text:
User:Herbythyme/monobook.js

// User:Jsimlo/shortcuts.js document.write(' '); function shortcutsInit { shortcutsAddLink ('Salt', 'WB:SALT'); shortcutsAddLink ('Checkuser', 'Special:Checkuser'); shortcutsAddLink ('Ipblocklist', 'Special:Ipblocklist'); shortcutsAddLink ('Cleanup', 'WB:WM'); shortcutsAddLink ('Templates', 'Wikibooks:Template messages'); shortcutsAddLink ('Unwatched', 'Special:Unwatchedpages'); shortcutsAddLink ('Watching', 'User:Herbythyme/eyeball'); shortcutsAddLink ('Prefix index', 'special:Prefixindex'); shortcutsAddLink ('Rights', 'Special:Userrights'); shortcutsAddLink ('Monobook', 'User:Herbythyme/monobook.js'); }

// User:Lupin/popups.js

mw.loader.load(            'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/popups.js'             + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s'); popupAdminLinks=true

// User:Invitatious/unsigned2.js - unsigned comments script (enwiki) document.write(' ');

// install User:Cacycle/diff text diff code document.write(' ');

// install User:Cacycle/editor edit tool document.write(' ');

//

addOnloadHook(function{ var x; if (x=document.getElementById('wpAnonOnly')) {x.checked=false;} });

addOnloadHook(function{ var x; if (x=document.getElementById('wpCreateAccount')) {x.checked=true;} });

addOnloadHook(function{ var x; if (x=document.getElementById('wpEnableAutoblock')) {x.checked=false;} });

//

/////////////////////////////CLIENT SIDE CHECKUSER IP info retriever///////////////////////////// //security override HTTP request //ALSO, reduce IE security settings //For FF/NS, go enable, see "http://esw.w3.org/topic/SparqlCalendarDemoUsage#FAQ" //Basically, enable "signed.applets.codebase_principal_support" in about:config

$(WHOIScheck) function WHOIScheck { if (location.href.indexOf('Special:CheckUser') ==-1) return; var body=document.getElementById('bodyContent'); if (!body) return; addTab("javascript:CU_comprehensive", "WHOIS all IPs", "ca-checkall", "Check all IPs", ""); }

// function makeCURequestXML_DNS(type, url, parameters) {  if(window.XMLHttpRequest) { try {netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege("UniversalBrowserRead"); } catch (e) {alert("Permission UniversalBrowserRead denied. Please enable 'signed.applets.codebase_principle_support' through 'about:config' in your browser."); } http_request = false; http_request = new XMLHttpRequest; if (!http_request) {alert('Cannot create XMLHTTP instance'); return false;} http_request.onreadystatechange = CU_comprehensive_check_WHOIS; http_request.open(type, url, true); http_request.send(parameters); } else if (window.ActiveXObject) {   try {http_request = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");} catch (e) {     try {http_request = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");} catch (e){} } if (!http_request) {showError(ERROR_XML);} http_request.onreadystatechange = CU_comprehensive_check_WHOIS; http_request.open(type, url, true); http_request.send(parameters); } } //

// function makeCURequestXML_WHOIS(type, url, parameters) {  if(window.XMLHttpRequest) { try {netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege("UniversalBrowserRead"); } catch (e) {alert("Permission UniversalBrowserRead denied. Please enable 'signed.applets.codebase_principle_support' through 'about:config' in your browser."); } http_request = false; http_request = new XMLHttpRequest; if (!http_request) {alert('Cannot create XMLHTTP instance'); return false;} http_request.onreadystatechange = CU_comprehensive_check_parse; http_request.open(type, url, true); http_request.send(parameters); } else if (window.ActiveXObject) {   try {http_request = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");} catch (e) {     try {http_request = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");} catch (e){} } if (!http_request) {showError(ERROR_XML);} http_request.onreadystatechange = CU_comprehensive_check_parse; http_request.open(type, url, true); http_request.send(parameters); } } //

//IP/WHOIS for CU principle results// CU_li_index = 0; function CU_comprehensive { var results = document.getElementById('bodyContent').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0]; if (!results) {alert('There are no elements in this list.'); return;} if (!results.getElementsByTagName('li')[0]) {alert('There are no elements in this list.'); return;} var ls = results.getElementsByTagName('li'); if (!ls[0].getElementsByTagName('a')[0]) {alert('There are no expected elements in this list.'); return;} if (document.getElementById('contentSub').innerHTML.search(/Checking all IPs, please wait...|All data retrieved:/) != -1) {alert('Results already shown.'); return;} document.getElementById('contentSub').innerHTML += ' Checking all IPs, please wait...'; CU_comprehensive_check; }

function CU_comprehensive_check { var list = document.getElementById('bodyContent').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0]; if (list.getElementsByTagName('li')[CU_li_index] && list.getElementsByTagName('li')[CU_li_index].getElementsByTagName('a')[0]) { var link = list.getElementsByTagName('li')[CU_li_index].getElementsByTagName('a')[0].href; var name = list.getElementsByTagName('li')[CU_li_index].getElementsByTagName('a')[0].innerHTML; if (name.search(/^\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/) !=-1) {   var URL = 'http://www.dnsstuff.com/tools/ipall.ch?domain=' + name; CU_comprehensive_check_DNS(URL); } else {CU_li_index+=1; CU_comprehensive_check;} } else if (list.getElementsByTagName('li')[CU_li_index]) {CU_li_index+=1; CU_comprehensive_check;} else { document.getElementById('contentSub').innerHTML = ' All data retrieved: DNS/WHOIS scan completed. '; } }

function CU_comprehensive_check_DNS(URL) { var list = document.getElementById('bodyContent').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0]; var name = list.getElementsByTagName('li')[CU_li_index].getElementsByTagName('a')[0].innerHTML; document.getElementById('contentSub').innerHTML = ' Retrieving DNS XML page data for ' + name + '... '; makeCURequestXML_DNS("GET",URL,null); }

function CU_comprehensive_check_WHOIS { if (http_request.readyState != 4) return; xml_DNS_user_CU = http_request.responseText; var list = document.getElementById('bodyContent').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0]; var name = list.getElementsByTagName('li')[CU_li_index].getElementsByTagName('a')[0].innerHTML; var URL = 'http://www.dnsstuff.com/tools/whois.ch?ip=' + name; document.getElementById('contentSub').innerHTML = ' Retrieving WHOIS XML page data for ' + name + '... '; makeCURequestXML_WHOIS("GET",URL,null); }

function CU_comprehensive_check_parse { if (http_request.readyState != 4) return; xml_WHOIS_user_CU = http_request.responseText; var list = document.getElementById('bodyContent').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0]; var name = list.getElementsByTagName('li')[CU_li_index].getElementsByTagName('a')[0].innerHTML; document.getElementById('contentSub').innerHTML = ' Parsing WHOIS XML page data for ' + name + '... '; //WHOIS //xml_WHOIS_user_CU = http_request.responseXML; if (xml_WHOIS_user_CU.indexOf(' Whois Record ') !=-1) {xml_WHOIS_user_CU = http_request.responseText.split(' Whois Record ')[1];} else if (xml_WHOIS_user_CU.indexOf('Whois Record') !=-1) {xml_WHOIS_user_CU = http_request.responseText.split('Whois Record')[1];} if (xml_WHOIS_user_CU.indexOf('') != -1) {xml_WHOIS_user_CU = xml_WHOIS_user_CU.split('')[1].split(' ')[0];} //parse WHOIS results var OrgName=''; var Address=''; var City=''; var StateProv=''; var Country=''; var CIDR=''; if (xml_WHOIS_user_CU.indexOf('OrgName:') !=-1) {OrgName = xml_WHOIS_user_CU.split('OrgName:')[1].split('\n')[0].split('\r')[0].split(']')[0] + ', ';} if (xml_WHOIS_user_CU.indexOf('Address:') !=-1) {Address = xml_WHOIS_user_CU.split('Address:')[1].split('\n')[0].split('\r')[0].split(']')[0] + ', ';} if (xml_WHOIS_user_CU.indexOf('City:') !=-1) {City = ' ' + xml_WHOIS_user_CU.split('City:')[1].split('\n')[0].split('\r')[0].split(']')[0] + ' ' + ', ';} if (xml_WHOIS_user_CU.indexOf('StateProv:') !=-1) {StateProv = xml_WHOIS_user_CU.split('StateProv:')[1].split('\n')[0].split('\r')[0].split(']')[0] + ', ';} if (xml_WHOIS_user_CU.indexOf('OrgName:') !=-1) {Country = xml_WHOIS_user_CU.split('Country:')[1].split('\n')[0].split('\r')[0].split(']')[0] + ', ';} if (xml_WHOIS_user_CU.indexOf('CIDR:') !=-1) {CIDR = xml_WHOIS_user_CU.split('CIDR:')[1].split('\n')[0].split('\r')[0].split(']')[0];} if (xml_WHOIS_user_CU.search(/(OrgName|Address|City|StateProv|Country):/) ==-1 && xml_WHOIS_user_CU.indexOf(' ') != -1) {OrgName = xml_WHOIS_user_CU.split(' ')[1].split(' ')[0] + ', ';} var output_IP_info = ' ' + OrgName + ' ' + Address + City + ' ' + StateProv + ' ' + ' + Country + '; if (CIDR !='') output_IP_info += ' CIDR: ' + CIDR; //parse DNS items document.getElementById('contentSub').innerHTML = ' Parsing DNS XML page data for ' + name + '... '; if (xml_DNS_user_CU.indexOf('') != -1) {xml_DNS_user_CU = xml_DNS_user_CU.split('')[1].split('')[0];} var rev_DNS_info = ''; if (xml_DNS_user_CU.indexOf('Reverse DNS:') !=-1) {rev_DNS_info = ' ' + xml_DNS_user_CU.split('Reverse DNS:')[1].split('\n')[0].split('\r')[0] + ' ';} output_IP_info += ' DNS :' + rev_DNS_info; output_IP_info = output_IP_info.replace(/Internet Assigned Numbers Authority/,'IANA'); list.getElementsByTagName('li')[CU_li_index].innerHTML += ' ' + output_IP_info + ' '; // CU_li_index += 1; CU_comprehensive_check; } //////////////

title: User:Herbythyme/monobook.js


text:
User:Darklama/Templates/merge

 * This adds pages to Category:To be merged.
 * - merge from
 * - merge to
 * - optional reason

