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AP Chemistry/Reactions

 * Reactants form products.
 * Reactions may be exothermic (releasing heat) or endothermic (absorbing heat).

Types of Reactions

 * Synthesis: A + B → AB
 * Decomposition: AB → A + B
 * Single Replacement: AB + C → AC + B.
 * Double Replacement: AB + CD → AD + CB.
 * Precipitation - when two ionic compounds are dissolved in a solvent, they form four ions. Quite often, the positive ion from one compound will react with the negative ion from the other, forming an insoluble compound. This compound precipitates to the bottom as a solid.
 * Neutralization - when an acid and base are mixed, water and a salt will form.

Redox Reactions
These are reactions where the oxidation numbers of particles change. The particle whose oxidation number decreases is reduced, and is called an oxidizing agent. The other particle is oxidized, and is called a reducing agent. If oxygen is the oxidizing agent, the reaction is called combustion.

Kinetics

 * Rate constant - constant only for a specific reaction and temperature.
 * Order of a reaction - add up all the exponents of the molarities.

title: AP Chemistry/Reactions


text:
AP Chemistry/Acids and Bases

Polyprotic Acids
Can donate more than one hydrogen ion. (Bronsted-Lowry)

Titration
Titration is the combining of a known concentration solution with an unknown concentration solution. The titration is stopped at the equivalence point, where all of the acid or base has been reacted. Polyprotic acids have more than one equivalence point. This is described by the equilibrium law of volumetric analysis: $$MVn=\text{constant}$$ or simply $$M_1V_1n_1=M_2V_2n_2$$, where $$M$$ is the mass, $$V$$is the volume of titrating acid drained from burette to the conical flask containing titrated base of volume a little more than that untitrated base in pippet, $$n$$ is the number of moles of that acid.

Conjugate Acids and Bases
Conjugates differ by one hydrogen ion. Strong acids have weak base conjugates, and vice versa.

Water Dissociation Constant
$$K_w = [H^+][OH^-] = 10^{-14}$$ at 298K.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AP Chemistry/Acids and Bases


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User:Yinna/monobook.css

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title: User:Yinna/monobook.css


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CAT-Tools/SDL Trados

About SDL Trados
SDL TRADOS is CAT translation software, widely used by corporate language departments, language service providers, freelance translators and academic institutions. As other CAT tools, SDL Trados is designed to increase efficiency and quality during translation and localization. Probably the most frequently used components of a CAT tool are:

Translation memory: A linguistic database that records your translations as you work, then displays past translations when the same or similar source material appears again.

Terminology management: Essentially a dictionary that can be referenced on the fly while working

SDL Trados 2007
SDL Trados 2007 adds a new component, Synergy, which provides means to keep track of multiple files with the memory and terminology database.

As with any CAT tool, there are frequent complaints about bugs and failures in this software. User groups are available to seek help to problems, and SDL Trados provides a fee-based support system (also the target of many complaints).

Links

 * Trados Discussions - Translation Community
 * SDL Trados Official homepage for Freelancers
 * SDL Trados Official homepage for Language Service Providers
 * SDL Trados official homepage for Server solutions

title: CAT-Tools/SDL Trados


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Disaster and WMD Defence Guide/Nuclear and radiation protection

This is the chapter 1 of the Disaster and WMD defence guide and its subject is Nuclear & Radiation protection.

What is a nuclear disaster?
In general, a nuclear disaster refers to two wildly different events
 * An accident at a facility such as a nuclear power plant that leaks radiation.
 * A nuclear attack, or a nuclear war.

Preparing for an accident
Potassium Iodine can be taken to reduce the absorption of radioactive iodine in the thyroid, though it should only be taken on recommendation from an official source due to health complications it can cause.

Prevention
Most people will not survive a full scale nuclear war in the long term. Even with reasonable preperations, survival can not be guarenteed. As such, the best way to survive is to discourage its use and proliferation, so the chance of a nuclear strike is reduced in the first place. Of course, the impact most people will have individually is quite small, but it may add up when done collectively. Additionally, being aware of current events may confer advantages in survival preperation, as well as what may follow.

Food
Long term non-perishables that require minimal water to prepare are best.

Have airtight containers to keep pests, mold, and more out.

Water
Municipal water supplies will likely be shuttered or damaged in the event of a strike. Having water ahead of time is essential.

Potable water is a nessecity. Have a minimum of two days of drinking water per person - the more the better.

Water is also useful for cooking, cleaning wounds, general hygiene, and more. Don't take it for granted.

Filters (Non-electric, repairable), metal containers, canteens, and more are useful.

Special
Potassium Iodine tablets can help mitigate some danger from fallout. Iodine tablets do not eliminate the danger of radiation.

Standard
A full first aid kit is essential.

Rubbing alcohol can help disinfect wounds.

Glasses last longer then contact lenses. Keep an old pair in your shelter.

Stay up to date on all recomended vaccines for your area. In the event of a strike, managed diseases may spiral out of control, and there will be no proper healthcare to assist you.

Tools
Have a hammer, nails, and wood sheets on hand to board up windows in your home following the all clear. For a more aesthetically pleasing and long term solution, invest in thick shutters without slats which you can use to cover the windows completely, with some chaulking on hand just in case. This will save valuble time and energy should the worst occour, and gives a utility to a home in the meantime.

A shovel and wheelbarrel are handy, particularly for unexpected excavation, or burial should it be needed.

A portable heater is good for cooking and may help one find warmth.

Electronics
Store all electronics in a faraday cage in your shelter. When done correctly this will protect them from the effects of an EMP. Consider having a second or third cage with backups.

A flashlight, especially a mechanically powered one, is a valuble tool.

Books
Have paper books on hand covering pratical subjects. Carpentry, Gardening, Maintence, etc.

5-15 minute warning
The only thing you can do to protect you self from a strike about to occur is either to quickly go to a civil protection shelter or to go as low underground as you can and stay near a wall to prevent being buried by a possible collapse of your roof etc.

Do not attempt to take roadways due to the risk of congestion, unless you are in a rural area going to the nearest survivable building for shelter.

When done immediately "Duck and Cover" works because it protects you from flying glass shards, searing inferred rays, and other hazards. In particular, Duck and Cover may save you from blindness or head trauma (either from physical damage or exposure), which will be critical. There will be very limited medical service and supplies, if any, going forward.

An attack is likely but has not occurred
Assuming roadways are clear try to get at least 50 km (40 mi) from any major population centers or targets. If possible, take prevailing wind conditions into account and go upwind of these sites.

Aftermath
What you should do following a strike depends highly on the nature of the strike. A single event is much more survivable than multiple simultaneous events.

Following a major event waiting in a shelter for at least two days without leaving can dramatically raise odds of survival and should be the minimum amount of time waited unless an all clear is given by authorities.

Radiation in food
Irradiated food is generally safe to eat, but food contaminated with radioactive material is generally not good to eat. In practical terms, food in packaging is fine, food exposed to the elements is suspect without proper examination and or subsequent decontamination.

Meat
Properly cleaned animal flesh is less likely to contain radioactive contamination absorbed by animal ingestion then internal organs.

Radiation in a shelter
Half of the radiation is received when a person is within 8 meter radius of the source of radiation.


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User talk:RSchwerdtfeger

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 19:49, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:RSchwerdtfeger


text:
Disaster and WMD Defence Guide/Shelter Location

You should primaly take shelter in a CP shelter. If you don't have this option, in case of nuclear leak take cover in an under ground cellar space or in case of a gas leak you should (depending on the gas) take cover in the top floor (don't go to the attic, because attics usually present a lot of "blocking" which will be handled later,

Radioactivity weakens
When it goes through material For example 35 cm (14inches) of concrete reduces the radiation levels to 1:50

When the distance to the radiating particles grows, half of the radiation is received when a person is within 8 meter radius of the source of radiation.

With time

Preparing your shelter
First you need to bring to your shelter or have it ready
 * #Are optional
 * = Is a Good to have thing
 * ! Is a life and death matter

 * #Adequet amount of clothes#
 * #Toys to keep children occupied #
 * !Well preserving food for 2–5 days!
 * #Reading #
 * !Radio, TV or a Computer! A radio is the best because it's got a simple broadcasting system which is easier to have back up and running after any type of situation. Stay on government channels to receive more accurate info.
 * =Personal protection gear =
 * =Important medication and Important documents=
 * Eating utilities, Plates, forks etc.
 * Matches Don't use unless you absolutely need to because they "eat" oxygen
 * Auxiliary light source


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User:Whiteknight/Notes Instructions

STOP!

You are creating a new book notes page in Whiteknight's namespace. Pages created here are likely to be deleted without warning.

title: User:Whiteknight/Notes Instructions


text:
User:Whiteknight/New Notes

< Book Foundry | All Books

title: User:Whiteknight/New Notes


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User talk:Isntdre

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 23:05, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Graduation333.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Graduation333.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. The image that may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status.

