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Cookbook:Tomatillo

The tomatillo is related to the tomato and tamarillo. Tomatillos are small vegetables (botanically fruits) with enclosing husks. They resemble small unripe tomatoes and are usually green or yellow. The yellow color indicates ripeness, but tomatillos are most often used when they are still green. Green tomatillos are firmer and easier to slice. The husk that holds the fruit is paper-like and is light brown. The flesh is slightly acidic with a hint of lemon.

Selection
The condition of the husk is often a good indicator when selecting tomatillos. If the husk is dry or shriveled then the fruit is probably not in good condition. Select tomatillos that have an intact, tight-fitting, light brown husk. If you peel back a small part of the husk (rather rude before purchase), the fruit should be firm and free of blemishes.

Canned tomatillos are available at specialty markets and are often used when making sauces. Tomatillos are available year round in supermarkets and specialty markets. Domestically grown tomatillos are available from May through November.

Storage
Fresh tomatillos with the husk still intact may be stored in the refrigerator for up to two weeks. They are best stored in a paper bag. Tomatillos last a week longer in the refrigerator if the husks are removed and the fruit is placed in sealed plastic bags. Tomatillos may also be frozen after removing the husks.

Preparation
The husks must be removed before preparing. Wash the fruit with soap and water to remove the film left by the husk. Tomatillos may be used raw in salsas or salads or cooked for sauces. Cooking enhances the flavor and softens its skin, but the result is a soupy consistency since the fruit collapses after a few minutes.

Recipes using tomatillos include

 * Roasted Chicken Nachos With Green Chili-Cheese Sauce

title: Cookbook:Tomatillo


text:
Instructional Technology/Models of Instructional Design

= What is a Model? =

A Model is defined as a schematic description of a system, theory, or phenomenon that accounts for its known or inferred properties and may be used for further study of its characteristics. Examples are economic model; instructional design model; or instructional systems design model. A model can present complex information in a simpler way. Models can also provide frameworks for theory development and research. Models can be procedural (describing how something works) or conceptual (describing components and the relationships between these components).

Instructional Design (ID) or Instructional Systems Design (ISD) Models are visual or verbal representations of the instructional design process that are used to guide and complete design in many training and educational settings (Seels & Glasgow, 1998).

Those who are studying and/or practicing in the field of Instructional Technology are familiar with the basic instructional design model, the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) model. Seels and Glasgow explain that this model is "unlikely to be used without modification or elaboration" (p. 8). In other words, many individuals customize the ADDIE model to meet their unique needs. Seels and Glasgow present their discussion of the ADDIE model in The Generic Instructional Design Model with decision questions for each stage of the ADDIE model (Seels & Glasgow, 1998). The following is a very basic description of the ADDIE components.
 * Analysis
 * the initial information gathering activities which assess the what, who, how and why of the instructional activity

 * Design
 * designing the objectives and desired outcomes of the instructional activity and the overall plan such as timelines, strategies, lesson plans,etc

 * Development
 * the actual making of the instructional materials including instructor guides

 * Implementation
 * putting the plan and the instructional materials into action such as completing and offering a computer-based instructional module

 * Evaluation
 * checking for the effectiveness of the instructional program both immediately and in the long run

Criticisms of the Use of Models in Designing Instruction
 * Can be too linear
 * Not flexible enough, too rigid
 * Very costly process
 * Rarely used in the "real" world
 * Could be too specific i.e. only applies to one particular situation
 * Could be too general i.e. hard to figure out how to apply to a particular situation

ID versus ISD
Many IT students are struggling to best define and differentiate between Instructional Design (ID) and Instructional Systems Design (ISD). For the purpose of discussing automating instructional design approaches and limitations, Spector & Ohrazda (2003) define ID as a set of interdependent and complex activities that include situation assessment and problem identification, analysis and design, development and production, evaluation, and management and maintenance of learning process and the ID effort (Gagne, Briggs, & Wager, 1992). However, ISD defines the entire set of processes and activities associated with ID and development.

Dick and Carey Model
The Dick and Carey model prescribes a methodology for designing instruction based on a reductionist model of breaking instruction down into smaller components. Instruction is specifically targeted on the skills and knowledge to be taught and supplies the appropriate conditions for the learning of these outcomes.

Reference
Dick, W., Carey, L. and Carey, J.O. (2001). The Systematic Design of Instruction. (5th Edition). Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc.

Morrison/Ross/Kemp Model
The Morrison, Ross and Kemp model has nine basic steps in the systematic design process, or what MRK refer to as a "comprehensive instructional design plan" (MRK, p. 7):

 * 1) Identify instructional problems, and specify goals for designing an instructional program.
 * 2) Examine learner characteristics that should receive attention during planning.
 * 3) Identify subject content, and analyze task components related to stated goals and purposes.
 * 4) State instructional objectives for the learner.
 * 5) Sequence content within each instructional unit for logical learning.
 * 6) Design instructional strategies so that each learner can master the objectives.
 * 7) Plan the instructional message and delivery.
 * 8) Develop evaluation instruments to assess objectives.
 * 9) Select resources to support instruction and learning activities.

Beeson Model
under construction

Otherwise known as the IDDF+ADDIE Comprehensive Model for Learning & Documentation Development, Beeson (2007) embeds the concepts of the ADDIE model into a broad, comprehensive model for developing learning and learning-related documentation that is scalable and applicable to nearly every situation where an initiative to develop learner skills has been undertaken.

The 4C/ID-Model
The 4C/ID-Model, developed by Jeroen van Merriënboer (van Merriënboer, 1997; van Merriënboer, Jelsma, & Paas, 1992), is characterized by four interrelated components that are essential in blueprints for complex learning environment. The components are These tasks are sequentially ordered and are to be performed by learners in a simulated environment. Van Merriënboer and others (1997) discuss the 4C/ID-Model as a structure of training blueprint for complex learning and associated instructional methods.
 * 1) Learning tasks
 * 2) Supportive information
 * 3) Procedural information
 * 4) Part-task practice.

The Merrill's 5-Star Model
Merrill's 5-Star Model also known as The First Principles of Instruction, assumes design principles apply regardless of the instructional program or practice prescribed by a given theory or model (Merrill, 2001). According to Merrill, the properties of The First Principles of Instruction are three-fold.
 * 1) Learning from a given program will be facilitated in direct proportion to its implementation of first principle.
 * 2) First principles can be implemented in any delivery system or using any instruction architecture.
 * 3) First principles of instruction are design oriented rather than learning oriented.

The 4 distinct phases of learning identified with this problem-based instructional model are
 * 1) Activation of prior experience
 * 2) Demonstration of skills
 * 3) Application of Skills
 * 4) Integration of these skills into real world activities.

According to Merrill (2001), current instructional models suggest that the most effective learning environments are those that are problem-based and involve the student in the above-stated phases. The prescription for this statement is derived from multiple sources. For example, it is reported that current work in cognitive psychology indicates that students learn better when they are engaged in solving real-world problems (p.5). Showing learners the task or problem they will be able to solve is found to be more effective than stating abstract learning objectives (p.5). Consequently, Merrill argues that at the top level, the instructional design prescriptions based on the first princples are:

 * 1) Problem-based: That is, learning is facilitated when learners are engaged in solving real-world problems.

Some of the arguments/questions for this assertion are: How is the problem/task defined? What are the levels of difficulty in solving the problem? Is the problem simple or complex? How is instruction designed to solve simple or complex problems? Problem-based learning is well articulated in recent instructional models. Authors and reseachers in this area of study include Collins et al (1989); Schank et al (1999); Jonassen (1999); Savery & Duffey (1995); Clark & Blake (1997); and van Merriboer (1997).

ADDIE in 3-D
Historically, instructional technology has taken a culturally neutral stance when it comes to the design of instruction. Recent research shows that culture has an enormous impact on how knowledge is conveyed, received and attained. Knowledge then is socially mediated and all socialization is grounded in culture. Because of this, Thomas, Mitchell and Joseph propose that Instructional Technology move from a systematic to systemic methodology. What’s the difference? Well, in a systemic system, practitioners would use a more integrated, holistic, multi-directional approach to the design of instruction.

The writers also contend that because culture is so much a part of the construction of knowledge that it must underpin not only the analysis phase, but all phases of the design process. Hence, ADDIE – The Third Dimension, which would, consists of three parameters: intention, interaction, and introspection. They go on to say that as culture is the heart of meaning making, it warrants exacting attention in the systemic design process. This way, we as ISD will be able to deliver more culturally sensitive products to an increasing global audience.

This new dimension is interesting and insightful. How have ADDIE, and other similar model structures embrace this concept of cultural sensitivity and similar neglected characteristics? Think of the GRE instructions and assessment. Not only GRE, but also SAT and other similar instructions and assessments designed to select qualified students worldwide. Think of the new international student in the new educational and learning environment. Would there be a new paradigm shift to designing instructions?

Bibliography/References
 Gustafson, K., & Branch, R. M. (1997). Instructional design models. Syracuse, NY: ERIC Clearinhouse on Information and Technology. Seels, B. & Glasgow, Z. (1998). Making Instructional Design Decisions (2nd. ed.). OH: Columbus. Prentice Hall. Spector, M. & Ohrazda, C. (2003). Automating Instructional Design: Approaches and Limitaions. In Book Educational Technology Research and Development, vol. 26, p 687-700. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Thomas, M., Mitchell, M. & Joseph, R. (2002). The third dimension of ADDIE: A cultural embrace. Tech Trends, 46(2), 40-45. van Merriënboer, J.J.G (1997). Training complex cognitive skills: A four-component instructional design model for technical training. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. Wedman, J., & Tessmer, M. (1991). Adapting instructional design to project circumstance: The layers of necessity model. Educational Technology, 31 (7), 48-52.

Instructional Technology

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Systems Theory/Evolution & Growth

Instability: Not Always Bad?
Instability in systems is not always bad. Growth and evolution are both potential properties of unstable systems and can occur only when there is a net change in one or more system stocks.

