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Physics with Calculus/Mechanics/Fluid Mechanics

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
What is Fluid Mechanics?

Fluid mechanics is the study of the forces on and between, and the energy and motion of, fluids. The solution to essentially any problem involving fluids--whether the design of a sprinkler system, a dam, or common fresh water and sewage house piping, for instance--requires knowledge of fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is composed of two subfields: fluid statics, which is the study of fluids at rest; and fluid dynamics, which is the study of fluids in motion. Before we discuss these two fields in detail, however, it is obligatory for us to delve into several rudimentary yet imperative concepts and definitions.

Definition of a Fluid

A fluid is defined as a collection of molecules where the molecules conform to the shape of their container. Thus, both liquids and gases can be defined as fluids. In contrast, solids tend to retain their shape and hence do not conform easily upon changes in container shape. Obviously, water, oil, and mercury are all examples of fluids; by contrast, steel piping, and concrete are all obvious examples of solids.

Useful properties of fluids

There are several properties of fluids which are integral in the study of fluid mechanics, the most important of which is specific weight (γ). γ is defined as the weight of the fluid divided by its volume; hence, it has the units, in SI, $$\begin{matrix} \frac{N}{m^3} \end{matrix}$$; in English units, γ is in $$\begin{matrix} \frac{lb}{ft^3} \end{matrix}$$. The weight of a fluid (or of a solid, for that matter) is

$$\mathbf{w}=Mg$$

where w is weight, M is mass, and g is the gravitation constant. The units of g in SI are $$\begin{matrix} \frac{m}{s^2} \end{matrix}$$, and in English units g is in $$\begin{matrix} \frac{ft}{s^2} \end{matrix}$$. Hence, γ is equal to

$$\boldsymbol{\gamma}=\begin{matrix} \frac{w}{V} \end{matrix}$$

where V is the volume, which is not to be confused with velocity, which we will define later as v. Another important fluid property is density (ρ), which is defined as the mass of a fluid per unit volume.

$$\boldsymbol{\rho}=\begin{matrix} \frac{M}{V} \end{matrix}$$

Its units in SI and English are $$\begin{matrix} \frac{kg}{m^3} \end{matrix}$$ and $$\begin{matrix} \frac{slugs}{ft^3} \end{matrix}$$, respectively. The relationship between density and specific weight is a rather obvious one which the scrupulous reader will no doubt discover quickly:

$$\boldsymbol{\gamma}=\boldsymbol{\rho}g=\begin{matrix} \frac{Mg}{V} \end{matrix}$$

since, obviously, the weight divided by the volume is equivalent to the mass times g divided by the same volume of fluid.

Pressure

The pressure on or due to a fluid is defined as the force exerted divided by the area on which it is exerted. Mathematically, we define pressure to be :

$$P = \begin{matrix} \frac{\mathbf{F}}{A} \end{matrix}$$

The units of pressure are pascals (Pa); one pascal is equal to $$\begin{matrix} \frac{1N}{m^2} \end{matrix}$$. Pressure will form the basis of our first detailed study of fluid mechanics, fluid statics.

Fluid Statics
Fluid statics, as mentioned previously, is the study of fluids at rest. The pressures being incurred by the sides of a dam holding back non-moving water, for example, could be derived via fluid statics concepts.

There are a few aspects of pressure which we will discuss in this section, which all relate to the question of how pressure changes and acts in a static pool of fluid. For example, we wish to be able to answer questions such as: how many pascals of pressure would there be at a depth of 5 meters of water? Additionally, we would like to be able to make conclusions about the directions in which the fluid pressures acts; for instance, is the pressure on a diver at 5 meters acting upwards equivalent to the pressure on the said diver acting downwards? Furthermore, does the amount of water above the diver affect the pressures the diver will experience? In other words, does the pressure at the bottom of an 8 cm glass with a radius of 1 cm equal the pressure at the bottom of an 8 cm glass with a radius of 8 cm? We begin our discussion with a review of elementary physics.

(As an aside, it is generally assumed that a 'boldface' symbol or letter indicates a vector. In this case, however, boldface is used to emphasize and is not necessarily indicative of a vector.)

Newton's Laws, revisited

Isaac Newton's first and second laws are shown below in mathematical form.

For all objects:

$$\mathbf{F}=M\mathbf{a}$$

where $$\mathbf{a}$$ is the acceleration of the object and M is the mass of the object. Therefore, when an object is under no external force, $$\mathbf{a}$$ must be zero. Hence, in that particular case:

$$\sum\mathbf{F_x}= \sum\mathbf{F_y} = \sum\mathbf{F_z}=0$$

In fluid statics, of course, we assume that the fluid in question is at rest with respect to its surroundings--and hence $$\mathbf{a}$$ is zero and the sum of all the forces in each direction must be, as shown above, zero.

We imagine an arbitrary cube of fluid in the middle of a static pool of fluid as shown in Figure 1. We label the unknown pressures acting upon this cube as shown in Figure 1. Let us set the pressures labeled with a "1" to be in the 'positive' directions, and those labeled with a "2" we'll let act in the 'negative' directions. Note that these signs are arbitrary and if switched would produce exactly the same result. We will assume that the fluid does not compress due to the pressures acting on it.

Thus, we have six pressures: $$\mathbf{P_{1x}}, \mathbf{P_{2x}}, \mathbf{P_{1y}}, \mathbf{P_{2y}}, \mathbf{P_{1z}}$$, and $$\mathbf{P_{2z}}$$ (only some are shown in the figure). Each of these pressures act upon a face of the cube. Of course, the depth of this cube is arbitrary, so we must redefine each of these pressures to some arbitrary pressure at the center of the cube, which we will label $$\mathbf{P_A}$$.

Each of these pressures can be related to $$\mathbf{P_A}$$ via the change in pressure from the center point (A) to each of the surfaces. For $$\mathbf{P_{1x}}$$, for example, the change in pressure is equal to the partial derivative of the pressure with respect to the x direction times the distance between A and the surface on which $$\mathbf{P_{1x}}$$ acts:

$$\boldsymbol{\delta P_X} = \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )$$

where $$\boldsymbol{\delta P_X}$$ is the change in pressure between point A and the surface one which $$\mathbf{P_{1x}}$$ and $$ \mathbf{P_{2x}}$$ act. $$\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )$$ is the distance from A to either surface. Changes in pressure in the Y and Z directions are similarly found:

$$\boldsymbol{\delta P_Y} = \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial y}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )$$

$$\boldsymbol{\delta P_Z} = \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial z}\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )$$

Keeping with the usual convention of assuming 'right' is positive, $$ \mathbf{P_{2x}}$$ is equal to $$\mathbf{P_A}$$ plus the change in pressure:

$$ \mathbf{P_{2x}}=\boldsymbol{\delta P_X} + P_A = \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A$$

Similarly, the change in pressure is negative for $$\mathbf{P_{1x}}$$:

$$ \mathbf{P_{1x}}=-\boldsymbol{\delta P_X} + P_A= -\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A$$

Of course, all of the other pressures can be derived in the same way. Here we assume--remember, though it's arbitrary the opposite sign assignment would produce the same result--that "up" in the Y direction and "out" from the monitor in the Z direction are both positive:

$$ \mathbf{P_{1y}}=-\boldsymbol{\delta P_Y} + P_A = -\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial y}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A$$

$$ \mathbf{P_{2y}}=\boldsymbol{\delta P_Y} + P_A = \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial y}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A$$

$$ \mathbf{P_{1Z}}=-\boldsymbol{\delta P_Z} + P_A = -\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial z}\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A$$

$$ \mathbf{P_{2Z}}=\boldsymbol{\delta P_Z} + P_A = \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial z}\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A$$

Now that we have derived the pressures on each face of the cube, we seek to use Newton's Laws to solve for pressure. We know that the total force on the cube must be equal to its mass times its acceleration. However, we began this derivation assuming that the cube was static. Hence,

$$\sum\mathbf{F_T}= 0$$

Since we now know the pressures, we can find the forces acting on each face. The force acting in the positive X direction, for instance, is equal to

$$\mathbf{F_{1x}}=(\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}) \mathbf{P_{1X}}=\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}(\frac{-\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A)$$

Since, remember,

$$\mathbf{F} = PA$$

Here, of course, taking a look at Figure 1 it becomes apparent that

$$\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}=A$$

Using the same method, we state that

$$\mathbf{F_{2x}}=(\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}) \mathbf{P_{2X}}=\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}(\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A)$$

Therefore, we can sum the forces in the X direction to get

$$\sum\mathbf{F_X}= 0 = \boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}(\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A) - \boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}(\frac{-\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A)$$

$$0=\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A + \boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) - P_A$$

$$0=\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )+ \boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) $$

$$0=\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\delta V}$$

where the $$\boldsymbol{\delta}$$ symbol means 'a small amount', and hence $$\boldsymbol{\delta V}$$ means 'a little volume'.