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title: User talk:Isntdre


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Disaster and WMD Defence Guide/Ground

The idea of this part is to tell how to survive from a place like Kosovo

title: Disaster and WMD Defence Guide/Ground


text: User:Peace keeper II~enwikibooks

title: User:Peace keeper II~enwikibooks


text: User:Whiteknight/New Goodbook

title: User:Whiteknight/New Goodbook


text: User:Whiteknight/New Infobox

title: User:Whiteknight/New Infobox


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User:Whiteknight/Goodbook Instructions

You are creating a new Goodbook template for.

title: User:Whiteknight/Goodbook Instructions


text:
User:Whiteknight/Infobox Instructions

You are creating an for the book

title: User:Whiteknight/Infobox Instructions


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User:The poet001~enwikibooks

Hello I'm the_poet001 and welcome to my userpage, please feel free to look around (and if you have any questions please feel free to ask me (June 8th 2007)

title: User:The poet001~enwikibooks


text:
Radiation Oncology/Adrenocortical

Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Overview

 * Rare tumors
 * Incidence 1 per 1,000,000
 * Represent 0.2% of all cancers
 * Up to 14% of adrenal incidentalomas
 * Located in the adrenal cortex
 * Produce steroids ~50% cases
 * Equal in men:women
 * Often associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
 * May be part of MEN I (hyperparathyroidism, endocrine pancreas tumors, pituitary adenomas, adrenal tumors, neuroendocrine tumors)

 * UCSF, 2006 PMID 16680602 -- "Extent of disease at presentation and outcome for adrenocortical carcinoma: have we made progress?" (Kebebew E, World J Surg. 2006 May;30(5):872-8.)
 * SEER database review 1973-2000
 * Average age 51.2, 46% men, average tumor size 12 cm (only 4% <6cm)
 * Treatment: 88% surgical resection, EBRT used in 12%
 * Prognostic factors: low tumor grade, low stage, surgical resection
 * Conclusion: no change in presentation, diagnosis, stage over time

Staging

 * Tumor (T)
 * T1: Tumor 5 cm or less in size; invasion absent
 * T2: Tumor greater than 5 cm in size; invasion absent
 * T3: Tumor outside adrenal in fat
 * T4: Tumor invading adjacent organs

 * Lymph nodes (N)
 * N0: No positive lymph nodes
 * N1: Positive lymph nodes

 * Metastases (M)
 * M0: No distant metastases
 * M1: Distant metastases

Treatment

 * Surgical
 * Adjuvant mitotane
 * Use of RT controversial
 * Perez 4th Edition:
 * Consider RT: preop in unresectable to downstage, postop with residual disease, postop with high risk features, primary RT for nonsurgical candidates, palliative
 * Dose 50-60 Gy to tumor/tumor bed, nodal drainage including contralateral periaortics
 * Shielding of contralateral kidney

 * Italy/Germany, 2007 (1985-2005) PMID 17554118 -- "Adjuvant Mitotane Treatment for Adrenocortical Carcinoma." (Terzolo M, N Engl J Med. 2007 Jun 7;356(23):2372-2380.)
 * Retrospective. 177 patients at 8 centers in Italy and 47 centers in Germany. Radical surgery. Adjuvant mitotane in 47 Italian patients vs. no further treatment in 55 Italian and 75 German patients. Italian patients similar, German older and more Stage I-II
 * Outcome: RFS mitotane 42 months vs. Italian control 10 months vs. German control 25 months
 * Conclusion: Adjuvant mitotane may prolong recurrence-free survival
 * Editorial: While retrospective, well done, and provides compelling rationale for adjuvant low-dose mitotane

 * Hahnemann, 1991 (1962-1990) PMID 1709336 -- "Radiation therapy for adjunctive treatment of adrenal cortical carcinoma." (Markoe AM, Am J Clin Oncol. 1991 Apr;14(2):170-4.)
 * Retrospective. 13 patients treated in 2 hospitals, 6 patients with primary/adjuvant RT
 * Conclusion: Postop RT may have improved survival

 * Christie Hospital, 1987 (UK) (1968-1981) PMID 3121234 -- "Adrenal cortical carcinoma: survival after radiotherapy." (Magee BJ, Clin Radiol. 1987 Nov;38(6):587-8.)
 * Retrospective. 15 patients, 9 post op RT
 * Outcome: 10-year OS 33%
 * Prognostic: age at diagnosis, hormone production, complete resection

 * Michigan, 2011 (1989-2008) PMID 20675074 -- "Adjuvant and definitive radiotherapy for adrenocortical carcinoma." (Sabolch A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Aug 1;80(5):1477-84.)
 * Retrospective. 58 patients, 10 post op RT
 * Outcome: Lack of radiotherapy use was associated with 4.7 times the risk of local failure compared with treatment regimens that involved radiotherapy
 * Conclusion: Adjuvant radiotherapy should be strongly considered after surgical resection.

title: Radiation Oncology/Adrenocortical


text: Category:Book:Circuit Theory

title: Category:Book:Circuit Theory


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Wikijunior:Human Body/CirculatorySystem

The job of the circulatory system is to provide oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body. Waste products like carbon dioxide are carried away so they can leave the body.

What does the circulatory system look like?
The heart is about the size of a fist. The blood vessels are long, thin tubes that carry blood. There are thousands of blood vessels. If you stretched them all out, one person's blood vessels would cover over 60,000 miles (96,560 kilometers)!

What are the parts of the circulatory system?
The circulatory system includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Blood vessels are the tubes that carry blood all over the body. Arteries, veins, and capillaries are all different kinds of blood vessels. It also includes the lymphatic system, which comprises a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph unidirectionally towards the heart.

What is the function of the circulatory system?
The circulatory system has four main functions:

 * 1) Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes).
 * 2) Protection of the body by white blood cells, antibodies, and complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend the body against foreign microbes and toxins.
 * 3) Clotting mechanisms are also present that protect the body from blood loss after injuries.
 * 4) Regulation of body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of cells.

How does the circulatory system interact with other parts of the body?
All the parts of your body need a supply of blood. This red sticky liquid carries food and oxygen to every part of your body. The heart and its network of blood vessels are called the circulatory system. The artery that carries oxygen-rich blood cells away from your heart is called the aorta and the vein that takes it back again is called the vena cava.

Your heart is made of two pumps. The left pump or left ventricle receives blood filled with oxygen from your lungs and sends it around your body. The right pump or right ventricle gets blood from the body and sends it to the lungs to pick up some more oxygen. The inside walls of your heart squeeze regularly to pump the blood around your body. This is called the heart beat.

In your body you have one way valves in your main veins and in your heart. They make your blood flow the right way around your body. If your blood tries to go the other way the valve will snap shut so your blood can’t get through.

Your arteries have thick walls to cope with the high pressure of the blood from your heart. They branch out to make a network of very small blood vessels called capillaries. Many substances can pass through the walls. Not only oxygen passes from blood to nearby cells but carbon dioxide and other waste matter passes into the capillary to be carried away.

Your blood is made up of four things. About half of your blood is made up of plasma, about 40% is made of red blood cells which carry oxygen and a very little bit is made of white blood cells and platelets. Plasma is a pale yellow liquid. It is made up of sugars, salts and other body chemicals.

Red blood cells are donut shaped which carries oxygen around the body. The blood gets its red colour from these cells. Hemoglobin I your red blood cells are the red I it. The amount of oxygen in the blood cell determines how red the cell is. White blood cells go around the body looking for germs to eat.

They are like jelly filled bags and can change their shape to get out of the blood stream and go into other body parts. Platelets help you clot your blood if you prick yourself or get a bruise. They are made in bone marrow and are round or oval in shape.

In models or diagrams oxygen rich blood is shown red and veins carrying old blood are shown in blue when it is actually a darker red.

How can you keep your circulatory system healthy?
Regular exercise and eating healthy food helps keep the heart healthy. Sometimes, the circulatory system has problems like high blood pressure or high cholesterol. Diet, exercise, and sometimes medication can help those problems.

title: Wikijunior:Human Body/CirculatorySystem


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Wikijunior talk:Human Body/CirculatorySystem

We need a good illustration here (the classic red arteries and blue veins image). I had a hard time finding one that didn't have prominent male anatomy that we should probably avoid in a little kids' book. If anyone can help find something for this, that would be great. Kfasimpaur 01:24, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * How's that? -- xixtas talk 01:50, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to say that thie illustration that is already there is perfect, but someone should add labels to the picture. They should say something like: main ateries, red blood cells, heart, and anything else we can think of. Tell me your suggestions!