 * Growth:Growth, found in many forms, is essentially the change in the quantities of stocks (levels) within a system. Mostly thought of as a positive increase, growth is the change in the quantities of the system given the normal system structures, i.e. without changing the behavior of the system or the interaction of its components. Different forms of growth exist based on the system’s complexity. All that is required for the positive feedback loops to gain dominance is to have a very small net increase in the system.

 * Exponential Growth:The result of a dominance of positive feedback loops in a system is the exponential growth of its quantities. Exponential growth doubles the system stock quantities each period of time, regardless of the system size or complexity. This growth will continue within a system until it reaches the “carrying-capacity”. This capacity is the natural limits imposed on the system as to what it can sustain. As the limits are met, the negative feedback loops tend to gain dominance over the positive feedback loops. This slows the growth and even can cause decline in the system if the carrying-capacity limits were exceeded.

Limitations
Resources are not infinite, however. Eventually, real world systems must run out of the resources used to increase exponentially and may do so only after doubling the stocks a few times. Exponential growth in a system may be difficult to notice with only one or two iterations. As the time periods increase in the difference in the previous system state (i.e. the ability to notice change) will also double.

Note: To gain a conceptual idea of the true nature of exponential growth, see examples and explanations in pages 268-272 in Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World, Sterman, 2000.

 * S-Shaped Growth:Exponential growth continues until negative feedback loops (possibly in the form of resource restrictions) slow that growth. The slowing of this exponential growth in return to a stable system can produce the common pattern of an “S-Shaped Growth”. This pattern is dependent on the responsiveness of the negative feedback loop. Delays in the negative feedback loop allow the exponential growth to overshoot the equilibrium goal then create an oscillating graph pattern. Additionally, if the carrying capacity of the system is overshot due to this delay in negative feedback, the result will be a decline (collapse) of the system’s stock(s). This decline often remains until the system reaches the carrying capacity and regains equilibrium.

Patterns of Growth
Growth in a system can occur in patterns other than the standard exponential or S-Shaped models. Linear growth, however, is often rare. What is thought to be linear is often a narrow field of view of a system’s growth. If widened, this narrow view often turns out to be exponential growth.

 * Evolution:When the growth of a system changes the structure or behaviors of a system, instability will occur, if only briefly. Spontaneity in the system or just simply the release of non-advantageous components makes the system evolve. This evolution is the creation of a new generation of the previous system. Evolution of a system is driven by selection processes that effect the growth and stability of the system. These selection processes select against disadvantages in the system, rather than selecting for processes thought to be advantageous.

Example
Examine the growth of a plant over time. Eventually, the plant’s root system will expand to meet the needs of the plant. However, this root system did not grow in a direct manner. Rather, roots grew in various directions with some roots finding less nutrients and water than others. Thus, the plant naturally selects away from underproductive roots and the productive roots in the nutrient-rich areas thrive.

The example illustrates the process of evolution throughout the plant’s root system (a sub-system of its own). Evolution is a by-product of the system’s growth and periodic instability. As the system experiences periods of growth, the evolutionary choices allow the system to remain productive. Without evolution, the system would eventually be unable to compete with other systems for resources.

title: Systems Theory/Evolution & Growth


text:
Cookbook:Guava

The guava, also known as the bangkok apple or guayaba, is an oval-shaped fruit. It varies in size from a small egg to a medium apple. The thin skin may be yellow, red, purple or nearly black and the flesh ranges from a pale yellow to a bright red. Guava is sweet with a slight tart aftertaste. Its texture is firm; similar to an apple. Guava is native to South America, but is now commonly grown in California, Florida, Hawaii and most parts of Africa and tropical Asia.

Selection
Select fruit that gives to gentle pressure and is unblemished. Fresh guavas are often only available in the region near where they are grown, but may be ordered by mail. Canned guava products are available nationwide throughout the year in larger supermarkets.

Storage
Store ripe guavas in the refrigerator for up to a week. Green, unripe guavas should be stored at room temperature until ripe. Ripe guavas stored at room temperature will spoil quickly; normally within a couple of a days.

Preparation
The entire guava is edible. The rind and small seeds inside, along with the creamy flesh are often used in making jellies, preserves, and sauce. To be eaten raw, guava needs to be very ripe. Guava is typically sliced lengthwise into 5 or 6 slices and seeds discarded.

title: Cookbook:Guava


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Cookbook:Horned Melon

The horned melon, also known as the kiwano melon and African horned melon, is an oval-shaped fruit with horns on its peel. It has a bright orange and yellow skin with a pale yellow-green pulp inside. The flavor of the pulp is sweet and a bit tart with a flavor mix of bananas, lime and cucumber. Horned melon is native to southern and central Africa. Most imported melons are now from New Zealand. California has began growing this melon, so a domestic product is available part of the year.

Selection
Select melons without any bruises or spots with a bright orange color. It is best to purchase a melon that has the horns intact, as damaged horns may be a sign of rough handling. Horned melons are available year round in specialty markets and supermarkets.

Storage
Unripe melons may be stored at room temperature for up to two weeks. Ripe melons will last about 3 to 4 days at room temperature. There is no need to refrigerate horned melon.

Preparation
There is no way to peel the skin off of the melon, so the fruit needs to be scooped out of the melon before using. The melon may be cut in half or into wedges to help extract the fruit pulp. The pulp may be eaten by itself, used as a topping for a sweet dessert or added to a fruit or green salad. The shell may be used as a serving dish once the pulp is removed, but the skin should not be eaten.

title: Cookbook:Horned Melon


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User:Sheridan

I've been on Wikipedia for a fair while now, and have had a login for Wikibooks, though haven't contributed yet. I'm likely to use my login here to correct typos and tidy up grammar while reading the books that others have initially created. Though who knows, maybe I'll find I have an area of particular interest that is under-represented and that I feel I can be a bit of an authority on.

title: User:Sheridan


text:
Knowing Knoppix/Introducing Knoppix

Introducing Knoppix
“Knoppix is… so astoundingly useful it's nearly impossible to overpraise” -- slashdot.org

Linux that runs from CD
Knoppix is an astonishingly clever product. It is a single CD that runs Linux on your PC or laptop. It gives you a full graphical desktop with networking, sound, the lot (subject to suitable hardware). No installation is necessary.

Knoppix is excellent for demonstrations, system recovery, or just testing how well the hardware in a given PC is supported. The Knoppix CD is compressed. On-the-fly transparent decompression gives a remarkable 1,600 Mb of software on a single 700 Mb CD.

Can be installed on a Hard Disk or a USB key
You can optionally install Knoppix on your hard drive from the Knoppix LiveCD. Type knoppix-installer in a root console when using Knoppix.

For installation on a USB key see http://www.knoppix.net/wiki/USB_Based_FAQ

How it works
Start the computer using the Knoppix CD. The existing software on the hard disk will be bypassed. The hard disk may still be accessed read-only. When you have finished using Knoppix, restart and take the CD out. The regular operating system will run as normal.

Safe to run
Knoppix leaves your existing software untouched. In fact, Knoppix can run on a computer with no hard disk at all! After running Knoppix, simply take the CD out of the drive. The computer will behave as if nothing has happened.

The general philosophy of Knoppix is to access disks in read-only mode as much as possible. This is ideal for beginners, because it protects against accidents.

Personal
Settings and personal files can be saved to a disk, such as a removable USB hard drive stick. This lets you store a personalised Knoppix setup and take it with you everywhere.

Free
Most amazing of all, Knoppix is free. The latest version is always available from the Knoppix download page. Not only is Knoppix free as in no charge, it is also free as in freedom. Subject to certain conditions, you are entitled: Web link The Knoppix download page: http://knopper.net
 * To make unlimited copies.
 * To use one copy on as many computers as you like.
 * To give unlimited copies to your friends.
 * To sell unlimited copies.
 * To customise it to suit yourself.
 * To redistribute your customised versions.

Learn Linux
This book is designed to help you run Linux for the very first time. Knoppix is perfect for newcomers. Linux isn't going away any time soon. That is why learning it is an investment in your time that will pay off for years to come. This book is meant for people who are at least reasonably familiar with computers. For example, I assume you know your way around your computer's mouse, keyboard, CD drive, and so on.

Rescue and test
Knoppix is a wonderful tool for rescuing and testing PCs. I will provide enough information to be useful, without going into mind-bending detail. With Knoppix it is possible to:
 * Read files from Windows formatted hard disks, even when the operating system installed on the hard disk cannot be started (unless the hard disk has an unrecoverable data error, or if it is physically damaged).
 * Copy files onto other disks, such as removable USB drives, Zip drives, CD-RW blanks and network drives (given suitable hardware).
 * Identify hardware, even when Windows cannot identify it (subject to certain limitations).

Use and explore
Knoppix is a complete desktop system. Use it:
 * To print.
 * To play music.
 * To use a scanner or a digital camera.
 * To connect to the Internet.
 * To browse the Internet's World Wide Web.
 * To send and receive Internet email.
 * To try out the built-in office applications, graphics tools, sound playing, video playing, Internet applications and games.

Network
Knoppix is a child of the Internet. Knoppix does networking with its eyes closed. For security reasons, Knoppix does not automatically run any servers that could be accessed from the outside.

Where Knoppix comes from
Knoppix was created in Germany by Klaus Knopper. Knoppix is a volunteer, co-operative, community effort. It exists entirely on the Internet. At the moment Knopper is the man who does most of the work on the disk. He does get patches and some scripts from the community, but he is still the most important person. The Knoppix project is hosted by LinuxTag, which is based in Germany at the Technical University of Kaiserslautern. The LinuxTag team runs conferences, workshops and exhibitions for everyone interested in Linux and Free Software. Web links The home page of Klaus Knopper(in German): http://www.knopper.net/ The home page of LinuxTag (in German): http://www.linuxtag.org/

Knoppix is Free Software
Knoppix is Free Software. It is licensed under the GNU General Public Licence (GPL). Free Software is not freeware, and not shareware. Free Software means “free as in freedom”, not necessarily price. This means you are allowed to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve Knoppix at no charge.