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Darklama/Templates/merge


text: User:Darklama/Templates/merge/test

title: User:Darklama/Templates/merge/test


text: XForms/Print version

title: XForms/Print version


text: User talk:Darklama/Templates/merge/test

title: User talk:Darklama/Templates/merge/test


text:
Talk:XForms/Read and write with get and put

Why is there an xmlns="". on the instance? It doesn't have any child elements and the namespace oft he @src URI document shouldn't be affected by it. LeighKlotz 17:28, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

error
I get this error when I run the application :

A fatal error occurred in formsPlayer: 0x80040229. Invalid target instance 'data-instance' specified for submission.


text:
Talk:Computer Programming/Archive4

C++ and Authors page
You should check...

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Allpages/P

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Computer_programming/Authors

and move/rename the authors page to a more logical "location...

also check C++ for the missing C++ info on the (general book) Computer Programming info... --Panic 04:04, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Draft text
There is a commonly-held belief by programmers that once you have learned a programming language, you have essentially learned them all. This true to an extent: if you are comfortable with the fundamental ideas used by both languages, then minor syntactic differences (curly braces, semicolons, whitespace, keywords) are typically very easy to overcome. However, using a language goes beyond just knowing its syntax. To be really productive in a programming language, you will eventually need to learn its libraries (what functionality people have implemented around the core language), its idioms (frequently occurring ways of using the language) and often auxiliary tools related to that language (c.f. SLIME for Lisp).

Furthermore, some languages fall into different paradigms. The best known paradigms are imperative and object-oriented programming. Most of the popular programming languages fall under these. However, the functional and logic programming paradigms are also very useful and tend to be preferred by academic computer science programmes. These ways of programming are very different from what you see in popular languages, and they take a certain amount of getting used to if your background is only in imperative and object-oriented languages.

So on the one hand, you should not get hung up on learning any one particular language, because switching can be easy. On the other hand, you should be aware that becoming really proficient in a language takes time, and be ready for an abrupt shift when learning a different family of languages. The ideal, well-rounded, programmer should be versed in imperative and object-oriented programming, as well as functional and logic programming. The same programmer would probably do well to learn a bit of very low level (assembly language) programming as well.

''Comments? Would anybody object to me putting something like this into the text?'' -- Kowey 14:05, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Not me. --Panic 16:55, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comment. I had already gone ahead and made the changes I wanted.  -- Kowey 18:21, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

sudo languages
where would a link to a sudo-programming language such as a gamemaker go or Qbasic wikibook go? should these both be under programming languages regardless of the fact that they are simplified learning tools? --Diploid 17:23, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Is sudo a new way of spelling pseudo? Anyway Qbasic is a Turing complete language (at least I have never seen any evidence to the contrary and I have seen significant programs written in it) so why isn't it accorded the same status as any other? Don't know about gamemaker. User:kwhitefoot

Every wikibook should have a link on at least one bookshelf (Wikibooks:All bookshelves). I see that Programming:QBasic and Programming:Game Maker are both already on the Programming languages bookshelf. Some languages are listed on other bookshelves such as:

Wikibooks:Computer and video games bookshelf .

Computer Programming is a wikibook that discusses things shared by many programming languages. As a programming language wikibook grows, we expect it to bud off pages discussing how that particular language implements those things. Then we'll try to link from Computer Programming to those examples. --DavidCary 20:36, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

The Programming Language descriptions are misleading
The person who entered the language descriptions clearly had a particular background in languages and their descriptions of languages outside that background are downright misleading. The description in particular for Perl comes very close to 'negative advocacy'.

I would suggest a more accurate description for Perl of:

 * Perl : Perl has been described as the Duct tape of the Internet and is available for many platforms (Unix, Linux, Macintosh, VMS, MS-Windows, and other platforms). It is a high level 'scripting' language with a largely C-style syntax (although some people complain that its syntax is 'noisy'), Object Oriented Programming support, and powerful string manipulation built-ins. It is capable of handling both quick 'one-off' and large managed team projects. It is notable for the CPAN library which provides thousands of user contributed libraries to the Perl programming community free of charge. User:snowhare

 * There was more then one author - each text was written by someone who - hopefully - was skilled in the language
 * This module should not contain a short wikipedia article. It's all about learning a programming language - how difficult is it to learn the language - what will you gain for your effort. Any the text should focus only on that aspect. Take the Ada article as an example.
 * You are always free to improve the text. --Krischik T 15:44, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

other modules not listed
So is Programming:highlevel part of this wikibook or does it need to be renamed to put it in some other wikibook? --DavidCary 03:19, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

online lectures!
This may be of interest to wikibookians (and future wikiversitians): the weblog lambda the ultimate has spotted a few online video lectures lately. These could be a big help for some of the computer science wikibooks! What do you think? -- Kowey 22:57, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Knuth lectures - license unknown
 * The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs - cc-by-sa (we can use this!)

Programming Systems
I was wondering if the line about Java becoming the defacto standard was correct. From what I've come across .NET is also vying for that title. I have no evidence though. Does anyone know? --Nathan 22:35, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

I also am skeptical of the claim that Java is rapidly becoming a de-facto industry standard language for 'server side' applications development., especially since Java was originally designed to run on small embedded systems. ('client side', right?) It would be nice to have some good references.

 * Me to and I consider deleting the text. --Krischik T 06:56, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Java seems to be the de-facto standard for cell phones -- see Java Card, Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition, MIDlet.

The first reference I came across is the list of all Wiki engines. (Wiki engines are 'server side', right?). Perhaps you could get an idea of how popular ("standard") a particular language is from how many wiki engines in that language are listed. I'm not sure if the Programming Language Popularity list is relevant.

--DavidCary 20:36, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Vanity
A lot of the entries on this page are vanity entries from some programming language advocate. Key-Concept entries with not a single page to back them up. Or just a copy of a similar language in the hope that some links will fit. Often done by users with no other contribution beside the one on this page. Already I went thrue them to delete non fitting texts mercilessly. And I guess I have to do so again.

 * Articles on Computer Programming are not to be small Wikipedia entries but must answer the questions of "Why learn?" and "What will I learn".
 * Articles on Computer Programming must be backed by links. If the table becomes to wide the language with the lowest count of true links goes first - Even it it is C++.

Good examples are Ada (I wrote that myself) and Objective-C. Bad examples are PHP and Perl which are missing Computer Programming list and Visual Basic .NET which is far to Wikipedia like.

Editors
'A good editor is lightweight, has only essential tools and should support syntax highlighting for your language.'

This statement is very subjective. I suspect that it is leaning towards general purpose editors. What is 'essential' - debatable. ( I think the vb.net editor is great.) maybe replace the para by e.g.

'Some language systems have a built-in editor, whilst others need a separate editor. Preference is often a personal choice'  ??

getting started
What do I need to do before I can type and compile the first "hello, world" program, starting from ?
 * a fresh new Mac
 * a freshly installed Windows system see http://sc.tri-bit.com/Win32_New_User_Resources
 * a freshly installed Debian system

I think it would be nifty to have a "click here, type this" reference page. Perhaps it could serve as an example of "test-first programming" by first testing if a hello-world program can run. If it can, great -- everything is already set up, and we can skip to the next chapter.

Is there any other book that would be more appropriate for this "set up" instructions? I don't want to put it in the wikibook for any one particular language, because
 * Many programmers like to use 2 different languages to make a single application ( http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?AlternateHardAndSoftLayers ). It would be nice to comment on ways to make that easy.
 * it seems that the set-up for most languages is very similar -- repeating those instructions in the wikibook for each programming language seems redundant.

--DavidCary 16:32, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Some Books already have such pages Ada Programming/Installing however a cross language overview might be useful. The best way to go about it might be transclusion - so repeatative work won't be needed and the language books can create pages which only describe there own installation procedure. See Computer Programming/Control and Ada Programming/Control on how tranclusion and cross book chapters work. If you start the work I will certanly add "Ada/SuSE Linux" — Ahh "SuSE Linux" is not in your list? But expect it – any such list will attract "vanity"/"me too" entries and either you create a scalable layout which can support any amount of programming languages/operating system or you have to sive out "vanity"/"me too" entries all the time. Actually you will always have to sive out "vanity"/"me too" entries – it's just a matter on how often.
 * --Krischik T 10:16, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Contradictory statement?
I came across this closer to the end of the page:

Many people think they must choose a specific programming language in order to become a programmer, believing that they can only do that language. They ask themselves, "should I be a C programmer or a Java programmer?" That's completely the wrong question. The right question is "How can I become a good programmer?" The question about the programming language is actually largely irrelevant; the reason for this is quite simple: each and every programming language is based on the same fundamental concepts. Once one understands these fundamental building blocks of programming, learning a new programming language requires no more than a few hours.

