts mean?

Standby When Recording: can I put the Toppy into Standby when it's recording?

Twin Tuner (or "Record Two, Watch a Third"): why are some channels not available to watch, when they usually are?

title: Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting


text:
Cookbook talk:Supper

This definition of supper seems somewhat tautological and uninformative

title: Cookbook talk:Supper


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Install

When the Toppy starts up with no channels (out of the box, or after a Factory Reset) it will only show the Main Menu. In this situation you to go to the Service Search item of the Installation Menu and perform a search for channels. You can use the slow Auto search, or a much better quick manual scan.

If you have TAPs installed you might need to prevent them loading in this state. To do this, press and hold down the '0' button on the remote while the Toppy is starting up.

If you are preparing to do a Factory Reset then either do a channel scan immediately afterwards (before rebooting), or disable all TAPs first using something like TAPCommander.

title: Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Install


text:
User talk:Litso

Welcome!
Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 15:58, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Litso


text:
User talk:Donnie~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Donnie. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Donnie~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:06, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:54, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Donnie~enwikibooks


text: User talk:165.155.208.84

title: User talk:165.155.208.84


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/EPG Duplicates

Due to bugs in the EPG data collection, if the Toppy is left on for a long time it will run out of free slots for new data and there may be gaps, duplicate entries or whole missing channels. Currently, the simplest solution is to regularly switch the Toppy into standby (which helps save electricity, too). (Previous concerns about missing recordings when in standby have been addressed by fixes to the Timers Bug.)


text:
User talk:Swami

Hello, which specific content did you believe violated copyright? I can delete that specific content in the page. Can you please undelete the page, and put it back? Thanks. Swami (talk) 18:44, 4 July 2008 (UTC)swami

title: User talk:Swami


text:
User talk:Afoshee1020

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:09, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Afoshee1020


text: User talk:152.22.0.254

title: User talk:152.22.0.254


text: User talk:72.159.133.22

title: User talk:72.159.133.22


text: User talk:66.203.20.57

title: User talk:66.203.20.57


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Booting

Booting
Boots, shows "RUN", but then restarts.

Front Display continues to show the time instead of the channel when not in standby.

Front Display shows an "E-" error code.

Front Display is stuck on "LOAD".

Stuck in the Main Menu on startup.

title: Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Booting


text: User talk:131.123.184.108

title: User talk:131.123.184.108


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Failsafe

There is a problem with the firmware image in flash memory. You need to re-flash the firmware using one of the Topfield utilities, or one of the tools listed below. To do this you need to have a reliable USB (or serial) connection to the Toppy and you need to prepare the process on the PC/Mac while the Toppy is off, then switch it out of standby so the Boot Loader can perform the firmware flash (this "failsafe" mechanism should always be available). There are known issues when power saving is enabled on USB ports (so disable this feature) and when using the Topfield USB driver under Vista. The Toppy's Boot Loader presents only a small "window of opportunity" for connecting to the PC/Mac, so if it doesn't work first time, try again.

 * TFDN_USB is the Topfield utility for downloading firmwares to the Toppy over USB. (TFD_Down is the serial version.)

 * VegaPack and TopSet can also do this, as well as other useful things.

 * All the above are Windows tools, ToFi is a firmware tool for the Mac.

title: Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Failsafe


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Quick Channel Scan

The Auto scan is quite slow since it has to cover the whole range of UHF channels. Since there are only 6 multiplexes (or muxes) on Freeview it is much quicker to plug in your corresponding 6 local UHF channel numbers into a Manual scan. This (after a Factory Reset) will also eliminate the chance of (poor quality) duplicates being picked up from other nearby transmitters, which can cause grief to TAPs like MyStuff.

 * Find your local transmitter on the DTG Transmitters page or do a search on the Wolfbane Reception Predictor.

 * Note down the 6 different UHF channels for muxes 1, 2, A, B, C and D.

 * Enter these channels one at a time into a Manual search (Installation menu, Service Search item, change the search type to Manual). It is possible that the number range available doesn't cover the channel, effectively stopping you from putting in the channel number. In this case ... i dont know what you can do.

If you're just trying to update to incorporate the latest Freeview channel shuffle then you might be able to just delete the old/moved channels and scan just the particular muxes that have the new channel data.


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Playback Interruption

Because you can (normally) copy parts of a recording during playback, the Toppy reserves one of the two recording slots for this purpose, so you can normally record only one other programme during playback. Therefore, to start a second recording it must interrupt your viewing (with a "CYR" prompt) and stop the playback. But this playback can always be resumed immediately (and the system helpfully sets a bookmark to help you do this).

