text:
United Nations/General Assembly

The General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. It is the only one of these six in which all Member nations are given the opportunity for representation.

Purpose and scope
The GA serves as a forum where all Member States have a voice since all member states are represented. Member nations can launch initiatives regarding international questions of peace, economic progress, and human rights. The GA can initiate studies; make recommendations; develop and codify international law; promote human rights; and further international economic, social, cultural, and educational programs.

In the event that the Security Council cannot meet, or cannot concur unanimously for a resolution on a specific matter, the GA may have the opportunity to hold special "emergency sessions". Within the GA, it is arguably much more feasible to successfully pass a resolution, given that a big five nation (one of the five major Allied victors of World War II) in the SC vetoes a resolution. The GA mandates that all Member nations are offered representation, as opposed to merely 15 total Members in the Security Council. It is important to note, however, that the reason why the Security Council has relatively fewer nations than the GA is so that it can act quickly. Again, the single veto of a big five nation can impede progress.

Resolutions passed in the GA are nonbinding, meaning that the resolutions the GA passes do not need to be followed by nations, as opposed to the Security Council, which passes binding resolutions, in which nations are required to follow by the terms of SC resolutions if specified to do so.

Veto power is absent within the GA.

The 6 Sub-Committees

 * First Committee: The First Committee is formally known as the Committee on Disarmament and International Security, sometimes abbreviated as DISEC. The role of First Committee is to discuss threats to international public safety, such as anti-personnel land mines and weapons of mass destruction. The First Committee has discussed nuclear arms/weapons proliferation since the conceiving of the first nuclear weapons in the 1950's by the United States of America. Because the Committee has dealt with nuclear proliferation for such a long time, many people or scholars who study the United Nations generally recognize First Committee as the 'sideline' nuclear proliferation committee within the UN. (The main UN committee that deals with nuclear proliferation is the IAEA, or International Atomic Energy Agency)

 * Second Committee: The Second Committee is formally known as the Economic and Financial Committee . ECOSOC, or Economic and Social Council, deals with similar matters that the Second Committee discusses sometimes.

 * Third Committee: The Third Committee is formally known as the Social, Political, Humanitarian Committee, SOCHUM for short. Some issues of common discussion and debate are religious intolerance in troubled areas around the world, basic human rights violations, and humanitarian violations. Some additional UN organs that usually have more of a part than Third Committee include the World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, among others.

 * Fourth Committee: Otherwise known as the Committee for Special Political and Decolonization, or SPECPOL, the Fourth Committee attempts to ameliorate situations in which a territory once occupied through imperialistic forces can enter a state of self-sovereignty.

 * Fifth Committee: The Administrative and Budgetary Committee deals with administration within the UN and finances that the UN finds necessary in order to function.

 * Sixth Committee: Known notoriously as the Legal Committee, Sixth Committee deals with the legal aspect of UN issues. The Legal Committee sometimes refers issues to the ICJ, or International Court of Justice.

GA Plenary
After a GA sub-committee has met and agrees on a resolution, the sub-committee submits their resolution to the main GA body for a special plenary session, in which all members of the GA are given the opportunity to vote on that sub-committee's resolution.

title: United Nations/General Assembly


text:
Openbravo POS/Developer guide/SQL Queries

Postgres

Total Sales Per Date:

Totals per product, per date, within a date range:

Reset Database without removing products

?

MySQL

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Toyota Prius

The Toyota Prius is one of the world's first commercially mass-produced and marketed hybrid automobiles. Manufactured by Toyota, the Prius first went on sale in Japan in 1997, and was introduced to the worldwide market in 2000. By the end of 2003, nearly 160,000 units had been produced for sale in Japan, Europe, and North America. In Latin, prius means "before" or "first". The Prius (2000 to 2003 model years) is certified as a Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). With the 2004 model, the Prius was redesigned as a midsize hatchback, and certified as an Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (AT-PZEV).

Versions
The first Prius model, NHW10, was sold only in Japan though grey personal imports have been made to the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Subsequent versions have seen wider sales, increased power and reduced battery weight. Production of the Prius for the China market began in December 2006 by Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor, a joint venture with First Automobile Works.

Aftermarket upgrades
Various upgrades for the Prius include extra batteries, chargers, stealth mode and solar panels.

Stealth Mode
When the vehicle is turned-on with the "start" button, it is ready to drive immediately with the electric motor, while electric pumps warm the engine with previously saved hot engine coolant, before the internal combustion engine is started. The delay between starting the car and starting the internal combustion engine is approximately seven seconds. The Asian and European versions of this vehicle provide a button labeled "EV" that maintains Electric Vehicle mode after startup, under most low-load driving conditions. The North American model does not have the "EV" button, although the "EV" mode is still supported internally by the Prius high-voltage management computer. While some have speculated that EV mode was not included on North American models in the interest of retaining the warranted battery life of 100,000 miles (160,000 km) in the US—150,000 miles (240,000 km) in California and several other states—engineers note that EV mode is automatically overridden when the battery requires recharging from the internal combustion engine. The Prius is designed to protect the battery from extreme discharge as well as over-charge and will utilize the engine as-necessary to maintain the optimum conditions for a long battery life. In addition to information at online discussion groups, the PRIUS+ Project offers instructions for do-it-yourselfers who wish to enable the button, and after-market components provider Coastal Electronic Technologies offers a kit. Several aftermarket vendors are supplying OEM EV buttons for 04+ Prius.

Extra batteries
Evolving from the button project, The California Cars Initiative (CalCars) converted a Prius in 2004, adding larger batteries, and private companies EDrive Systems in the United States and Amberjac Projects in the United Kingdom announced plans to sell conversion kits in 2006. The most recent versions use a new, patented advanced safe-format Lithium Battery from Valence Technology (VLNC, NASDAQ) called Saphion. The energy density and far more efficient utilization of these batteries provide around 20x the available power of the standard NiMH battery pack but at only double the weight. Tests show it capable of achieving >30 miles in all electric mode at speeds below 34mph. The internal combustion engine starts only at higher speeds or when extra acceleration is needed. Fuel economy (as demonstrated for several journalists) is improved to 100-160mpg source article depending on driving conditions. City driving may be possible without using the gas engine at all, eliminating the use of almost all liquid fuel in exchange for electrical energy.

Chargers
CalCars initiated efforts to promote the idea of plug-in hybrids to be built by automakers, and documented the emissions benefits of plug-in hybrids not only on California's clean power grid but also on the national (50% coal-fueled) power grid. This addition would be relatively ineffective without additional battery capacity or reprogramming to more completely discharge the batteries (which would be detrimental to their service life.

Recently Toyota has announced that it intends to build a plug in hybrid vehicle at an unspecified future time.

Solar Panels
Solar panels provide additional energy to the batteries while the vehicle is in motion or otherwise away from the grid. Solar panels are also useful when the Prius is parked for extended periods of time in a sunny location if it doesn't have a charger or is not connected to a power outlet. Some drivers have claimed up to 10% mileage improvements with the addition of their solar panels, while final results are dependent on the size and efficiency of the solar panels as well as weather conditions. Drivers in Australia and the southwestern states for instance, see the most mileage improvements on their Prius. One advantage of solar panels is that they do not wear out or depreciate like ICE components.

Official Sites

 * Official Prius Site
 * Official Prius web site

Community Sites

 * PriusChat.com — forums
 * VFAQ.NET - Prius Modification Site
 * PriusOnline forum
 * Yahoo! Groups about the Prius

title: Toyota Prius


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Toyota Prius/Driving tricks

Efficient Prius driving entails avoiding inefficient modes, like using "B" or running the internal combustion engine (ICE) or excessive braking and speed, and maximizing efficient modes such as using electric vehicle (EV) modes. When possible, route planning allows both of these to be achieved, often with little or no change in elapsed time.

Above all, it's important to understand that a casual Prius driver needs to understand NONE of the tricks described below. "Just drive it and enjoy!"

Use "pulse and glide" driving technique for maximum efficiency.

Using "B" Shift Position
The Prius uses an electronic transmission mode selector, similar to a gear shift on a conventional car. Unlike a conventional vehicle with modes P R N D 2 1 (park, reverse, neutral, drive, 2nd gear, 1st gear) the Prius has a power button, a park button, and a selector for modes R N D and B (reverse, neutral, drive, and engine-Braking).

In the course of normal driving, the driver NEVER needs to use 'B' mode ( mode). The techniques below are optional. 'B' mode is appropriate when descending long steep grades (i.e. descending down a mountain road), where if the driver uses the brake pedal to control the vehicle's speed, the vehicle's brake pads could overheat and fail.

In a normal vehicle, the driver handles that condition by slowing to an appropriate speed and shifting to a lower gear (2nd or 1st). This forces the vehicle to spin the engine faster than needed, "wasting" energy through vacuum losses but helping maintain a safe vehicle speed without overheating the brake pads.

In a Prius, the driver handles that condition by selecting "B" mode. This tells the Prius to attempt to emulate "engine braking" in a conventional vehicle. Depending on the vehicle's speed and the battery SOC (state of charge), the Prius will do this using regenerative braking and/or high-RPM zero-fuel-flow engine braking.

