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Template:Radiation Oncology/Colorectal staging

Current Staging
AJCC 7th edition (2009)

Primary Tumor:
 * T1 - invades submucosa
 * T2 - invades muscularis propria
 * T3 - invades through muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues
 * T4
 * T4a - penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum
 * T4b - directly invades or is adherent to other organs or structures

Layers: are the epithelium, basement membrane (defines intraepithelial), lamina propria (defines intramucosal) - contains capillaries and lymphatics (but little chance for mets), muscularis mucosae, submucosa (loose connective tissue), muscularis propria (circular and longitudinal layers), subserosa (single layer of cells).

Difference between rectum and colon is that most of the rectum lacks serosa. Thus for the rectum, a T3 is invasion into perirectal fat; for colon, T3 is invasion of subserosa. Also for the rectum, T4 is only invasion of other organs, whereas for the colon T4 can also be perforation through serosa.

Regional Lymph Nodes:
 * N1 - 1 to 3 lymph nodes
 * N1a - 1 lymph node
 * N1b - 2-3 lymph nodes
 * N1c - tumor deposits in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional nodal metastasis
 * N2 - 4 or more
 * N2a - 4-6 lymph nodes
 * N2b - 7 or more lymph nodes

Distant Metastasis:
 * M0 - none
 * M1 - yes
 * M1a - metastasis confined to one organ or site
 * M1b - metastasis in more than one organ/site or the peritoneum

Stage Grouping:
 * I - T1-2 N0 M0
 * IIA - T3 N0 M0
 * IIB - T4a N0 M0
 * IIC - T4b N0 M0
 * IIIA - T1-2 N1 M0, T1 N2a M0
 * IIIB - T3-T4a N1 M0, T2-T3 N2a, T1-T2 N2b
 * IIIC - T4a N2a, T3-T4a N2b, T4b N1-N2
 * IVA - M1a
 * IVB - M1b

Changes from 6th edition:
 * T4 subdivided into T4a/b
 * N1 subdivided into N1a/b/c, N2 into N2a/b
 * Added satellite tumor deposits (N1c)
 * Stage II subdivided into IIA/B/C
 * Stage III: T4bN1 was reclassified from IIIB to IIIC; T1N2a reclassified from IIIC to IIIA; T1N2b, T2N2, and T3N2a reclassified from IIIC to IIIB.
 * M1 subdivided into M1a/b. Stage IV subdivided into IVA and IVB.

Dukes stage (1932):
 * A - Growth limited to wall of rectum - T1-2 N0 (Stage I)
 * B - Extra rectal tissues. No lymph node involvement - T3-4 N0 (IIA - IIB)
 * C - Regional lymph nodes - N+ (IIIA-C)
 * modified 1935: C1 - regional lymph nodes, C2 - mesenteric nodes
 * named for Cuthbert E. Dukes
 * No PMID - "The classification of cancer of the rectum." Dukes CE. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1932;35:323.
 * No PMID - "Lymphatic spread in cancer of the rectum." Gabriel WB, Dukes C, et al. Br J Surg. 1935;23:395.

Modified Astler-Coller (1954):
 * A - Limited to mucosa - T1 N0
 * B1 - Involves muscularis propria but not through it - T2 N0
 * B2 - Through muscularis propria - T3 N0
 * B3 - T4 N0
 * C1 - T1-2 N+
 * C2 - T3 N+
 * C3 - T4 N+
 * D - M1
 * PMID 13159135 [Full text on PMC] — "The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum." Astler VB and Coller FA. Ann Surg. 1954 Jun;139(6):846-52.

Older staging editions
AJCC 6th Edition (2002)
 * T1 - invades submucosa
 * T2 - invades muscularis propria
 * T3 - invades into subserosa or into non-peritonealized pericoloic or perirectal tissues
 * T4 - invades other organs or structures or perforates visceral peritoneum

 * N1 - 1 to 3 lymph nodes
 * N2 - 4 or more

Stage grouping:
 * I - T1-2 N0 M0
 * IIA - T3 N0 M0
 * IIB - T4 N0 M0
 * IIIA - T1-2 N1 M0
 * IIIB - T3-4 N1 M0
 * IIIC - N2
 * IV - M1

Changes in AJCC staging:
 * 6th ed: divided into IIA and IIB and into IIIA, B, C


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Animal Care/Hamster

The hamster kept as pet most often is the Golden Hamster, they are sometimes called Syrian Hamster, too. So-called Teddybear or Black bear hamsters are breeds of the Golden Hamster. But also four species of smaller hamsters are popular pets, often called dwarf hamsters. These are Roborovski hamster, (Phodopus roborovskii) often called Roborovski, the chinese striped hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and the two subspecies of Phodopus sungorus, the winter white Russian dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus sungorus) and Campbell's dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus campellii). The care of the dwarf hamsters is similar to that of the golden hamster, but there are differences in feeding and housing needs and temperament. Winter whites and Campbell's are fairly popular, in the US the campells more so than the whinter whites, while it's other way round in Europe. Roborovski and Chinese striped Hamsters are somewhat more difficult to breed and keep, they are usually only available from breeders, and therefore limited to serious rodentia fans. Roborovski are especially not suitable for children.

Hamsters are active in twilight by nature, as pets they are nocturnal. That makes them less than ideal as pets for people who are normally awake during the day. However, many people prefer them to rats, given rats' unsavory reputation (undeserved as pets). Unlike rats, they are not particularly good at learning tricks but can be entertaining to watch. They are also much smaller than guinea pigs, although equally as furry and appealing.

Hamsters can be kept both in cages and in terrariums. Cages are easier to carry, and they usually include a convenient front door, however, most cages are not an appropriate size for hamsters. On the other hand, glass boxes keep hamsters from throwing litter out of their cages, provide a better view into the hamster's home, and create a quieter and more sheltered interior. In general, terrariums are more appropriate for dwarf hamsters, which are more sensitive to a disquieting environment and which would otherwise need very narrow-grid bars to keep them from slipping through. It is a common myth that hamsters enjoy climbing on bars and that it’s normal behavior, but climbing on the bars is a sign of stress, almost always caused by having too small of a cage, so if you see your hamster doing this on a regular basis, they should be upgraded as soon as possible.

