text:
Computers & Society/Setting the scene/Learning how to read stuff

Stuff is a great word. Maybe you thought we were going to look at learning how to read books? After all, you need to be able to read, before you can read books, and before you can read this stuff here in the Wikibook?

Well, we are going to look at the problem of reading. It turns out that reading is very difficult in many cases, just as asking questions can be very difficult. You don't believe it?

I remember the shock of picking up a book called "How to read a painting". It is a very famous book. You can look at its cover now if you want to. I used to think that one looked at paintings. I never imagined that one could also read paintings. It was a really big surprise for me.

Learning to read paintings helps one a lot when trying to read books. For example, when you read "I remember the shock of picking up a book called..." you are thinking "Aha! The author of this Wikibook remembers the shock of picking up a book called...". Aren't you? Well, it is true that I am an author writing this. But a Wikibook may have many authors. And you may not be able to say which author, if any, was the one who picked up a book called...

So! Reading a Wikibook requires careful thought. That is exactly why we began this book with learning how to ask questions. And the "we" here is ambiguously fruitful in the sense that "we" might be "I the author" and "you the reader", or it might be "we the authors", or it might be ...

How to read a proverb?
Let us begin with a well-known proverb. "You can take a horse to water, but you can't make him drink." It is called a proverb because it is an "old saying". It must be an old saying because there is a horse in it! If there is a horse in it, then it probably occurs in many different cultures where horses were/are important. It is also important because of the water. Water is essential to life. Do you think the horse knows this?

Notice the horse and the "him". If it were a mare then the "him" would be a "her". Do you think that mares were brought to water? Notice the horse is brought to water, not the water is brought to the horse. That is important. It shows just how old the saying is! You are probably wondering why the him-horse of the proverb is not called a stallion? There is a very good reason. It has to do with the usual way we use (any) natural language. Stallion and mare are too specific. Animal is too general. Horse is just right. Just in case one does not know what a horse looks like, here is a foto.

In the foto we can see that there is water beside the horse. It is a river. It is often the case that the horse is brought to a river to drink water. So! Is that all there is to this proverb? Has everything been read or said?

How to read a painting?
Let us look at the painting Bacchus and Ariadne which is used as the cover for that book "How to read a painting". We have chosen the Wikipedia article as our resource.

The first thing we want to focus on is the asking of questions. We will ignore obvious questions like "Who is Bacchus?" and "Who is Adriadne?" We will also ignore questions like "Why are most of them half naked? It must be very hot there?"

We look carefully, just like reading. Then we spot something really strange. 8 stars in the blue sky! What's this you ask?

Reading is just like decoding
There is a subtitle to the book "How to read a painting". It is "Decoding, Understanding and Enjoying the Old Masters". Reading and decoding are basically the same process. You are probably asking yourself the question: "Then is writing basically the same as encoding?"

How to read a digiFoto?
The first thing to notice is that the image Bacchus and Ariadne is not the painting. The image is a digital photograph, which we abbreviate to digiFoto. The painting exists uniquely in the National Gallery, London, UK. Someone has photographed it. The original photograph was probably on film. It was not a digital photograph. Perhaps it has been photographed recently, this time using a digital camera?

But, by definition, if we find an image on the Internet we shall always think of it as a digital image. The word we will use for such a digital image is "digiFoto". Why? Because it looks nice and modern and strange and memorable. Isn't it fun to be creative in this way?

Now let us look at the digiFoto "Still Life" shown above. How are we to read this?

Skimming
«A new study overturns the common assumption that the ‘Google Generation' – youngsters born or brought up in the Internet age – is the most web-literate. The first ever virtual longitudinal study carried out by the CIBER research team at University College London claims that, although young people demonstrate an apparent ease and familiarity with computers, they rely heavily on search engines, view rather than read and do not possess the critical and analytical skills to assess the information that they find on the web.»

The report referred to above is entitled “Information behaviour of the researcher of the future” and in our opinion it may be read in a more positive light, one that supports Marshall McLuhan's argument that there is a new generation coming which will not be bound by the old Renaissance culture of the printed book.

John Naughton's article in The Observer, “Thanks, Gutenberg - but we're too pressed for time to read”, gives a very precise summary: «The findings describe 'a new form of information-seeking behaviour' characterised as being 'horizontal, bouncing, checking and viewing in nature. Users are promiscuous, diverse and volatile.' 'Horizontal' information-seeking means 'a form of skimming activity, where people view just one or two pages from an academic site then "bounce" out, perhaps never to return.' The average times users spend on e-book and e-journal sites are very short: typically four and eight minutes respectively.»

It is in this passage that the word “skimming” occurs.

Browsing
Browsing is a word just like skimming in the sense that... Well! Browsing is a kind of reading. One might browse through a book. One might might browse in a library. Today, in the Age of Internet, one browses the Web. In order to browse one needs a browser. The story of the Browser is another way of talking about the story of the Internet or the story of the World Wide Web. Later we will look at each browser in turn. For now, here is a short list (in alphabetical order):
 * Chrome
 * Explorer
 * Firefox
 * Opera
 * Safari

e-Links
 From Wikipedia: Skimming


text:
Computers & Society/Social Web

Since the publication of Manuel Castells' book The Internet Galaxy in 2001, there have been enormous changes to the Society.

In this chapter we will look specifically that those changes which go by the name Social Web.

In 2001, Castells opposed "Virtual Communities" to the "Network Society" (p.116). After a chapter of detailed analysis he concludes that perhaps that "individuals are in fact reconstructing the pattern of social interaction [...] to create a new form of society: the network society." (p.133).

We need to look for evidence to see if in fact there is a reconstruction of social interaction.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Computers & Society/Social Web


text:
Computers & Society/Social Web/Flickr

Pssst! Want to see some pics? There's lots to see on Flickr.

This is placeholder text

Politics
Microsoft tries to buy Yahoo! and fails.

Yahoo! owns Flickr.

Resources
TechnologyGuardian UK

title: Computers & Society/Social Web/Flickr


text:
Computers & Society/Social Web/Flock

A web browser, specifically designed for the Social Web is Flock.

Flock is an aggregator. It brings together various "social media" such as Flickr, YouTube, Facebook, ...

The name directly or inadvertently calls to mind the saying "birds of a feather flock together". The saying is one of affinity and similarity.

Resources
to do

title: Computers & Society/Social Web/Flock


text:
Computers & Society/Semantic Web

In his book "Weaving the Web", Chapter 13 "Machines and the Web", Tim Berners-Lee introduces the concept of a Semantic Web to be "a web of data that can be processed directly or indirectly by machines" (p.191).

The important point is that this stuff is for the machines, not for us humans! What can he possibly really mean?

title: Computers & Society/Semantic Web


text:
Computers & Society/Semantic Web/Ontology

According to a fundamental principle that "Everything is mediated through language" we can infer the derived and more precise principle that "Everything computable is mediated through programming language". Let us canonize these two principles as axioms: We may regard them as self-evident truths. But if you are worried about such canonization then you ought to delve further and seek evidence and proof. In other words, do not believe in them unless you feel very sure that they are worth taking as foundation for further work. How might we find such evidence?
 * Axiom 1: Everything is mediated through language.
 * Axiom 2: Everything computable is mediated through programming language.

Ontology is considered to be about "that which exists". Do not be surprised to find that many people have very different views on what that means exactly. For example, one often reads about the Unicorn (a kind of one-horned animal). Some people say that it is non-existent. It is just a figment of the imagination. Other people say that it exists, precisely because we have the language to talk about it. In this book we will take the latter view that if we can talk about it in a precise way then for all practical purposes the Unicorn is with us. One might imagine a future where we might be able to bring the Unicorn into actual physical existence. But that is futuristic.

One thing we can be more or less certain about is that in the Western Tradition of Philosophy, the Father of Ontology was Aristotle.

OWL—the Semantic Web Ontology Language
There are three variants of OWL: We recommend OWL-DL in this course.
 * OWL-Lite
 * OWL-DL, where the DL stands for description logic
 * OWL-Full

OWL-DL
The most important thing to do is to get started as soon as possible in describing our world in terms of OWL-DL. What world is that you might say? Well, it is the world of Computers & Society.

How will we describe the Unicorn? Is it not (like) a horse with one horn? We introduce two concepts: horse and horn. Using these we might describe the unicorn as
 * Unicorn isa Horse
 * Unicorn hasThing Horn

Resources

 * For practical work on Semantic Web Ontology (OWL) we recommend the Protégé Editor from Stanford.


text:
Computers & Society/Identity & Privacy

And precisely on this date of looking (July 31, 2008) we have discovered the existence of bit.ly which is a smart URL shortener launched July 8. The discovery is made through the TechnologyGuardian article "Pointing the internet in a new direction" by Wendy M Grossman.

However, there is one exception to this use of bit.ly. URLs internal to the Wikiworld will be used in full in order that they adhere to the community guidelines.

=Technologies of Control= There are 3 types of technologies postulated by Manuel Castells (2001), in his seminal work „The Internet Galaxy“ p. 171:
 * technologies of identification
 * technologies of surveillance
 * technologies of investigation

Technologies of Identification
Castells (2001) cites 3 things which are used in the technologies of identification:
 * passwords
 * cookies
 * authentication procedures

The last item seems to be a catch-all. How about we try and expand on it now for 2008?

