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Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Tumors Basic/Adamantinoma

Adamantinoma of Long Bone (extragnathic adamantinoma): Adamantinoma is a rare primary low-grade malignant tumor of bone that is locally aggressive. Adamantinoma of the long bone is not related to adamantinoma or ameloblastoma of the mandible and maxilla, which is derived from Rathke's pouch.

Demographics

 * Age: 10 - 50 (50% are age 10 to 30)
 * Sex: Males greater than or equal to females
 * Site: ~80% involve tibial diaphysis (some with anterior cortical involvement). Other bones that may be involved are the humerus, ulna, femur, fibula and radius. Rare in other tubular bones.

Clinical Presentation
Approximately 60% of patients with adamantinoma have a history of trauma, including fractures, to the affected bone, but it is unclear whether trauma is involved with formation of the tumor or the formation of the tumor leaves the bone weak and susceptible to injury.

Common symptoms (duration from a few weeks to years):
 * Localized, insidious aching pain
 * Gradual swelling and deformity of the affected limb
 * Limping
 * Increased pain with activity or lifting
 * Advanced or recurrent lesions may be associated with a soft-tissue mass (15%)

Imaging Findings
Conventional Radiographs: (Here is an example from BrighamRad)

 * Eccentrically-located
 * Well-circumscribed
 * Slightly expansile
 * Multilocular
 * Osteolytic with intervening reactive sclerosis ("soap-bubble")
 * Cortical thinning
 * Little or no periosteal reaction (Unless the lesions extends through cortex to the soft tissue)
 * Late stages result in bone deformation (e.g., bowing of the tibia)
 * Computed Tomography:
 * Low attenuation expansile mass with sclerotic margins
 * Superficial erosion and soft tissue involvement
 * Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
 * MRI findings in adamantinoma are non-specific, but can help demonstrate intraosseous and extrasseous involvement.
 * T1-weighted
 * Low signal intensity
 * Peripheral enhancement of the lesion when post-gadolinium (Here is an example from BrighamRad)
 * T2-weighted
 * High signal intensity that does not diminish with fat suppression technique
 * Decreased signal in the periphery of the lesion, consistent with sclerosis
 * STIR (Here is an example from BrighamRad)
 * Increased signal in the region corresponding to the lytic lesion on plain films
 * Decreased signal in the periphery of the lesion, consistent with sclerotic changes
 * Bone Scan (Tc-99m MDP):
 * The pattern of increased isotope uptake on flow, pool, and delayed images corresponds closely to the radiographic extent of the lesion

Pathology

 * Gross Pathology
 * Firm, rubbery, grayish-white to yellow with smooth to lobulated external contours
 * Involvement of the cortex and periosteum is common
 * Cystic degeneration is common
 * Foci of hemorrhage are common
 * Eccentrically located and sparing the medullary cavity
 * Microscopic histology:
 * There are two distinctly different components:
 * Epithelial origin composed of squamous cells and epithelial pearls
 * Mesenchymal origin composed of immature mesenchymal cells and spicules of dysplastic bone

Differential Diagnosis

 * Giant cell tumor
 * Fibrous dysplasia
 * Simple bone cyst
 * Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC)
 * Eosinophilic granuloma
 * Osteomyelitis
 * Osteofibrous dysplasia (ossifying fibroma)
 * Chondromyxoid fibroma
 * Chondrosarcoma

The radiographic features of adamantinoma and osteofibrous dysplasia of the tibia are generally identical.

Adamantinoma, fibrous dysplasia and osteofibrous dysplasia (ossifying fibroma) share many radiographic and pathological features, but their interrelationships are unclear. Sarisozen et al. state that there is an entity known as osteofibrous dyplasia-like adamantinoma (differentiated adamantinoma) that may be a precursor to classic adamantinoma.

Natural History
Adamantinoma usually presents as an intraosseous, intracortical stage I-A sarcoma.

This low-grade, slowly-growing malignancy metastasizes in about 20 percent of cases by both hematogenous and lymphatic routes to other parts of the body, usually to the lungs or nearby lymph nodes. Of these cases, about 15 percent of the patients die.

Young females seem to be at the highest risk for early demise with the average age of death being 33 years compared to 48 years for men.

Treatment
Treatment of adamantinoma is wide surgical excision - neither radiation therapy or chemotherapy is effective. Local recurrence is common if the tumor is not completely removed. Filippou et al. report a case of recurrent adamantinoma with metastasis to the lungs that was successfully retreated with surgical resection of the recurrent tumor and metastases.


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Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Tumors Basic/Ewing sarcoma

Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant tumor that belongs to a broader family of tumors that includes PNET (primitive neuroectodermal tumors). In simple terms, these tumors are all pathologically characterized by the so-called "small round blue cells." Ewing's sarcoma almost always occurs in bone, although other members of the PNET family can occur anywhere. Ewing's is pathologically differentiated from other members of the family on the basis of immunohistochemical staining.

Ewing's sarcoma was described by James Ewing in 1920. Similar tumors were reported earlier than this, but it was the work of Ewing which established that the disease was separate from lymphoma or neuroblastoma.

Clinical Findings
Usually presents in childhood/early adulthood with a peak between 10 and 20 years of age, although it can occur in younger children and older adults. Can occur anywhere, but most commonly in the pelvis and proximal long tubular bones. The metaphysis and diaphysis of the femur are the most common sites, followed by the tibia and the humerus. Thirty percent are overtly metastatic at presentation.