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Radiation Oncology/Medulloblastoma/Randomized

CSI RT Dose

 * POG 8631/CCG 923 (1986-1990) -- CSI 36 Gy vs. CSI 23.4 Gy
 * 2000, PMID 10944134 -- "Low-stage medulloblastoma: final analysis of trial comparing standard-dose with reduced-dose neuraxis irradiation." (Thomas PR, J Clin Oncol. 2000 Aug;18(16):3004-11.)
 * Randomized. 126 patients, low risk (>3 years, complete resection T1-T2, later also T3a, M0) standard CSI 36(20*1.8) vs. reduced CSI 23.4(13*1.8); both followed by posterior fossa boost to 54(30*1.8) Gy. Study closed prematurely due to high relapse in reduced arm
 * 5-year EFS: standard CSI 67% vs. reduced CSI 52% (p=0.080) 8-year EFS: standard CSI 67% vs. reduced CSI 52% (p=0.141) These data confirm the original one-sided conclusions but suggest that differences are less marked with time
 * Conclusion: Reduced CSI 23.4 Gy alone is insufficient; may need concurrent chemo

 * SIOP II (1984-1989) -- CSI 35 Gy vs. CSI 25 Gy; also +/- adjuvant chemo
 * 1995, PMID 7623725 "Prospective randomised trial of chemotherapy given before radiotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma. International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and the (German) Society of Paediatric Oncology (GPO)" Bailey et al.  Med Pediatr Onc 25(3):166-78, 1995
 * Randomized. 364 patients. SIOP I low risk (total/subtotal resection, no brain stem invasion, M0) randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo (vincristine, methotrexate, procarbazine), and then randomized to standard CSI 35 Gy vs. reduced CSI 25 Gy. Boost posterior fossa to 55 Gy. High risk randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo, then standard CSI and additional post-RT chemo
 * Outcome: No advantage to pre-RT chemo. Standard CSI 35 Gy for low risk pts increased EFS (68% vs 55%). Low risk patients with adjuvant chemo and CSI 25 Gy did particularly badly
 * Conclusion: No benefit to adjuvant chemo. Standard dose of CSI is 35 Gy

CSI +/- Chemo

 * CCG A9961 (1996-2000) -- CSI 23.4 Gy + CCNU-based vs. cyclophosphamide-based chemo
 * 2006, PMID 16943538 "Phase III study of craniospinal radiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma" Packer et al.  JCO 24(25):4204-8, 2006.
 * Randomized. 421 patients, standard risk. Treated with reduced dose RT (23.4 Gy CSI + 55.8 Gy to posterior fossa) and concurrent vincristine, and randomized to either:  1) CCNU, cisplatin and vincristine or 2) cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, vincristine. Median F/U 5 years
 * 5-year outcome: EFS 81%, OS 86%. No difference by chemo arm
 * Prognostic factors: anaplasia OS 75% vs. 89% (SS)
 * Relapse: posterior fossa alone 32%, disseminated alone 40%, PF+disseminated 25%
 * Toxicity: 25% with delayed onset mutism, hypotonia, cerebellar deficits, supranuclear CN deficits, extreme irritability, and/or emotional lability. ~50% residual deficits at 1 year
 * Conclusion: Reduced dose CSI with chemo can be done safely to avoid toxicities of higher dose RT. No difference between chemo arms

 * PNET 3 (1992-2000) -- CSI 35 Gy +/- neoadjuvant chemo
 * 2003, PMID 12697884 -- "Results of a randomized study of preradiation chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for nonmetastatic medulloblastoma: The International Society of Paediatric Oncology/United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group PNET-3 Study." (Taylor RE, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Apr 15;21(8):1581-91.)
 * Randomized. 179/217 standard risk patients (including M1). Treated with neoadjuvant chemo (vincristine/etoposide/carboplatin/cyclophosphamide) vs. RT alone (CSI 35 Gy + 20 Gy posterior fossa boost). Median F/U 5.4 years. Study closed early due to lack of accrual in RT alone arm
 * 5-year outcome: OS 70% (NS), EFS chemo-RT 74% vs. RT alone 60% (SS)
 * Conclusion: improved EFS with addition of chemo, no impact on survival

 * SIOP II (1984-1989) -- CSI 35 Gy vs. CSI 25 Gy; also +/- adjuvant chemo
 * 1995, PMID 7623725 "Prospective randomised trial of chemotherapy given before radiotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma. International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and the (German) Society of Paediatric Oncology (GPO)" Bailey et al.  Med Pediatr Onc 25(3):166-78, 1995
 * Randomized. 364 patients. SIOP I low risk (total/subtotal resection, no brain stem invasion, M0) randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo (vincristine, methotrexate, procarbazine), and then randomized to standard CSI 35 Gy vs. reduced CSI 25 Gy. Boost posterior fossa to 55 Gy. High risk randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo, then standard CSI and additional post-RT chemo
 * Outcome: No advantage to pre-RT chemo. Standard CSI 35 Gy for low risk pts increased EFS (68% vs 55%). Low risk patients with adjuvant chemo and CSI 25 Gy did particularly badly
 * Conclusion: No benefit to adjuvant chemo. Standard dose of CSI is 35 Gy

 * SIOP I -- CSI +/- adjuvant chemo
 * 1990, PMID 2141512 -- "Adjuvant chemotherapy for medulloblastoma: the first multi-centre control trial of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP I)." (Tait DM, Eur J Cancer. 1990 Apr;26(4):464-9.)
 * Randomized. 286 patients, 15 countries. Treated with CSI, randomized to +/- chemo (concurrent vincristine, then CCNU/vincristine maintenance)
 * Survival: 5-year 53%, 10-year 45%. No difference between arms
 * Subgroup benefit: subtotal surgery, brainstem involvement, T3-T4 disease
 * Conclusion: No difference, but subgroup benefit

 * CCG 942 -- CSI +/- adjuvant chemo
 * 1990, PMID 2319316 -- "The treatment of medulloblastoma. Results of a prospective randomized trial of radiation therapy with and without CCNU, vincristine, and prednisone." (Evans AE, J Neurosurg. 1990 Apr;72(4):572-82.)
 * Randomized. 233 patients. CSI +/- chemo (CCNU, vincristine, prednisone)
 * 5-year outcomes: EFS chemo-RT 59% vs. RT alone 50% (NS); OS 65% for both (NS)
 * Subgroup benefit: large tumors (EFS chemo-RT 48% vs. RT alone 0%)
 * Conclusion: no benefit for chemo in low stage, subgroup benefit for advanced stage

CSI + adjuvant chemo alternatives

 * CCG 921 (1986-1992) -- vincristine/lomustine/prednisone (VCP) vs. 8-in-1
 * Randomized. 427 children <21 years, with medulloblastoma, pineoblastoma, ependymoblastoma, central neuroblastoma, PNET, or malignant ependymoma, with unfavorable features. For ST-PNET required M+ staging. Children age >1.5 years (n=328) received post-op CSI with Arm A) vincristine, lomustine, prednisone vs. Arm B) 8-in-1 (cisplatin, procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, hydroxyurea, cytarabine). RT: age >3 received CSI 36 Gy, boost to 50.4-54 Gy spine mets and 54 Gy primary brain site; age <3 received CSI 23.4 Gy with boost to 45 Gy. Children age <1.5 years (n=99) were not randomized and received only Arm B
 * 1999 PMID 10071274 -- "Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children's Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study." (Zeltzer PM, J Clin Oncol. 1999 Mar;17(3):832-45.) Median F/U 7.0 years
 * Subset analysis. 203 patients with medulloblastoma. Median OS 8-in-1 55% vs. VCP 54% (NS); PFS 63% vs. 45% (SS)
 * Prognostic factors: age <3 (who received lower CSI dose); if >3 y/o then M stage (PFS M0 70% vs. M1 57% vs. M2+ 40%, SS); if M0 tumors, then residual (PFS <1.5 cm2 78% vs. >1.5 cm2 54%)
 * Conclusion: VCP + XRT superior; if <3 years (with reduced RT) had lowest survival

Pre-RT chemo vs. Post-RT chemo

 * German HIT 91 (1991-97) -- Chemo x2 cycles ->RT vs. RT -> chemo x8 cycles
 * Trial enrolled pts with supratentorial PNET, medulloblastoma, and anaplastic ependymomas. All treated with extensive resection. In HIT 88/89, pts treated In HIT 91, randomized to 1) chemo x2 cycles (Ifosfamide, etoposide, MTX, cisplatin, cytarabine) -> RT (CSI 35.2 Gy + PF boost 20 Gy) or 2) immediate RT (35.2 + 20) followed by maintenance chemo x8 cycles (CCNU, cisplatin, vincristine).
 * Medullo subset, 2000 PMID 10661332 -- "Postoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy as compared to immediate radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma in childhood: results of the German prospective randomized trial HIT '91." (Kortmann RD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jan 15;46(2):269-79.)
 * Subset report of 158 medulloblastoma patients (137 randomized). Median F/U 2.5 years
 * 3-year outcome: RFS RT->chemo 78% vs. chemo->RT 65% (SS), but no difference if age 3-6 years
 * Negative prognosis: M2/3 disease, age <8 years. M1 not a bad prognostic factor
 * Conclusion: RT upfront with maintenance chemo more effective. Neoadjuvant chemo caused higher RT myelotoxicity, and more RT interruptions


text:
Wikijunior talk:Human Body/Blood Vessels

Need some better art on this Kfasimpaur 03:03, 9 June 2007 (UTC)


text:
Gothic/2/Stems

Stems
In Gothic, like in many, if not all languages, words will change stems to show their meaning. Stems are sounds added to the ends of a root word to denote what the word really means. For example: Now that you get the gist of what stems are, you are ready to learn the Gothic stems. The stems used by Gothic are probably larger than in Modern English. They are based on the gender given to an object, their strength, and their case in basis.
 * The stem of gifted is ed and the root is gift. ed denotes that the action happened in the past.
 * The stem of precaution is pre and the root is caution. pre denotes that this word is before an action.
 * The stem of lemony is y and the root is lemon. y denotes that the word it is describing is similar to the root.

