text:
Wikibooks:Vandalism in progress/Archive2

128.239.178.116 ( talk | email | contribs )
128.239.178.116 vandalized about a dozen high-traffic pages, replacing all the content with one sentence, repeated hundreds of times. They also created new pages filled with the same stuff, apparently from editing 'red links'. All entries now reverted or tagged for deletion. --Everlong 11:12, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for catching this one. I've given him a one-day block as a warning, and that can be extended in the future, as there is going to be a history now for this user in the block logs alone that can be extended if there is a sign of continued abuse.  --Rob Horning 12:59, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

65.191.180.58 ( talk | email | contribs )
This IP address has two suspicious-looking edits at and. However, I do not know enough about the Harry Potter series to know whether they really count as vandalism. Someone who knows Harry Potter better than me needs to look at these. --JMRyan T E C 18:45, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * PS. I have asked Muggles guy Matt to look at these.  --JMRyan T E C 19:00, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've taken care of them. These were really just poor content additions to the pages. I might label one as vandalism since it was just random incorrect information, but the other was purely bad placement of a fact in the books. I don't think the user meant any harm. -Matt 19:24, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

70.29.54.17 ( talk | email | contribs )
Three vandalisms on 18 March 2006 and two on 4 April 2006 (all reverted). --JMRyan T E C 19:37, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Blocked for three days at the moment. It can be increased if additional problems persist.  --Rob Horning 12:23, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

== Kantilissack ( talk | email | contribs ) and JarlaxelArtemis Is A Banned User On Wheels ( talk | email | contribs ) ==

Typical Wheely on Wheels sockpuppets, both need to be banned. --German Men92 01:22, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * They are already banned:

 * However, the autoblocker only bans their IP address for 24 hours at most, and then only if the user accesses the wiki while logged in after being banned. So this vandal might return under other usernames. --Kernigh 03:18, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

J-OTLX4 ( talk | email | contribs )
Same person as above. --German Men92 12:45, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Template:WoW
IPs and new user accounts created this Template:WoW, and started creating annoying seven-byte user pages containing  for some of our recent vandals. Most of the Wikipedia links on this template are nonfunctional.

It might be okay to have a page with a list of vandals, but I think that this memorial to sockpuppets is unnecessary... though I am not sure whether this is the vandal promoting itself. I suggest that we delete all " " pages and either delete the template, or change the template to a box "do not use this template!". --Kernigh 20:58, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Update: Apparently the template is a copy of Wikipedia:Template:WoW, and they use it over 1500 user pages. I am quite surprised that any wiki would have such a large array of vandal sockpuppets, and can understand better why we have such a template. Do we want to keep this template? --Kernigh 02:27, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep the template but also give it a full protect - it's the kind of thing that's prone to attract vandalism and it's fully protected on Wikipedia too. It might also be a good idea to report the accounts here (under the "Inter-Wiki Appearances" section).

 * I was very tempted to delete this on sight. It seems to serve no useful purpose (most of those listed are blocked indefinitely anyway). Do we really want a tribute page to WoW (other than the move log, which is already tainted by page-move vandalism)? IMHO, not unless we want to glorify that type of vandalism, Jguk 05:41, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I was thinking sort of the same thing, about this being more of a tribute to a vandal than anything else. The comments about this user eventually getting tired of doing this, however, I don't see happening in this situation.  This has been a persistant attack against many Wikimedia projects, and potentially even projects outside of Wikimedia arenas as well.  It has been suspected that he was one of the reasons why the Los Angeles Times shut down their reader "letters to the editor" wiki, because he came in and overwhelmed the nascient group of administrators who didn't know how to handle an idiot like this.  I suppose that is something to brag about, and he is trying to do the same elsewhere.  The point I'm making... I would support deleting this template, however, as well as all such markups on the pages of vandals.  Keep them red-shirt users if possible.  A formal template would be needed for other kinds of problem users such as the John Siegenthaler situation or somebody who has gone into repeated editing wars and needed to be banned for reasons outside of pure vandalism.  Otherwise, treat these accounts as the anon user they really should be compared to.  --Rob Horning 15:17, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

82.211.102.138 ( talk | email | contribs )
Blanked many highly visible pages, see contribs. I reverted anything that wasn't "top" but if someone could double-check I'd appreciate it. Xerol Oplan 14:31, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

220.233.92.170 ( talk | email | contribs )
Seven vandalisms to a single page in 10 minutes. It looks like this character tried to slip under the radar by spreading a significant blanking over the seven edits. --JMRyan T E C 18:21, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * These edits seem relatively mild. I left this user a message on his talk page. If the vandalism continues, I will block him. --Whiteknight (talk) (current) 22:26, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

RuneScape/Guides/Item Price
This page was vandalised on 28 April 2006 from 82.0.0.0/8 addresses in the United Kingdom. It was later reverted by other IP addresses. This follows previous vandalism on 13 April, 11 April, 10 April, 9 April, and 24 March.

This page is unusual because it is edited frequently, mostly by not-logged in users who adjust prices. --Kernigh 08:48, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Catsarecool ( talk | email | contribs )
Replacing content with images of cats. --haginძaz 03:56, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have blocked this user for a year for vandalism, Jguk 06:30, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

151.188.16.12 ( talk | email | contribs )
Replaced the entire content of the front page from the Remote Viewing book to "Stupid and Fake".

 * He did alot more then that. I have blocked him for 1 month for repeat vandalism. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 13:54, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

82.198.250.2 ( talk | email | contribs )
Found a couple of offensive edits, in the Aztecs section of the wikijunior book on ancient civiliations, replaced the content of what were there buildings like to "F**king big"

 * He only had one recorded edit. I left a warning on his user talk page. If he comes back, I will block him. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 01:27, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Was i wrong to report it? --ryanlerch (talk)

 * No you did a good job. Alot of the time people will come in and make a single "test edit" just to see how things work. In general, policy states that we should be tolerant of new users, and therefore I won't pursue the matter very far. However, Now we have a record of vandalistic tendancies, and if he acts on it again, we can ban him. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 01:44, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

85.99.251.51 ( talk | email | contribs )
Deleted all the contents of Book of the month. I reverted it as best as I could. Keytotime 01:36, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for reverting the problem. I left a warning on the user talk page. if he vandalizes any more, I will block him. Let me know if you have any other issues. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 01:46, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

67.184.189.188 ( talk | email | contribs )
Vandalism of Wikijunior pages.--Konstable 02:02, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

72.140.92.213 ( talk | email | contribs )
Vandalism of Modern_Physics:Ideal_Gas. Already been reverted. Keytotime 13:35, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

65.115.220.89 ( talk | email | contribs )
This user has today disrupted Wikijunior. It has previously vandalise Wikipedia. After being blocked, someone (most likely the same user), used an open proxy, which had been blocked on Wikipedia yesterday, to post a message alleging that I was engaging in administrator abuse on the staff lounge. Watch out - I guess we may get some more open proxies helpfully identified for us soon, Jguk 20:35, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, 65.115.220.89 ( talk | email | contribs ) is an open proxy too. I'm blocking both infinitely. Maybe we'll need to do all on this list, Jguk 20:38, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Now all blocked, Jguk 12:04, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

wtf?
, omg, the ip, 213.223.187.131 did a wierd edit, kinda l00ks liek a vandalism, at least he had left evedence! LOL! 66.169.1.14 13:29, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

69.244.147.233 ( talk | email | contribs )
Vandalism of Hexpixel Code. I Reverted the change Keytotime 01:57, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Blocked for 1 day.... if this ip shows repeated vandalism that can be extended. --Rob Horning 17:29, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

85.107.37.139 ( talk | email | contribs )
On A Background of European History in the European History wikibook, the user added the following:

 * "European History Sponsor: DVDRemoteHack.com - Convert your existing dvd player into a multiregional player in seconds. Play any DVD from any region."

 * User had only a single edit, and hasn't been back since. If this spam continues, I'll block the IP. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 18:22, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

24.109.206.88 ( talk | email | contribs )
Getting a guy (for girls)/Situations DettoAltrimenti 04:04, 16 June 2006 (UTC)`s

 * I did a 1-day block on this user, to be a "speed bump" and warning. Repeated vandalism of course can go much longer.  BTW, if you look at the user contribution log, this appears to be some fallout from the anti-video game books, and is a homegrown vandal, rather than one from Wikipedia.  --Rob Horning 12:42, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

User:Nerina PaIlot, User:Haunfaer
The first user linkspammed staff lounge. I warned her, and removed the spam. The second user (who I assume to be a sockpuppet), replaced the vandalism. I am going to block both of them for linkspamming, and sockpuppeting in bad faith. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 21:38, 28 June 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Redsunrising

 * [[Image:Wikimedia-logo.png|35px]] Meta
 * [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|35px]] Commons
 * [[Image:Wikisource-logo.svg|35px]][[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|35px]] English Source
 * [[Image:Wikisource-logo.svg|35px]][[Image:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|35px]] Russian Sourse
 * [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|35px]][[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|35px]] German Wikipedia
 * [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|35px]][[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|35px]] English Wikipedia
 * [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|35px]][[Image:Flag of Esperanto.svg|35px]] Esperanto Wikipedia
 * [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|35px]][[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|border|35px]] Japaneese Wikipedia
 * [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|35px]][[Image:Flag of Poland (bordered).svg|35px]] Polish Wikipedia
 * [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|35px]][[Image:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|35px]] Russian Wikipedia
 * [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|35px]][[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|35px]] Ukrainian Wikipedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Redsunrising


text:
Final Fantasy

Final Fantasy is the first of Square's well-known RPG series. It was originally released on the Nintendo Entertainment System, but re-released in an anthology disc for the Sony PlayStation and on a compilation cartridge for the Game Boy Advance. This guide will tell you all you need to know (and more) about the fictional world of Final Fantasy.

