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Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/Vapor-Liquid equilibrium

Phase Equlibrium
Many processes in chemical engineering do not only involve a single phase but a combination of two immiscible liquids, or a stream containing both gas and liquid. It is very important to recognize and be able to calculate when these phases are in equilibrium with each other, and how much is in each phase. This knowledge will be especially useful when you study separation processes, for many of these processes work by somehow distorting the equilibrium so that one phase is especially rich in one component, and the other is rich in the other component.

More specifically, there are three important criteria for different phases to be in equilibrium with each other:

 * 1) The temperature of the two phases is the same at equilibrium.
 * 2) The partial pressure of every component in the two phases is the same at equilibrium.
 * 3) The Gibbs free energy of every component in the two phases is the same at equilibrium.

The third criteria will be explored in more depth in another course; it is a consequence of the first two criteria and the second law of thermodynamics.

Single-Component Phase Equilibrium
If there is only a single component in a mixture, there is only a single possible temperature (at a given pressure) for which phase equilibrium is possible. For example, water at standard pressure (1 atm) can only remain in equilibrium at 100°C. Below this temperature, all of the water condenses, and above it, all of the water vaporizes into steam.

At a given temperature, the unique atmospheric pressure at which a pure liquid boils is called its vapor pressure. Students may benefit from conceptualizing vapor pressure as the minimum pressure required to keep the fluid in the liquid phase. If the atmospheric pressure is higher than the vapor pressure, the liquid will not boil. Vapor pressure is strongly temperature-dependent. Water at 100°C has a vapor pressure of 1 atmosphere, which explains why water on Earth (which has an atmosphere of about 1 atm) boils at 100°C. Water at a temperature of 20°C(a typical room temperature) will only boil at pressures under 0.023 atm, which is its vapor pressure at that temperature.

Multiple-Component Phase Equilibrium: Phase Diagrams
In general, chemical engineers are not dealing with single components; instead they deal with equilibrium of mixtures. When a mixture begins to boil, the vapor does not, in general, have the same composition as the liquid. Instead, the substance with the lower boiling temperature (or higher vapor pressure) will have a vapor concentration higher than that with the higher boiling temperature, though both will be present in the vapor. A similar argument applies when a vapor mixture condenses.

The concentrations of the vapor and liquid when the overall concentration and one of the temperature or pressure are fixed can easily be read off of a phase diagram. In order to read and understand a phase diagram, it is necessary to understand the concepts of bubble point and dew point for a mixture.

Bubble Point and Dew Point
In order to be able to predict the phase behavior of a mixture, scientists and engineers examine the limits of phase changes, and then utilize the laws of thermodynamics to determine what happens in between those limits. The limits in the case of gas-liquid phase changes are called the bubble point and the dew point.

The names imply which one is which:

 * 1) The bubble point is the point at which the first drop of a liquid mixture begins to vaporize.
 * 2) The dew point is the point at which the first drop of a gaseous mixture begins to condense.

If you are able to plot both the bubble and the dew points on the same graph, you come up with what is called a Pxy or a Txy diagram, depending on whether it is graphed at constant temperature or constant pressure. The "xy" implies that the curve is able to provide information on both liquid and vapor compositions, as we will see when we examine the thermodynamics in more detail.

Txy and Pxy diagrams
The easier of the two diagrams to calculate (but sometimes harder to grasp intuitively) is the Pxy diagram, which is shown below for an idealized Benzene-Toluene system:

In order to avoid getting confused about what you're looking at, think: what causes a liquid to vaporize? Two things should come to mind:

 * Increasing the temperature
 * Decreasing the pressure

Therefore, the region with the higher pressure is the liquid region, and that of lower pressure is vapor, as labeled. The region in between the curves is called the two-phase region.

Now that we have this curve, what can we do with it? There are several critical pieces of information we can gather from this graph by simple techniques, which have complete analogies in the Txy diagram. First, note that the two lines intersect at $$ x_{Benzene} = 0 $$ and at $$ x_{Benzene} = 1 $$. These intersections are the pure-component vapor pressures at $$ T = 20^oC $$, since a pure component boils at its vapor pressure.

We can determine, given the mole fraction of one component and a pressure, whether the system is gas, liquid, or two-phase, which is critical information from a design standpoint. For example, if the Benzene composition in the Benzene-Toluene system is 40% and the pressure is 25 mmHg, the entire mixture will be vapor, whereas if the pressure is raised to 50 mmHg it will all condense. The design of a flash evaporator at 20oC would require a pressure between about 30 and 40 mmHg (the 2-phase region).

We can also determine the composition of each component in a 2-phase mixture, if we know the overall composition and the vapor pressure. First, start on the x-axis at the overall composition and go up to the pressure you want to know about. Then from this point, go left until you reach the bubble-point curve to find the liquid composition, and go to the right until you reach the dew-point curve to find the vapor composition. See the below diagram.

This method "works" because the pressure must be constant between each phase while the two phases are in equilibrium. The bubble and dew compositions are the only liquid and vapor compositions that are stable at a given pressure and temperature, so the system will tend toward those values.

Another useful rule is the lever rule which can be used to calculate the percentage of all the material that is in a given phase (as opposed to the composition of the vapor). The lever rule equation is :

- Lever Rule

and therefore,

$$ %Vapor = \frac{D1}{D1 + D2} $$.

The phase whose percent you're calculating is simply the one which you are going away from for the line segment in the numerator; for example, D2 is going from the point of interest to the vapor phase, so if D2 is in the numerator then you're calculating percent of liquid.

Txy diagrams have entirely analogous rules, but just be aware that the graph is "reversed" somewhat in shape. It's somewhat harder to calculate even in an ideal case, requiring an iterative solution, but is more useful for isobaric (constant-pressure) systems and is worth the effort. The extreme ends of the txy diagram are the boiling temperatures of pure toluene (xb = 0) and benzene (xb = 1) at 760 mmHg.

VLE phase diagram summary
To summarize, here's the information you can directly garner from a phase diagram. Many of these can be used for all types of phase diagrams, not just VLE.

 * 1) You can use it to tell you what phase(s) you are in at a given composition, temperature, and/or pressure.
 * 2) You can use it to tell you what the composition of each phase will be, if you're in a multiphase region.
 * 3) You can use it to tell you how much of the original solution is in each phase, if you're in a multiphase region.
 * 4) You can use it to gather some properties of the pure materials from the endpoints (though these are usually the best-known of all the mixture properties).

