text:
Corset/Bibliography/Old French

../French/

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B
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title: Corset/Bibliography/Old French


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Ordinary Differential Equations/First Order Linear 1

First Order Differential Equations

What is a linear first order equation?
A linear first order equation is an equation in the form

 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}+P(x)y=Q(x)$$.

The simpliest case of which is shown below in Example 1 where $$P(x)$$ and $$Q(x)$$ are not functions but simple constants. Linear first order equations are important because they show up frequently in nature and physics, and can be solved by a fairly straight forward method.

We first begin by motivating the method. First recall that the product rule states that $$[f(x)\cdot g(x)]'=f'(x)g(x)+f(x)g'(x)$$. The key observation is that the left hand side of the first order ODE appears to be fairly similar to the product rule. There is one term with a derivative of $$y$$, and there is one term without a derivative of $$y$$.

Let's compare the left hand side

 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}+P(x)y$$

to the product rule applied to the product involving $$y$$. Notice that $$\frac{d}{dx}$$ is equal to the prime $$'$$  operator.

 * $$\frac{d}{dx}\Big[\mu(x)y(x)\Big]=\mu(x)\frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{d\mu}{dx}y(x)$$.

The first fact we notice is that on the left hand side of our first order ODE there is no $$\mu(x)$$ in front of the term $$\frac{dy}{dx}$$. We can try to correct that by multiplying through by $$\mu(x)$$. Then the ODE would become:

 * $$\mu(x)\frac{dy}{dx}+\mu(x)P(x)y=\mu(x)Q(x).$$

But now this would only look like the product rule if $$\frac{d\mu}{dx}=\mu(x)P(x)$$ and hence $$\mu(x)\frac{dy}{dx}+y(x)\frac{d\mu}{dx} = \mu(x)Q(x)$$, which we do not know by now. But this simple equation can easily be solved, as it is a separable equation. Dividing both sides of it by $$\mu(x)$$ and integrating we get:
 * $$\int\frac{1}{\mu(x)}\frac{d\mu}{dx}\,dx = \int P(x)\,dx$$

Integrating by substitution the integral on the left hand side is simply $$\ln |\mu(x)|$$. Thus pulling over the natural logarithm to the right, we have:

 * $$\mu(x)=e^{\int P(x)\,dx}.$$

This is very important and is called the 'integrating factor'. So our original ODE can be rewritten as
 * $$e^{\int P(x)\,dx}\frac{dy}{dx}+P(x)e^{\int P(x)\,dx }y=e^{\int P(x)\,dx}Q(x)$$

But now the whole point of introducing $$\mu(x)$$ was we were trying to turn the left hand side of this ODE into $$[\mu(x)y]'$$ for easily integrating it, which is exactly what we have done. Thus

 * $$[e^{\int P(x)\,dx}y]'=e^{\int P(x)\,dx}Q(x).$$

So we may integrate both sides and then solve for y to get

 * $$e^{\int P(x)\,dx}y=\int e^{\int P(x)\,dx}Q(x)\,dx.$$
 * $$y=e^{-\int P(x)\,dx}\int e^{\int P(x)\,dx}Q(x)\,dx.$$

Below we provide another derivation of this formula.

Example 1: P and Q are Constant

 * Let's say we have the equation

 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}= my + n$$

 * where n and m are constants. Solve this for y.

 * Step 1: Find the integrating factor, $$e^{\int P(x)dx}$$,
 * with P(x) = m and the integration of a constant being

 * $$\int mdx=mx+C$$

 * yielding

 * $$e^{\int P(x)dx}=e^{mx}e^c=Ce^{mx}$$

 * $$e^c$$ is collapsing into C. Letting C=1, we get emx.

 * Step 2: Multiply through by the integrating factor just found.

 * $$e^{mx}\frac{dy}{dx}+e^{mx}my=ne^{mx} \,$$

 * Step 3: Recognize that the left hand side is $$\frac{d}{dx} \Big[e^{\int P(x)dx}y\Big]$$,
 * that is subject to the product rule, giving us.

 * $$\frac{d}{dx} \Big[e^{mx}y\Big]=ne^{mx}$$

 * Step 4: Integrate both sides with respect to x,
 * with the left hand side now easily integrated.

 * $$\int (\frac{d}{dx} e^{mx}y)dx=\int ne^{mx}dx$$

 * $$e^{mx}y=\frac{n}{m}e^{mx}+C$$

 * Step 5: And finally solve for y

 * $$y=\frac{n}{m}+Ce^{-mx}$$

Example 2: P and Q are x

 * Take the equation

 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}+xy=x$$

 * Solve for y.

 * Step 1: Find $$e^{\int P(x)dx}$$, P(x) = x and the integral of x being

 * $$\int x=\frac{1}{2}x^2+C$$

 * yielding

 * $$e^{\int P(x)dx}=Ce^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}$$

 * Letting C=1, we get $$e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}$$

 * Step 2: Multiply through

 * $$e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}\frac{dy}{dx}+e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}xy=e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}x$$

 * Step 3: Recognize that the left hand is $$\frac{d}{dx} e^{\int P(x)dx}y$$, giving

 * $$\frac{d}{dx} e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}y=e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}x$$

 * Step 4: Integrate

 * $$\int (\frac{d}{dx} e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}y)dx=\int xe^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}dx$$

 * $$e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}y=e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}+C$$

 * Step 5: Solve for y

 * $$y=1+\frac{C}{e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}}$$

Example 3: P and Q are Unrelated

 * Take the equation

 * $$\frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{1}{x}y=x$$

 * Solve for y.

Before we begin we notice that for the function y, we are not guaranteed a solution for all x because the coefficient is discontinuous at 0. So either we can find a solution in $$x\in (0,\infty)$$ or for $$x\in(-\infty,0)$$. For the purposes of this solution we shall assume $$x\in (0,\infty)$$.

 * Step 1: Find $$e^{\int P(x)dx}$$, $$P(x) = 1/x$$,
 * and the integration of 1/x being

 * $$\int \frac{1}{x}\,dx=\ln(x)+C$$

 * yielding

 * $$e^{\int P(x)dx}=Ce^{\ln(x)}=Cx$$

 * Letting C=1, we get x.

 * Step 2: Multiply through

 * $$x\frac{dy}{dx}+y=x^2$$

 * Step 3: Recognize that the left hand is $$\frac{d}{dx} e^{\int P(x)dx}y$$

 * $$\frac{d}{dx} [xy]=x^2$$

 * Step 4: Integrate both sides w.r.t.x.

 * $$\int \frac{d}{dx} [xy]\,dx=\int x^2dx$$

 * $$xy=\frac{1}{3}x^3+C$$

 * Step 5: Solve for y

 * $$y=\frac{1}{3}x^2+\frac{C}{x}$$

An alternative derivation
There is a strategy for solving inhomogeneous equations called variation of parameters that proceeds as follows. First find the general solution to the homogeneous equations. Guess that the solutions of the inhomogeneous equations can be written in the same way as for the solutions of the homogeneous equations, except where the unknown constants are replaced by unknown functions. Then you plug a solution of this form back in to the equation to see if you can find what the unknown function is.

This method works well in case of first order linear equations and gives us an alternative derivation of our formula for the solution which we present below.

