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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Lichens, Liverworts & Mosses

Life cycle of moss
Most kinds of plants have a double portion of chromosomes in their cells (diploid, i.e. each chromosome exists with a partner that contains the same genetic information) whilst mosses have only a single set of chromosomes (haploid, i.e. each chromosome exists in a unique copy within the cell). There are periods in the moss lifecycle when they do have a full, paired set of chromosomes but this is only during the sporophyte stage.

The life of a moss starts from a haploid spore, which germinates to produce a protonema, which is either a mass of filaments or thalloid (flat and thallus-like). This is a transitory stage in the life of a moss. From the protonema grows the gametophore ("gamete-bearer") that is differentiated into stems and leaves ('microphylls'). From the tips of stems or branches develop the sex organs of the mosses. The female organs are known as archegonia (sing. archegonium) and are protected by a group of modified leaves known as the perichaetum (plural, perichaeta). The archegonia have necks called venters which the male sperm swim down. The male organs are known as antheridia (singular antheridium) and are enclosed by modified leaves called the perigonium (plural, perigonia).

Mosses can be either dioicous or monoicous. In dioicous mosses, both male and female sex organs are borne on different gametophyte plants. In monoicous mosses, they are borne on the same plant. In the presence of water, sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilization occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sperm of mosses have two flagella that aid in propulsion. Without water, fertilization cannot occur. After fertilization, the immature sporophyte pushes its way out of the archegonial venter. It takes about a quarter to half a year for the sporophyte to mature. The sporophyte body comprises a long stalk, called a seta, and a capsule capped by a cap called the operculum. The capsule and operculum are in turn sheathed by a haploid calyptra which is the remains of the archegonial venter. The calyptra usually falls off when the capsule is mature. Within the capsule, spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores, upon which the cycle can start again. The mouth of the capsule is usually ringed by a set of teeth called peristome. This may be absent in some mosses.

In some mosses, green vegetative structures called gemmae are produced on leaves or branches, which can break off and form new plants without the need to go through the cycle of fertilization. This is a means of asexual reproductione

Life cycle of lichen
Many lichens reproduce asexually, either by vegetative reproduction or through the dispersal of diaspores containing algal and fungal cells. Soredia (singular soredium) are small groups of algal cells surrounded by fungal filaments that form in structures called soralia, from which the soredia can be dispersed by wind. Another form of diaspore are isidia, elongated outgrowths from the thallus that break off for mechanical dispersal. Fruticose lichens in particular can easily fragment. Due to the relative lack of differentiation in the thallus, the line between diaspore formation and vegetative reproduction is often blurred. Many lichens break up into fragments when they dry, dispersing themselves by wind action, to resume growth when moisture returns.

Many lichen fungi appear to reproduce sexually in a manner typical of fungi, producing spores that are presumably the result of sexual fusion and meiosis. Following dispersal, such fungal spores must meet with a compatible algal partner before a functional lichen can form. This may be a common form of reproduction in basidiolichens, which form fruitbodies resembling their nonlichenized relatives. Among the ascolichens, spores are produced in spore-producing bodies, the three most common spore body types are the apothecia, perithecia and the pycnidia.

Life cycle of liverwort
The life of a liverwort starts from the germination of a haploid spore to produce a protonema, which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or else a flattened thallus. The protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a liverwort, from which will grow the mature gametophore ("gamete-bearer") plant that produces the sex organs. The male organs are known as antheridia (singular: antheridium) and produce the sperm cells. Clusters of antheridia are enclosed by a protective layer of cells called the perigonium (plural: perigonia). As in other land plants, the female organs are known as archegonia (singular: archegonium) and are protected by the thin surrounding perichaetum (plural: perichaeta). Each archegonium has a slender hollow tube, the "neck", down which the sperm swim to reach the egg cell.

Liverwort species may be either dioicous or monoicous. In dioecious liverworts, female and male sex organs are borne on different and separate gametophyte plants. In monoecious liverworts, the two kinds of reproductive structures are borne on different branches of the same plant. In either case, the sperm must swim from the antheridia where they are produced to the archegonium where the eggs are held. The sperm of liverworts have two tail-like flagellae that aid in propulsion. Their journey is further assisted either by the splashing of raindrops or the presence of a thin layer of water covering the plants. Without water, the journey from antheridium to archegonium cannot occur.