The catch is that when you give (or sell) copies to other people, you must give them the same freedoms under which you received it. This limitation ensures that Knoppix is free now and will remain free forever. For more details, see the license text at the end of this book. Web link The Free Software Definition: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

No warranty
First and most important of all, Knoppix is experimental software. There is no warranty. Use it at your own risk.

CD means slow
Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) drives are much slower than hard disk drives. This means that some applications on the Knoppix CD may take a long time to start; much longer than they would do on a full permanent Linux system. However, Knoppix has some clever (optional) tricks that can spectacularly speed things up.

Knoppix does not get very far on unreliable CD-ROM drives. Since everything has to be loaded from CD, it falls over pretty quickly if CD-ROM errors occur, or if the Knoppix CD itself is damaged. Knoppix has built-in tools for testing its own media.

Not everything works
Knoppix supports a huge range of common PC hardware, but not everything. Internal dial-up modems and external USB broadband modems tend not to work. AOL and Compuserve are completely incompatible. Certain cheap printers may be useless. Many cheap colour laser printers do not work. Support for wireless (802.11b) network adapters is limited at best. Certain types of multimedia audio and video files are unplayable. Most commercial DVD movie discs cannot be played. In general, Knoppix does not run Windows software.

RAM intensive
Knoppix works by loading everything into Random Access Memory (RAM). The more RAM you have, the better. For typical performance, you need 128 Mb of RAM.

If you are lucky enough to have 828 Mb of RAM or more, Knoppix has clever tricks to make good use of all the RAM in your computer. This can deliver blazingly fast performance.

If you have less than 128 Mb of RAM, Knoppix has the ability to use part of the hard disk as if it were RAM. This is called creating a swap file. However, this technique does not work on all hard disks, and performance is much slower than real RAM.

Web link LiveDistro Knoppix Resource

What is included in Knoppix?
Knoppix is a compilation of a huge number of works from around the Internet. Some of the projects mentioned in this book are: Putting it all together is the work of the Debian project. The result is called the Debian distribution. This means that Knoppix is Debian modified to run on a self-contained CD.

What is Linux?
Linux (pronounced "lin-ucks") is a free operating system. An "operating system" is the base software that makes a computer useful.

Strictly speaking, Linux is the kernel. The kernel is the core component of the operating system. Think of an operating system as a nut. The shell is the part that you use. The kernel is the core that talks to the computer's hardware. Note There are many different Linux distributions. But there is only one current version of the Linux kernel. Therefore, every distribution contains Linux.

A little history
In the 1970s, computer programs were free. A program is a sequence of instructions that makes a “calculating machine” do something useful. The engineers who worked on these instructions became known as programmers. They shared their know-how with each other. They found that it made their work more pleasant.

Unfortunately, this co-operative spirit died under commercial pressures. Restrictive practices in the fast-growing “software industry” meant that sharing the most useful programs and some of the most vital technical information became largely impossible.

A man named Richard Stallman was greatly frustrated by this change. He wanted to bring back the spirit of the early days that he had known at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). He knew that he had the perfect skills to build a free operating system. He knew that if he didn't do it, no-one would. So he decided to do it, or “die trying”.

By the 1990s, Stallman's Free Software Foundation had found or created nearly all the components of a free operating system. He called his creation “GNU's Not UNIX”.

The name is a joke designed to poke fun at the alphabet soup of computer acronyms. Some acronyms have other acronyms as part of their definition. The GNU acronym takes this one stage further - it has its own acronym as part of its definition. “Is Not” is a way of saying “is like” or “is compatible with”.

UNIX refers to a family of operating systems that were used mainly in science, engineering and finance. Stallman chose to base his efforts on UNIX because it was tried and tested. It would also be convenient for other people to switch from UNIX to GNU.

How GNU grew
In 1991, the GNU project still lacked a kernel, the vital core component of an operating system. Luckily, a student in Finland called Linus Torvalds created one “as a hobby”.

In 1991, Torvalds produced a simple, basic system called “Freax”. He called it “Linux” privately but never meant it to be called that in public, because he didn't want to be too egotistical. He made it free because he wanted feedback. It was posted on the Internet by a friend.

Pretty soon, Torvalds began receiving email from places he'd dreamed of visiting, like Australia and the United States. Instead of cash, Linus preferred postcards. His sister Sara was suddenly impressed that her brother was somehow hearing from new friends far away.

Torvalds had used the Free Software Foundation's tools, so he decided to make it free likewise. This was a way to say “thank you”. He decided to put Linux under the Free Software Foundation's General Public Licence. This meant that anyone could use, improve or sell Linux, but no-one could take overall control.

It's a GNU world!
From there, it snowballed in the most extraordinary way. It has catapulted Torvalds to accidental super-stardom. He has appeared on the cover of Time magazine. We should remember that Stallman started it all. That is why the full title of Linux is GNU/Linux. In other words, Knoppix is a Linux-based GNU system. Web link Overview and history of the GNU project: http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html

title: Knowing Knoppix/Introducing Knoppix


text:
Knowing Knoppix/Knoppix for the first time

Knoppix for the first time
''“The most important design issue... is that Linux is supposed to be fun.” -- Linus Torvalds''

Overview
The purpose of this section is to get you started into Knoppix for the very first time. This section skips nearly all of the options for starting Knoppix. The options for starting Knoppix are explained later.

Hardware requirements
The recommended hardware is as follows:
 * Pentium I 350 MHz processor (recommended minimum).
 * 128 Mb RAM.
 * Either: IDE or SCSI bootable CD-ROM or DVD drive
 * Or: 3.5" floppy drive plus non-bootable CD-ROM or DVD drive.
 * SVGA compatible graphics card (most cards supported).
 * Monitor capable of 800x600 pixel resolution.
 * Serial mouse, or PS/2 mouse, or USB mouse.

Starting Knoppix
There are two stages to starting Knoppix:

The first stage
The first stage is to get to the boot prompt. The boot prompt lets you customise the Knoppix startup process. For example, you can specify at the boot prompt what screen resolution you want Knoppix to use. To reach the boot prompt, you use either the CD/DVD or the floppy disk. What about some instructions for use with USB???

The second stage
The second stage is to run Knoppix itself. This requires the CD/DVD. Knoppix follows the instructions given at the boot prompt to complete the startup process.

Getting to the boot prompt
To get to the boot prompt, follow these steps: Tip If you have two CD/DVD drives, and one of them is a CD/DVD Re-Writable drive, put the Knoppix CD/DVD in the other drive. Keep your writable drive empty if you can. This will let you try out the CD/DVD writing features in Knoppix easily at a later time.
 * 1) If the computer is already on, insert the Knoppix CD/DVD. If the CD/DVD drive is set to auto-run, information explaining about Knoppix will appear. Restart the computer.
 * 2) If the computer is off, turn it on, then immediately insert the Knoppix CD/DVD. To play for time, press the Pause/Break key immediately after turning your computer on. On many PCs and laptops, this will pause the BIOS, giving you more time to insert the CD/DVD. Then press the Pause/Break key again to resume startup.
 * 3) Most newer computers will automatically check for a bootable CD/DVD in the first drive. The Knoppix boot prompt should then appear. The boot prompt is the last three lines at the bottom of the screen. If your computer can't display the white and blue Knoppix logo, you will get a blue background instead.
 * 4) On some computers, you must press a key for the “boot device menu”. The boot device menu is used to tell the computer which drive to boot from. A prompt saying which key will display the boot menu will appear on the screen just after you turn the computer on. For example, on some Dell desktop PCs, press F12 when prompted, press the Down Arrow key until “Boot from IDE-CDROM” is highlighted, then press Enter.
 * 5) At the boot prompt, press Enter to boot Knoppix accepting all the defaults (including the German keyboard/language.) If you do nothing for 60 seconds, Knoppix boots automatically. To boot Knoppix with another keyboard/language, see the section “Which language?” below.

Help at the boot prompt
Press F2 for the help screen. The help screen is a summary of the boot prompt options. Pressing F2 or any other key cancels the timer, so Knoppix will not automatically boot.

Quick help
Question: How do I get out of the boot prompt? Take the disc out of the drive, then restart your computer.

Question: How do I use the boot floppy? Turn off the computer. Insert the Knoppix boot floppy disk. Turn the computer back on. The computer should boot from the floppy drive. Then the Knoppix boot prompt should appear.

If that doesn't work, enter your computer's Basic In/Out System (BIOS) setup. The key to press that takes you into the BIOS setup is usually shown on the screen just after you turn the computer on. Visit the boot priority screen (it may have another name such as boot device menu). Set the BIOS to boot from the CD/DVD or floppy drive before the hard disk drive. If unsure, check with your motherboard or computer manufacturer.

'''Question: The computer has two CD-ROM drives. Why does the Knoppix disc boot in one drive but not the other?''' Some BIOSes can only boot the first CD-ROM/DVD drive. To work around the problem, start up from the Knoppix boot floppy disk. Then you can put the Knoppix CD/DVD in either CD-ROM/DVD drive. If you are really determined, switch the CD-ROM/DVD drive order so the drive you want to boot from is the first drive.

Starting Knoppix proper
To start Knoppix with the United Kingdom keyboard/language:
 * 1) Type this at the boot prompt:
 * 2) Press the Enter key on the keyboard.
 * 3) Knoppix will begin loading with the UK keyboard/language.

Which keyboard/language?
The most important option at the boot prompt is the keyboard/language. More correctly, the keyboard/language option sets the locale. A locale is a collection of regional settings including keyboard layout, language, time format, date format, currency format and paper size. Some language translations may be incomplete.

The locale options are named using the International Standards Organisation two-letter country codes (ISO 3166 and ISO 639). The locale options are:

Automatic hardware detection
Knoppix will then try to detect the various items of hardware in your computer. How long it takes depends upon the speed of your machine. Here are some examples to give you an idea of what to expect:

The X Window System
Next, it will briefly say “INIT: Entering runlevel 5” and then Knoppix will try to start the X Window System. The X Window System is the graphics display.

If you have a supported graphics card, you will see a black cross on a grey stippled background. This means the X Window System started successfully.