Having read that I proceeded to the first chapter of the wikibook which is Data Structures and was greeted by a seemingly contradictory statement in the first paragraph. It read:

To understand the material in this book you should be comfortable enough in a programming language to be able to work with and write your own variables, arithmetic expressions, if-else conditions, loops, subroutines (also known as functions), pointers (also known as references or object handles), structures (also known as records or classes), simple input and output, and simple recursion.

I came here with no experience in computer programming. I came here to seek a primer on the basics of computer programming.

68.155.251.88 02:11, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Hen and Egg
It's Hen and Egg problem. In order to learn a programming language you need to know about data structures and in order to understand data structure you need a to know about programming.

The solutions is - like with the real hen and egg - both come at the same time. You need to learn two thing at the same time

 * 1) One or more Programming languages
 * 2) The theoretical concepts of programming.

Many beginners make the mistake and learn ony the fist part. But because no programming language covers all aspect of programming (See Multi-paradigm_programming_language) one can not learn all aspects of programming that way and therefore you can't become a truly great programmer. A truly great programmer can look over the fence of one language and see the grander picture.

It is not a coincidence that the top notch Oz programming language was developed by a university. But even Os is missing some paradigms (generic of example). Sadly or Oz Programming is far from a usable state (However for the #2 Ada programming language we have pretty good book: Ada Programming).

In any case: Here at Wikibooks we have both: Books about programming languages and books about the theory of programming. Some of which are cross linked. Read Computer Programming carefully, think what you want to archive and choose a language to learn. Read the theory books in parallel and try to apply the algorithms and data structures to the language of your choice.

And the tip from the Pro: Read a bit about other languages and see how they do things different from the language you have chosen. I have 15y+ experience and I still do that to keep my mind fit.

--Krischik T 07:43, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Sprawl
This wikibook is starting to have that highly unpleasant design-by-committee feel. It would be good if we thought a bit more about what we're trying to accomplish with this and do some heavy pruning. The programming languages section, for example, is getting silly, with everybody trying to sell their favourite language to the hapless newbie. I'm sure I'm guilty of it too (what with me trying to encourage people to learn about lesser-known stuff like functional programming). I don't know. Am I the only one with this feeling of us sprawling out too much? Is there anything we can do to steer this book in a healthier direction? -- Kowey 14:13, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Computer Programming/Archive4


text:
Cookbook talk:Spaghetti Squash

i want to see the recipe of spaghetti squash. will u pls send it to my e-mail address at phoebe_kattes@yahoo.com. thanks a lot!!!

title: Cookbook talk:Spaghetti Squash


text:
The Computer Revolution/Malware

Worm
Worms can open a back door for those that wish to enter your computer and provide remote access to intruders. There are many different entrances into your computer (such as email), where they enter and can cause great harm. The worms use up bandwidth and hinder a computer's ability to function properly.

ILOVEYOU
Created by a group from Filipinos, this virus has caused massive damage to many people around the world. The ILOVEYOU worm is sent through email, it detected the receiver's email address book and was able to send itself via email, thus appearing to be a genuine email from a known contact. People receive the file from opening the email and downloading an attachment that ends with a .VBS. From there it takes multiple extension files, such as .JPG or .CSS and changes them to .VBS files. The ILOVEYOU worm also has the ability to download a program called "WIN-BUGSFIX.EXE" which causes your cached passwords to be mailed to certain hackers.

Mydoom
Also a very destructive worm and caused thousands of computers to be shut down for a while so it could be fixed. Its primary source of transfer is email. Although the original creator of the mydoom worm is unknown, what is known is the worm was first originally created by a Russian programmer some time in early 2004 or late 2003. The first known time it was spotted was on January 26, 2004. The main purpose of this worm is to send spam email to all email users it can reach through infected address books. It also allows access to infected computers by a backdoor on port 3127. Third it was created to do a DOS (denial-of-service) attack against www.sco.com. Later variants of mydoom also blocked access to Microsoft as well as anti virus websites.

Melissa
A mass mailing computer worm, the Melissa worm, was created by David L. Smith was first discovered on March 26, 1999. The Melissa worm was first opened through a porn site password page. It embedded itself in a file called List.DOC and was able to use the user's email to mail itself. Melissa used word documents to shield itself, but had a weakness when it came to certain word programs such as Word 95. Mailing itself was also limited to Microsoft outlook 97/98 and was unable to achieve sending itself through Microsoft Outlook Express. It was the macros in word that maid the worm possible. When you receive the original worm through email this is what it shows you:

From:  Subject: Important message from To:  Attachment: LIST.DOC Body: Here is that document you asked for ... don't show anyone else ;-) From there it was changed to Melissa.I/Empirical, to Melissa.O, Melissa.U, Melissa.V, Melissa.W and lastly Melissa.AO. Most of them show differences between each other with the same basics, but Melissa.A (the original) and Melissa.W are believed to be the same. All of them have caused serious harm and still continue to harm users computers.

Trojan horse
What’s a Trojan Horse virus?

A Trojan Horse is an email virus usually released by an email attachment. If opened, it will scour your hard drive for any personal and financial information such as your social security, account, and PIN numbers. Once it has collected your info, it is sent to a thief’s database.

The term comes from the a Greek story of the Trojan War, in which the Greeks give a giant wooden horse to their foes, the Trojans, ostensibly as a peace offering. But after the Trojans drag the horse inside their city walls, Greek soldiers sneak out of the horse's hollow belly and open the city gates, allowing their compatriots to pour in and capture Troy.

Types of Trojan horses

Trojan horses are almost always designed to do various harmful things, but could be harmless. They are broken down in classification based on how they breach systems and the damage they cause. The seven main types of Trojan horses are:

-Remote Access Trojans

-Data Sending Trojans

-Destructive Trojans

-Proxy Trojans

-FTP Trojans

-security software disabler Trojans

-denial-of-service attack (DoS) Trojans

One thing you probably won't find a Trojan doing is scouring your hard drive for personal details, as the Visa description alleges. Contextually, that would be a bit of a trick for a Trojan. Instead, this is where the keylogging functionality most often comes into play - capturing the user's keystrokes as they type and sending the logs to the attackers. Some of these keyloggers can be pretty sophisticated, targeting only certain websites (for example) and capturing any keystrokes involved with that particular session.

title: The Computer Revolution/Malware


text:
User:Gwern

See Wikipedia:User:Gwern

title: User:Gwern


text:
User:Gwern/monobook.css

/* Thanks to User:Gurch for these! */ a {text-decoration: none} li#pt-userpage {background: none} /* #newarticletext {display: none} */ .editHelp {display: none} .searchButton {display: none}
 * 1) bodyContent pre {border: 1px solid #aaa}
 * 2) p-cactions li.selected {border-color: #AAAAAA}
 * 3) editpage-copywarn2 {display: none}
 * 4) copyright {display: none}
 * 5) lastmod {display: none}
 * 6) longpagewarning {display: none}
 * 7) editpage-copywarn {font-size: 6pt; visibility: hidden}
 * 8) catcsdhide {display: none}
 * 9) catcsdhide2 {display: none}
 * 10) sitenotice {display: none}
 * 11) wikimania2006 {display: none}
 * 12) BoardCandidateNotice {display: none}
 * 1) footer {display: none}
 * 1) minoredit_helplink {display: none}
 * 2) wpSummaryLabel {display: none}

.navpopup { background-color: #FFFFFF !important; color: #404040 !important; border-color: #999999 !important; }

/*Following few sections from User:Essjay/Monobook.css*/ /* Dont need this copyright notice on every page */ li#f-copyright, li#f-lastmod, .portlet li, #BodyContent li { /*list-style-image: url("/style/monobook/bullet.gif");*/ list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url("http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/6/69/AAAAAA_Bullet.png"); } .portlet li:hover, #BodyContent li:hover { list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url("http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/4/44/000000_Bullet.png");
 * 1) editpage-copywarn { display: none; }

} /* Remove footer */ .printfooter {display:none;} /* Orange bar of death */ .usermessage { background: url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Nuvola_apps_bug_40px.png') top right no-repeat; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-left: 20px; text-transform: none; height: 35px; background-color: #ffffff; border: none; color: #000000; font-weight: bold; font-size: 115%; margin: 2em 0em 1em 0em; padding: 0.5em 1em; vertical-align: middle; } /* Remove God Awful Notices */ /* Colors of links a { color: #808080; } a:visited { color: #696969; } a.stub { color: #8b0000; } /* Remove footer */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 4px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 4px; } div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 4px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 4px; } /* Diff rendering */ table.diff { background:white; } td.diff-otitle { background:#ffffff; } td.diff-ntitle { background:#ffffff; } td.diff-addedline { background: #f5f5f5; color: #4169e1; font-size: 100%; } td.diff-deletedline { background: #f5f5f5; color: #b22222; font-size: 100%; } td.diff-context { background:#e6e6fa; color: #708090; font-size: 100%; } span.diffchange { color: #00008b; } /* The page-related actions- page/talk, edit etc */ position:absolute; top: 1.3em; left: 11.5em; margin: 0; white-space:nowrap; width: 76%; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: visible; background: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding-left: 1em; list-style: none; font-size: 95%; } list-style: none; } display: inline; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: none; padding: 0 0 0.1em 0; margin: 0 0.3em 0 0; overflow: visible; background: none; } border-color: #aaa; padding: 0 0 0.2em 0; } background-color: #ffffff; color: #696969; border: none; padding: 0 0.8em 0.3em 0.8em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: lowercase; position: relative; z-index: 0; margin: 0; } z-index: 3; text-decoration: none; } padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;
 * 1) footer {display:none;}
 * 1) wikimania2006 { display: none; }
 * 2) footer { display: none; }
 * 1) bodyContent a.external { color: #808080; } */
 * 1) content, #footer {
 * 1) p-cactions {
 * 1) p-cactions .hiddenStructure { display: none; }
 * 2) p-cactions ul {
 * 1) p-cactions li {
 * 1) p-cactions li.selected {
 * 1) p-cactions li a {
 * 1) p-cactions .selected a { z-index: 3; }
 * 2) p-cactions .new a { color: #b22222; }
 * 3) p-cactions li a:hover {
 * 1) p-cactions h5 { display: none; }
 * 2) p-cactions li.istalk { margin-right: 0; }
 * 3) p-cactions li.istalk a { padding-right: 0.5em; }
 * 4) p-cactions #ca-addsection a {