In the presence of such water, sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilization occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. After fertilization, the immature sporophyte within the archegonium develops three distinct regions: (1) a foot, which both anchors the sporophyte in place and receives nutrients from its "mother" plant, (2) a spherical or ellipsoidal capsule, inside which the spores will be produced for dispersing to new locations, and (3) a seta (stalk) which lies between the other two regions and connects them. When the sporophyte has developed all three regions, the seta elongates, pushing its way out of the archegonium and rupturing it. While the foot remains anchored within the parent plant, the capsule is forced out by the seta and is extended away from the plant and into the air. Within the capsule, cells divide to produce both elater cells and spore-producing cells. The elaters are spring-like, and will push open the wall of the capsule to scatter themselves when the capsule bursts. The spore-producing cells will undergo meiosis to form haploid spores to disperse, upon which point the life cycle can start again.

2. What are lichens?
Lichens are symbiotic associations of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner (called a photobiont) that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight. The photobiont is usually either green alga or cyanobacterium.

Soil Stabilization
Most lichens grow on stable rock surfaces or the bark of old trees, but many others grow on soil and sand. In these latter cases, lichens are often an important part of soil stabilization; indeed, in some desert ecosystems, vascular (higher) plant seeds cannot become established except in places where lichen crusts stabilize the sand and help retain water.

Lichen also creates soil from rock. Lichens that grow on rock patiently collect water and retain it. When the water freezes, it expands and chips away minerals from the surface of the rock. These minerals are then held in place by the lichen.

Feed for livestock
Lichens may be eaten by some animals, such as reindeer. In arctic regions where reindeer are raised as livestock, lichen is their main source of feed.

Pollution indicator organisms
Although lichens typically grow in naturally harsh environments, most lichens, especially epiphytic fruticose species and those containing cyanobacteria, are sensitive to manufactured pollutants. Hence, they have been widely used as pollution indicator organisms.

Medicine and dyes
Many lichens produce secondary compounds, including pigments that reduce harmful amounts of sunlight and powerful toxins that reduce herbivory or kill bacteria. These compounds are very useful for lichen identification, and have had economic importance as dyes or primitive antibiotics. Extracts from many Usnea species were used to treat wounds in Russia in the mid-twentieth century. Orcein and other lichen dyes have largely been replaced by synthetic versions.

4. How are liverworts different than all other green plants? Name one used in aquariums. What is its function?
Liverworts have a unicellular, root-like structure called a rhizoid which anchors it to its substrate. Many other plants have rhizoids, but only in the liverwort is the rhizoid unicellular.

One of the more than 100 species in the liverwort genus Riccia is the "slender riccia" (Riccia fluitans), which can be found floating in ponds, and is sometimes used in aquariums. It is sometimes called crystalwort. It is used in aquariums as a retreat for young fry and is used in live-bearing tanks. It is also used as an oxygenator, as bottom cover, and as bubble-nest support.

Agriculture
Peat (Sphagnum moss) is used to loosen and fertilize soil for agriculture. It is also used in the construction material Peatcrete, and it has been used as fuel.

Landscaping
Moss is used as a base layer in the art of bonsai. It is also a popular terrarium plant.

Medicine
Moss was used for dressing wounds during World War I. It was also used as pillow filler for soldiers to rest upon when they were transported from the battlefield to the hospital.

Wallpaper
Sphagnum moss was used as wallpaper in the early 1900's.

6. Make a moss garden (small terrarium) or "eternal garden" using at least three different kinds of mosses and lichens.
Note: This activity meets a requirement in the Ranger AY curriculum. A terrarium may be constructed from any clear container of nearly any size, from baby food jars to storage tubs.

Start by putting down a layer of gravel, rocks, vermiculite or Perlite. Then place a layer of soil on top of this. Place the plants atop the soil and add a few rocks for interest. Water once, but do not overwater. Put the lid on and place the container in a place where it can receive indirect sunlight. If algae begins to grow on the container walls, move to a more shady location. You should not need to open the lid for months, as the terrarium will develop its own climate, and all the moisture remains in the container.

