text:
Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters

Why not copy from "List of characters in the Harry Potter books" in Wikipedia?
 * Our book may be able to use that list as a reference, but our purpose is different from Wikipedia. Each character needs time to be worked on. I think in the style of a book, we will expand over time, not just start with some huge list. -Matt 00:41, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Alphabetical Order
We should group characters alphabetically because otherwise, an "overlap" of characters occurs. Lucius Malfoy is a member of the Malfoy family, a member of the Ministry of Magic and also a Death Eater. This can make finding characters easier. --Roonil Wazlib 15:19, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If people need to find characters, then they should be using the Index. The list now can always be reorganized some but its purpose is to put characters into groups. The character should go into the group he/she/it is most importantly featured in. Families will always get the character under their listing. I'm adding a message at the top of the page. Your issue should really be solved by using the Index. The purpose of the Characters page is groups. Also, I understand that some clashing may occur (i.e. I think the Black family members shouldn't be listed under "Black Family" or at least not until we can write up info on some of the main members first), but we have to work with the groups as best as possible. -Matt 00:42, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree to a certain point. I think that the characters should be listed in some type of order such as alphabetical order within the specific sections. This is just needed for the teachers section which has no seen organization. --User:Luckrider7

 * Teachers' section is alphabetical by last name, no? Chazz 00:56, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Multiple Groups, Family Info
I am personally wondering why characters can not be put under several different groups. It could effectively show that these groups are in this family, in this House at Hogwarts, etc. If someone could explain why they need to be/should be in the group that they are most importantly featured in, then I will be quiet and move onto other thoughts. Also, I was wondering if somewhere else in the Muggle's Guide that would do a short summation of the family? It could even be on this page, just a short explanation of the family/group. Of course, if someone could point me in the direction where they are, again I'll just move on. Thank you for your help. ~Peter 03:16, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I do a lot of the oversight here, and you've brought up some valid points. If you can do a good job with it, then add multiple references to a character on the page. If it's done professionally, then it could work. Having small paragraphs about a group would not be a bad idea either. Stay away from descriptive sentences however; the Guide is about analysis, not description. -Matt 04:51, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * A thing has occurred to me, thinking about groups. In the students, would it not be useful to group students by year, as well as by house? We have a list of students by house now, but if I wanted to look up who was in Harry's year in each house, I would have no place to do that. Is that worth adding? Chazz 20:36, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I personally find that confusing and difficult to manage across all 7+ years of the book (since there were others ahead of Harry). Marking a character with something in the template might work, but I don't know if there's value in separating by year. -within focus 23:35, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * No argument about complexity; it would be 13 separate years ranging from those who are 7th year as Harry is entering, up to those who are first-years in the seventh book. It's just that I think it might be useful to have an easy way to look up that the Slytherins in Harry's year are Draco, Crabbe, Goyle, Nott, one other unnamed boy, Pansy Parkinson, Millicent Bulstrode, and three unnamed girls... just for instance. Chazz 00:45, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Minor descriptions/explanations
I don't know whether it actually looks any good, however I have added bullet descriptions of what the staff memebers do at Hogwarts. It looks a bit strange and hard to follow, but I thought this information should be included. Thoughts? --DanielBC 23:39, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I like the idea, but I think it could be added upon. Would you be interested in creating pages under the Magic section regarding those professors' subject areas and then linking to them? Having pages to explain the subjects the professors teach seems like it would be quite helpful. -Matt 00:37, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Sure, I would but I'm just coming into exams right now, so it will have to wait until after then. But I like your idea. I will work on it when I can.  --DanielBC 00:11, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Contradictions in sub-pages
There are some contradictory statements that the Longbottoms were tortured by either Barty Crouch Jr or by Bellatrix Lestrange. -- Jokes Free4Me 13:31, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
 * In our current state of development, I think the best technique for this is to remove the content and let it be formed later. With a book so large, inspecting existing information can be much more difficult than starting new content from scratch. -Matt 13:41, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This particular issue could easily be dealt with once the truth is established. I was not 'inspecting' pages looking for contradictions, but i had stumbled across one by accident. Since i don't have time to check the books right now to see which statement is right, i've just made a note of it, and will hopefully get it done in a while. -- Jokes Free4Me 13:58, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This first issue has been solved (a while ago). I've made about five pages have decent text and layout on this occasion. :-) -- Jokes Free4Me 19:21, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Character Page Locking
I've placed this section above the status section so that people will hopefully notice it. Since the Characters page is insanely long, and even though I placed a warning on the page to ask people to stop adding characters, I'm considering protecting the page from editing to avoid junk three-word additions by anonymous editors. Does anyone else support this action, and are there other pages that anyone would like protected? With all the recent activity here, it's becoming a task to manage pages within the namespace. -within focus 15:36, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I am slightly concerned about this. As I go through the chapter summary, I do keep finding characters which are not mentioned here, but have a role in the books, and I have to take the time to add them. For instance,a while back I found that we had no entry for Bartemius Crouch Senior, and I haven't yet needed to check if there is an entry for Ludo Bagman. If you're OK with me asking periodically to have a character added, then fine, lock it up. I'm doing a lot of adding to the Magic page as well; I'd prefer that one not be locked. Chazz 08:06, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I won't lock anything for now then. We can let some time pass to get final characters in, but in the future I'd like to lock it once we think we have a sufficient set. -within focus 15:23, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Case in point: I just had to add Armando Dippet. He's still a stub, but I'll template and fill him in over the next couple of days. He appears in CoS and HBP for sure that I can recall, and he may have a cameo in OotP as well -- one of the portraits in Dumbledore's office. Chazz 08:22, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Current Status
I notice that we have a Rosier Evans, a Rosier, and an Evan Rosier on the Characters page. I suspect that Rosier (a Death Eater, probably mentioned in either the Pensieve scenes or in the return of Voldemort) is not the same as Evan Rosier (listed as a Slytherin), but I think Rosier Evans is incorrect. I think we may have to combine these into one or two over time. I am not suggesting we do anything immediately; but I would like to keep a note here so that when we see "Rosier"s in the chapters, we can then decide how to correct it. Chazz 23:44, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Aberforth Dumbledore
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Adrian Pucey
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Alastor Moody
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albert Runcorn
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albus Dumbledore
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Alecto Carrow
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Alice Longbottom
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Alicia Spinnet
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ambrosius Flume
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Amelia Bones
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Amos Diggory
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Amycus Carrow
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Andromeda Tonks
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Angelina Johnson
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Anthony Goldstein
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Antonin Dolohov
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arabella Figg
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Aragog
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Argus Filch
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ariana Dumbledore
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Armando Dippet
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arthur Weasley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Augusta Longbottom
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Augustus Rookwood
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Auntie Muriel
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Avery
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bane
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bartemius Crouch Sr.
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Barty Crouch Jr.
 * Bathilda Bagshot
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bellatrix Lestrange
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Benjy Fenwick
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bertha Jorkins
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bill Weasley
 * (Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Black Family)
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Blaise Zabini
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bob Ogden
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bogrod
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bole
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Borgin
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Broderick Bode
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Buckbeak
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Cadwallader
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Caractacus Burke
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Caradoc Dearborn
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Cedric Diggory
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Charlie Weasley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Cho Chang
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Colin Creevey
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Cormac McLaggen
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Cornelius Fudge
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Crabbe, Sr.
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Crookshanks
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dawlish
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dean Thomas
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dedalus Diggle
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Demelza Robins
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dennis Creevey
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Derrick
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dexter Fortescue
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dilys Derwent
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dirk Cresswell
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dobby
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dolores Umbridge
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dorcas Meadowes
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Draco Malfoy
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dudley Dursley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Edgar Bones
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Eleanor Branstone
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Eloise Midgeon
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Elphias Doge
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Emmeline Vance
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ernie Macmillan
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ernie Prang
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Errol
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Evan Rosier
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Everard
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fabian Prewett
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fawcett
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fawkes
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fenrir Greyback
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Filius Flitwick
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Firenze
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fleur Delacour
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Florean Fortescue
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Frank Longbottom
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Frank Bryce
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred Weasley (redirect)
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/George Weasley (redirect)
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gabrielle Delacour
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gawain Robards
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gellert Grindelwald
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gibbon
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gideon Prewett
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gilderoy Lockhart
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ginny Weasley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Godric Gryffindor
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Goyle, Sr.
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Graham Pritchard
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Grawp
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gregorovitch
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gregory Goyle
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Griphook
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hannah Abbott
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harper
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hedwig
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Helga Hufflepuff
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hepzibah Smith
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermes
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermione Granger
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hestia Jones
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Horace Slughorn
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Igor Karkaroff
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Irma Pince
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Jack Sloper
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/James Potter
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Jimmy Peakes
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Jugson
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Justin Finch-Fletchley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Katie Bell
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Kendra Dumbledore
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Kevin Whitby
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Kingsley Shacklebolt
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Kreacher
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Laura Madley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lavender Brown
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lee Jordan
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lily Potter
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lisa Turpin
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lord Voldemort
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lucius Malfoy
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ludovic Bagman
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Luna Lovegood
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Madam Rosmerta
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Mafalda Hopkirk
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Magorian
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Malcolm Baddock
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Mandy Brocklehurst
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Marcus Belby
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Marcus Flint
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Marge Dursley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Marietta Edgecombe
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Marlene McKinnon
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Marvolo Gaunt
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Merope Gaunt
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Michael Corner
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Miles Bletchley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Millicent Bullstrode
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Minerva McGonagall
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Miriam Strout
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Moaning Myrtle
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Molly Weasley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Montague
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Morfin Gaunt
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Mulciber
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Mundungus Fletcher
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Nagini
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Narcissa Malfoy
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Natalie McDonald
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Nearly Headless Nick
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Neville Longbottom
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Nott
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Nymphadora Tonks
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Oliver Wood
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ollivander
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Olympe Maxime
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Orla Quirke
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Owen Cauldwell
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Padma Patil
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Pansy Parkinson
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Parvati Patil
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Peeves
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Penelope Clearwater
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percival Dumbledore
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Peter Pettigrew
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Petunia Dursley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Phineas Nigellus Black
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Pigwidgeon
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Pius Thicknesse
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Pomona Sprout
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Poppy Pomfrey
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Professor Binns
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Professor Quirrell
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Professor Sinistra
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Professor Vector
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rabastan Lestrange
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Regulus Black
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Remus Lupin
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rita Skeeter
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ritchie Coote
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rodolphus Lestrange
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Roger Davies
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rolanda Hooch
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Romilda Vane
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ronan
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rose Zeller
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rosier Evans see Evan Rosier
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rosier see Evan Rosier
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rowena Ravenclaw
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rufus Scrimgeour
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Salazar Slytherin
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Scabbers
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Seamus Finnigan
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Selwyn
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Severus Snape
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sybill Trelawney
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sir Cadogan
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sirius Black
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sorting Hat
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Stan Shunpike
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Stewart Ackerley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sturgis Podmore
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Summerby
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Summers
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Susan Bones
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Terence Higgs
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Terry Boot
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/The Bloody Baron
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/The Fat Friar
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/The Fat Lady
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/The Grey Lady
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Theodore Nott
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Thorfinn Rowle
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Tom Marvolo Riddle
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Travers
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Trevor
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Urquhart
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Vaisey
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Vernon Dursley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Viktor Krum
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Vincent Crabbe
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Walburga Black
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Walden Macnair
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Warrington
 * (Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Weasley Family)
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Wilhelmina Grubbly-Plank
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Wilkes
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Wilkie Twycross
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Willy Widdershins
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Winky
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Witherwings
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Xenophilius Lovegood
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Yaxley
 * Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Zacharias Smith