Despite the hamster's small size, appropriate housings should always have a bare minimum floor space of at least 1143 square cm (450 square inches) and be at least 40 cm (24 inches) in height, but bigger is always better. Glass boxes must not be higher than their width to allow for a sufficient air circulation. Although smaller in size, dwarf hamsters should have bigger housings than their larger relatives, at least 80 cm by 40 cm (2 feet by 4 feet). The reason for this is that the dwarfs are very active, running and digging a lot, but they often cannot be taken outside their houses for long, because they are not comfortable there and, due to their smaller size, are more endangered when leaving their domicile. Usually hamsters with a bigger and more interesting home will live longer and provide more visual entertainment. It is also important to note that none of the minimums or recommended sizes, in this article or any other source, are “magical happiness numbers,” a hamster could be unhappy in a minimum size cage, it can even be unhappy in a cage much larger then the minimum size.

In addition to buying the housings sold in stores, you can also build customized dwellings. In this case, use only materials that are not dangerous to the animals. Plywood and wood from conifers is not suitable, because hamsters gnaw at their houses and both glue and resin are poisonous for them. Using standard aquarium siciloin to join pieces of solid wood, such as birch or beech wood, creates a safe environment for the hamster, although you must check frequently to ensure that the hamster is not gnawing through the wood. Using wire grid for platforms instead of solid wood causes serious injuries and is therefore not recommended.

The narrow and smooth plastic toy housings that can be found in some stores are not appropriate as the sole habitat for hamsters. The tight tubes are often densely closed, preventing sufficient air circulation and often causing larger hamsters to get stuck, and the plastic surfaces, while easily cleanable, cannot absorb the hamster's urine like natural materials. The result is a damp and uncomfortable climate that is a perfect habitat for germs and fungi. In addition, synthetic materials are unhealthy when used for gnawing, making plastic tubes, "space stations", and houses an improper and unnatural (though often expensive) permanent home for hamsters. Reserve these habitats for supervised play and activity.

The perfect place for the hamster's home is a well-lit room of constant, moderate temperature (18 to 26 °C, 64 to 80 °F), in a place without strong solar irradiation that could cause dangerous heating. Especially when wire cages are used, it is also important to avoid air draft. Though they cannot see very far, hamsters become more relaxed and curious when positioned somewhat above the ground (at least 65 cm (2 feet)), from where they can perceive their surroundings.

Cover the inside of the hamster's residence, including all intermediate levels, with a sufficiently thick layer of bedding, available in pet stores. Some of these may bear additional threats, NEVER use pine or cedar as it causes respitory infections. Cat litter is dangerous, because gnawing and eating the chunks is deadly.

Hamsters are nest builders and a steady supply of fresh strips of tissue or newspaper (with soy-based ink only) allows them to build a secure and comfortable spot in a corner of their enclosure or in their hiding house. Hay, from shops or even fresh from the garden, is also a valuable building material for cosy hamster nests, which, as an additional bonus, is also perfectly edible.

A sand bath can provide a hamster with entertainment and helps them groom. In the desert (their natural habitat), hamsters will roll around in the sand, which cleans their coat and prevents it from getting too oily. Dwarf hamsters in particularly enjoy this activity. Be sure to use a dish that will not tip over. Heavy ceramic and metal dishes are preferred. You can fill the dish with fine sand (pumice or chinchilla sand is best), but DO NOT use any sort of 'dust' bath AT ALL. This can cause respiratory and eye problems.

Regular cleaning of a hamster's home is crucial for the hamster's health. The home must be spot cleaned at least every other day by replacing the soiled bedding where necessary. Hamsters are fairly neat in their bathroom habits; if their enclosure is regularly cleaned, they choose one small location in which to urinate and defecate, making the cleaning simple. They may have many (usually hidden) places used as toilets. Fully replacing all of the bedding is not recommended, as it is extremely stressful for the hamster, instead you can replace about half of the bedding at a time during “full” cleans, usually needed about once a month if using an appropriate sized cage.

Another important component of a hamster's home is a hiding place where the animal can rest during the day. Not all commercially available houses are adequate. The houses should be of sufficient size and be closed on at least two sides. The same building materials are appropriate for these as for the larger cages, although even a small cardboard box will work (and which will have to be regularly replaced and NO INK!!!!). Some houses add features such as a removable roof that helps to take away collected food (especially perishable items).

Hamsters are solitary animals and prefer to be alone most of the time. While sometimes two or more animals can live peacefully within one home, there can be bloody fights. In their natural habitat, there is substantially more empty space so that each hamster can have its own large territory. If more than one hamster is to live in a cage, then the cage must be larger (at least 40 cm x 40 cm per hamster) and there must be separate hiding houses for each animal. In any case, even after a long period of peaceful coexistence or even mating, there can be violent biting. In this situation, the hamsters should be separated immediately. Note also that, if a male and female hamster live together without fighting, then they will usually reproduce rapidly, thereby causing more space problems (and no, brother and sister hamsters will still try to mate).

Like any pet, your hamsters well-being should always come before your own personal gain, and they aren’t cheap either, so it is important that you do as much research as possible before acquiring one

Gnawing
Despite their cuddly appearance, hamsters have long, thin, sharp teeth that can pierce a finger that is mistaken for a carrot or for a predator. When they are accustomed to being handled and are not startled, however, they are not inclined to bite and can be placed in the custody of responsible school-age children. Like many rodents, their teeth grow continuously and they must have appropriate things to chew on to relieve their instinctive gnawing and to help keep the teeth at a healthy length. They will gnaw on whatever is available, so they must be kept in enclosures that they cannot chew through. When the hamster is kept in or near a bedroom, their nocturnal nature combined with their gnawing habit can become  distracting. Please note that hamsters do not consider cage bars as chewing material, and if you observe that your hamster is regularly chewing on the bars, it should be moved into a bigger cage as soon as possible.

