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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outreach/Christian Grooming & Manners

1. What well-balanced combination of strengths did Jesus develop as a youth? (Luke 2:52)
This verse indicates that Jesus grew mentally (wisdom) as well as physically (stature). He also grew spiritually (in favor of God) and emotionally (in favor of men). These four aspects of personal growth are the focus of the Adventist education system as well as the Pathfinder program.

2. According to Psalm 8, what estimate does God place on your personal worth?
The New International Version translates Psalm 8 as follows:

This is saying that God sees man as the crowning (most significant) act of His creation. He made us a little lower than the angels in importance and gave us the charge to rule and manage the rest of his creation.

3. Are names important to God? Does He know your name? (Isaiah 43:1, Exodus 33:17, Isaiah 45:4)
These three verses are quoted from the New International Version:

Names are important enough to God that He has protected His own name in the Ten Commandments. He knows each of us by name which also signifies His personal interest in us individually.

a. The proper way to talk to adults
Children should address adults using the words Mr, Mrs, and Miss outside of church, or Brother, Sister in a church setting followed by that person's last name. They should avoid using an adult's first name unless it is also used with a last name. For example, "I talked to John about borrowing his tools," would be considered disrespectful, but saying "I talked to John Smith about borrowing his tools" or "I talked to Mr. Smith about borrowing his tools" shows proper respect.

When speaking to an adult (or anyone else), do not mumble. Avoid slang. Be sure to use such words as "sir," "ma'am," "please," and "thank you." Make eye contact.(in some cultures)

b. How to address people and make proper introductions
When addressing adults, again it is respectful to use their last names, as in "Mr Smith" or "Miss Jones." When making introductions, say a woman's name before a man's. If they are both the same gender, use the older person's name before using younger person's.  For example, you would introduce Mr. Smith and Miss Jones by saying "Miss Jones, I would like for you to meet Mr. Smith." Be sure to allow room so that they may shake hands. You would introduce Mr. Smith to your friend William by saying "Mr. Smith, this is my friend William." You may then tell something about William: "William and I have known each other since the third grade."

c. Questions to avoid
Do not comment on any physical defects in a person, or ask personal questions:

 * "When did you last have a shower?"
 * "Don't you think you should try to lose a little weight?"
 * "How much money do you make?"
 * "How old are you?" (When speaking to someone older than you)
 * "How is your mother?" (If mother died.)

d. How to think of pleasant things to say

 * Think of something that has happened to you in the recent past that you found pleasant and talk about that.
 * When talking to adults with children or grandchildren, ask about them.
 * Ask where the person grew up and what it was like there.
 * Ask if the person has a pet, and if so, what that pet's favorite thing to do is.
 * Tell about a recent Pathfinder event, such as a campout or a club meeting.
 * Tell about an honor that you have enjoyed earning, and what you had to do to earn it.

e. How to show concern for the feelings of others
One way to show concern for others during a conversation is to practice active listening. In active listening, you restate what the other person has said to you, but in different words. If you misunderstand what was said and restate it incorrectly, your partner in conversation will know and can clarify. Active listening is one way to let the other person know that you are indeed listening.

One mistake that people often make in conversing is changing the subject before the partner was ready to. For example:

Bad Form
 * Alice: "My sister was in a car accident yesterday."
 * Bob: "That's too bad. Did I tell you I'm at level 147 in Fortnite now?"
 * Alice: "She broke her finger
 * Bob: " I don't care at all"

Better Form
 * Alice: "My sister was in a car accident yesterday."
 * Bob: "Your sister was in an accident? Is she OK?"
 * Alice: " She broke her finger."
 * Bob: " I hope her finger heals soon."

It is also important to show concern for the person before considering other ramifications:

Bad Form
 * Alice: "My sister was in a car accident yesterday."
 * Bob: "Really? She still owes me five bucks!"
 * Alice: " She broke her finger
 * Bob: Hahaha that's funny!"

Better Form
 * Alice: "My sister was in a car accident yesterday."
 * Bob: "I'm sorry to hear that. Did she go to the hospital?"

f. What to say when you answer the door
When answering the door, if the visitor has come to speak to an adult in the family and he is known to you, invite him in while you get the person requested. If the visitor is unknown, kindly ask him to wait until you can get the person requested. If no one else is home, tell the visitor so only if you know the visitor, and ask if you can relay a message for him.

g. How to answer the telephone correctly
When answering the phone at home, nothing beats this old classic: "Hello?" It is also good to say after this greeting the period of day, that is:

There is no need to give out personal information by saying "Anthony residence, this is Susan," nor do you need to tell them the number they have just dialed. A simple "Hello" and a smile in your voice is all you really need.

Bad Form: "What?!"

Good Form: "Hello"

Bad Form: "What do you want?"

Good Form: "Hello, who is it?"

When answering for a business, the rules change. In this case, you are expected to answer with the name of the company, as in "Campy Rockets, how may I help you?"

If you ever need to answer the phone at your church, you should answer the same as if it were a business: "Northside SDA Church, how may I help you?". You don't need to say your name, unless the person on the other end of the line asks to whom he/she is speaking.

5. If you want to use your gift of speech to God's glory, what should your prayer be? (Psalm 19:14)
==6. List seven points showing the power of correct posture. Check your posture and body profile. Demonstrate how to stand and sit correctly. Read Education, by Ellen G. White, page 198, paragraph 3, and note the benefits mentioned that come to you as a result of correct posture. == Good posture does the following:
 * 1) Provides optimal balance.
 * 2) Optimizes breathing.
 * 3) Affects the circulation of bodily fluids.
 * 4) Reduces back pain.
 * 5) Protects the joints from strain.
 * 6) Expresses confidence.
 * 7) Is considered an integral part of physical attractiveness.
 * 8) Improves the body's ability to carry heavy loads.
 * 9) Protects against spinal deformity as a person ages.

Education, page 198, paragraph 3 reads as follows:
 * "Among the first things to be aimed at should be a correct position, both in sitting and in standing. God made man upright, and He desires him to possess not only the physical but the mental and moral benefit, the grace and dignity and self-possession, the courage and self-reliance, which an erect bearing so greatly tends to promote. Let the teacher give instruction on this point by example and by precept. Show what a correct position is, and insist that it shall be maintained."

Sitting
The spine has four normal curvatures. From top to bottom they are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curves. The upper three of these should be aligned as shown in the image to the right when sitting. To get them into this position, do the following:
 * Sit in a chair with your buttocks touching the back of the chair.
 * Do NOT Slouch forward.
 * Straighten up and accentuate the lumbar curve arching our shoulders back. Hold this position for a few seconds.
 * Release and relax, drawing your abdomen back into a comfortable position, but with your shoulders still straight and back.
 * Make sure your weight is distributed evenly on both hips.
 * Keep your feet flat on the floor. Your knees should be level with your hips or a bit higher.  If you cannot do this and keep your feet flat on the floor, adjust your chair (if it is adjustable) or use a smaller chair.
 * Do not cross your legs.

If working at a computer, your forearm should extend directly in front of you and remain horizontal. The wrists should arch downwards towards the keyboard. You may need to use a wrist support to help you with this.

Source: http://www.globalspine.net/correct_sitting_technique.html

Standing
When standing, the spine should follow all four curvatures as in the image above. Observe the following points:
 * Hold your head up with your chin in.
 * Thrust the chest forward and the tummy tucked in.
 * Keep your knees straight.
 * Make sure your pelvis is not tilted (neither forward nor back).
 * If standing for a long period of time, rest one foot on a slightly elevated surface, such as a step. If working in the kitchen, you can open the cabinet door and rest your foot on the lower shelf.
 * Do not stand in the same position for a long period of time. You should change positions every 5 to 15 minutes.

Source: http://www.globalspine.net/correct_standing_position.html

7. Give two reasons why physical fitness is important and explain the relationship between proper diet, exercise, and weight control.
Exercise keeps your organs functioning properly, avoiding blockages and poor circulation. A healthy diet is also important for weight control. Excessive weight will cause diseases.

On average, the number of calories you consume should equal the number of calories you burn. Calories enter the body through the things we eat and drink - in other words, from the diet. Calories are burned by physical activity. The more physically active you are, the more calories you will burn.

If you consume more calories than you burn, you will gain weight. If you burn more calories than you consume, you will lose weight. If your caloric intake equals your caloric expenditure, you will maintain your current weight. This applies no matter what your weight is. There is no weight beyond which a person cannot get any heavier (unless the excess weight results in death, as it often does).

