text:
User talk:Loth~enwikibooks

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 16:47, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Algorithms from THE BOOK
I like the idea of this book very much! I have added quicksort which I think fits in this category. --AdRiley 10:45, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Loth. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Loth~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:23, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:12, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Loth~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Pacoquelin

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! -- Herby talk thyme 16:48, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Pacoquelin


text:
User:Jeansz18

Hello, I Am Working On A Project With Classmates. We Are Writing A Book On How To Write A Good Book For Children :]

title: User:Jeansz18


text:
User:Cheetah1~enwikibooks

I am doing a project called, How to write a good book for children?

title: User:Cheetah1~enwikibooks


text:
User:Lady aquarius23

Hey peeplez, wat up, I am currently really havin so much fun. I love roller coasters and scary stuff. I am going to wonderland but then I have to go to a new school. T-T

title: User:Lady aquarius23


text:
User:Skirtsz18

Bonjour. Hello World. Hello i am working on a class project and having a very fun time! Have a good time writing your book : )!

Hey, Hi friend

yo homie :]

hola

Hiiiii Skirtsz18.....this is Bfriend so hows it going? Lets mail each other on wikibooks byeeeee.....keep in touch:)...

title: User:Skirtsz18


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User:Moneybunny

HeyFriends - Make new friends, but don't forget your old ones! - Stand up for your self!

This is wikibooks. This is a project. If you have any questions then feel free to ask!! Look around!

hey! moneybunny whatzz up?, its me milkyway,the galaxy of stars! lol

title: User:Moneybunny


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User:Soccer228

Hello i am a part of a project. The the project is how to create a good book for children.

title: User:Soccer228


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User:Pendragonking

Me
Hello, world. How are you people. I am doing very well. I am working on a project with some of my classmates. We are going to write a book called, "How to write a good book for children?" Please visit How to write a good book for children? for more information on this important topic.

title: User:Pendragonking


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User:Mashka~enwikibooks

Hi, I am a user in wikibooks. I am writing a book with my class about How to write a good book for children. I really like wikibooks, beacase I think it is fun and cool.

title: User:Mashka~enwikibooks


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User:Huskii

Hey! Welcome to my page. I am currently working on the project called How to write a good book for children. so...If you have any questions to ask feel free to ask in my discussion place. I'll do my best to answer each one of them. --Huskii 19:00, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

hey huskii!!

Hi huskiii.....this is Bfriend....whtz up?

title: User:Huskii


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User:Sdysart

hi! this is my new page ! i am new to wiki books and i am working on a new book called how to write a good book for children. please check it out and help out if you want to!

title: User:Sdysart


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User talk:Moneybunny

--Cheetah1 17:21, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Hello MoneyBunny
 * --Skirtsz18 17:22, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Wat Up
 * --ceci 17:23, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Hey is moneybunny --Cheetah1 19:20, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Hello MONEYBUNNY!!! Wat Is Up MONEYBUNNY.. Say MONNEYBUNNY Is A Very Funny MONEYBUNNY.

 * --LRainbowz,x 13:28, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moneybunny


text:
User talk:Cheetah1~enwikibooks

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cheetah1. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cheetah1~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:05, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:47, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cheetah1~enwikibooks


text:
User:Huw9mq48

Yo Momma! hey what is up

HEY

title: User:Huw9mq48


text:
User talk:Soccer228

Hi Soccer228. How are you doing? Are you playing soccer?

--Pendragonking 17:22, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Heyyyyyyyy Soccer =D what is up soccer228 --Cheetah1 18:54, 11 May 2007 (UTC) stop sending me bad leeters --Cheetah1 18:55, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * --Jeansz18 17:25, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Soccer228


text:
User:Mexico9

hi!

title: User:Mexico9


text:
User talk:Jeansz18

what is up you are cool

HI ALISA!
 * --LRainbowz,x 13:29, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeansz18


text:
User:Coolgirl3000

hello,this site rocks.I would like to talk to you.My class and I are working on HOW TO WRITE A GOOD BOOK FOR CHILDREN.

title: User:Coolgirl3000


text:
User talk:Skirtsz18

alisa

title: User talk:Skirtsz18


text:
Talk:Writing a Good Book for Children

This is the place for the discussion of the project How to write a good book for children?--Huskii 17:29, 10 May 2007 (UTC)\/

Fiction/Non-Fiction
A fictional book can be pure imagination, or it can include a bit of reality. fictional book have many different genres such as adventure or mystery. A fictional book can be funny or seriouse,sad or happy. the beauty of a fictional book is that it can be anything you want it to be. fiction is usualy more populare with children than non-fiction. if you are interested in writting a fictional book you may want to read fictional books such as harry potter,dear canada, or any book by eva ibbostson.--Sunshine 12 13:37, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

When writing about an animal even in a fiction book you have to do your research about it because then it will be easier to write if you know more about what you are writing! Don't be afarid to ask for help too. --Skirtsz18 13:53, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, if you write false information about the animal, children will use that information later and find out that they are wrong. --Tigerpeach 13:58, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Language
language of a book depends on what type of book you are writting. if you are writting a non-fiction language should be more formal. fictional books language can more lose.some writers even make up words and younger children enjoy it.--Sunshine 12 13:53, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Genre
It is really important to include a genre because if not, the kids will be very clueless and consequently it will get the reader( a child) confused. Also, genre also helps to classify your story and to make it stand out. For example, if you are going to write a fantasy book, it must embed something from the realms of imagination, for example, a unicorn, some magic or magical creatures. But, even though it is in the genre of fantasty, there still must be some truth in the story like a human emotion or a moral, which will bump your story up a level.
 * --Lady aquarius23 13:22, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the genre should be adventure because most kids llike books that are that genre.--Siar8 13:39, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * i agree because kids will get confused and they will know what they are about and i think that if kids know what they are reading they will understand what they are reading better.--Mexico9 13:41, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Mystery is an exciting genre many people have fun writing about. Some things you need to include when writing a mysery is a crime, supests, a at least one witness. Have fun writing!--Skirtsz18 13:38, 31 May 2007 (UTC) Adventure is also something that can be made up or true and it is what many kids are interested in. --Tigerpeach 13:31, 31 May 2007 (UTC) Mystery is something that children will want to keep reading because of cliff hangers and exciting moments. --Tigerpeach 13:48, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Many children love mystery books because of the bone chilling excitments! --Puppies12 13:54, 31 May 2007 (UTC)puppies12

Photos and Illustrations
Photos and illustrations can both be useful and harmful.Today, I'll be talking about the harmful and bad things about photos and illustrations. Well, if you add an photo or an illustration people could get confused and not get your point and then that would be a problem. I would want to find out if there is anyway I could add a photo or an illustration that would not confuse the reader.--Pendragonking 13:58, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Theme
There can be mulitiple theme in one book. Each theme links to one and another. Even though they are completely different, they all have something in common. For example, "Angel Square" one of the main theme/genre was mystery, but it lead to violence.--Moneybunny 13:45, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

multilingual books
I think we should translate the books in different langauges so people all around the world can read it. Writting in differnet langauges can help people understand the book who dont know how to read english or do but not very well. We should help others too.

--Starz11 13:54, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Writing a Good Book for Children


text:
User talk:Bfriend

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
 * Please say hello at the Staff Lounge with any questions or ideas.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Please take a look at Naming policy before starting a new book.
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck!-- SB_Johnny | talk 17:36, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Ahem
Thanks for experimenting with the page Main Page on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

-- SB_Johnny | talk 17:36, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

How to write a good book children?
Hello everybody, I am Bfriend here. I am working on a project called "How to write a good book for children?". If you have any ideas, please feel free to share them with me.

title: User talk:Bfriend


text:
Polish/Introductions

^ Polish ^

When introducing themselves, most Poles simply shake hands and pronounce their names. However, there are two types of questions that you, as a foreigner, need to know in order to respond properly if a curious Pole wants to know your name.

 * imię /eemye/ – first name
 * nazwisko /nazveesko/ – last name

1. Jak się nazywasz? /yak she nazivash/ – "what's your name"; usually implies both first and last name, although it is used colloquially to ask about the last name

 * nazywać się (infinitive) – to be called

Conjugation:

For example: " - Jak się nazywasz?" " - Nazywam się ..." " - Miło mi /meewo mi/" (nice to meet you)

In a formal setting, the question will be:

" - Jak się Pan/Pani nazywa?" - What is your name, Sir/Madam?

2. a. Jak masz na imię? /yak mash na eemye?/ – literally "what have you got as a name?"- asks specifically about the first name

b. Jak Ci na imię? /yak chy na eemye/ – literally "what your name?"-paradoxally, sounds even more eloquent than the other two types above, even though there is no verb...

 * mieć (infinitive) /myech'/ – to have

Conjugation:

For example: " - Jak Ci na imię?" " - Mam na imię Kasia." " - A jak on ma na imię?" (And what is his name?) " - Aleksander."

< Polish pronunciation < ^ Polish ^

title: Polish/Introductions


text:
User:CrazyEddy

If you want to know more about me, refer to one of these pages:

 * Myspace
 * YouTube

title: User:CrazyEddy


text:
Rhetoric and Composition/Annotated Bibliography

What is an Annotated Bibliography?
A bibliography is a list of books or resources that one creates and consults when preparing a research paper or project. An annotated bibliography includes both a Works Cited entry (also known as a Bibliography Entry) and a summary or critique of the source. The information given in the annotation will (1) summarize the information source and (2) Explain why this source is included in the bibliography.

