text:
Talk:Calculus/Continuity

Equivalent definition
$$\lim_{h \rightarrow 0} f(c+h) = f(c)$$, worth mentioning.

 * Or for negative one-sided continuity, $$\lim_{h \rightarrow 0} f(c-h) = f(c)$$.

Q and A
I'm just learning, but I have a question--in point #1 for the definition of continuity, shouldn't that be "that x is defined at c, so f(c) exists" rather "than that f is defined at c, so f(c) exists?"--anon 1

 * No, what is written is correct. You need that the function f is defined at c so that f(c) makes sense. Juliusross 12:45, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Also, I changed the formatting, made it a list as I found it difficult to read how it was--change it back if you think that was bad. I didn't change any content though.--anon 1

It seemed odd that the definition of continuity didn't include all three conditions needed for continuity, so I added the other two. If someone could make it look pretty that would be great. On a completely different note, it would also be good if we could get an example of all three conditions failing, as well as some pictures?--anon 1

Yes pictures are both important and necessary.--Cronholm144 10:23, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

I reverted anon one, the conditions you added are necessary but not sufficient conditions of continuity. i.e. The definition already implies the conditions.--Cronholm144 10:28, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Expanding
One of the ways this can be expanded is with the intermediate value theorem (IVM). Zginder 14:06, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Inconsistency
We currently state that:
 * Remember that, if f is built out of rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions, then the limit of f at any point in its domain is just its value at that point. So, by our definition, all such functions are continuous.

Which is certainly one point of view. My first comment would be that telling students tan(x) or 1/x are continuous because where they are discontinuous they are not defined misses the spirit of things a bit. A more serious problem is our first example of a removable discontinuity is $$x^2-9 \over x-3 $$, which is certainly a rational function, so we just finished saying it was continuous. Thenub314 (talk) 18:57, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

This is a more or less necessary consequence of defining "continuous" to mean "continuous at every real number in the domain". This is the right definition for functions on general metric spaces. I agree that it's probably confusing for people just starting calculus, which is why (I believe) most calculus textbooks define "continuous" to mean "continuous at every real number". But, it's a definition, so, at the end of the day, there's no right or wrong answer, so long as you then use the word consistently in accordance with the definition.

In terms of the example, $$x^2-9 \over x-3 $$ is continuous according to our definition; it's not continuous at 3, but it's not defined at 3 either.

I have no problem with changing to the more usual definition of continuous, anyway, if you want to solve the problem that way.--Warshall (talk) 15:05, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think we should change the definition. At the level of this book it is easier to define the unquantified term continuous to be continuous on the real line, since the style of the book so far is to not worry about specifying the domain of the functions that it defines, and when we want to be careful we can always say "continuous on ..." Thenub314 (talk) 19:40, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Pencil lifting disconnect
Maybe I'm just failing to see it, but there seems to be a lack of logical connection between the intuitive notion of continuity meaning you can draw the graph of the function without lifting your pencil and the Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT). For example, consider the function $$f(x)=-x^2-1$$, and consider the points $$a=-1$$, $$b=1$$. The IVT tells us nothing whatsoever about the function in this case, because $$f(a)=0=f(b)$$, so there are no points between $$f(a)$$ and $$f(b)$$. I'm not saying that the IVT doesn't imply the intuitive notion of continuity, but the text doesn't seem to properly draw out the connection if there is one. Greenbreen (discuss • contribs) 15:40, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * After thinking about this further, I have removed the following text from the page,

 * Consider an even more degenerate example than the one I gave earlier: $$g(x)=0$$ with $$a=-1$$ and $$b=1$$.  Not only does the IVT not tell us anything using $$a$$ and $$b$$, but it will also tell us exactly squat for any other pair of points we choose in $$[a,b]$$.  Maybe someone could argue that the IVT requires continuity, and the pencil-lifting intuition can be derived in this case from the definition of continuity.  However, I think it is misleading to make the statement I quoted, so I removed it.  Greenbreen (discuss • contribs) 16:07, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calculus/Continuity


text:
Talk:Finnish/Grammar-Suffixes

Untitled
The partitive a (or for that matter, ä/ta/tä/tta/ttä)is not a plural indicator at all. It is a partitive indicator... that is that the object is part of a larger universe of objects.

The rule is that after a number, the object case is always put in the partitive singular. The rules for the partitive singular are much complex than just adding a to the word!

OK, the book is at an early stage, but what is written should be accurate.

Can the author please correct this?

Umm... This is a wiki... you can correct it too! --88.114.229.189 (talk) 09:35, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Finnish/Grammar-Suffixes


text:
Wikijunior talk:Ancient Civilizations/Hebrews

References:

 * Bible

Wikipedia articles:

 * Hebrews
 * Jew
 * Judaism
 * Jewish history
 * Canaan
 * Israel
 * Solomon's Temple
 * Second Temple
 * Kashrut
 * Tanakh

External links:

 * Encyclopedia Britannica
 * Jewish Encyclopedia
 * Ancient Hebrew Research Center
 * The Houses of Ancient Israel Exhibit
 * Ancient Hebrew Clothing

Need help
If somebody could find free domain pictures of ancient Hebrew clothes and houses reconstruction, please add them to the article. This article also needs "childrenisation".

ImageObserver 00:48, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't beleive all of them are not out of copyright yet :D 220.233.48.200 19:12, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

NPOV problems
I know this is a difficult thing to do, but it is important that we write with a Neutral point of view when we write content here. This is, I admit, a certain philosophy and way of writing, but it is important to do this so we can avoid edit wars and stop using Wikibooks as ground for preaching certain philosophies at the exclusion of other ideas. There is a long tradition of using NPOV guidelines at Wikipedia, and that same philosophy also holds true here on Wikibooks. Please read the above link and other related links if you have a question over what is a neutral point of view. --Rob Horning 15:52, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Switched picture
I switched the picture of Queen Esther into Jesus as I figured that Jesus was a far more famous Hebrew. I tried to pick a picture that emphasized his Jewishness. Hopefully no one feels offence about that. I'm happy to discuss the issue if it bothers anyone.

Coverage
Good.

Accuracy
No comment.

Grammar and tone
I've done a few copy-edits to this page. I think there are still some unclear places, especially:
 * The food and drinks. Lots of ideas scattered in the paragraph. Needs some coherence.
 * The translation of Jesus and Zeus and Messiah. I was completely confused.
 * The furniture. Sounds too complicated, but then still understandable.

 Kayau  David Copperfield  MOBY DICK   the great gatsby  05:48, 5 August 2009 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Basejumper123

What is Wikijunior
What is Wikijunior" is proposed as a policy and has been included on the Wikibooks Policies and Guidelines Voting page. Please take time to comment and express your opinion in the referendum.

Image:Milimeter example.pdf
This .pdf isn't being used and is copywritten. Since it isn't being used, there can be no assertion of fair use. Please do one of the following: Thanks!  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 13:37, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Use the file somehow, and put appropriate fair use rationale on the image page; or
 * 2) Tag the file for deletion with

Helping with a class
Basejumper123

I am a physics professor at Clarion University -- and am teaching two sections of physical science next semester. I would like to make it a class assignment to help develop this book. The way I was planning on doing it was breaking it up into sections - with each student getting a (or possibly several) topic(s) - that they were responsible for researching outside of class -- writing a short lecture -- and the appropriate text for the wiki book. I along with other students would edit it - and check for accuracy. I think this will be particularly useful method for developing practice problems...although I do have some concerns about keeping the quality high. I have been using wiki's in my class this semester - and it has been quite rewarding for the students and I think useful. See http://www.appropedia.org/PH261 as the course develops. Doing projects like the LED project -- through a mass class collaboration has been very good...see for example -- http://www.appropedia.org/LED_FAQ

What do you think? Please drop me a line - jpearce@clarion.edu

Best regards - Joshua

title: User talk:Basejumper123


text:
Conworld/Fiction

Introduction
This book is intended to be a guide for prospective fantasy/sci-fi novelists. I have given a broad outline of the intended structure of this book. Please feel free to edit and contribute wholeheartedly.

There are lots of wannabe writers out there — J.K. Rowlings or J.R.R. Tolkiens in the making. I feel there is a story (or maybe more than one) hidden in each one of us. If only we can bring it / them out, and package it well, it would be a bestseller. This book will help you with that process.

title: Conworld/Fiction


text:
Diagnostic Radiology/Vascular Anatomy

Vascular anatomy refers to the study of the network of blood vessels in the human body, which includes arteries, veins, and capillaries. The vascular system plays a crucial role in the transport of blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. Here's an overview of the key components of vascular anatomy:

 * Arteries:
 * Arteries: Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. They have thick, muscular walls that help withstand the high pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
 * Aorta: The aorta is the largest and main artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart. It branches into multiple arteries that supply blood to various organs and regions of the body.
 * Arterioles: Arterioles are smaller arteries that branch from larger arteries. They play a key role in regulating blood pressure and controlling blood flow to specific tissues.

 * Capillaries:
 * Capillaries: Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and are responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste products between the bloodstream and body tissues. Their thin walls allow for efficient diffusion.

 * Veins:
 * Veins: Veins carry deoxygenated blood from body tissues back to the heart, where it is then pumped to the lungs for oxygenation. Veins typically have thinner walls than arteries and contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
 * Superior and Inferior Vena Cava: These are the body's largest veins. The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium of the heart, while the inferior vena cava returns blood from the lower part of the body.

