text:
User talk:Christopher Parham

Please post to my talk page at the English Wikipedia for the best response time. Messages here will be seen eventually, however.

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck! It's nice to see some familiar names. Cheers. -- LV (Dark Mark) 00:41, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Christopher Parham


text:
A-level Chemistry/AQA/Module 5/Thermodynamics/Partition Function

The Boltzmann distribution gives the probability of a system to be in a given state (specified by the coordinates and momenta of its constituents) as proportional to the exponential function of the energy of that state, in units of kT.

For calculating the exact probability for a given range of states, you must normalize the distribution, i.e., you must divide by the total integral for all states (be careful, not the same as "for all energies").

Partition function is the name for this total integral. It is given an special name because, in fact, mathematically, you can derive a lot of information from this integral. For example: to calculate the mean value of a given function of the state, the standar formula of integrating the product of the function by the probability, and dividing by the partition function, is the same as the derivative of the logarithm of the partition function.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Cookbook:Tadka Dhal (Spiced Lentil Curry) I

| Cuisine of India

Ingredients

 * 4 ea. (400 g) medium onions, chopped as fine as possible
 * 1 small chilli
 * 2 large cloves of garlic, chopped finely or crushed
 * Ginger (about the same as the garlic in size), finely chopped
 * 250 g split red lentils
 * 3 tins, chopped tomatoes
 * 1 stock cube
 * Water as necessary
 * 12 whole cardamom pods
 * 1 teaspoon garam masala
 * 1 teaspoon paprika
 * 12 grinds of the black pepper
 * ¼ teaspoon mustard seed
 * Fresh chilli to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Cook the ingredients in the order listed, giving the onions some time before adding everything else.
 * 2) Put the lid on and cook until the lentils are cooked to your preference.


text:
Proteomics/Protein - Protein Interactions

Presentation
Chapter edited and updated by: Poulami Barman and Sarah Allen

Contact pxb2979@rit.edu, sea3016@rit.edu

Introduction
Protein interaction is crucial for every organism. Most proteins function through interaction with other molecules, and often with other proteins. Enzymes interact with their substrates, inhibitors interact with enzymes, transport proteins interact with structural proteins, hormones interact with receptors – and that’s just a few of the interactions that happen in a cell. Some proteins are composed of more than one polypeptide chain, and the interactions between the different peptides are necessary for the whole protein to function. Since they are so essential, protein-protein interactions are an important topic for scientists to understand.

There are many characteristics of a protein-protein interaction that are important. Obviously, it is important to know which proteins are interacting. In many experiments and computational studies, the focus is on interactions between two different proteins. However, you can have one protein interacting with other copies of itself (oligomerization), or three or more different proteins interacting. The stoichiometry of the interaction is also important – that is, how many of each protein involved are present in a given reaction. Some protein interactions are stronger than others, because they bind together more tightly. The strength of binding is known as affinity. Proteins will only bind each other spontaneously if it is energetically favorable. Energy changes during binding are another important aspect of protein interactions. Many of the computational tools that predict interactions are based on the energy of interactions.

In recent years there has been a strong focus on predicting protein interactions computationally. Predicting the interactions can help scientists predict pathways in the cell, potential drugs and antibiotics, and protein functions. However, it has been an ongoing challenge to decipher those interactions. Proteins are large molecules, and binding between them often involves many atoms and a variety of interaction types, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges, and more. Proteins are also dynamic, with many of their bonds able to stretch and rotate leading to different conformations. Therefore, predicting protein-protein interactions requires a good knowledge of the chemistry and physics involved in the interactions.

This chapter discusses the characteristics of protein-protein interactions, how they are determined experimentally, and how they are predicted computationally. It also contains a list of databases where you can explore known and predicted protein interactions. The links above will lead you to the various sections.


text:
Old English/Directions

Here are some ways to say directions:

 * Gā... - Go...
 * ...tō þǣre sƿīðran healfe - ...right
 * ...tō þǣre ƿystran healfe - ...left
 * ...rihte forþ - ...straight ahead
 * Ƿend... - Turn...
 * ...in þā strǣte - ... down that street
 * ...tō þǣre sƿīðran healfe - ...right
 * ...tō þǣre ƿystran healfe - ...left
 * ...on bæċ - ...around/back

Adjectives of position
Example: is se heals gréne neoðeƿeard and ufeƿeard the lower and upper parts of the neck are green
 * ufeƿeard - upper part of
 * neoðanƿeard - lower part of

Adjectives of time
The same adjectives could be used to describe time periods as well:
 * ufeƿeard - latter part of
 * foreƿeard - early part of
 * Example: on foreƿeardne sumor and eft on ufeƿeardne hærfest in the early part of the summer and again in the latter part of autumn

title: Old English/Directions


text: Talk:The Descent of Man

title: Talk:The Descent of Man


text:
User talk:128.32.42.137

Captain Obvious 19:03, 17 March 2006 (UTC)Thanks for devandalizing my page.

title: User talk:128.32.42.137


text: Talk:The Wealthy Barber

title: Talk:The Wealthy Barber


text:
D Programming/Lexical

To be completed.

 * Source Text
 * white spaces
 * end of lines
 * comments
 * tokens
 * Identifiers
 * String Literals
 * Character Literals
 * Integer Literals
 * Float Literals
 * Keywords
 * Operators
 * special token sequences
 * end of file

title: D Programming/Lexical


text:
Statistics/Displaying Data/Frequency Polygon

Frequency Polygon
Midpoints of the interval of corresponding rectangle in a histogram are joined together by straight lines. It gives a polygon i.e. a figure with many angles.

It is used when two or more sets of data are to be illustrated on the same diagram such as death rates in smokers and non-smokers, birth and death rates of a population etc.

One way to form a frequency polygon is to connect the midpoints at the top of the bars of a histogram with line segments (or a smooth curve). Of course the midpoints themselves could easily be plotted without the histogram and be joined by line segments. Sometimes it is beneficial to show the histogram and frequency polygon together.But sometimes, the frequency polygon is much more accurate than the histogram because you can evaluate which is the low point and the high point.

Unlike histograms, frequency polygons can be superimposed so as to compare several frequency distributions.

Frequency polygons were created in the 19th Century as a way of not only storing data, but making it easily accessible for people who are illiterate.


text:
Talk:Statistics/Displaying Data/Frequency Polygon

I will try to remember to add a graphic to this page later (if someone doesn't get around to it before I can.)WolfVanZandt 20:40, 17 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Nascent~enwikibooks

I am a student pursuing a degree in Computer Science at Eastern Washington University as of (2006). I began programming in ZZT-OOP which mostly resemble Basic. As a freshmen in highschool I taught myself Perl 5 and over the summer before my junior year I worked in PHP 4. And the second half of junior year I took the introduction to Java 1.4 with another semester the following year. I have recently taken a liking to the evolving language D.

title: User:Nascent~enwikibooks


text: User:Gurch

title: User:Gurch


text: User talk:Gurch

title: User talk:Gurch


text:
User:Sketch90

email address is trugamefreak@yahoo.com

title: User:Sketch90


text:
General Astronomy/The Atmosphere

The Earth has been placed out of order with the other planets because, by studying the Earth, we can become familiar with general principles that can thus be applied to other planets.

Earth's Atmosphere
The Earth has been shrouded in a thin layer of gases for most of its history. However, the nature and composition of these gases has changed significantly over time. At its initial formation, the Earth's first atmosphere was composed primarily of the light elements hydrogen and helium. However, at the temperatures in the inner solar system, these atoms had sufficient energies to exceed Earth's escape velocity. Earth's gravity was, therefore, not sufficient to hold these gases, which quickly escaped into space.

Earth's second atmosphere was generated by gases that had been trapped within the rocks making up the body of the planet, but escaped due to volcanic activity, a process known as "outgassing". The components of this atmosphere were primarily carbon dioxide, water, and lesser amounts of nitrogen. As the Earth cooled, however, much of the water vapor precipitated out of the air, and areas of liquid water formed on its surface. Much of the carbon dioxide dissolved into the liquid water. Much of this carbon dioxide was later bound up in various aquatic life forms, and then deposited with the remains of those lifeforms in ocean sediment, eventually forming large limestone deposits.

As life evolved on the planet's surface, some of the remaining carbon dioxide was converted by these organisms into oxygen, through photosynthesis and similar processes. This had the effect of further lowering carbon dioxide levels, leaving nitrogen as the primary constituent of the atmosphere, and adding in substantial amounts of oxygen. Thus Earth's third atmosphere was formed as we know it today: primarily nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and various trace molecules in lesser amounts.

title: General Astronomy/The Atmosphere


text:
Talk:Statistics/Displaying Data/Pie Charts

I am not a great fan of pie charts and think that others should be dissuaded from using them.

1. Comparisons between pie charts are very difficult (rotation 2. If the chart has more than 3 or 4 sections then the labeling is critical.  With more than 4 sections, the labels often collide (see the example graph).  Stacked bar graphs are considerably easier to read and compare.

I will outline this in the comparative pie chart section. Chrispounds 01:05, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

data on usability of pie charts
I'm not sure where it started - tufte or earlier, but there seems to be a dataless prejudice against pie charts. wikipedia has several sources on how people percieve areas and angles and lines, but I havn't seen a study where some one asks users to evaluate the data in pie charts and some other form


text:
User talk:RedXVII

Hey! Dragontamer here. Thanks a lot for helping out wikibooks guide. Just wanna know though... you do know that MapleStory/Thief_Guide/Skills exists, right? :-p --Dragontamer 01:18, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:RedXVII


text:
Wikijunior:New Book of the Quarter/2006-3rd Quarter Vote

Voting for the Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter is open from now until July 1st, 2006 00:01 UTC. The winning New Book of the Quarter will become the next Wikijunior project and will influence the future direction of Wikijunior.

