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Talk:US History/Great Depression and New Deal

Readers should be advised that this Wikibook summary (of the economic dislocations and the ensuing political realignment of the United States) is the version that survived in folk mythology and public school textbooks. The truth was worse than the sad facts related here. The impact on American life was profound and the political about-face into a federal welfare state was long lasting. In the form of debate about social security reform, it haunts US electoral politics still. As recounted here, the story demonizes Hoover for all the wrong reasons. There was nothing "classical" about Hoover's economics, and his many interventions rather than being "laissez-faire" are likely causes of the crash; culminating in the Smoot-Hawley tariff whose progress through congress coincided with the collapsing prices almost hour by hour. 9,000 banks failed in that era in part because banking law confined their savings and loan portfolios to one geographic region, preventing diversification and protecting marginal banks from competitive pressures. Agricultural practices blamed for the Dust Bowl began during WWI, when the Wilson administration subsidized food production so generously ("Wheat at any price") that marginal prairie land was hastily cultivated. A mechanism for the nationwide credit expansion of the 1920s had recently been systematized under the (1913) Federal Reserve Board. It was operating to soften the bursting bubble of those wartime farm prices.

The true picture of these flawed business practices should be balanced against some explanation of what incentivized them or protected them from normal market force corrections. As many and varied as these structural problems were, it is a further mistake to credit FDR's opportunistic power grab and theft of private resources with their "cure". Substantial opinion exists (and contemporary opinion existed) to the contrary. Like most textbooks, this article practically beatifies FDR for "acting" and offers scant critical judgement of his programs: just a brief mention that several were officially certified as unconstitutional - couldn't those conservative judges get with the program?.

During the 1930s, Americans were urged (by propaganda and coercive codes) to de-emphasize private entrepreneurship as a way to build common wealth and instead to depend upon regimens of "social responsibility" under a succession of schemes for wealth redistribution, labor force reallocation, wage and price controls, banking, monetary, and commercial regulation of numerous sorts, all planned by agencies that held no ownership stake in the resources they were redeploying. Although their accomplishments included many tangible benefits to the nation, on balance the New Deal decade drained the measurable wealth of America. Its recovery during WWII is impressive only relative to the ruination of the Eurasian nations in whose cities and farms it was fought - American life was not happier, safer, or easier in wartime, even though employment rebounded.

Although the sad lesson of the (temporary) ruin of the United States is instructive in the hard facts of economic reality and the folly of seeking solely political solutions, the Great Depression was not confined to the U.S.; it affected nearly all industrialized societies. It stressed each of their social nets differently, but generally increased the powers of national governments, which soon sought relief in warfare. Indeed, the universality of the economic strain tells us that fundamental laws of economics operated here; thus the academic challenge to explain events and discover those laws has been pursued by every school of economic and political thought.

A student interested in busting the many myths repeated by this article should be wary of political and economic bias in any research materials found. Historical perspective does not come cheap. I hope my contrary telling of this story piques the reader's interest enough to read further and more critically.

If my version of events rings true in any respect, it may be because it is rooted in an economic theory that forecasted the crash, and was then villified by those who found they were benefitting from the bad times.

-- There, that should seed some discussion, enjoy! Greg Jaxon

Need some backgrounder on economics
This is an economic topic, and it would be good to cover a few key issues. Explain what a depression is, and why it's called the Great Depression, and others were named by year. Explain Keynes and classical economics. Explain speculative bubbles (also, avoid using jargon before it's defined). Explain what a "run on the banks" is. Treat the GD as a global phenomenon -- it happened in Europe as well, and was one reason why Hitler came to power and why protectionism was significant.

There are some different theories about "the true nature of the Great Depression" from different schools of thought, and these are controversial ideas that should be avoided. Instead of getting into deeper detail about fiscal issues, it would be good to broaden the scope of understanding so it's more global, and maybe also deal with how people and families experienced the GD.

Europe & America
Just as there is a lack of material on America in WW II two chapters hence (mobilization, the Home Front, Japanese Internment), there is a lack of material on American reaction to foreign affairs in this chapter. Pacifism, isolationism, and the American Bund are part of this. Put in the section on Black Communists here, rather than in the next chapter. Pittsburgh Poet (discuss • contribs) 23:52, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

Time, Ladies and Gentlemen!
The writing is not as good as it ought to be because it ignores time constraints: stuff about Roosevelt mingles with stuff about Herbert Hoover. I feel this is connected to an earlier complaint: discussion about economics would help structure what happened and why. Pittsburgh Poet (discuss • contribs) 15:16, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

Technology
Need a new section about television & the World's Fair Pittsburgh Poet (discuss • contribs) 12:34, 21 March 2015 (UTC)


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User:Htmlb~enwikibooks

Htmlbeginner.. ar:user:Htmlb nl:user:Htmlb

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Htmlb~enwikibooks


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Talk:JavaScript/Introduction

Thanks for the introduction, But I hope someone will enlight the abilities by using JavaScript.Htmlb 16:50, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

I think this introduction would be confusing and information-poor for someone not familiar with the topic. IMHO, it would be better to focus on JavaScript, and give a history of it, and leave it's relationship to HTML and the DOM to the end of the introduction. Yes, the most common use of JavaScript is to script web pages, and but that is a seperate discussion to the language itself. First you learn what the languasge is and how it works, then you learn to apply it to specific applications (such as client-side web page scripting). Comments? 202.180.255.80 03:58, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Category
category is java?? I think that should be changed... but i'm not sure —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Epl18 (talk • contribs).
 * Yes, it does seem a little odd. Especially since it says in the introduction itself, "there is almost no relation between the two languages." Maybe the general catagory, "Programming" would be better, or create a new subcategory under Programming, for "JavaScript."--Dbolton 19:56, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:JavaScript/Introduction


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Cookbook talk:Cashew Chicken

This article needs work and appears to be wrong. What is the origin of this recipe? This is not cashew chicken as served in Springfield, Missouri where it originated. Cashews are a garnish added at the very end along with green onions. There are no vegetables in cashew chicken, that is a variation. The recipe should be (as reasonably close) as the one first used at Leong's Tea House in Springfield where the dish was first invented. Using vegetables and other methods are the variations. I lived in Springfield, Missouri all my life and never ate this at a Chinese restaurant.Rt66lt 18:09, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This was already neatly described in the "variations" section. Leong might know his audience, but damn that's not normal cashew chicken. See Cookbook:Leong's Cashew Chicken for the recipe. (would Midwestern Cashew Chicken be a better name?) AlbertCahalan 05:18, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

I have lived in Springfield, MO for five years now. Before that I lived in San Francisco (they have a few good Chinese restaurants there), New York City (as well), and Boston. The cashew chicken served here in the so-called "Birthplace of Cashew Chicken" is nothing more than fried chicken with brown gravy, and cashews sprinkled on top. Who let the hillbilly into the kitchen?

soy sauce listed in a 'gluten-free' recipe?
I'm trying to find a gluten-free recipe, and happy to have this resource, but lo and behold, I see that soy sauce is listed here without any caveat or gluten warnings, yet wheat (i.e., gluten) appears to be a primary ingredient in soy sauce. This makes me question other recipes on the gluten free list...bummer!

title: Cookbook talk:Cashew Chicken


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User:Ralfe

Hi everyone,

My name is Ralfe Poisson. I am currently a student in South Africa. I am aiming to qualify as a Forensic Psychologist, however I have many areas of interest. I enjoy Computer related topics, and I actually work part time as a programmer. I also am in to music, I play the Piano and Violin semi-proffesionally. I also sing and play the guitar, recorder, drum kit and djembe (a traditionaly African drum). I am greatly interested in all things Psychological, from Neuropsychology to Graphology. I am passionate about OpenSource and Free Learning, and am very activly involved in OpenSource Software development and promotion.

You can email me at ralfepoisson@gmail.com

title: User:Ralfe


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Corporation tax/Who pays corporation tax?

Corporation tax is payable by:

 * 1) UK resident companies on its worldwide profits
 * 2) Non-UK resident companies that carry on a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment on its profits attributable to the permanent establishment

"Company" here means any body corporate or unincorporated association but does not include a partnership, a local authority or a local authority association

That doesn't mean that overseas companies that are not trading in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment are exempt from all tax as they may still be liable to income tax, typically on UK rental income.