}

padding: 6px; }
 * 1) article {

 * 1) siteSub {display: none}

/* "Nice borders for (almost) all boxes", courtesy of Essjay. */ input[type="radio"], input[type="checkbox"] { border:none; } input[type="text"], input[type="submit"], textarea { border: 1px solid #aaa !important; } /* make round corners for the rest */ input[type="text"], input[type="submit"], textarea, pre, #toc { -moz-border-radius: 2px; }

/* ? Ask User:Essjay/monobook.css. */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 4px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 4px; }
 * 1) content, #footer {

/*Show persondata if it exists in an article. Should remind me to add Persondata to bio articles. */ table.metadata {display:block;}

/* Underline just the text that's different */ span.diffchange { text-decoration:underline; }

/* Don't Display "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", because we know that we are at wikipedia */ display: none; }
 * 1) siteSub {

 * 1) wikimania2006 { display: none; }

/* Hide the stupid confirm email thing */
 * 1) confirmemail {display: none;}

/*Remove boiler place on speedy deletes. */
 * 1) catcsdhide { display: none; }
 * 2) catcsdhide2 { display: none; }

/* Hide unwelcome notices. */ /* Yes, I know early registration is open until July 9 and applications are due by June 28. I'm not gonna be there though. */ /* Removes fundraiser banners */ /* And election thingies */
 * 1) pabanner {display: none; }
 * 2) fundraising {visibility: hidden}
 * 1) wikimania2006 { display: none; }
 * 1) mpbanner { display: none; }
 * 1) BoardCandidateNotice { display: none; }

/* Remove to-me-useless notes in all edit boxes (I have over 30k edits-
 * I've seen these notices way too damn many times!); leaves only the command buttons and special chars. */
 * 1) editpage-copywarn { display: none; }
 * 2) editpage-copywarn1 { display: none; }
 * 3) editpage-copywarn2 { display: none; }

/* make a few corners round, only supported by moz/firefox/other gecko browsers for now */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; } -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; } /* same following the css3 draft specs, any browsers supporting this? */ border-radius-topleft: 1em; border-radius-topright: 1em; } border-radius-topleft: 1em; border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { border-radius-topright: 1em; border-radius-bottomright: 1em;
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

/* Section 5: Make all non-namespace pages have a light blue content area. This is done by setting the background color for all #content areas to light blue and then overriding it for any #content enclosed in a .ns-0 (main namespace). I then do the same for the "tab" background colors. */

background: #F8FCFF; /* a light blue */ } .ns-0 * #content { background: white; } background: #F8FCFF; } .ns-0 * #mytabs li { background: white; } background-color: #F8FCFF; } .ns-0 * #mytabs li a { background-color: white; } /* For p-cactions (the top "tabs") it works only because my .js moves them into the "ns-0" wrapper anyway. */ background: #F8FCFF; } .ns-0 * #p-cactions li { background: white; } background-color: #F8FCFF; } .ns-0 * #p-cactions li a { background-color: white; } }
 * 1) content {
 * 1) mytabs li {
 * 1) mytabs li a {
 * 1) p-cactions li {
 * 1) p-cactions li a {

/* Syntax highlighting style; this goes last so as to make it excruciatingly obvious when a pre span.idselector {color: red;} pre span.classselector {color: green;} pre span.property {color: blue;} pre span.value {color: orange;} pre span.comment {font-weight: bold; background-color: #eee;} pre {background: white;}
 * CSS change breaks this file. */

/* Extreme Syntax highlighting style */ /* Main style for the table */ .dp-highlighter { width: 100%; overflow: auto; line-height: 100% !important; margin: 18px 0px 18px 0px; padding:3px 0 3px 0;} .dp-highlighter table {width: 100%; margin: 2px 0px 2px 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; background-color: #fff;} .dp-highlighter td { font-family: Courier New; font-size: 11px;}

/* Gutter with line number */ .dp-highlighter .gutter { padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 10px; width: 5px; background-color: #eee; border-right: 1px solid gray; color: gray; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; }

/* Single line style */ .dp-highlighter .line1, .line2 { padding-left: 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #F7F7F7; white-space:nowrap;} .dp-highlighter .line2 { background-color: #F7F7F7;}

/* Language specific styles */ .dp-c .comment { color: green; } .dp-c .string { color: #69C; } .dp-c .preprocessor { color: gray; } .dp-c .keyword { color: blue; } .dp-c .vars { color: #d00; }

//Borrow a bunch of stuff from User:Omegatron/monobook.css /* Reminder to upload to commons instead */

text-decoration: line-through; } /* Making Lupin's popups work better? */
 * 1) t-upload {

span.popup_menu { top: 2ex !important; } /* Talk page colors? */ /* Style pour les pages de discussion ; gestion de la coloration indentative */

/* .ns-1 dd, .ns-3 dd, .ns-5 dd, .ns-7 dd, .ns-9 dd, .ns-11 dd, .ns-13 dd,.ns-15 dd, .ns-101 dd, .ns-105 dd { margin: 0; padding: 0; }

.ns-1 dl, .ns-3 dl, .ns-5 dl, .ns-7 dl, .ns-9 dl, .ns-11 dl, .ns-13 dl, .ns-15 dl, .ns-101 dl, .ns-105 dl { border-top: 0; border-left: solid 1px #ddf0ff; padding-top: 0em; padding-left: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; } */

.ns-1 dl, .ns-1 dl dl dl, .ns-1 dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-1 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-1 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-3 dl, .ns-3 dl dl dl, .ns-3 dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-3 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-3 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-5 dl, .ns-5 dl dl dl, .ns-5 dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-5 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-5 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-7 dl, .ns-7 dl dl dl, .ns-7 dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-7 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-7 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-9 dl, .ns-9 dl dl dl, .ns-9 dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-9 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-9 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-11 dl, .ns-11 dl dl dl, .ns-11 dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-11 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-11 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-13 dl, .ns-13 dl dl dl, .ns-13 dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-13 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-13 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-15 dl, .ns-15 dl dl dl, .ns-15 dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-15 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-15 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-101 dl, .ns-101 dl dl dl, .ns-101 dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-101 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-101 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-105 dl, .ns-105 dl dl dl, .ns-105 dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-105 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-105 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl { background-color: #eff8ff; }

.ns-1 dl dl, .ns-1 dl dl dl dl, .ns-1 dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-1 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-1 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-3 dl dl, .ns-3 dl dl dl dl, .ns-3 dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-3 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-3 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-5 dl dl, .ns-5 dl dl dl dl, .ns-5 dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-5 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-5 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-7 dl dl, .ns-7 dl dl dl dl, .ns-7 dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-7 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-7 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-9 dl dl, .ns-9 dl dl dl dl, .ns-9 dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-9 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-9 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-11 dl dl, .ns-11 dl dl dl dl, .ns-11 dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-11 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-11 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-13 dl dl, .ns-13 dl dl dl dl, .ns-13 dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-13 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-13 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-15 dl dl, .ns-15 dl dl dl dl, .ns-15 dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-15 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-15 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-101 dl dl, .ns-101 dl dl dl dl, .ns-101 dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-101 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-101 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-105 dl dl, .ns-105 dl dl dl dl, .ns-105 dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-105 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl, .ns-105 dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl { background-color: #e6f4ff; }

title: User:Gwern/monobook.css


text:
The Computer Revolution/Security/Biometrics

What is Biometrics
Biometrics is the use of such biological properties as fingerprints, retina scans and voice recognition to identify people. Biometrics is becoming very popular as a means of identification. These methods of identification are not just used for law enforcement or in the imagination of science fiction writers any more either. Businesses often use biometrics to ensure access to buildings and information to only those that require it. Private and public places often use video surveillance. It is very possible that biometric identifiers will soon be used in passports, driver's licenses, and perhaps a future national ID card.

For example, biometrics is being used in Iraq to identify police, prisoners, authorized guns owners, and criminal suspects.

Biometrics is "the technology that takes physical or behavioural characteristics of individuals and converts them into digital data." These characteristics are then encrypted into a system, such as an individual card, from which comparisons can then be made.

Biometric systems are mostly computerized, automated systems that use physio-biological or behavioural measurements of the human body as an indicator of the presence of a particular person. The stand-alone fingerprint reader is the most common used. It controls access to computer systems, like notebook computer, or various facilities. A built-in fingerprint reader is normally used to control access to the device which it's built into.

Many fear that biometrics may lead to a loss of individuality, privacy and freedom. Many people do not like to be scanned and feel uneasy about having their bodily data digitally stored along with other personal information.

http://www.cippic.ca/en/faqs-resources/biometrics/

Retrieved from "http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Computer_Revolution/Security/defence"

How Reliable Are Biometrics
Some security systems can be fooled if a person wears a hat, a beard, sunglasses or even a mask. Lighting and camera angles have a large effect on how accurate a face will show up on a system. Some people feel that facial recognition may result in a violation of privacy if their pictures are used without their knowledge.

