text:
Wikibooks:Collaboration of the Month/February 2006 voting

Voting Rules
The following are the rules and conditions for voting for the Collaboration of the Month:

 * 1) Only registered users with 20 or more edits to their name may vote.
 * 2) You may vote under as many nominations as you wish, however, you may only vote for each book itself once.
 * 3) Sign your vote with a number sign and four tildes, #~, after the most previous vote under the book's nomination. Unsigned votes will be removed.
 * 4) Any nomination which receives 3 or more votes in one month will automatically be renominated the next month if it is not chosen.
 * 5) If you wish to include a short comment for your vote, then you may do so. Make sure that if you leave such a comment, that you are also voting for that page.
 * 6) Do not post objection votes as these will have no effect on the final tally.
 * 7) Voting will end at 00:00 UTC on the first day of each month. In essence, when a new month begins voting ends. Any votes added after this time will be discarded.
 * 8) The nomination with most votes will be chosen as the Collaboration of the Month. In case of a tie, the older Wikibook will be chosen.

How To Become A Good Student
Votes:
 * 1) Mastermind 007 13:09, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 23:02, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

USMLE Step One Review
Votes:
 * 1) Vikram Vaka 00:35, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) medslu2008 03:08, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) R.S.(AUA)--Ramsin Shamouni 23:46, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Comments: There are countless disorganized free and open resources to help study for the USMLEs. So many that only a group of people --working together could integrate them together into one area. With just a little bit more work this could end up as an invaluable resource for everyone in medical school and for everyone interested in medicine. The best thing about the USMLE Step 1 is that it covers every medical disease and problem that effects people. Thus in creating a unified database with all the different free resources, this guide could be used by anyone in the medical field.

Medicine
Votes:
 * 1) Vikram Vaka 05:58, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Derbeth talk 23:23, 22 January 2006 (UTC) already has structure, well-known subject
 * 3) Rob Horning 19:34, 26 January 2006 (UTC) even though I know practically nothing about this subject. It is worth consideration.

 * Medicine wins with Introduction to Psychology because it is older. --Derbeth talk 08:57, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Medicine is one of the most important subjects of our time, plays a prominent role in all of our lives, and should have a much more comprehensive book than the one currently available.

This book is already very well organized but currently the book and it's various chapters cover a very small percentage of the information that would be found in any standard medical text book.

Expanding this book can be done very easily as there are numerous public domains and other free sources of medical information. With multiple people searching out such domains and free sources that may be freely copied, the content of the book can increase very rapidly.

Introduction to Philosophy
Votes:
 * 1) Vikram Vaka 05:58, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Rob Horning 14:02, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * MasterSheep 21:05, 8 January 2006 (UTC) (user doesn't have 20 edits)
 * 1) Derbeth talk 23:23, 22 January 2006 (UTC) After some work it might become really good book.
 * 2) Konstable 02:55, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

This book is in need of a great deal more work as it fails to cover even a small percentage of the major philosophers, philosophic arguments, or philosophic principles

Awesome idea, but needs more work. I'd like to see this one get more attention though, and hopefully more content as a result.

I think this is general enough that many people could participate.

Introduction to Psychology
Votes:
 * 1) Vikram Vaka 05:58, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Derbeth talk 23:23, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) JMRyan 18:48, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

This book is meant to be a comprehensive book addressing all aspects of psychology. There are far too many topics that this book simply fails to cover.

Civilization IV
Votes:
 * 1) Mastermind 007 12:00, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Its a Wikibook which features every single information of Civilization including leaders, city managing tips, religions and more for the computer game Civilization IV.
 * Strong oppose. Copyright violation! --Derbeth talk 23:23, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Embedded Systems
(renominated with 4 votes for January)

Votes:
 * 1) Rob Horning 18:50, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 05:26, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) JMRyan 09:28, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I think the subject is too specific to gather broad attention. --Derbeth talk 23:23, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Mythology
(renominated with 4 votes for January)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 05:26, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Novialiste 23:43, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:~ I notice Finnish mythology is absent from the ToC. Of the north European pre-Christian traditions it is well recorded. Wikipedia has a lot of info.Novialiste 23:43, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I doubt this book has sense in current form. It's easier to browse through mythology categories at Wikipedia. Shall we put effort on this book? --Derbeth talk 23:23, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

OpenOffice.org
(renominated with 3 votes for January)

Votes:
 * 1) Odd bloke 05:13, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 05:26, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * DSYoungEsq 17:09, 26 January 2006 (UTC) (Sorry, wasn't logged in first time) User doesn't have required 20 edits

Comments:
 * Should we duplicate 438-page PDF use guide? --Derbeth talk 23:23, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * No. We should produce something of value, easily read and used, which the guide they offer is not. DSYoungEsq 17:09, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Mac OS X Tiger
(renominated with 3 votes for January)

Votes:
 * 1) hyperpasta

Comments:

Bulgarian
(renominated with 5 votes for January)

Votes: Comments:
 * 1) Vanka5 03:42, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) --Neva 18:17, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Rakuten06 22:33, 9 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
Wikijunior:New Book of the Quarter/2006-2nd Quarter Vote

Voting for the Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter is open from now until April 1st, 2006 00:01 UTC. The winning New Book of the Quarter will become the next Wikijunior project and will influence the future direction of Wikijunior.

How Things Work
(Renominated with 7 votes in the 1st Quarter)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 05:25, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Rob Horning 14:30, 6 January 2006 (UTC) This is one that I thought was going to happen, and would still like to create. #
 * 3) Snowcatben 14:44, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) EatMyShortz 09:51, 21 January 2006 (UTC) — Although I'd be in favour of focussing on one topic, like "How Computers Work".
 * 5) Mastermind 007 17:24, 27 January 2006 (UTC) - This is definitely the thing I would like to participate for.
 * 6) Hagindaz 04:14, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) Snargle 17:43, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Maybe the next Wikijunior book?

The Elements
(Renominated with 6 votes in the 1st Quarter)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 05:25, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Shanel 22:15, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Ociana 05:09, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) -- LV  (Dark Mark) 00:40, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Danny 05:16, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) --Sapo 13:30, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) Konstable 21:15, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Moving and Growing
(Renominated with 4 votes in the 1st Quarter)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 05:25, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

World Religions
Votes:
 * 1) Tetraminoe 08:43, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Konstable 09:57, 28 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) JCHightower-Mills 15:46, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

States of the United States
(Note: see comments under original proposal)

Votes:
 * 1) Tetraminoe 08:27, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Rocks and Minerals
Votes:
 * 1) Rob Horning 09:51, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) -- LV  (Dark Mark) 18:30, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Klingoncowboy4 19:18, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Addy 04:44 2 March 2006

Languages
Votes
 * 1) Rob Horning 19:22, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Thor Malmjursson 16:34, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Klingoncowboy4 04:20, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Jumping In Puddles 04:11, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Konstable 06:06, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) Bart133 21:16, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) Jarod Hightower 15:44, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 8) Raoul Menzel 17:02, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

World War II

 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 04:20, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Vikram Vaka 09:42, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Hagindaz 04:14, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikijunior:Dinosaurs

Welcome to the Wikijunior Dinosaur project.
 * Introduction
 * About this book
 * Authors

Meet the dinosaurs

 * T. rex
 * Stegosaurus
 * Spinosaurus
 * Mosasaurus
 * Velociraptor/Deinonychus
 * Allosaurus
 * Apatosaurus
 * Pterosaurs
 * Triceratops
 * Herrerasaurus
 * Ankylosaurus
 * Iguanodon
 * Plesiosaur
 * Brontosaurus
 * Pachycephalosaurus
 * Brachiosaurus
 * Ichthyosaurus
 * Edmontosaurus
 * Anatosaurus
 * Parasaurolophus
 * Tenontosaurus
 * Glossary of Basic Terms
 * Plateosaurus
 * /Nigersaurus/

Age of the dinosaurs

 * K-T Event
 * Extinction
 * Pangaea
 * Fossils
 * Prehistoric Creatures Before the Dinosaurs

 * http://www.dinodatabase.com/ --Find out about dinosaur species, anatomy, habitats, and other facts on DinoData. With a glossary of paleontology terms, and illustrations of dinosaurs.

fa:ویکی‌کودک:دایناسورها Wikijunior Dinosauri bn:Wikijunior:ডাইনোসর

title: Wikijunior:Dinosaurs


text:
Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Tyrannosaurus

Tyrannosaurus, "tyrant lizard", or "Tyrannosaurus rex (Tyrant lizard king)", T. rex for short, was a dinosaur that lived in North America about 68 to 66 million years ago, during the end of the Cretaceous period. T. rex is one of the largest carnivorous (meat-eating) dinosaurs ever discovered. It is also quite likely the best-known dinosaur of all.

What was their body shape?
Tyrannosaurus rex was up to 12.4 meters (40.7 feet) long and 3.66 meters (12 feet) tall, and weighed 10 tons (11.03 US tons) – bigger than a bus, and as heavy as two African bush elephant. That's as an adult. T. rex when first hatched was probably about the size of a turkey. T. rex had a forward tilt, deep jaws, huge teeth, a long tail, and tiny arms (also known as forelimbs).

T. rex's jaw alone was about 1.3 meters long and had fifty to sixty bone-crunching teeth that were up to 10 centimeters or 6 inches long. Its arms were very stubby, no longer than an average person's. They were still very strong, able to lift up to two hundred kilograms, but were not long enough to touch each other! T. rex stood on two powerful hind legs, each ending with a three-toed foot, resembling a bird's foot, only much larger.

What did they eat?
T. rex was a very big meat-eating dinosaur, also called a carnivore. It would have been at the top of the food chain. It is known to have fed on other large dinosaurs, such as ../Edmontosaurus/, ../Anatosaurus/, and ../Triceratops/, and probably could have swallowed smaller dinosaurs in a single bite.