 * Next page: Residents and non-residents


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Neurology and Neurosurgery/Apraxia

General Apraxia

Apraxia is the partial or complete loss of one's ability to perform deliberate movements. This results from cortical lesions where there is no paralysis or loss of sensory functioning.

Akinetic Apraxia

Apraxia characterized by the inability to perform spontaneous movements.

Amnesic Apraxia

Also known as amnestic apraxia, is apraxia which is characterised by an inability to carry out sequence(s) of movement upon request. Generally, the cause for this is deteriorated memory.

Buccofacial Apraxia

Apraxia characterised by an inability to carry out voluntary movements involving the face, mouth and tongue.

Constructional Apraxia

Apraxia characterised by a deficit in the ability to draw or assemble objects. This form of apraxia is caused by lesions in the right hemisphere, usually on the right parietal lobe.

Ideational Apraxia

Apraxia characterised by the improper use of objects caused by an inability to identify them correctly or to conceptualize their appropriate functions.

Ideokinetic Apraxia

Apraxia which is characterised by an inability to carry out a series of ordered movements. The patient is usually able to carry out individual orders, but is confused by a sequence of orders.

Ideomotor Apraxia

Apraxia characterised by the inability to execute a single, complex movement properly. The patient performs inappropriate movements in the course of action.

Left Parietal Apraxia

This is apraxia caused by damage to the posterior lobe of the left hemisphere.'

Motor Apraxia

Apraxia involving the inability to carry out planned acts.

Ocular Apraxia

Apraxia characterised by an inability to maintain fixation. With Ocular Apraxia, the patient's eyes wander back and forth between objects.

References Reber, A.S; Reber, E. "The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology", 3rd Edition. 2001.

title: Neurology and Neurosurgery/Apraxia


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation

Links to a narrative description of relevant tax legislation for 2005-06 are below. Note that this is NOT the legislation itself, which is available from OPSI (see http://www.opsi.gov.uk).

[[File:100 percent.svg]]Corporation tax
Section 6 - The charge to corporation tax and exclusion of income tax and capital gains Section 7 - Treatment of certain payments and repayment of income tax Section 8 - General scheme of corporation tax Section 9 - Computation of income: application of income tax principles Section 11 - Companies not resident in the United Kingdom Section 11AA - Determination of profits attributable to permanent establishment Section 12 - Basis of, and periods of, assessment

[[File:100 percent.svg]]Small companies' rate
Section 13 - Small companies' relief Section 13ZA - Interpretation of section 13(7) Section 13AA - Corporation tax starting rate Section 13AB - The non-corporate distribution rate (repealed for distributions made on or after 1 April 2006) Section 13A - Close investment-holding companies

[[File:100 percent.svg]]Advance corporation tax
Section 14 - Advance corporation tax and qualifying distributions

[[File:100 percent.svg]]The six schedules
Section 15 - Schedule A Section 18 - Schedule D

[[File:100 percent.svg]]General
Section 21A - Computation of amount chargeable Section 21B - Application of other rules applicable to Case I of Schedule D Section 21C - The Schedule A charge and mutual business Section 24 - Construction of Part II

[[File:100 percent.svg]]Deductions and other allowances
Section 30 - Expenditure on making sea walls

[[Image:50%.svg]]Premiums, leases at undervalue etc.
Section 34 - Treatment of premiums etc. as rent Section 35 - Charge on assignment of lease granted at an undervalue Section 36 - Charge on sale of land with right to reconveyance Section 37 - Premiums paid etc.: deductions from premiums and rent received Section 37A - Section 37(4) and reductions in receipts under ITTOIA 2005 Section 38 - Rules for ascertaining duration of leases Section 39 - Saving for pre-1963 leases, and special relief for individuals

[[File:00%.svg]]Supplementary provisions
Section 40 - Tax treatment of receipts and outgoings on sale of land Section 42 - Appeals against determinations under sections 34 or 36 or Chapter 4 of Part 3 of ITTOIA 2005 Section 42A - Non-residents and their representatives

[[File:00%.svg]]Government securities and tax reserve certificates
Section 46 - Savings certificates and tax reserve certificates Section 49 - Stock and dividends in name of Treasury etc.

[[File:00%.svg]]Government securities: Treasury directions for payment without deduction of tax
Section 50 - United Kingdom securities: Treasury directions for payment without deduction of tax Section 51 - Treasury directions as respects Northern Ireland securities Section 51AA - Commencement of direction under section 50 or 51

Schedules
Schedule A1 - Determination of profits attributable to permanent establishment: supplementary provisions Schedule A2 - Corporation tax: the non-corporate distribution rate: supplementary provisions (now repealed)

[[File:100 percent.svg]]Chapter 1 - Charge and rate bands
Section 30 - Charge and main rate for financial year 2003 Section 31 - Small companies' rate and fraction for financial year 2002 Section 32 - Corporation tax starting rate and fraction for financial year 2002

[[File:100 percent.svg]]Part 6 - Income tax and corporation tax: Charge and rate bands
Section 133 - Charge and main rate for financial year 2004 Section 134 - Small companies' rate and fraction for financial year 2003 Section 135 - Corporation tax starting rate and fraction for financial year 2003

[[File:100 percent.svg]]Chapter 1 - Income tax and corporation tax charge and rate bands
Section 25 - Charge and main rate for financial year 2005 Section 26 - Small companies' rate and fraction for financial year 2004 Section 27 - Corporation tax starting rate and fraction for financial year 2004 Section 28 - The non-corporate distribution rate

[[File:100 percent.svg]]Chapter 1 - Income tax and corporation tax charge and rate bands
Section 10 - Charge and main rate for financial year 2006 Section 11 - Small companies' rate and fraction for financial year 2005 Section 12 - Corporation tax starting rate and fraction for financial year 2005 Section 13 - Non-corporate distribution rate for financial year 2005


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Neurology and Neurosurgery/Agnosia

Definition of Generalized Agnosia

A defect in recognition, where a patient can generally sense objects and forms, but is unable to consciously recognize and interpret the meaning of the sensory input.

Apperceptive Agnosia

Agnosia characterised by recognition failure caused by impairment in visual perception. Patients are unable to recognize objects despite having normal acuity.

Associative Agnosia

A visual Agnosia characterised by the lack of meaning associated with percepts despite the patient being able to normally perceive an object and draw it.

Auditory Agnosia

Agnosia characterised by the inability to recognize sounds despite the patient having normal auditory functioning. Auditory Agnosia is typically associated with non-speech sounds. When agnosia involves speech, it is referred to as "pure word deafness"

Ideational Agnosia

Agnosia characterised by faulty recognition and interpretation of symbols.

Landmark Agnosia

Agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize stable objects in the environment. Patients can typically describe them in detail, but are unable to describe or recognize them.

Tactile Agnosia

Agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize and interpret objects by touch.

Visual Agnosia

Agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize and interpret objects in the visual field. Visual Agnosia may also sometimes be referred to as "Optic Agnosia".

title: Neurology and Neurosurgery/Agnosia


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Neurology and Neurosurgery/Dementia

Dementia is the loss of intellectual capacity to the extent that normal social and occupational functions can no longer be carried out.

Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive form of dementia characterized by the grandual deterioration of intellectual abilities such as memory, judgement, capacity for abstract thought, and other higher-level cognitive functions.

The onset of presenile Alzheimer's disease is usually after the age of 40 and consists of three main phases. The first phase lasts for 2 to 3 years, and is characterized by failing memory, muddled inefficiency over mundane tasks as well as spatial disorientation. Mood disorders are prominent and take the form of perplexity, agitation and restless hyperactivity. In the second phase, there is greater intellectual and personality deterioration. Focal symptoms also appear. In the third (or terminal) stage, there is extreme apathetic dementia in which the patient becomes bedridden. Neurological disabilities may develop, such as spastic hemiparesis (hemispheric paralysis) or severe striatal rigidity (irregular streaks or patches of nerve cell loss in the cerebral cortex) and tremor.