Engine braking is inefficient because it uses the engine as an air pump, converting kinetic energy into heat. Unnecessary regenerative braking is also inefficient because of energy conversion losses. (Regenerative braking is good when it replaces friction braking, but it's not as efficient as coasting at a constant speed.) Because of this, "B" mode will not recharge your batteries more efficiently than just braking and is not recommended for general driving. Just as you might downshift into 2nd gear when going down a long, steep hill to prevent brake damage, you can "downshift" into "B" mode on a Prius. "Shifting" is all electronic, so the system won't let you shift in a harmful way. (Even if you try to shift into reverse when moving quickly forward, you'll just end up in neutral.)

However, in the case of the Prius "Plug-in" model (which provides an EV drive mode,) the "B" mode can be used to extend the range of the EV battery. If in hybrid mode, it is necessary to switch to EV mode and then engage "B". This is effective when approaching junctions as it is not then necessary to apply the brakes until actually arriving at the junction. Typically the range of the EV mode is extended by .1 - .2 miles each time this technique is used.

Unnecessary Engine Idling
Often you will pull up at a stop light that has just changed. In some suburban areas this may entail a wait of several minutes, as the lights cycle through various simultaneous or sequential left turns, cross traffic, pedestrians, etc. If the gasoline engine is running when you approached the stop it will take the better part of a minute before the computer recognizes the situation and shuts off the engine. There is a trick to getting the engine to shut off promptly. If you approached the stop in B (engine assist braking), you may then when stopped with the brake on, command D (drive) - the engine will stop immediately - at least in 2004 US versions.

"EV" Mode

Note: there is a consensus that extensive EV use decreases efficiency and puts strain on hybrid components. In the US one could install an EV-Mode Button which is a standard button on the dashboard in EU and JP Priuses, but uses the cruise control stalk when installed aftermarket. It allows the driver to force the engine to shut off (or not start) when driving below 35mph. The switch will not work above that speed or if the battery is lower than four bars, or if you are accelerating or during the first 60 sec of operation after a cold start (unless turned on prior to starting). It can run a battery to zero in a very short time, but saves anywhere from 1 to 5mpg depending on circumstances and expertise of use.

Off throttle shift to electric mode
(Transmission mode in D, cruising speed up to 42 mph (68 km/h), road level.)

When reaching cruising speed it is often possible to briefly go "off throttle", allowing the system to switch to electric only mode. If the road is nearly level a gentle re-application of throttle to just enough to maintain cruising speed in electric mode may enable electric cruising (depending upon road grade, wind conditions, and battery state).

Accelerate from stop to 35 to 45 mph (60 to 70 km/h)
(Transmission mode in D, cruising speed up to 45 mph (70 km/h), road level.)

When running in traffic, a brisk (but not full throttle) acceleration, followed by an off throttle attempt (see previous) will be much more effective than gentle acceleration. This is a general technique applicable to non-hybrid cars. A gasoline ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) is more efficient (in terms of power produced/fuel consumption) when operating at higher effort due to smaller throttle losses.

Accelerate with no traffic to 25 mph (40 km/h)
Transmission mode in D, cruising speed up to 25 mph (40 km/h), road level.

With substantial patience it is possible to accelerate to cruising speed using only electric power. Owing to the slow acceleration this should not be attempted with following traffic present. Although this will temporarily reduce fuel consumption since you're driving in electric mode, it will not improve the long term fuel consumption, since you have to recharge the battery at some point later (and the generation and use of electricity involve energy conversion losses). Though if the route contains descents the regeneration could reduce the losses. But as pointed out above, it is better to accelerate at a moderate pace.

Long uphill followed by long downhill
(Transmission mode in D, cruising speed uphill to 65 mph (105 km/h), road uphill, followed by downhill at or below 50 mph (80 km/h) with transmission mode in B.)

The controller is blind to the future; it cannot tell that it would make sense to run the battery down on a long upgrade knowing that it can be quickly recharged on a subsequent downgrade. Nor is it possible for the driver to inform the system that this condition is coming. What happens is that the system will use the engine power when going uphill to charge the battery to normal state. Then, running down hill (with "B" selected) the battery is quickly charged to the maximum before the bottom of the hill. This full charge (battery state shown in green) will then cause the system to use the motor for compressive braking. It would be far more efficient to be able to use the battery capability to assist the motor (rather than taking charge from the motor). A run up the hill at sufficient throttle to demand electric motor assist (within speed limits, both statutory and by road and traffic conditions) may improve overall efficiency in this particular circumstance.

Downhill run
When using "B" on a long (1 to 2 km) downhill (e.g. over 60 mph, 100 km/h) you may find at higher speeds that the motor is used for braking in addition to the power recovery from the generator. Unless the battery is fully charged (showing green on the monitor), this is wasting excess energy which could be stored. By briefly braking to a somewhat slower speed, say 45 to 50 mph (70 to 80 km/h), the motor will not be used to slow the vehicle, all subsequent use of energy will go to the battery, and a longer time will be spent recovering energy, and so more energy will be recovered. This is less useful on a long mountain downgrade where the battery will become fully charged regardless of the technique used.

Gentle rise and descent
When driving up and down short hills do not use cruise control downhill. Using cruise control going downhill forces regenerative braking unnecessarily. Unless the final valley speed will be too great, shift to neutral. Regenerative braking does NOT recover anywhere near 100% of the energy going into the brakes. Switching to neutral for going down short hills is far more efficient ...unless you have an accident or get a ticket at the bottom of the hill! Note that in some states driving down the hill in neutral is not legal, so check your state before shifting to neutral down the hill.

Slow and Steady
When traveling on relatively flat surfaces at approx 0 to 25 km/h (15 mph), sometimes the engine will run seemingly unnecessarily. By applying the brakes it tells the car to regenerate and is usually enough to shut it down. Sometimes it is necessary to come to a complete stop. At speeds that low, there is no real need for the gas engine. Alternatively, if you have an EV switch, you can turn it once you are below 35mph.(See also "Engine Stopping" above)

Use slow speed to warm-up
On the first trip of the day, both the NHW20, 04-current, models and earlier NHW11 will have relatively higher fuel consumption as the ICE and transmission warm-up. Driving the first mile or so at a low speed does little if anything to improve gas mileage and today's lubricants are designed to provide the necessary lubrication at their full range of operating temperature. The only exception where a more "gentle" operation would be in order is if you live in very cold climates, e.g., overnight temperature is below 32F. Then a short distance of easier acceleration and braking makes sense. You will save nothing during this time of fuel usage because the ICE controller is doing what is necessary to get the pollution control devices up to operating temperature as quickly as possible. Drive normally, let the computer do the work it's suppose to do.

In colder climates, our Japanese Prius owners report saving 100 ml of fuel from use of an engine block heater. They also report an additional 100 ml of fuel savings from warming the transaxle. ICE block heater savings have been widely reported.

42 mph (67 km/h) transition point
Below 42 mph (67 km/h), the ICE and electric system will maintain speed cycling between EV and ICE-recharge power. But above 42 mph (67 km/h), the ICE must spin all of the time even if power is not needed. As a general rule of thumb, try to stay comfortably below 42 mph (67 km/h), say 38 mph (61 km/h), or above 42 mph (67 km/h), 45 mph (72 km/h) or higher to minimize having the ICE turn on and off unnecessarily.

Lubricants
Over filling the ICE oil level appears to drop mileage by about 3-5 MPG. Many Prius owners shoot for 3/4th full. Also, Toyota recently announced using 0W-20 as a recommended engine oil as an alternative to 5W-30. Since oil 'thins' in normal use, changing it more frequently is less likely to have a beneficial effect but keeping it clean with a new filter is highly recommended.

The new model NHW20 （2004-current） uses an advanced transaxle oil, Type WS, that oil testing reveals to be lasting well up to the 60,000 mile life. However, the NHW11 model （2001-2003） uses a thicker Type T-IV that appears to have less than half of the 60,000 mile recommended life. Based upon transaxle oil testing, older Prius should have their oil changed within 15,000-30,000 miles, more frequently in dusty areas. With the older model, be sure to have the pan dropped and all exposed parts wiped clean to remove any grit or dirt. The newer Prius does not have a transaxle pan that can be dropped.

Approaching home: what is the optimal battery level to leave for the next trip?
Some of the energy stored in the batteries overnight is wasted since all batteries will inevitably discharge to some extent even when not in use. If you have an EV switch (see "Unnecessary Engine Idling" above), it may be beneficial to run the batteries down when approaching home or when the vehicle is about to experience an extended rest, however, if batteries are left below 4 bars and you have to stop prior to one minute of driving the next trip, you will be unable to override the computer to stop the engine from idling at the first stop sign or stoplight.