One scientist believes that T. rex was a scavenger (an animal that eats already dead animals). He argues that it might not have been fast enough to catch prey. Other scientists believe that T. rex probably scavenged and hunted, like most living meat-eaters (such as tigers and lions). T. rex bite marks found on the bones of Edmontosaurus and Triceratops that have healed show that Tyrannosaurus did hunt at least some of the time – and also that its prey was sometimes lucky enough to escape.

One thing that T. rex did not eat was people. People didn't appear on Earth until over 60 million years later, much too late for anyone ever to be afraid of being hunted down by a T. rex.

When did they live?
Tyrannosaurus lived about 68 to 66 million years ago, in the late Cretaceous Period. T. rex was among the last of the big dinosaurs. Like all non-bird dinosaurs, T. rex lived in the Mesozoic era.

What was their habitat?
Tyrannosaurus is believed to have lived in forests, near rivers, and in areas that were open and full of prey. Mild seasons would have been most favorable to it. Tyrannosaurus fossils have been found in western North America and possibly Asia.

How were they discovered?
The famous fossil hunter Barnum Brown found the first Tyrannosaurus fossil in 1905. Tyrannosaurus was not the dinosaur's name until 1905, when it was given that name by Henry Fairfield Osborn. About 3,000 Tyrannosaurus fossils have been found, from pieces of teeth to nearly complete skeletons. Only one possible Tyrannosaurus footprint has been found.

What do we need to learn?

 * The color of their skin. One thing we cannot tell from fossils is color!
 * Whether T. rex was feathered, scaly, or both. Some of its cousins had feathers like birds, while others had scales, so it likely had both.
 * Whether T. rex was just a scavenger or a scavenger and a hunter. There are very few hunting animals that will not scavenge, and very few scavengers which never hunt.
 * If T. rex had the ability to run.
 * Was it really the largest predator? In 1995, parts of a predator that seems even larger than T. rex were found in Argentina!  It was called Giganotosaurus and was about 45 ft long (about a meter [yard] longer than T. rex). Since then, parts of even larger carnivorous dinosaurs, such as Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, have been found.

title: Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Tyrannosaurus


text:
User:The1physicist~enwikibooks

this way

title: User:The1physicist~enwikibooks


text:
Delphi Programming/Statements

''Note: there are some simplifications in the explanations below. Don't take anything too literally.''

Most programming languages have the concept of a statement. A statement is a command that the programmer gives to the computer. For example:

This command has a verb ("WriteLn") and other details (what to print). In this case, the command  means "show on the screen," not "print on the printer." The programmer either gives the statement directly to the computer (by typing it while running a special program), or creates a text file with the command in it. You could create a file called "hi.txt", put the above command in it, and give the file to the computer.

If you have more than one command in the file, each will be performed in order, top to bottom. So the file could contain:

The computer will perform each of these commands sequentially. It's invaluable to be able to "play computer" when programming. Ask yourself, "If I were the computer, what would I do with these statements?" If you're not sure what the answer is, then you are very likely to write incorrect code. Stop and check the manual for the programming language you're using.

In the above case, the computer will look at the first statement, determine that it's a  statement, look at what needs to be printed, and display that text on the computer screen. It'll look like this:

Hi there!

Note that the quotation marks aren't there. Their purpose in the program is to tell the computer where the text begins and ends, just like in English prose. The computer will then continue to the next statement, perform its command, and the screen will look like this:

Hi there! Strange things are afoot...

When the computer gets to the end of the text file, it stops. There are many different kinds of statements, depending on which programming language is being used. For example, there could be a  statement that causes the computer to output a beep on its speaker, or a   statement that causes a new window to pop up.

Also, the way statements are written will vary depending on the programming language. These differences are fairly superficial. The set of rules like the first two is called a programming language's syntax. The set of verbs is called its library.

title: Delphi Programming/Statements


text:
User:JarlaxleArtemis

Wikipedia:User:JarlaxleArtemis

title: User:JarlaxleArtemis


text:
User:Hugo~enwikibooks

Les Misèrables > The Count of Monte Cristo > you. Music is the best thing that ever happened to me. I'm available... if you can get past my 100,000 Auto Turrets, 50,000 Phazon Metroids and 25,000 Elite Pirates.

title: User:Hugo~enwikibooks


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Marvolo Gaunt

Overview
Marvolo Gaunt, patriarch of the remnants of the once-proud House of Gaunt, is a descendant of Salazar Slytherin, and grandfather of Lord Voldemort.

Chamber of Secrets
In Tom's memory, as replayed by the diary, the sixteen year old Tom Marvolo Riddle reveals to Professor Dippet (who was headmaster at the time) that he was named Tom after his father and Marvolo after his grandfather. (Tom did not write his full name in the diary, apparently only marking it with "T. M. Riddle".)

Half-Blood Prince
Marvolo is first seen when appears to restrain his son Morfin, who has just assaulted a Ministry wizard, Bob Ogden. He is described as being oddly proportioned, with wide shoulders and overlong arms.

When Ogden explains that Morfin is being summoned to a hearing for having Jinxed a Muggle, Marvolo seems unconcerned; after all, it was only a Muggle, so no harm done. When told that Morfin has broken Wizarding law, he shows Ogden the ancestral ring of the Peverells, and the locket of Salazar Slytherin, as proof he can trace his ancestry back to the earliest and purest Wizarding families. Ogden's protests that blood does not outweigh law fall on deaf ears. Meanwhile, Marvolo is bullying his daughter Merope, becoming enraged when it appears she fancies a Muggle, Tom Riddle, the same one Morfin Jinxed. Marvolo attacks Merope; Ogden defends her, but has to flee Morfin.

When the Ministry return to arrest Morfin, Marvolo resists, and is arrested, tried, and sentenced to six months in Azkaban. When he returns from prison, he finds his daughter has run off with the Muggle; he never again speaks her name and never forgives her, and dies before Morfin gets out of prison.

Weaknesses
Marvolo is menacing to strangers, and never wants to associate with others in his area. He is even cruel to his family, particularly his daughter Merope, whom he berates because of her comparatively weak magical talent. He barely even talks to his son Morfin; the thing he values the most, above his children, are the family heirlooms. He is full of immense pride for his heritage as a descendant of Salazar Slytherin, and because of this, holds himself in high regard, even though he and his family are impoverished.

Relationships with Other Characters
Marvolo abuses his daughter, Merope, for not doing proper magic, when it was clearly his own fault for not helping Merope control her magic or presumably refusing to let her even attend a wizarding school such as Hogwarts. He always demands that Merope would take care of him. This is proven that after he returned home from Azkaban, he expected his daughter would await his return and have a hot meal ready on the table. Instead, the house was very dusty and Merope had a letter of farewell revealing what she did. Marvolo never forgave Merope for her actions and died shortly after, since Marvolo never learned how to take care of himself.

Both Marvolo and Morfin share an ideal of hating and hurting Muggles for the sake of it. Unfortunately, this ideal caused them to land themselves in Azkaban. They also abuse Merope when they found out she was in love with the Muggle, Tom Riddle Senior.

Greater Picture
The Gaunt family represent the worst aspects of Wizard Pride and pure-blood mania. Although descended from Salazar Slytherin, generations of in-breeding, bigotry, laziness and feelings of superiority have ruined the Slytherin line. Their wealth had been squandered generations ago and the Gaunts now live in isolated squalor, hating everyone who are not pure-blood wizards. Marvolo considers himself a wizarding aristocrat, but in fact is a violent, bad tempered, ignorant tramp. Marvolo is a useless man with no ambitions, no respect for others (including his own children) and no social consciousness.

The folly of both pure-blood pride and "Wizards First" arrogance is a recurring theme throughout the series. The Gaunts and their last descendant, Voldemort, represent the dangers (and foolishness) of racial superiority, intolerance and aristocratic entitlement that is still widespread in the Real World.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Morfin Gaunt

Overview
Morfin Gaunt, one of the last heirs of the house of Gaunt, is the son of Marvolo Gaunt and uncle of Lord Voldemort. He is rather stunningly deformed and appears to have some mental problems, possibly due to excessive inbreeding, and shares the Gaunt belief in entitlement through ancestry.

Half-Blood Prince
Morfin enters our story by swinging down out of a tree and telling a Ministry wizard, Bob Ogden, that he is not welcome. Ogden does not understand, as Morfin has chosen to speak in Parseltongue. He is described as having hair so thickly matted with dirt that it could be any color, very few teeth, and small, dark eyes that pointed in different directions. When Ogden says he has business with the Gaunts, Morfin assaults him magically. His father, Marvolo Gaunt, then steps out of the shack and orders Morfin to go indoors.

Inside, Morfin initially takes little part in the proceedings, spending his time playing with and talking to a snake that he is holding. When Ogden explains that Morfin is being summoned to a hearing for having Jinxed a Muggle, Marvolo seems unconcerned; after all, it was only a Muggle, so no harm done. When told that Morfin has broken Wizarding law, Marvolo falls back on the pride of his ancestry. Their discussion is interrupted by the sound of horses approaching; it turns out that one of the horses is ridden by Tom Riddle, the Muggle that Morfin had jinxed when he found out that his sister Merope was sweet on him, leaning out the window hoping for a glimpse of him. This revelation sparks an angry outburst from Marvolo, who attacks Merope; Ogden leaps to her defence but then has to run from Morfin.

When Ministry wizards return to arrest Morfin, he resists, and is arrested both for the use of magic on a Muggle, and for resisting Ministry wizards, tried, and sentenced to three years in Azkaban. When he returns from prison, he finds the house empty; Merope had run off with her Muggle and subsequently died in London (after giving birth to Tom Marvolo Riddle, or Lord Voldemort), and Marvolo had died shortly after leaving Azkaban.

Tom Marvolo Riddle, Merope's son by Tom Riddle, visits the shack some twelve years later. Morfin initially thinks he is the Muggle Tom Riddle. Tom gets details of the family history from Morfin, then Stuns him, steals the ring of the Peverells, which had been one of Marvolo's prized possessions, and uses Morfin's wand to murder the muggle Tom Riddle, his father. He then modifies Morfin's memory so he remembers actually killing Tom Riddle. Morfin was sent to Azkaban for the murder of the Riddles and died there shortly afterwards.