If you are not bothered about copying recordings then the [Xp PlayNoCYR firmware patch ] will eliminate the interruptions during playback (with the side-effect of preventing copying of recordings).


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Check Your Reservation

The "Check Your Reservation" (or "CYR") prompt is a confusing bit of text asking permission to change what's currently being viewed in order to start a second recording. This is sometimes necessary because the Toppy only has two tuners, so in order to make a second recording it may have to change the tuner being used for the currently viewed channel. If you value your choice of recordings then the correct answer is "Yes" to this prompt (or press Exit, or let it time out), which will cause the channel to be changed and the second recording will be started. If you choose "No" then the second recording will be cancelled.

However, there are bugs/features which mean that this message may interrupt your viewing for no good reason (sometimes you may find you can immediately resume what you were watching after choosing the "Yes" option). The [Xp PlayNoCYR and [Xw] WatchNoCYR firmware patches ] fix these issues, leaving the CYR prompt to only those times when it is actually necessary.


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Timers Bug

The most common cause of a missed recording is when a lot of timers are set and stored in a "bad" order within the Toppy—a bug causes the wrong information to be communicated to the wakeup system. This is fixed by the [T (or [T2]) Timer firmware patch ].

Another possibility is a power cut when the Toppy was in standby. In this case, the Toppy will (ordinarily) stay on standby when the power is restored. But it is likely that the Front Display will have lost the time and be reset to "00:00" at a date in the past. So it will not be able to wake the Toppy up at the correct time for the next recording. This issue can be fixed by the [P PowerRestore firmware patch ], which will cause the Toppy to turn itself on when the power is restored (and it will then set its clock properly, so future timer recordings will work).

Other causes are a crash (for various reasons, including a rogue TAP) or when the Front Display gets confused. Both should be signalled by the "Four Flashing Dots of Doom" on the Front Display.


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Front Display

Sometimes the connection to the Front Display can be lost and this usually shows itself by the "Four Flashing Dots of Doom" when turning the Toppy off, or by the Front Display continuing to show the time (e.g. "08:34") instead of the channel number (e.g. "P001") when turned on. The Toppy will also not wake itself from standby to do recordings when it is in this state.

This can be remedied by turning the Toppy off at the mains for about 20 seconds, so that all power to the Front Display is lost and it will be reset.


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Recording Interruption

The Toppy only has two tuners, so it is sometimes necessary to alter one of the tuners in order to start a second recording. This will interrupt viewing with a "CYR" prompt, giving the user a choice to cancel the recording instead.

However, there is a bug in the system which means that the CYR prompt happens at unnecessary times. The [Xw WatchNoCYR firmware patch ] fixes this problem.


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/USB Accelerator

The USB connection is limited by the hardware to much less than the theoretical maximum of USB2.0, but various inefficiencies in firmware also reduce the speed. One of the most significant problems is remedied by the [U USBAccelerator firmware patch ] which speeds up downloads from the Toppy enormously (note that this also requires use an updated .dll on the PC, or compatible tools). In a similar way, the [Uu USBUpload firmware patch ] can help improve upload speed to the Toppy.

Other factors that can affect the USB speed is the quality and length of the cable being used. If possible, try different cables to help diagnose this, and avoid very long cables unless they are good quality and "active" (powered).

When using Altair software to transfer files, it has a faster "Turbo" mode. This mode disables the remote control; if a programme or recording is running it will continue, but cannot be changed until the transfer completes.


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Bad aXeL

The "LOAD" message in the Front Display is set by the special aXeL extension. If the display does not change to "RUN" then there is a problem with the way the normal firmware has been extended to accommodate aXeL. You will need to re-flash your firmware using the failsafe mechanism. The easiest (and safest) way to apply aXeL is to use HDFW (and forget all about faffing with "extending" firmwares).

title: Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Bad aXeL


text:
Cookbook talk:Chokladboll (Swedish Chocolate Balls)

Chokladboll
Chokladboll is the correct name to use here, so if you know how to change the title, please do. Chocolate balls are a bit different.

