text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Wilderness Leadership - Advanced

Physical
Physical readiness not only implies physical fitness, but also the many things that have to be done to make the trip possible.
 * Choose a destination.
 * Evaluate what sort of equipment will be needed for the possible conditions (not just the likely ones).
 * Let the participants know what equipment they will need.
 * Gather the equipment you will need yourself.
 * Gather the equipment needed by the group.
 * Make sure that the participants have gathered the equipment they will need.
 * Organize transportation (drop off and pick up if it is not a loop trip).
 * Distribute medical release forms to all participants. Minors should have theirs signed by a legal guardian.  The leader and alternate should have copies of these forms with them.
 * Select a menu and buy food
 * Pack!

Mental
Every participant must make mental preparations before leaving (not just the leader).
 * Review a map of the area.
 * Know where to get help if help is needed.
 * Know the rules governing the area you are going.
 * Check the weather forecast.
 * Talk with the government officials responsible for the area where you will spend your time. Check in with them when you arrive and let them know your plans.  Check with them again when you leave.
 * Review First Aid principles
 * Review Fire Safety
 * Teach your group the things you have reviewed. If the only person who knows first aid is injured, who will administer first aid?  Everyone should know what to do.
 * Go over group safety principles.
 * Appoint a leader and an alternate in case something happens to the leader.
 * Work out any differences of opinion before departure.
 * Understand the conditions that would make you turn back:
 * Weather
 * Injury or sickness
 * Loss of equipment or supplies

5. Demonstrate the construction and operation of two types of snares or traps.
These traps and their descriptions were taken from the U.S. Army Field Manual, No. 21-76, Survival. Note that for the purpose of practicing the building of these traps, the two deadfalls can be rendered harmless by replacing the heavy weight with a basket. Any animal will then be caught unharmed, allowing you to release it.

Bottle Trap
A bottle trap is a simple trap for mice and voles (Figure 8-16). Dig a hole 30 to 45 centimeters deep that is wider at the bottom than at the top. Make the top of the hole as small as possible. Place a piece of bark or wood over the hole with small stones under it to hold it up 2.5 to 5 centimeters off the ground. Mice or voles will hide under the cover to escape danger and fall into the hole. They cannot climb out because of the wall's backward slope. Use caution when checking this trap; it is an excellent hiding place for snakes.

Figure 4 Deadfall
The figure 4 is a trigger used to drop a weight onto a prey and crush it (Figure 8-12). The type of weight used may vary, but it should be heavy enough to kill or incapacitate the prey immediately. Construct the figure 4 using three notched sticks. These notches hold the sticks together in a figure 4 pattern when under tension. Practice making this trigger before-hand; it requires close tolerances and precise angles in its construction.

Paiute Deadfall
The Paiute deadfall is similar to the figure 4 but uses a piece of cordage and a catch stick (Figure 8-13). It has the advantage of being easier to set than the figure 4. Tie one end of a piece of cordage to the lower end of the diagonal stick. Tie the other end of the cordage to another stick about 5 centimeters long. This 5-centimeter stick is the catch stick. Bring the cord halfway around the vertical stick with the catch stick at a 90-degree angle. Place the bait stick with one end against the drop weight, or a peg driven into the ground, and the other against the catch stick. When a prey disturbs the bait stick, it falls free, releasing the catch stick. As the diagonal stick flies up, the weight falls, crushing the prey.

a. Glacial
When travelling over glaciers, crevasses pose a grave danger. These giant cracks in the ice are not always visible as snow can be blown and freeze over the top to make a snowbridge. At times snowbridges can be as thin as a few inches. Climbers use a system of ropes to protect themselves from such hazards. Basic gear for glacier travel includes crampons and ice axes. Teams of two to five climbers tie into a rope equally spaced. If a climber begins to fall the other members of the team perform a self-arrest to stop the fall. The other members of the team enact a crevasse rescue to pull the fallen climber from the crevasse.

b. Mountain
Dangers in mountaineering are sometimes divided into two categories: objective hazards that exist without regard to the climber's presence, like rockfall, avalanches and inclement weather, and subjective hazards that relate only to factors introduced by the climber. Equipment failure and falls due to inattention, fatigue or inadequate technique are examples of subjective hazard. A route continually swept by avalanches and storms is said to have a high level of objective danger, whereas a technically far more difficult route that is relatively safe from these dangers may be regarded as objectively safer.

In all, mountaineers must concern themselves with dangers: falling rocks, falling ice, snow-avalanches, the climber falling, falls from ice slopes, falls down snow slopes, falls into crevasses and the dangers from altitude and weather. To select and follow a route using one's skills and experience to mitigate these dangers is to exercise the climber's craft.

c. Snow
Compacted snow conditions allow one to progress on foot. Frequently crampons are required to travel efficiently over snow and ice. Crampons have 8-14 spikes and are attached to a mountaineer's boots. They are used on hard snow (neve) and ice to provide additional traction and allow very steep ascents and descents. Varieties range from lightweight aluminum models intended for walking on snow covered glaciers, to aggressive steel models intended for vertical and overhanging ice and rock. Snowshoes can be used to walk through deep snow. Skis can be used everywhere snowshoes can and also in steeper, more alpine landscapes, although it takes considerable practice to develop strong skills for difficult terrain.

d. Water
Water travel means travelling by means of some sort of boat, be it a sailboat, motorboat, rowboat, canoe, or kayak. In all cases, it is important that every person have access to a Personal Flotation Device (PFD), also known as a life jacket. See the answers to the following honors for more information:
 * ../Sailing/
 * ../Power Boating/
 * ../Rowing/
 * ../Canoeing/
 * ../Kayaking/

7. Understand the principles of developing a faith in divine leadership as outlined in Psalms 91.
The wilderness, though filled with beauty, is an inherently dangerous place. The dangers presented by the wilderness come in many forms, including wild animals, weather, flash flooding, injuries, falls from high places, falling trees, etc. This list could extend for many pages. Compounding these dangers is the fact that any incidents which require medical attention will have to be dealt with long before a victim can be transported to a hospital. So while it is important that one's skills match the situations likely to be encountered, it is also important that the leader stay in touch with The Almighty.

Get in the habit of communing with Him on a regular basis. Consult Him on all major decisions. But most of all, understand that He will be with you as you face any danger. For he will command his angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways. - Psalm 91:11, NIV.

8. Understand what steps should be taken for the survival of the wilderness.
The survival of the wilderness is threatened by man. Our continual overuse of resources drives people to clear forests at a rate much faster than they can regrow. The best protection the wilderness has is that we change our lifestyles so that they are sustainable. Try walking or riding a bike instead of jumping mindlessly into the car. Buy a fuel-efficient car instead of a gas-guzzler. Learn how to repair things instead of throwing them away and replacing them (this is a lot easier when you buy quality items rather than "disposable" ones). Pay attention to how the things you consume are made. Remember that it takes more energy to feed corn to beef cattle than it does for you to eat the corn yourself. By controlling consumption, we can slow the rate at which the wilderness disappears.

Many governments have recognized this problem and have responded by setting aside protected wilderness areas. These are the areas you are likely to enjoy when you engage in the activities outlined in this honor, so it is imperative that you do everything you can to preserve them. Wilderness lovers frequently quote two mottoes related to the preservation of the wilderness. The first is "Take only pictures, leave only footprints." The second is "Pack in, pack out."  The first of these is covered sufficiently in the Camping Skills honors that lead up to this one, so we will not rehash it here. The second relates to the practice of not leaving anything in the wilderness that you brought in with you. There are many old (and out-of-date) woodcraft guides that advise burning your trash, and burying what you cannot burn. Modern practice dictates that if you had the space in your pack to bring your trash into the wilderness with you, you will also have room in your pack to bring right back out. Do not leave your trash behind.

9. Assist in instructing one honor listed in requirement 1 of the Wilderness Leadership Honor.

 * Backpacking
 * Camping Skills I
 * Camping Skills II
 * Camping Skills III
 * Camping Skills IV
 * Fire Building & Camp Cookery
 * First Aid
 * Hiking
 * Orienteering

Debris Hut
These instructions for making a debris hut were taken from U.S. Army Field Manual, No. 21-76, Survival. For warmth and ease of construction, this shelter is one of the best. When shelter is essential to survival, build this shelter.

To make a debris hut:
 * Build it by making a tripod with two short stakes and a long ridgepole or by placing one end of a long ridgepole on top of a sturdy base.
 * Secure the ridgepole (pole running the length of the shelter) using the tripod method or by anchoring it to a tree at about waist height.
 * Prop large sticks along both sides of the ridgepole to create a wedge-shaped ribbing effect. Ensure the ribbing is wide enough to accommodate your body and steep enough to shed moisture.
 * Place finer sticks and brush crosswise on the ribbing. These form a latticework that will keep the insulating material (grass, pine needles, leaves) from falling through the ribbing into the sleeping area.
 * Add light, dry, if possible, soft debris over the ribbing until the insulating material is at least 1 meter thick—the thicker the better.
 * Place a 30-centimeter layer of insulating material inside the shelter.
 * At the entrance, pile insulating material that you can drag to you once inside the shelter to close the entrance or build a door.
 * As a final step in constructing this shelter, add shingling material or branches on top of the debris layer to prevent the insulating material from blowing away in a storm.

Snow Shelters
Another option is to build an igloo, build a snow fort, hollow out a snow drift, or build a Quinzhee (which is made by first making a pile of snow, and then hollowing it out). All of these require a considerable expenditure of energy, and it is imperative that the workers not soak their clothing with sweat while working. If you find you are sweating, remove a layer or two.