Exercise and entertainment

Like all pets, hamsters need exercise and entertainment to maintain their physical and mental health. An exercise wheel allows hamsters to run full speed to their hearts' content, but is not as mentally stimulating as more elaborate enclosures including additional toys such as plastic or wooden tubes that somewhat mimic the burrows that they might have in the wild and allow their owners to enjoy their activities. Most commercial exercise wheels marketed for hamsters have rungs which are not suitable for hamsters due to the fact that a hamster could get injured in one. Wire or Mesh wheels should not be used as they can cause a condition called Bumblefoot. Hamster wheels sold in stores are, more often than not, too small for larger hamsters, if you see that your hamsters back is curved when running on its wheel it is strongly encouraged that the wheel is upgraded.

Clear plastic hamster balls or cars are available, into which the hamster is placed and then, by its own action, explores an entire room, or under close supervision, house. However, these should not be used for a number of reasons, for example, the ventilation slits are to small to let enough circulation take place, but are large enough that a hamsters foot or toe could easily get stuck. They also are not great because it doesn’t give the hamster a choice, no matter how they move the ball or car is goin to start rolling, so there is really not way to know if a hamster actually enjoys it or not

If they are handled frequently, hamsters enjoy being out of their enclosures and having the opportunity to explore. However, they must be kept away from holes in the wall or in large pieces of furniture, because they will seek out the dark and burrow-like confines of those areas and it can be difficult or impossible to convince them to come out again.

Food
Pet stores can provide basic food for hamsters that provides for their nutritional needs, but they also like fresh vegetables and fruits, and even killed insects, which make up an important part of their natural diet. However, not any nutrition is suitable for hamsters and some food, such as sweets made for humans or poisonous plants like the leaves of the tomato, may be most dangerous for the hamster's health. Like with most other animals (and humans), it is not true that hamsters can decide which food is good for them and they will usually eat anything that is offered.

Hamsters should also always have fresh water available. Appropriate drinking devices can be found in stores, or you can use small candle holders as bowls. Being small animals that are adapted to the life in arid environments, hamsters can also ingest all necessary liquid via sufficient amounts of watery vegetables, such as cucumber, without any negative effects. However, providing water is usually more convenient and can be an easy way to add medication or vitamins to the hamsters diet. Both water and vegetables must be fresh and have to be exchanged frequently, usually once per day.

In detail, the solid food components can be divided into three categories: dry, fresh, and animal food. Dry food makes up the bulk of a hamster's diet. Besides the standard rodent food sold in pet stores, most other kinds of seeds, kernels, and nuts can be given. Care should be taken to limit the amount of fat contained within the diet. Especially sunflower seeds, nuts, almonds, and sesame are most nutritive and are to be considered as a treat rather than as basic food. All kinds of grain, rice, noodles (dry), dry pea] and lentils on the other hand can be provided less restrictively: about 120 g for a medium hamster and, depending on size, about half the amount for a dwarf hamster is sufficient. Bread and similar bakery products contain many ingredients (e.g. yeast) that can trouble the hamster's digestion system. They should be given in small amounts for gnawing or be replaced by special wafers as found in pet stores. All dry food should be appropriate in size. Especially small hamsters often cannot cope well with large seeds, even if they are sold under the label "hamster food". Bird food like millet is a noteworthy alternative for small hamsters.

Hay, although also belonging to the dry food category, can be provided in large amounts at any time. It does not contain notable amounts of fat, still is liked by most hamsters, supports the hamster's digestion system, serves as a hiding place, and is often used for nest building. In addition it is cheap and can even be produced in your own garden easily.

Fresh food is also an important part of the hamster's diet. As mentioned above, cucumber is a good supplement of water. Fresh grass, carrot, all kinds of lettuce, leaves and even branches' of (non-poisonous) plants are also no problem in general. However, no conifer wood must be fed since resin is poisonous for hamsters. In smaller amounts, grown hamsters also appreciate apple, pear, sweet paprika, tomato (only red parts), banana, mango, strawberry, and even small pieces of orange. Too much sweet fruits on the other hand are not healthy. All kinds of cabbage should be avoided, since they may cause flatulence, which is quite dangerous for the hamster's sensitive digestion system.

Very young hamsters (6-8 Weeks) should eat only carrots and small grains. Even water can damage their digestion system and be a deadly danger. Ill hamsters are also preferably provided with a more conservative diet. If accepted, herbs can also help to strengthen the hamster's health, though they cannot replace a veterinarian in case of a disease. Daisies (the flowers, not the stems or leaves) and dandelions are likewise appreciated. Plants used for hamster foods should never be placed near open windows because hamsters are more sensitive to chemical pollutions, due to their small body weight.

Finally animal food is a major component of some hamsters' natural food. As pets, a large part of this can be replaced by dry food. Still, hamsters need some animal proteins for their health. While some people like to provide living insects from pet stores to their hamsters, others will prefer to give them dry dog biscuits. Some hamsters are known to accept yoghurt (natural, without sweet ingredients) or soft cheese (low fat, not too salty), and in any case egg noodles are usually taken gratefully. If (dry or soft) dog or cat food is given, then the fat content has to be checked carefully. Furthermore, it must not contain molasses, which would harm the hamster.

In addition, a special salt stone (available in pet stores) belongs in every hamster cage. Although this huge amount of mineral salt is hardly used up by generations of hamsters, it is necessary for their life. Vitamin additives for rodents are not required and usually fresh vegetables are to be preferred. If the hamster is diseased or ill-nourished, vitamins or medications may be needed.

It might be noted that many hamsters tend to carry away food from their food source (by carrying it in their cheek pouches) and hoard it away in a cache hidden somewhere inside their container. These caches, when combined with hamster urine or a leaky water source and poor airflow, can grow mould or start to rot, creating a hazardous environment for the hamster. To keep this from happening, clean hamster cages frequently. It is because of this behavior that hamsters got their name. The German word for hoard is "hamstern."

There are also many foods that a hamster should never eat. This includes all kinds of human sweets, such as chocolate or candy, which are unhealthy and even dangerous. Furthermore, poisonous plants (also check indoor plants if the hamster is taken outside its housing) constitute a considerable danger. Other than this, mainly the various unhealthy and chemically treated products usually consumed by humans can cause problems.

