text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Latin

What writing system(s) does this language use?

Latin was the language of an ancient people called the Romans, and Latin is still used within the Catholic Church.

The Romans used the same alphabet we use today in most of Europe. We call it the Latin Alphabet. Historians think this is how the Latin alphabet came into being: People living in Phoenicia on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea had developed an alphabet. The Greeks took to using it, with changes, and since the Greeks were seafarers the alphabet spread. The Etruscan people of north west Italy adopted it and the Romans learned it from them, changing it so it was suitable for writing their language, Latin.

In Roman times only capital letters had been invented, so everything was written in capitals. Words were sometimes run together; sometimes there were spaces or dots between words. Those dots were the only punctuation marks. It must have been hard to pick out where sentences began and ended.

Later, at a time when Rome's power was fading, people took to writing in a new style, one in which the letters were more rounded. For centuries the two styles existed as individual styles. The few people who did any writing, mostly monks copying out the scriptures, used either one style or the other. Then, at the court of King Charles the Great, scribes combined the two, inventing our modern way of using capitals and lowercase letters together.

Monks also invented letters. The Romans used I for both the long "ee" found in the English word "see" and the "y" sound in the English word "yacht". It is not as strange as you might think to use the same letter for both sounds because if you say "ee" then "ah", "oh" or "oo" you will find your "ee" turns into a "y" sound. The monks must have thought it would make their Latin easier to read if they had a special letter for the "y" sound so they added a tail to the letter I making J.

The Romans used the letter V for the sound "oo" in the English word "look" but they also used it for a sound that was like either th English "w" or the English "v". Nobody knows for sure. The monks invented the letter U by rounding the bottom of V and they invented the letter W by putting two V's together.

So what did Latin look like in Roman times? Here is how the name Julius Caesar would have been written: IVLIVS CÆSAR.

Romans wrote on paper made from papyrus, a sort of reed. The reeds were mashed into pulp then the pulp was shaped into long thin sheets and dried in the sun. Their ink was made from a mixture of soot, vinegar and a little gum. Roman books were long rolls of papyrus paper, called scrolls, that the Romans had to unroll as they read.

For jotting down notes Romans used little wooden tablets with a layer of wax on one side. They would scratch what they wanted into the wax using a sharp little stick. Later they would smooth the surface of the wax erasing what they had written.

How many people speak this language?
Nowadays nobody learns Latin as their mother tongue, as we call the first language people learn to speak when they are a small child. Latin is a "dead language". Nevertheless, many people learn some Latin at school or college and some young people even attend conventions where they can try talking to other people in Latin. (By the way, we get the word "convention" from the Latin "conventiculum", meaning "a little gathering".) Although it is possible for people who have learned Latin to speak it, it is considered an unusual thing to do, because in most Latin classes students do written work all the time, in contrast to what happens in classes where students are learning to speak modern languages.

People consider Latin difficult to learn because Latin words change their endings according to their role in the sentence, so there is a lot to memorise. In English the order that the words are in tells us the role of each word, but Latin is entirely different. In fact, you can put Latin words in almost any order you like, and people will grasp the meaning because of the endings on the words.

Latin and the language of the ancient Greeks are together known as "the classics" and some students take both at college. A scholar who makes Latin and Ancient Greek his or her special subjects of study is known as a "classicist".

Archeologists sometimes dig up things with Latin words on them that have been lying underground since ancient times and people who know Latin are needed to translate the writing.

Linguists are people who study languages. Some linguists learn to speak one or two foreign languages really well. Other linguists choose to study many languages, seeing in what ways they are similar and in what ways different, and trying to understand how they came to be the way they are. Such linguists need to know Latin as in nearly all modern European languages there are many words that have come from Latin words.

Lawyers have to learn some Latin phrases. For example, they are expected to know the saying "Audi alterem partem" which is a saying that reminds judges to hear both sides in any case before them. (Word for word the Latin words say "Hear the other side".)

Many Latin words and phrases are used in medicine and science. Scientists still use Latin, along with Greek, to name new discoveries such as new species of plants and animals.

Until recently it was the custom in Britain and other English-speaking countries to give Latin a pronunciation that was different from its pronunciation anywhere else. At school boys were taught that they should pronounce the letters A, E, I, O and U like their names as letters of the alphabet, and that they should pronounce AE like the "ee" in "free" and pronounce C as an "s". Then, about a hundred years ago, teachers changed over to teaching their pupils to pronounce Latin words the way scholars were insisting the Romans had done. There is a novel you might read called Goodbye, Mr Chips by James Hilton. It is about a Latin teacher, and he doesn't like the change!

Medical and scientific words are pronounced in the old fashioned way. So are the signs of the zodiac -- for example, Pisces,  the sign of the fish, is pronounced  "pie" (as in pie) then "sees". (The Romans would have said "peeskes".) If you take Latin at high school/secondary school then go on to study medicine you will become very aware of just how many medical words have come from Latin words. When you start your medical training you will have to remind yourself from time to time about how the medical words must be pronounced -- otherwise it will be as if you are a Roman girl or boy who has just arrived in a time capsule from two thousand years ago!

Where is this language spoken?

The official language of the Vatican City is Latin (though most of the time it is Italian that is spoken there). The Vatican City is situated in the middle of the city of Rome. Though it is small, it is actually an independent, or, as we say, "sovereign", country. The Catholic Church has its headquarters there and runs the little country. The Pope (who is the head of the Catholic Church) and his bishops use Latin to make important announcements. Catholic priests learn Latin as part of their training for the priesthood and sometimes, when priests who do not speak each other's native language meet, they use Latin to converse.

For centuries Latin has been has been kept alive by being used in the Catholic Church, but the way Latin is pronounced within the Church is not quite the way that we think the Romans pronounced it, at least not at the time of the Emperor Augustus. Latin as it was spoken in Augustus's Rome is now called "Classical Latin". In Church Latin some letters are pronounced as they are pronounced in Italian.

If you take a Latin course in school how you'll pronounce Latin words depends on your school. Most schools teach the classical pronunciation but if you go to a Catholic school you'll be taught the Catholic Church's pronunciation. Where ever you learn your Latin, if you sing Latin hymns in church you will have to use the Church pronunciation like the other singers -- or they won't be pleased!

What is the history of this language?
Two thousand years ago, Latin was spoken throughout the Roman Empire, which extended at its height from Portugal (which the Romans called Lusitania) to Iraq and from Britain (known as Britannia) to North Africa.

Historians think the people whose descendants were the Romans moved down into what is now Italy about 800 years B.C.E. ( B.C.E. means Before the Common Era. You may prefer to write B.C., which means Before Christ, as Jesus was born at the start of the Common Era.) These people settled in an area called Latium on the banks of the River Tiber. The name they later gave their language, Latin, comes from Latium.

