text:
Cookbook:Lentil Rice Loaf

Lentil rice loaf isn't exactly a meatloaf imitation, but it is a hearty version of a vegetarian classic.

Ingredients

 * ½ cup lentils
 * 2½ cups vegetable stock
 * 1 bay leaf
 * ½ cup brown rice (not all will be used)
 * 1 egg, beaten
 * About 2 tablespoons seasoned bread crumbs
 * ½ finely-chopped onion
 * 1 tablespoon olive oil

Procedure

 * 1) Combine the lentils and the bay leaf with 1½ cups of the stock. Cover and simmer for approximately 45 minutes, or until lentils are tender but not falling apart (they should offer slight resistance to the bite). You may need to add additional stock during cooking; the lentils should remain covered.
 * 2) Meanwhile, cook the brown rice in 1 cup of the stock: bring the stock to a boil, add rice, reduce heat to low, cover, and cook at the lowest heat for 50 minutes.
 * 3) Empty about three-quarters of the rice into a bowl, along with lentils. A little liquid from the lentils should be added—maybe 2–3 tablespoons worth, but not too much.
 * 4) Add the egg, onion, olive oil, and bread crumbs to the lentil-rice mixture. Adjust ratio of rice to lentils by adding more rice if desired. Mix in bread crumbs until mixture holds together.
 * 5) Place mixture in a small greased baking dish, and bake at 350°F for 35 minutes, or until a crust is formed around the edge.
 * 6) Allow to cool for at least 10 minutes before cutting and serving.

title: Cookbook:Lentil Rice Loaf


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Talk:Electric Vehicle Conversion

Note: This talk moved from the Wikipedia article Nov 23, 2005

An excilent resource for EV conversion is the EVDL (EV Discussion List), perhaps joining and requesting help with the document would work! You might also ask specific questions regarding areas you feel are lacking, while pointing listers to that area of the article directly. --D0li0 06:57, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Ed. note: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:D0li0 at wikipedia - Leonard G. 06:38, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Comments from an EVDL member
I'm forwarding these comments from an EVDL member:
 * In the diagram Image:WPEVStartRun.png image, the relay is called Ry RL, but down in the text it's referred to as Ry RS.
 * (?) I did find AS, now corrected to A-S (''Alarm-Start"). - Leonard G. 06:17, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Just a question: in the first part of the article, it talks about how the car should operate like an ICE vehicle, requiring the key to be turned to the Start position.  But then later in the article, it talks about breaking people of the habit of the pressing the accelerator pedal.  Maybe I'm one of those operators of older vehicles talked about, but I still press the accelerator when I start my car, whether it's fuel-injected or not.  So it seems like in the same description, it's trying to make the car start like an ICE vehicle, and yet not make it start like an ICE vehicle.
 * Good point, I am taking this as saying that the prose needs work, not the design - Leonard G. 06:17, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The rectangular area called In Cab confused me. At first, I thought it was some special kind of component.  Then I came to think that, no, it's not a component at all; it just represents "somewhere inside the cab."  I think this latter view is the correct one, but I'd like text and/or picture to make it clearer.  I'm also not sure what the short blue wire between "Run Buss" and "Run:" is for.  My guess is that it's for other systems that are activated only when the ignition state has been latched, but the text doesn't make that clear--and this also added to my confusion about the In Cab being a component.
 * The short blue wire is the run-latch path. Ry RL is initially pulled down by the Start signal via Ry A-S (if the interlock chain is closed). The left part of the blue line applies power to Ry RL. If not latched, this would open when Start is no longer applied, so Ignition (brown) is applied via the closed contacts to the Run Buss and thence through D1 to hold the relay closed.
 * Will clarify the diagram with respect to Cab. This is currently clarified in the associated text.

 * I don't know what this means: "The run buss is grounded when not in the run state, allowing additional interlocks to be included in order to ensure proper shutdown."   Where would these additional interlock be placed?  How would they ensure proper shutdown?
 * For example, run power from the headlights through a diode to an acoustic alarm that has its negative side on the run buss. If lights are on and run buss is grounded (not running), alarm sounds. Lights off and running, reverse current flow into the low resistance lighting is blocked by the diode. Lights on and running, both ends of circuit are high, no alarm. A diagram showing this has been added. By adding a switch when the parking brake is firmly pulled then a similar alarm can be applied via clock or dome light power (on at all times), alarm if off and parking brake not well pulled.

 * Finally, I had to think about diode D1. When the key switch is in the Start position and both relays are enabled, there will be 12V on each side of the diode.  Therefore the diode won't conduct, since one side isn't lower in voltage than the other.  When the key switch is then returned to the On position, the Alarm-Start Relay will open, removing the +12V on the negative side of the diode, so the diode will start conducting, thus keeping the Run Latch Relay (Ry RL) energized.  Is that correct?  If so, maybe an explanation could be added to that effect for dummies like me.  If not, then perhaps add a description of the way it really works.
 * Your description is correct. Note that without the diode that the Ground Not Run (GNR) function will short the start preventing the run-latch from pulling in.

 * Thanks for your good work here (That's for YOU, not me). Hope this helps. - Bill Dennis --D0li0 11:44, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Wow this is big. Shouldn't this go in WikiBooks?

updating bookshelf with new category engineering-automotive
Hi I found your wikibook, and just want to let you know that I added to the engineering bookshelf in a new category Automotive. I found some other titles that I have put in there also. I think we may be able to get quite a section going... If you like I can put the development icon up looks like your book is going well! Richimoto 02:50, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Hybrid
I suggest include information to convert a petroleum vehicle into an gas/electric hybrid vehicle.

Solar power
I suggest include information about how to convert a petroleum vehicle into a tribid or solar electric vehicle (how to install the right solar panels.