Background

 * 1) Final Fantasy: An Influential RPG
 * 2) Game Story
 * 3) Gameplay Overview
 * 4) /Trivia/

Game reference

 * 1) /Classes/
 * 2) Statistics
 * 3) /Strength/
 * 4) /Agility/
 * 5) /Intelligence/
 * 6) /Vitality/
 * 7) /Luck/
 * 8) Items
 * 9) /Weapons/
 * 10) /Armor/
 * 11) /Helmets/
 * 12) /Shields/
 * 13) /Gauntlets/
 * 14) /Items/
 * 15) /Key Items/
 * 16) /White Magic/
 * 17) /Black Magic/
 * 18) /Enemy Abilities/
 * 19) /Locations/
 * 20) /Characters/
 * 21) Stores
 * 22) /Inns/
 * 23) /Healer/
 * 24) /Weapon Shops/
 * 25) /Armor Shops/
 * 26) /Item Shops/
 * 27) /White Mystic/
 * 28) /Black Mystic/
 * 29) /Enemies/
 * 30) /Status Effects/

Walkthrough
These walkthroughs are based mostly on the 1990 North American NES release of Final Fantasy.

 * 1) Coneria
 * 2) Temple of Fiends

title: Final Fantasy


text:
Nanotechnology/SNOM

=Scanning Near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)= The Abbe diffraction limit of optical microscopy can be circumvented if an evanescent wave is used instead of a travelling wave. The SNOM can be compared to a stethoscope : A doctor can locate your heart with a precision of a few cm, despite the fact that the sound of a beating heart he is listening to has a wavelength of the order 100 m. Apparently he has a resolving power of λ/1000 which is far better than what's dictated by the Abbe diffraction limit. A similar setup can be made with light waves: If the light is forced through a sub-wavelength sized aperture, the emitted field will be evanescent and decay exponentially on a length scale usually shorter than the wavelength. With this technique a resolution of 12 nm has been shown back in 1991. SNOM has the ability to make high resolution in all directions (x,y, and z) and can be adapted to fit onto the same laser systems and spectrometers that other microscopes also use.

Images by SNOM are made by scanning the probe over the sample like an LSCM, AFM or STM. The SNOM is a very versatile tool used by both physicists and biologists for many purposes, but the probe only interacts with the sample in close vicinity of the aperture, and hence the sample-probe distance becomes a concern for the fragile samples and probes.

One widespread distance control method is the shear force technique, invented in the 1992, where the SNOM probe is set in vibrations with an amplitude up to a few nm and the motion is detected and used in a feedback loop that senses the minute shear forces that occur when the probe tip is a few nm above the sample surface. Numerous shear force setups have been described in the literature. Both optical and non-optical methods are used to detect the vibrations. Groups using non-optical methods claim the optical methods are sources of stray light that will seriously affect the measurements, while e.g. find optical setups to be advantageous.

=References=

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About.

title: Nanotechnology/SNOM


text:
Nanotechnology/EBID

=Electron Beam Induced Deposition (EBID or EBD)=

EBID Background
It was apparent with the first electron microscopes in the 50's, that the presence of an electron beam slowly coated the sample with a carbonaceous substance.

Even earlier, it was observed that electron radiation decomposed organic vapors present in the vacuum chamber, such as oil vapors unavoidable in diffusion pumped vacuum systems or outgassing from the sample itself.

When the background gas is decomposed by irradiation through various ionization and dissociation processes, the gas turns partly into volatile compounds re-emitted into the chamber and partly into solid amorphous carbon. The material properties range from diamond-like-carbon (DLC) to polymers depending on the exact deposition conditions.

The reactions taking place during EBD are not well characterized. Both ionization and dissociation are expected to contribute. The cross-section for both dissociation and ionization are peaked at low electron energies (<50 eV), indicating that secondary electrons are likely to be the main cause of deposition rather than the primary electrons (PE).

By focusing the PE beam in a fixed spot, a thin needle-shaped deposit will grow up towards the electron beam. The tip width can be considerably wider than the PE beam diameter and typically of the order 100 nm. The width is determined by the scattering of the PE in the tip structure which in turn also creates SE escaping through the tip apex and sidewalls causing a wider deposit.

With many potential applications in micro- and nanotechnology, the EBD technique has received increasing attention since the 80's as a method for creating submicron structures. Comparing EBD to electron beam lithography (EBL), the EBD process must be considered "slow" while EBL is "fast" since the required irradiation dose is many orders of magnitude smaller for EBL.

The use of EBD in commercial production of nanostructures is today limited to "supertips" for AFM cantilevers with extreme aspect ratios that cannot readily be achieved by other methods.

For research purposes, where high throughput is not a requirement, the technique appears convenient in several applications. Apart from depositing structures, it has also been used to solder nanocomponents. Both single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (SWNT and MWNT) have been soldered to AFM cantilevers for stress-strain measurements and to micromechanical actuators for electrical and mechanical tests

Metal deposition by EBID
A large fraction of the EBD publications have been focussing on the use of metal containing precursor gasses. Koops et al. and Matsui et al. pioneered the extensive use of metal containing source gasses to make deposits with high metal contents. They also began scanning the beam in patterns to make three-dimensional structures. Complex three-dimensional structures can be made by EBD with both carbonaceous and metal-containing EBD. Another intriguing possibility is to use EBD to make catalyst particles for subsequent growth of nanowires and tubes.

Compared to the planar and resist-based EBL, the EBD method is slow and difficult to scale to large productions, but on the other hand offers the possibility to create elaborate three-dimensional structures, which cannot readily be made by EBL. The EBD method appears to be a versatile tool capable of constructing nanodevies, contacting nanostructrues to create composite electronic nanostructures, and soldering nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes to microelectrodes.

For electronic applications one would like to achieve as high a conductivity as possible of the deposited material. Metal-containing EBD materials usually contain metallic nanocrystals in an amorphous carbon matrix with a conductance considerably lower than that of the pure metal. The metal content and conductivity of the EBD material can be increased to approach that of bulk metals by several methods:

1: Heating the substrate has been shown to increase the metal content of the deposit. Koops et al. have observed an increase from 40 wt. % at room temperature to 80 wt.% at 100°C. Others, for example Botman et al. have shown the link between deposit composition and conductivity as a function of post-treatment in heated gases.

2: Using a carbon free precursor gas, such as $$PF_{3}AuCl$$, Hoffman et al. made gold deposits with a resistivity of 22 µΩcm which is only 10 times the bulk value of Gold.

3: Introducing an additional gas such as water vapor while using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). It is even possible to create desposits with a solid gold core under controlled deposition conditions.

=Resources= (FEBIP)]
 * Review paper: Focused, Nanoscale Electron-Beam-Induced Deposition and Etching by Randolph et al.
 * [http://www.febip.info/ Focused Electron Beam Induced Processes

=A Simple Model of EBD=

To accurately model the EBD process, one has to resort to Monte Carlo simulations that can incorporate the different scattering effects taking place during the process. Extensive work has been done on models for the deposition of amorphous carbon tips. Generally there is very little available knowledge on:

 * The radiation induced chemistry of the metal containing precursor gas. A wealth of reactions are possible, but limited data is available for the conditions and substances used for EBD.

 * The chemical content of the produced amorphous carbon in the deposit.

 * The current density in the electron beam is rarely well characterized.

Not knowing the chemical details of the deposition process, the exact product of the deposition, or the electron beam, a simple analytical model will also provide insight to the essential parameters. A simple model is reviewed below to provide an understanding of the basic requirements and limitations for the EBD process.

The Rate Equation Model
Electron beam deposition of planar layers on surfaces can be reasonably described by a simple rate equation model.

The model shows the fundamental limitations for growth rate and its dependence on beam current and precursor gas flow. The model calculations and most experiments in this thesis, are based on the precursor gas dimethyl gold acetylacetonate, here abbreviated to DGAA. The vapor pressure of the precursor gas determines the flux of precursor molecules to the surface. The flux rate of molecules F [m²s¹] of an ideal gas at rest is

 * $$F=\frac{P}{\sqrt{2\pi mk_{B}T}}$$

with pressure P, atomic weight m, Boltzmann's constant $$k_{B}$$ and temperature T. For DGAA which has a vapor pressure of 1.3 Pa at 25 °C, this gives a flux rate $$F=10^{18} cm^{2}s^{-1}$$

The cross-sections for electron beam induced ionization and dissociation of the precursor gas to form the deposits are generally not known. Cross-sections are usually of the order Å² and peak at low energies, corresponding the low energy of the secondary electrons which are probably the main cause of the deposition.

The adsorption of molecules on the target surface and highest density of SE near the surface make it reasonable to assume that the deposition rate dN_{dep}/dt depends on the surface density of adsorbed precursor molecules N_{pre}, the beam current density J, and the effective cross section s_0 as

 * $$\frac{dN_{dep}}{dt}=N_{pre}\sigma_0 \frac{J}{q_{e}}$$

The surface density $$N_{pre}$$ of the adsorbed precursor molecules in Eq. is the source for the deposited material and depends on both the deposition, ad- and desorption processes as sketched in the figure.

