text:
Music Theory/Blues

The blues genre of music originated in the USA in the 19th century and was a form of music developed by African-Americans. It is described as a soulful and emotional music whose themes are primarily about the lives, loves, hardships and hopes of African-Americans.

Slowly the blues spread into urban areas which was mainly due to the fact that many rural blues musicians were leaving the countryside to find work in the factories of major cities. By 1920, three major formats of blues were common: The 8 bar blues, the 12 bar blues and the 16 bar blues. Blues also developed various styles, or subgenres, such as Mississippi Delta blues and Chicago electric blues.

Blues scale
Blues leads are played relying heavily on the notes of a minor pentatonic scale. The minor pentatonic scale played over major chords creates the baseline for the dissonances that drive blues to a resolution. The flatted seventh degree of the minor pentatonic lines up with the flatted seventh in the V7/IV chord which ties the chord progression and the leads together.

Since the chord progression being played are mostly made up of major chords though, degrees from the major scale may also be included when playing blues leads. The major third and major sixth are often added to the minor pentatonic scale to further tie the leads and chords together.

The major third is most often played in blues immediately after the minor third and it often precedes either a resolution to the tonic of the scale or a jump up to the fifth degree.

The major sixth is most often played immediately after the fifth degree of the scale and often precedes a resolution to the tonic of the scale or a jump to the minor third. The tritone jump from major sixth to minor third is commonly played over the IV chord because it outlines the dominant seventh chord played based on that degree of the scale (V7/VII).

The second and minor sixth degrees of the scale may only be played in a context where they are part of a chromatic run at least three notes long, for example: the motion from second - minor third - major third, or the motion from fifth - minor sixth - major sixth.

Another common note present in the blues scale is the flatted fifth or tritone of the tonic of the scale. The most common idea of a blues scale, and the quickest and easiest to pick up consists of a minor pentatonic scale with the added flatted fifth because use of the flatted fifth does not depend heavily on context and may be relied upon almost as frequently as any of the other notes in the pentatonic scale.

The real blues scale includes all the chromatic notes between octaves except for the major seventh and minor second in the following order of commonality of use: tonic, minor third, perfect fifth, minor seventh, perfect fourth, major third, tritone, major sixth, minor sixth, major second.

Blues Chords
Blues chord progressions are often made up by major chords and dominant seventh chords. In 12 bar blues (explained later), the chord progression follows the most common underlying driving chord progression in western music moving from the tonic (I) to the sub-dominant (IV) to the dominant (V) back to the tonic (I). In blues, the first tonic is often played as a dominant seventh chord written as the V7/IV. This dominant seventh chord departs from the basic major scale by flatting the seventh degree, but it also creates a dissonance which resolves very nicely to the IV chord. The IV chord then resolves up to the V chord weakly which is often played as a V7 chord, crating a dissonance which resolves to the I chord.

The most common chord progression played in blues is the 12 bar blues pattern which follows this general outline:

I | I | I | I IV | IV | I | I  V | IV | I | I

This pattern is heavily based on jazz progression and was mainly adopted to create some sense of uniformity among blues songs. In early blues, the verses were not locked in to twelve bars and the only common line between songs was that it tonally moved from the tonic (I) to sub-dominant (IV) to dominant (V) back to tonic (I). The usual chords to meet these purposes weren't even set, for example the dominant was occasionally played as a III chord rooted on the minor third, or just by hitting the minor third and fifth together to create some semblance of resolution when the 1 chord was returned to. Blues verses could range anywhere from around seven bars in length to fifteen. When record companies began to discover blues musicians, they realized this looseness of playing made blues songs less marketable and made it more difficult to bring many blues musicians together to play with each other, so they urged blues musicians to record their songs in uniform sets of twelve bars like jazz musicians did.

The 12 bar blues progression is essentially a more complicated version of a I IV V progression. If you simplify the bars into sets of two by the strong chords in the set, you can begin to see how this tonally makes sense: (I I)(I), (I I)(I), (IV IV)(IV), (I I)(I), (V IV)(V), (I I)(V). The 12 bar blues can be further simplified into three sections the first being the tonic section with four bars of the tonic (I I I I)(I), the second being the sub-dominant section with two bars of the sub-dominant and two bars of the tonic (IV IV I I)(IV), and the third being the dominant section with a bar of the dominant, a bar of the sub-dominant, and two bars of the tonic (V IV I I)(V). The presence of the two bars of tonic in the sub-dominant section doesn't change the tonal feel of the section, but gives it a feeling of motion and interest, just as the presence of the sub-dominant and tonic in the dominant section do. The V IV I return to I also creates a more powerful resolution because the most powerful motions in music are the V - I relationship, and scalar movement. The V to IV creates scalar motion without losing the dominant feel of the first chord then resolves to the I in the same direction of the scalar motion. Since the dominant feel has not been lost, the resolution still feels like it is moving straight from from V to I. Any twelve bar blues song can be played in a simplified version by playing the chord progression:

I | I |  I |  I IV | IV | IV | IV  V |  V |  I |  I

Another common practice in blues is to play the entire song over a single chord, for example, listen to catfish blues, first recorded by Skip James, or I'm a Man by Bo Diddly. The song is often driven by a single riff that adds interest and a backbone behind the lyrics. This practice doesn't warrant too much explanation due to its simplicity.

Common Blues Elements
One of the most recognizable blues riffs is the Mannish Boy riff. This riff is commonly played over a single chord song and creates space between the lines. It can also be heard in Hoochie Coochie Man, and George Thourogood's Bad to The Bone. It is most commonly played in the key of G because in this key it can be played easily on all Bb brass instruments, harmonica, slide guitar in both standard tuning, and open G, piano, and bass. The riff is played: G A G Bb G.

Another common blues practice, especially on electric guitar is the shift from a power chord to the interval on the major sixth and back. This rhythm switching back and forth serves as the backbone of most electric blues and early rock. Over twelve bar blues, this rhythm would be played

Finally, the turnaround is a common element of almost every blues song. The turnaround is how blues musicians make transition from the dominant section back to the tonic more interesting. The most simple turnaround is just hitting the V chord at the end of the dominant section again instead of just sitting on the I. The basic concept of most turnarounds is the chromatic run from the minor seventh to the fifth. Many blues musicians abandon the harmonic root of this practice and just play either the notes alone, or some chord containing the minor seventh and chromatically move the chord down four half steps. The chord progression that gave rise to this practice though is V7/IV -> Idim -> IVadd9 -> IIm7b5 -> I.

Lyrics
The lyrics of blues usually takes the form of a narrative. Most blues lyrics deal with personal woes and hard times, or simply day to day life. Blues lyrics rely on the idea that simple and understandable is easier for an audience to relate to than the eloquent and sometimes obscure lyrics in other popular genres of music. Many blues songs also deal with the topics of personal pride, defiance, or powerful emotions other than woe such as love or anger. While blues lyrics seldom turn to extremely happy topics, they are often uplifting, empowering, or humorous. It cannot be said that blues is a 'sad' genre. The blues are a way of dealing with sorrow, rather than wallowing in it.

There are a few main structures of blues lyrics.

Most commonly, a verse over one repetition of a I IV V or twelve bar blues progression consists of two distinct rhyming lines. The first line is repeated twice, first over the tonic section and second over the sub-dominant section. The second line is sung over the dominant section and often sums up the emotion of the first line. A good example of this structure lies in How Many More Years, in which Howlin' Wolf sings:

I  "How many more years, do I have to let you dog me around, IV  How many more years, do I have to let you dog me around, V   I'd rather be dead, lyin' six feet underground"

A second common structure for blues lyrics contains a refrain and a few lines that change in every verse. The progression is played with extra-long measures to accommodate the words. The variable lyrics are sung over the tonic section and the refrain is sung over the sub-dominant and dominant sections. The variable section of lyrics often rhymes with itself and the refrain rhymes with itself, but the rhyme schemes don't carry over between each other. A good example of this structure is the verses of Muddy Waters' song, Can't be Satisfied, in which he sings:

I  "Well I'm goin' away to leave, won't be back no more I   Goin' back down south, child, don't you want to go? IV  Woman I'm troubled, I   I be all worried in mind V   Well baby I just can't be satisfied I   And I just can't keep from cryin'"

A final common structure for blues lyrics is a single line that repeats twice. The first repetition of the line is sung over the tonic chord, and the second is split into two halves, covering the sub-dominant and the dominant chords. A good example of this structure is Robert Johnson's Walking Blues, where he sings:

I  "Woke up this morning, looked 'round for my shoes I   You know I had those mean old walking blues IV  Woke up this morning, I   Looked round for my shoes V   You know I had those I   Mean old walking blues"

For more details on writing a song, you can go to Writing Effective Songs.

title: Music Theory/Blues


text:
File:Arsenal Logo.jpg

Summary
Arsenal's logo.

Licensing
/Logos

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Arsenal Logo.jpg


text:
File:Chelsea Logo.jpg

Summary
Chelsea's logo.

Licensing
/Logos

title: File:Chelsea Logo.jpg


text:
File:Liverpool Logo.jpg

Summary
Liverpool's logo.

Licensing
/Logos

title: File:Liverpool Logo.jpg


text:
File:FAPL Logo(Old).jpg

Summary
An older logo of FA Premier League.

Licensing
/Logos

title: File:FAPL Logo(Old).jpg


text:
XML Schema

Welcome to the XML Schema book. It describes the structure of an XML Schema and explains how XML Schemas are used to validate XML documents.

Prerequisites
Students reading this book should already be familiar with the fundamental principles of XML and have some background on Data Types.