Such skills are difficult to come by in many states since the low tax attitudes and laws have lead to the removal of shop classes of various types from the intermediate and high school programs In my high school, I attended in the last year of auto shop availablility, which I didn't realize at the time.(California, few years ago)

Think this is important and suggest put it in this or another specific wikibook.--Lagoset (discuss • contribs) 07:20, 13 May 2015 (UTC)

List of successful conversions
I suggest people make a list of successful conversions so continuous improvement can happen. People would see the best conversions and have that as a starting point. The table would include: car | miles/charge | max speed | total cost of conversion | type of engine (airplane, forklift ect) | ... If you have any other ideas for table headers, just edit this comment.

 * Good. --Lagoset (discuss • contribs) 07:22, 13 May 2015 (UTC)

Languages
Suggest translate to other languages, beginning with Spanish.. I am going to ask here the doubts about words when translating. Also suggest a Wikibook about Kit car (kit motorcycle, how to convert bycicle to electric bycicle...)--147.84.132.44 (discuss) 08:17, 13 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Good idea!.--Lagoset (discuss • contribs) 07:21, 13 May 2015 (UTC)

Cars
There would be a wikibook for buses / trucks, other for cars and other for bicycles. --Lagoset (discuss • contribs) 07:08, 13 May 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Electric Vehicle Conversion


text:
High School Physics/Introduction to physics

So, you are now embarking into the wonderful world of physics. Physics is probably the most applicable of the three pure sciences (Biology, Physics, and Chemistry). The study of physics is not meant to answer fundamental questions about our existence in this wonderful universe. In physics, scientists make observations, develop theories, experiment and revise their theories. Physics tells us how gravity behaves but does not speak to gravity's origin. Don't confuse physics and philosophy. If one desires to obtain meaningful answers to life's deepest questions, he or she should not rely exclusively on the study of physics.

Physics textbooks often explain ideas in complex terms and these terms tend to confuse most students. This textbook will attempt to explain ideas in the simplest terms possible and avoid confusing language.

Throughout the book there will be the following conventions to help you understand physics.

Mnemonics basically, it will represent easier ways to represent complex ideas

"Think of it this way" will present applied ways to think about the concept

"Falling apples" presents possibilities in which people commonly associate with the wrong idea in mind and to be sure to fix that mistake.


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User talk:24.90.44.233

This IP address has been blocked for the period of 1 month for vandalism. --Whiteknight T C E 06:22, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I blocked it for 3 moths - it's open proxy. --Derbeth talk 16:20, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.90.44.233


text:
User talk:La Hire

This user has been banned from wikibooks for the period of one month. Acts of vandalism after that month will result in an indefinate ban from wikibooks. --Whiteknight T C E 06:35, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:La Hire


text:
Cookbook:Corn Muffins

These corn muffins are moist and sweet with a slightly crunchy crust This recipe is based on a recipe from Rose Levy Berenbaum's Bread Bible, but with yogurt substituted for the sour cream. This is also double her recipe.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (128 g) cornmeal
 * 1 cup plus 1 Tbsp (150 g) bleached all-purpose flour
 * 4 Tbsp plus 4 tsp (66 g) white granulated sugar
 * 2 tsp baking powder
 * ½ tsp baking soda
 * 1 tsp salt
 * 2 large eggs
 * 1–⅓ cups yogurt or sour cream
 * 4 Tbsp butter, melted and cooled

Procedure

 * 1) Mix the cornmeal, flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt together. Whisk together the egg and yogurt, and stir them quickly into the dry goods, leaving some lumps.
 * 2) Add the melted butter and fold in.
 * 3) Pour into ramekins or muffin tins.
 * 4) Bake for 15–18 minutes at 400°F, or until the tops are golden.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * It can be helpful to pour the butter from ramekin to ramekin, which both lubes up the ramekins and cools the butter.
 * This recipe makes a fine cornbread, too, if poured into a 6x9-inch pan instead of muffin tins.

title: Cookbook:Corn Muffins


text:
Talk:Wi-Fi/Security

RC4
There is nothing really wrong with RC4 -- it's not the basic problem in WEP.

Security?
From the text (emphasis mine): "...easy to identify as yours (e.g., your street address)" Is it really recommended to broadcast your home address to wardrivers?

title: Talk:Wi-Fi/Security


text:
Talk:Intelligence Intensification/Memory Techniques

Pegword Example
The pegword example given of a shopping list is more appropriate for a link system. I cannot think of a good reason why you would want to recall the third item in your shopping list. I suggest the pegword example be rewritten using U.S. Presidents, or some other example where order is useful.

After a little more thought, I realized that there's only one additional association required when using pegs vs. links, and the link between the first item and the number one actually helps you remember what the first item in the list was. In retrospect, I withdraw my comment, but we should add some text describing this rationale.

It's versus its
See http://www.stormloader.com/garyes/its/#top

I think the "Drugs and Vitamins" section should be moved.
While they may affect memory and concentration, they are not mnemonic techniques. Reading this it seems clear that "Visualization" is an introduction to this module, and "how to remember whatever you want" is a conclusion, but "Drugs and Vitamins" seems tacked on and completely out of place in this section. It may be relevant to the book, but it does not belong in this section.JeffStickney 00:42, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