7. Find and identify five lichens, one liverwort, and six mosses.
There are thousands of species of lichens, liverworts, and mosses, and providing an identification guide is well beyond the scope of this chapter. In order to meet this requirement, you will most likely need to obtain a field guide. Here are a few possibilities:

 * Plants without leaves;: Lichens, fungi, mosses, liverworts, slime-molds, algae, horsetails
 * Walk Softly Upon the Earth, a Pictorial Field Guide to Missouri Mosses, Liverworts and Lichens

Another alternative is to find an online key:
 * Mosses
 * Mosses
 * Lichens
 * Macrolichens of Maine
 * Lichens of British Columbia
 * Liverworts
 * Liverworts.org
 * Mosses and Liverworts
 * http://bryophytes.plant.siu.edu/frontpic.html

The best approach for this requirement is to familiarize yourself with these plants as much as you can, and then go outside and see what's there. Whenever you come across a specimen, try to identify it. If possible, collect a bit of it and take it home for a closer examination. This is far better than deciding that you are going to go out and find Cladonia portentosa. In other words, instead of deciding what you're going to find and then going out to look for it, go out and see what's there and then identify it.

8. Observe the spore caps of several different kinds of moss under a magnifier to see the differences in "hair caps" and "teeth" that separate many species.

The Bryopsida constitute the largest class of mosses, containing 95% of all moss species. It consists of approximately 9,500 species, common throughout the whole world.

The group is distinguished by having spore capsules with teeth that are arthrodontous; the teeth are separate from each other and jointed at the base where they attach to the opening of the capsule. These teeth are exposed when the covering operculum falls off. In other groups of mosses, the capsule is either nematodontous with an attached operculum, or else splits open without operculum or teeth.

Capsule structure
Among the Bryopsida, the structure of the capsule (sporangium) and its pattern of development is very useful both for classifying and for identifying moss families. Most Bryopsida produce a capsule with a lid (the operculum) which falls off when the spores inside are mature and thus ready to be dispersed. The opening thus revealed is called the stoma (meaning "mouth") and is surrounded by one or two peristomes. A peristome is a ring of triangular "teeth" formed from the remnants of specially thickened cell walls. There are usually 16 such teeth in a single peristome, and in the Bryopsida the teeth are separate from each other and able to both fold in to cover the stoma as well as fold back to open the stoma. This articulation of the teeth is termed arthrodontous.

There are two basic arthrodontous peristome types. The first is termed haplolepidous and consists of a single circle of 16 peristome teeth. The second type is the diplolepidous peristome fround in subclass Bryidae. In this type, there are two rings of peristome teeth—an inner endostome (short for endoperistome) and an exostome. The endostome is a more delicate membrane, and its teeth are aligned between the teeth of the exostome. There are a few mosses in the Bryopsida that have no peristome in their capsules. These mosses still undergo the same cell division patterns in capsule development, but the teeth do not fully develop.

For more information, see
 * http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/bl14apl/bryo2.htm
 * http://worldofmosses.com/dtm/dtm04.html


text: User talk:70.111.201.222

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.111.201.222


text: User talk:76.81.207.91

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text: User talk:65.8.190.186

title: User talk:65.8.190.186


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Template:General Mechanics

 General Mechanics

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Template:Quantum Mechanics/Page

Quantum Mechanics

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Template:Nuclear Physics/Page

Nuclear Physics

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TI-Basic 89 Programming/Conditional Functions

If
If, Control(F2):1 is a command which will determine whether or not the next line of code is executed.

If...Then...EndIf
If...Then...EndIf, Control(F2):2:1 is a group of commands which will determine whether or not a block of code is executed.

If...Then...Else...EndIf
If...Then...Else...EndIf, Control(F2):2:2 is a group of commands which will determine which of two blocks of code is executed.

ElseIf...Then
ElseIf...Then, Control(F2):2:3 is a command in which could be used to add more than two code blocks in If...Then...EndIf code.