 * 1) First, set Q(x) equal to 0 so that you end up with a homogeneous linear equation (the usage of this term is to be distinguished from the usage of "homogeneous" in the previous sections). $$\frac{dy}{dx}+P(x)y=0$$
 * 2) This equation is separable, so separate it: $$\frac{dy}{y}+P(x)dx=0$$
 * 3) Solve the equation to obtain the solution $$y=Ce^{-\int P(x) dx}$$
 * 4) Now let C be replaced by a variable function of x, and denote it g(x). $$y=g(x)e^{-\int P(x) dx}$$
 * 5) Substitute the previous equation into the differential equation to get $$g'(x)e^{-\int P(x) dx}=Q(x)$$
 * 6) Now solve for g(x) to get $$g(x)=C+\int Q(x)e^{\int P(x) dx}dx$$

 * 1) Now obtain the general solution by plugging in this expression in g(x): $$y=g(x)e^{-\int P(x) dx}=Ce^{-\int P(x) dx}+e^{-\int P(x) dx}\int Q(x)e^{\int P(x) dx}dx$$

Making Linear Equations from Non-Linear Equations
Sometimes a non-linear equation, which is not solvable like this, can be made linear, and more easily solvable, by applying a substitution.

Example

 * $$y\frac{dy}{dx}+xy^2=5x$$

 * Let's make the following substitution:

 * $$v=y^2 \,$$

 * $$\frac{dv}{dx}=2y\frac{dy}{dx}$$

 * Plugging in, we get

 * $$\frac{1}{2}\frac{dv}{dx}+xv=5x$$

 * $$\frac{dv}{dx}+2xv=10x$$

 * We can then solve as a linear equation in v, using the step-by-step method above:

 * Step 1: Find the integrating factor:

 * $$e^{\int P(x)dx}$$

 * $$e^{\int 2x dx}=e^{x^2+C}$$

 * $$e^{\int P(x)dx}=Ce^{x^2}$$

 * Letting C=1 for convenience, we get $$e^{x^2}$$ as our integrating factor.

 * Step 2: Multiply through

 * $$e^{x^2}\frac{dv}{dx}+e^{x^2}xv=10e^{x^2}x$$

 * Step 3: Recognize that the left hand is $$\frac{d}{dx} e^{\int P(x)dx}v$$

 * $$\frac{d}{dx} e^{x^2}v=10e^{x^2}x$$

 * Step 4: Integrate both sides w.r.t.x.

 * $$\int (\frac{d}{dx} e^{x^2}v)dx=\int 10e^{x^2}xdx$$

 * $$e^{x^2}v=5e^{x^2}+C$$

 * Step 5: Solve for v.

 * $$v=5+\frac{C}{e^{x^2}}$$

 * Now that we have v, solve for y.

 * $$v=y^2 \,$$

 * $$y^2=5+\frac{C}{e^{x^2}} \,$$


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The Descent of Man/Chapter IV

Darwin states that the most important difference between man and the lower animals is conscience and that in this chapter he will attempt to answer the question posed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant,"Duty!...whence thy original?" Darwin mentions that at least thirty British authors have written on the origin of man's moral sense.

Darwin lists four reasons why any animal with social and /or parental instincts would develop some kind of moral sense as its intellect developed. First of all the "social instincts" make an animal enjoy the company of its own kind and compel it to help them. Secondly, with intellectual development memories of social activities would mix with more basic needs for food and shelter. Thirdly, the development of language enabled members of a society to discuss their common needs and encourage the members to work for the common good. Finally, the actions taken for the good of all would become habits over time. Thus, Darwin confirmed the view that humans are social animals.In addition he notes that John Stuart Mill's failure to acknowledge the importance of inherited intelligence in the development of conscience will be "...judged as a most serious blemish on [his] work..."

Darwin describes a number of anecdotes of social behavior in a variety of animals. He also mentions cases where instincts overpower other instincts as when a swallow abandons its young to migrate, and he notes similar conflicts in human behavior. He also discusses various virtues and their usefulness to "savage" versus "civilized" societies. He attributes immorality among "savages" to social instincts like sympathy that do not extend beyond the tribe, weak "self-command", and insufficent powers of reason.

Darwin concludes by differentiating his concept of the social instinct from earlier philosophies that said that morality originated from selfishness or the "Greatest Happiness Principle". He states that people ought to recognize all other people as members of the same society although he laments that history shows otherwise. Then the extension of that feeling to all other animals can spread through "instruction and example to the young" and into public opinion. He quotes Marcus Aurelius in comfirming his belief that we should not dwell on past sins of history. Finally he reiterates his belief in the inheritance of morality or lack of it among all classes.

title: The Descent of Man/Chapter IV


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The Descent of Man/Chapter III

Darwin states that the object of this chapter is to show that "there is no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals in their mental faculty."

First of all he discusses the instincts of man and apes. He even suggests that apes in the wild may learn things like which plants are poisonous from other apes. He also mentions how birds on deserted islands appear to inherit a fear of man while the sterile worker bees and ants appear to acquire their instincts spontaneously.

Darwin states that people "underrate the mental powers of the higher animals, and especially of man." He stresses the development of "the mental organs" through "variability" and natural selection. He quotes Wallace on the difference between how people learn to make things and how animals learn to make their homes. He comments on animal behavior that show they feel "pleasure and pain, happiness and misery" as well as terror, "courage", and "suspicion". Darwin also relates anecdotes about maternal behavior of female animals especially monkeys, and shame and playfulness in dogs.

In discussing the higher mental faculties, Darwin describes animal curiosity, the need for stimulation, and the abilities to imitate and focus attention. He also makes some questionable statements regarding animal imagination and memory,i.e., that animals can "judge of the intervals of time between recurrent events" and that some dogs' howling is the result of "fantastic images" from their own minds. In discussing examples of reason in animals, Darwin mentions anecdotes reported by others of eskimo dogs, elephants, bears, fish and monkeys and related them to his observations of his own children's behavior as infants. He also describes animal toolmaking as reported by many other sources. He speculates that higher reasoning like self-awareness evolved from simpler reasoning. And he also comments on animal communication and their ability to understand human languages. In showing the relationship between the development of language and the brain, Darwin refers to the writings of contemporaries. He even relates natural selection to the changes in languages. He also says that the use of bright plumage and musical calls in male birds show that "a sense of beauty" is not unique to man.

In the final section on religion, Darwin remarks that "numerous races have existed, and still exist, who have no idea of one or more gods, and who have no words in their languages to express such an idea." He hastens to add that this has nothing to do with whether a Creator exists which question had been answered positively by " some of the highest intellects that ever existed."Darwin goes on to talk about many cultures' beliefs in spirits and refers to a number of academic articles on the development of religion.

He mentions "strange superstitions" like human sacrifice and trials by ordeal and says that humanity owes a debt of gratitude to "science and our accumulated knowledge" for improving human reason.

title: The Descent of Man/Chapter III


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The Descent of Man/Chapter I

Darwin first states that the similarity between the human skeleton and the skeletons of other animals was "notorious". Scientists had even seen a similarity between the human brain and that of an orangutan. He mentions the diseases humans can catch from other animals and human illnesses which monkeys also suffer from including "apoplexy, inflammation of the bowels, and cataract in the eye." He also mentions that monkeys can develop a liking for "tea, coffee, and spiritous liquors" and that he has seen monkeys "smoke tobacco with pleasure." Other similarities between man and monkeys include:
 * 1) Manner of reproduction, including prenatal development.
 * 2) Helplessness of infants.
 * 3) Difference in size and strength between male and female.
 * 4) Tissue structure.
 * 5) Male nipples.