When a Prius starts up the ICE will not start up if you stay below 21 mph, unless it is very cold or you have the aircon/heating on or the battery is below 3 bar. Once you go beyond that limit the ICE will start up and as part of its function it will charge the battery. Bearing in mind that most journeys will start and go above 21mph fairly quickly it does not make sense to leave a large charge in the battery at the end of a journey. So when you approach the end of a journey if possible go into manual override EV mode and run the battery down.

title: Toyota Prius/Driving tricks


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MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook/Recent Changes Patrol

The Recent Changes Patrol consists of examining recent edits to the wiki for test edits, blanking of pages, vandalism, and other negative changes. Each wiki has a Special:Recentchanges page; most wikis have a link to "Recent changes" at the left. Any user can use this page and help revert vandalism. However, only sysops can block users and delete bad pages. Thus it is important for sysops to sometimes inspect recent changes and stop persistent spammers and vandals.

Every recent edit appears in Recent Changes. Thus, if a page is edited twice, both the top edit and previous edit appear. Thus, it is not possible to hide an edit by making another edit.

Some wikis let users mark edits in recent changes as patrolled edit. The idea is to mark every edit that does not harm the wiki. Some wikis let any user mark patrolled edits, but at Wikimedia, the wikis restrict it to sysops. On some Wikimedia sites, like Wikipedia, this feature is disabled.

Type of bad edits

 * Creation of new speedy deletion candidates. Many wikis have a deletion policy, such as Wikibooks deletion policy. Sysops are in position to delete obvious junk pages that some users create.
 * Creation of pages with bad names. Many Wikimedia wikis have naming conventions, such as Wikibooks naming policy. A sysop can move the page to a better name (if the page is not useless), then delete the redirect. For example, a page titled with ALL UPPERCASE LETTERS is probably bad.
 * Spam. Some users like to add WikiSpam to wikis, adding lots of links to their own web sites so that their search-engine rankings increase. This tactic is more effective on more popular wikis, and Wikimedia hosts most of the largest and most popular wikis. Thus Wikimedia wikis are favorite targets of Spam. A common tactic of Spammers is to use CSS to hide spam so that readers do not see it, but search engines do. However, such spam becomes obvious when editing a page or viewing a diff.
 * Blanking. Bots or vandals that delete chunks of pages, apparently at random.

Type of users
There are generally five kinds of users that make edits.
 * Frequent contributors make the most edits. Often, these users are most recognisable by users who patrol the recent changes. Thus, it is least likely that any user will check these edits. A user that does try to check edits is likely to only pick a few edits at random, and not examine the others.
 * Blue-shirt contributors have names that appear in blue, meaning that they have user pages. A user is more likely to check red-shirt contributors than these.
 * Red-shirt contributors have names that appear in red, because they have no user page. Many of these contributors are new users with good intentions. However, vandals and sockpuppets who want to hide their IP address or use the page-move feature often become "anonymous redshirts".
 * IP addresses edit the wiki without creating an account. These users like to fix errors in pages. However, spammers tend not to create accounts. Thus users tend to check these edits most carefully and often. IP addresses cause so much trouble that sysops block them more often than other users.
 * Brand new contributors are people who have their account creation very close to often a large number of contributions. These deserve some special attention because even when they are not doing vandalism, they are not likely to be familiar with policies on the project or do quite a bit of experimentation.  Be extra careful with these people as they are more likely to become the regular contributors of the future and are the source of new help for the project.  Still, watch carefully for vandalism from these editors or for sockpuppeting, especially if they create a user page as one of their first edits.

Mass reversions
Some users are so bad that sysops block the user, then revert all edits made by that user without checking them.


text: User talk:82.38.192.215

title: User talk:82.38.192.215


text:
High School Mathematics Extensions/Supplementary/Differentiation/Solutions

Differentiate from first principle

1. $$f'(z) = 3z^2$$ (We know that if $$p(x)=x^n$$ then $$p'(x) = nx^{n-1}$$)

2.
 * $$f(z) = (1 - z)^2 = z^2 - 2z + 1$$
 * $$f'(z) = 2z - 2$$

3.

\begin{matrix} f'(z) &=& \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{\frac{1} {(1 - z - h)^2} - \frac{1} {(1 - z)^2}}{h} \\ &=& \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{1}{h} (\frac{1}{(1 - z - h)^2} - \frac{1} {(1 - z)^2}) \\ &=& \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{1}{h} (\frac{(1 - z)^2} {(1 - z - h)^2(1 - z)^2} - \frac{(1 - z - h)^2} {(1 - z - h)^2(1 - z)^2}) \\ &=& \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{1}{h} \frac{(1 - z)^2-(1 - z - h)^2} {(1 - z - h)^2(1 - z)^2} \\ &=& \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{1}{h} \frac{z^2 -2z + 1-(z^2 +2hz - 2z + h^2 - 2h + 1)} {(1 - z - h)^2(1 - z)^2} \\ &=& \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{1}{h} \frac{z^2 -2z + 1- z^2 -2hz + 2z - h^2 + 2h - 1)} {(1 - z - h)^2(1 - z)^2} \\ &=& \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{1}{h} \frac{-2hz - h^2 + 2h} {(1 - z - h)^2(1 - z)^2} \\ &=& \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{-2z - h + 2} {(1 - z - h)^2(1 - z)^2} \\ &=& \frac{-2z + 2} {(1 - z)^2(1 - z)^2} \\ &=& \frac{-2z + 2} {(1 - z)^4} \\ &=& \frac{2(1-z)} {(1 - z)^4} \\ &=& \frac{2} {(1 - z)^3} \\ \end{matrix} $$

4.
 * $$f(z) = (1 - z)^3 = -z^3 + 3z^2 -3z +1$$
 * $$f'(z) = -3z^2 + 6z -3$$

5. if
 * f(x)=g(x)+h(x)

then

$$ \begin{matrix} f'(x) &=& \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{f(x + k) - f(x)}{k} \\ &=& \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{(g(x+k) + h(x+k)) - (g(x) + h(x))}{k} \\ &=& \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{g(x+k) - g(x) + h(x+k) - h(x)}{k} \\ &=& \lim_{k \to 0}(\frac{g(x+k) - g(x)}{h} + \frac{h(x+k) - h(x)}{k}) \\ &=& \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{g(x+k) - g(x)}{h} + \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{h(x+k) - h(x)}{k} \\ &=& g'(x) + h'(x) \\ \end{matrix} $$

Differentiating f(z) = (1 - z)^n

1.
 * $$f(z) = (1-z)^3 = -z^3 + 3z^2 -3z +1$$

\begin{matrix} f'(z) &=& -3z^2 + 6z -3 \\ &=& -3(z^2 -2z + 1) \\ &=& -3(z-1)^2 \\ \end{matrix} $$

2.
 * $$f(z) = (1+z)^2 = z^2 + 2z + 1$$

\begin{matrix} f'(z) &=& 2z + 2 \\ &=& 2(z+1) \end{matrix} $$

3.
 * $$f(z) = (1+z)^3 = z^3 + 3z^2 + 3z + 1$$

\begin{matrix} f'(z) &=& 3z^2 + 6z + 3 \\ &=& 3(z^2 + 2z + 1) \\ &=& 3(z + 1)^2 \\ \end{matrix} $$

4.
 * $$f(z) = \frac{1}{(1-z)^3}$$

\begin{matrix} f'(z) &=& \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{\frac{1}{(1-z- k)^3} - \frac{1}{(1-z)^3}}{k} \\ &=& \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{1}{k}(\frac{1}{(1-z- k)^3} - \frac{1}{(1-z)^3}) \\ &=& \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{1}{k} \frac{(1-z)^3-(1-z- k)^3}{(1-z- k)^3(1-z)^3} \\ &=& \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{1}{k} \frac{-z^3 + 3z^2 -3z +1-(-z^3 - 3kz^2 + 3z^2 - 3k^2z +6kz - 3z - k^3 + 3k^2 - 3k +1)}{(1-z- k)^3(1-z)^3} \\ &=& \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{1}{k} \frac{-z^3 + 3z^2 -3z +1 + z^3 + 3kz^2 - 3z^2 + 3k^2z -6kz + 3z + k^3 - 3k^2 + 3k -1}{(1-z- k)^3(1-z)^3} \\ &=& \lim_{k \to 0}\frac{1}{k} \frac{3kz^2 + 3k^2z -6kz + k^3 - 3k^2 + 3k)}{(1-z- k)^3(1-z)^3} \\ &=& \lim_{k \to 0} \frac{3z^2 + 3kz -6z + k^2 - 3k + 3)}{(1-z- k)^3(1-z)^3} \\ &=& \frac{3z^2 -6z + 3}{(1-z)^3(1-z)^3} \\ &=& \frac{3z^2 -6z + 3}{(1-z)^6} \\ &=& \frac{3(z^2 -2z + 1)}{(1-z)^6} \\ &=& \frac{3(1-z)^2}{(1-z)^6} \\ &=& \frac{3}{(1-z)^4} \\ \end{matrix} $$

Differentiation technique

1.

\begin{matrix} f(z) &=& \frac{1}{(1-z)^2} \\ f'(z) &=& -\frac{((1-z)^2)'}{((1-z)^2)^2} \\ &=& -\frac{-2(1-z)}{(1-z)^4} \\ &=& \frac{2}{(1-z)^3} \end{matrix} $$

