text:
Category:Featured recipe candidates

These recipes are candidates to be the featured recipe for the Cookbook. Please see Cookbook:Policy for more information.

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Featured recipe candidates


text:
Cookbook:Karedok (Indonesian Raw Vegetable Salad with Peanut Dressing)

| Side dishes

Karedok is an Indonesian raw vegetable salad dressed with peanut sauce.

Dressing

 * Red pepper
 * Garlic
 * Birds' eye chilli
 * Grated galangal
 * Peanuts
 * Palm sugar
 * Salt
 * Shrimp paste (terasi/belacan)
 * Brackish water
 * Hot water

Salad

 * Cucumber, sliced
 * Bean sprouts
 * Cabbage, sliced very thin
 * Legumes
 * Thai basil
 * Eggplant
 * Fried shrimp chips

Procedure

 * 1) Pound the red peppers, garlic, birds' eye chilli, galangal, peanuts, palm sugar, salt, and shrimp paste together.
 * 2) Add brackish water and hot water. Mix evenly to make a dressing.
 * 3) Add cucumber, bean sprouts, cabbage, basil, and eggplant. Toss them to coat with the dressing.
 * 4) Top with fried shrimp chips.

id:Resep:Karedok

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Uwklewis

I teach Decision Science at the University of Wyoming.

title: User:Uwklewis


text:
User talk:Uwklewis

Teach me

title: User talk:Uwklewis


text:
User talk:81.215.243.219

Please stop adding irrelevant links to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you continue, then you risk being blocked from editing Wikibooks. Thank you. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 00:15, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 00:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.215.243.219


text:
User talk:81.133.218.127

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 00:26, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.133.218.127


text:
User:CyberSkull

Projects
I am currently working on things related to the Computer and video games bookshelf.

title: User:CyberSkull


text:
User talk:SV~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 01:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called SV. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name SV~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:41, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:SV~enwikibooks


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User talk:Valid User

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User talk:GACSean

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User talk:Jerven Bolleman

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User talk:Kwo150

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User talk:Oldude

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User:Mcphearson

Hi all

I'm run a peronnel training centre for business. I like bridge, classical music, and Led Zep. I am the mother of 3 boys and a girl.

I am biased. Total Guardian reader lefty.

Cheers McPhearson

title: User:Mcphearson


text:
User talk:Mcphearson

Hi all

I'm run a peronnel training centre for business. I like bridge, classical music, and Led Zep. I am the mother of 3 boys and a girl.

I am biased. Total Guardian reader lefty.

Cheers McPhearson

title: User talk:Mcphearson


text:
History of Historical Writing/Archaic Historians

< Table of Contents

Introduction
In this chapter we will concern ourselves with historical documents where the personality of the writer is not a contributing factor to the document, and is often not mentioned. This situation is typical for the early great civilizations such as Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, where professional scribes acted as executors of the intentions of their patrons, and not as contributors, partners or even as the leads in the determination of the historical interest of the documents they produced.

Role of the Historian
Much of the historical writing we will consider in this section is either biographical or serves the purpose of propaganda in some form of another. The patrons of these texts intended for their actions, their life, their deeds to be glorified and remembered by future generations.

A very large number of the texts that we know about from this area are monumental inscriptions. Here, the historian only had the task of drafting the text, which was then transferred to the representational material by the stone workers or painters. (Often, the inscriptions did not survive, we only have the copies of the inscriptions into more portable formats.) It is unfortunately unclear what an impact this writing process had on the textual content.

While it may seem weird for people to strive to produce massive inscriptions that 99% of the population could not read, the form of the message was still understood by all: The sponsor of the writing was wealthy and powerful enough to afford the expenditure of the monument. Of course, not all stone inscriptions were massive; see for example the Palermo Stone or the Narmer Palette.

The other main category of text types are those that employ writing formats optimized for day to day usage such as the cuneiform tablets of the Mesopotamian civilizations. In Ancient Egypt, Papyrus was also in use to record historical texts and communication.

Social Status of the Historian
The (anonymous) writers of the texts we will consider in this section belonged to the middle levels of the social strata. Their work required extensive and expensive training and tied them closely into the bureaucratic machinery of either the palace or the temple, the only social entities who could afford to pay for their upkeep.

Since vassal states often did not have the economic infrastructure to maintain the necessary scribal schools, the imperial courts would loan scribes to their allies. These not only facilitated the bureaucratic correspondence, but also were convenient ambassadors, spies and "supervisors" of the vassals, acting as constant reminders of the superiority of the imperial culture.

Categories of Texts
The main alternative textual form is the chronicle or the list, simply enumerating office holders, events or similar items of interest for the stately or priestly bureaucracies. Such enumerations are usually composed without much of an attempt to form an overarching narrative.

Both of these categories of genre share the characteristic that they recount very recent history. As a result, the professional scribes who lent their skill to these productions did not have to perform any historical research, that is, employ any historical techniques for discovering the ways in which the past was different from their present.

In this sense we can consider their historiographical work as being in its infancy. Of course, the availability of such historical records like chronicles and lists is an important prerequisite for developing such a skill.

Chapters

 * 1) Archaic Historians of Egypt
 * 2) Archaic Historians of Mesopotamia
 * 3) Archaic Historians of Palaestine
 * 4) Hittite Archaic Historians
 * 5) Where there Indian Archaic Historians?
 * 6) Where there Chinese Archaic Historians?


text:
User:Tom Webb~enwikibooks

I live in Papatoetoe, Auckland, New Zealand].

I am part owner in an IT company and have many interests that I will try to put to use in helping with the Wikipedia project.

These are books/pages that I have worked on

 * World Stamp Catalogue
 * World Stamp Catalogue/Pacific countries
 * World Stamp Catalogue/Pacific countries/New Zealand

If you are interesting in helping Wikipedia:

title: User:Tom Webb~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:O o~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 06:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called O o. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name O o~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:34, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

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User talk:60-226-30-88

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title: User talk:60-226-30-88


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Template talk:Featured ingredient

Please see Cookbook:Policy for more details.
 * Past featured ingredients should be listed in Category:Featured ingredients.
 * Ingredients considered suitable for featuring should be listed in Category:Featured ingredient candidate.

title: Template talk:Featured ingredient


text:
Template talk:Featured recipe

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 * Past featured recipes should be listed in Category:Featured recipes.
 * Recipes considered suitable for featuring should be listed in Category:Featured recipe candidates.

title: Template talk:Featured recipe


text:
User talk:172.196.46.16

It's "spew" when it interrupts the middle of a sentence and leaves an incomplete thought.

Please, contribute. But when you press "save page", be sure it's still English that you're saving.

If it isn't, I have every right to call it "spew".

--Randal L. Schwartz 07:20, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Additionally, there's really no point in "commiting" as you edit every few lines. Please edit it as you would have it be when you are "done", using show preview until it's correct, then submit. --Randal L. Schwartz 07:26, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:172.196.46.16


text:
User talk:69.50.187.85

Please stop adding irrelevant links to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you continue, then you risk being blocked from editing Wikibooks. Thank you. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 08:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 21:38, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.50.187.85


text:
Microeconomics/Goods and Scarcity

Goods
In economics, objects people want are called goods (tangible) or services (intangible). Goods exist or are created through value addition, and can be bought and sold at a price; this includes such things as foods, animals, computers, and jewelry. Even services, which are things people can either do or have done, are a type of good. A service might be vacuuming a room or driving someone to the airport.