Other animal features which man has to a lesser extent include:
 * 1) Muscles that move the scalp and ears.
 * 2) The connection of the sense of smell with memory.
 * 3) Body hair, including eyebrows.
 * 4) "Lanugo," or wool-like hair on fetuses.
 * 5) Wisdom teeth.
 * 6) Vermiform appendix.
 * 7) A fissure in the upper arm bone.
 * 8) A tail bone or coccyx.

He even includes illustrations and photographs from other sources.

In the final paragraph, Darwin emphasizes the "community of descent' among all vertebrates and that only prejudice and arrogance keep people from seeing this.

title: The Descent of Man/Chapter I


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Category:Cookbook featured content

These categories are for modules that have been featured on the Cookbook Main Page, or have been nominated to be featured.

title: Category:Cookbook featured content


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User:TOR

My name is Lucas Garczewski.

I am not a regular Wikibooks contributor but I do drop by every once in a while.

For more details see my userpage on meta.

title: User:TOR


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Cookbook:Limoncello

Italian limoncello recipe.

Ingredients

 * 15 lemons
 * 4 cups superfine sugar
 * 2 fifths (1.5 litres total) 100 proof vodka
 * 5 cups water

Procedure

 * 1) Wash the lemons with a vegetable brush and hot water to remove any residue of pesticides or wax. Carefully zest the lemons with a zester or vegetable peeler so there is no white pith on the peel.
 * 2) In a 1-gallon glass jar, combine half the vodka and the lemon zest. Cover the jar and let sit at room temperature for at least 10 days, and up to 40 days in a cool dark place.
 * 3) In a large saucepan, combine the sugar and water and cook until thickened (about 5–7 minutes). Let the syrup cool before adding it to the limoncello mixture. Add the additional fifth of vodka. Allow to rest for another 10–40 days.
 * 4) After the rest period, strain and bottle, discarding the lemon zest. Keep in the freezer until ready to serve.

Notes, tips and variations

 * Wondering what to do with the lemons after you've zested them? Try making lemonade, ginger beer, or sima.

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Template talk:Copyvio

I have modified this template to indicate that:

 * It should be prepended to, rather than replace, the suspected copyrighted text to make it easier for users to confirm the copyright violation.
 * If permission is not clearly shown within the week, the page should always be deleted, since, otherwise, the site is still in violation of copyright, due to the copyrighted text still being available from the page's history.

Aya T C 01:14, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Link to procedure
If this template is part of a policy or procedure it would be nice to have a link to such, either within the template or documented here in Talk. I had to wander through a maze of links to find that at the moment it looks like this template is the only procedure. Deletion policy (SEWilco 04:01, 30 May 2006 (UTC))

title: Template talk:Copyvio


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Privet Drive

General Overview

 Number 4 Privet Drive is a thoroughly ordinary house on a thoroughly ordinary street, in the fictional village of Little Whinging, located in the non-fictional county of Surrey where Harry Potter lives with the Dursleys, his thoroughly ordinary aunt, uncle, and cousin.

Extended Description

When Harry is left on the doorstep of Number 4 Privet Drive, after he is orphaned, Professor McGonagall protests, characterizing the residents as "the worst kind of Muggles." This is a valid assessment; when we next see him, ten years later, Harry lives in a cupboard under the stairs. Shortly, he begins receiving letters from Hogwarts, addressed exactly to his "cupboard under the stairs". In what might be an attempt to avoid future letters being sent, or more likely a reaction to outsiders knowing how Harry is being treated, Harry's aunt and uncle move him to his cousin Dudley's the second bedroom, where Dudley stores his extra and broken gifts. Throughout the rest of the series, Harry retains the use of this bedroom when he is living at the Dursleys, though the broken gifts are not in evidence in Harry's second year and later; we assume they have been moved somewhere else or discarded. Harry is locked into this room at times, just as he was locked into the closet under the stairs initially, at one point even having bars installed over the window. Harry does eventually learn how to pick locks without the use of magic, thus gaining limited freedom of the house for himself, despite being locked into his room, when he needs it; he also carves out a hiding place under the floorboards of his room, where he hides gifts from Ron, Hermione, and Hagrid, and magical artifacts of one sort or another.

We hear, multiple times, that other wizards are willing to provide Harry a permanent home, taking him away from the abusive and hated Dursley family, but they are overruled by Dumbledore, who says only that he has his reasons for keeping Harry at the Dursleys'.

Analysis
The ordinary, non-magical nature of the house on Privet Drive is reiterated throughout the series. It reflects the Dursleys' views on magic, that it should not be tolerated, it should not be allowed. Even the sitting room fireplace, which we see in use to burn letters addressed to Harry in the first book, has been walled up by the fourth book, and an electric fireplace in the wall where it was. We suspect that the randomness of a real wood fire is annoying for the Dursleys, though it may simply be a reaction to the letters coming down the chimney in the first book. This squared-off rigidity makes a sharp contrast with the rather amazing pile of magical construction that is The Burrow, Harry's favorite place to stay, apart from Hogwarts.

It is mentioned in passing that the house at Privet Drive has four bedrooms; one is for visitors (usually Uncle Vernon's sister, Marge). Initially, one of the others is for Vernon and Petunia, one is for Dudley, and the last and smallest one is for Dudley's broken and unused toys. After the first letter for Harry arrives, and it becomes obvious that someone knows that Harry has been sleeping under the stairs, Harry is moved into Dudley's second bedroom. We believe this move is only done to "keep up appearances": whoever is sending the letters needs to be made to believe that the Dursleys are not mistreating Harry.

We should note that the community's name, Little Whinging, is more appropriate than it might seem to non-British readers. Whinging is what is known in North America as "whining," and Dudley certainly seems to do a lot of that, at least in the first book.

Greater Picture
Harry hates the time he spends in the house on Privet Drive; he would much rather live with wizards. However, the protection he gained from the death of his mother, when she was trying to save him from Voldemort, will remain in force only so long as there is a place that he can call home, which is owned and occupied by his blood – in this case, Petunia, his mother's sister. Harry is not allowed to know this until late in the series, and even when he does understand the necessity for it, his knowing it does not improve his feelings about his required presence in that house. This protection ends once he comes of age at seventeen, which happens early in  Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows; he is then equally at risk wherever he is, and so there is no need for him to return to Privet Drive ever again, for which he seems to be profoundly grateful.

One point worth speculating on is the reason that the Order of the Phoenix thought it necessary to remove the Dursley family from Privet Drive when Harry came of age. Surely, with Harry no longer in residence, the Dursley family would be of no interest to Voldemort and his minions, except perhaps as a matter of revenge. So why remove the Dursleys? Dumbledore mentions that he had strengthened the protective magic that was based on this most ancient spell but does not go into detail. It is possible that the strengthening applied at this time is, in fact, an extension of the protection provided by the spell to cover Petunia and the other members of her family, protection that will end with Harry's majority. Dumbledore likely is aware that Voldemort tends to be vengeful against those who have gotten in his way, and by being alive Petunia has protected Harry from Voldemort. Additionally, Moody and the Order expect Harry's home to be under attack as Harry leaves, and are acting to protect the Dursley family from damage caused by spells that miss their targets. We note in passing that while Harry's protection from Voldemort is extended by Voldemort's actions when re-embodying himself, that protection is unlikely to extend to Petunia.

