text:
Relationships/Dionysus-Demeter

Dionysus

 * Celebrities : Viktor Frankl, John Lennon, Jerry Garcia, Charles Manson, Roger Daltrey, Robert Plant, James Taylor, John Belushi, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (Osho), Jim Morrison, Jimi Hendrix.

 * Hairstyle : Long, wild, sexy hair and beard.

 * Shoes : Sandals.

 * Mythology : Dionysus was the god of wine. He was also the god of ecstasy and enraptured love, pain and suffering, and death and rebirth. He traveled widely, teaching grape cultivation and winemaking. Madness and violence followed him. Women worshipped him. The women drank wine, danced wildly, then tore an animal to pieces and ate the raw flesh. The Romans knew him as Bacchus.

 * Emotional Control System : The quest for meaning may be hardwired into our brains.

 * Life Purpose : A Dionysus man's life purpose is a quest for meaning. He lives by ideals and principles that he has yet to discover.

 * Shadow : Dionysus men lack "real world" goals. They're questing for principles, and haven't yet discovered these principles.
 * They enjoy resting or doing nothing-especially if alcoholic beverages are available. When faced with a decision they let their partner decide, saying, "I'll be happy with whatever makes you happy."
 * A Dionysus man has a close relationship with his mother-a "mama's boy." He's her "divine child," with a sense of specialness or destiny. In adult life, a Dionysus man may resent people not recognizing his specialness, e.g., when they expect him to do mundane work. He may have mood swings between low self-esteem and ego inflation. He may have substance abuse issues.
 * "Wounding" is central to Dionysus. "Wounding" can be a life-threatening illness, e.g., cancer, which makes a man feel as if he has been dismembered and then reassembled as a new person. Or "wounding" can be a painful experience that forces an individual to break from "the flat ennui of numbing conformity to cultural and familial expectations." E.g., Vietnam veterans say that their experiences hurt them deeply and forced them to question their government and the previous generation's values, but the hard lessons were worth learning.
 * Dionysus men can become cult leaders. They attract followers, especially women. But the followers go mad. The followers may commit crimes opposite to the ideals espoused by their leader. E.g., no evidence indicated that Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh was involved in his followers' poisoning of 751 residents of The Dalles, Oregon (see "Women's Power," page 40).

 * Under Stress : Under stress, Dionysus individuals become Poseidon. They become wildly, out-of-control emotional.

 * When Safe : Under safety, Dionysus becomes Zeus. E.g., when Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh became rich he wanted to be respectable. He wanted Rolls-Royce automobiles. Unable to control himself, he bought 93 Rolls-Royces.

 * Other Personality Type Systems : Dionysus is represented in astrology by Sagittarius (the quest for meaning), and the 9th House (of Long Journeys Over Water, and higher education). Dionysus is Enneagram personality type #9, the Peacemaker.

": ...the more feminized male ideal, who started rearing his long-haired head in the late 1960s and early '70s. Though they carried themselves with all-male swagger, frontmen Roger Daltrey of The Who and Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin were clearly in touch with their feminine sides. Women couldn't get enough of these emotional yet masculine men....1980s hair bands such as Mötley Crüe and Poison [showed that] some women liked men all dolled up in makeup and hairspray wearing pants that left absolutely nothing to the imagination."
 * Sex : Women surround Dionysus men. A Dionysus man has many female friends, and many of these are lovers. His emotional wounds attract their nurturing instinct. His sensuality and appreciation of their beauty, and his ecstatic lovemaking becomes addictive to women. Dionysus is

- Kate Flatley

 * Meeting : To meet Dionysus men, go to a wine bar-or join a cult.

Demeter

 * Celebrities : Eleanor Roosevelt, Mother Theresa, Barbara Bush.

 * Favorite Movie : Little Women, starring Susan Sarandon, Claire Danes, and Winona Ryder (1994).

 * Mythology : Demeter was the goddess of the harvest and of motherhood. The Romans knew Demeter as Ceres (the root of our word cereal).

 * Emotional Control System : Demeter energy is nurturing.

 * Life Purpose : A Demeter woman lives for her children, or to help other people. Demeter women love their children regardless of whether a child is rebellious, disabled, gay, or the governor of Texas.

 * Shadow
 * Demeter women give to get love. They'll sacrifice their own needs, then expect something back. They give unsolicited help, then feel used or cheated when the recipient doesn't express gratitude or return a favor. The problem isn't ungrateful recipients. The problem is that the Demeter woman doesn't recognize that people don't need her help.
 * Too much Demeter energy makes an individual obsessed with diet, stress-reduction classes, or fitness. Too little Demeter energy leads to working long hours without eating, relaxing, or taking a vacation. A woman who works too much may overcompensate by obsession with diet and fitness.

 * Under Stress
 * Under stress, Demeter women become Artemis, Ares, and Hephaestus. After Hades abducted Demeter's daughter, Demeter wandered over the earth, day and night, without eating or drinking. This is the seeking behavior emotional control system, symbolized by Artemis.
 * Everywhere Demeter wandered, she broke plows, destroyed farms and cattle, made fields barren, and blighted seeds so they couldn't grow. She used her anger emotional control system, symbolized by Ares.
 * Finally, Demeter disguised herself as an old woman. She met the daughters of the king of Eleusis (near Athens). She offered to do any domestic work in their household. Willingness to work is symbolized by Hephaestus.

 * When Safe : When safe, Demeter women become Apollo. They enjoy a symphony or art museum.

 * Other Personality Type Systems : Demeter is represented in astrology by Cancer (empathy and nurturing). Demeter is Enneagram personality type #2, the Nurturer.

 * Sex : Demeter women are warm and affectionate, but are more into hugs than sex. Use condoms because she may not be using birth control. If she gets pregnant, she'll keep the child.

 * Meeting : To meet Demeter women, play with children. Borrow a baby and go to a beach. Go to a park and play with women's dogs.

Dionysus-Demeter Marriage
A Dionysus-Demeter marriage tempers wounding and nurturing. A couple that successfully uses this energy heals their psychological and spiritual traumas.

 * Dionysus
 * Dionysus's marriage to Ariadne was the only healthy marriage on Mt. Olympus. (Anyone who wants "a marriage made in heaven" hasn't read Greek mythology.)
 * But the wife of a Dionysus man can also find her life alternating between ecstasy and suffering, between "pandemonium and deathly silence."

 * Demeter
 * Demeter women marry for children. The husband-or sperm donor -is only a means to her end.
 * Zeus men are happy to provide sperm, but their relationship goes downhill-fast-after the transfer.
 * A Dionysus-Demeter marriage echoes a mother and her only son. His central issue was "wounding" and suffering. Her central ability was nurturing. A Dionysus-Demeter marriage may look like a mother/son relationship, but they'll give what the other needs.

==References==

title: Relationships/Dionysus-Demeter


text:
Relationships/Hades-Persephone

Hades

 * Celebrities : Sigmund Freud, Chad Gray, Howard Hughes, Vincent Price, Christopher Reeve, vampires, serial killers, drummers in rock bands.

 * Favorite Movie : The Sixth Sense, starring Bruce Willis (1999).

 * Mythology : Hades ruled the underworld, the realm of the dead. He was wealthy beyond counting, but was a recluse. Hades wore a cap of invisibility when he left the underworld. The Romans knew Hades as Pluto.

 * Emotional Control Systems : Hades symbolizes the psychic pain of sorrow, grief, and loneliness-and the psychological insights this can lead us to.

 * Shadow : A dysfunctional Hades man may make people connect to deep feelings, but not help them move to higher states of consciousness. E.g., O.J. Simpson made millions of Americans aware of deep, hidden racist feelings, but he didn't do anything to improve relations between the races.

 * Other Personality Type Systems : Hades is represented in astrology by Scorpio (basing one's life on one's deepest convictions), and the 8th House (of Death, and major transformation). Hades isn't represented in the Enneagram.

 * Sex and Marriage
 * The characters within the book "Interview with the Vampire" by Anne Rice (1976) is comparable to the Greek god Hades servants.
 * But Hades servants can be invisible to women. A Hades man may not be good at flirting or dating. He may have elaborate, deep fantasies rather than relationships with real women. If he tries to make a relationship real, the woman may accuse him of abduction-perhaps only because he lacks social skills.
 * Hades men can deeply love women, in committed, faithful relationships. Marriage can draw a Hades man out of reclusion, and into participation in family and community.

 * Meeting : To meet Hades men, wear Goth black velvet dresses. Dive into the depths of depression, and look around at who's there. On the contrary to meet Hades men one would need to meet a Scorpio Sun, Rising sign or Moon. This is a Hades man. Also, any man that is possessed by power and control may be a Hades man. Hades does NOT rule depression, we'll leave that to Saturn, what he IS, is deeply introspective and highly discerning.  So much so that his skills of observation make him appear distant, but truly he is assessing everything and everyone around him.

Persephone

 * Celebrities : Ophelia in Hamlet; Laura in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie (1944); Sylvia Plath; Dory Previn (Mythical Kings and Iguanas singer-songwriter, André Previn's wife); Hannah Green, author of I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1988).

 * Hairstyle : Changes her hairstyle to reflect personal growth. Tries new hairstyles to try new directions for personal growth.