Histologically, there is degeneration and loss of nerve cells which affects the outer three cortical layers and the thalamus as well as secondary glial proliferation (the rapid growth of the plial cells which perform support tasks such as production of the myelin sheath and nutritional support). Senile plaques and neurofibrallary tangles are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease and the neurofibrillary tangles occur in grey matter, particularly in the hippocampus and amygdala. The senile plaque lie within the nerve cells and often fill the entire cell body, and may have no core and appear to consist on ly of granular or filamentous fragments. Cortical atrophy (the wasting away of the cortex) is also present and tends to affect the frontal and temporal lobes. The white matter shows axonal degeneration, hyperplasia (the increase in organ size caused by an abnormal increase in number of cells) of astrocytes as well as fibrous gliosis (the replacement of neuron cells by glia cells). Other characteristic features include shrinking of the brain, flattening of the gyri, widening of the sulci and enlarging of the ventricles.

The walls of intracerebral arteries tend to thicken with advancing age. The collagen in the outer layers become more prominent which causes the wall and surrounding tissue to die and, in most cases, disintegrate. There is an interference of cerebral circulation which is caused by blockage of the common carotid, inner carotid and venebral arteries in the neck and bony channels of the skull. With regards neuro-chemistry, there are also deficiencies in neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin and somatostatin.

there seem to be certain general triggers for Alzheimer's diseases such as minimal brain damage from head injury, infection and surgery. However, the illness is usually already in existence, and these "triggers" or precipitants have merely revealed the problem.

As so far as treatment is concerned, there is no cure. However, cutting-edge research in stem cell development is showing promising results for counteracting the degenerative effects of Alzheimer's Disease.

title: Neurology and Neurosurgery/Dementia


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 6 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section sets out the general rubric of the charge to corporation tax.

Subsection (1) raises the charge on profits of companies. Profits are defined in Subsection (5), company is defined in Section 832 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (ICTA). This definition includes overseas companies, and it is left to Section 11 of ICTA to restrict the scope of the charge for overseas entities.

Tax is charged, and the Corporation Tax Acts apply for any Financial year for which Parliament charges corporation tax. The wording is formulated in this way because corporation tax, like income tax, is still a temporary tax which must be imposed annually, although in practice it is inconceivable that a Parliament will fail to levy the tax.

Subsection (2) provides that where a company is UK resident (and so within the full charge), or overseas resident but not scoped out of the charge to corporation tax by Section 11 of ICTA, the Income Tax Acts (and therefore the charge to income tax) do not apply.

Subsection (3) removes any charge to capital gains tax on gains on which it is charged to corporation tax or would be so chargeable but for an exemption from corporation tax.

Subsection (4) defines "profits" and widens the meaning of "trade" for the purposes of Sections 7 to 12, 114, 115 (subject to 115(7)) and 248, and Part VIII, Chapter IV of Part X, and Part XI, except where the context requires otherwise. Profits are defined as income and chargeable gains. Trade is taken to include vocation, and to include an office or employment.

Subsection (4A) extends the meaning of profession to include vocation in Sections 74(1), 79(1), 79A(1), 79B(1), 83A(1), 84(1), 86(1), 86A(2)(a), 87(1), (2) and (4), 88, 89, 90(1) and (3), 94(1), 100(2)(b), 101, 102, 401(1), 491(10), 577(7)(b), 579(2), 588(3), 589A(8) and 817(2), and in paragraph 5(11) of Schedule 30.

Subsection (5) notes that Part VIII contains general provisions relating to the taxation of profits of companies.


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 7 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

Subsection (1) provides that no payment made by a UK resident company shall be treated as income tax, and also that a requirement to withhold income tax imposed by the Income Tax Acts stands notwithstanding that the company is not within the charge to income tax itself.

Subsection (2) provides that subject to provision for the contrary, a UK resident company that has received a payment net of withheld income tax may set that income tax off against its corporation tax liability of the accounting period in which the receipt is brought into the corporation tax charge, or would have been brought into the corporation tax charge but for an exemption from corporation tax.

Subsection (3) disapplies subsection (2) for a payment of loan interest to which Section 369 of ICTA applies. Section 369 deals with mortgage relief at source. As mortgage relief at source no longer applies, this subsection no longer has any practical effect.

Subsection (4) expands, for the purposes of this section, the references to payments received by a company to include references to payments received by another person on behalf of or in trust for the company. It also excludes money received by a company on behalf of or in trust for another person.


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 8 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

Subsection (1) provides that, subject to an explicit exception in the Corporation Tax Acts, companies are taxed on their worldwide profits.

Subsection (2) makes it clear that a company is taxable on all profits accruing to its benefits, including profits of trusts and partnerships, if it would be taxed on them if it received the profits direct. Except in the case where the company is being wound up (where it receives profits for the benefit of its creditors or members, as appropriate), it is not taxed on profits it receives in a fiduciary capacity. This subsection (which is well supported by case law) effectively states that for tax purposes you look at beneficial, not legal, ownership of profits.

Subsection (3) provides that corporation tax is computed and chargeable by reference to accounting periods, although tax is charged by reference to financial years. The profits of accounting periods are apportioned between the financial years in which the accounting period falls.


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 9 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

Subsection (1) provides that corporation tax is charged under income tax principles, unless there is a provision to the contrary, and for these purposes the corporation tax term "accounting period" is taken to be the period of reference rather than the income tax term "Year of assessment". This provision derives from when corporation tax was first introduced in 1965 (prior to which companies were charged to income tax). Since 2003, various parts of the Income Tax Acts have been rewritten so that the same provisions no longer apply for both income tax and corporation tax. This process is not yet complete, but by the end of the decade, corporation tax should be a completely stand-alone tax, no longer relying on income tax provisions for its base.

Subsection (2) makes it clear what income tax law applies for each accounting period, and also that provisions relating specifically to individuals do not apply to persons within the charge to corporation tax.

Subsection (2A) provides that corporation tax on income is not charged under the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 (ITTOIA). Subsection (2B) goes on to provide that instead income is chargeable under Schedule A and Schedule D and the Cases of Schedule D. Subsection (2C) also deems Schedules A and D to apply to income tax for the purposes of corporation tax. In essence, these subsections contain transitional provisions that apply whilst corporation tax law is being decoupled from income tax law - once the decoupling is complete, they will no longer be necessary.

Subsection (3) provides that total profits are assessed under and computed under the rules in Schedule A and Schedule D and also under Parts 2 (employment income), 9 (pension income) and 10 (social security income) of ITEPA (which impose the charge to income) tax plus chargeable gains.

Subsection (4) provides that where a provision of the Income Tax Acts apart from ITTOIA provides for an exemption from income tax, or charges a person to income tax, then unless otherwise provided, there is a similar exemption from or charge to corporation tax.

Subsection (5) makes it clear that although corporation tax and income tax are distinct taxes, the same statutory provision may apply to them. This also allows certain provisions to ensure tax neutrality between persons within the charge to corporation tax and income tax by being a rule for corporation tax as far as the former is concerned, and a rule for income tax as far as the latter is concerned. A charge to corporation tax (or income tax) is a charge to the other, and an exemption from corporation tax (or income tax) is an exemption to the other, unless expressed explicitly to the contrary.

Subsection (6) states that the Income Tax Acts referred to in the section are to be taken as excluding Section 1 to 5, Part VII or Sections 348 to 350 of ICTA, and notes that the above rules do not refer to which period income are taxed in, except to the extent that this results from apportioning income of the whole period to different parts of a period.


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User:Gardens

I don't know much, but...

Some Things About Me
I live in the United States.

I own a home and often repair it myself.

title: User:Gardens


text: Template:Norwegian

title: Template:Norwegian


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User:Ac1983fan~enwikibooks

GO HERE

title: User:Ac1983fan~enwikibooks


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Wikijunior talk:Dinosaurs/Allosaurus

Reference List
Please Place All Sources Used Here With A Link
 * 1) Allosaurus Fact Sheet
 * 2) Dino Prey/Predator Sheet
 * 3) Wikipedia: Allosaurus (Please Re-Check Facts Wikis are not citable sources)

Photo References
Please Place All Photos Used Here (Link Only) hi there
 * 1) commons:Image:Allosaurus_eating.jpg

About this article in general
Hello, as we have in our Klexikon the Allosaurus on our list of planned articles, I was looking at this page here. It seems to be a great text. I see questions as section heads, as we have it in the Klexikon, but that does not seem to be universal in the English Wikibooks Wikijunior project?

Sometimes I wondered about some terms. For example, I don't know what the Morrison formation is, I would have to look that up. Maybe US American children know the term?