This data is invaluable in systems design which is why you'll be drilled with it before you graduate.

Raoult's Law: the Simplest Case
The simplest case (by far) to analyze occurs when an ideal solution is in equilibrium with an ideal gas. This is potentially a good approximation when two very similar liquids (the archetypal example is benzene and toluene) are dissolved in each other. It is also a good approximation for solvent properties (NOT solute properties; there is another law for that) when a very small amount of a solute is dissolved.

In an ideal liquid, the pressure exerted by a certain component on the gas is proportional to the vapor pressure of the pure liquid. The only thing that may prevent the liquid from exerting this much pressure is the fact that another component is present. Therefore, the partial pressure of the liquid component on the gas component is:

$$ P_A = x_A*P_A^* $$

where $$ P_A^* $$ is the vapor pressure of pure component A.

Recall that the partial pressure of an ideal gas in a mixture is given by:

$$ P_A = y_A*P $$

Therefore, since the partial pressures must be equal at equilibrium, we have the Raoult's Law equation for each component:

Vapor Pressure Correlations
Unfortunately, life isn't that simple even when everything is ideal. Vapor pressure is not by any stretch of the imagination a constant. In fact, it has a very strong dependence on temperature. Therefore, people have spent a good deal of time and energy developing correlations with which to predict the vapor pressure of a given substance at any reasonable temperature.

One of the most successful correlations is called the Antoine Equation, which uses three coefficients, A, B, and C, which depend on the substance being analyzed. The Antoine Equation is as follows.

Key concept
When calculating either a bubble point or a dew point, one quantity is key, and this is the overall composition, denoted with the letter z. This is to distinguish it from the single-phase composition in either the liquid or the gas phase. It is necessary to distinguish between them because the composition of the two phases will almost always be different at equilibrium.

It is important to remember that the dew and bubble points of a multi-component mixture are limits. The bubble point is the point at which a very small amount of the liquid has evaporated - so small, in fact, that in essence, the liquid phase composition remains the same as the overall composition. Making this assumption, it is possible to calculate the composition of that single bubble of vapor that has formed.

Similarly, the dew point is the point at which a very small amount of the vapor has condensed, so that the gas phase composition remains the same as the overall composition, and thus it is possible to calculate the composition of the single bubble of liquid.

Bubble Point
Recall that the dew point of a solution is the set of conditions (either a temperature at constant pressure or a pressure at constant temperature) at which the first drops of a vapor mixture begin to condense.

Let us first consider how to calculate the bubble point (at a constant temperature) of a mixture of 2 components A and B, assuming that the mixture follows Raoult's Law under all conditions. To begin, write Raoult's Law for each component in the mixture.

$$ y_A*P = x_A*P_{A}^* $$

$$ y_B*P = x_B*P_{B}^* $$

We can add these two equations together to yield:

$$ P(y_A + y_B) = P_A^*x_A + P_B^*x_B $$

Now since $$ y_A $$ and $$ y_B $$ are mole fractions and A and B are the only components of the mixture, $$ y_A + y_B = 1 $$. In addition, recall that since we are considering the bubble point, the liquid composition is essentially equal to the overall composition. Therefore, $$ x_A = z_A $$ and $$ x_B = z_B $$.

Hence we have the following equation valid at the bubble point for an ideal equilibrium:

Therefore, if the temperature and overall composition are known, the bubble pressure can be determined directly.

If the pressure is held constant and the bubble point temperature is required, it is necessary to calculate the temperature by an iterative method. The temperature dependence is contained in the Antoine equation for vapor pressure of each component. One method to solve for the temperature is to:

 * 1) Guess a temperature
 * 2) Use the guess and the Antoine equation to calculate the vapor pressure of each component in the mixture.
 * 3) Calculate an equilibrium pressure using the bubble point pressure equation.
 * 4) If the calculated pressure does not equal the known pressure, it is necessary to change the temperature and try again.

This process is ideally suited to spreadsheet functions such as Excel's "goalseek" routine. An example calculation will be shown in the next section.

If there is more than one component, a similar derivation yields the following:

Dew Point
The Dew Point calculation is similar, although the equation that results from the derivation is somewhat more complex. The starting point is the same: assume that Raoult's Law applies to each component.

$$ y_A*P = x_A*P_{A}^* $$

$$ y_B*P = x_B*P_{B}^* $$

Now we want to eliminate the liquid compositions in a similar manner to how we eliminated the vapor compositions in the previous derivation. To do this we need to divide by the vapor pressures:

$$ \frac{y_A*P}{P_A^*} = x_A $$

$$ \frac{y_B*P}{P_B^*} = x_B $$

Adding the equations and recalling that $$ x_A + x_B = 1 $$, we have:

$$ \frac{y_A*P}{P_A^*} + \frac{y_B*P}{P_B^*} = 1 $$.

Since this is the dew point, the gas-phase composition is essentially the overall composition, and therefore we have the following dew point equation:

For multiple components, the equation is similarly:

Phase Diagrams Resulting from Raoult's Law
By holding one variable constant, varying a second, and calculating the other two, it is possible to calculate a phase diagram from Raoult's Law. Typical Pxy and Txy diagrams derived from Raoult's Law were shown in the previous section for the benzene-toluene system.

Diagrams for systems that follow Raoult's Law are relatively "nice"; it can be shown that they will never have azeotropes, which would be indicated by intersection of the bubble and dew point lines. In addition, since only one parameter in the equation depends on the temperature (the vapor pressure) and the pressure dependence is explicit, the dew and bubble point lines are relatively easy to calculate.

Non-ideal VLE
Deviations from Raoult's Law occur because not all solutions are ideal, nor are all gas mixtures. Therefore, methods have been developed in order to take these nonidealities into account.

Henry's Law
The third non-ideal method, Henry's Law, is especially useful for dilute solutions, and states that at very low concentrations, the partial pressure of the dilute component over a liquid mixture is proportional to the concentration:

This law is very similar to Raoult's Law, except that the proportionality constant is not the pure-component vapor pressure but is empirically determined from VLE data. Like the pure-component vapor pressure, the Henry's constant is dependent on temperature and the nature of component A. Unlike the pure-component vapor pressure, it also depends on the solvent, so when utilizing tables of Henry's constants, make sure that the solvents match.

Henry's Law constants are generally very small, and are most useful when the concentration is less than 10% (depending on how accurate you want it, the concentration may need to be less than this).