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New Zealand History/The Colonial Government

‹ Back to Railways Introduced to New Zealand

The Colonial Government
After New Zealand was annexed by Britain, it was initially set up as a dependency of New South Wales. However, by 1841, New Zealand was made a colony in its own right. As a colony, it inherited political practices and institutions of government from the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom Government started the first New Zealand Government by appointing governors, being advised by appointed executive and legislative councils.

In 1852, the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act, which provided for the elected House of Representatives and Legislative Council. The General Assembly (the House and Council combined) first met in 1854.

New Zealand was effectively self-governing in all domestic matters except 'native policy' by 1856. Control over native policy was passed to the Colonial Government in the mid-1860s.

The first capital of the country was Russell, located in the Bay of Islands, declared by Governor Hobson after New Zealand was formally annexed. In September 1840, Hobson changed the capital to the shores of the Waitematā Harbour where Auckland was founded. The seat of Government was centralised in Wellington by 1865.

Provincial Governments in New Zealand From 1841 until 1876, provinces had their own provincial governments. Originally, there were only three provinces, set up by the Royal Charter:
 * New Ulster (North Island north of Patea River)
 * New Munster (North Island south of Patea River, plus the South Island)
 * New Leinster (Stewart Island)

In 1846, the provinces were reformed. The New Leinster province was removed, and the two remaining provinces were enlarged and separated from the Colonial Government. The reformed provinces were:

 * New Ulster (All of North Island)
 * New Munster (The South Island plus Stewart Island)

The provinces were reformed yet again by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. In this constitution, the old provinces of New Ulster and New Munster were abolished and six new provinces were set up:

 * Auckland
 * New Plymouth
 * Wellington
 * Nelson
 * Canterbury
 * Otago

Each province had its own legislature that elected its own Speaker and Superintendent. Any male 21 years or older that owned freehold property worth £50 a year could vote. Elections were held every four years.

Four new provinces were introduced between November 1858 and December 1873. Hawkes Bay broke away from Wellington, Marlborough from Nelson, Westland from Canterbury, and Southland from Otago.

Not long after they had begun, provincial governments were a matter for political debate in the General Assembly. Eventually, under the premiership of Harry Atkinson, the Colonial Government passed the Abolition of Provinces Act 1876, which wiped out the provincial governments, replacing them with regions. Provinces finally ceased to exist on the 1st of January 1877.

Forward to The Dawn of the Twentieth Century ›


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User:Siebengang/Workbench

 * NPTP/Main page
 * Main page / contents of Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python

 * Hello, world!
 * Hello, world! in a couple of different programming languages

 * Slicing in Python

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User:Siebengang/Workbench/NPTP/Main page

 * Front matter
 * Initial remarks

 * Intro
 * Installing and using Python – where to get help

 * Hello, World
 * The famous first program – screen output – variables – numbers and calculations

 * Who Goes There?
 * Interactive input – strings

 * Count to 10
 * while loops

 * Decisions
 * if statements

 * Debugging
 * Finding out what goes wrong

 * Defining Functions
 * Structuring programs with the use of functions

 * Advanced Functions Example
 * (Almost) mind-blowing example of how programmers can think

 * Lists
 * Variables containing more than one value

 * For Loops
 * A second kind of loop

 * Boolean Expressions
 * Computer logic – true and false – and and or – not

 * Dictionaries
 * Variables containing key/value pairs

 * Using Modules
 * Extensions to the standard set of functionality

 * More on Lists
 * Using elements or parts of lists

 * Revenge of the Strings
 * More advanced text manipulations

 * File IO
 * Reading from files and writing to files

 * Dealing with the imperfect
 * How to handle errors

 * The End
 * How to go further

 * FAQ
 * Some frequently asked questions


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User:Sepia tone

My user page. Should do something here.

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User talk:Sepia tone

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 14:14, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Username change
Can you point me to accounts with username "**" that you use? Does ** belong to you? --Derbeth talk 20:32, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that "**" (with space inside) would be better, because that's the name of your account on Wikipedia. Please check your talk page there. --Derbeth talk 19:48, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

I have renamed your account and blocked the old name (this is required by Wikibooks rules). --Derbeth talk 22:56, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sepia tone


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User talk:Adle international

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 14:13, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Image:ADLE logo.jpg
This image is your only contribution. Wikibooks is not a web host; unless this image is used somewhere, it will be deleted. By definition, fair use only applies to images that are used. Thanks. – Mike.lifeguard  | talk 02:01, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adle international


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Snargaluff

Overview
The Snargaluff is, in appearance, a wizened stump.