The K Desktop Environment
Knoppix will begin loading the K Desktop Environment. KDE runs on top of the X Window System. The progress of loading KDE will be shown in the middle of the screen. When KDE has finished loading, the welcome page will be loaded.

When the welcome page appears, congratulations! You have started Linux, the X Window System, and the K Desktop Environment successfully.

Quick help
Question: Why does KDE come up in German? You need to specify the keyboard/language at the boot prompt. For example, for the UK locale, enter  at the boot prompt.

Question: It says 'cloop: read error', what does that mean? There is a problem reading the Knoppix CD. You either have a faulty CD-ROM drive or a damaged CD. To test the Knoppix CD, enter at the boot prompt: knoppix testcd This will make Knoppix check the media for errors. If you know that the Knoppix CD is good, this error usually means a faulty CD-ROM drive.

Question: I get a blank screen when the X Window System comes up, why? Knoppix is trying to use a screen resolution that your monitor doesn't support. For example, Knoppix may have detected your graphics card is capable of 1024x768 pixel resolution, but your monitor can't cope with that. Try setting a lower resolution at the boot prompt. For example, enter: knoppix lang=uk screen=800x600 This will make Knoppix use a screen resolution of 800 by 600 pixels when it starts the X Window System.

Question: Why does the screen go blank when the kernel boots? This problem usually occurs with low cost TFT (flat screen) monitors. The kernel is using a framebuffer console, but the monitor is incompatible with it. Turn off the framebuffer console. At the boot prompt, use the option “vga=normal”. For example, type: knoppix lang=uk vga=normal This will turn off the framebuffer console and the penguin logo.

Question: Why doesn't the mouse work? This could mean you are trying to use a PS/2 mouse in a 9-pin serial port through a PS/2-to-serial adapter. Some PS/2 mice do not work when plugged into a 9-pin serial port. Try a real serial mouse.

Question: It says “Initrd extends beyond end of memory”. Your motherboard is reporting the RAM size incorrectly. Specify the amount of physical RAM in your computer at the boot prompt. For example, if you have 128 Mb of RAM, enter at the boot prompt: knoppix lang=uk mem=128M

'''Question: It says “Could not find the KNOPPIX filesystem, sorry. Dropping you to a (very limited) shell.”''' Try booting with: knoppix ide2=0x180 nopcmcia If that doesn't work, it means your PCMCIA CD-ROM drive is not supported. There is a workaround. In Windows, copy the directory called “KNOPPIX” from the Knoppix CD to the root of a local FAT formatted hard drive partition (e.g.: drive “C:”). The copy will take some time to complete. Then start Knoppix and specify the partition that you copied the KNOPPIX directory to, using the “fromhd=” boot parameter. For example, boot with: knoppix fromhd=/dev/hda1 If Windows is not available, use a single-floppy Linux such as “tomsrtbt” to do the copy, however that is beyond the scope of this book.

Getting out
Now that you've got Knoppix up and running, feel free to have a poke around. Everything is read-only, so you're unlikely to do any harm to your computer. To exit Knoppix: Tip For a quick exit, press Ctrl+Alt+Backspace. This “three finger salute” kills the X Window System. Killing the X Window System takes down KDE and all its open applications. Knoppix will then shut down automatically.
 * 1) Click the “K” menu in the bottom left corner.
 * 2) Click “Logout”.
 * 3) Knoppix will begin shutting down.
 * 4) The Knoppix CD will be ejected.
 * 5) Remove the CD and close the tray.
 * 6) Press Enter on the keyboard.
 * 7) Knoppix will attempt to turn off the computer automatically. If it doesn't turn off automatically, it is now safe to turn off the computer yourself using the power button.


text:
Knowing Knoppix/The K Desktop Environment

The K Desktop Environment
The K Desktop Environment is a modern, powerful and free graphical user interface environment for UNIX compatible systems. Its name is a play on the Common Desktop Environment created by Sun Microsystems in the 1980s. This section explains what KDE has to offer. Web link The home page of the K Desktop Environment: http://www.kde.org/

Single click, not double-click
KDE looks familiar to Windows and Macintosh users because it takes some of the best elements from each. There is an important difference: everything is single click. Nothing needs a double-click to make it work. If you double-click, you'll end up with a program running twice, or something else you don't need. Just single click. To revert this to what you may be used to, there is an appropriate setting under Peripherals -> Mouse in the Control Center. Tip To select a file instead of opening it, hold down the Ctrl key and click the left mouse button. The icon will be selected, rather than opened. It is then safe to let go of the Ctrl key.

Context menus everywhere
Most icons have a context menu. To get the context menu for an icon, right-click on the icon. You'll get a little pop-up menu of common actions for that icon. This also works on window edges, toolbars, and just about everything else. Tip Right-click to see the context menu for an item.

Hover the mouse for help
Like Macintosh and Windows, most icons have a tooltip. Hover the mouse pointer over an icon. A little yellow label will tell you what that icon does. Tooltips only work in the current active window. This means that if you have two windows open, you will only get tooltips in the window that is at the front. To get tooltips in the other window, you must click it to bring it to the front. Tip Not sure what an icon does? Hover the mouse pointer over it.

The Desktop
The main part of the screen is called the Desktop. This is where the application windows appear. There are also icons for each disk device in the system.

Here are device icons for two CD-ROM drives, a 1.44 Mb floppy drive, and a hard disk partition. Notice that the “hard disk partition” icon has the name “hda1”. Knoppix has its own way of naming disks and partitions. For details, see the section “Knoppix essentials”. These icons are actually hyperlinks. In other words, they are just pointers to the place in the system where the files appear. You can't drag and drop files and folders onto Desktop device icons, as you can on the Apple Macintosh. Note Desktop icons are shortcuts. There are no files inside Desktop icons. Instead, Desktop icons are just pointers to the places where the files actually appear. If you plug in a hot-pluggable disk device, such as a USB external hard drive, a new icon for it will appear on the Desktop. This behaviour will be familiar to Apple Macintosh users.

The Panel
At the bottom of the screen is the Panel. The Panel is always visible. It contains various utilities and status information.

K Menu
In the far left corner of the Panel is the K Menu which is just like the Windows “Start” menu. Click for a list of programs that are available on the system.

Quick launch
Next to the K Menu are Quick Launch icons. These icons represent frequently used programs. Hover the mouse pointer over the program icon for a description of what it does. Single-click on the icon to start that program. Be aware that the OpenOffice program may take several minutes to start, especially if you have a slower computer.

Desktop Guide
The Desktop Guide consists of four squares. Each square represents one desktop. You start off in the first desktop. Click in the Desktop Guide to switch between the four available desktops. To move open windows between Desktops, click the Window Control Box at the top left corner of the window. Point at “To desktop”, then choose the Desktop that you would like to send the window to.

Taskbar
A button is shown in the Taskbar for each open window. This example shows three open windows; Konsole, the Konqueror web browser, and the GIMP graphics editor.

System Tray
The System Tray contains an icon for the current keyboard layout. To view the available keyboard layouts, right-click on the keyboard layout icon.

Clock
The clock shows the time and date.

Hide Panel
At each end of the Panel is a Hide Panel button. Click the Hide Panel button to make the Panel shrink to that side of the screen. Click the button again to unhide the Panel. Drag the Hide Panel button to move the entire Panel from one side of the screen to another.

Left mouse button selects text, middle button pastes
To copy and paste text using a three button mouse: This also works in other window managers that run in X. If this method doesn't work, you can use the Ctrl+C > Ctrl+V or the Ctrl+Insert > Shift+Insert combination. The latter key combination is slightly older, but is supported in apps that don't support the former combinations.
 * 1) Select the text that you want to copy and paste with the left mouse button, so that the text is highlighted.
 * 2) Point to the place where you want the text to go.
 * 3) Click the middle mouse button. The last selected text will be pasted from the X Window System's copy buffer into the place where you clicked.

Alternatives to KDE

 * See also: Alternatives to KDE

For whatever reason, you may you might want to try something other than KDE. Several alternatives exist, such as GNOME, Xfce, and WindowMaker. GNOME, being an entirely separate desktop environment rather than a window manager, is distributed within Gnoppix. For more info, see Alternatives to KDE. Once knoppix has loaded you can switch between the various alternatives.

In newer versions of Knoppix, Beryl may be supported (this depends on your hardware). Although using Beryl is almost identical to using KDE it must be specified at boot time with: knoppix desktop=beryl


text:
Knowing Knoppix/Knoppix essentials

Knoppix essentials
''“If I ever met Bill Gates, there wouldn't be much of a meeting point. I couldn't tell him about business, and he couldn't tell me about technology.” -- Linus Torvalds''

This section contains important background information that will help you understand the rest of this book. If you are in a hurry, skip over this section. The terms explained in this section will be used often, so you may need to refer back to this page later.

File names
The following rules apply to file names in Knoppix. Note What's the difference between a directory and a folder? Not much. A folder is just the icon that is usually used to represent a directory. The words “directory” and “folder” are interchangeable. Remember, a hard disk is like a filing cabinet. Partitions are like drawers, directories are like folders, and files are like individual documents.
 * Case sensitive. This causes the most problems for beginners. For example, “myfile.txt”, “MyFile.txt” and “MYFILE.TXT” are all different names.
 * Long file names are allowed. File names can be up to 255 characters long.
 * There is no “C:” drive. Instead, all files are arranged in a tree beginning with “/”, which is called the root directory. The “root directory” is like “My Computer”. It is the starting point for everything stored inside in the computer.
 * Forward slashes. For example, in Windows, part of the location of an image file might be: In Knoppix, the backslashes that represent the path to the file are written as forward slashes instead, like this:

Drive names
You may be used to Microsoft Windows' naming scheme for disk drives. For example, you may be used to “drive A:” for the first floppy drive; “drive C:” for the first visible hard drive partition, and so on. Knoppix has its own drive naming scheme. This section explains how the naming scheme works.

Disk types
The naming scheme starts with a two-letter code for the type of disk.