 * Mythology
 * Persephone was the young daughter of Zeus and Demeter. She was picking flowers one day on the plain of Enna. She pulled an especially beautiful narcissus, the earth split open. Hades, ruler of the dead, came out of a gap in the earth and thundered up in his golden chariot pulled by four black horses. He grabbed the screaming girl and carried her down to the underworld. When this happened only Zeus and Helios, the sun titan, saw it.
 * As Demeter searched for her daughter, her despair caused crops to die. Helios told her what he had saw and Demeter became furious. She would not let anything be fertile until Persphone came back. Zeus could no longer let this go on so he sent Hermes to fetch Persephone.
 * Hades allowed Persephone to go back to her mother, even though he did not want her too. He did not like the fact so before Hermes came to fetch her, he gave Persephone a pomegranate.  When she ate the seeds of the delicious fruit she was then bound to the underworld forever. Demeter was furious, but could do nothing about it. Persephone from then on spent 1/3 of the year in the Underworld with the King and her cold blooded husband, Hades. Eventually she began to love him more and more. Demeter still did not like this so she spent the time that her daughter was gone, sulking and would not let anything be fertile. This time is known as winter.
 * As Queen and Goddess of the Underworld, Persephone guided mortals who descended to the realm of the dead on a quest. When the musician Orpheus came looking for his dead wife, his song was so beautiful that Persephone granted his wish and restored his wife's life. When Aphrodite sent Psyche to the underworld for cosmetics, Persephone filled Aphrodite's box (the word psychology derives from Psyche's name). When Heracles (a.k.a. Hercules) descended to Hades for his twelfth labor, Persephone helped the hero bring Hades' three-headed dog Cerberus to show the king of Mycenae.
 * The Romans called her Proserpina. Persephone as the innocent maiden was Kore (the Romans called her Cora), to distinguish her from Persephone as Queen of the Underworld. Pesephone is a part of the Triple Goddess depiction with Kore as maiden, Persephone as Mother, and Hekate as Crone, another depiction is Persephone, Demeter, Hekate.

 * Emotional Control System : Persephone symbolizes separation distress, from one's mother or, more broadly, from one's old life to a new life. Separation distress is the basis of anxiety and panic attacks. Also, Persephone's distress from her mother can be determined by the many stories that are told about her from the Greeks and later the Romans. In the original story of Persephone that was later changed by the Roman's, Persephone chose to leave her mother and go with Hades, whom she had fallen in love with. The separation "anxiety" was felt by Demeter not Persephone due to her choice of physically leaving her mother and transitioning (transformation) into womanhood, allowing her to think and be as she chose.

 * Life Purpose
 * A Persephone woman's life purpose is to separate from her past, (it becomes evident as she heals from her past) as she transforms into a new person. She then guides other individuals through personal transformations. Ideal professions include writer, poet, musician, artist, counselor, psychologist, social worker, and a psychic/seer.

 * A Persephone psychologist sees depression and mental illness not as symptoms to be medicated or eradicated, but as profound journeys. The sojourner goes through pain and suffering, but sooner or later reaches a greater level of consciousness. Just as Persephone guided Odysseus, Heracles, Psyche, and Orpheus in their journeys to the underworld, a Persephone psychologist guides a patient to find his life's treasure, and then return to the world of the living. Hades, which was the name of both the underworld and its king, had uncountable riches. This symbolized that personal growth can lead to great rewards.

 * Persephone is the New Moon phase as she offers new beginnings. She represents the ability to walk between worlds (consciousness), from the underworld to the surface of earth. She is a Spring time deity and offers the hope of renewal and rebirth. In the underworld her duties are to take care of the dead souls that come to Hades, something which is amazing at.

 * Shadow
 * A dysfunctional Persephone woman is passive, compliant and uncommitted to goals. She may escape into a fantasy world. She may be psychically gifted, but suffer from psychiatric illness or anorexia. Depression makes her "fade away" quietly, as opposed to forcing her depression onto others (as Demeter did).
 * A Persephone woman tries to please her mother and be a "good girl." She expects teachers or supervisors to hold her hand through each step. But Persephone lied to her mother about the pomegranate. A Persephone woman will use deviousness, lying, and manipulation, while maintaining a guise of innocence.

 * Other Personality Type Systems : Persephone is represented in astrology by Virgo.

 * Sex
 * An advice columnist received the following letter:
 * My friend is the most wonderful, caring, loving person I've ever met, but also the most naïve. I know from personal experience that she has an unusually large sexual appetite, little if any interest in foreplay, and cannot seem to reach orgasm, ever. I am sure that I'm not her only current partner, as much as she assures me I am. In the past, she has given herself away so many times, I can't count them. For all her goodness, I've seen her lie to other people so convincingly they wouldn't believe she was lying, even if you told them. My concern now is not me, but her....Even if I never touched her again, I really do care about her and would like to help her. * this is a genernalization of a "persephone" energy, not all Persephone's are like this.

 * Meeting : To meet Persephone women, care about other individuals, act decisively, and wear a black cape.

Hades-Persephone Marriage
A Hades-Persephone marriage is transformational. A couple that successfully uses this energy guides each other through life-changing experiences. They separate (possibly painfully) from the past. They mature to higher stages of personal growth.

Caring About More People
Humans, more than other animals, depend on social organizations for survival. Individuals-today or 100,000 years ago-with more relationships survive and prosper.

As our ancestors evolved, they lived in larger groups (see "Cities and Civilization," page 35). Larger brains enabled them to keep track of more relationships (and may have contributed to the evolution of larger brains).

As our individual development mirrors our ancestors' evolution (see "Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny," page 3), we care about more people as we mature. Children are concerned only about their own needs. A young adult cares about his or her romantic partner. A mature adult cares about his or her family. A clan elder cares about the survival of the clan. Personal growth is, stage by stage, caring about increasing numbers of people.

Caring about other people entails personal suffering. Our minds produce psychic pain (pain that originates in the mind) to push us to accept physical pain. Psychic pain can be stronger than physical pain. E.g., a hunter brings home only a rabbit. He has to decide between feeding his family and feeling hunger, or feeding himself and feeling guilt.

Skipping Life Stages
Personal growth wasn't an issue before the modern era. Puberty made young people want a partner. Procreation led to caring about a family. Arranging children's marriages led to caring about other families. Natural disasters forced individuals into leadership roles for the survival of the clan.

The modern world isn't so straightforward. Adolescents sexually mature earlier. We marry later, because our society demands more education. Our ancestors were most aware of suffering around them. In contrast, our "electronic global village" makes us aware of suffering in far-off corners of the globe. We "think globally" as soon as we're old enough to watch television news. Yet we care less about the people we're closest to.

Traditional societies don't facilitate skipping life stages, but our society does. If a welfare program pays teenage girls to produce babies, the girls skip the marriage stage and jump to motherhood. If television news enables us to care about people on the other side of the world, we jump to agape and skip developing a loving relationship with one partner. Persephone and Hades had a good relationship although hades sent Persephone to the underworld to be the god of spring and growth

Lack of Emotional Range
Our ancestors endured great suffering, e.g., extremes of weather, or long periods with little food. Human brains evolved to balance suffering and happiness. The greatest joy follows the greatest suffering (see "Emotional Range," page 116).

The modern world minimizes physical suffering, yet our brains continue to balance happiness and suffering. Our narrower emotional range leads us to differentiate finer levels of happiness and suffering, e.g., driving a Lexus vs. a Chevy. We confuse personal growth with appreciating luxury goods.

Seek extremes of suffering and joy. Run marathons. Travel to third-world countries. Forget about job security and instead do what you love, even if you have to drive a Chevy.

Getting Stuck
Sometimes we feel stuck between stages of personal growth. We don't get stuck because we lack a vision of our new life. We all have dreams of a better life.

We don't get stuck because we don't know how to get to our new life. We don't know every step of the way, but we all know at least one step we could take.

We get stuck because we avoid the suffering of the transition to our new life. E.g., quitting your job to do what you love might require trading in your Lexus for a Chevy. As if it were that simple--someone's Lexus need not be thought of derisively-- that the suffering required is as close to un/bearable (whether Lexus or Cancer or new office) and is perceived to be a loss, though it need not be thought of as lesser or great than, which causes pain, or else the transition would occur without notice, which is to say without transition, without change, with out not with in. Without noticing the end there is no beginning within.

Most individuals are more or less equally happy. CEOs and janitors report feeling happy the same number of hours per day, and report the same number of hours of unhappiness. Only individuals with many relationships are more often happy than other individuals. I.e., only loneliness can make us unhappy more than we're happy, if we let it and perceive it to be a loss or less than rather than just difference. Connection to a partner, family, and community is the only way to be happy more than you're unhappy, which cannot always be considered the truth.

Psychic Pain Indicates Readiness for Personal Growth
The modern world eliminates physical suffering. We now feel psychic pain with no connection to physical suffering.

The modern world confuses our stages of personal growth. We now feel psychic pain with no indication of the direction in which we need to grow.

Psychic pain-e.g., depression, anxiety, guilt-indicates that we're ready to mature to a new stage of personal growth.

One response is to numb psychic pain, e.g., alcohol, Prozac, "feel good" psychology, or switching on a television. Another response is to buy luxury goods. But your psychic pain soon returns, making you repeat the process.

Self-destructive behavior is another response. Everything that reminds you of your old self-e.g., spouse, job, neighborhood, hobbies-causes psychic pain. You try to destroy your old life, instead of building a new life.

The Hades-Persephone Relationship
(Men and women can use either Hades or Persephone behavior. To simplify language, I use male pronouns to refer to Hades partners, and female pronouns to refer to Persephone partners.)

In a Hades-Persephone relationship, the Hades partner forces the Persephone partner to change. He loves her without loving her present or past self. He sees her emerging new life stage and loves her for that, but without projecting his own issues onto her. *correction* This is inaccurate. Hades loves all parts of Persephone as she represents his shadow as well. This couple are ONE because they are 2 separate individuals, they come as a package, one is nothing without the other.

He forces her to experience pain and suffering. He maintains a close, supportive relationship until she's through her painful transformation. *correction* This is inaccurate. Hades does not introduce Persephone to pain and suffering, he assists her in integrating her shadow, understanding its purpose and meaning in her life, Hades actually brings about completion in Persephone as he teaches her through his own presence to stand in her own power. Pain and suffering is a natural part of life, therefore instead of running away from it like many humans do, we are to understand it, heal it if necessary and transform, the whole foundation of what Hades/Persephone represent.