How Things Work
(Renominated with 7 votes in the 2nd Quarter)

Votes:
 * 1) Joecool94 17:00 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 01:21, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) --EuropracBHIT 00:33, 3 April 2006 (UTC).
 * 4) Rob Horning 09:49, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Starchildmom 20:57, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) Kneiphof 22:19, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) German Men92 16:30, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 8) Master  mind   007 05:43, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 9) Ultimadesigns 18:13, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * A project I would like definitely work for. Master  mind   007  05:43, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Y'all've had a tough time deciding what languages to include in "Languages", there are thousands of things this could look at. How will such decisions be made? --  Zanimum 23:07, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Why is this such a difficult task? The formal proposal had a few to start with, and I would recommend a general slow growth on the number of different items, but it would still be a very focused book regardless.  Certainly like what was done with the languages, the developed sections would have prominence with lesser developed sections being pushed into the "backwater".  --Rob Horning 15:32, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

The Elements
(Renominated with 7 votes in the 2nd Quarter)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 06:42, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) German Men92 22:06, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Master  mind  007  17:55, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This project would be easy to me as 1-2-3 but definitely it's good. — Master  mind   007 17:55, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

World Religions
(Renominated with 3 votes in the 2nd Quarter)

Votes:
 * 1) German Men92 16:29, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Master  mind  007 05:43, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) N1person 02:04, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This would be a great book that would support everybodies POV. --German Men92 16:29, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Rocks and Minerals
(Renominated with 4 votes in the 2nd Quarter)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 01:21, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) I would like to see this one developed eventually. Rob Horning 14:58, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

World War II
(Renominated with 3 votes in the 2nd Quarter)

Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 01:21, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Kneiphof 22:19, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Snarius 17:00, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Jaerune 18:56, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Alphabet
Votes:
 * 1) Rob Horning 15:15, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 04:31, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Starchildmom 07:18, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Programming for Kids
Votes:
 * 1) Snarius 17:58, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 06:53, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Jaerune 18:57, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Wikijunior Fifth Grade Math
Votes:
 * 1) Karl Wick 22:09, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 19:34, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Comments:


text:
User talk:Mike.laub

http://ideastockexchange.com/

title: User talk:Mike.laub


text:
PHP and MySQL Programming/Session Handling

HTML and PHP are "stateless" languages. Meaning that they are incapable of retaining a state between pages. To get around this serious limitation, we use sessions. With sessions, session variables are stored in a file on the web server and so are accessible across multiple pages.

Starting a Session
Before we can start using session variables, we need to start a session. This needs to be done on every page that makes use of session variables. It is important to note that a session must be started before anything is outputted. Here is the code to start a session:

Please make sure that there are NO SPACES before the "$_SESSION[] array variable. Here is an example:

Retrieving Session Variables
Once a session is created, and variables are stored, they may be retrieved from the $_SESSION[] array. Here is an example:

The above example starts a session, then checks if the session variable 'user_name' has been created (with the isset function), if it has, then it assigns its value to $user_name, and prints it to the screen.

Destroying a Session
To destroy a session, we use the session_destroy function. This is useful if we want to, for example, log a user off of a web-application. Thus we would use the following code:

Note that we first need to start the session before we destroy it. This is because the session_destroy function destroys the currently active session.


text:
PHP and MySQL Programming/Form Handling

In order to get user input without using the command line, then you will use HTML forms. PHP has various functions and techniques for handling the input from HTML forms. In specific, we will use the special array variables $_GET[] and $_POST[].

HTML Forms
Before we start using these special variables, lets have a look at how to set up the HTML forms to interact with PHP. Here is a simple example form:

The above example sets up a form with a  and an   attribute. The `method` defines how the data from the form is to be transferred to the page defined by `action`. The `method` can either be GET or POST. If GET is used, then all the form elements will be appended to the url of the target page (specified by the  attribute), in url encoded format (  etc...)  These attributes are easily accessed in PHP by using the   array.

If the POST method is specified, then the data will be put into a special server variable, and accessed in PHP by using the built-in  array.

Note that in the HTML code, the  attribute of the INPUT tags are used as the reference strings in the   and   arrays, thus it is very important to always use unique values for the   attribute.

GET
To retrieve  variables in the address url, we use the following method:

Please note that  is not good to use for this example, because you will generally not want username and password details being displayed in the URL. Rather use POST for login details and authentication.

POST
To retrieve  variables, we use the following method:

Note that when  is used, the posted data is completely invisible to the user.

title: PHP and MySQL Programming/Form Handling


text:
PHP and MySQL Programming/Database Connectivity

You can only do so much with storing information in files. When you need to store large amounts of data, and perform intensive number crunching on that data, there is nothing better than a good SQL database. In this section, we'll discuss connecting PHP to a MySQL database and perform queries and retrieve data back from the database.

Opening a Connection to a MySQL Database
The first thing that we need to do before we can interact with any database, is to open up a connection to that database server. This is done by using the mysql_connect function, which returns a database handler, much like a file handler when dealing with files. The database handler is then used to select the active database to use.

Here is the code to setup a connection to the database server, and to select a database to use:

Or

Creating a Query
Once a connection to a database has been made, you will inevitably want to perform a database query. To create a query on the selected database, we use the mysql_query function. If you use a SELECT query, then the data returned from that query will be passed to the mysql_query function, which will in turn return it to a variable which you can specify. In the following example, two queries are made, the first does not return any data, and the second does.

Retrieving data from a SELECT Query
There are many methods for retrieving data from a SELECT query.

If we take, for example, the following code:

To now retrieve the data from the $result variable, we can use one of many methods. The recommended method, however, is to sequentially go through each row of the table, storing it into a one-dimensional array. We do this by using the mysql_fetch_row function, passing it the variable into which the result is stored. Here is a simple example:

This will simply output the result in table-like format.

Here is another example of using this method:

The above example, simply splits the results up into multiple one-dimensional arrays, for easy manipulation.

Closing a Database Connection
It is not always necessary to close a connection when you are finished, but it is advised. It is, however, necessary to close the connection to the database if you want to open up a new connection to a different database.

To close a connection to a database, we use the mysql_close function, as follows:

Error Handling
It is useful when debugging, and even when you just want to make sure that a database does not behave unexpectedly. Once a query has been created via the <tt>mysql_query</tt> function, any error messages generated will be stored in the <tt>mysql_error</tt> function. Here is a sample code snippet to display a error message. However, when there is no error messages, a blank string is returned.


text:
Hungarian/Introduction

=Introduction=

title: Hungarian/Introduction


text:
Talk:C++ Programming As A Set Of Problems

Nice book
hello i contribute to the C++ Programming Book (old lerning way, lol!). This book seems to have a non-classical content. Good luck for this book Merrheim 07:53, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

IDE recommendations, outdated, they are.
Don't you think that the "compiler" recommendations of "DevC++", "MinGW" and "Cygwin" are a bit outdated? Even the paragraph right below them speaks about Borland C++. How older can you get?

I suggest we recommend newer IDEs, such as Orwell Dev C++, Code::Blocks, Netbeans, Eclipse, or even Clang instead. GReaperEx (discuss • contribs) 16:44, 19 July 2015 (UTC)


text:
User:JCHightower-Mills

Je m'appelle Jarod. Je suis amércain et j'étudie la langue françaises à Claremont McKenna College en Californie. J'espère rejoindre la Faculté de Wikiversity pour y enseigner la littérature française en traduction.

In English:

My name is Jarod. I am American and I study French at Claremont McKenna College in California. I hope to the Wikiversity faculty to teach French literature in translation.

title: User:JCHightower-Mills


text:
Cookbook talk:High Protein Diet

it is better if you want to lose weight to avoid stach in food - see the IBS low starch diet, by Carol Sinclair.

title: Cookbook talk:High Protein Diet


text:
User talk:Gcziko

Wikilanguages
You started the hive of pages called Wikilanguages, and it has recently been brought up at Votes for deletion for deletion from Wikibooks. The point here is that if you want this content to remain on Wikibooks, you will have to try and defend the reasons for starting it here.

I want to let you know that in general I support innovative ideas and concepts like this, and indeed in general I think Wikibooks ought to be a place for experimentation like this. I've done things like this myself even.

There is a place to make suggestions for new projects for the Wikimedia Foundation, but there has also been some very valid criticism that little to no action takes place for suggestions like that. For that reason I don't mind seeing some content like this on Wikibooks, provided active development is occuring in some form.

I realize that by the time you get back to seeing this message that the content may have been long ago deleted, and for that I apologize (in advance at the moment). I really do value the contributions of Wikibooks contributors, especially when they come from academic environments. --Rob Horning 12:26, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Electronic Tandem on Moodle (eTOM): Interaction Tools Integration for eTandem
Hi Mr. Cziko,

I have deleted this page because it does not appear to be a textbook. Wikibooks does not allow product advertisements. I suggest you write an encyclopedia article on the product on Wikipedia, but note that claims made must be verifiable and only based on facts. --hagindaz 19:48, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Hi
Hi - your created a page ATALL/Conclusion which has now been marked for possible deletion. If you do not want it deleted let me know or removed the tag - thanks -- Herby talk thyme 17:54, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gcziko


text:
GarageBand/The Main Window

This is a read-up on the various buttons, panels, and controls that make up GarageBand's interface.

Getting Started
After GarageBand has fully loaded, choose "File > New"

 * 1) Here you fill in the name you want to give your new song.
 * 2) With the drop menu you can choose the location you want to save your song file.
 * 3) You can set the tempo or speed of your song beforehand. The speed is measured in beats per minute and this amount is shown in the box below next to "bpm". The tempo can be altered at a later point in production.
 * 4) Here you can set the time signature of your song, or, in other words, the beats per measure. Use the menu to choose between the different times. 'Note' that the time you choose will affect the number of loops you will be able to use in your project. If you are new to GarageBand, a 4/4 time is a good place to start.
 * 5) In addition, the tonality of your project can be chosen beforehand. This is another option that limits the number of loops you can use.
 * 6) When you are done with choosing your settings, click "Create" to start working on your new project.