We use the result of the differentation of f(z)=(1-z)^n (f'(z) = -n(1-z)n-1)

2.

\begin{matrix} f(z) &=& \frac{1}{(1-z)^3} \\ f'(z) &=& -\frac{((1-z)^3)\prime}{((1-z)^3)^2} \\ &=& -\frac{-3(1-z)^2}{(1-z)^6} \\ &=& \frac{3}{(1-z)^4} \end{matrix} $$

3.

\begin{matrix} f(z) &=& \frac{1}{(1+z)^3} \\ f'(z) &=& -\frac{((1+z)^3)'}{((1+z)^3)^2} \\ &=& -\frac{3(1+z)^2}{(1+z)^6} \\ &=& \frac{-3}{(1+z)^4} \end{matrix} $$

We use the result of exercise 3 of the previous section f(z)= (1+z)3 -> f'(z)=3(1+z)^2

4.

\begin{matrix} f(z) &=& \frac{1}{(1-z)^n} \\ f'(z) &=& -\frac{((1-z)^n)'}{((1-z)^n)^2} \\ &=& -\frac{-n(1-z)^{n-1}}{(1-z)^{2n}} \\ &=& -\frac{-n}{(1-z)^{2n-(n-1)}} \\ &=& -\frac{-n}{(1-z)^{2n-n+1}} \\ &=& \frac{n}{(1-z)^{n+1}} \end{matrix} $$

We use the result of the differentation of f(z)=(1-z)^n (f'(z) = -n(1-z)n-1)


text:
User talk:Auburn

Copyright problem with Image:Schema-sm.png
--Derbeth talk 20:35, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Deletion of Pages
Please don't blank pages that you want to delete. It causes us no end of grief here and with other Wikimedia projects. If you can, please use the   markup template on the page if you want to delete something from here. We will find the page sooner and be able to deal with the deletion without having to fight through other pages first.

Thank you, though, for trying to help make Wikibooks a better place. We do appreciate people like you trying to help find stuff that really doesn't belong. --Rob Horning 19:27, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Auburn


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User:Eclecticology

I was surprised to find that I'm a sysop here. I really spend my time on Wiktionary where I am bureaucrat. Anyway thanks to whoever made the appointment for showing such trust. I do have a few things that I'd like to do here if I ever get the free time. :-) Meanwhile, I can be available if there is a real need to hear from someone who has not been a part of whatever differences of opinions may have been happening. Just wake me up on my Wiktionary talk page. Eclecticology 21:07, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Eclecticology


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User talk:Eclecticology

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck!

This site is in need of all the contributors it can get, hope you can help out. Gerard Foley 21:11, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

De-Adminship vote.
A vote is being held to remove your sysop privileges. The basis for this vote is lack of use of these privileges. You may want to participate at Requests_for_adminship. See also the discussion at Staff_lounge. --JMRyan 22:51, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Policy review
Policy is not the most exciting subject at Wikibooks but we do have some major unresolved issues.

The most important issue, in my opinion, is Dispute resolution which starts by declaring that:

"Currently there is no official organized process to resolve disputes between users"

The suggested remedy for this is: Ad hoc administration committee which puts into place the absolute minimum in terms of an enforcement apparatus.

The second most important is No personal attacks where a vote has recommended the policy be enforced but it still languishes as "proposed".

The third policy that is needed and which will prevent edit disputes from getting out of hand is Editing disputes policy.

Other policies that need consideration are at: Policies and guidelines.

Please spare a minute or two to peruse these issues and add a comment and/or a vote. RobinH 12:28, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Your De-Adminship
Hello. I would like to inform you that you will have your sysop rights removed here on 1 Nov 2006 due to inactivity. If you would like to discuss the matter, please see WB:RFA. You can re-apply for adminship at a later date if you wish. Thanks. -within focus 21:29, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:CHN-1941-0103-10.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:CHN-1941-0103-10.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikibooks because of copyright law (see Wikibooks' Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikibooks are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information or giving false information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Study help desk. Thank you.

There are a couple other new ones too... please add the licensing info when you upload! -- SB_Johnny | talk 10:44, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Template on WB:VFD
Hi Eclecticology,

I reverted your edit on WB:VFD turning the link to Votes for deletion/IPOD NANO back to an inclusion. It has been discussed on the talk page that VfDs should be archived on sub-pages of Votes for deletion rather than in numbered archives as was the practice. Let me know if you have any questions about this.

I don't quite understand your edit summary: "Seems as though this should not be a template since it causes it to be fixed in position on top of everything else!". My browser renders the inclusion perfectly. What do you mean by "fixed"? Fixed as in the CSS specs? Could you be more specific about how this is rendered by your browser? Which browser do you use?

Cheers, --Swift 04:32, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The following comment was moved here from User talk:Swift --Swift 06:52, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the note. The rendering seems to be OK now.  Your reference to what s meant by "fixed" seems to be what I had in mind.  That block of text, with "Mumfum" appearing at the top was staying in one place even as I scrolled through the page to get to the completely unrelated matter that interested me.  But for this I would never have touched it.  It could very well be that the problem arose from the vandalism which was reversed, but had not yet had the linkages in the servers caught up.  No real harm done. Eclecticology 06:11, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. Good that the rendering is fixed and everything is back to normal. I guess you're right about it being results of vandalism. I haven't looked closely, but it is a typical cause. Thanks for your efforts. --Swift 06:52, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Welcome back
I noticed you editing on the recent changes log again. Welcome back. How was your Holiday break? --Iamunknown 00:19, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the welcome back. I've been around but often I spend so much time with the mailing lists that it detracts from doing any useful work. :-(  I see that you tried to restore a few stamp images for Latvia without success.  (Copyright issues are a little different with stamps.)  Are you planning to do more with that country?  I am trying to develop a scheme for cataloguing stamps, though I still regard a lot of it as experimental.  I tend to adapt as the problems arise.  One point that seems as though it would be a good one to make would be to have our catalog numbers for stamp match-up with image names.  Keep in touch on this. Eclecticology 01:00, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The images were deleted as they were un- or improperly-tagged and/or -sourced. One of the lovely things that happened while you were gone is that many images started being deleted (which is fair, appropriate, and legally necessary) and the dead links removed (which then makes is difficult to find replacements). I came across those dead image links and restored them so that we could keep track of which stamps we had but do not have know and indeed need.
 * The peculiar copyright situation aside, I plan to create a lot of dead links, mostly as a part of developing an image naming strategy for stamps.
 * To be honest, I have very few stamps myself. I love the idea of collecting just about anything (as I was, in a former life, a packrat ;)). I may sooner or later inherit a very large collection and would then be able to contribute.
 * My own collection of stamps is unreasonably large, but I find it a pain to work with scanning and getting the colours right. I also have a substantial collection of philatelic literature with a specialty in periodicals.
 * As to catalogue numbers, I like the ISO country code format that you are using; where to go from there, however, I am unsure. I would love to brainstorm sometime. Just start a page with your ideas and I'll comment and add on.
 * See World Stamp Catalogue/Numbering System. It could still stand more development, and I am adjusting as I go along.  I'm sure I would find your suggestions interesting.
 * Oh, out of curiosity, what mailing lists have you been on?
 * Best wishes, Iamunknown 02:03, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm on the Wikipedia, Wikien and Foundation lists. I've been receiving the Wikitech list in digest form, but I don't understand half the stuff that happens there.  There are several other low traffic lists in which I participate. Eclecticology 10:54, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Error in suggested format at WB:RFA
Eclecticology, I apologize for that error in suggested format; it was mine. I have fixed it. --Iamunknown 00:42, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Hello!
Hello Eclecticology, how are you? It's been a long time since you've contributed here, it's good to have you back. I don't think anything significant has change since you were last around, no new policies or anything like that.

Anyway, I dont want to waste too much of your time. It's good to have you back! --Whiteknight (Page) (Talk) 00:39, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Hello
Hi Electicology, Still I can not find a way to upload image into the section of India-stamps what I have created. Text I can format as well as enter. Reason for asking is I have a full collection of Stamps of India from 1947 onwards. I have scanned stamps Images on my computer and also published in to Photobucket. Is it possible that I can upload those Images here. If it is than how I can do it. I need some guidance. Khalakmu (discuss • contribs) 22:52, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eclecticology


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Talk:Biblical Studies/Christianity/John 3/Absolute Necessities

Minumum Necessities
The original idea of the Absolute Necessities in a small Testament of John was evidently the minumum necessities in the minumum words. Something was missing. The anonymous entries 71.56.173.142 were thought provoking and stimulus for the seventh necessity. Salvation was already mentioned, so the Matthew reference was superfluous, but realizing the Holy Spirit and the name of Jesus were lacking, the righteousness entry was the solution. Another verse with the same but expanded message was chosen where righteousness was achieved before God by Jesus Christ through the Holy Spirit. Result, the magnificent seven, in a slightly different order. - Athrash | T a l k 21:40, 2 January 2006 (UTC)


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Katie Bell

Overview
Katie Bell is a member of Gryffindor House. She is one year ahead of Harry, and plays Chaser for the Gryffindor Quidditch Team.