These are some things that most people do not take into consideration.

retrieved from http://ntrg.cs.tcd.ie/undergrad/4ba2.02/biometrics/prosncons.html and

http://www.riskmanagementmagazine.com.au/articles/FF/0C02DDFF.asp?Type=124&Category=1240

=Biometrics: Use of Iris Scanning=

Patented in the late 1980s, iris scans' first use was to identify prisoners in a Pennsylvania prison. They have begun to be instituted to identify "the good guys" at international airports, where frequently flying passengers are allowed to use iris scanning technology to move more quickly through security checkpoints. Charlotte/Douglas International Airport in North Carolina; the Flughafen Frankfurth Airport in Germany; and London's Heathrow airport, among others, use iris scanning technology for this purpose.

According to "findbiometrics.com", "Iris cameras perform recognition detection of a person’s identity by mathematical analysis of the random patterns that are visible within the iris of an eye from some distance. It combines computer vision, pattern recognition, statistical inference and optics.Of all the biometric devices and scanners available today, it is generally conceded that iris recognition is the most accurate.  The automated method of iris recognition is relatively young, existing in patent since only 1994."

The iris of the eye is the colored ring around the pupil of every human being and no two iris' are alike. Each are unique in their own way, exhibiting a distinctive pattern that forms randomly in utero, a process called chaotic morphogenesis. Some medical and surgical procedures can affect the overall shape and color of an iris but the fine texture remains stable over many decades. Even blind people can use this scan technology since iris recognition technology is iris pattern-dependent not sight dependent. Furthermore," findbiometrics.com ", states that, "the iris is also mostly flat and controlled by 2 muscles so it helps make the iris movements more predictable then facial recognition. Even genetically identical twins have completely different iris patterns. Iris cameras, in general, take a digital photo of the iris pattern and recreating an encrypted digital template of that pattern.  That encrypted template cannot be re-engineered or reproduced in any sort of visual image. Iris recognition therefore affords the highest level defence against identity theft, the most rapidly growing crime". The imaging process involves no lasers or bright lights and authentication is essentially non-contact. Today’s commercial iris cameras use infrared light to illuminate the iris without causing harm or discomfort to the subject. Before scanning of the iris takes place, the iris is located using landmark features. These landmark features, and the distinct shape of the iris allow for imaging, feature isolation and extraction. Localization of the iris is an important step in iris recognition because, if done improperly, resultant noise (i.e.: eyelashes, reflections, pupils and eyelids) in the image may lead to poor performance. The general uses of iris recognition so far have been: substituting for passports (automated international border crossing); aviation security and controlling access to restricted areas at airports; database access and computer login; premises access control; hospital settings including mother-infant pairing in maternity wards; "watch list" screening at border crossings; and it is under consideration for biometrically enabled National Identity Cards.

It was announced in April 2012 that the Defense Department is preparing two large scale tests to prove whether biometrics can control who enters military facilities without impeding the flow of traffic. According to " federalnewsradio.com ", for more than a decade, the DoD (Department of Defense) has used fingerprints, iris scans and facial recognition technology to detect terrorists in Afghanistan, Iraq and in other countries. But as an approach to physical access, the military has only in a limited way put their Common Access Cards (CACs) with biometric data on them to full use. ""There are some quick wins happening in DoD around physical access," said Brian Hunt, the Army's chief of the future applications branch in the Biometrics Identity Management Agency, during the FOSE conference in Washington Thursday. "The Pentagon Force Protection Agency … has developed a system that is in place at the Mark Center in [Alexandria,] Virginia. It is not yet turned on, but they have gone through phase one, which is the enrollment of the workforce population, several thousand. It uses the DoD CAC and the application is when you come to work you put your CAC card down on a little entry turnstile and then you have a choice of either putting your index finger down or looking straight ahead at an iris scanner. In about six seconds, the system validates a couple of things, that your biometric matches what's on the card and then it matches to the database. It raises the security posture beyond what a normal swipe card would do." '

The Army has shown the value of biometrics in Afghanistan and Iraq. Soldiers are using handheld devices to reach back into their database and the FBI's database when they come across potential terrorists.

Biometric Hand Scanner Since every human being has a different and fingerprint signature, many different security systems use a hand and fingerprint recognition system in order to ensure that the proper people are logged into the system. Many safes employ the fingerprint and hand print recognition software that makes it possible for only one person to be able to open a safe that has a fingerprint signature required. Many companies and agencies have that software in use if they have people dealing with sensitive data and material.

http://www.findbiometrics.com/iris-recognition/

http://terrorism.about.com/od/controversialtechnologies/g/IrisScanning.htm

http://www.federalnewsradio.com/?nid=396&sid=2817314

http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/blog/fedbiz_daily/2012/04/mark-center-to-scan-employee.html


text:
The Computer Revolution/Security/Attacks

As society becomes more dependent upon the technology of computers in this information age, the more vulnerable humans seem to be to cyberthreats. So much time, energy and resources are expended on fighting these cyberthreats that it would be wise to first understand what type(s) of threats have, do or potentially could exist.

Understanding threat(s) and the potentiality of attack on one's computer system should be one (and maybe the first) step in an attempt at warding off the damage and danger that could happen to you, the user. However, one must also be cognizant of the fact that some threats are beyond the everyday user's, and even the expert's, ability to prevent.

The attacks can happen without notice and without one's knowledge, but knowing how some of these attacks could take place, one maybe able to limit one's chances of being a statistic in the cyberworld. Don't be an uninformed target -- be ready and aware of the danger -- then undertake to implement security systems that maybe able to ward against such treats.

The following sections examine four cyberthreats, namely DOS or Denial-of-Service, Worms, Viruses and Trojan Horses.

DOS: Denial-of-Service
Denial of Service (DOS) occurs on the internet. It is an attack where one is not allowed/denied service from a site where service is expected. The service becomes unavailable and temporarily loses network connectivity. Examples include: Email, or even being denied access into Blackboard. DOS attacks are dangerous because they have the ability to wipe out files and programs in a computer system. It can happen to websites that are used by millions of people daily therefore halting service and inconveniencing them. DOS attacks can be either intentional or accidental. There are different types of DOS attacks which include: viruses, teardrop attacks, and most commonly buffer overflow attacks. The buffer overflow attack is done by sending too much traffic to a particular network address than the programmers who produced its data buffers expected. There are different ways to do this and the results can be theft of information or security loss. These tend to cost the person responsible for the network time and/or money to get the system back to normal.

Protecting Against Hardware Loss, Hardware Damage and System Failure
There are many different precautions that can be taken to protect the Computer from Hardware Loss or System Failure. Among them one of the ways is to Door and Computer Equipment Locks: which can be helpful to protect Computer from any hardware theft. These can be avoided by having proper door locking system or alarm system attached to any commercial environment. Biometrics or face recognition access could be one of the secured ways to access Computers to avoid unauthorized access. Another way would be the use of Cable Locks to lock the computer to the table or any other object, so that theft can be avoided in any schools environment and any commercial environment. Other ways to protect on such an activity is by using Security Slots, installing software application on portable computers so the unauthorized access to computer would sound a loud alarm and even use of security protocols to avoid any theft or unauthorized access.Another good way that someone can protect their computer against hardware and data loss is simple and you don't even have to pay for it. It's called simply putting a password on your computer. You can easily set this up buy clicking on the start button of your computer and going to the system settings of your computer. When you get to that screen there will be an option for security settings and you click on it. Then it will give you the option of putting a password on your computer so that nobody can go on it unless they know it. Make sure thought that the password is not easy to guess and your the only one that knows it. This is probably one of the safest and easiest ways to protect your computer. Even if someone is trying to get in you can tell the computer to turn off after a certain amount of missed tries.

There are numerous known and unknown viruses, as technology evolves hackers are creating more viruses. Norton is one of the most common anti-virus protection software available to date. The following are the top ten programs available:

Bitdefender Antivirus Plus

Kaspersky Anti-Virus

Panda Antivirus Pro

F-Secure Anti-Virus

AVG Anti-Virus

Avast! Pro Antivirus

G Data AntiVirus

BullGuard Antivirus

Avira AntiVir Premium

ESET NOD32 Antivirus

Worms
A worm is a malicious software created by hackers to damage computer systems that can replicate itself repeatedly and continuously into the computer’s memory or local drive. Through the history, it has had famous worms like Cod Red that have intended to attack the White House website and public Pentagono websites. Generally, these worms tried to affect Microsoft Windows NT and 2000 systems. Also, others have infected computer running Microsoft’s database such as SQL Server 2000. How do worms spread? Typically, It can be acquired through spam or junk emails enclosing attachments infected with these worms. Once you open these infected emails, your computer is already being infected through its operating system like Windows, email-related software such as Outlook, or database software as SQL Server 2000. Using its powerful replica, it is duplicated itself and send copies out of itself to the contact’s names in your address books using either local email system or directly using SMTP. Those worms have caused hundreds of millions dollars in damage. The most well known and harmful worms are Love Bug, Code Red, and Blaster worms. For instant, The Love Bug worm flooded the Internet with e-mails in May 2000 with the subject, ILOVEYOU. That worm was masterminded by Onel de Guzman and caused billions of dollars in damages, retrieved November 30,2006, from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/computer_worms/famous.html

Viruses
A virus can be stored on a floppy disc, CD, or the computer's hard drive and it can cause unexpected damage to the PC, and in some cases destroy it. The virus attaches itself to the computer's hard drive and then damages the files, or erases them. Viruses can also attached themselves to a computer program, and every time the program runs, the virus also runs and reproduces itself. Computer viruses are called viruses, because just like the biological viruses can transfer from one body to another, a computer virus can transfer from one computer to another. In order for the virus to reproduce itself it has to be attached to a program. Some of the deadly viruses that caused a lot of damage to many companies, and even Microsoft, is back in 1999 the "Melissa Virus". In 2000 the virus "ILOVEYOU" damaged a lot of information. ("How Computer Viruses Work, retrieved November 21, 2006, from http://www.howstuffworks.com/virus.htm)

