text:
Talk:Ada Programming/Packages

Child packages
What tried to explain the author of the "child packages" section? I don't understand anything. ManuelGR 22:32, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, that section is not very clear, and should be rewritten. Other sections are merely stubs, and need to be expanded. --surueña 09:20, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Started. I have tried to keep some of the info of the original child packages subsection. gb 00:58, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Standard with
What's wrong with this section? There's nothing in it!

Perhaps it would be a good idea to cover the actual useful functions of ada before moving on to other sections?

 * There is nothing wrong with that section, just nobody has written it yet. You're right, for the good of the wikibook it would be better to cover the basic features of Ada, but every contributor volunteers with what he/she finds more interesting. If you want to write the with section you are, of course, welcome. ManuelGR 20:36, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

The "With Type" Section
I'm not sure about the heading (the "with type" proposal has been abandoned in favor of "limited with"); the final example demonstrates "use type". Thoughts? gb 18:39, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

I changed the heading to "Making operators visible" because this is what this section is about. CG, 4 May 2007

Private packages
This page presents private packages all wrong. The syntax for a private package is:

"private package P is..."

and this wiki page actually presents a private /type/ within a public package incorrectly as a "private package".

--Justin Gombos (April 2008)

 * The terminology was a bit confusing between "private part" and "private package". I hope it is solved now. ManuelGR (talk) 19:26, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Packages and compilation units
The discussion starts off on the wrong foot by talking about separate compilation. This confuses packages with compilation units, and the article never recovers.

It's probably true that maybe the majority of packages are separate compilation units, and that the majority of separate compilation units are packages. However, it's also true that there are many packages that aren't compilation units, and many compilation units that aren't packages. The ability to separately compile a package is a language feature that is used in almost every Ada program, but packages are not at all the same thing as separate compilation. DougP (talk) 22:50, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

The paragraph on separate compilation:

 * A note to C/C++ users: Yes, you can use the preprocessor to emulate separate compilation — but it is only an emulation and the smallest mistake leads to very hard to find bugs. It is telling that all C/C++ successor languages including D have turned away from the independent compilation and the use of the preprocessor.

This is basically FUD --- it's unnecessary vilification of C and C++. It's not even true; C and C++ do separate compilation in exactly the same way that Ada does. It doesn't belong here. DavidGiven (discuss • contribs) 22:01, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ada Programming/Packages


text:
User:Sasquatch

see w:User:Sasquatch

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Sasquatch


text:
Template:Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Node staging-7thEd

 * NX - Cannot be assessed
 * N0 - No regional lymph nodes metastasis
 * N1 - Single ipsilateral lymph node, <= 3cm in greatest dimension
 * N2
 * N2a - Single ipsilateral lymph node, 3-6 cm in greatest dimension
 * N2b - Multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, <= 6cm in greatest dimension
 * N2c - Bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, <= 6cm in greatest dimension
 * N3 - Lymph node(s) >6 cm in greatest dimension


text:
File:Programming-game maker-main GUI-Add.PNG

created by me :)


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation

 * Capitulo 1
 * /Capitulo 1, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 1, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 1, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 1, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 1, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 1, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)/
 * Capitulo 2
 * /Capitulo 2, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 2, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 2, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 2, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 2, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 2, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)/
 * Capitulo 3
 * /Capitulo 3, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 3, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 3, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 3, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 3, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 3, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)/
 * Capitulo 4
 * /Capitulo 4, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 4, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 4, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 4, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 4, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 4, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)/
 * Capitulo 5
 * /Capitulo 5, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 5, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 5, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 5, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 5, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 5, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)/
 * Capitulo 6
 * /Capitulo 6, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 6, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 6, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 6, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 6, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 6, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)/
 * Capitulo 7
 * /Capitulo 7, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 7, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 7, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 7, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 7, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 7, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)/
 * Capitulo 8
 * /Capitulo 8, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 8, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 8, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 8, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)/
 * /Capitulo 8, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)/
 * /Capitulo 8, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)/

title: Interlingua/Curso de conversation


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 1, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)

Prologo
Iste curso de conversation in interlingua es multo simile a un pecia de theatro pro le radio. Illo es principalmente le historia de duo protagonistas, Catherina e Petro, qui travalia pro Marex Mundial, un compania specialisate in systemas de transporto urban. Le curso es in octo partes, e cata parte ha sex scenas.

Ante cata scena appare un summario de su contento. Post le major parte del scenas il ha un parve exercitio que explica alcun characteristicas del interlingua usate in le scenas. Le curso ha un guida qui apprende le interlingua parlate exactemente como vos e qui explica le scopo del exercitios.

Vos pote leger iste curso, preferibilemente con altere personas como si vos habeva un conversation con illes. Eventualmente io spera que un gruppo de interlinguistas con alcunes del talentos de actores professional facera registrationes de iste curso e lo distribuera gratis per le Rete.

Le linguage conversational es assatis differente del linguage destinate solmente a esser legite, e io spera que post studiar iste conversationes vos potera conversar liberemente plus facilemente con altere personas in interlingua. —Harleigh Kyson Jr.

Scena 1
Petro porta un de su collegas al officio in su auto. Post navigar per traffico multo dense, Petro e su collega arriva al officios de Marex Mundial. Le collega de Petro descende del auto e dice gratias a ille. Petro tunc va via pro parcar su auto. Entrante in le officio, Petro saluta diverse personas. Un de su collegas, Franco, sollicita le consilio de Petro sur un traduction que ille vole facer. Petro recommenda un agentia ma dice a Franco que ille le dara le detalios plus tarde. Ille debe facer tote su travalio sin le assistentia de su secretaria, qui ha vacantias.

Petro: Ah, il face belle tempore hodie.

Le collega: Si, ma un poco variabile.

Petro: Nos es retardate.

Le collega: Non troppo. Nos ha quasi arrivate. Me place Strasbourg. Que pensa vos de illo?

Petro: Io lo trova agradabile. Ubi vole vos que io vos lassa?

Le collega: Io travalia justemente illac.

Petro: Iste loco hic, es illo bon?

Le collega: Si. Isto es perfecte. Gratias pro haber me portate hic.

Petro: Il esseva un placer.

Le collega: Bon viage.

Petro: Gratias. E anque vos.

Portero: Bon die, senior Minelli.

Voce 1: Bon die, Petro.

Petro: Bon die.

Voce 2: Salute.

Petro: Bon die, seniora Ducotto. Toto va ben?

Voce 3: Bon die, senior. Toto va multo ben, gratias.

Petro: Salute, Franco. Como sta tu?

Franco: Ben, gratias. Dice, esque tu ha un momento?

Petro: Justo nunc?

Franco: Si, si. Solmente un minuta, non plus.

Petro: Si, certemente.

Franco: Veni in mi officio. Tu appare multo ben, vermente.

Petro: Ah, si. Il es un die belle. Il face bon tempore. On vide le sol. Ecce proque io me senti multo ben. Que pote io facer pro te?

Franco: Ora, examina iste publicitate sur le transporto. Io debe haber lo in anglese, in germano, in italiano, e in espaniol.

Petro: Esque illo es un traduction simple?

Franco: Non completemente simple. Illo contine diverse parolas technic.

Petro: De interlingua a francese, anglese, germano e espaniol?

Franco: E italiano.

Petro: Ma illo es in interlingua?

Franco: Ah, si, illo es in interlingua.

Petro: Multo ben, tu pote dar lo a un agentia.

Franco: Si, ma cognosce tu un agentia bon?

Petro: Generalmente, nos usa le agentia Interglossa.

Franco: Interglossa. Como scribe on ille parola?

Petro: I majuscule, en, te, e, er, ge, el, o, es, es, a.

Franco: Tu cognosce lor numero de telephono?

Petro: Eh, non de memoria. Ma io debe haber lo alicubi in mi officio.

Franco: Esque io pote demandar le numero a Alicia?

Petro: Illa ha vacantias in iste momento.

Franco: Ah? Bon. Tu es completemente sol, il pare.

Petro: Si.

Franco: Completemente sol, tote le die, mi povre Petro.

Petro: Illo non me irrita. Bon, tu vole le numero de telephono de Interglossa. Il ha anque un altere agentia.

Franco: Ah si? Io debe trovar un agentia le plus tosto possibile proque io ha besonio del traductiones ante le fin del septimana.

EXERCITIO 1: Le salutationes
Guida: Bon die, e benvenite a iste curso. Iste serie de registrationes ha le scopo de permitter que vos ascolta e apprende. Ascolta le registrationes plure vices, e vos trovara le interlingua parlate progressivemente plus facile. Io mesme es in le mesme situation que vos. Io anque apprende interlingua. Gratias a iste serie de lectiones, nos potera apprender lo conjunctemente. Nunc, io volerea audir un altere vice le differente manieras de dicer bon die a alicuno in le officio durante le matino.

Un femina: Bon die.

Un homine: Bon die.

Un femina: Salute.

Un homine: Salute.

Guida: Si. Isto es facile. Il ha altere cosas que on pote dicer, nonne?

Un femina: Como sta vos?

Un homine: Ben, gratias. E vos?

Un femina: Anque multo ben, gratias.

Un homine: Bon die. Como va toto?

Un femina: Toto va multo ben, gratias.

Un homine: Bon die. Toto va ben?

Un femina: Multo ben, gratias. E tu?

Un homine: Toto va ben, gratias.

EXERCITIO 2: Le nomines del litteras:
Guida: Petro dava le orthographia del parola "Interglossa" in le prime scena. Io nunc vole apprender con vos le nomines del litteras in interlingua. Primo nos va audir le nomines del differente litteras, e postea nos va dar le orthographia de alicun parolas in interlingua.

Un homine: a, be, tse, de,

Un femina: e, ef, ge, ha,

Un homine: i, jota, ka,

Un femina: el, em, en,

Un homine: o, pe, cu.

Un femina: er, es, te,

Un homine: u, ve, duple ve,

Un femina: ics, i grec, zeta.

Guida: Bon. Usque nunc isto es sufficiente. Que nos essaya pronunciar le litteras del citate "Strasbourg".

Un femina: Es majuscule, te, er, a, es, be, o, u, er, ge.

Un homine: Qual es le orthographia de "Franco"

Un femina: Ef majuscule, er, a, en, tse, o.

Un homine: E qual es le orthographia de "Petro"?

Un femina: Pe majuscule, e, te, er, o.

Guida: Isto es assatis facile. Que nos nunc va al secunde scena, ubi il ha duo personas in le officio de Petro. Io volerea saper lo que illes dice inter se.

Scena 2
Strasbourg, in le officios de Marex Mundial: Un femina cerca Petro e essaya trovar su officio. Faciente isto, illa vide un obrero qui porta via tote le cosas in le camera 215, apparentemente le officio de Petro. Illa comencia un conversation con le obrero pro essayar discoperir proque ille porta via tote le contento del officio. Le obrero sempre responde que ille non sape alcun cosa, que ille solmente face lo que on le ha instruite. Iste es un exemplo perfecte de un conversation multo frustrante e del multe manieras de usar le linguage pro dicer nihil.

Catherina: Bon die.

Obrero: Bon die.

Catherina: Io cerca senior Petro Minelli.

Obrero: Ah.

Catherina: Iste es su officio?

Obrero: Ah, io non sape.

Catherina: Eh, illo es le officio duo centos dece-cinque.

Obrero: Eh, si. Iste es ille officio.

Catherina. Multo ben. Io crede que iste es le officio del senior Minelli.

Obrero: Ah, si, il es possibile, ma io non sape.

Catherina: Que face vos?

Obrero: On me ha date le instruction de portar via tote le cosas in iste officina.

