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User talk:Willscrlt

Sig
You may have realised by now but you need to fix your sig! Cheers -- Herby talk thyme 10:23, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
 * No problem - if you stacked my mistakes up I wouldn't be able to see over  -- Herby talk thyme 12:34, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

A nice cup of tea
Thanks for the comment. Actually, the original article, which didn't read like a recipe, was mostly my work (with, of course, a lot of help from George Orwell!). Someone replaced it with what you found. It was awful, wasn't it, but I didn't want to change it back because after all this is a collaborative site and if that's what people want ... If it isn't, someone else will come along and change it back. Which you've more than done.

Your article looks OK to me but I'm less of a stickler for standardised formats than some of the people around here, and I also prefer more discursive articles to fixed recipes, giving people the basic knowledge to go out and discover things for themselves. I've never really got into green tea, for example, and on the basis of your comments, may give it another go. Redlentil (talk) 08:54, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Bartending and
Your cleanup work is looking great; thanks for the help. When you use, please keep the reason short (a few words) and don't add your sig. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:17, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

First, thank you for helping me clean up all that stuff. I noticed in the logs you were the person doing all the grunt work. I was going to send you a thank you before logging off, but you beat me too it. :-) Especially think you for the Talk:Bartending/Alcohol/Wine merge help.

Secondly, sorry about going overboard on he delete comments. I don't know all the buzzwords for speedy delete here, so I figured it was better to just explain why it was an obvious SD even if it didn't exactly fit neatly into a specific SD policy (or perhaps fit into several). Since I contribute on several Foundation sites (mostly the English versions of Wikipedia, Commons, and once again here), it gets hard for me to remember every site's particular nuances when it comes to that sort of thing. I basically act boldly (but not recklessly) until someone slaps me for something, and then I try to learn. So, I will try to do better here and won't use my signature. Do you have suggested verbiage for the types of delete requests I have been making? In a big project like this, I kind of become a human bot, and just replicate my actions as much as possible to avoid burning out brain cells. Some stock request comments would make it easier than coming up with new ones each time. This will be even more important when I delve into the cruft littering the cocktail recipes area. And after all that is cleaned up, I will need some help transwikiing a lot of stuff over from Wikipedia into Bartending Guide here, and then linking the two sites together better. The second part should be easy, but the transwikiing part I'm still a little tentative on. Maybe I can ask for a little assistance from you when I get to that point? Thanks again! -- Will  scrlt ( Talk ) 17:30, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The default delete reasons are listed at MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown - anything there would be fine. For bringing stuff over from WP, you'll want to make a request at WB:RFI listing the pages you want transwikied. And you can always ask me or another admin if you get stuck. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:38, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for both pieces of info. As to Bartending/Alcohol/Vodka reading like a Wikipedia article... I'm not really into the cleanup and improvement phase yet. I'm just trying to get everything reorganized first. I noticed that Cookbook:Vodka was a double-redirect, so I pulled that one section out of the larger article. I tried massaging the info a bit to be a bit more narrative, but, yes, it still sucks. :-) I'm trying to formulate a more standard layout for the various articles, but until I see for sure what all is there, it's pretty hard. I thought there was a lot more bartending info, but mostly it looks like a Wikipedia dumping ground (which I already knew from being on the Wikipedia side where everyone else's mantra is "Wikipedia is NOT a recipe book... dump it onto Wikibooks!"). My goal is to change that. I want to get the Wikipedia articles to have good in-depth information about notable drinks, and I want a variety of classic and modern drinks that are typically ordered in bars to be listed here. Fill these articles with some fun factoids that bartenders could share with customers, a little history if it's significant, and some common variations (not every possible variation under the sun!), and tips on preparation and presentation. You know, the stuff a beginning bartender might want to know. All the rest of the cruft can be dumped on 1001cocktails.com or someplace that readily accepts every drink and variation known to man. Dunno if I will ever finish or not, but it's a goal. :-) It took me 3 months to get Wikipedia whipped into a lot better shape, and 1.5 years later, the effects are still visible (which makes me happy). I would appreciate it if you don't tag every article with a "needs improvement" badge, though. The whole dang book needs improvement, and that's what I'm trying to do. Once we get some decent articles, then we can start tagging the worst ones. Ok? :-) Also, I don't want this to remain a one-man show forever. Since the book has had basically no work done on it for months (except transwiki dumping), I figured it was time to rebuild the framework, and then once that's in place, try to drum up some help to improve and add content within that framework. That's what worked at Wikipedia, and hopefully it will work here, too. I still can't get over the radically slower pace around here, though. It's much more peaceful and comfortable here. I really like it! I'm just telling you all this so you understand my motivations and methods. I'm not a flake, though things are stirring in my offline life that may keep me away for a while (family health issues that could require a lot of back and forth distant travel). But once the real world settles down again, I'll pick right back up and keep on editing. I just want to get as much done as I can before I get called away. That's another reason I appreciate your help with the speedy deletes. Have a good weekend! -- Will  scrlt ( Talk ) 19:57, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * If you think cleanup tags aren't helpful, consider that the last :) I find it is helpful though when you have more than one person working as you can point and say "There!"
 * Generally we're much more laid-back here & it's a tight-knit (small) community. I just couldn't work at Wikipedia, which is how I ended up here. Sorry to hear about that news; I hope everything works out for the best. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 20:41, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Right now, in that particular book, no... not really helpful. Once we get things sorted out, then yes. Do you use article assessments here like on Wikipedia? You know, where a page is stub, start, B, A, GA, FA, etc.? I know you have featured books, and since this is a book-oriented site, page-specific stuff might not usually be helpful. However, I think that for a sprawling project like this one, it would be helpful. If there isn't such a tool here, what do you think about me starting one? It would go on the talk pages, just like at Wikipedia--keeping it out of the main content. I could certainly keep it project-only, but if anyone else would find it useful, then maybe it should be offered to all and used by those who want it, and ignored by most everyone else. Anyway, I'm signing off for the day. TTFN. -- Will  scrlt  ( Talk ) 21:26, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * No, we don't use assessments like that. Hopefully we will get FlaggedRevs soon (though there is a surprising lack of interest in it) which will be used for that sort of thing. However manual assessments like that are not worth doing. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 22:44, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Willscrlt


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Cookbook:Graham Cracker

Graham crackers were originally conceived as a "health food" made from whole wheat (specifically, Graham flour), but have since entered the cuisine of the USA as a basic biscuit often made from highly refined flour with added sugar or honey.

Graham crackers are often used as an easy source of whole wheat for a recipe, by crushing for use in baked foods. They are a bit similar to the UK's digestive biscuits and Australia's whole wheat biscuits, or "wheatens".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook:Graham Cracker


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Cookbook:Graham Flour

| Flour

Graham flour is a type of flour made from wheat in accordance with the designs of American religious minister Sylvester Graham. It is a special variation of whole wheat flour, made by mixing finely milled white flour with coarsely milled bran and wheatgerm, in the proportions that they would be found in a whole wheat berry.

Rather than simply grinding the whole grain wheat kernel (bran, germ, and endosperm), in graham flour the components are ground separately. The endosperm is ground finely, initially creating white flour. The bran and germ are ground coarsely. The two parts are then mixed back together, creating a coarse-textured flour that bakes and keeps well. Graham flour is used to make graham crackers and pie crusts, among other things.

Graham flour is not available in all countries. A fully correct substitute for it would be a mix of white flour, wheat bran, and wheat germ in the ratio found in whole wheat. Wheat comprises approximately 83% endosperm, 14.5% bran, and 2.5% germ by mass[1]. For sifted all-purpose white flour, wheat bran, and wheat germ having densities of 125, 50, and 80 grams/cup, respectively, one cup of graham flour is approximately equivalent to 84 g (~2/3 cup) white flour, 15 g (slightly less than 1/3 cup) wheat bran, and 2.5 g (1.5 teaspoons) wheat germ.

Plain whole wheat flour can also be used as a substitute in recipes, but the texture of the resulting baked goods will be different than if graham flour had been used.

Graham flour was the original flour used to make Graham crackers, but modern versions use highly refined flours and cane sugar or honey instead.

title: Cookbook:Graham Flour


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Wikibooks:WikiProject Bartending

WikiProject Bartending oversees the ongoing maintenance and improvement of the Wikibooks Bartending Guide. Anyone interested in the topic is encouraged to join the WikiProject. You don't have to join to edit the Guide, but we find it helpful to work together to accomplish more and avoid wasting efforts.

On April 12, 2006, some Wikipedians formed a project currently known as the WikiProject Mixed Drinks. The goal of the Project is to better organize information in articles related to both alcoholic and non-alcoholic mixed drinks and the drinkware associated with such beverages. On January 25, 2007, the WikiProject was expanded to WikiBooks as the Bartending WikiProject. The goal is much the same as on Wikipedia, but focusing on continued development and enhancement of the Wikibooks Bartending Guide and transwiki coordination between the two peer WikiProjects.

