text:
User talk:Michaeljamesmontgomery~enwikibooks

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out what this means.
 * To sign your name (on talk pages), use four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * For help in using the wiki, see the editing guide.
 * Explore, be bold, and have fun!
 * For site news, see the Bulletin board.

Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or you cancontact me personally on my talk page. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of either page, and enter your question! Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  12:59, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Michaeljamesmontgomery. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Michaeljamesmontgomery~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Ravindranathakila

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out what this means.
 * To sign your name (on talk pages), use four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * For help in using the wiki, see the editing guide.
 * Explore, be bold, and have fun!
 * For site news, see the Bulletin board.

Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or you cancontact me personally on my talk page. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of either page, and enter your question! Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  13:45, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:2002 09 full unabr a4.pdf
Thanks for uploading Image:2002 09 full unabr a4.pdf. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. The image that may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status.

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk. Thank you. Webaware talk 06:33, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ravindranathakila


text: User:Alexsmail/Computer programming/Object oriented/Examples/OverLoading


text:
User talk:Nelson.blaha

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

And I added your book to the biology bookshelf. Hope you're enjoying your time here! Mattb112885 (talk to me) 17:54, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nelson.blaha


text:
Arabic/LearnRW/taa' MarbooTah

Arabic words ending in tâ' marbûTa (ـة/ة) are usually of feminine gender. It looks like a combination of hâ' (ه) and tâ' (ت). It usually comes at the end of the word.

Example
tâ' marbûTa has two ways of being pronounced:

 * 1) When the word is said by itself, it is pronounced as an 'h': zawjah (زوجةة).
 * 2) If you add on a grammatical suffix or iDâfa takes place, it is pronounced like tâ': zawjati (زَوْجَتيِ) = my wife; zawjat 'aHmad (زَوْجَة أَحْمَد) = wife of Ahmad. The ة cannot connect to the next letter of a word. For example, in زوجة.

Usage
Although it is incorrect, some people while writing informally may write Tied Ta' as Ha'ـه/ه. Also, in Egyptian Arabic and many other dialects of today's spoken Arabic (I'm not sure but I can say all of the dialects excluding Standard Arabic), it is always pronounced as ha'هـ. (Called heh in Egyptian Arabic. Ta' marbutah is called teh marbutah in Egyptian Arabic.)

title: Arabic/LearnRW/taa' MarbooTah


text:
User:Bkuhn

= bkuhn =

I am Bradley M. Kuhn.

My general interest in Wikipedia (and Wikibooks, by extension) comes from, as Jimmy Wales puts it, inspiration from the Software Freedom Movement. I'm a movement guy, and I just love the idea of being able to contribute collaboratively to help make the world a better place by using technology. So, every time I google for something and hit Wikipedia, I can't resist trying my best to make an entry a little bit better. It's the Free Software hacker in me.

I kind of like that I came to Wikipedia (and by extension, Wikibooks) way late; I only started ever editing pages a few years ago. It's just beautiful to see such a wonderful community dedicated to helping people learn flourish in this way. It makes me all the more proud to be a free software guy to see that community inspiring others to do amazing work of their own.

= My Contributions =

I have basically two passions in life, free software and poker. I try to contribute to books related to those things.

Years ago, I began writing a book called Picking Up Perl, and has long been released under the FDL. I am now working to merge it into the Programming:Perl book on this site.

title: User:Bkuhn


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Arabic/available/Romanisation

 * 1) L kita'b(u) mawju'd(u)(n)
 * 2) L kursiy(yu) mawju'd(u)(n)
 * 3) L 7a'suwb(u) 3'air(u) mawju'd(i)(n)
 * 4) L~tilmi'd'(u) mawju'd(u)(n)
 * 5) L qalam(u) mawju'd(u)(n)
 * 6) L ma77a'ye(tu) 3'ayr(u) mawju'de(ti)(n)
 * 7) L kalime(tu) 3'ayr(u) mawju'de(ti)(n)
 * 8) L ma6a'r(u) huna'k(a)
 * 9) L ma63am(u) mawju'd(u(n))
 * 10) L tilmi'd'(u) huna'lik(a)
 * 11) L madrase(tu) huna'
 * 12) L ma6a'r(u) 3'air(u) mawju'd(i)(n)

title: Arabic/available/Romanisation


text: User talk:Kyle.died.rich

title: User talk:Kyle.died.rich


text: User:Kyle.died.rich

title: User:Kyle.died.rich


text:
Arabic/definiteArticle/Romanisation

book= kita'b(u)  ُ airport= ma6a'r(u)ُ restaurant= ma63am(u)ُ title/address= 3unwa'n(u)ُ big= kabi'r(u)ُ small= 9a3'i'ru

 * 1) L kita'b(u)
 * 2) L ma6a'r(u)   //6=T
 * 3) L ma63am(u)   //6=T 3=near silent
 * 4) L kita'b(u) 9a3'i'r(u)(n)
 * 5) L ma6a'r(u) kabi'r(u)(n)
 * 6) L ma63am(u) 9a3'i'r(u)(n)
 * 7) 3unwa'n(u)-L ma6a'r(i)

title: Arabic/definiteArticle/Romanisation


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Arabic/Here and There/ex2/Romanisation

notebook= daftar(u)ُ there= huna'lik(a) computer= 7a'su'b(u)ُ eraser= ma77a'ye(tu)ُ pen(cil)= qalam(u) teacher= mu3allim(u) student= tilmi'd'(u)ُ letter (of the alphabet)= 7arf(u)ُ book= kita'b(u) there/here= huna'k(a)َ here= huna'

 * 1) L~daftar(u) huna'lik(a)
 * 2) L 7a'su'b(u) huna'lik(a)
 * 3) L ma77a'ye(tu) huna'k(a)
 * 4) L qalam(u) huna'lik(a)
 * 5) L~tilmi'd'(u) huna'lik(a)
 * 6) L mu3allim(u) hunaalik(a)
 * 7) L kursiyyu(u) huna'k(a)
 * 8) L 7arf(u) huna'lik(a)
 * 9) L kita'b(u) huna'k(a)
 * 10) L 7a'su'b(u)huna'k(a)
 * 11) L~daftar(u) huna'k(a)
 * 12) L kita'bu huna'.

title: Arabic/Here and There/ex2/Romanisation


text:
Arabic/Here and There/ex1/Romanisation

word= kalime(tu) كلمة <<-- book= kita'b(u) كتاب letter of alphabet= 7arf(u) حرف ُ chair= kursiy(yu)  كرسي school= madrase(tu)  مدرسة teacher= mu3allim(u)  معلم student= tilmi'd'(u)   تلميذ pen(cil)= qalam(u)     قلم eraser= ma77a'ye(tu)   محاية computer= 7a'su'b(u)   حاسوب notebook= daftar(u)    دفتر