IDE drives
IDE drives are the most common in desktop PCs and laptops. A single letter indicates how the drive is connected. Most PCs and laptops have two IDE channels: primary and secondary. Each channel can have up to two devices: master and slave.

SCSI drives
For SCSI drives, a single letter indicates its location. This is called its position in the SCSI chain. Zip, USB and Firewire drives are also treated as SCSI drives.

Disk partitions
IDE and SCSI hard drives are divided into partitions. Zip, USB and Firewire drives also contain partitions. A partition is like a compartment within a disk. There may be a single partition that covers the entire disk. There may be more than one partition. Each partition is indicated by a number.

SCSI emulation for IDE CD-ROM drives
IDE CD-ROM drives are treated as SCSI drives. This is called SCSI emulation. SCSI emulation is there so that CD burning applications can use the same language to talk to SCSI and IDE drives.

Conventional 1.44 Mb floppy drives
For ordinary floppy disk drives, a number shows the drive number.

Drive detection
Knoppix automatically detects all IDE and SCSI devices. The names of the devices are printed in the startup messages (Ctrl+Alt+F1). Here is an example: hda: [FUJITSU MPA3026AT] hdb: [LS-120 VER5 00 UHD FLOPPY] hdc: [HITACHI DVD-ROM GD-2500] hdd: [MATSHITA CD-RW CD-7586] This example shows that the primary master is a Fujitsu hard drive. The primary slave is an Imation LS-120 SuperDisk drive. The secondary master is a Hitachi DVD-ROM drive. The secondary slave is a Matshita CD-RW drive.

Partition detection
Knoppix automatically detects all partitions on all IDE and SCSI devices. For example, given a single Windows partition on the primary master IDE hard drive, the following device name will be created: /dev/hda1 This means the partition will be called /dev/hda1 in Knoppix. Note Some removable disks also have partitions, notably Iomega Zip disks. For the partitions on an Iomega Zip disk to be detected properly, you must insert the disk into the drive before you start Knoppix.

Mount points
Each device name has a mount point. This is a special place where the files on a device appear. A mount point is created automatically for each device name. For example, given the Fujitsu drive above, the following mount point will be created: /mnt/hda1 This means the partition /dev/hda1 will be mounted to /mnt/hda1.

Auto-mounting of floppy and CD-ROM drives
Conventional floppy and CD-ROM drives are auto-mounted. This means Knoppix takes care of mounting and unmounting them automatically. The auto-mount locations are:
 * First floppy drive: /mnt/floppy
 * Second floppy drive: /mnt/floppy1
 * First CD-ROM drive: /mnt/cdrom
 * Second CD-ROM drive: /mnt/cdrom1

Login accounts
When you start Knoppix, you are logged in automatically. No passwords are needed. All passwords are locked by default. Knoppix bypasses all the usernames and passwords of the operating system installed on the hard disk. You can switch between the virtual terminals at any time. For example, to switch to the first console, press Ctrl+Alt+F1. The Knoppix startup messages will be displayed. To switch to the second console, press Ctrl+Alt+F2. To get back to the X Window System, press Ctrl+Alt+F5. Note The X Window System is on virtual terminal number 5.

The user account
The Knoppix user account is called “knoppix”. This account is for all productivity tasks, including CD burning and printing. When the X Window System starts, you are logged in to that user account automatically, without a password.

The superuser account
The superuser account is for system administration tasks. The superuser account is called the root account. When Knoppix starts, you are logged in as root to all four consoles automatically with no password. It is also possible to use the root account within the X Window System. Important As with other Linux distributions, use the user account for all your everyday tasks. Only use the root account when you need it. For example, when you are logged on as root, you have the power to instantly delete every file on every disk with one simple command. When you are logged on as a user, the system will not let you do that. This helps you to protect yourself against accidents. Get into the habit now and it will save you later!

title: Knowing Knoppix/Knoppix essentials


text:
Autodesk 3ds Max/Small 3ds Max

3ds Max is a bulky application, and for game artists, many of the features go unused. This project is an attempt to strip down 3ds max 5 to the modeling, animating, unwrapping, and character setup minimum.

Precautions
Don't delete Max's components right off. Create a backup folder somewhere and move the files into that folder. That way, if anything screws up, you can easily retrieve the files without having to reinstall max. Common sense, but some people tend to be a tad trigger happy.

Removable Plugins
First of all, what one person believes is removable may be indispensable to your workflow, so make that discretion before getting rid of those plugins. 3ds max's architecture is plugin based, so the first place I headed to was the plugins directory.

Taking a look at Plug-in Manager, these are the plugins loaded on startup and what they do.

DLU .DLU files are Utility plugins. They are basic utilities such as the Polygon Counter, advanced utilities such as Reactor, and even legacy utilities such as Dynamics.

COMSRVUI.DLU UVREMOVE.DLU COLLECTOR.DLU HSUTIL.DLU LIGHTMAP.DLU COMBUST_SELECT.DLU PSEUDOMAP.DLU COLLIDERS.DLU UTILITY.DLU PAINTERINTERFACE.DLU CURVECONTROL.DLU VISUALMS.DLU DLTONEREP.DLU CBROWSER.DLU RAYFX.DLU DLSRR.DLU UMAXFIND.DLU STROKE.DLU NUTIL.DLU METALBUMP.DLU MAPPATH.DLU IFLMGR.DLU CAMTRAKR.DLU CAMMATCH.DLU APPLYVC.DLU

DLS PIVOT.DLS GRID.DLS SHAPE1.DLS X_MESH.DLS

DLF TRUETYPE.DLF ADOBET1.DLF

DLV FILMGRAIN.DLV BRIGHTCON.DLV COLORBALANCE.DLV MULTIPASSMOTIONBLUE.DLV MULTIPASSDOF.DLV FILEOUT.DLV MOTIONBLUR.DLV DOF.DLV BLUR.DLV APOLLO3.DLV

FLT

DLC

DLO .DLO files are Object plugins. They create new objects. For example, if you install a "antmodel.dlo" file, it will allow you to create ants. Found on the Create Panel, in the dropdown list that says "Standard Primitives". There it will show a new section that contains the object type that the plugin provides.

BMI - 2D Image File Format I/O

DLR .DLR files are Render plugins. They're pretty rare compared to the other types, but they're still a valid plugin. They will be found in the Render Scene window (F10) under the "Current Renderers" rollout. Click on the "Assign..." button and it will open a new window for you to choose the renderer you want to use. (by default there will only be one renderer showing, the "VUE File Renderer", since the Default Scanline is already in use)

DLM .DLM files are Material plugins. They will be found in the Material Editor as new material types (where it says Standard, Raytrace, Multi/Sub-object, etc., there will be more)

GUP

DLT .DLT files are Texture plugins. They will be found in the Material Editor as well, but will be as Maps, such as Brick, Speckle, Noise, etc. (usually the maps are the same name as the plugin)

BMS

DLZ

DLI - 3D File Format Importer

DLE - 3D File Format Exporter

FLT

title: Autodesk 3ds Max/Small 3ds Max


text:
Talk:Hindi/Everyday Phrases

Untitled
The majority of the words listed here are either wrong or not really translations at all just the indian dialect of english,

 * This is not exact. Remember that modern Hindi accepts English words. While the textbook will tell you that bussines is व्यापार, most people, especially young, will just use बिज़निस. I agree that the page contains real errors. First, किधर must never be transliterated as KID-HAR, but as KI-DHAR, because ध=DHA is a single character. It is the very same mistake as if you would write "nowhere" as NOW-HERE. Moreover, किधर can only refer to direction. Sentence: "Where are you going?" can be translated as "तुम कहाँ जा रहे हो?" or "तुम किधर जा रहे हो?" However, "where are you" can only be written "तुम कहाँ हो", किधर must not be used here. The more honorific variants with आप are correct too. It will need more work to make everything right. --Zdeněk Wagner (ज़्देन्येक वाग्नेर) (talk) 16:48, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Pronounciation Key
You need a pronounciation key for every language page. Without it, the words and phrases will still be meaningless.--63.3.2.130 (discuss) 13:51, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

Kya aap mere kuch bana denge? Purnima singer (discuss • contribs) 17:03, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

hindi to english
aj me apni chachi ko dekhne hospital gai thi unki tbyt bht khrab he me soch rai hu k kl phir se jau unhe dekhne

Today I went to the hospital to meet my aunti. She is not well.i am thinking that i should be meet her tomorrow. Ghuman deep (discuss • contribs) 09:00, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hindi/Everyday Phrases


text:
Cookbook talk:Fiddlehead

Merge
merging in a dupe article ("Fiddlehead fern")

 * (cur) (last) 06:09, 17 Jan 2005 Mkn m
 * (cur) (last) 21:29, 21 Oct 2004 Rachel m (link fix)
 * (cur) (last) 16:57, 30 Jul 2004 Tcr25 m (add recipe link)
 * (cur) (last) 16:28, 30 Jul 2004 Tcr25

title: Cookbook talk:Fiddlehead


text:
User talk:Marty518

In case you return
Thanks for your contributions to the Japanese wikibook. We're currently reworking much of the old content and I was wondering if you would consider rejoining the project. --Swift (talk) 03:06, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marty518


text:
User talk:Xepo

Hey,

For some reason the Japanese wikibook mailing list disappeared. If you're still interested in working on the Japanese wikibook please sign up for the new Japanese wikibook mailing list. Thanks. - Sik0fewl 02:19, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xepo


text:
User talk:Maiki

Hey,

For some reason the Japanese wikibook mailing list disappeared. If you're still interested in working on the Japanese wikibook please sign up for the new Japanese wikibook mailing list. Thanks. - Sik0fewl 02:20, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maiki


text:
Cookbook:Water Chestnut

The water chestnut, also known as the Chinese water caltrop, resembles a chestnut in color and shape. It is a tuber commonly associated with Chinese cooking, but also appears in other ethnic meals.

Originating from Southeast Asia, water chestnuts are actually roots of an aquatic plant that grows in freshwater ponds, marshes, lakes, and in slow-moving rivers and streams. These roots are commonly grown in Japan, Taiwan, China, Thailand, and sometimes in Australia. Water chestnut harvesting is laborious, making them somewhat expensive to purchase. Processed and canned water chestnuts are widely found in most supermarkets. Fresh water chestnuts are more difficult to find, but are becoming more available.