Campbells dwarf hamsters are especially sensitive to Diabetes mellitus, and other dwarf hamster species may be somewhat sensitive too. Diabetes mellitus in hamsters is often caused by intake of simple sugar. Therefore it is essential to avoid hamster food and snacks containing molasses, honey, sugar, fruit sugar or other sweet stuff. Intake of sweet fruit should be limited to small snacks. Even with golden hamsters it may be useful to follow these guideline in order to avoid overweight and digestion disturbances.

Bedding
Bedding is an important part of a hamster's environment. They sleep in it, walk on it, play in it, burrow in it, bury in it and use it as a litter. Therefore, it is important to provide a safe, comfortable form of bedding for any hamster. There are several options available when it comes to bedding. In the past, pine shavings and cedar shavings were a popular form of bedding until it was determined that the phenols found in pine and cedar shavings can cause serious respiratory problems in hamsters. Therefore, pine and cedar bedding should never be used even though it continues to be sold. Other unsafe bedding include corn cob bedding and scented bedding. Aspen shavings are a safe alternative to pine and cedar bedding. Other safe bedding alternatives include bedding made of recycled wood pulp (such as the brand Carefresh), newspaper pellets (such as the brand Yesterday's News), as well as others. Hamsters should have at least 6 inches of bedding in a section of the enclosure in order to stimulate their need to burrow.

Reproduction and longevity
Hamsters typically live no more than two to four years in captivity, less than that in the wild. Because of their short life expectancy, hamsters mature quickly and can begin reproducing at a young age (two months). Left to their own devices, hamsters will produce several litters a year with several babies in each litter. Male and female hamsters are therefore usually kept in separate enclosures to prevent the addition of unwanted offspring. Extreme care should be taken when breeding hamsters because if the female is not in heat there is the possibility of her being violent towards the male - with possibly fatal consequences.

Also, remember that if the room temperature gets low enough (below about 65 °F / 18 °C) the hamster will go into hibernation. This can be very dangerous to your hamsters health, as once a hamster goes into hibernation its body may not be strong enough to properly wake up again. Please, don't assume that your pet is dead because it stops moving. It may just be hibernating. To get a hamster to go out of hibernation it needs to be moved into a warmer location and allowed to slowly return to temperature. Do not shock or startle a hamster in this situation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Animal Care/Hamster


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Talk:A Neutral Look at Operating Systems/Linux

Talk:Linux Distro Guide
''Note: This was the talk for Linux Distro Guide before it was merged here. --Kernigh 04:36, 14 November 2005 (UTC)''

The link to Ubuntu Linux is wrong (it points to an African ideology). The correct link is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Linux
 * Please fix Links instead of discussing if they are wrong!. (btw. I fixed them) --84.184.217.202 15:30, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

OK if I merge Linux Distro Guide into A Neutral Look at Operating Systems ? Does this "wikibook" have any other pages? --DavidCary 14:08, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope. Go right ahead.Reub2000

I think "Distributions for Masochists (just kidding)" while mildly accurate and humorous is not a very professional/helpful title. Perhaps "Advanced Distributions" or "Source-based Distributions" would be better. --Jats (talk) 01:55, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

The Sorceror section contradicts itself. Is it source-based or not? Since no one's likely to answer I'll probably do my own research and revised the article accordingly. --Jats (talk) 02:13, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

"Neutral"
Or far from: "Debian also has a very good package management system, quite possibly THE best package management system of any OS in the world."

I agree and very much like apt also, but this is extremely suggestive (and using "possibly" to cover that up is a bit low). Also, Ubuntu uses the exact same system, so why is theirs not labeled "THE best?" Sykil 04:22, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Live USB
What about Live USB systems? Similar to liveCD, but on pendrive, and a whole lot faster (only a bit slower than fully installed system). This is very popular, because one does not need CDs for each distro he wants to try out.

Ubuntu
Ubuntu section needs updating. Starting with 11.04 default desktop environment is Unity, not GNOME. Though GNOME (and KDE, XFCE, LXDE, etc.) can be easily installed from repositorium. Additionally Ubuntu is the most popular desktop linux distro for personal use. It features utility for easy installation of closed source drivers (if available)(this is optional), and asks if user wants to install closed software such as mp3 codecs during installation.


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Urdu Book, Title Image

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User talk:JUANCHO~enwikibooks

PROYECTO DOMOTICA

Introduccion y Faqs de la Domotica

El término domótica proviene de la conjunción del término latino "Domus" (casa en latín) y de automática.

A mitad de los 80 la Domitica se comenzo a hablar,se comenzo a hablar de este con el fin de representar la robotizacion de las actividades domesticas, entre otras; la Domotica tambien aparece con el fin de sustituir la idea de los edificios inteligentes, la cual no ha tenido mayores exitos.

La Domotica es una disciplina p[a[ra gente que esta dispuesta a investigar cosas nuevas. Es]t]a se aplica en la robotizacion de un hogar, es decir que vas a hacer de tu hogar un lugar seguro y practico.

El principal fin de la Domotica es

1. facilidades en el hogar. 2. Seguridad. 3. El ahorro de la energia. 4. Servicios multimedia, camaras sensores que ayudan a la seguridad. 5. El uso de diseño de sistemas que me permitan hacer cosas un poco desagradables

Cuando hablamos de casas inteligentes o domoticas, no necesariamente hablamos de casas super lujosas, cuando la domotica empezo todo era carisimo y se consideraba que solo era apto para los millonarios como Bill Gate, pero ahora que los precios en los mercados han disminuido todo el mundo puede tener acceso a estos servicios.

Pensandolo bien, si analizamos las situaciones, podemos tomar como ejemplo las familias. Miren los sistemas Domotica no tienen que ser neceariamente igual en todos lados, ya que no todos los hogares y habitantes de ellos son las mismas con los mismos gustos y mismos quehaceres, osea que a algunas personas les sale mas caro este sistema, y a otras no.

Hoy en dia la Domotica la encuentras en todas partes, en los bancos, en los hogares, incluso en la carretera.

Si quieres utilizar la Domotica en tu hogar no tienes que cubrir lo todo, puedes escoger solo algunas areas especificas.