The most common clinical findings are pain and swelling.

Imaging Findings
 Plain Radiographs:  The most common osseous presentation is a permeative lytic lesion with periosteal reaction. The classic description of lamellated or "onion skin" type periosteal reaction is often associated with this lesion.

AP and lateral views of proximal tibia in child with Ewing's sarcoma. Note the permeative lesion with adjacent lamellated periosteal reaction.

 CT:  19 year old male with Ewing's sarcoma of proximal femur, with pathologic fracture. On CT, note the large soft tissue mass anterior to the femoral neck. Evaluation of the extraosseous structures is an advantage of CT over plain films.

 MR:  21 year old male with pain and swelling. Typical MRI findings here (in order T1, T2, and FSE T2 images) show low signal intensity in T1 images and high signal intensity in T2.

 Radionucleotide/PET:  Same patient as above, bone scintigraphy shows the typical increased uptake of radionuclide in the femur at the site of the lesion (there are rare reports of cold" lesions).

Imaging Work-up
Plain films add valuable information in the initial evaluation or screening. The wide zone of transition (e.g. permeative) is the most useful plain film characteristic in differention of benign versus aggressive or malignant lytic lesions. Zone of transition is not useful in MRI.

MRI should be routinely used in the work-up of malignant tumors. MRI will show the full bony and soft tissue extent and relate the tumor to other nearby anatomic structures (e.g. vessels). Gadolinium contrast is not necessary as it does not give additional information over noncontrast studies.

CT can also be used to define the extraosseous extent of the tumor, especially in the skull, spine, ribs and pelvis. Both CT and MRI can be used to follow response to radiation and/or chemotherapy.

Bone scintigraphy can also be used to follow tumor response to therapy.

Differential Diagnosis
Other entities that may have a similar radiologic presentation include osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma (especially telangiectatic osteosarcoma) and eosinophilic granuloma. Soft tissue neoplasms such as malignant fibrous histiocytoma that erode into adjacent bone may also have a similar appearance.

Treatment
Because almost all patients with apparently localized disease at diagnosis have occult metastatic disease, multidrug chemotherapy as well as local disease control with surgery and/or radiation is indicated in the treatment of all patients (2). Treatment often consists of adjuvant chemotherapy generally followed by wide or radical excision, and may also include radiation. Complete excision at the time of biopsy may be performed if malignancy is confirmed at that time.

Prognosis
Staging generally separates localized versus metastatic disease. Most commonly, metastasis occur in the chest, bone and/or bone marrow. Less common sites include CNS and lymph nodes.

Survival for localized disease is 65-70% when treated with chemotherapy. Survival for metastatic disease is 25-30% (3).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Metabolic Basic/Brown tumor

Brown tumors are more common in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, however, due to the increased prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, there are more brown tumors from secondary hyperparathyroidism than form primary hyperparathyroidism. It is difficult to differentiate a Brown Tumor from a giant cell tumor or fibrous dysplasia; however, other signs of hyperparathyroidism should be present.


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Concepts of Computer Graphics/Input Space

In the previous section, we described how we represent digital images in computers. With this understanding, we now know what the final result we are trying to create is. There are many interesting fields of computer graphics that generate digital images, but for the rest of the book, we are going to focus on what we'll call the rendering problem. That is, how do we take a digital representation of geometry, and create a drawing of it in a digital image? Later chapters of the book deal with the cases where we want to create a very photorealistic image or a very quick rendering for interactive applications. For now, we are concerned with understanding how we represent and manipulate the geometry that we will try to render.


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Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Metabolic Basic/Subperiosteal resorption

Subperiosteal resorption is virtually pathognomonic for hyperparathyroidism and is typically seen at the radial aspect of the middle phalanx of the index and middle fingers.

Fig. 1 Subperiosteal resorption as well as acroosteolysis, the next sign of hyperparathyroidism.

Fig. 2 Subperiosteal resorption in a child

Fig. 3 Compare the finger on a patient with hyperparathyroidism, to his normal appearing finger after treatment


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User:Essjay~enwikibooks

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This user is no longer active on Wikimedia.

title: User:Essjay~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Essjay~enwikibooks

 R  E   T   I   R   E   D

This user is no longer active on Wikimedia.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Essjay. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Essjay~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:56, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Essjay~enwikibooks


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Concepts of Computer Graphics/Input Space/Measuring Space

We immediately face a problem very similar to our problem when we were trying to understand how to represent color as numbers in digital form. Specifically, how do we represent a geometric object in digital form?

Most of us are familiar with the Cartesian coordinate system we are taught in school. The Cartesian coordinate system lets us denote the position of objects in space relative to two axes in space. We then locate a point in space by its position along the two axes, where we consider the place where the axes cross to be the "zero" location. Because these axes are abstract ideas that extend infinitely in every direction, it is as if we have created a universal measuring stick for space (specifically a two dimensional plane in this case). It does not matter where we set the axes, or in which direction they point (as long as the axes are at right angles to each other), we can still measure the distances along each axis, and in so doing locate a given point in space.

Thus, if we are given a collection of points, our choice for how we place the Cartesian coordinate system axes is entirely unimportant, the relationships between the points will be maintained.


