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Template:Navbox/doc

This template allows a navigational template to be set up relatively quickly by supplying it one or more lists of links. It comes equipped with default styles that should work for most navigational templates. Changing the default styles is not recommended, but is possible. Using this template, or one of its "Navbox suite" sister templates, is highly recommended for standardization of navigational templates, and for ease of use.

Usage
Please remove the parameters that are left blank.

Parameter list
The navbox uses lowercase parameter names, as shown in the box (at right). The mandatory name and title will create a one-line box if other parameters are omitted.

Notice "group1" (etc.) is optional, as are sections named "above/below".

The basic and most common parameters are as follows (see below for the full list):

 * applies an HTML  attribute to the entire navbox.
 * the name of the template.
 * text in the title bar, such as: Widget stuff.
 * applies an HTML  attribute to the title bar.
 * : the status of box expansion, where "autocollapse" hides stacked navboxes automatically.

 * a CSS style for the title-bar, such as:
 * a CSS style for the group-cells, such as:

 * an optional right-side image, coded as the whole image. Typically it is purely decorative, so it should be coded as.
 * an optional left-side image (code the same as the "image" parameter).

 * text to appear above the group/list section (could be a list of overall wikilinks).

 * the left-side text before list-n (if group-n omitted, list-n starts at left of box).
 * text listing wikilinks, often separated by middot templates, such as: [ [A]] [ [B]]
 * optional text to appear below the group/list section.

Further details, and complex restrictions, are explained below under section Parameter descriptions. See some alternate navbox formats under: Layout of table.

Parameter descriptions
The following is a complete list of parameters for using Navbox. In most cases, the only required parameters are,  , and  , though child navboxes do not even require those to be set.

Navbox shares numerous common parameter names as its sister templates Navbox with columns and Navbox with collapsible groups for consistency and ease of use. Parameters marked with an asterisk * are common to all three master templates.

Setup parameters

 * name *
 * The name of the template, which is needed for the "v· d· e" ("view· discuss· edit") links to work properly on all pages where the template is used. You can enter  for this value as a shortcut.  The name parameter is only mandatory if a   is specified, and the   parameter is not set.

 * state * [ ]
 * Defaults to . A navbox with   will start out collapsed if there are two or more tables on the same page that use other collapsible tables. Otherwise, the navbox will be expanded. For the technically minded, see MediaWiki:Common.js.
 * If set to, the navbox will always start out in a collapsed state.
 * If set to, the navbox will always be expanded with no [hide] link on the right, and the title will remain centered (by using padding to offset the v • d • e links).
 * If set to, the navbox will always be expanded with no [hide] link on the right, but no padding will be used to keep the title centered.  This is for advanced use only; the "plain" option should suffice for most applications where the [show]/[hide] button needs to be hidden.
 * If set to anything other than,  ,  , or   (such as "uncollapsed"), the navbox will always start out in an expanded state, but have the "hide" button.

 * To show the box when standalone (non-included) but then auto-hide contents when in an article, put "uncollapsed" inside <noinclude> tags:
 * uncollapsed
 * That setting will force the box visible when standalone (even when followed by other boxes), displaying "[hide]" but then auto-collapse the box when stacked inside an article.

 * Often times, editors will want a default initial state for a navbox, which may be overridden in an article. Here is the trick to do this:
 * In your intermediate template, create a parameter also named "state" as a pass-through like this:
 *  | state =
 * The | will make the template expanded when viewing the template page by itself.

 * navbar *
 * Defaults to . If set to , the v • d • e links on the left side of the titlebar will not be displayed, and padding will be automatically used to keep the title centered.  Use   to remove the v • d • e links, but not apply padding (this is for advanced use only; the "plain" option should suffice for most applications where a navbar is not desired).  Note that it is highly recommended that one does not hide the navbar, in order to make it easier for users to edit the template, and to keep a standard style across pages.

 * border *
 * See section below on using navboxes within one another for examples and a more complete description. If set to   or , then the navbox can be used as a borderless child that fits snuggly in another navbox.  The border is hidden and there is no padding on the sides of the table, so it fits into the list area of its parent navbox.  If set to  , then the border is hidden and padding is removed, and the navbox may be used as a child of another container (do not use the   option inside of another navbox; similarly, only use the  /  option inside of another navbox).  If set to anything else (default), then a regular navbox is displayed with a 1px border.  An alternate way to specify the border to be a subgroup style is like this (i.e. use the first unnamed parameter instead of the named border parameter):

Cells

 * title *
 * Text that appears centered in the top row of the table. It is usually the template's topic, i.e. a succinct description of the body contents. This should be a single line, but if a second line is needed, use  to ensure proper centering.  This parameter is technically not mandatory, but using Navbox is rather pointless without a title.

 * groupn *
 * (i.e. group1, group2, etc.) If specified, text appears in a header cell displayed to the left of listn. If omitted, listn uses the full width of the table.

 * listn *
 * (i.e. list1, list2, etc.) The body of the template, usually a list of links. Format is inline, although the text can be entered on separate lines if the entire list is enclosed within .  At least one list parameter is required; each additional list is displayed in a separate row of the table.  Each listn may be preceded by a corresponding groupn parameter, if provided (see below).

 * image *
 * An image to be displayed in a cell below the title and to the right of the body (the groups/lists). For the image to display properly, the list1 parameter must be specified. The image parameter accepts standard wikicode for displaying an image, e.g.:

 * imageleft *
 * An image to be displayed in a cell below the title and to the left of the body (lists). For the image to display properly, the list1 parameter must be specified and no groups can be specified. It accepts the same sort of parameter that image accepts.

 * above *
 * A full-width cell displayed between the titlebar and first group/list, i.e. above the template's body (groups, lists and image). In a template without an image, above behaves in the same way as the list1 parameter without the group1 parameter.

 * below *
 * A full-width cell displayed below the template's body (groups, lists and image). In a template without an image, below behaves in the same way as the template's final listn parameter without a groupn parameter.

Style parameters
Styles are generally not recommended as to maintain consistency among templates and pages in Wikipedia. However, the option to modify styles is given.

 * style *
 * Specifies CSS styles to apply to the template body. The parameter bodystyle also does the example same thing and can be used in place of this style parameter.  This option should be used sparingly as it can lead to visual inconsistencies. Examples:

 * basestyle *
 * CSS styles to apply to the title, above, below, and group cells all at once. The style are not applied to list cells.  This is convenient for easily changing the basic color of the navbox without having to repeat the style specifications for the different parts of the navbox.  Examples:

 * titlestyle *
 * CSS styles to apply to title, most often the titlebar's background color:

 * groupstyle *
 * CSS styles to apply to the groupN cells. This option overrides any styles that are applied to the entire table. Examples:

 * groupnstyle *
 * CSS styles to apply to a specific group, in addition to any styles specified by the groupstyle parameter. This parameter should only be used when absolutely necessary in order to maintain standardization and simplicity.  Examples:

 * liststyle *
 * CSS styles to apply to all lists. Overruled by the oddstyle and evenstyle parameters (if specified) below. When using backgound colors in the navbox, see the note below.