Imagine you are writing a paper that is similar in subject to a paper you wrote a few years ago. You want to locate a specific article, but you can't remember which article from that paper is the one you are looking for. You have all the information to locate the article, but now you have to search through ten articles to find the correct one. By including an annotation in your bibliography, you won't have to locate every article again. Your annotation, which is a review, becomes a guide to help you locate the specific article or book you used before.

Also, you might be reading a paper and notice a quote that interests you, or that would help you in your own research. If the author of that paper has attached an Annotated Bibliography, you would be able to read information about the source, and to find out how this source could be of use to you in your own work.

What is Generally Included in the Annotation?
Start your bibliography entry just like a normal works cited entry. At the end of the normal citation include:
 * Between 2 to 4 sentences that summarize the sources main idea.
 * Between 1 or 2 sentences that relate the article to your paper either indicating how that information is useful to your research or how the information will be used.

The information within your annotation may include:
 * A brief description of content.
 * The main purpose of the source.
 * The intended audience: Who the information seems to be targeting.
 * The relevance of the information provided to your paper's subject matter.
 * If the source includes anything special (Diagrams, Charts, Quotes, Good Pictures).
 * A warning. You may want to mention if the source you are looking at is weakly written, biased to a point of view, or if it is lacking in any way.

General Formatting of an Annotated Bibliography
You may have a professor ask for an Annotated Bibliography paper. The rules on an Annotated Bibliography layout are not set in stone. So make sure to ask your professor if they have any specific preferences or refer to your academic disciplines rules pertaining to citation of research. For instance: You may be asked to include an introduction explaining your research. Also, you may begin your first annotation on a new page. This again is a teacher preference or even more broadly a preference of your academic discipline.

If you follow the layout below, you will be on your way. But make sure to ask your teacher or refer to your academic disciplines rules for citation prior to turning in your annotated bibliography.

Your Name Instructors Name Class Title/Section Calendar Date

Title of Your Annotated Bibliography (This should be centered on the page)

Introduction (If required)

Beginning of Your First Bibliographic Entry
 * entries should be alphabetized by the first word in the entry
 * each citation should be completed in accordance to your academic discipline's rule for citation

Annotation Styles
There are several styles of annotation, with two major styles being: MLA style and APA style; your professor may require you to use one of them or another one specific to your field of study. MLA stands for the Modern Language Association,and APA stands for the American Psychological Association. Both are used to emphasize different information. For instance, in the APA, psychology is the major interest so they emphasize dates since recent research tends to make older research obsolete. In contrast, MLA emphasizes page numbers because specific articles use the exact wordings of texts, which articles in psychology journals rarely do. No matter what style your teacher requires, be sure to follow the guidelines for documenting your research.

In terms of determining which annotation style to use in creating your annotated bibliography, you should refer to your instructor or even more broadly to your discipline of academic study. Different aspects of academia have different ways of citing sources for research, and it is important that you are aware of which form of citation your discipline uses prior to completing your annotated bibliography.

MLA ANNOTATION STYLE

Besides providing a correct citation for the article intended for use in your research, each entry for an annotated bibliography, completed in MLA format, can contain up to three paragraphs, that each serve a specific purpose. The first paragraph works to summarize the material in the article being annotated. While the second paragraph will attempt to provide an evaluation of the annotated text. Sometimes the first and second paragraph discussed here can be combined into one paragraph, depending upon the conciseness of the annotation. The final paragraph in an annotation in MLA format describes how the article being annotated works specifically with your intended area of research.

This brief description only provides an example of how to set up a MLA annotated bibliography entry; it should be noted that the overall purpose of an annotation entry is to provide a concise overview of the article be annotated and how it relates to you specified area of research interest.

APA ANNOTATION STYLE

When creating an annotated entry for an annotated bibliography formatted in APA, each entry should contain two paragraphs. The first paragraph, much like an entry in MLA format, should assess and summarize the article intended for research. While the second paragraph should work to evaluate the strengths of the article's method, presentation, and data analysis.

What makes an annotated bibliography entry different in APA format than that of one in MLA format is that in an APA annotated entry the importance of the source to your desired area of interest is not stated. The purpose of an APA annotation entry is to evaluate the credibility of the article, as opposed to its personal significance to you as a researcher.

General Layout Checklist for an Annotated Bibliography
Does your Annotated Bibliography follow these style cues?

 * Are all lines of your bibliography double spaced?
 * Have you included any extra line spacing? You shouldn't!
 * Is your class information at the beginning of the paper and aligned left?
 * Is your title centered?
 * Does the first line of of each works cited entry begin to the far left?
 * Are all following lines (the second, third, fourth...) indented 4 spaces?
 * Do you have page numbers? You should.  They should be located at the top of the page in the right hand corner.
 * Is your name on every page? It should be located within a header located on the top of the page in the right hand corner.
 * Is your bibliography alphabetized?
 * Have you used the correct format (APA, MLA)?

It should be noted that this checklist is not all encompassing, and that if you have any questions about what you should include in your annotated bibliography you should refer to you instructor or academic discipline's rules for citation.


text:
User talk:Storeye

=Catullus=

 * Forgive me for taking the liberty to create your talkpage but I noticed your recent contribution to The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus project that I'm currently working on. Thank you for your input! I appreciate you respecting my layout scheme as well as tagging the poem's status, presumably from my user page? :D Anyway, if you'd like to become a more permanent part of the project leave a message on my talk page.

I also noticed you are studying the Oxford Latin course? I am too, in conjunction with Cambridge as you can get a more rounded feel for the language. And I'm also learning Ancient Greek from Athenaze. Cool eh? Anyway, I'll wrap up now and I hope to hear from you!

Many thanks, Alakazam38 19:08, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * More contributions! 43 and 11. Good stuff there, I hope you don't mind me re-arranging it so I can keep my standard universal layout. Your points are there tho, just not where you put them :P.

Can I consider you officially involved now? That is 3 or 4 poems you've added. Thanks again. Alakazam38 12:06, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry about making a mess of the layout, I'm trying to keep it standard but I keep on forgetting various things. :D I'm honoured that you think me officially involved as most of the stuff I've added I've just copied and pasted from somewhere. On that note, I notice that wikisource has extra poems that wouldn't be hard to write notes for. Is there such a thing as an inter-project collaboration on a given topic? I've never heard of it, but i think it could be useful as alot of the projets duplicate information.

 * I was also wondering if you ever work on the latin or ancient greek parts of this project. I posed some questions about teaching styles on wikiversity a while ago but no-one replied. Most of the pages are lists of grammer rules and explanations without much connection between the exercises. This is unusual for text books, which usually have stories and related history (such as Dicaeopolis in Athenaze, Quintus in Oxford, and Caecilius in Cambridge). If this doesn't interest you then just ignore it, but I was wondering what you would think about doing something similar with wikibooks Latin or maybe even Catullus? Thanks again for inviting me to get involved! Storeye 08:33, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

The language work I'm doing is cross-linking vocab. help to Wiktionary, See The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/3, The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/51 for examples of model, comprehensive texts. I'm glad someone else is here tbh, its quite a lot of work for one person! I see your online right now :D Good stuff on the meter too. Alakazam38 11:38, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd like to keep this WikiBook as a separate entity, although you can of course copy text from Wsource to save you time. The difference is, we're duplicating material for the better.
 * I've featured you in the project news on my user page. :D

 * I saw the cross linked vocab. Good idea! I'm not sure I understand what you're saying about duplicated material, but I think you're saying you don't want this wikibook to nothing more than copied from other projects? I'm online, but not for long. I had an edit conflict with the metre so I hope I didn't delete any of your work. I didn't check if anyone was editing it before I started. *oops* And I've only included English examples, I don't have any certified scansions of latin and I don't trust my own work. I thought the English might be useful to see how it can be applied in a way that sounds natural, though. I've also heard of a metre that Catullus used that was called "limping iambic" or something? It went something like v-|v-|v-|v-|-v and had an emphasis on the last -v but i can't find any sources for it. Do you know what I'm talking about? Storeye 11:53, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * (wow, second edit conflict in as many minutes!)

 * Thanks for the project news! :D Storeye 11:53, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Our Project

 * What I mean is that I know that we're basically copying material from Wsource, but because the author has been dead for over a 100 years it's free reign stuff. What makes it our material is our comprehensive annotations. Therefore, we will have a lot of duplicated material but much more original material that we can call our own.
 * If you put a when you start editing, that way, if I come across it, I'll know you're there.
 * Yes Catullus does use Limping Iambics, its in Poem 8. I'll write up the meter when I get a chance. I'm also thinking of adding some other appendices, perhaps a glossary and some credit to us too :P. Alakazam38 12:26, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Ah right. I understand. And I'll try to remember to use the thing on pages. Great work on the metre! :D Storeye 11:16, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

New Team Member!
Just thought I'd tell you that a new member, User:Puellamala has joined our project. I hope us three, and any others will be able to collaborate to make this book the best we can! Alakazam38 19:07, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Yay! This is becoming quite a collaboration! Storeye 11:09, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you use Instant Messenger of any kind? If so, what is your addy? :D
 * Good work! I've added a couple of extra notes to Poem 93 and it's all done! :D Alakazam38 17:12, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Write a bit about yourself in the authors section! :D Alakazam38 19:09, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't use any inatnt messanger, sorry. But this talk page is proving effective. Thanks for your work on 93! Storeye 10:37, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Al ak  az  am  |  Talk 16:46, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Good work on 50! The layout is practically spot on! :D I made a template for everyone's benefit. Check it out here.