Goods are usually classified into two groups. Some goods, such as food, and clothing, are things everyone needs. They are called necessities. Other goods, such as jewelry and stereo systems, are luxuries, meaning that while a person may want them very badly, they can live and function without them.

Scarcity
People have numerous wants and desires, but the resources to fulfill these wants and desires are limited. This gap between desires and resources creates scarcity. It is important to understand that goods and services are limited; there is only a finite amount of resources in the world. Of course, since there is a limited amount of goods, there may be a problem if people want more of a good than there is available. If there is less of a good than people want, it is scarce. Some goods are not scarce; if no more of a good would be consumed if it were free, it is an abundant or free good. This means that there is enough, or more than enough, of the good in question.

Scarcity is sometimes referred to as the fundamental fact of economics. There are not enough goods to fulfill all of the wants that people have. This has been true in the past, and it seems that it will remain true for the foreseeable future. Because of this dilemma, there has to be some way to partition goods among the people who want them. In some cultures, this problem is solved by a market pricing system, where the most serious customers are matched with the best suppliers, while in other countries it is determined by some other system, such as everyone getting an equal share regardless of needs, desires, or utility.

Review Questions

 * 1) Name 3 luxuries you own.
 * 2) Name 3 necessities you own.
 * 3) Is air a good, or not? Explain.
 * 4) Can something be a necessity for one person, but a luxury for another? Explain why or why not.
 * 5) What is more scarce, diamonds or wheat? How do you know?
 * 6) In what way are goods distributed in modern society?

Suggest Answers

 * 1) Diamonds, cars, departments, apple computers...etc.
 * 2) Food cans, pens for studies, online service for e-working...etc.
 * 3) Air is not a good. In the theory of economy, a "Good" is a product that contain expending "Opportunity Cost" in its production, such as rent on the factory or/and salaries for the workers, which the producer could use these expenses on other production strategies. The production of air need not any opportunity cost, thus air could not be classified as a good.
 * 4) Yes, it is possible that something be a necessity or sexy for one person, but a luxury for another. For example, a blue-collar family may think that a sports car is luxury for them as they may live normally without purchasing this good; but for a sports-car player, it's necessary for him/her to practice his/her skill with a sports car.

title: Microeconomics/Goods and Scarcity


text:
User talk:221.218.36.143

Please stop adding irrelevant links to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you continue, then you risk being blocked from editing Wikibooks. Thank you. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:10, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:221.218.36.143


text:
User talk:Jshadias~enwikibooks

Thanks
Thanks for helping to fight vandalism by removing the link spam added by 221.218.36.143. We need more people like you, your contribution is greatly appreciated.:) (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:15, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jshadias. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jshadias~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:18, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:06, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jshadias~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:81.6.226.70

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:20, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.6.226.70


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User talk:202.68.131.69

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title: User talk:202.68.131.69


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User talk:Davidmanheim~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Davidmanheim. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Davidmanheim~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Davidmanheim~enwikibooks


text:
Learn Electronics/Appendix

This is a ruf draft. Some chapters are likely to be removed others may be added. The idea is to keep a structure as Theory->Some Exercises->Experiment. This may not be possible for all chapters. Please add comments, more topics or new chapters. --Patrik 12:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

=Part 1 DC: Direct Current=

What is electricity?
What is electricity physicaly, What is voltage, current and resistance?

Voltage, current and Resistance. Ohm’s Law.
''Math. relation between U, I and R. Where it applies, where it doesn’t. Examples of magnitudes of values for U, I and R.''  Experiment: measuring current and voltage in a simple circuit. (battery + small light bulb). Introduces how to measure these quantities.

The Resistor.
''What is a resistor, how does it looks like, how does it work. simple circuits with resistors (serie, parallel, and combinations) and how to solve them.'' Expermiment: measuring resistance. Check if your calculation is correct with an ohm meter.

Resistance of wires.
''How to calculate the resistance of a certain length of wire. Loses in wires.'' Experiment: Calculate the resistance of a piece of wire and the check your result.

The Voltage divider.
''What it is, how it works, how to calculate it. How a load (resistor from divider to ground) modifies its output. The pot-meter. ''  Experiment: building a voltage divider and check out the math and the load. Try out a voltage divider build with a pot-meter.

Special resistors.
Light Dependent Resistors, Temperature dependent resistors. Experiment: Measuring resistance of these resistors in different conditions.

The Capacitor.
''What is a capacitor. construction, uses. Capacity (what it is, where it depends on) Charging and discharging. The RC circuit (charge and discharge graph. The meaning of the value of R*C (or tau), meaning of 5 tau. '' Experiment: measuring and drawing the charge and discharge graph of an RC circuit. Check if tau (calcutated) is correct. Same for 5 tau.

Semiconductors.
''What are semiconductors. the PN junction. Diode, led and zener diode.'' experiment: simple circuit (battery, diode and resistor), measure in which direction the diode blocks and in which it conducts. Same experiment with led, Getting a fixed voltage with a zener.

'''Next chapters of this part are optional. They may be kept for a differend part or something. These chapters may benefit from having AC to explain them completely.'''

Transistors in DC.
''What’s a transistor, how does it work, transistor models, basic circuits. Why its beta (HFE and Hfe. how much the transistor amplifies the basis current) is pretty useless for designing circuit (it varies too much in real life transistors. this is commonly noted as a value “between 100 and 300” or simular.).'' Experiment: test a few transistor circuits. Measure the beta of a few transistors of the same type.

Light-sensitive semiconductors.
Phototransistor, opto-couplers, photo-diode. Experiment: Measuring some values in simple circuits with phototransistor and photodiode. building a light meter. Simple circuit with an optocoupler.

The Field Effect Transistor or FET.
''What’s a FET, how does it work. different types, uses, basic circuits. FET- transistor (dis)simularities. (dis)advantages. '' Experiment: Similar experiments as the transistor.

=Part 2 Digital Electronics=

What is digital electronics
what does digital means, benefits of digital technology (in contrast to analog electronics), limits and problems of digital electronics.

Digital Numbers and Math
''What are binary numbers, how to add, substract, multiply and divide them. what are shifts. Boolean operators.''

Boolean algebra
boolean algebra, Demorgan

Karnaugh diagrams
diagrams for simplifying digital equations

Real Life Digital Cicuits: TTL IC's
What are IC's, what is TTL, voltage levels, how to interface them, push-pull and open collector outputs, fan-in and fan-out. Experiment: build a digital circuit, build a larger digital circuit, apply boolean algebra to symplify and build simpler circuit, verify they are equal. Measure on which voltage levels a gate switches.

CMOS IC's
''What is CMOS. How CMOS differs from TTL, how to interface them, voltage levels, how to mix TTL and CMOS.''

Latches and Flipflops
basic Latch with gates, master-slave flipflop, J-K-Flipflop, D-flipflop. experiment: Build a basic batch.