Philosopher's Stone
When the Gryffindor Quidditch team take to the air for their first match, against Slytherin in November, it turns out that Lee Jordan is the announcer. He identifies the Chasers on both teams who are holding the Quaffle. This is the first time we hear Katie Bell's name, although presumably she has been practicing with Harry and the other members of the Quidditch team since Harry was made Seeker in mid-September.

Chamber of Secrets
Katie plays Quidditch with the Gryffindor team alongside Angelina Johnson and Alicia Spinnet. The season is abbreviated, so we don't see much of her.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Katie again plays Quidditch as Chaser for Gryffindor alongside Angelina and Alicia.

Goblet of Fire
With Quidditch being suspended for the Triwizard Tournament, we don't see much of Katie at all.

Order of the Phoenix
In the warmup before the first practice of the year, Ron passes the Quaffle to Katie too enthusiastically, and it catches her in the nose. Fred Weasley gives her something small and purple from his robe pocket, saying that it will clear up immediately. It does not, however. When Angelina tells her to do something about it, Fred examines what he has in his robe pocket and appears horrified by what he sees. Shortly afterwards, Angelina stops the practice; Alicia points Harry at Katie, who is being attended by Fred, George, and Angelina. Fred says that she had likely been given a Blood Blisterpod by mistake, and that he and George would take her to the Hospital Wing.

Katie is one of the students who attends the first meeting of what becomes Dumbledore's Army, in the Hog's Head.

A short while later, horrible weather keeps the students in at break. Peeves is floating overhead in the room, flicking ink balls at the students when Angelina arrives to tell Harry and Ron that the Quidditch team has been re-formed. Peeves manages to hit Katie Bell with an ink ball, and she starts throwing things at him. As the bell rings, Peeves dumps an entire bottle of ink over Katie's head.

Katie plays in the match with Slytherin, a match which ultimately Gryffindor wins, despite Ron's poor Keeping, as Harry catches the Snitch for a final score of 160 to 40. Angelina, Alicia, and Katie then hold Fred back from attacking Draco Malfoy, who is taunting the entire Weasley family, while Harry holds George. When Draco starts insulting Harry's family as well, Harry is unable to restrain himself, and he and George attack Draco, while Fred remains restrained by the three Chasers.

As Harry has been unwillingly reduced to the role of spectator at Quidditch, he no longer interacts with Katie on the pitch. While we can assume that she continues to work with Dumbledore's Army, her work is not singled out on the rest of the story.

Half-Blood Prince
Katie Bell again makes the Gryffindor Quidditch team, after pointing out to Harry that she should try out like everyone else; if there is someone better at Chasing than she is, that person should have her spot, friendship shouldn't automatically control team selection.

On a Hogsmeade weekend, she is apparently given a package to give to someone at Hogwarts. The contents of the package turn out to be a necklace that was seen earlier at Borgin and Burkes, which carries a curse. Katie is injured and spends significant time in St. Mungo's Hospital. On her return, she tells Harry that she does not remember anything after walking into the ladies room at The Three Broomsticks, from which Harry concludes that she was put under the Imperius curse.

Deathly Hallows
As she had graduated at the end of the previous year, we would not expect to see Katie return to Hogwarts. She does, however, return for the final battle against the Death Eaters; Harry sees her when he returns to the Room of Requirement after visiting Ravenclaw Tower. We don't hear much of how she acquits herself in battle, though.

Relationships with Other Characters
While Katie does not obsess about Quidditch to the same extent that Oliver Wood, or later Angelina Johnson, does, she still seems to be quite caught up in it. We seldom see her when she is not playing or practicing Quidditch. It would seem that Katie has good relationships with Alicia Spinnet and Angelina Johnson, with whom she played Quidditch for most of her time at Hogwarts, and is generally seen with the two in most of her appearances throughout the series. Another of her good friends is Leanne, who isn't mentioned until the sixth book. Also, there are times that we see her sitting in a corner of the Gryffindor's common room, but generally there is no indication as to who she is sitting with, or what they are doing.

Although Katie Bell has a relatively minor role in the books, she has become a fairly popular character on the internet. In particular, a large amount of fan fiction has been written that pairs her with Oliver Wood. There is nothing in the books that would suggest this, or in fact any, romantic relationship.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Angelina Johnson

Overview
Angelina Johnson is a member of Gryffindor House. She is a tall black girl with long black hair, which she wears in plaits, and brown eyes. She is two years ahead of Harry, and plays Chaser for the Gryffindor Quidditch Team. The author has said that her birthday is 24 October, making her one of the older students in her class year.

Philosopher's Stone
Angelina presumably has been practicing Quidditch with Harry since he was made Seeker in mid-September, but is first mentioned by name in the changing room where the team is getting ready for their first match, against Slytherin. Angelina, identified as a Chaser, here corrects Oliver, who has just started his speech by saying "Men..." Once the team take to the air, Lee Jordan, the announcer, mentions her when the Quaffle is in her possession, commenting as an aside that he is disappointed that she won't go out with him. Angelina scores several goals in this first match, against Slytherin.

We later hear that she has a penalty called against her in the match against Hufflepuff when Professor Snape is officiating.

Chamber of Secrets
Angelina plays Quidditch for Gryffindor house as Chaser alongside Alicia Spinnet and Katie Bell. The season is abbreviated, so we don't see much of her.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Angelina plays as Chaser with the Gryffindor house Quidditch team, alongside Katie and Alicia.

Goblet of Fire
With Quidditch being suspended for the Triwizard Tournament, we don't see as much of Angelina as we would expect.

Angelina is the first Gryffindor to successfully place her name in the Goblet of Fire; it does not, however, select her as a Champion.

Fred Weasley offhandedly asks Angelina to accompany him to the Yule Ball; Angelina considers briefly, then as offhandedly accepts, returning to her interrupted conversation with Alicia Spinnet. We see the two of them in the Entrance Hall before the Ball, and we later see them dancing "so exuberantly that people were backing away for fear of injury."

Order of the Phoenix
Angelina meets up with Harry at breakfast on the first day of classes, saying that with Oliver Wood having graduated, she has been made Captain, and the house Quidditch team will need a new Keeper. She says that there will be tryouts on Friday evening, and orders Harry to attend, saying that she wants the entire team to be present so that they can be sure that the new Keeper will fit in with the whole team. Harry is pleased at her being Captain; he believes that there will be much less talking with Angelina in charge.

When Harry gets detention from Professor Umbridge, Angelina is furious at him, deciding that it is his fault that he got detention, and orders him to do whatever he can to get out of detention and be there for practice. After she has gone, Ron comments that they should check with Puddlemere United and see if Oliver Wood is still alive, as Angelina seems to be channeling his spirit.

Finding that Harry was not able to convince Umbridge to change his Friday detention, Angelina angrily suggests that people who want to stay on the team will find a way to make it to practices.

Friday evening, after the try-outs, Angelina apologizes to Harry for her earlier curtness, and says that she may have been too hard on Wood; managing is a bit stressful. She goes on to say that Ron had not been the best Keeper she tried out, but of the two better, one was not willing to commit the time to practice and the other was a bit of a whiner, and Angelina is hoping that Ron, being from a family with excellent Quidditch players, will develop over time. She then says that there will be a practice Saturday at two, and asks Harry to please be there and to help Ron out a bit.

Before the practice starts, Angelina mentions that there are some people in the stands, and that the team should just ignore them. Harry suspects that these will be Slytherins, present to jeer, and so it turns out. In the warm-up before the practice, Ron passes the Quaffle to Katie too enthusiastically, and it catches her in the nose. Fred Weasley gives her something small and purple from his robe pocket, saying that it will clear up immediately. It does not, however. When Angelina tells her to do something about it, Fred examines what he has in his robe pocket and appears horrified by what he sees. Shortly afterwards, Angelina stops the practice; Alicia points Harry at Katie, who is being attended by Fred, George, and Angelina. Fred says that she had likely been given a Blood Blisterpod by mistake, and that he and George would take her to the Hospital Wing. Angelina says that with no Beaters and only two Chasers, there is no point continuing the practice, and dismisses them.

The following Monday, Harry mentions that Professor Quirrell happened to have Lord Voldemort stuck to the back of his head, and gets another week's detention from Professor Umbridge. On Tuesday morning, Angelina shouts at Harry loud enough that Professor McGonagall comes to see what is going on. She penalizes Harry five House points, in addition to his detention, because detention does not seem to work, and warns Angelina to confine her shouting to the Quidditch pitch.

Angelina is one of the students who attends the first meeting of what becomes Dumbledore's Army, in the Hog's Head.

When Educational Decree Number Twenty Four appears the next day, it is Angelina who tells Harry and Ron that it also means that the Gryffindor Quidditch Team has been disbanded. That night, Angelina tells them that there is no Quidditch practice, as Umbridge needs "time to consider;" but the Slytherin Quidditch team is already re-formed. The following day, Angelina comes to Harry and Ron at break, telling them that she has appealed to McGonagall and gotten the team re-formed. She tells Harry and Ron that practice will be at 7 that evening. Ron is dismayed, as the weather is simply appalling.