Course Guidelines
Only the The prefix, The root element:  and Elements sections are required to build XML Schemas. History of the XML Schema, What are XML Schemas used For?, When XML Schema become inefficient at validating complex rules and XML Schema Example can be skipped and the sections following the Elements section are additional information starting from the most important ones.

History of the XML Schema
XML Schema is a standard created by the world wide web consortium http://www.w3c.org. Unlike DTDs, XML Schema uses XML file formats to define the XML Schema itself. Once you learn the structure of an XML file, you don't have to learn another syntax.

What are XML Schemas used For?
XML Schemas are primarily used to validate the structure and data types of an XML document. By structure we mean that an XML Schema defines:

 * 1) what data elements are expected
 * 2) what order the data elements are expected in
 * 3) what nesting these data elements have
 * 4) what data elements are optional and what data elements are required

XML Schemas can also be used by XML data mapping tools for quickly extracting data from databases and transferring them in XML files.

One of the best analogies is the blueprint analogy. Just like there are architectural blueprints that describe the structural design of a house, an XML Schema provides the "structural design" of a file.

When XML Schema become inefficient at validating complex rules
Although XML Schemas are excellent at sequential validation of data elements and data types, XML Schema tend to be cumbersome at expressing highly complex business rules. For example when you are at the end of a large file it is difficult to state a rule that checks if a data element has some value that another data element at the beginning of the file should have had another values. This can be done by using XML transforms and XPath expressions.

XML Schema Example
Here is a full example of a complete XML Schema file of personal contacts.

Structure of an XML Schema Document
Like any other XML file, XML Schema files normally begin with an XML declaration, which is followed by a root element (always ).

The prefix
Although any prefix can be used to refer to the namespace http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema, the most common convention is to use "xs". Some people prefer "xsd"; some prefer to use the default namespace (which means no prefix is necessary). All XML Schema elements are in this namespace.

The root element:
All XML Schema files must begin and end with the  markup. The schema MUST end with an  end markup.

An XML Schema defines elements and attributes which are available in a namespace (i.e. http://www.example.org/contactExample ). In the XML Schema, this namespace is defined using the  attribute.

In an XML file, a namespace can be imported using the  attribute (  stands for XML NameSpace). The  attribute name can be ended with   and a prefix (i.e.  ). In this case, the imported tags must be used with this prefix. Prefix are used to distinguish tags with same names imported from different namespaces.

You can see that the target namespace we are defining in the example is one of the namespace imported in the XML file. You can see that we are importing the namespace of the document itself with the  prefix, so that elements we are defining in the document can be used in the document itself starting with.

 is used for an ordered group of elements. For an unordered group of elements use .

Elements
Elements are defined in XML Schema using the  markup:

Elements with text body
For elements with text body, the type of the text can be defined with the  attribute:

Here are the common XML Schema primitive data types:

Some schema restrictions and facets can be defined to the data type using the  and the   markups. For instance, a body text of string type can be fixed to a length of 5 characters using the  markup as above:

Here are all the schema restrictions and facets that can be used:

Complex element
Any element type that can have sub-elements and/or attributes is considered as a complex element. Complex element types are defined using the  markup.

Sub-elements of a complex element
Sub-elements are defined with different apparition rules.

Sub-elements can be defined into a  markup: the sub-elements must all exist and can appear in any order.

Sub-elements can be defined into a  markup: the sub-elements must appear in the same order.

Sub-elements can be defined into a  markup: one and only one sub-element must appear.

Some apparition rules can be included into others apparition rules. markup and  markup can be included into a   markup or a   markup.

Number of occurrences can be changed with the  and   attributes of the   markup.

By default, the minimum occurrence is 1 and the maximum occurrence is 1. To define an infinite number of occurrence, specify.

Complex element with sub-elements and text
Complex elements can contain text in their body before, between and after their sub-elements setting the  attribute to.

By default, the  attribute is set to.

Attributes of a complex element
The attributes of an element can be defined with the  markup.

If the element contains both attributes and sub-elements, the  markups must be defined above the ,   or   markup. Data types, restrictions and facets can be defined for attributes as it is for text-body-only elements.

By default, attributes are optional. This can be changed with the  attribute.
 * If its value is, the attribute can be left.
 * If its value is, the attribute must be present.

A default value can be defined with the  attribute. If the attribute is not present, the parsers will consider the attribute is present and its value is the default value.

The attribute can be restricted to a constant value with the  attribute. As the  attribute also acts as a default value, you must not define a   attribute too.

Complex element with attributes and text body
Elements can contain both attributes and text body using the  markup (remember that a simple type element can't contain attributes).

Type definition
Simple and complex types can be defined beside the element tree. In this case, the  markup has no body, keeps its   attribute and has a   attribute. The  markup is then defined outside the root element with a   attribute containing the element type name. There is no change for the XML file validation. Let's take this XML Schema:

Now let's define Person complex type and the LastUpdate simple type beside the root element tree:

Complex and simple types can be defined in any order. A defined type can be reused in different elements of the schema and then its description is not duplicated. It avoids the XSD file to be too much indented. Moreever, using type definitions, the elements have not only a name but also a type name which can be used as a class name too. Some tools used to parse XML content according to an XML Schema can require a type name for complex type elements.

Element and attribute reference
Elements and attributes can be reused using references. In this case, the  markup or   markup has no body, no   attribute and has a   attribute. This  attribute contains the name of another element or another attribute. Let's use a reference on the Person element on the previous example:

The difference between separate type definition above and using reference is that any element or attribute can be referenced. Moreever, using reference, links are done using names instead of type names. This means the we are not linking classes but instances of classes.

Extension
Defined complex types can be reused adding sub-elements or attributes. The complex type is then extended. It can be done using the  and the   markups. The extended type name is defined in the  attribute of the   markup. Here is an example where the  complex type is extended with the   attribute for the   element:

Various elements with common and different sub-elements or attributes can be defined like that. The common items would be defined in a common complex type and the different items would be defined in different complex types extending the first one.

title: XML Schema


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User talk:Dmccreary

XML Schema
Do you have any ideas what to do with XML: Managing Data Exchange/Data schemas (it seems you copied materials from that module)? Wikibooks generally don't allow forking content, do you have any ideas what to do with original module? --Derbeth talk 13:13, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikibooks Newsletter, Volume 1
(Wikibooks gazette home | Discuss | Bulletin board | Subscription list)

This is a short newsletter that is being distributed to all active wikibookians. You are getting this message because you are recognized as an established contributor to the project. This newsletter will be distributed on a regular basis to help share news, information, and tips. It comes from a bot account, User:The Staff. User:The Staff is currently operated by a team of wikibooks admins, the complete list of which is available on the user page of the bot. If you would like to not receive this newletter anymore, please remove your name from the list at Active wikibookians.

The work you do at Wikibooks is greatly appreciated. However there are plenty of other opportunities for you to get involved and help us to create a thriving Wikibooks community. We are sure that there are things we can do to help you and your understanding of Wikibooks and similarly there are certainly things you could do to help Wikibooks become a better place.

We would like to ask all wikibookians to add the Bulletin Board to your watchlists. The Bulletin Board is a fast and easy way for wikibookians to communicate important news and events to the entire community. If you have important news to share with the community, you can feel free to add your own entry to that page.

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Sometimes it is easy to forget that the Wikibooks community is much larger and more diverse then the people who work in a single book, or on a single bookshelf. Hopefully, together we can all make Wikibooks a better place, and a more valuable educational resource.

The Staff 04:16, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Syntax coloration of sample programs
You ask for a solution for Syntax coloration of sample programs, the solution can be found here SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi, I have used it on the french translation here Coloration of sample programs translated in Coloration des exemples. --Dom 05:59, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

XForms/Read Only
In the example XForms/Read Only the stylesheet don't seems to be the right one. --Dom (talk) 19:25, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Messages
...should go on user talk pages. The userpage is more or less for users to identify themselves. I've moved that last page you made to the talk page instead. Users don't get the "you have new messages" bar for changes made to their userpage - only the user talk page. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 17:27, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

XForms and XRX
I just wanted to let you know that I've been watching some of your edits recently (I watch the entire live RC feed) and you're doing some really great work on these two books.

Also, the XForms book was voted to become a featured book a while back, so I've taken the liberty of putting the appropriate template onto the book. I hope you don't mind, but it's a nice little reminder of what a good condition that book is in. Keep up the good work! --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 15:15, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

 * It's no problem, when I see good work, I like to acknowledge it.
 * Hit counting is something that we've been pursuing through the technical channels, but unfortunately it's difficult to do. We had a simple counter set up at one point, but the server for that has been down for some time. Digging back through my logs (and I have to go back to about October to get any data at all), it appears that the XForms book is getting about 300 page hits per day, total. Unfortunately, I can't break that number up by individual chapters. If I had to make a guess, I would assume that many of the page hits from readers (and the 300 number would include page hits from you and other editors) are probably centralized in the beginning chapters. Sorry I can't be more helpful in this. We are working to get a better page counter set up, but progress is slow. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 16:20, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Re:Google Analytics
We tried Google Analytics before. However, the WMF has a privacy policy that prevents us from sharing personal tracking information with third parties. This means that we cannot install Google Analytics here on our website. There was an attempt for us to have users install the Analytics for themselves, but not enough users subscribed to it to make it worthwhile.