This page and its various sub-pages contain many goals, guidelines, suggestions, and observations made by Project Participants and others interested in bartending. You do not have to be a professional bartender or a skilled mixologist to participate or edit the Bartending Guide. It is hoped that this Project will help to focus the efforts of other editors as we all work to improve and expand the Wikibooks and its sister projects. For more information on WikiProjects in general, please refer to WikiProject, Wikipedia:WikiProject, and Wikipedia:WikiProject best practices.

If this topic interests you, we would love your help. Add your name to the list of participants, and introduce yourself on the talk page.

To help, whether you become a Participant or not, please see our To-Do List for the list of things that Project Participants have identified as needing to be done. Thank you in advance for any assistance you provide in helping make Wikibooks a better place for everyone.

Wikibooks Bartending WikiProject
Reorganizing the Cocktails Glossary into linked subpages with headers for easier interwiki linking and maintenance.  Will  scrlt ( Talk ) 18:56, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

New WikiProject

 * Posted by Willscrlt 14:24, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

In an effort to help improve communications between the English Wikipedia and the English WikiBooks on the related topics of mixed drinks and bartending, I have, in a manner of speaking, transwikied this WikiProject over from Wikipedia to here. It is not meant to replace or interfere with the fine work already in created by editors here, but to serve as a common place to plan, communicate, and share information back and forth. If you edit the Bartending Guide, please become a Project Participant.

Scope
This WikiProject strives to develop a comprehensive Bartending Guide, covering both the basics and the finer points of the bartending industry, including mixology. It is concerned with the occupational and practical applications of information, more than the collection of encyclopedic information found at Wikipedia.

On-topic information

 * Topics related to the bartending profession that answer the basic "Who?", "What?", "Where?", "When?", "How?", and "How much?" questions people interested in becoming bartenders are likely to ask.
 * Job and customer service skills bartenders should know.
 * Things related to mixed drinks (cocktails, liquors, beers, wines, non-alcoholic bar beverages, mixers, bar tools, drinkware, garnishes, supplies, etc.)
 * Recipes for making all the standard mixed drinks patrons are likely to request (see the list of International Bartender Association Official Cocktails for a minimum starting point).
 * "Tips from the trenches" that experienced bartenders feel are important, but not always obvious, for novice and hobbiest bartenders to understand.
 * Drinking culture and responsibilities of which bartenders should be aware.

Off-target information

 * In-depth, encyclopedic information about specific topics (drinks, tools, drinkware, etc.), especially that focusing on the history of the drink; its significance and notability. A one to two paragraph synopsis of the background of the topic is generally adequate, and the Wikipedia article can be listed as an additional source of information.
 * Biographies of bartenders and drinkers in general, unless they are short and illustrative or uniquely important to the history of bartending or a related topic. A table of prominent people could be added at the end of the article linking to Wikipedia biographies.
 * Places, including specific bars, unless they are short and illustrative or uniquely important to the history of bartending or a related topic. A table of prominent places could be added at the end of the article linking to Wikipedia articles.
 * Drinking games, which are well-covered on Wikipedia.
 * Fictional beverages of any type, except to possibly alert bartenders that such drinks do not really exist.

Hierarchy of projects
Wikipedia WikiProject Culture
 * → Wikipedia WikiProject Food and Drink
 * → Wikipedia Bartending task force
 * → WikiBooks Bartending WikiProject
 * → Wikimedia Commons WikiProject Food and Beverage

Related WikiBooks projects
None known at this time.

Related Wikipedia projects

 * The Wikipedia Bartending task force is the primary point of trans-Wiki interaction between this WikiProject and Wikipedia.

 * Other closely related projects:

Related areas in sister projects

 * Commons Bartending
 * Wictionary Bartending

Priority
The highest priority is given to general informational articles on the topics of mixed drinks and the various lists of mixed drinks the Project maintains. Secondary priority is given to highly notable drinks, such as the IBA Official Cocktails, which are popular worldwide, along with the drinkware used with such drinks. Also at that priority are articles that do not focus on drinks directly, but expand into people and places notable for their contributions to or connections with mixed drinks. Third priority is given to less notable drinks, drinkware, people, and places. While at a relatively lower priority, the workload is high, because these articles usually require additional investigation to determine if there is enough information to justify an entire article, or if the article should be combined with another topic, only listed in passing on one of the mixed drink lists, or omitted entirely.

Hierarchy
We use the following structure and hierarchy of pages within the Bartending book. It is our intention to keep the book wide, rather than deep. In other words, pages should rarely be more than three levels away from the root of the book (Bartending/), and should never be deeper than five levels (Bartending/2/3/4/5). Module and page names should be as short as possible while still clearly communicating the topic. In many cases, the full name of the topic can be deduced easily from the full name ("Bartending/Drinkware/Beer" is preferred to "Bartending/Drinkware/Beer glasses, mugs, and steins"). The shorter names help both when typing names manually, and when locating articles from within categories.

Commonly used modules include Bartending/Alcohol (types of alcohol, not specific drinks), Bartending/Cocktails (alcoholic beverages), Bartending/Beverages (non-alcoholic beverages), Bartending/Drinkware, Bartending/Equipment, Bartending/Garnishes, Bartending/Intro, Bartending/Mixers, Bartending/Reference, and Bartending/Work.

Please view the complete hierarchy of modules for suggestions on where to properly place various article topics within the hierarchy.

Structure
Ideally, each Project-related article should include much or all of the following information: one or more photographs representative of the drink; suggestions for when and how the drink is commonly enjoyed (e.g., special occasions, after work, at sporting events, etc.); popularity and distribution of the drink worldwide; interesting (sourced) bits of trivia related to the drink; a list of ingredients and briefly the methods used to properly prepare, mix, and serve the drinks; the origin and history of each drink, including the (sourced) creator and date of creation; the mixed drink supplies (including drinkware) used to prepare the drinks; and anything else (sourced) that enhances the reader's understanding of the drink.

New pages
Please feel free to list your new mixed drink or drinkware related pages here (newer articles at the top, please).

 * None listed at this time. Why not add one?

Projects
Some Project Participants may enjoy working on special projects. One such special project is taking good-quality photographs (original works that are freely licensed) of the various drinks listed. Another special project is temporarily adopting one stub and becoming a super sleuth, tracking down as much information as possible about a drink, writing a good article, and documenting all sources used within the article. See Special Projects below for more information.

Ongoing Projects

 * Fill-in all sections of the Bartending Guide
 * Cross-referencing cocktails, beer cocktails, and wine cocktails by liquor used as well as alphabetical by drink.
 * Alphabetical lists are better handled by creating a category and tagging all related articles with the category tag. Manual lists have to be constantly maintained or the list becomes quickly outdated. Categories are self-generating. I see the same is already being done with some of the liquors. --Willscrlt 04:05, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Creating a useful list of reference guides.

Special Projects
The following names are informal, but designed to be fun. You can participate in any or all of the projects. If you like, you can add the special project designation after your name in the Participants list above.
 * BUILDER: Construct a usable Infobox template, other templates, userboxes, etc. for use by the Project and its Participants.
 * CATEGORIZER: Tag all Project articles with appropriate tags so the articles are listed in the appropriate categories.
 * DETECTIVE: Temporarily adopting one stub or creating a new article and becoming a super sleuth, tracking down as much information as possible about a drink, writing a good article, and documenting all sources used within the article. Of course, everyone else can still edit an adopted article, and you can work on other things too, but the idea is to find a focus for a while, to try and build up the number of quality articles the Project has produced.
 * IDENTIFIER: Tag all Project articles' talk pages with the Project banner. Tag articles that do not meet the Project's standards for length and quality as stubs. Tag unreferenced statements for follow-up by Project Detectives.
 * PHOTOGRAPHER: Take good-quality photographs (original works that are GFDL licensed) of the various drinks listed.
 * RENAMER: Rename all project articles to match the type of mixed drink: Name (cocktail) (which includes cocktail shooters; must be made primarily with distilled alcohols), Name (mixed drink) (which includes cocktail-like drinks that are not made primarily with distilled alcohols), and Name (beverage) (for non-alcoholic drinks and soft drink mixers).

Infoboxes
Coming soon

Userboxes
Coming soon

Templates
Special templates will soon be created for use by Project Participants and other Wikipedians.

title: Wikibooks:WikiProject Bartending


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Wikibooks:WikiProject Bartending/Participants

==WikiBooks Bartending WikiProject Participants== ''This list is transcluded from our Participants list. Add your name there if you want to help.''

Thank You!
Thank you for adding your name to the list of people helping to improve the WikiBooks Bartending Guide. No matter how little or much you help, every edit that improves WikiBooks is appreciated and helps lighten the workload of the other editors. More importantly, it improves the quality and breadth of the English WikiBooks and its sister projects.