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Cookbook talk:Stewed Oysters I

page should be split. Kellen 05:20, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, I think the 2nd recipe could just be deleted. The only difference is the fact that it uses some flour to thicken things... everything else is essentially the same. Kellen T 22:25, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Stewed Oysters I


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Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Metabolic Basic/Primary hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroid hormone is the main hormone that maintains a balance of calcium and phosphate in our bodies. When released, parathyroid hormone increases the release of calcium from the bone, reabsorption from the kidney, and secondarily stimulates absorption of calcium from the intestines. It also stimulates secretion of phosphate in the kidney. Hyperparathyroidism is the abnormal secretion of parathyroid hormone.

Clinical Findings
The classic medical school clinical findings are "Stones, Bones, abdominal moans, and psychiatric overtones," referring to renal calculi, bone pain, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, and CNS symptoms (confusion lethargy, weakness). Depending on the etiology, the serum calcium may be elevated and phosphate may be decreased.

Etiology

 * Excessive parathyroid hormone due to a parathyroid gland abnormality
 * 80% parathyroid adenoma
 * 12% parathyroid hyperplasia (rarely from Multiple endocrine neoplasia)
 * 1-3% parathyroid carcinoma

Osteopenia and bone demineralization
Osteopenia and bone demineralization are present in all forms of hyperparathyroidism

===Subperiosteal .Subperiosteal resorption is virtually pathognomonic for hyperparathyroidism and is typically seen at the radial aspect of the middle phalanx of the index and middle fingers.

Phalangeal tuff resorption/acroosteolysis
Acroosteolysis differential diagnosis Mnemonic from The Primer:

 * PINCH FO
 * Psoriasis
 * Injury (thermal/frostbite)
 * Neuropathy (congenital insensitivity to pain, diabetes, leprosy, myelomeningocele)
 * Collagen vascular disease (Scleroderma, Raynaud's)
 * Hyperparathyroidism
 * Familial (Hadju-Cheney)
 * Other (Polyvinyl chloride exposure, snake/scorpion venom)

Subchondral resorption

 * Subchondral resorption
 * Sacroiliac joints
 * Distal clavicle
 * Pubic symphysis

Brown Tumors
Brown tumor are more common in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, however, due to the increased prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, there are more brown tumors from secondary hyperparathyroidism than from primary hyperparathyroidism. It is difficult to differentiate a Brown Tumor from a giant cell tumor or fibrous dysplasia; however, other signs of hyperparathyroidism should be present.

Soft Tissue Calcification

 * Primary > Secondary

Chondrocalcinosis

 * Secondary > Primary
 * Knee
 * Triangular fibrocartilage
 * Symphysis Pubis

Osteosclerosis

 * Secondary > Primary

Periostitis

 * Secondary > Primary

Tendon and ligament laxity

 * May lead to rupture

Renal osteodystrophy

 * General term for the radiology changes associated with renal failure
 * Secondary hyperparathyroidism (as describe above)
 * Also includes:
 * Osteomalacia (Normal osteoid, abnormal mineralization)
 * Demineralized coarsened bones
 * Looser's zones
 * Axillary margin of the scapula
 * Inner femoral neck
 * Ribs
 * Pubic and ischial rami

Fig. 9 Looser's zones in the inferior femoral neck

 * Osteosclerosis
 * Rugger Jersey spine

Fig. 10 Rugger Jersey spine

 * Soft tissue calcification
 * Vascular calcification


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Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Metabolic Basic/Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroid hormone is the main hormone that maintains a balance of calcium and phosphate in our bodies. When released, parathyroid hormone increases the release of calcium from the bone, reabsorption from the kidney, and secondarily stimulates absorption of calcium from the intestines. It also stimulates secretion of phosphate in the kidney. Hyperparathyroidism is the abnormal secretion of parathyroid hormone.

Clinical Findings
The classic medical school clinical findings are "Stones, Bones, abdominal moans, and psychiatric overtones," referring to renal calculi, bone pain, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, and CNS symptoms (confusion lethargy, weakness). Depending on the etiology, the serum calcium may be elevated and phosphate may be decreased.

Etiology
Excessive parathyroid hormone due to an abnormality elsewhere in the body. Most often this is from chronic renal failure where elevated phosphate and +/- decreased calcium lead to chronic stimulation of the parathyroid gland.

Osteopenia and bone demineralization
Osteopenia and bone demineralization are present in all forms of hyperparathyroidism

Subperiosteal resorption
Subperiosteal resorption is virtually pathognomonic for hyperparathyroidism and is typically seen at the radial aspect of the middle phalanx of the index and middle fingers.

Phalangeal tuff resorption/acroosteolysis
Acroosteolysis differential diagnosis Mnemonic from The Primer:

 * PINCH FO
 * Psoriasis
 * Injury (thermal/frostbite)
 * Neuropathy (congenital insensitivity to pain, diabetes, leprosy, myelomeningocele)
 * Collagen vascular disease (Scleroderma, Raynaud's)
 * Hyperparathyroidism
 * Familial (Hadju-Cheney)
 * Other (Polyvinyl chloride exposure, snake/scorpion venom)

Subchondral resorption

 * Subchondral resorption
 * Sacroiliac joints
 * Distal clavicle
 * Pubic symphysis

Brown Tumors
Brown tumor are more common in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, however, due to the increased prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, there are more brown tumors from secondary hyperparathyroidism than form primary hyperparathyroidism. It is difficult to differentiate a Brown Tumor from a giant cell tumor or fibrous dysplasia; however, other signs of hyperparathyroidism should be present.

