text:
User talk:MihalOrela

=Аз съм Михал Орела (Мѝхал Орѐла) = Здравейте! — Mihal Orela (Михал Орела 08:19, 31 August 2008 (UTC))

Welcome to Wikibooks, MihalOrela!

Modeling from A to Z/Modeling principles/V is for Vienna Development Method
Needs work (Михал Орела 20:28, 27 August 2008 (UTC))

Warning
Red4tribe (talk) 01:51, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Now I have put back my image of the horse. Unfortunately, one must now go outside WikiBooks to see it at Wikimedia Commons. How can I embed it directly? (Михал Орела 07:51, 6 July 2008 (UTC))

Figured that one out by myself! Eventually! :) (Михал Орела 09:37, 6 July 2008 (UTC))

 * In the future, be sure to put a license on any photo you upload. If it does not have a license after 7 days, it will be deleted. I would suggest using the commons instead of uploading on here, because it makes the pictures availible to all projects and frankly I find it much easier to do that. Red4tribe (talk) 15:45, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Digital re-Discovery of Culture/Chapter 5 Educational and Ethical Aspects

 * I wonder whether the modules in this book could be named better - normally we frown upon using "Chapter 5" etc in module names - perhaps something more like "Digital re-Discovery of Culture/Educational and Ethical Aspects" (as well, the R in re-Discovery should probably be capitalized for all these pages.) — Mike.lifeguard | talk 01:33, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

There is no need for numbering of chapters — you are right. Oversight on my part (Михал Орела 20:09, 27 August 2008 (UTC))

all fixed now! Thanx for the pointer! (Михал Орела 20:28, 27 August 2008 (UTC))

Will Modeling from A to Z/Modeling principles/B is for B-method be expanded? If not, the link should be placed elsewhere in the book and that module deleted. If it is going to be expanded though, you may simply remove the template I placed there. — Mike.lifeguard | talk 16:10, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

learning how to ask questions
Welcome to Wikibooks, MihalOrela.

I've heard more people use the term "wikidom" than the term "WikiWorld".

I personally don't create a category unless I know of more than one page that will go into that category. And so I am mystified -- why do you create categories which contain only one page each, such as Category:Learning how to ask questions, Category:Learning how to read stuff, Category:WikiWorld, and Category:Back cover ?

--DavidCary (talk) 08:30, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Signature
Would you mind putting a link to your user and/or user talk page in your signature? You can just wiki markup to do that in the signature box of special:preferences. — Mike.lifeguard | talk 18:59, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

I think I have done right what you suggested! --Михал Орела http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:MihalOrela 06:59, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:MihalOrela


text:
User talk:Badgurl

Welcome to Wikibooks, Badgurl!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Badgurl


text:
User talk:Lifetiki

Welcome to Wikibooks, Lifetiki!

title: User talk:Lifetiki


text:
User talk:Glane23

Geoff Lane

Welcome to Wikibooks, Glane23!

title: User talk:Glane23


text:
User talk:209.7.119.170

--ЗAНИA talk 23:19, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:209.7.119.170


text: User talk:70.44.99.25

title: User talk:70.44.99.25


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/include

Statement
Appearance 			Standard 			Console

Syntax
INCLUDE {" "|alisResID}

Description
When the compiler encounters an INCLUDE statement, it looks for a text file indicated by or alisResID, reads the FB statements contained in that file, and effectively inserts those statements into the source code stream. can be either a full or partial pathname; if you use a partial pathname, it's assumed to be relative to the folder containing the "parent" source file (i.e., the source file that has the INCLUDE statement). may refer either to a text file, or to an alias file whose target is a text file. alisResID must be the resource ID number of an "alis" resource whose target is a text file. This resource should exist in the resource fork of the "parent" source file. INCLUDE files may be "nested"; that is, an INCLUDE'd file may contain references to other INCLUDE files. Example: Suppose we create a file "Assign.INCL" which contains the following lines of text: a = 3 b = 7 Now suppose we write a program like this: DIM x(100) INCLUDE "Assign.INCL" c = a + b When we compile this program, the result will be identical to this: DIM x(100) a = 3 b = 7 c = a + b Note: FutureBasic's Project Manager is generally a more convenient way to combine the source code from several different files. However, there are some advantages to using the INCLUDE statement, such as the ability to conditionally include files (see COMPILE LONG IF). FB does not allow a given file to be included more than once in the source stream. If a second INCLUDE reference is made to a given file, that INCLUDE statement will be ignored.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/include


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/int

Function
Appearance 			Standard 			Console

Syntax
nearestInteger& = INT(expr#)

Description
Returns the value of expr# rounded to the nearest integer. Note: INT returns a "long integer" value, which means that expr# should be within the range -2147483648 through +2147483547. To obtain the integer part of numbers which are outside this range, use the FIX function. (Note however that FIX truncates the fraction part rather than rounding to the nearest integer. In general, FIX and INT don't return the same values.)

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/int


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/instr

Function
Appearance 			Standard 			Console

Syntax
targetString$|targetContainer$$,searchString$|searchContainer$$)

Revised
May 30, 2000 (Release 3)

Description
This function searches for the first occurrence of searchString$ or searchContainer$$ within targetString$ or targetContainer$$, starting at character position startPos. (If startPos is less than 1, it's treated as 1.) If a match is found, the function returns the character position (1..255) within targetString$ or targetContainer$$ where the match begins. If no match is found, the function returns zero. The string search is case-sensitive. Note: INSTR always returns zero in these cases:

* when startPos is greater than LEN(targetString$) * when LEN(searchString$) is zero.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/instr


text:
Talk:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Sailing

Most recent additions to Man Overboard section made by me not anonymous. Took too long editing, and got logged out. GG (talk) 00:46, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Rule number 3 - shows a windward boat having right of way as leeward boat is tacking. That appears to be somewhat correct HOWEVER it should be pointed out that, had the boats been overlapped and the leeward boat wished to tack, it would have shouted for "Room to tack" and the windward boat would have to keep clear AND give room.


text: User talk:24.46.4.99

title: User talk:24.46.4.99


text: User talk:72.78.0.181

title: User talk:72.78.0.181


text: User talk:128.221.197.20

title: User talk:128.221.197.20


text: Template:Media quality

title: Template:Media quality


text:
User talk:Goldenman~enwikibooks

Golden Fight League

The Golden Fight League is a mixed martial arts league that is simular to the World Combat League though, is has international teams that compete for the "Forces Cup". The Golden Fight League started in 1990 by pro wrestler Derek Bryan. The rules are different than any other martial arts league out there to this day. Here are the rules:

Types of Moves:

 * Kicks:
 * side kick, hook, roundhouse, crescent, strike, swinging, and back kick (many others).

 * Punches:
 * hook,uppercut,lowercut, spinning back fist,side (many others).

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Goldenman. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Goldenman~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Goldenman~enwikibooks


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/xrefat

Syntax
XREF@ arrayName maxSub1 maxSub2 AS dataType

Description
is identical to the  statement, except that the link variable is interpreted as a handle, rather than as a pointer. You should use  when you want the contents of a relocatable block to be treated as an array.

Example
The following declares an array called, allocates a new block with enough room for   elements, and associates the   array with the contents of the block.

XREF@ inclination!(1) inclination& = FN NEWHANDLE(numElts& * SIZEOF(SINGLE)

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/xrefat


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/xref

Syntax
XREF arrayName maxSub1 maxSub2 AS dataType

Description
The  statement declares an array, and associates the array with the memory pointed to by a particular long-integer variable, called the "link variable." You can use  to cause any arbitrary block of memory to be treated as an array. This is especially useful when you need to dynamically create an array whose size can't be determined until runtime, or when you want to impose an array structure on data that was created outside of your FB program.

The link variable must be a simple (non-array, non-field) long-integer variable which has the same name as the array (ignoring any type-identifier suffix). For example, if you specify the following:

The compiler creates a long-integer variable called. When you run the program, you should set  equal to some appropriate memory address (you do this after the   statement); FB then assumes that the   array begins at that address. When you examine elements in the array, they are retrieved from the memory pointed to by. When you alter elements in the array, the memory pointed to by  is altered.

The first subscript is arbitrary The,   etc. values must be positive static integer expressions. However, since  does not actually allocate any memory, the declared subscripts are used somewhat differently than in a   statement. The second and subsequent subscripts (if any) determine the internal structure of the array, and they should exactly match the internal layout of the elements pointed to by the link variable. But the value of the first subscript is basically ignored, and may be arbitrarily set to any value greater than zero. When you actually reference the array elements, you can use subscript values that are larger than, as long as they reference valid elements within the block of memory pointed to by the link variable.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/xref


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/xor

Syntax
result& = exprA {XOR | ^^} exprB

Description
Expression  and expression   are each interpreted as 32-bit integer quantities. The  operator performs a "bitwise comparison" of each bit in   with the bit in the corresponding position in. The result is another 32-bit quantity; each bit in the result is determined as follows:

A common use for  is to toggle the state of individual bits in a bit pattern. For example:

This flips bit 7 in  from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0, and leaves all of  's other bits alone.

Example
The example below shows how bits are manipulated with :

DEFSTR LONG PRINT BIN$(923) PRINT BIN$123) PRINT "" PRINT BIN$(923 XOR 123)

program output:

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/xor


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/write file

Syntax
Write File[#] deviceID, address&, numBytes&

Description
This statement writes  of data to the open file or serial port specified by , starting at the current Òfile markÓ position. The data is copied from the memory which starts at. This is generally the fastest way to write a large amount of data to a file.

Example
This program fragment saves the binary image of an array into an open file. You can later use the  statement to quickly load the array using the data in the file (see the example accompanying the   statement).