Extended Description
When approached, the Snargaluff will throw out spiny branches with which it will attempt to beat those approaching it. By reaching into the opening through which these branches emerge, one can extract unpleasantly pulsating green pods, about the size of grapefruit, which in turn contain wriggling "tubers". Apart from Peeves dropping them on people's heads in the Battle of Hogwarts in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, no mention is made of their use.

When we first see this plant, Harry, Hermione, and Ron together are caring for a Snargaluff in their Herbology class. The co-operation necessary to harvest pods from the Snargaluff is used in part as a way to smooth over difficulties between Ron and Hermione at that point, and additionally the episode is used to show that Neville, who has harvested his first pod while the Trio are still putting on their protective gear, is quite adept at Herbology in general.

It is commented in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, that along with lesser magical plants like Gurdyroots and Dirigible Plums, Xenophilius Lovegood also has what appears to be a Snargaluff growing in his garden.


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Wikijunior:World War II/Soviet Conquest of Germany

See Eastern Front (World War II) (Wikipedia)


text: User talk:125.245.81.226

title: User talk:125.245.81.226


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Programmable Logic/VHDL Processes

Concurrent vs. Sequential evaluation
There are two ways to make signal assignments in VHDL. Signal assignments can be made through a concurrent statement or a sequential statement. Assignments in concurrent statements take effect immediately. In the following example code, it can be thought that sQ will always have the value of sD when sFlag = '1'. Otherwise it will be zero. This will take effect one simulation "tick" after sD or sFlag changes.

Using a process allows us to write functionally equivalent code, only using more natural sequential statements. In a process, the statements are executed in order and only the end result of all the assignments in the process actually take effect. It is convenient to think of processes as mini "programs" that are executed and then apply the result of their signal assignments when done. Functionally equivalent sequential code is shown below:

When tracing through this code, sQ is first assigned the value of zero. Then, IF sFlag = '1', sQ is assigned the value of sD. sQ is not updated until the entire process is executed. Since the whole process is executed in a single simulation "tick" the end result is identical to the code with a concurrent assignment.

Processes using "wait"
One way processes can be constructed is using wait statements. A wait statement is a VHDL construct that tells the simulator how long do delay execution or under what condition to continue execution. The following are examples of wait statements:

By using wait statements the simulator knows when to stop execution of a process and let time advance in the simulation. Wait statements are used in a process as in the example below:

In this example the signal sClk is assigned the opposite of its current value. The process will then wait for half the time specified by the constant cClkPeriod, after which execution will continue. When the end of a process is reached, evaluation continues immediately back at the beginning of a process.

Processes using wait statements are usually not synthesizable and are typically used in test benches. However, they are usually intuitive to use and allow the rapid construction of test bench modules and the generation of other test signals used for checking the functionality of a VHDL module.

Processes using a sensitivity list
Another way to use processes is to use a sensitivity list:

The sensitivity list (another_flag) is a comma separated list of signals that the simulator watches for changes. When these signals change, the simulator will evaluate the process and update the assigned signals. With the above example, the process will be executed any time the signal "another_flag" changes.

Concurrent Statements as Processes
Concurrent statements in an architecture can be interpreted as a process with a single statement.

This code can be abbreviated as:

Concurrent statements in an architecture simplify the syntax of a module and allow simple assignments to be made with fewer VHDL constructs.

Synthesis of processes
Since the concept of scheduling evaluation of processes does not translate directly to physical logic, processes are interpreted to represent blocks of combinatorial logic or registers. A synthesis utility will usually interpret a block of combinatorial logic from a process with a sensitivity list.

This example from earlier will be synthesized into the mux below:

Aside from combinatorial logic, in order to create useful digital logic circuits, we need a way to create a register in hardware. A register (flip-flop) can be created using a process template similar to the following:

When synthesized, this code will create a register that has an asynchronous active high reset with a "D" input of sQ_next and an output of sQ.