To the north of Latium was Etruria where the Etruscans lived. Historians believe their language was very, very different from Latin because they were descendents of people who lived in a different part of the world from the ancestors of the Romans. Some Etruscan words became part of Latin. This always happens with languages. We talk about languages "borrowing" words from other languages. Latin also borrowed words from the Celtic peoples in the neighbourhood and from the colonies of seafaring Greeks to the south.

By the first century B.C.E. Rome had become powerful and rich. The people at the top of society were wealthy enough to build elegant houses, to have statues and other works of art made, to buy slaves who were good musicians, and to buy books. (All books were expensive as the only way to make them was to copy them out by hand.) Latin literature (that is, writings) flourished.

Later, looking back to this time, people took to calling it the "Golden Age" of Latin writings. They thought of this special time as lasting from around the middle of the first century B.C.E to around the middle of the first century C.E., about a hundred years. By calling this time "golden" people meant that what had been written during this time was very valuable. They called the next hundred years or so following the Golden Age the "Silver Age". By calling the time that followed the Golden Age "silver" they were saying that what was written then was almost, but not quite, as valuable, just as silver is not quite as valuable as gold.

Roman sculptors, musicians and poets learnt a lot from the Greeks. Rome had conquered Greece but Romans admired many things about Greece. Well-educated Romans spoke Greek. If you were a child in a wealthy family you might have your own Greek slave to teach you Greek.

Wealthy Roman parents also made sure their children spoke Latin in the way that was considered correct by upper-class people. Boys (but not girls) were sent to school to be taught the complicated grammar of Latin. Ordinary people, of course, spoke Latin in their own way, using local words and slang and making what was seen by some strict, disapproving folk as mistakes in grammar. In that way people acted just as people do today.

The Latin spoken by the well-to-do during the Golden Age and the Silver Age is called "Classical Latin". All languages change over time. Ask your grandparents, if you get the chance, about changes they have seen during their lifetime. By about 200 C.E. (200 years after the birth of Jesus --  C.E. means Common Era) Latin had changed so much that scholars do not think of the Latin of that time as Classical Latin. Latin went on and on changing as languages do. Some words stopped being used as people found new words and took to using them instead. Grammar changed. Differences in how Latin-speaking people spoke Latin in different parts of the Roman Empire became greater. In time people changed the way they pronounced their words; for example, in Italy people at some time started pronouncing the letters CI as "chee" instead of "kee".

The civil servants who ran the empire and the army officers went on using Latin for their paperwork, but historians think that in Rome and other cities in the Empire the people who were upper-class and well-educated had taken to speaking Greek among themselves. This they did because they thought highly of the Greek poets and thinkers whose books they read and wanted to be like them. Ordinary people spoke the new versions of Latin. Scholars call this Latin "Vulgar Latin", which sounds insulting to the people who spoke it but in fact by "Vulgar Latin" scholars just mean "the commonly-used Latin".

During the Golden Age and the Silver Age rich Romans had encouraged poets to write by buying copies of their Latin poems, but, when it became the fashion for well-educated Romans to ignore the Latin language, poets must have felt nobody would care to buy and read Latin verse. Almost all the Latin writings that have survived to our time are in Classical Latin. It is possible that some good poems were written in Vulgar Latin that have not survived. We can never know. We are lucky that over the centuries enough people have cared about the great Roman writers to make copies of what they wrote and to keep them safe.

Eventually a Roman emperor, Diocletian, decided the Roman Empire was too large for one man to rule and split it into a western half and an eastern half, with an emperor in each. In the east civil servants used Greek for their paperwork but in the west it was still Latin that civil servants used.

The western half of the Roman Empire was soon in trouble. Beyond its borders there had always lived people the Romans called "barbarians". These were people who had not been conquered and taught to live in the way that the Romans lived. The very word that the Romans used, "barbarian", referred to the fact that the outsiders had beards while the tradition was for Romans to be clean shaven. (The Latin word for "beard" is "barba".) A new barbarian tribe, the Huns, arrived in Europe. The Huns were so fierce they forced the other barbarian tribes over the border into the western half of the empire, which was no longer strong enough to cope. They overran its lands. In 410 C.E. barbarians were even able to break through the city of Rome's defences and kill and rob the people who lived there. That was the end of the Roman Empire in the west, but there was still the Church which kept Latin alive by using it in services and scripture.

Meanwhile the people living in the various parts of what had been the western half of the Roman Empire were using ways of speech that were less and less like each other's as they were joined by tribes of invaders, each with their own native language. Separate languages were starting to form. In time these became Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and French. We call these languages the "romance languages" because they have grown from the language of the Romans.

(You may think "romance languages" is a misleading name for these languages because most people, when they hear the word "romance", think of stories about  a handsome boy meeting a pretty girl and falling in love. Such tales are called "romances" because a few centuries later they became fashionable among courtly ladies and gentlemen in regions such as the south of France where the people still thought of themselves as speaking a language that was like the language of the Romans.)

Romanian is also a romance language. You might think that surprising if you look in an atlas and see that Romania is far to the east, to the north of Greece, while the other romance languages are spoken in western Europe. The Emperor Trajan conquered Dacia, as the Romans called the region that is now Romania. He followed the usual custom of making those local people who had fought against him slaves and taking them away from their homes, while giving their land to retired Roman soldiers to farm. Dacia was part of the empire for less than two hundred years, but so many Latin speakers moved there that Latin was still the language people spoke after the Roman Emperors ceased trying to hold onto the region. In time their way of speech became the modern language known as Romanian.

After the fall of the Roman Empire in the west, priests and monks and nuns were for centuries almost the only people who could read and write. The books they used were in Latin.

In time universities were founded. Students were taught in Latin and all scholars throughout western Europe wrote their books in Latin. It is only two hundred years or so ago that lecturers at universities stopped giving their lectures in Latin. Imagine how difficult you would have found it to learn your subject, perhaps philosophy or mathematics or law or medicine, while struggling with Latin. There was one good thing to be said for it though: scholars throughout most of Europe could understand each other. Scientists use German a bit like that nowadays. Many accounts of scientific experiments are written in German and some scientists learn German just so as to be able to read them.