When referring to a snowhouse, igloos are shelters constructed from blocks of snow, generally in the form of a dome. Although igloos are usually associated with all Inuit, they were predominantly constructed by people of Canada's Central Arctic and Greenland's Thule area. Other Inuit people tended to use snow to insulate their houses which consisted of whalebone and hides. Snow was used because the air pockets trapped in it make it an insulator. On the outside, temperatures may be as low as −45 °C (−49.0 °F), but on the inside the temperature may range from −7 °C (19 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F) when warmed by body heat alone.

The snow for a quinzhee need not be of the same quality as required for an igloo. Quinzhees are not usually meant as a form of permanent shelter, while igloos can be used for seasonal and year round habitation. The construction of a quinzhee is slightly easier than the construction of an igloo, although the overall result is somewhat less sturdy and more prone to collapsing in harsh weather conditions. Quinzhees are normally constructed in times of necessity, usually as an instrument of survival, so aesthetic and long-term dwelling considerations are normally exchanged for economy of time and materials.

To build a quinzhee, begin by making a large pile of snow about high, and  in diameter. You can optionally start the pile with large, easily removed items, such as a couple of backpacks. This will make it easier to hollow out the pile, but if you find yourself in need of something in your pack before the pack has been freed, you will have to wait. Once the pile has been built, let it set for an hour or two. This allows the snow to undergo a process called sintering which binds the ice crystals together. Before you begin hollowing it out though, find several sticks long. Break them until they are all the same length, then jam them straight into the pile until they disappear. These will help you gauge the thickness of the walls as you hollow out the center. Then, using a shovel, start removing snow. Dig a tunnel first, then enlarge it. Stop digging in an area when you find one of the gauge sticks inserted previously. The last step it to create a couple of ventilation holes. These should be small tunnels about in diameter, positioned not at the top of the quinzhee, but not far from it either.

In any of these structures, it is important to make the resting area higher than the floor. This is because cold air sinks, so the coldest place inside a snow shelter will be on the floor.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Outdoor Leadership

1. Have the following honors: Camp Craft and Camping Skills I-III
Answers to the Camp Craft, Camping Skills I, Camping Skills II, Camping Skills III, honor can be found in the Recreation chapter of this Wikibook.

2. Earn four of the following honors. From the list below restudy any previously earned honor so you can give a knowledgeable answer to the requirements.

 * a. Backpacking
 * b. Camping Skills IV
 * a. Fire Building & Camp Cookery
 * d. Hiking
 * e. Orienteering
 * f. Pioneering
 * g. Winter Camping

Overcoming fear when lost
Most people are overcome by fear when they are in a situation and they do not know what to do. If you know what to do ahead of time, you can concentrate on doing it rather than on your fear. Here are a few things that you could do when lost:

Signaling for help
Call for help with a cell phone

These days, this is probably the most effective method of signaling for help. If you find yourself in trouble and need help, the cell phone is probably the first thing you will think of, and rightfully so. Voice communication is a very effective method of communicating with others. If you are in an area with a weak signal and voice communication is spotty, don't forget about text messaging. Texting can be successful even when voice communications fail because the phone will continue sending the message until it gets through.

Blow a whistle

You can blow a whistle much louder than you can yell. Furthermore, you can blow on a whistle repeatedly over a long period of time without getting a sore throat.

Secular Activities

 * Sit everyone in a circle. Go around the circle and have each person add one word to a story.  Keep going around the circle until the story falls apart (it won't take long).
 * Play board games.
 * Collect and purify rainwater.
 * Work on the Weather honor.
 * Play I Spy. Whoever is "it" chooses something, notes its color, and says "I spy with my little eye something red." (Assuming the noted color was red).  Then have each person take turns guessing what it was.
 * 20 Questions. It chooses an item and will answer up to 20 yes/no questions about what it is until someone guesses it.
 * Charades

Sabbath Activities

 * Play a game of Bible trivia.
 * Read a story from the Bible and have others mime the parts as you read. Encourage them to be as expressive as they can.
 * Sing.
 * Have notepads and pencils available and draw sketches. You can sketch:
 * Trees and rocks
 * Other campers
 * Bible stories
 * Make a Bible rebus.
 * Work on an honor from the Nature series.
 * Build a fire in the rain (see Camping Skills IV). Talk about Elijah's experience on Mount Carmel.
 * Read Genesis 6-8 (Noah).
 * Put on your ponchos and go for a hike (unless there's lightning). Stay off ridges.
 * Bible Charades

a. Plan, organize, and do the teaching of one nature honor to a group of youth.
Ideally, the nature honor you teach should draw an the resources available in the chosen outdoor setting. For this reason, you may need to visit the site to see what kinds of flora and fauna are available for a nature study ahead of time. While some nature honors are not dependent on the presence of natural resources (such as the Weather honor), others (such as the Ferns honor or the Edible Wild Plants honor) will benefit greatly from their presence. Don't just hope for the best - prepare! Consult the Nature chapter of this book for more information.

b. Assist in teaching camping skills required in any camping honor and/or AY Class requirements to a group of youth.
The first four AY Classes require that the Pathfinder earn Camping Skills I (Friend), Camping Skills II (Companion), Camping Skills III (Explorer), or Camping Skills IV (Ranger). The Voyager and Guide classes can optionally earn the Pioneering, Winter Camping, Backpacking, or Wilderness Living honors, or this honor (Outdoor Leadership).

c. Determine where the nearest hospital is located.
You can get an atlas or a map of the area, familiarize yourself with the nearby towns and cities. Then consult the business listings in a phone book looking under hospital until you find which one is closest to your site.
 * Traditional methods:

One way to do this is by using the "Find businesses" feature of Google Maps. Enter "hospital" in the "What" box (which appears first), and the location or address of your outdoor setting in the "Where" box (which appears second).
 * Using Google Maps:

You can use the "get directions" feature at Mapquest.com. Under the "starting location", enter the address of the outdoor setting. Under the "Ending Location" enter "hospital" in the "place name" box, and the same city or town as the starting location - even if there is no hospital in that town, it will return the nearest hospital to you. It will display a list of hospitals and veterinary clinics, ordered by distance (nearest first). Check that the facility you choose is indeed a hospital.
 * Using Mapquest:

d. Determine where the nearest assistance from the police or a park ranger can be obtained.
If your outdoor setting is under the jurisdiction of a park ranger organization, they would be your primary source of help if there is an emergency. Otherwise, you should use the same techniques outlined for finding a hospital to find the nearest police station.

e. Jesus
Try using this "door foldable" to teach this honor: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ymk6Di-WUM8

e. Rules for conduct

 * Treat everyone with respect.
 * Do not go off alone.
 * Let your counselor know where you are going, who you will be with, and when you will be back. Never leave without permission.
 * Always go in threes.
 * Do not light fire unless an adult is present.
 * Practice fire safety.
 * Practice, axe, hatchet, and knife safety.
 * Wear a PFD (Personal Flotation Device) when using a boat of any type.
 * Always leave an area cleaner than you found it.
 * Remember that medical assistance is more difficult to get and takes longer to arrive in wilderness areas (what's the address of some point on a trail?) Because of this, ratchet up the caution level.  Don't take chances.
 * Keep down the noise level so you do not disturb others.
 * Make sure you are welcome to return.
 * Do not take, destroy, or damage facilities, plants, or animals.
 * Report accidents as soon as possible.
 * Do not trespass.

f. Proper Sabbath observance
As an outdoor leader, you need to remember that the people you are leading will have different ways of observing the Sabbath. Most Adventist children of Pathfinder age will observe it as they have been taught by their parents, and it is important that you not undermine the parents' teaching in this regard. "Liberal" parents will not mind if you lead their children in conservative Sabbath observance, but "conservative" parents are likely to get very upset if engage in activities they are forbidden to do at home. Because of this, you are encouraged to adopt a conservative approach to Sabbath observance when you are leading them. You should do this even if none of the children in your care come from conservative homes, because if a new one joins you who is conservative, you will put that child at a serious disadvantage when you suddenly have to change the "rules". The Sabbath will then become a burden both to the new child and to the others who have been in the club for a while.

Likewise, you should be careful about telling children from liberal families that their observance of the Sabbath is inadequate or flawed. Rather, you should tell them "the club does not observe the Sabbath that way" without making a judgment on the way the child has been taught at home.

Properly observed, the Sabbath is not to be a burden.

"Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy." Here, "holy" means "set aside for a special purpose." The Sabbath is set aside as a day for us to learn more about God and to ponder His Creation. Just as a park is a place set aside for special activities, the Sabbath is "a park in time." We do not build homes, offices, or factories in parks, nor do we engage in everyday tasks on the Sabbath. We put aside our homework, housework, and our livelihood-work and take a break from it. This is a gift from God.

The Sabbath is a memorial to the creative power of God, so that really makes it a perfect day to acquaint ourselves and others with God's Creation.

9. List at least six ways you can keep the out-of-doors beautiful for others to enjoy.

 * Take the "take only pictures, leave only footprints" motto to heart.
 * Pick up litter
 * Prefer low-impact recreational activities:
 * Use canoes and kayaks instead of motor boats
 * Use cross-country skis or snowshoes instead of snowmobiles
 * Use hiking boots instead of ATVs
 * Practice fire safety
 * Stay on the trail
 * Participate in wilderness and park beautification projects
 * Reduce, reuse, and recycle - this lowers the stress on natural resources.