Note that in this simple equation lies a partial answer to one of our initial questions. We sought to determine the way in which pressure changes. The above equation tells us that the product of the volume of a cube of fluid and the change in pressure in the X-direction is always zero. Assuming that the volume of our arbitrary cube is nonzero, this means that the change in pressure in the X-direction must be zero! The significance of this is greater than you may think. Personal experience tells us that the pressure we feel when diving in a pool depends upon our depth, not our position in the pool. We know from experience that the pressure at the bottom of a pool at one end doesn't feel any different from the pressure at the bottom of the same pool at the other end. Yet, without such experience we may never come to realize this aspect of our world. Using fairly simple logic and mathematics, however, we can not only prove such hypotheses, we can predict them accurately even without direct experience or data.

Moving on to finishing our proof, we can sum the forces in the Z direction in exactly the same way we did for the X-direction. This is because the only two forces acting in the Z-direction are opposing forces due to pressure. As in the X-direction, $$\mathbf{P_A}$$ cancels out and we are left with a similar equation:

$$0=\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial z}=\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial z}\boldsymbol{\delta V}$$

Hence, the change of pressure in the Z-direction in a pool of water must be zero. I suggest to the reader to derive the above if she is not fully convinced of it.

At first we may be tempted to claim that the derivation of pressure for the Y-direction would be essentially the same as in the X- and Z-directions. However, the careful reader will have noticed that in Figure 1 the weight of the fluid has not been neglected. The weight of the fluid is equal to the specific weight times the volume:

$$\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\boldsymbol{\gamma}=\boldsymbol{\delta V \gamma}=\boldsymbol{W}$$

This is because specific volume, you will remember, is equal to the weight divided by the volume. Therefore, multiplying the specific weight by the volume gives weight.

Therefore, the sum of the forces in the Y direction reveals the following equality:

$$\sum\mathbf{F_Y}= W =\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\boldsymbol{\gamma}=   \boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}(\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial y}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A) -\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}(\frac{-\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial y}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) + P_A)$$

The pressure at A once again cancels out, and we have

$$\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\boldsymbol{\gamma}=\boldsymbol{\delta Z}\boldsymbol{\delta Y}\boldsymbol{\delta X}\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial y}=\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial y}\boldsymbol{\delta V}$$

Hence, we can cancel out the small volume and we have

$$\boldsymbol{\gamma}=\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{P}}{\partial y}$$

Now (finally!!) we can derive the equation for pressure. Multiplying by the derivative of y and integrating, we have

$$\int_{P_1}^{P_2} dP=\int_{y_1}^{y_2} \boldsymbol{\gamma}dy$$

$$\boldsymbol{\Delta P}=(y_2-y_1)\boldsymbol{\gamma}$$

Therefore, the change in pressure between two point in a static fluid is equal to the product of the specific weight of the fluid and the change in depth of the fluid. There are, therefore, two laws we can state regarding fluid statics:

1. Pressure only changes with respect to the depth of a fluid; no other dimensional change affects pressure.

2. Since a point in a static fluid must have no net force acting upon it, pressure acts equally from all angles.

Generally, fluid mechanics problems assume a reference pressure which is equivalent to atmospheric pressure. This is because, since pressure is always measured as a change, it becomes more practical to let atmospheric pressure equal zero, and hence measure all other pressures with respect to this reference pressure. This is called the 'gauge pressure'. For example, if one wants to measure the pressure at the bottom of a lake, it becomes easier to let the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the lake be zero, and therefore the pressure at some depth of the lake is

$$\mathbf{P}=(h)\boldsymbol{\gamma}$$

Here, $$\mathbf{h}$$ is the distance from the reference line of the system, which in the case of a lake, for instance, would be the distance from the surface of the water. The 'absolute pressure', on the other hand, is a pressure which is measured from a reference value of zero. In other words, in this case it would include the atmospheric pressure being imparted on the surface of the lake.

Example Problem 1:Finding the pressure in a tube of water.

Consider the tank and tube setup to the right in Figure 2. Unless we state otherwise, let us assume that every pressure is a gauge pressure. Find the following:

$$\boldsymbol{i)}$$ The pressure at point A, $$\mathbf{P_A}$$.

Solution:

$$\mathbf{P_A}$$ = $$\mathbf{h_A}$$$$\mathbf{\gamma}$$, where $$\mathbf{\gamma}$$ is the specific weight of the fluid--in this case, water. Hence,

$$\mathbf{P_A}$$ = $$2(9.8)\left ( \frac{KN}{m^3} \right )m$$

$$\mathbf{P_A}$$ = $$19.6\left ( \frac{KN}{m^2} \right )$$

$$\mathbf{P_A}$$ = $$19.6 \mathbf{KPa}$$

$$\boldsymbol{ii)}$$ The pressure at point B, $$\mathbf{P_B}$$.

Solution:

$$\mathbf{P_B}$$ = $$[\mathbf{h_A}+\mathbf{h_B}]\mathbf{\gamma}$$

$$\mathbf{P_B}$$ = $$3(9.8)\left ( \frac{KN}{m^3} \right )m$$

$$\mathbf{P_B}$$ = $$29.4\left ( \frac{KN}{m^2} \right )$$

$$\mathbf{P_B}$$ = $$29.4 \mathbf{KPa}$$

$$\boldsymbol{iii)}$$ The absolute pressure at point C, $$\mathbf{P_c}$$.

Solution:

The absolute pressure at point C is the atmospheric pressure, $$\boldsymbol{P_0}$$

$$\boldsymbol{iv)}$$ The absolute pressure at point B, $$\mathbf{P_b}$$.

Solution:

$$\mathbf{P_b}$$ = $$[\mathbf{h_A}+\mathbf{h_B}]\mathbf{\gamma} + \mathbf{P_0}$$

$$\mathbf{P_b}$$ = $$3(9.8) + 101\mathbf{KPa}\left ( \frac{KN}{m^3} \right )m$$

$$\mathbf{P_b}$$ = $$130.4\left ( \frac{KN}{m^2} \right )$$

$$\mathbf{P_b}$$ = $$130.4 \mathbf{KPa}$$

Example Problem 2:Finding the minimum length of the pipe 'r' needed if no water is to leak from the system.

A designer of some type of canister wants to know the minimum length of the pipe 'r', as shown in Figure 3 to the right, that she will need to buy in order to ensure that no water leaks from the system. In addition, she tells you that the pressure at the bottom of the canister is a constant $$466\mathbf{KPa}$$. Find the least amount of piping 'r' that she must buy.


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Bartending/Cocktails/Melon Bomb

The Melon Bomb is a clear tropical flavored drink that tastes good. It is a good use for flavored liquor. It is suitable for anyone wanting a classy looking and tasty cocktail. The bomb comes from the shot glass dropping into another glass such as an Irish Car Bomb or a Jäger Bomb or a Boilermaker. This is a much more pleasant bomb drink as it does not need to be chugged to prevent curdling and has a pleasant taste. The dropped shot means the rum does not mix very much and is the last element of the drink tasted, giving it a unique aftertaste. It is a fun drink to watch being made, and its clear appearance from the white rum and clear flavored vodka means its appearance matches that of much stronger and more acquired taste drinks such as martinis.

Ingredients

 * 1 1/2 oz. Green Apple Vodka (Smirnoff)
 * 1 1/2 oz. Watermelon Rum (Bacardi Grand Melon)
 * 7-Up

Garnishes

 * 1 maraschino cherry
 * optional:
 * sugar for rimming the glass
 * lime or lemon wedge for the rim

Glass

 * Collins glass (aka longdrink)
 * shot glass

Procedure

 * Rim Collins glass with sugar(optional).
 * Build (or shake if using warm ingredients) Vodka and 7-Up in a Chilled Collins (longdrink) glass about half full.
 * Pour Rum in a shot glass.
 * Drop the shot glass into the Collins Glass. To prevent spilling cup  one hand over the glass as the other hand drops the shot glass.  A [barmat] is a nice tool for this stage.
 * Drop the cherry into the glass so it falls into the shot glass (it thus displaces some of the rum and begins slightly mixing the cocktail).
 * Fill the Collins glass the rest of the way with ice and/or 7-Up.
 * (optional place wedge of lemon or lime on the rim of the collins glass)

Variations

 * Replacing the watermelon rum with melon liquor such as midori adds a bright green color to the drink
 * Adding a small layer of cherry juice to the bottom of the shot glass adds a little color to the drink
 * Adding a second shot of regular vodka to make it a "double strength" or "extra strength" Melon Bomb

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bartending/Cocktails/Melon Bomb


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Talk:Conlang/Advanced/Grammar/Alignment/Trigger

A rebuttal of the notion of a trigger language
Not meaning to rock the boat, but trigger systems, as they're explained here, don't actually exist in natural languages. I think they only exist as conlangs, actually (I have one too). The trigger systems of Austronesia don't actually seem to be anything more than languages with multiple passive formation and applicativization strategies. The "trigger" isn't actually unmarked, it's simply in the case that the subject of an intransitive verb is put into. The morphology doesn't mark the role of the verb, per se, but merely marks what role the new subject played in the "underived" sentence. It would be something like the following:

English:  Direct Object Passive: I ate a hamburger. -> A hamburger eat-PASS1 by me. Indirect Object Passive: I gave you a flower. -> You give-PASS2 a flower by me. Prepositional Object Passive: I walked into a store. -> A store walk-PASS3 by me. (Prepositional information lost.)