Thank you there/here= huna'k(a)   هناك there= huna'lik(a)   هنالك

 * 1) L kalime(tu) huna'k(a)         الكلمة هناك   <<--
 * 2) L kita'b(u) huna'k(a)          الكتاب هناك
 * 3) L kursiy(yu) huna'k(a)           الكرسي هناك
 * 4) L madrase(tu) huna'k(a)             المدرسة هناك
 * 5) L mu3allim(u) huna'k(a)                المعلم هناك
 * 6) L~tilmi'd'(u) huna'k(a)             التلميذ هناك
 * 7) L qalam(u) huna'k(a)              القلم هناك
 * 8) L ma77a'ye(tu) huna'k(a)           المحاية هناك
 * 9) L~daftar(u) huna'k(a)               الدفتر هناك
 * 10) L kita'b(u) huna'lik(a)              الكتاب هنالك

bu localist Arabic founder and king of islamic uni

title: Arabic/Here and There/ex1/Romanisation


text:
Parkour/Basic Moves/Landing

Landing
Landing is one of the most important techniques to master in the practice of Parkour. Traceurs who do not land properly risk repeated damage to their legs, back and joints.

The key to safely landing is bending the knees when toes make contact with ground. Never land flat footed; always land on toes and ball of your foot. Do not land with your feet (exaggeratedly) stretched! This "technique", as often seen in videos, might slightly (if at all) reduce strain on the vertebral column on impact, but significantly increases the risk of ankle fracture. This is due to the specific anatomy of the ankle joint. Stability of the lower ankle joint is notably decreased in the plantarflexed condition (i.e. when the foot is "stretched") increasing the risk of severe injuries. This is also the reason why most people twist their ankle when walking/running downhill.

Note
When landing from a move with a lot of momentum, it may be best to land using a Parkour Roll.

title: Parkour/Basic Moves/Landing


text:
User:Carlosguitar

Contact me in the Wikipedia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Carlosguitar

title: User:Carlosguitar


text:
Visual Basic .NET/Enumerations

Introduction
An enumeration is a set of related constants defined by a value type. By default, an enumeration is set to integer and sets the first constant to 0 and the second to 1 and so forth. This is so when values have not been declared.

Setting Enumerations
An enumeration that is set up with values 0, 1 and 2. (Values are set to integer as data type has not been declared): An enumeration that sets the constants to 30, 60 and 90.

Using Enumerations
To use an enumeration, you have to call up the enumeration collection name first. Then, like looking into the methods of a class, you then declare the enumeration that you want to use.

Visual Basic .NET/Énumérations

title: Visual Basic .NET/Enumerations


text:
MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist

about\.com \bdknollman\.122mb\.com\b genome\.ad\.jp xxx\.lanl\.gov curriculalessons\.suite101\.com ads\.iu\.edu \bzfishtoxpat\.comoj\.com\b \brepraprip\.blogspot\.com\b \badsabs\.harvard\.edu\b #
 * 1) External URLs matching this list will *not* be blocked even if they would
 * 2) have been blocked by blacklist entries.
 * 3) Syntax is as follows:
 * 4)   * Everything from a "#" character to the end of the line is a comment
 * 5)   * Every non-blank line is a regex fragment which will only match hosts inside URLs
 * 1)   * Everything from a "#" character to the end of the line is a comment
 * 2)   * Every non-blank line is a regex fragment which will only match hosts inside URLs

title: MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist


text:
Talk:Networking:Alphabetical Protocol List

A huge list i can see - but i tried to search for a couple of very interresting protocols that i consider very important: FlexRay, CanBus and ProfiBus - there is probally a lot that is missing in this domain of protocols - but aint they supposed to be a part of the list?

Canbus is a very old but very commonly used protocol where FlexRay is a new emerging protocol that seems to be the replacement of canbus as they in these years finds their place in car systems around the world.

-- Tobibobi 09:03, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

gopher holes
I was actually looking for info on another well-used protocol, Gopher, which I don't see on this list either. It started about the time the Web did and is still active, although not as much as it's heyday. The best list for all protocols I've seen to date is at http://graphcomp.com/info/rfc/. --Whpromo 09:38, 3 December 2007 (UTC)


text:
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Skin

The skin is the first of the eleven body systems to be described. Each chapter from now on will cover one body system.

The skin, sometimes known as the Integumentary System is, in fact, the largest organ of the body. It has a complex structure, being composed of many different tissues. It performs many functions that are important in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Probably the most important of these functions is the control of body temperature. The skin also protects the body from physical damage and bacterial invasion. The skin has an array of sense organs which sense the external environment, and also cells which can make vitamin D in sunlight.

The skin is one of the first systems affected when an animal becomes sick so it is important for anyone working with animals to have a sound knowledge of the structure and functioning of the skin so they can quickly recognize signs of disease.

Objectives
After completing this section, you should know:
 * the general structure of the skin
 * the function of the keratin deposited in the epidermis
 * the structure and function of keratin skin structures including calluses, scales, nails, claws, hoofs and horns
 * that antlers are not made either of keratin or in the epidermis
 * the structure of hairs
 * the structure of the different types of feathers and the function of preening
 * the general structure and function of sweat, scent, preen and mammary glands
 * the basic functions of the skin in sensing stimuli, temperature control and production of vitamin D
 * the mechanisms by which the skin regulates body temperature

The Skin
The skin comes in all kinds of textures and forms. There is the dry warty skin of toads and crocodiles, the wet slimy skin of fish and frogs, the hard shell of tortoises and the soft supple skin of snakes and humans. Mammalian skin is covered with hair, that of birds with feathers, and fish and reptiles have scales. Pigment in the skin, hairs or feathers can make the outer surface almost any color of the rainbow.

Skin is one of the largest organs of the body, making up 6-8% of the total body weight. It consists of two distinct layers. The top layer is called the epidermis and under that is the dermis

The epidermis is the layer that bubbles up when we have a blister and as we know from this experience, it has no blood or nerves in it. The cells at the base of the epidermis continually divide and push the cells above them upwards. As these cells move up they die and become the dry flaky scales that fall off the skin surface. The cells in the epidermis die because a special protein called keratin is deposited in them. Keratin is an extremely important substance for it makes the skin waterproof. Without it, land vertebrates like reptiles, birds, and mammals would, like frogs, be able to survive only in damp places.