Soft Tissue Calcification

 * Primary > Secondary

Chondrocalcinosis

 * Secondary > Primary
 * Knee
 * Triangular fibrocartilage
 * Symphysis Pubis

Osteosclerosis

 * Secondary > Primary

Periostitis

 * Secondary > Primary

Tendon and ligament laxity

 * May lead to rupture

Renal osteodystrophy

 * General term for the radiology changes associated with renal failure
 * Secondary hyperparathyroidism (as describe above)
 * Also includes:
 * Osteomalacia (Normal osteoid, abnormal mineralization)
 * Demineralized coarsened bones
 * Looser's zones
 * Axillary margin of the scapula
 * Inner femoral neck
 * Ribs
 * Pubic and ischial rami

Fig. 9 Looser's zones in the inferior femoral neck

 * Osteosclerosis
 * Rugger Jersey spine

Fig. 10 Rugger Jersey spine

 * Soft tissue calcification
 * Vascular calcification


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Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Metabolic Basic/Paget disease

Paget's disease is a chronic progressive focal disease of bone, characterized by excessive resorption followed by excessive formation of bone, with abnormal bone remodeling.

This process results in mosaic pattern of lamellar bone, with extensive local vascularity and increased fibrous tissue in the bone marrow.

Involvement is usually polyostotic and asymmetric, and prefers the pelvis, spine, skull, femur, and tibia.

Three phases:

 * 1) "hot" or "active" phase (osteolytic dominant, with fibrous replacement of marrow and vascular hypertrophy);
 * 2) "mixed" phase (disorganized lamellar bone deposition plus osteolysis; rapid bone turnover);
 * 3) "cold" phase (osteoblastic dominant; pagetoid woven bone replaced by islands of lamellar bone, but haversian systems and remodeling along lines of stress do not occur).

Etiology
Hard to accurately say who is affected because many affected individuals are asymptomatic, but autopsy studies have shown approximately 3% of adults over 40 have the disease.

Unusual under age 40.

Unknown etiology, probably viral.

Clinical Findings
Often asymptomatic, but can have a painful, warm extremity, bowing of long bones, high output CHF, enlarged hat size, sequelae from spinal cord/nerve compression, and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and urine hydroxyproline.

Radiographic Features
Plain films: Lysis typically begins at an epiphysis and slowly advances at rate of a few mm per year to involve entire bone. Classically described as a "candle flame" or "blade of grass" lesion, with lucent osteolytic advancing edge, and sharp transition between normal and involved bone.

Pagetoid (woven) bone forms behind advancing osteolysis, with coarsened trabeculae and overall decreased cortical density. Not uncommon to see insufficiency fractures and deformities because of lack of bone remodeling.

Spine: Classic lesion is the "picture frame" appearance of the vertebral body, with initial widening of the peripheral cortex. This progesses to a dense sclerotic body with continued endosteal progression, and eventually even the posterior elements are involved.

Skull: Commonly involves cranial vault. Well demarcated geographic appearance ("osteoporosis circumscripta") in lytic phase (particularly frontal bones), followed by focal radiodensities with pagetoid bone formation, and finally a thickened radiodense "cotton wool" appearance in the quiescent phase. Basilar invagination can be seen due to insufficiency of the pagetoid bone; subsequent narrowing of neural foramina and foramen magnum can occur.

Pelvis: Thickening of the iliopubic and ilioischial lines early in the disease, with subsequent trabecular thickening and acetabular protrusio.

Long bones: Cortical thickening and bone enlargement. Bowing of tibia and femur

CT: Can demonstrate dense enhancement of very vascular lesions in the lytic phase. Cortical thickening and typical "swiss cheese" appearance of bone are also well demonstrated.

 * Bone scan:
 * Helpful in determining extent of disease.
 * Extremely hot in lytic phese; can be cold if inactive (uncommon).
 * Increased radiotracer uptake usually abuts on joint and extends distally.

Complications
Fractures: Secondary to insufficiency, often incomplete.

Neoplasm: Sarcomatous degeneration is rare (<1%), but more likely with extensive disease

Differential Diagnosis
Main consideration is metastatic disease, which much more commonly involves ribs than Paget's.

Treatment
Goal is to arrest the osteolytic process.
 * 1) Calcitonin (inhibits bone resorption)
 * 2) Disphosphonates (inhibit demineralization)
 * 3) Mithromicin (cytotoxic antibiotic)


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Biblical Studies/Christianity/ECCEHOMO

Latin Word Pictures Line 5 −     and the purple robe. And [Pilatus] said to them:         Behold the man. Notice the superlineation of line 4 IHS (Latinized Greek letters) is not a line as the first and primary hand in the main work, but something of an umlaut by the secondary hand (ca. 10th century) and accidentally or on purpose the two dots represent the two missing letters "su" in the Latin word Iesus. The continuation of a form of the written abbreviated sacred name or nomina sacra from Hebrew or Aramaic traditions of the unpronounceable name of God ( DS or DEO in Latin) was an early trademark of Christianity.

title: Biblical Studies/Christianity/ECCEHOMO


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Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada

Contributors lounge Contributors lounge

Welcome to the Contributors lounge — here we discuss how to create an even better Wikibook.

Ada Development Environment
I propose to add a section just after the section "Building an Ada Program" (see "Program in Ada" / "Getting Started"):

Ada Development Environment

It should give advice about infrastructures, tools, methodologies...