As it so happens, the form of the passive is the same for all three in English. They could very well be different, to give the hearer more information about the role of the subject (since its case is invariant). If you add in applicatives, which English doesn't have, you have a wealth of verbal morphology that tells what the role of the subject is.

So, the "trigger" actually is the syntactic subject--just the way the raised patient of a passive is the subject of the sentence. And these languages do have passive morphology--extensive passive morphology. The notion of the "trigger" language, then, is something exclusive to conlangs.

For example, one could create a language like the following:  Verb: maka "eat" Subject Trigger: makana Object Trigger: makasi Indirect Object Trigger: makalo

Genitive Trigger: makava

Adessive Trigger: makawe

Allative Trigger: makatu

Abessive Trigger: makaje

Ablative Trigger: makazo

Inessive Trigger: makapi

Illative Trigger: makaha

Etc.

In other words, a language with a whole bunch of cases that are simply marked on the verb, and in order to use one of these cases, the case must be used with the subject of the verb. This kind of language doesn't exist in the wild, but, given the idea of "trigger languages", there's no reason why it shouldn't.

The point of this post is the following:

To suggest that trigger languages, as they're described, do not exist naturally.

To suggest that such trigger languages exist as conlangs only.

To suggest that this should be noted on this page.

I don't mean to suggest that the trigger conlang is a bad thing (as I said, I have one myself), only that it isn't necessarily a representation of something that's naturally occurring.

-David J. Peterson —Preceding undated comment added 18:36, 25 September 2006.

Authorship removed
I removed the signature and the introductory text ("Hello, I'm here to...") because wikibooks pages belong to everyone, not just the original contributor. Since wiki pages are meant to be modified, it won't be too long before the words aren't your own anyway. :) - Furrykef 11:20, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Revamping
I hope to clearly explain trigger languages and Austronesian alignment and redistribute this information across Alignment and Voice. See Alignment#Rethink. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 14:04, 21 December 2015 (UTC)


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User:Dedalvs

Below is the link to my homepage, discussing several of my created languages:

David J. Peterson's Web Thing

title: User:Dedalvs


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Rhetoric and Composition/Enumeration consistency

Example
*"First, no evidence exists that water exists on Mars. Secondly, ..."

What's wrong?
You've enumerated a list of items using markers such as "First," "Second," and so on, but they aren't consistent. Use first, second, third or firstly, secondly, thirdly; don't mix them.

How to fix this problem
Use consistent enumerators

If two of the enumerators are separated by a lengthy passage, consider reminding the reader what's being enumerated, as in the following example:

Today's voting technologies are controversial for three reasons. First, ... (yadda yadda). The second reason voting technologies are controversial is...


text:
User:Witchinghour~enwikibooks

About witchinghour
I'm from Amman, Jordan. I'm a big supporter of Open Source.

title: User:Witchinghour~enwikibooks


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The Computer Revolution/Software/Spreadsheet

Spreadsheets
The spreadsheet program summarizes information from many paper sources in one place and presents the information in a format to help a decision maker see the financial "big picture" for the company. Over half of financial management reporting is performed with spreadsheets.

Because of the ease of use, flexibility, and power of spreadsheets, they support many critical business functions and often fill roles where other solutions would be too slow or costly to implement. Years ago accountants and payroll specialists used to input all of their information into long hardcopy documents. Now companies can get the work done with half the amount of staff.

Philip Howard (2005-04-22). Managing spreadsheets. IT-Directors.com. Retrieved on 2006-06-29.

Spreadsheets have come a long way over the years and are more user friendly so more people use them – not just accountants. Because of the large number of mechanical calculations that must be performed, payroll was one of the first functions to be computerized in most organizations.

Software packages allow users to create a large worksheet in which data and formulas can be entered to perform a variety of calculations and analysis. People used to have to work on multiple spreadsheets at the same time or in other applications when they needed to analyze large amounts of information. Now spreadsheets can be a lot larger in size.

Charts, tables and graphs can also be utilized. You can apply rich visual enhancements to your charts. Another great benefit of spreadsheets is the fact that more than one person can manipulate a spreadsheet if they are on a shared database. They can input data from their own computers anytime they want. The advantage of this is that people can work in teams and help to protect and control access to their work.

Real Estate professionals use spreadsheets for financially analyzing income property for all types of real estate (amortization and appreciation). Once there is a spreadsheet created for one property the data can be saved for all investors’ presentations related to the building in one workbook. Later you can recall the input data for any investor. This makes work very convenient and saves a lot of time.

One spreadsheet document is referred to as a worksheet. Many worksheets can be saved together into a spreadsheet file called a workbook. The worksheets are divided into rows and columns that all have cell addresses. You can enter information into the active cell, which is the selected cell. In order to enter information into multiple cells all you do is select more than one cell with the cell pointer. Formulas may be used to perform mathematical functions to compute certain tasks. Using formulas can save a lot of time entering information.

The Bad News about Spreadsheets
Spreadsheets are the most used program in accounting, finances, statistics and many other tasks in the daily activities of a company. However, spreadsheets have their downfalls when it comes to how the formulas are used within them. If the right output or input is not correct then a wrong answer will be generated, but sometimes it is not possible to know if we have the wrong answer. Also if the numbers in each cells are not formula generated, many mistaken would be generated when we try to use them. If a number is hand written in a cell, not generated by a formula, then that number will give the wrong answer when used within another formula, and in a large set of data it is impossible to know if we have the wrong answer. Another fact is that if we want to pin a cell within a formula a dollar sign is required in front of the cell, in order to be able to use that cell only, in cases where we need to perform calculations in multiple cells with the copy and paste function, instead of writing the formula for each cell. If we do not pin the cell we want to use for each calculation then Excel will perform the calculation for each cell numerically and we will have wrong answers. Spreadsheets are easy to use for large groups of data, but the input and output options have to be always correct in order to have the right answer at the end.

Microsoft Excel is the component of Microsoft Office which is used to create payroll analyses, reports, charts, queries, and forms for either personal or for a business.

One page of a book is called a sheet and a whole book is called a workbook.

The easiest way to calculate numbers is by using formulas. In order to create a formula you need to start one by using an equal sign (or a plus or minus sign). For example =sum (A1:B1). A1 = 1 B1 = 2 C1 would = 3. If you do not put a sign, the formula will be interpreted as text. The fastest way to add up a row is to use the Auto Sum function from the Home Tab.

The easiest way to sum up more than one row is dragging to the right and down the rows at once.

Some of the other features include Merging & Centering Data, Rotating Text, the ability to copy and paste data from one cell to another by the use of the Format Painter, and the use of an IF statement to test if a condition is true.

History of Spreadsheets
Spreadsheets have certainly aided the computer industry for business purposes, with the most popular example being the Microsoft Excel application.

Microsoft originally developed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. However, it soon lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3 when it came to MS-DOS systems. This heralded the development and release of Excel in 1985 for the Macintosh computer. The first Windows version was released in November 1987 which lined up with the Mac and bundled with a run-time windows environment.

By 1988, Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 because Lotus was slow to bring it to Windows. This helped Microsoft become the leading PC software developer. Microsoft developed regular new releases every two years or so.

Another company was selling a software package named "Excel" in the early years of Microsoft's Excel development, which lead to a trademark lawsuit. This necessitated that Microsoft refer to the program as "Microsoft Excel" in all of its press releases and legal documents. Eventually this practice was ignored, particularly since Microsoft purchased the trademark to the other program. The Microsoft program was also referred to as "XL" as an abbreviation, and the file extension of the default Excel format is ".xls".

Excel allowed the user to determine the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). Until 1999, this was unique compared to other spreadsheets on the market. It also allowed only cells dependent on the cell being modified to update. Previous spreadsheet programs recalculated everything all the time or waited for user commands to update the spreadsheet. The icing on the cake for Microsoft Excel was that in 1993 when it was first bundled into Microsoft Office, Microsoft Word and Microsoft Powerpoint had their GUIs redesigned for consistency with Excel.

Microsoft also added the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions for use in worksheets. However, the automation functionality caused Excel to become a target for macro viruses.

The biggest threat to Microsoft Excel is the Free Software OpenOffice.org Calc and also Gnumeric, both of which can open and save Excel documents.


text:
User talk:24.61.94.244

I noticed that you edited someone else's comment at Lord of the Flies. Please refrain from editing others' comments without their permission. As it is not terribly productive and will tend to irritate the users whose comments you are correcting.--Az1568 01:19, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.61.94.244


text:
Talk:SanDisk Sansa MP3 Players/c100

I have a Sansa c150 2Gb it uses to hang up freq, and I just needed to remove the battery and put it over again. But now it is locked even when replacing batttery! please help!

These players are such piles of shit

title: Talk:SanDisk Sansa MP3 Players/c100


text:
Practical Electronics/Plugins/1Hz Oscillator

This plugin uses a quartz oscillator which uses a crystal (X1), amongst other components to give a 32,768Hz (32,768=215) output. This is input to a 4020 14-Stage Ripple Counter, which divides this signal down by 214 to a 2Hz signal. This 2Hz signal is then halved in frequency using a JK flip-flop (4027) configured as a toggle flip-flop. The output from this is used as the 1Hz signal.

Both the 1Hz and 2Hz signals are taken as outputs, as the faster 2Hz signal is sometimes useful for clocking circuits at a visible speed, without going too slowly.