10. Know at least ten qualities of a good youth leader.
|

/Completed Honors

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Outdoor Leadership - Advanced

2. Earn three honors, not previously earned, from the Wilderness Master Award.
Any seven of these honors can be used to earn the Wilderness Master Award.

h. Dehydration
==4. Prepare outlines and present seven different worships to be shared during a camping experience. Utilize scriptural texts and principles, and illustrate these with examples available during the camping experience.== Choosing a topic for each of the seven worships is easier if the camping trip has a theme. If it doesn't have a theme, you could choose a theme for your worship talks yourself.

You will need to select seven time slots when you will have the attention of the campers. Here are some suggestions:
 * 1) Friday evening vespers (around the campfire)
 * 2) Sabbath morning before breakfast
 * 3) Sabbath School
 * 4) Church Service
 * 5) Afternoon hike (during a rest period)
 * 6) Saturday evening (around the campfire)
 * 7) Sunday morning before breakfast.

If the Sabbath School and/or the Worship Service time slots are not available to you, you can use the time before lunch on Sabbath as well as the time before dinner. Other time slots are also not only acceptable, but quite workable. The important thing is to figure out when you will give your talks, and then stick to your plan.

An outline should consist of a title, main point, supporting evidence (which could be a story or two, with one of them being drawn from the natural setting in which you are camped), a Bible text, and a restatement of the main point. It can be written out on a single sheet of paper or on a series of index cards. You can refer to the outline during the talk. Keep the outline brief. Its main purpose is to remind you to convey the points you have already chosen. It is not a script for you to read to the other campers.

==5. Outline a personal testimony that could be used to start a friendship between a person and Christ. The testimony could include how Jesus became your personal Savior, a miracle that has happened in your life, etc. Present this testimony to a group of youth in an outdoor setting.== Personal stories related by the person who experienced them can be powerful and moving testimony. Search through your "story bank" for one that you think has the best chance of reaching your audience. Then decide what the lesson of that story will be. A story without a point is nothing more than entertainment. Your aim here is to reach a person, so your story needs to have a moral in order to get a message across.

Outlining the story means you write down the major highlights.
 * What happened?
 * How did the situation begin?
 * What predicament developed?
 * How was it resolved?
 * How did God intervene?
 * How did it affect your life?
 * How would your life be different had God not intervened on your behalf?
 * What did you learn from the experience?

6. Know how to control the panic of someone who is lost.
The wording of this requirement implies that you are either with the person who is lost, or you are in voice contact with them (via radio or cell phone). In either case, you are able to influence them and calm them down.

First remain calm yourself. This does not mean that you ignore the gravity of the situation, but rather, that you deal with it in a calm, deliberate manner. Start with a prayer. If the person is beginning to panic and act irrationally, tell them to calm down. If you are present, you may need to physically restrain a person to keep them from running off or injuring themselves.

Once you have the person's attention, share the plan with them. Explain how you plan to get "unlost" and how if the plan doesn't work out before nightfall, how you will build or find a shelter to protect against the elements until help can arrive. Once shelter has been established, explain how you will build a fire. Then execute the plan, or walk that person through it (if you have only voice contact).

If you are in contact with the lost person by cell phone, have them monitor the phone's battery. Wilderness areas are notorious for having poor cell phone coverage, and the phone will automatically boost its transmit power to compensate, draining the batteries more quickly than usual. Have the person agree to turn the phone on once per hour for five minutes, and then off again to conserve power. If the signal becomes too weak, communicate via text messages as opposed to by voice, as text messages are more likely to get through and be understood.

During the hourly contact, ask how the person is doing, and if they have seen any landmarks they can identify. Help them solve their problems as they come up, and describe the progress of the search and rescue team. Pray again.

==7. Develop a search and rescue plan for a specific location, 50 acres (20 hectares) or more, in your area. This plan should utilize at least ten individuals, and you should coordinate each one's activity and search zone. List specific equipment that might be needed for communication, first aid, and victim transport appropriate for the chosen location.==

Gather Information
This exercise will require a topographic map covering the search area. Before the search begins, there are several bits of information that should be collected and carefully analyzed.

 * Basic statistics on the lost person:
 * age
 * gender
 * build
 * height
 * weight
 * wilderness skill
 * last known emotional state
 * What is the last known location of the lost person?
 * What was the person wearing? Gather as much detail as possible, including undergarments (lost people have an amazing propensity to shed garments).
 * What kind of footwear was the person using?
 * How well equipped was the person?

Begin the Search
The search will begin at the person's last known location. Plot this on a map. Look for boundaries surrounding that location, such as roads, rivers, creeks, fences, etc. Assign one team to search the vicinity surrounding the last known location. Have another team search the identified boundaries looking for signs that the person may have exited the area. If no evidence can be found of the person having crossed those boundaries, confine the search the area encompassed by it. Otherwise, make the boundary crossing the new focal point of the search, and establish another perimeter. Remember that the lost person could have crossed back into the original search area, so it is important to search the entire boundary before refocussing the search.

Equipment needed
Equipment needed will depend to a great extent on the conditions in the area. The factor that most often results in death in a lost-person situation is hypothermia, so be prepared to treat that as soon as the victim is found (if applicable). This equipment will include a sleeping bag. The victim may also have become dehydrated, so bring water, both for the searcher, and for the victim.

Victims have an unusual tendency to cast off clothing when lost, and this may further expose them to risk of hypothermia. Bring extra clothing for the victim, including footwear. Also be prepared to carry the victim out on a stretcher, travois, or watercraft (if the search is along a body of water).

Establish a base of operations and have all the searchers stay in radio contact with the base. This will require two-way radios with sufficient range to cover the entire area, including ravines.

Keep track of the areas that have been searched by marking them on the map.

8. Outline your philosophy for wilderness etiquette. Participate in one to three hours of a wilderness conservation project.
By the time you have reached the level required to earn on this honor, you should already have developed a philosophy of wilderness etiquette. All that remains is to capture that in words. You should be familiar with the mantras "Leave no trace" and "take only pictures, leave only footprints," and you will already know that you can take things other than pictures (such as trash). Perhaps you prefer outdoor forms of outdoor recreation that do not pollute or make excessive noise (hiking vs riding an ATV, skiing vs a snowmobile, paddling a canoe or kayak vs a jet ski, sailing vs a motor boat, etc.). You know how to enjoy the outdoors in a way that does not ruin it for others, and you know how to introduce others to the joys of the outdoors. Write it down!

Consider explaining the 7 Leave No Trace Principles in detail or coming up with a fun way to remember them and teach them.

1. Plan ahead and prepare. 2. Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3. Dispose of waste properly. 4. Leave what you find. 5. Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6. Respect wildlife. 7. Be considerate of other visitors.

As for the wilderness conservation project, you can connect with a local hiking or paddling club, or a national wildlife preservation organization (such as the Audubon Society). If you don't know of any organization, check with a local outdoor retailer and ask if they know of one. These organizations frequently orchestrate river cleanups, trail building projects, or even scientific data collection (such as water cleanliness or species counts).

You can always organize a project on your own too. Check with the local government or park authority. Why not bring your Pathfinder club along for the ride?

9. Teach at least one honor found in the Wilderness Master group.
See requirement 2 for the honors included in the Wilderness Master group.

a. Physical

 * Inspire a desire in those you lead to become physically active.
 * Understand the physical fitness levels of those you lead and know their limitations.
 * Provide opportunities to increase physical endurance such that those you lead can comfortably participate in outdoor activities.
 * Find ways to share the outdoors with those who cannot physically participate.

b. Social

 * Coach others in ways to express their triumphs and disappointments in an socially acceptable manner.
 * Encourage shy persons to come out of their shell (but do not embarrass them).
 * Provide opportunities for youth to bond with their peers, with younger children, and with their leaders.
 * Be a trustworthy friend who is consistent.

c. Personal

 * Teach outdoor skills to those you lead so that they may become self-sufficient.
 * Allow people to make mistakes, but be there to keep things safe and help pick up the pieces when necessary.
 * Instil your love for the outdoors in others.
 * Teach those you lead to become leaders in their own right.

d. Spiritual

 * Develop your own spiritual life so that you may share it with others.
 * Practice what you preach so that you do not become a stumbling block.
 * Preach what you practice so that others may know explicitly what you are all about.
 * Seek divine guidance.


text:
Talk:Demystifying Depression/What Is Depression

Requirements for the braincell overload hypthesis to hold true
If this hyothesis is true, then how may one account for occurrences of depression that may immerge do to sensory deprivation? It appears hard to reconcile these events with the belief that neural overload is the only possible cause.--Scottmcmaster 04:57, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Human Brain as computer information processor
Recently much has been writen to debunk the concept of the human mind as an information system akin to a computer storage sy8456ue5stem. The human brain's constraints are poorly suited to the massive storage and centeral proccessing requirements that traditional information processing systems imploy, Whereas the functioning of an evolutionary based organic brain is far better suited to a selectional system approach, wherein memory is based upon the likelihood of a given mental state repeating itself. Selection between mental occurances is controlled through altering the weight (strength) of specific conections, thus altering the potential of a given mental state to reoccur. Mental States exist within " N Space " which for all purposes is as good as infinite under the constraits of axis whose range is dependant on our ability to differentiate stimuli.--Scottmcmaster 04:57, 22 November 2006 (UTC)


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Abseiling - Advanced


text: Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Abseiling - Instructor


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat exhaustion

Heat exhaustion is the most common condition caused by working or exercising in hot spaces. Heat exhaustion produces a serious disruption of blood flow to the brain, heart, and lungs. This causes the victim to experience weakness, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, and nausea.

Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion are similar to those of shock: the victim will appear ashen gray; the skin will be cold, moist, and clammy; and the pupils of the eyes may be dilated (enlarged). The vital (blood pressure, temperature, pulse, and respiration) signs usually are normal; however, the victim may have a weak pulse together with rapid and shallow breathing.