While it would be possible to just have this house be an unexplained bastion of enforced "normality" and non-magical life, the author has gone the extra step to explain why Petunia has made the effort to so remarkably deny any magical influence in her home life. In the first book, we hear of Petunia's jealousy of her sister Lily's magical abilities, which would seem to be almost sufficient, given what we later learn about Petunia's obsessive behavior, notably as reflected in her nightly ritual cleaning of the kitchen. We later find, however, that Petunia had applied to be admitted to Hogwarts and had been refused. Given this rejection by the magical world, Petunia's retaliatory rejection of anything having to do with magic is absolutely and perfectly in character.


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User talk:Siaru

Muggles' Guide
I see you joined. Excellent. I see you're adding lots of characters. Remember to use full names for the actual page link (i.e. Ron is really Ronald). Also, please update the index! The index page is incredibly important to helping people find their way through the book. Thanks. -Matt 02:36, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Full names could get a little complicated. 1: Just the link portion of the wiki-hyperlink, or the displayed portion as well? 2: Full names vs. popularly known names can be problematic for new viewers, e.g. Ginevra Molly Weasley who's popularly known as Ginny. Strictly interpreting your instruction, the link goes: Ginevra Weasley|Ginny Weasley. (oops -- Percy is just that, Percy.) Call it how you want it played. --Siaru 02:55, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Leave complication for the links and don't show the reader usually. Your examples have it correct. Only first name and last name (yet not nicknames) as the page with the more popular name being shown to the reader. The "but I know the popular name" issue can be solved with redirects. If you go to Ron Weasley you will be redirected. As you find naming issues, create redirects to help searching readers. Thanks. You're doing great work! -Matt 03:03, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Now that I'm thinking about it, it's starting to look stupid if too many people have their largely unknown names as the page name. "Ginevra" is pretty weird for people to see. And a character like Bill Weasley really is William Weasley I'm sure, but I don't want to put it that way. We should probably just use the popular name and set up redirects from the full names. Sorry for the confusion. Nicknames such as "Mad-Eye" shouldn't be page names but things like "Ron" and "Ginny" can. Seems more helpful. I'll try to make changes here and there as well as modify the redirects. -Matt 15:51, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

I added some spoiler warnings to the characters page. That should cover things. -Matt 23:38, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That works. Thanks. --Siaru 02:00, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Please add your name to the Muggles' Guide Author list on the main page. I'd like to get a solid team going. Also, see the Snape character page on how to model future character pages (in addition, see Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter). Another user should be helping out on filling things in. Thanks. -Matt 17:17, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

I saw you just added "William" Weasley. Let's stick with the commonly known names like "Bill" here. See my comment above. -Matt 12:09, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Siaru


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/The Burrow

General Overview
The Burrow is the rural home of the Weasley family, located near the fictional town of Ottery St. Catchpole.

Extended Description
The Burrow is a wizard-built ramshackle multi-story dwelling that clearly needs magic to keep it from falling apart. It has a ghoul in the attic, gnomes in the garden and an adjacent pasture that has been pressed into use as a Quidditch pitch for years. There is a shed where Arthur Weasley, the head of the family, explores and tinkers with the Muggle artifacts he comes across, often with destructive results. Near Molly Weasley's kitchen is a grandfather clock with a hand for each family member and markings around the face for places they might be ("home", "traveling", "mortal peril").

With seven children in the family, there's not much money to go round, and a real spirit of "make-do" pervades the Burrow and its genteel poverty, but to Harry Potter, who grew up unloved and unwanted for ten years before he re-entered the Wizarding world at the age of eleven, the Burrow is his summer-holiday spot of choice, because it is filled with a family's love in enough abundance to welcome him within.

Harry stays at the Burrow for about a month in the summer before his second year at Hogwarts, two weeks before his fourth year, a month and a half before his sixth year, and over Christmas of that year, and a few days before what would have been his seventh year had he returned to Hogwarts. On his first visit there, he is treated as a guest, with little to do, though he does volunteer for the chore of de-Gnoming the garden. In his last two visits, we see that he has been assigned tasks, chopping and peeling sprouts alongside Ron at Christmas, and assisting with preparing the Burrow for Bill and Fleur's wedding in his final visit. Without the reader realizing it, this quite clearly shows how Harry is being integrated into the Weasley family, changing over the course of six years from being a guest in the house to being one of the family with associated duties. It may be instructive to note that despite his complaints, Harry does not seem particularly upset at being so included in the chores list.

Analysis
The main purpose of The Burrow seems to be contrast. It is an overcrowded, cluttered, haphazard house held together with the wizarding equivalent of baling wire and bubble gum, and there is a very real shortage of money shown by the need to "make do". Set against this we have Harry's nominal home at Number 4, Privet Drive, a very neat and clean new house, squared at the corners, perfect in every way, with enough space that an entire room can be set aside for Dudley's broken birthday presents... and absolutely horrible to live in for anyone who has any real feeling at all. The contrast between the Weasley's physical poverty and spiritual richness, set against the Dursleys' physical financial stability and spiritual emptiness, mirrors the difference between Harry's sterile life in the Muggle world, and his almost overfull life in the Wizarding world.

The Burrow is also Harry's first exposure to a functional family, and will be a model for his own family, we suspect, later in his life. It is amazing to the adult reader that Harry, growing up in the horribly flawed and dysfunctional "family" unit that is the Dursley household, has turned out as well as he has, and the Weasley family, tied inseparably to The Burrow, provides the family warmth and unity that Harry has been longing for since he first arrived at Privet Drive.

One point that may be worth mention is that Molly Weasley's "excellent clock", as Dumbledore calls it in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, is, when we first see it, "the grandfather clock in the corner," but later is a mantel clock. (Note that it should not be confused with another clock, seen on Harry's first visit to the Burrow, which is a wall clock. The wall clock actually does indicate the time to do things, while the clock Dumbledore refers to indicates the whereabouts of the Weasley family.) There is no explanation for this, or anything to indicate it is anything but an oversight by the author, but we can suggest a reason for the change. Dumbledore, as we know, is quite skilled with mechanical - magical hybrid devices, and has made rather a hobby of them. Clearly the clock is such a device, and as Dumbledore chooses to single it out in his speech, it certainly was something he found memorable, and thus it is possible that the clock is unique. As the fifth book ends, the Wizarding world abruptly becomes a much more dangerous place, and it is likely that Molly finds the grandfather clock somewhat less than useful; she clearly prefers to have the clock with her at all times, rather than leaving it in the parlour where it is out of her immediate view — in fact, when we see the clock in book six, it is being carried around with the laundry that Mrs. Weasley is then doing. It is not at all far fetched to guess that Mrs. Weasley has had the workings re-built into a smaller compass purely so she could keep it, and updates of her family's status, with her at all times.

It is noted in A History of Magic by Bathilda Bagshot that Ottery St. Catchpole "on the south coast of England" is one of a number of villages where wizards settled in relatively large numbers after the ratification of the International Statute of Secrecy in 1689. Apart from this description, we have little information about where the village is, except that it is close enough to London that it is reasonable to drive to King's Cross Station—Arthur Weasley drives them there in the Ford Anglia before Harry's second year, and Mrs. Weasley arranges a trio of taxicabs before Harry's fourth year.