 * Thanks! that's really useful! I've been copying the layout from another poem and changing the content each time. I like the new signature by the way. Storeye 06:39, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Preface

 * I like very much what you've added to the preface, though I dont like that picture of Catullus - simply because he wouldnt have looked like that. He was Roman, and Romans shaved. So I've removed it. The preface will be one of those things that will have to be redrafted again and again because it is the first thing people will read. So its got to be good. But you've provided some excellent starting material. I especially like your image you put in, though I'd like to find out how to position such things. So thanks for that input, but be prepared to see it chopped and changed eventually. We've got a good basis to work on and that's a start.

 * Don't forget to credit yourself in the authors section.

 * Yep, any partcular things about syntax or language worthy of notice goes in the COTT. Any scansion worthy of attention can have it's own note. See Poem 94 for an example. I do like my signature too :P

 Al ak  az  am  |  Talk  20:23, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Cheers. With images, I generally copy and paste the code from somewhere else and add in the image name and subtitle. Most of the things are somewhat self explanitory and can be fiddled around with using the preview button till they look right. The image of Catullus was the only one I could find on Commons, hopefully something else will appear soon.

 * I'll get round to writing about myself eventually...

 * Thanks for the grammar answer. I noticed tat on a certain site, there were scanned versions of Catullus's poems. Do you know if scansion is covered by copyright or not? Thanks Storeye 09:03, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * No scansion is nothing to do with copyright. It's a poetic meter and once a poem is tagged as it, then that's it, it can only have one form, due to the rules. The Latin scansion stays the same whoever tranlates it. If something is ambiguous it is most likely 'syllaba anceps'' at the end of meters.

 Al ak  az  am  |  Talk  10:35, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

New Team Member!
 Al ak  az  am  |  Talk  11:40, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd like to inform you that User:Medellia has just joined this project. He is a Latin language specialist, as well as learning at least 5 other languages. His main work will be on "WikTionarying" vocab.

title: User talk:Storeye


text:
Talk:Rhetoric and Composition/Annotated Bibliography

12/17/2012: Hi, for this page what I would like to do is expand on the information provided; along with adding new information as seen fit. I will work to comply with the to do requests, and make the page more aesthetically pleasing and accessible. -E. Kelly

=Related links== --Dan Polansky (talk) 10:12, 25 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Annotated bibliography


text:
The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/72

=Text And Translation=

=Connotations of The Text=

Line 1

 * dicebas - you used to say

The use of the Imperfect Tense here "used to" implies that she has changed from what she used to say. It also hints at a disapproving tone from Catullus himself, angry and disappointed that she has gone back on a promise to him.

 * ''solum te nosse Catullum - you knew only Catullus'

This is a repitition of the idea in Poem 70 that Catullus is the only one in Lesbia's life. As the poem progresses, we learn this is not what it seems.

Line 2

 * nec prae me velle tenere Iovem - and not hold Jupiter over me

This is an exaggeration by Catullus, suggesting that Lesbia would choose him over a god. This emphasises the disappointment that he feels and the reader begins to understand Lesbia's fickle personality. It also picks up on Poem 70 where he says that she claimed to prefer to marry him over Jupiter.

Line 4

 * pater ut gnatos diligit - as a father loves his sons

This is a reference to 'pietas'. It is a belief in the male support throughout the family. The grandfather supports the son and grandson, while being supported by them and the same principles for the son and grandson.

Line 8

 * cogit amare magis, sed bene velle minus - forces a lover to love more but to like less

Catullus is angry at Lesbia for cheating on him but he is still involuntarily in love with her.

=Vocabulary=

Line 1

 * nosco, nosse, novi, notum - to know; become aquainted with

Line 2

 * prae (Adv. & Prep. + Abl.) - before; in front of; in advance of

 * teneo, -ere, -ui, -tentum - to hold; here embrace

Line 3

 * diligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum - choose; value highly; love

 * vulgus, -i, m. - public; vulgar; throng; crowd; mass

Line 4

 * gnatus = natus - son

 * gener, generi, -m - son in law

Line 5

 * etsi (conj.) - though; although; even if; yet

 * impensus, -a, -um - considerable; great; earnest

 * impensius (comp. adj.) - more considerably; greatly

 * uro, urere, ussi, ustum - burn; inflame; consume

Line 6

 * levis, -e (adj.) - light; fickle; inconstant; dispensable; trivial

 * vilis, -e (adj.) - of small price; cheap; inexpensive

Line 7

 * iniuria, -ae, f. - injustice; hurt; injury; illegal act

Line 8

 * cogo, -ere, -egi, -actum - force; compel; urge

 * bene velle - "be fond of"

=External Links=

 * Catullus 72 A Translation of Catullus 72
 * Catullus 72 Another Translation of Catullus 72


text:
A-level Mathematics/AQA/MPC3

Mappings and functions
We think of a function as an operation that takes one number and transforms it into another number. A mapping is a more general type of function. It is simply a way to relate a number in one set, to a number in another set. Let us look at three different types of mappings: Only the first two of these mappings are functions. An example of a mapping which is not a function is $$ f(x) = \pm \sqrt x $$
 * one-to-one - this mapping gives one unique output for each input.
 * many-to-one - this type of mapping will produce the same output for more than one value of $$ x $$.
 * one-to-many - this mapping produces more than one output for each input.

Domain and range of a function
In general:

 * $$ f(x) $$ is called the image of $$ x $$.
 * The set of permitted $$ x $$ values is called the domain of the function
 * The set of all images is called the range of the function

Modulus function
The modulus of $$ x $$, written $$ |x| $$, is defined as

 * $$ |x| = \begin{cases} x & \mbox{for } x \ge 0 \\ -x & \mbox{for } x < 0 \end{cases} $$

Chain rule
The chain rule states that:

If $$ y $$ is a function of $$ u $$, and $$ u $$ is a function of $$ x $$,

 * $$ \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{du} \frac{du}{dx} $$

As you can see from above, the first step is to notice that we have a function that we can break down into two, each of which we know how to differentiate. Also, the function is of the form $$ f( g(x) ) $$. The process is then to assign a variable to the inner function, usually $$ u $$, and use the rule above;

Differentiate $$ y = 2(x - 1)^3 $$

We can see that this is of the correct form, and we know how to differentiate each bit.

Let $$ u = x - 1 $$

Now we can rewrite the original function, $$y = 2u^3$$

We can now differentiate each part;

$$ \frac{dy}{du} = 6u^2 $$ and $$ \frac{du}{dx} = 1 $$

Now applying the rule above; $$ \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{du} * \frac{du}{dx} = 6u^2 * 1 = 6u^2 = 6(x - 1)^2 $$

Product rule
The product rule states that:

If $$ y = uv $$, where $$ u $$ and $$ v $$ are both functions of $$ x $$, then

 * $$ \frac{d}{dx} (uv) = u \frac{dv}{dx} + v \frac{du}{dx} $$

An alternative way of writing the product rule is:

 * $$ (uv)' = uv' + u'v \,\!$$

Or in Lagrange notation:

If $$k(x) = f(x)g(x)$$,

then $$k'(x) = f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)$$

Quotient rule
The quotient rule states that:

If $$ y = \frac{u}{v} $$, where $$ u $$ and $$ v $$ are functions of $$ x $$, then

 * $$ \frac{d}{dx} \left ( \frac{u}{v} \right ) = \frac{ v \frac{du}{dx} - u \frac{dv}{dx} }{v^2} $$

An alternative way of writing the quotient rule is:

 * $$ \left ( \frac{u}{v} \right )' = \frac{u'v - uv'}{v^2} $$

x as a function of y
In general,

 * $$ \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{ \frac{dx}{dy} } $$

The functions cosec θ, sec θ and cot θ
$$ \operatorname{cosec}{\theta} = \frac{1}{\sin{\theta}} $$

$$ \sec{\theta} = \frac{1}{\cos{\theta}} $$

$$ \cot{\theta} = \frac{1}{\tan{\theta}} $$

Standard trigonometric identities
$$ \cot{\theta} = \frac{ \cos{ \theta } } {\sin{ \theta } } $$

$$ \sec^2{\theta} = 1 + \tan^2{\theta} \,\!$$

$$ \operatorname{cosec}^2{\theta} = 1 + \cot^2{\theta} $$

Differentiation of sin x, cos x and tan x
$$ \frac{d}{dx} \left ( \sin{x} \right ) = \cos{x} $$

$$ \frac{d}{dx} \left ( \cos{x} \right ) = -\sin{x} $$

$$ \frac{d}{dx} \left ( \tan{x} \right ) = \sec^2{x} $$

Integration of sin(kx) and cos(kx)
In general,

$$ \int \cos{kx}\ dx = \frac{1}{k} \sin{kx} + c $$

$$ \int \sin{kx}\ dx = - \frac{1}{k} \cos{kx} + c $$

Differentiating exponentials and logarithms
In general,

$$ \mbox{when}\ y = e^{kx},\ \frac{dy}{dx} = ke^{kx} $$

$$ \int e^{kx}\ dx = \frac{1}{k} e^{kx} + c $$

Natural logarithms
If $$y=\ln{x}$$, then

 * $$ \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{x} $$

It follows from this result that

 * $$ \int \frac{1}{x}\ dx = \ln{x} + c $$

$$ \int \frac{f'(x)}{f(x)}\ dx = \ln{f(x)} + c,\ \mbox{provided}\ f(x) > 0 $$

Integration by parts
$$ \int u \frac{dv}{dx}\ dx = uv - \int v \frac{du}{dx}\ dx $$

Standard integrals
$$ \int \frac{dx}{a^2 + x^2} = \frac{1}{a} \tan^{-1}{ \left ( \frac{x}{a} \right ) } + c $$

$$ \int \frac{dx}{\sqrt{(a^2 - x^2)}} = \sin^{-1}{ \left ( \frac{x}{a} \right ) } + c $$

Volumes of revolution
The volume of the solid formed when the area under the curve $$ y = f(x) $$, between $$ x = a $$ and $$ x = b $$, is rotated through 360° about the $$ x $$-axis is given by:

 * $$ V = \pi \int_a^b y^2\ dx $$

The volume of the solid formed when the area under the curve $$ y = f(x) $$, between $$ y = a $$ and $$ y = b $$, is rotated through 360° about the $$ y $$-axis is given by:

 * $$ V = \pi \int_a^b x^2\ dy $$

Iterative methods
An iterative method is a process that is repeated to produce a sequence of approximations to the required solution.