 * listnstyle *
 * CSS styles to apply to a specific list, in addition to any styles specified by the liststyle parameter. This parameter should only be used when absolutely necessary in order to maintain standardization and simplicity. Examples:

 * listpadding *
 * A number and unit specifying the padding in each list cell. The list cells come equipped with a default padding of 0.25em on the left and right, and 0em on the top and bottom.  Due to complex technical reasons, simply setting "liststyle=padding:0.5em;" (or any other padding setting) will not work.  Examples:
 * (sets 0.5em padding for the left/right, and 0em padding for the top/bottom.)
 * (removes all list padding.)

 * oddstyle
 * evenstyle
 * Applies to odd/even list numbers. Overrules styles defined by liststyle.  The default behavior is to add striped colors (white and gray) to odd/even rows, respectively, in order to improve readability.  These should not be changed except in extraordinary circumstances.

 * evenodd
 * If set to, then the automatic striping of even and odd rows is reversed.  Normally, even rows get a light gray background for striping; when this parameter is used, the odd rows receive the gray striping instead of the even rows.  Setting to   or   sets all rows to have that striping color.  Setting to   disables automatic row striping.  This advanced parameter should only be used to fix problems when the navbox is being used as a child of another navbox and the stripes do not match up.  Examples and a further description can be found in the section on child navboxes below.

 * abovestyle *
 * belowstyle *
 * CSS styles to apply to the top cell (specified via the above parameter) and bottom cell (specified via the below parameter). Typically used to set background color or text alignment:

 * imagestyle *
 * imageleftstyle *
 * CSS styles to apply to the cells where the image/imageleft sits. These styles should only be used in exceptional circumstances, usually to fix width problems if the width of groups is set and the width of the image cell grows too large.  Examples:

Default styles
The style settings listed here are those that editors using the navbox change most often. The other more complex style settings were left out of this list to keep it simple. Most styles are set in MediaWiki:Common.css.

Since liststyle and oddstyle are transparent odd lists have the color of the bodystyle, which defaults to #fdfdfd (white with a hint of gray). A list has  if it has a group, if not it has. Since only bodystyle has a vertical-align all the others inherit its.

Advanced parameters

 * titlegroup
 * This puts a group in the title area, with the same default styles as groupn. It should  be used only in exceptional circumstances (usually advanced meta-templates) and its use requires some knowledge of the internal code of Navbox; you should be ready to manually set up CSS styles to get everything to work properly if you wish to use it.  If you think you have an application for this parameter, it might be best to change your mind, or consult the talk page first.

 * titlegroupstyle
 * The styles for the titlegroup cell.

 * innerstyle
 * A very advanced parameter to be used only for advanced meta-templates employing the navbox. Internally, the navbox uses an outer table to draw the border, and then an inner table for everything else (title/above/groups/lists/below/images, etc.).  The style/bodystyle parameter sets the style for the outer table, which the inner  table inherits, but in advanced cases (meta-templates) it may be necessary to directly set the style for the inner table.  This parameter provides access to that inner table so styles can be applied.  Use at your own risk.

Microformats

 * bodyclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox as a whole.
 * titleclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's title caption.

This template supports the addition of microformat information. This is done by adding "class" attributes to various data cells, indicating what kind of information is contained within. To flag a navbox as containing hCard information about a person, for example, add the following parameter:

 * bodyclass = vcard

and

 * titleclass = fn

or (for example):

 * title = The books of Iain Banks

...and so forth.

Layout of table
Table generated by Navbox without image, above and below parameters (gray list background color added for illustration only):

Table generated by Navbox with image, above and below parameters (gray list background color added for illustration only):

Table generated by Navbox with image, imageleft, lists, and without groups, above, below (gray list background color added for illustration only):

No image

With image, without groups

With two images, without groups, multiple lists

With image, groups, above, below

Child navboxes
It is possible to place multiple navboxes within a single border with the use of the border parameter, or by specifying the first parameter to be "child". The basic code for doing this is as follows (which adds a subgroup for the first group/list area):

Subgroups example
This example shows how subgroups can be used. It is recommended that one uses Navbox subgroup, but the same result can be reached by using Navbox with  or the first unnamed parameter set to. Note that the evenodd parameter is used to reverse striping in some of the subgroups in order to get all of the stripes to line up properly. If you wish to remove the striping altogether, you can set  in each of the navboxes.

Multiple show/hides in a single container
The example below is generated using a regular navbox for the main container, then its list1, list2, and list3 parameters each contain another navbox, with  set. Note that each of the child navboxes has its own VDE navbar; these could be hidden using  for each of them, or by just leaving out the name parameter (child navboxes do not require the name parameter to be set, unlike regular navboxes).

Relationship with other Navbox templates
This navbox template is specifically designed to work in conjunction two other sister templates: Navbox with columns and Navbox with collapsible groups. All three of these templates share common parameters for consistency and ease of use (such parameters are marked with a † in the complete parameter list above). Most importantly, all three of these templates can each be used as children of one another (by using the  parameter, or by specifying the first unnamed parameter to be   (i.e. use ,  , or  ).

Technical details

 * This template uses CSS classes for most of its looks, thus it is fully skinnable.
 * Internally this meta template uses HTML markup instead of wiki markup for the table code. That is the usual way we make meta templates since wiki markup has several drawbacks. For instance it makes it harder to use parser functions and special characters in parameters.
 * For more technical details see the CSS classes in MediaWiki:common.css and the collapsible table used to hide the box in MediaWiki:common.js.

Intricacies

 * The 2px wide border between groups and lists is drawn using the border-left property of the list cell. Thus, if you wish to change the background color of the template (for example  ), then you'll need to make the border-left-color match the background color (i.e.  ).  If you wish to have a border around each list cell, then the 2px border between the list cells and group cells will disappear; you'll have to come up with your own solution.
 * The list cell width is initially set to 100%. Thus, if you wish to manually set the width of group cells, you'll need to also specify the liststyle to have width:auto.  If you wish to set the group width and use images, it's up to you to figure out the CSS in the groupstyle, liststyle, imagestyle, and imageleftstyle parameters to get everything to work correctly.  Example of setting group width:

 * Adjacent navboxes have only a 1 pixel border between them (except in IE6, which doesn't support the necessary CSS). If you set the top or bottom margin of , then this will not work.
 * The default margin-left and margin-right of the outer navbox table are set to "auto;". If you wish to use navbox as a float, you need to manually set the margin-left and margin-right values, because the auto margins interfere with the float option.  For example, add the following code to use the navbox as a float:

title: Template:Navbox/doc


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User talk:202.125.64.10

Join Us!
-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:06, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:202.125.64.10


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User talk:Mjhsrm26

Welcome!
Welcome, Mjhsrm26!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 18:16, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mjhsrm26


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Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Kongo

What country did they live in?
The Kongo civilization was located in what is now Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon.

What did their buildings look like?
Buildings were built primarily with local materials. The Portuguese introduced stone buildings.

What did they eat?
The food of The Congo is principally the products of their environment. Because there is plenty of the vegetation, allows it to be varied and rich, but the basic ingredients are cassava (a tuber rich in starch where the tapioca is obtained and it should be cooked before it's ate because when is freshly collected is poisonous), banana and plantains (for frying) and peanut butter. The favorite drink in the Congo is beer. Pepper and cassava are present in most of the local dishes, like chicken piri piri with pepper. Another typical dish is the chicken mohambe cooked with palm oil. Fish and shellfish are also consumed in the coastal zone.