With maximum surface density $$N_0$$ (e.g. one monolayer, since generally more than one monolayer cannot be expected unless the target is cooled compared to the source, to give condensation of the source gas. Then adsorption probability a and lifetime t (s), a rate equation can be written for the precursor surface density as

 * $$\frac{dN_{dep}}{dt} = aF(1-(N_{pre}/N_0))-\sigma_0 JN_{pre}/t-N_{pre}/q_{e}$$

The steady state adsorbate density, $$N_{pre}$$, is then

 * $$N_{pre}=\frac{aF}{aF/N_0+1/\tau+\sigma_0J/q_{e}}$$

If each deposition event on average results in a cubic unit cell of deposited material with volume V, the vertical growth rate R [nm/s] is

 * $$R = N_{pre}V\sigma_0J/q_{e}$$
 * $$= V\frac{aF}{q_{e}\frac{\tau aF/N_0+1}{\sigma_0Jt}+1}$$

The dependence on precursor flux falls into two cases:

 * $$\tau aF>N_0$$ when a monolayer is always present and increasing the flux rate F has little effect on the growth rate R, since the surface is saturated

 * $$\tau aF<N_0$$ when less than a monolayer is present, and increasing F will increase the growth rate R.

Increasing the electron beam current will in this model always increase the deposition rate. The rate increases relatively linearly with the electron flux, until it begins to saturate when the source gas flux becomes the limiting factor for the growth rate.

Scheuer et al. have measured the EBD deposition cross section of $$Ru_{3}(CO)_12$$ to be of the order $$\sigma_0$$ =0.2 Å² and $$\tau=1$$ s. Using these values, a rough estimate of the growth rate can be calculated. For the estimate, we assume a monolayer is present $$(\tau aF=N_0)$$; a sticking efficiency of a=100%; the vapor pressure flux of DGAA; an electron beam diameter of 20 nm; a total beam current of 0.2 nA; and finally that the unit cell volume V for deposition is that of gold. With this set of values, the deposition rate becomes R= 100 nm/s.

The used values make $$\sigma_0 J/q_{e}>>\tau aF/N_0$$ so the deposition is not limited by the electron beam current but by the gas flux which would have to be 10 times higher to reach saturation. The beam radius will have to be increased to r= 0.5 µm to reach the electron flux limited region and this radius is much larger than the observed resolution in most experiments. Its is important to secure as high as possible flux of precursor gas in the experiments, since this is the main limiting factor in the model whereas the focus of the electron beam is expected to be less important due to the high current density.

Limitations to the model
The rate model is suited for describing deposition of planar layers, but for the case of deposition of tip structures in a real system, several other effects influence the deposition rate:

Scattering of primary electrons in the deposited structure. BSE and SE are emitted through the sidewalls and apex of the structure in a non-uniform way, and the PE/BSE scattering make SE generation take place in a larger region than the PE beam radius, which considerably limits the minimal radius for tip structures.

The figure above illustrate these effects. Simulations are needed to make proper estimates of the influence of scattering, but qualitatively it should cause a lower vertical growth rate as less electrons must be expected to emerge through the upper surface of the structure.

The PE beam is not uniform as considered in the model. In an ESEM, a Gaussian distribution of the PE beam can be expected, and the scattering of the electron beam in the environmental gas creates an low current density "electron skirt" around the PE beam. This should be considered both for the possible contamination in the larger region irradiated with low current density, but also for reducing the current in the primary beam and thus the growth rate.

It was assumed that the source supply precursor gas with the vapor pressure gas flux rate. The rate could be considerably lower if the source material does not have enough surface area to sustain the gas flow or the distance to the source is too large. The fact that many organometallic compounds decompose in contact with water in the case of EEBD could also reduce the source gas flow.

Not all irradiation induced events will result in deposition of material. Substantial amounts of material could be volatile or negatively ionized and carried away, especially in an the ESEM environment. Electron attachment is also taking place in the ESEM and is known to influence the detection of secondary electrons. This could reduce the supply of precursor gas and hence the deposition rate.

Surface diffusion of the precursor gas will influence the supply rate. When depositing in only a small area, surface diffusion of adsorbed molecules from the surrounding area can considerably increase the supply of precursor molecules. This is usually the explanation given why many EBD experiments observe that the tip deposition is faster in the beginning; for then to decrease to a steady state growth rate, when a tip structure is formed which limits the supply by surface diffusion. This could increase the rate at the very beginning of the deposition.

The predicted vertical growth rate from the model must be an upper estimate on the achievable rate, since most unaccounted effects will work to reduce the steady state growth rate.

Summary
Little data is available on the precursor gasses for EBD. A simple rate equation model gives an estimated deposition vertical growth rate of 100 nm/s for the typical precursor gasses. This estimated growth rate is expected to be an upper limit. Especially the flow rate of precursor gas should be as high as possible in the experiment since this is the limiting factor for the deposition rate.

=Environmental Electron Beam Deposition (EEBD)=

The ESEM makes it possible to use various gasses in the sample chamber of the microscope since there are narrow apertures between the sample chamber and the gun column, and a region in between that is connected to a differential pumping system. Pressures up to about 10 Torr are normally possible in the sample chamber.

The standard Everly-Thornhart SE detector would not work under such conditions since it would create a discharge in the low pressure gas. Instead a "gaseous secondary electron detector (GSD)" is used, as shown in the figure below. The GSD measures the current of a weak cascade discharge in the gas, which is seeded by the emission of electrons from the sample.

In the ESEM one can work with, for instance, water vapour or argon as the environmental gas, and is is possible to have liquid samples in the chamber if the sample stage is cooled sufficiently to condense water.

Without precursor gas present in the chamber, the EBD deposition rate is normally negligible in the high vacuum mode as well as in the gas mode of the ESEM.

In environmental electron beam deposition (EEBD), the deposited tips have a shell structure and consist of different material layers each characterized by a certain range of gold/carbon content ratio. Above a certain threshold of water vapor pressure and a certain threshold of electron beam current, the deposited tips contain a solid polycrystalline gold core.

=Acknowledgement= This page was started based on the material in:
 * Kristian Mølhave's PhD thesis chapter 4 and accompanying papers and.
 * Please add material here if you add to the page content!

=References=

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About.

title: Nanotechnology/EBID


text:
Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Five - The Verb Chain

= An Introduction to The Sumerian Verb Chain =

The verb in Sumerian can look a little daunting at first. Sumerian is an agglutinating language, which means that instead of using lots of small separate words, we use lots of small affixed particles to affect meaning. We've already seen this before, in the plural marker .ene, the possessive suffixes, and case markers. So we're already familiar with suffixes in general.

Now, the verb uses prefixes as well as suffixes to make well-formed words. An example we've seen before is:

 * 1) mu.na.(n.)du.Ø

As an introduction to the verb form in Sumerian, let's take a closer look at this chain of affixes attached to the base, du, meaning "to build".

Incidentally, whenever you're reading Sumerian, you're likely to encounter parts of words in parentheses, or sometimes even whole words. This generally means that in the original source material, we actually don't see the form given, but we put it in there in the transliteration for convenience.

Marking the Patient of a verb (who was it done to)
First, the single suffixed particle is the .Ø. This just signifies that we had a Patient which was 3rd person singular. Other persons and numbers have different suffixes, but this one happens to be the null suffix.

Marking the Agent of a verb (who did it)
Now let's look at the prefixes from closest-in to farthest-out. The (n.) is there to let us know that our agent was 3rd person singular (again, other persons and numbers have different prefixes).

Marking the Dative case (English: to)
Next, na. is basically a reference -- it tells us that somewhere else in the sentence we had a noun phrase that was in the dative case. This is typical in Sumerian -- for many of the cases, we will "resume" the presence of a phrase in that case with a prefix to the verb chain. More on this later.

Marking the Ventive case (English: get)
Finally, we have the mu. at the very front. At present, scholars seem to feel that this is the "Ventive" prefix. which changes a verb to incoming rather than outgoing, e.g. get (rather than give). Others still prefer to call it a "Conjugation Prefix", and not commit to an interpretation. We just don't know!

The big picture
Whew! Now that we've looked at each affix, we notice something. Namely, to analyze a verb form, we just need to break it up into its prefixes and suffixes, then examine each of those in turn. Each one will give us a little more information about the verb or the sentence. A truer use of analysis has never been made.

This practice of breaking down a verb into its component pieces is extremely important in Sumerian. The verb chains can get almost ridiculously complex, with 8 or 9 affixes attached to a stem. Needless to say, this is an important area of study, and we still have much to learn about the interactions of all the particles.

We are now ready to look at some of these pieces in more detail.

= The Sumerian Verb =

Let's take a look now at each piece of the Sumerian verb chain.

The Verb Stem
In Sumerian, verbs usually come in simple one syllable chunks, typically in CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant, e.g. dug) or CV (e.g. our friend du from above).

Reduplication
This simple structure for verbs leads to a couple of interesting ideas. First, an idea employed by the Sumerian language itself, is that we can make simple modifications to verbs to alter their meaning. With a short verb like dug, we might simply double it (called reduplication) to read dug.dug. In this case, it alters the verb from what is called the ĥamtu form to the maru form. We'll discuss what these are a little later, but the important thing to note here is that restricting ourselves to relatively simple forms allow this type of alteration fairly naturally. (Contrast the reduplication of some English verbs, like "reduplicate" for example -- it's hard to imagine people saying "reduplicatereduplicate" in any context!)

Homophones and the possibility of Tonality
Second, these almost sparse verb forms lead very often to homophones -- two verbs that are written the same way, but mean different things. There simply aren't enough simple verb forms to handle the wide variety of verbs needed in even simple writings. Now, there are a few other languages where word forms are typically very compact, one syllable or so. In these languages, take many Chinese dialects for example, speakers typically use tone to differentiate meaning. The Chinese word "ma" spoken with a high pitch, for example, means "mother", while when spoken with a falling-then-rising tone means "horse". Imagine the insults that might arise if tonality were not present to disambiguate these meanings (among others)!

So, some scholars have hypothesized that Sumerian was, in fact, a tonal language. While there are many good indicators for this, principally in the large number of homophones (particularly in fairly common verbs), there simply isn't enough evidence to support the idea yet.

In any case, it is seldom necessary for us to worry about this. Most readings are clear from context or from similarity to other inscriptions. The important thing about the simple phonological structure of the Sumerian verb is that it makes it easy to recognize simple modifications of that very form.