Minor characters
I propose either deleting each or merging minor characters in one article which is redirected to by the individual pages. John Reaves 06:35, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * This discussion is now at Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter. -within focus 23:26, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Characters not added
An anonymous editor recently added a number of characters and items to the Staff section. Some I have retained, but others I have had to back out. The standard edit line is not long enough to include my rationale, so I have put that information here.

 * Bathsheba Babbling (Ancient Runes): While we know that Bathsheba did write the Ancient Runes text, we don't know that she is actually teaching the course; the name never comes up in the context of her being the teacher.

 * Alecto and Amycus Carrow - The fact that these two are Death Eaters is something of a spoiler.

 * Neville Longbottom. The fact that he survives to become Herbology master is more than a bit of a spoiler.

I am not entirely happy about leaving Professor Kettleburn or Wilkie Twycross in, as Kettleburn is mentioned only once in passing, and Twycross is actually a Ministry employee. However, I don't have sufficient reason to remove Twycross from the list, as he does teach at Hogwarts, and Kettleburn is saved by his more extensive appearances in The Tales of Beedle the Bard. Chazz (talk) 20:43, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Another editor has added Professor Tofty, Griselda Marchbanks, Tiberius Ogden, and Eddie Carmichael. While all of these characters are very minor, Marchbanks in particular has a large enough role to warrant keeping her, even if only just; and all of them are at least as much present as Wilkie Twycross, mentioned above, and so I can't justify removing them. Chazz (talk) 18:55, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Twice now anonymous editors have added Astoria Greengrass. I have reverted both times. Reasoning is this: The only mention of Astoria is in a family tree drawn up by Rowling after completion of the final book. We quite literally know nothing about her apart from the fact that she married Draco Malfoy at some time after the close of the seventh book: was she a member of Slytherin House? Did she even attend Hogwarts? We don't know. Anything we were to write about her would perforce be speculation, and not something that would enhance our understanding of the Potter literature. Chazz (talk) 21:35, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

"Next Generation" characters
I noticed that no one has contributed to this topic lately, and I was wondering if we should add any of the "next generation" characters mentioned in the Epilogue of Deathly Hallows - particularly Harry, Ron, and Hermione's children. Mollyingdc (discuss • contribs) 15:21, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * While there hadn't been any plan to add them, because of the minor role they had, on reflection we do have characters with smaller roles even than them -- someone mentioned who was simply seen at the Sorting and never again, for instance. If you want to add them, please feel free; there is information and guidelines at Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter, and there's a link on that page to the prepared frameworks. If you do choose to add them, I'd greatly appreciate it if you would put links to the new pages in one spot, e.g. under a "Next Generation" header of the Characters page, so that I (or someone) can properly include them in the print version and various watch lists. Chazz (talk) 16:02, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Consistency of "nee" vs "née"
I notice that there seem to be some inconsistency of the use of "nee" vs "née" in the character list. These seem to both be valid English, though I think there should be some consistency through the article. Which is preferred? CanaDavid1 (discuss • contribs) 17:50, 6 May 2023 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook talk:Potato Pancakes

potato pancakes are Israeli cuisine???
 * The initial contributor apparently used an Israeli recipe. Obviously not all Potato pancakes are from Israel. Kellen T 09:29, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook talk:Potato Pancakes


text:
General Relativity/What is a singularity?

The notion of a singularity in general relativity refers to a region of space-time where the equations of physics break down and lose their predictive meaning as seen by some potential observer. One kind of a singularity would be where things become infinite. This definition is limited as there are solutions to Einstein's field equations where there are no infinite quantities and yet the physical description through the mathematics becomes undefined. There has been a great deal of work leading to just what a good definition of a singularity should be. One possible definition in general relativity is that it's a region of space-time in which timelike curves cannot be extended to all of the spacetime. In effect singularities are unphysical and indicate the breakdown of the theory.


text:
User:Roonil Wazlib

Known as "Mozart2005" in Wikipedia.

title: User:Roonil Wazlib


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Luna Lovegood

Overview
Luna Lovegood is a Ravenclaw student in the same year as Ginny Weasley, one year younger than Harry Potter.

Goblet of Fire
The Lovegoods are mentioned in passing as a family living near the Weasleys who could only afford to attend the Quidditch World Cup by arriving a week early.

Order of the Phoenix
When we first see Luna, she is sitting alone in a compartment on the Hogwarts Express; Neville says that the compartment is occupied, and Ginny overrides him, saying that it's just Looney Lovegood. Entering the compartment, Harry notes that she seems to be reading The Quibbler upside down and wearing a necklace of Butterbeer corks. Harry sees that one of the articles in The Quibbler seems to involve Sirius Black, and borrows it from her to read the article, which states that Sirius is actually one Stubby Boardman, popular musician. Quickly leafing through the paper, Harry notes that it is all similar sorts of nonsense, before he hands it back. Hermione Granger, when she arrives, speaks disparagingly of the paper, whereupon Luna frostily replies that her father is the editor, and retreats icily behind her upside-down paper.

When Harry leaves the train, he sees that the carriages he thought were horseless are apparently being pulled by vaguely horse-shaped, winged reptilian creatures. He asks Ron what they are, but Ron cannot see them. Harry is only slightly reassured when Luna tells him that she can see them also.

Harry gets in trouble with the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, Dolores Umbridge, for stating that Lord Voldemort had returned. Shortly after this, Luna stops Harry outside the greenhouses, saying that she believes him. Harry wonders how much the reassurance is worth, coming as it does from someone who seems to be wearing earrings made from radishes.

Luna is one of the twenty-five students who appear for the first meeting of the Defence Association, or as it is later known, Dumbledore's Army. At the first meeting in the Hog's Head, Luna says that Fudge has his own private army, so it is not surprising that he believes Dumbledore would be creating one. Asked about this, she says that Fudge has an army of Heliopaths. Hermione quickly moves on to the business of the meeting, rather than allowing Luna's odd views to take up time.

At the final meeting of Dumbledore's Army before Christmas, Harry arrives early to find that Dobby has decorated the Room of Requirement for the season. He manages to get most of the embarrassing decorations down, but there are still some streamers and mistletoe. Luna, arriving, says that it looks very nice, but warns Harry that he shouldn't stand under the mistletoe because it is likely full of Nargles.

Since their announcement of the return of Voldemort, both Harry and Dumbledore have been repeatedly mocked in the public press, most notably the Prophet. In February, Hermione arranges for Harry to meet with Rita Skeeter, the muck-raking journalist who had pilloried Hagrid in the press the previous year. Hermione had discovered that Rita was an unregistered Animagus, and had forced her, under threat of revealing this to the Ministry, to stop writing for a year. It has occurred to Hermione that if Harry's full story gets published, it might help Harry's cause. Luna is present at this meeting because, as mentioned earlier, her father publishes The Quibbler, and that would be the venue where the interview would be published. Rita is annoyed that the Quibbler doesn't pay for editorial content, but under threat from Hermione, interviews Harry and writes the story. Luna says that she does not know when the story will appear, because her father is expecting something big about Crumple-Horned Snorkacks to come in that week.