What do they wear?
In their famous party and dance called the Devil and Congos of Portabello, women and man now dress like this:

 * Man's clothing:

The clothes are old and they wear it the other way around, giving a comic effect. The strings and ribbons mean the chains of slavery and their favourite objects are stored in bags. It complements the dress with a conical hat and cane.

 * Women's clothing:

The women wear colorful skirts, has make up and puts some flowers in her hair.

In this ceremony there is also the devil, the angel and the bird.

What did their writing look like?
Today they speak over 200 languages, French is now the official language, but is also spoken by many of its residents and area businesses. They also now write in Mandombe.

What did they believe?
The main religions were the Kongo religion and Roman Catholicism. For a little time Antonianism developed from Roman Catholicism.

Are some of them famous even today?
People of the Congo aren't very famous but they had some musicians like Papa Wemba, Werrasson, Koffi Olomide, Fally... The singer Kaysha...and other famous people.

What is left of them today?
Some art pieces from the Kongo civilization remain. There are also some ruins of old buildings.

title: Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations/Kongo


text: User talk:161.6.229.177

title: User talk:161.6.229.177


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Template:Chess Opening Theory/Footer

ChessOpenings

title: Template:Chess Opening Theory/Footer


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File:MontagePlayerDescription.png

Licensing
/Images

title: File:MontagePlayerDescription.png


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User:Jordan Slavov

About me
Hi! My name is Jordan Nikolaev Slavov. I live in one beautiful village near by Kazanlak city, but now I live in Sofia city. I study here in Technical University of Sofia, mainly Computer Systems and Technology.

I like swimming very much. I am interested mainly in all kinds of technical subjects.

Kazanlak city

title: User:Jordan Slavov


text:
File:FootageWindow.png

Licensing
/Images

title: File:FootageWindow.png


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Template:User Chess

/Templates

title: Template:User Chess


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Category:Wikibooks Chess participants

To join this group, you have two methods:

 * 1) simply add the "userbox for Wikibooks Chess" by including  in your User page.
 * 2) If you do not like userboxes, you can still join by putting  on your User page.
 * The strange PUT_YOUR_USERID_HERE is necessary so that the software sorts you in the right letter. For example if a user called "Jimbo" incorrectly puts  on its user page he will be listed under the letter "U" because the software will recognise him as "User:Jimbo", but if he correctly puts , the software will correctly recognise him as "User:Jimbo"

title: Category:Wikibooks Chess participants


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User talk:Rmvprasad

Welcome, Rmvprasad!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:41, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Certification:SCDJWS
I saw your latest edit to this page, and got two exact hits, as explained in my edit summary. Please be very careful not to add copyrighted work to Wikibooks. If you feel I am in error, please do explain so on the module's talk page, or on mine. Thanks! – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 21:41, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rmvprasad


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User talk:146.87.52.4

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 22:01, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:146.87.52.4


text:
Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics

Techniques of Proteomics
Proteomics, being relatively new as a scientific discipline, uses a wide variety of old and new methods to achieve its aims. The techniques used in proteomics focus on revealing structure and conformation, as well as measuring protein concentrations in varying conditions. Structural data can be used to determine the function of various proteins, based on comparison to similar proteins with known functions. This generally requires massive protein conformation and function databases, like PRIDE and SwissProt. Oftentimes these comparisons require sophisticated software and algorithms themselves, simply due to the sheer volume of comparisons and possible matches that exist. Programs like PROMPT are used for this purpose. Protein concentrations can be compared to biological conditions allowing researchers to find correlations between a certain protein or proteins and a disease or biological state.

Structural Analysis

 * X-ray crystallography is a method of protein structure determination that uses crystallized proteins and high intensity X-ray exposure to visualize the molecular structure. This collection of visualization data is analyzed in comparison to atomic and molecular arrangements and used to create a chemically relevant model of the protein's structure. X-ray crystallography can be time-consuming due to the crystal growing procedures, the volume of data needed and the computational needs for analysis. A successful visualization however, has a high degree of accuracy as well as an ease of reading and application.[[Image:Xray DNA.gif|thumb|The X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA. X-ray crystallography is used for many macromolecules, not just proteins.]]
 * Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy or NMR is a technique that detects atomic properties of various atoms within the molecular structure based on their chemical shift. Magnetization transference between nuclei is detected as well and used with the chemical shift to calculate the structure of the protein in question. The procedures can take a relatively long time depending on the size of the sample and a variety of other factors related to magnetic fields.
 * Mass spectrometry and electrophoresis, as applied to proteomics, are both techniques used for determining the mass of proteins or protein fragments. Mass spectrometry uses ionization of the molecules and measurement of the mass to charge ratio to determine mass. Electrophoresis generally uses density gradients and charged particles in an electrical current to create a more visual mapping of mass. Common electrophoresis types used in proteomics include Isoelectric Focusing or IEF, 2D electrophoresis methods like  SDS Page and standard horizontal  gel electrophoresis to name a few.  Directed methods for mass spectrometry involve using previous knowledge to either include or exclude targeted mass ranges, thus saving time when given a complex mixture of proteins such as an entire proteome.
 * Ab initio is a label for a set of techniques designed to predict protein structure based entirely on the chemical theory and physics theory as it applies to the molecule and its parts. This particular set of techniques are considered a future goal of proteomics but are currently lacking in viable success.

Purification Techniques

 * Liquid chromatography is a technique used for protein purification. Oftentimes samples come from large mixtures of various molecules and need to be separated from them before even the most basic analysis can be done.
 * Microfluid separation is a technique that combines the purification and detection of proteins using the principles of Microfluidics.

Protein Concentration Levels

 * Western Blot is a technique for tracking relative amounts of proteins in sample. Preparations are done with preventing degradation and separating by mass (through SDS-page) in mind. The proteins are transferred to a membrane that allows for detection by using labelled antibody.
 * Chemical microarrays are, in relation to proteomics, pieces of glass that proteins can be affixed to in ordered microscopic arrays. They can be used for a variety of methods but in proteomics tend to be used for global observations of biochemical and proteomic activity.

Miscellaneous
More proteomic technology advances include Free Flow Electrophoresis (a higher affinity size separation technique) and ProteomeLab’s PF2D system (separation based on charge and hydrophobicity). Nanotechnology could benefit proteomics and some scientists are already producing nano-particles as labeling devices, such as SERRS tags.

The Size of the Problem
The challenges that proteomics faces come mostly from the sheer volume of proteins in the human body at any given time. Measurement of such a large data set is difficult and time consuming. This problem especially shows itself in computational issues where the time needed to analyze the data found goes beyond reasonable thresholds. Other issues can arise with differing concentrations of proteins causing inaccuracies and detection problems. More specifically, certain proteins are found in very low concentrations in a cell and the more concentrated proteins can mask their presence. This is often shown with the dynamic range value. The resolution of current methods is not high enough to visualize these proteins below certain concentration thresholds.

The Complexity of the Problem
Another challenge arises from high complexity of many proteins and the fact that the number of proteins in the body interacting in different ways is so high. Post translational modifications of proteins can lead to even more complexity, not only for their structure, but also for their function and interactions. This creates computational challenges that could have a normal computer running for decades to solve problems for one protein. While new methods in distributed computers and parallel computing can help to account for this, the fact remains that the computational needs of proteomics are staggering. Another solution called directed mass spectrometry aims to reduce the amount of redundant information processed by mass spectrometry analyzers by targeting only proteins of interest, being able to to ignore the most intense signals in a sample to examine only those defined by a researcher.