_maxSubscript = 200 Dim myArray%(_maxSubscript) arrayBytes& = (_maxSubscript+1) * SizeOf(Int) Write File #1, @myArray%(0), arrayBytes&


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/write pound

Syntax
WRITE [#] deviceID,{ var | strngVar$ ; len } [,{ var | strngVar$ ; len }...]

Description
This statement writes the contents of the specified variables to the open file or serial port specified by, starting at the current "file mark" position. The variables in the list can be of any type (including record types). If you specify a string variable, it must be followed by a  parameter, which indicates the number of bytes to copy from the string. can be any positive numeric expression whose value doesn't exceed the length of the string.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/write field

Syntax
WRITE FIELD[#] deviceID, handle&

Description
Use this statement to write the contents of the relocatable block specified by  to the open file or serial port specified by , in a format suitable for input by the   statement.

starts writing at the current "file mark" position. If first writes a 4-byte long-integer which indicates the size of the block; following this, it writes the contents of the block itself.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/write dynamic

Syntax
WRITE DYNAMIC deviceID,arrayName

Revised
May, 2001 (Release 5)

Description
Use  to send the contents of a dynamic array to a disk file. Data written to a file in this manner can be read back into memory using. Before dynamic arrays are written to the disk, they are automatically compressed.

Example
DIM x DYNAMIC myAry(_maxLong)

FOR x = 1 TO 100 myAry(x) = x NEXT

OPEN "O",#1,"Dynamic Array Test" WRITE DYNAMIC #1,myAry CLOSE #1

KILL DYNAMIC myary

OPEN "I",#1,"Dynamic Array Test" READ DYNAMIC #1,myAry CLOSE #1

FOR x = 1 TO 10 PRINT myary(x) NEXT

KILL "Dynamic Array Test"


text:
Talk:Computers & Society

I have already some ideas about the chapters that would fit:

1 Learning how to ask questions

MihalOrela 06:03, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

someone (?) suggested the removal of

and it is now done (Михал Орела 07:56, 31 July 2008 (UTC))

= Table of Contents = This has been reorganized for cosmetical purposes. (Михал Орела 06:44, 11 August 2008 (UTC))

= Categorization = Many thanks to whomever (re)marked „Categorization needed“. I thought that I had done it already... In fact, I had used category: instead of Category: :) (Михал Орела 18:16, 5 September 2008 (UTC))

I have categorized everything now and I am absolutely delighted with the result. Thanks again to the wonderful editor(s) who emblazoned on the pages :) (Михал Орела 19:41, 5 September 2008 (UTC))

title: Talk:Computers & Society


text:
User:MMuzammils

MMuzammils

title: User:MMuzammils


text: User talk:MMuzammils

title: User talk:MMuzammils


text:
User:Ranacse05

Raquibul Islam (Rana) Dept of Computer Science And Engineering (Student) Rajshahi University of Engineering And Technology Bangladesh

Email: rana@ekushey.org Home Page : [ranacse05]

title: User:Ranacse05


text:
User talk:ArthurHughes

Hi everyone! I am here to write a new book called "Modeling from A to Z"

I would really appreciate help.

Arthur Hughes 10:42, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Dyslexia
I should also say that I am dyslexic. That means that I often make big lots of spelling mistakes. Also my sentences may seem a bit formal.

I appreciate all help I can get.

Arthur Hughes 16:30, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:ArthurHughes


text:
User:ArthurHughes

My name is

Dr. Arthur Hughes

School of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland

title: User:ArthurHughes


text:
Modeling from A to Z

Contents
/Front Cover/ /Back Cover/
 * Modelling principles
 * Alloy analyzer
 * B-method
 * OWL-DL
 * VDM
 * Z
 * Model of Waste Management System
 * NoWasteNoWant Firm

title: Modeling from A to Z


text:
Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 3

Welcome to the exercises related to Aleph-Bet Lesson 3 of learning Hebrew. Note that from this lesson and onward, you won't have exercises on He Hayedi‘ah and translating from English to Hebrew. The purpose of this lesson (and other lessons in this level) is to enhance your reading and interpreting skills, not your grammar or vocabulary (which is the main point of the next levels).

Click "▼" to check your answers.

The Letters & Niqqud
Assign each letter to the sound it stands for.

Assign each sound to the letter the makes it.

Vocabulary
How is each word pronounced?

Translate the following words from Hebrew to English:

Reading Without Vowels
How is each word pronounced?

Next Steps
Review lesson: Aleph-Bet 3 Next lesson: Aleph-Bet 4 >>>

title: Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 3


text:
Aros/Developer/SelfHostedCompile

The AROS Operating system is currently built using Linux and FreeBSD hosts. There has long been a significant amount interest in AROS being able to compile itself, therefore freeing the native version from Linux/FreeBSD.

In order for AROS to be able to recompile AROS, most likely the easiest path to take would be to port the existing FreeBSD/Linux build environment to AROS.

The purpose of this page is to keep track of the current state of the tools that need to be ported to AROS in order to realize the goal.

Required Tools
Here is a list of what is required to build from within AROS, and its current port status for AROS:

GNU GCC Compiler
GCC 3.3.1 Ported. No reported problems, yet has not undergone rigorous testing.

GNU Binutils
Binutils 2.14 Ported. No known issues

GNU Fileutils
Fileutils 4.1 Ported. No reported problems, yet has not undergone rigorous testing.

GNU Textutils
Textutils 2.1 Ported. No reported problems, yet has not undergone rigorous testing.

GNU Make Utility
GNU Make 3.80 08.21.2004 Success! With updated sources from the AOS4 port, and some hacking about, a *stable* make has been generated. The make in contrib/gnu/make is slated to be removed and this will be committed in its place :-D

GNU Awk Utility
GNU Awk (GAWK) 3.1.3 Ported. No reported problems, yet has not undergone rigorous testing.

GNU Bison Utility
GNU Bison (GAWK) 1.875 Ported. No reported problems, yet has not undergone rigorous testing.

Python Script Parser
Python 2.2.1 Ported. It is hoped PyAROS will work.

The NetPBM Graphics Conversion Package
NetPBM Ported. Initial tests indicate the portions of this that are needed by the AROS build system function properly.

GNU pdksh
GNU Ksh Shell Ported. However, an issue relating a workaround of the fork function call is creating a stability problem.

title: Aros/Developer/SelfHostedCompile


text:
Aros/Developer/Maintainer

This page lists documentation aimed at persons involved in the maintenance of AROS/AROS Builds

title: Aros/Developer/Maintainer


text:
User:Dalibor Bosits

main wiki: w:hr:Suradnik:Dalibor Bosits

title: User:Dalibor Bosits


text:
Ido/Adjectives

All adjectives in Ido end in the letter 'a'. Plurals are formed by changing the "a" to "i"

 * bona - good
 * bela - beautiful
 * tarda - late

Names of colours are adjectives

 * blanka - white                  blanki - whites
 * reda - red                      redi - reds
 * blua - blue                     blui - blues

title: Ido/Adjectives


text:
Ido/Commands

To form commands or give orders simply choose the root verb and add "ez". For example, from the verb manjar (to eat) we get manjez (eat!)

 * apertez - open!
 * drinkez - drink!
 * donez - give!
 * irez - go!
 * sideskez - be seated!
 * staceskez - stand up!

Examples

 * Apertez la fenestro! - Open the window!
 * Donez la plumo a me! - Give the pen to me!
 * Drinkez vua kafeo! - Drink your coffee!

title: Ido/Commands


text:
Ido/Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns in Ido:

 * me - I/me
 * tu - you (intimate)
 * vu - you (formal)
 * il/ilu - he/him
 * el/elu - she/her
 * ol/olu - it
 * lu - he/she/it
 * ni - we/us
 * vi - you (plural)
 * li (ili/eli/oli) - they/them
 * on - one/they/people

title: Ido/Personal pronouns


text:
Ido/Questions

To form questions that elicit yes/no reponses, place the particle "ka" or "kad" at the beginning of a sentence.

 * Ka Sean iris a la skolo? Did Sean go to school?
 * Kad el perdis la pekunio? Did she lose the money?

Simple questions may be formed by placing "Ka" in front of a noun without a verb. Ka Michelle? can mean "Is it Michelle?" or "Do you mean Michelle?", depending on the context.

If there is a word like who, what, where, etc., ka/kad is not used:

 * Ube vu habitas? Where do you live?
 * Quo es filozofio? What is philosophy?
 * Quon vu timas? What do you fear?
 * Qua es la prezidanto? Who is the president?
 * Quante vu evas? How old are you?

title: Ido/Questions


text: User:Brunoy Anastasiya Seryozhenko

title: User:Brunoy Anastasiya Seryozhenko


text: User:Mike.lifeguard/icons

title: User:Mike.lifeguard/icons


text:
Talk:Modeling from A to Z

Hi everyone.

This is a book about modeling in computing. There is some math here. There is some logic here. And there is some formal specification stuff. Finally there is executable code.

Section layout
I have organized the book into some simple sections in accordance with the Wikibook policy. --Михал Орела 14:27, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Content
There does not appear to be much activity...

Maybe I can add somethings...

(Михал Орела 10:27, 11 August 2008 (UTC))

title: Talk:Modeling from A to Z


text:
Category talk:Book:Modeling from A to Z

I think this is the right category for this book.

It belongs to subject areas of computer such as "formal modeling" "formal specification" requirements modeling" and so on.

I need help here.

I am new to this.