Catherina: Que significa isto? Le senior Minelli ha cambiate de officina?

Obrero: Io mesme vermente non sape alcun cosa. Tote lo que io sape es que illes vole vacuar iste officio.

Catherina: Esque io pote lassar un message pro ille?

Obrero: Non hic. Io debe portar toto via. Si vos vole lassar un message, va al reception.

Catherina: Ma nemo es illac.

Obrero: Io sape. Illes es retardate, como sempre.

Catherina: Tunc il es obvie que le senior Minelli ha vadite a un altere officio.

Obrero: Io simplemente non sape.

Catherina: Vos porta via toto de iste officio?

Obrero: Si, toto.

Catherina: Tunc ille non pote travaliar hic?

Obrero: Vermente, io non sape alcun cosa. Certemente vos ha ration.

Catherina: Ma ubi es su nove officio?

Obrero: Como io ha dicite, io ha nulle idea. On me ha date instructiones de vacuar iste officio, e io porta tote le cosas via.

Catherina: E ubi los mitte vos?

Obrero: Foras, in le vestibulo.

Catherina: E postea?

Obrero: Postea? Io non sape ubi tote isto vadera.

Catherina: Ben. Gratias.

Obrero: Il esseva un placer.

EXERCITIO 3: Le numeros
Guida: Il pare que le numero del officio de Petro Minelli esseva duo centos dece cinque. Que nos nunc practica alcun numeros in interlingua.

Un femina: Esque iste es le officio duo centos dece cinque?

Un homine: Si. Vos ha ration. Isto es le duo centos dece cinque.

Un femina: Isto es le officio tres centos dece duo?

Un homine: Si, exactemente. Tres centos dece duo.

Guida: Io nunc volerea practicar tote le numeros in interlingua:

Un homine: Un, duo, tres, quatro, cinque.

Un femina: Sex, septe, octo, novem, dece.

Un homine: Dece un, dece duo, dece tres, dece quatro, dece cinque.

Un femina: Dece sex, dece septe, dece octo, dece novem, vinti.

Un homine: Vinti un, vinti duo, vinti tres, vinti quatro, vinti cinque.

Un femina: Trenta, quaranta, cinquanta, sexanta.

Un homine: Septanta, octanta, novanta, cento.

Un femina: Duo centos, tres centos, quatro centos.

Un homine: Novem centos octanta novem, mille.

Guida: Ben. Ecce Petro. Ille veni.


text:
Game Maker Programming/Basics

Game Maker is an object-oriented programming language; the most basic parts are Sprites, Sounds, Backgrounds, Objects, and Rooms.

Coordinate system (X,Y)
As in graphs that you do in school. In Game Maker it is done in pixels and it is quite easy to lose track. In most places (sprite room editor etc.) you will get the chance to find and move in x,y coordinates. If the concept is new to you, you won't know what these are yet but it will make sense when you become more accustomed to Game Maker.

Note- Game Maker uses Cartesian system of graphing, so only x and y values are supported. What about z? z is going on to 3d, so we won't talk about that here.

Sprites
Sprites are images which can be imported from most image file types and are graphical representations of objects within the game. A sprite can be static, animated or stepped when used in Game Maker. A program that you can use to make the sprites is MS Paint. In Advanced Mode, you can create a sprite from scratch, or edit a finished one.

Sounds
Sounds are an audio file imported within the game, and may be taken from a variety of file types (including MIDI and .Wav files). The user can create positional sounds so that when the player walks into a dungeon eerie music plays to set the tone of the area. You can also add sounds to buttons, so that when the user presses a key on their keyboard a sound is emitted. Sounds in general like background music may also be added.

Example : sound_play(some_soundfile);

Backgrounds
Backgrounds are images which can be imported from most image file types. Backgrounds can either be tiled horizontally or vertically, stretched to the width of the room or used as tiles to 'build' the look of the room. Like Sprites, in Advanced Mode, you can create your own background or edit it.

Objects
An object is a piece of code in your game world and may be programmed to do a variety of things, ranging from simply occupying space in order to prevent the player from advancing along a path to being as complex as a programmed enemy with hundreds of lines of code to give it a small amount of artificial intelligence. Objects are commonly represented with sprites, though they may be rendered invisibly by not selecting a sprite for them.

Instances
An Instance is an actual physical representation of an Object within the game world. Whereas the Object is the piece of code which provides the template for how a given Instance acts, the Instance is the actual thing with which a player interacts.

 * For example, in Super Mario Bros. there was only one Goomba programmed. It was programmed to walk left until it fell down a hole or got squished by the player. The actual Goombas that Mario is interacting with when he's running through World 1-1 are Instances of that original programmed Object.

Rooms
A Room within the game is a piece of the game world which is rendered as a single area during gameplay. Any global effects due to objects within a single room (for example, the rain effect generated by the use of particles) will be rendered throughout the room. You will use Objects to make the rooms.

Step
Every game runs in steps. Each step is 1/30th of a second. 0.06 reoccurring. Unless you have changed the room speed, then it will be different; or if there are too many object/particles and other things that eat up your Frames Per Second. Lets get to the point, a lot of step events happen every single second.

Basically everything is mathematical in here. There's not much math for you to do, if any at all. However if you try to relate everything back to a math lesson you had at some point in your life, things begin to make sense a lot faster.

Instance
Is what the player sees in-game, the actual thing. So say you have a robot in your game, who would twist at the torso, and run with his legs. one object would govern the torso and one object would govern the legs. kind of like a tree. Sprites make objects, which in turn make instances.

So in whatever game you are playing take age of empires (which is a 2d real time strategy game, if you were wondering, and is capable of being made in Game Maker) the catapult or battering ram you see in-game is an instance of the object battering ram.

3D
When you learn how to program in game maker, you "can" create 3d things. 3d in game maker, goes slower than 2d, so you have to be careful. But assuming that you are new, we will not go into depth about game maker's 3d functions. 3d functions are available only to registered game maker users. To prepare a 3d game, all you have to type is d3d_start. Then after that... Have fun with lots of head aches!

title: Game Maker Programming/Basics


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 1, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)

This Interlingua conversation course is very similar to a radio drama. It is principally the history of two protagonists, Catherina and Petro, who work for Marex Mundial, a company specializing in urban transport. The course is in eight parts, and each part has six scenes.

Before each scene there is a summary of its content. After most scenes there is a short exercise that explains some of the characteristics of the Interlingua used in the scenes. The course has a guide who is learning spoken Interlingua exactly like you and who explains the purpose of the exercises.

You can read this course, preferably with other people as if you were having a conversation with them. Eventually I hope that a group of Interlinguists with some of the talents of professional actors will make recordings of this course and will distribute them free on the Internet.

Conversational language is somewhat different from language destined only to be read, and I hope that after studying these conversations you will be able to hold free conversations with other people more easily in Interlingua. (Harleigh Kyson Jr.)

Scene 1
Petro is giving a ride in his car to one of his colleagues. After navigating through some very dense traffic, Petro and his colleague arrive at the offices of Marex Mundial. Petro's colleague leaves the automobile and says thanks to him. Petro then goes away to park his car. Entering the office, Petro says hello to different people. One of his colleagues, Franco, asks Petro's advice about a translation that he wants to make. Petro recommends an agency but tells Franco that he will give him the details later. He has to do all his work without his secretary, who is on vaction.

Petro: Ah, the weather's nice today.

Petro's colleague: Yeah, but it's changing a little.

Petro: We're late.

Petro's colleague: Not too much. We've almost arrived. I like Strasbourg. What do you think of it?

Petro: I find it nice. Where do you want me to leave you?

Petro's colleague: I work right over there.

Petro: This place here, is it okay?

Petro's colleague: Yes. This is perfect. Thanks for having driven me here.

Petro: It was a pleasure.

Petro's colleague: Have a nice trip.

Petro: Thanks. You too.

Porter: Good morning, Mr. Minelli.

Voice 1: Good morning, Petro.

Petro: Good morning.

Voice 2: Hi.

Petro: Good morning, Mrs. Ducotto. Is everything okay?

Voice 3: Good morning, sir. Everything's going just fine, thanks.

Petro: Hi, Franco. How are you?

Franco: Fine, thanks. Say, (have you got a moment) / (do you have a moment)?

Petro: Right now?

Franco: Yeah. Just a moment, no longer.

Petro: Yes, certainly.

Franco: Come into my office. You look very well, really.

Petro: Ah yes. It's a nice day. The weather is good. The sun is out. That's why I'm feeling so good. What can I do for you?

Franco: Hey, take a look at this transport ad. I have to have it in English, German, Italian, and Spanish.

Petro: Is it a simple translation?

Franco: Not completely simple. It has various technical words.

Petro: From Interlingua to French, English, German, and Spanish?

Franco: And Italian.

Petro: But it's in Interlingua?

Franco: Ah, yes, it's in Interlingua.

Petro: Very well, you could give it to an agency.

Franco: Yes, but do you know of a good agency?

Petro: Generally we use the Interglossa agency.

Franco: Interglossa. How is that word written?

Petro: Capital I, en, tee, ee, are, gee, el, o, ess, ess, ay.

Franco: Do you know their telephone number?

Franco: Uh, not by memory. But I ought to have it somewhere in my office.

Franco: Can I ask Alice for the number?

Petro: She is on vacation at this moment.

Franco: Ah? Okay. You are all alone, it seems.

Petro: Yes.

Franco: Completely alone, all day long, poor Petro.

Petro: It doesn't bother me. Good, you want the phone number of Interglossa. There is also another agency.

Franco: Oh yes? I must find an agency as soon as possible because I need the translations before the end of the week.

Exercise 1: Greetings
Guide: ''Good morning, and welcome to this course. This series of recordings has the goal of allowing you to listen and learn. Listen to the recordings several times, and you will find spoken Interlingua progressively easier. I myself am in the same situation as you. I am also learning Interlingua. Thanks to this series of lessons, we will be able to learn it together. Now I would like to hear once again the different ways of saying "Good morning" to someone in the office in the morning.''

A woman: Good morning.

A man: Good morning.

A woman: Hi.

A man: Hi.

Guide: ''Yes. This is easy. There are other things a person can say, aren't there?''

A woman: How are you?

A man: Fine, thank you. And you?

A woman: I'm also very well, thanks.

A man: Good morning. How's everything going?

A woman: Everything is going very well, thanks.

A man: Good morning. Is everything going okay?

A woman: Very well, thank you, and you?

A man: Everything's going well, thanks.

Exercise 2: The names of letters
Guide: ''Petro spelled out the word "Interglossa" in the first scene. I now want to learn with you the names of the letters in Interlingua. First we are going to listen to the names of the different letters, and afterwards we are going to give the spelling of some words in Interlingua:''

A man: Ay, bee, see, dee,

A woman: ee, eff, gee, aitch,

A man: I, jay, kay,

A woman: Ell, em, en,

A man: Oh, pea, cue,

A woman: Are, ess, tea,

A man: You, vee, double you,

A woman: Ecks, why, zee.

Guide: ''Good. This is enough for now. Let's try to pronounce the letters for the city "Strasbourg."''

A woman: Capital ess, tea, are, ay, ess, bee, oh, you, are, gee.

A man: What is the spelling of "Franco"?

A woman: Capital eff, are, ay, en, see, oh.

A man: And what is the spelling of "Petro"?

A woman: Capital pea, ee, tea, are, oh.

Guide: ''That's easy enough. Let's now go to the second scene, where there are two people in Petro's office. I would like to know what they are saying to each other.''