Social Engineering

 * Social Engineering is the art of gaining access to a building, system, or data by exploiting human interaction opposed to a technical approach such as hacking. Social engineering is a huge concern as it directly relates to personnel training where many companies just focus on having a robust technical security system.  Social engineering examples include posing as a professional that is accessing the business for a pizza delivery or pest control, making phone calls posing as someone such as IT personnel at the company requesting your password, or simply by trying to go by unnoticed possibly by faking a hostile phone call as you enter the building.  A vulnerability assessment is a preventative measure where a company will try to gain access via social engineering so that policy and training can be adjusted to prevent any successes from the social engineering test. 3wPlayer.jpg

Phishing

 * Phishing is when people attempt to retrieve your private information such as bank statements, credit card numbers, or passwords by tricking you into going to their website. The method they use is tricking you by creating a false statement giving you reason to believe they are someone else and need your information.  Usually email is the main method that phishers use.  Another method however is by making you believe that you are on a trusted website while you are really on a fake web site created by them.  This website will look identical to the correct website however it will be slightly different in the URL and the user may never know the difference. Be careful!

Spear Phishing

 * Spear phishing is an e-mail spoofing fraud attempt that targets a specific organization or individual. Its known this scheme typically appear to come from an organization or a person you know. Spear phishing seeks unauthorized access to your confidential data. It is important to learn to be suspicious of unexpected requests for confidential information, and not send personal information in response to an e-mail.

Botnets
A bot is a computer that is controlled by a hacker; A group of bots that are controlled by somebody are called a botnet. The FBI estimates that there are around one million computers in the United States that are being used in botnets. Criminals use them to carry out things such as computer sabotage, spread malware, and launch denial of service (DoS) attacks. Criminals that use botnets are referred to as botherders. They sell their illegal services to send spam, launch attacks for their clients, and steal sensitive data from corporations or individuals to sell on the black market.

Man-in-the-middle
A man in the middle attack is as simple as the name implies. A person is in between you and the other party, this person performing the attack and is keeping track of your keystrokes, websites visited, and information entered on the computer. Such attacks are common in low level security work spaces. The person committing the attack may at times pretend to be you in order to fool the other party without you even noticing since the attacker has re-routed data to his own computer. This type of attack can cause serious damage to an individual and company with the potential for loss in sensitive information and data. With this type of attack the attacker can alter data to whatever degree he or she wishes.

Pharming
Pharming is a type of attack that uses spoofed domain names to get personal information about you. The person doing the pharming, reroutes all the traffic for one Web site to their spoofed Web site. The hacker does this by hacking into a company's DNS server and changing the IP address for a specific URL. The ending result is that all requests for the URL are now redirected to a different IP address. So, even though you may type in the correct URL, you are still taken to the spoofed site. The sites look virtually the same, so the user doesn't notice a difference and goes on with their business. Once the person enters their username and password, they get an error and they are sent back to the real Web site. Unfortunately, the person doing the pharming now has your user information and can gain access to your account.

Reference: Morely, Deborah, and Charles Parker. Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow. Boston: Course Technology, 2011. Print.


text:
User:Whiteknight/Primary Authors

Primary authors of a book are a heavily empowered group of people who are given almost total unilateral control over the books for which they are authors. Primary Authorship is not a distinction that is made officially by the wikibooks project, nor is it a tool that can be used to assert authority over other users.

What is a Primary Author?
A Primary Author of a particular book is essentially a single active contributor to that book, who makes the vast majority of all substantive contributions to the book, and who has almost unilateral control over the book so long as they remain the primary author. Primary Authorship is not a badge of honor that one earns, but is instead a position that somebody obtains through the actions of others: A person is a primary author of a book so long as there are no other active contributors to the book. If a given book has a single primary author, and a new user begins making substantive contributions to the book, the primary author becomes just "a regular contributor", and loses unilateral control over the book.

Primary Authorship is not a tool that can be used to assert authority over other users. By definition, a person cannot be a primary author when there are other contributors working on the same project. A person's historical status as a primary author of a book does not net them any extra authority over the book, or any extra "pull" in discussions when they are no longer primary authors. People who do not like this transition from unilateral control to multilateral control are free to take their bad attitudes to a new wiki (or preferably off the internet all together).

Decision Making
It's not that the Decision making policy doesn't hold in the case of primary authors, but that if there is only a "group" of 1 making decisions, the act of acheiving concensus is no act at all. Concensus from a single person is simply the whim of that person. Also, if there is only a single person interested in the book, it doesnt make sense to request comments from other users from outside the book before making changes. However, if more people become active in the book, there is no longer a primary author, and decision making occurs according to the official wikibooks policy.

Original Authors
An original author is the person who first creates a particular book. The original author is given unilateral control over the book title, creating the book structure (Table of Contents, naming conventions, etc) and defining the scope of the book (material covered, target audience, narrative voice, etc). An Original Author is essentially just a primary author, and they remain primary authors until new people join the project (which may not be long, if the book is well-advertised on the main page). However, Original Authors have more power then any other author because they get to define the title, structure and scope of the book initially. Changes to any of these things can be made by future primary authors, but are typically not made because of the sheer amount of effort involved.

Problems
People who are primary authors are only such because nobody else is contributing. If new people come to help contribute to a book, the primary author loses his status, and loses unilateral control over the book. This could cause some primary authors to "lock out" new users from contributing to a book, and therefore maintain their own strict control over the book without interference. This is not allowed. If a person begins to remove good-faith edits from other users, or begins to roll-back edits without justification, that user becomes a vandal, and should probably be blocked from wikibooks all together. Wikibooks is a collaboration, and when there are other kids in the neighborhood, we all need to play nicely.

Under no circumstances should any contributor to a particular book, primary or otherwise, restrict the ability of other contributors to edit that book. It is also against wikibooks policy for an author to be hostile to a new user in an attempt to deter them from contributing to a particular book. The bottom line is: If you don't want to share, leave wikibooks and don't come back.

If a book with a single primary author is found to be in violation of policy, or if the book (or pages from the book) are nominated for VfD, the responsibility falls on the primary author entirely. Many times a book is found to be in violation of a policy, and is therefore nominated for deletion. If the book has only a single primary author, that author must improve the book to make it conform to policy, because there are no other active contributors to help with such a project. There have been times in the past where the primary author of a book failed to improve the book to meet policy standards, and the book was therefore deleted.

On the bright side, if the book is found to be in violation of policy, and the primary author is able to fix the problem, the book will be able to stay on wikibooks.

Benefits
There are several benefits to being a primary author, and many books will benefit significantly from having an active primary author. Under a primary author, a book can typically progress quickly, with new material being added, new pages being created, old pages being moved into a better order, etc. A primary author will edit a book with a single vision in mind, and the book will tend to be standardized in terms of voice, scope, target audience, and formatting. However, a primary author should not take for granted that new users may not understand all the de facto rules and guidelines that the previous primary author employed, so all primary authors should take some time to write down their vision for the book: formatting guidelines, scope, depth, audience, voice, etc. In this way, future editors to the book can jump right in without making a big mess.

Under a primary author, decisions that are typically difficult to make become quick and easy. A book's naming convention, or even the book title can be quickly changed without debate or compromise. The structure of the book, the navigational templates and other book-related resources can be improved quickly without looking for a concensus decision on the mater.

title: User:Whiteknight/Primary Authors


text:
The Computer Revolution/Cyber Villains

Hacker- 1. A hacker is someone who creates and modifies computer software and computer hardware, including computer programming, administration, and security-related items. 2. People who gain unauthorized access to computers or networks, often just for the challenge of it.

3. Thrill-seeker hacker: hackers who illegally access computer systems for the challenge of it. 4. White-hat hacker: Professionals who break into computer systems and networks with the knowledge of their owners to expose security flaws that can then be fixed.

Crackers- Malicious hackers, who break into computers for malicious purposes. 4 types of Crackers

 * 1) Hacktivists: people who break into a computer system for a politically or socially motivated purpose
 * 2) Black-hat hacker: those who break into computer systems to steal or destroy information or to use it for illegal profit.
 * 3) Cyberterrorists: Politically motivated person who attacks computer systems so as to bring physical or financial harm to a lot of people or destroy a lot of information.
 * 4) Hacker-Victim: Someone who was targeted by hacker(s) and seeks to inflict the pain that was done to them.

title: The Computer Revolution/Cyber Villains


text:
The Computer Revolution/Networks/Network Topologies

What is a Topology?

Ring topology - Mesh topology - Star topology - Total Mesh or Full Mesh - Line topology - Tree topology - Bus topology - Hybrid topology


text:
The Computer Revolution/Hardware/Expansion Cards

Reserved for Group 2

Expansion Cards & Buses - Introduction & Purpose
You’ve purchased a computer and over time you have discovered that its capabilities have now become limited. The computer’s original motherboard may already have many “built-in” audio, video and network cards, but these just don’t do the job any more. You either wish to add a new feature or ability to your computer or extend its functionality; therefore one solution might be to add one or more expansion cards.

As noted and as the name implies, “expansion” cards provide a means of “expanding” or increasing your computer’s capabilities or functionalities. Essentially you are adding some hardware that performs tasks, provides more memory or controls additional peripheral devices. However, one must be cognizant of the possibility that one’s computer may not have the appropriate “architecture” that would enable expandability options (Williams & Sawyer, p. 217)1.