The weather has not improved by 7, and even though Angelina recalls that Hermione had used the Impervius charm earlier to give him at least some vision in similar circumstances, and has Harry teach that charm to the rest of the team, still very little is actually accomplished as nobody can see what is going on.

Harry is relieved a couple of days later when Angelina tells him that Quidditch practice is canceled, not only because the weather is still foul, but also because he has been told how to get into the Room of Requirement, and so has scheduled the first meeting of the Defence Against the Dark Arts group for that evening. He asks Angelina to pass the word to Alicia and Katie Bell. Angelina is a bit taken aback, but it seems she does tell the others.

Angelina schedules more Quidditch practice as the first game of the year, against Slytherin, approaches. As a result, there are fewer meetings of Dumbledore's Army.

Angelina leads the team into the match with Slytherin, a match which ultimately Gryffindor wins, despite Ron's poor Keeping, as Harry catches the Snitch for a final score of 160 to 40. Angelina, Alicia, and Katie then hold Fred back from attacking Draco Malfoy, who is taunting the entire Weasley family, while Harry holds George. When Draco starts insulting Harry's family as well, Harry is unable to restrain himself, and he and George attack Draco, while Fred remains restrained by the three Chasers.

Angelina is, of course, dismayed when she finds out that her Seeker and both of her Beaters have received lifetime bans, and goes off disconsolately to the girls dorms, saying that she is hoping that she will wake up in the morning and find this is all a bad dream.

At the last meeting of Dumbledore's Army before the Christmas break, Angelina tells Harry that she has finally managed to find new Beaters and a Seeker for the Quidditch team. The Seeker is Ginny Weasley, who is surprisingly good, though not a patch on Harry. It is Alicia who tells Harry the names of the new Beaters: Andrew Kirke and Jack Sloper.

While Angelina continues to lead the Quidditch team, Harry, being unwillingly reduced to a mere spectator, no longer interacts with her particularly on the pitch. In Dumbledore's Army, we assume that she still attends and performs to a reasonable standard, but we do not see anything in particular of her there either.

Deathly Hallows
Summoned by the enchanted Galleon that was given to her by Hermione as a way to announce meetings of Dumbledore's Army, Angelina returns to Hogwarts in time to take part in the battle for the school.

Relationships with Other Characters
In the books she is shown to have a close relationship with fellow chasers Katie Bell and Alicia Spinnet. She's known and liked by Harry, Ron and Hermione. Starting from the fourth book, we see tiny hints of a possible relationship between her and Fred Weasley. The two of them attend the Yule Ball in the fourth book, and Fred seems to have a bit of a crush on her.

For the final year of writing the seventh and final book, the author was followed by a camera team from the British TV network ITV. After completing the seventh book, the author drew up a chart of the Weasley family tree, which showed that George had married one Angelina, quite possibly Angelina Johnson, and had two children with her, named Roxanne and Fred. This does not seem to have completely pleased members of the fan community. A significant amount of fan fiction has emerged which revises the final Battle of Hogwarts to allow for Fred's survival, followed by his marriage to Angelina, leaving George free to hook up with Alicia Spinnet.

Questions

 * 1) Why was Angelina a good choice for a Quidditch Captain?


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Alicia Spinnet

Overview
Alicia Spinnet is a member of Gryffindor House. She is two years ahead of Harry. She plays Chaser for the Gryffindor Quidditch Team.

Philosopher's Stone
When the Gryffindor Quidditch team take to the air for their first match, against Slytherin in November, it turns out that Lee Jordan is the announcer. He identifies the Chasers on both teams who are holding the Quaffle. This is the first time we hear Alicia Spinnet's name, although presumably she has been practicing with Harry and the other members of the Quidditch team since Harry was made Seeker in mid-September. Lee mentions in passing that Spinnet had been a reserve player the previous year, which would have been her second year. When Harry is fouled by Marcus Flint, it is Alicia who puts in the penalty shot.

Chamber of Secrets
We see her in the Gryffindor Quidditch team, playing Chaser alongside Katie Bell and Angelina Johnson. The Quidditch season is abbreviated, so we see relatively little of her.

Prisoner of Azkaban
She again plays Quidditch for Gryffindor as chaser alongside Katie Bell and Angelina Johnson.

Goblet of Fire
There is no Quidditch in this year because of the Triwizard Tournament, so we see very little of Alicia.

Fred off-handedly invites Angelina to the Yule Ball; she briefly breaks off her conversation with Alicia to accept, equally lightly.

Order of the Phoenix
The first time we see Alicia Spinnet is at the first Quidditch practice of the year. While she has been active in the practice, the first real interaction with Harry is when Angelina stops the practice. Harry asks why the practice has been stopped, and Alicia points at Katie Bell, who is suffering from blood loss. When Fred and George take Katie to the hospital wing, Angelina dismisses the other team members from practice.

We hear from Fred and George that Professor Umbridge, in her new role as Hogwarts High Inquisitor, had been examining Professor Flitwick's class. In the process, she had asked Alicia some questions about the class, which she had answered positively.

Alicia is one of the students who attends the first meeting of what becomes Dumbledore's Army, in the Hog's Head. She also attends meetings regularly.

As the first Quidditch game of the year approaches, Alicia is sent to the Hospital Wing as her eyebrows are growing so quickly that they are obscuring her vision. It seems Miles Bletchley, the Slytherin Keeper, had jinxed her from behind in the library.

Alicia plays in the match with Slytherin, a match which ultimately Gryffindor wins, despite Ron's poor Keeping, as Harry catches the Snitch for a final score of 160 to 40. Angelina, Alicia, and Katie then hold Fred back from attacking Draco Malfoy, who is taunting the entire Weasley family, while Harry holds George. When Draco starts insulting Harry's family as well, Harry is unable to restrain himself, and he and George attack Draco, while Fred remains restrained by the three Chasers.

At the last meeting of Dumbledore's Army before the Christmas break, Angelina tells Harry that she has finally managed to find new Beaters and a Seeker for the Quidditch team. The Seeker is Ginny Weasley, who is surprisingly good, though not a patch on Harry. It is Alicia who tells Harry the names of the new Beaters: Andrew Kirke and Jack Sloper. She adds that they are not brilliant, but compared to the other idiots who showed up. ..

Harry's interaction with Alicia on the Quidditch pitch has largely ended with the lifetime ban he has received, and though we can safely assume that she continues to attend meetings of Dumbledore's Army, her work there is not singled out, so we see very little of her in the remainder of the book.

Half-Blood Prince
Alicia has graduated, and plays no role in this book.

Deathly Hallows
Neville Longbottom uses the linked Galleons to recall the members of Dumbledore's Army when Harry arrives at Hogwarts. Alicia is one of the ones who responds to the call. We see her later with Fred Weasley guarding one of the entrances to the secret passages into Hogwarts.

Strengths
The Chaser positions in Quidditch require excellent broom control, situational awareness, and in a game where substitutions are not allowed, a great deal of stamina. As Alicia excels in this position, we can safely assume that her reaction time and physical condition are extremely good.

Relationships with Other Characters
Although there is never any mention, direct or otherwise, in any of the books, there was much speculation in the fan community that Alicia would get together with George. Fred's death in the Battle of Hogwarts at the end of the seventh book apparently resulted in Angelina and George marrying, according to a family tree produced by the author; this does not seem to sit well with the fan community, who have produced fan fiction with alternate outcomes for the Battle of Hogwarts in which Fred survived, apparently solely so that George would be free to marry Alicia.

Alicia also seems to have a close relationship with most of the Quidditch team, especially with her two fellow chasers Angelina and Katie Bell.

Questions

 * 1) Why was Alicia picked to be a Chaser?
 * 2) Do you think she went on to play for a national Quidditch team, or do you think she went down a different path?


text:
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Oliver Wood

Overview
Oliver Wood is a member of Gryffindor House. He is described as "burly" and is fanatical about Quidditch. He captained the Gryffindor Quidditch Team, while playing Keeper, for Harry's first three years. After he graduated from Hogwarts, he signed with Puddlemere United Reserve team. After a while he was promoted as a player and lived his life long dream of becoming a quidditch player.

Philosopher's Stone
When Professor McGonagall sees Harry flying on his broomstick without permission, and making a truly spectacular catch, she takes him out of the courtyard. Looking in classrooms, she eventually finds Professor Flitwick's room, and asks Professor Flitwick if she could borrow "Wood". Harry is relieved to find out that Wood is not a wooden implement for punishment, but is in fact Oliver Wood, who turns out to be captain of the Quidditch team. She tells Wood that she has found him a Seeker, and they discuss Harry's natural flying abilities and the fact that they need to get him a new broom.

Wood, later, takes Harry down to the Quidditch pitch, explains the rules, demonstrates the Bludgers, and checks Harry's flight abilities by having him catch golf balls. Once Wood is satisfied that Harry is capable, he has Harry join the regular practices three evenings a week.