Arthur Hughes 16:27, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Book:Modeling from A to Z


text: User talk:204.9.148.234

title: User talk:204.9.148.234


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/print pound

Description
This statement writes information formatted as text to the open file or serial port specified by. The list of 's is interpreted and formatted the same way as in the   statement. normally writes a carriage-return character (ASCII character 13) after writing the final ; to inhibit this behavior, put a comma or a semicolon at the end of the   statement.

is typically used to write data which is to be viewed later in a text editor or word processing program; or to write data which is to be read later by the statement. It generally formats its output differently than the  and   statements, which are better suited for transferring the contents of memory directly to the device. For example, consider this sample program fragment:

In this example, the  statement formats the number as text, and puts out 7 bytes, as follows:

(ASCII code for "-") (ASCII code for "1")  (ASCII code for "6")  (ASCII code for "2")  (ASCII code for "3")  (ASCII code for a space character)  (ASCII code for a carriage-return character)

On the other hand, the  statement puts out the binary contents of. In memory, the short integer  is stored as 1111100110101001; therefore, the  statement puts out these two bytes:


text: User talk:164.116.47.178

title: User talk:164.116.47.178


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/menu statement

= MENU statement =

Syntax
To create or alter a menu:

To unhighlight the menu bar:

Revised
February, 2002 (Release 6)

Description:

Use this statement to do any of the following:  Add a new menu to the menu bar.

Enable or disable a menu.

Add a new item to an existing menu.

Enable or disable a menu item.

Add or remove a checkmark from a menu item.

Change the text of a menu item.

Specify a hierarchical submenu to be attached to a menu item

Unhighlight the menu bar.

To add a new menu to the menu bar:

 Set the  parameter to a number which is not already in use by an existing menu. Use a number in the range 1 through 31.

Set the  parameter to zero.

Set the  parameter either to   or , depending on whether you want the menu to be initially enabled or dimmed (you can change this state later).

Set the  parameter to the text that you want to appear as the new menu's title.

This creates a new empty menu (see below to learn how to add items to the menu). The value you choose for  will determine the new menu's position on the menu bar; menus are automatically positioned from left to right in increasing order of their  numbers. Almost always, you'll want to assign your menus consecutive numbers starting with 1.

To enable or disable (dim) an existing menu:

 Set the  parameter to the ID number of an existing menu.

Set the  parameter to zero.

Set the state parameter to  or.

Do not specify the  parameter (if you do, all the menu's items will go away!)

To add a new item to an existing menu:

 Set the  parameter to the ID number of an existing menu.

Set the  parameter to a positive number which is not being used by any other item in the menu. This number determines the item's position in the menu; items are numbered consecutively from top to bottom starting with 1. If you "skip" an item, then either a blank space or a grey dividing line will appear in that position, depending on what version of System software you're using. Note that a grey dividing line between items has its own item ID number. You can create a grey dividing line by using the meta character "-" in the  parameter.

Set the  parameter to ,   or  , depending on what you want the item's initial state to be (you can change this state later).

Set the  parameter to the text that you want to appear in the item. Note that when you're adding a new item, certain special characters in  won't appear in the item text but have other special meanings. Consult the "Meta Characters" table below.

To enable, disable (dim), or checkmark an existing item:

 Set the  and   parameters to an existing item in an existing menu.

Set the  parameter to ,   or. Note that setting state to   or to   will remove any existing checkmark on the item.

To change the text of an existing item:

 Set the  and   parameters to an existing item in an existing menu.

Set the  parameter to the desired text. Note that when you change the text of an existing item, all the characters in  will appear in the item text, and none will be interpreted as "meta characters."

To specify a hierarchical submenu to be attached to a menu item:

 Set the  parameter to the ID number of an existing menu; this is the "parent" menu which will contain the submenu.

Set the  parameter to a positive number which is not being used by any other item in the menu. This is the "parent" item to which the submenu will be attached.

Set the  parameter to the ID number of the submenu. This should be a number in the range 32 through 235 which is not being used by any other menu.

Set the  parameter to a string which ends with these two characters:.

Note: The above procedure will attach the submenu to the parent menu item, but it doesn't install the submenu. To install the submenu, you also need to call the Toolbox procedure. See the examples below.

To unhighlight the menu bar:

 Execute the  statement without any parameters. The menu bar is automatically highlighted every time the user selects a menu item, and it remains highlighted until your program unhighlights it. By unhighlighting the menu bar, your program lets the user know that the action associated with that menu item has completed.

Meta Characters The characters in this table have special meanings when they appear in the parameter when you're adding a new menu item. Note that when you change the text of an existing item, all the characters in  will appear in the item text, and none will be interpreted as meta characters. The exception to this rule is a string that starts with a minus sign. The minus sign is a flag used by most menu definitions do draw a divider line. If your item needs to contain a minus sign, you may still display the item properly if you put a space before the character.

IMAGE WAS HERE

Creating Hierarchical Menus You can use the following function to add a new menu item and attach a new hierarchical menu to it. You should set  to some number in the range 32 through 235 which is not being used by any existing menu.

After you have called, you can use the   statement to add new items to the hierarchical menu (set the   parameter to the value of  ).

Items in the Apple Menu You should use the  statement to add items to the top of the Apple Menu. After adding these items, you can use the  statement (with the   parameter set to  ) to alter the items (for example to enable or dim them).

Items in the Help Menu You can add items to the bottom of the Help Menu by getting a handle for the Help Menu and then calling the  procedure. You also need to find out the item number of your first Help item for use by your menu event handler (any existing items are handled by the Help Manager):

After adding items to the Help Menu, you can use the  statement (with the  parameter set to   ) to alter the items.

Note: Do not use the  statement to add new items to the Help Menu; use  instead.

Removing Menus Call the  procedure to remove a menu created by the   statement:

This may cause other menus in the menu bar to slide to the left to fill the gap; however, they still retain their original menu ID numbers.

Removing Menu Items To remove all the items from a menu you created, use the  statement, specifying zero in the   parameter, and specifying a menu title in the   parameter.

To remove an individual item, use the  function and the   procedure:

Note that this will renumber any items below the deleted item, as they move up to fill in the gap. Menu item numbers are always numbered consecutively starting with 1.

Example: The following lines create a complete menu which also contains a hierarchical menu. This example makes use of the  function defined above.

<Strong>IMAGE WAS HERE

Contextual Menus At about the time that the Appearance Manager came on to the scene, programmers began to use contextual menus. A contextual menu appears when the user clicks at a specific area in a window while holding down the control key. When this type of action takes place, you will receive (Appearance Manager Runtime only) a  message of. will be the window number of the window. At this point you may need to react by showing a menu under the cursor.

IMAGE WAS HERE

The following function builds and displays a menu and might be called in reaction to a contextual menu click.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/print

Revised
May 5, 2000 (Release 3)

Description
Use this statement to put text out to the current window or to the currently 'd device. The text is printed using the window's or printer's current font ID, font size, text style, text mode and foreground color (see the,  and   statements). The parameters are interpreted as follows:

When the item to be printed is a point, FB makes special provisions during the print process.

The output looks like this

¥ This specifies where the first printed character should appear within the window or the printed page. If you use the variant, then   and   represent the text column and row where the first character should appear; the exact pixel location depends on the current font ID and font size. If you use the  variant, then   and  represent horizontal and vertical pixel positions; the first printed character is positioned with its lower-left corner at point. If you don't specify either variant, printing begins at the window's or printer's current pen position.

¥ This can be any of the following:

"Image Was Here

¥ You must use a comma or a semicolon to separate each pair of  's; you can also optionally put a comma or semicolon at the end of the   statement (following the last  ).

A comma causes space characters to be printed until the total number of characters on the line is a multiple of the current "tab field width." The default tab field width is 16; you can set it to other values using the  statement. Commas are usually used to help line up several lines of text into neat columns, or just to put some space between consecutive 's.

A semicolon does not cause any spaces to be inserted between consecutive 's. Use this when you want  's to be printed as close together as possible.

Normally,  moves the pen down to the beginning of the next line after the last   is printed. However, if you put a comma or a semicolon at the end of the  statement, the pen remains to the right of the last , and is not moved down to the next line. This allows you to continue printing on the same line using a subsequent  statement.

Note that you can use  without any parameters, like this:

This simply causes the pen to move down to the beginning of the next line; it effectively "prints" a carriage-return character. This is useful for putting blank line(s) between other lines of text.

Line wrap, scrolling and page-eject By default, if the 's reach the right edge of the window or the printer page, the   statement automatically "wraps the line"; that is, it moves the pen down to the beginning of the next line to continue printing the remaining  's. However, this behavior can be altered using the   statement; see the   statement for more information.

If you're printing to a window, and the  statement causes the pen to move below the bottom of the window, the window's contents are scrolled up so that the newly printed text will be visible.

If you're printing to the printer, and the  statement causes the pen to move below the bottom of the printer page, the page is ejected and printing continues at the top of the next page.

FB Lite behavior: When you use the "FB Lite" runtime,  behaves as follows:

 The [ ] parameters are ignored.

switches to the Text Window before printing (unless output has been routed to the printer or  is used). You can use  to display text in the Graphics Window at an exact pixel position. Text printing will continue in the graphics window until a carriage return is encountered. You may suppress carriage returns using the semicolon character.

The  statement has no effect. always wraps the line at the right edge of the window (or the printer page).

 Note: Text which is displayed using the  statement is not automatically refreshed, unless you're using the "FB Lite" runtime. To display text which is automatically refreshed, consider using Edit Fields (see the  statement).