Numerical integration
Mid ordinate rule

 * $$\int_a^b y\ dx \approx h \lbrack y_{\frac{1}{2}} + y_{\frac{3}{2}} + \ldots + y_{n-\frac{3}{2}} +  y_{n-\frac{1}{2}} \rbrack $$

 * $$ \mbox{where}\ h = \frac{b-a}{n} $$

Simpson's rule

 * $$\int_a^b y\ dx \approx \frac{h}{3} \lbrack \left ( y_0 + y_n \right ) + 4\left ( y_1 + y_3 \ldots + y_{n-1} \right ) + 2\left ( y_2 + y_4 + \ldots + y_{n-2} \right ) \rbrack$$

 * $$\mbox{where}\ h = \frac{b-a}{n}\ \mbox{and}\ n\ \mbox{is even}$$

title: A-level Mathematics/AQA/MPC3


text:
A-level Mathematics/AQA/MFP3

Series and limits
Two important limits:

$$\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty} \left ( x^k e^{-x} \right ) \rightarrow 0$$      for any real number k

$$\lim_{x\rightarrow 0} \left ( x^k \ln{x} \right ) \rightarrow 0$$   for all k > 0

The basic series expansions
$$( r= 0,1,2,\cdots)$$

$$e ^x = 1+ x + {x^2 \over 2!} + {x^3 \over 3!} + {x^4 \over 4!} + \cdots +{x^r \over r!} + \cdots$$

$$\sin x = x - {x^3 \over 3!} + {x^5 \over 5!} - \cdots + \left (-1 \right )^r {x^{2r+1} \over (2r+1)!} + \cdots$$

$$\cos x = 1 - {x^2 \over 2!} + {x^4 \over 4!} - \cdots + \left (-1 \right )^{r+1} {x^{2r} \over (2r)!} + \cdots$$

$$(1 + x)^n = 1 + nx + {n(n - 1) \over 2!} x^2 + \cdots + \; {\ n \choose  r} \;  x^r + \cdots$$

$$ (r= 1,2,3, \cdots)$$

$$\ln (1 + x) = x - {x^2 \over 2} + {x^3 \over 3} - \cdots + (-1)^{r+1} {x^r \over r} + \cdots$$

Improper intergrals
The integral :$$\int_a^b f(x)\,dx\,$$ is said to be improper if

 * 1) the interval of integration is infinite, or;
 * 2) f(x) is not defined at one or both of the end points x=a and x=b, or;
 * 3) f(x) is not defined at one or more interior points of the interval $$a \le x \le b$$.

Polar coordinates

$$x = r \cos \theta,\,$$

$$y = r \sin \theta,\,$$

$$r^2 = x^2 + y^2,\,$$

$$\tan \theta = {y \over x}$$

The area bounded by a polar curve
For the curve $$r = f(\theta),\,$$ $$\alpha \le \theta \le \beta.\,$$

$$A = \int_\alpha^\beta {1 \over 2} r^2 d\theta\,$$

r must be defined and be non-negative throughout the interval $$\alpha \le \theta \le \beta. \,$$

Euler's formula
$$ y_{r + 1} = y_r + hf( x_r, y_r )\,$$

The mid-point formula
$$ y_{r + 1} = y_{r - 1} + 2 h f( x_r, y_r )\,$$

The improved Euler formula
$$y_{r + 1} = y_r + {1 \over 2} ( k_1 + k_2 )\,$$

where

$$k_1 = h f ( x_r, y_r)\,$$

and

$$k_2 = h f ( x_r + h, y_r + k_1 ).\,$$

title: A-level Mathematics/AQA/MFP3


text:
User talk:24.93.120.145

Xania talk 20:07, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.93.120.145


text:
User talk:217.53.151.248

Xania talk 20:09, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:217.53.151.248


text:
Circuit Theory/Maximum Power Transfer

Maximum Power Transfer
Often we would like to transfer the most power from a source to a load placed across the terminals as possible. How can we determine the optimum resistance of the load for this to occur?

Let us consider a source modelled by a Thévenin equivalent (a Norton equivalent will lead to the same result, as the two are directly equivalent), with a load resistance, RL. The source resistance is Rs and the open circuit voltage of the source is vs:

The current in this circuit is found using Ohm's Law:

 * $$i=\frac{v_s}{R_s+R_L}$$

The voltage across the load resistor, vL, is found using the voltage divider rule:

 * $$v_L=v_s \,\frac{R_L}{R_s + R_L}$$

We can now find the power dissipated in the load, PL as follows:

 * $$P_L=v_Li=\frac{R_L \, v^2_s}{\left(R_s+R_L\right)^2}$$

We can now rewrite this to get rid of the RL on the top:

 * $$P_L=\frac{v^2_s}{ \left(\frac{\sqrt{R_L}}+\sqrt{R_L}\right)^2} =

\frac{v^2_s}{ R_s \left(\frac{\sqrt{R_s}}{\sqrt{R_L}}+\frac{\sqrt{R_L}}{\sqrt{R_s} }\right)^2}$$

Assuming the source resistance is not changeable, then we obtain maximum power by minimising the bracketed part of the denominator in the above equation. It is an elementary mathematical result that $$x+x^{-1}$$ is at a minimum when x=1. In this case, it is equal to 2. Therefore, the above expression is minimum under the following condition:

 * $$\frac{\sqrt{R_s}}{\sqrt{R_L}}=1$$

This leads to the condition that:

 * {|style=" border: solid 2px #D6D6FF; padding: 1em;" valign="top"

 * align="left"|$$R_L=R_s \,$$
 * }

Efficiency
The efficiency, η of the circuit is the proportion of all the energy dissipated in the circuit that is dissipated in the load. We can immediately see that at maximum power transfer to the load, the efficiency is 0.5, as the source resistor has half the voltage across it. We can also see that efficiency will increase as the load resistance increases, even though the power transferred will fall.

The efficiency can be calculated using the following equation:

 * $$\eta=\frac{P_L}{P_L+P_s}$$

where Ps is the power in the source resistor. This can be found using a simple modification to the equation for PL:

 * $$P_s=\frac{v^2_s}{ R_L \left(\frac{\sqrt{R_s}}{\sqrt{R_L}}+\frac{\sqrt{R_L}}{\sqrt{R_s} }\right)^2}$$

The graph below shows the power in the load (as a proportion of the maximum power, Pmax) and the efficiency for values of RL between 0 and 5 times Rs.

It is important to note that under conditions of maximum power transfer as much power is dissipated in the source as in the load. This is not a desirable condition if, for example, the source is the electricity supply system and the load is your electric heater. This would mean that the electricity supply company would be wasting half the power it generates. In this case, the generators, power lines, etc. are designed to give the lowest source resistance possible, giving high efficiency. The maximum power transfer condition is used in (usually high-frequency) communications systems where the source resistance can not be made low, the power levels are relatively low and it is paramount to get as much signal power as possible to the receiving end of the system (the load).

title: Circuit Theory/Maximum Power Transfer


text:
User talk:86.212.42.30

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.

Pozdrawiam, --Derbeth talk 20:22, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:86.212.42.30


text:
User talk:142.22.16.58

Xania talk 20:39, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:142.22.16.58


text: User:Whiteknight/Future

title: User:Whiteknight/Future


text:
Basque

Table of contents
Introduction
 * 1) Alfabetoa/Alphabet
 * 2) Sarrera/Introduction
 * 3) Ahoskera/Pronunciation
 * 4) Aditza izan/The Verb to be
 * 5) Artikuluak/Articles
 * 6) Hiztegia/Vocabulary

Other resources

 * Basque phrasebook on Wikivoyage

Basc Euskera Baskijski/Okładka

title: Basque


text:
User talk:68.53.126.61

Xania talk 23:12, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.53.126.61


text:
User talk:Robisdaman

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 23:14, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robisdaman


text:
User talk:Fairy 123

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

Xania talk 23:16, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Your recent creation of Mehndi
Xania talk 23:16, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Final Warning
This is your last or only warning. Do not create books or modules which are not relevent to Wikibooks or which advertise a product. If you are not blocked immediately from editing Wikibooks you will be if you create any more spam books.