MyFlickr Authentication Procedure
Let us pick an „authentication procedure“ currently available and well-documented online? Here is one from the blog of "MyFlickr.org": «

1. The user visits user.myflickr.org, which presents a start button

2. When the user clicks the start button, user.myflickr.org replies with a redirect to service.myflickr.org/?next=user.myflickr.org

3. The user gets the page at service.myflickr.org which saves user.myflickr.org in a cookie in the browser and redirect to Flickr.com to authenticate with the MyFlickr application

4. The user's browser saves the cookie and goes to Flickr.com where he can decide to authenticate with MyFlickr.

5. If the user accepts MyFlickr to get permission to the user's photos, Flickr redirects the user to a URL which is configured in MyFlickr's API preferences together with a "frob". The Frob is a string that MyFlickr must use to get the user's security token.

6. The User's browser goes to service.myflickr.org. Now with the frob from Flickr in the request URL, and hopefully with a cookie with the address of the album he is trying to authenticate with. (As created in step 3)

7. If the server at service.myflickr.org gets the cookie, it can redirect the user together with the frob to the authenticating server, otherwise the server has to ask the user to fill in a form and provide this information again. This is where Flickr.com has severe limitations in the API. (see below)

8. The user's browser gets redirected back to the domain he tried to claim or authenticate with, together with a frob in the address.

9. When MyFlickr at the proper address gets the user back with the frob, it sends the frob back to flickr and should get the user's security token back. The security token can finally together with MyFlickr's secret keys be used to access the user's photos.

10. The user configures his site which goes live immediately!

It's a complex procedure with four redirects, but it looks simple to the user. So nothing can possibly go wrong! ;)

»

from MyFlickr blog

Full details of all related issues (updates, ...) are at MyFlickr.

Of particular importance is the (unfinished) Privacy Policy: «

The MyFlickr server you use to host your photos will get access to your private photos, but you can revoke this access at any time from your Flickr account. The MyFlickr service never access your photos, and will not display photos that you don't explicitly publish. MyFlickr only access information about your photos, and gives

»

And, yes! The last sentence is unfinished in the original text. Such unfinished business is potentially alarming, especially when it occurs in the Privacy Policy.

MyFlickr Authentication Procedure Experiment
It is not often one has the opportunity to experiment with both an „authentication procedure“ and a „privacy policy“ in the one application domain. How shall we go about setting up such an experiment?

We will follow the instructions precisely as given on the MyFlickr home page:

 * “All you need is a Flickr account with some photos”

So! Let us do it!

 * Step 1: Create a Yahoo! ID such as mihal.orela@yahoo.com
 * Step 2: Create a (free) Flickr account for Mihal Orela
 * Step 3: Claim the URL http://mihalorela.myflickr.org/
 * Step 4: Done! So! The first result shows Nebeto

It is strongly recommended that one carry out this experiment for oneself. At each stage of the process, a (dated) screen shot ought to be captured and saved for further analysis.

Technologies of Surveillance
According to Manuel Castells surveillance technologies, although different in kind from identification technologies, rely on the latter “to be able to locate the individual user” („The Internet Galaxy“ p. 171-2).

 * intercept messages
 * place markers that allow tracking of communication flows from a specific computer location,
 * monitor machine activity around the clock

In the article on Computer surveillance the concept of a packet sniffer is introduced. Outside of the immediate computer technology world the concept of a sniffer would apply to a dog or a certain kind of "wine" glass called a brandy sniffer. One sniffs, that is uses the nose (and hence relys on the sense of smell) to investigate, to find out what is there.

Technologies of Investigation
Such technologies “refer to the building of databases from the results of both surveillance and storage of routinely recorded information” (Manuel Castells, „The Internet Galaxy“ p. 172). Here, Castells cites Simson Garfinkel, „Database Nation“, Sebastopol, CA:O'Reilly, 2000.

Given that “data are collected in digital form” then “all the information items contained in the database can be aggregated, disaggregated, combined, and identified according to purpose and legal capacity” (ibid. p. 172). Today, we sum up all these processes with one succinct phrase:

 * data mining

Data Mining
In a business context “data mining (sometimes called data or knowledge discovery) is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information - information that can be used to increase revenue, cuts costs, or both.” Evidently, there is nothing that restricts data mining to the business world.

One of the key concepts that one might associate with data mining is that of profiling. A simple search on the latter will throw up some interesting insights. For example, the word profiling may be used to describe the action of performance analysis in software engineering and, moreover, a profiler “is a performance analysis tool that measures the behavior of a program as it runs, particularly the frequency and duration of function calls”. Let us substitute “behavior of a user” in the latter and see how it reads?

A classical case of profiling is used by Castell's in connection with DoubleClick in November 1999 (p. 174-5). « ...Double Click bought Abacus, a database of names, addresses, and information concerning the shopping patterns of 90 million households in the US. Using this database, Double Click created profiles linking individual's real names and addresses with their on-line and off-line shopping. »

He cites the article „The Eroded Self“ by Jeffrey Rosen in the New York Times Sunday Magazine, published April 30, 2000.

Here is the Privacy Policy of Abacus Direct which gives insight into just how customer data may be used.

Privacy Protection
Can one really protect one's privacy on the net? In 2001, before 9/11, Castell's gave a list of 4 websites providing technological resources to protect privacy (p. 187):

 * cnetdownload.com
 * junkbusters.com
 * silentsurf.com
 * anonymizer.com

It is seven years since the list was published. We need to know if these web addresses are still in use and if so that they refer to the same (original) entities. Let us take a look at each in turn.

Website address checking
1. cnetdownload.com — still exists  (Михал Орела 06:30, 5 August 2008 (UTC)) –– note the signature and date stamp! This is normally used for the date of last access to a web page and is to be highly recommended in serious scholarly work in journalism, academia, government, and so on. In this book, it is used especially for website existence checking. The name cnetdownload.com resolves into http://www.download.com/Mac/

Some interesting observations can be made. The Opera browser was chosen for this test. Other browsers used for checking were Firefox and Safari. The reason for choosing Opera in this case was to see if /Mac/ turned up. Clearly, download.com can tell that the computer being used in a Mac?

2. junkbusters.com — still exists (Михал Орела 07:03, 5 August 2008 (UTC)). In the „About us“ page we read Junkbusters Corp. was founded in April 1996 in Green Brook, New Jersey, with the mission of helping people get rid of junk messages of all kinds: spam, telemarketing calls, unwanted junk mail, junk faxes, and more. The web site junkbusters.com is a leading consumer resource on the control of junk communications and the protection of privacy. At the end of 2004 the site and other assets were tranferred to its sister company Guidescope Inc.

Of particular note is JunkBusters list of privacy policies.

3. silentsurf.com — still exists (Михал Орела 07:14, 5 August 2008 (UTC)). The address resolves into http://silentsurf.com/site/index.html. However, the page looks strange. At the very bottom there is a copyright notice: © Copyright 1999-2003 Distinctly Inc. All rights reserved. Page updated 30 Mar 2003. Further experimentation suggests that the actual site is dead. For example, one might like to try to buy... and read the disclaimer...
 * I fully agree with all of the policies and procedures outlined in the Distinctly.com Inc., Conditions and Acceptable Use Policy. I authorize Distinctly.com Inc. to deduct from the credit card used to purchase the service my normal monthly, quarterly, or semi-annual payments for my service as outlined in the order form for the above service. I agree fully with all of the terms in the cancellation policy outlined to me when I signed up for hosting services. In the event that this charge is contested by myself or charged back to Distinctly.com Inc., I agree that I am responsible for any charges incurred by Distinctly.com Inc. in defending authorization. In the event I wish to cancel my account, I need to call into the billing department to get full instructions for canceling. In the event that a refund is due, all monies owed will be credited back to this credit card, minus any startups, which are non-refundable after the account logins are sent out.

Before using the credit card it is worth checking Distinctly.com Inc. Continuing the research/experiment we find that the site „distinctly.com“ is available for purchase!

4. anonymizer.com — still exists (Михал Орела 07:33, 5 August 2008 (UTC)). Of note is the link to the Privacy blog.

= Notes =

= Reading links=  There is also the hard back version ISBN 978-0199241538. This is a particularly important text for many reasons. One of the most significant reasons is that it appeared in same year as and before 9/11.

= e-Links=

on bit.ly
bit.ly Dan Frommer, Betaworks Launches Bit.ly, A Smarter TinyURL July 8, 2008. Wendy M Grossman, Pointing the internet in a new direction July 31, 2008.

on data mining & surveillance
The Data Mine Jeffrey Rosen, „The Eroded Self“, New York Times, 2000. The Surveillance Project of the Department of Sociology at Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.

on DoubleClick

DoubleClick Privacy Policy

on Phorm

The Register: The Phorm Files February 29, 2008.

Phorm, Inc.