A big problem with page counting is that the website is aggressively cached so we can't record hits on the database servers themselves, but the volume at the caches is huge (because WP, WB, and all the other WMF websites go though the same caches). They are working on solutions, but they are far from being available. --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 22:42, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Screenshots
Hi Dan,

A quick note on your screenshots. As they are derivative works of the software they depict, they must be licensed accordingly. I updated your latest image upload license. Could you please go through your uploads and ensure that these are properly tagged. Free license software needs compatible licensing (and should be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons if they can be of use outside Wikibooks). Non-free may be kept in accordance with Media, but require a fair-use statement. --Swift (talk) 03:08, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello Swift. Thank you for looking at the licenses for the images.  I apologize that I do not understand your note.  Since I create the images from my own forms I did not think they were derivative works.  I am the creator of both the form and the image.  They go together.  Neither is created by anyone else.  Perhaps I misunderstand the term "derivative work".  I thought it implied that I took the work from some other area.  I also create all the forms specifically for this book.  Others are fee to put them in the commons area but I do want them to give attribution to the original authors.  My understanding is that the licenses should all be consistent with the wikibooks (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0).  I have worked hard to make sure that all images are in fact Creative Commons with Attribution but I know that sometimes I don't select the right selection dropdown list.  Is there some way to generate a report of all the images to make sure that they in fact Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0?  Do you have any documents that I should read to help create precise guidelines for the authors?  --Dmccreary (talk) 12:18, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The images must be licensed identically to the software and an indication should be made that they are screenshots, that you did not create the image, but rather that it is a visual representation of software. Swift added to the image he refers to in order to indicate this. I couldn't find what license XForms uses to know if a BSD license is correct, but it would be similar for GPL or LGPL software. See Templates/Files for more information. -- Adrignola talk contribs 13:37, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello Adrignola. Just to clarify, XForms is not a software package but a World Wide Web standard, just like HTML or CSS.  This is a book about the standard, not a specific software package.  There are many tools use to transform the forms into HTML and CSS.    See W3C Specification I am still trying to figure out how to license the screen images and I very much want to conform to the guidelines in the Wikibooks.  This is really complicated!  --Dmccreary (talk) 13:46, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Ah, well no wonder I couldn't find licensing information. Maybe you'd also want to consider, though that would sacrifice attribution.  Personally, I'm fine with the licensing you've put on the images (Creative Commons). -- Adrignola talk contribs 14:00, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes really don't want to sacrifice attribution. We want to give our authors as much credit as we can to encourage them to contribute more.  If you are OK then I am OK.  I will wait to see if Swift has any other suggestions.  Thanks Bunches! --Dmccreary (talk) 15:38, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Microsoft-Access
Is the above page supposed to be a book in itself or part of an already existing book? A Query tag has been added to the page so it might be deleted if no further action is taken after 7 days. In addition, the name for this book is very strange.--ЗAНИA talk 12:41, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

Talk:XQuery/FLWOR Expression
I had begun to translate your book in French, however I've stuck on the seventh page for more than one hour, as two others who wrote something on the talk page. Could you please have a look? JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 20:41, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dmccreary


text:
TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Output

There are a few different ways to display text and values to the screen in TI-Basic. These include Disp, Output, Pause and Text. We'll cover each of their uses and their syntaxes.

Disp
Disp ( I/O 3) displays text or values to the home screen. It creates a new line on the home screen and prints the text left-aligned for strings, and right-aligned for values.

To print  to the home screen:

To print  to the home screen:

To print a literal string or value to the home screen:

There can be multiple expressions or variables with each having its own line:

An example of a simple program that uses Disp:

If you try to print a string or value that is longer than 16 tokens, it will be trimmed and appended with an ellipse:

If no arguments are added, the home screen is displayed.

Pause
Pause (<tt> CTL 8</tt>) freezes the program mid-execution and can optionally display text as well. When a pause token is reached in the program, execution pauses until the user presses to resume. If text is passed as an argument, the specified text will be displayed.

Some examples of <tt>Pause</tt>:

Text displayed with <tt>Pause</tt> can longer than 16 tokens. However, you will need to use the left and right arrow keys to scroll along the text. If no text is provided, the program will simply pause until is pressed:

Text
<tt>Text</tt> (<tt> [DRAW] DRAW 0</tt>) draws small font text to the graph screen. It has precise X and Y coordinate positioning, and can print several values or strings.

Some examples of using <tt>Text</tt>:

If the first argument passed is, <tt>Text</tt> will draw with the standard font:

Output
<tt>Output</tt> (<tt> I/O 6</tt>) is used for displaying values or strings on the home screen. <tt>Output</tt> will override anything that the displayed characters may overlap with that is previously on the screen.

In this example, the calculator would display  at 2 rows down (from the top of the screen) and 6 columns over (from the left of the screen). Notice that to display a string, the string must be enclosed in quotation marks. Make sure to separate values of row column and display value with commas.
 * To display a numerical value, do NOT place quotes around the value, as it is not a string.
 * Only one value can be displayed per <tt>Output</tt> statement.

title: TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Output


text:
Linux Guide/Freezes

This page describes how to get out of problems when programs go wrong. The most common way is by killing the process - an individual program or one of its parts. If you kill a process, you'll probably lose any unsaved data in that program, and possibly from other programs it has spawned or is communicating with..

This page also describes what to do if the computer is completely frozen.

These suggestions have more adverse consequences the further down the list you go. For example killing a window in KDE will lose the unsaved data in that program, whereas pressing the reset button could corrupt all data on a hard drive (in extreme cases). Don't resort to extreme measures unless you have no other choice.

In X-Window (general)
The default easy-to-use application for killing frozen pieces of software when using an X environment is xkill. When executed, the mouse cursor will change to an icon of a skull and crossbones, and the next window you click will be killed. xkill

Sometimes this can be done by doing Control+Alt+Escape, or alternatively by bringing up the "Run" dialog box with ALT+F2 and typing in "xkill" followed by RETURN.

In KDE
KDE System Guard (installed by default) can be used to kill troublesome processes. Ctrl+Esc is the default key combination for starting it, or run ksysguard.

In GNOME
The gnome-system-monitor GUI program is one way to view active processes, end processes, and kill them too. There is also a "Force Quit" widget which can be added to a panel which replicates the function of xkill.

Killing at the Console
The easiest way of stopping a program running on the terminal you are using is pressing Ctrl+C, which asks a program to stop (sends SIGINT) - but the program can ignore this. Ctrl+C also works on programs like XTerm or Konsole. See also Alt+SysRq+K below.

In addition, there are several commands to kill processes from any terminal window, not just the one a program is running from. You can use a program like XTerm or Konsole to provide a fake terminal, or you can switch to a terminal by pressing ctrl+alt+function key; ie Ctrl+Alt+F2 to Ctrl+Alt+F6 (depending on your system). Ctrl+Alt+F7 gets you back to the desktop (again, depending on your system).

The Guide to UNIX/Commands/Process Management page has more information on process management commands, but a few popular ones are below: pkill -TERM program_name
 * pkill and killall are the most useful program-killing commands, and they do similar things. Just type
 * or

killall program_name
 * In addition, pgrep can be used to list running processes.

Forcing the X Window System to Quit
shutdown -r now
 * To kill and restart the X Window System, press Ctrl+Alt+Backspace. Lots of programs need X-Window, so using this will cause most running programs to quit or crash.
 * You should probably try to reset your computer after this: type
 * to do this. You may need to be root.

sudo /etc/init.d/(gdm or kdm or xdm) shutdown
 * If you have access to the command line, you can also type
 * to stop X.

 * Note that the ability to restart X by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Backspace can be disabled from X's configuration file. In the X.Org implementation, a "DontZap" option can be added to xorg.conf to do this. If Ctrl+Alt+Backspace is not working, this may be the reason why.

If you do Ctrl+Alt+Backspace and you have a login manager like XDM enabled usually you will be thrown back to that after x RESTARTS. If you started X by typing startx this will usually throw you back to the command line

Ctrl+Alt+Backspace is useful for restarting X after changing the resolution, for example, too.

Alt+SysRq
If all else fails, you may still be able to communicate with the Kernel.

To use, just press the Alt and SysRq (PrintScreen) keys and one of the keys listed below, all together. You should try switch into a terminal window, if possible, first by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F2 (use Ctrl+Alt+F7 to return to the desktop).

If your computer is not responding you can use the following steps to perform a reboot with less chance of fscking your files. This is a suggested method:
 * 1) Press Ctrl+Alt+F2 to switch to a terminal window. Sometimes, this is not possible.
 * 2) Press Alt+SysRq+R to get the keyboard
 * 3) If pressing Ctrl+Alt+F2 before failed, try it again now.
 * 4) Press Alt+SysRq+E to term all processes.
 * 5) Press Alt+SysRq+I to kill all processes.
 * 6) Press Alt+SysRq+S to sync your disks.
 * 7) Wait for OK or Done message. If you don't see a message, look at your HDD light to see if Sync made a difference.
 * 8) Press Alt+SysRq+U to umount all disk drives.
 * 9) Wait for OK or Done message. If you don't see a message, in 15-30 seconds, assume disks are unmounted (or that an unmount is not posssible) and proceed.
 * 10) Press Alt+SysRq+B to reboot.

The Letters used spell REISUB - use the mnemonic Reboot Even If System Utterly Broken. Another popular one is Raising Elephants Is So Utterly Boring, or just spell BUSIER backwards.

The Full list of available commands is shown below. It's largely taken from Documentation/sysrq.txt in the Linux Kernel Sources.

Certain systems (systems administrated by a department or group other than yourself, e.g. a corporate or government location) may remove the ability to use the SysRq key combinations in order to secure their system from low level commands. If you try a few commands and notice nothing is happening, or error messages occur, this may be the case.

The Big Red Button
The final option is, of course, the power button on your computer's physical exterior. Modern PCs have ACPI buttons, which just send the shutdown request to the kernel. If the ACPI daemon is listening and correctly configured, it can signal  and perform a clean shutdown.

