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Learning the vi Editor/Vim/Enhancing Vim

The .vimrc file
You can make a configuration-file called .vimrc in your home directory and save any particular settings. The existence of a vimrc has the side effect of making Vim enable all of Vim's incompatible changes to vi, making it more user-friendly. The name of the file depends on the operation system and user interface used:

The alternatives with the underscore are for compatibility with older filesystem. If you use Vim on several operating system and use a modern MS-Windows filesystem you don't have to maintain two configurations files. It is perfectly OK to set _vimrc to:

~/.vimrc

and do all your configurations in .vimrc.

This is an example .vimrc file here:

"Everything after a double quote is a comment. "Wrap text after 72 characters set textwidth=72 "Set tabs to 4 spaces set tabstop=4 set shiftwidth=4 set stselect=4 set expandtab "Tell Vim I use a dark background. Syntax highlighting (color coded text) will adjust to more appropriate colors. set background=dark "Misc overwrites of default color highlighting. hi Comment ctermfg=DarkGreen hi String ctermfg=DarkMagenta hi pythonPreCondit ctermfg=Green "Make sure that bottom status bar is running. set ruler set laststatus=2 "Make a mapping for "Q" which will reformat the current paragraph, comment, "or code block according to the formatoptions setting: map Q gqap

Syntax Highlighting
Syntax highlighting is what allows you to highlight program code and other files for better readability, using colorization, bold, and other font modifications.

You may want to write simple syntax highlighting statements for easily detected patterns in your file. That said, if you are thinking you need syntax highlighting for HTML, don't worry: most users do not need to define a syntax highlighting file for common filetypes--most of the file types common developers are interested have already been given a default syntax highlighting definition with Vim. Even if it doesn't come with vim, you can usually find someone who has shared their work on vim.org. However, if you need to write something simple, this section is for you. (If you need a syntax highlighting definition that will correctly show Perl code even inside an HTML "pre" tag inside a Perl print statement within a shell heredoc in a shell script, you're probably out of luck and this section probably won't meet your needs--but you might as well search vim.org, just in case someone has done it for you already).

Syntax highlighting is one of the most powerful features of Vim. However, it can also be one of the most difficult things to set up--if you don't know what you're doing (or if you just don't have the patience, or if you're dealing with complex program language grammars). So lets have a look at some easy highlighting definitions:

Lesson 1: Highlight Tabs

 * ... or how to highlight a special characters

Say you need to know where in your file are tabs and where are spaces. With the following highlight you make tabs visible:

match Special "\t"

A syntax match matches a regular expression and applies the given color to it. In this case it is the color "Special". You must make sure that the color "Special" has a non-standard background - otherwise you won't see a difference:

Special guifg=SlateBlue guibg=GhostWhite

You can also create a map in your .vimrc - so you can always activate the tab highlight:

match Special "\t" match Special "\t"

Another approach is to use listchars. These would be tabs, trailing spaces and line ends. Note the use of ">-" instead of the default "^I". That prevents the layout change when showing/hidding listchars: lcs=tab:>-,trail:%,eol:$ list!

Lesson 2: Highlight Space errors

 * ... or how to highlight spaces at the end of line
 * ... or how to find spaces and/or tabs

match Error "\s\+$"

Lesson 3: Highlight Tab errors

 * ... or how to not highlight characters serving as delimiter

Knowing where tabs are is good. But what about spaces before tabs? They just waste space in your file. The following highlight will show them to you:

match Error " \+\t"me=e-1

The regular expression  searches for one or more space followed by a tab. That alone would solve the problem but would highlight the tab as error as well. Even better would be if we could highlight only the spaces and leave the tab as it is. And indeed this is possible and done by the. Basically it says: End the highlight one character before the last character found.

Lesson 4: Highlight Line length

 * ... or how to highlight at a specific column
 * ... or how to highlight inside other patterns
 * ... or how to allow other pattern inside

The following match will highlight the column 78 when the line is 78 characters long. This can serve as a warning when you have a line which is longer than you wish it to be. Of course, such a highlight should not interfere with any other highlight you might use:

match Error "\(^.\{79\}\)\@<=." contains=ALL containedin=ALL

Here is a description of how it works:

 * 1) The regular expression   searches for exactly 79 characters from the beginning of the line   and group   the result.
 * 2)   will now "zero match" the group from 1. "zero match" means the text must be present, but is ignored once found.
 * 3) with   one more character is matched. This character is highlighted using the Error colour.
 * 4) With   we allow other highlight patterns to start inside our pattern.
 * 5)   we allow our highlight pattern to start inside another pattern.

An alternative method is suggested by the Vim help system. This pair of commands will highlight all characters in virtual column 79 and more:

rightMargin ctermfg=lightblue rightMargin /.\%>79v/

And this will highlight only column 79:

col79 ctermbg=red col79 guibg=red col79 /\%<80v.\%>79v/

Note the use of two items to also match a character that occupies more than one virtual column, such as a TAB. In the last example, a separate ctermbg and guibg definition was added so that col79 does something in both Vim and gVim.

Omni Completion
From version 7 onwards Vim supports omni completions. This form of completions should work over several files and support all the twirks of a programming language. However, for it to work you need an appropriate "*complete.vim" script in your "autoload/" directory. This script must define a function called which does all the completion work for the programming language at hand.

However writing a useful complete function can be a difficult task. All the provided complete functions span several hundred lines of code.

Here a simple implementation used for the Ada programming language described in detail so you can create your own. This implementation need a "tags" file which - for ada - you can create with.

The full version can be download from the vim.org side

Step by Step walkthrough
Set completion with  to autoloaded function. This check is in place in case this script is sourced directly instead of using the autoload feature.

('+omnifunc') && &omnifunc == "" omnifunc=

Omnicompletion and autoload won't work with any version of Vim less than 7.00.

version < 700 All functions have to cover two options:   and.

(findstart, base)

Findstart equals 1
When  then we have to find out how many characters left of the cursor could be a part of an completion:

a:findstart == 1

For our simple example finding the beginning of the word is pretty simple. We look left until we find a character which cannot be part of a word. For most languages searching for “\i” should do the trick. However, for Ada we want to expand Attributes as well - hence we add “'” to the list of word characters.

line = ('.') start = ('.') - 1 start > 0 && line[start - 1] =~ '\i\|''' start -= 1 start

Findstart not equal 1
When  then we need to find possible completions for. There are two options open to return the found completions:

 * 1) returning them all as a  with.
 * 2) calling  for each completion found.

You can also use a combination of both - they will be merged then - so beware not to create duplicates. A completion can either be a or a.

In this example we use.

The search pattern should look for a:base at the beginning of the text matched.

l:Pattern   = '^'. a:base. '.*$'

In a first step we add all known Ada Keywords, Pragmas, Attributes and Types. They have been prepared as a of  by the Ada file-type plugin. All we have to to is iterate over the list and add all where the entry “word” matches the pattern.

('g:Ada_Keywords') Tag_Item g:Ada_Keywords l:Tag_Item['word'] =~? l:Pattern

Add the value - incl. simple error handling.

(l:Tag_Item) == 0 [] 			{{vi/Ex|if} return []

Searching for matches
Here the real work is done: We search for matches inside the tag file. Of course you need a tag file first. There are many tools to create Vim compatible tag files. Just have a look around for one.

l:Tag_List = (l:Pattern)

Again we need to iterate over all elements found.

Tag_Item l:Tag_List l:Tag_Item['kind'] == '' l:Tag_Item['kind'] = 's'

Since the structure for tags and completions are different the data needs to be converted.

The informations available inside the tag depend on the tag-file creation tool. But the minimum is:

 * “name”: Name of the tag.
 * “filename”: Name of the file where the tag is defined.
 * “cmd”: Example command used to locate the tag in the file.
 * “kind”: Type of the tag. The value for this entry depends on the language specific kind values generated by the ctags tool.

The contest of the completion is fixed and contains the following:

 * “word”: The actual completion
 * “kind”: The type of completion, one character, that is, “v” for variable.
 * “menu”: Short extra info displayed inside the completion menu.
 * “word”: Long extra info displayed inside an extra window.
 * “icase”: Ignore case

So for simple tags without any extras the conversion could look like this:

l:Match_Item = { \ 'word': l:Tag_Item['name'], \ 'menu': l:Tag_Item['filename'], \ 'info': "Symbol from file ". l:Tag_Item['filename']. " line ". l:Tag_Item['cmd'], \ 'kind': l:Tag_Item['kind'], \ 'icase': 1} (l:Match_Item) == 0 [] 		  		     []

 * Please note: The current Ada plugin has been extended to also support  which gives more information than  . However we have not updated the walkthrough as we want to keep the example simple and easy to follow.

We already added all matches via so we only return an empty list.

[]

One last piece of advice: It your tag tool does not sort the entries then you should sort them separately. Searches on sorted tag-files are significantly faster.


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Learning the vi Editor/Vim/VimL Script language

Vim script (aka Vimscript, or VimL) is a full feature scripting language, meaning it can solve almost any text processing problem.