Scene 2
Strasbourg, in the offices of Marex Mundial: A woman is looking for Petro and is trying to find his office. As she does this, she sees a worker who is taking away everything in Room 215, apparently Petro's office. She starts a conversation with the worker to try to discover why he is taking away all the contents of the office. The worker always answers that he doesn't know anything, that he is only doing what he has been told. This is a perfect example of a very frustrating conversation and of the many ways of using language to say nothing.

Catherina: Good morning.

Worker: Good morning.

Catherina: I am looking for Petro Minelli.

Worker: Ah.

Catherina: Is this his office?

Worker: Uh, I don't know.

Catherina: Uh, this is office number two hundred fifteen.

Worker: Uh, yes. This is that office.

Catherina: Very well. I believe that this is the office of Mr. Minelli.

Worker: Ah, yes, that is possible, but I don't know.

Catherina: What are you doing?

Worker: I have been told to take away everything in this office.

Catherina: What does this mean? Mr. Minelli has changed his office?

Worker: I myself really don't know anything. All I know is that they want to empty this office.

Catherina: Can I leave a message for him?

Worker: Not here. I have to take away everything. If you want to leave a message, go to the reception area.

Catherina: But nobody is there.

Worker: I know. They are late, as always.

Catherina: Then it is obvious that Mr. Minelli has gone to another office.

Worker: I simply don't know.

Catherina: You are taking everything out of this office?

Worker: Yes, everything.

Catherina: Then he can't be working here?

Worker: Really, I don't know anything. You certainly must be right.

Catherina: But where is his new office?

Worker: As I have said, I don't have any idea. I have been given instructions to empty this office, and I am taking away everything.

Catherina: And where are you putting it?

Worker: Outside, in the hall.

Catherina: And afterward?

Worker: Afterward? I don't know where all this is going to go.

Catherina: Fine. Thank you.

Worker: It was a pleasure.

Exercise 3: Numbers
Guide: ''It seems that the number of Petro Minelli's office was two hundred fifteen. Let's now practice some numbers in Interlingua.''

A woman: Is this office number two hundred fifteen?

A man: Yes. You are right. This is two hundred fifteen.

A woman: Is this office number three hundred twelve?

A man: Yes indeed. Three hundred twelve.

Guide: I now would like to practice all the numbers in Interlingua:

A man: One, two, three, four, five.

A woman: Six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

A man: Eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen.

A woman: Sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty.

A man: Twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five.

A woman: Thirty, forty, fifty, sixty.

A man: Seventy, eighty, ninety, one hundred.

A woman: Two hundred, three hundred, four hundred.

A man: Nine hundred eighty-nine, a thousand.

Guide: ''Fine. Here's Petro. He's coming.''

Navigation

 * Continue to next part
 * This page in interlingua


text:
Template:Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Stage grouping

 * I - T1 N0
 * II - T2 N0
 * III - T3 N0, T1-3 N1
 * IVA - T4a, N2
 * IVB - T4b, N3
 * IVC - M1


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 1, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)

SCENA 3: Strasbourg, in le officios de Marex Mundial: Petro e Catherina ha lor prime conversation. Illa tosto comprende qui ille es, ma ille crede que Catherina es un empleato temporanee. Illa comencia un explication de su presentia. Ma quando Petro invita que illa continua su conversation in su officio, Catherina essaya dicer a ille que on ha portate via omne le cosas que se trovava in illo. Ante que illa pote explicar se plenmente, le telephono de Petro sona. Franco es in le linea, e ille essaya apprender informationes plus detaliate sur le agentia de traduction. Quando Petro entra in le officio, ille trova Catherina in illo.

Petro: Bon die

Catherina: Bon die.

Petro: Esque vos ha vidite le directorio telephonic? Io ha besonio de trovar un numero de telephono.

Catherina: No, io no lo ha vidite.

Petro: Io crede que Alicia generalmente la mitte illac, in ille parte del officio.

Catherina: Io ha justo arrivate. Il ha nemo hic?

Petro: No. Alicia, mi secretaria, ha partite. Illa es in su ferias. Illo, al minus, es un bon nova.

Catherina: Vermente?

Petro: No. Io non parlava seriemente. Ah, ecce lo.

Catherina: Vos es le senior Petro Minelli?

Petro: Si. E vos? Vos es mi secretaria provisori?

Catherina: No. Io non es vostre secretaria.

Petro: Ah, bon. Excusa me. Qui es vos tunc?

Catherina: Mi nomine es Catherina De Sanctis.

Petro: Excusa me. Io credeva que vos esseva .... Bon, que pote io facer pro vos?

Catherina: Mi nomine non dice ullo a vos?

Petro: No. Proque? Esque io debe cognoscer lo?

Catherina: Le projecto de Geneva, esque isto dice alique a vos?

Petro: Si. Vagemente. Proque?

Catherina: Eh ben. Io veni a causa de illo.

Petro: Si, io comprende. Que nos vade a in mi officio personal, io vadeva justo nunc illac ...

Catherina: Mmm. Vostre officio nunc non es illac.

Petro: Como?

Catherina: Illes ha movite omne in illo. Il habeva un obrero ante pauc tempore illac qui sortiva.

Petro: Excusa me. (Le telephono sona.) Si? Si. Es io. Ah, Franco. Si. Le numero de telephono del agentia de traductiones. Ecce lo.

SCENA 4: Strasbourg, in le officios de Marex Mundial: Petro e Catherina continua lor conversation. Illa etiam nunc essaya explicar a ille que il non ha ullo in su officio. Petro deveni de plus in plus agitate, specialmente proque ille non pote trovar su caffetiera, que es su proprietate personal que non pertine al compania. Catherina suggere que ille parla con su chef, e ille lo face immediatemente postea, demandante que Catherina le attende. Catherina dice que illa non pote facer isto proque iste affaire probabilemente durara multe tempore. Al fin, illes concorda in reunir se un altere vice, a 4:00 in le postmeridie.

Petro: (Parlante a Franco in le telephono) Bon, vos nunc ha le numeros de telephono de duo agentias. Le duo ha un bon reputation. Multo ben, Franco. Multo ben. Si. A revider. (A Catherina) Excusa me pro tante demora. Io regretta illo multissimo.

Catherina: Non vos preoccupa. Illo ha nulle importantia.

Petro: Que nos vade a mi officio.

Catherina: Ma, vostre officio non es ...

Petro: Non es que? Que vole vos dicer? Ubi es omne mi cosas?

Catherina: Io iva informar vos exactemente lo que io sape sur omne illo.

Petro: Mi officio es vacue.

Catherina: Si, exactemente.

Petro: Ma, que passa?

Catherina: Il habeva alicuno hic ante multo pauc tempore.

Petro: Qui?

Catherina: Io non sape. Un obrero. Ille portava omne via.

Petro: Illo es un exasperante.

Catherina: Illo es forsan pro le projecto Geneva.

Petro: Ma io non comprende proque on portarea via omne illo sin dicer me ullo antea?

Catherina: Ille vadeva via ante cinque minutas.

Petro: E mi caffetiera? Illo es mie, ille caffetiera. Illo non pertine al compania. Illo es mie.

Catherina: Illo es forsan foras, in le corridor.

Petro: Io spera que illo es ver. Si io non lo trova, io irascera.

Catherina: Cerca in le corridor. Le obrero ha mittite omne in le corridor.

Petro: Illo es ver. Ecce mi cosas. Mi sede, mi bureau. Illo es anque mie.

Catherina: Io non vide ulle caffetiera.

Petro: Oh, illo va haber mal consequentias.

Catherina: Illo es illac?

Petro: No. Io non lo vide.

Catherina: Proque non parlar sur illo al chef del officio?

Petro: Illo es exactemente lo que io va facer.

Catherina: Omne isto passava ante solmente dece minutas.

Petro: Ma como pote io travaliar? Nulle bureau, nulle tabula, nulle ... nulle.

Catherina (ridente): Nulle caffetiera.

Petro: Isto non es amusante de ulle maniera.

Catherina: Excusa me. Io non poteva prevenir me de rider.

Petro: Iste circumstantias non pote continuar. Io va vider Georgio immediatemente.

Catherina: Attende.

Petro: Ascolta. Vos pote attender un pauco?

Catherina: No. Non vermente. Io ha multe cosas a facer.

Petro: Non pote vos attender un parve minuta? Isto essera sufficiente pro resolver omne isto.

Catherina: Ma io anque poterea perder troppo tempore multo facilemente.

Petro: Multo ben, forsan io poterea vider vos plus tarde, nonne?

Catherina: Le problema es que io ha arrangiate mi agenda pro vider vos hodie.

Petro: Ascolta, non potera vos esser hic un pauco plus tarde? Forsan in un hora plus o minus?

Catherina: No. Ma forsan io poterea retornar le fin del postmeridie.

Petro: Isto esserea conveniente pro vos?

Catherina: Si, si. Multo ben.

Petro: Ben. Io va resolver omne isto immediatemente.

Catherina: Multo ben. Io comprende vostre problema.

Petro: Tunc nos nos videra iste postmeridie. A que hora?

Catherina: Que nos dice verso quatro horas?

Petro: Quatro horas. Multo ben. Nos nos videra tunc.

EXERCICIO 4: Confirmar e contradicer.

Guida: Povre Petro! Nulle bureau. Nulle idea de lo que passa. Io pote comprender pro que ille ha resentimentos. Ma io volerea reaudir le diverse manieras de indicar que un persona ha ration o torto.

Illa: Iste es vostre officio?

Ille: Si. Illo es le mie.

Illa: Vos es le senior Johano Bosco?

Ille: Si, io es ille.

Illa: Vos cognosce mi nomine?

Ille: No. Io non lo cognosce. Attende. Vos es le secretaria temporanee?

Illa: No.

Ille: Vos travalia hic?

Illa: Si, io travalia hic.

Ille: Tunc vos es le secretaria temporanee.

Illa: No.

Ille: Ma tunc qui es vos?

Illa: Esque vos es le senior Johano Bosco?

Ille: Si, io es ille.

Illa: E vos non me cognosce?

Ille: No. Io non vos cognosce.

Illa: Face un conjectura sur mi identitate.

Ille: Io crede que vos es un secretaria, e io pensa que vos es temporanee. Vos es un secretaria?

Illa: No. Io non es un secretaria.

Ille: Vos es temporanee?

Illa: No, de nulle maniera. Io non es secretaria temporanee.

Ille: Vos travalia hic?

Illa: Si, illo es ver.

Ille: Vos travalia pro iste compania?

Illa: Si, vermente.

Ille: Vos travalia pro me in iste momento?

Illa: No, io non travalia pro vos.

Ille: Vos es mi nove assistente?

Illa: No, io non es vostre nove assistente.

Ille: Vos es mi nove secretaria?

Illa: No.

Ille: Tunc io ha torto.

Illa: In illo vos ha ration.

Guida: Como le postmeridie jam ha venite, que nos retorna nunc a Petro e Catherina.


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 1, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)

SCENE 3: Strasbourg, in the offices of Marex Mundial: Petro and Catherina have their first conversation. She soon understands who he is, but he believes that Catherina is a temporary employee. She starts explaining her presence. But when Petro invites her to continue her conversation in his office, Catherina tries to tell him that everything inside it has been carried away. Before she can explain herself fully, Petro's telephone rings. Franco is on the line, and he tries to find out some more detailed information on the translation agency. As Peter enters the office, he finds Catherina there.

Petro: Good morning.

Catherina: Good morning.

Petro: Have you seen the telephone book? I need to find a telephone number.

Catherina: No, I haven't seen it.

Petro: I believe that Alicia generally keeps it over there, in that part of the office.

Catherina: I just got here. Isn't there anybody here?

Petro: No. Alicia, my secretary, has gone. She is on vaction. That, at least, is a good piece of news.

Catherina: Really?

Petro: No. I wasn't speaking seriously. Ah, here it is.