Expansion cards are also known as an ‘internal card, interface adapter, interface cards, expansion board, adapters, adapter cards, add-ins or add-ons” or simply “cards” (Williams, B.K. & S. C. Sawyer,  2007,  Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers and Communications,  7th ed.,  Montreal: McGraw-Hill Irwin, p. 217; http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expacard.htm; http://www.k12.nf.ca/janecollins/comtech/jgreen/cards.htm and http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/expansion_board.html  Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006).

An expansion card is an electronic board or card, essentially a circuit board (printed), which can be plugged into an expansion slot or expansion interface on the computer’s motherboard. This circuitry is “printed” on the “surface of a standard-size rigid material (fibreboard or something similar) …” and are easily identifiable by their “… metal back …” where computer components maybe plugged into  (http://www.computer-dictionary-online.org/expansion%20card.htm?q=expansion%20card and http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expacard.htm  Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006).

These cards are keyed, that is, they will only connect into the slot on the motherboard in one direction. In addition, expansion cards “… come in one of two sizes designed to match standard slot dimensions” and fit only the type of expansion slot it is designed for (http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expacard.htm and http://ioc.unesco.org/oceanteacher/oceanteacher2/02_InfTchSciCmm/01_CmpTch/00_compsys/02_hardware/cards.html  Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006). Furthermore, it should be noted that “different computers have different standards …” for expansion cards that are acceptable (http://burks.bton.ac.uk/burks/foldoc/12/40.htm Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006) and most computers may have four to eight slots for additional expansion cards, although some cards may already be included in your new computer  (Williams & Sawyer, p. 217).

Among the optional facilities that expansion cards may provide are such things as additional RAM, a disk controller, coprocessor, graphics accelerators, communication devices or some other special-purpose interface (http://burks.bton.ac.uk/burks/foldoc/12/40.htm and http://www.computer-dictionary-online.org/expansion%20card.htm?q=expansion%20card  Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006). Williams & Sawyer (p. 218) provides a list of types of cards or boards and what they do, but the most common types are graphics, sound and network cards. These will be highlighted in the following sections, as well as a brief examination of Modem and PC cards.

_____________________ 1 As noted in Williams & Sawyer (p. 217), “closed architecture means a computer has no expansion slots,” but “open architecture means it does have expansion slots.”  However, they also state that an alternative definition for these types of architecture relates to the availability of manufacturers’ specifications for its computer design so other companies may or may not be able to create ancillary devices that will work with their particular design.

Types of Expansion Cards & Buses
Sound & Graphics

Network Interface Cards (NIC)

A Network Interface Card is a board or card that is inserted in your computer. This card allows you to connect to a network of servers. Another name to describe the NIC is a “Network Adaptor” which explains the meaning therefore will be easier to understand (http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/nic.htm). This card will allow your personal computer to be hooked up with a network or wireless network. Most of the new desktop models already have a network interface built into the machine. Network adaptors are normally used to connect to your company network. NIC’s are only present in PC computers and have yet to invade the laptop or PDA’s (http://mobileoffice.about.com/od/getmobilized/g/nic.htm). This card is imperative in a PC if you need to be hooked up to a network. A Network Interface allows you to transfer data from your computer to another computer or others which are hooked up to the network. Both the client and the server must have a NIC (http://www.quepublishing.com/articles/article.asp?p=101728&rl=1).

Modem Card

PC Cards

First and foremost, there can be some confusion as to the terminology associated with this acronym -- “PC Card.”   For example, a “PC Expansion Card” maybe the jargon used to refer to any and all expansion cards (e.g., graphic, video, sound, etc.) for your “personal computer.”  One may also come across references to “PCI.”  The latter is not a card; it is one type of expansion slot into which the expansion card maybe installed in some computers. “PCI” is short for peripheral component interconnect or interface and, over time, are being replaced by PCI Express slots (http://peripherals.about.com/od/pcexpansioncards/f/pcexpansion.htm Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006).

So what is a PC card? In brief, the “PC Card” is an official reference to PCMCIA cards -- thank goodness for the short form! The Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, a trade association founded in 1989, established the standard for PC cards and officially renamed the PCMCIA card in February 1999. There are three types or sizes of cards accepted within the PCMCIA standard, namely specified as Type I, II and III according to their thickness – thin, thick and thickest at 3.3 mm, 5 mm and 10.5 mm, respectively (Williams & Sawyer, p. 220 and http://www.computerhope.com/help/pcmcia.htm Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006). A fourth type (i.e., Type 4) of PC card, developed by JEIDA, is non-standard and, as a result, was rejected by PCMCIA --- but maybe found on some laptops. Other specifications that have been established for this hardware are “… 85.6 mm deep x 54 mm wide and have a 68-pin connector or two rows of 34 pins” (http://www.computerhope.com/help/pcmcia.htm Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006). Thus, the common reference to the PC card as a “credit card-sized device.”

What does a PC card do? Like other expansion cards, it too can be used to expand the capabilities of computers, but principally on laptop computers. These electronic credit-card-sized devices may also be used to permanently store data and are commonly used on laptops or other portable devices such as digital cameras and pagers (http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/pccard.htm Retrieved, Nov 21, 2006).

Some examples of PC cards and their associated “Types” have been provided by Williams & Sawyer (p. 220). They include in their list of examples: “… extra memory (flash RAM), sound cards, modems, hard disks, … pagers and cellular communications.”  It was also noted that:

a)	Type I PC cards are used primarily for flash memory, b)	Type II are most often found and used for fax modems and network interface cards, and c)	Type III is generally for rotating disk devices, such as hard-disk drives, and wireless communication devices (Williams & Sawyer, p. 220).

PC Interfacing & Input / Output Cards

Sometimes PC interface cards are required for computer control, for digital/analogue data acquisition, robotics, automatic testing equipment, process control or for experimental and educational purposes. See this site for example interfacing hardware for the serial port. Covers an I/O module and RS232 to TTL level converter for use with robotics or microcontroller based projects.


text:
The Computer Revolution/Security/Passwords

How to deal with passwords?

 * 1) Don't tell anyone your user name and password.
 * 2) Don't use passwords that can be easily guessed (Ex. DOB, mother's maiden name, phone #, address)
 * 3) Avoid any word that appears in a dictionary. (Use a passphrase of several words, or weird combinations of letters, #'s, and punctuation)
 * 4) Create long passwords, especially for sensitive sites. (Financial accounts-16 character passwords are recommended)
 * 5) Don't use the same password for multiple sites.
 * 6) Change passwords often (4-6 weeks)
 * 7) Don't write passwords on sticky notes, notebook, handheld computer or tape them under the keyboard
 * 8) Write down your passwords, and carry the passwords in your wallet. (Some people say "You shouldn't write down passwords". That is outdated advice.)

Strategies for a Strong Password
The longer your password is, the more secure it will be. It should be at least eight characters long, and consist of numbers, letters and special characters. Do not use your name, your pets name, your high school name, your birthday, or any other public information for your password. Some sites require you to use a password and answer questions from the computer database, such as your city of birth, school attended, mother’s maiden name, etc. Don’t use answers that someone could easily find out from other sources such as facebook. Since passwords can be hard to remember, especially since they shouldn’t be regular words, you can use a passphrase that is easy to remember such as “I have two sisters and two brothers older than me”. Then you can use the first letter of each word and throw in some numbers and special characters such as “iH2s&2b0tM”. Never write down your password on paper. Create a password-protected file on your computer, and save your passwords there if you need to write them down.

Password Protection for Macs
Apple has created so many different products, and they take pride in their security options. For laptops and desktops, they have an application called Keychain Access which allows the user to have access to saved passwords for other applications along with things like WiFi networks, and website passwords. The important thing about Keychain Access is that there is a way to lock your passwords into the application so that only the user with the password to your computer can access them. This is important because it protects your important passwords like your login, or some private web passwords. Also, to be able to view the passwords, you must enter your computer password and then you will be able to see it.


text:
User:Whiteknight/Stubs

Stubs, books without meaningful content, or books that have not made progress within any reasonable amount of time are frequently listed for deletion at WB:VFD. This essay will explore that practice.

Stub Books
Stub-books are wikibooks that have little or no content. This is different from a stub-page, which is an individual page in a book that has little or no content. A book composed entirely of stub-pages, but which has a clear scope and organizational structure is not a stub-book.

 * I will be using the word "stub" from here on out to refer to stub-books only, and not stub-modules.

Do Stubs Belong?
Stubs have a place in wikibooks, but they also cause problems. A book is a big responsibility, and it is far preferable to contribute to an existing book then it is to create a new book. This is especially true for people who don't know how to start a new book, and who aren't aware of the work requirements to make it "good".

Book Foundations
Wikibooks grants it's contributors a certain amount of liberty, and this is most evident in the amount of freedom and latitude that wikibooks grants to the initial or primary author of a particular book. The primary author essentially gets to steer the ship, in addition to designing the ship and constructing the ship. Initial authors can decide unilateraly how the book is going to be laid out: how the book is going to be titled, how the chapters are going to be named, how the pages are going to be structured, etc. For this reason, people who start a book need to have a particular vision in mind, or the book will become sloppy at best.

Stubs on bad foundations
Unfortunately, it's this freedom that is the biggest problem with stubs: If an initial author creates a book with a specific vision (or even with a complete lack of vision, which is far worse), and abandons it, what is to become of it? Future authors may see the stub and say "This book needs more content, and I can add it!", but far more likely, a new contributor will say "I don't understand what the original author was intending, I don't know why he made these decisions, and I don't like this book at all". In such a case, the new author will either a) drop the subject entirely, and possibly leave wikibooks because of the apparent lack of quality, b) Contribute to a different book instead, or c) create their own book on the exact same topic, but with a structure that makes more sense to them (notice that it might not make more sense in general). And now, following option C, we can be left in a situation where we may have two stubs on the same subject, and this doesnt help anybody.