The Personal Affixes
Whenever there is an agent or patient in a sentence, Sumerian puts a particle inside the verb chain to cross-reference the noun phrase in question. Although there are some other possibilities for placement, for now let's just assume that the agent cross-reference goes just before the verbal root, and the patient cross-reference goes after. We'll see these in more detail in the next lesson.

The Dimensional Prefixes
Just like the particles for cross-referencing agent and patient, Sumerian also likes to cross-reference all the other noun-phrases in a sentence. So any noun phrases in your sentence that are marked in the dative case will show up in the verb chain with a dative particle cross-reference, and a comitative noun phrase will have a comitative cross-reference particle. Again, we'll see a real example of this in the next lesson to make things more concrete. For now, just remember that Sumerian likes to tack things onto the verb chain that match up with the noun phrases in the sentence.

The Modal Prefixes
In our simple verb in (1) above, there was room, believe it or not, for one more prefix. These are called the Modal Prefixes, and they convey the mood of the sentence. In linguistics, mood has a special meaning -- you might be familiar with the English moods of Indicative ("The ziggurat burned") and Imperative ("Burn the ziggurat!"). Both of these moods, plus others, occur regularly in Sumerian. As in English, the indicative mood is used quite heavily in normal writing. This mood is marked by having no prefix at all in the Modal Prefix spot (the head of the verb chain). Other moods are marked by explicit prefixes here.

Now, it's not important to know all these right now. The list is here to show you what kinds of options are available to the Sumerian scribe. We'll cover many of these later in more detail.

Previous (Lesson Four - The Copula) : Up (Sumerian Grammar - Main Page) : Next (Lesson Six - A Sumerian Sentence)


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User talk:Vorblesnak

Most of what I have done, am doing, is in the discussion under the module. Look there.

Bookshelf
I've made a link to your book on the How-tos bookshelf. You can list a page on a bookshelf at any time. If you need any other help, please let me know. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 22:28, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

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 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck!

Excellent work on Telescope Making. It looks like the start of a very nice book. --DavidCary 21:13, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

fixing images
It would have made sense to for me to respond here. Instead I responded to your question on my talk page. I don't know which style is more confusing :-). --DavidCary 17:23, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Replacing images with text
I replaced some of your images you created for Telescope Making. I am tagging to be deleted. Then can, however, be restored. If you would rather them be restored, you may certainly ask at WB:VFU. If you have any questions, please ask me at my talk page. --Iamunknown 06:45, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

I saw that. I put the images in there to make the overall text a smoother read, at least for me.

Images with missing license information
Thanks for uploading images on Wikibooks. However, the images may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

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Please signify the copyright information on all images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, ask them in the Reading room. Thank you.

I'd Like To Help
Hi, I'd like to contribute to your telescope WikiBook. I'm very curious about your pie pan mirror idea and I'm thinking about trying it for myself. Maybe this would be a good opportunity to create some high quality images for the book. I'm a photographer and I've had my photographs in a number of magazines usually how-to or illustrative so I think I could do a good job of generating this content. I can also create vector graphics and illustrations where drawings are better than photographs. I have built both refractors and reflectors so I could help with the writing too. Feel free to contacting me at my full name at gmail or through my talk page here.

Tristan Chambers (discuss • contribs) 16:42, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vorblesnak


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Talk:MySQL/Pivot table

Very good explanations, but this algorithm supposes that you know the number and the categories/values you will find in your database for each column. What if you do not know?

My records are as follows: product, date, sales. And I can of course have several sales for the same product on the same day, but this is not the main point. I need a table looking like this:

Does anybody knows of a way to process such a table using SQL? Thanks. Alain Joaris

 * I'd say you need to build your query with a programming language (see http://search.cpan.org/~gmax/DBIx-SQLCrosstab-1.17/SQLCrosstab.pm) Beuc

In my opinion, the following code can be used for numeric and non-numeric columns:

select name, sum(score*(exam=1)) as exam1, sum(score*(exam=2)) as exam2, sum(score*(exam=3)) as exam3, sum(score*(exam=4)) as exam4 from exams group by name;

Jan Porsius

title: Talk:MySQL/Pivot table


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Animal Care/Land hermit crab terrarium

Besides glass tanks the only good, commercially-available hermit crab home is the Exo Terra Terrarium. A full setup can be seen at the site of this UK owner. The front doors give easy access to the crabs and make the units easy to clean. However, there are some reservations: expense,  humidity control, substrate depth, and the background piece.
 * The units come with a mesh lid, so you need to cover part of the mesh or provide a glass lid to retain humidity. Also, the glass doors do not seal to each other (but do lock securely).
 * The crabs may destroy the background piece.

The smallest unit appropriate for hermit crabs (12"W x 12"D x 18"H) is built for 4" of substrate. (Larger units allow more.) The limitation comes from the height of the door and the design of the ventilation system (keeps front doors free of moisture), but the units are strong enough to hold more substrate (according to the manufacturer). For instance, the unit mentioned above is strong enough for 6" of sand. The sand could simply be banked with only 4" at the front or the unit can be modified for 6" of sand by adding additional pieces of glass.

Aquarium sealant can be used to install a large piece of glass (approximately 12"W x 6"H) vertically across the unit 3" from the front. Then two glass pools can be put into the 3" front strip (with the middle of the strip available for other use).
 * Two smaller glass pieces (4"H x 3"W) can be installed vertically 4" from the sides. -or-
 * Two, small, removable glass pools (approximately 3"W x 4"L x 4"H) can be constructed to slip tightly into the strip.

There are a multitude of ways to help the crabs climb into the pools. Wood and rocks in the pools, plus a sponge in the fresh water, would give the crabs ways to climb out. To put bubblers in the pools, put small tubing holes in the large glass piece before installing it.

Of course, the sand could simply be banked around the removable glass pools, but that would make them more difficult to empty and, more importantly, one would loose an opportunity to encourage the crabs to climb and exercise.

If permanent installation of the large glass piece is not desired, it could be braced between the removable glass pools and the sand behind it. Additional pieces of glass (3"W x 4"H and/or 3"W x 6"H) would be needed to stabilize the setup, so that the glass pools could be removed and emptied without the large glass piece moving.

title: Animal Care/Land hermit crab terrarium


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Logic for Computer Science/Temporal Logic

Modal Logic
Modal logic expands propositional logic by operators for the modalities possibility and necessity. These basic modal operators are usually written $$\Box$$ (or L) for necessarily and $$\Diamond$$ (or M) for possibly. Each can be defined from the other in the following way:

 * $$\Diamond P \leftrightarrow \lnot\, \Box\, \lnot\, P.$$


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Priori Incantatem

Overview
Rather than a spell, Priori Incantatem is an effect that occurs when two wands that have magical cores deriving from the same source are used against each other. One or the other of the wands is forced to regurgitate the last spells that it was used to cast. The effect is very similar to the spell Prior Incantato.

Extended Description
This effect is seen near the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire during the graveyard battle between Voldemort and Harry Potter. Both Harry's and Voldemort's wands are powered by tail feathers given by Fawkes. When they simultaneously cast spells at each other, this effect appears. A fiery stream joins the two wands, forming a golden light that envelops Harry and Voldemort; there are fire beads on the stream between the two wands, which Harry thrusts backwards into Voldemort's wand, forcing it to disgorge its past few spells. The spirit "echoes" of Cedric Diggory, the muggle Frank Bryce, Bertha Jorkins, and Harry's mother and father, who were the last people murdered using Voldemort's wand, appear as ghostly simulacra of their living selves.

Greater Picture
We learn much later that this also has the effect of transferring some of the powers of one wand into the other. In this case, Harry, being the stronger wizard for reasons that are discussed elsewhere, manages to force Voldemort's wand to disgorge its most recent spells, and in the process gains some of the power of Voldemort's wand.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Prior Incantato

Overview
The Prior Incantato charm is used to reveal the last spell cast by a wand. Once the spell cast has been determined, the Deletrius charm can be used to end the display. The effects are similar to the Priori Incantatem wand effect, but not entirely related.

Extended Description
In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the House Elf Winky is found Stunned, holding a wand, shortly after the Dark Mark is cast. The Prior Incantato charm is used to determine that it was, in fact, the wand that was found with Winky that was used to cast the Dark Mark.

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Hermione's wand is captured at Malfoy Manor. Harry assumes that, by means of the Prior Incantato charm, the Death Eaters there will be able to determine that Hermione had tried to repair Harry's wand, and had failed. Remote as this possibility may be, Harry decides that he must proceed as if Voldemort is aware that his wand has been destroyed.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Deletrius

Overview
The Deletrius charm ends the display of previously-cast spells from a wand, that was previously triggered by use of the Prior Incantato charm.

Extended Description
In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the House Elf Winky is found Stunned, holding a wand, shortly after the Dark Mark is cast. The Prior Incantato charm is used to determine that it was, in fact, the wand that was found with Winky that was used to cast the Dark Mark. Once it is confirmed, the Deletrius charm is used to end the display.


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Argon

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Argon has no smell. It is a colorless gas. It has no taste. It, being inert, is non-toxic.

How was it discovered?
Argon was discovered by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894. It was isolated by examination of the residue obtained by removing nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water from clean air. In fact, air contains slightly less than 1% argon, making it the third most abundant gas in air, behind nitrogen and oxygen. The atmosphere of Mars contains less than 2% argon. It was recognized by the characteristic lines in the red end of the spectrum.

Where did its name come from?
The name Argon comes from argos, the Greek word for lazy or inactive. It got this name, because it doesn't react easily with other elements.  Did You Know?
 * Argon is heavier than air.
 * Argon is the third most abundant gas in air.
 * Argon forms only one compound.