 * I think it's a good idea, feel free to add a new section. In the future, if the contents grow a lot maybe it should be moved to a new chapter (with more advanced topics, instead of introductory ones). Cheers —surueña 11:32, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

Reorganization of categories
Hello, I've been ordering a bit the categories. For example, until now both /Interfacing pragmas and /Representation pragmas were direct subcategories of :, but I've moved them to a new /Pragmas to reduce the number of subcategories in the main one, and for easier navigation of that topic. The same for the /Ada 2005 feature and /Ada 2005 incompatibilities (now under the new /Ada 2005), and so on.

In addition, I was thinking on separating the categories related to Ada characteristics with internal categories specific to the wikibook maintenance, like /Maintenance, /Print version, or /Templates, to ease navigation through the categories and also to reduce misunderstandings. For example, C++ programmers would think that /Templates is related to generic programming, but actually it just contains all the wikibook templates used in the book. That is, to clearly separate chapters of the training material from those pages just interesting to contributors.

My proposal is to rename those categories with the "Wikibook:" prefix, e.g. /Wikibook:Maintenance. If no objections are made, I volunteer for the task, of course ;-) Cheers —surueña 11:26, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree with the proposal in general but not about the naming. I think that copying the syntax used by Mediawiki for namespaces is a bit confusing. I'd rather name them with subpages, that is /Wikibook/Maintenance,/Wikibook/Templates, etc. On the other hand, I see that other books are not so internally subcategorized, and moreover see this category and what it does mean: /Templates. ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 12:17, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Good point, maybe that pseudo-namespace prefix can be misleading. I have asked for more opinions at Reading room/General, maybe there's even an existing policy in place. In addition, I've broadened to topic for normal contributor's pages as well, not just categories. With respect to /Templates, this category was created at August 2009 whereas /Templates is from December 2008, so maybe they just copied our convention... ;-) —surueña 14:22, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I like the proposals discussed, are certainly better than my original one and we also follow the usual conventions. So what about:
 * No need to rename any category, just move the internal maintenance categories to new category /Wikibook (I prefer that name than /Contributing, I think it's more generic):
 * /Templates
 * /Maintenance
 * /Print version (well, maybe this one should still hang from the main category, what do you think?)
 * Move Talk:Ada Programming/Contributing to WikiProject Ada (shared for all Ada-related wikibooks)
 * Move Talk:Ada Programming/Contributing/Discussion to Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada
 * Move Talk:Ada Programming/Contributors lounge to WikiProject Ada/Contributors lounge
 * And this is also much easier and less work! If you agree, I can handle it in a moment. Thanks again for your help! —surueña 12:12, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree completely with your proposal. Regarding /Templates date, I'm not surprised. In many ways we have inspired some developments in other books. We are leading the way! Take a look at Template:C++ Programming/kw (started, an adaptation of Template:Ada/kw) Not sure about /Print version, but in case of doubt leave it as it is. In fact it is book content. ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 19:37, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Even simpler, you could move Talk:Ada Programming/Contributors lounge to Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada. – Adrignola discuss 20:57, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Done! So finally:
 * created new category /Wikibook to organize the internal templates and maintenance categories (/Print version and /Figures are classified both into the : and /Wikibook because are relevant for readers and contributors).
 * Talk:Ada Programming/Contributing moved to WikiProject Ada
 * Talk:Ada Programming/Contributors lounge moved to Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada
 * Talk:Ada Programming/Contributors lounge/Archive 1 moved to Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada/Archive 1
 * Talk:Ada Programming/Contributors lounge/Archive 2 moved to Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada/Archive 2
 * Talk:Ada Programming/Contributing/Discussion moved to Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada/Archive 0
 * The advantage of directly moving the contributors lounge to the wikiproject's talk page is that now the discussion pages are centralized into this very page and Talk:Ada Programming. Thanks again for your great ideas! Cheers —surueña 19:14, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Should we change how to format code samples in future?
When the project started WikiBooks did not support syntax highlight for code so we implemented and we needed to use crude way of syntax highlight using templates. However this has changed and we might want to update the code samples to make use of new features. I see the following options:

Current technique
Advantage: all keywords are links

Disadvantage: Code needs to be converted with Vim-script. ; Hello Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line("Hello, world!"); Hello;

=== using

using
Advantage: all keywords are links, code and output shown.

Disadvantage: Code needs to be converted with Vim-script, disruptive colours.

Hello Ada.Text_IO; Put_Line("Hello, world!"); New_Line; Put_Line("I am an Ada program with package use."); Hello;

=== with and | }} Krischik T 09:07, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure. I guess if most examples are short then keyword links might be more useful than syntax highlighting. Such as if interface is used. Or perhaps keyword links can be used for examples with more exotic keywords. 92.40.204.136 (discuss) 09:21, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is a good point. And length is not that much of a problem as the conversion is done via Vim-Script (or similar). It would need to be updated to include the new Ada 2022 keywords. Krischik T 15:32, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The links to keywords, and also to standard packages, are important, in my opinion; but, definitely, we should facilitate editing and for that, it is much easier to use the `source` tag. So, I'd keep the template code in the short snippets used for teaching, and use the `source` tag for longer examples.
 * One thing we might consider is changing the colors of the template code to match the ones of the `source` tags. In that case, the visual consistency of the book would be better. The only disadvantage that I find is that the only clue for the keyword/package links would require hovering.
 * By the way, I'm using ASnip by GorgeUbuasha, which also gives good results and can be invoked from the editor (Emacs in my case). ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 18:56, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * By the way, to judge the syntax highlighting of both options, one should use all the templates for the template version (there are templates for strings and comments, although we are mostly using only the ones that provide links).