I also wasn't sure about the sectio "What to we have to learn?" Is it meant, what human scientists still don't know about that dinosaur, or is it meant, what the reader of the article should learn as an individual? Ziko (discuss • contribs) 15:59, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Several of our Wikijunior books have a standard page form in which the standard section-headings are questions. WJ:Languages and WJ:World Religions come to mind.

 * I believe "What do we have to learn?" is meant to be about what human scientists don't know about that that dinosaur. The wording seems less than ideal; suggestions for better wording?  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 21:58, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Dinosaurs/Allosaurus


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When It Hits the Fan/Specific Calamities/Historical events

Events sorted chronologically
This section of the book lists disastrous events until the last century. We have intentionally not listed more recent events because they may be still under active dispute, badly attributed, too painful and in general still open to distinct interpretation and requiring further analysis.

1980s

 * 1985 Nevado del Ruiz Lahar disaster - The 'Volcán del Ruiz', had been for more than a century a dormant giant, which travelers in the Bogotá-Cali flights had the pleasure to observe, covered with a large snow cap.

 * At 5,389 m (17,780 ft), Nevado del Ruiz is the highest of the Colombian volcanoes in the Central Range of the Colombian Andes.

 * Although this volcano had caused lahars in 1595 and 1845, causing hundreds of deaths, the rich valley of Armero under the peak was excellent agricultural land. The town of Armero grew for more than a century, without anyone remembering the old disasters.

 * Late in 1984, geologists began to notice small earthquakes and steam eruptions in the volcano. Although a network of monitoring devices was set up on the summit of the volcano, nothing would predict the terrible events that followed a year later.

 * In November 1985 the smoke from the summit of Nevado del Ruiz, was plainly visible, but both authorities and scientists alike didn't believe these were the preliminaries of a plynian pyroclastic eruption.

 * Despite the warnings, local authorities in Armero and state officials keep saying no eruption would follow, although a risk map was in place.

 * On the night of November 13, 1985, at around 3:00 pm there was an explosion and ashes fell over the region, but even then local authorities and priests in Armero asked the people to remain calm in their houses. However at 9:30 pm the volcano, covered with storm clouds, erupted with rock ejection and pyroclastic discharges which melted the snow cap. Melted water and pyroclastic ashes and rocks mixed and produced a series of lahars, mud and rock slides along the rivers.

 * Just half an hour short of midnight on November 13, 1985, a massive lahar caused by the eruption of the volcano ran down the Lagunillas river, in central Colombia, and jumped in a 200-high wave of rocks, mud and debris over the town of Armero, 28,000 inhabitants. In the next 10 minutes close to 80% of Armero was destroyed. The toll of both the lahar that hit Armero and other lahars was estimated at 21,000 deaths.

1930s

 * 1932 - Ukraine - Black Famine - A Man-Made Famine raged through Ukraine, the ethnic-Ukrainian region of northern Caucasus, and the lower Volga River region in 1932-33. Between 7 and 10 million people, mainly Ukrainians, starved to death.

 * Planned by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, the main goal of this artificial famine was to break the spirit of the Ukrainian peasant farmer and to force them into collectivization. In 1932, the Soviets increased the grain procurement quota for Ukraine by 44%. Soviet law was quite clear - no grain could be given to feed the peasants until the quota was met, aware that this extraordinary high quota would result in a grain shortage leaving Ukrainian peasant unable to feed themselves.

 * When some peasants attempted to hide grain from the Soviet Government, Communist party officials with the aid of military troops and NKVD secret police units moved into the area. To insure Ukrainian peasants could not travel in search of food, an internal passport system was implemented to restrict movements.

 * While Ukrainians were starving, Ukrainian grain was collected and stored in grain elevators that were guarded by military units & NKVD secret police units.

 * /Great Depression/

1910s

 * 1913 - Great Lakes, USA & Canada - Great Lakes storm[[Image:Titanic-New York Herald front page.jpeg|thumb]]
 * 1912 - Atlantic Ocean - Sinking of the R.M.S. Titanic a Olympic-class passenger liner owned by the White Star Line and built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard. On the night of 14 April 1912, during her maiden voyage, Titanic struck an iceberg at a spot around four hundred miles south of Newfoundland, and sank two hours and forty minutes later in early 15 April 1912. There was no long gash in the ship as expected from the iceberg collision but many tiny gashes that led to the flood of the water. Her fireman compared the sound of the impact to "the tearing of calico, nothing more." However, the collision was fatal and the icy water soon poured through the ship. It became obvious that many would not find safety in a lifeboat. Each passenger was issued a life jacket but life expectancy would be short when exposed to water four degrees below freezing. The sinking resulted in the deaths of 1,517 people, ranking it as one of the worst peacetime maritime disasters in history and by far the most infamous. The Titanic used some of the most advanced technology available. It was one of the most luxurious and largest steamships at the time and was popularly believed to be “unsinkable” - indeed, in a 1910 White Star Line brochure advertising the Titanic, claiming that it was "designed to be unsinkable". It was a great shock to many that despite the advanced technology and experienced crew, the Titanic still sank with a great loss of life. The media frenzy about Titanic's famous victims, the legends about what happened on board the ship, the resulting changes to maritime law, and the discovery of the wreck in 1985 by an American and French team, led by Robert Ballard have made Titanic persistently famous in the years since.

1900s

 * 1904 - New York City, USA - General Slocum disaster - The General Slocum was a steamship launched in 1891. It caught fire and burned to the water line in New York's East River on June 15, 1904. Over 1,000 people died in the tragedy, making it New York City's worst loss-of-life disaster until the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. The Captain, William Van Schaick, and the rest of the crew suffered no fatalities, although the Captain lost sight in one eye due to the fire. There were many acts of heroism among the passengers, witnesses, and emergency personnel.
 * 1900 - Texas, USA - Galveston Hurricane

19th century

 * 1883 - Indonesia - Krakatoa volcano's eruption

18th century

 * 1755 Lisbon, Portugal earthquake - Took place on November 1, 1755, at 9:20 in the morning. It was one of the most destructive and deadly earthquakes in history, killing well over 70,000 people. The quake was followed by a tsunami and fire, resulting in the near total destruction of Lisbon.

 * The earthquake accentuated political tensions in Portugal and profoundly disrupted the country's 18th century colonial ambitions. The event was widely discussed by European Enlightenment philosophers, and inspired major developments in theodicy and in the philosophy of the sublime. The first to be studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, the quake signaled the birth of modern seismology. Geologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake approached magnitude 9 on the Richter scale, with an epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent.

 * The geological causes of this earthquake and the seismic activity in the region continue to be discussed and debated by contemporary scientists. Some geologists have suggested that the earthquake may indicate the early development of an Atlantic subduction zone, and the beginning of the closure of the Atlantic ocean.

15th century
When the fifteenth century began, the tumultuous times that had caused such destruction and calamity in the previous centuries had not ended. Disasters, as with human evolution, marched on-wards throughout each decade of the new century. Beginning with the first European pandemic of the 15th Century, due to the previous centuries international exploration of foreign lands, and subsequent trade with the indigenous people - in 1506, London was rife with the various fruits and goods acquired from new far-flung lands. One of the cheapest, and therefore, most attainable tastes from these warmer climates came from the influx of Peanuts from South America - the original trade route brought peanuts from Brazil, Chile, Hondolloma (later Peru) all through the Western sea-based silk road, from the South of America, across the Atlantic to South Africa, through the Northernmost tip of Caracas, via tribes and groups of both willing and un-willing natives.

14th century

 * /Bubonic Plague/ The black death occurred in almost all of Europe, killing one third of the population. It was caused by a disease carried by fleas (and spread by rats) and transmitted to humans

1st Century

 * 79 Destruction of Pompeii & Herculaneum by eruption of Mount Vesuvius


text:
Talk:Applications of ICT in Libraries/Introduction to Information Services

This module is called "Applications of ICT in Libraries/Introduction to Information Services" because recent cleanup work at School of Library and Information Science prefixed "Applications of ICT in Libraries/" to everything - including the link to this module. As a result, this module was an orphan until I moved it.

This module is a stub, so "Applications of ICT in Libraries/" might not be a correct prefix. --Kernigh 01:49, 4 February 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Wikizach~enwikibooks

Hi.

title: User:Wikizach~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Wikizach~enwikibooks

Hola, Shalom!