Greater Picture
Initially it may seem that The Burrow is not necessary to the story. In the first book, Harry discovers that he feels at home at Hogwarts, and his being away from the Dursleys is quite evidently enough for him. However, Hogwarts being a "home away from home" still leaves Harry without a true home, and without any exposure to a functional family. This exposure is necessary to drive Harry's development: at the start of the series, Harry quite plainly must stand on his own, nobody in the Dursley household will take his side in anything. As the series progresses, Harry learns that in order to succeed, he must accept help, and in fact ask for help, initially from Ron and Hermione, and later from many others. Harry is still fighting this internal propensity as late as the final book in the series, where he believes that he must find the final Horcrux on his own, and resists, at least initially, offers of help from the reformed Dumbledore's Army. How much of this willingness to accept help comes from his observation of, and integration into, the Weasley family unit? It is very hard to tell, but a large part of it could be Harry's observation of how the family survives its estrangement from Percy, and how Percy is weakened by the separation, in ways that Charlie and Bill are not. The Burrow clearly is necessary to that observation, being a place where the Weasley family are gathered for our, and Harry's, education.


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User:Siaru

Just helping out where and when I can.

--siaru

title: User:Siaru


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sirius Black

Overview
Sirius Black was sentenced without a trial to life imprisonment in Azkaban for betraying James and Lily Potter to Lord Voldemort, and murdering their friend, Peter Pettigrew and twelve Muggles. In the early stages of Book 3, he has escaped and no one doubts he is trying to kill Harry Potter. His birthday is November 3rd 1959

Philosopher's Stone
Sirius is only briefly mentioned in the opening chapter – Rubeus Hagrid had borrowed Sirus's flying motorcycle to bring baby Harry Potter to his new home, Number 4, Privet Drive.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Sirius Black, a wizard who was imprisoned for murder, has escaped Azkaban Prison. Sirius Black is believed to be so dangerous that even Muggle TV news reports are issuing warnings about a dangerous fugitive. When Harry storms out of the Dursleys' house following an argument, he notices an ominous-looking large black dog watching him in the street. In Diagon Alley, Harry overhears Arthur and Molly Weasley discussing Sirius Black, a suspected Voldemort supporter who escaped solely to find and murder Harry. Later, Mr. Weasley asks a rather bemused Harry to promise not to look for Sirius Black.

Sirius Black breaks into Hogwarts on Halloween, but when The Fat Lady bars him from entering the Gryffindor common room (he does not know the password), he slashes her portrait and escapes. Shortly after, in Potions class, Draco Malfoy taunts Harry about never seeking revenge on Sirius Black, though Harry is confused about what he means.

Just before Christmas, Harry overhears a conversation in the Three Broomsticks pub that Sirius Black betrayed James and Lily Potter to Voldemort, and afterward murdered their friend, Peter Pettigrew, along with twelve Muggle bystanders. Harry is shocked to learn that Sirius Black is also his godfather. Enraged, Harry vows to avenge his parents' deaths. Soon after, Sirius Black slips into the Gryffindor common room using Neville Longbottom's lost password list. He shreds Ron's bed curtains with a knife, but flees when Ron wakes up screaming. It is as yet unclear why Sirius Black attempted to attack Ron rather than Harry.

During the climactic Shrieking Shack scene, Sirius Black's innocence is revealed; it is the very alive Peter Pettigrew who committed the crimes. The relationship between Sirius Black, Professor Lupin, Peter Pettigrew, and Harry's father, James Potter, is also explained: they are the four Marauders who attended school together and created the "Marauder's Map," a magical document that has come into Harry's possession showing Hogwarts Castle and its inhabitants. Harry realizes that the large black dog that has been stalking him is actually Sirius Black in his Animagus form (the ability to transform into an animal at will); Sirius Black has been watching over his godson, Harry. Pettigrew is also an Animagus, disguised for the past twelve years as Ron's pet rat, Scabbers. It was "Scabbers" who Sirius Black was attempting to kill the night he broke into Harry's dorm. When Pettigrew escapes and Sirius Black is captured, Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge insists Sirius Black is guilty and orders a Dementor, an inhuman Azkaban guard, to immediately suck out Sirius Black's soul. Using a Time Turner, Harry and Hermione retrace that night's events and free Sirius Black. Later, Sirius Black sends Harry an owl message saying he is safe—for now. Harry also learns it was Sirius Black who gave him a Firebolt broomstick at Christmas as an anonymous gift. Sirius Black also gives written permission for Harry to visit Hogsmeade Village on school outings, and, as compensation for losing his "pet" rat, he donates the tiny delivery owl to Ron. Ginny Weasley promptly names the owl Pigwidgeon.

Goblet of Fire
Sirius returns to England after Harry writes to him about his throbbing scar and a troubling dream involving Voldemort. Fearing his fugitive godfather may be captured, Harry wanted him to stay away, but Sirius is concerned about Harry's safety. Meanwhile, Harry has been mysteriously chosen to compete in the dangerous Triwizard Tournament being held at Hogwarts. Hermione urges Harry to write to his godfather again, and Sirius arranges to meet him in the Gryffindor common room. the Floo network carries Sirius' head into the fireplace, allowing him to warn Harry about Igor Karkaroff, the competing Durmstrang school's headmaster and a former Death Eater. It was Professor Moody, a retired Auror, who arrested Karkaroff. Sirius believes that an earlier attack on Moody could have been an attempt to scare Moody from taking the Defence Against the Dark Arts post. These events may herald Voldemort's return.

Following the Tournament's Second Task, Sirius meets Harry, Ron, and Hermione during the next Hogsmeade Village weekend. Sirius, half-starved and in his dog form, leads the Trio to a nearby cave where he and Buckbeak are hiding. Harry's letters, plus reports in the Daily Prophet, have made recent events sound suspicious to Sirius. Percy Weasley's boss, Bartemius Crouch, missing work sounds uncharacteristic to Sirius. It was Crouch who sentenced Sirius to Azkaban without a trial. When Crouch headed the Aurors Department, he championed using desperate measures against Death Eaters, achieving some results. He was tapped as the next Minister for Magic until his son, Barty Crouch, Jr., was found with the Death Eaters who tortured Frank and Alice Longbottom, Neville's parents. Crouch presided over his son's trial, convicting him. Crouch lost his son, who died in prison, his wife, who passed away shortly after, and his chance to be the Minister of Magic, eventually getting shunted aside to the Department of International Magical Cooperation. Sirius suspects Crouch wants to capture one last Dark Wizard to revive his career.

Harry believes Snape is a Death Eater, but Sirius says though Snape was associated with Slytherins who became Death Eaters, he was never accused. Sirius also has no idea what the object on Karkaroff's arm could be. Sirius tells Ron to ask Percy about Crouch's illness, and also about Bertha Jorkins' disappearance. Ludo Bagman was quoted in interviews as saying that Bertha has a bad memory, though Sirius recalls she had an excellent one in school, at least for gossip. Sirius also wonders why Bagman has been offering to help Harry win the Tournament.

After Bartemius Crouch mysteriously appears and then disappears at Hogwarts, Harry writes Sirius, but his response only scolds Harry for straying out of bounds with another Triwizard Champion. Other Champions might do anything, including attacking Harry, to win. Hermione agrees with Sirius, saying that Harry is safe inside the school, though Harry is annoyed that his godfather orders him to stay put.

As Harry prepares for the Third Task, Sirius sends messages filled with adjurations to ignore events outside Hogwarts; Harry's only priority should be safely navigating the Third Task maze. Sirius continues sending messages almost entirely filled with tips and tricks for casting charms and jinxes.