Wood does not play a large part in the story after this; he is there in the Quidditch practices and in the various Quidditch matches. He is Keeper for the Gryffindor team, and as such is responsible for some particularly spectacular saves.

Chamber of Secrets
Oliver is Quidditch Captain in Harry's second year. It also reveals that he has devised a new training schedule. He spends the first part of practice, explaining new Quidditch moves and is annoyed when he notices that none of his teammates are paying attention and instead dozing off. His plan to start practicing was cut short however by the arrival of the Slytherin Quidditch Team, who had been given permission to use the pitch by Professor Snape in order to train their new Seeker, Draco Malfoy. He is also very pleased when Gryffindor beats Slytherin in their first Quidditch Match and congratulates Harry, all though his bones have been broken because one of the bludgers was cursed to try to knock Harry off his broom due to Dobby jinxing the bludger. Much to his chagrin, the season is cut short when the Monster in the Chamber cannot be controlled.

Prisoner of Azkaban
With Quidditch having been interrupted in the previous year, and Oliver now in his seventh and final year at Hogwarts, he sees this as his only chance at winning the Quidditch Cup. As such, Oliver is driving the team hard, with new tactics, quidditch practices three times a week, and innumerable strategy sessions.

In Harry's first game, against Hufflepuff, Dementors flood the pitch and Harry loses consciousness, allowing Cedric Diggory to catch the Snitch and win the match. When Harry regains consciousness, he is in the Hospital Wing; with the exception of Oliver, the entire Quidditch team is present. They tell him that Oliver is still in the showers, and that Cedric had offered to void the game because of the Dementor attack, and had been turned down both by Oliver and by the teachers.

Harry's prized Nimbus 2000 is destroyed in that accident, and Oliver pressures Harry to select and purchase a new broom before the next match, loaning him a copy of Which Broomstick? over the Christmas break. He is overjoyed to learn that Harry has received a Firebolt for Christmas, then downcast when he learns that Professor Flitwick and Madam Hooch are examining it for hidden jinxes before allowing Harry to use it.

At one point, Oliver reports that he had asked Professor McGonagall to return the broom, telling her that he didn't mind if it did throw Harry off, if Harry only caught the Snitch first. He doesn't seem to understand why Professor McGonagall thought his request insensitive. We don't hear Harry's reaction, but believe that Harry is unsurprised by Oliver's priorities, though almost certainly preferring McGonagall's.

Oliver does have to remind Madam Hooch that they need to get some practice in, when Harry gets the Firebolt back; she has apparently spent some time rhapsodizing over its excellent styling and flying qualities. In preparation for the next Quidditch patch against Ravenclaw, he increases the number of Quidditch practices a week to five.

Gryffindor beats Ravenclaw 230-30 and Wood is shown to be very pleased that Harry caught the snitch. However, he is still working his team hard and keeps reminding Harry during practices, that in order for them to win the Quidditch Cup, Harry must catch the snitch only if Gryffindor is more than fifty points up.

In the last Quidditch Match against Slytherin, Wood participates in it and saves many goals. Harry ends up catching the snitch before Malfoy, making Gryffindor win the Quidditch Cup for the first time in eight years. Wood is shown to be so happy he is sobbing. uncontrollably.

Goblet of Fire
We see Oliver in passing in the campground before the Quidditch World Cup, where we learn that he is playing for the Puddlemere United Quidditch team.

Order of the Phoenix
Harry thinks to himself that with Angelina Johnson as team Captain, pep talks are not likely to be as long as they were when Oliver Wood had been Captain.

When Harry gets detention from Professor Umbridge, Angelina is furious at him, deciding that it is his fault that he got detention, and orders him to do whatever he can to get out of detention and be there for practice. After she has gone, Harry comments that they should check with Puddlemere United and see if Oliver Wood is still alive, as Angelina seems to be channeling his spirit.

Angelina comments to Harry later that she knows now how Wood had felt as team captain, and why he had been as rough on them as he had.

Half-Blood Prince
When Ron is poisoned, Hagrid wonders if someone might be trying to kill off the Gryffindor Quidditch team: Katie Bell, one of the Chasers, had touched a cursed necklace and was now in St. Mungo's, and Ron was Keeper. George, who is there at the time, feels this is unlikely, but Fred suggests that Wood might have done that to the Slytherin team if he felt he could get away with it.

Deathly Hallows
Oliver comes to Hogwarts to fight in the final battle. He is present in the Room of Requirement when Harry returns from Ravenclaw tower. When Harry is on his way out to the Forbidden Forest, after viewing the Prince's memories, Harry sees Oliver and Neville carrying the body of Colin Creevey back into the school from the grounds; Oliver tells Neville that he can handle it himself, Neville should head back out for another.

Strengths
Oliver is a good Quidditch Keeper and he is extremely committed to the Gryffindor Quidditch team. He puts in a lot of time and effort to the team.

Weaknesses
Oliver is often blinded by his love of Quidditch and cannot see how anything else is more important.

Relationships with Other Characters
Not much is known about Oliver's close friends from the books. In the fan fiction world, he is a widely popular character who is close with all his Gryffindor House team mates, especially Katie Bell. There is a large amount of fan fiction which pairs these two, though there is nothing in the series to support this, and in fact it seems unlikely with Oliver being three years older than Katie. He is in the same year with Percy Weasley. However, his rival and enemy is the Slytherin Quidditch Captain, Marcus Flint as Wood is in Gryffindor. When he shakes hands with Flint before the Gryffindor vs. Slytherin Quidditch matches, he sends Flint threatening looks and grips Flint's hand harder than necessary and even tries to break his fingers. In the film adaption of Harry Potter and The Sorcerer's Stone, he smirks at Flint after blocking a goal attempt made by Flint.


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Filius Flitwick

Overview
Filius Flitwick is the Charms professor at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He is also Head of Ravenclaw House. He is described as a tiny little wizard who had to stand on a pile of books to see over his desk. Despite appearances, the author has stated that Flitwick is a very short human, possibly with some goblin ancestry. The author has also said that Filius Flitwick's birthday is on October 17.

Philosopher's Stone
Professor Flitwick has to stand on a pile of books to see over his desk. When he is calling the roll on the first day of classes, he is so excited when he finds Harry Potter's name on the list that he falls off his pile of books.

It is on Hallowe'en that Flitwick's class is first allowed to actually perform magic. After some initial coaching, Flitwick gives all the class members feathers that they are to lift with Wingardium Leviosa. Hermione is partnered with Ron Weasley, and gives him some pointers when he can't make it work; when Ron resists, Hermione performs the spell, and Flitwick announces her success to the class. It is this initial victory of hers that leads Ron to later say that she is insufferable and that's probably why she has no friends. Hermione overhears this comment and spends the rest of the day in the girls washroom, crying. She is still there when the mountain troll is prowling the halls.

At Christmas, we see Flitwick levitating ornaments onto the twelve Christmas trees in the Great Hall.

We learn that Professor Flitwick has provided one of the guardian barriers to the chamber in which the Philosopher's Stone is protected. That barrier is a door, with a large number of keys charmed to have wings and fly. To open the door, one must use the provided brooms to hunt for, and catch, the one flying key that will open the door.

Chamber of Secrets
Although Professor Flitwick is still teaching Charms, we see little of him in this book. He is one of the teachers who responds when Harry discovers Justin Finch-Fletchley and Nearly Headless Nick Petrified, and is one of the two (the other being Professor Sinistra) who carry Justin to the Hospital Wing.

Near the end of the year, Professor Flitwick, along with the rest of the staff, are called to the staff room by Professor McGonagall, who tells them that Slytherin's Monster had kidnapped a student and taken them to the Chamber of Secrets. Professor Lockhart, arriving late, was met with this news, and with numerous teachers repeating his earlier boasts about the Chamber and its associated monster. Flitwick is noted as being the teacher who said that Lockhart was quite sure he knew what was inside the Chamber.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Harry, by means of the Marauder's Map, goes to Hogsmeade just before Christmas, meeting up there with Ron and Hermione. In The Three Broomsticks, they eavesdrop on a conversation involving Cornelius Fudge, Hagrid, Professor McGonagall, Professor Flitwick, and Madam Rosmerta. When Rosmerta complains the Dementors are affecting her business, Fudge explains they are necessary because Sirius Black is so dangerous. Rosmerta mentions that Sirius and James Potter were great friends once, always in the Three Broomsticks together. This surprises Harry. Fudge says that not only was Sirius James' best friend, but also best man at his wedding and Harry's godfather. As the conversation continues, it is learned that James and Lily knew Lord Voldemort was hunting them and went into hiding. They used the Fidelius charm to conceal themselves and appointed Sirius their Secret-Keeper. Flitwick describes the operation of the Fidelius Charm. Dumbledore, aware someone close to them was leaking secrets, offered to be their Secret-Keeper, but they declined. Barely a week later, Voldemort killed James and Lily, although he met his own demise in baby Harry. Obviously Black, tired of playing double agent, had thrown his lot in with Voldemort but, after his defeat, had to flee for his life. Peter Pettigrew, another Potter friend, caught up to Black the next day and accused him of betraying James and Lily. Black killed him and twelve Muggle bystanders with a single curse. Only Pettigrew's bloodstained robes and a severed finger were left. Black was sentenced to Azkaban, where he remained until his escape. It is believed he is now trying to reunite with Voldemort, perhaps after killing Harry to prove his loyalty.