Assignment
To set a variable use:

variable = expression

To set a built-in setting you have two options:

setting = expression    " (use the regular command for changing a setting)   &setting = "expression"  " (treat the setting as a special kind of variable)

Data types
There are five datatypes:

Number
A 32 bit signed integer.

String
A NULL terminated string of 8-bit unsigned characters (bytes). Strings can be created by either ‘'’ or ‘"’ quotes. When using strings quoted with the double quote ‘"’ the text is interpreted i.e. "\n" becomes a new line while strings quoted with a single quote ‘'’ are not interpreted, i.e. '\n' means just that, a backslash and an n. The following two strings are identical:

String_1 = "C:\\WinNT" String_2 = 'C:\WinNT'

Any other datatype can be converted into a string using the  function.

Funcref
A reference to a function. A Funcref can be created from a string by the use of the function.

Function_1 = ("MyFunc")

List
An ordered sequence of items.

List_1 = [ \ "a", \ "b", \ "c"]

A list can be created from a string by the use of the function.

List_2 = ("a b c")

Dictionary
An associative, unordered array: Each entry has a key and a value.

Dictionary_1 = { \ 1: 'one', \ 2: 'two', \ 3: 'three'}

Objects
VIM also supports object oriented programming by combining and  to an Object:

mydict = { \'data': [0, 1, 2, 3]} dict (self.data)

for more information see Object oriented programming

Control Structures
The existence of control structures is the main difference between vi's ex commands and vim's scripting language. They make the difference between a simple command set (vi) and a full features script language (vim).

condition
condition operations condition operations operations

while
condition operations

for
For loops are available from vim 7 onwards. They iterate over List or Directory structures.

var list operations

exceptions
operations /pattern/ error handling operations clean-up operations

Simple Subprograms
Like most Shell-Languages all subprograms are stored in separate files which you load either with the or  command. The difference lies in the use of a search path. uses a search path and allows wildcards to find the sub-program while needs the full path. The following commands do the same - provided that "~/vimfiles" is part of your runtime search path:

setup.vim ~/vimfiles/setup.vim

For both commands need to add the  extension. Since supports both a search path and wildcards more than one match is possible. If you want to load all the matches - and not just the first hit - use.

Functions
f ( parameter ) operations

New with vim 7 is the autoload option for functions. If you name a function Filename#Functionname or Directory#Filename#Functionname then the function will be automatically loaded on first call. The file containing the function must be placed in one of the "autoload" runtime directories and be named "Filename.vim" or "Directory/Filename.vim". This option is especially useful for functions which you don't always need on in Object oriented programming.

Commands
Command Command

Command are often used as shortcut for functions and subprograms:

C -nargs=* F (  ) C ~/vimfiles/s.vim

Object oriented programming
Vim 7 now allows object oriented programming. However, in order to make it real you need to combine several features, namely Dictionaries, Funcrefs and the new function autoload.

The following example class is taken from the gnat compiler plugin for vim. The actual functions implementations have been removed as they are not needed to understand the concept. If you like to have a look at the full version you can download the plugin from vim.org site.

Step by Step walk-through
We add our new class to a autoload script. That way the class is available when and only when needed:

("g:loaded_gnat_autoload") || version < 700 g:loaded_gnat_autoload=1

Each function we define need to be defined with the "dict" attribute. Apart from that they are just normal scripting functions.

dict ...    gnat#Make dict ...    gnat#Pretty dict ...    gnat#Find dict ...    gnat#Tags (...) dict ...     (Command) dict ...       ...

The most important step is the composition of the object. In most OO languages this happens automatically - But with vim we have to do this ourselves. For best flexibility the use of a so called constructor function is suggested. The constructor is not marked with "dict":

The constructor creates a dictionary which assigns all the object functions to one element of the dictionary:

Retval = { \ 'Make'	     :  ('gnat#Make'), \ 'Pretty'	     :  ('gnat#Pretty'), \ 'Find'	     :  ('gnat#Find'), \ 'Tags'	     :  ('gnat#Tags'), \ 'Set_Project_File' : ('gnat#Set_Project_File'), \ 'Get_Command'     :  ('gnat#Get_Command'), \ 'Project_File'    : '' ,

We optionally can now add data entries to our object:

\ 'Make_Command'    : '"gnat make -P ". self.Project_File. " -F -gnatef  "', \ 'Pretty_Command'  : '"gnat pretty -P ". self.Project_File. " "', 	 \ 'Find_Program'    : '"gnat find -P ". self.Project_File. " -F "', \ 'Tags_Command'    : '"gnat xref -P ". self.Project_File. " -v *.AD*"', \ 'Error_Format'    : '%f:%l:%c: %trror: %m,'. \ '%f:%l:%c: %tarning: %m,'. \ '%f:%l:%c: (%ttyle) %m'}

If needed additional modifications to the object are also possible. At this stage you can already use the OO-way:

== 1 && ( (0), ':e') == 'gpr' (argv(0)) (v:servername) > 0 (v:servername . '.gpr')

The last operation of the constructor is the return of the newly created object. Retval

It is also possible to defined additional non dict functions. These functions are the equivalent to the "static" or "class" methods of other OO languages. ...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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A-level Applied Science/Synthesising Organic Compounds/Spectroscopy

There are three main spectroscopic techniques which can be used to identify organic molecules: infrared (IR), mass spectroscopy (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

IR and NMR spectroscopy are based on observing the frequencies of electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted by molecules. MS is based on measuring the mass of the molecule and any fragments of the molecule which may be produced in the MS instrument.

=Mass Spectroscopy=

A mass spectroscope measures the exact mass of ions. An organic sample can be introduced into a mass spectroscope and ionised. This also breaks some molecules into smaller fragments.

The resulting mass spectrum shows:

1) The heaviest ion is simply the ionised molecule itself. We can simply record its mass.

2) Other ions are fragments of the molecule and give information about its structure. Common fragments are:

=NMR Spectroscopy=

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy is one of the most useful analytical techniques for determining the structure of an organic compound. There are two main types of NMR, 1H-NMR (Proton NMR) and 13C-NMR (Carbon NMR). At A-level we only need to know about 1H-NMR.

NMR is based on the fact that the nuclei of atoms have a quantised property called spin. When a magnetic field is applied to a 1H nucleus, the nucleus can align either with (spin +1/2) or against (spin -1/2) the applied magnetic field.

These two states have different potential energies and the energy difference depends on the strength of the magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field about a nucleus, however, depends on the chemical environment around the nucleus. For example, the negatively charged electrons around and near the nucleus can shield the nucleus from the magnetic field, lowering the strength of the effective magnetic field felt by the nucleus. This, in turn, will lower the energy needed to transition between the +1/2 and -1/2 states. Therefore, the transition energy will be lower for nuclei attached to electron donating groups (such as alkyl groups) and higher for nuclei attached to electron withdrawing groups (such as a hydroxyl group).

In an NMR machine, the compound being analysed is placed in a strong magnetic field and irradiated with radio waves to cause all the 1H nuclei to occupy the higher energy -1/2 state. As the nuclei relax back to the +1/2 state, they release radio waves corresponding to the energy of the difference between the two spin states. The radio waves are recorded and analysed by computer to give an intensity versus frequency plot of the sample. This information can then be used to determine the structure of the compound.

=Infrared spectroscopy.=

Absorbing infrared radiation makes covalent bonds vibrate. Different types of bond absorb different wavelengths of infrared: Instead of wavelength, infrared spectroscopists record the wavenumber; the number of waves that fit into 1 cm. (This is easily converted to the energy of the wave.)

For some reason the spectra are recorded backwards (from 4000 to 500 cm−1 is typical), often with a different scale below 1000 cm−1 (to see the fingerprint region more clearly) and upside-down (% radiation transmitted is recorded instead of the absorbance of radiation).

The wavenumbers of the absorbed IR radiation are characteristic of many bonds, so IR spectroscopy can determine which functional groups are contained in the sample. For example, the carbonyl (C=O) bond will absorb at 1650–1760 cm−1.

Summary of absorptions of bonds in organic molecules
Infrared Spectroscopy Correlation Table

Absorptions listed in cm−1.

Typical method

A beam of infra-red light is produced and split into two separate beams. One is passed through the sample, the other passed through a reference which is often the substance the sample is dissolved in. The beams are both reflected back towards a detector, however first they pass through a splitter which quickly alternates which of the two beams enters the detector. The two signals are then compared and a printout is obtained.

A reference is used for two reasons:
 * This prevents fluctuations in the output of the source affecting the data
 * This allows the effects of the solvent to be cancelled out (the reference is usually a pure form of the solvent the sample is in).

=References & notes=

SDBS is a free online database of Spectral analysis including many IR, NMR and MS graphs.