Later, when Harry's interview appears, Luna says that her father is quite pleased. This edition of The Quibbler has sold out, and he is having to make a second print run.

Harry determines that his godfather, Sirius Black, may be being tortured at the Ministry of Magic by Voldemort, and that his only way to determine whether this is actually happening or not is to call Sirius at Grimmauld Place and see if he is there. The only unmonitored fire in the school is in Umbridge's office. Luna, who with Ginny has heard Harry shouting at Ron and Hermione, volunteers to help; Harry sets her to guard one end of the corridor by Umbridge's office, so that he can break in and talk to Sirius. Luna's efforts come to naught, and she is apprehended by one of Umbridge's Inquisitorial Squad and brought in to Umbridge's office. She stands, barely restrained and not resisting, apparently only somewhat aware of what is going on, though she does seem somewhat startled by Hermione's "revelation" of what it was that Harry was trying to do.

After Harry and Hermione have escaped Umbridge and the Centaurs in the Forbidden Forest, Luna, Ron, Ginny, and Neville meet up with them. When Ron and Harry wonder how they are going to get to the Ministry to save Sirius, Luna says that they will have to fly. Ron asks sarcastically if they will use the Snorkacks for that, and Luna says that's silly, Snorkacks can't fly, but "they" can. She points, and Harry sees two Thestrals approaching, attracted by Grawp's blood that has fallen on Harry and Hermione. Harry decides that he and Ron will head off to the Ministry, but Luna tells him that there are more Thestrals approaching, he and Hermione must really smell. Ron, Ginny, and Hermione are unable to mount the Thestrals, as they can't see them, but Luna dismounts and gets them settled on the creatures' backs, and they all take off for the Ministry.

Once at the Ministry, Luna accompanies Harry and the others as they go in search of the room where Sirius is being tortured. One room they find is a stone amphitheatre with a tattered veil hung in an archway. Harry is almost certain that he can hear people on the other side of the veil, and Luna says she hears them also. Eventually, they reach the hall of Prophecies, where they find that in fact it was a ruse, that Sirius is not there, and instead they are confronted by twelve Death Eaters. In the ensuing battle, Harry, Hermione, and Neville get separated from Luna, Ron, and Ginny. They meet in the antechamber, at which point only Luna and Harry are fully capable: Hermione has been knocked out by means of an unknown curse from Antonin Dolohov, and Dolohov also broke Neville's nose and wand, Ron has been hit by what acts rather like a drunkenness spell, and Ginny's ankle is broken. They are then forced to retreat back into the Department of Mysteries, where Luna is rendered unconscious, while trying to seal a door against the Death Eaters.

Following their return to Hogwarts, Harry is mourning Sirius' death. Meeting Luna by chance in the halls, he unburdens himself a bit to her, knowing that she has also seen someone die, because she had been able to see the Thestrals. She says that she had seen her mother die; she had been a very smart witch, and had been experimenting with new charms, when one had backfired on her. She goes on to say that she knows she will see her mother again, and that Harry will see Sirius again. Both of them had heard the voices on the other side of the veil in the room with the archway, and Luna believes that those are the dead, speaking to them. Harry somehow feels comforted by this.

Half-Blood Prince
We first see Luna again on the Hogwarts Express. Here, she, Neville, and Harry share a compartment. Shortly, a group of fourth-year girls arrive; their spokesperson, one Romilda Vane, introduces herself and invites Harry to come sit with them. Harry replies that he's with his friends, and will stay where he is, thanks anyway, and the girls retreat, confused. Luna remarks complacently that she is seen as being rather odd, and she knows that others call her "Loony Lovegood". She also asks if Harry plans to start up Dumbledore's Army again, and Harry says there's not much point in it. Luna says that she liked the DA, it was almost like having friends. Harry, slightly discomfited, turns the conversation to OWL scores.

Ron and Hermione have had a bit of a falling out over Ron's ongoing infatuation with Lavender Brown, and Ron manages to say something particularly hurtful to Hermione. After class, Harry finds Hermione being comforted by Luna, and returns Hermione's things; Hermione thanks him and heads off to class. Luna comments that Ron is nice enough, but he can say hurtful things sometimes. Harry thinks that Luna is sometimes rather more honest than is comfortable. Harry has been under some pressure to select a date for the Christmas party that Professor Slughorn is holding, and decides that he can ask Luna to go with him, just as friends. Luna says that would be fine, and accepts. Peeves overhears, and gleefully starts spreading the word throughout the school, as only he can.

Harry is relieved to find that Luna has left the butterbeer-cork necklace and the radish earrings off for the party, and escorts her up to Slughorn's office. There, Luna starts discussing Cornelius Fudge and his plans for world domination with the drunken Professor Trelawney, who proves a ready audience.

With the graduation of Lee Jordan, the school has been trying out new commentators for Quidditch, and much to Harry's surprise, Luna is the commentator for the Quidditch match that occurs in March, Gryffindor against Hufflepuff. Harry does not finish the match, having been hit in the head by a mis-hit Bludger, but Ron tells him later that the commentary was most entertaining.

Luna appears briefly again, carrying a message from Dumbledore. In the process of finding the message, which is notice of Harry's next private lesson, Luna finds, and presents to Ron, something looking like a large green onion which she says is a Gurdyroot, good for warding off Gulping Plimpies.

Near the end of the book, Dumbledore tells Harry that they will be going to seek a Horcrux. Before they depart, Harry gives Ron and Hermione the rest of his Felix Felicis potion, and charges them with getting any DA members who will help and aiding the defence of the school. On their return, Harry and Dumbledore find the school under attack. In the aftermath, Harry learns that Hermione and Luna had been watching Snape's office. When Professor Flitwick had gone to tell Snape that his assistance was needed, Snape had apparently Stunned Flitwick. Departing his office, he had seen Hermione and Luna and sent them to aid Flitwick, who he said had apparently fallen and injured himself. Caring for Flitwick had effectively kept Luna and Hermione out of the battle.

Deathly Hallows
Luna appears with her father at Fleur and Bill Weasley's wedding, where she is ecstatic at having been bitten by a Gnome; apparently both she and her father believe it might grant her some special ability. Luna, annoyingly, recognizes Harry through his disguise (Polyjuice potion), not seeming at all surprised that he looks different, or that he is using a different name. Once the music starts, she dances by herself.

Overhearing a conversation from outside their tent shortly before Christmas, Harry learns that Luna, Ginny, and Neville had been caught trying to break into the Headmaster's office at Hogwarts and steal the Sword of Gryffindor. While we learn that she was punished for this, we can only surmise that the punishment may have been the same as was meted out to Ginny at the same time: detention, to be served with Hagrid supervising.

Having also overheard that Luna's father was running one of a very few pro-Harry news organizations, Harry, Ron and Hermione visit him just after Christmas. Xenophilius provides what hospitality he can, but Luna does not seem to be present; Xeno says that she is down past the bridge, catching Plimpies. Harry wanders upstairs and looks around her bedroom, and finds that she has decorated it with pictures of herself, Hermione, Harry, Ginny, Neville, and Ron, wound around with what looks like a golden ribbon but is the word "friends" written over and over. Harry notes that the room is apparently unoccupied and has some months' worth of dust. Xeno, confronted, explains that Luna had been taken off the Hogwarts Express on the way back from school for Christmas break, in order to force Xeno to toe the party line in what The Quibbler was publishing; and that he had reported Harry's presence to the Ministry in the hope that if they had Harry, they might release Luna.

When Harry, Hermione, Ron, Dean Thomas, and Griphook are captured by Snatchers, they are taken to Voldemort's headquarters in Malfoy Manor. Harry, Ron, Dean, and Griphook are imprisoned in a basement room, and they find that Luna and Mr. Ollivander are already there. Luna provides a sharpened bit of metal with which she is able to cut Harry's and Ron's bonds. Harry, seeing a sky-blue eye in the shard of Magic Mirror he still carries with him, calls for help. Shortly, Dobby appears, and Apparates Luna, Dean and Mr. Ollivander to Shell Cottage, the home of Bill and Fleur. She says a few words at Dobby's funeral.

Luna appears back at Hogwarts shortly after Harry does; Neville has used the Galleons that Hermione had created to announce meetings of Dumbledore's Army to summon the DA members to Hogwarts. She accompanies Harry to Ravenclaw tower, and shows him the bust of Ravenclaw with the model of the lost diadem. When Alecto Carrow surprises Harry and has him at wand point, Luna Stuns her. She admits that she is surprised at how loud it is.

Luna also helps out at the battle for Hogwarts. When Harry, Ron, and Hermione need to get to the Shrieking Shack, they find the path to the Whomping Willow blocked by Dementors. Luna, Ernie Macmillan, and Seamus Finnigan appear on the scene and cast their Patronuses, forcing the Dementors out of the way; however, they are then forced to retreat by oncoming Giants.

Luna, along with Ginny and Hermione, are battling Bellatrix in the renewed battle in the Great Hall, when Molly Weasley, enraged at the sight of a Killing curse that barely misses Ginny, attacks Bellatrix.

At the victory celebration, Harry is sitting beside Luna. She recognizes that he feels very tired, and suggests that he should leave and get some rest; she calls out and points out the window, and as everyone nearby is distracted by this, Harry slips on the Invisibility Cloak and departs, stopping only to gather Hermione and Ron as he does so.