There are no special rules, regulations, or commitments required to join this WikiProject as a Participant, other than the policies and guidelines that apply to all editors. This is because a WikiProject is not a club or membership organization. It is a group of people interested in a particular topic that agree to work together within the WikiBooks framework to improve modules. The WikiProject helps to focus the activities of the group to improve efficiency. You are not required to work a certain amount of time, but obviously the more time you can offer, the faster the Project will meet its goals.

Feel free to add any special project designations and special interests after your name. If you are involved with mixed drinks professionally (bartender, bar owner, food and beverage manager, etc.), please indicate that, too.

After adding your name, please introduce yourself on the Participants talk page.

Participants list

 * Very active

 * : Founder, Builder, Categorizer, Identifier, Renamer

 * Active

 * : List your details here.
 * : Bartender, Mixologist, Scotch Whisky Appreciator, Contributor
 * : Bartender, Mixologist, Beverage Consultant, BAR 5-Day Bar-Ready

 * Occasionally active

 * Nobody at this time.

 * Taking a break

 * Nobody at this time.

 * Formerly active

 * Nobody at this time.


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Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Bartending

Welcome
Hello. This page is for discussing matters related to the Bartending WikiProject here at WikiBooks. Please feel free to add a new section and start discussing things. Thanks!

title: Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Bartending


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User talk:204.122.253.240

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 15:02, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:204.122.253.240


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Talk:Financial Modelling in Microsoft Excel/Analysis

the link http://www.actuaries.asn.au/PublicSite/%20pdf/fsfpaper2004-jasminandlee.pdf is dead. is there another copy of the paper available on the net?

Yes, it is: http://www.actuaries.asn.au/IAA/upload/public/fsfpaper2004-jasminandlee.pdf


text: User talk:82.42.237.84

title: User talk:82.42.237.84


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ERP Internals/Glossary/Backflush

Removing all components and sub-components from Inventory when a product is produced.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Backflush


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ERP Internals/Modules/Systems Administration/Functions

Systems Administration has the following functions:
 * Display Status
 * Create a new company
 * Modify Company Information
 * Maintain User
 * Maintain User Access
 * Check Data Integrity
 * Backup Database
 * Restore Database
 * Maintain Module Information

Systems Administration/Functions


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Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/User Preferences Windows

In this module, we'll take a closer look at the Blender Preferences window.

Accessing Blender Preferences
To open the Blender Preferences window click Edit → Preferences...

In Blender 2.79, you will find it under File → User Preferences...

Configuring Your Preferences
In order to get to modeling and rendering sooner, this tutorial will cover only a few of the many user-settable preferences.

If you ever need to restore Blender to its factory settings, click File → Defaults → Load Factory Settings

Save & Load → Auto Save
As the name suggests, Auto Save automatically saves the current .blend after a specified period of time. You can turn this on and off using the checkbox labelled "Auto Save". You can also adjust the amount of time between each save, by adjusting the "Timer (Minutes)" field.

System → Undo Steps
By default, Blender remembers your last 32 actions and allows you to undo them one at a time by either pressing or by selecting a frame under Edit → Undo History. However, you can change the number of Undo Steps stored to remember more or less actions, in case you want to conserve memory or simply stay on the safe side. You can also use the Undo Memory Limit slider to specify the amount of RAM (in megabytes) used for storing the undo levels. In case you're not too worried about memory, you can set the Undo Memory Limit field to 0 to remove the memory limit.

Input → Numpad Emulation
Blender uses numberpad keys (such as ) to control the 3D View and ordinary numeral keys (such as ) to change layers. If you are working on a laptop or if you find the numberpad inconvenient, you can select Emulate Numpad to reassign the 3D View controls to the ordinary numeral keys.

Input → Emulate 3 Button Mouse
Blender makes significant use of all three buttons on a standard computer mouse. If you do not have a mouse with three buttons, enabling this setting will let you perform -related actions with

Keymap
In Blender 2.79 and earlier, Blender used right click for selection. However, in Blender 2.8, this was changed to left click on default, along with some changes to keyboard shortcuts for efficiency. To stay compatible with different users' preferences, three keymap presets are provided on installation: "Blender", the new default keymap, "Blender 27x", which includes very few changes compared to earlier versions, and "Industry Compatible", designed to be used by those coming from other 3D software, such as Maya and ZBrush

Since much of this book was written before the 2.8 update came out, you may find pages that still use the old "right click to select" option, along with some outdated keybinds. If you're following a lot of tutorials for Blender 2.79 or earlier, you can go into Keymap and select Blender 27x under the presets list. You can always switch back if needed.

Additional Resources

 * The Blender manual pages on Preferences
 * The tutorial on Non-standard Equipment describes other workarounds for numpad issues.


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Template:Miskito/Chapter

Chapter name template for Miskito language course Miskito/
 * parameter 1: codename (used for naming the page)
 * parameter 2: name (to show in table of contents)
 * parameter 3: items covered

title: Template:Miskito/Chapter


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Video Production/Tutorial on using auto gordian knot

Requirements
Auto Gordian Knot Full Package - http://www.autogk.me.uk/modules.php?name=Downloads

Xvid codec - http://www.koepi.org/xvid.shtml [download and install latest stable binary]

Ac3 codec - http://www.softpedia.com/get/Multimedia/Video/Codec-Packs-Video-Codecs/AC3-ACM-Decompressor.shtml

Method
Put a DVD in your DVD drive.

Open Auto Gordian Knot

Step One.

Open the IFO file of your DVD this is a small file which has information about which of the data VOB files to open to encode. There may be more than one on your DVD. If the DVD is one long film it is likely that the IFO file you want will be called something like xx_01_0.IFO. If you are not sure you can use the Preview button to check you have the correct film from the DVD

Step Two

1) If your DVD has more than one language audio on it you should choose the appropriate one from the list.

2) You can also include subtitle tracks in the end avi file too. If you want to do that select a language from the list.

Step Three

1) Select how big you want the end file to be. There are three ways of doing this we are going to select the Custom file size option.

2) If it is a full 90 minute film then select 700MB. If you have a 10 minute film then select 100M - a guideline of 8-10 M per minute should give good results.

3) Then click on Add Job.

4) Now click Start.

This will probably take a long time. Encoding is quite intense on your computer's abilities so don't be surprised if it is an overnight job for a full film.


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Animal Behavior/Bird Song

Bird Song
The view of the brain as a tabula rasa, a blank slate, all too long a basis for the thinking of learning theorists, is patently absurd—Peter Marler, 1996

Birds communicate information about danger, food, sex, group movements and many other purposes via acoustic signals. A subset of these have been termed song, as they frequently feature with extended, tonal, melodic characteristics. The Zebra Finch's song, for instance, includes several introductory notes followed by a string of syllables within an extended melodious pattern. Sonograms (i.e., a plot of the intensity of pitch against time) are commonly used as a primary tool for studying and comparing bird songs.

Respiratory muscles force streams of air from large air sacs through the bronchi. Membranes in the syrinx vibrate as air expressed from bronchi passes over them. Syrinx muscles for left and right sound producing structures can act independently, and many birds are able to sing harmonies with themselves. Song appears to play a role in advertising for sex and species recognition as song complexity frequently coincides with the presence of ornate plumage. It also stimulates and synchronizes courtship behavior, stimulates reproductive readiness in females, and contributes to pair bond maintenance. Local song dialects exist in many species.

Successful song in most adult male songbirds depends on memorizing the calls of a conspecific tutor during an earlier, sensitive phase in life. The appropriate song repertoire is acquired in a series of distinct stages. Young birds, during an early Sensory Phase, listen to a conspecific tutor and thereby obtain information about the characteristics of its own song. Only a very specific subset of surrounding songs is actually accepted as suitable, suggesting the presence of an in-built song template. Following this sensory phase, young birds actively begin to vocalize themselves. Their Subsong is an atonal, noisy, meaningless repetition of sounds, which lacks recognizable syllables. Akin to human Babbling birds practice coordinated movements of the respiratory system, sound producing organs, and related structures (e.g., tongue). During Sensory-motor Phase, young birds spontaneously produce Plastic Song, consisting of vocalizations with distinct syllables and recognizable elements. Such "work in progress" will include elements from the song of tutors and elaborate them into a variety of syllables and phrases that even exceed what eventually will be used in its adult song. The ability to hear its own vocalizations are critical for normal development. In transition to the Mature phase, birds adopt a Crystallized Song with syllables and syntax structure that is characteristic of its species. Once established, these song patterns remain fixed in many species, are no more disrupted by deafening, and are presented intact during each subsequent breeding season. In contrast open-ended learners (e.g. starlings and canaries) retain the capacity to adjust or alter their song throughout life.

Song production is under the control of multiple hormonal systems from embryonic gonads. Injections of testosterone induce adult males to sing, even out of season, while similar injections in females have no such effect. The presence of estrogen during male development appears to be essential. When estrogen is blocked experimentally in developing males, testosterone injections fail to elicit song. However, when estrogen had been delivered to developing females, injection of testosterone elicited song in them.