Some famous people who spoke this language

 * Julius Caesar —  Julius Caesar was a famous military general who later wrote down accounts of all of his battles in his book Gallic Wars which he published for Romans to read.  Julius Caesar was trying to become more powerful than anyone else in Rome and probably hoped his book would impress people as to how he had added to Rome's wealth by conquering foreign peoples, bringing some of them as slaves to Rome. Fearing how ambitious he was, a group of Romans stabbed Julius Caesar to death. They failed in their attempt to prevent Rome from being ruled by one man -- seventeen years later the great nephew of Julius Ceasar, Octavianus, later known as Augustus or Caesar Augustus, made himself the first Roman Emperor.
 * Cicero -- Cicero was a lawyer and politician who became well known for his speeches. Roman boys were taught the skill of public speaking at school because it was considered so important by upper-class families. Cicero, who was a great believer in republican government, lived in the unsettled times when powerful men -- Julius Caesar and others -- were fighting amongst themselves. He made an enemy of one of them, Mark Anthony, and was put to death by soldiers when trying to escape from Italy.
 * Virgil —  Virgil was a poet and a friend of the Emperor Augustus. His name in Latin was Vergilius but English-speaking people almost always shorten it. Some people spell his name Vergil and some spell it Virgil. Virgil wrote the Aeneid, a long poem telling a legend of how a Trojan prince called Aeneas came to Italy and became an ancestor of the Roman people.  A long poem telling of great deeds is called an epic.
 * Livy —  Livy (Livius to the Romans) was an author who wrote a history of the city of Rome with the title From the Foundation of the City. He started with the legend of how the founder of Rome, Romulus, killed his brother Remus.  Livy is not a historian we can rely on to tell what actually happened. This is simply because he was writing long after the events and using stories handed down over generations without having a way of checking their truth.  His writing style has lots of complicated phrasing.
 * Catullus —  Catullus wrote poems to his friends and to his girlfriend, Clodia, and poems to comfort them when someone had died. He also wrote poems that abused people he was displeased with.  There is a story that he insulted Julius Caesar in a poem, but when he apologised Julius Caesar invited him to dinner.
 * Horace --  Horace (Horatius to the Romans) wrote lyrical poetry. Lyrical poetry is poetry which is very much about the poet's own feelings.
 * Ovid --  The Romans had many gods and goddesses and there were a lot of stories of a type we call "legends" about them.  Ovid (Ovidius to the Romans) wrote an epic poem with the title Metamorphoses, telling some of these stories. He displeased the Emperor Augustus, probably by writing something in a poem that the Emperor didn't like. The Emperor exiled him (that is, sent him away) for the rest of his life. He was sent to a place on the Black Sea, on the very edge of the Roman Empire.  At the bottom of this page you can read part of a poem he wrote about being sent away.
 * Pliny the Elder --  Pliny the Elder wrote about plants and animals. He had a house by the sea near Pompeii, and was there when the nearby volcano Mount Vesuvius erupted. He took out a boat to try to rescue some friends and died in his brave attempt.
 * Pliny the Younger --  Pliny the Younger was Pliny the Elder's nephew. As a very young man he was visiting his uncle when Mount Vesuvius erupted. Years later he described the eruption in a letter to his friend Tacitus.
 * Suetonius --  Suetonius was a historian who wrote a book now known as The Twelve Caesars, telling the life stories of Julius Ceasar and the first eleven Roman Emperors -- with a lot of gossip included!  (The first five emperors belonged to the same family and Caesar was the family name. Later emperors adopted the name almost like a sort of title.)
 * Tacitus --  Tacitus lived at about the same time as Suetonius and like him was a historian. Tacitus wrote with sympathy of the plight of the Germans and Britons who had been conquered by Rome.
 * Seneca the Elder --  Seneca the Elder wrote a book on how to make good speeches in public.
 * Seneca the Younger  --   Seneca the Younger was the son of Seneca the Elder. Seneca the Younger wrote on philosophy and was the young Emperor Nero's teacher. (Nero is notorious, that is, famous for doing bad things. Nero is said to have played music while a huge fire was destroying Rome  --  but that story may not be true!)
 * Saint Jerome --  Saint Jerome translated the Bible into Vulgar Latin. There was already a version of the Bible in older Latin, but he was doing a more up-to- date version. Saint Jerome's translation was used by Christians for hundreds of years and was known as The Vulgate.
 * J.R.R. Tolkien —  J.R.R. Tolkien was a famous English author in the 20th century. He was brought up a Catholic at a time when services in the Catholic Church were in Latin and as a result he had a great love of the language. He wrote The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit (though not in Latin).