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/print


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/prhandle

Revised
FEBRUARY, 2002 (Release 6)

Description
This function returns a handle to the print record. The print record (also called a "TPrint record") contains useful information about the printer and about the current print job (if any). For a complete description of the contents of the print record, see the "Printing Manager" chapter of Inside Macintosh: Imaging with QuickDraw. A few of the more useful fields from this record are listed here:

¥ pRecH&..prInfo.rPage This gives the print page rectangle. You can get the width and height of the page as follows:

Use these numbers to determine how much room is available for text and graphics. The page rectangle is affected by the user's selections in the "Page Setup" dialog: for example, if the user selects "landscape" mode, the page width will be greater than the page height.

¥ These numbers indicate the first and last pages which the user wants to print. Your program should not print any pages outside of this range.

¥ The number of copies to print. This is the number of times your program should send the selected pages to the printer. Note that many newer printer drivers will always set this number to 1; such printer drivers will handle multiple copies internally.

Note:> is partially emulated for Carbon. FB creates a 120 byte handle and fills in a few standard rectangles and other values so that programs won't be so likely to break during the transition period to OS X. But these emulations are not something that you should depend on in all future versions of the IDE.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/prhandle


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/prcancel

Description
You should examine the value of  after executing the   statement. returns  if the user pressed the "Cancel" button in the Print Job dialog; or   if the user pressed the "OK" button. If  returns , your program should not continue with the print operation.

You can also call  after executing , to determine whether the user cancelled the Style dialog (the "Page Setup" dialog). However, your program normally does not need to take any special action in this case.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/prcancel


text:
Metabolomics/Hormones/Leptin

Back to Previous Chapter: Metabolites Next chapter: Analytical Methods Go to: Adiponectin Go back to: Mineralocorticoids

Introduction to Leptin
Leptin, which comes from the Greek word leptos meaning “thin” was discovered in 1994 as the first factor in regulating feeding behavior and energy consumption. Composed of only 167 amino acids, it is a small protein that is produced in adipocytes (fat cells) and migrates through the blood to the brain and ultimately acts on neural receptors of the arcuate nucleus (of the hypothalamus) to inhibit appetite. Leptin basically conveys to the brain that the body’s fat reserves are met so food intake and fat synthesis should decrease while beta oxidation of fatty acids is allowed to increase for energy expenditure and heat.

Its identification was first found as a product of the obese (OB) gene in lab mice. Mice that carried two defective copies (one from each parent, ob/ob) had a defect in leptin production. Their behavior and physiology were seemingly in a constant state of starvation with increased serum cortisol levels, the inability to stay warm, abnormal growth, sterility, and an unrestrained appetite. As a consequence, they became very obese, weighing almost three times as much as a normal mouse. To control for the possibility of any other contributing factor, these mice were injected with leptin and the results confirmed that they lost weight and had increased locomotor activity as well as thermogenesis. Here is a picture and a follow-up article on humans.  Initially, leptin ignited human interest as a possibility to prevent obesity. But it has been found that obese individuals rarely have a defective leptin gene, so the system probably evolved to adjust an animal’s activity and metabolism during periods of severe nutritional deprivation, not to restrict weight.

Brain Mechanisms: Role in Satiety
In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus there are two types of neurons that regulate eating and metabolism, the orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons. Orexigenic neurons stimulate the appetite by producing and releasing neuropeptide Y (NPY). NPY also releases a second orexigen: agouti-related protein (AGRP). These (NPY secreting) neurons project to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which will ultimately stimulate the brain stem nuclei that controls the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to decrease: insulin secretion, breakdown of fatty acids, and body temperature. NPY neurons also project to the lateral hypothalamus, which will inhibit its secretion of peptide neurotransmitters, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin. These hormones generally stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate. During starvation, NPY in the blood rises as in the ob/ob mice, this elevated concentration sends signals to the brain to keep eating. NPY and AGRP are very potent; injections of these neuropeptides will cause animals to eat voraciously, even when they receive electrical shocks to the tongue. In addition, AGRP is long lasting, one injection into the third ventricle of rats resulted in six days of feasting. Release of leptin will inhibit NPY and AGRP. Anorexigenic neurons produce alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) which acts as an agonist at the melanocortin-4-receptor (MC-4R) to inhibit eating. Moreover, this receptor is antagonized by AGRP, which stimulates eating. The amount of leptin produced and released by adipose tissue is proportional to the number and size of adipocytes. Here is a picture of the hormones that control eating.

The hormone is transduced by the JAK-STAT system which is also the mechanism used by interferon and growth factors. When leptin reaches the arcuate nucleus, it binds two leptin receptor monomers in the extracellular domain and dimerizes them. Both monomers are then phosphorylated on a tyrosine residue of the intracellular domain by a Janus kinase (JAK). The phosphorylated tyrosine resides become docking sitse for three proteins that are signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATS 3, 5, and 6, a.k.a. fat-STATS). These docked STATS are then phosphorylated on Tyr residues by the same JAK. Afterwards, the STATS dimerize and move to the nucleus where they will bind to specific DNA sequences to stimulate transcription of genes such as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), which is the precursor to a-MSH.

Leptin also stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to increase blood pressure, heart rate, and thermogenesis by uncoupling electron transfer from ATP synthesis in the mitochondria of adipocytes. The uncoupling protein (UCP or thermogenin) produces a pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane that enables protons to reenter the matrix- detouring them from the ATP synthase complex, so no ATP is generated but the continued oxidation of fatty acids from adipocytes releases energy as heat. Leptin stimulates the synthesis of this protein by releasing norepinephrine onto B3-adrenergic receptors on adipocytes. These are G-protein bound and will go on to activate adenylyl cyclase which will amplify a second messenger, cAMP to phosphorylate many downstream targets like Protein kinase A (which will migrate to the nucleus) to increase the expression of UCP gene.

Further Web Resources
The Science Creative Quarterly: Leptin: A Piece of the Obesity Pie

Summary:

Obesity is an increasingly worldwide problem that leads to significant health risks. The traditional causes of obesity were overeating and a lack of exercise, this explanation may be true, but incomplete. The author of this page explores a biological factor found by researchers today that plays a role in weight regulation. He introduces the lipostatic theory within early studies and then goes into detail to explain the hormone leptin; particularly, what studies have shown, its feedback loop, and its other roles.

New Terms:

 * VHM: Ventromedial hypothalamus

 * NPY: Neuropeptide Y, a feeding stimulant

 * a-MSH: Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, an appetite suppressant

 * MCH: Melanin-concentrating hormone, a feeding stimulant

 * CART: Cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript, an appetite suppressant

 * CRF: Corticotropin-releasing factor

 * Endocannaboids: Substances produced from within the body which activate cannabinoid receptors, leads to decreased appetite.

Connection to Metabolism:

 * Fat metabolism

 * Feedback regulation

Howard Hughes Medical Institute Bulletin: Leptin's Legacy

Summary:

This page addresses the study of leptin's role in metabolism with exploration of its therapeutic possibilities. Leptin has been found to treat successfully—possibly even cure—two rare diseases: a defect in the leptin gene and lipodystrophy, a disease caused by the absence of fat cells, which the body relies on to make leptin. Furthermore, this one fat-derived molecule affects metabolism, reproduction and the immune system, suggesting it may represent some evolutionary efficiency. An interesting hypothesis about leptin is that it is a protective mechanism against starvation. The leptin gene probably conferred a selective advantage on our ancestors by enabling them to survive lean times.

New Terms:

 * Melanocortins: A group of pituitary peptide hormones that include adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and the alpha, beta and gamma melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) that derive from the prohormone proopiomelanocortin.

 * SCD-1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, an enzyme that helps determine whether the body stores fat or burns it

 * Type II Diabetes: Metabolic disorder that is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia

 * T cells: A group of cells that belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity

 * Macrophages: Cells within the tissues that originate from specific white blood cells called monocytes; their role is to phagocytose (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens either as stationary or mobile cells, and to stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to the pathogen

Connection to Metabolism:

 * Disease states as a result of mutation in gene

 * Efficiency: avoiding futile cycles

Peer Reviewed Articles
Hormonal Control of Food Intake

Summary:

Studies on obese mice (ob/ob) and diabetic mice (db/db) were instrumental in the studies of leptin. Ob/ob mice have a loss of function mutation in leptin which is produced in adipose tissue. Db/db phenotype has the ability to produce leptin but lacks the receptor for it. Studies suggest that leptin is used in the body during transitions between fed and starved states.

The hypothalamus of the brain has two cell populations of neurons that are responsive to leptin. The NPY/AgPR neurons can be upregulated through leptin. Loss of these neurons leads to hypophagia. POMC/CART neurons are stimulated by leptin. POMC deficiency leads to hyperphagia and obesity, having a role in appetite. Leptin receptors found outside the arcuate nucleus are critical in maintaining a normal body weight and possibly working to resist diet-induced obesity.

Leptin has an effect on neuronal growth and development by changing synaptic inputs to the arcuate neurons. It may be a growth factor during hypothalamic development. The ability to respond to leptin seems to be retained; therefore, leptin administration later in life works.

Leptin resistance has a few different mechanisms. In this case leptin administration does not result in weight loss even though the receptor is intact and there is a high level of the circulating hormone. It may not reach the receptor within the brain or there may be decreased levels of the receptor.

Leptin is regulated at several levels including transcription, translation, storage, turnover and secretion. It is upregulated through insulin and glucocorticoids and downregulated by anything that increases cAMP levels in the adipocytes.