The Hades partner must do two, contradictory actions:

 * 1) Care about his partner more than cares about himself. *not correct*
 * 2) Do not what he's told, but what must be done. * not correct*

E.g., a favorite movie theme is an individual putting himself in harm's way to help another individual, while at the same time rejecting orders from an authority figure. A hero takes decisive action, and takes responsibility for his action.

Caring about another person more than yourself is a feminine trait. Doing not what you're told, but what must be done is a masculine trait. Combined, the Hades partner uses masculine and feminine behaviors at the same time. He transcends gender roles. The relationship transforms him, as well as transforming his partner.

The wrong masculine response is to selfishly do what you want to do, ignoring what you're told, caring only about your own needs. The wrong feminine response is to do what another person requests, against the other person's best interests, or against your own best interests (i.e., self-sacrificing behavior).

A Hades-Persephone relationship demands deep, immediate commitment. Such a relationship takes place right here, right now. You're committing to the relationship until your partner reaches the next stage of her personal growth. This could be years, or could be hours. Don't be afraid to enter a Hades-Persephone relationship -you're not committing to a lifetime together. *correction* Actually you ARE making a life time commitment. Hades/Persephone are a couple, a team, one is not without the other. Relationships such as this are not to be taken lightly as the soul growth required is intense and both spiritually and physically transformative. To enter into this contract signifies either soul mates or twin flame energy and thus is seen as a path to both individual and collective (the partners) evolution.

A Hades-Persephone relationship is a moral dilemma for the Hades partner. If he does what she tells him to do, he fails to care about her. If he does what must be done, he's acting against her will (and possibly against the law). *correction* no where does Hades have to do with the Law, that's Saturn's domain. Hades never acts against his own will, he is power and control. Hades does not have a weak constitution therefore he only acts when necessary and in accordance to the will of both partners in tandem.

Sexually, our culture associates Hades-Persephone relationships with BDSM (bondage, domination, sadomasochism). But BDSM is a stuck Hades-Persephone relationship. If your goal is personal growth and transformation, keep the relationship non-sexual. If a Hades man is having sex with a Persephone woman, he'll focus on his needs instead of her needs. *correction* this is HIGHLY inaccurate!! The foundation of a Hades/Persephone relationship is death and rebirth, transformation! Sexuality is the very foundation of this relationship simply because it is our deepest and most primal expression as human beings, it releases, enlivens and heals many parts of the self that allow human beings to not only thrive but flourish. Think about the chemical connections we make due to sexual interaction with the "right" lover. BDSM in general is NOT a signifying factor in Hades/Persephone relationships, not all of these kinds of relationships will have this dynamic. However, through the act of this lifestyle "Hades/Persephone" can play with the dynamics of power and control releasing inhibitions and fears regarding sexuality and heal from any adverse experiences from the past. So, on the contrary it is almost crucial that anyone with these themes running through their relationship include sexual interaction, power play, control dynamics and release into the union to become reborn.

This is not always so. Please keep in mind that the very foundation of this relationship is sexuality. The expression of sexuality here is mutual,were both partners gain something that instigates the transformation of both of the souls involved. If done properly sexual expression can lead to deep spiritual and psychological transformation as well as emotional. It gives the Hades/Persephone archetype something to "chew" on so that both are rendered free from the "bond" that binded them in the first place. Things such as fear, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, are common here. Also, repressed sexuality based on any of these things can hinder a true Persephone from growing and becoming sexually ripe. With the right hades she can move across the stifling dimensions of past lives, break down emotional barriers and find herself fully awakened by the PROCESS of being reborn. The right hades man will take pleasure in her submission, because it is a GIFT. Persephone is not weak by nature, she is seeking something greater than being the bringer of spring. She represents true change and deep psychological growth and requires restriction in order for it to be felt, integrated, sifted through and truly transformed. Letting go, allowing hades to shape her, mold her, seduce her, and take her into realms beyond her wildest mind is what allows her to renew and thus see and ACCEPT herself as she truly is. Hades will love her the more she submits, releases, and integrates parts of herself she would not have found had she not surrendered. She comes out empowered, whole, powerful, and wields that power in her walk, her sexuality and her treatment of others. Hades feels stronger, capable and is allowed to push her limits, to find himself, to love himself and to find greater parts of himself that NEEDS to dominate. Not to control her every being, to change who she is but to mold her, massage her, to assist in her birthing process as he releases her bondage, her chains her self misunderstandings. Hades role is just as powerful as he has to exercise self control, have a commitment to Persephone, give attention to detail in every facet of her life. Hades is an instrument of the mundane in their lives that requires order, attention and lessons to be executed. Sexually he is her slave he finds her most deepest desires and seeks to transform her through experience them, and yes, this also includes her fears. This is no small order. It takes a man that is in control of himself, self mastery, his emotions,his vision, his desires. In everything he puts Persephone FIRST.

I hardly call that selfish. The "true" Hades man will focus more on his Persephone's needs than his own.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Relationships/Hades-Persephone


text:
Relationships/Ares-Hephaestus-Aphrodite

Ares

 * Celebrities : Muhammad Ali, Michael Johansen, George Bush

": A razor
 * Hairstyle

has never come upon my head....If I be shaved, then my strength will leave me, and I shall become weak, and be like any other man."

- Samson, Judges 16:17

 * Shoes : Heavy boots.

 * Favorite Movie : Rambo, starring Sylvester Stallone (1986).

 * Mythology
 * Ares was the god of war, or, more precisely, warlike frenzy and the warrior. His tutor Priapus first trained Ares to be a dancer, and later trained him to be a warrior.

": You don't give a man a weapon until you've taught him how to use it."

- Celtic proverb

 * The Romans knew Ares as Mars.

 * Emotional Control System : Anger and rage, when confined, thwarted, or frustrated.

 * Life Purpose : Ares's life purpose is independence. Ares men use courage and initiative to gain freedom. Ares men can be leaders, or work independently. Ares is a soldier - a fighter and a lover.

 * Shadow
 * Ares men can't stand being controlled, especially by anonymous strangers. They'll sacrifice their best interests for freedom. E.g., they'll take a cut in pay to work independently rather than work for a big corporation.
 * They underestimate things in their path-other people, time requirements, mountains.
 * They challenge people. They use "anger as a greeting," but respect individuals who stand up to them.
 * They always feel they're right, but don't hesitate to change their views when they receive new information.

 * Under Stress : Under stress, Ares becomes Apollo. Watch Muhammad Ali's 1973 fight against George Foreman, in the movie When We Were Kings. Ali came into the ring with a plan, and coolly kept to his plan even as Foreman pummeled Ali in the initial rounds.

 * When Safe : When safe, Ares men become Demeter. They can be generous and supportive to a child or employee. Justice concerns them. They support underdogs.

 * Other Personality Type Systems : Ares is represented in astrology by Aries (courage, initiative, independence, and the will to exist), the 1st House (of the Self, or establishing one's identity), and the planet Mars. Ares is Enneagram personality type #8, the Boss.

 * Sex : Ares was Aphrodite's favorite lover.

 * Meeting : To meet Ares men, wear red and go to sporting events.

Hephaestus

 * Celebrities : Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein, Robert Oppenheimer, James Doohan (Scotty) on Star Trek, Bill Gates.

 * Hairstyle : Short, but can't talk about sports with Frank the barber.

 * Shoes : Rockports-inside white anti-radiation booties.

 * Favorite Movie : Star Trek: First Contact, starring James Cromwell as Dr. Zefram Cochrane (1996).

 * Mythology
 * Hephaestus was the craftsman, the god of the forge. He built tools, weapons, chariots and everything else the other gods used. The Romans knew Hephaestus as Vulcan.
 * Hephaestus had a clubfoot. The other gods rejected him because of his disability. He lived alone in a volcano. As god of volcanoes he had immense destructive power.

 * Emotional Control System : Speculatively, the use of tools and the control of fire may be hardwired into our brains.

 * Life Purpose : A Hephaestus man's life purpose is to develop skills and competence. He wants to make useful things.

 * Shadow : Hephaestus men are nerdy-good with machines or computers, but not with people. They can be insensitive about their powerful creations hurting people. E.g., Robert Oppenheimer and the atomic bomb, or Bill Gates building his empire.

 * Under Stress : Under stress, Hephaestus becomes Apollo. Take him to a weird party, and he'll act like an anthropologist visiting an exotic tribe- observing, occasionally talking to people, but staying detached and emotionally uninvolved.

 * When Safe : When safe, a Hephaestus man becomes Demeter. He offers his skills to help other people.

 * Other Personality Type Systems : Hephaestus is represented in astrology by Virgo (developing skills and competence), and the 6th House (of Servants). Hephaestus is Enneagram personality type #8, the Boss.

 * Sex : Engineers use "elegant" and "beautiful" to describe well-built things. Engineers talking about computer code sound like women talking about cocktail dresses.

 * Meeting : To meet Hephaestus men, go to a computer conference or Star Trek convention. Look for the men with no social skills and multitudinous stock options. Show off your golden hair, and ask him to fix your computer. When he finishes, your computer will do stuff that you never imagined, or wanted to do.

Aphrodite

 * Celebrities : Marilyn Monroe, Georgia O'Keefe, Lauren Bacall, Elizabeth Taylor, Princess Diana, Madonna, Cleopatra.

 * Hairstyle : Long and wild. Hair that men want to feel brush against their naked chests. E.g., Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer.

 * Shoes : High heels, platforms.

 * Favorite Movie : Gentlemen Prefer Blonds, starring Marilyn Monroe (1953).

 * Mythology : Aphrodite was the goddess of feminine love and beauty. She had the power to cause mortals and deities to fall in love. The Romans knew Aphrodite as Venus.