Strengths
Despite his mental instability, Morfin seems to be reasonably skilled with jinxes and hexes.

Weaknesses
Morfin is not a stable person; apparently as a result of in-breeding, he does not have the mental capacity to manage leading a normal life, and spends it all nailing snakes to his door and wallowing in his hatred for Muggles (non-magical people). He does assist his father in his on-going abuse of his sister Merope.

Analysis
Morfin Gaunt is here depicted in such a way as to make explicit one of the major problems with the "blood purity" argument: limiting the gene pool causes reinforcement of unhealthy genetic traits. We gather that Morfin is not intelligent, though he may be sly. There is a real deficiency in his interactions with others, though we can't tell whether that is innate, or whether it is a natural result of his not being allowed to form any sort of relationship with a "mudblood" non-wizard. The lack of understanding of the way the broader world works is likely also due to the forced isolation of the family. The author has managed to suggest also that Morfin may be on the autism spectrum, with his refusal to speak in anything other than Parseltongue and his playing with snakes while visitors are present. Handled differently, this episode could have suggested disdain alone for the outside world, but as it is written it suggests also some sort of mental issues.


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Financial Modelling in Microsoft Excel/Analysis

Making sense of the results is crucial. The first test is that your results give you the information you need to analyse the client problem.

Then you need to play with the model to test the effect of different inputs, to get a feel for the sensitivity to change. Ideally, you want results which are robust (i.e. they are not too sensitive to your inputs).

Testing the effect of uncertainty
All financial modelling is uncertain, because we can’t predict the future, and things may not go according to our assumptions.

The power of models is that they are dynamic (this was seen as a key advantage of the first spreadsheet, Visicalc). You can change an assumption and see the effect immediately.

Read this paper on project financing, especially section 3.2, for more on sensitivity testing.

Base case
You will usually start with a “base case” set of assumptions and inputs. These are your best estimates, and you would use these to produce a set of expected results.

Scenario testing
It is common to set up alternative scenarios, e.g. pessimistic, expected and optimistic, and run them through a model. Each scenario will consist of a set of assumptions and inputs chosen by the user. Importantly, the assumptions need to be consistent, so for example, if you assume inflation is only 2%, salary growth is likely to be low as well.

This approach is very useful for business planning and risk management, because it shows the impact of different conditions.

Scenario testing is quick and it is easy to present the results to management, to show them best & worst case extremes. On the other hand, it can’t tell you how likely it is that each scenario will occur, or whether there are other important scenarios that need to be tested. You are relying entirely on the skill and experience of whoever sets up the scenarios, and hoping they thought of everything.

To summarise, this approach
 * lets us see the effect of a worst case and best case alternative to our expected result,
 * is simple to set up in a spreadsheet, &
 * makes it simple to present alternatives to clients.

The weakness is that
 * you don’t know how likely each scenario is,
 * you can’t give an estimate of the average result, taking into account the full range of alternatives, and
 * you can’t estimate the range of likely results or produce percentiles.

''Note: Excel has a “scenarios” feature which lets you store values for a number of inputs under a scenario name. The problem is that the scenario details are hidden. It is better to set up all the scenarios in a table (like the example above) so they can be compared easily.''

Stress testing
Stress testing is linked to scenario testing. Suppose you have built a model of an insurer’s financial position into the future. You would “stress test” the insurer by setting up various catastrophe scenarios and then modelling the financial position in each case. Ideally, the insurer will survive each one.

Stress tests can be based on actual past events, or on imagined events.

Like stochastic testing (below), it can be difficult to set the assumptions, as this extract of a US report on one of their housing agencies shows:

With basic model development complete, we are now well into sensitivity testing; that is, running complete sets of actual Enterprise data through the model to evaluate the appropriateness of various "settings" of its components for the stress test.

''For example, we must determine the appropriate specification governing the shape of the Treasury yield curve, the relationship between Treasury rates and Enterprise borrowing rates, and the relationship between house prices and interest rates. These full-fledged simulation runs help us evaluate stress test options, and also provide the additional benefit of helping to identify possible model anomalies or program bugs that we need to address.''

This is standard in a model development project of this type.

Sensitivity testing
A model can also be used to show the impact of changing one assumption, or perhaps a few linked assumptions. This sensitivity testing can show which inputs have the greatest effect on results.

Sensitivity testing can also test if the model is realistic, because users will generally have some idea of what to expect when they make a change.

Sensitivity testing can also help show whether a model is accurate enough. Suppose, for example, a company has a budget model, and it needs a model to be accurate to within $2 million. Sensitivity testing might show that the assumption with most impact is the investment rate, and that a change of just 0.5% in that rate has an impact of $2 million. This means that the user has to choose an investment assumption that is no more than 0.5% different from the actual rate (which we don’t know yet, because it is in the future). If the user can’t be sure of being this accurate, then the model can’t deliver the accuracy that the company wants.

Sensitivity testing is a powerful way of spotlighting parts of the model. It deepens your understanding of how the model reacts to change, and you should use it to gain familiarity with new models that you have not worked with before.

Sensitivity testing has its limitations. You have to be careful how much you change each assumption, and how you compare the sensitivity of one assumption against that of another.

Because it focuses on changing one (or maybe a few) elements at once, to see the effect, you can’t get a feeling for worst or best cases, nor for the probability of good or bad results. So it should be used together with other tests, and not on its own.

Probabilistic stochastic testing
Stochastic testing uses random numbers to simulate a large number of alternative scenarios that might happen in real life. We can then calculate percentiles to get some idea of the probability of different financial outcomes.

Example: an actuary wants to assess the likelihood that a fund will be insolvent in the future because of poor investment returns. She uses an investment model to produce (say) 1,000 separate sets of simulated investment returns, which might look something like this….

Each set of rates is put into the model, so there will be 1,000 sets of results. These can be sorted to find (say) the 10% and 90% percentiles, which gives the actuary a feel for how well – or badly – things could go in future. Stochastic testing has the great benefit that it gives you a much better feel for the possible range of experience, either high or low.

Unfortunately, it is also the most complex to build, and it requires more complex assumptions, e.g. a statistical distribution for interest rates, and another for salary growth – and you have to consider whether there is a correlation between them that needs to be accounted for, so perhaps the distributions are connected.

It is very difficult to build a stochastic model of investment markets because of all these issues. It is much easier to model mortality stochastically.

Stochastic testing as a search tool
There is another way to use stochastic testing in your analysis. If you have a number of inputs, and each of them can vary in a range, then that is a very large number of combinations of inputs that may need to be tested in case they are important.

A simple way of approximating this is to create a large number of sets of inputs stochastically, i.e. choose each input randomly within the range you have set for it.

Below is an example….

etc.

Each of these sets can be run through the model, and the results sorted to see if there is any pattern, e.g. what inputs always give a high result, for example?

This is a quick and dirty way of trying most combinations of inputs.

Dynamic analysis
Some models need to include a feedback loop because the assumptions and inputs would not stay fixed over time, in the real world.

For example, if you are modelling a pension fund, and the assets fall below liabilities, the employer would most probably make extra payments to remove the shortfall. Your model may need to allow for this by including an algorithm that models the employer response to the financial position.

If you are modelling a banking nor financing institution and, somehow debit transactions sums up to be more than credit transactions , than we do need have to loop around to read the transactions again.


text:
User:Nitelitecircus

Current
BS Media Arts and Animation Producer of Digital Media, specializing in interactive design & motion graphics

Current Wiki Projects
Digital Design

title: User:Nitelitecircus


text:
Cookbook:Steamed Pork With Mustard Greens

Steamed pork with mustard greens (梅菜扣肉, pinyin: Méicàikòuròu) or mei cai kou rou is a Chinese dish from the Hakka people. It is very popular and tasty but contains a lot of saturated fat.

Ingredients

 * About 10.5 ounces mustard greens
 * 1 tsp cornstarch combined with 1 tsp cold water
 * ½ tsp sugar
 * 2 tsp light soy sauce
 * 1 tsp rice wine or water
 * ¾ pound pork tenderloin
 * 2 tbsp vegetable oil
 * 2 tbsp black bean and garlic sauce
 * About 2 tbsp water
 * Freshly ground black pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Wash greens and discard tough stems.
 * 2) Bring a large pot of water to a boil, add greens, and cook for 2 minutes.
 * 3) Drain greens and rinse with cold water to stop the cooking. Drain again, then cut greens into long diagonal strips.
 * 4) In a medium bowl, combine cornstarch and water. Stir in sugar, soy sauce and rice wine. Cut pork into thin slices and add to the mixture. Marinate about 20 minutes, stirring occasionally.
 * 5) Heat oil in a preheated wok or large heavy skillet over medium heat. Add black bean sauce and stir-fry for 1 minute.
 * 6) Add pork and stir-fry for 2 minutes.
 * 7) Add mustard greens and water. Mix well and simmer gently about 4–5 minutes, until pork is cooked through and greens are tender.
 * 8) Season with pepper and serve.


text:
User talk:BloodIce

Здрасти,

Би ли гласувала за Българската уикикнига също и на Collaboration of the Month/January 2006 voting тъй като са я преместили там. Благодаря ти. --Vanka5 19:29, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Ами всъщност съм от мъжки род и нормални наклонности. Незнам защо си останал с грешно впечатление.--BloodIce 03:12, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * P.S. Впрочем това е личната ми страница, дискусионната е малко по-надясно. Предполагам, че е неволна грешка и няма да го взема навътре. :) --BloodIce 07:45, 2 January 2006 (UTC)- Ще я преместя на правилното място.BloodIce 07:53, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:BloodIce


text:
User talk:203.166.99.229

Commercial links
Please do not add commercial links to Wikibooks. Wikibooks is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks. --JMRyan 09:02, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.166.99.229


text:
Template:Chess/Navigation

Chess Arranging the Board · Playing the Game · Notating the Game · Tactics · Tactics Exercises · Strategy · Basic Openings · Sample chess game · The Endgame · Variants · Tournaments · Chess Puzzles · 0x88 board representation it:Template:Scacchi Type   at the bottom of each page in the book.