Following the Tournament's final event, Barty Crouch, Jr., who has been impersonating the real Professor Moody, is apprehended. After Barty's confession, Dumbledore takes Harry to his office where Sirius, ragged and worried, awaits. Sirius feels Harry should rest, but Dumbledore insists that Harry immediately face what happened. Harry recounts Cedric Diggory's murder and Voldemort's resurrection in the graveyard. Dumbledore then escorts Harry to the Hospital Wing, telling Sirius, back in his dog form, that he can stay with Harry.

After Cornelius Fudge dismisses Dumbledore's and Harry's claims about Voldemort, Dumbledore requests that Snape and Sirius put aside their mutual animosity and maintain a cooperative truce. He assigns both missions; Snape's is unknown, but Sirius, still a fugitive, is to alert "the old crew", then hide out at Remus Lupin's place.

Order of the Phoenix
A haggard-looking Sirius greets Harry, who arrives at Number 12, Grimmauld Place, the Black family's ancient home and now the Order of the Phoenix headquarters. Sirius is still a fugitive, and Peter Pettigrew has presumably informed Voldemort about Sirius' Animagus dog shape, effectively confining Sirius to his hated home. Harry and the Weasleys staying there have temporarily lifted Sirius' spirits. At Sirius' suggestion, and over Mrs. Weasley's objections, Harry is permitted to ask questions about Voldemort. Sirius lets slip that the Order is guarding something that Voldemort wants, but Mrs. Weasley abruptly ends the conversation.

Sirius, Mrs. Weasley, and the younger crew work to make the dilapidated house habitable again. Kreacher, the Black family's old and apparently senile House-elf, who only took orders from Walburga Black's mad, shrieking portrait, grudgingly obeys Sirius' commands. Sirius shows Harry a tapestry embroidered with the Ancient and Honorable House of Black. A scorch mark shows where his name was blasted off after he rejected the family's pure-blood ethos and ran away. Sirius points out other relatives, including his brother Regulus, an apparent Death Eater who is rumored to have been killed by Voldemort.

As the students' departure date near, Sirius grows despondent again. Harry suspects Sirius' increased depression actually dates from Harry's Ministry hearing; if convicted, Harry would probably have stayed with Sirius at Grimmauld Place rather than return to Hogwarts. Sirius, in dog form, accompanies the party to King's Cross Station to see the students off. He is evidently recognized by Lucius Malfoy, because shortly after, the Daily Prophet reports Sirius was spotted in London. A story also appears in the Quibbler suggesting Sirius is innocent, though the Quibbler's journalistic standards are considered spurious.

Harry writes to Sirius complaining about Professor Dolores Umbridge, who is also a Ministry spy. Sirius responds that the Order does not believe she is a Death Eater. Cornelius Fudge is paranoid that Dumbledore is building a secret wizard army to overthrow the Ministry, which is why Umbridge banned magic in Defense Against the Dark Arts classes. Both Harry and Hermione veto Sirius' suggestion to meet during the next Hogsmeade Village weekend, claiming it is too dangerous. Sirius chides Harry for being so cautious, unlike his father, James.

Sirius warns Harry that Mrs. Weasley knows about Harry's secret D.A classes, and she forbids Ron to join; she advises Harry and Hermione to forego it, though Sirius approves. While discussing possible meeting locations, Umbridge's hand suddenly appears in the fireplace, grabbing at where Sirius' floating head has just vanished.

Just before Christmas, Harry reports dreamed that Mr. Weasley was attacked at the Ministry of Magic. Dumbledore alerts the Order, and Mr. Weasley is found alive, but seriously injured. To prevent Professor Umbridge's interference, Dumbledore sends Harry, Ron, Ginny, and the Twins to Grimmauld Place. On arrival, Harry whiffs cooking sherry odors clinging to Sirius. Sirius vetoes Fred and George going to the hospital, saying the Order wants Harry's ability to "see" things from hundreds of miles away kept secret. Harry privately tells Sirius that he observed the attack from the snake's point-of-view, and felt intense rage toward Dumbledore when their gazes met. Sirius says he will inform Dumbledore, but Harry should not dwell on it.

Mr. Weasley is expected to make a full recovery, and Sirius is overjoyed that everyone is staying for the holidays. Sirius seems unconcerned when Hermione is unable to find Kreacher, saying a House-elf is prohibited from leaving his master's home without permission. When Kreacher reappears, Harry notices that he is watching him speculatively, making Harry uneasy. Depressed that Harry is soon returning to Hogwarts, Sirius gives him a charmed mirror, saying Harry can contact him anytime with it. Harry privately resolves never to use it, fearing it will risk Sirius being captured.

Back at Hogwarts, a surprisingly (and suspiciously) friendly Professor Umbridge summons Harry to her office. She offers him a drink that Harry suspects contains Veritaserum, and quietly discards it. Umbridge asks about Dumbledore's and Sirius' whereabouts; when Harry responds he does not know, Umbridge mentions that all Hogwarts fireplaces except hers are being monitored.

Harry peers into a Pensieve containing Snape's memories and observes the teen-aged Sirius and James mercilessly bullying Snape. Pettigrew eggs them on, while Remus Lupin, then a Gryffindor prefect, does nothing. Snape returns and discovers Harry viewing his memories; furious and embarrassed, he ejects Harry from his office, ending their Occlumency lessons. Disturbed by what he witnessed, Harry contacts Sirius, who admits that he and James were uncaring, foolish, and reckless youths, but claims Snape was far from innocent. That James matured into a kind and compassionate man, does little to soothe Harry, who could never behave as his father. Both Sirius and Lupin are alarmed that Harry's Occlumency classes with Snape ended, and urge him to restart.

When Harry experiences a vision that Voldemort is torturing Sirius, he, Hermione, Ron, Ginny, Neville, and Luna Lovegood ride Thestrals to the Ministry in London. But the students have been lured into an ambush—a dozen Death Eaters, led by Lucius Malfoy, are lying in wait. They need Harry to retrieve a Prophecy concerning Harry and Voldemort. Sirius, Tonks, Shacklebolt, Lupin, and Moody arrive in time to subdue the Death Eaters. Dumbledore has also arrived and confronts Voldemort. As Sirius duels his cousin, Bellatrix Lestrange, her spell stuns him, sending his rigid body through a veiled stone archway. Harry rushes after him, but Lupin restrains him, saying it is too late. Sirius is gone.

Dumbledore explains later that when Harry attempted to reach Sirius using the Floo Network, Kreacher lied about his godfather's whereabouts. At Christmas, when Sirius dismissed Kreacher, he manipulated that into permission to leave the house, going to the only Black relative he felt still upheld the family's values: Narcissa Malfoy. Barred from revealing any Order of the Phoenix secrets, he could tell the Malfoys about Harry and Sirius' relationship. This allowed Voldemort to fabricate the false dream that led Harry to the Ministry.

Harry hopes that Sirius has become a ghost, but Nearly Headless Nick dispels that, saying Sirius, not fearing death, would have gone on. Luna Lovegood later tells Harry that the dead are not really gone, just waiting. She asks if Harry heard their whispering voices on the other side of the veiled archway. Harry surprisingly feels better after this conversation.

Half-Blood Prince
In the opening chapters, Former Minister For Magic Fudge tells the Muggle prime minister that an investigation into what happened in the Department of Mysteries is underway. Fudge seems to now agree that Sirius was probably innocent.

Harry mourns Sirius' death but gradually is coming to terms with it. Sirius' will leaves all his property to Harry, including the house at Grimmauld Place and its contents, including Kreacher.