Guardian announces it will not use Phorm March 26, 2008.

title: Computers & Society/Identity & Privacy


text:
Cookbook:Mediterranean Beef Stew

| Meat recipes

This is a hearty and flavoursome beef stew inspired by the Mediterranean. It is based on a dish cooked by Keith Floyd in his Floyd around the Med TV series. The olives make this a filling meal in itself, but it could be served with rice or simply with bread to mop-up the gravy.

Ingredients

 * 500 g (1.1 lb) of lean beef stewing/braising steak (in steaks, not diced)
 * 600 g (1.3 lb) of green olives, stones removed
 * 6 large tomatoes, diced
 * 1 onion, finely chopped
 * 1 large clove of garlic, finely chopped
 * Olive oil

Procedure

 * 1) In a large saucepan or casserole dish, gently fry the onion and garlic in plenty of good olive oil for a few minutes, taking care not to brown them.
 * 2) Season the beef well with salt and black pepper and immediately add to the pan. Fry until evenly sealed and lightly browned.
 * 3) Add the olives and tomatoes to the pan and simmer gently for two hours with the lid on.
 * 4) Serve.

Notes, tips and variations

 * If you buy olives in brine, it's a good idea to soak them in fresh water before use so that the resulting dish is not overly salty.
 * Adding red wine or a dark beer such as a dunkel or stout could result in a richer gravy but may overpower the fresh flavour of the vegetables.

title: Cookbook:Mediterranean Beef Stew


text:
Computers & Society/Front Cover

How can one illustrate the subject "Computers & Society"? One might think of possible alternative names. One might look for other disciplines which seem to cover the same ground. For example, what about looking at Digital Humanities (also known as Humanities Computing or Humanities Informatics

Still Life
The digital photograph entitled Still life conjures up Art. And Art is said to belong to the Humanities, to the Society. "Still Life" is the technical art term used in the English language for the French Nature morte.

Where then is the Computer in the picture?

Did you guess it right?

The picture was taken by a digital camera and the digital image was processed on a computer and then sent up to another computer somewhere. Later that image was grabbed by a computer and then placed in such a way that you can see it on your computer... now!

It captures exactly how we need to see computers in society. Mostly they are invisible, hidden. They are in the background all the time. Indeed they are so common that we rarely think of them just being there.

title: Computers & Society/Front Cover


text:
Computers & Society/Back Cover

every book needs a back cover :)

=Contributors=

Chief Editor
Mihal Orela

Authors

 * Mihal Orela
 * Kalina Sotirova

title: Computers & Society/Back Cover


text:
User:Tinkleheimer

It's Tinkleheimer!

simple:User:Tinkleheimer

title: User:Tinkleheimer


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/def disposeh

= DEF DISPOSEH Statement =

Statement
✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

Description
If  represents a valid handle to a relocatable memory block, this statement disposes of the block, and sets the value of   to zero (  must be a long-integer variable or a   variable).

If  does not represent a valid handle, the statement sets the value of   to zero, but otherwise does nothing.

Note
Never use  on a resource.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/def drawimagefile

= DEF DRAWIMAGEFILE Statement =

Statement
✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

Revised
May 2001 (Release 5)

Description
You may use this statement to display a picture directly from disk. The picture can actually be too large to load into memory. You may determine the size of the picture in advance using. The following example shows how to open a file and display it in a window.

Note
In order to use this routine, you must include the file named " " as shown in the example below.


text: User talk:BasicLvrCH8r

title: User talk:BasicLvrCH8r


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/def dynamicinsertitems

= DEF DYNAMICINSERTITEMS Statement =

Statement
✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

Revised
November 2006 (FB 4, Release 4)

Description
This function shifts item  and all subsequent items in ,   positions higher, to leave   new items beginning at position. The total number of items in the array increases by  (or moreÑsee below), and the inserted items (beginning at  ) are filled with data located at , or with zeros if   is 0.

Note
Whether currently populated or not, a dynamic array must have held data at some point before being passed to this function.

is any FutureBASIC Dynamic Array previously dimensioned using  or.

is the array position at which the first item will be inserted. It must be >= 0. will normally be less than the current number of items in the array, but can be greater. If it is greater, enough new empty items will be inserted to provide  items beginning at item. For example, if you have 10 items (0-9) in the array, and insert 2 items beginning at item #13, your array will hold the original 10 items, followed by 3 empty items (10-12), and the 2 inserted items (13-14) for a total of 15 items.

specifies the number of items to be inserted. It also represents the number by which the index of any specific item higher in the array will increase.

is an address where new data are waiting to be inserted into. These must be in the same format, with the same size elements as. In OS 9, if you pass a dereferenced handle as, you should first lock the handle. does not check to ensure there is adequate data to copy.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/def dynamicremoveitems

= DEF DYNAMICREMOVEITEMS Statement =

Statement
✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

Revised
November 2006 (FB 4, Release 4)

Description
This function deletes  items from , beginning with item. Any subsequent items will shift down to replace the removed items, resulting in an array of  fewer items. Each subsequent item will have its index reduced by. If  is 0, the data will be expunged without warning or recourse. If a pointer is passed in, the data to be removed will first be copied to that address.

Note
Whether currently populated or not, a dynamic array must have held data at some point before being passed to this function.

is any FutureBASIC Dynamic Array previously dimensioned using  or.

is the array position of the first item to be removed. It must be >= 0. will not remove more items than exist in the array. For example, if your array holds 10 items (0-9) and you attempt to remove 5 items beginning with item 8, 2 items (8-9) will be removed instead and the array will be left with 8 items (0-7).

specifies the number of contiguous items to be removed. If there are too few items following  only the number available will be removed. is an address to which the items being removed from  will be copied.

must point to an allocated memory block (or variable) of adequate size to hold all data being removed. does not check to ensure there is adequate space. If there are fewer than  items available to remove, only the number removed will be copied to. To remove data without saving it, pass 0 in.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/def embedbutton

= DEF EMBEDBUTTON Statement =

Statement
✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

Revised
February 2002 (Release 6)

Description
The appearance manager can embed several buttons (sub controls) within a single parent button (or super control). In fact, buttons may be embedded in buttons which are in turn embedded in other buttons. The advantages are enormous. Take this example: each window has a single root control. All buttons within the window are embedded into this root control or into one of its children. When the window becomes inactive, the root control is disabled. With that single command (implemented by the FB runtime) all other controls in the window are automatically disabled.

The versatility extends to things like showing or hiding a pane in a tab control or buttons within a group.

Example
The following example creates a radio button group and embeds individual buttons into the super control. As a result, you can poll the group button to find out which of the radio sub controls is currently selected.

image d/DEF%20EMBEDBUTTON02.gif


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/def flash

= DEF FLASH Statement =

Statement
✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

Revised
July 26, 2000 (Release 3)

Description
Inverts the current output window. A subsequent call to  returns the window to normal. You can use  to draw attention to a window through repeated calls or as a debugging tool to determine which window is currently used for output.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/def fn expr

= DEF FN <expr> Statement =

Statement
✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

Description
This statement defines a "one-line" function. You can refer to the function in later parts of your program by using an expression in this form:

This expression returns the value of  from the function definition.

The  statement should not appear inside any   function.

can be any valid FB identifier which is different from any other function name defined in your program. can optionally end with a type-identifier suffix (such as,  ,  , etc.)

If  ends with a type-identifier suffix, the suffix indicates the data type that the function returns (and hence   should be of the same type). If no type-identifier suffix is specified, the function returns a long-integer value.

You can optionally include a formal parameter list in the function definition: this is a list of variable names (, , etc.) separated by commas and enclosed in parentheses, which immediately follows. Usually,  will contain references to these parameter variables. When you call a function that has a formal parameter list, you pass values to it in an actual parameter list (, , etc.). These values are then assigned to,  , etc., and are used in evaluating

,, etc. must be "simple" variables: they cannot be array elements, records, nor record fields. ,, etc. can (with some exceptions) be any kinds of expressions, as long as the data type of each   expression is compatible with its corresponding   variable in the formal parameter list. The number and order of the items in the actual parameter list must exactly match the number and order of the items in the formal parameter list (if any).

The variables in the formal parameter list are either global (if they were previously declared within a ...  section), or they are "local to main." In either case, this means that the values which get assigned to those variables (when you call the function) persist even after the function returns its value. You need to keep this in mind if you later execute some statement in "main" (outside of all  functions) which contains one of those variables.

may contain other variables besides those which appear in the formal parameter list. All variables in  are either global (as declared within a  ...  block) or are local to main.

Example
The function  calculates the area of a circle, when the radius of the circle is passed as a parameter. We are assuming that the variable  is a global variable or a "local to main" variable whose value has previously been set to 3.14159...

When we call the  function, the value 113.079 gets assigned to the local variable. As a side effect of calling, the value of the "local to main" variable   is changed to 6.0.