The Gothic Stems
In Gothic, stems are used mostly to simply describe the case of a word and whether it is masculine, feminine, or neuter in nature. Here are the stems in Gothic. They are all suffixes, or stems that will got on the end of a root rather than the front.
 * Masculine
 * Strong
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Weak
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Other
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Accusative
 * Other
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Accusative
 * Accusative

 * Feminine
 * Strong
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Weak
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Other
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Accusative
 * Other
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Accusative
 * Accusative

 * Neuter
 * Strong
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Weak
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Other
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Accusative
 * Other
 * Nominative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Genitive
 * Dative
 * Accusative
 * Accusative
 * Accusative

title: Gothic/2/Stems


text:
Field Remedies/Preparation/Infusion

One can prepare most herbal remedies by infusion. The infusion method involves preparing herbs by placing 1 to 2 teaspoons of dried herb or 2 to 4 fresh herbs in oil or water for approximately ten minutes, then straining. Waiting too long before straining results in bitter tasting herbs. People typically prepare teas and herbal teas by infusion.

Long term infusions involve leaving the herbs in the solute for at least one year. Long term infusions result in highly concentrated solutions similar to essential oils. Because of their concentration, users of long-term infusions must take greater care with overdose concerns; long term infusions do not function as teas.

title: Field Remedies/Preparation/Infusion


text: User:Silver Surfer

title: User:Silver Surfer


text:
User talk:Silver Surfer

Too many people miss the silver lining because they're expecting gold. ~ Maurice Seitter

title: User talk:Silver Surfer


text:
Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Finger Stretching

Presentation
With the Finger Stretching check, you grip a finger firmly, and try to elongate it by pulling. If it stretches, you're dreaming.

See Talk:Lucid Dreaming: Reality Checks: Finger Stretching for a discussion of this reality check's effectiveness.

Examples of this reality check working

 * I thought to myself "If I am dreaming, then my finger will stretch if I tug on it hard.". I did, and I became lucid.

Examples of this reality check failing

 * This has yet to fail for the first editor of this article.


text:
Talk:Lucid Dreaming/Reality Checks/Finger Stretching

I've used this at least six times. It has always worked. I was taught to dispel all doubt, but deep belief has proven unnecessary. Strong intent is sufficient. I especially like this technique because I can use it anywhere. It merely looks like I'm trying to relieve joint pain, crack a knuckle, etc. Clarknova 06:19, 9 June 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Haskell/Laziness

GHCi's :print and :sprint commands
Is there room to use GHCi's :print command to show what thunks look like to GHC? Maybe as an exercise? Something like:

$ ghci GHCi, version 7.6.3: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/ :? for help Loading package ghc-prim ... linking ... done. Loading package integer-gmp ... linking ... done. Loading package base ... linking ... done. Prelude> let x = (length [1..5], reverse "olleh") Prelude> :print x x = ((_t1::Int),(_t2::[Char])) Prelude> let y = fst x Prelude> :print y y = (_t3::Int) Prelude> y 5 Prelude> :print x x = (5,(_t4::[Char])) Prelude> let y = snd x Prelude> y "hello" Prelude> :print x x = (5,"hello") Prelude>

This shows both thunks (_tX) and the shared nature of GHC data structures.

TrueFarnz (discuss • contribs) 17:40, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

WHNF picture
Hi David,

Just thought I might suggest making the WHNF picture correspond to the example, if possible. Best, -- Kowey 06:26, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * To add to that, boy am I looking forward to this chapter! I've always had a vague and imprecise understanding about laziness ("sum'ing about thunks") and would love to be more comfortable with the idea -- Kowey 07:17, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The reason I didn't do that is because there would be too many stages of evaluation for (length [1..5], reverse "olleh"). It'd go something like this:

thunk (thunk, thunk) (length thunk, thunk) (length (1:thunk), thunk) (1 + length thunk, thunk) (1 + length (2:thunk), thunk) (1 + 1 + length thunk, thunk) (1 + 1 + length (3:thunk), thunk) (1 + 1 + 1 + length thunk, thunk) (1 + 1 + 1 + length (4:thunk), thunk) (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + length thunk, thunk) (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1, thunk) (5, thunk) (5, reverse thunk) (5, reverse ('o':thunk)) (5, reverse thunk ++ [o]) (5, reverse ('l':thunk) ++ [o]) (5, reverse thunk ++ [l] ++ [o]) (5, reverse ('l':thunk) ++ [l] ++ [o]) (5, reverse thunk ++ [l] ++ [l] ++ [o]) (5, reverse ('e':thunk) ++ [l] ++ [l] ++ [o]) (5, reverse thunk ++ [e] ++ [l] ++ [l] ++ [o]) (5, reverse ('h':thunk) ++ [e] ++ [l] ++ [l] ++ [o]) (5, reverse thunk ++ [h] ++ [e] ++ [l] ++ [l] ++ [o]) (5, reverse [] ++ [h] ++ [e] ++ [l] ++ [l] ++ [o]) (5, [] ++ [h] ++ [e] ++ [l] ++ [l] ++ [o]) (5, "hello")

And even that's skipping the definitions of (+) and (++). Something like that could feasibly go into the article proper, though, what do you think? DavidHouse 10:04, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Ouch. What if we used a shorter example, something like  ?  Also, it might be helpful to have the implementation of reverse somewhere in a sidebox maybe (don't know if that would just be distracting).  But yeah, it would probably be useful to have an example worked out in the main text.  It's also more accessible to people who can't see the graphics -- Kowey 11:02, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Introduction
I thought it would be useful to start out with a quick motivation section, not a lot of blah blah but just enough to drive home the point that laziness is more about writing nice code than it is about writing efficient code (as far as I understand). I would like to have a very simple, minimal "obvious" example without a lot of explanation. I thought maybe we could lay that example down, not explain it too much, and then add a transition like "so let's see what makes this tick" -- Kowey 07:37, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm somewhat unsatisfied with my it makes the right things efficient enough because it doesn't capture the idea of making circular code possible in the first place. I wonder if there is a better way to phrase this -- Kowey 11:11, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

What is strict/lazy
Following the introduction, I was thinking that a sort of shallow bullet-pointed overview of laziness and strictness might be helpful, something like:

 * data structures are lazy
 * functions are lazy wrt their arguments
 * pattern matching, however, is strict