Body temperature may be below normal. You should treat heat exhaustion victims as if they were in shock. Loosen the clothing, apply cool wet cloths, move the victim to either a cool or an air-conditioned area, and fan the victim. Do not allow the person to become chilled. If the victim is conscious, administer a solution of 1 teaspoon of salt dissolved in a quart of cool water. If the victim vomits, do not give any more fluids. Transport the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible.

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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Abseiling

8. Explain the difference between dynamic and static rope.
Dynamic rope is usually used for climbing activities where stretch to absorb the shock from a leader fall while on belay or climbing while roped with a team is expected. The dynamic function decreases deceleration injury and preserves the rope. After hard falls ropes may need to be retired from leader use.

Static ropes are built with little or no stretch. They are best suited for caving, Abseiling and static safety tied ropes.

9. Know the right type of equipment needed for abseiling.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

A helmet will protect your head from falling rocks or other impacts. Here is what you should look for.  Light weight  Well ventilated  Fits comfortably on your head and you can forget you’re even wearing soon after you put it on. Always wear a helmet.

A harness. A wide padded waist belt harness with loops for carrying gear is good. Tape harnesses are ample but not very comfortable. The harness must be fitted correctly...it should be fitted firmly above the hips around the waist first, then leg loops should be adjusted firmly. There should be no pressure spots, wedging or chaffing from quality harness.

Gloves. Novices such as school groups who do abseiling only while on an instructors safety belay will usually use gloves. Their hands are soft and easily blistered and as a beginner they tend to get rope burn by letting the rope loose then grasping it in fear or excitement. Choose gloves that fit your hand size, and not the one size fits all type garden variety. The perfect glove is a mitten type with padded palms and exposed fingers.

Footwear. Climbing shoes are not necessary but sturdy footwear is recommended.

Ropes...

Belay devices...

10. Know the best way to store your ropes, e.g. coiling and chaining.
Be aware that moisture, extreme temperatures Ultraviolet light, chemicals, abrasion and dirt can all damage ropes. Keeping them clean, dry and protected is mission critical to a full lifespan of the rope.

d. Broken bone
Splints

Forearm

Upper Arm

Kneecap

Ankle


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat stroke

Heat stroke is a less common but far more serious condition than heat exhaustion, since it carries a 20 percent fatality rate. The main feature of heatstroke is the extremely high body temperature, 105 °F (41 °C) or higher, that accompanies it. In heatstroke, the victim has a breakdown of the sweating mechanism and is unable to eliminate excessive body heat built up while exercising. If the body temperature rises too high, the brain, kidneys, and liver may be permanently damaged.

Sometimes the victim may have preliminary symptoms, such as headache, nausea, dizziness, or weakness. Breathing will be deep and rapid at first, later shallow and almost absent. Usually the victim will be flushed, very dry, and very hot. The pupils will be constricted (pinpoint) and the pulse fast and strong.

When you provide first aid for heatstroke, remember that this is a true life-and-death emergency. The longer the victim remains overheated, the higher the chances of irreversible body damage or even death occurring. First aid treatment for heatstroke is designed to reduce body heat. Reduce body heat immediately by dousing the body with cold water, or applying wet, cold towels to the whole body. Move the victim to the coolest possible place and remove as much clothing as possible. Maintain an open airway. Place the victim on his/her back, with the head and shoulders slightly raised. If cold packs are available, place them under the arms, around the neck, at the ankles, and in the groin. Expose the victim to a fan or air-conditioner since drafts will promote cooling. Immersing the victim in a cold water bath is also effective. Give the victim (if conscious) cool water to drink. Do not give any hot drinks or stimulants. Get the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible. Cooling measures must be continued while the victim is being transported.

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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Orienteering (General Conference)

Please note that this honor is not the Orienteering Honour of the South Pacific Division. So for the international sport called Orienteering check out the Separate honour with a different token.

1. Explain what a topographic map is, what you expect to find on it, and three uses for it.
Topographic maps are also commonly called contour maps or "topo maps." Topographic maps conventionally show topography, or land contours, by means of contour lines. Contour lines are curves that connect contiguous points of the same altitude. In other words, every point on the marked line of 100 m elevation is 100 m above mean sea level.

Other than showing elevation via the contours, you can also expect a topographic map to show any important landmarks, such as rivers, lakes, and roads. They will often also show railroad tracks and major power lines (and their towers). Power lines are especially handy because the towers are visible from great distances and each represents a point on a map (whereas a road or river would represent a curved line). These attributes make them ideal for pinpointing position.

Topographic maps have many uses, letting a competent user determine any of the following:
 * Where he is.
 * How to get where he wants to go.
 * What the terrain is like in a given area (steepness, for example).
 * Where a river comes from and goes to.
 * The route a hiking trail follows.
 * The location of campsites.
 * The distance between two points.
 * Elevation of a mountaintop.
 * Latitude and longitude of any point on the map.
 * What areas may be susceptible to avalanches or flooding.

2. Identify at least 20 signs and symbols used on topographic maps.
The U.S Department of the Interior and the U.S. Geological Survey publish a guide to Topographic Map Symbols, it can be found at the URL https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/TopographicMapSymbols/topomapsymbols.pdf

Note: the National park sybols illustrated here do not appear on topographic maps published by the U.S Department of the Interior or the U.S. Geological Survey.

3. Give the nomenclature of an orienteering compass.

The lensatic compass consists of three major parts: the cover, the base, and the lens.

 * a. Cover: The compass cover protects the floating dial. It contains the sighting wire (front sight) and two luminous sighting slots or dots used for night navigation.

 * b. Base: The body of the compass contains the following movable parts:
 * The floating dial is mounted on a pivot so it can rotate freely when the compass is held level. Printed on the dial in luminous figures are an arrow and the letters E and W. The arrow always points to magnetic north and the letters fall at east (E) 90° and west (W) 270° on the dial. There are two scales; the outer scale denotes mils and the inner scale (normally in red) denotes degrees.
 * Encasing the floating dial is a glass containing a fixed black index line.
 * The bezel ring is a ratchet device that clicks when turned (on some compasses). It contains 120 clicks when rotated fully; each click is equal to 3°. A short luminous line that is used in conjunction with the north-seeking arrow during navigation is contained in the glass face of the bezel ring.
 * The thumb loop is attached to the base of the compass.

 * c. Lens: The lens is used to read the dial, and it contains the rear-sight slot used in conjunction with the front for sighting on objects. The rear sight also serves as a lock and clamps the dial when closed for its protection. The rear sight must be opened more than 45° to allow the dial to float freely.

4. Know the meaning of the following terms

 * a. Elevation: The height of a point in relation to sea level.
 * b. Contour interval: The elevation change between adjacent contour lines on a topographic map. If you travel from one contour line to another, your change in elevation will equal the contour interval.
 * c. Magnetic North: Magnetic North is the direction a compass will point, which is towards the North Magnetic Pole. The North Magnetic Pole is not the same place as the Geographic North Pole.  The North Magnetic Pole is the point on the Earth's surface where the Earth's magnetic field points directly downwards. This pole is constantly wandering; its estimated 2005 position was 82.7° N 114.4° W.
 * d. Declination: The angular difference between magnetic north and true north (defined in reference to the Geographic North Pole), at any particular location on the Earth's surface, is called the magnetic declination. In other words, it's how far off a compass is from True North, or the correction that must be applied to a compass reading.
 * e. Scale: An important property of a map is the scale. It can be indicated by a scale bar and/or a ratio 1:n. This enables the map user to measure a distance on the map and determine the distance on the ground. These days maps are usually produced under the metric system which makes it easy to perform this task. Maps are usually produced at standard scale factors of (say) 1:10,000 or 1:50,000 or 1:100,000 and all you need to do is take a measurement on the map (in mm) and multiply that figure by the scale factor to determine the distance on the ground. However, maps from some countries may use imperial units, especially older maps. These maps displayed scale ratios but often they were of the form 60 chains (a chain is 22 yards, or 66 feet) to 1 inch or 2 miles to 1 inch, etc.
 * f. Measuring: The act of determining distance on a map and Converting it to distance on the ground. In order to do this translation, you must know the map's scale (see above).  Measuring can be done with a ruler or with calipers.
 * g. Back-azimuth: See under azimuth below.
 * h. True North: True North is the direction from any point on the Earth's surface to the Geographic North Pole.
 * i. Azimuth: The azimuth is a compass bearing expressed in degrees.  There are 360° in a circle, and North is, by convention, 0° (or 360°).  East is 90°, South is 180°, and West is 270°.  While azimuth expresses the compass bearing in the direction of interest, the Back Azimuth expresses the compass bearing in exactly the opposite direction.  In other words, azimuth is the direction to which you are going, and back azimuth is the direction from which you are coming.  The back azimuth can be calculated by adding or subtracting 180° from the azimuth.  Add if the azimuth is less than 180°, otherwise subtract.
 * j. Distance: Distance is the measure of length, or how far apart two points are away from each other.
 * k. Ground forms: The surface of the earth; the outer crust of the globe, or some indefinite portion of it.