Several neural centers with a role in song have been identified. The Higher Vocal Center (HVc) is a group of neurons in the forebrain that is larger in (singing) males than in (non-singing) females. Damage to it blocks song production in adults. The nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) in males is larger than in females and its neurons increase in size and dendritic arborization during song learning. Damage to this area blocks song production in adults. The lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN) is neither sexually dimorphic nor shows seasonal change in neuron size or number. Its ablation in young birds interferes with song acquisition but its ablation in adults brings about few deficits as long as song had already been been learned prior to damage. Area X of the paraolfactory lobe (Area X) is sexually dimorphic and new neurons are added in song learning. Damage to it interferes with song acquisition in young birds but not in adults.

Zebra Finch Song and Tinbergen's Four Aims
As in every behavioral system, a series of independent questions can be addressed for song behavior in Zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata).

Proximate Causation: Zebra finch song production requires the flow of air through semi-independent vibrators in syrinx and vocal tract. The presence of song, and song repertoire size are reflected in sexual dimorphism of its controlling brain areas and nuclei. A learning pathway esists separate of a motor pathway. Singing, which is largely restricted to males, is under the control of androgens.

Ultimate Causation: Song in Zebra finches is a learned vocalization used during courtship and defense of a territory. Advertising the individual's presence it serves to elicit mating opportunities from females and to stimulate the partner's reproductive behavior and physiology. Moreover, it functions to claim a territory and to repel competitors from it.

Phylogeny: Virtually all 9000 species of birds have the ability to vocalize, including crows, turkeys, owls or nightingales. A large subset of them, including the zebra finch, are characterized by complex vocal organs, distinctive brain circuitry for song, and acquisition of species-characteristic vocalizations through learning. Taxonomically these are all restricted to a single order - the Passeriformes.

Ontogeny: The emergence of adult zebra finch song illustrates the interactions of genetic and environmental factors in behavioral development. After periods of listening to the songs of tutors, starting its own partial vocalizations, rehearsing and adaptating its own song, the species-specific adult version slowly emerges. Song circuits exhibit extensive plasticity even in adults with ongoing neurogenesis and seasonal changes in neuronal morphology.

White-crowned Sparrows
White-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) males sing a single song that shows considerable geographic variation in the form of stable dialects. Bilingual and blended strategies exist at the boundaries. The distinctiveness of the song depends on patterns of natal dispersal and the timing of learning. Subject to reinforcement by the song of neighbors, the system is highly dependent on auditory feedback. The work by Peter Marler, Doug Nelson and others for over 30 years illustrates how genetic and environmental factors interact during the development of a complex communication system. Males generally establish territories during late plastic song with a repertoire that consists of ~4 different songs. Improvisations yield individual-specific songs which closely match that of the nearest rival. Cross-fostering experiments illustrate the role of auditory templates in song learning. Young birds reared in the presence of taped song will learn and present that song, even if the tape came from another species. A Song sparrow raised with a swamp sparrow tape will experience little difficulty to learn the swamp sparrow song. Birds in Isolation experiments are raised without access to intact adult song (i.e., no template) and will subsequently show deficiencies in their own song upon maturation. The song does nonetheless contain valid elements of intact adult song. Moreover, Deafening experiments, which deafen birds at hatching, results in song that still contains some valid elements but is an even cruder version than those of isolated birds. When Song preference experiments present young birds with a wide range of conspecific and heterospecific songs, they recognize and preferentially learn the song of its own species. Birds raised in Mixed syllables experiments in the presence of a mixture of swamp- and song sparrow syllables, will accurately produce these syllables in their song but lack the normal adult syntax.

Castration Experiments have shed light on the roles of hormones in song learning. Swamp sparrows that are castrated early in development have low testosterone levels compared to their male siblings. They acquire song but progress to plastic phase only. Treating such birds with injections of testosterone (Enhanced Testosterone Experiment) immediately crystallizes the song. Interfering with testosterone function in adult birds (Reduced Testosterone Experiment) degrades previously crystallized song back to plastic.

Brown-headed Cowbirds
Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) are gregarious birds that follows cattle herds. Brood parasites that are raised by parents of different species, no consistent, conspecific tutor available. So, how do they learn their own conspecific song? One of the strongest stimuli is the bird's own crystallized song and feedback from females is important (i.e., action-based learning).

Human Language
Humans show exceptional skill to communicate with fellow conspecific using verbal and gestural symbols. Such competence is arguably one of mankind's greatest assets as well as a key to most of our species' achievements. It brings us together with our peers and enriches us through an exchange of experiences, thoughts and value systems. It endows us with the means to acquire skills for situations that we may have never personally encountered before. A staggering range of regionally distinct languages and dialects, grouped in larger language families, not only serves as a system of communication but also tags us for membership within a specific group. In addition to bringing us together, it has thereby been at the heart of an ancient source of division. Although few things in biology ever group cleanly into one of the nature vs. nurture extremes, this particular division seems to be purely cultural. Regardless of the specific race, ethnic or regional group that we happen to have joined through birth, we all are able to acquire competence in any human language. In particular, we seem to acquire our native language without formal education, long before many of our intellectual capabilities have mnatured, and simply by immersion into the particular language environment of parents and relatives during the first few years of our life. The scientific study of the nature and structure of languages is called linguistics.

Universal Grammar
BF Skinner suggested that infants learn language through a process described as operant conditioning, namely, via the monitoring and management of reward contingencies. Skinner's position would be that a four-term contingency analysis comprised of motivating operations, discriminative stimuli, responses and reinforcing stimuli would be the means by which behavior could be explained. In children and infants this process would be expanded by what he called "shaping", "prompting" and other stimuli modeling, imitation and reinforcing procedures. Language acquisition then is a process that would take thousands of instances of such training, and this appears largely to be what takes place. Critics who do not understand the inductive power of this approach largely assert that this view now "appears quite simplistic." However, this argument to complexity is not dissimilar to arguments against Darwin's theory of natural selection. How could the amazing complexity of the animal kingdom come about through such a simple means? Surely, we would need something more complex to explain the variety of animals? Darwin's theory of selection is now accepted as such a means, despite it's "apparent simplicity". Similarly the mechanism of operant conditioning can be seen as sufficient to account for very complex forms of behavior in a wide variety of circumstances without appealing to unproven, non-data driven speculative theoretical approaches like those of Noam Chomsky and others.

Language learning is clearly the most complex task any of us will ever undertake. Yet, the process appears to be considerably less painfull than acquiring an understanding of calculus, or organic chemistry. Noam Chomsky has long argued that this paradox is best explained by the view that humans, and in particular children, have innate abilities that support the acquisition of a language. It is clear that we seem to be naturally good at it, especially before we reach puberty. Moreover, we appear to have a natural need to fill our world with language; in the absence of formal language tutoring a form of language structure develops anyway. Some say a specialized language faculty seems to aid in this process, one that includes innately specified constraints on what forms are possible. These innate, language-specific, information processing mechanisms may be encapsulated in language module of the brain. However, these innate faculties are inferred, hypothesized explanations with no foundation in fact. No biological location has been found for them, no genetic location, no brain structure. It is all inference.

All human languages, even spontaneous ones, show many common principles of language acquisition as well as rules of grammar. The concept of universal grammar proposes that this is due to a set of innate rules, which guide how we acquire language and how we construct valid sentences in it. It thus attempts to explain language in general, and not simply describe the construction of any one specific language per se.

There are many alternative theories of human language consistency besides the speculative theory of "universal grammar". One theory is that human environments possess common structures and human language simply responds to the commonality of the world. Universal grammar is a speculative, unproven hypothesis that is still awaiting confirmation and has no evidence to support it other than "rational argument".

Language Acquisition
At very young age, we acquire our native language by listening to, guessing at the meaning of, and imitating the symbols used by tutors around us. Moreover, during these early years we learn to walk and talk without any explicit need for understanding how we are doing what we are doing. In this process we seem to be helped by a set of Inherent learning strategies, the ability for optimized pattern perception of common, ambient symbols.

Infants are exceptionally broad in their abilities to perceive sound qualities. In fact, as infants we can distinguish many more language sounds than we can as adults. During the first year of life, infant brains are actively engaged in optimizing acoustic perception for the language sounds that surround them. Such early acquisition of information about native language depends on perceptually mapping both the critical aspects of language, and statistical properties of speech.