Shift Registers
What are shift registers, how are they constructed

Digital Oscillators
What, how, examples Experiment: Build an oscillator with a 555 timer IC.

title: Learn Electronics/Appendix


text:
User:Geocachernemesis:LearnElectronics/Tmp contents

The current organisation is this:

LearnElectronics:Forward
1. Aim of book

2. Prerequisites:

3. Materials

LearnElectronics:Chapter1 The Basics
1.Basic Thoery

2.Open/Closed/Short Circuit

3.Circuit Diagrams

LearnElectronics:Chapter2 Hands On experience
1.Understanding the Parts

2.Assembly and Math

---

Maybe it would be better organised like this (my comments follow the -):

LearnElectronics:Forward

 * 1) Aim of book - hands on tutorial, could rename book to Hands on electronics? No AC electronics, all DC?
 * 2) Prerequisites - introductory high school mathematics.
 * 3) Materials - Chapter 1, battery and holder, wire, light bulb and holder; Chapter 2 onward, multimeter (cheap), resistors; and Chapter 3? onward, breadboard, etc.

LearnElectronics:Chapter1 Circuits

 * 1) Materials - battery and holder, wire, 3 identical light bulb and holders (describe briefly what each of the items do (i.e., the battery stores energy, etc.).
 * 2) Building my first circuit - connecting the battery to the light bulb, show the circuit diagram.
 * 3) How does it work - use the fluid flow analogy to begin with (i.e., electricity behaves as if it's a fluid flowing through a pipe and the battery is a tank, etc.; a closed circuit).
 * 4) Open circuits - what happens to the flow when the pipe is disconnected (electrons don't easily flow through air).
 * 5) Short circuit - with little resistance to flow a large amount of fluid flows (i.e., a large current flows).
 * 6) Series and parallel connection - two bulbs in parallel in series with one more, describe why splitting the current through the two bulbs reduces their brightness (reintroduce the idea of resistance, narrowing of the tube)

LearnElectronics:Chapter2 Resistors

 * 1) Materials - as Chapter 1, but add the multimeter (describe how to measure battery voltage) and high wattage resistors (or use some some nichrome wire?; show circuit symbol).
 * 2) Voltage drop - connect in series with light bulb and observe drop in brightness, measure with multimeter.
 * 3) Ohms law - describe how to measure resistance, then calculate current from voltage drop, do an experiment to check.
 * 4) A couple more experiments here...

LearnElectronics:Chapter3 Capacitors
- no AC measurements?

 * 1) Materials
 * 2) Charging and Discharging
 * 3) More...

LearnElectronics:Chapter4 Inductors
- no AC measurements?

 * 1) Materials... - make a spark too?

LearnElectronics:Chapter6 Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)
- no AC measurements?

LearnElectronics:Chapter7 Field effect transistors (FETs)
- no AC measurements?

LearnElectronics:Chapter8 Operational Amplifiers
- really need to do AC measurements to do properly

LearnElectronics:Chapter9 Digital electronics
- that's a big one


text:
User:LukePebody

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 12:39, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:LukePebody


text:
Talk:Physical Activity

For some reason I feel that not many people add to other people's books. Pankaj 13:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I added some
I added some to yours. I'm very interested in this subject!

section on injury added
I added a section on injuries and will expanded it to containing into warming/cooling down and stretching. I would also like to add something somewhere about motivation and also make changes in the nutrition section, please say if think this is ok -deven

 * That would be a very welcome addition, I look forward to reading it. There's also a Nutrition book in development if you would like to go into more detail. --hagindaz 22:10, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Physical Activity


text:
Microeconomics/Economic Systems

Economics deals with the fundamental questions of why people produce, what they produce, and how much they produce. While one economy may depend on rice, another may need wheat to sustain its economy. Since goods do not stay in the possession of one person but are constantly created and consumed, the system by which goods move is very important to all consumers. There are two extremes of economic systems: Planned Economies and Market Economies. Although a topic in macroeconomics, a quick overview of these two terms is helpful in understanding the bigger picture behind microeconomics.

Planned Economies
A pure planned economy has one person or group who controls what is produced; all businesses work together to produce goods and services that are planned and distributed by the government. These economies are also called Command Economies because everyone must follow specific guidelines set up by the government. The reason behind such an economy is to make sure that everything needed is produced and that everyone's needs are fulfilled. The main drawback of planned economies is that those who plan the economy must know exactly what should be produced and in what quantities; otherwise, people will not be able to buy as much as they need and shortages will occur.

Planned economies have several advantages. Ideally, there is no unemployment, and needs never go unfulfilled; because the government knows how much food, medicine, and other goods is needed, it can produce enough for all. Realistically, however, these systems tend to suffer from large inefficiencies and are overall not as successful as other types of economic systems.

Market Economies
A pure market economy is one perfectly free of external control. Individuals are left up to themselves to decide what to produce, who to work for, and how to get the things they need. This type of economy, though it may be chaotic at times, allows people to change along with the shifting market conditions to maximize their profits.

Although avoiding many of the inadequacies of planned economies, market economies are not free of their own problems and downfalls. Perhaps the greatest problem is that business firms may refuse to produce goods that are unprofitable for them. For instance, in 2000 there was a shortage of tetanus vaccine in the United States; one of the two companies that had previously made it went bankrupt. Because it was expensive to make, other companies were unwilling to start production themselves, leaving only one firm struggling to keep up with demand. In a planned economy, this shortage would not happen because the government would boost production of the vaccine if it were needed.

Because there is no regulation ensuring equality and fairness, market economies are burdened with unemployment, and even those with jobs can never be certain that they will make enough to provide for all of their needs. Despite these and other problems, market economies come with many advantages, chief among which is speed. Because they do not need to wait for word from the government before changing their output, companies under market economies can quickly keep up with fluctuations in the economy, tending to be more efficient than regulated markets. Also, individuals have more freedom and opportunities to do the jobs they want and to profit by them.

Mixed Economies
Most modern economies do not strictly follow either system but, wanting the benefits from both systems, will instead have some combination of the two. Usually they have a mostly free market, with the government owning some businesses and providing some goods and services to the citizens. Some governments may subsidize industries, rather than actually own them. When a government subsidizes an industry, it provides benefits, such as tax breaks, so that the industry will remain profitable. Similarly, mixed economies may have government-owned hospitals and medical services for public use but allow other parts of the economy to run on their own to avoid inefficiency.

Markets
In any economy that is not completely planned, there are markets for some, or all, goods and services. These markets are where everything we study in microeconomics occurs. In a pure free-market economy, all goods and services may be bought and sold, whereas in some mixed economies, certain goods are regulated by the government. In either case, the way a good is bought and sold depends on how scarce it is, who supplies it, and what the consumer wants to do with it. In the next chapter, we will start to examine the way markets work.