Not everything in a lazy language can be lazy, otherwise nothing would ever get done! Somewhere in the language, we need to have something to force things to get evaluated. In Haskell, the thing which forces evaluation is pattern matching. -- Kowey 08:01, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * True. I'll add something like this in to the first section. DavidHouse 09:55, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Possible split
I've thought about splitting this article into two sections, one that explains the theory behind lazy evaluation and one that will probably get merged with the Strictness article and can talk about the performance implications of laziness. Thoughs? DavidHouse 10:06, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, that sounds like a good idea. On the other hand, there is this point that making code lazier can sometimes result in performance gains (but i guess that could appear in the Strictness chapter too).  I would say that if you're going to split the article, trying moving them directly to Strictness first.  But otherwise, maybe it's best to just leave those bits as stub and see how the situation clarifies itself as the rest of the article gets written -- Kowey 11:05, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, yeah, the idea was to have a "Laziness and nonstrictness" section where we explore why it's important to have nonstrict semantics in Haskell (the kinds of things that are going into your introduction, easier to write concise code, don't have to worry about execution order etc., brief mention of performance gains) and how this is implemented (explain laziness in terms of thunks), then have a different chapter where we look at the performance implications of nonstrictness and cover way to make your program more strict and ways to make it lazier, and when either is beneficial. DavidHouse 11:34, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Splitting sounds good. I originally intended that the chapter Haskell/Graph reduction covers how functional programs are evaluated at all, i.e. what the different normal forms are and how lazy and eager evaluation work. So, the basic question is "How to evaluate an expression?". It really helps to do several reductions by hand on a piece of paper. Maybe the chapter name is too special, something like Haskell/Evaluating Functional Programs would be more fitting. Mixing _|_ into the reduction strategy discussion is more confusing than helpful, because it has to be mentioned over and over again. But I think it can be put in a separate extra section "Approximating Reduction with Denotational Semantics" or something like that. Basic cheat: assume that Haskell has lazy evaluation but don't mention this false claim :-)
 * The plan for Haskell/Laziness was to showcase the benefits and power of lazy evaluation. There are some points to make: formulating algorithms compositionally without damaging asymptotic time complexity, create your own control structures, infinite data structures, tying knots, memoization. Reasoning about space and time complexity is needed a bit, but detailed methods (from Okasaki's book) are probably best left to a data structure chapter. This means that this chapter should not explain what lazy evaluation is, that has to be done in Haskell/Graph reduction.
 * For Haskell/Strictness, I had in mind that it should explain how to enforce strictness and when or when not we want that at all. So,  is good,   is not, why   is useless, how to get a strict state monad and so on. In other words, this chapter would focus on common cases and deal with finding out what exactly gets evaluated.
 * The plan in a sentence: Haskell/Graph reduction tells how stuff actually works, Haskell/Laziness opens your eyes and Haskell/Strictness helps with day-to-day laziness/strictess sorrows. The chapter titles may not fit, but each chapter can mention the others in the introduction to help the reader find the right one :-)
 * -- a p f e l m u s  21:12, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

When to use lazy pattern matching
The article says to use lazy pattern matching when there is only one constructor. But normally (except in the case of tuples) you can declare a type having only one constructor as a newtype, and then there's no pattern match overhead because the constructor doesn't actually exist at runtime! So it seems that it's only useful for tuples - am I wrong?--Greenrd 21:26, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, the constructor may have multiple arguments . But of course, you can replace this with a tuple in a newtype:   and lazy pattern match as in.
 * However, lazy pattern matches are also useful with multiple constructors, namely with the "blueprint technique". An intended rewrite of this chapter will incorporate a section on this. In the meantime, see also
 * Haskell wiki - Tying the Knot
 * Re: Optimization problem and Haskell wiki - Separating shape and content
 * Re: Quicksearch vs. lazyness
 * -- apfeλmus 09:52, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Another interesting sample where lazy pattern matching is needed is shown here: Lazy patterns. Two mutual recursive functions are defined producing lists, which represent a couple of interacting automata (a "server" and a "client") exchanging tokens; without lazy patterns the two agents would deadlock waiting for each other's token.

-- Blaisorblade (talk) 17:42, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

let (x,y) = ... in
About the following quote from the text:

let (x, y) = (length [1..5], reverse "olleh") in ... «(We'll assume that in the 'in' part, we use x and y somewhere. Otherwise, we're not forced to evaluate the let-binding at all; the right-hand side could have been undefined and it would still work if the 'in' part doesn't mention x or y. This assumption will remain for all the examples in this section.)»

I question the validity of that comment. As I understand it, the text implies that until x and y are not used, the pattern matching is not run; but a non-lazy pattern matching is used, so the right-hand side of the let binding must be evaluated, and cannot be undefined. What is correct to say is that "length [1..5]" and reverse "olleh" could be undefined, if x and y are not used.

-- Blaisorblade (talk) 17:30, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Let bindings - as opposed to case-expressions - are always lazy, so it's indeed true that the right-hand side won't be evaluated until x or y are demanded. But the whole chapter needs a big overhaul anyway, and I plan to rewrite this example. -- apfeλmus 09:19, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

isInfixOf xs [1..]
is presented like it will terminate, even if [1..] is infinite. I think it is a mistake: it should either return True or not terminate at all. I suggest we show two examples instead: one which make an infinite list from another infinite list (like map, tail --filter isn't completely safe), and another which produce a finite result from an infinite list (like take 42, head).

Loup Vaillant (unsubscribed)

 * Right, the example is not so good. Concerning this subsection, I had examples similar to John Hughes' "Why functional programming matters" in mind. I'll rewrite the stuff here at some point. -- apfeλmus 09:19, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

"Bad haskellish logic" comments
I removed from the body of the article the accusations of rose-tinted glasses shown in this diff. While that section is not, IMO, significantly misleading, I tried to account partially for the criticism by qualifying one of the claims in the first sentence. --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 09:04, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haskell/Laziness


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/GUI/Qt4Ada

Qt4Ada is a thick binding written in Ada 2005 to the C++ Qt4 GUI library.

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming
 * Ada Programming/Libraries
 * Ada Programming/Libraries/GUI

|Qt4Ada

title: Ada Programming/Libraries/GUI/Qt4Ada


text:
This Quantum World/Implications and applications/Atomic hydrogen

< PREVIOUS

Atomic hydrogen
While de Broglie's theory of 1923 featured circular electron waves, Schrödinger's "wave mechanics" of 1926 features standing waves in three dimensions. Finding them means finding the solutions of the time-independent Schrödinger equation

E\psi(\mathbf{r})=-{\hbar^2\over2m}\left(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}+ \frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}\right)\psi(\mathbf{r})+V(\mathbf{r})\,\psi(\mathbf{r}). $$ with $$V(\mathbf{r})=-e^2/r,$$ the potential energy of a classical electron at a distance $$r=|\mathbf{r}|$$ from the proton. (Only when we come to the relativistic theory will we be able to shed the last vestige of classical thinking.)

E\psi(\mathbf{r})=-{\hbar^2\over2m}\left(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}+ \frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}\right)\psi(\mathbf{r})-\frac{e^2}{r}V(\mathbf{r})\,\psi(\mathbf{r}). $$ In using this equation, we ignore (i) the influence of the electron on the proton, whose mass is some 1836 times larger than that of he electron, and (ii) the electron's spin. Since relativistic and spin effects on the measurable properties of atomic hydrogen are rather small, this non-relativistic approximation nevertheless gives excellent results.

For bound states the total energy $$E$$ is negative, and the Schrödinger equation has a discrete set of solutions. As it turns out, the "allowed" values of $$E$$ are precisely the values that Bohr obtained in 1913:

E_n=-{1\over n^2}\,{\mu e^4\over2\hbar^2},\qquad n=1,2,3,\dots $$ However, for each $$n$$ there are now $$n^2$$ linearly independent solutions. (If $$\psi_{1},\dots,\psi_{k}$$ are independent solutions, then none of them can be written as a linear combination $$\sum a_i\psi_i$$ of the others.)

Solutions with different $$n$$ correspond to different energies. What physical differences correspond to linearly independent solutions with the same $$n$$?

Using polar coordinates, one finds that all solutions for a particular value $$E_n$$ are linear combinations of solutions that have the form

\psi(r,\phi,\theta)=e^{(i/\hbar)\,l_z\,\phi}\psi(r,\theta). $$ $$l_z$$ turns out to be another quantized variable, for $$e^{(i/\hbar)\,l_z\,\phi}=e^{(i/\hbar)\,l_z\,(\phi\pm2\pi)}$$ implies that $$l_z=m\hbar$$ with $$m=0,\pm1,\pm2,\dots$$ In addition, $$|m|$$ has an upper bound, as we shall see in a moment.

Just as the factorization of $$\psi(t,\mathbf{r})$$ into $$e^{-(i/\hbar)\,E\,t}\,\psi(\mathbf{r})$$ made it possible to obtain a $$t$$-independent Schrödinger equation, so the factorization of $$\psi(r,\phi,\theta)$$ into $$e^{(i/\hbar)\,l_z\,\phi}\,\psi(r,\theta)$$ makes it possible to obtain a $$\phi$$-independent Schrödinger equation. This contains another real parameter $$\Lambda,$$ over and above $$m,$$ whose "allowed" values are given by $$l(l+1)\hbar^2,$$ with $$l$$ an integer satisfying $$0\leq l\leq n-1.$$ The range of possible values for $$m$$ is bounded by the inequality $$|m|\leq l.$$ The possible values of the principal quantum number $$n,$$ the angular momentum quantum number $$l,$$ and the so-called magnetic quantum number $$m$$ thus are:

Each possible set of quantum numbers $$n,l,m$$ defines a unique wave function $$\psi_{nlm}(t,\mathbf{r}),$$ and together these make up a complete set of bound-state solutions ($$E<0$$) of the Schrödinger equation with $$V(\mathbf{r})=-e^2/r.$$ The following images give an idea of the position probability distributions of the first three $$l=0$$ states (not to scale). Below them are the probability densities plotted against $$r.$$ Observe that these states have $$n-1$$ nodes, all of which are spherical, that is, surfaces of constant $$r.$$ (The nodes of a wave in three dimensions are two-dimensional surfaces. The nodes of a "probability wave" are the surfaces at which the sign of $$\psi$$ changes and, consequently, the probability density $$|\psi|^2$$ vanishes.)