 * Venous System:
 * Deep Veins: Deep veins are located within the muscles and are responsible for carrying the majority of blood in the venous system. Examples include the femoral and popliteal veins in the legs.
 * Superficial Veins: Superficial veins are located closer to the skin's surface and include veins like the great saphenous vein in the leg.

 * Portal System:
 * Portal Veins: Portal veins are unique in that they carry blood from one group of capillaries to another without first passing through the heart. The hepatic portal vein, for example, carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing before returning it to the general circulation.

 * Lymphatic System:
 * Lymphatic Vessels: While not part of the vascular system, lymphatic vessels play a crucial role in fluid balance and immune function. They collect lymph, a clear fluid containing white blood cells, from body tissues and return it to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

Understanding vascular anatomy is essential for healthcare professionals, particularly vascular surgeons, cardiologists, radiologists, and nurses who diagnose and treat vascular conditions, such as arterial blockages, venous diseases, and lymphatic disorders. Additionally, knowledge of vascular anatomy is crucial for vascular imaging and interventional procedures.

Normal Vascular Anatomy

 * Aorta
 * Thoracic Aorta
 * Coronary Arteries
 * Innominate Artery
 * Left Common Carotid Artery
 * Left Subclavain Artery
 * Bronchial Arteries
 * Intercostal Arteries
 * Abdominal Aorta
 * Phrenic Arteries
 * Celiac Artery
 * Superior Mesenteric Artery
 * Renal Arteries
 * Gonadal Arteries
 * Inferior Mesenteric Artery
 * Lumbar Arteries
 * Common Iliac Arteries
 * Internal Iliac Artery
 * External Iliac Artery
 * Circumflex Iliac Artery
 * Inferior Epigastric Artery
 * Common Femoral Artery
 * Profunda Femoris Artery
 * Superficial Femoral Artery
 * Popliteal Artery
 * Anterior Tibial Artery
 * Tibio-peroneal Trunk
 * Posterior Tibial Artery
 * Peroneal Artery

title: Diagnostic Radiology/Vascular Anatomy


text:
Bartending/Help/How to add recipes

Cocktails
This wikibook uses a simple format for cocktails:

Cocktail name is a... Simple description of cocktail. ==Ingredients== * Alcoholic * Ingredients * and * mixers Garnishes * Garnishes like * Cherries ==Glass== * Glasses, like a tumbler or highball ==Procedure== ==Variations== * A common variation on the drink. * Another common variation on the drink. ==Related cocktails== * A cocktail different enough to have its own name but still largely the same drink. ==References== * First Reference * Second Reference
 * 1) The specific directions
 * 2) for mixing the drink

The article should be entitled Bartending/Cocktails/Name_Of_Cocktail

title: Bartending/Help/How to add recipes


text:
User talk:82.80.69.146

Kabbalah
Welcome to Wikibooks and thanks for your engagement!

Have you read Naming policy? Article titles like 'Preface' are confusing to users, because it's not clear, to which book the chapter belongs. Many books can have chapter called 'Preface'. To avoid this, we name pages like: 'Kabbalah/Preface'. Could you please rename your book? You can create new pages and add replace contents of unused old pages by  . --Derbeth 07:36, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:82.80.69.146


text: User talk:Sleepisdreamier

title: User talk:Sleepisdreamier


text:
User talk:82.131.18.23

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:82.131.18.23


text:
User talk:Malenfant

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --Derbeth 08:31, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Copyright problem with Image:Celx angles.jpg
--Derbeth 20:51, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Malenfant


text:
User talk:JBulalacao

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

title: User talk:JBulalacao


text:
User talk:Shalmanese~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Shalmanese. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Shalmanese~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:29, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shalmanese~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:24.69.255.236

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:24.69.255.236


text: User talk:59.182.31.128

title: User talk:59.182.31.128


text: User talk:68.8.219.139

title: User talk:68.8.219.139


text: User talk:201.135.234.173

title: User talk:201.135.234.173


text:
User talk:66.220.96.42

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

title: User talk:66.220.96.42


text:
User talk:68.163.96.250

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

title: User talk:68.163.96.250


text:
User talk:68.127.29.193

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

title: User talk:68.127.29.193


text:
Hebrew/Nouns

Hebrew nouns are not hard at all, especially for most Germanic-language speakers.

Gender
In Hebrew, nouns have gender. This concept may be a little difficult for English speakers to grasp, but it is not hard at all (some English words are gendered too, e.g. ships are referred to as "she").

There are two types of noun gender (unlike German which has 3): Masculine and Feminine. Telling the difference is quite easy. The basic rule is: Of course, there are some nouns that are assigned to a certain gender logically. For example, the word יֵלֶד (yeled - boy) is masculine, while יַלְדָה (yalda - girl) is feminine.
 * Most feminine nouns end in either the letter ת or the letter ה.
 * Most masculine nouns end in every other letter.

The article
There is only one article in Hebrew (in English there are three: the, a/an and some): הַ ( ha ). This translates into English as the. There is no article a/an. So תַּפּוּחַ ( tapuakh - apple ) can be either an apple or just apple ( depending on the context ). This article is easy and straight forward. It is a prefix, meaning it is added to the beginning of a noun. Simply add הַ ( the letter hey ) to the beginning of the noun.

Examples
Here are some examples using the article.

הַמַּחְשֵׁב - ha-machshev the computer הָאִישָׁה - ha-isha the woman הַסֵּפֶר - ha-sefer the book

Plural
Noun plural in Hebrew is quite straight forward and easy. The rules are: Of course, there are some exceptions. For example, the noun שׁוּלְחָן ( shulhan - table ) is a masculine ( ends in נ - noon ), but its plural is שוּלְחָנוֹת ( notice the ות at the end of the noun). These irregularities will have to be memorized when learned.
 * Feminine nouns change the gender suffix ( the letter at the end of the word that tells us what gender the noun is ) into וֹת ( vav-tav )
 * Masculine nouns change the gender suffix into ים ( yod-mem )

Examples
Here are some examples of plurals.

יְלדִים - yeladim kids, boys קְלפִים - k'laphim cards מִדפּסוֹת - midpasot printers

Exercises
Back to Hebrew Main
 * 1) Determine whether the following nouns are masculine or feminine, then pluralize them:
 * 2) ספר
 * 3) ספרייה
 * 4) גנן
 * 5) אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטָה
 * 6) יפּנית
 * 7) סיפּוּר
 * 8) כּסף

title: Hebrew/Nouns


text: User talk:204.108.148.12

title: User talk:204.108.148.12


text:
User talk:80.2.248.156

The Manual of Crime
This article was deleted after decision of Wikibooks community. Please do not start it again. --Derbeth 17:28, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but users of Wikibooks decided to removed this material, so it shouldn't be recreated. If you disagree with this decision, you can start discussion at Votes for undeletion or create this book at Wikicities. I also have to warn you that repeating cases of contributing this material to Wikibooks may result in temprorary blocking from editing Wikibooks. --Derbeth 17:41, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.2.248.156


text:
Signals and Systems/Fourier Series Analysis

Plotting Results
From the polar form of the Fourier series, we can see that essentially, there are 2 quantities that Fourier series provides: Magnitude, and Phase shift. If we simplify the entire series into the polar form, we can see that instead of being an infinite sum of different sinusoids, we get simply an infinite sum of cosine waves, with varying magnitude and phase parameters. This makes the entire series easier to work with, and also allows us to begin working with different graphical methods of analysis.

Magnitude Plots
It is important to remember at this point that the Fourier series turns a continuous, periodic time signal into a discrete set of frequency components. In essence, any plot of Fourier components will be a stem plot, and will not be continuous. The user should never make the mistake of attempting to interpolate the components into a smooth graph.

The magnitude graphs of a Fourier series representation plots the magnitude of the coefficient (either $$X_n$$ in polar, or $$C_n$$ in exponential form) against the frequency, in radians per second. The X-axis will have the independent variable, in this case the frequency. The Y-axis will hold the magnitude of each component. The magnitude can be a measure of either current or voltage, depending on how the original signal was represented. Keep in mind, however, that most signals, and their resulting magnitude plots, are discussed in terms of voltage (not current).

Phase Plots
Similar to the magnitude plots, the phase plots of the Fourier representation will graph the phase angle of each component against the frequency. Both the frequency (X-axis), and the phase angle (Y-axis) will be plotted in units of radians per seconds. Occasionally, Hertz may be used for one (or even both), but this is not the normal case. Like the magnitude plot, the phase plot of a Fourier series will be discrete, and should be drawn as individual points, not as smooth lines.

Power
Frequently, it is important to talk about the power in a given periodic wave. It is also important to talk about how much power is being transmitted in each different harmonic. For instance, if a certain channel has a limited bandwidth, and is filtering out some of the harmonics of the signal, then it is important to know how much power is being removed from the signal by the channel.

Normalization
Let us now take a look at our equation for power:

 * $$P = iv$$

If we use Ohm's Law to solve for v and i respectively, and then plug those values into our equation, we will get the following result:

 * $$P = i^2R = \frac{v^2}{R}$$

If we normalize the equation, and set R = 1, then both equations become much easier. In any case where the words "normalized power" are used, it denotes the fact that we are using a normalized resistance (R = 1).

To "de-normalize" the power, and find the power loss across a load with a non-normalized resistance, we can simply divide by the resistance (when in terms of voltage), and multiply by the resistance (when in terms of current).

Power Plots
Because of the above result, we can assume that all loads are normalized, and we can find the power in a signal simply by squaring the signal itself. In terms of Fourier Series harmonics, we square the magnitude of each harmonic separately to produce the power spectrum. The power spectrum shows us how much power is in each harmonic.