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A-level Applied Science/Synthesising Organic Compounds/Organic reactions

Each functional group has its characteristic reactions. Synthetic chemists use their understanding of how chemical changes take place (reaction mechanisms) to devise efficient synthetic routes for the preparation of organic compounds. In order to give details of the main types of chemical reaction you should be able to recognise and give examples of various reaction types:

Redox
Oxidation is defined as when a molecule or atom:
 * Loses electrons
 * Loses hydrogen atoms
 * Gains oxygen atoms

(These are really the same process. Hydrogen normally exists chemically as the hydrogen ion, H+. Losing a hydrogen atom is equivalent to losing a hydrogen ion and an electron. Oxygen normally exists as the oxide, O−2. When a molecule gains an oxygen atom, it has to lose two electrons to convert oxygen to oxide.) Oxidising agents include potassium manganate (VII) (‘permanganate’, KMnO4) and potassium dichromate (VI) (K2Cr2O7). The metals in these compounds have lost many electrons (7 and 6 respectively). They oxidise other compounds to recover their own lost electrons. Reduction is the opposite of oxidation (fill in the blanks): Reducing agents include hydrogen itself and hydrogen-rich metallic compounds such as lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4).

 * Alkenes can be oxidised to alcohols
 * Alcohols can be oxidised to aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
 * Aldehyes can be oxidised to carboxylic acids.
 * Carboxylic acids can be reduced to alcohols.

Hydrolysis (as a substitution reaction)
The hydroxide ion (OH-) can replace the –NH2 group of an amine or a primary amide. Secondary amides and esters can be split into carboxylic acids and alcohols or amines by the addition of a water molecule. This is the reverse of the condensation process that forms amides and esters. An acid or base catalyst is used. If a base catalyst is used, the salt of the carboxylic acid is obtained, not the acid itself. If an acid catalyst is used to hydrolyse an amide, the ammonium salt is generated, not the amine.

Esterification
Esters are formed when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react. To catalyse the reaction an acid is added. Concentrated sulphuric acid is used because it also removes the water formed and so helps drive the reaction forwards.

Condensation polymerisation
Esterification links two molecules to form a larger one, but many more molecules can be incorporated if required. With a diol and a dicarboxylic acid, for example, we can make a polyester:

Secondary amides form from amines and carboxylic acids in the same way as esters form from alcohols and carboxylic acids:

Not surprisingly, we can make polyamides from diamines and dicarboxylic acids:

Polyamides are also made from amino acids. Proteins are polyamides. Artificial polyamides are commonly known as nylons.

These polymeric substances are useful as fibres and gears. Your notes should include balanced chemical equations for the various types of reaction. You should note the reagents that are used in the reactions.

=References & notes=


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A-level Applied Science/Synthesising Organic Compounds/Organic chemicals

Organic compounds and functional groups
The chemistry of carbon is almost entirely due to covalent bonding. Almost without limit, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a wide range of non-metallic elements. Carbon is able to form long chains of atoms to form quite stable molecules. The chains may be branched or form loops. Many other atoms will form stable bonds to carbon. Carbon can also form multiple bonds e.g. a carbon atom can form a triple bond to another carbon atom, or a nitrogen atom. Here are some examples of organic compounds. For each element, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, count how many covalent bonds the element forms. For each element, does the number of bonds change?

octane

butanamide

aspirin

Because the bonding of each element is so regular, it is common to write the structures without showing every atom and bond: Draw the full structures (showing all atoms and bonds) of these molecules:

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane

trans-3-methylhex-3-ene

Aliphatic compounds
‘Aliphatic’ organic compounds are based on simple chains of carbon atoms. Other organic compounds are based around the ring structure of benzene and are known as ‘aromatic’.

Classify these compounds as aromatic or aliphatic:

Pentane Butanamide Aspirin

The naming and chemistry of aromatic compounds is not covered in these notes.

Naming aliphatic compounds is fairly simple. The name is based on the longest single chain of carbon atoms:

These are simple ‘alkane’ compounds. Some other patterns of atoms are seen over and over again. These are called ‘functional groups’ and each has characteristic chemistry. They are named by attaching a suffix or prefix to the name of the relevant alkane e.g. ethanol (ethane + -ol) is an alcohol with two carbon atoms, butanamide (butane + -amide) is an amide with four carbons. Complete the following table:

Structural formulae and three-dimensional shapes. The basic shape of organic molecules is based on the tetrahedron and the equilateral triangle. Use models (either on the computer or the plastic kits available in class) to examine and draw the following shapes: Carbon with just single bonds: e.g. CH4

Carbon with one double bond: e.g. CH2CH2

Nitrogen and oxygen are similar, but without all four bonds: Compare:

CH3CH3	CH3OH	CH3NH2

CH2CH2	CH2O

Isomers
There are two molecules with the formula C4H10. What are their structures? What are their names?

These molecules are isomers: different compounds with the same formula. Because the bonding is different in the two C4H10 isomers, they are called ‘structural isomers’. Note that to make one isomer into another, you need to break at least one bond. There are three structural isomers of C3H8O. Try to draw and name them:

Numbers are included in the name when the functional group could be attached more than one carbon atom. There are six isomers with the formula C4H8. How many can you draw? How many can you name?

Conformations
Using models, notice how a single bond can easily rotate. Double bonds will not rotate unless broken. Because you need to break the double bond to rotate it, there are two isomers of but-2-ene:

The bonding is the same in these two molecules, so they are not ‘structural isomers’. They are ‘stereoisomers’. Draw the stereoisomers of these compounds and name them. If there are no stereoisomers then say so. Propen-1-ol

Propen-2-ol

Pent-2-ene

=References & notes=


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Internet Governance/Appendix 1: Selected Organizations Involved in Internet Governance

http://www.atu-uat.org/
 * Forum of 46 African countries and 10 Associate Members (comprising telecom operators)

Lobbies on behalf of its members for globally allocated ICT resources such as Internet addresses

Represents the interest of African countries at international forums

Supports policy harmonization amongst its member States and promotes regional market integration

Founded in 1977, headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya
 * CENTR - Council of European National TLD Registries
 * CENTR - Council of European National TLD Registries

http://www.centr.org/
 * Association of top-level country code domain registries, primarily in Europe, but also open to non-European ccTLD managers

Lobbies on behalf of ccTLDs at Internet governing bodies like ICANN

Advises European governments and EU on ccTLD policy and regulatory matters

Founded in 1998, headquarters in Brussels, Belgium
 * CERN - Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
 * CERN - Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire

http://public.web.cern.ch/
 * A fundamental physics research organization of 20 Europeans countries focused on particle physics

HTML, HTTP and the World Wide Web were developed here

Founded in 1954, headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
 * CERT - Coordination Center
 * CERT - Coordination Center

http://www.cert.org/
 * Funded by the US federal government to coordinate between Internet security experts during serious attacks on the Internet

Conducts vulnerability analysis of Internet infrastructure and informs the larger Internet community of possible dangers

Founded in 1988, headquarters in Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA

There are many similar organizations formed in many jurisdictions around the world in emulation of this concept
 * CITEL - Inter-American Telecommunications Commission
 * CITEL - Inter-American Telecommunications Commission

http://www.citel.oas.org/
 * Composed of 35 member states in the Americas and 200 associate members

Evaluates regulatory, technical and legal mechanisms to promote harmonization across member States

Develops regional standards for value-added networks

Promotes coherence of certification procedures for telecommunication equipment

Founded in 1923, headquarters in Washington DC, USA
 * CoE - Council of Europe
 * CoE - Council of Europe

http://www.coe.int/
 * Distinct from the EU, this organization has as members 46 countries from Europe

It was founded, among other things, to develop continent-wide agreements to standardize member countries’ social and legal practices

Finalizing world’s first international convention on cybercrimes

Promotes e-governance and data protection

Founded in 1949, headquarters in Strasbourg, France
 * Creative Commons
 * Creative Commons

http://creativecommons.org/

 * Non-profit organization funded by foundations and led by experts in cyberlaw and IPR

Offers non-restrictive licenses to owners of creative work to share their work on the Internet

Developed Web application to allow creative works to be made available in the public domain

Founded in 2001, hosted at the Stanford Law School, California, USA
 * DiploFoundation
 * DiploFoundation

http://www.diplointernetgovernance.org/

 * Community space for dialogue on Internet governance

DiploFoundation is a non-profit organisation which works to assist countries to participate meaningfully in international affairs, through education and training programs, research, and the development of information and communications technologies for diplomatic activities.