Importance
A person with poor hygiene is unpleasant to be around. Foul odors, dirty clothing, and gross things stuck between their teeth have a tendency to drive people away. Most people will not take a habitually unclean person seriously, and will instead do everything they can to avoid that person. It is very difficult to be an effective witness for your faith under these conditions.

Social cues
Be on the lookout for social cues that indicate you may have a problem. If someone is continually averting their eyes from you, or you find them staring at some part of your face other than your eyes, discretely excuse yourself and have a look in a mirror. Check your teeth, and make sure your face is clean.

If a person offers you a piece of gum or a breath mint, it may be a polite way of curing your bad breath. The proper response is "Thank you." Accept the breath freshener without asking why it was being offered. Perhaps you'd rather not know!

9. Describe the proper way to wash your hair and care for your "hair tools."
Wet your hair thoroughly, being sure it is wet all the way to the scalp. Pour of shampoo into the palm of your hand, and then work it into the hair to form a lather. Lather the hair until all surfaces have been washed. Rinse thoroughly - if any shampoo is left in the hair, it will dry in place forming clumps of yellowish flakes.

Comb or brush your hair immediately after washing it, and again several times through the day. Longer hair needs more frequent care. Very short hair may not need combing at all. When you are finished combing or brushing, run water over the comb or brush to clean it. Over time, a comb will collect a build-up of dirt which is difficult to rinse off. When this happens, run the teeth of the comb through the bristles of the brush. Rinse both.

Do not share a comb, brush, hat, or other headgear with another person, as this can help the spread of lice.

10. Describe the proper care for your hands and fingernails.
Hands should be washed frequently throughout the day, especially after using the restroom. Germs and viruses are spread by hand-contact, and washing them is an effective way to prevent their spread. Be sure to use soap on the palms, fingers, the back of the hands, and under the fingernails, and rinse well. Many people avoid handwashing because it dries their hands, but this is really an effect of improper rinsing. If you find that handwashing still dries your skin even after thorough rinsing, apply a lotion. It is even more important to wash dried, cracked skin, as the cracks offer an entry for germs into your system. Drink plenty of water to keep your skin hydrated.

Fingernails should be trimmed neatly using nail clippers. Do not chew the fingernails or tear them off. Clean beneath the nails whenever you see dirt under them.

11. Know the importance of daily "soul-grooming" and of building a Christian character and why "belonging to Christ" makes a difference in the way you dress and act.
"Soul-grooming" is done through daily communion with God. Any relationship is built by communication, and we communicate with God through prayer and by reading His Word. It is best to start the day by talking to the Lord, asking Him to be with you through the day. Time spent praying over specific temptations you face will better prepare you to resist that temptation.

"Christian character" is demonstrated when you do the right thing even when it is difficult. Be in the practice of always telling the truth, and put the feelings of others ahead of your own desires. This will add compassion to your character.

Knowing that you belong to Christ will give you a sense of self-worth and confidence. After all, Christ died for you, so He must feel you were worth that sacrifice. Because He has forgiven you of your sins, you will want to treat His other children with love and respect. You will find yourself wanting to lead others to Him, and help them resist temptation.

People go through several important physiological changes during the pre-teen and teen years. They find that their sexual desires begin to waken, and sometimes they may find them difficult to control. Dressing modestly will help others to control these desires, while dressing suggestively and engaging in flirtation can unnecessarily excite a person of the opposite sex. When you belong to Christ, you will not willingly become a stumbling block to another person's salvation. You will find your self-worth anchored in being a child of the King rather than through gaining the attention and acceptance of other people.

Scriptural Guidelines
The longer one thinks about sinful things, the more likely that person is to engage in that activity. Philippians 4:8 recommends against impure thoughts.

Adultery and sexual immorality are any sexual activities that take place outside the marriage.

This text tells us that adultery is a sin that a person can commit in private. Do not entertain ideas of sexual immorality, even in your own private thoughts.

Dating
When inviting a person on a date, it is better to immediately reveal what you have in mind rather than asking if the person is busy. Asking if the person is busy may cause them to feel cornered. After admitting that they are not busy, they will feel trapped if they do not like the plans you are proposing.

Make sure you go to the door when you arrive. It is rude to stay in the car and honk the horn, Honking the horn will also disturb the neighbors. If invited inside to meet the parents, do so as pleasantly as you can.

Do not attempt to get your date to do anything you know violates either his/her or your own sense of morality. Pay attention to your date during your time together. It is rude to invite someone on a date and then spend most of your time together focusing on someone else (of either sex). It goes without saying that you should never flirt with someone else during the date.

When the date has concluded, escort your date back to the front door. Don't just dump her out of the car at the curb. Make sure you return home at the appointed time. Doing otherwise will make you look bad to your date's parents, and may get your date into trouble. This will not reflect well on you.

==13. List four reasons why your face is important to you, and show how the way you exercise and sleep can improve your facial appearance. What relationship do thoughts have to facial "print-out"? Describe proper facial care. ==

Importance
Reasons why your face is important: a It is the first thing that others see when they look at you. b It is the first thing that you see (when you look in the mirror). c It is one of the main communicators of your emotions. d Most people define "cute" or "handsome" based on the way a person's face appears. e People recognize you more by your face than by any other part of your body. Your face defines you.

Sleep and Exercise
Because your face is so central to who you are, you should take care to make it look its best. Lack of sleep will not only make you tired, it will make you look tired too. Regular (and sufficient) sleep will keep you from looking tired all the time. Regular exercise will do this too, because if you exercise regularly, you will not only be more fit, you will have more energy.

Facial Print-out
People can adopt a facial expression as a voluntary action. However, because expressions are closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary. It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions, even when it would be strongly desirable to do so; a person who is trying to avoid insult to an individual he or she finds highly unattractive might nevertheless show a brief expression of disgust before being able to resume a neutral expression. The close link between emotion and expression can also work in the other direction; it has been observed that voluntarily assuming an expression can actually cause the associated emotion.

Facial Care
The most important aspect of facial care is regular and frequent cleansing with soap and water. Begin by wetting the hands and face with water, then lather the hands with soap and apply to the face. Work the soap by rubbing over the face. Then rinse thoroughly. If desired, apply lotion to moisture the skin, but little proof exists that this provides any health benefits at all.

==14. Know the rules of table etiquette which make it easier for you and those around you, such as what to do with your knife and fork after using them. Know how to be a welcome dinner guest and a joy to your hostess. == Table manners are the etiquette used when eating. This includes the appropriate use of utensils. Different cultures have different standards for table manners. Many table manners evolved out of practicality. For example, it is generally impolite to put elbows on tables since doing so creates a risk of tipping over bowls and cups. Within different families or groups, there may be less rigorous enforcement of some traditional table manners of their culture while still maintaining others. For example, some families ignore elbows on the table or mixing of foods.

Table Layout

 * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right.
 * Salad fork, knife, and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork, and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.
 * The sharp edge of the knife blade faces the plate.

General Behavior

 * Always chew with your mouth closed.
 * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.
 * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table.
 * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time.
 * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating.
 * Do not play with food or table utensils.
 * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners.
 * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. It is acceptable, however, to rest forearms, up to the elbow, on the table.
 * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table.
 * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating.
 * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize after returning.

Utensils

 * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, French fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. At more formal occasions, it is acceptable to eat asparagus or some romaine lettuce dishes with ones hands. However, as this is an obscure etiquette rule, in more casual settings, it is customary to use utensils.
 * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion—either is now acceptable.
 * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth.
 * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward.
 * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl.
 * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap.
 * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands.
 * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show.
 * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)

Dining

 * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten.  Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered.
 * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon.
 * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you.
 * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right.
 * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon.
 * Hot drinks should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool them.
 * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.

At the end of the meal

 * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate.
 * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done.
 * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, and never when attending a formal dinner.

15. List ten principles to help you overcome self-consciousness and social embarrassment.
The most important thing for a Christian to remember is that no matter how awkward they are, the Ruler of the Universe loves them and gave His life for them.

Spend some time preparing for a social event. Make sure you are clean, your hair is clean, and combed, and your breath is fresh. Put on a clean set of clothes before setting out, and wear deodorant or antiperspirant. Antiperspirant will keep you from sweating. Deodorant will keep your sweat from smelling bad.