Welcome!
I hope you found some Poly Science classes. If not perhaps we could start some by playing with some political discussion formats either here locally or at wikireason. (Link on the front page.  We could pick some topics or current issues and invite people from a few communities such as kurohin5, slash/dot, and advogato to help discuss it.   Hope to see you around.  If you get bored or busy, please checkback.  I think we are finally nearing some effective initialization.  BTW Might run a search on wikibooks or wikpedia regarding specific political topics.  Later. Lazyquasar 06:12, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

P.S. Consider adding your name to the overall participant list or at specific courses of interest to help others with similar interests find you.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Wikizach. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Wikizach~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:54, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:38, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wikizach~enwikibooks


text:
Modern Greek/LegacyLesson 10

Lesson 10: Review of reading and pronunciation, subject pronouns, and verbs

Vowels
Greek has five vowel sounds, all vowels are pronounced nearer the English long rather than short:

Throughout this book, tables highlighted in this color have (or will eventually have) audio recordings to go with them.

As you can see from these examples, many letters in the Greek alphabet look like their counterparts in English. There are multiple spellings for some of these sounds:

Consonants
The following letters sound like the English letters they resemble:

Note: If you're a native English speaker, try to pronounce a plain τ, that is without the "h" sound in the end.

Reading practice:

Most Greek words have a stressed syllable which in words of more than one syllable is shown with an accent over the stressed vowel.

Vocabulary:

The following Greek consonants sound like familiar sounds from English, but look different from their English counterparts:

The letter sigma, σ, is written as  ς at the end of a word. Some Greek speakers pronounce the sigma sound so that it sounds half-way between s and sh.

Vocabulary and reading practice:

The following Greek consonants have sounds not found in English:

Vocabulary and reading practice:

The following combinations of letters have sounds that have to be learned:

Vocabulary and reading practice:

One of the big obstacles for an English speaker trying to learn Greek is that so few common usage words are related to English ones (although an estimated 10% to 20% of the total English vocabulary has Greek roots, most of it though of scientific/technical nature). However, sometimes there is a relationship that would help you to remember the Greek word, but the relationship isn't obvious, as with ευχαριστώ and Eucharist. When this happens, we'll note it as in the example above, with ~. This may mean that the English word is derived from the Greek one, or merely that both the English word and the Greek one come from a common root.

Names of the letters:

Personal subject pronouns
Greek has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Here are the personal subject pronouns: The second-person plural is also used as the formal form of address, even when speaking to a single person.

First conjugation
The subject pronouns are usually omitted, because the form of the verb indicates the subject. For example: There is no infinitive in modern Greek. For naming a verb, the first-person singular of the present tense is used as a generic term. For example, we refer to the verb γράφω, to write.

To summarize the conjugation of a verb, we write it in a table like this:

Γράφω is an example of a verb belonging to the first conjugation. Verbs in this conjugation can be recognized because their accent falls before the final ω.

The following verbs belong to the first conjugation:

Vocabulary:

Conjugations of some of these verbs:

The verbs έχω, to have, and είμαι, to be
Two important verbs are έχω, to have, and  είμαι, to be.  The first-conjugation verb  έχω is regular in the present tense, so it has the same endings as γράφω.

To be in English is expressed in the active voice, but the Greek είμαι is passive, and doesn't have an active form. The ending -μαι is a typical, regular ending for passive verbs. Although we won't be concerned with passive constructions until later, είμαι is so important that you need to get it under your belt right away.

Capital letters
Now that we're ready to handle complete sentences, we need capital letters. Most of the capital letters of the Greek alphabet are similar in form either to the lowercase letters, or to their counterparts in the Latin alphabet:

Sentences
The order of words in a Greek sentence is much more free than in English, but you can correctly construct a sentence using the familiar English syntax of subject+verb, or subject+verb+object. The subject is usually omitted when it is a pronoun.

Sentences:

In Greek, adjectives change their endings to agree with the gender and number of the nouns they describe (declension). The following vocabulary list introduces some nouns that happen to be neuter, and some adjectives, which are given in neuter form. The word το is the definite article, like English "the," used with singular neuter nouns.

Vocabulary:

Sentences:

Negatives are formed by placing δεν before the verb. The question mark in Greek is the semicolon.

Sentences:

Dialog:

Dialogue 1
Greeting others

Mark: Γεια σας. Anna: Kαλημέρα. Mark: Τι κάνετε; Anna: Πολύ καλά και εσείς; Mark: Πολύ καλά.

Dialogue 2
Introducing yourself

Mark: Πώς σε λέvε; Anna: Mε λέvε Άvvα.

Alphabet / Αλφάβητο
The Greek Language was one of the first written languages in all world. The script used had some peculiarities not observed today: for instance, the vowels were not written, and one needed to guess or to know their specific place inside the word. This alphabet has been evolving, through contact with other cultures and through the simple action of the time, until it became what it is today. Amongst the Greek alphabet, we can spot some (or even many) similarities with the Latin (or Roman) one. The alphabet used nowadays has 24 letters: 7 vowels and 17 consonants.

Besides the alphabet, there is also an accent ( ´ ) and a diaeresis( ¨ ). The use of these two diacritics is discussed in the next section.

Pronunciation of the Alphabet
Greek sounds are, in general, soft. As a major rule, each letter carries a single sound (this is not universal, but almost, as we'll see later in this page). As in the previous chapter, we see here a table with the various letters. This time, the columns represent not the name, but the approximate sound of the letters.

Note: The letter Γγ is the most difficult to pronounce for an English speaker: it is like a stronger h, simultaneous with the vibration of the vocal cords; in other words, it is the voiced counterpart of the χ. Before e and i vowels, it is pronounced as a y like in the word yes.

Diphthongs
Diphthongs are combinations of two vowels that function as a unique sound. Note that in Modern Greek, the word Diphthong (δίφθογγος) is also used for combination of vowels that sound like a simple vowel. There are eight diphthongs in Modern Greek. There are also some similar combinations of consonants:

Accent and Diaeresis
Most Greek words have a stressed syllable which is the syllable said with more strength: for instance, in the English words comfort and peculiarity, the stressed syllables are com and ar, respectively.

Greek marks the stressed syllable with an accent mark ( ΄ ) over the vowel. In one-syllable words, the accent is usually omitted. When the stress falls on a syllable that has a diphthong, the accent is used above the last letter of this diphthong. Thus, words like Παύλος (Paul) ou γυναίκα (woman), are correctly accented.

If the accent is put on the first vowel of a diphthong, it is not read as a diphthong but read as two independent vowels, as in the word ρολόι (watch or clock), which has three syllables, not two. On the other hand, if one wishes to separate the diphthong, but the accent falls on other syllable, the diaeresis ( ¨ ) is used, as in the word Εβραϊκός (Hebrew).

There are, however, some words that aren't stressed (usually monosyllabic grammatical words), and these don't have an accent. Words like these are read as affixes added to the main word. Examples:
 * ο (the masc.) "Ο πατέρας" (The father) is read as a single word - aw-pah-TE-ras;
 * μου (my), "Ο πατέρας μου" (My father) is also read as a single word - aw-pa-TE-raz-mu.

Every stressed word with more than one syllable carries an accent. However, there are monosyllabic words that also have accent, like ή (or) and πού (where). This accent has a double function:
 * It distinguishes words that, otherwise, would be equal - η (the fem.) and που (that, which);
 * It marks words as strong, unlike their weak comparing counterparts.

title: Modern Greek/LegacyLesson 10


text:
User:Konstable~enwikibooks

I am a former administrator of Wikipedia where I had the same username, however I have quit the project, so please leave any messages here.

Previously at Wikibooks I have made major contributions to Wikijunior Dinosaurs. I am currently looking around looking at various areas where I may help out.

title: User:Konstable~enwikibooks


text:
Computer Go

Writing Software to Play the Ancient Game of Go
Go is a strategic, two-player game that originated in ancient China thousands of years ago. It is popular throughout East Asia, and is gaining popularity among computer programmers because of its extraordinary complexity. Whereas the top chess-playing computer programs are now better than the top human grand masters, the best Go-playing computer programs currently in existence can be defeated even by amateur Go players.

The rules of Go are simple, but the strategies complex; the sheer number of legal moves at any point in the game make programming an effective opponent a daunting task. This book endeavors to help the novice who is beginning to write software to play the ancient game of Go, as well as to provide a useful resource to those already skilled in the art.