Founded in 2002 as an independent non-profit foundation by the governments of Malta and Switzerland
 * DITE -Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise UNCTAD
 * DITE -Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise UNCTAD

http://www.unctad.org/ Templates/StartPage.asp?intItem ID=2983&lang=1
 * Part of the United Nations system, this division focuses on foreign direct investment and technology

Produced study on intellectual property rights and its impact on developing countries

Assists developing countries to building international competitiveness

It runs programmes to encourage the use of new technologies

Founded in 1964, headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
 * EFF - Electronic Frontier Foundation
 * EFF - Electronic Frontier Foundation

http://www.eff.org/
 * Non-profit organization composed of lawyers, IT experts and volunteers

Defends civil liberties in cyberspace

Active in a broad spectrum of rights issues in cyberspace including: File-sharing, Digital Rights Management, Internet governance, privacy and surveillance, spam and intellectual property rights

Founded in 1990, headquarters in San Francisco, USA
 * ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
 * ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute

http://www.etsi.org/
 * Non-profit European standards body for telecommunications and ICTs

Composed of 688 members from 55 countries inside and outside Europe, including manufacturers, network operators, administrations, service providers, research bodies and users

Works closely with ITU for developing telecom standards

Part of consortium that developed IPv6, 3G and GSM standards

Founded in 1988, headquarters in Sophia-Antipolis, France
 * GAC - Governmental Advisory Committee of ICANN
 * GAC - Governmental Advisory Committee of ICANN

http://gac.icann.org
 * Composed of representatives of national governments, multinational and treaty organizations attached to ICANN

Provides policy input to ICANN on ccTLD names

Conveys concerns of governments on how ICANN’s policies interact with national laws or international agreements

Founded in 1999, with a secretariat staffed at various times by the Australian government, the European Commission and potentially others
 * GBDe - Global Business Dialogue on E-commerce
 * GBDe - Global Business Dialogue on E-commerce

http://www.gbde.org/
 * Business initiative led by CEOs to develop global policy framework for e-commerce

Promotes harmonization of country regulations for uniform treatment of e-commerce activities

Developed recommendations for micro-payments and secure online transactions

Founded in 1999, headquarters in Vermont, USA
 * GICT - Global Information & Communication Technologies
 * GICT - Global Information & Communication Technologies

http://info.worldbank.org/ict/
 * Spearheads the World Bank’s efforts to expand access to ICT infrastructure in developing countries

Provides policy advice to governments in the area of telecom liberalization, e-commerce and e-government

Provides loans to subsidize the extension of the ICT infrastructure in rural and poor areas by private sector operators

Founded in 1995, headquarters in Washington DC, USA
 * IAB - Internet Architecture Board
 * IAB - Internet Architecture Board

http://www.iab.org/
 * A 13 member technical reference group under ISOC, officially appointed by the ISOC Board, nominated by IETF

Provides guidance and advice to ISOC and ICANN, among others, on technical, architectural and procedural matters related to the Internet

Provides oversight of the process used to create Internet standards and protocols

Issues guidelines on future strategies as they relate to the Internet’s architecture

Founded in 1984, virtual group
 * IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
 * IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

http://www.iana.org/
 * IANA created in the earliest days of Internet development and run by Jonathan Postel until his untimely death in 1998. It functioned under the guidance of the IAB

Integrated into the ICANN organization on its founding in 1998

Allocates Internet address space to RIRs

Oversees the operation of the root name servers

Oversees the DNS including creation of new TLDs, redelegation of ccTLDs. Updating of the root zone file

IANA was an extension of the original ARPANET “Numbers Czar” position occupied by Jonathan Postel in 1969. Upon its creation around 1975, it was operated by USC Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA until it was integrated with ICANN
 * ICANN - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
 * ICANN - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

http://www.icann.org/
 * Coordinates the Internet’s systems of unique identifiers: domain names, IP address, protocol port and parameter numbers

Oversees the distribution of unique identifiers

Fosters competition within domain name registry industry

Creates new top-level domain names, delegation of ccTLDs

Oversees the DNS root name server system

Founded in 1998, headquarters in Marina del Rey, California, USA
 * ICCP - Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, OECD
 * ICCP - Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, OECD

http://www.oecd.org/department/0,2688,en_2649_34223_1_1_1_1_1,00.html
 * Arm of the OECD, composed of 30 developed countries, that addresses issues arising from the “digital economy”

Produces research publications and statistics to contribute to more informed ICT policy-making among member States

Analyses the broad policy framework underlying the “e-economy”, the information infrastructure and information society

Founded in 1947, headquarters in Paris, France
 * IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
 * IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

http://www.ieee.org
 * A non-profit technical association of engineers numbering 360,000 from 175 countries

It is a leading technical authority and standards body for telecommunication, computer engineering and other areas

Developed 802.11b developed for the Wireless LAN or WiFi

Founded in 1961, headquarters in New York, USA
 * IESG - Internet Engineering Steering Group
 * IESG - Internet Engineering Steering Group

http://www.ietf.org/iesg.html
 * Group composed of members from IETF and functions under ISOC

Provides the final technical review of Internet standards

Issues the final approval of specifications as Internet standards

Responsible for day-to-day management of the IETF and monitors quality of its output

Founded in 1989, virtual group
 * IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
 * IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force

http://www.ietf.org/
 * Structured as a loosely self-organized group of people whose leadership is appointed by IAB and functions under ISOC

Concerned with developing, testing and implementing new Internet technical standards

The technical work gets done in its working groups organized by topic (routing, transport, security, etc.)

Proposes standards to IESG for final approval

Founded in 1986, secretariat operated since 1988 by CNRI in Reston, Virginia, USA
 * Information Society and Media Directorate-General, EU
 * Information Society and Media Directorate-General, EU

http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/information_society/
 * A unit of the EU that produces research and policy initiatives in the area of Information Society technologies

Initiated eEurope Action Plan touching number of areas including broadband, e-business, e-government, spam, privacy and data protection, and security for adoption by EU member States

Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium
 * ISO - International Organization for Standardization
 * ISO - International Organization for Standardization

http://www.iso.org
 * Composed of national standards institutes from 148 countries

The world’s largest developer of standards

Its principal activity is the development of technical standards

Developed two-letter code standard for representing country name on which country top-level domain names are based

Founded in 1947, headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
 * ISOC - Internet Society
 * ISOC - Internet Society

http://www.isoc.org/
 * International organization composed of 100 organizations and 20,000 individuals that addresses technical and policy challenges facing the Internet

Organizational home for groups responsible for the Internet’s architecture and standards-IAB, IETF, IESG, and IANA, etc.

Provides forums to discuss the future evolution of the Internet

Sponsors training workshops in developing countries

A global clearinghouse for information on the Internet

Founded in 1992, headquarters in Reston, Virginia, USA
 * ITU-D - International Telecommunication Union Development Bureau
 * ITU-D - International Telecommunication Union Development Bureau

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/
 * The development arm of the ITU, composed of member States and private organizations like telecom operators and equipment manufacturers

Provides assistance to developing countries in the field of ICTs

Helps developing countries evolve telecommunication policies and strategies

Mobilizes technical, human and financial resources needed for extending network infrastructure and services

Supports initiatives to bridge the digital divide

Founded in 1989, headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
 * ITU-R - International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication
 * ITU-R - International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication

http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/
 * The arm of ITU, composed of member states and private organizations, that deals with the allocation of finite telecommunication resources

Allocates bands of the radio frequency spectrum, frequency and satellite orbits for a variety of services including fixed and mobile telephony, broadcasting, amateur radio, space research, meteorology, global positioning systems, etc.

Developed the IMT 2000 standard for broadband mobile Internet and wireless data transmission

Founded in 1992, headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
 * ITU-T - International Telecommunication Union Standardization
 * ITU-T - International Telecommunication Union Standardization

http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/
 * The standardization arm of ITU, composed of member States and private organizations like telecom operators and equipment manufacturers

Provides global telecommunication standards by issuing recommendations

Issues standards from numbering plans and accounting rates to the functioning of circuit-switched networks, packet-based voice and data networks

Founded in 1992, headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
 * MINC - Multilingual Internet Names Consortium
 * MINC - Multilingual Internet Names Consortium

http://www.minc.org/
 * A non-profit, non-governmental, international organization that focuses on developing and promoting multilingual Internet domain names and keywords

Composed of individual members from all continents of the world and from different sectors – industry, academia, research, government, investors and international organizations

Promotes internationalization of Internet names standards and protocols by coordinating with other international bodies like ICANN, ITU, IETF and as well as language groups

Founded in 2000, headquarters in Jordan
 * NRO - Number Resource Organization
 * NRO - Number Resource Organization

http://www.nro.net
 * Formed in 2003 by the four RIRs – APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC and RIPE NCC

The purpose of the NRO is to undertake joint activities of the RIRs, including joint technical projects, liaison activities and policy coordination

Aims to protect the unallocated Number Resource pool; promote and protect the bottom-up policy development process

Acts as a focal point for Internet community input into the RIR system
 * RIPE NCC
 * RIPE NCC

http://www.ripe.net/
 * A non-profit membership organization that supports the infrastructure of the Internet through technical co-ordination in its service region

The RIPE NCC service region consisting mainly of ISPs, telecommunication organizations and large corporations located in Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and African countries

Acts as a RIR and allocates and assigns IP address space and other Internet numbers to its members

Founded in 1992, headquarters in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 * SIP forum- Session Initial Protocol forum
 * SIP forum- Session Initial Protocol forum

http://www.sipforum.org/
 * The forum is made up of individuals, network engineers, application developers and other Internet professionals

Focus is on developing global Internet communications based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

Advances the adoption of products and services based on SIP, namely Internet technologies such as IP phones, PC clients, SIP servers and IP telephony gateways

Explicitly not a standards-setting body. IETF defines the core SIP protocol

Founded in 1996, headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden
 * UN ICT Task Force - United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force
 * UN ICT Task Force - United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force

http://www.unicttaskforce.org
 * A UN task force supported by the Heads of State and governments of all UN member States

Formulates strategies for the UN to use ICTs for development

Launched initiatives to bridge the global digital divide

Established Working Group on ICT governance for helping developing countries play a role in global ICT policy-making