This warning refers to the re-creation of the above named book. Please don't create it again or you may be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

Xania talk 22:30, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Herby talk thyme 12:38, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fairy 123


text:
User talk:198.252.8.215

Xania talk 23:17, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.252.8.215


text:
Cookbook:Saltspoon

A saltspoon (abbr: ssp, sometimes ss) is a unit of measurement sometimes found in old recipes in English, and in French recipes – cuillère à sel. It is ¼ of a teaspoon, or about 1.2 ml.

title: Cookbook:Saltspoon


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fuzz sticks

A fuzz stick is a small piece of wood which has had slices cut in the sides to create small shavings. Ideally, the shavings should remain attached to the stick, but if they are accidentally removed, they can still be used. Because the shavings are thin, they are easy to ignite. Because they are attached, they in turn ignite the larger host stick.

To make a fuzz stick safely, choose a piece of dry wood, preferably a dry, dead stick from an evergreen tree. The stick should be about the size of a pencil, or perhaps a little larger. Place one end of the stick against a firm surface, such as a log or a rock, hold the upper end with your left hand, and hold the knife in the right. Carefully slice into the stick with a downward, diagonal motion, maintaining even pressure. Stop before the knife reaches the center of the stick. Take another slice a little higher up, and repeat until the stick is covered with the slices of "fuzz." Turn the stick over and make more shavings on the other side. This is far easier to do with a sharp knife and with a soft wood such a pine, fir, spruce or hemlock. Be sure that you are always slicing away from your fingers. Think at all times about where the knife blade will go if the shaving breaks off, or the knife slips. Make sure that your hand, foot, leg, companions, etc. are not in the path!

Make several fuzz sticks and use them as the first layer of kindling, positioning them atop the tinder. In some cases, the fuzz sticks themselves can be used as tinder.


text:
User:Bfriend

How to write a good book for children?

--Bfriend 01:08, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Bfriend


text:
User:Michelferrari

Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments about ourWikiprojects: (1) Applied History of Psychology (2007) (2) Educational Psychology and the arts (2008)

title: User:Michelferrari


text:
User talk:Wikihermit

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called HermesBot. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name HermesBot~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:13, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wikihermit


text:
Astrodynamics/Satellite Ground-Track

Effects of Earth's Rotation
The earth rotates with respect to the orbit, which means that the orbital plane is essentially stationary in space while the earth rotates. The sine wave formed by the ground track is displaced by the number of degrees each orbit by the number of degrees that the earth rotates during the orbital period. The image below shows a satellite ground track through two of earth's rotations:

Launch Inclination and Latitude
It should be apparent that the point and orientation of launch heavily affects the orientation of the satellite's orbit. A satellite is launched from a point A on the surface of the earth. The launch latitude and longitude are given by L and λ respectively. The satellite is launched with an azimuth angle of β.

The satellite's orbit passes through the equator on the ground-track map (the ascending node) at point B with an inclination angle from the equator of i. We can calculate i as:

 * $$\cos(i) = \sin(\beta) \cos(L)$$

We can see from this result that a direct orbit must have a launch azimuth between 0° and 180°. A retrograde orbit must have a launch angle between 180° and 360°.

We can see that satellites cannot be put into an equatorial orbit if the launch site is not on the equator. We can also see that a launch site cannot obtain an orbital inclination smaller than the launch latitude. For that reason, launch sites closer to the equator have a larger range of possible orbits. A launch site directly on the equator can put a satellite into any orbit.

title: Astrodynamics/Satellite Ground-Track


text:
Parkour/Aesthetic Moves/Handspring

A Handspring is a tricking/gymnastics move in which you flip halfway, place your hands on the ground, spring off your hands continuing the flip that you started, and land back on your feet. Either a front handspring or a back handspring can be done.

Steps

 * A front handspring is done while moving forward. You run, throw your hands into the ground while doing a forward rotation, then spring off your hands onto your legs, while keeping your legs straight. [Front Handspring Video]

 * A back handspring is done differently. It can be performed out of a roundoff or while stationary. First, you bend your legs about halfway, pulling your arms backward. Then you jump up and back off of your legs while flinging your arms over your head backward. As your hands hit the ground behind you, your body should be in an arc. That action should put enough momentum into your legs to flip you over and bring you back onto your feet.

title: Parkour/Aesthetic Moves/Handspring


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Aluminum foil baking

There are many foods that can be wrapped in foil and dropped into a bed of coals for cooking, but potatoes spring to mind immediately. Corn on the cob is also very good. Simply wrap them in foil, place them in a bed of coals, and take them out after a while. It's that easy.

A tasty dessert can be made by coring an apple, stuffing it with marshmallows and a few pieces of cinnamon candy (such as Red Hots), wrapping it all in foil, and placing it in a bed of coals. Take it out after about 15 minutes and check that the marshmallow has melted. If it has, the apple is ready to eat.

You can also wrap vegetarian burger, thin slices of potato, carrot, and other veggies in foil. Add a tablespoon of olive oil, a pinch of salt (if desired), some pepper, and some garlic powder, seal, and place it in the coals. Check it after 30 minutes or so. When the potato is soft, it is ready to eat.

/Overlapping requirements


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Simmering

Simmering is a cooking technique where food is cooked in liquid that is almost hot enough to boil. Simmering allows the outdoor chef to cook foods longer to soften them without overcooking them and without using excess fuel. On a backpacking trip, this is especially important, as fuel is generally carried in the pack (and more fuel equals more weight).

Tough vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, turnips, and dried vegetables (such as beans and peas) are ideal candidates for simmering. Simply fill a pot with water (about half way), and add the vegetables. When the water begins to bubble, back off the heat (turn down a camp stove, or raise the pot higher over an open fire). Soup mixes are also ideal for simmering.

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text:
Talk:Afrikaans/Pronunciation

Untitled
There's no need to put the entire alphabet up if it's identical to the one English uses. Simply state the fact. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 41.245.55.174 (talk • contribs) 03:06, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

IPA would help.--75.17.119.118 (talk) 03:38, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

IPA for example words would also be nice, as well as more example words - one for each way to pronounce. --196.212.123.234 (talk) 07:18, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Afrikaans/Pronunciation


text:
Astrodynamics/Time of Flight

Eccentric Anomaly

Because the position of an orbiting body is not directly related to its true anomaly additional angular parameters must be introduced to determine the time of flight. The eccentric anomaly is defined as:
 * $$\tan\frac{E}{2}=\sqrt{\frac{1-e}{1+e}}\tan\frac{\nu}{2}$$

The trajectory equation in terms of eccentric anomaly is:
 * $$r = a(1-e\cos E)$$

The mean anomaly is the angle that an orbiting body would travel in a certain time if it were in a circular orbit whose radius is the semi-major axis of its orbit. Recall the formula for mean motion:
 * $$M = nt = t\sqrt{\frac{\mu}{a^3}}$$

The relation between eccentric and mean anomaly is expressed in Kepler's equation:
 * $$M = E-e\sin E$$

Time of Flight
From Kepler's Equation, the time since periapsis is:
 * $$ t = \sqrt{\frac{a^3}{\mu}}(E-e\sin E)$$

More generally:
 * $$ t - t_0 = \sqrt{\frac{a^3}{\mu}}(E-E_0-e\sin (E-E_0))$$

Hyperbolic Trajectory
Kepler's equation for a hyperbolic trajectory is:
 * $$ M = e\sinh H - H$$

Where H is the hyperbolic anomaly and is analogous to eccentric anomaly:
 * $$\tanh \frac{H}{2} = \sqrt{\frac{e-1}{e+1}}\tan \frac{\nu}{2}$$

Note that these equations make use of hyperbolic sine and tangent functions.

Parabolic Trajectory
The time since periapsis for a parabolic trajectory can be expressed via Barker's Equation:
 * $$t=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\frac{p^3}{\mu}}\left(D+\frac{D^3}{3}\right)$$

Where the parabolic anomaly, D is:
 * $$D=\tan\frac{\nu}{2}$$

title: Astrodynamics/Time of Flight


text:
Astrodynamics/The Kepler Problem

The Kepler Problem
The Kepler Problem is a Two-Body Problem to find the position and velocity of an orbiting body over a period of time. Given the masses, position, and velocity, or alternatively the six Keplerian orbit elements.

Using Kepler's Orbital Elements
Given that the orbit is defined by the Semi-Major axis, $$a$$, the Eccentricity, $$e$$, the inclination, $$i$$, the Longitude of the Ascending Node, $$\Omega$$, and the Argument of Periapsis, $$\omega$$. It is possible to find the the position of an orbiting body at time, $$t$$. The procedure is as follows:

1. Compute the mean anomaly

$$M = \sqrt{\frac{\mu}{a^3}} (t - \tau)$$

Where, $$ \mu$$ is the gravitational parameter, $$ \tau$$ is the time at which the orbiting body passes the periapsis. For convenience the mean anomaly can be expressed in the interval $$[0,2\pi)$$.

2. Compute the eccentric anomaly using Kepler's equation

$$M = E - e \sin{(E)}$$

While Kepler's equation is easy to solve for time, there is no general solution for the reverse problem. To determine eccentric anomaly (and thus spacecraft position) at a given time, generally an iterative numerical method is used, such as Newton's method:
 * $$ x_{k+1}=x_{k}-\frac{F(x_k)}{F'(x_k)}$$

Where
 * $$F(E) = E - e \sin(E) - M(t)$$

The iteration takes the form
 * $$E_{k+1}=E_{k} - \frac{ E_{k} - e \sin(E_{k}) - M(t) }{ 1 - e \cos(E_{k})}$$

For most elliptical orbits an initial guess of E0 = M is sufficient; for orbits with eccentricities greater than 0.8, E0 = π may be used. Better initial guesses are possible, but are not generally required. The iterative process is repeated until required accuracy conditions are achieved, for example:
 * $$ |E_{k+1}-E_k|<\delta$$

Where $$ \delta$$ is the desired accuracy.