Take another look at these images:

The total number of nodes is again $$n-1,$$ the total number of non-spherical nodes is again $$l,$$ but now there are $$m$$ plane nodes containing the $$z$$ axis and $$l-m$$ conical nodes.

What is so special about the $$z$$ axis? Absolutely nothing, for the wave functions $$\psi'_{nlm},$$ which are defined with respect to a different axis, make up another complete set of bound-state solutions. This means that every wave function $$\psi'_{nlm}$$ can be written as a linear combination of the functions $$\psi_{nlm},$$ and vice versa.

NEXT >


text:
WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/ERSelenium

=Really Quick Start=

 * Checkout the Project Wonder - the ERSelenium is in the Wonder/Common/Frameworks folder.
 * Examine test cases from ERSeleniumExample/Resources/Selenium/main/ and from BugTracker in Eclipse text editor.
 * Launch ERSeleniumExample and point your browser to SeleniumStartTesting Direct Action url (e.g. http://192.168.0.58/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ERSeleniumExample.woa/-42422/wa/SeleniumStartTesting).

You can also use Selenium IDE to create and edit tests:
 * Launch FireFox and install Selenium IDE Firefox plugin.
 * Using Selenium IDE format plugin installation instructions install Selenese-ide-plugin.js (it is in ERSelenium/Resources).
 * Play around with test cases from ERSeleniumExample/Resources/Selenium/ using Selenium IDE.

=Overview and Usage Notes=

ERSelenium provides several features for effective use of SeleniumCore with WebObjects applications including: ''SeleniumCore is the powerful javascript toolkit for web applications "black-box" testing. It emulates different kinds of user actions such as: clicking the hyperlink, editing text in the input field, choosing item from the list and so on.''
 * Custom setup/teardown actions that can be run before/after each test.
 * Base URL independence.
 * Support of HTML and Selenese test formats (Java support is planned).
 * "On-the-fly" generation of test suites from the files in your project's source tree.
 * Bookmarkable DirectAction url to run all tests (can be used for automated testing).
 * Metacommands (special instructions specified in comments).

Using ERSelenium
You can use ERSelenium directly from workspace: SeleniumTestsEnabled=true Debug output of ERSelenium can be enabled in Properties by: log4j.logger.er.selenium = DEBUG
 * 1) Specify it as your project's workspace dependency.
 * 2) Enable it in the project's Properties file:

Other ERSelenium properties:
 * SeleniumTestsRoot="SomeOtherPath" - change the tests location. By default ERSelenium will search for tests in "Resources/Selenium".
 * SeleniumActionsClass="FullClassName" - specifies the class with methods, which should be executed before and during the test using SeleniumAction direct action (see below for details). By default SeleniumDefaultSetupActions class is used.
 * SeleniumReportPath="PathName" - specified the path to the report file, which is created after the testing is done. "./Contents/Resources/" is the default value.

In your SeleniumTestsRoot folder (Resources/Selenium by default) you should create tests hierarchy. Tests are divided into groups, each group is located in its own folder. In each folder there should be a collection of test files, each in one of the formats, supported by ERSelenium. Example hierarchy: ./Resources ./Selenium ./registration ./successful.sel ./alreadyexists.sel ./shop ./buyitem.html ./notenoughmoney.html ./transfer.sel

You can use both standard HTML and wiki-like Selenese formats for writing tests although Selenese format is usually a preferred choice.

To run all tests point your browser to SeleniumStartTesting Direct Action: http://[baseurl]/wa/SeleniumStartTesting

Example: http://127.0.0.1/cgi-bin/WebObjects/SampleProject.woa/-42421/wa/SeleniumStartTesting

To run a specific group of tests, add "/TestGroupName": http://[baseurl]/wa/SeleniumStartTesting/TestGroupName http://127.0.0.1/cgi-bin/WebObjects/SampleProject.woa/-42421/wa/SeleniumStartTesting/registration

=Some tips for writing tests for ERSelenium= |open|/wa/EditPerson| |open|/| |open|/wa/SeleniumAction/resetSession| |open|/| @repeat ...some actions... @values __selenium_test@ @__sel notcorrect@@ |type|xpath=id('content')/input|__selenium_test@incorrectdomain| ...some actions... @done The commands between @repeat and @done will be repeated several times, each time with new value in "xpath=id('content')/input" input field. Note: in Selenese format, lines that don't begin with "|" are treated as comments, so metacommands in the example above will be safely processed by Selenium IDE.
 * Don't use full URLs with open/openWindow commands (http://[baseurl] part will be added by ERSelenium):
 * You can use setup/teardown methods from the class, specified in SeleniumActionsClass property by opening /wa/SeleniumAction/methodName URL, e.g.:
 * You can use @repeat-@values-@done metacommands to execute specific part of the test with different values edited in textboxes, e.g.:
 * Selenium IDE Firefox plugin and XPath Checker can be very handy for creating and editing Selenium tests. Selenium IDE Selenese source plugin with proper comments support resides in ERSelenium/Resources/selenese-ide-plugin.js.


text:
Talk:Metal Gear Series/Big Boss

Portable Ops
Shouldn't this page be altered to include the information in Portable Ops, now that it's been released in English for a while? It's missing some pretty vital information, now.

title: Talk:Metal Gear Series/Big Boss


text:
User talk:Jbolden1517

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 12:30, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jbolden1517


text:
User talk:Nguyenthephuc

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 12:31, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nguyenthephuc


text:
User talk:Phenomena

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 12:31, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phenomena


text:
User talk:KellyT

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 12:32, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:KellyT


text:
User talk:Oomgosh

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! --Derbeth talk 14:53, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oomgosh


text:
Cookbook:Mazorca Desgranada (Colombian Beef Salad)

| Cuisine of Colombia

La mazorca desgranada is typical northern Colombian coast fast food recipe. Is is made of sweet corn, beef, cheese, crushed potato chips, and tartar sauce.

Ingredients

 * ½ pound (250 g) beef loin steak, cut into thin strips
 * Tartar sauce
 * Ground allspice
 * Ground pepper
 * Salt
 * Worcestershire sauce
 * ½ small "Summer Crisp" (Batavian) lettuce, thinly sliced
 * ¼ pound (125 g) shredded costeño or Monterey Jack cheese
 * 1 can (15oz/425 g) whole kernel corn
 * Crushed potato chips (crisps)

Procedure

 * 1) Fry beef in a medium skillet. Season with allspice, pepper, salt, and Worcestershire sauce.
 * 2) Heat corn in warm water, then drain well.
 * 3) Place lettuce into serving dish.
 * 4) Place corn over the lettuce.
 * 5) Add shredded cheese on top of the corn.
 * 6) Top with beef.
 * 7) Cover everything with crushed potato chips.
 * 8) Pour tartar sauce all over the dish, and enjoy.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * This recipe is similar to KFC bowls. You can eliminate beef, or replace it with chicken, bacon, pork, sausage, hot dog, and others. You can also mix tartar sauce with ketchup and/or mustard.


text:
User:Brianhass

My name is Brian Hass. I have been a User at Wiki Books since June of 2007.

title: User:Brianhass


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Mrs. Norris

Overview
Mrs. Norris is a cat, the pet of ../Argus Filch/, the caretaker at Hogwarts. She is described as a little, tattle-tailing, cat that thrives on getting students in trouble. She is almost skeletally thin, but Filch evidently cares very deeply for her. For unknown reasons.

Philosopher's Stone
When Harry, Ron, Hermione, and Neville are in the Trophy Room waiting for ../Draco Malfoy/ to arrive for the promised Wizard's Duel at midnight, Filch's approach is heralded by us overhearing him talking to Mrs. Norris.

As Harry is on his way to the library at Christmas, under his Invisibility Cloak, he passes Mrs. Norris in the halls. Mrs. Norris seems to be able to perceive him, but may not be able to recognize him as a student; in any event, she allows him to pass without going for Filch.

Chamber of Secrets
During ../Nearly Headless Nick/'s Deathday party, Mrs. Norris is Petrified and left hanging by her tail from a torch bracket. Filch is fiercely angry at this, demanding that someone must be punished. He spends much of the book sitting at the spot where Mrs. Norris was actually left hanging.

Relationships with Other Characters
Mrs. Norris seems to distrust all of the Hogwarts students, and seems to have no mission in life other than to report their infractions to Filch. In return, all of the students detest Mrs. Norris, and many have expressed a wish to do her harm; however, whether through their fear of Filch or their inability to catch her, no harm has yet befallen her from the students.