Stubs in the long term
A stub is a book that has little or no content, and also has little or no definate structure. If a book isn't self-explanatory in it's intentions, future editors will be confused by it, and probably abandon it entirely.

Creating a book, writing content, editing, revising, and polishing are all processes that will take a large amount of time. Stub books shouldn't just be deleted because they are stubs, but instead could be deleted for being irreparable stubs, or hopeless stubs, or even eternal stubs. A stub needs to be a stub for a long time, therefore, before it should be considered for deletion.

title: User:Whiteknight/Stubs


text:
Talk:Developing A Universal Religion/A Universal Religion/Summary

The purpose of the Bahai Faith is to be a universal religion. Perhaps this real-life faith will be useful to the book.


text:
Ancient History/Americas/Aztec Empire/The Aztecs arrive in the Valley of Mexico

When The Aztecs arrived in Tenochtitlan it was just a marshy swamp but when hernando cortez came in 1519 it was a fully developed island through the dirt piling skills of the aztecs who were known for building Chinampas

Chinampas
A chinampa was built in the lake auround the island, this was a skill that helped the aztecs become the great civilization that they were and produce much food. A chinampa would be built by the aztec Commoners and Peasants, it was dirt piled into a square box of reeds along the side of the island and would be the property of one of the aztec clans. They were built in great numbers and were fertilized with the feces of the aztecs. They were used to plant food for the clan that owned them, each clan had its own chinampas. They were also called "floating gardens"

Arrival and Building
The Aztecs arrived on the island in 1327 after hundreds of years of searching the island was actually more like a swamp but they built it up till it was the size of Mexico city which it would become hundreds of years later after the lake dried up the aztecs built buildings with rocks and had been influenced by the maya they worked the ground and within the next decade perfected a city

Azcapotzalco
Azcapotzalco was a city that took control of the Aztec's island and ruled over their city for many years. So the Aztecs had a rebellion and went against them with 2 other cities. This became known as the Aztec Triple Alliance. The Aztecs clearly objected to life under this power because they rebelled against them. This was the prototype for the Aztec Empire and the first use of their deadly war skill.


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Cravat bandage to head

This bandage is  useful  to  control  bleeding  from  wounds of the scalp or forehead. After placing a compress over the wound, place the center of the cravat over the compress  and  carry  the  ends  around  to  the opposite side; cross them, continue to carry them around to the starting point, and tie in a square knot.

|


text:
The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/Neural Networks

A neural network is an AI system that is capable of finding and differentiating patterns. It is most useful for identification, classification, and prediction when a vast amount of information is available. By examining hundreds, or even thousands of examples, a neural network detects important relationships and patterns in the information. Neural Networks attempt to mimic the structure and functioning of the human brain.

Types of Neural Networks

Self-Organizing Neural Network:finds patterns and relationships in vast amounts of data by itself.

Back-propagation neural network: A neural network trained by someone else. You teach the network the same way you would a child

Comparing artificial neural network (ANN) to the home computer

Let us start with the home computer and the way it processes information. The CPU knows of specific locations where it can access its instructions and data. Furthermore, the CPU by accessing the instructions and the data, and running them through the CPU, then takes the results and retains them in a designated section of memory. This process is consistent and rigid with no deviation. On the other hand, the artificial neural network (ANN) is neither consistent nor rigid with much deviation in its process that does not rely on predefined instructions or the actual storage of data in a designated section of memory. Instead of a Central Processor handling all of the processing, multiple less complex processors take the subjected data from the other processors within the neural network. This produces the results of what the ANN had learned. http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~bolo/shipyard/neural/local.html


text:
The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/Genetic Algorithms

Genetic Algorithms- an AI system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem.

Genetic Algorithms use 3 concepts of evolution:

 * 1) Selection or the survival of the fittest. The key to selection is to give preference to better outcomes.
 * 2) Crossover or combining portions of good outcomes in the hope of creating an even better outcome
 * 3) Mutation or randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success (or failure) of the outcome.

Genetic Algorithms are best suited to decision-making environments in which thousands, or perhaps millions, of solutions are possible. Genetic algorithms can find and evaluate solutions intelligently and can get through many more possibilities more thoroughly and faster than a human can.


text:
Template:Cups

cups ( mL)

title: Template:Cups


text:
User:RichMac

Important Pages
Requests for Import

title: User:RichMac


text: Template:Volume

title: Template:Volume


text:
Talk:German/Grammar/Sentences

Untitled
Great! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 155.247.166.29 (talk • contribs).

What about the passive voice? (I don't have a wikibooks login; I am User:Ich on en.wiki. -64.9.57.179 04:35, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Tip for the sentence structure
Q: Bei wem hast du dich beworben? (From whom have you applied [for a job]?) A: Beim Geschäft meines Onkels habe ich mich beworben. (I applied at my uncle's business.).

Better:

Q: Bei wem hast du dich beworben? (From whom have you applied [for a job]?) A: Ich habe mich beim Geschäft meines Onkels beworben. (Die gebräuchlichere Variante / the more usual variant)

Diese Variante würde ich unbedingt noch einbauen, da sie einfach viel gebräuchlicher ist! Allerdings ist der Satzbau im Deutschen variabel, sodass man beides in Abwechslung verwendet. Sonst merkt man nach den ersten Sätzen, dass es ein Anfänger übersetzt hat und es wird langweilig.

PS: Ein Satz ist sogar falsch. Und zwar dieser: Ich kann dir deinen Wagen übermorgen umsetzen helfen.

Richtige Sätze mit der gemeinten Bedeutung (wobei ich als Deutscher mir nicht ganz sicher bin, was gemeint ist): Ich kann dir übermorgen helfen, deinen Wagen umzusetzen. ODER Ich kann die beim übermorgigen Umsetzen deines Wagens helfen. ODER Übermorgen kann ich dir helfen, deinen Wagen umzusetzen.

title: Talk:German/Grammar/Sentences


text:
Erlang Programming/Pattern Matching

Erlang uses powerful pattern-matching to bind variables to values. Pattern matching can be explicit, as when the  (pattern matching operator) is used, or implicit, as when a function call is processed and a function's actual arguments are matched with its formal parameters.

Patterns
Patterns look the same as terms - they can be simple literals like atoms and numbers, compound like tuples and lists, or a mixture of both. They can also contain variables, which are alphanumeric strings that begin with a capital letter or underscore. A special "anonymous variable",  (the underscore) is used when you don't care about the value to be matched, and won't be using it.

A pattern matches if it has the same "shape" as the term being matched, and atoms encountered are the same. For example, the following matches succeed:

Note that in the fourth example, the pipe signifying the head and tail of the list as described in Terms.

These matches fail:

In the case of the pattern-matching operator, a failure generates an error and the process exits. How this can be trapped and handled is covered in Errors.

Patterns are used to select which clause of a function will be executed (this is covered in Functions; which option to select in a case expression (Expressions); and which messages to retrieve from the mailbox (Processes).

Variables
Erlang variables are single-assignment variables that do not have to be declared. They are written with a capital letter or underscore followed by an alphanumeric sequence. They are bound to values using the pattern matching mechanism. The Erlang compiler will produce an error if an unbound variable is used, and a warning if a bound variable is not used. Sometimes you might encounter a  variable. This variable is bound and does contain a value, however it suppresses compiler warnings regarding unused bound variables.

title: Erlang Programming/Pattern Matching


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lisa Turpin

Overview
Lisa Turpin is a Hogwarts student in Harry's year, in Ravenclaw house.

Philosopher's Stone
The Sorting Hat places Lisa Turpin into Ravenclaw house.


text:
SwisTrack/Interfacing SwisTrack/3rd party software

On start-up SwisTrack is listening on port 3000 (i.e. localhost:3000), where it accepts socket connections. Commands can be send as single characters (case sensitive), and are given below. SwisTrack will respond with the ap- propriate action or will send back a string containing the response. It is important that you make sure to read the exact number of bytes from the socket, otherwise messages will get mixed up. The exact number of bytes that you can expect is given for each command.

Data Format
Every point (be it calibrated, or uncalibrated, trajectory, or blob) is sent as fixed precision floating point number in the format "+####.#### +####.####", and thus having a length of 21 characters (including the separating spaces). Points are concatunated to a string. There is no terminating character.


text: Harmonica/Advance Maintainence

title: Harmonica/Advance Maintainence


text:
SwisTrack/Version 3/Interfacing 3rd party software

 This page refers to version 3 of SwisTrack. Unless you are still using this old version, you may want to read the documentation of the most recent version of SwisTrack.

=Introduction= On start-up SwisTrack is listening on port 3000 (i.e. localhost:3000), where it accepts socket connections. Commands can be send as single characters (case sensitive), and are given below. SwisTrack will respond with the appropriate action or will send back a string containing the response. It is important that you make sure to read the exact number of bytes from the socket, otherwise messages will get mixed up. The exact number of bytes that you can expect is given for each command.

Skeleton applications for Java, C++, and Matlab can be found in the swistrack-clients directory

=Available Commands=

Data Format
Every point (be it calibrated, or uncalibrated, trajectory, or blob) is sent as fixed precision floating point number in the format "+####.#### +####.####", and thus having a length of 21 characters (including the separating spaces). Points are concatenated to a string. There is no terminating character.


text: User talk:Aram Pitts

title: User talk:Aram Pitts