Strengths
Even though Luna is seen as an odd and weird person, she is quite clever. Possibly due to her odd family life, being raised by an eccentric like Xeno Lovegood, she sees things in different lights, and thus sees things that other people probably wouldn't. It is true that she believes in creatures, and magical properties of creatures and plants, that are not commonly accepted in the Wizarding world, but this could be seen as simply a mind that is a little more open than usual. She is unusually perceptive about the people around her, such as when Luna immediately recognizes the disguised Harry at the wedding in "Deathly Hallows" just by the expression under his polyjuiced face. She is also kindhearted and compassionate, and good at comforting others, showing these qualities to Harry, Ron, Hermione, Neville and Mr Ollivander.

Despite being teased and having her possessions stolen by classmates, Luna feels little animosity towards them. Luna seldom gets angry. In tense or dangerous situations Luna is much calmer than the people around her.

Weaknesses
Luna tends to "space-out" at times, making her somewhat oblivious to her surroundings. Her belief in plants, creatures, and other things outside the usual magical community's belief structure may be the sign of a mind that is a little too open, and acts to isolate her from her classmates. She has a tendency to be over-honest in her assessments of others, a trait which Harry finds somewhat dismaying at times.

Relationships with Other Characters
Commonly referred to as "Loony" Lovegood, Luna is often alone, but she is not a loner. Her eccentric behavior and appearance have given her an unlucky reputation at Hogwarts that has led to practical jokes and unpleasant whisperings. Despite this, Luna remains friendly and fairly optimistic.

Luna is treated as an oddball and outsider by her Ravenclaw housemates. She tells Harry that she is lonely without D.A. meetings in her fifth year implying that she has no friends in her own House. All those she considers to be her true friends are Gryffindors.

Perhaps because of her tendency toward introversion, Luna is one of the most observant characters in the series. She is known to voice even the most unpleasant of truths about other characters; notably, she comments to Harry in Half-Blood Prince that Ron can be quite cruel at times. However, her observations are never made with malice or contempt – she merely states the facts as she sees them.

Luna's friendships are few and far between. As a member of the DA, she is commonly seen with Neville Longbottom. In Half-Blood Prince, Harry invites Luna to accompany him to a party as "just friends," at which she is ebullient. Visiting her house in "Deathly Hallows" Harry finds a painting she made with the faces of Harry, Hermione, Ron, Neville and Ginny linked together with the word "friends" over and over. These friendships are very important to her.

Regardless of her quirky, sometimes inexplicable habits, Luna is a fiercely trustworthy, loyal friend.

Analysis
Luna Lovegood is portrayed as being somewhat odd in her behavior. We hear that she is nicknamed "Loony", and note the contradiction of her apparent detachment from ordinary life and continued belief in odd creatures, contrasted with her awareness of character and level-headed dealing with adversity. On first meeting her, Harry notes that she seems somewhat dreamy, detached from the passing scene, an observation heightened by the earrings that seem to be made out of radishes. (It is only in the last book that we learn that these are so-called "dirigible plums", which her father Xenophilius Lovegood believes heighten mental acuity.) It is in that first meeting also that Harry learns of Luna's belief in creatures that few others believe exist, a belief that comes from Xeno's teaching. It is some time later that Luna observes that Ron can say things that are quite hurtful even if he doesn't mean to be. In the final book, where we see Luna captive in the cellars of Malfoy Manor, we learn that she has managed to find a tool with which she was able to free herself and Mr. Ollivander from their bonds; in her dealings with Harry at that juncture, she seems quite calm and collected. We further note that in the DA, she is one of the students who is able to produce a corporeal Patronus, implying significant magical ability.

We cannot be certain, but the portrayal of Luna strongly suggests that mentally she falls somewhere on the autism spectrum. People with autism tend to have difficulty making friends, and we see that Luna seems to consider the Trio as her primary friends despite having only met them in her fourth year at Hogwarts. Those who manage to deal with the disorder often have a tendency towards introspection, and the understanding of themselves does sometimes allow more of a conscious understanding of others and the ways they behave. People with autism also have a tendency to focus on one topic at a time, which allows them to gain an encyclopedic understanding of that topic; we see some of that tendency in Luna. And in small details, like the precision with which she answers the eagle's question to enter the Ravenclaw common room in the seventh book, we see the sort of attention to minutiae that is common in people with mild autism.

We suspect that the author's intent in introducing Luna may have been in part an attempt to introduce other-mindedness to a young audience. Luna is certainly one who thinks differently from most, and is unafraid to display that difference. It is possible that she is as intelligent as Hermione, but that is not obvious, as Hermione is written as something of a show-off, at least initially, and never attempts to hide her knowledge, while Luna, alongside her unusual belief structure, seems to be keeping her understanding to herself to avoid having to interact with her fellow students. The author may have intended to illustrate that it is not necessary to be visibly bright to be intelligent, and that those who think in a different manner are still valuable people and worth getting to know.

A small set of series fans suggested at one point that Luna would be Harry's eventual romantic interest. It was suggested that Harry, damaged by having to live with the Dursley family, and Luna, with her mental differences, might settle down to heal each other. While we are unaware at this point of any "fanfic" that puts them together as a couple, we would not be surprised to find that such exists.


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User talk:Llamnuds

How to be a Paranormal Investigator
Hey, is there any particular reason why you've blanked this book? If you want it deleted, just say so, as merely blanking it functions quite differently from true deletion and still allows the old version(s) to be viewed and restored by any user.

Thanks! GarrettTalk 04:02, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Llamnuds


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Legilimency

Overview
Legilimency, a compound of the Latin 'legere' (to read) + 'mens' (mind), is the art of, as one might suppose, reading another person's mind.

Extended Description
Characters like Lord Voldemort and Albus Dumbledore use Legilimency, especially to find out if someone is lying to them. Legilimency does not work well on wizards or witches who are experts in its counterpart, Occlumency (Severus Snape is a good example of this).

Professor Dumbledore orders Harry to take Occlumency lessons from Professor Snape in order to block the communications Harry is receiving mentally from Voldemort; Snape, of course, must then use Legilimency to give Harry something that he can attempt to block. Apart from the Occlumency lessons, Snape will attempt to use Legilimency directly on Draco at Christmas in Harry's sixth year, only to be foiled by Draco's skill at Occlumency; and at the end of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, where he detects Harry's intent to form spells and counters them. There are several places where Snape apparently uses Legilimency on Harry, without Harry being aware of the possibility; several times in the first three books, starting just before the match against Hufflepuff, Harry has the uneasy feeling that Snape could read his mind. We also believe that Voldemort uses Legilimency to confirm Snape's story about the date of Harry's departure from Privet Drive in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, and when Harry returns to Hogwarts it seems that Snape is trying to use Legilimency on Professor McGonagall to see if Harry is nearby.

Analysis
Legilimency is introduced in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as being the reason that Occlumency is required. We are introduced to the idea that via the practice of Legilimency, Voldemort can read, if not minds, at least memories. Snape, in the abortive Occlumency classes, draws a distinction between Legilimency and reading minds, but Harry is unable to see what the distinction actually is, and Snape, due to his dislike of Harry, clearly does not want to spend any additional time on attempted explanations. It is possible that the distinction Snape is drawing is that between thoughts, which are extremely fluid, and the results of those thoughts, namely actions, words, senses, and memories. It is certainly true that Snape, in the Occlumency lessons, is able to retrieve memories from Harry's mind, and perceive what he is doing well enough that he is able to block every spell Harry tries to hit him with at the end of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.

As we find in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry and Snape hate each other actively enough that Harry is unable to calm his mind, and Snape does not help matters by constantly needling him. As a calm mind is necessary for Occlumency, it would seem that this effort was doomed to fail from the outset. Dumbledore later says that he had made an old man's mistake, assuming that the feud between James and Snape was far enough in the past that Snape could put it aside.

Greater Picture
As mentioned in the entry for Occlumency, it is one of Dumbledore's few mistakes to believe that Occlumency will, in fact, prevent Harry's recurring dreams. Legilimency, the ability to read another's mind, does not include the ability to plant visions in the head of another person, as far as we are told. Additionally, the channel used to transfer those visions, we later find, is a fragment of Voldemort's soul that is attached to Harry. Occlumency may or may not prevent the placement of these visions in Harry's dreams, but it seems unlikely given the information Dumbledore had at the time. However, even to Dumbledore, this was a new area of magic, so we must assume that he was doing the best he could with the tools he had.

One other question that arises is how Snape was able to send his Patronus to Harry in the Forest of Dean, a patch of mixed forest and fields covering some few acres, when Harry's exact position was masked by a large number of protective charms. It is possible that Snape used Legilimency to see through Harry's eyes, then quartered the Forest with his Patronus until Harry saw it.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Occlumency

Overview
Occlumency is the ability to block one's mind from a Legilimens.

Extended Description
Occlumency is the counter to Legilimency, of which Voldemort is a master. Characters like Severus Snape use Occlumency to hide their intentions. Harry Potter is taught Occlumency lessons in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Both Snape and Dumbledore are accomplished Occlumens. Gellert Grindelwald is also an Occlumens. He is able to conceal his mind from Queenie Goldstein, a natural-born Legilimens.