Below is the stripboard layout for the plugin. The dimensions of the stripboard are 12x23 holes. An LED and current-limiting resistor have been added to the 1Hz output to provide a visual indicator. This can be omitted without affecting the performance of the circuit. R2 may need to be mounted around D1, as there is very little space for it.

The parts lift below assumes a power supply of 9V. If a different voltage is used, it is possible that the LED current-limiting resistor (R2) must be changed and the oscillator may need adjustment as well.

Variations

 * Any of the 4020 outputs can be used as the final output, so it could be a 4Hz oscillator, or 16Hz or even 32,768Hz. The JK flip-flop would not be necessary in this case.


text:
User:Mirtone/sig

Mirtone @

title: User:Mirtone/sig


text:
User talk:Inductiveload

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
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You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page, also feel free to email me privately, you'll need an email adress enabled in your prefernces.

Good luck! Mirtone 02:05, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

File:555 Mk-sp Stripboard.svg
You could upload the newer version you made of the above file to the and then the one on Wikibooks could be deleted. -- Adrignola talk contribs 04:05, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

NOT Gate Issues
Hi, thanks for the creating the infobox template for Practical Electronics. I have just created new pages in Practical Electronics/IC/4049. On the infobox Template:2Logic IC, it assumes that we have 2 inputs and 1 output but that is not for the case of NOT gate. DO you have any ideas on how to solve the issues? Encik Tekateki (discuss • contribs) 09:16, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Inductiveload


text:
User talk:67.191.124.104

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address, also, you can enable and email adress in your preferences and email other users directly.
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
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 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.Mirtone 02:08, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.191.124.104


text:
Template talk:Welcome

Subst-ing this template
It seems that this template is not substed on takpages, why? --Mirtone

 * No idea. I agree that it should be done. --Swift 14:08, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Personal introductions in the general FAQ page?
[//en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Welcome&diff=1386671&oldid=1386267 Since this modification] we encourage people to present themselves among the the books discussions, so it could appear weird and redundant from the users pages. That's why I propose to remove this sentence, or at least the fact to "introduce". JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 08:41, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

 * JackPotte, maybe I don't quite understand what you're proposing because I don't entirely understand what the difficulty is. It seems entirely appropriate to me for folks to come and say hi to the general community, which helps to draw together our loose community.  It's good to get out and meet folks with different/similar interests.  The user who enquired on your user page was quoting from the overall description of the reading rooms, and perhaps that description should be broadened since it only describes some of the things that go on the reading room.  In contrast, here's the description of the general reading room, which is the particular reading room where folks are invited to introduce themselves: "On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general."

 * I usually use Bigwelcome rather than Welcome. Afaics, there is no similar "come over and say hi" message on Bigwelcome, though, and I'm a little sorry about that; perhaps we should add one to the other template?  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 13:32, 15 November 2014 (UTC)
 * We really should keep a welcoming template without this trap to invite people to introduce themselves, which implies by posting their own URL, which would be reverted for spam. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 17:37, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Trap? You mean, that friendly invitation to come by and say hello?  I still don't entirely understand what the difficulty is.  That doesn't mean there isn't a real difficulty, it means I don't understand what it is.  Please explain.  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 01:53, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Would it be a plausible idea to make an entirely new section (perhaps a new room within the Reading Room) exclusively for introducing yourself to the community?
 * This way those that are interested in meeting/collaborating with newcomers know exactly where to go, and those that aren't interested in newcomers won't have to sift through introductions scattered among the General Reading Room discussions?
 * Not to mention, it might make newcomers more comfortable with introducing themselves; the General Reading Room can be perceived as a slightly intimidating environment. Hillowrym (discuss • contribs) 22:51, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

In conclusion I propose to differentiate Category:Welcome templates by letting the invitation to introduce oneself only into the big welcome. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 09:12, 10 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Welcome


text:
User talk:Alisone~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page, also, feel free to email me privately, you'll need an email adress enabled in your preferences.

Good luck!--Mirtone 02:18, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Alisone. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Alisone~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:56, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 04:30, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alisone~enwikibooks


text:
User talk:Pfaff9~enwikibooks

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page or via email.

Good luck!--Mirtone 03:03, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pfaff9. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pfaff9~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:36, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 05:22, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pfaff9~enwikibooks


text:
DD-WRT/Supported Devices

Table of Contents

 * Supported devices
 * Features
 * "Flashing" instructions
 * General instructions
 * Linksys_WRT54G_v5/v5.1/v6
 * References

Supported Devices
''This list uses content from the WRT Wiki article "Installation" as retrieved on September 24, 2006, which is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2. This article is in turn, as with all Wikibooks articles are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2.''

 * Allnet
 * All0277 (product search)
 * Askey
 * RT210W, see flashing notes for Siemens SE505 v1 (product search)
 * Asus
 * Asus WL-500G deluxe (product search)
 * Asus WL-500G premium (product search)
 * Asus WL-300G (product search)
 * Belkin
 * F5D7130/7330 (2mb flash) (product search)
 * F5D7230-4 v1000, v1001, v1010, v1111 (product search)
 * F5D7230-4 v1444 (2mb flash) (product search)
 * Buffalo
 * WHR-HP-AG108 (product search)
 * WHR-G54S (product search)
 * WHR-HP-G54 (product search)
 * WHR-HP-G54S (product search)
 * WZR-RS-G54 (product search)
 * WVR-G54-NF (product search)
 * WBR-G54 (product search)
 * WBR2-G54 (product search)
 * WBR2-G54s (product search)
 * WLA-G54 (product search)
 * Linksys (List of WRT54G versions and their hardware capabilities)
 * WRT54G v1.0, v1.1, v2.0, v2.2, v3.0, v3.1, v4.0, v5.0 (2mb flash), v5.1 (2mb flash), v6.0 (2mb flash) (product search)
 * WRT54GL v1.0, v1.1 (product search)
 * WRT54GS v1.0, v1.1, v2.0, v2.1, v3.0, v4.0, v5.0 (2mb flash) (product search)
 * WRTSL54GS v1.0 (as of 2006-0630 nightly builds)
 * Microsoft
 * MN-700 (product search)
 * Motorola
 * WR850G (product search)
 * Ravo
 * W54-RT, see flashing notes for Siemens SE505 v1 (product search)
 * Siemens
 * Gigaset SE505 (product search)
 * Gigaset SX550i (product search)

This list is updated for DD-WRT v22 SP1. The newest release is DD-WRT SP2, so this list may not be fully up to date.

Generally, five different versions of the DD-WRT package are available.

 * Micro
 * Mini
 * Standard
 * VOIP
 * VPN

Special versions are available, for a fee, from the DD-WRT Shop, with QOS and PPPOE-Relay features. But since the DD-WRT software is licensed under the GPL version 2, it is legal to redistribute copies of even the Special versions.

title: DD-WRT/Supported Devices


text:
DD-WRT/Features

Table of Contents

 * Supported devices
 * Features
 * "Flashing" instructions
 * General instructions
 * Linksys_WRT54G_v5/v5.1/v6
 * References

Features
These are the features available in the Standard version of DD-WRT. Other versions, such as the Micro or Mini, may lack some specific features to lower the package size.

''This list uses content from the WRT Wiki article "What is DD-WRT" as retrieved on September 24, 2006, which is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2. This article is in turn, as with all Wikibooks articles are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2.''

 * 13 languages
 * 802.1x (EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) encapsulation over LANs)
 * Access Restrictions
 * Adhoc Mode
 * Afterburner
 * Client Isolation Mode
 * Client Mode (supports multiple connected clients)
 * Client Mode WPA
 * DHCP Forwarder (udhcp)
 * DHCP Server (udhcp or Dnsmasq)
 * DNS forwarder (Dnsmasq)
 * DMZ
 * Dynamic DNS (DynDNS, easyDNS, FreeDNS, No-IP, TZO, ZoneEdit, custom, and others)
 * Hotspot Portal (Sputnik Agent ,Chillispot)
 * IPv6 Support
 * JFFS2
 * MMC/SD Card Support (hardware modification required)
 * NTP client in a client-server basis
 * Ntop Remote Statistic
 * OpenVPN Client & Server (only in -vpn build of the firmware)
 * Port Triggering
 * Port Forwarding (max. 30 entries)
 * PPTP VPN Server & Client
 * QoS Bandwidth Management (Optimize for Gaming and Services / Netmask / MAC / Ethernet Port Priority)
 * QoS L7 Packet Classifier l7-filter)
 * RFlow/MACupd
 * Routing: Static entries and Gateway, BGP, OSPF & RIP2 via (BIRD)
 * Samba FS Automount
 * Syslog to remote server
 * Rx/Tx Antenna (Select or Auto)
 * Show Status of Wireless Clients and WDS with System Uptime/Processor Utilization
 * Site Survey
 * SNMP
 * SSH server & client (dropbear)
 * Startup, Firewall, and Shutdown scripts (startup script)
 * Static DHCP Assignment
 * Style (Changeable GUI; v.23)
 * Supports New Devices (WRT54G V3, V3.1, V4, V5 and WRT54GS V2.1, V3, V4)
 * Telnet server & client
 * Transmit Power Adjustment (0-251mW, default is 28mW, 100mW is safe)
 * UPnP
 * VLAN
 * Wake On Lan client (WOL)
 * WDS Connection Watchdog
 * WDS Repeater Mode
 * Wireless MAC Addresses Cloning
 * Wireless MAC filter
 * WMM (Wi-Fi MultiMedia QoS)
 * WPA over WDS
 * WPA/TKIP with AES
 * WPA2
 * Xbox Kaid (Kai Engine)

title: DD-WRT/Features


text:
DD-WRT/"Flashing" Instructions

Via user interface
The router is to be connect with a LAN cable to the computer on which the firmware file is already loaded. The LAN cable on the router shall not be plugged into the Wan jack, but into one of the usually several LAN jacks.