Where is it found?
Argon is found in the air and is a byproduct of the production of oxygen and nitrogen. Argon makes up .93% of the Earth's atmosphere.

What are its uses?
Argon can be used to put out fires without damaging electronics. Argon is used in welding arcs and growing semiconductor crystals. Argon is also used in some light signs. Light signs containing argon emit a deep blue light. In some double-glazed windows, argon is contained to slow the loss of heat. For the same purpose some diving suits are also filled with argon for those diving deep down where it's freezing cold. Argon can protect an object stored in it by forcing out the water vapours and oxygen that would damage the object like the Magna Carta.

Is it dangerous?
Argon is usually not dangerous; it can be inhaled safely as long as there is also oxygen.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Argon


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heart attack

A heart attack is when blood supply to part of the heart is interrupted causing heart tissue to die. Symptoms of a heart attack include severe chest pain, looking pale, sweating, and feeling sick. A heart attack is a medical emergency, and it is a leading cause of death for both men and women.

First aid includes the following:
 * Seek emergency medical assistance immediately.
 * Help the patient to rest in a position which minimizes breathing difficulties. A half-sitting position with knees bent is often recommended.
 * Give access to more oxygen, e.g. by opening the window and widening the collar for easier breathing; but keep the patient warm, e.g. by a blanket or a jacket
 * Give aspirin, if the patient is not allergic to aspirin. Aspirin inhibits formation of further blood clots.
 * Non-coated or soluble preparations are preferred. These should be chewed or dissolved, respectively, to facilitate quicker absorption. If the patient cannot swallow,  the aspirin can be placed under the tongue.
 * U.S. guidelines recommend a dose of 160 – 325 mg.
 * Australian guidelines recommend a dose of 150 – 300 mg.
 * If it has been prescribed for the patient, give nitroglycerin tablets under the tongue.
 * Monitor pulse, breathing, level of consciousness and, if possible, the blood pressure of the patient continually.
 * Administer CPR if the victim is unconscious and non-breathing.

|


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User talk:68.59.11.72

Non Maria, sed Mariae fillia, Yulia sum.

title: User talk:68.59.11.72


text:
Cookbook talk:Atomic Fudge Cake

Okay, so, I just made the frosting for this cake. What I found out:  If you use unsweetened baker's chocolate, the frosting will be unbelievably sour. I ended up adding 1/2 cup sugar to it, and it's still a bit on the astringent side. I didn't want to refrigerate the whole cake, so I halved the boiling water in the frosting. It seems to have worked reasonably well. Adding a tablespoon of cinnamon gave the frosting a somewhat more interesting taste; I would have added some vanilla extract, but I think there was enough in the cake.  Should any of these notes be added to the main page?

Dark chocolate is not baker's chocolate. I like my chocolate very dark, so I used ones with 70% cocao...but depending on your tastes, you may want to get a slightly sweeter bar of dark chocolate. Secondly, as an alternative to making a very liquid frosting and letting it cool, you can also use double cream instead of single cream. (Although i've never seen double cream in the US, which is why i never thought of trying it). Using double cream creates something that is VERY frosting-like in texture. Novium 12:18, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Atomic Fudge Cake


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Wikijunior:Life/Today/Linnaean classifications

In Linnaeus' time, people already talked about species.

A species is sort of plant or animal all of the same type, like 'horses' or like 'goldfish'.

People also already talked about groups of animals that were similar -

like {horses and donkeys and zebras}, or like {carp and goldfish}.

They called a group a genus. Lots of groups aren't called 'genuses', but genera.

They didn't have any system for grouping genera together.

It was rather like having books grouped into {books on trains},

but no group for {Transport} or for {Non-fiction} or for {Children's Books}.

Linnaeus started with species and grouped them into genera.

He then grouped genera into orders. Orders were grouped into classes，

and classes were grouped into kingdoms.


text:
User:Thunderhead

m:User:Thunderhead

title: User:Thunderhead


text:
User:Ferretinator

=Projects=

 * Wikijunior The Elements
 * Wikijunior How Things Work
 * Geometry for elementary school
 * Microeconomics
 * Theatre and Acting

Books I've started

 * Enquiry Skills

=Me=

Hi. I'm Ferretinator. I'm from Scotland, and haven't been a Wikibooker very long. I first joined Wikipedia earlier this year, where I wrote two articles on Baker's Cyst and Pattelar Tendon Rupture. I find Wikibooks to be a more fulfilling experience for two reasons:

 * My work is more likely to be appreciated, even if people don't know I wrote it.

But more importantly

 * Wikibooks is more colaborative than Wikipedia, so I feel as if I'm part of a great team.

title: User:Ferretinator


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User:Barry Desborough/Scribble

Font size control
Seven

Four

Three

Two

One

Markup escape & special characters
<html> (view source)

Simple navigation controls?
<=Back (view source)

Navigation template
Using /NavBox

title: User:Barry Desborough/Scribble


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Theatre and Acting/Introduction

=Welcome to the Theatre!=

The theatre is a great place. Sit and watch as high-calibre actors perform live in front of you, with no cuts, restarts or interruptions. If you're seated in the right position, you may be able to catch a glimpse at some of the more obvious backstage mechanics that operate the props, the backdrops and so forth.

Acting is a great skill. The ability to make people imagine that you are someone else is something only a few possess. In the film Alien Autopsy, the main characters were played by Anthony MacPartlan and Declan Donnoley. They are known in the UK as two very successful TV show presenters and best friends, so when I saw the film, I imagined I wouldn't think of them as the roles they were portraying, but just as 'Ant and Dec'. But I was wrong. They managed to pull off their characters superbly, and I didn't think of them as two TV presenters. And that's acting.

This book is aimed to help you learn some acting techniques, but be under no illusion that this will improve your acting significantly. Acting is a practical task. Reading about a practical activity doesn't make you a master at it. Go out, join a theatre group and act for real. Then you'll realise what acting is.

title: Theatre and Acting/Introduction


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Antimony

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Antimony is a brittle, bluish silver-white metalloid. It has no smell. It also has no odor at all. Antimony is toxic to humans, so we unfortunately can't taste it!

How was it discovered?
Antimony was known to the ancients. The discoverer and the date when it was discovered are both unknown. During the early 1700s, French chemist Nicolas Lemery was the first person to perform a scientific study of antimony and its compounds. His findings were published in 1707.

Where did its name come from?
The name "antimony" comes the combination of two Greek words: anti (meaning against) and monos (meaning solitude). When combined, the two words mean "not alone". You can remember the chemical symbol for Antimony, which is Sb, by remembering "Susan B Anthony" who was a US women's rights activist.  Did You Know?
 * Antimony, in the form of stibnite, was used by the ancient Egyptians as black eyeshadow.
 * Antimony has metallic and nonmetallic properties. It is a metalloid.
 * Antimony is resistant to attack by acids.

Where is it found?
Antimony can be found free in nature, it is usually derived from the ores stibnite (Sb2S3) and valentinite (Sb2O3). A small amount of the earth's crust, 0.000002%, is made up of antimony.

What are its uses?
Antimony is used for hardening lead. Antimony is also used in the production of plastics and chemicals. Alloys of antimony are used to make products such as: batteries, low-friction metals, type metal and cable sheathing. Compounds of antimony are used to make flame-proofing materials, paints, ceramic materials, glass and pottery.

Is it dangerous?
Antimony is extremely dangerous. It was once used to kill parasites and is deadly in many of its compounds.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Antimony


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Nickel

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Nickel is a silvery white metal.

How was it discovered?
Nickel was discovered in 1751 in Stockholm, Sweden by a Swedish scientist named Axel Fredric Cronstedt.

Where did its name come from?
Nickel was named after a mischievous German sprite, Nickel, after miners blamed him for being unable to extract any copper from what they thought was copper ore, but which actually contained nickel.  Did You Know?
 * US nickel coins are only 25% nickel; the other 75% is copper.
 * Some hooks have a layer of nickel so that they oxidize in a slower rate.

Where is it found?
The largest producers of Nickel are the Philippines, Indonesia, Russia, Australia, and Canada (in that order). It was recently discovered in Nigeria (Dangoma).

What are its uses?
Nickel is found in many coins including, of course, nickels.

Is it dangerous?
Nickel compounds are classified as human carcinogens. Nickel can cause allergic reactions from skin contact. This is sometimes a problem with earrings for pierced ears, but many earrings are now made without nickel for this reason.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Nickel


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Phosphorus

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Phosphorus is white, purple, red, or black in color. When phosphorus is combined with certain other elements, it glows in the dark. Phosphorus can smell like garlic. It is not usually found free in nature.

How was it discovered?
Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brand in 1669 through experiments that involved boiling down and distilling the residue from urine.

Where did its name come from?
The name "phosphorus" comes from the combination of the Greek words "phos" (light) and "phoros" (bearer).

 Did You Know?
 * Plants need a small amount of phosphorus to live.
 * One type of phosphorus can be changed into another by increasing the temperature or the pressure.

Where is it found?
Elemental phosphorus comes in four forms: white phosphorus, red phosphorus, purple phosphorus, and black phosphorus. White phosphorus is very reactive and will spontaneously combust (burst into flames) when exposed to warm air. Therefore it is usually stored under water. The other forms are relatively nonreactive. One compound of phosphorus, calcium phosphate, is a major component of bones. Another, ATP, is used by cells to produce energy.

What are its uses?
Phosphorus is used in fertilizers and detergents. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is used to make soft drinks. Some phosphorus compounds are used to make light bulbs and television sets. Drinking water with phosphorus or taking phosphorus pills became fashionable and was thought to increase brain activity and make you smarter in the mid-1800s when phosphorus was discovered in the brain. In an ironic twist, phosphorus was used by the Allies in World War II to make their bombs glow bright during nighttime raids over Germany, the country of its initial discovery almost 300 years earlier. Phosphorus is also used to make nerve gas and inside glow sticks.