Note
is a "non-executable" statement, which means you cannot affect the definition of the function by placing  after   or   (in an  statement), nor by placing it inside any kind of "conditional execution" block such as  ...,  ... ,  ... , etc. However, you can affect the function definition (at compile time) by placing   inside a   block.

does not work for threaded functions.


text:
The Faerie Queene/Book I

 * /Canto I/
 * /Canto II/
 * /Canto III/
 * /Canto IV/
 * /Canto V/
 * /Canto VI/
 * /Canto VII/
 * /Canto VIII/
 * /Canto IX/
 * /Canto X/
 * /Canto XI/
 * /Canto XII/

title: The Faerie Queene/Book I


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/div

div
The function div returns the quotient and remainder of the operation numerator / denominator. The div_t structure is defined in cstdlib, and has at least:

For example, the following code displays the quotient and remainder of x/y:

 * Related topics: ldiv


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/ldiv

ldiv
Testing: adiv_t, div_t, ldiv_t.

The ldiv function returns the quotient and remainder of the operation numerator / denominator. The ldiv_t structure is defined in cstdlib and has at least:

 * Related topics: div


text:
Radiation Oncology/Kaposi's sarcoma/Randomized

Randomized Evidence for Kaposi's Sarcoma

 * Johannesburg Hospital (South Africa)(2003-2004) -- RT 24/12 vs. 20/5
 * Randomized. 65 sites of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma (histolocially proven, HIV+, mucosal or cutaneous). Arm 1) RT 24/12 vs. Arm 2) RT 20/5. Tumor + 2cm margin, if oral location then entire oral cavity
 * 2008 PMID 18439694 -- "Hypofractionated radiation therapy in the treatment of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma - A prospective randomized trial." (Singh NB, Radiother Oncol. 2008 Apr 23 [Epub ahead of print])
 * Outcome: CR 24/12 37% vs. 20/5 50% (NS), local control (CR/PR/SD) 66% vs. 90% (NS). Mean time-to-response 3 months
 * Toxicity: No difference, but necrosis/ulceration in 3% vs. 17%
 * Conclusion: The two schedules produced equivalent results

 * University of Washington -- RT 8/1 vs. 20/10 vs. 40/20
 * Randomized, 3 arms. 71 cutaneous lesions. Arm 1) RT 8/1 vs Arm 2) 20/10 vs Arm 3) 40/20
 * 1993 PMID 8262827 — "A randomized prospective trial of radiation therapy for AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma." (Stelzer KJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Dec 1;27(5):1057-61.)
 * Outcome: CR 40/20 83% vs. 20/10 79% vs. 8/1 50% (SS). Median time to failure 9.9 months vs. 6.0 months vs. 3.0 months (SS)
 * Conclusion: Higher doses resulted in improved response and control duration


text:
Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Second Primary

Second Primary Tumors in Head & Neck

Overview

 * Second primary tumors are a major source of morbidity and mortality, particularly for patients who have been effectively treated for early stage HNSCC
 * The risk of developing a second primary is ~5%/year. Majority occur in H&N, esophagus, or lung; lung is the most common site (31%), followed by oral cavity (17%)
 * Continued smoking increases both risk of second primary tumor (HR 1.6) and death (HR 2.5) over that of former smokers (HR 1.3 and 1.6) compared with non-smokers. This is a rationale to promote smoking cessation
 * Concurrent treatment with chemotherapy doesn't appear to change risk of second cancers
 * A high-dose isotretinoin given for 1 year decreased the risk of second primary in Stage I-IV patients in a randomized trial; however, tolerance was poor with 70% patients requiring dose reduction
 * A French trial, using a second generation retinoic acid etretinate did not show any benefit. An Italian and Australian trial using isotretinoin also did not show any benefit
 * Finally, a tolerable low-dose isotretinoin given for 3 years to early stage patients in a large Intergroup trial did not decrease risk of second primary tumors or death

 * Colorado-SEER; 2008 PMID 18078720 -- "Use of external beam radiotherapy is associated with reduced incidence of second primary head and neck cancer: a SEER database analysis." (Rusthoven KE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 May 1;71(1):192-8.)
 * Analysis of 27,985 patients with early stage HNCA entered into SEER database between 1973 and 1997
 * Patients treated with RT had significantly reduced incidence of second HNCa (15yr incidence 7.7% vs 10.5%)
 * On multivariate analysis, pts with primary tumors of the pharynx (p<0.001) and larynx (p=0.04) had significant reduction in second primary HNCA with RT
 * Memorial Sloan Kettering; 2005 (1986–1995) PMID 16265657, 2005 (1984–98) — "Second primary malignancy of the aerodigestive tract in patients treated for cancer of the oral cavity and larynx." (Lin K et al. Head Neck. 2005 Dec;27(12):1042-8. )
 * Retospective. 1257 patients with oral cavity (n=595) and larynx (n=662). Endpoint development of second primary (H&N, esophagus, or lung)
 * Outcome: 5-year rate larynx 8%, oral cavity 10%. Larynx most common 2nd primary was lung, oral cavity was another H&N.
 * Predictors: Smokers 5x increased risk, EtOH 2x increased risk
 * Conclusion: Rates comparable, patterns different. Smoking and EtOH independent risk factors
 * SAKK 10/94; 2005 PMID 15936546 -- "Risk factors for developing a second upper aerodigestive cancer after radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in patients with head-and-neck cancers: An exploratory outcomes analysis." (Taussky D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005)
 * Analysis of Swiss SAKK 10/94 trial (RT +/- cisplatin). 521 patients. Median F/U 4.7 years
 * Second primary tumors: No difference as a function of getting chemotherapy, age, PS, gender, T-stage, or N-stage. Concomitant boost fewer SPTs
 * Conclusion: Addition of chemotherapy doesn't influence incidence of second cancers
 * MDACC; 1989 PMID 2674075 -- "Multiple primary cancer in patients with cancer of the head and neck: second cancer of the head and neck, esophagus, and lung." (Licciardello JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Sep;17(3):467-76.)
 * RTOG Registry (76-19) (1977–1980)
 * 1989 PMID 2674073 -- "Second malignancies in patients who have head and neck cancer: incidence, effect on survival and implications based on the RTOG experience." (Cooper JS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Sep;17(3):449-56.)
 * Prospective registry of H&N patients seen by RTOG. 928 HNSCC treated with RT only
 * Second tumor risk: 3-years 10%, 5-years 15%, 8-years 23%; most occurred in patients with small primaries due to their longer survival
 * MD Anderson; 1989 PMID 2674081 -- "Second malignant tumors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: the overshadowing threat for patients with early-stage disease." (Lippman SM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Sep;17(3):691-4.)