If you find fresh water chestnuts, select those that are firm with no signs of wrinkling. These will need to be peeled prior to eating and cooking. Fresh tubers may be stored wrapped tightly in a plastic bag for up to one week.

Canned, unopened water chestnuts will store indefinitely. Once opened, they keep up to one week in a bowl of water. Be sure to change the water daily for the "freshest" product.

title: Cookbook:Water Chestnut


text:
Rich Internet Applications for SLA Research/Basic Database Interaction

As discussed in the Overview, the AMFPHP scripts allow Flash movies and Flash Communication Server applications to communicate with PHP scripts. These scripts can receive, process, and return data to the requesting movie or application. In the context of SLA research, perhaps the most useful function of such scripts is database interaction involving the inserting, updating, and retrieving of information.

Setting Up AMFPHP
After downloading the AMFPHP scripts from http://www.amfphp.org and unzipping them, the gateway.php file should be placed in a directory of the web server; be sure that it is a directory in which the execution of scripts is allowed by the web server. On many servers, this is within the cgi-bin directory or a subdirectory thereof. The AMFPHP flashservices folder is typically installed within the cgi-bin directory. Then, a subfolder for access by the individual Flash movie (or FlashComm application) should be created. Into this subfolder should be placed gateway.php; normally, this file should not require any editing. For this tutorial, the subfolder will be named mysql_amfphp.

Finally, a subfolder named services should be created in the mysql_amfphp folder. The services folder will contain the PHP file that accesses the database. For this sample application, a file named MySQLQuery.php should be created and the following code should be placed within it using a basic text editor (Notepad on Windows, vi or emacs on UNIX/LINUX, for example).

methodTable = array(      "inRecord" => array( "description" => "Inserts the passed argument into the database", "access" => "remote", // available values are private, public, remote "arguments" => array ("arg1", "arg2") ),      "outRecord" => array( "description" => "Echos the passed argument back to Flash (no need to set the return type)", "access" => "remote", // available values are private, public, remote "arguments" => array ("arg1") )    );   }   function inRecord($fName, $lName){ $dbc = mysql_connect("DBNAME", "USERID", "PASSWORD"); mysql_select_db("amfphp_test"); $sql = "INSERT INTO people ( UID, firstName , lastName ) " . "VALUES ( '', '$fName', '$lName' )"; $result = @mysql_query ($sql); // run the query return " *-* ". $lName. ", " . $fName. " *-* (" . $result . ")"; }  function outRecord($message){ $dbc = mysql_connect("DBNAME", "USERID", "PASSWORD"); mysql_select_db("amfphp_test"); $result = mysql_query('SELECT * FROM people'); while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) { $nameList .= $row['lastName']. ", " . $row['firstName']. "; ";    }     return $message. " ^**mysql_amfphp**^ ". "\n". $nameList. "\n"; }  } ?>

Setting Up the Database
In the example code, the values DBNAME, USERID, and PASSWORD should be changed to reflect the specific database server to be accessed. Furthermore, the database should contain a database named amfphp_test, which contains a table named people. The table people should, in turn, contain two columns: firstName and lastName.

Creating the Flash Movie
Using the components window in Flash MX 2004, create a user interface with the elements shown in the image.

The UI elements above should be given the following names:
 * top text area: 'show_txt'
 * list records button: callButton
 * clear textfield button: clearButton
 * firstName text line: inFirstName
 * lastName text line: inLastName
 * insert record button: insertButton

These names will match the following ActionScript code, which should be placed in the first frame of the main timeline of the Flash movie:

// Necessary class (needed for AMFPHP) // just for debugging purposes // Create the AMFPHP gateway and connect to the server. // The gateway.php file points to the services folder (see below, // where the service is actually called with getService("MySQLQuery") NetServices.setDefaultGatewayUrl("http://www.MYSERVERNAME.com/cgi-bin/mysql_amfphp/gateway.php"); conn = NetServices.createGatewayConnection; //Result handler request = new Object; request.onResult = function(result) {   show_txt.text = result; } // Call the service; name of service (MySQLQuery) must be the same // as the pre-extension name of the file in the "services" folder: "MySQLQuery.php" service = conn.getService("MySQLQuery"); // Buttons  callButton.onPress = function{   service.outRecord(request, show_txt.text);   show_txt.text = ""; } clearButton.onPress = function{   show_txt.text = ""; } insertButton.onPress = function  {   service.inRecord(request, inFirstName.text, inLastName.text); }; stop;
 * 1) include "NetServices.as"
 * 1) include "NetDebug.as"

After exporting the movie, a user should be able to insert first- and last-name pairs into the database. The PHP code returns a confirmation message both when inserting and retrieving database information. When inserting information, the first and last names will be returned; when retrieving, whatever text is in the upper window will be sent and added to the beginning of the returned information, followed by a list of the names (in last name, first name order) in the database.

= Possible Uses = The sample application above illustrates how a Flash movie might access a database. Such access might be used for login authentication, creating a new user account, or saving textual information for future retrieval and study.

It is worth noting that information in a database needn't be accessed exclusively by the AMFPHP code or Flash movie that created it. If, for example, the transcript of a text chat were saved as a database entry, another Flash movie could be used to retrieve it for review by a researcher. A PHP script, likewise, could retrieve the transcript and perform text manipulation operations on it (e.g., placing the HTML tags for bold text,  & , around words not in the 1000 most frequent words/word families in English).

In the next section, a sample application will be used to demonstrate how text from a chat application might be saved for later retrieval.


text:
Cookbook:Bitter Melon

Bitter melon, also known as foo qua, balsam pear, and bitter gourd, is a vegetable related to pumpkin and zucchini.

Characteristics
Bitter melons are members of the squash family and resemble a cucumber with bumpy skin. The Indian variety is darker in color with smaller, spikier bumps, while the Chinese variety is lighter with more folds and wrinkles. When first picked, a bitter melon is yellow-green, but it turns a yellow-orange color as it ripens. The inside of the melon is filled with fibrous seeds, and the flesh is crisp when raw.

As the name implies, all varieties have a sharp bitter flavor. Typically, the bitterness of the vegetable increases with size.

Seasonality
Bitter melons are available fresh from April to September in most Asian markets and can occasionally be found in larger supermarkets. They are primarily grown in tropical climates, including East Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and South America. Some markets are beginning to carry bitter melons year round. They may also be purchased canned or dried.

Selection and storage
Select firm, unblemished melons that are from 5–12 inches in length. Choose melons that are still green for a more bitter flavor and a yellow-orange melon for a milder taste. Store loose in a paper or plastic bag in the refrigerator for 3–5 days. Slice the melon immediately before use.

Use
Bitter melon fruit, shoots, and leaves are all edible. It is used in Indian, Nepali, Chinese, Japanese, Burmese, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Thai, and other cuisines. It can be steamed, fried, pickled, blanched, baked, stuffed, stir-fried, juiced, and used in soups.

To prepare, cut the melon in half and discard the seeds and fibrous core. The skin is edible and the melon is not typically peeled. The seeds are technically edible, unless very hard, and are used in some recipes.

There are various ways to reduce the bitter taste. Tossing it in salt and letting it sit for 30 minutes to 1 hour can help leach out some of the bitterness. Soaking in cold water or blanching it for 2–3 minutes before further cooking can also reduce the bitterness. Garlic, chili peppers, yogurt, and salty savory condiments are often added to recipes to offset the bitter taste.

title: Cookbook:Bitter Melon


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Rich Internet Applications for SLA Research/FlashComm Database Interaction Start

Setting Up AMFPHP
As in the example of basic database interaction, the AMFPHP scripts from http://www.amfphp.org should be unzipped, and the gateway.php file should be placed in a directory of the web server. Also, the AMFPHP flashservices folder should be installed within the cgi-bin directory. Then, a subfolder which will be accessed by the Flash movie (for login purposes) and the FlashComm application (for saving chat text) should be created. Into this subfolder should be placed gateway.php; normally, this file should not require any editing. For this tutorial, the subfolder will be named AMFPHPChat.

In the AMFPHPChat folder, a subfolder named services should be created. The services folder will contain the PHP file that accesses the database on behalf of both the Flash movie and the FlashComm application. For this sample application, a file named DBServices.php should be created and the following code should be placed within it using a basic text editor (Notepad on Windows, vi or emacs on UNIX/LINUX, for example).

methodTable = array; $this->methodTable["validateUser"] = array(      "description" => "validate user in mysql table",       "access" => "remote",     ); $this->methodTable["saveChatText"] = array(      "description" => "save text chat to session",       "access" => "remote",     ); $this->methodTable["nextSession"] = array(      "description" => "get a unique(?) session identifier",       "access" => "remote",     ); $this->methodTable["destroySID"] = array(      "description" => "destroy a session identifier",       "access" => "remote",     ); }  /** check if username exists into the table */ function validateUser($uName, $pWord){ // create the connection to DB    $this->connection  = mysql_connect($this->db_host, $this->db_user, $this->db_pwd); // select the database "test" mysql_select_db( $this->db_name ); $loginQuery = "SELECT * FROM username_pwd                  WHERE username = '$uName'                   AND pwd = '$pWord'"; $result = mysql_query($loginQuery); if (mysql_num_rows($result) == 1) { $row = mysql_fetch_array($result); $nameMatch = $row['username']; $UIDQuery = "SELECT * FROM username_uid WHERE username = '$nameMatch'"; $UIDResult = mysql_query($UIDQuery); $UIDRow = mysql_fetch_array($UIDResult); $retInfo = array; $retInfo['username'] = $UIDRow['username']; $retInfo['eoa'] = "endOfArray"; return $retInfo; } else { return "error"; }    mysql_close; }  /** save chat text in database */ function saveChatText($theSID, $chatText) { session_start; // create the connection to DB    $this->connection  = mysql_connect($this->db_host, $this->db_user, $this->db_pwd); // select the database "test" mysql_select_db( $this->db_name ); $safeText = addslashes($chatText); $sql = "UPDATE chatText_SID    SET HTMLtext = '". $safeText. "' "                   . " WHERE session_id = '". $theSID. "' ";    $result = mysql_query ($sql); // run the query mysql_close; // string returned below is for debugging purposes; it can be removed // without any loss of functionality return "result: ". $result. "; theSID: ". $theSID. "; session_id: ". session_id; }  /** get a new session */ function nextSession($user1, $user2, $timeDate) { session_start; // create the connection to DB    $this->connection  = mysql_connect($this->db_host, $this->db_user, $this->db_pwd); // select the database "test" mysql_select_db( $this->db_name ); $sql = "INSERT INTO chatText_SID ( session_id, startDateTime, uName01, uName02, HTMLtext) " . "VALUES ( '" . session_id . "', '$timeDate', '$user1', '$user2', '' )"; $result = mysql_query($sql); // run the query mysql_close; return session_id; }  /** destroy session */ function destroySID{ session_start; // Unset all of the session variables. $_SESSION = array; // If it's desired to kill the session, also delete the session cookie. // Note: This will destroy the session, and not just the session data! if (isset($_COOKIE[session_name])) { setcookie(session_name, '', time-42000, '/'); }    // Finally, destroy the session. $destruction = session_destroy; return $destruction; } } ?>