Parsevals Theorem
If the Fourier Representation and the Time-Domain Representation are simply two different ways to consider the same set of information, then it would make sense that the two are equal in many ways. The power and energy in a signal when expressed in the time domain should be equal to the power and energy of that same signal when expressed in the frequency domain. Parseval's Theorem relates the two.

Parsevals theorem states that the power calculated in the time domain is the same as the power calculated in the frequency domain. There are two ways to look at Parseval's Theorem, using the one-sided (polar) form of the Fourier Series, and using the two-sided (exponential) form:

 * $$P = \int_{0}^T f^2(t)dt

= X_0^2 + \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{X_n^2}{2}$$

and

 * $$P = \sum_{-\infty}^\infty C_nC_{-n} = \sum_{-\infty}^\infty |C_n|^2$$

By changing the upper-bound of the summation in the frequency domain, we can limit the power calculation to a limited number of harmonics. For instance, if the channel bandwidth limited a particular signal to only the first 5 harmonics, then the upper-bound could be set to 5, and the result could be calculated.

Energy Spectrum
With Parseval's theorem, we can calculate the amount of energy being used by a signal in different parts of the spectrum. This is useful in many applications, such as filtering, that we will discuss later.

We know from Parseval's theorem that to obtain the energy of the harmonics of the signal that we need to square the frequency representation in order to view the energy. We can define the energy spectral density of the signal as the square of the Fourier transform of the signal:

 * $$\mathcal{E}_F(\theta) = \mathcal{F}^2(\theta)$$

The magnitude of the graph at different frequencies represents the amount energy located within those frequency components.

Power Spectral Density
The energy in a signal is the amount of power in a signal. To find the power spectrum, or power spectral density (PSD) of a signal,

take the Fourier Transform of the Auto Correlation of the signal(which is in frequency domain).

Signal to Noise Ratio
In the presence of noise, it is frequently important to know what is the ratio between the signal (which you want), and the noise (which you don't want). The ratio between the noise and the signal is called the Signal to Noise Ratio, and is abbreviated with the letters SNR.

There are actually 2 ways to represent SNR, one as a straight-ratio, and one in decibels. The two terms are functionally equivalent, although since they are different quantities, they cannot be used in the same equations. It is worth emphasizing that decibels cannot be used in calculations the same way that ratios are used.

 * $$SNR = \frac{Signal}{Noise}$$

Here, the SNR can be in terms of either power or voltage, so it must be specified which quantity is being compared. Now, when we convert SNR into decibels:

 * $$SNR_{db} = 10log_{10} \left(\frac{Signal}{Noise}\right)$$

For instance, an SNR of 3db means that the signal is twice as powerful as the noise signal. A higher SNR (in either representation) is always preferable.


text:
Classical Nahuatl/Pronunciation

Aztec or Nahuatl writing is a pictographic and ideographic system the Aztecs used to write Nahuatl. It is not considered to be a true writing system since there were no set of characters that represented specific words, but rather ideas. Nahuatl today is written in Roman characters used by the Spaniards when they began annotating the language.

The spelling rules are largely based on then-Spanish orthography, rather than phonemic rules and therefore have not perfect grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence.

Vowels
Nahuatl has four short vowels: a, e, i, and o. The vowels a, e and i sound similar to Spanish, while o can sound like either a Spanish o or a u. Unlike in English, where cuter and cutter have different vowels, the vowels of Nahuatl don't change depending on what follows them.

Each vowel also has a long form, marked by a line or macron over the vowel: ā, ē, ī, ō. They have the same sound as the short vowels, but are simply held longer.

Consonants
Nahuatl ch, m, n, p, t, and y are pronounced like English.

As in English, c represents an s-sound when followed by e or i, but a k-sound elsewhere.

Cu is pronounced kw, like in Spanish, or like English qu. Its inverse, uc, is the same sound at the end of a syllable.

Hu is pronounced like English w. Like cu, it is reversed at the end of a syllable, so auh sounds like ow, and iuh sounds like eww.

H alone, when not part of ch, hu or uh, may have represented a glottal stop, as in the Cockney pronunciation of bottle, or it may have been a sound like English h. Unlike English h, it is pronounced at the end of syllables: ah isn't simply a vowel, but a vowel followed by a consonant.

Before a vowel, l is the same as English or Spanish l. Before a consonant or at the end of a word, however, it is neither dark like English l in full, nor clear like Spanish l. It is a voiceless sound, like Welsh ll. This isn't important to understanding, though, and it can be pronounced like an English l without introducing confusion.

Double ll is simply l, held longer. It isn't a palatal sound like in Spanish, or a single l like in English.

Qu is used to represent the k-sound before e and i, like in Spanish. It isn't pronounced "kw" as in English.

X is pronounced like English sh.

Tl is pronounced like t with the tongue held in a position for l

Tz is pronounced like German z, or like English ts except that the t is pronounced even at the start of words — not like tsar or tsunami, where the t may be silent for some speakers.

Z is pronounced like English s.

Stress
Stress regularly falls on the second last syllable of a word.

Spelling
The spelling used here is a modern standardized system, in order to represent all the sounds of Nahuatl consistently. The spelling used in the original manuscripts did not always represent Nahuatl pronunciation accurately. In particular, vowel length and h were usually omitted.

Spelling & Pronunciation of Classical Nahuatl Words

Because the spelling of Nahuatl was originally based on spelling conventions in Spanish, Nahuatl texts are generally "pronounced like Spanish," with the following exceptions and points to note:

 * Words are stressed on the second-to-the-last vowel (excluding U) regardless of final consonants
 * X is pronounced like English SH.
 * LL is pronounced like a long L (not as in Spanish).
 * TL counts as a single consonant, never as a full syllable.
 * U does not occur as an independent vowel. The only Nahuatl vowels are A, E, I, and O, although each of them can be long or short.
 * CU and UC are both pronounced KW.
 * HU and UH are both pronounced W.
 * H without an adjacent U represents a "silent" glottal stop (as in go_over); in modern Nahuatl it sometimes has a sound similar to an English H and may have had that value in some dialects of Classical Nahuatl as well. (For an English speaker, pronouncing the H like an English H is not really wrong and has the advantage that it helps one remember that it is there.)
 * C before E or I is pronounced like English S. (The letter S is not used in Classical Nahuatl.)
 * Z is pronounced like English S. (The letter S is not used in Classical Nahuatl.)

However over the centuries there has been considerable instability in the spelling of Nahuatl. Some common variations:

 * The letters U and O may be used interchangeably to represent the sound of O.
 * The letter U alone may be used instead of UH or HU to represent the sound of W. (At the time of the Conquest, the written letters V and U were usually reversed in Spanish from their modern values, so U indeed had the value of a modern English W.)
 * The letter H representing the glottal stop may or may not be written.
 * Vowel length may or may not be marked.
 * The consonant Y may be written with the letter I.
 * The vowel I may be written with the letter Y.
 * The letter Ç may be used in place of Z to represent the sound of S.

In this century, linguists working with modern Nahuatl have sometimes preferred spellings that look less Spanish and more in accord with IPA usage. Thus:

 * W may be used in place of HU or UH for the sound of W.
 * K may be used in place of QU/C for the sound of K.
 * S may be used in place of Z/C for the sound of S.

For compound letters, single symbols may also be used to match the Americanist orthography found in other writings about North American indigenous languages:
 * ƛ for TL
 * č for CH
 * ¢ for TZ
 * kw for CU/UC

This is done in order to stress that these are single consonants, not compounds. However, these symbols are rare and not found on standard keyboards, so they are not widely adopted.

title: Classical Nahuatl/Pronunciation


text:
Utopia/Technological

Technological Utopia
There have been many attempts to find a technological solution to the worlds problems, indeed there is a body of thought which states that ever since the start of the industrial revolution, and some would even say since man first tamed fire; that humanity has been on a quest to fix every problem which we encounter with a clever invention. The end goal of such a quest must surely be a technological utopia.

What is a technological utopia?
A Technological Utopia uses Civil Engineering, And Sociology, as well as Modern Psychology, as platforms from which to generate a design. A technological Utopia has several key advantages, in that it may be true that Technology and science have sufficient answers to generate at least a stable society, whereas previous Utopian experiments have been doomed to failure, primarily because of serious lack of real problem solving process.

Basically it is a system of civilization where by technology alleviates any burden that may otherwise oppress a citizen.

The problems with any Utopia ideals are the ways in which actual conditions and realities and entropy can cut down mere ideals and generate a dystopia. Dystopian visions of a technological society include "The Borg" From "Star Trek", and any of several other fictional explorations of possible futures.

Technophobia and technological dystopias
The amazing possibilities of new technologies to vastly change the world we live in have long been understood not only to bring life changing and brilliant new things into the world but also terrible new dangers. mass technophobia can be seen almost with out fail at the dawn of any new technology, be it the first manned flying machines or current cloning research; there is a natural reaction to fear unknown and new technologies. Through out human history this has been true - for example, recent research has suggested that the Romans had invented the steam engine but chose by decree of the emperor not to use it, preferring to keep there large slave workforce busy and thus avoid any possibility of a populist uprisingcitation needed.

George Orwell's '1984' is a classic example of a dystopian portrayal of developing technologies and how they could be used to intrude into peoples lives and take away the freedoms and pleasures which we take for granted. '1984' was written in 1948 a time when television sets were becoming a common site in many well to do British homes, Orwell hypothesizes on their development into a method of control and has Big Brother use 'telley screens' to not only brainwash his citizens but also to watch constantly for any sign of disobedience. Many would argue that today's CCTV culture which has everyone under constant surveillance is close to Orwell's dark vision, and the constant drone of propaganda filling every room even more so.