Claws, Nails and Hoofs
Reptiles, birds, and mammals all have nails or claws on the ends of their toes. They protect the end of the toe and may be used for grasping, grooming, digging or in defense. They are continually worn away and grow continuously from a growth layer at their base (see diagram 5.2).

Diagram 5.2 - A carnivore’s claw

Hoofs are found in sheep, cows, horses etc. otherwise known as ungulate mammals. These are animals that have lost toes in the process of evolution and walk on the “nails” of the remaining toes. The hoof is a cylinder of horny material that surrounds and protects the tip of the toe (see diagram 5.3).

Diagram 5.3 - A horse’s hoof

Horns And Antlers
True horns are made of keratin and are found in sheep, goats, and cattle. They are never branched and, once grown, are never shed. They consist of a core of bone arising in the dermis of the skin and are fused with the skull. The horn itself forms as a hollow cone-shaped sheath around the bone (see diagram 5.4).

Diagram 5.4 - A horn

The antlers of male deer have quite a different structure. They are not formed in the epidermis and do not consist of keratin but are entire of bone. They are shed each year and are often branched, especially in older animals. When growing they are covered in the skin called velvet that forms the bone. Later the velvet is shed to leave the bony antler. The velvet is often removed artificially to be sold in Asia as a traditional medicine (see diagram 5.5).

Diagram 5.5 - A deer antler

Other animals have projections on their heads that are not true horns either. The horns on the head of giraffes are made of bone covered with skin and hair, and the ‘horn’ of a rhinoceros is made of modified and fused hair-like structures.

Hair
Hair is also made of keratin and develops in the epidermis. It covers the body of most mammals where it acts as an insulator and helps to regulate the temperature of the body (see below). The color in hairs is formed from the same pigment, melanin that colors the skin. Coat color may help camouflage animals and sometimes acts to attract the opposite sex.

Diagram 5.6 - A hair

Hairs lie in a follicle and grow from a root that is well supplied with blood vessels. The hair itself consists of layers of dead keratin-containing cells and usually lies at a slant in the skin. A small bundle of smooth muscle fibers (the hair erector muscle) is attached to the side of each hair and when this contracts the hair stands on end. This increases the insulating power of the coat and is also used by some animals to make them seem larger when confronted by a foe or a competitor(see diagram 5.6).

The whiskers of cats and the spines of hedgehogs are examples of special types of hairs.

Feathers
The lightness and stiffness of keratin is also a key to bird flight. In the form of feathers, it provides the large airfoils necessary for flapping and gliding flight. In another form, the light fluffy down feathers, also made of keratin, are some of the best natural insulators known. This superior insulation is necessary to help maintain the high body temperatures of birds.

Diagram 5.7 - A Contour Feather

Contour feathers are large feathers that cover the body, wings, and tail. They have an expanded vane that provides the smooth, continuous surface that is required for effective flight. This surface is formed by barbs that extend out from the central shaft. If you look carefully at a feather you can see that on either side of each barb are thousands of barbules that lock together by a complex system of hooks and notches. if this arrangement becomes disrupted, the bird uses its beak to draw the barbs and barbules together again in an action known as preening (see diagram 5.7).

Diagram 5.8 - A Down Feather

Diagram 5.9 - A Pin Feather

Down feathers are the only feathers covering a chick and form the main insulation layer under the contour feathers of the adult. They have no shaft but consist of a spray of simple, slender branches (see diagram 5.8).

Pin feathers have a slender hair-like shaft often with a tiny tuft of barbs on the end. They are found between the other feathers and help tell a bird how its feathers are lying (see diagram 5.9).

Skin Glands
Glands are organs that produce and secrete fluids. They are usually divided into two groups depending upon whether or not they have channels or ducts to carry their products away. Glands with ducts are called exocrine glands and include the glands found in the skin as well as the glands that produce digestive enzymes in the gut. Endocrine glands have no ducts and release their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream. The pituitary and adrenal glands are examples of endocrine glands.

Most vertebrates have exocrine glands in the skin that produce a variety of secretions. The slime on the skin of fish and frogs is mucus produced by skin glands and some fish and frogs also produce poison from modified glands. In fact, the skin glands of some frogs produce the most poisonous chemicals known. Reptiles and birds have a dry skin with few glands. The preen gland, situated near the base of the bird’s tail, produces oil to help keep the feathers in good condition. Mammals have an array of different skin glands. These include the wax producing, sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands.

Wax producing glands are found in the ears.

Sebaceous glands secrete an oily secretion into the hair follicle. This secretion, known as sebum, keeps the hair supple and helps prevent the growth of bacteria (see diagram 5.6).

Sweat glands consist of a coiled tube and a duct leading onto the skin surface. Their appearance when examined under the microscope inspired one of the first scientists to observe them to call them “fairies’ intestines” (see diagram 5.1). Sweat contains salt and waste products like urea and the evaporation of sweat on the skin surface is one of the major mechanisms for cooling the body of many mammals. Horses can sweat up to 30 liters of fluid a day during active exercise, but cats and dogs have few sweat glands and must cool themselves by panting. The scent in the sweat of many animals is used to mark territory or attract the opposite sex.

Mammary glands are only present in mammals. They are thought to be modified sweat glands and are present in both sexes but are rarely active in males (see diagram 5.10). The number of glands varies from species to species. They open to the surface in well-developed nipples. Milk contains proteins, sugars, fats and salts, although the exact composition varies from one species to another.

Diagram 5.10 - A Mammary Gland

The Skin And Sun
A moderate amount of UV in sunlight is necessary for the skin to form vitamin D. This vitamin prevents bone disorders like rickets to which animals reared indoors are susceptible. Excessive exposure to the UV in sunlight can be damaging and the pigment melanin, deposited in cells at the base of the epidermis, helps to protect the underlying layers of the skin from this damage. Melanin also colors the skin and variations in the amount of melanin produce colors from pale yellow to black.

Sunburn And Skin Cancer
Excess exposure to the sun can cause sunburn. This is common in humans, but light skinned animals like cats and pigs can also be sunburned, especially on the ears. Skin cancer can also result from excessive exposure to the sun. As holes in the ozone layer increase exposure to the sun’s UV rays so too does the rate of skin cancer in humans and animals.