Excess Gibbs Energy
The other two commonly-used correction parameters, the activity coefficient and the fugacity coefficient, are based on how non-ideal a given phase is. For a gas, the degree of non-ideality present is called the residual Gibbs energy, while for a liquid it is called excess Gibbs energy. The distinction is made because the Gibbs energy of an ideal gas and the Gibbs energy of an ideal solution are very different, as are the natures of how real solutions and real gasses deviate from ideality.

The residual Gibbs energy is based on the ideal gas and is defined as follows:

The excess Gibbs energy of a liquid phase is based on an ideal solution and is defined as:

Activity Coefficients
The activity coefficient takes into account variation from Raoult's Law due to liquid excess Gibbs energy. It may be defined as:

where $$ \gamma $$ is a composition-dependent value which is also different for each component. It therefore is a measure of the effect of each component in contributing to the nonideality of the mixture.

Raoult's Law can be extended using activity coefficients as follows:

The extended Raoult's law may be used to calculate activity coefficients: the vapor pressure and equilibrium composition are measured at a low pressure (to avoid gaseous nonideality). Then, since the activity coefficient is only weakly dependent on pressure (liquid properties often change very little with pressure), the same values of the activity coefficient may be used at higher pressures to aid in determining the change in equilibrium properties.

Once activity coefficients are determined at a wide variety of concentrations, it is often desired to condense the information into one equation. See this publication for an interesting read on this topic, though it will probably make more sense after you take thermodynamics, it offers a good description of what you will see.

Fugacity Coefficients
The fugacity coefficient of a gas is defined in a similar way to the activity coefficient, but it is based on the residual Gibbs energy:

The fugacity coefficient of a gas depends on temperature, as can be seen clearly from the definition. It also depends heavily on the pressure. Indeed, if you have data available that relates the compressibility of a pure gas, Z, as a function of pressure at constant temperature, the fugacity can be computed using calculus or estimated (roughly) using the following equation if the change in pressure between each set of points is constant:

$$ ln \phi_i = \Delta P\Sigma( \frac{Z_k - 1}{P_k} ) $$

where "k" referring to a data point

To do this calculation, it is necessary to extrapolate so that the first data point is taken at P = 0..

Raoult's law can be modified to account for nonideal gasses in a similar way to its modification for nonideal liquids:

This equation is true except at very high pressures, a case covered in this paper briefly.


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking

In order to come close to an animal, trackers must remain undetected not only by the animal, but also by other animals that may alert it. Moving as quietly as possible, trackers will avoid stepping on dry leaves and twigs, and take great care when moving through dry grass.

If the trackers are in close proximity to the animal, it is important that they remain downwind of it, that is, in a position where the wind is blowing away from the animal in the direction of the tracker. They must never be in a position where their scent could be carried in the wind towards the animal and thereby alert it. It is also important that the animal does not have the opportunity to cross their tracks, since the lingering human scent will alert it. Most animals prefer to keep the wind in their faces when traveling so that they can scent danger ahead of them. Trackers will therefore usually be downwind from them as they approach the animals from behind. The wind direction may, however, have changed. If the wind direction is unfavorable, the trackers may have to leave the spoor (tracks and other indications of an animal's presence) to search for their quarry from the downwind side.

As the trackers get closer to the animal, they must make sure that they see it before it sees them. Some trackers maintain that an animal keeps looking back down its own trail, always on the alert for danger coming from behind. When the spoor is very fresh, trackers may have to leave the spoor so that the animal does not see them first. Animals usually rest facing downwind, so that they can see danger approaching from the downwind side, while they can smell danger coming from behind them. An animal may also double back on its spoor and circle downwind before settling down to rest. A predator following its trail will move past the resting animal on the upwind side before realizing that the animal had doubled back, and the resting animal will smell the predator in time to make its escape.

When stalking an animal, trackers use the cover of bushes, going down on their hands and knees where necessary. In long grass they go down on their stomachs pulling themselves forward with their elbows. The most important thing is not to attract attention by sudden movements. Trackers should take their time, moving slowly when the animal is not looking, and keeping still when the animal is looking in their direction. When stalking an animal, trackers must also be careful not to disturb other animals. A disturbed animal will give its alarm signal, thereby alerting all animals in the vicinity, including the animal being tracked down.

Text from The Art of Tracking: The Origin of Science, by Louis Liebenberg, with permission from the author. Taken from Tracking (hunting)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Compass course

As the instructor, you will be responsible for setting up the course. There are many ways to do this, but one thing that does work well is to use tent stakes to mark the control points. When you lay out the course, make sure you do not have anything magnetic on your person, as this will throw off the compass readings for everyone. If you could make it through an airport metal detector, you should be OK. Be extra careful when shooting your azimuths, and write them down. This would be a bad time to discover that your memory isn't as good as you thought it was. If you are marking the control points, it is OK to estimate the distances. Remember that for most people two steps equal about five feet. Therefore, you can make a reasonable estimate of the distance if you start out on your left foot (like when you do marching and drilling), and count by fives every time your right foot touches the ground. If you have an accurate bearing, this should be close enough. You can also indicate the number of paces instead of the distance in feet. Your instructions should indicate that the Pathfinder should walk a particular bearing for an approximate distance and look for the tent peg. Then shoot the second azimuth and repeat, until they reach the final control point. Be sure to collect the tent pegs on the way back. /Transcluded Modules


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HSC Physics/Core/Motors and Generators/Motor effect and DC electical motors/Questions/Mathematical problems/Answers

 * 1) $$ \tau\ = Fd $$
 * $$ \ = 36 * 0.75 $$
 * $$ \ = 27Nm $$


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HSC Physics/Core/Motors and Generators/Motor effect and DC electical motors/Questions/Mathematical problems

The following are mathematical problems based on the module. The answers/solutions will soon be provided. Click here for the answers.

 * 1) What is the magnitude of the torque on a lever if a force of 36N acts perpendicular to the lever at a distance of 0.75m?


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User talk:Dennisallen

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Electrodynamics/Laplace's Equation

In theory, Coulomb's Law can solve any electrostatic problem where the charge distribution is known. However, many cases, we do not know the distribution, as in the case when we have conductors. In these cases, we have to use other methods, such as solving the Laplace equation.

Laplace's Equation
If we use the Laplacian operator on the electric potential function over a region of the space where the charge density is not zero, we get a special equation called Poisson's Equation.