In today's world the fear of technology has not decreased as our understanding of science has increased, in fact with every new possibility come new fears. 'The matrix' achieved mass market success by investigated the now fairly common story of artificial intelligence gone wrong. The Japanese manga 'Ghost in the Shell' investigates the impact of artificial intelligence and super computing on a futuristic world and the dangers which it could bring. Human cloning, DNA modification, super toxins, weapons of mass destruction, etc., etc. have all had loads of front page scare story headlines in recent years.

What would make a technological utopia
A machine which could control atoms to a subatomic level, that would turn base metal into gold has been the alchemists dream for thousands of years. There is a good reason for this, almost all wars that have ever been fought have in some way been over some hard to find natural resource, be it gold, tin, water or oil. If then there was found a way to turn any one element into another then there would presumably be no need to fight over many of the currently most war torn areas of the world. Further more, if a device which worked like the famous 'replicator' device featured in the cult TV series Star Trek, where by simply selecting from a menu you could create any item that has been programed in it would remove any need for transport, manufacture and retail. Assuming enough energy to run such a machine could be found most of the worlds problems would theoretically dissolve.

A person wouldn't need a large dwelling as there would be no need for item storage, a pair of shoes after being worn could be converted back into something else such as air or water. Extra rooms, sports equipment, etc. could be created at will and removed when not in use. Industrial complexes, retail outlets, warehouses, etc. could be removed thus freeing up space for forests or houses.

Such a technology is undoubtedly far off but through the use of existing and developing technologies a scientifically improved existence is now a realized fact no longer just an idle dream. Many inventions have greatly added too out quality of life ranging from the obvious such as Heaters, air conditioners, Computers, cars and phones to the subtle everyday devices which we have almost forgotten were once created by science such as the devices of logic, reason and our ever useful and hopefully wide understanding of the world around us. As Nitzher eluded when he said that 'mankind walks a tight-rope between the beast and the over man.' our development, although it has come a long way; is far from over.

Road map to a technological utopia

title: Utopia/Technological


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation

This section will show you the Animation system as it is in Blender 3D. Most of the features will be explained and some tutorials will follow. It is assumed that the user has a good understanding of Blender here.

Index

 * Advanced Animation
 * Introduction
 * Guided tour:
 * Armature Object
 * Armature Object in Object Mode
 * Armature Object in Edit Mode
 * Armature Object in Pose mode
 * Mesh Object
 * Connection between Armature and Mesh
 * Envelope
 * Vertex Groups & Weight Paint
 * Shape Key
 * Constraints
 * Copy Location
 * Copy Rotation
 * Track-To
 * Floor
 * Locked Track
 * Follow Path
 * Stretch-To
 * IK Solver
 * Timeline Window
 * Graph Editor
 * Dope Sheet
 * NLA Editor
 * Introduction To NLA Editor
 * The Stride feature
 * Working example: Bob
 * Build The Rig
 * Deform The Mesh
 * Create A Walk Cycle


text:
Signals and Systems/Aperiodic Signals

Aperiodic Signals
The opposite of a periodic signal is an aperiodic signal. An aperiodic function never repeats, although technically an aperiodic function can be considered like a periodic function with an infinite period.

Background
If we consider aperiodic signals, it turns out that we can generalize the Fourier Series sum into an integral named the Fourier Transform. The Fourier Transform is used similarly to the Fourier Series, in that it converts a time-domain function into a frequency domain representation. However, there are a number of differences:

 * 1) Fourier Transform can work on Aperiodic Signals.
 * 2) Fourier Transform is an infinite sum of infinitesimal sinusoids.
 * 3) Fourier Transform has an inverse transform, that allows for conversion from the frequency domain back to the time domain.

Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform is the following integral:

 * $$\mathcal{F}(f(t)) = F(j\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(t)e^{-j\omega t}dt$$

Inverse Fourier Transform
And the inverse transform is given by a similar integral:

 * $$\mathcal{F}^{-1}\left\{F(j\omega) \right\}

= f(t) = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^\infty F(j\omega) e^{j\omega t} d\omega$$

Using these formulas, time-domain signals can be converted to and from the frequency domain, as needed.

Partial Fraction Expansion
One of the most important tools when attempting to find the inverse fourier transform is the Theory of Partial Fractions. The theory of partial fractions allows a complicated fractional value to be decomposed into a sum of small, simple fractions. This technique is highly important when dealing with other transforms as well, such as the Laplace transform and the Z-Transform.

Duality
The Fourier Transform has a number of special properties, but perhaps the most important is the property of duality.

We will use a "double-arrow" signal to denote duality. If we have an even signal f, and it's fourier transform F, we can show duality as such:

 * $$f(t) \Leftrightarrow F(j\omega)$$

This means that the following rules hold true:

 * $$\mathcal{F}\{f(t)\} = F(j \omega)$$ AND $$\mathcal{F}\{F(t)\} = f(j\omega)$$

Notice how in the second part we are taking the transform of the transformed equation, except that we are starting in the time domain. We then convert to the original time-domain representation, except using the frequency variable. There are a number of results of the Duality Theorem.

Convolution Theorem
The Convolution Theorem is an important result of the duality property. The convolution theorem states the following:

Or, another way to write it (using our new notation) is such:

 * $$A \times B \Leftrightarrow A * B$$

Signal Width
Another principle that must be kept in mind is that signal-widths in the time domain, and bandwidth in the frequency domain are related. This can be summed up in a single statement:

 * Thin signals in the time domain occupy a wide bandwidth. Wide signals in the time domain occupy a thin bandwidth.

This conclusion is important because in modern communication systems, the goal is to have thinner (and therefore more frequent) pulses for increased data rates, however the consequence is that a large amount of bandwidth is required to transmit all these fast, little pulses.

Energy Spectral Density
Unlike the Fourier Series, the Fourier Transform does not provide us with a number of discrete harmonics that we can add and subtract in a discrete manner. If our channel bandwidth is limited, in the Fourier Series representation, we can simply remove some harmonics from our calculations. However, in a continuous spectrum, we do not have individual harmonics to manipulate, but we must instead examine the entire continuous signal.

The Energy Spectral Density (ESD) of a given signal is the square of its Fourier transform. By definition, the ESD of a function f(t) is given by F2(jω). The power over a given range (a limited bandwidth) is the integration under the ESD graph, between the cut-off points. The ESD is often written using the variable Ef(jω).

 * $$E_f(j\omega) = F^2(j\omega)$$

Power Spectral Density
The Power Spectral Density (PSD) is similar to the ESD. It shows the distribution of power in the spectrum of a particular signal.

 * $$P_f(j\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty F(j \omega) d\omega$$

Power spectral density and the autocorrelation form a Fourier Transform duality pair. This means that:

 * $$P_f(j\omega) = \mathcal{F}[R_{ff}(t)]$$

If we know the auto correlation of the signal, we can find the PSD by taking the Fourier transform. Similarly, if we know the PSD, we can take the inverse Fourier transform to find the auto correlation signal.

title: Signals and Systems/Aperiodic Signals


text: C++ Programming/Programming Languages/C++/Code/Compiler/Preprocessor/Preprocessor Directives


text:
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Introduction

Welcome to the wonderful yet complex world of computer animation! Through these pages I will try to show you everything old and new about the new animation system in Blender 2.4. But, before we get started, there are some basic notions about datablocks you should know. Animation in Blender is based on the fact that you have something moving in a Blender scene. For example, a ball bouncing on a floor plane:

-So you have a scene datablock, which holds some info about the scene itself, as you can see in the Render button window (F10KEY). -You populate this scene with various objects (which in this case refers to containers for data, not the actual mesh data that shapes the object itself). The only goal of an object is to hold the whereabouts of the data you want to see in your scene. It also holds the object instance's properties such as "does it have soft body or particle options, and do we draw its name?". Most of the info on an object can be seen in the Object Window (F7KEY).

An object links to all of the data you can see in a 3D view such as mesh, curves, nurbs, lattices, armatures, metadata, the empty property, text, camera and lamps.

So the ball you just added to the scene is in fact a mesh, linked to an object that is in turn linked to the current scene.

Now there are also data blocks you can't see in 3D view, such as material, texture, Ipo, action and image. Instead, you have a special window in which to edit them. This is the idea behind the Blender interface, wherein each data block has a window for you to edit the data.

So back to this bouncing ball: It's also moving across the plane! So an ""Ipo"" data block is linked to the object, telling it where in space the object will be at each frame of the animation. This Ipo is editable in the Ipo window when selecting the ball in 3D view. In Blender, the work you are performing is always on the currently active (selected) object and data.

Note: In Blender 2.5x and later the OOPS view has been removed.

Looking at the OOPS (object oriented programming system) view (or SHIFT-F9KEY), we can get a good idea of the internal data structure:

Again, you are working in the scene "Scene", with an object "Sphere" linked to the mesh data block "Sphere" and the Ipo datablock "ObIpo". Why is that important? Because from there, you can start playing with the datablocks, linking them all around your projects to reuse old work. For example you can create more than one Ipo, and use the one you want, or tell more than one object to use the same Ipo, or to use the same object in more than one Scene.

Most of the linking job can be done in the Edit button window (F9KEY). Where you can tell an object to use another mesh's data block for Ipo, material, texture or image. There is always a little dropdown menu button for you to select an already-existing data block.