Prevention Trials

 * Quebec (1994–2000) -- alpha tocopherol/beta-carotene vs placebo
 * Randomized. 540 patients, Stage I-II HNC, treated with RT. Arm 1) alpha-tocopherol 400 IU/day and beta-carotene 30 mg/day (beta-carotene discontinued after 156 patients due to ethical concerns) x3 years vs Arm 2) placebo.
 * 2005 PMID 15812073 -- "A randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent second primary cancers in head and neck cancer patients." (Bairati I, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Apr 6;97(7):481-8.) Median F/U 4.3 years
 * Outcome: 2nd primary supplement 23% vs. placebo 19%. During supplementation, higher rate of 2nd primary than placebo (HR 2.9, SS), which lowered after supplementation was discontinued
 * Conclusion: Alpha-tocopherol produced unexpected higher occurrence of second primary cancer
 * Weight loss; 2010 PMID 20187097 -- "Predictors of weight loss during radiotherapy in patients with stage I or II head and neck cancer." (Nourissat A, Cancer. 2010 Feb 24. [Epub ahead of print])
 * Patients weighed before and after RT. Mean weight loss 2.2 kg (SD 3.4 kg). Baseline characteristics assessed
 * Outcome: Predictors for weight loss: non-glottic site, higher baseline weight, Stage II disease (vs Stage I), baseline dysphagia/odynophagia, lower KPS. No association with diet
 * Conclusion: Predictors for weight loss identified
 * Italian Head and Neck Chemoprevention Study Group 2004 (1992–1996) -- low-dose isotretinoin
 * Randomized. 267 patients. Radically treated Stage III-IV HNSCC. Arm 1) placebo vs. Arm 2) isotretinoin 0.5 mg/kg vs. Arm 3) isotretinoin + Interferon alpha-2a (only 15 patients assigned due to financial problems) x1 year
 * 2004 PMID 15138569 — "13-cis retinoic acid in head and neck cancer chemoprevention: results of a randomized trial from the Italian Head and Neck Chemoprevention Study Group." (Toma S, Oncol Rep. 2004 Jun;11(6):1297-305.) Mean F/U 3.2 years
 * Outcome: 5-year OS isotretinoin 59% vs. placebo 57% (NS); RFS 49% vs. 56% (NS)
 * Toxicity: Grade III-IV in 4%, Grade I-II 69%
 * Conclusion: Low-dose isotretinoin ineffective at chemoprevention
 * Retinoid Head and Neck Second Primary Trial (INT/RTOG 91-15) (1991–1999) -- low dose isotretinoin
 * Randomized. 1190 patients, treated, with Stage I-II HNSCC (oral cavity, larynx, pharynx), disease-free at least 4 months. Arm 1) low-dose isotretinoin (30 mg/day) vs. Arm 2) placebo x3 years
 * Smoking; 2001 PMID 11489748 -- "The impact of smoking status, disease stage, and index tumor site on second primary tumor incidence and tumor recurrence in the head and neck retinoid chemoprevention trial." (Khuri FR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Aug;10(8):823-9.)
 * Outcome: second primary tumor rate 5.1%/year; active smoker 5.7% vs. never smoker 3.5% (p=0.05); Stage I 4.3% vs. Stage II 6.4% (SS)
 * Conclusion: Significantly higher second primary tumor rate in active smokers, intermediate rate for former smokers compared with never smokers
 * 6-years; 2006 PMID 16595780 -- "Randomized phase III trial of low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of second primary tumors in stage I and II head and neck cancer patients." (Khuri FR, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Apr 5;98(7):441-50.) Median F/U 6 years
 * Outcome: Second primary tumors rate 4.6%/year in both arms (NS); no difference in primary tumor–free survival, RFS, smoking-associated DFS, and OS
 * Predictors: second cancers 261 (22%); current smokers (HR 1.64, SS) more risk than former smokers (HR 1.32, SS) compared with non-smokers. Risk of death current smokers 2.51 vs. former smokers 1.60
 * Sites of 2nd tumors: lung (31%), oral cavity (17%), larynx (8%), pharynx (5%)
 * Conclusion: Low-dose isotretinoin not effective at reducing second primary tumors
 * France -- etretinate
 * Randomized. 316 patients, SCHNN T1-2N0-1 <=3 cm. Arm 1) etretinate 25 mg/day vs. Arm 2) placebo x2 years
 * 5-years; 1994 PMID 7917535 -- "Prevention of second primary tumours with etretinate in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Results of a multicentric double-blind randomised study." (Bolla M, Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(6):767-72.) Median F/U 3.4 years
 * Outcome: second primary tumor 18% (NS). No difference on LR or DM rate. 5-year OS and DFS no difference
 * Toxicity: discontinued in etretinate 33% vs. placebo 23% (SS)
 * Conclusion: Etretinate does not prevent second primary tumors
 * Queensland (Australia) -- high-dose or low-dose isotretinoin
 * Randomized. Trial stopped early by sponsor after early analysis showed no benefit. 151 patients. T1-4N0-2 HNSCC. Arm 1) high-dose isotretinoin 1 mg/kg x1 year, then low-dose isotretinoin 0.5 mg/kg x2 years vs. Arm 2) low-dose isotretinoin x3 years vs. Arm 3) placebo x3 years. 67% did not complete therapy (~1/3 in high-dose due to side effects)
 * 2005 PMID 15781758 -- "Chemoprevention of head and neck cancer with retinoids: a negative result." (Perry CF, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Mar;131(3):198-203.)
 * Outcome: Second primary cancer high-dose 9% vs. low-dose 17% vs. placebo 14% (NS); no difference in DFS, RFS, or OS
 * Toxicity: No difference between groups
 * Conclusion: Use of isotretinoin not indicated for prophylaxis
 * MD Anderson -- high-dose isotretinoin
 * Randomized. 103 patients, treated Stage I-IV HNSCC. Arm 1) high dose isotretinoin 50–100 mg/m2 vs Arm 2) placebo x1 year.
 * 3-years; 1990 PMID 2202902 — "Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck." (Hong WK, N Engl J Med. 1990 Sep 20;323(12):795-801.) Median F/U 2.7 years
 * Outcome: second primary tumors isotretinoin 4% vs. placebo 24% (SS). 93% tumors in H&N, esophagus, or lung. No difference in local, distant, or regional recurrence of primary tumor.
 * Conclusion: High dose isotretinoin effective in prevention of second primary
 * 5-years; 1994 PMID 8271298 -- "Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: long-term follow-up." (Benner SE, J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 Jan 19;86(2):140-1.) Median F/U 4.5 years
 * Outcome: second primary tumors isotretinoin 14% vs. placebo 31% (SS); but impact diminishes with time. By 8 years, estimated rates of 19% vs. 44%. No patients developed second primary tumor while on drug
 * Toxicity: 70% required dose reduction, 25% stopped
 * No difference in OS. No impact on behavior of primary tumor.


text:
Category:Books to be broken into subpages

Place split on a book to have it appear in this category.

__HIDDENCAT__


text:
Visual Basic .NET/Security

There are two types of security in .NET
 * Code Access Security - security access that a program may have, independent of the user
 * Role-based Security - security access that a particular user account has

Permission
A Permission is the ability to do something, for example delete a file.

There are three sorts of permission:
 * Code access permission - access to a resource or ability to perform an operation. E.g. Access to a file, ability to delete a file
 * Identity permission -
 * Role-based security permission - whether a user is a particular user, or belongs to a particular user group. e.g. a successful login.

Type safety
Type safety in the .NET security context refers to the permissions that computer programs (rather than users) have, in particular it indicates how much of the computer's memory it can access. A program that is verifiably type safe can only access memory related to itself, and only in the correct manner. It is an advantage to write verifiably type safe programs because they won't trigger those annoying confirmation messages in Windows Vista, and users are more likely to download them because they are much less likely to be malware.

Evidence
Evidence is a piece of information, e.g. a password, electronic signature or certificate, that the framework uses to establish what permissions are available to the user or program.

Identities, Roles and Principals
An Identity is analogous to a user account. A Role is similar to a user group (e.g. "Administrator"). A Principal is something like the concept of "the currently logged in user". It represents the totality of the access currently available to the program from the combination of code access security and the Identity and Role being used. The Principal is the computer program, acting on the user's behalf. Different identities can also used by the Principal, through impersonation. e.g. a website might perform file operations that the user of the website might not be allowed to perform directly.

title: Visual Basic .NET/Security


text:
Computers & Society/World Wide Web/URI or URL?

=Backstory=

Everybody gets named. Usually, they get their first name sometime around their birth. Most get named before they are born. It all depends on the culture and the circumstances. For example, once upon a time someone called MacDonald would be the presumed son (mac is the prefix which means son) of Donald. Today, Jane MacDonald is... well... Jane.

There are many cultures where the naming was really a father to son affair. One of the most famous naming laws in the twentieth century was passed on June 21, 1934. Where was it passed? Why was it necessary?

Sometimes, the one born would be given the name of the occupation of the father. So, we have John Smith and Mary Taylor. Were we to follow this tradition, we can imagine names like Timothy Kingmaker and Cynthia Filmproducer.

And so, it came to pass, that when the Internet came into being, there was again the need to name. An even bigger and more important naming need occurred with the birth of the World Wide Web (WWW).

Weaving the Web
In his book "Weaving the Web" with Mark Fischetti, Tim Berners-Lee writes (p. 66) "I presented the idea of a universal document identifier" (UDI). Subsequently, universal became uniform, document became resource, and locator was preferred over identifier. "We argued, but at the IETF [1992] the universal resource identifier became URL, the uniform resource locator" (p. 67).

That was then. Now the URI has come into its own.

= Answers =

Question on the Naming Law of 1934
There are many cultures where the naming was really a father to son affair. One of the most famous naming laws in the twentieth century was passed on June 21, 1934.
 * Q. Where was it passed?
 * Q. Why was it necessary?

Answer strategy

 * 1. Why not try searching Wikipedia first?

Let us begin with the search text «Wikipedia "naming law"»

The first result is about Dutch names.

We now search with «Wikipedia "naming law" 1934»

There are no results.

Let us search outside Wikipedia.

There are still no results. Perhaps we must be very specific about the date. Let us begin again.

«Wikipedia "naming law" 21 June 1934»

Hmmm! This is a harder question than expected.

 * 2. The answer is on Wikipedia!

How do I know? Well, that is where I started when I formulated the question. Here is a source: Atatürk's Reforms.

= Notes and references =


text:
Note Taking/Basic Formatting

Basic Formatting
While there are many ways to take notes, the best ways are the ones you feel most comfortable with. There are however a few formatting ideas that are used by all sort of notes.

 * Separate major ideas by a blank line, and more general ideas by a few more lines.
 * If you're almost done with a page, and are starting a new unit or section, start on a new page.
 * Writing on only one side of a page is a very good idea, but is not required.
 * Use abbreviations and symbols to avoid long sentences.
 * Write down information in your own words.

title: Note Taking/Basic Formatting


text:
Note Taking/Specific Formatting

Cornell Method

The Cornell Method has a very good proven track record. The method consists of the 5 R's: One way to remember these 5 might be to imagine them written on the digits of the right (or left) hand: Or, get an old plastic glove used for washing-up or gardening and write the R's on the glove. This should be fun. Imagine wearing and showing the glove to friends. They will say: "What's this? Why 5 R's? I thought there were only 3 R's: Reading, Riting, Rithmetic!"
 * Record
 * Reduce
 * Recite
 * Reflect
 * Review
 * Thumb — Record
 * Pointing finger — Reduce
 * Middle finger — Recite
 * Ring finger — Reflect
 * Little finger — Review

Here is a simple picture of a notebook page that shows the notes on one column of a page, and keywords on the other column. It allows quick retrieval of different subjects, and a fast and easy way to review the notes.

To setup a page using the Cornell Method, follow these steps:

 * Write your name, the subject, the date, and the page number on the top.
 * Draw a line (or leave space) from top to bottom about 2" from the left side.
 * Draw a line (or leave space) for a summary of the page's content.