 * Emotional Control System
 * Aphrodite is a combination of two emotional control systems: sexuality and homeostasis.
 * No one has ever referred to Aphrodite as the "goddess of homeostasis." But this is the nature of pleasure: when our bodies are out of balance, we suffer. When we get, do, or consume what we need to return to homeostasis, we feel pleasure. E.g., when you're cold, nothing is so pleasurable as a hot drink.
 * When an Aphrodite woman's body signals that it's out of balance, she looks for an opportunity to experience the pleasure of returning to homeostasis. E.g., jumping into a cool creek on a hot day. Her pains and pleasures are immediate, not some time in the future.
 * Sexuality is a different emotional control system.

 * Life Purpose
 * The goddess of homeostasis's life purpose is to seek physical comforts.
 * The goddess of love's life purpose is to be charming and attractive.

 * Shadow
 * The shadow side of the goddess of homeostasis is addictions. Neurologically, addictions are messed up homeostatic systems.
 * The goddess of love's shadow side is shallow, uncommitted relationships. An Aphrodite woman may sleep around. Or she may be like Elizabeth Taylor, who married eight times.
 * Actresses who use Aphrodite sexiness-e.g., Bo Derek, Brigitte Nielsen (married five times, including to Sylvester Stallone)- quickly rise to movie star status. Then their careers fall just as fast. The public seems to want only a "one-night stand" with Aphrodite actresses.

 * Under Stress : Under stress, Aphrodite becomes Athena. Invite an Aphrodite woman camping. She'll come up with a list of fears, from snakes to not being able to wash her hair.

 * When Safe : When safe, Aphrodite becomes Hestia. She'll make her home and garden as beautiful as herself.

 * Other Personality Type Systems : Aphrodite is represented in astrology by Leo (outward expression, seeking attention), the 5th House (of Children, and recreation), and the planet Venus. Aphrodite is Enneagram personality type #7, the Entertainer.

 * Sex : Expect great sex with an Aphrodite woman-while the relationship lasts.

 * Meeting
 * To meet Aphrodite women, embody Ares. Aphrodite women are everywhere, looking beautiful and attracting men. To win one, show courage. Not money or status, but the confidence and will to win her.
 * Keep her by embodying Hephaestus. If you're a software engineer during the week and a motorcycle racer on weekends, attract her with your motorcycle. Keep her by fixing her computer.

Ares-Hephaestus-Aphrodite Marriage
An Ares-Hephaestus-Aphrodite marriage works hard and plays hard. On weekdays, Hephaestus and Aphrodite get the work done that's necessary for homeostasis (e.g., food, shelter, clothing). At night and on weekends, Ares and Aphrodite have passionate romance and great sex.

 * Ares : An Ares man can be a good husband, if his wife doesn't try to control him. He can be a good citizen in a community that looks to him as a leader.

 * Hephaestus
 * Hephaestus men live for women. They need women to appreciate the beautiful things they make. They need women to inspire their creativity, to teach them social skills, and to tell the world that they're brilliant.
 * Hephaestus men are the best husbands. They never argue. Any problem is an opportunity to invent something to fix the problem.
 * Hephaestus men are faithful to their wives, usually because no other woman wants them. But Hephaestus men can neglect their wives, spending too much time at work. A Hephaestus man's wife may not get the passion and fireworks that she wants, but this doesn't mean that he doesn't treasure his wife more than anything in the world.
 * Hephaestus built golden maidservants that could talk and perform household tasks. A Hephaestus man might buy a Russian mail-order bride, expecting a golden maidservant. He's more likely to get Pandora, the first mortal woman, whom Hephaestus also built. Pandora had not only domestic skills and sex appeal, but also "shamelessness, cunning use of language, lies, and deceitfulness."

 * Aphrodite
 * Aphrodite women shouldn't marry Hermes men. They'll have fun for a while, but the marriage will lack commitment. Avoid Poseidon men, unless you think Courtney Love enjoyed scraping Kurt Cobain's brains off the wall.
 * Just as Aphrodite is a combination of two goddesses, her marriage involves two gods. Aphrodite married Hephaestus, god of the forge. Aphrodite women love the beautiful things Hephaestus men make for their wives.
 * But Aphrodite's lover was Ares, god of war. They shared intensity, sensuality, immediacy, and passion.
 * Ares men often have Hephaestus jobs (jobs that use tools), e.g., auto mechanics. Many Hephaestus computer nerds become Ares weekend warriors, enjoying flying, mountain biking, etc.
 * Marital success for an Aphrodite woman requires bringing out the Hephaestus in her Ares man, or the Ares in her Hephaestus man. Aphrodite and Ares had two sons, Fear and Panic. If you don't want TV crews asking why your sons blew up their high school, have your Ares husband channel your sons' energy into Hephaestus skills (e.g., building a really cool car for Mom).
 * To bring out the Ares in your Hephaestus nerd, suggest that he buy a motorcycle. Don't ride on the back until he passes the Motorcycle Safety Foundation course, and buys you a helmet, leather jacket, and cool new boots. Then suggest a drive up to the city for spicy Thai food, and return on Skyline with a starry stop at a scenic overlook.
 * Suggest watching a swing dance video. Watch it in his living room. Don't take him dancing in public yet. You'll embarrass him. He'll need a lot of practice before he's ready to lead you on a dance floor. But when he figures out that leading means that you'll do whatever swings and spins he wants you to do, watch Ares come out. Combined with Hephaestus's 900 megahertz learning skills, once he's interested in swing dance he won't stop until he's mastered every move.

title: Relationships/Ares-Hephaestus-Aphrodite


text:
Relationships/Recommended Books

The Evolution of the Human Brain
The Biology of Transcendence: A Blueprint of the Human Spirit, by Joseph Chilton Pearce (2002), begins with an excellent 70-page presentation of the triune brain.

"Natural vs. Sexual Selection" is largely from The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature, by Geoffrey F. Miller (2000).

Quotations and Mentions

 * A General Theory of Love, by Thomas Lewis, Fari Amini, and Richard Lannon (2000), page 2.
 * The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin (1859), page 3.
 * The Descent of Man, by Charles Darwin (1871), page 4.

How Women Select Men
"How Women Select Men" and "How Men Select Women" are largely from Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind, by David M. Buss (1999). It's a college textbook but not dry or boring. The writing is clear and easier to read than the "bestsellers." Topics include human survival in nature, men's and women's mating strategies, parenting and kinship, altruism, cooperation, aggression, conflict, and social dominance.

For more about emotions, start with Emotional Intelligence, by Daniel Goleman (1994). You'll learn how to improve your ability to use a range of emotions. You'll also learn to appreciate different emotional styles in other people. Then read The Relationship Cure, by John Gottman (2001), to improve your skills at recognizing and responding to emotional messages; and The Emotional Revolution, by Norman E. Rosenthal (2002), for the latest neuroscientific discoveries and treatments of emotional disorders, including depression, anxiety, and anger.

Quotations and Mentions

 * The Biology of Transcendence, by Joseph Chilton Pearce (2002), pages 14 and 15.
 * The Psychology of Personal Constructs, by George Kelly (1955), page 16.
 * One Thousand and One Arabian Nights, page 20.
 * The Mating Mind, by Geoffrey Miller (2000), page 22.

Quotations and Mentions

 * The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde (1890), page 23.

How Our Ancestors Lived
This chapter is largely from Women in Prehistory, by Margaret Ehrenberg (1989). The book focuses on women and their relationships with men in Paleolithic (hunter-gatherer) and Neolithic (early agricultural) societies.

I also recommend Humans: An Introduction to Four-Field Anthropology, by Alice B. Kehoe (1998). This easy-to-read textbook covers the evolution of primates and humans; the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and beginnings of civilization; linguistics; cultural ecology; economics; social organization; and religion.

I don't recommend The Chalice and the Blade, by Riane Eisler (1988). For a critique of Eisler's "gynocentric" hypothesis, read The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why an Invented Past Won't Give Women a Future, by Cynthia Eller (2000).

Quotations and Mentions

 * Germania, by Tacitus (circa A.D. 100), pages 30, 31, and 41.
 * Parlor Politics, by Catherine Allgor (2000), page 36.

Monogamy and Polygamy
Women of Principle: Female Networking in Contemporary Mormon Polygyny, by Janet Bennion (1998), quoted on pages 39, 40, and 41, is a fascinating study of women in a Montana polygynist community.

The section about Christian polygyny was from After Polygamy Was Made a Sin: The Social History of Christian Polygamy, by John Cairncross (1974).

Sex in America: A Definitive Survey, by Robert Michael, John Gagnon, Edward Laumann, and Gina Bari Kolata (1994), presents the only statistically accurate survey of intimate relationships. The survey included how couples met, how many partners individuals had, sexual practices, and risk factors for STDs. The surprises were not in what Americans do-the large majority of Americans are in traditional relationships-but in the contrast between media messages (e.g., Sex and the City) and reality.

Quotations and Mentions

 * The Descent of Man, by Charles Darwin (1871), page 39.
 * Polygamous Families in Contemporary Society, by Irwin Altman and Joseph Ginat (1996), page 42.
 * Polygamy Reconsidered, by Father Eugene Hillman (1975), page 45.
 * The Tipping Point, by Malcolm Gladwell (2000), page 48.

Hormones
This chapter is from An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology, by Randy Nelson (2000), Sexual Pharmacology: Drugs That Affect Sexual Function, by Theresa Crenshaw and James Goldberg (1996), and Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research on Homosexuality, by Simon Le Vay (1996).

Communication Styles
This chapter is largely from You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, by Deborah Tannen (1990).

Quotations and Mentions

 * The Gift of Fear, by Gavin De Becker (1997), page 72.

Adolescence - Seeking Romantic Love
Iron John, by Robert Bly (1990), Women Who Run with the Wolves, by Clarissa Pinkola Estés (1993), and Men and the Water of Life, by Michael Meade (1992), show the life stages men and women go through, and their relationships in each life stage, as symbolized in folktales.