Founded in 2001, headquarters in New York, USA
 * UNDP-ICTD – United Nations Development Programme- Information, Communication Technologies for Development
 * UNDP-ICTD – United Nations Development Programme- Information, Communication Technologies for Development

http://sdnhq.undp.org/it4dev/
 * ICTs for development is a crucial component of UNDP’s global development strategy

Assists developing countries in designing and implementing strategies for leveraging ICTs for development

Supports WSIS activities through substantive contribution and logistical help

Assists developing countries to make use of Free/Open Source software

Links deployment of ICTs to poverty reduction strategies

Founded in 1992, headquarters in New York, USA
 * UNESCO CI - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - Communication and Information Sector
 * UNESCO CI - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - Communication and Information Sector

http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en
 * Embedded within UNESCO, its programmes focus on promoting universal access to ICTs, especially in developing countries

Promotes multilingualism on the Internet

Supports initiatives to fight poverty through ICTs

Founded in 1990, headquarters in Paris, France
 * W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
 * W3C - World Wide Web Consortium

http://www.w3.org/
 * The Consortium consisting of 350 members is mainly composed of organizations and government entities

Develops Web application standards and guidelines to allow hardware and software used to access the Web to work together

Developed simple mechanism to add style (e.g. fonts, colours, spacing) to Web pages via Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Launched Web Accessibility Initiative to make the Web accessible to all regardless of physical disabilities

Developed XML that allow interoperation between different software applications, running on a variety of platforms

Founded in 1994, collaborative headquarters in Sophia-Antipolis, France, MIT, Massachusetts, USA and Keio University in Japan
 * WGIG - Working Group on Internet Governance
 * WGIG - Working Group on Internet Governance

http://www.wgig.org/
 * WGIG is a working group of WSIS tasked with developing a working definition of Internet governance and to identify public policy issues surrounding this topic

The group’s final report will be presented in the second phase of WSIS meeting in Tunis, November 2005

Founded in 2004, located within the UN Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland
 * WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization
 * WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization

http://www.wipo.int/
 * One of the specialized UN agencies consisting of 181 member States tasked with protecting intellectual property rights globally

Promotes the protection of intellectual property (inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce) throughout the world through cooperation among States and other international organizations

Played an early role in trademark disputes relating to domain names

Co-developed with ICANN UDRP used to arbitrate trademark-based domain name disputes

Founded in 1979, headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
 * WSIS - World Summit on Information Society
 * WSIS - World Summit on Information Society

http://www.itu.int/wsis/
 * Summit conducted in two phases by UN and ITU to discuss strategies to bridge the digital divide between developing and developed countries

Participants at the Summit consisted of UN member States, civil society groups and the private sector

First phase of Summit discussed how to establish the foundations for an Information Society globally

Explored strategies for using ICTs for promoting development goals of the Millennium Declaration

Set up a number of working groups that are exploring issues related to Internet governance, intellectual property rights, management of the DNS, etc.

Founded in 2001, rotating summits, no permanent headquarters
 * WTO - World Trade Organization
 * WTO - World Trade Organization

http://www.wto.org/
 * A global international organization consisting of 148 countries dealing with the rules of trade between nations

Forum where trade agreements are negotiated and signed

Has mandate to examine all trade-related issues relating to global electronic commerce

Negotiated telecommunications agreement which liberalized telecom markets globally and introduced greater competition

Founded in 1995, headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
 * }


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User talk:205.222.248.13

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 16:57, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:205.222.248.13


text:
GCSE Mathematics/Trigonometry

Pythagoras
A use for pythagoras' theorem is to find the side of a hypotenuse of a right angled triangle, that being, the longest side. To do this, we can use the formula: $$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$$

c being the hypotenuse and longest side, while a and b being the two other sides.

Then, to find the length of the hypotenuse, we must squareroot the result.

How does it work?

The therom says the two sides squared. This literally means squared, for example drawing a square with the lengths the same as a. The area of two squares, one with all lengths equal to a, and one with all equal to b, would equal the area of the square of the hypotenuse:

Due to this we can also do it in reverse. The hypotenuse, minus one of the other sides will equal the square of the third and final side.

$$c^2 - b^2 = a^2$$ or $$c^2 - a^2 = b^2$$

Examples
An example of use of pythagoras would be in a triangle which has sides:
 * a = 4 cm
 * b = 6 cm

We must do

$$4^2 + 6^2 = 52$$

Then square root as 52 is the square of the side.

√52 = 7.211

Therefore, the other side is 7.211

SohCahToa in right triangles
We can work out missing sides in a *Right triangle* using one angle and one side, or an angle using two sides. This can be done using the sin, cosine and tangent functions.

There are three sides in any triangle. In a right angled one, the side opposite the right angle is the hypotenuse, the one opposite the given angle/the angle being found out is the opposite, and the last one the adjacent. The sides have been labelled in this triangle in relation to angle A.

Area of triangle with sine
Use the formula

1 /2 bcSinA

1/2 abSinB

1/2 acSinA

Sine rule
For finding sides use a/sinA =b/sinB =c/sinC For angles finding angles sinA/a =sinB/b =sinC/c

title: GCSE Mathematics/Trigonometry


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User talk:Vitaliy1990

Script Kiddies now at The Computer Revolution/Script Kiddies. Please follow wikibooks naming policy for chapters. -- SB_Johnny | talk 19:14, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vitaliy1990


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User talk:Mmer717

Cyber Villains now at The Computer Revolution/Cyber Villains. Please follow wikibooks naming policy for chapters. -- SB_Johnny | talk 19:18, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mmer717


text:
Writing Adolescent Fiction/Creating your characters

The character’s external aspects include factors such as age, race, gender, physical strength, health, disability, clothing, and jewelry.

A character's appearance is probably the most basic technique of characterization and individualization: what a person looks like reveals a great deal about who that person is, his attitude, perhaps even his mental state, his economic and social status, and so on. We form our initial attitude about a person based on his appearance, and we either like or dislike him; we either take him seriously or we dismiss him. Although some stories rely on external character aspects in their plot—for instance in the film Speed, the antagonist is caught because one of his fingers is missing—not all stories do so. This does not mean, however, that the author does not need to know what his character looks like. The author should know his character's external aspects even if none of these will make it into the story, even if the plot will not rely on them. When the author does include external aspects of character in the story, he must make sure that every aspect mentioned serves a purpose. No aspect should be brought up unless it will be paid off; the external aspects must have story consequences. External aspects of character matter: they are the significant details that reveal character nature and past, they affect the formation of character, they can create a need, have thematic significance, serve as motifs, limit and create opportunities for action, and be consistent or contrast with the character's story function. Let us examine each of these aspects.

External aspects as significant details
Significant details are those that create an impression of something larger than themselves. What detail is significant depends, of course, on what the author is attempting to convey about the subject he is describing. Details are significant if they convey a character's past, and this is what the author wishes to convey. The detail should be such that it is telling of something about the character's nature, life, goals, etc. An important thing to remember when considering significant details is that you should not lump them all into a single paragraph. A sentence or two suffices, and you are served better when you dole out description throughout the story action rather than force the reader to wade through paragraphs of it. Of course, remember that each detail mentioned serves a narrative purpose; don't mention something just because it sounds good, or is interesting for its own sake—you have a person to portray, so pick the details that evoke who he is.

External aspects and formation of character
The most obvious external factors of a character that influence his formation as a person are sex, race, and physical appearance. This is because sex, race, and physical appearance influence the formative experiences a person will go through, experiences that determine who he becomes and affects his way of seeing the world as well as himself. The life of a woman is very different, obviously, from that of a man, even if they come from the same family. Their parents treat them differently, and they go through vastly different sexual experiences.

Race is another external factor that affects the development of a person's nature because race determines what kind of experiences a person will have, how he will be treated, and it comes with expectations, like gender, of what is acceptable and what is not. An African-American or Asian or Arab child experiences different things than does a white child, even if they live in the same neighborhood. This is so because, in a predominantly white environment, such outsiders are treated differently. Of course, a Hispanic teen attending a predominantly Hispanic high school in Southern California has different experiences than a Hispanic teen who attends Beverly Hills High School.

Besides race and gender, physical factors have a great deal of influence on the formation of a character. A fat kid lives in a different world than an attractive, slim child, even if they live in the same neighborhood and are the same sex and race. An attractive person lives a different kind of existence than an unattractive one; being desired by others enables certain personality traits and retards others. Conversely, an unattractive person struggles constantly with self-esteem issues, living the life of someone who is not desired.

Of course, sex, race, and physical appearance are not the only external factors that can affect a character's formation. Take for instance a teenager who can’t afford the right clothes, and has to wear clothing from a thrift store instead. This will have an impact on him, one way or the other. It will affect how he feels about himself, and it will motivate him to do something to fit it, perhaps he will take a job at the expense of academics. It may force him to compensate by focusing on being a perfect student. Whatever happens as a result, his clothing will affect him in a way that will have consequences. And what about a teen whose wealthy father forces him to wear used clothes as a way to build his son’s character? How does he feel about these character-building exercises? You can be sure that consequences will flow from this experience.