Deathly Hallows
Sirius' flying motorcycle makes a reappearance in the Escape from Privet Drive. Arthur Weasley has attached a side-car for Harry to ride to safety; however, a weapon added to the motorcycle, a dragon-fire thrower that acts like a rocket booster, weakens the link and the sidecar breaks off. Harry safely climbs aboard the motorcycle behind Hagrid, and the dragon-fire hastens their escape to the safe house. In their final descent, Hagrid leaps off the seat to attack a Death Eater, and despite Harry's best efforts, the motorcycle crashes and is largely destroyed.

Arthur Weasley later collects the pieces and hides them in the chicken coop at The Burrow, hoping to reassemble them and, if possible, learn how brakes work. In an after-publication interview, the author states that Mr. Weasley has reassembled the motorcycle.

Harry explores Sirius' bedroom at Number 12, Grimmauld Place after the Trio take refuge there following their flight from Death Eaters. Apparently rebelling against his parents, Sirius had fixed many large Gryffindor House posters and students' photos on the wall with Permanent Sticking Charms. Harry finds the room ransacked, but searches the mess for information about his godfather. He finds a letter written by his mother and a torn-off photo of himself at about one-year-of-age riding a toy broom. He is unable to find either the letter's second page or the missing picture portion, which seems to have contained one of his parent's image.

In Severus Snape's memories, Harry relives bits of Snape's school career. Snape is bullied by James Potter and Sirius Black on the Hogwarts Express while heading to the school for their first year. Snape also sees Sirius being Sorted into Gryffindor, as he had wanted to be. Harry witnesses Lily trying to rescue Snape from being tormented by James and Sirius, and much later, Snape in Sirius' bedroom taking the letter's second page, and tearing Lily's image from the picture to take with him as well.

Harry, needing moral support as he goes to face Voldemort, uses the Resurrection Stone that is hidden inside the Golden Snitch. Sirius' spirit appears, along with James, Lily, and Remus Lupin, who keep the Dementors at bay, and encourage Harry to be brave in facing his death. Both Lupin and Sirius' spirits appear to be younger and Sirius seems happy. When Harry reaches the clearing where Voldemort is waiting, he releases the Stone, and the spirits vanish.

Strengths
Born into a wealthy and influential Wizarding family, Sirius was intelligent, handsome, charming, and witty. He was also a powerful and talented wizard who apparently acquired considerable magical knowledge. While at Hogwarts, when he and James Potter discovered that Remus Lupin was a Werewolf, they did not shun him as others would. Instead, they supported him by secretly learning to become Animagi, an extremely difficult feat, even with proper training. (They had to coach Peter Pettigrew on how to do this.) Also while at Hogwarts, Sirius helped create the Marauder's Map, a powerful magical document that shows every person within the school and their specific location.

Sirius had rejected his family's pure-blood supremacy beliefs, despite being raised under this ethos. As a consequence, he was stricken from the Black family tree and banished. He sought refuge with the Potter family and later joined the Order of the Phoenix, along with Lily and James Potter. This eventually pitted him against Voldemort and his Death Eaters, which included close relatives, such as his cousins, Bellatrix Black Lestrange and Narcissa Black Malfoy.

Sirius was a loyal, close friend to James and Lily Potter, Remus Lupin, and also Peter Pettigrew, who later betrayed him. After escaping Azkaban prison (where he was incarcerated for crimes he never committed), his first act is to make sure his orphaned godson, Harry, is safe and well. He had great affection for Harry and took his role as godfather seriously, becoming a strong father figure to his godson in the short time they were together. Although Sirius' stunted maturity occasionally resulted in poor parental judgment and made him lax regarding discipline, when he suspected Harry was in danger during the Triwizard Tournament, he firmly ordered him to remain safely inside Hogwarts, much to Harry's displeasure and resentment.

Weaknesses
At Hogwarts, Sirius was a handsome and popular student, but he, along with James Potter, was rather arrogant and sometimes bullied weaker classmates—Severus Snape in particular. As an innocent fugitive, believed by many to have remained in Voldemort's service, and to have betrayed James and Lily Potter, Sirius was confined to his own house. While he knew this was necessary, in order to elude the authorities, he still had difficulty coping with the confinement. His inability to actively help the Order of the Phoenix battle Voldemort deeply frustrated him. Sirius was barely a grown man when he was sentenced to Azkaban, and it appears that the long years there stunted his emotional development and maturity, resulting in his occasionally acting more like Harry's peer than mentor. Throughout Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Sirius increasingly grows mentally unstable, resulting in rash decisions and reckless behavior. His impaired mental condition, partially due to his harsh incarceration, was further exacerbated while he was being hunted, and later by his in-house confinement. And though safe and comfortable inside Grimmauld Place, Sirius, often lonely and isolated, numbed his anguish with alcohol. His few pleasures were brief visits with Harry and a few other close friends, and in doing what little he could to assist the Order. It should be noted that insanity and mental instability apparently ran throughout the Black family; Sirius may have been exhibiting symptoms somewhat similar to Bellatrix Lestrange. By the book's conclusion, he had psychologically deteriorated to where his faulty judgment may have contributed to his death.

Sirius, an unregistered Animagus, escaped Azkaban prison by transforming into his dog form, slipping past the Dementors that were unable to detect his canine guise. Though clever, it was twelve years before Sirius utilized this method to escape. Why he was unable to do this earlier is unknown, though his deteriorated physical and mental condition may have been a factor. Another factor was that he felt guilty about James and Lily's deaths, since he had originally been asked to be their secret keeper but instead volunteered Peter Pettigrew.

Relationships with Other Characters
Due to his early and long incarceration and premature death a few years after his escape, Sirius never had an opportunity to marry or have children, though his handsome features no doubt attracted many admirers during his youth. Though he was raised with the Black family's deeply-entrenched, pure-blood superiority beliefs, he rejected these views, so much so that he requested that the Sorting Hat place him in Gryffindor House rather than Slytherin, his family's traditional House. This estranged Sirius from his disapproving relatives, except for his cousin, Andromeda Black Tonks, who the family also banished for marrying Muggle-born wizard, Ted Tonks. Sirius is also close to their daughter, Nymphadora Tonks. After his mother disowned him, Sirius fled to the Potter home, staying with James and his parents. Sirius never reconciled with his family, and was forever bitter over their cruel treatment.

Sirius learned that his younger brother, Regulus, had become a Death Eater, but once entering the Dark Lord's service, he was unable to leave after realizing just what it entailed. Although Sirius believed Voldemort or his Death Eaters murdered him, Regulus actually died in the secret sea cave after replacing Voldemort's Locket Horcrux with a fake one.

Sirius was one of the Marauders, along with Remus Lupin, Peter Pettigrew and James Potter. They created the Marauder's Map while in school together. Of the three Marauders, James was apparently his best friend, and actually named Sirius as godfather to his son Harry. Sirius was also quite close to Remus, and some fans have suggested a romantic entanglement there in their early days at Hogwarts, though nothing exists to support that theory. Peter Pettigrew, who had ingratiated himself into the Marauders, was accepted but apparently not much liked by Sirius. An unlicensed Animagus, Sirius' nickname (Padfoot) is derived from the large, black dog form he assumed when transformed.

Both Sirius and James intensely disliked Severus Snape, and often bullied him when they were all students at Hogwarts. Sirius once tricked Snape into going to the Shrieking Shack while Lupin was confined there during his werewolf transformation, though James intervened, saving Snape's life. Snape never forgave Sirius (or James) for this dangerous prank, and the two remained particularly antagonistic with one another, always at daggers points; once, Harry witnessed a heated encounter between the two at Grimmauld Place that could have erupted into wizard's duel, prevented only by the Weasley family's timely arrival.