The Go Community
It is becoming very common for Go players to use the Internet to meet, discuss games, and play one another. Many strong players now regularly play Go online. There is also a growing community of people who write Go software programs, with regular competitions and tournaments between the various Go-playing engines. See How Do I Find Other Programs To Play Against?

Where Do I Start?
The best place to start is with the rules of Go. Once you are comfortable with the rules, you may want to play a few games yourself. At that point you can begin with whichever chapter of this book you find most interesting:

 * Writing a Go Engine: the innards of a Go-playing program [[Image:75%.svg]]
 * Writing a GTP Engine: the protocol that allows to programs to play Go against each other [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Writing an SGF Parser: the file format in which Go games are stored [[File:00%.svg]]
 * Writing a Go GUI: the way humans interact with a Go-related program [[File:00%.svg]]

Miscellaneous Resources

 * Developer Resources
 * Open source code
 * GNU Go
 * Utilities
 * Mailing Lists

title: Computer Go


text:
Computer Go/Writing a Go Engine

Writing a Go Engine
This chapter will walk you through the process of writing a very simple Go Engine capable of recognizing illegal moves and processing the results of moves by removing captured stones.

 * Representing the Board
 * Recognizing Illegal Moves
 * Processing a Move

Miscellaneous Resources
Sample Code A zip file containing all the sample code for this chapter (written in Java 5).

title: Computer Go/Writing a Go Engine


text:
User talk:Bcrowell~enwikibooks

Please do not blank pages
I noticed your recent work at Modern Greek/Contents. Everything seems good, except that while you were merging, you made three pages blank: Greek: Introduction, Greek: Alphabet, and Greek: Phonology.

When you make a blank page, what happens is that there are still links at Wikibooks and the Internet. Some readers will use these links, and instead of finding the Modern Greek/Contents page where you did all the work, they will find useless blank pages. Thus please do not make blank pages because they will stop some readers from reading what you worked on!

The good news is that I was able to fix the blank pages by changing them into redirects. Briefly, you can redirect one page to another by replacing the page with one line like this:

 * 1) redirect Modern Greek/Contents

It helped much that you had typed a "summary" (in the box just above the "Save page" button) each time that you blanked a page, explaining that you were merging. From there, I knew that you were not deleting content, and was able to make the redirects. Thanks for contributing to Wikibooks, and I hope that you continue to work at Wikibooks and provide a "summary" with your edits. --Kernigh 03:25, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Image:Modern greek song aidoni.ogg
You haven't set license of this file. You can see list of licenses at WB:ICT.

You wrote that you copied this file from a website - you should know that we don't allow this unless source releases files under a free license. --Derbeth talk 09:43, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Copying images from Wikipedia
Please don't copy images from Wikipedia. Instead, upload them to Commons - it is as easy as uploading them here and you don't create redundant images. After uploading an image to Commons, remember to mark image on Wikipedia with. --Derbeth talk 10:05, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You don't have to do anything special. Images on Commons are treated as they were here. --Derbeth talk 11:18, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Unused files
Can you take a look at ? There are some files of yours. Will you need them? Please don't leave unnecessary files, mark them for deletion with delete template. --Derbeth talk 13:17, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Modern Greek Module
I am just writing to thank you for all the hard work you have put into the Modern Greek Wikibook. I have been trying to teach myself Greek on the internet and this wikibook is by far the best option available. Thankyou for building the book into what it now is, mainly without help. Cheers again! Storeye (talk) 11:13, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Replacing the Recordings
I also wanted to say thanks! I am also learning modern greek. My boyfriend is Greek, and I was wondering if it would be helpful to replace the recordings with his voice? I'm sure he could find the time to do it. But I have never added anything to a wiki before, are there guidelines for how to do the reading, recording formats, etc?

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bcrowell. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bcrowell~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:02, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:37, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bcrowell~enwikibooks


text:
Using Ratpoison/Aliasing

The command shell
Ratpoison has a built-in "run" dialog, a quick way to launch any program without having to start a console. Type C-t ! to get a little command box from which you can launch your program. This is most useful for launching graphical applications without tying up a console, as you won't be able to see any of the output of any purely command line programs.

From the same command prompt you can invoke the ratpoison command to tweak settings and do various actions. All these commands can be looked up in the mainpage, and they are all preceded by ratpoison -c.

For example, to set the "rudeness level" to five (will be explained soon) you type ratpoison -c rudeness 5.

All these commands can of course be executed from within a console window; C-t ! is simply a more convenient variant of a command shell.

Aliasing
As mentioned before, ratpoison can be thought of as GNU Screen for window managing; like command line shells, it is possible to alias long commands to shorter versions.

This can be done through the extended command ability (which resembles C-t !), which is invoked via "C-t :". This opens a little box just like C-t ! does, but instead of executing shell commands, the input will be sent to ratpoison which will attempt to interpret this input as a ratpoison command; suppose one often runs Mozilla Firefox, but one grew weary of always opening a shell with C-t c and then typing in "mozilla-firefox &" (the ampersand is necessary so you can use the terminal for other things, otherwise the terminal will simply display any error or informative messages Firefox emits), or "C-t ! mozilla-firefox"?

One could decide to use a shorter name- input C-t :, and enter in "alias firefox exec mozilla-firefox", which would allow one to simply C-t: firefox, and Firefox would open up; one could even go C-t: "alias f exec mozilla-firefox" if they were rather lazy, and used no other programs beginning with the letter "f".

Aliasing is not limited to regular program names- if one drops the "exec", one could alias the command "quit" to "q": "C-t : alias q quit".

As a matter of fact, all the keyboard shortcuts one has learned for ratpoison, like C-t p, they all are actually aliases for longer commands! C-t q (which quits ratpoison) is actually an alias for C-t : quit. This is another area of borrowing from Emacs- Emacs similarly represents all keys on a keyboard and all combinations thereof, as aliases of Emacs functions.

(In these examples the command "exec" is necessary to have ratpoison evaluate the succeeding string as a shell command, and not another ratpoison command. Please see the official documentation on exec for more details; exec essentially does the same thing as C-t !).

title: Using Ratpoison/Aliasing


text:
Talk:Computer Go/Writing a Go Engine

Notes for further expansion:
 * Obtaining Legal Play
 * Representing the board
 * Chain tracking
 * Liberty counting
 * Suicides and Captures
 * Ko tracking
 * Data Structures and Algorithms
 * Fundamental Decisions
 * Pattern matching (why, when, and how)
 * Tables, data files, etc vs. hard-coded rules
 * Learning
 * Regression testing
 * Storing coordinate based information
 * Representing the board
 * 1D vs 2D?
 * Array of structures or multiple arrays?
 * Collections of points
 * Speed vs. Size trade-offs
 * sets, hashes, unique lists, and other
 * Spatial representations
 * Surrounding chains/groups
 * Distance from edge
 * Next stone in 4 cardinal directions
 * Incremental updates verses recalculation ???
 * Caching methodologies ???
 * Implementing Go Concepts
 * Life and Death
 * Territory and Influence
 * Libraries of Joseki and Fuseki
 * Chain and Liberty tracking
 * Array of chain ID's
 * Liberty accuracy requirements
 * 4 liberties for tactial stability ???
 * Extend to 5 liberties in contact fights ???
 * Incremental approaches verses recalculation
 * Tactical Reading
 * Minimax vs. AlphaBeta vs. Lambda ???
 * Group Tracking ???
 * Full Board Evaluators ???

title: Talk:Computer Go/Writing a Go Engine


text:
Computer Go/Writing a GTP Engine

http://www.lysator.liu.se/~gunnar/gtp/

 * Connecting to a server
 * GTPv2
 * Essential commands
 * Sample Source
 * GoGui
 * KGS / kgsGtp
 * IGS

title: Computer Go/Writing a GTP Engine


text:
Computer Go/Writing an SGF Parser

http://www.red-bean.com/sgf/

http://senseis.xmp.net/?SGFFile

http://gobase.org/software/editors/

http://project-oz.com/gtpdemo.php

http://svn.red-bean.com/repos/sussman/software/bkgo/SGFnode.java

title: Computer Go/Writing an SGF Parser


text:
Computer Go/Writing a Go GUI

Writing a Go GUI can have many different purposes. It can be a front-end to a Go engine so you can see the computer's play in a graphical manner; it can be an SGF viewer to allow a user to review games; it can be an SGF editor to allow users to create SGF files of their own; it can be used as part of a client application to allow users to play Go over the Internet.