After logging in, choose update by uploading the firmware file. The memory of the router does in some cases limits the size of the new firmware. During the update, the old and new firmware are on the router together, which can lead to size problems. Therefore it is recommended to load a small firmware at first and after that to update with the required firmware.

Source
The DD-WRT portal provide a router database. This database recommends firmware binaries for every suitable router. However, these binaries are not or hardly maintained and may contain bugs that have been known for a long time.

Until 2010, stable versions were regularly released. After 2010 there are many more updates, but these are only available as beta builds.

You can detect the propper firmware by reading the forums or by trying by yourself of the firmware in the download-center. For this, the router database can be of help in order to determine the sub-location for the appropriate firmware. But remember, that newer is not necessarily better.

What will brick the router

 * Flashing with too large firmware file. See above.
 * Flashing with an older revision which is first supported for your router. Compare the router database.
 * Flashing if router does not support 2.6 version.

title: DD-WRT/"Flashing" Instructions


text:
DD-WRT/"Flashing" instructions/Linksys WRT54G v5/v5.1/v6

Table of Contents

 * Supported devices
 * Features
 * "Flashing" instructions
 * General instructions
 * Linksys_WRT54G_v5/v5.1/v6
 * References

WRT54G v5/v5.1/v6

 * 1) Download these files to a convenient place.
 * 2) vxworks_prep_v03.zip
 * 3) vximgtoolgui.zip - this is used to generate a vxworkskiller image with your MAC Address embedded.
 * 4) dd-wrt.v23_sp2_micro.zip - DD-WRT v23 micro package.  The micro package is used because of the little flash memory contained in these routers.
 * 5) tftp.exe - graphical TFTP transfer tool


text:
DD-WRT/"Flashing" instructions/General instructions

Table of Contents

 * Supported devices
 * Features
 * "Flashing" instructions
 * General instructions
 * Linksys_WRT54G_v5/v5.1/v6
 * References


text:
DD-WRT/References

Table of Contents

 * Supported devices
 * Features
 * "Flashing" instructions
 * General instructions
 * Linksys_WRT54G_v5/v5.1/v6
 * References

title: DD-WRT/References


text:
User talk:Hillgentleman

Come introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask there or contact me personally.

title: User talk:Hillgentleman


text:
User talk:202.63.226.227

Thank you for experimenting with Wikibooks by creating the page Physics Exercises/Current. Your test worked, and has been or will soon be removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing.--Az1568 04:29, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.63.226.227


text:
Wikijunior:New Book of the Quarter/2007-1st Quarter Vote

Voting for the Wikijunior New Book of the Quarter is open from now until January 1st, 2007 00:01 UTC. The winning New Book of the Quarter will become the next Wikijunior project and will influence the future direction of Wikijunior.

Alphabet
Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 20:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Rob Horning 16:34, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Comments: Could be really useful if done well – quality illustrations are essential. Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Bugs
Votes:
 * 1) MiltonT 14:59, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) xixtas 04:09, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Klingoncowboy4 20:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Joecool94 8:02 PM Sunday, October 22, 2006 (UTC/GMT)
 * 5) Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) Ferretinator 16:58, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) Elocina 16:08, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 8) Iamunknown 06:42, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 9) Odie5533 01:21, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 10) michaelritchie200 18:08, 28 December 2006 (GMT)
 * 11) Avenue of Covina 08:07, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 12) Bart133 17:18, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Comments:
 * We only have two Natural World books right now.MiltonT 15:00, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree I hope we do a Natural World Book. --xixtas 04:12, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * OOOOOOOOoh bugs who wouldn't want that. Klingoncowboy4 20:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Kids would love it. Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Plenty of scope. It would be a big project Ferretinator 16:58, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I really like the idea. I'm concerned, however, about the number of questions that could be asked. --Iamunknown 06:42, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Kids love this sort of thing. Would be a big project though. 82.27.235.165 18:09, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It would of been appropriate if we made a general book about animals. --Herraotic 18:10, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Is bugs just a general US term for insects? What exactly is a bug?  Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Poland_2.svg|15px]]talk 16:26, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Bug is a general term for any insect or similar creeping or crawling invertebrate. I do not know if it is only in the US or is also used in other places. --xixtas 23:19, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The title should probably be changed to "Insects". Bart133 17:18, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Fifth Grade Math
Votes: Comments:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 20:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) xixtas 21:46, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Iamunknown 06:45, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Rob Horning 16:32, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Thiagol 14:25, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 6) Tannersf 00:06, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Noble cause but how much is it juristiction dependent? At the very least it should be called Californian Fifth Grade Maths. Link with the Open textbook thingo would be cool. The bellman 04:20, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * This would be great, esp. if we could get it to published status. Schools might consider buying it because it would be of real value to them. Iamunknown 06:45, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Not going to work with diffrent curriculums
 * I think there are enough basic topics that could work with different curriculums

Human Body
Votes: Comments:
 * 1) xixtas 04:10, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Klingoncowboy4 20:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Elocina 16:09, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) Odie5533 01:21, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) --Herraotic 18:06, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Interesting basic stuff. Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * This book will lay the foundations of knowledge that should be acquired at a young age and is predominant in the biology curriculum. --Herraotic 18:06, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Programming for Kids
Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 20:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Joecool94 22:20 Saturday, October 21, 2006 (UTC)

Comments: Wikibooks is a bit computation-centered as it stands – let's concentrate on something else? Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * well if it is, then it mean we have the expertise within wikibooks to do this and (hopefully) do it well. The bellman 04:07, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Rocks and Minerals
Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 20:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Comments: Interesting topic but I'd leave this for later as its scope is quite narrow in comparison. Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Transportation
Votes:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 20:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Tannersf 2:17, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Tannersf 03:24, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Elocina 00:13, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Comments: Could be interesting depending on what's covered... I know a lot of kids are fascinated by trains, trucks, police cars etc. Elocina 00:13, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

World Religions
Votes: Comments:
 * 1) Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Ferretinator 17:04, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Eyu100 05:24, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Supe95 09:28, 18 November 2006 (UTC
 * 5) Iamunknown 06:43, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) gogreen
 * A great example of a project that could benefit from a world-wide wiki environment. Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * An alternative name could be "introduction to flamewars for kids" The bellman 04:21, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hope this one wins, it will open up minds for the future.--Afa86 03:25, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Don't be so cynical. If kids don't learn this stuff sometime, they'll simply attack what they don't know, hence flamewars. But that's a worst case scenario, but my vote stands nonetheless.Ferretinator 17:04, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Kids really need to learn this subject and that's why this should win. Supe95
 * I think this would be great. Iamunknown 06:43, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This would be a cool book to actaully stop conflicts against religions.

World War II
Votes: Comments:
 * 1) Klingoncowboy4 20:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Fallingbombx 22:33, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Joecool94 22:23 Saturday, October 21, 2006
 * 4) Dilaudid 01:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) User:Sanchidoodh 11:30, 23 December 2006
 * 6) Tannersf 20:49, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) Rakuten06 23:24, 1 January 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Human Body

I'm the first to write here. Yay!
I don't really need an external program to create a human, as I'm becoming quite proficient with the modelling aspect of Blender. In fact I'm working on a technique to create full human models (though basic and just for storyboarding) in +/- 2hrs. But I did download makehuman and it seems like a good idea, even though it's currently in the Beta version and quite unworkable. However, I suggest that someone keep and eye on it's development for inclusion somewhere in Wikibooks (probably here). I'll personally try to keep an eye on it. Dessydes 04:31, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Human Body


text:
Physics Course/Thermodynamics

Ideal gas law
$$ PV \propto T $$

Pressure
Suppose we have a cylinder which contains ideal gas (or ideal gas). The cylinder is sealed with a free to move piston.

Given:

 * M - piston's mass
 * A - cross-sectional area
 * $$ P_0$$ - atmospheric pressure

Free-body diagram for the piston includes three forces:
 * * a force from the air above the piston
 * * a force from the gas
 * * the weight of the piston

Remember that the piston is free to move, so the equilibrium of all three forces is established. That is one force (pointing up) equals to the sum of the two others (pointing down). Also note, that if piston were massless (its weight would be zero), then the force of the above air pushing down would exactly equilize the force of the gas, pushing the piston up.

Let's denote the pressure inside the cylinder as $$P_{inside}$$. As force is pressure times area, we have

 * $$ F_{pg} = F_{pa} + Mg \ $$
 * $$ P_{inside} A = P_0 A + Mg \ $$
 * $$ P_{inside} = P_0 + Mg/A\ $$

This formula is quite reasonable: if you sit on the top of the piston you'll effectively increase the mass of the piston, thereby increasing the pressure inside :)

Questions: does the pressure inside depend on
 * how high the piston is
 * what gas is inside
 * the temperature of the gas

Avogadro's law and Avogadro's number

Work
First there is a reminder of how mechanical work defined in physics.