Sirius' second closest relationship was with his godson, Harry. Being imprisoned almost immediately after James and Lily Potter were murdered, it was twelve years before Sirius was able to fulfill his godfather role after escaping Azkaban prison. Sirius' then-anonymous gift of the Firebolt was quite obviously an attempt to reclaim this role, though we don't understand it as such until the end of the third book. Initially, Harry, like others, believed Sirius caused his parents' deaths and sought revenge. After Sirius' innocence is proven in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, godfather and godson instantly bonded. Although Sirius deeply loved and protected Harry, his stunted maturity and mental deterioration sometimes impaired his parenting abilities, causing him to sometimes act as Harry's pal rather than his guardian. Harry deeply grieved beloved godfather's death and later christens his first-born son, "James Sirius", to honour his lost father and godfather.

Analysis
The first time the "young Sirius Black" is mentioned largely goes unnoticed, as we have no idea who he is. All we know is that he loaned his flying motorcycle to Hagrid. While Sirius himself changes little throughout the series, Harry's understanding about him, and thus ours, gradually evolves as plot twists are revealed. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban it is learned that Sirius is an escaped murderer, then that he is a wizard, and he apparently intends to kill Harry. It is hinted that he has done something that would inspire Harry to seek revenge, but it is not until Christmas that Harry learns that Sirius betrayed Harry's parents to Voldemort, then, when confronted by their friend Peter Pettigrew, killed Pettigrew and twelve incidental Muggles. Not only does Black apparently want to kill Harry, but Harry also discovers that Black is also his godfather, the man who is supposed to be his protector.

Sirius up to then had been believed to be in Voldemort's inner circle, and even his second-in-command. The revelation of this "fact" however, as it is made in the Three Broomsticks pub in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, comes as a surprise to Hagrid – his outburst when receiving the news suggests strongly that, although with the rest of the wizarding world, he must have thought he had precisely the role that Peter Pettigrew had in fact (someone whom personal weakness turned traitor, but by no means a Death Eater leader), he had no idea Black was supposedly so high in Voldemort's council. The difficulty to imagine such a Pettigrewish role in Black may, in fact, have been the reason why the Ministry thought he was in the "inner circle": it was entirely implausible for those who knew his character that foolhardy Sirius Black, with no family bonds to restrict his courage except to the family he supposedly helped murder, succumbed to mere personal weakness, cowardice or avarice and thus turned traitor (as in fact Pettigrew did). Failing that, the only other possibility was that he was a Voldemort supporter from the onset and from fierce inner conviction, play-acting all his personality beforehand until the Potter family murders. This would have been quite the accomplishment, as it would have necessarily reached back at least to his Sorting ceremony, even purposely tricking the Sorting Hat into assuming the untruth, but we can doubt the Ministry thought so far. While this may account for the Ministry ascribing him to Voldemort's inner circle, the talk about an actual "second-in-command" must be written off as Ministry hyperbole. We cannot ascribe motives to the Ministry, but this positioning of Sirius may be driven by the desire to exonerate Lucius Malfoy, who seems to have come nearest to an actual second-in-command role in Voldemort's first rise to power. Malfoy, who seems to have ingratiated himself with the Ministry by astute contributions to worthy causes, claimed at Voldemort's initial downfall to have been under the Imperius Curse.

Once Sirius traps Harry in the Shrieking Shack, we learn that Sirius is innocent and it is actually Peter Pettigrew who supported Voldemort; Pettigrew was made the Potters' Secret Keeper and then betrayed them to Voldemort. When Voldemort fell, Pettigrew faked his own murder, framing Sirius, then went into hiding, disguised as the Weasley family's pet rat, Scabbers. When the truth is revealed, proving Sirius' innocence, he assumes a surrogate-father role to Harry. Soon, though, Pettigrew, and the truth, escape, and Sirius becomes a hunted man again.

This revelation is why we choose to withhold Sirius' true fidelity in the information box above. In fact, Sirius is consistently loyal, first to his friends, James Potter, Remus Lupin, and Peter Pettigrew, and later to James' son Harry, and Albus Dumbledore. Sirius is initially portrayed as Voldemort's faithful follower, and despite his upbringing in a hotbed of pureblood wizards and anti-Muggle beliefs, Sirius is actually always loyal to Dumbledore's cause. Revealing this information too early would ruin readers' enjoyment of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.

In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire the first cracks in Sirius' mental stability begin appearing. While Sirius advises Harry about the Triwizard Tournament, that advice sometimes seems rather odd. In particular, the reader may wonder why Sirius feels that Harry must compete in the Triwizard, as it seems that some malign influence forced his entry. Would it not be better to have him somehow left behind in the Tournament, keeping him safe from the worst risks? Sirius counsels about what may be the most dangerous course, blithely assuming that Dumbledore will catch Harry should he fall. During the cave episode, Sirius seems slightly less than sane, possibly caused by his subsistence on rats and hiding in such harsh conditions. However, when Viktor Krum is attacked, Sirius shows just what a responsible and protective guardian he can be when he scolds Harry for straying outside Hogwarts' grounds with an opponent. He sternly orders Harry to stay inside Hogwarts' safe boundaries, though Harry feels Sirius is employing a double standard, forcing him to stay put when Sirius likely would have ignored the rules if he had been in the same situation.

It is in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix that Sirius' character truly begins unraveling. Being a fugitive kept him confined to 12 Grimmauld Place for long periods with only his mad mother's portrait and the irritable and apparently senile House-elf, Kreacher for company. When Harry arrives for Christmas, he smells sherry clinging to Sirius, so we can assume Sirius uses alcohol for solace. Sirius' extreme pleasure at having company over the holidays is sad and also pathetic. Molly having to remind Sirius that Harry is not James returned, early in that book, is dismissed by Sirius, but seems all too valid; Sirius does appear to treat Harry as he would James, as a compatriot rather than as his ward. It is likely that Sirius' emotional development was stalled during his twelve-year incarceration in Azkaban, and it has possibly even regressed. Although Sirius remained tragically flawed by his delayed emotional development, he was still a good influence and acted as a protector and father figure for Harry. It is debatable whether or not more could have been done to help Sirius. Leaving him confined in his house for long periods, isolated, and with little interaction or purpose in life, clearly added to his decline. Perhaps finding him a more active and substantial role within the Order of the Phoenix and providing regular companionship could have helped stabilize his condition.

It should be noted that the House of Black provided many ardent Voldemort supporters, both during his original ascent to power and during his return. The Black family's blood purity ethic would have made Voldemort's beliefs attractive to them. It was probably generally assumed that this belief extended to Sirius and that he was also a Voldemort supporter, though he (like his cousin, Andromeda Black Tonks) had rejected his family and was now loyal only to Dumbledore and the Order of the Phoenix.

Questions

 * 1) The author has stated that the two-way mirror Harry received from Sirius will be useful in Book 7. What are some possible ways that it might be, even though it is broken?
 * 2) Why did Sirius treat Kreacher the way he did? What it justified?
 * 3) What does Harry smell on Sirius? What might this indicate?
 * 4) What could have been done to help Sirius' mental condition? Was he beyond help?
 * 5) What does Luna Lovegood mean when she tells Harry that the dead are waiting?