This template adds pages to : and sorts by full chapter name. /Templates

title: Template:Chess/Navigation


text:
Indonesian/Lessons/Time

 * Pukul berapa? -What time is it? (formal)
 * Jam berapa? - What time is it? (informal)

Tepat waktu - on time.

Indonesia uses 24-hour time format, so use pukul 20 instead of 8 pm. Because Indonesia is so large there are three time zones: West: Sumatra, Java and surroundings (Waktu Indonesia Barat ); Central: Bali and surroundings (Waktu Indonesia Tengah); and East: Papua and surroundings (Waktu Indonesia Timur ). Each zone differs from the next by 1 hour. In spoken indonesian, 12 hour format is prefer to use and adding the time indicator after it.

Examples:

 * 6.00 am = 6:00 pagi
 * 11.00 am = 11:00 siang
 * 6.00 pm = 6:00 sore
 * 11.00 pm = 11:00 malam

"Jam" ("lit. clock") or "at time", often added before the time (e.g "pukul 6 pagi" means at 6 am) In written Indonesian, the 24-hour format is used.

Minutes
To say minutes, first, you say "the hours" then "kurang/lebih" (lit. less/more) then "the minutes". examples:

 * 6.11 = enam lebih sebelas (lit. six more eleven )
 * 11.54 = duabelas kurang enam (lit. twelve less six )

use only if the minutes not more or less than 15 minutes, see below.

use the word "setengah" to say half-hour

examples:

 * 6.30 = setengah tujuh (lit. half seven)
 * 11.30 = setengah dua belas (lit. half twelve)
 * 2.31 = setengah tiga lebih satu (lit. half three more one )
 * 4.25 = setengah lima kurang lima (lit. half five less five )
 * 6.16 = setengah tujuh kurang empat belas (lit. half seven less fourteen )

Enseignement de l'indonésien/Leçons/Heure

title: Indonesian/Lessons/Time


text: Talk:Indonesian/Lessons/Time

title: Talk:Indonesian/Lessons/Time


text:
Trigonometry/Selected Angles Reference

Note: Some values in the table are given in forms that include a radical in the denominator — this is done both to simplify recognition of reciprocal pairs and because the form given in the table is simpler in some sense. Note also that all absolute values of trigonometric functions for remarkable points that are listed in this table are contained in the first quadrant (from 0 to 90° or $$\frac{\pi}{2}$$ radians, inclusive); all others are deduced by simple symmetries with the horizontal or vertical axis, or by swapping axes (on the trigonometric circle) so that one trigonometric function is also swapped with its co-function.

Notice that for certain values of $$x$$, the tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions are undefined. This is because these functions are defined as $$\frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}$$, $$\frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}$$ , $$\frac{1}{\cos(x)}$$ , and $$\frac{1}{\sin(x)}$$ , respectively. Since an expression is undefined if it contains division by 0, the functions are therefore undefined at angle measures where the denominator (the sine or cosine of $$x$$, depending on the trigonometric function) is equal to 0. For example, the tangent function for 90º ($$\pi/2\,$$ radians) is equivalent to $$\frac{\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)}{\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)}$$, or $$\frac10$$ , which is an undefined value.

authors: יהודה שמחה ולדמן

title: Trigonometry/Selected Angles Reference


text:
Serial Programming/Modems and AT Commands/Result Codes

Result Codes
p


text:
Wikijunior talk:Dinosaurs

Do we need separate articles for K-T event and Extinction?
Dinosaur extinction was a consequence of the KT mass extinction event - surely they can be dealt with in the same article? Weebs 11:40, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm just trying to get something going for now. Yes, they can be dealt with in the same article.  Nothing is sacred at this stage right now.  All that has happened is that a new Wikijunior book has been started with basically some of the ideas that were expressed in the proposal.  What we really need to do is to set up a model article that would set the tone for the rest of this book.  Now that Wikijunior is fairly well established, this isn't as critical, but it would still be useful in general.  I started the T-Rex article just to get something going at all, but are there any other ideas on where to start?  --Rob Horning 06:11, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi, Mr Horning. Would you please check the K-T event and the extinction articles for me, please? I have put in all the simple facts which I know about them, having read about them in Wikipedia proper. What about other sources we can use about these events? I think we need to explain the general concept of extinction (and especially that the K-T event was not first nor worst) and then this specific one how it fits into all extinctions and geological history of the Earth. --EuropracBHIT 08:59, 15 January 2006 (UTC).

Title page + Shooting for completion
1. I would like to creat a title page and move everything currently on at the front to a table of contents or something like that. I really think that would make the book appear more professional. Just a thought, if anyone has any comments or doesn't like this idea, please say so. If a resonable period of time goes by however, say a week, and no one objects I will create the table of contents and move it.

2. I want to shoot for completion of this book by the end of March. I realize what strain that will cause, and in fact it may not get done by that date. I just realize the quality of other Wikijunior books should not be insulted by having a perpetually unfinished book in their number.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Pampaeditor (discuss • contribs) 22:15, 8 January 2006

 * Would that be March 2006?! :-) I'm going to change your old discussion heading from the vague "Ideas" to something more descriptive.
 * The entry page here does need some attention I agree. Currently there's a heading "Main Articles" here. Should that say "contents"? I don't know what the standard format is. I'm not sure if it needs to be on a separate page from the title page, but certainly this entry page should be spruced up a bit. The main thing is... there should be a picture of a dinosaur on it! (and ideally it should be a picture which makes kids go "woah! Cool!")
 * -- Harry Wood (discuss • contribs) 17:34, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Several Wikijunior books divide up their pages into several types; here atm it's "main" and "other". The arrangement doesn't seem very clear to me; imho we should at least look for different names for those two groups of pages.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 23:35, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I've just done a whole bunch of edits to the title page. Added an image! I've changed the "main" and "other" titles. The new titles are hopefully clear, and a bit more descriptive than "other". I've also moved a lot of stuff off this title page and onto a new page Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/About. There was quite a lot of "meta" information about contributing, and links to templates etc, which I think belongs together quite nicely on this new page. Certainly I think the title page looks better de-cluttered like this. -- Harry Wood (discuss • contribs) 03:07, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Nice picture. The title page does look good.  One thought; it seems to me most Wikijunior books have some meta-info on the main page, including the target age group.  Imho a bit of that makes sense, granting it's surely fair for books to have stylistic differences.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 04:02, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

Spelling Errors
We really need someone to check the spelling. I can understand that it is a bit frustrating to be criticized for the work you all have done so far, but we need a full-time spelling-checker sort of person. Unfortunately, I don't really spend much time on Wikibooks, so I'm not the ideal person we're looking for, but I'm just making a suggestion. --69.22.41.140 22:48, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I'm doing what I can, but there is only so much I can do. Any help is as always greatly apreciated. If anyone out there would be willing to shift through the written work and check spelling, Bless you, and may the power of the edit keep you. Pampaeditor

Thoughts from a mother with two young children
I am unsure what age you are writing for - my kids love pictures - suggest more pictures and simple words if you are aiming for children who are much younger.

 * As far as I recall the Beck Foundation's grant (i.e. to get these books printed) was for ages 8-12, so that is the age bracket we are exclusively aiming to write within. Certainly more pictures will be added as time goes by, but the problem is finding ones released under a free license... GarrettTalk 00:33, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Have any books been published under that grant yet? Basejumper123

These pages seem to be pitched at a lower age range than 8-12, I'd say this was more 5-8. SteveBaker 19:55, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Format
The When did they live/What did they eat/What more do we need to learn/etc. is a good starting point, but combined with the fact that extraordinary depth in some of these areas is inappropriate for younger audiences, it makes for a very stilted text. For example, on the T. Rex page, the When did they live category contains only one sentence (and should not contain much more than that considering the targeted reader). However, this fact could much more easily be included in the introduction or as an aside in any of the other sections. The present structure is a good reference for measuring how complete a topic is from a contributing standpoint, but will result in a very dull read for a child. The text should be more narrative, incorporating all of the relevant information in a more liquid manner. The current format might better serve as a fact box to the side of the text for readers who already understand some of the general concepts and are simply referring back for information for a school project or personal interest. N Vale 19:40, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * When people were voting on this as the collaboration of the quarter for Wikijunior, I wish they would have refined this part of the proposal as well. I agree that the basic questions are not well thought out, but it is a starting point.  One of the things to point out is that a considerable amount of creative licensing has gone into what Dinosaurs have done in the past, especially in movies like Jurassic Park or The Land Before Time.  Unfortunately Wikijunior has to stick to the facts and not dive too much into this speculation even though it makes for some really cool fiction.  Some guesses based on if the dinosaurs have molars or canine teeth can indicate a sort of diet, as well as the size of the bones and some physical similarities to current animals that may have lived in a similar sort of habitat.  Plants are also sometimes fossilized in the same strata as the dinosaur remains, so some additional information about the sort of climate the animal lived in might be inferred as well.