If ACPI doesn't work, you will need to cut off electrical power. This is done through a "hard switch" (generally labeled "reset"), possibly using the same button as before but holding it pressed for 5 or so seconds. Taking out the battery (on laptops) and physically disconnecting all power cables is, of course, the only method guaranteed to work. (Make sure no other method listed above works. Even as a last resort, unplugging your computer while it is running is still not recommended.)

Resetting without shutting down can cause problems with the file system. To try and fix this problem, fsck will be run when you next boot up, and journaling filesystems will attempt to complete or rollback files which were changing.

title: Linux Guide/Freezes


text:
Genealogy/Pakistan

In Pakistan, many families keep their own family trees. Some of the family trees extend over hundred generations. The royal and noble families have their own websites. Some of the Pakistani websites dedicated to genealogy are:

 * The Talpur Family of Sindh History of the Talpur family in Sindh, origins, rule, and post-rule area to present.
 * Shaikh Siddiqui Shaikh Siddiqui Family website with twelve generation of family trees and personal webpages.

title: Genealogy/Pakistan


text:
User:Siddiqui~enwikibooks

My name is Farhan Ahmad Siddiqui. I am:

 * a Computer Programmer working with Java and Oracle Database

 * a life-long student of Arts, Anthropology, Astronomy, Genealogy,  History, Human Geography, International Relations and Science

 * a member of Shaikh, Siddiqui and Shaikh Siddiqui families of Pakistan

 * a contributor of Shaikh Siddiqui Family website.

You can contact me at email: farhan_siddiquiXworkmail.com (Remove 'X' and replace by @ sign).

Award

I Bhadani, present User:Siddiqui the exceptional newcomer barnstar award for his contributions to wikipedia! --Bhadani 16:37, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Siddiqui~enwikibooks


text: Category:Book:International Baccalaureate


text:
Talk:XML Schema

Hi,

I am creating this XML Schema WikiBook for used by XML instructors everywhere. The goal is to have linkable learning content that can be integrated into open source learning managment systems such as Moodle. I have tried to be consistant and use ISO/IEC data element name conventions so this class is consistant with other classes in ebXML, NIEM and GJXDM.

Please feel free to add content by linking to seperate pages.

Thanks - Dan McCreary Feb 2006 User:dmccreary

Transwiki:XML in ADO.net VB.NET C may be useful seed material. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 23:13, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

View inconsistent tendency I have
Hello,

Under "Common XML Schema Primitive Data Types" table, the definition of states that children can have zero or unbounded occurrence. The default is that it has a minimum occurrence of one time, and a maximum occurrence of one time. So, a child element must appear once and only once, unless the minOccurs or maxOccurs option is used.

Also, "xsd" as a prefix is used in the table, but xs is used in the example. Although both are valid, it seems inconsistent.

- Dy

title: Talk:XML Schema


text:
Applied Ecology/The Endangered Resources

In the second half of the 20th century the pace of growth of the world population and its technological capacity to utilise natural resources increased to such a degree that human activity now impinges on all segments of the biosphere. As the scale of habitat destruction has multiplied so have human efforts for the remainder to be vigilantly protected by applying ecological principles to safeguard, legislate, evaluate and manage fragile ecosystems and their declining species.

Conservation on a global scale may be approached either through organisations that focus on its rare and endangered species or through the work of others that highlight the world's 'fragile' habitats. The international bodies that illustrate these two complementary approaches are the World Conservation Union and UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere programme.

The World Conservation Union (http://www.iucn.org/) began as the International Union for the Protection of Nature (or IUPN) founded in October 1948 following an international conference in Fontainebleau, France. The organization changed its name to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1956 and became the "World Conservation Union" began in 1990. The full name and the acronym are often used together as many people still know the Union as IUCN

The theme of 'man and the biosphere' became an international concern in 1972 with the launch of UNESCO's programme of environmental research. It is an interdisciplinary undertaking of environmental research initiated to develop the basis, within the natural and social sciences, for the rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere, and for the improvement of the global relationship between people and the environment. The hallmark of the MAB Programme is its holistic and interdisciplinary approach. Examination of human impacts on a specific ecosystem - that is, the interrelationship between people and the environment - requires studies of both the natural sciences (e.g. climatology, biology, soil sciences and forestry) and the social sciences (e.g. economics, human geography and sociology). Hence, the name of the programme: "Man and the Biosphere" or 'MAB'(http://www.unesco.org/mab/).

The World Conservation Union is probably best known for monitoring the state of the world's species through the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. But it also supports and develops conservation science; implements this research in field projects around the world; and then links both research and results to local, national, regional and global policy by convening dialogues between governments, civil society and the private sector.

The priority of the Union's current Programme (2005–2008) is to build recognition of the many ways in which human lives and livelihoods, especially of the poor, depend on the sustainable management of natural resources. In its projects, the Union applies sound ecosystem management to conserve biodiversity and builds sustainable livelihoods for those directly dependent on natural resources. The Union is actively engaged in managing and restoring ecosystems and improving people's lives, economies and societies.

The Union's databases, assessments, guidelines and case studies, prepared by its global membership, Commissions and Secretariat, are among the world's most respected and frequently cited sources of information and reference on the environment.

As the world's largest environmental knowledge network, the Union has helped over 75 countries to prepare and implement national conservation and biodiversity strategies. The Union also has the official status of Observer at the United Nations General Assembly.

UNESCOs MAB programme uses an applied ecological approach that focuses on mountain ecosystems, on arid lands or on humid tropical forests. Shortly after the programme was launched in April 1973, a panel of experts met in Salzburg, Austria, to discuss the "Impact of human activities on mountain and tundra ecosystems". Its task was to elaborate the scientific content of projects to be proposed under the MAB Programme. The panel recommended study of the following factors:

 * human settlements at high altitudes;
 * effects of land-use alternatives on mountain ecosystems;
 * impact of large-scale technology on mountain ecosystems;
 * effects of tourism and recreation on mountain ecosystems.

A working group assembled in Lillehammer, Norway, later in 1973 to define further the scope, objectives, methodologies and possible outputs of studies in areas where problems were acknowledged. This meeting led to a more clearly defined identification of thematic and regional problems requiring study, as follows:

 * resource development and human settlements in high tropical mountains (i.e. above 2 500 us and between the latitudes 30° north and 30° south), including the tropical Andes, the South Asia mountain complexes and the East African and Ethiopian highlands;

 * tourism, technology and land use in temperate mountains in the middle latitudes (approximately latitudes 30° to 60° north and south), where there are distinct winter and summer seasons;

 * land-use problems in high-latitude mountain and tundra ecosystems, with special reference to grazing, industrial development and recreation.

In order that study methods and results could be compared, the working group in Lillehammer identified tentative "minimal" research requirements for both natural sciences (e.g. climatology and soil sciences) and social sciences (e.g. sociology and economics). It was considered vital that the results of regional mountain studies in one area could be compared with those elsewhere in an international context.

The variables identified for study in mountain areas may appear obvious and simplistic - air temperature, precipitation and wind velocity, for example, in climatic studies. Nevertheless, considerable efforts were made to achieve international agreement on a uniform and consistent methodology for research on mountain ecosystems within the framework of an intergovernmental scientific programme. Conceptually, the establishment of this catalogue of minimal research requirements was an important step forward in international cooperative research. As a consequence, a large number of case studies were carried out worldwide within the framework of the MAB Programme, in particular in the Andes and the Alps.

In the early 1990s, the MAB Programme entered into a new phase following the decision of its governing body, the MAB International Co-ordinating Council. The three new major thrusts are: scientific capacity building, research on biological diversity and ecological processes, and promoting the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The third undertaking proved to be particularly successful and there are currently 352 biosphere reserves in 87 countries; of these, over 40 percent are located in mountain regions.

Biosphere reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal/marine ecosystems where, through appropriate zoning patterns and land management, the conservation of ecosystems and their biodiversity is combined with the sustainable use of natural resources for the benefit of local communities. Thus, they represent a major tool for implementing the concerns of Agenda 21 (such as Chapter 13 on mountains), the Convention on Biological Diversity and other international agreements.

The concept of "biosphere reserve" implies environmental conservation, scientific research and sustainable development. The management of biosphere reserves aims to show that environmental conservation can be used to promote sustainable development based on scientific research findings together with a partnership with the local people. This is realized through a specific land-use system, which takes into account the topographic, biological, economic and socio-cultural characteristics of each site.

Biosphere reserves have three different, but interrelated, functions:

 * Conservation : Biosphere reserves provide protection of indigenous genetic resources, plant and animal species, ecosystems and landscapes of value for the conservation of the world's biological diversity.

 * Development : Biosphere reserves seek to combine conservation concerns with sustainable use of resources through close cooperation with local communities, taking advantage of traditional knowledge, indigenous products and appropriate land management.
 * Networking : Biosphere reserves are linked through a global network; they provide facilities for research, monitoring, education and training at the local level as well as for comparative research and monitoring programmes at an international or regional level.

While the relative importance of these three basic functions will vary from case to case, it is a combination of their roles that characterizes the distinctive feature of biosphere reserves. The articulation of these roles is translated on the ground through a pattern of zonation. This includes a core area (or areas) that is strictly protected according to pre-established conservation objectives. The core area is surrounded by, or contiguous with, a delineated buffer zone (or zones) where only activities that are compatible with the conservation objectives can take place. Finally, a more loosely defined transition area encircles the core and buffer areas and here cooperation with the local population and sustainable resource management practices are developed.