The Novelty of the Problem
A source of many of the problems that proteomics faces are simply how new it is. Any newer field will lack a good groundwork of technology, application methods and trained researchers to handle its needs. Proteomics has problems especially with large and uncurated databases and requires better organized, more streamlined and more efficient replacements. While new resources for storage and presentation are being developed, many of them require many improvements, especially in the area of distributing results of protein investigation

Directed mass spectrometry: towards hypothesis-driven proteomics
Reviewer: Scott M.

Main Focus

 * This article focuses on inclusion list driven mass spectrometry (MS) as a technique for directed MS. The technique involves determining target proteins of interest using chromatography, selecting for only those proteins in the first MS of Tandem MS, and then analyzing them in the second MS.  The result is an analysis of only the target proteins regardless of intensity.[[Image:Mass spectrometer schematics.png|right|thumb|300px|Schematics of a simple mass spectrometer with sector type mass analyzer.]]

New Terms

 * Product ions:  Ions in the second separation state of tandem mass spectrometry . (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_mass_spec)
 * Quadropole: A distribution of charge which produces a magnetic field with dipole moments in opposite directions. (source: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Quadropole)
 * Collision-induced dissociation: The collision of an ion with a neutral molecule in gas phase and the fracturing of the ion. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision-induced_dissociation)
 * Fragment ion spectra: The range of ions after having been fractured. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision-induced_dissociation)
 * Proteotypic peptides: A sub-sequence of a peptide that are most likely to be found using mass sectrometry. (source: http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16906256)
 * SRM assays: Single reaction monitoring - only a single ion is allowed through at a time (as opposed to many - multiple reaction monitoring). (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision-induced_dissociation)

Summary

 * Mass spectrometry is used for sequencing of proteins by charging molecules and passing them through a strong magnetic field. Determining their mass to charge ratio allows for the makeup of the proteins to be determined.  It also allows for analysis of post-translational modifications and quantification of the proteome.  Picking a protein from the entire proteome of an organism or cell can be very difficult.   Non-directed methods involve stochastically selecting an ion for sequencing from a complex mixture.  This paper reviews a directed method called inclusion list driven mass spectrometry.

 * Inclusion list driven mass spectrometry calls for a list of mass ranges to be included from the chromatography separation. These lists are generated from elution time standards and allow from a specific size protein to be included in a mass spectrometry analysis.  Target protein information is then passed to a tandem MS (MS/MS) where the first quadrupole restricts for the desired target and the second quadrupole analyzes that target.  An opposite strategy called exclusion list driven mass spectrometry is used to prevent a specific size from being included and allows for a certain, previously determined protein to be ignored.  The information gained from directed mass spectrometry can be used for comparative analysis of differentially expressed proteins.  It allows for quantification of a certain protein from a certain proteome.  This information can be used to differentiate disease-state cells from normal cells.

 * Directed mass spectrometry can also be used to determine co-translational and post-translation modifications. It is used to determine cross-linked peptide pairs, or regions of similar structure, which are used to determine related proteins.  Similar strategies can be used to determine multiple phosphorylation state changes.

 * All of the work in mass spectrometry will continue to improve as more and more information is gained. The list of known sequences and databases of mass to charge ratios will allow for quick and easy analysis of future samples.  It will also allow inclusion lists to become much smaller and exclusion lists to become much larger.  This will enable analysts to quickly differentiate missing or additional proteins from a cell in a given state leading to determination of disease states much quicker and with more accuracy.  All of this work will hopefully lead to hypothesis driven mass spectrometry where a theory can be formulated ahead of time as to the state of a cell and then mass spectrometry simply becomes a means to proving that hypothesis.

Relevance to a Traditional Proteomics Course

 * This text is an in-depth description of current methods in mass spectrometry. It discusses technology and processes used in labs for the study of proteins given an entire proteome.  Information is provided on where these techniques originated, why there is need for altering the techniques and what these techniques are striving to eventually achieve in the future.  This information is important to the field of proteomics because mass spectrometry is one of the most important tools used in this field and the paper describes how the method is adapting as more and more data is being produced in it.


text:
Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Relationship of Proteomics to Other Fields

Bioinformatics in Proteomics
The intersection of bioinformatics and proteomics allows for the generation and management of large amounts of data. High-throughput computational methods are an integral part of proteomics for data acquisition, storage, and analysis. The Internet allows easy sharing of data sets and information between researchers and laymen. Large public and private databases are now common, and scientists of all expertise levels from all over the world can contribute to them. The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is one such database, handling structure and sequence data for proteins with a determined crystal structure. One of the largest databases, by far, is the National Center for Biotechnology Information, or NCBI. It contains both curated literature and links to many databases and resources for proteomics and biology in general.

Predictions and data gained from these "in-silico" methods cannot always be used in place of laboratory data. Whether or not they can be used depends on the data type and the situation for which it is being used. As a general rule, however, computational bioinformatics methods should either be used to support existing laboratory data or to generate a hypothesis based on previously existing data. Within the field of proteomics, bioinformatics is often used in protein structure prediction, and the "holy grail" of proteomics/bioinformatics is to create a bioinformatics application that can predict the final structure of a protein by its amino acid sequence alone. While predictions of this sort would need to be verified like any other prediction from bioinformatics tools, these predictions, if possible, could speed up analysis of protein structure and function, which is in itself the focus of proteomics.

Genomics in Proteomics
Genomics, like bioinformatics, is related to proteomics both through physical laboratory work and computational data. Many of the same laboratory techniques used in proteomics are also used in genomics, although the focus of the two sciences is fundamentally different. Genomics focuses on an organism's genetic makeup, while proteomics focuses on gene products. In a sense, genomics is a stepping stone to proteomics, because the eventual goal of genomics is to determine how genes work, and one cannot find out that information without studying the proteins produced.

In some areas, proteomics can replace genomics in functional use. There are, at times, situations in which raw gene structural data is insufficient to test a hypothesis, and one must know how genes interact with each other to get a full picture of how they work. Proteomics allows this analysis to happen, in a much more in-depth level than can be achieved with genomics. Genomics is by no means an obsolete science, but in the cases of protein analysis, structure prediction, and function prediction, it can be outdone by proteomics. The most significant reason for this is that proteomics techniques revolve around separation methods (some of which are explored in detail later) which use the unique characteristics of the proteins, such as structure and molecular weight, to identify and purify them.

Metabolomics in Proteomics
Metabolomics is a much younger field than Proteomics and expands on many of its methods. The focus of Metabolomics is, much like Genomics, different from proteomics and can be considered an expansion off of both of the earlier fields. Metabolomics is an attempt to understand and quantify the Metabolome in order to chart the effects and form of the phenotype of an organism.

This field achieves what both genomics and proteomics are unable to, in giving a complete systems biology view of metabolic biological functionality from a molecular and biochemical standpoint. Previous attempts to achieve this through the prior fields were based on expanding off their data using chemical knowledge. This is not to say that Metabolomics is a replacement for either Proteomics or Genomics. On the contrary the three fields can glean great benefits from being integrated together.