 * $$\nabla^2 \varphi =

{\partial^2 \varphi\over \partial x^2 } + {\partial^2 \varphi\over \partial y^2 } + {\partial^2 \varphi\over \partial z^2 } = -\frac{\rho}{\epsilon} $$

If the charge density happens to be zero all over the region, the Poison's Equation becomes Laplace's Equation.

 * $$\nabla^2 \varphi =

{\partial^2 \varphi\over \partial x^2 } + {\partial^2 \varphi\over \partial y^2 } + {\partial^2 \varphi\over \partial z^2 } = 0 $$

Notice that there could still be an electric field even if the charge density is 0. The field, of course, originates from charges, but the charges could be outside the region we are interested in.

These equation are a second-order partial differential equation. Solutions to Laplace's Equation give the correct form of the electric potential in free space, satisfying the boundary conditions of the system under analysis. From the electrical potential φ one can calculate the electric field E using the gradient operator.

Of course, V is not unique. For any electric field, we have to set an arbitrary location (usually infinity) as having potential 0. However, it turns out that if you set the values of V at the boundaries of an region, then V is unique inside the region. This might seem obvious, but could be used to solve problems.

Solutions to Poisson's equation (and thus Laplace equation) with specified boundary conditions can be obtained in a number of ways:

Method of images
Suppose there is an infinite conducting plane at z=0. Suppose that there is a point charge q at (0,0,a), where a>0. What is the induced charge on the plane? What is the voltage distribution?

This seems like a hard problem to do with Coulombs law, or even solving Laplace's equation directly. However, we know that V=0 at infinity. Since the conducting plane will be an equipotential surface, we also know that the whole plane has V=0 (since otherwise, charge would flow to and from infinity). We thus know the boundary conditions.

Let us solve a different problem: Suppose there is a point charge q at (0,0,a) and another point charge -q at (0,0,-a). What is V? We know that $$V=\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0}\left[ \frac{-q}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+(z-a)^2}}+\frac{q}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+(z+a)^2}} \right]$$ Notice that this V is 0 at infinity, and is 0 at the plane z=0. Thus, because of uniqueness of solution of Laplace equation after we specify boundary conditions, this V is the solution of original problem! Note the crucial role of the uniqueness theorem. Without it, no one would believe us if we claim that this is the solution of the first problem.

In general, if we have any object above an infinite conducting plane, to find the voltage distribution, we can use the method of images. We first reflect the object about the plane, and reverse the charges. This will create a mirror image (hence the name) that, together with the original charge, will create V=0 at the plane and at infinity, and thus, the potential set up by the object and the conducting plane is the same as the potential set up by the object and its mirror image.

Separation of variables
The method of images only work for certain distributions. However, the separation of variables is far more general. The premise is this: Suppose that $$V(x,y,z)=X(x)Y(y)Z(z)$$. X(x) is free from y and z, and so on. Of course, this is not necessarily true. Then, Laplace equation becomes
 * $$YZ \frac{\partial^2 X}{\partial x^2}+XZ \frac{\partial^2 Y}{\partial y^2}+XY \frac{\partial^2 Z}{\partial z^2}=0$$

or
 * $$\frac{1}{X}\frac{\partial^2 X}{\partial x^2}+\frac{1}{Y}\frac{\partial^2 Y}{\partial y^2}+\frac{1}{Z}\frac{\partial^2 Z}{\partial z^2}=0$$

Now, suppose we vary x without changing y. Then, the expression$$\frac{1}{Y}\frac{\partial^2 Y}{\partial y^2}+\frac{1}{Z}\frac{\partial^2 Z}{\partial z^2}$$ did not change, since that expression does not depend on x. Thus, we know that $$\frac{1}{X}\frac{\partial^2 X}{\partial x^2}$$ must be constant. This becomes an ordinary differential equation, which is much easier to solve. In fact, it is either an exponential function, if the constant is positive, or a sinusoidal function, if the constant is negative. The sign of the constant has to be determined by the boundary conditions. Since the Laplace Equation is linear, all superpositions of solutions will be one as well, and so the general solution will be an infinite sum (usually a Fourier Series) with an infinite many parameters, which are to be determined from the boundary conditions.

title: Electrodynamics/Laplace's Equation


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User talk:Aesparza

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User talk:69.76.221.232

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Talk:Introduction to .NET Framework 3.0/Contents/Nullable Types

This page is blatantly incorrect, and beyond redemption.

This book has been moved to a new location Introduction to .NET Framework 3.0-Ravichandar84 (talk) 03:52, 18 February 2008 (UTC)


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User talk:71.102.194.130

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 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

-Mike.lifeguard 05:49, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.174.99.220


text:
User talk:Ginaramoz

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -Mike.lifeguard 05:50, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ginaramoz


text:
User talk:Arsharpe

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -Mike.lifeguard 05:52, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Tip on interwiki links
If you look at this diff, you can see that I used the w: prefix to indicate that the link goes to Wikipedia; other than that, it's a normal internal link. For the prefixes of other wikis, look here: Help:Editing. -Mike.lifeguard 06:00, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Sandbox Berlingo Service Manual
G'day, is this page meant to be your personal sandbox? If it is, you could have it as User:Arsharpe/sandbox. See, for example, my sandbox: User:Webaware/sandbox. If this is the case, can we please move the page into your user space? Otherwise, what is a "Sandbox Berlingo"?

On that page, you have links to images in Wikibooks, using full Internet URLs. If you just want to link to an image in Wikibooks, you can use this form: Image:Name Of Image.png. The wiki software will fill in the details for you.

Incidentally, there is already a collection of images for the Berlinger car on the Wiki Commons: commons:Category:Citroën Berlingo. You can use them in your book as if they were already part of Wikibooks - the wiki software will look for a local image, and when it doesn't find one, will look on the Commons.

Also, the car manufacturer spells its name "Citroën", or minimally "Citroen", not "Citreon". cheers, Webaware talk 07:16, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The same can be said of Arsharpe Formatting Notes. If you want a personal sandbox, please have it as a subpage of your user page. Thanks!  – Mike.lifeguard | talk 19:20, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks have done it Arsharpe 21:11, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Sandbox Berlingo Service Manual (reply)
Hi,

Thanks for the information. I have updated everything as requested.

Can you please indicate how to:- -rename an image without downloading/uploading, etc -merge (my) interim edits to improve readability.