La fabricacion de los modulos, en el caso de los sitemas que usan los cables de electricidad para transportar la informacion entre ellos, estos son de fabricacion en serie y son facil de conseguir, tienes que tener en cuenta los siguientes detalles; por ejemplo que sean de 220V o 110V segun sea requerido -->Cuando V es = a voltios.

1. Algunos Ejemplos de Domotica: 2. Tener una cerradura a base de codigo. 3. Mallas electricas. 4. Luzes de celdas Photoelectricas. 5. Sistema de camaras, con monitores. 6. Detectores de humo. 7. Regulador de Temperatura. 8. Riego Automatico. 9. EtX....

¿Que tiene de bueno la Domotica? Bueno los sistemas Domoticos son exelentes porque son adaptables a cualquier actividad.

Domotica X10

Se le llama Domotica X10 por el sistema de automatizacion de los hogares con dispostivos de comunicacion en formato digital, los que utilizan corrientes electricas con frecuencias de 120khz., con las cuales se transportan las señales X10 digitales.

La Domotica X10 se destaca principalmente por utilizar el mismo wire de la electricidad de la casa, es decir que no requiere de otro tipo de wire mas que el que estaba previamente instalado en el hogar. Con este mismo wire se le es permitido enviar y recibir toda la informacion y el suministro de potencia.

El Domotica X10 necesita de una red electrica convencional es decir que no tienes que comprar otra con la que tienes en tu hogar es suficiente. Mediante esta red vamos a poder tener acceso a todo utencilio electrico.

Encuanto a distancia el X10 se vale de señales de frecuencia alta "120khz." ademas de los wires el X10 utiliza Utencilios de Emision y Resepcion.

Domotica EIB

La Domotica EIB se basa en un sistema de control en red que robotiza todo lo que es de servicio electrico.

La EIB se origina unos 6 años despues de que habia salido la Domotica, esta es muy pedido sus servicios de edificacion ya qu todas estas instalaciones son de origen tecnico.

Mas que todo la EIB fue muy demandada por complicaciones en exeso en las instalaciones electricas tradicionales, por los diversos accidentes y anomailas.

El crecimiento de la EIB se debe a que esta basado en crotecnologia, y como todos sabemos ya este es muy demandada entre mas pequeño es mejor para nosotros. Ademas que eran muy versatiles y programables todos los aparatos que sacaban.

El EIB se origina cuando varias compañias Europeas se unen con el fin de sacar adelante el proyecto de Sistemas de Instalacion Electrica moderna que hiciera compatible la interconexion entre todos los productos de estas compañias.

Este sistema es estandar y es abierto, es decir que controlan a todos los productos, y que los productos sean de la misma caracteristica y funcionamiento que el EIB.

El EIB a sido registrado como (European Instalacion Bus Asosiacion).

Domotica Lonworks

LON (Local Operating Networks) es la abreviatura de LONWORKS, tecnología basada en el protocolo LonTalk que proporciona todas las herramientas para la implementación de redes de control distribuidas

Como digitalizar tu casa?

Se puede trabjar de diferentes maneras, uno de los puntos que mas a gradan en la domotica es la versatilidad de la domotica, la pueden trabajar con ayuda de tu PC, o tambien con ayuda de un control remoto que mediante un circuito te permite programar tu casa como anteriormente se menciono, tambien con progrmaciones estandar que son las meno versatiles gracias a que no te permiten muchas posibilidades y modificarlas te cuestan una gran suma de dinero.

1. con ayuda de tu PC.

Esta forma es muy versatil gracias a que te permite tener un sin numero de posibilidades, y gracias al avance continuo de las computadoras pudes tener diferentes opcines de configuracion de el comportamiento de tu casa; por ejemplo, puedes desarrollar en diferentes lenguajes de programacion diferentes interfaces, los cuales te permiten facilitar, complemetar y adaptar el software a las necesidades personales. Tambien pudes manejar desde tu PC los diferentes puertos bidirecccionales (paralelo, serie, juegos) y complementar la funcionalidad de tu casa.

1.1. Como Dijitalizar tu casa (Consejos)

1.1.1. Requerimientos:

a.Visual Basic 6.0. (No es un requerimiento fundamental si sabes programar en otro lenguage y puedas hacer declaraciones o modulos que te permitan manejar el puerto paralelo asignadole valores y variables podras desarrollarlo)

b.Puerto paralelo disponible. (no es nesesario utilizar este puerto, gracis a que utilizandon los declaraciones podras controlar el de serie el USB y el de juegos)

c.Puerto USB disponible (unicamente cuando inclulles dentro de tu proyecto una camara web)

d.Conocimientos Basicos de electronica y redes. (Herramienta para desarrollar tu circuito)

e.Mucho tiempo disponible

1.1.2. Pasos:

Antes de comenzar a programar tendras que empezar por hacer la lista de lo que quieres que tu casa haga, por ejemplo: si tu quieres que tu PC controle la temperatura, prender las luces, controlar el bienestar de tus plantas, darle seguridad a tu vivienda etc.. despues de esto tendras que comezar al pleneacion de tu circuito para esto te aconcejo untilazar un programa el cual te permite probar tus circuitos y es muy facil de manejar es un freeware y lo pogras descargar haciendo clik Aqui ,existen diferentes clases de circuitos (estos unicamente nos sirven para la salida de datos de 8bits de puerto):

1.1.2.1. optoacolados: estos circuitos son muy confiables gracias a que te permiten el aislamiento total de tu PC del circuito externo, para este circuito utilizaras optoacopladores de las siguientes referencias 4N26 o 4N27 que son de tipo Darlington(permiten manejar voltages superiores a los 5 voltios y 1 amperio de potencia sin sufrir daños, no es estrictamente nesesario utilizarlos gracis a que existen muchas clases de optoacopladores, con caracteristicas similares),si trabajas con:

1.1.2.1.1.Relays tendras que anexar a tu circuito trancistores darlington para apliar la potencia del optoacoplador y hacer funcionar el relay.

1.1.2.1.2.Triacs tendras que anexar una serie de resistencias y transistores para activar el triac. ver siguiente imagen.