5. Demonstrate how to shoot a magnetic azimuth.
The techniques employed to find the magnetic azimuth when using the lensatic compass are as follows:

Using the Centerhold Technique
First, open the compass to its fullest so that the cover forms a straightedge with the base. Move the lens (rear sight) to the rearmost position, allowing the dial to float freely. Next, place your thumb through the thumb loop, form a steady base with your third and fourth fingers, and extend your index finger along the side of the compass. Place the thumb of the other hand between the lens (rear sight) and the bezel ring; extend the index finger along the remaining side of the compass, and the remaining fingers around the fingers of the other hand. Pull your elbows firmly into your sides; this will place the compass between your chin and your belt. To measure an azimuth, simply turn your entire body toward the object, pointing the compass cover directly at the object. Once you are pointing at the object, look down and read the azimuth from beneath the fixed black index line. This preferred method offers the following advantages over the sighting technique:
 * 1) It is faster and easier to use.
 * 2) It can be used under all conditions of visibility.
 * 3) It can be used when navigating over any type of terrain.
 * 4) It can be used without putting down other gear; however, any other gear must be slung back out of the way.
 * 5) It can be used without removing eyeglasses.

Using the Compass-to-Cheek Technique
The compass-to-cheek technique is used almost exclusively for sighting, and it is the best technique for this purpose.

Fold the cover of the compass containing the sighting wire to a vertical position; then fold the rear sight slightly forward. Look through the rear-sight slot and align the front-sight hairline with the desired object in the distance. Then glance down at the dial through the eye lens to read the azimuth.

6. Demonstrate how to march on a magnetic azimuth.

Although different models of the lensatic compass vary somewhat in the details of their use, the principles are the same.

 * 1) Hold the compass level in the palm of the hand.
 * 2) Rotate it until the desired azimuth falls under the fixed black index line (for example, 320°), maintaining the azimuth as prescribed.
 * 3) Turn the bezel ring until the luminous line is aligned with the north-seeking arrow. Once the alignment is obtained, the compass is preset.
 * 4) To follow an azimuth, assume the centerhold technique and turn your body until the north-seeking arrow is aligned with the luminous line. Then proceed forward in the direction of the front cover's sighting wire, which is aligned with the fixed black index line that contains the desired azimuth.

Method #1
(These directions assume your orienting arrow lines up with the North indicator on your compass dial, meaning the compass has not been adjusted for declination).

A) Obtain the local magnetic declination for the area represented on your map. At the bottom of every USGS map is a diagram that displays the difference & direction between true north (represented as a star), grid north (abbreviated as “GN”), and magnetic north (abbreviated as “MN”).  Magnetic declination is the number of degrees and direction between true north and magnetic north.  Because declination varies over time, it is advisable to get a reasonably current figure.  If your USGS map is more than 15 years old (the declination date appears in the diagram), here’s an easy-to-use website that gives you only the information you need for your specific area:

http://geomag.nrcan.gc.ca/apps/mdcal-eng.php

If magnetic north is east of true north, the local declination is positive.

If magnetic north is west of true north, the local declination is negative.

B) Draw a line on the map that connects your starting point with the destination (your “map bearing”). Extend the line all the way through the map border (the “neat line”).

C) Distance yourself from any nearby metal such as keys, belt buckle, desk, car, fence, etc. Place the compass on the map so the needle’s pivot point is directly over the intersection of your map bearing and neat line.

D) Rotate the dial until compass ring north agrees with map north. Read your map bearing from the compass dial.  Make sure the bearing agrees with your direction of travel – for example, if you intend to travel due east, the bearing is 90 degrees, not 270 degrees.

E) Do this step mentally – don’t turn the compass dial. If the local declination is positive, then subtract the declination amount from the bearing you just derived.  If the local declination is negative, then add the declination amount to the bearing you just derived.

F) Turn the compass dial until the figure you calculated in step E lines up with the index line.

G) Lift the compass off the map, and with the direction of travel arrow pointing directly away from you, rotate your body and the compass all in one motion until the red magnetic needle overlays the orienting arrow.

H) Sight a landmark along this bearing, and proceed to it. Repeat this step until you reach your destination.

Method #2
(These directions assume your orienting arrow lines up with the North indicator on your compass dial, meaning the compass has not been adjusted for declination).

A) Obtain the local magnetic declination for the area represented on your map. At the bottom of every USGS map is a diagram that displays the difference & direction between true north (represented as a star), grid north (abbreviated as “GN”), and magnetic north (abbreviated as “MN”).  Magnetic declination is the number of degrees and direction between true north and magnetic north.  Because declination varies over time, it is advisable to get a reasonably current figure.  If your USGS map is more than 15 years old (the declination date appears in the diagram), here’s an easy-to-use website that gives you only the information you need:

http://geomag.nrcan.gc.ca/apps/mdcal-eng.php

If magnetic north is east of true north, the local declination is positive

If magnetic north is west of true north, the local declination is negative.

A) Draw a line on the map that connects your starting point with the destination (your “map bearing”).

B) Distance yourself from any nearby metal such as keys, belt buckle, desk, car, fence etc.

C) Place the compass on the map so the baseplate is parallel to the line you drew. Make sure the direction of travel arrow points to your destination.

D) Rotate the dial until compass ring north agrees with map north. Do not move the compass when you rotate the dial.

E) Remove the compass from the map and, with the direction of travel arrow pointing directly away from you, rotate your body and the compass all in one motion until the red magnetic needle overlays the orienting arrow.

F) If local declination is positive, then subtract the declination amount (turn the dial clockwise). If local declination is negative, then add the declination amount (turn the dial counter-clockwise).

G) Again, with the direction of travel arrow pointing directly away from you, rotate your body and compass all in one motion until the red magnetic needle overlays the orienting arrow. Sight a landmark along this direction of travel and proceed to it.  Repeat this step until you reach your destination.

Adjustable Declination Compasses
A compass with adjustable declination allows you to rotate the orienting arrow independently of the compass dial. If you have such a compass, you may calculate your map bearing without adding or subtracting the amount of local magnetic declination. To calibrate your compass in this fashion, rotate the inner liquid capsule (or turn the screw with the key) until the orienting arrow deviates from the compass ring’s north indicator by the amount & direction of the local magnetic declination. For example, if local declination is 10 degrees east of true north, rotate the inner liquid capsule (or turn the screw with the key) until the orienting arrow points to 10 degrees east. If using Method #1, you do not need to add or subtract as indicated in step E; just make sure compass ring north (not the orienting arrow) agrees with map north as directed in step D  If using Method #2, skip steps G and H; again, be sure compass ring north (not the orienting arrow) agrees with map north as directed in step E.

Magnetic Declination Varies Considerably Across The United States
The magnetic needle in a compass is attracted by the magnetism of the Earth, and therefore always points to the constantly shifting Magnetic North Pole. The Geographic North Pole is static and is located about 1200 miles north of the Magnetic Pole. Maps and directions are usually oriented toward the Geographic Pole, also referred to as "True North."

Magnetic declination is the direction and amount of variation between the Magnetic Pole and True North. The amount and direction of declination depends upon how those two poles align relative to a given point on Earth. When the two poles align, declination is zero, and the line of zero declination is termed the agonic line. At points west of the agonic line, a magnetic needle will point east of true north (positive declination). At points east of the agonic line, a magnetic needle will point west of true north (negative declination). There is a pattern, but it does not follow meridians or parallels. Isogonic lines are like magnetic contour lines -they trace a path of constant magnetic declination.

8. Be able to orient yourself and a map by inspection and by compass.
Place the compass on the map so the baseplate parallels the north-to-south map neat line. Rotate the dial until compass ring North agrees with map North. Add or subtract the amount needed to adjust for local magnetic declination (subtract if local declination is positive, add if local declination is negative); if your adjustable declination compass is already calibrated for local declination, you don’t need to add or subtract, just make sure compass ring North (not the orienting arrow) agrees with map North. Holding the map and compass steadily (the baseplate should still be on the north-to-south map neat line), rotate the map and compass all in one motion until the red magnetic needle overlays the orienting arrow. Again, make sure there is no interference from metal when you perform this (ex: rebar in concrete). Your map and your compass are now oriented to true north. Compare the physical features around you with your map to help derive your location on the map..

9. Explain resection and its use.
Resection is a method of using a compass and a map to determine your current position. The first step is to find a feature of the landscape that you can also identify on the map. This could be a mountain peak, an intersection, a bridge, or even a utility pole (some topographic maps mark where high-voltage lines are, as well as the position of the poles that hold them up). The closer these two landmarks are to 90° offset from one another, the more accurate the resection will be. For instance, if the first landmark is at 115°, choose the second one as close to either 205° (115°+90°) or 25° (115°-90°) as you can. This is not a hard and fast rule, and the prominence of the landmark may well be more important than the 90° offset. Once you have shot an azimuth to the first landmark, calculate the back azimuth, and plot a line on your map from the landmark towards (and past) your current position (which should be somewhere on that line). Be sure to correct for declination when plotting this line. Then shoot the azimuth of the second landmark, and plot it's back azimuth on the map as well, again correcting for declination. If your readings are accurate and your plotting was done carefully, your current position should be very close to where these two lines intersect.


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camp Craft

1. Explain how and why weather, season, and water supply are considered when choosing a campsite. Explain what care to take with regard to safe water, sanitary facilities, and emergencies.
Safe Water

Sanitation

Emergency Readiness

Personal Items
In addition to the items of clothing listed in requirement 2, you will also need several items of personal gear.

6. Prepare balanced menus for one cooked breakfast, lunch, and supper.
Use the USDA's Food Pyramid for selecting foods. The chart here shows how much of each type of food Pathfinder-aged girls and boys should eat over the course of an entire day:

a. Prepare ground properly for comfortable sleeping.
If using a tent, this has to be done before it is pitched, otherwise you lose access to the ground. Carefully inspect the area for rocks, sticks, stumps, and anything lumpy. Pine needles may be spread beneath the sleeping area for added comfort, but this is not a requirement. A small pebble in your thigh feels larger and larger as the night progresses, so take care when clearing the area. If you are planning to sleep on an air mattress, you still must clear the ground. Air mattresses have been known to deflate during the night, and if that's what you were relying on, you're not going to get much sleep. Furthermore, sticks and stones have a nasty habit of poking holes in a tent floor, and that compromises the water-tightness of your quarters.

d. Show how to protect your camp against animals, insects, and wet or bad weather.
Tightly sealing your food will not only lock the aromas in, it will also keep rain, snow, and sleet out. More than one camping breakfast has been ruined because the weather got into the pancake mix and oatmeal.