Further, like with the mean anomaly the eccentric anomaly can be limited to the interval $$[0,2\pi)$$.

3. Compute the true anomaly

$$\tan\frac{\nu}{2}=\sqrt{\frac{1+e}{1-e}}\tan\frac{E}{2}$$

Note, that due to the range and domain of the tangent function and it's inverse a quadrant check is needed. If the eccentric anomaly has been limited to the interval $$[0,2\pi)$$ then there is no need for a quadrant check when $$E < \pi$$.

Using Cartesian Cooridnates
$$\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}} = - \frac{\mu}{r^{2}} \hat{\boldsymbol{r}}$$

From the special case of the Two-Body Problem the governing equation of the motion is shown above where $$\mu$$ is the gravitational parameter. Given an initial position vector, $$\boldsymbol{r} = (x, y, z)^\dotplus$$, and corresponding velocity vector, $$\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} = (u, v, w)^\dotplus$$ it is possible to solve for the future positions using numerical integration. To use ODE Runge-Kutta method the governing equation must be expressed as a system of first order ODEs as shown below. Note, that the system shown below is a scaler representation of the vectorised governing equation.

$$\begin{cases} \frac{dx}{dt} = u \\ \frac{dy}{dt} = v \\ \frac{dz}{dt} = w \\ \frac{du}{dt} = - \frac{\mu x}{r^{3}} \\ \frac{dv}{dt} = - \frac{\mu y}{r^{3}} \\ \frac{dw}{dt} = - \frac{\mu z}{r^{3}} \end{cases}$$

The Runge-Kutta method is an iterative semi-implicit numerical method, Many software's include this method such as MATLAB and in Python's SciPy integration method. These methods use an adaptive step where they estimate a local truncation error by using two orders of the method. For example RK45 would use the 4th and 5th orders, RK89 the 8th and 9th order. The error would be compared and checked against a user defined error and adjust the step size making it smaller or bigger depending if the error is too small or too large. A simple constant positive step size, $$h$$, the 4th order Runge-Kutta method is shown below.

Let a system of ODEs be represented as shown with an initial condition.

$$\frac{d\boldsymbol{y}}{dt} = \boldsymbol{f}(t,\boldsymbol{y}),\qquad \boldsymbol{y}(t_{0}) = \boldsymbol{y}_{0}$$

Then the 4th order Runge-Kutta method is formulate as

$$\boldsymbol{y}_{n+1} = \boldsymbol{y}_{n} + \frac{h}{6} (\boldsymbol{k}_{1} + 2\boldsymbol{k}_{2} + 2\boldsymbol{k}_{3} + \boldsymbol{k}_{4})$$

Where,

$$\boldsymbol{k}_{1} = \boldsymbol{f}(t_{n}, \boldsymbol{y}_{n})$$

$$\boldsymbol{k}_{2} = \boldsymbol{f}(t_{n} + \frac{h}{2}, \boldsymbol{y}_{n} + h\frac{\boldsymbol{k}_{1}}{2})$$

$$\boldsymbol{k}_{3} = \boldsymbol{f}(t_{n} + \frac{h}{2}, \boldsymbol{y}_{n} + h\frac{\boldsymbol{k}_{2}}{2})$$

$$\boldsymbol{k}_{4} = \boldsymbol{f}(t_{n} + h, \boldsymbol{y}_{n} + h\boldsymbol{k}_{3})$$

title: Astrodynamics/The Kepler Problem


text: Astrodynamics/The Gauss Problem

title: Astrodynamics/The Gauss Problem


text:
Talk:Choosing The Right File Format/Text Documents

advertisement
The quote about Microsoft's XPS document format, " This format has already gained the support of many industry heavyweights and is poised to become a great format for archival purposes," seems like it was pulled from an advertisement without any actual comparison to PDF.

other formats
Should we say something here about formats that are designed to be relatively human-readable in a plain text editor -- and so are nearly as future-proof as plain ASCII text -- and yet allow slightly more formatting flexibility than ASCII text? I'm thinking of HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, TeX, YAML, Creole, and reStructuredText. I suspect that more documents are produced in those formats than in ODT, PDF, or XPS. --DavidCary (talk) 16:13, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. Wikitext (esp Creole) has been my format of choice for some time, being easy to read, easy to generate "printable" formatted documents, and long-term good because it's UTF-8 text


text:
User talk:203.14.53.45

--AdRiley 06:40, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.14.53.45


text:
Cookbook:Aioli

Aioli is a mayonnaise-like sauce used in some European cuisines, and common as a vegan spread.

The key to the savoury flavour of aioli is the garlic / olive oil emulsion. The same principle is at work in hummus.

 * Creamy Aioli Salsa
 * Spicy Carrot Aioli

title: Cookbook:Aioli


text:
Category:Aioli recipes

Recipes for, or using, aioli.

title: Category:Aioli recipes


text:
Horticulture/Senecio

Senecio is a genus of the daisy family (Family ../Asteraceae/) that includes ragworts and groundsels. Though of late the genus has been reviewed and split up, it still contains a vast number of species (about 1,500) of extremely wide form including leaf succulents, stem and tuber succulents, annuals, perennials, aquatic forms, climbers, shrubs and small trees. Some species produce natural pesticides (especially alkaloids) to deter or even kill animals that would eat them.

Description
The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters.

Species

 * ../Senecio vulgaris/, Common Groundsel
 * ../Senecio jacobaea/, Tansy Ragwort

Pests and diseases
../Rusts/ ../Viruses/ ../Maggots/ ../Flea Beetles/ ../Caterpillars/
 * ../Puccinia lagenophorae/
 * ../Alfalfa Mosaic Virus/
 * ../Beet Western Yellows Virus/ (BWYV, syn. Beet mild yellowing luteovirus or BMYV)
 * ../Potato Virus Y/
 * Leafminer: ../Phytomyza senecionis/
 * Leafminer: ../Phytomyza ovatus/
 * Tansy seedfly: ../Pegohylemia seneciella/
 * Ragwort Flea Beetle: ../Longitarsus jacobaea/ has been introduced in New Zealand as a biocontrol for ../Senecio jacobaea/.
 * ../Longitarsus ganglbaueri/
 * list of Lepidoptera which feed on Senecio.
 * ../Cochylis atricapitana/
 * ../Phycitodes maritima/
 * ../Phycitodes saxicolais/
 * Saltmarsh Caterpillar: ../Estigmene acrea/
 * Cinnabar moth: ../Tyria jacobaeae/ absorbs alkaloids from the plant and become distasteful to predators, a fact advertised by the black and yellow warning colours. The red and black, day-flying adult moth is also distasteful to many potential predators. The moth is used as a biocontrol for ../Senecio jacobaea/ in countries in which it has been introduced and become a problem, like New Zealand and the western United States.