Processes with sensitivity lists used to describe combinatorial logic and "register template" processes can be used together to describe a RTL digital circuit:

Again, the combinatorial parts of the RTL circuit are expressed using processes with sensitivity lists. Registers are then created using a standard register template as above.

Process coding tips

 * When describing combinatorial logic using a process, always "initialize" all the assigned signals to a default value at the top of the process.

 * Although shorter, one author's experience has shown that separating RTL logic into two processes (one for combinatorial logic and one for registers) is less error prone. The uses of signals such as "sQ" for the current output of a register and "sQ_next" for the output of the combinatorial logic and the next clock output of the register facilitates this.

title: Programmable Logic/VHDL Processes


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Java Programming/Java IDEs

What is a Java IDE?
A Java IDE (for Integrated Development Environment) is a software application which enables users to more easily write and debug Java programs. Many IDEs provide features like syntax highlighting and code completion, which help the user to code more easily.

Eclipse
Eclipse is a Free and Open Source IDE, plus a developer tool framework that can be extended for a particular development need. IBM was behind its development, and it replaced IBM VisualAge tool. The idea was to create a standard look and feel that can be extended via plugins. The extensibility distinguishes Eclipse from other IDEs. Eclipse was also meant to compete with Microsoft Visual Studio tools. Microsoft tools give a standard way of developing code in the Microsoft world. Eclipse gives a similar standard way of developing code in the Java world, with a big success so far. With the online error checking only, coding can be sped up by at least 50% (coding does not include programming).

The goals for Eclipse are twofold:
 * 1) Give a standard IDE for developing code
 * 2) Give a starting point, and the same look and feel for all other more sophisticated tools built on Eclipse

IBM's WSAD, and later IBM Rational Software Development Platform, are built on Eclipse.

Standard Eclipse features:
 * Standard window management (perspectives, views, browsers, explorers, ...)
 * Error checking as you type (immediate error indications, ...)
 * Help window as you type (type ., or  , ...)
 * Automatic build (changes in source code are automatically compiled, ...)
 * Built-in debugger (full featured GUI debugger)
 * Source code generation (getters and setters, ...)
 * Searches (for implementation, for references, ...)
 * Code refactoring (global reference update, ...)
 * Plugin-based architecture (ability to build tools that integrate seamlessly with the environment, and some other tools)

 * More info: Eclipse and Plugincentral.

NetBeans
The NetBeans IDE is a Free and Open Source IDE for software developers. The IDE runs on many platforms including Windows, GNU/Linux, Solaris and Mac OS X. It is easy to install and use straight out of the box. You can easily create Java applications for mobile devices using Mobility Pack in NetBeans. With Netbeans 6.0, the IDE has become one of the most preferred development tools, whether it be designing a Swing UI, building a mobile application, an enterprise application or using it as a platform for creating your own IDE.

 * More info: netbeans.org

JCreator
JCreator is a simple and lightweight JAVA IDE from XINOX Software. It runs only on Windows platforms. It is very easy to install and starts quickly, as it is a native application. This is a good choice for beginners.

 * More info: http://www.apcomputerscience.com/ide/jcreator/index.htm or JCreator

Processing
Processing is an enhanced IDE. It adds some extra commands and a simplified programming model. This makes it much easier for beginners to start programming in Java. It was designed to help graphic artists learn a bit of programming without struggling too much. Processing runs on Windows, GNU/Linux and Mac OS X platforms.

 * More info: Processing.

BlueJ
BlueJ is an IDE that includes templates and will compile and run the applications for you. BlueJ is often used by classes because it is not necessary to set classpaths. BlueJ has its own sets of libraries and you can add your own under preferences. That sets the classpath for all compilations that come out of it to include those you have added and the BlueJ libraries.

BlueJ offers an interesting GUI for creation of packages and programs. Classes are represented as boxes with arrows running between them to represent inheritance/implementation or if on is constructed in another. The source code is generated by the UML diagram or vice-versa. BlueJ adds all those classes (the project) into the classpath at compile time.