The Working Area

 * 1) In this column from top to bottom you see the different tracks or instruments used in the song.
 * 2) This is the Mixer column in which you can use the knob to 'pan' the sound of this track to the left or to the right, or use the slider to raise or lower the track's volume. When you play the song back you will see the volume dials above the slider going up from green to yellow to red. The volume is best if this dial's maximum lies within the yellow zone and not in the red.
 * 3) In this area you see all the loops and recordings that you are using in your song. Within this plane you can adjust your 'sound fragments' so they fit nicely with the other tracks by looping, shortening, lengthening and positioning them.
 * 4) With this slider you can change the scale of the plane under number 3. Slide it to the right to see the loops and recordings in detail and to the left for a very global view of your song.
 * 5) This is the cursor. This is from where GarageBand plays back your song when you press "play". Reposition it to make the song play from a different place or use the buttons in the 'buttons bar' below.
 * 6) In this example there are only 4 instruments in use, but still many more tracks can be added to this song. When recording you have to select the track you want to record in. To select the track, click on it and the instrument icon will illuminate like the 'Shaker' in the example picture.

When recording or mixing in GarageBand it is important to know what the buttons in the first column mean.
 * 1) This first button indicates that if you press record you will record for this track. Therefore, when you select a track this button turns on for that track.
 * 2) Use this button to mute this track.
 * 3) Use this button to single out this track. This mutes all the other tracks.
 * 4) Use this button to lock this track to prevent changes made to it.
 * 5) When this button is pressed a more detailed panning and volume-adjusting mode is shown. With this you can reduce the volume of that certain track  or raise it at any point in the song. This also counts for panning, though when learning the basics of GarageBand we can ignore this function.

The Button Panel

 * 1) Use this button to add a new track to your project.
 * 2) This button opens up the detailed information on the track that is currently selected.
 * 3) These buttons open the 'bottom panel'. The 'eye' will show the 'loops bank' and the 'scissors' open an even more detailed look at the time selected within the track for detailed sound editing. In this tutorial we only look at the 'loops bank.'
 * 4) This is the record button. When pressed GarageBand will start recording either what is played with a USB keyboard or what is plugged into the sound input of the computer such as a guitar or microphone.
 * 5) Use these buttons to move through your song. The first button will place the cursor at the start of your project. There are 'back' and 'forward' buttons that move the cursor either one measure back or forward. The middle button is the 'play' button. The last button can be used to loop certain sections. Feel free to try it out but this tutorial won't explain this function.
 * 6) This is a panel that shows at what measure or at what time the cursor is. To switch between time or measures click on the small clock or the musical note in the bottom left corner of this panel. This panel also shows the tempo of your project. By clicking on it a slider will open up with which you can change the tempo.
 * 7) This slider shows the overall volume of the piece. Again, the best volume is in the range of the green/yellow area of the dials above the slider.

title: GarageBand/The Main Window


text:
Bartending/Alcohol/Less common liqueurs

Aftershock
cinnamion

Bärenjäger
honey

Highland Mist
flavoured scotch move?

Pineau des Charentes
(wine liqueur) this is an aperitif, from the Cognac region in France, whereby unfermented Grape Juice is added to a base of Cognac. There is a white (blanc) and a rose (rouge). Both are delicious served ice cold, like a chilled vermouth or Dubonnet.

Rock and rye
rock candy

Rumpleminze
schnapps move?

Wallace Liqueur
whisky with berries and herbs

title: Bartending/Alcohol/Less common liqueurs


text:
Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Physiology and Personality of Stutterers

Physical Studies
Many studies have found that stutterers have normal physiological characteristics, such as heart rate and blood pressure.

Psychological Studies
“Whatever the source of stuttering is, it is not amenable to the treatments I have developed. I therefore refuse to deal with it further.” —Sigmund Freud

Many studies have tried to tie stuttering to a psychological or personality problem. The only psychological trait common to stutterers is fear and anxiety around speaking tasks, such as ordering in a restaurant.

Parental Attitudes and Behaviors
Many studies have tried to tie stuttering to parental attitudes and behaviors. The only trend is that poor, uneducated, dysfunctional families are more likely to have children who stutter. Likely the only parental behavior that contributes to childhood stuttering is not taking children to see a speech-language pathologist for therapy.

Intelligence
College students who stutter are more intelligent than college students who don't stutter. However, any person with a disability has to be especially intelligent and motivated to attempt college work. This doesn’t mean that stutterers in general are more intelligent.

Stuttering among mentally-retarded individuals appears to be far higher than the general population. In Down Syndrome, prevalences from 21% to 45% have been reported. This is likely because mentally-retarded children and adults are more likely to fail at therapy—stuttering therapies require intelligence and mental effort.

Language Studies
Many studies have examined stutterers' language skills. Whether children who stutter started talking later has not been established. School-age stutterers have normal language skills, as measured by standard tests. However, advanced tests such as understanding words played backwards suggest that stutterers may have an auditory processing disorder.

Recommended Books

 * A Handbook on Stuttering, by Oliver Bloodstein (1995, ISBN 1565933958)


text:
Non-nerd's Guide to Computers/processor

The CPU (At the Heart of the Process)
As far as computing power goes, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the most important component of a computer system, while your computer can fail if any other component breaks. When you run your web browser, write your poems, doodle on graphics program such as Paint, etc. you're using a CPU (for graphics you're also likely to use a GPU, that supplements the CPU). The CPU carries out each instruction of the computer's program in sequence, performs the required arithmetic and logical operations, and directs the Input/Output (I/O) operations of the system. In short, the CPU has been compared to the brain in people, while there are also fundamental differences. The CPU doesn't "think", it only follows strict orders from the so-called program it "runs".

Two typical components of a CPU are: the (ALU) Arithmetic Logic Unit, which performs arithmetic and logical operations, and the (CU) Control Unit, which fetches instructions in sequence from memory, then decodes and executes them, using the ALU if necessary.

Personal computers have a CPU contained in a single microprocessor chip socketed on the motherboard, bearing a heat-sink with its own fan (a fan wasn't necessary historically and neither used in some recent computers) to dissipate the considerable heat generated by modern high speed CPUs.

title: Non-nerd's Guide to Computers/processor


text:
Talk:German

General Overhaul
Hello, I am wondering if there are any active users who are interested in moving the German Wikibook to align to common European Framework in tiering the lessons. As German is almost exclusively a European language, I think designing a German textbook to fit a certifiable and real world standard is crucial. Also because Goethe Institute certification is setup to align to this (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages). Herr Cambron (discuss • contribs) 23:11, 7 June 2017 (UTC)

I started a general overhaul. By default I will not discuss anything but just do it (since apparently there are no active co-authors anyway). If you think I should discuss anything, just let me know. --Martin Kraus (talk) 10:26, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Changed the front Page
I changed it to, what I believe, to be a more appropriate flags of German Nation (just the main ones) and some common German sights. Even though the singers from before might be nice for whoever knows about them, but I don't know who they are, and I honestly believe that there is a lot more interest in German in terms of culture and travel opportunities. Hope nobody objects to the change.
 * I Archived much of the discussion. The talk page was getting long, and much of it obsolete.
 * broke link in Template:German/Contents from German/Contents, to German, officially making the contents page obsolete, consider deletion.--Danthemango (discuss • contribs) 13:13, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

 * This so-called "obsolete page" German/Contents still retains interwiki links, like one from Språkkurser/Tyska/Innehåll, and one from v:Topic:Learning German; how many more, I don't know. I do not think that this has been handled optimally. JoergenB (discuss • contribs) 20:59, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

Growing beyond the book format
My name is Ian and I'm from a project called Wikiotics, where we build free software tools for language instruction. We are starting to build collections of interactive language lessons that can serve as textbook replacements for students and this wikibook seems like a great place to start.

If there is anyone here who is interested in expanding this content beyond a traditional text-based book format or who would like to incorporate interactive lessons we build based on the outline of this book, just chime in here or contact us at contact AT wikiotics DOT org or in irc at #wikiotics on freenode.

As example of the kind of new materials you can make with our tools, here are examples our current lesson types:
 * Picture choice lesson (http://wikiotics.org/en/Introduction),
 * Re-mixable Podcast (http://wikiotics.org/user/ian/FSI-Mandarin-Module01-Unit01),
 * Text multiple choice lesson (http://wikiotics.org/en/WANY_Hospital_grammar)
 * new Storybook lesson [coming soon](http://laurent.dev.wikiotics.net/en/storybook1).

Wikiotics (discuss • contribs) 15:07, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

 * If people are interested, one place to start might be our FSI conversion efforts. The US State Department's Foreign Service Institute made a series of public domain language courses back in the 70's to train consular workers going over seas. Those old audio tapes have been digitized and put online and we've begun cutting them into individual sentences so that they can be modernized and expanded without having to re-record whole episodes. You can see an example of where we have done this with the introductory Mandarin course here: http://wikiotics.org/group/fsi-import/Mandarin_lessons . Now we have a community member going through the PDF documents for the German course and breaking the dialogues and other written components into xml here: http://fsi-german-basic-course.yojik.eu/

 * If anyone is interested in building on that material, I would be happy to help with cutting up and uploading the German audio lessons into wikiotics. Usage has changed a bit since the 70's but the curricular design is still pretty standard and there is a lot of material there to work with. Wikiotics (discuss • contribs) 21:00, 14 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately I cannot create an account on Wikiotics.org. Genoskill  (discuss • contribs) 20:37, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

Hilfen beim Deutschlernen
Ich hoffe, die Autoren dieses Buches verstehen genug Deutsch, um das hier zu lesen. Man sollte den Schülern erklären, das die "Sie"-Form nicht nur die höfliche Form ist, sondern auch eine einfache Form ist, da das Verb meist in der Grundform gebraucht wird, so wie man es im Lexikon liest.
 * Tipp 1
 * Beispiel
 * Ich gebe, du gibst, er gibt, wir geben...
 * Sie geben

Bei der Anrede "Sie" hat man keine Probleme mit der Deklination (Veränderung der Vokale bei Verben). Man verwendet einfach die Form des Infinitiv (Grundform).