Now, when it comes to animation, you have to understand the way Blender handles data very well, because using Blender is always a matter of plugging data blocks together when working with Ipos, actions and NLA objects.


text:
User:David Wigram

David is a film professional from England.

He's made contributions to the Movie Making Manual.

His simplistic web page is here.

title: User:David Wigram


text:
Radiation Oncology/Benign/Peyronie's Disease

Peyronie's disease

 * Saarland, 2006 (Germany) (1983-2000) PMID 16169684 — "Results of radiotherapy for Peyronie's disease." (Niewald M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jan 1;64(1):258-62.)
 * Retrospective. 101/154 patients. Penis deviation 30-50 degrees. 1-2 indurated foci. Pain in 48/92 patients. RT 30 - 36 Gy at 2 Gy/fx. Mean F/U 5 years
 * Outcomes: Improved deviation in 47%, reduction in number of foci in 32%, reduction in size of foci in 49%, less induration 52%. Pain relief 5%
 * Toxicity: Mild dermatitis 28%, mild urethritis 4%
 * Conclusion: RT effective therapy option


text:
User talk:Janette~enwikibooks

Copyright problem with Image:Marimba.jpg
--Derbeth 21:14, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please stop uploading images without copyright information. You must have seen warning on the upload page: we delete images with unknown status and may block notorious uploaders of such images. Please complete information about all of your images. If you have any questions, leave me a message. --Derbeth talk 10:34, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I blocked you temporarily for 6 hours because you kept uploading images violating our image use policy. You must have seen my two warnings as well as warning at upload page. Images whose source and license are unknown are dangerous to Wikibooks - if they are copyighted, their authors may sue Wikibooks for violating their copyrights.
 * You can come back to work after 6 hours but I warn you that you will be blocked again if you upload more suspicious images. Leave a message at my talk page or send me an e-mail if you need any help. --Derbeth talk 06:56, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Janette. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Janette~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:15, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Janette~enwikibooks


text:
Principles of Sociology/Family

Subtopics:

Principles of Sociology/Cohousing and the New Everyday Life Model

This American Life presents... The Sanctity of Marriage... Stories trying to understand what actually happens in marriages, during this time when the definition of marriage is up in the air. Prologue. Ira visits Kassie Hannah's Adult Living class at Rock Island High School in Rock Island, Illinois, where they stage a mock wedding each year as part of the curriculum. (6 minutes) Act One. What Really Happens in Marriage. Ira visits marital researcher John Gottman, who's part of a generation of researchers that have revolutionized the way we see marriage by observing successful and unsuccessful marriages and trying to figure out what the successful happy ones are doing that the ones who end up in divorce are not. Marriage research and links to marriage education programs for couples are online at www.smartmarriages.com. (23 minutes) Act Two. The Defense of Marriage Act. Adam Felber explains how legalized gay marriage are ruining his marriage with his wife. (His comments first appeared on his blog felbers.net .) And Ira talks about legal strategies with Matt Staver, the head of the group defending traditional marriage in the California lawsuits, and with David Cruz, a law professor at the University of Southern California. (8 minutes) Act Three. I Want to be a Statistic. Starlee Kine gets answers about her parents marriage from her dad ... after a lifetime of mystery. She and her sister had wanted her parents to divorce since they were little. (16 minutes)

title: Principles of Sociology/Family


text:
Principles of Sociology/Cohousing and the New Everyday Life Model

Material drawn from Dr. John Scanzoni's 2000 book called “Designing Families”

“The Family” is another term that gets tossed around quite a bit in the public sphere with little thoughtful discussion about its underlying conceptualization. It is most consistently deployed in policy discussions to stigmatize what does not conform to the nuclear family style epitomized in the 1950s. The fact that few powerful people can clearly articulate the dynamics changes that have occurred in the history of American families emphasizes their inability to plot a course for family policy that addresses the changes that the 21 st century information age economy will likely require. Furthermore, the backlash against feminist politics that has dominated our cultural imagination for the past 25 years still obscures the consistent problems that the most disadvantaged segments of our society (women, children, minorities) continue to face. Perhaps a different family style could help us mitigate these issues while offering everyone (including men) more freedom to pursue personal fulfillment without endangering their personal security and well being.

US Family History in brief – The agricultural era that lasted up until the turn of last century necessitated extended kin networks for security and mutual aid. Thus, family decision making were very constrained by the needs and desires of one's kin. The escape from these bonds was achieved through migration to urban centers for better industrial jobs, which ushered in what we today know as traditional gender relations and family dynamics: the dating game, non-connected households free from kin control, female domesticity, extended childhood, etc. Although the Great Depression forced many families back into extended family networks for survival purposes, once the recovery had begun and the state had assumed more welfare obligations like social security, [white] families began the march back to non-connectedness in suburbia.

Challenges Facing Families in Post-Industrial America :

Renegotiating Gender Relations – although the feminist movement really got started during the Civil War, the big changes waited another century to occur. When women began to enter the workforce en masse and gain economic bargaining power in the relationships with men, it forever altered the marriage dynamics, in which responsibilities (family/economic) now became negotiable and less circumscribed by gender.

Productivism – with dual earner households now the norm, the problem became how to equitably manage who would do what tasks in families – earn income/do housework/raise children/care for elderly parents – when the only real way for men to maintain respect remained the provider role while women remained as the natural “caretaker domestics”, but now needed jobs for fulfillment and to guard their independence.

External Risk – the threats to family security today are largely a result of the post-industrial economic shift and neoliberal politics. Lifetime employment is an anachronism, job loss is a very real threat, medical costs have soared, earning power has stagnated, and debt has led to a high bankruptcy and low savings rates

Manufactured Risks – the freedom of individuals to pursue their own dreams and desires has also helped to create the context for very unstable nuclear families. The ability of both men and women to compromise family stability to further their careers and divorce to find more fulfillment in other relationships is key.

Contemporary Attempts to Redesign Family and Community :

Religious Communities – the Amish, the Oneida, Israeli Kibbutzim, the Shakers, etc. all attempt to subordinate individual freedoms to traditional group dictates in order to minimize internal conflict

Secular New Age Hippy Communes – these groups often oppositional viewpoints on individual vs. community relations, emphasizing both freedom and collectivity, but mostly ignoring family processes

Common-Interest Fortified Developments – these are higher income gated communities that often define themselves by a certain kind of activity, most notably and commonly golf and country club lifestyles

Age-Homogenized Communities – these communities have thus far arisen only in adult-only format whereby older people ban younger residents and children in particular to maintain continuity and “order”

Innovative info age family policy should reconnect the household and community to do the following:

1. Achieve a balance between freedom and responsibility (personal empowerment and security) 2. Pay special attention to advancing the interests of women and children without alienating men 3. Advance the use of dialogic, or democratic decision making in family and community matters 4. Directly confront and illuminate the specter of violence and abuse within the household 5. Provide opportunities for political action within the context of the community

Cohousing Design:

Cohousing advocates the building of individual houses in a way that accentuates the centrality of community. The houses are purposefully built smaller than average with private kitchens, but less space devoted to living rooms. They follow New Urbanist architecture in that they are built close together and multiple stories, with no garages or driveways, but porches and sidewalks occupying the front area of the home instead of a road. Houses are constructed in a circle around a common green area and one house is built much larger than the others to serve as a common house with extra facilities for accommodating common meals, meetings, and recreation. Cars are relegated to parking lots outside the inner circle.

New Everyday Life (NEL) Commitments:

The NEL model was conceived of in Sweden to blend cohousing community design with feminist politics. Keep in mind that Sweden is one of the most prosperous nations in the world, with perhaps the most generous welfare state system, and the most progressive gender policies – and still some people felt that even after taking all this into account and the existence of numerous cohousing communities, something more was still needed to deal with the challenges the information age poses for individuals and families. NEL attempts to institute specific principles (with political agendas) to guide behavior within cohousing.

• Gender Interchangeability – men and women should actively strive to balance all work and family responsibilities (except gestation/nursing) in order to provide both with the opportunity to fulfill themselves by developing their skills in multiple areas of life – not just work or family… but both

• Renounce Violence – using force against anyone – man, woman, or child – is expressly prohibited

• Group Problem Solving – because interconnectedness means that family dynamics have a much broader impact on the community at large, problems like employment, child care, domestic chores, and interactions with others in the community become important to discuss. Also, the community can aid individuals and families by providing extra resources, mediation, or security.