By default it doesn't display the line numbers, so this should be ticked into Options\Preferences...

 * More info: BlueJ Homesite

Kawa
Kawa is basically a Java editor developed by Tek-Tools. It does not include wizards and GUI tools, best suited to experienced Java programmers in small and midsized development teams. It looks that there is no new development for Kawa.

See also a javaworld article

JBuilder
JBuilder is an IDE with proprietary source code, sold by Embarcadero Technologies. One of the advantages is the integration with Together, a modeling tool.

 * More info: Embarcadero.

DrJava
DrJava is an IDE developed by the JavaPLT group at Rice University. It is designed for students.

 * For more information see DrJava.

Other IDEs

 * Gel
 * JIPE
 * Zeus
 * Setu Eye Saving Lightweight(fast)C,C++,JAVA IDE
 * Gel
 * JIPE
 * Zeus
 * Setu Eye Saving Lightweight(fast)C,C++,JAVA IDE
 * JIPE
 * Zeus
 * Setu Eye Saving Lightweight(fast)C,C++,JAVA IDE

Développer en Java/Choisir un environnement de développement intégré

title: Java Programming/Java IDEs


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Gurdyroot

Overview
In appearance, the Gurdyroot looks like a large green onion.

Extended Description
We first see the Gurdyroot when Luna Lovegood produces it from a pocket of her robes while searching for a message for Harry. She hands it to Ron, explaining that it is good for warding off Gulping Plimpies.

At Bill and Fleur's wedding, Xenophilius Lovegood says he has not yet given the happy couple his wedding gift. As he departs, Ron suggests that it might be a lifetime supply of Gurdyroots.

When Harry, Ron, and Hermione are visiting Xeno Lovegood after Christmas in Harry's seventh year, he prepares an infusion of Gurdyroots for them. The resulting tea is a very dark purplish red, like beetroot. Xeno seems to quite like the taste, but Harry finds it undrinkable.

No particular magical properties are ever attributed to Gurdyroot, except for its being able to ward off Gulping Plimpies.


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User talk:71.255.245.101

– Mike.lifeguard  | talk 16:41, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.255.245.101


text: User talk:169.139.56.100

title: User talk:169.139.56.100


text: User talk:70.106.74.150

title: User talk:70.106.74.150


text: User talk:66.220.210.193

title: User talk:66.220.210.193


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Talk:Korean/RWP/Lesson 3

Untitled
In the examples for d/t, dubai is listed, but at this point the u vowel isnt learned yet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.233.152.154 (discuss • contribs) 2007-11-02T16:44:42

 * Thanks. I moved it to Korean/RWP/Lesson 4.  Rodasmith 02:56, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

writing practice Kim Il-sung
We haven't learned 'eo' yet.

title: Talk:Korean/RWP/Lesson 3


text: Wikijunior:World War II/Before the War in Asia


text:
History of Islam/Modern period/Afghanistan

Afghanistan
During the nineteenth century, following the Anglo-Afghan wars (fought 1839–42, 1878–80, and lastly in 1919) and the ascension of the Barakzai dynasty, Afghanistan saw much of its territory and autonomy ceded to the United Kingdom. The UK exercised a great deal of influence, and it was not until King Amanullah Khan acceded to the throne in 1919 that Afghanistan re-gained complete independence over its foreign affairs (see "The Great Game"). During the period of British intervention in Afghanistan, ethnic Pashtun territories were divided by the Durand Line. This would lead to strained relations between Afghanistan and British India – and later the new state of Pakistan – over what came to be known as the Pashtunistan debate. The longest period of stability in Afghanistan was between 1933 and 1973, when the country was under the rule of King Zahir Shah.

However, in 1973 Zahir Shah's brother-in-law, Sardar Daoud Khan, launched a bloodless coup. Daoud Khan and his entire family were murdered in 1978, when the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan launched a coup known as the Great Saur Revolution and took over the government.