Transcriptomics in Proteomics
Transcriptomics has a direct impact on proteomics as a science. Without mRNA in a cell (the focus of transcriptomics and the content of the transcriptome), no proteins can be made. Therefore, problems with the transcriptome can and often do translate into problems with an organism's proteome. Like proteomics, transcriptomics can be used to explore the expression level of genes and classify disease. Transcriptomics can be integrated with proteomics for a variety of applications, including drug discovery and functional genome annotation.

Phenomics in Proteomics
Phenomics is the study of the phenome, or the set of all phenotypes expressed by a cell on up to species. The phenome includes traits caused by the environment, giving it a scope somewhat beyond what the other –omics fields really provide. That doesn’t mean, however, that Phenomics is not related to Proteomics. The function of the proteome is responsible for a large section of phenotypic characteristics. So the information gained from proteomics is part of what makes Phenomics feasible as a scientific field.


text:
Topology/Vector Bundles

A vector bundle is, broadly speaking, a family of vector spaces which is continuously indexed by a topological space. An important example is the tangent bundle of a manifold.

The formal definition is the following:

Definition (Vector bundle) A real vector bundle on a topological space $$B$$ is a space $$E$$ together with a continuous map $$p:E\rightarrow B$$ with the following properties:

(1) For each $$b\in B$$, $$p^{-1}(b)$$ is isomorphic to $$\mathbf{R}^n$$

(2) $$B$$ is covered by open sets $$U_i$$ such that there exist homeomorphisms  $$h_i:p^{-1}(U_i)\rightarrow U_i\times \mathbf{R}^n$$ and $$h_i\circ h_j^{-1} U_i\cap U_j\times \mathbf{R}^n\rightarrow U_i\cap U_j\times \mathbf{R}^n$$ is  the identity on the first factor and a linear isomorphism on the second.

Replacing $$\mathbf{R}$$ with $$\mathbf{C}$$, we get the definition of a complex vector bundle.

We call $$E$$ the total space of the vector bundle and $$B$$, the base space.

One can define a smooth vector bundle as following:

$$E$$ and $$B$$ have to be smooth manifolds and every maps appearing in the previous definition have to be smooth.

As we have stated before, the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold is a smooth vector bundle.

title: Topology/Vector Bundles


text: User talk:65.78.189.98

title: User talk:65.78.189.98


text: User talk:68.231.190.73

title: User talk:68.231.190.73


text:
Talk:Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/The Process of Proteomics

Renamed page by creating a new one. The old page is located here

DieselSandwich (talk)

I forgot to log in when I corrected the spelling errors. That IP mark in the history is mine.

DieselSandwich (talk)


text:
Talk:Proteomics/Introduction to Proteomics/Relationship of Proteomics to Other Fields

Renamed page by creating a new one. The old page is located here

DieselSandwich (talk)

I forgot to log in when I added the Phenomics section. The IP mark is mine.

DieselSandwich (talk)


text: User:Boricuaeddie

title: User:Boricuaeddie


text:
User talk:Nakajoe

Welcome message
Welcome, Nakajoe!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Webaware talk 23:37, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nakajoe


text: Algorithm Implementation/Index

title: Algorithm Implementation/Index


text: User talk:71.203.138.127

title: User talk:71.203.138.127


text: Jeep Liberty/Torque Specs & Socket Sizes


text:
User:Jidanni

My homepage is http://jidanni.org/

title: User:Jidanni


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Plastic Canvas - Advanced


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strcspn

strcspn
The function strcspn returns the index of the first character in str1 that matches any of the characters in str2.

 * Related topics: strpbrk - strrchr - strstr - strtok


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strcoll

strcoll
The strcoll function compares str1 and str2, much like strcmp. However, strcoll performs the comparison using the locale specified by the (Standard C Date & Time) setlocale function.

 * Related topics: strcmp - strxfrm (Standard C Date & Time) setlocale


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C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strxfrm

strxfrm
The strxfrm function manipulates the first num characters of str2 and stores them in str1. The result is such that if a strcoll is performed on str1 and the old str2, you will get the same result as with a strcmp.

 * Related topics: strcmp - strcoll


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MATLAB Programming/Arrays/Struct Arrays

Introduction to Structures
MATLAB provides a means for structure data elements. Structures are created and accessed in a manner familiar for those accustomed to programming in C.

MATLAB has multiple ways of defining and accessing structure fields. See Declaring Structures for more details.

Note: Structure field names must begin with a letter, and are case-sensitive. The rest of the name may contain letters, numerals, and underscore characters. Use the namelengthmax function to determine the maximum length of a field name.

Declaring Structures
Structures can be declared using the struct command. >> a = struct('b', 0, 'c', 'test') a = b: 0 c: 'test' In MATLAB, variables do not require explicit declaration before their use. As a result structures can be declared with the '.' operator. >> a.c = 'test' a = c: 'test' Structures can be declared as needed and so can the fields.

Arrays of Structures
Structures can also be arrays. Below is an example >> a = struct('b', 0, 'c', 'test');           % Create structure >> a(2).b = 1;                                % Turn it into an array by creating another element >> a(2).c = 'testing' a = 1x2 struct array with fields: b            c    >> a(1)                                        % Initial structure ans = b: 0 c: 'test' >> a(2)                                       % The second element ans = b: 1 c: 'testing'

Accessing Fields
When the field name is known the field value can be accessed directly. >> a.c       ans = test ans = testing In some cases you may need to access the field dynamically which can be done as follows. >> str = 'c'; >> a(1).(str) ans = test >> a(1).c       ans = test

Accessing Array Elements
Any given element in a structure array can be accessed through an array index like this >> a(1).c       ans = test To access all elements in a structure array use the syntax {structure.field}. In order to get all values in a vector or array use square brackets ([]) as seen below. >> [a.('c')] ans = testtesting >> [a.('b')] ans = 0    1

Or you can put them all into a cell array (rather than concatenating them) like this:

>> {a.('c')} ans = {'test', 'testing'}

Assigning values to a field of each struct array element
Matlab provides tools to assign values to a field of each array element. Consider the following struct array:

The following command assigns the same value to the field_b field of each array element:

To assign different values to each array element:

Sub-arrays through logical addressing
With Matlab, it's possible to extract a subarray from an array by using logical indexing. Consider the following struct array:

foo = struct('field_a',{1,2,3,4},'field_b',{4,8,12,16})

To obtain a subarray from foo where all foo.field_a values are equal to 2, a boolean array can be used to perform logical indexing. So, a boolean test that returns a boolean array for this purpose would be:

[foo.field_a] == 2

So, by using this boolean array to perform logical indexing, Matlab defines a struct array whose elements consist of those from foo whose field_a value is equal to 2 by doing:

foo([foo.field_a] == 2)

title: MATLAB Programming/Arrays/Struct Arrays


text:
User:Tissa jayasekera

My name is Tissa jayasekera. I am working and studying for M.A. finacial economics at UNIVERSITY of Colombo Sri Lanka. My work place is at Trincomalee about 210km away from the place of study. We have our classes on every weekends so i trvel from my work place to school on every week ends. My age is about 47 years i am a bachelour, My interests are spiritual tourism and reading books and research. if you need to contact me you could mail me on this address tissajayasekera@gmail.com regards, Tissa

title: User:Tissa jayasekera


text: User talk:65.2.239.245

title: User talk:65.2.239.245


text: User talk:76.225.191.218

title: User talk:76.225.191.218


text:
User talk:Microchip08

Wanting to contact me? E-mail me, or contact me on the Simple English Wikipedia. Otherwise, feel free to leave me a message, but be aware that it may be a while before I reply.

title: User talk:Microchip08


text:
Apples

Apples are among the most familiar fruits, with a long history of cultivation. This book is about the cultivars of apples (some 7,500 are known to exist).