External factors and need
Let's consider the unattractive person from the previous section. His great need is to be desired. Of course, he won't be desired for his looks, so he must find an alternate avenue of showing merit. This is known as compensation. Often, unattractive people, or, of course, people who feel unattractive, make up for being unattractive by excelling in something, such as math, art, or sports. By demonstrating extraordinary skill or ability, they are accepted into the group and receive respect and attention from the others. In practical terms, this may mean that the character's need is to be desired, to be accepted by his peers, or to be respected, and his goal will be to get into a brand name school, get a particular kind of a car, or do something that his peers respect, which may mean stealing a car just as well as winning a sports tournament. Why would a character want to steal? Because what is worthy of respect depends entirely on who his peers are, and the environment in which he exists.

External factors as theme and motif
A motif is something that is introduced in one context, and then brought up in different contexts so that meaning will result. For instance, a character may gain extraordinary physical strength, which may be a motif that runs through a story. How the character uses his strength, in different contexts, contributes to the story meaning or theme. In Spiderman, the protagonist is transformed into a spider man through a genetically altered spider's bite. Initially, as the protagonist explores his newfound power, the motif of strength is presented in neutral or fun scenes. Having such awesome power is fun, the story is saying. But the change in his physical nature reflects a theme about strength and responsibility. This theme is revealed through the motif in several ways. When Spiderman does not stop the robbery in the wrestling arena office, he chooses not to use his strength to stop an evil deed. He is still acting in a light-hearted manner, ignoring, or perhaps unaware of, the true realities of his new found abilities. What are the consequences? The thief that Spiderman chose not to stop kills his uncle, and the story changes drastically. Later, the consequence of his power, his secret life that it necessitates, prevents him from having the girl that he desires. How a character gains his strength, how he uses it, what he loses and gains in his life, how he ends up as a result of using it—these are the building blocks of meaning.

External factors as limits and opportunities
Factors of physical nature limit and give rise to opportunities for particular avenues of action a character can take; an older character will not do what a younger one may, a character who is in-shape will not take the same road as a weakling, and a character dressed in rags will be treated differently than a man in an expensive suit. While a character’s physical nature and physical aspects may seem somewhat trivial as a concept in story development, they can, in fact, have a major impact. The impact lies in the consequences of the attribute, and anything that has consequences for the character, now or later, is relevant in story development.

In the novel “Code to Zero” by Ken Follett, the protagonist is attempting to uncover his identity. His initial plan of action to achieve this goal is to seek the help of the police. The obstacle to this is something very humble, and seemingly inconsequential-he’s dressed in bum’s attire. The police officer he encounters, however, beats him up instead of helping him. This forces the protagonist to go on a quest to obtain proper attire so that he can resume his quest to find his identity, and a major sequence of action follows. And for anyone interested in theme and meaning, the fact that the officer beats up a man dressed in rags instead of helping him shows the kind of a world America of the 50s was. From this example we can see how something as trivial as clothing can have a major impact on how the protagonist can pursue his goal, and what avenues of action are available to him.

External factors and story role
External factors and the role a character plays in the story can contrast or reinforce one another. In the film Alien, the antagonist and its appearance complement one another perfectly. Although appearance often signals to the audience the story role of the character, one must be careful not to fall into stereotype with this approach.

Consider these questions:

1.	Why have I chosen these particular aspects of appearance and what will the effect of my choice be on the story?

2.	Are these factors in contrast or in harmony with the role this character plays in the story, and why?

3.	In what way do aspects of physical characterization reveal the character’s nature?

4.	Is an aspect of physical nature or appearance a source of conflict, and why?

5.	Is a physical attribute a source of the character’s goal or need, and why?

6.	How does the character feel about his appearance?

7.	How does his appearance affect him?

8.	Is there a contrast between how he is and how he imagines himself to be?

9.	What does this contrast reveal about him?

10.	How would he like to be?

11.	What does the contrast between how he is and how he would like to be cause?

12.	Does it make him compensate?

13.	What does he do to compensate for what he doesn’t have?

14.	How does his desire to be what he would like to be inform his goal?

15.	Does the character act his age, his gender (or her gender)?

16.	What does he wear?

17.	Are his clothes expensive or cheap?

18.	What is the story behind his clothes?

19.	Does he have a lucky pair of pants, for instance?

20.	Does he have any body decorations?

21.	What kind of jewelry does he have? 22.	What is the story behind his jewelry?

23.	Did he get that Rolex from a man he'd shot?

24.	What’s his manner like?

25.	Does he speak with an accent?

26.	What does his voice sound like?

27.	How much does he weigh? 28.	Does he have hair?

At the end of this section you should have a clear image of your character in mind. He should be an individual with logical reasons for his appearance and physical attributes, reasons that hint at his past, and perhaps his future; he should look as if he had a past and has a future. You can go further by drawing your character or finding a picture of someone who resembles your character.


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User talk:172.193.134.170

created a link external aspects of character content page

title: User talk:172.193.134.170


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Control Systems/Nonlinear Systems

Nonlinear General Solution
A nonlinear system, in general, can be defined as follows:

 * $$x'(t) = f(t, t_0, x, x_0)$$
 * $$x(t_0) = x_0$$

Where f is a nonlinear function of the time, the system state, and the initial conditions. If the initial conditions are known, we can simplify this as:

 * $$x'(t) = f(t, x)$$

The general solution of this equation (or the most general form of a solution that we can state without knowing the form of f) is given by:

 * $$x(t) = x_0 + \int_{t_0}^t f(\tau, x)d\tau$$

and we can prove that this is the general solution to the above equation because when we differentiate both sides we get the origin equation.

Iteration Method
The general solution to a nonlinear system can be found through a method of infinite iteration. We will define xn as being an iterative family of indexed variables. We can define them recursively as such:

 * $$x_n(t) = x_0 + \int_{t_0}^t f(\tau, x_{n-1}(\tau))d\tau$$
 * $$x_1(t) = x_0$$

We can show that the following relationship is true:

 * $$x(t) = \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n(t)$$

The xn series of equations will converge on the solution to the equation as n approaches infinity.

Types of Nonlinearities
Nonlinearities can be of two types:
 * 1) Intentional non-linearity: The non-linear elements that are added into a system. Eg: Relay
 * 2) Incidental non-linearity: The non-linear behavior that is already present in the system. Eg: Saturation

Linearization
Nonlinear systems are difficult to analyze, and for that reason one of the best methods for analyzing those systems is to find a linear approximation to the system. Frequently, such approximations are only good for certain operating ranges, and are not valid beyond certain bounds. The process of finding a suitable linear approximation to a nonlinear system is known as linearization.

This image shows a linear approximation (dashed line) to a non-linear system response (solid line). This linear approximation, like most, is accurate within a certain range, but becomes more inaccurate outside that range. Notice how the curve and the linear approximation diverge towards the right of the graph.

title: Control Systems/Nonlinear Systems


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User talk:141.154.248.248

Please do not replace Wikibooks pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikibooks because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. If page is no longer useful, insert delete to its top. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks! -- Herby talk thyme 22:22, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:141.154.248.248


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User talk:80.136.23.203

Please stop. If you continue to blank pages, you will be blocked from editing.

title: User talk:80.136.23.203


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Control Systems/Noise Driven Systems

Noise-Driven Systems
Systems frequently have to deal with not only the control input u, but also a random noise input v. In some disciplines, such as in a study of electrical communication systems, the noise and the data signal can be added together into a composite input r = u + v. However, in studying control systems, we cannot combine these inputs together, for a variety of different reasons:

 * 1) The control input works to stabilize the system, and the noise input works to destabilize the system.
 * 2) The two inputs are independent random variables.
 * 3) The two inputs may act on the system in completely different ways.

As we will show in the next example, it is frequently a good idea to consider the noise and the control inputs separately:

Probability Refresher
We are going to have a brief refesher here for calculus-based probability, specifically focusing on the topics that we will use in the rest of this chapter.

Expectation
The expectation operatior, E, is used to find the expected, or mean value of a given random variable. The expectation operator is defined as:

 * $$E[x] = \int_{-\infty}^\infty x f_x(x)dx$$

If we have two variables that are independent of one another, the expectation of their product is zero.

Covariance
The covariance matrix, Q, is the expectation of a random vector times it's transpose:

 * $$E[x(t)x'(t)] = Q(t)$$

If we take the value of the x transpose at a different point in time, we can calculate out the covariance as:

 * $$E[x(t)x'(s)] = Q(t)\delta(t-s)$$

Where δ is the impulse function.

Noise-Driven System Description
We can define the state equation to a system incorporating a noise vector v:

 * $$x'(t) = A(t)x(t) + H(t)u(t) +B(t)v(t)$$

For generality, we will discuss the case of a time-variant system. Time-invariant system results will then be a simplification of the time-variant case. Also, we will assume that v is a gaussian random variable. We do this because physical systems frequently approximate gaussian processes, and because there is a large body of mathematical tools that we can use to work with these processes. We will assume our gaussian process has zero-mean.

Mean System Response
We would like to find out how our system will respond to the new noisy input. Every system iteration will have a different response that varies with the noise input, but the average of all these iterations should converge to a single value.