Templates: Hello Put_Line New_Line Put_Line Hello

Source tag: ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 19:18, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I've implemented the homogenization of the colours in the wikibook in Spanish, where I'm the only one remaining editor. I think it looks great and would like to implement the same thing here, if you don't disagree. I've also added links in the string and comment templates to the corresponding book pages where strings or comments are explained. See an example here: https://es.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programaci%C3%B3n_en_Ada/Unidades_predefinidas/Ada.Text_IO.Editing And here is an example of a page where a first code snippet is using templates, and the Standard package specification using the  tag: https://es.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programaci%C3%B3n_en_Ada/Unidades_predefinidas/Standard ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 18:27, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Ada


text:
Category:Fig recipes

Recipes involving figs.

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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lucius Malfoy

Overview
Lucius Malfoy is the father of Draco Malfoy.

Philosopher's Stone
Lucius is briefly mentioned in passing by Draco at the beginning of the book.

Chamber of Secrets
In Knockturn Alley, Harry observes Lucius and Draco Malfoy in Borgin and Burke's, where Lucius is apparently selling some Dark Magic items. Harry, who entered the store unseen through the Floo network, is hiding inside a large black cabinet, watching the transaction.

Back in Diagon Alley, Lucius Malfoy meets Harry and Ginny Weasley at Flourish & Blotts, and makes some disparaging comments about the Weasley family's poverty; Arthur Weasley, arriving on the scene, gets into a physical altercation with Lucius which is broken up by Rubeus Hagrid.

Late in the school year, Lucius exerts his influence as a school governor to have Albus Dumbledore suspended as Headmaster. Lucius visits the school to personally deliver the suspension, and Harry is present when Lucius speaks to Dumbledore inside Hagrid's hut.

After Ginny is rescued from the Chamber of Secrets, Professor Dumbledore is reinstated, to Lucius' apparent anger; apparently several school governors had the impression that unless they voted to remove Dumbledore, Lucius would curse them. Dumbledore then warns Lucius that serious legal consequences await anyone caught aiding or attempting to aid the Dark Lord. It is revealed that Lucius had intercepted Ginny at Flourish & Blotts specifically to plant Tom Riddle's old diary in her cauldron. Harry tricks Lucius into freeing his House-elf, Dobby. Lucius tries to fatally curse Harry but Dobby defends Harry saying Lucius won't harm him.

Finally, it is mentioned that Lucius has been sacked as a school governor.

Prisoner of Azkaban
After Draco Malfoy is injured in Hagrid's Care of Magical Creatures class by Buckbeak, Draco spends considerable time in the Hospital Wing. On his return, he taunts Harry and Ron, saying that his father can get Hagrid sacked.

As it turns out, he cannot; the hearing, just before Christmas, exonerates Hagrid. However, Lucius can get Buckbeak's part in the case referred to the Committee for the Disposal of Magical Creatures. Despite Hagrid's being coached by Harry, Ron, and Hermione, Hagrid reports that Lucius came across as much smoother and was better able to state his case to the Committee. As a result, despite Hagrid escaping punishment, the Committee had ordered Buckbeak executed.

Goblet of Fire
Lucius attends the Quidditch World Cup with his wife, Narcissa and their son Draco. Apparently, he has been invited to the Top Box by Cornelius Fudge on the strength of a recent donation to St. Mungo's. Lucius and Arthur Weasley have a barbed conversation in the Top Box at the Quidditch World Cup.

In the riots after the Cup, there is a strong suggestion that Lucius may be one of the hooded wizards rampaging through the campsite and tormenting the Muggle owner.

When Draco Malfoy Curses Harry in the Entrance Hall, he is seen and punished by Professor Moody. Later, taking Draco to see his Head of House, Moody comments that Draco's father is "an old friend". Moody being an Auror, and his intonation being threatening, one can see that Moody believes Lucius to have been a Death Eater.

When Lord Voldemort is resurrected, he summons his remaining Death Eaters. One of the Death Eaters speaks with Lucius' voice; it is he who asks how Voldemort had managed to return.

When Harry returns from the graveyard, and describes what happened there, he names Lucius Malfoy as one of the Death Eaters there present. Cornelius Fudge refuses to believe this, saying that Malfoy was an old, established Wizarding family, and had always donated to all the right charities.

Order of the Phoenix
As Harry is leaving the courtroom with Arthur, after his hearing, he sees Cornelius Fudge and Lucius Malfoy in the Atrium. As usual, Arthur and Lucius exchange heated words, ended by Lucius excusing himself to Fudge's office; evidently Lucius is there to make another donation to some worthy cause.

When Sirius Black accompanies Harry, Ron, and Hermione to the train station to see them off to Hogwarts, his Animagus dog form is recognized by Lucius Malfoy, who apparently passes this information on to Draco. This suspicion is strengthened by a story Hermione finds in the Daily Prophet a week later, suggesting that Sirius had been spotted in London.

Harry later has one of his disturbing dreams, in which he seems to be looking through Voldemort's eyes. In this one, he is speaking to one Rookwood, who Harry later recognizes as a recent escapee from Azkaban Prison. Rookwood tells him that Avery's plan could never have worked, which is why Bode had fought so hard when Lucius had put him under the Imperius curse. Discussing this dream the next day, Harry remembers that Lucius had been hanging around near the entrance to the Department of Mysteries, where Bode worked, on the day of his hearing. Hermione remembers that Sturgis Podmore had been arrested on the day that they had all left Grimmauld Place for school, and speculates that Lucius may have placed him under the Imperius curse to try and get Podmore to steal whatever it was that Voldemort was after.