Analysis
It is certain that Harry's ability to block his thoughts from Snape and Voldemort are not being helped by Snape's lessons. Harry's scar seems to prickle constantly after his lessons start, though that may be coincidence; it is at about the time that his Occlumency lessons start that Voldemort becomes aware that Harry can see into his mind on occasion, and it is shortly after that when Voldemort starts actively trying to get Harry into the Ministry. It is entirely possible that Harry's increased reaction may be due to increased probing from Voldemort. However, all through the lessons we see that Harry is unable to prevent Snape from viewing his memories, and at the end of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, we see that Snape is able to block any of Harry's spells before he can complete it, because of Snape's being able to read his intentions.

Greater Picture
There is some question as to whether Occlumency would even work for Harry against Voldemort. Occlumency is designed to prevent an outside mind from being able to read what is happening within your mind, but as we learn in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, there is actually a fragment of Voldemort's soul within Harry. Does that bit of shared soul provide more access to Harry's mind than simple Legilimency? Harry never finds out, as he is never placed in a position again where he has to try and block Voldemort from his mind.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Apparition

Overview
To Apparate is to transport oneself from one place to another without having to physically traverse space. The process of disappearing and reappearing is known as "dissapparating" and "reapparating" respectively, and the term is coined from the Latin 'appareo', meaning to appear. Note that while the spelling apparation would seem to be more appropriate for this action, it is almost always spelled apparition in the books; we have retained this possibly somewhat illogical usage. While apparition is taught at Hogwarts, it is not an academic course. Apparition is an extra-cost course taught by a Ministry wizard, rather than by a school employee, and is taught outside of regular hours. No grades are given in the course; rather, once you determine you are ready and have passed the Wizarding age of majority, you may take an Apparition test from a Ministry examiner. The school Apparition lessons are not required to take the test, and are not sufficient to ensure a pass in the exam, though they surely help.

Extended Description
In order for a witch or wizard to be allowed to apparate they must first pass a test. One cannot take the test until they are 17 years old. Apparition is very difficult and very dangerous: it is possible for a person to leave parts of their body behind (becoming splinched), which results in usually serious and sometimes fatal damage as a significant piece of them may become detached.

Note that in some editions of some books, this is spelled Apparation; however, the infinitive form, "to apparate," is always spelled the same way. The term disapparate is often used to indicate the first part of the process, so for instance on finding a prisoner has escaped, one might more properly say that he "disapparated" rather than that he "apparated".

In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince we learn that it is possible for one wizard to bring another one along with him when he apparates. This is called "side-along apparition", and Harry's first, uncomfortable experience with it is at Professor Dumbledore's instruction. Apparently, based on what Dumbledore says, physical contact is required for side-along apparition to work. Side-along apparition is used rather extensively in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, and we learn there that a wizard can be dragged along without the volition of the apparating wizard.

The noise of someone disapparating can be rather loud; it is described in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as being quite loud, like a car's backfire. The noise of someone apparating to where you are is described in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as being a faint pop. Interestingly, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, when Ludo Bagman disapparates from Harry's vicinity, that too is described as a faint "pop".

There are three important things to remember when apparating, called the 3 Ds, which stand for destination, determination and deliberation.

 * Step One: Fix your mind firmly upon the desired destination.
 * Step Two: Focus your determination to occupy the visualized space. Let your yearning to enter it flood from your mind to every particle of your body.
 * Step Three: Turn on the spot, feeling your way into nothingness, moving with deliberation.

Analysis
Spells local to Hogwarts School prevent apparition within the school grounds, part of the methods used to protect Hogwarts from outsiders. This is mentioned repeatedly by Hermione, who read it in the book Hogwarts: A History.

In order to allow the students to learn apparition, the spells preventing apparition within Hogwarts are locally and temporarily lifted in the Great Hall. We only see this being done in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, when Harry's year group has the opportunity to learn; however, we can safely assume that every year group in turn has this opportunity.

Apparition is deliberately shown as being similar to Muggle driving, with an age limit, safety concerns, licensing requirements, and a proficiency test. It is, as such, an important rite of passage for a young wizard. The fact that Ron fails his test because of half an eyebrow echoes the type of failure that many readers of this book will experience, or in the case of older readers, will have experienced, at the hands of a Muggle driving examiner.

It is necessary to show that Apparition is not an instantaneous process, that it takes calmness, preparation, and deliberation to perform it; otherwise all Wizardly means of transportation, including brooms, Portkeys, the Knight Bus, and the Floo Network, would pale into insignificance. It is useful to note that Mr. Weasley comments in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire that some wizards will not Apparate because of the danger of splinching; they rely instead on their brooms and the Floo network.

It should also be noted that in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Mad-Eye Moody reports that they can't leave Privet Drive by Disapparating because the Ministry has, for Harry's "protection", banned the use of Apparition, Portkeys, and Floo transport in the vicinity. The implication is that Apparition can be, if not prevented over a relatively wide region, at least detected and traced.

Apparition is also, apparently, range-limited. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Voldemort is summoned from Nurmengard to Malfoy Manor. Voldemort is apparently unable to Apparate directly to Malfoy Manor and must fly for some time. This may be merely a plot device, to give the Trio time to escape, but it seems consistent with what we know about Apparition.

As noted, we first see Apparition when Dobby Disapparates from Privet Drive. At the time, this is not named, and we have no understanding of the mechanism involved, or whether it is only house-elves who can do this. Awareness that humans, also, can Apparate is not given to us until Harry's fourth year, when Mr. Weasley is talking to Harry and his own children about Apparition.

Questions

 * 1) Why is it that Wizards and Witches are not able to disapparate for their own safety when they are faced with danger? For example, when Harry's mother knew that Lord Voldemort would likely try to kill her and Harry (after killing James, her husband) why didn't she just disapparate with Harry (in a side-along fashion, as in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince)? True, many wizarding houses have special spells placed upon them that will not allow for apparition, however, one would think that these could be lifted by the witch or wizard that placed the spell upon the home.
 * 2) Why in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire does disapparition sound like a small popping, but in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince it sounds like a gun shot or a car back firing?  If apparition really is as loud as a car back fire it would be highly restrictive on when and where you could use it.
 * 3) Can muggles side-along apparate with wizards?
 * 4) What is it about Apparition that makes it so hard to do?

Greater Picture
It is interesting that in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the two house-elves Dobby and Kreacher are seen to apparate within the school, where in most earlier books Dobby, at least, apparently travels by more ordinary means within the castle. (He does apparate out of Harry's clutches when Harry is in the Hospital Wing, in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.) J. K. Rowling has stated that house-elf magic is different from human magic, and that they must be able to apparate in order to perform all their duties around the castle; so presumably the anti-apparition spells that block humans from apparating in the castle have been constructed to allow house-elves to continue to apparate. It should be noted that Kreacher apparently reported that he was able to Apparate out of the cave of the locket in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, although he didn't call it that: he said that his Master had summoned him, so he went. The implication is that, even when cast by a master wizard like Voldemort, anti-Apparition spells are of no use against house-elves, or a separate spell must be cast to prevent house-elves from being able to apparate. If in fact a separate spell must be used to prevent House-elf apparition, such a spell was deliberately not performed at Hogwarts since the ability to apparate is necessary to allow them to do their work. As Voldemort is known to "look down upon 'lesser' creatures," it is most likely that he simply would not go to the effort of setting such a spell, as he would consider it a waste of effort to protect against such insignificant creatures. Voldemort's arrogant disregard for these sorts of magic which are outside of human capabilities shows a critical flaw in his character; magic beyond his understanding ultimately leads to his downfall.

Instantaneous transportation by matter transmission has been written about extensively by science fiction writers for years; Larry Niven (Wikipedia link) has done considerable work on the mathematics involved and has reached some interesting conclusions. One issue, when transporting from one place on the surface of the earth to another, is the relative motion; because the earth is rotating, every point on the surface is moving in a different direction. Although it seems contra-intuitive, if you instantaneously transport yourself from Germany to London, keeping the speed of the earth's surface in Germany as you travel, you will find yourself propelled into the ground and towards the west at a speed of several hundred miles an hour as you arrive. This is quite possibly the reason for the limitation on long-distance Apparition, the limitation being the amount of differential velocity you can handle; possibly there are specialists in apparition who are able to apparate longer distances. Whether the author of this series is familiar with Niven's works is unknown.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Avada Kedavra

Overview
Avada Kedavra, also known as the Killing Curse, kills a person instantaneously and without injury. There is no counter for it, and only one person, Harry Potter, has ever survived it with Sacrificial Protection that has been endowed upon Harry Potter by His Mother Love for Him. Along with the Imperius Curse and the Cruciatus Curse, the Killing Curse is considered to be one of the most terrible curses in the wizarding world, called the Unforgivable Curses; the use of any of the three on another human being is punishable by a life sentence in Azkaban.

Extended Description
The Avada Kedavra curse is recognizable by the flash of green light and the rushing noise emitted from the caster's wand. Along with the Cruciatus Curse and the Imperius Curse, Avada Kedavra is considered to be one of the most terrible curses in the magical world, called the Unforgivable Curses; the use of any of the three on another witch or wizard is punishable by a life sentence in Azkaban. Avada Kedavra is an Aramaic phrase that means "I will destroy as I speak." Whether the words were chosen to be similar to the Muggle mock incantation "abra cadabra" is uncertain, but seems likely. It is also known by most wizards as Lord Voldemort's signature curse.