Analysis
Mrs. Norris seems exceptionally smart for a cat, to the point that we might think her a cat / Kneazle cross like ../Crookshanks/, an Animagus, or Filch's familiar, it those existed in this world. However, the author has stated that she is just a highly unpleasant cat.


text:
Talk:Windows Programming/Programming CMD

What about this for example:

for /R %%A in (*.mpg) do IF NOT EXIST "%dgindex%" "%~1%%~pnA.d2v" -AIF=[%~1%%~pnxA] -OF=[%~1%%~pnA] -exit

as an example for parsing all .d2v files within a directory using DGIndex (a program part of video-editing).

I didn't write the command myself, but I just tweaked the one I was given to suit the task at hand. Can anyone explain the use of the 'A' variable instead of 'I' in %~1%%~pnxA, and maybe explain fully what exactly is implied here?

Command Line -- Interfacing
I created CountArgs.exe and counts.bat precisely according to your examples, and the value returned in DOS prompt wasn't 3, but 4. Is there any mistake?

I believe so, I have attempted to correct it--AAdaamS (talk) 11:48, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Format of wiki page
Sorry for being negative, but the formating of the wiki text is quite bad. If just feels someone has copied the text from somewhere.

Method of getting user input
User input in DOS is very hard to get, but there are two things that you can do: SET /p and CHOICE.COM. The former is a DOS command that puts user input into a variable. The latter is a dos program you can download. I might document these some time in this book if I can. PiemanXC (talk) 14:48, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Variables are always strings
When saving variables, they are always saved as strings. The current text wrongly states that set /a num=123 would be saved as number, which is wrong. The truth is that everything right from the equals sign is _interpreted arithmetically_ when the /a option is given.

There are probably other similar mistakes in the book, and it should be carefully proofread by an experienced programmer.

--Roland Illig (discuss • contribs) 02:26, 29 October 2016 (UTC)


text:
Introduction to Software Engineering/History

History
When the first modern digital computers appeared in the early 1940s, the instructions to make them operate were wired into the machine. At this time, people working with computers were engineers, mostly electrical engineers. This hardware centric design was not flexible and was quickly replaced with the "stored program architecture" or von Neumann architecture. Thus the first division between "hardware" and "software" began with abstraction being used to deal with the complexity of computing.

Programming languages started to appear in the 1950s and this was also another major step in abstraction. Major languages such as Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL were released in the late 1950s to deal with scientific, algorithmic, and business problems respectively. E.W. Dijkstra wrote his seminal paper, "Go To Statement Considered Harmful", in 1968 and David Parnas introduced the key concept of modularity and information hiding in 1972 to help programmers deal with the ever increasing complexity of software systems. A software system for managing the hardware called an operating system was also introduced, most notably by Unix in 1969. In 1967, the Simula language introduced the object-oriented programming paradigm.

These advances in software were met with more advances in computer hardware. In the mid 1970s, the microcomputer was introduced, making it economical for hobbyists to obtain a computer and write software for it. This in turn led to the now famous Personal Computer (PC) and Microsoft Windows. The Software Development Life Cycle or SDLC was also starting to appear as a consensus for centralized construction of software in the mid 1980s. The late 1970s and early 1980s saw the introduction of several new Simula-inspired object-oriented programming languages, including Smalltalk, Objective-C, and C++.

Open-source software started to appear in the early 90s in the form of Linux and other software introducing the "bazaar" or decentralized style of constructing software. Then the World Wide Web and the popularization of the Internet hit in the mid 90s, changing the engineering of software once again. Distributed systems gained sway as a way to design systems, and the Java programming language was introduced with its virtual machine as another step in abstraction. Programmers collaborated and wrote the Agile Manifesto, which favored more lightweight processes to create cheaper and more timely software.

The current definition of software engineering is still being debated by practitioners today as they struggle to come up with ways to produce software that is "cheaper, better, faster". Cost reduction has been a primary focus of the IT industry since the 1990s. Total cost of ownership represents the costs of more than just acquisition. It includes things like productivity impediments, upkeep efforts, and resources needed to support infrastructure.


text:
Mathematica/Getting Started

Installation
If you have just obtained a copy of Mathematica, you will need to install it on your system. To do this, you should follow the instructions that come with your copy.

Interfacing with Mathematica
Mathematica runs as a "kernel" which performs the calculations and the "front-end" with which it communicates with the user by input and output. Mathematica can be used either through interactive "notebook" files or through a command prompt-style text interface.

Notebook Interface
The notebook style interface can be started by clicking a Mathematica icon or a Mathematica entry on the start menu. When this is done, a blank notebook is opened.

You can then input commands into the notebook interface. Pressing Shift-Enter executes the command and produces the output you desire.

When a command is executed, it is labeled automatically by In[n]:=, where "n" is a unique identifier (for that session) for your input. The corresponding output is labeled Out[n]:=. For example, consider the following command where you add 2 and 3. You simply type "2+3 and press Shift-Enter. The notebook will then display the following:

Quitting
To quit the notebook, you may click the "X" in the top-right of the notebook window, or press Ctrl-F4 or select the Close menu item in the File menu. This will prompt you to save if the notebook has been edited since the last save. To close the whole of Mathematica, click the "X" in the top right of the Mathematica window, or select the <tt>Exit</tt> option on the File menu.

Text Interface
The text interface can be started in a terminal (command “math”). Input is entered as usual but it's only necessary to press “enter” to execute commands (some characters though cannot be entered — greek letters, integrals, etc. — but equivalent commands will exist). Because of the terminal's limitations, the output is formatted differently from the graphical interface: when possible formulae are rendered with 2D constructs mimicking fractions, exponents, etc., while plots are not shown (a string “-Graphics-” appears instead).

To quit the text interface, one can use the “ ” command or type an “end of file” character (Unix: ).

The text interface is most suitable to the batch execution of code or remote development when desktop sharing isn't an option (either because the bandwidth doesn't allow it or when there are restrictions preventing one from resorting to the notebook interface). This can be done by writing the code in a file and tell Mathematica to run it. This would typically be run as follows:

title: Mathematica/Getting Started


text:
This Quantum World/Implications and applications/Observables and operators

< PREVIOUS

Observables and operators
Remember the mean values

\langle x\rangle=\int |\psi|^2\,x\,dx \quad\hbox{and}\quad \langle p\rangle=\hbar\langle k\rangle=\int |\overline{\psi}|^2\,\hbar k\,dk. $$ As noted already, if we define the operators

\hat x=x$$ ("multiply with $$x$$") and $$\hat p=-i\hbar\frac\partial{\partial x},$$ then we can write

\langle x\rangle=\int \psi^*\,\hat x\,\psi\,dx\quad\hbox{and}\quad \langle p\rangle=\int \psi^*\,\hat p\,\psi\,dx. $$ By the same token,

\langle E\rangle=\int \psi^*\,\hat E\,\psi\,dx \quad\hbox{with}\quad \hat E=i\hbar\frac\partial{\partial t}. $$ Which observable is associated with the differential operator $$\partial/\partial\phi$$? If $$r$$ and $$\theta$$ are constant (as the partial derivative with respect to $$\phi$$ requires), then $$z$$ is constant, and

{\partial\psi\over\partial\phi}={\partial y\over\partial\phi}\,{\partial\psi\over\partial y}+{\partial x\over\partial\phi}\,{\partial\psi\over\partial x}. $$ Given that $$x=r\sin\theta\,\cos\phi$$ and $$y=r\sin\theta\,\sin\phi,$$ this works out at $$x{\partial\psi\over\partial y}-y{\partial\psi\over\partial x}$$ or

-i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial\phi}=\hat x\hat p_y - \hat y\hat p_x. $$ Since, classically, orbital angular momentum is given by $$\mathbf{L}=\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{p},$$ so that $$L_z=x\,p_y-y\,p_x,$$ it seems obvious that we should consider $$\hat x\hat p_y - \hat y\hat p_x$$ as the operator $$\hat l_z$$ associated with the $$z$$ component of the atom's angular momentum.

Yet we need to be wary of basing quantum-mechanical definitions on classical ones. Here are the quantum-mechanical definitions:

Consider the wave function $$\psi(q_k,t)$$ of a closed system $$\mathcal{S}$$ with $$K$$ degrees of freedom. Suppose that the probability distribution $$|\psi(q_k,t)|^2$$ (which is short for $$|\psi(q_1,\dots,q_K,t)|^2$$) is invariant under translations in time: waiting for any amount of time $$\tau$$ makes no difference to it:

$$ Then the time dependence of $$\psi$$ is confined to a phase factor $$e^{i\alpha(q_k,t)}.$$
 * \psi(q_k,t)|^2=|\psi(q_k,t+\tau)|^2.