Review

 * 1) Identify one or more countries which demonstrate each of the three main economic types: planned, market, and mixed.
 * 2) Why are most modern economies mixed?
 * 3) What type of goods would a country not want to have a market for? Why?

title: Microeconomics/Economic Systems


text:
User talk:82.32.177.79

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 14:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:82.32.177.79


text:
User talk:Kiraki~enwikibooks

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 14:07, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kiraki. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kiraki~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:19, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:09, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kiraki~enwikibooks


text:
Singing

Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Anatomy of the human larynx/
 * /Proper posture/
 * /Breathing/
 * /Caring for your voice/

title: Singing


text:
Hebrew/Tips for Contributing

Hebrew

General

 * Avoid using transliteration.
 * Don't bother trying to type Hebrew in the wiki edit box. You'll just end up with a big mess. Instead, type the Hebrew into a word processor with right-to-left support, such as MS word or OpenOffice, and then copy it.
 * Avoid putting Hebrew and English on the same line. If you want to (like I did for vocabulary), write the English part first, then copy the Hebrew inside. It's a good idea not to let the far right or left character be a Hebrew character.
 * To type Hebrew diacritic marks, turn caps lock on and press Shift + ~,0-9,-,+
 * Diacritic marks are not easily seen unless you bump up the font size and/or change the Hebrew font.

Hebrew Templates
Use the Hebrew Templates to keep the diacritic marks in the right place, to make the text larger and easier to read and to make it easier to switch between left to right and right to left text.

Examples: Enter to create  or Enter  to create

Instructions for Typing in Hebrew with Diacritic Marks Using Windows

 * 1) Make sure the Hebrew language is installed. Use the Windows installation disc to do so.
 * 2) Once Hebrew is installed, go to Start -> Control Panel -> Regional and Language Options.
 * 3) Go to the Languages tab, and in the Text services and input languages box, click the Details button.
 * 4) In the new window, under the Settings tab, find the button in the Installed services area that says Add.
 * 5) Under Input Language, find Hebrew. The box below it will also change to Hebrew. Click OK.
 * 6) In the Preferences area, click Language Bar and make sure the first and third checkboxes are selected.
 * 7) Congratulations, you are now able to type in Hebrew!
 * 8) To type vowels, make sure Caps Lock is on, move the cursor past the letter you want to apply the vowel to, then hold down Shift and type using the numbers row above the letters section of the keyboard (i.e. type %,&, etc. with 'Caps Lock' on).

Discussion Pages
Please see the discussion pages for dialogs about how to organize the pages, improvements, etc.

title: Hebrew/Tips for Contributing


text:
Talk:Programming:C plus plus/Reference Tables

i think every standard header deserves its own article, so i made them all link to articles which doesn't exist yet. --213.209.71.238 16:11, 20 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Magic: The Gathering

Overview:
Magic: The Gathering (colloquially "Magic" or "MTG"), is a collectible card game created by Richard Garfield, Ph.D. and introduced by Wizards of the Coast in 1993. Magic inspired an entirely new game genre, and continues to endure with an estimated six million players in over seventy countries worldwide and on the Internet. This book attempts to be both an introduction to the game and a manual of reference, and should serve as easy to approach from whatever experience level the reader has with the game.

Please contribute to this book in any way that you can. And be sure to spread the word about it to any forums that you frequent.

Rules & Formats:
[//magic.wizards.com/en/gameplay/rules-and-formats Comprehensive Tutorial & Official Rules] (External site)

Standard Formats

 * /Vintage Format/
 * /Legacy Format/
 * /Two-Headed Giant Format/
 * /Commander Format/
 * [//magic.wizards.com/en/gameinfo/gameplay/formats/modern Modern Format]
 * /Standard Format/
 * /Block Format/

Atypical Formats

 * /Prismatic Format/
 * /Extended Format/
 * /Emperor Format/
 * /Highlander Format/
 * /Mental Magic Format/
 * /5-Color Format/
 * /Type 4/
 * /Assassin Format/
 * /Riviera Live Draft/
 * /Star Format/

Decks & Strategies:

 * /Vintage Decks & Strategies/
 * /Legacy Decks & Strategies/
 * /Commander Decks & Strategies/
 * /Modern Decks & Strategies/
 * /Standard Decks & Strategies/
 * /Block Decks & Strategies/
 * /Atypical Format Strategies/
 * /Extended Decks & Strategies/
 * /Historical Decks & Strategies/

Strategy Articles & Resources

 * [//www.magicthegathering.com/ Official Wizards of the Coast Site]
 * [//magic.tcgplayer.com/ Popular Magic Strategy Site]
 * [//www.themanadrain.com/ Vintage Strategy Site]
 * [//www.mtgthesource.com/ Legacy Strategy Site]
 * 90’s Strategy Magazine
 * [//www.mtgsalvation.com/ Future Set Spoilers]
 * [//morphling.de/ Winning Decklists]
 * [//www.trollandtoad.com/cardconditionguide.php Card Condition Guide]

Foreign Language Resources

 * [//solomoxen.com/ Vintage French Strategy Site]
 * [//www.tipo1.it Vintage/Legacy Italian Strategy Site]
 * [//www.legacyitalia.it Legacy Italian Strategy Site]
 * [//www.svenskamagic.com Swedish Magic Community]
 * [//www.bersogeddon.com/index.php?p=element_list&menu_id=7&submenu_id=21 MTG Card Images (Italian site)]
 * [//www.twincast.de/downloads,cat,1.html MTG Full Card Images (German site)]
 * [//www.elsantuario.es Vintage Spanish Community]

Storylines

 * Overview

Tournament Circuits & Upcoming Tournaments

 * [//www.magicthegathering.com/ Wizards Pro Tour Circuit]
 * [//www.starcitygames.com/ Power Nine Tournament Circuit]
 * [//www.morphling.de/ Tournaments in Europe]

Online Tournaments & Gameplay

 * [//www.wizards.com/default.asp?x=magic/magiconline Official - Magic:The Gathering Online]
 * [//www.magicworkstation.com Unofficial - Online Play for Windows]
 * [//gccg.sourceforge.net Unofficial - Online Play for all platforms]
 * [//www.magicthegatheringstats.com Magic the Gathering Stats] Magic The gathering online tournament archiving and deck lists

Magic pt:Magic: The Gathering

title: Magic: The Gathering


text:
User talk:69.50.166.3

Please stop adding irrelevant links to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you continue, then you risk being blocked from editing Wikibooks. Thank you. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 21:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.50.166.3


text:
Talk:Demystifying Depression/The Recovery Process

This sounds like a fairly definitive guide to recovery. Just sleep away your blues!