For the system with zero control input, we have:

 * $$x'(t) = A(t)x(t) + B(t)v(t)$$

For which we know our general solution is given as:

 * $$x(t) = \phi(t, t_0)x_0 + \int_{t_0}^t \phi(t, \tau)B(\tau)v(\tau)d\tau$$

If we take the expected value of this function, it should give us the expected value of the output of the system. In other words, we would like to determine what the expected output of our system is going to be by adding a new, noise input.

 * $$E[x(t)] = E[\phi(t, t_0)x_0] + E[\int_{t_0}^t \phi(t, \tau)B(\tau)v(\tau)d\tau]$$

In the second term of this equation, neither φ nor B are random variables, and therefore they can come outside of the expectaion operation. Since v is zero-mean, the expectation of it is zero. Therefore, the second term is zero. In the first equation, φ is not a random variable, but x0 does create a dependancy on the output of x(t), and we need to take the expectation of it. This means that:

 * $$E[x(t)] = \phi(t, t_0)E[x_0]$$

In other words, the expected output of the system is, on average, the value that the output would be if there were no noise. Notice that if our noise vector v was not zero-mean, and if it was not gaussian, this result would not hold.

System Covariance
We are now going to analyze the covariance of the system with a noisy input. We multiply our system solution by its transpose, and take the expectation: (this equation is long and might break onto multiple lines)

 * $$E[x(t)x'(t)] = E[\phi(t, t_0)x_0 + \int_{t_0}^t\phi(\tau, t_0)B(\tau)v(\tau)d\tau]$$$$E[(\phi(t, t_0)x_0 + \int_{t_0}^t\phi(\tau, t_0)B(\tau)v(\tau)d\tau)']$$

If we multiply this out term by term, and cancel out the expectations that have a zero-value, we get the following result:

 * $$E[x(t)x'(t)] = \phi(t, t_0)E[x_0x_0']\phi'(t, t_0) = P$$

We call this result P, and we can find the first derivative of P by using the chain-rule:

 * $$P'(t) = A(t)\phi(t, t_0)P_0\phi(t, t_0) + \phi(t, t_0)P_0\phi'(t, t_0)A'(t)$$

Where

 * $$P_0 = E[x_0x_0']$$

We can reduce this to:

 * $$P'(t) = A(t)P(t) + P(t)A'(t) + B(t)Q(t)B'(t)$$

In other words, we can analyze the system without needing to calculate the state-transition matrix. This is a good thing, because it can often be very difficult to calculate the state-transition matrix.

Alternate Analysis
Let us look again at our general solution:

 * $$x(t) = \phi(t, t_0)x(t_0) + \int_{t_0}^t \phi(t, \tau)B(\tau)v(\tau)d\tau$$

We can run into a problem because in a gaussian distribution, especially systems with high variance (especially systems with infinite variance), the value of v can momentarily become undefined (approach infinity), which will cause the value of x to likewise become undefined at certain points. This is unacceptable, and makes further analysis of this problem difficult. Let us look again at our original equation, with zero control input:

 * $$x'(t) = A(t)x(t)+B(t)v(t)$$

We can multiply both sides by dt, and get the following result:

 * $$dx = A(t)x(t)dt + B(t)v(t)dt$$

We can define a new differential, dw(t), which is an infinitesimal function of time as:

 * $$dw(t) = v(t)dt$$

Now, we can integrate both sides of this equation:

 * $$x(t) = x(t_0) + \int_{t_0}^t A(\tau)x(\tau)d\tau + \int_{t_0}^tB(\tau)dw(\tau)$$

However, this leads us to an unusual place, and one for which we are (probably) not prepared to continue further: in the third term on the left-hand side, we are attempting to integrate with respect to a function, not a variable. In this instance, the standard Riemann integrals that we are all familiar with cannot solve this equation. There are advanced techniques known as Ito Calculus however that can solve this equation, but these methods are currently outside the scope of this book.

title: Control Systems/Noise Driven Systems


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Category:TODO

On each category-page of "TODO/..." should be __HIDDENCAT__

or __HIDDENCAT__

On each top of "Talk:Bookname" should be or instead of Bookname, Username.

Todo-entries can be customized with a additional parameter

The first letter of the Username have to be upper-cased

Any Todo-List can be supplemented with information of the current state of the book or with instructions for reviewers or authors. __HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:TODO


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Wikijunior talk:The Elements/Chlorine

Changes
Hi everyone, so i changed a few things in here. Added much, but also changed the "uses" section. Chlorine is Rarely used to purify drinking water, but often used in bathing water. Chlorine in its liquid or gaseous form is poisionous to humans.

title: Wikijunior talk:The Elements/Chlorine


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Wikijunior talk:The Elements/States Of Matter

Other states
I decreased the status of this article to 50% because it is in need of additions. This need to include the peices listed in its headline "the five states of matter". I will add what i think it needs, and another person can, then edit its content, and reinstate the ready status. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Basejumper123 (discuss • contribs) 00:45, 2 November 2006

-I am editing this page a bunch. Please tell me if you want my graphic changed in any way, as I made it. I am also adding BE condensates and plasma as a side note. It is too confusing otherwise (BE condensate - A science thing that's really crazy Example: BE condensate). —Preceding unsigned comment added by B4dA1r (discuss • contribs) 21:04, 31 March 2007

 * Though I'm tentatively comfortable with the current arrangement, as a matter of record I note here the following relevant links:
 * Wikijunior talk:The Elements
 * Wikijunior:The Elements/Bose-Einstein condensates
 * --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 04:26, 5 December 2014 (UTC)


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Splints

An essential part of the first-aid treatment is immobilizing the  injured  part  with  splints so that the sharp ends of broken bones won’t move around and cause further damage to nerves, blood vessels, or vital organs. Splints are also used to immobilize severely injured joints or muscles and to prevent the enlargement of extensive wounds.

Before you can use a splint, you need to have a general understanding of the use of splints. In an emergency, almost any firm object or material can be used as a splint. Such things as umbrellas, canes, tent pegs, sticks, oars, paddles, spars, wire, leather, boards, pillows, heavy clothing, corrugated cardboard, and folded newspapers can be used as splints. A  fractured leg may sometimes be splinted by fastening it securely to the uninjured leg. Splints, whether ready-made or improvised, must meet the following requirements:

 * Be light in weight, but still be strong and fairly rigid.
 * Be long enough to reach the joints above and below the fracture.
 * Be wide enough so the bandages used to hold them in place won’t pinch the injured part.
 * Be well padded on the sides that touch the body. If they’re not properly padded, they won’t fit well and won’t adequately immobilize the injured part.
 * To improvise the padding for a splint, use articles of clothing,  bandages,  cotton,  blankets,  or  any other soft material.
 * If the victim is wearing heavy clothes, apply the splint on  the  outside,  allowing  the  clothing  to serve as at least part of the required padding.

Although splints  should  be  applied  snugly, never apply them tight enough to interfere with the circulation of the blood. When applying splints to an arm or a leg, try to leave the fingers or toes exposed. If the tips of the fingers or toes become blue or cold, you will know that the splints or bandages are too tight. You should examine a splinted part approximately every half-hour, and loosen the fastenings if circulation appears to be cut off. Remember that any injured part is likely to swell, and splints or bandages that are all right when applied may be too tight later.

To secure the limb to the splint, belts, neckerchiefs, rope, or any suitable material may be used. If possible, tie the limb at two places above and two places below the break. Leave the treatment of other types of fractures, such as jaw, ribs, and spine, to medical personnel. Never try to move a person who might have a fractured spine or neck. Moving such a person could cause permanent paralysis. Don’t attempt to reset bones.

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Writing Effective Songs/Rock Album Arranging

From wikihow.com

So you are a musician and want to make a rock album? Well, here are some things you might want to consider!

Song types

 * A power song A memorable riff, well-suited for arena rock with a classic chorus, deriving mainly between a lead guitarists' riff and the powerful singers' voice. -- example: Def Leppard's "Love Bites" (Hysteria 1987).
 * A Hard Rock Song is a power song but has more of a punch then most of them. It is all the way down with one heavy rhythm guitar riff and one hi-gain lead guitar with a lot of hit-hat in drums. THE HARD ROCK SONG HAS A COMBINED RIFF BETWEEN THE RHYTHM AND LEAD GUITARS THEREFORE CREATING A MUCH MORE POWERFUL SOUND. -- Example: AC/DC - Highway To Hell
 * A dark song is the "bridge" between the power song and the slow emotional one. It is mainly a story-telling song about an experience or event. It has a very heavy rhythm guitar with a touch of lead guitar, more suited for bass. Example: Black Sabbath (Black Sabbath)
 * The slow emotional song is your classic rock ballad, with acoustic guitar, light percussion, and killer lyrics. You want it to make girls pull their hair and scream your name! Great example: "Forever" by KISS
 * If you didn't understand what the electric guitar solo meant, listen to Angus Young, Jimi Hendrix or Eddie Van Halen.

Steps

 * 1)  Define your trademark and intrigue the public. There must always be a connection between your message, your style and the public's expectations. In short, you need to find your own secret formula.
 * 2)  Choose your songs. This is an example of how a 10-song rock album could be organized:
 * 3) Hard Rock song 1
 * 4) Hard Rock song 2
 * 5) Dark Song 1
 * 6) punk song 1
 * 7) Punk Song 2
 * 8) Chill-out Song
 * 9) Dark Song 2
 * 10) Electric Guitar Solo
 * 11) Acoustic Song
 * 12) Power Song 1
 * 13) Make sure you have a unifying theme.
 * 14) Find an agent and/or publicist and begin to market your album. Play gigs wherever you can to get the word out.