The Dermis
The underlying layer of the skin, known as the dermis, is much thicker but much more uniform in structure than the epidermis (see diagram 5.1). It is composed of loose connective tissue with a felted mass of collagen and elastic fibres. It is this part of the skin of cattle and pigs etc. that becomes commercial leather when treated, The dermis is well supplied with blood vessels, so cuts and burns that penetrate down into the dermis will bleed or cause serious fluid loss. There are also numerous nerve endings and touch receptors in the dermis because, of course, the skin is sensitive to touch pain and temperature.

When looking at a section of the skin under the microscope you can see hair follicles, sweat, and sebaceous glands dipping down into the dermis. However, these structures do not originate in the dermis but are derived from the epidermis.

In the lower levels of the dermis is a layer of fat or adipose tissue (see diagram 5.1). This acts as an energy store and is an excellent insulator especially in mammals like whales with little hair.

The Skin And Temperature Regulation
Vertebrates can be divided into two groups depending on whether or not they control their internal temperature. Amphibia (frogs) and reptiles are said to be”cold blooded” (poikilothermic) because their body temperature approximately follows that of the environment. Birds and mammals are said to be warm blooded (homoiothermic) because they can maintain a roughly constant body temperature despite changes in the temperature of the environment.

Heat is produced by the biochemical reactions of the body (especially in the liver) and by muscle contraction. Most of the heat loss from the body occurs via the skin. It is therefore not surprising that many of the mechanisms for controlling the temperature of the body operate here.

Reduction Of Heat Loss
When an animal is in a cold environment and needs to reduce heat loss the erector muscles contract causing the hair or feathers to rise up and increase the layer of insulating air trapped by them.

Diagram 5.11a) Hair muscle relaxed...............Diagram 5.11b) Hair muscle contracted

Heat loss from the skin surface can also be reduced by the contraction of the abundant blood vessels that lie in the dermis. This takes blood flow to deeper levels, so reducing heat loss and causing pale skin (see diagram 5.12a).

Diagram 5.12a) Reduction of heat loss by skin

Shivering caused by twitching muscles produces heat that also helps raise the body temperature.

Increase Of Heat Loss
There are two main mechanisms used by animals to increase the amount of heat lost through the skin when they are in a hot environment or high levels of activity are increasing internal heat production. The first is the expansion of the blood vessels in the dermis so blood flows near the skin surface and heat loss to the environment can take place. The second is by the production of sweat from the sweat glands (see diagram 5.12b). The evaporation of this liquid on the skin surface produces a cooling effect.

The mechanisms for regulating body temperature are under the control of a small region of the brain called the hypothalamus. This acts like a thermostat.

Diagram 5.12b) - Increase of heat loss by skin

Heat Loss And Body Size
The amount of heat that can be lost from the surface of the body is related to the area of skin an animal has in relation to the total volume of its body.

Small animals like mice have a very large skin area compared to their total volume. This means they tend to lose large amounts of heat and have difficulty keeping warm in cold weather. They may need to keep active just to maintain their body temperature or may hibernate to avoid the problem.

Large animals like elephants have the opposite problem. They have only a relatively small skin area in relation to their total volume and may have trouble keeping cool. This is one reason that these large animals tend to have sparse coverings of hair.

Summary

 * Skin consists of two layers: the thin epidermis and under it the thicker dermis.
 * The Epidermis is formed by the division of base cells that push those above them towards the surface where they die and are shed.
 * Keratin, a protein, is deposited in the epidermal cells. It makes skin waterproof.
 * Various skin structures formed in the epidermis are made of keratin. These include claws, nails, hoofs, horn, hair, and feathers.
 * Various Exocrine Glands (with ducts) formed in the epidermis include sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands.
 * Melanin deposited in cells at the base of the epidermis protects deeper cells from the harmful effects of the sun.
 * The Dermis is composed of loose connective tissue and is well supplied with blood.
 * Beneath the dermis is insulating adipose tissue.
 * Body Temperature is controlled by sweat, hair erection, dilation, and contraction of dermal capillaries and shivering.

Worksheet
Use the Skin Worksheet to help you learn all about the skin.

Test Yourself
Now use this Skin Test Yourself to see how much you have learned and remember.

1. The two layers that form the skin are the a)     and b)
 * a)epidermis
 * b)dermis

2. The special protein deposited in epidermal cells to make them waterproof is: keratin

3. Many important skin structures are made of keratin. These include: hair,nails,foot pads,feathers,scales on reptiles

4. Sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands all have ducts to the outside. These kind of glands are known as:     exocrine

5. What is the pigment deposited in skin cells that protects underlying skin layers from the harmful effects of the sun? melanin

6. How does the skin help cool an animal down when it is active or in a hot environment? Panting and secretion from sweat glands.

7. Name two mechanisms by means of which the skin helps prevent heat loss when an animal is in a cold environment.
 * a.shivering
 * b.contraction of blood vessels

/Test Yourself Answers/

Websites
Good on keratin skin structures - hairs, feathers, horns etc.
 * http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/zy/0301/Topic6/Topic6.html Comparative anatomy

All about hairy mammalian skin.
 * http://www.olympusmicro.com/micd/galleries/brightfield/skinhairymammal.html Hairy mammal skin

Fantastic article on bird feathers with great pictures.
 * http://www.earthlife.net/birds/feathers.html  The wonder of bird feathers

Wikipedia on (human) skin. Good as usual, but more information than you need.
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin Wikipedia

Glossary

 * Link to Glossary


text:
Talk:Guitar/Open Chords

Standard guitar terminology uses first to fourth to indicate the freting fingers, FOR GOOD REASON*. I've made a start at fixing this but will let the original authors complete it. The diagrams will need to be redone too.R. Christie 22:43, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

The reason* is that the terms index, middle etc are used for the plucking hand. Although this article has presumedly borrowed from the German book it would be foolish for it not to use orthodox convention. R. Christie 00:40, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Chord construction
I've cleaned up some of the ambiguity here. However, in my opinion inclusion of these explanations is just asking for trouble. Beginners are not equiped to grasp concepts such as intervals and triads etc. Explanations are likely to raise more questions than answers and only serve to confuse beginners. My preference and advice is to remove the explanations completely and just provide the hows. Send readers elsewhere for the whys. R. Christie 02:32, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * On the German wikibooks, they have a page called Chord Types (babelfish translation), which is actually the first page in the "Rhythm Guitar" section. Perhaps this would be a more useful purpose for our Guitar/Chords page. I am beginning a discussion on the Talk:Guitar/Chords page about possible directions. --NickPenguin 02:46, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually on re-reading it there isn't too much to confuse here except the 7th chord stuff. The thing is, once you start on the explanations it snowballs, in order to explain one thing you need another term, which needs explanation etc.
 * The page you refered to above seems to be explaining that barre chords can be found at various positions and with a few standard fingerings. It all very quickly becomes complicated to anyone who isn't familiar with the layout of the notes on the fingerboard. R. Christie 04:24, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Replacing German chord diagrams with English chord diagrams
If no one minds, I'm going to replace the images. They are good images but having the German fingering notated may be confusing to readers.