When listening to a lecture, record the main ideas on the right side of the paper as a list or in paragraph form. Use abbreviations when possible. On the left side, write down a keyword that describes this section of notes. When you finish the page, summarize in a few sentences the main ideas of the whole page. When you finish class, review and clarify any keywords.

title: Note Taking/Specific Formatting


text:
Modeling from A to Z/Front Cover

MODELING FROM A TO Z

This book is for all who want to learn about the use of mathematics and logic in the design of computing systems.

A model is like the architectural drawings. It gives a feeling for the actual thing yet to be built.

We will look at some apparently very simple models of
 * an address book
 * a waste management system
 * and so on

We will show how to build the model, how to exercise the model, how to verity the rightness of the model using very well-known but techniques such as
 * Alloy
 * B-tool
 * not C or C++ or an other C-like programming language
 * VDM
 * Z
 * Z
 * Z

title: Modeling from A to Z/Front Cover


text:
Modeling from A to Z/Back Cover

I suggest that we have a picure of a power station on the back cover.

Will upload one today.

= Contributors =

 * HUGHES, Arthur

title: Modeling from A to Z/Back Cover


text:
Modeling from A to Z/Modeling principles

=Modeling? What is that?= Let us begin with a simple question? What exactly is meant by modeling? What do we mean by a model?

One way in which to answer these questions is to start with a simple example. The example we will begin with is the management of waste in the environment. It might be Nuclear waste. It might be office or home waste, such as the disposal of paper, glass, batteries, and so on.

In general, waste arrives at a processing plant. And the waste is all mixed up. The first important process is to separate this waste into its different constituent parts. We may call this the separation phase or the separation process. Such a phase has an input and an output. It will be convenient to imagine that the input is a container full of mixed waste and that the output is a collection of containers specific to each type of waste. So, for example, if the input container holds glass, paper and batteries, then it is reasonable to suppose that there are three output containers.

In the modern Networked and Distributed Environment, one mode of improvement in the development and maintenance of both "industrial software with strong focus" such as in Waste Management, and "widespread-use software with collaborative focus" such as in Financial Market Analysis, is characterized by the rigor of both formal engineering techniques in the modeling of critical kernels, and in the ontological grounding of all key concepts and their properties.

Same-shape models
Let us imagine that you build a model of an airplane. It has a body, wings, cockpit, wheels. And some other bits. The key parts are the body, wings, and so on. You are pleased with your model. It can not fly of course. But there are days when you sit still and stare at it and wonder and dream.

You are staring out the window. It is a nice day, blue sky, some white clouds floating. Suddenly a bird flies by, black in color. It is not quite the apple falling on the head kind of experience, but close enough. You say to yourself. „Why not build a model of a bird?“ Both have wings. You sketch out the wings. Both have places for eyes and so on. For the bird it will be called the head. The airplane has a cockpit instead. After a while you draw a table:

It is easy to see the correspondences between the airplane and the bird. It is not so easy to see why these particular birds have been chosen. Can you think of a good reason? Would you make a different choice. If yes, what reasons would you give for your choice?

Development of models
One of those quiet days when you have time to yourself and perhaps you are daydreaming, staring out the window, an idea lands. „What do I need to add to the model to make it fly?“, you say to yourself.

To ask such a question is to take oneself right back to the beginnings of the search for flight. That birds should give directions is only natural. However, for the flight of man, many solutions have been found. What are they? Where did the ideas comes from? Who had the ideas? Where can we find information of this?

But the birds did not give the inspiration for the balloon nor the helicopter. Where do you think these ideas came from?

=Notes=

= References =

=Reading links=

=e-Links=


text:
Modeling from A to Z/Modeling principles/A is for Alloy analyzer

=What is the Alloy analyzer?= Alloy is a formal language deeply rooted in Z. It was developed by Daniel Jackson, currently at MIT. Daniel is the son of Michael Jackson who is well-known for his contributions to computing.

The Alloy analyzer is a constraint analyzer developed by Felix Chang, currently at MIT.

Simple model of the address book
Let us take the classic example of the address book and convert it into a formal equivalent model of a digital art gallery catalog. Here we are thinking of the names of paintings. A physical painting is located in exactly one place. But the digital form of that painting, which we will call digital image, may be located in many different places. Such digital images are to be subject to control, for quality purposes, for copyright purpose, and so on. To motivate the work we will concentrate on a real-world example: the digital art exhibition.

But first let us start with the address book. In today's world we might be thinking of names and web addresses, or names and e-mail adresses, or ... There is so much potential. Let us be conservative and have some fun? Here is a simple old-fashioned address book:

To build a model requires investment of time and energy. To develop a meaningful model of one's own helps to understand the process of model building. This gives one a sense of ownership in the model. One might experiment with the simple model above. For example, if interested in the prison system, one might change „Black Rock“ to „Black Rock penitentiary“ or „Black Rock jail“ and maybe change „on the road“ to „on the run“.

Let us take the first first example used by Jackson in his book : module addressbook

sig Name, Addr {}

sig Book { addr: Name -> lone Addr }

The special keyword lone needs explanation. It indicates that each name is mapped to at most one address. It is possible for someone to have no address. In our little model „Charlie Bigfoot“ has no address in the usual sense. So, just for fun, we have given him a special sort of address "on the road".

We can get a picture of our simple model.

The image on the left is the default layout in the Alloy analyzer; that on the right uses the „Magic Layout“.

Our next step is to produce some typical address books. In particular we are interested to see if we can produce an example that corresponds to the old-fashioned address book with which we began.

pred show {} run show for 4 but 1 Book

Following the pattern of Jackson's development closely, one adds the predicate show to get at most 4 objects in each signature: Name and Addr but only 1 object Book.

So! We can think of „Harry Knooall“ having Name1, „Martha Underwude“ having Name0, „Black Rock,  Big Peak county“ being represented by Addr2, and so on. In other words, we do have a good working model for the kind of address book we have in mind. Now what shall we do?

=Digital Art Exhibition= Let us begin with a simple correspondence. An address book associates names with addresses. The exhibition catalog associates names of digital images (of paintings or whatever) with web addresses.

We jump in straight away with the name of the module: module exhibitionCatalog

The next step is the introduction of an abstract signature which we will call Xpoint. The idea behind Xpoint is to indicate some end point in an XML namespace. abstract sig Xpoint {}

Now we can define exactly what we mean by the web address of the digital image (of the painting or whatever). sig WebAddr extends Xpoint {}

We also consider the possibility of groups of names. The purpose of the group is to cover the concept of artistic theme, such as Impressionism, Cubism, and so on. Let us try out the use of ArtTheme for such a group?

Similarly, an alias is a name for another name. It is frequently the case, that an artwork will have some name, such as Mother with Child. It is also possible that a caloguer will use an alias such as the Chicago Madonna for exactly the same artwork. It might seem convenient to use Alias for this purpose. However, in order to avoid confusion between this new (isomorphic) model and the original Jackson model we will use OtherName. Both ArtTheme and OtherName are sorts of Names, words which identify. But Name is used in the original Jackson model. Let us use instead the word Identity. And just as the Xpoint is in an XML space, then why not consider the Identity to be a kind of Xpoint? abstract sig Identity extends Xpoint {}

Now we can define ArtTheme and OtherName as extensions of Identity: sig ArtTheme extends Identity {} sig OtherName extends Identity {}

For convenience, one might like to wrap up the previous two defintion in one line: sig ArtTheme, OtherName extends Identity {}

Finally the ArtExhibitionCatalog is determined by setting up a relationship between the Identity (of the ArtWork) and the Xpoint (where it is located). sig ArtExhibitionCatalog {webAddr: Identity —> Xpoint}

Encoding the model
Now we put everything together module exhibitionCatalog

abstract sig Xpoint {}

sig WebAddr extends Xpoint {}

abstract sig Identity extends Xpoint {}

sig ArtTheme, OtherName extends Identity {}

sig ArtExhibitionCatalog {webAddr: Identity -> Xpoint}

The first thing to do is show a picture of the structure of the metamodel:

It might be a good idea to make a printout or a sketch of this picture while studying the rest of the model.

Exercising the model
Now we are ready to play with our little model. Before we do, it is really worthwhile to listen to what Daniel Jackson has to say on the subject: «Building a model incrementally with an analyzer, simulating and checking as you go along, is a very different experience from using pencil and paper alone. The first reaction tends to be amazement: modeling is much more fun when you get instant, visual feedback, When you simulate a partial model, you see examples immediately that suggest new constraints to be added.»

The most basic way to show what is going on is to use the predicate show. Here we want to show some of the possible webAddresses associated with our ArtExhibitionCatalog: pred show (aec: ArtExhibitionCatalog) {some aec.webAddr} and we want to limit our exploration of the model to at most 3 objects in each signature, except for the ArtExhibitionCatalog which is limited to 1 object: run show for 3 but 1 ArtExhibitionCatalog Finally, to get a picture of what is happening with respect to the ArtExhibitionCatalog, we project over it. That is to say, we know there is just one. Let us put it in the background and see what the rest of the picture looks like. Here is one such result.