I broke the numbers and digits section off into its own module
While its not too long or complicated, it is abstract enough that a reader will not intuitively grasp it at a glance. If it is in its own section it will separated from distractions, and a reader will is less likely to inadvertently scroll away before he or she "gets it". I'd also like to eventually add another module. I know a system that combines this number system with pegwords to memorize playing cards.JeffStickney 01:12, 22 July 2007 (UTC)


text:
Radiation Oncology/Bile duct/Unresectable Disease/EBRT

External Beam RT for unresectable disease

 * Kyoto Japan PMID 15966192 -- Unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma completely reduced by external radiation therapy. (2005 Kaido T, Hepatogastroenterology. 2005 May-Jun;52(63):725-7.)
 * Case report - 1 patient, 4 years out, with complete resolution after RT (EBRT 60 Gy in 30 sessions)
 * Yamagata Japan PMID 12828045 -- Management of unresectable hilar bile duct cancer--preoperative diagnosis, treatment selection, and clinical outcome. (2003 Hirai I, Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 May-Jun;50(51):614-20.)
 * Retrospective. 40 nonsurgical patients.
 * Reasons for no resection: extensive vessel invasion, broad biliary extension
 * RT better prognosis than no RT (p=0.01)
 * Conclusion : "Portal and arterial invasion were the principal reasons for unresectability. Use of an expandable metallic stent or radiation therapy, and a total bilirubin level of less than 2 mg/dL on discharge, were factors that enhanced survival in unresectable cases, but distant metastasis, dissemination, and poor general condition or liver function were negative factors for survival."
 * Miami 1985-97 PMID 11677948 -- Management of hilar bile duct carcinoma. (2001 Bathe OF, Hepatogastroenterology. 2001 Sep-Oct;48(41):1289-94.)
 * Retrospective. 55 patients, 19 curative resection.
 * 2-year survival longer in resection 47% vs. 18% (p=0.03)
 * No benefit to RT (either postoperative RT or in unresectable disease)
 * Conclusion : "Locoregional extent of disease is the greatest problem in cases of proximal bile duct cancers. Resection provides the best hope for long-term survival, but new adjuvant strategies are needed."
 * Ajou Korea 1990-93 PMID 11677950 -- The experiences of hilar skeletonization for the treatment of locally advanced proximal bile duct cancer. (2001 Kim MW, Hepatogastroenterology. 2001 Sep-Oct;48(41):1298-301.)
 * Prospective. 45 patients (16 curative resection, 15 noncurative resection, 14 nonresection)
 * Survival same for curative resection and noncurative resection + RT (p=NS)
 * Conclusion : "he resection is the treatment of choice for locally advanced proximal bile duct cancer, if resectable and the noncurative resection followed by postoperative external radiotherapy may be beneficial to the patients with locally advanced proximal bile duct cancer."
 * Amsterdam Netherlands 1992-99 PMID 11354319 -- Palliative treatment in patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma: results of endoscopic drainage in patients with type III and IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma. (2001 Gerhards MF, Eur J Surg. 2001 Apr;167(4):274-80.)
 * Retrospective. 41 patients treated with biliary drainage, 12 also PTBD
 * Radiotherapy had no influence on survival (unclear from abstract if EBRT or BT)
 * Conclusion : "The patients in this series had relatively long survival times, during which they had a substantial number of complications predominantly related to biliary drainage. Because biliary-enteric bypass operations result in effective relief of symptoms and excellent palliation, we suggest that when an exploration is done for patients with type III and IV tumours, a bypass should be made."
 * Kagoshima Japan PMID 11064386 -- Length and quality of survival following external beam radiotherapy combined with expandable metallic stent for unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. (2000 Shinchi H, J Surg Oncol. 2000 Oct;75(2):89-94.)
 * Retrospective. 51 patients, 30 stent + EBRT vs. 10 stent alone vs. 11 PTBD alone
 * Mean survival: PTBD 4.4 months vs. stent alone 6.4 months vs. stent + EBRT 10.6 months (p<0.05)
 * Quality of survival: PTBD 57.7 KPS vs. stent alone 68.1 KPS vs. stent + EBRT 74.9 KPS (p<0.01)
 * Conclusion : "These results indicate that external radiotherapy combined with metallic biliary endoprosthesis can increase the length and quality of survival and consequently provide a definite palliative benefit for patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma."
 * NHS Trust UK PMID 9038668 -- A retrospective comparison of endoscopic stenting alone with stenting and radiotherapy in non-resectable cholangiocarcinoma. (1996 Bowling TE, Gut. 1996 Dec;39(96):852-5.)
 * Case-control. 56 patients treated with stenting alone (28 pts) or stenting + ILRT/EBRT (28 pts)
 * Median survival: stenting 7 months vs. stenting + RT 10 months (p=0.06), but survival advantage for RT during first 9 months
 * More RT patients required stent changes and had longer hospital stays
 * Conclusion : "The survival advantage of radiotherapy in those with a type II/III stricture is seen only in the first 10 months after diagnosis. The costs of radiotherapy and significantly increased time spent in hospital, however, raise doubts over its routine use in the management of non-resectable cholangiocarcinoma."
 * Jefferson 1983-1992 PMID 7480704 -- Cholangiocarcinoma: clinical significance of tumor location along the extrahepatic bile duct. (1995 Alden ME, Radiology. 1995 Nov;197(2):511-6.)
 * Retrospective. 81 pts, 56 proximal, 25 distal. Median follow-up 28 months
 * 5-year OS: proximal 13% vs. distal 53% (p<0.01)
 * Proximal CA (RT or resection + RT or palliation): median survival no RT 6 mo vs. RT 17 mo (p=0.01). No benefit for resection in presence of RT
 * Distal CA (resection +/- RT): no benefit for RT after resection
 * Conclusion : "Patients with proximal cancer should undergo primary RT, and expectations should be limited. Patients with distal cancer should undergo resection, and RT may not be needed."
 * Mayo 1980-84 PMID 7537346 -- "Natural history" of unresected cholangiocarcinoma: patient outcome after noncurative intervention. (1995 Farley DR, Mayo Clin Proc 1995; 70:425-9)