Regards, Rob

 * G'day Rob, nice work. In answer to your questions:
 * An image cannot be renamed. You will need to upload it with the new name, and copy across the summary text and license information from the original upload. Once you've done that, tag the original upload for deleting by adding the following:  and one of the admins will take care of it when they can.
 * I don't know exactly what you mean in the second question - but generally, you can merge pages by copying text from one to another. If you are the only editor of the source page (i.e. copied from page), then just tag it for deleting as above; if someone else has been working on it, then you need to tag it with  so that an admin can merge the edit histories. I suspect you are talking about merging your sandbox edits back into the main book, which you can do just by copying text to the main book and tagging your sandbox page for deleting.
 * Let me know if this doesn't answer your questions, and I'll either try to address them better or find someone else who can! cheers, Webaware talk 11:58, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Thanks,

Sorry, I did not explain very well.

An example should help.

I want to go from a page with the following history

[version1] My initial version [version2] A minor edit [verison3] Another minor edit [version4] Yet another minor edit [version5] The final edit and happy with the result.

to

[version1] My initial version [version5] The final edit and happy with the result.

i.e. deleting version2-4

Thanks, Rob

 * G'day Rob. Don't worry about the old versions in the edit history, what is important is the current version.
 * In Wikibooks, we like to keep hold of all the old edit histories so that we can keep track of all contributors and their contributions, for various reasons including attribution under the GFDL and to prevent loss of information through accidental or malicious deletion. Deleting versions out of the edit history is thus not an easy task - one needs privileged access to do it, and a very good reason.
 * Just keep editing your pages, and don't worry about the accumulating edit history. cheers, Webaware talk 00:30, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Sandboxes!
Hi Rob - not quite sure I am with you here. To start with the page I deleted (Public/Sandbox or similar) was created by an IP with nothing in the edit summary - that is usually indicative of a "test" type edit (which is of course what the Sandbox is for (hence my deletion).

What exactly is wrong with the current sandbox? They exist as such on all Wikis and seem to serve the purpose ok. The "sandbox" is a public one anyway. Feel free to get back to me - cheers -- Herby talk thyme 10:33, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Brush.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Brush.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law, and requires that we maintain a strict copyright policy. The image that may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and status.

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask another Wikibookian at the help desk. Thank you. Urbane  (Talk)   (Contributions)  14:31, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks arsharpe for updating this image. However there are still untagged images in your name. An exmplae of this would be Image:Second nut.jpg. Please check all of the images you have uploaded. Thanks again

Citroën Berlingo Electrique Service Manual Deleted
...What is this? Why do you have a "deleted" version and a normal version? – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 12:44, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Arsharpe
This book needs a new title; it cannot have a title which is the same as your username. Please also make sure that it will be within project scope. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 14:55, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arsharpe


text:
User talk:Owain.davies

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

And a big thanks for contributing to First Aid. Great work! If you're looking for more, take a look at First Aid/What needs to be done? Thanks again! -Mike.lifeguard 06:04, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Check for Underlying Causes on First Aid/Vitals
I moved that section to First Aid/Head-to-toe, but I'm wondering if it fits at all - it's certainly beyond SFA, and seems more like something that might be expected of a first responder or paramedic - definitely not a first aider. It might have a place in the First Aid/Advanced Topics chapter, as "extended/advanced secondary assessment" or something, but I thought I'd ask what you thought before moving it again or deleting it. Mike.lifeguard 17:04, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * How does this look? -Mike.lifeguard 01:32, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The head-to-toe part of a secondary takes a while when done properly, and the stuff you added is really just advanced things to look for during a head-to-toe. So advanced, that I moved it to First Aid/Extended Assessment. Which I'm going to add some additional spinal-injury assessment stuff to. Seeing as you're a paramedic(?) you should proof that once I get it up. – Mike.lifeguard | talk 02:33, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

I reverted some of your changes to First Aid/B for Breathing
I made some big changes to First Aid/B for Breathing because what you had added was (so far as I'm aware) wrong. Correct procedures are found here:

As well, I've requested an attempt at consensus here on the victim/patient/casualty terminology issue.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:31, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * So apparently the UK didn't go along with ILCOR. The point of this text is that it's international in nature - the main protocols should be from ILCOR, and the ones you sent to me (btw do you have a link so everyone else can see that pdf?) should be included as regional differences. Feel free to make a separate section for them, or use . Note that those standards come from the Red Cross and SJA of the UK only.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:58, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, although ILCOR do endorse my position on the use of 'D for defibrillation' under basic life support, so if we accept the initial rescue breaths, then we must change D to 'D for defibrillation'. Sound fair? Owain.davies 18:43, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The endorsement is "Use of AEDs by trained lay and professional responders is recommended..." (emphasis mine). AED training is not part of CPR training - it is often an add-on, and is certainly something a lay rescuer can do, but is still part of advanced training, and should stay there. As I said elsewhere, getting an AED is covered under Ambulance (which won't exist until we restructure this chapter to match First Aid/CPR summary. AED use requires additional training, and is therefore located in the correct spot already.
 * As well, for obstructed airway procedures, it could certainly be integrated into CPR, but there are differences. After an unsuccessful attempt at ventilation, the rescuer readjusts the head-tilt chin-lift and reattempts. If the second attempt is unsuccessful, then the rescuer proceeds to 30 compressions followed by a foreign body check (visually check the airway and remove any obvious obstructions). If you want to merge it into First Aid/C for Compressions then go ahead, but make sure the sequence is correct. ✅  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:43, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Airway is not a vital sign - it's part of the ABCs, which are an even higher priority. You're correct to emphasize keeping an open airway, but putting that in vitals is really a demotion which is inappropriate. If you want to re-emphasize checking ABCs continually along with vitals (which don't include airway) then that would be appropriate in the intro of First Aid/Vitals.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:59, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Even the European Resuscitation Council (which is responsible for the protocols you cited that EMS comes after checking breathing and didn't use ILCOR's standards) agrees that BLS doesn't include AED: "Basic life support (BLS) refers to maintaining airway patency and supporting breathing and the circulation, without the use of equipment other than a protective device." I think it's clear that we need to make sure the book is clear that AED/AED-trained responder needs to be summoned along with EMS and that AED takes priority over CPR, but AED use is going to stay in First Aid/Advanced Topics.
 * As well, seeing as how ILCOR, AHA, LSS, SJAC and CRC (at a minimum) agree that ambulance comes before airway, I'll change it back to what I had and insert a that it's different in Europe.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:40, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Please make sure that the regional notes I have are correct; as you know I'm not intimately familiar with ERC's protocols.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:42, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Please see my replies to your comments here and here.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 01:59, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Owain.davies


text:
User talk:Yatindranathyadav

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!