Elimination of identity cycling
We must go back and fix the model. Specifically, one might add the fact that for any ArtExhibitionCatalog there is no Identity that is in a set of Xpoints which can be reached from that Identity. In other words, cycling (i.e. going round in circles) is out!

We state this as fact { all aec: ArtExhibitionCatalog | no id: Identity | id in id.^(aec.webAddr) }

From OtherNames to Xpoints
Now let us consider the following result:

pred show (ace: ArtExhibitionCatalog) some OtherName.(ace.webaddress)}

=From addressBook to vCard= Starting again from the simple address book we can move in the direction of the vCard. The task is to find a simple way of building up the model of the vCard, step by step. Why not begin with the example given in the Wikipedia article?

BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:2.1 N:Gump;Forrest FN:Forrest Gump ORG:Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. TITLE:Shrimp Man TEL;WORK;VOICE:(111) 555-1212 TEL;HOME;VOICE:(404) 555-1212 ADR;WORK:;;100 Waters Edge;Baytown;LA;30314;United States of America LABEL;WORK;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:100 Waters Edge=0D=0ABaytown, LA 30314=0D=0AUnited States of America ADR;HOME:;;42 Plantation St.;Baytown;LA;30314;United States of America LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:42 Plantation St.=0D=0ABaytown, LA 30314=0D=0AUnited States of America EMAIL;PREF;INTERNET:forrestgump@walladalla.com REV:20080424T195243Z END:VCARD

Our first task is to identify the meaning of the "key" words which are apparently given in uppercase. We recognize TITLE, WORK, VOICE, HOME and so on. But what exactly is N, FN, REV? These "key" words are called properties. The basic list of properties is FN, N, NICKNAME, PHOTO, BDAY, ADR, LABEL, TEL, EMAIL, MAILER, TZ, GEO, TITLE, ROLE, LOGO, AGENT, ORG, CATEGORIES, NOTE, PRODID, REV, SORT-STRING, SOUND, URL, UID, VERSION, CLASS, KEY. Let us begin by organizing these in a nice table. We will not fill in all the details right now.

http://www.imc.org/pdi/pdiproddev.html

=Notes=

=Reading links=

=e-Links=
 * Felix Chang last access {2008-08-15}

vCard

 * Representing vCard Objects in RDF/XML
 * vCard, The Electronic Business Card, Version 2.1. A versit Consortium Specification, September 18, 1996


text:
Modeling from A to Z/Modeling principles/V is for Vienna Development Method

VDM abbreviates the Vienna Development Method. The specification language was known as Meta-IV.

From the very beginning (around 1978) the intention was to use a language for modelling: "We stress here... that the meta-language is to be used, not for solving algorithmic problems (on a computer), but for specifying, in an implementation-independent way, the architecture (or models) of software. Instead of using informal English mixed with technical jargon, we offer you a very-high-level 'programming' language. We do not offer an interpreter or compiler for this meta-language. And we have absolutely no intention of ever wasting our time trying to mechanize this meta-language. We wish, as we have done in the past, and as we intend to continue doing in the future, to further develop the notation and to express notions in ways for which no mechanical interpreter system can ever be provided."

=Different schools — different philosophies= There are three basic schools of the VDM (listed in order of historical emergence): Danish school English school Irish school

We will take a brief look at each in turn.


text:
Category:Media

This is the top level category for all media uploaded to Wikibooks. It should be those which are refused on.

fr:Catégorie:Fichiers

title: Category:Media


text:
Talk:Parkour/Exercises/The Lunge

Please Explain in more detail
I really don't understand how you do this one, can someone please explain a little further? I mean, hows a "ninja stance" supposed to look like?

title: Talk:Parkour/Exercises/The Lunge


text:
Talk:Modeling from A to Z/Modeling principles

need to add some very simple examples --Михал Орела 15:59, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

=templates=

I have added some basic templates that I have personally used in writing som Wikipedia articles.

 * Notes — is for footnotes
 * References — is the list of books etc. for the supporting the inline citations and footnotes
 * Reading links — is a sort of standard bibliography
 * e-Links — is a sort of electronic standard bibliography

(Михал Орела 10:45, 11 August 2008 (UTC))

=Isomorphic models=

I am going to use the examples of an „address book“ and an „art exhibition catalog“ to show that the same model can fit two very different applications.

The „same model“ concept is very abstract. We can call it mathematical. But when there are two models which have the same mathematical shape but differ in their application, they are said to be same-shape (iso-morphic) models. This text is good enought to go into the main body. (Михал Орела 04:55, 12 August 2008 (UTC))

From the mathematical perspective isomorphic is the precise term we need. It is of Greek origin, well respected and understand by mathematicians. Let us be brave and be different. I have replaced iso-morphic with same-shape. I am not yet brave enough to write sameshape. (Михал Орела 05:00, 12 August 2008 (UTC))

Design for flight thing
To motivate the design of the new a„art exhibition catalog“ model I have introduced a simple analogy between airplane and bird. To be brief I have chose to use a wikitable and to fill in some of the slots. To add to the fun, I have chosen Airbus and Boeing airplane models as examples and used Wikipedia to show images of what is meant. This is a good use of the table for illustration purposes. (Михал Орела 07:30, 12 August 2008 (UTC))


text:
Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 8

Welcome to the exercises related to Aleph-Bet Lesson 8 of learning Hebrew.

Click "▼" to check your answers.

Letters & Niqqud
Assign each letter to the sound it stands for:

1.

}}
 * answer =
 * So
 * So
 * Q
 * Se
 * Qe
 * Qe
 * Sa

2.

Assign each sound to the letter that makes it:

1.

2.

Vocabulary
How is each word pronounced?

Translate the following words from Hebrew to English:

Reading Without Vowels
How is each word pronounced?

Next Steps
Review lesson: Aleph-Bet 8 Next lesson: Aleph-Bet 9 >>>

title: Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 8


text: User talk:74.95.255.149

title: User talk:74.95.255.149


text: User talk:216.11.5.115

title: User talk:216.11.5.115


text: User talk:206.171.160.108

title: User talk:206.171.160.108


text: User talk:216.195.0.34

title: User talk:216.195.0.34


text: User talk:204.234.17.49

title: User talk:204.234.17.49


text:
Talk:Celestia/Getting Started

Most of the documentation is aimed to Windows users. I'd like to see some directions for Celestia-glut users, which doesn't have menu or toolbar, but is good to be used in Unix based (mostly Linux) VR rooms.

title: Talk:Celestia/Getting Started


text: User talk:82.5.166.211

title: User talk:82.5.166.211


text: User talk:150.199.179.92

title: User talk:150.199.179.92


text: User talk:129.7.237.191

title: User talk:129.7.237.191


text:
Talk:French For Football/Notes/Words And Phrases

Help Wanted
The words below do not yet have good enough source references for them to be used in the book. You can help by checking published dictionaries and other reliable references to correct or confirm translations of the individual words.

Back to top

New References
(add book details here)


text:
User talk:192.55.52.1

Mango Chutney
I moved the Mango chutney page to Cookbook:Mango Chutney (since that's where it belongs). Please make any future edits there. --Jomegat (talk) 19:05, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:192.55.52.1


text: User talk:Philosopher

title: User talk:Philosopher


text: User talk:Goldenburg

title: User talk:Goldenburg


text:
User talk:Lange261

Welcome to Wikibooks, Lange261! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:09, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lange261


text:
User:INGOTIAN

Ian Lynch is Chief Assessor at the INGOTS.org www.theingots.org. INGOT is an acronym. International Grades Open technologies. The INGOT certificates are accredited by the UK government Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) and endorsed by e-skills, the Sector Skills Council for IT and telecommunications.

I'm interested in creating books that are matched to the needs of children and enable schools to make the transition to open systems.

title: User:INGOTIAN


text:
Dutch Empire

 * /Introduction/

Pre-Independence (1543–1567)

 * /Origins of an Empire/

The Rise of the Dutch (1567–1652)

 * The Dutch Revolt
 * The Beginning of an Empire
 * /Asia/
 * /The Atlantic/
 * /Africa/

The Rise and Decline of the Dutch Republic (1652–1795)

 * /Dutch Culture During the Golden Age/
 * /Anglo-Dutch Wars/
 * /Wars With Sweden/
 * /Later Wars/

Napoleonic Era (1795–1815)

 * /Batavian Republic/
 * /Kingdom of Holland/
 * Under French Control and Waterloo

Post-Napoleonic Era (1815–1942)

 * The Belgian Revolution
 * /Expansion in the East Indies/
 * /Suriname and the Caribbean/

Decolonization (1942–1975)

 * /German Invasion of the Netherlands/
 * Japanese Invasion of the East Indies
 * Indonesian National Revolution
 * /Suriname Independence/

Legacy

 * /Language/
 * /Place Names/
 * /Architecture/

Appendices

 * /Dutch Kings and Queens/
 * /Stadtholders of Holland/
 * /Governors-General of the Dutch East Indies/
 * /Director-Generals of New Netherland/
 * /Governors of Cape Colony/
 * /Authors/
 * /Glossary/
 * /Maps and Pictures of the Dutch Empire/

title: Dutch Empire


text:
Dutch Empire/Introduction

Hello, and welcome to the History of the Dutch Empire. Here we will cover the history of the Dutch colonies, as well as the Netherlands itself. I encourage anyone to contribute, as many sections currently do not cover enough material. So any help would be appreciated, particularly with my spelling which is not that good.