Bilde die Zukunft und die Vergangenheit mit "sein" und "haben". Dann muss man sich weniger Formen einprägen. Der Deutsche nimmt es mit den Zeiten nicht so genau wie der Engländer.
 * Tipp 2

 * Beispiel
 * kommen: ich komme, ich kam, ich gebe, ich gab, du gibst...
 * ich bin gekommen, er ist gekommen, er war gekommen, du bist gekommen, du wirst kommen, er wird kommen
 * ich habe gegeben, er hat gegeben, du hast es gegeben, du wirst geben, er wird geben

Wenn man die verschiedenen Zeitformen mit den Hilfswerben "sein" und "haben" bildet, braucht man nur diese Formen durch alle Zeiten zu lernen. Für das Hauptverb gibt es dann viel weniger Formen, die durch alle Personen gleich bleiben. Das ist in vielen Sprechsituationen einfacher. Dieses funktioniert auch mit vielen anderen Hilfsverben, wie beispielsweise "können", "möchten", "dürfen", "müssen" etc. Es gibt eine typische Lautverschiebung.
 * Tipp 3
 * deutsch "t" = englisch "d" er hatte = he had
 * deutsch "b" = englisch "v" ich habe = I have

Es gibt zwar wenige Ausnahmen, aber vieles versteht man ohne Probleme, wenn man einfach die oben genannten Buchstaben austauscht.

Ich verstehe zwar recht gut Englisch, und kann es auch ziemlich fließend sprechen, aber leider ist es nicht fehlerfrei, so dass ich mich nicht traue, die Kapitel selbst zu verfassen. Gruß --Mjchael (discuss • contribs) 15:16, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Upscaling
Hallo.

I am currently trying to scale up the book, as much as possible within my scope. However, request anyone to assist me, if possible, and if wish to work on this project with me. I have updated a full new section of Strong Verbs, and am doing much more to the complete project. Once done, I will start with my native language project, Gujarati, and also a bit in Hindi. Danke. Vishal Bakhai - Works 12:35, 11 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Just to give an Update. I have revamped a few chapters till date, Quite frankly to say 2 as of yet. Though they still require a few amendments here and there, but they are Ok. Level II Chapter 12 is complete. Level I Chapter 7 is ok. I am working on Chapter 13 Level II currently. Danke Schôn. Vishal Bakhai - Works[[Image:Flag_of_India.svg|15px]] 18:38, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:German


text:
Traditional Chinese Medicine/Herbs that Release the Exterior

Xin Wen Jie Biao - Spicy, Warm herbs that Release the Exterior

Xin Liang Jie Biao - Spicy, Cool herbs that Release the Exterior

General Actions & Indications of Herbs that Release the Exterior:
 * expel external evil
 * most go along the Lu (Lung) & UB (Urinary Bladder) meridians
 * upper back/neck cold (warming herbs)
 * catches cold, nose runs (Lu), sneezing (Lu)
 * Spicy Promotes Sweating
 * vents external evil
 * too much sweating weakens body
 * releases body aches
 * floating pulse
 * diuretic, good for edema
 * treat wind-damp
 * good for wheezing

Different Seasons cause different conditions:
 * Winter (Wind-Cold)
 * Spring (Wind-Cold/Wind-Heat)
 * Summer (Damp-Heat)
 * Autumn (Dry)

General Contraindications:
 * Qi & Yin deficiency causing excessive sweating

General Caution:
 * Yin deficiency
 * Blood deficiency
 * chronic skin infection

back to: ../TCM Materia Medica/


text:
Traditional Chinese Medicine/Xin Wen Jie Biao

Xin Wen Jie Biao (Spicy Warm Release Exterior)

General Actions & Indications:
 * disperses Wind-Cold
 * usually little or no sweating
 * body ache
 * no thirst
 * floating & tight pulse
 * fever
 * chills
 * sinus congestion or runny nose
 * tongue that is light red in color
 * tongue with a thin white coating
 * some Spicy Warm herbs are also diuretic

General Contraindications:
 * Qi & Yin deficiency causing excessive sweating

General Caution:
 * Yin syndrome
 * Blood deficiency
 * chronic skin infection

 * ../Ma Huang/ (麻黄) - strongly disperses Wind-Cold, Wei (衞) level (protective/defensive level)
 * ../Gui Zhi/ (桂枝) - strongly disperses Wind-Cold, Nutritive level & Muscle layer
 * ../Xi Xin/ (细辛) - strongly disperses Wind-Cold in Shao Yin stage with fever and deep pulse

 * ../Zi Su Ye/ (紫苏叶) - average disperse Wind-Cold, special for Cold, Exterior Excess, turbidity
 * ../Jing Jie/ (荆芥) - average disperse Wind-Cold, special for any Wind (Heat or Cold)
 * ../Fang Feng/ (防风) - average disperse Wind-Cold, special deep aches & pains of Cold

 * ../Qiang Huo/ - release exterior, expel Wind-Damp, alleviate pain, Tai Yang headache, Upper Body Wind-Damp Bi pain
 * ../Gao Ben/ - release exterior, expel Wind-Damp, alleviate pain, Tai Yang headache
 * ../Bai Zhi/ - release exterior, expel Wind-Damp, alleviate pain, Yang Ming headache, toothache, nasal congestion

 * ../Sheng Jiang/ - Wind-Cold w/ turbidity in Stomach
 * ../Cong Bai/ (葱白)- unblocks Yang Qi superficially, if early
 * ../Xiang Ru/ - Summertime Cold-Damp, "Summertime Ma Huang"
 * ../Xin Yi Hua/ (辛夷花) - light, ascending, nasal problems

back to ../Herbs that Release the Exterior/


text:
User talk:Latinus~enwikibooks

 * Please leave your message at my talk page at the English Wikipedia. Thanks. --Latinus 19:39, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Latinus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Latinus~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:21, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:11, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Latinus~enwikibooks


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/XML Editor

See also Comparison of XML editors.

NetBeans

Exchanger XML Lite

XML:  XML Editor & XSLT Debugger

XML: XML Spy

XML: Stylus Studio XML Editor

XML: XMLPad

XML: XMLmind XML Editor

XML: Liquid XML Editor

title: XML - Managing Data Exchange/XML Editor


text:
Anim8or - Basics to Advanced/User Interface Overview

When you first start up Anim8or, after the splash screen goes away, you will get a grid in front of you with a bunch of buttons surrounding it.

Let's go over the buttons first. Here are the set of buttons on the left of the screen when you first start Anim8or:

These set of buttons are part of the Object/Edit mode in Anim8or. These tools allow you to create basic objects such as cubes, spheres, and other primitives. You can also do basic manipulation on these objects such as rotation, moving the object, and scaling the object. We will now go over all these buttons to understand them more.

Next: Object/Edit buttons


text:
Traditional Chinese Medicine/Xin Liang Jie Biao

Xin Liang Jie Biao
Spicy Cool Release Exterior

General Actions & Indications:
 * disperses Wind-Heat (Spicy & Cool)
 * fever
 * scared of wind
 * sore throat
 * thirsty
 * headache
 * red eye
 * tongue body red
 * tongue coat thin & yellow
 * pulse floating & rapid
 * stop itching
 * measles (heat come out)
 * stop cough

General Contraindications:
 * Qi & Yin deficiency causing excessive sweating

General Caution:
 * Yin deficiency syndrome
 * Blood deficiency
 * chronic skin infection

 * ../Bo He/ - disperses Wind-Heat, promotes expression of rashes, sweat-inducing (1)
 * ../Niu Bang Zi/ - disperses Wind-Heat, promotes expression of rashes, sweat-inducing (2)
 * ../Chan Tui/ - disperses Wind-Heat, promotes expression of rashes, sweat-inducing (3)

 * ../Sang Ye/ - disperses Wind-Heat and clears Liver Fire, stronger dispersing
 * ../Ju Hua/ - disperses Wind-Heat and clears Liver Fire, stronger clear Liver Fire, clear vision
 * ../Mu Zei/ - clears vision, removes membrane causing visual obstructions

 * ../Dan Dou Chi/ - mildly vents and disperses exterior pathogens at any level, relieves constraint

 * ../Ge Gen/ - releases exterior & raises Yang Qi, disperses heat Yang Ming muscle level, promotes expression of rash (w/ Sheng Ma)
 * ../Chai Hu/ - releases exterior & raises Yang Qi, most effective in reducing fever, intermitent chills & fever, raises Yang (with Sheng Ma)
 * ../Sheng Ma/ - releases exterior & raises Yang Qi, effective raises Yang action, relieves Heat Toxicity, promotes expression of rash (with Ge Gen), raises Yang (with Chai Hu)

 * ../Man Jing Zi/

 * ../Fu Ping/

back to ../Herbs that Release the Exterior/


text:
XML - Managing Data Exchange/NetBeans

NetBeans

=Using an XML Editor: NetBeans : Single - Entity= Return to the Single Entity Chapter => ../A single entity/

NetBeans IDE 5.0 instruction

 * 1) Launch NetBeans
 * 2) Make yourself familiar with the IDE by opening Help > Help Contents and reading the material in Getting Started
 * 3) Create a new project by File > New Project.. (Ctrl+Shift+N)
 * 4) Under "Choose a Project:" select under Categories: General
 * 5) Select under Projects: Java Application
 * 6) Press Next
 * 7) Name the project name appropriately (e.g., xml1)
 * 8) Check "Set as Main Project" and un-check "Create Main Class"
 * 9) Save to the appropriate location
 * 10) Press Finish
 * 11) Right click just created project (e.g., xml1) from Projects window
 * 12) Create a new file by New > File/Folder > XML > XML document
 * 13) Name the file (e.g., city)
 * 14) Press Next
 * 15) Select "Well-formed Document"
 * 16) Press Finish
 * 17) You should see the following skeleton XML file:
 * 18) The goal is to create a simple markup file, rather than an XML file, so replace the section delimited by   and   in the skeleton XML file with the lines in Table 1. After the change, the file should look like:
 * 19) Check the markup file is well-formed by clicking on the single green downward point triangle on the XML tool bar above the document listing. It should pass the check. Alternatively, use Alt+F9 (Windows) or Ctrl+F9 (Mac).
 * 20) Delete the tag    and check the file again. This time you should get an error indicating that an end tag is missing. "XML document structures must start and end within the same entity." followed by the line number (where the error occurs) in brackets should appear in blue and underlined.