What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?
Scholars believe that the Romans pronounced A as in "father", E as in "pen", I as "ee" in "free", O as in "job", U as "oo" in "too" and AE like the English word "eye". They think C was pronounced "k", G like the "g" in "girl" and QU as "kw". There were no silent letters. When there were two vowels together the Romans pronounced each one in turn: for example, TUUS was "too-oos" and MEUS was "me-oos". If there is an E on the end of a word it is always pronounced (that is, it is always said out loud).
 * Salve! or Salvete!  —  Hello! If you are saying hello to one person you say "Salve!"  If you are saying hello to more than one person you say "Salvete!"  In that way Latin and other languages are more complicated than English. You have to think about how many people you are talking to to get it right.
 * Bonum diem! --  Good day!
 * Bonam vesperam! --  Good evening!
 * Bonam noctem! --  Goodnight!
 * Vale! or Valete! —  Goodbye!  If you are saying goodbye to one person you say "Vale!"  If you are saying goodbye to  more than one person you say "Valete!"
 * Ut vales ? or Ut valetes? --   How are you?  If speaking to more than one person you say "Ut valetes?"
 * Bene valeo, gratias. Et tu? --   I'm fine, thanks. And you?  ( "Et vos?" to more than one person.)
 * Optime valeo --  I'm very well
 * Satis bene valeo --  I'm well enough
 * Non ita bene valeo --  I'm not keeping so well
 * Pessime valeo --  I'm really poorly
 * Gratias --  Thank you
 * Sis --  Please
 * non --  not
 * sed  --  but
 * ergo --  therefore
 * et --  and
 * Sum --  I am. The word for "I" in Latin is "ego" but you don't need to bother  much with words like "I" in Latin as Latin verbs (doing words) take different endings depending on whether it is "I ", "you", "he", "she", "we", or "they" who is doing whatever it is.  Spanish verbs are the same.
 * Sumus  --   we are
 * Sunt --  they are
 * Quod nomen tibi est ? --   What is your name? The Latin words actually say "What name is yours?"
 * Nomen mihi est ...  --   My name is [then enter your name - you might like to add -us at the end of your name if you're a boy, or -a if you're a girl, to sound like you're a Roman]  Here are examples:   "Nomen mihi est Paullus";  "Nomen mihi est Flavia". Remember in Latin you can put the words in any order you like. You can say "Mihi nomen Flavia est" or "Flavia est nomen mihi" or any other order.
 * Quod est nomen amicae tuae? --  What is your lady (or girl) friend's name? (For  asking this of more than one person say "Quod est nomen vestrae amicae?"
 * Quod est nomen eius?  --  What is his/her name?
 * Nomina eorum sunt ... --  Their names are ...
 * Amicus meus est --  He is my friend.  We get the words "amicable", which means friendly, from the Latin word "amicus".
 * Amica mea est --  She is my friend.   Lavinia amica mea est  --  Lavinia is my friend.
 * hic puer --  this boy
 * haec puella -- this girl
 * Quis? --  Who?    Quis est hic?  --  Who is this boy (or it could mean Who is this man)?   Quis est haec?  --  Who is this girl (or woman)?
 * Frater meus est --  It's my brother
 * Soror mea est  --  It's my sister
 * Quod hoc est? --  What is that?  "Est" means "is". "Quod" means "what".
 * Animal est --  It's an animal.
 * Ecce animal! --  Look at the animal!
 * leo --  lion
 * mus --  mouse
 * scorpio  --  scorpion
 * villa --  country house
 * purgamentum --  rubbish.   We got the English word "purge" from this Latin word.
 * via --  road
 * Quae ... sunt ...? -- What are ...?
 * Ubi habitas? --  Where do you live?  (If talking to more than one person you say "Ubi habitatis?")
 * Londinium habito --  I live in London
 * Unde venis?  --  Where do you come from. If speaking to more than one person you would say "Unde venistis?"
 * E Britannia venio --  I'm from Britain.   E Caledonia venio  --  I'm from Scotland
 * Quo vadis? --  Where are you going? (said to one person)   There is a famous film with that as a title.
 * scio --   I know (how to).  If someone asks you if you know how to do something you can answer "Scio!"
 * Scisne loqui Latine?  --  Can you speak Latin?   Ita, Latine loquor. --  Yes, I speak Latin.
 * paulum --  a little
 * mater mea --  my mother
 * pater meus  -- my father
 * pater noster --  our father.  If you are a Christian you may want to know that that is how the Lord's Prayer starts if you are praying in Latin.
 * Hodie dies meus est --  It's my birthday today.  In Latin you say "my day" for   "my birthday".
 * unus, duo, tres, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem  --   one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. You can see where we get September, October, November and December from.
 * Animal video  --   I see the animal or I see an animal. Latin doesn't have words for "a" or "the". Most of the time you can tell which is meant but if you want to make it clear use the Latin word for "one" for "a" and use the Latin for "this" or "that" or "these" or "those" for "the".
 * Carpe diem!  --   Seize the day! This is a well-known saying that means don't put off to tomorrow what you can do today.
 * Veni, vidi, vici  —   I came, I saw, I conquered.  This is something you can say if you manage to do something difficult in a short time.
 * Per ardua, ad astra —  Through hardship, to the stars. Per Ardua ad Astra is the motto of the British Royal Air Force. We get the words "arduous" and "astronomy" from these Latin words.
 * Exempli gratia ...   --    for example ...  In English today you shorten it to "e.g." or "e g". (Some people use dots when shortening, that is, abbreviating, words and other people choose not to.)  You write "e. g." before giving an example of whatever it is you are writing about.  The word for word meaning (what we call the "literal meaning") of "exempli gratia" is "for the sake of an example".
 * Id est ...  --    that is ...  In English today you shorten it to "i.e." or "i e".  You write it before going on to explain further what you mean.
 * Nota bene ...  --    Note well ...  In English today we shorten it to "N B" or "N. B." (Usually we use capitals for it so as to draw attention to it, and usually when we use it we start a new paragraph as what we are about to write is important enough to deserve a paragraph to itself.)
 * Et cetera  --    and the rest of the things.  In English today you write "etc" or "etc." (Even though "et cetera" is two words in Latin, when we shorten it to "etc" we don't ever leave a space between the "e" and the "tc".)   You use it to save yourself from writing out the whole of a list (but be sure the person who is going to read your list will be able to know what you have left out; for example, if a woman gives her husband a shopping list that says "Please get the milk, bread, etc" it is of no use unless he knows what other items she has in mind). We don't pronounce "et cetera" the way the Romans would have done because we pronounce the "c" like an "s".
 * Cave canem! —   Beware of the dog!  (To more than one person you say "Cavete canem".)   We get the word "canine" from the Latin word for "dog".
 * Vox populi —  The voice of the people. This means the opinion of the greatest number of the people in a country.  We get the words "voice" and "vocal" from "vox". We get the word "popular", meaning liked by people, from the Latin word for people.

What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?
The poet Ovid was banished from Rome in 8 AD by Augustus, Julius Caesar's great-nephew. This is the first 2 lines of the poem Tristia (meaning "Sorrows"), which Ovid wrote to express his sadness about his banishment.

In Latin:  Parue — nec inuideo — sine me, liber, ibis in urbem: ei mihi, quod domino non licet ire tuo!

In English:  You will go, my little book, without me to the city, but I don't envy you. Go on — go to the city forbidden to me — forbidden to your master.

This song by an unknown poet from the 16th Century was popular with students some time ago when all boys (that is all boys whose parents could afford to educate them) had to learn Latin at school:

In Latin:  Flevit lepus parvulus clamans altis vocibus: Quid feci hominibus, quod me sequuntur canibus? Neque in horto fui neque holus comedi.

In English:  Wept the little rabbit, shouting with high voice: What did I do to the humans, that they chase me with dogs? I was not in the garden, and I did not eat the vegetables

Wikijunior Sprachen/ Lateinisch Wikijunior lingue/Latino

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Latin


text:
User talk:205.188.116.201

Please stop vandilising the RuneScape articles. Richard 03:03, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:205.188.116.201


text:
TCAT Rider Guide

Tompkins Consolidated Area Transit, usually referred to as TCAT, is a network of bus services in Tompkins County, New York. The vast majority of TCAT service is based around the City of Ithaca, New York, and several routes serve Ithaca College, Cornell University, and Tompkins Courtland Community College (TC3).

Table of Contents

 * /Routes/
 * /Zones and Fares/

title: TCAT Rider Guide


text:
Talk:TCAT Rider Guide

Cleanup in under 5 minutes
At 03:22, 9 April 2006, Dwilliams274 put on a cleanup tag, but forgot the parameter:. Meanwhile, I diverted the red links to Wikipedia. I was doing a section edit, so there was no edit conflict. I see nothing else to cleanup, and Dwilliams274 never gave a reason, so I now remove the tag. --Kernigh 03:26, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Before I could remove the tag, Dwilliams274 changed it to. This looks like a good start to a textbook, so I removed the tag. Is there some reason why this is not a textbook? --Kernigh 03:57, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:TCAT Rider Guide


text:
User talk:Dwilliams274

TCAT Rider Guide
What are you doing? I wonder how you discovered the cleanup tag, but it takes a parameter:. You can check Template messages if you want to know which templates are available.