9. Camp for a continuous three days and two nights, sleeping each night under the stars or in a tent. Be actively involved in cooking at least two of the meals.
A three-day campout often starts on Friday evening and ends Sunday at lunchtime. This adds up to six meals, so you will need to divide your campers into no more than three smaller groups. Each camper in your party should be assigned kitchen duty. It is easier to remember which meal a person is responsible if they are assigned the same meal every day - for instance, you might designate a breakfast group, and they will cook all breakfasts. However, if your group is attempting to earn several camping honors at once, you should look at the types of meals each person is required to cook (one-pot, boiling, frying, reflector oven, etc.) and vary the assignments based on that.

10. Considering the things learned in this honor and the camping done, what is the meaning and the reason of the Pathfinder Camping Code?

 * 1) I will camp only where camping is allowed.
 * 2) I will keep my campsite clean at all times, and I will leave it cleaner than when I found it.
 * 3) I will never leave my campfire unattended, and when I leave I will be sure that it is entirely out.
 * 4) I will never use my knife or ax to cut, mar or scar live trees.
 * 5) I will never pick wild flowers without permission.
 * 6) I will never cut trails while hiking.
 * 7) I will never pollute a lake or stream.
 * 8) I will always respect the privacy of other campers.
 * 9) I will always be polite and courteous.
 * 10) I will respect all signs, authority, rules and private property.
 * 11) I will always conduct myself as a Pathfinder and a Christian and as a child of God.
 * 12) I will always leave a campsite knowing that I am welcome to return.


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The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/AI use in business

AI use in business
Banks usually use artificial intelligence systems to mange their properties and their daily operations. A medical clinic use artificial intelligence systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and to provide medical information. Robots have also become more and more useful in many industries. They can do some jobs like people did before, but more accurately and efficiently.


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills I

2. Understand and practice wilderness and camping etiquette, regarding preservation of the outdoors.
Memorize the 7 Leave No Trace Principles:

 * Plan ahead and prepare.
 * Travel and camp on durable surfaces.
 * Dispose of waste properly.
 * Leave what you find.
 * Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire).
 * Respect wildlife.
 * Be considerate of other visitors.

Note: If you ever plan to go camping in a location that allows hunting- such as a national forest, bright colors is an important safety consideration. Camouflaged or dark color tents will not aid hunters in quickly identifying that there are people in the area.

6. Plan and participate in a weekend camping trip.
There are a lot of aspects to planning a camping trip, including selection of a campground, choosing the dates, the menu, equipment, and solving the problems of getting there. Get your whole group involved in as much of the decision-making as possible. Where do they want to camp? When can you go? What will you eat? Who will go? How many tents will you need? Who will sleep in which tents? Is all the gear in a good state of repair?

When all these decisions are made, someone needs to go out and buy the food, repair, replace, or buy any gear that's needed, etc. Every camper under the age of 11 should also have a signed permission slip and an up-to-date medical release form. The forms should be photocopied (reduce them if necessary and use two-sided copies - that way you can have four forms per sheet of paper) and every staff member should carry them at all times.

On the day of the camp out, everyone should meet to load the equipment, and finally, you are ready to go. When you get back, everyone should help unload the equipment. Some should be taken home and cleaned, and if the tents and tarps were even slightly damp, they will need to be pitched again and allowed to dry completely. Then they will need to be put away.

7. Know how to properly pitch and strike a tent. Observe fire precautions when a tent is in use.
assmant poles Keep any fire at least 20 feet (6 meters) from the tents. Sparks sometimes fly out of a fire or are projected into the air (such as when an inexperienced camper throws dry leaves into it). If these sparks land on your tent, at best they will burn a little pinhole in it, but at worst can cause a deadly tragedy.

Never light a fire of any kind inside a tent, be it a candle, lantern, or a stove unless you know for a fact that the tent has been designed for that purpose.

c. Know how to properly strike a match.
Three things are needed for a fire to start: oxygen, fuel, and heat. The match head is a fuel that can be ignited at about 360 °F (182 °C), which can be obtained through friction. The oxygen is supplied by the air. To strike a match, quickly and firmly drag the match head along the striker pad on the side of the box or outside of the package. Keep your fingers away from the match head. Once the head ignites, the temperature will increase sharply and ignite the match stick. Fire prefers to climb uphill, and you can control the size of the flame to a certain extent by tilting the head down (for a bigger flame) or up (for a smaller flame). Carefully shield the flame from wind (which lowers the temperature) by cupping your other hand around the flame and move it to the tinder you wish to light.

d. Practice building a fire with the use of one match, using only natural materials.
There are three factors that govern a fire:
 * 1) Oxygen
 * 2) Fuel
 * 3) Heat

You need all three to get a fire going, and the way you lay the fire will determine how much of each of these are available. To get a fire going, you will need to ignite some tinder. The tinder will need to burn long enough to ignite kindling, and the kindling will need to burn long enough to ignite the fuel. Before lighting a match, it is important to have all three types of fuel available.

Start by laying your tinder in the center of your fire ring. Tinder consists of small, easily ignited material, such as pine needles, shreds of birch bark, thin twigs (whose diameter is about the same as a pencil lead), or even dryer lint. Once the tinder is on place, lay some larger pieces over it (this is the kindling). Kindling is wood whose diameter ranges from pencil thickness to. It should be arranged with the smallest-diameter pieces nearest to the tinder.

An effective method of doing this is to get two small fuel logs - about 3" in diameter, and lay them parallel to one another and apart, with the tinder in between. Then lay a small, straight stick across them and over the tinder. Call this stick the "ridge pole". Next lay more pencil-sized sticks with one end on the ridge pole and the other end on the ground. Lay them alternately on both sides of the ridge pole as if you were framing a roof. These can be called the "rafters". Once this is done and the rafters make a "roof" that spans the distance between the two logs and covers the tinder, lay two more ridge poles, one on either side of the first ridge pole, and then lay more rafters from them to the ground (but leave a little space between the rafters). You can repeat this a third time if you like, but it's important to leave a gap somewhere so you can get a match inside to light the tinder. The sticks in each layer of rafters should be a little larger than the ones that came before.

Do not light this pile until you have gathered sufficient fuel for the fire! Fuel consists of wood that is greater than in diameter. The tender pile described above will burn for about five minutes or so, and that does not leave much time for you to scrounge around looking for something to pile onto the flames. Therefore, you should have your fuel ready to go.

Once the tinder is lit, you can use the fuel to lay a hunter's fire, teepee, a log cabin or a council fire on top of the first two logs. It works well, because there is a great deal of kindling stacked close together, but not so close as to reduce oxygen flow. The kindling is also laid close to the tinder so the tinder has no trouble igniting it (assuming it is dry and pencil-sized).

e. Demonstrate how to protect firewood in wet weather.
Obviously, you will want to keep your firewood dry, and there are many ways to do that. One effective method is to put a tarp on the ground, stack the wood on top of it, and fold the tarp over the top. Place one or two heavier logs on top to hold the tarp down. Those logs will get wet, but they will prevent the wind from blowing the tarp off and soaking the rest of your wood. Having a tarp beneath the wood will keep water from running under the stack and soaking the bottom logs, but this not entirely necessary.

You can also keep firewood in an enclosed trailer, or the trunk of a car if those are available to you. Another option is to keep it under a kitchen tent or canopy.

12. Describe the proper procedures for washing and keeping clean the cooking and eating utensils.
Make up a mess kit for each camper, consisting of a plate, cup, bowl, knife, fork, and spoon. Store each kit in a mesh hosiery bag. Every mess kit should have a number, and every item in the kit should be labeled with that number. Every camper should be assigned a number. After the meal, each camper will wash his or her own mess kit. If a dirty plate is found abandoned on a picnic table, a quick check for its number will reveal who is responsible for that item.

Use three large tubs for washing the dishes. One will be filled with soapy water (heated if possible), the second one will have rinse water and the third tub is for sanitizing. Plates should be scraped clean or wiped with a paper towel before placing them in the soapy water. This will allow the soapy water to be used longer before the food debris and grease prevents plate from being cleaned thoroughly before rinsing. The sanitizng solution is made by adding one measured tablespoon of Bleach per gallon (do not use scented or high efficiency bleach; old fashioned cheap chlorine bleach is what you need). This solution should have about 100 parts per million (PPM) of chlorine. It can also be used to sanitize food contact surfaces such as cutting boards etc. The key is that the chlorine solution needs to come in contact with the item being sanitized for 60 seconds. Using the third sanitizing tub to soak items for 60 seconds ensures that the plates are properly sanitized. To conserve water on the camp-out you may rotate the water (and bleach) down the line from clean to dirty. That is you dump out the soapy wash water, wipe out the tub and add fresh soap. Now dump the rinse water into the wash tub and wipe the tub out. Finally dump the sanitizing water into the rinse tub and refill the sanitizing tub with fresh water and bleach.