It also helps to recognize that you are not the only person who may feel self-conscious in a social situation. Every other boy and girl your age will also be worrying about doing something goofy, so the chances are pretty good that if you make an embarrassing error, everyone else will be so preoccupied with themselves that they do not notice.

Still, sometimes you will do something embarrassing, and others will notice. In this case, it is best to acknowledge your fault, admit embarrassment, and try to see the humor in the situation. That can be very hard in the heat of the moment, but if you can pull it off with grace, people will be quick to forgive, and they will not think poorly of you.

So here are ten principles to remember:

 * 1) Christ died for you
 * 2) Make sure your hair is clean and combed.
 * 3) Make sure your face and body are clean
 * 4) Wear deodorant/antiperspirant.
 * 5) Brush your teeth and have a breath mint or sugar-free gum
 * 6) You are not the only self-conscious person
 * 7) People are unlikely to be focusing on you
 * 8) Admit your mistakes
 * 9) Admit your embarrassment
 * 10) A little humor goes a long way

16. Demonstrate two exercises that will improve your posture.
Many different exercises might be chosen to improve different aspects of one's posture, but in light of proper posture as detailed in requirement 6, the following two exercises are chosen as especially important for young women:

1. Lying on your back
Lie on your back on the floor with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor.

 * Use your abdominal and gluteal (buttock) muscles to roll your bottom a little and press your lower back against the floor.
 * Maintain the pressure for 5 – 10 seconds and slowly let go.
 * Repeat 10 times.

Try to do the same exercise while standing with your legs straight and against a wall.

This exercise strengthens the abdominal and gluteal muscles and helps to focus on the pelvis position in order not to exaggerate the lumbar lordosis (an inward curvature of the lumbar and cervical segments of the spine) as is often seen with young women and girls, giving them lot of problems during pregnancy with peri-partus-pelvic pain.

2. Sitting on a chair

 * Lift your arms to a horizontal position
 * Swing them slowly outwards and backwards as far as possible.
 * Repeat 10 times.

This exercise strengthens the muscles of the back of your shoulders, stretches the muscles in the front of your chest, and thus works towards lesser thoracic kyphosis (curvature of the upper spine) and makes more room for your lungs and heart.

17. Know how to choose a hairstyle that makes you look your best.
The choice of a hairstyle is a personal one, but if the goal is to look your best, the generally accepted advice is to style it to even out the shape of your head and face. A girl with a long, narrow face should not choose a hairstyle that makes her face look a little wider. A girl with a round, wide face should not use her hair to lengthen her face by not exposing more of her forehead and not adding height.

18. Tell the proper style of clothes to wear if you are tall, plump, short, or thin or have a heavy hipline or full bosom.
The most important aspect for a Christian woman to consider when choosing her clothing is modesty. Immodest clothing will make it difficult for young men to control their thoughts.

Stripes can be used to emphasize or play down height or width. Vertical stripes emphasize height while playing down width, while horizontal stripes emphasize width while playing down height. Therefore, a tall, thin girl should wear horizontal stripes, and a short, plump girl should wear vertical stripes. Tall girls may not wish to wear shoes with high heels, while shorter girls may benefit from them.

A girl with a weight problem should not wear tight clothing as that accentuates her problem. Loose-fitting clothing is always a better choice.

19. Demonstrate the correct way to put on a coat or outer wrap.
This requirement assumes that the young lady will be assisted with her coat or wrap by a young man. In this case, the young man should remove the coat from the hanger and hold the coat along the shoulder seams (he should grasp the right shoulder seam with his right hand and the left seam with his left hand so that the back of the garment is facing him).

16. Tell how to have well-groomed hair and how to choose a hairstyle that makes you look your best.
Wash your hair regularly, and comb it several times between shampooing. Hair at any length should still be washed daily or every other day.

The choice of a hairstyle is a personal one, but if the goal is to look your best, the generally accepted advice is to style it to even out the shape of your head. This helps in finding suitable touches for everyone.

17. List clothing rules and the proper style of clothes to wear if you are tall and thin, or short and chubby.
A tall, thin boy should wear a shirt with horizontal stripes, and a short stocky boy should wear a shirt with vertical stripes. Horizontal stripes emphasize width and play down height. Vertical stripes emphasize height and play down width.

18. Tell why Christians should practice good manners. Demonstrate how to seat a girl or woman at a table and how to properly escort her from home to a social function.
Christians should practice good manners because they are ambassadors of Christ. Rudeness on the part of a Christian reflects poorly on all Christians.


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QEMU/Windows XP

Why run Windows in QEMU
GNU/Linux, OSX and FreeBSD are fine operating systems, but sometimes you just need to run Windows programs. This can be achieved in several different ways, for example:

 * Wine will run some Windows programs directly in Linux/OSX/*BSD
 * rdesktop gives you a remote desktop from a Windows computer running on Linux/OSX/*BSD
 * Dual booting allows you to select which OS to run when you start your computer
 * QEMU lets you run Windows as just another program running under Linux/OSX/*BSD

The first three options have some major advantages, especially performance, but are not always practical. Some Windows programs won't run in Wine, or at least not properly; rdesktop requires you to have access to Windows running on another computer; dual booting means you can't run your operating system's native programs while you're running Windows.

If you have a legitimate, licensed copy of Windows XP Pro, you can create a QEMU image and run Windows on your Linux/OSX/*BSD computer. NB: you might not be able to use an OEM copy of Windows XP, as it might be locked to the hardware it came with (not the hardware that QEMU is emulating).

Added by another reader: There really isn't much of a difference between OEM windows and retail windows. The difference may surprise some users, but in your setup.ini file that is in the directory folder 386 is a pid. That pid can be changed to turn a retail copy to an OEM or vice versa. OEM is not coded to any hardware, but the keys for OEM are different. I have two legal OEM keys and no disc. This is how I found out; a lot of users run into this problem because discs are not always given out with a machine, but often copied to a directory and users tend to lose them to hard drive malfunctions or forget it's there then borrow or download an ISO image of Windows XP to find out they can't use their key. Well you can by changing the pid. So I believe that you could use your OEM Windows XP as well as the retail version with QEMU. Since only a few numbers and letters in the ini file is the difference.

Reader Footnote: Please be aware that some OEM branded Windows included product branding and some even had very limited driver sets. It is less locked to the hardware than lacking wide support. Usually drivers can be found from manufacturer sites.

Creating an image
The basic setup instructions work well for creating a basic Windows XP image for QEMU. To make things a little easier, copy the Windows XP disc to an ISO image so that you can easily hook it back into the system (e.g. to install additional networking components such as IIS web server.)

Be aware that 3 GB might not be enough, depending on what software you will be installing under Windows, and it isn't easy expanding an NTFS partition with software installed on it. A better base size would be 10 GB, however, with a little tweaking of virtual memory and hibernation settings a basic Windows XP will run on 3 GB. Storing data files on Linux/Unix and accessing them via SAMBA also helps reduce the requirements for larger QEMU image files.

Optimising the image
Even with the KVM kernel module, running Windows under QEMU can be aggravatingly slow. While straight code runs quickly, system calls that need to be emulated (especially to the video card) can make things seem very slow and sluggish. This can be easily improved by turning off some of the GUI bling that Windows XP introduced. Open the System Properties applet from the Control Panel, select the Advanced tab, and open the Performance settings. See the image at right for some examples of settings that you can turn off to improve performance, or just turn them all off by selecting "Adjust for best performance". NB: if you connect to your Windows XP image using RDP (remote desktop), these settings will be picked for you by default anyway; RDP is probably the fastest way to get a Windows XP desktop visible in other operating systems, but requires some networking configuration (see below).

While you've got the System Properties applet up, you might as well also turn off System Restore. This chews up some more resources, and you can probably do without it if you keep backup copies of your images (always a good idea!)

Another thing you probably don't need is Windows Update. You can always activate an update when you are good and ready, so why let Windows initiate one while you're trying to get something done in Windows under QEMU? NB: If you will be doing any Internet browsing from within the Windows XP image, especially with Internet Explorer, it is highly dangerous to disable Windows Update completely. It may be safer to schedule updates for a fixed time, or to use the "Download updates for me, but let me choose when to install them" option.

Unless you want to test hibernating / restoring the system with some custom software, you will probably want to turn off hibernation. This will free up some disc space, as much space as the RAM you allocate QEMU (so probably 256 MB or more). When working on space-constrained images, that can be very welcome space to get back.