 * I've seen some cool dinosaur books, so I guess that really needs to be the starting point on where to go with this project: Compare and synthesize from some of the better dinosaur references books.  --Rob Horning 17:20, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Images for Wikijunior Dinosaurs
Thanks to Danny, we now have illustrations for this module. Danny put me in contact with his friend Demitrios Vidal, a great illustrator who is also quite knowledgable about dinosaurs. He is willing to let us use his artwork (found here. He is also willing to create new artwork, and to contribute the projct as well! If you have any suggestions as to what drawings you'd like to see in Dinosaurs, please post them here.--Shanel 21:27, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This is an outstanding development. As you can't simply go and take some random photographs of these critters except in a museum (with all of the museum copyright headaches that seem real silly), and even that is mainly bones, this is a wonderful opportunity.  Thanks for trying to get content of this nature, and I hope that you put it into Wikicommons in a Dinosaur category as well.  I would like to see some sort of e-mail or some other note to say where the copyright permission was granted, but that is trivial in comparison.  BTW, if you need help moving the content over, drop me a note on my user talk page.  With 2300 high resolution images, it is going to be a huge task to move that sheer quantity of content over.  --Rob Horning 20:55, 27 January 2006 (UTC),

 * Wow. Just... wow. As for what I'd like to see, hm, well we do need to think about the cover. Maybe with like it divided into four sections with each quarter showing that era's dinosaurs (rather than them all being in the same scene, which wouldn't be very accurate). Changing plant life etc. could also be depicted. Also it would be nice if something matching could be made for the back cover, so the book is simply crawling with dinosaurs, rather than having a basically blank back page with the mandatory sales blurb. Or perhaps the four scenes could be on the whole cover, so when you fold the book open and look at the back you see one teeming mass. Yeah, as a child I thought books made like that were cool. If this isn't clear enough I can always bung together something in Paint. :) GarrettTalk 06:01, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That was 2006. Just noting that today this book still doesn't have a cover image. That certainly leapt out as something missing to me. -- Harry Wood (discuss • contribs) 17:42, 27 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I've now created an title image for the book: File:Dinosaurs_title.jpg. Hope you like it -- Harry Wood (discuss • contribs) 02:31, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

While I can appreciate a few week delay in response here, I havn't seen any formal reply about this list of illustrations. I even went to the website and asked more directly myself if he was willing to release GFDL rights for these images, as the copyright disclaimer on the website is clearly "All rights reserved" and no general license is offered for reproducing the images... even non-commercial use only. In addition, this seems to be a collection of images from many different contributors, and it doesn't appear as though the site owner is obtaining explicit copyright clearance for these images, but rather assuming copyright permission due to the fact that somebody explictly uploaded the content and gave it to him.

I think for now (unfortunately), we are going to have to consider these images to be under propritary copyright restrictions and illegal for us to use them on this Wikibook. I hope that content from this website hasn't been used here already. --Rob Horning 15:53, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Great place to get factual info from
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/info/a.shtml as well as plain old Googling --Konstable 13:12, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Brontosaurus rename (?)
Brontosaurus is the popular name for Apatasaurus, though technically it is wrong. Maybe we should rename Wikijunior Dinosaurs/Brontosaurus to something like Apatasaurus (Brontosaurus) or Brontosaurus (Apatasaurus) .--Konstable 04:39, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought there really was a Brontosaurus, but there were many related species that go under a variety of names and are commonly displayed under the presumed name of Brontosaurus, because of popular movie culture. This is a subject that I need to do some considerable more research on, and I wouldn't necessarily trust the Wikipedia entry on the topic either but it does have some good points.  If you read http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/bronto/ (Why is Brontosaurus now called Apatosaurus?) the author of that web page contends that Brontosaurus and Apatasaurus are still used and merely the names of two different species, although very closely related.  The Brontosaurus also suffers from the debunking due to some of the body parts having been either manufactured by the palentologist who discovered a partial skeleton, and mixing up some of the bones that came from other animals.  Given that palentology was still a very new science when the Brontosaurus was discovered, this is a forgivable mistake, but the bones of the traditional Brontosaurus skeleton have been fully identified as well now.

 * This might be a good section to show to kids that scientists don't always get thing right, and can sometimes screw up in a big way that takes decades to correct errors. --Rob Horning 15:51, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not to mention that many children's books from not all that long ago proudly display amphibious Brachiosaurs... so yes, this would be good to cover. GarrettTalk 21:58, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Collecting References
It's probably a good idea to start reference and resource lists on the talk pages so when final cleanup comes around later the lists will be already compiled, and by the original authors.

Ive started lists in Wikijunior Dinosaurs/Allosaurus Wikijunior Dinosaurs/Stegosaurus

—Basejumper123 22:37 4 February, 2006

 * Re: Image references - I noticed you are creating Image refrence sections. But do we really need them?  When you click on the image it should give all the information about its source and copyright.--Konstable 02:51, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

PD Photos
This website is "Public Domain" Photos That fall under free licences we can use these for the book! — Basejumper123
 * Which website do you mean? You didn't provide a link.--Konstable 06:21, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry!, here it is also, try here . --Basejumper123 22:49, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Animations
I found an animated GIF which could work well on the Pangea page:. Are animations such as these acceptable? Though it does mean that the animation will be on the online version only (for obvious reasons).--Konstable 02:50, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Since there is considerable discussion about having print versions of this content, you should consider aninimated content carefully. Still, this is something to look at in terms of improving the look of a page, and I don't see a reason not to include images of this nature.  The big drawback I see is that it seems to take a long time to download, and you have to be very careful about page load times when you have quite a bit of multi-media content.

 * Something to consider perhaps for the print version is to "break up" animated sequences like this and simply have a series of thumbnails instead. --Rob Horning 13:38, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Jumping In
I have introduced my self over on the T-rex page talk, but wanted to do so here too. As a homeschool mom to 9 and 4 yo boys, I see this project (all of Wikijunior) as having great potential. I have been reading through the discussion pages and it seems that some fresh enthusiasm coul be needed. I am going to do my best to jump right in as an active participant.

As I also mentioned on the T-rex page, my 9yo son has volunteered to be a test reader. While he is a gifted reader (and gifted child academically in general) he is still good at identifying what will appeal to the average 9yo. I will pass his comments along.

Starchildmom 09:47, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Additional Articles
I have some ideas for new dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures: Dora Nichov 04:55, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ankylosaurus
 * Coelophysis
 * Iguanodon
 * Brachiosaurus
 * ichthyosaurs
 * maybe some post-dinosaur animals:
 * Mammuthus
 * Smilodon
 * Glyptodon or Doedicurus
 * Megatherium
 * Australopithecus
 * Ursus (cave bear)
 * Canis (dire wolf)

More: Dora Nichov 06:48, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Anatotitan, Parasaurolophus or Corythosaurus
 * Ornithomimus, Struthiomimus or Gallimimus
 * Archaeopteryx
 * Pachycephalosaurus
 * Maiasaura
 * Oviraptor
 * Protoceratops
 * Giganotosaurus
 * maybe some before-dinosaur animals:
 * Dimetrodon
 * Anomalocaris

 * It would be great if there would be more dinos here. The current list is not meant to be a definitive restricted list I think, feel free to add to it.  I wrote quite a lot of the current ones, but I personally don't really have the time to do any more right now, and all the other editors seem to have also disappeared from this.  Be aware though that you may stumble upon some problems with the images - when I was writing this half a year ago Wikipedia and Wikicommons had a severe lack of dino images, I had to dig up most of them myself (hopefully the image situation is better now though).--Konstable 01:59, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * A few more suggestions:
 * Betasuchus
 * Longisquama
 * Cynodont
 * Spinosaurus
 * --Xixtas 03:04, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Good. But Betasuchus isn't really well-known, is it? And isn't "cynodont" speaking quite broadly? Dora Nichov 10:31, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * My 7 year old knows Betasuchus. (From Walking with Dinosaurs and two kids Dinosaur books.) They can't be that obscure. Cynodont is quite broad, but I couldn't figure out a better way to talk about the Jurassic pre-mammals. Spinosaurus was the largest carnivorus dinosaur.

Uhh, thee was no Betasuchus in Walking With Dinosaurs. I suppose we could use Thrinaxodon for "cynodont". I know Sppinosaurus (who doesn't that likes prehistoric animals?). Dora Nichov 11:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * After looking into it I see Betasuchus is pretty obscure. --xixtas 12:29, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

How 'bout these? Dora Nichov 10:28, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Deinosuchus
 * Troodon

Mistakes and also Prehistoric Mammals
how 'bout a "Mistakes" article? Including "Brontosaurus", "the rhinoceros-horned Iguanodon", "Oviraptor the egg thief" and "aquatic sauropods", among others. Dora Nichov 14:21, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good idea to me, the current Brontosaurus page lacks content. --Xixtas 03:04, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure if prehistoric mammals is a good idea, since this is a book about dinosaurs. They could earn a whole book to themselves, anyway. MiltonT 02:20, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think prehistoric mammals should be in a different book. --Xixtas 03:04, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

OK. What do you think about the dinosaurs and the "Mistakes" page? Dora Nichov 09:10, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

But there are pterosaurs and plesiosaurs here, and they're not dinosaurs either! Dora Nichov 09:11, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Good point, but many people include Pterosaurs, Plesiosaurs, Dimetrodon, and even animals such as Sarcosuchus and various other non-dinosaurs for a simple reason, and that is they are reptilian. Maybe it's because a book titled "Prehistoric Non-Dinosaur Reptiles" might not seem as attractive for a kid to read. A mistakes page might be nice, but if they can be dealt with on the corresponding page of the dinosaur in question, it may be unnecessary. I do think we should mention Ankylosaurus and Iguanodon, though. Iguanodon especially as it is one of the oldest species discovered. MiltonT 14:40, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

OK. Anyways, the pterosaurs and plesiosaurs are defined as non-dinosaurs on their own pages. Ankylosaurus and Iguanodon pages have already been made, and I'm thinking about the other diinosaurs I mentioned. Dora Nichov 13:48, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Organization of articles
In my opinion, the order of the dinosaurs when in the book should be in order of what time period they lived, and T Rex gets to be last, of course. We can cut out the section about when the dinosaurs lived. My idea is that each page will have a timeline of the Mesozoic Era, with the corresponding time that the dinosaur lived in colored in. The timeline can be on the top or on the bottom of each page, sort of like a header or footer. It would give about the same information in a picture form.

On the other hand, if we get more in depth, we may be able to group dinosaurs by their type (ex. Duck-Billed Dinosaurs), but at the current state we're not at that point.MiltonT 14:16, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Use of Dinosaur Images
I just got a reply today (October 2nd) from the editor of the Dinosaurcon regarding the use of images in this book from that website (copying the e-mail to here):

I can't speak for all of the images on the Dinosauricon; you'd have to ask each artist individually. I might be willing to consider releasing some of mine (http://dino.lm.com/artists/display.php?name=keesey) if you can tell me which ones you'd want.