Thanks --Sluffs (talk) 17:54, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

The Page is misnamed
The page isn't really about open chords because it includes -- as it should -- F major, which is a first position chord with no open strings. Also, there are many open chords it doesn't include, such as for example, this D major voicing:

Fig. 1

D Major

||-|-|-|-|--●--|-|-|---  ||-|-|-|-|-|-|--●--|---   ||-|-|-|-|-|-|--●--|--- O ||-|-|-|-|-|-|-|--- X ||-|-|-|-|-|-|-|--- X ||-|-|-|-|-|-|-|---

The best name I can think of for the page is "Beginning chords". "First-position chords" wouldn't quite be accurate as the D major voicing that it shows is a second position chord with an open string (see Fig. 2 below).

Fig. 2

D Major

||-|--●--|-|---  ||-|-|--●--|---   ||-|--●--|-|--- O ||-|-|-|--- X ||-|-|-|--- X ||-|-|-|---

"Cowboy chords" is an often-used term for these kinds of chords, but perhaps not dignified enough for this book.

-- 20:10, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

Issues with Cmaj chord section
The Cmaj chord section states, "Alternatively, you can use (x42o1o). (x32o14) or (x32o13) provide C chords with different voicings."

New to guitar, but seems like missing information here:

 * 1) Isn't (x42o1o) just different fingerings with the same chord voicing?
 * 2) Is the image for (x32o14) missing?
 * 3) Is (x32o13) even possible?  If barring with the 3rd finger, won't that block 1st and 2nd?

Is this perhaps what #3 intended?

C Major

O ||-|-|-|--- ||--●--|-|-|--- O ||-|-|-|--- ||-|--●--|-|---  ||-|-|--●--|---   ||-|-|--●--|---

Which would would be (332o1o).

PensiveCoder (discuss • contribs) 05:57, 4 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guitar/Open Chords


text:
User:R. Christie

Created this page to facilitate work on the Guitar Book, which is currently unbelievably bad. In fact, it is truly apalling. R. Christie 23:35, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User:R. Christie


text:
User:Hieronymous85

About me
I was a Latin major at Yale (class of 2008) and have worked as an editor for the Yale Daily News, the Tallahassee (Fla.) Democrat, the Middletown (N.Y.) Times Herald-Record, and the Lexington (Ky.) Herald-Leader. I look forward to contributing mainly to the Latin wikibook.--Hieronymous85 12:22, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Hieronymous85


text:
TeX/ignorespaces

< TeX

Synopsis
\ignorespaces

Description
Cause TeX to ignore spaces in the input that follows immediately. This is most commonly used in macros that want to suppress spaces immediately after an invocation, as if it is a macro with no argument. However, since macro and placeholder invocation acts as if the input contains those text directly, they are also affected. See below for an example.

Randomly ignoring spaces in macros comprising a piece of running text is in general not the expectation of the user. On the other hand, in circumstances that a macro is used in special places, e.g., to define a figure or to create a LaTeX list or its item, it is sometimes useful to use \ignorespaces to allow more spaces so that the input is more readable.

title: TeX/ignorespaces


text:
Java Persistence/Persistence Products

There are many persistence products to choose from. Most persistence products now support a JPA interface, although there still are some exceptions. Which product you use depends on your preference, but most people would recommend you use the JPA standard whichever product you choose. This gives you the flexibility to switch persistence providers, or port your application to another server platform which may use a different persistence provider.

Determining which persistence product to use involves many criteria. Valid things to consider include:
 * Which persistence product does your server platform support and integrate with?
 * What is the cost of the product, is it free and open source, can you purchase enterprise level support and services?
 * Do you have an existing relationship with the company producing the product?
 * Is the product active and does it have a large user base?
 * How does the product perform and scale?
 * Does the product integrate with your database platform?
 * Does the product have active and open forums, do questions receive useful responses?
 * Is the product JPA compliant, what functionality does the product offer beyond the JPA specification?

Existing Persistence Products
The following table summarises existing persistence products.

/Persistence Products

title: Java Persistence/Persistence Products


text:
Practical Electronics/IC/4011

The 4011 is a member of the 4000 Series CMOS range, and contains four independent NAND gates, each with two inputs. The pinout diagram, given on the right, is the standard two-input CMOS logic gate IC layout:

 * Pin 7 is the negative supply
 * Pin 14 is the positive supply
 * Pins 1&2, 5&6, 8&9, 12&13 are gate inputs
 * Pins 3, 4, 10, 11 are gate outputs

The truth table for one of the four gates is shown to the right. For more information about the NAND gate in general, see this module.

This chip is widely available, and usually comes in a DIL-14 or SOIC-14 package.

This chip is different in pinout to the TTL 7400, but can fulfill its function if the wiring is modified.

title: Practical Electronics/IC/4011


text:
Template talk:Featured book

Please no animated pictures
Hi Darklama,

I'm not a huge fan of the barn star myself, but I think an animated smiley and the like has no place on wikibooks, much less on something like a featured books templates. I feel that it is annoying (in the sense that browser pop-ups and flashy ads are annoying) and deeply unprofessional, not the kind of thing I would like to have associated with our best work. Do you think we might be able to find something else? Thanks! -- Kowey 14:48, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm with Kowey on this. So much so, that I created Template:Featured book with star for use in my book. I will happily delete that template if something more acceptable comes along. --Jomegat 15:36, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Me three. Moving flashing blinking things are for pizza parlours and the like. Webaware talk 15:40, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * As with the other commentors, I agree that the moving smiley face looks a little cheezy. At the very least the eyes could have been slowed down a bit, because that smiley was reading about a thousand words a minute! ;) But it is true, the barn star is a little unexciting. Perhaps a new image could created from the red, blue and green stack of books (seen on the Main Page as a link into the Feature Book page). [[Image:Featured_article_books_and_star.svg|100px]] Maybe something like this would be acceptable?--NickPenguin 04:28, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I have no objection to NickPenguin's star. --Jomegat 12:53, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I am leaning slightly more towards the old star, as it is a little more sober, albeit boring. But insofar as we are not using animations, I also feel this is not something that needs a lot of discussion ;-) -- Kowey 13:44, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with using something else. I was looking at pictures on Commons and came across it and thought it looked like something that would be better then the barnstar, since it was at least book-related. I think we could use something book-related/book-themed. Someone reading a book seemed appropriate for featured books. Maybe a static image of someone reading a book instead? --dark lama  17:17, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Featured Book Seal