Is it dangerous?
White phosphorus is very toxic and is very damaging to human tissues, especially bones and cartilage. White phosphorus will spontaneously combust (burn) if exposed to air warmer than 35 degrees Celsius. Red, purple, and black phosphorus are relatively safe to handle.

Atom Information
The phosphorus atom (pictured right) shows a view of it very, very, zoomed in. At this level we can't even see light but if we magically could - this is more or less what we would see. In the centre is the nucleus (purple + red "subatomic particles") and around it are 3 electron "shells", the nucleus is made up of protons (red) and neutrons (purple). The protons have a little "+" sign on them because they carry positive charge, neutrons have no charge and electrons orbiting around the outside (blue) have a "-" sign because they have negative charge.

Ext: Electron Shells
On the 3 shells, the inner, middle, and outer, you can see varying amounts of electrons on the rings. On the inner ring, you can see two electrons.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Phosphorus


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Potassium

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Potassium is metallic and silvery white. It is soft, waxy and can easily be cut with a knife. Potassium has a lilac colored flame and burns when in contact with water. It reacts with oxygen to form potassium superoxide and with water to form potassium hydroxide, hydrogen gas and heat. Enough heat is produced to ignite the hydrogen gas.

How was it discovered?
It was discovered in 1807 when Sir Humphrey Davy extracted it from potassium hydroxide (or caustic potash, KOH,) a compound used in cooking.

Where did its name come from?
The name "potassium" comes from the Dutch word Potasch. Potassium was discovered in 1807 in England by Sir Humphry Davy.

Potassium's chemical symbol, K, comes from the Arabic word القلية (al-qalya), meaning potash, formed into the Latin word "kalium", most likely because it is an alkali metal.

 Did You Know?

Potassium is important for your nerves and muscles.

Where is it found?
Potassium makes up nearly 3% of the Earth's crust and is the seventh most abundant element on the planet. Potassium is rarely found free in nature as it is a very reactive element. Instead, potassium is usually found in minerals such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite. These minerals are usually found in ancient lake and sea beds. Another important source of potassium, caustic potash, is mined in Germany as well as New Mexico, California and Utah in the United States.

What are its uses?
Plants need potassium to grow. Potassium can be found it most soils, usually in the form of potassium chloride (KCl) or potassium nitrate (KNO3). In addition, potassium chloride is a salt substitute and aids in the production of other chemicals. Potassium nitrate, also known as saltpeter or niter, is also used to make the heads of matches and pyrotechnics (it is the major component of gunpowder.) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) can be found in soaps, detergents and drain cleaners. Potassium carbonate (KHCO3), or pearl ash, is a byproduct of ammonia that can be found in certain types of soap and glass. Potassium is also found in bananas.

Is it dangerous?
Pure potassium, as a metal, will light on fire if it touches water. However, potassium is a required mineral in the body as an ion — an electric atom. One of its uses inside the body is in the nerves. Nerves, and neurons in the brain, carry electricity; the potassium ion, along with the sodium ion, are important to this.

Potassium hydroxide and its solutions should never be touched in any way, as they are EXTREMELY POISONOUS AND CORROSIVE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Potassium


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Wikijunior:The Elements/Sulfur

Sulfur is a common non metallic element with the chemical symbol S and atomic number 16.

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
It is bright yellow and forms large crystals. In its native (pure) form it is both odorless and tasteless, but many substances containing sulfur have a distinct odor. The scent of rotten eggs, burnt matches, and skunks are all caused by sulfurous compounds.

How was it discovered?
Sulfur was discovered early in human history. References in the Bible associated the element with the devil and hell. The Bible refers to it as brimstone.

Where did its name come from?
The word sulfur has old roots. It comes from the ancient Latin word for sulfur, sulpur, which later changed to sulphur, perhaps under the influence of the Arabic word for yellow, sufra.

Where is it found?
In nature, it can be found as the pure element or combined with other elements as different minerals. Sulfur can be found in areas where there are volcanoes. It is also found in meteorites and hot springs. Sulfur is mined from the ground and can be found throughout the world. A compound of sulfur (hydrogen sulfide or H2S, in which sulfur is combined with hydrogen) is also a common component of oil and natural gas, especially now that most sulfur-free oil and gas has been used up. A large amount of the element is made from H2S by oil refineries.  Did You Know?
 * Sulfur burns with a blue flame.
 * The name sulfur is also sometimes spelled sulphur.
 * Sulfur boils at 832°F and melts at 239°F.
 * Although solid sulfur is bright yellow, molten sulfur is blood red.

What are its uses?
Sulfur is used to make matches and gunpowder. It is also used to make fertilizers to help plants grow, and to make sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is used to keep dried fruit from discoloring. It is an essential element for life.

Is it dangerous?
When mixed together with other elements, like hydrogen or oxygen, it can cause lung scarring and breathing problems. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid that can cause burns on unprotected skin. Hydrogen sulfide, called "stinkdamp" by miners due to its offensive smell, is a very dangerous gas. Sulfur is an important part of gunpowder. Gunpowder is explosive and is very dangerous if handled incorrectly.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Sulfur


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Zinc

What does it look, feel, taste or smell like?
Zinc is a hard solid that is bluish in color. It has no smell.

How was it discovered?
Zinc was known to the ancients, but it wasn't until 1746 that zinc was isolated by Andreas Marggraf. Marggraf showed people that zinc could be isolated by reducing calamine with charcoal.

Centuries before the metallic form of zinc was discovered, zinc ores were used for making brass and zinc compounds. An alloy containing 87% zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania. Zinc ores were used for healing wounds and sore eyes. It is estimated that during the rule of Augustus (20 BC to 14 AD), the Romans were the first people to make brass. In the 13th century explorer Marco Polo was cited as describing the production of zinc oxide in Persia. India recognized zinc as a new metal by 1374; at the time, it was the eighth metal known to man. Zinc oxide had been produced in Zawar, India from the 12th to 16th centuries. This zinc was produced by reducing calamine using organic substances like wool.

Where did its name come from?
The name zinc comes from "zinn", the German word for tin.

 Did You Know?
 * A human body contains around 2.3g Zinc.
 * The oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD.
 * Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper

Where is it found?
Zinc is hard to find, because it is very reactive in its pure form, and makes up less than 1% of the earth's crust. It's found mostly in compounds like the mineral Zinc Sulfide, also known as sphalerite or zincblende.

What are its uses?
Zinc has many common and not-so-common uses: Zinc is used in many coins. Zinc is used to make brass and bronze. It is also used in metal coating and rust protection, called galvanization. It is also used in the batteries that power everything from flashlights to radio-controlled toys. This type of battery was invented by the French chemist George Leclanche more than 100 years ago. Zinc oxide is a common sunscreen because it can block harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays that damage skin. This same compound is also used to make white paints and to make photocopies. Zinc sulfide, another zinc compound, is used in electronic devices as a phosphor (pronounced "fos-four"). Phosphor gives off light when struck by electrons. Zinc sulfide has been used on the inside of computer and television screens to produce images from your favorite TV show to computer games.

Is it dangerous?
No, it is not dangerous. Zinc is necessary for the human body and helps boost your immune system. Zinc oxide can also be used as a sunblock to protect your skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet light.

Other details about Zinc
Zinc has a boiling point of 907 degree Celsius and melting point of 419.53 degree Celsius.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Zinc


text:
Mass Media/Magazines

During the 19th century, magazines were the predominant national medium. (Newspapers were the local medium.)

Magazines are a kind of periodical (along with newspapers), meaning they are published regularly. Common schedules include weekly, biweekly (every other week), monthly, bimonthly (every other month), quarterly, or even annually. The typical magazine is published on paper, usually with a heavier, thicker paper as the cover, although paper quality varies significantly.They are usually bound with either glue or staples. There are some magazines that are only published online, and other experiments happen, such as magazines on CD, or podcasts.

Magazines are distributed in several ways. Magazine issues can be sold individually on the newsstand, including grocery stores. They can also be sold as a subscription where several issues will be delivered by mail for a set fee. Other methods include targeted mailings to particular places, or "dropping" issues in high-traffic places like stores, salons, and doctor's offices.

From an advertising perspective, magazines allow messages to be highly targeted - magazines range from a specialized art publication that may reach 2,000 people to a mass publication that could reach 2-3 million people (People, Time Magazines). Magazines also offer a variety of audiences that may be highly targeted to men (Esquire) or women (Vogue), to luxury (Elite Traveler) to the everyday (Woman's Day). Magazine editorial can range from general (Newsweek) to highly specific (Cat Fancy) which offers lots of options for both consumers and advertisers. Categories include General Interest, Celebrity, Epicurean (food), Lifestyle, Service (advice), Fashion/Beauty, Shelter (home), Art, Music, Entertainment, Regional/Local/City, Business, Newsweekly, Newspaper Supplement, Health, Literary, Alternative/Independent, Travel, and Enthusiast (hobbies). Many of these can be categorized further as men's, women's or teen titles. Some target certain ethnic groups, language groups, or lifestyles.

Trade publications are often expensive for the consumer, but they are highly specific to particular industries, for example, long-haul trucking, steel manufacturing, bar owners, or organic farmers all have magazines dedicated to them.

Magazines are good for advertisers, because they typically cater to a narrow demographic. Since it is easy to discern the audience of most magazines, it makes it easy for advertisers to "target" their ads. Generally, magazine readers are professionals in management, and have higher incomes compared to other media audiences. People pay more attention to magazine advertisements than advertising in any other medium, such as TV, radio, or digital.