Lucius is one of the Death Eaters, and apparently the leader, in the battle at the Ministry. Lucius is the spokesman of the group of twelve Death Eaters that surround Harry and try to convince him to hand over the Prophecy, and is the one who reins in Bellatrix when she threatens Harry directly. Once Harry and his friends escape from the Death Eaters, Lucius instructs them to split into pairs to search the Department, pairing himself with Mulciber; however, we do not see either of them during the chase. The Death Eaters, including Lucius, corner Harry in the room of the Veil, but just before Harry surrenders the Prophecy, members of the Order of the Phoenix arrive, and Lucius is possibly stunned by Nymphadora Tonks. He later recovers and has a brief duel with Harry before Remus Lupin intervenes and begins dueling him. Judging by the fact that we do not see him again, and Remus appears a few seconds later, we believe that Lucius lost the duel. Following the battle, Lucius is arrested and sent off to Azkaban.

Draco blames Harry for Lucius' arrest, and is prepared to curse Harry in retaliation, but is interrupted by the arrival of Professor Snape and Professor McGonagall.

Half-Blood Prince
Lucius has been convicted of being a Death Eater following the Battle at the Ministry in the previous year, and sentenced to life imprisonment in Azkaban. As such, we don't actually see him in this book.

Deathly Hallows
When we first see Lucius in this volume, he is at a council of Death Eaters, which has been convened in Voldemort's new headquarters, Malfoy Manor. He, with his wife Narcissa and son Draco, are seated far down the table, distant from Voldemort, as a sign of their decreased status within the organization. Much to her dismay, Bellatrix is seated near them. It would appear that the Malfoy family is in disgrace: Lucius had first lost the Diary Horcrux, and then bungled the battle at the Ministry and been sent to Azkaban, and now was essentially under house arrest in his own home. Draco had performed half of his mission but then funked the second half, the previous year. And Narcissa had broken the rule about talking with other Death Eaters about missions, not only with Draco, but with Severus Snape. Voldemort, having determined that he likely would be unable to defeat Harry using his own wand, demands that Lucius give him his wand, as he won't be needing one. He taunts Lucius' apparent brief hope that it would be a trade. To test the power of Lucius' wand, Voldemort uses it to kill Charity Burbage.

When Voldemort determines which of the six Harry Potters escaping from Privet Drive is the true Harry, he attempts to use Lucius' wand to kill Harry. The attempt fails, however, with Harry's wand, apparently all on its own, sending out a burst of golden fire that causes Lucius' wand to shatter.

When Harry, Ron, and Hermione, along with Dean Thomas and Griphook are brought to Malfoy Manor, their captors call on the Malfoys to identify them before summoning the Dark Lord. Summoned by Lucius, Narcissa is unable to identify Harry, and orders Draco to look; Draco is also uncertain. Bellatrix by and large takes charge of proceedings at this point and Lucius retreats into the background.

At the battle of Hogwarts, Hermione calls on Harry to find out where Voldemort is. Harry senses that he is in the Shrieking Shack; a hang-dog Lucius is with him. Lucius is asking after Draco, his son. Voldemort replies that he should have left the school and joined him with the other Slytherins. Lucius asks him to stop the battle, so that he can be sure to kill Potter himself. Voldemort says that this is simply an attempt by Lucius to save his son, and sends Lucius to find Snape.

In Snape's memories, Harry sees that when Snape was Sorted into Slytherin house, he was greeted by then-prefect Lucius Malfoy.

When Harry returns to the forest to face Voldemort and his destiny, Lucius is present, though far away from the center of the gathering.

His last appearance is in the Great Hall, after the battle. He is with Narcissa and Draco, standing somewhat apart from the celebrations around them.

Strengths
While Lucius is considered to be on the "other" side from Harry Potter, he does have some admirable strengths. Lucius is known to be very intelligent; he was a prefect back in his Hogwarts days, and is a rich, successful businessman in his adult life. He has a smooth, charming manner that enables him to read people and he usually gets what he wants from them. He is calculating, intuitive, and strong.

Though we never directly see Lucius participate in any actual dueling, we can deduce from his past that he has strong leadership skills; he was one of Voldemort's most trusted Death Eaters before Harry Potter was born, and Lucius was selected to lead the raid against Harry Potter in the Hall of Prophecies in the fifth book, Order of the Phoenix. Though this battle marks the beginning of Lucius's fall from Voldemort's grace, Lucius's charisma is undeniable.

Perhaps Lucius's greatest strength is his ability to love. J.K Rowling was quoted as saying "anyone who is still capable of love is redeemable." Unlike the other Death Eaters, Lucius puts his family first and cares far more about his wife and son than serving Lord Voldemort. While his sister-in-law Bellatrix Lestrange admitted she would be perfectly willing to sacrifice any of her children to the service of the Dark Lord, Lucius has no interest in sacrificing his son Draco. When Lucius is freed from prison by Voldemort, he is visibly panicked and miserable when he learns of Draco's mission to kill Dumbledore (under pain of death if he fails). During the final battle at Hogwarts, all Lucius wants to do is find his son and keep him safe; he begs Voldemort to let him find Draco, is refused, but does so anyway as soon as he gets the chance. Lucius does not even attempt to fight against the Order in this battle; all he cares about his finding his wife and son and protecting them. Hence, Lucius has another strength: he can prioritize what matters most to him, and what matters most is his family.