 * Retrospective. 103 patients without curative surgery. 68% biopsy-proven mets (18% LN+)
 * 1-year and 5-year OS: 53% and 4%
 * Survival advantage if palliative surgery or other palliative intervention
 * Conclusion : "Unresected cholangiocarcinoma is a rapidly fatal process, but early intervention affects the course of the disease and likely prolongs patient survival."
 * Cleveland Clinic 1977-85 PMID 1709795 -- Role of radiation after operative palliation in cancer of the proximal bile ducts. (1991 Grove MK, Am J Surg 1991; 161:454-8.)
 * 51 patients with proximal bile duct CA, 60% local, 40% extensive hepatic infiltration or distant mets. 44 patients dilated/intubated and analyzed
 * Palliative RT (mean 37.7 Gy) in 30 (59%) patients. 3 received <10 Gy for intolerance or early death. 1 received BT
 * Metastatic disease: median survival 2.6 months -RT vs. 1.8 months +RT (p=NS)
 * Local disease: median survival -RT 2.2 months vs. 12.2 months EBRT (p=0.005)
 * Conclusion : "These findings suggest that the addition of external beam radiation improves survival in patients undergoing palliative treatment of hilar tumors."
 * Leiden Netherlands 1968-83 PMID 1687249 -- External radiotherapy and extrahepatic bile duct cancer. (1991 Tollenaar RA, Eur J Surg 1991; 157:587-9.)
 * Retrospective. 55 patients treated with surgery, 29% received adjuvant RT (40-60 Gy)
 * Median survival: overall 4 months, surgery only 3 months vs. adjuvant RT 16 months
 * Conclusion : " No firm conclusion about the role of radiotherapy can be drawn from these data because the patients were not randomly chosen to receive radiotherapy and selection was therefore biased."
 * International PMID 1705417 -- Surgical management of 552 carcinomas of the extrahepatic bile ducts (gallbladder and periampullary tumors excluded). Results of the French Surgical Association Survey. (1991 Reding R, Ann Surg. 1991 Mar;213(3):236-41.)
 * Retrospective. 552 cases treated at 55 centers. Extrahepatic BD only
 * Please see Radiation Oncology/Bile duct/Surgery for surgical details
 * Additional palliative RT 12 months (11-35) vs. surgical palliation only 8 months (3-14) P<0.1
 * However, total number of patients treated with RT in both adjuvant and palliative setting was 27
 * Hopkins PMID 1688486 -- Management of proximal cholangiocarcinomas by surgical resection and radiotherapy. (1990 Cameron JL, Am J Surg 1990; 159:91-7; discussion 97–8.)
 * Retrospective. 96 patients, 55% resected (41% curative resection), 45% palliative stenting.
 * 5-year OS: resected 8% vs. stented 0%
 * RT given as EBRT 50-60Gy + some patients BT 2Gy boost: Adjuvant RT 72% (38/53), 51% BT boost;, palliative RT 58% (25/43), 10% BT boost
 * Adjuvant RT: 3-year OS 31% both groups (p=NS), but all long term survivors received RT
 * Palliative RT: 1-year OS 38% RT vs 9% no RT (p<0.05)
 * RT significantly extended survival in patients undergoing palliative stenting, but not in those undergoing resection.
 * Conclusion : "We conclude that surgical resection of proximal cholangiocarcinomas can be performed safely and that it significantly prolongs survival."
 * Amsterdam PMID 2162565 -- Results of radiation therapy in carcinoma of the proximal bile duct (Klatskin tumor). (1990 Gonzales Gonzales D, Semin Liver Dis 1990; 10:131-41.)
 * Retrospective. 40 patients.
 * Median survival: 12.3 months
 * Median survival of patients receiving >40 Gy (EBRT only) was nearly twice that of those receiving <40 Gy (as reported by PMID 12095564)
 * PMID 3980281 -- Primary cancers of extrahepatic biliary passages. (1985 Mittal B, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985 Apr;11(4):849-54.)
 * Retrospective. 22 patients.
 * Failure or persistence: liver 67%, tumor bed 56%, peritoneou 22%, LN 17%
 * Median survival 6.8 months
 * RT >70 TDF 11 months vs. <70 TDF 4.4 months. All long term survivors >70 TDF
 * Louisiana PMID 2983445 -- Malignant stricture at the confluence of the biliary tree: diagnosis and management. (1985 Beazley RM, Surg Annu. 1985;17:125-41.)
 * Yale 1967-82 PMID 6439702 -- The role of radiation therapy in carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. (1984 Fogel TD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1984 Dec;10(12):2251-8.)
 * Retrospective. 34 patients.
 * Median 11 months, 5-year OS 6%
 * Japan 1974-81 PMID 6402803 -- Radiation therapy of carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. (1983 Hishikawa Y, Radiology. 1983 Mar;146(3):787-9.)
 * Retrospective. 25 patients. EBRT (10-60Gy, 21 pts >40 Gy). 22 surgical stent placement
 * Side effects: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, general fatigue, and duodenal ulcer
 * Mean survival: 9.2 months, longest 6.5+ years
 * Conclusion : "Radiation therapy proved effective in treatment of carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts in terms of palliation and prognosis."
 * PMID 7404288 -- Carcinoma of the bile ducts. (1980 Lees CD, Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1980 Aug;151(2):193-8.)
 * Wash U PMID 78508 -- Radiotherapy of carcinomas of the extrahepatic biliary system. (1978 Pilepich MV, Radiology. 1978 Jun;127(3):767-70.)
 * 11 patients. 4 adjuvant RT, 2 curative RT, 5 palliative RT
 * Long-term DFS observed in some radically treated patients
 * Conclusion : "The results suggest that radiotherapy may contribute to cure not only when used as a surgical adjuvant but also as the sole treatment modality in unresectable but still localized carcinomas of the bile ducts."
 * PMID 74280 -- Carcinoma of the gallbladder or extrahepatic bile ducts: the role of radiotherapy. (1978 Hanna SS, Can Med Assoc J. 1978 Jan 7;118(1):59-61.)
 * PMID 71193 -- Radiation therapy of carcinoma of gallbladder and biliary tract. (1977 Smoron GL, Cancer. 1977 Oct;40(4):1422-4.)
 * 14 patients. Several long term survivors
 * Conclusion : "A plea is made for utilizing planned radiotherapy and chemotherapy for tumors arising in the biliary tract.
 * Van Nuys CA PMID 4129581 -- Cancer of the common hepatic bile ducts--palliative radiotherapy. (1973 Green N, Radiology. 1973 Dec;109(3):687-9.)
 * Case report. 4 patients treated with cobalt.
 * Mean survival 17 months