title: Horticulture/Senecio


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Senecio

species list from wikipedia

Species

 * Senecio actinella Greene -- Flagstaff ragwort
 * Senecio amplectens Gray -- alpine groundsel, showy alpine groundsel, showy alpine ragwort
 * Senecio ampullaceus Hook. -- Texas ragwort, Texas squaw-weed, Texas groundsel, clasping-leaf groundsel
 * Senecio aphanactis Greene -- chaparral ragwort
 * Senecio aquaticus Hill -- marsh ragwort
 * Senecio arizonicus Greene -- Arizona ragwort
 * Senecio aronicoides DC. -- rayless ragwort
 * Senecio articulatus -- candle plant, sausage plant
 * Senecio astephanus Greene -- San Gabriel ragwort
 * Senecio atratus Greene -- tall blacktip ragwort
 * Senecio bicolor (Willd.) Todaro -- silver ragwort
 * Senecio bigelovii Gray -- nodding ragwort, Bigelow grounsel
 * Senecio blochmaniae Greene -- dune ragwort
 * ''Senecio brasiliensis
 * Senecio californicus DC. -- California ragwort
 * Senecio cambrensis Rosser -- Welsh groundsel, Welsh ragwort
 * Senecio cannabifolius Less. -- Aleutian ragwort
 * Senecio cannabinifolius Hook. & Arn. -- hempleaf ragwort
 * Senecio cineraria DC. -- Dusty miller
 * Senecio citriformis -- Blue Seaweed
 * Senecio clarkianus Gray -- Clark's ragwort
 * Senecio cleavelandii Greene
 * Senecio clivorum Maxim. -- summer ragwort
 * Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC. -- clustered marsh ragwort, marsh leabane
 * Senecio crassissimus Humbert -- vertical leaf
 * Senecio crassulus Gray -- meadow groundsel, thickleaf groundsel, thickleaf ragwort
 * Senecio cynthiodes Greene
 * Senecio doria L. -- golden ragwort
 * Senecio eboracensis Abbott & Lowe -- York groundsel
 * Senecio elegans L. -- redpurple ragwort
 * Senecio elmeri Piper -- Elmer's ragwort
 * Senecio eremophilus Richards. -- desert groundsel, desert ragwort
 * Senecio ertterae T.M. Barkl. -- Ertter's ragwort
 * Senecio erucifolius L. -- hoary ragwort
 * Senecio flaccidus Less. -- Douglas senecio, threadleaf groundsel, threadleaf ragwort
 * Senecio fluviatilis Wallr. -- broad-leaved ragwort
 * Senecio fremontii Torr. & Gray -- dwarf mountain ragwort, Fremont's groundsel
 * Senecio glastiflorus L. f. -- purple ragwort
 * Senecio haworthii (Sweet) Sch.Bip. woolly senecio
 * Senecio hydrophiloides Rydb. -- tall groundsel, tall groundsel
 * Senecio hydrophilus Nutt. -- alkali marsh groundsel, water groundsel, water ragwort
 * Senecio integerrimus Nutt. -- lamb-tongue ragwort, lambstongue groundsel, lambstongue ragwort
 * Senecio inaequidens DC. -- narrow-leaved ragwort
 * Senecio jacobaea L. -- ragwort, stinking willie, tansy ragwort
 * Senecio lemmonii Gray -- Lemmon groundsel, Lemmon's ragwort, Lemmon's butterweed
 * Senecio litorosus Fourc.
 * Senecio lucidus (Sw.) DC.
 * Senecio lugens Richards. -- small blacktip ragwort
 * Senecio lyonii Gray -- island senecio
 * Senecio madagascariensis Poir. -- fireweed, Madagascar groundsel, Madagascar ragwort
 * Senecio mandraliscae -- Blue Finger
 * Senecio megacephalus Nutt. -- rocky ragwort
 * Senecio millefolius Torrey and Gray
 * Senecio mohavensis Gray -- Mohave groundsel, Mojave ragwort
 * Senecio moresbiensis (Calder & Taylor) G.W. Douglas & G. Ruyle-Douglas -- cleftleaf ragwort
 * Senecio multidentatus Schultz-Bip. ex Hemsl. -- Huachuca Mountain ragwort
 * Senecio multilobatus -- axhead butterweed
 * Senecio musiniensis Welsh -- Musinea ragwort
 * Senecio neomexicanus -- New Mexico groundsel, New Mexico butterweed
 * Senecio neowebsteri Blake -- Olympic Mountain ragwort
 * Senecio newcombei Greene -- Newcombe's ragwort
 * Senecio obovatus -- Ragwort
 * Senecio ovatus (P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.) Willd. -- wood ragwort
 * Senecio paludosus L. Great Fen Ragwort
 * Senecio parryi Gray -- mountain ragwort, Parry groundsel
 * Senecio pattersonensis Hoover -- Mono groundsel, Patterson's senecio
 * Senecio pseudoarnica Less. -- seaside ragwort
 * Senecio pterophorus DC. -- shoddy ragwort
 * Senecio pudicus Greene -- bashful ragwort
 * Senecio quaerens -- Gila groundsel
 * Senecio rapifolius Nutt. -- openwoods ragwort
 * Senecio riddellii Torr. & Gray -- Riddell groundsel, Riddell's ragwort, Sand groundsel
 * Senecio rowleyanus Jacobs -- String of pearls
 * Senecio rupestris Waldst. & Kit. -- rock ragwort
 * Senecio sacramentanus Woot. & Standl. -- Sacramento ragwort
 * Senecio schweinitizianus Nuttall
 * Senecio scorzonella Greene -- Sierra groundsel, Sierra ragwort
 * Senecio serra Hook. -- butterweed, butterweed groundsel, tall ragwort
 * Senecio sheldonensis Porsild -- Mt. Sheldon ragwort
 * Senecio silignus De Candolle
 * Senecio soldanella Gray -- Colorado ragwort
 * Senecio spartioides Torr. & Gray -- broom groundsel, broom-like ragwort
 * Senecio sphaerocephalus Greene -- ballhead ragwort, marsh groundsel
 * Senecio squalidus L. -- Oxford ragwort
 * Senecio sylvatica Linnaeus
 * Senecio sylvaticus L. -- woodland ragwort
 * Senecio taraxacoides (Gray) Greene -- dandelion ragwort
 * Senecio triangularis Hook. -- arrowleaf groundsel, arrowleaf ragwort
 * Senecio viscosus L. -- sticky ragwort
 * Senecio vulgaris L. -- common groundsel, old-man-in-the-spring
 * Senecio warnockii Shinners -- Warnock's ragwort
 * Senecio wootonii Greene -- Wooton ragwort, Wooton's ragwort, Wooton's butterweed

title: Talk:Horticulture/Senecio


text:
Horticulture/Senecio jacobaea

Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) is a very common wild flower in the family ../Asteraceae/ that is found throughout Europe, usually in dry, open places, and has also been widely distributed as a weed elsewhere.

(For the North American species, see ../Packera obovata/.)

Alternative names include Cushag, Tansy Ragwort, St. James-wort, Ragweed, Stinking Nanny/Ninny/Willy, Staggerwort, Dog Standard, Cankerwort, Stammerwort and Mare's Fart. In the western US it is generally known as "Tansy Ragwort", or even more confusingly "Tansy", though its resemblance to the true tansy is superficial at best. This is a potentially dangerous misuse of names, since the true tansy has been used for culinary purposes.

Ragwort contains many different alkaloids, making it poisonous to animals. In theory it is also toxic to humans but the dose required would be enormous. Alkaloids which have been found in the plant are acetylerucifoline, (Z)-erucifoline, (E)-erucifoline, 21-hydroxyintegerrimine, integerrimine, jacoline, jaconine, jacobine, jacozine, riddelline, retrorsine, senecivernine, senecionine, seneciphylline, spartioidine, and usaramine.

Ragwort is of concern to people who keep horses, cattle, goats, and sheep. In areas of the world where ragwort is a native plant, such as Britain and continental Europe, documented cases of proven poisoning are rare. In other areas the plant may become much more invasive and constitute a problem. Although horses do not normally eat ragwort due to its bitter taste, if the growth is particularly dense or if it has been picked and dried out, and it is taken while grazing, the result, if a large quantity is consumed, can be irreversible cirrhosis of the liver. Signs that a horse has been poisoned include yellow mucus membranes, depression, and lack of coordination. Animals may also resort to the consumption of Ragwort when there is shortage of food. In rare cases they can even become addicted to it. Sheep, in marked contrast, eat small quantities of the plant with relish and without apparent harm. They seem to profit slightly from eating it, according to some reports the alkaloids kill worms in the sheep's stomach.

The danger of Ragwort is that the toxin can have a cumulative effect. The toxin does not actually accumulate in the liver but a breakdown product can damage DNA and gradually kill cells. About 3-7% of the body weight is sometimes claimed as deadly for horses, but an example in the scientific literature exists of a horse surviving being fed over 20% of its body weight. However, because of the mode of poisoning is through affecting DNA molecules, very small amounts are unlikely to cause harm as they will be below the threshold to cause damage. The toxic breakdown products can also be metabolised by the liver before damage occurs. The effect of low doses is also lessened by the destruction of the original alkaloids by the action of bacteria in the digestive track before they reach the bloodstream. There is no known antidote or cure to poisoning, but at least one example is known from the scientific literature of a horse making a full recovery once consumption has been stopped.

Honey collected from Ragwort has been found to contain small quantities of jacoline, jaconine, jacobine, jacozine, senecionine, and seneciphylline. However these are unlikely to cause harm since the quantities consumed are below the harm threshold. In the United Kingdom, Common Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) is one of the five plants named as an injurious weed under the provisions of the Weeds Act 1959. The word injurious in this context indicates that it could be harmful to agriculture not that it is dangerous to animals, as all the other injurious weeds listed are non-toxic. Under the terms of this act, a land occupier can be required by the Secretary of State (DEFRA) to prevent the spread of the plant. However, the growth of the plant is not made illegal by the act and there is no statutory obligation for control placed upon landowners in general.

Description
The plant is biennial or perennial. The stems are erect, straight, have no or few hairs, and reach a height of 0.3-2.0 meters. The leaves are pinnately lobed and the end lobe is blunt. The many names that include the word "stinking" (and Mare's Fart) arise because of the unpleasant smell of the leaves. The hermaphrodite flower heads are 1.5-2.5 cm diameter, and are borne in dense, flat-topped clusters; the florets are bright yellow. It has a long flowering period lasting from June to November.

Growing Conditions
Sunny locations, adaptable to a wide range of soils.

Varieties
Two subspecies are accepted:
 * Senecio jacobaea ssp. jacobaea - the typical plant, with ray florets present.
 * Senecio jacobaea ssp. dunensis - the ray florets are missing.

Ecology
Ragwort can be found along road sides and waste grounds, and grows in all cool and high rainfall areas.

The Ragwort is native to the Eurasian continent. In Europe it is widely spread, from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean. In Britain it is listed as a weed. In the USA it has been introduced, and is present mainly in the North West and North East: California, Idaho, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Washington.

In South America it grows in Argentina, in Africa in the north, and on the Asian continent in India and Siberia. It is widespread weed in New Zealand and Australia. In many Australian states ragwort has been declared a noxious weed. This status requires landholders to remove it from their property, by law.

Pollination is by a wide range of bees, flies, moths and butterflies. Over a season, one plant may produce 2,000 to 2,500 yellow flowers in 20- to 60-headed, flat-topped corymbs. This number of seeds produced may be as large as 75,000 to 200,000, although in its native range in Eurasia very few of these would grow into new plants and research has shown that most seeds do not travel a great distance from the parent plant.

Uses
From medieval times to the mid 20th century, Ragwort was used against inflammations of the eye, for sore and cancerous ulcers, rheumatism, sciatica and gout, for painful joints. According to some, it would relieve the pain of bee stings.