 * $$dW = \vec F \cdot d\vec{s} \,\!$$

You need to know interpretation of dot product as well. Note that if force and displacement are perpendicular each other, the work is zero. There is no work by itself, the work is done by force. So for every force there might be work done. The sum of all contributions would give you total work done on system (body). Here we introduce work-kinetic energy theorem, which say the net work done by all the forces equals to the change of kinetic energy of a body.

 * $$ W_{total} = E_{f} - E_{i} \,\!$$

Work and internal energy
Suppose we have a cylinder with ideal gas inside. The cylinder is closed by a piston which can move without friction. If we push the piston, the work done on gas (by hand) is positive and the work done by gas (on hand) is negative.

Now let's place the system in thermally isolated coating. It means there is no exchange of heat between the cylinder and surrounding.

 * $$ \Delta E_{int} = W_{on system} \,\!$$

Don't confuse the temperature with thermal isolation. Thermal isolation does NOT mean constant temperature. The temperature is rather directly associated with internal energy of the system.

Heat
If heat flows to some system it is positive, otherwise it is negative. As you could have guessed heat flow is zero in thermally isolated systems.

Heat, work and internal energy

 * $$ \Delta E_{int} = W_{on system} + Q \,\!$$

This is the First Law of Thermodynamics.

If we take the same cylinder with the piston and place it in some huge tank with water (usually called thermal bath) and wait for some time. The system will eventually acquire the temperature of the tank and whatever we'll do with the system (cylinder+gas+piston), after waiting for some time there is no way to change its temperature. This is an example of isothermal (constant temperature) process. Since change in temperature is related to the change in internal energy, we'll have

 * $$ 0 = W_{on system} + Q \,\!$$

The last special case is to fix the piston in space, therefore the work would be zero.

title: Physics Course/Thermodynamics


text:
Physics Course/Linear Motion

Linear Motion
Linear Motion referes to any motion moving in a straight line without changing it's direction

Linear Motion with constant speed over time
Any Linear Motion that has constant speed at all time can be expressed as
 * Speed
 * $$v(t) = V$$

 * Acceleration
 * $$a(t) = 0$$

 * Distance
 * $$s(t) = V t$$

Linear Motion with changing speed over time
For any Linear Motion travels at different speed at different time
 * v1 at t1
 * v at t

 * Change in Speed
 * $$\Delta v = v - v_o$$

 * Change in Time
 * ∆t = $$t - t_o$$

The ratio of Change in Speed over Change in Time gives the Accelerarion of the motion or The Rate of Change of Velocity versus Time
 * Rate of Change of Speed over Time
 * $$ a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t} = \frac{v - v_o}{t - t_o}$$

 * $$\Delta v = a \Delta t$$
 * $$\Delta v = a (t - t_o) $$

 * $$v = v_o + a (t - t_o)$$
 * $$v = v_o + a \Delta t$$
 * $$v = v_o + \Delta v$$

 * $$s = v_o \Delta t + \frac{1}{2} \Delta v \Delta t$$
 * $$s = \Delta t [v_o + \frac{1}{2} \Delta v ]$$

title: Physics Course/Linear Motion


text:
User talk:203.131.158.238

Thanks for experimenting with the page Programming:Tcl Tcl examples on Wikibooks. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our project. Thanks.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by SBJohnny (talk • contribs) 13:14, 26 Sep 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.131.158.238


text:
Talk:QBasic/Flow Control

hi, how can I be able to use locate formulation in writting a program? Another aspect I don't understand is how to caculate the lines in a qbasic program, since there is no visible lines or rules to help you determin the number of the lines. Thanks Chris

Answer: you can put a number before the command

e.g. 10 PRINT

--Grich 08:29, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:QBasic/Flow Control


text:
User talk:Kjpanko

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck!--Mirtone 14:38, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kjpanko


text:
User talk:129.128.159.12

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.--Mirtone 14:39, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:129.128.159.12


text:
User talk:209.161.227.232

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.--Mirtone 14:40, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:209.161.227.232


text:
User talk:Glin

Hello and welcome to Wikibooks!

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * You can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~.
 * Remember to conduct any editing experiments in the sandbox.
 * Check out our help page if you need additional help.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Take a look at Naming policy
 * See list of templates which can save your time
 * Remember to maintain a Neutral point of view.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and have fun!

You will find more resources in Community Portal. If you want to ask a question, visit the Study help desk, the Staff lounge, IRC channel or ask me personally on my talk page.

Good luck!--Mirtone 14:41, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Glin


text:
User talk:129.120.46.69

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, a collection of open-content textbooks! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages.
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikibookian and create an account. Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, make sure to sign your posts and comments with four tildes (~~~~), which will let others know who left it.--Mirtone 14:42, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:129.120.46.69


text:
Neapolitan/expressions

Mmode 'e dicere (figures of speech)
There is also an extensive listing of Neapolitan figures of speech on the Neapolitan wikipedia

Napoletano/Modi di dire

title: Neapolitan/expressions


text:
User:Tigru~enwikibooks

Tigru is an editor of fi wikibooks and fi wikipedia. I also edit fi wikojunior.

My user pageses
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ytt%C3%A4j%C3%A4:Tigru In wikipedia

http://fi.wikibooks.org/wiki/Käyttäjä:Tigru In wikibooks

Wikistudy
Hi Tigru, Wikistudy is a collection of books to meet the requirements of particular exams in different countries, it does not nexcessarily have its own books, but most of them are written for specific exam boards. Pluke 08:30, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Thankyou!!!!!!!!!!!--Tigru 16:10, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Tigru~enwikibooks


text:
Horticulture/Duchesnea indica

The Mock Strawberry, Potentilla indica (formerly Duchesnea indica), is also known as the Indian Strawberry. Although the foliage and fruit are quite similar, is not a true strawberry and can readily be distinguished by its yellow flowers, as opposed to the flowers of true strawberries which are white or slightly pink. It is native to eastern and southern Asia, but has been introduced to many other areas as an ornamental plant, though it is considered a noxious weed in some regions. It can become a particular problem in shady lawns and when growing in with other ground covers.

Description
The leaves are trifoliate, roughly veined beneath, dark green, often persisting through the winter, arising from short crowns. The plant spreads along long, wiry stolons, rooting and producing crowns at each node. The yellow flowers are produced in mid spring, then sporadically throughout the growing season, repeating if mown down before fruit set. The fruits are red, with red seeds, and while juicy and edible are not palatable like the true strawberries.

The plant is frequently mistaken for true strawberries, but they can be differentiated by the yellow flowers (strawberries have white petals), and the red seeds on the fruits (strawberry seeds are a golden color).

Control
Control can be difficult if it is mixed in with other plants, and can confuse even the most experienced gardener when it grows intermingled with true strawberries. In some situations (such as where there are no other small plants present) it can simply be tolerated as a ground cover.

title: Horticulture/Duchesnea indica


text:
Talk:Horticulture/Duchesnea indica

Transwiki notes
Copied from Mock Strawberry 15:16, 26 September 2006 (UTC) using this version.

title: Talk:Horticulture/Duchesnea indica


text:
User:Johnmcklane

 * 1) include

main { printf("Hello World\n"); }

This is a website where I upload documents and information that I have collected over the years working in IT field.

Thankyou for visiting.

John McKlane.

title: User:Johnmcklane


text:
Harmonica/Tablature

Harmonica tabs can be considered the basic building blocks of playing well-known tunes on the harmonica. Typically, since a harmonica is cheap, the person coming into possession of the harmonica tends to have little to no experience reading music. Thus, the harmonica tabs allow one to easily play recognizable tunes.

Reading
On a chromatic and diatonic harp, the instrument itself is numbered for each hole: 1, 2, 3, etc. Unfortunately, aside from this, there are no standarization on breath indications. So far, there are the few following ways:
 * 1) Using a single sign: Unsigned means draw; hole number accompanied by a "+" sign means blow. This is common in Mel Bay publishing and its webzine, Harmonica Sessions. The origin of this notation is due to the use of second position in Blues Harp, which use draw most of the time.
 * 2) Using two signs: Number with a "+" sign is a blow, a number followed by a "-" is a draw. So:
 * 1+ 1- 1+ 1- 2+ 2- 3-
 * would be, "blow draw blow draw blow draw draw".

These two case may also derive numerous variations, such as the unsigned number is blow, or use arrows to indicate breath direction.

Aside from these, some also have additional notation to indicate button pushing or bending. For example, "2+<" for "blow hole 2 with button in."

For bending, there are quite numerous system exist too. Example would be " 3'' " meaning a "draw double bend on hole 3", or. For those that are signed of the draw note (e.g.: negative number for draw), it maybe common for a bend is written typically with more "-" signs to indicate how deep the bend. An overblow also has a similar symbol beside it, though this symbol tends to vary as an overblow isn't a very widely used technique (and usually, by the time you have master this technique, you can also read music and don't care about sheet music at all). A tilde (~) is typically used, though some just go with "OB".