Its optional, but there is a Show preview button, and you can use that instead of "Save page" to check your work. Thanks, --Kernigh 03:28, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dwilliams274


text:
User talk:Randombanana

Show preview
Let me give you hint. I looked at the history of MapleStory/Stars, and noticed that you were repeatedly saving the page.

You can use the Show preview button to check your work without saving the page. (It is button to the right of the "Save page" button.) It is optional, but it is slightly faster; you get the edit box back on the next screen, instead of having to click "Edit this page" again. --Kernigh 03:35, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Randombanana


text:
Talk:Mac OS X Tiger/Installing Tiger

Repairing permissions has become one of those things that somehow gets recommended by the community as a great fix. It's really just something that helps to confuse users and make the whole process more complicated than it should be. It does have its uses, but is not a useful step at any point in the Mac OS X installation process.

For that matter, even if you recommend to do it once (just to make sure things run smoothly. It is a good time to schedule that sort of thing, you might say), you don't need to do it twice. Repair permissions checks the permissions of Apple-installed files to be sure they match what's on record. If this is done at the beginning, all the permissions on the drive will be correct. The installer will, by default, install the new files with correct permissions. Therefore, all the permissions are correct. Alternatively, say there are some incorrect permission and you don't repair before the install. After the installation, all the new files will be correct. Repair permission then checks the files against its database and repairs the ones left behind that are still incorrect (these files, by the way, even if they're of incorrect permissions, are not going to interfere with the success of the installation). All permissions are now correct. This is true either way after one install.

But that makes a short story long. The basic idea is, repair permissions does not need to be included in a guide to installing OS X, but if you insist on including it, at least don't have it twice.

 * The installation works as root, which means permissions are meaningless. That means, repairing permissions BEFORE reinstalling Tiger is a complete waste of time, it can't possibly have any effect. - (Tobberoth 09:10, 6 April 2007 (UTC))

title: Talk:Mac OS X Tiger/Installing Tiger


text:
User talk:2~enwikibooks

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called 2. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name 2~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:54, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:27, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:2~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:60.231.107.81

--Xerol Oplan 10:04, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:60.231.107.81


text:
Water Resources Directory/People/Sandbox

Mehdi Mirzaee

<< Water Resources Directory

Background
Water Resources Engineering

Water Resources Policy and Management

Hydraulic Engineering

Education
B.Sc. in Civil Engineering - Hydraulic Eng., Khajeh Nasir Al Din Toosi University of Technology, 1989-1994 M.Sc. in Civil Engineering - Hydraulic Eng., Amir Kabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic),Tehran, 1994-1996

Ph.D. in Hydrology and Water Resources Eng., Azad Islamic University (Science and Technology Branch),Tehran, 2000-2006 Certificate in Web-Based Collaborative Engineering in Hydro-science(4 ECTS Credits), IAHR, summer 2003 Certificate in Spatial Decision Support Systems and Multi-Criteria Evaluation Techniques, ITC, the Netherlands, April 2004

Associations
Associated Member of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Member of Institute of Water Resources and Environment (ASCE)

Member of Hydraulic Structures and Physical Modelling Committee of Iranian Hydraulic Society 1994-Now

Member of Iranian Committee on Large Dams (IRCOLD), Hydraulic Committee, 1998-Now

Current projects
Tigris and Euphrates Modeling

Water Policy and Management Research

Past projects
Urban Storm water collection networks

Integrated Flood Management and Early Warning in Gorganrood River Basin, as Project Manager

Integrated Flood Management and Early Warning in Karkheh River Basin, as Project Manager

Integrated Water Resources Management in Sirvan Basin. A Transboundary Water Resource Managemaent.

Integrated Water Resources Management in Urmia Lake Basin. An interior Basin with Environmental, Agricultutral and Potable Water conflicts.

•	Water Research Institute, Faculty of Water Resources Department, Director of “Integrated Water Resources Management of Lake Urmia Basin” project. 2002-2004. The Lake Urmia is one the national park in Iran and there are 7 Ramsar site around it. In this basin agricultural activity and population growing affected to ecological conditions of those Ramsar site and an IWRM approach was applied for solving this problem.

•	Water Research Institute, Head, Developing and Planning Office, 2002-2004

•	Sazian Consulting Engineers, Water Resources Engineer, Supervisor of Urban Hydrology and Hydraulics Department, 1999-2003. Work on Urban Storm Runoff in district No.1 and 17 of Tehran Municipality

•	Sad Azma Tiva Consulting Engineers, Head of Directorate and Water Resources Engineering Department, 2003-2005. Optimizing Kohrang hydropower dam

•	Former Islamic Republic of Iran Plan and Budget Organization (Management and Planning Organization, MPO), Water Resources Expert projects 1998-2002. I Worked on Water Resources Development projects in Khuzestan and Zanjan

•	Azad Islamic University, Tehran Central Campus, Faculty, 1998-Now

•	Ghodss Niroo Consulting Engineers (affiliated to Ministry of Energy), Hydraulic Engineer, Hydraulic Design of Dams and related structures and Irrigation Networks 1994-1996

•	Water Research Center (Affiliated to Ministry of Energy) Engineer and Researcher, Building, Testing and Analyzing Physical Modeling, 1992-1994

•	Head of Scientific staff of Third Civil Engineering Student Conferences, 1995

•	Editor-in-Chief of "ABANGAN" magazine (Water Resources Engineering Student’s Magazine of Khajeh Nasir Al Din Toosi University of Technology), 1992-1993. Now, I am member of scientific staff.

•	Member of Scientific staff of the Second Iranian Hydraulic Conference, 1999


text:
User talk:83.104.237.37

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Could you integrate your work with our Doom book? I think it would be just adding links from the table of contents and removing Wikipedia-specific templates. --Derbeth talk 11:02, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:83.104.237.37


text:
Cookbook:Swedish Meatballs II

Meatballs

 * ¾ lb ground beef
 * ½ lb ground veal
 * ¼ lb ground pork
 * 1½ cups bread crumbs
 * ¼ cup milk
 * ½ cup chopped onion
 * 2 tbsp butter
 * 1 cup half-and-half
 * ¼ cup parsley
 * 1 tsp salt
 * ¼ cup ginger
 * Black pepper

Gravy

 * 1 tbsp flour
 * ¾ cup half-and-half
 * 2 tbsp butter
 * 1 tsp instant coffee (can be omitted or sliced mushrooms can be used instead)

Meatballs

 * 1) Combine the ground beef, veal, and pork.
 * 2) Soak breadcrumbs in milk.
 * 3) Cook onion in butter until tender.
 * 4) Combine meat, soaked bread crumbs, cooked onion, half-and-half, parsley, salt, ginger, and pepper.
 * 5) Shape the mixture into meatballs, about 1 inch in diameter.
 * 6) Very lightly brown the meatballs in a pan over medium heat. Remove meatballs from the pan, and reserve.