This chapter might lead dysthymics astray.


text:
User talk:69.50.184.210

Please stop adding irrelevant links to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you continue, then you risk being blocked from editing Wikibooks. Thank you. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 04:22, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.50.184.210


text:
User talk:82.54.126.84

Thanks
Thanks for helping to fight vandalism by removing the link spam added to Wikibooks. We need more people like you, your contribution is greatly appreciated.:) (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 04:23, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:82.54.126.84


text:
User talk:159.53.78.144

Thanks
Thanks for helping to fight vandalism by removing the link spam added to Wikibooks. We need more people like you, your contribution is greatly appreciated.:) (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 04:24, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:159.53.78.144


text:
User talk:80.42.204.184

Thanks
Thanks for helping to fight vandalism by removing the link spam added to Wikibooks. We need more people like you, your contribution is greatly appreciated.:) (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 04:25, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.42.204.184


text:
User talk:59.138.148.94

Thanks
Thanks for helping to fight vandalism by removing the link spam added to Wikibooks. We need more people like you, your contribution is greatly appreciated.:) (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 04:25, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:59.138.148.94


text:
User talk:70.34.27.201

Thanks
Thanks for helping to fight vandalism by removing the link spam added to Wikibooks. We need more people like you, your contribution is greatly appreciated.:) (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 04:26, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No prob! I'm mostly active on Wikinews.  -- 70.34.27.201 04:25, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.34.27.201


text:
Automobile Repair/Spark plugs

A spark plug initiates combustion in an internal combustion engine. A plug sits right inside the combustion chamber and can be removed for inspection. An examination, or "reading" of the characteristic markings on the firing end of the spark plug can indicate conditions within the running engine. A spark plug's firing end will be affected by the internal environment and will bear the marks as evidence of what is happening inside the engine while running. Usually there is no other way to know what is going on inside an engine running at peak power. The information obtained is especially important in high performance engines to refine the adjustment of all the systems.

The reading of spark plugs for a racing engine is a precision technique distinct from the more generic reading of spark plugs from general purpose engines, as the published information is intended for commercial mechanics to diagnose engine damage.

A racing engine is tuned whilst in prime condition. These engines require fine adjustment to much tighter tolerances. The most relevant spark plug parts for reading are at the tip, the center and side electrodes as well as part of the insulator.

When a spark plug fires, it ignites the fuel-air mixture, creating a fireball inside the combustion chamber. The size of this fireball or 'kernel' depends on the exact composition of the mixture between the electrodes and the level of combustion chamber turbulence at the time of the spark. A small kernel will make the engine run as though the ignition timing was retarded. A large kernel appears like the timing was advanced for that individual cycle. The combustion process produces characteristic marks on the spark plug. It is these marks that you can analyze.

Spark plug construction

 * Ribs: The ribs prevent electrical energy from leaking from the terminal to the metal case along the side of the insulator. The longer the current has to travel because of the ripples the higher the resistance thereby assisting with isolation.
 * Insulator: Made from Aluminum Oxide ceramic. Designed to withstand 1,200 deg. F. and 60,000 volts. The exact composition and length of the insulator, extending from the metal case into the combustion chamber partly determines the heat range of the plug.

 * Metal Case: Bears the torque of tightening the plug. Removes heat from the insulator and passes it on to the engine head. It acts as the ground for the sparks passing through the center electrode to the side electrode.

 * Center Electrode: Can be made of copper, nickel-iron or precious metals. The center electrode is designed to eject electrons because it is the hottest (normally) part of the plug. The electrons 'boil off' from the hot electrode. A further improvement would be to use a pointed electrode but a pointed electrode would melt after only a few seconds. The development of precious metal high temperature electrodes allows the use of a much smaller center electrodes that are smaller in diameter-closer to a point, but they do not melt or corrode away. A smaller electrode also absorbs less heat from the spark and initial flame energy.

 * Side Electrode: The side electrode is made from high nickel steel and is welded to the side of the metal case. The side electrode also runs very hot, especially on projected nose plugs.

Ignition process
As the electrons are pushed in from the coil, a voltage difference appears between the center electrode and side electrode. No current can flow because the fuel and air in the gap is an insulator, but as the voltage rises further, it begins to change the structure of the gases between the electrodes.

Once there is a small channel of gas which is affected this way, it is said to be "ionized". An ionized gas becomes a conductor and can pass electrons.

As the current of electrons surges across the gap, it raises the temperature of the spark channel to 60,000 K. The intense heat in the spark channel causes the ionized gas to expand very quickly, like a small explosion. This is the "click" you hear when watching a spark.

The heat and pressure force the gases to react with each other and at the end of the spark event there should be a small ball of fire in the plug gap as the gasses burn on their own. The size of this fireball or kernel depends on the exact composition of the fuel-air mixture between the electrodes at the time of the spark. A small kernel will make the engine run as though the ignition timing was retarded and a large one like the timing was advanced for that individual cycle.

Reading spark plug conditions for racing engines
Spark plug reading flashlight/magnifiers aid in reading spark plugs.

Accurate Reading Conditions
The most accurate plug readings are obtained after an engine is well tuned with new plugs and after shutting the engine at the end of a strong full throttle run. Having the engine shut down quickly and cleanly avoids creating misleading information and provides evidence from full power conditions. Idle conditions may be relevant for non-racing readings and general engine diagnosis.

Gap Type
Racers are concerned with only two gap styles illustrated in figure 2. Most racing engines use projected nose, fine wire plugs, but some engines need the conventional gap fine wire plugs because of clearance problems or difficulty in cooling the plug. Surface gap, retracted gap, etc., plugs are not suitable for high performance use.
 * 1) Projected Nose
 * 2) Conventional gap

Heat range
With respect to heat range, manufactured racing engines already have most of the selection done. The stock plug is usually within two heat ranges of ideal. The only change that might be needed to use the fine wire version of the same plug (usually 1 or 2 steps hotter). For heavily modified standard engines the choice is less clear. A plug 2 to 3 ranges colder than stock and of the fine wire type would be a good starting point. Complete the ignition timing and fuel system adjustments first and then select the final heat range for the spark plug.

Figure 1 illustrates hot versus cold spark plugs. Spark plugs are capable of running anywhere from cold to hot in a given engine, depending on plug design. Use the hottest plug that won't over heat itself under the worst conditions.

A hot plug does not make an engine run hot, nor a cold plug make an engine run cold. A hot plug merely means that the insulator nose will run hotter and keep itself clean by burning off deposits. Needs clarification, per NGK..... http://www.ngksparkplugs.com/techinfo/spark_plugs/installation.asp?nav=31300&country=US#heat

A plug which is too cold collects carbon and fuel deposits on its insulator, which leaks energy from the ignition, causing loss of power, if allowed to continue it will foul (not spark at all).

The length of the insulator determines the heat range of a plug. Use the hottest plug that doesn't burn the tip of the center electrode.

If your plug is too cold, you will see deposits on the nose of your plug. Figure 6 illustrates this. If your plug is too hot, the porcelain will be porous looking, almost like sugar. The material which seals the center electrode to the insulator will boil out.

Note: A lower number usually means a colder spark plug but not all the time. Ex: NGK uses high numbers for cold spark plugs as Bosch uses a lower number for colder spark plugs.

Voltage loss
As the voltage builds up in the plug, it may leak to ground through any deposits, which are on the insulator nose, robbing the spark gap of its energy. This is what happens when you foul a plug. Any conductive deposits on the insulator nose will, (even if the engine doesn't misfire) cause a reduction of energy in the spark leading to small,erratic kernels, slightly reducing power.

Ignition timing
Ignition timing can be seen on the center electrode tip. If the timing is too advanced by 2 to 4 degrees, the tip of the electrode will be scorched clean for about one millimeter from the tip. The center electrode will have its edges rounded from heat. The material which seals the center electrode to the insulator may boil out. This is illustrated in figure 3.