If you have a few different QEMU images of Windows XP, e.g. to test different versions of software or support different development environments, you can shift the Windows pagefile to another disc image and share it. NB: you can only share a pagefile if you only have one QEMU instance running at once! Create a simple pagefile image with raw format using, format it to NTFS from Windows XP in QEMU, and move your pagefile across to the new drive in the System Properties applet.

You might want to run a virus scanner on your Windows XP image (and you probably should!) If you do, remember to turn off automatic updates to improve the startup time. Just also remember to run the update sometimes! NB: As with Windows Update, completely disabling the automatic update feature of a virus scanner is highly dangerous if you will be doing any Internet browsing from within the Windows XP image. If your software offers a scheduled update feature, it would be safer to set the schedule to a non-interrupting time, rather than rely on memory for this task.

Networking
If you are only going to use network resources external to your Windows XP guest OS, then you probably don't need to do anything special to get networking up and running. QEMU will provide user mode networking by default, giving the guest OS access to TCP and UDP based networking that your Linux/unix host has access to. By default, Windows XP will turn on DHCP and thus automatically be assigned an IP address by QEMU's virtual DHCP server (with an address starting at 10.0.2.15)

This setup will allow you to access the Internet from your guest OS, and let you map Windows drives to SAMBA shares on your real-world network or the virtual SAMBA server in QEMU (10.0.2.4). If you need to test web pages in Internet Explorer, for example, you will be able to browse to them on the Internet, or by typing in the network IP address of your Linux/Unix host if you have them hosted locally. To access the network resources by name named only in host files, edit the local host file in Windows:

notepad \windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts

If you need to access network resources on your Windows XP guest OS from your Linux/Unix host, you will need to do a little more work. User mode networking shows how to configure QEMU to forward ports to the guest OS for Windows file sharing and serving web pages. If you want to keep maintaining some ASP websites, but don't want to leave the comfort of your Linux/Unix desktop and its tools, you can use this technique to allow you to mount a Windows file share on your QEMU guest OS under your host OS. Just share the folder  with the appropriate permissions, and you should be good to go.

If you need a more complex network setup with all ports available without port forwarding, you'll need to get into TAP interfaces or sockets.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: QEMU/Windows XP


text:
File:QEMU XP performance options.png

Licensing
/Images

title: File:QEMU XP performance options.png


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/printf

printf
The printf function prints output to stdout, according to format and other arguments passed to printf. The string format consists of two types of items - characters that will be printed to the screen, and format commands that define how the other arguments to printf are displayed. Basically, you specify a format string that has text in it, as well as "special" characters that map to the other arguments of printf. For example, this code

displays the following output:

Hello Bob, you are 21 years old

The %s means, "insert the first argument, a string, right here." The %d indicates that the second argument (an integer) should be placed there. There are different %-codes for different variable types, as well as options to limit the length of the variables and whatnot.

A field-length specifier may appear before the final control character to indicate the width of the field:
 * h, when inserted inside %d, causes the argument to be a short int.
 * l, when inserted inside %d, causes the argument to be a long.
 * l, when inserted inside %f, causes the argument to be a double.
 * L, when inserted inside %d or %f, causes the argument to be a long long or long double respecively.

An integer placed between a % sign and the format command acts as a minimum field width specifier, and pads the output with spaces or zeros to make it long enough. If you want to pad with zeros, place a zero before the minimum field width specifier:

%012d

You can also include a precision modifier, in the form of a .N where N is some number, before the format command:

%012.4d

The precision modifier has different meanings depending on the format command being used:

 * With %e, %E, and %f, the precision modifier lets you specify the number of decimal places desired. For example, %12.6f will display a floating number at least 12 digits wide, with six decimal places.
 * With %g and %G, the precision modifier determines the maximum number of significant digits displayed.
 * With %s, the precision modifier simply acts as a maximum field length, to complement the minimum field length that precedes the period.

All of printf's output is right-justified, unless you place a minus sign right after the % sign. For example,

%-12.4f

will display a floating point number with a minimum of 12 characters, 4 decimal places, and left justified. You may modify the %d, %i, %o, %u, and %x type specifiers with the letter l and the letter h to specify long and short data types (e.g. %hd means a short integer). The %e, %f, and %g type specifiers can have the letter l before them to indicate that a double follows. The %g, %f, and %e type specifiers can be preceded with the character '#' to ensure that the decimal point will be present, even if there are no decimal digits. The use of the '#' character with the %x type specifier indicates that the hexidecimal number should be printed with the '0x' prefix. The use of the '#' character with the %o type specifier indicates that the octal value should be displayed with a 0 prefix.

Inserting a plus sign '+' into the type specifier will force positive values to be preceded by a '+' sign. Putting a space character ' ' there will force positive values to be preceded by a single space character.

You can also include constant escape sequences in the output string.

The return value of printf is the number of characters printed, or a negative number if an error occurred.

 * Related topics: fprintf - puts - scanf - sprintf


text: User talk:76.20.59.97

title: User talk:76.20.59.97


text: User talk:24.175.73.134

title: User talk:24.175.73.134


text: Category:Book:Knowing Knoppix

title: Category:Book:Knowing Knoppix


text: Category:Book:Slackersbible

title: Category:Book:Slackersbible


text: Category:Book:QEMU

title: Category:Book:QEMU


text: User talk:220.225.53.35

title: User talk:220.225.53.35


text: User talk:203.200.180.10

title: User talk:203.200.180.10


text:
XForms/Application Builder

Motivation
You want to create a form that captures the specifications of an application that manages data saved from a form.

Method
Many times the resources needed to create an application are very similar. Many applications need basic operations such as:

 * 1) Create a New Record
 * 2) Read (view) a Record
 * 3) Update a Record
 * 4) Delete a Record
 * 5) Search for Records

These applications (sometimes referred to as a CRUD application for Create, Read, Update, Delete) are created over and over and frequently a pattern emerges. This pattern can be used as the basis for a specification and we can then build an XForms application to capture that specification.

This example assumes that the user wants to do these operations on a simple form and guides the user through a series of questions. A series of defaults is assumed but the user is allowed to override these defaults when the requirements differ from the standard.

The phrase "convention over configuration" is frequently used to describe a series of built-in assumptions about the default behavior of an application. If the developer of the application knows these conventions a highly functional initial application can quickly be created.

This form starts asking a series of questions, some of which are input fields, some check boxes and some text descriptions. Some input fields are referenced later in the application using binding rules. These binding rules are the conventional behavior of the application.

After the application specification is complete a "Generate Application" function can be executed. This will take the application specification file and execute a series of scripts on the server. Here are a sample of some actions that can be taken by these server-side build scripts. In this example we are using terminology from native XML data stores with XQuery REST interfaces but there are similar actions for RDBMS stores

 * 1) Create Default Collections
 * 2) data collection for XForms instance data
 * 3) edit collection for XForms editors (any forms that lock resources
 * 4) views collection for storing read-only views
 * 5) search collection for searching form instance data
 * 6) schemas collection for XML Schemas
 * 7) Create Application Template Files
 * 8) edit.xq - XForms editor for new records and updating records (generated form the XML Schema)
 * 9) new-instance.xml - default data for a new record
 * 10) search-fomn.xq - Generates an XForms application for searching
 * 11) search.xq - XQuery for searching records - return an HTML results page
 * 12) list-items.xq - A one-line summary of each XForms instance
 * 13) view-item.xq - A one-line summary of each XForms instance

As you can see the actions are the creation of server-side collections and files that are parameterized by the form instance.

Similarities to Ant Build Scripts
The application builder server-side script is similar to Apache build scripts in several ways. With Ant a series of folders and files are created when a build script is executed.

title: XForms/Application Builder


text: User talk:134.83.1.233

title: User talk:134.83.1.233


text:
Trainz/Scenarios (Scripted Activities)

 * Trainz-scenarios will be an unsupported type in Trainz/Trainz: A New Era (TANE) (post-TS12 64 bit release of Beta 'Community Edition' by download December 2014, Standard Edition (also a Beta) arrived May 2015; 1st Service Pack improvements expected end of Summer 2015.