1.1.2.2. Con circuitos Integrados: el circuito integrado te permite reducir algunos costos pero no estan seguro como lo es con los optoacopladore, estos tranen una serie de trancistores, diodos y otros incorporados y hacen muchas cosas, tienes que utilizar el circuito integrado ULN2803 el cual esta conformado por transistores darlington, tendras que utilizar 2 condensadores no polarizados de 1uf y un regulador de potencia 7812, este circuito trabaja con relay de 5 o 12v y es mas sencillo de hacer. aunque no lo aconsejo.

Para la entrada tendra dsipones de 3 bits los tendras que saber utilizar porque como puedes ver son muy pocos, tendras que hacer lo siguente:

1.1.3.1.Con swich directos: esta es la forma ams sencilla de manejar la entrada po el puerto paralelo gracias a que tendras que contactar unicamente cualquiera de los pines siguientes a los de salida y unirlos con los siguientes al 25 o el 25.

1.1.3.2.Con circuito integrado: esta es una forma mas compleja, te recomiendo mirar el siguiente diagrama de circuito,este trabajan con el integrado 4069, con el 74HC245, tendras que anexar un controlador de potencia 7805 y 1 condensador de un 1uf.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called JUANCHO. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name JUANCHO~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:19, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:03, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JUANCHO~enwikibooks


text:
User:JUANCHO~enwikibooks

PROYECTO DOMOTICA

Introduccion y Faqs de la Domotica

El término domótica proviene de la conjunción del término latino "Domus" (casa en latín) y de automática.

A mitad de los 80 la Domitica se comenzo a hablar,se comenzo a hablar de este con el fin de representar la robotizacion de las actividades domesticas, entre otras; la Domotica tambien aparece con el fin de sustituir la idea de los edificios inteligentes, la cual no ha tenido mayores exitos.

La Domotica es una disciplina p[a[ra gente que esta dispuesta a investigar cosas nuevas. Es]t]a se aplica en la robotizacion de un hogar, es decir que vas a hacer de tu hogar un lugar seguro y practico.

El principal fin de la Domotica es

1. facilidades en el hogar. 2. Seguridad. 3. El ahorro de la energia. 4. Servicios multimedia, camaras sensores que ayudan a la seguridad. 5. El uso de diseño de sistemas que me permitan hacer cosas un poco desagradables

Cuando hablamos de casas inteligentes o domoticas, no necesariamente hablamos de casas super lujosas, cuando la domotica empezo todo era carisimo y se consideraba que solo era apto para los millonarios como Bill Gate, pero ahora que los precios en los mercados han disminuido todo el mundo puede tener acceso a estos servicios.

Pensandolo bien, si analizamos las situaciones, podemos tomar como ejemplo las familias. Miren los sistemas Domotica no tienen que ser neceariamente igual en todos lados, ya que no todos los hogares y habitantes de ellos son las mismas con los mismos gustos y mismos quehaceres, osea que a algunas personas les sale mas caro este sistema, y a otras no.

Hoy en dia la Domotica la encuentras en todas partes, en los bancos, en los hogares, incluso en la carretera.

Si quieres utilizar la Domotica en tu hogar no tienes que cubrir lo todo, puedes escoger solo algunas areas especificas.

La fabricacion de los modulos, en el caso de los sitemas que usan los cables de electricidad para transportar la informacion entre ellos, estos son de fabricacion en serie y son facil de conseguir, tienes que tener en cuenta los siguientes detalles; por ejemplo que sean de 220V o 110V segun sea requerido -->Cuando V es = a voltios.

1. Algunos Ejemplos de Domotica: 2. Tener una cerradura a base de codigo. 3. Mallas electricas. 4. Luzes de celdas Photoelectricas. 5. Sistema de camaras, con monitores. 6. Detectores de humo. 7. Regulador de Temperatura. 8. Riego Automatico. 9. EtX....

¿Que tiene de bueno la Domotica? Bueno los sistemas Domoticos son exelentes porque son adaptables a cualquier actividad.

Domotica X10

Se le llama Domotica X10 por el sistema de automatizacion de los hogares con dispostivos de comunicacion en formato digital, los que utilizan corrientes electricas con frecuencias de 120khz., con las cuales se transportan las señales X10 digitales.

La Domotica X10 se destaca principalmente por utilizar el mismo wire de la electricidad de la casa, es decir que no requiere de otro tipo de wire mas que el que estaba previamente instalado en el hogar. Con este mismo wire se le es permitido enviar y recibir toda la informacion y el suministro de potencia.

El Domotica X10 necesita de una red electrica convencional es decir que no tienes que comprar otra con la que tienes en tu hogar es suficiente. Mediante esta red vamos a poder tener acceso a todo utencilio electrico.

Encuanto a distancia el X10 se vale de señales de frecuencia alta "120khz." ademas de los wires el X10 utiliza Utencilios de Emision y Resepcion.

Domotica EIB

La Domotica EIB se basa en un sistema de control en red que robotiza todo lo que es de servicio electrico.

La EIB se origina unos 6 años despues de que habia salido la Domotica, esta es muy pedido sus servicios de edificacion ya qu todas estas instalaciones son de origen tecnico.

Mas que todo la EIB fue muy demandada por complicaciones en exeso en las instalaciones electricas tradicionales, por los diversos accidentes y anomailas.

El crecimiento de la EIB se debe a que esta basado en crotecnologia, y como todos sabemos ya este es muy demandada entre mas pequeño es mejor para nosotros. Ademas que eran muy versatiles y programables todos los aparatos que sacaban.

El EIB se origina cuando varias compañias Europeas se unen con el fin de sacar adelante el proyecto de Sistemas de Instalacion Electrica moderna que hiciera compatible la interconexion entre todos los productos de estas compañias.

Este sistema es estandar y es abierto, es decir que controlan a todos los productos, y que los productos sean de la misma caracteristica y funcionamiento que el EIB.

El EIB a sido registrado como (European Instalacion Bus Asosiacion).

Domotica Lonworks

LON (Local Operating Networks) es la abreviatura de LONWORKS, tecnología basada en el protocolo LonTalk que proporciona todas las herramientas para la implementación de redes de control distribuidas

Como digitalizar tu casa?