At the heart of the international community's interactions with the global environment, particularly through actions mandated by two World Environment Summits, is the United Nationals Environment Programme (UNEP (http://www.unep.org/)) Biodiversity information for policy and action to conserve the living world is provided by UNEP's World Conservation Monitoring Centre in Cambridge. Its programmes concentrate on species, forests, protected areas, marine, mountains and freshwaters; plus habitats affected by climate change such as Polar Regions. It also address the relationship between trade and the environment and the wider aspects of biodiversity assessment.(http://www.unep-wcmc.org/)

Between them, MAB the WCU and the WCMC, are well placed to provide answers to questions about the state of major international habitats and rare species.

Objective
This module is intended to describe some of the protected sites and species of major international importance with respect to the following three questions about their state as an endangered resource:

 * What is happening?
 * What is being done?
 * What should be done?


text:
Ada Programming/Algorithms/Intro

Welcome to the Ada implementations of the Algorithms Wikibook. For those who are new to Ada Programming a few notes:

 * All examples are fully functional with all the needed input and output operations. However, only the code needed to outline the algorithms at hand is copied into the text - the full samples are available via the download links. (Note: It can take up to 48 hours until the cvs is updated).
 * The algorithms in the book are written in a pseudolanguage. Every computer language has its own conventions how to write identifiers; some languages are case sensitive, Ada isn't; some write identifiers in CamelCase. Ada uses the convention of separating words by underscores and capitalizing the first character of each word. For numerical values, Ada uses the convention to separate digit groups by underscores for better readability - compare 10000000 to 10_000_000 or 5000001 to 50_000_01 (e.g. 50 thousand € and one ¢).
 * We seldom use predefined types in the sample code but define special types suitable for the algorithms at hand.
 * Ada allows for default function parameters; however, we always fill in and name all parameters, so the reader can see which options are available.
 * We seldom use shortcuts - like using the attributes or  for String <=> Integer conversions.

All these rules make the code more elaborate than perhaps needed. However, we also hope it makes the code easier to understand

This page is added through transclusion to other modules in the Ada Programming Wikibook.

title: Ada Programming/Algorithms/Intro


text:
User talk:BarkingFish

You found me!
Why you came here, is a mystery,

A mystery so involved,

That you can think till hell would freeze,

and never would it be solved!

Sorry, This is my talk page, you are welcome to leave a message after the scream, or alternatively write a message down, stick it to my igloo and I will pick it up when I get back!!!

Here comes the scream...

denoting dietary restrictions
Hi, I added a section to Cookbook:Policy which should be clear about what I meant. What I want to avoid is "tagging" all recipes which happen to be gluten-free/vegan/vegetarian in the page title; that is what categories are for. "Tagging" substantial variations in the title, however, is necessary for disambiguation. Oh, and I'm not sure "(Diabetic)" is the best naming convention... maybe "(Low-GI)"? When you decide on one, please add it to Cookbook_talk:Low-GI Diet Kellen T 20:15, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

You've been renamed
Enjoy. I see you're a fellow IT guy too. Nice. Please visit Special:MergeAccount to merge your accounts. – Adrignola talk contribs 22:36, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I was importing some templates and noticed your concern about pending changes at Wikipedia on a template talk page. Must be quite the twilight zone here, then, with every main space page subject to the system once an initial review is performed. – Adrignola talk 18:48, 24 June 2010 (UTC)
 * It's not quite the twilight zone, Adrignola. The only thing which annoys me about pending changes is that it takes away some of the spirit of "The encyclopedia anyone can edit" - for some people, half the fun of editing Wikis is knowing that your work is out there immediately and you can feel proud of it.  Waiting for someone to check it first, (which on the German version of wikipedia has taken up to 4 weeks, and in my case, I still have an unsighted edit there from nearly 2 years ago), removes some of the joy of the work.

I spoke to someone about PC here on the IRC channel yesterday evening, and they said someone here could assign me the editor bit, since I'm active at so many Wikis and well known to the en.wp community. Is that possible? BarkingFish (talk) 00:51, 25 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes it is, and it's done. I see that you've contributed here since 2006, so that was the basis for my decision to assign it.  (We don't take other wikis into consideration on that, by convention, despite the clout that Wikipedia does indeed have).  We have a backlog here too, but for many of us, there's not much to do about it because the system was in place before we got here and there's not enough participation to get a consensus for or against its continued use. Some people are concerned about it decreasing participation, just as some are at Wikipedia.  It's essential for the Wikijunior namespace at least, but elsewhere, that's the question.  Many just use it as a replacement for page patrol, which wasn't the point.  So there we stand. – Adrignola talk 02:04, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

I requested the removal of the editor flag
Hello BarkingFish. I'm sorry in having to contact you on this terms, but due to recent discussions regarding reviewer and editor flags and the future of these groups, I started to analise the status of some accounts especially in the editors group and noticed that your level of contribution and your requirements to perform normal Wikibookian tasks may not warrant granting you the editor flag. With all respect for you and your activity on the project, and hopping that you indeed get to need and use the reviewer and editor tools, I requested for the flag to be removed. Feel free to express your opinion on the running Removal of access request or ask any questions here on your talk page. --Panic (talk) 04:34, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:BarkingFish


text:
User talk:Zeitcatcher~enwikibooks

--George D. Bozovic talk 18:02, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Zeitcatcher. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Zeitcatcher~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:55, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:40, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zeitcatcher~enwikibooks


text:
Accountancy/Double Entry

Double Entry is the principle of accounting which requires that every transaction has two effects one of which is a debit and the other of which is a credit of the same amount. What this means is that the total of the Debits must always equal the total of the Credits.

In this example we deposit 10 units of currency into our bank account.

Since the total of the Debits equals the total of the Credits we say the transaction is Balanced.

The Accounting Equation

 * $$ A = \text{Assets} $$
 * $$ L = \text{Liabilities} $$
 * $$ F = \text{Owners' Funds} $$
 * $$ C = \text{Capital} $$
 * $$ D = \text{Drawings} $$
 * $$ P = \text{Profit} $$

The Value of the business is the value of its assets less the value of its liabilities and this value belongs to the owners of the business:

$$A - L = F $$

The Owners fund must also equal the amount the owners have put into the business (Capital) less any amounts they have taken out (Drawings) plus any profit. For the time being we assume the business is profitable.

$$A - L = C - D + P $$

We add $$D + L$$ to both sides to remove the minus signs. $$A + D = C + P + L$$

We call items on the left hand side Debits and items on the right hand side Credits. Then:

$$ \text{Total Debits} = \text{Total Credits} $$

In order that this equation holds we must also ensure that a loss is on the opposite side to a profit and therefore a loss is a debit.

Note that items of income increase profit so they are also credits, while expenses decrease profit and are therefore debits.

When to Debit, when to Credit?
Another look. Debit (Dr) and Credit (Cr) only refer to which side of the double entry an account/value goes to. Debit on left, and Credit on right. The normal of an account refers to which side it normally increases on, whether it be good or bad for the company.

The D.E.A.D. C.O.I.L. Mnemonic

 * Debit side
 * Expenses
 * Assets
 * Drawing (of Equity)
 * Credit side
 * Owner's Equity
 * Income
 * Liabilities

Another-nother look.

Debit/Credit-ishness of an account comes from the elements of the accounting equation, Owner's Equity=Assets - Liabilities, and lots of flipping.

Start by looking at the Dr. side. Within all of this flipping, Debit/Credit has two meanings, whether a term is negative to the company's finances, and whether it is external to the company. By demanding each entry set to balance, the journal tracks motions of money (or widgets, labor..) in the company. Changes of value are expressed as a motion into yet another account, such as moving part of the "Merchandise" Asset (as Cr) into the "Damaged Goods" Expense (as Dr).
 * 1) If your account is an Equity term, flip it.
 * 2) *Equity terms are Capital, Drawing, Income, Expenses. These are the financial borders of the business.
 * 3) If it's a Liability, flip it.
 * 4) *Liabilities are negative (well, it's good to have access to resources now, but they still are a hole that demands filling). Remember, if somebody prepaid you for a something you haven't fulfilled, that's a liability too!
 * 5) If is an "evil parallel universe" form of an Asset, Liability,or Equity, then flip it (again, if need be).
 * 6) *Expenses are equity accounts, in a negative way. Drawing is a negative overlay to Capital, and gets flipped here, too. Depreciation (an overlayed contra-asset), flips as well.
 * 7) You now know the normal of the account. One last flip if the account needs to be reduced.

As a mnemonic device for students: Note that only Assets and Expenses show an Increase for Debits and Decrease for Credits. All other accounts are the reverse. First memorize the acronyms AID (Assets Increase Decrease) & EID (Expenses Increase Decrease)and then keep in mind that the table reads Debits on the left and Credits on the right.

title: Accountancy/Double Entry


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hannah Abbott

Overview
Hannah Abbott is a Hufflepuff student in Harry Potter's year, a pink-faced blonde girl who wears her hair in pigtails. She's sweet, kind and giggly.

Philosopher's Stone
Hannah Abbott is the first student called up to be Sorted; the Sorting Hat places her in Hufflepuff.

Chamber of Secrets
Hannah Abbott, here identified only as Hannah, is one of the group of Hufflepuffs discussing Justin Finch-Fletchley's decision to remain in hiding when Harry Potter is thought to be the Heir of Slytherin, in The Duelling Club.

After Hermione Granger is petrified like Justin, Hannah and Erine both apologise to Harry for suspecting him during an Herbolgoy lesson, knowing he would never attack her, and work with him and Ron.

Prisoner of Azkaban
At one point in their third year, Hannah was convinced that Sirius Black could turn into a flowering shrub, which in hindsight is less silly than it might sound at first.