New Terms:

 * Hyperphagic: Increased appetite

 * Hypophagia: Decreased appetite

 * Arcuate nucleus: Collection of neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain

 * Hypothalamus: Part of the brain that receives and integrates neural, metabolic and humoral signals from the periphery

 * Parabiosis experiments: Surgical union of two animals allowing blood exchange

 * Lipodystrophy: Metabolic disorder where there is a selective loss of body fat and low leptin levels

Connection to Metabolism:

 * Many levels of regulation: transcription, translation, turnover and secretion; also regulated with other hormones

 * Fed and starved states in the cell alter levels of leptin

Analysis of Circadian Pattern Reveals Tissue-Specific Alternative Transcription in Leptin Signaling Pathway

Summary:

Gene expression patterns change throughout the day along with the light/dark cycle, feeding behavior, sleeping patterns and other environmental factors. The daily light/dark cycle is in the hypothalamus. Peripheral tissues are controlled through sympathetic outputs. The leptin pathway was analyzed to look at oscillation in a biological system. Leptin regulates energy balance and makes an organism feel full after eating. It is expressed in adipose tissue and released into the bloodstream. There is an increase in the leptin receptor production before the leptin acrophase. The leptin signaling pathway is synchronized with the leptin receptor expression which follows an oscillating pattern. Alternative transcripts of long or short lengths are seen in the oscillation pattern. Additionally, if the balance of short and long lived transcripts are not maintained it may result in leptin resistance. These short and long lived transcripts compensate for the oscillation of a system to keep transcript levels constant. The oscillation pattern in leptin is tissue specific in brown and white adipose tissue.

New Terms:

 * Circadian rhythms: daily rhythms that occur throughout nature

 * Sympathetic: part of the nervous system that is always active at a low level, part of the fight-or-flight response

 * Oscillation: repetitive variation between 2 or more states

 * Acrophase: peak of a rhythm

 * Brown adipose tissue: primary purpose is to generate body heat; contains high levels of mitochondria; present in many newborn or hibernating animals

 * White adipose tissue: single fat droplets; account for large amount of body weight; have receptors for various hormones

Connection to Metabolism:

 * Regulation in a biological system via transcription

 * Light and dark cycles

 * Energy balance in a cell

Hepatic Steatosis & Hyperinsulinemia
Infusion of leptin has been proven to devitalize hepatic steatosis and hyperinsulinemia. This had been discovered via decreasing the synthesis of hepatic triglycerides and improving insulin sensitivity, in diet-induced lipodystrophy model mice.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-containing lipodystrophy model diets were proven to cause substantial weight gain in the livers of mice. Despite this, there was no significant change between the initial and final body weights, or in food intake. Leptin infusion has been proven to insignificantly alleviate hepatomegaly, in diet-induced lipodystrophy model mice. There were significant decreases in waist subcutaneous and abdominal (perennial, epididymal, and omental) white adipose tissue (WAT), in lipodystrophy model mice, without a significant effect of leptin infusion on WAT weights.

The activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and malic enzyme (ME) were increased in the liver of mice that had been fed the lipodystrophy model diet. However, the infusion of leptin failed to change these lipogenic enzyme activities. The lipodystrophy model diet was discovered to raise activity of membrane-bound forms of Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAP), the most significant enzyme for triglyceride (TG) de novo synthesis. The activity of this enzyme experienced substantial suppression when leptin treatment was administered.

Adiponectin and leptin are known to be secreted from adipose tissue, and have several physiological functions, which include insulin sensitivity regulation. As a result, adipocytokine secretion deficiency induced by scant levels of adipose tissue has been attributed to lipodystrophy. This lipodystrophy would be characterized by severe insulin resistance leading to hyperinsulinemia and hepatic steatosis. Hepatic steatosis and hyperinsulinemia are proven to be alleviated by leptin deficiency. Regardless, leptin infusion had no observable effect on adiponectin levels.

Mice that were fed the lipodystrophy model diet experienced an impaired insulin-mediated glucose lowering effect. However, leptin infusion in the mice resulted in an alleviation of insulin resistance. This indicated a weakening of hepatic steatosis and hyperinsulinemia via insulin resistance alleviation, and as a result of leptin treatment.

Link to Article:

http://www.lipidworld.com/content/7/1/8#IDAESI0J

title: Metabolomics/Hormones/Leptin


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/pos

Description
This function returns a number which means different things depending on the value of. Use one of the following values for.

¥   returns information about the number of characters sent by the  statement to screen windows or to the device specified by the most recent   statement. The value of  is incremented whenever you print a character (other than a carriage-return) to any open window or to the  'd device. The value of  is reset to zero whenever any of the following happens:

 You send a carriage-return character to any window or 'd device (this is usually the final character sent by a   statement); or:

The text in any window or 'd device reaches the right margin and wraps around to the next line; or:

You open a new window with the  statement; or:

You start a new print job with the  statement.

Note
often, but not always, represents the number of characters on the current line of text. However, because FB does not maintain separate  values for separate windows, the value returned by   may represent the characters on a line in the current window, or on a line in a different window, or even the sum of the characters on lines in multiple windows.

¥   returns the number of characters printed so far on the current line of text sent to the printer. The value of  is incremented whenever you send a chacter (other than carriage-return) to the printer; the value is reset to zero whenever you send a carriage-return character to the printer, or the text reaches the right margin and wraps around to the next line.

¥   returns information about characters sent to open files. The value of  is incremented whenever you send a character (other than carriage- return) to any open file; the value is reset to zero whenever you send a carriage-return character to any open file. Note that if you have more than one file open, the value returned by  reflects the sum of the characters sent to all the files you're writing to. If you write a total of more than 32767 characters (to all open files) without writing a carriage-return character, the number returned by  is invalid.

Note:> To determine the current horizontal pen position (in pixels), use the function.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/pos


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/poke

Syntax
POKE [BYTE] POKE WORD POKE LONG

Shorthand syntax: | address&, byteExpr % address&, shortIntExpr & address&, longIntExpr

Description
These statements copy the value in,   or  into the 1, 2 or 4 memory bytes (respectively) which start at location. The  should be a long integer expression, or a   variable.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/poke


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/plot

Syntax
PLOT PLOT TO PLOT

Description
This function draws a "point," a line, or a series of connected lines, in the current output window, using the current pen size, pen mode, pen pattern and foreground color.

If you use the first syntax, a single "point" is drawn. This will actually be a little rectangular block whose dimensions are the same as the pen's width and height, with its upper-left corner at point.

If you use the second syntax, a line is drawn, having one endpoint at. The line's other endpoint will be one of the following:

 The last point specified in the most recent  statement (in any window);

The coordinates of the most recent   statement (in any window) that actually specified the   and   parameters;

, if no  statement has yet been executed, and no prior   statement that specified   and   has yet been executed.

If you use the third syntax, a line or a series of connected lines is drawn, with endpoints at the specified points.

FB Lite behavior: When you use the "FB Lite" runtime,  switches to the Graphics Window before executing. You can't use  to draw a line in the Text Window, or on the printer; use the Toolbox procedures   and   instead. Alternatively, you can activate the graphics window and select Print from the File menu.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/plot


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/menu resource

Description
Use this form of the  statement to install a menu which is described in a " " resource. The menu's items can either be defined in the " " resource, or they can consist of a list of available named resources of a particular type (such as font resources).

The  parameter should specify the resource ID number of a " " resource in a currently open resource file (usually in your application's resource fork). In most cases, this will also equal the menu's ID number (although the menu's ID number is actually defined within the " " resource).

If you specify, the menu will be installed on the menu bar. In this case, you should use a menu with a menu ID number in the range 1 through 31, which is different from the ID number of any existing menu.

If you specify, the menu won't be installed on the menu bar, but will be added to an internal "menu list." Use this option when you want to install the menu as a hierarchical menu or a pop-up menu. To install a hierarchical resource menu, you must also use the Toolbox procedure. The following illustrates how this may be done:

If you use the  option, you should use a menu with a menu ID number in the range 32 through 235, which is different from the ID number of any existing menu.

The  parameter specifies whether the menu should initially be enabled or disabled (dimmed). Set this parameter either to  (1) or to   (0).

If you omit the  parameter, the resource menu's title and menu items will be displayed as defined in the " " resource. If you specify the parameter, it should be a 4-character string indicating a resource type. In this case, the menu's items will consist of a list of all available named resources of the indicated type. For example, if you specify a  value of " ", the menu will list the names of all available fonts. The menu's title is still taken from the " " resource.

Note: You can use a program like ResEdit to create " " resources.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/picture on

Picture Function or Picture Statement
'''Which of the following did you need help with? Please click a link to go to the desired page.'''

Picture Function:

Picture Statement:


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/picture field

Revised
February, 2002 (Release 6)

Description
Use this statement to create a new picture field in the current output window, or to modify the characteristics of an existing picture field. A picture field displays a picture which is automatically refreshed when necessary, and which can optionally respond to mouse clicks.

There are important differences in how picture fields are handled in the older Standard BASIC versus the newer Appearance Runtime. In Standard BASIC, picture fields were actually edit fields that had a destination rectangle with no height. (The top of the destination rectangle was equal to the bottom.) The contents of those edit fields consisted of data that told FB what to display. For instance, if the contents were. " " then FB knew to display a resource picture with an ID of 1001.

Appearance picture fields are buttons and as such inherit the full power of the Appearance Manager's ability to display and manage them properly. There is, however, a difference between a picture field and a picture button. A picture field is fully managed as a user pane (a special type of button) by the Appearance Runtime.In other words, FB tells the toolbox that it should call back into the runtime for the details of managing the picture. A picture button is a standard CDEF (control definition) that is managed by the Appearance Manager. Both are buttons. But PICTURE FIELDs are generally display items where APPEARANCE BUTTONs that employ pictures are generally action items.