All applications should be external only, never internally, and only under professional supervision.

With the large range of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are known to inhibit or reduce cell division, some researchers hope to use them to slow down or arrest the growth of cells in cancer.

In ancient Greece and Rome a supposed aphrodisiac was made from the plant; it was called satyrion.

The leaves can be used to obtain good green dye, as yellow dye is obtained from the flowers, as can be done for brown and orange.

Pests and Diseases
See ../Senecio/ for a list of pests and diseases affecting the genus.

title: Horticulture/Senecio jacobaea


text:
The Grand Inquisitor/Rebellion (Part 2)

Part 4
Ivan's collection is a set of stories, accounts, and anecdotes of evilness. Predominantly, his collection focuses on the stories of tortured and abused children. Throughout this discussion Ivan never cites or refers to any of his sources, although he does employ a few quotes in his monologue that the reader can assume came from one of these stories. His knowledge of quotes from these stories is indicative perhaps that he has spent some time studying these stories.

Ivan mentions here that the people who are the most evil towards children are often viewed as being perfectly respectable to other adults. These people appear to just be normal, although they have a certain penchant for torturing children. Notice that these people stand in stark contrast to the people that Ivan discussed earlier, the prisoners and criminals who showed love to children. The way people act towards children is often far different from the way people act towards other adults. Often, as Ivan will discuss below, it is easier for people to be cruel towards children than it is to be cruel to other adults.

Ivan discusses the story of a young girl who is tortured and abused by her parents. The abuse started out as physical abuses: beating, thrashing, and kicking. However, the abuse generally graduated to "more refined" abuse. Ivan says this line, which he will reference several times again:

 * Can you understand why a little creature, who can't even understand what's done to her, should beat her little aching heart with her tiny fist in the dark and the cold, and weep her meek unresentful tears to dear, kind God to protect her?

The child does not even understand the abuse, and may not even realize that this treatment is not normal treatment. Ivan even refers to her tears as being "unresentful", indicating that the child does not even fault her abusers. Ivan also makes another statement that is going to serve as the basis for much of his future discussions:

 * Do you understand why this infamy must be and is permitted? Without it, I am told, man could not have existed on earth, for he could not have known good and evil.

Without knowledge of good and evil, man would not have been on earth as we know it, but instead would be living in the paradise of Eden for all eternity. With the knowledge of good and evil, however, evils such as the abuse of young children are not only possible but actually inevitable.

Part 5
Alyosha is the perfect literary counter-point to Ivan. While Ivan is educated and atheistic, Alyosha is compassionate and religious. When Ivan offers to stop telling these stories about children, Alyosha responds "Nevermind. I want to suffer too". To caring and compassionate Alyosha, even hearing stories about tortured children is tantamount to suffering.

This story is about a military man and an owner of some land who retires from the service. He is convinced of his own power over his own subjects, and hunts with his team of dogs. One day, a child throws a stone and injures the paw of one of the man's hunting dogs. In response, the man strips the child naked, and let's his dogs tear the child apart in front of his mother.

Ivan asks, almost rhetorically, "What did he deserve?" To which Alyosha replied "To be shot." Even though Alyosha blurts this out without thinking, it is uncharacteristic of someone who is supposed to embody christ-like love.

Part 6
Ivan is happy about Alyosha's statement, because it does serve as some justification to his arguments. Even with an argument restricted to children, he has gotten Alyosha to abandon Jesus's second commandment.

Ivan's statement "I understand nothing" is very reminiscent of Socrates, and helps to serve as an example both of Ivan's learning, and of his arrogance.

When Ivan says "I won't give you up to your Zossima", he is saying that he wants to prevent Alyosha from becoming a full monk at the monestary.

title: The Grand Inquisitor/Rebellion (Part 2)


text: The Grand Inquisitor/The Grand Inquisitor (Part 2)


text:
The Grand Inquisitor/Introduction

What Will This Book Cover?
This book will cover three chapters from the book The Brothers Karamazov: Rebellion, The Grand Inquisitor, and The Devil. These three chapters center around the character Ivan, and represent some of the most powerful critiques of organized religion. Of particular interest here is Roman Catholicism.

It may be possible for this annotated text to eventually be expanded to cover additional chapters from the book. However, considering its size, it is unlikely that the entire book will ever be annotated here. Besides the three covered initially, there are several other important chapters worth annotating.

How Will This Book Be Arranged?
The three chapters presented in this annotation are not subdivided into sections. However, for the sake of clarity, this book will divide the chapters into individual component pieces, at places where there is a logical breaking point.

The first section of the book will contain some basic information about The Brothers Karamazov, including information about the author, information about the plot, and information about the characters. The second section of the book will contain the annotations, complete with the full text of the passages. The full text will appear in shaded boxes on the left of the page, and discussion and annotation will appear in plain text on the right side of the page.

Where To Go From Here?
Readers who have not yet read The Brothers Karamazov are encouraged to read it in its entirety. The full text can be found at wikisource: The Brothers Karamazov.

title: The Grand Inquisitor/Introduction


text:
User talk:Cm.squared~enwikibooks

Thanks for the note on boolean expressions. I had not thought about that, but I can believe that that would confuse people. Jrincayc 13:56, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cm.squared. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cm.squared~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:03, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:48, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cm.squared~enwikibooks


text:
User:Martha1~enwikibooks

Martha

title: User:Martha1~enwikibooks


text:
User:KellyT

Kelly

title: User:KellyT


text:
Spanish/Exercises/¿Adónde vas a ir?

Welcome to the exercises related to lesson 8 of ¡Aprovéchalo! The answers can be found here. Also, try translating the dialogue at the top of the lesson page.

The Simple Future tense
Put the following into the simple future tense.
 * 1) Como a las seis.
 * 2) Juegan al fútbol.
 * 3) Almuerza a las seis.
 * 4) Me peino a las tres.
 * 5) Vivimos en un piso en Inglaterra.
 * 6) Se llama Miguel.
 * 7) ¿Duermes a la una?
 * 8) Sois de Escocia.
 * 9) Tengo doce años.

In the future...
Put the following in chronological order.
 * 1) Pasado mañana
 * 2) El año próximo
 * 3) La semana que viene
 * 4) Mañana por la noche
 * 5) El mes que viene
 * 6) En el futuro
 * 7) Mañana por la mañana

Holidays
Fill in the gaps in the following text. You might not need to put anything in the gap.
 * El año (1)____ viene, voy (2)____ ir (3)____ México en tren. Voy a (4)____ dos semanas allí. Normalmente, paso solamente una semana, pero (5)____ gustaría (6)____ relajarme totalmente.
 * Voy a alojarme en (7)____ chalet familiar con hombres amables que (8)____ en (9)____ Estados Unidos también. El chalet cobra (10)____ veinte euros (11)____ noche.
 * Cuando allí, hay (12)____ para hacer. Vamos a tomar (13)____ sol durante el día, y (14)____ la noche, vamos a bailar y (15)____ de juerga. También, (16)____ encanta la comida allí - los huevos (17)____ fantásticos. (18)____ a cenar en un restaurante diferente cada noche.
 * Finalmente, (19)____ voy a ir a México porque quiero aprender (20)____ idioma - español es fantástica.

Stem-Changing Verbs
Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense.
 * 1) Pensar
 * 2) Tener
 * 3) The following are all verbs you have learnt. Say if they are stem-changing, or not, and say if they're E=>IE or O/U=>UE.
 * 4) Jugar
 * 5) Comer
 * 6) Almorzar
 * 7) Querer
 * 8) Vivir
 * 9) Cenar
 * 10) Entender
 * 11) Poder
 * 1) The following are all verbs you have learnt. Say if they are stem-changing, or not, and say if they're E=>IE or O/U=>UE.
 * 2) Jugar
 * 3) Comer
 * 4) Almorzar
 * 5) Querer
 * 6) Vivir
 * 7) Cenar
 * 8) Entender
 * 9) Poder
 * 1) Cenar
 * 2) Entender
 * 3) Poder

title: Spanish/Exercises/¿Adónde vas a ir?


text:
User talk:Michelferrari

Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * To learn the wiki-markup-language syntax, see Help:Editing.
 * You should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~
 * There is a box at the top of the edit window that will insert this, too; it looks like part of a signature.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * You can tell the community something about yourself in your userpage.
 * You can get to this page by clicking the tab at the top of the page labeled with your registered username.
 * If you are a Wikipedian, see Wikibooks for Wikipedians for a primer on how things work here (it's a little different).
 * If you want to base your work here on materials from Wikipedia, please use WB:RFI (requests for importation) to bring the material over in compliance with the GFDL.
 * If you're an instructor and plan on using Wikibooks for a class project, see Guidelines for class projects
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page. For site news, see the Bulletin board. It might be a good idea to add this page to your "watchlist" so that you can see when any new information is posted there. You can do that by clicking the tab labeled "watch" at the top of the page.

Good luck! Mattb112885 (talk) 15:41, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Hey
Hey, I got your message, your project looks good so far, we just would like to request that you list it under the List of class projects and read the Guidelines to maximize the chances of success. If you or your students have questions about the software they can ask me or anyone else on the project, people are friendly and will be willing to help or to seek someone who knows the answer to your questions. Regards, Mattb112885 (talk) 03:55, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually I got ahead of myself, it seems your project is already listed, very good! Take care. Mattb112885 (talk) 03:57, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Michelferrari