Catherina: Are you Mr. Petro Minelli?

Petro: Yes. And you? Are you my temporary secretary.

Catherina: No, I'm not your secretary.

Petro: Oh, fine. Excuse me. Who are you then?

Catherina: My name is Catherina De Sanctis.

Petro: Excuse me. I thought you were .... Good, what can I do for you?

Catherina: My name doesn't mean anything to you?

Petro: No. Why? Should I know it?

Catherina: The Geneva project, does this mean anything to you?

Petro: Yes. Vaguely. Why?

Catherina: Well, I am here because of it.

Petro: Yes, I understand. Let's go into my personal office. I was just now going there.

Catherina: Mmm. Your office is not there now.

Petro: What?

Catherina: They have moved everything in it. There was a worker there not long ago who was leaving.

Petro: Excuse me. (The telephone rings.) Yes? yes. It's me. Ah, Franco. Yes. The telephone number of the translation agency. Here it is.

SCENE 4: Strasbourg, in the offices of Marex Mundial: Petro and Catherina continue their conversation. She still is trying to explain to him that there is nothing in his office. Petro becomes more and more agitated, especially because he can't find his coffee maker, which is his personal property and does not belong to the company. Catherina suggests that he talk with his supervisor, and he does so immediately afterward, asking Catherina to wait for him. Catherina says that she can't do this because this matter will probably take a long time. Finally, they agree to see each other once again, at four o'clock in the afternoon.

Petro: (Talking with Franco on he phone) Good, you now have the telephone numbers of two agencies. Both have a good reputation. Very well, Franco. That's fine. Yes. See you later. (To Catherina) Excuse me for such a long delay. I am very sorry.

Catherina: Don't worry. It's not at all important.

Petro: Let's go to my office.

Catherina: But, your office is not ...

Petro: It's not what? What do you mean? Where are all my things?

Catherina: I was going to tell you exactly what I know about all that.

Petro: My office is empty.

Catherina: Yes, exactly.

Petro: But, what's going on?

Catherina: There was someone here not very long ago.

Petro: Who?

Catherina: I don't know. A worker. He took everything away.

Petro: That's exasperating.

Catherina: It is perhaps for the Geneva project.

Petro: But I don't understand why someone would take everything away without telling me anything beforehand.

Catherina: He went away five minutes ago.

Petro: And my coffee maker? It is mine, that coffee maker. It does not belong to the company. It is mine.

Catherina: It may be outside, in the hall.

Petro: I hope that is true. If I don't find it, I'm gonna get mad.

Catherina: Look in the hall. The worker put everything in the hall.

Petro: That's true. Here are my things. My chair, my desk. That's also mine.

Catherina: I don't see any coffee maker.

Petro: Oh, things are going to get nasty.

Catherina: Is it over there?

Petro: No, I don't see it.

Catherina: Why not talk about it to the office supervisor?

Petro: That's exactly what I'm gonna do.

Catherina: All this happened only ten minutes ago.

Petro: But how can I work? No desk, no table, no ... no.

Catherina (laughing): No coffee maker.

Petro: This is not at all funny.

Catherina: Excuse me. I couldn't keep myself from laughing.

Petro: All this just can't go on. I am going to see Georgio immediately.

Catherina: Wait.

Petro: Listen. Can you wait awhile?

Catherina: No. Not really. I have many things to do.

Petro: Can't you wait just a minute? That will be long enough to take care of all this.

Catherina: But I also could lose too much time very easily.

Petro: Very well, maybe I could see you later on.

Catherina: The problem is that I arranged my schedule to see you today.

Petro: Listen, can't you be here a little later? Perhaps in an hour, more or less?

Catherina: No. But perhaps I could return by the end of the afternoon.

Petro: That would be convenient for you?

Catherina: Yes, yes. Fine.

Petro: Good. I'll then take care of all this immediately.

Catherina: Very well. I understand your problem.

Petro: Then we can see each other this afternoon. At what time?

Catherina: Let's say around four o'clock.

Petro: Four o'clock. Very well. We will see each other again then.

EXERCISE 4: Confirming and contradicting.

Guide: Poor Petro! No office. No idea of what's going on. I can understand why he feels resentful. But right now I would like to hear the various ways of indicating that a person is right or wrong.

A woman: This is your office?

A man: Yes. It is mine.

A woman: You are Mr. Johano Bosco?

A man: Yes. That's me.

A woman: Do you know my name?

A man: No. I don't know it. Wait. You are the temporary secretary?

A woman: No.

A man: You work here?

A woman: Yes, I work here.

A man: Then you are the temporary secretary.

A woman: No.

A man: But who are you then?

A woman: Are you Mr. John Bosco?

A man: Yes, that's me.

A woman: And you don't know me?

A man: No. I don't know you.

A woman: Make a guess about who I am.

A man: I believe that you are a secretary, and I think that you are temporary. Are you a secretary?

A woman: No, I'm not a secretary.

A man: Are you temporary?

A woman: No, not at all. I am not a temporary secretary.

A man: Do you work here?

A woman: Yes, that's true.

A man: You work for this company?

A woman: Yes, that's right.

A man: You are working for me right now?

A woman: No, I don't work for you.

A man: Are you my new assistant?

A woman: No, I am not your new assistant.

A man: You are my new secretary?

A woman: No.

A man: Then I'm wrong.

A woman: In that you are right.

Guide: Since the afternoon is now here, let's go back to Petro and Catherina.


text:
Jet Propulsion/Thermodynamic Cycles/Ramjet cycle

A ramjet uses the open Brayton cycle. In the above diagram a 2D supersonic intake is shown downstream of which is a divergent subsonic diffuser.

The temperature rise in the diffuser is related to the freestream Mach number $$M_0$$:

$$\frac{T_2}{T_0}= 1 + \frac {\gamma-1}{2} M_0^2 $$

Maximum efficiency is reached if temperature rise in combustor is small.

$$\eta = \frac {[(\gamma-1)/2] M_0^2}{1+ [(\gamma-1)/2] M_0^2}$$

where $$\gamma = c_p/c_v \approx 1.4$$ is the ratio of specific heats of air.

Ramjets are inefficient at subsonic speeds and their efficiency improves at supersonic speeds.

At hypersonic speeds the compression and dissociation processes make full diffusion unattractive and supersonic combustion is being researched. Scramjet slow the air down to low supersonic speeds and then burn high flame velocity fuels such as hydrogen or methane to try to get net thrust.


text:
Cookbook talk:Tater Tot Casserole

This is not a very helpful receipe. Needs more info. The person wrote this assuming a lot about the reader and their culture.

 * 1-2 Pounds of hamburger. Do you include the Buns cheese and prefered salad. I presume what is ment is ground beef used to make hamburgers or Hamburger style beef patties
 * Yes, in America "hamburger" is often used to refer to ground beef.

 * 1 Can? What sort of size description is that? Cans come in lots of sizes from very small to very large. Please give an approximate size.
 * My guess is that the author meant a 10 oz can of condensed Campbell's brand soup, as that's very common in America.

 * Tater Tots? I'm guessing these are some sort of process potatoe but we don't have them here by that name in Australia
 * Accoring to Wikipedia, they're called "potato gems" in Australia.

In addition to what the above poster said, the recipe doesn't specify what size dish to bake the casserole in.

title: Cookbook talk:Tater Tot Casserole


text:
Jet Propulsion/Thermodynamic Cycles/Brayton cycle

The brayton cycle consists of

0-2: isentropic compression

2-3: constant pressure heating

3-4: isentropic expansion

4-0: constant pressure cooling (absent in open cycle gas turbines)


text:
Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Oral cavity

Includes lip and oral cavity.

Anatomy
Divided into specific areas:
 * Mucosal lip - vermillion surface only
 * Buccal mucosa - membrane lining inner surface of the lip and cheeks to the attachment of mucosa to alveolar ridges and pterygomandibular raphe
 * Lower alveolar ridge - mucosa overlying the alveolar ridge of the mandible. Extends from lower buccal gutter to free mucosa of the floor of the mouth. Posteriorly goes to ascending ramus of the mandible
 * Upper alveolar ridge - mucosa overlying the alveolar ridge of the maxilla. Extends from upper buccal gutter to junction of hard palate. Posteriorly goes to upper end of pterygopalatine arch
 * Retromolar trigone - mucosa overlying ascending ramus of mandible from posterior surface of last molar tooth to apex, adjacent to tuberosity of maxilla
 * Floor of mouth - semilunar space over mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles. Extends from inner surface of lower alveolar ridge to undersurface of tongue, and posteriorly to base of anterior pillar of the tonsil. Contains ostia of submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands
 * Hard palate - semilunar area between upper alveolar ridge and mucous membrane covering the palatine process of maxillary palatine bones. Extends from inner surface of superior alveolar ridge to posterior edge of the palatine bone
 * Oral tongue - extends anteriorly from circumvallate papillae to undersurface of the tongue at the junction of the floor of mouth. It consists of tip, lateral borders, dorsum, and undersurface

Staging
AJCC 8th edition (2018) Tumor
 * T1 - 2 cm or less, <= 5mm DOI
 * T2 - > 2 cm but <= 4 cm with <= 10mm DOI or 2cm or less with 5-10mm DOI
 * T3 - >4 cm or DOI > 10mm
 * T4 (Lip) - Invades through cortical bone, inferior alveolar nerve, floor of mouth, or skin of face (i.e. chin or nose)
 * T4a (Oral cavity) - Invades through cortical bone, maxillary sinus, or skin of face
 * Note: extrinsic muscles of the tongue are: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus (NO LONGER T4 for 8th Edition)
 * T4b - Involves masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base, or encases internal carotid artery

Node Clinical
 * cN1 - Single ipsilateral <= 3cm
 * cN2a - Single ipsilateral 3-6cm
 * cN2b - Multiple ipsilateral <= 6cm
 * cN2c - Bilateral or contralateral <= 6cm
 * cN3a - > 6cm bulky
 * cN3b - clinically or radiographically +ECE

Pathologic
 * pN1 - Single ipsilateral <= 3cm (ECE-)
 * pN2a - Single ipsilateral 3-6cm (ECE-) or Single ipsilateral <=3cm (ECE+)
 * pN2b - Multiple ipsilateral <= 6cm (ECE-)
 * pN2c - Bilateral or contralateral <= 6cm (ECE-)
 * pN3a - > 6cm bulky (ECE-)
 * pN3b - >= pN2 disease with ECE+

Metastasis
 * M0 - none
 * M1 - yes

Stage grouping

AJCC 7th edition (2009) Tumor
 * T1 - 2 cm or less
 * T2 - > 2 cm but <= 4 cm
 * T3 - >4 cm
 * T4 (Lip) - Invades through cortical bone, inferior alveolar nerve, floor of mouth, or skin of face (i.e. chin or nose)
 * T4a (Oral cavity) - Invades through cortical bone, into deep (extrinsic) muscle of tongue, maxillary sinus, or skin of face
 * Note: extrinsic muscles of the tongue are: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
 * T4b - Involves masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base, or encases internal carotid artery

Node

Metastasis
 * M0 - none
 * M1 - yes

Stage grouping

Older staging systems
AJCC 6th edition (2002) no changes compared to 7th edition

Postop Recurrence Nomogram

 * Memorial Sloan Kettering; 2008 PMID 18720518 -- "Nomogram for deciding adjuvant treatment after surgery for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma." (Gross ND, Head Neck. 2008 Oct;30(10):1352-60.)
 * Nomogram link
 * Nomogram. 590 patients with oral cavity SCC at MSKCC, validated using 417 patients from HACC Sao Paulo. Concordance index 0.693