 * I like the new image, and the bronze type colour is appropriate. --NickPenguin 01:26, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Print Versions
I have edited the template to include an inline version of the PDF and Print version floating boxes - as otherwise title pages become very cluttered. I hope that I haven't changed anything - only added stuff, so it shouldn't make any difference, but if there are problems I am sorry. This can now be used As with the PDF_version template, the name of the PDF file should be passed without Namespace of file Extension, and as with the Print_version template, this will look either for a subpage with the given argument or for the complete page with this name. (sadly I dont know how to get it to have a guess at these things like the other templates do.) See versus  for why. Conrad.Irwin 22:42, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Featured book


text:
Wikibooks:Forking

The goal of Wikibooks is to create quality books. Books with similar content, scope and audience should be developed as a single wikibook in order to reduce the duplication of efforts. Forking books within the Wikibooks project, for whatever reasons, harms the project and is not an acceptable alternative to improving existing content or resolving disputes.

Separate books on a single topic increases the breadth of subject coverage if it appeals to different audiences or takes an significantly different, yet equally valid, approach. Note that an alternative viewpoint on the content does not qualify as a different approach since the neutral point of view policy requires that all viewpoints be covered.

Wikibooks covers a wide range of subjects, and many books on Wikibooks are stubs or incomplete. Wikibookians are encouraged to contribute to existing books instead of creating new ones. If the existing book is in poor condition, Wikibookians should add, rewrite and refactor existing text before requesting that redundant modules be deleted. Contact the projects reading room for comments on your project ideas.

title: Wikibooks:Forking


text:
Cookbook:Upma (Indian Semolina Porridge)

| India | Vegetarian

Upma is a popular South Indian dish made from semolina. Several variations of the dish exist including the use of different varieties of ground wheat, rice and even bread. A simple upma or uppittu takes just about 10 minutes to prepare. It uses very little oil/butter, making it one of the most popular, healthy and filling breakfasts in South India.

Base

 * 1 cup semolina
 * 1 cup mixed finely-chopped vegetables such as onion, carrots, lima beans, potatoes, capsicum, tomatoes, peas, etc.
 * 2–3 small green chillies, chopped
 * ¼-inch piece fresh ginger, chopped
 * 1 sprig fresh coriander, finely-chopped
 * 2 tbsp freshly-grated coconut
 * Salt to taste
 * ½ tsp sugar

Seasoning

 * 1 tbsp oil/ghee
 * 1 tsp mustard seeds
 * 1 tsp cumin seeds
 * 1 tsp urad bean
 * 1 tbsp peanuts
 * 1 tbsp cashew halves
 * 1 pinch asafoetida
 * 4–5 curry leaves

Procedure

 * 1) In a heated saucepan, lightly toast semolina until it changes to a light brown color and gives out a roasted smell. Pour it out onto a dry plate and allow to cool.
 * 2) To the same pan add ½ tbsp oil/ghee and allow it to heat up (about 1 minute). Now add all the seasoning ingredients, starting first with mustard seeds, cumin, black gram, peanuts, and cashews in that order. Wait for the mustard seeds to crackle and then add asafoetida and curry leaves.
 * 3) Add the chopped ginger, green chillies, and onions. Sauté for 1 minute, then add the remaining veggies and 1 tbsp coconut. Sauté again for about 1 minute, then add 1½ cups of water and salt. Bring to a boil, lower to a simmer over medium heat, and cover to let the veggies cook for a few minutes.
 * 4) After the veggies are cooked, remove cover and stir in the sugar. Lower the heat further and start folding in the roasted and cooled semolina slowly while stirring constantly.
 * 5) Cover and let it cook for a few minutes.
 * 6) Garnish with the remaining coconut and chopped coriander leaves.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Coat the serving spoon with a little bit of the remaining oil/ghee before serving to prevent the dish from sticking to the spoon and give the dish a lustre!
 * To save time, try using the pre-roasted semolina from any Indian grocery store.
 * Cooking veggies like carrots, lima beans, peas, potatoes, etc. separately in the microwave saves time!
 * A general rule of thumb on how much veggies to add is 1:1 ratio of semolina to veggies
 * Try making upma with just one vegetable to bring out the taste of each veggie.
 * Goes well with coconut chutney and sambhar


text:
Operating System Design/Thread

A thread is really just a process without certain rights. Threads only have access to the stack and registers, and use a program counter. The program counter gives the program instructions to the CPU when time. Threads are useful because they hold variables, and are a good way of keeping track of instructions. The Thread actually has the same address as its process, therefore the thread runs "inside the process". If a program uses one process, and the process has one thread, the thread could be doing one function while the process another. Having more that one thread sharing process address space is called multithreading. Multithreading increases the CPU efficiency due to the possible fact of having more than one process running in User space.

title: Operating System Design/Thread


text:
Operating System Design/Processes/Interrupt

Many pieces of hardware send interrupt signals to the CPU. When the CPU notices that signal, it does a hardware interrupt ‒ the CPU performs a context switch, saving some information about what it was doing, then jumps to execute the "interrupt handler" associated with that particular hardware interrupt. For example, when a user types into a keyboard, the keyboard sends a key interrupt. The CPU then executes code for a key interrupt, which typically displays a character on a screen or performs a task.

Perhaps the most important interrupt for operating system design is the "timer interrupt", which is emitted at regular intervals by a timer chip.

A software interrupt, also called a processor generated interrupt, is generated by the processor executing a specific instruction. Common processor-generated-interrupts are the divide-by-zero exception and the general-fault or page-fault exception. Software interrupts cause a context switch to an interrupt handler similar to a hardware interrupt.

Some interrupt handler software might reset the machine, or just display the error, but most interrupt handlers do one of 3 things:
 * The hardware (such as a video display) signals it is ready for the next piece of data, the interrupt handler sends out the next piece of data, then returns to the process that was interrupted.
 * The hardware (such as a keyboard) signals that it has a piece of data available, the interrupt handler reads in that piece of data, then returns to the process that was interrupted.
 * The timer interrupt handler runs the OS scheduler. If the process that was just interrupted has used up its time quantum, and there is some other runnable process, then the scheduler "returns" to that other process. (Later, when the timer interrupts some other process, the scheduler will "return" to this process).


text:
Operating System Design/Processes/Signals

Signals are commonly used in POSIX systems. Signals are sent to the current process telling it what it needs to do, such as, shutdown, or that it has committed an exception. A process has several signal-handlers which execute code when a relevant signal is encountered. The ANSI header for these tasks is, which includes routines to allow signals to be raised and read.