text:
A-level Physics/Forces, Fields and Energy/Oscillations

If you observe the motion of a pendulum, a child on a swing, or a speaker cone playing a low frequency sound, you will notice that in each case, there is movement backwards and forwards of the same distance from a center point, or in other words, a vibration. These objects that vibrate are said to oscillate.

Free oscillations
When an object is in free oscillation, it vibrates at its natural frequency. For example, if you strike a tuning fork, it will begin to vibrate for some time after you struck it, or if you hit a pendulum, it will always oscillate at the same frequency no matter how hard you hit it. All oscillating objects have a natural frequency, at which they will vibrate at once they have been moved from the equilibrium position.

Forced oscillations
Imagine a building in an earthquake. The ground is moving side to side, and the building (assuming that it is strong enough to not be completely destroyed by the forces) will be moving side to side with the ground. In this case, this oscillation is not the buildings natural frequency, but it is being forced to vibrate with the ground. This is a forced oscillation.

Examples of oscillating systems

 * A mass that is held up with a spring
 * A pendulum
 * A string of a guitar

Describing oscillations
Oscillations can be shown on a displacement-time graph, like this:

Notice that the curves are smooth. This is because the object slows down before changing direction, instead of bouncing back and forth, which is what a graph with straight lines and sharp corners would describe. Movement that has a displacement-time graph with curved lines like the one above, is called sinusoidal motion.

The graph can show us the differences between several oscillating systems. For an oscillating system, the graph shows us:

 * The displacement at a given point in time,
 * The amplitude,
 * The period and,
 * The frequency

Displacement
The displacement at a certain point in time is the distance of the object away from the centre point. The displacement is 0 at the centre, at its maximum at one end (usually on the right when right is taken as positive), and at its greatest negative value on the opposite end (usually left but, again, only when right is taken as positive). Displacement is given the symbol s or x.

Amplitude
The amplitude is the greatest displacement of an oscillating object. It is measured from the center point to one of the maximum points of displacement. The amplitude can increase or decrease with time. Amplitude is represented by the symbol A

Period and frequency
period is the time taken for a single oscillation. the frequency is the number of oscillations per second

Simple harmonic motion
A body executes simple harmonic motion if its acceleration is proportional to its displacement from a fixed point, and is always in the direction of that point.

To explore simple harmonic motion (SHM) let's take the example of a spring with a mass in the absence of gravity (interestingly, you get SHM even with gravity present). If this is our ideal spring, the force is kx where k is a measure of the stiffness of the spring and x is the displacement. The force is toward the origin if that is the equilibrium position of the spring, so we write -kx to remind ourselves of that. Now, Newton's second law becomes

$$m \frac{d^2 x}{dt^2} = -kx$$.

This differential equation is easy enough to solve, and the answer is $$A cos( \omega_0 t + \phi)$$ where A and $$\phi$$ are arbitrary constants and $$\omega_0 = \sqrt{k/m}$$. It does not really matter how we got the solution, because we are physicists, not mathematicians. This is the answer we are expecting, so we try it, and lo and behold, it works. If you do not believe me, substitute it in. Moreover, this is the complete solution, and you will just have to believe me on that because it is slightly more difficult to prove.

Without loss of generality, we will take $$\phi$$, also called the phase shift, to be zero (if you are concerned about this, we are just defining where t=0 is).

Now, a remarkable thing we recognize about the solution is that the frequency (radians per second), $$\omega_0$$ is independent of A. That is, no matter how big the oscillations are, the frequency is the same. A pendulum approximately undergoes SHM, so this is why they are used in clocks, the amplitude doesn't affect the period! By the way, we have added the subscript zero to omega because we are going to have some other omegas soon.

Some terms to remember are frequency, f (cycles per second) = $$ \omega_0 / (2 \pi) $$ and the period, T = $$ 1/f $$. These are not so important, but often people will specify the frequency or the period instead of the angular frequency, so they can be helpful.

Now, to get the velocity, differentiate the position, and to get the acceleration, differentiate the velocity. We have,

$$v = A \omega_0 sin ( \omega_0 t)$$ and $$a = -A \omega_0^2 cos( \omega_0 t) = - \omega_0^2 x$$.

Now, we have avoided saying what A is. It turns out, it depends on the problem, or the initial conditions. We can say the velocity or position of the oscillator at some t is something and then use the expression for v or a to find A. You can do the same thing with the phase if you want, but it is a little tedious and doesn't tell us much.

Notice the greatest velocity is at the equilibrium position (x = 0) of the oscillation. We can go one making such statements, but they are all extremely obvious if you simply plot out the position, velocity, and acceleration on the same graph.

Damping
An object that oscillates freely oscillates at its natural frequency. If it loses no energy, it will continue to oscillate forever. Damping is when an oscillating mass loses energy. There are 3 types of damping:

1) Light - The amplitude gradually decreases over time

2) Critical - The mass would overshoot 0 displacement

3) Heavy - The displacement decreases to 0 without any oscillation.