Each dish should be washed, rinsed, sanitized, and returned to its mesh bag for drying. The mesh bags will then be hung from a clothesline. If the clothespins used to hold them to the line are also numbered, it is a lot easier for each camper to find his or her own kit if they are hung in numeric order. Whoever is on kitchen duty for that meal (and everyone should be assigned at least once) is responsible for washing the cooking gear. Again, they should wipe the pots, pans, and utensils as clean as possible before subjecting the wash water to them. They will need to be dried after rinsing and then put away. The kitchen crew should then take steps to properly dispose of the trash, lest the camp attract critters. Critters may be cute, but they sure do make big messes!

14. Draw a spiritual object lesson from nature on your camping trip.
There are many possibilities for meeting this requirement. Jesus used nature to illustrate object lessons on many occasions:
 * Birds: Are not two sparrows sold for a penny? Yet not one of them will fall to the ground apart from the will of your Father. Matthew 10:29 - NIV
 * Flowers: And why are you worried about clothing? Observe how the lilies of the field grow; they do not toil nor do they spin, yet I say to you that not even (AL)Solomon in all his glory clothed himself like one of these. Matthew 6:28,29 - NIV
 * Water: Jesus meets the Samaritan woman at Jacob's well, John 4:7-38


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The Computer Revolution/Databases/Indexing

As part of the Information and Identification Services department of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, CCRIS manages the Central Repository of criminal records information.

CCRIS manages criminal record files consisting of criminal charges and their dispositions, including convictions and discharges and fingerprint information. In addition, CCRIS manages the Missing Children's Registry and assists law enforcement agencies in matters involving missing children.

Shared databases across Canada have made law enforcement much easier than prior to having such databases/directories. Provincial law enforcement agencies can easily assist other provinces with solving crimes, locating people etc...due to the large database containing criminal records.

Family Watch Dog

Family Watch Dog is one example of a criminal database and it is a national sex offender registry. There are laws in our country which make it mandatory for anyone convicted of a crime which falls into the sex offender category to register as a sex offender and they are then entered into this database. Anyone can log onto this website and look up their address, or any address in American they desire, and see all of the registered sex offenders who are living around that area. It is a very useful tool, especially for families with young children, when deciding what area they should move to and just to keep tabs on their neighborhood. For the picture below: After inputting an address, a map will show up with little indicators where all the sex offenders are located. By clicking on those indicators, you can find the picture of the offender along with information about him and his crime.

NSOPW-National Sex Offender Public Website - http://www.nsopw.gov/en-US/Registry

The NSOPW website is a national database which allows public searches for sex offenders. This website searches all jurisdictions in real time, meaning the list of offenders is updated constantly, and when the website is searched, it returns the most up to date information. What makes this website different than other database websites is that it acts like a search engine culling data from other states’ and Native American tribal sex offender websites. The NSOPW website can be used by prospective home buyers to see if there are any sex offenders in the neighborhood they would like to buy a house. The website can also be used by employers to see if job applicants have any history of sex crimes.


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills II

1. Be at least in the 6th grade.
Camping Skills II has been designed so that it is within the capabilities of Pathfinders who are in the 6th grade or higher.

2. Develop a personal philosophy of outdoor etiquette, such as courtesy to other campers and outdoor conservation.
Memorize the 7 Leave No Trace Principles:

 * Plan ahead and prepare.
 * Travel and camp on durable surfaces.
 * Dispose of waste properly.
 * Leave what you find.
 * Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire).
 * Respect wildlife.
 * Always ask for permission before entering another campsite.

Note: If you ever plan to go camping in a location that allows hunting- such as a national forest, bright colors is an important safety consideration. Camouflaged or dark color tents will not aid hunters in quickly identifying that there are people in the area.

4. Demonstrate your ability to protect the wilderness and your water source by proper personal hygiene and cooking sanitation.
Going on a camping trip does not absolve you from the need for hygiene and sanitation – it merely makes it a little less convenient. If you are camping on an established campground, use the toilet facilities provided. Otherwise, you will have to provide your own facilities. If you are camping with a small group, this can be as simple as digging a cat hole (no more than ) deep, depositing your waste in the hole, and burying it again. A hole of this depth will be occupied by a myriad of bacterial life which will take care of the rest for you. If camping with a larger group, you will need to dig a latrine. Whether using cat holes or a latrine, make sure they are dug at least from any water source.

When cooking, be sure to clean your dishes and kitchen area immediately after use. Again, how you do this depends on the size of your group. When camping with a small group, wipe all dishes, pots, pans, and utensils as clean as you can with paper towels. Burn the paper towels. Then you can scrub the dishes out with clean sand and rinse them off. When camping with a large group, you will need to establish a dish washing area. Fill two tubs with water – use hot water if possible (and it almost always is). You can boil a small quantity of water and add it to a larger volume of cold water, and this will do nicely. One of these tubs will be for washing, the other for rinsing. You can optionally use a third tub for pre-rinsing, which will eliminate the need to wipe the dishes with a paper towel before washing. Add of bleach to the rinse water. Wipe the dishes as clean as you can first (or pre-rinse them), then wash them in the first tub with dish soap. Then rinse. Wash the eating dishes first, followed by the cooking dishes. When finished, dispose of the "grey water" as directed by campground management (if on a campground). Otherwise, dispose of the grey water at least from any water source.

a. Leading song service
Bring a song book, or sing from memory. If your group has any musicians, encourage them to bring any portable instruments along (guitar, ukulele, recorder, harmonica, etc.). Even kazoos can be pressed into service.

b. Sabbath School lesson study
Prepare ahead of time. You can download the Teacher's Lesson for the Junior's Sabbath School from http://powerpoints.adventist.org if desired.

c. Story
Make sure the story has an aim. A story with a moral lesson is an essential part of a worship service. A story without an aim is entertainment. If you can coordinate the story with the lesson, all the better.

d. Worship thought
A "worship thought" can be a short sermon. One way to do this is to take a Bible story, figure out what the underlying message of that story is, and expound upon it. Read what Ellen White may have had to say about it (The Desire of Ages follows the gospels), or consult a Bible Commentary set. If you do not have one, perhaps your church, school, or pastor does.

7. Know how to safely light and use a camp stove and lantern.
This will depend a lot on the type of stove or lantern you have. There are two basic types of Stoves and Lanterns. Liquid fueled and pressurized gas fueled. Each type has advantages and disadvantages. When lighting your stove or lantern you should recognize the type of fuel it is using and the inherent dangers that each type fuel presents.

The simplest thing to remember is that fuel is flammable and should be treated with respect. Liquid fueled equipment must be carefully filled, and all spills must be cleaned and dried, before the equipment is lighted. Do not fill liquid fueled equipment when it is still warm to the touch or near any source of ignition. This means if you have two stoves in your kitchen, and you need to fill one of them, the empty stove must be taken out of the kitchen to an area a safe distance away (50 feet) to be filled. Also extra fuel must also be stored at least 50 feet from the kitchen area or from any open flame or fire.

On the other hand, pressurized gas cylinders are heavier than liquid fuel cans, hold less fuel per volume and can be damaged and leak. Special chemicals are added to propane or butane to give the fuel a distinctive odor. If you smell gas, turn off all flame sources and seek assistance from an adult before proceeding. A fire extinguisher should always be kept in immediate proximity when operating either liquid fueled or pressurized gas fueled equipment.

Most common camp stoves and lanterns these days use propane canisters. Make sure the canister is connected properly. Then light a stove lighter (these are long-stemmed butane lighters) near the burner of the stove or mantle of the lantern. Only after the flame is going should you turn on the gas. If you turn on the gas before you light the flame, the gas can build up and you'll have a small fireball to contend with. This can be very dangerous. If you have trouble, turn the gas off and let it dissipate before attempting again. Once the stove or lantern lights, adjust the flame or brightness as desired.

Liquid fueled equipment can be more temperamental, however liquid fuel is more compact, and there are no pressurized cylinders to contend with. The thing to remember is that the liquid fuel does not burn, only the fuel vapor burns. So the stove or lantern must first “vaporize” the fuel before the appliance will operate properly. Most liquid fueled stoves and lanterns will also require some type of pressure pump to pressurize the fuel tank. After you pump up the tank (see the manufacturer's instructions for your particular device) you are ready to light the device.

When you turn on a liquid fueled device, at first there will spray a few drops of liquid fuel. Once this fuel sprays, immediately turn off the fuel flow. Many stoves have a built in cup just to catch this fuel. Now the liquid droplets will begin to naturally vaporize. This is what will burn when you light the device using a stove lighter. Once you light this first spray and it begins to burn you can slowly begin to turn on the fuel knob again. What is happening is that the fuel will flow through a tube (often called a generator) that passes through the flame. The flame heats up the generator and the flowing liquid fuel, vaporizing it. Again it is this vapor that actually burns. If the generator has become clogged with dirty residue from previous use it will have to be replaced for the device to operate properly. Once the generator has heated up, use the control knob to regulate the brightness of your lantern or the temperature of your stove.

8. Know safety rules and demonstrate your ability to properly cut firewood. Demonstrate how to break dead wood properly.
Dig a hole to hold wood. While firewood can be cut with an axe, it takes much less effort, and less wood goes to waste if it is cut with a saw. To do this, prop one end of the to-be cut log off the ground. This can be done by laying it on a rock, on another log, or on anything strong enough to hold its weight. The end of the log should protrude past the support, and the log should be sawn just past this point. If you try to cut a log between the support and the ground, the weight of the log cause the log to sag as it is cut, and this will pinch the saw blade. If you make the cut past the support, the weight of the log will open the saw cut making it easier to saw through.

Dead wood can also be broken instead of sawn. This is often easier and quicker than sawing it, but care must be taken to do this properly, and it can only be done on smaller logs - up to in diameter or so. To do this, again, the log is propped up on a support on one end, while the other end lies on the ground. Then the camper brings his foot down sharply about 12-18 inches (30–45 cm) from the support, between the support and the ground. Be careful to keep your footing while doing this, and watch that the ends of the log do not fly off.