Signals are essentially software interrupts. It is possible for a process to ignore most signals, but some cannot be blocked. Some of the common signals are Segmentation Violation (reading or writing memory that does not belong to this process), Illegal Instruction (trying to execute something that is not a proper instruction to the CPU), Halt (stop processing for the moment), Continue (used after a Halt), Terminate (clean up and quit), and Kill (quit now without cleaning up).


text:
Operating System Design/Memory Management

Memory Management is a term used to describe how the operating system handles the available RAM. It is managed at multiple levels.

Physical memory
At the most basic level, there is the physical memory. The physical memory's size is the sum of the capacities of all RAM-modules (such as DDR SDRAM) installed in the system. For example, when you have two 512 MiB DDR SDRAM modules installed in your system, the OS will have 1 GiB of physical memory at its disposal.

Segmented memory
On top of the physical memory is the segmented memory. It uses the Memory Management Unit (MMU) to translate a logical address (specifying a segment and an offset) into a physical address (or linear address). This allowed early computers to address more than 64 KiB of memory. Most operating systems today don't use a segmented memory model, preferring to use paging.

Paged memory
A paged memory model uses the MMU to translate virtual addresses to physical addresses. With paging, one can map multiple 4 KiB-sized chunks (called pages) to any virtual address. For example, data at offset 0x1000 in physical memory might be mapped to address 0xC0000000 (at offset 3 GiB) in virtual memory, even though the system may have only 32 MiB of physical RAM available. Accessing the data at address 0xC0000000 internally accesses the data at physical address 0x1000. This provides processes with their own virtual address space which contains only the code and data required by that single process, and everything else is hidden. This way, a process can't corrupt another process' code or data, improving security and reliability.

Allocated memory
With paging, memory is managed in 4 KiB-sized chunks. Most applications require the ability to be able to get only a fraction of that size, to store data. The memory allocator gets a big chunk of memory (say, 4 pages, or 4 * 4 KiB) and divides this into much smaller chunks (e.g. a chunk of 16 bytes and another chunk of 6 bytes.) which it gives to the applications when requested.

The Heap
Many Languages and some operating systems use a form of allocated memory called a HEAP, essentially one large space where memory can be used and re-used. Associated with the heap, is the need to do a process called garbage collection, where now allocated space is consolidated to form larger spaces, and the heap recovers from the eventual fragmentation that happens when the sizes of records using the same space at different times are not congruent and are guarded by other allocated spaces that remain active. The fragmentation effect results in lots of small unusable spaces spread throughout the heap. Garbage collection may for instance involve the movement of an allocated memory from one location to another in order to free up more space. To achieve this transparently to the memory, the allocation unit address must not be the same as the public address, but the public address must be a reference to a look-up table that contains the allocation unit address. The garbage collector can then write a copy of the data to a new address, and then change the look-up table address before removing the original data and allowing the consolidation process to recover the space. Another technique is to reference the start and end point of each allocated memory unit, and when a memory unit is released, test to see if the unit before and after it are either free, and if so reallocate a larger block that contains all the free sections that are contiguous. During allocation the allocation utility will start at the top of the list of free sections and look to see if any are exactly the size requested, if so, the first that fits will be selected, then the next largest one if none are found the exact size. Garbage collection can be done continuously or at low use times, with the eventual caveat that if no low use times are found, the garbage collection will cause the whole computer to slow down temporarily when fragmentation becomes unwieldy.


text:
GtkRadiant/First Room

So before you get tired of all the yada-yada about what different things are and how they work, let's do some action. The best way to learn something is usually learning by doing, and that's no different when it comes to mapping, but, because we're still in the beginning of this book, we should start out simple, let's just do a simple room to start with, we will then continue on this room in the next chapters, so let's get started.

title: GtkRadiant/First Room


text:
Bengali/Shopping

These words and phrases are written in the context of Bangladesh.

Places

 * common neighborhood market - বাজার (bajar)
 * shopping center/mall - মার্কেট/মল (market/môl)
 * shop - দোকান (dokan)
 * markets where fish, meat, vegetables and other perishables are sold = কাঁচাবাজার (kãchabajar)
 * clothes shop - পোশাকের দোকান (poshaker dokan)
 * bookshop - বইয়ের দোকান (boiyer dokan)
 * barbershop - সেলুন (selun)
 * pharmacy - ওষুধের দোকান/ফার্মেসি (oshudher dokan/farmesi)
 * grocery shop - দোকান (dokan)

Units of Measurement

 * sher (a Bengali measure of weight = 0.933 kg) - সের (sher)
 * one-fourth of a seer - পোয়া (poa)
 * kilogram - কেজি (keji)
 * gram - গ্রাম (gram)
 * miligram - মিলিগ্রাম (miligram)
 * litre - লিটার (litar)
 * cc (cubic centimetre) - সিসি (sisi)
 * ounce - আউন্স (auns)
 * half - আধা (adha)
 * one half kilogram - আধা কেজি (adha keji)
 * portion - টুকরা (tukra)
 * bottle - বোতল (botol)
 * phial/small bottle - শিশি (shishi)
 * group of four - হালি (hali)
 * dozen - ডজন (dôjon)
 * half a dozen - হাফ ডজন (haf dôjon)
 * one more - আরও একটা (aro ekta)
 * one kilogram (or any other unit) more - আরও এক কেজি (aro ek keji)
 * "n" kilogram more - আরও "n" কেজি (aro "n" keji)
 * one less - একটা কম (ekta kôm)
 * one kilogram (or any other unit) less - এক কেজি কম (ek keji kôm)
 * "n" kilogram less - "n" কেজি কম ("n" keji kôm)