 NetBeans is an open source IDE that includes an XML editor.

XML document:
To validate an XML document: If the XML file, city.xml, conforms to the XML schema provided, city.xsd, your Output Window should look like the following:
 * 1) Go to File -> New File -> XML -> XML Document.
 * 2) Save your file as ‘city’
 * 3) Select XML Schema-Constrained Document as the document type.
 * 4) Next, specify your schema location (Go to Browse, then select the schema just created) and root element name (tourGuide).
 * 5) Copy and paste the above code into the NetBeans editor and save.
 * 6) Check the XML document to make sure it is well-formed (ALT-F9).
 * 1) Right-click the document's node and choose Validate XML.

Open this file, city.xml, in NetBeans.

Netbeans Tips
The prefix "xsi" for attribute "xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation" associated with an element type "Listing" is not bound. -Caused because line "xmlns:xsi='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance'" is       missing from the top of the document.

cvc-elt.1: Cannot find the declaration of element 'Listing'. -Caused due to lack of extension(.xsd) at the end of the schema name.

cvc-complex-type.2.4.a: Invalid content was found starting with element 'MuseumName'. One of '{"":Museum}' is expected. [5]      -Caused due to lack of naming at the beginning and end of the variable naming section.

The element type "MuseumName" must be terminated by the matching end-tag "". -Could be caused by a missing "/" in the end tag of one of the variables

XML Schema
Any XML document, including XML schema and XML stylesheet documents, can be checked to make sure they are “well-formed”. An XML document is said to be well-formed if it adheres to the XML syntax rules, as outlined in the Chapter 1, such as there must be exactly one root element, every start tag must have an end tag. The well-formedness of an XML documents can be checked using an XML editor software, in this case, the NetBeans. If any errors are detected, they are listed along with the line number in the Output window. This location is not necessarily the line where the error occurred. By double-clicking on any error message, you can go to the line in the XML document where the error was detected.

Use NetBeans to create a new project: Use NetBeans to create the above XML schema:
 * 1) Go to File -> New Project

To check an XML document to see if it is well-formed:
 * 1) Go to File -> New File -> XML -> XML Schema.
 * 2) Save your file as ‘city’ (this gives the file an extension of .xsd).
 * 3) Copy and Paste the above schema into city.xsd and save
 * 1) Right-click the document's node (under files, city.xsd) and choose Check XML schema or press Alt-F9.

If the XML schema, city.xsd, is well-formed, your Output Window should look like this:

Netbeans Tips
Element type "xsd:element" must be followed by either attribute specifications, ">" or "/>". -Caused by lack of ">" or "/>" symbol at the end of either the specified line or the line there after. The value of attribute "name" associated with an element type "xsd:complexType" must not contain the '<' character. -Often caused by lack of closing quotation around the variable name on either the specified line or the line there after. src-resolve.4.2: Error resolving component 'xsd:strin'...     -Caused by invalid "type", most likely misspelled. Can be for any "type", not just "string." The element type "xsd:sequence" must be terminated by the matching end-tag "". -Caused because  is not found in order to close the statement. -Also caused because the closing statements are out of order as      they at the beginning of the Schema.

XML Stylesheet
Use NetBeans to create the above XML stylesheet:

 * 1) Go to File -> New File -> XML -> XSL Stylesheet
 * 2) Save your file as ‘city’
 * 3) Copy and paste the above code into the NetBeans editor and save.
 * 4) Check the stylesheet to make sure it is well-formed (ALT-F9).

Note: The city example files (city.xsd, city.xml and city.xsl) can be created using a text editor, and the results are displayed correctly in a compatible web browser such as Mozilla 1.6. You will need to store all of the files in the same directory and insert the following line after line 1 of city.xml:

This associates the XSL Stylesheet with the XML file containing the city data. Also, If you are using Netbeans, be sure to take off the xmlns line in the beginning which looks like xmlns='http://xml.netbeans.org/examples/targetNS', otherwise it will not display all data.

Netbeans Tips
The element type "xsl:text" must be terminated by the matching end-tag "". -Caused by either lack of end-tag or misspelling of the end- tag.

The element type "xsl:for-each" must be terminated by the matching end-tag "". -Caused due to either lack of end-tag for the specified tag or       end-tags placed in the wrong order.

title: XML - Managing Data Exchange/NetBeans


text:
User:Cshelton

My name is Chris and I listen to Neutral Milk Hotel way too much.

title: User:Cshelton


text:
User:Karl Wick/Test/Main Page

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 * Wikibooks with over 1,000 textbook modules:

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      fa:

title: User:Karl Wick/Test/Main Page


text:
Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/The House of Lancaster

Henry IV (1399- 1413)
Henry IV was born on 3 April 1367 at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, which was why he was also known as Henry Bolingbroke. His father was the third son of King Edward III of England, John of Gaunt. After landing in Yorkshire in 1398, Henry had enough support to be declared king by parliament in 1399. As king, Henry consulted with parliament often, but he sometimes disagreed with them, particularly over church matters. Henry was the first English king to allow the burning of heretics.

Henry spent much of his reign defending himself against plots, rebellions and assassination attempts. Rebellions continued throughout the first ten years of Henry's reign. These included the revolt of Owen Glendower, who declared himself Prince of Wales in 1400, and the rebellion of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland. The king's success in putting down these rebellions was due partly to the military ability of his eldest son, Henry, who would later become King. In 1406, English soldiers captured the future King James I of Scotland as he was going to France. James remained a prisoner of Henry for the rest of Henry's reign.

Marriages and children
In 1381, 18 years before becoming king, Henry married Mary de Bohun. They had two daughters and four sons, one of which was the future King Henry V of England. Mary died in 1394, and in 1403 Henry married Joanna of Navarre, the daughter of Charles d'Évreux, King of Navarre. She was the widow of John V of Brittany, with whom she had four daughters and four sons, but she and Henry had no children.

The later years of Henry's reign were marked by serious health problems. He had some sort of disfiguring skin disease, and more seriously suffered acute attacks of some grave illness in June 1405, April 1406, June 1408, during the winter of 1408-09, December 1412, and then finally a fatal bout in March 1413. Unusually for a king of England, he was buried not at Westminster Abbey but at Canterbury Cathedral, as near to the shrine of Thomas Becket as possible.

Henry V (1413-1422)
Henry V was born in Monmouth in 1387. He was king from 1413 to his death in 1422 By the time Henry died, he had not only consolidated power as the King of England but had also effectively accomplished what generations of his ancestors had failed to achieve through decades of war: unification of the crowns of England and France in a single person.

Life before became King
When Henry's father, Henry Bolingbroke, was exiled in 1398, Richard II took the boy into his own charge and treated him kindly. In 1399 the Lancastrian revolution brought Bolingbroke. He was created Duke of Lancaster on 10 November 1399, the third person to hold the title that year. In 1403 the sixteen-year-old prince was almost killed by an arrow which became lodged in his face. An ordinary soldier would have been left to die from such a wound, but Henry had the benefit of the best possible care, and, over a period of several days after the incident, the royal physician crafted a special tool in order to extract the tip of the arrow without doing further damage. The operation was successful.

The Welsh revolt of Owen Glendower took up much of Henry's attention until 1408. Then, as a result of the King's ill-health, Henry began to take a wider interest in politics. From January 1410, he had practical control of the government. In 1413 his father died and Henry became king.

Reign
When he became king, Henry had to deal with three main problems: the restoration of domestic peace, the healing of rift in the Church and the recovery of English prestige in Europe. Henry tackled all of the domestic policies together, and gradually built on them a wider policy. From the first he made it clear that he would rule England as the head of a united nation. The heirs of those who had suffered in the last reign were restored gradually to their titles and estates.

Henry then turned his attention to foreign affairs, in particular the war with France and his claim to be King of it. 25 October 1415 saw Henry score a great success in this campaign at Agincourt. The command of the sea was secured by driving the Genoese allies of the French out of the English Channel. Successful diplomacy saw the Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, cease his support of Henry's French foes, whilst the Treaty of Canterbury helped end the rift in the Church.

With the French having lost the support of the Genoese and the Holy Roman Emperor, with these 2 allies gone, the war was renewed on a larger scale in 1417. Lower Normandy was quickly conquered, and Rouen was cut off from Paris and besieged. The French were paralysed by the disputes of Burgundians and Armagnacs. Henry skilfully played them off one against the other, without relaxing his warlike energy. In January 1419 Rouen fell. By August the English were outside the walls of Paris. The internal disputes of the French parties ended with the killing of John of Burgundy by men loyal to the heir to the French throne. Philip, the new Duke of Burgundy, and the French court threw themselves into Henry's arms. After six months' negotiation Henry was recognised as heir and regent of France. On 2 June 1420, Henry married Catherine of Valois, the French king's daughter. Following his death, Catherine secretly married a Welsh courtier, Owen Tudor, grandfather of the future King Henry VII of England.