title: Dutch Empire/Introduction


text:
Dutch Empire/Origins of an Empire

The coastal provinces of Holland and Zeeland had for a long time prior to Spanish rule been important hubs of the European maritime trade network. Their geographical location provided convenient access to the markets of France, Germany, England and the Baltic. The war with Spain led many financiers and traders to emigrate from Antwerp, capital of Flanders and then one of Europe's most important commercial centres, to Dutch cities, particularly Amsterdam, which became Europe's foremost centre for shipping, banking, and insurance. Efficient access to capital enabled the Dutch in the 1580s to extend their trade networks beyond northern Europe to new markets in the Mediterranean and the Levant. In the 1590s, Dutch ships began to trade with Brazil and the Gold Coast of Africa, and towards the Indian Ocean and the source of the lucrative spice trade. This brought the Dutch into direct competition with Portugal, which had dominated these trade networks for several decades, and had established colonial outposts on the coasts of Brazil, Africa and the Indian Ocean to facilitate them. The rivalry with Portugal, however, was not entirely economic: from 1580 the Portuguese crown had been joined to that of Spain in an "Iberian Union" under Phillip II. By attacking Portuguese overseas possessions, the Dutch forced Spain to divert financial and military resources away from its attempt to quell Dutch independence. Thus this began the Dutch-Portuguese War, which would last until the 1650s. In 1594, a "Company of Far Lands" was founded in Amsterdam, with the aim of sending two fleets to the spice islands of Maluku. The first fleet sailed in 1596 and returned in 1597 with a cargo of pepper, which more than covered the costs of the voyage. The second fleet, departing in 1598 and returning in 1599, returned its investors a 400% profit. The success of these voyages led to the founding of a number of companies competing for the trade. The competition was counterproductive to the companies' interests as it threatened to drive up the price of spices at their source in Indonesia while driving them down in Europe.

title: Dutch Empire/Origins of an Empire


text:
Dutch Empire/The Beginning

You probably have to have redundant levee systems with canals in between them, like the Dutch have, to make sure that incoming water is channeled off to areas where you deal with it rather than have it drown you.

As a result of the problems caused by intercompany rivalry, the Dutch East India Company (or VOC, from the Dutch Verenigde Oost-Indische) was founded in 1602. The charter awarded to the Company by the States-General granted it sole rights, for an initial period of twenty-one years, to Dutch trade and navigation east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. The directors of the company, the "Heeren XVII" were given the legal authority to establish "fortresses and strongholds", to sign treaties, to enlist its own army and navy, and to wage defensive war. The company itself was founded as a joint stock company, similarly to the English East India Company, that had been founded two years earlier. In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was set up and given a twenty-five year monopoly to those parts of the world that were not controlled by its East India counterpart: the Atlantic, the Americas and the west coast of Africa.

title: Dutch Empire/The Beginning


text:
Dutch Empire/Asia

The VOC began immediately to take away the string of coastal fortresses that at the time comprised the Portuguese Empire. The settlements were isolated, difficult to reinforce if attacked, and prone to being picked off one by one, and the Dutch enjoyed great success attacking these forts. Amboina was captured from the Portuguese in 1605, but an attack on Malacca the following year narrowly failed in its objective to provide a more strategically located base in the East Indies with favorable monsoon winds.

The Dutch found what they were looking for in Jakarta, conquered by Jan Coen in 1619, later renamed Batavia after the Latin name for Holland, and which would become the capital of the Dutch East Indies. Meanwhile, the Dutch continued to drive out the Portuguese from their bases in Asia. Malacca succumbed in 1641 (the first attempt had failed), Colombo in 1656, Ceylon in 1658, Nagappattinam in 1662 and Cranganore and Cochin in 1662. Goa, the capital of the Portuguese Empire in the East, was attacked by the Dutch twice in 1603 and 1610, on both occasions unsuccessfully.

While the Dutch were unable in four attempts to capture Macau from where Portugal monopolised the lucrative China-Japan trade, the Japanese shogunate's increasing suspicion of the intentions of the Catholic Portuguese led to their expulsion in 1639. Under the subsequent sakoku policy, for two hundred years the Dutch were the only European power allowed to operate in Japan, confined in 1639 to Hirado and then from 1641 at Deshima.

In 1624 the VOC established Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan. The Dutch originally sought to use their castle Fort Zeelandia at Tayowan (Anping) as a trading base between Japan and China, but soon realized the potential of the huge deer populations that roamed in herds of thousands along the alluvial plains of Taiwan's western regions.

The Dutch built a second administrative castle on the main island of Taiwan in 1633 and set out to turn Taiwan into a Dutch colony. They suppressed the villages who resisted them. In 1661, a naval fleet of 1000 warships, led by the Ming loyalist Koxinga, landed at Lu'ermen to attack Taiwan in order to destroy and oust the Dutch from Zeelandia.

Following a nine-month siege, Koxinga captured the Dutch Fort Zeelandia and defeated the Dutch. Koxinga then forced the Dutch Government to sign a peace treaty at Zeelandia on February 1, 1662, and leave Taiwan.

By the middle of the seventeenth century, the Dutch had overtaken Portugal as the dominant player in the spice and silk trade, and in 1652 founded a colony at Cape Town on the coast of South Africa, as a way-station for its ships on the route between Europe and Asia.

title: Dutch Empire/Asia


text:
Dutch Empire/The Atlantic

In the Atlantic, the West India Company concentrated on wresting from Portugal its grip on the sugar and slave trade, and on opportunistic attacks on the Spanish treasure fleets on their homeward bound voyage. Bahia on the north east coast of Brazil was captured in 1624 but only held for a year before it was recaptured by a joint Spanish-Portuguese expedition. In 1628, Piet Heyn captured the entire Spanish treasure fleet, and made off with a vast fortune in precious metals and goods that enabled the Company two years later to pay its shareholders a cash dividend of 70%, though the Company was to have relatively few other successes against the Spanish. In 1630, the Dutch occupied the Portuguese sugar-settlement of Pernambuco and over the next few years pushed inland, annexing the sugar plantations that surrounded it. In order to supply the plantations with the manpower they required, an expedition was launched in 1637 from Brazil to capture the Portuguese slaving post of Elmina., and in 1641 successfully captured the Portuguese settlements in Angola. By 1650, the West India Company was firmly in control of both the sugar and slave trades, and had occupied the Caribbean islands of Sint Maarten, Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire in order to guarantee access to the islands' salt-pans.

Unlike in Asia, Dutch successes against the Portuguese in Brazil and Africa were short-lived. Years of settlement had left large Portuguese communities under the rule of the Dutch, who were by nature traders rather than colonisers. In 1645, the Portuguese community at Pernambuco rebelled against their Dutch masters, and by 1654, the Dutch had been ousted from Brazil. In the intervening years, a Portuguese expedition had been sent from Brazil to recapture Luanda in Angola, by 1648 the Dutch were expelled from there also.

On the north-east coast of North America, the West India Company took over a settlement that had been established by the Company of New Netherland (1614–18) at Fort Orange at Albany on the Hudson River, relocated from Fort Nassau which had been founded in 1614. The Dutch had been sending ships annually to the Hudson River to trade fur since Henry Hudson's voyage of 1609. In order to protect its precarious position at Albany from the nearby English and French, the Company founded the fortified town of New Amsterdam in 1625 at the mouth of the Hudson, encouraging settlement of the surrounding areas of Long Island and New Jersey. The fur trade ultimately proved impossible for the Company to monopolise due to the massive illegal private trade in furs, and the settlement of New Netherland was unprofitable. In 1655, the nearby colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River was forcibly absorbed into New Netherland after ships and soldiers were sent to capture it by the Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant.

Ever since its inception, the Dutch East India Company had been in competition with its counterpart, the English East India Company, founded two years earlier but with a capital base eight times smaller, for the same goods and markets in the East. In 1619, the rivalry resulted in the Amboyna massacre, when several English Company men were executed by agents of the Dutch. The event remained a source of English resentment for several decades, and in the late 1620s the English Company shifted its focus to from Indonesia to India.

title: Dutch Empire/The Atlantic


text: User talk:69.122.76.155

title: User talk:69.122.76.155


text:
Spanish/Tenses/Subjunctive

The Subjunctive Mood
Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect continuous
 * Present
 * Imperfect
 * Future
 * Present
 * Imperfect
 * Future
 * Present
 * Imperfect
 * Future
 * Present
 * Imperfect
 * Future

title: Spanish/Tenses/Subjunctive


text:
Spanish/Tenses/Imperative

The Imperative Mood
Spanish/Tenses/Imperative
 * Affirmative commands
 * Negative commands

title: Spanish/Tenses/Imperative


text:
User talk:JMTCP

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

I've noticed your edits to the Muggles' Guide, and it looks like you have some good ideas there. Thanks for your contributions, and good luck! Chazz (talk) 00:11, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:JMTCP