The policy of "church and state" is self-regulated by the publishing industry. It means that advertisers should not be allowed to influence the editorial or articles of the magazine and vice versa. Publishers may choose to reject an advertisement or require the page to carry the words "advertisement" or "promotion" if it looks too much like an article.

The magazine publishing industry is mostly self-regulated. Most advertisers voluntarily restrict their messaging about tobacco, alcohol, and increasingly unhealthy food.

title: Mass Media/Magazines


text:
Free Direct Instruction Curriculum and Training/Science 1/1

Created: 2006 11 05 | Percent completed:

Shapes

 * Square, circle, triangle, rectangle

Color

 * Blue, red, green, yellow, black, purple

Size

 * Big, small, medium

Sort

 * Putting things in order of shape, color, size, or more

Data

 * Measuring and taking notes on what was measured

Chart

 * A way of writing down notes so that it can be compared

Science
Science is a way of looking at the world and things that happen in it. We do science by asking questions and finding answers.

Section 1: Review

 * Review of yesterday's lesson (insert vocabulary)
 * Hand back student's work from (insert lesson number)

Section 2: What is science?

 * 1) (Write part of 1 of definition of science on board) Science is a way of looking at the world and things that happen in it. Everyone, what is science? (Signal) A way of looking at the world and things that happen in it.
 * 2) (Write part of 2 of definition of science on board) We do science by asking questions and finding answers. Everyone, how do we do science? (Signal) By asking questions and finding answers.

Section 3: What questions can we ask?

 * 1) Some questions we might ask is "Is it alive?, "When does it grow?", "How does it move?" What other questions might we ask? Call on several students and praise acceptable answers

Section 4: How do we find answers?

 * 1) (Write "observation" on board) To find the answer to scientific questions we must make careful observations. Everyone, how do we find answers? (Signal) Observations An observation is done by the scientist or equipment seeing, hearing, testing, feeling, or smelling. Is [insert very positive example] an observation? (Signal) Yes Is [insert very negative example] an observation? (Signal) No

Section 5: How do we observe?

 * 1) (Write "data" "chart" on board) To find the answer to scientific questions we must make careful observations Call on several students and praise acceptable answers


text:
Talk:Mass Media/Cinema

I plan on using this page as a source for Thomas Edison's influence on cinema later. Also:
 * 1948 Paramount decision: http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/paramountcase_6supreme1948.htm

title: Talk:Mass Media/Cinema


text:
Talk:X Window Programming

Merging GTK+ Book
Merging the GTK+ book into this book would allow people to contribute to one effort rather then dividing the community as well as allows readers to learn GTK+ along with other aspects of X Windows Programming. --darklama 17:33, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Excellent idea. --Swift 08:18, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Bad idea. Remember that GTK is cross-platform. It does not have to run under X. - Anonymous 16:05, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Please don't do this. You don't need to know anything about X to program using Gtk, and you don't need to know anything about Gtk to program X Windows. --Tony Sidaway 23:04, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Another vote for not doing this. As already pointed out Gtk and X programming are not related. If you still think they are consider, why we should not merge this with Qt programming, or FLTK programming or someother toolkit programming. --Balbir Thomas 15:12, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

While GTK+ is cross-platform and doesn't need to run under X, GTK+ is most commonly used under X, was originally made for use with X, and still relies on X concepts that need to be understood to write programs that use GTK+. Most of the topics covered in this book will be dealing with libraries and toolkits which happen to be cross-platform, because there more frequently used. Other toolkits or libraries, like Xlib or XCB, are less frequently used directly. This book will be covering GTK+ and Qt, along with other toolkits, regardless of whether or not the merger happens, as most programmers today use them to create programs for X. So why not keep things simple and easy, by letting any contributions to be concentrated in a single work, rather then having work and effort split among different books? --dark lama  01:35, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd take it the other way round: merge the X Window Programming relevant chapters to existing books, the Guide to X11 for instance. Looking at the X Window Programming content, I've noticed that most of the chapters (beyond XLib and XCB) present only general information, that is, they haven't developed into real book chapters yet. Moreover, the four last topics (SDL, OpenGL, Qt and GTK+) are not part of the X Window system: SDL, GTK+ and Qt use some X Window libraries when built on X11, but they're cross-platform toolkits and use different libraries on other systems; OpenGL is in no way bound to X Window. As a consequence, I'd move the XLib and XCB chapters to the Guide to X11 book, and the Motif information to Wikipedia (Motif is the only toolkit that depends only on X, so it could stay in an X book, but as a framework it can have its own book). Move the other chapters either to Wikipedia or the existing independant books (OpenGL, Gtk, Qt). I'd add that most of the GTK+ or Qt programmers have never learnt about the X Window concepts, there's no need to learn X to use frameworks built on top of it. Though Qt and Gtk+ were historically based on X libraries, they're now real cross-platform toolkits (especially Qt); many application authors probably choose one of them with that cross-platform idea in mind, whichever the system they choose (or are used to) for main developments. No work will be duplicated when splitting the X Window Programming book because there's no direct relationship between any of them (excepted beetween the first two ones). Moreover, once you've choosed a framework, you don't need to learn (or even know) about the other ones. Some of them allow making direct calls to the X libraries (in which case you'll refer the the X specific book), but they're primarily meant as X abstraction frameworks. --User:Romainbehar

 * I disagree with splitting this book up. Guide to X11 is for installing and using X11, not for programming under X11. Most of the general information in this book is based on already existing Wikipedia articles. Gtk hasn't had much development yet either, which is why I suggested a merger with this book, while not suggesting any other mergers. While GTK+ or Qt programmers may never touch X, this book isn't for those type of programmers. This book is for programmers wanting to write programs or games that run under X11, whether only one toolkit or library is being used or a mix of toolkits/libraries are going to be used together. This book is intended to be useful in introductory classes that introduce all these libraries, and useful in advance classes in which students are expected to learn how to make window managers, new interface elements, and use libraries/toolkits together. --dark lama  17:43, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. The two have different scope. Gtk and X Window Programming/GTK+, however, share a scope and should be merged. Whether that's under this book or the other (used as a reference here) doesn't really matter. --Swift (talk) 09:48, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Splash pages
Would anyone object to moving the upper half of the main page to /Cover and merge the /Contents with the lower half (the introduction)? I've done this with abandoned books as per the splash page discussion on WB:MOS. --Swift (talk) 10:08, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 * There is already a short table of contents listed on the main page that lists each major section of the book. The intent is for /Contents to be a more complete table of contents. The order in which each major section is read should more or less not matter, while chapters in each major section should be read in the order presented. I think this is similar to how Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter is organized. --dark lama  18:14, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Unix programming
Hi. In polish wikibooks is a small page about Unix programming. Can it be treated as a polish version of this book ? --Adam majewski (discuss • contribs) 20:10, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

 * X Window has many implementations and is available for other systems besides UNIX. I think English Wikibooks may not have a Unix Programming book yet. Unix Programming is a broader topic in some ways, and in other ways might cover things which may not be compatible across the systems in which X Window is implemented. A person should hopefully be able to write graphic programs using any number of graphic libraries and X Window, whether they are in a UNIX environment or not. How about starting a Unix Programming book instead? --dark lama  20:47, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Xview
What about old Xview library ? --Adam majewski (discuss • contribs) 07:08, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I am open to the idea of covering other libraries too. Are their people using Xview to develop programs? I think a criteria for inclusion should be that their be an active community of developers using it. The link you provided mentions some problems that have been known since 1993, suggesting there might be no incentive for people to develop programs using Xview any more. Maybe some kind of migration guide could be useful for people that come across programs still using Xview? --dark lama  14:29, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Key concepts and their examples
I suggest add some key concepts in the book with examples of each one.

display is the X hardware abstration for hardware input/output set. Example: computer jonh's keyboard, mouse and two LCD screens connected thru X Server are viewed (this is the abstraction) for the X client like one "Display".

widget is the X software abstraction for window (not, x window) derivatives like menus, forms, lists, checkboxes, etc. Example: label window saying "hello world".

resources is the set of resource itens that a widget owns.

resource is one atributte of a widget. Example: width of a window.

Tranparent programming
The X programming consist in make X clients. One can programming a client to run in one OS (not necessary a UNIX one) and use another like user interface. Example: John create an "hello X World" application that was compiled in your computer running FreeBSD OS. Paul interact with John's "Hello X World" program running in their computer thru a network system using your computer running a GNU/linux system. The Paul's computer have an X Server installed, that communicates with John's computer running X client.

Example : Make this example in C code.