As part of a Cold War strategy, in 1979 the United States government (under President Jimmy Carter and National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski) began to covertly fund and train anti-government Mujahideen forces through the Pakistani secret service known as Inter Services Intelligence (ISI). In order to bolster the local Communist forces, the Soviet Union—citing the 1978 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighborliness that had been signed between the two countries—intervened on December 24, 1979. Over 100,000 Soviet troops took part in the invasion, who were backed by another 100,000 and plus pro-communist forces of Afghanistan. The Soviet occupation resulted in the killings of at least 600,000 to 2 million Afghan civilians. Over 5 million Afghans fled their country to Pakistan, Iran and other parts of the world. Faced with mounting international pressure and great number of casualties on both sides, the Soviets withdrew in 1989.

The Soviet withdrawal from the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was seen as an ideological victory in the US, which had backed the Mujahideen through three US presidential administrations in order to counter Soviet influence in the vicinity of the oil-rich Persian Gulf.

Following the removal of the Soviet forces, the US and its allies lost interest in Afghanistan and did little to help rebuild the war-ravaged country or influence events there. The USSR continued to support President Najibullah (former head of the Afghan secret service, KHAD) until 1992 when new Russian government refused to sell oil products to Najibullah regime.

The result of the fighting was that the vast majority of the elites and intellectuals had escaped to take refuge abroad, a dangerous leadership vacuum thereby coming into existence. Fighting continued among the victorious Mujahideen factions, eventually giving rise to a state of warlordism. The most serious fighting during this period occurred in 1994, when over 10,000 people were killed in Kabul alone. The chaos and corruption that dominated post-Soviet Afghanistan in turn spawned the rise of the Taliban. The Taliban developed as a politico-religious force, and eventually seized Kabul in 1996. By the end of 2000 the Taliban were able to capture 95% of the country, aside from the opposition (Afghan Northern Alliance) strongholds primarily found in the northeast corner of Badakhshan Province. The Taliban sought to impose a very strict interpretation of Islamic law.

During the Taliban's seven-year rule, much of the population experienced restrictions on their freedom and violations of their human rights. Women were banned from jobs, girls forbidden to attend schools or universities. Those who resisted were punished instantly. Communists were systematically eradicated and thieves were punished by amputating one of their hands or feet. Meanwhile, the Taliban managed to nearly eradicate the majority of the opium production by 2001.

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom, a military campaign to destroy the al-Qaeda terrorist training camps inside Afghanistan. The US military also threatened to overthrow the Taliban government for refusing to hand over Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaida followers. The US made a common cause with the former Afghan Mujahideen to achieve its ends. In December of the same year, leaders of the former Afghan Mujahideen groups and diaspora met in Germany, and agreed on a plan for the formulation of a new democratic government that resulted in the inauguration of Hamid Karzai, an ethnic Pashtun from the southern city of Kandahar, as Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority.

After a nationwide Loya Jirga in 2002 Karzai was chosen by the representatives to assume the title as Interim President of Afghanistan. In 2003, the country convened a Constitutional Loya Jirga (Council of Elders) and a new constitution was ratified in January 2004. Following an election in October 2004, Hamid Karzai won and became the President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Legislative elections were held in September 2005. The National Assembly – the first freely elected legislature in Afghanistan since 1973 – sat in December 2005, and was noteworthy for the inclusion of women as voters, candidates, and elected members.

As the country continues to rebuild and recover, it is still struggling against poverty, poor infrastructure, large concentration of land mines and other unexploded ordnance on earth, as well as a huge illegal poppy cultivation and opium trade. Afghanistan also remains subject to occasionally violent political jockeying. The country continues to grapple with the Taliban insurgency, the threat of attacks from a few remaining al Qaeda, and instability, particularly in the north, caused by the remaining few semi-independent warlords.

At the start of 2007 reports of the Taliban's increasing presence in Afghanistan led the US to consider longer tours of duty and even an increase in troop numbers. According to a report filed by Robert Burns of Associated Press on January 16, 2007, "U.S. military officials cited new evidence that the Pakistani military, which has long-standing ties to the Taliban movement, has turned a blind eye to the incursions." Also, "The number of insurgent attacks is up 300 percent since September, 2006, when the Pakistani government put into effect a peace arrangement with tribal leaders in the north Waziristan area, along Afghanistan's eastern border, a U.S. military intelligence officer told reporters."