Your pages need some cleanup--I did a revision on the _T. rex_ (never T. Rex or T-Rex) page.

On 3/8/06, Robert Scott Horning <***> wrote:
 * I am a member of a group that is in the middle of preparing a children\'s book about dinosaurs, and it has been mentioned that your images would be ideal for inclusion within our book. This is the fifth book in a series of books aimed toward children.

 * We are an all-volunteer group associated with Wikipedia, and the content of this book would be available under the terms of the Gnu Free Document License. This is also being developed on-line and the current contents of this book are available for you to look at to see if you want to be associated with us.  The web address for this book is at:

 * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior_Dinosaurs

 * Ideally, we would like to add your collection of images to the Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org/) where it could be used for projects beyond just our little project.

 * Note that you would still retain copyright on these images and could use them for profit in other projects as well. All we are asking for is a license to use that content.  If you want to see the kinds of copyright licenses that are available that we could use you can look at:

 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons%3ALicensing

 * I'm even willing to transfer images from your website, together with a link to your website where I obtained the image, giving your site additional exposure. All I am asking is to know under what terms you would like to have us use these images.

 * Thank you for your cooperation on this endeavor, and I must say that I am very impressed with both the quantity and quality of the art work that you have done here.

-- T. Michael Keesey -- The Dinosauricon: http://dino.lm.com Parry & Carney: http://parryandcarney.com

---

Frankly, I consider this to be good news, and there are some very good images that we can try to use here from this website. This is an opportunity we should not miss out from. --Rob Horning 19:33, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If you are still in contact with him could use The Sentinel for the archeopteryx velociraptor article. We don't have articles for the other dinosaurs. (yet) --xixtas 22:00, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Pterosaurs vs Pterodactyl
The article will be very different depending on what we're talking about. The article title is Pterosaurs, but from then on the article talks more about the specific species Pterodactyl and a few other Pterosaurs. We should decide which we are talking about, either change the title and restrict the material or change and broaden all of the material. MiltonT 01:58, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, Pterodactyl is like a nickname for Pterodactylus, but pterosaur is flying reptiles in general... Dora Nichov 10:25, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not so certain on this, there seems to be a lot of confusing regarding this in the sources that I used. (If you trust it) Wikipedia claims on Pterosaur that Pterosaurs are "often referred to as pterodactyls", even if this is not the technically correct term.--Konstable 07:10, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

I've also found this problem on the plesiosaur page. It's name is "plesiosaur" but it talks more about "Plesiosaurus". Dora Nichov 10:27, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I am by no means an expert in this area, but as I understand it "Plesiosaur" is the more general family, while "Plesiosaurus" is a more specific reptile in that family. When I was writing that page I had the general "Plesiosaur" in mind as I remember.  I have replaced "Plesiosaurus" with "Plesiosaur".  The picture on the page is definitely that of a Plesiosaurus specifically.--Konstable 07:10, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Images
Hey, I have come from wikipedia and really like the idea of wikijunior. I recon, haveing some experience with children, you really need more pictures. Check out http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:LadyofHats on the commons who has done some great dino pics and diagrams. --212.139.5.41 19:28, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Those are wonderful pictures and we are already using one of them. Most of the images are of dinosaurs we do not have articles for. (yet) --xixtas 21:51, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

move protection
the page is move-protected, but should now be moved to Wikijunior:Dinosaurs // tsca [re] 20:16, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Name change required
In the panel headed "Dinosaurs" on the right-hand side of each article, "Tyrannosaurus Rex" needs to be changed to "Tyrannosaurus rex", i.e. with no initial capital for the specific name. Shouldn't the names of the dinosaurs in that panel be italicized as in the text? Old Father Time (talk) 22:13, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Navbox
I think there should bye a Navbox template fora lol of the dinosaur templates PokestarFan (discuss • contribs) 00:13, 28 January 2016 (UTC)

God
God created life! 🐵🐒🐶🐕🐩🐺🐱🐈🦁🐯🐅🐆🐴🐎🦄🐮🐂🐃🐄🐷🐖🐗🐽🐏🐑🐐🐪🐫🐘🐭🐁🐀🐹🐰🐇🐿🐻🐨🐼🦃🐔🐓🐣🐤🐥🐦🐧🕊🐸🐊🐢🐍🐲🐉🐳🐋🐬🐟🐠🐡🐙🐚🦀🐌🐛🐜🐝🐞🕷🦂💐🌸💮🏵🌹🌺🌻🌼🌷🌱🌲🌳🌴🌵🌾🌿🍀🍁🍂🍃 DinosaursRoar (discuss • contribs) 19:02, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Dinosaurs


text:
User:Black Dagger~enwikibooks

'I have many names...but you shall know me by the Darkness. In order to combat the very nature of that which we do not understand, sometimes it is necessary to embrace it. I walk a fine line between the worlds of Light and Dark, attempting to balance that which is, was, and will be.'

'It is the essence of a wizard to seek those which are Great Truths and dispell those which are great fallacies. Thus is my quest: Knowledge over Power, Understanding over Fear, Wisdom over Corruption. My motto shall be spoken by others of the Darkness, "Courage from the Torment." This means that though we walk in sorrow, we shall be strong and overcome Fear.'

I shall be known by the black dagger at my side, and you shall never see my true face...save the demons I slay; for they shall know my face before they are dispelled from this realm, for they shall look into my eyes and see a soul which has faced its own potential for evil and knows no fear of them--for fear of all other evils pale in such comparison.

'Sound corny? Sound like I'm just some geek who's played too many RPG's? Well, you may be right...but dare to know me, and decide for yourself...'

TO KNOW, TO DARE, TO KEEP SILENT

'Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law. Love is the Law; Love under Will.'

~Caspian

title: User:Black Dagger~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Black Dagger~enwikibooks

You can't mark your optional subjects in that page above, because it isn't working at the moment, so it would be best to notice me on my talk page. Make sure to read the Introduction, too, and post any of your questions at the Classroom. Welcome again! --George D. Bozovic talk 13:20, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right, the School is still in the fase of creation, but you can attend some courses. You can also help us. Maybe you can be the Ritual Magic teacher, I can't find one anywhere, and that's one of the most important subjects. You know, it's about the rituals and spells, how to practically use them. Btw, fix your signature in Special:Preferences, the link to your talk page isn't working. ;) --George D. Bozovic talk 13:26, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

So... Would you like to attend your first courses now, or would you like to wait for the School to be set up totally. If you want to start with your classes some time soon, let me know which of the optional subjects you would like to study (four of the subjects are required). --George D. Bozovic talk 13:41, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Excellent! I shall just start one or two courses within the School's Ritual Magic section, and you can continue.

To see how to use a wiki, check out the Help page. When you are writing a message to someone, you can sign yourself automatically by typing four tildes (like this: ~ ). That will provide your user name and current time. On the Special:Preferences page you can set up some relevant things about using the wiki. In the field Nickname, write your signature just like you wrote it on my talk page, and mark the option raw signature. Also, make sure to provide your e-mail address. It is very important because we shall send you tests and diplomas by e-mail. Nobody can see your e-mail address, so do I. When I am e-mailling you, or you're e-mailling me, we can't see each other's addresses. When you write your name for signature and your e-mail address, click on Save preferences at the bottom of page.

You'll get your first class by the end of this week. I shall inform you in due time and I'll give you the link to the page with your first lesson. Good luck! ;) --George D. Bozovic talk 15:51, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello, Caspian. Welcome to the wiki School of Magic. --Twinkling Wizard talk 23:59, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

You may attend your first lesson here. --George D. Bozovic talk 22:24, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Black Dagger. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Black Dagger~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:03, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:39, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Black Dagger~enwikibooks


text:
Wikibooks talk:Collaboration of the Month/January 2006

fundementals, not fundimentals


text:
Serial Programming/Modems and AT Commands/S-Registers

S0: Ring to Answer After
Defines the number of ring bursts before the modem automatically answers an incoming call. When set to zero, auto-answer is disabled.

S1: Ring Count
(Read only) Counts the number of ring bursts received. Reset to zero after 8 seconds of no ring.

S2: Escape Sequence Character
Specifies the ASCII value of the character used in the escape code. (The escape code is the escape character entered three times in succession.) When the modem is in connect state and it receives the escape code, the modem enters command state. Setting register S2 to 128 or above disables the escape code character.

S3: Carriage Return Character
Specifies the ASCII value of the carriage return (CR) character. The carriage return terminates command lines and result codes.

S4: Line Feed Character
Specifies the ASCII value for the line feed (LF) character. The line feed character follows a carriage return at the end of long-form result codes. Short-form result codes are sent without line feeds.

S5: Backspace Character
Specifies the ASCII value for the backspace (BS) character that you can use to edit the command line.

S6: Wait Before Blind Dialing
Specifies the time the modem waits after going off-hook before it dials. This is a minimum of 2 seconds, even if register S6 is set to a value less than 2. Register S6 is used only when the X0, X1, or X3 command (Extended Result Codes) is set.

S7: Wait for Carrier after Dialing
Specifies the time that the modem waits for one of the following before hanging up:

•Carrier from the remote modem when this modem is in originate or answer mode

•Ringback, only when this modem is in originate mode, and only if X3 or X4 (Extended Result Codes) is set

Register S7 is linked to register S37 so that the two registers share a single value. Changing the value of S7 changes the value of S37, and changing S37 changes S7.

S8: Duration of Delay for Comma Dial Modifier
This register contains the pause time of the dial modifier used in the dial string. Consecutive commas will invalidate the modem's approval if the total pause period exceeds 12 seconds.

S9: Carrier Detect Response Time
This register contains the time period that a received carrier signal must be present for the modem to recognise it and turn on the DCD signal.

S10: Delay Between Lost Carrier and Hang Up
Specifies the time the modem waits before hanging up after loss of carrier. This waiting period allows the modem to recover from a temporary loss of carrier without breaking the connection. Modems at both ends of the connection should have the same values set. If the S10 values of the two modems are unequal, disconnection occurs when the lower value is reached. When register S10 is set to 255, the modem functions as if carrier were always present; it never hangs up due to loss of carrier. After disconnecting in originate mode, the modem waits a minimum of 5 seconds before going off-hook.