This book will consist of pages for each apple variety, with information about the qualities and uses of the fruits, as well as technical information about growing them (such as compatible pollinators and rootstocks). Additional chapters will discuss rootstocks and interstocks.

Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Propagation/
 * /Cultivars/
 * /Rootstocks/
 * /Pests and diseases/

title: Apples


text:
User:G4ugm

Hi, Well G4UGM is my Ham Call sign. Many people know me by that. Often they forget my name which is Dave.

title: User:G4ugm


text:
User talk:QBoy24~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be an idea if you add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there.

Good luck! And if you have any questions, in particular about the Muggles' Guide, please feel free to ask on my talk page. Chazz (talk) 17:29, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:QBoy24~enwikibooks


text:
Template:ChessProject

Usage
Please note: This template should be transcluded (ChessProject) and not substituted (subst) because it employs conditional code. Transclusion also allows easy updating of all the Project's talk pages without having to edit thousands of pages.

For importance and class criteria see Chess/Assessment ChessProject

title: Template:ChessProject


text:
User:Dank55

Hi, please see my user page on Wikipedia. - Dan

title: User:Dank55


text:
User talk:Dank55

Hi, please see my talk page on Wikipedia. - Dan Dank55 (talk) 17:51, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dank55


text: Talk:Chess/Tournaments

title: Talk:Chess/Tournaments


text: Category:Book:History of Historical Writing


text: Talk:Opening theory in chess/Theory table


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6

Excellent article. 24.184.200.190 (talk) 03:36, 31 October 2009 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.134.20.255

title: User talk:69.134.20.255


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...e6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...d6

= Bishop's Opening - Sideline 2... d6!? = In the Bishop's Opening, after the moves '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4, Black's move 2...d6''' leads usually to the Philidor Defence. This line is a solid choice for Black and has historical significance, as it was often preferred during the time of François-André Danican Philidor, a renowned 18th-century chess player.

Main Moves

 * For White: After 1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 d6, the traditional move 3. Nf3 leads to a game that can transpose into lines of the Philidor Defense. However, an aggressive approach is 3.f4, directly challenging Black's center and aiming for a spatial advantage. This move is in line with the spirit of the Bishop's Opening, which seeks to control the center and develop pieces rapidly. Philidor's insighted into the importance of the f-pawn break is quite relevant here. He claimed that the player who first advances the f-pawn (f4 for White or f5 for Black) would gain a spatial advantage. However, the move 3. f4 has been refuted by the current status of the chess opening theory.
 * For Black: In response to White's moves, Black should focus on solid development and maintaining a strong pawn structure. If White plays 3.Nf3, Black can continue with moves like Nf6, Be7, and O-O, aiming for a solid yet flexible position. If White opts for 3.f4, Black needs to be more cautious, possibly countering with exf4 and following up with Nf6 and Be7, preparing to castle and counterattack in the center.

Theory table
. '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 d6!?'''


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f5


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...a6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...e6


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6

Anything about the Najdorf
Chessgames users: start writing below this line (you must click edit this page first) Sentriclecub (talk) 19:29, 26 August 2008 (UTC)


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...e5


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6

Rubinstein variation doesnt make sense
There is no d pawn that could capture the pawn on e5. 2003:F0:EF26:8473:9517:7529:4C28:FE18 (discuss) 13:12, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6/2. d4/2...Nf6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g6

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nc6

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nc6


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nc3/3...Bb4

Bishop on b1 is missing in diagram
2003:F0:EF26:8473:E19D:557D:D8CA:14CF (discuss) 18:19, 17 May 2021 (UTC)


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...b6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e5


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...dxc4


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...Nc6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nf3/4...c6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...Nf6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...c5

Who is the "I" in the article? 128.61.38.107 (talk) 08:26, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

That mysterious "I" makes me think this article is plagiarized from somewhere. At the least it's original research. 128.61.28.130 (talk) 17:30, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...c5


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...b6

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...b6


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. g4

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. g4


text:
Deutsch

 * German - the German wikibook, a free textbook for learning the German language
 * Deutschkurs für Anfänger - a german course for absolute beginners
 * German for tourists - this wikibook is aimed at teaching the basics of German to travellers visiting Germany who do not know the language
 * Freistil - annotated german texts
 * BLL German - the Bite-sized Language Lessons for German

title: Deutsch


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. f4

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. f4


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. g3

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. g3


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. b3

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. b3


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. b4

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. b4


text: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. Nc3

title: Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. Nc3


text:
User talk:Markcandaras

Welcome, Markcandaras!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 19:02, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Markcandaras


text:
User:Malinaccier

If you need to contact me, see my userpage and talk page on the English Wikipedia. Thanks!

title: User:Malinaccier


text:
User talk:Malinaccier

If you need to contact me, see my userpage and talk page on the English Wikipedia. Thanks!

title: User talk:Malinaccier


text: Category:ChessProject articles

title: Category:ChessProject articles


text:
Talk:Poker/Ten commandments

I don't understand why there are only three commandments listed

title: Talk:Poker/Ten commandments


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strerror

strerror
The function strerror returns an implementation defined string corresponding to num. If an error occurred, the error is located within the global variable errno.

 * Related topics: perror


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strtoul

strtoul
The function strtoul behaves exactly like strtol, except that it returns an long rather than a mere long.

 * Related topics: strtol


text:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strtol

strtol
The strtol function returns whatever it encounters first in start as a long, doing the conversion to base if necessary. end is set to point to whatever is left in start after the long. If the result can not be represented by a long, then strtol returns either LONG_MAX or LONG_MIN. Zero is returned upon error.

 * Related topics: atol - strtoul


text:
User talk:Boricuaeddie

Welcome, Boricuaeddie!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:03, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boricuaeddie


text:
User talk:Jidanni

Welcome!
Welcome, Jidanni!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:05, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jidanni


text:
User talk:G4ugm

Welcome!
Welcome, G4ugm!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:05, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:G4ugm


text:
User talk:Seymourkoblin

Welcome!
Welcome, Seymourkoblin!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:06, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Seymourkoblin


text:
User talk:Allah~enwikibooks

Welcome!
Welcome, Allah!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:06, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Allah. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Allah~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:56, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:30, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Allah~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Jordan Slavov

Welcome!
Welcome, Jordan Slavov!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:07, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jordan Slavov


text:
User talk:Kaustubh

Welcome!
Welcome, Kausshas3!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.-- – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:07, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kaustubh


text:
User talk:MuradWiki

Welcome!
Welcome, MuradWiki!