Tips

 * It's important to finish with a power song if you start an album with one. Why? it gives the impression of a brilliant album. The listener's mood must change through the album but return to where it was when he/she started to listen to it. This is more a psychological effect. In 60%? of the cases, listening to a vivid, vibrant song makes you want to listen to the next, in this case, to start listening to the album all over again. which is . . .well, exactly what you hoped for, right?
 * When you ask someone for their opinion keep in mind that the same song does not relate to EVERY person in the world the same way. In the media, there is a rule when it comes to news: if it is confirmed by 3 different sources, then it is a valid news story. Choose at least 3 people with different ages, cultures, personalities or styles, to "test" the song on. It's important NOT to get discouraged if they have suggestions or just don't like it. Practice makes perfect, and even though you aim for the sky, you've gotta keep your feet on the ground.
 * Determine your "best" song of the album, preferably with the feedback of other informed and honest listeners. In the business, it would be used as the prospective hit single promoting the album. There are three possibilities where to put the best song: Newcomer albums often use the best song as the first song. Works well in connection with a successful hit single (Example: "In The Air Tonight" on Phil Collins' solo debut album "Face Value"). Most artists put their best song in the second place. The first song serves as an introduction to the album. The listener gets used to the sound of the music, may adjust the volume and is ready to fully appreciate the best song when the first song is over (Examples: "Loosing My Religion" on R.E.M.'s "Out of Time", "We Didn't Start the Fire" on Billy Joels "Storm Front", "Song 2" on Blur's "Blur" and many others). Then there is the Bowie formula where the best song is the third song on the album. The best song does not as much stand out as in the first or second place and enhances the musical experience of the whole album (Examples: Many David Bowie albums, "Perfect Day" on Lou Reed's "Transformer" album, produced by Bowie. Nirvana's major debut "Nevermind" also counts for this category as "Come As Your Are" was expected by Geffen to be the hit single, but the opener "Teen Spirit" already gained a ground-breaking success by popular appeal).
 * Don't treat this and other similar pages as a bible. The most important thing should be to make the album how you visualize it sounding, the rules should come as an afterthought.  If your album still doesn't sound good, load all of the songs into iTunes, put 'em into a playlist and hit shuffle and see what happens.
 * The last song is always a chance to do whatever you want, experiment, add little snippets of miscellaneous stuff. Or, if you have the newest greatest rock ballad or ground breaking, moderately slow song, put it here. Basically, this is the place to put whatever song doesn't fit.

Warnings

 * Limit your guitar solos (unless you're a Blues genius or a Virtuosoist) to no longer than 5 minutes. According to some scientific studies, the brain stops being attentive after 5 min. Therefore it's best to keep it short, or you risk  boring your audience's.
 * 15. NOTE: When you have two Powerhouse songs it's best to know that the styles are as different as possible!


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Forearm splint

There are two long bones in the forearm, the radius and the ulna. When both are broken, the arm usually appears to be deformed. When only one is broken, the other acts as a splint and the arm retains a more or less natural appearance. Any fracture of the forearm is likely to result in pain, tenderness, inability to use the forearm, and a kind of wobbly motion at the point of injury. If the fracture is open, a bone will show through. If the fracture is open, stop the bleeding and treat the wound. Apply a sterile dressing over the wound. Carefully straighten  the  forearm. (Remember that rough handling of a closed fracture may turn it into an open fracture.) Apply two well-padded splints to the forearm, one on the top and one on the bottom. Be sure that the splints are long enough to extend from the elbow to the wrist. Use bandages to hold the splints in place. Put the forearm across the chest. The palm of the hand should be turned in, with the thumb pointing upward. Support the forearm in this position by means of a wide sling and a cravat bandage (see illustration). The hand should be raised about 4 inches above the level of the elbow. Treat the victim for shock and evacuate as soon as possible.

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text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Upper arm splint

The signs of fracture of the upper arm include pain, tenderness, swelling, and a wobbly motion at the point of fracture. If the fracture is near the elbow, the arm is likely to be straight with no bend at the elbow. If the fracture is open, stop the bleeding and treat the wound before attempting to treat the fracture.

 * NOTE: Treatment of  the  fracture  depends partly upon the location of the break.

If the fracture is in the upper part of the arm near the shoulder, place a pad or folded towel in the armpit, bandage the arm securely to the body, and support the forearm in a narrow sling.

If the fracture is in the middle of the upper arm, you can use one well-padded splint on the outside of the arm. The splint should extend from the shoulder to the elbow. Fasten the splinted arm firmly to the body and support the  forearm  in  a  narrow  sling,  as illustrated.

Another way of treating a fracture in the middle of the upper  arm  is  to  fasten  two  wide  splints  (or  four narrow   ones)   about   the   arm   and   then   support   the forearm in a narrow sling. If you use a splint between the arm and the body, be very careful that it does not extend too  far  up  into  the  armpit;  a  splint  in  this position  can  cause  a  dangerous  compression  of  the blood vessels and nerves and may be extremely painful to the victim. If the fracture is at or near the elbow, the arm may be either bent or straight. No matter in what position you  find   the   arm, DO NOT ATTEMPT TO STRAIGHTEN IT OR MOVE IT IN ANY WAY. Splint the arm as carefully as possible in the position in which you find it. This will prevent further nerve and blood vessel damage. The only exception to this is if there is no pulse on the other side of the fracture (relative to the heart), in which case gentle traction is applied and then the arm is splinted. Treat the victim for shock and get him under the care of a medical professional as soon as possible.

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Cookbook:Orange Bread

| United States | Holiday Recipes | Bread | Desserts

This recipe for orange bread, originally called "Grandma-Ag's orange bread" by the recipe contributor, makes a quickbread flavored with orange peel. From the original contributor:"'This bread is a fond memory of my childhood, visiting Agnes Frances Primm, my Grandma-Ag. As a young adult, I tried to duplicate the recipe, and unable, I went back and begged her for the secrets of it. When I asked her how long it had taken to develop the tricky recipe, she flattened my ego by telling me she'd gotten it out of a magazine years before! I like to make it for Christmas.'"

Procedure

 * 1) Cover grated orange peel with water and boil for 5 minutes.
 * 2) Drain and rinse, discarding water.
 * 3) Barely cover with cold water (about ¼ cup).
 * 4) Add ½ cup sugar and cook until peel is tender and water is cooked away; cool.
 * 5) Preheat the oven to 350°F (~175°C).
 * 6) Mix thoroughly egg, 1 cup sugar, melted butter, baking powder, all-purpose flour, milk, and salt.
 * 7) Add cooled peel to this mixture and mix well.
 * 8) Pour into greased and floured 9 x 5 x 3 inch (23 x 13 x 8 cm) pan.
 * 9) Bake in the preheated oven for about 55–65 minutes or until a toothpick comes out dry when inserted in the loaf.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Good warm and plain, or toasted and buttered.

title: Cookbook:Orange Bread


text:
User talk:Bob2

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
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 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
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 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 08:08, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Naughty cook
Looks good tho - might give it a try  - all the best -- Herby talk thyme 17:22, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Toothpicks
Hahahaha! Very good, but now I have to clean my computer monitor ;-) Webaware talk 03:00, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Copyright violations
Sorry, but Wikibooks doesn't allow copyrighted material to be posted. It seems like your recipes come from http://www.carolinacountry.com/ --- PurplePieman 18:50, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I spotted this Bob - can you please confirm the copyright status of your contributions, PurplePieman is correct in this & I would prefer you to save me (& others) the time checking the status of all of these - thanks -- Herby  talk thyme 08:46, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Not just the link above, but a variety of newspaper websites, it seems. Webaware talk 07:17, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

What recipe were you referring to?Bob2 14:39, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * G'day Bob2, the ones we've spotted have been tagged and collected here (not all of those are yours, but you'll no doubt recognise which ones are). Webaware talk 22:19, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Permission
Hi Bob - can you look into this. You state that Cookbook:Fried Cornmeal Slices is used with permission. This is not in itself acceptable to Wikimedia. The permission has to come from the owner to Wikimedia via (as far as I know) the OTRS system. If this is in place can you quote the ticket number please. Otherwise it is a copyvio - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 19:37, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Herby-I'm not as adept in the Wiki system as you. I have gotten permission from the © holder, and noted that in the italicised portion of the posting. I don't understand just what you are telling me I need to do. Simple steps No jargon No abbreviations [OTRS?] bob2

 * There is a link in the notice that can easily be clicked - it leads to Help:Boilerplate request for permission which should help you. While I am here Bob can I emphasize that you do now have a history of creating recipes that are in violation of copyright.  You must not copy material that you find elsewhere on to Wikibooks and this may well lead to very difficult legal issues.  Please be careful now - thanks -- Herby  talk thyme 12:25, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

add measurements
dude could you add what size of can youre talking about in dutch oven beans please or an admin will delete it.

title: User talk:Bob2