Avl tree for month jan to december
A tag has been placed on Avl tree for month jan to december, requesting that it be speedily deleted from WikiBooks. This has been done because the module doesn't meet our requirements for inclusion. -Mike.lifeguard 06:13, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yatindranathyadav


text:
Talk:My watchlist

I wanted this to redirect automatically to Special:Watchlist. The link seems to work (you'd have to be signed in, I think), but it's not actually redirecting. Can someone figure this out? -Mike.lifeguard 06:17, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that redirecting to Special: pages just doesn't work. -Mike.lifeguard 06:26, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:My watchlist


text:
Talk:Rc

I think maybe redirecting to Special: pages just doesn't work?? -Mike.lifeguard 06:25, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rc


text:
First Aid/Wilderness First Aid

Wilderness first aid is the practice of first aid where definitive care is more than one hour away, and often days to weeks away. The practice of wilderness first aid is defined by difficult victim access, limited equipment, and environmental extremes. As such, care can differ radically from that which is provided in other situations. Unlike other areas, those providing care in the wilderness are literally on their own. In the wilderness, independence and preparedness are absolutely crucial, as it may mean the difference between life and death.

Anaphylactic Shock
Anaphylactic shock is where the airway rapidly constricts and is always a serious life threatening condition. It is generally a reaction to allergens and must be treated immediately. Even if the reaction stops, seek medical attention, because return of symptoms has been documented. In a wilderness setting, anaphylactic shock is handled differently, as medical attention is generally not available. The biggest difference is that medications are used, where in any other setting, this might not be the case.

 * 1) Eliminate or minimize allergen contact.
 * 2) Keep the patient calm.
 * 3) Treat for shock.
 * 4) Tilt patient's head back to keep the airway open.
 * 5) Use a rescue inhaler with albuterol. (Preferred)
 * 6) Administer chlorphenamine (Chlor-Trimeton) or diphenhydramine (Benadryl) according to dosing instructions. If available, administer corticosteroids like prednisone.
 * 7) Evacuate the patient to the nearest medical facility immediately.

The biggest key to treating anaphylactic shock is that the airway must be kept open. To prevent the airway from closing, the preferred method is to administer albuterol. This is the base component of rescue inhalers. Albuterol is a cortiocosteroid that works by increasing respiration, allowing more air to be taken in to compensate for the restricted airway. After albuterol is administered, diphenhydramine should be administered in accordance with the dosing instructions until the patient arrives at a medical facility. ANY CORTIOCOSTEROID OR ANTIHISTAMINE WILL WORK.

Animal bites
Know the venomous animals in your area.

Animal bites can vary in severity from minor to major. Different approaches should be taken depending on the animal. For example, mammal bites may result in rabies. Rabid animals will present with unusual behavior and aggression, but this does not always occur. Do not look for foaming of the mouth. Nocturnal animals that are moving around during the day should always be considered rabid as should bats and raccoons.

For all mammal and nonvenomous insect/snake bites,

 * 1) Stop bleeding by applying pressure to the affected area's blood supply (if necessary).
 * 2) Wash the bite area immediately (with soap if possible).
 * 3) Apply antiseptic (iodine/neosporin/triple antibiotic).
 * 4) Bandage the bite loosely.
 * 5) Keep the affected area clean.
 * 6) Treat for shock (if necessary).

It is important that you monitor the patient's condition and take any appropriate actions. When rabies is a possibility, seek medical attention as soon as possible. If possible, attempt to have the animal caught for testing. If the animal has to be killed, preserve the head. Provided that treatment is provided promptly, rabies can generally be stopped by post exposure prophalaxis (P.E.P.). If the patient reports fever, headache, or malaise, they need to be evacuated to medical attention as soon as possible.

Snakes
Many snake bites, even by venomous snakes, are not envenomed, and these can be treated as normal animal bites. Rabies is never a consideration as only mammals can carry the rabies virus.

There are four main categories of venomous snakes. Snakes are classed as cobras, coral snakes, kraits, and vipers. Snake identification is extremely important to determine which antivenin to give and the treatment method that is necessary. Some polyvalent antivenins are available, but not in every hospital.

Croatilid (pit-viper, such as rattlesnake) venoms cause the bitten area to turn green or purple. Elapid (coral and many other non-U.S. snakes) venoms cause swollen lymph nodes. If symptoms appear; clean with soap and water, keep affected area lower than the heart, never put a cold compress on the bite area as recent research has shown this can possibly cause more harm, and evacuate the victim, on a litter if possible. If a victim is unable to reach medical care within 30 minutes, a bandage, wrapped two to four inches above the bite, may help slow venom. The bandage should not cut off blood flow from a vein or artery. A good rule of thumb is to make the band loose enough that a finger can slip under it.

The first aid for Australian elapid snake bites is the same as that used for Funnelweb Spiders, cone shells or Blue-ringed Octopus bites (see section below on spiders); the bandage should be as tight or tighter than that used for a sprain. Never wash the bite site for bites from Australian elapid snakes. This is because in Australia there is a Snake Venom Detection Kit (SVDK)(produced by Commonwwealth Serum Laboratories Ltd), which used swabs from the bite site to obtain minute samples of snake venom; these samples are then tested in the SVDK, which is a simple and effective ELISA assay, to determine whether the venom comes from the Brown Snake (Pseudonaja sp), Black Snake (Pseudechis sp), Taipan (Oxyuranus sp), Death Adder (Acanthophis sp) or Tiger Snake (Notechis sp) groups. This can tell the treating physician which of the 5 CSL antivenoms to use; antivenom is only administered if the patient shows definite signs and symptoms of clinical envenoming. Some other Australian elapid species such as Whip Snakes (Demansia sp), Broad-head Snakes (Hoplocephalus spp) and others may give unusual results with the SVDK. There are also many highly venomous Sea Snake species occurring in Australian waters, particularly the tropical regions; there is also a CSL antivenom for sea snakes.

Spiders
While all spiders have venom, only a handful can cause problems in humans. Nonvenomous bites should be treated by washing the bite and applying antiseptic.