Se puede trabjar de diferentes maneras, uno de los puntos que mas a gradan en la domotica es la versatilidad de la domotica, la pueden trabajar con ayuda de tu PC, o tambien con ayuda de un control remoto que mediante un circuito te permite programar tu casa como anteriormente se menciono, tambien con progrmaciones estandar que son las meno versatiles gracias a que no te permiten muchas posibilidades y modificarlas te cuestan una gran suma de dinero.

1. con ayuda de tu PC.

Esta forma es muy versatil gracias a que te permite tener un sin numero de posibilidades, y gracias al avance continuo de las computadoras pudes tener diferentes opcines de configuracion de el comportamiento de tu casa; por ejemplo, puedes desarrollar en diferentes lenguajes de programacion diferentes interfaces, los cuales te permiten facilitar, complemetar y adaptar el software a las necesidades personales. Tambien pudes manejar desde tu PC los diferentes puertos bidirecccionales (paralelo, serie, juegos) y complementar la funcionalidad de tu casa.

1.1. Como Dijitalizar tu casa (Consejos)

1.1.1. Requerimientos:

a.Visual Basic 6.0. (No es un requerimiento fundamental si sabes programar en otro lenguage y puedas hacer declaraciones o modulos que te permitan manejar el puerto paralelo asignadole valores y variables podras desarrollarlo)

b.Puerto paralelo disponible. (no es nesesario utilizar este puerto, gracis a que utilizandon los declaraciones podras controlar el de serie el USB y el de juegos)

c.Puerto USB disponible (unicamente cuando inclulles dentro de tu proyecto una camara web)

d.Conocimientos Basicos de electronica y redes. (Herramienta para desarrollar tu circuito)

e.Mucho tiempo disponible

1.1.2. Pasos:

Antes de comenzar a programar tendras que empezar por hacer la lista de lo que quieres que tu casa haga, por ejemplo: si tu quieres que tu PC controle la temperatura, prender las luces, controlar el bienestar de tus plantas, darle seguridad a tu vivienda etc.. despues de esto tendras que comezar al pleneacion de tu circuito para esto te aconcejo untilazar un programa el cual te permite probar tus circuitos y es muy facil de manejar es un freeware y lo pogras descargar haciendo clik Aqui ,existen diferentes clases de circuitos (estos unicamente nos sirven para la salida de datos de 8bits de puerto):

1.1.2.1. optoacolados: estos circuitos son muy confiables gracias a que te permiten el aislamiento total de tu PC del circuito externo, para este circuito utilizaras optoacopladores de las siguientes referencias 4N26 o 4N27 que son de tipo Darlington(permiten manejar voltages superiores a los 5 voltios y 1 amperio de potencia sin sufrir daños, no es estrictamente nesesario utilizarlos gracis a que existen muchas clases de optoacopladores, con caracteristicas similares),si trabajas con:

1.1.2.1.1.Relays tendras que anexar a tu circuito trancistores darlington para apliar la potencia del optoacoplador y hacer funcionar el relay.

1.1.2.1.2.Triacs tendras que anexar una serie de resistencias y transistores para activar el triac. ver siguiente imagen.

1.1.2.2. Con circuitos Integrados: el circuito integrado te permite reducir algunos costos pero no estan seguro como lo es con los optoacopladore, estos tranen una serie de trancistores, diodos y otros incorporados y hacen muchas cosas, tienes que utilizar el circuito integrado ULN2803 el cual esta conformado por transistores darlington, tendras que utilizar 2 condensadores no polarizados de 1uf y un regulador de potencia 7812, este circuito trabaja con relay de 5 o 12v y es mas sencillo de hacer. aunque no lo aconsejo.

Para la entrada tendra dsipones de 3 bits los tendras que saber utilizar porque como puedes ver son muy pocos, tendras que hacer lo siguente:

1.1.3.1.Con swich directos: esta es la forma ams sencilla de manejar la entrada po el puerto paralelo gracias a que tendras que contactar unicamente cualquiera de los pines siguientes a los de salida y unirlos con los siguientes al 25 o el 25.

1.1.3.2.Con circuito integrado: esta es una forma mas compleja, te recomiendo mirar el siguiente diagrama de circuito,este trabajan con el integrado 4069, con el 74HC245, tendras que anexar un controlador de potencia 7805 y 1 condensador de un 1uf.

title: User:JUANCHO~enwikibooks


text:
Talk:Basic Automobiles

can anyone tell me what is the exhaust velocity of the gas coming out of the engine? and how does it vary with brake thermal power?

can send reply at ranjan_shivek@yahoo.com

Here you can see the exhaust velocity for 1 cycle. The red line shows speed at the port and the blue shows the speed at the end of the pipe. Note that the speed is greater at the end of the pipe. As torque rises, so too does temperature,pressure and volume. Therefore the speeds will rise corrispondingly. (Image removed for copyright reasons)

"Manual transmission" section is very poor
The section on how to drive a manual transmission contains many factual errors, some in direct contradiction of statements in the better article entitled Transwiki:Manual transmission driving technique.

There's no logical connection between selecting the gear in which to leave the engine (from the best two available choices, first and reverse) when parked based on whether one is parking on an uphill or downhill slope; it's always better to leave the car in the gear that has the lower gear ratio.

Also, the "aim" of driving is not always to maximize fuel efficiency. There are situations when other considerations obtain, including the case where one wants to maximize acceleration. So it is not always best to upshift quickly (i.e., at low RPMs).

The section called "Fuel Efficiency" contains the very dangerous procedure of shutting the engine off while the car is in motion. Suggest editing to remove.

Engine braking in emergencies?
There's some seriously fishy advice in this thing:

 * That is, if you have a vehicle suddenly stop before you, or you have a pedestrian jump in front, and you must absolutely stop the vehicle. Here you can switch to the lower gear rapidly (say from the 5th to the 2nd), and use the engine for braking along with the brake pads. Thus, if you have mastered rapid downshifting, you can bring the car to a stop using this method by using all the gears from 5th down to 2nd, instead of skipping gears. This will definitely cause engine damage, but is preferable to loss of life (either to you or the other people on the road).