It is now clear that infants perceive the various phonetic units, track the frequency of different formants, and extract the boundaries of words from running speech. Patricia Kuhl suggests that language acquisition is based on a combination of factors to provide a powerful discovery procedure for language. Evidence suggests that initial perception parses speech in a universal way in all human infants. Infants have inherent perceptual biases that segment phonetic units without providing innate descriptions of them. They were able to parse and discriminate a wide range of basic phonetic units. Adults, in contrast, are only able to discriminated phonetic units that occur in their first language, but fail to distinguish those that are not used there. Japanese adults, for example, fail to discriminate phonetic boundaries of r vs. l, boundaries that do not exist in Japanese. Such discrimination is based on general auditory processing mechanisms, rather than on innate phonetic feature detectors for speech. Language learning requires mapping these probabilistic patterns into language strategies. As infants detect frequency patterns in language input they identify higher-order units. Infants thus discover the critical parameters and phonetic dimensions of the sounds used in their native language. Sensory processing becomes optimized by experience for enhance perception of the specific language around them. Vocal learning unifies language perception and production where vocal learning depends on a comparison of one's own vocalizations to those of others. Imitation forms the integral bond between the perception and production of language abilities and together they become optimized for the first language. If a second language is learned later on, it will carry the accent typical for the speech motor patterns of their primary language, even following long-term instruction. Similarities in infant-directed speaking styles (increased pitch and exaggerated stress) enhances language learning by assisting infants in discriminating phonetic units, as well as by capturing attention.

Brain Areas
Broca's Area underlies the ability to produce speech, but it is not critical for understanding language. Patients with damage will fail to form words properly, and speech is halting and slurred. Wermicke's Area is essential for the ability to understand language. Patients with damage to this area can speak clearly, but the words make no sense (i.e., word salad). The Arcuate Fasciculus connects these two areas. Damage to this connection causes conduction aphasia where language is understood, but neither can words be repeated, nor does own speech make any sense. Capabilities for speech are not distributed evenly across the two halfs of the brain. Speech is only disrupted when amobarbital is selectively used to anesthetize only the half of the brain which contains these speech centers. Imaging techniques (e.g. fMRI) have identified that bilingual individuals utilize an overlapping set of neurons in the language areas for these two languages. In contrast, individuals who have acquired a second language later in life will likely rely on separate neuronal areas in these speech centers. Late bilingual speakers are also less likely to show strong lateralization of speech function. This suggests that as two language systems are learned together early on, they can share the same brain centers without causing catastrophic interference. In adult learning, the best sites of brain real estate have already been taken up by the first language, thus, any new language learning must co-opt 'new' territory adjacent to it or on the other half of the brain.

title: Animal Behavior/Bird Song


text:
World Stamp Catalogue/Lithuania/1995

Via Baltica highway project
LTU-1995-15

See also corresponding stamps for Estonia and Latvia

1995

title: World Stamp Catalogue/Lithuania/1995


text:
World Stamp Catalogue/Estonia

Estonia

 * Postage stamps and postal history of Estonia
 * List of Estonian postage stamps

Summary of pages for the stamps of Estonia
/1995

 |Estonia

title: World Stamp Catalogue/Estonia


text:
World Stamp Catalogue/Estonia/1995

Via Baltica highway project
EST-1995-15

See also corresponding stamps for Latvia and Lithuanis

1995

title: World Stamp Catalogue/Estonia/1995


text:
Guide to The Lord of the Rings

Welcome to the book for the by, and Middle Earth in general. This book strives to provide a detailed source of information about Middle Earth.

Where to Start
This book has been designed to handle several different types of readers of The Lord of the Rings. Therefore, this book has several pages suggesting reading guides for the specific levels.

 * Beginner − Readers who are new to The Lord of the Rings. This should be used by readers who have read only a small amount of the books or who are interested in a general overview of the storyline.
 * Intermediate − Readers who have read much of The Lord of the Rings and know many of the main characters and places. Includes characters, places, events and a more detailed view of the storyline.
 * Advanced − Readers who have read all of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit who wish to acquire detailed knowledge of the books. Almost every topic is covered.

Index
The index is the best way to navigate.

Major Sections

 * /Books/ − Chapter by chapter guides to the individual books
 * /Events/ − Detailed descriptions and analyses on major and minor events in the books
 * /Characters/ − Descriptions and analyses of the major and minor characters
 * /Places/ − Descriptions and analyses of the locations
 * /Races/ − Information on the races of Middle Earth
 * /Animals and Plants/ − Information on various species of and individual animals and plants
 * /Items/ − Information on the various items in Middle Earth
 * /Languages/ − Information on the individual languages and writing scripts
 * /Timeline/ − A detailed timeline of events throughout the ages of Middle Earth

Minor Sections

 * /Concepts and Ideas/
 * /Emblems and Symbols/
 * /Constellations, Stars and Planets/
 * /Councils and Groups/
 * /Food and Drink/

Book Goals

 * To provide a large source of information for The Lord of the Rings trilogy, its accompanying books and Middle Earth in general
 * To provide a source of information which is easy to find
 * To minimize unnecessary spoilers through structured pages that allows readers to explore content as deep as (s)he wishes to

title: Guide to The Lord of the Rings


text:
Animal Behavior/Ch6

<< Contents page | |<< Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 >>|

Communication Systems

 * Bird Song
 * Human Language
 * The Parallels between Bird Song and Human Language Learning

Spatial Distributions

 * Habitat Use
 * Orienting, Navigation, Migration
 * Territoriality

other

 * Animal Behavior/Army Ants - Social Hierarchy, Life Cycles, and Migration
 * Animal Behavior/Honeybee Foraging Behavioral Analysis
 * Penguins
 * Animal Behavior/Penguin Loving
 * Sea Turtles
 * Animal Behavior/Nesting Behavior

<< Contents page | |<< Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 >>|

title: Animal Behavior/Ch6


text:
Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory/Many-worlds Interpretation

The many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics or MWI, also known as the relative state formulation, theory of the universal wavefunction, many-universes interpretation, Oxford interpretation or just many worlds, is an interpretation of quantum mechanics that claims to resolve all the "paradoxes" of quantum theory by allowing every possible outcome to every event to define or exist in its own "history" or "world", via the mechanism of quantum decoherence, instead of wavefunction collapse. Many worlds reconciles how we can perceive non-deterministic events (such as the random decay of a radioactive atom) with the deterministic equations of quantum physics; history, which prior to many worlds had been viewed as a single "world-line", is rather a many-branched tree where every possible branch of history is realised. MWI was first theorized in a dissertation by Hugh Everett which was initially rejected by Neils Bohr but gradually gained acceptance with the encouragement of Everett's thesis advisor John Wheeler.


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Accounts Payable/Functions

Accounts Payable has the following functions:
 * Maintain Supplier Information
 * Find a Supplier
 * Find an Invoice
 * Maintain Recurring Transactions
 * Enter Supplier Invoice
 * Create Supplier Invoice
 * Authorize Invoices for Payment
 * Hold/Release Invoices
 * Pay Invoices
 * Generate Cash Requirements
 * Generate Accounts Payable Summary
 * Print Labels
 * Print 1099's
 * Change Supplier Number
 * Periodic Processing
 * Maintain Module Information

Accounts Payable/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Accounts Receivable/Functions

Accounts Receivable has the following functions:
 * Maintain Customer Information
 * Find a Customer
 * Find an Invoice
 * Enter Customer Payment
 * Print Statements
 * Generate Cash Forecast
 * Generate Accounts Receivable Summary
 * Print Labels
 * Change Customer Number
 * Periodic Processing
 * Maintain Module Information

Accounts Receivable/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Contacts/Functions

Contacts has the following functions:
 * Maintain Contact Information
 * Find a Contact
 * Record Interaction
 * Print Labels
 * Change Contact Number
 * Maintain Module Information

Contacts/Functions


text:
C Sharp Programming/Keywords/case

The keyword is often used in a C Sharp Programming/Keywords/switch statement.