Gravy

 * 1) After lightly browning meatballs, stir the flour into the meatball drippings in the pan, then add the half-and-half, butter, and coffee. Heat and stir until thickened.
 * 2) Either add meatballs and gravy to a slow cooker and simmer until ready to eat, or add meatballs to sauce in pan and simmer for 10 minutes.
 * 3) Serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Swedish Meatballs II


text:
Talk:D Programming

Book name
This book should probably be renamed from "Programming:D" to "D Programming", as per Staff_lounge. (Note that there's a bot to do the work.)

-- Kwi | Talk 12:42, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I absolutely agree with you. The more appropriate name for this book would be "D Programming".
 * -- Markus

I have renamed the book, replacing "Programming:D" with "D Programming" in all page names.

Additionally, I've taken the liberty to rename the following pages in accordance with what seems to be the accepted style (compare, for instance, C Programming). See the section below.

 * Programming:D/Documentation Comments -> D Programming/Documentation comments (Avoiding title case for chapters, except when the chapter title actually refers to the title of e.g. a product.)
 * Programming:D/GNU D Compiler (GDC) -> D Programming/GNU D Compiler (Dropping the "(GDC)" bit from the chapter title.)
 * Programming:D/Digitalmars D (DMD) -> D Programming/Digital Mars D compiler (Dropping the "(DMD)" bit from the chapter title, and changing "Digitalmars" to the proper "Digital Mars".)
 * Programming:D/Phobos/std.stdio -> D Programming/std.stdio (Flattening the structure; see "Style" below.)
 * Programming:D/DFL -> D Programming/D Forms Library
 * Programming:D/GC -> D Programming/Garbage collector (Expanding abbreviations. D Programming/DWT remains abbreviated though... wasn't sure about that.)

RTAI was left alone, as it seems to be a book-in-the-book, except for:
 * Programming:D/RTAI/Accessing PCI Hardware -> D Programming/RTAI/Accessing PCI hardware (Dropping title case, again.)

--Kwi | Talk 11:40, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Style
In the interest of settling on one style before the book (hopefully) grows large, I propose the following guidelines:

 * No title-case in page titles and headlines, except when the title actually refers to the title of e.g. a product.
 * So, "GNU D Compiler", as that's the name of the product, but "Digital Mars D compiler" with lowercase "compiler", as the word is merely a descriptor. ("Digital Mars" is, of course, a name, as is "D".)

 * In page titles: Expand all, or most, abbreviations. (Rather vague, I know.)
 * So, "Garbage collector", not "GC". It seems to me that grey areas include, for instance, "DWT"... use the abbreviation, or spell it out?

 * Avoid subpages (aka "use flat structure").
 * The "D Programming/" part is mandated by Wikibooks, but we should avoid creating sub-sub-pages for structuring. (On the other hand, a page called "D Programming/TCP/IP with D" would be OK.)
 * I refer to w:Wikipedia:Subpages, "Do not use subpages for permanent content that is meant to be part of the encyclopedia.", or Case against subpages.
 * Though there is, of course, a huge difference between Wikibooks and Wikipedia, and not all WP arguments hold here, there's the "Subpage titles are ugly" if nothing else. :-)

 * Generally, have Wikipedia's Manual of Style apply, where it make sense for a wikibook.

--Kwi | Talk 11:40, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Revamp
I don't mean this offensively, but this book is completely ridiculous. It's no way to learn D unless you're a compiler. It needs to be completely erased and restarted from scratch, starting with a good, logical TOC. I don't really want to just delete this book outright, so I may start another one (does wikibooks let you do that? Have two books on one topic?). Or, I may get lazy :)
 * No offense taken. This book is more of a 'Reference Manual' rather than a 'How To Program in ...' style of book. I can't see that another book on D, from the perspective of teaching how to use the language, is a bad idea. Derek Parnell 02:37, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * For what little my opinion is worth here, I think that creating a second book on D is a bad idea: We can't even fill the first book with information! Instead, I think a better idea would be to fix what is already here: Add new chapters to this book if you need, or include better information in the chapters that already exist. Starting a new book is a big project, and isn't something that people should attempt without a very very good reason for doing it. If you create a second book on the same subject, they will probably just get merged together in the future anyway, so I would save the effort. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 02:52, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Whiteknight and I don't understand why a reference manual is needed. What would be the difference to Walter Bright's D manual (except for some things missing there, e.g. the full D ABI)? The TOC looks already very similar to Walter's manual. I would propose to generate a guide for beginners in computer programming instead. I have made a few initial changes on D_Programming/Types which you can think about or throw away. --Mbutscher 19:05, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * In my infinite lack of wisdom, I have started another book. A Beginner's Guide to D. --GregorR 20:53, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, guys. This book looks like a reference to the D programming language and it is very similar to the Walter Bright's D manual. I think that this book should be rewritten. Then you      should decide whether this book must be intended for beginners or intermediate D programming users. As i see, "A Beginner's Guide to D" by GregorR will be a good book for beginners. Therefore you could create a book for intermediate level or a complete d programming book combining begining, intermediate, and advanced levels. What do you think? --MarkusD 5:35, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I recommend to create a book for all from beginners to advanced users with most weight to beginners because the well seasoned programmers who want to learn D will probably be happy with Walter's manual (plus maybe some D specific tricks and idioms not described there). I recommend also to decide to work on one book, either this or Gregor's. Splitting our energy here doesn't make sense --Mbutscher 19:43, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think we should have to even create multiple books for "beginners" or "advanced programmers". Wiki isn't paper, and we can make a single "book" with multiple sections for different audiences. We can have a "beginners" section with basic chapters, we can have an "advanced" section for seasoned programmers, and we can have a "reference" section, all in the same book! --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 21:08, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That's a great idea, Whiteknight. I absolutely agree with you. --MarkusD 5:04, 10 September 2006 (UTC).

title: Talk:D Programming


text:
User:Kwi

Please see w:User:Kwi and/or w:User talk:Kwi on Wikipedia. -- Kwi | Talk 12:46, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Kwi


text:
User talk:Kwi

Please see w:User:Kwi and/or w:User talk:Kwi on Wikipedia. -- Kwi | Talk 12:47, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kwi


text:
User:Baazigar~enwikibooks

'''Well i am the Baazigar, the user of wikibooks & related projects by wikimedia. I am a student of computer sciences and living in Pakistan. Love to learn about the religions of world and realted sciences. Hope have great articles over here. Thanks''' --202.147.176.70 12:49, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Baazigar~enwikibooks


text:
SanDisk Sansa MP3 Players/e200

This is a good place for adding tips, tricks, bugs and experiences which would help other owners of players in the Sandisk Sansa e200 series, which consists of:
 * Sansa e250 - 2 gig
 * Sansa e260 - 4 gig
 * Sansa e270 - 6 gig
 * Sansa e280 - 8 gig

SanDisk was the first manufacturer to release an 8 gig flash mp3 player. Sandisk released the e280 model on August 21, 2006.