For more about developing awareness of hidden elements of your personality, read Romancing the Shadow edited by Connie Zweig and Steve Wolf (1996). The chapter about romantic partners shows how a projected ideal shatters, and how couples can pick up the pieces and use the experience to grow. Another chapter discusses how the negative qualities of each Greek god and goddess archetype sabotage relationships.

Three Black Skirts: All You Need to Survive, by Anna Johnson (1998) and The Go-Girl Guide: Surviving Your 20s With Savvy, Soul, and Style, by Julia Bourland (2000) are advice books for twenty-something women. The Go-Girl Guide has better relationship advice, but a 23-year-old told me that Three Black Skirts has better fashion advice. Both provide good advice about careers and finances.

Quotations and Mentions

 * Evolution's End, by Joseph Chilton Pearce (1992), page 75.
 * The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde (1890), page 77.
 * Coming Alive With Love, by Barbara De Angelis (1985), page 78.
 * The Go-Girl Guide, by Julia Bourland (2000), page 80.
 * How to Win Friends and Influence People, by Dale Carnegie (1936), page 83.
 * The Little Prince, by Antoine de Saint-Exupery (1943), page 85.
 * A Little More About Me, by Pam Houston (1999), page 86.
 * The Spirit of Intimacy, by Sobonfu Somé (2000), page 88.
 * What Our Mothers Didn't Teach Us, by Danielle Crittenden (1999), page 88.

Flirting
For more about flirting, see Secrets of Sexual Body Language, by Martin Lloyd-Elliott (1995). This book is beautiful, well-written, and well-produced. Every page has color photographs, of great-looking men and women. Twelve chapters cover everything from personal space zones to eye movements to how to kiss. The chapter on peek-a-boo is especially good.

Quotations and Mentions

 * Coming Alive With Love, by Barbara De Angelis (1985), page 100.
 * The Language of Clothes, by Alison Lurie (2nd edition, 2000), page 107.
 * Big Hair: A Journey into the Transformation of Self, by Grant McCracken (1996), page 107.
 * House as a Mirror of Self: Exploring the Deeper Meaning of Home, by Clare Cooper Marcus and James Yandell (1995), page 108.

Quotations and Mentions

 * Paths to Marriage, by Bernard Murstein (1986), page 113.

Quotations and Mentions

 * The Open Mind, by Dawna Markova (1991), page 123.

Sex

 * Sexual Health

Quotations and Mentions

 * Our Bodies, Ourselves, by the Boston Women's Health Collective (1998), page 128.
 * The Social Impact of AIDS in the United States, by Albert Y. Jonsen and Jeff Stryker (1993), page 131.
 * Good Vibrations: The New Complete Guide to Vibrators, by Joani Blank (2000), page 131.
 * Sex in America: A Definitive Survey, by Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon, Edward O. Laumann, and Gina Bari Kolata (1994), page 137.
 * The Sweet Potato Queens' Book of Love, by Jill Conner Browne (1999), pages 137 and 139.
 * How to Please a Woman In and Out of Bed, by Daylle Deanna Schwartz (2001), page 138.
 * Shakespeare's Sonnets and Poems, edited by Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. Lamar (1988), page 139.
 * The Essential Rumi, translated by Coleman Barks (1997), page 139.

Becoming a Couple
For more about switching gender roles in dating, read Getting to "I Do," by Patricia Allen and Sandra Harmon (1994). The authors believe that relationships work when one partner uses masculine behavior and the other partner uses feminine behavior. A man and a woman may take either role, but a relationship breaks down when both individuals use masculine behavior (resulting in competition), or both use feminine behavior (needing, but not getting, emotional support).

A Fine Romance: The Passage of Courtship from Meeting to Marriage, by Judith Sills (1987), is the best book I've read about the transition from dating to committed relationships. The book also discusses the coded communication of flirtation, moving from dating to seduction, negotiation to work out problems, and commitment to marriage.

Why Do Fools Fall in Love: Experiencing the Magic, Mystery, and Meaning of Successful Relationships, edited by Janice R. Levine and Howard Markman (2000), is about the transition from loving your projected ideal to loving your real partner.

Quotations and Mentions

 * The Rules, by Ellen Fein and Sherrie Schneider (1995), page 140.
 * Passionate Marriage, by David Schnarch (1997), page 143

Conflict in Relationships
How to Love a Woman: On Intimacy and the Erotic Life of Women, by Clarissa Pinkola Estés (1993), would be better titled "The Birth-Death-Rebirth Cycle of Intimate Relationships." Relationships start with high expectations. Sooner or later, scary, ugly, disturbing things happen. Expect this cycle. Staying emotionally committed through crises leads to a deeper relationship.

Quotations and Mentions

 * Passionate Marriage, by David Schnarch (1997), page 151.
 * Reporting Live, by Lesley Stahl (2000), page 152.
 * The Emotional Revolution, by Norman Rosenthal (2002), page 153.

Emotional Control Systems
The emotional control systems are from Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions, by Jaak Panksepp (1999).

Goddesses in Everywoman (1984) and Gods in Everyman (1989), both by Jean Shinoda Bolen, present the Greek gods and goddesses as personality types. Each god or goddess has a 25- to 30-page chapter presenting mythology, the archetype in contemporary society, and the personality type from childhood through old age, including marriage and sex. Each chapter also identifies psychological difficulties associated with each archetype, and ways to grow to overcome these difficulties.

Quotations and Mentions

 * Romancing the Shadow, by Connie Zweig and Steve Wolf (1997), page 156.

Quotations and Mentions

 * Iron John, by Robert Bly (1990), page 163.

Quotations and Mentions

 * Goddesses in Everywoman, by Jean Shinoda Bolen (1984), pages 174 and 175.

Quotations and Mentions

 * Gods in Everyman, by Jean Shinoda Bolen (1989), page 182.

Dionysus-Demeter
For more about the relationship between the New Testament and older Dionysus myths, see The Jesus Mysteries, by Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy (1999).

For more about Osho, see Golden Guru: The Strange Journey of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, by James S. Gordon (1987).

Hades-Persephone
For more about Persephone behavior, including passivity and self-destructive behavior stages, see The Wonder of Girls, by Michael Gurian (2002). Gurian's The Wonder of Boys (1997) is also worth reading.

Quotations and Mentions

 * Interview with the Vampire, by Anne Rice (1976), page 201.
 * Hamlet, by William Shakespeare (circa 1600), page 201.
 * The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams (1994), page 201.
 * I Never Promised You a Rose Garden, by Hannah Green (1988), page 201.
 * Screw the Roses, Send Me the Thorns: The Romance and Sexual Sorcery of Sadomasochism, by Philip Miller and Molly Devon (1995), page 204.

title: Relationships/Recommended Books


text: Wikibooks:Book of the month/July 2006

title: Wikibooks:Book of the month/July 2006


text: Wikibooks:Collaboration of the Month/July 2006


text:
User talk:Hedwig0407~enwikibooks

If you want to reach me, definitely you're on the right place, my talk. You could give suggestions or anything about the Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter. As in my observation, I'm the only one very active contributing to the Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter so far. So just post here anything for me about the Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter.

Messages
Hi, I'm the main editor at the Muggles' Guide and I've noticed that you're doing a lot of editing recently. In order to have a cohesive, standardized book, we all conform to some basic principles that were laid out. Please see here regarding much of that if you didn't know. I just want to make sure that you know how to format things since you're creating a lot of new pages. You're doing great work so far and I'm glad users are adding new content nowadays since most of my time is spent cleaning up and formatting a lot of the junk people throw all over the place. Specifically, notice changes like turning into. Small things that work either way, yes, but if we're creating a lot of new pages (like you with the book chapters) it doesn't hurt to use the official link. Please see more template links in the project standards section. Thanks! -Matt 14:39, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, the Cover page is meant to be like a book cover. Once enough content gets in the book, I will be integrating it into a print version. If you would like to make a cover image, that would be great. I'd like for the text that is currently on the page still be included, whether within the image or not. Whatever you'd like to add though, go for it (as long as you're not going against copyright or anything). -Matt 16:08, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * As in, the text already on the page should be in the image or around the image. I like a nice full-page cover like here. You can integrate the text on the page into one big image, or have a mix of both text and graphics. -Matt 16:42, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The picture looks pretty good. Maybe use a color not as powerful as that shade of green? You can probably put the "at Wikibooks ..." text below the image right into the image as well. As far as character images are concerned, those really aren't a part of the goals of the book. The book is about analysis and isn't a Harry Potter encyclopedia. I don't think fan-like content such as actor pictures is appropriate here. -Matt 12:07, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Please make sure you keep using the templates on all pages in the Guide. I noticed pages like Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dumbledore's Army don't conform like Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter does. -Matt 12:09, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm beginning to notice that this is a larger problem than just creating a few pages without templating. Please see here and look over the project standards as well as the VfD discussions. A lot of the pages you are adding are very encyclopedia-like and we absolutely can't have that here. Pages for the Houses and Black family are much too fact-based and aren't going towards the book goals really. If we begin to add content like this, the book risks deletion as a whole since it won't fit the Wikibooks project. Wikipedia is a much different place than Wikibooks. -Matt 12:28, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Please notice the changes I've been making this morning via Special:Contributions/Withinfocus to see where I've moved several of the pages you've created. -Matt 12:37, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Unfortunately, I don't think such a site would comply with Wikibooks. All content would need to be licensed subject to the GFDL. Please see Copyrights for the details, but taking external content will most likely be a no-go. Personally, I'd much rather an in-house group of writers create the chapter summaries since that will lead those writers to add to the other sections of the page like the analysis which is far more important. I don't see value in copying summaries that someone could get elsewhere. We'd deliver a lot more quality by keeping the work here. -Matt 13:19, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