Appearance Manager picture fields abandon the more obscure framing conventions that were available in the Standard BASIC runtime. For instance, frame types such as,  , and   are no longer available.

The parameters are interpreted as follows.

This is the ID number of the picture field. To create a new picture field, specify a value which is different from the ID of any existing picture field, and any existing edit field, in the current window. When you're creating a new picture field, the  and   parameters are also required. To modify an existing picture field, specify the ID number of the existing field, and any other parameters that you want to modify; any parameter that you omit won't have its corresponding characteristic changed.

This parameter specifies the picture to display in the picture field. You can specify it in any of the following forms:

 —The name of a PICT resource in a currently open resource file.

—A "%" symbol followed by the resource ID number of a PICT resource in a currently open resource file.

—An "&" symbol followed by a picture handle.

If you use a  resource, it's best to use one that's purgeable so that the memory it occupies will be properly released (this memory is not automatically released when the picture field is closed). Don't close the resource file containing the picture until after you close the picture field or you put a different picture into the field. If you use a picture handle, make sure you do not release its memory (don't call ) until after you close the picture field or you put a different picture into the field.

This parameter specifies the rectangle in which the picture will appear; no part of the picture will be drawn outside of this rectangle. You can specify it in either of the following forms:

 —These coordinates specify two diagonally opposite corners of the rectangle.

—A pointer or long integer expression. This is interpreted as the address of a standard 8-byte RECT structure.

This is an integer which specifies several characteristics about the field.

"Clickable" types. Picture fields of these types will generate an  Dialog event (Standard BASIC) when the user clicks in them.

"Non-clickable" types. Picture fields of these types will not generate any Dialog event when the user clicks in them.

You can also add any combination of the following constants to the  parameter to achieve different effects in appearance:

"Images Were Here.

Note
To remove a picture field from the window, use the  statement.

When you create, modify or click on a "clickable" picture field, all edit fields in the current window become inactive, and the picture field becomes "active." When a picture field is "active," you can retrieve various kinds of information about it using the function.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/picture statement

Description
This function draws a picture in the current output window, or to the printer if output is currently routed to the printer. If you specify, the picture referenced in that handle is drawn; this can be a handle returned by the   function, or a   resource handle, or any other valid picture handle. If you don't specify, the picture which was recorded by the most recent pair of   statements is drawn.

The  and   parameters specify the upper-left and lower-right corners of a rectangle. If you specify both  and , the picture is scaled to fit the indicated rectangle. If you specify only, the picture is scaled to fit the rectangle. If you specify only, the picture is drawn unscaled, with its upper-left corner at. If you specify neither corner, the picture is drawn unscaled, using the same frame rectangle that was used to record the picture.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/picture function

Description
This function returns a handle to the picture recorded with the most recent pair of  statements. This handle is the same handle returned by:

You can specify this handle in the  statement when you want to draw the picture. You can also pass the picture handle to any of a number of Toolbox routines which require a picture handle as a parameter.

Note
Your program is responsible for releasing the memory occupied by pictures created with the  statements. You should normally use the  statement to do this, once you're finished using the picture handle. However, if you turn the picture into a resource (using the Toolbox routine  or PG's  ) then you should not dispose of the picture.


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/pen

Description
This statement alters the characteristics of the drawing "pen" in the current output window. The pen characteristics affect the appearance of QuickDraw shapes (lines, ovals, rectangles, etc.) that are subsequently drawn in the window. If you omit any parameter, the corresponding characteristic is not altered. The parameters are interpreted as follows:

¥  and These specify the height and width of the pen in pixels. They must be positive integers. Taller, wider pen sizes produce thicker lines and borders.

¥ If you set this to , subsequent drawing won't be visible on the screen (but it will still be "recorded," if you have turned on picture recording (see the  statement)). If you set to , subsequent drawing will be visible.

¥ This determines how the pen behaves when you draw over existing images in the window. You can specify any of the pattern transfer modes described in "http://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos8/mac8.html">Inside Macintosh"http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/QuickDraw/QuickDraw-2.html">Imaging With QuickDraw. Usually you will use one of the following constants:

¥ This determines the pattern that will be used to draw lines, and to frame or fill shapes. Specify a number in the range 0 through 37 to get one of the following system patterns:

Image Was Here

FB Lite behavior
When you use the "FB Lite" runtime,  switches to the Graphics Window before executing.

Note
To change the pen's color, use the  or   statement. To change the appearance of text, use the  statement.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/pen


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/mouse event

Revised
February, 2002 (Release 6)

Description
If you have designated a mouse-event handling routine using the  statement, then the   functions return information about a mouse click event. Your mouse-event handling routine should check the  function, and possibly the   functions, each time your routine is called.

The  functions will not report a mouse click that occurs inside an active control (such as a button or scrollbar), or in an edit field or picture field, or anywhere outside the active window's content region. Such mouse clicks are handled by other routines, such as your dialog-event handling routine (see the  function), or your menu-event handling routine (see the   function).

MOUSE(0) function The  function indicates whether a single, double or triple-click occurred. It will usually return one of the following values:

Image was here

In rare cases, the user may have time to both click the mouse and release it before your program detects the click. This can happen, for example, if your program runs a long time between successive calls to. In that case,  may return one of the following values:

Image was here

If you just want to detect the click, and you don't care whether the user released the mouse button before your mouse-event handling routine was called, then your routine can just check, which will always return 1, 2 or 3.

MOUSE(locationType) functions To detect where the mouse pointer was at the instant it was clicked, call the  and   functions within your mouse-event handling routine. The values returned by  and   are usually the same as those returned by   and   (see the   functions), but they may be different, especially if the mouse is being moved quickly.

If  returns a positive value (indicating that the mouse was both clicked and released before your mouse-event handling routine was called), then you may also be interested in the values returned by  ÊÊand. These values tell you where the mouse pointer was at the instant the mouse button was released. If  returned a negative value, then   and   are meaningless.

MOUSE Window (Appearance Manager) A new selector helps your program determine where the mouse is located:

...will return the FB window reference number of the window over which the mouse is positioned. The window does not need to be active when this is used.

Click Sequencing FB reports a mouseclick event as soon as it can after the mouse button has been pressed down. If the user executes a double-click, FB interprets it first as a single-click event and then (once the second click happens) as a double-click event. Both "events" will be reported to your mouse-event handling routine. Similarly, if the user executes a triple-click, FB will first report a single-click event, then a double-click event, and finally a triple-click event.

You should take this into account when writing your mouse-event handling routine. The example program "DoubleClick.BAS" handles single-clicks and double-clicks; like most well-designed programs, its interface is designed so that the effects of a single-click are included in the effects of a double-click.

Waiting for the Mouse Up In most cases, FB will call your mouse-event handling routine while the mouse button is still being held down. But in some situations, your routine may need to track the mouse's motion until the button is released. You can use the Toolbox function  to determine when the user releases the mouse button. See the example program, "StillDown.BAS".

Example: Image was here Image was here


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/menu function

= MENU function =

Revised
January 2, 2001 (Release 4)

Description
If you have designated a menu-event handling routine in your program (using the statement), then   returns the menu number, and  returns the item number, of the menu item most recently selected by the user. Your menu-event handling routine should check these values each time it's called.

To give the user continual access to the menu bar, your program should execute  periodically. checks for recent clicks on the menu bar, and responds by opening the menu and tracking the mouse's movement. Finally,  calls your menu-event handling function if the user selects a menu item.

Menu Numbers With the exception of the Apple Menu, the Help Menu and the Application Menu, the menus on the menu bar are numbered in increasing order from left to right. In most cases, they will be numbered consecutively starting with 1. You use the  statement to assign menu numbers to the menus your program creates.

The number of the Apple Menu equals the constant. If your program adds new items to the Apple Menu, the  function can detect when the user selects those items. Other items in the Apple Menu are handled by the Finder, and your program can't detect when the user selects those. You use the  statement to add items to the Apple Menu. (NOTE: If you created the Apple Menu as part of an  resource, then use the constant   rather than  .)

The number of the Help Menu equals the constant. If your program adds new items to the Help Menu, the  function can detect when the user selects those items. Other items in the Help Menu are handled by the Help Manager, and your program can't detect when the user selects those. To add new items to the Help Menu, you use the Toolbox routines HMGetMenuHandle and AppendMenu (see the statement for an example of how to do this).

Your program can't directly detect an item selected in the Application Menu; that's handled by the Finder. However, your program can detect when another application has been brought to the front. See the  function for more details.

Your program can also detect when the parent item that pops out a hierarchical menu is selected. This is turned on and off by a constant in the file named UserFloatPrefs which is located in the User Libraries folder. One (undesirable) side effect of enabling this feature is that a menu grayed by setting its title to a disabled state will produce menu events in inactive items. To use the old method (this is the default state) of ignoring hierarchical items, remark out the line in that reads...

To enable the new feature, remove the remarks and allow the constant to be defined. This declaration is in the file named UserFloatPrefs which is located in the User Libraries folder.

Hierarchical menus have their own menu numbers that are different from their "parent" menu's number. You can use the  function to detect selection in hierarchical menus that your program creates.

Pop-up menus are considered to be window controls (like buttons), and are therefore not detected by the  function.

Item Numbers Menu items are numbered consecutively from top to bottom, starting with 1. Note that a grey dividing line between items has its own item number, even though it can't be selected. It's important to remember this when assigning and interpreting item numbers. Items within hierarchical menus are also numbered consecutively starting with 1.

Image was here


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/mouse

Description
If your program does not do any kind of event-trapping using the statement, then you can use the   function to determine whether the mouse button is currently down. In these circumstances,  returns  is the button is down, or   otherwise.