/Keywords

title: C Sharp Programming/Keywords/case


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/General Ledger/Functions

General Ledger has the following functions:
 * Maintain Chart of Accounts
 * Maintain Budgets
 * Maintain Recurring Transactions
 * Print Financial Statements
 * Print Trial Balance
 * Allocate Transactions
 * Consolidate Transactions
 * Periodic Processing
 * Maintain Module Information

General Ledger/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Human Resources/Functions

Human Resources has the following functions:
 * Maintain Employee Information
 * Find an Employee
 * Generate Organization Chart
 * Print Labels
 * Change Employee Number
 * Maintain Module Information

Human Resources/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Inventory/Functions

Inventory has the following functions:
 * Maintain Item Information
 * Find an Item
 * Enter Receipts
 * Enter Issues
 * Enter Adjustments
 * Transfer Items
 * Print Count Worksheets
 * Print Labels
 * Change Item Numbers
 * Maintain Module Information

Inventory/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Payroll/Functions

Payroll has the following functions:
 * Maintain Employee Information
 * Find an Employee
 * Enter Hours
 * Collect Hours from Job Costing
 * Enter Deductions
 * Enter Transactions
 * Print Payroll Summary
 * Print Pay Checks
 * Print Labels
 * Print Year-end Documents
 * Maintain Module Information

Payroll/Functions

title: ERP Internals/Modules/Payroll/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Purchasing/Functions

Purchasing has the following functions:
 * Maintain Supplier Information
 * Find a Supplier
 * Find a Purchase Order
 * Create a Purchase Order
 * Print Purchase Orders
 * Maintain Module Information

Purchasing/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Quotation/Functions

Quotation/Estimation has the following functions:
 * Maintain Contact Information
 * Maintain Customer Information
 * Find a Contact
 * Find a Customer
 * Find a Quote/Estimate
 * Create a Quote/Estimate
 * Maintain Module Information

Quotation/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Share Manager/Functions

Share Manager has the following functions:
 * Maintain Shareholder Information
 * Find a Shareholder
 * Enter Transactions
 * Split Shares
 * Declare Dividend
 * Print Checks
 * Print Labels
 * Maintain Module Information

Share Manager/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Bond Manager/Functions

Bond Manager has the following functions:
 * Maintain Bondholder Information
 * Find a Bondholder
 * Enter Transactions
 * Print Checks
 * Print Labels
 * Maintain Module Information

Bond Manager/Functions


text:
Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Introduction/Beginner

Included Content
Beginner readers are not expected to have explored much of the storyline. They are presumed to have read a large part of at least one of The Lord of the Rings books or The Hobbit. Pages marked for Beginners contain short synopses of the book plots, introductions to some key characters in the series and overviews of several important locations.

Excluded Content
Much of The Lord of the Rings has not yet been explored. Much of the character list and all of the chapter summaries are beyond Beginner level.


text:
Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Introduction/Intermediate

Included Content
Intermediate readers should know much of The Lord of the Rings' storyline. The reader wishes to expand on that with analysis and commentary. Most sections are open to Intermediate readers.

Excluded Content
Intermediate readers can view most things. Most content is covered and all that is left is filling in the gaps. Intermediate readers should be knowledgeable about topics covered in the books but need not be able to grasp the Greater Picture.


text:
Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Introduction/Advanced

Included Content
Advanced readers should be knowledgeable in all areas of The Lord of the Rings. Everything is accessible, including the Greater Picture.

Excluded Content
Advanced readers can view anything.


text: Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Races

title: Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Races


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Maintain

In the context of this document, to add, modify or delete information on customers, suppliers, employees, etc.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Maintain


text: Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Races/Dragon


text:
Miskito

Miskitu Aisas!

Miskito Language Course

Table of Contents Introduction Lesson 1

title: Miskito


text:
Miskito/Contents

{| width="100%" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0"
 * bgcolor="#DEE7F5" width="60%" valign="top"|
 * bgcolor="#DEE7F5" width="60%" valign="top"|

Lessons
MORE LESSONS REFERENCE SECTION MORE ABOUT MISKITO THE PROJECT

 * width="40%" bgcolor="#BECFEB" valign="top"|

Authors' workbench

 * colspan=2 bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="top"|
 * colspan=2 bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="top"|

More about Miskito

 * }

title: Miskito/Contents


text: Miskito/Lesson 1

title: Miskito/Lesson 1


text:
Template:Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Beginner Spoiler

Beginner warning: Details follow which you may not wish to read at your current level.


text:
Template:Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Intermediate Spoiler

Intermediate warning: Details follow which you may not wish to read at your current level.


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Accounts Payable/Reports

Accounts Payable generates the following reports:
 * Checks
 * Supplier List
 * Aged Summary
 * Aged Detail
 * Supplier Transactions
 * Trial Balance
 * Labels
 * 1099/CPRS

Accounts Payable/Reports


text:
Talk:Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries/The Gospel of John/Chapter 1

The prologue includes the incarnation, that the Word (Christ) really did become flesh and assumed a bodily form disuniting the earthly Jesus from the heavenly Christ. The Word became flesh for a reason (so that we could become children of God) and He made his dwelling in us. The consequence for us is that we have the fullness of grace and He has given us blessings and gifts one after another.

So heretical
So heretical... Jumark27 (discuss • contribs) 09:33, 2 November 2015 (UTC)


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Accounts Payable/Reports/Summary

This report contains one line per supplier. It lists:
 * Supplier Number
 * Supplier Name
 * Prepaid Amount
 * Overdue Amount
 * Period 1 Amount
 * Period 2 Amount
 * Period 3 Amount
 * Period 4 Amount
 * Total Amount Owing

All the amount fields are totalled at the bottom of the report. Only suppliers with non-zero balances are included. Unless there has been an error, the total amount owing on this report equals the General Ledger Accounts Payable account balance(s).

This report both indicates what is owed to each supplier and forecasts how much cash will be needed to pay invoices as they come due.

Accounts Payable/Reports/Summary


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Accounts Receivable/Reports

Accounts Receivable generates the following reports:
 * Statements
 * Customer List
 * Cash Forecast
 * Summary Aged Analysis
 * Detail Aged Analysis
 * Customer Transactions
 * Trial Balance
 * Labels

Accounts Receivable/Reports


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Accounts Receivable/Reports/Summary Aged Analysis

This report contains one line per customer. It lists: All the amounts are totalled at the bottom. The periods are user-definable date ranges. Only customers with a non-zero balance are included. Unless there has been an error, the total amount owed on this report equals the General Ledger Accounts Receivable account balance.
 * Customer Number
 * Customer Name
 * Current
 * Period 1 Amount
 * Period 2 Amount
 * Period 3 Amount
 * Period 4 Amount
 * Total

Accounts Receivable/Reports/Summary Aged Analysis


text:
Talk:Haskell/The Curry–Howard isomorphism

Minor correction
I must respectfully disagree with the person who disagrees below! I found this chapter to the clearest introduction to the CH isomorphism I have come across on the web. I hope the author continues on beyond propositional logic and talks about encoding quantifiers. Anyway one minor correction: Where it says As we remarked in the first section, the implication P → Q is true if Q is true, regardless of the truth value of P. While true this statement didn't seem to have any bearing on what followed. I think what it ought to say is   As we remarked in the first section, the implication P → Q is true if P is false, regardless of the truth value of Q.

 * I'd say both ways make sense in this context. The statement currently in the text is pointing out that if Q is true then P → Q is always true, even if P is false -- and so if we have two arbitrary types  and   and   is inhabited then   is inhabited as well, even if   happens to be  . I do think you version matches more closely how 'ex falso quodlibet' is usually explained. However, since the current text indeed reflects the discussion in the first section, I will leave it as is for the moment, and have another look at it when, at some point in the future, I get to work on this chapter.

 * By the way, thanks for the feedback! Glad to see the book is being helpful. While there are a few things to improve in this chapter, when I get down to it I will be sure to keep an eye towards preserving what is working well.

 * Cheers, Duplode (discuss • contribs) 23:54, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

Curry-Howard
I'm running out of steam here. I'm not sure I know enough to write the last two sections, and this article lacks a sense of direction at the moment. I think it needs to be either more expansive, mentioning other structures like Functors and how they correspond, or perhaps more detailed, formalising the concept of the isomorphism and mentioning e.g. that the preservation theorem of a reasonable type system guarantees that a logic system is consistent (i.e. only theorems can be derived from theorems). Anyway, if anyone wants to take this one up, feel free. DavidHouse 21:48, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This chapter is going pretty good and I also like the denotational semantics chapter. Please keep at it.  It may be possible to suck in some stuff from the Wikipedia article Combinator which explains stuff like the T-transformation.    The section is a lot more understandable than Curry-Howard and again maybe some cross-importing could help both articles.  I'm new to this stuff so I don't think I can contribute anything myself, but it's helping me learn.  64.160.39.153 05:04, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I must respectfully disagree with the assessment that "This chapter is going pretty good". It's pretty much incomprehensible to anyone who is not already well-grounded in the subject. About the only sentence that is truly comprehensible for a newcomer is: "The Curry–Howard isomorphism, hereafter referred to as simply CH, tells us that in order to prove any mathematical theorem, all we have to do is construct a certain type which reflects the nature of that theorem, then find a value that has that type." But proving theorems is not what is of interest in programming. What is significant about CH is the opposite implication: that if the types of a program can't be used by CH to formulate a valid theorem, then the program is going to have problems generating appropriate values for its specified types. Compilers usually are constructed to report this as a major error and not produce such an erroneous program. "Certain type" should probably be plural, by the way. A compiler essentially must take the types of a program (both the explicit ones and those inferred) and use CH to convert them to valid theorems (if it can). It can also use unification to infer missing types from theorems provable by known types. My suggestion, since I myself am not an expert in CH, is for the author to refresh himself with a thorough study of CH and then revise the chapter. Delete the "crash course in formal logic" since that should be a chapter by itself. Instead, be more thorough in specifying how types get lifted to logical propositions. The Either type, for instance, is not a good equivalent to disjunction since in Haskell, Either is typically only used in error situations while disjunction is perfectly valid and evaluates to true when a is true or b is true and only is false if both are false. A better example is a union type where all constructors represent computable values exclusive of error conditions. The Void discussion is pretty much incomprehensible, especially since this Void type apparently doesn't mean the same thing as C or C++ void, where void is the "don't care" type, because values of that type are never examined (and therefore can exist or not at the whimsy of the programmer). Falsity in the CH isomorphism does not correspond to a "don't care" value, but rather to a program failure of some kind, technically _|_ (bottom), or in Haskell terms, to an error or an exception or a nontermination. Dlw20070716 (discuss • contribs) 12:53, 17 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The main issue, I guess, still is the one the original author pointed out eight years ago in the topmost comment: this chapter has useful information, but little structure or direction. It would be necessary to show what the point of CH is (i.e. essentially what you have said just above) and illustrate that with a handful of well-chosen examples.