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title: User talk:MuradWiki


text:
User talk:Patvv001~enwikibooks

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Patvv001. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Patvv001~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Patvv001~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Lafcadio~enwikibooks

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lafcadio. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lafcadio~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Lafcadio~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:777.vimal

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title: User talk:777.vimal


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User talk:Mike.lifeguard/Archives

 * 1) March 26 - July 2, 2007
 * 2) July 3 - September 5, 2007
 * 3) September 5 - September 18, 2007
 * 4) September 17 - October 2, 2007
 * 5) October 3 - October 13, 2007
 * 6) October 16 - November 4, 2007
 * 7) November 5 - November 15, 2007
 * 8) November 16 - December 1, 2007
 * 9) December 3 - December 12, 2007
 * 10) December 22, 2007 - January 13, 2008
 * 11) January 11 - January 23, 2008
 * 12) January 24 - February 13, 2008
 * 13) January 13 - January 26, 2008
 * 14) March 2 - March 17, 2008
 * 15) March 17 - March 23, 2008

title: User talk:Mike.lifeguard/Archives


text: User talk:216.194.119.85

title: User talk:216.194.119.85


text:
User talk:Cesar.arze

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title: User talk:Cesar.arze


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User talk:118.71.151.104

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 00:29, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:118.71.151.104


text:
User talk:85.74.45.239

Join Us!
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title: User talk:85.74.45.239


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User talk:Technosaurus~enwikibooks

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Welcome, Technosaurus!

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Technosaurus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Technosaurus~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:49, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Technosaurus~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:90.50.239.204

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title: User talk:90.50.239.204


text:
Introduction to Crochet/Baby blanket

Every baby needs something handmade. So for a beginning crocheter, why not create a blanket? A blanket doesn't actually have to fit anything and is easy to make.

Materials

 * 4mm hook (U.S. size G)
 * 4mm hook (U.S. size G)

title: Introduction to Crochet/Baby blanket


text:
Introduction to Crochet/Bead crochet assortment

Materials

 * yarn
 * desired beads
 * crocheting needles


text: User talk:124.125.24.177

title: User talk:124.125.24.177


text:
User talk:190.78.37.219

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title: User talk:190.78.37.219


text:
User:SPat

I am a college freshman from India. In real life: Shreyas Patankar

I call myself a student of Math and Physics. My interests include Functional Analysis, Topology, Linear Algebra, Theoretical and Mathematical Physics.

Books that I have worked on:
 * Topology
 * Real Analysis

To do: Hey hi there!
 * Mathematical methods of Physics
 * Green's functions
 * Vector Spaces
 * Complex Analysis
 * Real analysis
 * L'Hôpital's Rules
 * Line and surface integrals
 * Linear Algebra
 * Measure Theory
 * Riesz' representation theorem
 * L^p spaces
 * Complex measures
 * Radon-Nikodym theorem

I believe that Wikibooks and Wikiversity have the potential to start the next big revolution in education.

Hi
'''My name is Shubham. I am just done with my tenth grade. I too want to perceive a career in physics, to be more specific, Astrophysics. In which college do you study Physics?''' Joined: 3/30/2008

title: User:SPat


text:
Talk:Topology/Bases

I have added a new problem, but it is not looking good as I don't know how to adjust the paragraph etc. settings. Could anyone put it right?

SPat (talk) 06:02, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Problem sorted

SPat (talk) 02:19, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Conditions for Being a Base
I have deleted the proof from this section. To be proven is an equivalence, but only an implication in one direction is shown. Also, the fact that $$\mathcal{B}\not\subseteq U$$ (since $$U\in \mathcal{T}\supseteq\mathcal{B}$$) clearly falsifies the proof.

This might be a minor error, but somebody definitely needs to go over it and check. It's removed for now.

Proof:

Let $$U$$ be any open set. Consider any element $$x\in U$$. There is an open set within $$\mathcal{B}\subseteq U$$. The union of all of them is $$U$$. Thus, any open set can be formed as a union of sets within $$\mathcal{B}$$.

--Jerome Baum (talk) 18:43, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * EDIT: Substitute "clearly falsifies the proof" with "presents a formal error" -- it's probably just a typo but I don't have the head to correct it right now. --Jerome Baum (talk) 18:46, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * ✅ JoergenB (discuss • contribs) 17:33, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Topology/Bases


text:
User talk:SPat

Welcome message
Welcome, SPat!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Webaware talk 06:33, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Topology/Bases
G'day, please check now to see if I caught what you wanted. If not, can you be a little more specific? cheers, Webaware talk 07:17, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * G'day again, I've set those two lines as separate lines, still indented as part of the "problems" list now. With a list, normally you have each item as a paragraph, with sub-items indented further and optionally numbered or bulleted. For your requirements, you need to add a little HTML to break the lines without either starting another list item or starting a new paragraph (external to the list). The HTML for a line break is:   . cheers, Webaware talk 08:03, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Re:Math Bookshelf
Don't worry about the late reply, we aren't on a timeline here! If you go to the page Subject:Mathematics, You will see a list of math books, a list of sub-topics, etc. If you notice, the list of books here is very large, but the number of sub-topics is very small. I think that we can create several sub-pages under mathematics for things like "calculus", "algebra", "geometry", "topology", etc. If you give me a list of all the sub-pages you want to see, I can make them for you. I hope this helps. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 16:39, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The difference between bookshelves and subject pages, at least the two major differences, are the location of the pages themselves and the method in which the pages are kept up-to-date. A bookshelf is a manually-edited list, while subject pages are typically dynamically updated based on categories. I would think that the method of topic/subtopic would be more familar to Windows users, following an obvious folder/subfolder scheme. However, there are more then one way to do it, and I want to point out now that you don't need to follow the pattern that other pages use. You can easily add all the algebra books under an "Algebra" subheading, instead of in a subtopic. Using the template, this becomes particularly easy to do. And the benefit is, of course, that once you create the subject page as you think it should be, the lists will update automatically when new books are added to the appropriate categories.
 * Either way, the next step is clear: We need to figure out what sub-categories to have, and which of our existing books belong in which categories. Here is one possible scheme, based on the current mathematics bookshelf layout:
 * Basic Math ("Arithmetic"?)
 * Algebra
 * Geometry
 * Discrete Math
 * Calculus and Trigonometry
 * Statistics and Probability
 * Analysis
 * Topology
 * Number Theory
 * Applied Mathematics
 * I'm sure this list needs some modifications. I put calculus and trig together because I don't feel like we are going to have too many trig books and a 1-book section is probably not great. Actually, when I learned trig in highschool it was part of an Algebra course. Let me know what you think of all this. Once we have a plan for organizing, we can work out the details on presentation (and there are a lot of options and possible details to play with!) --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 14:43, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Breaking books up by reading level is easy, we could use the template to mark books according to their level of material. This could easily be done in addition to breaking books up by subject, and then we can take the intersection of different categories and reading levels to produce lists of age-appropriate books on different levels. I have my doubts that breaking up by level is going to be sufficient, I would also like to explore a subtopic-based organization scheme too. Luckily for us, we can easily have both schemes operating in parallel. My internet access is limited until sunday night or monday, so I can start laying some groundwork on it then. After that, it's a matter of tweaking details to suit our particular needs. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 14:10, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Re:Real Analysis
There are a few templates that you could use, I've prepared a little list of them here: User:Whiteknight/Template Cheatsheet. For this book, you could use, or , or something similar. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 16:54, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Spat
Dear Spat,

You added a section on exercises in Wikibooks. You gave precisely one exercise in this section. That exercise was to verify that a connected space is always locally connected. This is completely incorrect. The comb space (see the page I created on the comb space in Wikipedia), and the topologist's sine curve, are both examples of connected spaces which are not locally connected. Also see the page I created on Locally connected space in Wikipedia. In future, please check what you have written before submitting it.