Goblet of Fire
House loyalty had Hannah wearing a Support Cedric Diggory! badge early in the Triwizard Tournament. Despite occasional incidents like this, she and Ernie are on friendly terms with Harry, Ron, and Hermione.

Order of the Phoenix
Both Hannah and Ernie became prefects in August of Harry's fifth year.

Hannah is one of the students present at the initial meeting, in the Hog's Head, of the group that becomes Dumbledore's Army.

It is mentioned that Hannah Abbott, at Easter break some six weeks before the OWL exams, is looking frantic and checking stacks of books out of the library.

Hannah had the unhappy distinction of being the first of Harry's year to crack under the strain of O.W.L. study, requiring a Calming Draught from Madam Pomfrey after she broke down crying in Herbology, saying she was too stupid to take her exams.

While Harry is taking his transfiguration O.W.L, Hannah somehow manages to turn her ferret into a flock of flamingos, postponing the exam for ten minutes.

Hannah is also one of the six members of Dumbledore's Army who see Draco Malfoy attempting to jinx Harry on the Hogwarts Express, and promptly return fire, leaving Draco, Crabbe, and Goyle looking like gigantic slugs squeezed into Hogwarts robes.

Half-Blood Prince
In this book, Hannah's mother is killed by a rumoured Death Eater, and she leaves the school for most of the term after being told this in a Herbology class.

Deathly Hallows
Harry sees a grave marked "Abbott" in Godric's Hollow and wonders aloud whether the person was one of Hannah's relatives. The question is never answered, but it serves to remind us of Hannah's mother having recently been killed by Death Eaters.

As Harry is on his way to the Room of Requirement, where he now believes Rowena Ravenclaw's lost diadem is hidden, he passes Fred Weasley, Lee Jordan, and Hannah Abbott guarding a hole behind a plinth where a statue had fallen. The statue had previously been masking one of the secret passages into Hogwarts.

As the renewed battle rages, Harry from under the Invisibility Cloak, casts Shield spells in the path of Voldemort's curses. Voldemort's intended victims, Hannah and Seamus, run past and into the Great Hall.

Strengths
Loyalty

Weaknesses
OWL exams make her worry to no end.

She is easily swayed by people's opinions

Relationships with Other Characters
She is most often seen in the company of Justin Finch-Fletchley and Ernie Macmillan.

In an interview given following the publication of the final book in the series, the author said that Abbott marries Neville Longbottom, and becomes the new landlady of the Leaky Cauldron.


text:
Accountancy/Depreciation

Depreciation relates to an entity's change in fair market value and how the fluctuation in value is processed as a tax-deductible expense.

 * /Property, plant, and equipment/

Depreciation
Depreciation occurs over a period of useful economic life, in which the property, plant or equipment is used to generate income for the business.

Several methods can be used to calculate the depreciable cost of an asset over its life, the most commonly used are:

 * Straight-line method
 * Reducing balance method

Straight-line Method
The Straight-line Method reduces the Net-Book value of an asset by the same amount each period. This amount is determined by dividing the total value of said asset by some number of periods, then subtracted from the balance at the end of each period.

For example,if you purchased a sewing machine for $12,000 and you wrote it off over 12 months using the Straight-line method, you would divide the original cost ($12,000) by the term of useful life (12 months). In this case, $12,000 / 12 months = $1,000/month. To apply depreciation on this item, you would deduct $1,000 at the end of the first month to leave a balance of $11,000. The second month you would deduct another $1,000 leaving a balance of $10,000. At the end of the 12th month, you would deduct the last $1,000 from the previous (11th months) balance of $1,000, leaving you with a balance of $0.

At this point you would say that you have written off the sewing machine. In practice, things get a little more complicated. In this example it would not be fair to assume that at the end of the 12th month the machine would suddenly stop working, or be absolutely worthless, though for tax purposes it is considered to have zero basis. It is possible you could still sell the completely written off sewing machine for $1,000, causing you to recognize a $1,000 taxable gain.

The economic reasoning behind the Straight-line method is, essentially, the acceptance that depreciation is an approximation of the rate at which an asset transfers value to the Operations of a business by participating productively in it, and so we should use the most economical one (regarding computational effort) to calculate and record it in the accounting books. There are certain Intangible Assets for which the Straight-Line method can be considered the relatively more accurate one. But for most Tangible Assets there is good argument that the Declining Balance method is more suitable (see below). Nevertheless, the simplicity of the Straight-line method had made it the prevailing one, accepted by economists, accountants, analysts, businesses, and even state authorities (for tax purposes).

Declining (or Reducing) Balance Method
The Net-Book value of an asset is reduced by the same proportion each period. That is, at the end of every period you reduce the value by a fixed percentage. Each period uses the previous period's balance to work out the amount.

For example, we purchase a motor-vehicle for $10,000 and we depreciate it by 10% per month. At the end of the first month we take $10,000 * 10% = $1,000, making the balance $9,000. At the end of the second month, we take the balance from the previous month and apply the 10% factor: $9,000 * 10% = $900. Note the change in depreciation: in the first month the expense was $1,000, but in this month it is $900. At the end of this second month, you subtract the new depreciation amount, resulting in $9,000 - $900 = $8,100. The depreciation for the third month, then, is $8,100 * 10% = $810; the remaining value at the end of the third month is $8,100 - $810 = $7,290. At the end of 12 months the balance would be $3138.11.

The economic reasoning behind the Declining Balance Method of Depreciation is that any asset (think of machinery to stay focused), no matter how carefully serviced by its user, is most productive during the earlier periods of its productive use. Mathematically, the same depreciation rate will extinguish the value of an asset much more quickly under The Straight Line Method than under the Declining Balance Method. In the above example, a $10,000 value with a 10% monthly depreciation rate will be extinguished after 10 months of calculating and recording depreciation by the Straight Line method. But it will take ~22 months to extinguish 9/10 of the value under depreciation using the Declining Balance Method on the same value and with the same depreciation rate. So caution should be exercised when choosing the Declining Balance Method.

The "Useful Life" approach
Since Accounting Depreciation attempts to capture a real economic phenomenon, it must be based on economic reasoning. It is not a mechanical procedure or an arithmetic exercise. The prevailing concern when determining depreciation methodology should not be to "guess" the correct depreciation rate, but to estimate reasonably the useful life of the asset under depreciation in time-units, and then calculate the corresponding depreciation rate that will result in extinguishing the value of the asset from the books when the estimated useful life ends too, given the Depreciation method chosen.

In the Straight-Line method, the mapping of Useful Life to Depreciation Rate is easy. If "x" is the estimated useful life, say in years, then the Yearly Depreciation Rate "d" is d = 1/x. For example, if you expect that the company will use a vehicle for 10 years, then the Yearly Depreciation Rate for this vehicle is 1/10 = 0,1 = 10%, under the Straight-line method.

In the Declining Balance Method, things are trickier. First we must note that from a mathematical point of view, the value of the asset is never fully extinguished under the Declining Balance method, but it approaches arbitrarily close to zero. In practice, companies that use the Declining Balance Method, decide on a "materiality threshold" for the non-depreciated (residual) value of the asset, usually up to 10% of its initial purchase value. Essentially then, they calculate the depreciation rate which, under the Declining Balance method, will extinguish the largest part of the Value of the asset (i.e. 90% or 95%) at the end of its economic useful life. When they reach that point in time, they depreciate what's left in the next accounting period.

Now, the Declining Balance method is expressed as a Difference Equation. Denote "d" the depreciation rate, "r" the remaining value at the end of the estimated useful life, as a percentage of initial purchase value (=> 0 < r < 1) and V(t) the nondepreciated value of the asset at the end of period t. Denote also "n" the useful life of the asset, say in years. Then you have V(t) = (1-d)*V(t-1)   subject to  V(n)= r*V(0) where V(0) is the purchase value of the asset.

Going backwards in the Difference equation and writing for period "n" you get

V(n) = (1-d)n*V(0) together with  V(n)= r*V(0)

Solving together the two equations you get (1-d)n = r

So we see that by estimating the useful life of the asset (the "n"), and given that we have chosen a residual value (the "r", as a percentage of the initial purchase value of the asset), we can uniquely determine the required depreciation rate "d" to use in our depreciation calculations so that our accounting books reflect, at least approximately, what happens in actual economic activity.

Review Questions
Volume 1 - Chapter 27

1. A firm buys equipment on 1 July 20X3 for £6,500. The equipment is to be depreciated on a monthly basis at 20% on cost. On 31 December 20X5 the equipment is sold for £2,700 cash.

(a) Show the provision for depreciation on equipment account for 20X3, 20X4 and 20X5. (b) Show the equipment disposal account as at 31 December 20X5

2. A company depreciates its machinery at the rate of 10% per annum using the reducing balance method. A machine is sold on 30 June 20X7 for £900 which had originally been purchased for £5,000 on 1 January 20X4. No depreciation is to be provided for in the year of sale.

(a) Show the provision for depreciation on machinery account for 20X4 to 20X7. (b) Show the asset disposal account to record the sale of the machinery (c) Show the entry in the profit and loss account for 20X7.

3. A firm sells equipment which had cost £15,000 for cash proceeds of £3,200. At the date of the sale, the balance on the account for depreciation for this equipment stood at £9,700.

Construct the asset disposal account for the equipment sold.

4. A firm purchases machinery on 1 January 20X5. The machinery cost £12,000 and is to be depreciated using the reducing balance method – using a rate of 25%.