Scenario Introduction
A scenario in fiction has a well understood connotation as the circumstances consisting of a backstory and a situation which a protagonist must somehow deal. This broad definition while applicable in the same broad sense in Trainz, actually has two mechanisms of presenting the game-play aspect of Trainz, that is the Gameplay in the software suite: a task which an operator is supposed to perform in a Driver session, a Goal, or Problem. In short a quest with a mission to master. A well written one presents aome kind of scoring of 'Points' to measure your performing self against both a standard, and your own high score. Also well written ones present a clear outline of the task, its end conditions, and assumes the Driver (Us) knows nothing of the Route/Layout ahead of time. Most fail that criteria. Further, well written ones allow one to reopen the instructions and refresh the memory and compare the names (sometimes odd to the ear) to the minimap labels. They also present situational modifiers, it was an unforgettable experience to once drive a Freight to a Schedule only to realize a misidentification of where the consist was (resulting in backing down speed considerably for about four or five minutes) required the Driver to play catch-up—but whilst careful to stay below the posted speed limit, the Session writer didn't bother to tell us the rules in that country automatically decrement at certain ranges of speed, meaning a Freight had to stay 10, 15 or 25 mph under the speed posted limit when and if it fell into those range brackets. Like many such problem missions, this one deducted points for speeding. Would you ever forget the experience of bringing the Freight into the final couple of stops on time, completing it and finding your final score was -384 (down from 800+ when last noticed/checked!) The older of these game-play quest sequences was in fact called a scenario by Auran in 2001-2002 (hereafter called a 'Trainz-scenario'), while the newer mode is called a session. From the standpoint of game-play to the Driver in Trainz there is virtually no difference save one: They show up differently in the Driver menu. From the standpoint of creation of one or the other, the difference is vast.
 * The first Game-play in Trainz

Trainz-Scenarios are interactive scripted activities for a user to operate in the Trainz Driver GUI module—the most game-like of the varied kinds of entertainment offered by the software system. They invariably have targeted completion goal or state, and many are written to provide scoring allowing a Driver an opportunity to compete with others or best her previous best score. They vary in nature considerably, some providing step-by-step instructions for each stage of an operation (e.g. Tutorials on how to run Trainz), others merely displaying the details of an objective and leaving it to user to devise a method of achieving it. 'Shunting puzzle scenarios', perhaps the most realistic Trainz Driver 'quest' or 'problems' model 'typical Railroad operations'  tend to adopt the latter style. Some 'schedule keeping challenges' follow the terse mode, presenting a single schedule at the start up of a driver situation. A wide variety of different events can be triggered within a Trainz-Scenario. It is possible to display HTML text and images, and to play sounds, add trains 'out of the blue' as traffic (not visible on the map just moments before), or change load states of rolling stock. In the earliest Trainz, Trainz-Scenarios which are written using TrainzScript.exe, a separate utility no longer shipped as part of releases beginning with TRS2006, the based scenario was necessary for filling coal cars or other such loads 'off camera' and so were well suited to mirror the reality of many shortline or yard engine 'switching' operations where the locomotive engines pick up and drop off cars at various locations and return the loaded or unloaded rolling stock to a collection yard or sorting yard where it is appropriately shunted into or taken from a longer regional train. But TRS2004 also introduced interactive industries (in 2003) and the Session editor and driver rules improvements, while still fully supporting the Trainz-Scenario. Versions since might be best considered as 'read-only' implementations where a downloaded Trainz-Scenario can still be played, but not written.

Trainz-Scenarios were introduced with the release of to the original Trainz release as well as in Trainz UTC, and are one of the main improvements that make many veteran Trainzers consider that Trainz 1.3 version a second separate major release. Scenarios were fully supported in TRS2004, as an alternative back-compatible mode of scripting activities … even as the release introduced the new more generalized Sessions'. They are only partially supported in TRS2006 and Trainz Classics through the newest Trainz Trainz 2012, meaning existing sessions will (usually) still run if imported or downloaded, but the TrainzScript software utility has neither been updated and has not been bundled as part of those newer releases because the 'Session' is more flexible, and can do everything the older Trainz-Scenario technology could do. In other words (compare above vs scenario): " Trainz-Sessions are interactive scripted activities for a user to operate in the Trainz Driver GUI module—the most game-like of the varied kinds of entertainment offered by the software system".

Some Methods Of Creating Scenarios

 * TRS2004 owners can use the built-in method of creating the initial structure of a scenario, then using a text editor program to write the necessary coding. This method involves programming in GameScript, which is a "C"-like language with numerous extensions.
 * Both TRS2004 and TRS2006 owners can use the SCS (Scenario Creation System) program which is offered as freeware by the Trainz Pro Routes third-party Trainz fansite. There are separate versions of SCS for TRS2004 and TRS2006. SCS aims to make the scenario creation process as straightforward as possible but even then some considerable effort will be required. Full manuals are available for SCS.

An Overview Of TRS2004 Scenario Creation
The GameScript API (Application Programming Interface) documentation can be found in the "Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 " which can be downloaded from Auran's web site. Some familiarity with the concepts and individual functions listed in this document is vital.

The following is a highly simplified overview of what is inherently quite a complicated procedure. To keep things as simple as possible, it omits many details.

Open the relevant layout in Surveyor.

Add any desired trackmarks, triggers and other trackside objects. Trains can be created at trackmarks. Events will be triggered when trains enter triggers. Do not save the changes to the layout.

In the Surveyor menu, invoke the "Export Scene Data" option and choose a suitable name for the new scenario.

Close Surveyor. Once again, do not save the changes to the layout.

A new folder will have been created in C:\Program Files\Auran\TRS2004\World\Custom\scenarios folder with the name that you specified in Surveyor. This newly created folder will contain the files which form the basis for the scenario.

The TSO (trackside object) file contains the details of the modifications to the layout which are individual to this scenario, for example the additional trackmarks and triggers that you added in Surveyor.

Using a text editor, open the scenario's config.txt file. The kuid-table will already include the layout. You need to add the rolling stock assets that the scenario uses, for example: (How!!!)

If you wish, also embellish the description text.

Using a text editor, open the gs (GameScript) file. By default this file contains a daunting amount of coding, almost all of which should be left unmodified. You need to add additional sections of code in the correct places.

In the "create consist specs" section, add coding to specify the rolling stock which makes up each train when it is initially placed on the layout. The following example has one train consisting of an AN830 Class loco pulling one QLX louvre wagon:

In the "create consists" section, add coding to place the trains at trackmarks. The following example places a train made up of the "PlayerTrainKuids" consist specification at a trackmark named TM01:

In the "gameplay" section, above the "scenarioDone = true;" line, add coding to set some initial parameters and perform the scenario's actions. The following is a very simple example which merely allows the user to drive the PlayerTrain and nothing else.

In the above example the "while" loop will wait forever until the user exits the scenario. A real scenario would normally complete properly and shut down without user intervention being required.

No compilation is required. Once the gs file is correctly created, the scenario can be run. In practice, there is usually a need for numerous iterations around the editing and testing cycle.

Comparisons to programming languages

 * Some Comments Regarding &  for people familiar only with traditional BASIC or Visual BASIC, and no other high level computer languages:

In Trainz, objects internally pass messages between themselves. These internal messages are not seen by the user. GameScript coding can generate internal messages and also detect and receive internal messages. Each internal message has four properties: its source, its destination, its major (i.e. its major message type) and its minor (i.e. its minor message type). While this message passing concept can be ignored by the beginner, it is often featured in the Auran documentation and therefore worthy of mention here.

One final vital piece of advice: start with something really, really simple. Making a train appear on a track is in itself a very considerable achievement for someone starting to learn GameScript.

Example #1: IF Statement Example #2: FOR Loop Example #3: WHILE Loop Example #4: Variable declaration and initialisation Example #5: Declare an array Example #6: Define a user-defined function

title: Trainz/Scenarios (Scripted Activities)


text:
User talk:Jupp Pitter

Welcome, !

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. -- Herby talk thyme 13:19, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jupp Pitter


text:
Java Web Application Development With Click Framework

Click Framework is a modern Jakarta EE web application framework, providing a natural rich client style programming model. Click is designed to be very easy to learn and use, with developers getting up and running within a day.

Highlights

 * Very easy to learn
 * Component and Page Oriented design
 * Event base programming model
 * Automatic form rendering and client/server side validation
 * Page templating
 * Velocity and JSP page rendering
 * High performance

The design philosophy behind Click is best summarized in the Swedish word lagom which translates to not too little or too much, but optimal.

If you want to dive straight into some code examples see the /Introduction/.

Otherwise if you want to know why anyone would want to build another web application framework read /Why Click/?

The Click project has been lead by Malcolm Edgar, and has included contributing developers Phil Barnes, Ahmed Mohombe, Naoki Takezoe, Christian Essl, Stephen Haberman and Bob Schellink.