Topology Expert (talk) 14:43, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Note that I am a wikipedia user and not a wikibook user. Please see my page to go to the links I have suggested.

Topology Expert (talk) 14:44, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Dear Spat:

Your exercises in the section on the 'separation axioms' are far too easy. It is great that you included exercises though! Of course, I will build on them but please don't give too easy exercises for it can be boring for the reader (for example, it is obvious that if a space is T_1 it is T_0 and if it is T_2 it is T_1 etc...). You don't need to give these sorts of problems as exercises. A more challenging excercise (challenging compared to yours but not too difficult):

1. a) Prove that a finite point set is Hausdorff (T_2) if and only if it has the discrete topology. b) Conclude that a finite point set is metrizable (under a given topology) if and only if its topology is induced by the discrete metric.

This could serve as a first exercise. This can of course be applied to show that every finite Hausdorff space is totally disconnected, a finite space can be imbedded in R if and only if it has the discrete topology etc.... Of course the applications of the theorems could also be given as exercises. This are more interesting exercises and you probably agree. As I said, your exercises are good but please see the exercises in the section on the comb space. They do challenge the reader and I am suggesting that you try to make your excercises like them (or at least as challenging). I see that you have done good work on Wikibooks though so keep it up!

Topology Expert (talk) 09:45, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Dear Spat,

I have had a look at the real analysis Wikibook but I will have a better look later. The book looks good overall. I am thinking that in Wikibooks, we want the reader to learn as much as possible and I think that perhaps you may wish to leave more proofs as exercises (but give hints). If you have a look at the topology wikibook (particularly the page on the /Induced homomorphism/ and the /Perfect map/), you may find that I have done it this way. But of course, we all have different ways of writing so I don't think there is anything wrong with that. If you have experience with LaTex, then perhaps you may be able to correct some mathematical notation on the pages I created in topology wikibooks (if you have time). Good work overall though!

Topology Expert (talk) 12:45, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Dear Spat,

Unless Wikibooks have the same number of chapters (and sections) as the book by Munkres, it is unlikely that anyone will understand the section on the fundamental group by reading Wikibooks. However, the fundamental group has a relationship to connectedness and local connectedness so that is why I am adding these sections. Perhaps the general reader should refer to the book on group theory before reading the book on algebraic topology so the prerequisite of group theory isn't a problem.

I will give my opinions soon.

Topology Expert (talk) 14:32, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Dear Spat,

Apologies for the late response. I had a better look at the section on The fundamental group and I think I somewhat agree with you. I think that perhaps the motivation in the section could be improved as can the level of explanation. On the other hand, mathematics is a subject which you have to think about; ommitting details gives the reader the opportunity to fill them in. I think it is best to split the chapter into two sections; one one covering spaces and another on the fundamental group. It is also a good idea to add exercises to this section. The following is an example of an exercise that demonstrates the kind of style that most exercises should be presented in:

1. Show that if X is homeomorphic to Y, then their corresponding fundamental groups are isomorphic (Hint: Consider the induced homomorphism)

2 (easy). Give an example of two spaces E and B such that there exists a covering map from E to B but that E and B are not homeomorphic.

I also think that it would be good to introduce the reader to fibre bundles after he/she studies covering maps. I think that the two concepts have vaguely similar definitions. Also, it would be good if there was an extra 'refreshing' section on group theory before presenting the section on the fundamental group. Anyway, I think it will be some time before the topology section in Wikibooks is bought to a decent level. Basically, there are very few people out there who actually have the time to edit topology related books; most people study group theory, number theory etc...

Topology Expert (talk) 13:55, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Vandal
Hi. I saw you warned User talk:217.65.152.2 about their edits, and I thank you for doing so. But they were already previously warned, so it would be better to contact an admin about it. I blocked them for 1 day due to prior acts of vandalisim. However, I still thank you for helping. Red4tribe (talk) 17:31, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Blocked the other one. Have you thought about asking for rollback? — Mike.lifeguard | talk 15:05, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Vanadal
Well, we could either change the name of the article to Jack London or ask someone to write some meaningful content on Emily Dickinson. Merge is always an option too.Red4tribe (talk) 16:20, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Danke
Thanks for the welcome. Jaymac407 (talk) 01:17, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Abstract Algebra
I think that this book needs a lot of work. If you could, could you work on this one? Especially the parts about polynomial rings and fields.--A (talk) 23:50, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Your message did not quite seem to be complete. Did you mean something related to analysis or topology? Regards, A (talk) 21:34, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Real analysis
Dear SPat,

The edits (and proofs) that you added to the book on real analysis look good to me although I have not read a lot. I have, however, some criticism towards the book on Riemann-Stieljes integration:

 * You wrote that the function alpha has to be strictly increasing but this is not true. Rather, the function alpha needs to be monotonically increasing (there is a difference!)

 * It would be more precise to write: let P be a partition over [a,b] and let xi belong to P for i=1 to n (rather than saying: let xi, xi-1 belong to P)

I have not read the other section in the same chapter yet.

Also, I think that the 'book on real analysis' is currently not about real analysis (if you know what I mean). Currently the book is only presenting topics pertaining to calculus (apart from very few other topics such as Riemann-Stieltjes integration and metric spaces). The sections on limits, continuity, differentiation... should be either moved to the book on calculus, or maybe generalized to operations on Banach spaces. Otherwise, the book is basically the book on calculus, re-written.

Topology Expert (talk) 11:10, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:SPat


text:
Talk:Topology/Points in Sets

I'm putting up what I think are clearer proofs to the basic results. I have tried to give proofs as close to the definitions as possible.

SPat (talk) 10:15, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Topology/Points in Sets


text:
User:Lakaoso

I enjoy learning languages. I especially like the constructed language Ido. Me prizas lernar lingui. Specale me prizas ed suportas la helpolinguo Ido.

title: User:Lakaoso


text:
Ido/Lesson III4

La Universo

 * La universo esas la maxim granda misterio. The universe is the greatest mystery.
 * Ol es infinita, sen-fina, e sen-limita. It is infinite, un-ending, and without limit.

title: Ido/Lesson III4


text:
Ido/Authors

Lakaoso - many excerpts and examples also come from the book Ido For All.

title: Ido/Authors


text: Ido/Lesson I7

title: Ido/Lesson I7


text: Ido/Lesson I3

title: Ido/Lesson I3


text: Ido/Lesson III1

title: Ido/Lesson III1


text:
User talk:Lakaoso

Welcome, Lakaoso!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs ) 15:00, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lakaoso


text: Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/The GIMP/Introduction/Adobe Photoshop


text:
User talk:74.242.102.206

Join Us!
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title: User talk:74.242.102.206


text:
User talk:Dioriginalgodsandmyths

Welcome!
Welcome, Dioriginalgodsandmyths!

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title: User talk:Dioriginalgodsandmyths


text:
User talk:Hendrik Boom

Welcome!
Welcome, Hendrik Boom!

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.--Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:34, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hendrik Boom