Ultimately, it's best to look at a tablature guide, if there is one.

Even if a tablature exists, it's always best to get one that accompanies a score with traditional notation, since straight tablatures for harmonica typically do not provide much timing information, if at all, which can make a piece of music sound horrible.

In the end, the tablature is still nothing more than training wheels. For those that want to get more songs to play with, one should also learn how to read music itself, since tablatures for harmonica is quite lacking; also, fake books only come in traditional notations.

Writing and Arranging
Writing tablature is a bit more difficult, as it requires knowledge of music theory and the ability to read music. Each number on a natural key diatonic corresponds to a certain diatonic scale, and so does the songs to be made into tablature.

However, just because the song and the harmonica is in the same key does not mean you can just translate these notes into the corresponding numbers of the harmonica tablature. For example: a song in the key of D that is actually in the dorian mode is a lot easier to play if it's played on a C harmonica (3rd position). Also, while one can use bend to achieve all the notes of the appropriate scale, it could be a good idea to transpose the song up or down an octave for ease of playing.

In general, Asian Pop music would be best to transpose to the middle octave and use little to no bending, while blues music is best to remain the same octave, and if possible, play in second position.

Jazz is best to transposed to a range such that the harmonica can play, but if it does not need to transpose, you do not have to. Classical, however, should not be transposed at all.

Lastly, it depends whether you are arranging the music merely for the ease of playing, or arranging a song so a certain harp can play. Do keep in mind that most first harps are in the Major C, and thus, even when considering bending, may have to transpose the arrangement into different keys, or even make sacrifices. For example, St james Infirmary is to be played on Bb originally, but can actually be transpose to a key of C if needed.

Finally, try to find a way to indicate timing and beat. A simple way is to use spacing between note at a certain interval, and assume a certain normal space is equal a quarter note.

Tablature example
Notation:

 * X+ = blow
 * X = draw
 * (X+) = blow, slide in
 * (X) = draw, slide in

Fur Elise
6+ (5) 6+ (5) 6+    |4 5 4+  3 | 1+ 2+ 3 4 | 2+ (3+) 4 4+ |  6+ (5) 6+ (5) 6+     |4 5 4+  3 | 1+ 2+ 3 4 | 2+ 4+ 4 3 |  4 5+ 5 6+ | 3+ 6 6+ 5 | 2 6+ 5 5+ | 2+ 5 5+ 4 |  2+ 2+ 6+ 2+ 6+ 6+ 10+ (5) | 6+ 5 6+ (5) 6+ 5 6+ (5) |   (Repeater verse 1 and 2 once more)

Tab collection Links

 * www.harptabs.com Free member provided harmonica tab - Share tab you created here!

title: Harmonica/Tablature


text:
Wikibooks talk:Requested books

CMOS DESIGN
If you want to start a book on CMOS DESIGN: Feel free to copy stuff from my VLSI web page --DavidCary 17:22, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Should Marketing management not just be placed under marketing? Steers82 15:25, 17 Jun 2005 (AEST)

Please contribute
Should links to books that exists be here at all? I think all blue links should be removed. Some of them have a "please contribute" added to them, but the wishlist is not the place for those kind of requests, is it?
 * Some are little more than stubs or outlines, and have very little if any real content. A blue link in these cases indicates that at least someone has an interest in contributing, which means any new people contributing probably won't be alone. Xerol Oplan 15:35, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * This seems a bit odd. This is certainly not where I would have looked for new books to contribute to.  It seems better to put stub books with all the other books so people will actually see them. Irrevenant 05:43, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Digital museum
Where should be a Digital Museum (museum of the digital history).

Remove blue links
Since this is "Requested books" there should not be any blue links - as oposed to the shelfes where there should be no red links. Objections?

--Krischik T 14:21, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Check whether there is actually a real book underlying the blue link. If there is, I have no objection to removing it, Jguk 17:16, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Idea to tidy up this page
This page is too big and it looks so cluttered. Might it be a good idea to split it into several different sections like 'Requests for Arts books', 'Requests for Science books', etc. This will also make it easier for potential authors to find particular requested items. Any thoughts? Xania 21:21, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed, it's huge. Νεοπτόλεμος 03:35, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Ideas to Tidy Up Page
Personally, I think it seems like a good idea to keep all requests on one page, because it perhaps might makes it easier to attain ideas on books to start, if they are all in one place. This presumes however, that the page is organized and structured elegantly. I will make it elegant. I am open to suggestions on other ways to do it. If someone thinks they can do it better than myself, please feel free to take it over. --Remi0o 21:29, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

New Book Lead Addendum

 * Consumer Electronics Product Certification and Regulation -- UL, CE, FCC, etc. There is very little good, centralized information on this on the web or in print.  Would be a great wikibook.

Lens Design

 * I really think lens design and laser physics would both fit neatly under optics. Have you checked there?

Business Valuation

 * Business Valuation
 * This would include techniques for valuing various types of businesses, and pros and cons to each method.

Other Notes
There is already a 'Hard Times' Study Guide
 * Modern Hebrew try Hebrew
 * French with the Little Prince Learning French with the text of this book by de Saint-Exupéry See French/Texts/Le Petit Prince.
 * No, there isn't; it was just a page requesting a 'Hard Times' study guide. Webaware talk 02:02, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

TOC
I'm working on TOC for each section. Please help me do them in the same format if you feel like it.

British Columbia Graduation Exam Program
I am hoping to begin writing some study guides for the British Columbia (Canada) Graduation Exam program but it a rather massive undertaking. If anyone would like to help, please inform me of this intent.

Combine
Can I combine some requests into one topic? For example the Urban planning section, I mean several of these topics have a lot of information on them but they would become very bare "books" which is why they are perfect encyclopedic articles. Using one phrase such as Urban planning, land use, and design could encompass many of these and ensure a quality "book." Davumaya (talk) 21:14, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes you can combine suggestions, if you think something should be done be bold and do it, as I have just done. --dark lama  22:54, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Governmental Accounting
I've added a requested book on Introduction to Governmental Accounting - USA. I am a CPA, Masters in Accountancy, and work for a local government. When I need to teach new employees how governmental accounting works, it's almost imposible using existing sources. All introductory accounting books teach financial accounting for businesses, not for local government. While the very basics are the same, you rapidly reach a point where the rules are different enough that existing textbooks are more confusing than illuminating.

Basically, accounting majors only learn governmental accounting after about 2 years of financial accounting, so the governmental accounting textbooks assume a huge amount of prior knowledge. The problem is that most people hired as governmental accountants/bookkeepers were not accounting majors, so they don't have the huge pool of knowledge to understand governmental accounting text books.

So what I'm proposing is an Introductory Accounting text book which is oriented towards governmental accounting, not towards business accounting.

The reason I specified USA in the title is that each country has it's own set of standards. The accounting standards for local and state governments in the United States are set by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). Attempting to create a text book that covers every single country's rules seems like a huge project. This is big enough.

I have the book listed in the Business section, but I suppose that once the book project is started, it could be cross listed both in Business and in Government/Politics (or where ever Public Administration fits) since it is intimately related to Public Administration.

fcoulter (talk) 16:11, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Mathematics for left-brain people
I have added a request for a book on maths for left-brained people. I have almost no capacity for thinking in terms of pictures which makes the standard explanations of algebra and calculus incomprehensible.

I suspect there are a number of other people who would benefit from a book that explains maths in terms of language rather than the usual visual metaphors. If someone else could start it I'll help in anyway that I can.

I have seen some documentaries and movies and it is a fascinating subject
The "unknown" history of the Native Americans and their nations in general are extremely interesting not only on the US side but before the colonization and the independence war. --Panic (talk) 10:22, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks talk:Requested books


text:
XForms/Introduction

== Introduction to XForms==

XForms is a standardized set of HTML form elements, designed to be integrated with other world-wide-web standards.

XForms has many advantages over traditional HTML web forms that use complex JavaScript. These advantages include:
 * 1) an elegant Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture
 * 2) a movement toward declarative programming which is easier to learn, maintain and debug
 * 3) a rich set of user interface controls for handling complex things such as dates, numbers and ranges
 * 4) compatibility with XML standards such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), XML Schema and XPath
 * 5) extensibility

XForms can be run today from almost any web browser by either using an downloadable plugin or extension (such as the Firefox extension) or by loading a JavaScript file. For more information see the ../Benefits/ section of this book.

About this book
This book is intended to be a tutorial and cookbook with many complete running XForms examples. The initial examples are designed to teach the fundamental concepts of XForms. The more advanced examples are designed to solve specific tasks and reduce the amount of JavaScript necessary to write high-quality forms.

We would like to have the examples ordered from simple to complex. At the end of the cookbook there are integration examples of how to extend and integrate XForms with other systems such as web services.

The philosophy behind this book centers around the fact that people often learn best by taking a fully-functioning program and making slight modifications to it to understand how it works.

Guidelines for contributors
Please feel free to add your own examples to this tutorial and cookbook! Here are a few suggestions for contributors:

Focus on Tutorial Examples
The first set of examples should focus on new XForms users. Please keep tutorials on foundational concepts (XPath and XML Schema) in a separate area so that users already familiar with these concepts can skip these sections.