Death
Henry then made plans for a new Crusade began to take shape as the French situation became clearer. Henry visited to England in 1421, but returned to France after forces led by the Duke of Clarence were defeated at the Battle of Baugé. The hardships of the longer winter siege of Meaux broke down his health, and he died of dysentery at Bois de Vincennes on 31 August 1422. Had he lived another two months, he would have been crowned King of France. Henry was buried in Westminster Abbey. He was succeeded by his infant son, Henry.

Henry VI (1422-1461, 1470-1471)
Henry VI was born at Windsor Castle on 6 December 1421, the son of King Henry V. He was King of England from 1422, when he was nine months old. In 1423, parliament was called and a regency council was appointed. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Henry IV's youngest son, was appointed Protector and Defender of the Realm and the Church until the King came of age, but the Council had the power to replace him at any time. His duties were limited to keeping the peace and summoning and dissolving Parliament. Henry was eventually crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey on 6 November 1429 a month before his eighth birthday, and as King of France at Notre Dame in Paris on 16 December 1431. However, during the rule of the regency council, much of the ground his father gained in France was lost. A revival of French fortunes, beginning with the military victories of Joan of Arc, led to the French nobles preferring the French dauphin, who was crowned as King of France at Reims. Diplomatic errors as well as military failures resulted in the loss of most of the English territories in France.

Henry assumed the reins of government when he was declared of age in 1437. On gaining his majority, Henry VI proved to be a deeply spiritual man, lacking the worldly wisdom necessary to allow him to rule effectively. Right from the time he assumed control as king, he allowed his court to be dominated by a few noble favorites, and the peace party, which was in favour of ending the war in France, quickly came to dominate.

Marriage
It was thought that the best way of pursuing peace with France was through a marriage with King Charles VII of France's niece, Margaret of Anjou. Henry agreed, especially when he heard reports of Margaret's stunning beauty. Charles agreed to the marriage on condition that he would not have to provide the customary dowry and instead would receive the lands of Maine and Anjou from the English. These conditions were agreed to in the Treaty of Tours, but the cession of Maine and Anjou was kept secret from parliament. It was known that this would be hugely unpopular with the English populace. The marriage went ahead in 1445 and Margaret's character seems to have complemented that of Henry's in that she was prepared to take decisions and show leadership where he was content to be led by her. In this much Margaret proved a more competent ruler than Henry ever was, even though she was only sixteen at that time. The issue of Maine and Anjou finally became public knowledge in 1446.

Reign
The government's increasing unpopularity was due to a breakdown in law and order, corruption, the distribution of royal land to the king's court favourites, the troubled state of the crown's finances, and the steady loss of territories in France. In 1447, this unpopularity took the form of a Commons campaign against the Duke of Suffolk, who was the most unpopular of all the King's favourites was widely seen as a traitor, partly because of his role in negotiating the Treaty of Tours. Henry was forced to send him into exile, but his ship was boarded in the English Channel, and he was murdered. His body was found on the beach at Dover.

In 1449, the Duke of Somerset, who was leading the campaign in France, started more battles in Normandy, but by the autumn had been pushed back to Caen. By 1450, the French had retaken the whole province. Returning troops, who had often not been paid, added to the sense of lawlessness in the southern counties of England, and Jack Cade led a rebellion in Kent in 1450. Henry came to London with an army to crush the rebellion, but was persuaded to keep half his troops behind while the other half met Cade at Sevenoaks. Cade triumphed and went on to occupy London. In the end, the rebellion achieved nothing, and London was retaken after a few days of disorder, but the rebellion showed that feelings of discontent were running high.

In 1450, the Duchy of Aquitaine, held since Henry II's time, was also lost, leaving Calais as England's only remaining territory in France. By 1452, Richard, Duke of York, who had been sidelined by being made ruler of Ireland, was persuaded to return amd claim his rightful place on the council, and put an end to bad government. His cause was a popular one, and he soon raised an army at Shrewsbury. The king's supporters raised their own similar-sized force in London. A stand-off took place south of London, with the Duke of York giving a list of grievances and demands to the king's supporters. One of the demands was the arrest of the Duke of Somerset. The king initially agreed, but Margaret intervened to prevent it. By 1453, the Duke of Somerset regained his influence, and the Duke of York was again isolated. In the meantime, an English advance in Aquitaine had retaken Bordeaux and was having some success, and the queen announced that she was pregnant.

However, English success in Aquitaine was short-lived, and on hearing the news of the English defeat in August 1453, Henry slipped into a mental breakdown and became completely unaware of everything that was going on around him. This was to last for more than a year, and Henry failed even to respond to the birth of his own son and heir, Edward. The Duke of York, meanwhile, had gained a very important ally, the Earl of Warwick, who was one of the very influential and rich. The Duke York was named regent as Protector of the Realm in 1454, and the queen lost all her power. Somerset was held prisoner in the Tower of London. The Duke of York's months as regent were spent tackling the problem of government overspending. On Christmas Day 1454, however, Henry regained his senses.

Henry's character
Henry was kind and generous to those he cared about, giving away land and titles to his advisors. He dressed simply. He was keen on reading and 'book-learning' but did not like leading his country in battle.

Keen on the promotion of education, Henry gave generous grants for the foundation of both Eton College near Windsor, for the education of students from poor backgrounds, and King's College, Cambridge, where they could continue their education. Henry seems to have been a decent man, but completely unsuited to kingship. He allowed himself to dominated by the power-hungry factions which surrounded him at court and was later powerless to stop the outbreak of bloody civil war. It was too much for him to cope with, as his recurring mental illness from 1453 onwards showed.

The Wars of the Roses
Nobles who had grown in power during Henry's reign, but who did not like Henry's government, took matters into their own hands by backing the claims of the rival House of York, first to the regency, and then to the throne itself. After a violent struggle between the houses of Lancaster and York, Henry was deposed on 4 March 1461 by his cousin, Edward of York, who became King Edward IV. But Edward failed to capture Henry and his queen, and they were able to flee into exile abroad. During the first period of Edward IV's reign, Lancastrian resistance continued mainly under the leadership of Queen Margaret and the few nobles still loyal to her in the northern counties of England and Wales. Henry was captured by King Edward in 1465 and subsequently held captive in the Tower of London.

Queen Margaret was exiled, first in Scotland and then in France. However, she was determined to win back for her husband and son, and with the help of King Louis XI of France she eventually allied with the Earl of Warwick, who had fallen out with Edward IV. Warwick returned to England, defeated the Yorkists in battle, set Henry VI free and restored him to the throne on 30 October 1470. Henry's return to the throne lasted a very short time. By this time, years in hiding followed by years as a prisoner had taken their toll on Henry, who had been weak-willed and mentally unstable to start with. Henry looked tired and vacant as Warwick and his men paraded him through the streets of London as the rightful King of England. Within a few months Warwick had gone too far by declaring war on Burgundy, whose ruler responded by giving Edward IV the assistance he needed to win back his throne by force.

Death
Henry VI was again held prisoner, this time in the Tower of London, and he was murdered there on 21 May 1471. Popular legend has accused Richard III of his murder, as well as the murder of Henry VI's son, Edward. Each year on the anniversary of Henry VI's death, the Provosts of Eton and King's College, Cambridge, lay roses and lilies on the altar which now stands where he died. King Henry VI was originally buried in Chertsey Abbey. In 1485 his body was moved to St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. He was succeeded as king by Edward, son of Richard, Duke of York.


text:
Traditional Chinese Medicine/TCM Materia Medica

 * ../Taste & Temperature/
 * ../Herbs that Release the Exterior/
 * ../Herbs that Clear Heat/
 * Herbs That Clear Damp


text:
Bartending/Alcohol/Nut-flavored liqueur

Amadeus

 * 28% ABV (56º proof)
 * Origin: Austria (Mozart Distillery)
 * Flavor: Almond and orange
 * Appearance: Brandywine

Amaretto Di Saronno

 * 28% ABV (56º proof)
 * Country of origin: Italy
 * Flavor: almond, apricot drupe
 * Appearance: Brandywine

Lazzaroni Amaretto

 * 24% ABV (48º proof)
 * Country of origin: Italy
 * Flavor: Almond, apricot drupe
 * Appearance: Brandywine

Frangelico

 * 20% ABV (40º proof)
 * Country of origin: Italy
 * Flavor: Wild hazelnuts, berries, flowers, herbs
 * Appearance: Brandywine

Nocello

 * 24% ABV (48º proof)
 * Country of origin: Italy
 * Flavor: hazelnut and walnut
 * Color: hazel

Nocino

 * 40% ABV (80º proof)
 * Country of origin: Italy
 * Flavor: green walnut-husk infusion
 * Color: dark brown

title: Bartending/Alcohol/Nut-flavored liqueur


text:
Bartending/Alcohol/Herbal liqueur

Green Chartreuse

 * 55% ABV (110º proof)
 * Origin: France
 * Flavor: Herbal
 * Color: Chartreuse green

Yellow Chartreuse

 * 40% ABV (80º proof)
 * Origin: France
 * Flavor: Herbal
 * Color: Chartreuse yellow

Cynar
Artichoke digestif

Drambuie

 * 40% ABV (80º proof)
 * Origin: Scotland
 * Flavor: Scotch, heather honey, and herbs.
 * Appearance: Brandywine

Kümmel
Caraway seed flavored

Licor 43
(Cuarenta-y-Tres)

Metaxa

 * 38% ABV (76º proof)
 * Origin: Greece
 * Flavor: Brandy, wine and herbs
 * Appearance: Dark honey

title: Bartending/Alcohol/Herbal liqueur


text:
Bartending/Alcohol/Fruit liqueur

Aurum
Orange

Chambord

 * 16.5% (33º proof)
 * Origin: France
 * Flavor: Raspberry
 * Appearance: Deep red

Cherry Heering
cherry

Cloudberry Liqueur
Cloudberry

Triple sec
For Triple sec, Cointreau, Curaçao, or Grand Marnier, please see Orange liqueurs.