The  function will not work if your program traps events using. Since most well-designed programs trap events this way, the  function is probably of limited usefulness. See the functions to learn how to respond to mouse clicks using event trapping.

Note: You can also use the Toolbox function  to determine whether the mouse is currently down. works regardless of whether your program uses event trapping.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/mouse


text:
Futurebasic/Language/Reference/page function

Description
This function returns a count of the text lines which have been sent to the printer on the current page. Its value is incremented each time a carriage-return character is sent to the printer, and is reset to zero each time a printed page is ejected.


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/MID statement

Revised
May 30, 2000 (Release 3)

Description
This statement updates  (which must be a string variable) or  (a container variable), deleting a subpart from  or   and replacing it with an equal number of characters from the left side of. The subpart to be replaced begins at position  within  or. In the following code fragments, containers and strings work the same. The number of characters replaced equals the smallest of these quantities:

Under the following circumstances,  does nothing:

 When  or   is empty;

When  is less than 1 or greater than  ;

When  is less than 1.

 Note: You may not use complex expressions that include containers on the right side of the equal sign.

Example:


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Removal of Skunk Odor

Table of contents

 * /Removing Odor/
 * /Discouraging Skunks/

title: Removal of Skunk Odor


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Removal of Skunk Odor/Removing Odor

This chapter lists methods for removing skunk odor.

Hydrogen peroxide method
You can forget about tomato juice, it only covers up the stench. In an episode of the television program MythBusters, chemist Paul Krebaum's peroxide-and-baking-soda formula was found to be the most effective. It was first published by K.M. Reese in the "Newscripts" section of "Chemical and Engineering News," Oct. 18, 1993. You can also find it in Popular Science's August 2007 issue.

Here is his recipe:
 * One quart (1 lt.) of 3% hydrogen peroxide
 * One quarter cup of baking soda
 * one teaspoon of liquid hand soap (not detergent)

Bathe your pet in this solution and rinse with warm tap water. This solution could irritate a pet's eyes and should be used carefully. Krebaum warned that there is no way to store this potion. "If you put the ingredients in a bottle, the whole thing would explode.

The thiols that are responsible for the odor are not water soluble, even with soap, but the baking soda catalyzes the oxidative ability of the peroxide, which oxidizes the thiols into highly water-soluble, non-foul smelling sulfonates.

Paul Krebaum recommends oxygen bleach for fabrics that are color-safe to it, on his website. For use on clothing, furniture, and anything of fabric, use the solution Nature's Cure usually found at large animal stores. Nature's Miracle, however, should also be used with caution. One of the active ingredients, alcohol, can create dry skin and cause degradation of the dog's coat quality. In the worst cases, the alcohol can result in permanent injuries to the cornea.

title: Removal of Skunk Odor/Removing Odor


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User:Jazzmanian/About the author

Gerald is a graduate of Canadian University College in Computer Technology, 1987, and of Red Deer College in Music (Trumpet/Theory and composition), 2004. He has worked in the area of computer network support and programming since graduating.

Gerald and his wife Shanna are both Master Guides and work with the Woodlands Pathfinder Club in Ponoka, Alberta, Canada. They also have two sons, who are both members of the club.

Gerald's hobbies include Pathfindering, music, woodworking, sailing, fishing, hiking, camping, and anything else that seems interesting at the time.

title: User:Jazzmanian/About the author


text:
User:MihalOrela

MihalOrela is roman script for the Bulgarian Михал Орела

title: User:MihalOrela


text:
User talk:Anaxial

Welcome!
Welcome, Anaxial!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 19:06, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anaxial


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/wndblk

Syntax
ptr& = WNDBLK

Description
This function returns a pointer to FutureBasic's internal Window Descriptor Block. The Window Descriptor Block is an array of Window Descriptors. Each Window Descriptor is a record which contains information about one of your program's windows; FutureBasic maintains a Window Descriptor for each window that you create using the statement. The structure of a Window Descriptor is as follows:

 The  element points to the window's window record, which is a structure that the MacOS Window Manager maintains for each open window. This is the same pointer that is returned by the  statement.

The  element is a handle to the first Edit Field Descriptor for the window. There is an Edit Field Descriptor for each edit field or picture field in the window; see below for more information. If there are no edit fields nor picture fields in the window,  is   (zero).

The  element is a handle to the currently active edit field or picture field (if any) in the window. This is the same as the handle returned by the  function when the window is active. If there is no active field in the window,  is   (zero).

The  element is a handle to the window's clip region. However, if the window's  attribute is set,   is   (zero).

 You can use the window's assigned ID number to determine the location of its Window Descriptor within the array. The first Window Descriptor in the array corresponds to "window #0," which is a special graphics port that is reserved for FutureBasic's internal use. The next element in the array corresponds to window #1; the next to window #2; and so on. Array elements that don't correspond to the ID of any existing window have undefined contents.

If you define a  record type as shown above, you can get a pointer to the Window Descriptor corresponding to window #  as follows:

Alternatively, you can use  to access the contents of the array using normal FutureBasic3 array syntax:

You can then use the syntax  to access an individual Window Descriptor.

Edit Field DescriptorsFutureBasic maintains an Edit Field Descriptor for each field that you create using the  statement or the   statement. For each window, there is a linked list of Edit Field Descriptors for the fields in that window; a handle to the first descriptor in the list can be found in the  element of the Window Descriptor record. The structure of an Edit Field Desciptor is as follows:

 The  element is a handle to the next Edit Field Descriptor in the list. If  is _nil, there are no more edit fields nor picture fields in this window.

The element is the field's ID number, as assigned by the   statement or the   statement.

The  element is the same as the type parameter specified in the   statement or the   statement (it defaults to   if no type was explicitly specified).

The element is the same as the   parameter specified in the   statement, or the justparameter specified in the   statement. It defaults to zero if the parameter wasn't specified.

The element is a handle to the field's TextEdit Record, which is a structure that the MacOS maintains for each open edit field. This is the same handle that is returned by the  function. Note that FutureBasic associates a TextEdit Record with picture fields as well as edit fields; you can use a picture field's TextEdit Record, for example, to determine the field's rectangle. See the "TextEdit" chapter of Inside Macintosh: Text for more information.

Example
The following function returns a count of the number of edit fields and picture fields in a specified window. It assumes that the  and   record types have been defined as shown above.

LOCAL FN EfCount(wndID) DIM wdPtr AS POINTER TO wDescriptor DIM efdH AS HANDLE TO efDescriptor count = 0 IF WINDOW(-wndID) = 0 THEN EXIT FN '(no such window) wdPtr = WNDBLK + (wndID * SIZEOF(wDescriptor)) efdH = wdPtr.efdHeadH& WHILE efdH <> _nil INC(count) efdH = efdH..nextDescH& WEND END FN = count

Note
Window Descriptors are maintained only for windows that are created using the statement, and Edit Field Descriptors are maintained only for edit fields/picture fields that are created using the   or   statement. If you create a window or an edit field using a MacOS Toolbox routine (such as NewWindow or TENew), there will be no Descriptor associated with it.

title: Futurebasic/Language/Reference/wndblk


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/window picture

Syntax
WINDOW PICTURE [#]windowID,pictHandle&

Description
This statement "attaches" the picture whose handle is  to the window specified by. The picture is refreshed automatically as necessary, and all  events for the window are inhibited. This is sometimes useful when you want to display a window which shows nothing but a single unchanging picture. However, because  events are inhibited, it makes it difficult to maintain other kinds of contents in the window. It's generally more useful to use the  statement instead.

Note
You must not dispose or release the picture in  until you first either close the window (using  ), or detach the picture from the window. You can detach the picture either by explicitly attaching a different picture, or by executing the following:


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/window output

Syntax
WINDOW OUTPUT [#]idExpr

Description
This statement makes an existing window the current output window. The current output window is the destination for any subsequent text and drawing commands, and is the target window for such statements and functions as,  , etc.

The  can be either a positive or negative number;   affects the window whose ID number is. If you specify a negative, the window becomes invisible. If you specify a positive, the window becomes visible.

Note
does not activate the specified window (i.e., it does not highlight its contents nor bring it to the front), if there are other visible windows open. Use the  statement when you want to explicitly activate a window. (Note: the statement also makes the specified window the current output window.)

is useful in cases where you need to update the contents of a window which may be in the background, without bringing the window to the front.


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/window fill

Syntax
WINDOW FILL [[#]expr

Description
This statement immediately redraws, in the current output window, any controls, edit fields and picture fields which intersect with the window's "invalid region." The window's invalid region consists of those visible parts of the window which were recently uncovered but haven't yet been refreshed; you can also add an arbitrary rectangle to the invalid region using the new (in Release 6).

After redrawing the controls etc.,  resets the window's invalid region to a nil (empty) region. This will inhibit FB from generating a event for the window the next time   is executed.If no window number is used for , FB assumes that you wish to use the current output window.

Note
You will rarely need to use this statement. FB automatically redraws controls, edit fields and picture fields as necessary every time your program executes.


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Metabolomics/Hormones/Corticosteroids

Back to Previous Chapter: Metabolites Next chapter: Analytical Methods Go to: Mineralocorticoids Go back to: Somatostatin

Introduction
Corticosteroids, or Corticoids are hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. This family can be broken down into two main groups; mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Included in these groups are hormones such as Cortisol and Prednisone. The male and female sex hormones, testosterone and estrogen are also produced in small amounts in the adrenal gland. A reduced ability to produce these steroids can lead to disorders such as Addison’s disease.