Phrases

 * How much? - দাম কত? - dam kôto? ("price how much?")/ কত পড়বে? - kôto porbe? ("how much fall (idiomatic use of the verb, meaning need)?") / কত লাগবে? - kôto lagbe? ("how much make contact (idiomatic use of the verbal phrase, meaning need)?")
 * How many Rupees/takas? - কত টাকা? (kôto taka?)
 * How much is this one? - এটার দাম কত? (etar dam kôto?)
 * How much is that one? - ওটার দাম কত? (otar dam kôto?)
 * Do have anything more/less/bigger/smaller/heavier/lighter/longer/shorter than this one? - এটার চেয়ে বেশি/কম/বড়/ছোট/ভারী/হালকা/লম্বা/খাটো কিছু আছে? (etar cheye beshi/kôm/bôro/chhoto/bhari/halka/lômba/khato kichhu achhe?)
 * Do you have change? - আপনার কাছে ভাংতি আছে? (apnar kachhe bhangti achhe?)
 * Do you have change for a 500 taka note? - আপনার কাছে ৫০০ টাকার ভাংতি আছে? (apnar kachhe pachsho takar bhangti achhe?)
 * I don't have any change. - আমার কাছে কোন ভাংতি নাই। (amar kachhe kono bhangti nai)

title: Bengali/Shopping


text:
Bengali/Food

 * water - পানি /pani/, জল /dʑɔl/
 * food - খাবার /kʰabaɹ/
 * salt - নুন /nun/, লবণ /lɔbon/
 * sugar - চিনি /tɕini/
 * milk - দুধ /d̪ud̪ʱ/
 * egg - ডিম /dim/
 * banana - কলা /kɔla/
 * bread - রুটি /ɹuti/
 * European bread – পাঁউরুটি /pãu̯ɹuti/
 * cooked rice - ভাত /bʱat̪/
 * potato - আলু /alu/
 * mashed potato - আলু ভর্তা /alu bʱɔɹt̪a/
 * lentil soup - ডাল /dal/
 * meat - মাংস /maŋʃo/
 * chicken - মুরগি /muɹɡi/
 * fish - মাছ /matɕʰ/
 * vegetable - সবজি /ʃobdʑi/
 * fried vegetables - সবজি ভাজি /ʃobdʑi bʱadʑi/
 * green pepper - কাঁচা মরিচ /kãtɕa moɹitɕ/
 * tea - চা /tɕa/
 * coffee - কফি /kɔfi/

Characteristics of food

 * sour - টক /tɔk/
 * hot - গরম /ɡɔɹom/
 * sweet - মিষ্টি /miʃti/
 * salty - নোনতা /nont̪a/
 * bitter - তিতা /t̪it̪a/
 * harsh or stingy taste - কষা /kɔʃa/
 * dry - শুকনো /ʃukno/
 * moist - ভিজে /bʱidʑe/
 * crunchy - কুড়মুড়ে /kuɽmuɽe/
 * sticky - আঠালো /atʰalo/
 * thick, condensed - ঘন /ɡʱɔno/
 * watery, diluted - পাতলা /pat̪la/
 * ripe - পাকা /paka/
 * green (not ripe) - কাঁচা /kãtɕa/

title: Bengali/Food


text:
User talk:Zaheen

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 20:18, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zaheen


text:
User:Zaheen

Have plans to write mainly about the Bengali language.

title: User:Zaheen


title: Category:Alphabetical/0


title: Category:Alphabetical/1


title: Category:Alphabetical/2


title: Category:Alphabetical/3


title: Category:Alphabetical/4


title: Category:Alphabetical/5


title: Category:Alphabetical/6


title: Category:Alphabetical/7


title: Category:Alphabetical/8


title: Category:Alphabetical/9


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Skiving Snackbox

Overview
Skiving Snackboxes, a creation of Fred and George Weasley, are a portable way of escaping from ("skiving off") classes or other duties.

Extended Description
As would be expected of Fred and George, one of the first things they invent for their joke shop, Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes, is a way of escaping from classes. Skiving Snackboxes, which are under development throughout Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, is that escape. Typically, a Skiving Snackbox is a candy with two colored ends; eating from the one end will bring on some sickness, eating from the other end will cure it. In order to secure the fastest escape from class, illnesses caused by Skiving Snackboxes are designed to be dramatic.

Several different Snackboxes are mentioned in passing:

Puking Pastilles
Puking Pastilles cause repeated projectile vomiting; they are the first of the Snackboxes to be mentioned and also the first to be perfected. We see Fred and George demonstrating these in the Gryffindor common room in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix..

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Hermione uses one of these to incapacitate Ministry employee Reg Cattermole, as part of the preparations for invading the Ministry.

Fever Fudge
Fever Fudge causes a very high fever; a prototype, tested by Fred and George, has a side effect of giving them large, pus-filled boils in a very private place. A later version which makes use of Murtlap tentacles seems to resolve this problem.

Nosebleed Nougat
Nosebleed Nougat results in a sudden and dramatic nosebleed.

When Katie Bell is hit in the face with a Quaffle during Quidditch practice and gets a nosebleed, Fred accidentally gives her a Blood Blisterpod, one of the raw ingredients, and as a result Katie nearly falls off her broom from blood loss and has to be taken to the Hospital Wing.

They are eventually perfected and are mentioned in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince as being the most popular of the Skiving Snackboxes; at the time of Harry's visit, "only one battered box" remained on the shelves.

In Deathly Hallows, Ron uses one of these to incapacitate Ministry employee Runcorn, allowing Harry to impersonate him.

Fainting Fancies
Fainting Fancies cause the person taking them to pass out. Hermione stops Fred and George from testing these on first years only by threatening to write to their mother.

Analysis
Fred and George developed this product independently, but there was discussion of a similar product, much earlier in the Muggle world.

Circa 1960, Mad Magazine ran a feature called "Products We Would Like To See". One of them was "Instant Fink". Description was roughly as follows:

 * Your aunt fixes you up with a blind date, a girl with a "great personality". You know what THAT means, and your suspicions are confirmed when you go to pick her up. She's as big as a bus!

 * But never fear, you have INSTANT FINK! Take one pill, and you'll have all of the symptoms of last-stage bubonic plague!  You can beg off with no hurt feelings!  Symptoms wear off in a few minutes, so you can salvage the rest of the evening.

This would seem to suggest that the idea is one that is fairly common; one wonders why it had not been perfected earlier. Almost certainly, though, it is the technical details that the Twins have perfected, having symptoms be instantly reversible rather than timed, for instance.


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User talk:IronJohnSr

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 20:59, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

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User talk:Rianm7

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Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or you can contact me personally on my talk page. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of either page, and enter your question! Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  21:39, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

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User talk:712muni

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

 * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out what this means.
 * To sign your name (on talk pages), use four tildes, like this: ~~~~
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Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or you can contact me personally on my talk page. Just hit the "+" sign on the top of either page, and enter your question! Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  21:39, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Cookbook
G'day, welcome to Wikibooks, and thanks for your new recipe contribution. You might be interested to read our Cookbook policy page and talk to other Cookbook editors. cheers, Webaware talk 00:13, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:712muni