When the timing is correct or retarded, the fuel deposits on the electrode tip will extend right to the tip. So you can only see ignition advance on the plug, not retard.

Fuel mixture
This is the most important part of plug reading and the most misunderstood. Mechanics are often talk about "color" on their plugs. However there is only one color to look for on a plug and that is black. It is soot, the remains of combustion.

The brown color you see on a plug is only the result of gasoline additives and nothing more. In an engine which is running well, the plug will run hot enough to burn off all the brown color, leaving only white and black. Under test conditions as there will be little time to accumulate fuel deposits.

The black will be found at the base of the electrode insulator nose where the porcelain meets the metal case. This is the only place on the plug where you can see if the engine is rich or lean. This carbon forms a ring around the base of the electrode very quickly. It can be seen after only a few seconds of full throttle running, but a couple of full throttle runs should be made so that the ring will be very clear. (See figure 4).

While learning to read plugs it will be much easier to see the mixture ring if you cut apart the spark plug and remove the porcelain from the metal case. (See figure 5.) You will see the mixture ring starting where the seal was and extending up the insulator some distance.

The optimum width of this ring is about 0 to 2mm millimeters with .5mm being ideal for many engines, more than this is too rich for most engines and many engines respond to a mixture where almost no ring is visible but you must conduct power tests to find the ideal for your situation. Make sure your heat range is correct because it may affect the mixture ring.

Engine power
Power produces heat and one can see the heat of combustion on the metal case of the plug. The only plugs that show this feature are the cadmium-electroplated types. Don't use the black oxide plugs because they can't show engine heat. Racing engines will produce enough heat to burn the plating off the end of the threads on the case as illustrated in figure 7. You should have 1 to 4 threads scorched by heat on your plugs. If you can't get that heat, you have a problem. Even if every other indication on the plug is perfect, the engine is not making its potential power.

Ignition performance
You can see the performance of your ignition system on the electrodes where the spark jumps from one to the other. The spark should burn clean a spot on both electrodes where the spark touches as illustrated in figure 8.

If the spot is small and irregularly shaped, your ignition is going bad. You should watch this spot when you are experimenting with spark plug gaps.

Detonation
"Detonation" is one of the worst things that can happen in a powerful engine because they are running near the edge of the envelope. It can occur for many reasons; high compression, overly advanced timing, fuel too low in octane rating, too high of a heat range spark plug or poorly shaped combustion chamber. It can often be seen on the spark plug before serious damage occurs.

You will see small balls of fuel and metal deposits on the porcelain tip and smaller balls of debris on the electrode tip. The metal case will look as if it were sandblasted (inside the engine the piston will also look sand blasted). See figure 9.

(Detonation is not entirely bad however, maximum power is always found with just a trace of detonation, not enough to be seen on the plug or to be heard by the driver, but enough to leave a slight sandblasted look (just enough to remove the carbon deposits) on the edge of the piston, after a race.  (Drag racers may not have visible marks even though it is happening due to the short running time). It is theorized that the trace detonation is partially burning the otherwise unburnable mixture in crevices of the piston and chamber.)

Other observable factors
The information mentioned above is used in concert with other observable factors such as the operator's impressions, exhaust pipe deposits, combustion chamber and piston deposits, engine sound, actual measured performance of the engine, exhaust temperature and sometimes exhaust gas analysis.

title: Automobile Repair/Spark plugs


text:
User talk:24.253.97.137

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 05:39, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.253.97.137


text:
Talk:Automobile Repair/Spark plugs

Wikipedia edit history
From Reading spark plugs for racing (which will now be deleted): * (cur) (last) 03:23, June 23, 2005 Samw (→Reading spark plug conditions - change pic to thumbnail per spark plug article) * (cur) (last) 04:40, June 21, 2005 Gzuckier m (→External links - cat) * (cur) (last) 00:03, June 8, 2005 Cmdrjameson m (sp) * (cur) (last) 01:19, April 18, 2005 Motorhead m   * (cur) (last) 19:50, April 17, 2005 Samw (remove wikisource flag; I'll notify those who voted on VfD as a courtesy) * (cur) (last) 19:41, April 17, 2005 Samw (→Engine conditions and impact on spark plugs - integrate illusration references into text) * (cur) (last) 03:26, April 17, 2005 Motorhead m (move gaps to prep section) * (cur) (last) 03:13, April 17, 2005 Motorhead m   * (cur) (last) 03:12, April 17, 2005 Motorhead m    * (cur) (last) 03:07, April 17, 2005 Samw (move "gap styles" to it's own section; is this even part of "reading spark plugs"?) * (cur) (last) 22:49, April 16, 2005 Samw m (→Heat range - link heat range) * (cur) (last) 04:09, April 16, 2005 Samw (→Engine conditions and impact on spark plugs - merge heat sections) * (cur) (last) 04:07, April 16, 2005 Samw m (→Ignition performance - indent properly) * (cur) (last) 04:06, April 16, 2005 Samw (move reading spark plug section to top; fix ext links) * (cur) (last) 20:44, April 15, 2005 Motorhead m   * (cur) (last) 20:33, April 15, 2005 Motorhead m    * (cur) (last) 19:21, April 15, 2005 Motorhead m    * (cur) (last) 01:11, April 14, 2005 Samw (rewrite heat section) * (cur) (last) 05:47, April 10, 2005 Motorhead m   * (cur) (last) 05:38, April 10, 2005 Motorhead m    * (cur) (last) 04:48, April 10, 2005 Motorhead m    * (cur) (last) 04:41, April 10, 2005 Motorhead (add image spark plug viewers) * (cur) (last) 04:11, April 10, 2005 Motorhead m   * (cur) (last) 03:52, April 10, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 20:45, April 9, 2005 Samw (rewrite intro to be more generic) * (cur) (last) 15:14, April 9, 2005 Motorhead m   * (cur) (last) 12:15, April 7, 2005 ABCD (mv comment to talk) * (cur) (last) 07:29, April 7, 2005 Motorhead (comment on censorship added) * (cur) (last) 01:21, April 7, 2005 ABCD ( Wikisource.) * (cur) (last) 16:08, April 6, 2005 Motorhead m   * (cur) (last) 05:13, April 6, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 15:29, April 5, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 02:39, April 4, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 01:18, April 4, 2005 Motorhead m   * (cur) (last) 01:15, April 4, 2005 Motorhead m    * (cur) (last) 01:11, April 4, 2005 Motorhead m    * (cur) (last) 07:23, April 3, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 07:14, April 3, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 06:54, April 3, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 04:12, April 3, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 03:53, April 3, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 03:16, April 3, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 02:36, April 3, 2005 Samw m (clean up formatting) * (cur) (last) 01:46, April 3, 2005 Samw m (fix some formatting) * (cur) (last) 19:44, April 2, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 00:01, April 2, 2005 Motorhead (DELETE THIS PAGE!) * (cur) (last) 23:47, April 1, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 23:04, April 1, 2005 UtherSRG (rv blanking) * (cur) (last) 22:57, April 1, 2005 Motorhead * (cur) (last) 22:49, April 1, 2005 Motorhead (→No Fire Bubble?) * (cur) (last) 22:43, April 1, 2005 UtherSRG * (cur) (last) 22:39, April 1, 2005 Motorhead