Induction chemo-RT + Surgery vs Surgery Alone

 * DOSAK -- induction chemo-RT vs surgery alone
 * Randomized. 268 patients, oral cavity/oropharynx T2-T4 N0-N3. Arm 1) Induction RT 36/18 with cisplatin 12.5 mg/m2 vs Arm 2) Surgery
 * 1994 PMID 7930766 -- "Preoperative radiochemotherapy and radical surgery in comparison with radical surgery alone. A prospective, multicentric, randomized DOSAK study of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the oropharynx (a 3-year follow-up)." (Mohr C, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Jun;23(3):140-8.)
 * Outcome: Locoregional recurrence induction 16% vs surgery alone 31%; OS 72% vs 81% (SS); 1-year OS benefit 4.5% and 2-year OS benefit 8.3%

Retrospective
 * Cologne; 2008 PMID 18188519 -- "Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and radical resection for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Outcome of 134 patients." (Eich HT, Strahlenther Onkol. 2008 Jan;184(1):23-9.)
 * Retrospective. 134 patients, resectable SCC of oral cavity, Stage II-IV (Stage IV in 70%). Neoadjuvant chemo-RT 39.6/22 + carboplatin 70 mg/m2. Radical resection + neck dissection (R0 88%, R1 5%, R2 2%). Post-op RT in 18%. Median F/U 6.1 years
 * Outcome: pCR 14%. Local recurrence 29%, regional recurrence 10%, DM 12%. 2-year OS 65%, 5-year OS 45%
 * Toxicity: Grade 3-4 in 5%
 * Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemo-RT with radical surgery is safe and effective

Pre-op RT vs. Post-op RT

 * RTOG 73-03 (1973-1979)
 * Randomized. 320 patients. Operable stage T2-T4 any N (but not fixed); oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, hypopharynx, or maxillary sinus. Arm 1) Pre-op RT 50 Gy vs. Arm 2) Post-op RT 60 Gy. In addition, OC and OP lesions may be randomized Arm 3) definitive RT 65-70 Gy, with surgery reserved for salvage (n=43).
 * 10-years; 1991 PMID 1993628 — "Randomized study of preoperative versus postoperative radiation therapy in advanced head and neck carcinoma: long-term follow-up of RTOG study 73-03." (Tupchong L et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Jan;20(1):21-8.)
 * Only pre-op vs. post-op subset (n=277). Oral cavity (14%), oropharynx (17%), hypopharynx (43%), supraglottic larynx (26%)
 * Outcome: LRC pre-op 58% vs. post-op 70% (SS), <2 years no difference (failures 59% vs. 58%), but marked >2 years (failures 27% vs 8%); OS no difference due to late (>2 years) deaths from DM and from second primaries
 * Toxicity: no difference
 * Conclusion: Post-op RT better for LRC (especially in SGL), but no impact on OS due to distant failure and second primaries
 * Comment: some argument for definitive chemoRT instead of surgery and post-op RT since after 2 yrs, distant mets are primary cause of failure resulting in similar 10 OS in this trial. LRC still better for post-op vs definitive RT alone. Also, different doses used, at the time believed equivalent given the setting

Surgery + RT vs Primary RT

 * Scottland (1991-1993) -- Surgery + post-op RT vs radical RT
 * Randomized. Trial closed prematurely after significant survival benefit for combined arm. 35 of expected 350 patients, 4 institutions, oral cavity/oropharynx, excluded T1N0. Arm 1) Surgery + postop RT 60/30 vs Arm 2) radical RT 66/33 alone. Only 50% and 41% of patients respectively received XRT as planned, mainly due to machine breakdown
 * 1998 PMID 9704176 -- "Early closure of a randomized trial: surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus radiotherapy in the management of intra-oral tumours." (Robertson AG, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1998;10(3):155-60.) Median F/U 1.9 years
 * Outcome: OS combined arm 53% vs. RT 11% (HR 0.24, SS); DSS 65% vs 33% (SS). Residual local disease 0% vs. 53% (SS)
 * Conclusion: Surgery with postop RT superior to radical RT alone

Surgery + RT vs. Chemo-RT

 * Singapore (1996-2000)
 * Randomized. Stopped early due to slow accrual. 199 patients, resectable Stage III/IV SCHNC excluding NPC and salivary glands (larynx 32% (supraglottis 23%), oral cavity 27%, oropharynx 21%, hypopharynx 12%). T4 56%. Arm 1) surgery + adjuvant RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) RT 66/33 + concurrent cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x2 cycles. 90% received at least 1 cycle of chemo
 * 2005 PMID 16012523 -- "Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison." (Soo KC, Br J Cancer. 2005 Aug 8;93(3):279-86.) Median F/U 6 years
 * Outcome: 3-year DFS: S+RT 50% vs. chemo-RT 40% (NS). Organ preservation (larynx/hypopharynx 68%, oropharynx 55%, oral cavity 21%). Chemo-RT group had poor surgical salvage of 47%, with no long-term survivors (possibly due to larger proportion of T4 and oral cavity cancers)
 * Conclusion: Chemo-RT not superior to surgery+RT, but can be attempted for organ preservation in larynx, hypopharynx, and oropharynx. Poor organ preservation in oral cavity

Induction chemo + RT vs Primary RT

 * RTOG 68-01 (1968-1972) -- induction MTX + RT vs RT alone
 * Randomized. 638 patients, Stage III-IV oral cavity (23%), oropharynx (55%), supraglottic larynx (12%), hypopharynx (10%). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) IV MTX 25 mg q3d x5 followed by RT. RT 55-80 Gy
 * 1980 PMID 7410127 -- "Adjuvant intravenous methotrexate or definitive radiotherapy alone for advanced squamous cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx or hypopharynx." (Fazekas JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 May;6(5):533-41.)
 * Outcome: median OS RT vs. MTX-RT: oral cavity 11.8 mo vs. 12.4 mo, oropharynx 13.6 mo vs. 13.1 mo, SGL 17.2 mo vs. 19.2 mo, hypopharynx 9.7 mo vs. 13.4 mo
 * Conclusion: Minimal gain, induction methotrexate should not be used

Oral Tongue

 * Colorado-SEER, 2008 - PMID 18041071 -- "Poor prognosis in patients with stage I and II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma." Rusthoven K et al. Cancer 2008: Jan 15;112(2):345-51.
 * Retrospective analysis of 6791 patients entered into SEER database with T1-2N0 oral cavity SCC
 * 40% had Oral tongue cancer and 60% had other oral cavity cancers
 * OS and CSS were significantly worse for patients with oral tongue SCC
 * 5yr OS: 60.9% (oral tongue) vs 64.9% (other OC) HR: 1.24
 * 5yr CSS: 83.5% (oral tongue) vs 94.1% (other OC) HR 3.04
 * CSS for stage II oral tongue cancer was significantly worse than CSS in patients with stage III and stage IV oropharyngeal cancer. OS was similar for stage II oral tongue and stage III/IV oropharyngeal cancer

 * Kobe University, Japan, 2005 PMID 15921890 -- "A comparison of brachytherapy and surgery for the treatment of stage I-II squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue." Umeda M et al. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Oct;34(7):739-44.
 * 180 pts w/ stage I-II oral tongue CA tx'd w/ LDR (78), HDR (26), or surgery (71)
 * Local recurrence seen in 17% LDR, 35% HDR, and 6% surgery groups
 * After salvage, local control was 91% in LDR, 85% in HDR and 100% in surgery groups
 * 5yr OS 84% in LDR, 73% in HDR, and 95.4% in surgery groups for stage I, 72%, 51.5% and 93.8% in stage II

 * Osaka University, Japan Randomized Trial, 1996 (1992-93) - PMID 8985043 -- "Phase III trial of high and low dose rate interstitial radiotherapy for early oral tongue cancer." Inoue T et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996 Dec 1;36(5):1201-4.
 * Inclusion criteria: T1-2N0 that could be tx'd w/ single plane implant, localized at lateral tongue border, <1cm, absence of severe concurrent dz
 * Pts randomized to LDR (70 Gy over 4-9 days) vs HDR 60 Gy in 10 fx over 6 days; 15 pts in LDR arm, 14 in HDR arm
 * 86% local control at 2yrs for LDR, 100% for HDR
 * UPDATE PMID 11516867 -- 51 pts evaluable in update. 5yr local control 77% (LDR) and 76% (HDR)

 * MDACC, 1990 (1963-79) - PMID 2370178 -- "Primary radiotherapy in the treatment of stage I and II oral tongue cancers: importance of the proportion of therapy delivered with interstitial therapy." Wendt CD et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990 Jun;18(6):1287-92.
 * 103 pts w/ T1-2N0 SCC of oral tongue (18 T1, 85 T2). Tx regimens included interstital brachy alone, hypofractionated EBRT + interstitial brachy, conventional fractionation EBRT + interstitial brachy, EBRT alone.
 * 5/8 pts w/ EBRT alone failed locally. 6/18 w/ interstitial alone failed locally.
 * 2 yr local control 92% if EBRT doses <40 Gy w/ hi proportion of RT given by interstitial brachy. 2yr local control 65% if EBRT >40 Gy w/ lower brachy doses.
 * 44% neck recurrences if no therapy to neck.
 * 13% severe complication rate

Buccal Mucosa

 * Orissa, India Randomized Trial, 1996 - PMID 8903493 -- "Post-operative radiotherapy in carcinoma of buccal mucosa, a prospective randomized trial." Mishra RC et al.  Eur J Surg Oncol. 1996 Oct;22(5):502-4.
 * Pts w/ stage III and IV SCC of buccal mucosa. Randomized to surgery alone vs surg + postop RT.
 * DFS 38% (surgery alone) vs 68% (postop RT)

 * Centre Alexis Vautrin, France, 1995 (1973-91) - PMID 7673032 -- "An original technique of brachytherapy in the treatment of epidermoid carcinomas of the buccal mucosa." Lapeyre M et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Sep 30;33(2):447-54.
 * 42 pts (36 T1, 35 N0) SCC of buccal mucosa tx'd w/ brachytherapy.
 * Either parallel wires technique or loop technique used. 23 pts w/o elective nodal tx, 8 w/ EBRT, 4 w/ neck dissection
 * 63% OS at 2 yrs, 47.5% OS at 5 yrs; >80% recurrences w/i 1 yr
 * 91% local control w/ loop technique, 58% local control w/ parallel wire technique.
 * Elective nodal tx appeared to be necessary if lesion >1cm

Floor of mouth

 * Gustave-Roussy Institute, France, 2002 (1970-85) - PMID 11955737 -- "Brachytherapy for T1-T2 floor-of-the-mouth cancers: the Gustave-Roussy Institute experience."  Marsiglia H et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Apr 1;52(5):1257-63.
 * 160 pts with carcinoma of FOM tx'd definitively with interstitial brachy. (49% had T1, 51% had T2, 21% had N1).
 * 89% actuarial survival at 2 yrs, 75% actuarial survival at 5 yrs.
 * <10% rate of severe necrosis. 18% rate of bone necrosis in total.

 * Roswell Park, 1997 (1971-91) - PMID 9243267 -- "Squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of mouth: a 20-year review." Hicks WL Jr et al.  Head Neck. 1997 Aug;19(5):400-5.
 * 99 pts with carcinoma of FOM (43 w/ stage I or II).
 * 21% likelihood of occult nodal metastatic disease in T1 pts.
 * Local control for surgery alone for 81% and regional control was 71%
 * RT improved regional control rate for stage IV.
 * Conclusion: Elective treatment of regional lymphatics is warranted in carcinoma of FOM.