Click was hosted by SourceForge and later by Apache (ASF).

Table of Contents

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) /Why Click/
 * 3) /Pages/
 * 4) /Controls/
 * 5) /Configuration/
 * 6) /Quick Start/
 * 7) /Best Practices/
 * 8) /Extras/
 * 9) /Building/
 * 10) /ClickIDE/
 * 11) /Velocity/

Appendices

 * /Appendix A: FAQ/
 * /Appendix B: Examples/
 * /Appendix C: Click DTD/
 * /Appendix D: API/
 * /Appendix E: Cheat Sheet/


text:
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text:
Metabolomics/Introduction to Metabolomics/History

Back to Book Table of Contents: Metabolomics Next chapter: Metabolites Go to: Relationship to Traditional Metabolism

Ancient China
The beginning of metabolomics traces back all the way to 2000-1500 B.C.when traditional Chinese doctors began using ants in order to evaluate the urine of patients to determine if the urine contained the high glucose of diabetics. At this time, others tasted the urine for sweetness in order to check for the same thing. Urine was also a factor in determining diabetes in Ancient Egypt where it was determined by frequent urination. This earliest use of body fluids to determine a biological condition can be considered the first early uses of metabolomics.

Galen and Metabolomics
More early steps towards metabolomics came in 300 B.C. when the ancient Greeks first recognized that it was essential to examine body fluids (called humor at the time) in order to predict diseases. From here the next step in the path of Metabolomics was in 131 A.D. when Galen created a system of pathology that combined the humoral theories of Hippocrates with the pythagorean theory. This theory that was formed by Galen was unchallenged and remained standard until the 17th century.

Metabolomics After the Scientific Revolution
As the 17th century began Santorio Sanctorius became the man who is considered to be the founding father of metabolic studies. In 1614 he published work that he had done on "insensible perspiration" in De Statica Medicina and he determined that the total excretement (urine, feces, sweat) was less than the amount of fluid ingested. His work was the first to obtain physical data and provide quantitative basis of pathology based upon precise studies and instrumentations. The next step in the evolution of metabolomics came in 1674 when Thomas Willis, a physician from England, performed the first analysis of urine and he found that people with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus could be distinguished based solely upon the sweetness of their urine. His research was taken one step further by Matthew Dobson in 1776 by evaluating the urine from diabetics and identifying that there was sugar in the urine of individuals with diabetes.

The 20th Century
By 1905 J.J. Thomson of the University of Cambridge developed the first mass spectrometer. Also in this year there was more work in determining what other things were in urine and Otto Knut Olof Folin reported that methods for analysis of urine for urea, ammonia, creatine, uric acid. His findings were all published in one issue of Physical Review. The next step in the path to modern Metabolomics came by 1946 when Felix Bloch of Stanford and Edward Purcell of Harvard simultaneously published the first NMR in the same issue of Physical Review. The separation of metabolites through chromatography also made the study of metabolomics possible. As chromatographic separations were discovered and made possible in the 1960's the ability to study individual metabolites was made possible and the technical aspects of the field were made possible.

Robinson and Pauling
With the necessary instruments in place there was a small gap of time until 1971 when Mamer and Horning performed the first mass-based metabolomic experiments. Shortly after they began their work Modern Metabolomics began to form when Arthur B Robinson and Linus Pauling investigated biological variability being explained by ranges of nutritional requirements. By studying early chromatographic separations in urine he found that the chemical constituents of the urine were loaded with useful information. The first paper on Metabolomics, though not called metabolomics at the time, was by Robinson and Pauling in 1971. It was titled "Quantitative Analysis of Urine Vapor and Breath by Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography" and was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Robinson went on to publish 19 more papers, and along with colleagues they identified diseases, conditions, and physiological age based on the data that they found. This research was another ground breaking finding, and it led the way for a new discovery in 1990, when hydrophilic interaction chromatography was introduced for the separation of peptides, nucleic acids, and other polar compounds, which was then used in the research of metabolism as well.

Coining the Term
At this point there was a good basis of what metabolomics would become, but it still was not called metabolomics. In 1998, the term metabolome was introduced by In 1998 the term metabolomics finally came to be when it was used by S.G. Oliver and his colleagues in their published literature in Trends in Biotechnology (its citation is Oliver, S. G., Winson, M. K., Kell, D. B. & Baganz, F. (1998). Systematic functional analysis of the yeast genome. Trends Biotechnol. 16, 373-378).

The Future of Metabolomics
In the future metabolomics will most likely be based on finding biomarkers in order to determine when disease is present in an individual biological system. Since there is already a use of biological keys to determine disease, such as glucose in urine means diabetes, or high cholesterol being more susceptible to heart disease, so it is clear metabolomics can take advantage of biochemical pathway knowledge. Currently metabolomics is focusing on specializing on 20-100 different metabolites, and although this is just a small portion it is making strides in discovering biomarkers. There is presently a speculation that metabolomics is the key to finding universal biomarkers for diagnosing disease. This has already been begun in experimentation as in the case for biomarkers for reversible myocardial ischemia which can be found through metabolomics, rather than through genomis or proteomics. This is because there is a sign of 60% to 70% rise in citric acid cycle components when there is a restriction of cardiac flow to the heart. These metabolomic changed can be found in the plasma of the blood and that this is a good new biomarker to find signs of somebody suffering from this disease. With some diseases already being diagnosed by these metabolomic biomarkers they could easily become the future of medical detection to diseases.

The Human Metabalome Project
Less than one per cent of metabolites are measured in clinical tests such as blood and urine analyses, leaving medical professionals without a comprehensive picture of patients' health. The Human Metabolome Project led by Dr. David Wishart of the University of Alberta, Canada completed a first draft of his research on the human metabolome, which consists of 2500 metabolites, 1200 drugs and 3500 food components.The project had started in 2004 with $7.5 million in funding and involved 53 scientists. The first draft was finished on January 23, 2007. The findings have been archived on a freely accessible web resource called the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB). In addition to this work on endogenous metabolites, the group has identified and cataloged nearly 1200 drugs (now archived in DrugBank) and is working to complete a similar database on food additives. The group is using advanced methods in NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, multi-dimensional chromatography and machine learning to facilitate this work.

There are two common components of the present research in metabolomics:

(1) Metabolites are profiled without any bias to any specific group of metabolites

(2) Relationships between metabolites are characterized, currently this is done through multivariate methods.

Web Site #1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite

General Overview

 * The purpose of this resource is to give an overview of metabolomics. It goes into the different aspects of metabolomics, including metabolomes, metabolites, metabonomics, history, analytical methods and applications of it. Although this does not go into details it is a great site in order to gain a basic knowledge of the subject matter in order to understand what you are reading when you go into more in depth articles about metabolomics.

New Terms

 * Proteomic Analysis: Large scale study of proteins, particularly their structure and their function. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics)
 * Transcriptomic: Study of the sets of all the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that are produced in a population of cells. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptomics)
 * Metabolome: Complete set of small-molecule metabolites found within a biological organism. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite)
 * Metabolites: All the intermediates and products of metabolism. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite)
 * Metabonomics: The quantitative measurement of the dynamic multiparametic metabolic response of a living organism to pathophysiological stimuli or genetic modifications.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite)

Course Relevance

 * This is applicable to our studies in Biochemistry Metabolism in many different ways. As we have studied metabolism in class we went through the different processes of metabolism and looked at all of their metabolic intermediates (Metabolites). The Metabolomics studies the different pathways that a metabolite can go through, which is what we went through in class. A metabolic intermediate of one process can easily feed into another one because they are linked. For example, Glucose-6-Phosphate, is an intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and many other pathways as well. This link between all of the different pathways in the metabolism is what is referred to as metabolomics.