I hope you'll forgive me taking a moment to pick your brain. I wrote the initial entry on the Fidelius charm, and at that time I recorded that it was first mentioned in CoS... but now I see that the first real description is in PoA, so I'm thinking that I may have pulled that first citation out of thin air. Can you confirm that secret-keepers or the Fidelius charm are mentioned in CoS? If you can't confirm it, I will change the reference to be PoA only. Thanks... Chazz 07:49, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

In a project such as this, page management must be done very carefully. An editor needs to be especially aware of what the project standards are when editing. Creating tons of stub pages is not helpful and makes the project more difficult to manage. Spare facts and small additions are great, but by creating many pages and disrupting organization (especially with something regarding Major Events and Places which was a ton of cleanup) I need to check over edits. This is a book for older children and yound adults, and the quality must be kept high and easy to understand for them. Now that Chazz and Jokes are here this management is much easier, but at the initial time of all this massive and unchecked work the project was quite scattered. It's the worst when a new page is created without full plans to develop it, and that's what has bothered me here. -within focus 16:59, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, I apologize if you were offended from such a comment but I usually like to keep things straightforward. Looking above I can see the many instances where I tried to discuss all these quality issues. -within focus 20:38, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

invitation of a wikibook study
Hi Hedwig0407,

I'm inkeys, a doctoral student at Indiana University. I'm currently working on a Wikibook study about online authors' experiences and perceptions with my advisor. I read your wikibook of Muggle's guide to Harry Potter. It's very interesting and impressive. We would like to learn more from your experience. If you would like to participate in the case study, please contact me by email (cl17@indiana.edu) or leave a message. I'm attaching the formal invitation below.

This is an invitation to participate in a case study related to the Wikibook project. The purpose of the study is to understand online authors’ self-efficacy, which involves the motivation to write a Wikibook, beliefs regarding one’s knowledge of the topic, previous experience and success in writing a Wikibook, and ability to help coordinate the Wikibook project and interact with other authors. If you agree to participate in this particular case study, please reply to this email (or cl17@indiana.edu) and we will schedule a one hour interview with you at your convenience by phone or by email. Your responses will be anonymous.

Your input to this project is greatly appreciated. Thanks for your time and consideration, inkeys

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Hedwig0407. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Hedwig0407~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:16, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:02, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hedwig0407~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:J1.janani

Wikiversity Acceptance
I am pleased to announce your acceptance into the An Introduction to the Early Republic Wikiversity course. This class is devoted to the history of the United States of America, placing emphasis upon the eras of colonization, independence, and disunion. The Early Republic class will be operated using the United States History Wikibook. Classes will commence on 18 July 2006.

Diplomat (Instructor)

title: User talk:J1.janani


text:
LaTeX/Tips and Tricks

Always writing LaTeX in roman
If you insert the \LaTeX command in an area with a non-default font, it will be formatted accordingly. If you want to keep LaTeX written in Computer Modern roman shape, you must redefine the function. However, the naive will output: So you need to create a temporary variable.

Sadly, does not work either.

We must use the TeX primitive \let instead.

id est and exempli gratia (i.e. and e.g.)
If you simply use the forms " " or " ", LaTeX will treat the periods as end of sentence periods (i.e. full stop) since they are followed by a space, and add more space before the next "sentence". To prevent LaTeX from adding space after the last period, the correct syntax is either " " or " ", or else " " and " " with a comma. The comma is interpreted by LaTeX as part of a sentence, since the period is not followed by any space. In this case, " " and " " do not need any special attention. The latter style is favored, e.g., by The Chicago Manual of Style.

If the command  is used in the preamble, the space between sentences is always the same as that between words.

Grouping Figure/Equation Numbering by Section
For long documents the numbering can become cumbersome as the numbers reach into double and triple digits. To reset the counters at the start of each section and prefix the numbers by the section number, include the following in the preamble.

The same can be done with similar counter types and document units such as "subsection".

Vector image editors with LaTeX support
It is often preferable to use the same font and font size in your images as in the document. Moreover, for scientific images, you may need mathematical formulae or special characters (such as Greek letters). Both things can be achieved easily if the image editor allows you to use LaTeX code in your image. Most vector image editors do not offer this option. There are, however, a few exceptions.

In early days, LaTeX users used Xfig for their drawings. The editor is still used by quite a few people nowadays because it has special 'export to LaTeX' features. It also gives you some very basic ways of encapsulating LaTeX text and math in the image (setting the text's 'special flag' to 'special' instead of 'normal'). When exporting, all LaTeX text will be put in a .tex-file, separately from the rest of the image (which is put in a .ps file).

A newer and easier-to-use vector image editor specially tailored to LaTeX use is IPE. It allows any LaTeX command, including but not limited to mathematical formulae in the image. The program saves its files as editable .eps or .pdf files, which eliminates the need of exporting your image each time you have edited it.

A very versatile vector image editor is Inkscape. It does not support LaTeX text by itself, but you can use the plugin Textext for that. This allows you to put any block of LaTeX code in your image. Additionally since version 0.48 you can export to vectorgraphics with texts separated in a .tex file. Using this way text is rendered by the latex compiler itself.

LaTeXDraw is a free and open source graphical PSTricks generator and editor. It allows you to draw basic geometric objects and save the result in a variety of formats including .jpg, .png, .eps, .bmp as well as .tex. In the last case the saved file contains PSTricks/LaTeX code only. Owing to that you can include any possible LaTeX code in the picture, since the file is rendered by your LaTeX environment directly.

Another way to generate vectorgraphics is using the Asymptote language. It is a programming language which produces vector images in encapsulated postscript format and supports LaTeX syntax in any textlabels.

Graphs with gnuplot
A simple method to include graphs and charts in LaTeX documents is to create it within a common spreadsheet software (OpenOffice Calc or MS Office Excel etc.) and include it in the document as a cropped screenshot. However, this produces poor quality rasterized images. Calc also allows you to copy-paste the charts into OpenOffice Draw and save them as PDF files.

Using Microsoft Excel 2010, charts can be copied directly to Microsoft Expression Design 4, where they can be saved as PDF files. These PDF files can be included in LaTeX. This method produces high quality vectorized images.

An excellent method to render graphs is through gnuplot, a free and versatile plotting software, that has a special output filter directly for exporting files to LaTeX. We assume, that the data is in a CSV file (comma separated text) in the first and third column. A simple gnuplot script to plot the data can look like this: set format "$%g$" set title "Graph 3: Dependence of $V_p$ on $R_0$" set xlabel "Resistance $R_0$ [$\Omega$]" set ylabel "Voltage $V_p$ [V]" set border 3 set xtics nomirror set ytics nomirror set terminal epslatex set output "graph1.eps" plot "graph1.csv" using 1:3  #Plot the data

Now gnuplot produces two files: the graph drawing in graph.eps and the text in graph.tex. The second includes the EPS image, so that we only need to include the file graph.tex in our document:

\input{graph1.tex}

The above steps can be automated by the package gnuplottex. By placing gnuplot commands inside \begin{gnuplot}\end{gnuplot}, and compiling with latex -shell-escape, the graphs are created and added into your document.

Failure to access gnuplot from latex for Windows can be solved by making file title only in one word. Don't type my report.tex for your title file, but do myreport.tex.

When you are using gnuplottex it is also possible to directly pass the terminal settings as an argument to the environment \begin{gnuplot}[terminal=epslatex, terminaloptions=color, scale=0.9, linewidth=2 ] ... \end{gnuplot}

Using gnuplottex can cause fraudulent text-highlighting in some editors when using algebraic functions on imported data, such as: (2*($1)):2 Some editors will think of all following text as part of a formula and highlight it as such (because of the '$' that is interpreted as part of the latex code). This can be avoided by ending with: #$ \end{gnuplot} As it uncomments the dollar sign for the gnuplot interpreter, but is not affecting the interpretation of the .tex by the editor.

When using pdfLaTeX instead of simple LaTeX, we must convert the EPS image to PDF and to substitute the name in the graph1.tex file. If we are working with a Unix-like shell, it is simply done using:

eps2pdf graph1.eps sed -i s/".eps"/".pdf"/g graph1.tex

With the included tex file we can work as with an ordinary image.

Instead of calling eps2pdf directly, we can also include the epstopdf package that automates the process. If we include a graphics now and leave out the file extension, epstopdf will automatically transform the .eps-file to PDF and insert it in the text.

\includegraphics{graph1}

This way, if we choose to output to PS or DVI, the EPS version is used and if we output to PDF directly, the converted PDF graphics is used. Please note that usage of <tt>epstopdf</tt> requires compiling with latex -shell-escape.

Note: Emacs AucTex users might want to check out Gnuplot-mode.

Generate png screenshots
See Export To Other Formats.

Spell-checking and Word Counting
If you want to spell-check your document, you can use the command-line <tt>aspell</tt>, <tt>hunspell</tt> (preferably), or <tt>ispell</tt> programs. ispell yourfile.tex aspell --mode=tex -c yourfile.tex hunspell -l -t -i utf-8 yourfile.tex

All three understand LaTeX and will skip LaTeX commands. You can also use a LaTeX editor with built-in spell checking, such as LyX, Kile, or Emacs. Another option is to convert LaTeX source to plain text and open resulting file in a word processor like OpenOffice.org or KOffice.

If you want to count words you can, again, use LyX or convert your LaTeX source to plain text and use, for example, UNIX <tt>wc</tt> command: detex yourfile | wc

An alternative to the <tt>detex</tt> command is the <tt>pdftotext</tt> command which extracts an ASCII text file from PDF:

1. pdflatex yourfile.tex 2. pdftotext yourfile.pdf 3. wc yourfile.txt

New even page
In the twoside-mode you have the ability to get a new odd-side page by:

However, LaTeX doesn't give you the ability to get a new even-side page. The following method opens up this;

The following must be put in your document preamble:

To active the new even-side page, type the following where you want the new even-side:

If the given page is an odd-side page, the next new page is subsequently an even-side page, and LaTeX will do nothing more than a regular \newpage. However, if the given page is an even page, LaTeX will make a new (odd) page, put in a placeholder, and make another new (even) page. A crude but effective method.