Show the depreciation account for the first three years of the asset’s life

Answers to Review Questions
Volume 1 - Chapter 27

1. (a) Provision for depreciation on equipment 20X3 £ 20X3 £ Dec 31 Balance c/d 650 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 650

20X4 20X4 Dec 31 Balance c/d 1,950 Jan 1 Balance b/d 650 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 1,300 1,950 1,950

20X5 20X5 Dec 31 Equipment disposal 3,250 Jan 1 Balance b/d 1,950 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 1,300 3,250 3,250

1. (b) Equipment Disposal 20X5 £ 20X5 £ Dec 31 Equipment at cost 6,500 Dec 31 Provision for depreciation 3,250 Dec 31 Cash 2,700 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 550 6,500 6,500

2. (a) Provision for depreciation on machinery 20X4 £ 20X4 £ Dec 31 Balance c/d 500 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 500 20X5 20X5 Dec 31 Balance c/d 950 Jan 1 Balance b/d 500 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 450 950 950 20X6 20X6 Dec 31 Balance c/d 1,355 Jan 1 Balance b/d 950 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 405 3,250 3,250 20X7 20X7 Jun 30 Machinery disposal 1,355 Jan 1 Balance b/d 1,355 1,355 1,355 2. (b) Machinery Disposal 20X7 £ 20X7 £ Jun 30 Equipment at cost 5,000 Jun 30 Provision for depreciation 1,355 Jun 30 Bank 900 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 2,745 5,000 5,000

3. Equipment disposal account £ £ Equipment at cost 15,000 Depreciation 9,700 Cash 3,200 Profit and loss 2,100 15,000 15,000

4. Provision for depreciation – Machinery 20X5 £ 20X5 £ Dec 31 Balance c/d 3,000 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 3,000

20X6 20X6 Dec 31 Balance c/d 5,225 Jan 1 Balance b/d 3,000 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 2,225 5,225 5,225

20X7 20X7 Dec 31 Balance c/d 6,919 Jan 1 Balance b/d 5,225 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 1,694 6,919 6,919

title: Accountancy/Depreciation


text:
UK Constitution and Government/Elections

Presentation
Elections

Previous Chapter

--

General Elections
Members of the House of Commons are elected in General Elections. General Elections are called by the Prime Minister. General Elections are held at least once every five years. The maximum term that a parliament can exist before a new election interrupts it is defined by parliament. Currently, the Parliament Act states that five years is the maximum length.

Local Elections
From 2007 Scotland will use Single Transferable Vote to elect all of its local councillors. England and Wales use first past the post or multiple-member first past the post for local elections. Northern Ireland uses STV for its local elections.

European Elections
Members of the European Parliament for Northern Ireland are elected using Single Transferable Vote (STV). MEPs for England, Scotland and Wales are elected using the D'Hondt method.

Sistema político del Reino Unido/Elecciones ms:Perlembagaan dan Kerajaan United Kingdom: Pilihan raya


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UNIX Computing Security/Useful tools

Suggested topics: COPS, TIGER, sudo, md5, nfsbug, tripwire, OpenSSH, Linux Virtualization, SNORT, IDS/IPS, IPTables.

There are a number of commercial and free software tools available that are designed to help the System Administrator strengthen the security of their system. Depending on the security requirements, a number of these utilities can be employed on a regular basis to strength-check their system security, look for indications of an attack or a compromised system, and implement more secure procedures.

COPS
This venerable package consists of a series of scripts and binaries that can be used to check some basic security configurations on a UNIX system. The last update to this package was version 1.04, released in 1991. hence this tool is starting to show its age, and may require some fine tuning to operate on a modern version of UNIX. The output will vary according to the UNIX vendor and OS version. (There is also a perl version included in the package, but was based on a much older version of perl and is known to have some bugs.)

The following groups of checks are performed by the COPS utility:

 * 1) Check selected system directories for world-write permissions.
 * 2) Check specific system files for world-write permissions.
 * 3) Check all files on the system for setuid status and note changes.
 * 4) Check for insecure entries in the   file.
 * 5) Check the format of the   file.
 * 6) Check the root account ,  , and for a root entry in the.
 * 7) Check for world-writeable files in.
 * 8) Check for world-writeable files in.
 * 9) Check specific startup and configuration files in the user home directories.
 * 10) Use the U-Kuang rules-based expert system to check for potential security exploits.

Checksum utilities
There are UNIX utilities such as  and   that can be used to read the contents of a file and produce a one-way hashed values, or checksums, as an output. The value of the resulting string will change whenever the contents of a file is changed, so this utility can be used to check whether a downloaded file has been tampered with inappropriately. The string can also be used to check whether a file was corrupted during the download process.

For example,

$ mdf important_data.pdf MD5 (important_data.pdf) = 46df33cb1473394c32a8910d162eb913

Whenever a System Administrator downloads a program or patch that will be executed on a UNIX system, it is important that the checksum of the file be compared with the value at a secure source. This will help to protect the system from illicit tampering. Many vendors will provide checksum values for the downloadable files that they make available. When possible, a stronger utility such as  should be used instead of , as this will make it vastly more difficult for an attacker to produce a tampered file that has the same checksum.

Checksums can also be used to validate the binary commands on a system. Some integrity-checking utilities such as  use multiple checksum programs to search for file modifications.

title: UNIX Computing Security/Useful tools


text:
File:LFP(French) Logo.jpg

Summary
French Ligue 1 logo.

Licensing
/Logos

title: File:LFP(French) Logo.jpg


text:
File:Olympique Lyonnais Logo.jpg

Summary
Olympique Lyonnais logo.

Licensing
/Logos

title: File:Olympique Lyonnais Logo.jpg


text:
File:AS Monaco Logo.jpg

Summary
AS Monaco logo.

Licensing
/Logos

title: File:AS Monaco Logo.jpg


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Field Remedies/Preparation/Crush

When distilling herbs into teas, you will likely want to crush them for maximum effect. This can be done in a number of ways.

Mortar and pestle
A mortar and pestle is useful for any kind of leafy, grassy, woody, or tuberous herb. This consists of a mortar, a small stone bowl; and a pestle, a stone stick. The pestel can be used to grind anything against the rough surface of the mortar.

A mortar and pestel can be used to crush herbs up very well, releasing as much juice or oil as possible. The mortar and pestel can easily be flushed into whatever preparation vessel is being used in recipes involving water; this prevents mechanical loss. Simply pour some of the water over the pestel and into the mortar, then pour out into the preparation vessel.

Garlic press
A Garlic press is a quick and dirty way to crush tuberous or bulbous herbs. It consists of a metal screen and a press, and works by forcing the stiff root through the metal screen.

Garlic presses are also relatively easy to flush, and quick to use; however, they do not crush the herb up as well as a mortar and pestel.

Shredder
A shredder or grater can be used as a fast and easy method of grinding up most leafy, grassy, or tuberous herbs. Many graters have a rough side filled with small holes lined with jagged edges, useful for shredding plants into a pulpy form.

Shredders are fast and easy to use, but difficult to prevent mechanical loss in. The pulpy result sticks to the grater, and flushing a large one can be difficult.

title: Field Remedies/Preparation/Crush


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Field Remedies/Preparation

Preparation.

 * Infusion
 * Crushing
 * Straining

title: Field Remedies/Preparation


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6

=Morphy Defence= By far the most commonly played Black third move in the Ruy Lopez game is the Morphy Defence, 3...a6, which "puts the question" to the white bishop. Although 3...a6 was known earlier, it became popular after it was played by world champion Paul Morphy. White has only two good options, 4. Bxc6 or 4. Ba4. The main point to 3...a6 is that after the common retreat 4.Ba4, Black will have the possibility of breaking the pin on his queen knight by playing ...b5. In fact, White must take some care to not fall into the Noah's Ark Trap in which Black traps White's king bishop on the b3-square with a ...a6, ...b5, and ...c4 pawn advance on the queenside.

Theory table

 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6


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User:Politas

About
Politas (Myk Dowling) is a IT worker in Canberra, Australia.

Myk has a blog on Livejournal

title: User:Politas


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Robotics/Computer Control/Control Architectures/Brooks' Subsumption Architecture

Behavior Based Control (BBC): Acting and thinking in layers, with complex logic divided into multiple simpler logic layers.


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Guide to First Year Teaching/Planning for Learning

Here are some resources on this topic:

In Classroom Instruction That Works: Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement, Robert J. Marzano analyzes research from more than 100 studies on classroom management. He synthesizes the findings from these studies into a series of "Action Steps", which include specific strategies that educators can use. The Action Steps relate to setting the tone, establishing effective rules and procedures, implementing appropriate disciplinary interventions, fostering productive student-teacher relationships, developing a positive "mental set," and helping students contribute to a positive learning environment. Marzano and his coauthors Jana S. Marzano and Debra Pickering provide stories of teachers and students in classroom situations to help illustrate how the action steps can be used successfully.

Also available are books by Emmer, Evertson and Worsham, including Classroom Management for Secondary Teachers and Classroom Management for Elementary Teachers.

The best-selling book on this topic (according to Amazon.com) is The First Days of School by Harry Wong.


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User talk:71.96.150.44

Want a Wikibooks account?
Thanks for updating US History/Contents/W Bush page to match current events. Those expensive printed textbooks might not have Samuel Alito on the US Supreme Court yet, but our free textbook US History is already updated because of you.

It is optional, but if you want, you can create an account. If you already have an account, log in. A Wikibooks account is easy to create; it does not require any personal information (only a name or pseudonym, plus a password); it identifies you as a user (even if your Internet address changes from "71.96.150.44" to something else); it lets you track your own contributions and keep a watchlist of pages.

Whether you use an account or not, we Wikibookians hope that you enjoy your time at Wikibooks. --Kernigh 00:51, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.96.150.44


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Spanish/Perfect Subjunctive

Use
The subjunctive mood is used to describe circumstances in which there is doubt, to express emotion, or opinion through the use of impersonal expressions (Es bueno/malo/triste que...) The perfect subjunctive is used in reference to something that happened very recently.