When Harry receives a Firebolt broom as a Christmas gift, Professor McGonagall confiscates it. As they don't know who sent it, she says that Professor Flitwick and Madam Hooch will examine it to see if there are any malicious spells buried in it.

Just before Easter break, Hermione gets confused in her class attendance and sleeps through one of Professor Flitwick's classes, the one covering Cheering Charms. Though she does go to him to apologize, apparently she doesn't fully learn Cheering Charms, because she is bemoaning the fact later that they appeared on the final exam.

When Sirius Black is captured, we find that he is being held in Professor Flitwick's office. Professor Dumbledore tells Harry and Hermione where the window to his office is so that they can rescue Sirius by air.

Goblet of Fire
It is mentioned that Professor Flitwick has assigned three books worth of reading before starting Summoning Charms, shortly before Hallowe'en.

We later see Professor Flitwick teaching the class Banishing Charms. We start to understand that Harry, Ron, and Hermione feel that Charms class is a good place for discussions that they don't want overheard, because of all the frenetic activity among their classmates practicing charms.

Along with many other teachers, Professor Flitwick eases off in the week before Christmas break and the Yule Ball. Instead, he spends the time discussing the Summoning Charm that Harry had used in the First Task of the Triwizard Tournament.

Professor Flitwick is one of the four marshals patrolling the outside of the maze for the Third task of the Tournament.

Order of the Phoenix
Fred and George mention that Flitwick was unperturbed by Dolores Umbridge's inspection of the class, treating her as he would any student.

Later, Umbridge becomes Headmaster in name, though the Headmaster's office will not open to her. On her first day in office, Fred and George set off a collection of fireworks, and Umbridge spends the entire day chasing them down and extinguishing them. At the end of the day, we see Flitwick telling Umbridge that he could have eliminated the sparklers himself, but that he wasn't sure he had the authority.

Just after Easter break, Fred and George turn one corridor of the school into a swamp. After they depart from the school, Umbridge is unable to change it back. After Umbridge is removed from the school, Flitwick does remove the swamp, but he leaves one small corner of it, as he says it was a really good bit of magic.

Half-Blood Prince
In addition to the spells that Harry has learned from the Half-Blood Prince's Potions book, there is mention again that Charms class, because of the noise level, is a good place for private conversations. We see one class in which the object of the class is to change vinegar into wine. Professor Flitwick approaches to see how they are doing; Hermione is successful immediately, but Harry's vinegar turns to ice, and Ron's explodes. Professor Flitwick assigns the charm as homework. Another class appeared later on in the story, which was to conjure water out of their wands. When Seamus Finnigan waves his wand too wildly and hits Flitwick in the face with a hose-like water jet, Flitwick punished Seamus by making him write lines (I am a wizard, not a baboon brandishing a stick).

When the battle at the Astronomy Tower starts, Professor McGonagall sends Professor Flitwick to summon Professor Snape. Snape knocks Flitwick out, then, seeing Hermione and Luna outside his office, tells them to tend to Professor Flitwick, who had fallen.

Deathly Hallows
When Harry is in the Ravenclaw common room with Luna Lovegood, after Alecto Carrow summons Lord Voldemort, Luna Stuns her. Shortly after this, Amycus Carrow tries to gain entrance into the common room, but without being able to answer the question posed by the guardian, is unable to enter. When Professor McGonagall appears, drawn by the noise, Amycus demands that she summon Flitwick, then that she open the door to the common room.

After the Carrows are both out of action, Professor McGonagall heads towards the Gryffindor common room to get the students out of bed and into the Great Hall. On the way, she sends Patronuses to summon Flitwick, Horace Slughorn, and Pomona Sprout, the other heads of house. Flitwick is just arriving as McGonagall duels with Snape, and then is involved in casting protective charms around the school. He takes some part in the battle for the school that then follows.

Strengths
As he is the Charms teacher, we can expect that he has significantly more skill at Charms than the average wizard. He apparently was a dueling champion in the past and still demonstrates his skills when fighting Death Eaters.

Relationships with Other Characters
Flitwick is said to be Hermione's favorite teacher, due to the fact that he teaches one of her best subjects.

Questions

 * 1) Why isn't Professor Flitwick a member of the Order of the Phoenix?


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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rolanda Hooch

Overview
Rolanda Hooch is the flying instructor and one of the inter-house Quidditch referees at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Her teaching is stern and regimental.

Philosopher's Stone
Madam Hooch first appears preparing a class of first-years including Harry for their first flying lesson. When Neville Longbottom breaks his wrist falling off his broom, she leaves the scene to take him to the Hospital Wing. Following her departure, Harry flies on his broom in order to recover Neville's rememberall from Draco Malfoy, and Professor McGonagall witnesses his flying talent. As a direct result, McGonagall subsequently employs him as the new Gryffindor Quidditch team Seeker. Madam Hooch doesn't appear teaching Harry again, which leads the reader to the conclusion that Harry is beyond the help of such lessons. Given the other students' evident lack of skill with the broom, it is unlikely that flying lessons were discontinued thereafter.

Madam Hooch referees the Quidditch match between Gryffindor and Slytherin and awards Gryffindor a penalty when Marcus Flint purposely blocks Harry when he is about to catch the Golden Snitch. However, her duty is taken over by Professor Snape for the match between Gryffindor and Hufflepuff. We do not see the match between Gryffindor and Ravenclaw as Harry is in the Hospital Wing.

Chamber of Secrets
The next school year, Madam Hooch refereed the Gryffindor versus Slytherin Quidditch match, during which Harry Potter, the Gryffindor Seeker, was attacked by a jinxed Bludger. The mystery was how the Bludger was jinxed, since it had been kept safe and locked in Madam Hooch's office. She was forced to stop the game momentarily for the Gryffindors while they deliberated over the rogue Bludger, but they ultimately decided to continue playing, as otherwise they would have had to forfeit the match.

The Gryffindor versus Hufflepuff match followed later on in the year, but was cancelled by Professor McGonagall shortly after Madam Hooch had released the balls and began the game. The reason for the cancellation was that Hermione Granger and Penelope Clearwater had been found Petrified near the library.

Near the end of the year, Madam Hooch and the rest of the staff were called to the staffroom by Professor McGonagall, who had become temporary Headmistress of Hogwarts in Professor Dumbledore's absence. Professor McGonagall told her colleagues that a student had been kidnapped by the monster and taken into the Chamber of Secrets. After this revelation, Madam Hooch sank weak-kneed into a chair and asked who had been taken; Professor McGonagall said that it was Ginny Weasley.

Prisoner of Azkaban
Madam Hooch referees the Quidditch match between Gryffindor and Hufflepuff which takes place despite severe weather conditions and poor visibility.

After an attack on The Fat Lady by Sirius Black, Professor McGonagall details Madam Hooch to "keep an eye" on Harry during Quidditch practices for the purpose of his safety. Furthermore, McGonagall confiscates Harry's newly received racing broom, a Firebolt, so that Madam Hooch can search it for any Dark magic. When Harry receives the broom with its clean bill of health, Madam Hooch is quite taken with it, and rhapsodizes over it for some time before Oliver Wood can remind her that they are there to practice. She then falls asleep in the stands while practice is going on.

Madam Hooch referees the Quidditch match between Gryffindor and Ravenclaw, and again at the final between Gryffindor and Slytherin. The final is a violent match, and Madam Hooch several times awards penalties to both sides, particularly to Gryffindor. She also comments that she has never seen such flagrant fouls committed

Order of the Phoenix
Madam Hooch referees the Quidditch match between Gryffindor and Slytherin. It is noted that Madam Hooch does not notice the Bludger hit Harry after the final whistle, as she was then scolding Crabbe for having fouled Harry just before the match ended. She then noticed Harry and George Weasley attack Draco Malfoy after he insulted both Harry and George's families. She uses an Impediment Jinx on Harry to break up the fight, then sends Harry and George to Professor McGonagall's office for discipline. As Harry was banned from playing Quidditch again that school year due to Professor Umbridge overruling McGonagall, who was going to give Harry and George a week of detention instead, Hooch does not appear again in this book. It is also mentioned that she gave Crabbe lines as punishment for him hitting Harry in the back with a bludger after the match had already ended.

Half-Blood Prince
Madam Hooch referees the match between the Gryffindor and Slytherin Quidditch teams. Shortly after the game started, Slytherin Seeker Harper deliberately collided with Harry Potter in the hopes of steering him in the wrong direction. As this was a foul (Blurting), the Gryffindor crowd screamed at Hooch to award a penalty to their team, but her back was turned and she did not see the foul. The game concluded with Harry Potter's capture of the Golden Snitch.

Questions

 * 1) Does Madam Hooch have any interaction with the students other than flying lessons and Quidditch?