 * Centre Alexis Vautrin, France, 1995 (1976-1992) - PMID 7480819 -- "Epidermoid carcinomas of the floor of mouth treated by exclusive irradiation: statistical study of a series of 207 cases." Pernot M et al.  Radiother Oncol. 1995 Jun;35(3):177-85.
 * 207 pts w/ carcinoma of the FOM tx'd w/ definitive RT. 105 received EBRT + brachy, 102 received brachy alone.  83% pts were N0.
 * Local control at 5 yrs was 97% for T1, 72% for T2, 51% for T3.
 * Exclusive brachy for T1-2 appeared to be preferable to a combination of EBRT + brachy in T1-2N0 pts.

 * Gainesville, 1993 (1964-87) - PMID 8416850 — "Management of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of mouth." Rodgers LW Jr et al. Head Neck. 1993 Jan-Feb;15(1):16-9.
 * 194 pts. Similar LC for RT alone or surgery alone. Recommend combination therapy for advanced lesions because of poor local control for a single modality.

Retromolar Trigone

 * Gainesville, 2005 (1966-2003) - PMID 15825160 -- "Retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery." Mendenhall WM et al. Cancer. 2005 Jun 1;103(11):2320-5.
 * 99 pts w/ SCC of RMT tx'd w/ RT alone (35) or RT + surg (64).
 * 5yr locoregional control for RT alone for stage I-III was 51%, for RT + surg was 87%; 5yr LR control for stage IV was 42% for RT alone, 62% for RT + surg
 * Multi-variate analysis suggested surgery + RT was better modality than RT alone.

 * Mallinckrodt, 2001 (1971-94) - PMID 11505486 -- "Cancer of retromolar trigone: long-term radiation therapy outcome." Huang CJ et al.  Head Neck. 2001 Sep;23(9):758-63.
 * 65 pts w/ SCC of RMT tx'd w/ RT (10 pts preop, 39 pts postop, 15 tx'd w/ RT alone).
 * 5yr DFS 76% w/ T1, 50% w/ T2, 72% w/ T3, 54% w/ T4

 * MDACC, 1987 (1966-81) - PMID 3597160 -- "Results of irradiation in the squamous cell carcinomas of the anterior faucial pillar-retromolar trigone." Lo K et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987 Jul;13(7):969-74.
 * 159 pts w/ SCC of ant faucial pillar or RMT tx'd w/ definitive RT.
 * Doses ranged from 60 to 75 Gy. If N0, only ipsi JD nodes treated.
 * 92% of recurrences occured within 2 yrs.
 * Local failure rates were 29% for T1, 30% for T2, 24% for T3, 40% for T4. After salvage surgery, ultimate failure rate was 0% for T1, 6% for T2, 8% for T3, 20% for T4.  10% experienced neck failure.
 * 30% developed some degree of bone exposure, 5.6% requiring segmental mandibular resection.

Patterns of failure
After IMRT:
 * U. of Iowa; 2007 (2001-5) - PMID 17276613 -- "The failure patterns of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma after intensity-modulated radiotherapy-the university of iowa experience." (Yao M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Apr 1;67(5):1332-41.)
 * 55 pts treated with IMRT (49 post-op, 1 neoadj, 5 definitive). Chemo in 6 pts (3 receiving definite RT, 2 postop, 1 neoadj).
 * Median f/u 17 months. 9 pts with LRF. Median time to LRF 4 months. All but 1 of the failures was in the high risk region (CTV1 or CTV2).
 * Areas at high risk for recurrence include:
 * Primary tumor bed
 * Infratemporal fossa (via inferior alveolar N and mental N). "The infratemporal fossa should also be included in the radiation field for tumor adjacent to these nerves with extensive perineural invasion and for tumor invading the pterygoid muscle, which is most commonly seen in patients with retromolar trigone cancer or tonsil cancer."
 * Area between primary oral tongue cancer and regional lymph nodes. Should be included in the high risk region for post-op RT.
 * Contralateral neck. Contralateral neck should be included for post-op RT of the oral tongue.
 * Conclusion: "Intensity-modulated RT is effective for oral cavity SCC. Most failures are in-field failures. Further clinical studies are necessary to improve the outcomes of patients with high-risk features, particularly for those with extracapsular extension."


text:
Cookbook:Tater Tots

"Tater Tots" is a registered trademark for a commercial form of hash browns, a side-dish made from deep-fried, grated potatoes, which are formed as small, squat, oval cakes and sold frozen.

They are usually eaten alone, dipped in sauces such as ketchup, but are also used in casseroles.

title: Cookbook:Tater Tots


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Physical Activity/Nutrition

These are just general nutritional guidelines. Since there is variation between individuals, there are individual needs. These suggestions should create a healthier life for most people; however, some people will have to consult a nutritionist for a diet to fit their needs. Also, it should be noted that being in good health does not equal being the media's image of beauty. Most people cannot fulfill the Super-Model or Super-Ripped image that's often seen in advertisements or on TV. In fact, some people are most healthy when they are carrying a higher-than-average level of body fat recent scientific evidence suggests that being slightly over-weight (not over-fat) may, in fact, be more healthy than being average weight or underweight.

Please remember, these nutritional guidelines are not a weight loss guide, although many people will lose weight if they are followed. These are guidelines for more healthy living, and that means eating this way should improve your energy levels, your immune system, your ability to heal, and your mood! It is all to important to emphasize this point: eating and exercising correctly will do you no good for being healthy if you are not happy with the genetics you were born with, in other words, you may carry additional body fat naturally and it's unhealthy to try and lose it. Since mental health is as important as physical health it is vital to realize that you need to be happy with yourself! While exercise is very important to good health, to get into optimal shape a proper nutrition regimen must be mantained. As the old cliche goes, "You are what you eat" more specifically, your body is fueled by what you eat, and your body is built and repaired by the macronutrients you eat. Like any responsible car owner knows, if you put dirty lead-based fuel into your car or build it with bad parts it runs less smoothly, and the car is more prone to failure than if you use unleaded fuel or good parts. This is a great analogy to the human body, if you eat dirty foods, your body will not perform as well as it could and it will be prone to illness and injury.

The human body is designed, or has evolved to run well on certain fuels. Unfortunately, McDonald's french fries are not it. When considering the environment which our ancestors lived in, it is easy to see what types of foods our bodies are meant to be fed. For example, the carbohydrates that they ate were mostly berries, nuts, beans and legumes. All of these are very high in fiber and low in sugars. In contrast, the typical western diet is low in fiber and high in sugars. Low-fiber diet is believed to cause many health problems, including chronic constipation, hiatal hernias, intestinal infections, colon cancer, and digestion problems. High sugar diets are believed to be the leading cause of adult onset diabetes as well as obesity. These problems are almost entirely absent in "hunting and gathering" cultures that eat much like our ancestors ate.

Our ancestors also hunted or fished for meat. Unlike farm raised animals, hunted animals and fish are much more lean, or have less fat. Fat is not necessarily a bad thing and the human body needs a certain amount, and recent research suggests that plant fat (oils) and fish fats are extremely healthy; however, animal fat or saturated fat is unhealthy in large quantities and is one of the leading factors in heart disease and obesity.

In fact, our ancestors most likely got their fat intake mostly from plants. The unsaturated fats in plants have been found to increase metabolism, and improve the efficiency of food as a fuel source. This is much like what an octane booster does in a car, it helps to break down the fuel into a usable source while wasting less of it.

Like a car, the human body needs many things to run well. The engine in the car needs to have clean oil, it lubricates the engine and allows it to use fuel more efficiently. In the human body, water does much the same thing. Adequate water intake (hydration) is vital for the human body to use its fuel. For all useful purposes, hydration specifically refers to drinking water and no other liquid. Other liquids contain impurities that can interfere with water intake, they can also be consumed, but drinking water alone is vital. A good rule of thumb in water consumption is to have 1 cup of water per 15 lbs of body weight. The water intake should also be spread throughout the day, and is easy to attain if you drink a glass or two of water with every meal.

It is a good idea to eat at least 5 meals a day. These shouldn't be the standard sized meals, but smaller meals. Eating about as much calories as you eat in 3 meals spread over 5 or more meals a day keeps the body fueled. Unlike a car, the body runs better when it is constantly fueled. This is because our body is more advanced than a car, and it will store the energy as fat instead of using it, depending on the conditions it is given. That happens to be (not counting the time asleep), for the average male, more than 4 hours without a meal, and for females, more than 3 hours without a meal.

All meals do not have to be created equal. A meal can consist of a 120 calorie energy bar, or it can be a 400 calorie sandwich. The important thing is to stop eating when you feel satiated (no longer hungry) instead of stuffed (full), and to eat the right kinds of food.

The right kinds of food are conveniently provided by the US Department of Agriculture in their recent revision of the food pyramid. In this revision, the different food types are better separated. Such as, whole wheats (high fiber, low sugar) are separated from white grains (low fiber, high sugar), and lean meats (poultry, tuna, lean beef) are separated from fatty meats (most red meats, bacon).

In the new food pyramid nutritional intake is as follows:

 * Whole Grains - Eat at most meals, no limit
 * Plant Oils - No limit
 * Vegetables - In abundance
 * Fruits, 2-3 times daily
 * Nuts and Legumes, 1-3 times daily
 * Poultry, Eggs, Fish, 0-2 times daily
 * Dairy or Calcium, 1-2 times daily
 * Red Meat - Eat sparingly
 * White Pastas, Potatoes, White Rice, Sweets and White Breads - Eat sparingly

As you can see, the new food pyramid covers many of the principles covered in the "body as a car" section. First, it emphasizes whole grains and vegetables which are high in fiber and low in sugars (aka complex carbohydrates). It also suggests our octane booster, or the plant oils. It shows to rarely eat starchy foods, like white pastas; this is because they contain a lot of sugars (aka simple carbohydrates) which are correlated with diabetes and obesity. As with most things, there are some exceptions in the food pyramid left out most likely for simplicity. For example, it focuses on high-fat, high-calorie nuts as protein sources, ignoring the use of leaner cuts red meat of which contain less fat than poultry and for which no health problems have been proven, and suggests that the consumption of no non-dairy animal products is healthy, when in fact such a diet tends to be lacking in iron

Ideally one should not aim to lose weight (lowing your BMI) but rather to create an ideal body fat percentage (see table below) based on there age, build and individual needs. Aside from fatty tissue, the majority of one's weight comes from muscle tissue(s), bones, and organs (body composition is the percentage of "other stuff" to fat within the body). Losing muscle mass is not a very good idea especially when trying to reduce body fat percentage. If one is trying to become healthy the more muscle mass you have, the more energy you expend even while resting, as well, muscle mass helps to protect your body from injury, thusly having adequate muscle mass can assist in maintaining a healthy body composition. As a positive side-effect, requiring more energy to sustain, which, in turn the body can draw from stored body fat and give you a "thinner" look. It is important to remember that safe fat loss should not involve the loss of more than 1-2 pounds (0.5-1kg) per week. In most cases, if one is losing weight very rapidly (more than 2 pounds or 1kg per week), then most the lost weight is due to lost water. In this case, the lost weight is very easily replaced once you rehydrate yourself.

As well, losing more than 1-2 lbs per week is counter-productive. In addition to the fat that's lost is atrophy of muscle (losing protein within the muscle fibers thus decreasing the mass of muscles), and losing muscle mass lowers your metabolism and causes the body to go into "starvation mode" in which it stores food as fat more easily. This might result in weight loss, but it will also result in a higher percentage of body fat and worse overall health. It will also be temporary, and will most likely result in greater fat and weight gains.

It should be mentioned again though: weight loss should not be an important factor in a healthy lifestyle. The only concern should be good health and being happy. Being in good health requires proper exercise and nutrition of the body and the mind. To achieve this is to change your lifestyle which is not just "going on a diet". It requires learning about nutrition and exercising, making goals and a plan for those goals, and following through with them.