I don't see how engine braking would help *at all* unless you have a car with totally useless brake pads. The deceleration in braking comes from the friction between the tires and the ground and the difficult part is not exceeding the point at which the wheels slip when slamming on the brakes, but this is done automatically in all modern cars which have ABS. The difficulty never stems from lack of braking force on the wheels, which is what is suggested here; it's the exact opposite. --84.59.202.169 (discuss) 11:52, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Basic Automobiles


text:
Using Firefox/Introduction

About Firefox
Mozilla Firefox (originally known as "Phoenix" and briefly as "Mozilla Firebird") is a free, cross-platform, graphical web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and hundreds of volunteers. Its current release is Firefox 89.0.1, released on June 17, 2021, and ESR (Extended Support Release) build is version 78.11.0, released on June 1st, 2021.

Firefox strives to be a lightweight, fast, intuitive, and highly extensible standalone browser. Firefox has now become the foundation's main development focus. Firefox includes an integrated pop-up blocker, tabbed browsing, live bookmarks, built in Phishing protection, support for open standards, an extension mechanism for adding functionality and localization for Firefox in different languages. Firefox also attempts to produce secure software and fix security holes promptly. Although other browsers have introduced these features, Firefox is the first such browser to achieve wide adoption.

Firefox has attracted attention as an alternative to other browsers such as Microsoft Edge or Google Chrome (or Chromium on Linux). Currently, Firefox is the 3rd most popular browser in the world. Since its release, Firefox has significantly reduced Internet Explorer's dominant usage share.

History of Firefox
Before its 1.0 release on November 9, 2004, Firefox had already gained acclaim from numerous media outlets, including Forbes and the Wall Street Journal. With over 25 million downloads in the 99 days after its release, Firefox became one of the most downloaded free and open source applications, especially among home users. On October 19, 2005, Firefox had its 100 millionth download, just 344 days after the release of version 1.0. By January 31, 2009 Firefox had been downloaded 1 billion times.

Firefox has become the foundation's main development focus (along with its Thunderbird email client), and has replaced the Mozilla Suite as their official main software release.

Blake Ross began working on the Firefox project as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project. They believed that the commercial requirements of Netscape's sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser. To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suite's software bloat, they created a pared-down browser (then known as Phoenix, today known as Firefox), with which they intended to replace the Mozilla Suite. Ben Goodger currently works as the lead developer of Firefox.

Mozilla Firefox retains the cross-platform nature of the original Mozilla browser by using the XUL user interface markup language. Through Firefox's support of XUL, users may extend their browser's capabilities by applying themes and extensions. Initially, these add-ons raised security concerns, so with the release of Firefox 0.9, the Mozilla Foundation opened Mozilla Update, a website containing themes and extensions "approved" as not harmful.

Software standards
The Mozilla Foundation takes pride in Firefox's compliance with existing standards, especially W3C web standards. Firefox has extensive support for most basic standards including HTML, XML, XHTML, CSS, ECMAScript (JavaScript), DOM, MathML, SVG, DTD, XSL and XPath.

Firefox also supports PNG images and variable transparency.

Mozilla contributors constantly improve Firefox's support for existing standards. Firefox has already implemented most of the CSS Level 3 standard. Work continues on implementing standards currently missing. Some of the Mozilla standards like XBL are also making their way to open standards (via WHATWG).

Firefox/Introduction Mozilla Firefox/Introduzione

title: Using Firefox/Introduction


text:
Using KDE/Shortcuts

Default Shortcut Table
Updated for Plasma 5 (KDE5)

Alt-Tab or Alt-Shift-Tab

Cycle through open applications

Ctrl-Tab or Ctrl-Shift-Tab

Cycle through application specific tabs or panes. Previously (KDE4) Cycle through your desktops.

Alt-F1

Open KDE Application Launcher (although not krunner, see Alt+F2). Start typing to narrow down results. Similar to Microsoft Windows Start Menu.

Alt+F2

Application launcher, command line and more (krunner in Plasma 5). Allows quick launching applications by typing their name (kmail, k3b, ...)

Alt-F3

Window Menu for specific application. Useful for Send to. . . Desktop/Screen or Minimize/Maximize with just the keyboard. Similar to Alt+Space in Microsoft Windows

Alt-F4

Close the current window

Ctrl-F{1..8}

Switch to a specific desktop

Ctrl-Alt-L

Lock your session. This will display a box with a password area for you to login back into your session, and a button that will allow someone else to login while keeping your session active.

Ctrl-Alt-Del

Display logout screen. You have 4 choices : Suspend, close your session, turn off your computer and restart your computer.

Ctrl-Esc

System Activity (similar to Microsoft Windows Task Manager). Show running processes, CPU, MEM, etc.

Ctrl-Alt-Esc

Window destroyer (every window you click on will be destroyed). Press Esc to cancel the killer cursor.

The following are shortcut keys that control X11:
Ctrl-Alt-Backspace

This exits KDE (without saving!) Use this as a last resort.

Ctrl-Alt-Numpad +

Zoom in using the next screen resolution. You may need to configure this in your X-Server configuration for it to work

Ctrl-Alt-Numpad -

Zoom out using the previous screen resolution. You may need to configure this in your X-Server configuration for it to work.

Win-Q Displays the Activities list

Win-Tab Switches to next Activity

Defining own shortcuts
You may not be happy with the predefined shortcuts but you can easily redefine existing shortcuts, or define your own. All you need to do is open KMenu -> Control Center-> Regional & Accessibility -> Keyboard Shortcuts. The interface of this is self-explanatory.

Here is the list of thing you may do with defined shortcuts:
 * 1) opening apps very quickly,
 * 2) kill, start, restart daemons,
 * 3) send commands to running apps...

title: Using KDE/Shortcuts


text:
User:Deadhoss

It is Deadhoss

title: User:Deadhoss


text:
User talk:Comics~enwikibooks

Governour is the Canadian spelling of the word, thus the usage in the Canadian History was proper.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Comics. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Comics~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:03, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:48, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Comics~enwikibooks