This section primarily contains resources for widget libraries intended to make writing a Go GUI easier. However, when writing a Go GUI, even just a simple game viewer, there are other problems to take into account that are primarily detailed in other sections:
 * Representing the Board
 * Determining Legal Moves
 * Clearing stones
 * Writing an SGF Parser

title: Computer Go/Writing a Go GUI


text:
Computer Go/Developer Resources

Computer Go Test Collection
CGTC contains realistic full-board test problems taken from computer Go games.

http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~games/go/cgtc/

GoBase.org's List of Go resources
http://gobase.org/information/computers/

Overviews of Computer Go techniques
Computer Go: an AI Oriented Survey (2001) - Bruno Bouzy & Tristan Cazenave (PDF)

Computer Go (2002) - Martin Müller (gzipped PDF)

Overzicht van de ontwikkeling van een Go spelend programma - Mark Boon (Dutch)
 * Review of the development of a Go playing program (Partial English translation by Markus Enzenberger]

A library of eyes in Go - Thomas Wolf (PDF)

title: Computer Go/Developer Resources


text:
Computer Go/Open source code

A considerable wealth of Open Source Go-related programs can be found on:

http://sourceforge.net/

Searching the "Board Games" category for "Go" produces these results:

http://sourceforge.net/search/?form_cat=287&words=Go

title: Computer Go/Open source code


text:
Computer Go/GNU Go

GNU Go is an open-source Go-playing program that consistently achieves a rank of 8k-9k on popular Go servers. Examining how it works can be useful for those wanting to program their own Go engine.

http://www.gnu.org/software/gnugo/gnugo.html

title: Computer Go/GNU Go


text:
Computer Go/Mailing Lists

The Computer-Go mailing list archives can be found here:

http://computer-go.org/pipermail/computer-go/

To subscribe to the Computer-Go mailing list, visit this page:

http://computer-go.org/mailman/listinfo/computer-go

title: Computer Go/Mailing Lists


text:
Computer Go/KGS/kgsGtp

Instructions on how to use the kgsGtp client to get your Go-playing engine connected to the KGS server can be found here:

http://www.weddslist.com/kgs/how/outline.html

title: Computer Go/KGS/kgsGtp


text:
User:Deostroll~enwikibooks

 * Hello. This is Arun T Jayapal's user page (alias deostroll).
 * I did my civil engineering from Govt Engineering Thrissur. I work as a night shift programmer in a call centre Allsec Technologies, Chennai.
 * Well, this is all that I can think to tell you more about my self. If you want to contact me use my email:
 * deostroll@yahoo.com
 * You can also know more about me through my website:
 * http://www.geocities.com/deostroll

title: User:Deostroll~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Deostroll~enwikibooks

Hi. This is Arun T Jayapal's (alias deostroll) talk page. You can leave messages here for me. It could be something like
 * I'd like to know your opinion on this particular subject

or anything else. Use this page to basically communicate your thoughts.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Deostroll. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Deostroll~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

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title: User talk:Deostroll~enwikibooks


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Talk:Structural Engineering

About Structural Engineering
Structural engineering is a vast subject. It concerns other branches of engineering too. Even aeronautical degree programmes do study simple statics and bending of beams, torsion, etc. I suppose the best way to start this module is to describe in vague what structural engineering is and what is a structural engineer's duty/responsibility. And then we can move on to basic mechanics and so on...
 * --deostroll 06:58, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

About the first edit...

 * I left the matter refering to concrete as such. May be it should serve other people who wish edit as a reminder about what this subject ought to describe in the future versions. Concrete is only one part of structural engineering! Meanwhile anyone is welcomed to edit this module themselves or suggest how this module should actually go about this subject.
 * I would also like people to consider following questions (because even I doubt them)
 * Can a bridge be considered as a structural system?
 * Is it correct to say that strucutral engineering activites consists of analysis and design?
 * How should this article/module touch subjects like strucutral analysis and design? Shouldn't they be separate modules?
 * How should this article/module touch subjects like strucutral analysis and design? Shouldn't they be separate modules?

--deostroll 08:31, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

It would be better if you add diagrams and drawings for clearing the subjects. And do you consider clarifying what is "statically determinate structure"?

Structual analysis and design
There is no design without structural analysis. However I think they are two different subjects... I'm not sure why they have a category with both. (see structural analysis and design)

On the definition of structural engineering
The quote "Structural Engineering is the art of moulding materials we do not wholly understand into shapes we cannot precisely analyze, so as to withstand forces we cannot really assess, in such a way that the community at large has no reason to suspect the extent of our ignorance" is incorrectly attributed to James E. Amrhein. Amrhein himself has confirmed that he frequently uses the quote, but is not the original author (see January 2009 issue of STRUCTURE Magazine). This quote is a slight revision from the definition in the 1967 textbook Structural Analysis Volume One by Dr. E.H. Brown. Brown's definition was "The art of moulding materials we do not really understand into shapes we cannot really analyze, so as to withstand forces we cannot really assess, in such a way that the public does not really suspect." Mr. Amrhein is not even responsible for making the modification to its longer and less repetitive form; that credit probably belongs to Dr. A.R. Dykes (see May 1978 issue of The Structural Engineer).

title: Talk:Structural Engineering


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 11 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

Subsection (1) provides that a non-UK resident company is only within the charge to corporation tax if it carries on a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment in the United Kingdom. This does not necessarily mean that a non-UK resident company that is not carrying on a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment is not subject to UK taxation on its profits, as it may well fall within the charge to income tax. This is typically the case for non-UK resident companies that receive income from UK land, where income less expenses is charged to income tax at the basic rate (22% in 2005-06). The precise meaning of "non-UK resident", "carrying on a trade" "in" (the United Kingdom) and "permanent establishment" are all important in deciding whether a foreign company is within the charge to corporation tax, and if so, to what extent.

Subsection (2) provides that a non-UK resident company within the charge to corporation tax is charged to corporation tax only on its profits, wherever arising, that are attributable to the permanent establishment.

Subsection (2A) provides a list of which profits are attributable to a permanent establishment, namely:
 * trading income arising directly or indirectly through or from the establishment
 * income from property or rights used by, or held by or for, the establishment, and;
 * chargeable gains failing within Section 10B of TCGA (i) by virtue of assets being used or held for the purposes of the trade carried on by the company through the establishment, or (ii) by virtue of assets being used or held for the purposes of the establishment or being acquired for use by or for the purposes of the establishment.

In practice, deciding what this amounts to can be difficult, particularly in the financial services industry, where funds held overseas may be supporting business arising from a UK permanent establishment. This Subsection is therefore supplemented by Section 11AA and Schedule A1. Life insurance companies have their own rules set out in Sections 11A to 11C of ICTA (as deemed to be inserted by Schedule 19AC to ICTA).

Subsection (3) mimics the provision in Section 7 that applies to UK resident companies. It provides that where a non-UK resident company to which this Section applies has received income under deduction of income tax, and it brings that income into its corporation tax computation, the income tax suffered may be used to offset the corporation tax charge for the period in which that income is brought into the corporation tax computation.

Subsection (4) disapplies subsection (3) for a payment of loan interest to which Section 369 of ICTA applies. Section 369 deals with mortgage relief at source. As mortgage relief at source no longer applies, this subsection no longer has any practical effect. This Subsection mimics Section 7(3).


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Definitions/Company

Company is defined for the purposes of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 by Section 832 of ICTA as:

 * any body corporate or unincorporated association but does not include a partnership, a local authority or a local authority association

However, this definition is subject to Section 468 of ICTA and does not apply to the following provisions of ICTA:

 * 1) Chapter 1 of Part XVII (Cancellation of tax advantages from certain transactions in securities)
 * 2) Sections 774 to 777
 * 3) Section 839 (Connected persons)
 * 4) Paragraph 15 of Schedule 3 (which has now been repealed)

Nor does it apply where the context requires otherwise because some other definition of "company" applies.