Relevance to History

 * The process of actually doing metabolomics has been used for hundreds of years but until recently was not a separate entity of science. The separation of metabolites through chromotagrophy is what has made the study of metabolomics possible. As chromotographic separations were discovered and made possible in the 1960's the ability to study individual metabolites was made possible and the technical aspects of the field were made possible. Modern Metabolomics began to form in the 1970's when Arthur Robinson was investigating biological variability being explained by ranges of nutritional requirements. By studying early chromotagraphic separations in urine he found that the chemical constituents of the urine were loaded with useful information. The first paper on Metabolomics, though not called metabolomics at the time, was by Robinson and Pauling in 1971. It was titled "Quantitative Analysis of Urine Vapor and Breath by Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography" and was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Robinson went on to publish 19 more papers, and along with colleagues they identified diseases, conditions, and physiological age based on the data that they found. It took 20 years for Robinson's research to really catch on and in the 1990's the idea blossomed and the term metabolomics was formed(the first paper to use the term metabolome was in 1998 and its citation is Oliver, S. G., Winson, M. K., Kell, D. B. & Baganz, F. (1998). "Systematic functional analysis of the yeast genome. Trends Biotechnol. 16, 373-378"). Despite the fact that the term began to be used in the 1990's the actual study of metabolomics wasn't actually promoted until 2004 and on January 23, 2007 the Human Metabolome Project, that had been led by Dr. David Wishart of the University of Alberta, Canada completed a first draft of his research on the Human Metabolome, which consists of 2500 metabolites, 1200 drugs and 3500 food components.

There are two common components of the present research in metabolomics:

(1) Metabolites are profiled without any bias to any specific group of metabolites

(2) Relationships between metabolites are characterized, currently this is done through multivariate methods.

Web Site #2
http://masspec.scripps.edu/metabo_science/timeline.php

General Overview

 * The general purpose of this web site itself is to explore the Mass Spectrometry of Metablomics. It gives different sections that are links to resources on metabolomic events, readings on metabolomics, data bases of metabolites, and data analysis tools. The main focus on this site is to show how Mass Spectrometry is used in order to analyze metabolomics, and in order to identify metabolites through the use of mass spectrometry.

New Terms

 * Mass Spectrometry:  Analytical Method that measures the mass to charge ratio of charged particles. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Spectrometry)

Course Relevance

 * Although this site offers little information in terms of metabolomics in practice and detail, it offers a very clear timeline of metabolomics tracing it throughout history, from where it started to where it is today. The main connection that can be found through this is that it gives a picture as to when certain things that we are studying came into the picture and where they are developing into in order to see what connections will continue to be made as Human Metabolism gains a better understanding.

Relevance to History

 * The very earliest steps towards metabolomics was in 300 B.C. when the ancient Greeks first recognized that it was essential to examine body fluids (called humor at the time) in order to predict diseases. From here the next step in the path of Metabolomics was in 131 A.D. when Galen created a system of pathology that combined the humoral theories of Hippocrates with the pythagorean theory. This theory that was formed by Galen was unchallenged and remained standard until the 17th century. As the 17th century began Santorio Sanctorius became the man who is considered to be the founding father of metabolic studies. In 1614 he published work that he had done on "insensible perspiration" in De Statica Medicina and he determined that the total excretement (urine, feces, sweat) was less than the amount of fluid ingested. His work was the first to obtain physical data and provide quantitative basis of athology based upon precise studies and instrumentations. The next step in the evolution of Metabolomics came in 1674 when Thomas Willis, a physician from England, performed the first analysis of urine and he found that people with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus could be distinguished between based solely upon the sweetness of their urine. His research was taken one step further by Matthew Dobson in 1776 by evaluating the urine from diabetics and identifying that there was sugar in the urine of individuals with diabetes. By 1905 J.J. Thomson of the University of Cambridge developed the first mass spectrometer. Also in this year there was more work in determining what other things were in urine and Otto Knut Olof Folin reported that methods for analysis of urine for urea, ammonia, creatine, uric acid. His findings were all published in one issue of Physical Review. The next step in the path to modern Metabolomics came by 1946 when Felix Botch of Stanford and Edward Purcell of Harvard simultaneously published the first NMR in the same issue of Physical Review. With the necessary instruments in place there was a small gap of time until 1971 when Mamer and Horning performed the first mass-based metabolomic experiments. Shortly after they began their work Arthur B Robinson and Linus Pauling used chromatographic separation techniques in order to analyze blood and urine Metabolites and they had their groundbreaking work published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. This research was another ground breaking finding, and it led the way for a new discovery in 1990, when hydrophilic interaction chromatography was introduced for the separation of peptides, nucleic acids, and other polar compounds, which was then used in the research of metabolism as well. At this point there was a good basis of what metabolomics would become,but it still was not called metabolomics. In 1998 the term metabolomics finally came to be when it was used by S.G. Oliver and his colleagues in their published literature in Trends in Biotechnology. The next step came in 2006 when a new approach called "Sniper" metabolomics which uses both chromatography and mass spectrometry in order to analyze metabolites.

Web Site #3
http://www.drugdiscoverynews.com/index.php?newsarticle=1156

General Overview

 * This website focuses on metabolomics and how it is paving the way for new opportunities. It talks about how the challenge for metabolomics is to develop techniques that can be used to extract, identify, and quantify all of the samples that are in a biological sample. The main focus of the article is to show that there is a new development that will aid the research of metabolomics and that development is biomarkers. It focuses on the research that is being done in order to find biomarkers in metabolomics in order to better understand the human body.

New Terms

 * Biomarkers: A substance used as an indicator of a biologic state. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker)

Course Relevance

 * This site relates to the course because it talks about how we can use metabolites to identify disease. One example of that that we have learned in class is that in diabetes there is glucose found in the urine because there is no insulin that is used to stimulate glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis so excess glucose accumulates in the blood stream and is excreted in the urine. They also talk about how genetics might show who is predisposed to a disease metabolomics shows the conditions present in the individual which is more important.

Relevance to History

 * There is a brief mention of history in terms of the fact that the term metabolomics surfaced in journal articles in the year 2000, and makes reference to the fact that there was prior research done in the areas of small molecules in biological systems, yet it is just now being classified as a specific branch of studies. This article focuses more on the future of metabolomics than on the past however. It talks about how metabolomics is important in looking for a biomarker in order to determine when disease is present in an individual biological system. Since there is already a use of biological keys to determine disease, such as glucose in urine means diabetes, or high cholesterol being more susceptible to heart disease, so it is clear the metabolomics can take advantage of biochemical pathway knowledge. Currently metabolomics is focusing on specializing on 20-100 different metabolites, and although this is just a small portion it is making strides in discovering biomarkers. There is presently a speculation that metabolomics is the key to finding universal biomarkers for diagnosing disease.

Web Site #4
http://www.servier.com/pro/cardiologie/pdfs/kub73ang.asp

General Overview

 * This is another page that is talking about biomarkers in order to detect for disease. This site gives a specific example of detecting for reversible myocardial ischemia through the use of metabolomics. This article talks about how there is no genomic or proteomic sign of reversible myocardial ischemia, but there is a metabolic change that occurs in this disorder.

New Terms

 * Myocardial Ischemia: A disease characterized by reduced blood flow to the heart due to coronary artery disease. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease)

Course Relevance

 * This site talks about how there are significant changes in plasma levels of end products of the citric acid cycle. There are also changes in the levels of arginine, succinate, and citrulline, which are caused by changes from aerobic to anaerobic procedures of making energy in the heart with the lack of blood supply.

Relevance to History

 * This article refers to the fact that there is a better signal of reversible myocardial ischemia through metabolomics than through genomis or proteomics. This is because there is a sign of 60% to 70% rise in citric acid cycle components when there is a restriction of cardiac flow to the heart. These metabolomic changed can be found in the plasma of the blood and that this is a good new biomarker to find signs of somebody suffering from this disease. With some diseases already being diagnosed by these metabolomic biomarkers they could easily become the future of medical detection to diseases.

History of Metabolomics
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112234343/PDFSTART

General Overview

 * This article talks about the history of metabolomics and how it dates back as far as the ancient Chinese and the Egyptians.

New Terms

 * All covered by previous articles

Course Relevance

 * Again this article talks about how there was the use of urine to diagnose disease dating back to ancient times, and it again touches upon the glucose being present in the urine of a diabetic due to the fact that insulin is not released and there is no trigger to undergo glycolysis and to convert excess glucose into fatty acids so high blood levels lead to glucose being excreted in the urine.

Reference to History

 * The beginning of metabolomics traces back all the way to 2000-1500 B.C. when traditional Chinese doctors began using ants in order to evaluate the urine of patients to determine if the urine contained the high glucose of diabetics. At this time, others tasted the urine for sweetness in order to check for the same thing. This earliest use of body fluids to determine a biological condition can be considered the first early uses of metabolomics. Urine was also a factor in determining diabetes in Ancient Egypt where it was determined by frequent urination. (No other new information from this article that was not in the other articles.