From Alan tutorial (Maybe this program could be considered a "Hello X World", cause it shows an "X" formed by two lines)

/* first include the standard headers that we're likely to need */
 * 1) include
 * 2) include
 * 3) include
 * 4) include
 * 5) include
 * 6) include

int main(int argc, char ** argv){ int screen_num, width, height; unsigned long background, border; Window win; XEvent ev; Display *dpy; GC pen; XGCValues values;

/* First connect to the display server */ dpy = XOpenDisplay(NULL); if (!dpy) {fprintf(stderr, "unable to connect to display\n");return 7;}

/* these are macros that pull useful data out of the display object */ /* we use these bits of info enough to want them in their own variables */ screen_num = DefaultScreen(dpy); background = BlackPixel(dpy, screen_num); border = WhitePixel(dpy, screen_num);

width = 40; /* start with a small window */ height = 40;

win = XCreateSimpleWindow(dpy, DefaultRootWindow(dpy), /* display, parent */		0,0, /* x, y: the window manager will place the window elsewhere */		width, height, /* width, height */		2, border, /* border width & colour, unless you have a window manager */		background); /* background colour */

/* create the pen to draw lines with */ values.foreground = WhitePixel(dpy, screen_num); values.line_width = 1; values.line_style = LineSolid; pen = XCreateGC(dpy, win, GCForeground|GCLineWidth|GCLineStyle,&values);

/* tell the display server what kind of events we would like to see */ XSelectInput(dpy, win, ButtonPressMask|StructureNotifyMask|ExposureMask );

/* okay, put the window on the screen, please */ XMapWindow(dpy, win);

/* as each event that we asked about occurs, we respond. In this * case we note if the window's shape changed, and exit if a button * is pressed inside the window. We also draw lines whenever a part * of a window becomes viewable. */	while(1){ XNextEvent(dpy, &ev); switch(ev.type){ case Expose: XDrawLine(dpy, win, pen, 0, 0, width, height); XDrawLine(dpy, win, pen, width, 0, 0, height); break; case ConfigureNotify: if (width != ev.xconfigure.width					|| height != ev.xconfigure.height) { width = ev.xconfigure.width; height = ev.xconfigure.height; XClearWindow(dpy, ev.xany.window); printf("Size changed to: %d by %d\n", width, height); }			break; case ButtonPress: XCloseDisplay(dpy); return 0; }	} }

Basic Xlib programming
Unix has a strong link with the C programming language, so Xlib was created as a C language library. Remebering that UNIX was created mostly in C language. Despite X could be programmed in another languages, the better choice is to start from the beginning.

title: Talk:X Window Programming


text:
User:Harriska2~enwikibooks/monobook.css

.instruct { color: blue; background: yellow; font-weight: regular; }

title: User:Harriska2~enwikibooks/monobook.css


text:
User talk:Ferretinator

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * If you're a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 18:24, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

plus a bit
Nice words on your user page and good to have someone else "our" side of the pond . -- Herby talk thyme 18:25, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ferretinator


text:
User talk:Beuc

Blender 3D: Noob to Pro
Hello. I'm new to Wikibooks, having just come over from Wikipedia a week ago. You and I seem to be the only people actively working on B3D:N2P. If you're interested, I'd like to bounce some ideas off you. Let me know if there's anything I can help you with. Cheers, --Stepheng3 (talk) 15:12, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Like you, I'm working forward through the book.
 * In the short term, I plan to:
 * Create a template for formatting menu-navigation paths.
 * Rename some poorly-named modules, starting with Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Tutorial Syntax.
 * Reduce the amount of material readers must slog through before creating their first scene:
 * Trim unnecessary and/or redundant material.
 * Move completist (i.e., reference) material to the appendices.
 * Defer material leading up to the first scene that isn't useful till later.
 * Hide long digressions that are of interest only to a minority of readers.
 * Over the long term, I plan to:
 * Update tutorials so they agree with the behavior of 2.49b.
 * Provide an overview and motivation for each module, section, and unit.
 * Ensure that the module sequence in the navbars agrees with that in the Table of Contents.
 * Standardize terminology and formatting, making use of templates that already exist.
 * Create new templates to encourage consistent formatting.
 * Flesh out and promote the Glossary.
 * I'm all for fixing mistakes.
 * I also support adding explanations, provided they help readers accomplish what they want to do and aren't redundant.
 * So far, we don't seem to be working at cross-purposes. While I've been revamping Unit 1, you've been working on Unit 2.  However, I may catch up to you soon.  Collaborating would probably make us more effective.
 * Best regards,--Stepheng3 (talk) 17:44, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

Not sure it's a good idea to revamp on your first reading, especially if you still consider yourself a n00b, but it's good to see contributions.

Is there a way to see (your) recent changes for the whole wikibook, without watching each and every page I mean? I'll get a better overview of your work that way. Beuc (talk) 20:00, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Go to . Type "Stepheng3" in the "IP address or username" box, and click the "Search" button. --Stepheng3 (talk) 20:53, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

OpenGL and GLSL Programming
Hi Beuc, thanks for setting the links. I edited them a bit to clarify them (in my opinion ;). In particular, note that the parts of the GLSL programming book I'm writing so far (GLSL in Unity and Blender) are using OpenGL instead of OpenGL ES (well, OK, except for Unity for iOS and Android, but I'm actually using it on Windows); however, the general parts present the OpenGL ES 2.0 pipeline because that includes more of the OpenGL pipeline than what Unity and Blender exposes to the user; thus, currently it is not necessary to explain the full OpenGL pipeline. In the future (i.e. when the GLSL Programming book would include anything beyond the OpenGL ES 2.0 pipeline, e.g. geometry shaders), another page about the OpenGL pipeline would be necessary. That's why the current page about the pipeline refers to the OpenGL ES 2.0 pipeline. --Martin Kraus (discuss • contribs) 09:13, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Thinking about it, would it make sense to move the Modern OpenGL section of the OpenGL Programming book to the OpenGL+GLUT part of the GLSL programming book? Just a suggestion. --Martin Kraus (discuss • contribs) 15:47, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks for contacting me. I aim at writing portable OpenGL with main targets GNU/Linux and Android NDK, so most likely with C++ and OpenGL ES 2.0 too (I currently use Glut but I may use EGL or another wrapper). The tutorials I'm contributing will probably touch areas outside of GLSL (e.g. quadtrees or openal), but I now see that the GLSL book has a broader scope than I first though. So I could move the tutorials to the GLSL book with due links from the OpenGL one, yes. How do we proceed?Beuc (discuss • contribs) 18:23, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

 * It's totally up to you where you want to put your tutorials. I probably won't find the time to work on any tutorials related to what you describe. (Right now I want to focus on Unity and Blender; later maybe WebGL and GameKit.) I think tutorials using portable GLUT on GNU/Linux and/or Android NDK would fit very well into the GLSL Programming book. On the other hand, your tutorials are probably difficult to integrate into an OpenGL book that covers the now deprecated features. Imagine yourself as a reader of the OpenGL programming book in its current form: you start learning about immediate mode, manipulation of the model-view matrix stack and the projection matrix stack, configuration of lighting, display lists, etc. and then - in your section about modern OpenGL - you are told to forget all of this because all of these features are deprecated since OpenGL 3.2. As a reader, I would be very frustrated: why did I just read all this stuff if it is irrelevant? Thus, the current structure does not work very well in my opinion. However, you could also replace most of the OpenGL Programming book by your tutorials and move the now deprecated parts into an appendix. Actually, I think that would be the best solution to keep the OpenGL Programming book up-to-date. However, it would require more effort than just adding the tutorials in a separate section. Well, it's really up to you; I was just wondering what the best solution for potential readers might be. In any case, there is no hurry.
 * I haven't looked into the Android NDK; I was under the impression that it uses EGL, but maybe GLUT is available, too. My approach of writing platform-specific tutorials is mainly motivated by my frustrating experience with teaching OpenGL 2.x with GLUT and OpenGL ES 2.0 with the PowerVR SDK at the same time. It's just too complicated from a learner's point of view (at least the way I taught it :). Thus, I would recommend that you shouldn't try to cover the use of OpenGL with GLUT and OpenGL ES with EGL in any single tutorial but rather have separate tutorials that might share a lot of the content. (Of course, feel free to ignore my advise. :) --Martin Kraus (discuss • contribs) 19:24, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Your suggestions look sensible :) I'm thinking a bit how to organise things.Beuc (discuss • contribs) 21:13, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Revert
(moved from my talk page --Panic (discuss • contribs) 21:47, 20 September 2011 (UTC) )

I think it's polite to discuss with the contributor before doing a straight revert on an edit. Thanks otherwise for your contributor, I clarified my intent.

 * I presume that you are referring to this. My edit comment says all that needed to be said and is a valid justification for the reversal.
 * The link was non working and it was pointing to a blog. This fallowed by the removal of other perfectly working and useful links was clearly seen as a non contributive edit to that project effort. So the best avenue was to revert it to a functional and more useful state. I could have had the courtesy of talking to you but the level of content lost was minor (the non working link) and the rational was already expressed on the edit summary. I never presumed bad faith of your part even if I am disagreeable with the action, but I will express my view on the relevant talk page in the discussion initiated for that purpose. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 21:47, 20 September 2011 (UTC)
 * PS: Please remember to sign your posts and to be more specific next time, I had to exercise some effort to determine what you were talking about. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 21:49, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of "Programming:MySQL"
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Thank you. |Wikibooks=PokestarFan*Talk*Contributions|#default= PokestarFan*Talk*Contributions  }}|Wikibooks=PokestarFan*Talk*Contributions|#default=  PokestarFan*Talk*Contributions  }}|Wikibooks=PokestarFan*Talk*Contributions|#default=  PokestarFan*Talk*Contributions  }} 02:17, 20 August 2017 (UTC),

title: User talk:Beuc


text:
User:Royalguard11

I am w:User:Royalguard11. -Royalguard11 (Talk) 19:12, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Royalguard11


text:
User talk:Royalguard11

 Please go here to leave me an urgent message on the English Wikipedia.  Please click [ here] to leave me a non-urgent message.

title: User talk:Royalguard11


text:
X Window Programming/XCB

Introduction
XCB (X C Binding) is a C language binding for the X Window System. It aims to replace ../XLib/. The project was started in 2001 by Bart Massey.

Xlib/XCB provides application binary interface compatibility with both Xlib and XCB, providing an incremental porting path.

Aims of XCB
The main aims of XCB are:

 * reduction in library size and complexity;
 * direct access to the X11 protocol.

Secondary aims include making the C interface asynchronous, facilitating better multithreading and making extensions easier to implement (via XML protocol descriptions).

The core and extension protocol descriptions are in XML, with the C bindings created via XSLT. A tertiary aim is to repurpose these protocol descriptions for the creation of protocol documentation, further language bindings, and server-side stubs.

Massey has worked to prove XCB formally correct, using Z notation. (Xlib has long been known to contain errors.)

Old Example
XCB has a comparable, but slightly lower-level API than XLib, as can be seen with these examples.

title: X Window Programming/XCB