One last thing to wrap up the basics about nutrition: sunshine. Sunshine is a must: it has been proven to improve mood, prevent depression, and produce vitamin D! In fact, there is no way to get an adequate amount of vitamin D from food alone, you must be out in the sun to produce it. Sunlight chemically reacts with your skin to make vitamin D.

Though contrary to popular belief, being outside in the sun "unprotected" is healthy for you in small doses. These doses range from between 10 and 45 minutes a day, depending on your skin tone and UV index. The rule of thumb is, the darker your skin tone, the more time you need to spend in the sun for adequate vitamin D production. Of course, remember that prolonged exposure to the sun unprotected is dangereous, and for anything longer than this time period you should wear sunscreen.

title: Physical Activity/Nutrition


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Radiation Oncology/Performance scales

Karnofsky Performance Scale

 * 100 - Normal; no complaints; no evidence of disease
 * 90 - Able to carry on normal activity; minor signs or symptoms of disease
 * 80 - Able to carry on normal activity with effort; some signs or symptoms of disease
 * 70 - Cares for self; unable to carry on normal activity or do active work
 * 60 - Requires occasional assistance but is able to care for most personal needs
 * 50 - Requires considerable assistance and frequent medical care
 * 40 - Disable; requires special care and assistance
 * 30 - Severely disabled; hospitalization is indicated although death not imminent
 * 20 - Very sick; hospitalization necessary; active support treatment is necessary
 * 10 - Moribund; fatal processes progressing rapidly
 * 0 - Dead

 * 1948: No PMID Full text — "The use of the nitrogen mustards in the palliative treatment of carcinoma." (Karnofsky DA, Cancer 1948;1(4):634-656)
 * An early publication of the Karnofksy scale. Used to assess improvement in performance status following treatment.

ECOG (Zubrod) Performance Scale

 * 0 (Karnofsky 90-100) - Fully active; able to carry on all predisease activities without restriction
 * 1 (Karnofsky 70-80) - Restricted in physically strenuous activity but ambulatory and able to carry out work of a light or sedentary nature. For example, light housework, office work.
 * 2 (Karnofsky 50-60) - Ambulatory and capable of all self-care but unable to carry out any work activities. Up and about more than 50% of waking hours.
 * 3 (Karnofsky 30-40) - Capable of only limited self-care; confined to bed or chair 50% or more of waking hours.
 * 4 (Karnofsky 10-20) - Completely disabled. Cannot carry on self-care. Totally confined to bed.
 * 5 - Dead

Lansky (Pediatric) Performance Scale

 * 100 - Fully active, normal
 * 90 - Minor restrictions in physically strenuous activity
 * 80 - Active, but tires more quickly
 * 70 - Both greater restriction of and less time spent in play activity
 * 60 - Up and around, but minimal active play; keeps busy with quieter activities
 * 50 - Gets dressed, but lies around much of the day; no active play, able to participate in all quiet play and activities.
 * 40 - Mostly in bed; participates in quiet activities
 * 30 - In bed; needs assistance even for quiet play
 * 20 - Often sleeping; play entirely limited to very passive activities
 * 10 - No play; does not get out of bed

title: Radiation Oncology/Performance scales


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Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 1, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)

SCENA 5: Strasbourg, in le officios de Marex Mundial: Le scena comencia con un conversation inter Catherina e le director, qui la felicita proque on la ha seligite pro le projecto de Geneva. Illa dice gratias an ille pro omne le adjuta que ille ha date an illa. Illa tunc explica que illa debe partir pro parlar con Petro.

Nos tunc la trova in le officio de Petro, e ille exprime su regret pro haber debite vader via subitemente ille matino. Quando illes comencia comprender se le un le altere, le obrero retorna pro portar via omne lo que remane in le officio de Petro. Catherina e Petro protesta, ma le obrero non ascolta, e illes tunc debe cercar un altere officio pro continuar lor conversation.

Catherina: Multe gratias pro vostre adjuta.

Le Director: Illo esseva un placer. Illo es multo interessante pro vos, ille projecto a Geneva, nonne?

Catherina: Si. Io lo trova vermente fascinante.

Le Director: E vos es juvene pro un travalio tan importante. Le gente a Trans Infra debe estimar vos multo.

Catherina: Il es simplemente que isto es le typo de travalio que vermente me place.

Le Director: Esque vos vole un tassa de the?

Catherina: No, gratias. Que hora es il? Io debe vader vider Petro Minelli.

Le Director: Ah, si, Petro. Ille es un ingeniero excellente. Ille vos placera multo.

Catherina: Nos ha facite un appunctamento a quatro horas, e io nunc debe partir.

Le Director: Multo ben. Si io pote adjuvar vos con ullo, vos solmente debera notificar me.

Catherina: Io facera illo. Multo gratias.

(Alicuno colpa al porta.)

Petro: Entra!

Catherina: Bon die.

Petro: Oh, bon die.

Catherina: Vos es libere in iste momento?

Petro: Si. Certemente. Excusa me pro le eventos de iste matino. Io debeva partir un pauco rapidemente.

Catherina: Non vos preoccupa. Illo non ha ulle importantia.

Petro: Multo ben. Tunc que pote io facer pro vos? Excusa me, io ha oblidate vostre nomine.

Catherina: Catherina De Sanctis.

Petro: Catherina De Sanctis. Ah, si. Excusa me. Mi memoria pro nomines es assatis mal.

Catherina: Anque le mie. Io ha un bon memoria pro images e facies, ma nunquam pro nomines.

Petro: Bon. Mi nomine es Petro.

Catherina: Si, io sape. Mi memoria pro nomines non es completemente mal.

Petro: Que pote io facer pro adjuvar vos, Catherina?

Catherina: Ben, io volerea ...

(Le obrero qui portava via le cosas del officio de Petro retorna.)

Obrero: Esque io pote continuar nunc?

Petro: Ma no. In iste momento, no. Esque vos non vide que io es occupy? Io es in un reunion.

Obrero: Excusa me, ma vos ha dicite quatro horas, e il es nunc plus que quatro horas.

Petro: Ascolta. Lassa me dece minutas.

Obrero: Io lo regretta, ma il nunc es plus tarde que quatro horas, e io quita mi travalio a quatro horas e medie.

Catherina: Que vole ille?

Obrero: Io debe portar omne isto via ante quatro horas e medie, e il nunc es plus que quatro horas. E, in ultra, io es completemente sol.

Petro: Pote vos dar me solmente cinque minutas?

Obrero: No. Ascolta. Excusa me, ma io debe comenciar immediatemente.

Catherina: Esque nos pote usar un altere officio?

Obrero: Io lo regretta multo, ma io non sape ullo sur illo.

Petro: Ben. Que nos essaya trovar un altere officio.

EXERCITIO 5: Excusar se e presentar se:

Guida: In iste conversation on se ha excusate. Que nos face explorationes ulterior sur le diverse manieras de facer isto in interlingua.

Un homine: Esque vos volerea un tassa de caffe?

Un femina: Gratias.

Un homine: Oh, io lo regretta multo, ma io ha versate le caffe.

Un femina: Non vos preoccupa. Illo es mi falta. Il ha caffe sur vostre papiros.

Un homine: Oh, non vos preoccupa. Illo es nullo grave. Il etiam ha caffe versate sur vostre vestimentos.

Un femina: Oh, illo non importa.

Un homine: Excusa me. Esque vos pote repeter vostre nomine? Mi memoria pro nomines non es multo bon.

Un femina: Illo non ha ulle importantia. Io mesme non ha un memoria multo bon pro le nomines.

Un homine: Oh, il ha caffe versate ubique, sur multe cosas.

Un femina: Io lo regretta tanto.

Un homine: Illo non es ullo.

Un femina: E io regretta multissimo esser retardate.

Un homine: Non vos preoccupa. Vos non es vermente retardate.

Un femina: Io diceva a quatro horas, e il es un pauco plus que quatro horas in iste momento.

Un homine: Illo non ha ulle importantia. Ben, esque vos pote dar me vostre nomine? Io lo ha oblidate.

Un femina: Maria. E vostre nomine, io crede que illo es Laurenzo.

Un homine: Si, vos ha ration. Excusa me. Como io vos jam ha dicite, mi memoria pro nomines es multo mal.

EXERCITIO 6: Describer un compania. Le dies del septimana.

Guida: In le proxime exercitio, vos va trovar unes parolas commercial e technic. Primo, io volerea audir los separatemente.

Un homine: Parla me de iste compania.

Un femina: Illo es parte de un gruppo. Le officios central es in le Statos Unite, in New York.

Un homine: Le officios central es American.

Un femina: Le officios central de iste gruppo es American. Il ha tres brancas filial.

Un homine: Le gruppo ha officios central e tres brancas filial.

Un femina: Un in Suissa, un in Canada, e un in le Regno Unite. Il ha tres brancas filial in le gruppo ultra le officios central.

Un homine: Nos es in le Regno Unite.

Un femina: Nos es le filial britannic. Le officios central se trova in le Statos Unite. Le compania American es le proprietario de nostre filial. Nos face parte del gruppo.

Un homine: Nos non possede le gruppo.

Un femina: No. Il es le compania central in New York que possede le gruppo. Nos es solmente un filial.

Un homine: Le gruppo complete include le compania central e le brancas. Esque vos comprende nunc?

Guida: Que nos parla nunc sur un viage a Geneva.

Un homine: Vos parti sabbato?

Un femina: Le septimana proxime?

Un homine: No, non le septimana proxime. Al fin de iste septimana.

Un femina: Hodie es lunedi.

Un homine: Martedi, mercuridi.

Un femina: Jovedi, venerdi.

Un homine: Sabbato, Dominica. Nos va volar a Geneva le proxime sabbato.

Guida: Ben. Tunc, Petro e Catherina cerca un officio disponibile, un loco ubi illes pote parlar. Que nos verifica si illes ha habite successo.

SCENA 6: Strasbourg, in le officios de Marex Mundial: Catherina e Petro essaya continuar lor conversation. Finalmente illes trova un officio vacue, e Catherina explica a Petro alique sur le natura del projecto de Geneva. Un secretaria les interrumpe, dicente que illa debe serrar le officios ante que illa vade via.

In despecto de iste interruption, Catherina pote dicer a Petro que on le ha seligite pro le projecto de Geneva e que su travalio illac comenciara le septimana proxime. Petro exprime su surprisa proque ille non ha ulle memoria de acceptar iste nove assignation.

Petro: Il debe haber un altere officio in iste area. Esque illo es vacue? Oh, excusa me. No, il ha alicuno in ille officio que io non videva.

Catherina: E hic?

Petro: Illo es vacue?

Catherina: Reguarda.

Petro: Il pare que nemo lo usa in iste momento.

Catherina: Si. Omne sta ben. On pote occupar iste sedes.

Petro: Tunc vos va travaliar pro le officios central?

Catherina: Io travaliava ibi. Ma vos debe saper que io va travaliar in Geneva.

Petro: In le officio Trans-Infra de Geneva?

Catherina: No ...

Petro: In nostre agentia de Marex Mundial in Geneva?

Catherina: No, de nulle maniera.

Petro: Tunc in le sede del compania holding in Geneva?

Catherina: No, non exactemente. Ma attende. Que nos retrocede e comencia un altere vice.

Petro: Un bon idea. Vos veni de Paris?

Catherina: Si, exactemente.

Petro: Usque nunc vos ha travaliate pro Trans-Infra, in le officio central.

Catherina: Exactemente!

Petro: E nunc vos va travaliar in Geneva.