• Redefined Productivity – due to their “enlightened” view of gender relations, the community can offer men and women rewards for pursuing self-worth in ways that are normally difficult or frowned upon in mainstream society – working for mothers and caring for children for men

• Collective Responsibility for Children – is the idea that everyone in the community should take an interest in producing high quality children that are competent to play an active role in community affairs as well as in the information age economy… they are an asset to be enriched, not a burden

• Diversity – this means that the community should actively try to embrace different kinds of individuals and households to provide a flexible and thus resilient social system… older folks, single mothers, and other non-traditional family styles all should have a way to contribute

Other Avenues for NEL Cohousing:

Ecological – many cohousing neighborhoods have opted specifically for green design and intensive shared use facilities that contribute to sustainable levels of resource consumption... it is easier to finance initially expensive sustainable infrastructure and even harder to keep up consumption norms that are dramatically different than those of the general public unless one is embedded in a community of purpose like this

Political – many would argue that in America, the religious right has the ability to mobilize politically through communities of faith centered in churches and church throughout the country… advocates for this type of housing model and the NEL commitments would say that these communities would have the potential to be a counterbalancing force… they may see fit to contract out to the government to provide affordable housing for poor people and minorities that have been stuck in ghettos and ethnic enclaves… or they may emerge in these communities as a local strategy to make life better – the idea of cohousing doesn't have to be grounded in specially designed subdivisions… it can be undertaken in any neighborhood

Economic – some of the hottest technology companies in existence today have very open policies regarding their office environment… employees can bring pets, children, spouses, and whatever else makes them comfortable so long as they put together a quality product in reasonable time spans. With these information age business dynamics, it wouldn't seem a large leap to consider the possibility of having whole firms or their more specialized departments located in cohousing communities. The question would be whether the needs of the community would interfere with individual or team productivity, but this model certainly works in other employment sectors (think about the military) so it could actually be beneficial. How about the idea of having a cohousing community of social scientists to work on various problems in a particular city?


text:
Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Modeling a picture

This is exactly the same as the 2D Image (logo) to a 3D Model page except without a specific example or screenshots and therefore not very helpful. I think this page should be removed. 68.126.252.191 21:30, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Same here. 81.224.183.67 16:17, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

There are two identical notes in the text about using CTRL + LMB to create vertex that will be connected with the curve.

Personally, this tutorial should be removed as it is not very useful.... October 18 2007


text:
Talk:Reverse Engineering/Cracking Windows XP Passwords

I think it is against general wikibooks policy to have a book designed only to aid in the breaking or cracking of a particular software architecture. Also, from a liability point of view, it might be dangerous for wikibooks to host this information (however interesting). There was a long debate about theReverse Engineering book, because it was worried that some parts of that book would aid in illegal actions. I will probably list this book under Votes for Deletion, and see what the consensus is. However, just because this book might not belong on wikibooks, does not mean that the information is not valuable, and should not be disseminated. I won't list this one up for deletion for at least a day, and the deletion process may take several days in and of itself (although some deletions happen very quickly). This should give you plenty of time to move this information to a more suitable location (if you wish to save it at all). If you have any questions, leave me a message on My talk page. --Whiteknight T C E 21:30, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually this info is very good for me... I am right now designing an application... and this has made me rethink the way I am going to store sensitive info... seeing flaws in other security methods really gets you thinking! 220.233.48.200 13:06, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I listed this book up on VFD. If you do not want this book to be deleted, i suggest you vote against the measure. As an alternative, maybe this page should be merged into another book such as the Reverse Engineering book, which is an alternative that you could suggest --Whiteknight T C E 18:00, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

I agree
I believe that this data has its rightful place, but I'm not sure that the place should be here in a freely-accessible forum. As a network admin, I am always looking for ways to streamline the tasks I must attend to daily and this information has been an idea addition to my arsenal of admin trix, but the truth is that out of 100 people that actually use this information, my bet is that about 95% of them are up to no good. Just my .02.

I suggest this infomration goes on a list of "Known Vulnerabilities of ..." e.g. of various softwares or even under the article of XP on Wikipedia rather than here. A title like "How to Crack..." might raise eyebrows and unwanted attention which could result in legal nuisances even though I agree the title is very effective.

Furthermore I believe that good universities or learning places should possess a degree of ethical code in order for their survival. Have you ever heard of a good University for becoming a thief. I agree that a police-man should know all the trix of he trade of a thief in order for him to do his job better but the book he will be given will never be called "How to rob a 90 year old" or "Bank Robbery for dummies" but rather e.g. "Characteristics and Behaviour of Criminals". SDAM!

I don't agree
i knew about this but in a easier and faster way (no need to crack the password) i think the article must be modified to give the parad to this too easy method because this is a major security threat this needs to be known BUT with the associated parad: crypt the hd: on windows 2000/xp (nt series don't know if nt4 is concerned) there is an option in ntfs that permit to crypt folders and file so why not crypting theses SAM files (need to test it and to be able to restore it with bart-pe or another windows installation if the computer doesn't start) so i think crypting the hdd is a solution but they may be some others

 * Info like this is available in hundreds of hack sites etc - so whats one more ? However I guess moving this to make it part of a more comprehensive article/book makes a lot of sense. 59.92.131.39 07:11, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Security through Obscurity is widely argued to be an inadequate means of protection. Fostering this paradigm is of little aid to the developers of products which run on Windows XP.

 * In fact, open source software (such as Linux) tends to be more secure that others (such MS Windows), because security holes can be proactively addressed. (Note that when Microsoft patches a security vulnerability in their software, in most cases, that flaw has existed since release.  Flaws in an open source system can be addressed before vulnerability is discovered or “proof of concept” is exploited with malicious intent.

 * I did not know of the importance of passwords greater than 14 characters. This article has been of use to me; I will be updating my XP password.

Reverse Engineering
I'm going to adapt some of this information for use as an example in the Reverse Engineering wikibook. I also recommend that this information be moved (in whole or in part) to the Cryptography book, or any of the Windows-related books on the computing bookshelf. This module cannot stand on it's own, but it probably won't fall under the VfD axe either (not yet anyway). --Whiteknight T C E 19:50, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * While I don't mind you moving this somewhere else, I don't see completely why it would fit in Reverse Engineering. This is more a tool for what some sort of PC technician would need to do system repairs.  That is why I advocated instead for something like PC Technicians Repairbook as the "parent" for this Wikibook module.  Reverse Engineering would be taking stuff from Ralf Brown's list and trying to make an operating system from those specifications and memory address descriptions.

 * I don't know completely what should be done, and it can be moved again even after putting in the Reverse Engineering wikibook, so I guess it really doesn't matter too much. I agree completely that it can't stay as an independent module.  The Reverse Engineering that needs to take place, IMHO, is to take the external web pages and reverse engineer those programs to explain in more detail the actual algorithm which is being used.  Some sample software should be listed as source code as well.  --Rob Horning 07:37, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I only said that I was adapting some of the information as a case study in the reverse engineering book, because let's face it: cracking passwords is part of reverse engineering. However, i also specifically mention that the majority of this information should definately go to either the Cryptography book, or else one of the computing books about windows. I agree whole heartedly that we can probably move this page to the PC Technicians Repairbook, or something similar. It did, however, make a valuable example for RE, so i'm also going to use it there as well. --Whiteknight T C E 14:43, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * A simple vote to move or consolidate this information into a catagory or book that encompasses a realm it should fall under. This should not stand alone. --MichaelMraz16:29, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

What the hell is a "parad"?
is this even a word? --Spoon! 05:29, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have to be honest, I have no idea what it could be. This page was merged wholesale from a stub book on the subject a long time ago, and clearly it hasn't been edited much since that time. If you can figure out what they are trying to say, you can go ahead and fix it. Otherwise, I am in favor of simply deleting the section entirely. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 12:21, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Hash generation no longer "computationally difficult"
Opening sentence says: This page is about cracking (recovering) passwords on Windows XP machines, which is a computationally difficult process.

See article SSD tools crack passwords 100 times faster; excerpt:

Password-cracking tools optimised to work with SSDs have achieved speeds up to 100 times quicker than previously possible.

After optimising its rainbow tables of password hashes to make use of SSDs Swiss security firm Objectif Sécurité was able to crack 14-digit WinXP passwords with special characters in just 5.3 seconds. Objectif Sécurité's Philippe Oechslin told Heise Security that the result was 100 times faster than possible with their old 8GB Rainbow Tables for XP hashes.


text:
Principles of Sociology/McDonaldization and Opposition

McDonaldization and Opposition to Rationalized Irrationality

''Our focus here is on the utilitarian organization, that which people go to for some type of reward, whether they're employees working for a paycheck or customers looking for products with the best value, quality, and consistency - or even students like us at universities. The idea behind “free markets”, chock full of this type of organization, is that we should have freedom to choose within and between them. Still, our degree of freedom in this choice is severely limited by the nature of the organizations dominating the market. We have seen the rise, fall, and rise again of huge corporations from the robber barons at the turn of the century to McDonalds and Wal-Mart today. The question remains: How can we simultaneously promote citizens' freedom to choose while optimizing production efficiency?''

• There are a growing number of groups opposing the expansion of fast food restaurants and big box retailers

• However, these are by no means the only organizations to be looking at, they are just the most visible today

• The ideas behind these organizations is so widespread and popular because it is so effective - their tactics are drawn from highly rationalized economic decisions combined with marketing images playing on different individuals' conceptions of themselves and their needs – diverse, highly targeted, and well orchestrated

• Some examples from popular media as well as from citizen groups fighting to keep them out of their cities:

- Fast Food Nation, How Wal-Mart is Ruining America , Super Size Me , Store Wars against Wal-Mart

- Voters across CA derailed Wal-Mart's planned 40 new superstores, notably in Inglewood April 2004

- Gainesville's city commission took similar action this year by refusing to grant Wal-Mart a supercenter

- In response to these threats, public relations within these companies has begun to try to favorably reshape their images

- McDonalds has added healthier foods to their menu and reportedly is phasing out their supersize option

- Wal-Mart's new customized propaganda brochures advertise their economic/environmental benefits

• Still, it seems that these companies are underestimating the diversity of ideological angles the opposition may take - in fact, I submit to the reader that the opposition to these big, flashy, cultural icon companies are but easy initial targets, that is, early casualties of a quickly consolidating cultural/political aesthetic whose main characteristic is its anti-corporate ethics.