Definatelly merge it. Dolive35 19:27, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

No merge. This article has nothing whatsoever to do with automobile repair. The information is for tuning RACING engines only.Motorhead 03:00, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

A new book about racing engines should be started and this would merge well into that.--Motorhead 13:29, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Automobile Repair/Spark plugs


text:
User talk:203.9.176.60

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 05:55, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.9.176.60


text:
User talk:62.118.130.160

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 05:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:62.118.130.160


text:
User talk:131.91.121.21

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 06:01, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:131.91.121.21


text:
User talk:196.2.127.9

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 06:03, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:196.2.127.9


text:
User talk:192.147.57.6

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 06:05, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:192.147.57.6


text:
User talk:67.163.140.31

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally. (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 06:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.163.140.31


text:
Super NES Programming/Super FX tutorial

=Introduction= The SuperFX is a custom 16-bit RISC processor with a special bitmap emulation function designed for the Super NES. It was designed to bring rudimentary 3D capabilities to the SNES. Programming for it is done with special Super FX assembly language. Each SuperFX title uses a combination of standard SNES assembly code with specially compiled SuperFX assembly routines coded as binary data in the cartridge. It can run in parallel with the SNES under certain conditions. Each SuperFX cartridge has on-board RAM which the SuperFX chip uses as a frame buffer and for general purpose operations which it can share with the Super NES.

Existing titles
The SuperFX chip was used in 8 released SNES games, in Star Fox 2 (unreleased) and in multiple tech demos; 2 of which binaries are available.

Theory of Operation
The SuperFX is a co-processor for the SNES CPU. The SuperFX's task is to execute complex mathematical calculations much faster than the SNES and to generate bitmap pictures for simple 3D rendering of SuperFX games. The SuperFX and SNES processors share access to a common Work RAM and Game pak ROM bus. Only one of the SuperFX or SNES CPU may access the game pak ROM and RAM at any time, controlled by special registers. The flow of the SNES and SuperFX accessing the data busses is an art in optimizing the program's efficiency.

The RAM inside the SuperFX cart is different from battery backup RAM - it can be used for storing results of calculations, for storing a SuperFX program, for storing bulk data or for storing a PLOT picture the SuperFX is generating. There is 256 Kib (32KiB) or 512 Kib (64 KiB) of RAM.

The SuperFX can process instructions in 3 ways: reading them from game pak RAM, from the gamepak ROM (reading straight out of the ROM chip), or via a special 512 byte instruction cache.

It is possible for the SuperFX to run in parallel with the SNES CPU when using the 512 byte instruction Cache. It involves loading a program in, and then setting the SuperFX to start its work. The 512 byte cache is in general 3x faster compared to running the program in the game pak RAM or ROM. The SuperFX can interrupt the SNES CPU after it finishes processing.

When using the special bitmap functions of the SuperFX it's possible to quickly load the bitmap out of the gamepak into the SNES Video RAM and display it on the screen. The SNES by default is a tile and sprite based console - pixel based scene construction used in 3D rendered games is very inefficient with stock SNES hardware. In SuperFX games such as DOOM, Starfox/Starwing and the like, the SuperFX is rapidly painting pixel based scene bitmaps onto the game pak RAM and then throwing it into the SNES VRAM for graphics display many times per second.

Hardware revisions
There are 3 different hardware revisions of the SuperFX. All revisions are functionally compatible in terms of instruction set but support different ROM sizes.

 * MARIO Chip - which stands for Mathematical Argonaut Rotation Input Output. The first release of the SuperFX chip and was only used with Starfox/Starwing. There are two versions of the chip - one with a direct PCB die bonded/epoxied setup and one with a standard chip carrier package.
 * GSU-1 - the release used on most SuperFX games in a standard chip carrier package. Functionally identical to MARIO Chip. Supports maximum 8Mbit (1 Megabyte) ROM size.
 * GSU-2 - used on the final 3 SuperFX games, supports the full 16 Megabit (2 Megabyte) ROM size.

=Registers=

The SuperFX registers are mapped from. Some are 16-bit; some are 8-bit. The explanation of each register is shown in this section. is the Instruction Cache.

Overview
The Super FX chip has 16 general-purpose 16-bit registers labeled  to   plus 11 control registers. Additionally, a memory space from  forms the instruction cache

Control Registers

Instruction Cache

SFR Status Flag Register
The  is a very important register. It controls branching within the SuperFX after evaluating a calculation and can determine the status of the SuperFX when accessed from the SNES CPU.

BRAMBR Backup RAM Register
Used to allow protection of the SRAM inside the Game Pak. This should be set to 0(write disable) normally, and 1(write enable) when saving the game.

PBR Program Bank Register
When the SuperFX is loading code it references the  register to specify the bank being used. The  instruction is the general method used to change this register.

ROMBR Game Pak ROM Bank Register
When using the ROM buffering system, this register specifies the bank of the game pak ROM being copied into the buffer. The  instruction is the general method used to change this register.

CFGR Config Register
Controls the clock multiplier and interrupt mask.

Note: If set to run at 21.477 MHz through the  flag(1),   flag should be set to 0.

SCBR Screen Base Register
This register sets the starting address of the graphics storage area. It is written to directly, rather than through a specific instruction.

CLSR Clock Register
Controls the clock frequency of the Super FX chip.

SCMR Screen Mode Register
This register sets the number of colors and screen height for the  graphics acceleration routine and additionally controls whether the SuperFX or SNES has control of the game pak ROM and work RAM.

Screen Height Truth Table

Color Mode Truth Table

VCR Version Register
Can read out the version of the SuperFX chip in use with this register

RAMBR Game Pak RAM Bank Register
When writing between the game work RAM and the Super FX registers, this register specifies the bank of the game pak RAM being used. The  instruction is the general method used to change this register. Only one bit is used to set the RAM bank to  or

CBR Cache Base Register
This register specifies the address of either the game pak ROM or work RAM where data will be loaded from into the cache. Both the  and   instructions are accepted ways to change this register

=Memory Map=

From Super NES CPU point of view
Super FX Interface: Mapped to, in banks   and

Game ROM: Mapped to 2MiB from. Mirror mapped from bank, stored in 32KiB blocks.

Game Work RAM: Mapped to 128KiB starting from bank. 8KiB mapped from  in each of bank. RAM mirror is in banks.

Game Save RAM: Mapped to 128KiB from bank

SNES CPU ROM: 6MiB ROM is mapped from bank

From Super FX point of view
Game ROM: Mapped to 2MiBfrom. 2MiB mirror mapped from bank  onwards, stored in 32KiB blocks. Other memory locations viewable from the SNES should not be addressed.

Game Work RAM: Mapped to 128KiB starting from Bank.

Note: The Super FX accesses memory through three bank control registers: Program Bank Register, ROM Bank Register and RAM Bank Register

=Instruction Set=

The SuperFX instruction set is different from the Super Nintendo's native instruction set. It allows faster, more sophisticated 16-bit mathematical functions and includes some specific graphics manipulation functions.