 * Comments on some of the other points you raise:
 * "Delete the 'crash course in formal logic'" − that may well be the sensible thing to do. In fact, I'm not even sure if this book is an appropriate place for covering that subject at all. Here at Wikibooks we have e.g. Logic for Computer Scientists which, as far as a two-minute glance can tell, is pretty good (though very cold in approach). Edit: there is also Formal Logic, which seems to be more accessible.
 * "The Either type, for instance, is not a good equivalent to disjunction" − I would argue that is not the case. The -means-error thing is just a convention for certain use cases, and there are plenty of places where it isn't used. One example already covered by the book is the the   class, whose methods use   and   simply as tags to indicate values should be treated differently, with no extra meaning attached. If we assumed   was problematic, the only alternative would be introducing a   type isomorphic to it. I believe, however, that would be an unnecessary complication (and none of the other treatments of this topic in Haskell that I'm aware of do that).
 * The  discussion could be made clearer indeed. By the way, as of GHC 7.10  is in the standard libraries.

 * Finally, if you feel like contributing please don't be afraid to join just because you are "not an expert in CH"! I am no specialist either, but I'm sure we are capable of improving this chapter. As for me, I have a couple chapters in the first part of the Advanced Track to take care of first, but I will come back here ASAP. Thanks, and cheers, Duplode (discuss • contribs) 19:28, 17 July 2015 (UTC)

 * (P.S.: Is the comment about the "second" monad law in the Category Theory talk page yours? If so, I replied to it there.)

It would be nice to get rid of phrases like "Firstly, we know the two axioms to be theorems" - unfortunately, I am not a specialist in this area, and I don't know what the author means, but probably not this. Vlad Patryshev 02:29, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

While the very broad and very narrow issues have been tackled, as a new comer to this topic, I see no narrative connection to "isomorphism". Sure other forms of morphisms have been covered, but I am totally lost when it came to finding the meaning of the title. It's application and importance are perhaps hidden and in plain sight for an experienced logician, but I can't. I hope this important topic gets some serious attention. Forget about examples until isomorphism has been explained in more than one way.
 * On first approximation, "isomorphism" is a synonym for "equivalence".
 * More precisely, the term "isomorphism" refers to a mapping that shows the equivalence of two mathematical structures. In this case, the Curry-Howard-Isomorphism is the mapping that assigns a proposition to each type such that that the products of types is mapped to the logical "and", function types are mapped to the logical implication and disjoint sums are mapped to the logical "or".
 * apfeλmus 12:14, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

May apologies if this is not the right place, but I did not know where else to go: THANK YOU! THANK YOU! THANK YOU! This content is excellent. I have struggled to find a quick and clear reference to this topic and this book entry explains it cleanly and succinctly. And it doesn't require more than a simple understanding of related topics. Great job! Thank you.
 * On behalf of the original authors: you're welcome :-) Duplode (discuss • contribs) 01:32, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

Fixed point combinator
What about fix :: (a -> a) -> a Doesn’t the existance of this function mean that the type (a -> a) -> a is inhabited, which can be used to prove any theorem? I guess it has something to do with recursion, but it should be mentioned. --Nomeata 21:14, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * That's true,  represent an inconsistent theorem. But   is a primitive, every recursive function can be expressed in terms of it. Thus, you can remove it from the language.
 * In other words, the Curry-Howards-Isomorphism only applies to languages like the simply typed lambda calculus that don't have general recursion.
 * -- apfeλmus 12:06, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Polymorphic types
I'm become confused early on in the article because it says there is no such thing as a function with type a -> b, yet this type is seen all the time for functions in Haskell. It says we can only talk about this in the context of some concrete types, but I don't really see how that's true with polymorphism. Given how common it is to see a -> b functions in Haskell, could someone edit the article to clarify why that isn't applicable here? Maybe in the system describing the isomorphism there is no such thing as polymorphic types?

 * It becomes clear when explicitly writing down the implicit universal quantifiers: a->b here means  i.e. with the standard mathematical notation $$\forall a,\!b.\ a \to b$$. A function of that type would be able to convert an arbitrary type a to any other type b you'd like to, essentially casting types which is impossible. In the Curry-Howard isomorphism, this type would correspond to a theorem "from all propositions a, we can deduce any proposition b" which is impossible, too.
 * One the other hand, every function like  is of course an instance of this type-scheme, i.e. there is a substitution   that unifies   and  . This means that we can use   as an argument to a function like
 * Note that  doesn't take an argument of type , that would give it some type like
 * In conclusion: there is no function of type  but many (all) functions are of the form   for some concrete a and b. Does that answer your question?
 * Arguably, it's the job of the chapter Haskell/Polymorphism to detail  and stuff. Hm, maybe one should name it "Polymorphism Basics" or "System F", maybe "Haskell type system explained". It's pretty much a prerequisite to the Curry-Howard isomorphism or Existential types. Ah, and the Curry Howard chapter needs polishing, too. Meanwhile, there's a tutorial  by Tim Newsham (but I'm not sure whether using the special   type constructor is a good idea).
 * -- apfeλmus 09:21, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * In conclusion: there is no function of type  but many (all) functions are of the form   for some concrete a and b. Does that answer your question?
 * Arguably, it's the job of the chapter Haskell/Polymorphism to detail  and stuff. Hm, maybe one should name it "Polymorphism Basics" or "System F", maybe "Haskell type system explained". It's pretty much a prerequisite to the Curry-Howard isomorphism or Existential types. Ah, and the Curry Howard chapter needs polishing, too. Meanwhile, there's a tutorial  by Tim Newsham (but I'm not sure whether using the special   type constructor is a good idea).
 * -- apfeλmus 09:21, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * -- apfeλmus 09:21, 13 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
User talk:70.44.236.114

Welcome to Wikibooks. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our collection. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- Herby talk thyme 22:02, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.44.236.114


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Bank Reconciliation/Functions

Bank Reconciliation has the following functions:
 * Maintain Bank Information
 * Enter Transactions
 * Flag Cleared Items
 * Maintain Module Information

Bank Reconciliation/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Cash Management/Functions

Cash Management has the following functions:
 * Enter Transactions
 * Generate Forecast
 * Maintain Module Information

Cash Management/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Currency/Functions

Currency has the following functions:
 * Maintain Currency Information
 * Enter Conversion Rates
 * Maintain Module Information

Currency/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Fixed Assets/Functions

Fixed Assets has the following functions:
 * Maintain Asset Information
 * Enter Transactions
 * Generate Depreciation
 * Maintain Module Information

Fixed Assets/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Investment Manager/Functions

Investment Manager has the following functions:
 * Maintain Investment Information
 * Enter Transactions
 * Print Investment Summary
 * Maintain Module Information

Investment Manager/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Job Costing/Functions

Job Costing has the following functions:
 * Maintain Job Information
 * Find a Job
 * Enter Transactions
 * Print Job Summary
 * Maintain Module Information

Job Costing/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Order Entry/Functions

Order Entry/Invoicing has the following functions:
 * Maintain Customer Information
 * Find a Customer
 * Find an Invoice
 * Maintain Recurring Transactions
 * Create an Order
 * Create a Customer from a Contact
 * Create an Order from a Quote
 * Print Invoices
 * Maintain Module Information

Order Entry/Functions


text:
User talk:Muffiner

Hello! welcome to Wikibooks!

I saw your note on the staff lounge, and wanted to send you a personal welcome and hopefully answer your questions. Wikibooks is a free, open-content website where anybody can work to write and improve textbooks. You have a problem with the ancient history text? you can edit/revise/rewrite/improve that book or any other book at any time to help improve it.

To edit a page, click the tab at the top that says "edit this page", or you can click any of the links that say "[edit]". You can type your changes into the edit box, and then click "Save page". You don't need any special permission to edit a page, just remember to be nice to others, and work together with other wikibookians. If you have any other questions, or if you need any help, please don't hesitate to ask me, or to post a question on the staff lounge. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 22:36, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Muffiner


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Preventative Maintenance/Functions

Preventative Maintenance has the following functions:
 * Maintain Unit Information
 * Enter Transactions
 * Generate Maintenance Schedule
 * Maintain Module Information

Preventive Maintenance/Functions


text:
World Stamp Catalogue/Common themes

It is common for two or more countries to commemorate an event or famous person at the same time by the issue of a stamp.