S11: DTMF Multi-Frequency Tone Duration
This register contains the time period of the duration and inter-digital pause of the DTMF dialling tones.


text:
Serial Programming/IP Over Serial Connections

Prerequisites
This page assumes the reader is familiar with the TCP/IP protocol suite and IP communication in general.

A Note on Terminology
This module uses the normal TCP/IP terminology, where the terms indicate the following:

 * TCP : The TCP protocol as such, at the transport layer.
 * IP : The IP protocol as such, at the internetworking layer.
 * TCP/IP : The complete internet protocol suite, encompassing many more protocols than just TCP or IP.

Also, this module uses the TCP/IP notation of protocol layers, not the OSI model, unless stated otherwise: ++ | Application Layer |  e.g. SMTP ++ | Transport Layer   |  e.g. TCP ++ | Internetwork Layer | e.g. IP ++ | Link Layer        |  e.g. SLIP or PPP ++

General
Transmitting IP data over a serial (RS-232) line is haunted by several problems, among them:

 * 1) lack of framing
 * 2) lack of flow control
 * 3) lack of session management

Of which lack of framing is the most serious one. All mentioned problems are explained as it follows.

Lack of Framing
Different layers have different tasks in the TCP/IP protocol stack. Higher layers expect particular services from their lower layers. One of the services the IP protocol expects from the link layer is the framing, deframing of IP packets. This means, the link layer is, among other tasks, responsible for properly separating each packet and identifying an IP packet's start and end when it moves the packet over some communication link. The link layer is supposed to do this, so when packets are placed in some data stream they can be properly extracted from the stream.

In cases where a 'naked' serial connection is used as the link layer, this creates a problem, because a simple serial connection does not provide any framing facilities. Instead, the data is just a stream. The receiving side would not be able to explicitly identify the start and end of a packet.

In a 100% reliable serial connection this would be tolerable, because length information in the IP packets could be used to separate packets from the serial data stream. However, a connection is usually not 100% reliable, particularly not if it is in fact done via a modem over a public telephone line. If a packet would be corrupted, partly lost, etc. the receiver would run out of sync, and the transmission completely garbled. In case a broken IP packet could be reliably identified, a higher layer protocol like TCP can handle the problem and initiate a retransmission. Therefore, proper identification, and thus framing/deframing of IP packets is essential.

Lack of Flow Control
Due to the nature of serial connections it is desirable to exercise flow control over the serial connection hop. However, IP does not provide any facility for controlling the flow on the link layer, and a protocol like TCP uses a much different way for end-to-end flow control, and does not deal with a single hop at all.

Lack of Session Management
It is typically necessary to do some additional 'housekeeping' when running IP over a serial line, particularly when that serial line is backed up by a modem connection. This includes setting up such a modem connection (dialing into some remote site), and authenticating oneself at that remote site. IP as such does not support these tasks.

General
The solution to the above mentioned problems is to introduce an additional protocol at the link layer. That protocol in fact represents the link layer for the higher layer protocols and uses the serial connection internally.

Two such protocols are in common usage. A very simple one, called SLIP, and a more complex, but much more powerful one, called PPP. New services typically use PPP, while SLIP can still some times be found with older services. +-+ | TCP        | +-+ | IP         | +-+---+ | Link Layer | Modem Control | +-+---+ | Serial Line                | +-+ | Modem                      | +-+ | Phone Line                 | +-+

SLIP
SLIP fixes the most serious problem for sending IP datagrams over a serial line: Lack of framing. Flow control handling is left to the modem transmission protocols and higher layer TCP/IP protocols. Session management is supposed to be handled outside of SLIP, e.g. set up ("dial-in") of a modem connection is not done by SLIP. SLIP assumes the serial connection has already been established.

SLIP is standardized in RFC 1055, A Nonstandard for transmission of IP datagrams over serial lines: SLIP. The term Nonstandard in the title is there because of historical reasons. SLIP wasn't even described for a long time, and when it was finally described in RFC 1055 that description was only intended as an informal summary of the current practice. Only later it was decided to give that RFC the status of an official IETF standard - but one which should not be the first choice - because of SLIP's limitations.

SLIP is so simple, it is almost embarrassing. It requires a serial port configuration of 8 data bits, no parity, and either hardware flow control, or CLOCAL mode (3-wire null-modem). It defines only four special 8-bit sequences (characters) and little functionality over the standard serial line protocol.

When the SLIP driver receives an IP packet from the interworking layer, it simply copies it octet by octet (with a slight exception, see below) and appends an additional octet with the value 0xC0 (hex). This additional octet marks the end of an IP packet, and is therefore called the END character.

To avoid random line noise being interpreted as the beginning of a packet, it is customary to prepend the END character to an IP packet if packets are not continuously and with full speed send over the line and transmission is resumed. This way possible random noise is itself framed as a packet, and the higher layers (particularly the IP layer) will discard such 'packets', because they will be identified as illegal (wrong checksum, wrong size, below minimum size).

Frames when sending continuous +-+-+-+ | IP datagram | END | IP datagram | END | IP datagram | END | ... +-+-+-+

Frames when sending with delay between packages, prepending additional END characters to exclude line noise +-+           ++-+            ++-+ | IP datagram | END | line noise | END | IP datagram | END | line noise | END | IP datagram | END | ... +-+           ++-+            ++-+

The END characters marked in red in the above figure are END characters prepended to the IP datagrams which follow them. But they effectively act as end marks for the preceding line noise, separating potential random line noise from real data.

The framing with the 0xC0 END character creates a slight problem. If the character itself appears in an IP packet, SLIP would wrongly interpret this as the end of the packet. This is fixed by introducing another special character, the ESC character with the value 0xDB (hex). This is used to build two escape sequences:

 * 0xDB 0xDC : Replacement for 0xC0 values within an IP datagram This ensures there will never be an END character in the transmitted datagram
 * 0xDB 0xDD : Replacement for 0xDB values within an IP datagram This is the 'escape of the escape' character.

SLIP inserts these escape sequences into the IP datagrams it receives for transmission from the interworking layer, and it replaces the escape sequences with the original values when forwarding a received datagram to the interworking layer.

That's all that SLIP does. There is no error detection, compression or device (modem) control. There is also no support for host configuration, security, session management, and other control functions. Therefore SLIP on its own is not satisfactory over an error-prone dial-up connection, although it operates reliably over MNP4 (or higher) error correction modem links.

PPP
PPP, the Point-to-Point Protocol, provides a standard method for transporting datagrams over point-to-point links, including standard serial lines. The specification of PPP defines the following three main components:
 * 1) A method for encapsulating datagrams in PPP frames. It supports IP datagrams as well as datagrams of other networking protocols.
 * 2) A Link Control Protocol (LCP). This protocol defines procedures for establishing, configuring, and testing the datalink connection.
 * 3) A family of Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for establishing and configuring different network-layer protocols.

PPP is a rather complex protocol, consisting of mandatory and optional parts, as well as extensions. A likely incomplete list of PPP-related RFC standards is given below:

 * RFC 1661 - The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
 * RFC 1332 - The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP)
 * RFC 1334 - PPP Authentication Protocols
 * RFC 1377 - The PPP OSI Network Layer Control Protocol (OSINLCP)
 * RFC 1378 - The PPP AppleTalk Control Protocol (ATCP)
 * RFC 1552 - The PPP Interworking Packet Exchange Control Protocol (IPXCP)
 * RFC 1570 - PPP LCP Extensions
 * RFC 1618 - PPP over ISDN
 * RFC 1662 - PPP in HDLC-like Framing
 * RFC 1962 - The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP)
 * RFC 1968 - The PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP)
 * RFC 1973 - PPP in Frame Relay
 * RFC 1989 - PPP Link Quality Monitoring
 * RFC 1990 - The PPP Multilink Protocol (ML)
 * RFC 1994 - PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
 * RFC 2043 - The PPP SNA Control Protocol (SNACP)
 * RFC 2097 - The PPP NetBIOS Frames Control Protocol (NBFCP)
 * RFC 2125 - The PPP Bandwidth Allocation Protocol (BAP) / The PPP Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP)
 * RFC 2290 - Mobile-IPv4 Configuration Option for PPP IPCP
 * RFC 2364 - PPP over AAL5
 * RFC 2472 - IP Version 6 over PPP
 * RFC 2516 - A Method for Transmitting PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
 * RFC 2615 - PPP over SONET / SDH

In short, implementing PPP is not for the faint of heart. It is a serious job, requiring solid programming, protocol and telecommunication knowledge - even if only the parts relevant for serial line communication are taken into account. Programmers wishing to implement PPP should already reserve weeks to study the relevant standards. It is also a good idea to define clear requirements which optional PPP parts need to be implemented. It should also be considered obtaining a compatibility test suite to verify standards compliance of the own implementation. Simple trial-and-error with some existing consumer implementation of the protocol usually doesn't cut it. This can only 'guarantee' to a certain extent that the PPP implementation is compatible with that particular other implementation in a particular configuration. It does not guarantee that the implementation is compatible with a wide range of existing PPP implementations.

If it is a viable option to buy a PPP implementation for a particular platform instead of doing an own implementation, then that option should seriously be considered.

HDLC
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) is another Layer 2 protocol which can be used to carry IP traffic over serial (and other) connections. HDLC predates PPP and is a generic Layer 2 protocol. It can be found in industrial applications and is also popular for serial point-to-point links between IP routers. It is less common in end-user applications, like dialup connections to an ISP. The Wikipedia article about HDLC provides a good overview about HDLC, and provides references to the relevant standards.

HDLC is mainly concerned with framing, and provides a few additional control messages (procedures). It is relatively easy to implement over serial lines.


text:
User:Chris Mason

Current Projects: Final Fantasy VII and Super Mario World

Mason11987 on wikipedia

title: User:Chris Mason


text:
General Astronomy/Exercises

Hands-On Astronomy Exercises is intended to provide information about activity-based astronomy learning units.