The Killing Curse is used numerous times by "evil" wizards, and very occasionally by "good" wizards:

 * In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, it is used, but not identified, by Voldemort against Frank Bryce. We are introduced to it in Defence Against the Dark Arts class by the false Alastor Moody, it is used by Wormtail, at Voldemort's instruction, to kill Cedric Diggory, and it is later used against Harry by the returned Voldemort, though in this instance it is blocked by the Priori Incantatem effect.
 * In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, it is used by Lord Voldemort against Albus Dumbledore, and blocked by Dumbledore's pet phoenix, Fawkes, in the climactic battle in the Ministry of Magic. While it is possible that Bellatrix Lestrange uses it against Sirius Black in that same battle, the specific curse Bellatrix uses is not named, and Harry's expectation that Sirius will appear on the other side of the arch indicates that it was some other, non-fatal curse that simply happened to push him through the Veil.
 * In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, it is used once by Bellatrix Lestrange to kill a fox, and once by Severus Snape against Albus Dumbledore. It's likely that this is also the curse that Thorfinn Rowle attempted to use against Remus Lupin; the curse missed Lupin, hitting fellow Death Eater Gibbon.
 * In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, there is description of multiple "green flashes" during the climactic Battle of Hogwarts, which leads us to believe that it is used by numerous wizards on both sides of that battle, late in Harry's seventh year. It is also used numerous times by Voldemort as he pursues the Elder Wand, and in a fit of rage against his own followers when he hears of the theft of the Cup Horcrux from Bellatrix's vault. It is also used by Death Eaters during Harry's escape from Privet Drive, and by Voldemort against Harry in the Forbidden Forest. The spell also may have been used, though remaining unnamed, by Mrs. Weasley to kill Bellatrix Lestrange in a duel during the battle. It should be noted that it is highly unlikely that Molly would use an unforgivable curse, especially Avada Kedevra, as even a spell as simple as Expelliarmus could kill someone if it were used with enough force and directed toward the heart.
 * While it is not actually stated, the "green light" that Harry remembers in his earliest memories, and which is mentioned in the first three books, is almost certainly from Voldemort's failed attempt to use the Killing Curse against Harry. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, we see in Voldemort's memory that he used it against Harry's father, mother, and finally against Harry himself.
 * In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, we are told that when Barty Crouch was the head of the Auror department, Aurors were authorized to use deadly force against Death Eaters. One must assume that this occasionally took the form of the Avada Kedavra curse.

Analysis
The idea of causing death by a word is, perhaps, one of the ideas that makes one wish that magic actually existed, as the world would be, one supposes, much more civil if retribution for evil acts could be so quickly, easily, and finally applied. Of course, even in the Wizarding world, it is not so simple. From the outset, we have been told that the spell-caster's mindset is crucial to the operation of any spell, most notably with the Riddikulus spell used against Boggarts, and the Patronus spell used against Dementors. Additionally, Bellatrix Lestrange taunted Harry for his inability to cast a good Cruciatus curse during the battle at the Ministry. We imagine that in order to cast a Killing Curse that actually works, your mind must be filled with some emotion antithetical to your target. Whether that would be hatred, as required for the Cruciatus curse, or perhaps rage, which Voldemort seems to be so very good at, we do not know. A fair amount of mental power may also be required; it is possible that weaker wizards can't actually cast this spell.

Of course, the need for a specific mind set to cast the spell is not enough to prevent its being cast; the mind set can be learned. Hence the need to have use of the curse result in life imprisonment. As presented, there do not seem to be any mitigations to this life sentence, there does not seem to be any possibility that this curse may have to be used, for example, by Aurors in the line of duty. This may seem a little harsh, given that there may be circumstances where the killing curse is your only option; but again, these are books written for children, and children need that reassurance that crimes will be punished.

Questions

 * 1) How did Harry Potter survive the Killing Curse and what His Mother do?
 * 2) Did Lord Voldemort survive the curse when it backfired on him, and what state of life did he come into if he did?

Greater Picture
It is perhaps important that Harry never uses this curse himself, despite using the other two Unforgivable Curses. Voldemort's demise is caused by his own use of the curse against Harry, and the rebound of that curse.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Imperio

Overview
Imperio, also known as the Imperius Curse, forces the victim to obey the caster's commands. Along with the Cruciatus Curse and the Killing Curse, the Imperius Curse is considered to be one of the most terrible curses in the magical world, called the Unforgivable Curses; the use of any of the three on another human being is punishable by a life sentence in Azkaban.

Extended Description
Unlike the Killing Curse and the Cruciatus Curse, it is possible to fight this curse. However, only very skilled wizards are able to fight it, and only very powerful ones are able to cast it – it takes significant mental strength to impose your will upon another. Interestingly, Harry Potter seems to have an innate ability to fight the curse, while Ron Weasley is more susceptible to it than average.

The spell is first seen and described in the fourth book, and the effects on Harry and Ron are described in the chapter which follows its introduction.

Analysis
When called upon to name the three Unforgivable Curses, it is Ron who comes up with this one. Professor Moody comments that this curse had made things difficult for the Ministry, as one could never be sure whether the person you had arrested was a true Death Eater, or was doing the will of a Death Eater who had remained hidden.

We see a number of people controlled by means of the Imperius curse throughout the series in and after the fourth book. Harry himself has need to cast this curse in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. The description that we receive at the time, of the action of the curse on the caster, lead us to believe that while a wand is necessary to cast this curse, the actions are somewhat longer-lasting; Harry, for instance, casts this spell on the goblin Bogrod, then on the Death Eater Travers, and has them both under his control at the same time. One gets the feeling that it is only necessary to actually have the wand actively engaged with the subject of the curse while he is getting his instructions; as is seen at the end of that episode, Travers has been instructed to hide himself, and he continues to serenely do so even after Harry has gone.

The effect of the curse on the subject are described in the fourth book, when Moody casts the spell on Harry. The subject of the spell apparently acts according to the caster's wishes because the spell provides a great serenity coupled with a clear set of instructions on what needs to be done. Basically this is an imposition of the mind-set of the slave, who has no responsibility save that of carrying out the instruction he has been given. It is because this mind-set is so comfortable that it can be hard to free slaves in any meaningful way.

In the seventh book, we learn that the spell caster also gets a pleasurable jolt: Harry notes that when he first casts the spell, in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, a "feeling of tingling warmth" in his wand arm. It is uncertain why this should be; this is the only time, apart from when Harry is dueling with Voldemort and experiences the Priori Incantatem effect, that we hear of any effect on the caster of a spell.

Questions

 * 1) Do a person's eyes glaze over when they are under the Imperius Curse?

Greater Picture
The list of people we know who are controlled this way is quite large.

In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, we learn that initially Barty Crouch is being controlled by his father, Bartemius. Then, Bartemius is being controlled by Wormtail, while Alastor Moody is being controlled by Barty. There is also a stretch where, possibly, Bertha Jorkins is being controlled by either Wormtail or Voldemort. There is a point in the Third Task maze where Viktor Krum is torturing Fleur Delacour with the Cruciatus Curse; we are led to beleve later that Viktor was acting under the Imperius curse cast by Barty Crouch. Voldemort tries to control Harry with this curse, and fails. It is perhaps ironic that Harry's ability to throw off the curse was nurtured by Barty Crouch, who claims to be Voldemort's greatest supporter.

As has been said, Harry, and possibly others, have learnt how to fight the Imperius curse from Barty Crouch, impersonating Mad-Eye Moody. While this teaching does fit Moody's character, and thus aids Barty's disguise, it is possible that Barty Crouch, who had had to suffer this curse for multiple years and finally managed to overcome it, may have had a more personal interest in teaching Defence against this specific Dark Art.

In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, we believe that Sturgis Podmore was trying to get through a door at the Ministry because he was under this curse, and we are led to believe that Broderick Bode was acting under Lucius Malfoy's instruction when he went mad. Harry guesses that Umbridge may be controlled in this manner, but Sirius says that is probably not the case.

We see relatively few instances of the curse in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The story is littered with techniques meant to detect people under the Imperius curse or disguised by other means, which seem marginally effective; in fact, when we first see Tonks on the Hogwarts Express, we are almost led to believe that she is under the Imperius curse. There is an interesting case of Imperius-by-proxy as well; Draco Malfoy admits at the end of the book that he has placed Madam Rosmerta under the Imperius curse, and it seems that while under control, Madam Rosmerta put Katie Bell under the Imperius curse as well.

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, we see two people under the Imperius curse in the first five chapters: Pius Thicknesse, and Stan Shunpike. Once the Ministry falls, we can safely assume there will be many others, but they don't directly affect the story, except for the goblin Bogrod and the Death Eater Travers, as mentioned above.

We note that in the books, apart from a certain stiffness of manner, there is no way to tell whether someone is under the Imperius curse. Moody mentions, in the class where he introduces this curse, that the curse had caused problems for the Ministry as once Voldemort had been defeated, many people claimed to have been acting solely under its influence. It is hard to secure a conviction on someone who was being forced to act against his own inclination, or to prove that he was acting on his own, given the existence of this spell. In the films, we note that those who are controlled may exhibit strangely glowing or glazed eyes. We believe this is one area where the films have it wrong, because with such a simple detection mechanism, the Ministry would have had little problem separating the bad actors from the puppets.