The adrenal gland can be broken down into three layers. The outermost layer is the zona glomerulosa, which produces mineralocorticoids. The middle layer is the zona fasciculate which produces the glucocorticoids and the innermost layer is the zona reticularis which produces weak androgens (precursors to testosterone and estrogen).

Corticosteroid drugs are usually administered through inhalers for asthma related problems, and topologically for skin related irritations.

Formation of Corticosteroids
All steroids originate from the same starting molecule, cholesterol. In the case of the formation of the corticosteroid Aldosterone, cholesterol is first converted into Pregnenolone by way of a side chain cleavage. Pregnenolone is then converted into Progesterone which in turn in converted into 11-deoxycorticosterone. The remaining reactions take place in the outer layer of the adrenal gland. 11-deoxycorticosterone is converted into Corticosterone which is converted into 18-hydroxy-corticosterone which is oxidized, turning it into the final product, Aldosterone. The human body will synthesize this steroid to conserve sodium and secrete potassium in the kidneys, which causes retention of water and increase blood pressure. This is a key molecule in the regulation of ion re-absorption and blood pressure.

Disorders related to Corticosteroids
There are a few disorders related to the adrenal gland and the production of corticosteroids. One of these diseases is called Addison’s disease, also known as chronic adrenal disorder. People who suffer from this cannot produce sufficient steroid hormones form their adrenal gland and must take supplement hormones orally. Some symptoms of Addison’s disease are; sweating, change in mood and personality, joint and muscle pain. Signs that someone may have the disorder are puffiness and darkening of the skin, most noticeable on scars, lips and pressure points. This occurs because the hormone that causes increased melanin production, melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) shares the same precursor molecule as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). When ACTH levels are increased due to medication MSH levels increase as well. A prominent figure in American history that had Addison’s disease was John F. Kennedy, it is thought to have caused some of his appearance and mood issues late in his presidency.

Inhaled Corticosteroids in Asthma Management
This article stated that all available inhalable corticosteroids have the ability to work as advertised at an equipotent dose. Inhalers are currently the most effective treatment to asthma on the market, most of them only requiring low (80μl-1200μL) doses a day. Inhalers can range from once daily doses to multiple doses daily. This article when into detail about the obstacles that drug developers have to overcome to produce an effective treatment, such as taking advantage of corticosteroids that are only activated once they reach the lower respiratory tract (Ciclesonide). This ensures that the maximum amount of the drug is deposited in the lungs where it is needed, and not lost in the mouth and throat. The article also included adverse effects that may occur while taking the steroids, such as Adrenocortical suppression, bone degradation and glaucoma. As with most drugs being overweight and smoking increase adverse effects. Long acting beta agonists have been found to make the medications more effective and have been suggested for patients to use in tandem.

The article can be found at; http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/05.08/05.08.0625.pdf

Addison’s Disease
This article, entitled Addison’s Disease focuses on the corticosteroid treatment of the adrenal gland insufficiency. The article reviews the clinical presentation and common manifestations of the disease, followed by the diagnostic criteria and management. The management portion of the paper was the most revealing in terms of corticosteroids. This portion of the paper focused on biochemical testing used to diagnose the illness, including plasma cortisol, morning serum cortisol, and cortisol response to ACTH; to rule out the illness, potassium and plasma renin activity are taken. Normal treatment of this disease includes replacing hormones, specifically corticosteroids that the adrenal insufficiency has not provided. These corticosteroids include intravenous or oral hydrocortisone, or prednisone for a longer half-life. The hydrocortisone is a much safer option, not adversely affecting the immune system like prednisone, although the prednisone is a more effective treatment it can only be used for emergency situations, not for long term treatment. The only other option for replacement of these corticosteroids is oral fludrocortisone which is quite potent requiring a dose of only 0.05 to 0.3 mg/day this hormone replaces the mineralocorticoids whereas the other two medicines replace glucocorticoids.

The article can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T5G-4KBG8HY7&_user=47004&_coverDate=082F312F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000005018&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=47004&md5=cf2542b40a4bdd827b755b543fb46aa9

What are topical Corticosteroids?
As its name suggests, the website provided below pertains to information about topical corticosteroids. This site gives a general overview of the science behind corticosteroids and their uses. Topical corticosteroids are used to suppress inflammation of the skin and come in ointments and creams like the widely known Hydrocortisone. In many cases, commercial topical corticosteroids include antiseptics and antibiotics to combat potential microbial threats as well as heal inflammation. The site divides topical corticosteroids into four strengths: mild, moderate, potent and very potent. When seeing a doctor about issues with skin irritation, the lowest strength is usually prescribed first and is increased until the problem is solved. This is to avoid any potential side effects that may occur with the stronger varieties.

This website can be found at: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/skin_hair/eczema_corticosteroids_003762.htm

Glucocorticoids
Carbenoxolone (CBX) has been discovered to inhibit cortisol and prednisolone production via 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11ß-HSD)1 inhibition. Decreasing glucocorticoid (GC) levels has been determined to be a requirement for GC-induced lipolysis.

Previous studies have concluded that CBX increases levels of urinary free cortisol (UFF) and decreases levels of urinary free cortisone (UFE). This is reflects upon the inhibition of renal 11ß-HSD2. A decrease in tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol (THF + 5 THF) and an increase in tetrahydrocortisone (THE) levels were also discovered to occur.

11ß-HSD1 and -2 are capable of interconverting cortisol and cortisone, as well as prednisone and prednisolone. The activities of these enzymes were also able to be inhibited by glycyrrhetinic acid (GE), because of their similar enzyme kinetics. Dexamethasone has been established as an 11ß-HSD1 substrate, and could act as a competitive inhibitor with cortisone.

Experimental GC induction might be counteracted by decreased mRNA expression from CBX action. There have been observed decreases in cortisol production after CBX treatment, which supports the assumption that 11ß-HSD2 inhibition increases the half-lives of cortisol and prednisolone. Increasing these half-lives would result in an increase in overall production of cortisol and prednisolone.

During interstitial fluid experiments, single doses of CBX were proven to have the same impact as a 72hr treatment as the limited availability of cortisol. Activity inhibition had been marked in microdialysate samples. Single doses of CBX were discovered to inhibit the production of cortisol in the microdialysate. This is in agreement with the local inhibition in adipose, and is further supported by the capability of measuring CBX within adipose tissue and interstitial fluid. CBX concentrations were much higher in serum than in adipose and were in excess of interstitial fluid GC concentrations. As a result, competitive inhibition seems entirely possible.

11ß-HSD1 has been proven to regulate GC promoted lipolysis. Adipose tissue microdialysis data revealed that peak glycerol release was reduced by CBX, which indicated an inhibition of GC-mediated lipolysis. Overall, useful biomarkers of 11ß-HSD1 inhibition include urinary GC/MS, prednisolone, and interstitial adipose cortisol production. In addition, limited GC availability to human adipose tissue via 11ß-HSD1 inhibition also results in lipolysis attenuation.

Link to article:

http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/3/857

Corticosteroids
This website is dedicated to corticosteroids, their application, background, various types, and side effects. The site is based around about.com so it is based on a certain topic, in this case arthritis. Corticosteroids are a well known very effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and this site is based on information focused around that fact. This page starts with describing what they are, some examples of corticosteroids, information about cortisol, how corticosteroids work, what conditions do they treat, and how they are given. For just some basic background and applications of corticosteroids this is an excellent resource, for a more in-depth look at the hormones, where they are formed and what they do in the human body a more scholarly article should be sought. Most websites readily available online are geared more to the layman but journal articles are where the real information is.

The website can be found at: http://arthritis.about.com/cs/steroids/a/corticosteroids.htm

Glossary of terms
Pharmacodynamic: study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body or on microorganisms or parasites within or on the body and the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect.

Pharmacokinetic: The study of absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of medicines, including the timelines of these processes.

Equitherapeutic: Administration of medication at equal therapeutic value.

DPI: dry-powder inhaler.

ICS: inhaled corticosteroids.

Dysphonia: the medical term for hoarseness or other phonation disorders.

MDI: metered-dose inhaler

Comorbidities: The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder

LABA: long acting β agonists

Neutrophilic inflammation: Inflammation of granulocyte containing cells, in this case contained in the lungs.

Languor: lack of energy or vitality; sluggishness.

Monograph: a highly detailed and thoroughly documented study or paper written about a limited area of a subject or field of inquiry.

Melanocyte: a cell producing and containing melanin.

Orthostatic: pertaining to an upright standing posture; "orthostatic hypotension".

Azotemia: the accumulation of abnormally large amounts of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, as in uremic poisoning.

Mucocutaneous: of or relating to the mucous membranes and skin.

Vitiligo: a skin disorder characterized by smooth, white patches on various parts of the body, caused by the loss of the natural pigment.

Supraphysiologic: Indicating a dose that is larger or more potent than would occur naturally, as of a chemical agent that mimics a hormone.

Diurnal: chiefly active during the daytime.

Cushingoid: resembling Cushing’s disease especially in the face.

Hirsutism: excessive hairiness, esp. in women.

=Articles and Web Pages for Review and Inclusion=

title: Metabolomics/Hormones/Corticosteroids


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Futurebasic/Language/Reference/window close

Syntax
WINDOW CLOSE [#]windowID

Description
This statement closes the window whose ID number is, removing it from the screen. It also closes all edit fields, picture fields, buttons and other controls that were in the window. If you re-use the same  value in a subsequent   statement, a new window is created.

If you're closing the active window, and your program has other visible windows open, one of the other windows becomes the active window, and becomes the current output window. If you're closing the current output window (but it's not the active window), you should explicitly designate a new destination for output (using the  statement or the   statement) before executing any subsequent text or drawing commands.