• Let's listen to what the opposition is saying about the pitfalls of these large, highly efficient corporations, that is, the beast in general, because it will teach us lots about the nature of the organizational structure itself that you might not otherwise hear or think too much about…

- environmentally unsound = MDs large scale cattle ranching operations in the West is extremely destructive to topsoil; what's worse is that they are now exporting cattle operations to Brazil, particularly in cheap, recently deforested parts of the Amazon Basin; they also lots of genetically modified agricultural products (wheat/potatoes); both MDs and WM are major component implicated in suburban sprawl (destruction of farmland and countryside); WM sells lots of “cheap plastic crap”, generating more consumer purchases and quicker throw-away product turnover

- poor labor practices = most of MDs and WM employees are young, unskilled, economically/ethnically disadvantaged women. In fact, WM has recently been cited and fined several times for using undocumented illegal alien cleaning crews; they are also facing a class action lawsuit for sex discrimination in wage, benefits, and promotions. All these things help make their workforce cheaper and easier to control. These jobs are largely alienating and dehumanizing, more like industrial revolution style service jobs than the information age occupations the future is supposed to be offering. Unions are upset because MDs and WM blatantly violate state/federal labor laws and do everything in their power to keep their workers unorganized; employees have incredibly high turnover and most try to keep their employees at just below full time hours so they don't have to provide benefits; fast food is dangerous work due to high accident and violent crime rates (stickups); working conditions are even worse for MDs immigrant meatpackers and farmworkers in the Midwest who hold the most dangerous jobs in America. Even worse off are the people supplying WM with cheap goods - sweatshop workers in 19th century style factories throughout poor nations overseas.

- local/national concerns = big chains like MDs and WM are a huge threat to local businesses who often can't compete with companies that own their suppliers and thus can offer much cheaper prices at much higher profit margins; WM often breaks anti-trust laws by selling its products at priced illegally under wholesale value; most profits from WM and MDs franchises don't get recycled back into the local community as the case with small business owners, instead, they are put into the hands of far away executives/administrators and into chain expansion plans, something most small businesses never consider. The chains dominance erodes local sense of community and ownership. Also, it would seem that national interests aren't served by these companies who move operations and profits transnationally at will with little loyalty

- anti-corporate globalization = critics of these institutions are diverse including farmers, leftists, anarchists, local businesses, nationalists, consumer advocates, educators, health officials, labor rights activists, and animal rights activists are converging on this issue. MDs are the favorite target for destruction overseas when American policy turns unfavorable; people dislike the homogenization of their national culture and find America best to blame – WM will be next on the list as it is even bigger threat.

• But still, these companies are highly efficient and convenient – fast, cheap, wide selection, consistent service... This is why we utilize them so much, because they seem very effective to us in the short run. However, when we make our basic purchasing decisions, we certainly aren't taking all the social costs (what economists call externalities) into account…

• How can smaller operations without the “Fordist” method of production and distribution be able to compete? Do we want the smaller forms of business to simply fade away? Do we have any use for them anymore?

Consumers continue to demonstrate a passion for localized, decentralized niche products – this growing “anti-corporate” preference. This is not to say that the idea is so important or widespread that most consumers (even highly educated ones) even take such an idea into account in their purchasing decisions. However, when we look at other manifestations of consumer ethics that many of us are aware of, it becomes clear that these ideas hold at least a bit of the unified anti-corporate ethic within their rhetoric as well. Take for instance some most famous instances of consumer ethics distinctions…

Agricultural Products:

Vegetarian/vegan vs. meat and other animal related products

Factory Farmed vs. Small-Scale animal agriculture (local farmers and free range animals)

Organic foods vs. non-organic foods (Silk soymilk vs. Publix soymilk)

Healthy vs. Non-Healthy foods (high levels of fat, sugar, preservatives associated with big name brands)

Large Food Companies vs. local agricultural produce (Dole fruit vs. farmers' market fruit)

Fast food vs. Slow food (dinner on the go vs. cooking and eating homemade meals)

Labor Disputes:

Farmworker/Employee Strikes (Taco Bell tomato pickers/CA supermarkets Safeway and Ralph's strike)

Sweatshop vs. Non-Sweatshop Labor (Nike vs. Doc Marten)

Fair vs. Free Trade (coffee)

Foreign vs. Domestic (Japanese vs. American automobiles)

Other:

Animal testing vs. non-animal testing (alternative standards of ethics)

Fur vs. Synthetic

SUVs vs. compact vehicles (Explorer vs. Geo)

Local vs. Chain/Franchised Businesses (Mom & Pop vs. Wal-Mart)

Corporate vs. Alternative Media (Network News vs. Indymedia or The Onion)

• Will this anti-corporate movement be discredited and co-opted like the environmental and labor movements?

• Maybe, but this is a different kind of movement, one that depends almost solely on people's decision to buy or not to buy…

• There isn't anything particularly inevitable about the forms of utilitarian organizations today dominating the marketplace – sure, those who have the most resources already have the greatest advantage – but that doesn't give them the eternal scepter of power - creativity and worldly awareness has the power to change everything

• In fact, one of the only ways these organizations have been sustained over the past few decades or so is through different government subsidies to these types of industries, starting with the construction of the interstate highway system that facilitated mass transit by auto and suburban sprawl and extending to generous tax cuts/exemptions given out to these companies by officials at different levels of government.

• The point is that the free market doesn't really reflect the true, unadulterated nature of customer demand… it never has and it probably never will – so the inevitability argument falls flat on its face – there are more dimensions to consumer choice besides supply/demand and more people are taking them into account

• The primary question that liberal democracies like our own have been charged with answering for the last two centuries is how to balance the efficiency and amorality of market tendencies – but they will only see fit to do it if there is pressure placed on them by citizen consumers who are serious about change

• This question has historically been left up to the appropriate governmental authorities (congress more or less) but don't expect them to come to the rescue to set things right anytime soon – their constituencies are fairly well distracted at the moment with other (mostly irrational) fears they see on TV. As long as this keeps us entertained, the biggest special interest lobbies in world history will still hold unopposed sway.

• Ask yourself: what is your viable alternative to the McDonaldization and “Wal-Mart-ization” of our world?

• Keep in mind that these organizations, just like the ones you are planning, sell lifestyles these days… that's how image is crafted and sold – all you need to know is how you and a significant number of people around you want to live… and of course, how you all want to be perceived by others… craft your representations wisely...


text:
Principles of Sociology/The Economy

Subtopics:

Principles of Sociology/PARECON

This American Life presents... "The Fix is In"... Yes, airline prices are always the same no matter which airline you call; in Presidential elections you always feel like you're choosing between the lesser of two evils; and it doesn't really make your hair any cleaner if do the "repeat" part of the instructions "shampoo, rinse, repeat." There are all sorts of situations in which we suspect the fix is in, but we almost never find out for certain. On today's show, for once, we find out. The whole program is devoted to one story, in which we go inside the back rooms of one multinational corporation and hear the intricate workings recorded on tape of how they put the fix in. We hear from Kurt Eichenwald, whose book The Informant is about the price fixing conspiracy at the food company Archer Daniels Midland, and the executive who cooperated with the FBI in recording over 250 hours of secret video and audio tapes, probably the most remarkable videotapes ever made of an American company in the middle of a criminal act. Prologue. Ira speaks with two people who believe they've uncovered behind- the-scenes conspiracies but can't be sure. Attorney Andy Hail has sued the two biggest supermarkets in Chicago (Dominick's and Jewel) because they charge a dollar more for milk than stores around the country, and because their prices seem to change simultaneously, as if orchestrated. Cindi Canary from the Illinois Campaign for Political Reform tells the story of an Illinois law that seems to mostly benefit one man--the man who made sure it made it though the legislature. Act One. We hear the first part of our story about Archer Daniels Midland and FBI informant Mark Whitacre. In this half, Whitacre inadvertantly ends up a cooperating witness, and turns himself into one of the best cooperating witnesses in the history of U.S. law enforcement, gathering evidence with an adeptness few have matched. (25 minutes) Act Two. Our story about ADM and Mark Whitacre continues. The FBI finds out that their star cooperating witness Mark Whitacre has been lying to them for three years about some rather serious matters.

title: Principles of Sociology/The Economy


text:
Template:Formal Logic/Sentential Logic TOC

For book Formal Logic.

 * 1) Sentential Logic
 * 2) Informal Overview
 * 3) Goals
 * 4) The Sentential Language
 * 5) Syntax
 * 6) Formal Syntax
 * 7) Informal Conventions
 * 8) Semantics
 * 9) Formal Semantics
 * 10) Truth Tables
 * 11) Validity
 * 12) Expressibility
 * 13) Properties of Sentential Connectives
 * 14) Substitution and Interchange
 * 15) Natural Language Translations
 * 16) Translations
 * 17) Derivations
 * 18) Derivations
 * 19) Inference Rules
 * 20) Constructing a Simple Derivation
 * 21) Subderivations and Discharge Rules
 * 22) Constructing a Complex Derivation
 * 23) Theorems
 * 24) Derived Inference Rules
 * 25) Disjunctions in Derivations


text:
Principles of Sociology/PARECON

Material below based on Michael Albert's 2003 book "PARECON - Participatory Economics"

''We often hear about “the economy” and the important factors involved in its fluctuations that most of the public doesn't conceptually grasp, but it isn't very often that we talk about our underlying economic principles. This is because most of us unknowingly embrace the TINA principle – there is no alternative – when we cannot think or conceive of economies significantly different than our own. The traditional capitalist/communist debate has been all but settled, but still, many citizens living in the world's premiere capitalist nations feel at best ambivalent about the seemingly negative [side]effects stemming from our particular economic organization – gross inequality on local, national, and international level, ecological degradation, commodification of sacred institutions, poor job environments, cultural homogenization, etc. We should remember that no particular economic model is the natural destiny of humankind. Economies are socially constructed and correspond to specific cultural/political dynamics - they can be reorganized.''