These activities target upper high school and introductory college level astronomy students. The goal of these units is to allow students to engage in hands-on activities that will complement other lecture and "non-hands-on" teaching activities.

The following is the current list of activities:

1. Kepler's First Law: Draw an Ellipse

2. Scale of Solar System: Make a scaled drawing of the solar system

3. Telescopes: Make a simple telescope

4. Newton's Laws: Balloon Rocket

5. Spectroscopy: Study light fingerprints using diffraction gratings

6. Doppler Effect: Study Doppler Effect by throwing a sound device

7. Angular Displacement: Segments, fingers, fists, etc.

8. Angular Momentum

title: General Astronomy/Exercises


text:
Water Resources Directory/USA/Assistance

Local Government Environmental Assistance Network

Technical and Funding Assistance, listed by organization

 * Federal agencies

 * State agencies

 * Foundations

 * Industry

 * NonGovernment Organizations

Technical Assistance, listed by topic

 * Water quality
 * Wastewater
 * Water supply
 * Fish and wildlife
 * Public health


text:
Talk:History of Islamic Civilization/The Formative Period of Islam

Have just carried out minor edit on the original post: have added paragraphs and italics. Re the copyright concerns, I have no connection with the original post - this edit is the limit of my involvement. I hope the issue is resolved.

Jim Williams - 02/01/06

Umar was appointed not elected/partially democratically. Abu Bakr appointed him according to my studies in Islamic History and my Islamic studies professors. If there's a claim made that Umar was not designated then there should be proof shown. The wikipedia entry on this also supports my position on Umar's designation by Abu Bakr. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_of_the_succession_to_Abu_Bakr

FD - 09/07/10


text:
Talk:Atlas Shrugged/Synopsis/Chapters 1-5

Under Part 1, Chapter 1, Section 1, there is a mention of "Bum Number 1 - first and only appearance". If my recollection is correct, he is given fifty cents and says "Thanks, bub." Then some chapters later, a bum is given $100 and he also says "Thanks, bub." Could this be the same bum? Maybe someone more familiar with the book could clear this up.

Rearden Steel location
I don't recall a specific location given for Rearden Steel other than "Pennsylvania" -- pls. provide a page citation indicating where it was mentioned in Atlas that Rearden Steel was located in Philadelphia? Thanks. 71.206.196.96 17:48, 17 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
Wings 3D/User Manual/A Quick Start Guide/Finger exercises to get you started

Finger exercises to get you started
...... note this a wip !

Figure 7: A cube primitive has been added to the workspace.

After starting Wings3D you will obtain the Wings3D program window with an empty workspace. Right click anywhere in the empty workspace and the Primitives context sensitive menu will be displayed. Move your mouse over the Cube menu item. It will become highlighted in blue. Left click on the word Cube and a cube primitive will be added to your workspace, so it should then be similar to Fig.7.

Now we'll just try out some of the basic functions to become more familiar with the interface before going on to one of the tutorials that follow.

Remember that switching to vertex, edge, face or body selection mode can be done by either clicking on the appropriate icon on the Icon Bar (the middle four) or by pressing the keyboard hotkeys V, E, F or B. Right clicking with any element(s) selected will display the appropriate context sensitive menu whereas right clicking with no selection displays the Primitives menu. The Space Bar (and clicking on the 2 blank areas between the icons on the icon bar) will deselect everything.

Note that L,M and R on the lower information line refer to the relevant mouse buttons and that keyboard commands are denoted here by having square brackets around them. eg [Q]. Keyboard commands are NOT case sensitive - when modifiers such as Shift / Alt / Cntrl are required, such info will be explicitly stated.

Figure 8: Basic Wings navigation.

Fig.8 - What's happening:

a) We've changed to Vertex Selection Mode, either click on the Vertex Icon or hit V. You should now see your vertices at each corner of the cube. Note that the Vertex selection mode icon now has a white frame around it to show that it's the mode in use. b) Wings needs to know what you want to modify - so click on the two upper left vertices and note that they change colour (and size). (Both selected vertex size and the selection colour have been slightly adjusted for reasons of clarity - see Edit | Preferences) Details of your selection are additionally being displayed, in this case, which verts, the direct distance between them and also the distances between these verts along the x,y,z axes (useful when verts aren't parallel to a main axis).

c) Now right click in workspace. The Vertex Operations menu is displayed. It presents you with vertex specific commands only, thus limiting the amount of confusion possible. This context sensitive method of working is considered one of the strong points of Wings3D and leads to very short learning curve. Click, or hover, on Move. Note that a side bar menu of Move specific options comes up (Figure 8.d). Click on Normal and move the mouse around a little to see what happens. Then move it to the right until the distance moved is 1.0 as indicated on the Status Bar at the bottom of the Wings window. Left click to end the Move command. Your cube should now look like figure 8.e. Hit the Tab key to see a Smooth Shaded view of the modified cube (Figure 8.f). Hit the Tab Key again to go back to Shaded Wireframe mode.

Figure 9: Working with the Wings interface.

If you did not hit the Space Bar, the two vertices should still be selected. In fact you should have noticed they were still selected even when we were in Smooth Shaded mode. So now switch to Edge Selection Mode (hit the E key). Notice that all the edges that were adjacent to the selected vertices are now automatically selected (Figure 9.a). Because Wings3D uses winged-edge topology it can keep track of what elements are associated with what. So Wings can carry forward selections from mode to mode, which can greatly speed up your modeling.

Now right click in the workspace to bring up the Edge Operations menu (Figure 9.b). Choose Bevel from the menu and move the mouse to the right until the Status Bar reads 0.50 then left click to end the command (Figure 9.c). Note a couple of things here. Bevel ended and put us into Face Selection Mode automatically. See the faces are already highlighted and the active icon is now the Face Icon. Wings attempts to end commands by making the elements that it just created active on the assumption that since you just made them, you will want to do something with them. Not always true, but it's a pretty valid assumption most of the time and can help speed up your modeling.

Since we are in Face Mode, lets right click again and bring up the Face Operations menu (9.d). Extrude Normal by 0.25 (Figure 9.e). Now Switch to Body Mode (hit the B key or click the Icon). The whole object becomes highlighted. Right click to bring up the Body Operations menu and choose Smooth. Your object should like like that in Figure 9.f. Hit the Space Bar to deselect it then hit the Tab Key to see it smoothed. Now hit the U key to watch it rotate (Left click to stop the rotation). Well, quite by accident we made a fairly reasonable facsimile of a tooth! But the idea here was not to build a meaningful model, but to get you used to the Wings3D user interface. You should be fairly comfortable with it now and ready to go on to the Dog House Tutorial.

Quick Tip: The Nature of Normals Assuming the reader may be new to 3D modeling as well as to Wings3D, it may be useful to explain what a normal is and why they are useful in commands such as Move | Normal. Simply put, a Normal is a vector that extends outward perpendicular to a graphic element. Faces, edges and vertices all have normals. So, when we move a face along its normal we will move it out along a line that extends from its center outward, like a flag pole sticking up from the ground.


text:
Water Resources Directory/USA/Assistance/Federal agencies

Listed below are selected federal organizations having any water related responsibilities or activities.
 * A complete list of federal organizations is online.

Executive Departments

 * Department of Agriculture (USDA)
 * Forest Service
 * Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
 * Department of Commerce (DOC)
 * National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
 * Department of Defense (DOD)
 * U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
 * Institute for Water Resources (Alexandria, VA)
 * Hydrologic Engineering Center (Davis, CA)
 * Waterways Experiment Station (Vicksburg, MS)
 * Construction Engineering Research Center (Champaign, IL)
 * Army Environmental Policy Institute
 * Department of Education (ED)
 * Department of Energy (DOE)
 * Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
 * Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
 * Department of Justice (DOJ)
 * Department of Labor (DOL)
 * Department of Interior (DOI)
 * U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) ]
 * National Park Service
 * Department of Transportation (DOT)

Independent Agencies

 * Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 * Tennessee Valley Authority
 * Federal Maritime Commission
 * National Science Foundation

 * Office of Government Ethics
 * U.S. Office of Special Council (FOIA)
 * Small Business Administration
 * Securities and Exchange Commission
 * U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
 * Institute of Museum and Library Services
 * Corporation for National and Community Service (Vista Volunteers)

Boards, Commissions and Committees

 * Appalachian Regional Commission
 * Delaware River Basin Commission
 * Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin
 * Mississippi River Commission
 * Susquehanna River Basin Commission

 * Committee on Foreign Investments in the US
 * Endangered Species Committee
 * Federal Advisory Committees
 * Federal Executive Boards
 * Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer
 * Federal Library and Information Center Committee
 * Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor Commission
 * Interagency Alternative Dispute Resolution Working Group
 * Marine Mammal Commission
 * Migratory Bird Conservation Commission
 * Millennium Challenge Corporation. (Natural Resources Management Indicator Search)
 * Morris K. Udall Foundation: Scholarship and Excellence in National Environmental Policy
 * National Park Foundation
 * Northwest Power Planning Council
 * Nuclear Regulatory Commission
 * President's Council on Integrity and Efficiency (Inspector General)
 * Regulatory Information Service Center (B/C of rulemaking)


text:
Talk:Easy Ido/Lesson one

 = /æ/?
The current module says that the letter  is pronounced as the  in. I pronounce that  as an /æ/. en:Ido says /a/. We could remove these comparisons, which become invalid due to the fact that the English language has no standard dialect, and just add IPA, but not everyone understands that. What should be done? Mga 18:28, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 issue
I'm new to Ido, so I'm probably wrong, but the "r" we're referring to here is not the "r" in "ratón" (which is a "strong" one), but the one in "cara" (face) or "premio" (prize), which is "softer". At least, from what I understood, this is the case in Esperanto. As a native spanish speaker, I think the sound of "t" when you pronounce "whatever" really fast (American English) is what better resembles this "r", and would make much more sense to an english speaker. Sorry for my english, by the way.

title: Talk:Easy Ido/Lesson one