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Neapolitan/calendar

'A semmàna (the week)
†Dimane is used more in Naples proper whereas craje is more common in northern Calabria. Craje comes from the Latin adverb cras (tomorrow) while dimane is constructed from the Latin words de + mane (mane= morning, de mane- in the morning) in the same manner as it is many other Romance languages.

Ll'anno (the year)

 * The days of the week and the names of the months are all lower case.

Napoletano/Calendario

title: Neapolitan/calendar


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Ido/Alphabet

Ido shares the same alphabet as English: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.

Vowels are pronounced much like the vowels in Spanish or Italian. These vowels are not diphthongs; do not pronounce a as in take, i as in time, o like the ou in mould, or u as in mule. There are two diphthongs: au pronounced as ow in owl, and (in a few words) eu which is pronounced like the vowels e and u run together.

title: Ido/Alphabet


text:
Cookbook:Turkey and Bacon Salad

| Side dishes

A tasty salad for any meat-eating salad lover. Salad consists of bacon, olive, carrot, and turkey piled on a bed of lettuce.

Ingredients

 * 1 head of lettuce
 * 2 cups of shredded carrots
 * 1 cup of sliced olives
 * 4 to 5 slices of deli turkey
 * 4 to 5 slices of cooked bacon

Procedure

 * 1) Cook bacon completely.
 * 2) Remove excess grease by pressing cooked bacon on disposable paper towel.
 * 3) Chop bacon strips into small pieces.
 * 4) Clean lettuce, carrots, and olives.
 * 5) Shred lettuce either by hand or with a knife.
 * 6) Lay desired amount of lettuce in clean bowl, a minimum of 2 cups recommended.
 * 7) Roll deli turkey to form a slender shape.
 * 8) Slowly slice turkey into circular shapes.
 * 9) Pile carrots, olive, bacon, and turkey on lettuce.
 * 10) Top off with your favorite dressing.

title: Cookbook:Turkey and Bacon Salad


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Cookbook:Pumpkin Soup

| Soups

Ingredients

 * 2 onions, chopped
 * Carrots, diced
 * Potatoes, diced
 * Zucchinis (courgettes), diced
 * Oil for frying
 * 200 g chopped pumpkin
 * Chickpeas, soaked or canned and drained
 * Water

Procedure

 * 1) Fry onions, carrots, potatoes, and zucchinis in a spoonful of oil.
 * 2) Add pumpkin and chickpeas.
 * 3) Cover with hot water and simmer. The soup is ready when the carrots are soft.

title: Cookbook:Pumpkin Soup


text:
Japanese/Lessons/Word list 1

This is the list of words you should have learned during the first five weeks of this course. Please ensure that you know these words.

Note: Many of these words are from the JLPT Level 4 vocabulary list.

 * 1) あう　- to meet
 * 2) あおい　- blue

 * 1) あたたかい　- warm
 * 2) あたらしい　- new
 * 3) あつい - hot
 * 4) あめ - rain
 * 5) あるく　- to walk
 * 6) いい　- good
 * 7) いいえ　- no
 * 8) いう　- to tell, to say
 * 9) いぬ　- dog
 * 10) いろ　- color
 * 11) うえ　- top, above
 * 12) うち　- home, house
 * 13) うまれる　- to be born
 * 14) うる　- to sell
 * 15) え　- picture, painting, drawing
 * 16) えいご　- English language
 * 17) えん - yen (national currency of Japan)
 * 18) えんぴつ - pencil
 * 19) おいしい - delicious, good-tasting
 * 20) おおきい - big
 * 21) おかね　- money
 * 22) おさけ - sake
 * 23) おしえる - to teach, to instruct
 * 24) おちゃ　- tea
 * 25) おとこ　- man
 * 26) おとこのこ　- boy
 * 27) おんがく - music
 * 28) おんな　- woman
 * 29) おんなのこ　- girl
 * 30) かう - to buy
 * 31) かく - to write
 * 32) がくせい - student
 * 33) かぞく - family
 * 34) からだ - body, health
 * 35) き - tree
 * 36) きく - to listen, to ask
 * 37) きのう - yesterday
 * 38) きょう - today
 * 39) きらい - dislike, hate
 * 40) きれい - clean, beautiful
 * 41) ぎんこう - bank
 * 42) くち - mouth
 * 43) くに - country
 * 44) くる - to come
 * 45) けっこん - marriage
 * 46) げんき - energetic, healthy
 * 47) こども　- child
 * 48) ごはん - cooked rice, a meal
 * 49) さく - to bloom
 * 50) ざっし - magazine
 * 51) さむい - cold
 * 52) じかん - time
 * 53) した - under, below, beneath
 * 54) しぬ - to die
 * 55) じょうず - skill, skillful, good at
 * 56) しる - to know
 * 57) しろい - white
 * 58) しんぱい - worry, care
 * 59) すき - to like
 * 60) すごい - awesome, terrific
 * 61) すずしい - cool, refreshing
 * 62) せい - height, stature
 * 63) せかい - world
 * 64) せんせい - teacher, doctor, master
 * 65) ぜんぶ - all, entire
 * 66) そと - outside
 * 67) そら - sky
 * 68) だいじょうぶ - safe, all right, O.K.
 * 69) たいせつ - important
 * 70) たいへん - serious, difficult, awful
 * 71) たぶん - perhaps, probably
 * 72) たべる - to eat
 * 73) たんじょうび - birthday
 * 74) ち - blood
 * 75) ちいさい - small
 * 76) ちがう - different
 * 77) ちから - strength, power

 * 1) ちょっと - just a minute, just a little
 * 2) つかう - to use
 * 3) つづり - spelling
 * 4) つよい - strong
 * 5) て - hand

 * 1) てんき - weather
 * 2) でんわ - telephone
 * 3) どうぐ - tool, instrument
 * 4) とけい - clock, watch
 * 5) ところ - place, spot, one's place (room, home)
 * 6) とぶ - to fly
 * 7) なつ - summer
 * 8) なる - to become
 * 9) にく - meat
 * 10) にげる - to escape, to run away
 * 11) にっぽん - Japan (actually, にほん (nihon) and にっぽん (nippon) are both valid pronunciations of 日本, and moreover, there is no fixed rule to choose one pronunciation over the other; it seems like にっぽん is sometimes more preferred when talking about the Japan, and にほん - when talking about Japanese people; also usage varies from dialect to dialect)
 * 12) にょろにょろ - wriggling-ly, like a snake
 * 13) にわ - garden
 * 14) ぬぐ - to take off (clothing)
 * 15) ぬれる - to get wet
 * 16) ねこ - cat
 * 17) ねる - to go to bed, to sleep
 * 18) のむ - to drink
 * 19) のる - to get on, to ride in, to board
 * 20) はい - yes
 * 21) ばか - fool, idiot

 * 1) はたらく - to work, to practice, to commit

 * 1) ひと - man, person, human being
 * 2) びょうき - illness
 * 3) びょういん - hospital
 * 4) ふく - clothes
 * 5) ふるい - old (opposite of new, not young)
 * 6) へや - room
 * 7) べんきょう - study
 * 8) ぼうし - hat
 * 9) ほん - book
 * 10) まずい - unappetising, unpleasant (taste, situation)
 * 11) まち - town, street, road
 * 12) まつ - to wait
 * 13) まんが - manga (Japanese-style hand-drawn comic book)
 * 14) みず - water
 * 15) みせ - store, shop, establishment
 * 16) みち - road, street, way, method
 * 17) みょうじ - family name, surname
 * 18) むこう - beyond, over there, opposite direction, the other party
 * 19) むずかしい - difficult
 * 20) め - eye
 * 21) めがね - spectacles, glasses
 * 22) もしもし - telephone "hello" (first word it is common to say over phone)
 * 23) もの - thing, object
 * 24) もんだい - problem, question
 * 25) やさしい - easy, plain
 * 26) やま - mountain
 * 27) やめる - to stop, to resign, to end
 * 28) ゆうびんきょく - post office
 * 29) ゆき - snow
 * 30) ゆめ - dream
 * 31) よむ - to read
 * 32) よわい - weak
 * 33) りっぱ - splendid, fine
 * 34) りゅうがくせい - overseas student
 * 35) りょうしん - parents; both parents
 * 36) りょこう - travel, trip
 * 37) れきし - history
 * 38) わかる - to understand, to know, to realize
 * 39) わすれる - to forget
 * 40) わるい - bad

/Vocabulary

title: Japanese/Lessons/Word list 1


text:
Wikijunior:Solar System/Space exploration

Space exploration — A long dream
Going into space was always one of the biggest dreams people had, even thousands of years ago. Many science fiction authors wrote about traveling in space even before the first airplane flight in 1903. One of the most famous science fiction books on space travel is From the Earth to the Moon by Jules Verne — it was written in 1865, more than one hundred years before the first person walked on the moon. Jules Verne's idea was to use a giant cannon! That might seem silly today, but it shows how much our ideas on space travel have changed.

The first exploration of space
Space begins about 100 km or 62 miles above the earth. A more realistic way to travel in space is with a rocket. Within a rocket is a controlled explosion. However, exhaust (things left over after burning) is only allowed to leave the rocket in one direction. As a result, the rocket is pushed in the other direction. In 1942, the German rocket A-4 became the first to reach that height, but it wasn't meant to do anything but fall straight down again and so wasn't terribly useful. Still, it was an advance in rocket technology.