The cause of damping is frictional forces, e.g. Car suspension

Let's try to quantify this a bit. Say there is a friction force which is proportional to the velocity (this is a pretty good approximation in many cases) with constant of proportionality c. Then, by Newton's second law,

$$m \frac{d^2 x}{dt^2} + c \frac{dx}{dt} + kx = 0$$.

This equation is a little trickier to solve than without the friction. I am going to use a very nice trick which you will find throughout physics, and whenever you have similar equations. Notice that if x is a solution and y is a solution, then ax + by is also a solution, where a and b are constants (real or complex). This property means the equation is called "linear." We know that $$e^{ix} = cos(x) + i sin(x)$$. Assume x is $$Ae^{i \omega t}$$. Then we just take the real part of x and we get our answer because the equation is linear, but exponentials are so much easier to work with than sines and cosines. The equation of motion becomes

$$(-m \omega^2 + i \omega c + k) e^{i \omega t} = 0$$

So,

$$(m \omega^2 - i \omega c - k) = 0$$ or $$\omega_0 = ic/2m \plusmn \sqrt{(c/m)^2 /4 - k/m}$$.

Defining $$ \gamma = c/m$$, and remembering $$\omega_0^2 = k/m$$

$$\omega = i \gamma /2 \plusmn \sqrt{-\gamma ^2 /4 + \omega_0^2}$$.

Defining $$ \omega_\gamma = \sqrt{-\gamma ^2 /4 + \omega_0^2} $$, we have the general solution

$$ Ae^{-\gamma/2 + i\omega_\gamma} + Be^{-\gamma/2 - i\omega_\gamma} = e^{-\gamma/2} (A e^{i\omega_\gamma} + B e^{-i\omega_\gamma} ) $$.

All we do is take the real part of this with Euler's identity, and we have,

$$ C e^{-\gamma/2} cos( \omega_\gamma t + \phi) $$,

where C and $$phi$$ are just A and B written a different way. You can find them if you want, but they won't be very helpful. Notice that the oscillator oscillates with ever decreasing amplitude, but not at its "natural" frequency, but at a different frequency.

It is conceivable that $$\omega_\gamma$$ is imaginary, in which case, the entire solution is just a negative exponential! This is called critical damping, when it just turns into being an exponential instead of oscillitory motion.

Resonance
A mass resonates, when the driving frequency of oscillations is equal to the natural frequency of the object. (See Tacoma Narrows Bridge also known as "Galloping Gertie") This means that work is done to keep drive the oscillations.

If the driving frequency is less than the natural frequency, the amplitude decreases to a much smaller value.


text:
User:Krackpipe

Hello, everyone at wikibooks. I am a 19 year old student and I'm currently taking my A-levels in physics, maths, and computing.

I will try to help out where I can, but most of my contributions are to:

 * A-level Mathematics (December 2005 CoM!)
 * A-level Physics

I will try and add things to these books as I learn them myself. I will also try to pass on tricks and tips given to me from my teachers.

title: User:Krackpipe


text:
User talk:24.12.252.9

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:24.12.252.9


text:
User talk:70.28.24.128

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikibooks.

title: User talk:70.28.24.128


text:
User talk:69.239.184.253

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:69.239.184.253


text:
User:Greatgavini

Who am I?

 * a Wikipedian (but not a brilliant one, at that)
 * a person obsessed with linguistics

title: User:Greatgavini


text: Icelandic/Cover

title: Icelandic/Cover


text:
Icelandic/Grammar/Verbs

Sagnorð
 * Verbs

Introduction to verbs
A verb is a "doing" word eg.

 * He plays the piano.
 * We like to relax.

Conjugation
Most verbs end in a. Some verbs end in á, while there are very rare examples of verbs ending in e, o, and u. Verbs are classed as strong and weak verbs, which represents how they are conjugated.

Tense
Icelandic verbs are conjugated for the present and past tense. The future tense is indicated by auxiliary verbs such as munu, skulu, and vera að fara að.

The inflection tables above show the present tense, while the inflection tables below show the past tense.

Mood
Icelandic verbs are conjugated for two moods: indicative and subjunctive. The indicative mood is used for certain facts, while the subjunctive mood is used for hypothetical actions or possibilities. The above conjugations were for the indicative mood.

Other conjugations

 * The supine (Icelandic: sagnbót) is a form that is used after the auxiliary verbs geta and hafa. It is identical to the neuter past participle.
 * The present participle is always formed by adding suffix -ndi to the infinitive. It is not inflected for gender, number, or case. Note that it is not used as a gerund; for example, the English phrase I am coming would be translated as Ég er að koma, not Ég er komandi.
 * The imperative mood has three primary forms: truncated, singular, and plural. The truncated form is always followed by þú, while the plural form is always followed by þið.

Mediopassive
Most verbs have a mediopassive form, which is sometimes considered to be a separate word. It is always equivalent to the active infinitive plus -st. The mediopassive form is used like this: However, there are many words whose mediopassives have entirely different meanings than the active.
 * Active:
 * Hann braut gluggann.
 * He broke the window.
 * Mediopassive:
 * Glugginn braust.
 * The window broke.

Past participle
The past participle is inflected for gender, number, case, and strength, unlike the present participle. Like the mediopassive, it is sometimes considered to be a separate word.

Categories

 * Irregular Verbs

title: Icelandic/Grammar/Verbs


text:
Icelandic/Grammar/Irregular Verbs

Óregluleg sagnorð
 * Irregular verbs

title: Icelandic/Grammar/Irregular Verbs


text:
User talk:Greatgavini

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks! We are glad to see your book for Icelandic language, but please read Naming policy. You also might find useful Template messages page. --Derbeth talk 17:33, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Er, I'm a bit confused, because everything is ok for me. I don't remember why I wrote you about naming policy. Anyway, good luck with the book. --Derbeth talk 12:36, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Greatgavini


text:
User talk:71.139.30.201

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:71.139.30.201


text: User talk:166.114.104.94

title: User talk:166.114.104.94


text: User talk:69.95.160.210

title: User talk:69.95.160.210


text:
User:Lazyquasar

 * Wikiversity dropout.

 * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikiversity

Proposal developments:
 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Moving_Wikiversity_forward
 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity

It's dead Jim.

I will check back in a few years to see if the stacked board has approved stable URLs. user:lazyquasar

title: User:Lazyquasar


text:
TeX/bye

\bye is the control sequence to end a TeX document.

Due to the fact that it is not allowed in TeX to end a document in internal vertical mode on introduced this macro. This macro is defined as \def\bye{\par\vfill\supereject\end}

title: TeX/bye


text: User talk:138.67.78.109

title: User talk:138.67.78.109


text:
Talk:Arabic/Being Polite

Untitled
This is a derrogatory and condecending statement towards English language speakers: ''thanks alot Note this is not a sarcastic saying in Arabic. "Thanks alot" is often used sarcatically in English. Sarcasm is rare in Arabic, unlike English where it's similar to the plague with some speakers.''

This would be better received if merely translated as Thank you very much as this is obviously the meaning intended to convey to the reader.

Thank you. I'm Sorry. It was a casual remark, no harm was intended. The change was made. --TwoThirty 02:41, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

How will it be seen if I greet in Arabic?
How will different Arab cultures react if a foreign western person greets them in Arabic? Will it be well received or is it sounding strange? I am particularly interested to know how would a Saudi or a Pakistani feel if I greet them with "al_salaamu `alaykum".

--192.92.94.23 (discuss) 14:34, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
 * You may want to try Wikipedia's language reference desk for that. Kayau 14:56, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arabic/Being Polite


text: User talk:71.142.1.118

title: User talk:71.142.1.118


text:
Turkish/Loanwords

Like every natural language Turkish has many loanwords. A good indicator of whether a word is original Turkish or a loanword is to look at the vowels in the word. If the word internally doesn't follow vowel harmony, you know it's probably a loanword. Also, if you find two vowels right next together within a word (impossible in standard Turkish) or long vowels, then it's a loanword. This is one of the biggest problems Turkish speakers have with English. They can't figure out how to pronounce words that don't follow the rules they've been using their entire lives. The most ancient layer of loanwords in Turkish are words borrowed from Mongolian, another East Asian language that has vowel harmony and many of the same sound rules, so these loanwords can be more difficult to identify; however, there are relatively few of them.

Arabic

 * aile - عائلة - family
 * bina - بناء - building
 * beyaz - أبيض - white
 * ceviz - جوز - walnut
 * din - دين - religion
 * hayat - حياة - life
 * insan - إنسان - human
 * kahve - قهوة - coffee
 * kalem - قلم - pen
 * kalp - قَلْب - heart
 * kitap - كتاب - book
 * mektup - مكتوب - letter
 * sabah - صباح - morning
 * sebep - سبب - reason
 * sel - سيل - flood
 * takvim - تقويم - calendar
 * zaman - زمان - time
 * zeytin - زيتون - olive

French

 * kuaför - coiffeur - hairdresser
 * argo - argot - slang
 * randevu - rendez-vous - meeting
 * bisiklet - bicyclette - bicycle
 * asansör - ascenceur - elevator
 * pantolon - pantalon - trousers
 * kravat - cravate - tie (clothing)
 * lavabo - lavabo - washbasin
 * tuvalet - toilette - toilet
 * banliyö - "banlieue" - suburban (train)
 * mizanpaj - mise-en-page - layout
 * sütyen - soutien-gorge - bra
 * müzisyen - musicien - musician
 * orgazm - orgasm

Persian

 * birader - برادر - brother
 * çehre - چِهرِه - face
 * dut - توت - mulberry
 * dürbün - دوربین - binoculars
 * hafta - هَفتِه - week
 * lacivert - لاجورد - navy blue
 * Perşembe - پَنج‌شَنبِه - Thursday
 * sade - سادِه - plain
 * şah - شاه - king
 * şehzade - شاهزادِه - prince
 * siyah - سياه - black

Turkish loanwords
English, and many other languages, have taken some words from Turkish:
 * yogurt (yoğurt)
 * kebab or shish kebab (kebap or şiş kebap)
 * baklava (baklava)
 * caviar (havyar)
 * pastrami (pastırma)
 * bergamot (bey armudu)
 * bulgur (bulgur)
 * caracal (karakulak)
 * dolman (dolaman)
 * gilet - jelick (yelek)
 * horde (ordu)
 * Janissary (Yeniçeri)
 * kefir (kefir)
 * kielbasa (külbastı)
 * lackey (ulak)
 * latten (altın)
 * odalisque (odalık)
 * pierogi (börek)
 * sarma (sarma)
 * shabrack (çaprak)
 * turquoise (turkuaz)
 * Dolmetscher (dilmaç)
 * Богатыр (batur)
 * μπουζούκι (bozuk)
 * καΐκι (kayık)
 * kessar (kaşar)
 * tiorba (torba)

title: Turkish/Loanwords


text:
User talk:Jesushaces~enwikibooks

Hello!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jesushaces. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jesushaces~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:20, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:04, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jesushaces~enwikibooks


text:
User:Oburo

.