11. Build two different camp cranes.
The pictures here are worth many thousands of words. A simple crane propped on a forked stick will hold a cooking container over a fire. It is best to use green wood for any sticks that will be close to the fire, as green wood will resist catching fire better than a dry stick. Be sure to secure any vertical members so that the crane will not fall over when you hang the pot on it. Drive them deeply into the ground, or pin them in place with large rocks. Test the crane before committing your soup to it. If the pot topples, you will extinguish your fire and lose your soup in one sad incident. But at least you'll have a story to tell.

Tent site selection
Find an area that is large enough to pitch your tent and that is also flat. It is difficult to sleep on an incline. Avoid ridge tops as they will be windy and there is significant lightning danger there. Likewise avoid dry stream beds, especially in desert areas. Flash floods can be caused by rains many, many miles away. If camping near a river, camp above the high water line. The river may rise in the night. You can determine the high water line by observing trees on the river bank - they will have debris in the lower branches deposited there by flood waters. Camp on the lee side of a hill to avoid the wind.

Carefully examine the space above your tent site, making sure there are no dead branches, icicles, coconuts, or anything else that could fall on the tent and cause harm.

Cleaning a tent
Sweep the tent out before striking it. Remove muddy shoes before entering a tent, or take them off as soon as you enter the door. You can clean the floor in front of the door with paper towels. A stiff broom will also clean most debris from the walls, but you may need to use water and a mild detergent (such as dishwashing soap) to clean messes deposited by birds.

a. Show proper ways to stuff or roll your sleeping bag or bed roll for travel.
If your sleeping bag came with a stuff sack, all you have to do is stuff it in. It's really that simple. If it did not come with one, you can purchase one separately. Otherwise, you'll have to roll it up. That's a little more difficult, but not that hard. First check for the tie-strings. They are usually at the foot of the bag. Zip the sleeping bag closed and fold it in half lengthwise with the tie-strings down - one tie string will be located near the center of the bottom, and the other will be located near the edge. Then go to the end opposite the tie strings and start rolling, keeping it tight as you go. When you get to the end, draw the tie strings around the bag and tie them with a shoelace knot.

b. Tell how to keep a sleeping bag or bed roll dry on a camping trip.
The most important thing you can do to keep your sleeping bag dry is to keep it in the tent and keep the tent door closed. Take off your shoes when you enter the tent (or before going in) so you do not track water all over the place. Keep your sleeping bag on your sleeping pad, as this will raise it off the floor slightly so that any water that drips off wet clothing cannot reach it.

c. Describe how to properly clean your sleeping bag or bed roll.
Turn the sleeping bag inside-out, throw it over a clothesline, and beat it with a stick. Unzip it and let it air out completely. Do not put a sleeping bag in a washing machine unless the washing instructions on the bag specifically say that you can. A washing machine will crush the fibers inside, reducing the insulation and padding value. A bed roll can be shaken vigorously like a rug, and it can also be beaten with a stick after hanging it on a clothesline.


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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills III (North American Division)

6. Know how to properly sharpen a hatchet and knife.
A tool can be sharpened with a whetstone. Most whetstones need to be kept wet when they are in use - some are wet with water and others are wet with oil. Stones with finer grain typically use oil, but you can use water on them as well. The purpose of wetting a whetstone is to allow the steel removed from the blade to float away. The finer the stone, the finer the edge it will make on a tool, but the longer it will take to sharpen it. For this reason, a very dull tool should be sharpened first with a coarser stone, and then with a finer stone. Then it should be kept sharp. You can keep a blade sharp by respecting it - do not chop into the ground with a hatchet, and to not stick a knife blade in the ground either. Dirt is highly abrasive, and a rock will ding the edge very quickly. Close a pocket knife when you are finished using it, and do not allow the business end of a blade to touch anything other than the things you are trying to cut with it.

Hatchet
It is tempting to take a dull hatchet to a power grinder, but unless you are very careful, this could be a huge mistake. A grinder will not only remove steel from a blade, it will also heat it. It is very easy to heat it too much, causing the steel to lose its temper (tempered steel is hard and holds an edge better than untempered steel). Steel is tempered by heating it to the point that it becomes non-magnetic, then quickly cooling it. If it is allowed to cool slowly, the iron crystals in the blade will align themselves with the Earth's magnetic field as they cool, and aligned crystals make for soft steel. So the first advice we can give on sharpening a hatchet is to stay away from the grinder.

Instead, use a file or a stone. Hold the file so that it passes over the edge of the blade, but at a steep angle. Sharpen one side, and then the other.

Knife
To sharpen a knife, hold the blade at about a 15° angle and scrape it along a whetstone as if you were trying to shave off a thin layer of the stone. Be sure to sharpen both sides.

8. Describe the various types of tents and their uses.
D ifferent types of tents are used for different purposes. A 4 season tent is going to do well for any type of conditions, where as other types of tents (most today are 3 season) don't do as well in all seasons (usually the winter season is not a good time to use such a tent). So, seasons are one way of signifying different types of tents.

T he different types of camping would be another way to distinguish the types of tents. A family tent is more than likely going to be heavy (weight wise) and bulky. It will often have lots of room (can fit 6 people). A backpacking tent is small and light weight. Usually you won't put gear in a backpacking tent (you hang your pack or keep it out of your tent). A backpacking tent will fit people snuggly (usually no more than 2 per tent). A mountaineering tent can stand the rough climate and terrain in addition to being light weight. Mountaineering tents are designed for some gear to fit inside the tent (thus being a little bit more spacious than backpacking tents). Mountaineering tents may also allow for up to 3 or four people to sleep snuggly in a single tent.

T he final way to classify tents by different types is by material used. I don't use this method for teaching camping skills 3 though. Tents may be classified by the materials used to build them (like aluminum poles vs carbon fiber poles, etc.).

9. How does condensation occur in tents, and how can it be prevented?
Each breath a person exhales contains water because of the moisture content of the lungs, throat, mouth and nasal cavity. This moisture rises until it comes in contact with a cool surface such as the inside of the tent, where it condenses.

A good tent will be made of breathable material that allows the moisture to pass through (such as a nylon mesh), and there will be a rain fly on the outside to keep rain out of the tent. Water vapor passes through the mesh and condenses on the fly. It then runs off the underside of the fly and drips off the edge outside the tent.

11. While camping, plan and give a ten-minute devotional or organize and lead a nature or Bible game or lead out in Sabbath School, camp church, or camp vespers.

 * This is your activity.

12. Properly locate and build one of the following and describe its importance to the individual and the environment
You should take into consideration where your sleeping area(s) are in relation to these water-related areas. Specifically, water flows downhill, so, you do not want water runoff from the 'sink and dishwashing' or 'shower water' flowing to your sleeping area(s).

Also, the location of the 'latrine' should be considered depending on where you get your water source. For example, you do not want to put the 'latrine' upstream and take your shower and wash your dishes downstream. But pay attention! Just because your latrine is downstream and downhill from you does not mean it is downstream and downhill from other campers. Be considerate. A latrine should never be located within of any water supply.

Replace Mantel on Camp Lantern

 * As with most things, practice and repetition makes a task simple.

 * Turn OFF the gas valve completely.
 * Remove the lantern cover and the glass covering. Place these in a safe and stable place.
 * Remove any remains of the old mantel. Do this carefully if the lantern is still HOT.
 * Tie the new mantel in place on the gas pipe. There is a string around the collar that slips over the gas pipe.
 * Pressurize the gas tank.
 * Hold a lighted match near the mantel. The mantel should begin to burn. Do not turn on the gas.  If your lantern has an electronic ignition, it is still better to use a match when lighting a new mantel for the first time, as the ignition can cause the mantel to break.
 * Replace the glass cover and the lantern cover.
 * Slowly open the gas valve when the mantel starts to glow brightly.

Demonstrate refilling gas in a Lantern and Stove

 * Be sure not to spill any fuel, or if you do, make sure you clean up properly.

Maintain Pressure Pump on a Camp Stove

 * Most stoves can use either liquid or gas fuel. Gas-fuel stoves are simpler to operate than liquid fueled stoves. The gas, being already pressurized, flows from the fuel canister into the burner, where it ignites, in the same manner as a domestic kitchen stove.

 * Liquid-fuel stoves are more complex because the liquid fuel must be vaporized prior to burning. To accomplish this, the stove design brings the fuel line containing the liquid fuel near the flame of the burner. The heat from the flames converts the liquid fuel to a gas before it reaches the burner, where it mixes with air and is ignited. Some models use a spray system which does not require preheating.

 * Most stoves operating with liquid fuels must be heated or primed before the burner is turned on. Many stoves require the operator to open the fuel valve briefly without igniting the fuel, so that it flows into a small pan. This small quantity of fuel is then lit and allowed to burn down. When the fuel valve is opened again, the fuel vaporizes from the heat of the pan. Some stoves do not have this apparatus, and must be preheated by the application of an external heat source such as a solid fuel block.

 * In many stoves, the priming pressure is generated by a small hand pump that forces air into the fuel container. As the fuel is consumed, the pressure decreases according to Boyle's Law, so the pump must be operated occasionally during use to maintain steady stove operation.

 * In the picture (above/right), the pressure pump knob is also the cover to the fuel tank. This MUST fit on the tank properly. If this cover is not correctly fitted, you cannot pressurize the stove. You would pressurize the tank by operating the pump several times before lighting the stove. During the course of use, you will need to operate the pump again, to maintain the pressure in the tank.