Further suppose that the time coordinate $$t$$ and the space coordinates $$q_k$$ are homogeneous — equal intervals are physically equivalent. Since $$\mathcal{S}$$ is closed, the phase factor $$e^{i\alpha(q_k,t)}$$ cannot then depend on $$q_k,$$ and its phase can at most linearly depend on $$t:$$ waiting for $$2\tau$$ should have the same effect as twice waiting for $$\tau.$$ In other words, multiplying the wave function by $$e^{i\alpha(2\tau)}$$ should have same effect as multiplying it twice by $$e^{i\alpha(\tau)}$$:

e^{i\alpha(2\tau)}=[e^{i\alpha(\tau)}]^2=e^{i2\alpha(\tau)}. $$ Thus

\psi(q_k,t)=\psi(q_k)\,e^{-i\omega t}=\psi(q_k)\,e^{-(i/\hbar)E\,t}. $$ So the existence of a constant ("conserved") quantity $$\omega$$ or (in conventional units) $$E$$ is implied for a closed system, and this is what we mean by the energy of the system.

Now suppose that $$|\psi(q_k,t)|^2$$ is invariant under translations in the direction of one of the spatial coordinates $$q_k,$$ say $$q_j$$:

$$ Then the dependence of $$\psi$$ on $$q_j$$ is confined to a phase factor $$e^{i\beta(q_k,t)}.$$
 * \psi(q_j,q_{k\neq j},t)|^2=|\psi(q_j+\kappa,q_{k\neq j},t)|^2.

And suppose again that the time coordinates $$t$$ and $$q_k$$ are homogeneous. Since $$\mathcal{S}$$ is closed, the phase factor $$e^{i\beta(q_k,t)}$$ cannot then depend on $$q_{k\neq j}$$ or $$t,$$ and its phase can at most linearly depend on $$q_j$$: translating $$\mathcal{S}$$ by $$2\kappa$$ should have the same effect as twice translating it by $$\kappa.$$ In other words, multiplying the wave function by $$e^{i\beta(2\kappa)}$$ should have same effect as multiplying it twice by $$e^{i\beta(\kappa)}$$:

e^{i\beta(2\kappa)}=[e^{i\beta(\kappa)}]^2=e^{i2\beta(\kappa)}. $$ Thus

\psi(q_k,t)=\psi(q_{k\neq j},t)\,e^{i\,k_j\,q_k}=\psi(q_{k\neq j},t)\,e^{(i/\hbar)\,p_j\,q_k}. $$ So the existence of a constant ("conserved") quantity $$k_j$$ or (in conventional units) $$p_j$$ is implied for a closed system, and this is what we mean by the j-component of the system's momentum.

You get the picture. Moreover, the spatial coordinates might as well be the spherical coordinates $$r,\theta,\phi.$$ If $$|\psi(r,\theta,\phi,t)|^2$$ is invariant under rotations about the $$z$$ axis, and if the longitudinal coordinate $$\phi$$ is homogeneous, then

\psi(r,\theta,\phi,t)=\psi(r,\theta,t)\,e^{i m\phi}=\psi(r,\theta,t)\,e^{(i/\hbar) l_z\phi}. $$ In this case we call the conserved quantity the $$z$$ component of the system's angular momentum.

Now suppose that $$O$$ is an observable, that $$\hat O$$ is the corresponding operator, and that $$\psi_{\hat O,v}$$ satisfies

\hat O\,\psi_{\hat O,v}=v\,\psi_{\hat O,v}. $$ We say that $$\psi_{\hat O,v}$$ is an eigenfunction or eigenstate of the operator $$\hat O,$$ and that it has the eigenvalue $$v.$$ Let's calculate the mean and the standard deviation of $$O$$ for $$\psi_{\hat O,v}.$$ We obviously have that

\langle O\rangle=\int\psi^*_{\hat O,v}\hat O\,\psi_{\hat O,v}\,dx=\int\psi^*_{\hat O,v}v\,\psi_{\hat O,v}\,dx=v\int|\psi_{\hat O,v}|^2\,dx=v. $$ Hence

\Delta O=\sqrt{\int \psi^*_{\hat O,v}\,(\hat O-v)\,(\hat O-v)\,\psi_{\hat O,v}\,dx }=0, $$ since $$(\hat O-v)\,\psi_{\hat O,v}=0.$$ For a system associated with $$\psi_{\hat O,v},$$ $$O$$ is dispersion-free. Hence the probability of finding that the value of $$O$$ lies in an interval containing $$v,$$ is 1. But we have that

\hat E\,\psi(q_k)\,e^{-(i/\hbar)E\,t}=E\,\psi(q_k)\,e^{-(i/\hbar)E\,t}$$
 * $$\hat p_j\,\psi(q_{k\neq j},t)\,e^{(i/\hbar)\,p_j\,q_k}=p_j\,\psi(q_{k\neq j},t)\,e^{(i/\hbar)\,p_j\,q_k}$$
 * $$\hat l_z\,\psi(r,\theta,t)\,e^{(i/\hbar)\,l_z\phi}=l_z\,\psi(r,\theta,t) \,e^{(i/\hbar)\,l_z\phi}.

$$ So, indeed, $$\hat l_z$$ is the operator associated with the $$z$$ component of the atom's angular momentum.

Observe that the eigenfunctions of any of these operators are associated with systems for which the corresponding observable is "sharp": the standard deviation measuring its fuzziness vanishes.

For obvious reasons we also have

{\hat l}_x=-i\hbar\left(y{\partial\over\partial z}-z{\partial\over\partial y}\right)\quad \hbox{and}\quad{\hat l}_y=-i\hbar\left(z{\partial\over\partial x}-x{\partial\over\partial z}\right). $$ If we define the commutator $$[{\hat A},{\hat B}]\equiv{\hat A}{\hat B}-{\hat B}{\hat A},$$ then saying that the operators $${\hat A}$$ and $${\hat B}$$ commute is the same as saying that their commutator vanishes. Later we will prove that two observables are compatible (can be simultaneously measured) if and only if their operators commute.

Exercise: Show that $$[{\hat l}_x,{\hat l}_y]\,=i\hbar{\hat l}_z.$$

One similarly finds that $$[{\hat l}_y,{\hat l}_z]=i\hbar{\hat l}_x$$ and $$[{\hat l}_z,{\hat l}_x]=i\hbar{\hat l}_y.$$ The upshot: different components of a system's angular momentum are incompatible.

Exercise: Using the above commutators, show that the operator $$\hat{\mathbf{L}^2}\equiv{\hat l}_x^2+{\hat l}_y^2+{\hat l}_z^2$$ commutes with $${\hat l}_x,$$ $${\hat l}_y,$$ and $${\hat l}_z.$$

NEXT >


text:
User:１３２人目~enwikibooks

ja:利用者:１３２人目

title: User:１３２人目~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:91.76.8.9

Hi there. I have reverted your edits of Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Beginning Tips as you appear to be translating the page. This is the English version of wikibooks and as such the books should be in English. Foreign langauge editions should be in the appropriate langauge wikibooks. Thanks --AdRiley 09:42, 10 June 2007 (UTC) What are you trying to do? --AdRiley 10:45, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Nothing, I try to connect Russian community and mix up pages/ Sorry

title: User talk:91.76.8.9


text:
User talk:Wikifriend~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --AdRiley 09:43, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Wikifriend. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Wikifriend~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:53, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Wikifriend~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Preethi shankar

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --AdRiley 09:44, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Preethi shankar


text:
User talk:Bonbon~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --AdRiley 09:44, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bonbon. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bonbon~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:03, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:40, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bonbon~enwikibooks


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User talk:Chemjeff

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --AdRiley 09:45, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chemjeff


text:
User talk:Toast~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. --AdRiley 09:47, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Toast. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Toast~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:50, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Toast~enwikibooks


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User talk:Rojal bhadke

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title: User talk:Rojal bhadke


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User talk:Synyan

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

You might also be interested to read our Cookbook policy page and talk to other Cookbook editors. Webaware talk 09:59, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Synyan


text:
Wikibooks:Chinese bookshelf

Books on Chinese

 * Chinese
 * Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Min Nan; Southern Min; Taiwanese
 * Yue; Cantonese
 * Written Chinese
 * Classical Chinese
 * Romanized Chinese; Pinyin

title: Wikibooks:Chinese bookshelf


text:
Wikibooks:English bookshelf

Books on English

 * English
 * English in use - Grammar guide
 * English for B2 students - Upper Intermediate course book
 * English for beginners - Elementary course book
 * Cambridge English: First (FCE) - FCE exam study guide
 * Business English
 * Systematic English Phonics
 * English Grammar
 * Handbook of English Language Standards
 * Old English

title: Wikibooks:English bookshelf


text:
User talk:PeterB+~enwikibooks

Welcome message
Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Webaware talk 12:49, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called PeterB+. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name PeterB+~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

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User:Smtomak~enwikibooks

I'm just learning to edit Wikipedia, and find Wikibooks equally interesting. Hopefully you'll see more of me here in the future. See my user page at Wikipedia for more information.

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text: Template:User hindu

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text: User:Ravichandar84/UBX/UBXReligionHumanism