title: User:Oburo


text:
Cookbook:Chocolate Chip Pumpkin Cookies

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (250 ml / 8.5 fl oz) vegetable oil
 * 2 eggs
 * 4 cups (900 g / 2 lb) superfine sugar
 * 4 cups (1 kg / 2.2 lb) pumpkin puree
 * 5 cups (650 g / 1.4 lb) plain flour
 * 1 tsp cinnamon
 * ½ tsp nutmeg
 * 4 tsp bicarbonate of soda
 * 1 tsp cloves
 * 2 cups (150 g / 5.3 oz) pecans or almonds, chopped
 * 1 cup (100 g / 3.5 oz) granola, rolled oats or Grape-Nuts
 * 4 cups (340 g / 12 oz) chocolate chips

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 375 F.
 * 2) In a large bowl, combine and wet ingredients.
 * 3) Sift flour, cinnamon, nutmeg, soda, and cloves together in a separate bowl.
 * 4) Blend dry into wet ingredients.
 * 5) Mix in nuts, granola, and chocolate chips.
 * 6) Drop spoonfuls of dough onto greased cookie sheet.
 * 7) Bake for 10–12 minutes, then cool.

title: Cookbook:Chocolate Chip Pumpkin Cookies


text:
User:Fiddle~enwikibooks

This is the Fiddle User Page
My interests include:
 * Classical Music
 * Animation and 3D Computer Graphics
 * Computer Programming (in various languages)

I will add some more stuff here later - I have collated some Blender tutorial information here until I have found a better place for it. - Here are some thoughts for Blender 2.50 here - Here is some documentation on the WinCVS Python API. __NOINDEX__

title: User:Fiddle~enwikibooks


text:
GAMSAT Guide

A preparation guide for the GAMSAT (Graduate Australian Medical School Admissions Test) for entry into Medicine in Australia, the UK, and Ireland.

The GAMSAT is a tough exam - a lot is required from the student and preparing for it can be quite a nightmare. In this text, we hope to draw together various sources already available within Wikipedia and adapt them so they can fit in with the needs of the worried student actively trying to remember the difference between methane and ethanol.

Table of contents

 * /Introduction/

 * 1) /Logic and Literature/
 * 2) /Writing/
 * 3) /Science/
 * 4) *Biology
 * 5) *Chemistry
 * 6) *Physics
 * /Recommended Books/
 * /On the day/

Mind Maps
List of useful mindmaps for the GAMSAT

Experiences of GAMSAT
Share your experiences of GAMSAT here

title: GAMSAT Guide


text:
GAMSAT Guide/Introduction

The GAMSAT is a tough exam - a lot is required from the student and preparing for it can be quite a nightmare. In this text, we hope to draw together various sources already available within wikipedia and adapt them so they can fit in with the needs of the worried student actively trying to remember the difference between methane and ethanol.

UK
The exam in the UK takes place only once a year, usually around September. If you're ill or miss your train or sleep in, you’ll need to wait for the next year, or look into taking it in Ireland. The grade for the GAMSAT tends to be valid for 2 years so that you can sit in advance of the year you want to enter.

Australia
The first exam is held in March, with registrations closing in mid-February. The GAMSAT is held twice a year, the second sitting is in September. Your score is valid for 2 years.

Ireland
The exam is held in March, with registrations closing in mid-February. The GAMSAT is held only once a year and your score will be valid for 2 years

Exam structure
The exam is subdivided into three distinct sections:

Section I Reasoning in Humanities and Social Sciences
This comprises 75 Questions that focus on your ability to understand and interpret meaning from passages of text. You have 100 minutes to complete this section.

Section II Written Communication
One hour to write two essays based on one or more of the quotes presented. There are five quotes from famous or historical figures based on a theme, such as morality, crime and punishment, etc. The first essay will deal with social or cultural issues, whilst the second essay will deal with more personal issues.

Section III Science
The important part - this spans Biology, Physics but mostly Chemistry (with an emphasis on Organic chemistry). You get 2 hours 50 minutes to complete 110 questions - that's a little like one a half minutes per question - not easy, so I think the best option is to use the reading time to flick through the exam and see what there is that you can easily do and what you really can't do. Start with the easiest stuff then as your time runs out, head for the harder stuff. As wrong answers are not downgraded, be sure to answer every question (even if you have to guess some) - there's a 25% chance of you getting it right!

UK
Currently there are five universities (St George's, Nottingham, Swansea, Cardiff, and Liverpool) using the GAMSAT for entry onto the Graduate Course (4 years) and one (Peninsula) using it for the Graduate entry onto the 5 year course (i.e. standard undergraduate course).

Australia
For Australian information see becoming a medical doctor

Links
http://www.acer.edu.au/tests/university/gamsatuk/intro.html

http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/09/editorials/306.php

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Becoming_a_Medical_Doctor/Australia

title: GAMSAT Guide/Introduction


text:
GAMSAT Guide/Science/Chemistry

There is a dual requirement in the GAMSAT to have a good knowledge of basic chemistry and also an in-depth knowledge of Organic Chemistry.

= Chemistry =

 * Atomic Structure
 * Stoichiometry
 * Bonding and Molecule Structure
 * Phases
 * Gas Laws
 * Energetics
 * Kinetics
 * Equilibrium (Acids and Bases)
 * Titration
 * Redox
 * The Periodic Table

= Organic Chemistry =

 * Introduction
 * Reactions
 * Functional Groups
 * Alkanes
 * Alkenes
 * Alcohol
 * Aldehydes
 * Ketones
 * Carboxylic acids
 * Acyl halides
 * Acid anhydride
 * Amides
 * Esters
 * Ethers
 * Phenols
 * Amines
 * Aromatics
 * With particular regard to isomerism wherever it crops up, and representations of molecules, like Haworth structures and chair conformations.

title: GAMSAT Guide/Science/Chemistry


text:
Biblical Studies/Christianity/Major events and important movements in church history/Parallels The Roman Empire

Back to Church history

Return to Christianity contents page


text:
User talk:71.134.51.218

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikibooks. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

title: User talk:71.134.51.218