Destinee Sapphire

 * 17% ABV (34º proof}
 * Origin: USA
 * Flavor: Vodka, cognac and tropical fruit
 * Appearance: Azure blue

Destinee Ruby

 * 17% ABV (34º proof}
 * Origin: USA
 * Flavor: Vodka, cognac and grapefruit
 * Appearance: Pink

Framboise
Raspberry

Hpnotiq

 * 17% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: France
 * Flavor: Vodka, cognac and tropical fruit
 * Appearance: Azure blue

Limoncello

 * 24-32% ABV (48-64º proof}
 * Origin: Italy
 * Flavor: Lemon
 * Appearance: Lemonade

Melon Liqueur
melon

Midori
melon

Parfait Amour

 * 25% ABV (50º proof)
 * Origin: France
 * Flavor: Orange, vanilla, spices, rose petals and violet.
 * Appearance: Violet

Patxaran
sloe

Peach Liqueur
peach

Pecher Mignon
peach]]

Pisang Ambon
banana

Prunelle
sloe (Blackthorn berries)

Rum Tree
citrus

Sloe gin
sloe (Blackthorn berries)

Southern Comfort
peach bourbon

title: Bartending/Alcohol/Fruit liqueur


text:
Bartending/Alcohol/Crème liqueur

Crème de Banane
banana

Crème de Cacao
chocolate

Crème de Cassis
blackcurrant

Crème de Cerise
cherry

Crème de Menthe
mint

Crème de Myrtille
blueberry

Crème de Noyaux
almond

Crème de Y'vette
parma violets

title: Bartending/Alcohol/Crème liqueur


text:
Bartending/Alcohol/Cream liqueur

Advocaat

 * 14-20% ABV (28-40º proof)
 * Origin: Dutch
 * Flavor: Egg yolk (originally avocado), brandy, and (some brands) cream.
 * Appearance: Thick yellow cream

Amarula

 * 17% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: South Africa
 * Flavor: Amarula fruit and cream
 * Appearance: pale yellow

Drumgray Highland Cream Liqueur

 * 17% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: Scotland
 * Flavor: Whiskey, scottish herbs and cream
 * Appearance: cream

Baileys Irish Cream

 * 17% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: Ireland
 * Flavor: whisky & cream
 * Appearance: cafe latte

Saint Brendan's

 * 17% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: Northern Ireland
 * Flavor: Irish whiskey 'n cream
 * Appearance: caffe latte

Mozart White chocolate liqueur

 * 15% ABV (30º proof)
 * Origin: Austria
 * Flavor: chocolate, vanilla, caramel and cream
 * Appearance: white chocolate

Mozart Gold chocolate liqueur

 * 17% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: Austria
 * Flavor: chocolate and cream
 * Appearance: milk chocolate

Ponche Caribe

 * 11% ABV (22º proof)
 * Origin: Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles
 * Flavor: rum, milk, vanilla, eggs
 * Appearance: cream

Ponche Crema

 * 15% ABV (30º proof)
 * Origin: Venezuela
 * Flavor: rum, cream and egg-yolk
 * Appearance: pale yellow

Ponche Diva

 * 10% ABV (20º proof)
 * Origin: Bahamas
 * Flavor: pistachio cream
 * Appearance: pistachio

Ponche Kuba

 * 9% ABV (18º proof)
 * Origin: Barbados
 * Flavor: spiced rum cream
 * Appearance: cream

title: Bartending/Alcohol/Cream liqueur


text:
Bartending/Alcohol/Coffee liqueur

Café Marakesh

 * 23% ABV (46º proof)
 * Origin: Holland
 * Flavor: Coffee
 * Appearance: Dark brown

Godiva Cappuccino liqueur

 * 15% ABV (30º proof)
 * Origin: Belgium
 * Flavor: Chocolate, coffee, steamed milk
 * Appearance: caffe latte

Kahlúa

 * 26.5% ABV (53º proof)
 * Origin: Mexico
 * Flavor: Coffee, vanilla, chocolate and coconut.
 * Appearance: Dark brown

Sheridan's Liqueur

 * 15.5% ABV (31º proof)
 * Origin: Ireland
 * Flavor: Coffee and cream
 * Appearance: Coffee and cream

Starbucks Coffee Liqueur

 * 20% ABV (40º proof)
 * Origin: USA
 * Flavor: Dark coffee
 * Appearance: Black

Starbucks Cream Liqueur

 * 15% ABV (30º proof)
 * Origin: USA
 * Flavor: Coffee and cream
 * Appearance: Coffee and cream

Tia Maria

 * 26.5 ABV (53º proof)
 * Origin: Jamaica
 * Flavor: Blue Mountain Coffee, vanilla
 * Appearance: Dark brown

title: Bartending/Alcohol/Coffee liqueur


text:
Bartending/Alcohol/Chocolate liqueur

Ashanti Gold

 * Origin: Denmark, produced and bottled by Peter F. Heering A.S
 * Flavor: Chocolate
 * Appearance: brandywine
 * 56 proof 750 ml

Godiva Dark Chocolate liqueur
NO LONGER PRODUCED
 * 17% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: Belgium
 * Flavor: Dark chocolate
 * Appearance:

Godiva Milk Chocolate liqueur

 * 15% ABV (30º proof)
 * Origin: Belgium
 * Flavor: White chocolate
 * Appearance:

Godiva White Chocolate liqueur

 * 15% ABV (30º proof)
 * Origin: Belgium
 * Flavor: White chocolate
 * Appearance:

Godiva Capuccino liqueur

 * 15% ABV (30º proof)
 * Origin: Belgium
 * Flavor: Chocolate, coffee, steamed milk
 * Appearance: cafe latte

Mozart Black Chocolate Liqueur

 * 17% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: Austria
 * Flavor: bittersweet chocolate
 * Appearance: brandywine

Mozart White Chocolate Liqueur

 * 15% ABV (30º proof)
 * Origin: Austria
 * Flavor: chocolate, vanilla, caramel and cream
 * Appearance: chocolate milk

Mozart Gold Chocolate Liqueur

 * 17% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: Austria
 * Flavor: chocolate and cream
 * Appearance: coffee with a touch of cream

Amadé Chocorange Liqueur

 * 17% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: Austria
 * Flavor: chocolate, vanilla and orange
 * Appearance:

Sabra liqueur

 * 27% ABV (34º proof)
 * Origin: Israel
 * Flavor: chocolate orange
 * Appearance:

Vandermint

 * 26% ABV (52º proof)
 * Origin: Holland
 * Flavor: Chocolate mint
 * Appearance: Opaque dark brown - Cola-like

Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur

 * 17% ABV (34º proof}
 * Origin: Holland
 * Flavor: Chocolate and cream
 * Appearance: Chocolate milk

title: Bartending/Alcohol/Chocolate liqueur


text:
Bartending/Alcohol/Anise liqueur

Anise liqueurs have a predominately anise, also known as "licorice," taste. It is commonly derived from aniseed, although it can also come from star anise, fennel, or licorice, all of which have a similar taste, though none are related. Many anise-flavored liqueurs will turn a milky white when cold water is added. Anethole and other oils in these liqueurs are soluble in alcohol but not in water. When water is added the oils come out of solution and form tiny droplets that cloud the drink. Although ice-cold water is often used, it is not recommended to add ice to the drink first or to put anise liqueurs in the freezer, as anethole has a high freezing point, causing it to crystallize and form a skin on its surface.

Though anise-flavored liquors are generally referred to as liqueurs, several contain no sugar and are thus spirits, including arak, raki, and absinthe.

Absinthe

 * 70% ABV (140º proof)
 * Origin: Switzerland
 * Flavor: Wormwood and anise
 * Appearance: Green

Absinthe is a high-proof, anise-flavored liquor made by distilling herbs, including anise, fennel and grand wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). It should be noted that absinthe is not a liqueur but a spirit, as it does not contain sugar. It is included here as it is relates to several anise-flavored liqueurs such as Herbsaint and pastis. The distillate is either colored with additional herbs--giving it its famous green color, artificially colored, or left clear. Originally created in Switzerland, it's most known as a popular drink in France. Absinthe is typically served by slowly adding three to five parts ice-cold water to one part absinthe. This causes the drink to "louche" and turn a cloudy white. Often a specially designed slotted spoon is placed over the glass and a sugar cube set on top. The water is poured over the cube, dissolving it and sweetening the drink.

In cocktails and other mixed drinks, owing to its very pronounced anise flavor, absinthe is generally used in much smaller proportions compared to other spirits. In most cases it is used similarly to a bitters, in dashes or as a rinse.

Absinthe was banned in a number of countries during the early twentieth century because of the supposed danger of poisoning, leading to such symptoms as convulsions, mental deterioration and death. These effects were attributed initially to wormwood itself, and later believed to be caused by the toxic compound thujone, a constituent of wormwood oil. The ban was recently lifted in most countries including the US, allowing its production and sale once again, but manufacturers in Europe are required to comply with European Union laws on thujone levels.

Aguardiente

 * 29-45% ABV (58-90º proof)
 * Origin: Latin America
 * Flavors: Various - myrtle, morello cherry, mint, anise among others
 * Appearance: Varies depending on content

In Colombia it is a 29% ABV anise-flavored liqueur made from sugarcane and aniseed. By varying the amount of aniseed used, different flavors can be created, leading to heavy competition between brands. In Mexico it is a mixed drink, containing rum and mezcal.

Anis del Toro

 * Spanish for "The bull's anise". It was discussed in Ernest Hemingway's works, "Hills Like White Elephants" and "The Sun Also Rises".