The National Centre for Plant and Microbial Metabolomics
http://www.metabolomics.bbsrc.ac.uk/

Summary

 * The Centre is a leading UK facility for plant and microbial metabolomics research, spawning from a joint venture between Rothamsted Research and the Biotechnology and Biological Research Council (BBSRC). The Centre offers services for comprehensive chemical and informatic analysis of plan and microbial metabolites such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopy (MS). One of their main projects is MeT-Ro (Metabolomics at Rothamsted) which aims to establish a critical mass of resources that can be used for the study of plant and microbial metabolomics in the development of a high-throughout metabolite fingerprinting service. Another project of theirs is GARBet, the Genomic Arabidopsis Resource Network. This programme offers metabolite profiling for Arabidopsis thaliana research, at a cost.

New Terms

 * Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): NMR spectroscopy uses the magnetic properties some 	nuclei posses to give information on isomers and molecular conformations. A mixture of biochemical entities produces a certain pattern detected by NMR. This is interpreted for the study of metabonomics. NMR can detect any metabolite containing hydrogen by comparing signals to libraries of reference compounds, or by two-dimensional NMR.
 * Chemometrics: The application of multivariate statistical, pattern recognition and informatics methods to chemical data
 * Mass Spectroscopy (MS): This is a tool used to determine the composition of a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.  The tools breaks a sample into ions, separates the ions with different masses, detects the number of ions of each mass, and collects this data to generate a unique mass spectrum.  Mass Spectroscopy can be used to identify unknown compounds, determine isotopic composition of elements in a compound, determine the structure of a compound based on its fragments,  determine the amount of a compound in a sample, as well as other applications.
 * Metabolome: The quantitative complement of all the low molecular weight molecules present in the cells in a particular physiological or developmental state
 * Metabonomics: Integrated, multicellular, biological systems including communicating extracellular environments. This is in contrast to metabolomics which deals with simple cell systems and mainly metabolite concentrations.  (This is the distinction made between the two by the Centre)
 * Metabolite Profiling: Quantitative of Qualitative determination of a group of related compounds or of members of specific metabolic pathways
 * Metabolic Fingerprinting: Sample classification by rapid, global analysis, without extensive compound identification
 * Gas Chromatography (GC): This technique provides high-resolution compound separations and can be used in conjunction with a flame ionisation detector (GC/FID) or a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Both detection methods are highly sensitive and able to detect almost any organic compound, regardless of its class or structure. However, many of the metabolites found in plant extracts are too involatile to be analysed directly by GC methods. The compounds have to be converted to less polar, more volatile derivatives before they are applied to the GC column.

Course Relevance

 * This website, and more specifically the Centre and its goals, gives gravity to our study of metabolic pathways and interactions. As Dr. Craig has stressed, each of these pathways does not exist on its own; they are all interconnected often acting simultaneously within the cell. Just as we have begun to study genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics; metabolomics is a critical aspect of the drive towards coherent studies. It recognizes that the phenotype of an organism is a collection of all of these aspects. Information gained through metabolomic studies will aid in gene annotation and increase our understanding and application of genomic data.

Metabolomics on the Norwich Research Park
http://www.metabolomics-nrp.org.uk/metabolomics.html

Summary

 * This site is designed to promote researchers in the areas of metabolomics, proteomics and genomics to collaborate and communicate ideas and findings so as to create a cross-disciplinary environment. The site encourages metabolic analysis in target compound analysis, metabolic profiling, metabolomics, and metabolic fingerprinting using techniques such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, direct injection mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

New Terms

 * Volatile: Evaporating readily at normal temperatures and pressures.
 * Chromophore: A chemical group capable of selective light absorption resulting in the coloration of certain organic compounds.
 * Electrospray ionization: A technique used in mass spectrometry to produce ions.
 * Chemometrics: The use of statistics and mathematics for experimental design and analysis of chemical data.
 * Electrophysiology: The branch of physiology that studies the relationship between electric phenomena and bodily processes.

Course Relevance

 * This source defines metabolomics as “the quantitative measurement of all low molecular weight metabolites in an organism's cells at a specified time under specific environmental conditions”. The research of each of the labs listed on the site involves just that. This is relevant to what we have learned so far in the course in that we have talked about the analysis of compounds involved in metabolic reactions and how changing quantities of these compounds affect the direction and rate of various metabolic reactions. It also talks about the integration of metabolic pathways. We have mentioned in class the complexity of the intertwining of pathways organisms carry out.

Metabolomics – A New Exciting Field within the “omics” Sciences
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1241997&blobtype=pdf

Summary

 * This editorial discusses how metabolomics is a challenging field of study because it’s often questionable which compounds should be considered metabolites and because the number of metabolites vary based on the method of counting. The goal is to develop a single platform that can quantitatively analyze all metabolites simultaneously. This is difficult to do because physical properties as well as concentrations of compounds vary and the metabolome is dynamic meaning temporal or dietary influences can have major effects. “With all metabolites as our goal, the technological hurdle seems to be the limiting step,” however, with the proper technology metabolomics is a tool that can aid in diagnosis of disease or studying effects of toxicants on phenotype. In order to successfully achieve metabolomics, technology needs to provide high throughput, resolution, reproducibility, and sensitivity. Today, this field of study relies on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or mass spectroscopy coupled to chromatography.

New Terms

 * Metabolomics: “systematic study of unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind”, global study of all small molecules produced in human body
 * Genomics: analysis of complete genome in order to understand the function of single genes
 * Transcriptomics: analysis of gene expression
 * Proteomics: comprehensive protein analysis including their structure and function and the way they work and interact with each other inside the cell
 * Transcriptome: set of all messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules or “transcripts” produced in one or a population of cells
 * Proteome: entire complement of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism
 * Metabolome: complete set of small-molecule metabolites found within a biological sample
 * Metabolite: any substance involved in metabolism either as a product or a necessity, intermediates and products of metabolism (hormones and signaling molecules)
 * Metabolic profiling:  quantitative analytical methods are developed for metabolites in a pathway or for a class of compounds
 * Metabolic fingerprinting: comparison of patterns or fingerprints of metabolites that change in response to disease or toxin exposure

Course Relevance

 * The information in this editorial relates to what we’ve studied in this course because it defines the metabolome as a dynamic system. We’ve discussed dynamic steady states in terms of homeostasis as well as in energy terms. These dynamic systems or states are easily influenced by external or environmental factors and thus are constantly changing. The editorial also mentioned that the knowledge of integrated pathways helps interpret data as well as aids in determining how to measure flux (rate of movement) through pathways. Integration has been emphasized in class because we’re learning all these various pathways and amazingly they’re all connected somehow. They will often feed into each other and the end product of one pathway will be the starting point of another (glycolysis and gluconeogesis for example). This integration is important in the field of metabolomics.

Med Bio World: Metabolomics
http://www.medbioworld.com/postgenomics_blog/?p=9

Summary
To provide the general idea into how metabolomics affects many science fields such as biochemistry, analytical chemistry and biology

New Terms

 * Proteomics: the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions.
 * Proteome: the collection of proteins found in a particular cell type under a particular set of environmental conditions such as exposure to hormone stimulation.
 * Biomarkers: a substance used as an indicator of a biologic state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.
 * Neurotransmitters: chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell.
 * Sub-threshold: Not strong enough to be perceived or to produce a response.

Course Relevance

 * This resource dipped into a lot of chemistry fields. This includes biochemistry and analytical chemistry. This resource correlates some analytical techniques such HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography – using high pressure to pump liquid to force small analytes through a column) and coulometric electrode array detection to analyze redox active compounds. In the previous weeks, we study how redox reactions are important in the bioenergetics aspect of metabolic processes. This includes the concept of dehydrogenases of NAD+ to NADH; important in lactic fermentation in muscles and ethanol fermentation in yeast. In addition, redox reaction is important in the conversion of NADP+ to NADPH to fuel the pentose phosphate pathway from Glucose 6-phosphate to Ribose 5-phosphate to make DNA, RNA and other nucleotides.

Systematic functional analysis of the yeast genome
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCW-3TVXPC7-3&_user=47004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000005018&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=47004&md5=e361ed6e2e79163ada362703f19c3a4e

Summary
This science paper discusses the uses of gene products created by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome in the living tissue of the cell. It touches on other entire complimentary systems in a cell, including the transcripteome, proteome, and metabolome. It reviews the many protocols used to acquire the necessary information to complete each of these different yet related systems.

Key Terms
transcripteome- set of all mRNA molecules in a given organism.