Sidebar with information
If you want to put a sidebar with information like copyright and author, you might want to use the <tt>eso-pic</tt> package. Example:

If you want it on one page only, use the starred version of the AddToShipoutPicture command at the page you want it. (<tt>\AddToShipoutPicture*{...}</tt>)

Hide auxiliary files
If you're using pdflatex you can create a folder in which all the output files will be stored, so your top directory looks cleaner.

Please note that the folder tmp should exist. However if you're using a Unix-based system you can do something like this:

Or for vim modify your .vimrc:

title: LaTeX/Tips and Tricks


text:
Wikibooks:Book of the month/August 2006 voting

The voting for the Book of the month for August 2006 was open from July 1st, 2006, and closed on August 1st, 2006, 00:00 UTC. The book of the month was featured on the main page of Wikibooks in August.

'''Closed. Any votes added will be reverted.'''

Movie Making Manual
(Automatically renominated with 6 votes for July)

Votes:

 * 1) Master  mind  007 08:19, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 04:12, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Je suis 22:00, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Rob Horning 22:53, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) ManuelGR 16:21, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Algorithms
Votes:

 * 1) Sblive 21:28, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 04:12, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Rhetoric and Composition
Votes:

Comments:
 * 1) hagindaz 22:58, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 04:12, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) MasterSheep 22:44, 27 July 2006 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Collaboration of the Month/August 2006 voting

Voting Rules
The following are the rules and conditions for voting for the Collaboration of the Month:

 * 1) Only registered users with 20 or more edits to their name may vote.
 * 2) You may vote under as many nominations as you wish, however, you may only vote for each book itself once.
 * 3) Sign your vote with a number sign and four tildes, #~, after the most previous vote under the book's nomination. Unsigned votes will be removed.
 * 4) Any nomination which receives 3 or more votes in one month will automatically be renominated the next month if it is not chosen.
 * 5) If you wish to include a short comment for your vote, then you may do so. Make sure that if you leave such a comment, that you are also voting for that page.
 * 6) Do not post objection votes as these will have no effect on the final tally.
 * 7) Voting will end at 00:00 UTC on the first day of each month. In essence, when a new month begins voting ends. Any votes added after this time will be discarded.
 * 8) The nomination with most votes will be chosen as the Collaboration of the Month. In case of a tie, the older Wikibook will be chosen.

Shaving
(renominated with 4 votes for July)

Votes:
 * 1) --Easyas12c 11:05, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) --Dbolton 21:10, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Klingoncowboy4 04:14, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * The book is a guide to a simple everyday task. This makes the book both usefull and editable to many. It has a clear structure which makes appending easy. The book contains already the most basic information regarding the subject, but has been lacking attention for a while. --Easyas12c 20:07, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Guide to Success & Fulfillment
(renominated with 4 votes for July)

Votes:
 * 1) Master  mind  007 08:17, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 04:14, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

William Shakespeare's Works
(renominated with 5 votes for July)

Votes:
 * 1) Nathan8225 21:51, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Master  mind  007 08:17, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Brandon Johnsonn 13:46, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Klingoncowboy4 04:14, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Rob Horning 16:46, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Italian
(renominated with 3 votes for July)

Votes:
 * 1) Master  mind  007 08:17, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

C Sharp Programming
(renominated with 3 votes for July)

Votes:
 * 1) -Matt 13:24, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Sblive 21:28, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Klingoncowboy4 04:14, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Special relativity
(renominated with 6 votes for July)

Votes:
 * 1) Master  mind  007 08:17, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 04:14, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Reverse Engineering
(renominated with 3 votes for July)

Votes:
 * 1) --Easyas12c 11:05, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 00:45, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) --Dbolton 21:10, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Klingoncowboy4 04:14, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) --Sterling 13:36, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) Kellen T 11:47, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Comments: Like i said last month. This book has good organization, it has a print version, and it has alot of potential. I think that if we could get this book up on to the front page, we could attract alot of contributors. --Whiteknight (talk) (projects) 00:45, 5 July 2006 (UTC)


text:
Organic Chemistry/Aromatic reactions

<< Aromatics | Aromatic reactions | Ketones and aldehydes>>

The lack of reactivity of arenes is notable when compared to the reactivities of typical compounds containing multiple conjugated double bonds. For example, 1,3,5-hexatriene is much more reactive than hexane, hexene, or any hexadiene. Benzene is much less reactive than any of these. Any of the alkenes will be readily converted to alcohols in the presence of a dilute aqueous solution of H2SO4, but benzene is inert. Similarly, alkenes react readily with halogens and hydrogen halides by addition to give alkyl halides, whereas halogens react with benzene by substitution and only in the presence of a catalyst. KMnO4 or chromic acid solutions (typically CrO3 or K2Cr2O7) cleave the double bonds of alkenes, giving ketones or carboxylic acids, but do not react at all with benzene. Because of the stability of aromatic compounds, however, reactions involving these have extremely high activation energies, for passage to the transition state necessarily requires disruption of the aromatic system, resulting in a temporary loss of aromatic stabilization energy. Instead of reacting by addition and elimination, as nonaromatic compounds often do, benzene and its derivatives usually react by electrophilic aromatic substitution.

=Redox=

Birch reduction
The Birch reduction is the reduction of aromatic compounds by sodium in liquid ammonia. It is attributed to the chemist Arthur Birch. The reaction product is a 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The metal can also be lithium or potassium and the hydrogen atoms are supplied by an alcohol such as ethanol or tert-butanol.

The first step of a Birch reduction is a one-electron reduction of the aromatic ring to a radical anion. Sodium is oxidized to the sodium ion Na+. This intermediate is able to dimerize to the dianion. In the presence of an alcohol the second intermediate is a free radical which takes up another electron to form the carbanion. This carbanion abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form the cyclohexadiene.

In the presence of an alkyl halide, the carbanion can also engage in nucleophilic substitution with carbon-carbon bond formation. In substituted aromatics an electron withdrawing substituent such as a carboxylic acid stabilizes a carbanion and the least-substituted alkene is generated. With an electron donating substituent, the opposite effect occurs. The non-conjugated 1,4-addition product is preferred over the conjugated 1,3-diene which is explicable by the principle of least motion. Experimental alkali metal alternatives that are safer to handle, such as the M-SG reducing agent, also exist.

Oxidation of Benzene in the Human Body
Because benzene is nonpolar, it cannot be passed in urine, and will remain in the body until oxidized. Benzene itself is not dangerous to health, but in order to be passed, it is oxidized by cytochrome P-450 in the liver. This produces benzene oxide, a highly teratogenic and carcinogenic compound. Benzene has been replaced by toluene as an industrial solvent, because toluene can be oxidized to benzoic acid, which is mostly harmless to health, and is quickly passed. The decomposition of benzoic acid into benzene and carbon dioxide in soda pop has become an issue recently.

=Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution= A nucleophilic substitution is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry in which the nucleophile displaces a good leaving group, such as a halide on an aromatic ring. In order to understand this type of reaction, it is important to recognize which chemical groups are good leaving groups and which are not.

Leaving Groups
A leaving group can probably most simply be described as an atom or molecule that detaches from an organic molecule. The ability for a functional group to leave is called lability. Leaving groups affect the intrinsic reactivity of the molecule as a whole, but only until, quite naturally, they actually leave.

The lower the pKa of the conjugate acid for a given leaving group, the better that leaving group is at actually leaving. This is because such groups can easily stabilize any developing negative charge and without stabilization, a leaving group will actually become a nucleophile causing the reaction to cycle pointlessly between attached and detached forms. (This explains why a strong base is nearly always a poor leaving group.)

In room temperature water, the sequence of lability is:
 * Less lability
 * amine/amide (NH2-)
 * alkoxy/alkoxide (RO-)
 * hydroxyl/hydroxide (HO-)
 * carboxylate (RCOO-)
 * fluoro/fluoride (F-)
 * water (H2O)
 * chloro/chloride (Cl-)
 * bromo/bromide (Br-)
 * iodo/iodide (I-)
 * azide (N3-)
 * thiocyanate (SCN-)
 * nitro/nitrite (NO2)
 * cyano/cyanide (CN-)
 * Greater Lability

Rate of Reaction
The better a leaving group, the faster a nucleophilic reaction will occur. This is demonstrated by comparisons of the kinetics between halogenalkanes, where the bromides dissociate more quickly than the chlorides, but the iodides dissociate more rapidly than either of the other two. This is because the bond between the halogen and its nearest carbon must be broken at some point for a nucleophilic substitution to take place. A bond between iodine and carbon is far more polarizable than a bond between carbon and chlorine, for example, due to iodine's relatively large size and relatively large number of ionizable electrons. The fact that water is a far better leaving group than hydroxide also has the important consequence that the rate of a reaction in which hydroxide leaves is increased dramatically by the presence of an acid, for hydroxide is then protonated to water, a much weaker nucleophile.

Types of Reactions
There are three nucleophilic substitution mechanisms commonly encountered with aromatic systems, the SNAr (addition-elimination) mechanism, the benzyne mechanism and the free radical SRN1 mechanism. The most important of these is the SNAr mechanism, where electron withdrawing groups activate the ring towards nucleophilic attack, for example if there are nitro functional groups positioned ortho or para to the halide leaving group. It is not generally necessary to discuss these types in detail within the context of an introductory organic chemistry course.

=Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution=

Electrophiles are particles with a deficiency of electrons. Therefore they are likely to react with substances that have excess electrons. Aromatic compounds have increased electron density in the form of delocalized π-orbitals.