To accommodate this we will try to co-ordinate the numbering of the stamps when this has occurred. In order to accomplish this we are reserving certain numbers for this purpose. These will be in the range between xxx-yyyy-11nn and xxx-yyyy-19nn, where "xxx" represents the country code, "yyyy" represents the year, and "nn" represents the numbers for the stamps in that set. For a variety of reasons it may not be possible to co-ordinate the numbering of the stamps within a given set, but it will be attempted where it practical to do so.

Common themes

title: World Stamp Catalogue/Common themes


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Systems Administration/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

Systems Administration/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Accounts Payable/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

In general, these functions do simple table maintenance or parameter modification on supporting tables and parameters documented in Data Tables and Parameters. Since the functions are so straightforward, they are not documented any further.

 * Modify Parameters
 * Maintain Supplier Type
 * Maintain Terms
 * Maintain FOB
 * Maintain Ship Via
 * Maintain Hold Type

Accounts Payable/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Accounts Receivable/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

 * Modify GL Distribution

Accounts Receivable/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Bank Reconciliation/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

 * Modify GL Distribution

Bank Reconciliation/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Bond Manager/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

 * Modify GL Distribution

Bond Manager/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Cash Management/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

Cash Management/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
Digital Signal Processing/FIR Filter Design

Filter design
The design procedure most frequently starts from the desired transfer function amplitude. The inverse Laplace transform provides the impulse response in the form of sampled values.

The length of the impulse response is also called the filter order.

Ideal lowpass filter
The ideal (brickwall or sinc filter) lowpass filter has an impulse response in the form of a sinc function:
 * $$h(n) = \frac{\omega_c}{\pi} \frac{sin(\omega_c n)}{\omega_c n}$$

This function is of infinite length. As such it can not be implemented in practice. Yet it can be approximated via truncation. The corresponding transfer function ripples on the sides of the cutoff frequency transition step. This is known as the Gibbs phenomenon.

Window design method
In order to smooth-out the transfer function ripples close to the cutoff frequency, one can replace the brickwall shape by a continuous function such as the Hamming, Hanning, Blackman and further shapes. These functions are also called window functions and are also used for smoothing a set of samples before processing it.

The following code illustrates the design of a Hamming window FIR:

Filter structure
A Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter's output is given by the following sequence:

 * $$y(n) = b_0 \cdot x(n) + b_1 \cdot x(n-1) + b_2 \cdot x(n-2) + \cdots + b_{N-1} \cdot x(n-(N-1))$$

The following figure shows the direct implementation of the above formula, for a 4th order filter (N = 4):

With this structure, the filter coefficients are equal to the sample values of the impulse response.

- ← Digital Signal Processing →


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Currency/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

Currency/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Contacts/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

Contacts/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Fixed Assets/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

 * Modify GL Distribution

Fixed Assets/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/General Ledger/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

General Ledger/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Human Resources/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

Human Resources/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Inventory/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

 * Modify GL Distribution
 * Modify Price Descriptions

Inventory/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Investment Manager/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

 * Modify GL Distribution

Investment Manager/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Job Costing/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

 * Modify GL Distribution

Job Costing/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Order Entry/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

Order Entry/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Payroll/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

 * Modify GL Distribution

Payroll/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Preventative Maintenance/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

Preventive Maintenance/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Purchasing/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

Purchasing/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Quotation/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

Quotation/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
Digital Signal Processing/Analog Mappings

There are a number of different mappings from the analog domain to the digital domain, and vice versa. All mappings must satisfy the following rules:

 * 1) Stability must be preserved in both domains. This means that the interior of the unit circle in the digital domain must correspond to the left-half plane in the analog plane.
 * 2) The mapping must be one-to-one. every point in one domain must correspond to a unique point in the other domain. This relationship should hold both ways.

The relationship between the analog and digital domains is highly nonlinear, and there is no way to perfectly reproduce an analog filter in a digital system, or to reproduce a digital filter in an analog system. However, it is possible to faithfully reproduce (within a certain tolerance) the magnitude response of the filter. It is rarely possible to reproduce the phase response of a filter across the transformation, however.


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Share Manager/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

 * Modify GL Distribution

Share Manager/Functions/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Employee Scheduling/Functions

Employee Scheduling has the following functions:
 * Maintain Calendar
 * Maintain Staffing Requirements
 * Maintain Staff Availability
 * Create Schedule
 * Maintain Module Information

Employee Scheduling/Functions


text:
Python Programming/XML Tools

Introduction
Python includes several modules for manipulating xml.

xml.sax.handler
Python Doc

xml.dom.minidom
An example of doing RSS feed parsing with DOM

XML document provided by pyxml documentation.

title: Python Programming/XML Tools


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Pricing/Functions

Pricing has the following functions:
 * Maintain Customer Discounts
 * Maintain Module Information

Pricing/Functions

title: ERP Internals/Modules/Pricing/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Receiving/Functions

Receiving has the following functions:
 * Receive a Shipment
 * Maintain Module Information

Receiving/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Sales Analysis/Functions

Sales Analysis has the following functions:
 * Analyze Sales by Customer
 * Analyze Sales by Product
 * Analyze Sales by Sales Representative
 * Analyze Sales by Day/Week/Month/Period/Quarter
 * Analyze Sales by Territory
 * Maintain Module Information

Sales Analysis/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Sales Compensation/Functions

Sales Compensation has the following functions:
 * Maintain Contract Information
 * Maintain Module Information

Sales Compensation/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Service Management/Functions

Service Management has the following functions:
 * Maintain Contract Information
 * Enter Transactions
 * Maintain Module Information

Service Management/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Shipping/Functions

Shipping has the following functions:
 * Maintain Module Information

Shipping/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Time Billing/Functions

Time Billing has the following functions:
 * Maintain Billing Rates
 * Maintain Module Information

Time Billing/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Workflow/Functions

Workflow has the following functions:
 * Maintain Processes
 * Maintain Module Information

Workflow/Functions


text: Digital Signal Processing/Ideal Filters

title: Digital Signal Processing/Ideal Filters


text:
Digital Signal Processing/Least Squares Design

The mathematical technique known as least squares can be used to design digital filters. This method works by creating the polynomial (transfer function) that is the "best fit" to a set of desired data (magnitude response).


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. d4/2...b5/3. c4/3...Bb7/4. Nc3

= St. George Defence/Three Pawns Attack = The most intuitive move is probably the best one : /4...b4/ threatens the newly developed knight.

Theory table
.

1.e4 a6 2.d4 b5 3.c4 Bb7 4. Nc3


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a6/2. d4/2...b5/3. c4/3...Bb7/4. Nc3/4...b4

= St. George Defence/Three Pawns Attack = Most knight moves would lose a pawn - but /5. Nd5/ prevents this and grabs at the centre. White can also play /5. Qb3/ - which is the recommended move.

Theory table
.

1.e4 a6 2.d4 b5 3.c4 Bb7 4. Nc3 b4


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Manufacturing/Bill of Materials/Functions

Bill of Materials has the following functions:
 * Maintain Bill of Materials
 * Show WHERE-USED

Manufacturing/Bill of Materials/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Manufacturing/Master Production Schedule/Functions

Master Production Schedule has the following functions:
 * Maintain Schedule

Manufacturing/Master Production Schedules/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Manufacturing/Advanced Planning and Scheduling/Functions

Advanced Planning and Scheduling has the following functions:
 * Re-schedule Production

Manufacturing/Advanced Planning and Scheduling/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Manufacturing/Shop Floor Control/Functions

Shop Floor Control has the following functions:
 * Print Work Orders

Manufacturing/Shop Floor Control/Functions


text:
ERP Internals/Modules/Manufacturing/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a partucular module.

Manufacturing/Maintain Module Information


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Data Table

A place where ERP information is stored. Data tables consists of one or more records each of which has one or more fields. Each record has a unique primary key consisting of one or more fields. There can be several other keys as well. Some tables are used throughout the ERP; others are specific to one module. Some tables such as those that store the Accounts Receivable invoices are large, complex and constantly changing. Others such as the one that stores the enterprise's Accounts Receivable terms have only a few records with only a few fields and change only rarely. There are hundreds of small tables like these. Most of these small tables are managed by the Maintain Module Information function. Contrast with Parameter.

"Records" are sometimes referred to as "rows" and "fields" are sometimes referred to as "columns".

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Data Table


text:
ERP Internals/Glossary/Parameter

A piece of information that is relatively constant. For example, the company name is a parameter used by every module. Some parameters are used throughout the ERP; others are specific to one module. Some are maintained by Systems Administration and/or handled by Maintain Module Information. Contrast with Data Table.

title: ERP Internals/Glossary/Parameter