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Definitions

The following definitions may be relevant:

 * Caravan
 * Company
 * Furnished lettings
 * Houseboat
 * Profession
 * Profits
 * Qualifying distribution


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 14 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

Section 14 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 defines qualifying distribution for the purposes of ICTA. The definition is as follows:

 * any distribution other than -

 * (a) a distribution which, in relation to the company making it, is a distribution only by virtue of Section 209(2)(c) of ICTA; or

 * (b) a distribution consisting of any share capital or security which the company making the distribution has directly or indirectly received from the company by which the share capital or security was issued and which, in relation to the latter company, is a distribution by virtue only of section 209(2)(c).

Section 14 used also to include information about advance corporation tax, which was abolished in 1998.


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Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 15 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This Section sets out Schedule A, the charge to tax arising from income on UK land.

The charge to tax
Subsection (1) sets out the four paragraphs of the charge.

Paragraph 1 raises the charge on "the annual profits arising from a business carried on for exploitation, as a source of rents of other receipts, of any estate, interest or rights in or over land in the United Kingdom. To the extent a transaction is entered into for such exploitation it is treated as being entered into in the course of such a business. All such property businesses and transactions by a person are treated as if it is one business being carried on. There are two exceptions for this: first in respect of non-resident companies (see Subsection (1A)) below; second in respect of life insurance companies, where there is a separate rule in Sections 432AA and 441B(2A) of ICTA.

Paragraph 2 carves out certain items from the charge to Schedule A:

 * Profits arising from the occupation of land;
 * Profits charged to tax under Case I of Schedule D under Section 53(1) of ICTA (farming and marketing gardening) or Section 55 of ICTA (mines, quarries and other concerns);
 * Receipts or expenses taken into account in the taxation of tied premises (under Section 98 of ICTA);
 * Rent taxed under Schedule D under Section 119 of ICTA (rent, etc. payable in connection with mines, quarries and other concerns) or under Section 120(1) of ICTA (certain rent, etc. payable in respect of electric line wayleaves);
 * Credits and debits arising from loan relationships or derivative contracts.

Paragraph 3 deems rights in static caravans and houseboats to be rights in UK land for the purposes of Schedule A.

Paragraph 4 brings income receipts or other consideration received from the provision of furniture in furnished lettings into Schedule A, unless the receipts are charged under Case I of Schedule D as receipts of a furniture letting trade.

Other Subsections
Subsection (1A) provides that for non-UK resident companies, businesses carried on and transactions entered into by it, the profits on which are within the corporation tax charge, are charged to corporation tax under Schedule A. However, a UK property business that falls to be within the charge to income tax is charged to income tax under Chapter 3 of Part 3 of ITTOIA. If a non-resident company has some property business within the charge to corporation tax, and some within the charge to income tax, it is treated as though it has two separate property businesses.

Subsection (3A) provides that Subsection (1) applies for corporation tax purposes, but not for income tax purposes (except insofar as it is necessary for them to apply for income tax purposes to ensure the application of Subsection (1) for corporation tax purposes.

Subsection (4) Notes that Part II of ICTA contains more information on the charge to Schedule A for corporation tax purposes, and that Part II of ICTA also contains more information on the income tax charge to profits on a property business under Chapter 3 of Part 3 of ITTOIA (which doesn't apply to entities within the charge to corporation tax).


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File:MLS Logo.jpg

Summary
MLS logo

Licensing
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title: File:MLS Logo.jpg


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File:CONCACAF Logo2.jpg

Summary
CONCACAF Logo.

Licensing
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title: File:CONCACAF Logo2.jpg


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File:DC United Logo.gif

Summary
DC United logo.

Licensing
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title: File:DC United Logo.gif


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File:LA Galaxy Logo.gif

Summary
LA Galaxy logo.

Licensing
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title: File:LA Galaxy Logo.gif


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File:Primera Division Mexico Logo.jpg

Summary
Mexican Clausura logo.

Licensing
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title: File:Primera Division Mexico Logo.jpg


text:
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Summary
Club América logo.

Licensing
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title: File:Club America Logo.gif


text:
File:Chivas Guadalajara Logo.jpg

Summary
Chivas de Guadalajara logo.

Licensing
/Logos

title: File:Chivas Guadalajara Logo.jpg


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English in Use/Verbals

Infinitives
See the verbs infinitive mood.

A short syntax
An infinitive can be joined to every part of speech: a noun, as "Obtain felicity," an adjective, as "Desirous to speak," a pronoun, as "What to accuse," a finite verb, as "Come to seek," an infinitive, as "To wait to consider," a participle, as "Bent to unhoard," an adverb, as "How to act," a conjunction, as "More than praise it," a preposition, as "About to write," and an interjection, as "O to forget her!".

An infinitive may stand for the following: a supplement to verb, as "Go to seek," purpose, as "Labour not to be rich," an object of passion, as "He loves to ride," a cause of passion, as "I rejoice to hear it," the subject of proposition, as "To steal is sinful," the object of proposition, as "To enjoy is to obey," a coming event, as "Things to come," a necessary event, as "It is to be remembered," something previously suggested, as "The gift to know it," and measure, as "Enough to show."

Gerunds
Gerunds are nouns built from a verb with an ing suffix. They can be used as the subject of a sentence, an object, or an object of preposition. They can also be used to complement a subject. Often, gerunds exist side-by-side with nouns that come from the same root but the gerund and the common noun have different shades of meaning. Examples: breath and breathing, knowledge and knowing. Yet, distinguishing between a gerund, and a verb can sometimes cause trouble. For example:

 * "Swimming has to be the best sport ever." (Swimming is gerund.)
 * "I went swimming today." (Not a Gerund, because it is not an idea.)

Examples of gerunds as the subject of a sentence are:

 * "Backpacking is a rewarding pastime."
 * "Stretching can loosen up muscles."
 * "No smoking." (I.e., no smoking is allowed / you may not smoke here.)

As an object:
 * "We all love to go bowling on the weekend."
 * "He loves eating chips."

An object of preposition:

 * "They complained of hearing strange sounds from the next cabin."
 * "They sang about being eaten by bears to allay their fears."

And as a complement to a subject:

 * "One of the most dangerous things to do on the lake is ice-skating."

Participles
Participles are forms of verbs which are used as adjectives. A participle is a word derived from a verb, participating the properties of a verb, and of an adjective or a noun; and is generally formed by adding ing, d, or ed, to the verb: thus, from the verb rule, are formed three participles, two simple and one compound; as, ruling, ruled, having ruled.

English verbs, not defective, have severally three participles; which have been very variously denominated, perhaps the most accurately thus: the present, the past, and the past perfect. Or, as their order is undisputed, they may be conveniently called the first, the second, and the third.

The present participle is that which ends commonly in ing, and implies a continuance of the being, action, or passion: as, being, acting, ruling, loving, defending, terminating. Therefore:

 * Talk becomes talking
 * Jump becomes jumping
 * Open becomes opening
 * See becomes seeing

The present participle, when simple, is always formed by adding ing, or it is formed by prefixing being to some other simple participle; as, being reading, being read, being completed.

The past participle is that which ends commonly in ed or en, and implies a completion of the being, action, or passion: as, been, acted, ruled, loved, defended, terminated. Therefore:

 * Talk becomes talked
 * Jump becomes jumped
 * Open becomes opened
 * However, See becomes seen

The past participle is always simple, and is regularly formed by adding d or ed to the radical verb: those verbs from which it is formed otherwise, are either irregular or redundant.

The irregular verb see also did not have a regular past participle. As with most irregular words, there is no good "general rule" which applies, but often ed is replaced by 'en'. More irregular verbs with irregular past participles are:

 * Be, been
 * Break, broken
 * Eat, eaten
 * Slide, slid

The past perfect participle is that which takes the sign having, and implies a previous completion of the being, action, or passion: as, having loved, having seen, having written; having been loved, having been writing, having been written.

The past perfect participle is always compound, and is formed by prefixing having to the past participle, when the compound is double, and having been to the past or the present participle, when the compound is triple: as, having spoken, having been spoken, having been speaking.

A short syntax
Participles relate to nouns or pronouns, as "Reading Plato," except the following cases: the preceding phrase, as "To leave them, appearing a duty," an abstract action or being, as "To seem compelled, is disagreeable," substitute for infinitive, as "Afraid of trying," and substitute for a noun, as "This is talking."

Examples
Each of these cases has a verb acting as an adjective, describing the subject.
 * He is talking to her.
 * They are jumping into the pool.
 * We had eaten the pie.

In case you were wondering, had plus a past participle is called a past perfect, or in the United Kingdom, the pluperfect.

title: English in Use/Verbals