Catherina: Bravo! Vos ha comprendite toto.

Petro: Ma il ha un certe cosa que io non comprende multo ben etiam nunc. Que face vos hic, in iste filial?

Catherina: Io iva explicar a vos illo exactemente.

Un secretaria: Oh, excusa me.

Catherina: Nos cercava un officio disoccupate.

Le secretaria: Ah, ma iste non es vermente libere.

Petro: Ah, guai!

Le secretaria: Io va clauder iste portas con clave. Vos ha un clave?

Petro: No.

Le secretaria: Ascolta, io regretta iste multo, ma io va partir e io debe clauder iste officios ante vader via.

Petro: Ma isto non es possible!

Catherina: Illa ha ration. Nos non debe esser hic. Esque vos sape ubi nos pote vader?

Le secretaria: Omne le mundo ferma nunc, ma forsan vos potera trovar un loco tranquille in un altere parte de iste edificio.

Petro: Multo ben. Nos trovara un loco tranquille de un maniera o de un altere.

Catherina: Io parlava de ...

Petro: Oh, omne isto non ha ulle importantia. Io habeva solmente un interesse casual in illo.

Catherina: Ma illo debe interessar vos. Illo anque concerne vos.

Petro: Illo me concerne? Como?

Catherina: Proque vos anque va a Geneva.

Petro: Que va facer io in Geneva?

Catherina: Vos ha signate. Non esseva vos de accordo?

Petro: De accordo sur que?

Catherina: Sur participar in le projecto de Geneva.

Petro: Io non memora ullo sur illo.

Catherina: Vos non memora haber demandate travaliar in Geneva?

Petro: Eh, ben. Io memora haber pensate sur illo. Illo me interessava un pauco. Io memora que io habeva parlate sur illo a Paul Barone ante multe menses. Ma nullo habeva essite decidite.

Catherina: Eh, ben. On lo ha decidite. Omne se ha arrangiate completemente.

Petro: E io nunc debe ir a Geneva?

Catherina: Exactemente.

Petro: Vermente? Ma quando?

Catherina: Vos va volar ibi le Dominica proxime.

Petro: Le proxime Dominica?

Catherina: Si. Al fin de iste septimana.

Petro: Ma ...

Le Secretaria: Esque vos pote quitar iste officio. Il es absolutemente necesse que io lo claude con clave immediatemente.

Catherina: Io crede que illa vole que nos vade via.

Le secretaria: Exactemente!

Petro: Io debe partir pro Geneva al fin de iste septimana.

(Petro e Catherina sorti ex le edificio.)

Portero: Ecce le claves de vostre automobile, senior Minelli.

Petro: Ah, si. Gratias. Il haberea essite multo plus facile si alicuno me habeva notificate un pauco plus antea de maniera que io poteva haber me preparate plus facilemente!

Guida: Petro pare un pauco surprendite. Io volerea saper le natura de omne iste historia. E io anque volerea saper exactemente lo que va passar an ille. Il ha solmente un sol maniera de discoperir isto: ascoltar le secunde parte.


text:
Interlingua/Curso de conversation/Capitulo 1, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)

SCENE 5: Strasbourg, in the offices of Marex Mundial: The scene starts out with a conversation between Catherina and the director, who congratulates her because she has been selected for the Geneva project. She thanks him for all the help that he has given her. She then explains that she must leave to talk with Petro.

We then find her in Petro's office, and he expresses his regrets for having to go away suddenly that morning. When they start understanding each other, the worker returns to take away everything that's still in Peter's office. Catherina and Petro protest, but the worker does not listen, and they then have to look for another office to continue their conversation.

Catherina: Thanks a lot for your help.

The Director: It was a pleasure. It is very interesting for you, that Geneva project, isn't it?

Catherina: Yes. I find it really fascinating.

The Director: And you are young for such important work ... The people at Trans Infra must think a lot of you.

Catherina: It is simply that this is the type of work that I really like.

The Director: Would you like some tea?

Catherina: No, thanks. What time is it? I must go to see Petro Minelli.

The Director: Ah, yes, Petro. He is an excellent engineer. You will like him a lot.

Catherina: We have made an appointment at four o'clock, and I must go now.

The Director: Very well. If I can help you with anything, you only have to let me know.

Catherina: I will do that. Thanks a lot.

(Someone knocks on the door.)

Petro: Come in.

Catherina: Good afternoon.

Petro: Oh, good afternoon.

Catherina: Are you free at this moment?

Petro: Yes, certainly. Excuse me for the events of this morning. I had to leave a little rapidly.

Catherina: Don't worry. It's not at all important.

Petro: Very well. Then what can I do for you? Excuse me, I have forgotten your name.

Catherina: Catherina De Sanctis.

Petro: Catherina De Sanctis. Oh, yes. Excuse me. My memory for names is rather bad.

Catherina: Mine is too. I have a good memory for pictures and faces, but never for names.

Petro: Fine. My name is Petro.

Catherina: Yes, I know. My memory for names is not completely bad.

Petro: What can I do to help you, Catherina?

Catherina: Good, I would like ...

(The worker who was taking away the things in Petro's office returns.)

Worker: Can I continue now?

Petro: No, not at all. Not right now. Don't you see that I am busy? I am in a meeting.

Worker: Excuse me, but you said four o'clock, and it is now later than four o'clock.

Petro: Listen, let me have ten minutes.

Worker: I'm sorry, but it is now later than four o'clock, and I leave work at four thirty.

Catherina: What does he want?

Worker: I have to move all this out before four thirty, and it is now more than four o'clock. And besides, I am completely alone.

Petro: Can you give me only five minutes?

Worker: No. Listen. Excuse me, but I must start immediately.

Catherina: Can we use another office?

Worker: I'm very sorry, but I know nothing about that.

Petro: Fine. Let's try to find another office.

EXERCISE 5: Excusing and introducing oneself.

Guide: In this conversation people have excused themselves. Let's explore further the various ways of doing this in Interlingua.

A man: Would you like a cup of tea?

A woman: Thanks.

A man: Oh, I'm sorry, but I spilled the coffee.

A woman: Don't worry. It's my fault. There is some coffee on your papers.

A man: Oh, don't worry. It's nothing serious. There is also some coffee on your clothing.

A woman: Oh, that's not important.

A man: Excuse me. Can you repeat your name? My memory for names is not very good.

A woman: That's not at all important. I myself don't have a very good memory for names.

A man: Oh, there is coffee spilled everywhere, on a lot of things.

A woman: I'm so very sorry.

A man: It's nothing.

A woman: And I'm very sorry for being late.

A man: Don't worry. You're not really late.

A woman: I said at four o'clock, and it is a little later than four at this moment.

A man: That's not at all important. Good, can you give me your name? I have forgotten it.

A woman: Maria. And your name, I believe it is Lorenzo.

A man: Yes, you're right. Excuse me. As I've already told you, my memory for names is very bad.

EXERCISE 6: Describing a company. The days of the week.

Guide: In the next exercise, we are going to run into some commercial and technical words. First, I would like to hear them separately.

A man: Tell me about this company.

A woman: It is part of a group. The central offices are in the United States, in New York.

A man: The central offices are American.

A woman: The central offices of this group are American. There are three branch offices.

A man: The group has central offices and three branch offices.

A woman: One in Switzerland, one in Canada, and one in the United Kingdom. There are three branch offices in the group besides the central offices.

A man: We are in the United Kingdom.

A woman: We are the British branch. The central offices are in the United States. The American company is the owner of our branch. We form part of the group.

A man: We don't own the group.

A woman: No. It is the central company in New York that owns the group. We are only a branch.

A man: The entire group includes the central company, and the branches. Do you understand now?

Guide: Let's talk now about a trip to Geneva.

A man: Are you leaving Saturday?

A woman: Next week?

A man: No, not next week. At the end of this week.

A woman: Today is Monday.

A man: Tuesday, Wednesday.

A woman: Thursday, Friday.

A man: Saturday, Sunday. We are going to fly to Geneva next Saturday.

Guide: Fine. So Petro and Catherina are looking for an available office, a place where they can talk. Let's find out if they have been successful.

SCENE 6: Strasbourg, in the offices of Marex Mundial: Catherina and Petro try to continue their conversation. Finally they find a vacant office, and Catherina explains to Petro something about the nature of the Geneva Project. A secretary interrupts them, saying that she has to lock up the offices before going away.

Despite this interruption, Catherina is able to say to Petro that he has been selected for the Geneva project and that his work there will start the following week. Petro expresses his surprise because he has no recollection of accepting this new assignment.

Petro: There must be another office in this area. Is it vacant? Oh, excuse me. No, there is someone in that office that I didn't see.

Catherina: And here?

Petro: Is it empty?

Catherina: Take a look.

Petro: Nobody seems to be using it right now.

Catherina: Yes. Everything's fine. We can use these chairs.

Petro: Then you're gonna work at the central offices?

Catherina: I used to work there. But you ought to know I'm gonna work in Geneva.

Petro: In the Trans-Infra office in Geneva?

Catherina: No ...

Petro: In our Marex Mundial agency in Geneva?

Catherina: No, not at all.

Petro: Then in the holding company in Geneva?

Catherina: No, not exactly. But wait. Let's go back and start out once again.

Petro: Good idea! You've come from Paris?

Catherina: Yes, exactly.

Petro: Up to now you have worked for Trans-Infra, in the central office.

Catherina: Exactly!

Petro: And you are now gonna work in Geneva.

Catherina: Bravo! You have understood everything.

Petro: But there is a certain thing that I don't understand very well even now. What are you doing here, in this branch?

Catherina: That's exactly what I was gonna explain to you.

A secretary: Oh, excuse me.

Catherina: We were looking for an empty office.

The secretary: Ah, but this one's not really free.

Petro: Oh, nuts!

The secretary: I'm gonna lock these doors. Do you have a key?

Petro: No.

The secretary: Listen, I'm very sorry about this, but I'm gonna leave and I've gotta lock up these offices before going away.

Petro: But this isn't possible!

Catherina: She's right. We shouldn't be here. Do you know where we can go?

The secretary: Everyone's locking up now, but perhaps you can find a quiet place in some other part of this building.

Petro: Fine. We'll find some quiet place some way or other.

Catherina: I was talking about ...

Petro: Oh, all this is not at all important. I was only casually interested in it.

Catherina: But it should be of interest to you. It also concerns you.

Petro: It concerns me? How?

Catherina: Because you're also going to Geneva.

Petro: What am I gonna do in Geneva?

Catherina: You have signed on. Didn't you agree to it?

Petro: Agree to what?

Catherina: To participate in the Geneva project.

Petro: I don't remember anything about that.

Catherina: You don't remember having asked to work in Geneva?

Petro: Okay. I remember having thought about it. It interested me a little. I remember that I had spoken about it to Paul Barone many months ago. But nothing had been decided.

Catherina: Well fine. It has been decided. Everything has been completely arranged.

Petro: And I've now gotta go to Geneva?

Catherina: Exactly.

Petro: Really? But when?

Catherina: You're gonna fly there next Sunday.

Petro: Next Sunday?

Catherina: Yeah. At the end of the week.

Petro: But ...

The secretary: Can you leave this office? It's absolutely necessary for me to lock it up right now.

Catherina: I think she wants us to go away.

The secretary: Exactly!

Petro: I must leave for Geneva at the end of this week.

(Petro and Catherina leave the building.)

Porter: Here are the keys to your car, Mr. Minelli.

Petro: Ah, yes. Thanks. I wish someone had told me sooner so that I could get ready more easily.

Guide: Petro seems a little surprised. I'd like to know what's been going on here. And I'd also like to know exactly what's gonna happen to him. There is only one way to find out: listening to the next part.