In addition, you can add microSD cards, and the battery is user exchangeable.

Blue Wheel on, Screen off
If your blue wheel is on, and the screen does not "power on" then hold down the menu button on the front bottom left of the player for about 30 seconds. After 15 the blue wheel will power off, but keep the button pressed down. This allows for a reboot.

Recovery Mode
I was having a problem with my player and after a little back and forth they showed me a back door to recover the system:

If your Player wants you to start in recovery mode

1. Activate the "HOLD" function   2. Press "Rec" and hold, while ath the same time pressing "ON/OFF" button and hold.

After some seconds of pressing there appears a screen reading: Recovery mode: Connect cable Now connect to your PC. A folder 16mbFORMAT will appear under 'My Computer'. Call SanDisk technical support for the most up to date firmware files. 1-866-SanDisk

Note: The firmware is available online via links in their forum at http://forums.sandisk.com/sansa/

There are currently 2 version of the e200s, make sure you get the proper firmware for your version.

Copy the .MI4 file from the zip to the 16mbFORMAT folder.

The one thing not mentioned is to format the device completely, create a new directory called "sansa.fmt" in the 16mbFORMAT folder. Then, unplug the USB cable from your computer. Powering down will not reformat.

Playback in Correct Order
Filenames don't matter in playback. ONLY proper ID3/MP3 tags do. Your files may appear incorrectly because of this. Use one of the utilities listed below to correctly format the ID3/MP3 tags.

There are bugs where albums don't always play in the correct order. The first thing you should is download the latest firmware version from Sansa using their firmware updater program available on the site. The latest version should solve this quite easily.

If all else fails, then edit ID3 tags so that the track numbers contain a leading zero. MP3Tag (freeware) and ID3 Tag Editor (freeware) work well for this.

Change Video Quality
If you want to change the quality of the converted videos (results in smaller size), go to the folder Programs Files → Sandisk → Sansa Media Converter → Profiles, then open the arp file (SanDisk_E200_MSC.apr) in WordPad or Notepad, go to the optimize section and you can change the quality via video quality. I changed mine from 70 to 30 and it keeps the file about the same size, also you can change the converter from capping it off at 10 minutes, go to split time and change it from 600 (goes by seconds so 600 is 10 minutes) to something like 20,000 and that should do it.

Alternative charging methods
Sandisk only provides a USB cable for charging the battery. But if you've got a powered USB hub, it's reported to charge the player. Devices that also send power to its USB but not data (for example, the Xbox 360 and the Playstations 2 and 3, when not employing eyeToy extensions) will charge but not use the 'Connected' dialog. Also any wall adapter to USB (i.e. iPod charger) or any after market adaptations work well too. The Made for Sansa product line sells a SanDisk certified model of this
 * Note: You can't listen to/play media while the Sansa is plugged into the USB hub on computers. You can, however, on some other chargers.  There are several after market products, such as wall and car chargers, that will.

Play folders and create playlists
Per default, the e200 series does not provide a feature to simply play a single folder of the player's directory structure. This can be useful if the soundfiles do not have correct ID3 tags or a large number of Files is stored on the player. However, there is a free playlist creator which creates playlists for each folder on the sansa player with one click. it is written in .NET and does not alter the music files (http://www.infosys.tuwien.ac.at/staff/cp/playlist_creator.zip).

Driver for Windows 98
Sandisk does not support Windows 98 for the e200 series of players, so they will not make a driver available. The e100 series driver does not work.

There is an independent driver for m200 series in MSC mode http://www.98-drivers.com/sandisk.html There is also a free generic USB mass storage driver here: http://www.technical-assistance.co.uk/kb/usbmsd98.php

Fill Device Automatically in Windows Media Player + Create instant playlists for transfer
Peter Gabriel's latest digital venture 'The Filter' have recently released a Windows Media Player and Sansa. This software makes updating your Sansa a very simple process - all you need to do is select a song that you like and a playlist will be instantly generated. This playlist will automatically updated with new songs when you reconnect your device. It is a free download. (http://www.thefilter.com/download.aspx?platform=Windows).

Linux Tips
The Sansa E series players (and the Sansa Express) work well under Linux. There are some "gotchas", however:

 * Mode The Sansa's operate in "MSC" mode under Linux. This is not the default mode for the player. You must change the USB mode, the last menu item under the "Settings->USB" menu, to MSC.
 * Sync After writing files to the Sansa, you should issue a manual "sync" command, then unmount the device.
 * Important The database which stores all of the track info does not automatically update when the USB storage device is ejected. After adding music to your Sansa you must delete the database directory. When you restart your player the database will be recreated properly.
 * Playlist creation You can upload custom playlist into PLAYLISTS folder in the device. Playlist is in PLP format with .pla suffix, UTF-16LE encoded. Here is very simple Linux shell script, converting M3U to PLA. Also, see (referenced by parent links below) Linux Playlist utils.
 * More to come...

Themes
The firmware inside the e200 series can be modified with H3 Mod to customize menu and user interface of the Sansa. Also called "Themeing", these Photoshop artistes create vivid and interesting themes, see Other Links.

Bugs
Song tags in MSC mode

If you update the tags on your songs and then transfer the files to the player, the database still shows the old tags. Removing the songs, refreshing the database and then reuploading the songs works. You can also remove the database file System\Data\Pp5000.dat. But some songs still have screwy tags on the E270, even after MediaMonkey shows correct tags on the computer. And some songs won't show the correct genre, no matter what you do. The genre will show as unknown. To fix that, remove the ID3v1 tags and use ID3v2.3 tags (not 2.4). Linux users may find that the Sansa can't read tags written by their computer, even ID3v2.3 tags. The tagging program eyed3 has been known to write Sansa-friendly tags in Linux when converting v1 tags to v2.3.

Deleting database deletes list of Top Rated Songs

This isn't really a bug, just something to keep in mind. When you rate a song, the song file isn't changed, only the database on the player pertaining to that song. So when you delete the database (needed sometimes), you also lose all rating of songs.