The Soviets were the first to put anything in space that would stay up: they launched the Sputnik 1 satellite on October 4, 1957. Within a month, the Soviets launched Sputnik 2, and in that spacecraft was the first space traveler: a dog called Laika.

The launch of the Sputnik started the Space Race, a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to obtain more and more advanced space technology. Americans were very surprised that the Soviets could have launched 'Sputnik', and began to design rockets and satellites of their own. The race would last for the next few decades.

A man in Space
On April 12, 1961, the first person was sent into space: Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet, riding in the spacecraft Vostok 1. The Soviets would send more people into space over the next few decades, and so would the Americans, but it wouldn't be until 2003 that a different country would launch their own spacecraft with a person in it: China, with the Shenzhou 5.

The race to the moon
At the beginning of the 1960s, American president John F. Kennedy made a famous speech in which he said that the U.S. was going to send people to the moon within the next 10 years. And that's what happened: in July of 1969, Neil Armstrong stepped off the there spacecraft and said "One small step for [a] man and one giant leap for mankind". He and Buzz Aldrin walked on the moon where they put an American flag. Their footprints are still there because there is no wind or water on the Moon to wash them away.

The Space Shuttle

After the Apollo program that sent people to the Moon, the U.S. built the Space Shuttle, that is like a jet-plane that can go to space and return (with the help of rockets of course)! The Space Shuttle helped to construct the ISS (International Space Station) among another things.

The last space shuttle mission was on June 28, 2011, but it will be replaced with new vehicles that will take mankind to the Moon, Mars, and beyond!

Spaceships of the future
Right now, spaceships are not very efficient. The Saturn V rocket was 363 feet or nearly 111 meters tall, and it could only take people to the moon! To get people further, better rockets must be invented. One of the most popular ideas for a rocket is the antimatter rocket. This type of rocket collides a small amount of antimatter with an equal amount of normal matter to create a large amount of energy!

Other ideas for going into space, that do not need rockets, have been thought of by scientists and astronomers. One of these is a space elevator. A space elevator is basically a big lift into space. It will cost a lot less to get things up into space if a space elevator is built. Another idea, a bit like the Jules Verne idea, is an electromagnetic catapult. This catapult works by accelerating the spaceship along a rail, similar to a maglev train. Unfortunately, the air on Earth would set spaceships on fire as they launched, but scientists aren't thinking of putting one there: one could go on the Moon! The catapult on the moon could send metal and other resources to Earth's orbit, where a space station could collect them.

Exploration beyond the Solar System
Many people dream of the day when humans can travel to another star and explore other worlds, some people wonder what's out there some belive that aliens or other life may live on another plant. But, if this ever does happen probably won't happen for a very long time. The stars are so spread out that there are trillions of miles between stars that are "neighbors". Maybe one day, your great grandchildren will be standing atop an alien world wondering about their ancient ancestors?

The eye beyond Earth
Many people say the very best invention ever (not just in space technology) was the Hubble space telescope (HST). Others say it's just the space station being selfish having the best technology in the world.

The Hubble Space telescope is a giant telescope that is in orbit around the Earth. Because there is no atmosphere, the Hubble Space Telescope has a clear view of even distant galaxies. One of the pictures the Hubble space telescope has made is called the 'Hubble Deep Field'. The Hubble Deep Field is a picture of some of the most distant galaxies, and it gives a snapshot of what the universe looked like when it was younger. Even bigger telescopes are also in the planning, so we might be able to see right to the edge of the universe some day soon.

Wikijunior Sonnensystem/ Raumforschung


text:
The Descent of Man/Chapter VII

In the beginning of this chapter Darwin says he intends to ask what are the origins of the races and the value of the differences among races as to classification. After noting that non-Caucasian people from different cultures were dissimilar in many ways, he then lists the reasons why naturalists might classify them as different species. These reasons include differences in habitat, physical features, intelligence, emotional makeup, and even body lice.

Darwin then argues against these reasons. He points out that individuals differ from others within their group or culture, and unlike lower animals, they are able to interbreed with other groups of people. Furthermore,individual differences are outweighed by the many general similarities among all races. The characteristics of two ancient stocks of pig could be seen in modern pigs, but this could not be said for man which argues against more than one ancestral line according to Darwin. He describes the similarities of culture, nonverbal language and mental processes among the races which Darwin prefers to call "subspecies" if such a differentiation must be made at all.

In discussing the reasons for the extinction of ancient peoples, Darwin points to competition and the struggle for existence. He mentions cases where contact with "civilized" nations has led to the deaths of native peoples and explores the possible reasons for the mortality increase. Darwin argues against most reasons offered by others and states the main cause is sterility brought on by changes in living conditions most of which happened as a result of contacts with Europeans. He adds that interbreeding appears to increase fertility in at least some cases. He also surmises that the changes in living conditions could have been caused by contact with other native peoples too.

In the last paragraphs Darwin discusses the opposing views on the reasons for different shades of human pigmentation and the relationship of pigmentation to yellow fever immunity. The chapter ends with a note on the comparison of the brains in humans and apes. Darwin reiterates that there are fewer differences between the brains of a chimpanzee and a human than between a chimp and a lemur. He also quotes one of his critics on this point and offers further arguments as counterpoint.

title: The Descent of Man/Chapter VII


text:
Cookbook:French Omelette

| Breakfast Recipes | Omelet Recipes

A French omelette is a dish consisting of fried beaten eggs, often with an added filling. The center of the omelette should be just barely cooked, and a little runny. The outside should be cooked, but not browned (or only slightly browned). The center will continue to cook after the omelette is removed from the pan, so be sure to eat it right away.

Ingredients

 * 4 eggs
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Oil and butter

Procedure

 * 1) Loosely beat the eggs. Season the mixture with some salt and pepper.
 * 2) Heat a frying pan. Add oil and a small amount of butter when the pan starts to get hot. Enough to coat the pan entirely, but no more. Remove any excess oil.
 * 3) Let the pan get as hot as you can, without burning the butter, and keep the flame high.
 * 4) Pour the egg mixture into the pan and quickly tilt the pan to let it spread around the bottom.
 * 5) With a spoon or spatula, pull the solidified edges towards the center and tilt the pan to let the egg mixture fill the gap again. Keep repeating this (quickly) until there's not enough liquid egg left to fill the gap. The top of the omelette should still be liquid.
 * 6) Turn the heat down a little lower to fold the egg. Use a spatula to pry the edges loose from the pan. When the omelette is completely loose from the pan. Fold one part over the other. You can fold half of the omelette over the other half, or fold one third of the omelette inwards and then fold the remaining flap over that, to create a thicker, less wide omelette.
 * 7) Slide the omelette onto the plate.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The center of a good omelette should just be a little runny. When serving omelettes to children, pregnant women, or elderly or ill people, give the omelette a little more time to cook.
 * To decrease the amount of eggs used, use fewer eggs, and add some milk.
 * Omelettes are often cooked with extra ingredients, or a 'filling'. How ingredients should be added depends on the ingredient. Some ingredients, like cheese, can be added to the egg mixture. Some should be fried before making the omelette (possibly in the same pan as the omelette, before adding the eggs). To use the ingredients more as a filling, than as a part of the mixture, add them to the omelette just before folding. There are many ingredients and fillings that can be used in omelettes. Some suggestions include:
 * Cooked bacon.
 * Any kind of cheese.
 * Broccoli.
 * Olives.
 * Chopped tomatoes, optionally with seeds removed
 * Ham, salami, or prosciutto.
 * Sautéed Mushrooms.

title: Cookbook:French Omelette


text:
Cookbook talk:Basic Omelet

I've moved this to Omelette Recipe temporarily, because I didn't really know what to do with it. This doesn't really agree with any kind of omelette recipe I've ever seen, so I wouldn't know what to call it, but just removing it seems harsh. Any thoughts? risk

 * Yeah, what the heck? It's a very normal omelet recipe with good instructions. AlbertCahalan 20:39, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * True. I originally moved it to French Omelette, intending to only edit it slightly from general Omelette to French Omelette. However, as I was editing I found that I had to edit all the instructions to turn it in to a classic French omelette recipe, so I moved this here and started French Omelette from scratch. My only problem is the page title. Since the Omelette page now has a different function and this recipe doesn't signify any specific kind of omelet (to my knowledge) I coulnd't come up with a proper name. risk

 * OK. This is just an Omelet. It's not French or anything else. Let's leave the complicated spelling for the French one. In general it is better to add a variation or a new recipe, unless you're sure the original just won't work. I assure you that this fairly plain and ordinary omelet is quite tasty. The only odd thing is having proportionately more egg white for better taste, nutrition, and physical characteristics. Note that omelets are generally listed on the Cookbook:Breakfast page, though maybe the Asian ones aren't served for breakfast. Also see inarizushi on the Cookbook:Sushi page. AlbertCahalan 21:23, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm with risk - this is not an omelet recipe. It may make a very tasty egg dish, but you'll have to invent a new name for it.  It's not how an omelet is prepared -

This guy wants us to put a nonstick pan on a freaking 500 degree F grill? I just so happen to be living in the great US, and a grill is something entirely different from what the English call a "grill". Here we call it a broiler. And just so you know, if I tried to put a nonstick pan on an "American" grill, I'd be eating a Teflon flavored omelet. AltonBrownIsAwesome (talk) 03:00, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Basic Omelet


text:
Armenian/Cover

~ English

Learning the Armenian Language

title: Armenian/Cover