Step 1: Formation of a π-complex
At first, the electrophile interacts with the delocalized orbitals of the aromatic ring and a π-complex is formed.

No chemical bonds are formed at this stage. Evidence of the formation of a π-complex as an intermediate state has been found for some reactions, but not for all, since the chemical interaction in π-complexes is very weak.

Step 2: Formation of a σ-complex
After the π-complex is formed, in the presence of an electron acceptor another complex is formed - the σ-complex. It is a cationic species, an intermediate that lacks aromatic properties, but its four π-electrons are delocalized across the ring, which stabilizes the cation somewhat, sometimes allowing its isolation. An example would be the salt mesityl fluoroborate, which is stable at low temperatures, and is prepared by the reaction of mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) with fluoroboric acid (BF3/HF); the cation of this salt is protonated mesitylene. σ-complexes are also known as Wheland intermediates.

Step 3: Formation of a Substituted product
At the next stage the σ-complex decomposes, freeing a hydrogen cation and forming the product of substitution.

Electrophilic aromatic halogenation
Another important reaction of benzene is the electrophilic substitution of halides, a specific type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. These reactions are very useful for adding substituents to an aromatic system. The rates of the reactions increase with the electrophilicity of the halogen: hence, fluorination in this manner is too rapid and exothermic to be practical, whereas iodine requires the most vigorous conditions. Chlorination and bromination are the most often practiced in the lab of the four possible halogenations. Halobenzenes are used for pesticides, as well as the precursors to other products. Many COX-2 inhibitors contain halobenzene subunits.

Some highly activated aromatic compounds, such as phenol and aniline, are reactive enough to undergo halogenation without a catalyst, but for typical benzene derivatives (and benzene itself), the reactions are extremely slow at room temperature in the absence of a catalyst. Usually, Lewis acids are used as catalysts, which work by helping to polarize the halogen-halogen bond, thus decreasing the electron density around one halogen atom, making it more electrophilic. The most common catalysts used are either Fe or Al, or their respective chlorides and bromides (+3 oxidation state). Iron(III) bromide and iron(III) chloride lose their catalytic activity if they are hydrolyzed by any moisture present, including atmospheric water vapor. Therefore, they are generated in situ by adding iron fillings to bromine or chlorine. Iodination is carried out under different conditions: periodic acid is often used as a catalyst. Under these conditions, the I+ ion is formed, which is sufficiently electrophilic to attack the ring. Iodination can also be accomplished using a diazonium reaction. Fluorination is most often done using this technique, as the use of fluorine gas is inconvenient and often fragments organic compounds.

Halogenation of aromatic compounds differs from the additions to alkenes or the free-radical halogenations of alkanes, which do not require Lewis acid catalysts. The formation of the arenium ion results in the temporary loss of aromaticity, the overall result being that the reaction's activation energy is higher than those of halogenations of aliphatic compounds.

Halogenation of phenols is faster in polar solvents due to the dissociation of phenol, because the phenoxide (-O-) group is more strongly activating than hydroxyl itself.

Electrophilic aromatic sulfonation
Aromatic sulfonation is an organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid functional group in an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

The electrophile of such a reaction is sulfur trioxide (SO3), which can be released from oleum (also known as fuming sulfuric acid), essentially sulfuric acid in which gaseous sulfur trioxide has been dissolved.

In contrast to aromatic nitration and other electrophilic aromatic substitutions, aromatic sulfonation is reversible. Sulfonation takes place in strongly acidic conditions, and desulfonation can occur on heating with a trace of acid. This also means that thermodynamic, rather than kinetic, control can be achieved at high temperatures. Hence, directive effects are not expected to play a key role in determining the proportions of isomeric products of high-temperature sulfonation.

Aromatic sulfonic acids can be intermediates in the preparation of dyes and many pharmaceuticals. Sulfonation of aniline produces p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid or sulfanilic acid, which is a zwitterionic compound with an unusually high melting point. The amide of this compound and related compounds form a large group of sulfa drugs (a type of antibiotic).

Overall reaction: ArH + SO3 → ArSO3H

Electrophilic aromatic nitration
Nitration occurs with aromatic organic compounds via an electrophilic substitution mechanism involving the attack of the electron-rich benzene ring by the nitronium (nitryl) ion. Benzene is commonly nitrated by refluxing with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid at 50°C. The sulfuric acid is regenerated and hence acts as a catalyst.

Selectivity is always a challenge in nitrations. Fluorenone nitration is selective and yields a tri-nitro compound or tetra-nitro compound by tweaking reaction conditions just slightly. Another example of trinitration can be found in the synthesis of phloroglucinol. Other nitration reagents include nitronium tetrafluoroborate which is a true nitronium salt. This compound can be prepared from hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid and boron trifluoride. Aromatic nitro compounds are important intermediates for anilines; the latter may be readily prepared by action of a reducing agent.

Overall reaction: ArH + HNO3 → ArNO2 + H2O

Friedel-Crafts alkylation

The Friedel-Crafts reactions, discovered by French alkaloid chemist Charles Friedel and his American partner, James Crafts, in 1877, is either the alkylation or acylation of aromatic compounds catalyzed by a Lewis acid. They are very useful in the lab for formation of carbon-carbon bonds between an aromatic nucleus and a side chain.

Source of electrophile
Friedel-Crafts alkylation is an example of electrophilic substitution in aromatic compounds. The electrophile is formed in the reaction of an alkyl halide with a Lewis acid. The Lewis acid polarizes the alkyl halide molecule, causing the hydrocarbon part of it to bear a positive charge and thus become more electrophilic.

CH3—Cl + AlCl3 → CH3+ + AlCl4−

or

CH3Cl + AlCl3 → CH3δ+Cl+Al−Cl3

(The carbon atom has a slight excess of positive charge, as the electronegative chlorine atom draws electron density towards itself. The chlorine atom has a positive charge, as it has formed a sub-ordinate bond with the aluminium atom. In effect, the Cl atom has lost an electron, while the Al atom has gained an electron. Therefore, the Al atom has a negative charge.)

Mechanism of alkylation
The polarized, electrophilic molecule then seeks to saturate its electron deficiency and forms a π-complex with the aromatic compound that is rich in π-electrons. Formation a π-complex does not lead to loss of aromaticity. The aromaticity is lost however in the σ-complex that is the next stage of reaction. The positive charge in the σ-complex is evenly distributed across the benzene ring.

C6H6 + CH3+ → C6H6+Br → C6H5Br + H+

The σ-complex C6H6+Br can be separated (it is stable at low temperatures), while the π-complex can not.

Restrictions

 * Deactivating functional groups, such as nitro (-NO2), usually prevent the reaction from occurring at any appreciable rate, so it is possible to use solvents such as nitrobenzene for Friedel-Crafts alkylation.

 * Primary and secondary carbocations are much less stable than tertiary cations, so rearrangement typically occurs when one attempts to introduce primary and secondary alkyl groups onto the ring. Hence, Friedel-Crafts alkylation using n-butyl chloride generates the n-butylium cation, which rearranges to the t-butyl cation, which is far more stable, and the product is exclusively the t-butyl derivative. This may, in some cases, be circumvented through use of a weaker Lewis acid.

 * The Friedel-Crafts reaction can not be used to alkylate compounds which are sensitive to acids, including many heterocycles.

 * Another factor that restricts the use of Friedel-Crafts alkylation is polyalkylation. Since alkyl groups have an activating influence, substituted aromatic compounds alkylate more easily than the original compounds, so that the attempted methylation of benzene to give toluene often gives significant amounts of xylene and mesitylene. The usual workaround is to acylate first (see the following sections) and then reduce the carbonyl group to an alkyl group.

Friedel-Crafts acylation

Friedel-Crafts acylation, like Friedel-Crafts alkylation, is a classic example of electrophilic substitution.

Source of electrophile
Reacting with Lewis acids, anhydrides and chloranhydrides of acids become strongly polarized and often form acylium cations.

RCOCl + AlCl3 → RC+O + AlCl4-

Mechanism of acylation
The mechanism of acylation is very similar to that of alkylation.

C6H6 + RC+O → C6H6—CO—R + H+

The ketone that is formed then forms a complex with aluminum chloride, reducing its catalytic activity.

C6H6—CO—R + AlCl3 → C6H6—C+(R)—O—Al−Cl3

Therefore, a much greater amount of catalyst is required for acylation than for alkylation.

Restrictions

 * Although no isomerisation of cations happens, due to the reasonance stabilization provided by the acylium ion, certain cations may lose CO and alkylation will occur instead of acylation. For example, an attempt to add pivalyl (neopentanoyl) to an aromatic ring will result in loss of CO from the cation, which then results in the t-butyl derivative being formed.
 * Acidophobic aromatic compounds, such as many heterocycles can't exist in the presence of both Lewis acids and anhydrides.
 * Formyl chloride is unstable and cannot be used to introduce the formyl group onto a ring through Friedel-Crafts acylation. Instead, the Gattermann-Koch reaction is often used.

Applications
Friedel-Crafts acylation is used, for example, in the synthesis of anthraquinone from benzene and phtalic anhydride.

In laboratory synthesis Friedel-Crafts acylation is often used instead of alkylation in cases where alkylation is difficult or impossible, such as synthesis of monosubstituted alkylbenzenes.

= External links=
 * reduction of o-anisic acid to 2-heptyl-2-hexenone in Organic Syntheses Article
 * reduction of naphthalene to 1,4,5,8-Tetrahydronaphthalene (isotetralin) in Organic Syntheses Article.
 * reduction of o-xylene to 1,2-Dimethyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene in Organic Syntheses Article
 * reduction of benzoic acid to 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylic acid in Organic Syntheses Article

= References =

<< Aromatics | Aromatic reactions | Ketones and aldehydes>>

title: Organic Chemistry/Aromatic reactions