NEXT: FlashComm Database Interaction: Flash Movie


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Cookbook:Calabaza

Calabaza or calabaza squash, also known as the West Indian pumpkin, is a type of pumpkin-like hard squash.

Characteristics
These squashes are round in shape and varied in size, ranging from as large as a watermelon to as small as a cantaloupe. The outer color of calabaza can also vary and may include greens, tans, and oranges, while the flesh is yellow-orange. Some squash are all one color while other calabaza are multi-colored and may include all the colors listed above.

Calabaza has a sweet flavor and firm texture. This is similar to the taste and texture of other varieties of squash, such as butternut or acorn.

Selection and storage
Because of the difficulty many have in cutting the whole squash, calabaza is often sold already chopped into chunks in many Latin American markets. Select pieces with a fresh, moist and unblemished flesh—soft or wet spots means the squash is beginning to spoil. The flesh should be a bright orange. Whole squash may be more difficult to find, but if you find one, select one that still has the stem attached and is heavy for its size. You should avoid purchasing a squash with bruises, cuts, or soft spots.

Whole calabaza may be stored in a cool, dry space for up to 6–8 weeks. Cut calabaza should be wrapped tightly or placed in a covered container in the refrigerator for no more than one week.

Preparation
Whole calabaza may be difficult to slice. Slicing through the tough rind often calls for a heavy cleaver or a very sharp knife. If the squash resists slicing, remove the stem and place the knife or cleaver blade along the squash’s length. Gently tap the blade with a hammer until the squash falls open. Scoop out the seeds, peel, and prepare.

Use
This squash is popular in the Caribbean as well as Central and South America. It is commonly roasted, either cut in sections or in cubes, but it can also be cooked via moist heat methods or by other dry heat methods such as frying. When puréed, it can be used in soups and desserts. Its seeds may also be roasted in a similar way to pumpkin seeds.

Calabaza may be substituted for other hard winter squashes like butternut or acorn, and vice versa.

title: Cookbook:Calabaza


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Cookbook:Chayote

| Squash

Chayote, also called mirliton or choko, is a gourd-like squash.

Characteristics
This squash is about the size and shape of a very large pear. The skin is pale green and smooth with slight ridges that run lengthwise. Many compare the color to that of a light green apple. The flesh is white and somewhat crisp, with one soft seed in the middle. Flavor-wise, it is very mild like its cousins the summer squash (e.g. zucchini).

Selection and storage
Chayote is commonly found in supermarkets during peak season (December to March), but may be found in larger supermarkets and specialty markets throughout the year. Select squash that are small, firm, and unblemished. Choose squash that is heavy for its size. Loose skin or skin that reacts to pressure often means poor quality. It is common to score the flesh of the squash with one's fingernails to test for ripeness, so be wary of such marks when selecting a squash.

Refrigerate whole chayote in plastic for up to one month. Cut chayote may be refrigerated in a covered container or tightly wrapped for 3 to 5 days. It is best to use chopped chayote immediately, as it can gather flavors from other foods stored in the refrigerator.

Use
Chayote can be eaten raw or cooked. If raw, it does not need to be peeled and makes a good addition to salads. When cooking, like other summer squashes, it can be roasted, mashed, stewed, fried, stuffed, made into casseroles, and more. In these cases, it should be peeled. Chayote is also used in mild curries in Indonesian cuisine. The soft seed is edible, but many choose to remove it.

The leaves, shoots, seed, and tuber of chayote can all also be cooked and eaten.

Substitution
Summer squash may be used in place of chayote if none is available.

title: Cookbook:Chayote


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Cookbook:Star Fruit

The star fruit, sometimes called the carambola or star apple, is a tropical fruit that is gaining popularity. This fruit acquired its name from the five pointed star shape when cut across the middle of the fruit. It has a waxy, golden yellow to green color skin with a complicated flavor combination that includes plums, pineapples, and lemons. It is usually quite sour.

Two types of star fruit are grown, tart and sweet. Tart varieties typically have narrowly spaced ribs, while sweet varieties tend to have thick, fleshy ribs. The tastes between the two are hardly distinguishable. The fruit is readily available July through February.

Selection
Select firm, shiny skinned, even colored fruit. Star fruits will ripen at room temperature and have lightly brown edges on the ribs when it’s ripe. Avoid purchasing star fruit with brown, shriveled ribs. This delicious fruit is also available dried.

Storage
Non-ripe star fruit should be turned often, until they are yellow in color and ripe with light brown ribs. Store ripe star fruits at room temperature for two to three days or unwashed, and refrigerated, in a plastic bag for up to one week.

Preparation
Star fruits are great to eat out of hand as these tropical delights do not need to be peeled or seeded before eating. Simply wash the fruit, remove any blemished areas, cut crosswise to get the star shape, and eat!

title: Cookbook:Star Fruit


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Cookbook talk:Green Onion

name
Just to head off a war, Google says:

spring onion      86600 green onion      302000 bunching onion      911 scallion         213000 shallot          255000

What part?
So, what portion do you use? How far down into the white area, and how far up into the greens? --67.185.172.158 04:16, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Green Onion


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Rich Internet Applications for SLA Research/FlashComm Database Interaction Flash

= Creating the Flash Movie =

Setting Up The Timeline
In Flash MX 2004, create a timeline with the following layers, keyframes, and labels. Note that the ActionScript for this movie will be placed in the CSAS layer.

Login Keyframe
Add user interface elements to the UI layer so that your movie resembles this image. Name the interface elements as follows:
 * user name text area: username_txt
 * password text area: password_txt
 * Enter button: enter_pb
 * bottom text area: output_txt

Wait Keyframe
Add a line of text as in this image.

Chat Researcher Keyframe
Add user interface elements to the UI layer so that your movie resembles this image. Name the interface elements as follows:
 * AudioConference communication component: audioChat_mc
 * SetBandwidth communication component: bw_mc
 * Ring Bell button: bell_pb
 * UserColor communication component: userColor_mc
 * large text area: chat
 * single line text area: chatIn
 * Send button: chat_bt

Set the click handlers for the following buttons:
 * Save Text button: writeSSText
 * End Session button: endSession
 * Ring Bell button: dingDong
 * Send button: addText

Chat Subject Keyframe
Follow the instructions for the Chat Researcher keyframe, with the exception of the Save Text and End Session buttons, which should be omitted. The movie should resemble this image.

Adding the ActionScript
The following ActionScript code should be added to each of the indicated keyframes. It should be placed on the CSAS layer.

Login Keyframe
// AMFPHPChat - CSAS layer - login keyframe // //Needed classes //just for debugging purposes // Microphone.prototype.onStatus = onStatusTemplate; NetConnection.prototype.onStatus = onStatusTemplate; NetStream.prototype.onStatus = onStatusTemplate; SharedObject.prototype.onStatus = onStatusTemplate; // var appName:String = "AMFPHPChat"; // // ************************************************************* // Netservices set-up: This creates a Flash Remoting connection // to the AMFPHP-enabled web server (e.g., Apache) and allows // the .swf to call a function in a PHP script, thereby working // around the crossdomain restrictions imposed on loadVars objects. // // http://www.amfphp.org for more information on the technology. // ************************************************************* NetServices.setDefaultGatewayUrl("http://DOMAINNAME/cgi-bin/" + appName + "/gateway.php"); // // Then, create the connection object without passing a response object parameter // to the method. The response object will be specified when the component's function // is called via the service object, myService, defined below. AMFPHPChatConnection = NetServices.createGatewayConnection; // // Result handler for the AMFPHP call "AMFPHPService.validateUser" // in validateUserAMF, father below loginAMFRequest = new Object; loginAMFRequest.onResult = function(loginResult){ // TODO: AMFPHP service needs to return value that // distinguishes between error/incorrect login as well as  // researcher and subject logins trace("loginResult: " + loginResult); output_txt.text += loginResult + "\n"; Key.removeListener(loginKeyListener); gotoAndStop("wait"); } //Create the service used to access PHP code via AMFPHP AMFPHPService = AMFPHPChatConnection.getService("DBServices"); // instantiate generic object to serve as key listener loginKeyListener = new Object; // loginKeyListener.onKeyDown = function { if(Key.getCode == Key.ENTER) { // validate user via function that // queries AMFPHP script validateUserAMF; }; }; // Key.addListener(loginKeyListener); // validate user via function that // queries AMFPHP script this.enter_pb.onRelease = function { validateUserAMF; }; // TO DO: Callback code (a la that in SSAS) needed // to time out the validateUserAMF call to AMFPHP gateway validateUserAMF = function { trace("validating user"); userIDValue = username_txt.text; trace("userIDValue: " + userIDValue); passwordValue = password_txt.text; trace("passwordValue: " + passwordValue); AMFPHPService.validateUser(loginAMFRequest, username_txt.text, password_txt.text); }; // stop;
 * 1) include "NetServices.as"
 * 1) include "NetDebug.as"
 * 2) include "synchAndStatusHandler.as"