Some instructions can be assembled as a single byte. This is where both the instruction(nibble) and argument(nibble) are co-joined into the same storage byte. This allows for faster execution and also greater instruction density. These are important objectives when designing a co-processor. One such instruction is, which starts as   and takes an argument of one of the 16 general purpose SuperFX registers.

Quite a few instructions require an  instruction to be executed before the opcode. This modifies the behavior of the same opcode to perform a slightly different operation. There are 3 possible  codes - ,  , and  +. In the table below, the specific  code is listed for each instruction.

Most instructions rely on pre-defined pointers for the locations of calculation variables. These are the,   and   instructions. The  and   commands specify the general purpose register that is the variable, and the calculation result respectively. defines both of the variable/result in the same command. The variable and result are known as the source and destination registers respectfully.

Sreg and Dreg
For certain instructions, the Sreg and Dreg must be specified before the instruction is run. The Sreg is the "Source Register" and the Dreg is the "Destination Register" - each specified as one of the 16 general purpose registers. Use of the,  , and   instructions specifies the Sreg and Dreg.

=Bitmap Emulation= The Bitmap Emulation function is one of the major acceleration functions of the SuperFX. It allows a pixel based shading approach within frame buffer as opposed to a tile based approach in the SNES VRAM. For 3D rendering operations, a fast pixel by pixel shader is necessary. The SuperFX provides the framework to plot individual pixels to the frame buffer fast, and then transfer the plotted picture to the SNES VRAM.

=Fast Multiply= The SuperFX has 4 multiplication instructions.
 * - Signed 8 bit x Signed 8 bit, with Signed 16 bit result in Dreg.
 * - Unsigned 8 bit x Unsigned 8 bit, with Unsigned 16 bit result in Dreg.
 * - Signed 16 bit x Signed 16 bit, with Signed 32 bit result - MSB in Dreg, LSB in R4
 * - Signed 16 bit x Signed 16 bit, with Signed 32 bit result.

The /  instructions are faster than the  /  instructions.

=Compiling SuperFX routines=

Whilst SNES assembly language programs can be compiled using a regular 65c816 compiler, the SuperFX assembly language requires a custom compiler. The original compiler used on existing SuperFX games has not been released outside the closed development community.

An open source compiler called sfxasm is available for compiling SuperFX programs.

https://sourceforge.net/projects/sfxasm/

Once compiled, SuperFX programs are included in the SNES assembly language program as a binary library. The SNES program then directs the SuperFX to use the precompiled program packed into the ROM.

=Using the SuperFX in a SNES program= When the SNES boots up with a SuperFX game, the SuperFX chip is idle and you don't need to do anything to start the normal SNES routine of loading the ROM and executing code. When the SNES has booted, performed some startup routines and generally is ready, then the SuperFX can be activated in your program. Note, for emulators to support SFX instructions, the  byte in the header must be ,  ,  , or $. The  byte should be.

Initializing
The SuperFX chip should be initialized before running code. This includes setting the basic config registers.

Choosing the execution mode
As mentioned before, code can be loaded into the Super FX in 3 different ways - from ROM, game pak RAM and also the 512 byte cache. Depending which way you want to go, there is a slightly different procedure.

 * The advantage of the ROM mode is simplicity at the cost of stopping the SNES CPU while SuperFX is processing.
 * The advantage of the RAM mode is to be able to run a large SuperFX program whilst the SNES CPU is already busy, but at the cost of having to write the program into Game PAK RAM before running.
 * The advantage of the Cache mode is to run a small program 3 times faster than ROM or RAM modes and additionally while the SNES is busy with both the ROM and game pak RAM, but at the cost of loading the program into cache memory before the execution process.

Setup - ROM Mode
1. Setup the Program Bank Register(PBR) for where the SFX program starts. 2. Program the program counter in the SuperFX. 2. Give the SuperFX exclusive access to the ROM by setting the  flag in the SFR register.

Setup - RAM Mode
1. Transfer the program from ROM into game pak RAM using copy routines. 2. Setup the Program Base Register for where the SFX program starts. 3. Write to the SuperFX program counter.

Setup - Cache Mode
1. Transfer the program from ROM into Cache RAM onwards using copy routines. The programs need to be in blocks of 16 bytes each otherwise the SuperFX will not execute the instructions surplus to a 16 byte segment. This also applies for tiny programs under 16 bytes - to get around this, write something into the 16th byte 2. Write to the SuperFX program counter, this is usually 0. 3. The SuperFX program will execute independently of the SNES until it hits a  instruction. When it finished, depending if the  config interrupt is set, it will generate an interrupt(  instruction) on the SNES. If the interrupt is masked then the SuperFX will go to idle mode and wait for the next command from the SNES to start execution.

Starting processing
Processing starts when the SuperFX notices that the SNES has written to its program counter register.

Stopping processing
The SuperFX can be stopped in one of two ways - by executing a  instruction in the SuperFX's program, or from the SNES by writing a "0" to the   flag in the SuperFX's   register.

Interrupt on stop
The SuperFX calls an  instruction when it reads a SuperFX   instruction. It is possible to mask the interrupt by setting the  bit in the SFR register. If interrupt is not masked, to figure out if it is a screen blanking interrupt or the Super FX, check the  flag bit in the   register.

title: Super NES Programming/Super FX tutorial


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User talk:EatMyShortz~enwikibooks

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Talk:Quest for Glory

General comments
This page is getting a bit bulky, so it might be worthwhile to start breaking it up into more specialized pages, such as a page discussing the plot, and putting all the statistics, spells, and similar series-spanning topics onto their own pages. Other general topics would be the characters from the series, and maybe a few common elements such as the blackbird. The rest of the information could probably be confined to each game in particular. --BigCow 07:26, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quest for Glory


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Linguistics/Affixes

Affixes are our "workhorse" morphemes--the tools we use again and again to assemble new words. There are several kinds of affixes:

1. Suffixes. Suffixes are morphemes that attach to the end of a word. Examples are: -ed in jumped -ful in powerful Suffixes are written with an initial hyphen, as above.

2. Prefixes. Prefixes attach to the beginning of a word. Examples are: re- in redo un- in unthinkable Prefixes are written with a terminal hyphen, as above.

3. Infixes. Although English generally does not have infixes, or morphemes that go "in the middle" of a word, other languages do. An exception in English might be -frickin- in

Q: Are you going to the concert tonight? A: Absofrickinlutely.

Infixes are written with initial and terminal hyphens, as above.

4. Circumfixes. Circumfixes are affixes that "surround" the word, attaching to the beginning and end of the word. Although English has few examples of this type of affix, other languages use it. The circumfix is probably most widely known from the German past participle (ge- -t for regular verbs). Two of the most well known circumfixes in English are: en- -en in enlighten em- -en in embolden In older usage, however, the present participle could be formed using the circumfix a- -ing: a- -ing in a-flying a- -ing in a-caroling

Circumfixes are written with initial and terminal hyphens, as above.

title: Linguistics/Affixes


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User talk:194.246.110.2

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Talk:MATLAB Programming/Advanced Topics/Toolboxes and Extensions/Psychtoolbox

Hi,

Feel free to add your own scripts and info to this book.

Thanks, Rob