System noise between tracks

Some owners report a system noise between tracks. The noise is the same audio level, independently of the volume setting, so usually only heard during gaps in the playback or at low volume levels. The system noise is supposedly less noticeable with newer firmwares. Some owners say it's still the same even after upgrade. Some say certain earbuds are more susceptible (low impedance, high sensitivity) to the noise than others.

MCDI header hides genre

Problem: when an MCDI header (Music CD identifier) is included in the ID3v2 tag, the software fails to read the track's genre information. Solution: remove the MCDI header (for example using ID3-TagIT). Note: make sure you refresh the tag database.

Reviews

 * cnet Sansa e270 review
 * I4U News review
 * Anything But Ipod e200 series review
 * dapreview.net SanDisk Sansa e260 Review
 * The Sansa.com review of the Sansa e200

title: SanDisk Sansa MP3 Players/e200


text:
User talk:67.40.192.78

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! Boneheadmx 01:47, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.40.192.78


text:
Brewing/References

This page collects together links to some good-quality brewing reference materials such as books, websites, and videos.

Other Wikibooks

 * Wine

Other Wikimedia projects
Wikipedia:

 * Homebrewing
 * Charlie Papazian
 * Zymurgy

Books and websites

 * How To Brew by John Palmer

title: Brewing/References


text:
Hebrew/Archive/Family

This is the beginning lesson on family related vocabulary. The prerequisite lessons are the Hebrew Aleph-Bet and Greetings. Another lesson with more advanced family vocabulary is at Hebrew/Family2.

Nouns

 * אֵם : mother (f) (singular)
 * אִמָהו֗ת : mothers (f) (plural)
 * אִמָּא : mommy (f) (singular)
 * אָב : father (m) (singular)
 * אָבו֗ת : fathers (m) (plural) (Note: The ending, ו֗ת, is usually feminine-plural, but this is an exception. (It is feminine plural because in the sight of God we are considered His Bride; i.e. Israel is espoused to God)
 * אַבָּא : daddy (m) (singular)

 * בַּת : daughter (f) (singular)
 * בָּנו֗ת : daughters (f) (plural)
 * בֵּן : son (m) (singular)
 * בָּנִים : sons (m) (plural)

-- love (feminine) ahava

husband, wife

Verbs

 * אהב : love (root)

Adjectives

 * או֗הֵב : loving

Sentences

 * הוּא אָב : He is a father.
 * שָׁלוֹם אֵם : Hello, Mother.

Exercises
Translate into Hebrew:

He is my father. She is my mother. (Add "ee" at the end to say "my." Example: Hoo avee. (He is my father.)

Related Lessons

 * Hebrew/Family2
 * Hebrew/People

/Archive

title: Hebrew/Archive/Family


text:
Hebrew/Miscellaneous Vocabulary

This page has miscellaneous vocabulary words for incorporation into lessons at a later date.

 * -- Hebrew, ivreet

 * שֵׁשׁ : six, shesh
 * שִׁירָה : poetry; singing (song is שִׁיר in everyday Hebrew)
 * תֵּבֵל : world (an old world; used in bible)
 * גָּדוֹל : big, great
 * יוֹם : day, yom (think of yom kippur)
 * יָמִים : days, yamim
 * טוֹב : good, tov
 * רַע : bad, evil, raá
 * שלום : shalom, literally: peace. used as "hello" or "welcome"
 * מַאֲזִין : (I) listen
 * טלוויזיה : TV
 * צָהָרָיִם : afternoon
 * שמִי : My name is shmi
 * מָה שִמךָ : What is your name? ma shimcha
 * שֵם : name, shem

-- policeman sho-tayr

Requests
Enter words you would like added below: for various lessons

Food and Eating
For the lessons on Hebrew/Food

-- eat, root -- to eat transliteration le-'e-khol -- he eats transliteration hu o-khel -- I (feminine) eat transliteration a-ni o-khe-let -- we (masculine/mixed) ate transliteration a-khal-nu -- drink transliteration shte

-- candy transliteration mam-tak

For other lessons

Computers and the Web
-- computer transliteration -- home page or main page (?) transliteration 'amud rashi -- link transliteration -- recent changes transliteration -- help transliteration 'ez-ra -- search transliteration hi-pus

Miscellaneous
- lesson shi-‘ur - happy sa-me-aḥ - sad 'a-tsuv - tired 'a-yef - angry ko-‘es - small ka-tan - people a-na-shim - stop a-tzor - write ke-tov/ktov - read ke-ra/kra - listen hak-shev - talk da-ber - vocabulary transliteration - vocabulary transliteration

title: Hebrew/Miscellaneous Vocabulary


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/Quick Windows installation

Currently (04/05/06) MySQL 5.1 does not come with the installer (Beta Version). Here are instructions to help you with the installation. Details information can be found in the online manual. If you follow these recommendations correctly, you should need to get rid of any previous MySQL running in your System.

1. Extract the archive to the desired install directory. Traditionally, the MySQL server is installed in C:\mysql. If you do not install MySQL at C:\mysql, you must specify the path to the install directory in an option file.

2. An option file can be created and modified with any text editor (Wordpad..). For example, if MySQL is installed in C:\someDirectory\mysql and the data directory is in C:\mydata\data, you can create an option file containing a [mysqld] section to specify values for the basedir and datadir parameters:

[mysqld] basedir=C:/someDirectory/mysql datadir=C:/someDirectory/mysql/data
 * 1) set basedir to your installation path
 * 1) set datadir to the location of your data directory

I used the option file found in a previous version of MySQL and just modified it for this version's directory.

3. To start the server, enter this command:

C:\> "C:\someDirectory\MySQL\bin\mysqld" --console

When the server finishes its startup sequence, you should see something like this, which indicates that the server is ready to service client connections:

mysqld: ready for connections Version: '5.1.7-beta' socket: ''  port: 3306

The server continues to write to the console any further diagnostic output it produces. You can open a new console window in which to run client programs.

The MySQL server can be started manually from the command line. This can be done on any version of Windows.

To start using MySQL 5.1, you should start a console window and enter this command:

C:\> MySQL -u root

You can stop the MySQL server by executing this command:

C:\> "C:\someDirectory\MySQL\bin\mysqladmin" -u root shutdown

Note: If the MySQL root user account has a password, you need to invoke mysqladmin with the -p option and supply the password when prompted. If you are running another version on MySQL, dont forget to stop the Service.

To Start MySQL as a Windows Service more information can be found in the MySQL 5.1 Manual.


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/Database and XML/Exercises

Using MySQL 5.1, create a “Movies” table, execute a query that would retrieve a specific movie title and another that would update a movie length.

For Windows user, refer to the quick installation link; other Operating System user can use the available manual instructions


text: XML - Managing Data Exchange/Database and XML/Answers