Focus on Reducing JavaScript
One of the goals of this book is to help forms developers move away from hard-to-maintain scripting languages such as JavaScript. Any examples that focus on getting rid of commonly used JavaScript functions are very much appreciated.

Testing
Please tell us what XForms systems you have used to test your examples. If you can, we recommend testing using the major browsers (Internet Explorer and Firefox) using either an extension, plug-in or a JavaScript translator such as FormFaces. See also the ../Installing XForms in Firefox/.

We would like to eventually have a small box in the upper right corner that tells what systems each example was tested under.

Avoid Duplication
Try to avoid duplication with other example programs in this cookbook and other Wikibooks on CSS, XML Schemas and XPath. That being said, sometimes the cookbook needs small samples of CSS and XPath to demonstrate how they are integrated with XForms.

../Naming Conventions/
Our first goal is to get as many complete working examples installed for new users of XForms. After they are working, they should hopefully be made as consistent as possible. This document describes an initial attempt at some of the naming conventions used in previous examples.

title: XForms/Introduction


text:
Magazine Production

Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Getting content/

Stage 1 - Content Preparation
Text is prepared using a Word Processor such as LibreOffice Writer or Microsoft Word. Ideally the text should be proof-read by a third party before sending on for layout using specialist tools such as Adobe InDesign or Quark XPress, however, other programs, such as Scribus or Microsoft Publisher, may suffice for more simple-based work.

Images should be at high resolution at 300ppi at the size you intend to print at. Less resolution will cause images to blur when printed –– you could get away with resolutions as low as 150ppi although commercially it isn't recommended.

Supplying files as RGB JPGs will speed transfer between systems but will be converted into a format which can be read by commercial pre-press systems such as TIFF or EPS.

Stage 2 - Assemble the magazine
To assemble the magazine from the content supplied, you should used a commercial design pro-tool such as InDesign or Quark XPress. The knowledge of the user will ensure the images are replicated properly and the type laid out to enable the copy to be read with ease.

Keep font differences to a minimum. Preferably use a serif font for bulk text, leave sans for headings and labels. Avoid over-use of colours. Check out a professional magazine for ideas. Leave plenty of 'white space' around the text and avoid placing copy over images as this can lead to visual interference. Professional publications avoid clashing of elements. KISS (Keep It So Simple).

Work to columns. Text spread right across pages can make reading the document hard work. Breaking into thinner columns will make reading easier and more efficient.

Stage 3 - Print the magazine
There are variety of ways to print the magazine but in all cases you need to work the pages in sets of fours. Optimum pagination groups would be to work in 8pp or 16pp sections.

You can print on your own printer using the printer settings in your program or better still, for small numbers, print the document digitally at your local print or copy centre. For larger scale publications a commercial printing company would be required to print your magazine. If the latter is the route you wish to take then best to contact the printer first so you have a clear route on what you need to supply to achieve the results rather than giving them something they can't work with after all the hard work you put in.

In most cases it would be advisable to use a professional magazine production artist to deliver your job without technical issues in turn would save time, money and deliver a better looking magazine which would be better received by the reader.

Stage 4 - Send the files to the printer
At one time Quark XPress files were collected with its elements and dispatched on a Syquest drive to produce a four colour set of film before dispatching to the printing company. By today's standards, PDF files are now exported from InDesign to commercial print specifications and uploaded via IP directly into the printing company's pre-press system, equally files can be uploaded by FTP (File Transfer Protocol) or supplied on CD via post.

Common sense notes
Talk to your printer. Keep the layout simple. Emphasise on ease of reading ability than over-designing the page.

title: Magazine Production


text:
XForms/Background

Background
The XForms standard arose from the desire of many people to use the web for more than just linking documents. The original design of the world wide web standard introduced many innovative concepts including the URL, the HTML markup language and the HTTP protocol.

But innovation aside, elegant form processing was not one of the design goals of the initial HTML language. In fact, many of the advanced input fields were added to the HTML specification after it became popular.

One thing is clear: the introduction of clean MVC concepts were never part of the original HTML specification. Many attempts were made to introduce better controls into browsers and the HTML language, but most of these additions fell short for four reasons:
 * 1) They were either browser or vendor specific solutions to a specific problem
 * 2) They did not integrate mainstream developments in XML Schema, XPath and CSS
 * 3) They did not take into account the need for clear separation-of-concerns
 * 4) They did not meet the rigorous needs of application architects that understood the benefits of MVC architectures

As a result, many of these point-solutions have been discarded or have seen only niche use by some vendors.

Around 1997 the W3C started to address the concerns of these users and studied how web forms could be processed in a better way. They realized that validating data elements was a large concern and that re-inventing the validation tools already present in XML Schema would only duplicate efforts.

The first XForms draft specification was published on April 6, 2000. Since then it has been revised with the most recent version (1.1) appearing in March of 2006.

Today the XForms standard addresses several web forms development issues:
 * 1) Model-View-Binding architecture
 * 2) Advanced functionality
 * 3) Precise specification for all browsers to integrate
 * 4) Extensibility without resorting to JavaScript programming
 * 5) Built-in assumptions about how form elements get updated

The Dependency Graph
Embedded within every XForms application is the ability to automatically recalculate values when a form element changes. If you have a complex form with calculation rules then this feature becomes critical for avoiding writing manual recalculation code. Most JavaScript forms libraries require the author to specify not only form rules, the order these rules must be executed. This slow and painful form-author-specified recalculation order is replaced in XForms by an automated method to determine the order of recalculation.

The way XForms applications do this is by doing automated determination of recalculation order based on optimal graph algorithms.

One of the most important papers about how XForms is designed come from the following paper:

The XForms Computation Engine: Rationale, Theory and Implementation Experience html version

If you have a simple form with just a few elements and no calculation rules, HTML forms might be a good solution for you. If you have forms with rules such as sum and total calculations in a purchase order, then XForms might be the ideal fit for your web form.

For the current working draft of the XForms specification you can go to the w3 web site:

W3C Candidate Recommendation 29 November 2007

title: XForms/Background


text:
A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Computer Systems, Programming and Network Concepts/Introduction to Information and Data Representation

What is Data and Information?
You may have used the words data and information to mean the same thing in everyday conversation, but it is very important that you know the difference between the two when it comes to computers. Roughly speaking data is the raw stream of 1s and 0s inside the computer and information is when the computer makes sense of this stream. It is interpretation of data in computers and different ways of storing information, that we shall now cover.

Consider data as an encoded form of information and information as any form of communication that provides understandable and useful knowledge to the recipient. - AQA

Data
"Data consists of the raw facts and figures that a computer will process into useful information"

Sources of Data
Data can come from a wide variety of areas, but a good way to think about it is data comes from anywhere where there is an input into a computer. This may be from a keyboard, a scanner, a microphone or a disk drive, amongst many others.

Direct and Indirect Data
Data may be collected with a desired purpose in mind, for example collecting data from a weather station. This kind of data collection is called direct data collection. Other times data may become useful for reasons that it was not originally collected for. This is called indirect data collection. An example of this could be, "The data collected above is used to record where a particular video is" this would be an example of direct data and example of indirect data would be "The data collected is used to build up a profile of the members for targeted advertising".

Information
Information is processed data with a structure and meaning

Consider data as an encoded form of information and information as any form of communication that provides understandable and useful knowledge to the recipient.

Binary number system
Describe the representation of unsigned decimal integers in binary. Perform conversion from decimal to binary and vice-versa. Pure binary representation of decimal integers

Binary-coded decimal (BCD) representation
Describe the representation of unsigned decimal integers in binary-coded decimal. Perform conversions from decimal to BCD and vice versa. Explain advantages of BCD.

ASCII EBCDIC Unicode
Describe standard coding systems for coding information expressed in character form and other text-based forms. Differentiate between the character code representation of a decimal integer and its pure binary representation.


text:
XForms/Selecting from Model

Motivation
You want to store lists in the model, not in the user interface. This allows a list to be used many places in a form and also enables lists to be read from external files (see the next example).

Execute Sample XForms Application
Load XForms Application

Sample Program
This example shows how to use the XForms   element to get data from the selection list directly from the model. Note that itemset is very similar to the group command in syntax: the outer loop tells you where to get your data and the inner loop binds a data element to a form value or item.

Discussion
This is a much more flexible way to manage lists. The instance document may be fetched dynamically from a remote database and the form does not need to be updated when lists change.

title: XForms/Selecting from Model


text:
XForms/Address Aligned

Using CSS to Align Form Fields
Forms are much easier to use if they are aligned. This example uses CSS table structures to align our form. It turns groups into tables, inputs into rows and labels and values into cells.

Link to XForms Application
Address Aligned

Discussion
This style sheet only covers the XForms  tags. It will need additions if you want to align select, select1, textarea and other controls. A full CSS file for doing this is described later on in this cookbook.

Note that you MUST put inputs inside of a group element for this stylesheet to work.

Also note that the table can grow if the labels get too long.

Note that the display: table properties work in FireFox but may not work in older browsers that do not support table layout.

Alternative layout strategy using float:left
You can control the width of the label column by the odd interaction of the float:left CSS control and the block display. Basically if you try to control the width of a block it may not work unless you also add the float:left to label.

Here is the CSS that works for this:

Note that some older browsers do not support the child (greater than) selector correctly.

title: XForms/Address Aligned