 * All you have to do to rename the page is move it to a new location (see the move tab up at the top). I would have taken care of it myself, but I don't know if the new name should be "Chokladboll" or "Swedish Chokladboll".  Your call. --Jomegat (talk) 23:08, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The move tab isn't visible for me for some reason. Anyway, I personally think "Chokladboll" would the appropriate name, and since both the english and swedish wikipedia name it just that it would only be appropriate if this recipe had the same name. --Krutbulle (talk) 11:23, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * You will get a move tab soon, once your account is confirmed. I have gone ahead and renamed the page.  Majorly  (talk) 11:29, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Coffee
Could you add milk instead of coffee or something? Coffee's pretty gross to me.
 * The coffee is in a small amount, and only really serves to enhance the flavour of the cocoa (it is often used for this purpose in desserts). I'd be surprised if you can taste the coffee in the chokladboll. That said, if you really don't want to add coffee, using milk will still make a delicious ball. Wikidsoup (talk) 22:40, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't recommend removing the coffee: it does add important taste, but it really doesn't taste coffee (unless you use too much of it). Ran4 (talk) 08:47, 22 July 2010 (UTC)
 * You could try replacing the coffee with (e.g.) rum essence, orange juice etc. ChrisHodgesUK (discuss • contribs) 13:21, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

Just use a substitute instead of the coffee Chrissy4 (discuss • contribs) 16:48, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

Unable to Roll
Before adding the coffee and vanilla extract, the mixture was consistent enough to roll. After adding the coffee and vanilla extract, the mixture won't even roll. It's way too 'watery' or 'thin'. It merely gets all over my hands and either forms into a patty or sticks to the my hands. Are you sure you're supposed to put liquid into the mixture?
 * Perhaps it is affected by the type of butter/margarine you are using, or is your kitchen rather warm?

Type of sugar (etc.)
The recipe should probably specify the type of sugar (especially as it is measured by volume). I used caster sugar but guessing that the recipe called for granulated I reduced the quantity a little, and they turned out very nice, but with a slight sugary crunch. Does anyone know the "right" answer? ChrisHodgesUK (discuss • contribs) 13:21, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

Not to sure I only use regular sugar and the type wasn't mentioned so no one knows Chrissy4 (discuss • contribs) 16:51, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

Substitute ingredients
If the recipe has a certain ingredient that you don't want to use or don't feel like using just find something else to replace it Chrissy4 (discuss • contribs) 16:54, 23 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Reboot Cycle

If you are stuck in a reboot cycle then the most likely problem is a rogue TAP. Stop TAPs from loading by holding down the '0' button on the remote while the Toppy starts up.

Another possibility is a problem with corrupt Settings. If you are stuck in a reboot cycle then you cannot do a Factory Reset but you can blank the Settings by flashing EmptySettings using the failsafe mechanism. Note that after applying this you must perform a Factory Reset as soon as possible, once the reboot cycle has been fixed.

Finally, an incompatible firmware patch may be causing the Toppy to crash as soon as it starts up. Re-flash a plain firmware using the failsafe mechanism.


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Confusing Text

The Toppy's normal interface has the occasional bit of poor English text that can make things a bit confusing — the "Check Your Reservation" prompt is probably the most notorious. Most of these can be replaced by better text using the [Cy NotCYR firmware patch ].


text:
User:Lquilter

Probably better to reach me at my Wikipedia userpage.

title: User:Lquilter


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Aspect Ratio

A "clever" feature of the Toppy is that the '0' button on the remote will cycle between various Aspect Ratios (when it's not being used to enter a channel number). This will override and update the Setting in the Main Menu. You can disable this feature by using the [Z AspectRatio firmware patch ] (note that you will still be able to use the '0' button to stop TAPs loading during booting).


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Padding

Published TV schedules are (for various reasons) not always accurate. This means that a programme may start a little earlier or later, or (quite commonly) end later than the schedule. Therefore, most people "pad" their recordings with an extra couple of minutes before the start time and slightly more than that after the end time. This can be done by adjusting the timer manually after setting it in the EPG (press Record again and then adjust the start time and duration), but many replacement EPG TAPs offer this as an automatic feature (and can cope with the complexities of recording consecutive programmes and resolving clashes between channels).

There is a TAP, Extend, which will extend recordings based on the programme transitions signalled by the broadcaster (known as "Accurate Recording" signals in the UK). This is useful for programs which overrun significantly. It requires a particular firmware patch (already included in some customised firmware, but not in factory firmware), and depends on the broadcaster transmitting the signals correctly.

title: Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Padding


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Timeshifting

The timeshift buffer is quite fragile. It will be dumped in preference to making a timer recording and in many other situations, too. So it is not something that should be relied on. If possible, set timers and record the programmes you want to watch, even if you think you might watch it live. And if you find yourself watching something that suddenly becomes interesting, convert the timeshift buffer (if it exists!) into a proper recording by using the Recording item in the Main Menu and selecting the "Current Event" as the Start Time (some replacement EPG TAPs may also offer this feature).