The Sydney funnel-web spider of Australia is one spider that is frequently dangerous to adults, and it resides only within 100 miles of Sydney, Australia. Treatment is identical to that of a snake-bite. The first aid treatment for the Sydney Funnelweb Spider (Atrax robustus) and closely-related dangerous Australian Funnelweb spiders such as Hadronyche versuta, Hadronyche formidabilis and Hadroyche infensa is the same as the first aid for Australian elapid snake bite. However, this treatment differs from the US technique mentioned above for coral snakes. The symptoms of envenomation by the dangerous Australian elapid snakes may include neurotoxicity (nervous system disorders, coagulopathy (blood clotting problems), Myotoxicity (effects on muscle tissue), general systemic symptoms, and occasionally death. The method used in Australia for first aid for elapid snake bites (e.g. Common Brown Snake (Pseudonaja textilis), Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and others is the Pressure-Immobilisation Technique. This is the technique recommended by the Australian Resuscitation Council and endorsed by medical authorities and the major authoritative Australian national first aid organizations such as Red Cross Australia, St John Ambulance Australia and Surf Lifesaving Australia. It has been shown to be effective. For a description of this technique see the Australian Venom Research Unit website at http://www.avru.org/firstaid/firstaid_snake.html and http://www.avru.org/firstaid/firstaid_pib.html, or the CSL Antivenom Handbook at http://www.toxinology.com/generic_static_files/cslb_index.html.

In North America, the Brown Recluse and Black Widow spiders are considered dangerous to humans. While effects may not be as pronounced in adults, untreated bites in children and the elderly have a high probability of fatality. It is strongly recommended that all bite victims receive prompt medical attention and the administration of antivenin to prevent nerve and skin damage. Although toxins are different, treatment is the same.

 * 1) Treat for shock.
 * 2) Capture spider if safe/possible.
 * 3) Clean and expose the bite.
 * 4) Transport to hospital.

Ticks
Ticks are small parasitic arachnids. They are generally black, gray, brown, red or a combination of these colors. They require the blood of mammals to survive. When hungry, they are extremely small and difficult to see. As they feed on a host, their body expands and they become more noticeable. Normally ticks wouldn't be a problem, but they have been identified as a vector for disease. Tick Encephalitis, Lyme Disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever can be spread by an infected tick. Also, the opening they create in the skin provides easy access to the body for airborne pathogens.

The best way to prevent these diseases is to make it difficult for ticks to attach to your skin. Minimizing the amount of skin visible will minimize the amount of skin for ticks to feed on. Check before you travel to see if ticks are a known danger in your area. When you stop in a tick infested area, have a partner do a visual inspection for them. This can further aided by wearing light colored clothing, which makes ticks stand out more. Avoid brushing against hanging foliage as ticks love to wait there for a host to come along.

Generally, medical attention is not necessary to handle tick bites. However when you discover a tick, effort should be made to remove it as soon as possible. If you are unable to remove it and it does require medical attention, seek such attention promptly. Every moment that the tick remains in your body increases the chances of getting a disease.

 * 1) Gently grasp the tick's mouthparts with forceps - be very careful not to grab the body.
 * 2) Pull the mouthparts straight back in the direction they entered the skin with even pressure.
 * 3) The mouthparts are quite difficult to remove, and are often very long; be patient and use steady, even pressure.
 * 4) Pull gently but firmly; if you pull with too much force, you will detach the mouthparts from the rest of the tick. If the mouthparts stay embedded in the skin, they can very easily kindle an infection.
 * 5) Do not use substances such as nail polish remover or bug spray.
 * 6) Flame can be used (if accepted in your area).
 * 7) If you must, use fingernails to grasp the tick's mouthparts.
 * 8) Wash the area and your hands thoroughly with soap and water once you've finished.
 * 9) Wipe area with antiseptic/antibiotics.
 * 10) Bandage and keep the bite clean.

Using antiseptic or antibiotic on a bite decreases the chances of infection, but antibiotic prophalaxis is recommended.

title: First Aid/Wilderness First Aid


text:
Talk:First Aid/Wilderness First Aid

Transwiki History
Page transwikied from en:wikipedia (and since deleted). Page history as follows:

 * 23:41, 25 Oct 2004 Gwalla (not a CSD: putting on vfd)
 * 21:48, 25 Oct 2004 Scuiqui fox
 * 15:49, 18 Oct 2004 Wayland (Categories)
 * 19:41, 17 Oct 2004 Dennis Valeev m (think we don't need to have this article in Medicine category)
 * 19:38, 17 Oct 2004 Dennis Valeev m (adding to categories)
 * 19:34, 17 Oct 2004 Dennis Valeev m (linking)
 * 02:54, 14 Jun 2004 Furrykef m (Reference - typo)
 * 17:11, 10 Jun 2004 DavidCary m (+links)
 * 16:50, 18 Aug 2003 217.24.129.50 (fmt)
 * 14:19, 15 Aug 2003 ²¹² m
 * 14:19, 15 Aug 2003 ²¹² m
 * 20:25, 20 Jun 2003 Maveric149 (Killing very un-wiki excess HTML markup and giving credit to the US military so this isn't plagiarism)
 * 17:06, 20 Jun 2003 Rlatulippe m
 * 16:42, 20 Jun 2003 Rlatulippe
 * 16:37, 20 Jun 2003 Rlatulippe
 * 16:20, 20 Jun 2003 Patrick m
 * 16:15, 20 Jun 2003 Rlatulippe
 * 16:13, 20 Jun 2003 Rlatulippe

-- Francs2000 16:01, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Rabies
I was under the impression that rabies could be transmitted by pretty much any mammal, not just carnivores. Also, it can be transmitted by rodents:

This link is a story that ran on on the news in my area last week about a girl who was bitten by a rabid ground hog. Ground hogs are in fact members of the rodent family. --Jomegat 20:01, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I was under that impression too... I'll change it. Mike.lifeguard 20:03, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Beat me to it. Mike.lifeguard 20:04, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Proposed merger with Outdoor Survival
A merger was proposed. I removed the tag since this page is an integral part of First Aid. Nevertheless, contributors to Outdoor Survival or any other wikibook are welcome to use our content.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 14:02, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Plagiarism !
"20:25, 20 Jun 2003 Maveric149 (Killing very un-wiki excess HTML markup and giving credit to the US military so this isn't plagiarism) "

http://worsethanfailure.com/Comments/Umm,_Steve_Got_Lost.aspx?pg=2#132011 Actually the references to "Figure 3" give away the fact it's stll stolen content, just wthout the links ! I think I'll stick to Wikipedia !--195.137.93.171 20:06, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for noting that - it's been fixed; the section is no longer a copyvio. Technically it wasn't anyway, since anything produced by a member of the US government is public domain.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:52, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Advanced Training ?
How come bandagng & pulling with tweezers requires Advanced training ?--195.137.93.171 20:06, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Those specific skills don't require specialized training - wilderness first aid in general does. As the disclaimer explains, by performing beyond your level of training, you open yourself to liability. This may or may not apply in your region; check what the law says in your area.  – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:53, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Aid/Wilderness First Aid


text:
Cookbook talk:Welsh Rarebit

We have a dramatically different (and, I must admit, simpler) recipe for a rarebit. It's been in the family (and in America) for well over a century, though we're not sure where it comes from, exactly. We've never called it "Welsh", though—and as (virtually) no one in the US has ever heard of rarebits, it was a bit of a startling discovery to find that another more or less similar dish exists by the name "Welsh rarebit" (and was common in the UK, to boot). Jade Knight 10:44, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Welsh Rarebit


text:
User talk:212.85.13.143

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 10:51, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.85.13.143


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6

= Ruy Lopez - Berlin Defence = The Berlin Defence is a common opening often played at grandmaster level. The move 3...Nf6 attacks the center and threatens the pawn on e4. The Berlin Defence also gets Black ready to castle quicker than in the Morphy's Defence. When playing the Berlin Defence, Black must keep in mind the threat on his c6 Knight. Therefore Black must soon consider a way of negating the threat and defending e5 as the game transitions into the middle game.

Theory table
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O

= Ruy Lopez:Open Game = 4.O-O is the most common reply to the Berlin Defence. This move protects the king by moving it out of the center. It also brings the rook closer to the center. If 4...Nxe4, then 5.Re1, and when the knight retreats, e5 falls after 6.Nxe5. If Black plays 4...Be7 (a rare reply), White should also play 5.Re1, preventing the threat of 5...Nxe4 6.Re1 Nd6; if 7.Nxe5, there is 7... Nxb5.

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.O-O


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Nxe4

= Ruy Lopez:Open Game =

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.O-O Nxe4


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Nxe4/5. Re1

= Ruy Lopez:Open Game =

Theory table
.
 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.O-O Nxe4 5. Re1


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Nxe4/5. d4

= Ruy Lopez:Open Game = Here Black has taken a pawn, but although both black and white have 2 developed pieces, the white rook on f1 and white's queen have more mobility, and white is already castled. Because of white's slight lead in development he is playing d4 to further open the position and make better use of his better development

Theory table
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 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.O-O Nxe4 5.d4


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User talk:Deborahcragun

Hi Deborancragun, I'm a doctoral student at Indiana University. I'm currently working on a Wikibook research study about online authors' experiences and perceptions with my advisor. I read your Wikibook of introduction to sociology. It's very impressive. We would like to learn more from your and Rcragun' experiences.

If you would like to participate in the case study, please contact me by email or leave a message. We'll discuss the detailed information about the study. (The format will be a one hour interview in person or by phone or email)

Your input will be greatly appreciated. Best regards, inkeys

Hi there, my name is Martin M. Elissetche. I'm a PhD student at the University of Maryland and the creator of a social science dictionary located at www.socialsciencedictionry.org. I wanted to know if I could place a copy of your book on my web site or whether you prefer if I just link to it. Please let me know what you think at info@socialsciencedictionary.org. Cheers, m.

title: User talk:Deborahcragun


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nd4

Ruy Lopez - Bird's Defence
Black gives up the defense of e5 and instead counter-attacks with a threat towards the bishop. The drawback is that after the knight exchange on d4 Black will have a slightly inferior pawn structure, though with a slight space gain.

Theory table
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 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nd4


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User talk:207.225.220.129

Please stop removing content from Wikibooks; it is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Herby talk thyme 15:28, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.225.220.129


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User talk:209.195.104.83

Thanks for experimenting with Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in modules will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 18:35, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:209.195.104.83


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Citroën Berlingo Electrique/Owner's Manual

This provides a place to hold owner's manual information for the Citroën Berlingo Electrique.

Ignition On Mode
When the ignition is switched on no additional lights are displayed (other than the parking brake and the [Stop] light. This is unusual for a car and means that it is not easy to check the bulb status.

Driving Tips
When using regenerative braking the brake lights do not illuminate. Care should be taken be taken when decelerating quickly using regenerative braking that cars following have sufficient notice, maybe by lightly touching the brakes to operate the brake lights.

The Electrical Fault Lamp
The original manual says that the Electrical Fault Lamp

 * Comes on when a fault is detected by the ECU.
 * Contact an approved dealer as soon as possible to switch of the lamp.

The lamp may sometimes be reset by performing a complete charge.


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User talk:87.102.43.173

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
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 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
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 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

-Mike.lifeguard 19:34, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:87.102.43.173


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Cookbook:Slow Cooker

A slow cooker (also known as a crock-pot in the United States and several other English-speaking countries) is an electrical cooking appliance used to prepare food by simmering it for several hours at lower temperatures than most other cooking methods.
 * Kitchen appliances

The advantage of a slow cooker is that it can be left to cook food unattended. Furthermore, many slow cookers manufactured in the 2000s have programmable thermostats, timers, and sometimes a "keep warm" function to lower the heat after the cooking timer has stopped, allowing a degree of automation in home cooking.

However, advertisements tend to exaggerate the set-and-forget nature of slow cookers. While there certainly are recipes that work well in a slow cooker with no intervention beyond mixing the ingredients together, just dumping everything into the pot and cooking the mixture for hours will yield less-than-desirable results most of the time. The optimal cooking time of ingredients varies, and different ingredients may need to be added into the cooker at different points of the cooking process. For example, prolonged cooking of liquid dairy products causes them to curdle. Spices – especially fresh herbs – tend to lose their flavor when cooked for long, and thus seasoning liberally or adding seasoning toward the end of the cooking time may be required.

Old stoves have a recessed cooking position, often in the right rear, in which a pot can sit. This has a similar function.

See this category for Slow cooker recipes.

title: Cookbook:Slow Cooker


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User talk:JKlepitch

Hello, welcome to Wikibooks!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 22:44, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:JKlepitch


text:
Talk:Vedic Mathematics/What is Vedic Mathematics?

This whole thing appears to be ripped from http://www.vedicmaths.org/Introduction/What%20is%20VM.asp