Conceptual Definitions of Economic Processes:

Economy = a system for producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services (wealth)

Allocation = deciding who produces how much of what, the price of exchanges, and how to distribute it

Ownership Relations = who can own the means of production – private individuals, the state, cooperatives

Division of Labor = deciding who should have what kind of job with what kind of decision making power

Decision Making = how economic relations are organized by actors and institutions

Remuneration = the process of deciding who deserves how much compensation for their labor

Different Kinds of Economies:

Capitalist : private ownership of the means of production, hierarchical corporate division of labor, central gov't planning and semi-centralized decision making, and remuneration based on market performance

State Socialist : state ownership of the means of production, corporate division of labor, centralized government economic planning by the coordinator class, and remuneration based on power/output

Market Socialist : mixed state/private ownership of production sites, market/centralized division of labor, central planning and semi-centralized decision making, market/coordinator class control of remuneration

Bioregionalist : public ownership of the means of production, decentralized exchange and cooperation guides division of labor and decision making, the central organizing goal is environmental sustainability

Participatory : public/socially relevant ownership, balanced job combinations guiding the division of labor, workers councils utilizing participatory planning organize economic decision making, and remuneration is based upon effort and sacrifice with the principles below serving as overarching guidelines

Judging the Effects of Past and Current Economic Institutions on Societies

Market Economies – the raw fact that the desires of workers and capitalists are so often diametrically opposed leads to exploitation and conflict. This competition for scarce resources manifests in sometimes vicious strife among different classes of workers inside a company (management, unions) and different groups outside the company who would like to have the jobs themselves (poorer foreign workers). Powerful coalitions of capitalists have been known to collude to manipulate public desires and political beliefs in order to enrich their own interests. Furthermore, the constant need for economic growth comes at the expense of public health and well being, especially when overconsumption damages the environment.

Command Economies – the central planning of communist nations has almost unequivocally failed on all similar measures, but open conflict remains more veiled in authoritarian political regimes. Often, the basic needs of the people were not met because the planners became an oppressive ruling class of their own who deprived the people to enhance their own power. The plans that came down on workers from the central gov't did not reflect the actual situation in the factory and were horribly inefficient. The process of allocation became more and more corrupt, exploitative, and alienating – mirroring the political system.

Principles of Participatory Economics:

Equity – How to decide what people deserve to be remunerated in the economy? Different norms exist…

Norm 1 = according to the contribution of a person's physical (property) and human (skills) assets

Norm 2 = according to the contribution of a person's human assets only

Norm 3 = according to a person's effort or personal sacrifice only

Norm 4 = according to a person's needs only

Self-Management – Who should get to decide how economic matters should be handled?

Norm 1 = give the lion's share of decision making power to the few “strongest” or “most able”

Norm 2 = give everyone participating an equal say in decision making – majority rule style

Norm 3 = vary the distribution of power in decision making based on how much one is affected

Diversity – Homogenization of life conditions, material outcomes, culture, and thought pattern is dangerous because it increases the risk of cascading catastrophe – innovative diversity thus represents security

Solidarity – Competition and cooperation shouldn't be conceptualized as mutually exclusive. We should encourage both, but seek to do so in a way that doesn't promote either stifling the other's potential.

Efficiency – Economic institutions must efficiently meet the expressed needs of the population they serve

The Particulars of PARECON Vision:

Socially Relevant Ownership – no one may own the means of production because everyone owns a fractional part proportionate to its affects on their life… the means of production have traditionally been defined as large scale land, capital, and machinery that is used to produce goods for economic exchange… thus this doesn't affect what one may own for their personal use value or small scale economic exchanges

Nested Economic Councils – worker and consumer councils of different scales (family, workplace, neighborhood, city, county, state, nation, etc.) will decide what needs to be produced and how to go about getting it done in the best possible way. Decision making procedures and communication methods would vary according to the nature of the task at hand and the potential effects on other worker/consumers

Balanced Job Complexes – the human costs and benefits of work must be equally distributed so that job complexes balance what workers define as more or less empowering/fulfilling tasks. People will have the ability to change their job complexes and acquire new skills to access new jobs as they desire so long as their job complex remains balanced overall and there are not dangerous losses in overall productivity.

Remuneration – Workers will be paid based on the personal effort and sacrifice they demonstrate in their work. This means that individuals should not be rewarded based on their productive output, bargaining power, or innate talent. Remuneration is based on how well they contribute utilizing their own abilities. Under these conditions, Mozart, Bill Gates, and a man disabled in a car crash should receive at least somewhat similar formal compensation for similar effort/sacrifice at a different quality/level of production.

Allocation – citizens must be able to effectively weigh the individual and social cost/benefit consequences of certain strategies of production/consumption to successfully guide the economy. Supply and demand data needed to coordinate the effort would be generated by worker and consumer councils and collated into overall plans for larger economic units. The feasibility of balancing these requests would be analyzed and the results sent back to the councils for revision in an iterative fashion, eventually producing viable plans.

Some Criticisms:

Inefficiency/Lack of Incentives – if everyone is rewarded similarly (in consumption) for similar effort, why would anyone work hard? Wouldn't collective laziness thereby reduce efficiency and productivity?

Stifling Talent/Quality/Innovation – how would PARECON reward people with special talents that don't fit neatly into the balanced job complex like artists and inventors – would it limit or distort their creations?

Planning Compromises Individual Freedom/Privacy – one cannot escape the social pressure to participate in a PARECON… thus one cannot escape making one's views and needs known in a very public forum

Adjustment Issues – could PARECON adjust for changes in consumer needs as quickly and efficiently as markets? ex. technological innovation forces drastic remodeling or a massive tsunami hits the coastline

Negotiation of Needs – will individuals or groups be able to push for whatever needs they feel need fulfillment or will group pressure dictate exactly what are acceptable needs? ex. swimming pools, cigarettes

Compatibility – would PARECON be compatible with other core social institutions in our society or would drastically change our culture by bending things like religion, nationalism, or gender relations to its will?

Other Concerns – Wouldn't PARECON just lead to group formations and sectarian conflict? Doesn't it contradict what we know about “human nature”? Wouldn't capitalist markets just crush it from the start?

Just about all the public discussion and debate about PARECON can be found in the links at http://www.zmag.org/parecon/indexnew.htm

For economics buffs looking for a bit more scientific treatment of the PARECON theories compared with those utilized in market economies and centrally planned economies, http://www.zmag.org/books/5.htm provides a formal mathematical model that supposedly (though I don't claim to understand enough to evaluate them) demonstrates its superior convergence, efficiency, and stability properties.

title: Principles of Sociology/PARECON


text:
User talk:68.101.78.22

Traveling Kids
Are you author of this text? I found the same at http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/agoldman/teaching/travelingkids.htm.

Note, that we do not use copyrighted texts. Wikibooks accepts only content released under GFDL license. See Copyrights for more information. --Derbeth 21:43, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

that's my essay alright, and my website... see my profile

Naming conventions
You are creating the individual chapters of your wikibook as modules scattered all over the main namespace. Please do not do that, and instead try to stick to the naming policy. Uncle G 18:36, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.101.78.22


text:
User:Robert Harrison~enwikibooks/Weight Training

Intro

Preparations for beginners

 * Muscles
 * Arms
 * Biceps brachii
 * Triceps brachii
 * Brachialis
 * Brachioradialis
 * Shoulders
 * Deltodeus
 * Trapezius
 * Abdomen
 * Rectus abdominis
 * Obliquus externus abdominis
 * Obliquus internus abdominis
 * Legs
 * NEED LIST OF MAJOR MUSCLES
 * Chest
 * NEED LIST OF MAJOR MUSCLES
 * Back
 * NEED LIST OF MAJOR MUSCLES
 * Heart Rate (all heart rates are calculated as per minute)
 * Calculating the Maximal Heart Rate, Resting Heart Rate and Heart Rate Reserve.
 * To calculate the maximal heart rate (MHR) for an individual, take the number 208.0 and subtract (0.7 * the age of the individual). Example: An individuals age is 25; 208.0 - (0.7 * 25) = 191 = MHR.
 * To calculate the resting heart rate (RHR), the individual should remain in a resting position either sitting or lying down. Take the pulse for ten, 15, or thirty seconds and multiply by an appropriate number to obtain the figure for the timeframe of a minuite. Example: The same individual as above sits and rests with eyes closed for about ten minutes afterwards that individual takes a pulse for 15 seconds. This person then multiplys 4 to the count obtained. The result is the RHR. Assume for the following examples that the individuals RHR is 70.
 * To calculate the heart rate reserve (HRR) Subtract the RHR from MHR. Example: The individual's HRR is 121. 191 - 70
 * Calculating Lower and Upper Target Heart Rates using MHR and HRR methods. These two methods may lead to different results.
 * Using Maximal Heart Rate: The lower limit = MHR * 0.55 and the upper limit = MHR * 0.90. Example: MHR = 191; 191 * 0.55 = 105; 191 * 0.9 = 172; so the target zone is 105 - 172.
 * Using Heart Rate Reserve: The lower limit = (HRR * 0.4) + RHR and the upper limit = (HRR * 0.85) + RHR. Example: HRR = 121; RHR = 70; lower limit = (121 * 0.4) + 70 = 118 and the upper limit = (121 * 0.85) + 70 = 173; so the target zone is 118-173.