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Twin Tuner

The Toppy has two tuners so you can record two channels at once. Most PVRs will then limit your viewing to one or either of those channels, but the Toppy has a very clever chipset — you get a much wider choice and sometimes all channels are available (this is often referred to as "Record Two, Watch a Third"). Technically, this choice is dictated by which multiplex (or mux) the two recording channels are from. If they are from the same mux then the Toppy can use just one tuner, leaving the second tuner free for watching any channel. If they are from different muxes then the choice of channels that can be watched will be limited to any channel that is also on one of those two muxes.

For example, (in the current Freeview setup) if you are recording BBC1 and ITV1 then you cannot watch Five. But you could watch, say, BBC2 or Ch4 (as well as BBC1 and ITV1, of course). However, if you are recording ITV1 and Ch4 then you will be able to watch any other channel.

Note that there are bugs/features which sometimes make it seem like the Toppy is more limited than this, causing "CYR" prompts at unnecessary times.

If recording two programs and watching a third the 5800 can sometimes become unstable and require switching off, usually after using the remote control to do something. This may be more likely if several TAPs are running. If this happens, in future try not to change the watched channel when recording two others to avoid spoiling the recordings.


text:
User talk:R2-D2

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Mattb112885 (talk to me) 22:37, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:R2-D2


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Power Off

If you press the Power button while the Toppy is recording it will give you a "Power Off" prompt asking you to confirm this choice. If you select "Yes" then it will stop all current recordings and go into standby. If you select "No" (or press Exit) then it will cancel the power off and remain on. But there is a third option: leave the prompt alone. If you do this it will automatically go into standby once all recordings have completed.

Another option is to use the Sleep Timer to do a timed shutdown. Ordinarily the Toppy will power off once the set time has elapsed, but if there are recordings in progress it will wait for them to complete first.

title: Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Power Off


text:
Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/EPG Gathering

EPG data is not preserved when the Toppy is turned off, so it starts with no data when it first comes out of standby. However, it does not take long to collect a lot of data, especially when tuned to the better BBC channels. You should also be able to see the EPG Guide being populated with new data while you are looking at it.

If this situation persists then the Freeview channel list may have changed, or your local transmitter may be experiencing problems or maintenance.

As the number of Freeview channels increased beyond what was envisaged when the Toppy firmware was written, from about May 2012 the EPG has ever more gaps, as it simply doesn't have enough slots for all the programmes. Deleting unwanted channels doesn't help; the whole lot are stored. It's unlikely there'll be new firmware. Workarounds: to see more for a specific channel, tune to it, then go into standby and restart. More entries for that channel will probably get filled, at the expense of other channels. If not all multiplexes are required, tuning to only 4 or 5 of the 6 will probably reduce the number enough to eliminate the gaps, but this is likely to be unacceptable. Or use a TAP that stores its EPG on disc, such as MyStuff or Jag's EPG. See for example this page (for Humax and Topfield), message #3.


text: User talk:74.229.96.237

title: User talk:74.229.96.237


text: User talk:65.197.19.246

title: User talk:65.197.19.246


text:
Technical Book Development

The genesis of this book is a workshop at SPA2008 on Technical Book writing. This conference brings together software developers, managers and consultants for three days of workshops, tutorials and a variety of other collaborative learning events.

One workshop has as its topic Technical Publishing 2.0. This session will bring together both published writers, of which there are many regular attenders at this conference, and budding writers looking for inspiration and advice about getting into print. Wikibooks serve a dual role in the workshop - as one of a number of new mediums for publishing and as a convenient mechanism to support the conference session before, during and after, and then perhaps to evolve into a useful Wikibook on the topic. The focus of the workshop is to explore the way the internet and web 2.0 is changing the nature of publishing.

Initially it is expected SPA delegates in general and workshop participants in particular will be the main contributors, but it is of course open to all.

The problem
The root problem is to design learning resources to assist software practitioners develop and extend their knowledge base, develop new skills and upgrade existing ones. To tackle this problem we need to understand better how software practitioners go about this task in practice. We would expect different approaches to be used, depending, for example, on learning style,  learning strategies  and knowledge of  available learning resources.