Wait Keyframe
// AMFPHPChat_03 - CSAS layer - wait keyframe // VERSION DATE: 17APR2005 // load("components.asc"); // set globals and constants RING_VOLUME = 30; SESSION_MAX_LENGTH = 60; // generic data object _global.session = new Object; // session.username from log-in input _global.session.username = username; _global.session.pwd = password; trace("username: " + session.username); trace("password: " + session.pwd); // NetConnection code // session.uri sets path to server-side application _global.session.uri = "rtmp://localhost/" + appName + "/instance01"; trace("_global.session.uri: " + _global.session.uri); // // create connection object for components and shared objects chat_nc = new NetConnection; // // connect connection object with FlashCom server chat_nc.connect(session.uri, session.username); // Set maximum scroll of chat textarea chat.maxscroll = 1000; trace("chat.maxscroll: " + chat.maxscroll); // // create remote (server-side) shared object: textchat // // textchat_so methods should be defined before connecting // shared object with FlashCom server AMFPHPChat_so = SharedObject.getRemote("AMFPHPChat_so", _global.session.uri, false); AMFPHPChat_so.onSync = onSyncTemplate; // // AMFPHPChat_so.enterChat // Function is to be called when set number of users // have logged in and are waiting at the "wait" frame. AMFPHPChat_so.enterChat = function { trace("in enterChat"); gotoAndStop("chat_researcher"); // this code will have to be changed to decide whether to go  // to the researcher interface or the subject interface }; // // connect shared object with FlashCom server trace("wait; chat_nc: " + chat_nc); AMFPHPChat_so.connect(chat_nc); // // Let FlashCom know app is waiting chat_nc.call("waiting", null); // stop;
 * 1) include "NetDebug.as"
 * 2) include "synchAndStatusHandler.as"

Chat Researcher Keyframe
// AMFPHPChat - CSAS layer - chat_researcher keyframe // writeSSText = function { trace("writeSSText CSAS function, calling writeTextToDB on server"); chat_nc.call("saveTextToDB", null); }; // endSession = function { trace("endSession called"); chat_nc.call("destroySession", null); }; // addText = function { //trace("in addText - length: " + length(chatIn.text)); if(length(chatIn.text) > 0) { // call clientChatMessage on server trace("calling clientChatMessage on server"); userColor = new String(gFlashCom.userprefs.color); userColor = "#" + userColor.substr(2); trace("addText - userColor: " + userColor); chat_nc.call("clientChatMessage", null, chatIn.text, userColor); // clear input line text chatIn.text = ""; // maintain focus on input line Selection.setFocus("chatIn"); }; }; // // serverChatMessage function; called from SSAS (main.asc) AMFPHPChat_so.serverChatMessage = function(msg) { trace("in serverChatMessage - msg: " + msg); chat.htmlText += msg; chat.scroll = chat.maxscroll; }; // // Chat updates on the server with msg upon connection. // Chat will be blank for first user; subsequent users will get // latest chat.maxscroll units of any chat text preceding their // connecting. Chat text is cleared when user count reaches zero. // Called from SSAS (main.asc) AMFPHPChat_so.startChat = function(msg) { trace("in startChat - msg: " + msg); chat.htmlText = msg; // connect FCS UI components app_init; }; // // THIS NEEDS FIXING! As of 4-3-05, a user who rejoins the chat // has her text color set to that of the other user. Perhaps persistent // shared object needed? // // instantiate generic object to serve as color change listener colorListener = new Object; // colorListener.onColorChange = function{ colorListener.color = gFlashCom.userprefs.color; trace("colorListener.color: " + gFlashCom.userprefs.color); }; // gFlashCom.userprefs.addListener(colorListener); // // instantiate generic object to serve as key listener keyListener = new Object; // // define onKeyDown to trigger check for enter key keyListener.onKeyDown = function { if(Key.getCode == Key.ENTER) { addText; }; }; // Key.addListener(keyListener); // // create chat_doorbell sound chat_doorbell = new Sound(this); chat_doorbell.attachSound("doorbell.wav"); chat_doorbell.setVolume(RING_VOLUME); chat_doorbell.stop; trace("chat_doorbell: " + chat_doorbell); // // ring doorbell; calls SSAS, which then calls // AMFPHPChat_so.clientRing on each client dingDong = function { trace("Ding Dong!"); chat_nc.call("doorbellRing", null); }; // AMFPHPChat_so.clientRing = function { trace("in clientRing"); chat_doorbell.start; }; // app_init = function { // connect UI component(s) //trace("bandwidth_mc.connect"); trace("app_init; session.username: " + session.username); // userColor_mc.setUsername(session.username); userColor_mc.connect(chat_nc); bw_mc.setUsername(session.username); bw_mc.connect(chat_nc); audioChat_mc.setUsername(session.username); audioChat_mc.connect(chat_nc); Selection.setFocus("chatIn"); historyScroll.setScrollTarget(chat); historyScroll.setScrollPosition(chat.maxscroll); }; // app_close = function { //trace("app_close: closing..."); chat.text = ""; }; // // tell server-side scripts that client is ready chat_nc.call("ready", null, sessionID); // stop;

Chat Subject Keyframe
NOTE: The chat_subject keyframe can use the same code as the chat_researcher keyframe because the text-writing and session-ending code cannot be accessed without the UI buttons in the chat_researcher keyframe.

Synchronization and Status Handler Code
NOTE: The following code should be placed in a file named synchAndStatusHandler.as. This code is useful for debugging in the Flash MX 2004 authoring environment. It reports all synchronization messages (e.g., successes and errors) and status messages. Code could be added to respond to specific events such as errors in connecting or unexpected disconnections.

// AMFPHPChat // *TEMPLATE* synchAndStatusHandler - CSAS/SSAS - "#include" file // onSyncTemplate = function (info) { trace("Data Synchronizing"); //   // This structure may be used as a prototype for onSync handlers. //  // First, loop through the array of objects with the IN operator //   for (name in info) { trace("[sync] Array Object #"+name+" code("+info[name].code+","+info[name].name+")"); //     // ::: switch to handle code values returned by the object // Place Custom Code Here //     switch (info[name].code) { case "change" : trace("::change of data by another client"); // Place Custom Code Here //        break; case "success" : trace("::successful change of data from this server"); // Place Code Here //        break; case "reject" : trace("::rejected SharedObject write operation"); // Place Code Here //        break; case "clear" : trace("::initialization of the SharedObject"); // Place Code Here //        break; case "delete" : trace("::deleted Attributes"); // Place Code Here }    // ::: End the switch, continue looping through the information object }  // ::: End of onSync handler }; // function onStatusTemplate(info) { infoMessage_array = info.code.split("."); trace(" ** status message received for: "+infoMessage_array[0]+" **"); trace(" ** "+new Date); trace("   |::: Level--> "+info.level); trace("   |::: Code --> "+info.code); //  // Trace information properties if (info.description != undefined) { trace("   |::: Description--> "+info.description); }  if (info.details != undefined) { trace("   |::: Details--> "+info.details); }  if (info.application != undefined) { trace("   |::: Application--> "+info.application); }  switch (infoMessage_array[0]) { case "Application" : trace("   | ::::Application Messages"); // Display script error messages if (infoMessage_array[1] == "script") { trace("   |::: Script Error Details.  Filename--> "+info.filename+"   Line--> "+info.lineno); trace(info.linebuf); }      // Place Code Here break; case "Camera" : //  | :::: Handle Camera Messages // Place Code Here break; case "Microphone" : //   | :::: Handle Microphone Messages // Place Code Here break; case "NetConnection" : //   | ::: Handle NetConnection Messages if (infoMessage_array[2] == "Success") { trace("   |::* Connection accepted by server; continuing to load."); // Place (below) scripts to run when the connection has succeeded }      if (infoMessage_array[2] == "Closed") { trace("   |::* Connection was closed; returning the user!"); app_close; }      // Place Code Here break; case "NetStream" : //   | :::: Handle NetStream Messages // Place Code Here }  trace(" ** End Status Message for: "+infoMessage_array[0]+" **"); }

NEXT: FlashComm Database Interaction: FlashComm


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Cookbook:Asian Pear

| Fruit

Asian pears are a class of pears that typically have a rounded shape, similar to an apple. They may also be called Chinese pears, Japanese pears, Korean pears, sand pears, nashi pears, or apple pears.

Characteristics
Asian pears are usually round, firm to touch when ripe, and ready to eat after harvest. They have golden, slightly rough skin and white flesh. Unlike Western pears, which are soft in texture, Asian pears are crisp, juicy, and slightly sweet with some tartness, especially near the core.

Varieties
There are several Asian pear varieties available. Japanese pears are more round in shape, while Chinese pears are more oval or pyriform.

In the United States, the Japanese type of Asian pear called 20th Century or Nijisseki is the most popular. It is easily identified by its round shape and smooth yellow skin. Other common varieties include the Japanese bronze-toned Hosui pear and the pear-shaped Ya Li, a pale-green Chinese variety.

Seasonality
The harvest season in the northern hemisphere usually begins in mid July and lasts until fall and winter.

Selection and storage
Asian pears reach prime quality when they ripen on the tree, like apples and peaches do. Select the most fragrant and unbruised fruit with few to no brown spots. Ripe Asian pears are hard and do not soften. They are ready to eat when purchased.

These fruits are known for keeping well. Store pears for up to a week at room temperature or up to three months in the refrigerator. If planning to use them in cooking, they can be cut up and frozen.

Use
Asian pears have many raw applications. With their crisp sweetness, they are excellent when eaten straight, as they are often in Korean homes. They can also be incorporated into salads in the same way as apples, and they are used in marinades to flavor meats. While these pears can be cooked into sauces and baked goods, note that their high water content will require longer cooking to concentrate their flavor and texture.

title: Cookbook:Asian Pear