Espero que tú hayas hecho la tarea. I hope that you have done the homework. Es muy triste que ''los niños no hayan escrito sus ensayos. It is very sad that the children have not written their essays.

Formation
The perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the present subjunctive form of the verb haber, meaning to have, with the past participle of the functional verb.

Haber, present subjunctive
 * Yo haya
 * Tú hayas
 * Usted, ella, él haya
 * Nosotros hayamos
 * Vosotros hayáis
 * Ustedes, ellas, ellos hayan

title: Spanish/Perfect Subjunctive


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User talk:Kernigh/Archive 1

User talk:Kernigh Archive 1 November to December 2005

Colour-code a string
Is there any method on wikibooks to colour-code a string? Specifically, I want to colour-code the entries in The Computer Revolution: A Timeline into either hardware, system software and internet. There needs to be a way to follow each individual thread but there also needs to be a way to easily see where they fit in between each other. Thanks for the earlier advice btw. 24.200.176.92 08:42, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Most format stuff is documented in m:Help:Editing, and they have color in m:Help:HTML in wikitext, but for this you might need CSS. Things like orange ( orange ) and green ( green  ) work in my browser. CSS seems to work the same way on this wiki as it does in HTML. --Kernigh 20:16, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks. Ciao.

Programming:Serial Data Communications
I'm trying to understand your motivation on why this Wikibook needs to be merged with the bookshelf that it is part of. You havn't posted a reason on the discussion pages, although I am presuming there is a motivation. There are distinctly different motivations between the Wikibook and the other proposed (or stub) Wikibook modules on the bookshelf. One thing I am trying to avoid doing (but seems to be happening with this Wikibook, unfortunately) is to turn this Wikibook into a macropedia, or a smaller encyclopedia about a specific topic. By eliminating the serial programming bookshelf, this is encouraging even more the effort to turn this Wikibook that I have organized into chronological chapters intended to be read sequential (or at least reference previous chapters heavily). By dumping the reference material into this Wikibook, it just encourages more of the macropedia philosophy.

I have it listed under computer network topologies due to my desire to eventually turn this book into an introduction to simple computer networks. I think serial programming techniques are a good laboratory way to introduce the topic that can teach many levels of the OSI network model where a student can experiment and perhaps come up with other networking models, or at least understand why things happen the way that they happen in current networks.

In addition, there was an earlier VfD discussion about this topic on the VdD page. The discussion was removed on October 8th if you want to go through the VfD history and find it.

I appreciate you efforts to try and clean up Wikibooks, and this is certainly something that needs a little bit of attention. I just think that merging the contents of this bookshelf into the Wikibook is not the best approach and will do more harm than good. I do want to raise the standards of not only this Wikibook but also Wikibooks as a whole. Work with me to get the serial communication bookshelf cleaned up, and I think there is a compromise that can be accomodated. --Rob Horning 19:36, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The cause of my (now removed) merge suggestion was a misapplication of WB:NC/WB:NP (neither enforced) and the Serial Programming redirect. See my comment at Talk:Serial communications bookshelf. --Kernigh 03:34, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Mass, gravity, weight, etc, etc in Wikijunior Solar System
Re all the above, I'd appreciate your thoughts on SV Resolution's comments here on my talk page, especially his highlighting Wikijunior Solar System/Solar System; thanks in advance. Best wishes, David Kernow 16:43, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Have just responded to your comments on the About weight and gravity talk page – thank you for your thoughts. Meanwhile, I'd appreciate your pointing out what you found to be obtuse language in the About weight and gravity module itself, so I may try to avoid it in future. Thanks, David Kernow 14:24, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

De-indenting
Thanks for your effort to try and keep Wikibooks clean and usable by fixing the indentation on some talk pages. However, you didn't do it correctly everywhere. In many cases, a direct response (one more : than the previous comment) was changed to a brand new comment (no :s at all). That is not what the talk page help page means by cleaning up and refactoring. In the future, please read the discussion and see what the content of the comments are, not just the user who made them. For example, Wikibooks talk:Dispute resolution was fine the way it is, but now you moved my responses to Whiteknight out to the left and the discussion is now broken up. I would appreciate a little more caution in the future. Thank you, my friend. -- LV (Dark Mark) 16:33, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I was not reading the "refactoring" section of Talk page, I was reading the section that says "use indenting to keep the conversation straight". I thought that was consensus on this wiki, but apparently Talk page is only a proposed policy, and something that was copied from Wikipedia. --Kernigh 16:48, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Deleting a Wikipage
It has been noted on [Engineering Acoustics] that I need to clean up or remove some pages. Problem is that I am not able to remove old pages that have been accidently unlinked. Any idea how to fix this or delete the pages(old pages are not needed)? Thanks Mpspence

 * This is a FullHistory wiki, so we keep a page history of all previous versions of every page here. If there is an old orphan page Acoustic:A which was replaced with Acoustic:B, you should make a redirect from Acoustic:A to Acoustic:B - see Help:Redirect. (But first check that there is no new material in Acoustic:A missing from Acoustic:B .) Then, on talk page for Acoustic:B, add a comment that some old page history is available at Acoustic:A . Any wiki user can do this, so I might make the redirects if no one does it before when I would.

 * With a redirect, if there is an external link to Acoustic:A from outside Wikibooks (for example, in a search engine), the link works because Wikibooks redirects it to Acoustic:B.

 * If you actually need to delete page, read Deletion policy. --Kernigh 18:54, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Question from my RfA
You had wondered if I had any experience as an Admin on another MediaWiki. The answer is no, but I feel I should qualify that. I am a very active participant at Wikipedia, including working on the AN, the AN/I, and the AN/3RR. I have followed Admins and know what the task requires. Quite a few people at WP already think I'm an Admin there. A couple of people have discussed nominating me over there as well. I know a few of the tasks can be tricky (IP range blocking, etc.), therefore will start off slow and work my way up to doing the more complicated things. I hope this adresses any concerns you may still have. Cheers. -- LV (Dark Mark) 18:07, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Stewards election
Hi. Thank you for your vote on meta. I'm actually the same person as on Wikibooks :-). Traroth 09:26, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Gross-out songs
Kernigh, the lyrics for these songs went onto paper (or rather cyberspace) from my own head. The songs are written down as I recall them. There may be an error or two in the words. Hoishand182 04:34, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kernigh/Archive 1


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User:Rick~enwikibooks

home page

title: User:Rick~enwikibooks


text:
Anim8or - Basics to Advanced

Contents

 * /QuickStart/

Prerequisites

 * Prerequisite 1 - Understanding OpenGL
 * Prerequisite 2 - 3D Graphics
 * Prerequisite 3 - Downloading and Installing Anim8or

Basics

 * User Interface Overview
 * Object Edit button set

Intermediate

 * Special Effects
 * Reflections

Advanced

 * Rendering Movies

title: Anim8or - Basics to Advanced


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Anim8or - Basics to Advanced/PreReq 1

Prerequisite 1: Understanding OpenGL
OpenGL is an interesting topic to cover, since the Anim8or program and many other commercial 3D modelers run on OpenGL.

What is OpenGL

OpenGL is an API (Application Programming Interface) which interacts directly with the video hardware in your computer to produce different types of graphics very fast. This approach to graphics is much faster than what’s called software-based graphics. The main problem with Software-based graphics is that it is not using the full potential of your video card. Usually, the software-based approach is used to create simple graphics such as the user interface in Microsoft Word. But for 3D graphics to run at full speed you need direct contact with the video hardware for optimal performance. That is the purpose of OpenGL.

One more thing to discuss is how OpenGL makes the programmer’s life a little bit easier. OpenGL takes care of interfacing with the video hardware by itself without the programmer writing any code to do that. In the early days of graphics programming, programmers would sometimes have to write a lot of code just to interact with the video hardware. Now they don’t have to worry about that. They can just concentrate on drawing graphics.

title: Anim8or - Basics to Advanced/PreReq 1


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User:Ryanrs

My primary user page is W:User:Ryanrs.

title: User:Ryanrs


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A-level Mathematics/OCR/S2/Normal Distribution

A collection of data can be modelled with the Normal Distribution if the data produces a fairly bell-shaped curve when put into a histogram and has the same mean, median and mode - that is to say most of the data is in the middle of the diagram, with the bins becoming smaller toward the outside. If a sample of data is truly normally distributed, about 68% of the data will fall within one standard deviation, 95% within two standard deviations, and 99.7% within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

The normal distribution's probability density function is: $$\frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} \, e^{ -\frac{(x- \mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}$$

The standard normal distribution is a special case in which the mean, μ, is 0 and the standard deviation, σ, is 1. Its p.d.f is: $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \, e^{ -\frac{x^2}{2}}$$

Integrating this function in order to obtain probabilities is a trifle difficult if you're an S2 candidate, so it is usual to use calculator functions or tables of cumulative probabilities (these give probabilities from -∞ to a particular value).


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User:Marcushan~enwikibooks

wikipedia:User:Marcushan

title: User:Marcushan~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Ryanrs

I rarely check this page. Please use W:User talk:Ryanrs.

title: User talk:Ryanrs


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Budget Watch Collecting/Historical Prices

If you have information on original pricing on vintage watches, please conribute!

1971 Seiko 7006 automatic=Street price $50

1973 Bulova Accutron 2182 day/date movement, stainless case $110

1974 Timex Automatic with strap 9.97 dealer cost, 14.95 list price

1974 Timex Automatic with expansion band 11.30 dealer cost, 16.95 list price