 *

SPA participants
Participants at the SPA workshop will be asked to reflect on their most recent learning experience, to rate these resources in terms of their utility and to plot the sequence in which the resources are used. The session then proceeds to brainstorm ways in which the individual learning resources and particularly print books can be improved and coordinated to proved a more satisfactory and efficient learning medium

SPA Interviews

 * /Interview Protocol/
 * /Respondent A/
 * /Respondent B/
 * /Respondent C/
 * /Respondent C/

A Pattern Language
A structural device which may be useful here is the notion of a patten language. Patterns are a format familiar to software practitioners through their use by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John M. Vlissides in their seminal work "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software (1994), as a means of describing recurrent software structures in the emerging field of object-oriented programming.  Patterns as named and articulated units of established practice originate in the work of Christopher Alexander and his team at Berkeley in the field of community   architecture.  Publishing, like architecture is  a long-established  trade, from which can be distilled practices and processes together with the context in which they are most suitable and the ground on which this good practice is based.  Publishing, perhaps more so than architecture is undergoing change as new technologies for collaboration, production and dissemination arise. Patterns and wikis are also closely associated through the seminal work of Ward Cunningham, creator of the initial wiki on the subject of software patterns.

Divergence

 * /How do I choose a Publisher?/
 * /Does Agile development fit technical publishing?/
 * /What is the attitude of publishers to Creative Commons?/
 * /What alternative business models are there?/

title: Technical Book Development


text:
User talk:169.229.157.39

 Majorly  (talk) 00:13, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:169.229.157.39


text:
Photography Equipment/Canon and Nikon

Canon and Nikon are the two dominant DSLR makers as of 2007, and have been for a number of years. They are both excellent brands, and both have large followings. That said, they are incompatible (ones lenses don't work on the others body), and in building a collection of equipment, you will choose one or the other. It makes a difference, but not a great one, and after committing to a system, many develop a love-hate relationship with the manufacturer. Some differences are detailed below.

How to choose?

 * This is also applicable to non-Canon/Nikon systems.

Most importantly, you are choosing a system, not a body. Instead of thinking about minor differences between current bodies, consider which lenses and bodies you expect to be using over the next 10 or 20 years. This is admittedly difficult when starting off, but lenses last decades, and it is prohibitively expensive to switch between systems or have two parallel sets of equipment: switching systems is a major decision.

Ideally, consider what kind of photography you are likely to do or may do for the foreseeable future, and how each system fits it. What equipment would you get initially? Over the next few years? Further down the road?

Also, actually test out both systems: some people fall in love with the Nikon feel, for instance.

Bodies
Broadly, Canon is generally averred to produce higher IQ bodies at lower prices, while Nikon cameras are considered more enjoyable to use.

Canon

 * better image quality
 * full-frame sensors
 * less noise, especially at high ISOs
 * cheaper

Canon has had full-frame sensor cameras since 2001, with the 1D. As of 2008, Nikon has just introduced a full-frame camera, the D3.

Canon's DSLRs have traditionally been cheaper than comparable Nikons, but Nikon's D40 is rather cheaper than Canon's 400D.

Nikon

 * better physical feel
 * better software UI

Lenses
Both produce an extensive (which is not to say complete) range of lenses, unlike the other DSLR manufacturers. Both have individual lenses with strong followings; below are notable classes of lenses that they each make.

Canon

 * Sports lenses (fast super telephotos)
 * Canon's white super telephoto lenses are instantly recognizable at sports events.

 * T/S: 3 currently
 * against Nikon's having had none, and having introduced 1 in 2008

Nikon

 * Largest lineup
 * Because Nikon retained the F-mount, every lens they've made still works, in contrast to Canon, whose EOS system of 1987 broke backwards compatibility.

title: Photography Equipment/Canon and Nikon


text:
User talk:75.134.177.34

By the way, it would be Me gustan manzanas. The verb gustar refers to the object that is being liked (hence the me pronoun), and since manzanas is plural, it takes the ellos ending. :) Νεοπτόλεμος 00:58, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:75.134.177.34


text: User talk:74.229.64.182

title: User talk:74.229.64.182


text:
User:Rmawhorter

Welcome to my page. Here's a bit about me:
 * I'm a homeschooling mother of two kids
 * I live in Prince George, BC Canada
 * I love free access to information
 * I eventually plan to teach kids in the developing world even if it's just my own. E-books will be invaluable there
 * I'm particularly focused on writing wikijunior books
 * Another hobby of mine is scanning books in the public domain and adding them to Project Gutenberg
 * I'm good not with grammar so me please forgive for errors

title: User:Rmawhorter