Lucius has a fairly good relationship with his son Draco; Draco obviously respects and loves his father, as he gets violently angry when Harry calls Lucius a "loser" in the sixth book after Lucius is sent to Azkaban. The same can be said for Lucius's wife Narcissa; she becomes furious when Bellatrix insults Lucius in the beginning of the sixth book. Thus, Lucius has a good enough relationship with his wife and son that they love him and will defend him fiercely.

Lucius is a complex character; we see a steady change in him throughout the series, and in the end, his love is his greatest strength, and it is what keeps him alive.

Relationships with Other Characters
Lucius Malfoy is married to Narcissa Malfoy. They have one son, Draco Malfoy. We are never sure of the exact feelings between father and son until the final book, where we learn that Lucius fears that Draco has come to harm in Hogwarts. Prior to that, the only interaction between them we had witnessed was in Borgin and Burkes, where Lucius seemed to be bullying Draco.

Lucius' wealth and status secures him influence over high level Ministry officials including Cornelius Fudge. However, he does not appear to have any true friends.

Lucius is particularly hostile to Arthur Weasley, insulting him about his low level in the Ministry, poverty and fondness of Muggles.

We see Lucius patting Severus Snape's shoulder when Snape is Sorted into Slytherin House. There are implications throughout the series of the two being friends or at least close acquaintances. Narcissa herself refers to Snape as "Lucius's old friend" and she herself seems very familiar with him implying that the Malfoys have some level of intimacy with him that goes beyond that of fellow Death Eaters. Severus has been described by Sirius as Malfoy's lapdog and Lucius seems to have informed Severus that he recognized Sirius in his dog form. Another telling example is the way Snape reacts to Harry implicating Lucius as one of the Death Eaters he saw after the rebirth of Lord Voldemort. Still it it unknown how close the two actually are as we do not see them together very often.

Analysis
Lucius is one of the more interesting characters in the series, as we see enough of him to be aware of how he is changing as the series continues. In the beginning, he is smooth, assured of his own superiority over the rabble surrounding him. We know that a lot of this is buying influence; this is drawn particularly into focus when, after the return of Voldemort, Harry starts naming the Death Eaters who had come to his side, and Cornelius Fudge protests that Lucius can't be a Death Eater, as he makes hefty donations to all sorts of worthy causes. We see this start to crack when Voldemort returns; Lucius is put on the spot immediately, as Voldemort asks why he had run when the Dark Mark had appeared in the sky at the Quidditch World Cup, and why he, unlike the Lestranges, had not tried to find out where Voldemort had gone. He is still able to put on a good façade, though: we see him talking with Fudge after Harry's hearing, and he is then apparently about to donate a lot of gold to some charity.

As his plans fall apart around him, he collapses inwards into himself as well; when we see him in the beginning of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, he seems little more than a shell of himself. He does not protest when Voldemort demands his wand, not even when Voldemort says he will have no further use for it. Wandless, he cannot fight at Hogwarts, though he is present; Voldemort keeps him around as a messenger, and apparently intends to humiliate him. At the end of the book, when we see him, he seems to be quietly thankful that he and his family were allowed to remain alive; there is no sign of his old confidence.

The interaction between Lucius Malfoy and the Weasleys should, perhaps, be mentioned as well. Lucius was certainly guilty of prejudice against Muggleborns, but the Weasleys were Purebloods also, so Lucius probably was more irritated at the Weasley affinity for things Muggle, perhaps most especially a friendship with Hermione, rather than any racial prejudice against them as a family. As Arthur's job had to do with Muggle life, Lucius would have seen the Weasleys as blood traitors, especially as Arthur was able to get some laws enacted protecting Muggles from the worst Wizards. It is certainly true that Lucius used Arthur's relative poverty against him, something which adds to our perception of him as a bully.

Questions

 * 1) Lucius Malfoy, when we first formally meet him in Flourish and Blotts in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, makes very cutting comments to Ginny Weasley, and later to Arthur Weasley. Were Lucius' comments to Ginny simple prejudice, or were they intended to increase the likelihood of Ginny's running afoul of the diary and its contents? If the latter, exactly how much did Lucius understand of the diary's nature when he concealed it in Ginny's other purchases?

Greater Picture
While examining Lucius can be rewarding, he does remain largely in the background of the series, except in the second book where he deliberately plants the diary in Ginny Weasley's book bag. We are never entirely sure whether Lucius knew that the diary was one of Voldemort's Horcruxes. Apparently, according to what we learn later, Lucius had been told that the diary was a source of disruption, intended to be left somewhere like Hogwarts. Voldemort had, however, neither informed him of its exact nature, nor given Lucius instruction to part with it. While some Death Eaters knew of Voldemort's Horcruxes, as Regulus Black apparently did, we are led to believe that Lucius did not know that the diary was one. As such, when Voldemort learns of the destruction of the diary, he is enraged. Lucius' fall from grace in Voldemort's eyes can likely be traced from the time Voldemort learned of the destruction of the diary, which seems to mark the first of a series of failures: his attempt to use the Imperius curse to retrieve the Prophecy, first on Sturgis Podmore and later on Broderick Bode, fails, as does the mission he leads into the Ministry to get it via Harry, which results in Lucius himself being locked up.