Anisette

 * 25% ABV (50º proof)
 * Origin: Italy and France
 * Flavor: Aniseed and other aromatics.
 * Appearance: Clear and colorless.

 * A sweet aniseed-flavored liqueur that is typically 25% ABV. It is often used to flavor a shot of espresso, along with a lemon peel twist.

Arak

 * 53-60% or more (106-120º proof)
 * Origin: Middle-East
 * Flavor: Aniseed
 * Appearance: Clear and colorless.

Arak is a strong, clear Middle Eastern liquor. It is made by distilling wine which is then mixed with aniseed and distilled a second time. It is traditionally an aperitif prepared by adding water and then ice, and is often accompanied by mezze.

Galliano

 * 30% ABV (60º proof)
 * Origin: Italy
 * Flavor: Mildly herbal and fruity
 * Appearance: Yellow

 * Created by an Italian distiller in 1896, Galliano is a 30% ABV liqueur made from exotic herbs such as star anise and vanilla.

Herbsaint

 * 45% ABV (90º proof)
 * Origin: New Orleans, USA
 * Flavor: Anise
 * Appearance:

Herbsaint was created by Reginald Parker and J.M. Legendre from New Orleans. While in France during World War I they learned how to make absinthe which was banned not long after the start of the war. After the repeal of prohibition Legendre used his knowledge to create Herbsaint as an absinthe substitute. The Sazarac company bought his company in 1948 and kept the recipe the same until the 1970s when the proof was lowered, and artificial coloring was added.

Mastika

 * 45% ABV (90º proof)
 * Origin: Bulgarian and skopje
 * Flavor: Anise
 * Appearance:

The national drink of Bulgaria and skopje, Mastika is created using a base similar to brandy that is flavored with anise. It is bottled at 45% ABV and is prepared in a manner similar to Arak.

Oghi

 * 53% ABV (106º proof)
 * Origin: Armenia
 * Flavor: Anise, or mulberry (tutti oghi), or cherry (honi oghi).
 * Appearance: Varies with flavoring

Ouzo

 * 40% ABV (80º proof)
 * Origin: Greece
 * Flavor: Anise
 * Appearance: Clear and colorless

Pastis

 * 40-45% ABV (80-90º proof)
 * Origin: France
 * Flavor: Anise
 * Appearance: Yellow

Pastis is an anise-flavored liqueur and apéritif from France, typically containing 40–45% alcohol by volume, although there exist Ethanol|alcohol-free varieties.

When absinthe was banned in France in 1915, the major absinthe producers (then Pernod and Ricard, who have since merged as Pernod Ricard) reformulated their drink without the banned wormwood component, a heavier focus on the aniseed flavor using more star anise, sugar and a lower alcohol content creating pastis, which remains popular in France today. Pastis has changed considerably since its first creation based on market preference.

Pastis is normally diluted with water before drinking (generally five volumes of water for one volume of pastis). The resulting decrease in alcohol percentage causes some of the constituents to become insoluble, which changes the liqueur's appearance from dark transparent yellow to milky soft yellow. The drink is consumed cold, with ice, and is considered a refreshment for hot days. Ice cubes can be added after the water to avoid crystallization of the anethol in the pastis. However, many pastis drinkers refuse to add ice, preferring to drink the beverage with cool spring water.

Although it is consumed throughout France, especially in the summer, pastis is generally associated with southeastern France, especially with the city of Marseilles, and with the clichés of the Provençal lifestyle, like pétanque.

Patxaran, Patcharan

 * 25-30% ABV (50-60º proof)
 * Origin: Basque country
 * Flavor: Aniseed, sloe, coffee, vanilla.
 * Appearance:

Patxaran, ('patcharan' in Spanish), is created in Navarre where an anisette liqueur is flavored mainly with sloe berries as well as coffee beans and vanilla pods.

Raki

 * 45-50% ABV (90-100º proof)
 * Origin: Turkey (Turkish rakı)
 * Flavor: Anise
 * Appearance: Clear, colorless

Salmiakkikossu

 * 40% ABV (80º proof)
 * Origin: Finland
 * Flavor: Liquorice
 * Appearance:

A pre-mixed cocktail, which became popular in Finland during the 1990s, consisting of vodka mixed with ground up, Turkish Pepper brand, salty liquorice.

Sambuca White

 * 40% ABV (80º proof)
 * Origin: Italy
 * Flavor: Anise
 * Appearance: Clear and colorless.

Sambuca Black

 * 40% ABV (80º proof)
 * Origin: Italy
 * Flavor: Anise
 * Appearance: Blue

Tsipouro

 * 40% ABV (80º proof)
 * Origin: Greece
 * Flavor: Anise or plain
 * Appearance: Clear and colorless

Xtabentún

 * 40% ABV (80º proof)
 * Origin: Mexico
 * Flavor: Rum, anise and xtabentun (Rivea corymbosa) honey
 * Appearance: Yellow

title: Bartending/Alcohol/Anise liqueur


text:
Radiation Oncology/CNS/CSF involvement

This page is for treatment of CSF-positive disease.

See also: Radiation Oncology:Leukemia

Introduction
Neoplastic meningitis affects 4-15% of pts with solid tumors (carcinomatous meningitis), 5-15% of pts with leukemia or lymphoma, and 1-2% of pts with primary brain tumors. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histology. Breast, lung, and melanoma are the most likely to metastasize to the meninges. Small cell lung cancer also has a high chance of leptomeningeal involvement, but its overall incidence is lower.

Tumor most commonly involves the base of the brain (basilar cisterns) and the dorsal surface of the spinal cord, usually the cauda equina.

Signs and symptoms
CN VI involvement is the most common cranial nerve affected, followed by III and IV. Trigeminal (sensory or motor), cochlear, and optic neuropathy are also common. Spinal symptoms include weakness, dermatomal pain or sensory loss. Nuchal rigidity is rare.

Diagnosis
CSF examination is the most useful. Positive findings are: increased opening pressure (>200 mm H2O), increased leukocytes (>4 per mm^3), elevated protein (>50 mg/dL), or decreased glucose (<60 mg/dL). Diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of malignant cells in the CSF. Yield of finding malignant cells is increased by a 2nd lumbar puncture with a yield of >80% (up to 45% are negative on initial exam).

MRI with contrast of the brain and spine. Radionuclide studies to evaluate CSF flow.

Prognosis
Prognosis for all pts is extremely poor, with a median survival on the order of 4 months.

Treatment
Treatment may be intrathecal chemotherapy (through lumbar puncture or intraventricular, such as by Ommaya reservoir), radiotherapy, or systemic chemotherapy. Radiotherapy is indicated for bulky disease (chemotherapy only penetrates to 3mm depth of tumor nodules) and CSF flow abnormalities. Radiotherapy also indicated for palliation of symptoms, such as cauda equina syndrome or cranial nerve abnormalities.

Intra-CSF chemotherapy: methotrexate, cytarabine, and thiotepa. Sustained-release liposomal form of cytarabine (DepoCyt) results in cytotoxic levels in CSF for > 10 days. Usually given 2-3x/week for induction, then weekly x 4 weeks (consolidation), then once a month (maintenance).

Systemic chemotherapy can penetrate into the CSF in areas of leptomeningeal metastasis where the blood-brain barrier is disrupted and will therefore reach a therapeutic level throughout the CSF, not just locally. Also, high-dose systemic MTX or ara-C can penetrate adequately into the CSF.

Radiation therapy: 30 Gy in 10 fractions recommended to symptomatic and bulky disease.

Guidelines: Since prognosis is poor and systemic progression of disease is common, aggressive CNS treatment should not be offered for many patients. However, breast cancer patients often have extended survival and should be offered aggressive treatment.

Radiation technique
Helmet field: Technique: place isocenter 2 cm posterior to lens marker. This allows for quasi half-beam technique to reduce divergence to the lens. Inferior field edge at bottom of C2. 5 mm margin at cribriform plate and temporal lobe.

 * PMID 11286856, 2001 — "Does the standardized helmet technique lead to adequate coverage of the cribriform plate? An analysis of current practice with respect to the ICRU 50 report." Weiss E et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Apr 1;49(5):1475-80.

Reviews

 * PMID 16215819, 2005 — "Leptomeningeal metastases from solid malignancy: a review." Tallibert S et al. J Neurooncol. 2005 Oct;75(1):85-99.
 * PMID 15908671, 2005 — "Neoplastic meningitis." Chamberlain MC. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3605-13.
 * PMID 9696379, 1998 — "Current diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis." DeAngelis LM. J Neurooncol. 1998 Jun-Jul;38(2-3):245-52.

title: Radiation Oncology/CNS/CSF involvement


text:
Traditional Chinese Medicine/Herbs that Clear Heat

Qing Re Yao (Herbs That Clear Heat)

 * Most Qing Re Yao clear both External & Internal Heat
 * External Heat can get into the body and transform into Internal Heat
 * Herbs that clear heat generally have antibiotic actions
 * Qing Re Yao are contraindicated for weak Spleen or Stomach

6 Subcategories of Herbs That Clear Heat

 * ../Qing Re Xia Huo/ (Clear Heat, Purge Fire) - for Qi level
 * ../Qing Re Liang Xue/ (Clear Heat, Cool Blood) - heat in Wei & Qi level
 * ../Qing Re Chu Shi/ (Clear Heat, Dry Damp)
 * ../Qing Re Jie Du/ (Clear Heat, Reduce Toxin) - TCM antibiotic
 * ../Qing Re Hu Rei/ (Clear Summer Heat)
 * ../Clear False Heat/

External Evil
External Evil can invade 4 levels, where the Wei Level is the least serious, and the Xue Level is the most serious level:
 * Wei Level (卫分证) Defensive Level
 * Qi Level (气分证) Energy Level
 * Ying Level (营分证) Nutritive Level
 * Xue Level (血分证) Blood Level